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$torage
“tindergraduate
– Library
*
Copyright,
1889, 1890, 1891, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1909, 1911,
1913, 1914, by THE CENTURY Co. *
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PUBLISHERS' NOTE ON THE COMPLETED WORK
THE publication of the Atlas, which is incorporated in the present edition, completed the plan of The Century
Dictionary and Cyclopedia. As the Cyclopedia of Names grew out of the Dictionary and supplemented
it on its encyclopedic side, so the Atlas grew out of the Cyclopedia, and serves as an extension of its
geographical material. Each of these works deals with a different part of the great field of words,-
common words and names, while the three, in their unity, constitute a work of reference which virtually
covers the whole of the field. The two new volumes which were issued in 1909, and the material of which
is included in the present edition, make the Dictionary and Cyclopedia complete. The total number of
words and names defined or otherwise described in the completed work is over 500,000.
The special features of each of these several parts of the book are described in the prefaces which will
ſ: found in the first, eleventh, and twelfth volumes. It need only be said that the definitions of the common
Kwords of the language are for the most part stated encyclopedically, with a vast amount of technical,
historical, and practical information in addition to a wealth of purely philological material; that the same
encyclopedic method is applied to proper names—names of persons, places, characters in fiction, books—in
short, of everything to which a name is given; and that in the Atlas geographical names, and much besides,
are exhibited with a completeness and serviceableness seldom equaled. Of the Century Dictionary and
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of human knowledge—scientific, historical, and practical—that exists.
Moreover, the method of distributing this encyclopedic material under 'a large number of headings,
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sible than in works in which a different system is adopted. -
The first edition of The Century Dictionary was completed in 1891, that of the Century Cyclopedia of
Names in 1894, that of the Atlas in 1897, and that of the two new volumes in 1909. Each of these works
has been subjected to thorough revision, and the results of this scrutiny are comprised in this edition.
72 ºzz, Sz.-e ºr 9 a.
g & THE -
| CENTURY DICTIONARY
| AN ENCYCLOPEDIC LEXICON
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF
WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, PH.D., LL.D
LATE PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT
IN YALE UNIVERSITY
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REVISED AND ENLARGED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF
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MANAGING EDITOR of THE FIRST EDITION, AND EDITOR OF THE CENTURY
CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES, THE CENTURY ATLAS, AND
THE CENTURY DICTIONARY SUPPLEMENT
.
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Copyright, 1889, 1890, 1861, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1909, 1911,
1913, 1914, by THE CENTURY CO. All Rights Reserved. *
By permission of Messrs. Blackie & Son, publishers of The Imperial Dictionary by Dr. Ogilvie and
Dr. Annandale, material from that English copyright work has been freely used in the preparation of
THE CENTURY DictionARY, and certain owners of American copyrights having claimed that undue use of
matter so protected has been made in the compilation of The Imperial Dictionary, notice is hereby
given that arrangement has also been made with the proprietors of such copyright matter for its use
in the preparation of THE CENTURY Dictionary.
PREFACE.
5)BE plan of THE CENTURY DICTIONARY includes thre:
- general dictionary of the English language which sy
and practical use; a more cºmplete collection
*t sciences, arts, trades, and professions—than has
§ j .. the definitions proper ºuch related encyclop
| constitute a convenient book of general reference. Th
fat th; same time to produce a harmonious whole, has determi
work and its details This design originated early in 1882
Dictionary to . Aimerican needs, made by Mr. Roswell Smith, P
supportaſ with unfailing faith and the largest liberality the plan
ided far beyond the original limits.
*-i- ºr ºl ! e
rºſhe most obvious result of this plan is a very large
º onaries, about two hundred thousand words being here
§ •. * & v’ g
§ onary is collection, not selection. When a full acco,
}
* of 1 genuine English follm, even when practically nec
ºxt;
This is the attitude of THE CENTURY DICTIONARY.
of the main body of English speech, from the t
f, Saxon to the present {lay; with such of its offs
: fic, or practical value. The execution of this desi
y $ords and forms than has hitherto been the rule in
of Middle English word! (and particularly of th
'esent a stage of the langulage that is not only of."
|cted, etymologically and otherwise, with living ;
isting dictionaries. This it the case also
º The literature of they
|lish, abounds in words an
*Q. -
- * *
sixteent
idioms
ms which from their etymological
modern use, are worthy of reco.
'ely a dictionary of modern land sel
mission of an unusually larg b num
Nºmation the language #xisted
§ establishing itsa."
most intin
iovincia





























































PREFACE.
bºo sides o' the language, either with respect to words or to their individuals
efore, includes words of dialectal form or provincial use which appear to be
history of the language. Within the sphere of mere colloquialism, slang, and
rule of inclusion has, of course, been followed; but colloquialism and even
Ast be *\. by the lexicographer who desires to portray the language in its
fid full ou ines, and these phases of English have therefore been treated with
w - º have received the recognition naturally
d from an America) dictionary, many being recorded for the first time;
rds and uses heretofore regarded as peculiar to this country have been
A provincial English, or to have gained a foothold in broader En
he vocabulary is that due to the admission of the many terms wi
present century — especially during the last twenty years -- in
its of knowledge and labor, scientific, artistic, professional, m
increase is nowhere more conspicuous than in the languag
of those departments of study, such as archaeology, which
Mustoms of the past. Not only have English Words been
foreign origin or forgºespecially New Latin and French,
Éds. To consign these terms tº special glossaries is un
which it comes into the closest contact with what is vitamºnd Y:
d life; it is also practically impossible, for this technical language
interwoven with common speech to be disseveral from it. A
Wage of the mechanical arts and trades. The progress 0, inven-
of new words and senses as has the progress of sciences To
e market from a general English dictionary is as undesir'se
r reasons. Both these lines of levelopment have theref.
is also a considerable number of foreign woºds-ić's
Aich have been admitted because they either have beco
noteworthy things that have no English names. Last
by the insertion of idiomaticil phrases that are not ful
t parts alone, and have in use the force of single word
he arts and sciences. The humber of these phrases h
---
alºé
include every word or every form of a word that h
here is a very large num ber of words and forms (
e language, in the various dialects, and in colloq
aim upon the notice of the lexicographer. A la
sists of words used only for the nonce by writersº
hority, and especially by recent writers in new
Rded by their invºntors for wider use in popul
many ſpecial names of things, as'
hmerciºl articles, and the like. º
|tives, adjective uses of substanti
ading in -ing, abstract nouns end
ding in -ish, regular compounds,
rinciples of the language, but whi
occaſional in use, to need . .
- lded, so far as t
i.ect of a g
Nulary.
Cl




































































































PREFACE. xi
None of these considerations is of the nature of a definite rule that can be used with precision
in all cases. On the contrary, the question whether a word shall be included, even in a dictionary
so comprehensive as this, must often be decided by the special circumstances of the case.
The sources of the English vocabulary thus presented are extremely various. No other tongue,
ancient or modern, has appeared in so many and so different phases; and no other people of high
civilization has so completely disregarded the barriers of race and circumstance and adopted into its
speech so great a number of unnative words and notions. The making of the
English language began, it may be said, with the introduction of Roman rule and
Roman speech among the barbarous Celts of Britain. The Latin language, as the vehicle of civil-
ization, affected strongly the Celtic, and also the speech of the Teutonic peoples, Saxons, Angles,
and Jutes, who in the fifth century obtained a footing on the island. This Teutonic tongue, while
assimilating something both of the native Celtic idiom, and of Latin in a Celtic guise, in time
became the dominant language. The speech thus formed (called Anglo-Saa;on or, as some now
prefer, Old English) was raised almost to classic rank by the labors of Alfred and of the numerous
priests and scholars who sought to convey to their countrymen in their native language the treasures
of Latin learning and the precepts of the Latin Church. Though uniting in the ninth century with an
influx of Scandinavian speech, and in the eleventh century, through the Norman conquest, with the
stream which flowed through France from Rome, it remained the chief fountain of English. From these
two elements, the Teutonic and the Latin (the latter both in its original form and as modified in the
Romance tongues), Our language has been constructed; though materials more or less important have
Etymologies.
been borrowed from almost every known speech.
The details of this history are exhibited in the etymologies. They have been written anew, on a
uniform plan, and in accordance with the established principles of comparative philology. The best
works in English etymology, as well as in etymology and philology in general, have been regularly
| consulted, the most helpful being those of Prof. Skeat and Eduard Müller, and the “New English
. Dictionary on Historical Principles,” edited by Dr. J. A. H. Murray (which, however, coul... be con-
sulted in revising the proofs of A and of part of B only); but the conclusions reached are independent.
It has been possible, by means of the fresh material at the disposal of the etymologist, to clear up
in rhany cases doubts or difficulties hitherto resting upon the history of particular words, to decide
*finitely in favor of one of several suggested etymologies, to discard numerous current errors, and
jºb give for the first time the history of many words of which the etymologies were previously
knknown or erroneously stated. Noteworthy features of the etymologies will be found .
-- #o be the method followed in stating the ascertained facts of the history of each i.
--~~~ i.
"word, and the extensive collation of cognate or allied words. Beginning with the
%urrent accepted form or spelling, each important word has been traced back through earlier forms
| to its remotest known origin. Middle English forms are given, in important cases in numerous
variants for the four centuries included in that period, and are traced to the Anglo-Saxon (in which
are given the typical forms, with the important variants and the oldest glosses) or, as the case may
be, to the Old French, including in special instances the Old French as developed in England, or
Anglo-French. The derivation of the Anglo-Saxon or French form is then given. When an Anglo
º Saxon or other Teutonic form is mentioned, the cognate forms are given from the Old Saxon, 24
Old Friesic, the Dutch, Low German, High German, anºf Icelandic in their several periods, tº
\(and often the Norwegian), the Dº The same form of statematº
- Ahe Romance and other groº nch and modern Erench
* . m special insiº the
wed toget
by such-4


























xii PREFACE.
stated. The rule has been to deduce from a comparison of all the principal forms the primitive sense
or form, and also to make the process of inference clear to the consulter of the dictionary. Of course,
in a search through so vast a field, in which the paths of words have been in many instances effectu-
ally obliterated or confused, many points of uncertainty remain; but from the evidence at hand
various degrees of approximation to certainty can be established, and these it has been sought clearly
to indicate by terms of qualification. The various prefixes and suffixes used in the formation of English
words are treated very fully in separate articles.
There are thus two distinct groups of forms in the etymologies: those in the line of derivation or
direct descent, and those in the lines of cognation or collateral descent. A Greek word, for example,
may occur not only in Anglo-Saxon (and English), but also in other Teutonic and in Romance and
other tongues, and the full account of the English form requires the mention of the
most important of these other forms as “parallel with " or “equal to ” the Anglo-
Saxon and English. To separate these groups more plainly to thought and to the eye, and to
save the space which would be taken up by the frequent repetition of the words “from,” “parallel
with,” and “whence,” distinctive symbols are used. For “from " is used the sign sº, denoting that the
form without the angle is derived from the form within it; for “whence,” the sign >, with a similar
significance; for “parallel with ” or “equal to ” or “cognate with,” the familiar sign of equality, =; for
the word “root,” the ordinary algebraic symbol V. An asterisk * is prefixed uniformly to all forms
which are cited either as probable or as theoretical, or as merely alleged; it indicates in all cases that
the form so marked has not been found by the etymologist in the records of the language concerned,
or in its dictionaries. But in some cases words are marked with the asterisk which are found in certain
dictionaries, but have not been verified in the actual literature. Special care has been taken with the
Anglo-Saxon words, unverified forms of which exist in the current dictionaries, some of them probably
genuine, though not found in any of the accessible texts, and others due to early errors of editors and
The symbols used.
dictionary-makers.
Words of various origin and meaning, but of the same spelling (homonyms), have been distinguished
by small superior figures (*, *, *, etc.). Such words abound in English. They are mostly common
monosyllables, and much confusion exists not only in the explanation of them but also in their use,
}-
words of diverse origin having been, in many cases, regarded as one, with consequent
entanglement or complete merging of meanings. In numbering these homonyms, the
rule has been to give precedence to the oldest or the most familiar, or to that one which is most nearly
English in origin. The superior numbers apply not so much to the individual word as to the group ºr
root to which it belongs; hence the different grammatical uses of the same homonym are numbered alik A
when they are separately entered in the dictionary. Thus verbs and nouns of the same origin and thiſ,
same present spelling receive the same superior number. But when two words of the same form, and of
} the same radical origin, now differ considerably in meaning, so as to be used as different words, they are
Homonyms.
§
t
separately numbered. 1.
The etymologies have been written by Dr. Charles P. G. Scott, with the assistance, in the later i.
parts of the work, of contributions from Prof. James A. Harrison, Prof. William M. Baskervill, *
Prof. Francis A. March, Jr., and others. In ascertaining the particular facts with regard to º
origin of technical terms, much aid has been given by the specialists in charge of the various’
epartments.
t
the spelling is determined by well-
cases, it may be, and however













4
*
~ rhaea); and so on. In such cases, both forms are given, with an expressed preference for
PREFACE. xiii
. . /*
either-in this country or in Great Britain, or in both. Familiar examples are words ending in -or
or -our (as labor, labour), in -er or -re (as center, centre), in -ize or -ise (as civilize, civilise); those
having a single or double consonant after an unaccented vowel (as traveler, traveller; worshiped, wor-
shipped), or spelt with e or with a or a (as hemorrhage, diarrhea; haemorrhage, diar-
, * The orthography.
the briefer one, or the one more accordant with native anglogies. The language is struggling toward
a more consistent and phonetic spelling, and it is proper; in disputed and doubtful cases, to cast the
influence of the dictionary in favor of this movement, both by its own usage in the body of the text,
and at the head of articles by the order of forms, or the selection of the form under which the word
shall be treated. Technical words not in general use, and words introduced from other languages,
… have also their varieties of orthographic form: the former, in part, because of the ignorance or care-
lessness of those who have made adaptations from Latin or Greek; the latter, because of the different
styles of transliteration or imitation adopted. In such cases, slight variants are here sometimes dis-
regarded, the more correct form being given alone, or with mere mention of others; in other cases, the
different forms are given, with cross references to the preferred one, under which the word is treated.
Finally, the obsolete words which have no accepted spelling, but occur only in the variety of forms
characteristic of the periods from which they come, are treated regularly under that form which is
nearest to, or most analogous with, present English, and the quotations, of whatever form, are as a
rule presented there; side-forms are entered as liberally as seemed in any measure desirable, with
references to the one preferred. All citations, however, are given in the Orthography (though not
always with the punctuation) of the texts from which they are taken.
Still greater than the variation in the Orthography, even the accepted orthography, of English •
words, is the variation in the pronunciation. And here the same general principles must govern the
usage of the dictionary. No attempt is made to record all the varieties of popular, or even of educated,
utterance, or to report the determinations made by different recognized authorities.
It has been necessary, rather, to make a selection of words to which alternative pro-
nunciations should be accorded, and to give preference among these according to the circumstances
of each particular case, in view of the general analogies and tendencies of English utterance. A
large number of scientific names and terms— words that are written rather than uttered, even by
those who use them most — are here entered and have a pronunciation noted for the first time.
For such words no prescriptive usage can be claimed to exist; the pronunciation must be deter-
mined by the analogies of words more properly English, or by those governing kindred and more
common words from the same sources. With respect to many foreign words, more or less used as
The pronunciation
English, it is often questionable how far usage has given them an English pronunciation, or has a
modified in the direction of English the sound belonging to them where they are vernacular. In
not a few instances a twofold pronunciation is indicated for them, one Anglicized and the other
original. Words of present provincial use are for the most part pronounced according to literary
analogies, without regard to the varieties of their local utterance. The principal exceptions are
$cotch words having a certain literary standing (owing to their use especially by Scott and Burns);
these are more carefully marked for their provincial pronunciation. Wholly obsolete words are left
unmarked. -
There are certain difficult points in varying English utterance, the treatment of which by the
ictionary calls for special explanation. One is the so-called “long w” (as in use, muse, cure), repre-
re, as almost everywhere, by W. In its full pronunciation, this is as precisely ſoo (yo) as if
haracters. But there has long existed a tendency to lessen, or remove the "
soºnbi i tion in certain situations unfavorable to its production After an r, this
sº it fully out; the pronunciation oo (6) has taken the place of 7 in that situa-
. tº b e sºccepted by all recent authorities, although some speakers still show



















XIV PREFACE.
plain traces of the older utterance). The same has happened, in a less degree, afterºsiºn
1 a change.
latest authorities (even in England) prescribe always loo (là) instead of lil; so radical a change has sº
not been ventured upon in this work, in which 6 is written only after an ºl that is preceded by
. . . . . . . . * -
another consonant: cultivated pronunciation is much less uniform here the
à.. . . . * , * jº: -- §:
y v * &
i iſ * * - 4 -
#Tº liſh the . .
. "... . * . ... . º
.*.*.* preceding case. But further, after the other so-called dental consonants tº d, n, is, a,
usage: pronunciation
of certain vowels. except in syllables immediately following an accent, the usage of the m
good speakers tends to reduce the y-element to a lighter and less noticeable form, vº
while many omit it altogether, pronouncing 00 (ö). Of this class of discordances no account is . . .
taken in the re-spellings" for pronunciation; usage is in too fluid and vacillating a condition to
be successfully represented. After the sounds ch, j, sh, zh, however, only 6 is acknowledged. Another
case is that of the r. Besides local differences in regard to the point of production in the mouth,
and to the presence, or degree, of trilling in its utterance, a very large number, including some
of the sections of most authoritative usage, on both sides of the Atlantic, do not really utter the
r-sound at all unless it be immediately followed by a vowel (in the same or a succeeding word), but
either silence it altogether or convert it into a neutral-vowel sound (that of hut or hurt). The muti-
lation thus described is not acknowledged in this dictionary, but r is everywhere written where it
has till recently been pronounced by all; and it is left for the future to determine which party of the
speakers of the language shall win the upper hand. The distinction of the two shades of neutral-
vowel sound in hut and hurt, which many authorities, especially in England, ignore or neglect, is, as
a matter of course, made in this work. The latter, or hurt-sound, is found in English words only
before r in the same syllable; but it is also a better correspondent to the French eu and “mute e”
sounds than is the former, or hºſt-sound. In like manner, the air-sound is distinguished (as ā) from the
ordinary e- or a-sounds. Further, the two sounds written with o in sot and song are held apart through-
out, the latter (marked with 6) being admitted not only before r (as in nor), but in many other situations,
where common good usage puts it. But as there is a growing tendency in the language to turn 0 into
6, the line between the two sounds is a variable one, and the 6 (on this account distinguished from 6,
with which from a phonetic point of view it is practically identical) must be taken as marking an
o-sound which in a part of good usage is simple o. A similar character belongs to the so-called “inter-
mediate a " of ask, can't, command, and their like, which with many good speakers has the full d-sound
(of far, etc.), and also by many is flattened quite to the “short a” of fat, etc. This is signified by d,
which, as applied to English words, should be regarded rather as pointing out the varying utterance
here described than as imperatively prescribing any shade of it. - -
On the side of consonant utterance, there is a very large class of cases where it can be made a
question whether a pure t or d or s or 2 is pronounced with an i- or y-sound after it before another vowel,
or whether the consonant is fused together with the i or y into the sounds ch, j, Sh, or 2h respectively—
F ſº for example, whether we say natüre or nachur, gradãal or grajöal, süre or shör, vizial
** or vizhöal. There are many such words in which accepted usage has fully ranged,
Inants. itself on the side of the fused pronunciation: for example, vizhon, not vieion, for
vision; azhur, not azure, for azure; but with regard to the great majority usage is less
decided, or else the one pronunciation is given in ordinary easy utterance and the other when speaking
with deliberation or labored plainness, or else the fused pronunciation is used without the fact being
acknowledged. For such cases is introduced here a special mark under the consonant—thus, t, d, 8, g +
which is intended to signify that in elaborate or strained utterance the consonant has its own proper
value, but in ordinary styles of speaking combines with the following i-element into the fused sound.
The mark is not used unless the fused sound is admissible in good common speech. *
This same device, of a mark added beneath to indicate a familiar utterance different from 8.I] .
elaborate or forged one, is introduced by this dictionary on a very large scale in marking the sound s of
the vowels. “oºf the most peculias characteristics of English pronunciation is thº *- -
slights the voweſs of most unaccented syllables, not merely lightening them in poin
sitess, but changing their quality of sound. To write (as systems of ºf ling tº
& . .
























PREFACE. XV
~ :-- -
even systems ofph Ot etie spelling, generally do) the vowels of unaccented syllables as if they were
- * *- accented, is a distortion, and to pronounce them as so written would be a caricature of English speech.
* There are two degrees of this transformation. In the first, the general vowel quality of a long vowel
. . . remains, but is modified toward or to the corresponding (natural) short: thus, a
and j lose their usual vanish (of 6 and 6 respectively), and become, the One e (even, in
some final syllables, the yet thinner i), the other the true short o (which, in accented
syllables, occurs only provincially, as in the New England pronunciation of home, whole, etc.); 6 and 6
(of food) become i and & (of good); d or 6 become (more rarely) 0. This first degree of change is
marked by a single dot under the vowel; thus, 3, 6, Ö, W, 6, 6. In the second degree, the vowel loses
its specific quality altogether, and is reduced to a neutral sound, the slightly uttered w (of hut) or é
(of hurt). This change occurs mainly in short vowels (especially a, o, less often e, but i chiefly in the
ending -ity); but also sometimes in long vowels (especially W and ā). This second degree of alteration
is marked by a double dot under the vowel: thus, q, 6, 9, i, j, M. Accordingly, the dots show that
while in very elaborate utterance the vowel is sounded as marked without them, in the various degrees
of inferior elaborateness it ranges down to the shortened or to the neutralized vowel respectively; and
it is intended that the dots shall mark, not a careless and Slovenly, but Only an ordinary and idiomatic
utterance—not that of hasty conversation, but that of plain speaking, or of reading aloud with dis-
tinctness. In careless talk there is a yet wider reduction to the neutral sound. It must be clearly
understood and borne in mind that these changes are the accompaniment and effect of a lightening
and slighting of utterance; to pronounce with any stress the syllables thus marked would be just as
great a caricature as to pronounce them with stress as marked above the letter.
Vowels in unac-
cented syllables.
I -
º
In the preparation of the definitions of common words there has been at hand, besides the material
generally accessible to students of the language, a special collection of quotations selected for this work
from English books of all kinds and of all periods of the language, which is probably much larger
than any that has hitherto been made for the use of an English dictionary, except
that accumulated for the Philological Society of London. From this source much
fresh lexicographical matter has been obtained, which appears not only in hitherto
unrecorded words and senses, but also, it is believed, in the greater conformity of the definitions
as a whole to the facts of the language. In general, the attempt has been made to portray the language
as it actually is, separating more or less sharply those senses of each word which are really distinct,
but avoiding that over-refinement of analysis which tends rather to confusion than to clearness. Special
scientific and technical uses of words have, however, often been separately numbered, for practical
reasons, even when they do not constitute logically distinct definitions. The various senses of words
have also been classified with reference to the limitations of their use, those not found in current
literary English being described as obsolete, local, provincial, colloquial, or technical (legal, botanical,
etc.). The arrangement of the definitions historically, in the Order in which the senses defined have
entered the language, is the most desirable one, and it has been adopted whenever, from the etymo-
logical and other data accessible, the historical order could be inferred with a considerable degree of
certainty; it has not, however, been possible to employ it in every case. The general definitions have
also been supplemented by discussions of synonyms treating of about 7000 words, contributed by
Prof. Henry M. Whitney, which will be found convenient as bringing together statements made in
the definitions in various parts of the dictionary, and also as touching in a free way upon many literary
Definitions of com-
mon words.
of words.
ny of the extracts mentioned above, together with some contained in the Imperial Dictionary
other earlier or special works, have been employed to illustrate the meanings of woid.
to establish the fact of use. They form a large collection (about 200,000)
ū branches of English literature. In many cases they will be foun
i of view, thoug as was intimated above, they do not furnis













xvi PREFACE.
record. All have been verified from the works from which they have been taken, and are furnished ,
with exact references, except a few obtained from the Imperial Dictionary, which could not readily
be traced to their sources, but were of sufficient value to justify their insertion on the authority of
that work. Their dates can be ascertained approximately from the list of authors
and works (and editions) cited, which will be published with the concluding part of
the dictionary. These quotations have been used freely wherever they have seemed to be helpful; but
it has not been possible thus to illustrate every word or every meaning of each word without an
undue increase in the bulk of the book. The Omissions affect chiefly technical and obvious senses.
In defining this common English vocabulary, important aid has been received from Mr. Benjamin E.
Smith, who has also had, under the editor-in-chief, the special direction and revision of the work on all
parts of the dictionary, with the charge of putting the book through the press; from Mr. Francis A.
Teall, who has also aided in criticizing the proofs; from Mr. Robert Lilley, in the preliminary working-
up of the literary material as well as in the final revision of it; from Dr. Charles P. G. Scott, who
has also had special charge of the older English, and of provincial English; from Prof. Thomas R.
Lounsbury, who has contributed to the dictionary the results of a systematic reading of Chaucer; from
Dr. John W. Palmer, who has aided in revising the manuscript prepared for the press, and has also
contributed much special literary matter; from Prof. Henry M. Whitney, who has given assistance in
preparing the definitions of common Words in certain later divisions of the work and has also examined
the proofs; from Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow; from Mr. Franklin H. Hooper; from Mr. Leighton Hoskins,
who has also contributed material for the definitions of most of the terms in prosody; from Miss
Katharine B. Wood, who has superintended the collecting of new words and the selection and verifi-
cation of the quotations; from Miss Mary L. Avery; and from many others who have helped at special
points, or by criticisms and suggestions. particularly Prof. Charles S. Peirce and Prof. Josiah D. Whitney.
The quotations.
Much space has been devoted to the special terms of the various sciences, fine arts, mechanical
arts, professions, and trades, and much care has been bestowed upon their treatment. They have
been collected by an extended search through all branches of technical literature, with the design of
providing a very complete and many-sided technical dictionary. Many thousands of
words have thus been gathered which have never before been recorded in a gen-
eral dictionary, or even in special glossaries. Their definitions are intended to be so
precise as to be of service to the specialist, and, also, to be simple and “popular” enough to be
intelligible to the layman. It is obvious, however, that the attempt to reconcile these aims must
impose certain limitations upon each. On the one hand, strictly technical forms of statement must
in many cases be simplified to suit the capacity and requirements of those who are not technically
trained; and, on the other, whenever (as often, for example, in mathematics, biology, and anatomy)
a true definition is possible only in technical language, or the definition concerned is of interest only
to a specialist, the question of immediate intelligibility to a layman cannot be regarded as of prime
importance. In general, however, whenever purely technical interests and the demands of popular
use obviously clash, preference has been given to the latter so far as has been possible without sacrifice
of accuracy. In many instances, to a technical definition has been added a popular explanation Or
amplification. It is also clear that the completeness with which the lexicographic material of interest to
the specialist can be given must vary greatly with the different subjects. Those (as metaphysics,
theology, law, the fine arts, etc.) the vocabulary of which consists mainly of abstract terms which are
distinctly English in form, of common English words used in special senses, or of fully nat
foreign words, may be presented much more fully than those (as Zoëſogy, botany, ch
ineralogy, etc.) which employ great numbers of artificial names, many of them Latin.
ical material has been contributed by the gentlemen whose names are given in
be assistance at special points of many others; and all their work, af
itted to them in one or more proofs for correctiºn. This method
Definitions of tech-
ſuical terms.









PREFACE. xvii
"both accuracy and homogeneity has, perhaps, never before been so fully adopted and faithfully applied
in a dictionary. A few special explanations are necessary with regard to the work in several of the
technical departments.
To the biological sciences a degree of prominence has been given corresponding to the remarkable
recent increase in their vocabulary. During the last quarter of a century there has been an extensive
reorganization and variation of the former systems of classification, from which have come thousands
of new names of genera, families, etc.; and also a profound modification of biological -
conceptions, which has led both to new definitions of old words and to the coinage of many Tº
new words. All these terms that are English in form, and for any reason worthy of record,
have been included, and also as many of the New Latin names of classificatory groups as are essential
to a serviceable presentation of Zoëlogy and botany. The selection of the New Latin names in zoölogy
has been liberal as regards the higher groups, as families, orders, etc., whether now current or merely
forming a part of the history of the science; but of generic names only a relatively small number have
been entered. Probably about 100,000 names of zoölogical genera exist, 60,000 at least having a definite
scientific standing; but the whole of them cannot, of course, be admitted into any dictionary. The
general rule adopted for the inclusion of such names is to admit those on which are founded the names
of higher groups, especially of families, or which are important for some other special reason, as popular
use, an established position in works of reference, the existence of species which have popular English
names, etc. A similar rule has been adopted with regard to botanical names. The common or ver-
nacular names of animals and plants have been freely admitted; many naturalized and unnaturalized
foreign names, also, which have no English equivalents and are noteworthy for special literary, com-
mercial, or other reasons, have been included. The definitions that have a purely scientific interest
have been written from a technical point of view, the more popular information being given under
those technical names that are in familiar use or under common names. In the zoölogical department
is properly included anatomy in its widest sense (embracing embryology and morphology), as the science
of animal structure, external and internal, normal and abnormal. Its vocabulary necessarily includes
many Latin, or New Latin, words and phrases which have no English technical equivalents.
The definitions of that part of general biological science which in any way relates to animal life
or structure, including systematic zoölogy, have been written by Dr. Elliott Coues, who has been assisted
in ichthyology and conchology by Prof. Theodore N. Gill, in entomology by Mr. Leland O. Howard
and Mr. Herbert L. Smith, and in human anatomy by Prof. James K. Thacher. Special aid has also
been received from other naturalists, particularly from Prof. Charles V. Riley, who has furnished a
number of definitions accompanying a valuable series of entomological cuts obtained from him. Prof.
Thacher has also defined all terms relating to medicine and surgery. The botanical work was under-
taken by Dr. Sereno Watson, with assistance, in cryptogamic botany, from Mr. Arthur B. Seymour, and
has been conducted by him through the letter G; at that point, on account of practical considerations
connected with his official duties, he transferred it to Dr. Lester F. Ward. Mr. Seymour also withdrew,
his work passing, under Dr. Ward's editorship, to Prof. Frank H. Knowlton. All the definitions of the
terms of fossil botany have been written by Prof. J. D. Whitney. *
In the treatment of the physical and mathematical sciences an equally broad method has been adopted.
While their growth has, perhaps, not been so great, from a lexicographical point of view, as has that of
biology, it is certainly almost as remarkable. The remodeling and readjustment of former ideas, and
the consequent modification of the senses of old terms and the oº •A Vē
been hardly less marked; while one departme
pace in the invention of names (of chemic
The physical and
mathematieal
sciences,






XViii PREFACE.
written by Prof. Edward S. Dana, with the collaboration, in electrotechnics, of Prof. Thomas C.
Mendenhall, and in many special points, particularly those touching upon mathematical theory, of
Prof. Charles S. Peirce. Professor Dana has also contributed the definitions of mineralogical terms,
including the names of all distinct species and also of all important varieties. He has been assisted in
defining the names of gems and the special terms employed in lapidary work by Mr. George F. Kunz.
The lithological definitions, as also all those relating to geology, mining, metallurgy, and physical geog-
raphy, have been contributed by Prof. J. D. Whitney. Professor Peirce has written the definitions of
terms in mechanics, mathematics, astronomy, and astrology, of weights and measures, and of the various
names of colors. In the mathematical work the aim has been to define all the older English terms, and
all the modern ones that can be considered to be in general use, or are really used by a number of
English mathematical writers, but not all the numerous terms that may be found only in special
memoirs. All English names of weights and measures, as well as many foreign names, have been
entered, but, as a rule, those of the latter that are at once obsolete and not of considerable importance
have been omitted. As regards chemistry, it has of course been impossible to include names of com-
pounds other than those that have a special technical and practical importance. The chemical definitions
have been written by Dr. Edward H. Jenkins, with assistance from Dr. Isaac W. Drummond in defining
the coal-tar colors, the various pigments, dyes, etc., and the mechanical processes of painting and dyeing.
The definitions comprehended under the head of general technology (including all branches of the
mechanical arts) have been contributed by Prof. Robert H. Thurston, with the collaboration, in defining
the names of many tools and machines, of Mr. Charles Barnard, and, in various mechanical matters which
are closely related to the special Sciences, of the gentlemen who have been named
above — as of Prof. Mendenhall in describing electrical machines and appliances, of
Prof. Dana and Prof. Peirce in describing physical and mathematical apparatus, of
Prof. J. D. Whitney in describing mining-tools and processes, etc. The terms used in printing and
proof-reading have been explained by Mr. F. A. Teall, with the aid of valuable contributions of material
from Mr. Theodore L. De Winne. Special assistance in collecting technological material has been received
from Mr. F. T. Thurston, and, at particular points, from many others.
The terms of the philosophical sciences have been exhibited very completely, with special reference
to their history from the time of Plato and Aristotle, through the period of scholasticism, to the present
day, though it has not been possible to state all the conflicting definitions of different philosophers
and schools. The philosophical wealth of the English language has, it is believed, never
been so fully presented in any dictionary. Both the oldest philosophical uses of English
words and the most recent additions to the vocabulary of psychology, psycho-physics,
sociology, etc., have been given. The definitions of many common words, also, have been prepared
with a distinct reference to their possible philosophical or theological applications. The logical and
metaphysical, and many psychological definitions have been written by Prof. Peirce. The same method
of treatment has also been applied to ethical terms, and to those peculiar to the various sociological
sciences. In political economy special assistance has been received from Prof. Albert S. Bolles, Mr.
Austin Abbott, and others. Prof. Bolles has also contributed material relating to financial and com-
The mechanical
arts and trades.
The philosophical
sciences.
mercial matters.
In the department of doctrinal theology considerable difficulty has naturally been experienced in
giving definitions of the opinions held by the various denominations which shall be free from partisan- r
ship. The aim of sº * , a ºn ... tº been to present all the special doctrines of the different divisiony ,.” “ ”
- convey to the reader the actual intent of thosé
Dr. Lyman Abbott, to whom this | branëh
at critical points learned diſſines of
sibility for the º
h him and with the ediſ
V. Thomas S. Prestºn, tº
e rad, and others.
Theological and
clesiastical terms
the vario
the dictio














PREFACE. six
purely theological definitions, others, very numerous and elaborate, have been given of terms desig-
nating vestments, ornaments, rites, and ceremonies, of words relating to church architecture, church
music, etc., etc. Systems of religion other than the Christian, as Mohammedanism, Confucianism,
etc., are treated with considerable detail, as are also the more simple and barbarous forms of religious
thought, and the many related topics of anthropology. Church history is given under the names
of the various sects, etc. Assistance in matters relating to liturgics, and particularly to the ritual of
the Greek Church, has been received from Mr. Leighton Hoskins.
In defining legal terms, the design has been to offer all the information that is needed by the
general reader, and also to aid the professional reader by giving, in a concise form, all the important
technical words and meanings. Professional terms now in common use have been defined in their
general and accepted sense as used to-day in the highest courts and legislative bodies, not excluding,
however, the different senses or modes of use prevalent at an earlier day. Particular attention has
also been given to the definitions of common words which are not technically used in law, but upon
the definition of which as given in the dictionaries matters of practical importance often depend.
Statutory definitions, as for example of crimes, are not as a rule given, since they vary greatly in
detail in the statutes of the different States, and are full of inconsistencies. Definitions are also given
of all established technical phrases which cannot be completely understood from the definitions of
their separate words, and of words and phrases from the Latin and from modern foreign languages
(especially of Mexican and French-Canadian law) which have become established as parts of our
technical speech, or are frequently used without explanation in English books. The definitions have
} been written by Mr. Austin Abbott.
The definitions of the principal terms of painting, etching, and engraving, and of various other
| art-processes, were prepared by Mr. Charles C. Perkins some time before his death. They have
been supplemented by the work of Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow, who has also had special charge of
architecture, sculpture, and Greek and Roman archaeology; and of Mr. Russell Sturgis, The fine arts
who has furnished the material relating to decorative art in general, ceramics, medieval *-* *
archaeology, heraldry, armor, costumes, furniture, etc., etc. Special aid has also been received from
many architects, artists, and others. The musical terms have been defined by Prof. Waldo S. Pratt,
who has had the use of a large collection of such definitions made by Mr. W. M. Ferriss. Many
definitions of names of coins have been contributed by Mr. Warwick Wroth, F. S. A., of the Depart- w
ment of Coins of the British Museum.
A very full list of nautical terms and definitions has been contributed by Commander Francis M.
Green, and of military terms by Captain David A. Lyle.
The inclusion of so extensive and varied a vocabulary, the introduction of special phrases, and
the full description of things often found essential to an intelligible definition of their names, would
alone have given to this dictionary a distinctly encyclopedic character. It has, however, been deemed
desirable to go somewhat further in this direction than these conditions render strictly
necessary. Accordingly, not only have many technical matters been treated with unusual
fullness, but much practical information of a kind which dictionaries have hitherto
xcluded has been added. The result is that THE CENTURY DICTIONARY covers to a great extent the
l, of the ordinary encyclopedia, with this principal difference — that the information given is for
ost part distributed under the individu º hrases with which it is connected, instead
collected under a few general topi s, both biographical and geographical, are
mitted except as they appear i tives, as Darwinian from Darwin, or Indian
The alphabetical distributior,
believed, be found to be p
oked for in works of refere
fails has been reduced to
Encyclopedie
features.
ic matter under a large number of words
the search for those details which are
able discontinuity of treatmel ; which such
hat extended explanation of centrºſ words















XX . PREFACE.
(as, for example, electricity), and by cross references. Such an encyclopedic method, though unusual
in dictionaries, needs no defense in a work which has been constructed throughout from the point of
view of practical utility. In the compilation of the historical matter given, assistance has been received
from the gentlemen mentioned above whenever their special departments have been concerned, from
Prof. J. Franklin Jameson in the history of the United States, from Mr. F. A. Teall, and from others.
Special aid in verifying dates and other historical matters has been rendered by Mr. Edmund K. Alden.
The pictorial illustrations have been so selected and executed as to be subordinate to the text,
while possessing a considerable degree of independent suggestiveness and artistic value. Cuts of a dis-
tinctly explanatory kind have been freely given as valuable aids to the definitions, often of large
Illustrations. groups of words, and have been made available for this use by cross references; many
- familiar objects, also, and many unfamiliar and rare ones, have been pictured. To
secure technical accuracy, the illustrations have, as a rule, been selected by the specialists in charge
of the various departments, and have in all cases been examined by them in proofs. The work
presented is very largely original, cuts having been obtained by purchase only when no better ones
could be made at first hand. The general direction of this artistic work has been intrusted to Mr.
W. Lewis Fraser, manager of the Art Department of The Century Co. Special help in procuring
necessary material has been given by Mr. Gaston L. Feuardent, by Prof. William R. Ware, by the
Smithsonian Institution, by the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and by the
Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia.
In the choice of the typographical style the desire has been to provide a page in which the matter
should be at once condensed and legible, and it is believed that this aim has been attained in an
unusual degree. In the proof-reading nearly all persons engaged upon the dictionary have assisted,
particularly those in charge of technical matters (to nearly all of whom the entire proof has been
sent); most efficient help has also been given by special proof-readers, both by those who have worked
in the office of The Century Co., and by those connected with The De Winne Press.
º Finally, acknowledgment is due to the many friends of the dictionary in this and other lands
who have contributed material, often most valuable, for the use of its editors. The list of authorities
used, and other acknowledgments and explanations that may be needed, will be given on the comple-
tion of the work. It should be stated here, however, that by arrangement with its publishers, considerable
use has also been made of Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary. -
WILLIAM DWIGEIT WHITNEY.
NEW HAVEN, May 1st, 1889.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE (OCTOBER 1, 1891)
ne change has occurred in the staff of specialists my
Wº ºthe proofs of “T” were coming from the
\from its beginning, died, lºving
\completing it was taken up by
URING the publication of the dictionary but o
tioned in the preface issued with the £ --4-
Dr. James K. Thacher, who had labored up
upon the last letters of the alphabet unfinis
L. Stedman, and has been carried through b -
The dictionary has also received additio hers not mentioned in the pref
has thus beel, given most notably by Prof. C any important definitions (i.
those off the words Sun, Solar, telescope, and riticism of the final prog















Thomas Gray, of R
Smithsonian Insti
S. Burgess, Mr.
Agriculture, Pro
botany; by Mr. Y
University of Ka
ment of Agricultu
nautical definition
ing to fishing and
particularly those
Rev. George T. P.
Dobson, in the defi
lection of Australia
Eggleston, Mr. Georg .
The staff of edito - RadiºSN
of Rev. George M*Art º - Lºsſ officient reº
WILLIAM DW
1 *E REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION
HE compilation of THE CENTURY DICTIONARY was begun in 1882; the first part was published in
and the last was issued in 1891. About a quarter of a century has thus elapsed since the Y
portion of its contents was collected. This period has been marked not only by a notable increase
modification of the material with which an English dictionary is concerned, but also by great activity
English lexicography. From time to time, as its numerous impressions have appeared, the CENTURY
been amended to meet the more obvious requirements, but the limits of this periodical revision have
somewhat narrowly drawn. In the present new edition, which embodies both a comprehensive r
and an extensive enlargement, Whe attempt has been made to meet all the demands which the ad)
time has raised. 4. 4
The most evident of these \e inclusion, with a high degree of completeness, of the new
Senses which have come into exi R—- or into notice — since the dictionary was first issued.
extent of its vocabulary — a v y larger by upward of one hundred and twenty tho
than that of any then existing ge dictionary—was a notable feature of the first
opportunity, in the future, for fu and the importance of such additions to t
book were, however, sufficiently that time, and the search for this n
accordingly, never been revº oublished in 1909 in the form of tº
volumes comprising, ca N sixty-seven pages — more th:
number of pag
have been 3
with th4
plemen
KS supplement, with revision
ºbuted among the several
Ked in the prefatory note
words, senses, and de
a-
&







































Smmon " vocabulary,
nce and general
ny other of the
ches of sciences,
practical arts also
's, methods, and
ânt, or new uses of
is as radioactivity,
is in heredity and
legraphy and elec-
retions. Much the
re, of physiological
also be noted that a
§s, fabrics, materials,
ones, Porto Rico, and
st, interest) which the
ve also been included
y, have of Rºs
e. In addition to this
iſses of earlier origin, and also extensiº
words, senses, and ‘phrases” thus collectes
[on comparable to that made by the original ed
the words and forms included, great as their numb
es stated in the preface to the original edition, to whi
referred. Many chemical and mineralogical terms, fo mple, have been added,
ll; important New Latin names in zoölogy and botany havoeen admitted, but (rela-
he obvious derivatives (which —actual and possible — are m hy thousands in number)
amilies, Orders, etc., in Zoëlogy and botany are, with a few eptions, not given; and
&ialisms (except Americanisms and Australianisms) and obsolete words) hd expressions have, as a
been excluded.
was equally important that the contents of the dictionary as originally published should be
ded in accordance with changing usage and advancing knowledge. This end has been secured by a
ical examination of the entire dictionary by specialists, extending over tº number of years, and the
ºrporation in it of all the changes which this examination has shown to be necessary or desirable.
se changes are very numerous and many of them are important. Most of them fall, naturally, within
ºmits of the special sciences and of technology, since it is in these that the greatest modifications in
e meaning and the application of words have taken place; but the words in other groups and the
n” words of the language have not been overlooked, and many in tºovements in their definitions
\ made. The etymologies, also, hāve to a very considerable exté tºbeen modified, in recognition
ances — or at least the variations of opinion — in this the mº ſhangeable, in its details, of the
fences. The enlargement and revision thus outlined, how have in no essential modified
ope and plan of the dictionary, which during the paş 7 years have been found to meet
Ny the needs of many thousands of users.
ºce with the above, the first ten volume;
tally, of the revised pages of the older
W. volumes, each volume of the ter
rticles and definitions.
is about one hundred
Ictionary. It should be
he still a selection, made
his and other prefatory
y proper—of the present edition
d the pages (also revised) of the
appropriate portion of the
Rs. This supplementary materia Qey words, new senses
e original pages, definitions
To find at once what
difficulty. As regards
nd a particular word
finitions, often
Qlementary
ults the
he will
\





















































































L PREFACE. xxiii
naturally, without prompting, turn to the supplementary pages at its back, where, if the word is given at
all, it will be found. Accordingly, no mark has been inserted in the original pages to indicate the presence
of a new word in the supplement. As regards new senses, new ‘phrases,’ and extensions of old definitions,
however, it is clear that the user, who does not find what he wants in the main part of the volume will not
quite so naturally and inevitably expect to find it in the supplementary part. In these cases, therefore
(and in these only), a star (*) has been placed in the original pages, just above (rarely just below) the initial
letter of the word an addition to the article on which — such as a new or extended sense or a group of
new phrases—will be found in the supplementary pages. This star, whether it is found, as just described,
in the main part of the volume or in its supplementary part (in the definitions and cross-references), refers
in all cases to something that will be found in the supplementary matter.
Of the remaining volumes (XI., XII.) much the same is to be said. THE CENTURY CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES
(Vol. XI.), which was first issued in 1894, has repeatedly been revised and enlarged to keep it abreast of
current events and to increase its accuracy. It has again been submitted to the same scrutiny in prepa-
ration for the present edition, and, in particular, its statistics of population have been completely restated
in accordance with the latest censuses and authoritative estimates. This volume also comprises a supple-
ment of about one hundred pages. (See the preface to Vol. XI.)
THE CENTURY ATLAs (Vol. XII.), first published in 1897, also has been extensively revised and enlarged.
All of its maps have been amended; a number of them have been entirely remade; several have been
added; and the index has been reset, while the statistical matter which it contains has been brought
down to date. (See the preface to Vol. XII.)
The critical work of revision and the writing of the supplementary material have been done by the
contributors whose names are given in the list of collaborators which follows the list of the original com-
pilers of the dictionary. Both of these groups of scholars and men of science have been depleted by death.
From the latter have gone William Dwight Whitney, the editor-in-chief, America's most eminent philolo-
gist, Josiah Dwight Whitney, Austin Abbott, Elliott Coues, Francis M. Green, James K. Thacher,
Robert H. Thurston, Sereno Watson, Charles C. Perkins, Francis A. Teall, Thomas W. Ludlow, William
L. Fraser, James A. Harrison, Henry M. Whitney, and one—not named in the list— Roswell Smith, Pres-
ident of The Century Co., in whose mind THE CENTURY DICTIONARY originated and whose broad intelligence,
courage, fidelity, and liberality made its completion possible. The former group has lost, after the completion
of their work, Richard Garnett, Charles A. Young, William K. Brooks, Russell Sturgis, Henry G. Kittredge,
and Frank E. Hobbs. All who have had part in the making of the dictionary are proud that these names
are in the roll of its creators. * * - \
To quote again from the preface to the supplementary volumes: It remains only to thank the very
numerous helpers who have contributed special items of information or material, or have aided in the
work of the editorial office or the press. Without the assistance of all, such completeness and accuracy
as may have been attained would have been impossible. Special mention should be made of the assistance
of Professor John Dewey, of Columbia University, in the defining of pragmatism and related terms; of the
Bureau of Forestry and the Society of American Foresters, in granting through Mr. Gifford Pinchot the
use of the manuscript of their glossary of terms in forestry and lumbering; of Dr. Robert Lilley, in con-
tributing many definitions of Oriental (especially Chinese and Japanese) and other terms; of Mr. David White,
of the United States Geological Survey, and Dr. Herbert J. Webber, of the United States Department of
Agriculture, in defining various botanical terms ; of Professor J. Bishop Tingle, of McMaster University, and
Dr. Campbell E. Waters, of the United States Bureau of Standards, in assisting in the work on organic chem-
istry; of Dr. Whitman Cross, of the \ted States Geological Survey, in writing certain of the earlier defini-
tions in petrograph S. A. Fish, of Cornell University, in defining various neurological
terms; of Dr. E. nited States Department of Agriculture, in giving valued aid in
the work on tº Rations; of Professor Harold Jacoby, of Columbia University;
of Mr. H. C. º alakir- the late r. W. N. Fitzgerald,
editor of º is any ºrness; of Mr. Ben-
\
|
–4






xxiv. - PREFACE. l
)
jamin Garno, in supplying definitions in billiards; of Mr. Charles De Kay, in defining terms in fencing ;
of Professor Edmund K. Alden, of the Packer Institute, in the definition of terms in general and political
history; of Mr. Herbert H. Smith, in contributing, with definitions, a number of West Indian words; of
Mr. E. C. Hinckley, in supplying the definitions of terms relating to tanning and leather-making; of Pro-
fessor J. O. Schlotterbeck, of the University of Michigan, in defining a number of pharmaceutical terms;
of Dr. Victor Chambers, in the revision of certain chemical definitions; of Mr. Charles L. Pollard and Dr.
L. C. Corbett, in the revision of the botanical definitions; of Mr. O. S. Mawson, in the revision of defini-
tions relating to India; of the late Mr. James Platt, Jr., in furnishing many notes upon words derived from
South American, African, and other remote languages; of Dr. Cyrus Adler, president of Dropsie College, in the
revision of the Oriental names; of Professor Charles H. Smith, of Yale University; of Professor Harry M.
Ayres, of Columbia University; of Mr. G. A. Weber, of the United States Department of Commerce and
Labor, in preparing the chart relating to wages and cost of living; of Mr. F. S. Dellenbaugh, in the
revision of numerous articles in the eleventh volume (Cyclopedia of Names); of Miss Edith M. Greer, of
Pratt Institute, in defining terms in cooking; of Mrs. C. A. M. Hall, of the Drexel Institute, in furnishing
information with regard to needlework and embroidery; of Mr. James Means and Mr. Augustus Post, in fur-
nishing valuable material relating to ačronautics; of Mr. Philip S. Smith, in the subject of physiog-
raphy; of Miss Katharine B. Wood, in collecting much valuable material relating to common words; and
of Miss Margaret Jackson and Miss Florence Gilmour, in most efficiently aiding in the work of the
editorial office.
The illustrations which have been added in the new matter number about one thousand nine hundred,
making the total number in the dictionary about ten thousand. For the use of valuable material especial
acknowledgment is due to Macmillan and Company, who have granted the use of cuts from their English
edition of von Zittel's “Palaeontology”; to the Metropolitan Museum of Art; to the American Museum of
Natural History; to the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory; to the New York Institute for the Blind; to
the Westinghouse Company; to the Forest Service, Washington; to the British School at Athens; to the
British Museum; and to the “Journal of Hellenic Studies.”
BENJAMIN E. SMITH. .
July 1st, 1911.


LIST OF INSETS
Volume Facing page
AEROPLANES (2 pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . 94
FUR-BEARING ANIMALS (1 page, color) I 218
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE (2 pages) I 298
AUTOMOBILES (2 pages) I
REPRESENTATIVE BOOKBINDINGS (1 page, color) . I
NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES (1 page, color) I
COINS (2 pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
DOGS (2 pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III
EVERGREENS (1 page, color) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . 2040
FLAGS OF THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS (1 page, color) . . . . . . . . . TV . . 2246
FURNITURE (4 pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . * . 2416
GAME-BIRDS OF NoFTH AMERICA (1 page, color) . . . . . . . . . . IV . . 2446
PRECIOUS STONES AND ENGRAVED GEMS (1 page, color) . . . . . . . . IV . . 2478
EARLY, MIDDLE, AND LATE GOTHIC STAINED GLASS (1 page, color) . . . . IV . . 2530
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY GOBELIN TAPESTRY (1 page, color) . . . . - . . IV . . 2560
IMMIGRATION (2 pages, color) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . 2998
INJURIOUS INSECTS (1 page, color) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W . . .3114
LACE (2 pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W . . 3320
ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPT (1 page, color) . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . 3620
PRINCIPAL ORDERS OF THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD (1 page, color) . . . . VI . . 4144
ORDNANCE (2 pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI
REPRESENTATIVE POISONOUs REPTILES OF THE UNITED STATES (1 page, color)
RUGS (1 page, color) .
SEALs OF THE STATES (2 pages)
WIRELEss TELEGRAPHY (2 pagi
WAGES AND PRICES, ILLUSTF








USED
a-, adj. . . . . . . . ... adjective.
abbr............ abbreviation.
abl. ............ablative.
8CC. . . . . . ... . . . . accusative.
accom. . . . . . . . . . accommodated,accom-
modation.
act. . . . . . . . . . . ... active,
adv. . . . . . . . . . . . . adverb.
AF. . . . . . . . . . . . . Anglo-French.
agri. . . . . . . . . . . . agriculture,
AL. . . . . . . . .....Anglo-Latin.
alg. . . . . . . . . . . . . algebra.
Amer. . . . . . . . . . . American.
anat. . . . . . . . . . . . anatomy.
BDC. . . . . . . . . . . . . ancient,
antiq. . . . . . . . . . . antiquity.
80T. . . . . . . . . . . . . aorist
8990 N. . . . . . . . . . . apparently.
Ar..... ſº tº ſº tº a tº tº g tº Arabic
arch. . . . . . . . . . . . architecture.
archæol.........archaeology.
arith... . . . . . . . . . arithmetic.
art. . . . . . . . . . . . . article.
AS. . . . . . . . . . . . . Anglo-Saxon.
astrol...... . . . . . astrology.
astron.......... astronomy.
attrib. . . . . . . . . . attributive.
Bug. . . . . . . . . . . . augmentative,
Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . Bavarian.
Beng. . . . . . . . . . . Bengali.
biol. . . . . . . . . . . . biology.
Bohem. . . . . . . . . Bohemian.
bot. . . . . . . . . . . . . botany.
Braz. . . . . . . . . . . . Brazilian.
Bret. . . . . . . . . . . . |Breton
bryol. .......... bryology.
Bulg. . . . . . . . . . . Bulgarian.
Carp. . . . . . . . . . . . carpentry.
Cat. . . . . . . . . . . . . Catalan.
Cath........ ....Catholic.
CauS. . . . . . . . . . . . causative.
CeſàIII. . . . . . . . . . ceramics.
cf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. confer, compare.
ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . church
Chal............ Chaldee.
chem........... chemical, chemistry.
Chin. .......... Chinese. f
chron. ......... chronology. *
colloq. ......... colloquial, colloquially.
COIſle . . . . . . . . . . . Commerce, Commer-
cial.
COIII]9. . . . . . ... ... composition, Com-
pound.
COInpalſ. . . . . . . . . comparative.
conch. ......... conchology.
conj. . . . . . . . . . . . conjunction.
contr. . . . . . . . . . . contracted, contrac-
tion.
Corn. . . . . . . . . . . Cornish.
craniol. . . . . . . . . craniology.
craniom. . . . . . . . craniometry.
crystal. ........ crystallography.
D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dutch
Dan. . . . . . . . . . . . Danish
dat. . . . . . . . . . . . . dative.
def. . . . . . . . . . . . . definite, definition.
deriv. . . . . . . . . . . derivative, derivation.
dial... . . . . . . . . . . dialect, dialectal.
diff. . . . . . . . . . . . . different.
dim... . . . . . . . . . . diminutive.
distrib. . . . . . . . . distributive.
dram. . . . . . . . . . . dramatic.
dynam. . . . . . . . . dynamics.
E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . East.
E. ..... º ºg º º º ſº º English (usually mean-
$ng modern English).
eccl., eccles. . . . .ecclesiastical.
800D. . . . . . . . . . . economy.
©. g- - - - - - - - - ... J. exemplégratia, for
* example.
Egypt. . . . . . . . . . Ełyptian.
E. Ind. . . . . . . . . . East Indian,
elect. . . . . . . . . . . electricity.
embryol. . . . . . . . embryology,
Ring, "…bººk
ABBREVIATIONS
IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS.
engin...... . . . . .engineering.
entom. . . . . . . ... entomology.
Epis. . . . . . . . . . . . Episcopal.
equiv. . . . . . ... ...equivalent.
€89. . . . . . . . ... . .especially.
Eth... . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopic.
ethnog..........ethnography.
ethnol. . . . . . . . . . ethnology.
etym. . . . . . . . . . . etymology.
Eur. . . . . . * is gº ºn s is European.
exclam..... ... . . exclamation.
f., fem......... feminine.
F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . French (usually mean-
ing modern French).
Flem. .......... Elemish
fort... . . . . . . . . . . fortification.
freq. ........... frequentative.
Fries. .......... Friesic.
fut. . . . . . . . . . . . . future
G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . German(w8wally mean-
ing New High Ger-
man)
Gael. . . . . . . . . . . Gaelic.
galv. . . . . . . . . . . . galvanism.
gen. . . . . . . . . . . . genitive.
280g. . . . . . . . . . . geography.
geol. . . . . . . . . . . . geology
geom. . . . . . . . . . . geometry.
Goth............ Gothic (Moesogothic),
Gr. . . . . . . . . . . . . Greek.
grand. . . . . . . . . . . grammar.
gºld. . . . . . . . . . . . gunnery.
Heb. . . . . . . . . . . . Hebrew
her. . . . . . . . . . . . . heraldry.
herpet.......... herpetology.
Hind. .......... Hindustani.
hist. . . . . . . . . . . . history.
horol........... horology.
hort. . . . . . . . . . . . horticulture.
Hung. . . . . . . . . . Hungarian.
hydraul. . . . . . . . hydraulics.
hydros.......... hydrostatics.
Icel. . . . . . . . . . . Icelandic (usually
meaning Old Ice-
landic, otherwise call-
ed Old Norse).
ichth. .......... ichthyology.
i. e. . . . . . . . . . . . . L. id est, that is.
impers. . . . . . . . . impersonal.
impf. . . . . . . . . . . imperfect.
impV. . . . . . . . . . imperative.
improp. . . . . . . . . improperly.
Ind. . . . . . . . . . . . Indian.
ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . indicative.
Indo-Eur. . . . . . . Indo-European.
indef. . . . . . . . . . . indefinite.
inf. . . . . . . . . . . . . inflnitive.
instr. . . . . . . . . . . instrumental.
interj. . . . . . . . . . interjection.
intr., intrans. . .intransitive.
Ir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Irish.
irreg. . . . . . ... . .irregular, irregularly.
It . . . . . . . . . . . . Italian.
Jap. . . . . . . . . . . . Japanese.
L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Latin (usually mean-
ing classical Latin).
Lett. . . . . . . . . . . . Lettish.
LG. . . . . . . . . . . . . Low German.
lichenol. . . . . . . lichenology.
lit. . . . . . . . . . . . . literal, literally.
lit. . . . . . . . . . . . . literature.
Lith. . . . . . . . . . . . Lithuanian.
lithog. . . . . . . . . . lithography.
lithol..... . . . . . . lithology.
IL. . . . . . . . . . . . . Late Latin.
Iſl., D18SC. . . . . . . masculine.
M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Midº le
mach. . . . . . . . . . .
mammal. . . . . . . Iſlay[l I
manuf. . . . . . . . . .
math. . . . . . . . . . . mat
M.D. . . . . . {e is tº 9 º' tº Mit
ME. . . . . . . . . tº º e
mech. . . . . . . . . . . mechanics, mechani-
cal.
med. . . . . . . . . . . . medicine.
ID 6/18Ulſ. . . . . . . . . mensuration.
metal. . . . . . . . . . metallurgy
metaph. . . . . . . . . metaphysics.
meteor. . . . . . . . . meteorology.
Mex. . . . . . .... ... Mexican.
MGr...... : . . . . . Middle Greek, medie-
val Greek.
MHG. . . . . . . . . . . Middle High German.
milit. . . . . . . . . . . military.
mineral......... mineralogy.
ML. . . . . . . . . . . . . Middle Latin, medie-
val. Latin.
MLG. . . . . . . . . . . Middle Low German.
mod. . . . . . . . . . . . modern.
mycol. . . . . . . . . . mycology.
myth. . . . . . . . . . . mythology.
D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In OUITA,
n., neut. . . . . . . . . neuter.
N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . New.
N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . North.
N. Amer. . . . . . . . North America.
nat. . . . . . . . . . . . . natural
naut. . . . . . . . . . . nautical.
DaV. . . . . . . . . . . . . navigation.
NGr. . . . . . . . . . . . New Greek, modern
Greek.
NHG. .......... New High German
(usually 8imply G.,
German).
NL. . . . . . . . . . . . . New Latin, modern
Latin.
Ilond. . . . . . . . . . . . nominative.
Norm. . . . . . . . . . Norman.
north........... northern.
Norw. . . . . . . . . . . Norwegian.
numis. . . . . . . . . . numismatics.
O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Old.
obs. . . . . . . . . . . . . obsolete.
obstet. ......... obstetrics.
OBulg. ......... Old Bulgarian (other-
wise called Church
Slavonic, Old Slavic,
Old Slavonic).
OCat. .......... Old Catalan.
OD. . . . . . . . . . . . . Old Dutch.
ODan. . . . . . . . . . . Old Danish.
Odontog. . . . . . . . odontography.
Odontol... . . . . . . odontology.
OF. . . . . . . . . . . . . Old French.
OFlem. . . . . . . . . Old Flemish.
OGael. . . . . . . . . . Old Gaelic.
OHG. .......... Old High German.
OIr. . . . . . . . . . . . . Old Irish
OIt. . . . . . . . . . . . . Old Italian.
OL. . . . . . . . . . . . Old Latin.
OLG. . . . . . . . . . . . Old Low German.
ONorth. . . . . . . . . Old Northumbrian.
OPruss. . . . . . . . . Old Prussian.
Orig. . . . . . . . . . . . Original, originally.
Ornith. . . . . . . . . . ornithology.
OS. . . . . . . . . . . . . Old Saxon.
OSp. . . . . . . . . . . . Old Spanish.
Osteol. . . . . . . . . . Osteology.
OSW. . . . . . . . . . . . Old Swedish.
OTeut. . . . . . . . . . Old Teutonic.
p. 8. . . . . . . . . . . . participial adjective.
paleon... . . . . . . paleontology.
part. . . . . . . . . . . . participle.
p858. . . . . . . . . . . . passive.
pathol. . . . . . . . . pathology.
perf. . . . . . . . . . . . perfect.
Pers. . . . . . . . . . . . Persian.
pêIS. . . . . . . . . . . . person.
perSp. . . . . . . . . . . perspective.
Peruv. . . . . . . . . . Peruvian.
petrog. . . . . . . . . . petrography.
Pg. . . . . . . . . . . . . Portuguese.
gº º e < e < * * * * * * pharmacy.
* * * tº $ tº $ tº ºt Phenician.
a e s tº t e º 'º philology.
& e tº $ tº tº tº £ philosophy.
* † $ tº º º º phonography.
photog. . . . . . . . . photography.
phren. . . . . . . . . . phrenology.
phys. .......... physical.
physiol. . . . . . . . . physiology.
pl., plur. . . . . . . . plural.
poet. . . . . . . . . . . . poetical.
polit. . . . . . . . . . . political.
Pol. . . . . . . . . . . . . Polish
p088. . . . . . . . . . . . possessive.
pp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . past participle.
Ppſ. . . . . . . . . . . . . present participle.
Pr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provençal (w8wally
meaning Old Pro-
vençal).
pref. . . . . . . . . . . . prefix.
prep. . . . . . . . . . . . preposition.
preS. . . . . . . . . . . present.
pret. . . . . . . . . . . . preterit.
priv. . . . . . . . . . . privative.
prob. . . . . . . . . . . probably, probable.
19FOD. . . . . . . . . . . pronoun.
prod. . . . . . . . . . . pronounced, pronun-
ciation.
prop. . . . . . . . . . . . properly.
proS. . . . . . . . . . . . prosody.
Prot. . . . . . . . . . . . Protestant.
DTOW. . . . . . . . . . . provincial.
psychol. . . . . . . . psychology.
Q- V. . . . . . . . . . . . L. guod (or pl. quot)
vide, which see.
refl. . . . . . . . . . . . . reflexive.
Teg. . . . . . . . . . . . . regular, regularly.
Tepſ. . . . . . . . . . . . representing.
Thet. . . . . . . . . . . . rhetoric.
Rom. . . . . . . . . . . Roman.
Rom. . . . . . . . . . . Romanic, Romance
(languages).
Russ. . . . . . . . . . . Russian.
S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South
S. Amer. . . . . . . . South American.
SC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. 8cilicet, understand,
supply.
Sc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scotch
Scand. . . . . . . . . Scandinavian.
Scrip. . . . . . . . . . . Scripture.
sculp. . . . . . . . . . . sculpture.
Serv. . . . . . . . . . . . Servian.
sing. . . . . . . . . singular.
Skt. . . . . . . . . . . Sanskrit.
Slav. . . . . . . . . . . . Slavic, Slavonic.
Sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . Spanish.
Subj. . . . . . . . . . . . subjunctive.
Superl. . . . . . . . . . superlative.
Surg. . . . . . . . . . . . Surgery.
SliTV. . . . . . . . . . . Surveying.
SW. . . . . . . . . . . . . Swedish.
Syll. . . . . . . . . . . . . synonymy.
Syr. . . . . . . . . . . . . Syriac.
technol. . . . . . . . . technology.
teleg. . . . . . . . . . . telegraphy.
teratol. . . . . . . . . teratology.
term. . . . . . . . . . . termination.
Teut. . . . . . . . . . . Teutonic.
theat. . . . . . . . . . . theatl Ical.
theol. . . . . . . . . . . theology.
therap. . . . . . . . . . therapeutics.
toxicol. . . . . . . . toxicology.
tr., trans. . . . . . transitive.
trigon. . . . . . . . trigonometry.
Turk. . . . . . . . . . . Turkish.
typog. . . . . . . . . typography.
ult. . . . . . . . . . . . ultimate, ultimately.
W. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . verb
V8ſ. . . . . . . . . . . variant.
vet. . . . . . . . . . . veterinary.
V. i. . . . . . . . . . . . intransitive verb.
V. t. . . . . . . . . . . transitive verb.
W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Welsh
Wall. . . . . . . . . . Walloon
Wallach. . . . . . . . Wallachian.
W. Ind. . . . . . . . . West Indian.
Zoogeog. . . . . . . . zoogeography,
Zool. . . . . . . . . . . . zoology,
zoöt. . . . . . . . . . . . Zootomy,


KEY TO PRONUNCATION.
a as in fat, man, pang. oi as in oil, joint, boy.
ã as in fate, mane, dale. ou as in pound, proud, now.
ã as in far, father, guard.
à as in fall, talk, naught. A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented
à as in ask, fast, ant. syllable indicates its abbreviation and lighten-
# as in fare, hair, bear. ing, without absolute loss of its distinctive qual-
ity. See Preface, p. xv. Thus:
e as in met, pen, bless. ſº t
é as in mete, meet, meat. à as in prelate, courage, captain.
è as in her, fern, heard. ê as in ablegate, episcopal.
Ö as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat.
i as in pin, it, biscuit. ii as in singular, education.
i as in pine, fight, file.
. A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented
o as in not, on, frog. syllable indicates that, even in the mouths of
3 as in note, poke, floor. the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and
6 as in move, spoon, room. in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the
ô as in nor, song, off. short w—sound (of but, pun, etc.). See Preface,
u as in tub, son, blood. p. xv. Thus:
ii as in mute, acute, few (also new, as in errant, republican.
tl as in pull, book, could.
à,
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. xiii, xiv). e
i
ii German ii, French u. O
K read from ; i. e., derived from.
X read whence; i. e., from which is derived.
+ read and ; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix.
= read cognate with , i. e., etymologically parallel with.
* refers, in all cases, to material which will be found in the supplementary pages.
as in prudent, difference.
as in charity, density.
as in valor, actor, idiot.
SIGNS.
v read root.
as in Persia, peninsula.
as in the book.
as in nature, feature.
:
A mark (-) under the consonants t; d, 8, 2 in-
dicates that they in like manner are variable to
ch, j, Sh, 2h. Thus: -
as in nature, adventure.
as in arduous, education.
as in pressure.
as in seizure.
:
th as in thin.
TH as in then.
Čh as in German ach, Scotch loch.
fi French nasalizing n, as in ton, en.
ly (in French words) French liquid (mouillé) l.
* denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A
secondary accent is not marked if at its regular
interval of two syllables from the primary, or "
from another secondary.)
* read theoretical or alleged ; i. e., theoretically assumed,
or asserted but unverified, form.
# read obsolete.
It is
used in the cross-references, and is also placed above (rarely below) the initial letter of
a word, when an addition to its definitions will be found in the supplementary pages at
the end of one or
A superior figure placed after a title-word in-
dicates that the word so marked is distinct
etymologically from other words, following or
preceding it, spelled in the same manner and
marked with different numbers. Thus:
backl (bak), n.
backl (bak), a.
backl (bak), v.
backl (bak), adv.
back2+ (bak), m.
back:3 (bak), m.
etc.
The posterior part, etc.
Lying or being behind, etc.
To furnish with a back, etc.
Behind, etc. -
The earlier form of bat?.
A large flat-bottomed boat,
Varjor: a ob.-viations have been used in the
crewits to the quotations, as “No.” for number,
“st.” for stanza, “p.” for page, “l.” for line,
* for paragraph, “fol.” for folio. The method
used in indicating the subdivisions of books
will be understood by reference to the follow-
ing plan :
Section only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 5.
Chapter only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv.
Canto only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv.
Book only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii.
another of the various volumes.
SPECIAL ExPLANATIONS
Book and chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part and chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Book and line
Book and page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii. 10.
Act and Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter and verse . . . . . . . . . . . . .
No. and page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Volume and page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. 34.
Volume and chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. iv.
Part, book, and chapter . . . . . . . . . II. iv. 12.
Part, canto, and stanza . . . . . . . . . II. iv. 12.
Chapter and section or iſ . . . . . . . . vii. § or T 3.
Volume, part, and section or T . .I. i. § or 6.
Book, chapter, and section or "[..I. i. § or "I 6.
Different grammatical phases of the same
word are grouped under one head, and distin-,
guished by the Roman numerals I., II., III.,
etc. This applies to transitive and intransi-
tive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used
also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives,
to adverbs used also as prepositions oracon-
f
junctions, etc. /
The capitalizing and italicizi
all of the words in a s.
that the words so disti
nated in the text immediately following, or
* under the title referred to.
The figures by which the synonym-lists are
sometimes divided indicate the senses or defi-
nitions with which they are connected.
The title-words begin with a small (lower-
case) letter, or with a capital, according to
usage. When usage differs, in this matter,
with the different senses of a word, the abbre-
viations [cap.] for “capital” and [l. c.] for
“lower-case” are used to indicate this varia-
tion.
The difference observed in regard to the
capitalizing of the second element in zoölogi-
cal and botanical terms is in accordance with
the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus,
in zoölogy, in a scientific name consisting of
two words the second of which is derived from
a proper name, only the first would be capi-
talized. But a name of similar derivation in
botany would have the second element also
capitalized.
The names of zoölogical and botanical classes,
orders, families, genera, etc., have been uni-
formly italicized, in accordance with the pres-
ent usage of scientific writers.



\
4.
§ 1
Ž32%
8%
g ..º.º. Pº.
º, - - ſº º
}
× -
1. The first letter in the
English alphabet, as also
generally in the other al-
habets which, like the
nglish, come ultimately
from the Phenician. Our
letters are the same as
those used by the Ro-
mans; the Roman or Latin
alphabet is one of several
Italian alphabets derived from the Greek; and
the Greek alphabet is, with a few adaptations
and additions, formed from the Phenician.
As to the origin of the Phenician alphabet,
opinions are by no means agreed. A view
which is still widely current is that put forth
in 1859 and 1874 by the French Egyptologist
Emanuel de Rougé: namely, that the Pheni-
cian characters are derived from the early
Egyptian hieratic characters, or abbreviated
forms of written hieroglyphs. Under each
letter will be given in this work the Phe-
nician character from which it comes, along
with an early form or two of the Greek and
Latin derived characters (especially intended
to show the change of direction of the let-
ter consequent upon the change of direction
of writing, since the Phenician was always
written from right to left); and to these will
be added the hieratic and hieroglyphic char-
acters from which the Phenician is held to
originate, according to De Rougé's theory. It
is to be noticed that our ordinary capitals are
the original forms of our letters; the lower-
case, Italic, and written letters are all derived
from the capitals. “Our A corresponds to the
Phenician letter called aleph; and this name,
signifying “ox,” is also the original of the
Greek name of the same letter, alpha. The
comparative scheme for A is as follows:
* * * *
ian. Pheni- Earl
Hieroglyphic. Hieratic. Latin,
cian. Greek an
The Phenician aleph was not a proper vowel-
sign, but rather a quasi-consonantal one, to
which an initial vowel-sound, of whatever
kind, attached itself; since the fundamental
plan of that alphabet assumed that every syl-
lable should begin with a consonant. But the
Greeks, in adapting the borrowed alphabet to
their own use, made the sign represent a single
vowel-sound: that, namely, which we usually
call the “Italian * or “Continental” a (ä), as
heard in far, father. This was its value
in the Latin also, and in the various alphabets
founded on the Latin, including that of our
own ancestors, the speakers and writers of
earliest English or Anglo-Saxon; and it is
mainly retained to the present time in the
languages of continental Europe. In conse-
quence, however, of the gradual, and per-
vading change of utterance of English words,
without corresponding change in the mode
of writing them, it has come to have in our
use a variety of values. The sound of a in
far is the pures; and most fundamental of
vowel-sounds, being that which is naturally
sent forth by the filman organs of utterance
when the mouth and throat are widely opened,
and the tone from the larynx suffered to come
Y-
A tº
#º
22-cartºº-ºººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººº,
º º º ~ º ...sº § ; § §§ º º:
º: ---> w w -- A Nº. 2-yº AY! : . . º tº § º §§ º 32" ºf
º, ź. º º º º § § º As & º ~ § §§§ ºž §§
º- º 3% ºf 㺠º #3% Wºź
39 ſº & .. º -* º º º º º g º H, Nº. * - - - - §§
ſº º, 3:...jº. 2.22% & 3/ * & ºf º : º
. . . *-*. * }}º Sºcs - &/º C ºfſ º * Iº
Sº sº. "…sº *r ill 'A' S A. ... º, º: --" ſº
* : *... ." * *, ***,
t to * * (* A. .* #4-x.iv.
& º/ 2arºzºvº. l, ſ
tºº- º 2:
Pºs. § S Sº #/º º Pºsº sº º
- * 4
\ !, , , ,
out with least modifying interference by the
parts of the mouth. On the other hand, in
the production of the i-sound of machine or
pique and the u-sound of rule (or double o of
pool), the organs are brought quite nearly
together: in the case of i, the flat of the tongue
and the roof of the mouth; in the case of
w, the rounded lips. Hence these vowels ap-
proach a consonantal character, and pass with
little or no alteration into y and w respec-
tively. Then e and o (as in they and note) are
intermediate respectively between a (ā) and
and a (ä) and w; and the sounds in fat and fall
are still less removed in either direction from a
(ã). The pure or original sound of a (far) is
more prevalent in earlier stages of language,
and tends to be closened or otherwise differ-
entiated into the less open or less sonorous
vowel-sounds; and this process has gone on
in English on a larger scale than in almost any
other known language. Hence the a-sound
(as in far) has become relatively rare in pres-
ent English, except in unstressed syllables,
where it is generally weak or obscure (as in
abide, alone, polar, vital, wizard, sofa, etc.). In
the stressed position its short sound has been
generally flattened into that in fat, and its
long sound into that in fate (sounds still called,
now inappropriately, “short a” and “long
a”). On the other hand, it has in many words
been broadened or rounded into the sound
heard in fall. The most usual sounds of Eng-
lish stressed a are now, in the order of their
frequency, those in fat, fate, fall, far; there are
also a few cases like the aim what and was (after
a w-sound, nearly a corresponding short to the
a of all), many (a “short e”), and others yet
more sporadic. In syllables of least stress
and distinctness, tº o, as in the first and third
syllables of abundant and abundance, it is uni-
ve sally uttered with the “short w” sound of
bul . The “long a " of fate is not strictly one
sound, but ends with a vanishing sound of
“long e”: i. e., it is a slide from the e-sound
of they down to the i-sound of pique. From
this vanish the a of fare and bare and their
like is free, while it has also an opener
sound, and is even, in the mouths of many
speakers, indistinguishable in quality from the
“short a " of fat; hence the a-sound of fare is
in the respellings of this work written with ā,
to distinguiº, it from the sound in fate. There
is also a class of words, like ask, fast, ant, in
which some pronounce the vowel simply as
“short a,” while some give it the full open
sound of a in far, and yet others make it
something intermediate between the two: such
an a is represented in this work by ä. A occurs
as final only in a very few proper English
words; and it is never doubled in such words.—
2. As a symbol, a denotes the first of an actual
or possible series. Specifically— (a) In music,
the name of the sixth note of the natural
diatonic scale of C, or the first note of the
relative minor scale; the la of Italian, French,
and Spanish musicians. It is the note sounded by
the open second string of the violin, and to it as given by
a fixed-toned instrument (as the oboe or organ) all the
instruments of an orchestra are tuned. (b) In the
mnemonic words of logic, the universal affirma-
i .*J., I
ſ $1 as
- ?! W.
y |f|| ſ' T t sº
º ſº
Sºrsº Tºzzº - S$ •s
% §§ §§§ { ſ º/AºS zº;
Sºº º:: ſº
º: : §§ ºº: º .*:: Ż
º: Nº º lºº&
e e * * º t; *
§
* º
tºº.
§§
Nº. º
men are not mortal. The use of these symbols dates
from the thirteenth century; they appear to be arbitrary
applications of the vowels a, e, i, o, but are usually
supposed to have been taken from the Latin Aff Irmo,
I affirm, and n Ego, I deny. But some authorities main-
tain that their use in Greek is much older. (c) In
math.: In algebra, a, b, c, etc., the first letters
of the alphabet, stand for known quantities,
while ac, y, 2, the last letters, stand for un-
known quantities; in geometry, A, B, C, etc.,
are used to name points, lines, and figures.
(d) In abstract reasoning, suppositions, etc.,
A, B, C, etc., denote each a particular person
or thing in relation to the others of a series or
group. (e) In writing and printing, a, b, c, etc.,
are used instead of or in addition to the Arabic
figures in marking paragraphs or other divi-
sions, or in making references. (f) In naut.
lang., A1, A2, etc., are symbols used by various
associations engaged in the business of exam-
ining and classifying vessels for insurance to
denote the character and quality of vessels
tive proposition, as, all men are mortal, Simi-
larly, I stands for the particular affirmative, as, some
men are mortal; E, for the universal negative, as, no men
are mortal; O for the particular negative, as, Some
classed by them. In Lloyd's Register of British
and Foreign Shipping, the characters 100 A1, 95, A1, 90
A1, 85 A1, SO A1, and 75 A1 are used to designate ves-
sels built of iron or steel according to the rules in force
since 1869, the first indicating a vessel of the highest
class. A1 designates an iron or steel Vessel built for a
special purpose and A1, A1 (in red), AF1, designate
wooden or composite vessels. The figure l affixed to a
character signifies that the vessel is well and sufficiently
equipped and a line after the character (thus A-) that
the equipment is deficient under the rules. In the Record
of American and Foreign Shipping, the character assigned
to vessels is expressed by numbers from 1 to 3, A1 stand-
ing for the highest, and A3 for the lowest grade. Wes-
seſs classed as A1, A13, are regarded as fit for the
carriage of all kinds of cargoes on all sorts of Voyages,
Those classed as A13, A2, are fit to carry cargoes, not
liable to damage by sea-water, on Atlantic Voyages,
and, in exceptional cases, on long voyages.—Hence, In
commerce, Al is used to denote the highest mercantile
credit; and colloquially A1, or in the United States 4
No. 1, is an adjective of commendation, like first-class,
Jirst-rate : as, an A1 Speaker.
“He must be a first-rater,” said Sam. “A 1,” replied
Mr. Roker. JDickens, Pickwick Papers.
An A number one cook, and no mistake.
Mrs. Stowe, Dred.
3. As an abbreviation, a stands, according to
context, for acre, acting, adjective, answer, are
(in the metric system), argent (in her.), anal
(anal fin, in ichth.), anechinoplacid (in echi-
moderms), etc.; in com., for approved, for ac-
cepted, and for Latin ad (commonly written (3),
“at” or “to ": as, 500 shares L. I. preferred (a)
674; 25 (a 30 cents per yard.—4. Attrib., hav-
ing the form of the capital A, as a tent.
The common or 4 tent, for the use of enlisted men.
|Wilhelm, Mil. Dict.
a2 (a or à), indef, art. [KME, a (before con-
sonants), earlier am, orig. With long vowel,
K AS. ān, one, an: see an 1.] The form of an
used before consonants and Words beginning
with a consonant-sound: as, a man, a Woman,
a year, a union, a eulogy, a oneness, a hope.
An, however, was formerly often used before
the sounds of h and initial long w and ew
even in accented syllables (as, an hospital, a.
union), and is still retained by some before
those sounds in unaccented syllables (as, an
historian, an united whole, an euphonious
sound). The form a first appeared about the beginning
of the thirteenth century. It is placed before nouns of the
singular number, and also before plural nouns when fenc or
great many is interposed. [Few was originally singular as
well as plural, and the article was singular (M.E. a) or
plural (M.E. ame) to agree with it. In the phrase a great
many, the article agrees with many, which is properly a
noun (AS. menigu : see manyl, n.); the following plural


















































3,
noun, as in the phrase a great many books, is really a
partitive genitive.]
a8 (a or ā), prep. [KME. and late AS. a, re-
duced form of am, on, on, in : see on..] A reduced
form of the preposition on, formerly common
in all the uses of on, but now restricted to cer-
tain constructions in which the preposition is
more or less disguised, being usually written as
one word with the following noun. (a) Of place:
On, in, upon, unto, into ; the preposition and
the following moun being usually written as one
word, sometimes with, but commonly without,
a hyphen, and regarded as an adverb or a predi-
cate adjective, but best treated as a preposi-
tional phrase. In such phrases a denotes—(1) Posi-
tion : as, to lie abed; to be a foot; to ride a horseback; to
standa-tiptoe. (2) Motion: as, to go ashore; “how jocund
did they drive their team a-field,” Gray. (3) Direction:
as, to go ahead : to turn aside; to draw aback (modern,
to draw back). (4) Partition: as, to take apart; to burst
asunder. Similarly—(b) Of state: On, in, etc.:
as, to be alive [AS. on life]; to be asleep
[AS. on slååpel; to set afire; to be afloat; to
Set adrift. In this use now applicable to any verb (but
chiefly to monosyllables and dissyllables) taken as a noun:
as, to be aglow with excitement ; to be a-swim ; to be all
a-tremble. (c) Of time : On, in, at, by, etc., re-
maining in some colloquial expressions: as, to
stay out a nights (often written o' mights); to
go fishing a Sunday; now a days (generally
written nowadays). Common with adverbs of repe-
tition : as, twice a day [KME. twies a dai, KAS. twiwa.
on doeg), once a week [KME. anes a wike, KAS. aene on
ww.can], three times a year [cf. M.E. thre sithes a yer
KAS. thrim sithwm, on getire], etc. : a day being a reduce
form of on day (cf. to-day), equivalent to F. par jour, L.
per diem ; a year, of on year, equivalent to F. par am, L.
per ammum, etc. But in this construction the preposition
a is now usually regarded as the indefinite article (vary-
ing to am before a vowel), “four miles an hour,” “tem
cents a yard,” etc., being explained as elliptical for “four
miles in an hour,” “ten cents for a yard," etc. (d) Of
process: In course of, with a verbalnoun in-ing,
taken passively: as, the house, is a building;
“while the ark was a preparing” (1 Pet. iii. 20);
while these things were a doing. The prepo-
sitional use is clearly seen in the alterna-
tive construction with in ; as, “Forty and six
ears was this temple in building,” John ii. 20.
n modern use the preposition is omitted, and the verbal
noun is treated as a present participle taken passively :
as, the house is building. But none of these forms of .
expression has become thoroughly popular, the popular
instinct being shown in the recent development of the
desired “progressive passive participle": as, the house is
being built, the work is being dome, etc. This construction,
though condemned by logicians and purists, is well estab-
lished in popular speech, and will probably pass into
correct literary usage. (e) Of action: In, to, into ;
with a verbal noun in -ing, taken actively.
(1) With be : as, to be a coming ; to be a doing ; to be a
fighting. Now only colloquial or provincial, literary
usage omitting the preposition, and treating the verbal
noun as a present participle : as, to be coming ; to be
doing. (2) With verbs of motion : as, to go a fishing ; to
go a wooing ; to go a begging ; to fall a crying ; to set
a going. The preposition is often joined to the noun
by a hyphen, as, to go a-fishing, or sometimes omitted,
as, to go fishing, to set going, etc. For other examples of
the uses of a 3, prep., see the prepositional phrases abed,
aboard, ahead, etc., or the simple nouns.
a 4. [Another spelling of o, now written o', a re-
duced form of of, the fibeing dropped before a
consonant, and the vowel obscured. Cf. a7,
a-3, a-4.] A reduced form of of, now generally
written o’, as in man-o’-war, six o'clock, etc.
The name of John a Gaunt. Shak., Rich. II., i. 3.
It's sixe a clocke.
B. Jomson, Every Man in his Humor, i. 4.
a 5 (a), pron. [E. dial., corruption of I, being
the first element, obscured, of the diphthong
ài.] A modern provincial corruption of the
pººl. I.
a 6 (a), prom. [E. dial., K.M.E. dial. a, corruptly
for he, he, hed, she, he, it, heo, hi, they..] An
old (and modern provincial) corruption of all
genders and both numbers of the third per-
somal pronoun, he, she, it, they. So quotha,
that is, quoth he.
A babbled of green fields. Shak., Hen. V., ii. 3.
a7 (a), v. [E. dial., K.M.E. a, ha, reduced form
of have, the v being dropped as in a4 or o' for
of (ov).] • *t º
corruption of have as an auxiliary verb, un-
accented, and formerly also as a principal
verb.
I had not thought my body could a yielded. Beau. and Fl.
a8 (à). [Sc., usually written a’, = E. all, like
i ca' = E. call, fa’ = fall, ha’ = hall, etc.]
For a that, an' a' that,
His riband, star, an' a' that
The man o' independent mind,
He looks an' laughs at a' that.
Burns, For A'That.
An old (and modern provincial)
2
a 9 (a or ā), interj. [See ah and 0.] The early
form of ah, preserved, archaically, before a
leader's or chieftain's name, as a war-cry (but
now treated and pronounced as the indefinite
article).
The Border slogan rent the sky,
A Home a Gordon was the cry.
Scott, Marmion.
a10. [L. d, the usual form of ab, from, of, before
consonants: see ab-.] A Latin preposition,
meaning of, off, away from, etc. It occurs in cer.
tain phrases: as, a priori, a posteriori, a memsa et thoro, etc.;
also in certain personal names of medieval or modern
origin: as, Thomas à Kempis, that is, Thomas of Kempen,
the school-name given to Thomas Hammerken, born at
Kempen near Düsseldorf; Abraham a Sancta Clara, that
is, Abraham of St. Clare, the name assumed by Ulrich
Megerle. The true name of Thomas a Becket (writte
also A'Becket, and, in un-English fashion, d. Becket,
Becket) was simply Thomas Becket or Beket; the a appears
to be a later insertion, though supported by such late
Middle English names as Wydo del Beck’t, John de Beckote,
William atte Beck, etc., that is, of or at the brook [*becket,
not found as a common noun, being appar. a dim. of beck,
a brook, or perhaps KOF. becquet, bequet, a pike (fish), dim.
of bec, beak].
a-. A prefix or an initial and generally insepara-
ble particle. It is a relic of various Teutonic
and classical particles, as follows:
a-1. [KME. a-, KAS. ā- (= OS. a- = OHG. ar-, i.r-,
wr-, MHG. ir-, er-, G. er- = Goth. us-, before a
vowel we-, before r wr-), a common unaccented
prefix of verbs, meaning ‘away, out, up, on,’ of-
ten merely intensive, in mod. E. usually without
assignable force. It appears as an independent
prep. in OHG. wr, Goth. us, out, and as an ac-
cented prefix of nouns and adjectives in OHG.
MHG. G. ur-, D. oor-, AS, or-, E. or- in ordeal
and ort, q.v. Innouns from verbs in AS. ā- the
accent fell upon the prefix, which then re-
tained its length, and has in one word, namely,
E. oakum, KAS. ā-cwmba, entered mod. E. with
the reg. change of AS. ā- under accent, losing
all semblance of a prefix.] An unaccented
inseparable prefix of verbs, and of nouns and
adjectives thence derived, originally implying
motion away, but in earlier English merely
intensive, or, as in modern English, without
assignable force, as in abide, abode, arise,
awake, ago = agone, etc. The difference between
abide, arise, awake, etc., and the simple verbs bide, rise,
wake, etc., is chiefly syllabic or rhythmic. In a few verbs
this prefix has taken in spelling a Latin semblance, as in
accurse, affright, allay, for a-curse, a fright, a-lay.
a-2. [K ME. a-, usually and prop. written sepa-
rately, a, Klate AS. a, a reduced form of ME.
and AS, an, on ; see a*, prep., and on..] An
apparent prº properly a preposition, the
Same as dº, p?'ép. When used before a substantive it
forms what is really a prepositional phrase, which is now
generally written as one word, with or without a hyphen,
and regarded as an adverb or as a predicate adjective :
as, to lie abed, to be asleep, to be all a-tremble, etc. With
verbal nouns in -ing it forms what is regarded as a present
participle, either active, as, they are a-coming (colloq.), or
passive, as, the house was a-building. In the latter uses
the a is usually, and in all it would be properly, written
separately, as a preposition. See a 3, prep., where the uses
are explained. -
a-3. [KME. a-, or separately, a, KAS. à (only in
didiſm, àdiſme, a reduced form of of diine), a re-
duced form of of, E. of, off : see of, off, and
cf. a-4.] A prefix, being a reduced fºrm of
Anglo-Saxon of, prep., English off, from, as
in adown (which see), or of later English of, as
in anew, afresh, akin, etc. (which see).
a-4. . [KME. a-, a reduced form of of , KAS. of ,
an intensive prefix, Orig. the same as of, 3.
see a-3 and of..] A prefix, being a reduced form
of Anglo-Saxon of , an intensive prefix, as in
athirst, ahungered (which see).
a-5. [KME. a-, a reduced form of and—, q.v.]
A prefix, being a reduced form of and- (which
see), as in alongi (which see).
a-6, [K.M.E. a-, var. of i-, y-, e-, reduced forms
of ge, AS. ge-: see i-.] A. prefix, being one of
the reduced forms of the Anglo-Saxon prefix
ge- (see i-), as in along? [KAS. gelang], aware
[KAS. ge-war], aford, now spelled afford, sim-
ulating the Latin prefix af- [KAS. ge-forthian],
among [KAS. ge-mang, mixed with on-ge-mang
and on-mang], etc. The same prefix is other-
wise spelled in enough, twis, yolept, etc.
a-7. [KME. a-, reduced form of at-, KAS. at-
in at-foram, mixed in later E. with on-foran,
afore: see afore.] . A prefix, being a reduced
form of at-, mixed with a- for on-, in afore
(which see). &
a-8. [KME. a-, a reduced form of at in north.
E., after Icel. at, to, as a sign of the infin;, like
E. to ; see at..]. A. prefix, in ado, originally
at do, northern English infinitive, equivalent to
English to do. See ado.
-à, t
a-9. [A mere syllable.] A quasi-prefix, a mere .
opening syllable, in the interjections aha, ahoy.
In aha, and as well in ahoy, it may be con-
sidered as ah. *
a-10. [A reduced form of D. howd. Cf. a-9.] A
quasi-prefix, a mere opening syllable, in avast,
where a-, however, represents historically
Dutch houd in the original Dutch expression
houd vast = English hold fast.
a-11. [KME. a-, OF. a-, K L. ad-, or assimi-
lated ab-, ac-, af, etc. : See ad-.] A prefix,
being a reduced form of the Latin prefix ad-.
In Old French and Middle English regularly a-, and so
properly in modern French and English, as in avowch
ſult, K L. advocare], amowmt. [ult. K.L. ad montem], ava-
lanche [ult. K.L. ad vallem], abet, ameliorate, etc.; but in
iate oil french and Middle English a took in speii.
ing a Latin semblance, ad-, ac-, af-, etc., and so in mod-
ern English, as in address, account, affect, aggrieve, etc.,
where the doubled consonant is unetymological. See ad-.
a-12. [K L. a-, a later and parallel form of ad-
before scº, Sp-, st; and gn-J A prefix, being
a reduced form (in Latin, and so in English,
etc.) of the Latin prefix ad- before sc-, Sp-, st-,
and gn-, as in ascend, aspire, aspect, astringent,
agmate, etc.
a-18. [{ME. a-, K OF. a-, K L. ab-, see ab-.]
A prefix, being a reduced form (in Middle
English, etc.) of Latin ab-, as in abate (which
see). In a few verbs this a- has taken a Latin
semblance, as in abs-tain (treated as ab-stain),
as-soil. See these words.
a-14. [K L. a- for ab– before v : see ab-.] A.
prefix, being a reduced form (in Latin, and so
in English, etc.) of the Latin prefix ab-, from,
as in avert (which see).
a-15. [K ME. a-, K OF. a- for reg. OF. e-, es-,
KL. ex-, out : see e- and ea:-.] A prefix, being
an altered form of e-, reduced form of iai.
ea:-, as in amend, abash, etc., aforce, afray (now
afforce, affray), etc. (which see).
a-16. fć ME. a-, reduced form of an-for en-, KOF.
em-: see en-l.] A prefix, being a reduced form
of an- for em-, in some words now obsolete or
spelled in semblance of the Latin, or restored,
as in acloy, acumber, apair, etc., later accloy,
accumber, modern encumber, impair, etc.
a-17. [Ult. KL. ah, interj.] A quasi-prefix, rep-
resenting original. Latin ah, interj., in alas
(which see). &
a-18. [K Gr. &-, before a vowel àv-, inseparable
negative prefix, known as alpha privative (Gr.
à-otepmtaków), = L. in- = Goth. AS. E., etc., wh-f
see win-1.] A prefix of Greek origin, called al-
pha privative, the same as English un-, mean-
ing not, without, -less, used not only in words
taken directly or through Latin from the
Greek, as abyss, adamant, acatalectic, etc., but
also as a naturalized English prefix in new
formations, as achromatic, asexual, etc., espe-
cially in scientific terms, English or New Latin,
as Apterya, Asiphonata, etc.
a-19. [K Gr, à- copulative (à- à6potorticóv), com-
monly without, but sometimes and prop. With,
the aspirate, á-, orig. *oa- = Skt. Sa-, Sam-. Cf.
Gr. Öpia, together, - E. same, q.v.] A prefix of
Greek origin, occurring unfelt in English acolyte,
adelphows, etc.
a-20. [K Gr. &-intensive (à- štitatuków), prob. Orig.
the same as ā- copulative : see a-19.] A prefix
of Greek origin, occurring unfelt in atlas,
amaurosis, etc.
a-21. [Ult. KAr. al, the..] A prefix of Arabic
origin, occurring unfelt in apricot, azimuth,
hazard (for “azard), etc., commonly in the full
fºrm gº. §: º: I l. -e), Sp. P
-al. [L. -a (pl. -09), It. -a (pl. -6), Sp. Pg. -á
(pl.-as), Gr. º: -7 (pl. -at, i.ºciég -a2), – AS.
-u, -e, or lost; in E. lost, or represented unfelt
by silent final e.] A suffix characteristic of
feminine nouns and adjectives of Greek or
Latin origin or semblance, many of which
have been adopted in English without change.
Examples are: (a) Greek (first declension — in Latin
spelling), idea, coma, basilica, mania, etc.; (b) Latin (first
declension), area, arena, formula, copula, nebula, vertebra,
etc., whence (c), in Italian, opera, piazza, stanza, etc.;
(d) Spanish, armada, flotilla, mantilla, etc.; (e) Portu-
guese, madeira; (f) New Latin, chiefly in scientific terms,
alwmima, soda, silica, etc.; dahlia, fuchsia, camellia,
wistaria, etc., amoeba, Branta, etc.; common in geo-
graphical names derived from or formed according to
Latin or Greek, as Asia, Africa, America, Polynesia,
Arabia, Florida, etc. In English this, suffix marks sex
only in personal names, as in Cornelia, Julia, Maria,
Amma, etc. (some having a corresponding masculine, as
Cornelius, Julius, etc.), and in a few feminine terms from
the Italian, Spanish, etc., having a corresponding mascu-
line, as donna, doña, duenna, signora, Señora, 8wltana,
inamorata, etc., corresponding to masculine dom, sigmor,
señor, sultan, inamorato, etc.
-a2. [L. -a, pl. to -um, = Gr. -a, pl. to -ov, 2d
declension; L. -a, -i-a, pl.yo -wm, -e, - Gr. -a.
3
abacus
neut. pl., 3d declension; lost in AS. and E., as Aaronitic (ar-on-it'ik), a. [KAaronite + -ic.] abacinate, abacination. See abbacinate, ab-
in head, deer, sheep, etc., pl., without suffix.]
A suffix, the nominative neuter plural ending of
nouns and adjectives of the second and third
declensions in Greek or Latin, some of which
have been adopted in English without change
of ending. Examples are: (a) in Greek, phenomena,
plural of phenomenon, miagmata, plural of miasma(t-)
etc.; (b) in Latin, strata, plural of stratum, data, plurai
of datum, genera, plural of genus, etc. Some of these
words have also an English plural, as awtomatong, gri-
terions, dogmas, memorandums, mediums, besides the
Greek or Latin plurals, automata, criteria, dogmata,
imemoranda, media, etc. ... This suffix is common in New
Latin names of classes of animals, as in Mammalia, 4m-
phibia, Crustacea, Protozoa, etc., these being properly
adjectives, agreeing with animalia understood. . º
-a8. [Sometimes written, and treated in dic-
tionaries, as a separate syllable, but prop.
written as a suffix, being prob, a relic of the
ME. inflexive -e, which in poetry was pro-
nounced (e. g., ME. stil-6, mil-e: see quot.)
whenever the meter required it, long after, it
had ceased to be pronounced in prose..] An
unmeaning syllable, used in old ballads and
songs to out a line.
Jog on, jog on, the footpath Way,
And merrily hent the stile-a,
A merry heart goes all the day,
Your sad tires in a mile-a.
Quoted by Shak., W. T., iv. 2.
aam (ām), n. IK D. aam, a liquid measure,
G. ahm, also ohm (see ohm), - Icel. dºma,
KML. ama, a tub, tierce, K.L. hama, ama, KGr.
ğum, a water-bucket, pail.] A. measure of
liquids, used, especially for wine and oil,
in Holland, Germany, Switzerland, Livonia,
Esthonia, Denmark, and Sweden; a tierce.
Its value differs in different localities: thus, in Amsterdam
an aam of wine=41 gallons, and an aam of oil=373 gal-
lons; while in Brunswick an aam of oil = 39% gallons.
Also written awm, a wºme, awm, awme.
Aardvark (Orycteropics capensis).
aardvark (ärd (värk), n. [D. aardvarken,
‘earth-pig,” Kaarde, = #. earth, + varken, a pig,
= E. farrowl = L. porcus, E. pork, q.v.] The
ground-hog or earth-pig of South Africa. See
Orycteropus.
Aardwolf (Proteles lalazudi).
aardwolf ( d'wulf), *... [D., K aarde, = E.
earth, + w8 f = E. wolf.] The earth-wolf.
See Proteles.
aaron (ar'gn or ā’rgn), n. [A corrupt spelling
of aron (Gr. Öpov), a form of Arum, in simula-
tion of Aaron, a proper name.] The plant
Arum maculatum. See Arum.
Aaronic (a-ron'ik), a. [KLL. Aaron, KGr. Aapóv,
KHeb. 'Aharon, perhaps, says Gesenius, the same
with härön, a mountaineer, Kharam, be high. I
1. Pertaining to Aaron, the brother of Moses,
or to the Jewish priestly order, of which he
was the first high priest: as, the Aaronic priest-
hood; Aaronic vestments.-2. In the Mormon
hierarchy, of or pertaining to the second or
isser orãer of priests. See priesthood and
Mormon.
Aaronical (a-ron’i-kal), a. [KAaronic + -al.]
Pertaining to or resembling the Aaronic
priesthood.
Aaronite (ar'gn-it or ā'ron-it), n. [KAaron +
-ite2.] A descendant of Aaron, the brother of
Moses. The Aaronites were hereditary priests in the
Jewish church, and next to the high priest in dignity.
\
N
\
aba? (ab'), m.
abaca (ä-bā-kā’), n.
Of or pertaining to the Aaronites.
bacimation. &
The assumption that the representations in regard to abaciscus (ab-a-sis'kus), n. ; pl. abacise: (-i).
the origin of the Aaromitic priesthood are essentially false
cannot well be sustained, unless it can be proved that
Hebrew literature did not arise until about the eighth cen-
tury B. C., as the critics claim.
Schaff–Herzog, Encyc., p. 1923,
Aaron's-beard (ar'9nz- or ā'ronz-bêrd), n,
[See Ps. cxxxiii. 2..] 1. A dwarf evergreen
º Hypericum calycinum, with large flowers
the
[ML., K. Gr. 3/3aktokoç, a small stone for inlay-
ing, dim. of āflaš: see abacus.] In arch., a di-
minutive of abacus in its various senses. Also
called abaculus.
abacist (ab'a-sist), n. [=It. abachista, an arith-
metician, KML. abacista, K.L. abacus: See aba-
cus, 2.] One who uses an abacus in casting
argest of the genus) and numerous *accounts; a calculator.
stamens, a native of southeastern Europe, aback! (a-bak'), adv. [KME, abak, a bak, on bak,
and sometimes foundin cultivation; St.-John's- Š
wort: so called from the conspicuous hair-like
stamens.—2. The smoke-tree. Cotinus Cotinus.
—3. A species of saxifrage (Saxifraga SQ/r???670-
tosa) found in cultivation; Chinese saxifrage.
Aaron’s-rod (ar’onz- or ā'rgnz-rod), n. [See
Ex. vii. 10; Num, xvii. 8.] 1. In arch., an orna-
ment consisting of a straight rod from which
ointed leaves sprout on either side. The term
is also applied to an ornament consisting of a rod with
one 8erpent entwined about it, as distinguished from a
caduceus, which has two serpents,
2. A popular name of several plants with tall
tºg stems, as the goldenrod, the hag-ta-
per, etc.
Ab (ab), n. [Heb. *āb, K. Bab. and Assyr. abu.]
The eleventh month of the Jewish civil year,
and fifth of the ecclesiastical year, answering
to a part of July and a part of August. In the
Syriac calendar Ab is the last summer month.
ab-. [L. ab-, prep. ab, older form ap = Etrur.
av = Gr. &T6 = Skt. apa = Goth. afi-OHG. aba,
MHG. G. ab = AS. of (rarely, as a grºñº af-),
E. of, off : see of, off, apo, and a-13, a-14.] A
prefix of Latin origin, denoting disjunction,
Separation, or departure, off, from, away, etc.,
as in abduct, abjure, etc. Before c and t, abbecomes
(in Latin, and so in English, etc.) abs, as in abscond, ab-
8tain, etc.; before v and m, it becomes a, as in avert.
amentia, etc.—In abbacinate and abbreviate, the prefix
(reduced to a- in abridge, which see) is rather an assimi-
lation of ad-.
A. B. 1. An abbreviation of the Middle and
New Latin Artium Baccalaureus, Bachelor of
Arts. In Englanditis more commonly written
B. A. See bachelor.—2. An abbreviation of
able-bodied, placed after the name of a seaman
On a ship's papers.
aba1 (ab'É), n. IK Ar. ‘abá.] 1. A coarse woolen
stuff, woven of goats' or camels' or other hair or
wool in Syria, Arabia, and neighboring coun-
tries. It is generally striped, sometimes in plain bars of
black and white or blue and White, sometimes in more
elaborate patterns.
2. (a) An outer garment made of the above,
very simple in form, worn by the Arabs of the
desert. The illustration shows such an aba, made of
two breadths of stuff sewed together to make an oblong
about four by nine feet. This is then folded at the lines
a b, a b, the top edges are sewed together at a c, a c, and
armholes are cut at a f, a f. A little simple embroidery in
S
Scº
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E
E
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F
º
E.
E
g
º
E
ſº
º:
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º
S
t
s
Aba.
colored wool on the two sides of the breast completes the
garment. d e is the seam between the two breadths of
stuff, and this is covered by a piece of colored material.
(b) A garment of similar shape worn in the
towns, made of fimer material.
Over the Kamis is thrown a long-skirted and short-
sleeved cloak of camel's hair, called an Aba. It is made
in many patterns, and of all materials, from pure silk to
coarse sheep's wool. F. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 150.
Also spelled abba.
[From the name of the in-
ventor.] An altazimuth instrument, designed
by Antoine d'Abbadie, for determining latitude
on land without the use of an artificial hori-
zon. N. E. D.
[Also abaka; Tagalog
and Bisayan.]. The plant Musa textilis, which
yields manila hemp ; also the hemp fiber.
abacay, n. An erroneous form of abucay (which
See).
AS. on bac, on or to the back, backward, =
Icel. d. baki, a back: see as and back!..] 1. To-
ward the back or rear; backward; rearward;
regressively.
They drewe abacke, as halfe with shame confound.
Spenger, Shep. Cal. (June).
2. On or at the back; behind; from behind.
His gallie . . . being set º both before and abacke.
Knolles, Hist. of Turks, fol. 879 A.
3. Away; aloof. [Scotch..]
- Oh, would they stay aback frae courts,
And please themsel's wi' country sports.
Burns, The Twa Dogs.
4. Ago: as, “eight days aback,” Ross. [Prov.
Eng.]—5. Naut, in or into the condition of re-
ceiving the wind from ahead; with the wind
acting on the forward side : said of a ship or of
her sails.-Laid aback (naut.), said of sails (or of
vessels) when they are placed in the same position as when
taken aback, in order to effect an immediate retreat, or
to give the ship sternway, so as to avoid some danger dis-
covered before her.—Taken aback. º Nawt., said of a
vessel's sails when caught by the wind in such a way as
to press them aft against the mast. Hence —(b) Figura-
tively, suddenly or unexpectedly checked, confounded, or
disappointed: as, he was quite taken aback when he was
refused admittance. — To brace aback (mawt.), to swing
(the yards) round by means of the braces, so that the
sails may be aback, in order to check a ship's progress or
give her sternway.
aback? (ab'ak), n. [KL. abacus : see abacus.]
abacus, or something resembling one, as a
flat, square stone, or a square compartment.
abacot (ab'a-kot), n. Like abocock, etc., an erro-
neous book-form of bycocket (which see).
abactinal (ab-ak’ti-nal), a. [KL. ab, from, + E.
actinal.] In 206l., remote from the actinal or
oral area; hence, devoid of rays; aboral. The
abactinal surface may be either the upper or lower surface,
according to the position of the mouth.
abactinally (ab-akti-nal-i), adv. In an abac-
tinal direction or position. l
The ambulacral plates have the pores directly super.
posed abactinally. P. M. Dwmcan, Geol. Mag., II. 492.
abactio (ab-ak'shi-6), n. [NL., K. L. abigere,
drive away: see abactor.] In med., an abor.
tion produced by art.
abaction (ab-ak’shgn), m. [KNL. abactio(n-):
See abactio.] In law, the stealing of a number
of cattle at one time.
abactor (ab-aktor), n. [L., Kabactus, pp. of abi-
gere, drive off, Kab, off, Hagere, drive.]" In law,
One who feloniously drives away or steals a
herd or numbers of cattle at once, in distinction
from one who steals a single beast or a few.
abaculus (ab-ak’ī-lus), m.; pl. abaculi (-li). [L.,
dim... of abacus.]. Literally, a small abacus.
Specifically, one of the little cubes or slabs of colored
glass, enamel, stone, or other material employed in mo-
Saic Work or in marquetry. Also called abaciscus.
abacus (ab'a-kus), n.; pl. abaci (-si). [L. abacus,
LL. also abaa, a sideboard, counting-table,
etc., K. Gr. 33aš, a reckoning-board, sideboard,
etc.; said to be from Phen. ”abaq, Heb. 'ābāq,
dust, the name alluding to the ancient ta-
bles covered with sand on which to make fig-
ures and diagrams.] 1. A tray strewn with
dust or sand, used , --
in ancient times for
calculating. — 2.
contrivance for cal-
culating, consisting
of beads or balls
strung on wires or
rods set in a frame.
The abacus was used, with
some variations in form,
by the Greeks and Romans, and is still in every-day use in
many eastern countries, from Russia to Japan, for even
the most complex calculations. The sand-strewn tray is
supposed to have been introduced from Babylon into
Greece by Pythagoras, who taught both arithmetic and
;..."; upon it; hence this form is sometimes called
abacus Pythagoricus. In the form with movable balls,
these are used simply as counters to record the suc-
cessive stages of a mental operation. The sum shown
in the annexed engraving of a Chinese abacus (called
Swampam, or “reckoning-board”) is 5,196,301.
3. In arch.: (a) The slab or plinth which
forms the upper member of the capital of a
column or pillar, and upon which rests, in
sº .2%. , 7.5%:33:3: ºf . , ,
º,” a ... ºf , , ; ...a.s.º.º. ºººº...
Chinese Abacus, for calculating.





aba CuS
classic styles, the lower surface of the archi-
trave. In the Greek Doric it is thick and square, with-
out sculptured decoration; in the Ionic order it is thinner,
• . - and ornamented with mold-
ings on the sides; in the
Corinthian also it is orna-
: mented, and has concave
* sides and truncated cor-
mers. In medieval archi-
tecture the entablature Was
abandoned and the arch
placed directly on the col-
umn or pillar; the abacus,
however, was retained until
the decline of the style. In
Byzantine work it is often
a deep block affiliated with
classic examples. In western styles every variety of size,
shape, and ornamentation occurs. The general use of
a polygonal or round abacus, as more consonant with
neighboring forms than the square shape, is one of the
distinctive features of perfected Pointed architecture.
(b) Any rectangular slab or piece; especially,
a stone or marble tablet serving as a side-
board, shelf, or credence.—4. In Rom. antiq.,
a board divided into compartments, for use in a
game of the nature of draughts, etc.—5. The
mystic staff carried by the grand master of the
Templars.--Abacus harmonicus. (a) In ane, music,
a diagram of the notes with their names. (b) The struc-
ture and arrangement of the keys or pedals of a musical
instrument.— Abacus iº a trough in which gold is
Washed. E. D.—Abacus agoricus. See 2, above.
Abaddon (a-bad'Qn), n. [L. Abaddon, K. Gr.
'Agadóór, KHeb. 'abaddón, destruction, K’ābad,
be lost or destroyed.] 1. The destroyer or
angel of the bottomless pit; Apollyon (which
see). Rev. ix. 11.
The angell of the bottomlesse pytt, whose name in the
Hebrew tonge is Abaddon. Timolale.
2. The place of destruction; the depth of hell.
yº In all her gates Abaddon rues -
Thy bold attempt. Milton, P. R., iv. 624.
abadevine, n. Same as aberdevine.
abaft (a-bäft’), adv. and prep. [K ME. *abaft,
obaft, on baft: see a 3 and baffl.] Naut., behind;
aft; in or at the back or hind part of a ship,
or the parts which lie toward the stern : op-
posed to forward; relatively, further aft, or
toward the stern: as, abaft the mainmast
(astern).
The crew stood abaft the windlass and hauled the jib
down. F. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 32.
Abaft the beam (mawt.), behind a line drawn through
the middle of a ship at right angles to the keel.
abaisance (a-bä'sans), m. [K OF. abaissance
(see abase, Kabaisser, to lower).] A bending in
reverence; a bow: early confused with obei-
San Ce, obedience. See obeisance, 4. [Obsolete
or archaic.]
A, abacus.
abaiser (a-bä'sér), n. [Origin not ascertained.]
Ivory-black or animal charcoal.
'monds.
abaissé (a-bä-sā’), p. a. [F., pp. of abaisser, de-
press, lower: see abase. I iń her., depressed.
Applied to the fesse or any other bearing having a definite
place in the shield when it is depressed, or situated below
its usual place; also applied to the Wings of an eagle
when represented as open, but lower than when dis-
played (which see). Also abased.
abaissed (a-bäst’), p. a. Same as abaissé.
Weale ; Sim-
abaist?, pp. [ME.; one of numerous forms of the
pp. of abassen: see abash.] Abashed. Chaucer.
abaka, n. See abaca.
abalienate (ab-ā'lyen-āt), v. t.; pret. and pp.
abalienated, ppr. abalienating. [K L. abaliena-
tus, pp. of abalienare, separate, transfer the
ownership of, estrange, Kab, from, -- alienare,
separate, alienate: see alienate.] 1. In civil
law, to transfer the title of from one to another;
make over to another, as goods.- 2+. To es-
trange or wholly withdraw.
So to bewitch them, so abalienate their minds.
- Abp. Sandys, Sermons, fol. 132b.
abalienated (ab-ā'lyen-à-ted), p. a. [Kaba-
lienate.] 1. Estranged; transferred, as prop-
erty.—2. In med. : (a) So decayed or injured
as to require extirpation, as a part of the body.
(b) Deranged, as the mind. (c) Corrupted;
mortified.
abalienation (ab-à-lyen-ā'shgn), n. [KL, ab-
alienatio(m-), transfer of property: see abalien-
ate.] 1. The act of transferring or making
over the title to property to another; the state
of being abalienated; transfer; estrangement.
–2. In med., derangement; corruption.
abalone (ab-a-ló'né), n. [A Sp. form, of un-
known origin. Cf Šp. abalorios, bugles, glass
beads.] A general name on the Pacific coast
of the United States for marine shells of the
family Haliotidae (which see), having an oval
form with a very wide aperture, a narrow, flat-
abandon (3-ban’dgn), v. t.
- 4 •
tened ledge or columella, and a subspiral roW
of perforations extending from the apex to the
distal margin of the shell. They are used for or-
namental purposes, such as inlaying, and for the manu-
facture of buttons and other articles. Also called ear-
shell, and by the Japanese awabi (which see).-Abalone-
meat, the dried animal of the abalone. It is exported
from Čaiifornia in large quantities.
a bas, down, below) + L. murus, wall.] A but-
tress, or a second wall added to strengthen an-
other. Weale.
abant (a-ban"), v. t. [Ka-1 + banl, v., after
ME. abanne(n), K_AS. ābannan, summon by
proclamation.] To ban ; anathematize. See
bani, v.
How durst the Bishops in this present council of Trident
so solemnly to abanne and accurse all them that dared to
find fault with the same? Bp. Jewell, Works, II. 697.
aband gºband'),…. t. (short for abandon.j .
1. To abandon (which see).
And Vortiger enforst the kingdome to aband.
º Spenser, F. Q., II. x. 65.
2. To exile; expel.
'Tis better far thy enemy to aband
Quite from thy borders. Mir...for Magg., p. 1
[KME. abandomen,
abandounen, K.OF. abanduner, abandoner (F.
abandommer= It. abandonnare), abandon, equiv.
to mettre a bandon, put under any one's juris-
diction, leave to any one's discretion or mercy,
etc., K a bandon, in ME. as an adv. abandom,
abandown, under one’s jurisdiction, in one's dis-
cretion or power: a (KL. ad), at, to; bandon,
a proclamation, decree, order, jurisdiction, -
Pr. bandon, KML. *bando(n-), extended form of
bandum, more correctly bannum, a proclama-
tion, decree, ban: see bam!, n.] 1. To detach
or withdraw one's self from; leave. (a) To de-
sert; forsake utterly: as, to abandom one's home; to aban-
don duty.
Abandom fear; to strength and counsel join'd.
Think nothing hard, much less to be despair’d.
Milton, P. L., vi. 494.
(b) To give up ; cease to occupy one's self with ; cease to
use, follow, etc.; as, to abandom an enterprise; this cus-
tom was long ago abandomed. (c) To resign, forego, or re-
nounce ; relinquish all concern in ; as, to abandom the
cares of empire. º
To understand him, and to be charitable to him, we
should remember that he abandoms the vantage-ground
of authorship, and allows his readers to see him without
any decorous disguise or show of dignity.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 167.
(d) To relinquish the control of ; , yield up without re-
straint: as, he abandoned the city to the conqueror.
2}. To outlaw; banish; drive out or away.
Being all this time abandon'd from your bed.
e Shak., T. of the S., Ind., 2.
3t. To reject or renounce.
Blessed shall ye be when men shall hate you and aban-
dom, your name as evil. Rheims N. T., Luke vi. 22.
4. In com., to relinquish to the underwriters
all claim to, as to ships or goods insured, as
a preliminary toward recovering for a total
loss. See abandonment. — To abandon one's
self, to yield one's self up without attempt at control or
self-restraint ; as, to abandom one's self to grief. =Syn, 1.
Forsake, Desert, Abandom, etc. (see forsake), forego, sur-
render, leave, evacuate (a place), desist from, forswear,
divest one's self of, throw away. (see list under abdicate.)
abandoni (a-ban’dqn), n.1 [Kabandon, v.] The
act of giving up or relinquishing; abandon-
ment.
These heavy exactions have occasioned an abandom of
all mines but what are of the richer sort. Lord Kames.
abandon (a-boil-dòh'), n.2 [F., K abandomner,
give up: see abandom, v.] Abandonment to
naturalness of action or manner; freedom from
constraint or conventionality; dash.
I love abandom only when natures are capable of the
extreme reverse. &
Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 228.
abandoned (a-ban’dgnd), p. a. IPP, of aban-
don, v.; in imitation of F. abandonné in same
senses, pp. of abandomner.] 1. Deserted; utterly
abandonedly (3-ban’dqnd-li),
abandonee (3-ban-dg-nē’), n.
abandoner (a-ban’dqn.-èr), m.
io abandonment, (8-ban’dgn-ment), n.
abannition . . .
forsaken; left to destruction: as, an abandoned
ship. - . . . . .
If . . . we had no hopes of a better state after this,
. . . . we Christians should be the most abandoned and
wretched creatures. Atterbwry, On 1 Cor. xv. 19.
2. Given up, as to vice, especially to the indul-
ence of vicious appetites or passions; shame-
essly and recklessly wicked; profligate.
Where our abandoned youth she sees,
Shipwrecked in luxury and lost in ease. Prior, Ode.
=Syn, 1. Forsaken, , deserted, given up, relinquished,
discarded, rejected, destitute, forlorn. —2. Proſligate,
Abandoned, Reprobate, depraved, corrupt, vicious,
wicked, unprincipled, hardened, dead to honor, incor-
rigible, irreclaimable: . Proſligate, abandoned, reprobate
express extreme wickedness that has cast off moral re-
straint. Profligate is applied to one who throws away
means and character in the pursuit of vice, and especially
denotes depravity exhibited outwardly and conspicuously
in conduct; hence it may be used to characterize political
conduct: as, a profligate administration. Abandoned is
applied to one who has given himself wholly up to the
gratification of vicious propensities; it is stronger than
profligate and weaker than reprobate. Reprobate is applied
to one who has become insensible to º: and is past
hope; from its use in the Bible it has become the theo-
logical term for hopeless alienation from virtue or piety.
(For comparison with depraved, etc., see criminal, a.)
Next age will see
A race more profligate than we. Roscommon.
To be negligent of what any one thinks of you, does not
only show you arrogant but abandoned. J. Hughes.
In works they deny him, being abominable, and disobe-
dient, and unto every good work reprobate. Tit. i. 16.
adv. In an
abandoned manner; without moral restraint.
[Kabandon, v.,
-eel, as if K F. abandonné - see abandoned.]
law, one to whom anything is abandoned.
[K abandon, v.,
+ -erl.] One who abandons.
Abandomer of revells, mute, contemplatiue.
Beau, and Fl., Two Noble Kinsmen.
[KF.
abandomnement, Kabandommer, give up (see aban-
don, v.), + -ment.] 1. The act of abandoming,
or the state of being abandoned; absolute re-
linquishment ; total desertion.
The ablest men in the Christian community vied with
One another in inculcating as the highest form of duty the
abandomment of social ties and the mortification of domes-
tic affections. - Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 140.
2. Abandon; enthusiasm; freedom from con-
straint.
There can be no greatness without abandonment.
JEmerson, Works and Days.
In eloquence the great triumphs of the art. are, when
the Orator is lifted above himself. . . Hence the term
abandomment, to describe the self-surrender of the orator.
merson, Art.
3. In law : (a) The relinquishment of a pos-
session, privilege, or claim. (b) The voluntary
leaving of a person to whom one is bound by
a relationship of obligation, as a wife, husband,
or child; desertion.—4. In maritime law, the
surrender of a ship and freight by the owner
to one who has become his creditor through
contracts made by the latter with the master
of the ship. In effect such an abandonment
may release the owner from further responsi-
bility.—5. In marine insurance, the relinquish-
ing to underwriters of all the property saved
from loss by shipwreck, capture, or other peril
provided against in the policy, in order that the
insured may be entitled to indemnification for
a total loss.-6. In the customs, the giving up of
an article by the importer to avoid payment of
the duty-Abandonment for wrongs, in civil law,
the relinquishment of a slave or an animal that had com:
mitted a trespass to the person injured, in discharge of .
the owner's liability for the trespass.--Abandonment of
railways, in Eng., law, the title of a statute under which
any scheme for making a railway may be abandoned and
the company dissolved by warrant of the Board of Trade
and consent of three fifths of the stock.-Abandonment
of an action, in Scots law, the act by which the pursuer
abandons the cause. When this is done, the pursuer must
pay costs, but may bring a new action. , Abandonment of
the action is equivalent to the English discontinuance,
70msuit, or molle prosequi.--Abandonment to the Sec-
ular arm, in old eccles. law, the handing over of an
offender by the church to the civil authorities for punish-
ment such as could not be administered by the ecclesi-
astical tribunals.
abandumt (a-ban'dum), m. [ML., also aban-
donum and abandomnium, formed in imitation
of F. abandon : see abandon.] In old law, any-
thing forfeited or confiscated.
abanet (ab'a-net), m. See abnet.
abanga (a-bang'gã), n. . [Native name.] The
fruit of a species of palm found in the island
of St. Thomas, West Indies, which is said to be
useful in pulmonary diseases.
abannitiont, abannation? (ab-a-nish’on, -nā'-
shgn), m. [KML. abannitio(n-), abannatio(n-), K
"abannire, -are, after E. aban(ne) or ban, F. ban-
f
l


‘. . * : * . . . . . * : “ . . . . $
. . . . . . . - . . - , ºr - ..
- * abannition . . .
mir, banish: see aban.] In old law, banishment
for a year, as a penalty for manslaughter. ...
*:::: (a-bap-tis’tgn), n.; pl. abaptista (#),
[ML., KGr, à3árruorov, neut. of āgāirrtorog, that
will not sink, Kā- priv. 4- 8airrigetv, dip, sink:
see baptize. 1 in Surg., an old form of trepan, the
crown of which was made conical, or provided
with a ring, collar, or other contrivance, to pre-
vent it from penetrating the cranium too far.
abarthrosis (ab-ār-thrö’sis), n. [NL., K. L. ab,
away, from, H- NL. arthrosis, q.v.] Same as
diarthrosis.
abarticulation (ab-ār-tik-i-lä'sh9n), n. [KL.
ab, from, -- articulatio(n-), a jointing...] In anat.,
a term sometimes used for diarthrosis, and also
for synarthrosis. Also called dearticulation.
abas, n. See abbas, 1.
a bas (à bā’). IF., down: á (KL. ad), to ; bas,
low: see base1.] A French phrase, down! down
with l as, a bas les aristocrates / down with the
aristocrats: opposed to vive, live, in vive le roi /
long live the king, and similar phrases.
abase (a-bäs’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. abased, ppr.
abasing. [K ME, ahese (Gower), KOF, abais-
sier, etc. (F. abaisser), KML. abassare, K L. ad
+ ML, bassare, lower, K. L.L. bassus, low: see
basel and bassl. The ME. abasen, abaisen, with
its many variants, appears always to have the
sense of abash, q.v.] 1. To lower or depress,
as a thing; bring down. [Rare. I
When suddeinly that Warriour gan abace
His threatmed speare. Spenger, F. Q., II. i. 26.
And will she yet abase her eyes on me?
Shak., Rich. III., i. 2.
2. To reduce or lower, as in rank, estimation,
office, and the like; depress; humble; degrade.
= Sym. 2. Abase, Debase, Degrade, Humiliate, Humble,
Disgrace, depress, bring low, dishonor, cast down. Abase,
to bring down in feelings or condition; it is less often
used than humiliate or humble. Debase, to lower morally
or in quality: as, a debased nature; debased coinage. De-
grade, literally, to bring down a step, to lower in rank,
often used as an official or military term, but figuratively
used of lowering morally: as, intemperance degrades its
victims; a degrading employment. Hwmiliate, to reduce
in the estimation of one's self or of others; it includes abase-
ment of feeling or loss of self-respect. Humble, to abase,
enerally without ignominy; induce humility in ; reflex-
; to become humble, restrain one's pride, act humbly.
Disgrace, literally, to put out of favor, but always with
ignominy; bring shamé upon.
Those that walk in pride he is able to abase. Dan. iv. 37.
It is a kind of taking of God's name in vain to debase
religion with such frivolous disputes. Ełooker.
Every one is degraded, whether aware of it or not, when
other people, without consulting him, take upon them-
selves unlimited power to regulate his destiny.
J. S. Mill, Rep. Govt., viii.
Me they seized and me they tortured, me they lash'd and
humiliated. Tennyson, Boadicea.
He that humbleth himself shall be exalted. Luke xiv. 11.
Do not disgrace the throne of thy glory. Jer. xiv. 21.
abased (a-bäst’), p. a. In her., the same as
abaissé. -
abasement (a-bäs’ ment), n. IK abase + -ment,
after F. abaissement, lowering, depression, hu-
miliation.] The act of abasing, humbling, or
bringing low ; a state of depression, degrada-
tion, or humiliation.
abash (a-bash"), v. [KME. abashem, abassen, aba-
sen, abaisen, etc., K.A.F. abaiss-, O.F. eba(h)iss-,
extended stem of aba(h)ir, eba(h)ir, earlier
esbahir (X F. S'ébahir), be astonished (= Wal-
loon esbawi = It. Sbaïre, be astonished), K es-
(K.L. ex, out : see ea:-) + bahir, bair, express
astonishment, prob. Kibah, interjection express-
ing astonishment. The D. verbagen, astonish,
may be a derivative of OF. esbahir.] I. trans.
To confuse or confound, as by suddenly ex-
citing a consciousness of guilt, error, inferi-
ority, etc.; destroy, the self-possession of:
make ashamed or dispirited; put to confu-
sion. = Syn. Abash, Confuse, Confound, discompose, dis-
concert, put out of countenance, daunt, overawe. (See
list under confuse.) Abash is a stronger word than con-
fuse, but not so strong as confound. We are abashed in
the presence of superiors or when detected in vice or
misconduct. When we are confused we lose in some
degree the control of our faculties, the speech falters,
. the thoughts lose their collerence. When we are
confounded the reason, is overpowered — a condition
produced by the force of argument, testimony, or detec-
tion, or by disastrous or awe-inspiring events.
Abashed the devil stood, ... &
And felt how awful goodness is. Milton, P. L., iv. 846.
Sudden he view'd, in spite of all her art,
An earthly lover lurking at her heart. º
Amazed, confused, he found his power expired.
Pope, R. of L., iii. 145.
Confounded, that her Maker's eyes
Should look so near upon her foul deformities, .
Milton, Nativity, ii. 43.
II. reflex. and intrans. To stand or be con-
founded; lose self-possession.
abatamentum (ab'a-ta-men’tum), n.
5
. . Abaghe you not for thys derkenes.
Caacton, Paris and Vienne, p. 62.
For she . . . never abashed,
Holimshed, Chron., III. 1098.
abashment (a-bash’ment), n. [KME. abáshe-
"ment, after OF. abaissement : see abash. T
The act of abashing, or the state of being
abashed; confusion from shame; consterna-
tion; fear.
Which manner of abashment became her not ill.
Skelton, Poems.
And all her senses with abashment quite were quayld.
Spenser, F. Q., III. viii. 34.
abasset, v. i. Obsolete form of abash. Chaucer.
abassi, abassis (a-basſi, -is), n. See abbasi.
abastardizef (a-bas’tär-diz), v. t. [KOF. abas-
tardir (X F. abátardir), K. a- (K.L. ad, to) +
bastard: see bastard and bastardize.] To bas-
tardize; render illegitimate or base.
Being ourselves
Corrupted and abastardized thus.
Daniel, Queen's Arcadia.
Abastor (a-bas’tgr), n. [NL. (Gray, 1849).]. A
North erican genus of ordinary harmless
Serpents of the family Colubridae. A. erythro-
grammw8 is the hoop-snake, an abundant species in damp
marshy places in the southern United States.
abatable (a-bä'ta-bl), a. [Kabate + -able.] Ca-
pable of being abated: as, an abatable writ or
nuisance.
[ML.,
after abatement, q. v.] In old Eng. law, the
ouster or disseizin of an heir, effected by the
Wrongful entry of a stranger after the ances-
tor's death and before the heir had taken pos-
S6SSLOIl.
abate (a-bät'), v.; pret. and pp. abated, ppr.
abating. [KME. abaten, K OF. abatre (F. abat-
tre) LL. abbatere, K ab + batere, *battere,
for L. batuere, beat. In the legal sense, abate
had orig. a diff. prefix, en-, OF. embatre, thrust
(one’s self) into, Ken, in, + batre, beat. See
batter1, v., and bate1.] I. trans. 1+. To beat
down; pull or batter down.
The king of Scots . . . sore abated the walls [of the
castle of Norham]. Hall, Chronicles, Hen. VIII., an. 5.
2. To deduct; subtract; withdraw from con-
sideration.
Nine thousand parishes, abating the odd hundreds.
Fuller.
3. To lessen; diminish; moderate : as, to
abate a demand or a tax.
Tully was the first who observed that friendship im-
proves happiness and abates misery, by the doubling of
our joy and dividing of our grief.
Addison, Spectator, No. 68.
4t. To deject ; depress.
For miserie doth bravest mindes abate.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, l. 256.
5. To deprive; curtail.
She hath abated me of half my train. Shak., Lear, ii. 4.
6t. To deprive of ; take away from.
I would abate her nothing. Shak., Cymbeline, i. 5.
7. In law : (a) To cause to fail ; extinguish :
as, a cause of action for damages for a per-
sonal tort is abated by the death of either
party. (b) To suspend or stop the progress
of: as, where the cause of action survives the
death of a party, the action may be abated until
an executor or administrator can be appointed
and substituted. (c) To reduce : as, a legacy is
abated if the assets, after satisfying the debts,
are not sufficient to pay it in full. (d) To de-
stroy or remove ; put an end to (a nuisance).
A nuisance may be abated either by a public officer pursu-
ant to the judgment of a court, or by an aggrieved person
exercising his common-law right.
8. In metal., to reduce to a lower temper.—
9. To steep in an alkaline solution : usually
shortened to bate. See bate”.-Abated arms,
weapons whose edge or point is blunted for the tourna-
ment.—Abating process, a process by which skins
are rendered soft and porous by putting them into a weak
solution of ammoniacal salt. tº
II. intrans. 1. To decrease or become less
in strength or violence: as, pain abates; the
storm has abated.
The very mind which admits your evidence to be unan-
swerable will swing back to its old position the instant
that the pressure of evidence abates.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. 6.
2. In law : (a) To fail; come to a premature
end ; stop progress or diminish: as, an ae-
tion or cause of action may abate by the death
or marriage of a party. (b) To enter into a free-
hold after the death of the last possessor, and
before the heir or devisee takes possession.
Blackstone.—3. In the manège, to perform well
a downward motion. A horse is said to abate, or
take down his curvets, when, working upon curvets, he
abatet (a-bät'), n.
abate (à-bäſte), m.
abated
abatement (a-bätſment), n.
abater (a-bä’tēr), m.
abatislf (ab'a-tis), m.
abatis
ſº both his hind feet to the ground āt once, and observes
he same exactness of time in all the motions.
4}. In falconry, to flutter; beat with the wings.
See batel. = 1. To Abate, Subside, Intermit, de-
crease, decline, diminish, lessen, wane, ebb, fall away, mod-
erate, calm. Abate, to diminish inforce or intensity: as, the
storm abated ; “my wonder abated,” Addison. Subside,
to cease from agitation or commotion; become less in
quantity or amount: as, the waves gubside ; the excite-
ment of the people gubsided. Abate is not so complete
in its effect as subside. Intermit, to abate, subside, or
cease for a time.
Nor will the raging fever's fire abate
With golden canopies and beds of state.
Dryden, tr. of Lucretius, ii. 38.
A slight temporary fermentation allowed to subside, we
should see crystallizations more pure and of more various
beauty. Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 37.
A spring which intermits as often as every three min-
tes. Nichols, Fireside Science, p. 11.
[Kabate, v.] Abatement or
decrease.
The abate of scruples or dragmes.
See abbate.
decorative art, lowered, beaten down, or cut
away, as the background of an ornamental pat-
tern in relief. Used specifically of stone-cutting; also
of metal when the pattern or inscription is to show bright
on dark, and the ground is therefore worked out with the
graving-tool and left rough or hatched in lines.
[K OF. abatement,
Kabatre, beat down: see abate, v.] 1. The
act of abating, or the state of being abated;
diminution, decrease, reduction, or mitigation:
as, abatement of grief or pain.
The Spirit of accumulation . . . requires abatement
rather than increase. J. S. Mill, Pol. Econ., I. xiii. § 2.
Such sad abatement in the goal attained.
Lowell, Voyage to Vinland.
2. The amount, quantity, or sum by which any-
thing is abated or reduced; deduction; de-
Crease. Specifically, a discount allowed for the prompt
payment of a debt, for damage, for overcharge, or for any
similar reason; rebate.
Would the Council of Regency consent to an abate-
memt of three thousand pounds?
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxii.
3. In her., a mark annexed to coat-armor, in
order to denote some dishonorable act of the
person bearing the coat of arms, or his illegiti-
mate descent. Nine marks for the former purpose
are mentioned by heralds, but no instance of their actual
use is on record. The bendlet or baton sinister (which see),
a mark of illegitimacy, is of the nature of an abatement ;
but the paternal shield, although charged with the baton
sinister, would generally be the most honorable bearing
within reach of the illegitimate son. Abatements gener-
ally must be regarded as false heraldry, and are very
modern in their origin. The word is also used to denote
the turning upside down of the whole shield, which was
common in the degrading of a knight. Also called rebate-
7ment.
Throwing down the stars [the nobles and senators] to
the ground; putting dishonourable abatemments into the
fairest coats of arms. J. Spencer, Righteous Ruler.
4. In law : (a) Removal or destruction, as of
a nuisance. ...(b) Failure; premature end; sus-
pension or diminution, as of an action or of a
legacy. See abate. (c) The act of intruding
on a freehold vacated by the death of its for-
mer owner, and not yet entered on by the heir
or devisee., (d) In revenue law: (1) A deduction
from or refunding of duties on goods damaged
during importation or in store. (2) A deduc-
tion from the amount of a tax. The mode of
abatement is prescribed by statute.— 5+. In
carp., the waste of a piece of stuff caused by
working it into shape.— Plea in abatement, in
law, a defense on some ground that serves to suspend
or defeat the particular action, and thus distinguished
from a plea in bar, which goes to the merits of the
claim. Thus, a plea that the defendant is now insane
would be only a plea in abatement, because, if sustained,
it would at most only suspend the action while his
insanity continued ; but a plea that he was insane at the
time of the transactions alleged would be a plea in bar,
as showing that he never incurred any liability what.
ever. =Syn. 1. Decrease, decline, diminution, subsidence,
intermission, Waning, ebb.-2. Rebate, allowance, deduc-
tion, discount, mitigation.
.Sir T. Browne.
[See abator.] One who
See abator.
[MI1. ; lit., of the mea-
Sures: L. d, ab, from, of; LL. batus, K Gr. 86tor,
KHeb, bath, a liquid measure: see bath?..] In
the middle ages, an officer of the stables who
had the care of measuring out the provender;
a. In a VGT, OP,
or that which abates.
abatis”, abattis (a-ba-té' or ab'a-tis), m. [K F.
abatis, demolition, felling, KOF, abateis, KML.
*abbaticius, K abbatere, beat down, fell: see
abate, v.] 1. In fort., a barricade made of
felled trees denuded of their smaller branches,
with the butt-ends of the trunks embedded
abatis
6
abbey
in the earth or secured by pickets, and the voice downward toward the audience, or in abbayt, abbayet, n. Middle English forms of
sharpened ends of the branches directed up- any desired direction.
ward and outward toward an advancing en- abaweł, v. t. [KME, abawen, abauen, KOF. abau-
Abatis.
bir, astonish, K a- + baubir, bawbier, stammer,
K L. balbutire, stammer, K balbus (OF. baube),
stammering: see booby and balbuties. The ME.
form and sense seem to have been affected by
OF, abahir, ebahir, esbahir, be astonished, for
which see abash..] To abash; dazzle; astonish.
I was abawed for marveile. Rom. of Rose, l. 3646.
abaxial (ab-ak'si-al), a. Same as abaaſile.
emy, for the purpose of obstructing his pro- abaxile (ab-ak'sil), a. [KL. ab, away from,
greSS. In field-fortifications the abatis is usually con-
structed in front of the ditch. See fortification.
2. In coal-mining, walls of cord-wood piled up
crosswise to keep the underground roads open
so as to secure ventilation. [Leicestershire,
Eng.]
abatised, abattised (ab'a-tist), p. a. Provided
with an abatis.
abat-jour (a-bä'zhör), m. [F., any contrivance
or apparatus to admit light, or to throw it in a
desired direction, as a lamp-shade; Kabattre,
throw down (see abate), + jour, day, daylight:
see journal.] 1. A skylight, or any beveled ap-
erture made in the wall of an apartment or in
a roof, for the better admission of light from
above.—2. A sloping, box-like structure, flar-
ing upward and open at the top, attached to a
window on the outside, to prevent those within
from seeing objects below, or for the purpose
of directing light downward into the window. abba”, n. tº
[Also abater; Kabate + abbacinate (a-bas'i-nāt), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
abator (a-bäſtgr), n.
-erl, -or?..] One who or that which abates.
Specifically, in law: (a) A person who without right
enters into a freehold, on the death of the last possessor,
before the heir or devisee. (b) An agent or cause by which
an abatement is procured. (c) One who removes a nui-
sance. See abate, abatement.
abattis, n. See abatis”.
abattoir (a-bat-wor'), m. . [F., Kabatt-re, knock
*down, slaughter, + -oir (K.L. -órium), indicating
place..] A public slaughter-house. In Europe
and in the United States abattoirs of great size have been
erected and provided with elaborate machinery for the
humane and rapid slaughter of
large numbers of animals, and
for the proper commercial and
sanitary disposal of the waste
material. *
a battuta (à bät-tó’tā).
[It.: see bate1, batterſ.]
With the beat. In music, a
direction to resume strict time
after the free declamation of a
singer: chiefly used in recita-
tives. It is equivalent to a
tempo. Grove.
abature (ab'a-tūr), n. . [K
OF. abatture, a throwing
down, pl. abattures, un-
derbrush trampled down,
Kabatre, beat down: see
abate, v. J. The mark or
track of a beast
chase on the grass; foil-
Abat-vent, 13th century.
Ing.
abat-vent (a-bä’voii), m.
[F., Kabattre, throw down (see abate), + vent,
wind; see vent.] 1. A vertical series of slop-
ing roofs or broad slats, inclined outward and abbaši, n.
downward, forming
the filling of a belfry-
light, and designed to
admit ventilation to
the timber frame
while protecting the
interior from rain
and wind, and to di-
rect downward the
sound of the bells.—
2. A sloping roof, as
that of a penthouse :
so named because the
slope neutralizes the
force of the wind.-
3. Any contrivance
designed to act as a
shelter or protection
from the wind. Specifi-
cally, a revolving metal-
lic cap carrying a Vane,
attached to the top of a
chimney to keep the wind
from blowing directly
down its throat. s:
abat-voix (a-bä’vwo),
n. [F., Kabattre (see
abate, v.) + voia, voice:
see voice.] A sounding-board over a pulpit
or rostrum, designed to reflect the speaker's
º s * *r
ś
ºft. SSN º :
. º / º §
º ''. | Y W. §§
sº
l_{i}_{
Abat-vof::, pulpit of Trinity Church,
New York.
abbatesset, n.
+ aa is: see aasile.] Not in the axis. Specifically,
in bot., applied to an embryo placed out of the axis of
the seed. Another form is abaacial.
abb (ab), n. [KME. abbe, KAS. āb, short for dweb,
woof, Köwefan (= OHG. arveban, G. erweben),
weave, Kd--- wefan, weave: see and weave,
web. From anºther"form of ãweb, namely,
ôweb, 6veſ, comes E. woof, q.v.] 1. Yarn for
the warp in weaving.—2. In wool-sorting, one
of two qualities of wool known as coarse abb
and fine abbrespectively. -
abbal (ab'É), n. [LL, abba, K. Gr. 3386, KAra-
maic 'abbā, “O father,’ ‘my father’; Semitic ab,
father.] Father. It is used in the New Testament
three times (Mark xiv. 36, Rom. viii. 15, Gal. iv. 6), in each
instance accompanied by its translation, “Abba, Father,”
as an invocation of the Deity, expressing close filial rela-
tion. Either through its liturgical use in the Judeo-
Christian church or through its employment by the Syriac
monks, the word passed into general ecclesiastical lan-
guage in the form represented by abbot (which see).
See aba1.
abbacinated, ppr. abbacinating. [KML. abaci-
natus, pp. of abacinare (It. abbacinare = OF.
abaciner), K a- for ad-, to, + bacinus, basin:
see basin.] To deprive of sight by placing a
red-hot copper basin close to the eyes: a
mode of punishment employed in the middle
ages. Also spelled abacinate.
abbacination (a-bas-i-nā’sh9m), n. [Kabbaci-
mate.] The act or process of blinding a per-
son by placing a red-hot copper basin close to
the eyes. Also spelled abacination.
abbacy (ab'a-si), m.; pl. abbacies (-siz). [Earlier
abbatie, K LL. abbatia: see abbeyl.] 1. The
office of an abbot; an abbot's dignity, rights,
privileges, and jurisdiction.
According to Felinus, an abbacy is the dignity itself,
since abbot is a term or word of dignity, and not of office.
Ayliffe, Parergon.
Owing to the vast wealth of the church, the chief offices
in it, and especially the bishoprics and the great abbacies,
had become positions of great worldly power and dignity.
Stillé, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 286.
2. An abbatial establishment; an abbey with
all that pertains to it.
The abbot was elected by the monks of the monastery,
at least in the greater part of abbacies.
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, v. 1.
Also called abbotcy.
of the abbandonatamente (āb-bän-dó-nā-tä-men'te),
adv. [It., Kabbandonata, fem. pp. of abban-
domare (see abandon), + adv. suffix -mente, orig.
L. mente, abl. of mens, mind: see mental.] In
"music, with abandonment ; so as to make the
time subordinate to the expression.
[Pers.] 1. An Eastern weight for
pearls, said to be 2+ grains troy. Also spelled
abas.-2. Same as abbasi, 1.
abbasi (a-bas’i), n. [Persian abāsī: from the
Persian ruler Shah Abbas II.] 1. The name
of a silver coin formerly current in Persia.
It is not certain to what particular coin the term was ap-
plied ; according to Marsden, various pieces coined in
1684, 1700, and 1701, and weighing about 4 dwt. 17 gr., are
abbasis, and are worth about 29 cents.
2. The 20-copeck silver piece circulating in
Russia, weighing about 61 grains, .500 fine,
and worth about 8+ cents.
Also written abassi, abassis.
abbath (ab'at), n. Same as abbot.
abbate (āb-bā’te), n. ; pl. abbati (-ti). [It., also
abate, K L. abbātem, acc. of abbas : see abbot.]
A title of honor, now given to ecclesiastics
in Italy not otherwise designated, but formerly
applied to all in any way connected with cler-
ical affairs, tribunals, etc., and wearing the ec-
clesiastical dress. Also spelled abate.
An old Abate meek and mild,
My friend and teacher when a child.
Longfellow, Wayside Inn, 3d Inter.
See abbotess.
abbatial (a-bä'shial), a. [K ML. abbatialis, K
LL. abbatia : see abbacy.] Pertaining to an
abbot or abbey: as, an abbatial benediction;
abbatial lands.
abbaticalt (a-bat’i-kal), a. Same as abbatial.
abbess (abºes), n.
abbeyl (ab'e), n.
§y.º.)
abbey? (ab'e), n.
abbey+.
They carried him into the next abbay.
Chawcer, Prior's Tale,
They would rend this abbaye's massy nave.
cott, L. of L. M., ii. 14.
abbé (a-bā'), m. [F., K.L. abbatem, acc. of abbas:
See abbot.] In France, an abbot. (a) More gen-
erally, and especially before the French revolution: (1)
Any secular person, whether ecclesiastic or layman, hold-
ing an abbey in commendam, that is, enjoying a portion,
generally about one third, of its revenues, with certain hon-
ors, but, except by privilege from the pope, having no ju-
risdiction over the monks, and not bound to residence.
Such persons were styled abbés commendataires, and were
required to be in orders, though a dispensation from this
requirement was not uncommonly obtained. (2) A title
assumed, either in the hope of obtaining an abbey or for
the sake of distinction, by a numerous class of men who
had studied theology, practised celibacy, and adopted a
peculiar dress, but who had only a formal connection with
the church, and were for the most part employed as tu-
tors in the families of the nobility, or engaged in literary
ursuits, (b) In recent usage, a title assumed, like the
talian title abbate (which see), by a class of unbeneficed
secular clerks.
IK ME. abbesse, abbes, KOF.
abbesse, abesse = Pr: abadessa, K i. abbatissa,
fem. of abbas: see abbot, and cf. abbotess.] 1. A
female superior of a convent of nuns, regularly
in the same religious orders in which the monks
are governed by an abbot; also, a Superior of
CanoneSSes. An abbess is, in general, elected by the
nuns, and is subject to the bishop of the diocese, by Whom
she is invested according to a special rite called the bene-
diction of an abbess. She must be at least forty years of
age, and must have been for eight years a nun in the
same monastery. She has the government of the convent,
with the administration of the goods of the community,
but cannot, on account of her sex, exercise any of the
spiritual functions pertaining to the priesthood. Some-
times civil or feudal rights have been attached to the
office of abbess, as also jurisdiction over other subordinate
convents.
2. A title retained in Hanover, Würtemberg,
Brunswick, and Schleswig-Holstein by the
lady superiors of the Protestant seminaries and
sisterhoods to which the property of certain
convents was transferred at the Reformation.
IK M.E. abbeye, abbaye, etc.,
abeie, abaie, KLL, abbatia, an abbey, K.L.
abbas, an abbot; see abbot.] 1. A monastery
Or Convent O
K persons of either
sex devoted to
M religion and cel-
ibacy, and gov-
erned 3.Il
F abbot or abbess
- (which see).
Royal and imperial
abbeys were depen-
- dent on the supreme
XX. civil authority in
§: L their temporal ad-
ministration; others
º were episcopal, etc.
In eacempt abbeys,
— •. Il the abbot or abbess
ſºn ºf: is subject not to the
D bishop of the dio-
C, - wº
qp.
cese, but directly to
Plan of the Abbey of St. Germain-des-Prés,
the pope.
2. The build-
Paris, in the 13th century.
A, church; B, cloister; C, ci
ings of a mon-
astery or con-
i. #4. Porte Papale; F. Chapel vent ; SOD10-
ouse, with dormitories above; F ape e tº in-
of the Virgin; G, refectory; H. cellars and times, IIl partic
presses; abboºsiodging; K, ditches; i, ular, the house
gardens; M, various dependencies. set apart for the
residence of the abbot or abbess. After the sup-
pression of the English monasteries by Henry VIII. many
of the abbatial buildings were converted into, private
dwellings, to which the name abbey is still applied, as, for
*
example, Newstead Abbey, the residence of Lord Byron.
3. A church now or formerly attached to a
monastery or convent: as, Westminster Abbey.
–4. In Scotland, the sanctuary formerly af-
forded by the abbey of Holyrood Palace, as
having been a royal residence.
[Prob., a modification of
~rx?
gate; D,
, chapter-
abele, q.v., in simulation of abbey, J A name
sometimes given to the white poplar, Populus
[Eng. I
alba.
tº 2-hºº-ºº: Mºrº . . .
º (º. ºf ººº-ºº º
: ºº ſº J. ºš,
a º }% º:
ºSNU ºf tº
ºl; | #! @%
Q.Nº.2%
$3, * I : * .* *º
Obverse. R
Abbey-counter, in the British Museum.















abbey-counter
abbey-counter (...) 'n. IK abbeyl
+ counter1.J. A kind of medal, *:::: with
sacred emblems, the arms of an abbey, or
other device, given to a pilgrim as a token of
his having visited the º;e; a kind of pil-
im's sign (which see, under pilgrim).
aß. d (ab'e-lärd), n. [K abbeyl (in ref.
to the abbey of Holyrood) + laird, proprietor.]
In Scotland, a name humorously applied to an
insolvent debtor who escaped his creditors by
taking refuge within the legal sanctuary for-
merly constituted by the precincts of Holy-
rood Abbey.
a.º.d (ab'e-land), n. [Kabbey! -H land.]
An estate in land annexed to an abbey.
abbey-lubber (ab'e-lub’ér), n. IK abbey 1 +
lubber.] An old term of contempt for an able-
bodied idler who grew sleek and fat upon the
charity of religious houses: also sometimes
applied to monks.
This is no huge, overgrown abbey-lubber.
den, Spanish Friar, iii. 3.
abbot (ab'9t), n. [KME, abbot, abbod, KAS.
albot, usually abbod, abbud, KLL, abbâtem, ace.
of abbas, K LGr. & Ää, also &g|36, father: see
abbal.] 1. Literally, father: a title originally
given to any monk, but afterward limited to
the head or superior of a monastery. It was
formerly, especially used in the order of St. Benedict,
Tector being employed by the Jesuits, guardianus by the
Franciscans, prior by the Dominicans, and archimandrite
or hegowmenos by the Greek and Oriental churches, to
designate the same office. Originally the abbots, like the
monks, were usually laymen; later they were required to
be in holy orders. They were at first subject to the bishop
of the diocese; but in the contentions between the bishops
and abbots the latter in many cases gradually acquired
exemption from jurisdiction of the bishops and became
subject to the pope directly, or to an abbot-general, or
archabbot, who exercised a supervision over several asso-
ciated abbeys. As the influence of the religious orders
increased, the power, dignity, and wealth of the abbots
increased proportionally; many of them held rank as tem-
poral lords, and, as mitered abbots, exercised certain epis-
copal functions in the territory surrounding their monas-
teries. In the reign of Henry VIII. twenty-six abbots sat
in the House of Lords. Until the sixth century abbots
were chosen from the monks by the bishop ; since that
time they have been generally elected by the monks them-
selves, ordinarily for life. In some instances, where the
administration of the revenues of an abbey fell under the
civil authority, the conferring of the benefice, and there-
fore the nomination of the abbot, came into the hands of
the temporal sovereign, a practice variously regulated by
concordais with the différent countries. The right of
confirmation varies; the solemn bemediction of an abbot
Ordinarily belongs to the bishop of the diocese, occasion-
ally to the head abbot, or to a special bishop chosen by
the abbot elect. In some instances of exempt abbeys it
has been conferred by the pope in person.
2. In later usage, loosely applied to the holder
of one of certain non-monastic offices. (a) The
principal of a body of parochial clergy, as an Episcopal
rector. (b) A cathedral officer at Toledo, Spain. º In
the middle ages, the head of various guilds, associations,
and popular assemblages: as, abbot of bell-ringers; the
abbot of misrule. ſe
3. A title retained in Hanover, Würtemberg,
Brunswick, and Schleswig-Holstein by the
heads of certain Protestant institutions to
which the property of various abbeys was
transferred at the Reformation. See abbess,
2.—Abbot of abbots, a title formerly conferred upon
the abbot of the original Benedictine monastery of Monte
Cassimo.—Abbot of misrule (in England), abbot of un-
reason (in Scotland), the personage who took the principal
part in the Christmas revels of the populace before the Ref-
9rmation.—Abbot of the people (abbas populi). .
from 1270 to 1339, the nominal chief magistrate of the
republic of Genoa. (b) The chief magistrate of the Geno-
ese in Galata.--Abbot of yellow-beaks, or freshmen,
a mock title at the University of Paris.--C ala.
bot, a title borne by the abbots of Cluny and Vendôme,
who were ea officio cardinals.—Mitered abbot, an abbot
who has the privilege of using the insignia and exercising
certain of the functions of a bishop.–Regular abbot,
an abbot duly elected and confirmed, and exercising
the functions of the office. — Secular abbot, a person
who is not a monk, but holds an abbacy as an ecclesi-
astical benefice with the title and some of the revenues
and honors of the office. See def. 3, above.—Titular ab-
bot, a person possessing the title but not exercising the
functions of an abbot, as when an abbey had been con-
fiscated or given in commendam. See abbé.-Triennial
abbot, an abbot appointed for three years instead of, as
ordinarily, for life. =Syn. Abbot, Prior. See prior.
abbotcy (ab'Qt-si), n. [K abbot + -cy.] Same as
abbacy. ſº
abbotessł, n. [KME. abbatesse, -isse, KAS. ab-
bodesse, -isse, abbadisse, abbudisse, & M.L. avia-
dissa, }. abbatissa (X ult. abbess, q. v.),
Kabbas (abbat-) + fem. -issa.] An abbess. Also
written abbatesse.
Abbots, Abbotesses, Presbyters, and Deacons. Selden.
Holimshed, Chron.
And at length became abbatesse there.
abbot-general (ab'Qt-jen”?-ral), n. The head
of a congregation of monastériès.
abbotship Čabºot-ship), m. [K abbot + -ship.]
The state or office of an abbot.
Yºr © º
abbreviation
7
abbozzo (āb-bot'só), n. [It., also abbozzato,
sketch, outline, K athogear, to sketch, deline-
ate, also bozzare, K bozza, blotch, rough draft,
=Pr. bossa (X F. bosse), swelling, KOHG. bāzo,
a bundle: see boss.1 and beat.]" The dead or
first coloring laid on a picture after the sketch
has been blocked in. Mrs. Merrifield, Ancient
Practice of Painting (1849), I. cco.
abbr. A common abbreviation of abbreviated
and abbreviation.
abbreuvoir, n. See abreuvoir.
abbreviate (a-bré'vi-āt), v.; pret. and pp. ab-
breviated, ppr. abbreviating. [.L.L. abbreviatus,
pp. of abbreviare, shorten, Kad-, to, + brevis,
short. The same L. verb, through the F., has
become E. abridge ; see abridge and brief.]
I, trans. 1. To make briefer; abridge; make
shorter by contraction or omission of a part:
as, to abbreviate a writing or a word.—2. In
"math., to reduce to the lowest terms, as frac-
tions. = Syn, 1. To shorten, curtail, abridge, epitomize,
reduce, compress, condense, cut down.
II. intrans. To practise or use abbreviation.
It is one thing to abbreviate by contracting, another by
cutting off. Bacom, Essays, xxvi.
abbreviate (a-bré'vi-āt), a. and n. [KLL. abbre-
viatus : see abbreviate, v.] I. a. Abbreviated.
II. m. An abridgment; an abstract.
The Speaker, taking the Bill in his hand, reads the Ab-
breviate or Abstract of the said bill.
Chamberlayne, State of Great Britain.
abbreviately (a-bré'vi-āt-li), adv. Briefly.
[Rare.]
The sweete smacke that Yarmouth findes in it. . . .
abbreviatly and meetely according to my old Sarum plaine-
Song I have t upon. s
ashe, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Misc., VI. 162).
(a-bré-vi-ā'shgn), n. [= F. abré-
viation, KLL. abbreviatio(n-), K abbreviare: see
abbreviate, v.] 1. The act of abbreviating,
shortening, or contracting; the state of being
abbreviated; abridgment.
This book, as graver authors say, was called Liber
Domus Dei, and, by abbreviation, Domesday Book.
Sir W. Temple, Introd. to Hist. of Eng.
2. A shortened or contracted form; a part
used for the Whole. Specifically, a part of a word,
phrase, or title so used ; a syllable, generally the initial
Syllable, used for the whole word; a letter, or a series of
letters, standing for a word or words: as, Esq. for esquire ;
A. D. for Anno Domini; F. R. S. for Fellow of the Royal
Society.
3. In math., a reduction of fractions to the low-
est terms.-4. In music, a method of notation ab
by means of which certain repeated notes,
chords, or passages are indicated without be-
ing written out in full. There are various forms
of abbreviation, the most common of which are here
shown :
Written.
—” * e G © º
ITIZºº Ž Ez z=
tº 2 H H T
e/ I º
|. Played.
–3–2–2–3–– T
- —AP–2–2——º–ſº-ſº-
ÉEEEEE:###EEEE
Written.
#== ==E
e/
Played.
ſ\
} T J–E–F–
V | | l_ m i —l —n--— s T
|éº-FEEEEEEEEEEE
e/ (2 J & J A TI
=Syn, 2. Abbreviation, Contraction. An abbreviation of a
word is strictly a part of it, generally the first letter or
abbreviator (a-bré'vi-à-tor), n.
abbreviatory (a-bré'vi-à-tó-ri), a.
abbreviaturet (a-bré'vi-à-tūr), n.
a-b-c (ā-bé-cé).
Abd (abd).
Abderian (ab-dé'ri-an), a.
Abderite (ab'de-rit), m.
abdest (abºdest), m.
abdest
syllable, taken for the whole, with no indication of the re-
maining portion: as, A. D. for Anno Domini, Gen. for
Genesis; math. for mathematics; Alez. for Alezander. A
contraction, on the other hand, is made by the elision of
certain letters or syllables from the body of the word,
but in such a manner as to indicate the whole word: as,
recd, payt, or rec'd pay’t for received pa ; contal. for
contracted or continued ; Wm. for William. In common
usage, however, this distinction is not always observed.
abbreviatio placitorum (a-bré-vi-ā'shi-6 plas-
i-tó(rum). [ML.] Literally, an abridgment
of the pleas; a brief report of law-cases; spe-
cifically, notes of cases decided in the reign of
King John, which constitute the earliest Eng-
lish law-reports, and embody the germs and
early developments of the common law.
[K ML. ab-
breviator, K.L.L. abbreviare : see abbreviate, v.1
1. One who abbreviates, abridges, or reduces
to a smaller compass; specifically, one who
abridges what has been written by another.
Neither the archbishop nor his abbreviator.
Sir W. Hamilton, Logic.
2. One of a number of secretaries in the chan-
cery of the pope who abbreviate petitions ac-
cording to certain established and technical
rules, and draw up the minutes of the apostolic
letters. They formerly numbered 72, of whom the 12 prin-
cipal were styled de majori parco (literally, of the greater
parquet, from the parquet in the chancery where they
wrote) and 22 others de minori parco (of the lesser par-
quet), the remainder being of lower rank. The number is
now reduced to 11, all de major parco. They sign the
apostolic bulls in the name of the cardinal vice-chancellor.
The abbreviator of the curia is a prelate not belonging to
the above college, but attached to the office of the apos-
tolic datary (see datary2); he expedites bulls relating to
pontifical laws and constitutions, as for the canonization
of Saints, and the like.
[K abbre-
viate + -ory..] "Abbreviating or tending to
abbreviate ; shortening; contracting.
[K abbreviate
+ -wre.] 1. A letter or character used as an
abbreviation.
The hand of Providence writes often by abbreviatwres,
hieroglyphics, or short characters.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., § 25.
2. An abridgment ; a compendium.
This is an excellent abbreviatwre of the whole duty of a
Christian. Jer. Taylor, Guide to Devotion.
abbrochment? (a-bröch’ment), m. [KML. abro-
camentum, appar. formed from stem of E. brok-
age, brok-er, etc.] The act of forestalling the
market or monopolizing goods. Erroneously
spelled abroachment.
-wool (ab’ will), m. 1. Wool for the abb or
warp of a web.-2. A variety of wool of a
certain fineness. See abb.
[ME. abo ; as a word, spelled
variously abece, apece, apecy, apsie, apcie, abseé,
absie, absey, abeesee, etc., especially for a primer
or spelling-book; in comp., absey-book, etc. Cf.
abecedarian and alphabet.] 1. The first three
letters of the alphabet; hence, the alphabet.
–2. An a-b-c book; a primer.—A-b-c book, a
primer for teaching the alphabet.
[Ar. ‘abd, a slave, servant.] A.
common element in Arabic names of persons,
meaning servant : as, Abdallah, servant of
God; Abd-el-Kader, servant of the Mighty One;
Abd-ul-Latif (commonly written Abdullatif or
Abdallatif), servant of the Gracious One.
* abdelavi (ab-da-, ab-de-lā’vé), m.
Ar.] The native name of the hairy melon of
Egypt, a variety of the muskmelon, Cucumás
Melo.
[KL. Abdéra, KGr.
'A3ómpa, a town in Thrace, birthplace of De-
moeritus, called the laughing philosopher.]
Pertaining to the town of Abdera or its inhabi-
tants; resembling or recalling in some way
the philosopher Democritus of Abdera (see
Abderite); hence, given to incessant or con-
tinued laughter.
[KL. Abdérita, also
Abderites, K. Gr. Apómptſ/g, K "Aftömpa, L. Ab-
déra.] 1. An imbabitant of Abdera, an ancient
maritime town in Thrace.—2. A stupid per-
son, the inhabitants of Abdera having been
broverbial for their stupidity.— The Abderite
emocritus of Abdera, born about 460 B. C., and the most
learned of the Greek philosophers prior to Aristotle. He
Was, with Leucippus, the founder of the atomic or atomis-
tic philosophy (see atomic), the first attempt at a complete
mechanical interpretation of physical and psychical phe-
nomena. The tradition that Democritus always laughed
at the follies of mankind gained for him the title of the
laughing philosopher. Fragments of some of his numer-
ous works have been preserved.
[Per, abdast, Käb, water,
+ dast, hand.] Purification or ablution before
prayer: a Mohammedan rite.


Abdevenham
Abdevenham (ab-dev’n-ham), n. In astrol.,
the head of the twelfth house in a scheme of
the heavens.
abdicable (ab'di-ka-bl), a. [KL. as if "abdi-
cabilis, K abdicare : see abdicate.] Capable of
being abdicated. *
abdicant (ab'di-kant), a. and n. [KL. abdi-
can(t-)s, ppr. of abdicare : see abdicate.] I. a.
Abdicating ; renouncing. [Rare.]
Monks abdicant of their orders.
Whitlock, Manners of Dng. People, p. 93.
II. m. One who abdicates.
abdicate (ab'di-kāt), v.; pret. and pp. abdi-
cated, ppr. abdicating. [KL. abdicatus, pp. of
abdicare, renounce, lit. proclaim as not belong-
ing to one, Kab, from, -ī- clicãre, proclaim, de-
clare, akim to dicéré, say.] I, trans. 1. To give
up, renounce, abandon, lay down, or withdraw
from, as a right or claim, office, duties, dignity,
authority, and the like, especially in a volun-
tary, public, or formal manner.
The cross-bearers abdicated their service.
Gibbon, D. and F., lxvii.
He [Charles II.] was utterly without ambition. He de-
tested business, and would sooner have abdicated his
crown than have undergone the trouble of really direct-
ing the administration. Macawlay, Hist. Dng., i.
2. To discard; cast away; take leave of: as,
to abdicate one's mental faculties.—3. In civil
law, to disclaim and expel from a family, as a
child; disinherit during lifetime: with a per-
sonal subject, as father, parent.
The father will disinherit or abdicate his child, quite
cashier him.
Burton, Anat. of Mel. (To the Reader), I. 86.
4+. To put away or expol; banish ; renounce
the authority of ; dethrone; degrade.
Scaliger would needs turn down Homer, and abdicate
him after the possession of three thousand years.
Dryden, Pref. to Third Misc.
=Syn. 1. To resigm, renounce, give up, quit, vacate, re-
º lay down, abandon, desert. (Sée list under aban-
0n, 1).
II, intrams. To renounce or give up some-
thing; abandon some claim; relinquish a right,
power, or trust.
He cannot abdicate for his children, otherwise than by
his own consent in form to a bill from the two houses.
Swift, Sent. of Ch. of Eng. Man.
Don John is represented . . . to have voluntarily re-
stored the throne to his father, who had once abdicated in
his favor. Tickmor, Span. Lit., II. 221.
abdicated (ab'di-kā-ted), p. a. Self-deposed;
in the state of one who has renounced or given
up a right; etc.: as, “the abdicated Emperor
of Austria,” Howells, Venetian Life, xxi.
abdication (ab-di-kā ‘shgn), m. [KIL. abdica-
tio(n-), K abdicare : see abdicate.] The act of
abdicating; the giving up of an office, power or
authority, right or trust, etc.; renunciation; es-
pecially, the laying down of a sovereignty hith-
erto inherent in the person or in the blood.
The consequences drawn from these facts [were] that
they amounted to an abdication of the government, which
abdication did not only affect the person of the king him-
self, but also of all his heirs, and rendered the throne
absolutely and completely vacant. Blackstone, Com., I. iii.
Each new mind we approach seems to require an abdi-
cation of all our present and past possessions.
Iºmerson, Essays, 1st Ser., p. 311.
abdicative (abºdi-kā-tiv), a. [Kabdicate + -ive;
in form like L. abdicativus, negative, K abdi-
care.] Causing or implying abdication. [Rare.]
abdicator (abºdi-kā-tor), n. IKL. abdicare :
See abdicate.] One who abdicates.
abditive (ab'di-tiv), a. [KL. abditivus, re-
moved or separated from, K abditus, pp. of
abdere, put away, Kab, from, away, + -daro (in
comp.), put.] #aving the power or quality of
hiding. [Rare. I
abditory (ab'di-tó-ri), n. IKML. abditorium,
K.L. abdere: see abditive..] A concealed reposi-
tory; a place for hiding or preserving valu-
ables, as goods, money, relics, etc. . [Rare.]
abdomen (ab-dó’ men or ab'dó-men), m. [L. ab-
dómen, abdümen ; of uncertain origin; not con-
nected with abdere, conceal]. 1. The belly;
that part of the body of a mammal which
lies between the thorax and the pelvis; the
perivisceral cavity containing most of the di-
gestive and some of the urogenital organs and
associated structures. It is bounded above by the
diaphragm, which separates it from the thoracic cavity;
below by the brim of the pelvic cavity, with which it is
continuous; behind by the vertebral column and the
pSOas and quadratus lumborum muscles; in front and
laterally by several lower ribs, the iliac bones, and the
abdominal muscles proper. The walls of the abdomen
are lined with the serous membrane called peritomewm,
and are externally invested with common integument.
Its external surface is arbitrarily divided into certain
8
definite regions, called abdominal regions (see abdominal).
The principal contents of the abdomen, in man and other
mammals, are the end of the esophagus, the stomach, the
small and most of the large intestine, the liver, pancreas,
and spleen, the kidneys, suprarenal capsules, ureters
bladder (in part), uterus (during pregnancy at least), and
sometimes the testicles, with the associated nervous, vas-
cular, and serous structures. The apertures in the ab-
dominal walls are, usually, several through the diaphragm,
for the passage of the esophagus, nerves, blood-vessels,
and lymphatics; in the groin, for the passage of the fem-
oral vessels and nerves and the spermatic cord, or the
round ligament of the uterus; and at the navel, in the
fetus, for the passage of the umbilical vessels. §
2. In vertebrates below mammals, in which
there is no diaphragm, and the abdomen con-
sequently is not separated from the thorax, a
region of the body corresponding to but not co-
incident with the human abdomen, and varying
in extent according to
the configuration of
the body. Thus, the ab-
domen of a serpent is coex-
tensive with the under side
of the body from head to
tail; and in descriptive
ornithology “pectus is re-
stricted to the swelling an-
\se terior part of the gastraeum,
which we call belly or ab-
domen as soon as it begins to
straighten out and flatten.”
Cowes, N. A. Birds, p. 96.
3. In entom., the hind
body, the posterior one
of the three parts of a
perfect insect, united
with the thorax by
& . . a slender connecting
portion, and containing the greater part of the
digestive apparatus. It is divided into a number of
rings or segments, typically ten (or eleyen, as in certain
families of Orthoptera), on the sides of which are small
respiratory stigmata, or spiracles.
a, Abdomen of an
Insect (Iso-
Jºž72& a'ez).
4. In Arthropoda other than insects, the cor-
responding hinder part of the body, however
distinguished from the thorax, as the tail of a
lobster or the apron of a crab.-5. In ascid-
ians (Tunicata), a special posterior portion
of the body, situated behind the great pharyn-
geal cavity, and containing most of the ali-
mentary canal.
In . . . most of the compound Ascidians, the greater
part of the alimentary canal lies altogether beyond the
branchial sac, in a backward prolongation of the body
which has been termed the abdomen, and is often longer
than all the rest of the body.
× Hwa'ley, Amat. Invert., p. 517.
abdominal (ab-dom’i-nal), a. and n. IKNL. ab-
dominalis, K.L. abdomen: see abdomen.] I. a.
* 1. Pertaining to
the abdomen or
belly; situated
in or on the
abdomen: as,
abdominal ven-
tral fins.—2. In
£chth., having
NS ventral fins un-
- § der the abdomen
Abdominal Fish, . ºntral behind pec- and about the
middle of the
body: as, an abdominal fish. See Abdominales.
—Abdominal aorta, in man and other mammals, that
portion of the aorta between its passage through the dia-
phragm and its bifurcation into the iliac arteries.—Ab-
dominal apertures. . See ab-
domen, 1.- Abdominal fins, in
ichth., ventral fins when situated
behind the pectoral fins.—Ab-
dominal legs, in entom., false
legs or prop-legs of the abdomen.
In the larvae of true insects
they are soft, fleshy, inarticulate,
and deciduous. There may be as
many as eight pairs, or only a single
pair, or none. The spinnerets of
spiders, though abdominal in posi-
tion, are regarded as homologous
with the jointed legs of higher
insects.—Abdominal line, ... in
hwman anat.: (a) The white line
(linea alba) or lengthwise mid-line
of union of the abdominal muscles
along the front of the belly, and
one of several cross-lines inter-
secting the course of the Tectus
muscle. The exaggeration of these
limes in art gives the “checker-board” appearance of the
abdomen in statuary. (b) pl. Certain imaginary lines
drawn to divide the surface of the abdomen into regions,
as given below.—Abdominal pore, in some fishes, an
aperture in the belly connected with the sexual function.
This [the ovarium], in some few fishes, sheds its ova, as
soon as they are ripened, into the peritoneal cavity,
whence they escape by abdominal pores, which place that
cavity in direct communication with the exterior,
Huacley, Anat. Vert., p. 95.
Abdominal reflex, a superficial reflex consisting of a
contraction in the abdominal muscles when the skin over
the abdomen in the mammary line is stimulated.—Ab-
Torso Belvedere, showing
“checker-board ”
alſº CC,
appear-
Abdominales (ab-dom-i-nā’léz), m. pl.
abdominous
dominal regions, in human anat, certain regions into
which the abdomen is arbitrarily divided for the purpose
of mapping its surface with
reference to the viscera,
which lie beneath these re-
gions respectively. Two hori-
Zontal parallel lines being
drawn around the body, one
(a a) crossing the cartilage of
the ninth rib, the other (b. b)
Crossing the highest point of
the iliac bone, the abdominal
Surface is divided into three
zones, an upper, a middle,
and a lower, º
called epigastric, wºmbilical,
and hypogastric. . . Each of
these is subdivided into three
parts by two vertical lines
(cc), each drawn through the
middle of Poupart's liga-
ment. The central part of
the epigastric zone (1) re-
tains the name of epigastric ;
its lateral portions (4 4) are
the right and left hypochom-
driac regions; the middle
part of the umbilical (2) is
called the wºmbilical region,
while its lateral portions (55)
are the right and left lumbar
regions; the middle portion
of the hypogastric zone (3) is
called the hypogastric region,
but sometimes the pubic re-
gion, while its lateral por-
tions (66) are called the right
and left iliac (or inguimal
regions. The adjoining region of the thigh, below the fol
of the groin, is properly excluded.— Abdominal respi-
ration, that type of respiration in which the action of the
diaphragm, and consequently the movement of the abdo-
men, is most marked : contrasted with thoracic or costal
respiration.—Abdominal ribs, in herpet., a series of
transverse ossifications in the wall of the abdomen of
some reptiles, as dinosaurs and crocodiles; in the latter
the series consists of seven on each side, lying Superficial
to the recti muscles. They are quite distinct from true
ribs, and considered by some to be dermal Ossifications.
Abdominal dermal ribs are developed in Some species
[of Dinosauria], if not in all. Hwæley, Anat. Vert., p. 227.
Abdominal ring, in amat. : (a) Internal, an oval open-
ing in the fascia of the transversalis abdominis (trans-
verse muscle of the abdomen), about midway between the
superior iliac spine and the pubic spine, and half an inch
above Poupart's ligament. (b) Easternal, a similar oblong
opening in the fascia of the obliquus externus abdominis
(external oblique muscle of the abdomen), further down
a'
g % ºf
ſº
fy
Gj%
º
a a, horizontal line through the
cartilage of the ninth rib; 8 &,
horizontal line touching the high-
est parts, of the iliac crests; a c,
vertical lines drawn through the
middle of . Poupart's, ligament,
on either side; I, epigastric re-
ion; 2, umbilical region; 3,
§§." region ; 4 4, †.
chondriac regions; 5 S, lumbar
regions; 66, iliac regions.
and nearer the mid-line of the body. These rings are
respectively the inlet and outlet of the inguinal canal.
Also called ingwinal rings.—Abdominal Scutella, in
herpet., the short, wide, imbricated scales which lie along
the belly of a serpent from chim to anus.—Abdominal
segments, in entom., etc., the individual somites or rings
of which the abdomen of an insect, a crustacean, etc., is
or may be composed.—Abdominal vertebræ, in ichth.,
all the vertebrae behind the head which have ribs or rib-
like processes arching over the visceral cavity.—Abdom-
inal viscera, those organs, collectively considered, which
are situated in the abdomen, being especially those of the
digestive system. See abdomen, 1. &
‘ī. m. One of the Abdominales (which see).
[NL.,
pl. of abdominalis: see abdominal.] 1. A
name introduced into the ichthyological sys-
tem of Linnaeus, and variously applied: (a) by
Linnaeus, as an ordinal name for all Osseous fishes with
abdominal ventrals; (b) by Cuvier, as a subordinal name
for all those malacopterygian Osseous fishes which have
abdominal ventrals; (c) by J. Müller, as a subordinal
name for those malacopterygian fishes which have abdom-
inal ventrals and also a pneumatic duct between the
air-bladder and intestinal canal. The name has also been
applied to other groups varying more or less from the
preceding. The salmonids and the clupeids or herring fam-
ily are typical representatives in all the above divisions,
2. A section of the coleopterous family
Carabidae, proposed by Latreille for beetles
with the abdomen enlarged in proportion to
the thorax.
(Sc. animalia, animals), neut. pl. of abdomi-
malis : see abdominal.] An order of cirriped
crustaceans, having, a segmented body, three
pairs of abdominal limbs, no thoracic limbs, a
flask-shaped carapace, an extensive mouth,
two eyes, and the sexes distinct. The members
of the order all burrow in shells. Two families are recog-
nized, Cryptophialidae and Alcippidae.
The whole family of the Abdominalia, a name proposed
by Darwin, if I am not mistaken, have the sexes separate.
Beneden, An. Parasites. (N. E. D.)
abdominally (ab-dom’i-nal-i), adv. On or in
the abdomen; toward the abdomen.
abdominoscopy (ab-dom-i-nos'kö-pi), m. [KL.
abdomen (-min-) + Gr. -akotta, KckoTeiv, look at,
view.] In med., examination of the abdomen
for the detection of disease.
abdominous (ab-dom’i-mus), a. [Kabdomen
(-min-) + -ows.] 1. Of or pertaining to the
abdomen; abdominal.—2. Having a large
belly; pot-bellied. [Rare.]
Gorgonius sits abdomimous and wan,
Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan.
Cowper, Prog, of Err.









- abduce
abduce (ab-diis'), v. t. ; prêt. and pp. abduced,
ppr. abducing. [KL. abducere, P ab, away,
+ ducere, lead: see ductile.] 1+. To draw or
lead away by persuasion or argument.—2. To
lead away or carry off by improper means;
abduct. [Rare.]—3+. To draw away or aside,
as by the action of an abductor muscle.
If we abduce the eye unto either corner, the object will
not duplicate. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 20.
abducens (ab-dû'senz), n. ; pl. abducentes
(-sen’téz). [L. : see abducent, a..] In amat,
one of the sixth pair of cranial nerves: so
called because it is the motor nerve of the
rectus externus (external straight) muscle of
the eye, which turns the eyeball outward.
abducent (ab-dû'sent), a. and m. [K L. abdu-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of abducere, draw away: See ab-
duce.1 I. a. Drawing away; ºº:: aside. In
anat., specifically applied — (a) to those muscles, which
draw certain parts of the body away from the axial line
of the trunk or of a limb, in contradistinction to the ad-
ducent muscles or adductors; (b) to motor nerves which
effect this action,-Abducent nerves, the sixth pair of
cranial nerves; the abducentes.
II. m. That which abducts; an abducens.
abduct (ab-dukt"), v. t. [KL. abductus, pp. of
abducere, lead away: see abduce.] 1. Tčičad
away or carry off surreptitiously or by force;
kidnap. *
The thing is self-evident, that his Majesty has been
abducted or spirited away, “enlevé,” by some person or
persons unknown. Carlyle, French Rev., II. iv. 4.
2. In physiol., to move or draw away (a limb)
from the axis of the body, or (a digit) from the
axis of the limb : opposed to adduct.
abduction (ab-duk'shgn), n. IKL. abductio(m-),
Kabducere: see abduce.] 1. The act of abdu-
cing or abducting. (a) In law, the act of illegally
leading away or carrying off a person; more especially,
the taking or carrying away of a wife, a child, a Ward, or
a voter by fraud, persuasion, or open violence. (b) In
physiol., the action of the muscles in drawing a limb or
other part of the body away from the axis of the body or
of the limb, as when the arm is lifted from the side, or the
thumb is bent away from the axis of the arm or the
middle line of the hand. (c) In surg., the receding from
each other of the extremities of a fractured bone.
2. [KNL. abductio, a word used by Giulio Pacio
(1550–1635), in translating &rayoyff in the 25th
chapter of the second book of Aristotle's Prior
Analytics, in place of deductio and reductio,
previously employed.]. In logic, a syllogism of
which the major premise is evident or known,
while the minor, though not evident, is as cred-
ible as or more credible than the conclusion.
The term is hardly used except in translations from the
passage referred to.
After adverting to another variety of ratiocinative pro-
cedure, which he calls Apagoge or Abduction (where the
minor is hardly more evident than the conclusion, and
might sometimes conveniently become a conclusion first
to be proved), Aristotle goes on to treat of objection
generally. Grote, Aristotle, vi.
abductor (ab-duk’tor), n. [NL., K.L. abducere:
see abduce. I One who or that which abducts.
Specifically, in anat. [pl. abductores (ab-duk-tū’réz)], a
muscle which moves certain parts from the axis of the
body or of a limb : as, the abductor pollicis, a muscle which
pulls the thumb outward : opposed to adductor. The
abductor muscles of the human body are the abductor
pollicis (abductor of the thumb), and abductor minimi
digiti (abductor of the least digit) of the hand and foot
respectively. The first dorsal interosseous muscle of the
human hand is sometimes called the abductor indicis
(abductor of the forefinger). The abductor tertii inter-
modii secundi digiti (abductor of the third internode of the
second digit) is a peculiar muscle of both hand and foot
of the gibbons (Hylobates), arising from the second meta-
carpal or metatarsal bone, and inserted by a long tendon
into the preaxial side of the ungual internode of the second
digit. The abductor metacarpiquinti(abductor of the fifth
metacarpal) is a muscle of the hand in certain lizards.
For the abductors in human anatomy, see cut under muscle.
abe (a-bê'), v, i... [For be ; prefix unmeaning,
or as in ado.] Used in the same sense as be.
Also spººl abé6.—To let abe, to let be; let alone.
Hence, let-abe is used in the substantive sense of forbear-
ance or connivance, as in the phrase let-abe for let-abe,
one act of forbearance in return for another, mutual for-
bearance.
I am for let-abe for let-abe. Scott, Pirate, II. xvii.
Let abe, let alone; not to mention ; far less: as, he
couldna šit, let abe stand. [Scotch..]
[Ka8,
abeam (a-bêm'), prep. phy, as adv. or a,
prep., on, + beam.]. Naut, in or into a direc-
tion at right angles to the keel of a ship;
directly opposite the middle part of a ship's
side, and in line with its main-beam; as, we
had the wind abeam.
The wind was hauling round to the westward, and we
could not take the sea abeam.
Kane, Sec. Grinn. Exp., II, 257.
The sea went down toward night, and the Wind hauled
abeam. R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 347.
abear (a-bär’), v. t. [KME. aberen, KAS. àberº,
Čá. H-. §eran, bear: see a-1 and bear!...] li. To
bear; behave.
abechet, v. t.
abed (a-bed’), adv.
abee (a-bé"), n.
abegget, v. t.
abeigh (a-béðh’
abele (a-bêl’), n.
Abelianl (§-bel’i-an), m.
9
So did the Faerie Knight himselfe abeare.
* Spenger, F. Q., W. xii. 19.
2. To suffer or tolerate. [Provincial or vulgar.]
But if I mun doy I mun doy, for I couldn abear to see it.
Tennyson, Northern Farmer.
abearancet (3-bār'ans), n.,...[Kabear + -ance;
substituted for abearing, ME. abering.] Be-
havior; demeanor.
The other species of recognizances with sureties is for
the good abearance or good behaviour.
Blackstone, Com., IV. xviii.
abearing} (a-bärſing), m. . [ME. abering, verbal
m. of aberen, abear.] Behavior; demeanor.
abecedaria, n. Plural of abecedarium.
abeçedarian (āºbé-sé-dāri-an), a. and n. [Cf. F.
abécèdaire; KLL. abecedarius (psalmi abecedarii,
alphabetical psalms), K a 4- be + ce + de, the
first four letters of the alphabet (cf. alphabet),
+ -arius: see-arian.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to or
formed by the letters of the alphabet.—2.
Pertaining to the learning of the alphabet, or
to one engaged in learning it; hence, relat-
ing to the first steps in learning.
There is an Abecedarian ignorance that precedes know-
ledge, and a Doctoral ignorance that comes after it.
Cotton, tr. of Montaigne, I. 606.
Another form is abecedary.
Abecedarian psalms, hymns, etc., psalms, hymns, etc.
(as the 119th psalm), in which the verses of successive
distinct portions are arranged in alphabetical order.
II. n. 1. One who teaches or learns the let-
ters of the alphabet.—2. [cap.] A follower of
Nicolas Storch, an Anabaptist of Germany, in
the sixteenth century. The Abecedarians are said
to have been so called because Storch taught that study
or even a knowledge of the letters was unnecessary, since
the Holy Spirit would impart directly a sufficient under-
standing of the Scriptures.
abecedarium (ä"bé-sé-dā’ri-um), m. ; pl. abe-
cedaria (-ā). [Neut. of L.L. abecedarius : see
abecedarian.] An a-b-c book.
It appears therefore that all the Italic alphabets were
developed on Italian soil out of a single primitive type, of
which the abecedaria exhibit a comparatively late survival.
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 131.
Logical abecedarium, a table of all possible combina-
tions of any finite number of logical terms. Jevon 8.
abecedary (ā-bé-sé'da-ri), a. and n. IKL. abece-
darius: see abecedarian.] I. a. Same as abe-
cedarian. -
II. m. 1. An a-b-c book; a primer. Hence-
2. A first principle or element ; rudiment : as,
“such rudiments or abecedaries,” Fuller, Ch.
Hist., VIII. iii. 2.
[ME., KOF. abecher (ML. abbe-
care), Ka, to, + bec, beak: see beak!..] To feed,
as a parent bird feeds its young.
Yet should I somdele ben abeched,
And for the time well refreshed.
Gower, Conf. Amant., v.
[KME. a bedde, KAS. on
bedde: prep. on, and dat. of bedd, bed: see a 3
and bed.] 1. In bed.
Not to be abed after midnight is to *g up betimes.
hak., T. N., ii. 3.
2. To bed.
Her mother dream'd before she was deliver'd
That she was brought abed of a buzzard.
Beau. and Fl., False One, iv. 3,
[A native term.] A woven
fabric of cotton and wool, made in Aleppo.
Simmonds.
An old form of abyl.
There dorste no wight hond upon him legge,
That he me swore he shuld anon abegge.
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, l. 18.
), adv. [A variant of ME. abey,
abai, etc. : see §ayå, m.] Aloof; at a shy dis-
tance. [Scotch..]—To stand abeigh, to keep aloof.
Maggie coost her head fu' high,
Look'd asklent an’ unco skeigh,
Gart poor Duncan stand abeigh—
Ha, ha, the wooing o't. Burns, Duncan Gray.
[Formerly abeele, abeal, etc.,
KD. abeel, in comp. abeel-boom, KOF. abel, ear-
lier aubel, K. M.L. albellus, applied to the white
poplar, prop. dim. of L. albus, white.] The
white poplar, Populus alba; so called from the
white color of its twigs and leaves. See poplar.
Also called abel-tree, and sometimes abbey.
Six abeles i' the kirkyard grow, on the north side in a row,
Mrs. Browning, Duchess May.
[K Abel + -ian; also
Abelite, K LL. Abelita, pl., K. Abel; see -ite!...]
A member of a religious sect which arose in
northern Africa in the fourth century. The
Abelians married, but lived in continence, after the man-
ner, as they maintained, of Abel, and attempted to keep
up the sect by adopting the children of others. ...They are
known only from the report of St. Augustine, Written after
they had become extinct. Also called Abelite and 4belonian.
Abelmoschus (ā-bel-mos’kus), n.
abelmosk (ā’bel-mosk), n.
abel-tree (äſbel-tré), m.
abelwhacketsł, n.
a bene placito (ä bá’ne plâ’ché-tó).
Abeonal º
Abeona.2 (ab-É-6(nà).
aberdavine, n. Se
aberdeen (ab'êr-dén), m.
aberdevine (ab "ér-de-vin'), m.
aberr (ab-êr’), v. i.
aberrancy
Abelian” (à-bel’i-an), a. Of or pertaining to
the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik
Abel (1802–1829).-Abelian equation, an irreducible
algebraic equation, one of whose roots is expressible as a
rational function of a second, and shown by Abel to be
Solvable by the Solution of a second equation of a lower
degree.—Abelian function, in math., a hyperelliptic
function ; a symmetric function of inverses of Abelian
integrals. The name has been used in slightly different
Senses by different authors, but it is best applied to a ratio
of double theta functions.—Abelian integral, one of a
class of ultraelliptic integrals first investigated by Abel;
any integral of an algebraic function not reducible to
elliptic functions.
Abelite, Abelonian (ā’bel-it, a-bel-6'ni-an), n.
Same as Abelian 1.
[ML., K. Ar.
abu’l-mosk, -misk, father (source) of musk: abū
father; al, the ; mosk, misk, musk: see abbal and
'musk.j A genus of plants of the family Mal-
vaceae, including A. Abelmoschus, the abelmosk
or muskmallow of India and Egypt, which pro-
duces the musk-seed used in perfumes, and
A. esculentus, the okra. There are 10 or 12
Species, all of which are natives of the old
World.
[K ML. Abelmos-
chus.] The plant Abelmoschus. Also spelled
abelmusk. See Abelmoschus.
Same as abele.
See ablewhackets.
[It. : a,
at; bene (K.L. bene), welf; placito (K.L. placi-
tum), pleasure: see please and plea.] In
music, at pleasure; in the way the performer
likes best.
m. [LL. Abeona, the god-
dess of departing, K.L. abire, go away, abeo, I
go away, K ab, away, + ire, go, eo, I go..] In
Rom. myth., the goddess who presided over
departure, as of travelers.
LNL. (Chas. Girard,
1854): a coined name.] In ichth., a genus of
viviparous embiotocoid fishes of the family
Holcomotidae, represented by surf-fishes, as A.
minima and A. aurora, of the Californian coast.
aber (ab’ér), n. [Gael. abar = W. aber, a con-
fluence of waters, the mouth of a river. Cf.
Gael. inbhir, with same senses, = W. y?, fer, in-
flux: see inver-.] A Celtic word used as a pre-
fix to many place-names in Great Britain, and
signifying a confluence of waters, either of
two rivers or of a river with the sea : as, Aber-
deen, Aberdour, Abergavenny, Aberystwith.
See aberdevine. Latham.
[Etym. uncertain.
Cf. aberdevine.] In ornith., a name of the knot
(which see), Tringa canutus.
[Etym. un-
known : see below.] The siskin, Chrysomitris
spinus, a well-known European bird of the
finch family (Fringillidae), nearly related to the
goldfinch, and somewhat resembling the green
variety of the canary-bird. See Siskin. Also
spelled aberdavine, abadevine. [Local, Eng.]
About London, the siskin is called the aberdevine by
bird-catchers. Remmie, ed. of Montagu's Dict., 1831, p. 2.
[The word (aberdevine) is not now in use, if it ever was.
I believe it was first published by Albin (1737), and that
it was a bird-catchers' or bird-dealers' name about Lon-
don; but I suspect it may have originated in a single
bird-dealer, who coined it to give fictitious value to a
common bird for which he wanted to get a good price.
Book-writers have gone on repeating Albin's statement
without adding any new information, and I have never
met with any one who called the siskin or any other bird
by this name. No suggestion as to its etymology seems
possible. Prof. A. Newton, letter.]
IKL. aberrare : see aber-
rate.] To wander; err. [Rare.]
Divers were out in their account, aberring several ways
from the true and just compute, and calling that one year,
which perhaps might be another.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iv. 12.
aberrance (ab-er’āns), n. Same as aberraney.
aberrancy (ab-eign-si), n. ; pl.
aberrancies
(-siz). [KL. as if *aberrantia, Kaberram(t-)s :
See aberrant.] A wandering or deviating from
the right way; especially, a deviation from
truth or rectitude. Another form is aberrance.
[Rare.]
They do not only swarm with errours, but vices depend-
ing thereon. Thus they commonly affect no man any
farther than he deserts his reason, or
Jº complies with their aberrancies,
2- C Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., i. 3.
㺠of curvature, in math.,
he angle between the normal to a
curve at any point and the line
a from that point to the middle point
Aberrancy of curvature, of the , infinitesimal chord parallel
the angle a Ji c. to the tangent.
aberrant
¥
âberrant (ab-er'ant), a. [K L. aberran(t-)s,
ppr. of aberrare : see aberrate.] 1. Wander-
ing ; straying from the right or usual course.
An aberrant berg appears about three hundred miles
west-south-west of Ireland, in latitude 5.1°, longitude 18°
west. Science, III. 343.
2. In 206l. and bot., differing in some of its
characters from the group in which it is
placed : said of an individual, a species, a
genus, etc.
In certain aberrant Rotalines the shell is commonly . . .
of a rich crimson hue. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 459.
The more aberrant any form is, the greater must have
been the number of connecting forms which have been
exterminated or utterly lost.
Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 387.
Aberrant duct of the testis, in amat., a slender tube
or diverticulum from the lower part of the canal of the
epididymis, or from the beginning of the excretory duct
of the testis (vas deferens). It varies from 2 to 14 inches
in length, is coiled up into a fusiform mass extending up
the spermatic cord 2 or 3 inches, and terminates blindly.
Two or more such tubes are occasionally found together,
but they are sometimes entirely wanting. See testis. Also
called was aberrams, vasculum aberrams.
3.berrate (ab-er’āt), v. č. ; pret. and pp. aber-
wated, ppr. aberrating. [KL. aberratus, pp. of
aberrare, stray from, Kab, from, H- errare, to
stray: see err.] To wander or deviate from
the right way; diverge. [Rare.]
The product of their defective and aberrating vision.
Yºr De Quincey.
aberration (ab-e-rá'shgn), n. IKL. aberra-
tio(n-), K aberrare : see aberrate.] 1. The act
of wandering away; deviation; especially,
in a figurative sense, the act of wandering
from the right way or course ; hence, deviation
from truth or moral rectitude.
So then we draw near to God, when, repenting us of our
former aberrations from him, we renew our covenants
with him. Bp. Hall, Sermon on James iv. 8.
The neighbouring churches, both by petitions and mes-
sengers, took such happy pains with the church of Salem,
as presently recovered that holy flock to a sense of his
[Roger Williams's] aberrations.
C. Mather, Mag. Chris., vii. 1.
2. In pathol. : (a) A wandering of the intel-
lect ; mental derangement. (b) Vicarious hem-
orrhage. (c) Diapedesis of blood-corpuscles.
(d) Congenital malformation.—3. In 206l. and
bot., deviation from the type ; abnormal struc-
ture or development.
In whichever light, therefore, insect aberration is viewed
by us, . . . we affirm that it does . . . exist.
Wollaston, War. of Species, p. 2.
4. In optics, a deviation in the rays of light
when unequally refracted by a lens or reflected
by a mirror, so that they do not converge and
meet in a point or focus, but separate, form-
ing an indistinct image of the object, or an
indistinct image with prismatically colored
edges. It is called spherical when, as in the former case,
the imperfection or blurring arises from the form of curva-
ture of the lens or reflector, and chromatic when, as in the
latter case, there is a prismatic coloring of the image aris-
ing from the different refrangibility of the rays compos-
ing white light, and the consequent fact that the foci for
the different colors do not coincide. Thus, in fig. 1, the
rays passing through the lens L L near its edge have a
focus at A, while those which pass near the axis have a
focus at B; hence, an image formed on a screen placed
at m m would appear more or less distorted or indistinct.
772.
%
zz
2.2%
4.
Z%, ’2.
****
Jºž
%
3 ºf
Aºza. 2.
Fig. 1, diagram illustrating the spherical aberration of a lens. Fig. 2,
diagrain illustrating the chromatic aberration.
In fig. 2 the violet rays (v v) have a focus at V, while the
less refrangible red rays (r º come to a focus at It. A
spot of light with a red border would be observed on a
screen placed at a a, and one with a blue border on a
screen at b b. In the eye the iris and crystalline lens par-
tially eliminate these aberrations. Optical instruments
corrected for chromatic aberration are called achromatic.
5. In astron., the apparent displacement of a
10
heavenly body due to the joint effect of the
motion of the rays of light proceeding from
it and the motion of the earth. Thus, when the
light from a star that is not directly in the line of the
earth's motion is made to fall centrally into a telescope,
the telescope is in reality inclined slightly away from the
true direction of the star toward that in which the
earth is moving; just as one running under a vertically
falling shower of rain, and holding in his hand a long-
necked flask, must incline its mouth forward if he does
not wish the sides of the neck to be wetted. This phe-
nomenon, discovered and explained, by Bradley (1728), is
termed the aberration of light, and its effect in displacing
a star is called the aberration of the star. The annual
aberration, due to the motion of the earth in its orbit,
amounts to 20".4 in the maximum; the divºrmal aberration,
due to the rotation of the earth, is only 0".3 at most.
See planetary aberration, below.—Circle of aberration,
the circle of colored light observed in experiments with
convex lenses between the point where the violet rays
meet and that where the red rays meet.—Constant of
aberration. , See constant.—Crown of aberration, a
luminous circle surrounding the disk of the sun, depend-
ing on the aberration of its rays, by which its apparent
diameter is enlarged.— Planetary aberration (see 5,
above), better called the equation of light, an apparent
displacement of a moving body, as a planet, owing to its
not being in the same position at the moment the light
reaches the earth that it was when the light left it. = Syn.
1. Deviation, divergence, departure.—2. (a) Derangement,
hallucination, illusion, delusion, eccentricity, mania.
aberrational (ab-e-rá'sh9m-al), a. Character-
ized by aberration; erratic.
aberuncate? (ab-ê-rungſkät), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. aberuncated, ppr. aberuncating. [An erro-
neous form of averruncate, as
if KL. *aberuncare, Kab, from,
+ e for eaſ, out, + runcare,
uproot, weed; hence, the un-
authorized sense given by
Bailey. See averruncate.] To
pull up by the roots; extir-
pate utterly. Johnson.
Aberwmcated, pulled up by the
roots, weeded. Bailey.
aberuncation? (ab-ê-rung-kā’-
shgn), n. IK aberuncate.]
Eradication; extirpation; re-
moval.
aberuncator (ab-ê-rungſkä-
tor), n. [Kaberuncate. Cf. L.
runcator, a weeder.] 1. An
implement for extirpating weeds; a weeder
or Tweeding-machine.-2. An instrument for
pruning trees when their branches are beyond
easy reach of the hand. There are various forms of
these implements, but they all consist of two blades, similar
to those of stout shears, one of which is fixed rigidly to a
long handle, while the other forms one arm of a lever, to
which a cord passing over a pulley is attached. Also writ-
ten, more properly, averruncator.
abet (a-bet’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. abetted, ppr.
abetting. [K ME. abetten, KOF. abetter, abeter,
instigate, deceive, K a- (K.L. ad-), to, + beter,
bait, as a bear, KIcel. beita, bait, cause to bite:
see bait, v.; also betl, a shortened form of
abet.] 1. To encourage by aid or approval:
used with a personal object, and chiefly in a
'bad sense.
They abetted both parties in the civil war, and always
furnished supplies to the weaker side, lest there should
be an end put to these fatal divisions.
Addison, Freeholder, l\o. 28.
Note, too, how for having abetted those who wronged the
native Irish, England has to pay a penalty.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 487.
2}. To maintain ; support; uphold.
“Then shall I soone,” quoth he, “so God me grace,
Abett that virgins cause disconsolate.”
Spenser, F. Q., I. X. 64.
3. In law, to encourage, counsel, incite, or as-
sist in a criminal act—implying, in the case
of felony, personal presence. Thus, in military
law, it is a grave crime to aid or abet a mutiny or sedi-
tion, or excite resistance against lawful orders. In Scots
law, a person is said to be abetting though he may only
protect a criminal, conceal him from justice, or aid him
in making his escape.
Hence — 4. To lead to or encourage the Com-
mission of.
Would not the fool abet the stealth
Who rashly thus exposed his wealth 7
Gay, Fables, ii. 12.
=Syn. To support, encourage, second, countenance, aid,
assist, back, commive at, stand by, further.
abeth (a-bet’), n. [KME. abet, instigation, KOF.
abet, instigation, deceit (ML. abettum), Kabeter:
see abet, v.] The act of aiding or encouraging,
especially in a crime. Chaucer,
abetment (a-bet/ment), n. [Kabet + -ment.]
The act of abetting; that which serves to abet
or encourage.
Aberuncators.
abettal (a-bet'al), n. [Kabet + -al.] The act of
abetting; aid. Bailey. . [Rare.]
abetter, abettor (3-bet’ér, -9r, or -ór), m.
[Formérly abettour; K abet + -erl, -or?..] 1.
abeyancy (a-bāſan-si), n.
abeyant (a-bä’ant), a.
abhor
One who abets or incites; one who aids or en-
courages another to commit a crime ; a sup-
porter or encourager of something bad. Abot-
tor is the form used in law.
But let th' abettor of the Panther's crime
Learn to make fairer wars another time.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, l, 1647.
In law, an abettor, as distinguished from an accessory, is
more especially one who, being present, gives aid or en-
couragement.
2. One who aids, supports, or encourages: in
a good sense.
It has been the occasion of making me friends and open
abettors of several gentlemen of known sense and wit.
Pope, Letters, June 15, 1711.
=Sym. 1. Abettor, Accessory, Accomplice. See accomplice.
àbevacuation (ab-ê-vak-ſi-ā'shgn), n. [KNL.
abevacuatio(m-): see ab-, and evacuation.] In
med., variously used to signify a morbid evacu-
ation, whether excessive or deficient. .
ab extra (ab eks’ trä). . [L.] From without :
opposed to ab intra (which see).
Those who are so fortunate as to occupy the philosophi-
cal position of spectators ab eactra are very few in any
generation. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st Ser., p. 140.
abeyance (a-bä’ans), n. IK OF. abeiance, abey-
ance, Ka- (KL, ad-), to, at, F beance (“beiance),
expectation, desire, K beant, expecting, think-
ing, ppr. of beer, baer (F.bayer), gape, gaze
at, expect anxiously, K ML. badare, gape.]
1. In law, a state of expectation or contempla-
tion. Thus, the fee simple or inheritance of lands and
tenementsis in abeyance when there is no person in being
in whom it can vest, so that it is in a state of expectancy
or waiting until a proper person shall appear. So also
where one man holds land for life, with remainder to the
heirs of another, and the latter is yet alive, the remainder
is in abeyance, since no man can have an heir until his
death. Titles of honor and dignities are said to be in
abeyance when it is uncertain who shall enjoy them.
Thus, in Eng. law, when a nobleman holding a dignity
descendible to his heirs general dies leaving daughters,
the king by his prerogative may grant the dignity to any
one of the daughters he pleases, or to the male issue of
one of such daughters. hile the title to the dignity is
thus in suspension it is said to be in abeyance. .
2. A state of suspended action or existence, or
temporary inactivity.
Upon awaking from slumber, I could never gain, at
once, thorough possession of my senses; . . . the mental
faculties in general, but the memory in especial, being in
a condition of absolute abeyance. Poe, Tales, I. 333.
The state or con-
JHawthorne.
[Inferred from abey-
ance : see -ance and -antl.] In law, being in
abeyance.
abgregate? (ab'gré-gāt), v. t. [KL. abgregatus,
pp. of abgregare, lead away from the flock,
Kab, from, -H grew (greg-), flock. Cf. congre-
gate, Segregate.] To separate from a flock.
Cockeram, 1612.
abgregation? (ab-gré-gā’shgn), n. [KML. ab-
gregatio(n-), K.L. abgregare: see abgregate.]
The act of separating from a flock. Bailey.
abhal (ab'hal), n. A name given in the East
Indies to the berries of the common juniper
Juniperus communis. Also spelled abhel ind
abhºwl.
abhel, n. See abhal.
abhominable (ab-hom’i-na-bl), a. An old
mode of spelling abominable, on the supposi-
tion that it was derived from ab homime, from
or repugnant to man, ridiculed as pedantic by
Shakspere in the character of the pedant
Eſolofernes.
This is abhominable (which he would call abominable).
Shak., L. L. L., v. 1.
[Abhoºminable occurs in the Promptorium Parvulorum
(c. 1440), and in Gower; abhomimacyown is in Wyclif's
New Testament, abhominaciown in Chaucer, and abhomy-
maciown in Mandeville. Fuller has abhominal, a form
made to suit the false etymology.] -
abhor (ab-hôr'), v.; pret. and pp. abhorred, ppr.
abhorring. [K L. abhorrère, shrink from, Kab,
from, + horrére, bristle (with fear): see hor-
rid.]. I. trans. 1. Literally, to shrink back
from with horror or dread; hence, to regard
with repugnance; hate extremely or with loath-
ing; loathe, detest, or abominate : as, to abhor
evil; to abhor intrigue.
Thou didst not abhor the virgin's womb. Te Deum.
Nature abhors the old, and old age seems the only dis-
€9, S0. merson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 289.
2}. To fill with horror and loathing; horrify.
He [Alexander] caused the women that were captive to
sing before him such songes as abhorred the ears of the
Macedons not accustomed to such things.
J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, vi.
How abhorred my imagination is; *}, § .* it,
afc., Hamlet, V. l.
See hate.
dition of being in abeyance.
=Syn. 1. Hate, Abhor, Detest, etc.


- abhor
II, intrans, 1}. To shrink back with disgust,
or with fear and shudderings. -
To abhorre from those vices.
dall, Erasmus, St. James, iv.
2. To be antagonistic; be averse or of oppo-
site character: with from.
Which is utterly abhorring from the end of all law.
- Milton, Divorce, II. vii. 79.
abhorrence (ab-hor'ens), n. [Kabhorrent: see
-ance.] 1. The act of abhorring; a feeling of
extreme aversion or detestation; strong hatred.
One man thinks justice consists in paying debts, and has
mo measure in his abhorrence of another who is very re-
miss in this duty. JEmergom, Essays, 18t Ser., p. 286.
2+. An expression of abhorrence. Specifically,
an address presented in 1680 to Charles II. of England,
expressing abhorrence of the Addressers (which see
3. That which excites repugnance or iſſing:
as, servility is my abhorrence. = Syn, 1. Horror,
haired, detestation, repugnance, disgust, loathing, shrink-
ing, antipathy, aversion.
abhorrency} (ab-horſen-si), n. . The quality of
being abhorrent, or the state of regarding any-
thing with horror or loathing.
The first tendency to any injustice . . . must be sup-
pressed with a show of wonder and abhorrency in the
parents. Locke, Education, “ſ 110.
abhorrent (ab-hor’ent), a. [KL. abhorren(t-)8,
ppr. of abhorrere: see abhor.] 1. Hating; de-
testing; struck with abhorrence.
The arts of pleasure in despotic courts
I spurn abhorrent. lover, Leonidas, x.
2. Exciting horror or abhorrence; very repul-
sive; detestable: as, abhorrent scenes; an
abhorrent criminal or course of conduct.–3.
Contrary; utterly repugnant; causing aver-
sion: formerly with from, now with to.
And yet it is so abhorrent from the vulgar.
Glanville, Scep. Sci.
Christianity turns from these scenes of strife, as abhor-
rent to her highest injunctions. Summer, Aug. 27, 1846.
abhorrently (ab-horſent-li), adv. With abhor-
rence; in an abhorrent manner.
abhorrer (ab-hôr'èr), m. One who abhors.
Specifically (with or without a capital letter), in the reign
of Charles II. of England, a member of the court party,
afterward called Tories. They derived their name from
their professed abhorrence of the principles of the Ad-
dressers, who endeavored to restrict the royal prerogative.
See addresser.
Scarce a day passed but some abhorrer was dragged
before them [the House of Commons] and committed to
the custody of the Sergeant-at-arms, at the pleasure of the
house. Roger North, Examen, p. 561.
abhorrible (ab-hor’i-bl), a. [Kabhor + -ible,
after horrible.] Worthy or deserving to be ab-
horred. [Rare.]
abhorring (ab-hăr’ing), n. 1. A feeling of ab-
horrence; loathing.
I find no abhorring in my appetite.
2+. An object of abhorrence.
They shall be an abhorring unto all flesh.
abhul, n. See abhal.
Abia (ā’bi-á), n. Agenus of Hymenoptera. Leach.
Abib (ā’bib), m. [Heb. &bib, an ear of corn
Kābab, produce early fruit, K ab, swelling.
The time of newly ripe grain; the first month
of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, beginning
with the new moon of March. Abib seems to have
been the designation of a season rather than the name of
a month. After the Babylonish captivity it was also
called Nisam (Neh. ii. 1).
abidance (a-bi'dams), n. [K abidel + -ance.]
The act of abiding or continuing ; abode ; stay.
Fuller. [Rare.].
And then, moreover, there, is His personal abidance in
our churches, raising earthly service into a foretaste of
heaven. J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 475.
abidel (a-bid"), v.; pret. and pp. abode, ppr.
abiding. [KME, abiden (pret. sing. abod, pl.
abiden, pp. abiden), KAS. ābādan (pret, sing.
ābād, pl. Óbidon, pp. dbiden) (= Goth. usbeidan,
º Ká- + bidan, bide: see bide. The ME.
anā Āš, forms are trans, and intrans.] I.
trams. 1. To wait for; especially, to stand one's
ground against.
Abide me if thou dar'st. Shak., M. N. D., iii. 2.
Howbeit we abide our day ! M. Arnold, Balder Dead.
2. To await; be in store for.
Bonds and afflictions abide me. Acts XX. 23.
3. To endure or sustain; remain firm under.
Who may abide the day of his coming? Mal. iii. 2.
Greatness does not need plenty, and can very Well abide
its loss. Emerson, Essays, 1st set., p. 232.
4. To put up with; tolerate. . [In this collo-
quial sense approaching abideº.]
I cannot abide the smell of hot meat.
Shak, M. W. of W., i. 3.
Donne, Devotion.
Isa. lxvi. 24.
11
As for #ºf them, I shouldn't so much mind,
but I can’t a to disappoint myself.
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, i. 1.
5t. To encounter; undergo: in a jocular
sense, [?]
I wil give hym the alder-beste
Gifte, that ever he abode hys lyve.
Chaucer, Dethe of Blaunche, 1.247.
II, intrans. 1. To have one's abode; dwell;
reside.
In the noiseless air and light that flowed
Round your fair brows, eternal Peace abode.
Bryant, To the Apennines.
2. To remain; continue to stay.
Except these abide in the ship, ye cannot be saved.
Acts xxvii. 31.
Here no man can abide, except he be ready with all his
heart to humble himself for the love of God.
Thomas à Kempis, Im. of Christ, i. 17.
3. To continue in a certain condition; remain
steadfast or faithful.
But she is happier if she so abide [in widowhood].
1 Cor. vii. 40.
4f. To wait ; stop; delay.
He hasteth wel that wysly kan abyde.
Chaucer, Troilus, i. 949.
5. To inhere; belong as an attribute or qual-
ity; have its seat.
Though far more cause, yet much less spirit to curse
Abides in me. hak., Rich. III., iv. 4.
To abide by. (a) To remain at rest beside : as, “abide
by thy crib,” Job xxxix. 9. (b) To adhere to ; maintain;
defend ; stand to : as, to abide by a friend. Specifically,
in Scots law, to adhere to as true and genuine : said of
the party who relies upon a deed or writing which the
other party desires to have reduced or declared null and
void, on the ground of forgery or falsehood. (c) To await
or accept the consequences of ; rest satisfied with: as, to
abide by the event or issue. = Syn, 1 and 2. Abide,
Sojourn, Continue, Dwell, Reside, Live, remain, stay,
stop, lodge, settle, settle down, tarry, linger. Live is the
most general word : to pass one's life, without indicating
place, time, or manner. Abide, 8ojourn, to stay for a
time — length of stay being associated in the mind with
the former, and briefness or shortness of stay with the
latter. Continue, to stay on, without interval of absence.
Dwell, to be domiciled. Reside, to have one's home; dwell.
And if these pleasures may thee move,
Then live with me and be my love.
Marlowe, Shepherd to his Love.
O Thou who changest not, abide with me ! Lyte.
A certain man of Beth-lehem-judah went to sojourn in
the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons.
. . . And they came into the country of Moab, and con-
tinued there. Ruth i. 1, 2.
And Moses was content to dwell with the man.
Exod. ii. 21.
There, at the moated grange, resides this dejected Ma-
riana. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
abide2 (a-bid’), v. t. [This word in the sense
of “suffer for ’ does not occur much earlier than
Shakspere's time. It is a corruption of ME.
abyen, pay for, due to confusion with abidel,
wait for (as if that sense were equivalent to
‘endure’): see further under abyl, and cf.
abidel, v. t., 4.] To pay the price or penalty
of; suffer for.
If it be found so, some will dear abide it.
Shak., J. C., iii. 2.
Ah me ! they little know
How dearly I abide that boast so vain.
Milton, P. L., iv. 86.
abident. Old perfect participle of abide1.
abider (a-biºdër), m. [Kabidel + -erl.] One
who dwells or continues; one who lives or
resides.
abiding (a-biºding), p. a. [Ppr. of abide1.]
Continuing ; permanent ; steadfast : as, an
abiding faith.
Here thou hast no abiding city.
- homas à Kempis, Im. of Christ, ii. 1.
I do not think that Pope's verse anywhere sings, but it
should seem that the abiding presence of fancy in his best
work forbids his exclusion from the rank of poet.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 432.
abidingly (8-biºding-li), adv. In an abiding
manner; enduringly; lastingly; permanently.
abiding-place (8-biºding-plas), m. [Kabiding,
verbal n. of abide1, + place.] A place where
one abides; a permanent dwelling-place; hence,
a place of rest ; a resting-place.
A very charming little abiding-place.
H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 41.
Many of these plants . . found suitable abiding-
places at the South. Science, III. 359.
Abies (ab'i-éz), n. [L. abies (abiet-), the silver
fir; origin unknown.] A genus of trees, the
firs, of the family Pinaceae and the class Gym-
mosperma, some of which are valuable for their
timber. It differs from Pinus in its solitary leaves and
in the thin scales of its cones, which ripen the first year.
From the allied genera Picea, Tsuga, etc., with which
it has sometimes been united, it is distinguished by its
closely sessile leaves, by the bracts of the female aments
being much larger than the scales, and by having erect
cones with deciduous scales. It has about 20 species,
abietic (ab-i-et'ik), a.
abietin (ab'i-à-tin), n.
Abietineae (ab"i-É-tin’é-é), m. pl.
abietinic (ab"i-É-tin'ik),
abietite (abºi-3-tit), n.
Abietites (ab"i-É-ti’téz),
Abigail (ab'i-gāl), m.
abigeat (ab-ij'é-at), m.
abiliate? (a-bil’i-āt), v. t.
abiliment# (a-bil’i-ment), m.
abilimentst, n, pl.
abilitateſ (a-bil’i-tät), v. t.
pp. of habilitare (> Off. habileter, habiliter), ren-
A Nicholas Ferrar.
ability (a-bil’i-ti), n.
ability
confined to the northern hemisphere, and equally divided
between the old and new worlds. To it belong the Bil-
ver fir of central Europe (A. pectinata), the balsam-fir.9f
eastern North America {4. balsamea), the red and white
firs of western America (A. grandis, concolor, and mobilis),
the sacred fir of Mexico (A. religiosa), etc. See fir.
abietene (ab’i-à-tên), n. [KL. abies (abiet-),
the fir, --, -ene.] A hydrocarbon obtained by
distillation from the resin of Sabine's pine of
California, Pinus Sabiniana. It consists almost
wholly of normal heptane, C7H16, and is a nearly color-
less mobile liquid, having a strong aromatic smell, highly
inflammable, and burning with a white, Smokeless flame.
[KL. abies (abiet-), the
, + -ic.]. Of or pertaining to trees of the
genus Abies; derived from the fir.—Abietic
acid, C19H2802, an acid obtained from the resin of some
Species § pine, larch, and fir. These resins are anhydrids
of abietic acid or mixtures containing it.
[K L. abies (abiet-), the
, + -in?..] . A tasteless, inodorous resin, de-
rived from the turpentine obtained from some
species of the genus Abies.
[NL., K L.
abies (abiet-), the fir, ---in-ear.] A tribe of
plants of the family Pinaceae, distinguished by
bearing strobiles (cones) with two inverted
ovules at the base of each scale, which become
winged Samaroid seeds. The leaves are linear or
needle-shaped, and never two-
ranked. It includes many of
the most valuable kinds of tim-
ber-trees, viz., pine (Pinus),
true cedar (Cedrus), spruce (Pi-
cea), hemlock-spruce §
Douglas's spruce (Pseudotsuga),
fir (Abies), and larch (Laria).
a. Pertaining to or de-
rived from abietin: as,
abietinic acid.
[KL. abies (abiet-), the fir,
+ -ite?..] A sugar, C6H3O3,
obtained from the needles - - - -
of the European silver fir, aſ:#:::::::::::::::
4bies pectinata. §:::::::::::::::::::::: (4)
e same showing a longitudi-
nal section of the ovules.
m. [NL., pl. (Sc. plantaº),
K L. abies &#3. the fir.] A genus of fossil
plants, family Pinaceae, ancestors of the firs,
Tanging from Jurassic to Miocene.
[K Abigail, the “waiting
gentlewoman’’ in Beaumont and Fletcher's
play of “The Scornful Lady’—so named,
perhaps, in allusion to the expression “thine
handmaid,” applied to herself by Abigail, the
wife of Nabal, when carrying provisions to
David: see 1 Sam. xxv.2–41.] A general name
for a waiting-woman or lady's-maid. [Colloq.]
Sometimes written as a common noun, with-
out a capital.
The Abigail, by immemorial custom, being a deodand,
and belonging to holy Church.
Reply to Ladies amd Bachelors Petition, 1694
(Barl. Misc., IV. 440).
I myself have seen one of these male Abigails tripping
about the room with a looking-glass in his hand and
combing his lady's hair a whole morning together.
Spectator.
[K OF. abigeat, K L.
abigeatus, cattle-stealing, K abigeus, a cattle-
stealer, K abigere, drive away: see abactor.
For the second sense (b), cf. L. abiga, a plant
which has the power of producing abortion,
Kabigere, as above..] In law : (a) The crime
of stealing or driving off cattle in droves. (b)
A miscarriage procured by art.
[For abilitate; or
irreg. formed from able, L. habilis, M.L. (h)abi-
lis.] To enable. Bacon. [IRare.]
[Var. of habili-
ment, q.v.] Ability: as, “abiliment to steer a
kingdom,” Ford, Broken Heart, v. 2.
Same as habiliments.
[KML. habilitatus,
der able, Khabilis, able: see able!...] To assist.
[K ME. abilite (four syl-
lables), KOF. habilite (ME. also ablete, KOF.
ablete), K L. habilita(t-)s, M.L. abilita(t-)s, apt—
ness, K habilis, apt, able : see ablel.] 1. The
state or condition of being able ; power or
capacity to do or act in any relation; compe-
tence in any occupation or field of action, from
the possession of capacity, skill, means, or
other qualification.
º gave after their ability unto the treasure of the
OPR
W Ezra ii. 69.
Alas! what poor
Ability's in me to do him good?
Shak., M. for M., i. 5.

ability
To the close of the Republic, the law was the sole field
for all ability except the special talent of a capacity for
generalship. Maine, Village Communities, p. 380.
We must regard the colloidal compounds of which or-
ganisms are built as having, by their physical nature, the
ability to separate colloids from crystalloids.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 7.
2. pl. In a concrete sense, talents; mental
gifts or endowments.
. Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need prun-
ing by study. Bacon, Studies, Essay 50.
He had good abilities, a genial temper, and no vices,
JE
Żmerson, Soc. and Sol.
3. The condition of being able to pay or to
meet pecuniary, obligations; possession of
means: called distinctively financial or peów-
niary ability.
Out of my lean and low abilit * * *
I'll lend you something. Shak., T. N., iii. 4.
A draft upon my neighbour was to me the same as
money; for I was sufficiently convinced of his ability.
Goldsmith, Vicar, xiv.
4. That which is within one's power to do;
best endeavor.
Be thou assur'd, good Cassio, I Will do
All my abilities in thy behalf. Shalt., Oth., iii. 3.
=Syn., 1. Ability, Capacity, power, strength, skill, dex-
terity; faculty, capability, qualification, efficiency, Ability
denotes active power or power to perform, and is used
with regard to power of any kind. Capacity conveys the
idea of receptiveness, of the possession of resources; it is
potential rather than actual, and may be no more than
undeveloped ability. Ability is manifested in action, while
capacity does not imply action, as when we speak of a ca-
pacity for virtue. Capacity is the gift of nature; ability
is partly the result of education or opportunity.
What is a power, but the ability or faculty of doing a
thing? What is the ability to do a thing, but the power
of employing the means necessary to its execution?
A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. 33.
Capacity is requisite to devise, and ability to execute, a
great enterprise. . Taylor.
2. Abilities, Talents, Parts, etc. (see genius), gifts, fac-
ulty, aptitude, accomplishments.
-ability. See -able, -bility, -ibility.
abilliaments (a-bil’i-à-ments), n., pl. [S OF.
habillement, armor, war equipments (mod. F.,
clothing); the E. spelling -lli- imitates the
sound of F. ll, as in billiards, q.v. See habili-
ment.] Same as habiliments, but applied more
especially to armor and warlike stores.
And now the temple of Janus being shut, warlike abillia-
aments grew rusty. Arth. Wilson, Hist. James I.
abimet, abismet, n., [KOF. abime, earlier abisme:
see abysm..] An abysm.
Column and base upbering from abiºme.
Ballad in Commendaciown of Owre Ladie, 1.129.
Feel such a care, as one whom some Abisme
In the deep Ocean kept had all his Time.
Drummond of Hawthornden, Works, p. 59.
ab initio (ab i-mish’i-6). [L. : ab, from ; initio,
abl. of initium, beginning: see initial.] From
the beginning. &
abintestate (ab-in-tes’tät), a. [KLL. abîntes-
tatus, K L. ab, from, -i- intestatus : see intestate.]
Inheriting or devolving from one who died in-
testate.
ab intra (ab inſtră). [L. : See ab- and intra-.]
From within : opposed to ab eactra.
abiogenesis (ab"i-Ö-jenſe-sis), n. [NL. (Huxley,
1870), K. Gr. - priv. 4- 3ioc, life, H. Yévêqug, gen-
eration.] In biol., the production of living
things otherwise than through the growth and
development of detached portions of a parent
organism; spontaneous generation. Abiogenesis
was formerly supposed to prevail quite Widely even among
comparatively complex forms of life... As biological sci-
ence has advanced it has restricted the field of possible
abiogenesis until within recent years pathologists have
shown, by the study of pathogenic organisms, that there
is no living thing which is not descended from a preexist-
ing organism. It should not be forgotten, however, that
the persistent existence of a living being depends upon
the continual change of non-living matter into living
matter, and that there is no a priori impossibility in
the production of non-living matter by the methods of
the laboratory. That this has sometime come about
in nature seems to be a logical assumption. Also called
abiogeny. See biogenesis and heterogenesis. **
abiogenesist (ab"i-Ö-jen’e-sist), n. [Kabiogene-
sis + -ist.] Same as abiogenist.
abiogenetic (ab’i-Ö-jé-net'ik), a... . [See abio-
genesis and genetic.] Of or pertaining to abio-
enesis.
abiogenetically (ab"i-Ö-jé-net’i-kal-i), adv. In
an abiogenetic manner; by spontaneous gener-
ation ; as regards abiogenesis.
abiogenist (ab-i-oj'e-nist), n. [Kabiogeny +
-ist.] A believer in the doctrine of abiogenesis.
Also called abiogenesist.
abiogenous (ab-i-oj'e-nus), a. Produced by
spontaneous generation.
12
abiogeny (ab-i-oj’e-ni), m. [K Gr. &-priv, -- 3iog
life, +-yevåg, -born ; see abiogenesis and -gen.
Same as abiogenesis.
abiological (ab"i-Ö-loj’i-kal), a. [K Gr. &-priv.
+ E. biological.] Not biológical; not pertain-
ing to biology.
The biological sciences are sharply marked off from the
abiological, or those which treat of the phenomena mami-
fested by not-living matter. Hwæley, Amat. Invert., p. 1.
abiologically (ab"i-Ö-loj’i-kal-i), adv. Not bio-
logically ; in an abiological manner.
abirritant (ab-ir’i-tant), n. IKL. ab, from,
+ E. irritant.] In med., a soothing ărug Or
application. &
abirritate (ab-ir’i-tät), v. t.; º; and pp. abir-
Titated, ppr. abirritating. [KL. ab, from, -- E.
firritate.] In med., to deaden or lessen irrita-
tion in ; soothe by removing or diminishing
*irritability.
abirritation (ab-ir-i-tä'shgn), n... [KL. ab, away
from, H.E. irritation.] . In pathol., the removi
or diminution of irritation or irritability in the
various tissues.
abirritative (ab-ir’i-tá-tiv), a. Tending to ab-
irritate ; due to abirritation.
abismet, m. See abime.
abit. Third person sing, pres. of abidel.
abit?, m. Obsolete form of habit.
abitaclet, n. Obsolete form of habitacle.
abitet, v. t. [ME. abitan, KAS. ābitan, bite, eat,
devour, Kā- + bitan, bite.] To bite; eat; de-
WOULT.
abition? (ab-ish'Qn), n., [KL. abitio(n-), Kabire,
#. away, Kab, away, + ire, go..] The act of
eparting; death.
abject (ab'jekt), a. and n. [KME. abject, KL.
abjectus, downcast, low, mean, pp. of abicéré,
also spelled abjicere, Kab, away, + jacéré, throw,
= Gr. 6ttetv, throw: see iambic.] f a. 1+. Cast
aside; cast away; abjected.
So thick bestrown,
Abject and lost, lay these, covering the flood,
Under amazement of their hideous change.
Milton, P. L., i. 312.
2. Low in condition or in estimation ; utterly
humiliating or disheartening; so low as to be
hopeless: as, abject poverty, disgrace, or ser-
vitude.—3. ilow in kind or character; mean ;
despicable; servile; groveling.
Or in this abject posture have ye sworn
To adore the conqueror? Milton, P. L., i. 322.
º 3. Abject, Low, Mean, Groveling, debased, despi-
cable, degraded, degenerate, wretched, menial, worthless,
beggarly. (See list under low.) Abject, low, and mean may
have essentially the same meaning, but low is more often
used with respect to mature, condition, or rank; mean,
to character or conduct; abject, to spirit. Groveling has
the vividness of figurative use; it represents natural dis-
position toward what is low and base. Low is generally
stronger than mean, conformably to the original senses of
the two words.
Never debase yourself by treacherous ways,
Nor by such abject methods seek for praise.
Dryden, Art of Poetry, iv. 976.
An abject man he [Wolsey] was, in spite of his pride; for
being overtaken riding out of that place towards Esher by
one of the King's chamberlains, who brought him a kind
message and a ring, he alighted from his mule, took off
his cap, and kneeled down in the dirt.
Dickens, Child's Hist. Eng., xxvii.
What in me is dark
Illumine, what is low raise and support.
Milton, P. L., i. 23.
There is hardly a spirit upon earth so mean and con-
tracted as to centre all regards on its own interests.
Bp. Berkeley.
This vice of intemperance is the arch-abomination of
our natures, tending . . . to drag down the soul to the
slavery of grovelling lusts. Everett, Orations, I. 374.
II. n. A person who is abjectly base, ser-
vile, or dependent; a caitiff or menial.
Yea, the abjects gathered themselves together against
me, and I knew it not. Ps. XXXV. 15.
We are the queen's abjects, and must obey.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 2.
abject (ab-jekt'), v. t. [K L. abjectus, pp.: see
the adj.) 1. To throw away; cast off or out.
For that offence only Almighty God abjected Saul, that
he should no more reign over Israel.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, i.
2. To make abject; humiliate ; degrade.
It abjected his spirit to that degree that he fell danger-
ously sick. Strype, Memorials, i. 15.
What is it that can make this gallant so stoop and ab-
ject himself so basely? Fotherby, Atheomastix, p. 48.
abjectedness? (ab-jek’ted-nes), n. The state
or condition of being abject; abjectness; hu-
miliation.
Our Saviour sunk himself to the bottom of abjectedness
to exalt our condition to the contrary extreme. Boyle.
abjection (ab-jek’shgn), n. [KME. abjecciown,
K OF. abjection, K.L. abjectio(n-), act of casting
away, Kabicere, abjicere: see abject, a.] 1+. The
abjurer
act of casting away or down; the act of hum-
bling or abasing; abasement. *
The audacite and bolde speche of Daniel signifyeth the
abjection of the kynge and his realme.
Joye, Exp. of Daniel, ch. V.
2. The state of being cast down, or away;
hence, a low state; meanness of spirit; base-
ness; groveling humility; abjectness.
That this should be termed baseness, abjection of mind,
or servility, is it credible? Hooker, Eccl. Pol., v. § 47.
Contempt for his abjection at the foul feet of the Church.
Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 80.
3. Rejection; expulsion.
Calvin understands by Christ's descending into hell,
that he suffered in his soul . . . all the torments of hell,
even to abjection from God's presence. -
Heylin, Hist, of Presbyterians, p. 350.
abjective (ab-jek’tiv), a. ... [Kalject + -īve.]
Tending to abase; démoralizing: as, abjective
influence. Pall Mall Gazette.
abjectly (ab'jekt-li), adv. In an abject, mean,
or servile manner.
See the statue which I create. It is abjectly servile to
my will, and has no capacity whatever to gainsay it.
H. James, Subs. and Shad., p. 40.
abjectness (ab'jekt-nes), m. The state or
quality of being abject, mean-spirited, or de-
graded; abasement ; servility.
When a wild animal is subdued to abjectness, all its in-
terest is gone. Higginson, Oldport Days, p. 37.
abjudge (ab-juj'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. abjudged,
ppr. abjudging. [Kab--Fjudge, after abjudicate,
q. v.] To take away by judicial decision; rule
out. [Rare.]
abjudicatet (ab-jö’di-kāt), v. t. [K L. abjudi-
catus, pp. of abjudicare, K ab, away, + judicare
judge: see judge.] 1. To take away by judicia
sentence. Ash.-2. To judge to be illegal or
erroneous; reject as wrong: as, to abjudicate
a contract.
abjudication (ab-jö-di-kä'shgn), n. . [K abjudi-
cate.] Deprivation by judgment of a court;
a divesting by judicial decree. Specifically, a
legal decision by which the real estate of a debtor is ad-
judged to his creditor. wº- *
abjugatet (ab'jö-gāt), v. t. [K L. abjugatus,
pp. of abjugare, unyoke, K_ab, from, + jugum
= E. yoke..] . To unyoke. Bailey,
abjunctive (ab-jungk’tiv), a. [K L. abjunctus,
pp. of abjungere, unyoke, separate, K ab, from
+ jungere, join. Cf. conjunctive and subjunctive.j
Isolated; exceptional. [Rare.]
It is this power which leads on . . . from the accidental
and abjunctive to the universal. Is. Taylor, Sat. Eve., xxi.
abjuration (ab-jö-ră'shgn), m. [K L. abjura-
tio(n-), K abjurare: see abjure.] The act of
abjuring; a renunciation upon oath, or with
great solemnity or strong asseveration: as, to
take an oath of abjuration ; an abjuration of
heresy. The oath of abjuration is the negative part of
the oath of allegiance. In the United States, foreigners
seeking naturalization must on Oath renounce all alle-
giance to every foreign sovereignty, as well as swear
allegiance to the constitution and government of the
United States. Formerly, in England, public officers were
required to take an oath of abjuration, in which they
renounced allegiance to the house of Stuart and acknow-
ledged the title of the house of Hanover.
abjuratory (ab-jö'ra-tó-ri), a. Pertaining to or
expressing abjuration.—Abjuratory anathema.
; tºº ') t; d bjured
abjure (ab-Jor"), v.; pret. an , abjured, ppr.
abjuring. [K F’’ abjurer, K.L. àº, ;º:
oath, Kab, from, + jurare, swear, Kjus (jur-),
law, right. Cf. adjure, conjure, perjure.] I. trans.
1. To renounce upon oath ; forswear; with-
draw formally from : as, to abjure allegiance to
a prince.— 2. To renounce or repudiate; aban-
don; retract; especially, to renounce or re-
tract with solemnity: as, to abjure one's errors
or wrong practices.
I put myself to thy direction, and
Unspeak mine own detraction ; here abjure
The taints and blames I laid upon myself.
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3.
Not a few impecunious zealots abjured the use of
money (unless earned by other people), professing to live
on the intermal revenues of the Spirit.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 194.
To abjure the realm, formerly, in England, to swear
to leave the country and never return : an oath by which
felons taking refuge in a church might in some cases
save their lives. = Syn. To Renownce, Recant, Abjure, etc.
Š. renownce), relinquish, abandon, disavow, take back,
isclaim, repudiate, unsay.
II. intrans. To take an oath of abjuration.
One Thomas Harding, . . . who had abjured in the year
1506. g Bp. Burmet, Hist, of Ref., i. 166.
abjurement (ab-jör’ment), n. The act of ab-
juring ; renunciation. J. Hall.
abjurer (ab-jö’rèr), n. [Kaljure + -erl,] One
who abjures or forswears.
• ? . . . . . "
- , - abjuror -
abjuror (ab-jö’rgr), n. See abjurer.
abkar (ab'kār), m. [Hind. Pers. dbkār, a distil-
ler, K Hind. Pers, āb, Skt. Öp, water, F kär, Skt.
kāra, making, KSkt. Vlaar, make: see abkari.]
In India, one who makes or sells spirituous
liquors; one who pays abkari.
abkari, abkary (ab-kāºri), n. IK Hind, Pers.
dbkāri, the liquor-business, a distillery, Kābkār,
a distiller: see abkar.] iterally, the manu-
facture and sale of spirituous liquors; hence,
specifically, in British India, the government
excise upon such liquors; the licensing of deal-
ers in strong drink. The method of obtaining revenue
from this source, called the abkari system, is by farming
out the privilege to contractors, who supply the retail
dealers. Also spelled ablearee, awbkawry, etc. I Of
• 0.
Abkhasian (ab-kāſ Zian), a. and n. tº
or belonging to a Caucasian tribe occupying
the Russian territory of Abkhasia on the north-
east coast of the Black Sea.
II. m. A member of this tribe.
Also written Abkasian, Abchasian, Abašiam.
ab1. An abbreviation of ablative.
ablactate (ab-lak’tät), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
ablactated, ppr. ablactating. ić L. ablactatus,
pp. of ablactare, wean, K ab, from, tº lactare,
give suck: see iaciatiºn.] to wean from the
breast. [Rare.]
ablactation (ab-lak-tā'shgn), n. IKL. ablacta-
tio(n-), weaning, K ablactare, wean: see ablac-
tate.] 1. The weaning of a child from the
breast.—2. In hort., same as imarching. See
£march.
ablaquet, ablack? (ab'lak), n. A sort of stuff
used in the middle ages, supposed to have been
made from the silk of a mollusk, the pinna,
and probably similar to that still made on the
shores of the Mediterranean from the same
material.
ablaqueatet (ab-lak'w8-āt), v. t. [KL. abla-
queatus, pp. of ablaqueare, also ablacuáre, K ab,
from, + "lacuáre, Klacus, a hollow, a lake: see
lakel and lacuna.] To lay bare in cultivation,
as the roots of trees.
ablaqueation? (ab-lak-w6-ā'shgn), n. IKL. ab-
laqueatio(n-), Kablaqueare: see ablaqueate.] A
laying bare of the roots of trees to expose
them to the air and water. Evelyn.
ablastemic (a-blas-tem'ik), a. [K Gr. 6- priv.
+ E. blastemic.] Not blastermic; non-germinal.
ablastous (a-blas’tus), a. [K Gr. 63%ao Tog, not
budding, barren, Ká- priv. -- 3%aotóg, a bud,
erm.] Without germ or bud.
aſſº (ab-lāt’), v. t. [KL. ablatus, taken away:
see ablative.] To take away; remove. Boorde.
àblation (ab-lä’shgn), n. IKL. ablatio(n-), a
taking away, K ablatus, taken away: see ablate
and ablative, a.] 1. A carrying Ortaking away;
removal; suppression.
IProhibition extends to all injustice, whether done by
force or fraud; whether it be by ablation or prevention or
detaining of rights. Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, $37.
Complete ablation of the functions of the nervous sys-
tem in death. Jowr. of Ment. Sci., XXII. 15.
2. In med., the taking from the body by me-
chanical means of anything hurtful, as a
diseased limb, a tumor, a foreign body, pus,
or excrement.—3. In chem., the removal of
whatever is finished or no longer necessary.—
4. In geol., wearing away or waste, as of a
glacier by melting or evaporation.
ablatitious (ab-la-tish’us), a. [KL. ablatus,
taken away, + -itius, -icius, E. -itious, as in ad-
dititious, adscititious, etc.] Having the quality
or character of ablation.—Ablatitious force, in
astrom., that force which diminishes the gravitation of a
satellite toward its planet, and especially of the moon to-
ward the earth. N. E. D
ablatival (ab-la-ti’val), a... [Kablative + -al.]
In gram., pertaining or similar to the ablative
case. See ablative.
The ablatival uses of the genitive.
.Trans. Amer. Philol. Ass., XV. 5.
ablative (abºla-tiv), a. and n. [KL. ablativus, the
name of a case, orig. denoting that from which
something is taken away, Kablatus, pp. asso-
ciated with auferre, take away, Kab, = E. off, +
ferre= E. bearl, with which are associated the
pp. latus and supine latum, OL. tatus, tlatum,
*tla = Gr. Thinyat, bear, akin to OL, tulere, L.
tollere, lift, and E. thole?, q.v.] I. a. 1. Taking
or tending to take away; tending to remove ;
pertaining to ablation. [Rare.]
Where the heart is forestalled with mis-opinion, ablative
directions are found needfull to unteach error, ere we can
learne truth. Bp. Hall, Sermons, Deceit of Appearance.
2. In gram., noting removal or separation:
º: to a case which forms part of the origi-
mal declension of nouns, and pronouns in the
1.3
languages of the Indo-European family
has been retained by some of them, as f
and
atim,
, Sanskrit, and Zend, while in some it is lost, or
merged in another case, as in the genitive in
Greek. It is primarily the from-case.—3. Per-
taining to or of the nature of the ablative case:
as, an ablative construction.
ii. m. In gram., short for ablative case. See
ablative, a.,2.. Often abbreviated to abl.—Abla-
tive absolute, in Latin gram., the name given to a noun
with a participle or some other attributive or qualifying
word, either expressed or understood, in the ablative case,
which is not dependent upon any other word in the sen:
tence.
ablaut (ab'lout; G. pron, ap'lout), m. [G., Kab,
off, noting substitution, + laut, n., sound, Klaut,
a., loud: see loud.] In philol., a substitution of
one vowel for another in the body of the root of
a word, accompanying a modification of use or
meaning: as, bind, band, bound, bond, German
bund; more especially, the change of a vowel to
indicate tense-change in strong verbs, instead
of the addition of a syllable (-ed), as in weak
verbs: as, get, gat, got; sink, sank, sunk.
ablaze (a-blåz'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8,
prep., on, + blazel, q. v.] 1. On fire; in a
blaze; burning briskly: as, the bonfire is ablaze.
—2. Figuratively, in a state of excitement or
eager desire.
The young Cambridge democrats were all ablaze to as-
sist Torrijos. Carlyle.
This was Emerson's method, . . . to write the perfect
line, to set the imagination ablaze.with a single verse.
The Century, XXVII. 930.
3. Gleaming; brilliantly lighted up : as, ablaze
Awith jewelry.
able1 (ā’bl), a. [KME. able, abel, etc., KOF. able,
hable = Pr. Sp. Pg. habil, It. abile, KL. habilis,
acc. habilem, apt, expert, Khabéré, have, hold:
see habit.] 1. Having power or means suffi-
cient; qualified; competent: as, a man able to
perform military service; a child is not able
to reason on abstract subjects.
Every man shall give as he is able. Deut. xvi. 17.
To be conscious of free-will must mean to be conscious,
before I have decided, that I am able to decide either
way. J. S. Mill.
The memory may be disciplined to such a point as to be
able to perform very extraordinary feats.
Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
2. Legally entitled or authorized; having the
requisite legal qualification: as, an illegitimate
son is not able to take by inheritance.—3. In ablegation (ab-lé-gå'shgn), n.
an absolute sense: (a) Vigorous; active.
His highness comes post from Marseilles, of as able body
as when he numbered thirty. Shak., All's Well, iv. 5.
(b) Having strong or unusual powers of mind,
or intellectual qualifications: as, an able min-
ister.
Provide out of all the people able men. Ex. xviii. 21.
With the assassination of Count Rossi, the ablest of the
Roman patriots, there vanished a last hope of any other
than a violent solution of the Papal question.
E. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 97.
Able for is now regarded as a Scotticism, though Shak-
spere has
“Be able for thine enemy rather in power than use.”
All's Well, i. 1.
His soldiers, worn out with fatigue, were hardly able for
such a march. Principal Robertson.
Able seaman, a seaman who is competent to perform
any work which may be required of him on board ship,
such as fitting and placing rigging, making and mending
sails, in addition to the ability to “hand, reef, and steer.”
= Syn. 1 and 3. Capable, competent, qualified, fitted,
adequate, efficient; strong, sturdy, powerful, vigorous;
talented, accomplished, clever.
ableit (ā’bl), v. t. [K ME. ablem, abilen, ena-
ble, KME. able, abil, able.] 1. To enable.
And life by this death abled shall controll
Death, whom thy death slew. Donne, Resurrection
2. To warrant or answer for.
None does offend, none, I say none; I'll able 'em.
halt., Lear, iv. 6.
[“For some time the verb able was not uncommon.
Bishop Bale uses it often ; Bishop Latimer, Shakespeare,
Dr. Donne, Chapman, etc., have it too.” F. Hall.]
able2 (ā’bl), m. [F.: see ablet.] Same as ablet.
-able, -ible. [(a) ME. -able, KOF. -able, mod.
F. -āble = Sp. -able = Pg. -avel = It. -abile, K L.
libis, acc. abiem; (b) ME-ible, <OF...ible,
-eble, mod. F. —ible = Sp. —ible=Pg. -čvel = It.
-ibile, KL. -ibilis, acc. -ibilem; (c) rarely -eble,
KL. -ébilis, acc. -ābālem, etc.; being -ble, L.
-bilis, suffixed in Latin to a verb-stem ending,
or made to end, in a vowel, a, , e, etc. : See
-ble. Examples are: (a) ami-able, KME. aimi-
ania, Kºmaji, Kºi... ameiniis, friendly,
Kamācā-re, make friendly; (b) horr-ible, KME.
horrible, orrible, K OF. orrible, K L. horribilis,
able-bodied (ā’bl-bod’id), a.
ablegatet (ab'lé-gāt), v. t.
ablegate (ab'lé-gāt), m.
ablen (abſlen), m.
ablenessł (ā’bl-nes), m. [K ME. abulnesse, Kabul,
Ablephari (a-blefºa-ri), m. pl.
ablepsia (a-blep'si-á), m.
ablepsy
ableptically (a-blep’ti-kal-i), adv.
ablet (abſlet), n.
ablet,
Khorrè-re, shudder; (c) del-eble (negative, in-
delible, conformed to preceding), K L. delēbilis,
K delē-re, destroy. From adjectives in -ble are
formed nouns in -ness (-ble-ness), or, from or
after the L., in -bility, which in some cases is a
restored form of ME. and OF. -blete, KL. -bili-
tas, acc. -bill-tat-em. See -ble, -bility, -ity, -ty.]
A common termination of English adjectives,
especially of those based on verbs. To the base to
which it is attached it generally adds the notion of capable
of, worthy of, and sometimes full of, causing: as, obtain-
able, capable of being obtained; tolerable, capable of being
borne ; laudable, worthy of praise ; credible, that may be
believed, or worthy of belief; forcible, full of force; hor-
rible, terrible, full of or causing horror, terror. Many of
these adjectives, such as tolerable, credible, legible, have
been borrowed directly from the Latin or the French, and
are in a somewhat different position from those formed by
adding the termination to an already existing English
word, as in the case of obtainable. Adjectives of this
kind, with a passive signification, are the most numerous,
and the base may be Anglo-Saxon or Latin; eatable, bear-
able, readable, believable, etc., are of the former kind. Of
those in -able with an active signification we may mention
delectable, suitable, capable. Of a neuter signification are
durable, equable, conformable. All these are from verbal
bases, but there are others derived from nouns, such as
actionable, objectionable, peaceable, salable, 8erviceable.
As to when -able and when -ible is to be used, Mr. Fitzed-
ward Hall remarks: “Generally, the termination is -ible,
if the base is the essentially uncorrupted stem of a Latin
infinitive or supine of any conjugation but the first. . . .
To the rule given above, however, there are many excep-
tions. . . . To all verbs, then, from the Anglo-Saxon, to
all based on the uncorrupted infinitival stems of Latin
verbs of the first conjugation, and to all substantives,
whencesoever sprung, we annex -able only.” See his work
“On English Adjectives in - Able, with Special Reference
to Reliable,” pp. 45–47.
[K able1 + body
+ -ed?..] Having a sound, strong body; having
strength sufficient for physical work: as, a
dozen able-bodied men; an able-bodied sailor.
In a ship's papers abbreviated to A. B.
Feeding high, and living soft,
Grew plump and able-bodied.
Tennyson, The Goose.
[KL. ablegatus, pp.
of ablegare, send away, Kab, off, away, + legare,
send as ambassador: see legate.] To send
abroad.
[KL. ablegatus, pp. :
see ablegate, v.] A papal envoy who carries
insignia or presents of honor to newly ap-
pointed cardinals or civil dignitaries. Apostolic
ablegates are of higher rank than those desig-
nated pontifical.
[K L. ablega-
tio(n-), K ablegare: see ablegate, v. J. The act
of ablegating, or sending abroad or away; the
act of sending out.
An arbitrarious ablegation of the spirits into this or that
determinate part of the body.
Dr. H. More, Antid. against Atheism, I. ii. 7.
A dialectal form of ablet.
abel, able, -H -messe, -ness.] Ability; power.
I wist well thine ableness my service to further.
Testa memt of Love.
A group of rep-
tiles taking name from the genus Ablepharus.
Ablepharus (a-blefa-rus), n. [NL., KGr,äß-
gapog, without eyelids, Kö- priv., without, + £3%é-
©apov, eyelid, K 32.Étrety, see. Cf. ablepsia.] A
gºssº Sºf * ... •
sº. º Sºº -------"
** { - * * * * & ºt- -
gº
§Sº .
dº. . . .
Ablepharus.
genus of harmless lizards, family Scincidae,
with five-toed feet and only rudimentary eye-
lids.
[L.L., K. Gr. diffWeipia,
blindness, Kö- priv., not, + Bxe7Tög, K 32&tiew,
see..] Want of sight; blindness. [Rare.]
(a-blepºsi), n. Same as ablepsia.
[K ablepsia
(ablept-) + -ic H- -al-H -ly?..] Blindly; unob-
servingly; inadvertently.
[K F. ablette, dim. of able, K
ML. abula, for albula, a bleak, dim. of L. albus,
white : see alb.] A iocai English (Westmore-
land) name of the bleak. See bleak2, n. Also
called ablem and able.


ablewhackets
ablewhackets (ā’bl-whak-ets), n. [K able (un-
certain, perhaps alluding to able seaman)
+ whack.]. A game of cards played by sailors,
in which the loser receives a whack or blow
With a knotted handkerchief for every game
he loses. Also spelled abelwhackets.
abligatet (abºli-gāt), v. t. [KL. ab, from, --
ligatus, pp. of ligore, tie : see lien and obli-
$ii. To tie up so as to hinder. Bailey.
abligation? (ab-i-gå'shgn), n. The act of tying
up so as to hinder. Smart.
abligurition (ab-lig-li-rish’on), n. IKL. ab-
liguritio(m-), also written abligurrito(m-), a
consuming in feasting, K abligwrrire, consume
in feasting, lit. lick away, K ab, away, + ligur-
fire, lick, be dainty, akin to lingere, lick, and
E. lick, q.v.] Excess; prodigal expense for
food. [Rare.]
ablins, adv. See aiblins.
ablocate (ab'lö-kāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ablo-
Cated, ppr. ablocating. [KL. ablocatus, pp. of
ablocare, let out on hire, Kah, from, F locare,
let out, place : see locate.] foiet out ; léase.
ablocation (ab-ló-kā’shqn), n. A letting for
hire ; lease.
abloom (a-blöm'), prº;
prep., + bloom.1.] In
blossom.
abludeț (ab-löd"), v. i. ; pret. and pp. abluded,
ppr. abluding. [ć L. abludere, be different from,
Kab, from, -H ludere, play. Cf. Gr. atráðetv, sing
out of tune, dissent, y âT6 (= L. ab), from,
+ æðetv, sing.] To be unlike; differ; be out
of harmony. [Rare.]
The wise advice of our Seneca not much abluding from
the counsel of that blessed apostle.
Bp. Hall, Balm of Gilead, vii. 1.
abluent (ab'lú-ent), a. and m. [K L. abluen(t-)s,
ppr. of abluere, wash off, cleanse, Kab, off, -F
phr, as adv. or a. [Ka8,
a blooming state; in
luere = Gr. Aoûetv, wash.] I. a. Washing;
cleansing; purifying.
IR. m. iſ med: (a) That which purifies the
blood, or carries off impurities from the system,
especially from the stomach and intestines; a
detergent. (b) That which removes filth or
viscid matter from ulcers or from the skin.
ablution (ab-lö’shgn), m. [K ME. ablution, ab-
luciown, KOF. ablution, K. L. ablutio(n-), & ań.
luere, wash off: see abluent, a.] 1. a gen-
eral sense, the act of washing; a cleansing
or purification by water.—2. Any ceremonial
washing. (a) Among the Oriental races, a washing of the
person or of parts of it, as the hands and face, and among
the Hebrews also of garments and vessels, as a religious
duty on certain occasions, or in preparation for some
religious act, as a sign of moral purification, and sometimes
in token of innocence of, or absence of responsibility for,
some particular crime or charge (whence the expression
“to wash one's hands of anything”). The Mohammedan
law requires ablution before each of the five daily prayers,
and permits it to be performed with sand when water can-
not be procured, as in the desert.
There is a natural analogy between the ablution of the
body and the purification of the soul.
Jer. Taylor, Worthy Communicant.
(b) In the Rom. Cath. Ch.: (1) The washing of the feet of
the poor (John xiii. 14) on Maundy or Holy Thursday,
called mandatum. (2) The washing of the celebrant's
hands before and after communion. (c) In the Eastern
Church, the purification of the newly baptized on the
eighth day after baptism.
3. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., the wine and water
which after communion are separately poured
into the chalice over the thumb and index-
finger of the officiating priest, who drinks this
ablution before going on with the closing
prayers.-4f. In chem., the purification of
bodies by the affusion of a proper liquor, as
water to dissolve salts.-5. In med., the wash-
ing of the body externally, as by baths, or
internally, by diluent fluids.-6. The water
used in cleansing.
Wash'd by the briny wave, the pious train
Are cleansed, and cast the ablutions in the main.
Pope, Iliad, i. 413.
ablutionary (ab-lö’sh9n-ā-ri), a. Pertaining
to ablution.
abluvion (ab-lö’vi-Qn), n. IK ML. abluvio(n-),
a changed form of L. abluvium, a flood or del-
uge, K abluere, wash off: see abluent, a.] 1+. A
flood.—2. That which is washed off or away.
Dwight. [Rare.]
ably (ā’bli), adv. [KME. abeliche, K abel, able,
+ -liche, 3y2.j In an able manner; with
ability. -
-ably, [K -able + -ly?, ME. abel-liche; so -bly,
-ibly..] The termination of adverbs from adjec-
tives in -able.
abnegate (ab'né-gāt), v. f &
E.; and pp. abne-
gated, ppr. abnegating.
. abnegatus, pp. of
âboard, ( #;"
14
abnegare, refuse, deny, Kab, off, F negare, deny:
see negation.]
self; renounce ; give up or surrender.
The government which . . . could not, without abne-
ating its own very nature, take the lead in making rebel-
ion an excuse for revolution.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 167.
abnegation (ab-nº-gå'shgn), n. IKL., abnega-
tio(n-), denial, Kabnegare, deny: see abnegate.]
The act of abnegating; a renunciation.
With abnegation of God, of his honour, and of religion,
they may retain the friendship of the court.
Knoa, Letter to Queen Reg. of Scot.
Judicious confirmation, judicious abnegation.
Carlyle, The Diamond Necklace.
abnegative (ab'né-gā-tiv or ab-neg'a-tiv), a.
Denying; negative. Clarke. [Rare.]
abnegator (ab'né-gā-tgr), n. [L., a denier.]
One who abnegates, denies, renounces, or op-
oses. Sir E. Sandys.
abnerval (ab-nēr’val), a. [K L. ab, from, +
nervus, nerve..] From or away from the nerve.
Applied to electrical currents passing in a muscular fiber
from the point of application of a nerve-fiber toward the
extremities of the muscular fiber.
abnet (ab'net), n. [K Heb. abnét, a belt.] 1.
In Jewish antiq., a girdle of fine linen worn by
priests. Also called abanet.
A long array of priests, in their plain white garments
overWrapped by abnets of many folds and gorgeous colors.
- L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 530.
2. In surg., a bandage resembling a Jewish
riest's girdle.
abnodatet (ab'nº-dāt), v. t. [KL, abnodatus, pp.
of abnodare, cut off knots, K ab (= E. off) +
nodare, fill with knots, K modus = E. knot; see
node and knot..] To cut knots from, as trees.
JBlount.
abnodation? (ab-nē-dà'shgn), n.
cutting away the knots of trees.
abnormal (ab-nór (mal), a. [K L. abnormis,
deviating from a fixed rule, irregular, K ab,
from, + norma, a rule: see norm and normal.
Earlier anormal, q, v.] Not conformed or
conforming to rule; deviating from a type or
standard; contrary to system or law; irregu-
lar; unnatural.
An argument is, that the above-specified breeds, though
agreeing generally in constitution, habits, voice, colour-
ing, and in most parts of their structure, with the wild
rock pigeon, yet are certainly highly abnormal in other
parts of their structure. Darwin, Origin of Species, i.
Abnormal dispersion. See dispersion. *
Abnormales (ab-nór-mâſlēz), n. pl. [NL.,
pl. of abnormalis : see abnormal.] TIn ornith.,
in Garrod's and Forbes's arrangement of Pas-
Seres, a division of the Oscines or Acromyodi
established for the Australian genera Memura
and Atrichia, the lyre-bird and scrub-bird, on
account of the abnormal construction of the
syrinx. See Atrichiida, and Memuridae.
abnormality (ab-nór-mal’i-ti), n. IK abnormal
+ -ity.] 1. The state or quality of being ab-
normal; deviation from a standard, rule, or
type ; irregularity; abnormity.
The recognition of the abnormality of his state was in
this case, at any rate, assured. Mind, IX. 112.
2. That which is abnormal: that which is
characterized by deviation from a standard,
rule, or type ; an abnormal feature.
The word [vice], in its true and original meaning, signi-
fies a fault, an abnormality. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 234.
A single [human] body presented the extraordinary
number of twenty-five distinct abnormalities.
Darwin, Descent of Man, I. 105.
abnormally (ab-nór’mal-i), adv. In an ab-
normal manner.
Impressions made on the retina abnormally from within,
by the mind or imagination, are also sometimes projected
outward, and become the delusive signs of external ob-
jects having no existence. Le Conte, Sight, p. 72.
abnormity (ab-nór (mi-ti), n. [K abnormous
+ -ity, on type of enormity, Kenormous.] Irreg-
ularity; deformity; abnormality.
Blonde and whitish hair being, properly speaking, an
abnormity. #óp. Sci. Mo., XXII. 67.
The faradaic current which cures some deep-seated ab-
mormity of nutrition. J. Fiske, Cos. Phil., I. 302.
abnormous (ab-nór (mus), a. [K.L. abnormis,
with suffix -ows, like enormous, K L. enormis :
see abnormal.] Abnormal; misshapen.
The general structure of the couplet through the 17th
century may be called abnormous.
Hallam, Lit. Hist., IV. 251.
prep. phr. as adv. and prep.
[K ME. on borde, KAS. on borde (dat.), .#
(acc.): prep. om, on; bord, plank, side of a ship:
see board. Cf. F. aller d bord, go aboard;
D. aan boord gaan, go aboard. The Fºº borá
The act of
To deny (anything) to one's
abodance? (a-bó'dans), n.
abodel (a-böd’), n.
aboil
has merged in the E. phrase. Cf. aboard2.]
I. adv. 1. On the deck or in the hold of a shi
or vessel; into or upon a vessel. [In the U. S.
used also of railroad-cars and other vehicles.]
He lowdly cald to such as were abord.
, Spenser, I'. Q., II. vi. 4.
2. Alongside; by the side; on one side.
He was desirous of keeping the coast of America aboard,
Cook, Voyages.
Aboard main tack! (mawt.), an order to haul one of
the lower corners of the mainsail down to the chess-
tree.—All aboard the order to go on board or enter,
upon the starting of a vessel or (U. S.) railroad-train.—
To fall aboard of, to come or strike against : said of a
ship which strikes against another broadside on or at an
obtuse angle. Such a collision is distinctively called an
abordage.—To get aboard, to get foul of, as a ship.–
To go aboard, to enter a ship ; embark.—To haul
aboard (mawt.), to haul down the weather-clew of the fore
or main course by the tack to the bumkin, or deck.--To
keep the land or coast aboard (mawt.), to keep within
sight of land while sailing along it. *
We sailed leisurely down the coast before a light fair
wind, keeping the land well aboard.
R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 124.
To lay aboard (mawt.), to run alongside of, as an enemy's
ship, for the purpose of fighting.
II. prep. 1. On board; into.
We left this place, and were again conveyed aboard our
ship. Fielding, Voyage to Lisbon.
2. Upon; across; athwart. [Rare.] .
Nor iron bands aboard
The Pontic sea by their huge navy cast.
Spenser, Virgil's Gnat, l. 46.
aboard?t (a-bórd’), n., [K. F. abord, approach,
Kaborder, approach the shore, land, approach,
accost (cf. } bord, on board), K_d (K.L. ad), to,
+ bord, edge, margin, shore, K D. boord, edge,
brim, bank, board (of a ship): see aboardi.]
Approach. Also spelled abord.
He would, . . . at the first aboard of a stranger, . . .
frame a right apprehension of him.
Sir K. Digby, Nat, of Bodies, p. 253.
abocockt, abococked!, n. Corrupt forms of by-
cocket. Compare abacot.
IK abode? -- -ance.]
An omen.
Verbum valde ominatum, an ill abodance.
º T. Jackson, Works, II. 635.
[K ME. abood, abod, ear-
lier abad, continuance, stay, delay, KME. abiden
(pret. abod, earlier abad), abide : see abide1.]
1. Stay; continuance in a place; residence for
a time.
I was once in Italy myself, but I thank God my abode
there was only nine days.
Ascham, quoted by Lowell, Study Windows, p. 406.
2. A place of continuance; a dwelling; a habi-
tation.
But I know thy abode, and thy going out, *} thy com-
& 2 Ki
ing in. i. xix. 27.
3t. Delay: as, “fled away without abode,”
Spenser.—To make abode, to dwell or reside. = Syn.
2. Residence, dwelling, habitation, domicile, home, house,
lodging, quarters, homestead.
abode2 (a-bód'). Preterit of abidel.
abode&# (à-böd"), n., [KME. abode, Kabeden (pp.
aboden), «AS. ābeódan: see a-1 and bode2.] An
omen; a prognostication ; a foreboding.
Astrologicall and other like vaine predictions and abodes.
Lydgate.
High-thund'ring Juno's husband stirs my spirit with true
abodes. Chapman, Iliad, xiii. 146.
abodeºt (a-bód’), v. [Kabode9, n.] I, trans. To
foreshow; prognosticate; forebode.
This tempest
Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded
The sudden breach on’t. hak., Hen. VIII., i. 1.
II. intrans. To be an omen; forebode: as,
“this abodes sadly,” Dr. H. More, Decay of
Christian Piety.
abodementt (a-böd’ment), n. . [K abode9 +
-ment.] Foreboding; prognostication; omen.
Tush, man l abodements must hot now affright us.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 7.
aboding? (a-bó’ding), n. [Verbal n. of abode9.
Cf. boding..] Presentiment; prognostication;
foreboding: as, “strange ominous abodings and
fears,” Bp. Bull, Works, II. 489.
abogado (ä-bö-gā’dó), n. [Sp., K.L. advocatus:
See advocate.] An advocate ; a counselor':
used in parts of the United States settled by
Spaniards.
aboideau (a-boi-dóſ), n. [F. (Saintonge) abo-
teau.] A dike with a sluice for }. Water
accumulating behind it, so arranged that tide-
waste cannot flow back through it.
aboil (a-boil'), prep. phr, as adv, or a. [Ka8,
prep., + boil?..] In or into a boiling state.
- - abolete -
abolete}(ab’ā-lāt), a...[KL. *abolātus, pp. of abo-
lescere, decay, K abolère, destroy: see abolish.]
Old : obsolete.
abolish (gºbolish), v. t. [Klate ME, abolysshen,
K OF. abolis8-, extended stem of abolir, K L.
abolāre, destroy, abolish, K ab, from, -- *olere,
in comp., grow.] To do away with; put an en
to ; destroy; efface or obliterate; annihilate:
as, to abolish customs or institutions; to abolish
slavery; to abolish idols (Isa. ii. 18); to abolish
death (2 Tim. i. 10).
Abolish th * wilt º ;
1O UIETIIlºke
olish thy creation, an a hast made?
For him, what for thy glory tho
3. Milton, P. L., iii. 163.
Congress can, by edict, . . . abolish slavery, and pay
for such slaves as we ought to pay for.
Emerson, Misc., p. 285.
His quick, instinctive hand
Caught at the hiſt, as to abolish him. tº
Tennyson, Geraint.
=Syn. To Abolish, Repeal, Rescind, Recall, Revoke, Abro-
gate, Annul, Cancel, end, destroy, do away with, set aside,
nullify, annihilate, quash, vacate, make void, extirpate,
eradicate, suppress, uproot, erase, expunge. Abolish is a
strong word, and signifles a complete removal, generally
but not always by a summary act. It is the word specially
used in connection with things that have been long estab-
lished or deeply rooted, as an institution or a custom: as
to abolish slavery or polygamy. Repeal is generally use
of the formal rescinding of a legislative act. Abrogate,
to abolish summarily, more often as the act of a ruler, but
sometimes of a representative body. Annul, literally to
bring to nothing, to deprive of all force or obligation, as a
law or contract. Rescind (literally, to cut short) is coex-
tensive in meaning with both repeal and annul. Recall,
wevoke (see renownce). Cancel is not used of laws, but
of deeds, bonds, contracts, etc., and figuratively of what-
ever may be thought of as crossed out. . [In legal parlance,
rescind is never applied to a statute; it is the common ex-
pression for the act of a party in justly repudiating a con-
tract. Repeal is never applied to a contract; it is the
common expression for the termination of the existence
of a statute by a later statute. Annul is the common ex-
pression for the judicial act of a court in terminating the
existence of any obligation or conveyance. Cancel is used
when the instrument is obliterated actually or in legal
contemplation; the other words when the obligation is
annihilated irrespective of whether the instrument is left
intact or not.]
I have never doubted the constitutional authority of
Congress to abolish slavery in this District [of Columbia].
Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 184.
Leaving out amended acts and enumerating only acts
entirely repealed, the result is that in the last three
sessions there have been repealed . . . 650 acts belonging
to the present reign. H. Spencer, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 6.
The king also rescinded the order by which the Bishop
of London had been suspended from the exercise of his
functions. Buckle.
Whose laws, like those of the Medes and Persians, they
cannot alter or abrogate. - Burke.
Your promises are sins of inconsideration at best ; an
you are bound to repent and annul them. Swif
I here forget all former griefs,
Cancel all grudge. Shak., T. G. of V., v. 4.
abolishable (a-bol’ish-a-bl.), a. [K abolish +
-able. Cf. F. abolissable.] Čapable of being
abolished or annulled, as a law, rite, custom,
etc.; that may be set aside or destroyed.
And yet . . . hope is but deferred; not abolished, not
abolishable. Carlyle, French Rev., I. ii. 8.
abolisher (a-bol’ish-ör), m. . [K abolish -- -erl.]
One who or that which abolishes.
abolishment (a-bol’ish-ment), n. IK abolish +
-ment. Cf. F. abolissement.]" The act of abolish-
ing or of putting an end to ; abrogation; de-
struction; abolition. [Now rare.]
He should think the abolishment of Episcopacy among
us would prove a mighg scandal.
wift, Sent. of a Ch. of Eng. Man.
abolition (ab-5-lish 'gn), n. IK F. abolition,
KL. abolitio(n-), K aboléré, annul, abolish: see
abolish.] 1. The act of abolishing, or the state
of being abolished; annulment; abrogation;
utter destruction: as, the abolition of laws,
decrees, ordinances, rites, customs, debts, etc.;
the abolition of slavery. The most frequent use of
the word in recent times has been in connection with the
effort to put an end to the system of slavery, which was
finally accomplished in the United States in 1865 by the
thirteenth amendment to the Constitution.
For the amalgamation of races, and for the abolition of
villenage, she [Britain] is chiefly indebted to the influence
which the priesthood in the middle ages exercised over
the laity. Macawlay, Hist. Eng., i.
2#. In law : (a) Permission to desist from
further prosecution. (b) Remission of pun-
ishment ; condonation. [In the civil, French, and
German law, abolition is used nearly synonymously with
pardom, remission, grace. Grace is the generic term;
pardon, by those laws, is the clemency extended by the
prince to a participant in crime who is not a principal or
accomplice; remission is granted in cases of involuntary
homicide and self-defense. Abolition is used when the
crime cannot be remitted. The prince by letters of aboli-
tion may remit the punishment, but the infamy remains
unless letters of abolition have been obtained before sen-
£
-
abominable (a-bom’i-na-bl), a.
abominableness (a-bom/i-na-bl-nes), m.
abominate (a-bom’i-nāt), a.
abomination (a-bom-i-nā’shgn), n.
15
tence has been rendered. Bouvier.j=Syn. Overthrow,
annulment, obliteration, extirpation, suppression.
abolitional (ab-ê-lish'gn-al), a. Pertaining or
relating to abolition.
abolitionary (ab-ê-lish'gn-á-ri), a. Destructive;
abolitional. -
abolitionism (ab-à-lish'on-izm), n. [Kabolition
+ -ism.] Belief in the principle of abolition,
as of slavery; devotion to or advocacy of the
opinions of abolitionists.
abolitionist (ab-3-lish'on-ist), n. [Kabolition
-ist; + F. abolition.niste.] A person who
favors the abolition of some law, institution,
or custom. Specifically, one of those who favored
and Sought to effect the abolition of slavery in the United
States. . Before 1830 these persons generally advocated
gradual and yoluntary emancipation. After that time
many began to insist on immediate abolition, without
regard to the wishes of the slaveholders. A portion of
the abolitionists formed the Liberty party, which after-
Ward acted with the Free-soil and Repúblican parties, and
finally became merged in the latter. "See abolition, 1.
abolitionize (ab-à-lish'gn-iz), v. t.; pret, and
pp. abolitionized, ppr. abolitionizing. To im-
bue with the doctrines or principles of aboli-
tionists.
abolla (a-bol’É), n. ; pl. abollaº (-3). . [L., KGr.
ãºgoź. contracted form of avaflo2%, a cloak,
KávagáWWelv, throw back, Kāvá, back, -H 3áWAetv,
throw. The Gr. form ā962%a was in turn bor-
rowed from the Latin.] In Rom. antiq., a loose
Woolen cloak. Its precise form is not known; it dif-
fered from the toga, and was worn especially by soldiers;
perhaps on this account, it was adopted by Stoic philoso-
phers, who affected great austerity of life, whence Juve-
mal's expression facinus majorig abollae, a crime of a deep
# philosopher.
aboma (a-bó'mâ), m. [= Pg. aboma, K. Guiana
aboma : see bom, boma.] A large boa oranaconda
of the family Pythonidae or Boidae, of the warmer
parts of America. The species is not determined, and
the name is probably of general applicability to the huge
tree-snakes of the American tropics. As a book-name,
aboma is identified with the Epicrates cenchris, usually
misspelled Epicratis cemchria, after the Penny Cyc., 1836.
This is a species called by Sclater the thick-necked tree.
boa. A Venezuelan species is known as the brown aboma,
Epicrates maurus. Some such serpent is also called the
ringed boa, Boa aboma. In any case, the aboma is a near
relative of the anaconda, Eumectes murinus, and of the
common boa, Boa constrictor. Compare boa, and bom.
The tamacuilla huilia or aboma appears to be the ser-
pent worshipped by the ancient Mexicans. It is of gigan-
tic size. S. G. Goodrich, Johnson's Nat. Hist., II. 406.
abomasum (ab-3-mâ’ sum), n. ; pl. abomasa
(-sä). [NL., K. L. ab, from, +, omasum.]. The
fourth or true stomach of ruminating animals,
lying next to the omasum or third stomach,
and opening through the pylorus into the duo-
denum. See cut under ruminant.
abomasus (ab-3-mâ'sus), n. ; pl. abomasi (-Si).
Same as abomasum.
[K ME. abomi-
nable, abhominable, KOF. abominable = Pr: ab-
homenable = Sp. abominable = Pe. abominavel
= It. abominabile, K.L. abominabilis, deserving
abhorrence, Kabominari, abhor, deprecate as
an ill omen: see abominate. For the old spell-
ing abhominable, see that form.] Deserving or
liable to be abominated; detestable; loath-
some ; odious to the mind; offensive to the
Senses. In colloquial language especially, abominable
often means little more than excessive, extreme, very dis-
agreeable: as, his self-conceit is abominable.
This infernal pit
Abominable, accursed, the house of woe.
Milton, P. L., x. 464.
The captain was convicted of the murder of a cabin-boy,
after a long course of abominable ill-treatment.
H. N. Oacenham, Short Studies, p. 54.
=Syn. Eacecrable, Horrible, etc. (see nefarious), detest-
able, loathsome, hateful, shocking, horrid, revolting, in-
tolerable. See list under detestable.
The
quality or state of being abominable, detest-
able, or odious.
abominably (a-bom’i-na-bli), adv. In an abomi-
nable manner or degree; execrably; detestably;
sinfully. Sometimes equivalent in colloquial speech to
excessively or disagreeably: as, he is abominably vain.
abominate (a-bom’i-nāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
abominated, ppr. abominating. [K L. abomina-
tus, pp. of abominári, abhor, deprecate as an
ill omen, Kab, from, + ominári, regard as an
OLT16Il forebode, Komen (omin-), an omen: see
omen. To hate extremely; abbor; detest.
You will abominate the use of all unfair arts.
- C. Mather, Essays to Do Good.
=Syn. Abhor, Detest, etc. See hate.
[K L. abominatus,
pp.; see above..] Detested; held in abomi-
nation.
[K ME.
abominacion, abhominacioun, abhominacyon, K
abominator (a-bom’i-nā-tor), m.
abomine? (a-bom’in), v. t.
abordlt (a-bórd’), n.
abordli (a-bórd’), v. t.
abord?? (a-bórd’), adv.
abordage (a-bór’dāj), n.
aboriginal (ab-3-rij'i-nal), a. and m.
aboriginal
OF. abominacion, K. L. abominatio(n-), K abomi.
nari, abhor: see abominate, v.] 1. #he act of
abominating or the state of being abominated;
the highest degree of aversion; detestation.
Who have nothing in so great abomination as those they
hold for heretics. Swift.
2. That which is abominated or abominable;
an object greatly disliked or abhorred; hence,
hateful or shameful vice.
Every shepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians.
Gen. xlvi. 34.
Ashtoreth, the abomination of the Zidonians,
2 Ki. xxiii. 13.
The adulterous Antony, most large
In his abominations. ., A. and C., iii. 6.
3. In the Bible, often, that which is ceremo-
nially impure ; ceremonial impurity; defile-
ment; that which defiles. = Syn. 1. Detestation,
loathing, disgust, abhorrence, repugnance, horror, aver-
sion.— 2. Filthiness, foulness, impurity, grossness.
One who
abominates or detests.
[KF. abominer, K L.
abominari : see abominate, v.] To abominate:
as, “I abomine 'em,” Swift.
apºg (a-bón’), prep. and adv. [Sc., also abune,
ME. abuven : see above..] Above. [North.
English and Scotch.]
And thou shalt bathe thee in the stream
That rolls its whitening foam aboom.
J. R. Drake, Culprit Fay, xxxii.
aborad (ab–6'rad), adv. [Kab- + orad. Cf. ab-
oral.] In anat, away from the mouth: the op-
posite of orad.
Thacher has employed orad both as adjective and ad-
verb, but the correlative aborad, which might have been
expected, has not been observed by us in his papers.
Wilder and Gage, Anat. Tech., p. 23.
âboral (ab-3'ral), a. ſ. L. at, from, Fos (or),
mouth: see oral.] In anat., pertaining to or
situated at the opposite extremity from the
mouth: opposed to adoral.
If we imagine the Astrophyton with its mouth turned
upward and its arms brought near together, and the
aboral region furnished with a long, jointed, and flexible
stem, we shall have a form not very unlike the Pentacri-
nus caput-medusae of the West Indies.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 324.
aborally (ab-6'ral-i), adv. In an aboral man-
ner or place ; at, near, or in the direction of
the aboral end; aborad : as, situated aborally.
[Same as aboard2, q.v. :
see also border.] 1. Arrival; approach.-2.
Manner of accosting ; address; salutation.
Your abord, I must tell you, was too cold and uniform.
Chesterfield.
[K F. aborder, ap-
roach : see aboard?..] To approach; accost.
At a loss. [Rare.]
Used in the following extract probably for abroad, in the
sense of adrift.
That how tº acquit themselves unto the Lord
They were in doubt, and flatly set abord.
Spemser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 324.
[F., K aborder, board:
1. The act of boarding a vessel,
See fall
see abordl.]
as in a sea-fight.— 2. A collision.
aboard of, under aboard 1.
aborigen, aborigin (ab-or’i-jen, -jin), n. [Sing.,
from L. pl. aborigines.] Same as aborigine.
Rare.]
[K L. pl.
aborigines, the first inhabitants; specifically, the
primeval Romans: see aborigines. Cf. original,
and L. aborigineus, aboriginal.] I. a. 1. Exist-
ing from the origin or beginning ; hence, first;
original ; primitive: as, aboriginal people are
the first inhabitants of a country known to
history.
It was soon made manifest . . . that a people inferior
to mone existing in the world had been formed by the
mixture of three branches of the great Teutonic family
with each other, and with the aboriginal Britons.
Macaulay.
2. Pertaining to aborigines; hence, primitive;
simple; unsophisticated : as, aboriginal cus-
toms; aboriginal apathy.
There are doubtless many aboriginal minds by which no
other conclusion is conceivable.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol.
3. In geol. and bot., native ; indigenous; au-
tochthonous. = Syn. Indigenous, etc. See original.
See also primary.
II. m. 1. An original inhabitant ; one of the
people living in a country at the period of the
earliest historical knowledge of it ; an autoch-
thon.—2. A species of animals or plants which
originated within a given area.
It may well be doubted whether this frog is an aborigi-
mal of these islands. Darwin, Voyage of Beagle, xvii.
aboriginality
aboriginality (ab-3-rij-i-nal’i-ti), n. The
quality or state of being aboriginal. N. E. D.
aboriginally (ab-3-riji-nal-i), adv. In an ab-
ºnal manner; originally; from the very
St.
There are hardly any domestic races . .
... which have
... as the descendants of aboriginally
Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 16.
aboriginary (ab-3-rij'i-nā-ri), n. An aborigi-
mal imbabitant. N. E. D. -
ab origine (ab 6-rij'i-nē). [L. : ab, from; ori-
gine, abl. of origo, origin..] From the origin,
beginning, or start. *.
aborigine (ab-3-rij'i-nē), m. [Sing. from L. pl.
aborigines, as if the latter were an E. word.]
One of the aborigines (which see); an aborigi-
nal. Also called aborigen, aborigin.
aborigines (abºrijºi isz, m. pl. [L. aborig-
ines, pl., appar. at first a proper name (of un-
known origin), but later accepted as a com-
mon name for the earliest ancestors of the
Roman people, as if from ab, from, + origo
(origin-), origin, beginning.] 1. The primitive
inhabitants of a country.—2. The original
fauna and flora of a given geographical
8,I’é8.
aborsement? (a-bórs’ ment), n. [K L. aborsus,
lbrought forth prematurely (collateral form of
abortus : see abort, v.), + -ment.] Abortion,
Bp. Hall.
aborsive? (a-bór'siv), a. [K L. aborsus, collat-
eral form of abortus (see abort, v.), + E. –ive.]
Abortive ; premature. Fuller.
abort (a-bórt'), v. i. [K L. abortare, miscarry,
Kabortus, pp. of aboriri, miscarry, fail, K ab,
from, away, + oriri, arise, grow.] 1. To mis-
carry in giving birth.-2. To become aborted
or abortive ; appear or remain in a rudimen-
tary or undeveloped state: as, organs liable to
abort.
abortionist (a-bór’shgn-ist), n.
abortive (a-bór’tiv), a. and n.
abortiveness (a-bór’tiv-nes), m.
abortment# (a-bórt’ ment), n.
16
thing which fails in its progress before it is
matured or perfected, as a design or project.—
4. In bot, and 206l., the arrested development
of an organ at a more or less early stage.
In the complete abortion of the rostellum [of Cephalam-
thera grandiflora] we have evidence of degradation.
Darwin, Fertil, of Orchids by Insects, p. 80.
He [Mr. Bates] claims for that family [the Heliconidae]
the highest position, chiefly because of the imperfect
structure of the fore legs, which is there carried to an ex-
treme degree of abortion.
A. R. Wallace, Nat. Selec., p. 133.
abortional (a-bór'shgn-al), a. Of the nature of
an abortion; characterized by failure.
The treaty . . . proved abortional, and never came to
fulfilment. Carlyle, Frederick the Great, VI. xv. 22.
[K abortion +
—ist.] One who produces or aims to produce
a criminal abortion; especially, one who makes
a practice of so doing.
He [Dr. Robb] urged the necessity of physicians using
all their influence to discountenance the work of abor-
tionists. N. Y. Med. Jowr., XL. 580.
[K L. abortivus,
born prematurely, causing abortion, K abortus,
#. of aboriri, miscarry : see abort, v.] I. a. 1.
pought forth in an imperfect condition; im-
perfectly formed or inadequately developed, as
an animal or vegetable production; rudimen-
tary.—2. Suppressed; kept imperfect; re-
maining rudimentary, or not advancing to per-
fection in form or function: a frequent use of
the term in zoölogy. Compare vestigial.
The toes [of seals) are completely united by strong webs,
and the straight mails are sometimes reduced in number,
or even altogether abortive. Hwacley, Anat. Vert., p. 359.
The power of voluntarily uncovering the camine [tooth]
on one side of the face being thus often wholly lost, indi-
cates that it is a rarely used and almost abortive action.
Darwin, Express. of Emot., p. 253.
Hence—3. Not brought to completion or to a
successful issue; failing ; miscarrying ; com-
ing to nought: as, an abortive scheme.
Abortive as the first-born bloom of spring,
Nipp'd with the lagging rear of winter's frost.
Milton, S.A., l. 1576.
He made a salutation, or, to speak nearer the truth, an
ill-defined, abortive attempt at courtesy.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, vii.
4. In bot., defective; barren, A. Gray-5. Pro-
ducing nothing; chaotic ; ineffectual.
The void profound
Of unessential Night receives him next,
Wide-gaping ; and with utter loss of being
Threatens him, plunged in that abortive gulf.
Milton, P. L., ii. 438.
6. In med., producing or intended to produce
abortion ; abortifacient ; as, abortive drugs.—
7. Deformed; monstrous. [Rare.]
Thou elvish-mark'd, abortive, rooting hog
Thou that wast seal’d in thy nativity
The slave of mature and the son of hell !
Shak., Rich. III., i. 3.
Abortive vellum, vellum made from the skin of a still-
born calf.
II. m. [KL. abortivum, an abortion, abortive
medicine ; neut. of abortivus, a.: see the adj.]
1. That which is produced prematurely ; an
abortion ; a monstrous birth.
Abortives, presages, and tongues of heaven.
Shak., K. John, iii. 4,
2. A drug causing abortion; an abortifacient.
abortivef (a-bór’tiv), v. I. trans. To cause to
fail or miscarry. *
He wrought to abortive the bill before it came to the
birth. Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, i. 148.
II. intrans. To fail; perish; come to nought.
Thus one of your bold thunders may abortive,
And cause that birth miscarry.
Tomkis (?), Albumazar, i. 3.
When peace came so near to the birth, how it abortived,
and by whose fault, come now to be remembered.
Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, ii. 147.
abortively (a-bór’tiv-li), adv. In an abortive
or untimely manner; prematurely ; imperfect-
ly; ineffectually; as an abortion.
If abortively poor man must die
Nor reach what reach he might, why die in dread?
Yowng, Night Thoughts, vii.
The enterprise in Ireland, as elsewhere, terminated abor-
tively. Froude, Hist. Eng., IV. 94.
The quality
or state of being, or of tending to become,
abortive; a failure to reach perfection or ma-
turity; want of success or accomplishment.
[K abort, v., +
-ment, H. F. avortement, Sp., abortamiento, Pg.
abortamento.] An untimely birth; an abortion.
The earth, in whose womb those deserted mineral riches
not been ranked . .
distinct species.
In the pelagic Phyllirhöe, the foot aborts, as well as the
mantle, and the body has the form of an elongated sac.
Hwæley, Amat. Invert., p. 438.
The temperature now falls, and the disease (smallpox]
in some cases will abort at this stage [at the end of forty-
eight hours}. Quain, Med. Dict., p. 1442.
abortt (a-bórt'), n., [K L. abortus, an abor-
tion, miscarriage, K abortus, pp. of aboriri :
see abort, v.] An abortion. Burton.
aborted, (a-bór’ted), p. a. 1. Brought forth
before its time.—2. Imperfectly developed;
incapable of discharging its functions; not
having acquired its functions.
Although the eyes of the Cirripeds are more or less
aborted in their mature state, they retain sufficient sus-
ceptibility of light to excite retraction of the cirri.
Owen, Comp. Anat., xiii.
aborticide (a-bór’ti-sid), m. [K L. abortus (see
abort, n.) + -cidium (as in homicidium, homi-
cide1), K cacdere, kill.] In obstet, the destruc-
tion of a fetus in the uterus; feticide.
abortient (a-bór'shient), a. [KLL. abortien(t-)s,
ppr. of abortire, miscarry, equiv. to abortare:
see abort, v.] In bot, sterile; barren.
abortifacient (a-bór-ti-fa'shient), a. and n.
[K L. abortus (see abort, m.) + facien(t-)s, ppr.
of facere, make.] I. a. Producing abortion:
said of drugs and operative procedures.
II. m. In med., whatever is or may be used
to produce abortion.
The almost universal keeping of abortifacients by drug-
gists, despite statutes to the contrary.
jºr N. Y. Independent, July 24, 1873.
âbortion (a-bór’sh9m), n. [K L. abortio(n-),
miscarriage, K aboriri, miscarry : see abort,
w.] 1. Miscarriage ; the expulsion of the fetus
before it is viable —that is, in women, be-
fore about the 28th week of gestation. Expul-
sion of the fetus occurring later than this, but before the
normal time, is called (when not procured by art, as by a
surgical operation) premnature, labor. A somewhat use-
less distinction has been sometimes drawn between abor-
tion and miscarriage, by which the former is made to
refer to the first four months of pregnancy and the latter
to the following three months. Crioninal abortion is pre:
meditated or intentional abortion procured, at any period
of pregnancy, by artificial means, and solely for the pur-
pose of preventing the birth of a living child; feticide.
At common law the criminality depended on the abortion
being caused after quickening. Some modern statutes
provide otherwise.
In the penitential discipline of the Church, abortion was
placed in the same category as infanticide, and the stern
sentences to which the guilty person was subject imprint-
ed on the minds of Christians, more deeply than any mere
exhortations, a sense of the enormity of the crime.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 24.
2. The product of untimely birth; hence, a
misshapen being ; a monster.—3. Any fruit
or product that does not come to maturity;
hence, frequently, in a figurative sense, any-
must ever lie buried as lost abortments.
Bacom, Phys. and Med. Remains,
aboulia, aboulomania, n.
about
abortus (a-bór’tus), n.4, pl. abortus. [L.,
abortion: see abort, n.] "In med., the fruit
an abortion; a child born before the proper
time; an abortion.
Abothrophera (a-both-rof’º-rá), n. pl....[NL.,
prop; *abothrophora, K. Gr. - priv. F 666poc, a
pit, + -%pog, Kºćpetv = E. bearl.] A group of
old-world Solenoglyph venomous serpents, cor-
responding to the family Viperida. So called be.
cause of the absence of a pit between the eyes and nose,
contrasting in this respect with the Bothrophera.
8. It
Of
aboughtſ, pret. of aby. [See aby..] Endured;
atoned for; paid dearly for.
The vengeans of thilke yre
That Atheon aboughte trewely.
haucer, Knight's Tale, l. 1445.
Same as abulia.
abound (a-bound'), v. i. [K ME. abounden,
abwnden, sometimes spelled habunden, KOF.
abonder, habonder, F. abonder = Sp. Pg. abun-
dar = It. abbondare, K L. abundare, overflow,
Kab, from, away, + wºndare, rise in waves, over-
flow, Kwnda, a wave: see undulate. Cf. redownd,
surround.] 1. To be in great plenty; be very
prevalent.
Where sin abounded, grace did much more abound.
JROm. v. 20.
In every political part; in the Cabinet itself, duplicity
and perfidy abounded. Macawlay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
2. To be unstinted in possession or supply (of
anything); be copiously provided or furnished
(with anything). (a) To be rich or affluent (in), as
that which is a special property or characteristic, or con-
stitutes an individual distinction: as, he abounds in
wealth or in charity.
Nature abounds in wits of every kind,
And for each author can a talent find.
Dryden, Art of Poetry, i. 13.
(b) To teem or be replete (with), as that which is furnished
or supplied, or is an intrinsic characteristic : as, the coun-
try abounds with wealth, or with fine scenery.
The faithful man shall abound with blessings.
Prov. xxviii. 20.
To abound in or with one's own senset, to be at
liberty to hold or follow one's own opinion or judgment.
I meddle not with Mr. Ross, but leave him to abound
in his own sense. Bramhall, ii. 632.
Moreover, as every one is said to abound with his own
sense, and that among the race of man-kind, Opinions
and Fancies are found to be as various as the severall
Faces and Voyces; so in each individual man there is a
differing facultie of Observation, of Judgement, of Appli-
cation. Howell, Forreine Travell, i.
aboundancet (a-boun'dans), n. An old form of
abundance. Time's Storehouse, ii.
abounding (a-boun’ding), n. [Verbal n. of
abound.] The state of being abundant; abun-
dance: increase. South, Sermons. II. 220.
abounding (a-bounding), p. a. Overflowing;
lentiful; abundant: as, abounding wealth.
sº (a-bout'), adv. and prep. [KME. about,
aboute, earlier abouten, abute, abutem, KAS. ābū-
tan (= OFries. Óbüta), about, around, K d- for
on (the AS. form onbütan also occurs, with
an equiv. ymbiºtan, round about, Kymbe, ynb,
around, about, - G. win = Gr. Öppi : see am-
phi-) + biſtan, outside, K be, by, + ſtan, out-
side, from without, K iſt, prep. and adv., out:
see on, by, be-2, and out..] I. adv. 1. Around;
in circuit ; circularly ; round and round ; on
every side ; in every direction ; all around.
Brithee, do not turn me about ; my stomach is not con-
Stant. k., Tempest, ii. 2.
Algiers , measures barely one league about.
- J. Morgan, Hist. Algiers.
2. Circuitously; in a roundabout course.
God led the people about through the way of the wilder-
CSS. Ex. xiii. 18.
To wheel three or four miles about. Shak., Cor., i. 6.
3. Hither and thither; to and fro; up and
down ; here and there.
He that goeth about as a tale-bearer. Prov. xx. 19.
Wandering about from house to house. 1 Tim. v. 13.
We followed the guide about among the tombs for a
While. Warmer, Roundabout Journey, xii.
4. Near in time, number, quantity, quality, or
degree; nearly; approximately; almost.
He went out about the third hour, Mat. xx. 3.
Light travels about 186,000 miles a second.
J. N. Lockyer, Elem, Astron.
The first two are about the nicest girls in all London.
Hawley Smart, Social Sinners, I. 182.
[In contracts made on the New York Stock Exchange, the
term about means “not more than three days.” When
applied to time, and “not more than 10 per cent.” When
used with reference to a number of shares.]
5. In readiness; intending; going: after the
verb to be.
The house which I am about to build. 2 Chron. ii. 9.
As the shipmen were about to flee out of the ship.
Acts xxvii. 30.
Il
the force of an imperative.
About, my braini Shak, Hamlet, i. 2.
To be about, to be astr; be on the move; be attending
to one's usual duties.—Tob -
as, to bring about a reconciliation.--To come about, to
come to pass; happen.—To go about, (a) Literally, to
take a circuitous route; hence, to devise roundabout or
Secret methods of accomplishing anything; contrive; pre-
pare ; seek the means. -
Why go ye about to kill me? John vii. 19.
If we look into the eyes of the youngest person, we
sometimes discover that here is one who knows already
what you would go about with much pains to teach him.
Emerson, Old Age.
b) Nawt., to take a different direction, as a vessel in tack-
.—Much about, very nearly: as, his health is much
about the same as yesterday.— Put about, annoyed;
disturbed ; provoked: as, he was much put about by the
news.-Ready about . About ship ! orders to a crew
to prepare for tacking.—Right about 1. Left about !
§ commands to face or turn round half a circle, by
he right or left, as the case may be, so as to face in the
opposite direction.—Turn about, week about, etc., in
rotation or succession; alternately; on each alternate oc-
casion, week, etc.
A woman or two, and three or four undertaker's men,
. . . had charge of the remains, which they watched twºrn
about. Thackeray.
II. prep. 1. On the outside or outer surface
of; surrounding; around; all around.
Bind them about thy neck. Prov. iii. 3.
About her commeth all the world to begge.
Sir T. More, To them that trust in Fortune.
Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.
-> Bryant, Thanatopsis.
2. Near to in place ; close to ; at : as, about
the door. See the adv., 4.—3. Over or upon
different parts; here and there; backward and
forward; in various directions.
Where lies thy pain? All about the breast 7
Shak., L. L. L., iv. 3.
4. Near or on one’s person; with ; at hand.
You have not the “Book of Riddles” about you, have
you? Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1.
5. In relation to; respecting; in regard to; on
account of. -
He is very courageous mad about his throwing into the
water. k., M. W. of W., iv. 1.
The question is not about what is there, but about what
I see. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 256.
It is not enough to be industrious ; SO are the ants.
What are you industrious about 2 Thoreaw, Letters, p. 161.
6. Concerned in ; engaged in : as, what is he
about?
I must be about my Father's business. Luke ii. 49.
To go or set about, to become occupied with ; engage
in ; undertake; begin : as, go about your business; he set
about the performance of his task.
about-sledge (a-bout'slej), n. [Kabout (in refer-
ence to its being swung around) + sledgel.]
The largest hammer used by blacksmiths. It
is grasped at the end of the handle with both
hands and swung at arm’s length.
above (a-buv'), adv. and prep. [K ME. above,
aboven, abwve, abwen, abufen (> E. dial. and Sc.
aboon, abwne, q.v.), KAS. ābūfan, above, K d-
for on + bufan (full form beufan = OS. biobhan
= D. boven), above, K be-, by, + wifan, from
above, above, = OS. obhana, from above, obham,
above, = OHG. opana, obana, M.H.G. G. oben,
= Icel. ofan; all from a base appearing in
Goth. wif, prep., under, OHG. opa, aba, MHG.
obe, ob, adv. and prep., over, Icel. of; prep.,
over, for. A different form of the same base
appears in wip, q. v. See also over.] I. adv.
1. In or to a higher place; overhead; often
in a special sense: (a) In or to the celestia;
regions; in heaven. *
Your praise the birds shall chant in every grove,
And winds shall Waft it to the powers above,
Pope, Summer, 1.80
(b) Upstairs.
My maid’s aunt . . . has a gown above.
Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 1.
2. On the upper side (opposed to beneath);
toward the top (opposed to below): as, leaves
green above, glaucous beneath ; stems smooth
above, hairy below.—3. Higher in rank or
power: as, the courts above.-4. Before in
rank or order, especially in a book or writing:
as, from what has been said above.—5. Be-
sides: in the expression over and above.
And stand indebted, over and above,
In love and service to you evermore. e
Shak., M. of V., iv. 1.
[Shakspere has more above in the Sänle SellSé.
This, in obedience, hath my daughter showed me;
And more above, hath his solicitings . . . º º
All given to mine ear. Hamlet, ii. 2.]
*
about, to cause or effect:
; astir; begin in earnest: used with
ab ovo (ab Ö’vö).
4tove is often used elliptically as a noun, meaning: (1)
Heaven; as, “Every good gift - Jas
* – ' -- . . . is from above,’
i. 17. (2) Preceding statement, remarks, or the like: as,
from the above you will learn my object. It has the force
of an adjective in such phrases as the above particulars, in
which cited or mentiomed is understood.
II. prep. 1. In or to a higher place than.
And fowl that may fly above the earth. Gen. i. 20.
2. Superior to in any respect: often in the
sense of too high for, as too high in dignity or
fancied importance ; too elevated in charac-
ter: as, this man is above his business, above
mean actions.
Doubtless, in man there is a nature found,
Beside the senses, and above them far.
- Sir J. Davies, Immortal, of Soul, ii.
Seneca wrote largely on natural philosophy . . . solely
because it tended to raise the mind above low cares.
Macaulay, Lord Byron.
3. More in quantity or number than : as, the
weight is above a ton.
He was seen of above five hundred brethren at once.
Cor. xv. 6.
4. More in degree than; in a greater degree
than ; beyond; in excess of.
Thou [the serpent] art cursed above all cattle.
Gen. iii. 14.
will not suffer you to be tempted above that
ye are able. 1 Cor. x, 13.
Above the bounds of reason. Shak., T. G. of V., ii. 7.
I heard a knocking for above an hour.
Swift, Gull. Trav., i. 1.
Above all, above or before everything else; before every
other consideration ; in preference to all other things.-
Above the rest, especially; particularly: as, one night
above the rest.—Above the World. (a) Above considering
what people say. (b) Holding a secure position in life;
having one's fortune made.
With such an income as that he should be above the
world, as the saying is. A. Trollope.
==Syn. Over, Above. See over.
aboveboard (a-buvſbórd), prep.phr. as adv, or
a. [K above + board. “A figurative expression,
borrowed from gamesters, who, when they put
their hands under the table, are changing their
cards.” Johnson.] In opensight; without tricks
or disguise : as, an honest man deals above-
board; his actions are open and aboveboard.
Lovers in this age have too much honour to do anything
underhand; they do all aboveboard.
Vanbrugh, Relapse, ii. 1.
God . . .
above-deck (a-buv'dek), prep. phr. as adv. or
a. 1. Upon deck: as, the above-deck cargo.—
2. Figuratively, without artifice; aboveboard:
as, his dealings are all above-deck. [Colloq.]
above-ground (a-buy"ground), prep. phr. as
adv. or a. Alive; not buried.
I'll have 'em, anºthey be above-ground.
Beau. and Fl., The Chances.
[L., from the egg: ab,
from; ovo, abl. of ovum, egg, ovum: see ovum.]
Literally, from the egg; hence, from the very
beginning, generally with allusion to the Roman
custom of beginning a meal with eggs. In this
case it is the first part of the phrase ab ovo wsque ad mala,
from the egg to the apples, that is, from beginning to end;
but sometimes the allusion is to the poet who began the
history of the Trojan war with the story of the egg from
which Helen was fabled to have been born.
By way of tracing the whole theme [the Homeric con-
troversy] ab ovo, suppose we begin by stating the chromo:
logical bearings of the principal objects . . . connected
With the Iliad. De Quincey, Homer, i.
Bark with Yards Abox.
abox (a-boks"), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8,
prep., + in 2. Nawt., in or into the position
of the yards of a vessel when the head-sails are
laid aback: applied to the head-yards only, the
other sails being kept full.
abp. A contraction of archbishop.
abracadabra (ab"ra-ka-dab"râ), m. [L.; occur-
ring first in a poem (Praecepta de Medicina) by
Q. Serenus Sammonicus, in the second cen-
tury; mere jargon. Cf. abracalam.] 1. Acaba-
abrachia (a-brā’ki-á), n.
abradant (ab-rā‘dant), a. and n.
...Abrahamt, a. º
Abrahamic (à-bra-ham'ik), a. [KL. Abraham,
Abrahamidae (à-bra—ham’i-dé), m. pl.
Abraham-man -
listic word used in inéantations. When writ-
ten in a manner similar to that shown in the
accompanying diagram, so as to be read in dif-
A B R A C A D A B R A
º
C
º
ferent directions, and worn as an amulet, it was
supposed to cure certain ailments.
Mr. Banester saith that he healed 200 in one year of an
ague by hanging abracadabra about their necks, and
would stanch blood, or heal the toothake, although the
partyes were 10 myle of. MS. in Brit. Museum.
Hence —2. Any word-charm or empty jingle
of words.
abracalam (a-brak’a-lam), n. [Cf. abraca-
dabra.] A cabalistic word used as a charm
among the Jews.
[NL., K. Gr. 6- priv.
+ L. brachium, arm.] In 206l., absence of
anterior limbs.
a brachius (a-brā’ki-us), n. ; pl. abrachii (-i).
[NL.: see abrachia.] In teratol., a monster
in which the anterior limbs are absent, while
the posterior are well developed.
[K OF. abra-
dant, serving to scrape, scraping, K L. abra-
den(t-)s, ppr. ofabradere, scrape off: see abrade.]
I. a. Abrading; having the property or quality
of scraping.
II. m. A material used for grinding, such as
emery, sand, powdered glass, etc.
abrade (ab-råd"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. abraded,
ppr. abrading. [K L. abradere, scrape or rub
off, Kab, off, + radere, scrape : see rage.] To
rub or wear away; rub or scrape off; detach
particles from the surface of by friction: as,
glaciers abrade the rocks over which they pass;
to abrade the prominences of a surface.
Dusty red walls and abraded towers.
Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 132.
A termination is the abraded relic of an originally dis-
tinct qualifying Word. J. Fiske, Cos. Phil., I, 66.
= Syn. Scratch, Chafe, etc. See scrape, v. t.
See Abram.
K Gr. Agpaču, repr. Heb. 'Abrāhām, father of a
multitude, orig.” Abrām, lit. father of height.]
Of or pertaining to the patriarch Abraham.
KAbraham + -idae.] The descendants of Abra-
ham; the Hebrews.
This [Biblical] revelation of origins . . . was a whole
system of religion, pure and elevating, . . . placing the
Abrahamidae, who for ages seem alone to have held to it,
on a plane of spiritual vantage immeasurably aboye that
of other nations. JDawson, Orig. of World, p. 71.
Abrahamite (ā’bra-ham-it or ā'bram-it), n.
[KML. Abrahamita, pl.; as Abraham F -ite?..]
1. One of a Christian sect named from its
founder, Abraham of Antioch (ninth century),
and charged with Paulician (Gnostic) errors—
2. One of a sect of Deists in Bohemia, who
came into prominence about 1782, and were
banished to Hungary by the Emperor Joseph II.
for nonconformity. They seem to have professed
the religion of Abraham before his circumcision, to have
believed in God, the immortality of the soul, and a future
state of rewards and punishments, but to have rejected
baptism and the doctrine of the Trinity, and to have ac-
knowledged no scripture but the decalogue and the Lord's
prayer.
Abrahamitical (ā/bra-ham-it’i-kal or ā-bram-
it’i-kal), a. Relating to Abraham or to the
Abrahamites.
Abraham-man (ā’bra-ham- or ā'bram-man),
m. 1. Originally, a mendicant lunătic from
Bethlehem Hospital, London. The wards in the
ancient Bedlam (Bethlehem) bore distinctive names, as of
some saint or patriarch. That named after Abraham
was devoted to a class of lunatics who on certain days
were permitted to go out begging. They bore a badge,
and were known as Abraham-mem. Many, however, as-
sumed the badge without right, and begged, feigning
lunacy. Hence the more received meaning came to be —
2. An impostor who wandered about the
country seeking alms, under pretense of lu-
macy. Hence the phrase to sham Abraham, to feign
sickness.
Matthew, sceptic and scoffer, had failed to subscribe a
prompt belief in that pain about the heart ; he had mut-
tered some words in which the phrase, “shamming Abra-
ham,” had been very distinctly audible.
Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, xxxiii.





9
Abraham's-balm
Abraham's-balmt (ā’bra-hamz- or ā'bramz-
bām), n. An old name of Vitea, Agnus-castus,
Supposed to be a charm for the preservation of
chastity. See agnus castus, under agnus.
Abraham's-eyet (ā’bra-hamz- or ā’bramz-i), m.
A magical charm supposed to have power to
deprive of eyesight a thief who refused to con-
fess his guilt.
abraidi (a-bråd"), v. [K ME. abraiden, abrei-
dem, start up, awake, move, reproach, KAS.
dbregdan, contr. dibrédan (a strong verb), move
quickly: see braidl and upbraid.] I, trans. To
rouse ; awake ; upbraid.
How now, base brat I what are thy wits thine own,
That thou dar'st thus abraide me in my land 7
Greene, Alphonsus, ii.
II. intrans. To awake; start.
And if that he out of his sleepe abraide,
He might don us bathe a vilanie.
Chawcer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 270.
Abramt, Abrahamţ, a. Corrupted forms of
auburn.
Abramidina (ab"ra-mi-di'nā), m. pl. [NL.,
K Abramis (Abramid-) + -ina.] In Günther’s
classification of fishes, the twelfth subfamily
of Cyprinidae, having the anal fin elongate and
the abdomen, or part of it, compressed. It in-
cludes the genus Abramis and similar fresh-
water fishes related to the bream.
Abramis (ab'ra-mis), n. [NL., K. Gr. & 3paptic
(à9papuð-), the name of a fish found in the Nile
and the Mediterranean: not etymologically re-
lated to bream.]. A genus of fishes of the family
Cyprinidae, typified by the common fresh-water
bream of Europe, A. brama. The name is restricted
by some to old-world forms closely allied to the bream,
but most authors include certain American fishes, such as
the common American shiner, Abram is or Notemigonus
chrysoleucus, etc. G. Cuvier, 1817. See breaml.
Jr. . . . Abram is and Ballerus, the teeth are entire.
Jordan, and Evermann, p. 250.
Abranchia (a-brang’ki-á), m. pl. [NL., neut.
pl. of abranchius: see abranchious.] A name
given to several different groups of animals
which have no gills: (a) To a group of vertebrates,
comprising mammals, birds, and reptiles (or Mammalia,
and Sawropsida), whose young never possess gills. The
group is thus contrasted with Batrachia and Pisces col-
lectively. In this sense the term has no exact classifica-
tory signification. (b) To a group of gastropodous mol-
lusks, variously rated by naturalists as a suborder, an or-
der, or a subclass; the Apnewsta or Dermatopmoa of some,
related to the Nwdibramchiata, having no branchiae, the up-
per surface of the body ciliated, and no shell except when in
the larval state. This group includes the families Lima-
pontidae, Phyllirhoidae, and Elysiidae. (c) To an order of
Annelida, the Oligochaeta, which are without branchiae,
and respire by the surface of the body. There are several
families, among them the Lumbricidae, to which the com-
mon earthworm belongs. They are mostly hermaphrodite,
and undergo no metamorphosis. They have no feet, but
the body is provided with bristles (setae). The mouth is
rudimentary, not suctorial, as in the related order Hiru-
dimea (leeches). The species are mostly land or fresh-
water worms. (d) In Cuvier's system of classification, to
the third family of the order Ammelides, containing the
earthworms (Abranchia setigera) and the leeches; thus
approximately corresponding to the two modern orders
Oligochoeta and Hirudimea. It included, however, some
heterogeneous elements, as the gordians. Sometimes
called Abranchiata and also Abramchioe. [If it is advisable
to apply the term to any group of animals, it is probably to
be retained in the second of the senses above noted.]
abranchian (a-brang’ki-an), n. One of the
*Abranchia. tº *-
Abranchiata (a-brang-ki-ā’tā), n. pl. [NL,
neut. pl. of abranchiatus: see abranchiate.] ...A
term sometimes used as synonymous with
Abramchia. e
abranchiate (a-brang'ki-āt), a... [KNL. abran-
chiatus: see abranchious and -atel..] Devoid of
ills; of or pertaining to the Abranchia.
abranchious (a-brang'ki-us), a..., [KNL, abran-
chius, K Gr. 3- priv. 4- 8páyºta, gills.] Same as
abranchiate. [Rare.]
The second family of the abranchiow8 Annelides, or, the
Abranchia without bristles.
G. Cuvier, Règne Anim. (tr. of 1849), p. 398.
Abrasax (abºra-saks), m. Same as Abrawas, 1, 2.
abrasef (ab-rāz'), v. t. [K L. abrasus, pp. of
abradere, rub off: see abrade.] Same as abrade.
abraset (ab-rāz'), a. [L, abrasus, pp.; see the
verb.] Made clean or clear of marks by rubbing.
A nymph as pure and simple as the Soule or as an abrase
table. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, V. 3.
abrasion (ab-rā’zhgn), n. [K L. abrasio(n-),
Kabradere: see abrade.] 1. The act of abrad-
ing; the act of wearing or rubbing off or away
by friction or attrition. Common examples of abra.
sion are : (a) The wearing or rubbing away of rocks by ice-
bergs or glaciers, by currents of water laden with sand,
shingle, etc., by blowu sand, or by other means. (b) The
natural wasting, or Wear and tear, to which coins are sub-
jected in course of circulation, as opposed to intentional
or accidental defacement.
18
It is one of the most curious phenomena of languag
that words are as subject as coin to defacement .
abrasion. G. P. Marsh, Lect, on Eng. Lang., Int., p. 16.
2. The result of rubbing or abrading; an
abraded spot or place : applied chiefly to a
fretting or excoriation of the skin by which the
underlying tissues are exposed.—3. In pathol.,
a superficial excoriation of the mucous mem-
|brane of the intestines, accompanied by loss
of substance in the form of small shreds.—4.
The substance worn away by abrading or at-
trition. Berkeley.
abrasive (ab-rā‘siv), a. and m. [K L. as if
*abrasivus, K abrasus, pp. of abradere: see ab-
ºrade.] I. a. Tending to produce abrasion;
having the property of abrading; abradānt.
The . . . abrasive materials used in the treatment of
metallic surfaces.
C. P. B. Shelley, Workshop Appliances, p. 108.
II. m. Any material having abrading quali-
ties; an abradant.
The amateur is most strenuously counselled to polish
the tool upon the oil-stone, or other fine abrasive em-
ployed for setting the edge.
O. Byrne, Artisan's Handbook, p. 17.
abraum (ab’rām; G. pron. Åp'roum), n. [G.; lit.,
what has to be cleared away to get at some-
thing valuable beneath; the worthless upper
portion of a vein or ore-deposit; the earth
covering the rockin a quarry; Kabräumen, clear
away, take from the room or place, K ab- (= E.
off), from, -F raum, place, = E. room, q. v.]
Red Ocher, used by cabinet-makers to give a
red color to new mahogany.—Abraum salts (G.
abra wºnsalze], a mixture of salts of potash, soda, magnesia,
etc., overlying the rock-salt deposit at Stassfurt, Prussia,
and vicinity, the value of which was not immediately rec-
ognized when these deposits were opened, but which is
now the chief source of supply of potassic saltsin the world.
Abraxas (ab-
rak'sas), n.
[See def. 2,
and cf. abra-
cadabra.] 1.
In antiq., a
Gnostic amu-
let consistin
of an engrave
gem, often bearing a mystical figure (which
generally combines human and brute forms)
and an unintelligible legend, but sometimes
inscribed with the word Abraacas, either alone
or accompanying a figure or a word connected
with Hebrew or Egyptian
religion, as Iao, Sabaoth,
Osiris. – 2. mystical
word used by the Gnostic
followers of Basilides to
denote the Supreme Being,
or, perhaps, its 365 emana-
tions collectively, or the
365 orders of spirits oc-
cupying the 365 heavens.
Later it was commonly applied to
any symbolical representation of
Gnostic ideas. It is said to have
been coined by Basilides in the
second century, from the sum of
the Greek numeral letters ex-
Tessing the number 365; thus: a = 1, 8 = 2, p = 100, a =1,
. = 60, a = 1, s = 200; total, 365.
Also written Abrasaac.
3. A genus of lepidopterous insects, of the
family Geometridae, containing the large mag-
pie-moth, Abraajas grossulariata. The larvae are
very destructive to gooseberry- and currant-bushes in
Europe, consuming their leaves as soon as they appear.
abrayi (a-brā’), v. 7. [A false pres. form,
made from M.E. pret. abrayde, abraide, taken
for a weak verb, with pret. ending -de (= E.
-ed.), whereas the verb is strong, with pret.
abrayde, abraide, properly abraid, abreid (KAS.
dbraegd), similar in form to pres. abrayde,
abraide, K. A.S. àbregde, inf. dbregdan : see
abraid.] To awake.
But, whenas I did out of sleep abray,
I found her not where I left her whyleare.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. vi. 36.
abrazite (ab'ra-zit), n. [K Gr. 6- priv., not, +
£páçetv, boil, ferment, + -ite?..] A mineral
found at Capo di Bove, near Rome, probably
the same as that named zeagonite and later
ismondine (which see). -
abrazitic (ab-ra-zitſik), a. Not effervescing, as
in acids or when heated before the blowpipe:
said of certain minerals. [Rare.]
abread, abreed (a-bréd’), prep. phr., as adv.
[Sc., K. ME. abrede, on brede, in breadth: a, on,
prep. ; brede, KAS. brădu, breadth, K bråd,
broad: see a 3 and breadth, and cf. abroad.]
Abroad. Burns. Also spelled abraid. [Scotch.]
Abraxas, collection of the British Museum.
Abraxas. (Both examples are
of the Basilidian type.)
abridger
abreast (8-brest’), prep.phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8,
7'ép., On, ºf 1. Side by side, with breasts
in a line: as, “the riders rode abreast,” Dryden.
It [the wall of Chester] has everywhere, however, a
rugged outer parapet and a broad hollow flagging, wide
enough for two strollers abreast.
H. James, Jr., Trans, Sketches, p. 9.
2. Naut. : (a)Lying or moving side by side, with
stems equally advanced. (b) When used to indi-
cate the situation of a vessel in regard to an-
other object, opposite; over against; lying so
that the object is on a line with the beam: in
this sense with of.
The Bellona . . . kept too close to the starboard shoal,
and grounded abreast of the outer ship of the enemy.
Southey, Nelson, II. 121.
3. Figuratively, up to the same pitch or level:
used with of or with: as, to keep abreast of the
times in science, etc.—4}. At the same time;
simultaneously.
Abreast therewith began a convocation. Fuller.
Line abreast, a formation of a squadron in which the
ships are abreast of one another. - &
abredet, prep. phr. as adv. A Middle English
form of abread. Rom. of the Rose.
abregget, v. t. A Middle English form of
abridge. Chaucer.
abrenouncef (ab-ré-nouns"), v. t. [K L. ab,
from (here intensive), + E. renownce, after LL.
abrenºwntiãre, K L. ab + renuntiáre, renounce:
see renownce.] To renounce absolutely.
Under pain of the pope's curse . . . either to abrenownce
their wives or their livings.
Foace, Book of Martyrs, Acts and Deeds, fol. 159.
abrenunciation? (ab-ré-nun-si-à 'shgn), n.
ML. abrenuntiatio(m-), KL. abrenumtiãre: see
abrenownce.] Renunciation; absolute denial.
An abremwmciation of that truth which he so long had
professed. Hwrt of Sedition, iii. b.
abreption? (ab-rep'shgn), n. [K L. as if *ab-
reptio(m-), Kabripere, pp. abreptus, snatch away,
Kab, away, + rapere, seize: see rapt and rav-
Čsh.] The state of being carried away or forci-
bly separated; separation.
abreuvoir (a-bré-wwor'), m. [F., a drinking-
place, horse-trough, K abreuver, give to drink,
earlier abrever, KOF. abevrer = Sp. abrevar =
It. abbeverare, KML. abeverare, orig. *adbibe-
fare, Kad, to, + “biberare, K L. bibere, drink:
see bibl and beverage.] 1. A watering-place
for animals; a horse-trough.-2. In masonry
a joint or interstice between stones, to be filiči
up with mortar or cement. Gwilt.
Also spelled abbrewvoir.
abricockt, abricott, n. Same as apricot.
abrid (ā’brid), m. [Uncertain; perhaps due
to Sp. *abrido, for irreg. abierto, pp. of abrir,
open, unlock, KL. aperire, open.] "A bushing-
plate around a hole in which a pintle moves.
E. H. Knight.
abridge (a-brij'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. abridged,
ppr. abridging. [KME. abregen, abreggen, abrig-
gen, etc., KOF, abrigier, abridgier, abbregier,
abrevier-Pr. abrevjar, K.L. abbreviare, shorten,
Kad, to, + brevis, short: see abbreviate and brief.]
1. To make shorter; curtail: as, “abridged
cloaks,” Scott, Ivanhoe, xiv.–2. To shorten
by condensation or omission, or both ; rewrite
or reconstruct on a smaller scale; put the
main or essential parts of into less space: used
of writings: as, Justin abridged the history of
Trogus Pompeius.
The antiquities of Richborough and Reculver, abridged
from the Latin of Mr. Archdeacon Battely.
N. and Q., 6th ser., X. 143.
3. To lessen; diminish: as, to abridge labor.
Power controlled Ol' º is almost always the rival
and enemy of that power by which it is controlled or
abridged. A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. 15.
4. To deprive; cut off: followed by of, and
formerly also by from ; as, to abridge one of
rights or enjoyments.
Nor do I now make moan to be abridg'd
From such a noble rate. Shak., M. of V., i. 1.
5. In alg., to reduce, as a compound quantity
or equation, to a more simple form. = Syn. 2.
To cut down, prune. See abbreviate.—4. To dispossess,
divest, strip, despoil. º
abridgedly (a-brij'ed-li), adv.
shortened form.
abridger (a-brij'ér), n. ...One who or that
which abridges, by curtailing, shortening, or
condensing.
Criticks have been represented as the great abridgers of
the native liberty of genius. H. Blair, Lectures, iii.
Abridgers are a kind of literary men to whom the indo-
lence of modern readers . . . º ample employment.
I. D'Israeli, Curios. of Lit., II, 67.
In a concise or
A
~.
|


abridgment
abridgment, (8-brij'ment), n, [K late ME.
abrygement, KOF. abrigement, abregement: see
abridge and -ment.] 1. The act of a bridging, or
the state of being abridged; diminution; con-
traction; reduction; curtailment; restriction:
as, an abridgment of expenses; “abridgment
of liberty,” Locke.
Persons employed in the mechanic arts are those whom
the abridgment of commerce would immediately affect.
A. Hamilton, Works, II. 15.
It was his sin and folly which brought him under that
abridgment. South.
2. A condensation, as of a book; a reduction
within a smaller space; a reproduction of any-
thing in reduced or condensed form.
A genuine abridgment is a reproduction of the matter
or substance of a larger work in a condensed form, and in
language which is not a mere º: of that of the
original. Drome, Copyright, p. 158.
Here lies David Garrick, describe him who can,
An abridgment of all that was pleasant in man.
º oldsmith, Retaliation.
3. That which abridges or cuts short. [Rare.]
Look, where my abridgments come [namely, the players
who cut me short in my speech. Compare, however,
meaning 4]. hak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
4. That which shortens anything, as time, or
makes it appear short ; hence, a pastime.
[Rare.]
Say, what abridgment have you for this evening?
What mask, what music? Shak., M. N. D., v. 1.
Also spelled abridgement.
= Syn. 2. Abridgment, Compendium, Epitome, Abstract,
Conspectus, Synopsis, Šummary, Syllabus, Brief, Digest.
An abridgment is a work shortened by condensation of
statement, or by omitting the less essential parts. A com-
pendiwm, or compend, is a Concise but comprehensive view
of a subject; in general it does not imply, as abridgment
does, the existence of a larger or previous work. An
epitome contains only the most important points of a work
or subject, expressed in the smallest compass. An abstract
is a bare statement or outline of facts, heads, or leading
features in a book, lecture, subject, etc. Conspectw8 and
synopsis are, literally, condensed views—the substance of
any matter so arranged as to be taken in at a glance;
symopsis implies orderly arrangement under heads and
particulars. A Swmmary is a brief statement of the main
points in a work or treatise, less methodical than an ab-
stract or a synopsis; it may be a recapitulation. A sylla-
bus is commonly a synopsis printed for the convenience
of those hearing lectures; but the term is also applied to
certain papal documents. (See syllabus.) Brief is generally
confined to its technical legal meanings. (See brief.) A
digest is a methodical arrangement of the material of a
subject, as under heads or titles; it may include the
whole of the matter concerned : as, a digest of laws.
There may be an abridgment of a dictionary, a compend
or compendiwm of literature, an epitome of a political
situation, an abstract of a sermon, a conspectus Or Synopsis
of a book, a summary of the arguments in a debate, a
digest of opinions on some moot point. º
abrigget, v. t. A Middle English form of
abridge. Chaucer.
abrin (ā’brin), n. IK Abrus + -in?..] A name
given to a poisonous principle obtained from
Abrus precatorius.
abroach (a-bröch'), prep. phr. as adv, or a. [K
ME. º the phrase sette(n) abroche, set
abroach, Kaº for on + broche, a spit, spigot,
pin: see brooch and broach.] Broached; letting
out or yielding liquor, or in a position for letting
out : as, the cask is abroach.
If the full tun of vengeance be abroach,
Fill out and swill until you burst again.
Webster (?), Weakest Goeth to the Wall, i. 2.
To set abroach. (a) To set running; cause to flow or
let out liquor, as a cask or barrel.
Barrels of ale set abroach in different places of the road
had kept the populace in perfect love and loyalty towards
the Queen and her favourite. Scott, Kenilworth, II. xi.
(b) Figuratively, to give rise to ; spread abroad; dissemi-
mate; propagate.
What mischiefs he might set abroach.
hak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 2.
abroachi (a-bröch'), v. t. [K ME. abrochen,
broach, tap, KOF. brocher, brochier, broach,
with prefix a-, due to adv. abroche: see abroach,
prep.phr., and broach.] To open, as a cask, for
the purpose of letting out liquor; tap; broach.
Thilke tonne that Ischal abroche,
Chaucer, Wife of Bath, Prol., I. 177.
abroad (a-bråd"), prep. phr. as adv. Or a. [K
ME. abroad, abrod, Ka8, prep., on, + brood, brod,
broad: see broad.] 1. Broadly; widely; ex-
pansively; outward on all or on both sides.
The love of God is shed abroad in our hearts. Rom. V. 5.
Her winges bothe abrod she spradde. Gower.
Look now abroad—another race has filled
These populous borders. Bryant, The Ages, st. 32.
2. Out of or beyond certain limits. (a) Beyond
the walls of a house or the bounds of any inclosure : as,
to walk abroad. -
Where as he lay
So sick alway,
He myght not come abrode.
Sir T. More, A Merry Jest.
19
We are for the most part more lonely when we go
abroad among men than when we stay in our chambers.
horeau, Walden, p. 147.
(b) Beyond the bounds of one's own country; in foreign
countries; as, he lived abroad for many years. [In the
#. fate used most commonly with reference to
urope.
At home the soldier learned how to value his rights,
abroad how to defend them.
Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
Others, still, are introduced from abroad by fashion, or
are borrowed thence for their usefulness.
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 153.
3. Absent; gone away, especially to a consider-
able distance: as, the head of the firm is abroad.
–4. In an active state; astir; in circulation:
as, there are thieves abroad; rumors of disaster
are abroad.
There's villainy abroad: this letter will tell you more.
- - Shak., L., i. 1.
To be all abroad. (a) To be wide of the mark, in a
fi tive sense; be far wrong in one's guess or estimate.
(b) To be at a loss; be puzzled, perplexed, bewildered,
Inonplussed; be all or quite at sea.—The schoolmaster
is abroad, education is diffused among the people: often
used ironićally or punningly, implying that the school-
master is absent. See schoolmaster.
Abrocoma (ab-rok'3-mâ), m. Same as Habro-
CO7720. *
abrocome (ab'rö-köm), n. Same as habrocome.
abrogable (abºró-ga-bl), a. [K L. as if *ab-
ºrogabilis, K abrogare, abrogate: see abrogate, v.,
and -ble.] Capable of being abrogated.
abrogate (ab’rö-gāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
abrogated, ppr. abrogating. [K L. abrogatus,
pp. of abrogare, annul, repeal, Kab, from, --
Togare, ask, propose a law: see rogation.] 1.
To abolish summarily; annul by an authorita-
tive act; repeal. Applied specifically to the repeal
of laws, customs, etc., whether expressly or by establish-
ing something inconsistent therewith. See abrogation.
The supremacy of mind abrogated ceremonies.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., II. 346.
Since I revoke, annul, and abrogate
All his decrees in all kinds: they are void
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 170.
2}. To do away with ; put an end to ; abolish.
Perge, good master Holofernes, perge; so it shall please
you to abrogate scurrility. hak., L. L. L., iv. 2.
= Syn. 1. Abolish, Repeal, Rescind, etc. (see abolish), can-
cel, invalidate, dissolve, countermand.
abrogatet (abºró-gāt), a. [K L. abrogatus, an-
nulled, pp. of abrogare: see abrogate, v.] An-
nulled; abolished.
abrogation (ab-rū-gā‘shgn), n. [K L. abro-
gatio(n-), a repeal, K abrogare, repeal: see
abrogate, v. J. The act of abrogating. Specifi-
cally, the annulling of a law by legislative action or by
usage. See derogation. Abrogation is eacpressed when
pronounced by the new law in general or particular
terms; it is implied when the new law contains provisions
positively contrary to the former law.
There are no such institutions here ;-no law that can
abide one moment. When popular opinion demands its
abrogation. W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 47.
abrogative (abºró-gā-tiv), a. Abrogating or an-
nulling: as, an abrogative law.
abrogator (abºró-gā-tor), n.
gates or repeals.
Abronia (a-bró’ni-á), m. [NL., prop. *Habro-
mia, KGr. dépôg, graceful, elegant, delicate: see
Abrus.]. Agenus of plants, low and mostly trail-
ing nyctaginaceous herbs, natives of the west-
ern United States. The showy and sometimes fragrant
flowers are borne in umbels, much resembling the garden
verbena in appearance, but very different in structure.
Two or three species are found in cultivation.
[K ME.
abroodt (a-bröd"), prep. phr. as adv.
abrode, Ka8, prep., on, + brode, E. brood.] In
or as if in the act of brooding.
The Spirit of God sat abrood upon the whole rude mass.
Abp. Sancroft, Sermons, p. 135.
abrook? (a-brük'), v. t. [Ka-1 (expletive) +
brook2.] To brook; endure. See brook2.
Ill can thy noble mind abrook
The abject people, gazing on thy face,
With envious looks still laughing at thy shame.
Shak., 2 Hen. WI., ii. 4.
abrotanoid (ab-rot'a-noid), n. IK Gr. 36pótovov,
an aromatic plant, prob. Southernwood (ML.
abrotanum), + cióog, form: see idol.] A species
of sclerodermatous East Indian reef-coral, Ma-
drepora abrotanoides.
abrotanum (ab-rot'a-num), n. [KML. abrota-
mum and aprotanum, prop. L. abrotomum (also
abrotonus), KGr. & 3pótovov (also dépôtovog), an
aromatic plant, prob. Southernwood (Artemisia
Abrotanum), – Skt. mrātama, a plant, Cyperus
rotundus; less prob. for *ā8pótovov, Kid606, deli-
cate, + Tóvoc, a cord, taken in the sense of fila-
ment or fiber. The L. form gave rise to AS.
aprotane, ambrotena, prwtene, and other corrupt
forms, and to It. Sp. Pg. abrotano, OF. abrone,
One who abro-
Abrothrix (abºró-thriks), 77.
abrupt (a-brupt"), a. and n.
abruptt (a-brupt"), v. t.
abrupted (a-brupted), p. a.
abruptly (a-brupt/li), adv.
Abrus (ā’brus), n.
abscessed (ab'sest), p. a.
abscession
averoine, F. aurone..] A European species of
Artemisia, A. Abrotanum, frequentin cultivation
under the name of southernwood.
Same as Habro-
thria:.
[K L. abruptus,
steep, disconnected, abrupt, pp. of abrumpere,
break off, Kab, off, -H rumpere, break: see rup-
ture.] I. a. 1. Broken or appearing as if bro-
ken away or off; marked by or showing a sud-
den breach or change of continuity; wanting
continuation or completion: as, the path or the
discourse came to an abrupt termination; an
abrupt turnin a road. Hence—2. Steep; pre-
cipitous: as, an abrupt cliff; an abrupt descent.
The abrupt mountain breaks,
And seems with its accumulated crags
To overhang the world. Shelley, Alastor.
3. Figuratively, sudden; without notice to pre-
pare the mind for the event; unceremonious:
as, an abrupt entrance or address.
Abrupt death
A period puts, and stops his impious breath.
Oldham, Satires on Jesuits.
4. Lacking in continuity; having sudden tran-
sitions from one subject to another: as, an
abrupt style.— 5. In bot., terminating sud-
denly: as, an abrupt point: sometimes used in
the sense of truncate : as, an abrupt leaf-
Abrupt-pinnate. Same as abruptly pinnate. See abrupt-
ly. =Syn. 2. Precipitous, perpendicular, sheer, steep.—3.
Sudden, unexpected, hasty, hurried, rough, rude, brusk,
blunt, \efirt, precipitate, short, summary, Wehement.—4.
Brokenſ disconnected.
II. m. [KL. abruptum, a steep ascent or de-
scent, prop. neut. of abruptus, broken off: see
the adj.] An abrupt place; a precipice or
chasm. [Rare and poetical.]
Or spread his aery flight,
Upborne with indefatigable wings,
,0yer the vast abrupt. Milton, P. L., ii. 409.
To break off; inter-
rupt ; turb.
Insecurity . . . abrupteth our tranquillities.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., ii. 112.
Broken off Sud-
denly ; interrupted.
abruptedly (a-brupted-li), adv. Abruptly.
abruption (ab-rup'shgn), n. IKL. abruptio(n-),
a breaking off, K abrumpere: see abrupt, a.] A
Sudden breaking off; a sudden termination; a
violent separation of bodies.
By this abruption posterity lost more instruction than
delight. Johnsom, Life of Cowley.
1. Brokenly; by
breaking or being broken off suddenly: as, the
path or the discourse ended
abruptly.—2. Precipitously,
or with a very steep slope:
as, the rocks rise abruptly
from the water’s edge.—3.
Suddenly, without giving no-
tice, or without the usual
forms: as, the minister left
France abruptly. — 4. With
an abrupt, termination.—Abruptly pinnate, ter.
º without an odd leaflet or tendrii: said of a pin-
Ilat-6 lea.I.
Abruptly Pinnate Leaf.
abruptness (a-brupt'nes), n. The state or qual-
ity of being abrupt. (a) The state or quality of being
broken off, steep, or craggy ; sudden breach of continuity;
precipitousness. (b) Suddenness; unceremonious haste or
vehemence. (c) Any want of continuity or smoothness.
Some other languages, for their soft and melting fluency,
as having no abruptness of consonants, have some advan-
tage of the English. Howell, Forreine Travell, p. 15S.
[NL., prop. *Habrus, K. Gr.
d606c, graceful, elegant, delicate.] A small
genus of leguminous plants. Abrus Abrus, or
Indian licorice, is a woody twiner, indigenous to India,
but now found in all tropical countries, where its root is
often used as a substitute for licorice. Its polished, party-
colored seeds, of the size of a small pea, called crabs'-
eyes, jumble-beads, and jequirity or John Crow beams, are
employed for rosaries, necklaces, etc., and as a remedy in
diseases of the conjunctiva. They have given their native
name of retti [Hind. ratti, rati) to a weight (2.1875 grains)
used by Hindu jewelers and druggists. See retti-weights.
abs-. A prefix of Latin origin; a form of ab-,
used (as in Latin) before c, q, t, as in abscond,
abstain, absterge, abstract, etc.
abscess (ab'ses), n. [KL. abscessus, agoing away,
in medical language an abscess, K abscedere, go
away, Kabs, lengthened form of ab, away, +
cedere, go : see cede.] In med., a collection of
us in the tissues of any part of the body.
Diseased with an
abscess or with abscesses.
abscessiont (ab-sesh'Qn), n. [K. L. abscessio(n-),
K abscedere, go away: see abscess.] 1. De-
parture.

abscession
Neither justly excommunicated out of that particular
church to which he was orderly joyned, nor excommuni-
cating himself by voluntary Schisme, declared abscession,
Separation, or apostasie.
Bp. Gawden, Tears of the Church, p. 37.
2. In med., an abscess.
abscess-root (ab'ses-röt), n. A popular name
of the #". Polemonium reptans.
abscind (ab-sind'), v. t. [K L. abscindere, cut
off, tear off, K ab, off, -- scindere, cut, - Gr.
oxigetv, cut, separate: see Scission and schism.]
To cut off. [Rare.]
Two syllables abscinded from the rest.
Johnsom, Rambler, No. 90.
abscise (ab-siz"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. abscised,
ppr. abscising. . [KL. abscisus, pp. of abscidere,
cut off, K abs for ab, off, away, + cadere, cut.
Cf. excise, incise, v., and precise, a.] To cut off
or away.
abscissa (ab-sis’ā), n. ; pl. abscissa or abscissa's
(-6, -āz). [L. (tr. of Gr. &Tožaptſavouévy), abbre-
viation of recta ea; diametro abscissa, line cut
off from the diameter; fem. of abscissus, cut
off, pp. of abscindere: see abscind.] In math.:
(a) In the conic sections, that part of a trans-
verse axis which lies between its vertex and
a perpendicular ordinate to it from a given
oint of the conic. Thus (fig. 1), in the parabola PAC,
I, the part of the axis AB cut off by the ordinate
PM, is the abscissa of the point P. (b) In the system
I 2
P
Yºr
A M Jº P
x 3 Af X
C
Abscissa.
of Cartesian coördinates, a certain line used
in determining the position of a point in a
plane. Thus (fig. 2), let two fixed intersecting lines (axes)
OY and OX be taken, and certain directions on them (as
from 0 toward X and from 0 toward Y) be assumed as posi-
tive. From any point, as P, let a line be drawn parallel
to OY and cutting OX in M. Then will the two quantities
QM and MP, with the proper algebraic sign, determine
the position of the point P. OM, or its value, is called the
abscissa of the point, and the fixed line X'X is called the
axis of abscissas. See coördinate, n., 2.
abscissio infiniti (ab-sish’i-Ö in-fi-ni"ti). [L.;
lit., a cutting off of an infinite (number): see
abscission and infinite.] In logic, a series of
arguments which exclude, one after another,
various assertions which might be made with
regard to the subject under discussion, thus
gradually diminishing the number of possible
assumptions.
abscission (ab-sizh’gn), m. [K L. abscissio(n-),
K abscindere, cut off: see abscind.] 1. The act
of cutting off; severance; removal.
Not to be cured without the abscission of a member.
Jer. Taylor.
2+. The act of putting an end to ; the act of
annulling or abolishing. Sir T. Browne.— 3.
Retrenchment. [Rare.]—4. The sudden ter-
mination of a disease by death. Hooper,
Med. Dict.—5. In rhet., a figure of speech con-
sisting in a sudden reticence, as if the words
already spoken made sufficiently clear what
the speaker would say if he were to finish
the sentence: as, “He is a man of so much
honor and candor, and such generosity—but
I need say no more.”—6. In horary astrol., the
preventing of anything shown by one aspect by
means of another; frustration.—Abscission of
the cornea, in 8wrg., a specific cutting operation per-
formed upon the eye for the removal of a staphyloma of
the cornea.
absconce (ab-skons'), m. [KML. absconsa, a
dark lantern, fem. of L. absconsus, for abscondi-
tus, pp. of abscondere, hide : see abscond and
Sconcel.] Eccles., a dark lantern holding a wax-
light, used in the choir in reading the absolu-
tion and benediction at matins, and the chap-
ters and prayers at lauds.
abscond (ab-skond’), v. [KL. abscondere, hide,
put away, K abs, away, + condere, put, lay up,
K Con-, for cum, together, + -dere, in comp., a
weakened form of *dare, put, - E. do..] I.
intrans. 1. To retire from public view, or from
the place in which one resides or is ordinarily
to be found ; depart in a sudden and secret
manner; take one's self off; decamp; espe-
cially, to go out of the way in order to avoid a
legal process.
He must, for reasons which nobody could divine, have
absconded. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 150.
20
2. To hide, withdraw, or lie concealed: as,
“the marmot absconds in winter,” Ray, Works
of Creation.
A fish that flashes his freckled side in the sun and as
suddenly absconds in the dark and dreamy waters again.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 377.
= Syn. Escape, retreat, flee, run away, make off.
II.f trans. To conceal.
Nothing discoverable in the lunar surface is ever cov-
ered and absconded from us by the interposition of any
clouds or mists but such as rise from our own globe.
Bentley, Sermons, viii.
absconded+ (ab-skon'ded), p. a. Hidden; se-
cret; recondite. In her., said of a bearing which is
completely covered by a superimposed charge. Thus, if a
shield has three mullets in pale, the middle one of the
three would be completely hidden or absconded by a shield
of pretense or inescutcheon.
I am now obliged to go far in the pursuit of beauty
which lies very absconded and deep.
Shaftesbury, Moralists, p. 3.
abscondedlyt (ab-skon’ded-li), adv. In con-
cealment or hiding.
An old Roman priest that then lived abscondedly in
Oxon. Wood, Athenae Oxon., I. 681.
abscondencef (ab-skon'dens), m. Concealment;
seclusion.
absconder (ab-skon’dër), n. One who ab-
sconds.
absconsio (ab-skon'shi-Ö), m. ; pl. absconsiones
(ab-skon-shi-Ö'něz). ., K. L. abscondere,
hide: see abscond.] In amat, and Surg., a cav-
ity or sinus.
absence (ab'sens), m. [KME, absence, KOF, ab-
sence, awsence, F. absence = Sp. Pg. ausencia =
It. assenza, K. L. absentia, absence, K absen (t-)s,
absent: see absent, a.] 1. The state of being
absent; the state of being away or not present:
as, speak no ill of one in his absence.
Say, is not absence death to those who love 7
Pope, Autumn.
We see on the lip of our companion the presence or
absence of the great masters of thought and poetry to his
mind. I'merson, Domestic Life.
2. The period of being away or absent: as, an
absence of several weeks or years.—3. The
state of being wanting; non-existence at the
place and time spoken of ; want; lack: as,
the absence of evidence.
In the absence of conventional law. Chancellor Kent.
4. Absent-mindedness; inattention to things.
present: a shortened form of absence of mind.
To conquer that abstraction which is called absence.
Landor.
For two or three days I continued subject to frequent
involuntary fits of absence, which made me insensible, for
the time, to all that was passing around me.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 147.
Absence of mind, habitual or temporary forgetfulness
of, or inattention to, one's immediate surroundings.-
Decree in absence, in Scots law, a decree pronounced
against a defendant who has not appeared and pleaded on
the merits of the cause.—Leave of absence, permission
from a superior to be absent. In the United States army
an officer is entitled to 30 days' leave in each year on full
pay. He may permit this time to accumulate for a period
not exceeding four years. Wilhelm, Mil. Dict.
absent (ab'sent), a. and m. [KME. absent, K
OF. absent, ausent, F. absent = Sp. Pg. ausente
=It, assente, K.L. absen(t-)s, being away (ppr.
of abesse, be away), Kab, away, + “sen(t-)s,
ppr. (= Gr. Öv (Övt-), – Skt. sant, being, = E.
Sooth, true: see Sooth), K inf. esse, be : see es-
Sence, am, is, and cf. present.] I. a. 1. Not in a
Certain place at a given time; not in conscious-
ness or thought at a certain time; away: op-
posed to present.
With this she fell distract,
And, her attendants absent, swallow'd fire.
Shak., J. C., iv. 3.
The picture or visual image in your mind when the
Orange is present to the senses is almost exactly repro-
duced when it is absent. J. Fiske, Idea of God, p. 140.
2. Not existing; wanting; not forming a part
or attribute of: as, among them refinement
is absent; revenge is entirely absent from his
mind.— 3. Absent-minded (which see).
From this passage we may gather not only that Chaucer
was . . . small of stature and slender, but that he was ac-
customed to be twitted on account of the abstracted or
absent look which so often tempts children of the world to
offer its wearer a penny for his thoughts.
A. W. Ward, Life of Chaucer, iii.
Absent with leave (milit.), said of officers permitted to
absent themselves from their posts, and of enlisted men
on furlough.—Absent Without leave (milit.), said of
officers and soldiers (sometimes of deserters) who have
absented themselves from their posts without permission ;
they are so reported in order to bring their offense under
the cognizance of a court martial. In the United States
army, an officer absent without leave for three months
may be dropped from the rolls of the army by the Presi-
dent, and is not eligible to reappointment. Wilhelm, Mil.
Dict. = Syn. 3. Absent, Imattentive, Abstracted, Preoccu-
pied, Diverted, Distracted. An absent man is one whose
mind wanders unconsciously from his immediate sur-
âbsentee (ab-sen-té"), n.
absinthe
roundings, or from the topic which demands his attention;
he may be thinking of little or nothing. An abstracted
man is kept from What is present by thoughts and feelings
so weighty or interesting that they engross his attention.
He may have been SO preoccupied by them as to be unable
to begin to attend to other things, or his thoughts may
be diverted to them upon some chance suggestion. In all
these cases he is or becomes imattentive. Distracted (lit-
erally, dragged apart) is sometimes used for diverted, but
denotes more properly a state of perplexity or mental un-
easiness sometimes approaching frenzy.
II.f n. One who is not present; an absentee.
Let us enjoy the right of Christian absents, to pray for
One another. Bp. Morton, To Abp. Usher.
absent (ab-sent’), v. t. [KF. absenter = Sp. Pg.
ausentar = It. assentare, K L. absentare, cause
to be away, be away, K absen(t-)s, absent: see
absent, a.] To make absent; take or keep away:
now used only reflexively, but formerly some-
times otherwise, as º, lton: as, to absent
one's self from home; he absented himself from
the meeting.
If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart,
Absent thee from felicity awhile.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
What change
Absents thee, or what chance detains?
Milton, P. L., x. 108.
absentaneous? (ab-sen-tā’né-us), a. [KML. ab-
sentaneus, KL, absen(t-)s, absent: see absent, a.]
Relating to absence; absent. Bailey,
absentation (ab-sen-tä'shgn), n. [KML. absen-
tatio(n-), K. L. absentare, make absent: see ab-
sent, v.] The act of absenting one's self, or
the state of being absent. [Rare.]
His absentation at that juncture becomes significant.
Sir W. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 229.
1, One who is ab-
sent; more narrowly, one who withdraws from
his country, office, estate, post, duty, or the like.
Specifically applied, generally by way §f reproach, to
landlords and capitalists who derive their income from
one country, but spend it. in another in which they reside.
2. In law, one who is without the jurisdiction
of a particular court or judge.
absenteeism (ab-sen-té'izm), m. The practice
or habit of being an absentee; the practice of
absenting one's self from one's country, station,
estate, etc. Absenteeism in France, under the old ré-
gime, was one of the greatest evils, and a prominent cause
of the first revolution ; and in Ireland it has been a cause
of much popular discontent.
Partly from the prevailing absenteeism among the land-
lords, . . . these peasants of the north [of Russia] are
more emergetic, more intelligent, more independent, and
consequently less docile and pliable, than those of the
fertile central provinces. D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 109.
absenteeship (ab-sen-tê'ship), n. Same as ab-
Senteeism. -
alºnter (ab-sen’tér), n. One who absents him-
Sellſ.
He [Judge Foster] has fined all the absenters £20 apiece.
- Lord Thwºrlow, Sir M. Foster.
absente reo (ab-sen’té ré’ô). [L. : absente,
abl. of absen(t-)s, absent; reo, abl. of reus, a
defendant, K res, an action: see res.] The de-
fendant being absent: a law phrase.
absently (ab'sent-li), adv. In an absent or in-
attentive manner; with absence of mind.
absentment (ab-sent’ ment), n. IK absent, v.,
+ -ment.] The act of absenting one's self, or
the state of being absent. Barrow. [Rare.]
absent-minded (ab'sent-min/ded), a. Charac-
terized by absence of mind (see absence); inat-
tentive to or forgetful of one's immediate sur-
roundings.
absent-mindedness (ab'sent-min/ded-nes), m.
The quality, state, or habit of being absent-
minded.
absentness (ab'sent-nes), n. The quality of
being absent, inattentive, or absent-minded;
absent-mindedness.
absey-book? (ab'sé-bük), n. [That is, a-b-c
book: see a-b-c.] A primer, which sometimes
included a catechism. -
And then comes answer like an Absey-book.
halt., K. John, i. 1.
absidiole (ab-sid’i-61), m. Same as apsidiole.
absinth (ab'sinth), n. IK F. absinthe, K.L. absin-
thium : see absinthium.] 1. Wormwood. See
absinthium.—2. Absinthe (which see).
absinthate (ab-sin'thät), m. A Salt formed by
a combination of absinthic acid with a base.
absinthe (ab'sinth; F. pron, ab-Safit'), m. [F.
K L. absinthium : see absinthium.] The com:
mon name of a highly aromatic liqueur of an
opaline-green color and bitter taste; an abbre-
viation of eactrait d'absinthe, extract of absin-
thium. It is prepared by steeping in alcohol or strong
spirit bitter herbs, the chief of which are Artemisia Ab-
sinthiwm, A. mutellina, A. 8picata ; besides which some
recipes mention plants that are not of this genus, and
- absinthe ** -
can be intended only to modify the bitter of the worm-
woods; the liquor so flavored is then redistilled. It is
considered tonic and stomachic. Its excessive use pro-
duces a morbid condition differing somewhat from ordi-
nary alcoholism. Vertigo and epileptiform convulsions
are marked symptoms, and hallucinations occur without
other symptoms of delirium tremens. The use of it pre-
vailed at one time among the French soldiers in Algiers,
but it is now forbidden throughout the French army.
The most common way of preparing it for drinking is by
pouring it into water drop by drop or allowing it to trickle
through a funnel with a minute opening; so prepared, it
is called la huggarde, and is common in the cafés of France,
Italy, and Switzerland. & ©
absinthial (ab-sin'thi-al), a. Of or pertaining
to wormwood; hence, bitter. N. E. D.
absinthian (ab-sin'thi-an), a. Pertaining to or
of the nature of Wormwood.
Tempering absinthian bitterness with sweets.
Ramdolph, Poems (1652), p. 60.
absinthiate (ab-sin'thi-āt), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
absinthiated, ppr. absinthiating. [KL, absinthi-
ałuś, pp. adj containing wormwood, K absin-
thium: see absinthium.] 1. To impregnate with
wormwood.—2. To saturate with absinthe.
Latimised English and absinthiated barrack-room mo-
rality. The Spectator, No. 3035, p. 1154.
absinthic (ab-sin'thik), a. Of or pertaining to
absinthium or Wormwood.—Absinthic acid, an acid
derived from wormwood, probably identical with succinic
acid.
absinthin (ab-sin'thin), n. The crystalline bit-
ter principle (C20H28O4) of wormwood, Arte-
7misia, Absinthium.
absinthine (ab-sin'thin), a. Having the qualities
of absinth or wormwood; absinthic. Carlyle.
absinthism (ab-sin'thizm), n. The cachectic
state produced by the use of absinthe (which
see).
absinthium (ab-sin'thi-um), n. [L., KGr. &nlív-
6tov, also &ºplv6og, wormwood, prob. of east-
ern origin..] The common
wormwood, Artemisia Ab-
f sinthium, a European spe-
cies, much cultivated for its
bitter qualities. It contains a
volatile oil which is the principal
ingredient in the French liqueur
absinthe.
absinthol (ab-sin'thol), n.
º chief º ; oil
OI WOTIn WOO 1 16V,
absis (abºsis), m. Same as
ap$2S.
absist? (ab-sistſ), v. i. [KL.
absistere, withdraw, K ab,
off, F sistere, stand, a re-
duplicated form of stare, to
stand: see state, stand.] To
desist.
absistencef (ab-sistens), n.
A standing off; a refrain-
Artemista A&sinthium. ing Or holding back.
Leaf and flowering branch. absit (ab'sit), %. [L.; third
pers. pres. subj. of abesse,
be away.] In colleges, a leave of absence from
CODAIOIOIlS.
absit omen (ab'sit 6' men). [L. ; lit., may the
omen be away : absit, third pers. pres. Subj. of
abesse, be away; omen, an omen: see absent
and omen.] May it not be ominous ! May the
omen fail!
absolute (ab's Q-liit), a. and n. [KME. absolut,
KOF, absolut, K L. absolutus, complete, unre-
stricted, absolute, pp. of absolver, loosen from:
see absolve.] T. a. 1. Free from every restric-
tion; unconditional: as, the only absolute ne-
cessity is logical necessity; absolute skepticism;
absolute proof.-2. Perfect; complete; entire;
possessed, as a quality in the highest degree,
or possessing the essential characteristics of the
attribute named in the highest degree: as, ab-
solute purity; absolute liberty.
What philosophical inquiry aims at is, to discover a
roof, by subjective analysis, of a greater certainty in the
aw, of an inviolable uniformity, in nature, of what may
properly be called an absolute uniformity, if only the Word
absolute is used as opposed to incomplete OT partial, and
not as opposed to relative or phenomenal.
S. Hodgson, Phil. of Reflection, II. iv. § 1.
Hence—3. Perfect; free from imperfection:
sometimes applied to persons.
May seem as shy, as grave, as just, as absolute
As Angel Shak., M. for M., v. 1.
€10,
So absolute she seems, - «»
And in herself complete. • Milton, P. L., viii. 547.
4. Fixed; determined; not merely provisional;
irrevocable.
O, pass not, Lord, an absolute decree,
Nor bind thy sentence unconditional.
Dryden, Annus Mirabilis.
5. Viewed independently of other similar
*
21.
things; not considered with reference to other
similar things as standards; not comparative
merely: opposed to relative: as, absolute posi-
tion; absolute velocity (see below). [Careful
writers, without an explanation, or unless the context
makes the meaning clear, do not use the word in this sense;
so that, though it has always belonged to the word, it is
considered as Secondary.]
Such a code is that here called Absolute Ethics as dis-
tinguished from Relative Ethics—a code the injunctions
of which are alone to be considered as absolutely right, in
contrast with those that are relatively right or least
wrong; and which, as a system of ideal conduct, is to
serve as a standard for our guidance in solving, as well as
we can, the problems of real conduct.
H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $ 104.
6. Unlimited in certain essential respects;
arbitrary; despotic : applied especially to a
stem of government in which the will of
the sovereign is comparatively unhampered
by laws or usage: as, an absolute monarchy.
As Lord Chamberlain, I know, you are absolute by your
office, in all that belongs to the decency and good man-
ners of the stage. Dryden, Orig. and Prog. of Satire.
All absolute governments, of whatever form, concen-
trate power in one uncontrolled and irresponsible individ-
ual or body, whose will is regarded as the sense of the
community. Calhown, Works, I. 37.
7. Certain; infallible.
The colour of my hair—he cannot tell,
Or answers “dark,” at random, while, be sure,
He's absolute on the figure, five or ten,
Of my last subscription.
Mrs. Browning, Aurora Leigh, iii.
8. Domineering; peremptory; exacting strict
obedience.
Tapped on her head
With absolute forefinger. Mrs. Browning.
9. Ultimate; not derived from anything else:
as, an absolute principle.—10. Immeasurable;
not definable by measurement; not led up to
by insensible gradations: as, the distinction
|between right and wrong is absolute.
The opposition is no longer of the rigid or absolute
nature which it was before. A. Seth.
11. In gram., standing out of the usual syntac-
tical relation or construction: applied to the
case of a noun and an adjunct in no relation
of dependence upon the rest of the sentence,
and defining the time or circumstances of an
action: as, the genitive absolute in Greek, the
ablative absolutein Latin, the locative absolute in
Sanskrit, and the nominative absolutein English.
ºbsolute alcohol. . See alcohol.—Absolute atmo-
sphere, an absolute unit of pressure, equal to one
million times the pressure produced on a square cen-
timeter by the force of one dyne ; that is, by a force
of one gram accelerated every, second by a velocity
of one centimeter per second.—Absolute ego, in met-
aph., the non-individual, pure ego, neither subject nor
object, which, according to the German metaphysician
J. G. Fichte, posits the world.—Absolute electrometer.
See electrometer.—Absolute equation, in astron., the
sum of the optić and eccentric equations, the former
being the apparent inequality of a planet's motion in its
orbit due to its unequal distance from the earth at dif-
ferent times, an effect which would subsist even if the
planet's real motion were uniform, and the latter being
the inequality due to a real lack of uniformity in the plan-
et's motion.—Absolute estate, in law, an unqualified,
unconditional estate, entitling the owner to immediate
and unlimited possession and dominion.—Absolute form.
See form.—Absolute identity, the metaphysical doctrine
that mind and matter are phenomenal modifications of the
same substance.—Absolute instrument, an instrument
designed to measure electrical or other physical quantities
in terms of absolute units. See wºmit.—Absolute in-
Variant, in alg., an invariant entirely unchanged by a
linear transformation of the quantic.—Absolute magni-
tude, magnitude without regard to sign, as plus or minus:
opposed to algebraical magnitude.—Absolute measure
that which is based simply on the fundamental units of
time, space, and mass, and does not involve a comparison
with any other arbitrary quantity, especially not any gravi-
tation-unit, whose value varies with the latitude and ele-
vation above the sea. Thus, the absolute measure of a
force is that of the velocity it would impart to the unit-
massin a unit of time. The units so derived are called ab-
solute wmits; for example, the poundal or dyne. See whit.
—Absolute position, position in absolute Space.—Ab-
solute pressure. (a) That measure of pressure which
includes atmospheric pressure. (b) Pressure expressed
in absolute measure, commonly in absolute atmospheres
(which see).--Absolute problem, a qualitative problem
in which it is sought to discover whether an object pos-
sesses a given character, but not to compare different
objects—Absolute proposition, in logic, a categorical
proposition.—Absolute reality, in metaph, reality not
as it is conceived, but as it exists independently of all
thought about it.—Absolute reciprocant. See recipro-
cant.—Absolute space, space considered as the recep-
tacle of things, and not as relative to the objects in it :
opposed to spatial eactension.—Absolute temperature,
temperature measured from the absolute zero of tem-
perature (see below) on the absolute or thermodynamic
scale of temperature, which is defined by the condition
that the area included between two fixed adiabatic lines
and any two isothermal lines is proportional to the differ-
ence of temperatures for those lines on this scale. This
absolute scale of temperature differs by very Small quan-
tities, usually negligible, from that of an air-thermometer,
and by the absolute temperature is often meant the tem-
perature on the latter scale above the absolute zero,-
absolutely (ab'sq-lüt-li), adv.
absolutely
Absolute term, , (a) In logic, a genera, class-name, as .
man, as opposed to a relative or connotative term, (b)
In alg., that term of an equation or quantic in which the
unknown quantity does not appear, or, if it appears, has
the exponent 0. Thus, in the equation 22 + 122–24=0,
which may also be written ac2 + 12a: —24a:0–0, the term
written ºz in the first form and –2426 in the second
form is called the absolute term.—Absolute time, time
regarded as a quasi-substance independent of the évents
it brings into relationship, that is, which occur in it.
Absolute, true, and mathematical time, in itself and its
own nature out of relation to anything out of itself, flows
equably, and is otherwise called duration: relative, ap-
parent, and vulgar time is any sensible and external
measure of duration by motion [whether accurate or in-
equable) which the vulgar use in place of true time, as an
hour, a day, a month, a year.
Sir I. Newton, Principia (trans.), Def. 8, Scholium,
Absolute velocity, the velocity of a body with refer-
€n Ce i. to other moving bodies, but to something im-
Iſlow 3,016.
We know nothing about absolute velocities in space, for
we have no standard of comparison.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 15.
Absolute zero of temperature, the lowest possible
temperature which the nature of natter admits; the
temperature at which the particles whose motion con-
stitutes heat would be at rest ; that temperature at
which, if it were maintained in the refrigerator of a per-
fect thermodynamic engine, the engine would convert
all the heat it could receive from its source into work.
This temperature lies 273 degrees below the zero of
the centigrade scale. See absolute temperature. =Syn.
1. Unconditional, independent.—2. Finished, perfect,
rounded, consummate, complete.—6. Arbitrary, auto-
cratic, unrestricted, irresponsible.—7. Positive, decided,
certain, sure.— 8. Peremptory, imperative, dictatorial.—
9. Inmediate, direct, self-existent.
II. n. 1. In metaph. : (a) That which is free
from any restriction, or is unconditioned;
hence, the ultimate ground of all things; God:
as, it is absurd to place a limit to the power
of the Absolute.
Being itself, and the types which follow, as well as those
of logic in general, may be looked upon as definitions of
the Absolute, or metaphysical definitions of God: at least
the first and third typical form in every triad may.
Hegel, Logic, tr. by Wallace, § 85.
The contention of those who declare the Absolute to
be unknowable is, that beyond the sphere of knowable
phenomena there is an Existent, which partially appears
in the phenomena, but is something wholly removed from
them, and in no way cognizable by us.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. 430.
(b) That which is perfect or complete : as, its
beauty approaches the absolute. (c) That which
is independent of some or all relations; the
non-relative.
The term absolute is of a twofold . . . ambiguity, corre-
sponding to the double . . . signification of the word in
Latin. Absolutum means what is freed or loosed ; in
which sense the absolute will be what is aloof from rela-
tion, comparison, limitation, condition, dependence, etc.
In this meaning, the absolute is not opposed to the infl-
nite. Absolutum means finished, perfected, completed ;
in which sense the absolute will be what is out of rela-
tion, etc., as finished, perfect, complete, total. . . . In
this acceptation—and it is that in which for myself I
exclusively use it—the absolute is diametrically opposed
to, is contradictory of, the infinite.
Sir W. Hamilton, Discussions (3d ed.), p. 13, foot-note.
Whatever can be known or conceived out of all relation,
that is to say, without any correlative being necessarily
known or conceived along with it, is the known Absolute.
Ferrier, Institutes of Metaph., prop. xx.
2. In math., a locus whose projective relation
to any two elements may be considered as con-
stituting the metrical relation of these elements
to one another. All measurement is made by succes-
Sive Superpositions of a unit upon parts of the quantity to
be measured. Now, in all shiftings of the standard of mea-
Surement, if this be supposed to be rigidly connected with
an unlimited continuum superposed upon that in which
lies the measured quantity, there will be a certain locus
which will always continue unmoved, and to which, there-
fore, the Scale of measurement can never be applied. This
is the absolute. In order to establish a system of mea-
Surement along a line, we first put a scale of numbers on
the line in Such a manner that to every point of the line
corresponds one number, and to every number one point.
If then We take any second scale of numbers related in this
Imanner to the points of the line, to any number, ac, of the
first Scale, Will correspond just one number, y, of the sec-
ond. . If this correspondence extends to imaginary points,
a; and y will be connected by an equation linear in a and
linear in y, which may be written thus: a y + aa, -i- by +
c = 0. The scale will thus be shifted from a = 0 to y = {} or
a = — cla. In this shifting, two points of the scale re-
main unmoved, namely, those which satisfy the equation
a 2 + (a+b)2 + c = 0. This pair of points, which may be
really distinct, coincident, or imaginary, constitute the
absolute. For a plane, the absolute is a curve of the sec-
9nd order and second class. For three-dimensional space
it is a quadric surface. For the ordinary system of mea-
Surement in space, producing the Euclidean geometry, the
absolute consists of two coincident planes joined along an
imaginary circle, which circle is itself usually termed the
absolute. See distance and amharmonic ratio.— Philoso-
phies of the absolute, certain systems of metaphysics
fºunded on Kant's Critique of Reason—most prominently
those of Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel—which, departing
from the principles of Kant, maintain that the absolute
is cognizable.
Completely;
wholly; independently; without restriction,

absolutely
limitation, or qualification; unconditionally;
' positively; peremptorily.
Command me absolutely not to go.
- Iilton, P. L., ix. 1156.
Absolutely we cannot discommend, we cannot absolutely
approve, either Willingness to live or forwardness to die,
Hooker, Eccl. Pol., v.
. As a matter of fact, absolutely pure water is never found
in the economy of nature. Huailey, Physiog., p. 115.
absoluteness (ab'so-lit-nes), n. The state of
being absolute; independence; completeness;
the state of being subject to no extraneous
restriction or control; positiveness; perfection.
If you have lived about, as the phrase is, you have lost
that sense of the absoluteness and the sanctity of the hab-
its of your fellow-patriots which once made you so happy
in the midst of them.
H. James, Jr., Portraits of Places, p. 75.
absolution (ab-SQ-lii‘shon), n. [K ME. absolu-
ciun, -cion, -cioun, KL. absolutio(n-), Kabsolvere,
loosen from : see absolve.] 1. The act of ab-
Solving, or the state of being absolved ; release
from consequences, obligations, or penalties;
specifically, release from the penal conse-
quences of sin.
God's absolution of men is his releasing of them from
the bands of sin with which they were tied and bound.
Trench, Study of Words, p. 240.
º; to Rom. Cath, theol., a remission of sin
which the priest, on the ground of authority receive
from Christ, makes in the sacrament of penance (which
see). “It is not a mere announcement of the gospel, or a
bare declaration that God will pardon the sins of those
who repent, but, as the Council of Trent defines it, is
a judicial act by which a priest as judge passes a sen-
tence on the penitent.” Cath. Dict, (b) According to Prot.
theol., a sacerdotal declaration assuring the penitent of di-
vine forgiveness on the ground of his repentance and faith.
In the Roman Catholic Church the priest pronounces the
absolution in his own name: “I absolve thee.” In Prot-
estant communions that use a form of absolution, and in
the Greek Church, it is pronounced in the name of God
and as a prayer : “God [or Christ] absolve thee.”
By absolution [in the Augsburg Confession] is meant the
official declaration of the clergyman to the penitent that
his sins are forgiven him upon finding or believing that he
is exercising a godly sorrow, and is trusting in the blood
of Christ. Shedd, Hist. of Christ. Doct.
2+. Abolition ; abolishment.
But grant it true [that the Liturgy ordered too many
ceremonies], not a total absolution, but a reformation
thereof, may hence be inferred. Fuller, Ch. Hist., XI. x. 8.
3. In civil law, a sentence declaring an accused
person to be innocent of the crime laid to his
charge.—Absolution from censures (eccles.), the re-
moval of penalties imposed by the church.—Absolution
for the dead (eccles.), a short form of prayer for the re-
pose of the soul, said after a funeral mass.—Absolutions
in the breviary (eccles.), certain short prayers said be-
fore the lessons in matins, and before the chapter at the
end of prime. = Sym. 1. Remission, etc. See pardom, n.
absolver (ab-sol’vér), n.
absolvitor (ab-solvi-tgr), n.
22
absolutory (ab-sol’ī-tº-ri), a. [KML, absoluto-
rius, K.L. absolutus: see absolute.] Giving ab-
Solution; capable, of absolving: as, “an ab-
Solutory sentence,” Ayliffe, Parergon.
absolvable (ab-sol’va-bl), a. Capable of being
absolved; deserving of or entitled to absolution.
absolvatory (ab-sol’va-tº-ri), a. [Irreg. K ab-
solve + -atory; prop. absolutory, q.v.] Confer-
ring absolution, pardon, or release; having
ower to absolve.
absolve (ab-solv’), v. t.; pret. and pp. absolved,
ppr. absolving. [KL, absolvere, loosen from,
Kab, from, -F solvere, loosen: see solve, and cf.
assoil.] 1. To set free or release, as from some
duty, obligation, or responsibility.
No amount of erudition or technical skill or critical
power can absolve the mind from the necessity of creating,
if it would grow. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 104.
2. To free from the consequences or penalties
attaching to actions; acquit; specifically, in
eccles. language, to forgive or grant remission
of sins; pronounce forgiveness of sins to.
The felon's latest breath
Absolves the innocent man who bears his crime.
Bryant, Hymn to Death.
I am just absolved,
Purged of the past, the foul in me, washed fair.
- Browning, Ring and Book, II. 18.
3t. To accomplish; finish.
The work begun, how soon
Absolved. Milton, P. L., vii. 94.
4t. To solve; resolve; explain.
We shall not absolve the doubt.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vi. 10.
=Syn, 1. To free, release, excuse, liberate, exempt.—2.
To acquit, excuse, clear, pardon, forgive, justify. See
acquit.
One who absolves;
one who remits sin, or pronounces it to be re-
mitted.
[Irreg. KL. ab-
solvere : see absolve.] In law, a decree of
absolution.—Decree of absolvitor, in Scots law, a
decree in favor of the defendant in an action. A decree
in favor of the pursuer or plaintiff is called a decree con-
demnator.
absolvitory (ab-sol’vi-tº-ri), a.
tory.] Absolutory; absolvatory.
absonant (ab'sº-nant), a. [KL. ab -- sonan(t-)s:
see sonant, and cf. absonous...] Wide from the
purpose; contrary; discordant: oppºsed to
consonant: as, “absonant to nature,” Quarles,
The Mourner. [Now rare.]
absonatet (ab'sé-nāt), v. t. [For “absoniate, K
M.L. absoniatus, pp. of absoniare, avoid, lit. be
discordant: see absonous.] To avoid; detest.
[See absolva-
absorbab
absorbed (ab-Sörbd’), p. a.
absorption
to it from above. Such wells are sometimes called mega-
tive wells, waste-wells, and drain-wells; also, in the south
of England, dead wells. The geological conditions º
their use are rare; but they have occasionally been foun
practicable and convenientin connection with manufactur-
ing establishments. = Syn. 4. To Absorb, Engross, Swal-
low wo, Engulf, engage, arrest, rivet, fix. (See engross.)
Absorb and engross denote the engagement of one's whole
attention and emergies by some object or occupation; but
absorb commonly has connected with it the idea of mental
passivity, engross that of mental activity. Thus, one is
absorbed in a novel, but engrossed in business. The words,
however, are sometimes used interchangeably. Swallow wº
and engulf have a much stronger figurative sense; engu
enerally expresses misfortune. ... .
absorbability (ºb-sàr-ba-bil’i-ti), n. The state
OP § of being absorbable.
e (ab-sór’bà-bl), a. Capable of being
absorbed or imbibed. tº
1. Drawn in or
sucked * Specifically applied to the coloring in paint-
ings when the oil has sunk into the canvas, leaving the
color flat and the touches dead or indistinct: nearly sy-
nonymous with swºmk ºn.
2. Engrossed: as, an absorbed look.
absorbedly (ab-sór"bed-li), adv. In an ab-
sorbed manner.
absorbedness (ab-sór"bed-nes), m. The state
of being absorbed, or of having the attention
fully occupied. -
absorbefacient (ab-Sór-bê-fä'shient), a. and n.
[K L. absorbère, absorb, + facien(t-)s, ppr. of
facere, make.] I. a. Causing absorption.
II. m. Any substance causing absorption, as
of a swelling. H. C. Wood, Therap.
absorbency (ab-sórſben-si), m. Absorptiveness.
absorbent (ab-sór (bºnt), a. and n.
*sorben.(t-)s, ppr. of absorbëre: see absorb.] I. a.
[K L. ab-
Absorbing or capable of absorbing; imbibing;
swallowing; performing the function of ab-,
sorption: as, absorbent vessels; the absorbent
system.
“Absorption-bands” [in the spectrum] . . . indicate
what kind of light has been stopped and extinguished by
the absorbent object. A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 450.
Absorbent cotton. See cottom:1.—Absorbent gland.
See gland.—Absorbent grounds, in painting, picture-
grounds prepared, either on board or on canvas, so as to
have the power of absorbing the redundant oil from the
colors, for the sake of quickness in drying, or to increase
the brilliancy of the colors.—Absorbent-strata, Water-
power, a hydraulic device for utilizing the power of water
passing through an absorbing-Well. See absorbing-well,
under absorb.
II. n. Anything which absorbs. Specifically—
(a) In amat. and physiol., a vessel which imbibes or takes
nutritive matters into the system ; specifically, in the
vertebrates, a lymphatic vessel (which see, under lym-
phatic). (b) In therapeutics: (1) any substance used to
absorb a morbid or excessive discharge; (2) an alkali used
to neutralize acids in the stomach. (c) In chem. : (1) any-
thing that takes up into itself a gas or liquid, as a sub-
stance which withdraws moisture from the air; (2) a Sub-
*stance, such as magnesia, lime, etc., whichneutralizes acids.
absorber (ab-sór’běr), n. One who or that
absolutism (ab's Q-lii-tizm), n. [Kabsolute + -ism,
Ash.
after F. absolutisme = Pg. absolutismo.] 1. The absonous? (ab's 3-nus), a. [K L. absonws, dis-
state of being absolute. Specifically, in political sci-
emce, that practice or system of government in which the
power of the sovereign is unrestricted; a state so gov-
erned ; despotism.
The province of absolutism is not to dispose of the
national life, but to maintain it without those checks on
the exercise of power which exist elsewhere.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 99.
From the time of its first conversion Germany has never
taken kindly to the claims of absolutism, either of author-
ity or of belief, so strongly put forward by the Church.
G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 310.
2. The principle of absolute individual power
in government; belief in the unrestricted right
of determination or disposal in a Sovereign.—
3. The theological doctrine of predestination
or absolute decrees.—4. The metaphysical
doctrines of the absolutists. = Syn. 1. Tyranny,
Autocracy, Absolutism, etc. See despotism.
absolutist (ab's Q-lii-tist), n. and a... [Kabsolute
+ -ist, after F. absolutiste.] I. m. 1. An advo-
cate of despotism, or of absolute government.--
2. In metaph., one who maintains that there is
an absolute or non-relative existence, and that
it is possible to know or conceive it.
Hence the necessity which compelled Schelling and the
absolutists to place the absolute in the indifference of sub-
ject and object, of knowledge and existence. g
,Sir W. Hamilton.
II. a. Of or pertaining to absolutism; des-
potic ; absolutistic.
Socialism would introduce, indeed, the most vexatious
and all-encompassing absolutist government ever invented.
Räe, Cont. Socialism, p. 366.
All these things were odious to the old governing classes
of France; their spirit was absolutist, ecclesiastical, and
military. John Morley.
absolutistic (ab'so-li-tistik), a...Of, pertain-
ing to, or characterized by absolutism; charac-
teristic of absolutists or absolutism.
But the spirit of the Roman empire was too absolutistio
to abandon the prerogative of a supervision of public Wor-
ghip. Schaff, Hist. Christ. Church, III. § 2.
cordant, Kab, from, + somus, sound: see sound 5.]
1. Unmusical.—2. Figuratively, discordant;
opposed; contrary: as, “absonous to our rea-
son,” Glanville, Seep. Sci., iv.
absorb (ab-sórb'), v. t. [KL. absorbère, swallow
down anything, Kab, away, + Sorbère, suck up,
= Gr. boſpeiv, sup up.] 1. To drink in; suck
up ; imbibe, as a sponge ; take in by absorp-
tion, as the lacteals of the body; hence, to take
up or receive im, as by chemical or molecular
action, as when charcoal absorbs gases.
It is manifest, too, that there cannot be great self-
mobility unless the absorbed materials are efficiently dis-
tributed to the organs which transform insensible motion
into sensible motion. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 2.
Every gas and every vapor absorbs exactly those kinds
of rays which it emits when in the glowing condition,
whilst it permits all other kinds of rays to traverse it with
undiminished intensity. Lommel, Nature of Light, p. 164.
2}. To swallowup; engulf; overwhelm: as, the
sea absorbed the wreck.
And dark oblivion soon absorbs them all.
owper, On Names in Biog. Brit.
3. To swallow up the identity or individuality
of; draw in as ā constituent part; incorporate:
as, the empire absorbed all the small states.
A clear stream flowing with a muddy one,
Till in its onward current it absorbs . . .
The vexed eddies of its wayward brother.
Tennyson, Isabel.
4. To engross or engage wholly.
When a tremendous sound or an astounding spectacle
absorbs the attention, it is next to impossible to think of
anything else. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 98.
The confirmed invalid is in danger of becoming ab-
sorbed in self.
5}. In med., to counteract or neutralize: as,
magnesia absorbs, acidity in the stomach.-Ab-
sorbing-well, a vertical excavation or shaft sunk in the
earth to enable the surface-water to reach a permeable
bed which is not saturated with Water, and can therefore
take up or absorb and carry off the water which has access
absorbing (ab-Sör’bing), p. a.
absorpth (ab-sórptſ), a.
which absorbs.
Let us study the effect of using sodium vapour as the
medium—not as a source of light, but as an absorber.
J. N. Lockyer, Spect. Anal., p. 39.
Schlösing has investigated the action of the ocean-water
as an absorber and regulator of the carbonic acid gas in
the atmosphere. Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 266.
1. Soaking up;
imbibing; taking up.
If either light or radiant heat be absorbed, the absorb-
ing body is warmed. Tymdall, Light and Elect., p. 76.
2. Engrossing; enchanting: as, the spectacle
was most absorbing.
The total aspect of the place, its sepulchral stillness,
its absorbing perfume of evanescence and decay and mor-
tality, confounds the distinctions and blurs the details.
H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 334.
absorbingly (ab-sór’bing-li), adv. In an ab-
Sorbing manner; engrossingly.
absorbition? (ab-sór-bish’on), n. [Irreg. Kab-
sorb + -ition.]. Absorption.
[K L. absorptus, pp. of
absorbère: see absorb.] Absorbed.
Circe in vain invites the feast to share,
Absent I wander and absorpt in care.
Pope, Odyssey, iv.
absorptiometer (ab-sórp-shi-Om’e-tèr), n. IKL.
absorptio, absorption, + Gr. piétpop, a measure :
see meter2.] An instrument invented by Pro-
fessor Bunsen to determine the amount of gas
absorbed by a unit-volume of a liquid. It is a
graduated tube in which a certain quantity of the gas and
liquid is agitated over mercury. The amount of absorp-
tion is measurred on the scale by the height to which the
Whately, On Bacon's Ess. of Adversity. A mercury presses up the liquid in the tube. *
absorption (ab-sórp'shgn), n. [KL.absorptio(n-),
a dri
rinking, Kabsorbëre : see absorb.] The act
or process of absorbing, or the state of being
absorbed, in all the senses of the verb: as-
(a) The act or process of imbibing, swallowing, or engulfing
mechanically, (b) The condition of having one's atten-
8C
tion entirely occupied with something. § In chem, and
#; a taking in or reception by molecular or chemical
ction: as, absorption of gases, light, heat. See below.
We know the redness of the sun at evening arises, not
from absorption by the ether, but from absorption by a
great thickness of our atmosphere.
J. N. Lockyer, Spect. Anal., p. 30.
(d) In physiol., the process of taking up into the vascular
system (venous or lymphatic) either food from the ali-
mentary canal or inflammatory products and other sub-
stances from the various tissues. Plants absorb moisture
and nutritive juices principally by their roots, but some-
times by their general surfaces, as in seaweeds, and car-
bonic acid by their leaves. Absorption of organic matter
by leaves takes place in several insectivorous plants.-
Absorption-bands, in 8pectrum analysis, dark bands in
the spectrum more or less broad and in general not sharply
defined. They are seen when the light has passed through
a body not necessarily incandescent, and which may be a
solid (as a salt of didymium), a liquid (as a solution of
blood), or a vapor (as nitrous oxid, carbon-dioxid, or the
aqueous vapor in the terrestrial atmosphere). See ab80rp-
tion-lines and spectrum.—Absorption of color, the phe-
nomenon observed when certain colors are retained or pre-
vented from passing through certain transparent bodies.
Thus, pieces of colored glass are almost opaque to some
parts of the spectrum, while allowing other colors to pass
through freely. . This is merely a special case of the ab:
sorption of light.-Absorption of gases, the action of
some solids and liquids in taking up or absorbing gases.
Thus, a porous body like charcoal (that is, one presenting
a large surface) has the ability to take in, or condense on
its surface, a large quantity of some gases through the mo-
lecular attraction exerted between its surface and the mol-
ecules of the gas, boxwood charcoal, for example, being
able to absorb 90 times its volume of ammonia-gas. On
account of this property, charcoal is used as a disinfectant
to absorb noxious gases. (See occlusion.) Liquids also have
the power to absorb or dissolve gases, the quantity ab-
sorbed varying with the nature of the liquid and the gas;
it is also proportional to the pressure, and increases as the
temperature is lowered. For example, at the ordinary
temperature and pressure water absorbs its own volume
of carbon dioxid; at a pressure of two atmospheres, two
volumes are absorbed, and so on. If this additional press-
ure is relieved, the excess over one volume is liberated with
effervescence, as in Soda-Water.—Absorption of heat, the
action performed in varying degrees in different bodies—
solids, liquids, and gases—of stopping radiant heat, as
a result of which their own temperature is more or less
raised. For example, rock-salt and carbon disulphid ab-
sorb but little radiant heat, that is, are nearly diatherma-
nous. On the other hand, alum and Water arrest a large
portion of it, that is, are comparatively athermanous.
The waves of ether once generated may so strike against
the molecules of a body exposed to their action as to
yield up their motion to the latter; and in this transfer
of the motion from the ether to the molecules consists
the absorption of radiant heat. Tyndall, Radiation, § 2.
Absorption of light, that action of an imperfectly trans-
parent or opaque body by which some portion of an in-
cident pencil of light is stopped within the body, while
the rest is either transmitted through it or reflected from
it. It is owing to this action that, for example, a certain
thickness of pure water shows a greenish color, of glass a
bluish-green color, etc.—Absorption-lines, in spectrum
analysis, dark lines produced in an otherwise continuous
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º by the absorption of relatively cool vapors
through which the light has passed. When light passes
through a vapor which, when luminous, gives a bright-
lined spectrum, but is cooler than the source, the vaporab-
sorbs just those rays which it can emit. Thus when a flame
containing sodium vapor is interposed before a lime-light,
the latter shows a continuous spectrum crossed by dark
lines replacing the bright lines due to the sodium vapor
alone. The solar spectrum shows a multitude of dark
lines, due to the absorption of the solar atmosphere, and in
part also to that of the earth.-Absorption-spectrum, a
spectrum with absorption-lines or bands.-Cutaneous or
external absorption, in med., the process by which cer-
tain substances, when placed in contact with a living sur-
face, produce the same effects upon the system as when
taken into the stomach or injected into the veins, only in
a less degree. Thus, arsenic, when applied to an external
wound, will sometimes affect the system as rapidly as when
introduced into the stomach; and mercury, applied ex-
ternally, excites salivation.—Interstitial absorption.
See interstitial. e
absorptive (ab-sörp"tiv), a. [K F. absorptif,
L. as if “absorptivus, Kabsorbère: see asórij
Having power to absorb or imbibe ; causing
absorption; absorbent.
The absorptive power of a substance may not be so ex-
tensive as to enable it to absorb and extinguish light-rays
or heat-rays of all kinds; it may arrest Some only.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 449.
absorptiveness (ab-Sörp"tiv-nes), ... m. The
uality of being absorptive; absorptivity.
absorptivity (ab-sórp-tiv’i-ti), n. The power
or capacity of absorption. [Rare.]
The absorptivity inherent in organic beings. J. D. Dana.
absquatulate (ab-skwot’ī-lāt), v. f.; pret. and
p. absquatulated, ppr. absguatulating, ...[A
É ed word, of American origin, simulating
a L. derivation. Cf. abscond, ambulate.] To
run away; abscond; make off. [Slang.]
. 23
abs(ſue hoc (abz'kwá hok). [L., without this
(or that): absgue, without, Kabs, off, from, with
generalizin suffix -que ; hoc, abl. of hic, this,
that.T. Without this or that: specifically used,
in law, in traversing what has been alleged and
is repeated.
absºlue tali causa (abz’kwé ta’li kā'zā). [L.:
absaue, without; tali, abl. of talis, such; causa,
abl. of causa, cause.] Without such cause: a
hrase used in law.
abs. re. In law, an abbreviation of Latin ab-
: ºreo (which see), the defendant being ab-
SeIltje
abstain (ab-stān"), v. [KME. abstainen, ab-
8teinen, abstenen, KOF. abstener, abstenir, as-
tenir, #. abstenir, refl., K.L. abstinére, abstain,
Kabs, off, -F tenère, hold: see tenable. Cf. con-
tain, attain, detain, pertain, retain, sustain.]
I. intrans. To forbear or refrain voluntarily,
especially from what gratifies the passions or
appetites: used with from ; as, to abstain from
the use of ardent spirits; to abstain from lux-
uries.
Abstain from meats offered to idols.
To walk well, it is not enough that a man abstains from
dancing. e Quincey, Herodotus.
II.f trans. To hinder; obstruct; debar;
cause to keep away from: as, “abstain men
from marrying,” Milton.
abstainer (ab-stā’nér), n. One who abstains;
specifically, one who abstains from the use of
intoxicating liquors; a teetotaler.
abstainment (ab-stän’ment), n. The act of ab-
staining; abstention.
abstemious (ab-sté’mi-us), a. [KL. abstemius,
Kabs, from, -H a supposed “temum, strong drink,
> temetum, strong drink, and temwlentus, drunk-
en.] 1. Šparing in diet; moderate in the use
of food and drink; temperate; abstinent.
Under his special eye
Abstemious I grew up, and thriv'd amain.
Milton, S. A., 1.637.
Instances of longevity are chiefly among the abstemiows.
Arbuthnot, Nat. and Choice of Aliments.
Abstemious, refusing luxuries, not sourly and reproach-
fully, but simply as unfit for his habit.
- Emerson, Misc., p. 261.
2. Restricted; very moderate and plain; very
sparing; spare : opposed to luxurious or rich :
as, an abstemious diet.—3. Devoted to or spent
in abstemiousness or abstinence: as, an ab-
stemious life.
Till yonder sun descend, O let me pay
To grief and anguish one abstemious day.
Pope, Iliad, xix. 328.
4. Promoting or favoring abstemiousness; as-
sociated with temperance. [Rare.]
Such is the virtue of th’ abstemious well.
Dryden, Fables.
abstemiously (ab-sté'mi-us-li), adv. In an
abstemious manner; temperately; with a
sparing use of meat or drink.
abstemiousness (ab-sté'mi-us-nes), n. The
quality or habit of being temperate, especially
in the use of food and drink. =S Abstemious-
mess, Abstinence, Temperance, Sobriety, soberness, modera-
tion, temperateness. (See sobriety.) The italicized words
denote voluntary abstention from objects of desire, most
commonly abstention from food or drink, regarded either
as an act or as an element in character. Abstemiousness,
by derivation and earlier use, suggests abstinence from
wine; but it has lost this special sense, and now generally
signifies habitual moderation in the gratification of the ap-
petites and desires; abstinence is simply the refraining
from gratification, and may be applied to a single act.
They both suggest self-denial, while temperance and so-
briety suggest wisdom, balance of mind, and propriety.
Temperance suggests self-control, the measure of absten-
tion being proportioned to the individual's idea of what is
best in that respect. Hence, abstinence and temperance
often stand in popular use for total abstinence from intoxi-
Cating drink.
Knowing the abstemiousness of Italians everywhere,
and seeing the hungry fashion in which the islanders
clutched our gifts and devoured them, it was our doubt
whether any of them had ever experienced perfect re-
pletion. Howells, Venetian Life, xii.
If twenty came and sat in my house, there was nothing
said about dinner, . . . but we naturally practised ab-
stinence. Thoreaw, Walden, p. 154.
The rule of “not too much,” by temperance taught.
Milton, P. L., xi. 531.
abstention (ab-sten’shgn), n. IKL. abstem-
tio(n-), K abstinére: see abstain.] A holding off
or refraining; abstinence from action; neglect
or refusal to do something.
As may well be supposed, this abstention of our light
cavalry was observed by the Russians with surprise and
thankfulness. Kinglake.
Thus the act [of nursing] is one that is to both exclu-
sively pleasurable, while abstention entails pain on both.
H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $ 102.
abstentionist (ab-sten’sh9n-ist), n.
abstentious (ab-sten’shus), a.
Acts xv. 29.
abstergifyt, v. t. or i.
abstersive (ab-stèr'siv), a. and m.
abstersiveness (ab-stèr'siv-nes), m.
abstinency (ab'sti-nen-si), n.
abstinency
One who
practises or is in favor of abstention, as from
the act of voting, from eating flesh, etc.
[K abstention +
—ous. Cf. contentious, etc.] Characterized by
abstention. Farrar.
abster# (ab-stèr’), v. t. [KL. absterrére, frighten
from, Kabs, from, -- terrére, frighten : see terri-
ble.] To frighten off; deter; inder.
So this in like manner should abster and fear me and
mine from doing evil. Becom, Christmas Banquet.
absterge (ab-stèrj"), v. t.; pret. and pp. absterged,
º absterging. [KL. abstergère, wipe off, Kabs,
off, -- tergère, wipe: see terse.] 1. To wipe,
or make clean by wiping; wash away.
Baths are used to absterge, belike, that fulsomeness of
sweat to which they are there subject.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 286.
2. In med.: (a) To cleanse by lotions, as a wound
or ulcer. (b) To purge. See deterge.
abstergent (ab-stèr'jent), a. and n. [KL. abster-
gemſt-)s, ppr. of abstergère: see absterge.] I. a.
Having cleansing or purgative properties.
II. m. 1. Anything that aids in scouring or
cleansing, as soap or fuller’s earth.-2. In
oned., a lotion or other application for cleans-
ing a sore: in this sense nearly superseded by
detergent.
[Improp. K. L. abstergère
(see absterge) + E. ify.] To cleanse.
Specially when wee would abstergiſie, and that the
huske remains behind in the boiling of it.
Benvenuto, Passengers’ Dialogues.
absterse (ab-stérs’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ab-
stersed, ppr. abstersing. [K L. abstersus, pp. of
abstergère: see absterge.] To absterge; cleanse;
urify. ". Sir T. Browne. [Rare.]
abstersion (ab-stèr'shgn), m. [KL.” abstersio(n-),
Kabstergère, pp. abstersus: see absterge.] 1.
The act of wiping clean : as, “ablution and
abstersion,” Scott, Waverley, xx.-2. In med.,
a cleansing by substances which remove foul-
ness from about sores, or humors or obstruc-
tions from the system.
Abstersion is plainly a scouring off or incision of the
more viscous humours, and making the humours more
fluid ; and cutting between them and the part.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 42.
- [= F. ab-
stersif, K L. “abstersivus, K abstergère, pp. abster-
sus: see absterge.] I. a. Cleansing; having the
quality of removing foulness. See detersive.
The seats with purple clothe in order due,
And let the abstersive sponge the board renew.
Pope, Odyssey, xx. 189.
A tablet stood of that abstersive tree
Where AEthiop's swarthy bird did build her nest.
Sir J. Denham, Chess.
II. m. That which effects abstersion ; that
which purifies.
Abstersives are fuller's earth, soap, linseed-oil, and ox-
gall. Petty, in Sprat's Hist. Royal Soc., p. 295.
The qual-
ity of being abstersive or abstergent.
A caustick or a healing faculty, abstersiveness, and the
like. Boyle, Works, II. 117.
abstinence (ab'sti-nens), n. [KME. abstinence,
K OF. abstinence, astinence, astenance, K L. ab-
stinentia, K abstinen (t-)s, ppr. of abstimére : see
abstinent.] 1. In general, the act or practice
of voluntarily refraining from the use of some-
thing or from some action ; abnegation.
Since materials are destroyed as such by being once
used, the whole of the labour required for their production,
as well as the abstinence of the persons who supplied the
means for carrying it on, must be remunerated.
J. S. Mill, Pol. Econ.
More specifically — 2. The refraining from
indulgence in the pleasures of the table, or
from customary gratifications of the senses or
the intellect, either partially or wholly.
Against diseases here the strongest fence
Is the defensive virtue abstinence. Herrick.
Men flew to frivolous amusements and to criminal
pheasures with the greediness which long and enforced
abstinence naturally produces. Macaulay.
3. In a still narrower sense— (a) Forbearance
from the use of alcoholic liquors as a beverage:
in this sense usually preceded by the adjective
total. (b) Eccles., the refraining from certain
Rinds of food or drink on certain days, as from
flesh on Fridays.--Day of abstinence, in the Rom.
Cath. Ch., a day on which it is forbidden to eat flesh-meat.
A fasting-day limits to one full meal, and commonly in-
cludes abstinence. = Syn. Abstemiousness, Abstinence,
Temperamce, etc. See abstemiousness.
The habit or
practice of abstaining or refraining, especially
from food. [Rare.]

abstinent;
abstinent (ab'sti-ment), a. and n. [KME. absti-
ment, K OF. abstinent, astinent, astenant, K L.
abstinen(f-)s, ppr. of abstinére, abstain: see ab-
stain.] I. a. Refraining from undue indul-
gence, especially in the use of food and drink;
characterized by moderation ; abstemious.
II. m. 1. One who abstains or is abstinent;
an abstainer.
Very few public men, for instance, care to order a bottle
of wine at a public table. It is not because they are
total abstinents. Harper's Mag., LXV. 633.
2. [cap.] One of a sect which appeared in
France and §º. in the third century. The Ab-
stinents opposed marriage, condemned the eating of flesh,
and placed the Holy Spirit in the class of created beings.
abstinently (ab'sti-nent-li), adv. In an ab-
stinent manner; with abstinence.
24
matter and from special cases: as, an abstract
number, a number as conceived in arithmetic,
not a number of things of any kind. Originally
º to geometrical forms (the metaphor being that
of a statue hewn from a stone), and down to the twelfth
century restricted exclusively to mathematical forms and
quantities. (Isidorus, about A. D. 600, defines abstract
mwmber.) It is now applied to anything of a general nature
which is considered apart from special circumstances:
thus, abstract right is what ought to be done indepen-
dently of instituted law. [The phrase in the abstract is
preferable to the adjective in this sense.]
Abstract natures are as the alphabet or simple letters
whereof the variety of things consisteth ; or as the colours
mingled in the painter's shell, wherewith he is able to
make infinite variety of faces and shapes.
Bacon, Valerius Maximus, xiii.
Abstract calculations, in questions of finance, are not
to be relied on. A. Hamilton, Works, I. 129.
abstraction
He hath an abstract for the remembrance of such place
and goes to them by his note. Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 2.
5. In gram., an abstract term or noun.
The concrete “like" has its abstract “likeness”; the
concretes “father” and “son” have, or might have, the
abstracts “paternity” and “fliety” or “filiation.”
J. S. Mill.
Abstract of title, in law, an epitome or a short state-
ment of the successive title-deeds or other evidences of
Ownership of an estate, and of the encumbrances there-
on.—In the abstract [L. in abstracto], conceived apart
from matter or special circumstances; without reference
to particular applications; in its general principles or
meaningS.
Were all things red, the conception of colour in the ab-
stract could not exist. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $ 46.
Be the system of absolute religious equality good or
bad, pious or profane, in the abstract, neither churchmen
nor statesmen can afford to ignore the question, How
Consider the positive science of Crystallography, and
abstortedt (ab-störted), p.a., [KL. abs, away; presentiy it appears that the mineralogist is studying the will it work: . H. N. Oacenham, Short Studies, p. 401.
+ tortus, #. of torquêre, twist: see tort and abstract Crystal, its geometrical laws and its physical = Syn, 1. Abridgment, Compendium, Epitome, Abstract,
torture.] Forced away. Phillips, 1662. properties. etc. See abridgment.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. § 61. abstracted (ab-strak’ted), p. a. 1. Refined;
abstract (ab-strakt'), v. [K.T. abstractus, pp.
of abstrahere, draw away, K abs, away, + tra-
here, draw: see track, tract.] I. trans. 1. To
draw away; take away; withdraw or remove,
whether to hold or to get rid of the object with-
drawn: as, to abstract one's attention; to ab-
stract a watch from a person’s pocket, or money
from a bank. [In the latter use, a euphemism
for steal or purloin.]
Thy furniture of radiant dye
Abstracts and ravishes the curious eye.
King, Rufinus, 1. 257.
Abstract what others feel, what others think,
All pleasures sicken, and all glories sink.
Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 45.
In truth the object and the sensation are the same
thing, and cannot therefore be abstracted from each other.
Berkeley, Prin. of Human Knowl. (1710), i. “I 5.
2. To consider as a form apart from matter;
attend to as a general object, to the neglect of
special circumstances; derive, as a general
idea from the contemplation of particular in-
stances; separate and hold in thought, as a part
of a complex idea, while letting the rest go.
This meaning of the fatin abstrahere, with the corre-
sponding meaning of abstractio, first appears toward the
end of the great dispute between the nominalists and
realists in the twelfth century. The invention of these
terms may be said to embody the upshot of the contro-
versy. They are unquestionably translations of the Greek
&qiaºpeiv and & baipeous, though we cannot say how these
Greek terms became known in the West so early. The
earliest passage is the following: “We say those thoughts
(intellectus) are by abstraction (per abstractionem), which
either contemplate the nature of any form in itself with-
out regard to the subject matter, or think any nature in-
differently (indifferenter), apart, that is, from the difference
of its individuals. . . . On the other hand, we may speak
of subtraction, when any one endeavors to contemplate the
nature of any subject essence apart from all form. Either
thought, however, the abstracting as well as the subtract-
ing, seems to conceive the thing otherwise than it exists.”
De Intellectibw8, in Cousin's Fragments Philosophiques
(2d ed.), p. 481. This old literature having been long for-
#9;teº, an erroneous idea of the origin of the term arose.
“Abstraction means etymologically the active withdrawal
of attention from one thing in order to fix it. On another
thing.” Swlly. [This plausible but false notion gave rise
to the phrase to abstract (intrans.) from. See below.]
3. To derive or obtain the idea of.
And thus from divers accidents and acts
Which do within her observation fall
The goddesses and powers divine abstracts,
As Nature, Fortune, and the Virtues all.
Sir J. Davies.
4. To select or separate the substance of, as a
'book or writing; epitomize or Teduce to a sum-
mary.
The great world in a little world of fancy
Is here abstracted.
Ford, Fancies Chaste and Noble, ii. 2.
Let us abstract them into brief compends.
Watts, Imp. of Mind.
5#. To extract : as, to abstract Spirit. Boyle.
= Syn. 2. To disengagé, isolate, detach.-4. See abridge.
II. intrans. To form abstractions; separate
ideas; distinguish between the attribute and
the subject in which it exists: as, “brutes ab-
stract not,” Locke.
Thus the common consciousness lives in abstraction,
though it has never abstracted. E. Caird, Hegel, p. 159.
To abstract from, to withdraw the attention from, as
part of a complex idea, in order to concentrate it upon
the rest.
I noticed the improper use of the term abstraction by
many philosophers, in applying it to that on Which the
attention is converged. This we may indeed be said to
prescind, but not to abstract. Thus, let A, B, C be three
ualities of an object. We prescind A, in abstracting
}. B and C, but we cannot without impropriety say that
we abstract A. Hamilton, Lectures on Metaph., XXXV.
[This is all founded on a false notion of the origin of the
term. See above.] .*
abstract (ab'strakt), a. and n. [KL. abstractus,
pp. of abstrahere : see abstract, v. As a philo-
sophical term, it is a translation of Gr, Tà é;
āpalpéoewg.] i. a. 1. Čonceived apart from
2. In gram. (since the thirteenth century),
applied specially to that class of nouns which
are formed from adjectives and denote char-
acter, as goodness, awdacity, and more gem-
erally to all nouns that do not name concrete
things. Abstract in this sense is a prominent term in
the logic of Occam and of the English nominalists.
Of the mame of the thing itself, by a little change or
wresting, we make a name for that accident which we
consider; and for “living” put into the account “life”; for
“moved,” “motion”; for “hot,” “heat”; for “long,”
“length”; and the like : and all such names are the
names of the accidents and properties by which one mat-
ter and body is distinguished from another. These are
called “names abstract,” because severed, not from matter,
but from the account of matter. Hobbes, Leviathan, i. 4.
A mark is needed to shew when the connotation is
dropped. A slight mark put upon the connotative term
answers the purpose; and shews when it is not meant that
anything should be connoted. In regard to the word
black, for example, we merely ammex to it the syllable
ness; and it is immediately indicated that all connotation
is dropped : so in sweetness, hardness, dryness, lightness.
The new words, so formed, are the words which have been
denominated abstract; as the connotative terms from
which they are formed have been denominated concrete;
and as these terms are in frequent use, it is necessary that
the meaning of them should be well remembered. It is
now also manifest what is the real nature of abstract
terms; a subject which has in general presented such an
appearance of mystery. They are simply the concrete
terms with the connotation dropped.
James Mill, Analysis of the Human Mind, ix.
Why not say at once that the abstract name is the name
of the attribute? J. S. Mill.
3+. Having the mind drawn away from present
objects, as in ecstasy and trance; abstracted:
as, “abstract as in a trance,” Milton, P. L.,
viii. 462.- 4. Produced by the mental process
of abstraction: as, an abstract idea. Under this
head belong two meanings of abstract which can hardly be
considered as º though they are sometimes used by
Writers influenced by the German language. They are —
(a) General; having relatively small logical comprehen-
sion; wide; lofty; indeterminate. This is the usual
meaning of abstract in German; but its establishment in
English would greatly confuse our historical terminology.
(b) Resulting from analytical thought ; severed from its
connections; falsified by the neglect of important con-
siderations. This is the Hegelian meaning of the word, car-
rying with it a tacit condemmation of the method of ana-
lytical mechanics and of all application of mathematics.
5. Demanding a high degree of mental abstrac-
tion; difficult; profound; abstruse: as, highly
abstract conceptions; very abstract specula-
tions.—6. Applied to a science which deals
with its object in the abstract: as, abstract
logic ; abstract mathematics: opposed to ap-
plied logic and mathematics.-7. Separated
from material elements; ethereal; ideal.
Love's not so pure and abstract as they use
To say, which have no mistress but their muse.
Donne, Poems, p. 27.
Abstract arithmetic, See arithmetic, 2.
... n. 1. That which concentrates in itself
the essential qualities of anything more exten-
sive or more general, or of several things; the
essenge; specifically, a summary or epitome
containing the substance, a general view, or
the principal heads of a writing, discourse,
series of events, or the like.
You shall find there
A man who is the abstract of all faults
That all men follow. Shak., A. and C., i. 4.
This is but a faint abstract of the things which have
happened since. D. Webster, Bunker Hill Monument.
2. That portion of a bill of quantities, an esti-
mate, or an account which contains the sum-
mary of the various detailed articles.-3. In
phar., a dry powder prepared from a drug by
digesting it with suitable solvents, and evap-
orating the solution so obtained to complete
dryness at a low temperature (122°F). It is
twice as strong as the drug or the fluid extract, and
about ten times as strong as the tincture.
4. A catalogue; an inventory. [Rare.]
= Syn. 3
abstractedly (ab-strak’ted-li), adv.
abstractedness (ab-strak 'ted-nes), m.
abstracter (ab-strak’tēr), n.
exalted; as, “abstracted spiritual love,” Donne.
—2. Difficult; abstruse; abstract. Johnson.—
3. Absent in mind; absorbed; inattentive to
immediate surroundings.
And now no more the abstracted ear attends
The Water's murmuring lapse.
T. Warton, Melancholy, v. 179.
Thy dark vague eyes, and soft abstracted air.
M. Arnold, Scholar-Gipsy.
. Absent, Imattentive, Abstracted, etc. See absent.
1. In an
abstracted or absent manner.—2. In the ab-
stract; in a separated state, or in contempla-
tion only. +
It may indeed be difficult for those who have but little
faith in the invisible . . . to give up their own power of
judging what seems best, from the belief that that only is
best which is abstractedly right.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 57.
The
state of being abstracted; abstractness: as,
“the abstractedness of these speculations,”
Hume, Human Understanding, $ 1.
Advance in representativeness of thought makes pos-
sible advance in abstractedmess: particular properties and
particular relations become thinkable apart from the
things displaying them.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 493.
1. One who ab-
stracts or takes away.—2. One who makes an
abstract or summary.
The London Chemical Society, a few years ago, issued to
the abstracters for its journal a series of instructions on
chemical nomenclature and notation. Science, VI., 369.
abstraction (ab-strak'shgn), m. [KL.L. abstrac-
tio(n-), K L. abstrahere: See abstract, v.] 1.
The act of taking away or separating; the act
of withdrawing, or the state of being with-
drawn; withdrawal, as of a part from a whole,
or of one .# from another. Rarely applied to
the physical act of taking or removing except in a deroga-
tory sense: as, the abstraction (dishonest removal, larceny)
of goods from a warehouse.
A hermit wishes to be praised for his abstraction [that
is, his withdrawal from society]. Pope, Letters.
The sensation of cold is really due to an abstraction of
heat from our own bodies.
W. L. Carpenter, Energy in Nature, p. 41.
Wordsworth's better utterances have the bare sincerity,
the absolute abstraction from time and place, the im-
munity from decay, that belong to the grand simplicities:
of the Bible. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 246.
2. The act of abstracting or concentrating the
attention on a part of a complex idea and neg-
lecting the rest or supposingit away; especially,
that variety of this procedure by which we pass
from a more to a less determinate concept, from
the particular to the general; the act or process
of refining or sublimating.
The mind makes the particular ideas, received from par-
ticular objects, to become general; which is done by con-
sidering them as they are in the mind such appearances,
separate from all other existences, and the circumstances
of real existence, as time, place, or any other concomitant
ideas. This is called abstraction, whereby ideas, taken
from particular beings, become general representatives of
all of the same kind. -
Docke, Human Understanding, II. xi. § 9.
To be plain, I own myself able to abstract in one sense,
as when I consider some particular parts or qualities sep-
arated from others, with which, though they are united in
some object, yet it is possible they may really exist With-
out them. But i deny that I can abstract one from an-
other, or conceive separately, those qualities which it is
impossible should exist so separated; or that I can frame
a general notion by abstracting from particulars in the
manner aforesaid. Which two last are the proper accep-
tations of abstraction.
Berkeley, Prin, of Human Knowl., Int., "I 10.
The active mental process by which concepts are formed
is commonly said to fall into three stages, comparison,
abstraction, and generalization. . . . When things are
widely unlike one another, as for example different fruits,
as a strawberry, a peach, and so on, we must, in order to
note the resemblance, turn the mind away from the differ-
. abstraction -: *
ences of form, colour, etc. This is the difficult part of the
operation. Great differences are apt to impress the mind,
and it requires a special effort to turn aside from them
and to keep the mind directed to the underlying similarity.
This effort is known as abstraction.
Sully, Outlines of Psychology, ix.
This was an age of vision and mystery; and every work
Was believed to contain a double or secondary meaning.
Nothing escaped this eccentric spirit of refinement and
abstraction. T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry.
8. A concept which is the product of an ab-
stracting process; a metaphysical concept;
hence, often, an idea which cannot lead to any
practical result; a theoretical, impracticable
notion; a formality; a fiction of metaphysics.
Ariel, delicate as an abstraction of the dawn and vesper
sunlight, flies around the shipwrecked men to console
them. A. H. Welsh, Eng. Lit., I. 388.
Tangents, sines, and cosines are not things found iso-
lated in Nature, but, because they are abstractions from
realities, º,"; applicable to Nature.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. § 71.
The arid abstractions of the schoolmen were succeeded
by the fanciful visions of the occult philosophers.
I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., II. 285.
4. Inattention to present objects; the state of
being engrossed with any matter to the exclu-
sion of everything else ; absence of mind: as,
a fit of abstraction.
Keep your hoods about the face;
They do so that affect abstraction here.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
The tank was nearly five feet deep, and on several occa-
sions I narrowly escaped an involuntary bath as I entered
my room in moments of abstraction.
O'Donovan, Merv, xi.
5. In distillation, the separation of volatile
parts from those which are fixed. It is chiefly
used with relation to a fluid that is repeatedly poured
upon any substance in a retort and distilled off, to change
its state or the nature of its composition.—Abstraction
from singulars but not from matter, in the Scotist
logic, the degree of abstraction required to form such
a concept as that of a White man, where we cease to
think of the individual man, but yet continue to attend
to the color, which is a material passion.—Concrete
abstraction. Same as partial abstraction.—Divisive ab-
straction. Same as megative abstraction.—Formal ab-
straction, the mental act of abstraction, as distinguished
from the résulting concept.-Intentional abstraction,
mental abstraction; separation in thought.—Logical ab-
straction, that process of abstractive thought which pro-
duces a general concept.—Mathematical abstraction,
the act of thinking away color, etc., so as to gain pure ge.
ometrical conceptions.—Metaphysical abstraction, a
process of abstraction carried further than the mathemati-
cal.—Minor abstraction, a kind of abstraction involved
in sensuous perception, according to the Thomists.—Neg-
ative abstraction, separation of one concept from an-
other in the sense of denying one of the º:
tive abstraction, the concept produced by the act of ab-
stracting.—Partial abstraction, the imagining of some
sensible thing deprived of some extensive part, as a man
without a head: Physical abstraction, abstraction
from singulars; that grade of abstraction required in
physics.— Precisive abstraction, the thinking of a part
of a complex idea to the neglect of the rest, but without
denying in thought those predicates not thought of.-
Real abstraction, the real separation of one thing from
another, as the (supposed) abstraction of the soul from the
body in ecstasy. *
àbstractional (ab-strak'shgn-al), a. Pertain-
ing to abstraction. H. Bushnell.
abstractionist (ab-strak'shgn—ist), m. One who
occupies himself with abstractions; an ideal-
ist; a dreamer.
The studious class are their own victims : . . . they are
abstractionists, and spend their days and nights in dream-
ing some dream. Emerson, Montaigne.
abstractitious? (ab-strak-tish’us), a. [KL. as
if *abstractitius : see abstract, v.] Abstracted
or drawn from other substances, particularly
from vegetables, without fermentation. Bailey.
abstractive (ab-strak’tiv), a. [= F. abstractif,
L. as if *abstractivus, K abstractus, pp.; see
abstract, v.] 1. Pertaining to abstraction;
having the power or quality of abstracting.—
2. Pertaining to or of the nature of an abstract,
epitome, , or summary.—3+. Abstractitious.
—Abstractive cognition, cognition of an object not as
present.
The names given in the schools to the immediate and
mediate cognitions were intuitive and abstractive, meaning
by the latter term, not merely what we with them call
abstract knowledge, but also the representations of con-
crete objects in the imagination and memory.
Sir W. Hamilton, Lectures on Metaph., xxiii.
abstractively (ab-strak’tiv-li), adv. In an ab-
stractive manner; in or by itself; abstractly.
[Rare or obsolete.]
That life which abstractively is good, by accidents and
adherences may become unfortunate. -
Feltham, Resolves, ii. 186.
abstractiveness (ab-straktiy-nes), n. The
roperty or quality of being abstractive.
Rare.]
abstractly (ab'strakt-li), adv. In an abstract
manner or state; absolutely; in a state or man-
25
ner unconnected with anything else; in or by
itself: as, matter abstractly considered.
abstractness (ab'strakt-nes), n. The state or
quality of being abstract; a state of being in
contemplation . or not connected with any
object: as, “the abstractness of the ideas them-
selves,” Locke, Human Understanding.
abstrahent (ab'stra—hent), a. [KL. abstra-
ben(?-)8, ppr. of abstrahere, draw away: see
ab8tract, v.] Abstract, as concepts; abstract-
ing from unessential elements.
abstrich (ab'strik; G. pron. Åp'strićh), n. [G.,
Kabstreichen, wipe off: see off and strike..] Lit-
erally, that which is cleaned or scraped off.
Technically, in metal., the dark-brown material which
appears on the surface of lead in a cupeling-furnace, and
becomes pure litharge as the process goes on. Abzug is a
11early equivalent term.
abstricted? (ab-strik’ted), a. [K L. as if *ab-
8trictus, pp. of “abstringere: see abstringe and
strict.] Unbound; loosened. Bailey.
abstriction (ab-strik'shon), m. [K L. as if *ab-
8trictio(n-), K “abstrictus, pp.; see abstricted.]
1. The act of unbinding or loosening. [Obso-
lete and rare.]–2. En bot., a method of cell-
formation in some of the lower cryptogams,
differing from ordinary cell-division in the oc-
currence of a decided constriction of the walls
at the place of division.
abstringet (ab-strinj"), v. t. [K L. as if *ab-
8tringere, K abs, from, + stringere, bind: see
8tringent.] To unbiná.
abstrude (ab-ströd"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ab-
Struded, ppr. abstruding. [KL. abstrudere, throw
away, conceal, K abs, away, + trudere, thrust,
push (= E. threaten, q.v.), remotely akin to E.
thrust, q. v. : see also abstruse.] To thrust
away. Bailey; Johnson.
abstruse (ab-strös'), a. [K L. abstrusus, hid-
den, concealed, pp. of abstrudere, conceal,
thrust away: see abstrude.] 1+. Withdrawn
from view; out of the way; concealed.
Hidden in the most abstruse dungeons of Barbary.
Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, I. iv. 15.
2. Remote from comprehension; difficult to
be apprehended or understood; profound; oc-
cult; esoteric : opposed to obvious.
It must be still confessed that there are some mys-
teries in religion, both natural and revealed, as well as
Some abstruse points in philosophy, wherein the wise as
well as the unwise must be content with obscure ideas.
Watts, Logic, iii. 4.
The higher heathen religions, like the Egyptian religion,
Brahmanism, and Buddhism, are essentially abstruse, and
only capable of being intelligently apprehended by specu-
lative intellects. Faiths of the World, p. 349.
abstrusely (ab-strösſli), adv. In an abstruse
or recondite manner; in a manner not to be
easily understood.
abstruseness (ab-strösſnes), n. The state or
quality of being abstruse, or difficult to be un-
derstood; difficulty of apprehension.
abstrusion (ab-strö’zhon), n. [KL. abstrusio(m-),
a removing, a concealing, K abstrudere: see ab-
strude.] The act of thrusting away. [Rare.]
abstrusity (ab-strö'si-ti), m.; pl. abstrusities
(-tiz). [K abstruse + -ity.] Abstruseness; that
which is abstruse. [Rare.]
Matters of difficulty and such which were not without
abstrusities. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vii. 13.
absumet (ab-stim’), v. t. [KL. absämere, take
away, diminish, consume, destroy, Kab, away,
+ siſmere, take: see assume.] To bring to an
end by a gradual waste; consume; destroy;
cause to disappear. Boyle.
absumptiont (ab-sump'shgn), n. [K L. absump-
tio(m-), a consuming, K absämere, pp. absumptus,
consume : see absume.] Decline; disappear-
ance; destruction.
The total defect or abswamption of religion.
p, Gawden, Eccl. Ang. Susp.
absurd (ab-Sèrd’), a. and m. [= F. absurde =
Sp. Pg. absurdo = It. assurdo, K L. absurdus,
harsh-sounding, inharmonious, absurd; a word
of disputed origin: either (1) “out of tune,” Kab,
away, from, + “surdus, sounding, from a root
found in Skt. V svar, sound, and in E. (Gr.)
siren, q.v.; or (2) Kab- (intensive) + Surdus, in-
distinct, dull, deaf, X E. surd, q.v.] I. a. 1.
Being or acting contrary to common sense or
sound judgment; inconsistent with common
sense; ridiculous; nonsensical: as, an absurd
statement; absurd conduct; an absurd fellow.
There was created in the minds of many of these en-
thusiasts a pernicious and absurd association between
intellectual power and moral depravity.
Macaulay, Moore's Byron.
Specifically—-2. In logic or philos., inconsis-
tent with reason; logically contradictory; im-
absurdly (ab-sérd’li), adv.
abthainry, abthanrie (ab'thān-ri), m.
abthanage
possible: as, that the whole is less than the
sum of its parts is an absurd proposition; an
absurd hypothesis.
It would be absurd to measure with a variable stan-
d. II. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 44.
= Syn. Absurd, Silly, Foolish, Stupid, Irrational, Un-
rea&onable, Preposterous, Infatuated, ridiculous, non-
sensical, Senseless, incongruous, unwise, ill-judged, ill-
advised. (See foolish.) Foolish, absurd, and preposterous
imply a contradiction of common sense, rising in degree
from foolish, which is commonly applied where the con-
tradiction is small or trivial. That which is foolish is
characterized by weakness of mind, and provokes our
contempt. That which is silly is still weaker, and more
contemptible in its lack of sense; gilly is the extreme in
that direction. That which is absurd does not directly
Suggest weakness of mind, but it is glaringly opposed to
common sense and reason : as, that a thing should be un-
equal to itself is absurd. That which is preposterous is
the height of absurdity, an absurdity as conspicuous as
getting a thing wrong side before; it excites amazement
that anyone should be capable of such an extreme of foolish-
ness. That which is irrational is contrary to reason, but
not especially to common sense. Unreasonable is more
eften used of the relation of men to each other; it implies
less discredit to the understanding, but more to the will,
indicating an unwillingness to conform to reason. Irra-
tional ideas, conclusions; unreasonable demands, assump-
tions, people. An infatuated person is so possessed by a
misleading idea or passion that his thoughts and conduct
are controlled by it and turned into folly. He who is
8tupid appears to have little intelligence ; that which is
8tw.pid is that which would be natural in a person whose
powers of reasoning are defective or suspended.
'Tis a fault to heaven,
A fault against the dead, a fault to nature,
To reason most absurd. Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
From most silly novels we can at least extract a laugh ;
but those of the modern-antique school have a ponderous,
a leaden kind of fatuity, under which we groan.
George Eliot, Silly Novels.
How wayward is this foolish love | Shak., T. G. of V., i. 2.
A man who cannot write with wit on a proper subject
is dull and stupid. Addison, Spectator, No. 291.
The brave man is not he who feels no fear,
For that were stupid and irrational.
Joanna Baillie, Basil.
She entertained many wrºreasonable prejudices against
him, before she was acquainted with his personal worth.
Addison.
Though the error be easily fallen into, it is manifestly
preposterows. Is. Taylor.
The people are so infatuated that, if a cow falls sick, it
is ten to one but an old woman is clapt up in prison for it.
Addisom, Travels in Italy.
II. m. An unreasonable person or thing; one
who or that which is characterized by unrea-
sonableness; an absurdity. [Rare.]
This arch absurd, that wit and fool delights.
Pope, Dunciad, i. 221.
absurdity (ab-sér'di-ti), m.; pl. absurdities (-tiz).
[= F. absurditë = Sp. absurdidad=Pg. absurdi-
dade = It. assurdità, K. L. absurdita(t-)s, absur-
dity, K absurdws: see absurd.] 1. The state or
quality of being absurd or inconsistent with
obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment; want,
of rationality or common sense : as, the absur-
dity of superstition; absurdity of conduct.
The absurdity involved in exacting an inexorable con-
cealment from those who had nothing to reveal.
De Quincey, Essenes, ii.
2. That which is absurd; an absurd action,
statement, argument, custom, etc. : as, the
absurdities of men; your explanation involves
a gross absurdity.
And this absurdity — for such it really is — we see every
day — people attending to the difficult science of matters
where the plain practice they quite let slip.
MI. Armold, Literature and Dogma, xii.
=Syn. I. Absurdness, silliness, unreasonableness, self-
contradiction, preposterousness, inconsistency. See folly.
In an absurd man-
ner; in a manner inconsistent with reason or
obvious propriety.
absurdness (ab-serd'nes), n. Same as absurdity.
abterminal (ab-tér’mi-nal), a. [K
L. ab, from,
+ terminus, end.] From the terminus or end:
applied to electric currents which pass in a
muscular fiber from its extremities toward its
Center.
abthain, abthane (ab'thān), n. [Sc.; formerly
also spelled abtheim, abthem, abtham, abbathain,
etc.; K ML. abthania, an abbacy, K Gael. ab-
dhaime, an abbacy. The origin of ML. abthamia
not being known, it came to be regarded as
the office or dignity of an imaginary abthanus,
a word invented by Fordun, and explained as
‘superior thane,’ as if KIA. abbas, father (see
abbot), + ML. thanus, E. thane.] 1. An abbacy
(in the early Scottish church).-2. Errone-
ously, a superior thane.
[Sc.,
Kabthain, abthane, +-ry.] 1. The territory and
jurisdiction of an abbot; an abbacy.—2. Erro-
neously, the jurisdiction of the supposed ab-
thain. See abthain, 2.
abthanage (ab'thä-nāj), n. Same as abthainry.
abucay
abucay (ä-bö-ki'), n. [Bisaya abucay, abocag.]
A, white parrot of the Philippine Islands.
Also (erroneously) abacay.
abulia (a-bö‘li-á), m.
advisedness, thoughtlessness, K abovãog, ill-ad-
vised, thoughtless, K.,&- priv. -- Bovāń, advice,
counsel.]. A form of mental derangement in
Which volition is impaired or lost. Also written
aboulia,
abulomania (a-bö-ló-mă'ni-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ăgov/og, ill-advised, thoughtless, + ſlavia, mad-
mess.] Same as abulia. Also written aboulo-
77.0/mia.
abumbral (ab-um’bral), a.
brellar.
abumbrellar (ab-um-brel’ār), a. [KL. al; from
+ NL. umbrella, the disk of acalephs.] Turne
away from the umbrella or disk: applied to
the surface of the velum or marginal ridge of
medusae or sea-blubbers, and opposed to adum-
brellar (which see).
abuna (a-bó'nā), n. [Ethiopic and Ar. abü-ma,
our father. Cf. abba.] Thé head of the Chris.
Atian church in Abyssinia. See Abyssinian.
abundance (a-bun’ dams), m. [K ME. abundance,
habundaunce, aboundance (see aboundance),
KOF. abomdance, K L. abundantia, abundance,
Kabundare, abound: See abound.] 1. A copious
Supply or quantity; overflowing plenteousness;
unrestricted sufficiency: strictly applicable to
quantity only, but sometimes used of number:
as, an abundance of corn, or of people; to have
money in great abundance.
By reason of the abundance of his horses their dust
shall cover thee. Ezek. xxvi. 10.
2. Overflowingfullness or affluence; repletion;
amplitude of means or resources.
Out of the abundamce of the heart the mouth speaketh.
Mat. xii. 34.
The abundam.ce [of Chaucer] is a continual fulness within
the fixed limits of good taste ; that of Langland is squan-
dered in overflow. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 260.
= Syn. Eruberance, Profusion, etc. (see plenty); plen-
teousness, plentifulness, plenitude, sufficiency, copious-
ness, ampleness, luxuriance, supply. See affluence.
abundancy? (a-bun'dan-si), m. The state or
quality of being abundant.
abundant (a-bun'dant), a, [K ME. abundant,
habundant, aboundant, KOF. abondant, habon-
dant, K.L. abundam(t-)s, ppr. of abundare, over-
flow : see abound.] 1. Plentiful; present in
great quantity; fully sufficient : as, an abwn-
dant supply.
Thy abundant goodness shall excuse
This deadly blot in thy digressing son.
Shak., Rich. II., v. 3.
The history of our species is a history of the evils that
have flowed from a source as tainted as it is abundant.
Brougham.
2. Possessing in great quantity; copiously sup-
plied; having great plenty; abounding: fol-
lowed by in.
The Lord, . . .
Same as abwm-
abundant in goodness and truth.
Ex. xxxiv. 6.
Abundant definition. See definition.—Abundant num-
ber, in arith., a number the sum of whose aliquot parts
exceeds the number itself. Thus, 12 is an abundant
number, for the sum of its aliquot parts (1 -- 2 + 3 + 4 + 6)
is 16. it is thus distinguished from a perfect number,
which is equal to the sum of all its aliquot parts, as
6 = 1 + 2 + 3 ; and from a deficient number, which is
greater than the sum of all its aliquot parts, as 14, which
is greater than 1 + 2 + 7. = Syn. Plentiful, plenteous, co-
pious, ample, exuberant, lavish, overflowing, rich, large,
great, bountiful, teeming. See (unple. &
abundantly (a-bun'dant-li), adv. In a plentiful
or sufficient degree; fully; amply ; plentifully.
abune (a-bón’; Scotch prom. a-biin’), adv. and
prep. [Contr. K ME. abwen, aboven (pron.
ā-bö’ven), KAS. ābufan : see above..] Above ;
beyond ; in a great-
er or higher degree.
Also written aboon.
Scotch.]
ab urbe condita (ab
ër ( bá kon' di-tä).
[L.; lit., from the
city founded : ab,
from ; urbe, abl. of
wrbs, city; comdita,
fem. pp. of condere,
put together, estab-
lish.] From the
founding of the city,
that is, of Rome, B. C.
753, the beginning of
the Roman era. Usu-
ally abbreviated to
A. U. C. (which see).
Aburria (a-bur’i-á), m. [NL.; of S. Amer.
origin..] A genus of guans, of which the type
Abtarria cartanculata.
[NL., K. Gr. º ill-
abuse (a-büs”), n.
26
is the wattled guan, Penelope aburri or Aburria
fºcuſatº, of South America. Reichenbach,
53.
aburton (a-bër’tgn), prep. phr. as adv, or a.
[Ka8 + burton: see burton.] Nawt., placed
athwartships in the hold: said of casks.
abusable (3-bü'za-bl), a. [K abuse + -able.]
Capable of being abused. -
abusaget (a-bū’zāj), n. Same as abuse.
abuse (8-biizº), v. t. ; pret... and pp. abused, ppr.
º [KME. abusen, K OF. abuser (F. abu-
Sér), KML. abusari, freq. of L. abūti, pp. abilsus,
use up, consume, misuse, abuse, Kab, from,
mis-, + wil, use: see use, v.] 1. To use iſi; mis-
use; put to a wrong or bad use; divert from
the proper use; misapply: as, to abuse rights
or privileges; to abuse words.
They that use this world as not abusing it. 1 Cor. vii. 31.
The highest proof of virtue is to possess boundless
power without abusing it. Macaulay, Addison,
2. To do wrong to ; act injuriously toward; in-
jure ; disgrace ; dishonor.
I swear, 'tis better to be much abws'd
Than but to know’t a little. Shak., Othello, iii. 3.
Poor soul, thy face is much abused with tears.
Shak., R. and J., iv. 1.
3. To violate ; ravish ; defile.—4. To attack
with contumelious language ; revile.—5. To
deceive; impose on ; mislead.
You are a great deal abused in too bold a persuasion.
Shak., Cymbeline, i. 5.
Nor be with all these tempting words abused.
Pope, tr. of Ovid, Sappho to Phaon, 1. 67.
It concerns all who think it worth while to be in ear-
nest with their immortal souls not to abuse themselves
with a false confidence, a thing so easily taken up, and
so hardly laid down. Sowth.
- yº, 1. To Abuse, Misuse, misapply, misemploy, per-
vert, profane. Abuse and misuse are closely synonymous
terms, but misuse conveys more particularly the idea of
using inappropriately, abuse that of treating injuriously.
In general, abuse is the stronger Word.
So a fool is one that hath lost his wisdom, . .
that wants reason, but abuses his reason.
Charnock, Attributes.
From out the purple grape
Crushed the sweet poison of misused wine.
Milton, Comus, l. 47.
2. To maltreat, ill-use, injure.— 4. To revile, reproach,
vilify, rate, berate, vituperate, rail at.
[= F. abus = Sp. Pg. It.
abuso, KL. abūsus, a using up, Kabūti, pp. abūsus,
use up, misuse: see abuse, v.] 1. Ill use;
improper treatment or employment; applica-
tion to a wrong purpose ; improper use or
application: as, an abuse of our natural powers;
an abuse of civil rights, or of religious privi-
leges; abuse of advantages; abuse of words.
Perverts best things
To worst abuse, or to their meanest use.
Milton, P. L., iv. 204.
And thus he bore without abuse
The grand old name of gentleman.
Temmyson, In Memoriam, cK.
A daring abuse of the liberty of conscience.
Irving, Knickerbocker.
*. injury; insult ;
treatment in words;
... not one
2. Ill treatment of a
dishonor; especially,
Contumelious language.
I, dark in light, exposed
To daily fraud, contempt, abuse, and wrong.
Milton, S. A., l. 76.
3. A corrupt practice or custom ; an offense;
a crime ; a fault ; as, the abuses of govern-
ment.
The poor abw8es of the time want countenance.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2.
If abuses be not remedied, they will certainly increase.
Swift, Adv. of Relig.
4. Violation; defilement : as, self-abuse.— 5+.
Deception.
This is a strange abw8e.— Let's see thy face.
Shak., M. for M., v. 1.
Is it some abuse, or no such thing? Shak., Ham., iv. 7.
Abuse of distress, in law, use of an animal or chattel
distrained, which makes the distrainer liable to prosecu-
tion as for wrongful appropriation.--Abuse of process,
in law. (a) Intentional irregularity for the purpose of gain.
ing an advantage over one's opponent. (b) More com-
monly, the use of legal process (it may be in a manner
formally regular) for an illegal purpose; a perversion of the
forms of law, as making a criminal complaint merely to
coerce payment of a debt, or Wantonly selling very valua-
ble property on execution in order to collect a trifling sum.
. 1. Misuse, perversion, profanation, prostitution.—
3. Abuse, I'm vective, maltreatment, outrage; vituperation,
contumely, scolding, reviling, aspersion, slander, obloquy,
(See invective.) “Abuse as compared with invective is
more personal and coarse, being conveyed, in harsh and
unseemly terms, and dictated by angry feeling and bitter
temper. Invective is more commonly aimed at character
or conduct, and may be conveyed in writing and in re-
fined language, and dictated by indigmation against what
is in itself blameworthy. It often, however, means public
*
*
abusive (a-bū‘siv), a.
abusively (a-bü’siv-li), adv.
abusiveness (a-bü'siv-nes), n.
abut
abuse under such restraints as are imposed by position
and education.” C. J. Smith, k
abuseful (a-biis'fül), a. Using, or
abuse; abusive. [flare or obsolete.
The abw8éful names of hereticks and schismaticks.
Bp. Barlow, Remains, p. 397.
abuser (a-büzēr), n. 1. Qne who abuses, in
speech or behavior; one who deceives.
Next thou, th’ abuser of thy prince's ear.
Sir J. Denham, Sophy.
ractising
2. A ravisher.
That vile abw8er of young maidens.
Fletcher, Faithful Shep., v. 1.
abusion? (a-bü’zhgn), n. [KME, abusion, KOF.
abusion = Pr: abuzio - Sp. abusion=Pg. abusão
= It. abusione, K L. abusio(m-), misuse, in rhet.
catachresis, Kabūti, pp. abūsus, misuse: see
abuse, v.] 1. Misuse; evil or corrupt usage;
violation of right or propriety.
Redress the abusions and exactions.
Act of Parl. No. xxxiii. (23 Hen. VIII.).
Shame light on him, that through so false illusion,
Doth turne the name of Souldiers to abusion.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1, 220.
2. Reproachful or contumelious language; in-
Sult.—3. Deceit; illusion.
They Speken of magic and abusion, -
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 116.
[= F. abusif = Sp. Pg.
It, abusivo, K L. abüsivus, misapplied, improper,
Šabūti, pp. abūsus, misuse: see abuse, v.] 1.
Practising abuse; using harsh words or ill
treatment: as, an abusive author; an abusive fel-
low:-2. Characterized by or containing abuse;
marked by contumely or ill use; harsh; ill-
natured; injurious.
An abusive, scurrilous style passes for satire, and a dull
Scheme of party notions is called fine writing.
Addison, Spectator, No. 125.
One from all Grub-street will my fame defend,
And, more abusive, calls himself my friend.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, l. 112.
3. Marked by or full of abuses; corrupt: as,
an abusive exercise of power.
A very extensive and zealous party was formed [in
France], which acquired the appellation of the Patriotic
party, who, sensible of the abusive government under
which they lived, sighed for occasions of reforming it.
Jefferson, Autobiog., p. 56.
4t. Misleading, or tending to mislead; employed
by misuse ; improper.
In describing these battles, I am, for distinction sake,
necessitated to use the word Parliament improperly, ac-
cording to the abusive acception thereof for these latter
year’S. Fuller, Worthies, I. xviii.
==Syn. 1 and 2, . Insolent, insulting, offensive, scurrilous,
ribald, reproachful, opprobrious, reviling. -
1. In an abusive
manner; rudely; reproachfully.—2#. Improp-
erly; by misuse.
Words being carelessly and abusively admitted, and as
inconstantly retained. Glanville, Van. of Dogmat., xvii.
The quality of
being abusive; rudeness of language, or vio-
lence to the person; ill usage.
abut º ; pret, and pp. abutted, ppr.
4
abutting. [K . abutten, abouten, KOF. abou-
ter, abuter, abut (F. abouter, join end to end), K
a, to, + bout, but, end; cf. 6i. boter, F. bouter,
thrust, push, butt: see butti; The mod. F. abou-
tir, arrive at, tend to, end in, depends in most
of its senses upon bout, an end, though strictly
it represents the OF. abouter, in the sense of
‘thrust toward.’] I. intrans. 1. To touch at
the end ; be contiguous; join at a border or
boundary; terminate; rest: with on, upon, or
against before the object: as, his land abuts
tipon mine; the building abuts on the highway;
the bridge abuts against the solid rock.
Whose high upreared and abutting fronts
The perilous, narrow ocean parts asunder.
Shak., Hen. V., i. (cho.).
Steam is constantly issuing in jets from the bottom of a
Small ravine-like hollow, which has no exit, and which
abuts against a range of trachytic mountains.
- Darwin, Geol. Observations, i. 2.
In the last resort all these questions of physical specu-
lation abut wipon a metaphysical question.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 243.
The lustrous splendor of the walls abutting upon the
Grand Canal. D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, ii.
2. In Ship-building, same as butt!, 3.-Abutting
owner, an owner of iana which abuts or joins. Thus,
the owner of land bounded by a highway or river, or by a
tract of land belonging to another person, is said in refer-
ence to the latter to be an abutting owner. The term
usually implies that the relative parts actually adjoin,
but is sometimes loosely used without implying more
than close proximity.—Abutting power (in an active
sense), the ability of an abutment to resist the thrust or
strain of the arch, gas, fluid, etc., ; or reacting
against it. Tăbutting joint." See abutment, 3 () (3)

acacio
an inclosure with oaks; Acley or Ackley, also
27.
abut -
But nought that wanteth rest can long aby.
II. trams. To cause to terminate against or &
in contiguity with; project, or cause to im- £2 Spemeer, F. Q., III. vii. 8. Oakley [K AS. Acled], literally, oak-lea.
pinge upon. Abyla (abºi-1}), n. [NL.; Å; after Abyla ac-. A prefix, assimilated form of ad- before c
* Sometimes shortened to but. $. Aſſº), a promontory in Africa opposite the and q, as in accede, acquire, etc.; also an ac-
Abutilon (a-büti-lon), n. [NL., KAr. º ock of Gibraltar.] A genus of calycophoran commodated form of other prefixes, as in ac-
a name given by Avićenna to this or an allied 99eanie hydrozoans of the family Diphyidae.
enus.] Agenus of polypetalous plants, of the
amily Malvaceae, including about 80 species
distributed through the warmer regions of the
globe. They are often very ornamental, and several
species (A. 8triatum, venosum, insigne, etc.) are frequent
in gardens and greenhouses. Some Indian Species fur-
nish fiber for ropes, and in Brazil the flowers of A. escu-
lentwm are used as a vegetable.
abutment (a-but’ment), n., [Kabut-F-ment...l., 1;
The state or condition of abutting.—2. That
which abuts or borderson some-
thing else; the part abutting or
abutted upon or against. Spe-
cifically — (a) Any body or surface de-
signed to resist the thrust or reaction
of any material structure, vapor, gas,
or liquid that may press upon it; par-
ticularly, in arch., the portion of a pier
or other structure that receives the
thrust of an arch or vault; in 2
the terminal mass of a bridge, usually
of masonry, which receives the thrust
of an arch or the end-weight of a truss:
in distinction from a pier, which car-
ries intermediate points; a stationary Wedge, block, or
surface against which water, gas, or steam may react, as
in a rotary pump or engine; the lower part of a dock or
bridge-pier designed to resist ice or currents in a stream,
etc. TSee bridge and impost. (b) In carp.: (1) The shoulder
of a joiner's plane between which and the plane-bit the
wedge is driven. E. H. Knight, (2) Two pieces of wood
placed together with the grain of each at a right angle
with the other. Their meeting forms an abutting joint.
Sometimes shortened to butment.
abutment-crane (a-but’ ment-krān), n., [K
abutment 4 crane, 2.] A hoisting-crane or der-
rick used in build-
ing piers, towers,
chimneys, etc. It
stands at the edge of a
platform resting on the
top of the work, and
may be gradually
raised as the work pro-
*Ceeds.
3 buttal (a-but'al),
n. That part of a C
piece of land which ; H.
abuts on or is con-
tiguous to another;
a boundary; line of
contact: used most-
ly in the plural.
abutter (a-but’ér),
m. One whose
property abuts:
as, the abutters on
the street.
abutua (a-bö’tö-á), n. [Tupi abūtug, bittua.]
The root of a tall woody menispermaceous
shrub-like vine, Abuta rufescens, which is also
called butua and white pareira. This root is
used in the preparation of the curari poison.
See curari.
abuyt (2-bit), v. t. [A more consistent spellin
of abyſ, which is composed of a-1 and buy.
To pay the penalty of.
When a holy man abuys so dearly such a slight frailty,
of a credulous mistaking, what shall become of our hei.
mous and presumptuous sins?
Bp. Hall, Seduced Prophet (Ord. MS.).
abuzz, abuz (a-buz'), prep. phr, as adv. or a.
[Ka8, prep., on, + buzz, m.] Buzzing; filled with
buzzing sounds.
The court was all astir and abuzz.
Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, ix.
abvacuation? (ab-vak-ſi-ā'shgn), n. [KL. ab,
from, + vacuatio(m-): see abevacuation.] Samé
as abevacuation.
abvolation (ab-vö-lä’shgn), n. [See avolation.]
The act of flying from or away. [Rare.]
abyli (a-bi"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. abought or
abied, ppr. abying. [KME. abyen, abien, abyg-
gem, abuggen, etc. (pret. aboughtº), KAS. ābyc-
gam, pay for bº. off, K d- + bycgan, buy: see
a-1 and buy. o give or pay an equivalent
for; pay the penalty of ; atone for; suffer for.
Also spelled abye and abuy.
Ye shul it deere abeye. Chaucer, Doctor's Tale, l. 100.
My lord has most justly sent me to abye the conse-
quences of a fault, of which he is as innocent as a sleeping
man's dreams can be of a waking man's actions.
Scott, Kenilworth, I. xv.
aby?! (a-bi"), v. i. [A corrupt form of abidel,
through influence of abyl. Cf. abide2, suffer for,
a corrupt form of abyl, through influence of
abidel, continue.] To hold out; endure.
Abutment,
A, A, arch-abut-
ments; B, B, current-
or ice-abutments.
Abutment-crane.
24, lattice post of building; B, rolled
I-beam ; C, wooden abutment fastened
to B; D, stay-bolt holding C. C to
beam B.
curse, accloy, accumber, etc. See these words.
Quoy and Gaimard. Also called Abyles. See -ac.' [- F. aque, K.L. -ac-us, Gr. -akoç: see -ic.]
cut under diphyzoöid.
abymet, n. Same as º
abysmi (a-bizm'), n., [KOF. abisme (later abime,
F. abłme) = Pr: abisme = Sp. Pg.
An adjective-suffix of Greek or Latin origin, as
in cardiac, maniac, iliac, etc. It is always pre-
ceded by -i- and, like -ic, may take the addi-
abismo, Kºtional suffix -al.
ML. "abissimus, a superl. form of ML, abis- A. C. An abbreviation of (1) Latin ante Chris-
8w8, K.L. abyssus, an abyss: see abyss. The
Spelling abysm (with y instead of i) is sophisti-
cated, to bring it nearer the Greek.] A gulf
an abyss: as, “the abysm of hell,” Shak., A.
and C., iii. 11.
abysmal (a-biz’mal), a. [Kabysm + -al; = Sp.
Pg. abismal.] 1. Pertaining to an abyss; bot-
tomless; profound; fathomless; immeasurable.
Let me hear thy voice through this deep and black
Abysmal night. Whittier, My Soul and I.
The . . . Jews were struck dumb with abysmal terror.
º Merivale, Hist. Rom., W. 410.
Specifically—2. Pertaining to great depths in
the ocean: thus, species of plants found only
at great depths are called abysmal species, and
also abyssal (which see).
abysmally (a-biz’mal-i), adv. Unfathomably.
George Eliot.
abyss (a-bis(), m. [KL. abyssus, M.L. abissus (>
Pg. It. abisso), a bottomless gulf, KGr. 3/3vogog,
without bottom, Kā-priv. -- 3vgo.6., depth, akin
to 3v6óg and 3600g, depth, K Ba6üç, deep: see
bathos.] 1. A bottomless gulf; any deep, im-
measurable space; anything profound and un-
fathomable, whether literally or figuratively;
specifically, hell; the bottomless pit.
Some laboured to fathom the abysses of metaphysical
theology. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., iii.
2. In her., the center of an escutcheon; the
fesse-point.
abyss (a-bis’), v. t. [K abyss, m.] To engulf.
The drooping sea-weed hears, in night abyssed,
Far and more far the wave's receding shocks.
Lowell, Sea-weed.
àbyssal (a-bis(al), a. 1. Relating to or like an
abyss; abysmal.—2. Inhabiting or belonging
i. * depths of the ocean: as, an abyssal mol-
llSK.
Both classes of animals, the pelagic and the abyssal, . . .
possess the feature of phosphorescence.
The American, W. 285.
Abyssal zone, in phys. geog., the lowest of eight biolog-
ical zones into which Professor E. Forbes divided the
bottom of the AEgean sea when describing its plants and
animals; the zone furthest from the shore, and more than
105 fathoms deep.
Abyssinet, a. and m. [Also Abissine, Abassine;
as a moun, usually in pl. Abyssines, etc., - F.
Abyssins = Sp. Abisimos = Pg. Abezins; K ML.
Abissini, Abassini, Abyssinians (X Abissinia,
Abassinia, Abyssinia), KAbassia, K. Ar. Habasha,
Abyssinia, Habash, an Abyssinian, said to have
reference to the mixed composition of the peo-
ple, Khabash, mixture. The natives call them-
selves Itiopyavam, their country Itiopia, i. e.,
Abyssinian (ab-i-Sin'i-an), a. and m. [K Abys-
sine (Abyssinia) + -iam..] I. a. Belonging to
Abyssinia, a country of eastern Africa, lying
to the south of Nubia, or to its inhabitants.
II. m. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Abys-
sinia. Specifically—2. A member of the Abys-
sinian Church. This church was organized about the
middle of the fourth century by Frumentius, a missionary
from Alexandria. In doctrine it is Monophysite (which
see). It observes the Jewish Sabbath together with the
Christian Sunday, forbids eating the flesh of unclean
beasts, retains as an object of worship the model of a sa-
cred ark called the ark of Zion, practises a form of cir-
cumcision, and celebrates a yearly feast of lustration, at
which all the people are rebaptized. The Abyssinians
honor Saints and pictures, but not images; crosses, but not
crucifixes. Pontius Pilate is accounted by them a saint
because he washed his hands of innocent blood. The
#. may be married men, but may not marry after or-
imation. The abuna, or head of the Abyssinian Church,
is appointed by the patriarch of Alexandria.
abzug (ab'zög; G. pron. Špºtsäéh), m. [G., K
abziehen, draw off, Kab-, - E. off, + 2iehem, re-
lated to E. tug and towij In metal., the first
SCUlDOl *Prºg on the surface of lead in the
sº early equivalent to abstrich (which
S06 ), -
act, n. [Early M.E. ac, KAS. āc, oak: see oak.] The
early form of oak, preserved (through the short-
ening of the vowel before two consonants) in
certain gº. (whence surnames): as,
Acton [KAS. Actiºn], literally, oak-town, or
*Ethiopia.] Same as Abyssinian.
; acacia (a-kā’shiá), n.
Acacian
acacia-tree (a-kā’shiš-tré), n.
acacio (a-kā’shió), n.
tum, before Christ, used in chronology in the
same sense as B. C.; (2) army-Corps.
[= Sp. Pg. It. D. acacia
= G. acacie, K L. acacia, K. Gr. &Kakia, the acacia;
rob. a foreign name, but associated with Gr.
dkiç, a point, thorn, diſcă, a thorn, L. acus, needle,
etc.: see acute.] 1. [cap.] A large genus of
shrubby or arboreous leguminous plants be-
longing to the family Mimosaceae, natives of the
warm regions of both hemispheres, especially
of Australia and Africa. It numbers about 450
Species, and is the largest genus of the family, excepting
A8tragalus. It is distinguished by small regular flowers
in globose heads or cylindrical spikes, and very numerous
free stamens. The leaves are bipinnate, or in very many
of the Australian species are reduced to phyllodia, with
their edges always vertical. Several species are valuable
for the gum which they exude. The bark and pods are fre-
* ºf
ºf... N. :/º/
3.2 V3, ºft#.
ºl.… f.; ºš
Nº. § º º
&f \} -
\º. - * .*
ºi- d **
ºf K). W. º- 2×5’
§§ - sº § &A
º º:**ś
- §āş,
s # ſ *
t § º: Żºł.
§§§
ºğ
s& s.Sº
ãº-
5\%.ſº
>2% ºs
ſº 2.
sº §§ ; :
ź”/Öºs Fº -
3Sº Öğ W *
zzº §,
º -
Acacia Arabica.
quently used in tanning, and the aqueous extract of the
Wood of some Indian species forms the catechu of com-
merce. Many species furnish excellent timber, and many
others are cultivated for ornament — A. Farmesiana both
for ornament and for the perfume of its flowers.
2. A plant of the genus Acacia.-3. The popu-
lar name for several plants of other genera.
The green-barked acacia of Arizona is Cercidium Tor-
reyanum (Parkinsonia Torreyama of Watson). False
and bastard acacia are names sometimes applied to the
locust-tree, Robinia Pseudacacia. The rose or bristly
acacia is Robinia hispida. The name three-thorned acacia
is ºlmes given to the honey-locust, Gleditsia tria-
CGº?!!/?0S,
4. In med., the inspissated juice of several
species of Acacia, popularly known as gum ara-
bic (which see, under gum?).-5. A name given
by antiquaries to an object resembling a roll
of cloth, seen in the hands of consuls and em-
perors of the Lower Empire as represented on
medals. It is supposed to have been unfurled by them
at festivals as a signal for the games to begin.
a-kā‘shian), m. [The proper name
Acacius, Gr. Akáktog, is equiv. to Innocent, K. Gr.
äkakoç, innocent, guileless: see acacy.] In eccles.
hist., a member of a sect or school of moderate
Arians of the fourth century, named Acacians
from their leader, Acacius, bishop of Caesarea.
Some of the Acacians maintained that the Son, though
similar to the Father, was not the same ; others, that he
was both distinct and dissimilar. As a body they finally
accepted the Nicene doctrine.
A name some-
times applied to the false acacia or locust-tree,
Robinia. Pseudacacia.
acacin, acacine (ak’a-sin), m. [K acacia + -īn?,
Watts.
- [A form of acajow, ap-
par. a simulation of acacia, with which it has
no connection.] Same as acajou, 3.
-ine?..] Gum arabic.







acacy.
agacy: (ak’a-si), n. [K L. as if *acacia, K. Gr.
ākakia, guilelessness, àkakoç, innocent, Ká-priv.
+ Rakóg, bad.] Freedom from malice. Bailey.
Academe (ak’a-dém), n. IKL. academia: see
academy..] 1. The grove and gymnasium near
Athens where Plato taught; the Academy; fig-
uratively, any place of similar character.
The softer Adams of your Academe,
Tennyson, Princess, fi,
Fience—2. [l. c.] An academy; a place for phil-
osophic and literary intercourse or instruction.
Nor hath fair Europe her vast bounds throughout
An academe of note I found not out. Howell.
academial (ak-a-dé'mi-al), a. Pertaining to an
academy; academical. Johnson. [Rare.]
academiant (ak-a-dé'mi-an), n. A member of an
academy; a student in a university or college.
That new-discarded academian.
Yºr Marston, Scourge of Vill., ii. 6.
àcademic (ak-a-dem'ik), a. and m. [= F. aca-
démique = Sp. Pg. academico = It, accademico,
K.L. academicus, K Gr. Akadmuelkóg, pertaining to
the Akadžgeta; see academy.] I. a. 1. [cap.]
Pertaining to the Academy of Athens, or to
Plato and his followers, from his having taught
there: as, the Academic groves; the Academic
school or philosophy.—2. Pertaining to an ad-
vanced institution of learning, as a college, a
university, or an academy; relating to or con-
nected with higher education: in this and the
following senses often, and in the third gener-
ally, written academical : as, academic studies;
an academical degree.
These products of dreaming indolence . . . no more
constituted a literature than a succession of academic
studies from the pupils of a royal institution can consti-
tute a school of fine arts. De Quincey, Style, iii.
3. Pertaining to that department of a college
or university which is concerned with classi-
cal, mathematical, and general literary studies,
as distinguished from the professional and sci-
entific departments; designed for general as
opposed to special instruction. [U. S.]—4. Of
or pertaining to an academy or association of
adepts; marked by or belonging to the char-
acter or methods of such an academy; hence,
conforming to set rules and traditions; specu-
lative; formal; conventional: as, academical
proceedings; an academical controversy; an ac-
ademic figure (in art).
The tone of Lord Chesterfield has always been the tone
of our old aristocracy; a tone of elegance and propriety,
above all things free from the stiffness of pedantry or aca-
demic rigor. Le Qwimcey, Style, i.
For the question is no longer the academic one : “Is it
wise to give every man the ballot ?” but rather the prac-
tical one : “Is it prudent to deprive whole classes of it
any longer?” Lowell, Democracy.
e Of academic pººl; in painting, a figure
of a little less than half the natural size, such as it is the
custom for pupils to draw from the antique and from life;
also, a figure in an attitude resembling those chosen by
instructors in studies from life, for the purpose of display-
ing muscular action, form, and color to the best advan-
tage ; hence, an academic figure, composition, etc., is one
which appears conventional or unspontaneous, and smacks
of practice-Work or adherence to formulas and traditions.
I. m. 1. [cap.] One who professed to adhere
to the philosophy of Plato.— 2. A student in a
college or university: as, “a young academic,”
Watts, ; Of Mind.
academical (ak-a-demºi-kal), a. and n. I. a.
Same as academic, but very rare in sense 1.
II. m. 1. A member of an academy.— 2. pl.
The cap and gown worn by the students, gradu-
ates, and officials of a college or university.
At first he caught up his cap and gown, as though he
were going out. . . . On second thoughts, however, he
threw his academicals back on to the Sofa.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, xix.
academically (ak-a-dem’i-kal-i), adv. In an
academical manner; as an academic.
academician (a-kad-e-mish'an), m. [KF. acadé-
micien, K NL. *academicianus, KL. academicus:
see academic.] A member of an academy or a
society for promoting arts and Sciences. Par:
ticularly— (a) A member of the British Royal Academy of
Arts: commonly called Royal Academician, and abbrevi-
ated R. A. (b) A member of the French Academy. , (c) A
full member of the National Academy of Design of New
York. (d) A member of the National Academy of Sciences.
[U. S.] See associate, 4, and academy, 3.
academicism (ak-a-dem'i-sizm), n. The mode
of teaching or of procedure in an academy; an
academical mannerism, as of painting. tº
Academics (aka demºiks), n: [Pl. of academic.]
The Platonic philosophy; Platonism. *
Academism (a-kadºmizm), n. The doctrines
of the Academic philosophers; Platonism.
academist (a-kad’e-mist), n. [K academy + -ist;
= F. académiste, academist, - It. accademista =
Pg. academista, a pupil in a riding-school.] 1.
*of a reddish color, four.d. in
Acadian (a-kā'di-an), a. and m. [KAcadia, Lat-
28
[cap.] An Academic philosopner.—2. A mem-
Aber of or a student in an academy.
academy (a-kad’e-mi), n.; pl. academies (-miz).
[KF. académie = Sp. pg.’ācademia = It, acca-
demia, KL. académia, sometimes acadèmia, KGr.
Akadhuela, less properly Akadnuta, a plot of wº.
fº. in the suburbs of Athens, K Akáðmuog
.Académus, a reputed hero §: 1... [cap.
Originally, a public pleasure-ground of Athens,
consecrated to Athene and other deities, con-
taining a grove and gymnasium, where Plato
and his followers held their philosophical con-
ferences; hence, Plato and his followers col-
lectively; the members of the school of Plato.
The Academy, which lasted from Plato to Cicero, consisted
of several distinct schools. . Their number is variously
given. Cicero recognized only two, the old and the new
Academies, and this division has been generally adopted;
others, however, distinguish as many as five Academies.
Had the poor Vulgar rout only been abused into such
idolatrous superstitions, as to adore a marble or a golden
deity, it might not so much be wondered at ; but for the
Academy to own such a paradox,−this was without ex-
CllSC, Sowth, Sermons, II. 245.
2. A superior school or institution of learning.
Specifically—(a) A school for instruction in a particular
art or Science: as, a military or naval academy. (b) In
the United States, a school or seminary holding a rank
between a university or college and an elementary school.
3. An association of adepts for the promotion
of literature, science, or art, established some-
times by government, and sometimes by the
Voluntary union of private individuals. The mem-
bers (academicians), who are usually divided into ordinary,
honorary, and corresponding members, either select their
own departments or follow those prescribed by the consti-
tution of the society, and at regular meetings communicate
the results of their labors in papers, of which the more im-
portant are afterward printed. Among the most noted in-
stitutions of this name are the five academies composing
the National Institute of France (the French Academy, the
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, the Academy
of the Fine Arts, the Academy of Moral and Political Sci-
ences, and the Academy of Sciences), the Royal Academy of
Arts in London, the Academy of Sciences of Berlin, the Im-
perial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, the National
Academy of Sciences in Washington, etc. The chief object
of the French Academy, as also of the celebrated Italian
Academy della Crusca and of the Spanish Academy, is to
regulate and purify the vernacular tongue.—Academy
board, a paper board, the surface of which is prepared
for drawing or painting.—Academy figure, academy
study, an academic study; a drawing or painting of
the human figure, especially of the nude, made for prac-
. only. See figure of academic proportions, under aca-
6????, C.
acadialite (a-kā’di-al-it), m. ...[KAcadia (see Aca-
dian) + -lite for -lith, K Gr. Atôog, stone..] In min-
eral., a variety of chabazite (which see), usually
ova Scotia.
inized form of Acadie, the F., name of Nova
Scotia.] I. a. Pertaining or relating to Acadia
or Nova Scotia-Acadian fauna, in zoögeog., the as-
semblage of animals or the sum of the animal life of the
coast-waters of North America from Labrador to Cape Cod.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Acadia
or Nova Scotia; specifically, one of the original
French settlers of Acadia, or of the descendants
of those who were expelled in a body by the
English in 1755, many of whom formed com-
munities in Louisiana, then a French colony,
and have retained the name.
acajou" (ak-a-jö’ or -zhö'), n. [K F. acajow =
It, acagiu, K Pg. acaju, appar. another use of
acajow”. Cf. also Sp. cdoba, caobana, K. Haitian
Caoba, Cahoba, mahogany.]. A kind of mahog-
any, the wood of Cedrela fissilis; also applied
to the true mahogany and other similar woods.
acajou? (ak-a-jö’ or -zhö’), n. [F. acajow = It.
acaju, acagiu, K Pg. acajou, acaju = Sp. acaju,
K Tupi acajú, the cashew-tree, acajúba (Sp.
acayoiba, NL, acajuba), its fruit. See also
cashew 1.] 1. The fruit of the tree Anacardium
occidentale. See cashew-nut, cashew-tree.—2.
A gum or resin extracted from the bark of
'Anacardium occidentale.
acaleph (ak’a-lef), m. One of the Acalepha} or
sea-nettles. Also spelled acalephe.
Acalephs.
r, Rhizostoma cuvieri.
2, Medusa pelliécents.
Acalepha (ak-à-lé'íš), m. pl. . [NL., neut. pl. of
*acalephus, adj., KGr, àkaAñón, a nettle, a sea-
nettle. Cf. Acalepha2..] . In Cuvier's system of
classification, the third class of Radiata, a
acanthaceous
heterogeneous group now broken up or retained
in a much modified and restricted sense. See
Acalephaº. The leading genera of Cuvierian acalephs
were Medw8a, Cyanea, Rhizostoma, Astoma, Beroë, and
Cestwm, º; Acalephasimplicia, with º;
Physophora, and Diphyes, constituting the Acalepha hy-
Acalephae (ak-à-lè'fé), m. pl. [NL. (sing, aca-
#}} K Gr. ºffºn, a nettle, also a mollusk
(Urtica marina) which stings like a nettle.]
A name given to a large number of marine
animals included in the subkingdom Coºlente-
rata, and represented chiefly by the Medusida,
and their allies, in .* language known as
sea-nettles, sea-blubbers, ; etc. Other
forms once included under it are the Discophora and Lucer-
marida (both in class Hydrozoa), and the Ctenophora (in
class Actinozoa). The most typical of the Acalephoe, the
Medusidae, are gelatinous, free-swimming animals, consist-
ing of an umbrella-shaped disk containing canals which ra-
diate from the center, whence hangs the digestive cavity.
All have thread-cells or urticating organs (see nematophore)
which discharge minute barbed structures, irritating the
skin like the sting of a nettle; hence the name of the group.
acalephan (ak-a-lé'fan), a. and n. I. a. Per-
taining to the Acalephaë.
II. m. An acaleph.
acalephe º: , n. See acaleph.
acalephoid (ak-a-lé'foid), a...[KGr. &RaAffºn, a
sea-nettle, -ī- eiðog, form.] Like an acalephor
a medusa. [Less common than medusoid.]
acalycal (a-kal’i-kal), a. [K Gr. 3- priv. -- KáWvš,
calyx, -H -al.] In bot., inserted on the recep-
tacle without adhesion to the calyx; said of
stamens. ^,
acalycine (a-kal’i-sin), a. [KGr. &-priv.-H. KáAvč,
L. calya, a cup, + -īnel: see calya..] In bot.,
without a calyx.
acalycinous (ak-a-lis’i-nus), a. Same as acaly-
C2726.
aºlº (ak-a-lik’ī-lāt), a. [K Gr. 6- priv.
+ ... calyculus + -atel.] In bot., having no
calyculus or accessory calyx. N. E. D
Acalyptrate (akºlipºrâté), m. pi. [NL,
K Gr. &- #: + NL. Calyptratae, q.v.] A sec-
tion of dipterous insects or flies, of the family
Muscidae, which, with the exception of the
Anthomyidae, are characterized by the absence
or rudimentary condition of the alulae or
membranous scales above the halteres or pois-
ing-wings, whence the name : contrasted with
Calyptratae.
a campsia (a-kamp'si-á), n. [NL., KGr. &kapºpia,
inflexibility, KākauTTog, unbent, rigid, Kå- priv.
+ ºrº, Bent.j' inflexibility of joint. See
ankylosis.
a campsy (a-kamp'si), n. Same as acampsia.
acanaceous (ak-à-nā’shius), a. [KL. acam-os,
K Gr. &kav-0g, a prickly shrub (Kaká, a point;
cf. &kic, a point, prickle), + -aceous.] In bot.,
armed with prickles: said of some rigid prickly
Aplants, as the pineapple:
a candelliere (ä kän-del-li-ā’re). . [It.: a, to,
with; candelliere = E. chandelier.] In the style
of a candlestick: said of arabesques of sym-
metrical form, having an upright central stem
or shaft.
Acanonia (ak-a-nó’ni-á), m. [NL.; a fuller form .
Acanalonia occurs; formation uncertain.] The
typical genus of the subfamily Acanoniida.
Acanoniida (ak"a-nó-ni’i-dà), n. pl. • ?
KAcanonia + -ida.] In entom., one of the thir-
teen subfamilies into which the family Fulgori-
da (which see) has been divided. [The regular
form of the word as a subfamily-name would
be Acanoniinae.]
acantha (a-kan'thä), m.; pl. acanthae (-thé).
[NL., K. Gr. Čikavda, a prickle, thorn, spine, a
prickly plant, a thorny tree, the spine (of fish,
Serpents, men), one of the spinous processes
of the vertebrae, Káká, a point. Cf. Acanthus.]
1. In bot., a prickle.—2. In 206l., a spine or
prickly fin.—3. In anat.: (a) One of the spinous
processes of the vertebrae. (b) The vertebral
column as a whole.— 4. [cap.] In entom., a
genus of coleopterous insects.
acanthabole, , acanthabolus (a-kan'tha-ból,
ak-an-thab’ī-lus), n. ; pl. acanthaboles, acantha-
joli (boiſ, Hj. Samé as acanthobois.
Acanthaceae (ak-an-thä'sé-é), m. pl. [NL.,
KAcanthus + -aceae : see Acanthus.] A family
of gamopetalous plants, allied to the Scrophu-
lariaceae. They are herbaceous or shrubby, with oppo-
site leaves, irregular flowers, and two or four stamens, and
are of little economic value, Several genera (Acanthus,
Aphelandra, Thwnbergia, etc.) are very ornamental and
are frequent in cultivation.
acanthaceous (ak-an-thä'shius), a. [KNL. ac-
anthaceous: See acantha and-aceous.] 1. Armed
with prickles, as a plant.—2. Belonging to the
family Acanthaceae; of the type of the acanthus.

acanthae.
acanthae, n. Plural of agamtha.
Acantharia (ak-an-thāri-á), n. pl. [NL., &
*ākav6a, a thorn, spine.] order of radiola-
rians. See Radiolaria.
acantharian (ak-an-thā'ri-àn), a. and n. I. a.
Of or pertaining to the Acantharia.
- II. m. One of the Acantharia. -
Acanthia (a-kan'thi-á), n. [NL., KGr. &tauffa, a
spine, thorn.] A génus of heteropterous he-
mipterous insects. Iſabricius. The name is used by
some as synonymous with Salda, by others with Cimea.
Acanthias (a-kanthi-As), n... [NL., KGr. ºv-
6íaç, a kind of shark, prob. Squalus acanthias,
K àkav6a, a thorn, prickle..] . A genus of sharks,
containing such as the dogfish, A. vulgaris, type
of the family Acanthiidae. .
acanthichthyosis (ak-an-thik-thi-Ö' sis), n.
[NL., KGr. &Kav6a, thorn, spine, F ºffic, a fish,
+ -osis.] In pathol, spinous fish-skin disease. Acanthoce
See ichthyosis.
Acanthiidael (ak-an-thi'i-dé), n, pl. [NL., K
Acanthia + -idae.] In entom., a family of het-
eropterous insects, taking name from the genus
Acanthia ; synonymous with Cimicidae.
Acanthiidae? (ak-an-thi'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Acanthias + -ida!..] In ichth., a family of sela-
chians, taking name from the genus Acanthias.
APreferably called Squalidae.
L., KGr.
29 -
have neither mouth nor alimentary canal, but
have recurved hooks on a retractile proboscis as spines.
acanthophorous
rays of the pectoral and ventral fins developed
º The chief family is Acamthodidoº.
at the anterior end of the body, by which they Acanthoganoidei (a-kan"thó-ga-noiſ dé-i), n.
attach themselves to the tissues of animals.
These entozoans belong to the class Nematelmintha. The
embryos are gregarina-like, and become encysted as in Ces-
toda, in which state they are swallowed by various ami-
mals, in the bodies of which they are developed. A spe-
cies occurs in the liver of the cat, and another in the ali-
mentary canal of the hog. There are about 100 species,
all referable to the family Echinorhynchidae.
The 4:::::::::::::: undoubtedly present certain resem-
blances to the Nematoidea, and more particularly to the
Gordiacea, but the fundamental differences in the struc-
ture of the muscular and nervous systems, and in that of
the reproductive organs, are so great that it is impossible
to regard them as Nematoids which have undergone a re-
trogressive metamorphosis.
Huacley, Amat. Invert., p. 558.
acanthocephalan (a-kan-thd-sef’a-lan), n. One
of the Acanthocephala. -
hali (a-kan-thū-sef’a-li), m. pl.
Same as Acanthocephala.
Acanthocephalidae (a-kan-thé-sef-a-li’dé), n.
al. [NL., KAcanthocephalus + -idae.] A divi-
sion of hemipterous insects, of the superfamily
Coreoidea.
*º (a-kan-thé-sef’a-lus), a.
L. acanthocephalus, K. Gr. akavóa, a spine,+
kepazºff, the head..] 1. Having spines on the
head.—2. Pertaining to the Acanthocephala.
àcanthine (a-kan'thin), a. and n. [KL. acan- Acanthocephalus (a-kan-tho-sef’a-lus), n.
thinus, K. Gr. &Káv6tvog, thorny, made of acan-
tha-wood, K. Čikav6og, brankursine, K &Kav0a, a
thorn: sée acantha, Acanthus...] I. a. 1. Per-
taining to or resembling plants of the genus
Acanthus.-2. In arch., ornamented with acan-
thus-leaves.
II. m. In arch., a fillet or other molding orna-
mented with the acanthus-leaf. Buchanan,
Dict. Sci. See cut under Acanthus.
Acanthis (a-kan'this), n. . [NL., KGr. &Ravöic,
acanthocladous (ak-an-thok'la-dus), a.
acanthoclini
NL.: see acanthocephalous.] In entom., the
typical genus of the Acanthocephalidae (which
See). A. declivis is a large bug of the extreme south-
ern United States; A. alata is another example of this
genus.
[K Gr.
ākav6a, a spine, -- KAéðoç, a shoot, branch.] In
bot., having spiny branches.
jºinia), m. [KAcan-
thoclinidae.] One of the Acanthoclinidae.
the goldfinch or the finnet, X &rauða, a thorn, a Acanthochinidae (a-kan-th9-klin'i-dé), º, pl.
thistle.] 1. A genus of fringilline birds, con-
taining the limnets or siskins, the goldfinches,
and also the redpolls. Bechstein, 1803. [Now
little used.]—2. A genus of bivalve mollusks.
Serres, 1816.
Acanthisittidae (a-kan-ſhi sitſi-dé), ºp'. [NH3. A anthojinºis (a-kan-tho-kli'nus), m.
KAcanthisitta, the ical genus (KGr. &Kavčić,
the goldfinch or the linnet, + girth, the nut-
º Sitta europaea), + -idae.] Same as Xeni-
G?Q(2.
acanthite (a-kan'thit), m. [K Gr. 3rav6a, a thorn,
+ -ite2.] A mineral, a sulphid of silver hav-
ing the same composition as argentite, but dif-
fering in crystalline form: found at Freiberg,
Saxony.
acantho-. The combining form of Greek ákavóa,
thorn, meaning “thorn” or “thorny.”
acanthobolus (ak-an-thobº-lus), m.;
thoboli (-li). [NL., less correctly acanthabolus,
contr. acanthalus; also in E. and F. form acam-
thobole, less correctly acanthabole; K Gr. Ökav60-
pl. acan-
L.,.KAcanthoclinus + -idae.] In Günther's
system of classification, a family of blenniiform
acanthopterygian fishes, having numerous anal
Spines. Only one genus, Acanthoclinus, is known; it is
peculiar to the Pacific ocean, the typical species, A. lit-
torews, being found in New Zealand.
[NL.,
Gr. Čikavóa, a spine, -- NL. climus, a blennioid
fish: see Clinus.] A genus of fishes represent-
ing the family Acanthoclinidae (which see).
Jenyns, 1842.
§§§§
ſ º • §§§ tº 4
§ºš
A." -º &
*#3; ğ.
*. - º sº
§NN's
§. ºfºº ºr fºrsº X&
- ..a ‘. . . fºr ºf Y', “...º.º. º
SRSSSSSSSSS º * .” -º-, z-
º º N Stº Şıs - -
N. § º § §§§ º §§ §§§§§§§§§
* ºt *
º
Acanthoclinies litroretts. (From “Zoëlogy of the Beagle.”)
Acanthoglossus (a-kan-thé-glosſus), n.
acanthological (a-kan-thó-loj’i-kal), a.
acantholysis (ak-an-thol’i-sis), n.
Acanthometra (a-kan-thó-met’râ), m.
pl. . [NL., K. Gr. &Kav6a, spine, -- yávoc, luster,
+ eiðog, form: see ganoid.]. A superorder of
extinct paleozoic fishes, consisting only of the
Order Acanthodoidea.
[NL.,
K Gr. &Ravóa, a thorn, + y^{jaga, a tongue.] A.
genus of aculeated monotrematous ant-eaters
of the family º lossida. It differs from Tachy-
glossus in the vertebral formula (which is cervical 7, dorsal
17, lumbar 4, Sacral 3, caudal 12), in having ungual pha-
langes and claws only on the three middle digits of each
foot, in the much-lengthened and decurved snout, and in
the spatulate tongue with three rows of recurved spines.
The type and only species is A. bruijmi, lately discovered
in New Guinea. The generic name is antedated by Za-
glosswg of Gill. Gervais, 1877.
acanthoid (a-kanthoid), a. . [Kacantha, spine,
+ -oid. Cf. Acanthodes.] Spiny; spinous.
L
Acanthoidea (a.k-an-thoi’dé-á), m. pl.
see acanthoid and Acanthodes. In conch., regu-
lar Chitomidae, with insertion-plates sharp and
grooved externally, eaves furrowed beneath,
and mugro posteriorly extended. Dall. K
[
*acanthology, KGr. &Kavba, thorn, spine, -F Woyla :
see -ology.] Of or pertaining to the study of
spines.
[NL., K. Gr.
âkavóa, thorn, spine, + 2.0atſ, dissolution, K Žíetv,
loose.] In pathol., atrophy of the stratum spi-
nosum (prickle-cells) of the epidermis.
acanthoma (a-kan-thó(mâ), m. ; pl. acanthoma-
ta (-ma-tá). [NL., K. Gr. Škavda, thorn, spine, +
-oma. Cf. acanthosis.] In pathol., a neoplasm
or tumor of the stratum spinosum of the epider-
mis, which invades the corium ; a ****
[NL.,
fem. of acanthometrus: see acanthometrous.]
1. The typical genus of the Acanthometridae.
Müller, 1855.—2. A genus of dipterous insects.
Acanthometrae (a-kan-tho-met’ré), m. pl. [NL.,
pl. of Acanthometra.] A suborder of acantha-
rian radiolarians, whose skeleton is composed
merely of radial spicules, and does not form a
fenestrated shell. Haeckel.
Acanthometrida (a-kan-tho-met/ri-dà), m. pl.
[NL., KAcanthometra + -ida.] In Mivart's sys-
tem of classification, a division of radiolarians
having a well-developed radial skeleton, the
rays meeting in the center of the capsule, and
no test or shell-covering.
Acanthometridae (a-kan-thó-met’ri-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Acanthometra + -idae.] A family of
acantharians having the skeleton composed of
20 radial spicules, regularly arranged accord-
ing to J. Müller's law in 5 zones, each contain-
ing 4 spicules. It consists of a group of genera
of deep-sea forms. Haeckel.
acanthometrous (a-kan-thé-met'rus), a. [KNL.
acanthometrus, K. Gr. &Ravôa, a thorn, spine, + ſué-
6%0ç, a surgical instrument for extracting acanthodean (ak-an-thó’dà-an), a. Having the Tpov, measure.] Pertaining to the Alcanthometræ.
ones, also lit., as adj., shooting thorns, prick; character of or pertaining to Acanthodes; as, Acanthomys (a-kan'thū-mis), n,
ing, Kåkav6a, a thorn, spine, -- BáAAetv, throw.]
the acanthodean family of fishes; acanthodean
An instrument used for extracting splinters Ascales. Egerton, 1861.
from a wound. Formerly called volsella.
Acanthobranchiata. º
m.pl. [NL., K. Gr. &Rav6a, thorn, spine, F 6páyxia,
L. branchiae, gills, + -ata.] A suborder of nu-
dibranchiate gas- -
tropods with Spi-
cules in the bases
of the branchial
tentacles. It in-
cludes the fami-
lies Doridida?
and Polyceridae &
(which see). M.
sars. -
acanthocarpous *
(a-kan-tho-kār'-
}. a. [K Gr.
Ruſſia, a thorn, --
Kapitág, fruit.] In
bot., having the
fruit, covered
with spines.
Acanthocephala
a-kan-thó-sef’-
#
ë.
ſºPº
%§|-
iº-º-º:
º
§
wº-
Echinorhynchus of the Flounder, illustrat
ing Acanthocephala.
Acanthodei (ak-an-thū’dé-i), m. pl.
the family Acanthodidae: now an order.
Acanthodes (ak-an-théºdéz), n. [NL., K. Gr.
âkav6óðng, thorny, spinous, K &Rav0a, thorn,
spine, -- eiðoç, form.] 1. The representative
genus of the family Acanthodidae. Agassiz,
1833.−2. A genus of crustaceans.—3. A genus
of coleopterous insectS.–4. A genus of zoan-
tharian polyps. Dybowski, 1873.
Acanthodidae,(ak-an-thod’i-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
KAcanthodes + -idae.] A family of extinct
fishes of the order Acanthodei, typified by
the genus Acanthodes. They had a compressed
claviform body, single dorsal fin nearly opposite to
the anus, prolonged upper tail-lobe, and well-developed
spines in fro:t of the fins. The only species known are
from the Devonian and Carboniferous formations. Also
used by Huxley as a subordinal name for the Acantho-
01.01620.
Acanthodini (a-kan-thd-di’ni), m. pl. [NL.,
K Acanthodes + -īnī.] An order of fossil fishes
of the Devonian and Carboniferous periods,
connecting the ganoids and selachians, having
a partly calcified skeleton, heterocercal tail,
[NL., K. Gr.
Čikavôa, spine, -H, Avg = E. mouse.] . A genus of
African murine rodents, having the fur mixed
[NL., K. Gr.
ākavba, a thorn, + 6 pig, a serpent: see ophidian.]
A genus of venomous serpents, of the family
Elapidaº. They are of small size, live on dry land, and
feed upon frogs, lizards, and other small animals. The
[NL.: see with spines. R. P. Lesson,
Acanthodes.] The name given by Agassiz to Acanthophis (a-kanthé-fis), m.
*-. - ſº.
&#
;: ...Yº -
M d
|.
- *-* * º
*2 º', ; ;
*
º
\\ tº ~6.
Death-adder of Australia (21 ca?tt/top/tt's azutarctica).
* * NI A, diagrammatic representation of the
à-lā), 7t. p l. I • ? º; &, º: % i º 3.
terior enlargement of the body; J, neck, or
neut. pl. of acan- .#. the foregoing and 3,
thocephalus : S00 :*:::::: º º, P. §: A thodoid
* _ g, lemniscus; it, superior oblique tubular
º º tº: º: . º ºb; *, Callt;1001010168,
& An order m, genitalia; o, penis or vu va, B, Iower
O?!S I ike i &# of ičº the proboscis: a, Fº
of worm-li € IIl- glion; b, vascular space; c, inner wall; d.
ternal parasites outer coat; e, tubular band, with the nerve;
º Js, y, muscular bands;
or entozoa, which #ſº
t
small rhomboidal scales, and a spine before tail is furnished with a horny spur at the end, whence
each fin. It includes the genera Acanthodes, hº 4. º the death-adder of Aus-
Chiracanthus, Diplacanthus, etc. ralia, has long immovable fangs, and is considered the
*- * / º – 25 most venomous reptile of that country.
(a-kan-the-doi’dé-á), m, pl. aganthophorous (ak-an-thof'ê-rus), a. . [K Gr.
[NI, KAcanthodes.] An order of extinct fishes àkavôogópog, bearing spines or prickies, Käravda,
of the ganoid series, with a partly calcified a spine or prickle, 4- ºpópoc, Kőépen – E. bear1.j
----> skeleton, heterocereal caudal fin, shagreen; Having or producing spinés or prickles. Also
* *P** like scales, no opercular bones, and the external spelled acanthopherous.

























Acanthophractae
Aºtº. (a-kan-thé-frak’té), n. pl.
[NL., KGr, àkav6a, a thorn, + ppakrác, included,
verbal adj. of ºpáooetv, fence in, inclose.] A
suborder of acantharian radiolarians, having a
skeleton of 20 radial spicules regularly grouped
according to J. Müller's law, and a fenestrated
or solid shell around the central capsule formed
by connected transverse processes.
acanthopod (a-kanthé-pod), a. and n. [KAcan-
tho * I. a. Having spiny feet.
... n. An animal with spiny feet; one of the
Acanthopoda.
Acanthopoda (a.k-an-thop’º-dà), m. pl. [NL.
K Gr. Čikavta, a spine, -i- Troög (Troö-) = E. foot.
In Latreille's system of classification, a group
of clavicorn beetles, the first tribe of the second
section of Clavicornes, with broad flattened feet
beset outside with spines, short 4-jointed tarsi,
depressed body, dilated prosternum, and curved
11-jointed antennae longer than the head. The
group corresponds to the genus Heterocerus of Bosc.
These insects burrow in the ground near water.
acanthoptere (ak-an-thop’tér), n. [See Acan-
thopteri.] One of the Acanthopteri.
Acanthopteri (ak-an-thoptº-ri), m. pl. [NL.,
pl. of acanthopterus: see acanthopterous.] Same
as Acanthopterygii (b).
acanthopterous (ak-an-thopte-rus), a. [KNL.
acanthopterus, K Gr. &Kavča, a spine, -- Trepév, a
wing, = E. feather.] 1. Spiny-winged, as the
cassowary.—2. Having spiny fins; of the nature
of the Acanthopteri or Acanthopterygii; acan-
thopterygious.-3. Having spines: as, an acan-
thopterous fin.
acanthopterygian (a-kan'thop-te-rij'i-an), a.
and m. I. a. Of or pertaining to the Acan-
thopterygii; having the characters of the Acan-
thopterygii.
I. m. One of the Acanthopterygii ; a fish
with spiny fins. tº .
Acanthopterygii (a-kan"thop-te-rij'i-i), m. pl.
[NL., pl. of acanthopterygius : see acanthopte-
rygious.] A large group of fishes to which vari-
ous limits and values have been assigned. The
name was introduced into systematic ichthyology by Wil-
lughby and Ray, adopted by Artedi, and largely used by
subsequent naturalists. (a) In Cuvier's system of classifi-
cation, the first order of fishes, characterized by hard spiny
rays in the dorsal fins, as the common perch, bass, and
mackerel; the spiny-finned fishes. (b) In Günther's system
of classification, an order of teleosts with part of the rays
of the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins spiny, and the lower
pharyngeals separate. The last character eliminates the
labrids and several other families retained by Cuvier, but
by Günther referred to a special order Pharyngogmathi.
(c) In Gill's system of classification, a suborder of Teleo-
cephali with ventrals thoracic or jugular (sometimes sup-
pressed), spines generally in the anterior portion of the
dorsal and amal fins and to the outer edges of the ventrals,
normal symmetrical head, and pharyngeal bones either
separate or united. The pediculate, hemibranchiate, and
opisthomous fishes are excluded as different orders, and
the Percesoces, Rhegnopteri, Discocephali, Taemiosomi, and
Memopterygii as special suborders. Even thus limited, it
comprises more species than any other suborder or order
of fishes. The perch, bass, porgy, mackerel, and swordfish
are examples.
acanthopterygious (a-kan"thop-tº-rij'i-us), a.
[KNL. acanthopterygius, K. Gr. Ökavba, a thorn, a
spine, + Trépôytov, the fin of a fish, dim. of Trépwé,
a wing, a fin, KTTépôv, a wing, - E. feather.]
Having the characters of the Acanthopterygii or
spiny-finned fishes; belonging to the Acantho-
terygii; acanthopterygian.
canthorhini (a-kan-thū-ri’ni), m. pl. [K Gr.
ākavta, a spine, -H big, biv, nose.] An ordinal
name suggested by Bonaparte, 1831, as a sub-
stitute for Holocephala (which see).
Acanthorhynchus (a-kan-tho-ring' kus), n.
[NL., KGr. &Kavõa, a thorn, + 60yzog, snout..] 1.
A genus of Australian birds, of the family
Meliphagidae and subfamily Myzomelina : so
called from their slender acute bill. The spe-
cies are A. tenuirostris and A. Superciliosus. J.
Gould, 1837.—2. Agenus of helminths. Diesing,
1850.
acanthosis (ak-an-tho'sis), m. [NL., K. Gr. Čikav-
0a, spine, + -osis.] A name applied to any dis-
ease affecting primarily the stratum spinosum
(prickle-cells) of the epidermis.
Acanthoteuthis (a-kan-tho-tū’this), m. [NL.,
K Gr. Čikav0a, a thorn, + Tevffic, a squid..] A genus
of fossil cephalopods, of the family Belemnotew-
thidae, characterized by the almost rudimen-
tary condition of the rostrum and the large pen-
like form of the proëstracum. It occurs in the
Jurassic rocks, and is notable as one of the oldest known
cephalopods of the dibranchiate or acetabuliferous order.
Acanthotheca (a-kan-thé-thé"kä), n. pl. [NL.,
K Gr. Čikav0a, a thorn, + 0%km, a case.] Same as
Pentastomidea. Also written Acanthotheci.
acanthous (a-kan'thus), a. [K Gr. Öſtavffa, a
spine: see acantha and -ows.] Spinous.
acardius (a-kār'di-us), n. ;
acarian (a-kāºri-an), a. [KAcarus, q.v.]
30
acanthurid (ak-an-thū’rid), n. A fish of the
family Acanthuridae.
Acanthuridae (ak-an-thūri-dé), m. pl. [NL,
KAcanthurus + -idae.] A family of acantho-
pterygian fishes typified by the
genus Acanthurus, to which va-
riouslimits have been ascribed.
See Teuthididaº.
Acanthurus (ak-an-thū’rus),
m. [NL., K. Gr. &kavôa, spine,
+ oupá, tail.] 1. The repre-
sentative genus of the fami-
ly Acanthuridae, characterized
by spines on
the sides º
of the tail, § ſº
whence the §§,
Il8lDOle. The Ş º §
Leaf of Acanthus Species are mu- §§
...” merous in the § §
tropical seas, §§§º
and are popularly known as doc- s: §§ \
tors, Surgeons, Surgeon-fishes, bar- §§§
bers, etc. Also used for the genus jº
Monoceros. tº - § %.
2. Agenus of reptiles. Daw- >†ºſ
dim.—3. A gº. of coleop- gº º
terous insects. Kirby, 1827. §§º.
Acanthus (alkan'thus), 70, º §º j}
[L. (2 Sp. it. acanto-Pg. Nº
acantho = F., acanthe), KGr. º.
ākavôog, brankursine, also a *
thorny Egyptian tree, Kåkav-
6a, a thorn: see acantha.]
1. In bot., a genus of tall
herbaceous plants of south-
ern Europe and Africa, of
the family 4canthaceae. They Acanthus, inflorescence.
have large spinosely toothed leaves,
and are sometimes cultivated for the sake of their beauti-
ful foliage.
2. [l. c.] The common name of plants of this
genus.-3. In 206!., a genus of crustaceans.—
4. [l. c.] In arch.,
a characteristic
ornament derived
from or resem-
bling the conven-
tionalized foliage
or leaves of the
acanthus, used in
capitals of the Corinthian and Composite or-
ders, and in Roman, Byzantine, medieval, and
Renaissance architecture generally, as upon
friezes, cornices, modillions, etc.
Acanthyllis (ak-an-thil 'is), n. [KL. acanthyl-
lis, K. Gr. &Kavövå%ic, the pendulous titmouse,
dim. of Čikav0ig, the goldfinch or linnet, Kåkav6a,
a thorn: see acantha.] A genus of American,
Indian, and Australian birds of the swift family,
Cypselidae; the spine-tailed Swifts, now usually
j to the genus Chaetura. Usually written
Acanthylis. Boie, 1826.
acanticone (a-kan’ti-kön), n. [Prop. “acan-
thicone, alluding to the yellow powder, K. Gr.
ākavôic, a goldfinch, + kovía, dust.] A variety
§
Acanthus in Roman Architecture.
Aof epidote; arendalite (which see),
3 cappella, alla cappella (ā or āl’lā kā-pel’lā).
[It.: a (L. ad), to, according to; alla (= a la),
to the ; cappella, church, chapel, church musi-
cians: see chapel.] In the style of church or
chapel music. Applied to compositions sung without
instrumental accompaniment, or with an accompaniment
in umison with the vocal part : as, a mass a cappella.
acapsular (a-kap'sil-lär), a. [K Gr. 6- priv. --
capsule.] Without a capsule.
acardia (a-kālſ' di-á), n. [NL.: see acardius.]
In teratol, absence of a heart,
acardiac (a-kār'di-ak), a... [KNL. acardiacus,
adj., KGr. 6- priv. -- Kapòtakóç, K Kapóta, the heart:
See a-18 and cardiac.] Without a heart.
acardiacus (ak-ār-di'a-kus), m.; pl. acardiaci
(-si). [NL. : see acardiac.j In teratol, that
Fº part of a double monster in which the
eart is absent or rudimentary. Agardiacus amor.
phus is a shapeless mass covered with skin. Acardiacus
acormws has a head, while the thorax and abdomen are ru-
dimentary. In acardiacus acephalus the head is lacking,
the thorax rudimentary, and the pelvis and posterior limbs
well developed. Acardiacus anceps has a well-developed
trunk and rudimentary head, limbs, and heart.
pl. acardii (-i).
[NL., K. Gr. &Kápótog, without a heart, K d-priv.
+ kapóta =IE. heart.] Same as acardiacus.
Of or
pertaining to the order Acarida; belonging to
or resembling the genus Acarus.
In some cases of acne, an acarian parasite, called by
Qwen the Demodex folliculorum, is present in the affected
follicle. B. W. Richardson, Prevent. Med., p. 261,
ăcariasis (aka-nº-sis), n.
Acaridae (a-kar’i-dé), m. pl.
acaridan (a-kar’i-dam), a. and n.
Acaridea (ak-a-rid'é-á), m. pl.
acarinosis (a-kar-i-nó'sis), n.
acarpelous º 0.
acarpous (a-kār'pus), a.
Acarus (ak’à-rus), n.
acasti (a-käst’), v. t.
acatalectic (a-kat-a-lek’tik), a. and n.
acatalectic .
© [NL., KAcarus +
—iasis.] A skin-disease caused by an acarian
parasite.
acaricide (a-kar’i-sid), n...[KAcarus + L.-cida,
a killer, Kºcaedere, kill. Cf. homicide, parricide,
matricide.] A substance that destroys mites.
acarid (ak’a-rid), n. IKAcarida.] One of the
Acarida; a mite.
Acarida (a-kari-dà), m. pl. [NL., K 4car
+ -ida.] An order of the class Arachnida, in-
cluding those insects, as the mites, ticks, itch-
insects, etc., which are without a definite line
of demarkation between the unsegmented ab–
domen and the cephalothorax, the head, thorax,
and abdomen appearing united in one. They
are with or without eyes; the mouth is either suctorial or
masticatory; the respiration is either tracheal or dermal;
and the legs are 8 in number in the adult and 6 in the
young, being in some cases terminated by suckers, in
others by setae. There are several families of Acarida,
with numerous genera and species, mostly oviparous and
generally parasitic, but many are found in excrementi-
tious or decaying animal matter, or on plants, while some
are marine and others live in fresh water. Those which
live on plants are often very injurious to vegetation, and
frequently form a kind of gall, sometimes resembling a
fungus or a bird's nest, as the “witch-knot" of the birch,
caused by members of the genus Phytoptus. The garden-
mites (Trombididae), including the harvest-tick (Leptus
awtwmmalis), the spider-mites (Gamasidae), and the wood-
mites (Oribatidae) live mostly upon vegetation. The true
ticks (Iacodidae) attach themselves to the bodies of various
animals; the water-mites
(Hydrarachnidae) are, at
least in part, parasitic up-
on animals, such as aqua-
tic insects, mollusks, and Q.
even mammals. The $
cheese-mite, Acarus do-
'mesticus, is typical of the
family Acaridae and of the
whole order. The mange-
mite, Demodea, folliculo- § %|
Yºum, type of the family ...Tº §§
Demodicidae, is found in f - § 2.
the sebaceous follicles of -
man, as Well as in the dog.
The itch-mite, which bur- º
rows into the skin, is the §
Sarcoptes scabiei, type of § &
the family Sarcoptidae.
The mites and ticks are
also called collectively
Acaridea, acaridams,
Acarina, and Monomero-
Somata. See cuts under
owr-mite, itch-mite, and
arve&t-tick.
j; Q - . $º : W
§§ Şil
§§ §
- º
Ç
A Tick (Ixodes recimus, female), if-
lustrating structure of Acarida-
a, mandibular hooklets; c, hook-
lets of sternal surface of proboscis;
b, d, e, fourth, third, and secondjoints
of the palp; y, base of the suctorial
proboscis; g, stigma; h, genital
aperture; t, anal valves. -
[NL., K. Acarus
+ -idae.] A family of the order Acarida (which
See), including the true mites, as the cheese-
mite, Acarus domesticus. See Acarus and
cheese-mite.
I. a. Of or
belonging to the Acarida or Acaridae.
II. m. One of the Acarida.
[NL., KAcarus
+-id-ea.] Same as Acarida.
Acarina (ak-a-ri'nā), m. pl. [NL., KAcarus +
-ina.] Same as Acarida.
[NL., K. Acarina
+ -osis.] A disease, as scabies, produced by
the presence of a parasite belonging to the
Acarida, or mites.
acaroid (ak'a-roid), a. and n. IKNL. Acarus,
q. v., + -oid..] I. a. Of or pertaining to the
Acarida ; resembling the mites; mite-like.—
Acaroid gum, a red resin that exudes from the trunks of
the Australian grass-tree, Xanthorrhoea hastilis, and other
Species. Also called Botany Bay resin.—Acaroid resin.
Same as acaroid gum.
II. m. One of the Acarida; a mite.
[K Gr. 6- priv.
+ carpel + -ows.] bot., having no carpels.
Syd. Soc. Leæ.
[K Gr. Čikapſſog, with-
out fruit, Kå- priv. -- Kapiróg, fruit: see carpel.]
In bot, not producing fruit; sterile; barren.
[NL., K. Gr. Čikapi, a kind
of mite bred in wax, Käkapāg, short, small, tiny;
prop. of hair, too short to be cut, K Ö- priv.
+ Iceipelv, cut, orig. *okeſpetv = E. shear, q. V.]
1. The typical genus of the family Acaridae, or
true mites.—2. [l. c.] A tick or mite, without
regard to its genus. [In this sense it may
have a plural form, acari (ak’a-ri).]
The acarus (Myobia coarctata) of the mouse.
Elwºoley, Anat. Invert., p. 331.
[K ME. acasten, akasten
pp. acast, akast, throw away, cast down, …i
+ casten, cast: see castl.] To cast down; cast
off; cast away.
[KL.
acatalácticus, also acataláctus, KGr. Čikatáàmicrog,
not stopping, Kö- priv. 4- *karáAnkroc, karažkrt-
Kác, leaving off, stopping: see catalectic.] I. a.
In pros., not halting short; complete; having










acatalectic
the complete
foot; as, an acatalectic verse.
II. n. A verse which has the complete num-
aber of syllables in the last foot. y z
ãcatalepsy (a-katº-lep-si), n. IK Gr. &aražmbia,
incomprehensibility, K &karáAmirroc, incompre-
hensible, K &- priv. 4- karáAmºrroc, comprehensi-
ble, comprehended, seized: see catalepsy..] 1.
Incomprehensibility. A word much used (in its
Greek form) by the later Academics and Skeptics (Carnea-
des, Arcesilaus, etc.), who held that human knowledge
never amounts to certainty, but only to probability, and
who advocated a suspension of judgment upon all ques-
tions, even upon the doctrine of acatalepsy itself.
2. In med., uncertainty in the diagnosis or
prognosis of diseases.
acataleptic (a-kat-a-lepºtik), a. and n. [K Gr.
akarážmirrog, incomprehensible: see acatalepsy.]
I. a. Incomprehensible; not to be known with
certainty. *
II. m. One who believes that we can know
nothing with certainty. See acatalepsy.
All Skeptics and Pyrrhonians were called Acataleptics.
Fleming.
acataphasia (a-kat-a-fi/zi-á), m. [NL., K. Gr.
à- priv. 4- Karapával, say yes, K Kará, here in-
tensive, -- $6-val = L. fa-ri, say, speak.] In
pathol., faultiness of syntax resulting from dis-
ease, as contrasted with the faulty use of indi-
vidual words. . See aphasia.
acataposis (a-ka-tap’º-sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3-
priv. 4- karátroguc, a gulping down, deglutition,
& Katarrivetv, gulp down, K Kará, down, H- Tivetv,
drink, trógic, a drink.] In pathol., difficulty of
swallowing; dysphagia. -
acatet (a-kāt"), n. IK ME. acate, acat, achate,
achat, KOF. acat, assibilated achat, purchase,
mod. F. achat (ML. acaptum, “accaptum), KOF.
acater, achater, mod. F. acheter, º purchase,
KML. accaptare, buy, acquire, K L. ad, to, +
captare, take, seize. Cf. accept, of the same
origin. Later shortened to cate, cates.] 1. A
buying, purchasing, or purchase. Chaucer.—
2. [Usually in pl.] Things purchased; espe-
cially, purchased viands or provisions, as op-
posed to those of home production; hence,
especially, dainties, delicacies. Later, cates.
Towt estat est viande aua, vers, all states are Wormes
&cate&. Cotgrave (under Ver).
Setting before him variety of acates, and those excel-
lently dressed. Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, I. iv. 23.
acater# (a-kā’tēr), n. [KME. acatour, achatour,
-or, KOF. acateor, later achatour, mod. F. ache-
teur, buyer, KML. accaptator, buyer, Kaccaptare,
buy: see acate. Later shortened to cater; see
cater, n.] A purveyor; a caterer: as, “Robin
Hood's bailiff or acater,” B. Jomson, Sad Shep-
herd (dram. pers.). Also written acator, ac-
cator, achator, achatour, etc.
A manciple there was of the temple
Of which achators might take ensample. Chaucer.
[The keeper) dressed for him [a prisoner in the Tower
of London], from time to time, such pigeons as his accator
the cat provided. H. Dizon, Her Majesty's Tower.
acateryt, acatryi (a-kā’tèr-i, -tri), n. [KME:
*acatry, achatry; K acater + -y; later, catery.]
1. Acates in general; provisions purchased.
–2. The room or place allotted to the keep-
ing of all such provision as the purveyors pur-
chased for the king.
#catharsiat (ak-a-thär ºsi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
āratapata, uncleanness, Kákáðaproc, uncleansed,
unpurged, Kå- priv. -- “Rabaptóc, cleansed. Cf.
º: fit for cleansing: see cathartic.] In
med.: (a) The filth or sordes proceeding from
a wound; impurity of blood. (b) Failure to
use a purgative; lack of purging. º
acatharsyt (ak’ā-thär-si),8. Same as acatharsia.
acathistus (ak-a-this’tus), m. , [ML., K. Gr. -
priv. H. Kağigetv, sit down, K Kará, down, + ſea,
= E. sit..] In the Gr. Ch., an office in honor of
the Virgin, consisting in a .#. or hymn
sung by all standing (whence the name) on the
Saturday of the fifth week in Lent, in com;
memoration of the repulse of the Avars and
other barbarians who attacked Constantinople
under Heraclius, A. D. 625.
acatort, n. See acater. p e
acaudal (a-kā’dal), a. [K Gr. 6- priv., a-18, -F
caudal.] Tailless; anurous, Syd. Soc. Leº.
acaudate (a-kā‘dāt), a. [K Gr. d-priv., a-1°, +
caudate.] Tailless; acaudal; ecaudate.
acaules (a-kā’lēz), m. pl. [NL., KGr, d- priv.
+ L. caulis, a stem: see caulis.] Plants which
have either a very indistinct stalk or none at
all, as lichens, fungi, algæ, etc.
acaulescence (ak-à-lès'gns), n. [Kacaulescent.]
bot., an arrested growth of the main axis,
the internodes being so slightly developed that
31
accelerator
number of syllables in the last the leaves are crowded into a radial tuft or rection in music, indicating that a passage is
rosette, as in the dandelion. Also called acau- 4 to be played with increasing rapidity.
losia.
acaulescent (ak-à-lesſent), a. [K Gr. 6- priv.,
a-18, -- caulescent.] bot, stemless. Applied
to a plant in which the stem is apparently absent. Other
forms are acawline, acaulose, and acaulous
acauline (a-kāºlin), a. [KNL. acaulis (see
acaules) + -īnel.] Same as acaulescent.
acaulosia (ak-à-ló’zi-á), n. [NL., K acaulose:
See acaulous.] Same as acaulescence.
acaulous, acaulose (a-kā’lus, -lós), a. [KNL.
acaulis (KGr, àkavāog, without stalk, Kā- priv.
+ kavhög. = L. caulis: see caulis, and cf.
acaules) + -ous, -ose.] Same as acaulescent.
acc. An abbreviation (a) of according and ac-
Cording to ; (b) of accusative.
acca (ak’āj, nº ſperhaps from Akka (Acre) in
Syria, as the seaport whence it was obtained.]
A rich ed silk stuff, decorated with gold,
used in the fourteenth cen •
accablet (a-kā’bl), v. t. [K F. accabler, over-
whelm, crush; earlier, in pass. sense, be
crushed; KOF. a-, ac- (K.L. ad), to, +, caable,
cadable, K. M.L. cadabula, a catapult, K. Gr. Kata-
30%, a throwing down, K Karagá22etv, throw
down, K Kará, down, + 3áAWelv, to throw: see
cablish and catapult.] To overwhelm; oppress;
overburden.
Honours have no burden but thankfulness, which doth
rather raise men's spirits than accable them or press them
down. Bacon, vi. 272. T(Latham.)
Acçad (ak'ad), n. 1. A member of one of the
primitive races of Babylonia. The Accads are be-
lieved to have been of non-Semitic origin, and to have
been the dominant race at the earliest time of which there
are contemporaneous records.
The Accadai, or Accads, were “the Highlanders,” who
had descended from the mountainous region of Elam on
the east, and it was to them that the Assyrians ascribed
the origin of Chaldean civilization and writing.
A. H. Sayce.
2. The language of this race; Accadian.
Also spelled Akkad.
Accadian (a-kā’di-an), a. and n. I. a. Belong-
ing to the Accads, the primitive inhabitants of
Babylonia.
II. m. 1. An Accad.—2. The l age of the
Accads, a non-Semitic and perhaps Ural-Altaic
language spoken in ancient Babylonia previ-
ously to the later and better-known Semitic
dialect of the cuneiform inscriptions. A kindred
dialect, the Sumerian, seems to have been in use at the
same time in Babylonia.
Also spelled Akkadian.
accapitum º n: , [ML., K.L. ad,
to, + caput, head.]. In feudal law, money paid
by a vassal upon his admission to a feud; the
relief due to the chief lord. -
accatorf, n. See acater.
accedas ad curiam (ak-sé’das ad kū’ri-am).
[L., go thou to the court: see accede, ad-,
curia.] In law, a writ directed to the sheriff
for the purpose of removing a cause from a
lower to a higher court.
accede (ak-sed’), v, i.; pret. and pp. acceded,
ppr. acceding. [= F. acceder = Sp. Pg. acceder
=It. accedere, K L. accèdere, earlier adečdere,
move toward, Kad, to, + cédère, go, move: see
cede.] 1. To come, as into union or possession;
become adjoined or entitled; attain by approach
or succession: now used chiefly of attainment
to a possession, office, or dignity: as, he acceded
to the estate on his majority; the house of
Hanover acceded to the English throne in 1714.
And vain were courage, learning; all,
Till power accede. Shemstone, Ruined Abbey.
2. To come by assent or agreement; give ad-
hesion; yield; give in : as, to accede to one's
terms or request.
This obvious reflection convinced me of the absurdity
of the treaty of Hanover, in 1725, between France and
England, to which the Dutch afterwards acceded.
Chesterfield, Letters, 162.
There are many who would accede without the faintest
reluctance to a barbarous custom, but would be quite in-
capable of an equally barbarous act which custom had not
consecrated. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 305.
= Syn, 1. To succeed, come (to), attain.—2. To agree,
assent, yield, consent, comply.
accedence (ak-sé'dens), m. [K F. accedence,
Kaccéder: see accede and -ence.] The act or ac-
tion of acceding; the act of assenting or agree-
ing. [Rare.]
accedence?, m. An error for accidence1. Milton.
acceder (a.k-sé'dër), m. One who accedes; one
who attains to a possession, an office, or a dig-
nity; one who yields or assents.
accelerando (āt-châ-le-Tän’dó), adv. [It., ppr.
of accelerare, K.L. accelerare, hasten: see accele-
rate.] With gradual increase of speed: a di-
accelerate (ak-sel’º-rät), v.; pret. and pp. ac-
celerated, ppr. accelerating. [KL. acceleratus,
pp. of accelerare, hasten, make haste, Kad, to,
+ celerare, hasten, K celer, quick.] I. trans.
1. To make quicker; cause to move or advance
faster; hasten; add to the velocity of; give a
higher rate of progress to : as, to accelerate
motion or the rate of motion; to accelerate the
transmission of intelligence; to accelerate the
growth of a plant, or the progress of know-
ledge.
Leave to the diamond its ages to grow, nor expect to
accelerate the births of the eternal.
Fmerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 191.
2. To bring nearer in time; bring about, or
help to bring about, more speedily than would
otherwise have been the case: as, to accelerate
the ruin of a government; to accelerate death.
–Accelerated motion, in mech., that motion the ve-
locity of which is undergoing change. See accelera-
tion.— Accelerating force, the force which produces
an accelerated motion, as gravity.— Accelerating gun,
a cannon having supplementary powder-chambers, de-
signed to be fired in turn, immediately after the main ex-
plosion, to accelerate the speed of the shot; an accelerator.
-: #. See list under quicken, 3. º º
. intrans. To become faster; increase in
speed.
acceleratedly (ak-sel’e-rā-ted-li), adv. In an
accelerated or accelerating manner; with ac-
Aceleration or gradual increase of speed.
acceleration (ak-sel-e-rá'shgn), m. [KL. accele-
ratio(n-), a hastening, K accelerare, hasten : see
accelerate.] The act of accelerating, or the state
of being accelerated: as–(a) A gradual increase
of velocity.
At the present time, and for several thousand years in
the future, the variation in the moon's motion has been
and will be an acceleration.
Thomson and Tait, Nat. Phil., I. "I 830.
(b) In mech., the rate of change of the velocity of a moving
body; that is, the increment of velocity (in any direction)
in the unit of time which would result were the rate of
change to continue uniform for that length of time. The
acceleration is said to be uniformn if the body gains the
same velocity in any constant direction in equal successive
portions of time, no matter how Small these portions may
be taken. A constant force produces uniform acceleration
in all cases; but it is sometimes convenient to substitute
for some of the forces fictitious “constraints.” Thus,
gravity (which near the earth's surface is sensibly a con-
stant force) gives a falling body wºn formly accelerated
motion when the effect of the atmospheric resistance is
eliminated ; in this case the increment of velocity in each
second, which is a little more than 32 feet, is called the
acceleration of gravity, and in mechanical formulas is de-
noted by the letter g. When the velocity of a moving body
continually diminishes, the acceleration is termed minus
or negative, and the motion is said to be retarded ; this
is illustrated by the case of a ball thrown upward, the
upward component of the velocity of which diminishes at
the rate of 32 feet a second. Similarly, the force of friction
which resists the motion of a sliding body is said to give
it minus or megative acceleration.
Acceleration, like position and velocity, is a relative term,
and cannot be interpreted absolutely.
Clerk Maacwell, Matter and Motion, art. xxxv.
(c) The shortening of the time between the present and
the happening of any future event ; specifically, in law,
the shortening of the time before the vesting of a person
with the possession of an expected interest. (d) In physiol.
and pathol., increased activity of the functions of the body,
particularly of the circulation of the fluids.—Acceleration
of the moon, the increase of the moon's mean angular
velocity about the earth, the noon now moving rather
faster than in ancient times. This phenomenon has not
been fully explaimed, but it is known to be partly owing to
the slow diminution of the eccentricity of the earth's orbit,
from which there results a slight diminution of the sun's
influence on the moon's motions.—Acceleration and
retardation of the tides, certain deviations between the
time of the actual occurrence of high water at any place
and what its time would be if it occurred after the lapse of
a uniform mean interval. In spring and neap tides the
sum's action does not alter the time of high water, as in
the former case the solar and lunar tides are symchronous,
While in the latter the time of actual or lunar low Water
and that of solar ligh"water are the same. But in the first
and third quarters of the moon there is acceleration or prim-
ing of high water, as the solar wave is to the west of the
lunar ; and in the second and fourth quarters there is
retardation or lagging, for an analogous reason.--Diurnal
acceleration of the fixed stars, the excess of the appa-
rent diurnal motion of the stars over that of the sun, aris-
ing from the fact that the sum's apparent yearly motion
takes place in a direction contrary to that of its apparent
daily motion. The stars thus seem each day to anticipate
the sun by nearly 3 minutes and 56 Seconds of mean time.
accelerative (ak-sel’e-rá-tiv), a. [K accelerate
+ -ive.] Tending to accelerate; adding to ve-
ãccelerator (ak-sel’e-rā-tor), m. [NL., etc.,
Kaccelerate.] One who or that which accele-
rates; a hastener. Hence—(a) In England, a post-
office vam. (b) In amat., a muscle, the accelerator urinae,
which expedites the discharge of urine. (c) In photog.:
(1) Any substance or device which shortens the time of
exposure of a sensitized plate or paper to the light, in
either the camera or the printing-frame. (2) Any chem-
ical which may be added to the developing solution to
Shorten the time necessary for development, or, by increas-
Alocity; quickening progression.
accelerator
ing the normal efficiency of the developer, to lessen the
requisite time of exposure. (d) An accelerating gun. See
accelerate.
acceleratory (ak-sel’e-rá-tº-ri), a. Accelerat-
; or tending to accelerate; quickening mo-
1OIl.
accendt (ak-send'), v. t. [K.L. accendère, set on
fire, burn, Kad, to, + “candère, burn, found only
in comp. (see incense, v.), allied to candéré,
glow: see candid.] To set on fire; kindle;
inflame.
Our devotion, if sufficiently accended, would burn up
innumerable books of this sort.
Dr. H. More, Decay of Christ. Piety.
accendent (ak-Sen’dent), n. [KL. accenden(t-)s,
ppr. of accemdére: See accend..] Same as ac-
CG)?SO?".
accendibility (ak-sen-di-bil’i-ti), m. [K accendi-
ble: see -bility.] The quality of being accendi-
ble; inflammability.
accendible (ak-sen"di-bl), a. [K accend + -ible.
Cf. L. accensibilis, that may be burned, burning.]
Capable of being inflamed or kindled.
accendite (ak-sen'di-té), m. [L. accendite, 2d
pers. pl. impv. of accemdére, light, kindle: see
accend..] A short antiphon formerly chanted
in the Roman Catholic Church on lighting the
tapers for any special service.
accension (ak-sen'shgn), m. [= Pg. accensão
= It, accensione, K L, as if *accensio(m-), K ac-
census, pp. of accendère: see accend..] The act
of kindling or setting on fire; the state of being
kindled; inflammation; heat. [Rare.]
Comets, . . . besides the light that they may have from
the sun, seem to shine with a light that is nothing else
but an accension, which they receive from the sun.
Locke, Elem, of Nat. Phil., ii.
accensor (ak-sen’sgr), n. [KML. accensor, a
lamplighter, K.L. accendère, pp. accensus: see ac-
Acend..] One who sets on fire or kindles... [Rare.]
accent (ak’sent), n. IK F. accent = Sp. acem-
to = Pg. It, accento, K L. accentus, accent, tone,
LL. also a blast, signal, fig. intensity, K acci-
mere, sing to (see accentor), K L. ad, to, + ca-
mere, sing: see cant? and chant.] 1. A spe-
cial effort of utterance by which, in a word
of two or more syllables, one syllable is made
more prominent than the rest. This prominence
is given in part by a raised pitch, in part by increased
force or stress of voice, and in part (as a consequence of
these) by a fuller pronunciation of the constituents of
the syllable. These elements are variously combined in
different languages. In English, elevation of pitch is con-
spicuous when a word is spoken or read by itself as a
word, without any reference to a sentence of which it
forms or should form a part ; but in connected speech the
tone and modulation of the sentence dominate those of
the individual words composing it, and the change of pitch
may be absent, or even reversed, the other elements giving
without its aid the required prominence. By the native
grammarians of the classical languages of our family
(Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit), change of pitch was the recog-
nized constituent of accent. They called a syllable acute
if its tone was sharpened or raised, grave if it remained
at the general level of utterance, and circumflea: if it be-
gan at acute pitch and ended at grave. A word of three
or more syllables often has in our language, besides its
principal accent, another and lighter or secondary one, or
even also a third ; such secondary accents are denoted in
this work by a double accent-mark; thus, val"e-tu-di-
na'ri-an, an”te-pe-multi-mate. The vowels of wholly un-
accented syllables in English are much modified, being
either made briefer and lighter, or else reduced even to
the sound of the so-called neutral vowel, the “short w”
of but. These two effects are marked in this work by
writing respectively a single or a double dot under the
vowel, in the respelling for pronunciation. Jºhnphasis
differs from accent in being expended upon a word which
is to be made prominent in the sentence. *
2. A mark or character used in writing to
direct the stress of the voice in pronunciation,
or to mark a particular tone, length of vowel-
sound, or the liko. There is commonly only one such
sign (*) used to mark the stress or accent in English, except
in works on elocution, in which are employed the three
Greek accents, namely, the acute ('), the grave( ), and the
circumflex ( or *). In elocution the first shows when the
voice is to be raised, and is called the rising inflection;
the second, when it is to be depressed, and is called the
falling inflection ; and the third, when the vowel is to be
uttered with an undulating Sound, and is called the Com-
pound or waving inſlection. An accent over the e in red
is sometimes used in Tºnglish poetry to denote that it is
to be pronounced as a distinct syllable : as, loved or lovéd.
3. In printing, an accented or marked letter;
a type bearing an accentual or diacritical mark.
The accents most generally used in English type (chiefly
for foreign words), and regularly furnished in a full font,
are the vowels bearing the acute ('), grave ('), and cir-
cumflex (*) accents, and the dieresis % and also the
cedilla or French c (q) and the Spanish m ( ). Accents for
occasional use are the vowels marked long (T) and short
(*), and other marked letters required for technical works
or peculiar to certain languages. tº &
4. Manner of utterance; peculiarity of pronun-
ciation, emphasis, or expression. Specifically, a pe-
culiar modulation of the voice or manner of pronunciation,
marked by subtle differences of elocution, characteristic of
the spoken language of a given district or a particular
rank in society, and especially of each distinct nationality.
' (often called rhetorical accent).
32
Your accent is something finer than you could purchase
in so removed a dwelling. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2,
Mild was his accent, and his action free.
Dryden, Tales from Chaucer, Good Parson, l, 16.
5. Words, or tones and modulations of the
voice, expressive of some emotion or passion :
as, the accents of prayer; the accent of reproof.
Short-winded accents of new broils.
hak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 1.
The tender accents of a woman's cry. Prior,
6. pl. Words, language, or expressions in gen-
eral. -
Winds ! on your wings to heaven her accents bear,
Such words as heaven alone is fit to hear.
Dryden, Virgil's Eclogues, iii.
Deep on their souls the mighty accents fall
Like lead that pierces through the walls of clay.
Jones Very, Poems, p. 77.
7. In music: (a) In anc. Heb. poetry, certain diacriti-
cal marks supposed to indicate habitual vocal inflections,
but the meaning of Which is lost, (b) In Gregorian music,
one of the seven recognized modulations or inflections used
in chanting prose liturgical formulae. (c) An obsolete vocal
embellishment equivalent to the appoggiatura or the ac-
ciaccatura, or sometimes to the full portamento, or, §;
to the aspiration. (d) Stress or emphasis, either that which
Tegularly recurs as a feature of rhythm (often called
grammatical accent), or some unusual emphasis called
forth by the peculiarity of a phrase or of the harmony
(e) In notation, a mark
added to a letter-name to designate the octave intended.
See octave, 2 (e).
The sense comprising rhythm, accent, and numberless
delicate gradations. Macfarram, Harmony, i. 4.
8. In math. and mech. : (a) In all literal nota-
tion, a mark like an acute accent placed after a
letter in order that it may, without confusion,
be used to represent different quantities. In
this way a b c, a' O'c', a” b" c", etc., may stand for magni-
tudes as different in value as those which, but for the use
of the accents, must be represented by different ietters.
Letters so marked are read thus: a prime or first (a'), a
second (a"), a third (a"), etc. (b) In geom. and trigon.,
a mark at the right hand of a number indicat-
ing minutes of a degree, two such marks indi-
cating seconds: as, 20° 10' 30" = 20 degrees, 10
minutes, 30 seconds. (c) In menswr. and engin.,
a mark at the right hand of a number used to
demote feet, inches, and lines; thus, 3' 6" 7"
= 3 feet, 6 inches, 7 lines. (d) In plans and
drawings, a mark similarly used after repeated
letters or figures, to indicate related or corre-
sponding parts, and read as in algebra. See
above, (a). =Syn. See emphasis and inflection.
accent (ak-sent"), v. t. [K F. accenter = It. ac-
centare; from the noun. Cf. accentuate.] 1. To
express the accent of ; pronounce or utter with
a particular stress or modulation of the voice:
as, to accent a word properly.—2. To give ex-
pression to ; utter.
Congeal’d with grief, can scarce implore
Strength to accent, Here my Albertus lies. W. Wottom.
3. To mark with a written accent or accents:
as, to accent a word in order to indicate its pro-
nunciation.—4. To emphasize; dwell upon ;
accentuate (which see).-Accented letter, in
primtimg, a letter marked with an accent. See accent, m.,
3.—Accented parts of a bar, in music, those parts of
the bar on which the stress fälls, as the first and third
parts of the bar in common time.
accentor (ak-sen’tgr), m. [L.L., one who sings
with another, K accinere, sing to or with, K i.
Hedge-sparrow (Accept for modularis). *
ad, to, + camere, sing.] 1. In music, one who
sings the leading part.—2. [F. accenteur..] In
ormith. : (a) [cap.] A genus of passerine birds,
family Sylviidae, subfamily Accentorinae. A. mod.
wlaris is the European , hedge-sparrow, hedge-warbler,
shuffle-wing, or dunnock. Bechstein, 1802. See hedge.
sparrow, (b) A name sometimes applied to the
golden-crowned thrush or oven-bird, Siurus
auricapillus, a well-known passerine bird of
the United States, of the family Sylvicolidae.
Cowes.
Accentorinae (ak-sen-tū-ri'né), m. pl.
accentuality (ak-sen-tū-al’i-ti), m.
accentuated (ak-Sen'tū-à-ted), p. a.
accentuation (ak-sen-tū-ā'shgn), n.
accept (ak-Sept"), v. t.
accept
ºf-iñº. A subfamily of birds, of
the order Passeres and family Sylviidae, includ:
ing the fºus Accentor (which see). G. R.
Gray, 1840.
accentual (ak-sen'tū-al), a. and n. [=It, accen-
twale, KL, as if “accentualis, K accentus, accent.]
I. a. Pertaining to accent; rhythmi
ical.
Diderot's choice of prose was dictated and justified by
the accentual poverty of his mother-tongue.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 842.
The term figurate which we now employ to distin-
guish florid from simple melody was used to denote that
which was simply rhythmical or accentual.
W. Mason, Essay on Church Music, p. 28.
Accentual feet, meters, etc., those in which the rhythmi-
cal beatorictus coincides with the syllabic accent or stress,
as in modern poetry: opposed to quantitative feet, meters,
etc., in which the ictus falls upon syllables literally long
or prolonged in time, as in ancient Greek and Latin poetry.
See quantity.
II. m. An accent-mark.
º º The qual-
ity of being accentual.
accentually (ak-Sen'tū-al-i), adv. In an ac-
centual manner; with regard to accent.
accentuate (ak-Sen'tii-āt), v. t.; pret, and pp.
accentuated, #. accentuating. [KL.L. accem-
tuatus, pp. of accentuare (X F. accentuer = Sp.
acentuar-Pg. accentuar = It, accentuare), KL.
accentus, accent: see accent, m.] 1. To mark or
pronounce with an accent or with accents;
place an accent or accents on.—2. To lay stress
upon; emphasize; give prominence to ; mark
as of importance: as, he accentuated the views
of the party on this question.
Still more to accentuate this effusive welcome to a Turk-
ish official in Turkish waters.
Fortnightly Rev., Oct. 13, 1883, p. 69.
Strongly
marked; strong; prominent; very distinct:
as, accentuated features; an accentuated fault
of manner.
The diagnostic value of an accentuated cardiac second
sound. Bdim. Med. Jowr., June, 1863.
[KL.L. ac-
centuatio(m-), K accentuare: see accentuate.] 1.
The act of accentuating or of marking accent
or stress in speech or writing; the state of be-
ing accented or accentuated.—2. The mode of
indicating accent; accentual notation.—3. The
act of emphasizing or laying stress; a bring-
ing into prominence.
A perpetual straining after the abstract idea or law of
change, the constant accentuation, as it is called, of prin-
ciple in historical writing, invariably marks a narrow view
of truth, a want of mastery over details, and a bias towards
foregone conclusions. Stubbs, Const. Hist., III. 518.
There is no accentuation of the distinctively feminine
charms [of Athena in the Parthenon frieze]; nay, from one
aspect the head is almost boyish in character.
The Century, XXVII. 179.
accentus (ak-sen’tus), n. [ML.: see accent.]
In ancient church music, that part of the service
which is sung or recited by the priest and his
assistants at the altar, in contradistinction to
concentus, the part sung by the whole choir.
[KME, accepten, KOF.
accepter, acepter, F. accepter= Pr. acceptan'-
Sp. aceptar = Pg. aceitar=It. accettare, K.L. ac-
ceptare, receive, a freq. of accipere, pp. ac-
ceptus, receive, & ad. to, + capere, take: see cap-
tion.] 1. To take or receive (something offered);
receive with approbation or favor: as, he made
an offer which was accepted.
Bless, Lord, his substance, and accept the work of his
hands. Deut. xxxiii. 11.
If you accept them, then their worth is great.
Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
2. To take (what presents itself or what befalls
one); accommodate one's self to: as, to accept
the situation.
They carry it off well, these fair moving mountains, and
like all French women accept frankly their natural for-
tunes. Fraser's Mag.
3. To listen favorably to; grant.
Sweet prince, accept their suit. Shale., Rich. III., iii. 7.
4. To receive or admit and agree to ; accede or
assent to: as, to accept a treaty, a proposal, an
amendment, an excuse: often followed by of:
as, I accept of the terms.
He [Wordsworth] accepted the code of freedom and
brotherhood as he would have accepted the proclamation
of a new and noble king . . . whose reign was to bring in
the golden age.
Mrs. Oliphant, Lit. Hist. of 19th Cent., I. vi.
5. To receive in a particular sense; understand:
as, how is this phrase to be accepted?–6. In
com., to acknowledge, by signature, as calling
for payment, and thus to promise to pay; as,

* accept
to .#. a bill of exchange, that is, to acknow-
ledge the obligation to pay it when due. See ac-
ceptance.-7. In a deliberative body, to receive
as a sufficient performance of the duty with
which an officer or a committee has been
charged; receive for further action: as, the
report of the committee was accepted. = Syn, 1.
Take, etc. See receive.
accept: (ak-sept'), p. a... [KME, accept, KL. a6:
ceptus, }: of accipere, accept: see accept, v.]
Accepted.
rd thee.
In tyme accept, or wel plesynge, I hy;; 2 Cor. vi. 2.
º will º
PaSS Our accept and peremptOTy a DSWer.
£p p p Shak., Hen. W., v. 2.
[In the latter passage the word has been taken to mean
acceptance.]
tºpºlº º ºn. . [Kaccept-
able see-bility.] The quality of being accept-
able or agreeable; acceptableness.
acceptable (ak-Sep'ta-bl, formerly akºsep-tá-
bl), a. [KME, acceptable, K.L. acceptabilis, wor-
thy of acceptance, K acceptare, receive: see
accept.], Capable, worthy, or sure of, being
accepted or received with. leasure; hence,
pleasing to the receiver; gratifying; agreeable;
welcome: as, an acceptable present.
What acceptable audit canst thou leave 7
Shak., Sonnets, iv.
, This woman, whom thou mad'st to be my help, . . .
So fit, so acceptable, so divine. Milton, P. L., x. 139.
acceptableness (ak-Sep'ta-bl-nes), m. Same as
acceptability.
acceptably (ak-Sep'ta-bli), adv. In an accept-
able manner; in a manner to please or give
satisfaction.
Let us have grace, whereby we may serve God accept-
ably. Heb. xii. 28.
àcceptance (ak-septans), n. [KOF, acceptance:
see acceptant.] 1. The act of accepting, or the
fact of being accepted. (a) The act of taking, or
receiving anything offered; a receiving with approbation
or satisfaction; favorable reception.
They shall come up with acceptance on mine altar.
- Isa. lx. 7.
Such with him finds no acceptance. Milton, P. L., v. 530.
(b) The act of receiving and assenting to something stated
or propounded, as a theory, etc. (c) The act of agreeing
to terms or proposals, and thereby becoming bound. Spe-
cifically—(1) In law, an agreeing to the offer or contract of
another by some act which binds the person in law. Thus,
if a person receiving an estate in remainder takes rent on
a lease made by his predecessor, this is an acceptance of the
terms of the lease, and binds the party receiving to abide
by the terms of the lease. % In com., an engagement, by the
erson on whom a bill of exclange is drawn, to pay the
ill: usually made by the person writing the word “Ac-
cepted” across the bill and signing his name, or simply
writing his name across or at the end of the bill. Ac-
ceptances are of three principal kinds: general or un-
qualified, when no limiting or qualifying words are added;
special, when expressed as payable at some particular
bank; and qualified, When expressed to be for a less sum
than that for which the bill was originally drawn, or when
some variation in the time or mode of payment is intro-
duced. Acceptance supra protest, or for honor, is accept-
ance by some third person, after protest for non-accept-
ance by the drawee, with the view of saving the honor of
the drawer or of some particular indorser.
2. A bill of exchange that has been accepted,
or the sum contained in it.— 3+. The sense in
which a word or expression is understood ;
signification; meaning; acceptation.
An assertion . . . under the common acceptance of it
"not only false but odious. South.
Acceptance with God, in theol., forgiveness of sins and
reception into God's favor. = Syn. Acceptance, Accept-
ancy, Acceptation. See acceptation.
acceptancy (ak-septan-si), n. The act of ac-
cepting; acceptance; willingness to receive or
accept.
Here's a proof of gift,
But here's no proof, sir, of {...";
Mrs. Browning, Aurora Leigh, ii. 1057.
= i. Acceptancy, Acceptance, Acceptation. See accep-
tation.
acceptant (ak-Sep'tant), a. and m. [K F. ac-
ceptant, K L. acceptan(t-)s, ppr. of acceptare:
see accept.] I. a. Receptive. N. E. D.
II. m. 1. One who accepts; an accepter.
Specifically—2. [cap.] One of the French bish-
ops and clergy who accepted the bull Unigemi-
tus, issued in 1713 by Pope Clement XI. against
the Jansemists.
acceptation (ak-Sep-tā'shgn), n. [= Sp. acep-
tación=lºg. aceitagão =It accettazione, K.L. as
if "acceptatio(n-), K acceptare, receive: see ac-
cept.] it. The act of accepting or receiving;
ºption: acceptance: as, the acceptation of a
trust. -
rewarded with like coldness of acceptation.
All º: § P. Sidney,
acceptive: (ak-sepºtiv), a.
33
2. The state of being accepted or acceptable;
favorable regard; hence, credence; belief.
This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation,
that Christ Jesus came into the World to save sinners.
1 Tim. i. 15.
Some things . . . are notwithstanding of so great dig-
nity and acceptation with God. Hooker, Eccles. Pol., ii.
[Richard Cromwell] spake also with general acceptation
and applause when he made his speech before the Parlia-
ment, even far beyond the Lord Fynes.
Quoted by Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 261.
3. The meaning or sense in which a word or
statement is taken or understood: as, this term
is to be understood in its usual acceptation.
Genius is a word which, in common acceptation, extends
much further than to the objects of taste. H. Blair, Lect.
= Syn. Acceptance, Acceptancy, Acceptation. These
...; have been used interchangeably, but there is a
marked tendency to use acceptance for the act of accept-
ing, and acceptation for the state of being accepted, accept-
ancy having become rare, or being restricted to poetic use.
It is in vain to stand out against the full acceptance of
a Word which is supported by so much and so respectable
authority. Whitney, Lang. and Study of Lang., p. 41.
To reanimate this drooping but Divine truth of human
regeneration, by lifting it out of its almost wholly lapsed
and lifeless — because merely ritual—private acceptation,
and giving it a grander public application.
H. James, Subs. and Shad., p. 154.
accepted (ak-septed), p. a. 1. Acceptable;
chosen; appointed.
Behold, now is the accepted time; behold, now is the
day of Salvation. 2 Cor. vi. 2.
2. In com., received or acknowledged as bind-
ing: often abbreviated to a. or A. See accept-
ance, 1 (c) (2).
accepter (ak-Septér), n. 1. A person who ac-
cepts. Specifically, in conn., the person who accepts a
bill of exchange so as to bind himself to pay the sum speci-
fied in it. [In this specific sense most frequently written
acceptor (which see).]
2t. One who favors unduly; a respecter.
God is no accepter of persons; neither riches nor poverty
are a means to procure his favour.
Chillingworth, Sermons, iii. § 33.
acceptilate (ak-sepºti-lāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
acceptilated, ppr. acceptilating. . [K acceptila-
tion.] To discharge (a debt) by acceptila-
tion.
acceptilation (ak-Sep-ti-lä'shgn), n. [K L. ac-
ceptilatio(m-), also written separately accepti
latio(m-), a formal discharging from a debt, lit.
a bearing of a receipt: accepti, gen. of accep-
tum, a receipt, pp. neut. of accipere, receive
(See accept, v.); latio(n-), a bearing, Klatus, pp.,
associated with ferre = E. bearl: see ablative,
and cf. legislation.] 1. In civil and Scots law,
the verbal extinction of a verbal contract,
with a declaration that the debt has been paid
when it has not, or the acceptance of some-
thing merely imaginary in satisfaction of a ver-
bal contract. Wharton. Hence—2t. In theol.,
the free forgiveness of sins by God, for Christ's
sake. The word (acceptilatio) was used by Duns Scotus,
in whose writings it first appears as a theological term, to
signify the doctrine that God accepts the sufferings of
Christ as a satisfaction to justice, though in strictness
they are not so, as opposed to the notion that Christ's
sufferings were infinite, and therefore a full and actual
satisfaction for the sins of mankind.
Our justification which comes by Christ is by imputa-
tion and acceptilation, by grace and favour.
Jer. Taylor, Ans, to Bp. of Rochester.
aggeption: (ak-Sep'shgn), n. IK ME. accepcioun,
KOF, acception = Sp. acepción = Pg. accepgão,
KL. acceptio(n-), K accipere, receive: see accept.]
1. Acceptation.
The diverse acceptions of words which the schoolmen
call suppositions effect no homonymy.
Burgersdicius, trans. by a Gentleman, I. xxvi. 12.
That this hath been esteemed the due and proper ac-
ception of this word, I shall testify.
Hammond, Fundamentals.
2. The act of favoring unequally; preference.
For accepciowns of persoones, that is, to putte oon bi-
fore another withoute desert, is not anentis God.
Wyclif, Rom. ii. 11.
Ready to accept.
The people generally are very acceptive and apt to ap-
plaud any meritable work.
B. Jomsom, Case is Altered, ii. 7.
acceptor (ak-sep’tór or -têr), n. . [After L. ac-
ceptor, one who receives, K accipere, receive:
see accept, v.] Same as accepter, but more
frequent in commercial and legal use.—Acceptor
supra, protest, a person, not a party to a bill of exchange
which has been protested, who accepts it for the honor of
the drawer or of an indorser, thereby agreeing to pay it if
the drawee does not.
acceptress (ak-sep’tres), n. A female acceptor.
Rare.
accerset (ak-sers"), v. t. [K.L. accersere, com-
monly arcessere 9. ar-, Kad-, to), Summon,
cause to come, K accedere, come: See accede.]
* Hall.
access (ak’ses, formerly ak-ses'), n.
accessarily, accessariness, etc.
accessary (ak-ses'a-ri or ak'ses-à-ri), n.
accessibility (ak-ses-i-bil’i-ti), m.
accessible (ak-sesſi-bl), a.
accessibly (ak-sesſi-bli), adv.
accession
To call out or forth; summon, as an army.
[Rare.]
[KME.
acces, aksis, awes (nearly always in sense %
KOF. acces (also spelled aces, aceæ, aches, awce&),
approach, attack, F. accès = Sp. acceso = P2.
It. accesso, K.L. accessus, approach, passage, in-
crease, Kaccedere, go to: see accede.] 1. A
coming to; near approach; admittance; admis-
Sion: as, to gain access to a prince.
We are denied access unto his person.
hak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 1.
2. Means of approach or admission; way of
entrance or passage to anything: as, the access
is through a massive door or a long corridor, or
by a neck of land.
All access was throng’d. Milton, P. L., i. 761.
Then closed her access to the wealthier farms.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
3. Admission to sexual intercourse.
During coverture access of the husband shall be pre-
sumed, unless the contrary be shown. Blackstone.
4. Addition; increase; accession.
I, from the influence of thy looks, receive
Access in every virtue. Milton, P. L., ix. 310.
5. The attack or return of a fit or paroxysm of
disease, as of a fever; accession.
. Every wight gan waxen for accesse
'. A leche anon. Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 1578.
The first access looked like an apoplexy.
Bp. Burmet, Hist. of Own Times.
The most efficient and certain means for stimulating the
cerebral cortex, in order to provoke an epileptic access,
is electrization. Alien. and Newrot., VI. 8.
6. The approach of the priest to the altar for
the purpose of celebrating the eucharist.—7.
In canon law, a right to a certain benefice at
some future time, now in abeyance through
lack of required age or some other conditions:
if in abeyance through actual possession of
another, it is equivalent to the right of succes-
SiO77. See coadjutor. Ingress is a right, in virtue of
Some previous stipulation, to a benefice resigned before
entered upon ; regress, to a benefice actually renounced.
The Council of Trent and succeeding popes abolished
Such titles, as tending to make benefices hereditary ; since
then they have existed in Roman Catholic countries only
in particular instances and by a special pontifical privilege.
–Prayer of humble access, a prayer said by the cele-
brant in his own behalf and ili that of the people before
communicating. In the Roman Catholic and Greek litur-
gies it is used shortly before the communion of the priest.
In the present Book of Common Prayer it precedes the
Consecration.
See accesso-
[K L.
as if *accessarius, K accessus, access: see access.
Now mixed with accessory, a. and m. Strictly
the noun (a person) should be accessary, the
adj. (and noun, a thing) accessory; but the dis-
tinction is too fine to be maintained. See -ary,
-ory..] Same as accessory.
rily, accessoriness, etc.
* * [= T. ac-
cessibilité = It. accessibilità, K L.L. accessibili-
tà(t-)s, K accessibilis, accessible: see accessible.]
The condition or quality of being accessible, or
of admitting approaeh.
[= F. accessible =
Sp. accesible = Pg. accessivel = It, accessibile,
K LL. accessibilis, accessible, K.L. accessus, pp. of
accedere, go to, approach : see accede. J Capa-
ble of being approached or reached; easy of
access; approachable; attainable: as, an ac-
cessible town or mountain; the place is accessi-
ble by a concealed path.
Most frankly accessible, most affable, . . . most sociable.
Barrow, Works, I. 260.
Proofs accessible to all the world.
Buckle, Hist. Civilization, I. i.
In an accessi-
e manner; so as to be accessible.
accession (ak-sesh'Qn), m. [= F. accession, KOF.
accessioun = Sp. accesión = Pg. accessão = It.
accessione, K.L. accessio(n-), a going to, an ap-
proach, attack, increase, K accessus, pp. of ac-
Cedere, go to : See accede.] 1. A coming, as
into the possession of a right or station; attain-
ment; entrance; induction: as, the accession
of the people to political power, or to the ballot;
accession to an estate, or to the throne.
The king, at his accession, takes an oath to maintain all
the rights, liberties, franchises, and customs, written or
unwritten. J. Adams, Works, IV. 376.
2. The act of acceding, as by assent or agree-
ment; Consent ; junction; adhesion: as, acces-
Sion to a demand or proposal; their accession
to the party or confederacy was a great gain.
Declaring their acquiescence in and accession to the
determination made by Congress.
S. Williams, Hist. Vermont, p. 283, (N. E. D.)
accession
3. Increase by something added; that which
is added; augmentation; addition: as, an ac-
cession of wealth, territory, or numbers.
The only accession which the Roman Empire received
was the province of Britain. Gibbon.
The yule log drew an unusually large accession of guests
around the Christmas hearth.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 17.
The ship brought but twenty passengers, and quenched
all hope of immediate accessions.
Bancroft, Hist, U. S., I. 285.
4. In law, a mode of acquiring property, by
which the owner of a corporeal substance
which receives an addition by growth or by the
º of labor has a right to the thing
added or to the improvement, as an addition
to a house made by a tenant under an ordinary
lease.—5. In med., the attack, approach, or .
commencement of a disease; access.-6. In
the election of a pope, the transference of votes
from one candidate to another, when the scru-
tiny has not resulted in a choice. The oppor-
tunity of doing this is called an accessit (which
See).-Deed of accession, in Scots law, a deed executed
by the creditors of a bankrupt, by which they approve of
a trust given by their debtor for the general behoof, and
bind themselves to concur in the plans proposed for extri-
cating his affairs. =Syn. 2. Consent, compliance, assent,
acquiescence.—3. Increase, addition, increment, exten-
sion, augmentation. *
accessional (ak-sesh'Qn-al), a. [= Pg. acces-
sional, K. L. as if *accessionalis: see accession.]
Consisting in or due to accession; giving in-
crease or enlargement; additional.
The specific and accessional perfections which the hu-
man understanding derives from it. Coleridge.
I regard that, rather, as a superinduced, collateral, ac-
cessional fame, a necessity of greatness.
R. Choate, Addresses, p. 522.
accessit (ak-sesſit), m. [L., he has come near,
3d pers. sing. perf. ind, of accedere, to come to or
near: see accede.] 1. In English and other col-
leges, a certificate or prize awarded to a stu-
dent of second (or lower) merit: as, second
accessit, third, fourth, etc., accessit.—2. In the
election of a pope, an opportunity given the
members of the conclave, after each ballot, to
revise their votes.
Every morning a ballot is cast, followed in the evening
by an “accessit”; that is, if the morning ballot has led to
no result, any of the electors is allowed to transfer his
vote to that one of the candidates whom he can expect
thereby to get elected. Schaff–Herzog, Encyc., I. 521.
accessivet (ak-sesſiv), a. [KML, accessivus
(rare, and special sense uncertain, but lit. ‘ad-
ditional’’), K. L. accessus, addition: see access.]
Additional; contributory.
God “opened the eyes of one that was born blind” and
had increased this caecity by his own accessive and exces-
sive wickedness. Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 379.
accessorial (ak-se-só'ri-al), a. Pertaining to
an accessory : as, accessorial agency.
Mere accessorial guilt was not enough to convict him.
R. Choate, Addresses, p. 265.
accessorily (ak-ses'Q-ri-li or ak'se-s0-ri-li), adv.
In the manner of an accessory; not as princi-
pal, but as a subordinate agent. Also written
accessarily.
accessoriness (ak-sesſé-ri-nes or ak'se-Sö-ri-
nes), m. The state of being accessory, or of
being or acting as an accessory. Also written
accessarineSS.
accessorius (ak-Se-Sö’ri-us), a. and m.; pl. acces-
sorii (-i). [ML.: see accessory.] In amat., ac-
CeSSOry, Or an acceSSOry. Applied—(a) To several
muscles: as, musculus accessorius ad sacro-lumbalem,
the accessory muscle of the sacro-lumbalis, passing, in
man, by successive slips, from the six lower to the six
upper ribs; accessorii orbicularis Superiores, accessorii
orbicularis inferiores, certain superior and inferior addi.
tional or accessory muscular fibers of the orbicularis Oris
muscle of man; flexor accessorius, the accessory flexor of
the sole of the foot of man, arising by two heads from the
os calcis or heel-bone, and inserted into the tendon of
the long flexor of the toes (flexor longus digitorum). (b)
To the eleventh pair of cranial nerves, also called the
spinal accessory nerves. They give filaments to the vagus,
*and innervate the sterno-mastoid and trapezius muscles.
accessory (ak-ses’g-ri or ak'se-Sº-ri), a. and n.
[= F. accessoire = Sp. accesorio = Pg. It acces-
sorio, KML, accessorius, KL. accessus,†. of ac-
cedere: see accede, and cf. accessary.] I. a. 1. (Qf
persons.) Acceding; contributing; aiding in
producing some effect, or acting in subordina-
tion to the principal agent: usually in a bad
sense: as, accessory to a felony. , Technically,
in law, it implies aiding without being present
at the act.—2. (Of things.) (a) Contributing to
a general effect; aiding in certain acts or effects
in a secondary manner; belonging to something
else as principal; accompanying: as, accessory
sounds in music; accessory muscles. (b) Ad-
ditional, or of the nature of an appendage: as,
34.
accessory buds are developed by the side of or
above thenormalaxillary bud.—Accessory action,
in Scots law, an action in some degree subservient or an:
cillary to another action.—Açcessory contract, one
made for the purpose of assuring the performance of a
prior contract, either by the same parties or by others,
such as a suretyship, a mortgage, or a pledge. Bowvier.—
Accessory disk, the thin, slightly dim, and anisotropous
disk seen near the intermediate disk in certain forms
and conditions of striated muscle-fibers.--Accessory
fruits, those fruits a considerable portion of whose sub-
stance is distinct from the seed-vessel and formed of the
accrescent and succulent calyx, or torus, or receptacle,
bracts, etc.--Accessory muscles. See accessorius—Ac-
cessory obligation, an obligation incidental or subor-
dinate to another obligation. Thus, an obligation for the
regular payment of interest is accessory to the obligation
to pay the principal ; a mortgage to secure payment of
a bondis accessory to the bond.—Accessory valves, in
§§
Y. º §§es
SS S. N S$ºss Sºğºr
N º, N&NS º N §S.
Pholas chałoevtsis, showing Accessory Valves (a a).
zoöl., Small additional valves, as those placed near the
umbones of the genus Pholas among mollusks.— Spinal
accessory nerves, in amat., the eleventh pair of cranial
nerves. See accessorius.
|
II.. n. ; pl. accessories (-riz). 1. In law, one
who is guilty of a felony, not by committing
the offense in person or as a principal, nor by
being present at its commission, but by being
in some other way concerned therein, as by ad-
vising or inciting another to commit the crime,
or by concealing the offender or in any way
helping him to escape punishment. An accessory
before the fact is one who counsels or incites another to
commit a felony, and who is not present when the act is
dome; after the fact, one who receives and conceals, or in
any way assists, the offender, knowing him to have com-
mitted a felony. In high treason and misdemeanor, by
English law, there are no accessories, all implicated being
treated as principals. See abetter.
An accessory is one who participates in a felony too re-
motely to be deemed a principal. Bishop.
In that state [Massachusetts], too, the aider and abettor,
who at common law would have been but a mere acces-
sory, may be indicted and convicted of a substantive
felony, without any regard to the indictment or conviction
of the principal. Am. Cyc., I, 58.
The prevailing rule of the criminal law, that there may
be principals and accessories to a crime, has no applica-
tion whatever to treason. Am. Cyc., XV. 851.
2. That which accedes or belongs to some-
thing else as its principal; a subordinate part
or object ; an accompaniment.
The wealth of both Indies seems in great part but an
accessary to the command of the sea. Bacon, Essays, xxix.
The aspect and accessories of a den of banditti. Carlyle.
3. In the fine arts, an object represented which
is not a main motive or center of interest, but
is introduced to balance the composition or in
some way enhance its artistic effectiveness.
Tn a portrait, for example, everything but the figure is an
accessory.
In painting the picture of an Oriental, the pipe and the
coffee-cup are indispensable accessories.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 178.
[In all uses interchangeable with accessary, but
accessory is more common.]=Syn. 1. Abetter, ac-
complice. See the definitions of these words.
acciaccatura (āt-chāk-kā-tö’rã), m. [It.; lit., the
effect of crushing, K acciaccare, bruise, crush,
K acciare, mince, hash, K accia, an ax, KL. ascia,
an ax: see aa 1.] In music : (a) A grace-note
one half step below a principal note, struck at
the same time with the principal note and im-
mediately left, while the latter is held. Before a
single note it is indicated in the same manner as the short
appoggiatura ; before a note of a chord it is indicated by
Written. Played.
ſ\ M. |
Lºſ Ll Hº 1
E&E=E=====
TVSTUZ | º Cºſ #
e/ E -
a stroke drawn through the chord under the note to
which it belongs. It is now used only in organ-music.
(b) More frequently, a short appoggiatura. See
appoggiatura.
accidencel (ak'si-dens), n. [A misspelling of
accidents, pl., or an accom, of L, accidentia,
neut. pl., as accidence” of L. accidentia, fem.
sing. : see occident, 6.] 1. That part of gram-
mar which treats of the accidents or inflection
of words; a small book containing the rudi-
ments of grammar.
I . . . never yet did learn mine accidence.
John Taylor (the Water-Poet),
•' accidental
We carried an accidence, or a grammar, for form. .
Lamb, Christ's Hospital.
Hence—2. The rudiments of any subject.
The poets who were just then learning the accidence
of their art, Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 162.
accidence” (ak'si-dens), n., [K ME. accidence,
KOF., accidence, K L. accidentia, a chance, à
casual event, K acciden(t-)s, ppr., of accidere,
happen: see accident.] A fortuitous circum-
stance; an accident.
accident (ak'si-dºnt), n...[KME. accident, KOF,
accident, F, accident = Sp. Pg. It, accidente, K
L. acciden(t-)s, an accident, chance, misfor-
tune, prop. ppr. of accidere, fall upon, befall,
happen, chance, Kad, to, upon, + cadere, fall:
see cadence, casel, and chance.] 1. In general,
anything that happens or begins to be without
design, or as an unforeseen effect; that which
falls out by chance; a fortuitous event or cir-
cumstance.
The story of my life, -
And the particular accidents gone by, *
Since I came to this isle. Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
Whenever words tumble out under the blindest acci-
dents of the moment, those are the words retained.
De Qwincey, Style, i.
2. Specifically, an undesirable or unfortunate
happening; an undesigned harm or injury; a
casualty or mishap. In legal use, an accident is: (a)
An event happening without the concurrence of the will
of the person by whose agency it was caused. It differs
from mistake, in that the latter always supposes the
operation of the will of the agent in producing the event,
although that will is caused by erroneous impressions on
the mind. Edw. Livingston. See mistake. (b) Sometimes,
in a loose sense, any event that takes place without one's
foresight or expectation. (c) Specifically, in equity prac-
tice, an event which is not the result of personal negli-
gence or misconduct.
3. The operation of chance; an undesigned
contingency; a happening without intentional
causation; chance; fortune: as, it was the re-
sult of accident; I was there by accident.
Prizes of accident as oft as merit.
Shak., T. and C., iii. 3.
All of them, in his opinion, owe their being to fate, acci-
dent, or the blind action of stupid matter. Dwight.
4}. That which exists or occurs abnormally;
Something unusual or phenomenal; an uncom-
mon occurrence or appearance.
Noon accident for noon adversitee
Wasseyn in her. Chawcer, Clerk's Tale, 1.607.
The accident was loud, and here before thee
With rueful cry. Milton, S. A., l. 1552.
5. Irregularity; unevenness; abruptness. (a)
Any chance, unexpected, or unusual quality or circum-
stance.
The happy accidents of old English houses.
H. James, Jr., Portraits of Places, p. 262.
(b) An irregularity of surface ; an undulation : as, the
enemy was favored by the accidents of the ground.
6. A non-essential. In logic (translation of Gr. ovº-
Beflnkós): (a) Any predicate, mark, character, or whatever
is in a subject or inheres in a substance : in this sense
opposed to substance, (b) A character which may be
present in or absent from a member of a matural class: in
this sense it is one of the five predicables, viz., genus, dif-
ference, species, property, accident. Accidents are divided
into separable and inseparable. The distinction between
an inseparable accident and a property is not clear.
If two or three hundred men are to be found who cam-
not live out of Madeira, that inability would still be an
accident and a peculiarity of each of them.
J. H. Newman, Gram. of Assent, p. 83.
7. In gram., a variation or inflection of a word,
not essential to its primary signification, but
marking a modification of its relation, as gen-
der, number, and case. See accidencel.
[In Malay] the noun has no accidents.
R. N. Cust, Mod. Langs. E. Ind., p. 134.
Chapter of accidents, See chapter.-Conversion .
accident. See conversion.—Efficient cause by acci-
dent. See cause.—Fallacy of accident. See fallacy.
=Syn. 1, Chance, mischance, hap, mishap, fortune, mis-
fortune, luck, bad luck, casualty, calamity, disaster.—6.
Property, Attribute, etc. See quality.
accidental (ak-si-denſtal), a. and n. [= F.
accidentel = Pr. Sp. Pg. accidental = It... acci-
dentale, KML, accidentalis, KL. “fººl 8, Il
accident, chance: see accident.] I. a. 1. Hap-
pening by chance or accident, or unexpectedly;
taking place not according to the usual course
of things; casual; fortuitous; unintentional :
as, an accidental meeting.—2. Non-essential;
not necessarily belonging to the subject; ad-
ventitious: as, songs are accidental to a play.
Of your philosophy you make no use,
If you give place to accidental evils.
Shak., J. C., iv. 3.
Accidental being. See being.—Accidental colors,
in optics, prismatic complementary colors seen when the
eye is turned suddenly to a white or light-colored surface,
after it has been fixed for a time on a bright-colored ob-
ject. If the object is blue, the accidental color is yellow;
ifred, green, etc. Thus, if welook fixedly at ared waferona
piece of white paper, and then turn the eye to another part
of the paper, a green spot is seen.—Accidental defini-








- accidental
tion, a description.—Accidental distinction, in logic,
one which does not concern the definitions of the objec
distinguished.—Accidental error, in #: See error.
—Accidental form. ...See form.–Accidental light, in
ainting, a secondary light which is not accounted for by
he prevalent effect, such as the rays of the sun, darting
through a cloud, or between the leaves of a thicket, or
the effects of moonlight, candle-light, or burning bodies, in
a scene which does not owe its chief light to such a source,
—Accidental point, in persp., that point in which a right
line drawn from the eye parallel to another given right
line cuts the picture or
plane. Thus, suppose
AB to be the line given
in perspective, CFE the
perspective plane, D the
*>~~ eye, DC the line parallel
to ; then is C the ac-
tºº, º cº;
- - . ACCºſterºtat!, 7\ce,
Accidental Point. Casual, Fortuitous, In-
cidental, Contingent. The first four are the words, most
commonly used to express occurrence without expectation
or design. Accidental is the most common, and expresses
that which happens outside of the regular course of events.
Chance has about the same force as accidental, but it is not
used predicatively. There is a tendency to desynonymize
accidental and casual, so as to make the former apply to
events that are of more consequence: as, an accidental
fall; a casual remark. As to actual connection with the
main course of events, casual is the word most opposed to
incidental; the connection of what is incidental is real and
necessary, but secondary: as, an incidental benefit or evil.
An imcidental remark is a real part of a discussion; a casual
remark is not. Fortwitcus is rather a learned word, not
applicable in many cases where accidental or even casual
could be used; perhaps through its resemblance to fortu-
onate, it is rarely if ever used when speaking of that which
is unfavorable or undesired; thus, it would not be proper
to speak of a fortuitous shipwreck. It is chiefly used with
the more abstract words: as, fortwitcus events; a fortwi-
tows resemblance. That which is contingent is dependent
upon something else for its happening: as, his recovery is
comtingent upon the continuance of mild weather. Śee
occasional.
Thy sin's not accidental, but a trade.
Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
But let it not be such as that
You set before chamce-comers.
Tennyson, Will Waterproof.
No casual mistress, but a wife.
Tennyson, In Memoriam.
Port witows coincidences of sound, . . . in words of
wholly independent derivation.
Whitmey, Lang. and Study of Lang., p. 387.
By some persons religious duties appear to be regarded
as an incidental business. J. Rogers.
With an infinite being nothing can be contingent.
| D
aley.
II. n. 1. Anything happening, occurring, or
appearing accidentally, or as if accidentsily;
a casualty. Specifically— (a) In music, a sign occur.
ring in the course of a piece to indicate a temporary al-
teration of the pitch of a degree (and of the notes upon
it) from that assigned to it by the clef and the signature,
or to restore a degree so altered to its original pitch-ref-
erence. Five signs are used : the sharp (::), raising the
pitch a half-step; the dowble sharp (X), raising it two
half-steps; the flat (b), lowering the pitch a half-step;
the double flat (bb), lowering it two half-steps; and the
matural (t), which sets aside or cancels the effect of a
previous sharp or flat, whether in the signature or as an
accidental (hence often called a cancel). (b) In med., tissue
resulting from morbid action: chiefly employed in this
sense by French writers, but adopted by some English
authors. (c) In painting, a fortuitous or chance effect re-
sulting from the incidence of luminous rays or accidental
lights upon certain objects, whereby the latter are brought
into greater emphasis of light and shadow. e
2. An unessential property; a mere adjunct or
circumstance.
He conceived it just that accidentals . . . should sink
with the substance of the accusation. Fuller.
Conceive as much as you can of the essentials of any
subject, before you consider its accidentals. Watts, Logic.
Yºr tº º º º
accidentalism (ak-si-den'tal-izm), n, 1. The
condition or quality of being accidental; acci-
dental character.—2. That which is acciden-
tal; accidental effect; specifically, in painting,
the effect produced by accidental rays of light.
Ruskin. See accidental, n., 1 (c), and acciden-
tal light, under accidental, a.-3. In med, the
hypothesis by which disease is regarded as an
accidental modification of health. Syd. Soc. Lew.
accidentalist (ak-si-den'tal-ist), n. In med., one
who favors accidentalism. ...Syd. Soo. Lew.
accidentality (ak"si-den-tal’i-ti), n. The state
or quality of being accidental; accidental char-
acter.
I wish in short to connect by a moral copula natural
history with political history, or, in other words, to make
history scientific, and science historical—to take from
history its accidentality, and from science its fatalism,
Coleridge, Table-Talk.
accidentally (ak-si-den'tal-i), adv. In an acci-
dental manner; by chance; casually; fortui-
tously; not essentially or intrinsically.
I conclude choler accidentally bitter and acrimonious,
but not in itself. Harvey, Consumption.
Despite the comparatively lukewarm piety of the .
the Meccan pilgrimage is religious essentially, accidentally
an affair of commerce, R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 402.
35
accidentalness (ak-si-den'tal-nes), n. The
quality of being accidental or fortuitous.
All that accidentalness and mixture of extravagance and
penury which is the natural atmosphere of such reckless
SO Mrs. Oliphant, Sheridan, p. 5.
accidentary: (****. , a. [=Sp. Pg.
accidentario, K L. as if *accidentarius, K acci-
den(t-)8: See accident.] Accidental. Holland.
accidented (ak'si-den-ted), p. a. Characterized
by accidents or irregularities of surface; undu-
lating.
" I can only compare our progress to a headlong steeple-
chase over a violently accidented ploughed field.
O'Donovan, Merv, i.
The Brazilian plateau consists in great part of table-
lands, which, from the deep excavation of the innumer-
able river-valleys, have become very much accidented, so
as to present a mountainous aspect. Science, W. 273.
accidentialt (ak-si-den’shal), a. [KL. acciden-
tia (see accidence?) + -al.] Accidental.
The substantiall use of them might remain, when their
accidential abuse was removed.
Fuller, Injured Innocence, i. 69.
accidentiary: (ak-Si-den'shi-á-ri), a... [KL. acci-
dentia, the accidence (see accidencel), + -ary.]
Pertaining to or learning the accidence. [Rare.]
You know the word “sacerdotes” to signify priests, and
not the lay-people, which every accidentiary boy in schools
knoweth as well as you.
Bp. Morton, Discharge of Imput., p. 186.
accidiet, n. [ME., = OF. accide = Sp. Pg. aci-
dia = It. accidia, KML. accidia, slothfulness,
indolence; also, and better, spelled acedia, q.
V.] Sloth; negligence; indolence. Chaucer.
Accipenser, etc. See Acipenser, etc.
accipiter (ak-sip’i-ter), n. ; pl. accipitres (-tréz).
[L., a general name for birds of prey, espe-
cially the common hawk (Falco palumbarius)
and the sparrow-hawk (F. misus), an appar.
(irreg.) deriv. of accipere, take (hence the rare
form acceptor, lit. the taker, seizer), but prob.
for *ācipiter, K*āci-, *ācu- (= Gr. Ökūg), swift,
+ “petrum (= Gr. Trepév= E. feather), ºf Cf.
Gr. Ököttepog, swift-winged, applied to a hawk
(Homer, Il., xiii. 62).] 1. ornith. : (a) A
bird of the order Accipitres or Raptores; an ac-
º or raptorial bird. (b) [cap.] A genus
of birds of the family Falconidae, embracing
short-winged, long-tailed hawks, such as the
sparrow-hawk of Europe, Accipiter misus, and
the sharp-shinned hawk of North America, A.
Juscus, with many other congeneric species.
Brisson, 1760. See Raptores.—2. Surg., a
bandage applied over the nose: so called from
its resemblance to the claw of a hawk.
*iº, (ak-sip’i-tral), a. Of or pertaining
to the Accipitres or birds of prey; having the
character of a bird of prey; hawk-like.
Of temper most accipitral, hawkish, aquiline, not to say
vulturish. Carlyle, Misc., IV. 245.
That they [Hawthorne's eyes] were sometimes accipitral
we can readily believe. Harper's Mag., LXII. 271.
accipitraryf (ak-sip’i-trá-ri), n. [KML. accipi-
trarius, a falconer, KL. accipiter: see accipiter.]
A falconer. Natham Drake.
Accipitres (ak-sip’i-tréz), m. pl. . [L., pl. of ac-
cipiter.] Birds of prey; the accipitrine or rap-
torial birds regarded as an order, now more fre-
quently named Raptores (which see). Linnaeus,
1735.
Accipitrinae (ak-sip-i-triſné), m. pl. DNL., KAc-
cipiter + -ina: ; see accipiter.] In ornith. : (a) A
subfamily of Falconidae, including hawks of
such genera as Accipiter and Astur. (b) In
Nitzsch's classification of birds, same as Accip-
itres or Raptores of authors in general. Other
forms are Accipitrina, Accipitrini.
accipitrine (ak-sip’i-trin), a. [KNL. Accipitri-
mae, K L. accipiter : see accipiter.] Of or per-
taining to (a) the Accipitres or raptorial birds,
or (b) the hawks proper, of the subfamily Accip-
itrinae; hawk-like; rapacious: as, the accipitrine
Order of birds.
accismus (ak-siz’mus), n. DNL., K. Gr. &KKlopióg,
affectation of indifference, coyness, Käkkićeaffat,
affect indifference, K&KKó, a bugbear.] In rhet.,
a feigned refusal; an ironical dissimulation.
Smart.
accitet (ak-sit"), v. t. [KL. accitus, pp. of acci-
re, summon, Kad, to, + cire, orig. go (= Gr. Rietv,
go), but mixed with its causative cière, cause
to go, summon: see cite and excite.] 1. To call;
cite; summon.
He by the senate is accited home.
Shak., Tit. And.., i. 1.
2. To excite; prompt; move.
What accites your most worshipful thought to think so º
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 2.
acclaim (a-klām"), v.
acclamatory (a-klam'a-tº-ri), a.
acclearmenti (a-klér’ ment), m.
acclimatation (a-kli-mă-tä’shqn), m.
acclimate (a-kliſmāt), v. t. ;
acclimatement
But in my deske what was there to accite
So ravenous and vast an appetite 7
B. Jomson, On Vulcan.
[In imitation of claim,
K L. acclamare, cry out at, shout at, either in a
hostile or a friendly manner, Kad, to, + cla-
mare, shout: see claim, v.] I. trans. 1. To ap-
plaud; greet with words or sounds of joy or
approval. [Rare.]
How gladly did they spend their breath in acclaiming
thee Bp. Hall, Contemplation, iv. 25.
2. To declare or salute by acclamation.
While the shouting crowd
Acclaims thee king of traitors. Smollett, Regicide, V. 8.
II. intrans. To make acclamation; shout ap-
plause.
acclaim (a-klām"), n.
of joy; acclamation.
The herald ends : the vaulted firmament
With loud acclaims and vast applause is rent. -
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., 1, 1801.
And the roofs were starred with banners,
And the steeples rang acclaim. Whittier, Sycamores.
acclamatef (ak’lā-mät), v. t. [KL. acclamatus,
pp. of acclamare : see acclaim, v.] To applaud.
Waterhouse. [Rare.]
[K acclaim, v.] A shout
acclamation (ak-lä-mâ’shgn), n. [KL. acclama-
tio(n-), a shouting, either in approval or in dis-
approval,K acclamare: See acclaim.] 1. A shout
or other demonstration of applause, indicating
joy, hearty assent, approbation, or good will.
Acclamations are expressed by hurrahs, by clapping of
hands, and often by repeating such cries as Long live the
queen 1 Vive l'empereur / Er lebe hoch / etc.
The hands
Of a great multitude are upward flung
In acclamation. Bryant, Hymn of the Sea.
2. In deliberative assemblies, the spontaneous
approval or adoption of a resolution or mea-
sure by a unanimous viva voce vote, in distinc-
tion from a formal division or ballot.
When they [the Anglo-Saxons] consented to anything,
it was rather in the way of acclamation than by the exer-
cise of a deliberate voice. Burke, Abridg. of Eng. Hist., ii.
In the Rom. Cath. Ch., a method of papal election, said
to be by inspiration (per inspirationem), because “all the
cardinals, with a sudden and harmonious consent, as
though breathed on by the Divine Spirit, proclaim some
person pontiff with one voice, without any previous can-
vassing or negotiation whence fraud or insidious sugges-
tion could be surmised.” Vecchiotti.
3. Something expressing praise or joy. Applied
specifically—(a) To forms of praise, thanksgiving, or feli-
citation at the close of ecclesiastical gatherings. (b) To
certain short inscriptions
in the form of a wish or in-
junction, found mostly on
tombs. (c) To the responses
of the congregation in an-
tiphonal singing. (d) In
Romm. antiq., to represen-
tations in works of art, es-
pecially on coins or med-
als, of popular assent or
approval, as of several
figures (standing for the
whole people, or a class, or
a military division, etc.)
greeting an official or ben-
Acclamati i.
CClarnaúl On. - f | x
- - ... acclamatorf (ak’lā-
*ś" ma-tor), n. IKL. as
if *acclamator, K ac-
clamare: see acclaim..] One who expresses joy
or applause by acclamation. [Rare.]
Acclamators who had fill'd . . . the aire with “Vive
le Roy " Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 7, 1651.
IK L. as if
*acclamatorius.] Expressing joy or applause by
acclamation.
[Irreg. K ac- +
clear + -ment: see clear.] A clearing; a show-
ing; a plea in exculpation. [Rare.]
The acclearment is fair, and the proof nothing.
Bp. Hacket, Life of Abp. Williams, i. 148.
[K F. ac-
climatation, K acclimater, acclimate: see accli-
mate.] Acclimatization: chiefly used in tran-
scription from the French : as, the Acclimata-
tion Society of Nantes.
ret. and pp. ac-
climated, ppr. acclimating. [K F. acclimater, ac-
climate, K ac- (L. ad, to) + climat, climate; cf.
Pg. acclimar, acclimate, K ac- + clima, climate:
see climate.] To habituate to a foreign cli-
mate; acclimatize: more especially (of per-
sons), to adapt to new climates: as, to accli–
mate settlers; to acclimate one’s self. .
The native inhabitants and acclimated Europeans.
J. Crawfurd, Commixture of Races.
acclimatement (a-kli'māt-ment), m. [K F. ac-
climatement, acclimation, K acclimater: see ac-
climate.] Acclimation. [Rare.]

acclimation
acclimation (ak-li-mâ'shgn), n. IK acclimate +
-ion. Cf. Pg. acclimação, K acclimar, acclimate.]
The process of acclimating, or the state of being
acclimated; acclimatization.
acclimatisation, acclimatise, etc.
7matization, etc.
acclimatizable (a-kliſmå-ti-za-bl.), a. Capable
of being acclimatized; suitable for acclimatiz-
ing: as, acclimatizable animals. Also spelled
acclimatisable.
acclimatization (a-kli"mă-ti-Zā’shgn), m. The
act or process of acclimatizing, or state of be-
ing acclimatized; the modification of physical
constitution which enables a race or an in-
dividual to live in health in a foreign climate.
Some writers use this word with regard to brute animals
and plants only, using acclimation when speaking of man.
Also spelled acclimatisation.
Acclimatisation is the process of adaptation by which
animals and plants are gradually rendered capable of sur-
viving and flourishing in countries remote from their ori-
ginal habitats, or under meteorological conditions different
from those which they have usually to endure, and which
are at first injurious to them.
¥ A. R. Wallace, Encyc. Brit., I. 84.
acclimatize (a-kli’mā-tiz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
acclimatized, ppr. acclimatizing. [Kac- (K.L. ad
to) + climate + -ize, after acclimate from F.
To accustom or habituate to a foreign climate;
adapt for existence in a foreign climate :
especially used of adapting a race or stock for
permanent existence and propagation : as, to
acclimatice plants or animals. Also spelled
acclimatise.
Young soldiers, not yet acclimatized, die rapidly here.
- London Times.
A domesticated animal or a cultivated plant need not
necessarily be acclimatised ; that is, it need not be capa-
ble of enduring the severity of the seasons without pro-
tection. The canary-bird is domesticated but not accli-
matised, and many of our most extensively cultivated
plants are in the same category.
A. R. Wallace, Encyc, Brit., I. 84.
acclimatizer (a-kli"mă-ti-zèr), m. One who in-
troduces and acclimatizes foreign species. Also
spelled acclimatiser.
Some of these [birds] . . . cannot fail to become per-
manent settlers equally with those for the transportation
of which the would-be acclimatizers might find themselves
excused. Encyc. Brit., III. 736.
acclimature (a-kli'mā-tūr), m. The act of ac-
climating, or the state of being acclimated.
[Rare.]
acclinal (a-kliºnal), a. [KL. acclinis, leaning
on or against; cf. acclimăre, lean on or against,
Kad, to, upon, + “clinare = E. leanl : see in-
clime.] In geol., leaning against, as one stratum
of rock against another, both being turned up
at an angle: nearly equivalent to overlying.
[Rare.]
acclimate (ak’li-nāt), a. [KL. acclimatus, pp.
of acclinare (see acclimal); on the model of de-
climate: see decline.] in 206l., bending or
sloping upward: the opposite of declimate.
acclivet (a-kliv"), a. [= Pg. It, acclive, KL.
acclivis, also less frequently acclivus, steep,
Kad, to, + clivus, a hill, prop, sloping, from
same root as “clinare = E. leanl : see acclimal.]
Rising; steep. [Rare.]
The way easily ascending, hardly so acclive as a desk,
Aubrey, Letters, II. 231.
acclivitous (a-kliv’i-tus), a. Rising With a
slope; acclivous.
acclivity (a-kliv'i-ti), n. ; pl. acclivities (-tiz).
[KL. acclivita(t-}s, an acclivity, K acclivis, slop-
ing: see acclive..] 1. An upward slope, or in-
clination of the earth, as the side of a hill: op-
posed to declivity, or a slope considered as de-
scending.
Far up the green acclivity I met a man and two young
women making their way slowly down.
The Century, XXVII. 420.
2. Specifically, in fort., the talus of a rampart.
acclivous (a-kli'vus), a. [KL. acclivus, less
frequent form of acclivis, sloping: see acclive.]
Rising, as the slope of a hill: the opposite of
declivous.
accloyt (a-kloiſ), v. t. [KME, acloien, acloſen,
var. of encloyen, K_OF. encloyer, earlier encloér
(F. enclower), K ML. inclavare, drive in a nail,
L. in, in, + clavare, nail, K clavus, a nail: see
cloyl and clove4.] 1. To prick with a nail in
shoeing: used by farriers. Langland, Piers
the Plowman.—2. To injure; harm; impair.
And whoso doth, ful foule hymself acloyith,
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, l. 517.
3. To cloy; encumber; embarrass with super-
fluity; obstruct.
[Filth] with uncomely weedes the gentle wave accloyes.
Spenger, F, Q., II, vii. 15.
See accli-
accoili (a-koil'), v. t.
36
accoastt (a-köst’), v. f. [A diff, spelling of
accost in its ; sense “come alongside of';
OF. acoster, touch, graze: see accost and coast.]
To fly near the earth. [Rare.]
Ne is there hauke which mantleth her on pearch,
Whether high towning or accoasting low.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. ii. 32.
[K OF. acoillir, gather,
assemble (F. accueillir, receive), KML. accolli-
gere, K L. ad, to, + colligere, gather: see coill,
culll, and collect.] To gather together; crowd.
About the caudron many Cookes accoyld.
* Spenser, F. Q., II. ix. 30.
accoil (a-koil'), m. [K OF. acoil, F. accueil ;
from the verb.] Welcome; reception. Southey.
(N. E. D.)
accoli (a-kol"), v. t. [K ME. acolen, K OF. acoler
(F. accoler), embrace, - Sp. acolar, arrange
two coats of arms under the same crown,
shield, etc., - It. accollare, embrace, mod.
join, yoke, & Mil. *accollare, embrace, & L. ad,
to, +coin (XOF. col, F. cow = OSp. collo, Sp.
cuello = It. collo), neck: see collar.] To em-
brace round the neck. Surrey.
accolade (ak-3-lād' or -lad"), n. [KF. accolade,
an embrace, a kiss (after It. accollata, P;
fem. pp. of accollare, embrace), K accoler, O.F.
acoler: see accol.] 1. A ceremony used in con-
ferring knighthood, anciently consisting in an
embrace, afterward in giving the candidate a
blow upon the shoulder with the flat of a sword,
the latter being the present method; hence,
the blow itself.
We felt our shoulders tingle with the accolade, and
heard the clink of golden spurs at our heels.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 58.
2. In music, a brace or couplet connecting
^, iń |*. 3.
- º 3
º .*.3% º º
sº [.
ºlºr. Mál:
w . . .
- º
º % - 5 ; 1.7%.”
* * *
* * \|| ||
%2 |ſº 4. * - 2. º % ***,
t •' it ºf kº - ". . . *... . . . ;
º | ||2 , 'º'; ii., 4, 32 .**
4. & *
* •,• Y
iſ tº ź. | º § †. * ºr 2.
& % §2.
- º ſ
ºš º
Accolade, early 16th century (France).
several staves.—3. In arch., an ornament
composed of two ogee curves meeting in the
middle, each concave toward its outer extrem-
ity and convex toward the point at which it
meets the other. Such accolades are either plain or
adorned with rich moldings, and are a frequent motive
of decoration on the lintels of doors and Windows of the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, especially in secular
architecture. Viollet-le-Duc.
4. In Roman and early monastic MSS., the
curved stroke made by the copyist around a
final word written below the line to which it
belonged, in order to avoid carrying it on to
the next. -
accolated (ak’ô-lä-ted), p. a. [KML. accol(l)atus,
pp. of accol(l)are, embrace : see, accol.] In
numis., containing two or
more profile heads so ar-
ranged that one partially
Overlaps the mext: as, an
A accolated shilling. .
§ accollé (ak-ol-ā'), p. a.
[KAF. accollé, F. accolò,
p. of accoler = It, accol-
are, X accollata, X F. and
E. º : tºº,
In and accol. wer. : (a
º § Gorged; collared: ap-
the original.) lied to animals with col-
lars, etc., about their necks. (b) Touching by
their corners, as lozenges or fusils on a shield.
c) Placed side by side, as two shields. (d)
Surrounded by the collar of an order, as the
shield of a knight of that order. Also spelled
acollé.-Tétes accollées, or accollé heads, in decora-
º
º
§ {?
J
&
0
s SN-CA
Qºliº
accommodate (8-kom’ā-dāt), a.
accommodately? (8-kom’ā-dāt-li), adv.
accommodateness? (a-kom’ā-dāt-nes), m.
accommodating ğ. ſ), 0.
accommodation
dabilis, K accommodare, accommodate: see ac-
commodate, v.] Capable of being accommo-
dated, or made suitable; adaptable. [Rare.]
Rules accommodable to all this variety.
Watts, Logic, v. § 64.
accommodableness(a-kom’é-da-bl-nes), n. The
state or condition of being accommodable.
Todd. [Rare.]
'accommodate (a-kom'3-dāt), v.; pret, and pp.
accommodated, ppr. accommodating. [KL. ac-
commodatus, pp. of accommodare, Kad, to, +
Commodare, fit, Kcommodus, fit: see commodious
and model...] I. trans. 1. To make suitable,
correspondent, or consistent; fit; adapt: as, to
accommodate ourselves to circumstances; to
accommodate the choice of subjects to the oc-
casion; to accommodate a Latin word, in form
or use, to English analogies.
'Twas his misfortune to light upon an hypothesis that
could not be accommodated to the nature of things and
human affairs. Docke.
Undoubtedly the highest function of Statesmanship is
by degrees to accommodate the conduct of communities to
ethical laws, and to subordinate the conflicting interests
of the day to higher and more permanent concerns. -
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 165.
2. To show fitness or agreement in; reconcile,
as things which are at variance or which seem
inconsistent; bring into harmony or concord:
as, to accommodate prophecy to events.
Part know how to accommodate St. James and St. Paul
better than some late reconcilers. Norris.
3. To adjust ; settle: as, to accommodate dif-
ferences.
Sir Lucius shall explain himself—and I dare say mat-
ters may be accommodated. Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 3.
4. To supply or furnish; provide with certain
conveniences; give accommodation to : as,
my house can accommodate a large number of
guests: followed by with when what is supplied
is expressly mentioned: as, to accommodate a
man with apartments; to accommodate a friend
with money.
Better accommodated 1 —it is good; yea, indeed, is it:
good phrases are surely, and ever were, very commend-
able. Accommodated 1 it comes of accommodo: very
good; a good phrase, Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
5. To suit; serve; convenience; oblige; do a
kindness or favor to: as, he is always delighted
to accommodate a friend.
The Indians were much given to long talks, and the
Dutch to long silence—in this particular, therefore, they
accommodated each other completely.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 101.
º 1. To suit, adapt, fit, conform, adjust, reconcile.—
4. To furnish, supply, provide for.—5. To serve, oblige,
assist, aid. - º
II, intrans. To be conformable; specifically,
in physiol., to be in or come to adjustment.
See accommodation, 4 (b).
Their motor seem regulated by their retinal functions,
So that, according to Ludwig, if the retinae are extirpated,
the eyes often cease to rotate, then to accommodate, then
to wink together. Mimd, IX. 94.
[KL. accom-
modatus, pp., adapted: See accommodate, v.]
Suitable; #: adapted; accommodated.
Means accommodate to the end. Sir R. L'Estrange.
Accommodate distribution, in logic, the acceptation
of a term to include everything it maturally denotes except
the subject of the sentence : as, Samson was stronger than
any man (that is, than any other man).
accommodated (a-kom’ā-dā-ted), p. a. Made
fit; made suitablé; adapted; modified.
We sometimes use the term [religion] in an accommodated
sense, i.e., to express the spiritual results with which reli-
gion is fraught, rather than the mere carnal embodiment
it first of all offers to such results.
H. James, Subs. and Shad., p. 5.
Suit-
ably; fitly.
Of all these [causes] Moses . . . held fit to give an ac-
count accommodately to the capacity of the people.
Dr. H. More, Def. of Lit. Cabbala, p. 3.
Fit-
Ił08S.
Aptness and accommodateness to the great purpose of
men's salvation. Hally well, Saving of Souls, p. 80.
& Oblig-
ing; yielding to the desires of others; disposed
to comply and to oblige another: as, an accom-
modating man; an accommodating disposition.
accommodatingly (8-kom’ā-dā-ting-li), adv.
tive art, profile, heads shown in relief, one behind and A.In an accommodating manner; obligingly.
partly concealed by another, as often in cameos and on
medallions or coins where a sovereign and his wife are
shown together. See cut under accolated.
accombination (a-kom-bi-nā’shgn), n. The act
of combining together. Quarterly Rev.
accommodable (8-kom’º-da-bl), a. [KF. ac-
commodable=Sp. acqmodable=Pg. accommo-
davel = It. accomodabile, K.L. as if "accommo-
accommodation (a-kom-6-dà'shgn), n. [KL.
accommodatio(n-), & accommodaré, adapt: see
accommodate, v.] 1. The act of accommodating:
8|S–(a) Adjustment; adaptation ; especially, the adapta-
tion or application of one thing to another by analogy,
as the words of a prophecy to a subsequent event.
The law of adaptation which we thus discern and trace
alike in every instance of organic development and func-














accommodation
tion, we discern and trace also in the accommodation of
the individualſ to his social surroundings and in the con-
sequent modification of his character.
Mawdsley, Body and Will, p. 96.
Many of these quotations were probably intended as
nothing more than accommodations, Paley
{} Adjustment of differences; reconciliation, as of parties
dispute.
The conformity and analogy of which I speak . . . has
a strong tendency to facilitate accommodation, and to pro-
duce a generous oblivion of the rancour of their quarrels.
Burke, On a Regicide Peace, i.
To come to terms of accommodation. Macaulay.
(c) Convenience; the supplying of a want ; aid.
St. James's Church had recently been opened for the
accommodation of the inhabitants of this new quarter. ...
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., iii.
2. The state of being accommodated; fitness;
state of adaptation: followed by to, sometimes
by with.
The organization of the body with accommodation to its
functions. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 53.
Socinus' main design . . . was to bring all the mysteries
of Christianity to a full accommodation with the general
motions of man's reason. South, Works, W. iii.
3. Anything which supplies a want, as in re-
; of ease, refreshment, and the like; any-
thing furnished for use; a convenience: chiefly
º: to lodgings: as, accommodation for man
and beast: often used in the plural.
They probably thought of the coach with some contempt,
as an accommodation for people who had not their own
gigs. George Eliot, Felix Holt, iv.
Outside of the larger cities on the Continent you can
get as wretched accommodations as you could desire for
an enemy. T. B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 65.
Specifically—4. (a) In com., pecuniary aid in
an emergency; a loan of money, either directly
or by becoming security for the repayment of a
sum advanced by another, as by a banker. (b)
In physiol, the automatic adjustment of the eye,
or its power of adjusting itself to distinct vision
at different distances, or of the ear to higher or
lower tones. In the eye accommodation is effected by
an alteration of the convexity of the crystalline lens (which
see), and in the ear by an increased tension of the tympanic
membrane for higher tones.—ACCOmmodation bill or
note, paper, or indorsement, a bill of exchange or
note, etc., dràwn, accepted, or indorsed by one or more
parties to enable another or others to obtain credit by
or raise money on it, and not given like business paper in
payment of a debt, but merely intended to accommodate
the drawer: colloquially called in Scotland a wind-bill,
and in England a kite.—Accommodation, cramp. See
cramp.–Accommodation ladder, a stairway fixed on
iſiſ?|Wºź TZ/7]
sº % ºft\ is; |
4% iſºlº # =
Accommodation Ladder.
the outside of a ship at the gangway, to facilitate ascending
from or descending to boats.-Accommodation lands
or land. (a) Lands bought by a builder or speculator, who
erects houses upon them and then leases portions of them
upon an improved ground-rent. . [Eng.] (b) Land acquired
for the purpose of being added to other land for its im-
provement. Rapalje and Lawrence.— Accommodation
road, a road constructed to give access to a particular piece
of land. Rapalje and Lawrence. [Eng.]—ACCOmmodation
train, a railway-train which stops at all or nearly all the
stations on the road: called in Great Britain a parliamen-
tary train: opposed to express-train.-Accommodation
works, works which an English railway company is re-
quired by 8 and 9 Vict. xx. to make and maintain for the
accommodation of the owners and occupiers of land ad-
joining the railway, as gates, bridges, culverts, fences, etc.
accommodative (a-kom’ī-dā-tiv), a. . [S ac-
commodate + -ive, H It, accomodativo.] Dis-
posed or tending to accommodate, or to be
accommodating; adaptive.
The strength of the infective qualities of these Organ-
isms may be greatly increased by an accommodative cul-
ture. Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 425.
accommodativeness (a-kom’ā-dā-tiv-nes), n,
The quality of being accommodative.
... accommode? º, W. t.
Accompaniment (3-kum'pa-ni-mºnt), n.
accompanist (a-kum'pa-nist), n.
37
accommodator (8-kom’ā-dā-tgr), n. [=Sp.
acomodador, K.L. as if *accommodator: see ac-
commodate, v.] One who or that which accom-
modates or adjusts.
[KF. accom-
accommodare : see
moder = It, accomodare,
accommodate.] To accommodate. [Rare.]
accompanablet (a-kum'pa-na-bly, a. . [Also ac-
companiable; K F. accompagnable, “sociable,
easie to be conversed with ” (Cotgrave), K ac-
compagner + -able: see accompany.] Sociable.
Sir P. Sidney.
accompanier (a-kum'pa-ni-er), n. One who or
that which accompanies. [Rare.]
Dear, cracked spinnet of dearer Louisal Without men-
tion of mine, be dumb, thou thin accompanier of her thin-
ner warble Lamb, Elia.
[K ac-
company, q.v., + -ment; after F. accompagne-
"ment, O.F. acompaignement = Sp. acompaña-
amiento – Pg. acompanhamento – It, accompa-
gmamento..] Something that attends another
as a circumstance; something incidental or
added to the principal thing as a concomitant,
by way of ornament, for the sake of symmetry,
or the like.
Elaboration of some one organ may be a necessary ac-
companiment of Degeneration in all the others.
E. R. Lankester, Degeneration, p. 32.
Specifically—(a) In music, the subordinate part or parts
added to a solo or concerted composition to enhance the
effect, and also, if it be a vocal composition, to sustain
the voices and keep them true to the pitch. The accom-
paniment may be given to one or more instruments, or to
a chorus of voices. Instead of writing accompaniments
in full, as is now done, the older composers were accus-
tomed merely to indicate the harmonies to be employed
by means of a figured bass, which could be performed in
a great variety of ways, more or less elaborate, according
to the musical knowledge, taste, and skill of the execu-
tant. (b) In painting, an object accessory to the principal
object, and serving for its ornament or illustration: gen-
erally termed an accessory (which see). (c) In her., any-
thing added to a shield by way of ornament, as the belt,
mantling, supporters, etc.—Accompaniment of the
scale, in music, the harmony assigned to the series of
notes forming the diatonic scale, ascending and descend-
ing.—Additional accompaniments, parts of a musical
composition not written by the original composer, but
added by another: as, Mozart's additional accompani-
ments to Handel's “Messiah.” Such additions are justified
in most cases on the ground that some instruments have
become obsolete, others have been invented, and the con-
stitution of the orchestra has been much changed since
the time of the original composer.
In music, one
who plays an accompaniment.
accompany (3-kum'pa-ni), v.; pret. and pp. ac-
companied, ppr. accompanying. [KOF. acom-
paignier, acompaigner (F. accompagner = Sp.
acompañar = Pg. acompanhar = It. accompa-
gmare), associate with, Ka- (L. ad), to, with, +
compaignier, compaigner, compagner, associate,
Kcompaignie, Cumpanie, company: see Company.]
I. trans. 1. To be or exist in company with;
be joined in association or combination; con-
stitute an adjunct or concomitant to: as, thun-
der accompanies lightning; an insult accom-
panied by or with a blow; the President's mes-
sage and accompanying documents.
The still night . . . with black air
Accompanied, with damps and dreadful gloom.
Milton, P. L., x. 848.
There is reason to believe that different diseases can so
accompany each other as to be united in the same indi-
vidual, Buckle, Hist, Civilization, II. 569.
2. To keep company with; be associated in
intimacy or companionship; act as companion
to. [Now rare or obsolete.]
Harry, I do not only marvel where thou spendest thy
time, but also how thou art accompanied.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
Although alone,
Best with thyself accompanied.
Milton, P. L., viii. 428.
3. To go along or in company with ; attend or
join in movement or action: as, to accompany
a friend on a walk or journey; men-of-war
formerly accompanied fleets of merchant ships;
he was everywhere accompanied by (not with)
his dog.
They accompanied him unto the ship. Acts xx. 38.
4. To put in company (with); cause to be or
go along (with); combine; associate: as, to ac-
company a remark with (not by) a bow; he ac-
companied his speech with rapid gestures.—5.
In music, to play or sing an accompaniment to
or for: as, he accompanied her on the piano.—
6+. To cohabit With.
The phasma . . . accompanies, her, at least as she
imagines. Sir T. Herbert, Travels, p. 374.
= Syn. To attend, escort, wait on, go with, convoy, be
associated with, coexist.
2,000IT1103,11
accompass? (a-kum'pas), v. t.
accompletive (a-kom’plé-tiv), a.
a CCOmp
accompliceship (a-kom' plis-ship), n.
accomplicity (ak-Qm-plis’i-ti), m.
accomplish (a-kom (plish), v. t.
accomplish
II, intrans. 1+. To be a companion or asso-
ciate: as, to accompany with others.-2. To
cohabit. [Rare.]
The king . . . loved her, and accompanied with her only,
till he married Elfrida. Milton, Hist. Eng., W.
3. In music, to perform the accompaniment
in a composition; especially, to perform the in-
strumental part of a mixed vocal and instru-
mental piece.
ist (a-kum'pa-ni-ist), m. An accom-
panist. [Rare.]
From which post he soon advanced to that of accom-
panyist at the same theatre. Grove, Dict. Music, I. 28.
To achieve;
effect; bring about.
The remotion of two such impediments is not commonly
accompass'd by one head-piece.
Bp. Hacket, Life of Abp. Williams, i. 42.
Disposed or
tending to accomplish or fulfil. [Rare.]
㺠(a-kom’plis), m. [An extension
(due perhaps to a supposed connection with ac-
complish or accompany), by prefixing ac-, of the
older form complice, in same sense, K F. com-
plice, an associate, particularly in crime, K.L.
complicem, acc. of complex, adj., confederate,
participant, Kcomplicare, fold together, K com-,
together, -- plicare, fold: see complex and com-
plicate.] 1. A partner or coöperator: not in
a bad sense.
Success unto our valiant general,
And happiness to his accomplices !
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 2.
One fellow standing at the beginning of a century, and
stretching out his hand as an accomplice towards another
fellow standing at the end of it, without either having
known of the other's existence.
De Quincey, Secret Societies, i.
More commonly—2. An associate in a crime ;
a partner or partaker in guilt. Technically, in law,
any participator in an offense, whether as principal or as
accessory: sometimes used of accessories only, in contra-
distinction to principals. It is followed by of or with be-
fore a person, and in or of before the crime : as, A was
an accomplice with B in the murder of C.
Thou, the cursed accomplice of his treason.
Johnson, Irene, W. 1.
He is . . . an accomplice if he is intimately bound up in
the project and responsibility of the schemes as a prime
In OWeI’. C. J. Smith, Synonyms, p. 7.
Sometimes used with to before a thing.
We free-statesmen, as accomplices to the guilt [of slavery,
are] ever in the power of the grand offender.
Emerson, Misc., p. 245.
=Syn. Albetter, accessory (see the definitions of these
words), coadjutor, assistant, ally, confederate, associate.
Accom-
plicity. Sir H. Taylor. [Rare.]
[K accomplice
+ -ity, after complicity.] The state of being
an accomplice; criminal assistance. Quarterly
IRev. [Rare.]
[K MIE. acom-
plissem, KOF. acompliss-, stem of certain parts
of acomplir, F. accomplir, complete, K a- (L.
ad), to, + complir, K. L. complere, complete : see
complete, v.] 1. To complete; finish; reach
the end of ; bring to pass; actually do : as, he
works hard, but accomplishes nothing.
And while she [Nature] does accomplish all the spring,
Birds to her secret operations sing. Sir W. Davenant.
To accomplish anything excellent, the will must work
for catholic and universal ends. Emmerson, Civilization.
2. To bring about by performance or realiza-
tion; execute; carry out; fulfil: as, to accom-
plish a vow, promise, purpose, or prophecy.
Thus will I accomplish my fury upon them. Ezek. vi.12.
This that is written must yet be accomplished in me.
Luke xxii. 37.
Hence — 3+. To gain; obtain as the result of
exertion.
To accomplish twenty golden crowns.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
4. To make complete by furnishing what is
wanting: as — (a+) To equip or provide with
material things.
The armourers, accomplishing the knights.
Shak., Hen. V., iv. (cho.).
It [the moon] is fully accomplished for all those ends to
which Providence did appoint it.
Bp. Wilkins, Math. Works, i.
(b) To equip or furnish mentally; fit by educa-
tion or training.
. His lady is open, chatty, fond of her children, and anx-
ious to accomplish them. Mme. D'Arblay, Diary, vi. 202.
I can still less pause . . . even to enumerate the suc-
cession of influences . . . which had . . . accomplished
them for their great work there and here.
R. Choate, Addresses, p. 82.
=Syn. I and 2. Execute, Achieve, etc. (see perform), com-
plete, finish, consummate, succeed in, work out, fulfil,
realize, bring to pass, end.







accomplishable
accomplishable (a-kom’plish-a-bl), a. Capable
of being accomplished.
accomplished (a-kom’plisht), p. a. 1. Com-
pleted; effected: as, an accomplished fact.—
2. Perfected; finished; consummate: used in
either a good or a baâ sense: aS, an a CC0m-
plished scholar; an accomplished villain.
Know you not the Egyptian Zabdas?—the mirror of
accomplished knighthood — the pillar of the state — the
Aurelian of the East 2 W. Ware, Zenobia, I, 69.
3. Possessing accomplishments; having the
attainments and graces of cultivated or fashion-
able society.
An accomplished and beautiful young lady.
Thackeray, Newcomes,
accomplisher (a-kom’plish-er), m. One who ac-
complishes or fulfils.
The Fates, after all, are the accomplishers of our hopes.
Thoreau, Letters, p. 26.
accomplishing (a-kom (plish-ing), m. That
which is accomplished or completed. [Rare.]
I shall simply enumerate, as ends, all that a university
should accomplish, although these accomplishings may,
strictly considered, often partake more of the character
of means. Sir W. Hamilton.
accomplishment (a-kom’plish-ment), n. [Kac-
complish + -ment, after F. accomplissement.]
1. The act of accomplishing or carrying into
effect; fulfilment; achievement: as, the ac-
complishment of a prophecy; the accomplish-
onent of our desires or ends.
I once had faith and force enough to form generous
luopes of the world's destiny . . . and to do what in me
lay for their accomplishment.
Hawthorne, Blithedale Romance, ii.
2. An acquirement; an attainment, especially
such as belongs to cultivated or fashionable
society: generally in the plural.
I was then young enough, and silly enough, to think
gaming was one of their accomplishments.
º Chesterfield, Letters.
Yet wanting the accomplishment of verse.
Wordsworth.
=Syn. 1. Completion, fulfilment, perfection, perform-
ance, execution, achievement.—2. Acquirements, Acqui-
sitions, Attainments, etc. (See acquirement), qualifications,
skill, graces.
accompt?, accomptablet, accomptantt. See
account, etc. [The spellings accompt, accomptable, etc.,
are artificial forms used, not prevailingly, in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries. They are now obsolete, or
nearly So, though accompt and accomptamt may still be
used in the formal or legal style. The pronunciation has
º fºrmed to the regular spelling, account, account-
able, etc.
accoraget, v. t. See accourage. Spenser.
accord (a-kórd’), v. [KME. acorden (less fre-
quently accorden), agree, be in harmony, trans.
bring into agreement, KOF, acorder, agree (F.
accorder = Sp. Pr. Pg. acordar = It, accordare),
KML. accordare, agree, K.L. ad, to, + cor (cord-)
= E. heart. Cf. concord and discord.] I. ºn-
trams. 1. To agree; be in correspondence or
harmony.
My heart accordeth with my tongue.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
That mind and soul, according well,
May make one music as before.
Tennyson, In Memoriam (Int.).
Their minds accorded into one strain, and made delight-
ful music. IIawthorne, Snow Image, p. 58.
2. To make an agreement; come to an under-
Standing.
We accorded before dinner. Scott, Waverley, II. xix.
II, trans. 1. To make to agree or corre-
spond; adapt, as one thing to another. [Rare.]
IIer hands accorded the lute's music to the voice.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.
2. To bring to an agreement or a settlement;
settle, adjust, or compose; reconcile: as, to
accord controversies.
Hauing much a-doe to accord differing Writers, and to
pick trueth out of partiality.
Sir P. Sidney, Apol, for Poetrie.
Is there no way left open to accord this difference,
But you must make one With your Swords 7
Longfellow, Spanish Student, ii. 6.
3. To grant; give; concede: as, to accord due
praise to any one,
His hands were thrust into his pockets; he was whistling
thoughtfully, and walking to and fro, a Small Space having
been accorded him by the crowd, in deference to his tem-
porary importance. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 23.
accord (3-kórd'), m. [K ME. acord (less fre-
quently accord), K OF. acorde, usually acort,
agreement (F. accord = Sp. acorde = Pg. acor-
do, accordo), verbal n. of acorder, agree: see
accord, v.] 1. Agreement; harmony of minds;
consent or concurrence of opinions or wills;
a88ent.
These all continued with one accord in prayer and Sup-
plication. Acts i, 14.
38
You must buy that peace
With full accord to all our just demands.
Shak., Hen. V., v. 2.
2. A union of different sounds which is agree-
able to the ear; concord; harmony.
Those sweet accords are even the angels' lays.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal. of Soul, ii. 1.
3. Agreement; just correspondence of things;
harmony of relation: as, the accord of light an
shade in painting.
Reauty is nothing else but a just accord and mutual
harmony of the members, animated by a healthful consti-
tution. Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy's Art of Painting, Pref.
4. Will; voluntary or spontaneous impulse or
act; unaided action or operation: preceded by
O?07,
Being more forward, of his own accord he went unto
yOll. 2 Cor. viii. 17.
Now of my own, accord such other trial
I mean to show you of my strength.
Milton, S. A., l. 1643.
5. Adjustment of a difference; reconciliation:
as, the mediator of an accord.
If both are satisfied with this accord,
Swear by the laws of knighthood on my sword.
- Dryden, Fables.
Specifically, in law, an agreement which is made between
parties for the settlement of a liability or controversy, and
which, when executed, that is, carried into effect, is
termed an accord and satisfaction, and bars or terminates
a suit; a private extra-judicial agreement or arrangement.
6. In music, same as chord.—7. Milit., the con-
ditions under which a fortress or command of
troops is surrendered.--To be at accord, to be in
agreement. Chaucer.—To fall of agcordt, to come into
agreement. Chaucer.
accordablet (a-kör'da-bl.), a. [KME. acordable,
K OF. *acordable, F. accordable, KOF. acorder:
see accord. Cf. Sp. acordablemente, adv.] Capa-
ble of being harmonized or reconciled; conso-
nant; agreeable.
accordance (a-kôr'dans), m. [KME. acordance,
acordaunce, K OF. acordance, later accordance
(= Pr, acordansa), K acordant, etc.: see accor-
dant.] 1. The state of being in accord; agree-
ment with a person; conformity to a thing ;
harmony.
Their voices are in admirable accordance with the tran-
quil solitude of a Summer afternoon.
Hawthorne, Old Manse.
There is a remarkable accordance in the power of diges-
tion between the gastric juice of animals with its pepsin
and hydrochloric acid, and the secretion of Drosera with
its ferment and acid belonging to the acetic series.
Darwin, Insectiv. Plants, vi.
2. The act of according, granting, or giving.
=Syn, 1. Harmony, unison, coincidence.
accordancy (a-kôr'dan-si), n. Same as accor-
dance, but less used.
accordant (a-kôr'dant), a. [KME. acordant,
acordaunt, KOF. acordant, F. accordant, agree-
ing with, KML. accordan (t-)s, ppr. of accordare,
agree : sco accord, v.] Corresponding ; con-
formable; consonant; agreeable ; of the same
mind; harmonious: sometimes followed by to,
but more commonly by with : as, this was not
accordant to his tastes, or with his principles.
If he found her accordant. Shale., Much Ado, i. 2.
Music and meaning floated together, accordant as swam
and Shadow. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 326.
In the neighboring hall a strain of music, proceeding
From the accordant strings of Michael's melodious fiddle.
Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. 3.
accordantly (a-kör'dant-li), adv. In an accor-
dant manner; in accordance or agreement.
accorder (a-kôr'dër), n. One who accords or
agrees; one who grants or bestows. [Rare.]
according (3-kör’ding), p. a. 1. Agreeing;
harmonious.
Th' according music of a well-mixed state.
Pope, Essay on Man, iii. 294.
2. Suitable ; agreeable; in accordance; in pro-
portion: followed by to.
Our zeal should be according to knowledge. Bp. Sprat.
according (a-kór’ding), adv. In accordance
(with); agreeably (to): used with to ; as, he
acted according to his judgment: often ap-
plied to persons, but referring elliptically to
their statements or opinions. Often abbrevi-
ated to acc.
According to him, every person was to be bought.
Macaulay, Hist, Eng., i.
For no delicious morsel pass'd her throat;
According to her cloth she cut her coat.
Dryden, Cock and Fox, l. 20.
According as, agreeably, conformably, or proportionately
&l.S.
A man may, With prudence and a good conscience, ap-
prove of the professed principles of one party more than
the other, according as he thinks they best promote the
good of church and state.
Swift, Sentiments of a Ch. of Eng. Man, i.
accordion (a-kôr'di-Qn), m.
accorporatet (a-kôr'pū-rät), v. t.
accorporation? (a-kór-pô-rä'shgn), n.
accost (a-kóst’), v.
accost (a-kóst’), n.
accostable (3-kösta-bl), a.
accosted (a-kós’ted), p. a.
accouchement (a-kösh’ moii), m.
accoucheuse (a-kö-shēz'), n.
account (a-kount'), v.
a CCOllnt,
accordingly (8-kör'ding-li), adv. 1: Agreeably;
suitably; in a manner conformable: as, those
who live in faith and good works will be re-
warded accordingly.
Whenever you are to do a thing, though it can never be
known, but to yourself, ask yourself how you would act
were all the world looking at you, and act ...tº;
Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 286.
2. In assent or compliance; acquiescently.
Upon this the Sultan was directed to3. himself by a
huge tub of water; which he did accordingly.
Addison, Spectator, No. 94.
==Syn. 2. Therefore, Wherefore, Accordingly, etc. See
therefore.
[Also spelled ac-
cordeon, K F. accordéon, K accorder, be in har-
mony, accord..] A small keyed wind-instru-
ment, opening and shutting like a bellows, and
having its tones generated by the play of wind
thus produced upon metallic reeds. It is . con-
structed on the same principle as the concertina and the
harmonium, but is much inferior to them.
accordionist (8-kör'di-Qn-ist), n. A player on
the accordion.
[K.L. accor-
poratus, pp. of accorporare, Kad, to, + corpo-
ºare, form into a body: see corporate.] To
incorporate; unite.
Custom, being but a mere face, as echo is a mere voice,
rests not in her unaccomplishment, until by secretinclina-
tion she accorporate herself with errour.
Milton, Pref. to Doct. of Divorce.
Incor-
poration.
v. [KF. accoster, KOF, acos-
ter, come alongside of, approach, touch, = Sp.
Pg...acostar =It, accostaré, KML. accostare, set
one's self alongside of, K.L. ad, to, + costa, a
rib, a side: see coast, accoast, and costal.] I.
trans. 13. To come side by side or face to face
With; draw near; approach; make up to.
Accost [her], Sir Andrew, accost.—What's that?—Accost
is, front her, board her, woo her, assail her.
Shak., T. N., i. 3.
2. To speak to ; address.
With taunts the distant giant I accost.
Pope, Odyssey, x.
Being shown into the common room, I was accosted by
a very well-dressed gentleman. Goldsmith, Vicar, xviii.
3+. To border on ; adjoin. -
Lapland hath since been often surrounded (so much as
accosts the sea) by the English.
J'uller, Worthies, Derbyshire.
II.f intrans. To adjoin; be adjacent.
The shores which to the sea accoste.
Spenser, F. Q., W. xi. 42.
The act of accosting; ad-
dress; salutation. -
He revealed himself in his accost.
Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 101.
[KF. accostable,
K accoster, approach: See accost, v.] Capable
of being accosted; easy of access; affable.
The French are a free, debonnair, accostable people.
Howell, Letters, ii. 12.
In her. : (a) Placed
on either or on each side of a principal charge:
as, a bend accosted by two
bendlets. (b) Placed side by
side, as two beasts, whether
facing in the same direction
or not.
accouche (a-kösh"), v. i. [K F.
accoucher, tr. deliver, intr. be
delivered, give birth, K OF.
acoucher, lay one's self down
in bed, & a. (L. ad), to, + cow-
cher, earlier colcher, colcier, F.
coucher, lay one's self down, lie down: see
couch, v.] To act as an accoucheur or a mid-
Wife. N. E. D.
A Bend Accosted by
endlets.
[F., K accou-
cher; see accouche.] Delivery in childbed; par-
turition.
accoucheur (a-kö-shër’), n. [F., a man-midwife,
K accoucher: see accouche.] A man-midwife;
a medical practitioner who attends women in
childbirth.-Accoucheur-toad, See nurse frog.
[F., fem. of ac-
Coucheur.] A midwife.
[K ME. acounten, acum-
ten, K OF. acumter, aconter = Pr, OSp. OPg.
acontar = It. accomtare (later OF. also acomp-
ter, mod. F. accompter, late ME. acompten, mod.
E. accompt, q.v., after L.), KML. “accomputare,
K L. ad, to, + computare, count, compute : see
countl and compute.] I. trams. 1. To count or
reckon as; deem; consider; think; hold to be.
The opinion of more Worlds than one has in ancient
times been accounted a heresy.
Bp. Wilkins, Math, Works, i.

account a
I have been accounted a good stick in a country-dance.
Sheridam, The Rivals, iii. 4,
He fails obtain what he accounts his right.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 189.
2}. To reckon or compute; count.
The motion of the sun whereby years are accounted.
ir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
3. To assign or impute; give the credit of ;
reckon as belonging or attributable. [Rare.]
Even as Abraham believed God, and it was accounted
to him for righteousness. Gal. ii. 6.
You have all sorts of graces accounted to you.
Jerrold, Works, IV. 408.
4+. To give an account, reason, or explanation
of ; explain.
A way of accounting the solidity of ice. Glanville.
5+. To take into consideration. Chaucer.—6+.
To recount; relate. Chaucer.
II, intrams. 1. To render an account or re-
lation of particulars; answer in a responsible
character: followed by with or to before a per-
son, and by for before a thing: as, an officer
must account with or to the treasurer for money
received.
They must account to me for these things, which I miss
So greatly. amb, Old Benchers.
2. To furnish or assign a reason or reasons;
give an explanation: with for ; as, idleness ac-
counts for poverty.
You’ll not let me speak—I say the lady can account for
this much better than I can. Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 2.
3+. To reckon; count.
Calendar months, . . . by which months we still account.
Holder, On Time.
To account off, to make account of ; esteem.
It [silver] was nothing accounted of in the days of
Solomon. 1 Ki. x. 21
I account of her beauty. Shak., T. G. of W., ii. 1.
3ccount (a-kount'), n. IK ME. acount, acunt,
acont, KOF. acunt, acont (Ka- + cont, K L. com-
putum, a calculation), acumte, aconte (later OF.
ānā ME. acompt, acompte: see accompt), KOF.
acumter, aconter: see account, v.] 1. A reckon-
ing, an enumeration, or a computation; meth-
od of computing: as, the Julian account of time.
That . . .
I might in virtues, beauties, livings, friends,
Exceed account. hak., M. of W., iii. 2.
2. A reckoning of money or business; a state-
ment or record of financial or pecuniary trans-
actions, with their debits and credits, or of
money received and paid and the balance on
hand or due: as, to keep accounts; to make out
an account.—3. A course of business dealings
or relations requiring the keeping of records:
as, to have an account with the bank.-4. On
the stock earchange, that part of the transactions
between buyer and seller to be settled on the
fortnightly or monthly settling-day: as, I have
sold A. B. 500 shares for the account.—5. Nar-
rative; relation; statement of facts; a recital,
verbal or written, of particular transactions
and events: as, an account of the revolution in
France.
The account which Thucydides has given of the retreat
from Syracuse is among narratives what Vandyke's Lord
Strafford is among paintings. Macawlay, Hist. Eng.
6. A statement of reasons, causes, grounds,
etc., explanatory of some event: as, no satis-
factory account has yet been given of these
phenomena.-7. An explanatory statement or
windication of one's conduct, such as is given
to a superior.
Give an account of thy stewardship. Luke xvi. 2.
8. Reason or consideration; ground: used
with on ; as, on all accounts; on every account;
on account of.
He [Bacon) valued geometry chiefly, if not solely, on
account of those uses, which to Plato appeared so base.
Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
9. Estimation; esteem; distinction; dignity;
consequence or importance.
There never was a time when men Wrote so much and so
well, and that without being of any great account them-
selves. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 293.
10. Profit; advantage; as, to find one's account
in a pursuit; to turn anything to account.
Why deprive us of a malady by which such numbers
find their accowºt? Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 5.
11. Regard; behalf; sake: as, all this trouble
I have incurred on your account.
Sometimes spelled accompt. -
Account current, open account, a course of business
dealings still continuing between two parties, oran account
not stated.—Account rendered, a statement presented by
a creditor to his debtor, showing the charges of the former
against the latter.—Account sales (an abbreviation of
account of the sales), a separate account rendered to his
principal by a factor or broker, showing the goods sold, the
39
prices obtained, and the met result after deduction of ex-
penses, etc.—Account stated, an account or statement
showing the result of a course of transactions, for adjust-
ment between the parties. Sometimes called a state.—Ac-
tion of agcount, or writ of account, in law, an action or
writ which the plaintiff bring, demanding that the defen.
dant shall render his just account, or show good cause to
the contrary.--For account of, on behalf of: as, sold for
account of A. B., that is, disposed of by sale, and to be
accounted for to A. B.-For the account, for settlement
on the regular settling-day, and not for cash or ready
money : used on the Stock exchange. See above, 4.—In
account With, having business dealings with (some one),
requiring the keeping of an account.—Money of ac-
Count, a denomination of money used in reckoning, but
not current as coins: thus, in China, the tael or ounce-
Weight of silver is a money of account.— On or to ac-
count, as an instalment or interim payment.—On one's
own account, for one's self; for one's own interest and
at one's own risk: as, he has gone into business on his own
account.—To go on the accountt, to join a piratical ex-
pedition; turn pirate: probably from the parties sharing
as in a commercial venture.
I hope it is no new thing for gentlemen of fortune who
are going on the account, to change a captain now and
then. Scott.
To make accountt, to form an expectation; judge;
reckon.
This other part . . . makes account to find no slender
arguments for this assertion out of those very Scriptures
which are commonly urged against it. ſilton.
They made no account but that the navy should be ab-
solutely master of the seas.
Bacon, Consid. of War with Spain.
To make account of, to hold in estimation or esteem;
value: generally with an adjective of quantity, as much,
little, mo, etc. : as, he makes no account of difficulties.
What is . . . the son of man, that thou makest account
of him : Ps. cxliv. 3.
We never make much account of objections [to war]
which merely respect the actual state of the world at this
moment, but which admit the general expediency and
permanent excellence of the project.
Bºmerson, Misc., p. 189.
To open an account with, to begin a course of dealings
with, requiring the keeping of an account.—To take into
account, to take into consideration; make a part of the
reckoning orestimate. = S 5. Account, Relation, Narra-
tion, Narrative, Recital, Description, sº statement, re-
hearsal, chronicle, history, tale, report. ese words agree
in denoting the rehearsal of an event or of a series of events.
Account directs attention to the facts related rather than to
the relater; it is the most general term. Relation is also
general in its meaning, but implies more directly a re-
later; it is less used in this sense than the corresponding
verb relate. It holds a middle place between account and
narrative. Narration is the act of narrating; the mean-
ing “the thing narrated” has by desynonymization been
given up to marrative. A narrative sets forth a series of
incidents dependent upon each other for meaning and
value, and generally drawn from the personal knowledge
of the narrator. A recital is a narrative, usually of events
that peculiarly affect the interests or the feelings of the
reciter; hence it is generally more detailed : as, the re-
cital of one's wrongs, griefs, troubles. A description is an
account addressed to the imagination, a picture in Words.
A story is by derivation a short history, and by develop-
ment a narrative designed to interest and please. There
may be an account of a battle or a burglary; a relation of
an adventure; a man of extraordinary powers of marration,
so that his marrative is exact and vivid; a recital of one's
personal sufferings; a description of a scene or an inci-
dent; a story of a life.
account (a-kount'), pp. [Reduced from ac-
counted.] Accounted; reckoned.
Was with long use account rio sin.
Shak., Pericles, i., Gower.
[In older editions this is printed account'd.]
accountability (a-koun-ta-bil’i-ti), n: , The
state of being accountable or answerable; re-
sponsibility for the fulfilment of obligations;
liability to account for conduct, meet or suffer
consequences, etc. : as, to hold a trustee to his
accountability; the accountability of parents to-
ward their children, or of men toward God.
The awful idea of accountability. JR. Hall.
accountable (a-kounta-bl), a. [K account +*
-able. Cf. F. comptable, accountable, respon-
sible.] 1. Liable to be called to account; re-
sponsible, as for a trust or obligation; answer-
able, as for conduct : as, every man is account-
able to God for his conduct; a sheriff is account-
able as bailiff and receiver of goods.
Subjects therefore are accountable to superiors.
Dryden, Post, to Hist. of League.
2. Of which an account can be given; that
can be accounted for: in this use opposed to
wn accountable. [Rare.]
We can never frame any accountable relation to it [our
country], nor consequently assign any natural or proper
affection toward it. Shaftesbury, Misc., 3.
Accountable receipt, a written acknowledgment of the
receipt of money or goods to be accounted for by the
receiver. It differs from an ordinary receipt or acquittance
in that the latter imports merely that money has been
paid. = Syn. 1. Amenable, answerable, responsible.
The
accountableness (a-kounta-bl-nes), m.
state of being accountable; accountability.
Tied to no creed and confessing no intellectual account-
ableness to any power less than the Eternal Reason.
Bellows, Introd, to Martineau's Materialism, p. 7.
Yºr
âccouplement (a-kup’l-ment), m.
accoutrement
accountably (a-kounta-bli), adv. In an ac-
countable manner.
accountancy (a-koun’tan-si), n. The art or
practice of an accountant. N. E. D.
accountant (a-kountant), n. and a... [Also
written accomptant, KF. accomptant (OF. acum-
tant), pp.r. of accompter: see accountand-ant!...]
I, n. 1. One skilled in counting; one who keeps
or makes up accounts, especially one who makes
the keeping or examination of accounts his
rofession: as, a chartered accountant.—2. In
aw, the defendant in an action of account.
fif a. Giving account; accountable; re-
sponsible.
His offence is so, as it appears,
Accountant to the law upon that pain.
Shak., M. for M., ii. 4.
accountant-general (a-kountant-jen’º-ral), n.
The principal or responsible accountant in
a public office or in a mercantile or banking
house or company; in England, formerly also
an officer in chancery who received all moneys
lodged in court and deposited the same in the
Bank of England.
accountantship (a-kountant-ship), n. The
office or employment of an accountant.
account-book (a-kount’bük), n. A book, con-
taining accounts, especially one containing a
record of sales, purchases, and payments; a
ruled book for entering details of receipts and
expenditures.
account-day (a-kount/dā), n. A day set apart
once in each half month for the adjustment of
differences between brokers on the English
stock exchange. A similar practice prevails
in the Continental bourses.
accouplet (a-kup/1), v. t. [K F. accoupler, join,
F. acoupler, also acoubler = Sp. acoplar = It.
accoppiare, KML. accopulare, K L. ad, to, +
copulare, couple: see couple, v.] To join or
link together; unite; couple.
The Englishmen accoupled themselves with the French-
IQ eI]. Hall, Chronicles, Hen. VIII., an. 9.
[K F. accou-
plement= It. accoppiamento ; see accouple.] 1.
The act of accoupling or connecting in pairs;
union in couples; marriage. [Rare.]
The son born of such an accouplement shall be most
untoward. Trial of Men's Wits, p. 308.
2. In carp.: (a) A tie or brace. (b) The entire
piece of work formed by a brace and the tim-
bers which it joins.
accouraget (a-kur’āj), v. t. [K OF. accourager,
earlier acorager, acoragier, inspire with cour-
age, K a- (L. ad), to, + corage, Coraige, courage.
Cf. encourage.] To encourage.
But he endevored with speaches milde
Her to recomfort, and accourage bold.
Spenser, F. Q., III. viii. 34.
accourth (a-kört’), v. t. [K ac- + court. Cf. OF.
accort, civil, polite, accortement, accortise, po-
liteness, courtesy, as if from a verb “accorter.]
To entertain with courtesy.
Accourting each her friend with lavish fest.
Spenser, F. Q., II. ii. 16.
accoutre, accouter (a-kö’tēr), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. accoutred or accoutered, ppr; atccoutring or
accoutering. [K F. accoutrer, earlier ſtccoustrer,
acoustrer, acoutrer, clothe, dress, equip, ar-
range, = Pr: acotrar, acoutrar; of uncertain
origin; perhaps KOF. a- (L. ad) + cousteur,
coustre, coutre, the sexton of a church, one of
whose duties was to take care of the sacred
vestments, both of the priest and of the image
of the Virgin; prob. K.L. “custorem for custodem,
mom. custos, a guardian, keeper : See Custo-
dian.] To dress, equip, or furnish; specifi-
cally, array in a military dress; put on or
furnish with accoutrements.
Upon the word,
Accoutred as I Was, I plunged in.
Shak., J. C., i. 2.
He ungirds his horse, claps the whole equipage on his
own back, and, thus accoutred, marches on the mext inn.
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 2.
Our globe, . . . accoutred with so noble a furniture of
air, light, and gravity. Derham, Physico-Theol., i. 5.
accoutrement, accouterment (a-kö’tèr-ment),
m. 1. Personal vestment or clothing; equip-
ment or furnishing in general; array ; apparel.
[Rare in the singular.]
And not alone in habit and device,
Exterior form, outward accoutrement.
Shak., K. John, i. 1.
I profess requital to a hair's breadth; not only, Mistress
Ford, in the simple office of love, but in all the accoutre-
ment, complement, and ceremony of it.
Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 2.
aCCOutrement
2. pl. Dress in relation to its component parts;
equipage; trappings; specifically, the equip-
ments of a soldier except arms and clothing;
equipage for military service. See equipage.
In Tobes of peace, accoutrements of rest,
He Was advanc'd a counsellor.
Ford, Fame's Memorial.
Among piled arms and rough accoutrements.
Tennyson, The Princess, v.
accoyt (a-koi"), v. t. [KME. acoien, KOF. acoier
quiet, K a- (L. ad), to, + coi, quiet: see coyi
1. To render quiet; soothe.
And with kind words accoyd, vowing great love to mee.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. viii. 59.
2. To dishearten; daunt; subdue.
Then is your carelesse courage accoyed.
Spenser, Shep. Cal. (Feb.).
accra.set, v. t. See acrage.
accreasef (a-krés"), v. i. [Formerly also ac-
creace, accress, K ME. acresem, increase, K OF.
acreistre, later accroistre, mod. F. accroëtre+Sp.
acrecer = It. accrescere, K L. accrescere, grow,
'become larger by growth, increase: see ac-
cresce (a later form, after the L.), increase, de-
crease, etc., and der. accrue..] To increase.
Accrescere, to increase, to accrease, to add vinto, . . . to
accrew, to eeke. Plorio.
Such as ask, why the sea doth never debord nor accreace
a Whit. D. Person, Varieties, 1 S 6, 24. (N. E. D
accredit (a-kredſit), v. t. [K F. accréditer, ear-
lier acrediter, accredit, Kac-(L. ad), to, + crédit,
n., credit (see credit, m.); = Sp. Pg. acreditar
= It. accreditare, accredit, similarly formed.]
1. To give credit or credence to ; repose confi-
dence in; trust; esteem.
Such were the principal terms of the surrender of Gra-
nada, as authenticated by the most accredited Castilian and
Arabic authorities. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 15.
His party will . . . protect and accredit him, in spite of
conduct the most contradictory to their own principles.
Scott.
2. To confer credit or authority on; stamp with
authority. *
With the best writers of our age, accredit is “invest with
credit or authority,” to which may be added its diplo-
matic sense, “send with letters credential.”
I'. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 284.
I am better pleased indeed that he censures some things
than I should have been with unmixed commendation; for
his censure Will . . . accredit his praises,
Cowper, Letters, xliii.
Eſence, specifically—3. To send with cre-
dentials, as an envoy.
According to their rank, some agents of foreign govern-
ments are directly accredited to a sovereign, and others
to his minister of foreign affairs.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 91.
4. To believe; accept as true.
He accredited and repeated stories of apparitions, and
witchcraft, and possession, so silly, as well as monstrous,
that they might have nauseated the coarsest appetite for
Wonder. Southey, Life of Wesley, II. 198.
5. To ascribe or attribute to ; invest with the
credit of: followed by with.
Mr. Bright himself was accredited with having said that
his own effort to arouse a reforming spirit . . . was like
flogging a dead horse. McCarthy, Hist. Own Times, xl.
accreditateſ (a-kred’i-tät), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
accreditated, ppr. accreditating. [As accredit-H
-ate?..] Same as accredit.
She bowed, kissing the Thracian's hands, who would not
resist it, to accreditate the beginnings of his Love to be of
estimation.
Sir A. Colcaine, tr. of Loredano, Dianea, IV. § 3. (N. E. D.)
accreditationi (a-kred-i-tä'shgn), n. The act
of accrediting, or the state of being accredited.
Having received my instructions and letters of accredi-
tation from the Barl of Hillsborough on the 17th day of
April, 1780. Mem. of It. Cwmberland, I. 417. (N. E. D.)
accrementitial (ak’ré-men-tish'al), a. [KL. as
if *accrementum (found once, but a false read-
ing), addition (K accrescere, increase: see ac-
cresce, and cf. excrement, increment), + E. -itial.]
In physiol., of or pertaining to the process of
accrementition.
accrementition (akºré-men-tish’gn), m. [KL.
as if *accrementum, on analogy of accrementi-
tial, q.v. The regular form would be “accre-
mentation.] In physiol., the production or de-
velopment of a new individual by the separa-
tion of a part of the parent ; gemmation.
accresce? (a-kresſ), v. i. [Laterform of accrease,
q. v., after orig. L. accrescere, increase, Kad,
to, + crescere, grow: see crescent, and cf. ac-
crue..] 1. To increase; grow. [Rare.]–2.
To accrue. See accrue, v., 2.
accrescence (a-kres’ ens), m. [K accrescent; =
Sp. acrecencia = It, accrescenza, increase.] 1.
#e act of increasing; gradual growth or in-
crease; accretion.
accrescent (a-kresſent), a.
accrete (a-krét’), v.; pret. and
accrete (a-krét’), a.
accrewt, accrewet, m. and v.
accrual (a-krö'al), n.
accrue (a-kröſ), m.
40
The silent accrescence of belief from the unwatched de-
positions of a general, never contradicted, hearsay,
Coleridge, Statesman's Manual (1839), App. B, p. 296.
2. That by which anything is increased; an
increment.
[K.L. accrescen(t-)s,
ppr. of accrescere, grow : see accresce.] In-
creasing; growing. Specifically, in bot., applied to
parts connected with the flower which increase in size
after flowering, as frequently occurs with the calyx, invo-
lucre, etc.
accrescimento (äk-kresh-i-men’té), m. [It.: see
acoresce.] In music, the increase of the dura-
tion of a sound by one half, indicated by a dot
after the note.
#. accreted,
ppr. accreting. É L. accretus, pp. of accrescere:
See accresce.] I. intrams. 1. %. grow by ac-
cretion; gather additions from without. [Rare.]
We see everywhere wasted cliffs and denuded shores,
or accreted shingle-banks and sand-hills. --
J. N. and Q., 7th ser., II, 62.
2. To be added; adhere; become attached by a
process of accretion.
Centres about which thought has accreted, instead of
crystallizing into its own free forms.
G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 161.
II. trans. To cause to grow or unite.
[KL. accretus, pp. of ac-
crescere: see accresce.] Grown together; formed
Aby accretion; accreted.
accretion (a-kré'shgn), m.
[KL. accretio(m-),
Kaccretus, pp. of accrescere, grow : see accresce
and accrete.] 1. The act of accreting or accres-
cing; a growing to ; an increase by natural
growth; an addition; specifically, an increase
by an accession of parts externally.
The phrase “living language,” used with reference to
facts, must import perpetual excretion and accretion of
Substance, involving or producing assimilation, develop-
ment, and renewal. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 18.
A mineral or unorganized body can undergo no change
Save by the operation of mechanical or chemical forces;
and any increase of its bulk is due to the addition of like
particles to its exterior : it augments not by growth but
by accretion. Owen, Comp. Anat., i.
2. In pathol., the growing together of parts nor-
mally separate, as the fingers or toes.—3. The
thing added; an extraneous addition; an ac-
cession: commonly used in the plural, and re-
stricted to accessions made slowly and gradu-
ally by some external force.
IHe strove to pare away the accretions of age.
Merivale, Hist. Romans, W. 150.
4. In law: (a) The increase or growth of prop-
erty by external accessions, as ſº
maturally added to land situated on the bank of
a river, or on the seashore. When the accretion
takes place by Small and imperceptible degrees it belongs
to the owner of the land immediately behind, but if it
is Sudden and considerable it may belong to the
state. , (b) In Scots law, the completion of
an originally defective or imperfect right
|by some subsequent act on the part of the
person from whom the right was derived.
accretive (a-kré'tiv), a. Of or pertain-
ing to accretion; increasing or adding
|by growth; growing; accrescent : as,
“the accretive motion of plants,” Glan-
ville, Scep. Sci., ix. 60.
Obsolete
spellings of accrue. The spelling is retained in
the clipped form crew! (which see).
accriminatet (a-krim’i-nāt), v. t. [K ac- + crim-
imate (cf. Sp. acriminar, exaggerate a crime,
accuse): see criminate.j To charge with a
• Crime.
accroacht (a-kröch'), v. t. [KME. acrochen,
OF. accrocher, fix on a hook, hook up, Ka- (L.
ad), to, + croc, a hook, a crook: see crook and
crochet. Cf. encroach.j 1. To hook, or draw to
one’s self as with a hook.—2. In old laws, to
usurp: as, to accroach royal power to one's self.
accroachment: (a-krôch’ment), n. The act of
accroaching; encroachment; usurpation, as of
sovereign power.
The act or process of ac-
cruing; accretion.
[Also written accrew (now
obs.), K late M.E. *acrewe, found only in the
clipped form crewe (> E. crew), and in the verb
acrewe, accrue; KOF. acrewe, acrewe, that which
grows up, to the profit of the owner, on the
earth or in a wood, later “accrewe, a growth, in-
crease, eeking, augmentation ” (Cotgrave), orig.
fem, of acreu, “accrew, growne, increased "
(Cotgrave), (AF. acru), pp. of acreistre (AF.
acrestre), later accroistre, mod. F. accroëtre, K
L. accrescere, grow, accrease, accresce, in-
crease : see accrease, accresce. Hence by abbr.
accrued (a-kröd’), p. a.
accruement (a-krö’ ment), n.
accruer (a-krö’ér), m.
accubation (ak-li-bā‘shgn), m.
|by alluvium .
accumb? (a-kumb'), v. i.
accumbent
crue, crew: see crewl, and of, recruit.] 1+. An
accession; addition; reinforcement.
The towne of Calis and the forts thereabouts were not
supplied with anie new accrewes of soldiers.
Holimshed, Chron., III, 11351.
Should be able . . . to oppose the French by the accrue of
Scotland. M. Godwyn, Annals Eng., III. 283, (N. E. D.)
2. A loop or stitch forming an extra mesh in
network.
There are also accrues, false meshes, or quarterings,
which are loops inserted in any given row, by which the
number of meshes is increased. mcyc. Brit., XVII. 359.
accrue (a-kröſ), v, i.; pret, and pp. accrued, ppr;
accruing. [Also written accrew (now obs.), K
ME. acrewe, v., K. “acrewe, n. : see accrue, n.]
1}. To grow; increase; augment.
And, though powre faild, her courage did accrew.
Spenser, F. Q., W. v. 7.
2. To happen or result as a matural growth;
come or fall as an addition or increment, as º
profit or loss, advantage or damage; arise in
due course: as, a profit accrues to government
from the coinage of copper; the natural in-
crease accrues to the common benefit.
To no one can any benefit accrue from such aerial
speculations . . . as crowd almost every book in our lan-
guage that we turn to. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., Pref.
That pleasure which accrues from good actions. ..
J. F. Clarke, Ten Great Relig., ii. 5,
3. In law, to become a present and enforcible
.# or demand. Thus the right to set up the statute
of limitations against a claim accrues by lapse of time; a
cause of action on a note does not accrue till the note
becomes payable.
In her., full-grown: an
epithet applied to trees.
1. Accrual.—
2. That which accrues; an addition; incre-
ment. gº
[K accrue -- -erº, as in
wser, trover, waiver, and other law terms, where
-er represents the F. inf. Suffix.] In law, the
act or fact of accruing; accrual.—Clause of ac-
cruer, a clause in a deed or bequest to several persons,
directing to whom, in case of the death of one or more,
his or their shares shall go or accrue.
acct, curt. In com., a contraction of account
current. Originally written alc, a symbol now
almost exclusively used for account.
[KL. accuba-
tio(n), K accubare, lie near, esp. recline at ta-
ble, Kad, to, + cubare, lie down. See incubate
and accumb.] 1. The act of lying down or re-
clining; specifically, the ancient practice, de-
rived from the Orient, of eating meals in a re-
Cumbent posture. Among the Greeks at the time of
the Homeric poems this practice had not yet been adopted;
but in historical times it obtained in general among both
Greeks and Romans, and it is illustrated in early vase-paint-
ings. It was customary to eat reclining diagonally toward
Accubation.—An ancient dinner.
the table, resting on couches, either flat on the breast
or supported on the left elbow in a semi-sitting position.
Cushions were provided to relieve the strain upon the el-
bow and the back. The table was usually a little lower
than the couches, for convenience in reaching the food.
See triclinium. t
Which gesture . . . cannot be avoided in the laws of
accubation. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 6.
2. In med., lying-in; confinement; accouche-
ment. Syd. Soc. Lea.
[KL. accumbere, lie
near, esp. recline at table, Kad, to, + “cumbere
(in comp.), a nasalized form of Cubare, lie
down. See accubation.] To recline, according
to the ancient fashion at table. Šee acoub.
tion. Bailey.
*hºnº (a-kum' ben-si), n. [K accumbent:
See -cy.]
reclining.
he state of being accumbent or of
ºccumbent (a-kum"bent), a. and m. [KL. accum-
ben(t-)s, ppr. of accumbere: see
accumb.] I. a. 1. Leaning or
reclining, in the manner of the
ancients at their meals. See
accubation. *
The Roman recumbent (or more
properly accumbent) posture in eating
was introduced after the first Punio
war. Arbuthnot, Anc. Coins, p. 134.
2. In bot, lying against: applied to the cotyle-
Accumbent Ovule
(Thlaspi arveztse).


accumbent;
dons of an embryo when their edges lie against
or are opposed to the radicle.
II.; ſt. One who reclines, as at meals; one
at table, whether reclining or sitting.
A penance must be done by every accwmbent in sitting
out the passage through all these dishes.
§ Bp. Hall, Occas. Med., No. 81.
accumber# (a-kum’bër), v. t. [KME. acumbren,
acombren, for earlier encumbren, encombren: see
ºmber, and a-16 and en-1.] To encumber;
CIOg.
And lette his sheep acombred in the mire.
Chaucer, Prol. Parson's Tale.
Accumbred with carriage of women and children.
* ampion, Hist. Ireland, p. 28.
accumulate (a-kü'mū-lāt), v.; pret, and pp.
* ppr. accimulating. [KL. accumu-
latus, pp. of accumulare, heap up, Kad, to, +
cumulare, heap, Kewmulus, a *: Sé6 C2////M-
late and cumulus.] I. trams. 1. To heap up ;
collect or bring together; make a pile, mass,
or aggregation of: as, to accumulate earth or
stones; to accumulate money or sorrows.
Never pray more; abandon all remorse;
On horror's head horrors accwmwlate.
Shak., Othello, iii. 3.
2. To form by heaping up or collecting the
parts or elements of; obtain by gathering in;
amass: as, to accumulate wealth. [Rare in the
physical sense, as in the first extract.]
Soon the young captive prince shall roll in fire,
And all his race accwmwlate the pyre.
J. Barlow, Columbiad, iii. 362. (N. E. D.)
In the seventeenth century a statesman who was at the
head of affairs might easily, and without giving Scandal,
accumulate in no long time an estate amply sufficient to
support a dukedom. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., iii.
A weak mind does not accwmwlate force enough to hurt
itself. O. W. Holmes, Autocrat, ii.
II. intrams. 1. To grow in size, number, or
quantity; go on increasing by successive addi-
tions: as, public evils accumulate.
Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accwmwlates, and men decay.
Goldsmith, Des. Vil., 1, 52.
We are the heirs to an inheritance of truth, grandly ac-
cwmwlating from generation to generation.
Swmmer, Orations, I. 51.
2. To take degrees by accumulation, as in some
English universitiès. See accumulation.
accumulatet (a-küſmü-lāt), p. a. [K L. accumu-
latus, pp.; see accumulate, v.] Collected into
a mass or quantity; increased; intensified.
A more accumulate degree of felicity.
owth, Sermons, viii. 147.
Haply made sweeter by the accumulate thrill.
Lowell, Cathedral.
accumulation (a-kü-mü-lä’shgn), n. [KL. accu-
mulatio(n-), Kaccumulare: see accumulate, v.] 1.
The act of accumulating, or state of being accu-
mulated; an amassing; a collecting together.
It is essential to the idea of wealth to be susceptible of
accumulation; things which cannot, after being produced,
be . for some time before being used are never, I think,
regarded as wealth. J. S. Mill.
2. Growth by continuous additions, as the ad-
dition of interest to principal. Specifically, in law:
(a) The adding of the interest or income of a fund to the
principal, pursuant to the provisions of a will or deed pre-
venting its being expended. The law imposes restrictions
on the power of a testator or creator of a trust to prohibit
thus the present beneficial enjoyment of a fund in order to
increase it for a future generation. (b) The concurrence
of several titles to the same thing, or of several circum-
stances to the same proof: more correctly, cwmwlation.
3. That which is accumulated; a heap, mass,
or aggregation: as, a great accumulation of sand
at the mouth of a river.
Our days become considerable, like petty sums by minute
accwmwlations, Sir T. Browne, Urm-burial, v.
Accumulation of degrees, in some of the English uni-
versities, the taking of a higher and a lower degree to-
gether, or at shorter intervals than is usual or is gener-
ally allowed by the rules.—Accumulation of power,
that amount of force or capacity for motion which somé
machines possess at the end of intervals of time, during
which the velocity of the moving body has been constantly
accelerated. = 2 * * = p *
accumulative (a-kü’mü-lä-tiv), a. , [K accumu-
late + -ive; = Sp. acumulativo (in adv. acumula-
tivamente) = Pg. accumulativo.] Tending to or
: from accumulation; cumulative.—Accu-
mulative ju ent, in law, a second judgment against
a person, the effect of which is to begin after the first has
expired. g * * * * * * * * *
accumulatively (a-kü’mū-lä-tivºli), adv. In an
accumulative manner; by heaping; in heaps.
accumulativeness (a-kü’mū-lä-tivines), n.
The quality of being accumulative; tendency
to accumulate.
âccumulator (à-kü’mü-lä-tgr), n. ISL, accumu-
lator, & accumulare, accumulate.] 1. One who
or that which gathers, accumulates, or amasses.
–2. One who takes university degrees by ac-
- 41
cumulation (which see).—3. Anything used
for collecting and storing energy, etc. Specifi-
cally, in mech. : (a) An india-rubber spring serving for the
storage of energy to be utilized for lifting and other pur-
poses, (b) An elastic section of a dredge-line, so placed
as to prevent a sudden break-
º ing strain. (c) An apparatus
s TH used principally in connec-
tion with hydraulic machines
as an equalizer of pressure, or
for the accumulation of ener-
A gy to be expended intermit-
tently, as in hydraulic cranes,
elevators, riveters, etc. . . It
consists of a cylinder fitted
with a plunger, having at its
upper end a cross-head or
cap, to which are secured the
weights necessary for the de-
g sired pressure. The water
forced into the cylinder raises
the plunger, whose weight, re-
º
# Jº
ºº
C
º
º
3
§
º;º
::ſº8:S.§
eſ
arº
§º
§
Öº
&
U.
| º º &
§ § acting upon the water, trans-
º
C
&
mits this pressure to the op-
erating machinery. The total
force, less friction, which can
be expended is measured by
the product of the weight of
the plunger and its load into
the distance traversed by it.
The joint capacity of the
force-pumps which supply the
cylinder is such as will, by
continuous running, accumu-
late in the cylinder during
periods of inaction an amount
equal to that expended during
a maximum effort. In an-
other form, called the hydro-
tic accumulator, the
water within the cylinder compresses air, which reacts
upon it, thus serving as a substitute for the weights. In-
stead of dead-weights the plunger of the accumulator
may be forced into its cylinder a by a piston of large area
attached to its outer or free end; against this piston on
its outer surface is maintained a constant pressure of
water or air or steam, producing an effect equivalent to
the weight in the other form. Such accumulators have
the advantages of lightness and need not stand vertical.
(d) In elect.: (1) A condenser (which see). (2) A storage bat-
tery (which see, under battery).-Hydro-pneumatic ac-
cumulator, an apparatus intended to be used with hydro-
static lifts and presses, and employing compressed air as
the source of power. Šee above, 3 (c).
accuracy (ak’ī-rå-si), m. [K accura(te) + -cy,
as if KL. *accuratia. The sense is that of the
rare L. accuratio.] The condition or quality
of being accurate; extreme precision or exact-
ness; exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or
model; correctness: as, the value of testimony
depends on its accuracy; copies of legal instru-
ments should be taken with accuracy.
The schoolmen tried to reason mathematically about
things which had not been, and perhaps could not be, de-
fined with mathematical accuracy.
Macaulay, Utilitarian Theory of Government.
= Syn. Accurateness, exactness, exactitude, precision,
carefulness, care, niceness, nicety.
accurate (ak’īā-rät), a. [= Pg. accurado = It.
accurato, K L. accuratus, prepared with care,
exact, pp. of accurare, prepare with care, Kad,
to, + curare, take care, K cura, care, pains:
see cure.] 1. Characterized by extreme care;
hence, in exact conformity to truth, or to a
standard or rule, or to a model; free from
error or defect; exact : as, an accurate ac-
count; accurate measure; an accurate expres-
sion; an accurate calculator or observer.
Our American character is marked by a more than aver-
age delight in accurate perception, which is shown by the
currency of the byword, “No mistake.”
Limerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 207.
2#. Determinate; precisely fixed.
Those conceive the celestial bodies have more accurate
influences upon these things below. ISacon.
= Syn, 1. Accurate, Correct, Eract, Precise, Nice, care-
ful, particular, true, faithful, strict, painstaking, unerr-
ing. Of these words correct is the feeblest ; it is barely
more than not faulty, as tested by some standard or rule.
Accurate implies careful and successful endeavor to be
correct: as, an accurate accountant, and, by extension of
the meaning, accurate accounts; an accurate likeness.
Iča:act is stronger, carrying the accuracy down to minute
details: as, an eacact likeness. It is more commonly used
of things, while precise is used of persons: as, the eacact
truth; he is very precise in his ways, Precise may repre-
sent an excess of nicety, but eacact and accurate rarely do
so : as, she is prim and precise. As applied more Specifi-
cally to the processes and results of thought and investi-
gation, eacact means absolutely true; accurate, up to a
imited standard of truth; precise, as closely true as the
utmost care will secure. Thus, the eacact ratio of the cir-
cumference to the diameter cannot be stated, but the
value 3.14159265 is accurate to eight places of decimals,
which is sufficiently precise for the most refined measure-
ments. Nice emphasizes the attention paid to minute and
delicate points, often in a disparaging sense : as, he is
more mice than wise.
What is told in the fullest and most accurate annals
bears an infinitely small proportion to that which is sup-
pressed. Macaulay, Hist. Eng.
But we all know that speech, correct speech, is not thus
easily and readily acquired, $
JR. G. White, Every-day English, p. 130.
º
3
§
D
H ºf
3.
º
C
ſ
à
*º
tº
º
#
ſº
3.
a
;
ºxxºs
Hydraulic Accumulator.
a, cylinder; , b, plunger; c,
É. d, weight-case; e, cross-
ead; J, bolt; g, framework;
h, 1, pipes. *
accurately (ak’īī-rāt-li), adv.
accurateness (ak’ī-rāt-nes), m.
accursedly (a-kèr'sed-li), adv.
accursedness (a-kèr'sed-nes), m.
accusable (a-kū’za-bl), a.
accusal (a-kū’zal), n.
accusantí (a-kü’zant), n.
accusation (ak-ii-Zā’shgn), m.
accusatival (3-kü-za-ti’val), a.
accusative (a-kü'za-tiv), a. and m.
accusative
It [the map) presents no scene to the imagination; but
t gives us exact information as to the bearings of the
various points. Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
A winning wave, deserving note,
In the tempestuous petticoat,
A careless shoe-string, in whose tie
I see a wild civility,+
Do more bewitch me, than when art
‘Is too precise in every part. Herrick,
He is fastidiously nice in his choice of language, and a
fondness for dainty and delicate epithets too often gives to
his style an appearance of prettiness.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 82.
In an accurate
manner; with precision; without error or de-
feet; exactly: as, a writing accurately copied.
Nature lays the ground-plan of each creature accurately
—sternly fit for all his functions; then veils it scrupu-
lously. JEmerson, Success.
For no two seconds together does any possible ellipse
accurately represent the orbit [of a planet].
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 78.
The state or
quality of being accurate; accuracy; exact-
ness; nicety; precision.
accurse (a-kèrs'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. accursed,
ppr. accursing. [A wrong spelling, in imita-
tion of L. words with prefix ac-, of acurse, K
ME. acursien, acorsien, Ka-1 (KAS. ā-) + cursien,
corsien, KAS. cursian, curse: see curse, v.] Toim-
precate misery or evil upon; call down curses
on; curse. [Now hardly used except in the
past participle as an adjective: see below.]
Hildebrand accursed and cast down from his throne
Henry IV. Italeigh, EssayS.
accursed, accurst (a-kèrst’ or a-kèr'sed, a-
kērst'), p. a. [K ME. acursed, akursed, acorsed,
pp.: see accurse.] 1. Subject to a curse;
doomed to harm or misfortune; blasted; ruined.
The city shall be accursed. Josh. vi. 17-
Thro' you my life will be accurst.
Tennyson, The Letters, v.
2. Worthy of curses or execrations; detest-
able; execrable; cursed: as, “deeds accursed,”
Collins, Ode to Fear.
Thus cursed steel, and more accursed gold,
Gave mischief birth, and made that mischief bold.
Dryden, Ovid's Metamorph., i. 179.
In an accursed
Iſla, Illel”.
The state or
quality of being accursed.
[= F. accusable =
Sp. acusable = Pg. accusavel = It. accusabile
(in E. sense), K. L. accusabilis (found once
in Cicero), blameworthy, K accusare, accuse,
blame: see accuse.] Liable to be accused or
censured; chargeable; blamable: as, accusable
of a crime.
Nature's improvision were justly accusable, if animals,
SO subject unto diseases froth bilious causes, should want
a proper conveyance for choler.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 2.
Accusation. N. E. D.
[= Pg. It. accusante,
an accuser, K.L. accusan (t-)s, ppr. of accusare,
accuse : See accuse.] One who accuses; an ac-
GºllSer.
The accusant must hold him to the proof of the charge.
Bp. Hall, Remains, Life, p. 531.
[K MIE. accusa-
cion, -eigun, KOF. acusation, F. accusation =Sp.
acusación = Pg. accusagão = It. accusatione, K L.
accusatio(n-), an accusation, K accusare, accuse:
See accuse.] 1. A charge of wrong-doing; a dec-
laration of the commission of crime or error;
imputation of guilt or blame.
Wrote they unto him an accusation against the inhabi-
tants of Judah and Jerusalem. Ezra iv. 6.
The breath
Of accusation kills an innocent name.
Shelley, The Cenei, iv. 4.
2. That which is imputed as a crime or wrong;
the specific guilt or error charged, as in a state-
ment or indictment: as, what is the accusation
against me? the accusation is murder.
And set up over his head his accusation. Mat. xxvii. 37.
3. The act of accusing or charging; crimination.
Thus they in mutual accusation spent
The fruitless hours. Milton, P. L., ix. 1187.
= Syn. Charge, impeachment, arraignment, indictment,
crimination, imputation.
Pertaining to
Jour. of Philology.
[= F. ac-
cusatif- Sp. acusativo = Pg. It. accusativo, all in
the sense of accusative case, Pg. also in sense
of censuring, L. accusativus, prop. belonging
to an accusation, but used only in the gram-
matical sense (with or without casus, case),
the accusative case.




















accusative
being a translation of Gr. attatuſch (sc. Trôoug,
casus), regarded as ‘the case of accusing,” fem.
of aittatukóg, usually translated ‘of or for accu-
sation,’ but rather ‘(the case) of the effect,” or
terminal cause of the action of the verb, Kaitla-
töv, effect, neut. of airtatóc, effected, K attlá-
offat, allege as the cause, charge, accuse, Kaitía,
a cause, occasion, charge.] I. a. 1+. Producing
accusations; accusatory.
This hath been a very accusative age.
Sir E. Dering, Speeches, p. 112.
2. In gram., noting especially the direct object
of a verb, and to a considerable extent (and
probably primarily) destination or goal of mo-
tion: applied to a case forming part of the
Original Indo-European declension (as of the
case-systems of other languages), and retained
as a distinct form by the older languages of the
family, and by some of the moderm. In English
grammār it is usually called the objective case. Its abbre-
viation is acc.
See I., 2.
II. m. Short for accusative case.
accusatively (a-kü'za-tiv-li), adv. 1+. all
accusative manner; by way of accusation.—
2. In gram., in the position or relation of the
accusative case. -
accusatorial (3-kü-za-tó'ri-al), a. [KL. accusa-
torius, K accusator, accuser: see accusatory.]
Of or pertaining to an accuser or a prosecutor:
as, accusatorial functions. [Rare.]
accusatorially (a-kü-Za-tó'ri-al-i), adv. In an
accusatorial manner.
accusatory (a-kü'za-tº-ri), a. [K L. accusato-
rius, K accusator, accuser, K accusare : See ac-
cuse.] Accusing; containing an accusation:
as, an accusatory libel.
I would say a word now on two portions of his public
life, one of which has been the subject of accusatory, the
other of disparaging, criticism.
R. Choate, Addresses, p. 284.
accuse (a-küz'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. accused, ppr.
accusing. [K ME. accusen, acusen, KOF. acuser,
IF. accuser = Pr. acusar, accusar = Sp. acusar
= Pg. accusar = It. accusare, KL. accusare, call
one to account, Kad, to, + causa, a cause, rea-
son, account, suit at law : see cause.] 1. To
make an imputation against, as of a crime,
fault, or error; charge with guilt or blame;
affect with specific censure : used either abso-
lutely or with of before the thing charged, and
sometimes with for before the subject of cen-
sure: as, to accuse one of high crimes, or as an
accomplice in crime; to accuse nature for our
misfortunes.
Accuse not nature ; she hath done her part.
Milton, P. L., viii. 561.
The accusing spirit, which flew up to heaven's chancery
with the oath, blushed as he gave it in.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vii. 7.
The professors are accused of the ill practices.
Addison.
The Romanists accuse the Protestants for their indiffer-
eIO Cé. Sowthey, Quarterly Rev., I. 193.
2. To indicate; evince; show; manifest; show
signs of. LA Gallicism, now rare.]
Amphialus answered . . . with such excusing himself
that more and more accused his love to Philoclea.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.
=Syn. 1. Accuse, Charge, Indict, Arraigm, Impeach, In-
criminate, criminate, inculpate, tax with, taunt with, im-
pute to. Of these words charge is the most general, and
may be the weakest, being used of any sort of imputa-
tion, large or small, against persons or things formally or
informally, publicly or privately. Accuse commonly,
though not invariably, expresses something more formal
and grave than charge. Indict is a purely legal term, Te-
stricted to the action of a grand jury When it makes a
formal complaint against a supposed offender, in order
that he may be brought to trial. Arraigm has primarily
the same meaning with indict, but is freer in figurative
use : as, to arraign a political party at the bar of public
sentiment. Impeach is to bring to answer before Some
legislative body for wrong-doing in a public office, and has
been so long associated with the peculiar dignity, Solem-
nity, and impressiveness of such trials that it has been lifted
into corresponding importance in its figurative uses. In-
criminate is obsolescent except in the special meaning of
involving another with one's self: as, in his confession he
incriminated several persons hitherto unsuspected. To
charge with a fault; to accuse of dishonesty; to indict for
felony and arraign before the court ; to impeach a magis-
trate or one's motives or veracity; to incriminate others
with one's self in a confession of guilt.
And from rebellion shall derive his name,
Though of rebellion others he accuse.
Milton, P. L., xii. 37.
Charging the Scripture with obscurity and imperfec-
tion. Stillingfleet.
It is held that the power of impeachment extends only
to such offenders as may afterward be indicted and pun-
ished according to law : that is, that the house can only
impeach, the senate remove, for indictable offenses.
Cyc. Pol. Sci., II. 481.
Day by day the men who guide public affairs are ar-
raigned before the judgment-seat of the race.
Bancroft, Hist. Const., I. 5.
42
accusef (3-küz'), n. [=It. accusa, charge; from
the verb.] Accusation.
York . . .
By false accuse doth level at my life.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
accusementt (a-küz'ment), m. [K ME. acuse-
'ment, KOF. “acusement, accusement, Kacuser, ac-
cuse.] Accusation.
By forged accusements . . . were condemned.
Holinshed.
accuser , (a-kü’zēr), n. IK ME. accuser, ac-
cusour, KAF. accusour, OF. acusor, acuseor, F.
accusateur, K L. accusator, accuser, K accusare:
See accuse, v.] One who accuses or blames;
specifically, a person who formally accuses an-
other of an offense before a magistrate or a
tribunal of any kind.
accusingly (3-kü'zing-li), adv. In an accusing
IYlällllel”.
accustom (a-kus’tgm), v. [K late M.E. acus-
tome, acustwme, K OF. acoustumer, acostumer
(F. accoutwmer = Sp. acostumbrar = Pg. acos-
twmar=It. accostumare), Ka (L. ad), to, + cous-
tume (F. cowtwme), custom : see custom.] I.
trans. To familiarize by custom or use; habitu-
ate or inure: as, to accustom one's self to a
spare diet; time may accustom one to almost
anything; to be accustomed to hard work.
So accustomed to his freaks and follies, that she viewed
them all as matters of course.
Hawthorne, Twice-Told Tales, I. 176.
We are not accustomed to express our thoughts or emo-
tions by Symbolical actions. Iºmerson, Misc., p. 24.
=Syn. To habituate, familiarize, inure, harden, train.
II.f intrans. 1. To be wont; be in the habit
of doing.
A boat, over-freighted, sunk, and all drowned, saving one
woman, in her first popping up again, which most living
things accustom, got hold of the boat. Carew.
2. To consort or cohabit.
Much better do We Britons fulfil the work of nature than
you Romans; we, with the best men, accustom openly;
you, with the basest, commit private adultery.
Milton, Hist. Eng., iii.
accustomł (a-kus’tgm), n. IK accustom, v.] Cus-
tom: as, “individual accustom of life,” Milton,
Tetrachordon (ed. 1851), p. 171.
accustomablet (a-kus’ tom-a-bl), a. [K accus-
tom + -able.]. Of long custom; habitual; cus-
tomary: as, “accustomable residence,” Sir M.
Bale, Orig. of Mankind, xx.
accustomably? (a-kus’tgm-a-bli), adv. Accord-
ing to custom or habit; habitually.
Kings' fines accustomably paid. Bacon, Alienations.
accustomancet (a-kus’tgm-ans), m. [KME. acus-
twmawmce, accustomance, KOF. acoustwºmance (F.
accoutumance of Fr. ft. costumanza), K acous-
tumer, acostumer, accustom: see accustom, v.
Cf. Custom.] Custom; habitual use or practice.
Through accustomance and negligence. Boyle.
accustomarily (a-kus’ tom-à-ri-li), adv. AC-
ºns to custom or common practice; custom-
arlly.
accustomary} (a-kus’tgm-à-ri), a. [K accustom
+ -ary. Cf. customary.] Usual; customary.
Usual and accustomary swearing.
‘. Featley, Dippers Dipt, p. 160.
accustomate? (a-kus’tgm-āt), a. [= OF. acos-
tom6 = It. accostumatos=|Pg. acostumado = Sp.
acostumbrado (in adv. acostumbradamente); ac-
custom + -atel. Cf. accustomed.] Customary.
Card. Bainbridge.
accustomed (a-kus’tgmd), p. a. [K ME. acus-
tomed; pp. of accustom.] 1. Often practised
or used; customary; habitual; made familiar
through use; usual; wonted: as, in their ac-
customed manner.
It is an accustomed action with her. Shak., Macb., v. 1.
My old accustomed corner here is,
The table still is in the nook;
Ah! vanished many a busy year is
This well-known chair since last I took.
Thackeray, Ballad of Bouillabaisse.
2}. Having custom or patronage; frequented.
A well-accustom'd house, a handsome barkeeper, with
clean obliging drawers, soon get the master an estate.
Mrs. Centlivre, Bold Stroke, i. 1.
accustomedness (a-kus’tgmd-nes), n. Famil-
iarity; wontedness; the quality of being accus-
tomed (to). [Rare.]
Accustomedness to sin hardens the heart.
Bp. Pearce, Sermons, p. 230.
Freedom from that bad accustomedness to evil and
Wrong. The American, VII. 164.
ace (ās), n. [KME. as, aas, KOF. as, an ace, F.
as – Sp. as = Pg. a 2 = It... asso = G. ass=D.
aaS = Icel. diss = SW. eSS = Dan. es, K.L. as (acc.
assem), a unit, a pound, a foot, usually but prob.
erroneously derived from &g, said to be the Ta-
Acephala
rentine form of Gr. eig (acc. Éva), one, a unit;
akin to L. Sem-el and E. Same: see same.] 1.
A unit; specifically, a single pip on a card or
die, or a card or die marked with a single pip.
T3. A very small quantity; a particle; an
atom; a trifle: as, the creditor will not abate
an ace of his demand.
I'll not wag an ace farther. Dryden, Spanish Friar.
-ace. [K F. -ace, K.It. -a220, -accio, m., -a22a,
-accia, f., an aug. or depreciative suffix.j
noun-suffix occurring in populace, pinnace, etc.
(which see). It is not used as an English for-
mative. In menace, grimage, and other words,
the suffix is of different origin. p
-acea. [L., neut. pl. of -aceus: See -aceous.] A.
suffix used in New Latin to form names of
classes or orders of animals, as Cetacea, Crus-
tacea, etc., these names being properly adjec-
tives, agreeing with Latin animalia (animals)
understood. -
-aceae. [L., fem. pl. of -aceus: see -aceous.] A
suffix used in New Latin to form names of
families of plants, as Araceae, Liliaceae, Rosaceae,
etc., these names being properly adjectives,
agréeing with Latin plantaº (plants) understood.
-acean. IKL. -ace-us + -am.] A suffix of adjec-
tives, equivalent to -aceous (which see); also of
nouns to supply a singular to collective plurals
in -acea, as cetacean, crustacean, etc.
acedia (a-sé'di-á), m. [NL., KGr. &Kmóta, collateral
form of ākñóeta, indifference, heedlessness, in
eccl. use “sloth,” K Čikmófic, indifferent, heedless,
Ká-priv. 4- Kjóog, care, distress, káðeoffat, be trou-
bled or distressed; in ML. corrupted to accidia,
X ME. accidie, q.v.] An abnormal mental con-
dition, characterized by carelessness, listleSS-
ness, fatigue, and want of interest in affairs.
A melancholy leading to desperation, and known to
theologians under the name of acedia, was not uncommon
in monasteries, and most of the recorded instances of
mediaeval suicides in Catholicism were by monks.
Iecky, Europ. Morals, II. 55.
acedy (as'é-di), n., Same as acédia.
Aceldama (a-sel’dā-mâ), m. [ME. (Wyclif)
Achildemah, Acheldemah; K L. Acelaama, K. Gr.
'Akehöapá, representing W. Aram. hagel demā,
‘field of blood.’] 1. Afieldsaid to have been situ-
ated south of Jerusalem, the potter's field, pur-
chased with the bribe § Judas took for
betraying his Master, and therefore called the
“field of blood.” It was appropriated to the in-
terment of strangers. Hence—2. Figuratively,
any place stained by slaughter.
The system of warfare . . . which had already converted
immense tracts into one universal Acelaama. De Qwincey.
Acemetae, Acemeti, n. pl. See Acosmetas, 4c0-
"meti.
Acemetic (as-É-met'ik), a. [KAcemet; : See AC0-
metae.] Belonging to or resembling the Aceme-
tae or Accemetae; hence, sleepless.
That proposition [that one of the Trinity was made
flesh] . . . was impugned by the Acemetic monks alone.
Mullock, tr. of Liguori, p. 173.
acensuada (Sp. pron. Š-then-sā-ā‘dā), n. [Sp.,
pp. of acensuar, to lease out for a certain rent,
Ka- (K.L. ad, to) + censo, rent: see censo.] In
Mexican law, property subject to the lien of a
censo (which see).
acentric , (a-senſtrik), a. [K Gr. Örevrpoº, not
central, Kä- priv. H. Kévrpov, center: see center.]
Not centric; having no center.
-aceous. [Accom. of L. -ãce-us, -a, -um, a com-
pound adj. termination, as in herb-àcews, ros-
àceus, gallin-àceus, Cret-āceus, test-àceus, etc.:
see the corresponding E. forms.] An adjective-
suffix, as in herbaceous, Cretaceous, etc., used
i. in botany and zoölogy, forming Eng-
lish adjectives to accord with New Latin nouns
in -aceae, -acea (which see), as rosaceous, lilia-
Aceous, cetaceous, crustaceous, etc.
âcephal (as’e-fal), n. One of the Acephala.
Acephala (a-sef’a-lâ), m. pl. [NL., KGr. &Réða/a,
neut. pl. of āképážog, headless: See acephalus.]
1. A term introduced by Cuvier into systematic
zoölogy, and applied by him as a class name to
a combination of the conchiferous lamellibran-
chiate mollusks and the tunicates. Later writers
apply it to the lamellibranchiate mollusks alone, which
constitute a natural class, distinguished by Lamarck as
the Conchifera. All the ordinary bivalves belong to this
class. The Acephala or Acéphales of Cuvier were at first
(1789) the third order of Mollusca, and included cirripeds,
tunicates, and brachiopods with ordinary bivalve mollusks,
being thus equivalent to Cirripedia, Twinicata, and Conchi-
fera of Lamarck. In 1804 Cuvier excluded the cirripeds
and brachiopods, and made Acephala, a class of Mollw8ca.
In the “Bègne Animal” (1817–1829) Acephala are Cuvier's
fourth class of Mollusca, with two orders, Acephala testacea.
or shelled acephals, the ordinary bivalve mollusks, an
Acephala muda, or shell-less acephals, the tunicates.
Acephala
2. Same as Acrania.-8. In Latreille's system
of classification (1795), one of seven orders of
the Linnean Aptera, containing the spiders, etc.,
corresponding to the Arachnides palpistes of
Lamarck, and synonymous with Arachnida.-
4. In Haeckel’s classification, a group of Mol-
lusca composed of the Spirobranchia, or Brachi-
opoda, and the Lamellibranchia.
ification of Acephala, after Gr. Kejóżatog (neut.
#. RefáAata), belonging to the head, Kkejaž%,
ead; see Acephala.] A modification by La-
marck of the name Acephala, given at first to
that group as an ordinal name, and later to the
bivalve shells as a class name. In Lamarck's sys-
tem of classification of 1801 the Acephaloea were the sec-
ond order of Mollusca, the Acephala of Cuvier, 1789, in-
cluding cirripeds, tunicates, and brachiopods with ordi-
nary bivalve mollusks. In 1809 Lamarck excluded the
cirripeds, and in 1812 he excluded the tunicates, making
Acephaloea a class of Evertebrata, with two orders, Mono-
amyaria and Dimyaria. See Conchifera.
acephalam (a-sef’a-lân), a. and ºn. [KAcepha-
- º I. a. Of or pertaining to the Acephala or
to an acephal. t
II, n. One of the Acephala; an acephal.
Acephali (a-sef’a-li), n.p'. [LL, pl. of acepha-
lus: see aceph ius.j. . Literally, those who
have no head or chief. In eccles. hist.: (a) Those
members of the Council of Ephesus who refused to follow
either St. Cyril or John of Antioch, (b) An Egyptian
Monophysite sect of the fifth and sixth centuries, composed
of those who refused to follow the patriarch of Alexandria
in subscribing the edict of union issued by the Emperor
Zemo. §º Those who took part in the sessions of the General
Council of Basle that were not presided over by the papal
legates. (d). A name given to the Flagellants, because of
their separation from the authority of the Roman Church.
(e) Before the Council of Trent, a class of priests belonging
to no diocese.
2. A class of levelers, mentioned in the laws
of Henry I. of England, who would acknow-
ledge no head or superior.—3. A fabulous na-
tion in Africa, reported by ancient writers to
have no heads: identified by some with the
Blemmyes, a historical race.
acephalia (as-e-fā‘li-á), n. [NL., KGr. &képa20g,
headless: See acephalus.] In teratol., the ab-
senge of the head.
acephalisti (a-sef’a-list), n. [As Acephali +
—ist.] One who acknowledges no head or su-
perior; specifically, in eccles. hist., one of the
Acephali.
These acephalists, who will endure no head but that
upon their own shoulders.
Bp. Gawden, Tears of the Church (1659), p. 464.
Acephalite (a-sef’a-lit), n. [As Acephali +
-itel..] One of the Acephali, in any of the senses
of that word.
acephalobrachia (a-sef"a-lö-brā’ki-á), n. [NL.:
see acephalobrachius.] In teratol., absence of
both head and arms.
acephalobrachius (a-sef’a-ló-bråſki-us), m.; pl.
acephalobrachii (-i). [NL., KGr. &képaWog, with-
out a head, + 3pažíov, L. brachium, arm.] In
teratol., a monster without head or arms.
acephalocardia (a-sef’a-lö-kär"di-á), n. DNL.:
see acephalocardius.] In teratol., absence of
both head and heart.
acephalocardius (a-sef’a-lö-kār'di-us), n. ; pl.
acephalocardii (-i). [NL., K. Gr. &képañog, with-
out a head, H- Kapóia = E. heart.] In teratol., a
monster without head and heart.
acephalochiria (a-sef’a-lö-ki’ri-á), m. [NL.:
see acephalochirus.] Interatol., absence of both
head and hands. Also spelled acephalocheiria.
acephalochirus (a-sef’a-lö-ki’rus), n. ; pl.
acephalochiri (-ri). . [NL., K. Gr. Čiképañog, with-
out a head, + 2 e(p, hand.] In teratol., a mon-
ster without head and hands. Also spelled
acephalocheirus.
acephalocyst (a-sef’a-ló-sist), n. IK NL. ace-
phalocystis, K. Gr. &képahog, headless (see acepha-
lows), + köotic, a bag; see cysti.] A hydatid; a
member of a supposed genus Acephalocystis, in-
stituted by Hunter for the hydatid or encysted
stage of Tania echinococcus. See Taºnia.
acephalocystic (a-sef’a-ló-sistik), a. Pertain-
ing to acephalocysts; having the character of
an acephalocyst.
acephalogaster (a-sef’a-ló-gas-têr), m. [NL.,
K Gr. Čiképañog, without a head, + Yaathp, belly.
In teratol., a monster destitute of head, chest,
and superior parts of the belly. * * *
agºla ogasteria (a-sef"a-ló-gas-té'ri-á), m.
[NL., K acephalogaster.] In teratol., absence
of the head and superior parts of the trunk.
Acephalophora (a sºf-a-lof’ā-râ), m. pl. [NL.,
K GT. &-priv. H. Kepax#, head, H- -pópog, -bearing,
i.fºliº bearl.]
A name proposed by De
ainville, 1814, for the acephalous mollusks of
43
Cuvier, including the lamellibranchiates and
tunicates together with the brachiopods. . In De
Blainville's system of classification, the Acephalophora
were the third class of Malacozoa, divided into the or-
ders Palliobranchiata, Rudista, Lamellibranchiata, and
Heterobranchia; thus corresponding inexactly to Cuvier's
4cephala, and exactly to Lamarck's Acephaloea of 1809, or
Lamarck's later Conchifera and Tunicata together.
acephalophoran (a-sef-a-lof’º-ran), n. One of
the #: lophora.
acephalopodia (a-sef’a-lö-pô'di-á), n. [NL.:
See acephalopodius.] In teratol., absence o
head and feet.
acephalopodius (a-sef’a-ló-pô'di-us), n. ; pl.
acephalopodii (-i). [NL., KGr. &Képañog, without
a head, H- Toíg (troë-) = E. foot.] In teratol., a
monster without head or feet.
acephalorachia (a-sef’a-ló-rā’ki-á), n. [NL., K
Grº, without ahead, Hº, spinej in
teratol., absence of head and vertebral column.
acephalostomia (a-sef"a-ló-stö’mi-á), n. [NL.:
See acephalostomus.] In teratol., the absence of
the head with the presence of a mouth-like
Ope º
aºstomus (a-sef-a-losſ tº-mus), n. ; pl.
acephalostomi (-mi). , KGI. &Répažog, with-
out a head, + otóga, mouth.] In teratol., a
monster without a head, but having in its su-
perior parts an aperture resembling a mouth.
acephalothoracia (a-sef’a-ló-thä-rā‘si-á), n.
: see acephalothorus.] In teratol., absence
of head and chest.
acephalothorus (a-sef’a-ló-thó'rus), m.; pl. ace-
phalothori (-i). [NL., short for “acephalothora-
cius (see above), K. Gr. &Répažog, without a head,
+ 6ópaš, a breast-plate, the chest : see thoraſc.]
In teratol., a monster without head or chest.
acephalous (a-sef’a-lus), a. [KL.L. acephalus,
KGr. &Réjažog, without a head, Kå- priv. -F Kejažff,
a head: see a-18 and cephalic.] 1. Without a
head; headless: applied—(a) In zoöl., particularly
to the members of the class Acephala (which see): opposed
to emcephalous and cephalotts. (b) In bot., to an ovary the
style of which springs from its base instead of its apex.
(c) In teratol., to a fetus having no head. (d) In pros., to
a verse whose scale differs from the regular scale of the
same meter by lacking the first syllable of the latter.
2. Without a leader or chief.
The tendency to division was strengthened by the aceph-
alows condition of the Courts. Stubbs, Const. Hist., II. 267.
3. Wanting a distinct beginning; indefinite in
subject.
A false or acephalows structure of sentence.
De Quincey, Rhetoric.
affºlº (a-sef’a-lus), n. ; pl. acephali (-li).
[LL. (see Acephali and acephalous) and NL.]
1. An obsolete name of the taenia or tapeworm.
—2. In teratol., a monster without a head.—3.
In pros., a verse defective at the beginning.
ace-point (äs' point), m. The single spot on a
card or die; the first point of the tables in
backgammon.
acequia (ä-thä’kē-ă), n. . [Sp.] A canal for
irrigation.
Irrigating canals or acequias conduct the water of the
Gila over all this cultivated district.
Mowry, Arizona and Sonora, p. 188.
Acer (ā’sér), n. [L., a maple-tree, prob. So
called from its pointed leaves, K V “ac, be sharp
or pointed, appearingin acerb, acetic, acid, acute,
Sugar-Maple (Acer Saccharum). a, flowering branch; 8, sterile
flower; c, stamen; d, fruit with one carpel cut open to show the seed.
(From Gray's “Genera of the Plants of the U.S.”)
etc.] A genus of dicotyledonous trees and
shrubs, commonly known as maples, type of
the family Aceraceae, order Sapindales, having
Acera (as’º-rá), n.
Aceraceae (as-e-rá'sé-é), m. pl.
aceratophorous (as'é-rá-tof'3-rus), a.
acerb (a-Sérb'), a.
Acerininae
opposite simple leaves and the fruit a double-
winged Samara. It includes about 50 species, of
northern temperate regions, many of them valuable tim-
ber-trees or widely cultivated for shade and ornament.
Sugar is obtained in America from the Sap of 4. Sac-
charwm, the sugar-maple. See maple. g
[NL., fem. sing. or neut.
pl. of Acerus, K Gr. &cepoc, without horns: See
Acerus and acerous?..] 1. A genus of mollusks,
of the family Bullidae or Tornatellidae, belong-
ing to the tectibranchiate division ſº
of opisthobranchiate gastropods. A
These bubble-shells have a thin horny
shell, flattened and almost inclosed, with a .
slit at the suture as in the olive-shells; the Kºš.
head is long and without eyes. The genus ºff;
was instituted in this form by Lamarck, º
1818. A. bullata is an example. Originally º %
spelled Akera. O. F. Müller, 1776. *-----sºº.
2. Used as a pl. A group of apter- Ace, ºute.
ous insects without antennae. In £iº. “ the
this sense, the word is now a mere º
synonym of Arachnida (which see).-3. [Used
as a plural.] A group of gastropodous mollusks
Without tentacles. [Disused.]
[K Acer.] A
family of dicotyledónous trees, distinguished
from related families by its opposite leaves and
exalbuminous seeds. It embraces the maple (Acer),
including the box-elder (Negundo), and a second genus,
Dipteromia, of a single species, native of China.
acerate (asſe-rát), n. IKL. acer, maple, + -ate1.]
A salt of aceric acid.
[K Gr.
ô-priv.–H képaç (kepat-), horn, +-pôpoſ, Kºćpetv =
E. bear!...] Not bearing horns; hornless: as,
an aceratophorous ruminant. [Little used.]
[= F. acerbe = Sp. Pg. It.
acerbo, K L. acerbus, bitter, sour, Kacer, sharp,
bitter: see acrid.] Sour, bitter, and harsh to
the taste; sour, with astringency or roughness;
hence, figuratively, sharp, harsh, etc.
We have a foible for Ritson with his oddities of spelling,
his acerb humor, . . . and his obstinate disbelief in Doc-
tor Percy’s folio manuscript.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 359.
The dark, acerb, and caustic little professor.
Charlotte Brontë, Villette, xix.
acerbate (a-sér’bàt or asſér-bāt), v. t. ; pret.
and pp. acerbated, ppr. acerbating. [KL. acer-
batus, pp. of acerbare, make bitter or sour, K
acerbus, bitter, sour: see acerb, and cf. exacer-
bate.] To make sour, bitter, or harsh to the
taste; hence, to embitter or exasperate. [Rare.]
acerbate (a-sèr’bàt or asſér-bāt), a. [K L. acer-
batus, pp.: see the verb.] Embittered; exas-
perated; severe. N. E. D.
agº, (a-Sér’bik), a. Of a harsh character.
acerbitude (a-sér’bi-tūd), m. [K L. acerbitudo
(rare), equiv. in sense to acerbitas: see acerbity.]
Sourness; acerbity. Bailey. [Rare.]
acerbity (a-sér’bi-ti), n. ; pl. acerbities (-tiz).
[Earlier acerbitie, K F. acerbité = Sp. acerbidad
= It. acerbità, K L. acerbita(t-)s, sharpness, sour-
ness, harshness, K acerbus, sharp : see acerb.] 1.
Sourness, with roughness or astringency of
taste.—2. Poignancy or severity.
It is ever a rule, that any over-great penalty, besides
the acerbity of it, deadens the execution of the law.
Bacom, Works, II. 542.
We may imagine what acerbity of pain must be endured
by our Lord. Barrow, Sermons, XXVi.
3. Harshness or severity, as of temper or ex-
pression.
The lectures of Hazlitt display more than his usual
strength, acuteness, and eloquence, With less than the
usual acerbities of his temper.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 10.
acerdese (as’ér-dès), m. [F.] Gray oxid of man-
ganese: a name given by Beudant to the mineral
manganite.
a cere (asſér), m. A mollusk of the genus Acera.
aceric (a-ser'ik), a. [K L. acer (see Acer) + -ic.]
Pertaining to the maple; obtained from the
maple.—Aceric acid, an acid found in the juice of Acer
campestre, the common European maple.
Acerina (as-e-ri'nā), m. [NL., as Acerus, q.v.,
+ -ina.] 1. A genus of crustaceans. Rafi-
mesque, 1814.—2. A genus of European river
percoid fishes, the popes. Cuvier, 1817.
Acerineae (as-e-rin’é-é), m. pl. [K Acer + -in-
+ -eae.] A group of the former order Sapin-
daceae, distinguished by its opposite leaves and
exalbuminous seeds. It included the maple (Acer),
the box-elder (Negwndo), and a third genus, Dobinea, of
a single species, native of the Himalayas. See Aceraceae.
Acerininae (as" e-Ti-ni"né), m. pl. [K Acerina, 2,
+ -ina..] A name proposed as a subfamily des-
ignation for the genus Acerina, including the
ruffe and related percoid fishes having a cav-
ernous head and a single dorsal fin.


a CerCŞe
acerose (asſe-rös), a. [K L. acerosus, º
Kaeus (acer-) = Gr. 3xypov, chaff; akin to É.
awm, q.v., and also to L. acer, sharp, and acus,
a needle; from a root
*ac, be sharp. The
second sense seems , ,\
to rest upon L. acus \\
(acu-), a needle; but
the form can be de-
rived only from acus
(acer-), chaff.] In
bot. : (a) Chaffy; re-
sembling chaff. [Very
rare.] (b) Straight,
slender, rigid, and Nº
sharp-pointed, as the §
leaves of the pine;
needle-shaped. *
acerotet, a. Probably a misprint for acerose.
“Acerote bread, browne bread.” Cockeram
(1612). “Acerote, browne bread, not ranged,
chaffebread, hungrie bread.” Minshew (1625).
acerousl (asſe-rus), a. Same as acerose.
acerous? (as'é-rus), a. [K Gr. &kepoc, collateral
form of dikšparoc, čképog, without horns, K &- priv.
+ képaç, a horn.] 1. Of or pertaining to the
Acera, 2.- 2. Having minute or undeveloped
antennae, as an insect.–3. Having no horns;
aceratophorous.
acerra (a-ser'â), m. [L.] In Rom, antig.: (a)
A box or casket used to hold the incense which
was thrown upon the altar
during sacrifices. (b) A
small portable altar on
which incense was burned,
especially at funeral cere-
monies.
a certaint, v. t. An occa-
sional and more correct
form of ascertain (which
See).
Acerus (as’e-rus), m. [NL., KGr. &kepoc, With-
out horns: see acerous?..] 1. In ornith., a ge-
nus of hornbills, family Bucerotidae, having no
casque. A. mepalensis is the type and only spe-
cies. B. R. Hodgson, 1832. Also spelled Aceros.
—2. In entom., a genus of Coleopterous insects.
Dejean, 1833.
acerval (a-sèr’val), a. [KL. acervalis, Kacervus,
a heap, akin to acer, sharp, pointed, and per-
haps to acer, a maple-tree..] Pertaining to a
heap. [Rare.]
acervate (a-sèr’vät), v. t. ; pret, and pp. acer-
wated, ppr. acervating. fć L. acervatus, pp. of
acervare, heap up, Kacervus, a heap : See acer-
wal.] To heap up. [Rare.]
acervate (a-Sér’vät), a... [KL. acervatus, pp. :
see the verb.] In bot., heaped; growing in
heaps, or in closely compacted clusters.
acervately (a-sèr'vāt-li), adv. In an acervate
manner; in heaps. [Rare.]
acervation (as-er-Vå'shqn), n. [KL. acerva-
tio(m-), K acervare, heap up : See acervate, v.]
The act of heaping together. Bullokar, 1676.
acervative (a-sèr’va-tiv), a. Heaped up; form-
ing a heap. [Rare.]
I?iled together irregularly, or in an acervative manner.
W. B. Carpenter.
Acerose Leaves (Pine).
Ancient Acerra.
acervosef (a-sér’vös), a. [KL. as if *acervosus,
Kacervus, a heap.] Full of heaps. Bailey.
Acervulina (a-sèr-vil-liºnä), m. [NL., Kacervu-
lus, q. v., + -ina.] A genus of foraminifers,
of the family Nummulimidae.
Acervulinae (a-sér-vil-li'né), m. pl. [NL., Kacer-
wulus, q.v., + -inac.] A group of foraminifer-
ous rhizopodous protozoans, in which the spiral
form of the shell is so obscured or effaced by
the irregular addition of new chambers that
the whole appears as if heaped together.
acervuſine ºseviñº), a. [KNL. acervulus,
q. v., + -incl.] 1. Having the form or appear-
ance of little heaps; heaped up. [Rare.]
The latter . . . are often piled up in an irregular acer-
vuline manner. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 483.
2. Of or pertaining to the Acervulinae.
acervulus (a-sèr'vil-lus), m.; pl. acervuli (-lí).
[NL., a little heap, dim. of L. acervus, a heap:
See acerval.] In amat., a mass of calcareous
gritty particles, consisting principally of earthy
Salts, found within and sometimes on the out-
side of the conarium or pineal body of the brain;
brain-sand. Commonly called acervulus cerebri
(acervulus of the brain),
aceScence (a-Ses’ems), m. [K F. acescence= It.
aceScenza, K. L. as if "acescentia, Kacescen(t-)s,
ppr. of aceScere, become sour: see acescent.]
44
The act or process of becoming acescent or mod-
erately sour. --
acescency (a-ses’ ºn-si), n. [See acescence.]
The state or quality of being moderately sour;
mild acidity.
Nurses should never give suck after fasting; the milk
having an acescency very prejudicial to the . . . recipient.
W. Jones, Life of Bp. Horne, p. 350.
acescent (a-sesſent), a. [K F. acescent = Pg.
acescente, K.L. aceScen(t-)s, ppr. of aces.cere, be-
come sour, Kacéré, be sour: see acid.] Turning
Sour; becoming tart or acid by spontaneous
decomposition, as vegetable or animal juices
or infusions; hence, slightly sour; acidulous;
subacid.
The vinegar which is most esteemed for culinary pur-
poses is that prepared from Wine, from the acescent varie-
ties of which it is extensively manufactured in France.
W. A. Miller, Elem. of Chem., § 1277.
Aceste (a-ses’té), n. [NL., K(?) Gr. &regrº, fem.
of ČKeotóç, curable, easily revived, K &Keioffat
cure, heal.] A notable genus of spatangoid
sea-urchins. A. bellidifera is a species having most of
the upper surface occupied by the deeply sunken, odd, an-
terior ambulacrum, with a narrow fasciole, and large flat-
tened spines incurved over the hollow, in which are a
number of great discoidal suckers.
Aceste may be regarded as a permanent form of the
young of Schizaster. Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 176.
acetablet (as’e-ta-bl.), n. IK OF. acetabule, K L.
acetabulum : see acetabulwm.] 1. An acetabu-
lum; a measure of about one eighth of a pint.
Bolland.—2. In anat., same as acetabulum, 2 (a).
acetabula, n. Plural of acetabulum.
acetabular (as-e-tab’ī-lär), a. Belonging to
the acetabulum; of the nature of an acetabu-
lum; cotyloid; cup-like.
Acetabulifera (as-e-tab-i-lif'e-râ), m. pl. [NL.
Ineut. pl. of acetabulifer; see acetabuliferous.
A name introduced by D'Orbigny, 1834, as an
Ordinal term for the cephalopods with suckers
on theinner faces of the arms, that is, the cuttle-
fishes, squids, and all other living cephalopods
except the Nautilidae. Same as Cryptodibran-
chiata and Dibranchiata (which see).
acetabuliferous (as-e-tab-i-lif'e-rus), a. [KNL.
acetabulifer, K. L. acetabulum, a sucker, + ferre
=E. bearl.] 1. Having or bearing acetabula.
–2. Pertaining to the Acetabulifera; having
rows of cup-like suckers, as the cuttlefish.
acetabuliform (as-e-tab’īī-li-fôrm), a. [KL. ace-
tabulum, a cup-shaped vessel, -H, -formis, K forma,
shape.] 1. In bot., having the form of a shallow
cup or bowl.—2. Having the form of an ace-
Atabulum; Sucker-shaped; cup-like; cotyloid.
acetabulum (as-e-tabºli-lum), n. ; pl. acetabula
(-lä). [L., Kacetum, vinegar: see acetum.] 1. In
Rom. antiq. : (a) A vinegar-cup ; a small wide-
mouthed vessel of earthenware
or metal, sometimes placed
on the larger food-dishes, in
which vinegar or other condi-
ment was served, (b) A dry
or liquid measure, .0677 of a
liter. Daremberg et Saglio. (c) A similar cup
or vessel used by jugglers in their feats.—2. In
anat, : (a) The cavity of the os innominatum,
or hip-bone, which receives the head of the
femur; the cotyle, or cotyloid cavity, formed at
the junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
See cuts under Sacrarium, quarter, in nominate.
(b) A cotyledom or lobe of the placenta of ru-
minating animals. (c) In insects, the socket of
the trunk in which the leg is inserted. (d) A
cup-like sucker, such as those with which the
arms of the cuttlefish and other dibranchiate
cephalopodous mollusks are provided. See
cut under Sepia. (e) A sessile or pedunculate
sucker-like organ on the ventral surface of cer-
tain entozoa.-3. In bot.: (a) The cup- or sau-
cer-like fructification of many lichens. (b) The
receptacle of certain fungi.-4. In music, an
ancient instrument, made either of earthen-
ware or of metal, used like a kettledrum or
struck against another acetabulum after the
manner of cymbals. *
acetal (asſe-tal), n. IK acet-ic + al(cohol).] A
colorless mobile liquid, C6H14O2, with an ether-
like odor, produced by the imperfect oxidation
of alcohol, under the influence of platinum
black.
acetamid, acetamide (a-set/a-mid or -mid, or
as’e-ta-mid or -mid), n. IK acet–ate + amid.]
A white crystalline solid, CH3CO.NEI2, pro-
duced by distilling ammonium acetate, or by
heating ethyl acetate with strong aqueous am-
monia. It combines with both acids and metals
to form unstable compounds.
Acetabula (the two
Small vessels shown
as restin on the
large ;
aceto-gelatin
acetanilide (a-set-an’i-lid), n. [Kacet-yl 4- ani-
lidºl A substance, CaFäNH.C2H8O, formed
by heating aniline and glacial acetic acid for
several hours, or by the action of acetyl chlo-
rid or acetic anhydrid on aniline. Fownes.
acetari (asſe-tär), n, IKL. acetaria: see aceta-
ºry..] A dish of raw herbs with vinegar; a salad.
acetarious, (as-É-tā‘ri-us), a. [KL. “acetarius,
adjº, found only in neut. pl. acetaria, as noun:
See acetary.l.. 1. Containing acetary, as certain
fruits.-2, Used in salads, as lettuce, mustard,
cress, endive, etc.
acetary (as’e-tá-ri), n. [K L. acetaria (sc.
holera, herbs), herbs prepared with vinegar and
oil, Salad, neut. pl. of "acetarius, Kacetum, vine-
gar; see acetum. Cf. It. acetario, a salad..] An
acid #. substance in certain fruits, as the
ear, inclosed in a congeries of small calculous
odies toward the base of the fruit. Craig.
acetate (asſe-tät), n. [= F. acétate = Sp. Pg.
acetato, KNL. acetatum, K.L. acetum, vinegar: see
acetum, and -atel..] In chem., a salt formed by
the union of acetic acid with a base.
acetated (asſe-tá-ted), p. a. [Asif ºp. of *ace-
tate, y.] Combined with acetic acid.
acetation (as-e-tă'shgn), n. [Asif K*acetate, v.]
Same as acetification. . .
acetic (a-setſik or a-sé'tik), a. [= F. acétique =
Sp. Pg. acetico, KNL. aceticus, KL. acetum, vine-
gar: See acetum.] Having the properties of vine-
gar; SQur.—Acetic acid, CH3CO,OH, a colorless hiquid
with a strongly acid and pungent smell and taste. In the
arts it is chiefly prepared by the oxidation of alcohol (ace-
tous fermentation) and by the dry distillation of wood. It
is present in vinegar in a dilute and impure form. In its
pure state, at temperatures below 62°F., it is a crystalline
Solid, and is known as glacial or crystallime acetic acid.—
Agetic anhydrid, (CH3CO)20, a colorless mobile liquid
with an odor Hike that of acétic acid, but more irritating.
Qnstanding in gontact with water it is gradually converted
into acetic acid. Also called acetic oa'id.—Acetic esters,
compounds consisting of acetates of alcohol radicals.
Common acetic ester is a "limpid mobile liquid having a
penetrating, refreshing, smell, and a pleasant burning
taste. It is used in medicine, and as a flavoring ingredient
in the poorer classes of wines. It is prepared by distilling
a mixture of alcohol, oil of vitriol, and sodium acetate-
Acetic ferment, a vinegar ferment, caused by Bacteriwm,
aceti and B. Pasteurianum, which is the agent in the
production of Vinegar in wine, cider, etc., by the oxidation
Of alcºhol.
acetidin (a-set/i-din), n. IK acet-ic + -id + -in.]
Same as diacetin.
acetification (a-set/i-fi-kä'shgn), n. ... [Kacetify :
see-fication.] The act or process of acetifying
or becoming acetous; conversion into vinegar.
—Chemical acetification, the conversion of wine, beer,'
cider, and other alcoholic fluids into vinegar. It has been
shown to depend upon the presence of a minute fungus
(Mycoderma aceti of #. which derives its food from
the albuminous and mineral matter present in the liquor;
it is very rapidly developed, and, absorbing the oxygen of
the air, transmits it to the alcohol, which by oxidation is
transformed into vinegar. See fermentation.
acetifier (a-set/i-fi-er), n. An apparatus for
hastening the acetification of fermented liquors
}. the exposure of large surfaces to the air.
The liquor enters the top of a cask or vat containing
layers of shavings or brushwood, by which it is divided
and distributed, and, as it trickles downward, comes into
intimate contact with air which is admitted through per-
forations in the sides of the Vat.
acetify (a-set/i-fi), v.; pret. and pp. acetified,
ppr. acetifying. ſº L. acetum, vinegar, -- E. ºff,
make.] I. trams. To convert into vinegar;
make acetous.
II. intrams. To become acetous; be con-
verted into vinegar.
acetimeter, acetometer (as-e-tim’e-têr, -tomſ-
e-tér), n. [= F. acétimētre = Pg. acetometro, K
L. acetum, vinegar, + Gr, plátpov, a measure.]
An instrument for ascertaining the specific
gravity of vinegar or acetic acid.
acetimetrical (a-set-i-met/ri-kal), a. [K*ace-
timetric (Kacetimeter) + -al.] Of or pertaining
to acetimetry.
The acetimetrical method employed by the Excise.
e Ure, Dict., I. 16.
acetimetry (as-e-tim’e-tri), n. The act or pro-
cess of ascertaining the specific gravity of
vinegar or acetic acid.
acetin (as 'e-tin), n. [K acet-ic + -īn.] A com-
pound obtained by the union of one molecule
of glycerin with one, two, or three molecules
of acetic acid. The acetins may also be regarded as
glycerin in which one, two, or three atoms of hydrogen
are replaced by acetyl. They include monoacetin (C5
H10O4), diacetin or acetidin (C7H12O5), and triacetin
Čšoj. Watts.
aceto-. A prefix to names of chemical com-
pounds, signifying the presence of acetic acid
or acetyl radical.
aceto-gelatin (as’e-tö-jel/a-tin), a. Containing
acetic acid and gelatin.--Aceto-gelatin emulsio
an emulsion formed of pyroxylin, acetic acid, alcohol, an
gelatin: used for coating certain photographic plates.



acetometer
acetone (as’e-tón), n. [K acet-ie-F_-one..] 1.
*A limpid mobile liquid, (CH3)2CO, with an
agreeable odor and burning taste, produced by
the destructive distillation of acetates. It is
procured on a large scale from the aqueous liquid ob-
tained in the dry distillation of wood.
2. The general name of a class of compounds
which may be regarded as consisting of two
alcoholic radicals united by the group CO, or as
aldehydes in which hydrogen of the group COH
has been replaced by an alcoholic radical.
acetonemia (as’e-tó-nē’mi-á), n. [NL., K. E.
acetone + Gr, alua, blood.] In pathol., a dis-
eased condition characterized by the presence
of acetone in the blood. It results from various
causes, and may be a symptom of various diseases. Also
spelled acetonaemia. - c.
ºstonic (as-e-ton'ik), a. Pertaining to or de-
rived from acetone.
acetose (asſe-tós), a. Same as acetow8, 1.
acetosity (as-e-tos’i-ti), n. . [= F. acétosité =
Sp. acetosidad = It. acetosità, KNL, as if “ace-
tosita(t-)s, K acetosus: see acetous and—ity.] The
state or quality of being acetous or sour; acid-
ity; sourness; tartness.
The juice or pulpe of Tamarinds hath a great acetositie.
Woodall, Surgeon's Mate, p. 175.
acetous (asſe-tus or a-Sé’tus), a. [= F. acé-
teua, = Sp. Pg. It. acetoso, K NL. acetosus, K L.
acetum, vinegar: see acetum.] 1. Having a sour
taste; vinegary. Boyle. Also written acetose.—
2. Of or pertaining to vinegar; causing or con-
nected with acetification.—Acetous acid, a term
formerly applied to 'impure and dilute acetic acid, under
the notion that it was composed of carbon and hydrogen in
the same proportions as in acetic acid, but with less oxy-
gen. It is now known that no such acid exists, so that this
term has fallen into disuse.--Acetous fermentation,
the process by which alcoholic liquors, as beer or wine,
Ayield acetic acid by oxidation. See fermentation.
âcetum (a-sé’tum), n. [L., vinegar, inform pp.
neut. (acetum, sc. vinum, soured wine) of acére,
be sour, akin to acer, sharp, sour: see acid and
acrid. Hence (from acétum, not from neut. adj.
acidum) Goth. akeit = AS. asced, eced = OS. ecid
= OD. edick, etick, D. edik, eek = LG. etik =
OHG. eggih, MHG. eZ2ich, G. essig=I)an. eddike
(>Icel. edik) = Sw. Öttika, vinegar..] Vinegar
(which see). -
acetyl (as'e-til), n., [K acet-ic + -yl, K. Gr. 527,
matter, substance.]. A univalent radical sup-
posed to exist in acetic acid and its derivatives.
Aldehyde may be regarded as the hydrid, and acetic acid
as the hydrate, of acetyl. * * *se
acetylene (a-setti-lén or asſe-ti-lèn), n. [K
acetyl + -eme.] A colorless endothermic gas,
C2H2, having, when pure, an ethereal odor,
and burning with a luminous smoky flame.
Illuminating gas contains a small amount of it, and it is
probably formed from other gaseous compounds during
the combustion of illuminating gas. It is also formed
from its elements, carbon and hydrogen, when the electric
arc is passed between carbon-points in an atmosphere of
hydrogen; and also by the imperfect combustion of illu-
minating gas and other hydrocarbons. It is prepared on
a commercial scale by the decomposition of water with
certain metallic carbides, calcium carbide being chiefly
used for the purpose. At pressures of less than two atmo-
spheres it is not explosive except by the action of fulmi-
nates. Under greater pressure it explodes at low red heat
with a violence nearly cqual to that of guncotton. Wit
certain metals and metallic salts it forms explosive com-
pounds. The acetylene series of hydrocarbons has the gen-
eral formula CnH2n-2 ;, it includes acetylene or ethine,
allylene or propine, butine, etc.
acetylic (as-e-til'ik), a. Of or pertaining to
acetyl.
acetylization (as 'e-til-i-ză'shgn), n. [Kacetyl-H
-ize + -ation.] In chem., the process of com-
bining or causing to combine with the radical
acetyl or with acetic acid.
achlt, n. Same as cºche”.
ach? (ach), m. [Cf. Hind. Čik, gigantic swallow-
wort, a sprout of Sugar-cane.] An East Indian
name of several species of plants of the rubia-
ceous genus Morinda.
Achaean, a. and m. See Acheam.
Achaemenian (ak-à-mê'ni-an), a. [K L. Achae-
*menius, a., Achaemenes, n., K. Gr. Axaplévnç, a
Persian king, ancestor of the Achaemenidae, Gr.
Ayatpueviðtal.] Pertaining or relating to the
Achaemenidae, an ancient royal family of Per-
sia, historically beginning with Cyrus, about
558 B. C., and ending with the conquest of the
Persian empire by Alexander the Great, 330 B.C.
achaenium, n. See achemium.
achaenocarp (a-kë'nā-kārp), R. [Irreg. K Gr. 3-
priv. 4- 4alvety, gape, 4 kapitág, fruit.] In bot.,
any indehiscent fruit. y
Achaenodon (a-kë'nó-don), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3-
priv. 4- zatveiv, gape, + 6600c (660wr-)= E. tooth.]
A genus of fossil carnivorous mammals of
Aghatininge (a-kat-i-ni" mé), m. pl.
45
North America, having a suilline type of den-
tition, but considered by Cope as allied to the
suborder Lemuroidea. There are several species; A
ingolens, the type-species, was as large as a large bear. E.
D. Cope, 1878.
Achaeta (a-ké’tā), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
achaetus: see achaetous...] An ordinal name for
gephyreans without setae, with a terminal
mouth, dorsal anus, and the anterior region of
the body retractile. It includes the families
Sipunculidae and Priapulidaº.
achaetous (a-ké’tus), a. [K NL. achaetus, K Gr,
à- priv. 4- 2atrm, hair.] Having no setae; not
chaetiferous; specifically, pertaining to the
Achaeta (which see).
achage (ā’kāj), n. [Kachel + -age.] The state
or condition of having aches. Tennyson, Queen
Mary, i. 1. [Rare.]
Achaian (a-kā’yan), a. and n. See Achean.
a char º n. [Also acharr, atchaar,
achiar, etc.: Pg. achar, K Hind. dichâr, achär
(whence Malayan achār, etc.), K Pers. dichâr.]
In the East, a name for pickles of any kind.
Acharinina (ak'a-ri-ni"mă), n. pl. [NL., for
acharnina (?), K Acharnes, a genus of fishes, K
Gr. &xapvóg, àxapvog, àzápvag, a sea-fish.] In
Günther's classification of fishes, the third
subfamily group of his family Nandidae, hav-
ing hidden pseudobranchiae or false gills, five
ventral rays, and teeth on the palate. It is con-
stituted for fresh-water fishes from tropical America
which properly belong to the genus Cichla of the family
Cichlidae.
acharnement (a-shārm’ment), m. [F., Kacharmer,
give a taste of flesh (to dogs, etc.), refl. s”achar-
mer, thirst for blood, K.L. as if *adcarnare, Kad,
to, + caro (carn-), flesh: see carnal.] Blood-
thirstiness, as of wild beasts or of infuriated
º. men; ferocity; eagerness
for slaughter. [Rare.]
achatelf (ak’āt), m. [K L.
achates : see agate.] An
agate.
The christall, jacinth, achate,
ruby red. John Taylor.
\ achate2+, n. [Assibilated
* form of acate, q. v.] See
&Cate.
Achatina (ak-a-tiºnä), n.
[NL., K. L. achates, agate:
See agate.] A genus of
land-snails, of the family
Pielicidae. It is typified by the
large agate-shells of Africa, and
is distinguished by an intorted and
abruptly truncate columella. The
species of this genus, which comprises some of the largest
terrestrial mollusks, live chiefly near Water about trees;
they are mostly African. The small species formerly
referred to Achatina are little related to the genus. La-
marck, 1799. Also Achatiwan (Link, 1807) and Agathina.
(Deshayes). - º -
Achatinella (a-kat-i-nel’ā), n., [NL., dim. of
Achatina.] A name used with various limits
for a genus of Helicidae, with shells of moder-
ately small size, resembling those of Achatina.
It has numerous representatives peculiar to the Sand-
wich Islands. W. Swaimson, 1828. The genus has also
been named Helicteres.
[NL., K
Achatina-H -inë.] A subfamily of land-snails, of
the family Helicidae, distinguished from Helici-
na, proper by the character of the lingual dem-
tition, the usually sharp lip, truncate columella,
swollen body-whorl, and elongate spire. . The
group includes the largest known pulmonates, some being
10 inches long. Most of the species are African ; those of
the genus Achatima are known as agate-shells. See cut
under Achatina.
achatourt, m. [Assibilated form of acatour, aca-
ter: see acater, 7..] Same as acater.
achel, ake (āk), n. [In this pronunciation prop.
spelled ake, KME. ake; but formerly two pro-
nunciations existed, ak and āch (äk and āch),
the latter, prop. indicated by the spelling
ache, representing ME. ache, also spelled eche,
KAS. ece, n., ache (Kacan, v.); the former repre-
senting M.E. ake, directly Kaken, KAS. acam,
ache, a strong verb: See ache, v. Cf. Stark and
starch, both KAS. stearc. The anomalous modern
spelling ache, with ch pron. K, has been supposed
to rest upon the notion that the word is de-
rived from the Gr. Özog, pain, distress; but
there is no connection between the two words,
nor is there any with the interj. ah = L. ah = G.
ach = Dan. ah, ak.] Pain of some duration, in
opposition to sudden twinges or spasmodic pain;
a continued dull or heavy pain, as in toothache
or earache. ,
Agate-shell
(Achatina zazzºgata).
Myself was lost,
Gone from me like an ache,
Lowell, Under the Willows.
achenium
[The old pronunciation of the noun (äch, formerly Āgh)
led to a similar pronunciation of the verb. In the fol-
lowing couplet ache, v., is made to rime with patch:
Or Gellia wore a velvet mastic patch
Upon her temples when no tooth did aché. -
Bp. Hall, Satires, vi. 1.
Thus pronounced, the plural of the noun and the third
person singular of the verb were dissyllabic:
A coming shower your shooting corns presage,
Old aches throb, your hollow tooth will rage.
Swift, City Shower
This pronunciation has been used, on the stage at least,
even in the present century, being required by the meter
in Such passages as the following:
I'll rack thee with old cramps;
Fill all thy bones with aches; make thee roar.
Shak., Tempest, i. 2.]
=Syn. See pain, n., and agony.
achel, ake (āk), v. i.; pret. and pp. ached, aked,
ppr. aching, aking. "[In this pronunciation
prop. Spelled ake, the spelling ache prop. rep-
resenting a different pronunciation (āch, for-
merly ich) in imitation of the noun: see ache,
n.; KME. aken, eken (never “achen), KAS. acan
(strong verb, pret. Öc, pp. acen ; like scacan, E.
shake, and tacan, E. take), ache, prob. cognate,
notwithstanding the wide divergence of mean-
ing, with Icel. aka (strong verb, pret. Ók, pp.
ekinn), drive, move, - L. agere = Gr. Öyetv, drive:
See act, agent.] To suffer pain; have or be in
pain, or in continued pain; be distressed physi-
cally: as, his whole body ached.
The Sense aches at thee. Shak., Othello, iv. 2.
Those inmost and soul-piercing wounds, which are ever
aching while uncured. Raleigh, Hist. World, Pref., p. 1.
ache?} (äch), n. [K ME. ache, KOF. ache, “the
herb smallage; ache des jardins, parsley” (Cot-
grave), F. ache – Sp. It. apio, parsley, K L.
apium, parsley (usually referred to apis, a bee,
bees being said to be fond of it: see Apis), K
Gr. &Tuov, a species of Euphorbia, perhaps the
sun-spurge (or parsley 3). Cf. Smallage, i. e.,
Small aché..] A name for smallage, parsley, and
several other culinary umbelliferous plants.
Achean, Achaean (a-ké'an), a. and m. [K L.
Achaeus, K. Gr. Ayatóg, belonging to Ayata,
Achaia, L. Achaea..] I. a. Pertaining to Achaea
(Achaia) in the Peloponnesus, to the Acheans
(Achaeans, Achaei, or Achaioi), or to the con-
federacy called the Achean League.—The Ache-
an League, originally, a confederation for religious obser-
Vances formed by the cities of Achaea on the abolition of
monarchical government and the establishment of democ-
racy. The league was gradually broken up by the Mace-
donians, but was renewed by the Acheans on a purely
political basis about 2S0 B.C., when they threw off the
Macedonian yoke, constituted an enlightened and purely
federal republic, and for over a century stood as an ef-
ficient bulwark to the declining liberties of Greece.
II. m. An inhabitant of Achaea (Achaia), or
one of the ancient Greek people (Achaioi) from
whom that country took its name. The name
Achaioi is in Homer used as a generic term for all the
Greeks, but was later applied to the most important tribes
of eastern Peloponnesus, and was finally restricted, after
the Dorian conquest, to the inhabitants of the region on
the gulf of Corinth in the northwestern part of the Pelo-
ponnesus.
Also spelled Achaian, in closer imitation of
the Greek.
a chech, n. In Egypt, antiq., a fabulous animal,
half lion, half bird, like the Grecian griffin.
acheckt, v. t. [ME. acheken (only in pp.,acheked,
in passage quoted below), Ka-1 (or (t-6) + clieken:
See check, v.] To check; stop; hinder.
When they metten in that place,
They were acheked bothe two.
Chaucer, House of Fame, l. 2003.
Acheenese (ach-ö-nēs' or -néz'), a. and m. See
Achinese.
acheilary, etc.
acheiria, etc.
acheket, v. t.
acheless (āk’ les), a.
out ache or throb.
achelorf. A corrupt spelling of ashler.
achene (a-kën'), m. English form of achemium.
Also spelled akene.
achenia, m. Plural of achemium.
achenial (a-ké’ni-al), a. Pertaining to an ache-
Inium.
achenium (a.ké'ni-um), n. ; pl. achemia (-ā).
[NL., also written achanium, irreg. (cf. Gr. & Ya-
våg, not gaping) Kd-priv. -- waivetv, gape, akin
to E. Jawn, q.v.] 1. In bot., a
Small, dry and hard, one-celled,
one-seeded, indebiscent fruit;
strictly, a single and free car-
pel of this character, as in the
buttercup, avens, etc., but ex-
tended to all similar fruits re-
Sulting from a compound ovary,
even when invested with an adnate calyx, as
in the order Compositae. Also written achêne,
See achilary, etc.
See achiria, etc.
See achoke.
[Kachel + -less.] With-
Achenium.
Lettuce and Ranun-
culus.


achenium
achaenium, akene, and akenium.–2. [cap.] In
entom., a genus of beetles. W. E. Leach.
achenodium {*...* 7. ; pl. achemo-
dia (-ā). [NL., Kachenium + -odes, K Gr. -óóng,
-o-etéâ; ; see -oid.] In bot., a double achenium,
such as is found in the order Umbelliferae.
Acheron (ak’e-ron), n. [L. Acheron (-ont-),
also Acheruns (-wnt-), K. Gr. Azépov (-ovt-), in
earliest use, one of the rivers of Hades (popu-
larly connected with āzog, pain, distress, = E.
awe, q.v.), later the name of several rivers of
Greece aná Italy, which, from their dismal or
savage surroundings, or from the fact that a
portion of their course is beneath the ground,
were believed to be entrances to the infernal
regions.] 1. In Gr. and Rom. myth., the name
of a river in Hades, over which the souls of the
dead were ferried by Charon; hence, a general
name for the lower world. *
Get you gone,
And at the pit of Acheron
Meet me i' the morning. Shak., Macb., iii. 5.
2. [NL.] A genus of neuropterous insects.
Acherontia (ak-e-Ton’shi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
'Aºſepôvtzog, pertaining to Acheron: see Acheron.]
A genus of nocturnal lepidopterous insects, of
the family Sphingidae. A. atropos is the death's-
head moth, or death's-head hawk-moth. See
death's-head.
Acherontic (ak-e-ron"tik), a. [KL. Acheronticus,
Acheron: see Acheron..] Of or pertaining to
Acheron or the infernal regions; dark; gloomy:
as, Acherontic mists.
achersett, m. An error for a cherset.
Sct. *-
achesount, n. Same as encheson.
Acheta (ak’e-tā), n., DNL., K.L. acheta, the male
cicada, K Doric Gr. &éta, āzétaç, Gr. #2.Étmg, the
cicada, prop. adj., chirping, KGr, fixeiv, sound,
chirp, K%2%, a sound, akin to #2%, a sound, an
echo: see echo..] The typical genus of the fam-
ily Achetidae: equivalent to Gryllus (which see).
Achetidae (a-ket’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAcheta +
-idae.] A family of Saltatorial Orthopterous in-
sects, embracing the crickets, etc., named from
the leading genus, Acheta. The name is now
little used, the family being generally called
Gryllida (which see).
Achetina (ak-e-ti'nā), m. pl. [NL., K Acheta +
-ima.] A group of orthopterous insects, includ-
ing the crickets, as distinguished from the grass-
hoppers, etc.
achevet, v. t. Obsolete form of achieve.
a cheweed (äk’wéd), n. [Kachel + weed1.] An
old name of the goutweed, Ægopodium poda-
grarva.
achiał (a-ché’ā), n. [Also atchia. Pg. achia (It.
acciao).] A perverted form of achar.
achiart, m. A bad spelling of achar or of achia.
See achar: “adopted in nearly all the vernac-
ulars of India for acid and salt relishes.” Yule
and Burmell.
achievable (a-ché’va-bl), a. [K achieve + -able.]
Capable of being achieved or performed.
To raise a dead man to life doth not involve contradic-
tion, and is therefore, at least, achievable by Omnipotence.
Barrow, Sermons, xxix.
achievance? (a-ché’vans), n. IK OF. achevance,
Kachever: see achieve and-anee.] Performance;
achievement: as, “his noble acts and achiev-
ances,” Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, iii. 22.
achieve (a-chév’), v.; pret. and pp. achieved,
ppr. achieving. [Formerly also atchieve, KME.
acheven, KOF. achever, achiever, achevir, achiver
(F. achever), finish, from the phrase & chief
(F. & chef), to an end, to a head; OF. chief (F.
chef), an end, a head: see chief. Cf. chieve.]
I. trans. 1. To perform or execute; accom-
plish, as some great enterprise; finish; carry
on to a prosperous close.
And now great deeds
Had been achieved. Milton, P. L., ii. 723.
Enabled him at length to achieve his great enterprise
in the face of every obstacle which man and nature h
opposed to it. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 16.
2. To gain or obtain, as the result of exertion;
bring about, as by effort.
Show all the spoils by valiant kings achieved. Prior.
He will achieve his greatness. Tennyson, Tiresias.
It is not self-indulgence allowed, but victory achieved,
that can make a fit happiness for man.
Bushnell, Sermons for New Life, p. 214.
= Syn. 1. . Effect, Accomplish, etc. (see perform), bring
about, work out.-2. To acquire, win, obtain, get.
II. intrams. 1+. To come to an end. Chaucer.
–2. To accomplish some enterprise; bring
about a result intended.
Fight8 dragon-like, and does achieve as soon
As draw his sword. Shak., Cor., iv. 7.
See cher-
46
Still achieving, still pursuing,
Learn to labor and to wait,
Longfellow, Psalm of Life,
achievement (a-chév'ment), n. IK F., achève-
ment, completion, Kachéver; see achieve and
-ment.] .1. The act of achieving or performing;
an obtaining by exertion; accomplishment: as,
the achievement of one’s object.
Capable of high achievement as a writer of romance.
Athenaeum, No. 3067, p. 172.
2. That which is achieved; a great or heroic
deed; something accomplished by valor, bold-
ness, or superior ability.
. How my achievements mock me !
Shak., T. and C., iv. 2.
Illustrious judges have declared that Galileo's conception
of the laws of Motion is his greatest achievement.
- G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. § 48.
3. In her., an escutcheon or armorial shield.
The proper expression is “achievement of arms,” and sig-
nifies a complete heraldic composition, whether the shield
alone or the shield with crest, motto, and supporters, if
any. The term achievement is applied especially to the
escutcheon of a deceased person displayed at his obsequies,
over his tomb, etc., distinctively called a funeral achieve-
ment, or more commonly a hatchment (which see). =Syn.
2. Deed, Feat, Ea:ploit, etc. See feat.1.
achiever (a-ché’vér), n. One who achieves or
accomplishes.
We are well accustomed to the sight of a fresh young
girl, a close student, a fine achiever, . . . sinking . . . into
an aching, ailing, moping creature.
E. S. Phelps, quoted in Sex and Education, p. 133.
achilary (3-ki’lā-ri), a. As achil-ous + -ary.]
Without a lip; specifically, in bot., noting the
absence of the labellum or lip in monstrous
flowers of the family Orchidaceae. Also spelled
acheilary.
Achilida (a-kil’i-dà), m. pl. [NL., KAchilus +
-ida.] A division of the great family of homop-
terous insects called Fulgoridae, one of 13 so-
called subfamilies, taking name from the genus
Achilus.
Achillea (ak-i-lé’ā), n. [L., a plant supposed
to be the same as that called *..., achilléos,
milfoil or yarrow, K. Gr. AziAActog, of Achilles,
from a belief that Achilles used this plant in
curing Telephus.] A large genus of perennial Achlamydeae (ak-la-mid '3-8), m. pl.
herbaceous plants, belonging to the Compositae,
ofthenorthern hemisphere and mostly of the old
World. Two species are common, the milfoil or yarrow,
A. Millefolium, indigenous in both hemispheres and of
repute as a bitter tonic, and the sneezewort, A. Ptarmica.
Achillean (ak-i-lé'an), a. [KL. Achilleus, K. Gr.
Wºe; i. Achilies.j" of, resem.
bling, or belonging to Achilles, the hero in the
war against Troy, noted for his valor, swift-
ness of foot, etc., but especially for unrelent-
ing wrath; hence, valiant, swift, unrelenting,
etc. :
I dined with Mr. Landor. . . . I had inferred from his
books, or magnified from Some anecdotes, an impression
of Achilleam wrath — an untamable petulance.
Emerson, Prose Works, II. 161.
achilleic (ak-i-lè'ik), a. Pertaining to or de-
rived from Achillea Millefolium.—Achilleic acid,
an acid found in the leaves and flowers of milfoil or yar.
row, Achillea Millefoliwm : probably identical with aco-
'mitic acid.
achillein (ak-i-lé’in), n. IK Achillea + -in?..]
An amorphous, brownish-red, and very bitter
substance, C20H88N2O15, derived from the mil-
foil, Achillea Millefolium. When used in medicine it
is found to produce marked irregularity of the pulse.
Achillis tendo (a-kil’is ten’dó). [L.: Achillis,
gen. of Achilles; tendo, tendon.] See tendon
of Achilles, under tendon.
achilous (a-ki'lus), a. [Less prop. acheilous,
KNL. achilus, KGr. 6-priv. 4- 2ciàog, lip.] With-
out lips.
Achilus (a-ki’lus), n. [NL.: see achilous.] A
genus of homopterous insects, of the family
Ciariidae, or giving name to a group Achilida
(which see). Kirby, 1818.
Achimenes (a-kim’e-nēz), n. [Perhaps from
L. achaemenis, K Gr. &Watpievic, an amber-colored
plant in India used in magical arts. Cf. Achae-
'menian.] A genus of ornamental herbs, of
the family Gesmeraceae, belonging to tropical
America. They are frequent in greenhouses, and the
flººr of varieties has been largely increased by cultiva-
1OIl.
Achinese (ach-i-nēs’ or -nēz'), a. and n. I. a.
Pertaining to Achin (also written Acheen, Atch-
in, and Atcheen), a territory in the northwest-
ern part of the island of Sumatra.
II. m. sing. and pl. 1. A native or an in-
habitant of Achin, or the º of Achin.—
2. The language used by the Achinese, which
belongs to the Malayan family, and is written
with Arabic characters.
Also written Acheenese and Atchinese.
achorion
aching (ā’king), p. a. [Ppr. of achel.] Endur-
ing or causing pain; painful. . -
What peaceful hours I once enjoy'd
. How sweet their memory still i
But they have left an aching void
The World can never fill.
º º Cowper, Olney Hymns,
aftingly (ā’king-li), adv. With aching; pain-
y.
achiote (ä-chè-6'tä), º, . [Am. Sp. achiote,
achote, Pg. achioti, K Nahuatl achiot!..] Thé
name in Spanish-speaking countries of the
armotto-tree, Biza Orellana. See arnotto. Orton,
The Andes and the Amazon, I. 168.
achira (a-ché'rã), n. [Appar. a native name.]
The name on the western coast of South Amer-
ica of the Canna edulis, whose large tuberous
roots are used for food, and yield tous-les-
nois, a superior large-grained kind of arrow-
root.
achiria (a-ki’ri-á), n. [NL., less prop. acheiria,
KGr. &zetpia, Kāºetpog or àxelp, without hands:
See achirous.] In teratol., absence of hands.
achirite (ak’i-rit), n. [K Achir Mahmed, name
of a Bokharian merchant who furnished the
specimens that were taken in 1785 to St. Peters-
burg, + -ite?..]. Emerald copper or dioptase.
achirous (a-ki’rus), a. [Less prop. acheirous,
§ NL. achirus, K. Gr. &etpog or āyeap, handless, K
&- #. + 2 etp, hand.] In teratol., handless;
without hands.
achirus (a-ki’rus), n. [NL., KGr. &etpog, with-
out hands: see achirows.] 1. In teratol., a mon-
ster characterized by the absence of hands.
Also spelled acheirus.—2. [cap.] In 206!., a
genus of heterosomatous fishes, of the family
Soleidae, having usually no pectoral fins. A.
lineatus is an American sole, commonly called hog-choker.
Lacépède, 1802. See cut under Soleidae.
achlamydate (a-klam'i-dāt), a. [K Gr. &-
priv. (a-18) + chlamydate, q.v.] Not chlamy-
date; having no pallium or mantle : said of
mollusks.
In the achlamydate forms [of branchiogastropods] true
gills are usually absent. Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 437.
[NL.
fem. pl. of achlamydeus: see achlamydeous.] fº
bot., a term proposed by Lindley for a group of
dicotyledonous plants in which both calyx and
corolla are wanting, at least in the pistillate
flowers, as in willows and birches.
achlamydeous (ak-la-mid’ 3-us), a. [KNL.
achlamydeus, K. Gr. 3- priv. -H 2%apitº (-vö-), a
mantle: see a-18 and chlamydeous.] In bot.,
without a floral envelop: an epithet applied to
plants which have neither calyx nor corolla,
and whose flowers are consequently naked, or
destitute of a covering. It has also been applied to
an ovule which consists of the nucleus only, without prop-
er seed-coats, as in the mistletoe.
achlorophyllous (a-kló-rö-fil’us or ak-ló-rofi-
us), a. [K Gr. &- priv. -- 2:20póg, green, + p^2-
Aov, leaf: see a-18, chlorophyl, and –ous.] In
bot., destitute of chlorophyl.
achlys (ak’ lis), n. [NL., K. Gr. &2%C, a mist.]
Same as caligo.
achmite (akſmit), n. Incorrect spelling of ac-
ſmîte -
achoket, v. t. [KME. achoken, acheken, KAS.
aceocian, choke, Kā--- *ceocian: see Choiceſ.] To
choke; suffocate. Also written acheke.
Whan that Thesus seeth
The beste acheked. Chaucer, Good Women, l. 2008.
Gif thou will achoken the fulfillyng of nature with su-
perfluities. haucer, Boëthius, ii. prose 5.
acholia (a-kol’i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 32.0%ia, Kā2.0-
Žog, without bile: see acholows.] In pathol.,
deficiency or want of bile.
acholithitef (a-kol’i-thit), n. [Corrupt spelling
of acolouthite, q.v.] Same as acolyte.
To see a lazy, dumb adholithite
Armed against a devout fly's despight.
Bp. Hall, Satires, iv. 7.
acholous (ak’ô-lus), a. ...[K Gr. 32.0%0¢, without
|bile, K &- priv. -- 2:0%, bile, gall: see choler.]
Wanting or deficient in bile.
achor (ak’ór or ā’kgr), n. [L., KGr. 320p, Scurf,
dandruff.] 1. A name formerly given to cer-
tain scaly or crusty cutaneous affections of the
head and face in infants, particularly to cer-
tainforms of eczema.-2. An individual acumi-
nate pustule. y
Achordata (ak-ór-dā’tā), m. pl. [NL., KGr. 6-
priv. 4- 3 opó%, chord: see a-18 and Chordata.]
A collective name of those animals which have
no notochord: opposed to Chordata.
achorion (a-kö’ri-gn), m.; pl. achoria (-à). [NL., K
achor.] The name given to one of the three prin-
cipal dermatophytes, or epiphytes of the skin.
achorion
It is the constituent of the crusts of favus (achor), and
belongs to the group of fungoid plants denominated
Ożdżwm. It consists of spores, sporidia or tubes filled
with spores, and empty brancheá tubes or mycelium.
Frasmus Wilson,
Achras (akºras), n. [L., KGr. &Apáç, a kind of wild
pear-trée.] ... 1. A genus of # 'belonging to
the family Sapotaceae. called Lucuma by some
authors. See Lucuma.-2. A name improperly
ºl. to Sapota 2apotilla. It is an evergreen tree,
with thick shining leaves and milky juice, a native of
tropical America, and is often cultivated for its edible
fruit, the sapodilla or sapodilla plum. Its bark (Jamaica
bark) is astringent.
8. A genus of goleopterous insects. -
achroiocythemia, achroiocythaemia (a-kroi”-
ô-si-thé'mi-á), n. [NL., prop. achroºocythamia,
K. Gr. &Apolog, same as ājīpoog, colorless (see
achroous), + körog, a cavity (K Köetv, contain), +
alpa, blood.] In pathol., diminution of the nor-
mal amount of hemoglobin in the red blood-
corpuscles. Also called oligochromemia.
achroite (ak’rº-it), n. IK Gr. 3xpoog, colorless,
+ -ite2.] A colorless variety of tourmalin foun
on the island of Elba and elsewhere.
âchroma (a-kró’mă), n. [NL., KGr. 6-priv. H
Apópa, color: see â€hromdāoj In pathol., lack
of pigment in the skin; achromasia.
achromasia (a.k-ró-mâ’zi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ãºpógarog, without color: see achromatic.] In
Apathol., lack of pigment in the skin. ,
âchromatic (ak-º-mat'ik), a. [SGr. 3xpóugrog,
without color (Kå- priv., without, -i- 2pópla(t-),
color), + -ic: see chromatic.] Destitute of
color; free from coloration; specifically, cor-
rected for chromatic aberration: as, an achro-
matic lens or telescope.
The human eye is not achromatic. It suffers from chro-
matic aberration as well as from spherical aberration.
Tyndall, Light and Elect., p. 72.
Achromatic condenser, an achromatic lens placed be-
tween the mirror and the stage of a microscope to con-
centrate the light upon the object when the -
light from the concave mirroris not sufficiently
intense.—Achromatic lens, a lens sensibly
free from chromatic aberration. It is usually
composed of two lenses made of glass having
different refractive and dispersive powers (for
example, a double convex lens of crown-glass
[a, a] and a concavo-convex lens of flint-glass
[b b]), the forms of which are so adjusted that
one lens very nearly corrects the dispersion of
the other without, however, destroying its re-
fraction.—Achromatic telescope or micro-
scope, a telescope or microscope in which the * .
chromatic aberration is prevented by means of Achromatic
an achromatic object-glass. Lens.
achromatically (ak-ró-mat’i-kal-i), adv. In an
achromatic manner.
achromaticity (a-krö-ma-tisſi-ti), n. IK achro-
matic + -ity.] The state or quality of being
achromatic ; a chromatism. See equation.
achromatin (a-kröſma-tin), n. [KGr. &xpógaroſ,
not colored, + -īn?..] In biol., that portion of
the substance of a cell-nucleus which, under
the action of staining agents, becomes less
highly colored than the rest.
achromatisation, achromatise, etc. See achºro-
natization, achromatize, etc.
achromatism (a-kró'ma-tizm), m. [Kachromat-
ic + -ism. Cf. F. achromatisme.] The state or
quality of being achromatic ; freedom from
chromatic aberration: as, to secure perfect
achromatism in a telescope.
achromatization (a-krô"ma-ti-ză'shgn), m. The
act of achromatizing or correcting chromatic
aberration. Also spelled achromatisation.
achromatize (a-kröſma-tiz), v. t.; pret. and pp.
achromatized, ppr. achromatizing. [K achro-
matic, as if K. Gr. 3- priv. H- 2pouaríčeuv, to
color, K 2 pāua,(T-), color.] To render achro-
matic ; correct, as in an optical system, for
chromatic aberration. Also achromatise.
For two kinds of light a flint-glass prism may be achro-
amatised by a second prism of CTOWn-glass. &
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 480.
achromatopsia (a-kró-ma-top'si-á), n. IK Gr.
à- priv. -- 3:pāga(T-), color, H &pig, sight, Kölp,
the eye, face: see optic.] Color-blindness, or
inability to see or distinguish colors. Also
called acritochromacy.
achromatopsy (a-kró'ma-top-si), n.
achromatopsia.
achromatosis (a-krö-ma-tó'sis), n. [NL., KGr.
àxpóſzarog, without color, F -osis.] A name
applied to diseases characterized by a lack of
pigment in integumental structures, as albi-
nism, vitiligo, or canities. y
achromatous (a-kró'ma-tus), a. [KGr. ºpóſia.
roc, without color: see achromatic..] Without
color; of a lighter color than normal: as, achro-
matous spots.
Same as
47
achromophilous (a-krö-mofºi-lus), a. [K Gr. &-
priv. (a-18) + chromophilous.] In biol., not
chromophilous (which see). See the extract.
The substance of the ovum [of Ascaris] is also remark-
ably differentiated,—that of the “polar disk” alone ex-
hibiting a vertical striation, and differentiating into two
layers, superficial and subjacent (termed achr hilow8
and chromophilous respectively). Encyc. Brit., XX. 417.
achromous (a-kröſmus), a. [K Gr. 6- priv. --
2póſia, color.] Colorless; without coloring
matter.
achronic, achronical (a-kron’ik, -i-kal), a. An
erroneous spelling of acronych, acronychal.
achroödextrine (ak’rö-6-deks’ trin), m. [K Gr.
3xpooc, colorless (see achroous),-- E. dextrine.]
Dextrine which is not colored by iodine: Con-
trasted with erythrodeactrine.
ach-root (ach’röt), n. [Kach2 + root.] The
root of Morinda tinctoria, used in India as a
dye. See ach?.
achroous (akſrö-us), a... [K Gr. &poog, also &xpotog,
colorless, K &- priv. -F2(p6a, 2potá, color. Cf.
achromatic..] Colorless; achromatic.
achylous (a-ki’lus), a. [K Gr. &vãog, Kó- priv.
+ xv%g, chyle..] Without chyle. Syd. Soc.
630.
Achyrodon (a-ki’rö-don), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vpov
§: sº chaft, bran, husks, Hºoij (jºjº
... tooth.] A genus of fossi mammais from the
Purbeck beds of England, having teeth of the
insectivorous type, and more than eight molars
and premolars. Owen, 1871. -
acicle (asſi-kl), n. Same as acicula, 2. Dana,
Crustacea, I. 434.
àcicula (a-sik'il-lā), n. ; pl. acicula (-lé). [L.,
a needle, a small pin, dim. of acus, a needle,
from same root as acer, sharp, acies, an edge,
acutus, sharp, etc.: see acid, acute, acerb.] 1.
A needle, pin, or bodkin, of wood or bone,
used by Roman women as a hair-pin. It was
not smaller than an acus (which see), but of in-
ferior material.—2. A spine or prickle of an
animal or plant. Also called acicle.—3. [cap.]
A name applied to several genera of gastropods,
and retained for the representative genus of the
family Aciculidae, inhabiting Europe. A. fusca
is the best-known form.–4. [cap.] A genus of
WOrnd S.
acicula, n. Plural of aciculum.
Aciculacea (a-sik-i-lä’sé-á), m. pl. [NL., KAct-
cula + -acea.] A synonym of Aciculidae (which
see).
acicular (a-sik'il-lär), a. [KNL. acicularis, KL.
acicula, a needle: see acicula.] Having the
shape of a slender needle or stout bristle; hav-
2
- dº * : * > - * :
Nººr- S
º ... . . ſ Z24
Sº ºf
. . . ;
* : *.*.*.
X23
ZN Sº
j \'º -
º
Acicular crystals, stibnite.
ing a sharp point like a needle: as, an acicular
prism, like those of stibnite; an acicular bill,
as that of a humming-bird. Other forms are
aciculate, aciculated, aciculiform, and aciculine.
The silver salt crystallizes from its aqueous solution in
small acicular prisms.
B. Frankland, Exper. in Chem., p. 30.
Acicular bismuth. See aikimite.
acicularly (a-sik'il-lär-li), adv. In an acicu-
lar manner; in the manner of needles or
prickles.
aciculate, aciculated (a-sik' i-lāt, -lä-ted), p.a.
[K NL. aciculatus, K L. acicula: see acicula.]
Needle-shaped; acicular; aciculiform.
aciculi, n. Plural of aciculus.
aciculid (a-sik'il-lid), n. A gastropod of the
family Aciculidae.
Aciculidae (as-i-kü’li-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAcicula,
q.v., + -idae.] A family of º pulmonif-
erous mollusks, represented by the European
genus Acicula (which see) and the West Indian
Geomelania. They have very small turreted shells with
few whorls and a thin operculum, the outer lip plain or
ºced into a tongue, and the eyes on the back of the
1881.01.
aciculiform (a-sik'il-li-fôrm), a. [L. acicula,
needle, + formis, K forma, form.] Same as
acicular.
aciculine (a-sik'il-lin), a. [K NL. aciculinus,
KL. acicula : see aciculaj Same as acicular.
aciculum (a-sik'ī-lum), m.; pl. acicula (-lä).
[NL., a neut. form to acicula, q. V. J . In 206l.,
one of the slender sharp stylets which are em-
acidify
bedded in the parapodia of some annelids, as
the Polychaeta. The notopodial and the neuropodial
+divisions of the parapodia each carry one of these acicula.
aciculus (a-sik'ī-lus), n. ; pl. aciculi (-li). [NL.,
a masc. form of acicula, q.v.] In bot., a strong
bristle. -
acid (as'id), a. and n. [= F. acide = Sp. Pg.
It. acido, &I. acidus, sour, K acére, be sour
(> acetum, q. v.), akin to acer, sharp, acies,
edge, Gr. &iquñ, E. acme, edge, etc., all from V*ak,
be sharp, pierce.] I. a. Sour, sharp, or biting
to the taste; tasting like vinegar: as, acid fruits
or liquors.-Acid rock. See acidic.
II. n. [KNL. acidum, neut. of L. acidus, a.]
Originally, a substance possessing a sour taste
like that of vinegar; in modern chemical use, a
name given to a large number of compounds
which do not necessarily possess this property.
It does not appear that very great innportance was at any
time attached to sourness as a characteristic of acids from
a chemical point of view. The following properties are
common to most acids: 1st, solubility in water; 2d, a
sour taste (in some acids, on account of their corrosive-
ness, this property can be perceived only after dilution
with a large quantity of water); 3d, the power of turning
vegetable blues to red; 4th, the power of decomposing
most carbonates, and displacing the carbonic acid with
effervescence; 5th, the power of destroying more or less
completely the characteristic properties of alkalis, at the
same time losing their own distinguishing characters, form-
ing salts. In modern chemistry an acid may be termed
a salt of hydrogen, or it may be defined as a compound
containing one or more atoms of hydrogen which may be
displaced by a metal, or by a radical possessing to a cer-
tain extent metallic functions. An acid containing one
such atom of hydrogen is said to be momobasic, one con-
taining two such atoms bibasic, etc. Acids of a greater
basicity than unity are frequently termed polybasic acids.
When an acid contains oxygen, its name is generally
formed by adding the terminal -ic either to the name of
the element with which the oxygen is united or to an ab-
breviation of that name. Thus, sulphur forms with oxygen
sulphuric acid; nitrogen, nitric acid; and phosphorus,
phosphoric acid. But it frequently happens that the same
element forms two acids with oxygen ; and in this case
the acid that contains the larger amount of oxygen re-
ceives the terminal syllable -ic, while that containing less
Oxygen is made to end in -ows. Thus, we have sulphurous,
nitrous, and phosphorous acid, each containing a smaller
proportion of oxygen than that necessary to form respec-
tively sulphuric, nitric, and phosphoric acid. In some
instances, however, the same element forms more than
two acids with oxygen, in which case the two Greek words
itró (hypo-), under, and virép (hyper-), over, are prefixed to
the name of the acid. Thus, an acid of sulphur contain-
ing less oxygen than sulphurous acid is termed hyposul-
phurous acid; and another acid of the same element con-
taining, in proportion to Sulphur, more oxygen than Sul-
phurous acid and less than Sulphuric, might be named
either hypersulphurous or hyposulphuric acid; but the
latter term has been adopted. The prefix per- is frequently
substituted for hyper---Acetic acid, fatty acid, nitric
acid, etc. . See these adjectives.—Nordhausen aci
brown fuming sulphuric acid, a solution of sulphur trioxi
in sulphuric acid, used as a solvent of indigo, and at pres-
ent in the manufacture of artificial alizarin. It is named
from the place where it was first manufactured.
acid-green (asſid-grén'), m. An acid coal-tar
coloring matter. The name is applied to several col-
oring matters, chiefly sulphonic acid derivatives of the
benzaldehyde greens. The principal acid-greens are acid-
green GG, Helvetia green, light green S and SF,
Guinea green, Neptune green, and Wool-green S and BS.
acidic (a-sid'ik), a. 1. Acid: in chem., applied
to the acid element, as silicon, in certain salts:
opposed to basic.—2. Containing a large amount
of the acid element: as, the acidic feldspars,
which contain 60 per cent. or more of silica.-
Acidic (or acid) rock, a crystalline rock which contains a
relatively large amount of silica, through the presence of
an acidic feldspar, and sometimes also of free quartz, as a
prominent constituent. For example, rhyolite is an acid
or acidic rock; basalt, a basic rock.
acidiferous (as-i-diffe-rus), a. [KNL. acidum,
acid, + L. ferre =E. bearl, ---ows.] Bearing, pro-
ducing, or containing acids, or an acid.—Aci-
diferous mineral, a mineral which consists of an earth
combined with an acid, as calcium carbonate, aluminite,
etc.
acidifiable (a-sid’i-fi-a-bl), a. [K acidify +
-able; = F. acidifiable.] Capable of being acidi.
fied, or of being converted into an acid.
acidific (as-i-diffik), a. Producing acidity or
an acid; acidifying. Said of the element (oxygen,
Sulphur, etc.) which in a ternary compound is considered
as uniting the basic and acidic elements. Thus, in cal-
cium silicate, calcium is called the basic, silicon the acidic,
and oxygen the acidific element. Dama.
acidification (a-sid’i-fi-kā‘shon), n. IK acidify;
= F. acidification=Sp. acidificación = Pg. aciº
dificação. The act or process of acidifying, or
of changing into an acid.
Acidification . . . . is intended to break up, corrode, or
carbonize the albuminiferous matters.
W. L. Carpenter, Soap, etc., p. 264.
acidifier (a-sid’i-fi-èr), m. One who or that
which acidifies; specifically, in chem., that which
has the property of imparting an acid quality.
acidify (a-sid’i-fi), v.; pret. and pp. acidified,
ppr. acidifying. [K acid + -fi/; = F. acidiner =
Pg. acidificar.] ...I. trans. To make acid; con-



acidify
vert into an acid; render sour; sour, literally or
figuratively.
Such are the plaints of Louvet, his thin existence all
acidified with rage and preternatural insight of suspicion.
Carlyle, French Rev., III. iii. 181.
* II. intrans. To become acid or sour.
acidimeter (as-i-dim’e-tèr), n. [= Pg. acidime-
tro, KNL. acidum, acid, -H Gr. puérpov, a measure.]
An instrument for determining the strength
of acids. . See acidimetry. . .
acidimetrical (as"i-di-met'ri-kāl), a. Of or per-
taining to acidimetry. -
The acidimetrical process is in every way similar to
that practised in alkalimetry. Ure, Dict., I. 19.
acidimetry (as-i-dim’e-tri), n. [= Pg. acidime-
tria; as acidimeter + -y.] The act or process
of measuring the strength of acids. Specifically,
the process of estimating the amount of acid in a liquid by
finding exactly how much of a standard alkaline solution
is required to neutralize a measured quantity of the given
solution. tº "º º º • * * * * *
acidity (a-sid’i-ti), m. [=F. acidité– It. acidità,
K L. acidita(t)s, sourness, K acidus, sour: see
acid.] The quality of being acid or sour; sour-
ness; tartness; sharpness to the taste.
acid-magenta (as'id-ma-jenſtä), n. A coal-tar
color, a green metallic-looking powder giving
a red color when dissolved in water. It is a mix-
ture of the mono- and disulphonic acids of rosanilin. Also
called magenta S. and rubine S. Used for dyeing and for
coloring wines. Benedikt and Knecht, Chem. of Coal-tar
Colors, p. 96. ... • * *
acidness (as'id-nes), m. Sourness; acidity.
acidometer (as-i-dom’e-tér), m. [Cf. acidime-
ter.] An instrument used to measure the
strength of an acid, commonly by the density.
acid-pump (as'id-pump), n. . A pump used for
drawing corrosive liquids from carboys and
other vessels. It has valves and joints, and is converti.
ble into a siphon. A vacuum is created in it by means of
an elastic rubber bulb, which controls its action without
coming into contact with the acid.
acidulae (a-sid’ū-lé), m. pl. [L., fem. pl. (sc.
aquac, Waters) of acidulus : see acidulous.] A.
name formerly given to springs of cold mineral
Waters, from their sharp and pungent taste.
IN. E. D.
acidulate (a-sid’ (i-lāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
acidulated, ppr. acidulating. [KL. as if *acidu-
latus, pp. of “acidulare, K acidulus, somewhat
sour: see acidulous.] 1. To tincture with an
acid; render somewhat acid or sourish.
This latter flask is filled partly with mercury, and partly
With Water acidulated with a tenth part of sulphuric acid,
Science, III. 260.
2. Figuratively, to sour, as the mind; embit-
ter; make cross or captious.
Persons . . . were especially liable to diabolical posses-
sion when their faculties were impaired by disease and their
tempers acidulated by suffering. Lecky, Rationalism, I. 106.
acidulcist (as-i-dul’sis), a. [Contr. of NL. *aci-
didulcis, K.L. acidus, sour, acid, + dulcis, sweet:
see dulce.] Both sour and sweet.
acidulent (a-sid’ll-lent), a. [K F. acidulant, ppr.
of aciduler, sour slightly, Kacidule, slightly sour,
KL. acidulus : see acidulous.] Somewhat acid
or sour; tart ; hence, peevish: as, “anxious
acidulent face,” Carlyle, French Rev., I. i. 4.
acidulous (a-sid’ī-lus), a. [KL. acidulus, slightly
sour, dim. Of acidus, sour: see acid.] 1. Slight-
ly sour; Subacid, as cream of tartar, oranges,
ooseberries, etc.—2. Figuratively, sour in
eeling or expression; sharp ; caustic ; harsh.
Acid ulous enough to produce effervescence with alkalies.
O. W. Holmes, Autocrat, ix.
It is beautiful, therefore, . . . to find a woman, George
Eliot, departing utterly out of that mood of hate or even
of acidulous satire in which Thackeray so often worked.
S. Lamier, The Eng. Novel, p. 207.
acid-yellow (as’id-yel’ô), m. A coal-tar color,
consisting of the sodium salts of the sulphonic
acids of amino-azobenzene or aniline yellow.
It is a yellow powder. easily soluble in water, and is used
for dyeing olive, moss-green, and browns. Also some-
times called fast yellow. Benedikt and Knecht, Chem. of
Coal-tar Colors, p. 182. s ºf •
acierage (as'i-e-ráj), m. [K F. aciérage, K acier
= Pr. acier = Sp. acero, steel, KML. aciare, aci-
arium, steel, KL. acies, edge, sword-edge.] The
process of depositing a layer of iron on another
metal, by means of electrical action. Stereo-
type and copper plates are sometimes treated in this way,
thus increasing their durability without injury to their ar.
tistic character. When thus coated with iron they are
said to be “steel-faced.”
acierate (asſi-e-rāt), v. t. To convertinto steel.
aCieration (as'i-e-rá'shgn), n. [KF. acier, steel,
+-ation.] Conversion into steel: a word oc-
gasionally used by writers on the metallurgy of
iron and steel.
... Withdrawing trial pieces from time to time and break-
ing them 39 as to ascertain to what depth the acteration
has proceeded. , Enºyc. Brit., XIII. 342.
48
aciform (as’i-fôrm), a. [KL. acus, a needle, 4-
Jorma, shape.] Shaped like a needle. y
aciliate, aciliated (a sil’i-āt,5-ted), a. [SGr. 3-
priv. (a-18) + ciliated: see cilia.] Not ciliated;
having no cilia:
Acilius (a-sil’i-us), n. [NL., KL. Acilius, a Ro-
man name.] A genus of water-beetles of the
family Dytiscida, containing species of mod-
erate size, with ciliated hind tarsi and round
tarsal disks in the male. A. sulcatus is a European
species. A. fratermws is a common New England insect,
about # of an inch long, having the black portions of the
elytra closely punctured upon a yellow surface.
acinaceous (as-i-nā’shius), a... [KL. acinus, a
berry, esp. a grape, a grape-stone or kernel, --
-aceous.] Consisting of or full of Small seeds.
acinaces (a-sin'a-séz), n. [L., KGr. &ktvákmg, a
short, straight sword, KPers. āhenek (*āhamak),
a short sword, K Čhem, dham, a sword, lit. iron,
+ dim. term. -ek, -ak, now applied only to ra-
tional objects (-che to irrational objects).] A
short, straight dagger, peculiar to the Medes
and Persians. It seems to have been worn on the right
side, but perhaps only when a longer weapon was worn on
theieff. Modern writers have recognized the acinaces in
a dagger shown in sculptures at Persepolis, also in the
dagger of the Mithra sacrificial groups.
acinacifolious (a-sin'a-si-föſli-us), a. [KL.
acinaces, a short sword, -i- folium, leaf.] Having
acimaciform leaves. N. E. D.
acinaciform (a-sin'a-si-fôrm), a. [KL. acinaces,
a short, straight sword, taken to mean a
simitar, -i- -formis, K forma,
shape.] In bot., resembling
a simitar in shape: as, an
acimaciform leaf, one which
has one edge convex and
thin, the other straighter and thick, as inspecies
of Mesembryanthemwm; an acimaciform pod, as
of some beams.
acinarious (as-i-nā’ri-us), a. [KL. acinarius,
pertaining to the grape, Kacints, the grape : see
acimus.] In bot., covered with little spherical
stalked vesicles resembling grape-seeds, as in
Some algæ.
a cinesia (as-i-mê'siń), n. Same as akinesia.
Acineta (as-i-nē’tā), n. [NL., K. Gr. &kivmtog,
motionless, K &- priv. -- ktveiv, move..] 1. A
genus of noble epiphytal orchids, from Central
America, much prized as hothouse plants.-2.
Agenus of suctorial infusorial protozoans. See
Acineta and Acimetina. Ehrenberg. .*
Acinetae (as-i-nē’té), m. pl. [NL.: see Acimeta.]
An order of the class Infusoria (the Infusoria
tentaculifera or suctoria), the adult members of
which have no cilia and no proper mouth, and
are non-locomotive. The body, which is fixed and
Stalked, is provided with radiating retractile suctorial
Acinaciform Leaf.
-4 cºzzeta.
processes, or tubular tentacles, having at their extremi-
ties a knob or disk-like sucker, through which nutrient
matter is imbibed.
The Acimetoe multiply by several methods. One of
these . . . consists in the development of ciliated embryos
in the interior of the body. These embryos result from
a separation of a portion of the endoplast, and its con-
version into a globular or oval germ, which in some
species is wholly covered with vibratile cilia, while in
others the cilia are confined to a zone around the middle
of the embryo. . The germ makes its escape by bursting
through the body-Wall of its parent. After a short exist-
€InCé §. limited to a few minutes) in the condition
of a free-swimming animalcule, provided with an endo-
plast and a contractile vacuole, but devoid of a mouth,
the characteristic knobbed radiating processes make their
appearance, the cilia vanish, and the animal passes into
the Acimeta state. Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 94.
acinetan (as-i-nē’tan), m. One of the Acimetas;
a suctorial tentaculiferous infusorian.
Acinetidae (as-i-net’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAcimeta
+ -idae.] A family constituting the order Aci-
meta°. The leading genus is Acimeta.
acinetiform (as-i-net/i-fôrm), a. and m. [KNL.
Acineta + L. formis, K forma, shape.] I. a.
Having the form of Acineta; resembling an aci-
netan in form.
Balbiani . . . . asserts that the acinetiform embryos ob-
served not only in Paramoecium, but in . . . many other
ciliated Infusoria, are not embryos at all, but parasitic
Acinetae. Huailey, Anat. Invert., p. 100.
II. m. An infusorian animalcule resembling
an acinetan, whether an embryonic stage of
some ciliate infusorian or a member of the
order Acineta. Also written acimeta-form.
* Acipenser
Acinetina º ºn, pl. [NL., K. Act-
neta + -ina.] A group of infusorians with a
single aperture, and elongate, non-vibratile
cilia, originally established by Ehrenberg in
1838 as a division of his Polygastrica : equiva-
lent to Acimeta (which see).
acini, n. Plural of acinus.
aciniform (asſi-ni-fôrm), a. [KNL. aciniformis,
L. acinus, grape (see acinus), + -formis, K for-
ºna, shape.] 1. Having the form of grapes, or
being in clusters like grapes; acinose.—2. In
anat., of a deep purplish tint; resembling a
grape in color: applied to one of the pigmen-
tary layers of the iris, technically called the
tunica acimiformis. See wea.
acinose (asſi-nós), a... [KL. acinosus, like grapes,
Kacinus, a grape.j 1. Resembling a grape or a
bunch of grapes; consisting of granular con-
cretions.—2. Specifically, imamat., consisting of
acini. Applied to glands in which the duct enlarges at
the distinctly glandular portion into a little spherical
vesicle (acinus), or into a little saccule º beset
With Small, round epithelial cysts (acini), or in which
the duct branches and ends in more or less numerous
lobuli, formed of acini. Acinose glands are distinguished
from twbular glands.
acinous (as’i-nus), a. Same as acinose.
acinus (as’i-nus), m.; pl. acini (-ni). [L., a
berry, esp. a grape, also a grape-stone, kernel.]
1. In bot. : (a) One of the small drupelets or
berries of an aggregate baccate fruit, as the
blackberry, etc., or the contained stone or seed.
See cut under Rubus. (b) A grape-stone.—
2. In amat. : (a) Formerly, the smallest lobule
of a gland. (b) Now, generally, the smallest sac-
cular subdivision of an acinose gland, several
of which subdivisions make up a lobule. Also
called alveolus. (c) A lobule of the liver.
-acious. [KL. -áci- (nom. -aa, acc. -ácem, X It.
-ace, Sp. Pg. -a2, F. -ace), a suffix added to verb-
stems to form adjectives expressing intensity
of physical or mental action, as awd-aa, daring,
cap-aa, holding much, fall-aa, deceitful, loqu-
aq, talking much, pugn-aa, inclined to fight,
etc., + E. –ous. Cf. -acy, 3. A compound ad-
jective termination of Latin origin, forming,
from Latin verb-stems, adjectives expressing
intensity of physical or mental action, as in anº-
dacious, daring, very bold, capacious, holding
much, fallacious, deceitful, loquacious, talking
much, pugmacious, inclined to fight, mendacious,
ready at lying, vivacious, very lively, voracious,
eating much, etc. Such adjectives are accom-
panied by nouns in-aci-ty, and the nouns rarely
by verbs in -aci-t-ate: as, capacious, capacity,
Capacitate, etc. -
Acipenser (as-i-pen'sér), n. [L., also spelled
aquipemser and acipensis (> Gr. Čikkºttàotog), the
Sturgeon; perhaps K_*aci- (= Gr. Ökºg), swift,
+ a form of pemma (OL. pesma), a wing, same as
pinna, a Wing, a Cf. accipiter and the ety-
mology there suggested.] The typical genus
of the family AcipenSeridae, including all the
K
º
º:
*
Fºrstºº:
º
º
-º-sº** -
sº:
Skull of Sturgeon (Acipenser), top and side views.
Above, the cartilaginous cranium, shaded, is supposed to be seen
through the unshaded cranial bones.
Upper figure: a, ridge formed by spinous processes of vertebrae;
3, 5, lateral wing-like processes; c, rostrum; Ame, site of auditory
organ; Wa, of nasal sacs; Or, of orbit. The membrane bones of the
upper Surface are: 4, analogue of supraoccipital; B, B, of the epi-
otics; Æ, of ethmoid; G, G, of the postfrontals; H, H., of the pre-
frontals; C, C, of the parietals; D, B are the frontals, and F, F, the
Squamosals; K, anterior dermaiscúte; I, I, L., L, dermal ossifications
connecting the pectoral arch with the skull. Lower figure: a, ros-
m; b, nasal chamber; c, auditory region; d, coalesced anterior
vertebrae; e, ribs; f, g, h, suspensorium; X, palato-maxillary appara-
tus; Mzz, mandible; Or, orbit.
ordinary sturgeons (and with the shovel-nosed
sturgeons, Scaphirhynchus, the only other ge-
nus, composing the family), characterized by
the flattened tapering snout, a spiracle over
each eye, and 5 distinct rows of bony plates.
The common sturgeon, A.sturio, found in both Europe and
North America, sometimes attains a length of 18 feet.
The white sturgeon of the Pacific coast is A. transmon-
tamw8, the European sterlet A. ruthenwa. The largest
known species is the Russian sturgeon, the bielaga, huso,
or hausen, A. hºw80, Sometimes attaining a length of 25
feet and a weight of 3000 pounds. A. gildenstädti is a
fourth example, known as the Osseter, o often spelled
Accipenser.





*- -
Acipenseres -
Acipenseres (as-i-pen'se-réz), n, pl. [NL., pl.
of Acipenser.] An ordinal term suggested by
Bonaparte, 1837, as a substitute for Sturiones or
Chondrostei (which see).
acipenserid (as-i-pen'se-rid), n. One of the
[NL
Acipenseridae; a sturgeon.
Acipenseridae (as’i-pen-ser’i-dé), m. pl. • ?
KAcipenser + -idae.] The sturgeons, a family of
chondrosteous ganoid fishes, sometimes includ-
ing only the genus Acipenser, sometimes also
the genus Scaphirhynchus. The body is elongate
subcylindric, with 5 rows of bony bucklers; the snout is
produced, subspatulate or conical, with the mouth on its
lowersurface, small, transverse, protractile, and toothless;
there are 4 barbels in a transverse series on the lower side
of the snout; the ventral fins have a single series of fulcra.
in front, and the dorsal and anal fins approximate to the
Acipenser + -ina..] A subfamily of AcipenSeri-
Lately it has been restricted to Acipengeridae with spira-
acipenserine (as-i-pen'se-rin), n.
I. a.
Having the characters of the Acipenseridae.
Acipenseroidae (as-i-pen-se-roi’dé), m. pl. [NL.]
[KAcipenser + -oid-ei.] A name used by some
aciurgy; (asſi-er-ji), n. IK Gr. &ºic, a point, +
surgery.
acker? (ak’er), n.
loore; an eager.
caudal, which is héterocercal, See Acipenger.
Acipenserinae (as-i-pen-sº-ri'né), n. pl. [NL., K
da, typified by the genus Acipenser. By older
ichthyologists it was made coequal with the family.
cles, subconic snout, and thick tail, and thus made to in-
clude only the true Sturgeons.
One of the
Acipenserina. º
acipenseroid (as-i-pen’sg-roid), a. and n.
II. m. A fish of the family Acipenseridae; an
acipenserid.
Same as Acipenserida. -
Acipenseroidei (as-i-pen-se-roi’dé-i), m. pl.
ichthyologists as a subordinal name in place
of Chondrostei.
-ovpyia (K-0-epyia), in comp., working, Kēpyetv =
E. work: see demiurgy and surgery.] Operative
ackerlf, n. An obsolete form of acre (Middle
English aker, etc.).
[E. dial. (Sc. aiker in sense
2), K.M.E. aker, flood-tide, a bore, an eager;
prob, a var. of eager?, q.v.] 1+. Flood-tide; a
Akyr [var. aker] of the see flowyng, impetus maris.
Prompt. Parv.
2. A ripple or furrow on the surface of water.
[Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
acketont, m. , See acton.
ackman (ak’man), n. ; pl. ackmen (-men). [K
ack-, of unknown origin, + man.] A sailors'
name for a fresh-water thief, or one who steals
on navigable rivers. Also called ack-pirate.
Sailors’ Word-book.
acknowł (ak-nóſ), v. t. [KME. akºnowen, know,
acknowledge, KAS. onchâwan, perceive, know,
Kon-for and- (= Gr. &vri, against, back, - Goth.
anda-), + cnăwan, know: see a-5 and know.] To
recognize; acknowledge; confess.
You will not be acknown, sir, why, 'tis wise:
Thus do all gamesters at all games dissemble.
B. Jomsom, Volpone, v. 6.
acknowledge (ak-nol’ej), v. t.; pret. and pp. ac-
knowledged, ppr. acknowledging. [KME, know-
lechen, knowlechen, cnawlechen, acknowledge, K
knowleche, knowleche, cnawleche, knowledge: see
knowledge. The prefix ac-, for a-, is due to the
frequent ME. verb aknowen : see acknow.] 1.
To admit or profess a knowledge of; avow to
Be within one's knowledge or apprehension;
own to be real or true; recognize the exist-
ence, truth, or fact of: as, to acknowledge God,
or the existence of or beliefin a God; to acknow-
ledge the rights of a claimant.
Pſe that acknowledgeth the Son hath the Father also.
1 John ii. 23.
The Romans that erected a temple to Fortune, acknow-
ledged therein, though in a blinder way, somewhat of di-
vinity. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 18.
The influence attributed to Cecrops . . . indicates that
Athens was acknowledged as the head of this confederacy.
Thirlwall, Hist. Greece, xi.
2. To express or manifest perception or appre-
ciation of ; give evidence of recognizing or
realizing: as, to acknowledge an acquaintance
by bowing; to acknowledge a favor or one's
faults.
I acknowledged my sin unto thee. . . .
confess my transgressions.
They his gifts acknowledged none.
Milton, P. L., xi. 612.
These were written with such submissions and profes-
sions of his patronage, as I had never seen any more ac-
knowledging. Bvelyn, Diary, Aug. 18, 1673.
With what queenly dignity . . . did the great Zenobia
acknowledge the greetings of her #9% !
4 W. Ware, Zenobia, I. 87.
I said, I will
Ps. xxxii. 5.
49
So great a soldier as the old French Marshal Montluc
acknowledges that he has often trembled with fear, and
recovered courage when he had said a prayer for the occa-
S1011. Emerson, Courage.
3. To own the genuineness of; own as binding
or of legal force: as, to acknowledge a deed.—
4. To admit or certify the receipt of; give infor-
mation of the arrival of: as, to acknowledge a let-
ter or a remittance.—To acknowledge a deed (or
other instrument), in law, to avow before a proper officer or
court that one has executed it, for the purpose of having a
certificate thereof appended which will qualify the instru-
ment to be admitted in evidence or to record, or both,
without further proof of genuineness. As often used, the
word implies not only the avowal of the party, but also
the procuring of the official certificate. Thus a déed is said
to have been acknowledged when it actually bears the cer-
tificate. = Syn. Acknowledge, Admit, Confess, Own, Avow,
grant, concede, allow, assent to, profess, take cognizance
of. To acknowledge is to state one's knowledge of ; it may
have a personal object: as, he acknowledged her as his
wife; as applied to acts, it often implies confession under
external pressure. Admit has a similar reference to so-
licited or forced assent: as, he admitted the charge ; he
admitted that his opponent was a good man. ... Confess
implies the admission of that which is not creditable, as
Wrong conduct, and belongs rather to specified things or
particular transactions. . He acknowledged the author-
ship of the book; he admitted the truth of the proposition;
he confessed that he was guilty of the theft. Confess is
the strongest of these words, being applied to actions of
more moment than acknowledge, admit, or own. To own
is a less formal act; there is a tendency, on account of its
brevity, to apply the Word to anything that a man takes
home to himself. To avow is a bolder act, generally per-
formed in spite of adverse influences, and does not ne-
cessarily imply that the action or sentiment avowed is
blameworthy. To acknowledge an error, admit a fact, con-
fe88 a fault, own one's folly, avow a belief.
You must not only acknowledge to God that you are a
sinner, but must particularly enumerate the kinds of sin
whereof you know yourself guilty. Wake.
I admit, however, the necessity of giving a bounty to
genius and learning. Macawlay, Speech on Copyright.
Quotation confesses inferiority.
Fmerson, Letters and Social Aims.
Owning her weakness and evil behaviour.
Hood, Bridge of Sighs.
The tempest of passion with which he [Othello] commits
his crimes, and the haughty fearlessness with which he
avows them, give an extraordinary interest to his character.
Macaulay, Machiavelli.
acknowledgement, n. See acknowledgment.
acknowledger (ak-nol’e-jér), n. One who ac-
knowledges.
acknowledgment (ak-nolej-ment), n. 1. An
admission or profession of knowledge or appre-
hension; a recognition of the existence or truth
of anything: as, the acknowledgment of a sov-
ereign power, or of a debt.
Immediately upon the acknowledgment of the Christian
faith, the eunuch was baptized by Philip. Hooker.
2. An expression or manifestation of percep-
tion or appreciation; recognition, avowal, or
confession: as, an acknowledgment of kindness
or of one's wrong-doing.
With this acknowledgment,
That God fought for us. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 8.
3. Something given or done in return for a
favor. Smollett.—4. In law: (a) The certificate
of a public officer that an instrument was
acknowledged before him by the person who
executed it. (b) The act of so acknowledging
execution.—5. In com., a receipt.
Also spelled acknowledgement.
Acknowledgment money, in England, money paid ac-
cording to the customs of some manors by copyhold ten-
ants on the death of the lord of the manor. =Syn, 1. Ad-
mission, recognition, acceptance, indorsement, thanks.
ack-pirate (ak’pi-rät), n. [Kack-, of unknown
origin, + pirate.] Same as ackman.
a clastic (a-klastik), a. [K Gr. &RAao Tog, un-
broken (K &- priv. -- Khaotóg, verbal adj. of
K%áelv, break), + -ic.] In mat. philos., not refract-
ing: applied to substances which do not refract
the rays of light passing through them. N. E. D.
acleidian (a-kliſdi-an), a. See a clidian.
aclid (ak’lid), n. A gastropod of the family
Aclidae.
Aclidae, Aclididae (ak'li-dé, ak-lid’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., KAclis (Aclid-) + -idae: see aclis, 2.] A
family of ptenoglossate pectinibranchiate gas-
tropods typified by the genus Aclis, with a much-
curved minute odontophore, densely hirsute,
with simple uncinate teeth and a rimate tur-
reted shell. Two genera, Aclis and Hemiaclis,
are represented by four species in Norway.
aclide (ak’lid), n. IKL. aclis (aclid-), also
spelled aclys: see aclis.] Same as aclis, 1.
aii. 'm. Plural of a clis. -
aclidian (a-kli'di-an), a. [K Gr. 6- priv. 4- KWeic
(Kästö-), a key, the clavicle.] In 200l., deficient
in or characterized by the absence of clavicles.
Also spelled acleidian.
aclinic (a-klin'ik), a. [K Gr. &RAtvåg, not bend-
ing to either side, K Ö- priv. -- Kāively, incline,
lean, = E. leanl.] Having no inclination.—
aclys (ak'lis), n.
Acmaea (a.k-mé’ā), n. [NL., K. Gr. Ökualog, at the
Acmaeidae (ak-mé’i-dé), m. pl.
Acmaeodera (ak-mé-od’e-ră), n.
acme (ak’mé), n.
acmite, akmite (ak’mit), m.
acne (ak’né), m.
acnodal (ak-nóſ dal), a.
acnode (ak’nöd), m.
Acochlides (a-kok ‘li-déz), m. pl.
Acochlides
Aclinic line, the name given by Professor. August to an
irregular curve located upon the surface of the earth in the
neighborhood of the equator, where the magnetic needle
balances itself horizontally, having no dip. It has been
also termed the magnetic equator.
aclis (ak(lis), m.; pl. aclides (-li-déz). [KL. aclis,
also aclys, a small javelin, said to be a corrup-
tion of Gr. &ykv%iç, a hook, barb, taken in the
sense of āyköhm, a bend, twist, thong of a jave-
lin, the javelin itself, fem. of āyki Zog, crooked,
bent, - L. angulus, angle: see angle3.] 1. In
Rom. antiq., a heavy missile weapon; an aclide.
—2. [cap.] [NL.] The representative genus
of the family Aclidae (which see). Lovén, 1846.
Same as aclis, 1.
height or prime, in full bloom, vigorous, Kākuh,
a point, the highest point: see acme..] A genus
of docoglossal gastropods, of the family Patel-
lidae, or limpets. The genus is commonly regarded as
continuing from Silurian seas to those of the present;
but it is probable that the earlier forms will prove generi-
cally distinct.
acmaeid º: A limpet of the family
p
Acmaeidae; a false et.
[NL., K. Acmaea
+ -idae.] A family of false or single-gilled
limpets, or prosobranchiate gastropods having
a single cervical gill. Leading genera are Ac-
maa, Lottia, and Scurria.
[NL., K. Gr.
ākualog, at the height or prime; in full bloom,
vigorous (Kákpiń, a point: see acme), + (?) dépog
skin; allusion not clear.] A genus of bupresti
beetles related to Agrilus, but less elongate
and with an indistinct séutellum.
[K Gr. dikpiń, edge, point, the
highest point, the prime, crisis; akin to
ākñ, point, àkic, point, L. acus, needle, acer,
sharp, etc.: see acid.]. 1. The top or highest
point; the furthest point attained; the utmost
reach.
For beauty's acme hath a term as brief
As the wave's poise before it break in pearls.
- Lowell, Cathedral.
The independence of the individual, the power to stand
alone as regards men and the gods, is the acme of Stoical
attainment. G. P. Fisher, Begin. of Christianity, p. 178.
2+. The maturity or perfection of life.—3. In
med.: (a) The height or crisis of a disease. (b)
Another, and probably the correct, form of
acne.—4. [cap.] In 206l., a genus of land-
shells. Hartmann, 1821.
[K Gr. diſcuñ, a
point, 4- -ite?..] A member of the pyroxene
group occurring in acutely pointed crystals
(whence the name) of a brownish-black or
reddish-brown color. It is essentially a silicate of
ferric iron and sodium. The original locality is at Run-
demyr, near Kongsberg, Norway. Ægirite (which see)
is closely related. Also spelled achmite.
[NTL., prob. Orig. a misprint
(being a book-word) for acme, K. Gr. &Ruff, a
point: see acme..] An eruption occurring most
frequently on the face, and on the shoulders
and chest, about the period of puberty. It is a
follicular or perifollicular inflammation of the sebaceous
glands, resulting in the formation of comedo-bearing pap-
ules, which often pass into pustules. The so-called acne
rosacea is a hyperemia of the face combined with more or
less acne.
acnestis (ak-nes’tis), n. ; pl. acnestides (-ti-déz).
NL., K. Gr. Čikvyatag, the spine or backbone of
quadrupeds, K &- priv. -- Rymatóg, scratched, K
Kváelv, scratch, scrape.] That part of the spine
in quadrupeds which extends from between the
shoulder-blades to the loins, and which the ani-
mal cannot reach to Scratch.
Of or pertaining to an
acnode. Salmon.
[Irreg. KL. acus, a needle,
+ nodus, a node.] In math., a double point
belonging to a curve, but
separated from other real
oints of the curve.
cocephalus (ak-Ö-sef’a-
lus), m. [NL., K. L. acus,
needle, --Gr. Rejažň, head.]
A genus of homopterous
hemipterous insects, of
the family Jassidae or Tet-
tigonidae, having a boat-
shaped form, a coarse sur-
face, shovel-shaped vertex
With a thick, smooth mar.
gin, and thick wing-covers with strong veins.
4. nervosus is a pale-yellowish species, # of an inch long,
freckled with brown, and with angular whitish lines, in:
habiting Europe and North America.
ENL. (F.
acochlides), KGr. - priv. 4- Kožić (Kox?id-), dim.
Acnodal Cubic. A, acnode.
Acochlides
of kāzāog, a shell-fish with a spiral shell, the
shell itself; akin to kóY27, a shell: see conch.]
In Latreille's system of classification, 1825, a
family of agetabuliferous cephalopods, without
a shell. It included most of the octopods.
acock (a-kok'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8,
on, + Cock?..] In a cocked manner: as, he set
his hat acock.
a-cockbill (a-kokºbil), prep. phr, as adv. or a.
[Ka8, on, + cock? (condition of being cocked or
turned upward: see cock?) + bill2, point or end:
see bill”, 5.] Naut, with the ends pointing up-
Ward. Applied (a) to an anchor when it hangs down by
its ring from the cathead, and (b) to the yards of a ship
when they are tipped up at an angle with the deck.
4–
º /
lſ.
%+!/S t
lſº
§
ºi
Ø
º
Fº
º
º
º
wº-º-º-º-º-º:
*-
Man-of-war with Yards a-cockbill.
It was now the close of Lent, and on Good Friday she
had all her yards a-cockbill, which is customary among
Catholic vessels. R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 147.
a cocotl (äk’ö-kot-1), n. [Nahuatl acocotli.] A.
musical instrument used by the aborigines in
Mexico: usually called clarin. It is a thin tube from
8 to 10 feet in length, made of the dry stalk of a plant of
the same name. The performer inhales the air through it.
*8. K. Handbook, Mus. Inst., p. 69.
Acq-la (a-sé’lā), m.pl. [NL.: see acoelous.] An
order of marine Turbellaria, with no digestive
Acavity but a spongy digestive parenchyma.
à- priv. F. Kotºoga, a hollow: see coeloma.] A
division of Protocoelomata, or sponges, contain-
ing the Ascomes: so called in allusion to its
pores and the absence of coelomata.
acoelomate (a-sé'ló-māt), a. Same as acaºlom-
a towS. -
acoelomatous (as-É-lom'a-tus), a. [K Gr. 3-priv.
Kołżopia, a hollow: See a-18, coeloma, and
caelomatous.] 1. In 200l., having no body-cavity
or perivisceral space; not coelomatous.
Although these acoelomatous worms have no body-cavity,
no blood, no vascular system, they always have a kidney
system. Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), II. 404.
2. Of or pertaining to the Acoelomi ; cestoid.
Equivalent forms are agglomate, geºlomous.
Acoelomi (as-É-ló'mi), m. pl. [NL., KGr. &-priv.
+ koihopa, a cavity.] Those worms which have
no proper body-cavity and no intestinal cavity,
and which are also devoid of a blood-vascular
system; the cestoids or flat-worms, such as tape-
worms. See cuts under Cestoidea and Taemia.
The name is nearly synonymous with Plathelminthes, but
comprehends not only the actual or existing plathelminths,
in a zoölogical sense, but also the hypothetical primitive
worms, Archelminthes, supposed to have possessed the
same or a similar type of structure. In Haeckel's classifl-
cation the Acoelomi form one of the classes or main divi-
sions of the animal kingdom. See Coelomi.
acoelomous (a-Sé'ló-mus), a. Same as acaºlom-
atoll.S.
accelous (a-sé’lus),a. [KNL. acalus, KGr. Čikol%0g,
not hollow, Kā-priv. -H koi%0g, hollow.] In 206l.,
having no intestinal cavity; anenterous.
Accemeti, Acoemetae (a-Sem’é-ti, -tê), m. pl.
[LL., K Gr. âkoiumtot, masc., ákoſumrat, fem., pl.
of diſoſumtoº, -ta, sleepless, Ká- priv. H. Kolpiäv,
bring to sleep: see cemetery..] An order of
monks and nuns in Constantinople under the
Eastern Empire, so named because they divided
their communities into relays for keeping up
perpetual worship. In the sixth century the monks
embraced Nestorianism and the order became extinct.
The order of nuns, however, existed till the conquest of
Constantinople by the Turks in the fifteenth century.
Also spelled Acemeti, Acemetoe.
acoief, v. t. and i. A Middle Englishform of accoy.
a coldf (a-köld’), a. [K ME. acold, acoled (KAS.
dicòled), cold, fit. cooled, pp. of acolen, KAS.
&cöliam, become cool or cold, Kā- + cólian, be-
come cool or cold, K col, cool, cold : see cool.
The ME. form acold, acoled, would regularly be-
come E. “acooled (aköld); the present 6 soundis
due to confusion with E. cold, «AS. ceald, which
is akin to col, and so, remotely, to acoidj Cold,
Poor Tom's a-cold. Shak., Lear, iii. 4.
50
acollé, p. a. See accollé.
acology (a-kol’ā-ji), n. IK Gr. &koç, remedy, +
-Aoyia, Kāśyew, speak: see-ology.]. The doctrine
of remedies, surgical and medical.
Acoloithus (ak-º'-loiſthus), n. [NL., prop. aco-
luthus, K Gr, àkóżov6og, a follower: see acolyth,
acolyte.] A genus of moths belonging to the
family Pyromorphidae, founded by Clemens 1860.
A cozotēhues amºerzcazetts.
a, larva; b, pupa ; c, cocoon; d, moth; e, moth with outstretched
IngS.
W
They are small and delicate and of somber colors. The
larvae are somewhat hairy and feed gregariously, undergo-
ing transformation in some crevice, within tough oval co-
coons. They have a habit of feeding together in soldier-
like ranks. A. americanus (now placed in Harrisima)
destroys grape-Ieaves.
acolout.hitet, n. [K. Gr. &kóżov6oc, acolyth, +
-ite?: See acolyte.] Same as acolyte.
acolyctin (ak-5-lik’tin), n. [KNL. Aco(nitum)
lyc(oc)t(onum), the plant from which it is de-
rived (see Aconitum), + -in?..] An alkaloid de-
rived from Aconitum lycoctonwm, and identical
with napellin.
acolyte (ak’ê-lit), n. [KME. acolit, acolyt, KOF.
acolyte = Sp. acólito = Pg. acolyto i= It, accolito,
KML. acolytus, acolitus, acolythus (XF. acolyth),
acolātus, prop. acolāthus, an acolyte, K. Gr. &kó-
Žov6og, a follower, an attendant, Kå- copulative
+ KēAévôog, a way, a journey, from the same root
as KéAeoffat, set in motion, urge on, and Kežetely,
command.] 1. One who waits on a person;
an attendant; an assistant.
With such chiefs, and with James and John as acolytes.
* Motley.
2. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., one ordained to the
fourth and highest of the minor orders, ranking
immediately below the subdeacon. See orders.
His office is to serve those of the superior orders in the
ministry of the altar, light the candles, prepare the wine
and water, etc. The name is now commonly extended to
the boys who exercise these offices without ordination.
3. In astron., an attendant or accompanying
star or other heavenly body; a satellite.
But she [the moon] is the earth's nearest neighbor, and
therefore conspicuous; her constant acolyte, whose obse-
quious and rapid motions demand and compel attention.
New Princeton Rev., I. 47.
Sometimes written acolyth, and formerly also
acholithite, acolythe, acolythist, acolothist.
acolyth, acolythe (ak^3-lith, -lith), n. [KML.
acolythws, for acoluthus, the correct form of
acolytus: see acolyte.] See acolyte.
acolythate (a-kol’i-thät), n. IK acolyth + -ates.]
The state, office, or orders of an acolyte.
acolythical (ak-5-lith’i-kal), a. [K*acolythic +
—al.] Belonging or ºng to an acolyte.
acolythisti (a-kol’i-thist), n. Same as acolyte.
acombert, v. t. See accumber.
Acomys (ak’ī-mis), n. [NL., K. Gr. &ká, a sharp
point (or L. acus, a needle), + piùg = E. mouse.]
A genus of rodents, of the family Muridae and
subfamily Murinae, having sharp flattened
spines in the fur. The skull and teeth are as
in the genus Mus.
acon (ā’kon), n. IK (?) Gr. &Kov, a dart.] A boat
used for traveling over mud-beds. See extract.
Walton also invented the pousse-pied or acom, a kind of
boat which is still in use. The acon is composed of a
plank of hard wood, which constitutes the bottom, and is
called the sole. This plank is bent in the fore part in such
a manner as to form a sort of prow. Three light planks,
which are nailed together at the sides and back, completé
this simple boat. B. P. Wright, Anim. Life, p. 558,
acondylous, acondylose (a-konſdi-lus, -lós), a.
[K. Gr. &ICóvóvãoc, without knuckles or joints,
Ká-priv. -- Kóvövžog, a knuckle, a joint: see a-18,
condyle, and –ous, -ose.] In anat., jointless.
a cofiella (ak-Ö-nel’â), m. [NL., Kacom (itum) +
dim. -ella.] chem., an organic base obtained
from the root of Aconitum Napellus, closely re-
sembling if not identical with narcotin.
aconellin (ak-Ö-nel'in), m. [Kaconella + -īn?..]
Same as aconella.
aconin, aconine (ak'3-nin), n. [Kacon (itum) +
-im2.] An organic base derived from aconitin.
It is amorphous, hygroscopic, and very bitter.
Aconitum (ºmitum);
Acontias (a-kon'ti-as), n.
, acontium
aconitate (a-kon’i-tät), n. IK aconite + -atel.
A salt formed by the union of aconitic aci
Awith a base.
aconite (akſ3-nit), n. [= F. aconit = Sp. Pg.
It. aconito, K L. aconitum : see Aconitum.] The
plant wolf's-bane or monk's-hood, Aconitum Na-
ellus. It is used in medicine, especially in cases of
ever and neuralgia. See Aconitwm. Nepāl aconite con-
sists of the roots of A. feroº and probably other species indi-
enous in the Himalayas; it is also called bikh, bish, and bisk.
inter aconite is a ranunculaceous plant, Cammarum
hyemale, of Italy, and one of the earliest spring flowers.
aconitia (ak-3-mish'iá), n. [NL., KL, aconitum.]
Same as acon?tin.
aconific (ak-5-nit'ik), a. Of or pertaining to
aconite-Aconitic acid, C6H606, a tribasic acid found
combined with lime in some species of the genus Acomi-
twm, and in a few other plants. It is also obtained by the
dry distillation of citric acid. Also called equisetic acid.
See achilleic acid, under achillete. ...
aconitin, aconitine (a-kon’i-tin), n., [Kaconite
+ #. A highly poisonous narcotic alkaloid,
C34B47NO11, obtained from the roots and leaves
of several species of Aconitum. It forms white
powdery grains, or a compact, vitreous, transparent mass;
is bitter, acrid, and very soluble in alcohol. It is an im-
portant remedy in neuralgia, especially of the fifth cranial
nerve. Also called aconitia and acomitina.
n. [L. acon?tum, a
S-hood, wolf's-bane, K
poisonous plant, monk
Gr, diſcóvºtov, also
§ ākóvatog, a poi-
º Sonous plant, of
%. w uncertain etym.;
§ § º said by Pliny to
§ §ºſ. be so º: be-
§§)? Gº cause i ew év
º âkóvatº, º y
steep rocks (Gr.
N } ºsſ! &Kövm, a whet-
§ § 2.4% stone, KV “ak, be
§ § ſº sharp, pierce).
** jºs This is improba-
- ble. The form is
the same as the
neut. of Gr. &Kövt-
Tog, without dust,
Ká- priv. 4- kóvig,
dust, but there
seems to be no
connection be-
tween the two
Words.] A ge-
nus of poisonous
erect or trailing
ranunculaceous
herbs, with about
20 species, of the mountains of the northern
hemisphere. They have very irregular, showy flow-
ers, and are often found in cultivation, as the common
monk's-hood (A. Napellus) and wolf's-bane (A. Lycoct0-
num). The roots and leaves, chiefly of 4. Napellºs, are
used medicinally. See aconitiºn. The bikh of Nepāl, used
in poisoning arrows and also as a source of aconitin, is
derived mainly from A. feroa.
a contia, n. Plural of acontium.
[L., K. Gr. &Kovriaç, a
quick-darting serpent, a meteor, Kákºv, a jave-
lin, dart, Kákh, a point.] . The leading genus
of the family Acontiidae (which see).
a contiid (a-kon’ti-id), n. Alizard of the family
Acontiidae.
Ž N
Aconite (A. Wapellus).
a, flower; b, same, calyx removed.
Acontiidae, Acontiadae (ak-on-ti’i-dé, -a-dé), n.
pl. [NL., Acontias F-idae, or-adap.] A family
of saurian or lacertilian reptiles of the scincoid
group, related to the Anguidae, the family to
which the well-known slow-worm of Europe
belongs. They are weak, timid, and perfectly harmless
lizards, resembling snakes in consequence of the apparent
absence of limbs. Acontias is the leading genus, giving
name to the family; there are numerous species, inhabit-
ing chiefly the warmer or dryer parts of the old world.
Acontias meleagris is sometimes, called the dart-snake,
from its manner of darting upon its prey. te º
acontium (a-kon'shium), n.5 pl. acontia (-shiá).
NL., K. Gr. &kóvrtov, a small dart, dim, of ākov
Figure with Acontium.
(ākovt-), a javelin.] _1. In Gr. antiq.: (a) A
dart or javelin, smaller and lighter than the
long spear, and thrown by means of a thong or
amentum. Hence— (b) The game of hurling
the javelin, one of the five exercises of the fa-
mous pentathlon (which see) at the Olympian,
(From “Revue Archéologique.”)
































a contium .
Isthmian, and other games.—2. pl. In 2061.
convoluted cords formed in the Actinia an
furnished with thread-cells. Pascoe,
agº (a-kop’), prep. phr. as adv. [Ka8, on, +
copi, top.] Afthé top.
She weares a hood, but it stands acop.
B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 6.
Acopa (a-kö(pâ), m. pl. [NL., KGr. 6- priv. --
Kórn, a handle, the flººd e of an oar, an oar.]
1. A prime division of the Tunicata or A8eidia,
in which the ascidians proper are distinguished
collectively from the Copelata or Appendicula-
ria. See extract. Compare cuts under A8eidia
and Appendicularia.
These two classes were formerly separated according to
whether they had or had not a propelling tail, as the
names of the classes showed. I have retained the nomen-
clature without giving an importance to this character
which does not belong to it; the larvae of many Acopa
have the directive organ. A much greater difference be-
tween the two divisions is to be found in the characters
of their spiracles. In the Copelata, these open on to the
exterior. In the Acopa they open into a cavity, which is
formed from a part of the rudimentary spiracle of the
Copelata. Gegenbawr, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 389.
2. [sing.] A genus of lepidopterous insects.
acopic (a-kop'ik), a. [KGr, dicotroc, removing
weariness, Ká- priv. H. Károg, weariness, toil,
orig. a striking, K Kót-t-etv, strike..] In med.,
fitted to relieve weariness; restorative. Bu-
chanan, Dict. Sci.
acor (ā’kôr), n. [L., a sour taste, K acere, be
sour: see acid.] Acidity, as of the stomach.
acorn (ā’kôrn, often ä’kèrm), n. [Early mod. E.
acorn, akorn, eykorn, acron, acquorn, akeCorne,
oakern, okécorn, okehorne, etc., Klate ME. acorn,
akorn, accorne, acorum, ocorn, occorn, okécorne,
ackerne, akern, hakern, assibilated achorne, ach-
arme, atcherne, etc. The reg. mod. form would
Be “akern, in ME. akern (assibilated atcherne, im-
prop. aspirated hakern), the other forms being
due to the erroneous notion that the word is a
derivative of oak, or a compound of oak (ME.
ook, ok, oc, earlier ac, KAS. āc) and corn %
and AS. corn), or horn (M.E. and AS. horn). A
similar error has affected the spelling of the
word in other languages. ME. akern, KAS.
ascern, a cirn, an acorn, orig. any fruit of the
field, being prop. an adj. formed (like silvern
from silver). K ascer, a field, acre (see acre), +
-n (see -en?); = D. aker, an acorn, Kakker, a
field (but now usually eikel, an acorn, Keik, an
oak); = LG. ekker, an acorn, Kakker, a field
ſº ek, an acorn, Keke, an oak); = G. ecker (after
G.), an acorn, Kacker, a field (also eichel, an
acorn, Keiche, an oak); = Icel. akarn, an acorn,
Kakr, a field (not from eik, an oak); = Norw.
aakorn (also aakonn, aakodn, and akall), Kaaker,
a field gº from eik, an oak); cf. Sw, ekollon, an
acorn, Kek, oak, + ollon, an acorn; = Dan. agern,
an acorn, Kager, a field (not from eg, an oak);
= Goth. akram, fruit in general, Kakrs, a field.
Thus acorn has nothing to do with either oak or
corn.] 1. The fruit of the oak; a one-celled
one-seeded, coriaceous, rounded or elongated
nut, the base of which is surrounded by an in-
durated Sealy cup. Acorns have been used for food,
and are still eaten in various countries. The sweet acorn
is the fruit of the Quercus Ballota of northwestern Africa,
and is quite palatable, as are also several American species.
All are excellent food for swine.
Thei weren wont lyghtly to slaken hir hunger at euene
with acormes of okes. Chawcer, Boëthius, ii. meter 5.
Besides the gall which is his proper fruite, hee shootes
out oakerms, i.e., ut nunc vocamus acornes, and oakes ap-
ples and polypody and moss. -
Sir T. Browne, Works, I. 203 (ed. Bohn).
2. Naut., a small ornamental piece of wood, of
a conical or globular shape, sometimes fixed
on the point of the spindle above the vane, on
a masthead, to keep the vane from being
blown off.—3. Amy similar ornamental tip.–
4. Same as acorn-shell, 2.
§§§Rºs
& º Qs
*NSSN §§
Sºs S §§§ §§
$$$.
º SSSSSSºš
º S. S. &
& Ҽil
Acorn-moth (Holcocera greazlatélella, Riley).
a, larva within acorn; 8, acorn infested with the larva, c, head
and thoracic segments of larva; d, one of the abdominal segments of
larva, lateral view ; e, one of the abdominal s ents of larva, dorsal
view; y, moth (the cross shows natural size); g, basal jointofantenna
in the male moth.
51
acorn-cup (ä'kôrn-kup), n. The hardened in-
volucre covering the base of an acorn. The
acorn-cups of the Quercus AEgilops, under the name va-
lonia, have become an important article of commerce,
large quantities being used in tanning. See valomia. .
acorned (á'körnd), a. 1. Furnished or loaded
with acorns. Specifically, in her., said of an oak repre-
sented on a coat of arms as loaded with acorns. tº
2. Fed with acorns. Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 5.
acorn-moth (ā’kórn-móth), n. A guest-moth,
described as Holcocera glandulella by Riley in.
1871, belonging to the family Blastobasidae and
to the group Tineina. Its color is ash-gray, with
two distinct spots near the middle of the fore wings and
a transverse pale stripe across the basal third. Its larva is
grayish-white, with a light-brown head and cervical and
caudal shields, and is commonly met with in mast, feed-
ing chiefly on those acorns that have been occupied by
the acorn-weevil. See cut in preceding column.
acorn-oil (ā’kôrn-oil), n. A volatile oil, of but-
tery consistence and pungent odor, obtained
from the acorns of Quercus robur.
acorn-shell (ā’kórn-shel), n. 1. The shell of
the acorn.—2. One of the cirripeds of the
enus Balanus; a barnacle: called by this name
om a supposed resemblance of some of the
species to acorns. See Balanus and Cirripedia.
acorn-weevil (ā’kórn-w6/v1), n. The popular
name for certain species of the curculionid ge-
nus Balaninus, as B. uniformis (Le Conte), B.
Tectus (Say), and B. quercus (Horn), which live
in the larval state within acorns. The females
possess extremely long and slender beaks, by means of
which they pierce the rind of the acorn and push an egg
into the interior. The larva is a legless grub of elongate
curved shape, not differing essentially from other curcu-
lionid larvae. The affected acorn drops prematurely, and
the full-grown larva eats its way out to change to a pupa
in the ground. See cut under Balaminw8.
acorn-worm (äſkörn-Werm), n. A name given
to the Balanoglossus, the type and sole member
of the order Enteropneusta ; so called from the
acorn-like shape of the anterior end of its body.
See Balanoglossus, Enteropneusta.
Acorus (ak’ô-rus), n. [NL., K. Gr. &Kopog, the
sweet-flag.] A small genus of aromatic flag-
like araceous plants, consisting of two species.
A. Calamus, the Calamus aromaticus of druggists, is na-
tive or widely naturalized in northern temperate regions,
and is known as sweet-flag or 8weet-rush. See 8weet-flag.
acosmiat (a-koz’mi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. dicoogía,
disorder, K&Koopog, without crder, K &- priv. H.
kóguoc, order: see cosmos.] 1. Irregularity in
disease, particularly in crises.—2. Ill health,
with loss of color in the face.
acosmism (a-koz’mizm), n. [K Gr. 3- priv. --
kóopog, world, + -ism. Cf. acosmia.]. The denial'
of the existence of a universe as distinct from
God.
acosmist (a-koz’mist), n. [As a cosm-ism + -ist.]
One who holds the doctrine of a cosmism.
a cosmistic (ak-oz-mistik), a. Pertaining to
the doctrine of acosmism.
acotyledon (a-kot-i-lè’dgn), n. ; pl. acotylédones,
acotyledons (-lé’dg-nēz, -dgnz). [= F. acotylé-
done, K NL. acotyledo(n-) (Sc.
lanta), a plant without seed-
obes, K. Gr. 6-priv. H. Korvåmóðv,
any cup-shaped cavity: see co-
tyledon.] A plant destitute of
a cotyledonous embryo. The
name Acotyledones was proposed by
A. Laurent de Jussieu for the class of
plants which have no proper seed or
embryo, now usually and more prop-
erly designated as Cryptogamia or
cryptogams.
acotyledonous (a-kot-i-lè’dg-
nus), a. Without cotyledons,
or seed-leaves, as the embryo
of Cuscwta ; more usually, with-
out embryo (and consequently
without cotyledons), as crypto-
gamS.
acou-. For aca-, in words from Greek ákoiety,
hear: an irregular spelling due to the French
spelling of acoustic, the first of these words in-
troduced into English. See acoustic.
acouchi-resin (a-kö’shi-rez"in), m. [4couch?
(alouchi, aluchi, etc.), native name (in F. Spell-
ing) in Guiana.] The inspissated juice of Pro-
tium Aracouchini, a burseraceous tree of Guiana,
and other species of tropical South America.
It resembles the elemi-resin of the old world.
acouchy, acouchi (a-kö’shi), n. IAlso akouchi,
acuchi; K F. acouchi, agouchi, K. Galibi alcow-
chy, North Braz. acuchy, acuschi,. aguschy.
Compare agouti.] An animal belonging to the
genus Dasyprocta, family Dasyproctidae, of the
hystricine series of the order Rodentia; the
olive agouti or Surinam rat, Dasyprocła acow-
chy, inhabiting Guiana and some of the West
Germinating Spore
of an Acotyledonous
Plant(Moss), indiffer-
entstages, Magnified.
(From Sachs’s “Lehr-
buch der Botanik.”)
acquaint
India islands. Related to the cavies, or guinea-
pig family. See agouti and Dasyproctiaa3.
pºx. 24 % *%-
# ** % i/
~ , , , % %
* * %
Acouchy (Dasyprocea acouchy).
acoumeter (a-kö’- or a-kou'me-ter), n. . [Also
acouometer, irreg. KGr. &Koiety, hear, -- piétpov, a
measure.] An instrument for measuring the
power of the sense of hearing. Also called
aCOušimeter.
agoumetry (a-kö’- or a-kou'me-tri), n. [Irreg. K
Gr. akoffety, hear, + -pletpia, K plátpov, a measure.]
The measuring of the power of hearing.
acousineter (a-kö- or a-kou-Sim’e-tér), n. IK
Gr. &kovotg, a hearing (Kákovetv, hear), + p.érpov,
a measure.] Same as acoumeter.
acousmatic (a-kös- or a-kous-mat'ik), a. and n.
[K Gr. dikovapatakóc, willing to hear (ot &kovopa-
tukot, the probationers of Pythagoras), K&Kovo-
pla(T-), a thing heard, Kákovety, hear: see acous-
tic..] I. a. Hearing; listening: as, acousmatic
disciples.
II. m. A name given to such of the disciples
of the Greek philosopher Pythagoras as had
not completed their years of probation; hence,
a professed hearer; a probationer.
* An equivalent form is acoustic.
acoustic (a-kös’- or a-kous’ tik), a. and n.
[Formerly acoustick, acoustique, K F. acoustique
= Sp. Pg. It. acustico, KNL. acusticus, K Gr. dikov-
ottkóg, relating to hearing, Kókovo Tóg, heard, au-
dible, K dikoietv, hear; cf. dikoff, hearing, Koćiv,
perceive; root prob. *kov, *ko F, *okof-L. cavere,
eed, cautus, heedful (see caution), - Goth. us-
Skaujan, take heed, = AS. scedwian, look at, E.
show, q.v. The regular E. form would be “acus-
tic: see acow-.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to the sense
or organs of hearing, or to the science of sound.
–2. Same as acousmatic.—Acoustic color, the tim-
bre or quality of a musical note. See timbre… Acoustic
duct, in anat., the meatus auditorius externus, or external
passage of the ear. See awditory, and cut under earl.—
Acoustic nerve, the auditory nerve.—Acoustic spot,
macula acustica. See macula.-- Acoustic telegraph,
an electric or mechanical apparatus for the reproduction
of Sounds at a distance.—Acoustic tubercle (translation
of tuberculum acusticum), in amat., a rounded elevation on
either side of the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain,
over which certain white lines, the striae acusticae, pass.-
Acoustic vessel, acoustic vase, a bell-shaped vessel of
bronze or pottery, of which a number, according to Vitru-
vius, were built in beneath the seats, or placed in chambers
prepared especially to receive them, in the auditorium of
ancient theaters, to give sonorousness to the voices of the
players. No such vessels have been recognized among the
ruins of either Greek or Roman theaters; but it is said that
similar vases were introduced for a like. purpose in the
vault of the choir of the medieval church of the Domini-
cans at Strasburg.
II. m. 1+. In med., a remedy for deafness or
imperfect hearing.—2. Same as acousmatic.
acoustical (a-kös’- or a-kous’ti-kal), a. Of or
belonging to the science of acoustics; acoustic.
The acuteness of the blind in drawing conclusions from
slender acoustical premises. Science, VI. 195.
acoustically (a-kös’- or a-kous’ti-kal-i), adv.
In relation to acoustics or hearing.
acoustician (a-kös- or a-kous-tish'an), m. One
skilled in the science of sound; a student of
acousties.
The transverse vibrations . . .
ticed by the earlier acousticians.
Whewell, Hist. Inductive Sciences, viii. 6.
acoustics (a-kös’- or a-kous’ tiks), n. [Pl. of
acoustic (see -ics); = F. acoustique = Sp. Pg. It.
acustica.] The science of sound; the study of
the cause, nature, and phenomena of the vibra-
tions of elastic bodies which affect the organ
of hearing. The manner in which sound is produced,
its transmission through air and other media (sometimes
called diacoustics), the theory of reflected sound, or echoes
(sometimes called catacoustics), the properties and effects
of different sounds, including musical sounds or notes, and
the structure and action of the organ of hearing, are all
included in acoustics. See Sowmd.
acqua (äk"wā), m. . [It..] See aqua.
acquaint (a-kwänt”), a. [Sc. acquaint, acquent,
KME. aquente, aqueymte, aqwynt, aquointe, K
OF. acoint, later accoint, “acquainted or famil-
were the only ones no-










acquaint
iar with; also meat, compt, fine, spruce in ap-
parel, or otherwise” (Cotgrave), KL, accognitus,
p. of accognoscere, know or recognize perfect-
y, Kad, to, + Cognoscere, know, K co-, com-, to-
gether, -E *gno-scere, no-scere = E. know: see
know, and cognition, cognize. Cf. quaint. Ac-
quaint is now regarded as a clipped form of ac-
quainted, pp.] Acquainted; personally or mu-
tually known : as, we are not acquaint. [Scotch
and north. Eng.]
When we were first acquent.
Burms, John Anderson,
acquaint (a-kwänt”), v. [KME. aquéinten, aqueyn-
tem, earlier acoimten, akointer, K OF. acointer,
acointier, acouinter, acuintier, acoentier, aquin-
ter, later accointer, “to make acquainted; . . .
also to seek or affect the acquaintance of;
. . . s”accointer de, to Wax acquainted, grow
familiar with, or to get or desire the acquain-
tance of ’’ (Cotgrave), KML. adeognitare, make
known, K. L. accognitus, pp. of accognoscere,
know or recognize perfectly: see acquaint, a.]
I. trans. 1. To cause to have acquaintance or
be more or less familiar; make conversant: used
with with : as, to acquaint one's self, or make
one’s self acquainted, with a subject; to make
persons (to be) acquainted with each other.
A man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief. Isa. liii. 3.
Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows.
Shalt., Tempest, ii. 2.
We that “gº ourselves with every zone.
ir J. Davies, Int. to Immortal. of Soul.
Persons themselves acquaint us with the impersonal.
Jºhmerson, Essays, 1st Ser., p. 252.
2. To furnish with knowledge or information
(about); make Conversant by notice or com-
munication: with with before the subject of
information, and formerly sometimes with of :
as, to acquaint a friend with one's proceedings.
But, for some other reasons, my grave sir,
Which 'tis not fit you know, I not acquaint
My father of this business. Shak., W. T., iv. 3.
Though you are so averse to my acquainting Lady Teazle
with your passion for Maria, I'm sure she's not your enemy
in the affair. Sheridam, School for Scandal, iv. 3.
=Syn, 1. To acquaint (with), make known (to), familiar-
ize (with), introduce (to).-2. To inform (of), communicate
Ş. apprise (of), mention (to), signify (to), intimate (to),
isclose (to), reveal (to), tell (to). See ammownce and in-
Jorm.
II.f intrams. To become acquainted.
The manere
How they aqueymteden in fere.
Chaucer, House of Fame, l. 250.
acquaintable? (a-kwān’ta-bl), a. [K OF. acoin-
table, later accoin table, “acquaintable, easie to
be acquainted or familiar with ” (Cotgrave),
Kacointer, make known: see acquaint, v.] Easy
to be acquainted with ; affable. Rom. of Rose.
acquaintance (3-kwān’tans), m. [KME. aguayn-
tance, aqueyntance, intimacy, personal know-
ledge, friendship (not used in the concrete
sense of a person known), K OF. acoimtance,
later accointance, “acquaintance, conversation
or commerce with" (Cotgrave), Kacointer, make
known: see acquaint, v.] 1. The state of being
acquainted, or of being more or less intimately
conversant (used with reference to both per-
sons and things); knowledge of ; experience
in: used with with, and formerly sometimes
with of.
Good Master Brook, I desire more acquaintance of you.
Shale., M. W. of W., ii. 2.
That general acquaintance with the mechanism and
working of the living system which all persons, even
moderately educated, should possess.
†warley and Yowmans, Physiol., § 368.
I have a very general acquaintance here in New Eng-
land. Hawthorne, Old Manse, i.
2. A person known to one, especially a person
52
Nor was his acquaintance less with the famous poets of
his age, than with the noblemen and ladies. ryden.
The honour of Sheridan's familiarity — or supposed fa-
miliarity—was better to my godfather than money.
4. Lamb, My First Play.
The intimacy between the father of Eugenio and Agres-
tis produced a tender friendship between his sister and
Amelia. Hawkesworth, Adventurer, No. 64.
acquaintanceship (3-kWän’tans-ship), n. The
state of having acquaintance.
acquaintant? (8-kwān’tant), n. [K acquaint
-anti, after ÖF. acointánt, ppr. of acointer,
acquaint; prob. developed from acquaintance,
with which, in sense 3, the pl. acquaintants
would nearly coincide in pronunciation.] A.
person with whom one is acquainted. See ac-
quaintance, 2.
An acquaintant and a friend of Edmund Spenser.
I. Walton.
He and his readers are become old acquaintants.
Swift, Tale of a Tub.
acquainted (a-kwān’ted), p. a. [K acquaint +
-ed”. Cf. acquaint, a.] 1. Having acquain-
tance; informed; having personal knowledge.
Faulk. What, is he much acquainted in the family?
Abs. O, very intimate. heridam, The Rivals, ii. 1.
2#. ISnown; familiarly known; not new.
Things acquainted and familiar to us.
Shak., 2 Hem. IV., v. 2.
acquaintedness (a-kwān'ted-nes), m. The
state of being acquainted. [Rare.]
acquéreur (a-kā-rèr'), m. [F., an acquirer, Kac-
quérir, acquire : see acquire.] In French and
Canadian law, one who acquires title, particu-
larly to immovable property, by purchase.
acquest (a-kWest'), m. [K OF. acquest, F. ac-
quét = It. acquisto (ML. acquistum), an acquisi-
tion, purchase, K L. acqua situm, usually acquisi-
twm, a thing acquired, neut. pp. of acquirere,
acquire : see acquire. Cf. conquest.] lit. The
act of acquiring; acquirement: as, “countries
of new acquest,” Bacon.—2+. A thing gained;
an acquisition; a thing acquired by force: as,
“new acquests and encroachments,” Woodward,
Nat. Hist.—3. In civil law: (a) Property ac-
quired in other ways than by succession. (b)
Property acquired during a marriage under the
rule of community of property. [In this sense
usually in the plural and spelled, as French, ac-
quéts.] See conquét.
acquetoni, n. See acton. .
acquiesce (ak-wi-es"), v. i. ; pret. and pp. acqui-
esced, ppr. acquiescing. [K F. acquiescer, “to
yield or agree unto, come to agreement, be at
quiet, strive or stir no more” (Cotgrave), – It.
acquiescere, K L. acquiescere, rest, repose in, find
rest in, Kad, to, + quiescere, rest, K quies, rest:
See quiesce and quiet.] 1+. To come to rest, or
remain at rest.
Which atoms are still hovering up and down, and never
rest till they meet with some pores proportionable and
cognate to their figures, where they acquiesce.
Howell, Letters, iv. 50.
2. To agree; consent; tacitly assent ; quietly
comply or submit: as, to acquiesce in an opin-
ion, argument, or arrangement.
Neander sent his man with a letter to Theomachus,
Who acquiesced to the proposal.
Gentleman Instructed, p. 123.
IPresuming on the unshaken submission of Hippolita, he
flattered himself that she would . . . acquiesce with pa-
tience to a divorce. Walpole, Castle of Otranto, i.
Take the place and attitude which belong to you, and
all men acquiesce. Bmerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 136.
[In modern usage, acquiesce is generally followed by the
preposition in ; formerly to, with, and from were in use.]
acquiescement (ak-wi-esſment; F. pron. a-
kyes' moſſ), n. IK F. “acquiescement, quiet-
ness, also an agreement” (Cotgrave): see ac-
quiesce and -ment.] In French and Canadian
with whom one is not on terms of great inti- A law, acquiescence; free consent.
macy: as, he is not a friend, only an acquain- acquiescence (ak-wi-es’ems), m.
tance. [This is the only sense which ädmits of
•a plural form.]
We see he is ashamed of his nearest acquaintances.
C. Boyle, Bentley on Phalaris.
Mere acquaintance you have none; you have drawn
them all into a nearer line; and they who have conversed
with you, are for ever after inviolably yours.
Dryden, Orig. and Prog. of Satire.
3. The whole body of those with whom one is
acquainted: used as a plural, as if for acquain-
tances. See acquaintant.
Mine acquaintance are verily estranged from me. .
Job xix. 13.
To cultivate one’s acquaintance, to endeavor to be-
come intimate with one. =Syn, 1. Acquaintance, Famil-
iarity, Intimacy. Acquaintance, knowledge arising from
occasional intercourse; familiarity, knowledge arising
from frequent or daily intercourse; intimacy, unreserved
intercourse, intercourse of the closest possible kind.
[= Sp. aquies-
cencia = It. acquiescenza, KL. as if *acquiescentia,
K acquiescen(t-)s, acquiescent: see acquiescent.]
1. The act of acquiescing or giving tacit as-
sent; a silent submission, or submission with
apparent consent. It is distinguished from avowed
consent on the one hand, and from opposition or open dis-
content on the other: as, an acquiescence in the decisions
of a court, or in the allotments of Providence.
With the inevitable acquiescence of all public servants,
[he] I'esumes llis composure and goes on.
Hawthorne, Snow Image.
There is a certain grave acquiescence in ignorance, a
recognition of our impotence to solve momentous and
urgent questions, which has a satisfaction of its own.
J. H. Newman, Gram. of Assent, p. 198.
2. In law, such neglect to take legal proceed-
ings in opposition to a matter as implies con-
Sent thereto. = Syn. Assent, Consent, Concurrence, etc.
(See assent), compliance, resignation.
acquiry
acquiescency (ak-wi-es’ ºn-si), n. [See acqui-
esce and -cy.]. The state of being acquiescent;
a condition of silent submission or assent. -
acquiescent (ak-wi-es' ent), a. [K L. acqui.
escen(?-)3, ppr. of acquiescere ; see acquiesce.]
Disposed to acquiesce or yield; submissive;
easy; unresisting. tº
A man nearly sixty, of acquiescent temper, miscellane-
ous opinions, and uncertain vote.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 11.
acquiescently (ak-wi-es'gnt-li), adv. In an ac-
quiescent manner.
acquiescingly (ak-wi-esſing-li), adv. In an ac-
quiescing manner; acquiescently,
acquiett (a-kwiſet), v. t. [K. M.L. acquietare,
quiet, settle: See acquit.] To render quiet;
compose; set at rest.
Acquiet his mind from stirring you.
Sir A. Shirley, Travels.
acquirability (8-kwir-a-bil’i-ti), m. The quality
of being acquirable. Paley. [Rare.j
acquirable (8-kwir’à-bl), a. [K acquire + -able.
Cf. Sp. adgilirible, Pg. adquirivel.] Capable of
being acquired. *
acquire (a-kWir'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. º
ppr. acquiring. [KME. aqwere (rare), KOF. ac-
guerre, later aquerir, F. acquérir, acquire, get,
= Sp. Pg. adgwirir, K. L. acquarere, a collateral
form of acquirere, acquire, get, obtain, Kad, to, +
quarere, seek: , see query. The E. word is now
spelled with i instead of e, to bring it nearer to
the Latin. Cf. inquire, require.] To get or
gain, the object being something which is more
or less permanent, or which becomes vested or
inherent in the subject: as, to acquire a title,
estate, learning, habits, skill, dominion, etc.;
to acquire a stammer; sugar acquires a brown
color by being burned. A mere temporary posses-
sion is not expressed by acquire, but by obtain, procure,
etc. : as, to obtain (not acquire) a book on loan.
Descent is the title whereby a man, on the death of his
ancestor, acquires his estate by right of representation, as
his heir at law. Blackstome.
Having been left in a greater degree than others to man-
age their own affairs, the English people have become
self-helping, and have acquired great practical ability.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 429.
Men acquire faculties by }*:::::::
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 94.
The young demand thoughts that find an echo in their
real and not their acquired nature, and care very little
about the dress they are put in.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 406.
Acquired logic. See logic. =Syn. To get, obtain, gain,
attain, procure, win, earm, secure, gather, master, learn.
See attain.
acquirement (a-kwir’ ment), n. 1. The act of
acquiring; especially, the gaining of knowledge
or mental attributes.
It is very difficult to lay down rules for the acquirement
of such a taste. Addison, Spectator, No. 409.
2. That which is acquired; attainment: com-
monly in the plural.
His acquirements by industry were enriched and en-
larged by many excellent-endowments of nature.
Sir J. Hayward, Raigne of Edward VI.
=Syn. 1. Gathering, gaining.—2. Acquirements, Acqui-
sitions, Attainments, Accomplishments, Emdowments
Endwenents; gain, resources. Acquisitions is the most
general term, but it is gradually being restricted to ma-
terial gains. Attainments denotes exclusively intellec-
tual or moral acquisitions: as, a man of great attainments;
his spiritual attainments were high. Acquirements has
nearly the same meaning as attainments, though it is
sometimes loosely used as equivalent to acquisitions; it
has more direct reference to particular things acquired :
as, skill in boxing was among his acquirements. Accom-
plishments are attainments or acquirements, particularly
such as fit the possessor for society: as, French, dancing,
and music were the sum of her accomplishments. Em-
dowments are the gifts of nature, as genius or aptitude.
Endwements are endowments, acquirements, or attain-
ments in the field of moral and spiritual life, but they are
opposed to attainments in being regarded as gifts from
heaven rather than as the result of personal endeavor.
See endwe?.
When you are disposed to be vain of your mental ac-
quirements, look up to those who are more accomplished
than yourself. Dr. J. Moore.
Interference has been sanctioned, . . . either in the
purely domestic concerns of a nation, or with respect to
its foreign relations and territorial acquisitions.
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 192.
It is in general more profitable to reckon up our defects
than to boast of our attainments. Carlyle, Essays.
I danced the polka and cellarius,
Spum glass, stuffed birds, and modeled flowers in wax,
Because she liked accomplishments in girls.
Mrs. Browning, Aurora Leigh, i. 1.
He ought to think no man valuable but for his public
Spirit, justice, and integrity; and all other endowments
to be esteemed only as they contribute to the exerting
those virtues. Steele, Spectator, No. 340.
acquirer (a-kwir’ér), m. One who acquires.
acquiryf (3-kwir’i), m. [K acquire + -y, after in-
º Acquirement.
No art requireth more hard study and pain toward the
acquiry of it than contentment, Barrow, Sermons, III. 62.
acquisible .”
•º (a-kwizi-bl), a. [KL. acquis-itus }
of acquirerê, acquire (see acquire), H E. º ..]
Capable of being acquired. [Rare.] is
acquisitet (ak'wi-zit), a. [K L. acquisitº,
gained, pp. of acquirere, gain: see acquire. Cf.
exquisite, requisite.] Acquired; gained.
A humour is a liquid or fluent part of the body, Com-
prehended in it, for the preservation of it; and is either
innate or born with us, or adventitious and acquisite,
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 95.
acquisition (ak-wi-zish' Qn), n. IKL. acquisi
tio(nº), acquisition, K acquirere; see acquire.
1. The act of acquiring or gaining possession:
as, the acquisition of property.
Any European state may be restrained from pursuing
plans of acquisition, or making preparations looking to-
ward future acquisitions, which are judged to be hazard-
ous to the independence . . . of its neighbors.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 43.
2. That which is acquired or gained; especially,
a material possession obtained by any means,
but sometimes used in the plural of mental
gains.
The Cromwellians were induced to relinquish one third
of their acquisitions. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., v.
They learn so fast and convey the result so fast as to
outrun the logic of their slow brother and make his ac-
quisitions poor. Emerson, Woman.
=Syn. 2. Acquirements, Acquisitions, etc. See acquire-
t
J
270627? L.
acquisitive (a-kwiz’i-tiv), a. [KL. as if *acqui-
sitivus, K acquisitus, pp.; see acquisite.] 1+.
Acquired.
He died not in his acquisitive, but in his native soil.
Wottom, Reliquiae, p. 106.
2. Making or tending to make acquisitions;
having a propensity to acquire: as, an acquis-
itive disposition.
The first condition then of mental development is that
the attitude of the mind should be creative rather than
acquisitive. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 105.
Acquisitive faculty, in psychol., perception; the pre-
sentative faculty.
acquisitively (a-kwiz’i-tiv-li), adv. . In an ac-
quisitive manner; by way of acquisition.
ãcquisitiveness (a-kwiz’i-tiv-nes), n. 1. The
quality of being acquisitive; a propensity to
acquire property.—2. In phren., the organ to
which is attributed the function of producing
the general desire to acquire and possess, apart
from the uses of the objects. Sometimes called
covetiveness. See cut under phrenology.
acquisti (a-kwist"), n. [A form of acquest, after
It. acquisto, M.L. acquistum, L. acquisitwm.] AC-
quest; acquirement.
New acquist
Of true experience. Milton, S. A., l. 1755.
acquit (8-kwit’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. acquitted
sº acăuiting.” [K #. aquêtem, § & OF
aquiter, acuiter, later acquiter, “to quit, acquit,
free, clear, discharge, rid of, deliver from *
(Cotgrave), F. acquitter = Pr. aquitar = It. ac-
quetare, appease, quiet, KML. “acquitare, acquie-
tare, Settle a claim, appease, quiet, K L. ad, to,
+ quietare, quiet, & quietus, discharged, free, at
rest, quiet: see acquiet, quiet, and quit.] 1. To
release or discharge, as from an obligation, ac-
cusation, guilt, censure, suspicion, or whatever
is laid against or upon a person as a charge or
duty; specifically, in law, to pronounce not
guilty: as, we acquit a man of evil intentions;
the jury acquitted the prisoner. It is followed by of
before the thing of which one is acquitted; to acquit from
is obsolete.
His poverty, can you acquit him of that?
Sheridan, The Duenna, ii. 3.
If he [Bacon) was convicted, it was because it was impos-
sible to acquit him without offering the grossest outrage
to justice and common sense. Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
2. To atone for. [Rare.]
Till life to death acquit my forced offence.
Shak., Lucrece, l. 1071.
3. To settle, as a debt; requite; pay; discharge;
{e Aqwyte hym wel for goddes love, quod he.
quºyte nym Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 1200.
Midst foes (as champion of the faith) he ment.
That palme or cypress should his paines acquite.
Carew, Tasso.
I admit it to be not so much the duty as the privilege of
an American citizen to acquit this obligation to the mem-
ory of his fathers with discretion and generosity.
Everett, Orations, I. 382.
We see young men who owe us a new world, so readily
and lavishly they promise, but they never acquit the debt.
JEmersom, Experience.
4. With a reflexive pronoun: (a) To clear
one's self.
Pray God he may acquit him [himself] of suspicion l
y acq Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
(b) To behave; bear or conduct one's self: as,
Aquittal.
53
the soldier acquitted himself well in battle; the
orator acquitted himself indifferently.
Though this was one of the first mercantile transac-
tions of my life, yet I had no doubt about acquitting my-
&elf with reputation. Goldsmith, Vicar, xiv.
5t. To release; set free; rescue.
Till I have acquit your captive Knight.
Spenger, F. Q., I. vii. 52.
=Syn. 1. To exonerate, exculpate, discharge, set free.
See absolve.—4. (b) To behave, act, bear, conduct, demean,
deport, or quit (one's self).
acquitt. Past participle of acquit.
I am glad I am so acquit of this tinder-box.
Shak., M. W. of W., i. 3.
acquitef (a-kwit’), v. t. Same as acquit. [Com-
pare requite.]
acquitment (a-kwit’ment), n. The act of ac-
quitting, º the * of being acquitted; ac-
afe.
àcquittal (3-kwit’al), n. [K ME. acquitalle,
-ayle ; K acquit H--al.] 1. The act of acquitting,
or the state of being acquitted. Specifically, in
law: (a) A judicial setting free or deliverance from the
charge of an offense by pronouncing averdict of not guilty.
(b) In England, freedom from entries and molestations by
a superior lord for services issuing out of lands. Cowell.
2. Performance, as of a duty; discharge of an
obligation or a debt.
I have been long in arrears to you, but I trust you will
take this huge letter as an *;
alpole, Letter to H. Mann.
acquittance (a-kwit’ans), n. [KME. aquitance,
-ans, º -aunce, & ÖF. aquitance, Kagui-
ter, discharge: see acquit and -ance.] 1. The
act of acquitting or discharging from a debt or
any other liability; the state of being so dis-
charged.
Now must your conscience my *ś: Seal.
hak., Hamlet, iv. 7.
2. A writing in evidence of a discharge; a re-
ceipt in full, which bars a further demand.
You can produce acquittances
For such a sum. Shak., L. L. L., ii. 1.
3+. The act of clearing one's self.
Being suspected and put for their acquittance to take
the Sacrament of the altar. Jer. Taylor.
acquittance? (a-kwit’ans), v. t. To acquit.
Your mere enforcement shall acquittance me
From all the impure blots and stains thereof.
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 7.
acquittance-roll (a-kwit’ans-ról), m. In the
British army, the pay-roll of a company, troop,
or battery.
Acraea (a-kTé'â), m. [NL., KGr. akpalog, equiv.
to drºpog, at the top or extremity.] A genus of
nymphalid butterflies, typical of the subfamily
Acraeinae. A. antias is an example.
Acraeinae (ak-ré-iſné), m. pl. [NL., KAcraea +
-imaº.] A subfamily of butterflies of the family
Nymphalidae, taking name from the leading
genus Acraea, and containing mostly African
species of small or moderate size, with semi-
transparent wings, reddish-brown marked with
black. There are about 85 species.
Acramphibrya, (ak-ram-fibri-á), m. pl. DNL.,
KGr. Škpoc, at the end, + dupſ, on both sides,
+3pôov, a flower, blossom, KBpietv, swell, be full
to bursting.] In bot., a term used by Endlicher
as a class name for exogenous plants, which he
described as plants growing both at the apex
and at the sides.
acrania (a-krä’ni-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. -H
Kpavtov, L. cranium, the skull.] 1. [NL., fem.
sing.] In teratol., a malformation consisting
in an entire absence of the bones and integu-
ments forming the vault of the skull. SO
written acramy.—2. [cap.] [NL., neut. pl.] A
name proposed by Haeckel as a class designa-
tion for Amphioxus or Branchiostoma; a syn-
onym of Myelozoa or Leptocardia (which see).
Also called Acephala. See Amphioacus and Bran-
chiostoma.
acranial (a-krā’ni-al), a. [See acrania.] Hav-
ing no S
acrany (ak’rā-ni), n. Same as acrania, 1.
acraset, v. t. See acraze.
a crasiał, n. See acrasy.
Acraspeda, Acraspedota (a-kras’pe-dā, a-
kras-pe-dó’tā), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv.
kpáatredov, a hem or border.] The name given
by Gegenbaur to the acalephs proper; that is,
to those jelly-fishes and sea-nettles the lobate
border of whose disk is not provided with
a contractile marginal fold or true velum:
nearly synonymous with Discophora (which
see): opposed to Craspedota. See cut under
acaleph.
acraspedote (a-kras’pe-dót), a. [K Gr. 6- priv.
(a-18) + craspedote, or as Acraspeda + -ote.]
*
acrasyt, acrasiat, (akºra-si, a-krā’zi-á), n.
acratia (a-krä'shiá), n.
acrazeł, a craset (a-krāz'), v. t.
acre (äſkēr), n.
acreable (ā’kèr-a-bl), a.
aCreage
Having no velum, as a discophore; of or per-
taining to the Acraspeda.
The Hydroidea and Siphonophora are craspedote ; the
Discophora are supposed to be destitute of a veil, and are
therefore acrašpedote. Stand. Nat. Hist., L. 94.
[K
L. acrasia, which appears to combine the no-
tions of (1) "Gr. &kpagia, later form of diſpáteta,
intemperance, want of self-control (Kößpatág,
wanting in self-control, intemperate, unbridled,
Ká- priv. -- kpótog, strength, power, akin to E.
hard, q.v.); and (2) Gr. &kpaata, bad mixture,
ill temperature, Kärparoc, unmixed, untempered,
intemperate, excessive, Kå- priv. -- *kpatóg,
mixed: see crater and crasis.] Excess; Surfeit;
intemperance; incontinence.
Acrasies, whether of the body or mind, occasion great
uneasiness. Cornish, Life of Firmin, p. 84.
[K Gr. &ſcpáreza, want
of power: see acrasy..] . In pathol., failure of
strength; weakness; debility.
[K F. acraser
“accrazer, break, burst, craze, bruise, crush ’’
(Cotgrave), same as écraser, escraser, “to squash
down, beat flat,” etc. (Cotgrave): see a-11, a-15,
and craze.] To weaken, impair, or enfeeble in
mind, body, or estate.
I acrazed was. Mir. for Mags., p. 138.
My substance impaired, my credit acrosed.
Gascoigne, Letter in Hermit's Tale, p. 21.
Cold in the night which acraseth the bodie.
Holinshed, Chronicles, III. 1049.
[KME. aker, akir, a field, an
acre, KAS. acer, a field, later also an acre, -
OS. akkar = OFries. ekker = D. akker = OHG.
ahhar, achar,accar, M.H.G. G. acker=Icel. akr =
Sw. Öker=Dan. ager = Goth. akrs=L. ager=Gr.
dypóg = Skt. afra, all in the sense of field, orig.
a pasture or a chase, hunting-ground; K V “ag,
Skt. Vaj = Gr. &yetv = L. agere = Icel. aka,
drive: see ake = achel, and (KL. agere) act,
etc. Hence acorn, q.v. The spelling acre in-
stead of the reg. aker (cf. baker, AS. baecere) is
due to its legal use in imitation of OF. acre, K
ML. (Law L.) acra, acrum, from Teut.] 1.
Originally, an open plowed or sowed field. This
signification was gradually lost after the acre was made a
definite measure of surface. Still used in the plural to
denote fields or land in general.
My bosky acres, and my unshrubb'd down,
Shak., Tempest, iv. 1.
Over whose acres walked those blessed feet.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV. . i. 1.
2. A superficial measure of land, usually
stated to be 40 poles in length by 4 in breadth;
but 160 perches (=4840 square yards, or 43,560
square feet) make an acre, however shaped.
An acre, as a Specific quantity of land, was reckoned in
England as much as a yoke of oxen could plow in a day
till the establishment of a definite measure by laws of the
thirteenth century and later. This is known in Great
Britain and the United States as the statute acre, to dis-
tinguish it from the customary acres still in use to some
extent in Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. The Scotch acre
is larger than the statute acre, as it contains 6150.4 square
yards, 48 Scotch acres being equal to 61 statute acres. The
Irish acre is 7840 square yards, 100 Irish acres being nearly
equivalent to 162 statute acres. In Wales different mea-
Sures, the erw, the stang, the paladr, are called acres. The
true erW is 4320 square yards; the stang is 3240. There
is also the Cornish acre, of 57.60 square yards. Among
the customary English acres are found measures of the
following numbers of perches: 80 (of hops), 90 (of hops),
107, 110, 120 (shut acre), 130, 132, 134, 141, 180 (forest
acre), 200 (for copyhold land in Lincolnshire), 212, 256 (of
wood). The Leicestershire acre has 230S$ square yards,
the Westmoreland acre 6760 square yards, the Cheshire
acre 10,240 square yards. Often abbreviated to A. or a.
The acre was in many cases a small field simply, i. e.,
an ager; and a hundred and twenty small fields were
called a hide. A standard acre was hardly established
until the thirteenth century.
D. W. Ross, German Land-holding, Notes, p. 131.
3t. A lineal measure equal to a furrow's length,
or 40 poles; more frequently, an acre’s breadth,
4 poles, equal to 22 or 25 yards.-Burgh acres.
See burgh.—God’s acre. See God’s-acre.
[K acre + -able.] Ac-
cording to the acre; measured or estimated in
acres or by the acre.
The acreable produce of the two methods was nearly the
SālīlC. Complete Farmer, Art. Potatoe (Ord. MS.).
acreage (ā’kèr-āj), n. [Kacre + -age.] The num-
ber of acres in a piece or tract of land; acres
taken collectively; extent in acres: as, the
acreage of farm-land in a country; the acreage
of wheat sown.
No coarse and blockish God of acreage
Stands at thy gate for thee to grovel to.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
The interests of a nation of our acreage and population
are a serious load to be conducted safely,
N. A. Rev., CXLI. 211.
a Crecholic
acrecholic (ak-rek-bol'ik), a. [K Gr. &Kpoc, at
the top, + echolic, q.v.] Eversible by protru-
sion of the apex; protruded by a forward move-
ment of the tip: applied to the introverted pro-
boscis of certain animals, as rhabdocoelous pla-
narians and Sundry gastropods: the opposite of
acrembolic, and correlated with pleurembolic:
as, “acrecholic tubes or introverts,” E. R. Lan-
kester, Encyc. Brit., XVI, 652.
acrecencia (ā-krä-thān'thé-á), n. [Sp., -
... accrescence, q. v.] Increase; augmenta-
tion; growth; accretion. More specifically, the en-
hancement of the portions of one or more of several heirs,
legatees, etc., resulting when the others do not accept or
are meapable of sharing the inheritance. Used in the law
of lºts of the United States originally settled by Span-
lar ClS.
acrecimiento (Sp. pron. #-krä-thé-mê-ān’tó), n.
[Sp., K acrecer = E. accresce, q.v.] Same as
(LC)’666)? C&CL.
acred (ā’kèrd), a. Possessing acres or landed
property; used chiefly in composition : as,
‘many-acred men,” Sir W. Jones, Speech on
Ref. Of Parl.
He was not unfrequently a son of a noble, or at least of
an acred, house. The Nation, July 26, 1877, p. 58.
acre-dale (ā’kèr-dāl), n. [K acre + dale2 = deall,
a share.] Land in a common field, different
#: º are held by different proprietors.
row. Eng.
Acredula (a-kred’ī-lä), n. [L., an unknown
'bird, väriously guessed to be a thrush, owl,
nightingale, or lark.] Agenus of titmice, fam-
ily Paridae, founded by Koch in 1816, character-
ized by the great length of the tail. Acredula
caudata, the type of the genus, is the common long-tailed
titmouse or European bottle-tit (which see). A. rosea is
another species.
acreman? (ā’kèr-man), n. [K ME. akerman, K
AS. acerman; K acre, a field, + man.] A farmer;
one who cultivates the fields. E. D.
acrembolic (ak-rem-bol’ik), a. [K Gr. &kpog, at
the top, + embolic, q.v.] Introversible by in-
trusion of the apex; withdrawn by a sinking in
of the tip : applied to the everted proboscis of
certain animals, as rhabdocoelous planarians
and Sundry gastropods: opposed to acrecbolic.
The acrembolic proboscis or frontal introvert of the
Nemertime worms has a complete range.
B. R. Lamkester, Encyc. Brit., XVI, 652.
acre-shot? (äſkēr-shot), n. IK acre, a field, +
shot, proportion, reckoning: see scot and shot.]
A local land-tax or charge. Dugdale.
acre-staff: (a^kèr-stāf), m. [K acre, a field, --
staff.] A plow-staff, used to clear the coiter
or cutter of the plow when clogged with earth.
Also spelled aker-Staff.
Where the Husbandman's Acre-staff and the Shepherd's
book are, as in this County, in State, there they engross
all to themselves. Fuller, Worthies, I. 561.
acrid (ak’rid), a. and m. [First in 18th century;
KL. acer, rarely acris, acrus (X F. dere = Sp. Pg.
It. acre), sharp, pungent; with termination due
to the kindred L. acidus, sharp, sour: see acid.]
I. a. 1. Sharp or biting to the tongue or in-
teguments; bitterly pungent; irritating: as,
acrid Salts. Acrid substances are those which excite in
the organs of taste a sensation of pungency and heat, and
when applied to the skin irritate and inflame it. Acrid
poisons, including those also called corrosive and escha-
rotic, are those which irritate, corrode, or burn the parts
to which they are applied, producing an intense burning
sensation, and acute pain in the alimentary canal. They
include concentrated acids and alkalis, compounds of mer-
cury, arsenic, copper, etc.
The acrid little jets of smoke which escaped from the
joints of his stove from time to time annoyed him.
IIowells, A Modern Instance, iii.
severe; virulent; violent;
crid temper,” Cowper, Charity.
... m. 1. An acrid poison: as, “a powerful
acrid,” Pereira, Mat. Med.—2. One of a class
of morbific substances supposed by the humor-
ists to exist in the humors.
acridia (a-krid’i-á), m. pl. [NL., pl. of Acrid-
ium.] Members of the grasshopper family, or
the family itself, considered without special
reference to its rank in classification. Also
called acridii. See Acridida!.
acridian (a-krid’i-an), a. and n. I. a. Belong-
ing or relating to the Acridida!.
. m. One of the acridia. tº *r = z º.
Acrididae, Acridiidae (a-krid’i-dé, ak-ri-di’i-
dé), m. pl. [NL., KAcrid-ium, Acridi-um, F-idae.]
A family of saltatorial orthopterous insects,
including the locusts or short-horned grass-
hoppers, having the hind legs fitted by enlarge-
ment of the femora for leaping: related to the
crickets (Gryllidae) and to the long-horned
grasshoppers and katydids (Locustida?). *
2. Figuratively,
stinging: as, “a
54
In Gryllidae and Locustidae the antennae are long and
setaceous, . . . in Acridiidae they are short and stout,
rarely clavate. The ovipositor in the two former families
is often very large ; in Acridiidae there is no ovipositor.
Pascoe, Zoël. Class., 1880, p. 115.
acridii (a-krid’i-i), m. pl. [NL., masc.pl.] Same
as acridia.
acridity (a-krid’i-ti), n. [K acrid + -ity, after
acidity.] The quality of being acrid ; pungency
conjoined with bitterness and corrosive irrita-
tion: acridness.
Acridium (a-krid’i-um), n. DNL.; also written
improp. Acrydium; K Gr, dispíðtov, dim. of ākpig,
a locust: see Acris.] A leading genus of grass-
hoppers, § name to the family Acrididae.
a; (ak’rid-li), adv. With sharp or irritat-
ing bitterness.
acridness (ak’rid-nes), n.
acrid or pungent. -
acridophagus (8k-ri-dofa-gus), n., pl. acridoph-
agi (-ji). [NL., KGT. &kptôopáyog, Kárpig § 8,
locust (see Acris), + payeiv, eaf.j Alocust-eater.
They are still acridophagi, and even the citizens far pre-
fer a dish of locusts to the “fasikh,” which act as ancho-
vies, Sardines, and herrings in Egypt.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 343.
Acridotheres (ak’ri-dò-théºrèz), m. [NL. (Vieil-
lot, 1816), K. Gr. &kpig (ākptó-), a locust, + 6mpāv,
hunt or chase, Kóñpa, a hunting, the chase.] A
notable genus of old-world sturmoid passerine
birds, founded by Vieillot in 1816; the minas
or mina-birds, several species of which are
among the commonest and most characteristic
birds of India and zoölogically related coun-
tries. They resenble and are allied to starlings. A. tristis
is a leading example. The species have often been re-
ferred to the Cuvierian genus Graculus (which see). Crido-
theres is an erroneous form of Acridotheres, apparently
Originating with Cuvier. .
a crimonious (ak-ri-mó’ni-us), a. [= F. acri-
7moniewa! = Pg. acrimonioso, KML. acrimoniosus,
K L. acrimonia, acrimony.] 1. Abounding in
acrimony or acridness; acrid; corrosive. [Now
rare.]
If gall cannot be rendered acrimonious and bitter of
itself. Harvey, Consumption.
2. Figuratively, severe; bitter; virulent; caus-
tic; stinging: applied to language, temper,
etc.
The factions have the cunning to say, that the bitter-
mess of their spirit is owing to the harsh and acrimonious
treatment they receive. Ames, Works, II. 113.
If we knew the man, we should see that to return an
acrimonious answer would be the most ridiculous of all
possible modes of retort. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 139.
acrimoniously (ak-ri-mö'ni-us-li), adv. In an
acrimonious manner; sharply; bitterly ; pun-
gently.
acrimoniousness (ak-ri-mö'ni-us-nes), n. The
state or quality of being acrimonious.
acrimony (ak’ri-mâ-ni), m. [= F. acrimonie–
Sp. Pg. It. acrimonia, K i. acrimonia, sharpness,
pungency, austerity, Kacer (acr-), sharp, pun-
gent: see acrid and acid.] 1. Acridity; harsh-
ness or extreme bitterness of taste; pungency;
corrosiveness. [Now rare.]
Those milks [in certain plants] have all an acrimony,
though one Would think they should be lenitive.
- Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 639.
2. Figuratively, sharpness or severity of tem-
per; bitterness of expression proceeding from
anger, ill mature, or petulance; virulence.
Acrimony of voice and gesture.
Bp. Hacket, Life of Abp. Williams.
In his official letters he expressed with great acrimony
his contempt for the king's character and understanding.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xii.
Acrimony of the humors, an imaginary acrid change
of the blood, lymph, etc., which by the humorists was
conceived to cause many diseases. Dunglison. = Syn. 2.
Acrimony, Asperity, Harshness, Severity, Tartness, Sowr-
ness, Bitterness, Virulence, Ramcor, acerbity, crabbedness,
irascibility. (See harshmess.) These words express differ-
ent degrees of severe feeling, language, or conduct, their
signification being determined largely by their derivation
and primary use. Tartness is the mildest term, applying
generally to language; it implies some wit or quickness of
mind, and perhaps a willingness to display it. As tartmess
is the subacid quality of mind, so acrimony is its acidity;
it is a biting sharpness; it may or may not proceed from
a nature permanently soured. Sowrmessis the Anglo-Saxon
for a crimony, with more suggestion of permanent quality—
80wrmess of look or language proceeding from a sour nature.
Bitterness, which is founded upon a kindred figure, is sown'-
mess with a touch of rancor; it is more positive and aggres-
sive. Sowrmess and bitterness contain less malignity than
acrimony. Virulence rises to a high degree of malignity,
and ramcor to such a height as almost to break down self-
control; the whole nature is envenomed, rancid. These
words are almost never applied to conduct; asperity and
harshness, being founded upon a different figure, are nat-
urally and often so applied; they convey theidea of rough-
ness to the touch. Asperity is the lighter of the two; it is
often aroughness of manner, and may be the result of anger;
it has a sharper edge than harshness. Harshmess is the
most applicable to conduct, demands, etc., of all the list;
it may proceed from insensibility to others' feelings or
The quality of being
3,0ſO-.
acro-
rights, Severity has a wide range of meaning, expressing
often that which is justified or necessary, and often that
which is harsh or hard; as applied to language or conduct
it is a weighty Word. We may speak of acrimony in de-
bate or of feeling; asperity of manner; harshness of con-
duct, language, requirements, terms, treatment; severity
of censure, punishment, manner; tartness of reply; sour-
mess of aspect; bitterness of º; feeling, retort; viru-
lence and rancor of feeling and language.
It is well known in what terms of acrimony and per-
sonal hatred Swift attacked Dryden.
Godwin, The Enquirer, p. 379.
The orators of the opposition declared against him
with great animation and asperity.
- Macaulay, Hist. Eng., v.
He that by harshness of nature and arbitrariness of
commands uses his children like servants is what they
mean by a tyrant. Sir W. Temple.
Severity, gradually hardening and darkening into mis-
anthropy, characterizes the works of Swift. -
Macaulay, Addison.
The Dean [Swift], the author of all the mirth, preserves
an invincible gravity and even sowrmess of aspect.
Macawlay, Addison.
To express themselves with smartness against the errors
of men, without bitterness against their persons.
Steele, Tatler, No. 242.
No authors draw upon themselves more displeasure
than those who deal in political matters, which is justly
incurred, considering that spirit of rancowr and virulence
With Which works of this nature abound. Addison.
They hate to mingle in the filthy fray,
Where the soul sours, and gradual rancowr grows,
Imbittered more from peevish day to day.
Thomson, Castle of Indolence, i. 17.
Acris (ak(ris), n. [NL., K. Gr. &kpig (ākptó-), a
locust (L. gryllus).] A genus of tree-frogs of
the family Hylidae. Acris gryllus, a characteristic ex-
ample, is common in the United States, its loud rattling
}. being heard everywhere in the spring. Dwméril and
7,07'O??:
acrisia (a-kris’i-á), n. [NL., KGr. &ºptota, want
of judgment, the undecided character, of a
disease, Kökpitog, undecided, undiscernible, Kå-
priv. -- Kpltág, separated, distinguished, Krºpfvetv
separate, distinguish, judge : see crisis an
critic..] A condition of disease such as to render
prognosis impossible or unfavorable; absence
of determinable or favorable symptoms.
acrisy (akºri-si), n., [K acrisia.] 1. Same as
acrisia.-2. Injudiciousness. [Rare.]
Acrita (ak(ri-tä), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. Ökpita, neut.
pl. of Čikputog, undiscernible, indiscriminate: see
acrisia.]. A name originally proposed for that
group of animals in which no distinct nervous
system exists or is discernible. It thus included,
besides all of the Protozoa, such as the acalephs, some
of the Polypifera, certain Entozoa, the Polygastrica, etc.
The name has been employed by different writers with
varying latitude of signification, but is now disused, ex-
cept as a (loose) synonym of Protozoa and other low forms
of the Cuvierian Radiata, since it has been shown to apply
to no natural group of animals. See Cryptomewra. Also
incorrectly written Acrites, after the French.
acritan (ak’ri-tan), a. [See Acrita.] Of or be-
longing to the Acrita. - *
acrite (ak’rit), a. Same as acritan.
acritical (a-krit/i-kal), a... [K Gr. &-priv. -- crit-
ical; Pg. acritico, not critical. Cf. Gr. Škpºtoc,
under acrisia.] In pathol. : (a) Having no crisis:
as, an acritical abscess. (b) Giving no indica-
tions of a crisis: as, acritical symptoms.
acritochromacy (ak"ri-tó-kró'ma-si), n. IK
acritochromatic: see -acy.] Inability to distin-
guish between colors; color-blindness; achro-
matopsia.
From imperfect observation and the difficulty experi-
enced in communicating intelligently with the Eskimo, I
was unable to determine whether acritochromacy existed
among them to any great extent.
Arc. Crwise of the Corwin, 1881, p. 24.
acritochromatic (ak"ri-tó-krô-mat 'ik), a.
[K Gr, à paroc, not distinguishing (see acrisia),
+ 2 pâga(T-), color.] Characterized by or af-
fected with acritochromacy; unable to distin-
guish between colors.
aCritude (ak’ri-tūd), n. [K L. acritudo, sharp-
ness, Kacer, sharp : see acrid.]. An acrid qual-
ity; bitter pungency; biting heat. [Rare.]
acrity# (ak’rī-ti), n. [After F. 4creté, KL. acri–
ta(t-)s, K acris, sharp: see acrid.] Sharpness;
keen severity; strictness. -
The acrity of prudence, and severity of judgment.
A. Gorges, tr. of Bacon, De Sap. Vet., xviii.
[L., etc., K. Gr. &lpo-, combining form of
ākpog, at the furthest point or end, terminal,
extreme, highest, topmost, Outermost; neut.
âkpov, the highest or furthest point, top, peak,
summit, headland, end, extremity; fem. &#pa,
equiv. to &ºpov. Cf. ākñ, a point, edge, and see
acid, etc.] In 206l. and bot., an element of
many compounds of Greek origin, referring to
the top, tip, point, apex, Summit, or edge of
anything. In a few compounds acro- (acr-)
improperly represents Latin acer, acris, sharp,
pungent: as, acronarcotic, acrolein.
3,0 °03, tº
acroama (a.k-rô-á'mâ), m.; pl. aeroamata (-amº-
à-tā), ,Lº Gr, dipóajid, anything heard, recita-
tion, Kärpgåotal, hear, prob. akinto ºffew, hear:
see client.] 1. Rhetorical declamation, as op-
posed to argument.
Facciolati expanded the argument of Pacius . . . into a
special Acroama, but his eloquence was not more effec-
tive than the reasoning of his predecessors.
Sir W. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 153. (N. E. D.)
2. Oral instruction designed for initiated dis-
ciples only; esoteric doctrine. See acroamatic.
aeroamatic (ak’rö-3-mat'ik), a. [KL. aeroama-
ticus, K. Gr., ákpoagarakóg, designed for hearing
only, K Čºpóqua(r), anything heard: see acro-
ama.] Abstruse; pertaining to deep learning:
tº: to 60,0teric. Applied particularly to those
writings of Aristotle (also termed esoteric) which possessed
a strictly scientific content and form, as opposed to his
exoteric writings or dialogues, which were of a more
popular character. The former were addressed to “hear-
ers,” that is, were intended to be read to his disciples or
were notes written down after his lectures; hence the
epithet acroamatic. All the works of Aristotle which we
possess, except a few fragments of his dialogues, belong to
this class. See esoteric. An equivalent form is acroatic.
We read no acroamatic lectures.
s Hales, Golden Remains.
Acroamatic proof or method, a scientific and strictly
demonstrative proof or method.
acroamatical (ak” rô-a-mat’i-kal), a. Of an ac-
roamatic or abstruse character; acroamatic.
Aristotle was wont to divide his lectures and readings
into acroamatical and exoterical. Hales, Golden Remains.
acroamatics (ak’rö-3-matºiks), m. pl. [Pl. of
acroamatic: see -ics.] Aristotle's acroamatic
writings. See acroamatic. Also called acro-
atics.
acroasis (a.k-rö-ā'sis), n. [L., K. Gr. &kpóaotº, a
hearing or lecture, Kåkpoãoffat, hear: see acro-
ama.] An oral discourse.
acroatic (ak-rº-at'ik), a. [KL. acroaticus, KGr.
ãºpoatſkóg, of or for hearing, Kärpográc, a hearer,
Kákpoãoffat, hear: see acroama.] Same as acro-
amatic.
acroatics. (ak-rū-at’iks), m. pl. Same as acroa-
7matics.
Acrobasis (ak-rob’a-sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. &kpov,
Cf. acrobat.]
the top or end, + 3&otg, a going.
Exemplifications of Acrobasis.
a, leaflets attacked by larva of A. Juglandis *:::::: CaSC-
arer); b, case of larva; c, wings o f 4.
juglandis, e, wings of A. 7tebulo var.
A genus of moths belonging to the Phyci-
4. nebulo, d, wings o
tidae. The following species are now placed in the genus
Mineola. The larvae skeletonizeleaves, forming for them-
selves silken tubes. A. juglandis (Le Baron), the
Apple-leaf Crumpler (Acrobasis indigirtella).
8, cases in winter; c, head and
as, ease, containing caterpillar;
º dº, moth (the cross shows natural
thoracic joints of larva, e arged;
size).
55
walnut case-bearer, feeds upon walnut and hickory, fasten-
ing the leaves together and skeletonizing them from base
to tip. A., indiginella (Zeller) is a common pest on apple-
trees, and is known as the apple-leaf crumpler.
acrobat (ak’rö-bat), n. [K F. acrobate = Sp.
acrobata= Pg. It. acrobata (cf. NL. 'º.
KGr. &cp66aroc, walking on tiptoe, also going to
the top, Käkpov, the highest point, top, summit,
neut. of ākpoc, highest, topmost, + 3aróc, verbal
adj. from Baivetv,
go, - E. come, q.
#. 1. A rope-
dancer; also, one
who practises
high vaulting,
tumbling, or oth-
erfeats of person-
al agility.—2. A
species of the ge-
nus Acrobates.
Acrobates (ak-
rob a -têz), n.
[NL., K. Gr. as if
*ákpoğātmg, equiv.
to drºpóſłatog: see
acrobat.] Agenus
or subgenus of
marsupial quad-
rupeds of the fam-
ily Phalangistidae,
peculiar to Aus-
tralia. It is related
to Petawrus, and in-
cludes such pygmy petaurists as the opossum-mouse, Acro-
bates pygmaeus, one of the most diminutive of marsupials,
being hardly larger than a mouse. . Like various other so.
called flying quadrupeds, the opossum-mouse is provided
with a parachute... The genus was founded by Desmarest
in 1820. Also written Acrobata.
acrobatic (ak-rº-batſik), a. [=T. acrobatique,
KGr. akpoffattkóc, fit for climbing, KakpóBaroc:
see acrobat.] Of or pertaining to an acrobat
or his performances: as, acrobatic feats; acro-
batic entertainments.
Made his pupil’s brain manipulate . . . the whole ex-
traordinary catalogue of an American young lady's school
curriculum, with acrobatic skill.
E. H. Clarke, Sex in Education, p. 71.
acrobatical (ak-rū-batſi-kal), a. Same as ac-
Tobatic. [Rare.]
acrobatically (ak-rū-bat’i-kal-i), adv. In the
manner of an acrobat; with acrobatic skill or
dexterity.
acrobatism (ak’rö-bat-izm), n. [K acrobat +
-ism.] The performance of acrobatic feats;
the profession of an acrobat.
Acrobrya, (ak-robºri-á), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
acrobryus: see acrobryous. Cf. Acramphibrya.]
A term used by Endlicher as a class name for
plants growing at the apex only; the higher
cryptogams: equivalent to acrogens.
acrobryous (akrobºriºus), g., [KNL. acrobryus,
K Gr. Ökpog, at the end, + 3püov, a flower.]
bot., growing at the apex only; of the nature of
Acrobrya.
Acrocarpi (ak-rº-kārºpi), m. pl. INT., pl. of
acrocarpus : see acrocarpows.] In bot., a di-
vision of the mosses, containing the genera in
which the capsule terminates the growth of a
central axis.
abſºr OC3, FOOUIS . a. [KNL. acrocar-
pus, K Gr. &RpókapTog, fruiting at the top, Käkpog,
at the end or top, + Kapºróg, fruit.] In bot., hav-
ing the fruit at the end of top of the primary
axis: applied to mosses.
The flower of Mosses either terminates the growth of a
primary axis (Acrocarpotts Mosses), or the . . . flower is
placed at the end of an axis of the second or third order
(Pleurocarpous Mosses). Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 319.
acrocephalic (ak’rö-se-falſik orak-rū-sefa-lik),
a. In ethnol., pertaining to or characterized by
acrocephaly; high-skulled: as, acrocephalic men
or tribes. .. tº
acrocephaline (ak-rö-sef’a-lin), a. [K Acroce-
phalus + -ine.] In ornith., resembling a bird of
the genus Acrocephalus in the character of the
bill: said of certain warblers. Henry Seebohm.
Acrocephalus (ak-rū-sef’a-lus), n. [NL., KGr.
Kpov, here used in the mere sense of point, in
ref. to the bill of these birds, + Repa2%, head.]
In ornith., a genus of birds founded by Nau-
mann in 1811 to embrace old-world warblers of
the subfamily Sylviinae; the reed-warblers. It is
a well-marked group of 12 or 15 species, distinguished by
a comparatively large bill, depressed at base and acute at
tip, with moderately developed rictal bristles, a very small
spurious first primary, a rounded tail, and more or less
uniform brownish plumage. It is related to Phylloscopus,
Locustella, Hypolais, etc. A typical species is the aquatic
reed-warbler, A. aquaticws. Most of the species of this
genus are migratory, and their molt is double. See Cala-
modyta and reed-warbler.
Opossurn-mouse of New South Wales
(Acrobates £ygmaeus).
Acrocera (ak-ros’º-ră), n.
Acroceraunian (ak” rô-Sé-ră'ni-an), a.
acrochirismus (ak-ré-ki-ris 'mus), n.
acrochord (ak’rö-kórd), n.
acrochordid (ak-rº-kör’did), m.
Acroc
Acrocinus (ak-rº-sinus), m.
acrocyst (ak’rö-sist), m.
acrodactylum
acrocephaly (ak-rö-sef’a-li), n. [K Gr. diſpoº,
peak, H- kejaž%, head: see cephalic.] A high
form of the human skull, due to premature
synosteosis of the sagittal and coronal Sutures.
., KGr. Čºpog, at
the top or end, + képac, a horn.] A genus of
flies, founded by Meigen, having the antennae
on the summit of the forehead, the type of the
family Acrocerida, (which see). [KL
Acroceraunia, K. Gr. Akpokepainta, n. pl., K.,&ºpov,
peak, summit, + Kepaívaoc, thunder-smitten, K
kepaſió, thunder and fightning.j An epithet
applied to certain mountains in the north of
Epirus in Greece, projecting into the strait of
Otranto.
The thunder-hills of fear,
The Acrocerawºnian mountains of old name. Byron.
Acroceridae (ak-rº-ser’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAcro-
cera + -idae.] A family of dipterous insects,
belonging to the section or suborder Brachycera,
having antennae with few joints, and to the
Tetrachaetae, the division of the Brachycera in
which the number of pieces composing the
haustellum is four. It was established by Leach in
1819, and is typified by the genus Acrocera (which *f;
I’.
ākpoxetpagóg, wrestling with the hands, K &kpo-
2.Étpíšetv, wrestle with the hands, seize with
the hands, Kákpóźelp, later form for &kpa 2:eip,
the (terminal) hand: ākpa, fem. of Čikpog, at the
end, terminal, extreme ; 2 cip, hand.] In Gr.
antiq., a kind of wrestling in which the an-
tagonists held each other by the wrists. Also
spelled acrocheirismus.
[K Acrochordus, q.
v.] A snake of the genus Acrochordus.
A snake of the
Acrochordidaº ; a wart-snake.
ordidae (ak-rū-kór'di-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
KAcrochordus + -idae.] A family of viviparous
ophidian reptiles of the aglyphodont or colu-
brine division, which contains ordinary in-
nocuous SerpentS. The typical genus is Acrochordus,
containing A. javamicus, a large, stout-bodied, and very
short-tailed serpent of Java, some 8 feet long, the entire
body of which is covered with small granular or tubercular
Scales, not imbricated, as is usual in the order. With its
Sullen eyes and swollen jaws, it presents a very savage
appearance. The family contains two other genera of
Wart-snakes, Chersydrus and Yemoderm us.
:
acrochordon (ak-rj-kôr'dqn), n. ; pl. acrochor-
domes (-dò-nēz). [L., K. Gr. akporopóðv, a wart
with a thin neck, K &Rpov, top, end, -- 2:0póñ, a
string: see chord.] A small filiform fibroma-
tous outgrowth of the skin, often becoming
bulbous at the end; a hanging wart.
Acrochordus, (ak-ré-kôr'dus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ākpov, top, end, + 2 opóñ, a string: see acrochor-
dom.] A genus of wart-snakes typifying the
family Acrochordidae (which see). Hornstedt.
Also written Acrocordus. Shaw.
[NL., KGr. Ökpov,
end, extremity, + ktveiv, move..] A genus of
longicorn beetles, of the family Cerambycidae :
so called by Illiger from having a movable
Spine on each side of the thorax. A. longimanus,
the harlequin-beetle of South America, is the type. It is
2} inches long, with antennae 5 and fore legs alone 4
inches in length.
acroclinium (ak-rū-klin’i-um), n. [NL. (with
ref. to the acutely conical receptacle), K. Gr.
ākpov, top, peak, + k2tvm, couch..] A name
used by florists for Helipterum roseum, a com-
posite plant from the Cape of Good Hope. It
has immortelle-like flowers, with scarious col-
ored bracts.
Acrocomia (a.k-ró-kö’mi-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. Čikpó-
Koplog, with leaves at the top, tufted with leaves, K
ãºpog, at the top, + Kóplm, a tuft, hair: see coma2.]
A genus of tropical American palms, allied to
the cocoa-palm, with a tall prickly trunk, some-
times swollen in the middle, bearing a tuft of
Very large pinnate leaves. A. sclerocarpa is widely
distributed through South America, and yields a small
round fruit with thin, sweetish pulp and an edible kernel.
The young leaves are eaten as a vegetable, and a sweet,
fragrant oil is extracted from the nuts, which is used as
an emollient and in the manufacture of toilet-soaps. See
macaw-tree.
[K Gr. Čikpog, at the
top, + Rio Tig, bladder, bag, pouch: see cyst.] In
2001., an external sac which in some hydroids
is formed upon the Summit of the gonangium,
where it constitutes a receptacle in which the
ova pass through some of the earlier stages of
their development. Allman.
acrodactylum (ak-rº-dak’ti-lum), n. ; pl. acro-
dactyla (-lā)... [NL., KGr, Škpoc, at the top, +
Öákrv?og, a digit: see dactyl.] In ornith., the
upper surface of a bird’s toe. [Little used.]




acrodont
acrodont (ak’ré-dont), n. and a.. [K NL. acro-
dom(t-), K. Gr. &Rpoc, at the end or edge, + bdoic
(óðov7-) = E. toºth.j I, n. Öne of thºse izards
which have the teeth attached by their bases
to the edge of the jaw, without bony alveoli on
either the inner or the Outer side.
II. a. 1. Pertaining to or resembling an
acrodont; having that arrangement of the teeth
which characterizes an acrodont : as, an acro-
jº" jº f"
ºr'. . 4–ºssC
- * . . . . *º-- ſº
º ºrza, z' dººr ---
gº - w º “”º
12
27.
pº
gºss
"|W yº t : º
*:
• A A . . . . /*
JUSU & Å. Nº
Tºº
Skull of a Lizard (Varazttes) with Acrodont Dentition.
a, articular bone of mandible; c, coronoid bone of do. ; d, dentary
bone of do.; /, frontal; f, prefrontal; f", postfrontal; l, lacrymal;
m, malar; mez, maxilla; ?t, nasal; o, otic; 2, parietal; ºt, pterygoid;
£e', columella; pe”, transverse bone; 2.x, premaxilla; g, quadrate;
sg, Squamosal.
don't lizard; acrodont dentition.—2. Having the
characters of Acrodus, or the cestraciont fishes.
Acrodonta (a.k-ró-don’tä), m. pl. [NL. : see
acrodont.] A name proposed for a group or
suborder comprising the cestraciont and re-
lated sharks, which have the palato-quadrate
apparatus disarticulated from the cranium, the
dentigerous portions enlarged, and the mouth
inferior. The only living representatives are the hete-
rodontids (Port Jackson shark, etc.), but the extinct forms
3.T6 Illindel'OllS.
acrodynia (ak-rö-din'i-á), n., [NL., KGr, Škpog,
at the extremity, + 66097, pain.] Än epidemic
disease characterized by disturbances in the
alimentary canal (vomiting, colic, diarrhea), b
nervous symptoms (especially pain in the ex-
tremities), sometimes by cramp or anaesthesia
and by a dermatitis affecting the hands and
feet.
acrogen (ak’ró-jen), n. IK Gr. &Kpog, at the top,
-yevåg, -born, produced: see -gen and genus.]
An acrogenous plant. The acrogens in the system
of Adolphe Brongniart, 1843 (Acrogenoe), form a subdivi-
sion of the Cryptogamia, coördinate with the amphigens
(Amphigenoe), in which the leaf and stem are differen-
tiated. The group is nearly equivalent to the Embryo-
phyta asiphonogama (Archegoniatoe) of Engler, º
the two now recognized subkingdoms Bryophyta an
Pteridophyta.
longer used as a systematic term of plant classification.-
The age of acrogens, in geol., the Carboniferous era,
when acrogens were the characteristic vegetable forms.
acrogenic (ak-rº-jen'ik), a. Relating or pertain-
ing to the acrogens. -
That, under fit conditions, an analogous mode of growth
will occur in fronds of the acrogenic type, . . . is shown
by the case of Jwmgermannia furcata.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 194.
acrogenous (a-kroj'e-nus), a. [As acrogen +
-ows.] Increasing by growth at the summit or
by terminal buds only, as the ferns and mosses;
of the mature of or pertaining to acrogens.
acrography (a-krog’ra-fi), n. IK Gr. &cpog, at the
top, + -ſpapia, Kypéðeiv, write: see graphic..] A
process for producing designs in relief on metal
or stone through a ground of finely powdered
chalk, solidified by hydraulic pressure into a
Compact maSS. A design is drawn on the slightly shin-
ing white surface with a finely pointed brush charged with
a glutinous ink, which, wherever it is applied, unites the
particles of chalk so firmly that they remain standing in
black ridges after the intermediate white spaces have been
rubbed away with a piece of velvet or a light brush. If the
plate, which has then the appearance of an engraved wood
block, is dipped in a solution of silica, a stereotype cast
or an electrotype copy can be taken from it to be used for
printing with type.
acroker, prep. phr. as adv. A Middle English
form of acrook.
acrolein (a-kró'lé-in), m. [K L. acris, sharp,
pungent (see acrid), + oléré, Smell, F_-in.] A
colorless limpid liquid, CH2CHCOH, having a
disagreeable and intensely irritating odor, such
as that noticeable after the flame of a candle
has been extinguished and while the wick still
glows. It is the aldehyde of the allyl series, and is ob-
tained by distilling glycerin to which acid potassium Sul-
phate or strong phosphoric acid has been added, also by
the dry distillation of fatty bodies. It burns with a clear,
luminous flame.
acrolith (ak’rö-lith), n. IK L. acrolithus, KGr.
ākpóźiffog, with the ends made of stone, Kåkpoc,
extreme, at the end, H- Affog, a stone..] In Gr.
antiq., a sculptured figure of which only the
head and extremities were carved in stone, the
acromia, n. º
acromial (a-kró’mi-al), a. . [K acromion.] In
56
rest being generally of wood, and covered with
either textile drapery or thin plates of metal.
The name was also applied to figures of ordinary stone of
which the heads and extremities were formed of marble,
as in some of the well-known metopes of Selinus, Sicily.
affºlithan (a-krol’i-than), a. Same as acro-
ºl/02 C.
acrolithic (ak-rū-lith'ik), a. Of the nature of
an acrolith; formed like an acrolith: as, an ac-
7°olithic statue.
acrologic (ak-rū-loj'ik), a. [K acrology + -ic.]
Pertaining to acrology; founded on or using
initials; using a sign primarily representing a
word to denote its initial letter or sound: as,
acrologic notation; acrologic names.
The twenty-two names [of the Semitic letters] are acro-
logic; that is, the name of each letter begins with that
letter. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 167.
agiºlogical (ak-rū-loj’i-kal), a. Same as acro-
Og?6.
acrologically (ak-ró-loj’i-kal-i), adv. In an ac-
rologic manner; by means of acrology. Isaac
Taylor. -
acrology (a-krol’ā-ji), n. IK Gr. &Rpog, at the
end, -F-Aoyſa, KAéyetv, speak: see -ology.] The
use of a picture of some object to represent
alphabetically the first part (letter or syllable)
of the name of that object. See acrophony.
A polysyllabic language did not lend itself so readily as
the Chinese to this solution. According to Halévy, the
difficulty [of effecting the transition from ideograms to
phonograms] was overcome by the adoption of the power-
ful principle of Acrology.
#aac Taylor, The Alphabet, I, 43.
acrometer (a-krom'e-tër), n, [K Gr. 34poc, at
the top, + plátpov, a measure.] instrument
for indicating the specific gravity of oil. See
oléometer. *
Plural of acromion.
anat., relating to the acromion.—Acromial pro-
cess. See acromion.—Acromial thoracic artery. See
acromiothoracic.
acromioclavicular (a-kró’mi-ö-kla-vik’ī-lär),
a. [KNL. acromion + clavicula, clavicle.] Per-
taining to the acromion and the clavicle.—Acro-
mioclavicular articulation, the joint between the col-
lar-bone and the shoulder-blade.—Acromioclavicular
aments, superior and inferior, two fibrous bands which
join the acromion and the clavicle.
acromiodeltoideus (a-krô"mi-5-del-toi"dē-us),
7.; pl. acromiodeltoidei (-i). . [NL., K acromion
+ Gr. 68%toetófic, deltoid.] . A muscle of some
animals, extending from the acromion to the
deltoid ridge of the humerus, corresponding to
Aan acromial part of the human deltoid muscle.
See these terms, also amphigén. No acromion (a-krö’mi-on), m.; pl. acromia (-ā).
., K. Gr. &kpópulov, a by-form of dºpouía, the
point of the shoulder-blade, K Čkpog, at the top
or end, + digog, the shoulder with the upper
arm, akin to L. ilmerus: see humerus.] In anat,
the distal end of the spine of the scapula or
shoulder-blade. In man it is an enlarged process,
Which, Originating by an independent center of ossifica-
tion, articulates with the distal end of the clavicle, and
gives attachment to part of the deltoid and trapezius
muscles: commonly called the acromial process, or acro-
7mion process. Its relations are the same in other mam-
* which have perfect clavicles.
0.
The acromion process . . . forms the summit of the
shoulder.
Quain, Anatomy, I. 37.
acromiothoracic (a-kró’mi-Ö-thó-ras'ik), a. [K
Gr. Čikpópulov, shoulder, 4.6%paš (Gopak-), thorax.]
Pertaining to the shoulder and thorax.—Acro-
miothoracic artery, a branch of the axillary artery,
supplying parts about the shoulder and breast.
acromiotrapezius (a-kró’mi-Ö-tra-pé’zi-us), n.;
pl. acromiotrapezii (-i). [NL., K acromion + tra-
pezius.] intermediate cervical portion of
the trapezius muscle, in special relation with
the spine of the scapula and the acromion,
forming a nearly distinct muscle in some ani-
mals.
acromonogrammatic (ak’rö-mon’é-gra-matº-
ik), a. and m. [K Gr. dipog, at the end, -i- plovo-
Ypáppatoc, consisting of one letter: see mono-
grammatic..] . A term applied to , a poetical
composition in which every verse begins with
the same letter as that with which the preceding
verse ends.
[NL., KGr.
See cut under scap-
Acromyodi (ak’rö-mi-Ö'di), m. pl.
ãkpog, at the end, + gig, muscle, -i- ºff, song.]
A suborder or superfamily of passerine birds,
embracing the Oscines, or singing birds proper,
and characterized by having the several intrin-
sic syringeal muscles attached to the ends of
the upper bronchial half-rings: opposed to
Me80myodi. The great majority of the Passeres are
Acromyodi. . [The word is also used as an adjective in the
expression Passeres acromyodi, equivalent to acromyo-
dian Passeres.]
acronic, acronical, g;.
acromotine (ak-rū-nóſtin), a. [KAcromotus.] In
Acronotus (ak-Tö-nó’tus), n.
acropodium
acromyodian (ak"ró-mi-6'di-an), a. and n. IK
Acromyodi.] , I., a. Of or pertaining to the
Acromyodi, having that arrangement of the
muscles of the Syrinx which characterizes the
Acromyod: ; as, an acromyodian bird,
II. m. One of the Acromyodi.
acromyodic (ak"rö-mi-od'ik), a.
odi.] Same as acromyodian.
acromyodous (a.k-ró-mi'ā-dus), a.
acromyodian.
acronarcotic (ak’rö-nār-kot'ik), a. and n. [KL.
acris, sharp, pungent (see acrid), + narcotic.]
I. a. Acting as an irritant and a narcotic.
II. m. One of a class of poisons, chiefly of
vegetable origin, which irritate and inflame the
}. to whic they are applied, and act on the
rain and spinal cord, producing stupor, coma,
paralysis, and convulsions. Also called mar-
cotico-acrid or marcotico-irritant.
See acronychal.
[KAcromy-
Same as
200l., pertaining to the subgenus Acronotus.
[NL., K. Gr. Čikpov,
the highest point, + vörog, back.] 1. A sub-
enus of ruminating animals found in Africa.
amalis (Acronotus) bubalus is the type. Ham.
Smith, 1827.-2. A genus of beetles.
Acronuridae (ak-rū-nā’ri-dé), m. pl. [KAcronu-
rus + -idae.]. A family of spiny-finned fishes,
referred by Günther to his Acanthopterygii cotto-
Scombriformes, having one dorsal with several
Spongy spines anteriorly, one or more bon
spines on each side of the tail, and the !.
compressed, truncate or lobate, and closely set
in a single series. The species are known as barber-
jish and surgeons. The family is also called Acanthuri-
doe and Tew.thididae. See these words.
Acronurus (ak-rū-nā’rus), n. [NL., appar. ir-
reg. K Gr. &kpov, extremity, + oipá, tail.] A for-
mergeneric name of small fishes now known to
be * young of species of Acanthurus (which
See ).
acronych (a-kron'ik), a. [Also written acronyc,
acronic, and achronic, by confusion with adjec-
tives in -ic and with chronic and Gr. 2póvog,
time; = F. acronyque = Sp. acronicto, acronico
Pg. acronico, achronico = It. acronico, K. Gr.
àkpóvoxog, also &kpóvvKrog and ākpověkrioc, at
nightfall, K &kpog, at the end or edge, + vöğ
(vvict-) *E. might.] Same as acronychal.
acronychal (a-kron’i-kal), a. [Also written
acronycal, acronical, etc., as acronych; Kacronych
+ -al.] in astron. , oécurring at sunset: as, the
acronychal rising or setting of a star: opposed
to Cosmical.—Acronychal place or observation, the
place or observation of a planet at its opposition : so
called because in an early state of astronomy the opposi-
tion of a planet was known by its acronychal rising.
acronychally (a-kron’i-kal-i), adv. In an acron-
ychal manner; at Sunset. A star is said to rise and
set acromychally when it rises or sets as the sun sets.
acronyctous (a.k-rö-nik’tus), a. [K Gr. &kpóvvk-
Tog: see acronych.) Same as acronychal.
acrook (a-krük'), prep.phr. as adv. or a. [KME.
acroke, Ka8, prep., on, H. Croke, crook.] Awry;
crookedly. [Now rare.]
Humbre renneth fyrst a crook out of the south side of
York. Caactom, Descr. Britain, p. 12.
This gear goth acrook. Udall, Roister Doister, iv. 3.
Libertie ys thing that women loke,
And truly els the mater is acroke.
Cowrt of Love, l. 378.
acropetal(ak-rop'e-tal), a. [KGr. &kpov, the top,
L. petere, seek. Cf. centripetal.] In bot., de-
veloping from below upward, or from the base
toward the apex; basifugal.
acropetally (ak-rop'e-tal-i), adv.
tal manner.
The lateral shoots which normally arise below the grow-
ing apex of a mother-shoot are always arranged acrope-
tally, like the leaves. Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 152.
acrophonetic (ak’rö-phē-net'ik), a. [K acroph-
ony, after phonetic..] Pertaining to acrophony
(which see).
acrophony (a-krofº 3-mi), n. IK Gr, àkpoc, at
the end, F -ſpovia, K pová, sound.] In the de-
velopment of alphabetic writing, the use of a
symbolic picture of an object or idea to repre-
sent phonetically the initial syllable, or the
initial sound, of the name of that object Or
idea; as in giving to the Egyptian hieroglyph
for méfer, good, the phonetic value of me, its first
syllable, or of n, its first letter. See acrology.
acropodium º m.; pl. acropodia
(-á). . [K Gr. &ºpog, at the top, + tróðtov, dim. of
Troög (troë-) = E. foot.] 1. 206l., the upper
surface of the whole foot. Brande.—2. In or-
nith., sometimes used as synonymous with ac-
*mº
wºme
In an acrope-



acropodium
rodactylum. [Little used in either of these two
senses.] –3. In art, an elevated pedestal bear-
ing a statue, particularly if raised from the
substructure on supports or feet; the plinth of
a statue or other work of art, if resting on
feet. Ed. Guillaume.
acropolis (a-krop'º-lis), n. [L., & Gr. ºpótoº,
the upper city, Kānpoc, highest, upper, H. Tølç,
a city: see police.] ſhººt...lei'; , Grecial
city, usually the site of the original settlement,
and situated on an eminence commanding the
The Acropolis of Athens, from the southeast.
surrounding country. When the city spread beyond
its earlier limits, the acropolis was generally cleared of its
inhabitants and held sacred to the divinities of the state,
whose temples were upon it. The acropolis of Athens
contained the most splendid productions of Greek art, the
Parthenon, the Erechtheum, and the Propylaea.
acrosarcum (ak-rū-sår'kum), n. ; pl. acrosarca
-ká). [NL., & Gr, inpoc, at the end, 4 gap:
gapk-), flesh..] A name given by Desvaux to a
berry resulting from an ovary with adnate calyx,
as in the currant and cranberry.
Acrosaurus (ak-rº-sā’rus), n. [NL., KGr, anpoc
extreme, -- daipog, a lizard: see Saurus.
A rhynchocephalan reptile, having 30 or 40
teeth and a broad cheek-bone process,
which occurs in the Jurassic limestones of
Bavaria. -
Acrosoma (a.k-rö-sö’mâ), m. [NL., KGr. akpov,
top, peak, extremity, + gºua, body..] A genus
of orbitelarian spiders of the family Epeiridae
§. Gastracanthidae), having the sides of the ab-
omen prolonged into immense horns, whence
the name. It is a tropical genus with many
species.
acrospire (ak' rú-spir), m. [Formerly aker-,
ackerspire; K Gr. ºpog, at the top, + atte‘pa, a
coil, spire, XL. spira, X E. spire, q.v.] The first
leaf which rises above the ground in the ger-
mination of grain; also the rudimentary stem
or first leaf which appears in malted grain; the
developed plumule of the seed.
º (ak’rö-spir), v. i.; pret, and pp. acro-
spired, ppr. acrospiring. [formerly arº acker-
spire; from the noun..] To throw out the first
leaf; sprout. -
acrospired (ak’rö-spird), p.a. Having or exhib-
iting the acrospire: especially, in malt-making,
applied to the grains of barley, which have
sprouted so far as to exhibit the blade or plu-
mule-end, together with the root or radicle.
acrospore (akrū-spör), n. IK Gr. ºpog, at the
end, -- aropa, seedſ: see spore..] In bot., a spore
borne at the ends of erect simple or branch-
ing filaments of the mycelium in certain fungi,
as those of the genus Peronospora. The term
is also applied generally to the reproductive organs of
fungi when they are developed at the apex of the mother
cell or sporophore.
º: (a-kros/pº-rus), a. Having spores
naked and produced at the tips of cells: applied
to one of the two modes in which fruit is formed
in fungi. For the other method see ascigerous.
across (a-krós'), prep. phr, as adv. and prep.
[K late ME. acros (also in cross, and in maner of
a cros); Ka8+ cross.] I. adv. 1. From side to
side; in a crossing or crossedmanner; crosswise.
Who calls me villain? breaks my pate across?
hak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
With arms across,
He stood reflecting on his country's loss. Dryden.
57
[In the exclamation, “Good faith, across 1" Shak, All's
Well, ii. 1, the allusion is to striking an adversary cross-
wise with the spear in tilting instead of by thrusting, the
former being considered disgraceful.] -
2. From one side to another; transversely; in
a transverse line: as, what is the distance
across? I came across in a steamer.
At a descent into it [cavern of Vaucluse] of thirty or
forty feet from the brink where we stood was a pool of
water, perhaps thirty feet across.
C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, ii.
3. Adversely ; contrarily: as, “things go
across,” Mir, for Mags., }: 344.—To break across,
in tilting, to allow one's spearby awkwardness to be broken
across the body of one's adversary, instead of by the push
of the point.
One said he brake across. Sir P. Sidney.
II. prep. 1. From side to side of, as opposed
to along, which is in the direction of the length;
athwart; quite over: as, a bridge is laid across
a river.
[The boys] will go down on oneside of the yacht . . . and
bob up on the other, almost before you have time to run
across the deck. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. ii.
2. Transverse to the length of; so as to inter-
sect at any angle: as, a line passing across an-
other.—3. Beyond; on the other side of.
O love, we two shall go no longer
To lands of summer across the sea.
Tennyson, Daisy.
Acrosslots, by the shortest way; by a shortcut. [Colloq.]
–To come across, to meet or fall in with.
If I come across a real thinker, . . . I enjoy the luxury
of sitting still for a while as much as another.
O. W. Holmes, The Professor, i.
acrostic] (a-krostik), n.anda. [=F. acrostiche
=Sp. Pg. It acrostico, K. Gr. ºpoatiazov, akpo-
artzic, an acrostic, Käkpoc, at the end, 4- a Tizoc,
row, order, line, & aretzen (V "atºr), go, walk,
march, go in line or order, =AS. stigan, E. sty”,
go up. The second element would prop. be
-stich, as in distich; it has been assimilated to
the common suffix -ic.] I. m. 1. A composition
in verse, in which the first, or the first and last,
or certain other letters of the lines, taken in or-
der, form a name, title, motto, the order of the
alphabet, etc.—2. A Hebrewpoem in which the
initial letters of the lines or stanzas were made
to run over the letters of the alphabet in their
order. Several of the Psalms are of this charac-
ter, of which Psalm crix. is the best example.
II. a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or con-
taining an acrostic: as, acrostic verses.
acrosticºt (a-krostik), a. . [& across (crossed,
crost), confused with acrostic1.] Crossed; fold-
ed across; crossing. [Rare.]
But what melancholy sir, with acrostic arms, now
comes? Middleton, Family of Love, iv. 4.
acrostical (a-krosti-kal), a. Same as acrostic".
[Rare or unused.]
acrostically (a-kros/ti-kal-i), adv. In the man-
ner of an acrostic.
acrosticism (a-kros/ti-sizm), n. º acrosticl +
-ism..] Acrostic arrangement or character.
acrostolium (ak-rū-stö'li-um), n. ; pl. acrostolia
(-i). [NL., & Gr. anpogróżov, defined as the
same as āºaarov, L. aplustre, which, however,
referred to the stern of a ship (see aplustre);
also the gunwale of a ship, prop. the extremity
of the ship's beak; Karpoº, at the end, + aróżoº,
a ship's beak,
an appendage,
prop. arma-
ment, º:
ment, K aré2-
Žety, arrange,
equip.] An
ornament, of
ten gracefully
curved and
elaborately
carved, surmounting the bows of ancient ships.
These ornaments frequently figured among trophies, as it
was customary for the victor in a naval combat to take
them from the captured ships.
acrotarsial (ak-rū-tär'si-al), a.
ing to the acrotarsium.
acrotarsium (ak-rū-tär'si-um), n. ; pl. acrotar-
sia (-i). [NL., & Gr. ispoc, at the top, + rapadº,
the sole of the foot: see tarsus.] 1. zoöl.,
the upper surface of the tarsus; the instep of
the foot.—2. In ornith., the front of the tarso-
metatarsus, this segment of the limb being
called tarsus in ordinary descriptive ornithol-
§ [The terms acropodium, acrotarsium, and acrodac-
tylum have varying senses with different writers, or as ap-
plied to different animals; properly, the first of these covers
the other two, as a whole includes the parts of which it con-
sists. They are little used in any sense. See tarsus.]
acroteleutic §.º.º. m. [K Gr, drºpo-
Te2etºrtov, the fag-end, esp. of a verse or poem,
Kökpog, extreme, -- reºevtſ, end..] Eccles, any-
Acrostolium.
Of or pertain-
act
thing added to the end of a psalm or hymn, as
a. º:
acroter (ak’rö-tër), n. Same as acroterium.
acroteral (ak-rº-té'ral), a. Same as acroterial.
acroteria, n. Plural of acroterium.
acroſſerial (ak-rº-té'ri-al), a. [.. acroterium.]
Pertaining to an acroterium: as, acroterial or-
naments. An equivalent form is acroteral.
Acroteria.
Hypothetical restoration of the gate of the Agora of Athena
Archegetis at Athens.
acroterium (ak-rº-té'ri-um), m.; pl. acroteria
(-á). [L., & Gr. akporàptov, pl. drºporºpa, any
topmost or prominent part, the end or extrem-
ity, in pl. the extremities of the body, the
angles of a pediment, & aspoc, extreme.] 1.
In classic arch., a small pedestal placed on the
apex or angle of a pediment for the support of
a statue or other ornament.—2. (a) A statue
or an ornament placed on such a pedestal. (b)
Any ornament forming the apex of a building
or other structure, or of a monument, such as
º º
º º \@º
£ººssº º
Acroterium.-Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens.
the anthemia of Greek tombstones or the dec-
orations of some modern architectural balus-
trades. Compare antefia. Also called acroter.
acrothymion, acrothymium (ak-rū-thimi-on,
-um), m.; pl. acrothymia (-i). DNL., K. Gr. ºxpoc,
at the top, + dipoc, thyme: see thyme..] In
pathol., a rugose wart, with a narrow basis and
broad top, compared by Celsus to the flower of
thyme. Also cºiled thymus.
acrotic (a-krot'ik), a. [Irreg. K. Gr. anpörng, an
extremity, & drºpog, extreme, at the top, on the
surface..] In pathol., belonging to or affecting
external surfaces: as, acrotic diseases.
acrotism (ak” rô-tizm), n. [K Gr. 3- priv. --
ºpóTog, sound of beating, + -ism..] In pathol.,
absence or weakness of the pulse.
acrotomous (a-krotº-mus), a... [K Gr. akpóto-
uoc, cut off, sharp, abrupt, & aspoº, extreme, at
the top, + -touac, Kršuven, cut.] In mineral.,
having a cleavage parallel to the top or base.
acryl (ak’ril), n. º +-yl.] In chem.,
a hypothetical radical (CH2:CH.CO) of which
acrylic acid is the hydrate.
acrylic (a-kril'ik), a. [Kacryl + -ic.] Of or per-
taining to acryl.-Acrylic acid, CH2: CH.cooH, a
Dungent, agreeably smelling liquid, prºduced by the oxi-
dation of acrolein. This acid is monobasic, and its salts
are very soluble in water.
Acryllium (a-kril’i-um), n. [NL., appar. & Gr.
àºpov, extremity (with ref. to the pointed tail),
+ dim. term. -fººtov..] A notable genus of
inea-fowls, family Numididae. The only species
is A. vulturinum of Africa, having the head and upper
part of the neck nearly naked, the fore part of the body
covered with elongated lanceolate feathers, and the tail
pointed with long acute central rectrices. The genus was
* founded by G. R. Gray in 1840.
àct (akt), n. [KME. act = F. aete = Sp. Pg.
auto and acto – It, atto; partly (a) K L. actum
(pl. acta), a thing done, esp. a public transac-
tion, prop. neut. of actus, pp. of agere, do; and
partly (b) < L. actus (pl. actiis), n., the doing of
a thing, performance, action, division of a play,
Kagere, lead, drive, impel, move, cause, make,
perform, do, - Gr. ºeuv, lead, drive, do, -Icel.









act;
aka, drive, - Skt. Vaj, drive. Hence (from L.
agere), 6&act, redact, transact, cogent, leavigent,
agile, agitate, cogitate, etc.; see also ake-achel,
acre, acorn, agrarian, agriculture, etc.] 1. An
exertion of energy or force, physical or mental;
anything that is done or performed; a doing of
deed; an operation or performance.
Illustrious acts high raptures do infuse.
Nor deem that acts heroic wait on chance.
Lowell, Three Mem. Poems.
2. A state of real existence, as opposed to a
possibility, power, or being in germ merely;
actuality; actualization; entelechy. [Transla.
tion of the Greek évépyeta andévre)&eta.] The soul,
according to the Aristotelians, is the act, that is, is thé
entelechy or perfect development of the body. So God is
said to be pure act, for Aristotle says, “There must be a
principle whose essence it is to be actual (§s ovaría évép-
Ystº)," and this is by many writers understood to mean
‘Whose essence is to be active.” In the phrase in act,
therefore, act, though properly meaning actuality, is often
used to mean activity,
The seeds of plants are not at first in act, but in possi-
bility, What they afterwards grow to be. Hooker.
3. A part or division of a play performed con-
secutively or without a fall of the curtain, in
which a definite and coherent portion of the
plot is represented: generally subdivided into
Smaller portions, called Scenes.—4. The result
of public deliberation, or the decision of a
prince, legislative body, council, court of jus-
tice, or magistrate; a decree, edict, law, stat-
ute, judgment, resolve, or award : as, an act of
Parliament or of Congress; also, in plural,
proceedings; the formal record of legislative
resolves or of the doings of individuals. Acts
are of two kinds: (1) general or public, which are of gen-
eral application; and (2) private, which relate to particular
persons or concerns. A law or statute proposed in a legis-
lative body, then called a bill, becomes an act after having
been passed by both branches and signed by the chief ex-
ecutive Officer ; but in a few of the United States the
governor's signature is not necessary. British acts are
usually referred to by mentioning them simply by the
regnal year and number of chapter: as, act of 7 and 8 Vict.
c. 32. American acts, particularly acts of Congress, are
often referred to simply by date: as, act of May 6, 1882.
5. In universities, a public disputation orlecture
required of a candidate for a degree of master.
The performer is said to “keep the act.” Hence, at Cam-
bridge, the thesis and examination for the degree of doc-
tor; at Oxford, the occasion of the completion of degrees.
So, act holiday, act feast. The candidate who keeps the
act is also himself called the act. In medieval, and some-
times in modern scholastic use, any public defense of a
thesis by Way of disputation is called an act.
Such that expect to proceed Masters of Arts to exhibit
their synopsis of acts required by the laws of the College.
Orders of Overseers of Harvard College, 1650.
[Such a synopsis (cedula), stating the time of studies, the
acts made, and the degrees taken by the candidate, and
duly sworn to, had usually been required in universities
since the middle ages.]
I pass therefore to the statute which ordains a public
act to be kept each year. This is now in a manner quite
worn out, for of late there has not been a public act above
once in ten or twelve years; . . . the last one we had was
upon the glorious peace of 1712.
Amhurst, Terrae Filius (1721), No. xlvii.
6. In law, an instrument or deed in writing,
serving to prove the truth of some bargain or
transaction: as, I deliver this as my act and
deed. The term is used to show the connection between
the instrument and the party who has given it validity by
his signature or by his legal assent ; when thus perfected,
the instrument becomes the act of the parties who have
signed it or assented to it in a form required by law. Edw.
Livingston.
Acts having a legal validity are everywhere reduced to
certain forms; a certain number of witnesses is required
to prove them, a certain magistrate to authenticate them.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, $75.
7. In theol., something done at once and once
for all, as distinguished from a work. Thus, justi.
fication is said to be an act of God's free grace, but sancti-
fication is a work carried on through life.—In the act, in
the actual performance or commission: said especially of
persons who are caught when engaged in some misdeed.
This woman was taken in adultery, in the very act.
John viii. 4.
In act to, prepared or ready to ; on the very point:
implying a certain bodily disposition or posture: as, in
act to strike.
Gathering his flowing robe, he seemed to stand
In act to speak, and graceful stretched his hand. Pope.
Shot sidelong glances at us, a tiger-cat
In act to Spring. Tennyson, Princess, ii.
Act of bankruptcy. See, bankruptcy.—Act of faith,
auto de fe (which see).-Act of God, in law, a direct, vio-
lent, sudden, and overwhelming action of natural forces,
Such as could not by human ability have been foreseen, or, if
foreseen, could not by human care and skill have been re-
Sisted. It is a good defense to an action for non-performance
of a contract; and, in general, no man is held legally respon-
sible for injuries of which such act of God was directly the
cause, except by special agreement.—Act of grace, a term
80metimes applied to a general pardon, or the granting or
extension of some privilege, at the beginning of a new reign,
the corning of age or the marriage of the sovereign, etc.—
Açt of honor, an instrument drawn by a notary public
after protest of a bill of exchange, whereby a third party
Waller,
58
agrees to pay or accept the bill for the honor of any party
thereto.—Act of indemnity. See indemnity.—Act in
pais, a judicial act performed out of court and not re-
corded. See pais.-Act's breakfast, an entertainment
Which from early times has been given by a candidate for
a university degree on the day of his making his act. The
act for master or doctor of theology frequently impover-
ished the candidate for life.--Acts of the Apostles, the
title of the fifth book of the New Testament." See acto.—
Acts of faith, hope, charity, and contrition, forms of
prayer in common use in the Roman Catholic Church, ex-
pressive of the internal exercise of the virtues named.—
Acts of the Martyrs, See aeta. Acts of Uniformity,
three acts for the regulation of public worship passed in
England in 1549, 1559, and 1662, obliging all clergy, in the
conduct of public Services, to use only the Book of Com-
mon Prayer.—Act term, the last term of the university
year.—Baines's Act. (a) An English statute of 1848, treat-
ing accessories before the fact in felonies like principals,
and permitting separate prosecution of accessories after
the fact... (b) Am, English statute of 1849, relating to ap-
peals to the quarter sessions.—Bank Charter Act, See
Bank Act, under bank.-Berkeley's Act, an English stat-
ute of 1855 prohibiting the sale of beer, wine, and liquor
On Sundays and holidays between 3 and 5 o'clock in the
afternoon, and from 11 o'clock at night to 4 o'clock the
next morning.—Black Act, an English statute of 1722
(9 Geo. I. c. 22), so called because designed originally to
suppress associations of the lawless persons calling them-
selves “blacks.” It made felonies certain crimes against
the game laws, sending anonymous letters, demanding
money, and similar offenses.— Black acts, the acts of
the Scottish Parliament during the reigns of the first five
Jameses, Mary, and James VI., down to 1586 or 1587.
They were so called from the circumstance of their being
Written in the Old English character, called black letter.
–Bovill’s Act. (a) An English statute of 1860 simplify.
ing proceedings in petitions of right. Also known as
Sir William Bovill's Act, and as the Petitions of Rights
Act, 1860. (b) An English statute of 1865, also known as
Chief Justice Bovill's Act, abolishing the rule by which
Creditors could hold liable as a partner any one who had
participated in the profits of a business as profits, irre-
Spective of the intent of the parties.—Burke's Act. §
An English statute of 1782 abolishing certain offices an
otherwise affecting the civil establishment. (b) An Eng-
lish statute of 1773, known also as one of the corn laws; it
was one of the first steps toward free trade.—Burr Act,
a statute of Ohio, of 1806, directed against the treasonablé
acts of Aaron Burr on the Ohio river. It was in force for
One year only, and authorized the arrest and punishment of
all persons fitting out or arming vessels, or enlisting sol-
diers, etc., within the State of Ohio to disturb the peace of
the United States.—Chinese Act, or Chinese Restric-
tion Act, an act of the United States Congress of 1882,
amended in 1884, jº. ten years the immigration
of Chinese into the United States. In 1892 and again in
1904 its main provisions were re-enacted.—Complete act,
in metaph., that act of a thing to which nothing of the na:
ture of the thing is Wanting, as the act of a substance in
respect to possessing its attributes. Aquinas.—Coventry
Act, an English statute of 1671 against maiming: so called
because passed on the occasion of an assault on Sir John
Coventry, M. P.--Dingley Act, an act of Congress of 1884,
to foster the shipping trade of the United States.—Ed-
munds Act, an act of Congress of March 22, 1882, punish-
ing polygamy.—Elicit act, an act of the will itself, as dis-
tinguished from an imperate act, which is some movement
of the body or the soul consequent upon the act of the will.
Aquinas.—Essential act, in metaph... that act which is
at the same time essence. Scotus, First act, See en-
ergy.--Hinde Palmer's Act, an English statute of 1869
abolishing the preference which the common law gave to
the payment of specialty debts over simple contract debts,
in Settling the estates of deceased persons.—Hogarth’s
Act, an English statute of 1766 which secured the prop-
erty in engravings, prints, etc., to their designers or in-
ventors, and to the widow of William Hogarth the property
in his WorkS.–Immanent act, one which remains within
the agent, and does not consist in an effect produced on
Something else.—Imperate act. See elicit act.—In-
formant act, in metaph., the perfection of passive or sub-
jective power; that act by which matter receives a qual-
ity or form in the Aristotelian sense.—Jekyll's Act, an
English statute of 1736 directed against the sale of spiritu-
ous liquors.--Lands' Clauses Act, an English statute of
1845 (8 and 9 Vict. c. 18) regulating the taking of private
property for public use by corporations, etc.—Leeman’s
Act, an English statute (30 Vict. c. 29) declaring con-
tracts for sale of stocks void, unless the numbering of the
shares or certificates, or the name of a registered owner, be
Specified in writing.—Lord Aberdeen’s Act, an English
statute of 1845 carrying into effect a treaty with Brazil
for the regulation and final abolition of the slave-trade.—
Lord, Campbell's Act. (a) An English statute of 1846
allowing the relatives of a person whose death has been
caused by negligence or wrongful act to recover damages
therefor. The principle of this act has been generally
adopted in the United States by statutes allowing the
executor or administrator to sue and recover damages in
Such a case for the benefit of the wife, husband, or next
of kim. (b) An English statute of 1843 as to defama-
tion. (c) An English statute of 1838 as to obscene publi-
cations.—Lord Cranworth’s Act. (a) An English stat-
ute of 1860 giving to mortgagees and trustees certain
general powers, such as are commonly provided in settle-
ments, mortgages, and wills, in aid of their rights or duties.
(b) An English statute of 1860 as to endowed schools.—
Lord Denman’s Act, an English statute of 1843 (6 and 7
Vict. c. 85) abolishing common-law rules that excluded
witnesses from testifying by reason of interest or crime.
—Lord Ellenborough's Act, an English statute (43 Geo.
III. c. 58) punishing offenses against the person.—Lord
Lyndhurst's Act. (a) An English statute of 1835 inval-
idating marriages within the prohibited degrees, (b) An
English statute of 1844 for conserving the property of
dissenting congregations to the uses of the faith originally
intended, by making 25 years' usage evidence thereof in
the absence of a controlling declaration in the deed or
instrument of trust. This act is known also as the Dis-
senters' Chapels Act.:Lord St. Leonard's Acts, English
statutes (22 and 23 Vict. c. 35, and 23, and 24 Vict. c. 38)
amending the law of property, relieving trustees, etc.—
act
Lord Tenterden's Act, , (a) An English statute of 1828
by which new promises relied on to revive a debt, which
is statute-barred, or to ratify one contracted in infancy,
were required to be in writing and signed. (b) An Eng-
lish statute of 1838 shortening the time prescribed by
the statute of limitations in certain cases.—Parliament
Act, an English statute of 1911 restricting the existing
powers of the House of Lords and substituting 5 for 7
years as the time fixed for the maximum duration of Par-
liament. It provided that money bills should become laws
without the consent of the Lords, and that all other bills
should become laws, even though rejected by the Lords,
if passed by the Commons in three successive sessions with-
in aminimum period of years.-Riddleberger Act, a Vir-
ginia statute of 1882 attempting to reduce the bonded debt
and interest thereon of that State, on the ground that the
State of West Virginia, which had been carved out of Vir-
ginia, ought to pay a certain proportion of the debt.—Sec-
ond act, See energy.—Sherman Act, an act of Congress
of July 14, 1890, directing the secretary of the treasury to
purchase monthly 4,500,000 ounces of fine silver bullion,
or so much thereof as might be offered, at the market
rate, not to exceed $1.00 for 3713 grains of fine silver.
Repealed in 1893. –Sir Robert Peel's Act. See Bank
Act, under bank.—Stilwell Act, a New York statute of
1831, abolishing imprisonment for debt, except in cases of
fraud or tort, and giving proceedings for punishment of
frauduient debtors:-Théiſords' Act, an English statute
of 1759 (32 Geo. II. c. 28) to relieve insolvent debtors from
imprisonment.—The Six Acts, Inglish statutes of 1819
restricting the rights of public assembly and military
organization, and the freedom of the press.—Tilden
Act, a New York statute of 1875, otherwise known as the
Peculation Act, giving a civil remedy to the State for mal-
versation by municipal or county officers as well as state
officers.—Transient act, one which consists in the pro-
duction of an effect upon an object different from the sub-
ject.—Yazoo Frauds Act, the name given to a statute
of Georgia, of 1795, for the sale of a vast tract of public
lands, comprising the present State of Mississippi and one
half of Alabama, to private persons. It was declared by
a statute of the next year to be null and void, as having
been fraudulently enacted. (For noted acts on particular
subjects, such as the Army Act, Bankruptcy Act, etc., see
the qualifying word or words. See also article, bill, by-
law, charter, code, decree, edict, law, ordinance, petition,
provision, statute.)=Syn. 1. Action, Act, Deed. See action.
act (akt), v. [K L. actus, pp. of agere, lead,
drive, impel, cause, make, perform, do : see act,
n.] i.º.º. i. Tº do, perform, or transact.
Thou wast a spirit too delicate
To act her earthy and abhorr'd commands.
Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
2. To represent by action; perform on or as on
the stage; play, or play the part of; hence,
feign or counterfeit: as, to act Macbeth; to act
the lover, or the part of a lover.
With acted fear the villain thus pursued. I}ryden.
3. To perform the office of; assume the char-
acter of: as, to act the hero.—4t. To put in
action; actuate.
Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul.
- Pope, Essay on Man, ii. 59.
What spirit acted the party that raised this persecution,
One may guess. C. Mather, Mag. Chris., Int., iii.
II. intrans. To do something; exert energy
or force in any way: used of anything capable
of movement, either original or communicated,
or of producing effects. Specifically—1. To
put forth effort or energy; exercise movement
or agency; be employed or operative: as, to act
Vigorously or º he is acting against
his own interest; his mind acts sluggishly.
He hangs between ; in doubt to act, or rest.
Pope, Essay on Man, ii. 7.
Act, act in the living Present I
Longfellow, Psalm of Life.
You can distinguish between individual people to such
an extent that you have a general idea of how a given
person will act when placed in given circumstances.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 76.
2. To exert influence or produce effects; per-
form a function or functions; operate:Tas,
praise acts as a stimulant; mind acts upon
mind; the medicine failed to act; the brake
refused to act, or to act upon the wheels.
How body acts upon the impassive mind.
Garth, Dispensary.
Man acting on man by weight of opinion.
Emerson, Civilization.
3. To be employed or operate in a particular
way; perform specific duties or functions; as,
a deputy acts for or in place of his F.
he refused to act on or as a member of the com-
mittee. . Often used with reference to the performance
of duties by a temporary substitute for the regular incum-
bent of an office: as, the lieutenant-governor will actin the
absence of the governor. See acting.
4. To perform as an actor; represent a char-
acter; hence, to feign or assume a part: as, he
acts well; he is only acting.—To act on, to act in
accordance with ; regulate one's action by: as, to act on
the principle of the golden rule; to act on a false assump-
tion.—To act up to, to equal in action; perform an
action or a series of actions correspondent to ; fulfil: as,
he has acted wip to his engagement.
He is a man of sentiment, and acts wo to the senti-
ments he professes. Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 2.
=Syn. Act, Work, Operate. . . These words agree in ex-
pressing the successful exertion of power. In their in-
transitive use they are sometimes interchangeable: as,
a medicine, acts, works, or operates; a plan works or op-
erates. Where they differ, act may more often refer to a
single action or to the simpler forms of action: as, a ma-
chine works well when all its parts act, Act may also be
the most general, applying to persons or things, the oth-
ers applying generally to things. Operate may express
the more elaborate forms of action. Work may express
the more powerful kinds of action: as, it worked upon
mind.
acta (a.kſtä), n, pl. . [L., pl. of actum : see act,
n.] 1. Acts. Specifically-2. Proceedings in
a legal or an ecclesiastical court, or minutes
of such proceedings.-Acta (or Actus) Apostolo-
rum (Acts of the Apostles), the title in the Vulgate of
the fifth book of the New Testament.—Acta Martyrum
§: of the Martyrs), contemporary accounts of the early
hristian martyrdoms, from judicial registers or reports
of eye-witnesses, or as drawn up by the ecclesiastical
notaries; specifically, the critical edition of such acts by
the Benedictine Ruinart, first published in 1689, and the
additional collections by the Orientalist Stephen Assemani,
in 1748.- Acta, Sanctorum (Acts of the Saints), a name
applied generally to all collections of accounts of Saints
and martyrs, both of the Roman and Greek churches;
specifically, the name of a work begun by the Bollandists,
a society of Jesuits, in 1643, and not yet completed in 1910.
It now consists of sixty-four folio volumes, including an
index.published in 1875. Analecta are also being published.
actable (akºta-bl.), a. [Kact + -able.] Practicall
possible; performable; capable of being acted.
Is naked truth actable in true life 7
Tennyson, Harold, iii. 1.
Mr. Browning set himself to the composition of another
actable play. - The Century, XXIII. 199.
Actaea, (ak-té’ā), n. [L., herb-christopher, from
the resemblance of the leaves to those of the
§ 3 º' elder, KGr. &kraía,
erroneous form
of Čiktéa, contr.
äktā, the elder-
tree..] A genus of
# *
****, *
º, tº
is is:
Tº... herbs, of the
". ś § family Ramwmcw-
O - ſ? N § tº
Kºš laceae, with some-
Öğ what deleterious
/ %) Nº properties. . The
- Y -- ſ %. {\ §§ old-world species, A.
QCy)* * Spîcata, the bane-
º O berry or herb-chris-
=- topher, has black
berries. The com-
QY - mon form of eastern
North America with
red berries is A. ru-
(Actea rubra), showing bra, and the white-
berried species of the
Same region is A.
ſked Baneber *
flowering plant and fruiting raceme.
59
artificial group, composed of the iophobranchii and Cy-
clostomi or Marsipobranchii,
Actian (ak'shi-án), a. [KL. Actius (poet.), also
Actiacus, a., KAcţium, Gr. Akrov, lit. a head-
land, Kåkth, a headland. Cf. Actaeon.] Relating
to Actium, a town and promontory of Acarnania
in Greece.—Actian #. games held from remote
antiquity at Actium in honor of Apollo, and reorganized
and developed by Augustus to celebrate his naval victory
over Antony near that town, Sept. 2, 31 B. C. As remod-
eled by the Romans they were celebrated every four years,
and became the fifth in importance of the great Greek fes.
tivals. Hence, Actian years, years reckoned from the
era of the new Actian games. Games also called Actian
were celebrated, by senatorial decree, every four years at
Rome.
actinal (ak’ti-nal), a. [K Gr. &ºtic (äkta-), a ray,
+ -al.] In 206l. : (a) Pertaining to the side of
a radiate animal which contains the mouth: .
equivalent to oral, since the pole, surface, or
aspect of the body whence parts radiate is also
that in which the mouth is situated: the oppo-
site of abactinal or aboral. The actinal side or sur-
face may be the upper one, in the usual attitude of the ani-
mal, as in the case of a sea-anemone, which is fixed by its
abactinal or aboral pole, and grows upward; or it may be
the lower one, as in the case of a starfish, which creeps upon
its actinal or oral surface. In a sea-urchin of more or less
globular shape nearly the whole superficies is actinal.
The so-called mouth is always placed at one end of these
poles, and from it radiate the most prominent organs, in
consequence of which I have called this side of the body
the oral or actinal area, and the opposite side the aboral
or abactinal area.
L. Agassiz, Contrib. Nat. Hist. N. A., IV. 376.
The mouth [of sea-urchins] is always situated upon the
lower or actiºnal aspect, which is applied in progression
to the surface upon which the animal moves.
Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 161.
(b) In general, having tentacles or rays.
The upper extremity [of members of the genus Actinia]
is called the actiºnal end, since it bears the tentacles or
TayS. Dama, Corals, p. 22.
Actinellida (ak-ti-nel’i-dà), n. pl. , DNL., KGr.
ākriç (akriv.), ray, + dim. -ell-us-F-ida.] A fam-
ily name of radiolarians: synonymous with As-
trolophididae (which see).
Actinellidae (ak-ti-nel’i-dé), m. pl... [NL., KActi-
nella (not used) + -ida!..] A family of acantho-
metrous acantharians with the skeleton com-
posed of a varying number of spicules, which
are not distributed according to J. Müller's law.
actinenchyma (akti-neng'ki-mă), n. ...[K Gr.
àkTig (ākTuv-), ray, + šyzvºua, infusion, Kēyxéetv,
pour in..] In bot., a name that has been given
alpa. In the Atlantic States these are known as red and Ato a system or tissue of stellate cells.
white cohosh or baneberry.
Actaeon (ak-tê'gn), n. [L., K. Gr. Akratov, in
myth., a grandson of Cadmus, who, having come
accidentally upon Diana bathing, was changed
by her into a stag, and then torn to pieces by
his own dogs. Cf. Škraioc, on the coast, K arth,
a coast, headland, edge.] 1. The representa-
tive genus of the molluscan family Actaeonidae.
Originally written Acteon. Montfort, 1810. Also
Tornatella.-2. Agenus of abranchiate gastrop-
odous mollusks, of the family Elysiidae (which
see): a synonym of Elysia. Okem, 1815. -
Actaeonella (a.k-té-ó-nel’â), m. [NL., KActaeon
+ -ella.] A genus of opisthobranchiate gastro-
pods, abundant in the Cretaceous, with thick
conoid or convoluted shell, short or concealed
spire, long narrow aperture, and the columella
with three regular spiral plaits in front. Origi-
nally written Acteonella. . . e.
actaeonellid (ak-té-6-nel'id), n. A gastropod
of the family Actaeomellidae.
Actaeonellidae (ak-tê-6-nel’i-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
KActaeonella + -idae.] A family of gastropods,
taking name from the genus Actaeonella (which
see).
actaeonid (ak-tê'gn-id), n. A gastropod of the
[NL., KActae-
family Actaeonidae.
Actaeonidae (ak-tê-on’i-dé), m. pl.
on + -idae.] A family of tectibranchiate gas-
tropods, variously limited, but typified by the
genus Actaeon. It is now chiefly restricted to animals
retractile in their shells and having a wide frontal lobe ter-
minating behind in broad triangular tentacles; uncinate
acting (akºting), p. a. Performing duty, ser-
vice, or functions; specifically, performing the
functions of an office or employment tempo-
rarily: as, an acting governor or mayor; an
acting colonel or Superintendent. In the United
States there is generally some officer of lower grade legal-
ly entitled to become the acting incumbent of an impor-
tant executive office during a temporary vacancy from
absence or disability of the elected incumbent. Tempo-
rary vacancies in military, judicial, and minor executive
offices are usually filled by assignment or appointment.
Actinia (ak-tin’i-á), m. [NL., KGr. Ökrig (āktiv-),
ray.] 1. Agenus of zoöphytes, belonging to the
Radiata of Čuvier, regarded as the type of the
order Malacodermata, subclass Zoantharia, class
Actinozoa, Subkingdom Coelenterata, in modern
classification. The body is cylindrical, and is attached
by one extremity, the mouth occupying the middle of the
upper or free extremity. The mouth is surrounded by
concentric circles of tentacles, which when spread re-
Semble the petals of a flower, whence the popular names
animal-flowers and sea-anemomes (which see). They are
not perfectly radial in symmetry, the common polyp of
the sea-shore, A. mesembryanthemwm, having the oral
aperture slightly elliptical, the long axis being marked by
a tubercle at either end; the animal thus presents a faint
but well-marked indication of bilateral symmetry. They
move by alternately contracting and expanding their bases,
and by their tentacles. The species are often of brilliant
colors; many of them are used as food. See Actinozoa.
2. [l. c.] An animal of the genus Actinia or
family Actiniidae.
Actiniadae, n. pl. See Actiniidae.
Actiniaria (ak-tin-i-ā'ri-á), n. pl.
tinia + -aria.] One of the ği
[NL., KAc-
visions of the class
Actinozoa, containing the sea-anemones, and actinograph (ak-tin'3-gräf), m.
lingual teeth, which are numerous, nearly uniform, and A nearly equivalent to the order Malacodermata.
arranged in series diverging from the middle; and a sub- actinic (ak-tin'ik). a. [K Gr, àkrig (ārttv-), a ray,
cylindrical spiral shell having a columellar fold. The live
ing species are of small size, marine, and chiefly tropical
or subtropical, and have been distributed among several
genera. Numerous fossil species have been found. The
º is also known under the name Tornatellidae (which
See), -
act-drop (akt'drop), n. In a theater, a curtain
which is lowered between acts. tº sº.
Actenobranchii (ak-ten-Ö-brang'ki-i), n, pl.
., K. Gr. 6- priv. H. Kreic (krev-), a comb, +
páyºta, gills.] In Macleay's ichthyological
. one of five primary groups of fishes,
characterized solely by the branchiae not being
pectinated like * of most fishes. It is a very
S,
*
Y
\
+ -ic.] Pertaining to actinism; (of radiation)
chemically active.
The so-called actinic rays, which were discovered by
their special activity in connection with the earlier pho-
tographic processes, but which can now be changed into
visible rays, are merely vibrations too rapid to affect the
eyes. Tait, Light, $ 3.
Actinic process, a generic name for any photographic
process; #.".º. photo-engraying process.
actinically (ak-tin'i-kal-i), adv, As regards
the chemical action of radiation.
The light which finally emerges, however much cor-
rected, becomes more and more actinically weak.
Silver Sunbeam, p. 35.
Actinidae (ak-tin’i-dé), m. pl.
ſidae
Atinozoa.
actinism (ak’ti-nizm), n.
Actinochiri (akºti-nó-ki'ri), n.
actinocrinite (ak’ti-nó-kri'nit), m.
Actinocrinus (ak’ti-nó-kri'nus), m.
Actinogastra (ak’ti-nó-gastră), m. pl.
actinoid
Same as Actini-
. . J. D. Dana, 1846.
actiniformakin'ſ form oraktin-i-form), a. ſ.
Gr. &ktig (ākrtv-), ray, + L.-formis, Kforma, form.]
Having a radiated form; resembling an actinia.
Actiniidae, Actiniadae (ak-ti-ni’i-dé, -á-dé), n.
pl. [NL., KActinia + -ida, -ada.] The sea-
anemones or animal-flowers proper, regarded
as a family, having as type the genus Actinia,
and belonging to the order Helianthoida or
Malacodermata, of the class Actinozoa. It con-
tains numerous genera and species. See Acti.
nozoa. Also written Actinidae. y
actiniochrome (ak-tini-j-kröm), n., [K Gr. &
tic (äktiv-), ray (see actinium), +3 pāua, color.]
A red pigment obtained by Moseley from some
specimens of Bunodes crassus, one of the Ac-
[K. Gr. &Kríg (āſcriv-),
ray, + -ism.] 1. The science of heat and light.—
2. That property of rays which, as may be seen
in photography and in certain chemical changes
due to exposure to light (such as the union of H
and Cl to form HCl), produces chemical com-
binations and decomposition. A pencil of rays,
when decomposed by refraction through a prism, is found
to possess three properties, viz., the heating, the lumi-
nous, and the chemical or actinic. It was formerly Sup-
osed that the actinic property belonged peculiarly to
he more refrangible part of the spectrum, beginning with
the violet and extending far beyond the visible spectrum;
it is now known, howeve, that the different rays differ
essentially only in their wave-lengths, and that the phe-
nomena of heat, light, or chemical action observed depend
upon the surface on which the rays respectively fall. The
violet end of the spectrum acts especially on the sensitive
silver salts, but the chemical decomposition of the carbon
dioxid (CO2) in the atmosphere involved in the growth
of vegetation takes place most actively under the action
of the yellow rays; and under proper conditions a pho-
tograph of even the ultra-red rays at the opposite end of
the spectrum may be obtained on a gelatin plate sensitized
[NL., K. Gr. akrig
(äktiv-), ray.] A supposed chemical element
found associated with zinc. See the supple-
ment.
*With silver bromid.
actinium (ak-tin’i-um), m.
aćtino-. [NL., etc., K. Gr. &kTic (äktiv-), ray: see
actinic..] An element in scientific compounds
of Greek origin, meaning ray. In chemical com-
ounds it represents specifically actinism.
ctinocheiri, m. See Actinochiri.
actino-chemistry (ak’ti-nó-kem’ is-tri), n.
[K actin-ism + chemistry.] Chemistry in its re-
lation to actinism. See actinism.
[NL., K. Gr.
ãkTig (ākTtv-), Tay, + xeip, hand.] An order of
fishes having six unpaired and one pair of basilar
bones supporting the pectoral fin, and all ar-
ticulating with the Scapula. Its only known repre-
sentatives form the extinct family Pelecopteridce, of the
Upper Cretaceous formation. Cope, 1875. Also spelled
*Actinocheiri.
Actinocrinidae (ak/ti-nó-krin’i-dé), m.pl. [NL.,
KActinocrinus + -idae.] A family of encrimites,
or fossil crinoids, exemplified by the genus Ac-
timocrinus.
[K Actino-
crinus + -ite?..] An encrinite, or fossil crinoid,
of the genus Actinocrinus. [By error some-
times spelled actinocrite.]
[NL., K. Gr.
artig (ākTiv-), ray, + Rpivov, lily: see crinoid.]
A genus of encrimites, or fossil crinoids, re-
ferred to the family Engrinida, or made type
of the family Actinocrinida.
actino-electricity (ak’ti-nó-ê-lek-tris’i-ti), n.
[K actin-ism + electricity.] Differences of elec-
trical potential produced in a crystal (e. g.
Quartz) by radiation. Hankel.
[NL., K
Gr. diktig (ākTuv-), ray, + Yaotip, belly.] In
Haeckel’s classification, a subclass of Asterida,
containing those starfishes or sea-stars which
have the gastric cavity radiated, whence the
Ila, Iſle.
e [K Gr. Čikrig
(äktuv-), ray, + Ypápetv, write. Cf. Gr. diktivo-
Ypaºta, a treatise on radiation, of same forma-
tion.] An actinometer so constructed as to
give a continuous graphic record of radiant
energy and its variations. See *actinometer.
There are various forms of actinograph, the
'best being those of Angström, Chwolson, and
Crova.
An actinograph, or self-registering photometer.
Sir J. Herschel, Phil. Trans., I. 46.
actinoid (ak’ti-noid), a. [KGr. Škruvoetófic, Kākrác
(äkTuv-), ray, + elóog, form: see -oid.] Having
the form of rays; resembling a starfish; con:
spicuously radiate ; as, the actinoid type of
echinoderms.







Actinoida,
Actinoida (ak-ti-noiſdá), n, pl. [NL.: see acti.
A noid.]... Same as Actinozoa.
àctinolite (ak-tin’-lit), n. [K Gr. dictic (äktiv-)
ray, + Widoº, stone..] A radiated mineral, called
by Werner strahlstein (ray-stone), a metasili-
cate of lime, magnesia, and ferrous oxid. It is
a variety of amphibole or hornblende, of a green color, and
having a columnar to fibrous structure. Also called acti.
note.-Actinolite schist, a metamorphic rock consisting
principally of actinolite, with an admixture of mica, quartz,
or feldspar; its texture is slaty and foliated.
actinolitic (ak’ti-nó-lit'ik), a. Like, pertaining
Ato, or consisting of actinolite.
àctinology (ak-ti-nol’ô-ji), n. IK Gr, àkrig (āk-
Ttv-), ray, + -āoyia, K Žéyetv, speak: see -ology.]
That branch of science which investigates the
chemical action of light. -
actinomere (ak-tin'3-mér), m. [K Gr. dictig (āk-
Ttv-), ray, + piépoc, a part, Kueipeoffat (V*uep), di-
vide.] One of the radially symmetrical parti-
tions or divisions of a sea-anemone, Coral-polyp,
or other actinozoan.
actinomeric (ak’ti-nó-mer'ik), a. Relating to
an actinomere; having actinomeres; being di-
Vided into radiated parts.
àctinometer (ak-ti-nom’e-têr), n. [K Gr. &krig
(äktiv-), ray, + piérpov, measure.] An instru-
ment for measuring the intensity of radia-
Ation.
actinometric (ak’ti-nó-met 'rik), a. Of or
belonging to the actinometer, or to actinom-
etry.
actinometrical (ak’ti-nó-met/ri-kal), a. Same
aS actinometric.
actinometry (ak-ti-nom’e-tri), n. [As actinome-
ter + -y.] The measurement of the intensity Actinopteri (ak-ti-nop’te-ri), m. pl.
of radiation. -
Actinomma (ak-ti-nom’ā), n. [NL.; K Gr, dºrſ;
(ákºv-), ray, + 5/lua, eye.]. A notable genus of
radiolarians, established by Haeckel in 1860.
See extract.
As the lateral processes [of the rays of some radiolari-
ans] . . . become more largely developed, a continuous cir-
cumferential skeleton is formed, which encloses the whole
organism, as in Actinomºna, in which there are sometimes
three or more concentric shells. Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 9.
Actinomonadidae (ak’ti-nó-mó-nad’i-dé), m. pl.
L., K. Actinomonas (-ad-) + -ida!..] A family
of oval or spheroidal animalcules, fixed or
freely motile. They are entirely naked, possess neither
a hardened test nor a central capsule, and have fine ray-
like pseudopodia projecting from all points of the surface,
Supplemented at one point by a long vibratile flagellum.
Actinomonas (ak"ti-nó-mon'as), n. [NL., KGr.
&KTíg (ākTtv-), ray, + govác, a unit: see monad.]
The typical genus of infusorians of the family
Actinomomadidae.
actinomorphic (ak’ti-nó-mór'fik), a.
actinomorphows.
actinomorphous (ak’ti-nó-môr'fus), a. [K Gr.
ôktig (ākTtv-), ray, + popºff, form.] Ray-shaped:
in bot., applied to flowers which may be divided
vertically into similar halves through two or
more planes: synonymous with polysymmetri-
*cal. Sachs.
Actinomyces (ak’ti-nó-mi'séz), n. [NL. (Harz,
1878), K. Gr. diſtic (ākruv-), ray, + pikºg (pl.
pºkmTeg), a mushroom, an excrescence.] 1. A
genus of schizomycetous fungi; the ray-fungus.
The disease actinomycosis is caused by the
presence of A. bovis.-2. [l. c.] A fungus of
the genus Actinomyces.
actinomycetic (ak’ti-nó-mi-set'ik), a. Per-
taining to or caused by actinomycetes: as, an
actinomycetic tumor.
actinomycosis (ak’ti-nó-mi-kö’sis), m. [NL., K
actinomyces + -osis.] A progressive inflamma-
tory affection caused by the presence of acti.
nomycetes, occurring in cattle and Swine, and
Sometimes in man. It is most frequently found in
the jaws of cattle, but may invade other parts. It is com-
municated by contact with a wound or an abrasion. Also
called lumpy-jaw.
actinophone (ak-tin'3-phēn), n. IK Gr. dictig
(äktiv-), ray, + jøvå, Sound..] An apparatus for
the production of sound by actinic rays. A. G.
Bell. See radiophone.
actinophonic (ak-tin-Ö-fon'ik), a. Pertaining
to the actinophone, or to Sounds produced by
*actinic rays. y
actinophore (ak-tin’ā-fôr), n. [K Gr. diſcrivoſhôpoſ,
ray-bearing: see actinophorous.] . One of the
peripheral skeletal elements which directly af-
ford support to the true fin-rays of Lyrifera,
that is, typical fishes and selachians.
The actinophores of the paired fins may be distinguished
from those of the unpaired fins by calling the latter the
median actinophores. J. A. Ryder.
actinophorous (ak-ti-nofºg-rus), a. [K Gr. &#-
rtvojópoc, ray-bearing, Köktíg (ākrty-), ray, +
Same as
60
-$600g, K #épetv = E. bearl.] Having ray-like
Spines.
actinophryan (ak-ti-nofºri-an), a. [K Actino-
phrys.] Of or pertaining to Actinophrys.
The amoeban, like the actinophryan type, shows itselfin
the testaceous as well as in the naked form.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 407.
Actinophryidae (ak’ti-nó-fri'i-dé), m.pl. [NL.,
KActinophrys + -idae.] A family of endoplastic
rhizopods, typified by the genus Actinophrys
(which see), referred to the order Heliozoa or
constituting an order Phlaºophora (Carus), and
containing organisms known as heliozoans or
Sun-animalcules. Other genera than Actino-
phrys placed in this family are Ciliophrys and
Actinosphaerium (which see).
Actinophryina (ak’ti-no-fri-i'nā), m.pl. [NL.,
KActinophrys -H, -ina.] A group of rhizopods,
taking name from the genus Actinophrys, con-
taining heliozoans or Sun-animalcules. See AC-
timophryidae.
Actinophrys (ak-ti-nofºris), n. [NL., KGr, artic
(äictiv-), ray, + 64p0c = E. brow.] A genus of
protozoans, belonging to a division of the class
Ichizopoda known as Heliozoa, and the leading
genus of a family Actinophryidae. Actinophrys sol,
a typical species, is the Well-known Sun-animalcule of
microscopists.
Most species of the genus Actinophrys, or “sun-animal-
cule,” which is common in ponds, are simply free-swim-
ming myxopods with stiffish pseudopodia, which radiate
from all sides of the globular body.
Hwæley, Amat. Invert., p. 82.
actinopteran (ak-ti-nopte-ran), n. One of the
Actinopteri ; an actinopterous fish.
- - [NL., pl.
of actinopterus : see actinopterous.] In Cope’s
system of classification, a subclass of fishes
embracing all the teleosts, most of the osseous
ganoids, and the Sturgeons. The technical charac-
ters of the group are opercular bones well developed on a
Separate and complex suspensorium, a double ceratohyal,
no pelvic elements, primary radii of the fore limb parallel
With basilar elements and entering into the articulation
with the Scapular arch, and basilar elements reduced to a
metapterygium and very rarely a mesopterygium.
actinopterous (ak-ti-nopte-rus), a. [KNL. ac-
tinopterus, K. Gr. & criç (ākriv-), ray, + Trepév,
wing.] Having the characters of or pertain-
ing to the Actinopteri.
actinosoma (ak’ti-nó-Sö’mâ), m.;
ºnata (-ma-tá). [K Gr. dictic Čáriº, ray, + oãpia,
body..] Thé entire body of any actinozoan,
Whether simple, as in the sea-anemomes, or com-
osed of several zoöids, as in most corals.
ctinosphaterium (ak”ti-mö-sfé'ri-um), n. DNL.,
K Gr. diktig (āktiv-), ray, + opalpa, sphere.] 1. A
genus of rhizopods, or endoplastic protozoans,
pl. actinoso-
|
§
- º wº
N §§§.
º Il Il RS-
Sun-animalcule (Actinosphaert tem etch/tormti), magnified.
I. The whole animal, with c, c, contractile vacuoles. II. Portion of
É. more magnified, with a, four stiff pseudopodia, and ºt,
our nuclei or endoplasts. III. A young actinosphaerium.
having a number of nuclei or endoplasts in the
central parts of the protoplasm, and numerous
stiff radiating pseudopodia.
Neither conjugation nor fission has been observed
among ordinary Radiolaria, but both these processes take
place in Actinosphaerium. Hwæley, Anat. Invert., p. 85.
2...[l. c.]. A member of this genus,
actinost (ak’ti-nost), n. [K Gr, àſcrig (äktiv-),
ray, + boréov, a bone..] In ichth., one of the
bones which in true fishes immediately support
the rays of the pectoral and ventral fins. They
are generally, in the pectorals, four in number, but some-
times, as in some pediculates, are reduced to two, and
sometimes, as in ganoids, increased to more than four;
they are rarely atrophied. Gill.
Actinotrocha (ak-ti-not'rö-kä), n.
actinozoön (ak’ti-nó-zó’on), 77.
action
ãctinostome (aktinº-stöm), n. K Gr. isri,
(äktuv-), ray, + otóua, mouth.] The oral orifice
of an actinozoan or of an asteroidean.
The ingrowth of the rim of the blastopore in Actinozoa
to form an actinostome is therefore due to a fusion be-
tween the primitive stomodeum and the blastopore.
Hyatt, Proc, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. (1885), p. 107.
actinote (ak’ti-nót), m. ... [K Gr. &Krivoróg, fur-
mished with rays, K&Krig (ākrav-), ray.] Same as
actinolite. º
actinotrichium (ak’ti-nó-trik’i-um), n. ; pl. ac-
timotrichia, º [NL. (J. A. Ryder, 1885), KGr.
äktig (āictiv-), ray, + 0píš (Tpty-), a hair.] One
of the homogeneous hair-like fibers which rep-
resent the rays in the fin-folds of the embryos
of fishes, and which subsequently fuse to form
the membranous basis of the permanent rays
of the adult fish. *
[NL., K. Gr.
ākTic (ākrty-), ray, + Tpox#, a wheel, ring.] An
embryonic form of a gephyrean worm of the
genus Phoromis (which § , which was mistaken
for a distinct animal and named Actinotrocha
branchiata.
Actinozoa (ak’ti-nó-zó’â), m.pl. [NL., KGr. & cric
(äktiv-), ray, + šov, an animal: see 206m.] A
class of Coelenterata;
radiated, marine zo-
öphytes, embracing
the sea-anemones,
corals, Sea-pens,
etc., in which the
mouth is furnished
with hollow retract-
ile tentacles, simple
in one subclass (Zo-
antharia) or fringed
in the other (Alcyo-
naria). The digestive
cavity is separated from
the body-wall by an in-
tervening perivisceral
space, which is radially
divided into several com-
partments by partitions
called mesenteries, On
which the reproductive
organs are situated. The
great majority are com-
pound, living in a polypidom; some adhere to rocks, etc.,
and some are free. The rayed tentacles about the mouth
§: in some genera, as Actinia, no remote resem-
lance to some of the finest composite flowers. Reproduc-
tion is effected by eggs thrown out at the mouth, by gem-
mules or buds developed on the base of their disk, and by
division, each separated part becoming a complete ani-
mal. Development is accompanied by well-marked meta-
morphosis but not by alternation of generations. When
reproduced by ordinary generation, the egg develops into
a free locomotive planula with vibratile cilia. The sexes
are either united or distinct. The Actinozoa and Hydro-
200 constitute the subkingdom Coelenterata. Also called
Actinoida. See Hydrozoa.
Vertical Section of an Actinozoan
(a Sea-anemone, Actinia Jºolsatica),
showing type of structure of Acţiºtozoa.
at, mouth, oral aperture; b, gastric
cavity; c, axial cavity, common to band
to d, an intermesenteric chamber in the
perivisceral or somatic cavity, c and d
together being the enterocoele; e, free
thickened margin of a mesentery, f,
containing nematocysts; g, reproduc-
tive organ; h, one of the circlet of
tentacles around the mouth.
actinozoal (ak’ti-nó-zó'al), a. Relating to the
Actinozoa.
actinozoan (ak’ti-nó-zó'an), m. One of the Ac-
tinozoa, any member of that class.
[NL., sing. Of
Actinozoa.] An actinozoan.
actinula (ak-tin’īī-lâ), m.; pl. actinulae (-lé).
[NL., dim. of Gr. &RTſg (ākrav-), ray.] A name
given by Allman to the larval condition of
IHydrophora (Hydrozoa), appearing when the
ciliated locomotive planula or embryo has be-
come fixed by its aboral end, and has passed
into the elongated gastrula-stage by the forma-
tion of the mouth with its circlet of tentacles.
See planula.
In most Discophora, the embryo becomes a fixed actin-
wla (the so-called Hydra tuba, or Scyphistoma).
Hwæley, Anat. Invert., p. 133.
action (ak'shgn), n. [KME. accion, -own, KOF.
action = Sp. accion= Pg. acqão = It. azione, KL.
actio(n-), Kagere, do, act : see act, m.] 1. The
process or state of acting or of being active, as
opposed to rest; change of which the cause lies
within the subject; activity; active exertion;
energy manifested in outward acts, as con-
trasted with contemplation, speculation, speak-
ing, or writing: as, a man of action. [In this
sense not used in the plural.]
The basis of Action, as distinguished from motion, or
movement, is the existence of desire residing in the ani-
mate Organism. L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., II. 90.
2. An event considered as predicated of its
cause; an act, usually in a complex or an in-
clusive sense; that which is done about or in
relation to anything; a specific performance,
proceeding, or course of conduct: as, a good
or a bad action; actions speak louder than
words; the action of a deliberative body.
The Lord is a God of knowledge, and by him actions
are weighed, 1 Sam. ii. 3.

action
What dangerous action, stood it next to death,
Would I not undergo for One calm look
- Shak., T. G., of V., v. 4.
An action is the perfection and publication of thought,
Emerson, Nature.
The word action is properly applied to those exertions
which are consequent on volition, whether the exertion
be made on external objects, or be confined to our mental
operations. D. Stewart, Works, VI. 121.
3. An exertion of power or force; thereal rela-
tion of a cause to its effect; causality; influ-
ence; agency; operation; impulse: as, the a0-
tion of wind upon a ship's sails.
The action which given electrical masses exert on the
exterior of any closed surface is the same as that of a layer
of the same mass spread on this surface according to a
certain law. Atkinson, tr. of Mascart and Joubert, I. 44.
4. Manner of moving; kind of motion or physi-
cal performance: as, this horse has fine action;
the action of a machine.
Initate the action of the tiger. Shak., Hen. V., iii. 1.
5. In rhet, gesture or gesticulation; the deport-
ment of the speaker, or the accommodation of
his attitude, voice, gestures, and countenance
to the subject, or to the thoughts and feelings
expressed.
Suit the action to the word, the word to the action.
ak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
Whilst the true brood of actors, that alone
Keep mat'ral, unstrain’d Action in her throne,
Behold their benches bare. Carew, To Davenant.
6. In poetry and the drama, the connected
series of events on which the interest of the
piece depends; the main subject or story, as
distinguished from an incidental action or epi-
sode. Unity of action is one of the dramatic
unities.
This action should have three qualifications: first, it
should be one action; secondly, it should be an entire ac-
tion; and thirdly, it should be a great action.
Addison, Spectator, No. 267.
7. In physiol. : (a) Amy one of the active pro-
cesses going on in an organized body; some
manifestation of vital activity; the perform-
ance of a function: as, the action of the
stomach or the gastric juice on the food; a
morbid action of the liver. (b) A more or less
complex muscular effort. It may be voluntary, as
the contractions of the voluntary muscles in response to
the will; involuntary, as those of the heart; mixed, as those
of respiration, deglutition, etc.; or reflea, as most involun-
tary actions, and also those performed by voluntary mus-
cles under the influence of stimuli without involving con-
scious volition. † & º &
8. In law: (a) A proceeding instituted in court
loy one or more parties against another or others
to enforce a right, or punish or redress a wrong:
distinguished from judicial proceedings which
are not controversialinform, as the probate of a
will, (b) Such a proceeding under the forms of
the common law, as distinguished from a chan-
cery suit and a criminal prosecution. But since
the merger of law and equity, the remedy formerly had
by suit in chancery is had by an equitable action. In the
wider sense an action is civil or criminal: it is criminal
when instituted by the sovereign for the punishment of a
crime (see criminal); civil when instituted by the sover-
eign power in its capacity as an owner or contracting
party, or by a subject or citizen. A criminal action is fre-
quently spoken of as an indictment, which, however, is
only one kind of formal complaint by which such a pro-
ceeding may be commenced or presented for trial. A
common-law action is real, personal, or mia:ed: real when
it claims title to real estate; personal when it demands a
chattel, a debt, damages for an injury, or a statutory pen-
alty; and mia!ed when it demands both real estate and
damages for a Wrong. Actions are in personam or in rem:
in personam When the party defendant is a natural person
or a corporation; in rem. When it is a thing the ownership
of which it is sought to change or affect, as when it is
sought to make damages for a collision at sea a lien on
the guilty ship, or to confiscate smuggled property. Ac-
tions where, the defendant being out of the reach of the
Court, a judgment against him will bind only his property
previously attached, and actions merely to determine the
status of the parties, as for divorce, are also sometimes
properly called actions in rem ; for the property attached
and the status, respectively, are in one sense the subjects
of the action, and it is their presence which enables the
Court to exercise its jurisdiction as against persons ab-
sent. See also in personam, in rem. (c) The right
of bringing an action : as, the law gives an
61
9. In the fine arts: (a) The appearance of ani-
mation, movement, or passion given to figures
by their attitude, position, or expression, either
singly or concurrently. (b) The event or epi-
sode º or illustrated by a work of art.
–10. A military fight; a minor engagement be-
tween armed bodies of men, whether on land
i. jºr : of less importance than a battle. See
attle.
How many gentlemen have you lost in this action 2
Shak., Much Ado, i. 1.
A general action now ensued, which, after the loss of
several killed and Wounded, terminated in the retreat of
the British party towards the centre of the town.
Everett, Orations, p. 90.
11. In mach. : (a) The mechanism of a breech-
loading gun by which it is opened to receive
the charge. (b) That part of the mechanism of
a pianoforte, an organ, or other similar instru-
ment by which the action of the fingers upon
the keys is transmitted to the strings, reeds, etc.
In a harp the action is a mechanism, controlled by pedals,
by which the key is changed by a half or whole step.
12. . [A French usage.] A share in the capital
stock of a company; in the plural, stocks, or
action for every claim. [The following French phrases
are common in Canadian law : Action en déclaration
d'hypothèque, action, by a creditor having a hypothec, .
against a third person in possession of the real property,
to have it declared subject to the hypothec. Action em.
interruption (de préscription), an action brought to inter-
Tupt the running of the time fixed in a statute of limita-
tions as a bar to an action. ...Action en revendication, action
in replewin; an action by the alleged owner of property to
Tecover possession. Action hypothécaire, an action brought
by the hypothecary creditor against a third person holding
the property subject to the hypothec, the object being to
have the property or its value applied to pay the debt.
Action mêgatoire, an action by the owner of real property
against any person exercising an alleged right of servitude
or easement on the property, praying that such alleged
right be declared unfounded and that such person be per-
petually barred from its exercise. Action populaire, a
qui tam action; an action in the interest of the public.]
shares of stock-Abandonment of an action. See
abandonment.—Accessory action. See accessory.—Ac-
tion. Of account. See account.—Action of adherence,
See adherence.—Action of a moving system, in mech.,
twice the time-integral of the kinetic energy, which is
equal to the sum of the average momentums for the spaces
described by the parts of the system from any era, each
multiplied by the length of its path.-Action of ejection
and intrusion. See ejection.—Action of ejectment.
See ejectment and casual.-Action of foreclosure. See
joreclosure.—Action of mesne profitS. See mesme.—
Action on, the case. See, casei-Amicable action.
See amicable.—Angle of action. See angle3.-Back ac-
tion. (a) In marine engines, action.in which the cylinder
is between the cross-head or cross-tail and the crank.
In this arrangement, which is sometimes used where a Sav-
ing of longitudinal space is desired, parallel side-bars con-
nect the cross-head of the piston-rod with a cross-tail, and
from this a connecting-rod extends to the shaft at the same
end of the cylinder as the cross-head. The opposite of
direct action (see below). (b) In firearms, when the locks
are bedded into the stock alone. E. H. Knight.—Cause
of action. See cause.—Chemical action, action be-
tween substances by which their identity is lost, as
distinguished from physical action in which the identity
of the substances is retained: same as chemical change.
—Chose in action. See chose2.—Circuity of action.
See circuity.—Concourse of actions. See concourse.
—Concurrence of actions. See concurrence.—Con-
solidation of actions. See consolidation.—Currents
of action. See current.—Declaratory action. See
declarator.—I)irect action, in a steam-engine, action in
which the piston-rod or cross-head is directly connected
by a rod with the crank.--Double action, in mach., ac-
tion, as of a piston, in which work is done at every stroke
or reciprocal movement.—Droitural action. See droi-
tural.—Equivocal action, one in which the effect is of
a different species from the agent, as the action of a blow
upon a drum, causing it to sound.—Form of action,
See form.— Gist of an action. See gist2.—Immanent
action, one whose effect is within the agent or cause ;
transient action, one whose effect is an object other
than its cause.
In the action immanent the agent and the patient are
the same ; in the transient different, in the thing itself.
Burgersdicius, tr. by a Gentleman, i. 8.
In action, in a condition or state of activity; in active
operation.—Law of action and reaction, Newton's
third law of motion. It is as follows: To every action
there is always an equal and contrary reaction; or the
mutual actions of two bodies are always equal and oppo-
sitely directed. By action here is to be understood the
force, or sometimes (according to Newton) the product
of its effective component into the velocity of its point
of application. While the first two laws of motion de-
termine how forces of every conceivable kind affect bod-
ies, and what motions they produce, the third is more
positive, in that it begins the description of the forces
that are actually found in nature, by enunciating the
proposition that the algebraic sum of all the forces that
are called into play on each occasion is zero. The follow-
ing passage gives Newton's comments on this law, in the
language of Thomson and Tait, except that the original
word action is restored, in place of the word activity which
those authors substitute for it, in order to avoid confusion
with the action of a moving system, as defined above: “If
one body presses or draws another, it is pressed or drawn
by this other with an equal force in the opposite direction.
If any one presses a stone with his finger, his finger is
pressed with the same force in the opposite direction by
the stone. A horse towing a boat on a canal is dragged
backwards by a force equal to that which he impresses on
the towing-rope forwards. By whatever amount, and in
whatever direction, one body has its motion changed by
impact upon another, this other body has its motion
changed by the same amount in the opposite direction;
for at each instant during the impact the force between
them was equal and opposite on the two. When neither
of the two bodies has any rotation, whether before or
after the impact, the changes of velocity which they ex-
E. are proportional to their masses. ... When one
ody attracts another from a distance, this other attracts
it with an equal and opposite force. If the action of an
agent be measured by its amount and velocity conjointly,
and if, similarly, the reaction of the resistance be measured
by the velocities of its several parts and their several
amounts conjointly, whether these arise from friction, co-
hesion, weight, or acceleration, action and reaction, in
all combinations of machines, will be equal and opposite.”
—Local action (in a voltaic cell). See amalgamate, 0.
—Perficient action, that action which changes, the
thing acted upon without destroying it; Corrupting
|
|
\
active
action, that which destroys it.— Principle of, leagº
action, of Maupertuis, the principle that, of all the dif-
ferent sets of paths aiong which a conservative system
may be guided from one configuration to another, with
its total energy constant, that one for which the action
is the least is such that the system will require only
to be started with the proper velocities to move along it
unguided.—Single action, in mach., action, as of a pis:
ton or plunger, in which work is performed on only one of
two or more strokes: as, a single-action pump, one in
which the water is raised on every alternate stroke, or the
upward lift of the pump-rod.—To take action, to take
steps in regard to anything; specifically, to institute legal
proceedings.-Univocal action, that by which an agent
produces an effect of the same species as itself; thus, the
action of heat in heating a body by conduction is univocal.
—Wave-action, in gun., abnormally high pressure in a
gun, due to ununiform distribution of powder charge. =
Syri. Action, Act, Deed. Of these words action (in the
singular) denotes more particularly the operation, act and
deed the accomplished result. Only action may be used
to signify the doing or the method of doing; it is also the
word for ordinary activity, act signifying that which is
more notable or digmified. An action may include many
acts, while act is generally individual. An exception to
this is in the use of the word act to indicate a section
of a play, which is a survival of old usage; yet action is in
this connection broader than act, covering the movement
of the plot through all the acts: as, in Macbeth the action
is highly tragic. A course of action ; his action was con-
tinued ; repeated acts of humanity; his acts were incon-
sistent. Deed in old usage had a very general application,
but in modern usage it is applied chiefly to acts which are
for any reason especially noteworthy; it is a more formal
word than action or act. The Acts of the Apostles, the ac-
tion of a watch; the acts of a prince, the actions of chil-
dren; an act of mercy; a deed of valor; a base deed OT act.
For comparison with feat, etc., see feat.
Fundamentally there is no such thing as private action.
All actions are public—in themselves or their conse-
quences. Bovee, Summaries of Thought.
Our acts our angels are, or good or ill,
Our fatal shadows that walk by us still.
- J. Fletcher, Honest Man's Fortune, l. 37.
Who doth right deeds
Is twice-born, and who doeth ill deeds vile.
Balwin Armold, Light of Asia, vi. 78.
action (ak’shgn), v. t. [K action, n.] To bring
a legal action against. [Rare.
actionable (ak'shgn-a-bl), a. [K ML. actiona-
bilis, K L. actio(n-), action: see action.] Fur-
Inishing sufficient ground for an action at law :
as, to call a man a thief is actionable.
Many things which have been said in such papers . . .
are equally actionable. The American, VIII. 5.
actionably (ak’shgn-a-bli), adv. In an action-
able manner; in a manner that may subject to
legal process.
actional (ak'shgn-al), a.
action or actions. Grote.
actionary (ak’sh9n-ā-ri), m. ; pl. actionaries
(-riz). [= F. actionnaire, KML. actionarius, K L.
actio(n-), action: see action.] A shareholder in
a joint-stock company; one who owns actions
(see action, 12) or shares of stock. Also called
actionist. [Chiefly used of French subjects.]
actioner (ak’shgn-ér), m. The workman who
makes or adapts the action of an instrument,
as of a piano, etc.
actionist (ak’shgn-ist), m.
Same as actionary.
actionize (ak’shgn-iz), v. t. [K action + -ice.] To
bring a legal action against. [Rare.] N. E. D.
actionless (ak’shgn-les), a. [K action + -less.]
Without action; inert.
action-sermon (ak’shgn-sér/mgn), m. In the
Presbyterian churches of Scotland, the sermon
preached before the celebration of the com-
munion.
action-taking? (ak'shgn-tā’king), d. Litigious;
accustomed to seek redress by law instead of
by the sword: an epithet of contempt.
A lily-liver'd, action-taking . . . rogue.
Shalº., Lear, ii. 2.
actious? (ak’shus), a. [K action + -outs. Cf. fac-
tious.] Active; full of activity; full of energy.
He knows you to be eager men, martial men, men of
good stomachs, very hot shots, very actious for valour.
Dekker and Webster (?), Sir Thomas Wyat, p. 44.
actitation (ak-ti-tá'shgn), m. [K L. as if *ac-
titatio(m-), K actitare, act or plead frequently,
used only of lawsuits and dramas; double freq.
of agere, act, do..] Frequent action ; Specifi-
A cally, the debating of lawsuits, [Rare.]
activatet (ak’ti-vät), v. t. [K active + -ate2.]
To make active ; intensify.
Snow and ice, especially being holpen, and their cold
activated by nitre or salt, will turn water to ice, and that
in a few lours. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 83.
âctive (akºtiv), a. [KME. actif, KOF. actif, F.
actiſ, -ive, KL. activus, Kagere, do, act: see act, n.]
1. Iłaving the power or property of acting; tend-
ing to cause change or communicate aetion or
motion; capable of exerting influence: opposed
to passive : as, attraction is an active power.
When the mind has a passive sensibility, but no active
strength. Hawthorne, Twice-Told Tales, II. S3.
Of or pertaining to
[K action + -ist.]
active
I find I can excite ideas in my mind at pleasure, and
vary and shift the scene as often as I think fit. This
making and unmaking of ideas doth very properly de-
nominate the mind active.
Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge, i. § 38.
Power, thus considered, is twofold—viz.: as able to
make, or able to receive, any change; the one may be
called active and the other passive power. Locke.
[This distinction is taken from Aristotle.]
Specifically—2. In med., acting quickly; pro-
ducing immediate effects: as, active remedies
or treatment.—3. Having the power of quick
motion, or disposition to move with speed;
nimble; lively; brisk; agile : as, an active ani-
mal.–4. Busy; constantly engaged in action;
acting with vigor and assiduity: opposed to dull,
slow, or indolent : as, an active officer; also to
sedentary: as, an active life.
Malaga possessed a brave and numerous garrison, and
the common people were active, hardy, and resolute.
Irving, Granada, p. 348.
5. In a state of action; marked by movement
or operation; in actual progress or motion; not
quiescent, dormant, or suspended: as, to take
active proceedings against an offender; to en-
gage in active hostilities.
The world hath had in these men fresh experience how
dangerous such active errors are. Hooker.
Fanaticism, or, to call it by its milder name, enthusi-
asm, is only powerful and active so long as it is aggressive.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st Ser., p. 232.
Hence—6. In com., marked by quickness or
frequency; brisk; lively; coming or moving
freely or abundantly: as, an active trade or de-
mand for goods; active freights or stocks.—7.
Requiring action or exertion; practical; opera-
tive; producing real effects: opposed to Specu-
lative: as, the active duties of life; the active
powers of the mind.
The division of the faculties of the human mind into
understanding and will is very ancient, and has been
generally adopted, the former comprehending all our
speculative, the latter all our active, powers. Reid,
[This use of active for practical, in philosophy, is rightly
condemned by Hamilton.]
8. In gram., signifying the performance and not
the endurance of an action: Opposed to passive.
Said of a verb or verb-form, and used especially in the case
of languages which, like Latin, have a nearly complete
passive conjugation of the verb, or else, like Greek and San-
skrit, a partial one ; but also, less properly, of those which,
like English and French, have a system of verb-phrases with
passive meaning, made with an auxiliary. Some gramma-
rians (quite improperly) use active as equivalent to transi-
tive.—Active apperception, that apperception which
chooses one annong a number of ideas that present them-
selves. –Active bonds, bonds which bear a fixed rate of in-
terest payable in full from the date of issue, as distinguished
from passive bomds, on which no interest is paid, but which
entitle the holder to some future benefit or claim.—Active
capital or wealth, money, or property that may readily
be converted into money, used in commerce or other em-
ployment.—Active cause, . See cause.—Active com-
merce, the commerce in which a nation carries its own and
foreign commodities in its own ships, or which is prose-
cuted by its own citizens, as contradistinguished from pas-
sive, in which the productions of one country are trans-
ported by the people of another.-Active debt, see debt.
—Active or living force, in phys., same as vis viva (which
see).--Active fund. See fund.—Active instrument,
one which upon being set into action goes on of itself, as
fire.-Active list, the list of officers in the army or navy
liable to be called upon for active service, as distinguished
from the retired list.—Active power. See quotation
from Locke under def. 1. Reid uses the term to denote
the will, appetites, affections, etc.; but that use has been
generally condemned.—Active Service (milit.). (a) The
performance of duty against an enemy, or operations car-
ried on in his presence.
It was evident, from the warlike character of El Zagal
that there would be abundance of active service and har
fighting. Irving, Granada, p. 437.
% The state of having a place on the active list, under
ull pay : used in contradistinction to being on the retired
list, under reduced !... º.; in pathol.,
symptoms of excitement.— Optically active substance,
in phys., one which has the power of rotating the plane
of polarization of a ray of light transmitted through it.
=Syn. Active, Busy, §: lively, agile, stirring, vigor-
ous, industrious, indefatigable. (See busy.) Active regards
either mind or body; there is no sinister sense of the Word.
The activity inay be merely for its own salºo. Active is op-
posed to lazy, inert, or quiescent: an active mind, life, per-
80n. Busy is active about something that is supposed to
be useful. As applied to disposition, the Word has ac-
quired a bad sense, that of meddlesome : a busybody; he
is too busy about others' affairs. An officious person is one
whose eſforts to be active or busy for others' benefit come,
through his lack of judgment, to be regarded as annoying
or intrusive. See inpertiment.
Whose very languor is a punishment
Lieavier than active souls can fecl or guess.
Aubrey de Vere, Song of Faith.
Rest is not quitting the busy carcer.
John Dwight, True Rest.
I will be hang'd if some eternal villain,
Some busy and insinuating rogue,
Some cogging, cozening slave, to get some office,
Have not devis'd this slander. Shak., Othello, iv. 2.
You are too officious
In her behalf that scorns your services.
halc., M. N. D., ii. 2.
activity
make them rulers over my cattle.
62
actualization ,
actively (akºtiv-li), adv. 1. In an active man- actress (ak’tres), n, [K actor + -ess. Cf. F. ac-
ner; by action or movement; hence, briskly or
emergetically; as, to engage actively in busi-
ness; to work actively.
To flaming youth let virtue be as wax, . . .
Since frost itself as actively doth burn.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
2. In an active sense; by active application or
attention; in a way involving or implying ac-
tion: opposed to passively: as, to employ a verb
actively; to study actively.
The student is to read history actively and not passively;
to esteem his own life the text, and books the commen-
tary. Emerson, History.
activementt (akºtiv-ment), n. [Irreg. K active
+ -ment.] Business; employment. Bp. Itey-
nolds.
activeness (akºtiv-nes), n. The quality of be-
ing active; the faculty of acting; nimbleness;
activity. [Rare.]
What strange agility and activeness do our common
tumblers and dancers on the rope attain to
Bp. Wilkins, Math. Magick.
(ak-tiv’i-ti), m.; pl. activities (-tiz).
[K.F. activité, K.M.T. activită(t-)s, K L. activus,
active: see active..] 1. The state of action;
doing. e
Orl. He is, simply, the most active gentleman of France.
Com. Doing is activity, and he will still be doing.
Shak., Hen. V., iii. 7.
2. Activeness; the quality of acting promptly
and emergetically.
If thou knowest any men of activity among them, then
Gen. xlvii. 6.
3. An exercise of energy or force; an active
movement or operation; a mode or course of
action.
The activities of sentient beings are perpetually directed
to averting pain and attracting pleasure.
. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., I. 681.
4. In phys., a term introduced by Sir William
Thomson as an equivalent of “rate of doing
work,” or the rate per unit of time at which en-
ergy is given out by a working system.
The activity, or work per second, or horse-power of a
dynamo can be measured electrically.
S. P. Thompson, Dynamo-Elect. Mach., p. 99.
5t. A physical or gymnastic exercise; an agile
performance.
I was admitted into the dauncing and vaulting Schole, of
which late activity one Stokes, the Master, set forth a
pretty book, Evelyn, Diary, 1637.
actless (akt’les), a... [K act + -less.] Without
action or spirit. [Rare.]
A poor, young, actless, indigested thing.
Southern, Loyal Brother, i. 1.
acto (ak’tó), m. [Sp., also auto, K L. actum, actus:
See act, n.] An act or a proceeding. In judicial
matters it is applied to any of the proceedings, orders
decrees, or sentences of a court, in parts of the tjnited
States settled by Spaniards. H. W. Halleck.
acton (akºton), n. [KME. acton, aktone, aketon,
acqueton, acketon, -town, etc., later often with
h, hacton, haketon, hagueton, etc., also hocton,
hocqueton, etc., KOF. acoton, aqueton, auque-
tom, etc., later hocqueton, hocton, F. hoqueton
= Pr: alcoto, cotton-wool, padding, a padded
and quilted jacket, K. Sp. algodón, alcotón, cot-
ton, cotton-plant, K. Ar. al-qūtum, cotton, Kal,
the, + qūtum, cotton: see cottom.] A kind of
quilted vest or tunic, made of taffeta or leather,
worn under the habergeon or coat of mail to
save the body from bruises, and sometimes worn
alone like a buffcoat; in later times, a corselet
or cuirass of plate-armor. See gambeson.
His actom, it was all of black. Percy's Reliques.
Yet was his helmet hack'd and hew'd,
IIis acton pierced and tore. Scott, Eve of St. John.
By an order in 1297 for the London City Gate guard the
halceton and gambeson are to be both Worm, or in default
the haketom and corset or haketon and plates.
Fairholt, II. 3.
actor (ak’tgr), n. [KME. actour, agent, pleader,
KL. actor, döer, plaintiff, advocate, agent, play-
er, Kagere, drive, do, act: see act, n.] 1. One -
who acts or performs; the doer or performer of
an action; specifically, one who represents a
character or acts a part in a play; a stage-
player.
He [Pitt) was an actor in the Closet, an actor at Coun-
cil, . . . and even in private society he could not lay aside
his theatrical tones and attitudes.
Macaulay, William Pitt,
2. In law: (a) An advocate or a proctorin civil
courts or causes. (b) A plaintiff. [In this
sense properly a Latin Word.]—Character-actor,
an actor who portrays characters with strongly marked pe.
culiarities,
actuality (ak-tū-al’i
trice, an actress, K L. actria, acc. actricem, a
female plaintiff, a stewardess, fem. of actor:
See actor.] A female actor or performer.
Wººl has, indeed, admitted Fame as an actress in the
AEmeid. daison.
Specifically, a woman who represents, or acts a part in a
play, Actresses were not introduced in England till after
the Restoration, though they seem to have been em-
É. in some parts of Europe much earlier. Thomas
oryat, the traveler, mentions them in his “Crudities,”
published in 1611: “Here . . . . I saw women acte,
a thing that I never saw before; t #". I have heard that
it hath been used in London.” In Shakspere's time fe-
male parts were performed by boys, as is still the custom
in China and some other countries. “The king, one night,
was impatient to have the play begin. “Sire,' said Dave-
nant, “they are shaving the queen.’” Memoirs of Cottºnt
de Gramont. In the epilogue to “As you Like it." Ro-
salind says: “If I were a woman, I would kiss as many
of you as had beards that pleased me,” etc. In 1662 the
employment of actresses was sanctioned by Charles II.
“Whereas the women's parts in plays have hitherto been
acted by men, in the habits of women, at which some
have taken great offence, we do permit and give leave,
for the time to come, that all women's parts be acted by
women.” Extract from license in 1662 to a London theater.
actual (ak’tú-al), a. . [K ME. actual, actuel, ao-
tive, KOF, and F. actuel, K.I.L. actualis, active,
ractical, K. L. actus (actu-), act, action, per-
ormancé: see act, n.] 1+. Active; practical.
Besides her walking and other actual performances, what
. . . have you heard her say? Shale., Macbeth, V, 1.
Dither in discourse of thought or actual deed.
Shak., Othello, iv. 2.
2. In full existence; real; denoting that which
not merely can be, but is: opposed to potential,
apparent, constructive, and imaginary.
Hermogenes, says Horace, was a singer even when si-
lent; how?— a singer not in actu, but in posse, So Alfenus
was a cobbler, even when not at work; that is, he was a
cobbler potential, whereas, when busy in his booth, he was
a cobbler actual. Sir W. Hamilton.
The smallest actual good is better than the most magnifi-
cent promises of impossibilities. Macaulay, Lord Bacom.
In sundry abnormal states, strong feelings of cold or
heat are felt throughout the body, though its actual tem-
perature has remained unaltered.
II. Spencer, Prin, of Psychol., § 47.
3. Now existing; present: opposed to past and
future: as, in the actual condition of affairs.-
Actual being. See being.—Actual cautery. See
cautery, 1.-Actual cognition, opposed to virtual and to
habitual cognition, lasts only while the attention is en-
gaged upon the object.— Actual difference, See differ-
ence.—Actual energy, in mech., energy in the form
of motion; vis viva opposed to potential energy, which is
energy in the form of position. See energy.-Actual
entry. See entry.—Actual fraud. See fraud.—Actual
relation, one which depends upon an outward fact, and
not upon a mere desire or fancy.—Actual sin, in theoil,
the sin of the individual, in contrast with the sin of the
race, or original sin.-Actual Whole, in logic: (a) Any
whole except a potential whole.
This whole is called
species are called actual. -
Burgersdicius, tr. by a Gentleman, i. 14.
(b) An individual as containing in it species, or a species
as containing in it genera; a metaphysical or formal
whole. So actual parts.—The a.i. that which is real
and existing, as opposed to what is idéal or merely pos-
sible; the activities and cares of life.
That delicious sense of disenthrallment from the actual. '
which the deepening twilight brings with it.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 54.
= Syn. Actual, Positive, etc. (see real), veritable, genuine,
certain, absolute.
actualisation, actualise.
actualize.
actualism (akºtī-al-izm), n. IK actual + -ism.]
In metaph., the doctrine that all existence is
truly active or spiritual, and not dead or inert.
There is nothing so clear in his [Hinton's] earliest
thought as the doctrine, embodied in the word Actualism,
that the world is a process. Mind, IX. 399.
actualist (ak'tū-al-ist), n. [K actual + -ist.] .
One who is interested in or deals with actuali-
ties; a realist: opposed to idealist. Grote.
-ti), n. ; pl. actualities (-tiz).
[= F. actualité, KML. actualita(t-)s (Duns Sco-
tus), K.T. actualis, actual: see actual.] 1. The
state of being actual, as opposed to potential-
$ty; existence, as opposed to ideality.
A man may deny actuality. . . . to the Mahometan idea
of God, and yet be no atheist.
Theodore Parker, Speculative Atheism.
George Sand says neatly, that “Art is not a study of
positive reality” (actuality were the fitter word), “but a
seeking after ideal truth,” Lowell, Study Windows, p. 208.
2. That in which anything is realized.
Nature and religion are the bands of friendship; excel-
lency and usefulness are its great endearments; Society
and neighborhood, that is, the possibilities and the cir-
cumstances of converse, are the determinations and actu-
alities of it. Jer. Taylor, Friendship.
otential, whereas the rest of the
See actualization,
actualization (akti-al-i-zi'shgn) n. A making
real or actual; the reducing of an idea to a
- actualization
state of actuality or existence; the state of be-
ing made actual. Also spelled actualisation.
It [the idea of peace] is expounded, illustrated, defined,
with different degrees of clearness; and its actualization,
or the measures it should inspire, predicted according to
the light of each seer. JEmerson, War.
actualize (ak’tü-al-iz), v. t. ; pret, and pp. ac-
tualized, ppr. actualizing. [Kactual + -ize; += F.
*...*. To make actual. Also spelled ac-
tuali86.
His [Macaulay's] critical severity almost actualizes the
idea of critical damnation. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 20.
actually (ak’tü-al-i), adv. 1. As an actual or
existing fact; réally; in truth: often used as
an expression of wonder or surprise: as, he ac-
tually accomplished what he undertook.
On one occasion Sheridan actually forced Burke down
upon his seat in order to prevent a furious explosion of
passion. Ilecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xv.
The refraction of the atmosphere causes the sun to be
seen before it actually rises, and after it actually sets.
3. n.dall, Light and Elect., p. 43.
2}. By action or active manifestation; in act
or deed; practically.
Of all your sex, yet never did I know
Any that yet so actually did shew
Such rules for patience, such an easy way.
Draytom, Elegies.
actualness (akºtii-al-nes), n. The state or qual-
ity of being actual; actuality. . [Rare.]
actuarial (ak-til-ā'ri-al), a. Of or pertaining
to an actuary or to actuaries, or to the business
of an actuary: as, actuarial calculations; an ac-
tuarial society.
actuarially (ak-tū-ā'ri-al-i), adv. After the
manner of an actuary; in an actuarial way.
The trade-unions of England are, actuarially speaking,
bankrupt. M. A. Rev., CXLIII. 233.
actuary (ak'tū-à-ri), n.; pl. actuaries(-riz), [KL.
actuarius, a shorthand-writer, a clerk, K actus
º action, public employment: see act, n.]
. A registrar or clerk: a term of the civil law,
used originally in courts of civil-law jurisdic-
tion. In England—(a) A clerk who registers the acts and
constitutions of the lower house of Convocation. (b) An
officer appointed to keep a. savings-bank's accounts.
2. A person skilled in the application of the
doctrine of chances to financial affairs, more
especially in regard to the insurance of lives.
The term is generally applied to an officer of a life-insur-
ance company whose main duties are to make the com-
putations necessary to determine the valuation of contin-
gent liabilities, computation of premiums, compilation of
tables, etc. *E.
actuate (ak’tü-āt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. actu-
ated, ppr. actuating. .[K iſ. actuatus, pp. of ac-
tuare, perform, put in action, K. L. actus: see
act, n.) 1. To put into action; move or incite
to action: as, men are actuated by motives or
passions.
Those whom their superior talents had deified, were
found to be still actuated by the most brutal passions of
human nature. Goldsmith, Origin of Poetry.
I succeeded in making a very good electro-magnet, . . .
which . . . performed the work of actuating the arma-
ture with perfect success.
JE. Gray, in G. B. Prescott's Llect. Invents, p. 185.
2}. To make actual or real; carry out; exe-
cute; perform.
Only to be thought worthy of your counsel,
Or actuate what you command to me,
Were a perpetual happiness.
Massinger, Roman Actor, iv. 2.
=Syn, 1. Actuate, Impel, Induce, Incite, Prompt, Insti-
gate. (See impel.) To actuate is merely to call into action,
without regard to the nature of the actuating force; but
it is very commonly used of motives: as, the murderer was
actuated by revenge. Impel, to drive toward, is expressive
of more passion, haste, urgency, necessity; hence it is cou-
pled with words of corresponding kind, and when used
with quieter words it gives them force: as, §º impelled
him. Induce, to lead toward, is gentler by as much as
leading is gentler than driving; it implies the effort to
persuade by presenting motives, but is also used where the
persuasion is only figurative: as, I was at last induced to
go; he was induced by my example. Incite, prompt, insti-
gate are used only when motives irrespective of physical
force are the actuating power. Incite is weaker than impel
and stronger than prompt ; it expresses more eagerness
than impel; it implies the urging of men toward the ob-
jects of kindled feelings and generally of strong desire.
Prompt is more general in its meaning, depending upon
its connection for force and limitation; it is often preferred
for its brevity and breadth of application., Instigate, to
oad on, is sometimes, but erroneously, used of incitement
; good; it should be used only where the urging is toward
evil. It generally implies that such urging is underhand,
although that fact is sometimes explicitly stated: he was
(secretly) instigated to his perfidy.
It is observed by Cicero that men of the greatest and
most shiming parts are most actuated by ambition, ddi
780??,
Thus we see that human nature is impelled by affections
of gratitude, esteem, veneration, joy, not to mention vari-
ous others. Channing, Perfect Life, p. 18.
Desire with thee still longer to converse
Induced me. Milton, P. L., viii. 253.
× -
acuate (ak’īā-āt), a.
63
If thou dost love, my kindness shall incite thee
To bind our loves up in a holy band.
Shak., Much Ado, iii. 1.
More apt
To slacken Virtue, and abate her edge,
Than prompt her to do aught may merit praise.
Milton, P. R., ii. 456.
With the education she had received, she could look on
this strange interruption of her pilgrimage only as a spe-
cial assault upon her faith, instigated by those evil spirits
that are ever setting themselves in conflict with the just,
Mrs. Stowe, Agnes of Sorrento, xxv.
actuatef (ak’tü-āt), a. [K ML. actuatu.8, pp. of
actuare : see the verb.] Put into action.
South. [Rare.]
actuation (ak-ti-ā'shgn), n. A putting in mo-
tion or operation; communication of active en-
ergy or force. -
I have presupposed all things distinct from him to have
been produced out of nothing by him, and consequently
to be posterior not only to the motion, but the actuation
of his will. Bp. Pearson, Expos. of Creed, iv.
actuator (akºtii-á-tor), n. One who or that
which actuates or puts in action. [Rare.]
actuosef (akºtii-Ös), a. [K L. actuosus, full of
activity, K actus, action: see act, n.] Having
the power of action; having strong powers of
action ; abounding in action.
actuosity (ak-tii-Osſi-ti), n. [=Pg. actuosidade,
KL. as if “actuosita(t-)s, Kactuosus; see actuose.]
14. Power or state of action. [Rare.]—2. In
'metaph., a state of activity which is complete
in itself, without leading to any result that
must be regarded as its completion.
That actuosity in which the action and its completion
coincide, as to think, to see. J. Hutchison Stirling.
acturet (akſtär), n. [K act + -ure.] Actual
º or performance. Shak., Lover's Com-
plaint, l. 185.
acturience (ak-tū’ri-ens), n. [KL. as if "acturi-
en(t-)s, ppr. of an assumed “acturire, desire to
act, K actus, pp. of agere, do, act, + -urire, de-
siderative suffix. Cf. esurient, parturient.] A
desire for action. Grote. [Rare.]
actus (ak’tus), n. ; pl. actus. [L., lit. a driving,
Kagere, drive: see act, m.] In law, a road for
Fº riding or driving; a public road or
ighway. [Rare.]
acuatet (ak’īā-āt), v. t. [KL. as if *acuátus, pp.
of “acuáre, K L. acuére, pp. acutus, sharpen:
See acute, a.] To sharpen; make pungent or
sharp, literally or figuratively.
Immoderate feeding upon pickled meats, and debauch-
ing with strong wines, do inflame and acuate the blood.
Harvey, Consumption.
[K L. as if *acuátus, pp. :
see the verb.] Sharpened; pointed.
acuchi, n. See acouchy.
acuerdo (ā-kö-ār'dó), n. [Sp., - E. accord,
n.] 1. A resolution of a deliberative body,
as of an ayuntamiento or town council.—2.
A decision or legal opinion of a court.—3.
The members of a council or court collec-
tively.
acuition? (ak-i-ish'gn), n. IK ML. acuitio(n-),
K.L. acuere, sharpen: see acute, a.] The act of
rendering sharp, literally or fi tively. Spe-
cifically—(a) The sharpening of medicines to increase their
effect, as by the addition of a mineral acid to a vegetable
acid. (b) The highest sound (accent) in the pronunciation
of a word.
acuity (a-kū’i-ti), n. IK F. acuité, KML. acui-
ta(t-)s, irreg. K. L. acuere, sharpen: see acute,
a., and -ity.] Sharpness; aeuteness.
[The] acuity or bluntness of the pin that bears the card.
Perkins, Magnetic Needle, Hist. Royal Soc., IV. 1S.
Many of them [Eskimos . . . being endowed with the
acuity of vision peculiar to nomads and hunters.
Arc. Cruise of the Corwin, 18S1, p. 24.
Aculeata (a-kü-lā-ā’tā), m. pl. [L., neut. pl. of
aculeatus, furnished with stings: see aculcate,
a.] 1. A name given by Latreille, 1802, to a
group of hymenopterous insects in which the
abdomen of the females and neuters is armed
with a sting, consisting of two fine spicula with
reverted barbs, connected with a poison-reser-
voir. The group includes bees and wasps.-
2#. In mammal., an artificial group of spiny
rodents, composed of the genera Hystria, and
Lomcheres. Illiger, 1811.
aculeate (a-kü’lā-āt), a. and it. [KL. aculeatus,
furnished with stings, thorny, prickly, Kaculeus,
a sting, prickle: see aculeus.] I. a. 1. In 200l.,
furnished with a sting; pertaining to or charac-
teristic of the Aculeata.-2. In bot., furnished
With aculei or sharp prickles; aculeous.-3.
Figuratively, pointed; stinging.
#. 72, hymenopterous insect, one of the
Aculeata.
aculeate (a-kü’lā-āt), v. t. [KL. aculoatus: see
aculeate, a...] To make pointed; sharpen. [Rare.]
acuminate (a-kü’mi-nāt), a.
acupressure
aculeated (a-kü’lā-ā-ted), p. a. [K aculeate +
ºj” i Årmed with pºičkles.—52. Pointed;
sharp; incisive.
aculei, n. Plural of aculeus.
aculeiform (3-kü’lé-i-form), a. [K_L. aculeus
#. + formis, K forma, shape.] formed
ike a prickle.
aculeolate (a-kü’lé-6-lāt), a. [K NL. aculeola-
tus, K. L. aculeolus, dim. of aculeus, a sting
prickle : See aculeus.] In bot., having smii
prickles or sharp points. A. Gray.
aculeous (a-kü’lé-us), a. [Kaculeus + -ous.] In
bot., Same as aculeate. -
aculeus (3-kü’lé-us), n. ; pl. aculeå (-i). [L., a
sting, prickle, spine, dim. of acus, a needle: see
acus.] 1. The poison-sting of the aculeate hy-
menopterous insects, as bees, wasps, etc. See
Aculeata.—2. In bot., a prickle; a slender, rigid,
and pointed outgrowth from the bark or epi-
dermis, as in the rose and blackberry, in distinc-
tion from a thorn, which grows from the wood.
acumen (a-kü(men), n. [L., a point, sting,
fig. acuteness, K acuere, sharpen: see acute.]
1. Quickness of perception; the faculty of nice
discrimination; mental acuteness or penetra-
tion; keenness of insight. -
His learning, above all kings christened, his acwmen,
his judgment, his memory.
Sir E. Coke, K. James's Proc. agt. Garnet, sig. G., p. 3b.
Individual insight and acumen may point out conse-
quences of an action which '# it under previously
known moral rules. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 135.
2. In bot., a tapering point. =Syn. 1. Penetration,
discernment, acuteness, sharpness, perspicacity, insight.
acuminate (3-kü(mi-nāt), v.; pret. and pp.
acuminated, ppr. acuminating. [K L. acumina-
tus, pp. of acuminare, sharpen, K acumen, a
point: see acumen.] I. trams. To bring to a
point; render sharp or keen : as, “to acumi-
nate despair,” Cowper, Letters, p. 172. [Rare,
except in the past participle.]
This is not acuminated and pointed, as in the rest, but
seemeth, as it were, cut off. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
II. intrans. To taper or rise to a point.
[Obsolete, except in the present participle.]
They [the bishops], . . . acuminating still higher and
higher in a cone of prelaty, instead of healing up the
gashes of the church, . . . fall to gore one another with
their sharp spires, for upper places and precedence.
Milton, Church Gov., i.
[K L. acuminatus,
pp.; see the verb.] Pointed; acute. Specifically
— (a) In bot., having a long, tapering
termination : applied to leaves and other
organs. When the narrowing takes
place at the base it is so expressed, for
example, acuminate at the base ; when
the word is used without any limitation
it always refers to the apex. (b) In ormith.,
applied in a similar sense to the feathers
of birds; tapering.
| acumination (8-kü-mi-nā’shgn),
m. [K L. as if “acuminatio(m-),
Kacuminare: see acuminate, v.] 1.
The act of acuminating, or the
state of being acuminated; a
sharpening; termination in a
sharp point.—2. A sharp and
tapering point; a pointed extremity.
The coronary thorns . . . did also pierce his tender and
Sacred temples to a multiplicity of pains, by their numer-
ous acuminations. Bp. Pearsom, Expos. of Creed, iv.
3. Acuteness of intellect; acumen. [Rare.]
Wits, which erect and inscribe, with notable zeal and
acumination, their memorials in every mind they meet
with. Waterhouse, Apol. for Learning (1653), p. 190.
acuminose (a-kü’mi-nós), a. [K NL. acumino-
sus, K.L. acumen, point: see acumen.] In bot.,
having a sharp or tapering point. [Rare.]
acuminous (a-kü'mi-nus), a. [K acumen (-min-)
+ -ows. Cf. acuminose.] 1. Characterized by
acumen; sharp; penetrating.—2. Same as acu-
mimose.
acuminulate (ak-li-min'il-lāt), a. [K L. as if
“acuminulum, dim. of acumen, a point, + -atel;
after acuminate.] Somewhat or slightly acu-
minate. [Rare.]
acupress (a.kºil-pres), v. t. [K L. acus, a needle,
abl., acu, with a needle, -- press.] In surg., to
apply acupressure to, as a bleeding artery.
acupression (ak-j-presh'gn), n. [K L. acus, a
needle, -- pressio(m-), pressure.] Same as acu-
pressure.
acupressure (ak’ī-presh-jīr), m. [K L. acus, a
needle, -- pressura, pressure: see pressure.] In
surg., a method (first published by Sir J. Y.
Simpson in 1859) of stopping hemorrhage in
arteries during amputations, etc., consisting in
pressing the artery closely by means of a pin
or needle or bit of inelastic wire, introduced
Acuminate Leaf.

acupreSSure
through the sides or flaps of the wound, instead
of tying with a thread. There are various modes
of inserting the pin.
acupuncturation (ak-à-pungk-tū-rä'shgn), m.
A pricking with or as if with a needle; the
practice of acupuncture. [Rare.]
acupuncturator (ak-ii-pungk’ti-rá-tor), n.
A needle, or battery of needles, used in the
operation of acupuncture.
acupuncture (ak’īī-pungk-tūr), m. [KL. acus, a
needle, -ī- punctura, a pricking : see puncture.]
1. A surgical operation consisting in the in-
Sertion of delicate needles in the tissues. This
Operation has been practised for ages in many parts of the
World. Apart from the employment of needles to evacu-
ate a morbid fluid, as in edema, or to set up am inflamma-
tion, as in ununited fractures, acupuncture has been mostly
used for myalgic, neuralgic, and other nervous affections.
2. A mode of infanticide in some countries,
consisting in forcing a needle into the brain of
the child. -
acupuncture (ak’ī-pungk-tiâr), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. acupunctured, ppr. acupuncturing. In Surg.,
to perform the operation of acupuncture upon.
acurset, v. t. See accurse.
acus (ā’kus), n. ; pl. acus. [L. acus (acw-), a
needle or pin, as being pointed; cf. acwere,
Imake sharp or pointed: see acute, a.] 1. A
needle, especially one used for surgical pur-
poses.—2. In archaeol., sometimes, the pin of
a brooch or fibula.—3. [cap.] (a+) A genus of
fishes. Johnstom, 1650. (b) A genus of mol-
lusks. Humphreys, 1797. See Terebra.-Acus
çannulata, a trocar, or a tubular needle for discharging
fluids.--Actis interpunctoria, a couching-needle, used
in operations for cataract.—Acus ophthalmica, a needle
used in Operations for ophthalmia or cataract.—Acus
triquetra, a three-sided needle; a trocar.
Acusidae (a-kö’si-dé), m. pl. [NL., irreg, KAcus,
3 (b), + -idae.] Same as Terebridae.
a customł, a customancet, etc. See accustom,
accustomance, etc.
acutangular (a-küt'ang"gū-lär), a.
acute-angular. Warburton.
acutate (a-kü’tät), a. [K acute + -atel..] Slight-
ly pointed.
acute (a-küt’), a. [K L. acutus, sharp, pp. of
acuere, sharpen, K V “ac, be sharp, pierce : see
acid.] 1. Sharp at the end;
ending in a sharp point or an-
gle : opposed to blunt or ob-
tw86. Specifically applied, (a) in bot.,
to a leaf or other organ ending in a
sharp angle; (b) in geom., to an angle
less than a right angle. See acute-
angled. -
2. Sharp or penetrating in in-
fellect; possessing keenness of
insight or perception; exercis-
ing nice discernment or discrimination : Op-
posed to dull or stupid : as, “the acute and
ingenious author,” Locke.—3. Manifesting in-
tellectual keenness or penetration; marked or
characterized by quickness of perception or
nice discernment: applied to mental endow-
ments and operations: as, acute faculties or
arguments.
Leigh Hunt, whose feminine temperament gave him
acute perceptions at the expense of judgment,
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 261.
4. Having nice or quick sensibility; suscepti-
ble of slight impressions; having power to feel
or perceive small or distant objects or effects:
as, a man of acute eyesight, hearing, or feeling.
Were our senses made much quicker and acuter, the ap-
pearance and outward scheme of things would have quite
another face to us. Locke.
The acute hearing of the Veddahs is shown by their
habit of finding bees' nests by the hum. -
II. Spencer, Prin, of Sociol., § 40.
5. Keen; sharp; intense; poignant: said of
pain, pleasure, etc.—6. High in pitch; shrill:
said of sound : opposed to grave. See acute ac-
cent, below.—7. In pathol., attended with more
or less violent symptoms and coming speedily
to a crisis: applied to a disease: as, an acute
pleurisy: distinguished from Subacute and
chronic.—Acute accent. (a) Utterance of a single
sound, as a syllable of a word, at a higher pitch than
others; accentual stress of voice. (b) A mark () used to
denote accentual stress, and also for other purposes. To
denote stress in English, it is now generally placed after
the accented syllable, as in this dictionary, but sometimes
over the vowel of that syllable. The latter is done regu:
larly in such Greek words as take this accent, and in all
Spanish Words the accentuation of which varies from the
standard rule. In some languages it is used only to de-
termine the quality or length of vowel-sounds, as on e in
French (as in “tº), and on all the vowels in IIungarian; and
in Polish and other Slavic languages it is also placed over
8Ome of the consonants to mark variations of their sounds.
For other uses, see accent, m.—Acute angle. See angle3.
—Acute ascending paralysis. . See Landry's paralysis,
under paralysis.-Acute bisectrix. See bisectriz. =Syn.
Same as
Acute Leaves.
Aerations.
64
1. Keen, etc. See sharp.–2 and 3, Acute, Keen, Shrewd
penetrating, piercing, sharp-witted, bright. (See º
An acute mind pierces a subject like a needle; a keen min
has a fine, incisive edge, like a knife. Keen may be the
most objective of these Words. An acute answer is one that
shows penetration into the subject; a keem answer unites
with acuteness a certain amount of sarcasm, or antagonism
to the person addressed; a shrewd answer is one that com-
bines remarkable acuteness with Wisdom as to what it is
pº best to say. Shrewd differs from acute and
een by having an element of practical sagacity or as-
tuteness. Only keen has the idea of eagerness: as, he was
keem in pursuit. See astute and sharp.
Powers of acute and subtile disputation. Sir J. Herschel.
The tongues of mocking wenches are as keem
As is the razor's edge invisible. Shale., L. L. L., v. 2.
Mother-wit and the common experiences of life do often
furnish people with a sort of shrewd and sound judgment
that carries them very creditably through the world.
J. Morley, Popular Culture, p. 303.
acute (a-küt"), v. t. To render acute in tone.
[Rare.
IIe acutes his rising inflection too much. Walker, Dict.
acute-angled (a-küt'ang"gld), a. Having sharp
or acute angles, or angles less than right angles.
—Acute-angled triangle, a triangle that has each of its
angles less than a right angle.
1. Hay-
acute-angular (a-küt'ang"gū-lär), a.
ing an angle less than a right angle ; acute-
angled.—2. In bot., having stems with sharp
corners or edges, as labiate plants.
Also written acutangular.
acutely (a-kütºli), adv. In an acute manner;
sharply; keenly; with nice discrimination.
acutenaculum (ak’ī-tá-mak’ī-lum), n. ; pl. acu-
tenacula (-lä). [KL. acus, needle, -F tenaculum,
holder, Ktemere,
hold.] In Surg.,
a needle-holder
used during op-
Acutenaculum, or Needle-holder.
acuteness (a- º e
kütºnes), n. The quality of being acute. (a) The
quality of being sharp or pointed.
The lance-shaped windows form at their vertex angles
of varying degrees of acutemess. Oa;ford Glossary.
(b) The faculty of mice discernment or perception; quick-
mess or keenness of the senses or understanding. [By an
acuteness of the senses or of mental feeling we perceive
small objects or slight impressions; by an acuteness of in-
tellect We discern nice distinctions.]
He [Berkeley] was possessed of great acuteness and in.
genuity, but was not distinguished for good sense or
shrewdness. McCosh, Berkeley, p. 53.
There may be much of acwteness in a thing well said, but
there is more in a quick reply.
- Dryden, Pref. to Mock Astrol.
§ In rhet. or music, sharpness or elevation of sound.
) In pathol., violence of a disease, which bringsit speedily
to a crisis.
acutiatorf (a-kü’shi-ā-tor), n. DML., K acwti-
are, sharpen, K. L. acutus, sharp : See acute, a.
Cf. aiguise.] In the middle ages, a person whose
duty it was to sharpen weapons. Before the in-
vention of firearms such persons were neces-
sary attendants of armies.
acutifoliate (a-kü-ti-fô'li-āt), a. [KL. acutus,
sharp, + foliatus, leaved: see foliate.] In bot.,
having sharp-pointed leaves. A. Gray.
Acutilingues (a-kü-ti-ling'gwěz), m. pl. [NL.,
K.L. acutus, sharp, + lingua = E. tongue.] A
division of Andrenidae, containing those soli-
tary bees whose labium is acute at the end:
distinguished from Obtusilingues, in which the
labium is obtuse.
acutilobate (a-kü-ti-lô’bàt), a. [K L. acutus,
sharp, + NL. lobatus, lobato: see lobate.] In
bot., having acute lobes: Said of certain leaves.
A. Gray.
acuto-nodose (a-kü-tó-nó’dós), a. [K L. acu-
tus, sharp, + nodosus, knotted: see nodose.]
Acutely nodose. Dana; (N. E. D.)
acuyari-Wood (ā-kö-yā’ri-Wüd), n. The aro-
matic wood of the tree Protium altissimºwſm of
Guiana.
-acy. [(1) Directly, or through M.E. and OF.
-acie, KML. -acia, yii. -atia, forming nouns of
quality, state, or condition from nounsin-a(t-)s,
as in abb-acy, KLL. abb-at-ia, Kabb-a(t-)s, abbot;
prim-acy, KF. prim-atie, KLL. prim-at-ia, K prim-
a(t-)s, primate, etc. (2) K LL. -atia, forming
nouns of state from nouns in -atus, as in ad-
voc-acy, K.L.L. advoc-at-ia, K.L. advoc-at-us, advo-
cate, etc. (3) KL. -acia, forming nouns of qual-
ity from adjectives in -aa, (-aci-), as in fall-acy,
º, fall-aci-a, K fall-aa, (-aci-), deceptive, etc.
These three sources of -acy were more or less
confused, and the suffix has been extended to
form many nouns which have no corresponding
form in L., as in cur-acy, accur-acy, etc. Analogy
has extended -acy, K.L. -atia, to Some words of
Gr. origin: (4) K L. -atſa, K. Gr. -ateta, as in pir-
acy, K LL. *pir-atia, K. Gr, tre+pateta, K tetpátnc,
A. D.
pirate ; similarly in -cracy, q.v. Hence the
short form -cy, esp. in designations of office, as
in Captain-cy, ensign-cy, cornet-cy, etc.] A suffix
of Latin or Greek origin, forming nouns of qual-
ity, state, condition, office, etc., from nouns in
-ate (which becomes -ac-, the suffix being -ate
changed to -ac-, + -y), as in primacy, curacy, ad-
wocacy, piracy, etc., or from adjectives in -aci-
ous, as in fallacy.
acyanoblepsy (a-si'a-nó-blep'si), m. [K Gr. &-
priv. -- Köavoc, a blue substance, blue (see cya-
mide), +-6% epia, KBAéretv, see, look on..] A de-
fect of vision, in consequence of which the color
blue cannot be distinguished.
àcyclic (a-sik'lik), a. [KGr. 3- º: + kvkWucóg,
circular: see a-18 and cyclic.] In bot., not cyclic;
not arranged in whorls. Applied by Braun to flowers
that have a spiral arrangement of parts, When the spiral
turns made by each class of organs are not all complete,
in distinction from hemicyclic, where all are complete.
Braun has termed such flowers acyclic, when the transi-
tion from one foliar structure to another, as from calyx to
corolla or from corolla to stamens, does not coincide with
a definite number of turns of the spiral (as Nymphaeaceae
and Helleborus odorus); hemicyclic when it does so coin-
cide. Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 523.
agypſinoid (a-sip’ri-noid), a. [K Gr. 3- priv.
(a-18) + cyprimoid.] In 200geog., characterized
by the absence of cyprinoid fishes: applied to
one of the fresh-water divisions of the equa-
torial zone, embracing the tropical American
and Fº Pacific regions. Günther.
ad-. [KL. ad-, prefix, ad, prep., to, unto, toward,
upon, for, etc., - AS. act, E. at, q.v. In later
L. ad- before b, c, f, g, l, n, p, q, r, s, t, was
assimilated, as ab-, ac-, af, ag-, al-, an—, ap-,
aC-, ar-, as-, at- (see ab-breviate, ac-cuse, affect,
ag-gravate, al-lude, an-new, ap-plaud, ac-quiesce,
ar-rogate, as-Sist, at-tract). Before SC-, Sp-, st-,
it was reduced to a- (see a-scend, a-spire, a-
stringent, and a-12). Before d, h, j, m, before
vowels, and often in other cases, it remained
unchanged. In OF. ad- with all its variants
was reduced to a-, and was so adopted into M.E.
But in the 14th and 15th centuries a fashion of
“restoring” the L. Spelling (ad-, ac-, af-, etc.)
began to prevail, and soon became the rule in
both F. and E., though F. still retains many,
and E. a few, of the old forms (see ac-company,
ad-dress, affront, ag-grieve, al-lay?, al-low, am-
nownce, ap-peal, ar-rest, at-tend, etc.). By con-
fusion of the ME. a-, for ad-, ac-, afº, etc., with
ME. a- of other origin (KL. ab-, OF. en-, es-,
AS. ā-, ge-, on-, etc.), the latter a- has been in
some cases erroneously “restored” to ad-, ac-,
af-, etc., as in ad-vance, ac-cloy, ac-curse, ac-
knowledge, afford, affray, al-layſ, ad-miral,
etc.] 1. A prefix of Latin origin, with primary
sense “to,” and hence also “toward, upon, for,”
etc., expressing in Latin, and so in English,
etc., motion or direction to, reduction or change
into, addition, adherence, intensification, etc.,
in English often without perceptible force.
According to the following consonant, it is
variously assimilated ab-, ac-, af-, etc., or re-
duced to a-. See etymology.—2. A prefix of
various other origin, erroneously put for other
prefixes, as in advance, etc. See etymology.
-ad!... [KL. -as (-ad-), KGr. -aç (-ad-), fem, suffix
equiv. to -lg (-10-): see -id?..] A suffix of Greek
origin appended to nouns. It is used in forming—
(1) collective numerals, as monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, etc.,
terms used in classifying chemical elements or radicals
according to the number of their combining units; (2)
feminine patronymics (= -id), as in dryad, Pleiades, etc.
(see -adº, -idae); hence used in IAtós (IAvgö-), Iliad, and
in the titles of poems named in imitation of it, as Dunciad,
Colwmbiad: compare AEmeid, Thebaid ; (3) by Lindley,
family names of plants akim to a genus, as liliad, trilliad,
etc., on words ending in -a or after a vowel ; otherwise -id,
as in orchid.
-ad”. [KF. -ade: see -ade1.] A suffix in ballad
and Salad (formerly balade and salade), usually
represented by -ade. See -ade1.
-adº. [A mod. use of L. ad, to..] In anat., a
Suffix denoting relation, situation, or direction,
having the same force as the English suffix
-ward, or the word toward. Thus, dorsad, backward,
toward the dorsum or back; ectad, outward, toward the
exterior; entad, inward, toward the interior. So, also,
cephalad, headward, forward; deatrad, to the right, on
the right hand of, etc. It is used almost at will, with
either Greek or Latin words. Its use is advantageous as
restricting the idea of direction to the body of the animal
itself, without considering the position in which that
body may be with relation to externals; since, for ex-
ample, What is backward in the anatomy of man when in
the erect posture is upward in that of a quadruped when
in the correlatively natural horizontal attitude, while in
both it is equally dorsad.
a.d. An abbreviation of advertisement.
A. D. An abbreviation of the Latin phrase anno
Domini, in the year of the Lord: as, A. D. 1887.


, - -ada . - -
-ada. [Sp. Pg, -ada =It...-ata = F. -ée, K.L. -ăţa,
fem, of -ătuş: see -adel, -ate1.] A suffix of
Latin º the Spanish feminine form of
-adel, -atel, as in armada; in English sometimes,
erroneously, -ado, as in bastinado, Spanish bas-
timada. *
Adacna (a-dak'nā), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3- priv.:F
ôākvety, bite.] The typical genus of the family
Adacnidae (which see). Eichwald, 1838.
adacnid (a-dak'nid), n. A bivalve mollusk, of
the family Adacnidae.
Adacnidae (a-dak'ni-dé), n. pl. [NL., K. Adacna
+ inj. A family of imyarian bivalve mol:
lusks, typified by the genus Adacna. The animals
which compose this family have elongated, nearly united
siphons, and a compressed foot; the shell, which gapes
behind, has a sinuated pallial line and a nearly toothless
hinge, or the teeth merely rudimentary. The species are
chiefly inhabitants of the Aral, Caspian, and Black Seas
and neighboring waters.
adact? (a-dakt’), v. t. [KL. adactus, pp. of adi-
gere, drive to, K ad, to, + agere, drive.] To
drive; coerce. Fotherby, Atheomastix, p. 15.
adactyl, adactyle (a-dak’til), a. 8,000 a S
adactylous.
adactylous (a-dak’ti-lus), a. [K Gr, & priv.,
without, + dāſervāoç, digit: see dactyl.] Inzoál.,
without fingers or toes.
adadt (a-dad"), interj. [A var. of egad.] An ex-
pletive of asseveration or emphasis.
-adaet. [NL., K. Gr. -adat, pl. of -admg, after -t-,
equiv. to -tóng after a consonant or another
vowel: see -idae.] In 206l., a suffix equivalent
to -idae, forming names of families of animals.
See -idae.
adaemonist (a-dé'mgn-ist), n. IK Gr. 6- priv. H
Öaiuov, a demon (see demon), + -ist.] One who
denies the existence or personality of the devil.
adag, attac (ad'ag, at’ak), n. [K Gael. adag,
a haddock; perhaps borrowed from E. had-
dock.] A local name of the haddock, used about
Moray frith in Scotland. Gordon.
adaga (a-dā'gã), n. [Pg. adaga, a dagger, a
short sword. Cf. adargue (?).] An Asiatic
weapon, having a short, broad blade at right
angles with a staff which serves as a handle.
IE. F. Burton, Book of the Sword.
adage (ad’āj), n. [KF. adage, K.L. adagium (col-
lateral form adagio), Kad, to, + -agium, Kaio
(orig. *agio), Isay, = Gr. #1t, I say, = Skt. Vah,
say..] A pithy saying in current use; a brief
familiar proverb; an expression of popular
wisdom, generally figurative, in a single phrase
or sentence, and of remote origin.
Unless the adage must be verified,
That beggars, mounted, run their horse to death.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 4.
=Syn. #phoriº, Aariom, Maazim, etc. See aphorism.
adagiali (a-dā’ji-al), a. Of the nature of or
containing an adage: as, “that adagial verse,”
Barrow, Works, I. 93.
adagietto (à-dā-jiet’tó), n. [It., dim. of adagio,
q. v.] In music : (a) A short adagio. (b) An
indication of time, signifying somewhat faster
*than adagio.
adagio (à-dā’īió), adv., a., and m. [It., slowly,
lit. at leisure, Kad, to, + agio, leisure, ease : see
ease.] In music: I. adv. Slow; slowly, leisure-
ly, and with grace. When repeated, adagio,
º, it directs the performance to be very
SIOW.
II. a. Slow: as, an adagio movement.
III. m. A slow movement; also, a piece of
music or part of a composition characterized by
slow movement.
adagyt (ad’a-ji), n. Same as adage.
Adalia (a-dā’li-á), n. [NL. (Mulsant, 1851), an
invented name.j A genus of beetles, of the
family Coccinellidae. The commonest species is A.
bipunctata, the two-spotted lady-bird, having a black head
with two yellow spots on each side, the prothorax black
and marked with yellow, the scutellum black, and the
elytra yellowish with a central round black spot on each.
*The insect is useful in destroying plant-lice.
Adam (ad’am), n. [K L. Adam (and Adamus),
K. Gr. Adáu (and 'Adaptog), K Heb. ?&dam, a hu-
man being, associated in popular etym. with
'addmäh, earth, and later with 'adam, be red.]
1. A generic name, meaning ‘man,’ applied
in Genesis to the first human being, and hence
taken, later, as his specific or personal name.—
2. The evil inherent in human nature, regarded
as inherited from Adam.
Consideration like an angel came,
And Whipp'd the offending Adam out of him.
hak., Hen. V., i. 1.
3t. A serjeant or bailiff. This sense rests chiefly on
the following quotation, and is explained by the commen-
tators as a reference to the fact that the buff warn by the
bailiff * the native “buff” of our first parent.
65
Not that Adam that kept the paradise, but that Adam
that keeps the prison. Shak., C. of E., iv. 3,
Adam and Eve, the popular name in the United States
for a certain terrestrial orchid, Aplectrum spicatum.—
. Adam's ale, Adam's wine, water, as being the only bev-
Adapis
Iie at the sides of the ambulacral grooves, and against
which the ambulacral ossicles abut. See cut under Aste-
$
7°iid
02,
Adamhood (ad’am-hild), n. Adamic or human
nature; manhood. Emerson. [Rare.]
erage in Adam's time: sometimes called Adam. [Colloq.] Adamic (a-dam'ik), a. 1. Relating or pertain-
A Rechabite poor Will must live,
And drink of Adam's ale.
Prior, Wandering Pilgrim.
Sirrah, . . . go bring
A cup of cold Adam from the next purling spring.
Tom Brown, Works, IV. 11.
Adam's apple. (a) Pomum Adami, the prominence on
the fore part of the throat formed by the anterior part of
the thyroid cartilage of the larynx: so called from the
notion that a piece of the forbidden fruit stuck in Adam's
throat. The protuberance is specially noticeable in the
male sex after puberty, as the larynx enlarges in boys at
the time when the change in the voice occurs. , (b) A ya-
riety of the lime, Citrus medica, with a depression which
is fancifully regarded in Italy as the mark of Adam's teeth.
See Citrus. (c) A name sometimes given to the plantain,
the fruit of Musa paradisiaca.-Adam's flannel, the
common mullen, Verbascwm Thapsw8.—Adam’s needle
and thread, a common name of Yucca filamentosa.
adamant"(ad'a-mant), n. [KME. adamant, ada-
naunt, ademaunt, adamaund, also athamant,
atthamant, etc. (after AS. athamans), and ad-
mont, K of. adamaunt, ademaunt, in popular
form aimant - Pr. adiman, aziman, ayman = Sp.
Pg. iman, KML. *adimas (*adimant-), L. adamas
(adamant-), K. Gr. &óáplaç (ādaptavt-), lit. uncon-
querable (Ká- priv. H. Öapiáv, conquer, = L. do-
mare = E. tame, q.v.), first used (by Homer) as
a personal epithet; later (in Hesiod and subse-
quent writers) as the name of a very hard metal
such as was used in armor—prob. steel, but
endowed by imaginative writers with super-
natural powers of resistance; in Plato, also of
a metal resembling gold; in Theophrastus, of
a gem, prob. a diamond; in Pliny, of the dia-
mond, under which he includes also, perhaps,
corundum; in Ovid, of the magnet; in later
writers regarded as an anti-magnet. The name
has thus always been of indefinite and fluctu-
ating sense. From the same source, through
the perverted ML. forms diamans, diamentum,
comes E. diamant, diamond, q.v.] 1. A name
applied with more or less indefiniteness to
various real or imaginary metals or minerals
characterized by extreme hardness: as (1) the
diamond, (2) the natural opposite of the dia-
mond, (3) a lodestone or magnet, and (4) an
anti-magnet.
The garmet and diamond, or adamant.
Sullivan, Views of Nature, I. 438. (N. E. D.)
The adamant cannot draw yron, if the diamond lye
by it. Lyly, Euphues, sig. K, p. 10. (N. E. D.)
The grace of God's spirit, like the true loadstone or
adamant, draws up the iron heart of man to it.
Bp. Hall, Occas. Med., p. 52.
The adamant . . . is such an enemy to the magnet.
Leonardus, Mirr. Stones, p. 63. (M. E. D.)
2. In general, any substance of impenetrable
or surpassing hardness; that which is impreg-
nable to any force. [It is chiefly a rhetorical
or poetical word.]
As an adamant harder than flint have I made thy fore-
head. Ezek. iii. 9.
But who would force the soul, tilts with a straw
Against a champion cased in adamant.
Wordsworth, Persecution of Covenanters, iii. 7.
adamanteant (ad'a-man-té'an), a.
manteus, K adamas, a damant: See adamant.]
Hard as adamant. [Rare.]
Chalybean temper'd steel, and frock of mail
Adamanteam proof. Milton, S. A., l. 134.
ādamantine (ad-a-man'tin), a. [KL. adaman-
tinus, K. Gr. &óagávttvog, Kóðáuaç: see adamant.]
1. Made of adamant; having the qualities of
adamant ; impenetrable.
In adamantime chains shall death be bound.
Pope, Messiah, l. 47.
Each gun
From its adamantime lips
Flung a death-cloud round the ships.
Campbell, Battle of Baltic.
2. Resembling the diamond in hardness or in
luster.—Adamantine hards, in U. S. pol, hist. See
hard, m.—Adamantine Spar. (a) A very hard, hair-
brown variety of corumdum, often of adamantine or dia-
mond-like luster. It yields a very hard powder used in
polishing diamonds and other gems. (b) Corundum, from
its hardness or peculiar occasional luster. See corundum.
adamantoid (ad-a-man’toid), n. IK Gr, Ödöplag
(ādaptavt-), adamant, diamond,+ eiðoc, form: see
-oid.]. A crystal characterized by being bound-
edby 48 equal triangles; a hexoctahedron. See
cut under hexoctahedron.
adambulacral (ad-am-bü-lā‘kral), @., [KL. ad,
to, + ambulacrum, q.v.] Adjacent to the am-
bulacra. Applied in zoöl., by way of distinction from
ambulacral, to a series of ossicles in echinoderms which
Adamical (a-dam’i-kal), a.
Adamically (a-dam’i-kal-i), adv.
adamine (ad'a-min), m.
Adamite (ad’a-mit), m.
of makedness.
4. [l. c..] . [After the French mineralogist M.
Adamitic (ad-a-mit'ik), a.
[KL. ada- Adamitism (adſa-mit-izm), n.
adamsite (ad’amz-it), n.
a dance (a-dāns'), prep. pſºr. as adv. Or a.
Adansonia (ad-an-Sö’ni-á), m.
Adapidae (a-dap'i-dé), m. pl.
Adapis (ad’a-pis), m. [NL.;
ing to Adam or to his descendants: as, the
Adamic world; Adamic descent.
Prof. Winchell, of course, takes the ground that the older
or black race is of an inferior type to the Subsequent or,
as he calls them, the Adamic races.
- Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 500.
I have stated these supposed conditions of the Adamic
creation briefly. Dawson, Origin of World, p. 239.
2. Resembling Adam before the fall; naked;
unclothed.—Adamic earth, common red clay, so called
from a notion that Adam means red earth. ...
- Relating or re-
lated to Adam; Adamic.
After the
manner of Adam ; nakedly.
Halbert standing on the plunging stage Adamically,
without a rag upon him. H. Kingsley, Geoff. Ham..., xlvi.
Same as Adamite, 4.
[K Adam -H jºj 1.
One of mankind; one of the human race con-
sidered as descended from Adam.—2. One of
that section of mankind more particularly re-
garded as the offspring of Adam, in contradis-
tinction to a supposed older race, called Pre-
adamites.
JProf. Winchell's pamphlet on Adamites and Preadam-
ites. Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 500.
3. [LL. Adamitae, pl.] One of a sect which
originated in the north of Africa in the second
century, and pretended to have attained to the
primitive innocence of Adam. Its members accord-
ingly rejected marriage as an effect and clothing as a sign
of sin, and appeared in their assemblies, called paradises,
naked. This heresy reappeared in the fourteenth cen-
tury, in Savoy, and again in the fifteenth century among
the Brethren and Sisters of the Free Spirit, in Germany,
Bohemia, and Moravia. It was suppressed in 1421 on
account of the crimes and immoralities of its votaries. (See
Picard and Picardist.) When toleration was proclaimed
by Joseph II., in 1781, the sect revived, but was promptly
proscribed. Its latest appearance was during the insur-
Tection of 1848–9.
The truth is, Teufelsdröckh, though a Sans-culottist, is
no Adamite, and, much perhaps as he might wish to go
forth before this degenerate age “as a sign,” would no-
wise wish to do it, as those old Adamites did, in a state
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 40.
Adam -H -ite2.] A mineral occurring in small
yellow or green crystals and in mammillary
groups; a hydrous arseniate of zinc, isomor-
phous with olivenite: found in Chili, at Lau-
rium in Greece, and elsewhere. Also adamine.
[K Adamite + -ic.]
1. Of or pertaining to the descendants of Adam;
pertaining to mankind; human.
He [Mr. Webster] was there in his Adamitic capacity,
as if he alone of all men did not disappoint the eye and
the ear, but was a fit figure in the landscape.
IEmerson, Fugitive Slave Law.
2. Of, pertaining to, or resembling the sect of
the Adamites.
Nor is it other than rustic or Adamitic impudence to
confine nature to itself.
Jer. Taylor (?), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 164.
Adamitical (ad-a-mit’i-kal), a. Same as Adam-
itic.
[K Adamite +
-ism.] 1. The doctrines of the Adamites.—2.
The practice of dispensing with clothing, as did
the Adamites, or the state of being unclothed.
See Adamite, 3.
[For C. B. Adams,
an American geologist.] A greenish-black
mica found in Derby, Vermont.
[Ka8,
on, + dance.] Dancing.
[You cannot] prevent Béranger from setting all pulses
a-dance in the least rhythmic and imaginative of modern
tongues. & Lowell, Study Windows, p. 238.
& [NL.; named in
honor of Michel Adansom (died 1806), a French
naturalist who traveled in Senegal in 1749–
53.] A small genus of trees belonging to
the family Bombacaceae. A. digitata is the Afri-
can calabash-tree, or baobab-tree of Senegal. See baobab.
A. Gregorii, the only other species, is the cream-of-tartar
tree of northern Australia. See cream-of-tartar tree, under
C}^{2077t.
[NL., K. Adapis
+ -idae.] A family of extinct lemuroid mam-
mals, of which the genus Adapis is the type.
a name applied
by Gesner, about 1550, to the common rabbit.
Etym. unknown; referred doubtfully to Gr, di-
intensive + dāttº, a rug, carpet.] genus of
extinct mammals of the Eocene or Lower Ter-
tiary age, described from portions of three

Adapis
skulls found by Cuvier in the sum-quarries
of Montmartre, Paris, and by him referred to
his order Pachydermata, and considered as re-
lated in some respects to Anoplotherium. The
animal was of about the size of a rabbit. Subsequent in-
Vestigations, based upon additional material, have shown
Adapis to be the type of a family Adapidae, ;
a generalized form of the lemurine series (Pachylem wrinoe,
*Filhol) of the order Primates.
tare, K. L. adaptare, fit to, K ad, to, + aptare,
make fit, K aptus, fit; see apt.]... 1. To make
suitable; make to correspond; fit or suit; pro-
portion.
A good poet will adapt the very sounds, as well as Words,
to the things he treats of. , ope, Letters.
The form and structure of nests, that vary so much, and
are so wonderfully adapted to the wants and habits of
each species. A. R. Wallace, Nat, Selec., p. 216.
Two errors are in common vogue in regard to instinct :
first, that it never errs; secondly, that it never adapts
itself to changed circumstances.
Mawdsley, Body and Will, § 5.
2. To fit by alteration; modify or remodel for
a different purpose: as, to adapt a story or a
foreign play for the stage; to adapt an old ma-
chine to a new manufacture.—3. To make by
altering or fitting something else; produce by
change of form or character: as, to bring out
a play adapted from the French; a word of an
adapted form. = Syn. 1. To adjust, accommodate, con-
form.—2. To arrange.
adapt: (a-dapt’), a. [Short for adapted, prob.
suggested by apt.] Adapted; fit; suitable.
If we take this definition of happiness, and examine it
with reference to the senses, it will be acknowledged
wonderfully adapt. Swift, Tale of a Tub, ix.
[Providence] gave him able arms and back
To wield a flail and carry sack,
And in all stations active be,
Adapt to prudent husbandry.
D'Urfey, Colin's Walk, i.
adaptability (3-dap-tº-bil’i-ti), º, . pl. adapta-
bilities (-tiz). [Kadaptable: see -bility.] 1. The
quality of being adaptable; a quality that ren-
ders adaptable.
No wonder that with such ready adaptabilities they
[Norwegians) made the best of emigrants. The overflow
of population which once directed itself in such rude
fashion on Normandy and England now finds its way to
the United States, and no incomers are more welcome
there. º e º Frowde, Sketches, p. 77.
2. Specifically, in biol., the capacity for re-
. to changes in external conditions by
advantageous modification of structure or con-
duct; the capacity of , an organism to be
advantageously modified. t
adaptable (a-dapta-bl), a. [K adapt + -able.]
Capable of or given to adapting one's self or
things to new conditions or uses.
Yet, after all, thin, speculative Jonathan is more like
the Englishman of two centuries ago than John Bull him-
self is. He has lost somewhat in solidity, has become
fluent and adaptable, but more of the original ground-
work of character remains.
Lowell, Introd. to Biglow Papers, 1st ser.
adaptableness (3-dapta-bl-nes), n. Adapta-
ility.
jºr º -
adaptation (ad-ap-tā'shgn), n. IK F. adapta-
tion, KML. adaptatio(n-), K. L. adaptare:... see
adapt, v.] 1. The act of adapting or adjust-
ing; the state of being adapted or fitted; ad-
justment to circumstances or relations.
Government, . . . in a just sense, is, if one may say so,
the science of adaptations—variable in its elements, de-
pendent upon circumstances, and incapable of a rigid
mathématical demonstration.
Story, Misc. Writings, p. 616.
Must we not expect that, with a government also, spe-
cial adaptation to one end implies non-adaptation to other
ends? H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 303.
2. That which is adapted; the result of alter-
ing for a different use. Specifically, a play trans-
lated or constructed from a foreign language or a novel,
and rendered suitable for representation: as, this Com-
edy is a free adaptation from a French author.
3. In biol., advantageous modification of ani-
mals or plants in accordance with changed
conditions; the result of adaptability to exter-
nal conditions; the operation of external influ-
ences upon a plastic organism, or a character
supposed to be acquired by the organism as
the result of such operation. It is sometimes re.
garded as one of two principal factors in the evolution of
organic forms, inducing those changes which it is the
tendency of the opposite factor, heredity, to counteract,
the result being the balance between adaptation and
heredity, or the diagonal of the parallelogram of forces
which adaptation and heredity represent.
Adaptation is commenced by a change in the functions
of organs, so that the physiological relations of organs
play the most important part in it. Since adaptation is
Inerely the material expression of this change of function,
the modification of the function as much as its expression
is to be regarded as a gradual process. As a rule, there-
fore, adaptation can be perceived by its results only in a
66
long series of generations, while transmission [i. e., hered-
ity] can be recognised in every generation.
embawr, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 9.
adaptational (ad-ap-tä'sh9n-āl), a. Relating
or pertaining to adaptation, or the adjustment
of one thing to another; adaptive: in biol.,
applied to physiological or functional modifi-
cations of parts or organs, as distinguished
from morphological or structural changes.
adaptative (3-dapta-tiy), a. [K L. adaptatus
pp. of adaptare, adapt (see adapt, v.), F -ive.
% º pertaining to adaptation; adaptive.
[Rare.
aſºtativeness (a-dap"ta-tiv-nes), n. Adapta-
l e
adaptedness (a-dapted-nes), n. The state of
being adapted; suitableness; fitness.
The adaptedness of the Christian faith to all such [the
poor and oppressed], which was made a reproach against
it by supercilious antagonists, constitutes one of its chief
glories. G. P. Fisher, Begin. of Christianity, p. 545.
àdapter (a-daptèr), n. 1. One who.adapts, or
makes an adaptation; specifically, one who
translates, remodels, or rearranges a composi-
tion or work, rendering it fit to be represented
on the stage, as a play from a foreign tongue
or from a novel.
And, if these imaginary adapters of Homer modernized
his whole diction, how could they preserve his metrical
effects? De Quincey, Homer, iii.
2. That which adapts; anything that serves
the F. of adapting or adjusting one thing
to another. Specifically—3. In chem., a re-
ceiver with two necks diametrically opposite,
one of which admits the neck of a retort, while
the other is joined to a second receiver. It is
used in distillations to give more space to elastic vapors,
or to increase the length of the neck of a retort.
4. In optics : (a) A metal ring uniting two
lengths of a telescope. (b) An attachment to
a microscope for centering the illuminating ap-
paratus or throwing it out of center. E. H.
I(night. (c) A means for enabling object-
#. made by different makers, and having
ifferent screws, to be fitted to a body not spe-
cially adapted to receive them. E. H. Knight.
–5. A glass or rubber tube, with ends differ-
ing in size, used to connect two other tubes
or two pieces of apparatus.
adaption (a-dap'shºn), n. [K adapt + -ion. Cf.
adoption, Kadopt.]" Adaptation; the act of fit-
ting. [Rare.] -
Wise contrivances and prudent adaptions. Cheyne.
adaptional (a - dap' sh9n-al), a. Relating or
ertaining to adaptation, or the action of adapt-
ing: in biol., *::::: to the process by which
an organism is fitted or adapted to its environ-
ment; as, adaptional swellings.
adaptitude (a japºti-tid), nºt adapt + -itude,
after aptitude..] Adaptedness; special apti-
tude. Browning. -
adaptive (3-daptiv), a. [K adapt + -ive. Cf.
adaptative..] Of, pertaining to, or characterized
by adaptation; making or made fit or suitable;
susceptible of or undergoing accordant change.
Much used in biology with reference to functional or
physiological adjustment to external conditions or en-
* as opposed to homological. See adapta-
107, 3.
The adaptive power, that is, the faculty of adapting
means to proximate ends.
Coleridge, Aids to Reflec., p. 178.
The function of selective discrimination with the com-
plementary power of adaptive response is regarded as the
root-principle of mind. Science, IV. 17.
In the greater number of Mammals, the bones assume
a very modified and adaptive position.
W. H. Flower, Osteology, p. 242.
These resemblances, though so intimately connected
with the whole life of the being, are ranked as merely
“adaptive or analogical characters.”
Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 374.
adaptively (a-daptiv-li), adv. In an adap-
tive manner; with adaptation; in an adjusted
or fitting manner; with fitness: as, “adºp-
tively modified structures,” Owen, Class. of
Mammalia.
adaptiveness (a-daptiv-nes), n. The quality
of being adaptive; capability of making or be-
coming fit or suitable.
adaptlyt (a-daptºli), adv. In a suitable or con-
venient manner; aptly; fitly.
For active horsemanship adaptly fit.
Prior, Colin's Mist., iii. 8.
adaptness; (3-dapt'nes), n. The state of be-
ing fitted; adaptation; aptness; as, “adapt-
#. of the sound to the sense,” Bp. Newton,
ilton.
aday?
adays (a-dāz'), prep. plur. as adv.
ad capt.
adaptorial (ad-ap-tū’ri-al), a. [K adapt +
i.: Tending to adapt or fit; ãº.
8.T0,
dar (3-dār'), m. [Heb, and Aram. 'adār, K
ab, and Assyr, addaru.] A Hebrew month,
the sixth of the civil and the twelfth of the
ecclesiastical year, corresponding to the latter
art of February and the first part of March.
adarce (a-dār'sé), m. º; also adarca, K. Gr.
ãóápkm or ādápkmg, also adapkoç, a word of for-
eign origin..] A saltish concretion on reeds and
grass in marshy grounds, noted especially in
ancient Galatia, Asia Minor. It is soft and porous,
and has been used to cleanse the skin in leprosy, tetters,
and other diseases,
adarguet, n. [OSp., of Ar. Origin..] An Arabic
weaponſike a broad dagger.
a darkon (a-dār'kgn), n. [Heb.; deriv. uncer-
tain; by some writers connected with the name
Darius : see daric.] A gold coin (also called
darkemon) mentioned in the original text of the
book of Ezra, etc., as in use among the Jews,
and translated dram in the authorized version.
It was a foreign coin, probably the Persian
daric (which see), and is so rendered in the re.
vised version. -
adarme (ä-dār’mă), n. [Sp. adarme, a dram;
Q- º *; the Ar. art. al, the, and
-darme the L. drachma : see drachma and
dram.] A Spanish weight, a drachm, the 16th
part of an ounce, or the 256th part of a pound,
equal (in Castile) to lºy avoirdupois drachms.
Another form is adareme. In their origin, avoirdu-
pois Weight and the Spanish system were identical.
adarticulation (ad-ār-tik-i-lä'shgn), n. IK ad-
+ articulation.] Same as arthrodia.
adatit (ad'a-ti), n. [Also written gº l, ad-
aris, aāanés, etc.; of Eind origin. Öf. Beng.
didat (cerebral d) or ārat, a warehouse, a gen-
eral store.] A kind of piece-goods exported
from Bengal.
adauntt (a-dānt’), v. t. [K ME. adaunten, KOF-
adanter, adonter, later addonter, Ka- +...danter,
ºr, daunt: see a-11 and dawnt.] To sub-
lić),
Adawnted the rage of a lyon Savage.
Skelton, Hercules.
adawl? (a-dā'), v. [KME. adawen, Ka- + dawen,
E. dial. daw: see a-1 and dawl.] i. intrans. To
wake up ; awake; come to.
But sire, a man that wakith out of his slep,
He may not sodeynly well taken keep
Upon a thing, ne seen it parfytly,
Til that he be adawed verrayly.
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, l. 1156.
II. trans. To awaken; arouse from sleep or
swoon. Chaucer. -
adaw?t (a-dā'), v. [First used in 16th century;
perhaps K ME. adawe, of dawe, of dage, or in
fuller phrase of lyfe dawe, usually with verb
bringen or don, lit. bring or do (put) ‘out of
: day,’ i. e., kill, hence the sense quell,
subdue, assisted prob. by an erroneous etym.
Kad- + awe, and prob. also by association with
adaunt. The form daw, daunt, is later: see
daw4.] I. trans. 1. To daunt; quell; cow.
The sight whereof did greatly him adaw.
Spenser, F. Q., III. vii. 13.
2. To moderate; abate.
Gins to abate the brightnesse of his beme,
And fervour of his flames somewhat adaw.
Spenser, F. Q., V. ix. 85.
II, intrans. To become moderated or less
vehement.
Therewith her wrathfull courage gan appall,
And haughtie spirits meekely to adaw.
Spensers F. Q., IV. vi. 26.
adawlet (a-dā’let), n. [Also written adawlut,
K. Hind. ‘adālat, K. Ar. ‘adāla(t), a court of jus-
tice, K Hind. and Ar. ‘adl, justice..] In the East
Indies, a court of justice, civil or criminal.
adayn (3-dàn'), prep. phy, as adv, or a. [Ka8
dawn..] Dawning; at the point of dawn.
(3-dā'), prep. hr, as ado. [K_ME. aday,
addi; K as + ºft; 1. By day.—2. On each
day; daily. -
Now written a day, sometimes a-day. §ºÉ.
[ te
adayes, a dayes, a dates; Ka8+ days, adverbial
en, sing. (now regarded as acc. p.) of day.]
ł. By day; in the daytime.
I have miserable nights; . . . but I shift §º we'i
adays. Johnson to Mrs. Thrale, Mch. 19, 177/.
the day or time: only in the com-
pound pyrase nowadays (which see).
adazet ſå-dāz'), v. t. K ME, adasen, K a- +
dasen, §aze: see daze.]...To dazzle. Sir T. More.
£. An abbreviation of ad captandum. -


ad captandum
ad captandum (ad kap-tan'dum). [L. : ad, to,
for; Captandum, gerund of captare, catch, seize,
K capere, take: see captive.]T For the purpose
of catching, as in the º: ad captandum vul-
gus, to catch the rabble: often applied adjec-
tively to claptrap or meretricious attempts to
catch popular favor or applause: as, ad captan-
dum oratory.
adcorporatef (ad-kör'pū-rät), v. t. . [See accor-
porate.] To unite, as one body with another;
*accorporate.
[K, ME. adden, K. L. addere, Kad,
add (ad), v.
to, +-dere for *dare, put, place: see do..] I.
trans. 1. To join or unite into one sum or ag-
gregate. Specifically, in math., to find the sum of two
or more quantities, or a combination of them into which
each enters with its full effect and independently of the
others, so that an increase of any one of the added quanti-
ties produces an equal increase of the sum : used with to:
gether or up; as, to add numbers together; to add or add
tºp a column of figures. *
2. To unite, join, attach, annex, or subjoin as
an augmentation or accretion; bring into cor-
porate union or relation: with to before the
subject of addition, and sometimes without an
expressed object, when, this is implied by the
subject: as, add another stone, or another
stone to the pile; he continually added [goods
or possessions] to his store; to add to one's
grief.
Ye shall not add [anything] writo the word which I com-
mand you. Deut. iv. 2.
And, to add greater honours to his age
Than man could give him, he died fearing God.
Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 2.
[I] add thy name,
O sun, to tell thee how I hate thy beams.
Milton, P. L., iv. 36.
They added ridge to valley, brook to pond,
And sighed for all that bounded their domain.
Emerson, Hamatreya.
8t. To put into the possession of; give or
grant additionally, as to a person.
The Lord shall add to me another son. Gen. xxx. 24.
For length of days, and long life, and peace, shall they
thee. Prov. iii. 2.
Added money, in sporting, money added by a jockey
club to , sweepstakes.—Added sixth, in music. See
sixth.-Add in, to include.—Add up, to find the sum
of. = Syn. Add, Attach, Affia, Annez, adduce, adjoin.
The first four words agree in denoting the increasing of a
thing by something additional. Add is the most general
term, but it may denote an intimate union of the things
combined, the formation of a whole in which the parts
lose their individuality: as, to add water to a decoc-
tion; to add one sum to another. This idea is not ex-
pressed by any of the others. Attach (as also affia, and
ammez) denotes a more external combination; it im-
plies the possibility of detaching that which is attached:
as, to attach a locomotive to a train. Hence we do not at-
tach, but add, on fluid to another. It generally retains its
original notion of a strong connection, physical, moral, or
other: as, to attach a condition to a gift, a tag to a lace,
or one person to another. Affia, may be used either of that
which is essential to the value or completeness of the
whole, or of something that is wholly extrinsic or unre-
lated : as, to affia: a signature or seal to an instrument;
to affia, a notice to a post. To annea; sometimes brings
the parts into vital relation: as, to annea: territory, a codi-
cil to a will, or a penalty to a prohibition.
Care to our coffin adds a nail, no doubt.
Dr. John Wolcot, Expost. Odes, xv.
Their names cling to those of the greater persons to
whom some chance association attached them.
Mrs. Oliphant, Lit. Hist. of 19th Cent., III. 150.
In affiacing his name, an attesting witness is regarded as
certifying the capacity of the testator. Am. Cyc., XIV. 24.
Since the French nation has been formed, men have
proposed to annea; this or that land on the ground that its
people spoke the French tongue.
E. A. Freeman, Race and Language, p. 111.
II. intrans. 1. To be or serve as an addition;
be added: with to ; as, the consciousness of
folly often adds to one's regret, [Really tran-
sitive in this use, with the * implied or
understood. See I., 2.]–2. To perform the
arithmetical operation of addition. º
addal (ad'à), n. IEgypt.] A small species of
#ſº lizard, Scincus officinalis; the skink.
It is called “officinal” on account of the repute in which
it has been held by Eastern physicians for its alleged effi-
cacy in the cure of elephantiasis, leprosy, and certain
other diseases common in the East. See skink and Scincus.
adda2 (ad’ā), n. [Telugu adda (cerebral d).]
A measure used in India, equal to 83 pints.
McElrath, Com. Dict.
agº, (ad-8-bil’i-ti), n. [K addable : Sec
-bility.] The quality of being addable. Also
written addibility.
addable (adºa-bl.), a. [Kadd + -able.] Capable
of being added. Also written addible.
addax (ad’aks), n. [L., in acc. addaçëm, occur-
67
º: of African antelope,
a ruminant, hoofed, artiodactyl quadruped, of
the subfamily Antilopinae, family Bovidae; the
Antilope addaw of Lichtenstein, Orya, addaa' of
some, Orya, masomaculatus of others, now Addaa,
masomaculatus: the word addaa, thus becoming
technically a generic name, after having been
a technical specific term, as well as originally
a vernacular appellation. The addax is about 6
feet long, and about 3 feet high at the shoulder; Stout in
the body, like the ass; and with horns 3 or 4 feet long,
slender, ringed, spirally twisted into two or three turns,
/
s
ſº."
native name of a
àAS) '
#º.
*sº rºº S
.** º, sº
_*
*... ... :::::::::
*::::
--~~
Addax of Eastern Africa (A. 7tasomaculatus).
and present in both sexes. The ears and tail are long, the
latter terminated by a switch of hair; there are tufts of
hair upon the throat, forehead, and tear-bag; the hoofs
are large and semicircular, adapted for treading upon the
shifting sands of the desert. The general color of the ani-
mal is whitish, with a reddish-brown head and neck, black
hoofs, and a white blaze on the face, whence the name
72078 tw8. The addax is related to the oryx, but is
generically as well as specifically distinct. The identity
of this animal with that mentioned by Pliny (see etymol-
ogy), though known to Gesner, was overlooked by Subse-
Quent naturalists until rediscovered by the travelers Rüp-
ell, Hemprich, and Ehrenberg, who found the animal
own to the natives under a name like that ascribed to
the strepsiceros by Pliny.
2. [cap.] A genus of antelopes of the subfam-
ily Orygima, of which the addax, A. masomacu-
latus, is the only species.
addebted, a iséï at first addettit, addetted,
for earlier endetted: see indebted.] Indebted.
addecimater (a-des’i-māt), v. t. [K L. addeci-
matus, pp. of addecimare, Kad, to, + decimare,
take the tenth : see decimate.] To take or as-
certain the tithe or tenth part of ; tithe ; deci-
mate. Cockeram. -
addeemi (a-dém’), v. t. [K ad--F deem. Cf. ad-
doom.] 1. To award; adjudge; sentence.
Unto him they did addeeme the prise.
Spenser, F. Q., W. iii. 15.
2. To deem; judge; esteem; account.
She scorns to be addeemed so worthless-base.
Daniel, Civil Wars.
addendum (a-den'dum), n. ; pl. addenda (-dà).
[L., gerund of addere, add: see add.] A thing
to be added; an addition; an appendix to a
Work-Addendum-circle (of a gear), in mach., a circle
which touches the ends of the teeth.—Addendum of a
tooth, in mach., that part of the tooth of a gear which
#### beyond the pitch;circle.
ãdderl (ad’ér), n. [KME. adder, addere, addre,
edder, eddre, etc., forms interchanging with the
more correct madder, maddere, maddre, madre,
meddere, meddre, etc. (through confusion of a
madder with an adder; cf. apron, auger, orange,
wmpire, which have lost their initial m in the
same way), KAS. naedre, naddres= OS. madra =
D. adder = OHG. matara, natra, MHG. matere,
mater, G. matter = Icel. mathra, f., mathr, m., -
Goth, madrs = [r. mathair = W. meidr, a snake, a
serpent. The L. matria, a water-snake, is a dif-
ferent word, prop. a swimmer, K mare, Swim.
The word has no connection with atter, poi-
son, q.v.]_1. The popular English name of
the viper, Vipera communis, now Pelias berus, a
common venomous serpent of Europe (and the
only poisonous British reptile), belonging to
adder-bead (ad’ér-bêd), n.
adder-bolt (ad’ér-bölt), n.
adder-fish (ad’ér-fish), n.
adder-fly (ad’ér-fli), n.
aſſº (ad’ér-pik), n.
adder's-fern (ad’érz-férn), m.
adder's—meat (ad’érz-mêt), m.
adder's-mouth (ad’érz-mouth), m.
adder-spit (ad’ér-spit), m.
adder's-tongue (ad’érz-tung), m.
* addicent
of about 2 feet, of which the tail constitutes one eighth;
the head is oval, with a blunt snout; the color varies
from brown or olive to brownish-yellow, variegated with
a row of large confluent rhombic spots along the middle
line of the back, and a row of small black or blackish spots
on each side. Though the adder is venomous, its bite is
not certainly known to be fatal.
2. A name loosely applied to various Snakes
more or less resembling the viper, Pelias berus:
as—(a) By the translators of the authorized version of the
Bible, to several different species of venomous serpents. (b)
By the translators of Haeckel, to the suborder Aglypho-
donta. (c) By the translators of Cuvier, to the Linnean ge-
nus Coluber in a large sense. (d) In the United States, to
various spotted serpents, venomous or harmless, as Species
of Toacicophis, Heterodon, etc.
3. The sea-stickleback or adder-fish. See ad-
der-fish.
adder? (ad’ér), n. [K add + -erl.] 1. One who
adds.—2. An instrument for performing addi-
tion.
[K adder1 + bead.]
[K adder1 + bolt1,
from the shape of the body..] The dragon-fly.
[Prov. Eng.] *
[Kadder1 + fish 1.]
The sea-stickleback, Spinachia vulgaris, a fish
of the family Gasterosteidae, distinguished by
an elongated form and the development of
numerous dorsal spines. Also called adder and
Sea-adder.
[K adder1 + fly?..] A
name in Great Britain of the dragon-fly. Also
called adder-bolt and flying adder. See dragon-
Same as adder-stone.
Jly. º
adder-gem (ad’ér-jem), n. IK adder! -H gem.]
Same as adder-stone.
adder-grass (ad’ér-grás), m. [K adderl + grass.]
A name used in the south of Scotland for Or-
chis maculata.
[K adder1 + pike1.]
Alocal Englishname of the fish commonly called
thelesser weever, Trachinus vipera. Also called
otter-pike. See weever.
The common
polypody, Polypodium vulgare.
adder's-flower (ad’érz-flou’ér), n. Thered eam-
pion, Lychnis dioica.
A name some-
times given (a) to the English wake-robin,
Arum maculatum (see cut under Arum), and (b)
to a chickweed, Alsine Holostea.
A delicate
orchid, Malaris unifolia, found in cool damp
woods in North America, with a raceme of
minute greenish flowers, and a single leaf
shaped somewhat like the head of a snake.
[K adder1 + spit?..]
The common brake, Pteridium aquilinum.
adder's-spear (ad’érz-spér), n. Same as adder's-
tongue.
adder-stone (ad’ér-stön), n. [Kadder' + stone.]
The name given in different parts of Great
Britain to certain rounded perforated stones or
glass beads found occasionally, and popularly
supposed to have a supernatural efficacy in
curing the bites of adders. They are believed by
archaeologists to have been anciently used as spindle-
whorls, that is, small fly-wheels intended to keep up the
rotary motion of the spindle. Some stones or beads of this
or a similar kind were by one superstitious tradition said
to have been produced by a number of adders putting
their heads together and hissing till the foam became con-
solidated into beads, supposed to be powerful charms
against disease. Also called ovum angwimwm, 8erpent-
stone, adder-bead, adder-gem, and in Wales glain-meidr and
druidical bead. The last name is given upon the supposi-
tion that these objects were used as charms or amulets by
the Druids.
And the potent adder-stome,
Gender'd 'fore the autumnal moon,
When in undulating twine
The foaming snakes prolific join.
W. Mason, Caractacus.
The fern
Ophioglossum vulgatum : so called from the form
of its fruiting spike. Also called adder’s-spear.
See Ophioglossum.—Yellow adder's-tongue, a name
given to the plant Erythroniwm Americanwm,
the family Viperidae, of the suborder Soleno- adder's-violet (ad'êrz-vi"Č-let), m. The rattle-
glypha, of the order Ophidia. It grows to a length
snake-plantain, Peramium pubescens, a low or-
chid of North America, with conspicuously
white-veined leaves.
adder's-wort (ad’érz-wert), m. The bistort, Po-
lygonum Bistorta: so named from its writhed
roots. Called snakeweed, for the same reason.
addibility (ad-i-bil’i-ti), n. See addability.
2,
ible (ad’i-bl), a. See addable.
addicet (ad'is), m. An obsolete form of ade.
addicent (ad’i-sent), n. IKL. addicem(t-)s, ppr.
of addicere: see addict, v.] One who authori-
tatively transfers a thing to another. N. E. D.
ring in Pliny, who treats of the animal under
the name of strepsiceros, i.e., the twisted-horn;
a north African name, still used, it is said, in
the forms addas, and akas, akesh.] 1. †he


addict
addict (a-likt"), v. t. [K L. addictus, pp. of
addicere, devote, deliver over, prop. give one's
assent to, Kad, to, + dicere, say, declare.] 1.
To devote or give up, as to a habit or occupa-
tion; apply habitumiy or sedulously, as to a
practice or habit: used reflexively: as, to ad-
dict one's self to the exercise of charity; he is
addicted (addicts himself) to meditation, plea-
Sure, or intemperance. [Now most frequently
used in a bad sense.]
They have addicted themselves to the ministry of the
Saints. 1 Cor. xvi. 15.
I advise thee . . . to addict thyself to the Study of Let-
ters. Cotton, tr. of Montaigme (2d ed.), I. 385.
2t. To give over or surrender; devote, attach,
or assign; yield up, as to the service, use, or
control of: used both of persons and of things.
YouTS entirely addicted, madam.
B. Jomsom, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 3.
The land about is exceedingly addicted to wood.
Evelyn, Diary, April 18, 1680.
Specifically—3. In Rom. law, to deliver over
formally by the sentence of a judge, as a debt-
or to the service of his creditor. = Syn. 1. Addict,
Devote, Apply, accustom, These words, where they ap-
proach in meaning, are most used reflexively. Addict and
devote are often used in the passive. Addict has quite lost
the idea of dedication; it is the yielding to impulse, and
generally a bad one. Devote retains much of the idea of
service or loyalty by vow ; hence it is rarely used of that
which is evil. Addicted to every form of folly; devoted to
hunting, astronomy, philosophy, Apply is neutral moral-
ly, and implies industry or assiduity; as, he applied him-
Self to his task, to learning.
The Courtiers were all much addicted to Play.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II, 7.
We should reflect that the earliest intellectual exercise
to which a young nation devotes itself is the study of its
laws. Maine, Village Communities, p. 380.
That we may apply our hearts unto wisdom. PS. xc. 12.
addicti (a-dikt’), a. [KL. addictus, pp.; see the
verb.] Addicted.
If he be addict to vice,
Quickly liim they will entice. -
Shak., Pass. Pil., xxi.
addictedness (a-dikſted-nes), m. The quality or
state of being addicted.
My former addictedness to make chymical experiments.
Boyle.
addiction (a-dik'shgn), n. IKL. addictio(n-), de-
livering up, awarding, Kaddicére: see addict, v.]
1. The state of being given up to some habit,
practice, or pursuit: addictedness; devotion.
His addiction was to courses Vain. Shak., Hen. W., i. 1.
From our German forefathers we inherit our phlegm,
our steadiness, our domestic habitudes, and Our unlıappy
addiction to spirituous liquors.
W. R. Greg, Misc. Issays, 2d ser., p. 13.
Southey, in a letter to William Taylor, protests, with
much emphasis, against his addiction to words “which
are so foreign as not to be even in Johnson's farrago of a
dictionary.” I'. Hall, Mod. Dng., p. 135.
2. In Itom. law, a formal giving over or deliv-
ery by sentence of court; hence, a surrender or
dedication of any one to a master. N. E. D.
ad diem (ad diſem). [T. : ad, at, to ; diem, 8.cc.
*of dies, day: see dies, dial.] in law, at the day.
adding-machine (ad'ing-ma-shën"), n, [K add-
ing, verbal m. of add, + machine." An instru-
ment or a machino intended to facilitate or
perform the addition of numbers. See calcu-
lating-machine, arithmometer.
addisł, n. An obsolete form of adz.
Addisonian (ad-i-Sö’ni-àn), a. [The surname
Addison, ME. Adeson, is equiv. to Adamson, i.e.,
Adam's son. Cf. Atchison.] Pertaining to or
resembling the English author Joseph Addison
or his writings: as, an Addisonian style.
It was no part of his plan to enter into competition
with the Addisonian writers. The Century, XXVII. 927.
Addison's cheloid (ad’i-sqnz kö’loid). See
kelis.
Addison's disease (ad’i-SQnz di-Zéz'). See
disease.
additament (ad’i-ta-ment), n. [K L. addita-
mentum, an increase, Kadditus, pp. of adderé,
add: see add.] An addition; something added.
In a palace . . . there are certain additaments that
contribute to its ornament and use. ſº º
Sir M. Hale, Origin of Mankind.
In Hawthorne, whose faculty, was developed among
scholars, and with the finest additaments of Scholarship,
we have our first true artist in literary expression.
The Century, XXVI. 293.
additamentary (ad’i-ta-men'ta-ri), a. Pertain-
ing to or of the nature of an additament; addi-
tional.
The numerous . . . additamentary bones which are met
with in old cases of osteo-arthritis.
T. Holmes, Syst. of Surg., IV. 27.
ãddition (a-dish’on), n. . [KME, addicion, -oun,
K.F. addition, KL. additio(n-), K addere, increase:
68 -
See add.] 1. The act or process of adding or
uniting, especially so that the parts remain
independent of one another: opposed to sub-
traction or diminution : as, a sum is increased
by addition; to increase a heap by the addition
of more. Specifically, in arith., the uniting of two or
more numbers in one sum; also, that branch of arithmetic
which treats of such combinations. Simple addition is the
adding of numbers, irrespective of the things denoted by
them, or the adding of sums of the same denomination, as
pounds to pounds, ounces to ounces, etc. Compo ad-
dition is the adding of sums of different denominations, as
pounds, shillings, and, pence to pounds, shillings, and
pence, iike being added to like. The addition of all kinds
of multiple quantity is performed according to the prin-
ciple of compound addition; thus, the addition of two
complex quantities is effected by adding the real parts
together to get the new real part, and the imaginary parts
to get the new imaginary part. Logical addition is a mode
of combination of terms, propositions, or arguments, re-
sulting in a compound (the sum), true if any of the ele-
ments are true, and false only if all are false.
2. The result of adding; anything added, whe-
ther material or immaterial.
Her youth, her beauty, innocence, discretion,
Without additions of estate or birth,
Are dower for a prince indeed.
Ford, Lover's Melancholy, v. 1.
Specifically—(a) In law, a title or designation annexed to
a man's name to show his rank, occupation, or place of resi-
dence: as, John Doe, Esq.; Richard Roe, Gent.; Robert
Dale, Mason. ; Thomas Way, of Bostom. Hence—(b) An
epithet or any added designation or description : a use
frequent in Shakspere, but now obsolete.
They clepe us drunkards, and with swinish phrase
§oil our addition. Shak., Hamlet, i. 4.
This man, lady, hath robbed many beasts of their partic-
ular additions; he is as valiant as the lion, churlish as the
bear, slow as the elephant. Shak., T. and C., i. 2.
(ct) In music, a dot at the side of a note indicating that
its sound is to be lengthened one half. (d) In her., same
as augmentation. (e) In distilling, anything added to the
wash or liquor when in a state of fermentation.—Exer-
cise and addition. See eaſercise.-Geometrical addi-
tion, or addition of vectors, the finding of a vector
quantity, S, such that if the vectors to be added are placed
in a linear series, each after the first beginning where the
one before it ends, then, in Whatever order they are taken,
if S be made to begin where the first of the added vectors
begins, it ends where the last ends. = Sym. 1. Adding, an-
nexation.—2. Superaddition, appendage, adjunct, in-
crease, increment, extension, enlargement, augmentation.
addition (a-dish’on), v. t. 1+. To furnish with
an addition, or a designation additional to one's
Ila, IOO.
Some are additioned with the title of laureate,
Fuller, Worthies, Cambridgeshire.
2. To combine; add together. [Rare.]
The breaking up of a whole into parts really precedes
in facility the additioning of parts into a whole, for the
reason that the power of destruction in a child obviously
precedes the power of construction.
- Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVII. 617.
additional (a-dish’9n-al), a. and m. [= F. ad-
ditionnel, K. L. as if *additionalis, K additio(m-):
see addition.] I. a. Added; supplementary.
Lvery month, every day indeed, produces its own novel-
ties, with the additional zest that they are novelties.
De Qwincey, Style, iv.
Additional accompaniments, in music. See accom-
paniment.
II. Y. Something added; an addition. [Rare.]
Many thanks for the additionals you are pleased to
communicate to me, in continuance of Sir Philip Sidney's
Arcadia. Howell, Letters, iv. 20.
additionally (a-dish’9n-al-i), adv. By way of
addition.
additionaryt (a-dish'gn-ā-ri), a. Additional.
What is necessary, and what is additionary.
Berbert, Country Parson, xxxi.
addititious (ad-i-tish’us), a. [K L.L. additicius,
additional, K. L. addere, pp. additus, add : see
add.] Additive; additional; characterized by
having been added. [Rare.]
additive (ad’i-tiv), a. [KL.L. additivus, added,
K.L. addere, pp. additus, add: see add.] To be
added; of the nature of an addition; helping
to increase: as, an additive correction (a cor-
rection to be added).
The general sum of such work is great; for all of it, as
genuine, tends towards one goal; all of it is additive, none
of it subtractive. Carlyle, Hero Worship, iv.
additively (ad’i-tiv-li), adv. By way of addi-
tion; in an additive manner.
additor (ad’i-tor), m. [KL. as if *additor, Kad-
dere, pp. additus, add: see add.] A piece of link-
workfor adding angles, forming part of Kempe's
apparatus for describing algebraic curves.
aïtory (ad’i-tó-ri), a. [KL. as if *additorius:
see additor.] Adding or capable of adding;
making some addition. Arbuthnot. [Rare.]
addlel (ad']), m. [Also adle; K ME. adel (in adel
ey, addle-egg), orig. a noun, KAS. adela, mud,
= MLG. adele, mud, = East Fries, adel, dung
X adelig, foul, comp. adelpol, addle-pool; cf.
owland Sc. addle dub, a filthy pool), – OSw.
adel, in comp. ko-adel, cow-urine.] 1. Liquid
address
filth; putrid urine or mire; the drainage from
a dunghill... [Proy, Eng.]-2}. The drylees of
wine. Bailey; Ash.--3. Same as attle1.
addle! (ad']), a... [A separate adj. use of addle-
in addle-egg, ME, adel ey, orig. ‘filth egg,'
equiv. to ML, ovum Wrinae, lit. egg of urine, a
erversion of L. ovum, iirinum (Pliny), repr.
r. Öov otpavov, a ...; (oëpog, a wind).
A º etym. connected addle, as an adj.,
With idle: “An adle egge, q, idle egge, be-
cause it is good for nothing” (Minsheu).] 1.
Having lest the power of development and
become rotten; putrid: applied to eggs.
Hence—2. Empty; idle; vain; barren; pro-
ducing nothing; muddled; confused.
To William all give audience,
And pray ye for his noddle,
For all the Farie's evidence
Were lost, if that were addle.
Bp. Corbet, Farewell to the Faeryes.
His brains grow addle.
Dryden, Prol. to Don Sebastian, l. 24.
addlel (ad']), v.; pret. and pp. addled, ppr. ad-
dling. [Kaddlel, 'aj I. ; 1. To #. COP-
rupt or putrid, as eggs.
Themselves were chilled, their eggs were addled.
Cowper, Pairing Time Anticipated.
Hence—2. To spoil; make worthless or inef-
fective; muddle; confuse: as, to addle the
brain, or a piece of work.
His cold procrastination addled the victory of Lepanto,
as it had formerly addled that of St. Quentin.
Simpson, Sch. Shak., I. 97. (N. E. D.)
3. To manure with liquid. [Scotch.]
II. intrans. To become addled, as an egg;
hence, to come to nought; be spoiled.
addle? (ad']), v.; pret. and pp. addled, ppr. ad-
dling. [E. dial., also eddle, KME. addlem, adlen
earn, gain, Icel. Ódhla, in refl. Ödhlask, spelled
also adhlask, win, gain, Ködhal, patrimony, EAS.
éthel, home, dwelling, property.] I. trans. To
earn; accumulate gradually, as money. [North.
Eng.]
Parson's lass . . . *
Mun be a guvness, lad, or summut, and addle her bread.
Tennyson, Northern Farmer, N. S.
II.f intrans. To produce or yield fruit; ripen.
Where ivy embraceth the tree very sore,
Kill ivy, else tree will addle no more.
Twsser, Five Hundred Points (1573), p. 47.
addle? (ad’l), n. [Kaddle2, v.] Laborers' wages.
Balliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
addle-brain (ad’l-brān), n. IK addle1, a., +
brain..] A stupid bungler; an addle-pate.
addle-headed (ad’l-hed"ed), a. [Kaddlel, a., +
head -H, -ed?..] Stupid; muddled. An equiva-
lent form is addle-pated.
addlement (ad’l-ment), n. IK addle1, v., +
-ment.] The process of addling or of becom-
ing addled. N. E. D.
addle-pate (ad'l-pât), n. [Kaddle1, a., + pate.]
A stupid person.
. It is quite too overpowering for such addle-pates as this
gentleman and myself. Mrs. Craik, Ogilvies, p. 138.
addle pated (ad’l-pā’ted), a. [As addle-pate
+ -ed?..] Same as addle-headed.
addle-plot (ad’l-plot), n. [K addle1, v., + obj.
plot?..] A person who spoils any amusement;
a marsport or marplot.
*śl (ad’l-pól), n. IK addle1 + pooll; =
East l'ries. adelpol.] A pool of filthy water.
Balliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
addling1 (ad’ling), m. [Verbal n. of addle1, v.]
1. Decomposition of an egg.—2. Muddling of
the wits.
addling? (ad’ling), m. [Verbal n. of addle2, v.]
pl. That
Y
1. The act of earning by labor.—2.
which is earned; earnings. Also written ad-
lings. [North. Eng.]
addoomi (a-dóm'), v. t. [Kad- + doom. Cf. ad-
deem.] To adjudge.
Unto me addoom that is my dew.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vii. 56.
addorsed, p. a. See adorsed. -
address (a-dres'), v.; pret, and pp. addressed
(also addrest), ppr. addressing. [KME. adressen,
KOF. adresser, adressier, adresier, earlier ad-
rescer, adrecer, adrecier, etc., F. adresser = Pr:
adreysar = Sp. aderezar = Pg. aderegar = It. ad-
dirizzare, KML. *addrictiare (addretiare, addres-
sare, etc.) for *addirectiare, Kad, to, + “dric-
tiare, *directiare, make straight, § oft. drescer,
dresser, X E. dress: see a-11, ad-, and dress, v.]. I.
trams. 1+. Primarily, to make direct or straight;
straighten, or straighten up; hence, to bring
into line or order, as troops (see dress); make
right in general; arrange, redress, as Wrongs,
etc. N. E. D.—2}. To direct in a course or to
address
69
adductor
an end; impart a direction to, as toward an ob- 'ing in intercourse; accost: as, Sir is a title of adduce (a-dûs'), v. t.; pret. and pp. adduced,
ject or a destination; aim, as a missile; apply
directly, as action. ſtill used, in the game of
golf, in the phrase “to address a ball,” and
directly, as action.
Imbrasides addrest his javeline at him. Ohapman, Iliad.
Good youth, address thy gait unto her;
Be not denied access, stand at her doors.
hak., T. N., i. 4.
3. To direct the energy or force of; 'subject to
the effort of doing; apply to the accomplish-
ment of ; used reflexively, with to: as, he ad-
dressed himself to the work in hand. .
This was a practical question, and they [the framers of
the American Constitution] addressed themselves to it as
men of knowledge and judgment should.
Lowell, Democracy.
4. To direct to the ear or attention, as speech
or writing; utter directly or by direct trans-
mission, as to a person or persons: as, to ad-
dress a warning to a friend, or a petition to
the legislature.
The young hero had addressed his prayers to him for
assistance. Dryden.
The supplications which Francis [Baconj addressed to
his uncle and aunt were earnest, humble, and almost ser-
vile. Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
5. To direct speech or writing to; aim at the
hearing or attention of; speak or write to: as,
to address an assembly; he addressed his con-
stituents by letter.
Though he [Caesar] seldom addresses the Senate, he is
considered as the finest speaker there, after the Consul.
Macaulay, Fragments of a Roman Tale.
Straightway he spake, and thus address'd the Gods.
M. Arnold, Balder Dead.
6. To apply in #. subject to hearing or
notice: used re exively, with to: as, he ad-
dressed himself to the chairman.
Our legislators, our candidates, on great occasions even
our advocates, address themselves less to the audience
than to the reporters. Macawlay, Athenian Orators.
7. To direct for transmission; put a direction
or superscription on: as, to address a letter or
parcel to a person at his residence; to address
newspapers or circulars.
Books . . . not intended for . . . the persons to whom
they are addressed, but . . . for sale, are liable to customs
duties upon entering . . . Colombia. U. S. Postal Guide.
8. To direct attentions to in courtship; pay
court to as a lover. -
To prevent the confusion that might arise from our
both addressing the same lady, I shall expect the honour
of your company to settle our pretensions in Kilgº Mead
Fields. Sheridan.
She is too fine and too conscious of herself to repulse
any man who may address her.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 316.
9. To prepare; make ready: often with to or
Jor.
• Turnus addressed his men to single fight.
Dryden, AEneid.
To-morrow for the march are we address'd.
Shak., Hen. W., iii. 3.
Hence—10t. To clothe or array; dress; adorn;
trim.
Other writers and recorders of fables could have told
you that Tecla sometime addressed herself in man's ap-
parel. Bp. Jewell, Def. of Apologie, p. 375.
11. In com., to consign or intrust to the care of
another, as agent or factor; as, the ship was
addressed to a merchant in Baltimore.—To
address the ball, in golf, to take up one's position pre-
paratory to striking the ball.
II, intrans. 1. To direct speech; speak.
My lord of Burgundy,
We first address towards you. Shak., Lear, i. 1.
2. To make an address or appeal.
The Earl of Shaftesbury, having addressed in vain for his
majesty's favour, resorted by habeas corpus to the King's
Bench. Marvell, Growth of Popery.
8. To make preparations; get ready.
Let us address to tend on Hector's heels.
Shak., T. and C., iv. 4.
They ended parle, and both address'd for fight.
Milton, P. L., vi. 296.
address (a-dres'), n. [=T. adresse, n. ; from the
verb.] . Power of properly directing or
guiding one's own action or conduct; skilful
management; dexterity; adroitness: as, he
managed the affair with address.
. Here Rhadamanthus, in his travels, had collected those
inventions and institutions of a civilized people, which he
had the address to apply to the confirmation of his own
authority. J. Adams, Works, IV. 505.
There needs no small degree of address to gain the repu-
tation of benevolence without incurring the expense.
dam, School for Scandal, v. 1.
2. Direction or guidance of speech; the act or
manner of speaking to persons; personal bear-
address; he is a man of good address. Hence
–3. The attention paid by a lover to his mis-
tress; courtship; pl. (more commonly), the acts
of courtship; the attentions of a lover: as, to
pay one's addresses to a lady.
As some coy nymph her lover's warm address
Not quite indulges, nor can quite repress.,
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1, 19.
Tell me whose address thou favour'st most.
Addison, Cato, i. 4.
A gentleman . . . made his addresses to me. Addison.
4. An utterance of thought addressed by
speech to an audience, or transmitted in writ-
ing to a person or body of persons; usually, an
expression of views or sentiments on some
matter of direct concern or interest to the per-
son or persons addressed; a speech or dis-
course suited to an occasion or to circum-
stances: as, to deliver an address on the events
of the day; an address of congratulation; the
address of Parliament in reply to the queen's
speech.
It was, therefore, during a period of considerable polit-
ical perturbation that Mr. Bright put forth an address
dated January 31st, 1837.
- J. Barnett Smith, John Bright, p. 23.
5. A formal request addressed to the executive
by one or both branches of a legislative body,
requesting it to do a particular thing.
The Constitutions of England, of Massachusetts, of
Pennsylvania, authorized the removal of an obnoxious
judge on a mere address of the legislature.
BI. Adams, John Randolph, p. 132.
The power of address, whenever it has been used in this
commonwealth, has been used to remove judges who had
not violated any law. W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 161.
6. A direction for guidance, as to a person’s
abode; hence, the place at which a person re-
sides, or the name and place of destination,
with any other details, necessary for the di-
rection of a letter or package: as, what is your
present address f the address or superscription
on a letter.
Mrs. Dangle, shall I beg you to offer them some refresh-
ments, and take their address in the next room?
heridan, The Critic, i. 2.
7. In equity pleading, the technical description
in a bill of the court whose remedial power is
sought.—8. In com., the act of despatching or
consigning, as a ship, to an agent at the port of
destination.—9t. Formerly used in the sense
of preparation, or the state of preparing or
being prepared, and in various applications
arising therefrom, as an appliance, array or
dress, etc. N. E. D. =Syn. 1. Tact, cleverness.-2.
See port.—4. Oration, Harangwe, etc. (see speech), lecture,
discourse, sermon.—6. Residence, superscription,
addressee (a-dres-É'), n. [Kaddress, v., +-ee2.]
One who is addressed; specifically, one to
whom anything is addressed.
The postmaster shall also, at the time of its arrival,
notify the addressee thereof that such letter or package
has been received.
Reg. of the U. S. P. O. Dep., 1874, iii. § 52.
The strong presumption this offers in favour of this
youthful nobleman [Lord Southampton] as the addressee
of the Sonnets is most strangely disregarded by Shaksperian
specialists of the present day. N. and Q., 6th ser., X. 22.
addresser (a-dres’ér), n. One who addresses
or petitions. Specifically (with or without a capital
letter), in the reign of Charles II. of England, a member
of the country party, so called from their address to the
king praying for an immediate assembly of the Parlin-
ment, the summons of which was delayed on account of its
being adverse to the court; an opponent of the court party
or Abhorrers. They also received the name of Petitioners,
and afterward that of Whigs. See abhorrer.
aßful (a-dresſfül), a. Skilful; dexterous.
Hallet.
ãddressing-machine (a-dresſing-ma-shën"), m.
An apparatus for placing addresses on news-
paper-Wrappers, etc. See the supplement.
addressioni (a-dresh’on), n. [K address. Cf.
compression, etc.] The act of addressing or
directing one's course; route; direction of a
Journey.
To Pylos first be thy addression then.
Chapman, Odyssey, i. 438.
addressmenti (a-dresſment), m. [K F. adresse-
Iment (Cotgrave): see address and -ment.] The
act of addressing ; the act of directing one’s
attention, speech, or effort toward a particu-
lar point, person, or object.
addubitationi (a-dû-bi-tä'shgn), n. IKL. addu-
bitatus, pp. of addubitare, incline to doubt, Kad,
to, + dubitare, doubt: see doubt..] A doubting;
insinuated doubt.
That this was not a vniuersall practice, it may appeare
by St. Austins addubitation.
J. Denison, Heavenly Banquet (1619), p. 353.
ppr. adducing. [K L. adducere, lead or bring
to, Kad, to, + ducere, lead: see duct, duke.] To
bring forward, present, or offer; advance; cite;
name or instance as authority or evidence for
what one advances.
Beasons good
I shall adduce in due time to my peers.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 313.
The speculations of those early Christian theologians
who adduced the crying of the new-born babe in proof of
its innate wickedness. J. Fiske, Cos. Phil., I. 105.
=Syn. Adduce, Allege, Assign, Advance, Offer, Cite. Offer
and assign are the least forcible of these words. To offer
is simply to present for acceptance. We may offer a plea,
an apology, or an excuse, but it may not be accepted. We
may assign a reason, but it may not be the real or only
reason which might be given by us. We may advance an
opinion or a theory, and may cite authorities in support of
it. Allege is the most positive of all these words. To al-
lege is to make an unsupported Statement regarding Some-
thing; to adduce, on the other hand, is to bring forward
proofs or evidence in support of some statement or propo-
sition already made: as, he alleged that he had been robbed
by A. B., but adduced no proof in support of his allegation.
I too prize facts, and am adducing nothing else.
Channing, Perfect Life, p. 177.
To allege the real or supposed primeval kindred between
Magyars and Ottomans as a ground for political action
. . . is an extreme case.
E. A. Freeman, Race and Language.
To some such causes as you have assigned, may be
ascribed the delay which the petition has encountered.
Washington, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 372.
The views I shall advance in these lectures.
Beale, Bioplasm, § 2.
If your arguments be rational, offer them in as moving
a manner as the nature of the subject will admit. Swift.
adduceable (a-dû'sa-bl), a. [Kadduce + -able.]
See adducible.
adducent (a-dû'sent), a. [K L. adducem (i-)s,
ppr. of adducere: see adduce.] Bringing to—
gether; drawing one thing to or toward an-
other; performing the act of adduction; having
the function of an adductor: opposed to abdu-
cent: chiefly or exclusively an anatomical term,
applied to certain muscles or to their action.
See adductor, a.
adducer (a-dû'sér), n. One who adduces.
adducible (a-dû'si-bl), a. [K adduce + -ible.]
Capable of being adduced. Sometimes (but
very rarely) spelled adducedble.
Here I end my specimens, among the many which might,
be given, of the arguments adducible for Christianity.
J. H. Newman, Gram. Of Assent, p. 478.
adduct (a-dukt"), v. t. [K L. adductus, pp. of
adducere : see adduce.] 1+. To draw on; in-
duce ; allure.
Either impelled by lewd disposition or adducted by hope
of rewarde. Time's Storehouse, p. 680.
2. In physiol., to bring to or toward a median
line or main axis. See adduction, 2.
The pectineus and three adductors adduct the thigh
powerfully. - H. Gray, Anat., p. 412.
adduction (a-duk'shgn), m. [KML. adductio(n-),
K L. adducere, pp. adductus : see adduce.] 1.
The act of adducing or bringing forward some-
thing as evidence in support of a contention or
an argument. [Rare.]
An addwction of facts gathered from various quarters.
Is. Taylor.
2. (a) In physiol., the action of the adductor or
adducert muscles. (b) In surg., the adducent
action of a surgeon upon a limb or other mem-
ber of the body; the position of a part which
is the result of such action: the opposite of ab-
duction. In either use, adduction consists in bringing a
limb to or toward the long axis of the body, so that it
shall be parallel therewith or with its fellow ; or in bring-
ing together two or several similar parts, as the spread fin-
gers of the human hand, the opened shells of a bivalve
mollusk, etc. e o
adductive (a-dukºtiv), a. [K L. as if *adduc-
tivus, K adducere, pp. adductus : see adduce.]
Adducing or bringing forward.
adductor (a-duk’tgr), m. and a. [L., a pro-
curer, lit. One who draws to, Kadducere, pp.
adductus: see adduce.] I. M.; pl. adductors
(-tgrz) or adductores (ad-uk-tó'réz). In anat.
and zoöl, that which adducts; specifically, the
name of several muscles which draw certain
parts to or toward one common center or median
line: the opposite of abductor. The word is also ap-
plied to various muscles not specifically so named ; thus,
the internal rectus of the eye is an adductor of the eyeball.
The muscles which close the shells of bivalves are generi-
cally termed adductors. See cuts under Lamellibranchiata,
Waldheimvia, and Productidae.—Adductor arcuum, the
adductor of the arches, a muscle of the side of the neck
of Some Batrachia, as Memoponna.—Adductor branchi-
arum, the adductor of the gills, a muscle of some Batra-
chia, as Mémobranchus.-Adductor brevis (the short ad-
ductor), adductor longus (the long adductor), adductor
adductor
us (the great adductor), three adductor muscles of
the human thigh, arising from the pelvis and inserted in
the linea aspera of the femur.—Adductor digiti tertii
adductor digitiquarti, the adductor muscle of the third
digit and of the fourth digit, found in various animals, as
the clameleon.—Adductor mandibulae, in Crustacea, a
muscle Which adducts the mandible, and so brings to-
gether the opposite sides of the upper jaw.—Adductor
pollicis, the adductor of the thumb.-Adductor polli-
Cis pedis, or adductor hallucis, the adductor of the
great toe. [Other muscles of the digits having the same
function are sometimes called adductors.]
II. a. Of or pertaining to an adductor; having
the function of adducting; adducent: as, the
adductor muscles of the thigh: opposed to ab-
ductor-Adductor impressions, in conch., the scars
on the interior surfaces of the opposite valves of bivalve
shells left by the adductor muscles; the ciboria. (See
ciborium.) There are generally two, an anterior and a pos-
terior, as in the clam, but often only one, as in the oyster
andscallop (Pecten).-Adductor muscles. (a) In amat.,
the adductors. See I. (b) In malacology, the muscles
which draw together or close the valves in bivalve mol-
lusks. See cut under Waldheimia.
addulcet (a-duls"), v. t. [K late M.E. adowlce, K
OF. adoulcir, earlier adulcir, adolcir, F. adowcir,
KML. *addulcire, KL. ad, to, + dulcis, sweet: see
dulce.] To sweeten.
Some mirth tº addulce man's miseries. Pierrick.
-ade1. [(1) K F. -ade, K Pr. Sp. or Pg. -ada, or
It. -ata, K. L. -ata, f.; (2) K Pr. -at, Šp. OI’ £g.
-ado, ör It. -ato, K L. -atus, m., pp. suffix of
verbs in -are: see -atel. The native F. form is
-ée, O.F. -ee, whence in older E. -y; cf. army (F.)
with armada (Sp.), ult. KL. armata.] 1. A suffix
of nouns of French or other Romance origin,
as accolade, ambuscatie, brigade, cannonade, lem-
onade, etc., or of (a few) English nouns formed
on the same model, as blockade, orangeade.—2.
A suffix of nouns of Spanish or Italian origin
(originally masculine form of preceding), as
brocade, renegade, etc. It also appears in the
Spanish form -ado, as in renegado, desperado.
-affe?, fade, Ki-as"( ad), "Gº Cº.),
fem. suffix: see -ad?..] A suffix of Greek origin,
now usually-ad, as in decade (sometimes decad),
momade (usually nomad, like monad, triad, etc.).
a.deb (ad’eb), m. [Ar.] An Egyptian weight
equal to 210 olces. See oke.
a deedt, adv. Indeed.
“Say, did ye fleech and speak them fair?” “Adeed did
I,” quo' Bottom. Blackwood's Mag., XXII. 404.
a deem (a-dém’), v. t. [K L. adimère, take away,
Kad, to, + emere, take. Cf. redeem.] In law,
to revoke (a legacy), either (1) by implication,
as by a different disposition of the bequest dur-
ing the life of the testator, or (2) by satisfaction
of the legacy in advance, as by delivery of the
thing bequeathed, or its equivalent, to the lega-
tee during the lifetime of the bequeather.
A specific legacy may be adeemed ; . . . if the subject
of it be not in existence at the time of the testator's death,
then the bequest entirely fails. . . . A specific gift is not
adeemed by the testator's pledge of the subject of it, and
the legatee will be entitled to have it redeemed by the
executor. Am. Cyc., X. 316.
adeep (a-dép’), prep. phr, as adv. [Ka8+ deep,
after ahigh, alow, etc..] Deeply. [Rare.]
We shout so adeep down creation's profound,
We are deaf to God's voice.
Mrs. Browning, Rhap. of Life's Progress.
Adela (a-dé’lā), n. [NL., KGr. 367%0¢, not mani-
fest, Kó-priv., not, + 67%0c, clear, manifest.] A
genus of moths, of the family Tineidae. A. de-
geerella is a woodland species, notable for spinning gos-
samer. Latreille, 1796.
a delantadillo (ä-dà-lân-tá-dél’yö), m. [Sp.,
dim. of adelantado, advanced, early, applied to
fruit or plants: see adelantado.] A Spanish
red wine made of the earliest ripe grapes.
a.delantado (ā’dā-lân-tā’dó), n. [Sp. ; lit., ad-
vanced, forward; as applied to fruit or plants,
early ; pp. of adelantar, advance, grow, antici-
pate, Kadelante, adv., forward, onward, Kad-, 4
& iſ ad), to, #2, the (&i, iii, that), Fania
(K.L. ante), before.] The title formerly given
in Spain to the governor of a province.
Invincible adelantado over the army of pimpled . . .
faces. Magginger, Virgin-Martyr, ii. 1.
The marquess had a secret conference with Don Pedro
Enriquez, Adelantado of Andalusia. Irving, Granada, p. 29.
Adelarthrosomata (ad-à-lär-thrö-så'mg-tá), n.
pl. [NL., KGr. &ómżoç, not manifest (K 4- priv.,
not, + 0.7%0c, manifest), + apópov, joint, + adjua,
pl. Gópata, body.] In Westwood's system of
classification, an order of arachnids which re-
Spire by tracheae. It consists of the false scorpions
and harvestmen, or the families Solpugidae, Chelīferidae, .
and Phalangiidae: distinguished from the Monomeroso.
nata. With the view of adapting Leach's system to that
of Latreille, Westwood adopted Latreille's three sections
of Arachnida, namely, Pulmonaria, Trachearia, and Apo-
robranchia, dividing the first of these sections into the
orders Dimero80mata and Polymerogomata, the second
Section into the orders Adelarthrosomata and Monomero-
70
somata, and making the third section consist of the order
Podosomata —these ordinal names being all Leach's, ex-
cepting Westwood's Adelarthrosomata.
adelarthrosomatous (ad-à-lär-thrö-sö’ma-
tus), a. Being indistinctly jointed; having the
body indistinctly segmented; specifically, of or
pertaining to the Adelarthrosomata.
adelaster (ad-š-las’tér), n. [NL., K. Gr. &ómhog,
not manifest,+&othp, star (in ref. to the flower).]
A proposed name for such plants as come into
cultivation before they are sufficiently well
known to be referred to their true genera.
adelfisch (ā'del-fish), m. [G., Kadel, nobility,
+ fisch = E. fish.] . A name of a European
species of whitefish, Coregonus lavaretws: sy-
nonymous with lavaret (which see).
a delingt, m. , Obsolete form of atheling. -
Adelobranchia (ad” 3-ló-brang’ki-á), m. pl.
., K. Gr. &ómāog, not manifest, + 60%,
gilisi 1. A family name for gastropods in
which the respiratory cavity has a slit-like out-
let and is without a siphon. The termincludes
the pulmonates as well as the marine forms.
Duméril, 1807.—2. An ordinal name for the
true pulmonates. Risso, 1826.
adelocodonic (ad’ê-ló-kö-don’ik), a. [KGr. &óm-
Žog, not manifest, + kóðov, a bell, the head of a
flower.] . In 200l., noting the condition of a gon-
ophore when no developed umbrella is present.
IPascoe.
adelomorphous (ad” &-ló-mör (fus), a. [K Gr.
&ônāog, not manifest,+ popºff, form.] Of a form
which is inconspicuous or not apparent: ap-
plied to the so-called principal or central cº
of the cardiac glands of the stomach.
adelopmeumon (ad'ê-lop-nii’mgn), n.
the Adelopmewmona.
One of
Adelopmeumona (ad'ê-lop-nā‘mā-nā), n. pl.
[NL., KGr. 367Mog, not manifest,+ Tvetſov, lung:
see pneumonia.] A name sometimes given to the
inoperculate terrestrial gastropods, in allusion
to the inclosure of the pulmonary cavity by the
union of the mantle with the nape, except at a
lateralaperture: synonymous with Pulmonifera.
adelopod, adelopode (a-dé'ló-pod, -pód), n.
[K Gr, àómżog, not manifest, + troig (Toë-) = E.
foot.] An animal whose feet are inconspicu-
Ous or not apparent.
-adelphia. [NL., KGr. -ade? pia, Kádežjóg, brother,
ãdežđà, sister, lit. co-uterine, K d-copulative +
Öež pig, uterus.] In bot., the second element,
signifying fraternity, in the names of the 17th,
18th, and 19th classes (Monadelphia, Diadelphia,
and £º of the Linnean system of
sexual classification, used to denote the coa-
lescence of stamens by their filaments into
one, two, or more sets.
Adelphian (a-del'fi-àn), n. [KGr. &óežjóg, bro-
ther: see above..] Same as Ewchite.
adelphous(a-del’fus), a. [KGr. Óðe??óg, brother:
see -adelphia.] Related; in bot., having sta-
mens united by their filaments into sets: used
mostly in composition, as in monadelphows, etc.
ademptſ (a-dempt'), a. [KL. ademptus, pp. of
adimere, take away: see adeem.] Taken away.
Without any sinister suspicion of anything being added
or adempt. Latimer, Pref. to Serm. bef. Ldw. VI.
ademption (a-demp'shgn), n. [K L. ademp-
tio(n-), Kadimere, pp. ademptus, take away: see
adeem.] In law, the revocation of a grant, do-
nation, or the like; especially, the lapse of a
legacy, (1) by the testator's satisfying it by
delivery or payment to the legatee before his
death, or (2) by his otherwise dealing with the
thing bequeathed so as to manifest an intent
to revoke the bequest. See adeem.
Aden (ā’den), n. [Also written fancifull
Aidenn, after the Oriental forms, Ar. Adn,
E[ind. Adam, etc.: see Eden.] Same as Eden.
Blooming as Aden in its earliest hour.
Byrom, Bride of Abydos, ii. 20.
Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant
Aidenn,
It shall clasp a sainted maiden Whom the angels name
Lenore. Poe, The Raven.
aden-. Same as adeno-. -
adenalgia (ad-e-nalºji-á), n.
(áðev-), a gland, † -aºyia, K &Ayoc, pain.]
pathol., pain in a gland; adenodynia.
adenalgy (ad-e-nal'ii), n. Same as adenalgia.
[NL., K. Gr. 60%v
In
Adenanthera (ad"e-man-thé'rã), n. [NL., KGr.
ãöffy (śćev-), a gland,+ NL, anthéra, anther: see
anther.] A genus of leguminous trees and
shrubs of the family Mimosaceae, natives of
the East Indies and Ceylon. A. pavonina is one of
the largest and handsomest trees of India, and yields hard
solid timber called red.sandal-wood. The bright-scarlet
seeds, from their equality in weight (each=4 grains), are
used by goldsmiths in the East as weights.
adenomatous (ad-e-nom'a-tus), a.
adenomyoma (ad"e-nó-mi-6"mă), n, ;
adenomyoma
adeni-. Same as adeno-.
adenia (a-dé'ni-á), n. [NL., KGr. 36%v, a gland.]
1. A name which has been applied to strumous
or syphilitic chronic adenitis, and to Hodgkin's
disease.—2. [cap.] In 206l., a genus of dipter-
ous insects. JDesvoidy, 1863.
adeniform (a-den’i-fôrm or ad’e-ni-fôrm), a. [K
Gr. 60%v (āčev-), a gland, + L. formis, K.forma,
shape.] Of a gland-like shape.
adenitis (ad-e-niſtis), n. [NL., KGr, à0%v (áðev-),
a gland, F -ītis.] Inflammation of a gland, es-
pecially of a lymphatic gland. -
adenko (a-deng'kö), n. [Nativename.] Acala-
bash or gourd used on the Gold Coast of Africa
for holding liquids, and generally decorated by
carvings in low relief or incised lines.
adeno-, [Combining form (aden-before a vowel,
adeni- regarded as Latin) of Gr. Ödöv (Čdevo-),
a gland.]. An element in compound words of
Greek origin, meaning gland.
adenocarcinoma (ad"e-mö-kār-si-nó’mâ), m.;
l.
adenocarcinomata (-ma-tá). [NL., K. Gr. %
(áčev-), a gland, --'kapkivoua: see carcinoma.]
A tumor which deviates from the true gland-
structure characterizing the adenomata, but
which does not differ from it as much as a typi-
cal carcinoma. See adenoma.
adenocele (ad’e-nó-sèl), n. [K Gr. &ó#v (ädev-),
a gland, + k}^m, a tumor.] Same as adenoma.
adenºlºgy (ad’e-nó-ki-rap-solº-ji),
m. [K Gr. º -), a gland, + 3 epapia, a
touching with the hand (K2(eip, hand, + &rtetv
touch), -H, -ãoyia, K. Aéyetv, speak: see -ology.
The doctrine of the reputed power of kings
to cure diseases, as scrofula or king's evil, by
touching the patient: a word used as the title
of a book on that subject published in 1684.
adenochondroma (ad" e-nó-kon-dró’mâ), m.;
1... adenochondromata (-ma-tá). [NL., K. Gr.
&óñv (áčev-), a gland, + 2.6vópoc, cartilage, 4-
-Oma, q.v.] tumor consisting of glandular
and cartilaginous tissue.
alºis (ad’e-nó-din'i-á), n. [NL., KGr.
ãóży (ćdev-), a gland, + 66inm, pain.] In pathol.,
pain in a gland or in the glands; adenalgia.
adenographic (ad"e-nó-graf'ik), a. Pertain-
ing to adenography.
adenography (ad-e-nog 'ra-fi), n. IK Gr. 60%v
(āčev-), a #. +-ypaſpia, Kypépetv, write.] That
part of descriptive anatomy which treats of
Aglands.
ãdenoid (ad’e-noid), a. [K Gr. &óevoetóñg, glandi- .
form, K. Čičffy (à6ev-), a gland, H- elóog, form: see
-oid.]. 1. In the form of a gland; glandiform;
glandular.—2. Of or pertaining to glands, es-
pecially to those of the lymphatic system.—Ade-
noid cancer. See cancer.—Adenoid tissue, in amat., a
retiform or net-like tissue, the interstices of which contain
cells resembling white blood-corpuscles. Such tissue is
found in the lymphatic glands, and in a diffuse form in
the intestimal mucous membrane, and elsewhere.
Retiform, adenoid, or lymphoid connective tissue is
found extensively in many parts of the body, often sur-
rounding the minute blood-vessels and forming the com-
mencement of lymphatic channels. H. Gray, Anat.
adenoidal (ad-e-noi'dal), a. Pertaining to or
Tesembling glands; having the appearance of
a gland; adenoid.
adenological (ad’e-nó-loji-kal), a. [K*ade-
mologic (Kadenology) + -al.] Pertaining to ade-
nology.
sºlogy (ad-e-nol’ö-ji), n. [KGr. &óży (ādev-)
a gland, H. -Aoyia, K Žáyetv, speak: see -ologyá
In anat., the doctrine or science of the glands,
their nature, and their uses. -
adenolymphocele (ad"e-mö-lim'fö-sèl), n. [K
Gr. &óñv (ād; 2-), a gland, + L. lympha, in mod.
sense “lymph,” + Gr. Khàm, a tumor.] Dilatation
of the afferent or efferent vessels of the lym-
Aphatic glands.
adenoma (ad-e-nó'mă), n.5
1. adenomata (-ma-
tà). [NL., K. Gr. &óffv Čº. a gland, + -oma,
q. V.] A tumor presenting the characteristics
of the gland from which it springs; a tumor
originating in a gland, and presenting the gell-
eral character of racemose or of tubular glands.
Also called adenocele.
[K adeno-
ma(t-) + -ows.] Pertaining to or of the nature
of an adenoma. -
adenomeningeal (ad’e-nó-me-nin’jē-al), a.
[K-Gr. &ó#v (à6ev-), a gland, + pińvºyā, a mem-
'brane, esp. the pia mater: see meningitis.] An
epithet applied to a kind of fever supposed to
depend upon disease of the intestinal tº:
. ade-
nomyomata (-ma-tá). [NL., K. Gr. &óffy (; 8,
gland, + pig, a muscle (see myology), + -oma,
adenomyoma
q. v.1 A tumor consisting of glandular and
muscular tissue. s *
adenongus (ad-e:nong ſkus), n. ; pl. adenomei
(-non'si). [NL., K. Gr. &óffv (āčevº), a gland, 4-
&YKoç, a bulk, mass.] A swelling of a gland.
adenopathy (ad-e-nop A-thi), n. [KGr. 36%,
(óðev-), a gland, F -traffia, K. trābog, suffering.]
Disease of a gland. *
There are no lesions of the mucous membrane, nor can
any adenopathy be found [case of syphiloderma].
Dwhring, Skin Diseases, plate U.
adenopharyngitis (ad’e-nó-far-in-ji’tis), n.
[NL., & Gr. 36%u (ädev-), a gland, F #puy; pha:
+ -ītis.] Inflammation of the tonsils and
Tynx,
pharynx.
adenophore (a-den’ 3-for), n. [As adenopho-
§ºp In bot., a short stalk or pedicel support-
Ot.
ing a nectar- iand. y
adenophorous (ad-e-nofſº-rus), a. [K Gr. &óffv
(ādev-), a gland,+ -$6poç, K pépetv = E. bear!..] In
206l. and bot., bearing or producing glands.
adenophthalmia (ad’ e-nof-thal’mi-á), n.
[NL., K. Gr. 36m (ääev-), a gland, F Ögödāpāc,
eye.] Inflammation of the Meibomian glands.
adenophyllous (ad"e-nó-filºus), a. [K Gr. &öffy
(āčev-), a gland, + £6%0y = L. folium, a leaf:
see folio.] In bot., having leaves bearing glands,
is: ; fi/ l hy
aden0p a (ade-nó-fiſmă), n, ; pl. adenophy-
77.0% Fº [NL., KGr. #% (# ev-), a gland,
+ pipia, a tumor, lit. a growth, K ºffety, grow: See
physic.] In pathol., a sweiling of a gland:
sometimes used to signify a soft swelling.
adenos (ad’e-nos), m. [Native term.] kind
of cotton which comes from Aleppo, Turkey.
Also called marine cottom. E. D.
adenosarcoma (ad'e-nó-sār-kömä), nº; pl. ade-
770SQM'COmata, º: [NL., K. Gr. &óffv (āčev-),
a gland, + dāpkoga, sarcoma.] A tumor con-
sisting in part of adenomatous and in part of
sarcomatous tissue.
adenose, adenous (ad’e-nós, -nus), a. [KNL.
adenosus, K. Gr. défiv, gland.] Full of glands;
glandulous.
adenotomic (ad’ e-nó-tom’ik), a. [Kadenoto-
my.] Pertaining to adenotomy.
adenotomy (ad-e-not'3-mi), n. IK Gr. 36% v
(āder-), a gland, it -Touſa, a cutting, K Télvety,
cut. Cf. amatomy.] In amat, and Surg., dissec-
tion or incision of a gland.
adenous, a. See adenose. •
Adeona (ad-š-6'nā), n. . [LL., in myth., a Ro:
Iſlan. º who presided over the arrival of
travelers, K.L. adire, come, arrive, adeo, I come,
Kad, to, + ire, go. . Cf. Abeona.] In 2061, the
typical genus of Adeonidae (which see).
Adeonidae (ad-à-on’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAdeoma
+ -idae.] A family of chilostomatous poly-
zoans, typified by the genus Adeoma. They have
the zoarium erect or (rarely) incrusting, affixed by a flex-
ible jointed or jointless radicate peduncle, immediately
attached. The zoarium is bilaminar when not incrusting
and foliacious and fenestrate, or branched or lobate and
entire. The cells are usually of three kinds, zooecial,
ooecial, and avicularian; the zooecia are of the usual type.
The family (originally named Adeonece by Busk) contains
about 38 recent species, referred to 3 genera. Busk.
Adephaga (a-def’a-gã), n, pl. [NL; neut. pl.:
KGr. 367%dyoc: see adephagous.] A group of
voracious, carnivorous, and predatory beetles,
composing a part of the pentamerous division
of the order Coleoptera. They have filiform anten-
nae and but two palpi to each maxilla. Of the four families
which make up this group, two, Gyrinidae and Dytiscidae,
are aquatic, and sometimes called Hydradephaga, the
other two, Carabidae and Cicindelidae, are chiefly terres-
trial, and are sometimes called Geodephaga. The whirli-
ig and the tiger-beetle respectively exemplify these two
ivisions of Adephaga. . Also called Carnivora. See cuts
under Dytiscus and Cicindela,
adephagan (a-def’a-gan), m. A beetle of the
group Adéphaga.
adephagia (ad-à-fāji-á), n., [NL., & Gr. 36736-
yia, K. Čičnááyoc, eating one's fill, gluttonous:
see adephagows.] In pathol., voracious appetite;
bulimia.
adephagous (a-def’a-gus), a... [S. N.L. adepha-
gus, KGr. 36mpáyog, eating one's fill, gluttonous,
Kööm, or āūm, abundantly, enough (cf. L. Satis,
enough), + payeiv, eat..] Gluttonous; of or per-
taining to the Adephaga: as, adephagous beetles.
ădeps (ad’eps), n. [L., the soft fat or grease of
animals, suet, lard: see adipose and adipic..] 1.
Fat; animal oil; the contents of the cells of
the adipose tissue; specifically, lard.-2. In
phar., tallow; Suet; preparedfat.—Ceratum adi-
is [gen, sing. of adeps], simple cerate; hog's lard with
he addition of white wax to give it greater consistency.
adept (a-dept'), a. and n. [KL. adeptus, §
attained, ML. adeptus, n., one who attaine
knowledge or proficiency, prop. pp. of adipisci,
71
arrive at, reach, attain, obtain, K ad, to, +
ap-isoi, reach, attain, - Gr. &r-retv, touch, Selze,
= Skt. Váp, attain, obtain: see apt.] I. a.
Well skilled; completely versed or acquainted.
Adept in everything profound. Cowper, Hope, 1.350.
II. m. One who has attained proficiency;
one fully skilled in anything; a proficient or
master; specifically, in former times, a pro-
ficient in alchemy or magic; a master of oc-
cult science, or one who professed to have dis-
covered “the great secret” (namely, of trans-
muting base metal into gold).
Shakespeare, in the person of Prospero, has exhibited
the prevalent notions of the judicial astroioger combined
with the adept, whose white magic, as distinguished from
the black or demon magic, holds an intercourse with purer
Spirits. I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., II. 285.
Howes was the true adept, seeking what spiritual ore
there might be among the dross of the hermetic philoso-
phy. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st Ser., p. 269.
The Persians were adepts in archery and horsemanship,
and were distinguished by courtesy and high-breeding.
N. A. Rev., CXL. 329.
=Syn., Adept, Ea:pert. . An adept is one who possesses
natural as well as acquired aptitude or skill in anything:
as, an adept in the art of governing; an adept in diplomacy,
lying, cajolery, whist-playing, etc. An expert, on the other
hand, is one whose skill and proficiency are more conspicu-
ously the result of practice or experience, or of an intimate
acquaintance with a subject. The term is mostly limited
to one possessing special skill or knowledge in some branch,
and regarded as an authority on it: as, an ea pert in alien-
ism, chemistry, penmanship, etc.
[K.L. adeptio(n-), K
adeption? (a-dep'shgn), n.
adipisci: see adept.] An obtaining or gaining;
acquirement.
In the wit and policy of the captain consisteth the chief
adeption of the victory. afton, Rich. III., an. 3.
alºist (a-dep’tist), n. IK adept + -ist.] An
€
pU.
adeptness (a-dept'nes), n. The quality or state
of being adept; skilfulness; special proficiency.
adeptship (a-dept'ship), m. , The state of being
an adept; adeptness: specifically used in the-
osophy.
adequacy (ad’é-kwā-si), m. [K adequate: see
-acy..] The state or quality of being adequate;
the condition of being proportionate or suffi-
cient; a sufficiency for a particular purpose:
as, the adequacy of supply to expenditure, or
of an effort to its purpose; an adequacy of pro-
visions.
adequate (ad’é-kwāt), a. [Formerly adaquate,
-at, K L. adaºguatus, pp. of adapquare, make
equal, K ad, to, + dequºus, equal: see equal.]
Equal to requirement or occasion; commen-
surate; fully sufficient, suitable, or fit: as,
means adequate to the object; an adequate com-
parison. -
I did for once see right, do right, give tongue
The adequate protest. *
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 56.
In our happy hours we should be inexhaustible poets,
if once we could break through the silence into adequate
Thyme. JEmerson, ESSays, 1st Ser., p. 305.
Adequate cognition, in logic: (a) A cognition involving
no notion which is not perfectly clear and distinct. (b) A
cognition at once precise and complete.—Adequate defi-
nition or mark, in logic. See definition. = Syn. Ade-
quate, Swiftcient, Enough, commensurate, competent. A
thing is adequate to something else when it comes quite
up to its level; yet neither may be sufficient when viewed
in relation to some third thing. That which is sufficient
may be adequate and more. E7 h equals adequate, but
is applied to a different class of subjects.
Nothing is a due and adequate representation of a state
that does not represent its ability as well as its property.
Burke, Rev. in France.
Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof. Mat. vi. 34.
Which is enough, I'll warrant,
As this world goes, to pass for honest.
ak., W. T., ii. 3.
adequate! (ad’é-kwāt), v. t. 1. To make equal
or adequate.
Let me give you one instance more of a truly intellectual
object, exactly adequated and proportioned unto the in-
tellectual appetite; and that is, learning and knowledge.
Fotherby, Atheomastix, p. 208.
2. To attain equality with; equal.
Though it be an impossibility for any creature to ade-
quate God in his etermity, yet he hath ordained all his
sons in Christ to partake of itb living with him eternally.
helford, Discourses, p. 227.
adequately (ad’é-kwāt-li), adv. In an ade-
uate manner; commensurately; sufficiently.
adequateness (ad'é-kwāt-nes), n. The state of
being adequate; justness of adaptation; suffi-
ciency; adequacy.
The adequatemess of the advantages [of a given course
of study] is the point to be judged.
H. Spencer, Education, p. 28.
adequation (ad-š-kwä'shgn), n. IKL. adagua-
tio(n-), Kadaºquare, make equal: See adequate,
adhere
a..] A making or º; equal; an equivalence
or equivalent. [Rare. -
The principles of logic and natural reason tell us, that
there must be a just proportion and adequation between
the medium by which we prove, and the conclusion to be
proved. Bp. Barlow, Remains, p. 125.
It was the arme (not of King Henry) but King Edward
the First, which is notoriously known to have been the
adequation of a yard. [An erroneous statement.] g
Fuller, Worthies, Berkshire.
adequative (ad'é-kwā-tiv), a. [KML. addequa-
tivus, K.L. adaquare: see adequate, a.]_ Equiv-
alent or sufficient; adequate, [Rare.]
Adesma (a-des'mă), n. pl. Same as Adé8macea.
Adesmacea (ad-eš-mâ’sé-á), n. pl. [NL., Kades-
ma (KGr. &óeoplog, unfettered, unbound: See ades-
my) + -acea.] An old family name for lamelli-
branchiate mollusks destitute of a ligament.
The term includes the Pholadidae and Tered:-
nidae. Blainville, 1824.
adesmy (a-des'mi), n. [K NL. adesmia, K. Gr.
&óeapoº, unfettered, unbound, Kā-priv. -F Öeoplóg,
a bond, tie, Köéetv, bind, tie..] In bot., a term.
;. by Morren to the division of organs
that are normally entire, or their separation if
normally united. *
adespotic (a-des-pot'ik), a. [K Gr. 6- priv. (a-18)
+ despotic. Cf. Gr. &óéotrotoc, without master
or owner.]. Not despotic; not absolute.
Adessenarian (ad-es-É-nā’ri-an), n. IK NL.
Adessenarii, pl., irreg. K L. adesse, be present, K
ad, to, near, Hesse, be: see essence and -arian.]
In eccles. hist., a name given in the sixteenth
century to those who believed in the real pres–
ence of Christ's body in the eucharist, not }
* but by impanation (whic
See ).
ad eundem (ad É-un’ dem). [L. ; lit., to the
same (sc. gradum, grade): ad, to ; eundem, acc.
masc. sing. of idem, the same: see idem.] A.
phrase used in universities to signify the ad-
mitting of a student of another university,
without examination, to the degree or standing
he had previously held in that other university.
Here [Oxford in the vacation] I can take my walks un-
molested, and fancy myself of What degree or standing I
please. i seem admitted ad eundem. Lamb, Oxford.
ad extremum (ad eks-tré'mum). [L. : ad, to;
extremum, acc. neut. sing. of extremus, last: see
eactreme.] To the extreme ; at last ; finally.
adfected (ad-fek’ted), a. [K L. adfectus, later
affectus, pp. of adficere, later afficere, affect:
see affect.] In alg., compounded; consisting of
different powers of the unknown quantity.—
Adfected or affected. * an equation in which
the unknown quantity is found in two or more different
degrees or powers: thus, a 3—pa:2 + qa;=a is an adfected
equation, as it contains three different powers of the un-
known quantity ac.
adfiliate, adfiliation, etc. See affiliate, etc.
ad finem (ad finem). [L. : ad, to; finem, ace.
of finis, end: see finis.] To or at the end.
adfluxion (ad-fluk’shgn), n. [Var. of affluorion,
q. v.] A flow, as of sap, caused by a drawing,
not a propelling, force.
adglutinate (ad-glö’ti-nāt), a. Same as agglu-
timate.
ad gustum (ad gus’tum). [L. : ad, to ; gustum,
acc. of gustus, taste: see gust2..] To the taste;
to one’s liking.
Adhatoda (ad-hat’ā-dà), n. [NL., from the
Singhalese or Tamil name.] A former genus
of herbs or shrubs now included in Justicia.
A. Vasica (J. Adhatoda) is used in India to
expel the dead fetus in abortion.
adhere (ad-hérº), v. i.; pret. and pp. adhered,
ppr. adhering. [K F. adhárer, K. L. adha rere, K
ad, to, + habrere, stick, pp. haesus. Cf. cohere,
inhere, hesitate.] 1. To stick fast; cleave; be-
come joined or united so as not to be easily
separated without tearing : as, glutinous sub-
stances adhere to one another; the lungs some-
times adhere to the pleura.
When a piece of silver and a piece of platinum are
brought in contact at 500° C. they adhere.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 229.
2. To hold closely or firmly (to): as, to adhere
to a plan.
[Clive] appears to have strictly adhered to the rules
which he had laid down for the guidance of others.
Macaulay, Lord Clive.
closely connected.
A shepherd's daughter,
And what to her adheres. Shak., W. T., iv. (cho.).
4. To be fixed in attachment or devotion; be
devoted; be attached as a follower or up-
holder: as, men adhere to a party, a leader, a
church, or a creed; rarely, to be attached as a
friend.
3. To belong intimately; be
Two men there are not living
To whom he more adheres. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
adhere
5. To be consistent; hold together; be in ac-
cordance or agreement, as the parts of a sys-
tem; cohere. [Rare or obsolete.]
Everything adheres together. Shale., T. N., iii. 4.
6. Specifically, in Scots law : (a) To affirm a
judgment ; agree with the opinion of a judge
reviously pronounced. (b) To return to a
usband or'wife who has been deserted. See
adherence, 3.−7. In logic and metaph., to be
Aaccidentally connected. See adherent, a., 3.
adherence (ad-hérºns), n.
ML. adhaºrentia, K. L. adhaºrens: see adherent.]
1. The act or state of sticking or adhering:
rare in a physical sense, adhesion being com-
monly used.— 2. Figuratively, the character
of being fixed in attachment; fidelity; steady
attachment: as, an adherence to a party or
opinions; the act of holding to closely: as, a
rigid adherence to rules.
A tenacious adherence to the rights and liberties trans-
mitted from a wise and virtuous ancestry. Addison.
3. In Scots law, the return of a husband or
wife who has for a time deserted his or her
Spouse. The spouse who has been deserted may bring
an action of adherence to compel the deserting spouse to
Teturn.
4. In painting, the effect of those parts of a
picture which, wanting relief, are not detach-
ed, and hence appear adhering to the canvas or
surface. Fairholt.—5. In logic and metaph., the
state of being adherent. See adherent, a., 3.
=Syn., Adherence, Adhesion. These words are under-
going desynonymization, the moral and figurative sense
being limited to adherence, and the physical to adhesion:
as, adherence to the doctrines of Adam Smith; the ad-
hesion of putty to glass. [Note: Adherent, m., is not used
of physical attachment, nor adherent, a., of moral at-
tachment. Adhere, v., is used of either.]
If he departs in any degree from strict adherence to
these rules, . . . he not only departs from rule, but com-
mits an act of treachery and baseness.
Gladstone, Kim beyond Sea, p. 210.
Writing and drawing with chalks and pencils depend
on the adhesion of solids.
Atkinsom, tr. of Ganot's Physics, p. 87.
adherency? (ad-hér’en-si), n. [As adherence:
see -ency..] 1. The state of being adherent.
Adherencies and admirations of men's persons.
Jer. Taylor (?), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 172.
2. That which is adherent.
Vices have a native adherency of vexation.
Decay of Christ. Piety.
adherent (ad-hér’ ent), a. and n. IK F. ad-
herent, K L. adhaºren(t-)s, ppr. of adha rere: see
adhere.] I. a. 1. Sticking; clinging; adhering.
Close to the cliff with both his hands he clung,
And stuck adherent, and suspended hung.
Pope, Odyssey, l. 547.
2. In bot., congenitally united, as ... that
are normally separate: generally used as equiv-
alent to adnate. See cut under adnate.—3. In
logic and metaph., accidentally connected; not
|belonging to the nature of a thing; not in-
herent : as, if a cloth is wet, its wetness is a
quality adherent to it, not inherent in it.
II. m. 1. A person who adheres; one who
follows or upholds a leader, party, cause, opin-
ion, or the like; a follower, partizan, or sup-
porter. -
Rip's sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was
as much hen-pecked as his master.
Irving, Rip Van Winkle.
2+. Anything outwardly belonging to a person;
an appendage.
His humour, his carriage, and his extrinsic adherents.
Gov. of Tongue.
=Syn. 1. Disciple, pupil, upholder, supporter, dependant.
adherently (ad-hér’ent-li), adv. In an adher-
ent manner.
adherer (ad-hér’ér), n.
adherent. [Rare.]
adherescence (ad-hé-res’ ens), m. The state of
being so closely connected with or attached to
anything as to form with it a quasi-compound
or unit. [Rare.]
adherescent (ad-hé-res’ ent), a. [K L. adha-
rescen(t-)s, ppr. of adha-rere, adhere: see adhere
and -escent.] Tending to adhere or become
adherent ; adhering. [Rare.]
adhesion (ad-hé'zhon), m. [K F. adhesion, K.L.
adha,sio(n-), Kadha,sus, pp. of adhaprere: see ad-
here.] 1. The act or state of adhering, or of
'being united and attached; close connection
or association: as, the adhesion of parts united
by growth, cement, etc.; inflammatory adhesion
of surfaces in disease.
One mendicant whom I know, and who always sits upon
the 8teps of a certain bridge, succeeds, I believe, as the
Beason advances, in heating the marble beneath him by
firm and unswerving adhesiom. IIowells, Ven. Life, iii.
One who adheres; an
[K F. adhérence, K
72
2. Steady attachment of the mind or feelings;
to vi essin opinion; adherence: as, an adhesion
O W1C0s
Obstinate adhesion to false rules of belief.
Whitlock, Manners of the English, p. 216.
The council assigned as motives for its decrees an ad-
hesion of heart on the part of the victims to the cause of
the insurgents. Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 404.
3. Assent; concurrence.
To that treaty Spain and England gave in their adhe-
Sion. Macaulay, Hist, Eng., xiv.
4. That which adheres; accretion.
Casting off all foreign, especially all noxious, adhesions.
Carlyle, Misc., I. 14.
5. In phys., molecular attraction exerted be-
tween the surfaces of bodies in contact, as
between two solids, a solid and a liquid, or a
Solid and a gas. See extract, and cohesion.
Adhesion, a term used to denote the physical force in
virtue of which one body or substance remains attached
to the surface of another with which it has been brought
into contact. It is to be distinguished from cohesion,
which is the mutual attraction that the particles of the
same body exert On each other. Pncyc. Brit., I. 158.
6. In bot., the union of parts normally separate.
—7. In pathol., especially in the plural, the ad-
ventitious bands or fibers by which inflamed
parts have adhered, or are held together.—8. In
Surg., the reunion of divided parts by a particu-
larkind of inflammation, called the adhesive.—
9. In mech., often used as synonymous with fric-
tion (which see).-Adhesion-car, a railroad-car pro-
vided with means for increasing the adhesive or tractive
power beyond that due merely to the weight imposed
upon the rails. This is usually effected by a center rail,
gripped horizontally by a pair of friction-wheels placed on
its opposite sides, or by a cogged wheel working into ax
adhort+ (ad-hört'), v. t.
adhortatoryf (ād-hôr'ta-tº-ri), a.
adiaphorism
ad hominem (ad hom’i-mem). [L.: ad, to; ho-
minem, acc. of homo, man , see Homo.] To the
man; to the interests or passions of the person.
—Ar entum ad hominem, an argument drawn from
premises which, whether true or not, ought to be admitted
by the person to whom they are addressed, either on account
of his peculiar beliefs or experience, or because they are
negessary to justify his conduct or are otherwise conducive
to his interest. Aristotle (Topics, viii. 11) remarks that it
is sometimes necessary to refute the disputant rather than
his position, and some medieval logicians taught that refu.
tation was of two kinds, 8olutio recta and solutio ad homº-
mem, the latter being imperfect or fallacious refutation.
Thus, Blundeville says: “Confutation of person is done
either by taunting, rayling, rendring checke for checke,
or by scorning”; and Wilson says: “Either wee purposé
by disputacion to aunswere fully to the matier or els sec-
ondly (if power want to compass that) we seke some other
meanes to satisfy the man.”
My design being not a particular victory over such a
sort of men, but an absolute establishing of the truth, I
shall lay down no grounds that are merely argumenta, ad
homimem. Dr. H. More, Immortal. of Soul, ii. 1.
[K L. adhortari, en-
Courage, urge to, K ad, to, + hortari, urge, in-
cite: see eahort.] To exhort; advise.
That eight times martyred mother in the Maccabees,
When she would adhort her son to a passive fortitude,
. . ; desires him to look upon the heavens, the earth, all
in them contained. - Feltham.
adhortation? (ad-hôr-tä'shqn), n. [K L. adhor-
tatio(n-), encouragement, Kadhortari : see ad-
hort.] Advice; exhortation; encouragement.
& [K.L. as if
“adhortatorius, Kadhortator, encourager, advi-
ser, Kadhortari : see adhort.] Advisory; con-
veying counsel, warning, or encouragement.
Abp. Potter.
rack laid parallel with the road-bed. In some cases the a diabatic (ad’i-a-bat'ik), a. and n. [K Gr. &ót-
treads of the driving-wheels are grooved, and the face of
the rails is flanged to correspond to them.—Adhesion of
wheels to rails, the friction between the surfaces in con-
tact, acting to prevent slipping, in amount dependent
upon the condition of those surfaces and the pressure.
For driving-wheels, as of locomotives, it is a fraction of
the weight borne by them, ranging from about one twenti-
eth when the rails are “greasy” to one fourth when they are
clean and dry. = Syn. Adhesion, Adherence. See adher-
€7) C6.
adhesive (ad-hé'siv), a. [K F. adhásif, -ive, K L.
as if *adha-sivus, Kadha,sus, pp. of adhaerere :
See adhere.] 1. Sticky; tenacious, as glutinous
Substances.
She trusts a place unsound,
And deeply plunges in th’ adhesive ground.
Crabbe, Parish Register.
2. Figuratively, cleaving or clinging ; adher-
ing; remaining attached; not deviating from.
If slow, yet sure, adhesive to the track.
Thomsom, Autumn.
Both were slow and tenacious (that is, adhesive) in their
feelings. De Quincey, Secret Societies, ii.
3. Gummed; fitted for adhesion: as, adhesive
envelops.-Adhesive felt, a felt manufactured in Great
Britain for use in sheathing wooden ships. – Adhesive
inflammation, in med, and 8wrg., a term applied to the
union of the lips of an imcised wound without suppuration;
also to inflammations leading to adhesion between normally
free surfaces, as between the intestine and the body-wall.
-Adhesive knowledge, in metaph., knowledge which
implies adhesion or assent, as well as apprehension. See
apprehensive.—Adhesive plaster, in surg., a plaster
made of litharge-plaster, wax, and resin.—Adhesive
Slate, a variety of slaty clay which adheres strongly to
the tongue, and rapidly absorbs water.
adhesively (ad-hé'siv-li), adv. In an adhesive
Iſla, Illel”.
adhesiveness (ad-hé'siv-nes), n. 1. The state
or quality of being adhesive, or of sticking or
adhering; stickiness; tenacity.—2. In phren.,
a mental faculty manifested in attachment to
objects, animate or inanimate, lasting friend-
ships, love of social intercourse, etc., supposed
to be located in a special part of the brain. It
is said to be strongest in women. See phre-
'nology. •
aft (ad-hib'it), v. t. [KL. adhibitus, pp. of
adhibéré, hold toward, bring to, apply, Kad,
to, + habère, hold, have: see habit.] 1. To
T1S6 OI’ º specifically, to administer as a
remely; exhibit medicinally.
Wine also that is dilute may safely and properly be
adhibited. T. Whitaker, Blood of the Grape, p. 33.
2. To attach: as, he adhibited his name to the
address.
The greatest lords adhibited . . . faith to his words.
Hall, Chronicles, Hen. VII., am. 7.
3. To take or let in; admit. [Rare in all uses.
adhibition (ad-hi-bish’9m), m. [KL. adhibitio(m-),
application, Kadhibere: See adhibit.] *
tion; use; specifically, use as a remedy. [Rare.]
The adhibition of dilute wine.
T. Whitaker, Blood of the Grape, p. 55.
ad hoc (ad hok). [L. : ad, to ; hoc, ace. neut. of
hic, this: see hic..] To this; with respect to
this (subject or thing); in particular.
adiabatically (ad’i-a-bat’i-kal-i), adv.
43arog, not to be passed over, Kä- priv., not,
+ 6taffatóg, verbal adj. of Ötaffaivetv, pass over:
see diabaterial.] I. a. Without transference:
used in thermodynamics of a change in vol-
ume, whether by expansion or contraction,
unaccompanied by a gain or loss of heat.—
Adiabatic curve or iine, a line exhibiting the relation
between the pressure and the volume of a -
fluid, upon the assumption that it expands || ||
and contracts without either receiving or
giving out heat. The curves are drawn upon
a rectangular system of coördinates, the ab-
scissas representing the volume of the sub-
stance and the ordinates the pressure upon
it; the curves thus being the loci of points
representing different possible states of the
body which passes between different states
represented by different points on the same
curve without imparting heat to other bodies
or receiving heat from them. The adiabatic lines are
steeper than the isothermal lines, as shown in the figure,
where the curves a are adiabatics.
If a series of adiabatic limes be drawn so that the points
at which they cut one of the isothermal lines correspond
to successive equal additions of heat to the substance at
that temperature, then this series of adiabatic limes will cut
off a series of equal areas from the strip bounded by any two
isothermal lines. Clerk Mazwell, Theory of Heat, p. 156.
II. m. An adiabatic line.
Mr. W. Peddie gave a communication on the isothermals
and adiabatics of water near the maximum density point.
Natwre, XXX. 403.
In an
Adiabatic
Lines (a).
adiabatic manner.
adiabolist (ad-i-ab'ê-list), m. [K Gr. &-priv., +
Özá30%0g, devil, -H, -ist.] A disbeliever in the
existence of the devil. [Rare.]
a diactinic (ad’i-ak-tin'ik), a. [K Gr, à- priv.
(a-18) + diactinic.] Impervious to the actinie
or chemical rays of light.
Adiantum (ad-i-an’tum), m. [L., K. Gr. &6tavrog,
maidenhair, prop. adj., unwetted (in reference
to the resistance which the fronds offer to wet-
ting), Ká- priv. -H, 6tavróg, capable of being wet-
ted, verbal adj. of Ötaivetv, wet.] A large genus
of ferns, widely distributed, and great favor-
ites in hothouses on account of their beautiful
forms. It includes the common maidenhair ferns, A.
Capillw8-Veneris and A. pedatwºm, the latter peculiar to
North America. They have been used in the preparation
of capillaire.
a diaphora, n. Plural of adiaphoron.
adiaphoracy? (ad-i-af’º-rá-si), m. [Improp. for
adiaphory: see -acy.] Indifference.
a diaphoresis (ad-i-af-Ö-ré'sis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
à- priv. 4- Öuaçopeiv, throw off by perspiration,
lit. carry off or away, K Ötá, apart, H- ſpépetv =
E. bearl: see a-18 and diaphoresis.] In pathol.,
deficiency of perspiration. Also written adi-
aphorosis.
ałºńorism (ad-i-af (3-rizm), m. [Kadiapho-
Yous-H -ism..] Religious tolerance or moderation
in regard to indifferent or non-essential mat-
ters; hence, latitudinarianism; indifferentism.
The English Thirty-nine Articles on the whole are ele-
vated by the same lofty adiaphorism as that which pene-
trated the Westminster Confession of Faith.
Deam Stanley, in Macmillan's Mag., XLIV. 291.

- adiaphorist
adiaphorist (ad-i-af’º-rist), n. IK adiaphorous
+ -ist.] A person characterized by indiffer-
ence or moderation, especially in religious mat-
ters. Specifically [cap.], a follower or supporter of Me-
lanchthon in the controversy which arose in the reformed
church in the sixteenth century regarding certain doc-
trines and rites publicly admitted by Melanchthon and
his party, in the document known as the Leipsic Interim
to be matters of indifference. See interim. Also called
adiaphorite.
He [Lord Burleigh] may have been of the same mind
with those German Protestants who were called Adiaph-
orists, and who considered the popish rites as matters
indifferent. Macaulay, Burleigh.
adiaphoristic (ad-i-af-Ö-ris’tik), a... 1. Pertain-
ing to things which are morally indifferent; adi-
§ orous.-2. Relating to the adiaphorists.
90
adiaphorist.
aſſººitg (ad-i-af'º-rit), n. IK adiaphorous
1. adiaphora
-ite2.] Same as adiaphorist.
(ad-i-af'º-ron), n. ;
., K. Gr. 36tápopov, neut. of &ótáðopog
indifferent: see adiaphorous.] In theol. an
ethics, a thing indifferent; a tenet or practice
which may be considered non-essential.
Life and death are among the adiaphora — things indif-
ferent, which may be chosen or rejected according to cir-
cumstances. G. P. Fisher, Begin. of Christianity, p. 175.
He [Luther] classed images in themselves as among the
adiaphora, and condemned only their cultus.
Pncyc. Brit., XII. 714.
adiaphorosis (ad-i-af-Ö-röſsis), n. . [NL., im-
prop. for adiaphoresis, assimilated to term.
-osis, q.v.] Same as adiaphoresis.
a diaphorous §: a. [K Gr. &ótápopog,
not different, indifferent, Kå- priv. H- duápopog,
different ºpen (Tīājøre, SE. º 6tá
= L. dis-, apart, + pépetv = L. ferre= E. bearl.]
1. Indifferent; neutral; morally neither right
nor wrong.
Why does the Church of Rome charge upon others the
shame of novelty for leaving of some rites and ceremonies
which by her own practice we are taught to have no ob-
ligation in them, but to be adiaphorous?
Jer. Taylor, Liberty of Prophesying, § 5.
Hence—2+. Applied by Boyle to a spirit nei-
ther acid nor alkaline.—3. In med., doing nei-
ther good nor harm, as a medicament.
adia 㺠(ad-i-af’ô-ri), n. IK Gr. &ótagopſa,
indifference, Káðuápopog: see adiaphorous.] Neu-
trality; indifference.
adjapneustia (ad’i-apºnis’ti-á), n. . [NL., KGr.
â6tarvevoría, Kā- priv. -- daſtvévoſ-tróg, Kówatveiv,
breathe through, perspire, K Özá, through, +
Trveiv, breathe..] In pathol., defective perspira-
tion; a diaphoresis. Dunglison.
adiathermanous (a-di-a-thérºma-nus), a. [K
Gr. 6- priv. *. + diathermanous, q. v. Cf.
adiathermic.1 Same as adiathermic.
A body impervious to light is opaque, impervious to
dark heat it is adiathermanows.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 448.
adiathermic (a-di-a-thèr’mik), a. [K Gr. &-
priv. (a-18) + diathermic.] Impervious to radi-
ant heat.
adicity (a-dis’i-ti), n. [K -adl (1) + -icity, as
in atomicity, periodicity.] In chem., combining
capacity, according as an element or a com-
Fº is a monad, dyad, etc.; same as valency.
f -
adiaphoron
*
adieu (a-dû'; F. pron. Å-dye’), interj. [Early
mod. E. adiew, adew, adue, K ME. adew, adewe,
KOF. a Diew, a Dew, mod. #. adieu, to which the
mod. E. conforms in spelling; = It, addio = Sp.
adiós or à Dios = Pg. adeos or a Deos; K L. ad
Deum: ad, to; Deum, acc. of Deus, God: see
deity. Cf. good-by, orig, God be with you..] Lit-
erally, to God, an ellipsis for I commend you to
God: an expression of kind wishes at the part-
ing of friends, equivalent to farewell; hence, a
Fº salutation in general: as, adiew to my
OOOS,
p - Adewe, and adewe, blisſ
Testament of Love, ii. 292. ,
Adiew, adiew. I my native shore
Rades o'er the waters blue.
Byron, Childe Harold, i. 13.
Delightful summer! then adieu" Hood, Summer.
. Adieu, Farewell, Good-by. . These words have
completely lost their original meanings. In use the dif-
ference between them is only one of formality, good-by
being the most common, and adiew the most formal. By
the Society of Friends (and perhaps some othersects) fare-
well is preferred, as not involving the careless mention of
the name of God. In strict propriety, farewell is a parting
salutation to persons going away. º
adieu (a-dû'; F. pron. Å-dyê'), n. ; pl. adieus or
(in Frênch spelling) adieuw (3-dûz", ā-dye").
Afarewell or commendation to the care of God:
as, an everlasting adiew; to make one's adieus.
We took our last adiew
And up the snowy Splugen drew.
Tennyson, Daisy.
*
º
73
adight? (a-dit"), v. t. [KME. adihten, adighten
KAS. *ādihtan, Ka- + dihtan, arrange, àight:
see dight.]. To set in order. See dight.
adight? (2-dit’), p. a. [KME. adiht, adight, pp.:
see the yerb.] Set in order; arrayed.
ad indefinitum (ad in-def-i-mi’tum). [L. : ad,
o; indefinitum, acc. neut. of indefinitus, indefi-
nite; see indefinite.J. To the indefinite; indefi-
nitely; to an indefinite extent. An expression used
by some writers in place of ad infinitum, as being in their
#. Imore precise.
3.
inf. An abbreviation of Latin ad infinitum
(which see).
ad infinitum (ad in-fi-ni"tum). [L.: ad, to,
unto; infinitum, acc. neut. of infinitus, infinite:
see infinite.] To infinity; endlessly; on and on
without end; through an infinite series.
adinole (ad’i-nól), n. [F. adinole, appar. K. Gr.
ödtvác, close, compact.] A hard, compact rock,
composed of quartz and albite, produced in the
contact metamorphism of certain schists by
intruded diabase dikes or sills.
ad inquirendum (ad in-kwi-ren’dum). [L., for
the purpose of inquiring: ad, to, for; inquiren-
dum, ger of inquirere, inquire: see inquire.]
In law, a judicial writ commanding inquiry to
be made concerning a cause depending in a
Court. -
ad it. An abbreviation of ad interim (which
See ),
ad interim (ad intér-im). [L. : ad, to, for; in-
terim, meanwhile : see interim.] In the mean
time; for the present. -
adios (ā-dé-6s’), interj. [Sp., - Pg. adeos = It.
addio = F. adieu: see adieu,J Adieu; good-by.
[Southwestern U. S.]
adipate (ad’i-pât), n. . [KL. adeps (adip-), fat
+ -atel: see adipic. Cf. L. adipatus, supplied
with fat..] A salt of adipic acid.
adipescent (ad-i-pes (ent), a. [K L. adeps
(adip-), fat, E.-escent.]. Becoming fatty.
adipic (a-dip'ik), a... [KL. adéps (adip-), fat, +
-ic?: see adeps.] Of or belonging to fat.—Adipic
acid, C6H1004, an acid obtained by treating oleic acid
or fatty bodies with nitric acid. It forms soft, white
nodular crusts, which seem to be aggregates of Small
crystals. º
adipocerate (ad-i-posſe-rát), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
adipocerated, ppr. adipocerating. [K adipocere
+ -ate2.] To convert into adipocere. Craig.
adipoceration (ad-i-pos-e-rá'shqn), m. The act
of changing or the state of being changed into
adipocere. Craig.
adipocere (ad’i-pô-sér”), n. [=T. adipocire, K
L. adeps (adip-), fat, + cera, wax.] A soft
unctuous or waxy substance, of a light-brown
color, produced by the decomposition of ani-
mal matter when protected from the air, and
under.certain conditions of temperature and
humidity. It consists chiefly of a mixture
of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids, possibly
also of margaric acid.—Adipocere mineral, a
fatty matter found in some peat-mosses, and in the
argillaceous iron ore of Merthyr-Tydvil, Wales; adipoce-
rite. It is inodorous when cold, but when heated it emits
a slightly bituminous odor. Also called adipocerite and
hatchettin. tº
adipoceriform (ad’i-pô-sér’i-fôrm), a. . [Kadi-
pocere + L. formis, K forma, form.] IIaving
the appearance or form of adipocere.
adipocerite (ad-i-posſe-rit), n. [Kadipocere +
-itc2.] Adipocere mineral. See adipocere.
adipocerous (ad-i-posſe-rus), a. Relating to
adipocore ; containing adipocere.
adipocire (ad’i-pô-sér”), n. [F.: see adipocere.]
Same as adipocere.
adipo-fibroma (ad’i-pô-fi-bró’mâ), m. Same as
#º
adipoma (ad-i-pô(mā), n. Same as lipoma.
adipose º a. and n. [= F. adipewa, Sp.
*adiposo, etc., K NL. adiposus, KL. adeps (adip-),
fat: see adeps.] I. a. Fatty; consisting of, re-
sembling, or having relation to fat.—Adipose
arteries, the branches of the diaphragmatic, capsular, and
renal arteries which nourish the fat around the kidneys.
—Adipose body, in entom., a peculiar fatty substance
occupying a considerable portion of the interior of the
body, and especially abundant in the full-grown larvae of
insects, consisting of a yellowish lobulated mass lining the
walls of the body-cavity and filling up the spaces between
the viscera. Dallas.-Adipose fin, a posterior dorsal ap-
pendage, generally sacciform or pedunculated and more
or less fat-like, but sometimes cariniform, developed in
certain fishes, especially the salmonids and silurids.-Adi-
pose membrane, the cell-wall of a fat-cell; the ex-
tremely delicate structureless membrane which surrounds
a fat-globule or vesicle of fat.—Adipose sac, a fat-cell
or fat-vesicle whose limiting cell-wall consists of an adi-
pose membrane, and whose contents are a globule of fat.
—Adipose tissue, a connective tissue of loose structure
containing masses of fat-cells, that is, cells in which the
protoplasm has been largely replaced by fat. , Adipose
tissue underlies the skin, invests the kidneys, etc.—Adi-
pose tumor, a lipoma.
adjacently
II. n. Fat in general; specifically, the fat
A on the kidneys.
adiposis (ad-i-pô'sis), n. [NL., KL. adeps (adip-),
fat, + -osis.] 1. General corpulency.—2. The
accumulation of fat in or upon a single organ.
adiposity (ad-i-posſi-ty), n. [KNL. as if ‘‘adi-
positas, Kadiposus: see adipose and -ity.] Fat-
ness; adiposis.
adipous (ad’i-pus), a. [KL. adeps (adip-), fat,
+ -ous. Cf. adipose.] Fat; of the nature of
fat; adipose.
adipsia (a-dip'si-á), n. [NL., KGr. as if *āólipta,
absence of thirst, & &ótºpog, not thirsty: see adip-
sous.] In med., absence of thirst. Also called
adipsy.
adipsous (a-dip'sus), a. [KGr. 36thog, not thirsty,
Ká-priv.-H. dipa, thirst: see adipsia.] Tending
to quench thirst, as certain fruits.
adipsy (ad'ip-si), n. Same as adipsia.
adit (adſit), n. [K L. aditus, an approach, K
adire, pp. aditus, approach, Kad, to, + ire, go:
see itimerant. Cf. exit.] 1. An entrance or a
passage; specifically, in mining, a nearly hori-
zontal excavation, or drift (which see), specially
used to conduct from the interior to the surface
the water which either comes into the workings
from above oris pumped upfrom below. The word
tunnel is in general use in the United States, and especially
in the western mining regions, for adit; but the former
properly signifies an excavation open at both ends, such as
is used in railroads. When there are two or more adits,
the lowest is called the deep adit. Adits are occasionally
several miles in length. The so-called Sutro tunnel,
draining the Comstock lode at Virginia City, Nevada, ig
the most extensive work of this kind yet constructed in
the United States. It is about 20,000 feet in length, and
intersects the lode at a depth of about 2000 feet. See
adit-level, and cut under level.
2. Milit., a passage under ground by which
miners approach the part they intend to sap.
Wilhelm, Mil. Dict.—3. Admission; access ;
approach. [Rare.]
Yourself and yours shall have
Free adit. Tennyson, Princess, vi.
adition# (a-dish’on), n. [K L. aditio(n-), ap-
proach, K adire: see adit..] The act of ap-
proaching.
a dit-level (ad’it-lev’el), m. A drainage-level.
a dive (a-div"), n. [Appar. a native name.]
Same as corsak.
adj. An abbreviation of adjective.
adjacence (a-jā‘sens), m. [KML. adjacentia, K
L. adjacen(t-)s: see adjacent.] The state of be-
ing adjacent; adjacency.
adjacency (a-jā’sºn-si), n. ; pl. adjacencies (-siz).
1. The state of being adjacent, or of lying close
or contiguous; proximity or near neighborhood:
as, the adjacency of lands or buildings.-2. That
which is adjacent. [Rare.]
Distracted by the vicinity of adjacencies.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 2.
All lands beyond their own and its frontier adjacencies.
De Quincey, Herodotus.

adjacent (a-jā’sent), a. and n. [S L. adja-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of adjacere, lie near, Kad, to, +
jacére, lie; see jacent.] I. a. Lying near, close,
or contiguous; adjoining; neighboring; as, a
field adjacent to the highway.
Sauntering . . . along the banks of the adjacent mill-
pond. Irving, Sleepy Hollow.
Tribes which are larger, or better organized, or both,
conquer adjacent tribes and annex them.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 448.
Adjacent angles. See angle3. = Sym. Adjacent, Adjoin:
ing, Contiguous. These words apply, only to material
things; if they are applied to abstract things, it is only by
considerable liberty in figurative use. They are not ap-
plicable to separate persons or animals under any circum-
stances. Adjacent villages, camps, herds; adjoining fields;
contiguous houses: not adjacent soldiers, cattle. . Adja-
cent, lying near, neighboring, but not necessarily in con-
tact. New York and the towns adjacent. Adjoining, joining
to or on, so as to touch. Contiguous, touching along a con-
siderable line.
From the barge
A strange invisible perfume hits the sense * =
Of the adjacent wharfs. Shak., A. and C., ii. 2.
The Fire Tender is in the adjoining library, pretending
to write. C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 72.
[The Emperor of Morocco) is the only full-blown despot
whose dominions lie continuous to civilization.
T. B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 215.
II. m. 1. That which is next or contiguous;
an abutting neighbor. [Rare.]
No adjacent, no equal, no co-rival.
Shelford, Learned Discourses, p. 220.
2. In logic, a predicate.-Propositions of second
adjacent, propositions in which the copula and predicate
are merged.— Propositions of third adjacent (transla-
tion of Greek Trporaorus éx Tpitov Katmyopovuevov), proposi-
tions whose copula. and predicate are separated.
adjacently (a-jā'sent-li), adv. So as to be ad-
jacent.
adjag
adjag (ā’jäg), n. [Sundanese ájäg.] A kind
§ *ś dog, banis futilams, found in Java.
The dog-tribe is represented by the fox-like adjag (Camis
rwtilams), which hunts in ferocious packs.
JEncyc. Brit., XIII. 603.
adject (a-jekt (), v. t. [K L. adjectus, pp. of
adjicere, usually contr. adicere, add, put to
& ad, to, + jacère, throw: see jactation, jetij
To add or put, as one thing to another; annex.
[Rare.]
Lanstufan castel and lordshi e
adjected to Pembrokeshire. eland, Itinerary, III. 26.
adjection (a-jek’shgn), n. IKL. adjectio(m-), an
addition, K adjicere, adicere, add: see adject.]
The act of adjecting or adding, or the thing
added. [Rare.]
This is added to complete our happiness, by the adjec-
tion of eternity. ºp. Pearsom, Expos. of Creed, xii.
adjectitious (ad-jek-tish’us), a. [K L.L. adjec-
titius, better spelled adjecticius, added, beside, K
L. adjectus, pp.: see adject.] Added; additional:
*as, “adjectitious work,” Maundrell. [Rare.]
adjectival (ad-jek-ti’val or aj’ek-ti-val), a.
[K adjective + -al.] Belonging to or like an ad-
jective; having the import of an adjective.
The more frequent employment of both the participles
with an adjectival syntax is, in its origin, a Gallicism.
G. P. Marsh, Lects. On Eng. Lang., p. 658.
Relatively to the real, which is substantival, the idea
is adjectival. Mind, IX. 127.
adjectivally (ad-jek-ti’val-i or aj’ek-ti-val-i),
adv. By way of or as an adjective: as, a noun
or participle adjectivally used.
adjective (ajſek-tiv), a. and n. [KL. adjectivus,
that is added (only as a grammatical term), Kad-
jectus, pp. of adjicere, add: see adject.] I. a. 1.
Naming or forming an adjunct to a noun: as,
an adjective name.—2. Pertaining to an adjec-
tive: as, the adjective use of a noum.–3. Added
or adjected; additional. [Rare.]—Adjective col-
or, in dyeing, a color which is not absorbed directly from
its solution by the fibers of the substance dyed, but can be
fixed only by a mordant or by some other means: opposed to
substantive color, which the fibers directly absorb.-Ad-
jective law. See law.—Noun adjective, a word stand-
ing for the name of an attribute: now usually adjective, n.
See below.
II. m. 1. In gram., a word used to qualify,
limit, or define a moun, or a word or phrase
which has the value of a noun; a part of speech
expressing quality or condition as belonging to
something: thus, whiteness is the name of a
quality, and is a noun; white means possessing
Whiteness, and so is an adjective. The adjective
is used attributively, appositively, or predicatively: thus,
attributively in “a wise ruler”; appositively, in “a ruler
wise and good”; predicatively, in “the ruler is wise.”
Cominonly abbreviated to a. or adj.
2#. A dependant or an accessory; a secondary
or subsidiary part.
adjective (aj'ek-tiv), v. t. To make an adjec-
tive of; form into an adjective ; give the char-
acter of an adjective to. [Rare.]
In English, instead of adjectiving our own nouns, we
have borrowed in immense numbers adjectived signs from
other languages, without borrowing the unadjectived signs
of these ideas. Horne Tooke, Purley.
a jºy (aj’ek-tiv-li), adv. In the manner
of an adjective: as, the word is here used ad-
jectively.
adjiger (aj’i-gēr), n.
ajgar..] A large india
lurus. See anaconda.
adjoin (a-join'), v. [K ME. affoinem, K OF. aftoin-
dre (F. adjoindre), K.L. adjungere, Kad, to, +
jungere, join : see join..] I. trans. 1. To join
on or add; unite ; annex or append.
A massy wheel . . .
To whose huge spokes ten thousand lesser things
Are mortis'd and adjoin'd. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 3.
2. To be contiguous to or in contact with : as,
his house adjoins the lake ; a field adjoining
the lawn.
As one . .
Forth issuing on a summer's morn, to breathe
Among the pleasant villages and farms
Adjoin'd, from each thing met conceives delight.
• Milton, P. L., ix. 449.
II. intrans. 1. To be contiguous ; lie or be
next, or in contact : with to: as, “a farm ad-
joining to the highway,” Blackstone.—2+. To
approach ; join.
She lightly unto him adjoymed syde to Syde.
Spenger, F. Q., III. vii. 42.
adjoinantt. (a-joi'nant), a... [K F. adjoignant,
ppr. of adjoindre : see adjoin.] Contiguous.
To the town there is adjoinant in site . . . an ancient
castle. R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
adjoint (aj’oint), n., [K.F. adjoint, assistant,
adjunct, prop. pp. of adjoindre, adjoin, assign
by the new act is . .
[Anglo-Ind., repr. Hind.
n rock-snake, Python mo-
74
as an assistant: see adjoin..] lit. One who is
joined or associated with another as a helper;
an adjunct. [Rare.]
You are, madam, I perceive, said he, a public minister,
and this lady is your adjoint.
Gentleman Instructed, p. 108.
2. [Pron. Å-jwań'.] In France, specifically—
(a) An assistant of or substitute for the mayor
of a commune, or in Paris of an arrondisse-
ment. (b) An assistant professor in a col-
lege.
aiºurn (a-jërn'), v. [KME. affowrmen, ajormen,
KOF. ajorner, ajurner, F. ajourner = Pg. ajor-
mar =It. aggiornare, KML. adiurnare, adjurmare,
adjornare, fix a day, summon for a particular
day, K.L. ad, to, + if, *diurnus, jurnus, “jornus
#. giorno = Pr, #. = OF. jor, jur, F. jour, a
day), KL. diurnus, daily, Kalies, day: see diurnal,
journal.] I, trams. 1. To put off or defer, prop-
erly to another day, but also till a later period
indefinitely.
Or how the sun shall in mid heaven stand still
A day entire, and night's due course adjourn,
Milton, P. L., xii. 264.
It is a common practice to adjowrm the reformation of
their lives to a further time. Barrow.
Specifically—2. To suspend the meeting of,
as a public or private body, to a future day
or to another place ; also, defer or postpone to
a future meeting of the same body: as, the
court adjourned the consideration of the ques-
tion.
The queen being absent, 'tis a needful fitness
That we adjourn this court till further day.
ë. Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 4.
II. intrans. To suspend a sitting or trans-
action till another day, or transfer it to another
place: usually said of legislatures, courts, or
other formally organized bodies: as, the legis-
lature adjourned at four o'clock; the meeting
adjourned to the town hall.—To adjourn sine die
(literally, to adjourn without day), to adjourn without set-
ting a time to reconvene or sit again; specifically, to ad-
journ without intending or expecting to sit again: the
usual formula of minutes recording the proceedings of a
body, as a court martial, whose existence terminates with
the business for which it was convened.
adjournal (a-jër’nal), n., [K adjourn -F -al.]
In Scots law, the proceedings of a single day
in, or of a single sitting of, the Court of Justi-
ciary: equivalent to sederunt as applied to a
civil court.—Act of adjournal, the record of a sen-
tence in a criminal cause.-Book of adjournal, a book
containing the records of the Court of Justiciary. .
adjournment (a-jërn’ment), n. [KOF. affourme-
'ment, earlier ajornement: see adjourn and-ment.]
1. The act of postponing or deferring.
Werun our lives out in adjournments from time to time.
I,' Estrange.
2. The act of discontinuing a meeting of a
ublic or private body or the transaction of any
usiness until a fixed date or indefinitely.—
3. The period during which a public body ad-
journs its sittings: as, during an adjournment
of six weeks,—Adjournment in eyre, in old Eng.
law, the appointment by the justices in eyre, or circuit,
judges, of a day for future session. =Syn. Adjournment
Becess, Prorogation, Dissolution. Adjournment is the act
by which an assembly suspends its session in virtue of
authority inherent in itself; it may be also the time or in-
terval of such suspension. A recess is a customary sus-
pension of business, as during the period of certain
recognized or legal holidays: as, the IEaster recess; a
Teces8 for Washington's birthday. Recess is also popu-
larly used for a brief suspension of business for any reason:
as, it was agreed that there be a recess of ten minutes.
A prorogation is the adjournment of the sittings of a
legislative body at the instance of the authority which
called it together, as the sovereign; during a prorogation
it can hold mo, sittings, but in order to resume business
must be again summoned: the close of a session of the
British Parliament is called a prorogation. Dissolution
is the act by which the body, as such, is broken up, and its
members are finally discharged from their duties. The
United States House of Representatives dissolves every
two years at a time fixed by law, but the Senate has a
continuous life, and therefore adjowrms from one Congress
to another. The dissolution of the British Parliament
necessitates a new election; the dissolution of the United
States House of Representatives is provided for by law, an
election being previously held.
oust?, v. Obsolete form of adjust.
adjt. A contraction of adjutant.
adjudge (a-juj'), v.; º; and pp. adjudged,
ppr. adjudging. [K ME. adjugen, ajugen, KOF.
ajugier, ajuger, F. adjuger, K. L. adjudicare,
award, decide, Kad, to, + judicare, decide: see
judge and adjudicate.] I. trans. 1. To award
judicially; assign: as, the prize was adjudged
to him.
Ajax ran mad, because his arms were adjudged to
Ulysses. Burton, Anat, of Mel., p. 165.
2. To decide by a judicial opinion or sentence;
adjudicate upon; determine; settle.
d
adjunct
º We are not without authority on this point.
It has been considered and adjudged.
D. Webster, Speech, March 10, 1818.
8. To pass sentence on; sentence or condemn.
Those rebel spirits adjudged to hell.
* - Milton, P. L., iv. 823.
4}. To deem; judge; consider. [Rare.]
He adjudged him unworthy of his friendship. Knolles.
=Syn. To decree, adjudicate. -
II. intrams. To decree; decide; pass sentence.
There let him still victor sway,
As battel hath adjudged. Milton, P. L., x. 377.
adjudgeable (a-juj' 3-bl), , a, IK adjudge +
-able.] Capable of being adjudged.
Durgh customs still stand in the peculiar position of
being neither adjudgeable nor arrestable. -
JEncyc. Brit., IV. 63.
adjudgement, m, , See adjudgment...
adjudger (a-jūj’ér), n. Qne who adjudges,
adjudgment (a-juj'ment), n. The act of ad-
judging; adjudication; sentence. Also spelled
adjudgement.
The adjudgment ofº punishment.
ir W. Temple, Introd, to Hist. Eng.
adjudicataire (a-jö” di-ka-tär"), n. [F., KL.
adjudicatus, pp. of adjudicare : see adjudicate.]
In Canada, a purchaser at a judicial sale.
adjudicate (a-jö'di-kāt), v.; pret. and pp. ad-
judicated, ppr. adjudicating. [KL. adjudicatus,
pp. of adjudicare, award, decide, K ad, to, +
judicarº, judge: see adjudge and judge.] I.
trans. To adjudge; pronounce judgment upon;
award judicially.
Superior force may end in conquest ; . . . but it cannot
adjudicate any right. Swmmer, True Grand. of Nations.
II. intrans. To sit in judgment; give a judi-
cial decision: with wbon : as, the court adjudi-
cated upon the case.
From the whole taken in continuation, but not from any
one as an insulated principle, you come into a power of
adjudicating wipon the pretensions of the whole theory.
De Quincey, Style, ii.
adjudication (a-jö-di-kä'shgn), n. [K.L. adjudi-
º Kadjudicare: see adjudicate.] 1. The
act of adjudicating; the act or process of deter-
mining or adjudging; a passing of judgment.
To pass off a verdict of personal taste, under the guise
of an adjudication of science. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 81.
2. In law : (a) A judicial sentence; judg-
ment or decision of a court., (b) The act of a
court declaring an ascertained fact : as, an
adjudication of bankruptcy.
The consequence of adjudication is that all the bank-
rupt's property vests in the registrar of the court until
the appointment by the creditors of a trustee, and there-
after in the trustee. JEncyc. Brit., III. 343.
3. In Scots law, the diligence or process by
which land is attached in security for or in
gº." of a debt.—Articulate adjudication, in
cots law, adjudication which is often used where there
are more debts than one due to the adjudging creditor; in
which case it is usual to accumulate each debt by itself,
so that, in case of an error in ascertaining or calculating.
one of the debts, the error may affect only that debt.—
Effectual adjudication, in Scots law, a form of action
by which real property is attached by a creditor.—Former
adjudication, in law, a previous judicial decision be-
tween the same parties or those whom they succeed,
available, or sought to be made available, to bar a subse-
quent litigation involving the same point,
adjudicator (a-jö'di-kā-tor), n. IKL. as if *ad-
judicator, K adjudicare : see adjudicate.] One
who adjudicates.
adjudicature (a-jö'di-kā-tir"), n. [K adjudi-
cate + -ure.] ... The act or process of adjudi-
cating; adjudication.
adjugate: (aj'ö-gāt), v. t. [K L. adjugatus, pp.
of adjugare, unite, K ad, to, + jugare, join, K
jugum (= E. yoke), Kjungere, join: see yoke and
join..] To yoke to. Bailey.
adjument (aj'ö-ment), n., [K.L. adjúmentum, a
means of aid, a contr. of “adjuvamentum, Kad-
juvare, help, aid : see aid.] Help ; Support;
that which supports or assists.
Nerves are adjwments to corporal activity.
aterhouse, Fortescue, p. 197.
adjunct (aj'ungkt), a. and n. IK L. adjunctus
joined to, added, pp. of adjungere: See adjoin.
, a. 1. United with another (generally in a
subordinate capacity) in office or in action of
any kind: as, an adjunct professor.—2. Added
to or conjoined with, as a consequence; attend-
ing; accompanying.
Though that my death were adjunct to my act,
By Heaven, I would do it. Shaki, K. John, iii. 3.
Adjunct diagnostics. See diagnostic.—Adjunct note,
in music, an unaccented auxiliary note not forming an
essential part of the harmony.
II. m. 1. Something added to another, but
not essentially a part of it.
adjunct
Learning is but an awung to ourself.
haº., f: L. L., iv. 8.
Discretion in its several adjuncts and circumstances is
nowhere so useful as to the clergy. Swift.
2. A person joined to another in some duty or
service; an assistant or subordinate colleague.
An adjunct of singular experience and trust.
Sir H. Wottom.
In the Royal Academy of Science at Parig, there are
twelve members called adjuncts attached to the study of
some particular Science, Buchamam, Dict. Sci.
3. In metaph., any quality of a thing not per-
taining to its essence.—4. In gram., a Word or
a number of words added to define, limit, or
qualify the force of another word or other
words; a word or phrase having value in a sen-
tence only as dependent on another member
of the sentence, as an adjective, an adverb, the
words of a dependent clause, etc.—5. In music,
a scale or key closely related to another; a
relative scale or key. —External, internal, etc.,
*adjunct. See the adjectives. tº e
adjunction (a-jungk'shgn), n. IKL. adjunctio(n-),
Kadjungere, join : See adjoin.]. 1. The act o
joining; the state of being joined.—2. The
thing joined.—3. In civil law, the joining of
one person's property to that of another per-
manently, as the building of a house upon an-
other's land, painting of a picture on another's
canvas, and the like. Rapalje and Lawrence.
adjunctive (a-jungk’tiv), a. and n. [K L. ad-
junctivus, that is joined, K adjunctus, pp.; see
adjunct.] I. a. Joining; having the quality of
joining.
II. m. One who or that which is joined.
adjunctively (a-jungk’tiv-li), adv. In an ad-
junctive manner; as an adjunct.
adjunctly (aj'ungkt-li), adv. In connection
with ; by way of addition or adjunct; as an
adjunct.
ad jura regis (ad jö'rà ré'jis). [L., to the
rights of the king: ad, to; jura, acc. pl. of jus
jur-), right; regis, gen. of rea, (reg-), king.]
old English writ to enforce a presentation
by the king to a living, against one who sought
to eject the clerk presented.
adjuration (aj-ö-rā‘sh9m), n. IKL. adjuratio(n-),
K adjurare : see adjure.] 1. The act of adjur-
ing; a solemn charging on oath, or under the
penalty of a curse; hence, an earnest appeal
or question.
To the adjuration of the high-priest, “Art thou the
Christ, the son of the blessed God?” our Saviour replies in x
St. Matthew, “Thou hast said.”
Blackwall, Sacred Classics, II. 163.
2. A solemn oath.
To restrain the significance too much, or too much to
enlarge it, would make the adjwration either not so
Weighty or not so pertinent.
Milton, Reason of Church Gov., i.
adjuratory (a-jö'ra-tº-ri), a. [K L. adjuraio-
Tius, K adjurator, one who adjures, K adjurare :
See adjure.]. Pertaining to or containing adju-
ration; of the nature of an adjuration: as, an
adjuratory appeal.
adjure (a-jör'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. adjured, ppr.
ljuring. ſº . adjuren, K.L. adjurare, swear
to, adjure, Kad, to, + jurare, swear: see jurat.
Cf. abjure, conjure, and perjure.] 1. To charge,
bind, or command, earnestly and solemnly, of
ten with an appeal to God or the invocation of
a curse in case of disobedience; hence, to en-
treat or request earnestly: as, “I adjure thee
by the living God,” Mat. xxvi. 63; his friend
adjured him to be careful.
Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, Cursed be
the man before the Lord, that riseth up and buildeth this
city Jericho. Josh, vi. 26.
2. To swear by : as, to adjure the holy name
of God. [Rare.]=Syn. 1. To conjure, implore, en-
join, pray, beg, entreat, beseech, supplicate.
adjurer (a-jörðr), n. One who adjures.
adjust (a-just’), v. t. [K F. “adjuster, to ad-
just, set aptly, couch evenly, joyn handsomly,
match fitly, dispose orderly, several things to-
gether” (Cotgrave), now ajuster (= It, aggius-
tare, aggiostare = Pg. Sp. affustar), arrange,
dispose, fit, etc., KML. adjustare, in form K. L.
ad, to, 4. justus, just, but suggested by OF. aſſus-
ter, “ajouster, to add, adjoyn, set or put intº;
also, increase, #". eek, also as adjuster’
(Cotgrave) (> ... affusten, adjoustem, add, put,
suggest), F. afouter (see adjute), lit. put side
by side, KML. adjuatare, put side by side, K L.
ad, to, + juasta, near, lit. adjoining, from Same
root as jungere, join : see juxtaposition.] 1. To
fit, as one thing to another; make correspon-
dent or conformable; adapt; accommodate: as,
to adjust things to a standard.
75. *
Adjust the event to the prediction.
Addison, Def. of Christ. Relig.
According to Helmholtz, then
objects by contraction of the ciliary muscle.
Le Conte, Sight, p. 44.
The living body is not only sustained and reproduced: ºr
it adjusts itself to external and internal changes.
- Huacley, Animal Automatism.
2. To put in order; regulate or reduce to sys-
tem; bring to a proper state or position: as, to
adjust a scheme; to adjust affairs; “adjusting
the orthography,” Johnson.
To adjust the focal distance of his optical instruments.
J. S. Mill, Logic, i. 1.
3. To settle or bring to a satisfactory state, so
that parties are agreed in the result: as, to
adjust accounts.
Half the differences of the parish are adjusted in this
very parlour. Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer.
4}. To put forward; suggest. Chaucer.—5#.
To add. Cawton. =Syn. To suit, arrange, dispose, trim,
proportion, balance, conform, set right, rectify, reconcile.
adjustable (a-justa-bl), a. [K adjust + -able.]
Capable of being adjusted.
adjustably (a-jus’ta-bli), adv. As regards ad-
justment; so as to be capable of adjustment.
The bed is held adjustably in place by means of screw-
C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 329.
bolts.
adjustaget (a-jus’tāj), n. Adjustment. Sylves-
*tºr. [Rare.]
adjuster (a-justēr), n. A person who adjusts;
that which regulates.
adjusting-gone (a-jus’ting-kön), n. An in-
strument for measuring the distance between
the axes of the eyes when they are parallel, as
in looking at a distant object. It consists of two
hollow cones, each perforated at the apex. Through these
perforations, the person whose eyes are to be measured
looks at a distant object, and the cones are moved until
the two fields of vision coincide. The distance between
the apexes then gives the measurement sought.
adjusting-screw (a-justing-skrö), n. A screw
by which the adjustable parts of an instrument
or a machine are moved to required positions.
It also often serves to hold the parts firmly in
those positions.
adjusting-tool (a-justing-tól), n. A tool for
regulating the Snail of a fusee in a timepiece,
so that its increase of diameter may exactly
compensate for the decrease of tension of the
ring as it unwinds from the barrel.
adjustive (3-justiv), a...[Kadjust + -ive.] Tend-
ing or serving to adjust.
adjustment (a-just’ment), m. [Kadjust + -ment,
after F. aftustement.] 1. The act of adjusting;
a makingfit or conformable; the act of adapting
to a given purpose; orderly regulation or ar-
rangement: as, the adjustment of the parts of a
Watch.
The rest of the apparel required little adjustment.
Scott, Waverley, xliii.
2. The state of being adjusted; a condition of
adaptation; orderly relation of parts or ele-
mentS.
Throughout all phases of Life up to the highest, every
advance is the effecting of some better adjustment of in-
ner to outer actions. H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 61.
3. That which serves to adjust or adapt one
thing to another or to a particular service: as,
the adjustments of constitutional government,
of a microscope, a timepiece, etc.
The nicest of all the adjustments involved in the working
of the British Governmentisthat which determines, without
formally defining, the internal relations of the Cabinet.
Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 162.
4. The act of settling or arranging, as a differ-
ence or dispute; settlement; arrangement.—
5. In insurance, the act of adjusting, or settling
and ascertaining, the amount of indemnity
which the party insured is to receive under
the policy after all proper allowances and de-
ductions have been made, and the settling of
the proportion of that indemnity which each
underwriter is liable to bear. =syn. Arrangement,
regulation, settlement, adaptation, accommodation, dis-
posal.
adjustor (a-jus’tgr), n. [K adjust + -or.] In
anat, and 266l., that which adjusts, coaptates,
or makes to fit together: a name of sundr
muscles: as, the dorsal and ventral adjustors of
the shells of brachiopods. See extract, and
cuts under Lingulidae and Waldheimia.
The dorsal adjustors are fixed to the ventral surface of .
the peduncle, and are again inserted into the hinge-plate
in the smaller valve. . The ventral adjwstors are consid-
ered to pass from the inner extremity of the peduncle and
to become attached by one pair of their extremities to the
ventral valve, one on each side of and a little behind the
expanded base of the divaricators, Encyc, Brit., IV. 192.
adjutage, n. See ajutage.
adjutant-general
jutancy (aj’ö-tan-si), n. IK adjutan(?) + -cy.]
alſº cy (aj’ö-tan-si), # *ś,
1. The office of adjutant.
we adjust the eye to near tantship.– 2+. Assistance.
It was, no doubt, disposed with all the adjutancy of
definition and division. Burke, Appeal to Old Whigs.
adjutant (aj'ö-tant), a. and n. IKL. adjutan(º)3,
ppr. of adjutare, aid, assist, freq. of adjuvare, aid:
See aid.]. I. a. Hélping; assistant. Bullokar
(1676). [Rare.]
II. n. 1. A helper; an assistant; an aid.
[Rare.]
A fine violin must . . . be the best adjutant to a fine
voice, W. Mason, Eng. Church Music, p. 74.
2. Milit., properly, a regimental staff-officer ap-
pointed to assist the commanding officer of a
regiment in the discharge of the details of his
i. duty. The title is also given to officers hav-
ing similar functions attached to larger or smaller divi-
sions of troops, to garrisons, and to the War Department
of the United States government. (See adjutant-general.)
Adjutants are also assigned, as in the British army, to di-
visions of artillery. Formerly, in England, called aid-ma-
jor. ...Qften contracted to adjt.
3. The adjutant-bird (which see).—Post adju-
tant, a person holding the office of adjutant with refer-
ence to the organization, of whatever character, of the
troops stationed at a post, garrison, camp, or cantonment.
—Regimental adjutant, a person holding the office of
adjutant with reference £o a regimental organization,
whether the regiment is in one place or dispersed at dif-
ferent stations. e
adjutant-bird (aj’ö-tant-bêrd), m. The name .
given by English residents of Bengal to a very
large species of stork, common in India, the
Leptoptilus argala of some naturalists, belong-
Adjutant-bird (Leptoptilus argala).
ing to the family Ciconiidae. It is the Ardea dubia
of Gmelin, the A. argala of Latham, the Ciconia marabow.
of Temminck, and the argala of the native Indians. Great
confusion has been occasioned by the transference by
Temminck of the native name, argala, to a related but
distinct African species. The name marabow has likewise
been given to both species, since both furnish the orna-
mental plumes so named in commerce. The African spe-
cies should be distinguished as the marabou, the Indian
species being left to bear its native name argala. The
name adjutant, or adjutant-bird, is a nickname bestowed
upon the bird from some fancied likeness of its bearing to
the stiff martinet air of the military functionary known
as an adjutant. The bird is a gigantic stork, 3 or often 4
feet high, and its expanded wing's measure 10 feet from
tip to tip. It has an enormous bill, nearly bare head and
neck, and a sausage-like pouch hanging from the under
part of the neck. It is one of the most voracious carniv-
orous birds known, and in India, from its devouring all
sorts of carrion and noxious animals, is protected by law.
Also called adjutant-crame, adjutant-stork, and pouched
stork. The name is sometimes extended to a related spe-
cies, L. javamicus, known as the lesser adjutant or adju-
tant-bird... º
adjutant-crane (ajſé-tant-krān), m.
adjutant-bird.
adjutant-general (aj^{i-tant-jen’º-ral), m.; pl.
adjutants-general. 1. Milit., an officer on the
staff of the commanding general of an army,
an army-corps, a division, or a brigade who
issues the orders, keeps the records, etc., and
acts as chief of staff when there is no regular
chief of staff. The adjutant-general of the United
States army was an important officer of the army from
its establishment until 1903, when his office was abolished.
He was adjutant-general both to the Secretary of War
and to the commanding general of the army, and was
in charge of the Adjutant-General's Department of the
War Department. In 1903 his duties were assigned to
the newly created offices of chief of staff and military
Secretary. ... In Great Britain the adjutant-general ranks
next to the commander-in-chief, and in the latter's
absence acts in his name. He also has charge of the
Same as


adjutant-general
Adjutant-General's Bureau, which deals with the or-
ganization, recruiting, mobilization, and discipline of the
army. In the United States most of the individual States
have adjutants-general of the militia.
2. Eccles., a title mistakenly given by transla-
tors to the assistants of the general of the
Jesuits. See assistant, 3.
adjutantship (aj’ö-tant-ship), m.
.jutancy, 1,
adjutant-stork (aj'ö-tant-störk), n.
adjutant-bird.
adjutator (aj’6-tă-tor), n. [NL., an assistant,
. adjutare, assist; see adjutant.] An adju-
tor or helper. See note under agitator, 2.
[Rare.]
adjuteț (a-jöt’), v. t. or i. [K F. afouter, formerly
adjouster, add: see adjust.] To add.
There be
Six bachelors as bold as he, adjutting to his company.
- B. Jomsom, Underwoods.
adjutor (a-jö’tgr), n. [L., K adjuvare, help : see
adjutant and aid.]. A helper. [Rare; its com-
pound coadjutor is in common use.]
Pſe . . . and such as his adjutors were.
Drayton, Barons' Wars, iv. 10.
adjutoryf (aj’ö-tó-ri), a. [KL. as if *adjutorius,
elping; cf. adjutorium, help : See adjutor.]
Serving to help or aid. Blount; Bailey.
adjutrix (a-jö'triks), m.; pl. adjutrices (a-jö-triſ-
séz). [L., fem. of adjutor: see adjutor.] A.
female assistant. [Rare.]
adjuvant (aj’ö-vant or a-jö’vant), @.. and m.
[K. L. adjuvan(t-)s, ppr. of adjuvare, help : See
aid.] I. a. Serving to help or assist; auxiliary;
contributory: as, an adjuvant medicine.
Cause adjuvant worketh not by himself, but is a helper.
Blundeville.
But that humidity is only an adjuvant and not even a
necessary adjuvant cause, is proved by the immunity of
fruit-eaters in the swampiest regions of the equatorial
coast-lands. Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 162.
II, n. 1. A person or thing aiding or helping;
whatever aids or assists.
Undoubtedly, a ſlavor Smacking of the caucus, the jubi-
lee, and other adjuvants of “the cause ’’ is found in some
of his [Whittier's] polemic strains.
Stedman, Poets of America, p. 124.
Specifically—2. In med., whatever aids in re-
moving or preventing disease ; especially, a
substance added to a prescription to aid the
operation of the principal ingredient.
adlegation (ad-lè-gā’shgn), n. [K L. adlega-
tio(n-), later allegatio(m-), a deputing, Kadle-
gare, allegare, depute, commission, Kad, to, +
legare, send with a commission. See allegation,
the same word in another use.] The right of
ministers of the individual states of the old Ger-
man empire to be associated with those of the
emperor in public treaties and negotiations re-
lating to the common interests of the empire.
This right was claimed by the states, but dis-
puted by the emperor,
ad lib. An abbreviation of ad libitum.
ad libitum (ad lib’i-tum). [L. : ad = E. at ;
ML. or NL. libitum, L. only in pl. libiţa, plea-
sure, acc. neut. pp. of libet, also spelled lubet, it
pleases, akin to E. lief and love ; see lief, lové,
liberal, etc.] At pleasure; to the extent of one's
wishes. Specifically, in music, indicating that the time
and expression of a passage are left to the feeling and taste
of the performer. In the case of cadenzas and other orna-
ments, the phrase indicates that the performer may omit
them or substitute others in their place. An accompani-
ment is said to be ad libitwm when it may be used or
Same as ad-
Same as
omitted. Often abbreviated, in speech as well as Writing,
to ad lib.
adlings, n. See addling?, 2.
adlocution (ad-ló-kü’shgn), n. Same as allocu-
tion, 1.
Adiumia (ad-lö’mi-á), n. [NL., named for Ma-
t &
$2*
2-e SºN
3)
§
Ad/um ia ſungosa ; single leaf and panicle.
jor Adlum.]. A genus of American plants of a
single species, A. fungosa, the climbing fumi-
76
tory, a delicate climbing herbaceous biennial,
with panicles of drooping flowers. It is a native
of the Alleghanies, and is often cultivated.
admanuensis (ad-man-li-en’sis), m.; pl. adman-
wenses (-Séz). [ML., K.L. ad, to, + manus, hand,
-ensis. Cf. amanuensis.] in bià lºng. law, one
taking a corporal oath, that is, by laying the
hand on the Bible, in distinction from one tak-
ing the oath in other forms, or affirming.
admarginate (ad-măr'jin-āt), v. t. [KL. ad, to,
+ margo (margin-), margin, + -ates : see ad-,
margin, and -ates.] To note or write on the
margin. [Rare.]
Receive candidly the few hints which I have admargi-
onated. Coleridge.
admaxillary (ad-mak'si-lä-ri),a. [KL. ad, to,
+ maxilla, jaw, after E. maavillary.] In anat,
connected with the iaw. -
admeasure (ad-mezh’īr), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
admeasured, ppr. admeasuring. • QV/226S2'-
ren, KOF. amesurer, admesurer, KML. admensu-
ware, measure, K.I. ad, to, + LL. mensurare, mea-
sure; cf. L. admetiri, measure out to, Kad, to,
+ métiri, the ult. L, source of measure : see ad-
and measure, v.] 1. To ascertain the dimen-
sions, size, or capacity of ; measure.
The identification of the reasoner's intellect with that
of his opponent depends, if I understand you aright, upon
the accuracy with which the opponent's intellect is ad-
"measured. Poe, Tales, I. 272.
2. In law, to º and lay off a due portion to,
as of dower in real estate or of pasture held in
common. This was formerly done by writ of
admeasurement, directed to the sheriff.
Upon this suit all the commoners shall be admeasured.
Blackstone, Com., iii. 16.
admeasurement (ad-mezh’īr-ment), n. [KOF.
ameswrement, admesurement; see admeasure and
—ment.] 1. The process of measuring; the as-
certainment of the numerical amount of any
quantity.—2. The numerical amount or mea-
sure of anything, whether a number, the dimen-
sions of a solid, the bulk of a fluid, mass, dura-
tion, or degree.—3. In law, ascertainment and
assignment of the due proportion: as, admea-
surement of damages, or of dower in an estate;
admeasurement of the right of an individual in
a common pasture.
Sometimes called admensuration.
admeasurer (ad-mezh’īr-er), m. One who ad-
TOlea,SUII*GS. -
admedian (ad-mê'di-an), a. [K L. ad, to, + me-
dius, middle: see ad- and median.] In conch.,
a synonym of lateral, as applied to the series
of teeth of the radula, these being rachidian or
median, lateral or admedian, and uncinal.
For “lateral” Professor Lankester substitutes the term
admedian. W. H. Dall, Science, IV. 143.
admensuration (ad-men-Sü-rā‘shgn), m. [KML.
admensuratio(m-), K admensurare : see admea-
sure.] Same as admeasurement. [Rare.]
Admetacea (ad-mă-tä’sé-á), n. pl. [NL., K
Admete + -acea.] A family name used by some
naturalists for the Admetidae (which see).
Admete (ad-mé’té), n. [NL., K. Gr. &óplmroç,
fem. &óplītm, untamed, unbroken, poet, form of
&óápuatog = E. untamed. Cf. adamant.] The typ-
ical genus of gastropods of the family Adme-
tidae. A. viridula is a small whitish species, half an inch
long, found on the Atlantic coast of North America from
Cape Cod morthward,
admetid (ad-mé’tid), n. A gastropod of the
[NL., KAdmete
family Admetidae.
Admetidae (ad-met'i-dé), n. pl. &
+ -ida..] A family of toxoglossate pectinibran-
chiate gastropods, typified by the genus Admete.
The family is closely related to the Cancellariidae, but the
species affect colder waters. Admete viridula is a com-
mon northern form. The members of this family have a
rounded head, filiform tentacles, eyes on minute tuber-
cles external to the tentacles, and a characteristic den-
tition of the odontophore; the shell has an ovate aper-
ture, with an obliquely truncated plicate columella and
a trenchant outer lip. .
adminicle (ad-min’i-kl), n., IKL. adminiculum,
help, support, prop, lit. that on which the hand
may rest, Kad, to, +, manus, hand, + double
dim. Suffix -culum.] 1. That which gives aid
or support; an auxiliary. [Rare.]
The senate of five hundred . . . was a permanent ad-
junct and adminicle of the public assembly.
ote, Greece, III, 99.
2. In law, supporting or corroboratory proof.
Specifically, in Scots and French law, whatever aids in
proving the tenor of a lost deed; any deed or scroll which
tends to establish the existence of the deed in question,
or to make known its terms. *
3. In med., any aid to the action of a remedy.
— 4. pl. In entom. See adminiculum, 2.
adminicula, n. Plural of adminiculum.
adminiculator? (ad-mi-nik’īī-lā-tgr), n.
3.
administer (ad-minºis-têr), v.
administer
adminicular, adminiculary (ad-mi-nik'll-lär,
-lä-ri), a. fº L. adminiculum, help: see admini-
cle.] Supplying help; helpful; corroborative.
The humanity of Christ is not set before us in the New
Testament as sustaining merely a conditional or adminic-
wlar relation to a work whose intrinsic and essential value
comes from another source. Prog. Orthodoxy, p. 20.
The several structural arrangements adminicular to the
integrity of the whole are thus co-ordinated.
H. Spencer, Prin, of Psychol.
Adminicular evidence, in law, explanatory or complet-
ing evidence.
adminiculate (ad-mi-nik’īī-lāt), v. i. or t. [KL.
adminiculatus, pp. of adminiculare, help, prop,
Kadminiculum : see adminicle.] To give admi-
nicular evidence; testify in corroboration of.
[Rare.]
[L., K
adminiculare : see adminiculate.] An assistant;
specifically, an advocate for the poor.
iniculum (ad-mi-nik’īī-lum), m. ; pl. admi-
micula (-lā). ., a prop : see adminicle.] 1.
An aid or help; an adminicle.
Of other adminicula, or aids to induction, only the titles
are given by Bacon, and it would be hazarious to conjec-
ture as to their significance.
R. Adamson, Encyc. Brit., XIV. 792.
2. pl. In entom, Kirby's name for the short
spines on the abdominal segments of certain
insects, pupae or grubs, whereby they make their
way through any substance in which they bur-
row. Also called adminicles. N. E. D. -
[K ME. admyn-
istren, amynistren, KOF, aministrer, administrer,
mod. F. administrer, K L. administrare, manage,
execute (cf. administer, an attendant), Kad, to,
+ ministrare, attend, serve, K minister, servant:
see minister.] T. trans. 1. To manage or con-
duct as minister, chief agent, or steward; Super-
intend the management or execution of; control
or regulate in behalf of others: as, to adminis-
ter the laws or the government, or a depart-
ment of government; to administer a charitablo
trust, the affairs of a corporation, or the estate
of a bankrupt.
For forms of government let fools contest,
Whate'er is best administer'd is best.
Pope, Essay on Man, iii. 304.
Brawn without brain is thine: my prudent care
Foresees, provides, administers the war.
Dryden, Ajax and Ulysses, l. 554.
2. To afford; supply; dispense; bring into use
or operation, especially in the execution of a
magisterial or sacerdotal office: as, to adminis-
ter relief; to administer justice.
Have they not the old popish custom of administering
the blessed sacrament of the holy eucharist with Wafer
cakes? IIooke?".
Let zephyrs bland
Administer their tepid genial airs. J. Philips.
3. To give or apply; make application of: as,
to administer medicine, punishment, counsel,
etc. -
Close by was a heap of stout osier rods, such as [are] used
in administering the bastinado. O'Donovan, Merv, xiii.
4. To tender or impose, as an oath.
Swear by the duty that you owe to Heaven . . .
To keep the oath that we administer.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 3,
5. In law, to manage or dispose of, as the
estate of a deceased person, in the capacity
either of executor or administrator. See ad-
ministration, 9. =Syn, 1. To control, preside over.—2
and 3, Administer, Minister, distribute, give out, deal out.
In the sense of supplying, dispensing, minister is now used
principally of things spiritual: as, to minister comfort, con-
solation, or relief; while administer is used of things both
spiritual and material: as, to administer food, medicine,
reproof, justice.
He asserted that . . . a noxious drug had been admin-
istered to him in a dish of porridge.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xv.
The greatest delight which the fields and woods minister
is the suggestion of an occult relation between man and the
vegetable. JEmerson, Nature.
II, intrans. 1. To contribute assistance;
bring aid or supplies; add something: with
to ; as, to administer to the necessities of the
poor.
There is a fountain rising in the upper part of my gar-
den, which . . . administers to the pleasure as well as the
plenty of the place. Spectator, No. 447.
2. To perform the office of administrator: with
wpon : as, A administers upon the estate of B.
==Syn, Administer to, Minister to. Minister to is now pref-
erable to administer to in such connections as to minister
to one's needs, to minister to the necessities of the poor, to
minister to the pleasure of the assembly. Administer to in
such connections is archaic.
administer# (ad-min’is-tér), n... [L. : see the
verb.] One who administers; a minister or an
administrator.
You have shewed yourself a good administer of the
TeVenlle. Bacon, Speech to Sir J. Denham.

administerial
administerial (ad-min-is-té'ri-al), a. [KL, ad-
minister, attendant (or K E. administer, v.), +
ſial, in imitation of ministorial, q.v.j Éerºin-
ing to administration, or to the executive part
of government; ministerial. [Rare.]
administrable (ad-minºis-tra-bl), a. [KL. as if
*administrabilis, Kadministrare: see administer,
v.] Capable of |being administered.
administrador (Sp. pron. ad-mê-nē-strā-dór’),
n. [Sp.: = E. administrator.] A steward; an
overseer. G. Yale. [Used in parts of the
United States acquired from Mexico.]
administrant (ad-minºis-trant), a. and n. [KF.
administrant, ppr. of administrer: see adminis-
ter, v.] I. a. Managing; executive ; pertain-
ing to the management of affairs.
#. m. One who administers; an executive
officer.
administrate (ad-minºis-trät), v. t. ; pret, and
pp. administrated, ppr. administrating, [KL. ad-
ministratus, pp. of administrare: see adminis-
ter, v.] To administer; dispense; give; supply:
as, “to administrate the Sacraments,” Knox.
administration (ad-min-is-trä'shgn), n. [KME.
administracioun, KOF. administration, K. L. ad-
ministratio(n-), K administrare : see administer,
v.] 1. The act of administering; direction;
management; government of public affairs; the
conducting of any office or employment.
The administration of government, in its largest sense,
comprehends all the operations of the body politic, whether
legislative, executive, or judiciary; but in its most usual,
and perhaps in its most precise, signification, it is limited to
executive details, and falls peculiarly within the province
of the executive department.
A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. 72.
2. The duty or duties of an administrator;
specifically, the executive functions of govern-
ment, consisting in the exercise of all the powers
and duties of government, both general and
local, which are neither legislative nor judicial.
—3. The body of persons who are intrusted
with the execution of laws and the superinten-
dence of public affairs: in particular, in Great
Britain, the ministry; in the United States,
the President and cabinet, or the President
and cabinet during one presidential term ; as,
Washington's first administration.
Did the administration . . . avail themselves of any
one of those opportunities?
* Burke, Tracts on Popery Laws.
It was, therefore, clear from the beginning that the new
administration was to have a settled and iº.
T. H. Bentom, Thirty Years, I. 55.
4. Any body of men intrusted with executive
or administrative powers.
The support of the State governments in all their rights,
as the most competent administrations for Our domestic
COIACEI’IlS. Jefferson, First Inaugural Address.
5. The period during which an executive offi-
cer or a ministry holds office; specifically, in
the United States, the period during which the
President holds office.—6. Dispensation; dis-
tribution; rendering: as, the administration of
justice, of the sacraments, or of grace.
For the administration of this service not only supplieth
the wants of the saints, but is abundant also by many
thanksgivings unto God. 2 Cor. ix. 12.
7. The act of prescribing medically.—8. The
act of tendering or imposing, as an oath.-9.
In law: (a) The management of the estate of an
intestate person, or of a testator having no com-
petent executor, under, a commission (called
letters of administration) from the proper au-
thority. This management consists in collect-
ing debts, paying debts and legacies, and dis-
tributing surplus among the next of kin. , (b)
In some jurisdictions, the management of the
estate of a deceased person by an executor, the
corresponding term caecution not being in use.
Administration of a deceased person's estate maybe granted
for general, special, or limited purposes; as: (1) Adminis-
tration durante absentia (during absence), When the next
person entitled to the grant is ‘beyond sea. (2) Adminis-
tration pendente lite º: the suit is pending), when a
suit is commenced in the probate court regarding the ya-
lidity of a will or the right to administration, and lasting
till the suit is determined. (3) Administration cum testa-
mento anneaco (with the will annexed), in cases Where a
testator makes a will without naming executors, or Where
the executors named in the will are incapable of acting or
refuse to act. (4) Administration de bomis mom (concern-
ing goods not, that is, not administered), when the first
administrator dies before he has fully administered. (5)
Administration ad colligendum (for the purpose of collect-
ing), for collecting and preserving goods about to perish.
(6) Ancillary administration is subordinate to the princi-
pāl administration for collecting the assets of foreigners.
It is taken out in the country where the assets are. See
ancillary. Administration minori cetate (during minor
age, or minority) is granted when the executor is a minor.
(8) Foreign administration is administration exercised by
authority of a foreign power.—Council of administra-
tion. See council. = Syn, 1. Conduct, control, superin-
tendence, regulation, execution. 1. -
77
administrational (ad-min-is-trä'sh9n-gl), a.
Pertaining or relating to administration.
The administrational merits of Darius are so great that
they have obscured his military glories.
G. Rawlinson, Five Great Monarchies, III, 429.
administrative (ad-min’is-trá-tiv), a. [K L.
administrativus, practical, K administrare, pp.
administratus; see administer, v.] Pertaining
to administration; executive; administering.
The production and distribution of wealth, the growth
and effect of administrative machinery, the education of
the race, these are cases of general laws which constitute
the science of sociology. W. K. Clifford, Lect., II. 284.
Sometimes the term Executive, which strictly means
an Authority which puts the laws in force, is opposed to
the term Administrative, which implies the performance
of every other sort of immediate Governmental act, such as
collecting taxes, organizing and directing the Army, Navy,
and Police, Supervising trade, locomotion, postal commu-
nication, and carrying out in detail legislative measures
for promoting public health, education, morality, and gen-
eral contentment. S. Amos, Sci. of Pol., p. 99.
administratively. (ad-minºis-trä-tiv-li), adv.
an administrative manner; in relation to
administration; from an administrative point
of view; as regards administration.
The English country gentleman, who was lord of the
manor, was administratively a person of great authority
and influence. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 314.
Administratively, Kazan is divided into twelve districts.
Encyc. Brit., XIV. 20.
administrator (ad-minºis-trä-tor), n. [L., a
manager, K administrare, pp. administratus: see
administer, v.] One who administers; one
who directs or manages affairs of any kind:
sometimes used as a title of executive office.
—2. In law : (a) One who, by virtue of a com-
mission from a probate, orphans', or surrogate's
court, or, in England, from the probate, di-
vorce, and admiralty division of the High
Court of Justice, has charge of the goods and
chattels of one dying without a will. In some
jurisdictions his power is extended to real prop-
erty. Often contracted to admr. (b) In Scots law,
a tutor, curator, or guardian, having the care
of one who is incapable of acting for himself.
The term is usually applied to a father who has power
over his children and their estate during their minority.—
Administrator bishop. See bishop.–Public admin-
iStrator, a public officer authorized to administer the
estates of persons dying without relatives entitled to per-
form the duty.
administratorship (ad-minºis-trä-tor-ship), n.
The office of administrator.
Removed by order of court from an administratorship
for failure to settle his accounts.
The Nation, XXXVI. 540.
administratress (ad-min-is-trättres), n. [Kad-
ministrator + -ess. Cf. administratrice.] A fe-
male administrator.
administratricet, m. [KF. administratrice, KIt.
amministratrice, & NL. administrairi, (-tric-):
see administratria..] A female administrator.
administratrix (ad-min-is-trä’ triks), m.; pl.
administratrices (ad-min’is-trä-tri'séz). [NL.,
fem. of L. administrator, q.v.] A female ad-
ministrator. Often contracted to admir.
admirability (ad"mi-ra-bil’i-ti), m. [K L. ad-
mirabilita(t-)s, K admirabilis, admirable: see ad-
mirable.] Admirableness. Bailey. [Rare.]
admirable (ad'mi-ra-bl), a. [K F. admirable,
K L. admirabilis, K admirari, admire: see ad-
mire.] 1+. Fitted to excite wonder; marvel-
ous; strange; Surprising.
It seemeth equally admirable to me that holy King ºr e & º
admiralty (ad'mi-ral-ti), m.
Edward the Sixth should do any wrong, or harsh Edward
the Fourth do any right to the Muses. Fuller.
In man there is nothing admirable but his ignorance
and Weakness. Jer. Taylor, Diss. from Popery, II. i. § 7.
2. Worthy of admiration; having qualities to
excite wonder, with approbation, esteem, rev-
erence, or affection; very excellent: used of
persons or things.
What a piece of work is a man How noble in reason :
how infinite in faculty l in form and moving, how express
and admirable 1 Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
admirableness (ad’mi-ra-bl-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being admirable; the power of exciting
admiration.
admirably (ad’mi-ra-bli), adv. In an admira–
ble manner; in a manner to excite wonder,
approbation, and esteem; excellently.
admiral (ad’mi-ral), m. and a... [KME. admiral,
amiral, amyral, amerall, amrall, with varying
term, -alle, -ale, -ail, -ayl, -ayle, -el, -elle, -ald, -eld,
-ant, -aunt, KOF. admiral, amiral, almiral, -ail,
-alt, -ault, -aut, -ant, -and, -auble, -afle, -et, -é,
mod. F. amiral = Pr. amirau, amiralh, ami-
rate, mod. Pr. amiral = OSp. almiralle, -age,
Sp. almirante = Pg. amiralh, almirante = It.
amºniraglio, K ML. admiralis, -allus, -alius, -al-
dws, -arius, -abilis, -andus, -atus, almiraldws, am-
admiral-shell (ad'mi-ral-shel), m.
admiralty
mirandus, ammiratus, etc., and 3. a/miralis
(the forms in adm-, alm-being due to popular
etymology, which associated the word with
L. admirare, admire, admirabilis, admirable, or
with Sp. Ar. al-, the, and the termination being
Variously accommodated), KAr. amir, emir, a ru-
ler, commander (see ameer and emir), the -albe-
ing due to the Ar., article al, present in all the
Arabic and Turkish titles containing the word,
as a mir-al-wmară, ruler of rulers, amir-al-bahr,
commander of the Sea, amir-al-mămănăn, com-
mander of the faithful. The present sense of
admiral is due to Ar. amīr-al-bahr, Latinized
as admiralius maris and Englished under Ed-
ward III. as “amyrel of the se,” or “admyrall of
the navy,” afterward simply admiral. N. E. D.]
T. n. 13. An emir or prince under the sultan;
any Saraćen ruler or commander. . [The com-
mon Middle English and Old French sense.]—
2. A naval officer of the highest rank; a com-
mander-in-chief of a fleet. In the United States
navy, as in most foreign services, there are three degrees of
this rank, viz., admiral, vice-admiral, and rear-admiral.
These titles did not exist in the United States till the
grade of rear-admiral was created in 1862, that of vice-ad-
miral in 1864, and that of admiral in 1866. The last was
held by Farragut and Porter, and, by law, ceased to exist on
the death of the latter in 1891. In 1899 the title of admiral
was revived and was conferred upon Rear-admiral Dewey.
The office of vice-admiral, which also was held by Farragut
and Porter and by Admiral Rowan, was abolished in 1890
on the death of the last-named incumbent. An admiral
displays his distinguishing flag at the mainmast, a vice-ad-
miral at the foremast, and a rear-admiral at the mizzen-
mast. In the British navy, admirals were formerly divided
into three classes, named, after the colors of their respec-
tive flags, admirals of the red, of the whi'a, and of the blue,
with vice-admirals and rear-admirals of each flag ; but in
1864 this distinction was abolished, and all British men-of-
war now display the white ensign.
3. The recognized chief commander or director
of a mercantile fleet, as one of fishing-vessels
off Newfoundland or in the North Sea. A royal
proclamation in 1708 ordered that the master of the first
vessel that entered a harbor or creek in Newfoundland for
the fishing season should be admiral thereof, the second
Vice-admiral, and the third rear-admiral. .
4. The ship which carries the admiral; hence,
the most considerable ship of any fleet, as of
merchantmen or of fishing-vessels.
The mast
Milton, P. L., i. 294.
5. A collectors' name for butterflies of the
family Papilionidae, especially the Limenitis ca-
milla, distinguished as white admiral, and the
Vanessa atalanta, or red admiral.–6. A name
given by collectors of shells to a univalve shell,
the admiral-shell (which see).-Admiral of the
fleet, a title of distinction conferred on a few admirals in
the British service, corresponding to that of field-marshal
in the army.—Lord high admiral, in Great Britain, the
officer at the head of the naval administration when, as
has been rarely the case since 1632, the office is held by
a single person. See admiralty.—Yellow admiral, a
name applied in the British navy to a rear-admiral who is
retired without having served afloat after his promotion.
II. a. Carrying an admiral; chief in a fleet.
The admiral galley . . . struck upon a rock.
A molles, IIist. Turks.
A shell of
the genus Conus, the Conus ammiralis, a species
formerly esteemed as much for its rarity as for
its beaut
Of some great ammiral.
aimºhip (ad’mi-ral-ship), m. [K admiral +
-ship.] The office or position of an admiral.
[Rare.]
[[Carly mod. E.
admiraltic, amiraltye, amiraltie, KME. amyralte,
ameralte, amrelte, K OF. admiralte, amiraulte:
see admiral and -ty. ] 1. In Great Britain : (a)
The office and jurisdiction of the lords eommis-
sioners appointed to take the general manage-
ment of maritime affairs, and of all matters re-
lating to the royal navy, with the government
of its various departments. (b) The body of
officers appointed to execute the office of lord
high admiral; a board of commissioners, called
lords (or, in full, lords commissioners) of the ad-
miralty, for the administration of naval affairs.
(c) [cap.] The building in which the lords
of the admiralty transact business, and in
which are the clerks and other officials con-
nected with this department.—2. That branch
; law which deals with maritime cases and of-
€llS6S.
The power [of the judges of the Supreme Court of the
United States] extends . . . to all cases of admiralty and
marine jurisdiction. Calhown, Works, I. 213,
Admiralty court, or court of admiralty, a tribunal
having jurisdiction over maritime causes, whether of a
civil or criminal nature. . In England it was formerly held
before the lord high admiral, and afterward before his dep-
uty or the deputy of the lords commissioners; but now it
forms a branch of the probate, divorce, and admiralty di.
admiralty
vision of the High Court of Justice, the §: in it being
appointed by the crown as one of the judges of the High
Court. The English court of admiralty is twofold, the in-
stance court and the prize cowrt. The civil jurisdiction of
the instance court extends generally to such contracts as
are made upon the sea, and are founded in maritime ser-
vice or consideration. It also regulates many other points
of maritime law, as disputes between part-owners of ves-
Sels, and questions relating to salvage. It has likewise
power to inquire into certain wrongs or injuries committed
on the high seas, as in cases of collision. In criminal mat-
ters the court of admiralty has, partly by common law
and partly by a variety of statutes, cognizance of piracy
and all other indictable offenses committed either upon
the sea or on the coasts when beyond the limits of any Eng-
lish county. The prize court is the only tribunal for de-
ciding what is and what is not lawful prize, and for adjudi-
cating upon all matters, civil and criminal, relating to prize,
or every acquisition made by the law of war which is either .
itself of a maritime character or is made, whether at sea
or by land, by a naval force. In Scotland the cases for-
merly brought before this court, which has been abolish-
ed, are now prosecuted in the Court of Session or in the
sheriff court, in the same way as ordinary civil causes. In
the United States the admiralty powers are exclusively
vested in the federal courts. They extend over the great
lakes and navigable rivers.— Droits of admiralty. See
droit.—High Court of Admiralty, an ancient English
court, held before the lord high admiral of England or his
deputy (styled judge of the admiralty), with cognizance of
all crimes and offenses committed either upon the sea or
upon the coasts, out of the body or extent of any English
county. It proceeded without jury, a method contrary to
the genius of the law of England. Stephem.
admirancet (ad-mir’ans), n. [KOF. admirance,
K admirer: see admire and -ance.] Admiration.
[She] with great admirawnce inwardly was moved,
And honourd him with all that her behoved.
Spemser, F. Q., W. x, 39.
admiration (ad-mi-rä'shon), m. [K late ME.
admyracion, K OF. admiration, K. L. admira-
tio(m-), K admirari, admire: see admire.] 1+.
Wonder; astonishment; surprise.
And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the
Saints, . . . and when I saw her, I wondered with great
admiration. Bev. xvii. 6.
Your boldness I with admiration, see. Dryden.
2. Wonder mingled with approbation, esteem,
love, or veneration; an emotion excited by
what is novel, great, beautiful, or excellent :
as, admiration of virtue or goodness; admira-
tion of a beautiful woman or a fine picture.
Where imitation can go no farther, let admiration step
on, Whereof there is no end in the wisest form of men.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., III. 2.
If it should be here objected, as Cicero objected to
Caesar, “We have matter enough to admire, but would
gladly see something to praise,” I answer, that true ad-
7miration is a Superlative degree of praise.
Bacom, Essays, etc. (Bohn ed.), p. 486.
There is a pleasure in admiration, and this is that which
properly causeth admiration, when we discover a great
deal in an object which we understand to be excellent.
Tillotson.
3+. The quality of exciting wonder or sur-
prise; marvelousness; admirableness.
Admir'd Miranda |
Indeed the top of admiration.
Shak., Tempest, iii. 1.
4. An object of wonder or approbation: now
only in the phrase the admiration of
He was the admiration of all the negroes.
-- Irving, Sleepy Hollow.
Note of admiration, an exclamation-point (!).--To ad-
ation, in a very excellent or admirable manner; in a
manner to elicit admiration.
They have curious straw worke among the nunns, even
to admiration. Evelyn, Diary, March 23, 1646.
[He] . . . moulded heads in clay or plaster of Paris to
admiration, by the dint of natural genius merely.
Damb, Old Benchers.
admirative (ad'mi-rá-tiv), a. and m. I. a. Ex-
pressing admiration or wonder. . [Rare.]
II. m. The point of exclamation or admira-
tion (!).
admiratively (ad'mi-rá-tiv-li), adv. In an ad-
mirative manner; admiringly. [Rare.]
admire (ad-mir"), v. ; pret. and pp. admired,
ppr. admiring. ... [K F. admirer, OF, admirer, ear-
lier amirer, - Sp. Pg. admirar = It, ammirare,
K L. admirari, wonder at, K ad, at, + mirari
for "smirari), wonder, = Gr. pietéâv (for "opet-
āv), smile, – Skt. V Smi, Smile ; cf. Smile,
Smirk.] I. trams. 1. To regard with wonder or
surprise; wonder or marvel at: formerly used
literally, but now chiefly in an ironical or sar-
castic sense, with reference to meaning 2: as,
I admire your audacity.
Neither is it to be admired that Henry, who was a wise
as well as a valiant prince, should be pleased to have the
78
or qualities of; look on or contemplate with
pleasure. - -
... The fact seems to be, that the Greeks admired only
themselves, and that the Romans admired only them-
selves and the Greeks. Macaulay, Bistory.
And Enid woke and sat beside the couch,
Admiring him, and thought within herself,
Was ever man so grandly made as he?
Tennyson, Geraint.
II, intrans. 1. To wonder; be affected with
surprise; marvel; sometimes with at. [Nearly
obsolete in the literal sense.]
Let none admire
That riches grow in hell. Milton, P. L., i. 690.
I admire where a fellow of his low rank should acquire
such a nobleness and dignity of sentiment. Henry Brooke.
I more admire at a third party, who were loyal when
rebellion was uppermost, and have turned rebels (at least
in principle) since loyal; has been triumphant. ©
ryden, Ded, of Plutarch's Lives,
2. To feel or express admiration.
I'll report it,
Where senators shall mingle tears with smiles;
Where great patricians shall attend, and shrug,
I” the end admire. Shak., Cor., i. 9.
3. To feel pleasure; be pleased: as, I should
admire to go. [Colloq., t; S.]
admired? (ad-mird'), p. a. Regarded with won-
der; wonderful; astonishing.
You have displac'd the mirth, broke the good meeting,
With most admir'd disorder. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4.
admirer (ad-mir'ér), m. One who admires;
specifically, one who pays court to or manifests
his admiration of a woman; a lover.
For fear of Lucia's escape, the mother is . . . constantly
attended by a rival that explains her age, and draws off
the eyes of her admirers. atler, No. 206.
admiringly (ad-mir'ing-li), adv. In an admir-
ing manner; with admiration; in the manner
of an admirer.
admissibility (ad-mis-i-bil’i-ti), n. [K admis-
sible, after F. admissibilité.] The quality of
being admissible.
admissible (ad-misſi-bl), a... [K F. admissible,
KML. admissibilis, KL. admissus, pp. of admit-
tere, admit: see admit.] ... 1. Capable or worthy
of being admitted or suffered to enter.
They were admissible to political and military employ-
ment. Macawlay, Hist, Eng., vi.
2. That may be allowed or conceded; allow-
able: as, your proposals are not admissible.—
3. In law, capable of being considered in reach-
ing a decision: used of evidence offered in a
judicial investigation. -
No confession is admissible when made in terror.
W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 200.
admissibleness (ad-misſi-bl-nes), n. The qual-
ity or state of being admissible or allowable.
admissibly (ad-misſi-bli), adv. In an admis-
sible manner; so as to be admitted, entertain-
ed, or allowed.
[K ME. admyssion,
K.L. admissio(m-), K admissus, pp. of admittere,
admit: see admit.] - 1. The act of admitting or
allowing to enter; the state of being admitted;
entrance afforded by permission, by provision
or existence of means, or by the removal of ob-
stacles: as, the admission of aliens into a coun-
try; the admission of light into a room by a
window or by opening the window.
Some minds seem well glazed by nature against the ad-
mission of knowledge.
George Eliot, Theophrastus Such, p. 91.
2. Admittance; power or permission to enter;
entrance ; access; power to approach ; as, to
grant a person admission.
I . . . applied to one of the vergers for admission to
the library. rving, Mutability of Lit.
3. The price paid for entrance; admission fee:
as, the admission was one dollar.—4. Eccles.:
(a) In the Church of England, an act of a
|bishop accepting a candidate presented to a
benefice. (b) In the Presbyterian churches,
especially in Scotland, a similar official act of
a presbytery admitting a minister to his church.
—5. The act of expressing assent to an argu-
ment or proposition, especially one urged by
an opponent or adversary; hence, a point or
Statement admitted; concession; allowance:
as, this admission lost him the argument.—6.
Acknowledgment; confession of a charge, an
error, or a crime : as, he made full admission of
his guilt.
Maggie had no sooner uttered this entreaty than she
was wretched at the admission it implied.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vi. 9.
7. In law: (a) A voluntary acknowledgment
greatest wit of those times in his interests.
Dryden, Pref. to Fables.
One hardly knows whether most to admire the stupid-
ity of such a degradation or to detest its guilt.
Farrar, Marlb. Sermons, iv. 36.
2. To regard with wonder mingled with ap:
probation, esteem, reverence, or affection; feel
admiration for; take pleasure in the beauty
***, * * g
admission (ad-mish'Qn), n.
that something is true. Admissions in an action
may be made by a party to it, or by his attorney, in writ-
ing or in open court. Other admissions, whether by word
admittatur
ai arty if they were made
§ †º tº; identified
with him, (b) The act of receiving evidence of-
fered upon a judicial investigation, as compe-
tent for consideration in reaching a decision.
= Syn. 2. Admittance, Admission. See admittance.
admissive (ad-misſiv), a. [KLL. admissivus (used
once in sense of ‘permissive’), K. L. admissus,
pp. of admittere, admit: see admit.] Tending
to admit; having the nature of an admission;
containing an admission or acknowledgment.
A compliment which is always more admissive than ex-
cusatory. amb, Elia.
admissory (ad-mis’ī-ri), a. [KL. as if "admis-
sorius, Kadmissor, one who grants or allows
Kadmittere, pp. admissus, admit: see admit.
Granting admittance ; admitting.
admit (ad-mitſ), v.; pret. and pp. admitted, ppr.
admitting. [KME. admitten, amitten, amytten, K
OF... admettre, amettre, K.L. admittere, lit. send
to, Kad, to, + mittere, send: see missile.]. I.
trans. 1. To suffer to enter; grant or afford
entrance to: as, to admit a student into col-
lege; windows admit light and air; to admit a
serious thought into the mind.
Mirth, admit me of thy crew. Milton, L'Allegro, 1. 38.
O, I am a brute, when I but admit a doubt of your true
constancy Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 2.
2. To give right or means of entrance to ; as,
a ticket admits one into a theater; this key
will admit you to the garden.—3. To permit to
exercise a certain function; grant power to
hold a certain office: as, he was admitted to the
bar; to admit a man to the ministry.—4. To
have capacity for the admission of at one time:
as, this passage admits two abreast.—5. To
grant in argument; receive as true; concede;
allow: as, the argument or fact is admitted.
It was admitted that the heavy expenditure which had
been occasioned by the late troubles justified the king in
asking some further supply. Macawlay, Hist. Eng., vi.
It is so hard for shrewdness to admit
Folly means no harm when she calls black white
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 36.
6. To permit, grant, allow, or be capable of:
as, the words do not admit such a construction.
See II.-7. To acknowledge; own; confess:
as, he admitted his guilt. =syn. Acknowledge, Ad-
mit, Confess, etc. (see acknowledge); to let in, receive, take
l]].
II. intrans. To give warrant or allowance;
grant opportunity or permission: with of: as,
circumstances do not admit of this; the text
does not admit of this interpretation.
Economy is a subject which admits of being treated
with levity, but it cannot so be disposed of.
Thoreaw, Walden, p. 33.
To answer a question so as to admit of no reply, is the
test of a man,—to touch bottom every time.
JEmerson, Clubs.
admittable (ad-mit’a-bl), a. [K admit + -able.
Cf. admissible.]. Capable of being admitted oral-
lowed. Sometimes spelled admittible. [Rare.]
admittance (ad-mit’ans), n. [K admit ---ance.]
1. The act of admitting.—2. Permission to
enter; the power or right of entrance; hence,
actual entrance: as, he gained admittance into
the church.
[Bacon's philosophy] found no difficulty in gaining ad-
mittance, without a contest, into every understanding
fitted . . . to receive her. Macawlay, Lord Bacon.
3+. Concession; admission; allowance: as, the
admittance of an argument.—4+. The custom
or privilege of being admitted to the society
of the great.
Sir John, . . . you are a gentleman of excellent breed-
ing, . . . of great admittance. Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 2.
5. In law, the giving possession of a copyhold
estate. =Syn, 1 and 2. Admittance, Admission, intro-
duction, initiation, reception, welcome, access. In the
separation of admittance and admission, the latter has
taken the figurative senses, while not yet wholly aban-
doning to the former the literal ones. Hence in its figura-
tive use admission has meanings that admittance has not.
When admission has the literal meaning, its use is gener-
ally broader, having less definiteness with respect to place.
No admittance except through the office; admission to
the harbor; admission to the peerage; he gave no admis-
&ion to unkind thoughts; admission of a fault. Perhaps
admission implies somewhat more, of selection or judg-
ment passed upon the person admitted : as, admission to
Society.
He [the traveler] must obtain admittance to the conviv.
ial table and the domestic hearth. Macaulay, Hist. Eng.
When once love pleads admission to our hearts,
In spite of all the virtue we can boast,
The woman who deliberates is lost.
Addison, Cato, iv. 1.
It is to M. Guizot that I was . . . obliged for admission
to the French archives. Bancroft, Hist. Const., Pref.
admittatur (ad-mi-täſtèr), n. [L.; let him be
admitted, 3d pers, sing, pres, subj...pass, of
admittere, admit: see admit.] A certificate of
admittatur
admission to membership in a university or
college. * –- *
admittedly (ad-mit'ed-li), adv. In an acknow-
ledged manner; confessedly. -
The influence of ocean-currents in the distribution of
heat over the surface of the globe would still be admit-
tedly erroneous. J. Croll, Climate and Time, p. 52.
admittendo clerico (ad-mi-ten’dó kler’i-kö).
[ML., for admitting a clerk (clergyman): L. ad-
mit endo, abl. of admittendus, gerund of admit-
tere, admit: see admit; ML. clerico, abl. of cleri-
cus, a clerk: see clerk.] An old English writ,
issued to the bishop, instead of to the sheriff as
in ordinary actions, to enforce a judgment es-
tablishing the right of the crown to make a pre-
sentation to a benefice. & • * * *
admittendo in socium (ad-mi-ten’dó in Sö'-
shi-um). [ML., for admitting as an associate :
L. admittendo: see above; in, to, as; 80cium, acc.
of socius, a fellow, associate: see 80cial.] An
old English writ addressed to justices of assize
requiring them to associate with themselves
other designated persons, commonly knights of
the county, in holding assizes at the circuit,
admitter (ad-mit’ér), n. One who or that which
dmit
8, S.
admittible (ad-mit’i-bl), a. [K admit -H, -ible :
see -able, -ible.]. Same as admittable.
admix (ad-miks"), v. t. ; pret., and pp. admized
and admia:t, ppr. admizing. . [First in p.a. ad-
mixed, prop. admixt, of L. origin, Kadmixtus,Āš.
of admiscere, mix with, Kad, to, + miscere =
miscan, E. mia, q.v.] To mingle with some-
thing else; adāt; something else. See mix.
The small quantities of alkalies present [in the topaz]
may pe attributed either to admized impurity, or to an
incipient alteration. Amer. Jowr. Sci., 3dser., XXIX. 329.
admixtion? (ad-miks/chon), n. IK L. admia:-
tio(n-), Kadmiscere, pp. admixtus, mix with: see
admia..] The act of mingling or admixing; a
mingling of different substances; the addition
of an ingredient; admixture.
All metals may be calcined by strong waters, or by ad-
amiaction of Salt, sulphur, and mercury. Racom.
admixture (ad-miks' tir), n. IK L. admixtus,
pp. of admiscere, mix with: see admia, and mix-
ture.] 1. The act of mingling or mixing; the
state of being mingled or mixed.
When a metallic vapour is subjected to admixture with
another gas or vapour, or to reduced pressure, its spectrum
becomes simplified. J. N. Lockyer, Spect. Anal., p. 154.
2. That which is mingled or formed by min-
gling; a compound made by mixture.-3. An
ingredient different in kind from that which
#. a mixture its principal properties.—4.
general, anything added; especially, any
alien element or ingredient.
ad modum (ad mó'dum). [L.; lit., to the way,
Imode, means, manner: ad, to ; modum, aec. of
amodus: see mode.] In the manner; in such
way, or to such effect; as; like. -
admonish (ad-mon’ish), v. t. [K ME. admon-
gysshen, amonysshen, -esshen, -asem, etc., earlier
and prop. amonesten, -isten (adm- for am- in
imitation of the L. original, and -ish for -est in
imitation of verbs in isiº), K OF. amonester
(F. admonester), advise, KML. *admonistare, a
corruption of admonitare, freq. of L. admonere,
pp. admonitus, advise, Kad, to, -i- monere, advise,
warn: see monish, monition.] 1. To notify of
or reprove for a fault; reprove with mildness.
Count him not as an enemy, but admonish him as a
brother, 2 Thes. iii. 15.
2. To counsel against something; caution or
advise; exhort; warm.
I warn'd thee, I admonish'd thee, foretold
The danger and the lurking enemy.
Milton, P. L., ix. 1171.
Me fruitful scenes and prospects waste
Alike admonish not to roam.
Cowper, The Shrubbery.
3. To instruct or direct; guide.
Ye choice spirits that admonish me.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 3.
Moses was admonished of God when he was about to
make the tabernacle. Heb. viii. 5.
This view, which admonishes me where the sources of
wisdom and power lie, carries upon its face the highest
certificate of truth. Emerson, Nature.
4. To inform; acquaint with; notify; remind;
recall or incite to duty.
The angel bright,
Ere he drew migh, his radiant visage turn'd, ...
Admonish'd by his ear. Milton, P. L., iii. 647.
But Maggie stood, right sair astonish'd,
Till by the heel and hand admonish'd.
Burns, Tam o'Shanter.
admonisher (ad-mon’ish-er), n. One Who re-
proves or counsels.
Horace was a mild admonisher, a court satirist fit for
the gentle times of Augustus. Dryden.
79
in an admonishing manner.
way of admonition;
ă Admo-
admonishment (ad-mon’ish-ment), n.
nition; counsel; warning. [Rare.]
When was my lord so much ungently temper'd
To stop his ears against admonishment? *
TJnarm, unarm, and do not fight to-day.
Shak., T. and C., v. 3.
Thy grave admonishments prevail with me.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 5.
admonition (ad-mă-nish’on), n. [KME. amoni-
cion, -own, K OF. amonition, iater"admonition, º
L. admonitio(n-), Kadmonere, advise, admonish:
see admonish.] 1. The act, or an act, of ad-
monishing; counsel or advice; gentle reproof;
instruction in duties; caution; direction.
Now all these things happened unto them forensamples:
and they are written for our admonition. 1 Cor. X. 11.
He learns the look of things, and none the less
For admonitions from the hunger-pinch.
Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi.
2. Eccles., public or private reproof to reclaim
an offender: the first step in church discipline,
followed, when unheeded, by suspension or ex-
communication. =Syn. Admonition, Reprehension, Re-
proof, Monition, Censure, Reproach, Rebuke, Reprimand,
remonstrance, expostulation, Warning, suggestion, hint,
intimation. In the primary and almost invariable sense,
admonition, reprehension, and reproof are bestowed upon
conduct which is morally defective. Censure and repre-
on may or may not be addressed directly to the per-
son blamed; the utterances expressed by the other words
are always so addressed. Admonition is caution or warn-
ing with reference to future conduct; it is often based
upon past failures: as, admonition not to repeat a fault.
It is often an official act, as of the authorities of a church,
school, or college. Monition is a softer word, and is mostly
confined to subjective promptings or warnings: as, the
monitions of conscience or of reason. The other words
are wholly retrospective. Reprehension may be the mild-
est of them, or may be strengthened by an adjective: as,
the severest reprehension. It is unofficial, and may de-
note the act of an equal. Reproof is the act of a superior
or elder, an authoritative and personal censure. Censure
is unfavorable judgment, generally severe, possibly official.
Reproach is censure with opprobrium; it is used chiefly as
a relief to excited feelings, and is intended to humiliate
rather than correct. Rebukeis energetic and summary, like
stopping one's mouth; it implies feeling, like reproach,
but more self-control. Reprimand is the act of a superior,
is severe, and is often official and public as a form of pen-
alty: as, sentenced to receive a reprimand from his com-
manding officer in the presence of the regiment. (See the
discrimination of corresponding verbs under censure, v.)
A man that is an heretic, after the first and second ad-
monition, reject. Tit. iii. 10.
The admonitions, fraternal or parental, of his fellow-
Christians, or the governors of the church, then more pub-
lic reprehensions. Hammond.
Those best can bear reproof who merit praise.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, l. 583.
Divine monition Nature yields,
That not by bread alone we live.
ordsworth, Devotional Incitements.
The pain of a little censure, even when it is unfounded,
is more acute than the pleasure of much praise.
Jeffersom, Correspondence, II. 440.
Dread of reproach, both by checking cowardice in battle
and by restraining misbehaviour in social life, has tended
to public and private advantage.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 526.
My caution was more pertinent
Than the rebuke you give it. Shak., Cor., ii. 2.
The knight . . . inquires how such an one's wife, or
mother, or son, or father do[es], whom he does not see at
church; which is understood as a secret reprimand to the
person absent. Addison, Spectator.
admonitioner (ad-mă-nish’9n-èr), m. [For-
merly also admonishioner; Kadmonition + -erl.]
An admonisher; a dispenser of admonitions;
specifically, an Admonitionist (which see).
Pſales.
Admonitionist (ad-mă-nish’9n-ist), m. [K ad-
monition + -ist.] A name given to the follow-
ers of Thomas Cartwright, two of whom in 1572
published “An Admonition to Parliament,” fol-
lowed by a second one by himself, strongly ad-
vocating church government by presbyters as
opposed to bishops, and the Supremacy of the
church over the state.
admonitive (ad-mon’i-tiv), a. [KL. admonitus,
pp. of admonere: see admonish.] Containing
admonition. [Rare.]
Instructive and admonitive emblems.
Barrow, Works, II. xxvi.
admonitor (ad-mon’i-tor), n. [L., Kadmonere:
see admonish.] An admonisher; a monitor.
Conscience . . . is at most times a very faithful and very
prudent admonitor. Shenstone, Essays (1763), p. 222.
admonitorial (ad-mon-i-tó'ri-al), a... [Kadmoni-
tory + -al.] Reproving; admonishing; having
the manner of an admonitor; admonitory.
Miss Tox . . . had acquired an admonitorial tone, and
a habit of improving passing occasions.
I)ickens, Dombey and Son, li.
admonitorily (ad-mon’i-tó-ri-li), adv. In an
admonitory manner; with warning or reproof.
Carlyle.
ad nauseam (ad nā’sé-am).
adnerval (ad-nēr’val), a.
adnexed (ad-nekst’), a.
adnominal (ad-nom’i-nal), a.
adnoun (ad' noun), m.
ado
admonishingly (ad-mon’ish-ing-li), adv. By admonitory (ad-mon’i-tó-ri), a. [KL. as if *ad.
"monitorius; cf. admonitorium, an admonition.]
Containing admonition; tending or serving to
admonish: as, “admonitory of duty,” Barrow,
Works, I. 430.
She held up her small hand with an admonitory gesture.
Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, ix.
admonitrix (ad-mon’i-triks), n.; pl. admonitrices
(ad-mon-i-tri’séz). [L., fem.] of admonitor,
q. v.] A female admonitor; a monitress. N.
admortization (ad-mör-ti-Zā’shgn), n. Same
as a mortization.
admovet (ad-möy"), v. t. [Earlier amove (see
amove1), K L. admovere, move to, K ad, to, +
movere, move: see move.] To move (to); bring
(to): as, “admoved unto the light,” Coverdale,
tr. of Erasmus, 1 John ii. 8.
admr. A contraction of administrator.
admix. A contraction of administratrix.
admascence (ad-nas/ens), n. [Kadmascent: see
-ence..] Adhesion of parts to each other by the
whole surface. Syd. Soc. Lea.
admascent (ad-nas/ent), a. [KL. adnascen(t-)s,
ppr. of admasci, usually agnasci, full form ad-
gnasci, grow to, Kad, to, + “gnasci, usually masci,
grow, be born: see agnate and nascent.] Grow-
ing to or on something else.
Moss, which is an adna&cent plant.
JEvelyn, Sylva, II. vii. § 8.
adnata (ad-nāſtā), n, DNL.; (1) fem: sing., (2)
neut. pl. of L. admatus: see admate.] 1. sing.
Same as tunica adnata (which see, under tunica).
–2. pl. In 206l., tegumentary appendages, as
hair or feathers, or other covering or growth
superficially attached to an animal.
adnate (ad'nāt), a. [K L. adnatus, grown to,
pp. of admascº - see adnascent, and cf. agnate.]
In physiol. and bot., congeni-
tally attached or grown to-
gether. See admation. Also
coadmate, coadwmate, coadu-
mated, and consolidated.— Ad-
nate anther, an anther that is at-
tached for its whole length to one
side of its filament.
adnation (ad-nā’shgn), n. The
state of being adnate; eon-
* genital union of different or-
gans by their surfaces. Specifically, in bot., the
union or adhesion of different circles of inflorescence, as
the calyx-tube to the ovary, in distinction from coalescence,
which denotes the union of members of the same circle
only. Also called consolidation.
[L. : ad, to ; mau-
seam, acc. of nausea : see nausea.] Literally,
to sickness; to disgust; to the extent of excit-
ing disgust, especially the disgust which arises
from satiety or wearisome repetition: as, state-
ments or complaints repeated ad nauseam.
[KL. ad, to, + mer-
vus, nerve.] Moving toward the nerve : a term.
applied to electrical currents passing in a mus-
cular fiber toward the point of application of
a nerve-fiber.
r, Adnate Anther.
2, Adnate Stipule.
[K L. admeasus, con-
nected, +-ed?..] In bot., annexed or connected:
applied to the gills in Agaricus when they reach
to the stem but are not adnate to it.
[KL. as if *ad-
nominalis: see adnoun.] "In gram., belonging
to or qualifying a noun; adjectival.
The true genitive is originally admonvinal ; that is, its
primary function is to limit the meaning of a substantive.
Trams. Amer. Philol. Ass., XV. 7.
adnomination (ad-nom-i-nā’shqn), n. IKL. ad-
nominatio(n-), agnominatio(n-), equiv. to Gr.
Tapovoplagia, a pun; Kad, to, + nominare, name,
K nomen (nomin-), a name.] A play upon words;
paronomasia.
[K T. ad -H moun. Cf.
L. admomen, usually agnomen, surname: see
agmomen.] In gram., an adjective or attributive
word; an adjunct to a noun; specifically, ac-
cording to some grammarians, an adjective
used substantively, as the good, the true, and
the beautiful.
ado (a-dóſ), n., Orig. ''{ [K ME. ado, at do,
North. dial. equiv. to E. to do, the prep. at,
Scand. at, being the sign of the inf., like to in
literary E. From the use of this inf. in phrases
like much ado, little ado, more ado, i. e., much
to do, etc., ado came to be regarded as a noun
(“ado, or grete bysynesse, sollicitudo,”
Prompt. Parv., p. 7), qualified by much, little,
7more, and hence later great, any, etc., as an
adj. Cf. affair, K OF. a faire, to do, a-do.]
I.t inf. 1. To do.

ado
With that prynce Must we have at do.
Towneley Mysteries, p. 237.
He schalle have ado every day with hem.
Mandeville, p. 132.
I wonder What he had ado in appearing to me?
J. Hogg, Tales (1837), II. 194.
2. In doing; being done.
Only an eager bustling, that rather keeps ado than does
anything. Earle, Microcosm., xxvii. 58.
II. m. Doing; action; business; bustle; trou-
lole; labor; difficulty: as, to persuade one with
much ado.
Let's follow, to see the end of this ado.
Shak., T. of the S., v. i.
We had much ado to keepe ourselves above water, the
billows breaking desperately on our vessel,
Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 22, 1641.
And what is life, that we should moan 2 why make we
such ado 2 Tennyson, May Queen, Conclusion.
-ado. [Sp. Pg. -ado, It. -ato = F. 6, K.L. &tus, m.:
see -atel.] suffix of Latin origin, the Spanish
masculine form of -adel, -atel, as in renegado,
desperado, etc. In some words -ado is an er-
roneous form of -ada, as in bastinado. See
-ada. -
'adobe (a-dó’bi), m. and a. [Also adobie, adobi,
and dobie : Sp. adobe, in Valencia adob, atoba
= Pg., adobe, adobo, K. Ar. attába, collective
attitb, Kal, the, H- titl, tºb, K Coptic töbe, tobi, K
Egypt. (hieroglyphic) to, burnt brick.] I. m.
1. An unburnt, sun-dried brick: in common
use in countries of small rainfall.
This is a desolate town of two thousand inhabitants
dwelling in low dilapidated huts of the most common
building material in the Andes—adobe, or sun-dried blocks
of mud mingled with straw.
J. Orton, Andes and Amazon, p. 46,
2. Clay or soil from which sun-dried bricks are
made, or which is suitable for making them.—
3. In the quicksilver-mines of the Pacific coast,
a brick made of the finer ores mixed with clay,
for more convenient handling in the furnace.
II. a. 1. Built or made of adobes or sun-
dried bricks.—2. Suitable for making sun-
dried bricks: as, an adobe soil.
adolescence (ad-à-lesſºns), m. [K ME. adoles-
cence, K OF. adolescence, K L. adolescentia, usu-
ally adulescentia, K adolescen(t-)s, usually adules-
en(t-)s, young: see adolescent.] The state of
growing; specifically, youth, or the period of
life between puberty and the full development
of the frame, extending in man from about the
age of fourteen years to twenty-five, and in wo-
man from twelve to twenty-one: applied almost
exclusively to the young of the human race.
adolescency (ad-Ø-lesſen-si), m. The quality or
state of being adolescent or in the growing age.
adolescent (ad-à-lesſent), a. and m. [K late
ME. adolescente, n., KOF. adolescent, K.L. adoles-
cen(t-)s, usually adulescen(t-)s, growing up, not
yet grown, young, a youth, prop. ppr. (and as
such prop. written adolescen(t-)s) of adolescere,
grow up (see adult), Kad, to, +, olescere, the in-
ceptive form of “oléré, grow, K alére, nourish:
see aliment.] I. a. Growing up ; advancing
from childhood to manhood or womanhood;
youthful.
Schools, unless discipline were doubly strong,
Detain their adolescent charge too long.
Cowper, Tirocinium.
II. m. One who is growing up ; a person of
either sex during the period of adolescence.
adolode (ad’ô-lód), m. [K Gr. 6- priv. -F Ö6%0g,
fraud (see dole3, deceit), + 66óg, way.] An ap-
aratus for detecting fraud in distillation.
Aiºn. (ad-ö-nā'i or a-dā’ni), m. [Heb. adónái,
lit. “my lords,” Kadón, lord. Cf. Adonis.]. A
Hebrew name of God, reverentially used in
reading as a substitute for the “ineffable name.”
JHWH, that is, Jehovah. See Adonist and Je-
hovah.
Adonean (ad-à-né'an), a. [KL. Adonéus, K Gr.
Aóðvelog, K’Aóovic, Adonis.] Pertaining to or
connected with Adonis: as, “fair Adonean
Venus,” I’aber. -
Adonia (a-dó’ni-á), m. pl. [L., KGr, Adovia, prop.
neut. pl. of adj. Aöövtoſ, pertaining to Adampig,
Adonis.] A festival of two days’ duration
(properly, the rites performed during the fes-
tival), anciently celobrated by women in honor
of Adonis, among the Phenicians and Greeks.
The first day was spent in mourning and lamentation, and
the second in feasting and merrymaking, commemorating
the periodical death and return to life of Adonis, personi-
fying the alternation of the seasons and the productive
forces in nature.
Adonian (a-dó’mi-an), a. Same as Adonic.
Quevedo . . . must have done violence to his genius in
the composition of ten short pieces, which he calls Eu-
dechas, in Adonian verse. Tickmor, Span. Lit., III. 52.
Adonist (a-dó’mist), m.
80
Adonic º tº &
cus, KAdonis.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Ado-
mis. See Adonis, etymology.—Adonic verse. See II.
II. m. An Adonic verse: so called, it is said,
because used in Songs Sung at the Adonia, or
festival of Adonis. It consists of a dactyl and a spon-
dee or trochee, as rārā jūvémtüs, and on account of its
animated movement is adapted to gay and lively poetry.
It is seldom used by itself, but is joined with other kinds
of verse. It is said to have been devised by Sappho.
Adonis (a-dó’nis), n. IKL. Adānis, K. Gr. 'Adovic,
also Adam', in myth., a favorite of Aphrodite
(Venus); according to the oldest tradition, the
son of Theias, king of Assyria, and his daugh-
ter Myrrha or Smyrna.
He was killed by a ¥
adorable
a. and n. [KL, as if “Adoni- adoptant (a-dop’tant), a. and n. [KF. adoptant,
S.L. adoptan(t-)s, ppr. of adoptare: see adopt.
I. fi Adopting,
I. m. One who adopts a child or thing as his
OWIl,
adoptate? (?-dop’tät), v. t. [KL. adoptatus, pp.
of adoptare: see adopt.] To adopt.
adoptative (a-doptă-tiv), a. [K º: adoptatus,
pp. of adoptare (see adopt), + -ive..] Same as
adoptive. [Rare.] -
adoptedly? (2-dopted-li), adv. By adoption.
Lucio. Is she your cousin?
Isab. Adoptedly, as school-maids change their names.
Shak., M. for M., i. 5.
idio. but was permiſſed by zºo pºss adºpter (3-dopter), n. Ono who or that which
four months every year in the lower world,
four with Aphrodite, and four where he chose.
The name, like the myth, is of Phenician ori-
gin, akin to Heb. adón, lord: see Adomai.] 1.
A beau; a dandy; an exquisite: as, he is quite
an Adonis.-2. In bot., a genus of European
ranunculaceous herbs which have dissected
leaves. In the corn-adonis, or pheasant's-eye, A. autum-
malis, the petals are bright scarlet, and are considered as
emblematical of the blood of Adonis, from which the
plant is fabled to have sprung.
3+. [l. c.] A kind of wig formerly worn.
He puts on a fine ſlowing adonis or white periwig.
R. Graves, Spirit. Quixote, III. xix.
[K Heb. adónái (see
Adomai) + -ist.] One who maintained that the
vowel-points ordinarily written under the con-
sonants of the Hebrew word JHWH (pronounced
since the sixteenth century, except among the
Jews, Jehovah) are not the natural points be-
longing to that word, but are vowel-points be-
longing to the words Adomai and Elohim; these
words are substituted in reading by the Jews
for the name JEIVH, a name which they are
forbidden to utter, and the true pronunciation
of which is lost. Those persons who held the
opposite view were termed Jehovists.
adonize (ad'ò-niz), v. t. [= F. adomiser; K
Adonis, q.v., + -ice.] To make beautiful or at-
tractive; adorn one's self with the view of at-
tracting admiration: said only of men. [Rare.]
I employed three good hours at least in adjusting and
adomizing myself. Smollett, tr. of Gil Blas, III. 418.
adoorst (a-dórz'), prep. phr. as adv. [A reduced
form of both of doors and at doors, as in the
phrases out of doors, out o' doors, forth a doors,
and in a doors, in at doors: see a-3, a-7, and
door.] At doors; at the door.
If I get in a-doors, not the power o' th' country,
Nor all my aunt's curses shall disembogue me.
Fletcher and Shirley, Night-Walker, v. 1.
adopt (a-dopt"), v. [K F. adopter, K L. adoptare,
adopt, choose, Kad, to, + optare, wish : see op-
tative..] I. trams. 1. To choose for or take to
one’s self; make one's own by selection or as-
sent; receive or agree to as a personal belong-
ing or opinion: as, to adopt a name or an idea;
an adopted citizen or country; the meeting
adopted the resolution.
Tell me, may not a king adopt an heir 7
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 1.
I have adopted the Roman sentiment, that it is more
honourable to save a citizen than to kill an enemy.
Johnson, Pref. to Shak.
Men resist the conclusion in the morning, but adopt
it as the evening wears on, that temper prevails over
everything of time, place, and condition.
Emerson, Experience.
2. Specifically, to admit into a relation of af-
filiation ; confer the rights or privileges of kin-
ship upon, as one who is not naturally related
or connected; especially, to receive and treat
as a child or member of one's family, etc.: as,
the orphans were adopted by friends. See adop-
tion, 2.-3. To take or receive into any kind of
new relationship: as, to adopt a person as an
heir, or as a friend, guide, or example.
Titus, I am incorporate in Rome,
A Roman now adopted happily.
Shak., Tit. And.., i. 2.
Strangers were very rarely adopted into a right of prop-
erty in clan land in the early time.
D. W. Ross, German Land-holding, p. 73.
II. intrans. In euchre, to play with the suit
turned up for trumps: a privilege of the dealer.
adoptability (3-dop-ta-bil’i-ti), m.; pl. adopta-
bilities (-tiz). The state of being adoptable; the
capability of being adopted; that which can be
adopted or made use of: as, “the select adopta-
bilities,” Carlyle, Past and Present, II. xvii.
adoptable (a-dopºta-bly, a. [K adopt + -able.]
Capable of being adopted; fit or worthy to be
adopted.
The Liturgy or adoptable and generally adopted set of
prayers. Carlyle, Past and Present, II, xvii.
adoptianist (a-dop'shan-ist), n.
adopts.
adoptian (a-dop'shan), a. [K ML. Adoptiani,
the adoptian heretićs, irreg. K L. adoptare : see
adopt.] In theol., of or pertaining to the doc-
trine of adoption.—Adoptian controversy. See
adoptionism. -
adoptianism (a-dop'shan-izm), n. IK adoptian
-ism..] Same as adoptionism.
The recantation was probably insincere, for on return-
ing to his diocese he [Felix, bishop of Urgel] taught adop-
tianism as before. I'mcyc, Brit., I. 163.
[K adoptian +
—ist.] Same as adoptionist.
It was under this pontificate [Leo III.] that Felix of
Urgel, the adoptianist, was anathematized by a Roman
synod. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 449.
adoption (a-dop'sh9m), n. [K L. adoptio(n-), a
shorterform of adoptatio(n-), Kadoptare, adopt:
see adopt.] 1. The act of adopting or taking
as one's own; a choosing for use, or by way of
preference or approval; assumption; formal
acceptance: as, the adoption of a distinctive
dress; he favored the adoption of the bill; the
adoption of a new word into a language.
The adoption of vice has ruined ten times more young
men than natural inclinations. Lord Chesterfield.
2. The act of taking into an affiliated relation;
admission to some or all of the privileges of
natural kinship or membership: as, the adoption
of a child; adoption into a tribe; a son by adop-
tion. Simple adoption of a child extends only to his
treatment as a member of the household; legal adoption
may confer upon him any or all of the rights of actual re-
lationship. In the absence of any legally assumed obli-
gation, an adopted child is not in law deemed a relative
of the adopting parent, and does not inherit as such, and
the adopting parent acquires no other authority than that
which affection or the consent of the natural parent may
give. The civil or statute laws of most countries strictly
regulate the principles of legal adoption with reference to
its limitation, the rights of natural heirs, etc. tº
3. In theol., that act of divine grace by which,
through Christ, those who have been justified
“are taken into the number and enjoy the libi
erties and privileges of the children of God.”
West. Conf. of Faith, xii.
But ye have received the Spirit of adoption, whereby we
cry, Abba, Father. onn. viii. 15.
adoptional (a-dop'shgn-al), a. [K adoption +
-al.]... Relating to adoption.
adoptionism (a-dop'shgn-izm), n., [Kadoption
+ -ism..] In theol., the doctrine that Christ is
the Son of God by adoption only. It was held
that, as the son of David, he had simply a human nature
which afterward by an act of adoption became united
with the divine nature, or the eternal Word. This doc-
trime, though not unknown in the early church, was first
distinctly propounded in Spain near the end of the eighth
century by Felix, bishop of Urgel, and Elipandus, arch-
bishop of Toledo. It was opposed by Alcuin, and con-
demned by three councils, at Ratisbon in 792, at Frank- .
fort in 794, and at Aix-la-Chapelle about 799. Also writ-
ten adoptianism.
adoptionist (a-dop'shgn-ist), n. IK adoption +
-ist.] One who holds the doctrine of adoption-
ism. Also written adoptianist.
adoptious? (a-dop'shus), a. [S adoption + -ows.
Cf. ambitious, ambition.] Adoptive; adopted
O” assumed.
Pretty, fond, adoptious christendoms.
Shale., All's Well, i. .
adoptive (a-dop’tiv), a. [KL. adoptivus, Kadop-
taré: see adopt.] 1. Fitted for or #. to adopt-
ing: as, a receptive and adoptive language.—2.
Constituted by adoption; adopting or adopted:
as, an adoptive father or son.—3. Assumed: as,
“adoptive and cheerful boldness,” Milton, Ref.
in Eng., i.—Adoptive arms, in her., arms which the
adopter is obliged to marshal with his own, as the condi-
tion of some honor or estate left him.
adoptively (a-dop’tiv-li), adv. In an adoptive
manner; by way of adoption.
adorability (a-dór-a-bil’i-ti), n. [K adorable:
see -bility..] "The quality of being adorable.
Coleridge.
adorable (a-dór'a-bl), a. [K F. adorable, K L.
adorabilis, Kadordre, adore: see adorel..] 1. De-
. adorable
manding adoration; worthy of being adored;
worthy of divine honors. -
There are those who have treated the history of Abra-
ham as an astronomical record, and have spoken of our
adorable Saviour º * Sun in Aries.
2. Worthy of the utmost love or admiration: as,
she is an adorable creature; an adorable statue.
When he [the pope] touched, as he did briefly, on the
misfortunes of the church, an adorable fire came into his
eyes. T. B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 114.
adorableness (a-dór'a-bl-nes), n. The quality
of being adorable, or worthy of adoration.
adorably (a-dór'a-bli), adv. In a manner wor-
thy of adoration. -
adoral (ad-ö'ral), a. [K L. ad, to, + 08 (Or-),
mouth, + -al; after aboral.] In 2061.4 situated
at or near the mouth; being relatively toward
the mouth: the opposite of aboral.
They [Halterio] have a spiral adora! wreath of cilia for
swimming. Stand. Nat. Hist., I, 43.
The object of the unique, one-sided arrangement of the
adoral cilia is to direct food-particles to the mouth.
Amer. Jowr, of Sci., 3d Ser., XXIX. 328.
adorally (ad-ö'râl-i), adv. Toward or in the
direction of the mouth.
adoration (ad-à-ră'shgn), n. IK F. adoration, K
L. º Kadorare: see adore1.] 1. The
act of paying honors, as to a divine being; wor-
ship ; to a deity; the supreme worship
due to God alone. [Sometimes used specifically of
words addressed to the Deity expressive of a sense of his
infinite holiness and perfection.] In the Rom. Cath. Ch.,
adoration is applied to any one of three kinds of worship
(though properly only to the first), namely: latria, or wor-
ship due to God alone; dulia, or the secondary worship paid
to angels and saints directly, or through the veneration of
relics and images; and hyperdulia, the higher worship
paid to the Virgin Mary. . The saints and the Virgin are
adored as the friends of God, having intercessory power
with him.
Lowly reverent
Towards either throne they bow, and to the ground
With solemn adoration down they cast
Their crowns. Milton, P. L., iii. 351.
I(nowledge is the fire of adoration, adoration is the gate
of knowledge. Bushnell, Sermons for New Life, p. 163.
They [Indians] perform their adorations and conjura-
tions in the general language before spoken of, as the
Catholics of all nations do their mass in the Latin.
Beverley, Virginia, iii. "I 31.
2. Homage, or an act of homage, paid to one in
high place or held in high esteem; profound
reverence; the utmost respect, regard, or es-
teem; the highest degree of love, as of a man
for a woman; heart's devotion.
Ol. How does he love me?
Vio. With adorations, with fertile tears,
With groans that thunder love, with sighs of fire.
Shak., T. N., i. 5.
3. In art and archaeol. : (a) A representation of
the adoration of the infant Jesus by the magi or
the shepherds. (b)
A representation
of the worship of
an ancient divin-
ity, of the deified
dead, or of a king
or an emperor.
In Latin, adoratio.
Such representations
are common in Greek
vase-paintings and fu-
neral sculptures, and
in Roman reliefs and
medals. The ancient
adoration is usually
characterized by the
gesture of raising the
right hand, particul-
larly with the thumb
laid on the first finger; though it is sometimes exhibited,
chiefly in Oriental examples, in a prostrate position.
4. A method of electing a pope. See extract.
The third way of creating Popes is by Adoration, which
is perform'd in this mammer : That Cardinal who . . .
desires to favour any other Cardinal . . . puts himself
before him in the Chappel, and makes him a low Rever-
ence ; and when it falls out that two thirds of the Cardi-
nals do the same, the Pope is them understood to be created.
G. H., tr. of Hist. Cardinals, III. 286. (N. E. D.)
Adoration of the blessed sacrament, in the Rom.
Cath. Ch., supreme worship (latria) paid to the eucharist.
“Catholics pay to the eucharist . . . wherever it may be
present that supreme worship which is due to God alone.”
Cath. Dict. (1884), p. 321. Religious communities of wo-
men for the perpetual adoration of the blessed sacrament
have been founded at various times, the first by Anne
of Austria, mother of Louis XIV.—Adoration of the
cross, in the Rom. Cath, Ch., that part of the service on
Good friday, following the prayers, in which the cross is
exposed to view and “adored” by clergy and people.—
Adoration of the host, in the celebration of the mass,
the silent worship paid by the congregation, kneeling, at
the elevation of the host. See host8.-Adoration of the
pope, a mark of homage paid to the pope immediately
after his election, by kissing the golden cross on the sandal
worn on his right foot. Cardinals also kiss his right hand,
receiving in return the kiss of peace. The ceremony is
An ancient Adoration.—Coin of Ephe-
sus struck under Macrinus; British Mu-
seum. (Size of the original.)
H. Newman, Gram. of Assent, p. 364. .
81
four times repeated; the first two adorations take place.
in the conclave itself, the third in the Sistine chapel, and
* º in St. Peter's, where the homage of the people
S TeceiveCI.
adoratory (3-dòr'a-tá-ri), n.; pl. adoratories
(-riz). [K ML. adoratorium, explained as a
place where the Indians worship their deities
and sacrifice to them, K. L. adorare, adore:
see adorel and oratory..] A place of worship;
especially, a pagan temple or place of sacri-
fice. [Rare.]
adorel (3-dórſ), v. ; pret. and pp. adored, ppr.
adoring. [KME. adouren, KOF, adourer, adorer
(earlier ME. aouren, KOF. aourer, airer, ačrer),
mod. F. adorer–Pr. Sp. Pg. adorar=It...adorare,
adore, K.L. adorare, speak to, address, beseech,
pray to, adore, worship, Kad, to, + orare, speak,
pray, Kos (őr-), the mouth: see oral.] I. trans.
1. To worship; pay supreme reverence to; ad-
dress in prayer and thanksgiving; pay divine
honors to ; honor as divine.
Bishops and priests . . . bearing the host, which he
publicly adored. Smollett, Hist. Eng., an. 1689.
God shall be all in all. But, all ye gods,
Adore him, who to compass all this dies;
Adore the Son, and honour him as me.
Milton, P. L., iii. 342.
2. To honor and regard in a very high degree;
regard with the utmost esteem, love, and re-
Spect.
The people appear adoring their prince. Tatler, No. 57.
Thus, Madam, in the midst of crowds, you reign in soli-
tude; and are adored with the deepest veneration, that of
silence. Dryden, Ded. of State of Innocence.
When he who adores thee has left but the name
Of his faults and his follies behind. Moore, Irish Mel.
= Syn., Adore, Worship, Reverence, Venerate, Revere, idol-
ize, deify, pay homage to. Adore and worship, when not ap-
plied exclusively to God or gods, are manifestly hyperboli-
cal: as, he worshiped the ground she trod on. The others
seem literal when applied to men, places, or things.
Adore and worship are applied primarily to acts and
words of homage ; the others are not. None of them
primarily includes the idea of intercessory prayer. Adore
is the noblest of the words. To worship is to pay homage
by outward forms or in customary places: “A man of
Iºthiopia. . . . had come to Jerusalem for to worship.”
Acts viii. 27. In the Bible worship is used to express also
extreme manifestations of respect paid to men : “As
Peter was coming in, Cornelius met him, and fell down
at his feet, and worshipped him.” Acts x. 25. Reverence
is upon a plane a little different from that of venerate,
there being sometimes more fear suggested by the former
and more sacredness by the latter. We should reverence
position, ability, and character; we should venerate old
age. Revere differs from reverence chiefly in suggesting
rather less solemnity or awe.
It [worship] is also an act of the will, whereby the soul
adores and reverences his majesty. . . . We must worship
God understandingly; it is not else a reasonable service.
Charnock, Attributes.
Fall down and dy before her;
So dying live, and living do adore her.
Spenser, Sonnets, xiv.
I love Quaker ways and Quaker worship, I venerate the
Quaker principles. Lamb, Elia.
A foolish world is prone to laugh in public at what in
private it reveres as one of the highest impulses of our na-
ture; namely, love. Longfellow, Hyperion, iii. 8.
II. intrans. To perform an act of worship;
be filled with adoration, reverence, or reveren-
tial admiration.
If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years,
how would men believe and adore 1 JEmerson, Nature.
Litanies, chanted day and night by adoring hearts.
De Quincey, Secret Societies, i.
adore?t (a-dór’), v. t. [A poet. perversion of
adorn; perhaps only in the two passages quoted.]
To gild; adorn.
Like to the hore
Congealed litle drops which doe the morne adore.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. xi. 46.
Armlets for great queens to adore.
Fletcher and Massinger, Elder Brother, iv. 3. (N. E. D.)
adorementt (a-dór’ment), m. Adoration; wor-
ship.
Adorement of cats, lizards, and beetles.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg, Err., i. 3.
adorer (a-dór’ér), n. [K adorel + -erl.] One
Who adores. (a) One who worships or honors as divine.
(b) One who esteems or respects highly; a lover; an ad-
IIllrer.
I profess myself her adorer, not her friend.
Shak., Cymbeline, i. 5.
adoring (a-dór’ing), n. [Verbal m. of adore.]
An act of adoration, or one of homage paid by
a lover.
And soft adorings from their loves receive.
Reats, Eve of St. Agnes, vi.
adoringly (a-dór'ing-li), adv. With adoration.
adorn (a-dörn’), v. t. [KME. adornem, adournem,
K OF. adorner, adourner (earlier ME. aourmen,
aormen, KOF. aourner, airmer, ačrmer), mod. F.
adorner = Sp. Pg. adornar = It, adornare, K L.
adornare, Kad, to, + ornaro, deck, beautify: see
adorsed
ornate.] 1. To beautify or decorate; increase
or lend beauty or attractiveness to, as by dress
or ornaments; hence, in general, to render
pleasing, or more pleasing or attractive; em-
bellish.
A bride adorneth herself with her jewels. Isa. lxi. 10.
Virtue adorn'd his mind, triumph his brow.
Ford, Fame's Memorial.
He left the name at which the world grew pale,
To point a moral, or adorn a tale.
Johnsom, Van. of Hum. Wishes, 1. 222.
2. To display the beauty or excellence of: as,
to “adorn the doctrine of God,” Tit. ii. 10.
: yº, Adorn, Ormament, Decorate, Embellish, Beautify
Deck, Array, grace, garnish, bedeck, set off. (See decoratej
The italicized words, except deck and array, are expressive
of the attempt to add or increase beauty. Adorn has the
most nobleness and Spirituality; it is the least external.
Garments that adorn a woman seem a part of her person-
ality and bring out her comeliness; many virtues adorn his
character; the hall was adorned with the portraits of their
ancestors. In these examples, no other word in the list
is high enough or near enough to take the place of adorn.
Ornament and decorate express the addition of something
external, which still preserves its separate character and
may perhaps be easily removed. Ormament, as kindred
to adorn, is nearer to its meaning; decorate expresses that
which is more showy : ornamented with pictures; the
bare walls were decorated for the occasion with flags and
wreaths. Both express the adding of beauty to that
which was deficient in it before. Embellish implies pre-
vious beauty, to which luster or brilliancy is added by
Something which perhaps becomes a part of the original:
as, a book embellished with plates; a style embellished
with figures of speech.” The word is sometimes used of
over-ornamentation. Beautify is the most direct in its
expression of the general idea. Of the first five words,
decorate is the least often used figuratively; decorated
speech is speech in which the ornaments have no vital
connection or harmony with the thought, so that they seem
merely ornamental. Deck is to cover, and hence to cover
in a way to please the eye : as, decked with flowers. Array
is used especially of covering with splendid dress, the
meaning being extended from persons to animals, etc.:
the fields were arrayed in green.
But that which fairest is, but few behold,
Her mind adornd with vertues manifold.
Spemser, Sonnets, xv.
A whimsical fashion now prevailed among the ladies,
of strangely ornamenting their faces with abundance of
black patches cut into grotesque forms.
I. D'Israeli, Curios. of Lit., I. 311-
Ivy climbs the crumbling hall
To decorate decay. Bailey, Festus.
We are to dignify to each other the daily needs and of-
fices of man's life, and embellish it by courage, wisdom,
and unity. JEmersom, Friendship.
Nature has laid out all her art in beautifying the face.
Addison, Spectator, No. 98.
And, with new life from sun and kindly showers,
With beauty deck the meadow and the hill.
Jomes Very, Poems, p. 90.
Even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one
of these [lilies]. Mat. vi. 29.
adorní (a-dórn'), m. [= It. Sp. adorno, orna-
ment; from the verb.] Ornament.
Her brest all naked, as nett yvory
Without adorne of gold or silver bright.
Spenser, F. Q., III. xii. 20.
adorní (a-dórn’), a. [K It. adorno, short form of
adormato (= Sp. Pg. adornado), pp. of adornare,
K.L. adornare: see adormate, adorn, v.] Adorn-
ed; decorated.
Made so adorn for thy delight. Milton, P. L., viii. 576.
adornatet (a-dór’māt), v. t. [KL. adormatus, pp.
of adormare : see adorm, v.] To adorn.
To adornate gardens with the fairnesse thereof.
Framptom, p. 33.
adornation? (ad-ör-nā’shgn), m. [K L. as if
*adormatio(n-), K adornare, pp. adornatus: see
adorm, v.] Ornament.
Memory is the soul's treasury, and thence she hath her
garments of adormation.
- JWits' Commonwealth, p. 81.
One who adorns.
adorner (a-dór (nér), m.
Ornament; decora-
adorning (a-dór’ning), m.
, tion.
Whose adorming let it not be that outward adorming of
plaiting the hair, and of wearing of gold, or of putting on
of apparel. 1 Pet. iii. 3.
adorningly (a-dór’ning-li), adv. By adorning;
in an adorning manner.
adornment (a-dórn’ment), m. [K ME. adowrm-
ment, K OF. adowrnement, adornement (earlier
M.E. aournement, aornement, K OF. aournement),
mod. F. adornement: see adorn and -ment.] An
adorning; that which adorns; ornament.
I will write all down :
Such and such pictures:—There the window : Such
The adornment of ller bed. Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 2.
adorsed (a-dòrst’), p. a. [Also written ad-
dorsed, a restored form of adossed,
addossed, K F. adossé, pp. of adosser,
set back to back (K d, to, + dos,
K L. dorsum, the back), + -ed?..]
Placed back to back. In her., applied
Two IDolphins & &
p to any two animals, birds, fishes, or other
Adorsed.

adorsed
bearings placed back to back: opposed to affronté. Equiv-
alent forms are addorsed, adossed, adossé, adossée, and in-
dorsed.
adosculation (ad-os-kü-lä’ shgn), n. IKL. as
if "adosculatio(n-), Kadosculari, kiss, Kad, to, +
osculari, kiss: see osculate.] 1. In physiol., im-
pregnation by external contact merely, as in
most fishes, and not by intromission.—2.
bot. : (a) The impregnation of plants by the fall-
ing of the pollen on the pistils. (b) The inser-
tion of one part of a plant into another. [Rare.]
adossé, adossée (a-dos-à’), a. [F., pp. of ados-
Ser: see adorsed.] . In her., same as adorsed.
adossed (a-dost’), a. In her., same as adorsed.
adown (a.doun'), adv. (orig, prep. phr.) and prep.
[KME. adown, adun, adowme, adume, odune, £3.
ădăne, adv. and (rarely) prep., Orig. prep. phr.,
of dine, down, downward, lit. off the down or
hill: of, prep., off, from; dºne, dat. of diſm,
down: see down!, n. The adv, and prep. down
is a short form of adown.] I. adv. From a
higher to a lower part; downward; down; to
Or on the ground. .
Thrise did she sinke adowme. Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 24.
Of braided blooms unmown, which crept
Adown to where the water slept.
Tennyson, Recol. of Ar. Nights, st. 3.
II. prep. 1. From a higher to a lower situa-
tion; down : implying descent.
Adown her shoulders fell her length of hair. Dryden.
Star after star looked palely in and sank adowm, the sky.
Whittier, Cassandra Southwick.
2. From top to bottom of ; along the length
of ; downward; all along.
Full well 'tis known adown the dale,
Tho' passing strange indeed the tale.
Percy's Reliques, I. iii. 14.
Adoxa (a-dok’sä), n. [NL.; K Gr. 360;oc, with-
out glory, Kā-priv. -- 66;o, glory: see doacology.]
A genus of plants, the type of the family
Adoacaceae. The only species, A. Moschatellina (hollow-
root), is a little inconspicuous plant, 4 or 5 inches high,
found in Woods and moist shady places in the cooler re-
gions of the northern hemisphere. The pale-green flowers
have a musky Smell, whence its common name of mos-
chatel.
adoze (a-dóz'), prep. phy. as adv. or a. [Ka8,
prep., + ãoº In a doze or dozing state.
adpao (adºpou), n. [E. Ind., Kad, dd (cerebral
d) = Hind. ar, dr, a prefix implying deviation
or inferiority, -H Hind., etc., pauwä, pdo, a
quarter.] An East Indian weight, the quarter
of a seer or ser, a weight which varies widely
in different localities. Thus in Malabar a seer
is 3.3 pounds avoirdupois. See seer4.
ad patres (ad pā’tréz). [L. : _ad, to; patres,
acc. pl. of pater = E. father.] Literally, to the
fathers; gathered to one's fathers, that is, dead.
adpress (ad-pres'), v. t. [K L. adpressus, pp. of
adprimere, Kad, to, + premere, press.] To lay
flat; press closely (to or together).
Birds when frightened, as a general rule, closely ad-
press all their feathers. Darwin, Express. of Emot., p. 100.
A most artfully coloured spider lying on its back, with
its feet crossed over and closely adpressed to its body.
H. O. Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 64.
adpressed (ad-prest’), p. a..., In, bot, growing
parallel to and in contact with the stem, with-
out adhering to it, as leaves or branches. Also
written appressed.
adpromissor (ad-pré-mis'Qr), n., IL., Kadpro-
mittere, promise in addition to, Kad, to, + pro-
mittere, promise : see promise.] In Rom. law,
a surety for another; security; bail.
ad quod damnum (ad kwod dam’num). [L.,
to what damage: ad, to ; quod= E. what; dam-
num, damage.] In law, the title of a writ (1)
ordering the sheriff to inquire what damage
will result from the grant by the crown of cer- .
tain liberties, as a fair or market, a highway,
etc.; (2) ordering the assessment of the com-
pensation and damages to be paid when private
property is taken for public use.
adradt (a-drad'), p. a. Same as adread”, p. a.
I was the less a-drad
Of what might come.
jºr William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 13.
ãdradial (ad-rá'di-al), a. [K L. ad, to, near, -F
radius, a ray, + -al.] Situated near a ray. A
term applied by Lankester to certain processes or ten-
tacles of a third order which appear in the development of
Some hydrozoans, the primary ones being termed perradial,
the secondary ones interradial. Encyc. Brit., XII. 558.
adradially (ad-rá'di-al-i), adv. In an adradial
DO3, Ilſle I’.
a dragant (adºra-gant), n. [KF. adragant (= Sp.
adragante, It. adraganti), a corrupt form of
tragacanthe: see tragacanth.] An old name of
gum tragacanth.
82
adraganthin (ad-ra-gan'thin), n. [Kadragant(h)
+ -im?..] ... A name given to purified gum traga-
canth. See bassorin.
adras (a-dras'), n. A stuff, half silk and half
cotton, woven in central Asia, having a gloss,
and usually striped. The gloss is heightened by
beating with a broad, flat Wooden instrument. E. Schuy-
ler, Turkistan, I. 5. -
adread1+ (a-dred’), v. [K ME. adreden (pret.
adredde, adradde, adred, adrad, pp. adred, adrad,
adredde, adradde), KAS. ādrādan, reduced form
of andārādan, andrædan, ondrædam (=OS. *and-
drādan, antárádan, andrādan=OHG. intrótan),
tr. and intr., dread, fear, refl. fear, be afraid, K
and-, an-, on- (E. als) + ºridan (only in ;
dread. Mixed in M.E. and later with adread?,
q. v.] I. trans. To dread; fear greatly.
The pes is sauf, the werre is ever adrad.
Pol. Poems and Songs, II. 6. (N. E. D.)
II, intrans. or refl. To fear; be afraid.
Ganhardin seighe that sight,
And sore him gan, adrede.
Sir Tristrem, l. 288. (N. E. D.)
adread?! (a-dred’), v. t. [KME. adreden, ofire-
den, KAS. ofarādan, make afraid, terrify, K of
(E. a-4) + “drādam, dread. Hence p. a. adread?,
q. v. Mixed in ME. and later with adread1,
q. v.] To make afraid; terrify.
With these they adrad, and gasten, sencelesse old wo-
IlléIl. Harsmet, Pop. Inmpost., p. 135. (N. E. D.)
adread?t (a-dred’), p. a. [K ME. adred, adrad,
adredde, adradde, earlier of:lred, ofdrad, pp. of
adreden, ofäreden, E. adread?, v., make afraid:
see adread2, v.] Affected by dread.
Thinking to make all men adread.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia (1622), p. 126.
adreamed, adreamt (3-drémd’, a-dremt’), p.
a. [Ka- + dream + -ed?. The formation is un-
usual, and the prefix is uncertain, prob. a-2,
the suffix -ed? being used, as sometimes in other
instances, for the suffix -ingl. To be adreamed
would thus be equiv. to to be a-dreaming.]
In the state of dreaming.—To be adreamed or
adreamt (the only form of its use). (at) To dream.
Hee is adreamd of a dry summer.
Withals, Dict. (1556). (N. E. D.)
I was a -dream'd I overheard a ghost.
Fielding, Pasquim, iv. 1. (N. E. D.)
(b) To doze; be between sleeping and waking. [Prov.
Eng.] Halliwell.
adrectal (ad-rek’ tal), a. [K ad- + rectum.]
Situated at or by the rectum: specifically ap-
plied to the purpuriparous gland or purple-
'gland of mollusks.
The presence of glandular plication of the surface of
the mantle-flap and an adrectal gland (purple-gland) are
frequently observed. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 648.
ad referendum (ad ref-e-ren’dum). [L. : ad,
to; referendum, gerund of referre: see refer.]
To be referred; to be held over for further
consideration.
ad rem (ad rem). [L. : ad, to ; rem, acc. of
Tes, thing, matter, case, point, fact: see res.]
To the point or purpose; pertinently to the
matter in hand; to the question under consid-
eration; practically, considering the peculiar-
ities of the special case.
Your statements of practical difficulty are indeed much
more ad rem than my mere assertions of principle.
Yºr Ruskin, Daily Telegraph, Sept. 7, 1865.
adrenal (ad-ré'nal), n. IKL. ad, to, + ren, only
in pl. renes, kidney: see renal.] In anat., a
suprarenal capsule; one of a pair of small
glandular or follicular but ductless bodies, of
unknown function, capping the kidneys in
mammals and most other vertebrates. Also
called atrabiliary capsule. In man the adrenals are
an inch or two long, less in width, and about a fourth of
an inch thick, and consist essentially of an outer yellowish
cortical portion, an inner medullary portion (of very dark
color, whence the term atrabiliary), with vessels, nerves, etc.
See Addison's disease, under disease. See cut under kidney.
Adrian (ā’dri-an), a. [K L. Adrianus, prop.
Hadrianus, Adriatic.] Same as Adriatic.
Adrianite (ā’dri-am-it), n. [KML. Adrianita,
KL. Adrianus, prop. Hadrianus.] 1. A member
of a supposed Gnostic school of heretics men-
tioned by Theodoret.—2. One of a sect of Ana-
baptists in the sixteenth century, followers of
Adrian Hamstedius, who held, among other
things, that Jesus Christ wasformed solely from
the substance of his mother. Also Adrianist.
Adrianople red. See red.
Adriatic (ā-dri-at'ik), a. [KL. Adriaticus, prop.
* Hadriaticus, K Hadria (now Adria), a town be-
tween the mouths of the Po and the Adige,
after which the sea was named.] Appellative
of the sea east of the peninsula of Italy (the
Adriatic sea); pertaining to that sea ; as, the
Adriatic coast.
adrostral
adrift (a-drift’), prep, phr. as adv. or a [K as
+ drift.]. 1. Floating at random; not fastened
by any kind of moorings; at the mercy of winds
and currents.
Trees adrift
Down the great river, Milton, P. L., xi. 832.
So on the sea she shall be set adrift,
And who relieves her dies.
Dryden, Marriage à la Mode, iii.
Hence—2. Figuratively, swayed by any chance
impulse; all abroad; at a loss.
Frequent reflection will keep their minds from running
adrift. Locke, Education.
To turn adrift, to unmoor; set drifting; hence, figura-
tively, to turn away, dismiss, or º as from home,
employment, etc.; throw upon the world.
Great multitudes who had been employed in the woollen
manufactories, or in the mines, were twºrned adrift.
- Lecky, Dng. in 18th Cent., i.
adrip (a-drip'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8 +
drip.] In a dripping state. D. G. Mitchell.
adrogate (ad’rö-gāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. adro-
gated, ppr. adrogating. [K }. adrogatus, pp. of
adrogare, later arrogare, take a homo sui juris (a
person not under the power of his father) in
the place of a child, .. Kad, to, + rogare,
ask. The same word in other senses gave riso
to arrogate, q. v. See adrogation.] To adopt
by adrogation.
Clodius, the enemy of Cicero, was adrogated into a ple-
beian family. Smith, Dict. Antiq., p. 15.
adrogation (ad-rö-gå'shgn), n. [K L. adroga-
tio(n-), later arrogatio(n-), Kadºogare: see ad-
Togate.] A kind of adoption in ancient Rome,
by which a person legally capable of choosing
for himself was admitted into the relation of
son to another by a vote of the people in the
Comitia. Curiata, or in later times by a rescript
of the emperor: so called from the questions
put to the parties. Also written arrogation.
adrogator (ad’rö-gā-tgr), n. [L., Kadrogare: see
adrogate and arrogate.] One who adrogates.
adroit (a-droit’), a. [K F. adroit, dexterous, K &
droit, right, rightly: â, to, toward; droit, right,
K ML. drictum, prop. directum, right, justice,
neut. of directus, right: see direct. Cf. mal-
adroit.] Dexterous; skilful; expert in the use
of the hand, and hence of the mind; ingenious;
ready in invention or execution; possessing
readiness of resource.
You may break every command of the decalogue with
perfect good-breeding : nay, if you are adroit, without
losing caste. Żowei, Study Windows, p. 68.
=Syn. Cunning, Artful, Sly, etc. See cummingl. Adroit,
Dexterous, Expért, Skilful, Clever, smart, handy, apt, quick,
subtle. The first four words express primarily various de-
grees in the combination of manual facility with know-
ledge. Adroit and deacterous make prominent the idea of
a trained hand: as, an adroit pickpocket; a deaterous con-
jurer, swordsman. Adroitness implies quickness or sud-
denness; deaterity may require sustained agility. Adroit
tends toward sinister figurative meanings: as, an adroit
rogue; but mental adroitness may be simply address or
tact. Eacpert emphasizes experience, practice, and hence
is commonly a lower word than skilful, which makes
knowledge the principal thing: a skilful mechanic makes
more use of his mind than an earpert mechanic. Clever im-
plies notable quickness, readiness, resource in practical
affairs, and sometimes the lack of the larger powers of
mind: a clever mechanic has fertility in planning and skill
in executing what is planned. A clever statesman may or
may not be an able one; a man may be clever in evil.
Why, says Plato, if he be manually so adroit, likely he
will turn pickpocket. S. Lanier, The Dng. Novel, p. 117.
The deaterous management of terms, and being able to
fend and prove with them, passes for a great part of
learning. Locke.
His only books were an almanac and an arithmetic, in
which last he was considerably expert.
Thoreau, Walden, p. 161.
Thus, like a skilful chess-player, by little and little he
draws out his men, and makes his pawns of use to his
greater persons. Dryden, Dram. Poesy.
But the names of the clever men who invented canoes
and bows and arrows are as utterly unknown to tradition
as the names of the earliest myth-makers.
J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 204.
adroitly (a-droit'li), adv. In an adroit manner;
with dexterity; readily; skilfully.
He [Eadmund] turned his new conquest adroitly to ac-
count by using it to bind to himself the most dangerous
among his foes. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 266.
adroitness (a-droitºnes), n.,. The quality of be-
ing adroit; dexterity; readiness in the use of
the hands or of the mental faculties.
Sir John Blaquire had some debating power and great
skill and adroitness in managing men.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xvi.
adroop (a-dróp'), prep. phr, as adv, IK as -H
droop.] In a drooping position. J. D. Long,
AEmeid, xi. 1128.
adrostral (ad-rostral), a. [K L. ad, to, at, F
Yostrum, beak.] In 206l., pertaining to or situ-
ated at the beak or snout.
k
\, adry
adry (8-dri’), a. [Ka-4 + dry; prob. in imita-
# of athirst, q. v.] In a dry condition;
thirsty. w
Doth a man that is adry desire to drink in gold?
\ Burton, Anat, of Mel., p. 355.
adscendent (ad-sen’dent), a. [K L. adscen-
den(t-)s, ascenden(t-)8: see ascendent.] Ascend-
ing. Imp. Dict.
adscite (ad'sit), a. [KL. adscitus, derived: see
loelow.] In entom., pertaining to the Braconidae,
or Ichmewmones adsciti. -
Adsciti (ad'si-ti), n. pl. [NL., pl. of L. adscitus,
derived, assumed, foreign: see adscititious.]
A group of ichneumon-flies which have only
one recurrent nervure in the fore wing instead
of two. It corresponds to the modern family
Braconidae (which see).
adscititious (ad-si-tish’us), a. [KL. as if “ad-
8cititius, K adscitus, derived, assumed, foreign,
pp. of adsciscere, later asciscere, take knowingly
to one's self, appropriate, assume, adopt, Kad,
to, + sciscere, seek to know, K scire, know: see
science..] Added or derived from without; not
intrinsic or essential; supplemental; additional.
Also written a8cititious.
The fourth epistle on happiness may be thought adsci-
titious, and out of its proper place.
J. Warton, Essay on Pope.
The first 8 of the tense-sign &is is an adscititious sibilant
added to the root. Am. Jowr. of Philol., VI. 280.
adscititiously (ad-si-tish/us-li), adv. In an ad-
scititious manner.
adscript (ad’skript), a. and n. [KL. adscriptus,
pp. of adscribere, later ascribere, enroll, Kad, to,
+ scriberê, write: see ascribe.]. I. a. 1. Written
after, as distinguished from subscript, or written
under: as, in Greek grammar, an iota (t) ad-
script.—2. Attached to the soil, as a slave or
feudal serf. See adscriptus glebae.
II. m. A serf attached to an estate and
transferable with it.
adscripted (ad-skripted), a. Same as adscript.
adscription (ad-skrip'shqn), n. [K L. adscrip-
tio(m-), later ascriptio(m-), X E. ascription, q.v.]
1. Same as ascription.—2. Attachment to the
soil, or as a feudal inferior to a superior or
overlord.
adscriptitious (ad-skrip-tish’us), a. [K L. ad-
8cripticius, ascripticius, enrolled, bound, K ad-
scriptus, ascriptus: see adscript..] Bound by
adscription. N. E. D.
adscriptive (ad-skripºtiv), a. [K L. adscripti-
vus, enrolled, adscript, K adscriptus : see ad-
script.] - Held to service as attached to an es-
tate, and transferable with it, as a serf or slave.
Many estates peopled with crown peasants have been
ceded to particular individuals on condition of establishing
manufactories; these peasants, called adscriptive, working
at the manufactories on fixed terms. Brougham.
adscriptus glebae (ad-skrip’tus glé’bé); pl. ad-
8Cript; glebae (-ti). [L. : adscriptus, adscript;
glebab, gen. of gleba, glebe.] Belonging or at-
tached to the soil, as a serf. In Roman law this
term was applied to a class of slaves attached in per-
#. to and transferred with the land they cultivated.
he same custom prevailed among all Germanic and Slavic
peoples, and has been but gradually abolished during the
past three hundred years, down to the emancipation of
the Russian serfs in 1861.
adsignification (ad-sig" ni-fi-kā’shgn), n. IK
ML. adsignificatio(n-), K L. adsignificare, make
evident: see adsignify..] The act of adsignify-
ing; a modification of meaning by a prefix or
suffix; an additional signification. [Rare.]
And in this opinion (viz., that there is no adsignification
of manner or time in that which is called the indicative
mood, no adsignification of time in that which is called
the present participle) I am neither new nor singular.
Horne Tooke, Purley.
adsignify (ad-sig’mi-fi), v. t. [KL. adsignificare,
show, make evident, denote, point out, Kad, to,
+ significare, signify: see ad- and signify.] To
add signification or meaning to (a word) by a
A prefix or suffix. Horne Tooke. [Rare.]
adsorption (ad-sórp'shgn), n. [K L. ad, to, +
*sorptio(n-), after absorption, q. v.]. Conden-
sation of gases on the surfaces of solids.
adstipulate (ad-stip’ī-lāt), v. i.; pret, and pp.
adstipulated, ppr. adstipulating. [K L. adstipu-
lari, astipulari, stipulate with, Kad, to, + stipu-
lari, stipulate.] To act as second stipulant or
º party to a bargain, attaining thereby
an equal claim with the principal stipulant.
JN. E. D.
adstipulation (ad-stip-j-lä'shgn), m. [KL. ad-
stipulatio(n-), astipulatio(n-), Kadstipulari : see
adstipulate.] The addition of, or action as, a
second receiving party in a bargain. N. E.
adstipulator (ad-stip’īī-lä-tgr), n. . [L., also
astipulator, K adstipulari, astipulari : see ad-
83
stipulate.] In law, an accessory party to a prom-
ise, who has received the same promise as his
principal did, and can equally receive and ex-
act payment.
adstrictt, adstrictioni, adstringent},etc. See
astrict, etc.
adsum (ad'sum). [L., 1st pers. sing. pres. ind.
of ade686, to be present, Kad, to, + esse, be: see
6886nce.] I am present; present; here: used
in Some colleges and schools by students as an
answer to a roll-call.
adsurgent #:#; a. Same as assurgent.
adterminal, atterminal (ad-, a-tér’mi-naſ), a.
[K L. ad, to, + terminus, end, ---al.] Moving
toward the end: an epithet applied to electrical
Currents passing in a muscular fiber toward its
extremities.
adubf (a-dub"), v. t. [K ME. adubben, adouben,
KOF. adubber, aduber, adouber, equip a knight,
array, Ka, to, + duber, douber, dub; see dubl.]
1. To knight; dub as a knight.—2. To equip;
array; accoutre.
adularia (ad-il-lā’ri-á), n. [NL., K. Adula, a
mountain group in the érisons Alps, formerly
confounded with St. Gotthard, where fine speci-
mens are found.] A variety of the common
otash feldspar Orthoclase, occurring in highl
ustrous transparent or translucent crystals.
It often exhibits a delicate opalescent play of
colors, and is then called moonstone (which see).
Fine specimens are obtained from various lo-
calities in the Alps.
adulate (ad’ī-lāt), v. t.; pret. and pp. adulated,
pr. adulating. [K L. adulatus, pp. of adulari,
atter, fawn upon as a dog, Kad, to, + "illari, a
word of undetermined origin, not found in the
simple form; according to some, š “üla = Gr.
oipá, a tail, adulari meaning then “wag the tail
at,’ as a dog.] To show feigned devotion to ;
flatter servilely.
It is not that I adulate the people;
Without me there are demagogues enough.
Byron, Don Juan, ix. 25.
Love shall he, but not adulate
The all-fair, the all-embracing Fate.
Bmerson, Woodnotes, ii.
adulation (ad-il-lā’shgn), n. [K F. adulation, K
L. adulatio(n-), flattery, fawning, K adulari, flat-
ter: see adulate.] Servile flattery; excessive
or unmerited praise; exaggerated compliment.
Adulation pushed to the verge, sometimes of nonsense,
and sometimes of impiety, was not thought to disgrace a
poet. Macaulay.
And there he set himself to play upon her
With . . . amorous adulation, till the maid
Bebell'd against it.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
=Syn. Adulation, Flattery, Compliment. These are vari-
eties of praise. Adulation is servile and fulsome, pro-
ceeding either from a blind worship or from the hope of
advantage. It may not be, but generally is, addressed
directly to its object. Flattery is addressed to the per-
son flattered; its object is to gratify vanity, with or with-
out a selfish ulterior object. It is generally praise beyond
justice. Complimentis milder, and may be expressive of the
truth; it may be sincere and designed to encourage or to
express respect and esteem. We may speak of a compli-
ment, but not of an adulation or a flattery. Adulation of
the conqueror; gross or delicate flattery of those in power;
the language of compliment. In conduct, the correspon-
dent to adulation is obsequiousness.
Adulation ever follows the ambitious; for such alone
receive most pleasure from flattery.
Goldsmith, Vicar, iii.
Flattery corrupts both the receiver and the giver; and
ad ion is not of more service to the people than to
kings. Burke, Rev. in Il Ce.
Who flatters is of all mankind the lowest,
Save he who courts the flattery.
Hannah More, Daniel.
The salutations of Arabs are such that . . . “compli-
nvents in a well-bred man never last less than ten min-
utes.” H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 343.
adulator (ad’ū-lä-tgr), n. [L., K adulari : see
adulate.] . An obsequious flatterer; one who
offers praise servilely.
And became more than ever an adulator of the rulin
powers. D. G. Mitchell, Wet Days.
adulatory (ad’ī-lä-tó-ri), a. [KL. adulatorius,
Kadulator: see adulator.] Characterized by
adulation; fulsomely flattering; servilely prais-
ing: as, an adulatory address.
You are not lavish of your words, especially in that
species of eloquence called the adulatory. Chesterfield.
adulatress (ad’ī-lä-tres), n. [= F. adulatrice,
L. adulatricem, acc. of adulatria, fem. form of
adulator: see adulator.] A female adulator.
Indiana, when the first novelty of téte-à-tétes was over,
wished again for the constant adulatress of her charms
and endowments, Miss Burmey, Camilla, x. 14,
Adullamite (3-dul’am-it), n. IK Adullam H-
-ite?..] 1. An inhabitant of the village of Adul-
lam. Gen. xxxviii. 12.-2. In Eng, hist., one of
a group of Liberals who seceded from the Whig
*
adultedt (a-dulted), a.
adulter# (a-dul’tër), n.
adulteri (a-dul’tér), v.
adulterant (a-dultér-ant), a. and m.
adulterate (3-dul’tér-āt), v.;
adulterately (a-dul’tér-āt-li), adv.
adulteration (3-dul-te-rā‘shgn), m.
adulteration
§ and voted with the Conservatives when
arl Russell and Mr. Gladstone introduced a
measure for the extension of the elective fram-
chise in 1866. They received the name from their be-
ing likened by Mr. Bright to the discontented persons who
took refuge with David in the cave of Adullam (1 Sam. xxii.
1, 2). The party was also known collectively as the Cave.
The Conservative party then presented a tolerably solid
front against the extension of the suffrage, and received
besides a large reinforcement of Adullamites from the
Liberal side. New York Times, July 19, 1884.
dult (a-dult'), a. and n. [KL. adultus, grown
up, pp. of adolescere, grow up : See adolescent.]
I. a. 1. Having arrived at mature years, or at-
tained full size and strength: as, an adult per-
son, animal, or plant.
The elaborate reasonings of the adult man.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol.
2. Pertaining or relating to adults; suitable
for an adult ; as, adult age; an adult school.
II. m. A person or (sometimes) an animal
grown to full size and strength; one who has
reached the age of manhood or womanhood.
Embryos and adults of common and curious forms are
constantly met with, thus furnishing material both for
general work and original investigation. Science, W. 212.
Completely grown.
Now that we are not only adulted but ancient Chris-
tians, I believe the most acceptable sacrifice we can send
up to heaven is prayer and praise.
Bowell, Letters, I. vi. 32.
[L., an adulterer, a
counterfeiter, adulter, adj., adulterous; forma-
tion uncertain, perhaps Kad, to, + alter, other,
different. In mod. E. adulter, adulterer, etc.,
have been substituted for the older avowter, ad-
wouter, etc.: see advowter, etc.] An adulterer.
We receive into our mass open sinners, the covetous,
the extortioners, the adulter, the back-biter.
Tyndale, Expos. 1 John.
[K L. adulterare, com-
mit adultery: see adulterate, v.] I. intrams.
To commit adultery. B. Jomson, Epigrams.
II. trans. To pollute; adulterate: as, “adul-
tering spots,” Marston, Scourge of Yºlº #
[K L.
adulteram(t-)s, ppr. of adulterare : see adulter-
ate, v.] I. a. Adulterating ; used in adulter-
ating.
II. m. A substance used for adulterating.
pret. and pp.
adulterated, ppr. adulterating. [K L. adultera-
tus, pp. of adulterare, commit adultery, falsify,
adulterate, K adulter, an adulterer, a counter-
feiter: see adulter, m.] I. trans. 1. To debase
or deteriorate by an admixture of foreign or
baser materials or elements: as, to adulterate
food, drugs, or coins; adulterated doctrines.
The present war has . . . adulterated our tongue with
strange words. Spectator, No. 65.
2}. To graft; give a hybrid character to.
Excellent forms of grafting and adulterating plants and
flowers. Peacham, Exper. of Own Times.
3+. To defile by adultery.
To force a rape on virtue, and adulterate the chaste
bosom of spotless simplicity. Pord, Line of Life.
=Syn. 1. To mix, degrade, corrupt, contaminate, vitiate,
alloy, sophisticate.
II.4 intrans. To commit adultery.
but Fortune, O ! . . .
She adulterates hourly with thy uncle John.
Shak., K. John, iii. 1.
adulterate? (a-dul’tér-āt), a. [K L. adulteratus,
pp.; see the verb.] 1. Tainted with adultery:
as, “the adulterate Hastings,” Shak., Rich.
III., iv. 4.—2. Debased by foreign mixture;
adulterated: as, “adulterate copper,” Swift,
Miscellanies.
No volatile spirits, nor compounds that are
Adulterate. Carew, To G. N.
In an adul-
terate manner.
adulterateness (a-dul’tér-āt-mes), m. The qual-
ity or state of being adulterated or debased.
[K L. adul-
teratio(n-), adulteration, sophistication, Kadul-
terare : see adulterate, v.] 1. The act of adul-
terating, or the state of being adulterated or
debased by admixture with something else,
generally of inferior quality; the use, in the
production of any professedly genuine article,
of ingredients which are cheaper and of an in-
ferior quality, or which are not considered so
desirable by the consumer as other or genuine
ingredients for which they are substituted.
In commerce, there are several kinds of adulteration:
conventional, to suit the taste and demands of the public;
fraudulent, for deceptive and gainful purposes; and ac.
cidental or unintentional adulteration, arising from care-
lessness in the preparation of the staple or commodity at
the place of growth or shipment. Simmonds, Com. Ijict.
adulteration
2. The product or result of the act of adulter-
ating; that which is adulterated.
adulterator (a-dultér-ā-tor), n. [L.; adultera-
tor moneta, a counterfeiter of money; K adulter-
are : see adulterate, v.] One who adulterates.
adulterer (a-dulter-er), n., [K adulter, v., +
-erl; substituted for the older form avoutrer,
advoutrer, q.v.] A man guilty of adultery; a
married man who has sexual commerce with
any woman except his wife. See adultery.
Formerly also spelled adultrer.
adulteress (a-dul’tér-es), m. [K adulter, m., +
-ess; substituted for the older form avoutress,
advowtress, q.v.] A woman guilty of adultery.
Formerly also spelled adultress.
adulterine (a-dul’tér-in), a. and n. [KL. adul-
terinus, K adulter: see adulter, m.] I. a. 1. Of
adulterous origin; born of adultery.
It must be, however, understood that strong moral re-
pugnance to the fictitious affiliation of these illegitimate
and adulterine children begins to show itself among the
oldest of the Hindu law-writers whose treatises have sur-
vived. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 99.
2. Relating or pertaining to adultery; involv-
ing or implying adultery: as, adulterine fiction;
adulterimé marriage (used by St. Augustine of
a second marriage after divorce).-3. Charac-
terized by adulteration; spurious; base: as,
adulterime drugs or metals. [A Latinism, now
rare.]—4t. Illegitimate; illicit; unauthorized:
as, adulterine castles (castles built by the Nor-
man barons in England, after the conquest,
without royal warrant).
The adulterime guilds, from which heavy sums were ex-
acted in 1180, were stigmatised as adulterime because they
had not purchased the right of association, as the older
legal guilds had done, and had set themselves up against
the government of the city which the king Had Tecognised
by his charter. Stubbs, Const. Hist., III. 584.
II. m. In civil law, a childbegottenin adultery.
adulterize (a-dul’tér-iz), v. i. [Kadulter + -ize.]
To be guilty of adultery. Milton. Also spelled
adulterise. [Rare.]
Where did God ever will thee to lie, to swear, to op-
press, to adulterise 2 Ičev. T. Adams, Works, II. 365.
adulterous (a-dul’tér-us), a. [K adulter + -ows;
substituted for the older form advowtrous, q.v.]
1. Pertaining to or characterized by adultery;
given to adultery.
An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign.
Mat. xii. 39.
2. Illicit: said of combinations or relations of
any kind.
Some of our kings have made adulterous connections
abroad. Burke, On a Regicide Peace.
3. Spurious; corrupt; adulterated: as, “forged
and adulterous stuff,” Casaubon, Of Credulity
(trans.), p. 297. [Rare.] ...
adulterously (3-dultér-us-li), adv. In an adul-
terous manner. ſe
adultery (a-dul’tèr-i), m.; pl. adulteries (-iz).
[K.L. adulterium, K adulter; substituted for the
older form advoutry, q.v.] 1.Violation of the
marriage-bed; carnal connection of a married
person with any other than the lawful spouse;
in a more restricted sense, the wrong by a wife
which introduces or may introduce a spurious
offspring into a family. It is sometimes called sin-
gle adultery when only one of the parties is married, and
double adultery when both are married. In some juris-
dictions the law makes adultery a crime, in some Only a
civil injury. In England, formerly, it was punished by
fine and imprisonment, and in Scotland it was frequently
made a capital offense. In Great Britain at the present
day, however, it is punishable only by ecclesiastical cen-
sure; but when committed by the wife, it is regarded as a
civil injury, and forms the ground of an action of dam-
ages against the paramour. Contrary to the previous gen-
eral opinion, it has recently been held in the United
States that the wife may have a corresponding action
against a woman who seduces away her husband. In Eng-
land and Scotland the husband's recovery of damages
against the paramour can now be had only by joining him
with the wife in an action for divorce. See divorce.
2. In the seventh commandment of the deca-
logue, as generally understood, all manner of
lewdness or unchastity in act or thought. See
Mat. v. 28.-3. Eccles., intrusion into a bish-
opric during the life of the bishop.–4. In old
arboriculture, the grafting of trees: so called
from its being considered an unnatural union.
—5+. Adulteration; corruption: as, “all the
adulteries of art,” B. Jonson, Epicoene, i. 1–6t.
Injury; degradation; ruin.
You might wrest the caduceus out of my hand to the
adultery and spoil of nature.
B. Jomson, Mercurie Vindicated.
adultness (a-dult' nes), m. The state of being
adult. r
adumbral (ad-um’bral), a. [K L. ad, to, +
wmbra, shade. Cf. adumbrate.] 1. Shady.—2.
Same as adumbrellar.
84.
adumbrant (ad-um' brant), a. [K L. adum-
bran(t-)s, ppt. of adumbrare : see adumbrate.]
Giving a faint shadow, or showing a slight re-
semblance.
adumbrate (ad-um' bråt), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
adwmbrated, ppr. adumbrating. [KL. adumbra-
tus, pp. of adumbrarê, cast a shadow ower; in
painting, to represent an object with due min-
gling of light and shadow, also represent in
outline; Kad, to, + wºmbra, shadow.] 1. To
overshadow; partially darken or conceal.
Nor did it [a veil] cover, but adwmbrate only
Her most heart-piercing parts.
Marlowe and Chapman,
2. Figuratively, to give a faint shadow or re-
semblance of; outline or shadow forth; fore-
shadow; prefigure.
Both in the vastness and the richness of the visible uni-
verse the invisible God is adumbrated. Is. Taylor.
In truth, in every Church those who cling most tena-
ciously to the dogma are just the men “who have least
hold of the divine substance” which it faintly advanbrates.
H. N. Oacemham, Short Studies, p. 314.
adumbration (ad-um-brā‘shqn), n. [K L. ad-
wnbratio(m-), Kadumbrare : see adumbrate.] 1.
The act of adumbrating or making a shadow or
faint resemblance.—2. Figuratively, a faint
sketch; an imperfect representation; some-
thing that suggests by resemblance, or shadows
forth; a foreshadowing. -
Our knowledge is . . . at best a faint confused adwm-
bration. Glamville, Scep. Sci.
Pelief comes into existence when man is not reasonable
enough to have a theory about anything, while he is still
mainly a feeling animal, possessing only some adumbra-
tions or instincts of thought. Keary, Prim. Belief, p. 23.
3. In her., the shadow only of a * outlined
* y
and painted of a color darker than the field.
Shadow, however, has no proper place in heraldry. It is
a modern abuse.
adumbrative (ad-um' brå-tiv), a. [Kadumbrate
+ -ive..] Shadowing forth; faintly resembling;
foreshadowing or typical. -
We claim to stand there as mute monuments, patheti-
cally adwmbrative of much. Carlyle, Fr. Rev., II. i. 10.
adumbratively (ad-um' brå-tiv-li), adv. In an
adumbrative manner.
adumbrellar (ad-um-brel’ār), a. [K L. ad, to, +
L. umbrella, the disk of acalephs: see wºm-
brella.] Pertaining to the upper surface of the
velum in sea-blubbers (Medusae) : opposed to
abwmbrellar.
adunation (ad-ii-nā’shgn), m. [KL. adumatio(n-),
K adumare, P; adunatus, make into one, Kad,
to, + unus . one: see which, unite, etc. Cf.
atome, the cognate E. form.] The act of uniting
or the state of being united; union: as, “real
union or adumation,” Boyle, Scept. Chym. (1680),
p. 94. [Rare.]
adunc (ad-ungk’), a. [Formerly adunque, as
if F. ; K L. aduncus, hooked: see aduncous.]
Same as adwmcous.
JParrots have an adumque Bill. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 238.
The Nose . . . if Aquiline or Adwmc.
I'velyn, Numismata, p. 297. (N. E. D.)
aduncal (ad-ung/kal), a. [K L. aduncus : see
aduncous.] Same as adumcows. g
The spire also opens out at its growing margin, . . .
and thus gives rise to . . . the common adumcal type of
this organism [Orbiculina]. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., $464,
aduncate (ad-ung/kāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ad-
wncated, ppr. aduncating. [K ML. aduncatus,
p. of adumcare, hook, curve, K L. aduncus,
łºś. See adumcous.] To curve inward, as
a bird’s beak or a nose.
aduncate (ad-ungſkät), a. [K ML. aduncatus,
pp.: see the verb.] Aduncous; hooked; hav-
ing a hook: as, the aduncate bill of a hawk.
aduncity (a-dun'si-ti), n, [K L. adumcitas,
hookedness, Kaduncus, hooked: see aduncous.]
The condition of being hooked; hookedness.
The adumcity of the pounces and beaks of the hawks.
Martimus Scriblerus.
aduncous (a-dung’kus), a. [KL. aduncus, hook-
ed, Kad, to, + wincus, hooked, barbed, uncus, a
hook, barb.] Hooked; bent or made in the
form of a hook; incurved. Equivalent forma-
tions are adunc and adumcal.
ad unguem (ad ung'gWem). [L. : ad, to; wh-
guem, acc. of unguis, nail, claw.] To the nail,
or touch of the nail j exactly; nicely.
adunquef (ad-ungk’), a. Obsolete form of
adwmc.
adurei (a-dûr’), v. t. [K L. adurere, set fire to,
burn, Kad, to, +, wrere, burn, akin to Gr. evetv,
singe, abetv, kindle, Skt. V ush, burn. Hence
adust2, q.v.] . To burn completely or partially;
calcine, scorch, or parch.
*
*E*
Hero and Leander, iv.
advance /
adurent (a-dû'rºnt), a. [KL. aduren(-)s, ppr.
of aduº'ere: See àure.] Burning; heating.
Bacon. [Rare.] .."
adusk (3-dusk’), £º phr, as adv, or a, [Kaº,
prep., + dusk..] In the dusk or twilight; dark;
in gloom. [Rare.] ,” &
You wish to die and leave the world adusk
IFor others. Mrs. Browning, Aurora Leigh, i. 502.
adust1 (a-dust'), prep. phr, as a [K a”, prép.,
+ dust.] Dusty. -
He was tired and advast with long riding; but he did not
go home. eorge Eliot, Romola, xlv.
Lose half their lives on the road often miry or adust.
Blackwood's Mag., XXI. 792.
adust? (a-dust'), a. [K L. adustus, burned, #.
of adurere: see adure.] 1. Burned; scorched;
become dry by heat; hot and fiery.
Which with torrid heat,
And vapour as the Libyan air advist,
IBegan to parch that temperate clime, tº
Milton, P. L., xii. 685.
2. Looking as if burned or scorched.
In person he was tall, thin, erect, with a small head, a
long visage, lean yellow cheek, dark twinkling eyes, adust
complexion, . . . and a long, sable-silvered beard.
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 109.
3+. In pathol., having much heat: said of the
blood and other fluids of the body; hence, ar-
dent; sanguine; impetuous.
If it [melancholy] proceed from blood advºst, or that
there be a mixture of blood in it, “such are commonly
ruddy, of complexion, and high-coloured,” according to
Sallust, Salvianus, and Hercules de Saxonià. -
Burton, Amat. of Mel., p. 242.
adustedt (a-dusted), a. [Kadust? H--ed?..] Be-
come hot and dry; burned; scorched.
Those rayes which scorch the adusted soyles of Calabria
and Spaine. Howell, Forreine Travell, p. 74.
adustible; (a-dus’ti-bl), a. [K adust” + -ible.]
Capable of being burned up.
adustioni (a-dus’tign), n. IKL. adustio(n-), K
adurere: see adure, adust?..] 1. The act of
burning, scorching, or heating to dryness; the
state of being thus heated or dried. Harvey.
Others will have them (symptoms of melancholy] come
* from the diverse adustion of the four humours.
Burton, Amat. of Mel., p. 242.
2. In med., cauterization.
adv. A common abbreviation of adverb and of
advertisement.
advailablet (ad-vā'la-bl), a. Obsolete form of
available.
ad val. An abbreviation of ad valorem.
ad valorem (ad va-ló’rem). [NL.: L. ad, to;
L. and NL. valorem, acc. of valor, value: see
walor.] According to value. Applied—(1) in com.,
to customs or duties levied according to the marketable
value or worth of the goods at the original place of ship-
ment, as sworn to by the owner and verified by the cus-
toms appraisers; (2) in law, to lawyers' fees for the draw-
ing of certain deeds or other work chargeable according
to the value of the property involved.
advance (ad-väns'), v.; pret. and pp. advanced,
ppr. advancing. [Earlier advauncé, avaunce, K
ME. avauncem, avaunsen, avancem, avamsen, K
OF. avancer, avancier, later avancer, “to for-
ward, set forward, further, put on; also, to
hasten; and to shorten or cut off by haste;
also, to advance, prefer, promote” (Cotgrave),
mod. F. avancer=Pr. Sp. avanzar = Pg. avançar
= It. awanzare, KML. *abanteare, Kabante, away
before, X It. Sp. Pg. avante, Pr. OF. F. avant,
before: see avant, avaunt, and vam?. The prefix
is thus historically av- for orig. ab-; the spelling
adv-, now established in this worá and advan:
tage, is due to a forced “restoration’ of a-taken
as a reduced form of ad-: see a-11 and a-18.]
I. trans. 1. To bring forward in place; move
further in front.
Now Morn, her rosy steps in the eastern clime
Advancing, sow'd the earth with orient pearl.
* Milton, P. L., v. 2.
One lac'd the helm, another held the lance:
A third the shining buckler did advance.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., I. 1732.
A line was entrenched, and the troops were advanced to
the new position. U. S. Grant, Pers. Mem., I. 377.
2. To forward in timo; accelerate : as, to ad-
vance the growth or plants.—3. To improve
or make better; benefit; promote the good of:
as, to advance one's true interests.
As the calling dignifies the man, so the man much more
advances his calling. Sowth, Sermons.
4. To promote; raise to a higher rank: as, to
advance one from the bar to the bench.
And to advance again, for one man's merit
A thousand heirs that have deserved nought?
Sir J. Davies, Immortal. of Soul, viii.
It has ben the fate of this obliging favorite to advance
those who soone forget their original.
Evelyn, Diary, July 22, 1674.
advance
g i - 4
. 5. To raise; enhance: as, to advance the price
of goods.—6. To offer or propose; bring to
view or notice, as something one is prepared
to abide by ; allege; adduce; bring #.
as, to advance an opinion or an argument.
Propositions which are advanced in discourse generally
result from a partial view of the question, and cannot be
kept under examination long enough to be corrected.
Macaulay, Athenian Orators.
7. In com., to supply beforehand; furnish on
credit, or before goods are delivered or work is
done, or furnish as part of a stock or fund; Sup-
ply or pay in expectation of reimbursement: as,
to advance money on loan or contract, or to-
ward a purchase or an establishment.
Two houses advanced to Edward the Third of England
upwards of three hundred thousand marks. e *
- - Macaulay, Machiavelli.
8. To raise; lift up ; elevate.
They . . .
Advanc'd their eyelids. Shak, Tempest, iv. 1.
O, peace | Contemplation makes a rare turkey-cock of
him! how he jets under his advanced plumes |
º Shche., T. N., ii. 5.
A cherub tall;
Who forthwith from the glittering staff unfurl’d
The imperial ensign, which, full high aſivanced,
Shone like a meteor. Milton, P. L., i. 536.
9. To put forth or exhibit with a view to dis-
play. [Rare.]
And every one his love-feat will advance
Unto his several mistress. Shak., L. L. L., v. 2.
10t. To commend; extol; vaunt.
Greatly adva'uncing his *g chivalree.
- & gº º !pen&er, F. Q., I. v. 16.
11+. To impel; incite. -
That lewd rybauld with vyle lust advaunst.
Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 10.
=Syn, 4. To elevate, exalt, prefer, aggrandize, dignify.
—5. To increase, augment.—6. Adduce, Allege, A88ign
(see adduce); propound, bring forward, lay down.
II, intrans. 1. To move or go forward; pro-
ceed: as, the troops advanced.
But time advances :’ facts accumulate ; doubts arise.
Raint glimpses of truth begin to appear, and shine more
and more unto the perfect day.
Macaulay, Sir James Mackintosh.
They watched the reapers' slow advancing line.
illiam Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 375.
2. To improve or make progress; grow, etc.:
as, to advance in knowledge, stature, wisdom,
rank, office, dignity, or age.
A great advancing Soul carries forward his whole age ;
a mean, sordid soul draws it back.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 34.
3. To increase in quantity, price, etc. : as, the
stock advanced three points.
advance (ad-vāns'), n. . [=IF. avance; from the
verb.] 1. A moving forward or toward the
front; a forward course; progress in space:
as, our advance was impeded by obstructions.
Don Alonzo de Aguila and his companions, in their
eager advance, had . . . got entangled in deep glens and
the dry beds of torrents. Irving, Granada, p. 90.
2. Milit., the order or signal to advance: as, the
advance was sounded.—3. A step forward;
actual progress in any course of action; often a prise, etc. * - - /
lural: as, an advance in religion or advancement (adºvāns' mºnt), º,
in the
knowledge; civilization has made great ad-
vances in this century. º
Witness the advance from a rustic's conception of the
Earth to that which a travelled geologist has reached.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 481.
4. An act of approach; an effort for approxi-
mation or agreement; anything done to bring
about accord or any relation with another or
others: with to before the person and toward
before the object or purpose. as, A. made an
advance or advances to B, or toward acquain-
tance with B.
Frederic had some time before made advances toward a
. Teconciliation with Voltaire.
* Macaulay, Frederic the Great.
5. A forward position; place in front, at the
head, or in the lead: as, regiment took the
advance in the march.-6. The state of being
forward or in front; a being or going at the
head or in the lead: chiefly in the phrase in
advance: as, the groom rode in advance of the
carriage; he is far in advance of the other
pupils. In this sense the word is often used in compo-
sition, sometimes without joining, giving it the appear-
ance of an adjective, as it has been called in such use, al-
though it is never really one. Thus, an advance (-) agent
is an agent sent out in advance of tº theatrical company,
exhibition, etc., to make preliminary arrangements; an
advance (-) ditch or foss is a ditch around the esplanade
or glacis of a fortified place, and hence in advance of it;
advance (-) sheets are sheets of a printed work sent to
somebody in advance of publication. w &
7. He who or that which is at the head or in
the lead; the foremost or forward part; espe-
cially, the leading body of an army,
advance-guard (ad-vāns'gård), n.
advance-note (ad-váns'môt), n.
advancer (ad-vān’sér), m.
advancingly (ad-vān'sing-li), adv.
85
. I got back on the 5th with the advance, the remainder
following as rapidly as the steamers could carry them.
* U. S. Grant, Pers. Mem., I. 290.
8. In schools, a lesson not previously learned:
opposed to review.—9. Advancement; promo-
tion; preferment: as, an advance in rank or
office.—10. An offer or tender.
The advance of kindness which I made was feigned.
Dryden, All for Love, iv.
11. In com.: (a) Addition to price; rise in price:
as, an advance on the prime cost of goods; there
is an advance on cottons. (b) A giving before-
hand; a furnishing of something before an
equivalent is received, as money or goods, to-
ward a capital or stock, or on loan, or in expec-
tation of being reimbursed in some way: as, A
made large advances to B.
I shall, with great pleasure, make the necessary ad-
º/I/71 C68, Jay.
The account was made up with intent to show what
advances had been made. ent.
(c) The money or goods thus furnished.—12.
In naval tactics, the distance made by a ship
under way, in the direc-
tion of her course, after
the helm has been put to
one side and kept there:
opposed to transfer, the
distance made at right an-
gles to the original course
of the vessel before the
helm was put over.—Inad-
Vance. (a) Before; in front:
as, the cavalry marched in ad-
wance, or in advance of the ar-
l tillery. See above, 6. (b) Be-
forehand; before an equivalent
is received: as, to pay rent in
advance.
They . . . paid you in ad-
wance the dearest tribute of
their affection.
Junius, To the King, 1769.
(c) In the state or condition of
having made an advance : as,
A is in advance to B a thousand dollars. = Syn. Advance-
ment, Proficiency, etc. See progress, n.
advanceable (ad-vān'sa-bl), a. [K advance +
-able.] Capable of being advanced.
advance-bill (ad-väns’ bil), n. Same as ad-
vance-note.
advanced (ad-vänst’), p. a. 1. Situated in
front of or before others. Hence—2. In the
front; forward; being in advance of or beyond
others in attainments, degree, etc. : as, an ad-
wanced Liberal.
The most advanced strategic ideas of the day.
Grote, Hist. Greece, II. 86.
3. Having reached a comparatively late stage,
as of development, progress, life, etc. : as, he is
now at an advanced age.
A
A B C, ship's track.
A, point where helm is put
Over-
D C, advance
of curve
P, transfer B C.
[Cf. avant-
guard, vanguard.j Milit., a body of troops or
other force marching in front of the main
body to clear the way, guard against sur-
[Earlier ad-
vauncement, avauncement, KME. avancement, K
. OF. (and F.) avancement, Kavancer: see advance
and -ment.] 1. The act of moving forward or
proceeding onward or upward.—2. The act of
promoting, or state of being promoted; prefer-
ment; promotion in rank or excellence; im-
provement; furtherance.—3+. Settlement on a
wife; jointure. Bacon.—4. In law, provision
made by a parent for a child during the parent's
life, by gift of property on account of the share
to which the child would be entitled as heir or
next of kin after the parent's death.-5+. The
payment of money in advance; money paid in
advance. =Syn. 1 and 2. Advance, Proficiency, etc. See
#º n.—2... Exaltation, elevation, preferment, €Il-
ancement, amelioration, betterment.
A draft on the
owner or agent of a vessel, generally for one
month's wages, given by the master to the
sailors on their signing the articles of agree-
ment. Known in the United States as an advance-bill.
The practice was abolished in the United States by act of
Congress in 1884.
[ME. avauncer,
avawnser; K advance + -erl.] 1. One who ad-
yances; a promoter.—2. A branch of a buck's
horn, the second from the base.
In an ad-
vancing manner; progressively.
advancive (ad-vān’siv), a. [Irreg, Kadvance +
—ive.] Tending to advance or promote. [Rare.]
The latter . . . will be more advancive of individual in-
terest than of the public welfare.
Washington, in Bancroft's Hist, Const., I. 416.
advantage (ad-vān’tāj), n.
4+. Usury; interest; increase.
advantage (ad-vān’tāj), v. ; pret. and pp
advantage
[K ME. avantage,
º; K OF. º i#. “an º:
tage, odds; overplus; ition: º ; a pene-
fit, #jºforwarding,” 'etc. (Cotgrave),
= Pr. avantage (ML. reflex avantagium), K. M.L.
*abantaticwm, advantage, K abante, X Öſ. avant,
etc., before: see advance, v.] 1. Any state,
condition, circumstance, opportunity, or means
specially favorable to success, prosperity, inter-
est, reputation, or any desired end; anythi
that aids, assists, or is of service: as, he ha
the advantage of a good constitution, of an ex-
cellent education; the enemy had the advan-
tage of elevated ground; “the advantages of a
close alliance,” Macaulay.
Advantage is a better soldier than rashness.
hak., Hen. V., iii. 6.
The streets, seen now under the advantages of a warm
morning sun adding a beauty of its own to whatever it
glanced upon, showed much more brilliantly than ours
of Rome. W. Ware, Zenobia, I. 58.
2. Superiority or prevalence: regularly with of
Or Oºje?”.
Lest Satan should get an advantage of us. 2 Cor. ii. 11.

I have seen the hungry ocean gain
Advantage on the kingdom of the shore.
Shak, Sonnets, lxiv.
The special advantage of manhood over youth lies . . .
in the sense of reality and limitation.
J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 145.
3. Benefit; gain; profit.
What advantage will it be unto thee? Job XXXV. 3.
Yet hath Sir Proteus, for that's his name,
Made use and fair advantage of his days.
Shak., T. G. of W., ii. 4.
Methought you said, you neither lend nor borrow
Upon advantage. Shak., M. of V., i. 3.
And with advantage means to pay thy love.
Shak., K. John, iii. 3.
5+. A thirteenth article added to a dozen, mak-
ing what is commonly known as a baker’s
dozen.
If the Scripture be for reformation, and Antiquity to
boot, it is but an advantage to the dozen.
Milton, Ref. in Eng., i.
6. In lawn-tennis, the first point gained after
deuce. Commonly called vantage. See lawn-
tennis.--To advantage, with good effect; advantage-
ously.—To have the advantage of, to have superiority
over; be in a more favorable position than; in particular,
to know without being known; have a personal knowledge
that is not reciprocal: as, you have the advantage of me.—
To play upon advantaget, to cheat.—To take advan-
tage of. (a) To avail one's self of; profit by in a legitimate
way. (b) To overreach or impose upon. (c) To utilize as a
means toward Overreaching or imposition.
The restrictions both on masters and servants were so
severe as to prevent either from taking advantage of the
necessities of the other. Froude, Sketches, p. 146.
= Syn. 1 and 3. Advantage, Benefit, Utility, Profit, help,
Vantage-ground, good, Service. Advantage is the possession
of a good Vantage-ground for the attainment of ulterior ob-
jects of desire: as, he has the advantage of a good education.
. Benefit is a more immediate and realized good : as, a chief
benefit of exercise is the improvement of health. Utility
is usefulness in the practical or material sense : the wtility
of an education is a small part of the benefit derived from
it. Profit signifies gain, with a suggestion of trade or
exchange. A man may have good advantages, but derive
from them little benefit or profit; even their wtility to him
may be small.
And deny his youth
The rich advantage of good exercise.
Shak., K. John, iv. 2.
The importance of the American revolution, and the
means of making it a benefit to the world.
Washington, Letter to Dr. Price.
An undertaking of enormous labour and yet of only
very partial utility. F. Hall, Mod. Png., p. 36.
What profit lies in barren faith?
Tennyson, In Memoriam, cviii.
. ad-
'wantaged, ppr. advantaging. [K late ME. avan-
tage, K OF. avantager, avantagier, later avan-
tager, “to advantage, give advantage unto,”
etc. (Cotgrave); from the noun..] I. trams. 1.
To benefit; be of service to; yield profit or
traditions of culture.
gain io.
What is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world,
and lose himself, or be cast away ? uke ix. 25.
If trade pinches the mind, commerce liberalizes it; and
Boston was also advantaged with the neighborhood of the
country's oldest college, which maintained the wholesome
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 96.
2#. To gain ground or win acceptance for; pro-
mote or further. [Rare.]
The Stoics that opinioned the souls of wise men dwelt
about the moon, and those of fools wandered about the
earth, advantaged the conceit of this effect.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
3+. To increase, as by interest.
Advantaging their loan with interest
Of ten times double gain of happiness.
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4.
advantage
4t. Reflexively, to cause to be an advantage to;
avail (one’s self).
It is observed of wolves, that when they go to the fold
for prey, they will be sure to advantage themselves of the
Wind. Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 121.
II. intrans. To gain an advantage; be bene-
fited.
The carnivora advantage by the accident of their painted
skins. P. Robinson, Under the Sun, p. 185.
advantageable (ad-vān’tāj-a-bl), a. [Early
mod. avantageable; K advantage + -able.]
Profitable; convenient; gainful. [Rare.]
It is advantageable to a physician to be called to the
cure of declining disease. Sir J. Hayward,
advantage-ground (ad-vān’tāj-ground), n.
Vantage-ground. Clarendon.
advantageous (ad-van-tā’jus), a. [Formerly
advantagious; K advantage, n., + -ows, after F.
avantageua, Kavantage.] Of advantage; fur-
nishing convenience, or opportunity to gain
benefit; gainful; profitable; useful; beneficial:
as, an advantageous position of the troops; trade
is advantageous to a nation.
Between these colonies and the mother country, a very
. advantageous traffic was at first carried on.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xxv.
It is evident that they [changes in color] are under the
control of the fish, and therefore advantageous.
- cience, IV. 339.
= Sym, Helpful, serviceable, favorable, remunerative.
advantageously (ad-van-tā‘jus-li), adv. In an
advantageous manner; with advantage; profit-
ably; usefully; conveniently.
It was advantageously situated, there being an easy
passage from it to India by sea. Arbuthnot.
Their mother is evidently not without hopes of seeing
one, at least [of her daughters], advantageously settled in
life. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 184.
advantageousness (ad-van-tā’īus-nes), m. The
quality or state of being advantageous; profit-
ableness; usefulness; convenience.
The last property, which qualifies God for the fittest ob-
ject of our love, is, the advantageousness of His to us, both
in the present and the future fife. Boyle, Works, I. 279.
advectitious (ad-vek-tish’us), a. [K L. advec-
titiws, prop. advecticius, brought to a place from
a distance, foreign, K advectus, pp. of advehere,
bring to: see advehemt.] Brought from another
place. Blount.
advehent (ad’vé-hent), a. [K L. advehem (t-)s,
ppr. of advehere, bring to, carry to, Kad, to, +
vehere, bring, carry: see vehicle, convey.] Bring-
ing; carrying to ; afferent : in anat., applied
to sundry vessels: the opposite of revehemt.
advene (ad-vén'), v. i. [K L. advenire, come to,
arrive at, Kad, to, + venire, come, - E. come, q.v.
Cf. convene, intervene, supervene.] To accede
or come; be added or become a part, though
not essential. [Rare.]
Where no act of the will advemes as a co-efficient.
Coleridge, Remains (1836), III. 19.
advenient# (ad-vé’nient), a. [KL. advenien(t-)s,
ppr. of advenire: see adveme.] Advening; com-
ing from without; superadded.
Divided from truth in themselves, they are yet farther
removed by advenient deception.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., i. 3.
ºr
advent (ad’vent), n. [K ME. advent, K L. ad-
ventus, a coming to, approach, K advenire : See
advene.]. 1. A coming into place, view, or be-
ing; visitation; arrival; accession; as, the ad-
vent of visitors, of an infant, or of death, [A
modern use of the word, the ecclesiastical use
having been the original one in English.]
With the advent of the empire all this was destined to
undergo a complete change.
Merivale, Roman Empire, XXXV.
With the advent to power of a liberal-minded Sovereign
... it might have been expected that there would be an
immediate change in the Government of Piedmont.
B. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 54.
Specifically—2. The coming of Christ as the
Saviour of the world. Hence—3. [cap.] Ec-
cles., the period immediately preceding the fes-
tival of the Nativity. It includes four Sundays, reck-
oning from the Sunday nearest St. Andrew's day (Nov. 30)
to Christmas eve, and has been observed since the sixth
century as a season of devotion with reference to the Com-
ing of Christ in the flesh and to his second coming to judge
the world; in the Roman Catholic Church observed also as
a time of penance and fasting. In the Oriental and Greek
Ch Irches the period includes six Sundays, or forty days.--
Second advent, the second coming of Christ to establish
a personal reign upon the earth as its king. See mille-
marianism and premillennialism.
Adventist (ad’ven-tist), m. [K advent + -ist.]
Qne who believes in the second coming of
Christ to establish a personal reign upon the
earth; a millenarian; a Second-adventist. The
Adventists of the United States owe their origin to the
Inillenarian teachings of William Miller (see Millerite),
most of them believing at first in various dates fixed for
the Second coming of Christ from 1843 to 1861, but after-
A sisting of connective tissue.
86
Ward abandoning the attempt to determine the date.
There are seven Adventist bodies, of which the largest
body is the Seventh-day Adventists, numbering over 100,-
000. They observe the seventh day of the week as the
Sabbath, and, while believing in the personal, literal com-
ing of Christ, have not attempted to set a time for that
event. The second º body of Adventists is the
Advent Christian Chºwrch, numbering about 27,000 mem-
bers. The body known as Churches of God in Christ
Jesus have a membership of over 2,000; other bodies have
only a few hundred adherents. There is no affiliation be-
tween the various bodies of Adventists.
[NL., fem.
adventitia (ad-ven-tish’i-á), n.
sing. (se. membrana, or tunica) of L. adventitius:
See adventitious.] In anat., any membranous
structure covering an organ but not properly
belonging to it (in full, membrana adventitia,
adventitious membrane); specifically, the out-
ermost of the three coats of a blood-vessel (in
full, tunica adventitia, adventitious tunic), con-
adventitious (ad-ven-tish’us), a. [K L. adven-
titius, prop. adventicius, coming from abroad,
K adventus, pp. of advenire: see adveme.] 1.
Added extrinsically; not springing from the es-
sence of the subject, but from another source;
foreign; accidentally or casually acquired: ap-
plied to that which does not properly belong to
a subject, but which is superadded or adopted,
as in a picture or otherwork of art, to give it ad-
ditional power or effect.
Dvery subject acquires an adventitious importance to
him. Who considers it with ;”; * g
Goldsmith, Polite Learning, xiv.
But apart from any adventitious associations of later
growth, it is certain that a very ancient belief gave to magic
the power of imparting life, or the semblance of it, to inani-
mate things. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 117.
2. In bot, and 206l., appearing casually, or in
an abnormal or unusual position or place ; oc-
curring as a straggler or away from its natural
position or habitation; adventive.
The inflorescence [of Cuscata glomerata) is developed
from numerous crowded adventitious buds, and not by the
repeated branching of axillary, flowering branches, as
commonly stated. * Science, IV. 342.
3. In amat., of the nature of adventitia: as, the
adventitious coat of an artery.
adventitiously (ad-ven-tish/us-li), adv. In an
adventitious or extrinsic manner; accidentally.
adventitiousness (ad-ven-tish/us-nes), n. The
state or quality of being adventitious.
adventive (ad-ven’tiv), a. and m. [KL. adven-
tus, pp. of advenire (see advene), + -ive..] I. a.
1+. Accidental; adventitious.
The relative and adventive characters of offences.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii.
Specifically—2. In bot. and 206l., only tran-
sient and Hoci, spontaneous, not thoroughly
naturalized: applied to introduced plants and
animals.
II.4 m. One who or that which comes from
Without ; an immigrant.
That the natives be not so many, but that there may be
elbow-room enough for them, and for the adventives also.
Bacom, Advice to Williers.
adventry? (ad-ven’tri), n. [Kadventure, as if *ad-
ventury.] An enterprise; an adventure. [Rare.]
Act a brave work, call it thy last adventry.
B. Jomson, Epigrams.
Adventual (ad-ven’tli-al), a. [KL. as if *ad-
ventualis, K adventus (adventu-), approach: see
advent.] Relating to the season of Advent.
JBp. Sanderson.
afteåtº (ad-ven’tir), n. [Early mod. E. of
ten also adventer, KME. aventure, awenture, often
contr. auntour, aunter, amter, etc., KOF (and
E.) aventure = Pr. Sp. Pg. aventura = It. av-
wentura = Fries, aventure = MHG. aventiure, G.
abenteuer = Dan. a-ventyr, eventyr = Sw. Čfoen–
tyr, KML, aventura, also adventura, lit. a thing
about to happen, & i. advenire, fut. part. act.
adventurus, come to, happen: , see advene.
The ME. prefix a- (a-11) has been restored to
its orig. L. form ad-. Hence peradventure, q.v.
Cf. venture.] 1+. That which comes or happens
to one; hap; chance; fortune; luck.
Searching of thy wound,
I have by hard adventure found mine own.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 4.
And as my fair adventure fell, I found
A lady all in white, with laurel crown'd.
Dryden, Flower and Leaf, l. 463.
2. A hazardous enterprise; an undertaking of
uncertain issue, or participation in such an un-
dertaking.
He forged,
But that was later, boyish histories
Of battle, bold adventure, dungeon, wreck,
Tennysom, Aylmer's Field.
3. A remarkable occurrence in one's personal
history; a noteworthy event or experience in
one's life.
d
adventureful (ad-ven’tir-fúl), a.
adventurement: (ad-ven’t jr-ment), m.
adventurer (ad-ven’t jr-ér), n.
adventuresome (ad-ven'tūr-sum), a.
adventuress ,
Come, never mind our uncle's age, let us hear his ad-
went wré8, Irving, Tales of a Traveler.
4. A speculation of any kind, commercial,
financial, or mining; a venture; specifically, a
speculation in goods sent abroad. *
Lafayette directed the captain to steer for the United
States, which, especially as he had a large pecuniary ad-
ventwre of his own on board, he declined doing.
e B'verett, Orations, I, 467.
5#. Peril; danger.
He was in great adventure of his life. Berners.
6. Adventurous activity; Fº in ex-
citing or hazardous undertakings or enterprises:
as, a spirit of adventure.—At all adventurest, at
all hazards; whatever may be the consequence,
In this mist at all adventures go. Shak., C. of E., ii. 2.
Bill of adventure. See bill.3.
adventure (ad-ven’tir), v.; pret, and pp. ad-
ventured, ppr. adventuring. [KME., aventuren,
usually contr. to aunteren, auntren (which sur-
vives, prob., in saunter, q.v.), KOF, aventurer
= Pr: Sp. Pg. aventurar =It, avventurare, KML.
adventurare; from the noun..] I. trans. 1. To
risk or hazard; put in the power of unforeseen
events: as, to adventure one's life.
My father fought for you, and adventured his life far.
Judges ix. 17-
2. To venture on; take the chance of ; run the
risk of doing or suffering.
So bold Leander would adventure it.
Shak, T. G. of V., iii. 1.
Well, my lord, I do adventwre, on your word,
The duke's displeasure.
Dekker and Webster(?), Sir Thomas Wyat, p. 15-
II. intrans. To take the risk involved in do-
ing anything; proceed at a venture.
Still yº plague continuing in our parish, I could not
without danger adventwre to our church.
I'velyn, Diary, Sept. 7, 1666.
Its government began to adventwºre on a lenient policy.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 349-
Given to
adventure; full of enterprise. [Rare.]
Haz-
ardous enterprise.
Wiser Raymundus, in his closet pent,
Laughs at such danger and adventwrement.
Bp. Hall, Satires, IV. iii. 35.
o [Late ME. ad-
wentorer, a gamester, suggested by F. aventurier,
with same sense, KML. adventurarius, -erius:
see adventure and -er.] 1. One who engages
in adventure; an undertaker of uncertain or
hazardous actions or enterprises, as in travel,
war, trade, speculation, etc.; as, the Young Ad-
venturer, a title given to Prince Charles Edward
Stuart on account of his leading the desperate
insurrection of 1745. Specifically—(a) One of a class
of soldiers in the middle ages who sold their services to
the highest bidder, or fought and plundered on their own
account. (b) Formerly, a seeker of fortune by foreign
trade, travel, or emigration; one who engaged in foreign
discovery, Colonization, or speculation for the sake of
profit, especially in North America.
While these things were thus acting in America, the
adventurers in England were providing, though too tedi-
ously, to send them recruits. Beverley, Virginia, i. T7.
The [colonial] governor [of Maryland] was authorized to
erect each holding of 1,000 acres and over into a manor, to
be called by Such name as the adventurer or adventwºrers
shall desire. Johns Hopkins Univ. Stud., III. 319.
(c) In general, one who undertakes any great commercial
risk or speculation ; a speculator; in mining, a share-
holder in or promoter of mines, particularly under the
cost-book system. See cost-book.
2. In a bad sense, a seeker of fortune by un-
derhand or equivocal means; a speculator upon
the credulity or good nature of others; espe-
cially, one who ingratiates himself with sºci-
ety by false show or pretense in order to gain
a Surreptitious livelihood.—Adventurer tunnel.
See tunnel.–Merchant Adventurers, the title of a com-
mercial company first established in Antwerp, and char-
tered in England by Henry IV. in 1406, and by successive
sovereigns down to Charles I. in 1634, who carried on
trading and colonizing enterprises in North America and
other parts of the world. Several local associations of
merchants still exist in England under this name, that of
Newcastle reckoning its origin from the seventeenth year
of King John (1216).
[K ad-
wenture, n., + -some.] Bold; daring; adventur-
ous; incurring hazard. See venturesome.
Adventwresome, I send
My herald thought into a wilderness.
Keats, Endymion, i.
adventuresomeness (ad-ven'tūr-sum-nes), n.
The quality of being bold and venturesome.
adventuress (ad-ven’tir-es), n. IK adventurer
+ -ess.] female adventurer: a woman en-
gaged in or capable of bold enterprises, espe-
cially enterprises of equivocal character.
&
adventuress
It might be very well for Lady Bareacres . . . and other
ladies . . . to cry fle at the idea of the odious adventwregs
making her curtsey before the sovereign.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xlviii.
adventurous (ad-ven’tir-us), a... [KME. aven-
turous, aventurus, aunterous, etc., KOF. aventeros,
F. aventurewa;= Pr. aventuro8–It. avventuroso:
See adventure, n., and –ous.] 1. Inclined or
willing to incur hazard or engage in adven-
tures; bold to encounter danger; daring; Ven-
turesome; courageous; enterprising.
In many a doubtful fight,
Was never known a more advent’rous knight.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, 1.2207.
Th’ adventurous baron the bright locks admired.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 29.
2. Full of hazard; attended with risk; exposing
to danger; requiring &ourage; hazardous: as,
an adventurous undertaking.
Of instrumental harmony, that breathed
Heroic ardour to adventwroug deeds.
Milton, P. L., vi. 66.
A Greek temple preserves a kind of fresh immortality
in its concentrated refinement, and a Gothic cathedral in
its adventurows exuberange.
H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 36.
= Syn. 1. Adventwrous, Enterprising, Rash, Reckless, Fool-
hardy, venturesome, venturous. fhe adventurous man
incurs risks from love of the novel, the arduous, and the
bold, trusting to escape through the use of his bodily and
mental powers; he would measure himself against difficult
things. When this spirit does not go so far as to deserve
the name of rashness or foolhardiness, it is considered a
manly trait. The enterprising man is alert to undertake
new and large things, not necessarily involving risk; he is
constantly breaking out of routine. The rash man hastems
to do a thing with little thought of the consequences, and
generally in the heat of feeling. With the foolhardy man
the risks are so great and the absence of thought is so
entire that he seems to have the hardihood of the fool.
The reckless man has the impetuosity of the rash man, but
he is more careless of consequences. The rash man is
too precipitate; the reckless man shows temerity; the
Joolhardy man is careless or defiant even when he under-
takes the impossible.
Commerce is unexpectedly confident and serene, alert,
adventwrous, and unwearied. Thoreaw, Walden, p. 130.
There have not been wanting enterprising and far-see-
ing statesmen who have attempted to control and direct
the Spirit of the Age. W. R. Clifford, Lectures, I. 80.
He is rash, and very sudden in choler, and, haply, may
strike at you. Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
I am one, my liege,
Whom the vile blows and buffets of the world
Have so incens'd, that I am reckless what
I do to spite the world. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 1.
The foolhardy levity of shallow infidelity proceeds from
a morbid passion for motoriety, or the malice that finds
pleasure in annoyance. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 194.
adventurously (ad-ven’tir-us-li), adv. In an
adventurous manner; boldly; daringly.
They are both hanged; and so would this be, if he durst
steal anything adventwrously. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 4.
adventurousness (ad-ven'tūr-us-nes), n. The
#; of being adventurous; daring.
adverb (adºvérb), m. [KF. adverbe, K.L. adver-
bium, an adverb (a tr. of Gr. Štippmua, an ad-
verb, something additional to the predication),
Kad, to, + verbum, a word, verb: see verb.] In
gram., one of the indeclinable parts of speech:
so called from being ordinarily joined to verbs
for the purpose of limiting or extending their
signification, but used also to qualify adjectives
and other adverbs: as, I readily admit; you
speak wisely; very cold; naturally brave; very
generally acknowledged; much more clearly.
Adverbs may be classified as follows: (1) Adverbs of place
and motion, as here, there, wy, owt, etc. (2) Of time and
succession, as now, them, often, ever, etc. (3) Of manner
and quality, as 80, thus, well, truly, jaithfu y, etc. (4) Of
measure and degree, as much, more, very, enough, etc. (5)
Of modality, as swºrely, not, perhaps, therefore, etc. Often
*abbreviated adv, * ,
adverbial (ad-vér’bi-al), a. [K. L. adverbialis,
K adverbium, adverb: see adverb.] 1. Pertain-
ing to, or having the character or force of, an
adverb.—2. Much inclined to use adverbs;
given to limiting or qualifying one's state-
ments. [Rare.]
He is also wonderfully adverbial in his expressions, and
breaks off with a “Perhaps” and a nod of the head upon
matters of the most indifferent nature. Tatler, No. 191.
Adverbial modality (of a proposition), in logic, modal-
ity expressed by an adverb: as, offenses necessarily come:
opposed to nominal modality, which is expressed by an
adjective: as, it is necessary that offenses should come.—
Adverbial phrase, or adverb-phrase, a collocation of
two or more words in a sentence having conjointly the
grammatical force of an adverb. The most distinct ad-
verbial phrases consist of a preposition and a noun or a
Word used as a noun, with or without adjuncts, as on the
whole, in very deed, by the way, by chamce, of cowºrse. In
this dictionary many such phrases in common use are de-
fined under their principal words. Many º phrases
without a preposition are in reality adverbial, but are not
usually treated as such: as, he goes there every day; this
is many times larger than that. Some phrases have been
made compound adverbs by coalescence, as indeed, per-
º 87
chance, nevertheless, nowadays. See prepositional phrase,
under epositional.
aiºtăț, (ad-vér-bi-al’i-ti), n. [K adverbial
+ -ity; = F adverbialité.] The state or quality
of being adverbial; adverbial form of expres-
sion. N. E. D.
adverbialize (ad-ver"bi-al-iz), v. t.; pret. and
; adverbialized, ppr. adverbializing. [K adver-
ial + -ize.] To give the form or force of an
adverb to ; use as an adverb.
adverbiaiſy (ad-vér’bi-al-i), adv. In the man-
ner or with the force & haracter of an ai.
verb ; as an adverb.
adversaria (ad-vér-sā’ ri-á), n. pl. [L. (sc.
80ripta), miscellaneous notes, memoranda, lit.
Writings lying before one's eyes, K adversarius,
turned toward, being in front of, standing op-
osite: see adversary.] A miscellaneous col-
ection of notes, remarks, or selections; a com-
monplace-book; memoranda or annotations.
These parchments are supposed to have been St. Paul's
adversaria. Bp. Bull, Sermons.
adversarious (ad-vér-sā’ri-us), a. [K L. adver-
8arius: see adversary.] Adverse; hostile.
adversary (ad’vér-sà-ri), a. and n. [KME. ad-
wersary, adversarie (also adversere, K AF. ad-
verser, OF. adversier, aversier, mod. F. adver-
8aire), K L. adversarius, a., standing opposite
or opposed to, turned toward, K adversarius, n.,
antagonist, opponent, K adversus, opposite: see
adverse, a.] #. a. 1. Opposed; opposite to ;
adverse: antagonistic : as, “adversary forces,”
Bp. King. [Rare or obsolete.]—2. In law, hav-
ing an opposing party, in contradistinction to
wnopposed: as, an adversary suit.
# m. ; pl. adversaries (adºvér-sà-riz). 1.
One who acts adversely or inimically; an un-
friendly opponent or antagonist; an enemy.
The Lord will take vengeance on his adversaries.
Nahum i. 2.
We carry private and domestic enemies within, public
and more hostile adversaries without.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 7.
Specifically—2. [cap.] The devil; Satan as
the general enemy of mankind: as, the wiles
of the Adversary.—3. An opponent in a con-
test; one who contends against another or
strives for victory; a contestant.
Agree with thine adversary quickly, . . . lest at any
time the adversary deliver thee to the judge. Mat. v. 25.
Forsaketh yet the lists
By reason of his adversary's odds.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 5.
The adversaries may consult as to a fresh deal [in whist].
merican Hoyle, p. 2.
=Syn, 1 and 3. Adversary, Antagonist, Opponent, Enemy,
Foe. These words vary in strength according as they ex-
press spirit, action, or relation. A foe has most of the spirit
of enmity, or is actively hostile. The word is more used in
poetry than in prose. Enemy, as denoting an opponent in
War, or a member of an opposing party, does not necessarily
imply personal hostility. Opponent, adversary, and antago-
mist are less severe in their opposition, and need have no an-
imosity. Opponent is often a passive word; antagonist is
always active and personal. A man may be our opponent
in an argument or a lawsuit, our adversary in a game, as
chess, our antagonist in a wrestling- or boxing-match, or
other occasion of strenuous exertion: the choice between
the three words depends chiefly upon the measure of ac-
tivity involved. In the Bible, adversary covers the mean-
ing of all five words.
I will be . . . an adversary to thine adversaries.
Ex. xxiii. 22.
He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and
sharpens our skill. Our antagonist is our helper.
Burke, Rev. in France.
In the Socratic way of dispute you agree to everything
your opponent advances. Addison, Spectator, No. 239.
If they are spared by the humanity of the enemy and
carried from the field, it is but a prolongation of torment.
R. Hall, Mod. Infidelity.
Those who are national or political enemies are often
private friends. Crabb.
No man's defects sought they to kno
W
So never made themselves a foe. Prior, Epitaph.
adversary? (ad’vér-sà-ri), v. t. [K adversary, a.]
To antagonize; oppose.
To give any retorting accounts of the principal persons
who thus adversaried him. C. Mather, Mag, Chris., ii. 12.
adversation? (ad-vér-så'shgn), m. [KL. adver-
satio(m-), K adversari, pp. adversatus, oppose: See
adverse, v.] The state of being adverse; ad-
verseness; opposition; hostility.
adversative (ad-vér'sa-tiv), a. and m. [K LL.
adversativus, K adversatus, pp. of adversari, op-
pose: see adverse, v.] I. a. 1. Expressing differ-
ence, contrariety, opposition, or antithesis: as,
an adversative conjunction. In the sentence, he is
an honest man, but a fanatic, but has an adversative force,
and is called an adversative conjunction, and the Whole
proposition is called an adversative proposition.
2+. Of adverse nature ; inimical.
adverse (ad’vérs, sometimes ad-vérs’), a.
adverset (ad-vérs’), v. t.
adversely (ad’vérs-li), adv.
adverseness (ad’vérs-nes), m.
adversifoliate (ad-vér-si-fö’li-āt), a.
adversifolious (ad-vér-si-föſli-us), a.
adversion? (ad-vér'shgn), n.
advert (ad-vért'), v. [K
advert
II. m. A word or proposition denoting con-
trariety or #".
adversatively (ad-vér'sa-tiv-li), adv. In an
adversative or opposing manner. [K
ME. adverse, K OF. advers, earlier avers, awvers,
F. adverse = Pr. adverse = Sp. Pg. adverso =
It, avverso, K L. adversus, earlier advorsus,
turned toward, over against, opposite, opposed,
pp. of advertere, earlier advortere, turn to : see
advert.] 1. Being or acting in a contrary di-
rection; opposed or opposing in position or
course; opposite; , confronting: most com-
monly used of hurtful or hostile opposedness,
but sometimes of mere opposition in space.
With adverse blast upturns them from the south
Notus. Milton, P. L., x. 701.
Thus marching to the trumpet's lofty sound,
Drawn in two lines adverse they wheel'd around.
ryden, Flower and Leaf, l. 286.
He looked upon the bright green slope, that skirts the
adverse hills.
Blackie, Lays of Highlands, p. 167. (N. E. D.)
2. Antagonistic in purpose or effect; opposite;
hostile ; inimical: as, an adverse party; ad-
werse criticism.
The spirit of personal invective is peculiarly adverse to
the coolness of rhetoric. De Quincey, Rhetoric.
Error is adverse to human happiness.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 238.
3. Opposing desire; contrary to the wishes or
to supposed good; hence, unfortunate; calam-
itous; unprosperous: as, adverse fate or cir-
cumstances.
He lived, we are told, to experience sport of adverse for-
tune. Merivale, Roman Empire, xlii.
In studying the minor poets, we see with especial clear-
ness the adverse influences of a transition era, composite
though it be. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 28.
4. In bot., turned toward the axis: the opposite
of averse, but rarely used. See amatropous.
[The early botanists used the term in the sense
of opposite.]—Adverse leaf, a leaf which has its up-
per surface turned toward the stem.—Adverse posses-
sion, in law, occupancy of realty as if by right without
molestation, which may at length ripen into a sufficient
title.—Adverse radicle, in bot., a radicle turned toward
the hilum, as in anatropous seeds. See amatropows. =Syn.
1. Opposite, contrary, unfavorable.—2. Averse, Imimical,
etc. See hostile.—3. Unfortunate, unlucky, calamitous,
untoward, disastrous. e
[K L. adversari, op-
pose, K adversus, opposite: see adverse, a.] To
Oppose.
Fortune should him adverse. Gower, Conf. Amant., ii.
In an adverse
manner; oppositely; inimically; offensively;
unfortunately; unprosperously; in a manner
contrary to desire or success.
If the drink you give me touch my palate adversely, I
make a crooked face at it. hak., Cor., ii. 1.
1. Opposition ;
Tepugnance.
This would account for an adverseness to all our over,
tures for peace. LIallam.
2. Adversity; unprosperousness: as, adverse-
ness of circumstances.
[K L. ad-
versus, opposite, + folium, leaf, + -atel..] In
bot., having opposite leaves: applied to plants
where the leaves are arranged opposite to each
other on the stem.
[As ad-
versifoli—ate + -ows.] Same as adversifoliate.
[K L. adversio(m-),
a turning to, K advertere, pp. adversus, turn to:
see advert.] Attention; perception.
The soul bestoweth her adversion.
On something else.
Dr. H. More, Phil. Poems, p. 294.
&
adversity (ad-vér'si-ti), m.; pl. adversities (-tiz).
[K ME. adversite, K OF. adversiteit, adversitet,
aversitet, K.L. adversita(t-)s, K adversus, adverse:
see adverse, a.] 1. Adverse fortune or fate; a
condition or state marked by misfortune, calam-
ity, distress, or unhappiness.
Sweet are the uses of adversity,
Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 1.
2. An unfortunate event or circumstance; an
ill chance; a misfortune or calamity: generally
in the plural.
Ye have this day rejected your God, who himself saved
you out of all your adversities. 1 Sam. X. 19.
==Syn., Trouble, distress, misery, disaster, woe, ill luck.
ME. adverten, averten,
KOF. avertir, later advertir, “to inform, certi-
fie, advertise,” etc. (Cotgrave), K. L. advertere,
earlier advortere, turn toward; animum adver,
tere (see animadvert), or simply advertere, turn
advert
the mind toward, advert to, notice, regard; K
ad, to, + vertere, earlier vortere, turn: see ver-
tea, vortex, verse, etc. Cf. advertise.] I, in-
trans. 1. To turn the mind; fix the attention;
give or pay heed: with to, and sometimes upon,
before the object of attention.
He was so strangely advisable that he would advert wºnto
the judgement of the meanest person.
Bp. Fell, Life of Hammond.
As I cannot be conscious of what I do not perceive, so I
do not perceive that which I do not advert wipon. That
Which makes me feel makes me advert.
W. Wollaston, Religion of Nature, ii.
Even these primaeval mountains
Teach the adverting mind.
Shelley, Mont Blanc, iv.
2. To turn the attention in speech or writing;
make a remark or remarks (about or in relation
to): with to, and formerly sometimes on or upon
before the subject of remark: as, he adverte
briefly to the occurrences of the day.
I will only advert to some leading points of the argu-
ment. JEmmerson, Am. Civilization.
=Syn. 2. Advert (to), Refer (to), Allude (to), Hint (at), re-
mark (upon), take notice (of), dwell (upon), glance (at),
animadvert (upon). These words are primarily used of
the speaker in the conduct of his discourse. Advert, to
turn to a thing directly and plainly, perhaps abruptly, so
that the hearer's attention is fixed upon it for a time.
I?efer implies a lighter treatment. than advert.
to play upon, is a still more delicate reference to some-
thing that is well enough known to make an allusion
sufficient, or is too much a matter of sensitiveness to per-
mit the speaker to advert, or even refer, to it plainly;
for these or other reasons, the mention is slight or indefi-
nite.
See hint, v.
When . . . a well-dressed gentleman in a well-dressed
company can advert to the topic of female old age with-
out exciting, and intending to excite, a Sneer. Lamb.
I proceed to another affection of our nature which bears
strong testimony to our being born for religion. I refer
to the emotion which leads us to revere what is higher
than ourselves. Channing, Perfect Life, p. 11.
There is one Principle of the Gospel, which constitutes
its very essence, to which I have not even alluded.
Channing, Perfect Life, p. 278.
And one, in whom all evil fancies clung
Like serpent eggs together, laughingly
Would hint at worse in either.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
II.4 trans. 1. To turn the mind or attention
to ; take note of; observe.
Adverting his father's dear-bought experience.
Wagstaffe, Wind. Carol., Int., p. 12. (N. E. D.)
2. To advise, warn, or counsel.
I can no more, but in my name, advert
All earthly powers beware of tyrant's heart.
Mir. jor Mags., p. 442.
advertence (ad-vér’tems), n. [KME. advertence,
advertens, K OF. advertence, earlier avertance,
KML. advertentia, K. L. adverten(t-)s: see adver-
tent.] A turning or directing of the mind; at-
tention; notice; consideration; heed; refer-
€IlC6.
Such a process of reasoning is more or less implicit, and
without the direct and full advertence of the mind exer-
cising it. J. H. Newman, Gram. of Assent.
Godwin . . . writes, with advertence to the days of
Queen Elizabeth, that, etc. F. Hall, Mod. Dng.
advertency (ad-vér’tem-si), n. . [As advertence:
see -ency.] The act or habit of being advertent
or attentive ; attentiveness; heedfulness.
advertent (ad-vértent), a. [K L. adverten(t-)s,
ppr. of advertere, advert: see advert.] Atten-
tive; heedful. .
Advertent lest he should be deceived.
Sir M. Hale, Wisdom of God.
advertently (ad-vértent-li), adv. . In an ad-
vertent manner; with direct attention or inten-
tion.
The impression produced on the mind is altogether dif-
ferent, and that which Lord Macaulay advertently avoided
conveying. F. Hall, False Philol., p. 36.
advertise (ad’vér-tiz or ad-vér-tiz', formerly
ad-vérºtiz), v. ; Fº and pp. advertised, ppr. ad-
vertising. [Mod. E. also advertize, KME. adver-
tisen, avertisen, -ysen, KOF. advertiss-, avertiss-,
base of certain parts of advertir, avertir, mod.
F. avertir, inform, certify, warn, admonish, K L.
advertere, notice: see advert. The suffix-ise has
the same origin as -ish in abolish, polish, ravish,
etc.] I. trans. 1+. To take note of ; notice;
observe.
Yet is to be advertised that it is in diuers respects that
they be so exercised.
Bryskett, Disc. Civ. Life, p. 252. (N. E. D.)
2. To inform; give notice, advice, or intelli-
gence to, whether of a past or present event, or
of something future: as, I advertised him of
my intention.
I will advertise thee what this people will do to thy
people in the latter days, Num. xxiv. 14.
Allude, .
A still lighter reference is expressed by hint (at).
88
His Maº, being advertis'd of some disturbance, forbore
to go to the Lord Maior's shew and feast appointed next
day. JEvelyn, Diary, Oct. 28, 1662.
One does not need to advertise the squirrels where the
nut-trees are.
3. To give information to the public concern-
ing; make public intimation or announcement.
of, by publication in periodicals, by printed
bills, etc., as of anything for sale, lost or found,
a meeting, an entertainment, or the like.
It [the Carnival] was advertised to begin at half past two
o'clock of a certain Saturday.
H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 113.
=Syn. 2. To apprise, inform.–3. To make known, an-
nounce, proclaim, promulgate, publish.
II. intrans. 1+. To take note; take heed;
consider. -
Not advertising who speaketh the words, but rather
what is said. Frith, Disput. Purg. (1829), p. 83. (N. E. D.)
2. To make public announcement of anything
of which it is desired to inform the public; an-
nounce one's wishes orintentions by advertise-
ment: as, to advertise for something that is
wanted.
advertisement (ad-vér’tiz-ment or ad-vér-tiz'-
ment), m. [Early mod. E. also advertizement, K
ME. advertisement, avertisement, K OF. adver-
tissement, avertissement, K avertirº see advertise
and-ment.] 1+. Attention; observation; heed.
–2+. Instruction; warning; intelligence.
That is an advertisement to a proper maid . . . to take
heed. Shak., All's Well, iv. 3.
For this advertisement is five days old.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
3. A giving of notice or information; notifica-
tion; specific intelligence about anything: as,
a publisher's advertisement prefixed to a book
(as part of it). [Now rare.]–4. A notice or
an announcement made public by handbill, pla-
card, or similar means, or, as formerly, by pro-
clamation, as by a town crier; s ecifically, 8,
paid notice of any kind inserte
paper or other public print.
[The band] with noisy advertisement, by means of brass,
wood, and sheepskin, makes the circuit of our startled
in a news-
village streets. Lowell, Introd. to Biglow Papers, 1st ser.
Announcements in the public journals known as adver-
tisements appeared while journalism was in its infancy.
Am. Cyc., I. 137.
5. A bringing into public notice or attention;
publicity; notoriety.
All these matters have given the federation great ad-
vertisement. N. A. Rev., CXLIII. 229.
Often abbreviated ad., adv., or advt.
Foreclosure by advertisement. See foreclosure.
advertiser (ad’vér-ti-zèr or ad-vér-ti’zēr), n.
One who or that which advertises.
advertising (ad’vér-ti-zing or ad-vér-ti’zing,
formerly ad-vér’tiz-ing), m. [Formerly also
advertizing; verbal n. of advertise.] 1+. Noti-
fication; information.—2. The act or practice
of bringing anything, as one's wants or one's
business, into public notice, as by paid an-
nouncements in periodicals, or by handbills,
placards, etc.: as, to secure customers by ad-
wertising. Often used attributively: as, an ad-
vertising agent; an advertising scheme; an ad-
vertising medium.
advertising (ad’vér-ti-zing or ad-vér-ti’zing,
formerly ad-vérºtiz-ing), p. a. 1+. Attentive;
adverting; giving attention.
As I was then
Advertising, and holy to your business,
Not changing heart with habit, I am still
Attorney'd at your service. Shak, M. for M., v. 1.
2. Giving public notice; publishing advertise-
ments: as, the advertising public.
advice (advisº), n. [Early mod. E. also ad-
wise, K late M.E. advyse, advys, earlier avys, avis,
S OF. avis (F. avis = Pr: avis = Sp. Pg. aviso =
It. avviso), KML. advisum, view, opinion, neut.
pp. of advidere, look to, advise, K. L. ad, to, +
videre, see: see vision. The mod. spelling has
ad- restored for earlier a-, and -ce for earlier
and orig. -S.] 1. An opinion recommended, or
offered, as worthy to be followed; counsel;
Suggestion. -
What advice give ye? 2 Chron. x. 9.
2. Deliberate consideration; reflection; cogi-
tation.
And that's not suddenly to be perform'd,
But with advice and silent secrecy.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ii. 2.
3. Information ; notice ; intelligence ; a com-
munication, especially from a distance, con-
taining information : as, to receive advice of a
coming storm, or advices from abroad. [Most
commonly in the plural.]
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 127.
advised
[The Armada] is sailed,
Our last advices so report.
Sheridan, The Critic, ii. 2.
Specifically—4. In com., a notification by one
person to another in respect to a business trans-
action in which they are mutually engaged, as
information given by one party to another, by
letter, as to the bills or drafts drawn upon him;
formal official notice;—To take advice, to consult
with others; specifically, to consult one who has a special
knowledge of a subject; take the opinion of a profes-
sional or skilled person, as a physician, lawyer, or the like.
=Syn. 1. Admonition, recommendation, exhortation, per-
suasion.—3. Intelligence, Tidings, etc. (see new8), word,
notification.
advice-boat (ad-vis"böt), n. A swift vessel
employed for carrying despatches or informa-
tion, or for ºff.
adviewf (ad-vii"), v. t. [Later form of aview,
with restored prefix ad-: see aview.] Same as
a view.
advisability (ad-vi-za-bil’i-ti), m. [K advisable:
see -bility.] The quality of being advisable or
expedient; advisābleness; expediency.
Mr. Benjamin Allen was holding a hurried consultation
with Mr. Bob Sawyer on the advisability of bleeding the
company generally. Dickens, Pickwick.
advisable (ad-vi'za-bl.), a. [K advise + -able.]
1. Proper to be advised; prudent; expedient;
proper to be done or practised.
Some judge it advisable for a man to account with his
heart every day; and this, no doubt, is the best and surest
COULISC, - - - South, Sermons.
2. Open to or desirous of advice; capable of
being influenced by advice. [Rare.]
Pray for an advisable and teachable temper.
Wesley, in Four Cent. of Eng. Letters, p. 231. (N. E. D.)
=Syn. 1. Fit, desirable, wise, best.
advisableness (ad-vi'za-bl-nes), n. The quality
of being advisable or expedient; advisability.
advisably (ad-vi'za-bli), adv. In an advisable
manner; with advice.
advisatory (ad-vi'za-tº-ri), a. Pertaining to
an adviser, or to the giving of advice; advis-
ing; advisory. tº:
Though in recent times Church dignitaries do not ac-
tively participate in war, yet their advisatory function re-
specting it—often prompting rather than restraining —
has not even now ceased.
- H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 492.
advise (ad—viz"), v.; pret. and pp. advised, ppr.
advising. [Early mod. E. also advice, advyse,
, avize, K late M.E. advysen, earlier avisen, KOF.
aviser, rarely adviser, F. aviser = Pr. Sp. Pg.
avisar = It. avvisare, KML. advisare, advise, in-
form, give notice to ; from the noun, M.L. ad-
visum, O.F. avis, etc.: see advice.] I. trans. 1+.
To look at ; view.
They advised you well and their eie was never off, won-
dering to see your rich purple robes.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch's Mor., p. 96. (N. E. D.)
2. To give counsel to ; offer an opinion to, as
worthy or expedient to be followed: as, I ad-
vise you to be cautious of speculation.—3. To
recommend as wise, prudent, etc.; suggest as
the proper course of action: as, under these
circumstances we advise abstinence.
I'll do what Mead and Cheselden advise,
To keep these limbs and to preserve these eyes. T
Pope, Imit. Horace, I. i. 51. '
4. To give information to ; communicate no-
tice to ; make acquainted with: followed by of
before the thing communicated: as, the mer-
chants were advised of the risk.
So soon as I shall return to the settled country, I shall
advise you of it. Monroe, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 452.
=Syn. 2. To counsel, admonish, suggest (to), recommend
(to).-4. To inform, apprise, acquaint.
I. intrans. 1+. To deliberate; take thought;
consider; reflect: sometimes used reflexively.
Advise, and see what answer I shall return to him that
sent me. 2 Sam. xxiv. 13.
Advise thyself of what word I shall bring again to him
that sent me. 1 Chron. xxi. 12.
Advise you what you say; the minister is here.
Shak., T. N., iv. 2.
2. To take counsel; join others in deliberating;
seek the advice of another or others: followe
by with : as, I shall advise with my friends as
to what is to be done.
Advising with me often as to projected changes, she
Was Sometimes more conservative than myself.
H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 134.
3. To counsel; give advice: as, I will act as
you advise.
[Advise and its derivatives have been used by old writers
in a number of other applications connected with the no-
tions of seeing, viewing, reflecting, etc., suggested by the
#;" * º
advised (ad-vizd'), p.a. lt. Cautious; pru-
dent; acting with deliberation.
With the well advised is wisdom. Prov, xiii. 10.
Let him be . . . advised in his answers, . Bacon, Essays.
advised
2. Marked by or resulting from advice or delib-
eration; considerate or considered; prudent;
expedient: now used chiefly in composition
with well or ill; as, a well-advised movement;
your conduct is very ill-advised.
We have no express purpose . . . nor any advised de-
termination. Hooker, Works, I. 49.
advisedly (ad-vi'zed-li), adv. With advice or
deliberation; heedfully; purposely; by design:
as, I speak advisedly; an enterprise advisedly
undertaken.
advisedness (ad-vi’zed-nes), n. The state of
being advised; deliberate consideration; pru-
dent procedure.
advisement (ad-viz' ment), n. [K ME. avise-
ment, K OF. avisement = Pr: avisanent = Pg.
avisāmento – It. avvisamento; from the verb:
see advise and -ment.] 1+. Counsel; advice.
I will, according to your advisement, declare the evils
which seem most hurtful. Spenger, State of Ireland.
2. Deliberation; circumspection; consultation:
now used chiefly in the phrase under advisement.
Among those that do all things with advisement there
is wisdom. Prov. xiii. 10 (trans. 1539).
I have not decided against a proclamation of liberty to
the slaves, but hold the matter under advisement.
Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 215.
adviser (ad-vi'zēr), n. IK advise + -erl. Cf.
ML. advisor.] One who advises or counsels;
one who gives advice; a counselor: as, a
legal adviser. Specifically, in politics, one of the
counselors or ministers about a ruler, who may or may
not be legally responsible for their superior's official acts.
In the United States government the official advisers of
the President are the heads of the various departments,
collectively called the Cabinet. He requests their opin-
ions in accordance with custom, but not through any pro-
vision of the Constitution. In England, until the middle
of the seventeenth century, the Privy Council formed the
King's executive advisers. This body, greatly enlarged, is
now summoned in full only upon extraordinary occasions,
and the ordinary advisers of the crown are those members
of the ministry who constitute the Cabinet, which is in
effect a committee of the Privy Council. The responsi-
bility rests with the ministry, and not with the sovereign.
See cabinet, and privy council, under cowmcil.
advisership (ad-viºzèr-ship), n. The office of
an adviser. [Rare.] -
advising (ad-vi'zing), m. Advice; counsel.
Fasten your ear on my advisings. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
advisof (ad-vi’zö), n. [With orig. ad- for a-,
Sp. Pg. aviso = It. avviso: see advice.] 1.
Advice; suggestion; information given : as,
“eounsels and advisos,” Whitlock, Manners of
English, p. 176.-2. An advice or despatch-
boat; an aviso.
advisory (ad-vi' zó-ri), a. [K advise + -ory.]
Pertaining to or giving advice; having power
to advise: as, their opinion is only advisory; ºn
advisory council.
The powers of both these bodies are merely advisory.
J. Adams, Works, IV, 356.
The general association has a general advisory superin-
tendence over all the ministers and churches. -
- B. Trwmbull, Hist. Conn.
ad vivum (ad viºvum). [L. : ad, to; vivum, acc.
neut. of vivus, alive: see vivid.] To the life;
lifelike; strikingly exact or good: said of por-
traits, etc.
advocacy (adºvº-kā-si), m.; pl.: advocacies (-siz).
[KME. advocacye, KOF. advocatie, advocacie, ad-
vocassie, KML. advocatia, K. L. advocatus, advo-
cate: see advocate, m., and -acy.] 1. The act
of pleading for, supporting, or recommending;
active espousal.
His advocacy or denunciation of a measure is to affect
for evil or good the condition of millions.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 193.
2}. A lawsuit; a plea or pleading: as, “advo-
cacies newe,” Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 1469.
advocate (adºvī-kāt), n., [KME, advocat, ad-
voket, -ette, earlier avocat, avoket, in late ME.
also clipped vocate, voket, KOF, avocat, later ad-
vocat, F. avocat, vernacular O.F. avoet, avoe,
avoué (> E. avowee, advowee, q.v.), = Pr: avoucat
= Sp. abogado = Pg, advogado = It, avvocato,
K L. advocatus, an advocate, attorney, Orig. a
person called by one of the parties in a suit to
aid as a witness or counsel, K advocatus, pp. of
advocare, call to, Kad, to, + vocare, call, K v03,
voice: see voice, vocation.] 1. One who pleads
the cause of another in a court of law; Specif-
ically, a lawyer of full rank in a country; or
practising before a court, in which the civil or
the canon law prevails, as France and Scotland,
and the admiralty and ecclesiastical courts of
England.—2. One who defends, vindicates, or
espouses a cause by argument; a pleader in
favor of any person or thing; an upholder; a
defender: as, an advocate of peace or of the op-
pressed.
advocate (ad’vö-kāt), v.;
advocateship (adºvº-kāt-ship), n.
advocatessł (adºvº-kā-tes), m.
advocator (adºvº-kā-tor), n.
advocatory. (adºvº-kā-tó-ri), a.
89
That cause seems commonly the better that has the
|better advocate. Sir W. Temple, Miscellanies.
This is the mode of the advocate rather than of the
critic. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 138.
Advocate of the church (ML. advocatus ecclesiae), a
person, usually a layman, appointed, according to a cus-
tom originating in the fifth century, to protect the prop-
erty of a church or an abbey, to plead its causes in the
civil courts, and to manage its temporal affairs.—Devil's
advocate (M.L. advocatwg diaboli). (a) In the Rom. Cath.
Ch., a name commonly applied to the promoter of the
faith, one of the college of consistorial advocates in the
papai court, from his office of urging the objections against
the virtues, miracles, etc., of a person proposed for canon-
ization. Hence—(b) One given to bringing forward accu-
sations against personal character.—Faculty of Advo-
cates, in Scotland, a society consisting of the whole body
of lawyers who practise in the highest courts, and who are
admitted members after following a certain course of
study, undergoing the prescribed examinations, and pay-
ing the requisite fees. It consists of about 400 members,
and from this body vacancies on the bench are supplied.
— God’s advocate (ML. advocatus Dei), in the Rom. Cath.
Ch., the procurator of the cause in a canonization, regu-
larly one of the same order or country as the person
to be canonized. See devil's advocate, above.— Judge-
advocate, a person, generally a military officer, detailed
by the authority appointing a court martial or military
commission to prosecute cases before it and to act as its
legal adviser. It is, in general, the duty of the judge-ad-
vocate to see that the court conforms to the iaw and to
military custom, to secure for the accused his rights before
the court, to summon witnesses, and to administer oaths.
—Judge-advocate general. (a) In the United States
army, a staff-officer with the rank of brigadier-general,
who is also chief of the bureau of military justice, and
whose duty it is to receive, revise, and record the proceed-
ings of all courts martial, courts of inquiry, and military
commissions. (b) In England, formerly, an official who
prosecuted in all criminal cases falling under military law
which concerned the crown; now, a subordinate member
of the government who acts as the legal adviser of the
crown in all matters of military law.—Lord advocate,
in Scotland, the principal crown counsel in civil causes, the
chief public prosecutor of crimes, and an important politi-
cal functionary in the management of Scottish affairs.
His tenure of office ceases with that of the administration
with which he is connected. He is assisted in the dis-
charge of his duties by the solicitor-general and four advo-
cates depute, appointed by himself. The lord advocate
has usually a seat in Parliament, and before the union
he had ex officio a seat in the Scots Parliament. He is
also called crown advocate, queen's (or king's) advocate.
e ret. and pp. advo-
cated, ppr. advocating. [KL. advocatus, pp. of
advocare: see advocate, n. In the sense of “act
as an advocate,” the verb is from the noun..] I.
trans. 1+. To invoke.
[The mercy of God] is not to be advocated upon every
Vain trifle. Bp. Andrews, Sermons, W. 534.
2. To plead in favor of; defend by argument
before a tribunal; support or vindicate.
This is the only thing distinct and sensible which has
been advocated. Burke, Ref. of Representation.
The most eminent orators were engaged to advocate his
CallSé. Mitford.
3. In Scots law, formerly, to transfer from an
inferior court to the Court of Session, as an
action while still pending, or after judgment
had been given, in order that the judgment
might be reviewed. See advocation, 2. = Syn. 2.
To plead for, stand up for, favor, uphold.
II. intrans. To act as an advocate; plead.
[Rare.]
To advocate in my own child's behalf.
Dawbeny, Hist. Cromwell (1659), Pref.
I am not going to advocate for this sense of actual.
F. Hall, False Philol., p. 75.
The office
or duty of an advocate.
[Improp. K ad-
vocate + -ess.] A female advocate. [Rare.]
See advocatress.
God hath provided us of an advocatess [in some editions,
advocatress]. Jer. Taylor, Diss. from Popery, i. § S.
advocation (ad-v5-kā’shgn), n. [K L. advoca-
tio(m-), a calling in of legal assistance, legal
assistance, time allowed for procuring it, any
kind of delay or adjournment, K advocare, call
in legal assistance: see advocate, m. See also
advowson, which is a doublet of advocation.
The first sense of advocation is due to advocate,
w.] 1+. The act of advocating; a pleading for;
plea ; apology.
My advocation is not now in tune. Shak., Oth., iii. 4.
2. In Scots law, a form of process, now obso-
lete, the object of which was to remove a cause
from an inferior to the supreme court for re-
view or continuance.
[KL.L. advocator,
an advocate, K L. advocare: see advocate, m.]
An advocate; a supporter.
The advocators of change in the present system of things.
Browning, Soul's Tragedy, ii. (N. E. D.)
[K M.L. advo-
catorius, K. L.L. advocator: see above..] Of or
pertaining to an advocate or his funètions.
advocatress (ad’ vº-kā-tres), n.
advocatrix} (adºvº-kā-triks), n.
advoutrert (ad-vou"trèr), m.
advoutress+ (ad-vou"tres), m.
advoutrous? (ad-vou"trus), a.
advoutryf (ad-vouſ tri), m.
advowson (ad-vouſ Zn), m.
advoyer (ad-voi’ér), m.
advt.
adwardt (ad-wärd'), m. and v.
adynamia (ad-i-nā’mi-á), n.
adynamia
[K advocator,
q.v., + -ess; prob. after advocatrice.] A female
advocate; an advocatrix or advocatess.
advocatrice+ (adºvº-kā-tris), n. [ME. advoca-
trice, KOF. advocatrice, KML. advocatria, age.
advocatricem: see advocatria..] An advocatrix.
. Swich an advocatrice who can dyvyne
... our greeves to redresse.
Chaucer, Mother of God, 1. 40.
The emperour reioysed to him selfe, that Cinna had
founde such an advocatrice.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, ii. 7.
[ML., fem. Of
L. advocator, advocate: see advocator.] A.
female advocate; an advocatress. [Rare.]
advocatus Dei (ad-v5-kā’tus dé’i). DML.]
Same as God's advocate (which see, under ad-
vocate).
advocatus diaboli (ad-v5-kā’tus di-abſº-li).
..] Same as devil's advocate (which see,
under advocate).
advoket (ad-vák’), v. t. [KL. advocare, summon,
call to : see advocate, n.] To transfer; rele.
gate; specifically, call to a higher court.
Queen Katharine had privately prevailed with the Pope
to advoke the cause to Rome. Fuller, Ch. Hist., I. 48.
advouter? (ad-vouſtēr), n. IK late ME. advow-
ter, advowtowr, advowtre (also advow-), earlier
avowter, avowtere, avoutier (also avow-), KOF.
avoutre, aoutre, earlier avoltre, avultre, later ad-
woultre, - Pr. avoutre, avowtro, K L. adulter, an
adulterer: see advowtrer (with additional suf-
fix), and the later substituted forms adulter, n.,
and adulterer.] An adulterer.
[K late M.E. ad-
voutrer, advowterer, advowterere (also advow-),
earlier avowtrer, avowterer, avouterere (also
avow-), K advowter, avowter, -H -erl. See the
later substituted form adulterer.] An adul-
terer.
[Early mod. E.
advowtresse, -trice, K ME. avoutres, avowtresse
(also avow-), KOF. avoutresse, avotresse, Kavow-
tre, an adulterer (see advowter), + -esse, E. -ess.
See the later substituted form adulteress.] An
adulteress.
[K late ME. ad-
voutrous, K advouter + -ows. See the later sub-
stituted form adulterous.] Adulterous.
[Early mod. E. ad-
woutry, -trie, -tery, advoultry, etc., K.M.E. avow-
trie, avowtrie, avutry, -trie, -terye, etc., also
avowter, K OF. avoutrie, avouterie, earlier aou-
terie, aulterie (K. L. as if “adulteria, f.), also
avowtire, avowtere, avoltere, avultere, K L. adul-
terium, neut., adultery, K adulter, an adulterer.
See the later substituted form adultery.] Adul-
tery. Also written avowtry.
A marriage compounded between an advowtry and a
Tape. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII.
advowee (ad-vou-É'), n. [Early mod. E. avowee,
KME. avowe, K OF. avowe, earlier avoe, avoet, K
L. advocatus, patron, advocate: See advocate, n.,
and advowson.] In England, one who has the
right of advowson. So called originally as being the
advocate, protector, or patron of an ecclesiastical office,
house, or benefice.
[Early mod. E. also
advowzen, advowson, KME. avowson, avoweson,
avoweisown, KAF. advowison, advowesom, advoc-
son, OF. avoeson, KL. advocatio(m-), a calling to
or summoning of legal assistance, hence in ML.
the duty of defense or protection, the right of
presentation, K advocare, call to defend: see ad-
vocation, and cf. advowee.] 1+. Originally, the
obligation to defend an ecclesiastical office or
a religious house. See advocate of the church,
under advocate.—2. In Eng. law, the right of
presentation to a vacant benefice. It was origi-
nally vested in the bishop of the diocese, but was often trans-
ferred to the founder or patron of the church. Advowsons
are of three kinds, presentative, collative, and donative:
presentative when the patron presents a clergyman to the
bishop with a petition that he be instituted with the bene-
fice; collative when the bishop is the patron, and both pre-
sents and institutes (or collates) the incumbent; donative
when the sovereign, or any subject by his license, having
founded a church, appoints its incumbent without any
reference to the bishop. Advowsons are also appendant,
that is, annexed to the possession of a certain manor ; or
tn gross, that is, separated by legal conveyance from the
ownership of the manor.
Same as avoyer.
A common contraction of advertisement.
* A forced spell-
ing of award. Spenser, F. Q., IV. x. 17.
e ... [NL. (>E. adyna-
my = F. adynamie), K. Gr. 66wauía, weakness,
Káðinaugg, weak, Kā- priv., without, + dāwauig,
power: see dynamic.] In pathol., weakness;
adynamia
want of strength occasioned by disease; a de-
ficiency of vital power; asthenia. Also called
adymamy.
adynamic (ad-i-nam'ik), a. [As adynamia +
-ic : see a-18 and dynamic.] 1. In pathol., of
or pertaining to adynamia; characterized by
or resulting from vital debility; asthenic : as,
adynamic fevers; an adymamic condition; the
adymanic sinking of typhoid fever.—2. In phys.,
characterized by absence of force.
a dynamy (a-din' 3-mi), n. Same as adymamia.
adytt (ad'it), m. Same as adytum.
Behold, amidst the adyts of our gods, . . .
The ghosts of dead men howling walk about.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Lond, and Eng.
adytum (ad’i-tum), m. ; pl. adyta (-tä). [L., K
Gr. &óvrov, an adytum, a shrine, a place not to
be entered, neut. of āóvrog, not to be entered,
Ká- priv. 4- Övróg, verbal adj. of Óðelv, enter.]
1. In ancient worship, a sacred place which the
worshipers might not enter, or which might be
entered only by those who had performed cer-
tain rites, or only by males or by females, or
only on certain appointed days, etc.; also, a
secret sanctuary or shrine open only to the
F. or whence oracles were delivered;
ence, in general, the most sacred or reserved
part of any place of Worship. In Greece an adytum
was usually an inner recess or chamber in a temple, as in
that of Hera at Ægium; but it might be an entire temple,
as that of Poseidon at Mantinea, or a grove, inclosure, or
cavern, as the sacred inclosure of Zeus on the Lycaean
mount in Arcadia. The most famous adytum of Greece
was the sanctuary of the Pythic oracle at Delphi. The
Jewish holy of holies in the temple at Jerusalem may be
considered as an adytum. The word is also applied some-
times to the chancel of a Christian church, Where the
altar stands.
2. Figuratively, the innermost or least accessi-
ble part of anything; that which is screened
from common view; hidden recess; occult
SellSO.
Ship-carpenter's Adz. Railroad Adz.
adz, adze (adz), n. [Early mod. E. ads, adds,
addes, addis, addice, K ME. adis, adse, adese, K
AS. adesa, an adz or
ax, a word thought by
some to be a corrup-
tion of an older *ac-
wesa (= Goth. akwisi),
the full form of eaw,
aea, arcs, acas, ONorth.
acasa, acase, ax; but in
the earliest example
adesa occurs in con-
nection with accs as
a different word: see
aal.] A cutting-tool
somewhat like an ax,
but having the blade
placed at right angles
to the handle and
formed to a curve
nearly corresponding
to its sweep through
the air when in use.
It is used for dressing tim-
ber, and has its cutting edge
ground upon the concave
side. The adz is also used, though rarely, as a weapon;
and among certain savage tribes adzes of hard stone are
richly adorned for ceremonial uses.—Hollow adz, a tool
with a curved blade used in chamfering the chine of a cask
on the inner side. º
adz, adze (adz), v. t. [Kadz, n.] To chip or
shape with an adz: as, to adz logs or timber.
Cooper’s Adz.
* -----P-º-º:
• * * * * *
º
|
|
#:
• * * * * * * * *
i. g=s Rº
Adz-plane and Specimen of Work.
molding and rabbeting, used in panel-work by
coach- and pattern-makers.
ae (ä), a. [For Sc. ane, F= E. a (emphatic) for,
one : see a2 and one..] One. [Scotch..]
ael. (As a character, pron. É, or, spelled out,
à-6; in words, E. or L., according to the E. pron.
90
regularly as e in similar positions, that is,
either e or é: often improp, pron. 3 in all posi-
tions. ... In the Continental pron, of Latin, e.or
â; in the “Roman,’ &i ori.) A digraph or lig-
ature appearing in Latin and Latinized Greek
Words. In Middle Latin and New Latin it is usually
written and printed as a ligature, and sounded like Latin
e, with which in Middle Latin it constantly interchanges.
In classical Latin it was usually written separately (and
hence usually so printed in modern editions of classical
texts), and pronounced probably as a diphthong. In Old
Latin ai appears instead of ae, and Latinae, oe is the regu-
lar transliteration of Gr, at, as aegis or aegis, from Gr. aiyus.
In English words of Latin or Greek originae or ae is usually
reduced to e, º: generally in proper names, as Caesar,
AEmeas, in Words belonging to Roman or Greek antiqui-
ties, as opgis, and modern words of scientific or technical
use, as phaenogamows. But the tendency is to reduce
ae or ae to e in all words not purely Latin or New Latin,
except proper names in their original forms. In some
names of changed form the a has become permanently
eliminated, as Egypt, and in some of otherwise unchanged
form nearly or quite so, as Etna, Ethiopia. When aerep-
resents the diphthong ae, it should be distinguished from ae
not a diphthong, the latter being commonly marked with
a dieresis, as in aero-. aërial, etc.
ae?. A character in the Anglo-Saxon alphabet
representing a simple vowel, having when short
the sound of English a in glad (Å), and when
long the sound of English a in glare, dare, etc.
(ä), as commonly pronounced in the United
States. The form is that of the late Latin ce, which had
a sound nearly the same as simple e (see awl). In the
twelfth century short ae began to disappear, being repre-
sented by a (sometimes by e), without, however, any
appreciable change of sound. Long ae also disappeared,
being regularly replaced by e (long) or ee, With a change
of sound through Middle English é (that is, d in modern
pronunciation) to modern 7 (that is, é in modern pronun-
ciation). Examples are: (1) short ce, whence Middle Eng-
lish and modern English a as, Anglo-Saxon gloed, 80ed,
aet, hoet, etc., whence Middle English and modern English
glad, sad, at, hat, etc.; (2) long de, whence Middle English
é or ee, modern English ee or ea: as, Anglo-Saxon sæd,
rådam, Sãº, etc., Middle English seed, rede, se or See, etc.,
modern English seed, read, sea, etc. Before r, long a has
usually retained its Anglo-Saxon sound (at least in the
United States): as, Anglo-Saxon der, thir, hwær, hêr,
etc., modern English ere, there, where, hair, etc. In Brit-
ish works the vowel in these words is usually treated as a
prolonged “short e” (as in met), or as a slightly modified
“long a " (as in mate). w *
AE8. The symbol used in Lloyd's Register
for third-class wooden and composite ships.
This class includes vessels unfit for the conveyance of dry
and perishable goods on short voyages, and of cargoes in
their nature subject to sea-damage on any voyage. See
A1, under a 1. e º
-ae. The nominative plural termination of Latin
and Latimized Greek words in -a (in Latinized
Greek also -e, -as, -es) of the first declension,
feminine, sometimes masculine. This plural ter-
mination is sometimes retained in English, as informulae,
7\ebuloe, vertebrae, minutiae, etc., in some cases alongside
of a regular English plural, as in formwlas, mebulas, etc.
In the formal and technical terminations, -aceae, -eae, -idoe,
-inge, in botany and zoölogy, -ae ends the plural names of
orders, tribes, etc., of plants, and of families and subfami-
lies of animals.
AEchmophorus (ek-mofº-rus), n. [NL. (Coues,
1862), K. Gr. atºplopópog, one who carries a spear,
K alºuff, a spear, -H -pôpoſ, K pépetv = E. bearl.]
Western Grebe (AEchmophortes occidentalis).
A genus of large, long-necked grebes of Ameri-
ca, having the bill extremely long, slender, and
acute, whence the name. The type is Æ. occi-
dentalis, known as the western grebe.
acidia, n. Plural of decidium, 2.
acidial (é-sid’i-al), a. Relating or pertaining
*to Æcidium (which see).
A monograph . . . by Von Thümen contains an account
of the oecidial forms attacking Coniferae, and includes a
number of species found in the United States.
Smithsonian Rep., 1880, p. 324.
aecidioform (6-sid’i-6-fôrm), n. IK NL. aecidium
+ L. forma, form.] Same as acidiostage.
AEcidiomycetes (é-sid’i-6-mi-sé’téz), m. pl.
[NL., KAZeidium + Gr. (*. pl. of uíkmg, a
mushroom, fungus.] . group of parasitic
fungi, synonymous with the present order Ure-
dinales. Uromyces and Puccinia, commonly called
rusts, are the most frequent and widely distributed gen-
era, causing great injury to many cultivated plants.
*(-18).
aegagropile (6-gagſrö-pil), n.
*: (é-gag’rus), n. ; pl. aegagri (-ri).
30gagrus
*śºpº (é-sid’i-ó-spôr), n. [KNL. acidium
Gr. Gropá, seed, spore.] A spore produced
in the aecidiostage of growth of certain para-
sitic fungi, distinguished by or peculiar in their
development by a process of abstriction. See
accidiostage.
aecidiostage (6-sid’i-ó-stāj), n. IK NL. acidium
+ E. stage.] The first of the alternations of
development of numerous fungi of the order
Uredinales. See AEcidium. Also called aecidio-
form.
AEcidium (6-sid’i-um), n. [NL., KGr, aikia, in-
jury, + dim. -íðtov.] 1:. A form-genus of fungi,
formerly regarded as distinct, but now known
to represent merely an early stage in the life-
history of Uromyces, Puccinia, and closely re-
lated genera of the order Uredinales. Com-
monly called cluster-cups.-2. [l. c.] pl. aecidia
(é-sid’i-á). The cup-like organ (pseudo-
§...} characteristic of the genus or form.
e pseudoperidium.
These cecidium-fruits, which arise from the same myce-
lium as the spermogonia, lie at first beneath the epidermis
of the leaf. Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 247.
aedes (é'děz), n. ; pl. Gºdes. [L., a house, a tem-
ple: see edify.] 1. In Rom. antiq., any edifice,
sacred or profane. Specifically, as distinguished from
a temple (temnplum), a building set apart for the cult of
a divinity, but not solemnly consecrated by the augurs.
Thus, the “temple” of Vesta is properly an oedes, and was
so termed in antiquity. -
2. In Christian arch., a chapel.
aedicula (3-dikºil-lā), n. ; pl. aedicula: (-lé). [ML.,
dim. of L. a des: see above..] In Rom. antiq.:
(a) A very small house or chapel. (b) A shrine
in the form of a small building; a recess in a
wall for an altar or statue.
Every division of the city had likewise its Lares compi-
tales, now three in number, who had their own oedicula at
the cross-roads. B'ncyc. Brit., XIV. 313.
aedile, aedileship, etc. See edile, etc.
aedoealogy (ê-dé-al’º-ji), n. A less proper form
of aedaeology.
aedoeology (ê-dé-ol’ā-ji), n. [K Gr. aidola, the
private parts, + -Aoyſa, K Aéyetv, speak: see
-ology.] That part of medical science which
treats of the organs of generation; also, a trea-
tise on or an account of the organs of gener-
ation. -
aedoeoptosis (6-dò-op-tó’ sis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
alòoia, the private parts, + Trôoug, a falling, K
Trittetv, fall.] Displacement downward of some
part of the female genital organs, and also of
the bladder.
aedoeotomy (ê-dé-otº-mi), n., [K Gr, aidola, the
rivate parts, F touh, a cutting, K Téuvetv, cut.]
}. of the organs of generation.
aefauld (ā’fäld), a. [Sc., - E. Onefold, q.v.]
1. Honest; upright; without duplicity.—2#.
Single; characterized by Oneness: as, the ae-
fauld Godhead. Barbour. [Scotch, and rare.]
aefauldness (ā’fäld-nes), m. [K Sc. aefauld +
-ness.] Honesty; uprightness; singleness of
heart; freedom from duplicity. [Scotch..]
Aºga (é'gã), n., [NL. (Leach, 1815), KGr, ai;
(aly-), goat.] A genus of isopods giving name
to the family AEgida. A. psora, known as the salve-
bug, is a fish-louse found attached by its sharp claws to cod
and halibut. See cut under salve-bug.
AEgaeonichthyinae (6*ji-on-ik-thi-i'né), m. pl.
[NL., K AEgabonichthys H- -ina..] A subfamily
of pediculate fishes, of the family Ceratiidae.
The mouth is of moderate size ; the cephalic spine has its
basal element subcutaneous, procumbent, and at an acute
or a right angle with the distal element; the second dorsal
spine is Wanting; the body and head are depressed; and the
mouth is vertical or inclined forward, the mandibular ar-
ticulation being projected forward. The aspect of the fish
is very singular, & - ſº tº º & tº e •
aegaeonichthyine (à"ji-on-ik, thi-in), n. A fish
of the subfamily. A gabonichthyinae.
AEgaeonichthys (é"ji-on-ik"this), n. [NL., & Gr.
Aiyaíov, in myth., a name of Briareus, also the
AEgean sea, + yº, a fish.] The typical genus
of pediculate fishes of the subfamily AEgaeonich-
thyinae. But one species is known, AE, appelli, occurring
in the deep sea near New Zealand.
agagre (6-gag’ré), m. Same as a gagrus.
aegagri, n. Plural of a gagrus.
agagropila (€-ga-grop’i-lâ), m.; pl.: ſegagropila,
[NL., K. Gr. aiyaypog, the wild goat (see
agagrus), + L. pila, a ball (or pilus, hair).]. A
ball of hair found in the stomach of some rumi-
nating quadrupeds, as the goat.
Same as agagro-
Also contracted agropile.
[L., K
... alyaypog, the wild goat, Kaiš (aly-), goat, +
âypóg, field, #ypoc, wild.]. A wild goat, supposed
to be the species now known to inhabit the
pila.






£gagrus
mountains of the Caucasus, Persia, etc., the
paseng or pasing of the Persians, and the wild
stock of most if not all of the breeds of the do-
mestic goat. It is the Capra hircus of Linnaeus, G. aega-
grw8 of Gmelin and Pallas, C. caucasica of H. Smith, and
Wild Goat (Capra agagrics).
Hircus aegagrus of J. E. Gray. . J. F. Brandt asserts that
this is incontestably and exclusively the source of the do-
mestic goat. In fact, the name oºgagrus may have been
applied sometimes to goats run Wild, and the Capra aega-
#. of both G. and F. Cuvier, the bezoar-goat, ascribed to
ersia and the Alps, is said to have been merely the do-
mestic goat run Wild. The celebrated Angora goat may
have been derived from a different species or variety,
Capra falconeri, originating in central Asia. The goat or
80 in all its varieties is closely related to the ibex,
Capra ibea, which, however, is a distinct species. In the
stomach and intestines of the goat, as in those of other ar-
tiodactyls, are found the concretions called bezoar-8tomes.
Also written oegagre.
Whether the Capra aegagrus or the Capra ibez should be
regarded as the stock of the domesticated goat of Europe
has long been a question among naturalists; the weighty
arguments which may be drawn from the character of the
wild species which was contemporary with the Bos primi-
genius . . . [are] shown . . . to be in favor of Capra,
aegagrw8. Owen.
Ægean, Egean (é-jā'ān), a. or n. IKL. Agaum
(sc. mare, Sea), K. Gr. Aiyaíov (sc. Těžayog), or
Aiyaíoc (sé, Tóvroſ), the AEgean sea, KAiyaí, AEgae,
a town in Euboea, and also the name of several
cities.] A name often applied to that part of
the Mediterranean sea, otherwise called the
Archipelago. º
ager (é’jēr), n. ... [L., sick.] Same as a grotat.
geria (6-jē’ri-á), n. [NL., named after Æge-
ria, or Egeria, a prophetic nymph or Camena
celebrated in Roman legend, instructress of
Numa..] In entom.: § The typical genus of the
family AEgeriidae, order Lepidoptera. It consists
of brightly colored moths with the wings wholly or in
part transparent. The larvae are endophytous, boring into
the stems and trunks of shrubs and trees, and embrace
Some of the most destructive enemies to cultivated fruit-
trees. See borer and maple-borer. Also sometimes called
Sesia. (b) A genus of Diptera founded by Robi-
neau-Desvoidy. Also spelled Egeria,
aegerian (6-jē’ri-an), a. Of or belonging to the
geriidae. Also spelled egerian.
An AEgeriam enemy of the native pines. Science, VI. 542.
aegeriid (é-jē’ri-id), n. A moth of the family
49eriidae; a clearwing.
.AEgeriidae (5-jé-ri'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAEgeria
-ida..]. In entom., a family of Lepidoptera,
section Heterocera, comprising a number of in-
teresting moths related to the sphinxes, hawk-
moths, or §.g. and commonly called
clearwings, from the transparency of their
WingS. The larvae live in the interior of the branches
and roots of trees. Some attack the apple, and one, the
Sesia tipwliformis, or currant-clearwing, feeds upon the
pith of currant-bushes. Also written Ægeridae, Æge-
riadae, and with initial E instead of Æ. A
called Sesiidae. ... º
Ægialites (é"ji-à-li’těz), n, [NL., KGr, alytaháç,
the sea-shore, beach (that over which the Sea
rushes? Kátogetv, rush, F 6%, the sea), + -ites.]
1. In ornith., a genus of Limicola, of the family
Charadriida, or plovers, chiefly distinguished
from Charadrius by color, having the upper
arts not speckled, the lower never extensively
É. and bars or rings upon the head, neck,
or breast. The tarsus is comparatively short, with
large scutella arranged in two or three special rows.
The sexes are usually distinguishable, though similar.
The genus contains the numerous species of Small plovers
known as º inhabiting all parts of the world.
The killdeer (AE. vociferus), the ring-neck (AE. semipal-
matus), and the piping ployer (AE. melodws) are character-
istic species of the United States. Also written Ægialitis.
2. In entom., the typical genus of the family
AEgialitidae. Eschscholtz, 1833.
O Sometimes
91
*::::: (é-ji-a-lit'id), n. A beetle of the fam-
y AEgialitidae. -
i
Ægialitidae (à"ji-à-lit'i-dé), m.pl. [NL., KAEgia-
lités, 2, F -idae.] A family of heteromerous
Coleopterous insects, having the anterior coxal
cavities closed behind, the tarsal claws simple,
and six ventral segments, the last two being
closely united and the first two connate. J.
L. Le Conte, 1862.
AEgiceras (é-jis’e-ras), n. [NL., K. Gr. aić (aty-),
a goat, + Kēpag, a horn: see Cerastes.] A
genus of plants consisting of a single spe-
cies, Æ, majus, belonging to the family Myrsi-
120C808. It is a shrub or small tree, found on the swampy
shores of the East Indies and Australia. Its seeds germi-
nate while still on the tree, and send down perpendicular
roots into the mud, thus forming impenetrable thickets,
which constitute the only vegetation for miles along some
coasts, particularly of Sumatra.
agid (é'jid), n. Anisopod of the family AEgidae.
gidae (öſji-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAEga + -idaº.]
A family of isopod crustaceans, typified by the
genus AEga, having all the segments beyond
the head distinct, and no operculum closing
the branchial chamber.
aegilopic, egilopic (6-ji-lop'ik), a.
ing to or of the nature of aegilops.-2. Affected
with aegilops.
agilopical, egilopical (é-ji-lop’i-kal), a. Same
as agilopic.
aegilops, egilops (é'ji-lops), n. [NL., K. Gr. alyt-
Žoºp (-or-), an ulcer in the eye; also, a kind of
wild oats, and a kind of oak with sweet fruit.
Cf. aiyt?og, an herb of which goats were said to
befond; appar. Kaiš (aly-, *alyt?-), a goat, + 67,
eye; cf. Ölp, face, appearance.] 1. In pathol.,
goat-eye; a tumor, abscess, or other affection of
the inner angle (canthus) of the eye; some-
times, a fistula lacrymalis or other affection of
the lacrymal duct. In a mild form, it is simply
a swelling of the lacrymal papilla, and is very
common.—2. [cap.] In bot., a genus of grasses
allied to Triticum, or wheat-grass, growing
wild in the south of Europe and parts of Asia.
It is believed by many botanists to be the
Origin of cultivated wheat.—3. A species of
oak, Quercus AEgilops ; the valonia-oak of the
Levant.—4. [cap.] Agenus of lamellibranchs.
James E. Hall, 1850.
AEgina (6-ji’ nå), n. [NL., K. L. AEgina, K. Gr.
Alytva, an island in the Saronic gulf; also, in
myth., a nymph of Argolis, beloved by Zeus.]
1. The typical genus of the family AEginidae.
Eschscholtz, 1829.-2. A genus of crustaceans.
AEginetan (€-ji-nē’tan), a. and m. [KL. AEgi-
néta, K. Gr. Alytvåtmg, an inhabitant of Alytva :
see AEgina.] I. a. Relating or pertaining to
the island of Ægina or its inhabitants.—Aegine-
tan SCulptures, or Ægina marbles, a collection of an-
AEginetan Sculpture.
Herakles, from the eastern pediment of the temple of Athena.
1. Pertain- AE
AEgithalinae
cient sculptures discovered in 1811 on the island of Ægina,
which originally decorated the temple of Athena. They
date from about 475 B.C., and, although in general true
to nature, their faces bear that forced smile which charac-
terizes the portrayal of the human subject in all early
Greek art. These sculptures are now the most notable
ornament of the Glyptothek at Munich.
II. n. An inhabitant of Ægina.
AEginetic (3-ji-net'ik), a. [K Gr. Aiyamtſkóg,
pertaining to Alytva, ºnal AEginetan; re-
sembling Æginetan work.
The coinage of Locris, Phocis, and Boeotia is entirely on
A the Æginetic standard. JEncyc. Brit., XVII. 642.
AEginidae (é-jin’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAEgina, 1, +
-ida!..] A family of Trachymedusae, typified by
the genus AEgina, containing craspedote aca-
lephs with a hard discoidal umbrella, pouch-
like enlargements of the digestive cavity, and
the circular vessel usually reduced to a row of
cells: related to Geryoniidae and Trachynemidae.
The order to which the AEginidae pertain is called Hydro-
7medusae, Haplomorpha, and by other names; it is that in
which there is no hydriform trophosome, the medusae de-
Veloping directly from the ovum. º
AEgiothus (é-ji’ī-thus), n. [NL., K. Gr. alytoffog,
also aiyuboc, and later aiyuv6og, a bird, perhaps
the hedge-sparrow.] The redpolls or redpoll
linnets, a notable genus of Fringillidae, founded
by Cabanis in 1851. There are several species, of
Europe, Asia, and North America; the common redpoll is
AE. linaria; the mealy redpoll is AE. camescens. They are
small finches, chiefly boreal in distribution, streaked with
dusky and flaxen brown and white, the males with crim-
son poll and rosy breast. See cut under redpoll.
Ægipan (éji-pan), n...[L., KGr., Aiyirau, Kaiš
(ały-), goat, H IIāv, Pan.] 1. An epithet of
the god Pan, having reference to his goat-like
lower limbs, short horns, and upright pointed
ears, the other portions of his body being like
those of a man. See Diopan, and also satyr and
jaun.— 2. In entom., a genus of orthopterous
insects, of the family Locustida. Scudder, 1877.
agirine (öſji-rin), n. Same as agirite.
aegirite (ö’ji-rit), n. [KAEgir, the Icel. god of
the sea (or Ægirus?), F -ite?..] A mineral oc-
curring in greenish-black prismatic crystals,
isomorphous with pyroxene. In composition it is
nearly identical with acmite : found in southern Norway,
Hot Springs, Arkansas, and elsewhere, commonly in
elaeolite-syenite. Also written gegyrite, and aegirime.
(é-ji’rus), n. [NL., K (?) Gr. Aiyêtpoſ, a
city of Lesbos. Cf. aiyeupog, the black poplar.]
Aºgirits ptertetizięcerts, dorsal view.
A genus of nudibranchiate or notobranchiate
gastropods, of the family Polyceridae, having
large tubercles on the convex back. Three spe-
cies are known from the European seas. Also written
AEgires...Lovén, 1844. * / º
aegis (é'jis), n. . [L. (egis, KGr, alyic, the aegis,
also a rushing storm, hurricane, appar. Káiogetv,
shoot, dart, glance; popularly identified with
ałyſc, a goat-skin, Kaiš (aly-), a goat : see Air.]
1. In Gr. myth., originally
the storm-cloud envelop-
ing the thunderbolt, the
especial weapon of Zeus;
afterward considered as
the skin of the goat Amal-
thea, the foster-mother of
Zeus, which the latter took
for defensive armor in his
War with the Titans. Ac-
cording to another conception,
it was a terrible and immortal
arm wrought by Hephaestus after
the fashion of a thunder-cloud
fringed with lightning. It was
intrusted by Zeus to Apollo and
to Athena, and became a charac-
teristic attribute of the latter.
2. In art, a representation
of the aegis as a sort of
mantle fringed with ser-
pents, much more ample
in archaic examples than later, generally worn
covering the breast, but sometimes held ex-
tended over the left arm, or thrown over the
arm to serve as a shield. The aegis of Athena, ex-
cept in the most primitive representations, bears in the
midst the head of the Gorgon Medusa, and is usually
covered with scales like those of a serpent.
Hence, figuratively—3. Any influence or power
which protects: as, under the imperial aegis.
Also spelled egis.
AEgithalinae (6-jith-a-li'né), m. pl. [NL., K
AEgithalus + -ina..] A subfamily of titmice,
º
AEgis.-Varvakeion Statu-
ette of Athena.





AEgithalinae
family Paridae, typified by the genus Agithalus.
It was named by Reichenbach in 1850, and by Gray is
made to include Panwrtts and a number of other genera
Of tits of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
ABgithalus (é-jith'a-lus), n. [NL., KGr, alyita-
Woº, the tit, L. parius.] The typical genus of
AEgithalinae, based upon Parus pendulinus, one
of the European bottle-tits. The name is also used
for another genus of tits, more commonly called Acredwla,
(which see), of which A. caudata is the type. Also writ-
ten Ægithalos.
ABgithognatha (6-ji-thog'nā-thé), n. pl. [NL.,
K Gr. alytóoç, also alytoffog, the hedge-sparrow,
or perhaps the bunting, + yuáðog, jaw.]
Huxley's classification of birds, a suborder of
Carinatae, having the bones of the palate dis-
posed as in the sparrow and other passerine
birds, and embracing the passerines, swifts,
and woodpeckers. See agithognathism.
aegithognathism. (6-ji-thog'nā-thism), n., The
quality or condition of being aegithognathous;
that structure of the bony palate of birds which
consists in the union of the vomer with the
alinasal walls and turbinals, and is character-
istic of the suborder Ægithognathas. Parker dis.
tinguishes four styles: (a) incomplete, very curiously ex-
hibited by the low Turnia, which is closely related to
gallinaceous birds; (b, c) complete, as represented under
two varieties, one typified by the crow, an oscine passerine,
the other by the clamatorial passerimes Pachyrhamphus
and Pipra ; (d) compound, that is, mixed with a kind of
desmognathism.
AEgithogmathism is exhibited almost unexceptionally by
the great group of passerine birds; it is also nearly coin-
cident with Passeres, though a few other birds, notably
the swifts, also exhibit it. Cowes, N. A. #irds, p. 172.
aegithognathous (6-ji-thog’ nã-thus), a. [As
AEgithognatha + -ows.] Of, pertaining to, or
having the characteristics of the AEgithognathas;
having the vomer united with the alinasal walls
and turbinals. See agithogmathism.
AEgle (6'glé), m. ... [L., KGr, ai)^m, splendor, a
female name in Greek mythology.] 1. A ge-
nus of plants of tropical India, allied to and
resembling the orange-tree, but with trifoliate
leaves. AE. Marmelos, the Bengal quince, golden apple,
or bel, has an aromatic fruit, somewhat like an Orange.
A perfume and a yellow dye are obtained from the rind
and the dried fruit is a popular remedy in diarrhea and
dysentery.
2. A genus of brachyurous decapodous crusta-
ceans, or crabs, of which a species, ZEgle rufo-
punctata, is found in Mauritius and the Philip-
ine islands.-3. A genus of mollusks. Okem,
815. See Pneumodermom.—4. A genus of
lepidopterous insects. Hübner, 1816.
aegobronchophony (ê"gó-brong-kof.3-mi), n,
[K Gr. ai; (aly-), goat, + 3póyºta, the bronchial
tubes, + povh, voice.] In pathol., a combina-
tion of two sounds, a gophony and bronchoph-
ony, heard by auscultation in pleuro-pneumo-
nia. See algophony and bronchophomy.
*ś (é-gos’ e-rin), a. Pertaining to or
characteristic of the genus AFgocerus; as, an
agocerine goat or antelope; agocerine horns.
Also written aigocerime.
AEgocerus (érgos' 3-rus), n., [NL, K. Gr. ai;
(aly-), goat, + képaç, a horn.] 1. A genus of
wild goats, related to the ibexes, of the subfam-
ily Caprina. , P. S. Pallas, 1811; J. E. Gray.—
2. A genus of antelopes with long spiral horns,
related to the oryx and the addax, of the Sub-
family Antilopinas: equal to Hippotragus (Sunde-
vall). Hamilton Smith, 1827; H. N. Turner, 1849.
Also written Aigocerus, AEgoceros.
aegophonic (6-gū-fon'ik), a. Of or pertaining
to aegophony. Sometimes written egophonic.
aegophony (ê-gof'é-ni), m. [K_Gr, aić (aty-), a
goat, + jøvå, voice, sound.] In pathol., a form
of vocal resonance, broken and tremulous, heard
in auscultation, and suggesting the bleating of
a goat. It is best heard in hydrothorax at the
level of the fluid. Sometimes written egophony.
aegropile (É'gró-pil), n. Same as agagropile.
aegrotans (é-gró'tanz), m. ; pl. agrotantes (é-grö-
tan’téz). [L., ppr. of degrotare, be sick: see
agrotat..] In English universities, one who is
sick; one who holds an aegrotat (which See).
aegrotant (6-gró’tant), n. [KL. a grotam(t-)s,
ppr. of aegrotare : see agrotat..] One who is
sick; an invalid. [Rare.]
aegrotantes, m. Plural of a grotams.
aegrotat (6-gró'tat), n. [L., he is sick, 3d pers.
sing. pres. ind, of agrotare, be sick, Ka'grotus,
sick, K (eger, sick.] In English universities, a
medical certificate given to a student showing
that he has been prevented by sickness from
attending to his duties. Also called arger.
I sent my servant to the apothecary for a thing called
an aegrotat, which I understood . . . . meant a certificate
that I was indisposed.
Babbage, Pass, from Life of a Phil. (1864), p. 37.
92
Rea, aegrotat, in some. universities, leave taken,
commonly in December, in order to get time to read for
one's degree.
:#;" m. See agirite.
aelurid (6-lii’rid), n. A carnivorous mammal
of the family ZEluridae.
Ağluridae (6-litri-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAElurus
+ -idae.] A family of carnivorous quadrupeds,
of the order Ferae, suborder Fissipedia, and
series Arctoidea, closely related to the Ursidae
(bears). It is based upon a single genus and species,
AElwrus fulgens, the panda, resembling a racoon in some
respects. The technical characters of the family are found
chiefly in the details of the skull and teeth, as compared
with those of either bears or racoons. The tail is well de-
veloped (rudimentary in Ursidae); the teeth are 36 in num-
ber (40 in Procyomidae); there are only 2 true molars on
each side of either jaw, with 3 premolars, 1 canine, and
3 incisors. The alisphenoid canal is well developed; the
auditory bulla is very small, and is separated from the long
trigonal paroccipital process. Also written Ailwridae,
aluroid (é-lii’roid), a. and n. IK Gr. al%0vpoc, a
cat (see ABlurus), F elóog, form.] I. a. Feline;
cat-like; specifically, of or pertaining to the
AElwroidea.
II. m. A member of the Æluroidea.
AEluroidea (6-lii-roi"dē-ă), m. pl. [NL. : see
aluroid.] A superfamily section of feline fis-
siped carnivorous mammals, typified by the
cat family, Felidae, and containing also the
families Cryptoproctialae, Protelidas, Hyaenidae,
Viverridae, and Eupleridae (but not the family
AEluridae): distinguished as a series from the
Cynoidea or canine series, and the Arctoidea or
ursine series (to which the family AEluridae be-
longs). The carotid canal is not well developed; the
glenoid foramen is minute or wanting ; the foramen
lacerum posterius and the condyloid foramen debouch
together; Cowper's glands are present ; and the os penis
is rudimentary, except in Cryptoprocta. AElwroidea typica
are the true felines or cats, of the families Felidae and
Cryptoproctidae. Ælwroidea hyaeniformia are the hyenas,
of the families Hyaenidae and Protelidae, AElwroidea
viverriformia are the civets, ichneumons, etc., of the fam-
ilies Viverridoe and Eupleridoe. See these family names.
I'lower; Gill. Also written Ailwroidea.
It is unfortunate that the two names AElwroidea and
AEluridae should clash, as not belonging to the same Sec-
tions [of the Carnivora]. Pascoe, Zoël. Class., p. 258.
AEluropoda (6-lii-rop'é-dà), m. pl. [NL., neut.
pl. of aeluropus (-pod-), adj. : see aluropodows.]
A name given by J. E. Gray to the typical vi-
verrine division of the family Viverridae, the
species of which division are aeluropodous
(which see). The name is contrasted with
Cymopoda.
acluropodous (é-lii-rop’º-dus), a. [KNL. alw-
ropus (-pod-), adj., cat-footed: see AElwropus.]
Cat-footed; having feet like a cat, that is, with
sharp, retractile claws: opposed to cymopodous,
or dog-footed, and specifically applied to the
typical viverrine division of the family Viver-
*idae.
AEluropus. (6-lii’rö-pus), n. [NL., KAElurus, q.
v., + Gr. Toug (Toë-) = E. foot..] A remarkable
ulºilº
ºli; 3. 4. § #####
in it! . * * * * * § i jº #. i
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iſiº ºil | t | * . tlı iſ ºłºś. i |
| ! º f 'll by Mīſītūll. * | #) * st
| º ! º i!! º t; tº ! § !
i::: ; t' < * !
{!}} $. tº 'ºl ū. ... “ t 11 A
\lińiº.:
7... .
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i.
tiº
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Alteropus melaztoleractés.
genus of carnivorous quadrupeds of the arctoid
series of the order Ferae, connecting the true
'bears with Ælurus and other genera. In the upper
jaw they have 3 incisor, 1 canine, 4 premolar, and 2 molar
teeth, and in the lower 3 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars,
and 3 molars; the skull has a short facial portion, the
bony palate not extending back of the teeth, an alisphenoid
canal, an enormous sagittal crest, and Zygomatic arches;
the tail is very short, and the feet are less plantigrade and
the soles more hairy than in the true bears. Æ. melamo-
leucus, of Tibet, the type and only species, is of the size of
a small brown bear, of a whitish color, With black limbs,
shoulders, ears, and eye-ring. Also written Ailuropw8.
AElurus (é-lü'rus), m. [NL., KGr, al/owpog, a cat,
perhaps Katóżog, quick-moving, + oipá, tail. The
early history of the domestic cat being involved
in doubt (see cat), some identify the Gr. ai)ovpog
with the ferret or polecat, Putorius furo, and
others with the genet or civet-cat, a species of
Viverra.] The typical genus of the family
AEolididae
AEluridae (which see), containing the wah or
panda, AElurus fulgens, of India. Also written
Ailurus. t
AEolianl (6-6' li-àn), a. [K L. AEolius, K. Gr.
Atóżtog, Æolian, K. Aložog, AEolus, the god of the
winds: see AEolus.] 1. Pertaining to AEolus, the
god of the winds in Greek mythology, and hence
sometimes (with or without a capital) to the
wind in general: as, the Æolian Isles (now the
Lipariislands, north of Sicily), the fabled home
of the god. Also written Eolian and Aiolian.
The breezes blur the fountain's glass,
And wake AEolian melodies. *
T. B. Aldrich, Pampinea.
2. [l. c.] Due to atmospheric action; wind-
blown: as, an atolian deposit: applied, in geol...to
accumulations of detrital material, especially
fine sand and loam, which have been carried to
their present position by the wind. By far the
most important deposit of this kind is the loess of north-
western China (see loess), and it was to designate this pecu-
liar and most remarkable formation that the term oeolian
was applied in geology in place of subačrial (which see).
Also written eolian.—AEolian attachment, a contrivance
attached to a pianoforte, by which a stream of air can be
thrown upon the wires, prolonging their vibration and
greatly increasing the volume of sound.—AEolian harp
or lyre, a stringed instrument that is caused to sound by
the impulse of air. A common form is that of a box of
thin fibrous wood, to which are attached a number of fine
catgut strings, sometimes as many as fifteen, of equal
length and tuned in unison, stretched on low bridges at
each end. Its length is made to correspond with the size
of the window or aperture in which it is intended to be
laced. When the wind blows athwart the strings it pro-
uces the effect of an orchestra when heard at a distance,
sweetly mingling all the harmonics, and swelling or dimin-
ishing the sounds according to the strength of the blast.
k—AEolian rocks. . See above, 2.
AEolian? (é-öſli-am), a. and n. [KL. AEolius, KGr.
AtóAtog, KAioãog, Æolus, the mythical founder of
the AEolians, one of the sons of Hellen, reputed
ancestor of all the Hellenes, X Gr. Atožegg, an
AEolian, pl. Atožeiç, Aio27c, XL, AEoles, the AEoli-
ans. See Åoiani.j I. a. Pertaining to the
branch of the Greek race named from AEolus,
son of Hellen, or to AEolia or Æolis, a district
of Asia Minor north of Ionia colonized by and
named from them.
The AEolian colonies, attributed to Argive leaders, and
established for the most part upon a narrow strip of land
around the Eleatic Gulf, were also originally twelve in
number. . . . To the AEolians Lesbos became by degrees
a kind of metropolis; Mytilene is one of the principal
seats of the older Greek civilization. It was precisely in
these regions that the reminiscences of the Homeric epoch
were preserved in the most vivid form ; the Ionian Chios
is the seat of the Homeridae, who kept up the traditions of
that time. L. von Ramke, Universal Hist., p. 130.
AEolian mode. (a) In Greek music, an octave-species
or scale º of two Dorian tetrachords (taken down-
ward), with an added step below, sounding much like a
scale beginning on A on the keyboard and P. lºg
downward by the white keys only. Also and more ac-
curately called hypodorian. , (b) In Gregorian music, a
scale (taken upward) in which the half-steps fall between
the second and third and the fifth and sixth tones, being
equivalent to an upward scale on the keyboard beginning
with A and using white keys only. Also called the modws
peregrinus. See mode, 7.
II. m. A member of one of the three great
divisions of the ancient Greek race, the two
other divisions being the Dorian and the Ionian.
The inhabitants of Æolis, of part of Thessaly, of Boeotia
and much of central Greece, of Arcadia, and other dis-
tricts not Dorian or Ionian, were commonly accounted
AEolians. The Acheans, when not spoken of as a distinct
race of Greeks, were also included among the AEolians.
* Also written Eolian and Aioliam.
AEolic (é-ol'ik), a. and n. [K L. AEolicus, K. Gr.
Aloñakóg, of or pertaining to AEolis or the AEoli-
ans: see AEolian 2.] I. a. Pertaining to AEolis or
AEolia, to the AEolians, or to AEolus, their myth-
ical ancestor; AEolian: as, AEolic towns; the
AEolic branch of the Greek race.
That Dicaiarchus was correct is proved by an examina-
tion of the peculiar position, occupied by the traces of
Aiolic influence in Homer. Amner. Jour. Philol., VII. 232.
AEolic dialect, one of the three great dialects or groups
of subdialects of ancient Greek, the others being the Doric
and Ionic. It was spoken in AEolis and many other Greek
countries, and is important as the dialect used by the
Lesbian poets Sappho, Alcaeus, etc.
II. m. The language of the AEolians; the
AEolian dialect of Greek. . .
Also written Eolic and Aiolić.
aeolid, aeolidid (é'ö-lid, é-oli-did), n. A mem-
ber of the AEolidae or Æolididaº. g * * *
AEolidae (ö-ol’i-dé), m.pl. Same as AEolidida.
AEolididae ğié. m. pl. [NL., K 4.0ls
(-id-) + -idae.] family of nudibranchiate
gastropodous mollusks, with diversiform gills
placed on the sides of the back, and the tenta-
cles retractile. They are active, and swim freely on
their backs. In the genus AEolis (which see) the gills con-
sist of an immense number of finger-like processes, forming
tufts on each side of the body, some of which receive caecal
prolongations of the stomach and liver. Their papillae pos.










* ... • * > . . *w- ºr * * * *. --
- **** * ~ *.x. …". - -º-, **
• *, * Z.” -, *~ **
* * * * * .*
* * AEolididae
sess the º of discharging, when the animal is irritated,
a milky fluid, which, however, is harmless to the human
skin. Also written Eolididae, Æolidae, Eolidae.
2021's coronata, dorsal view.
93
- of the capacity of 6 º or about 12 dozen hen-
eggs. The remains are found in very recent deposits, and
the bird was probably º; with the moa. AEpyor-
nig is the type of a family AEpyornithidae, related to the
rheas, casgownries, and emus. Sometimes spelled Epy-
ornia, and even Epiornia; the latter is wholly inad-
missible. º * & e
*py; é-pi-ór’ni-théz), m. pl. [NL., pl.
of AEpyornis (-mith-).] A superfamily group,
made an order by Newton, of gigantic extinct
struthious birds, based upon the Æpyornithidae
£; see).
ºld. (é-pi-ór-nith’i-dé), m.pl. [NL.,
KZEpyornis (-mith-) + -idae.] A family of birds
• aërial
on a large scale by pouring dilute sulphuric acid on carbon-
ate of lime, marble, or chalk. Carbonic-acid gag is evolved,
which is either foréed into water at once by its own ten-
sion as it is evolved, or received in a reservoir and after:
ward forced into water by a pump. A small quantity of
ginger or capsicum-extract and sugar, placed in bottle8 be-
fore filling with this water, converts the solution into gin-
gerade or ginger ale, while essence of lemon, citric acid
and sugar mixed in the same way form lemonade. Ali
water from natural springs is aérated ; and the flat, mawk-
ish taste of freshly boiled water is due to the absence of
air and carbonic acid.-Aérating filter, a water-filter in
which the water as it descends falls into a closed chamber,
displacing the contained air, which, passing upward through
the filtering material, ačrates the water in its passage.
aération (ā-e-rā'shgn), n. [Kačrate.] 1. The act
of airing or of exposing to the action of the
air; as, the aëration of soil by plowing, har-
[NL., KAEolis represented by the genus AEpyornis (which see).
tº a tº 5/ö-li-di'né e l.
ABolidinae (5/3-li-di'né), m. p Æpyprymnus (é-pî-primºnus), n., [NL., KGr.
(-id-) + -inde.] A group of mollusks. See AE0-
lididae. Also written Eolidimaº. air 9, high, steep, + Tp(plva, stern.] . A notable Towi etc.—2. The act or operation of mix-
*olina ſº n... [KL. Atolus, K.Gr, Aloños, genus ºf kºngarºo-rats of ºomparatively large ing gsaturating with a º carbonic-acid
the god of the winds: see AEolus.] SIOla,
free-reed musical instrument, the precursor of
the accordion and concertina (which see), in-
Avented by Wheatstone about 1829.
àeolipile (6'5-li-pil or ē-ol’i-pil), n. [AEoli pilae
§ ae, Gr. tróżat, gates?), ‘balls of AEolus.’]
instrument illustrating the expansive
force of steam generated in a closed ves-
sel, and escaping by a narrow aperture, said
to have been invented by Hero of Alex-
andria in the second century B. C. It consisted
of a hollow ball containing water and two arms bent in
opposite directions,
sº from the narrow
apertures of which
steam issued with
such reduction of
pressure that the
unbalanced pres-
sure opposite to
the hole caused the
ball to rotate. Sev-
eral attempts have
been made to apply
the principle of the
aeolipile to rotating machinery. Ely's aeolipile is used
for rotating a toy. It consists of a boiler, with an arm
through which the steam is permitted to escape, placed
upon a central upright pivot, and connected by a band
with the drum of the toy to be rotated. Also spelled
eolipile and (by mistake) eolipyle.
AEolis (é'ö-lis), n. [NL. (likel. Æolis, Gr. Atožíg
(-10-), name of a country), Kałóżog, quick-mov.
ing, nimble, rapid, changeable.]. The typical
genus of the family AEolididae (which see). Also
spelled Eolis, as originally by Cuvier, 1798.
olism (6'3-lizm), m. [K Gr. “Atożuopióg, KAtoži-
Četv, imitate the AEolians: see AEolic and -ism.]
A.º; of the Æolic dialect, or such pe-
culiarities collectively. Sometimes written Aio-
lism.
IFirst must be eliminated from the so-called Æolisms all
phenomena which, so far from deserving the name of
AEolisms, do not so much as occur in AEolic
Amer. Jowr. of Philol., W. 521.
AEolist (6′5-list), n. IKL. AEolus, the god of the
winds, + -ist.] A pretender to inspiration: so
called humorously by Swift (“Tale of a Tub,”
viii.), as deriving all things from wind (that is,
the breath of inspiration).
aeolotropic (6%-ló-trop'ik), a. and m. [K abolot-
Topy + -ic.] I. a. In phys., not having the same
properties in all directions; non-isotropic; ani-
sotropic: said of a body with reference to elas-
ticity or the action upon it of light, heat, etc.
An individual body, or the substance of a homogeneous
solid, may be isotropic in one quality or class of qualities,
but oeolotropic in others.
Thomson and Tait, Nat. Phil., I. § 677.
II. m. A non-isotropic substance, or one hav-
ing different properties in different directions,
as a biaxial crystal.
aeolotropy º: 'rö-pi), n. [K Gr, ałóżoç,
changeful, + -tpoſtia, K Tøéſtetv, turn.] In phys.,
the state or quality of being aeolotropic; the
opposite of isotropy (which see); anisotropy.
In the case of a sphere, the tendency to set in a uniform
[magnetic] field is wholly dependent on the aeolotropy of
the sphere. B'ncyo. Brit., XV. 245.
AEolus (é'ö-lus), m. [L., K. Gr. Aložog, the god
of the winds, lit. the rapid or the changeable, K
ałóżog, quick-moving, rapid, glancing, changing,
changeable.] 1. In classical myth., the god and
ruler of the winds, which at his will he set free
or held prisoners in a hollow mountain.—2. [l.
c.] An apparatus for renewing the air in rooms.
—3. A genus of coleopterous insects. Esch-
scholte, 1829.
aeon, aeonian, etc. See eon, conian, etc.
AEpus (6(pus), m. Same as Æpys.
#º rnis (épi-Ör’nis), n. [Nî., K. Gr, altic,
high, + špwtg, a bird..] A genus of gigantic
fossil birds found in Madagascar. One species is
named Æyornis maximus. It was 3-toed like. Dinor;
Ely's Æolipile.
aérate. (äſe-rāt), v. t. ; pret. and
size, and otherwise resembling the hare-kanga-
roos, Lagorchestes. The type is Æ. rufescens,
the red potoroo of New South Wales. A. H.
Garrod, 1875.
#º (6'pis), n. [NL., KGr. attrüç, also attróg,
high, steep.] A genus of adephagous beetles,
of the family Carabidae, the larvae of which have
but one claw on each foot. Also written Æpus.
aequaliflorous, a. See equaliflorous.
22guisonance, aequisonant. See equisonance,
ź
quivalvia (6-kwi-val 'vi-á), n, pl. [NL., K
L. a quus, equal, -- valva, door (valve).] 1.
In Lamarck's classification, 1801, one of two
divisions of his conchiferous Acéphalaea, con-
taining the equivalve bivalves: opposed to
Indequivalvia.-2. In Latreille's classification,
1825, one of two divisions of pedunculate Bra-
chiopoda (the other being Indequivalvia), repre-
sented by the genus Lingula. See cut under
Lingulidae.
AEquorea (6-kwó’ré-á), n. [NL., fem. of L.
aºguoreus, of the sea: see aºquoreal.] A genus
of medusae, type of the family AEquoreidae
(which see). AE, cyanea is an example. -
aequoreal (€-kwó’ré-al), a. [K. L. a quoreus, of
the sea, Kaequor, level, even surface, esp. a calm,
Smooth Sea, Kaºquus, even, equal: see equal.]
Of or pertaining to the sea; marine; oceanic:
specifically used in the name of a fish, the
ºreal pipe-fish, Nerophis a quoreus. Yar-
7°6’ll.
AEquoreidae, AEquoridae (6-kwā-ré’i-dé, é-
ôr’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., KAEquorea + -idae.] A.
family of Hydromedusae, represented by the
genus AEquorea, with numerous radial vessels
and marginal tentacles. The family is related to the
campanularians and Sertularians, and pertains to an order
ºº:: or to a suborder Campanulariae of Hydro-
onedusoe. They attain a large size, being a foot or more in
diameter. The family was founded by Eschscholtz in 1829.
aër (ā’ér), n. [L., K. Gr. &#p, air: see airl...] 1.
(a) Ordinary air of the atmosphere. (b) Some
kind of air, as a gas. [Formerly a common
term in chemistry and physics, now rare or ob-
solete.]—2. In the Hellenic branch of the East-
ern Church, the third or outermost of the veils
placed over the sacrament. See airl, n., 7.-
Aër perflabilis (L., air blowing through), open air.
Open air, which they call ačr perflabilis.
Bacom, Nat. Hist., § 331.
aera, n. See era.
aeraria, n. Plural of a rarium.
aerarian (6-rā’ri-an), a. and m. [K L. arrarius,
monetary, fiscal, abrarius, n. (Sc. civis), an aera-
rian, Kaºs (ar-), bronze, money: see ges.] I. a.
In Rom. hist., of or pertaining to the aerarium or
Romantreasury; fiscal: as, the aºrarian prefects.
II. m. One of the lowest class of Roman
citizens, who paid only a poll-tax and had no
right to vote. To this class the censors could degrade
citizens of any higher rank who had committed heinous
crimes. - º
aerarium (6-rā’ri-um), m.; pl. arraria (-ā). [L.,
neut. of a rarius, of or pertaining to money: see
abrarian.] Among the Romans, a place where
public money was deposited ; the public trea-
Sury.
* PP. aêrated,
º: aêrating. [KL. ačr, air (see airl), + -ate2.]
. To expose to the free action of the air.—
2. To cause to mix with carbonic-acid or other
as.-3. In physiol., to change the circulating
uids of, as animals, by the agency of the air;
arterialize.—Aérated bread, bread baked from dough
into which carbonic-acid gas has been forced mechanical-
ly, instead of being set free within its substance by fer-
mentation of yeast or decomposition of baking-powder.—
Aérated waters, a term applied to a variety of acidu-
lous and alkaline beverages, more or less impregnated with
carbonic-acid gas, which renders them sparkling and ef-
fervescent, The most common, carbonic-acid water (usu-
ally called soda-water, because it was formerly an offici-
nal preparation and contained sodium carbonate), is made
aérator (äſe-rá-tor), n.
aërial (ā-éri-al), a.
gas or common air.—3. In physiol., the arterial-
ization of the venous blood by respiration in
the higher animals, and by corresponding pro-
cesses in the lower animals.
The taking in of food by a polype is at intervals now
short, now very long, as circumstances determine ; . . .
while such aeration as is effected is similarly without a
trace of rhythm. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $ 28.
[Kaérate, as if L. "aéra-
tor.] 1. A blower; a contrivance for fumigat-
ing wheat and other
grain, to bleach it
and destroy fungi
and insects. – 2.
An apparatus for
forcing air or car-
bonic-acid gas into
water or other li–
quids. The most sim-
ple form is a mechanical
device for pumping air
into water, or a spray
for bringing water into
contact with air. More
complicated forms em-
ploy chemicals to secure
the formation of car-
bonic-acid gas in water
or liquors, or elaborate
machinery for forcing
the gas into vessels con-
taining the liquid, and
for producing the prop-
er mixture by agitating
the latter in presence of
the gas under pressure.
[Formerly also ačreal, KL.
aërius (= Gr. 6&ptog), also ačrews, pertaining to
the air, Kaër, KGr. &#p: see airl.] 1. Belong-
ing or pertaining to the air or atmosphere;
inhabiting or frequenting the air; existing or
happening in the air; produced by or in the air:
as, ačrial regions; aerial perspective ; ačrial
Songsters; ačrial ascents.
Even till we make the main, and the aërial blue,
An indistinct regard. Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
Aérial honey and ambrosial dews.
Dryden, Virgil's Georgics.
2. Consisting of air; partaking of the nature
of air; airy; hence, unsubstantial; visionary:
as, ačrial beings; ačrial fancies; an aérial castle.
Fays, fairies, genii, elves, and daemons, hear :
Ye know the spheres and various tasks assign'd
By laws eternal to the aërial kind.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 76.
Cameron's Aérator.
a, gas-generator; 6, 8, and m, 77t, ºrt,
agitators; c, stuffing-box; e, acid-hold-
er; ſ, conical plug; g, d, s, leaden
pipes; h, stuffing-box; Á, pin; 2, bridle;
rt, nut; o, intermediate vessel; t,
pressure-gage; v, impregnator.
mis, of similar enormous stature, and is one of the largest
known birds. The egg was some 12 or 14 inches long, and
The next who follows . . . has to build his own cloud-
castle as if it were the first ačrial edifice that a human
Soul had ever constructed. O. W. Holmes, Emerson, xvi.
3. Reaching far into the air; high ; lofty; ele-
vated: as, aerial spires; an aérial flight.
The aërial mountains which pour down
Indus and Oxus from their icy caves. Shelley, Alastor.
4. Possessed of a light and graceful beauty;
ethereal.
Some music is above me ; most music is beneath me. I
like Beethoven and Mozart—or else some of the aërial
compositions of the older Italians. Coleridge, Table-Talk.
The light ačrial gallery, golden-rail'd,
Burnt like a fringe of fire.
Tennyson, Palace of Art.
5. In bot., growing in the air, and independently
of the soil, as epiphytes, or the adventitious
roots of some trees: as, ačrial orchids or roots.
-S
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N.
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Aërial Roots of the Banian (Ficus Indica).





aërial
Aërial acid, an old name for carbonic-acid gas, from a be-
lief that it entered into the composition o atmospheric
air.—Aérial birds (Aves aérice), birds which habitually ºr
move chiefly by flight, as distinguished from walking, wad-
ing, and swimming birds.-Aërial car, a car used for
traveling in the air; specifically, the basket of a balloon,
or a car designed for an aérial railway.—Aërial figures,
figuresby which painters seek to represent the fabled inhab.
itants of the air, as demons, genii, gnomes, etc.—Aërial
gills, the wings of insects. Oken.—Aërial image, anim-
age caused by the convergence of rays of light reflected or
refracted from objects through strata of air of different
densities, the image appearing suspended in the air, as
the different kinds of mirage; also, an image perceived
by looking into or toward a concave mirror. See mirage.
—Aërial mammals, the bats. . W. H. Flower.-Aërial
navigation. See navigation.—Aërial perspective. See
perspective.—Aërial photography, photography by
means of cameras supported at a considerable height
above the ground by kites or balloons.— Aërial poison,
Same as miasma.—Aërial railway. (a) A proposed
system of wires for guiding balloons. (b) A name some-
times applied to systems of transportation by cars sus-
pended from a rail or rope above them.— Aërial rocks.
Same as acolian rocks. See AEolian 1, 2.-Aërial tele-
£º a method of telegraphing by means of kites.—
ërial tints, in painting, tints or modifications of color
by which the expression of distance is attained. =Syn.
Atry, Aërial. See airyl.
aëriality (ā-ā-ri-al’i-ti), n.
Unsubstantiality; airiness.
The mere aëriality of the entire speculation.
De Quincey, Murder, Postscript.
aërially (ā-ē’ri-al-i), adv. In an aérial manner;
so as to resemble air or the atmosphere; ethe-
really.
[K ačrial + -ity.]
Your eyes
Touch'd with a somewhat darker hue,
And less aérially blue. Tennyson, Margaret,
aërialness (ā-é'ri-al-nes), m. The quality of
being ačrial or airy.
aërian1 (ā-é'ri-an), a. [K L. ačrius: see aërial.]
Aërial; of or belonging to the air; produced or
existing in the atmosphere.
In the flasks which are altered by these aërian spores,
there rarely is perceived that nauseating cadaveric odorof
intense putrefaction. Science, III. 520.
Aërian? (ā-é'ri-an), n. IK LL. Aëriani, pl., K
Aërius, a proper name.] A member of a re-
forming sect of the fourth century, so called
from their leader Aërius, a presbyter of Sebas-
tia in Pontus, who separated from the church
about A. D. 360. They maintained that a presbyter or
elder does not differ from a bishop in authority, repu-
diated prayers for the dead, and rejected church fasts.
Aërides (ā-er’i-déz), m. [NL., K. L. ačr, air, H-
-ides.] A genus of epiphytal orchidaceous
plants. These plants have distichous leaves, and large,
bright-colored, sweet-scented flowers.
of the warmer parts of Asia, and are extensively culti-
wated in hothouses.
‘aerielt, a. See aeryl.
aerie?, m. and v. See aery?.
aërifaction (ā’e-ri-fak’shgn), n. IK ačrify: see
—faction.] The action of ačrifying; ačrifica-
tion. N. E. D.
aëriferous (ā-e-rif'e-rus), a, [K L. ačr, air, +
ferre = E. bear 1.] Conveying air, as the tra-
cheae and bronchial tubes of air-breathing ver-
tebrates or the tracheae of insects.
aërification (ā’e-ri-fi-kā‘shgn), n. [K ačrify:
see -fication.] 1. The act of combining any-
thing with air; the state of being filled with
air.—2. The act of becoming air, or of chang-
ing into an aériform state, as substances which
are converted from a liquid or solid form into
gas or an elastic vapor; the state of being ačri-
form.
aëriform (ā’e-ri-fôrm), a... [K L. ačr, air, -i-
-formis, Kforma, form.] 1. Having the form
or nature of air, or of an elastic invisible fluid;
gaseous. The gases are aëriform fluids.-2.
Figuratively, unsubstantial; unreal. Carlyle.
aërify (ā’e-ri-fi), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ašrified,
ppr. ačrifying. [KL. ačr, air, F -ficare, Kfacere,
make: see ify.] 1. To infuse air into; fill with
air, or combine air with.-2. To change into
an aériform state.
aéro-. [NL., etc., K. Gr. &epo- (àep-), combining
form of āfip, L. dér, air: see airl..] The first
element in many compound words of Greek
origin, meaning air, the air, atmosphere.
aérobate (ā’g-rö-bāt), v. i. [K Gr. &epoſłareiv, K
āhp (äep-), air, H. Bareiv, tread..] To walk (as
if) on the air. [Rare.] N. E. D.
aérobe (ā’e-röb), n. One of the aërobia.
aérobia (ā-e-ró'bi-á), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
×aérobius, K Gr. &#p"(àep-), air, H- flioç, Hº A
name given by Pasteur (in the French form,
aérobies) to those bacteria, which are able to live
in contact with the air, and which absorb oxy-
en from it: opposed to anaërobia.
aérobian (ā-e-rö’bi-an), a., Relating to or char-
acteristic of ačrobia (which see); dependent
They are natives,
aślishglºgy,
94
upon air for life. An equivalent form is aéro-
bious.
aërobic (ā-e-ró'bik), a. Same as aérobian.
aërobiosis (ā’º-rö-bi-6'sis), n... [NL., KGr. &#p
§. air, 4- 8toolc, way of life, K 36ew, live,
Biog, life.] Life in and by means of an atmo-
sphere containing oxygen.
aérobiotic (ā’e-rö-bi-ot'ik), a... [K Gr; &#p (äep-),
air, -H 3tortkóg, pertaining to life, K 8tóew, live :
see aérobiosis.] Of or pertaining to ačrobiosis;
living on atmospheric oxygen; as, ačrobiotic
forms in fermentation.
aérobious (ā-e-rö’bi-us), a... [KNL. ašrobius :
see aérobia.] "Same as aérobian. Pasteur, Fer-
mentation (trans.), p. 210.
Aérobranchia (ā’º-rö-brang'ki-á), m.pl. [NL.,
K Gr. &hp (äep-), air, H- 3páyºta, gills.] A sub-
class or “grade " of Arachnida, composed of
Scorpionina, Pedipalpi, and Arameida, or true
scorpions, whip-scorpions, and spiders; one
of three groups, the other two being Hemato-
branchia and Lipobranchia. E. R. Lankester,
1881.
aêrobranchiate (ā’e-rö-brang’ki-āt), a. Per-
taining to the Aérobranchia.
aéroclinoscope (à'e-rö-kli'nā-sköp), n, [K Gr.
ãňp (äsp-), air, + kāivetv, bend, incline, -º- okotreiv,
view.] An apparatus devised by Buys Ballot
to indicate the probable location of a storm-
center and the direction of the storm-wind.
It consists of a vertical post supporting two horizontal
bars, one of which shows the direction of the barometric
gradient and the other the predicted direction of the wind.
aérocyst (ā’e-ró-sist), n. [K Gr. &#p (äep-), air,
+ Küorig, bladder: see cyst.] . In bot., the air-
vessel or bladder by means of which many al-
gae, as Fucus vesiculosus, are supported in the
water, and oceanic species, as the gulfweed,
float on the surface. See cut under air-cell.
aérodynamic (ā’e-rö-di-nam'ik), a. . [K Gr. &#p
(àep-), air, -i- dynamic, q.v.] Relating or per-
taining to the air or other gases in motion.
aérodynamics (ā’e-rö-di-namºiks), m. [Pl. of
aérodynamic : see dynamics.]. The science
which treats of the motion of the air and other
gases, or of their properties and mechanical
effects when in motion.
aérognosy (ā-e-rog(né-si), n. IK Gr, à%p (äep-),
air, -- yuājoig, knowledge.] Same as aérology.
[Rare.] -
aêrographer (ā-e-rogºra-fér), n. One who de-
scribes the atmosphere.
aërographic (ā’e-rö-graf'ik), a. Pertaining to
aêrography.
aërographical (ā’e-rö-graf’i-kal), a. Same as
aêrographic.
aérography (ā-9-rogra-fi), n. IK Gr. ºp (äep-),
air, + ; Č ypățeiv, write, describe..] Dé-
scription of the air or atmosphere.
aſſººriyaanic (ā’e-rö-hi"drö-di-nam'ik)
... tº Gº (ºp.), šir, Fijärodynamic.j
Acting by the power of air in water.—Aéro-
hydrodynamic wheel, an apparatus for transmitting
power to a distance, proposed by M. Calles, a Belgian en-
gineer. The operation consists in conducting condensed
air through a tube, and discharging it into the curved
buckets of a cogged wheel submerged in water in such a
manner as to turn the wheel by its ascensional force.
aërohydrous (ā’e-rö-hiº drus), a. [K Gr. &#p
(àep-), air, -- idop (ióp-), water, H- -ous.] Com-
posed of or containing air and water: specifi-
cally applied to minerals which contain water
in their cavities. Craig.
aérolite (ā’e-rö-lit), m. [The more common
form of ačrolith : see -lite and -lith..] A body
falling through the atmosphere to the earth
from outer space ; a meteorite; properly, a
meteoric stone. See meteorite.
aérolith (ā’e-rö-lith), n. IK Gr. &#p (äep-), air,
+ Affog, stone..] Same as aérolite,
(ā’e-rö-li-thol’é-ji), n.
lith + Gr. -Aoyła, K Aéyetv, speak: see -ology.]
That department of science which treats of
aérolites.
aérolitic (ā’e-rö-lit'ik), a. Relating to ačrolites.
aérologic, ačrological (ā’e-ró-loj'ik, -i-kal),
a. Pertaining to ačrology. -
aérologist (ā-e-rol’ā-jist), n. One who is versed
in aérology.
aérology (ā-e-rol’é-ji), n. [K Gr. &#p (äep-), air,
+ -āoyia, K Aéyetv, speak: "see -ology.] That
branch of physics which treats of the air, its
properties and phenomena. Also called ačrog-
7?OS/.
arºmancer (ā’e-rö-man'sér), n. [KME. ayero-
mawmcer; K ačromancy + -erl.] One who prac-
tises aéromancy.
Yºr
[K aéro- ºr
aëroScepsy
aéromancy (ā’º-rö-man'si), n. IK ME. aero-
mancye, aeromawnce, K OF, "aeromancie, aero-
mantie (Cotgrave), mod. F. a6romancie, K LL.
aéromantia, K LGr., áepoplavreia (Harper's Lat.
Dict.), K. Gr. &#p, air, H Havreia, divination, K
#: divine, prophesy, Khávrig, prophet.]
ivination by means of the air and winds or
atmospheric phenomena: now sometimes used
to denote the practice of forecasting changes
in the weather.
aéromantic (ā’e-rö-man’tik), a. Pertaining to
or of the nature of ačromancy.
aêrometer (ā-e-rom'e-tèr), n. IK NL. ačrome-
trum, K. Gr. &#p (äep-), air, F ſuérpov, measure.
Čf. Gr. inopepsi, measure the air.j An in:
strument for weighing air, or for ascertaining
the density of air and other fluids.—Barometri-
cal ačrometer, an instrument consisting of a vertical
U-tube with open ends and mounted upon a stand, used in
measuring the relative specific gravities of liquids. Thus,
if water is poured into one branch of the tube and oil into
the other, and if it is found that 9 inches of water balance
10 inches of oil, it indicates that their relative specific
gravities are as 10 to 9.
aërometric (ā’e-rö-met’rik), a. Of or pertain-
ing to ačrometry.
aërometry (ā-e-Tom’e-tri), n. [= F. ačromé-
trie, K NL. ačrometria, K ačrometrum : see aéro-
neter.] The science of measuring mass, den-
sity, and other physical constants of air and
other fluids, and of determining the relations
of their pressure, volume, and temperature.
aéronaut (ā’e-rö-nāt), n., [KF. ačronaute, KGr,
&#p (äep-), air, H vattng (= L. mauta), sailor, K
vaig = L. mavis, ship: see nautical.] One who
sails or floats in the air; an aérial navigator;
a balloonist.
aéronautic, aeronautical (ā’e-rº-nā’tik, -ti-
kal), a. ertaining to ačronautics or ačrial
Sailing.
aéronautics (āše-rö-nā’tiks), m. [Pl. of ačro-
nautic; see -ics." The science or art of ačrial
navigation, as by means of a balloon, gliding-
machine, or ačroplane.
aéronautism (ā’e-rö-nā"tizm), m. [K aéronaut
+ -ism.] The practice of ascending and float-
ing in the atmosphere, as in balloons.
aérophane (ā’º-rö-fān), n. [K Gr. &#p (äep-),
air, -H -pavág, appearing, K paivetv, show.]
light gauze orimitation of crape. E. H. Knight.
aérophobia (ā’e-rö-fô'bi-á), n. [NL., KGr. &epo-
$680, afraid of air, K. &#p (äep-), air, -- -p680g,
fearing: see £º A dread of air, that is,
of a current of air: a ..º. common in hy-
drophobia, and occasionally observed in hys-
teria and other diseases.
aérophoby (ā’ e-rörfö(bi), n., Aérophobia.
aerophone (ā’º-rö-phēn), n. [K Gr. &#p (äep-),
air, $ová, voice, sound.]. An apparatus
invented by Edison for increasing the inten-
sity (amplitude) of sound-waves, as those from
spoken words.
âârophore (ā’e-rö-fôr), n. [K Gr. &#p (äep-), air
“H -óópog, Kºpépetv = E. bearl.] A respirator i.
the form of a tank, into which the air exhaled
from the lungs passes, and which contains
chemicals designed to revive it and fit it to be

breathed again. It is carried on the back like a knap-
sack, and was contrived for the use of firemen in entering
burning buildings, etc. See respirator.
aérophyte (ā’e-rū-fit), n. [K Gr. &#p (äep-), air,
+ $vrów, a plant, K ºvely, produce..] . A plant
which lives exclusively in air, absorbing all its
nourishment from it alone, as some orchids and
many Bromeliaceae; an air-plant. See epiphyte.
àéroplanel (ā’e-rö-plan), n. [K Gr. &#p (äep-),
air, "H plane, q.v.] A light framework, either
#. or Somewhat concave, covered on its un-
er side with a fabric, used in flying-machines
and ačrostatical experiments. When the machine
is driven through the air, the aëroplane, set at an angle of
about 7° above the horizontal, tends to support it by the
upward reaction of the still air. See the supplement.
aéroplane” (äſe-rö-plan), n. . [= F, ačroplane,
K. Gr. depôthavog, wandering in air, Káñp (äep-),
air, H Tââvoç, wandering: see planet.] A flying-
machine invented by Victor Tatin and success-
fully tried at the French experiment-station of
Chalais-Meudon in 1879. It consists of a cylindrical
receiver for compressed air used to drive two air-propel-
lers, two laterally extended wings, and a tail for steering.
The velocity obtained was 8 meters per second.
aéroscepsy (ā’e-rū-skep"si), m. [K GT.&#p (äep-),
air, 4- okébug, a viewing, perception, Kokétteoffat,
look at, watch: see sceptic, skeptic.] In 2061,
ability to perceive the state of the atmosphere;
such susceptibility to atmospheric conditions as
various animals (insects and snails, for exam-
ple) are supposed to possess; the sense of ačros-
copy; the faculty of exercising ačroscopy in-
AEROPLANES
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Fig. 1 CURTISS BIPLANE. Fig. 2 Fiº: º: *:::plane Ill ot or Fig. 6 Alºke base for uprights and
a Elevating plane. as used oil Curtis S D1 plaſié. - º ge Fig. Io
b See detail sketch A (Figure 7). a Intake manifold. Fig. 7 Mºjº: for bamboo frame g
Hand-lever operating drags d which act e *P** **; e te
C On ºidº, .#. g W & fºes. Fig. 8 Block on Curtis; biplan; in connection
& 㺠*:::::: for º: º l a. Exhaust valves. ...” from aviator's seat to Fig. ſo “Gnome” 50-horsepower revolving
/ Small hand-lever for throttle control. Water-circulating pump. * £, *. y air-cooled motor. Propeller is
r Wires for shifting ailerons; operated by X. -dri . valves, and Fig. 9 BLERYOT, MONOPLANE; , bolted to motor. Normal revolu-
4°4% aviator sº to right or left. y Gear-drive for mag s t a Aluminiuin case inclosing motor. tions, 1,200 per minute.
/* Fixed iron rods connecting upper and g" wºculating pipes leading to 4. *:::::::::::::: º: a Valves.
y f il & º -> “yº- * : l *
z sº ends of planes when radiator. d Wooden skids (protection in * & Intake through center of motor
*. e # # & for propeller & Fig. 11 Shock-absorbers on Blériot, monoplane
landing Fig. 3 Solid bronze bearing prop landing). (Rubber inclosed in fabric.)
iſ drawi *: shaft. e Detail sketch F (Figure 12). wº - * * *evº-
% §§§ºing Water. Fi Socket for uprights and turnbuckles y “Gnome” motor. Detail sketch G. Fig. 12 Detail of construction on wooden fraude.
& Gasolene tank 1g. 4 º: : º º g º gr Lower part of aviator's compart- sºles for stays bolted through the
& a : urtiss typc. IIlent. W’O O(1.
- k. * ſº
º Fººting oil tan Fig. 5 Metal strap reinforcement for wooden J. Rudder. Fig. 13 Attachment of steel strap-stay on
tº Elevating planes. Blériot monoplane.
o Detail drawing C (Figure 4). frames.









































aëroscepsy
stinctively. It is considered by some zoölogists to be a
function of the antennae, these being organs by means of
which such animals may practise aéroscopy (which see).
[Aéroscep8y and ačroscopy are often used as synonymous by
zoölogists; but the distinction here indicated is convenient,
and agreeable to their difference of formation.]
aéroscope (ā’e-rö-sköp), n. IK Gr. “àepogkówoc:
See aéroscopy.]. An apparatus for collecting
microscopic objects from the air. It consists of
an inspirator and a glass collecting-vessel smeared with
glycerin. When air is drawn through it the fine dust sticks
to the film of glycerin. & § { }
aéroscopic (3/8-rö-skop'ik), a. Pertaining to or
exercising *...}. y
aéroscopy (ā-e-ros'kö-pi), n., [K Gr. Čºpogkoria,
divination by observing the heavens, Kºāepooké-
troº, observing the heavens, K&#9 (àep-), air, 4-
okoreiv, observe, look at..] 1+. Divination by
means of the air; .*.*.*. 2. Ex-
amination or observation of the atmosphere;
the practice of meteorolo
ception or observation of atmospheric condi-
tions, as by insects and snails; the instinctive
exercise of ačroscepsy; the operation or resultſ
of the faculty of ačroscepsy. See aéroscepsy.
aerose (6'rös), a. [K L. aerosus, full of copper,
Kaºs (ar-), copper: see als.] Having the nature
of or resembling copper or brass; coppery. Also
spelled erose.
aérosiderite (ā’e-rö-sid’e-rit), n. IK Gr. &#p
(àep-), air, 4- otóñpírmc, of iron: see siderite.]
A meteorite consisting essentially of metallic
iron. See meteorite.
aérosiderolite (ā’e-rö-si-dé’rö-lit), n. [K Gr.
āhp (äep-), air, 4 ciómpoc, iron, +%íðoc, stone.]
A meteorite containing both stone and iron.
See meteorite.
aérosphere (ā’e-rö-sfér), m. [K Gr. &#p (äep-),
air, opaipa, sphere.] The body of air sur-
rounding the earth; the aërial globe; the en-
tire atmosphere.
à érostat (ā’e-rö-stat), n. IK F. a6 rostat, K. Gr.
āhp (äep-), air, + oratóg, placed, standing, verbal
adj. of i-otá-vat, place, cause to stand: see static.]
1. A machine or vessel sustaining weights in
the air; a balloon; a flying-machine.
The aérostat was brought down in the very meadow
whence it had set off. Science, IV. 330.
2. An aéronaut; a balloonist. [Rare and in-
correct.] * *
aërostatic, ačrostatical (ā’e-ró-stat'ik, -i-kal),
a. [= F. aérostatique, K. Gr. &#p ſº air, +
oratikóg, causing to stand, Kotaróg, standing:
see aérostat and static.] 1. Pertaining to ačro-
statics.—2. Pertaining to ačrostation, or the
art of ačrial navigation.
A memorable event in the history of ačrostatic science.
The American, VIII. 317.
Aérostatic balance, an instrument, constructed on the
same principle as the barometer, for ascertaining the
weight of the air.
aërostatics (ā’e-rö-stat'iks), n. [Pl. of ačro-
static : see -ics.] The science which treats of
the weight, pressure, and equilibrium of air and
other elastic fluids, and of the equilibrium of
bodies sustained in them. -
aërostation (ā’e-rū-stā'shgn), n. [KF. aérosta-
tion, improp. Kačrostat, ačrostat, inimitation of
words in -ation, like station, etc.] 1. The art
or practice of ačrial navigation; the science of
raising, Suspending, and guiding machines in
the air, or of ascending in balloons.—2+. The
science of ačrostatics.
aërotherapeutics (ā’e-rö-ther-a-pâ’tiks), n. [K
Gr. &#p (äep-), air, -H-therapeutics.] A mode of
treating disease by varying the pressure or
modifying the composition of the air surround-
ing the patient.
aérothermal (ā’e-rö-thèr'mal), a. Pertaining
to or using hot air: as, Mouchot's aérother-
mal bakery, that is, a bakery in which the
baking is effected by heated air. Ure, Dict.,
I. 487.
aërotonometer (ā’e-rö-tº-nom’e-tèr), n. IK Gr.
&epátovog, stretched or driven by air & ãňp (äep-),
air, H- tetvetv, stretch), + ptérpov, measure.]
instrument for determining the tension of gases
win the blood. - -
àérotropism (ā-e-rot'rö-pizm), n. [K NL. ačro-
tropismus, KGr. &#p (äep-), air, ---Tpotrog, KTOétretv,
turn, + -ism..] In boi., deviation from the nor-
mal direction of growth by the action of gases:
applied chiefly to roots.
aerugineoust (€-rö-jin’é-us), a.
ginous. Bailey. g
aeruginous (é-rö’ji-nus), a. [K L. aruginosus,
Karugo (aprugin-), rust of copper: see abrºgo.]
1. Pertaining to or of the nature of verdigris
or the rust of copper.
Same as abru-
-3. In 206l., per- .
95
A_. . . kind of salt drawn out of ferreous and eruginows
earths, partaking chiefly of iron and copper.
tº & Sir T. Browne,
2. Of the color of verdigris.
Also spelled eruginous.
aerugo (é-rö'gö), n... [L., rust of copper, verdi-
gris prepared from it, Kaºs (ar-), copper, bronze:
see abs.] Verdigris (which See).-AErugonobilis
(noble verdigris), or simply aerugo, a greenish, crust found
on antique bronzes; the patina. See patina.
aeryl (§'ri, Ā’êr-i), a. [Early mod. E. aerie;
for airy, with forced spelling, in imitation of L.
aéreus, ačrius, airy, ačrial: see airyl, ačrial.]
Airy; breezy; exposed to the air; elevated;
# ; ethereal; visionary. [Rare and poeti-
Cài.
The shepherd's pipe came clear from aery steep. Keats.
... ." Whence that aery bloom of thine,
- Like a lily which the sun
sº Looks thro' in his sad decline?
• Tennyson, Adeline.
, aerie” (ä'ri, Ā'ri, a 'é-ri, or ē’ri: see
., at end), n. ; pl. aeries (-riz). [Also written
*airy, eyry, eyrie, and in early mod. E. airie, aiery,
a!/r/, ayery, eyery, eyerie, etc., a lengthened form
(with added syllable -y or -ie after E. airyl, a.,
or the ML, form ačrea) of early mod. E. aire,
ayre, K ME. *aire, eyre, oldest form air, an
aery (rare, and found only in the phrase hauke
of noble air (var. nobulle eyre), after OF. faucon
de gentil or bon aire, i. e., a hawk of noble or
good stock: see under debonair), K OF. “aire,
m.; an airie or nest of hawkes” (Cotgrave),
OF. also f., mod. F. aire, f., = Pr. aire, K ML.
area, aria, aerea, aeria, the nest of a bird of
prey; of uncertain origin, but prob. only a
special use of the common L. area, also writ-
ten aria, an open space, floor, area, the spell-
ings aerea, aeria, being due to a supposed con-
nection with L. ačreus, ačrius, ačrial, airy,
such nests being built in lofty places. Owing
to its poetical associations, and to confused
notions as to its origin, this word has suffered
unusual changes of spelling and pronunciation.
The reg. mod. form, repr. ME. *aire, air, eyre,
would be “air (pron. Ār), or, with the added
syllable, airy (pron. Ā’ri). The mod. spellin
aery or aerie is in imitation of the ML. ačrea,
aëria ; cf. aeryl, a., for airyl, a., after L. ačreus,
aërius. The spelling eyry, eyrie does not follow
from the ME. form eyre (which would give *air,
as said above), but is a 17th century archaistic
simulation of ME. ey, egg. The word not being
in current popular use, the pronunciation, prop.
ā’ri in all spellings, has varied with the spell-
ing; the form aery or aerie is also pron. ā'ri
or fiſé-ri, while many dictionaries, following
Walker, give as the exclusive or as an alterna-
tive pronunciation ê'ri, a purely pedantic pro-
nunciation, due to mistaking the ae- for the
diphthong ae or ap. Similarly, the form eyry or
eyrie, pron. usually like aery or aerie, is in pres-
ent usage sometimes pron. I'ri.] 1. The nest
of a bird of prey, as an eagle or a hawk; hence,
a lofty nest of any large bird.
There the eagle and the stork
On cliffs and cedar-tops their eyries build.
Milton, P. L., vii. 424.
2. The brood in the nest; the young of a bird
of prey; figuratively, children.
Glo. Our aiery buildeth in the cedar's top. . . .
Q. Mar. Your aiery buildeth in our aiery's nest.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 3.
3. An elevated habitation or situation.
- Wherever beauty dwell,
In gulf or aerie, mountain or deep dell.
Keats, Endymion, ii. 94.
These men had from their eyrie seen us go up the glacier.
F. Jacomb, in P. P. and Gl., 2d ser., I. 328. (N. E. D.)
aery?, aerie? (ā’ri: see etym, of aery?, n., at end),
v. i. I& aery?, m.] To build or have an aery.
She [Pilhannaw, a monstrous great bird] aeries in the
woods upon the high hills of Ossapy.
Josselyn, New England's Rarities (1672), p. 41.
aery-light (ā’ri-lit), a. [Kaeryl + light?..] Light
as air. Milton.
aes (éz), n. [L. &S (ar-), prop. Ore, but applied
chiefly to copper, or the alloy of copper and tin
(and sometimes lead), bronze; hence, anything
made of copper or bronze; in particular, coins,
money;= Goth. ais=AS. ār, E. ore: see orel..] In
Rom. antiq., copper or bronze; money or coins of
copper or bronze; money ingeneral; works of art
or other objects made of bronze. See copper and
bronze.—AE's Corinthium, Corinthian bronze: the vari-
ous alloys and art-works in bronze produced at Corinth
had a very high reputation in the ancient world, par-
ticularly among the Romans.—HEs Cyprium (literally,
Cyprian Ore or metal: see copper), copper.—AES grave
(see graves), a general term applied to the large, heavy
bronze coins of the libral system, first issued in Italy by
Æsalidae (6-sal’i-dé), m. pl.
Æschnidae (esk’ni-dé), m. pl.
£;i. expose
AEschynomene (es-ki-nom e-nē), n.
aeschynomenous? (es-ki-nom’e-nus), a.
AEsculapian
the Romans and other communities toward the end of the
fifth cent B. C. The Roman as is the most familiar
example.—AEs rude (see rude), the first Roman money,
consisting of rude masses of copper, uncoined, of regular
weights varying from two pounds to two ounces.—AE8
signatum (stamped bronze), the first Roman expedient
toward securing a regular coinage, legally sanctioned as
early as 454 B.C. The pieces are approximately rectangular
in shape, bearing on each side, in relief, a rude figure, as of
a bull, a boar, or an elephant, and weigh about five pounds
each.” For smaller values the pieces were cut into frag-
ments, and the aeg rude also remained in use. The oes 3ig-
natum continued to be employed for sometime after a more
advanced system of coinage had been adopted.
[NL., KAEsalus +
-idae.] A family of lamellicorn coleopterous
insects, based by Macleay (1819) upon the ge-
nus AEsalus. See Lucanidae.
aesalon (6'sa-lon), n. [NL., KGr, aloé% ov, a small
kin
d of hawk, prob. the merlin.] 1. An old
name of the merlin, Falco assalom or Æsalon
tegulus. See merlin.—2. [cap.] A genus of
falcons (Brisson, 1760): formerly used in a
broad sense, laterrestricted to the small species
related to the merlin. AE. columbarius is the
common pigeon-hawk of North America. See
£iº º
salus (é'sa-lus), n. DNL. Cf. aesalon.] The
typical genus of AEsalidae, based by Fabricius
(1801) upon AE. Scarabayoides, a European lamel-
licorn beetle with subquadrate body, unarmed
head, 3-jointed antennae, and short tarsi, now
referred to Lucanidae.
AEschna (esk'nā), n. [NL. (first AEshna, Fabri-
cius, 1776), prob. an error for “aeschra (fem.; cf.
AEschrus, m., a genus of neuropters), K. Gr. alo-
Apóg, ugly, iii-favored.j A genus of insects, of
aquatic larval habits, belonging to the order
Odonata, referred to the family Libellulidae or
made the type of a separate family AEschmidae.
There are several species, all known as dragon-
flies. Sometimes wrongly written Æshna.
[NL., KAEschna.
+ -idae.] A family of neuropterous insects,
founded on the genus AEschna, having the wings
unequal, the triangles of all the wings alike,
male genitals with connate anterior hamule
and conjoined penis and vesicle, and female
schylean (es-ki-lé'an), a. [K L. AEschylus, K
Gr. Atozúžog, orig. a nickname, ‘Little Ugly,”
dim. of ataxpég, ugly, ill-favored; in a moral
sense, base, shameful; Kalozoc, ugliness, shame,
disgrace..] Written by or pertaining to AEschy-
lus, an illustrious Athenian poet and dramatist,
born 525 B.C.; resembling his writings or char-
acteristic of them.
AEschynanthus (es-ki-nanºthus), m. [NL., KGr.
atoxinm, shame (K ataxineoffat, be ashamed), +
ôv6og, a flower. The name has reference to the
crimson or scarlet (“blushing”) flowers. The
species have been called blushworts.] A genus
of beautiful epiphytal plants, natives of tropical
Asia, of the family Gesmeriaceae, with pendent
stems and Scarlet or orange flowers. They are
among the most splendid hothouse flowers.
aschynite (es’ki-nit), n. IK Gr. ataxivm, shame,
+ -ite?..] A mineral occurring at Miack in the
Ilmen Mountains, Norway, etc., in black pris-
matic crystals, containing niobium, titanium,
thorium, the cerium metals, and other un-
common elements. So called by Berzelius as being the
“disgrace" of chemistry, which at the time of its discovery
was unable to separate two of its constituents, titanic
acid and zirconia. Also spelled eschymite.
[I., a
sensitive plant, K. Gr. aloxvvoplévm, a sensitive
plant, prop, fem. ppr. of atox{neoffat, be ashamed,
#. of atoxin'en, make ugly, disfigure, dis-
onor; cf. aloxog, ugliness, shame, dishonor.]
A genus of leguminous plants, with jointed
pods, pinnate leaves which are sometimes sen-
sitive, and usually yellow flowers. There are 50
species, herbaceous or somewhat shrubby, of which 3 or
4 are widely distributed through the tropics, the rest be-
ing natives of America, from Patagonia to Virginia. The
stem of the East Indian dº. aspera, remarkable for its
lightness, is cut into thin strips for the manufacture of
hats. It is also made into swimming-jackets, floats for
nets, etc., and is often worked into models of temples,
flowers, etc.
[K Gr.
alo Avváplewoc, ppr.of atoxin'eoffat, be ashamed: see
AEschymomene.] Sensitive: applied to plants.
AEsculapian(es-kū-lā’pi-an), d. and n. [KL. AES-
culapius, accom. of Gr. AGKAmirtóg, Dor. Aokåa-
Ttóg, the god of medicine: see Asclepias.] I.
a. Of or pertaining to AEsculapius, god of medi-
cine; medical; pertaining to the healing art.
II. m. A medical man; a physician: gen-
erally in a humorous sense.
Also spelled Esculapian.

3>SCulin
a sculin, a sculine. See esculin, esculine.
Æsculus (es'kū-lus), n. [L., the Italian oak:
See csculin, etc.] A genus of trees and shrubs,
of the fami-
ly, ACsculaceae,
chiefly North
American, with
broad digitate
leaves and
showy flowers
in large pani-
cles. The seeds
are large, of the
shape and color
of chestnuts, but
too bitter to be
eaten. The timber
is of little value.
The horse-chest-
nut, Æ. Hippocas-
tanum, supposed
to be originally
from northern In-
dia, is very exten-
sively cultivated
as an Ornamental
shade-tree, and the
fruits are used in
southern Europe
for feeding sheep
º and horses. The
American species, growing in the western and southern
United States, have the popular name buckeye (which see).
AEshna (esh'nā), n. See AEschma.
AEsir (ā’sèr, Icel, prom. Å'sir, mod. I’sir), m. pl.
[Icel., nom. pl. of āSs, a god: see As3.] The
collective name for the gods of Scandinavianmy-
thology. There were twelve gods and twenty-six god-
desses, dwellers in Asgard. See Asgard.
asnecy, n. See esnecy.
AEsopian (6-só'pi-an), a. [KL. Alsopius, KAEso-
pus, Gr. Aio QTog, Æsop.] Pertaining to AEsop,
an ancient Greek writer of fables, of whom lit-
tle or nothing is certainly known; º: by
him or in his manner; as, a fable in the ZEso-
pian style. Also spelled Esopian.
aestates (es-tä 'téz), m. pl. [L., freckles, pl.
of absta(t-)s, summer, summer heat: see esti-
val.] In med., heat-spots; freckles; sunburnt
patches.
asthematology, m. See esthematology.
aesthesia (es-thé'si-á), n. . [NL., K. Gr. cigömotº,
“perception by the senses, Kaiotăveoffat, perceive
by the senses.] Perception; feeling; sensa-
tion; sensibility: the opposite of anaesthesia
(which see). Also written esthesia, asthesis,
esthesis.
aesthesiogen, asthesiogenic, etc.
Siogen, etc.
aesthesiology, aesthesiometer, etc. See esth6-
siology, etc.
asthesis (es-thé’sis), m.
Also spelled esthesis.
asthesodic, asthete, etc. See esthesodic, etc.
astiferous, abstival, etc. . See estiferous, etc.
AEstrelata, m. See CEstrelata.
astuancef (es’tli-ams), m. [KL. Gestuan (t-)s, ppr.
of acstware, burn, glow: See a-stuate.] Heat;
warmth; as, “regulated estuance from wine,”
Sir T. Browne. Also spelled estuance.
astuary (es’til-ā-ri), n. ; pl. astuaries (-riz). [K
L. a-Stuarium, a vent-hole for vapors, also an
estuary, K abstuari, rage, burn, be warm: see
estuary.] 1. A vapor-bath, or any other means
for conveying heat to the body.—2. See estuary.
aestuatet (es’ti-āt), v. 3. [K. L. astuatus, pp. of
a studye, burn, glow, rage, boil up, K astus, a
|burning, glow, fire, Surge, etc. : see estuary,
estival.] To boil; swell and rage; be agitated.
Also spelled estuate.
aestuation? (es-tū-ā'shgn), n. [KL. a-stuatio(n-),
Kastuare: see astuate.] TA boiling; agitation;
commotion of a fluid; hence, violent menta
commotion; excitement: as, “estuations of joys
and fears,” Mountague. Also spelled estuation.
aesture? (es’ tir), n. [Irreg. K L. a-stuare, be in
commotion, boil, rage, etc., as if for a stus,
surge, billows: see astuatc.] Violence; com-
motion. Also spelled esture.
The seas retain
Not only their outrageous aesture there.
Chapman, Odyssey, xii. 111.
at., atat. [Abbrev. of L. astatis, gen, of a ta(t-)s,
age: see age and etermal.] Of the age; aged:
Chiefly used in classic or scholarly epitaphs or
Obituaries, whether composed in English or in
Latin: as, Ob. 1880, at." (or aptat.) 70: in full
Latin, obiit [anno Domini] MDCCCLXXX, [an-
no] (ptatis (suſe) LXX; that is, he (or she) died
in (the year of the Lord) 1880, in the seventieth
ear of his (or her) age (but usually taken as
“70 [full] years of age,” “aged 70’).
Aºscatlas Hippocaszazuczzt.
a, flower; b, seed; c, seed cut longitudinally.
See esthe-
Same as asthesia.
96
AEtea (Š-të'a), n. [NL.; origin not obvious.j
The typical genus of Æteidae, AE, anguinea is
known as snake-coralline. . Also written Æta.
AEteidae (é-té’i-dé), m. pl. "[NL., KAEtea + -idae.]
A family of chilostomatous polyzoans, typified
by Ætea, erect and free or decumbent and
adherent, uniserial, with subterminal mem-
branous area and tubular zooecia. Also writ-
ten Ætićlaº. -
AEthalium (6-thä'li-um), n. [NL., K. Gr, aiffahog,
smoke, soot; with ref. to the abundant dust-like
spores. Cf. Fuligo, an allied genus, K L. fuligo,
Soot.] 1. A genus of Myaomycetes, or slime-
molds, forming thick cake-like receptacles cov-
ered by a brittle cortex, and closely adherent
to the surface on which they grow. ºf ſº **
often found in hothouses where spent tan is useº
ing purposes, and hence are sometimes called flowſ:
2. [l. c.] A similar receptacle in any
with a plural, asthalia (-à). d
aetheling, n. See atheling. º”
aêtheogam (ä-é’ the -ó-gam), m. [K Grº,
unusual (Kä- priv. ºf jüog, custom: see ethiº;
Yáplog, marriage.] In De Candolle's systefă of
classification, a º belonging to a group of
cryptogams which were the only ones of the
Order then known to have sexual organs, includ-
ing the Equisetaceae, Filices, Musci, higher Hepa-
tica, etc.
aêtheogamous (ā-ê-thé-og'a-mus), a.
ing to the aëtheogams.
aether, m. See etherl.
Ætheria (é-theºri-á), n. [NL., appar, named
from the brilliancy of the interior surface, K L.
atherius, KGr. atóéptog,
of the ether or upper
air, heavenly, ethe-
real: see ethereal.] A
genus of bivalve mol-
lusks, of the family
Unionidae, found in the
rivers of Africa, and
Madagascar; river-
Oysters. The exterior is
rugged, but the interior
of the valves is pearly, of
a vivid green color, and
raised in small blisters,
The natives of Nubia adorn their tombs with them. Also
Spelled Etheria, as originally by Lamarck, 180S.
aetheriid (é-théºri-id), n. A bivalve mollusk of
the family AEtheriidae.
AEtheriidae (€-thé-ri'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAEthe-
ºria + -idae.] A family of mollusks, of which
AEtheria isthetypical genus. Also written Æthe-
rioidae, Ætheridae, Ætheriadae, and Etherida.
AEthiop, AEthiopiant. See Ethiop, Ethiopian.
aethiopsi (é'thi-ops), m. [NL., after L. ZEthiops,
Ethiopian : see Ethiop.] An old pharmaceuti-
cal term applied to several mineral prepara-
tions of a black or nearly black color. Also
Spelled ethiops.-Aethiops martial [KL. martialis, of
Mars, i. e., of iron], black oxid of iron.—AEthiops min-
eral, black sulphid of mercury, prepared in the laboratory.
aethogen (6/thē-jen), n. IK Gr. aidog, a burning
heat (see ether), + =yevſc, taken as ‘produ-
cing': see -gen.] Nitrid of boron; a white,
amorphous, tasteless, inodorous powder, insol-
uble in Water, infusible, and non-volatile.
Heated in an alcohol-flame fed with oxygen, it burns
rapidly with a faint greenish-whito flame. Watts.
aethrioscope (eth'ri-Ö-sköp), n. [KGr. aidpia, the
Open sky (Kaiſ/plog, clear, fair, in the open air,
Kaidom, the open sky, K atóñp, the sky, the upper
air, X E. ether), + akotreiv, observe, look at..]
An instrument for measuring the minute varia-
tions of temperature due to different conditions
of the sky. It consists of a differential thermometer
(which see, under thermometer), both bulbs of which are
within a cup-shaped mirror, one of them in its focus, so
as to be especially affected on being exposed to the sky.
The cup is kept covered with a lid when the instrument is
not in use. Its delicacy is so great that it is affected by
every passing cloud.
AEthusa (6-thii'sä), m. [NL., KGr. aidovga, fem.
of aiſlov, ppr. of aiffety, burn, blaze: see ether.]
1. In bot., a genus of umbelliferous plants, of
a single species, AE. Cynapium, introduced into
America from Europé, and known as fool's-
arsley. It is an annual garden-weed, of nauseous and
eleterious properties, and is sometimes mistaken for pars-
ley, whence its common name.
2. In 206l., a genus of decapod crustaceans, of
the family Dorippidae.
Aëtian (ā-ā'shi-àn), n. . [K LL. Aëtius, Gr, Aé-
tioç, a personal name, K “àéttoc, čićTetoc, alértog,
of the eagle, K. Čieróg, aleróg, eagle.] One of a
Belong-
p s *:: *3
& S `... º
§ 'SN s
4Et/terra serrailuztafa.
sect of strict Arians of the fourth century,
named from their leader Aëtius, called the
Atheist (died in Constantinople, A. D. 367).
See Eunomian and Anoma'am.
actiological, et
*[X gi
afar
AEtidae (6'ti-dé), n. pl. Same as AEteidae,
ai, etiological ºiºſº), a.
Gr, airtožoyukóc, inquiring into causes: see
:... [...] Of or pertaining to aetiology; con-
nected with or dependent upon the doctrine of
efficient or physical causes, as distinguished
from teleological or final causes.
The practical results of etiological studies, so far as the
prevention and cure of disease are concerned, are likely
to be much greater than those which have been gained by
the pathologists. G. M. Sternberg, Bacteria, p. 236.
*iºlogiº, etiologically (ê"ti-Ö-loj’i-kal-i),
adv. an aetiological manner; with regard
to cause, or the assignment of a cause: as, an
attiologically obscure failure of nutrition.
aetiologist, etiologist (6-ti-ol’º-jist), m. One
who is versed in aetiology; one who investi-
ates physical causes, or inquires into the re-
ations of such causes to effects in physics or
biology: often used as the opposite of tele-
ologist.
Aetićiogy, etiology (ê-ti-ol’ô-ji), m. [K L.L. actio-
tº logia, K. Gr. altto%0yia, statement of the cause
(cf. alttoãoyeiv, inquire into the cause, account
for), K attia, cause, -i- -Aoyia, K Aéyetv, speak:
see -ology.] 1. An inquiry into or a theory
of the physical causes of any class of phenom-
€118.
Morphology, distribution, , and physiology investigate
and determine the facts of biology. AEtiology has for its
object the ascertainment of the causes of these facts, and
the explanation of biological phenomena, by showing that
they constitute particular cases of general physical laws.
It is hardly needful to say that aetiology, as thus con-
ceived, is in its infancy. Hwæley, Amat. Invert., p. 37.
2. Specifically, in med., an inquiry into or ac-
count of the origin or causes of disease, or of
a particular kind or case of disease.
Sometimes written aitiology. .
aëtites (ā-e-ti’těz), m. [L., K. Gr. &etirng, eagle-
stone, Káetág, eagle.] Same as eaglestone.
AEtnean, a, See Einean.
Aºtolian (3-to'li-àn), a. and n. IKL. Aſtolia,
K Gr. Altožía, AEtolia..] I. a. Relating or per-
taining to AEtolia, a district of Greece lying
north of the gulf of Corinth, or to the race who
anciently inhabited it.-Étolian League, a demo-
cratic confederation of the tribes of ancient AEtolia, some-
times including the people of various neighboring re-
gions, celebrated for its long successful Wars against the
Macedonians, Acheans, etc.
II. n. One of the race anciently inhabiting
AEtolia. The AEtolians, though famous in the heroic
age, Were rude and barbarous as late as the time of the
Peloponnesian war, and were not even reckoned as Greeks
till a late period; but they attained to considerable power
through their warlike prowess after the time of Alexander
the Great and their gallantry against the invading Gauls.
aëtomorph (ā’e-tó-mörf), n. A member of the
Aëtomorpha; a bird of prey.
Aétomorphae (ā'e-tū-mör'fé), m. pl. [NL.K
Gr, deróg, an eagle, -H propºff, form, shape.] In
ormith., the birds of prey; a group equivalent
to the Raptores or Accipitres of most authors.
Named by IHuxley in 1867 as a superfamily of the desmog-
nathous division of the order Carimatoe, and divided by
him into the four families of Strigidae, Cathartidoe, Gypae-
tidae, and Gypogeramidae. The characters of the group
are drawn chiefly from osteology, but are those of the
Raptores as commonly understood. }
aëtomorphic (ā’e-tó-mór'fik), a. Having the
characters of or pertaining to the Aétomorpha;
raptorial, as a bird. -
Aétosauria (ā’e-tó-sā’ri-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
àetóg, eagle, H- oaipog, lizard.] An order of
saurians represented by the family Aëtosauri-
dat (which see). O. C. Marsh.
Aétosauridae (ā’e-tó-sā’ri-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Aëtosaurus + -idae.] A family of extinct Triassic
reptiles allied to or of the order of dinosaurians,
with limbs and dermal armature resemblin
those of crocodilians, the calcaneum produce
backward, and two sacral vertebrae. O. C.
Marsh.
Aëtosaurus (ā’e-tó-sā’rus), m. [NL., KGr. &eróg,
eagle, -F oaipog, a lizard.] . A genus of extinct
reptiles, representing the family Aëtosauridae.
aeuia, aevia. In church music, a contraction
of alleluia. See halleluiah.
syſternal, aviternally, etc.
GTG.
AEx (eks), m. In 206l., same as Aia.
af-. Assimilated form of Latin ad-, also an erro-
neous form of other prefixes, before f. See ad-.
aface (a-fās'), prep. phr. as adv. [Ka8+ face.]
In face; in front. [Rare.]
afar (a-fär’), adv. [K ME, afer, aferre, ofCr,
afar, commonly separated, a fer, a ferr, earliest
form a ferrum, on ferrum (-wm is the dat. suf-
fix), of feor, equiv. in sense to AS. feorram,
from far: M.E. of, from (E. of, prefix a-4), later
confused with on, a (E. on, prefix a-8); feor,
See evitermal,











afar
later for, far. Cf. anear.] 1. From far; from
a distance: now usually preceded by from.
He sawe a place afer [var. a feer], Wyclif, Gen. xxii.
And from a fer came walking in the mede.
Xhaucer, Prol, to Good Women, 1. 212.
Held from afar, aloft, the immortal prize.
- Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1.90.
2. Far; far away; at or to a distance; re-
motely in place: now usually followed by off.
A fer fro hem, alle be hem Selue.
haucer, House of Fame, l. 1215.
Abraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the Piº ºffſ,
CI1,
The steep where Fame's proud temple shines afar.
Beattie, Minstrel, i. 1.
The coronach stole
Sometimes afar and sometimes anear.
* Tennyson, Dying Swan.
[Shakspere uses afar off also in the sense of remotely in de-
gree; indirectly.
IIe that shall speak for her is a far off guilty,
But that he speaks. Shak., W. T., ii. 1.
A kind of tender made afar off by Sir # here.
Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1.]
afearf (a-fér’), v. t. . [Now only E. dial., often
shortened to fear; K.M.E. aferen, KAS. āfāran,
terrify, Kā-4-fôran (>ME. fºren) , terrify, Kfair,
danger, terror, fear: see fearl.] To cause to
fear; frighten; terrify; make afraid.
Clerkes may bere wepen . . . to a fere theues.
Dives & Pawper (W. de Worde), V. xix. 222. (N. E. D.)
As ghastly bug does greatly them affeare.
- Spenger, F. Q., II. iii. 20.
afeard, afeared (a-férd’), p. a. [KME. afered,
aferd, p. a...: see afear and -ed?. No connection
with afraid.] ected with fear; frightened;
afraid. [Now colloquial or vulgar.]
Be not afeard; the isle is full of noises.
k., Tempest, iii. 2.
afebrile (a-feb/ril), a. [K Gr. 3- priv. (a-18) +
febrile..] Without fever; feverless.
The course of subcutaneous fractures Without extravasa-
tion of blood is usually afebrile.
Belfield, Rel. of Micro-Org. to Disease, p. 38.
Afer (ā’fér), n. [L., African, used by Milton
for Africus (Sc. ventus, wind), the southwest
wind, blowing from Africa; It. Affrico or Gher-
bino, Garbino.] The southwest wind. Milton.
aff (āf), prep. and adv. Off. [Scotch..]—Aff-han’,
offhand; without reserve; frankly. Burns.—Aff hands,
hands off.-Aff-loof, right off from memory, or with-
out premeditation. Turns.—To feeze aff. See feezeb.
affa (af'â), m. [The native name.] . A weight,
equal to an ounce, used on the Guinea coast.
Also spelled offa.
affability (af-a-bil’i-ti), n. [K late ME. affa-
bylite, KOF. affabilite, #. affabilité, KL. affabili-
ta(t-)s, K affabilis, affable: see affable.] The
quality of being affable; readiness to converse
or be addressed; civility in intercourse; ready
condescension; benignity.
Hearing of her beauty, and her wit,
Her affability, and bashful modesty.
Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
He had a majestic presence, with much dignity, and at
the same time affability of manner.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 18.
=Syn. Sociability, approachableness, accessibility, urban-
ity, complaisance, suavity, comity, amenity, friendliness,
OO6)]]]&SS.
aße (af'a-bl.), a. [= F. affable, KL. affabilis,
adfabilis, easy to be spoken to, Kaffari, adfari,
speak.to, address, Kad, to, + fari, speak: see
fable.] 1. Easy of conversation or approach;
admitting otherstointercourse without reserve;
courteous; complaisant; of easy manners; kin
OI’ benevoient in manner: now usually applied
to those high-placed or in authority: as, an af-
Jable prince.
An affable and courteous gentleman. -
Shak., T. of the S., i. 2.
He is so insufferably affable that every man near him
would like to give him a beating.
Thackeray, Newcomes, I. xiii.
2. Expressing or betokening affability; mild;
benign: as, an affable countenance.
His manner was very unpretending—too simple to be
termed affable : . . . . he did not condescend to their so-
ciety—he seemed glad of it.
Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, xxvii.
=Syn. Courteous, civil, complaisant, accessible, mild,
benign, condescending, communicative, familiar, easy,
gracious, conversable. - “.
affableness (af'a-bl-nes), n. Affability.
affably (af'a-bli), adv. In an affable manner;
courteously. $º
affabrous? (af'a-brus), a. [KL. affaber, adfa-
ber, skilfully made, Kad, to, + faber, skilful,
workmanlike, K faber, workman: see fabric.]
Skilfully made. Bailey.
affabulation} (a-fab-i-lä'shgn), n. [= F. affa-
bulation, K NL, affabulatio(n-), K L. ad, to, +
affamishi (a-fam’ish), v. t. or i.
affamishmenti (a-fam’ish-ment), n.
affatuate? (a-fat’ī-āt), v. t.
affearlt, v. t.
affectl (a-fekt"), v.
97
Jabulatio(n-), story, Kfabulari, narrate, Kfabula
§ fable: see fable.] The moral of a fable.
ableſ.
affabulatory? (a-fab’ī-lä-tº-ri), a. Having a
moral: as, an affabulatory allegory. [Rare.]
affadyllt, n. A variant of affodill. See daffodil.
affaint (a-fāń"), v. t. [Kaf--- fain, an old spell-
ing of feign; with ref. to L. affingere, adfingere,
add falsely, K ad, to, + ſingerº, make, invent,
. See feign.] To lay to one's charge falsely
or feignedly. [Rare.]
Those errors which are maliciously affained to him.
Bp. Hall, Christ. Moderation, p. 35.
affair (a-fär'), n. [K ME. afere, affere, K OF.
afaire, afeire (F. affaire = Pr. afar, afaire=
It, affare), orig. a prep. phrase, a faire (F. &
faire = It. a {º} to do: a, K.L. ad, to; faire
= It, fare, K L, facere, do: see fact. #: aao
is of parallel formation.] 1. ything done
or to be done; that which requires action or
effort; a moving interest; business; concern:
as, this is an affair of great moment; a man of
affairs ; affairs of state.
Thy constellation is right apt
For this affair. Shak., T. N., i. 4.
The nature of our popular institutions requires a nu-
merous magistracy, for whom competent provision must be
made, or we may be certain our affairs will always be
committed to improper hands, and experience will teach
us that no government costs so much as a bad one.
A. Hamilton, Continentalist, No. 6.
Services to those around in the small affairs of life
may be, and often are, of a kind which there is equal
pleasure in giving and receiving.
H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $ 102.
2. pl. Matters of interest or concern; partic-
ular doings or interests; specifically, pecuniary
interests or relations: as, to meddle with a
neighbor's affairs; his affairs are in an embar-
rassed state.
Not I, but my affairs, have made you wait.
ak., M. of V., ii. 6.
3. An event or a performance; a particular ac-
tion, operation, or proceeding; milit., a partial
or minor engagement or contest; a skirmish:
as, when did this affair happen? an affair of
honor, or of outposts.
In this little affair of the advanced }; I am concerned
to add that Lieut. B. was killed. Wellington's Despatches.
4. A private or personal concern; a special
function, business, or duty.
Oh generous youth ! my counsel take,
And warlike acts forbear;
Put on white gloves and lead folks out,
For that is your affair. Lady M. W. Montagu.
To marry a rich foreign nobleman of more than thrice
her age was precisely her affair.
J. Hawthorne, Dust, p. 102.
5. Thing; matter; concern: applied to amy-
thing made or existing, with a descriptive or
qualifying term: as, this machine is a compli-
cated affair; his anger is an affair of no con-
Sequence.
“They are offended,” said Kristian Koppig, leaving the
house, and wandering up to the little Protestant affair
known as Christ Church.
G. W. Cable, Old Creole Days, p. 231.
6+. Endeavor; attempt.
And with his best affair obeyed the pleasure of the sun.
Chapman, Iliad, v. 503.
Affair of honor, a duel.
[K F. affamer,
OF. afamer, afemer = Pr. afamar = It. affamare,
starve, K.L. ad, to, + famis, hunger: see famish.]
To starve.
The act
of starving, or the state of being starved.
Carried into the wilderness for the affannishment of his
body. Dºp. Hall, Contemplations, iv.
[K L. as if *affa-
P; of “affatuari, Kad, to, + fatuari, be
f. infatuate.] To infatuate. Milton.
tuatus,
foolish.
affatuate, affatuated (a-fat’īā-āt, -ā-ted), a.
[KL. “affatuatus, pp., after infatuate, a., q.v.]
Infatuated. [Obsolete or poetical.]
They . . . are so much affatuated, not with his person
only, but with his palpable faults, and dote upon his de-
formities. Milton, Pref. to Eikonoklastes.
You'll see a hundred thousand spell-bound hearts
By art of witchcraft so affatwate,
That for his love they'd dress themselves in dowlas
And fight with men of steel.
Sir H. Taylor, Ph. van Art., II., v. 2
Same as afear.
Obsolete form of affeer.
[K ME. affecten, KOF, af.
feater, K.L. affectare, adfectare, strive after a
thing, aim to do, aspire to, pursue, imitate
With dissimulation, feign; also, in pass., be
attacked by disease; freq. of afficere, adficere,
act upon, influence: see affect?, which is nearly
affear?f, v. t.
affect? (a-fekt"), v. t.
affect2+ (a-fekt"), m.
affect
allied to affect!; the two verbs, with their de-
rivatives, run into each other, and cannot be
completely separated.] I. trans. 1. To aim
at; aspire to ; endeavor after. .
In this point charge him home, that he affects
Tyrannical power. Shak, Cor., iii. 3.
But this proud man affects imperial sway.
Dryden, Iliad.
2. To use or adopt by preference; choose;
prefer; tend toward habitually or naturally.
Musing Meditation most affects
The pensive secrecy of desart cell.
Milton, Comus, l. 386.
The peculiar costume which he affected.
Thackeray, Newcomes, I. 126. (N. E. D.)
The drops of every fluid affect a round figure.
Mewton, Opticks.
3. To be pleased with; take pleasure in; fancy;
like; love.
No profit grows where is no pleasure ta'en;–
In brief, sir, study what you most affect.
Shak., T. of the S., i. 1.
They [the Koreans] more particularly affect the flowering
shrubs, to a comparative neglect of the annuals.
Science, V. 252.
Maria once told me, she did affect me.
Shak., T. N., ii. 5.
With two of them at once I am in love
Deeply and equally; the third of them
My silly brother here as much affects.
Chapmam, The Blind Beggar.
4. To make a show of; put on a pretense of;
assume the appearance of; pretend; feign: as,
to affect ignorance.
I affect to be intoxicated with sights and suggestions,
but I am not intoxicated. Emerson, Self-reliance.
5. To use as a model; imitate in any way.
Spenser, in affecting the ancients, writ no language.
B. Jomsom, Discoveries.
Nor can he, however laudatory of the masters he af-
Jected in youth, look upon other modern poets except with
the complacency felt by one who listens to a stranger's
Tude handling of the native tongue.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 402.
6}. To resemble; smack of.
He hath a trick of Coeur-de-Lion's face;
The accent of his tongue affecteth him.
Shak., K. John, i. 1.
II.f intrans. 1. To incline; be disposed.—
2. To make a show ; put on airs; manifest
affectation.
[KL. affectus, pp. of affi-
cere, adficere, act upon, influence, affect, attack
with disease, lit. do to, K ad, to, + facere, do,
make. Cf. affectl.] 1. To act upon; produce
an effect or a change upon; influence; move or
touch: as, cold affects the body; loss affects our
interests.
There was not a servant in the louse whom she did not
. . . infinitely affect with her counsell. Evelyn, Diary, 1635.
On the whole, certain kinds of particles affect certain
parts of the spectrum. Lockyer, Spect. Anal., p. 142.
The whole character and fortune of the individual are
affected by the least inequalities in the culture of the un-
derstanding. Emerson, Nature.
2#. To urge; incite. Joye.—3+. To render lia-
ble to a charge of; show to be chargeable with.
By the civil law, if a dowry with a wife be promised and
not paid, the husband is not obliged to allow her alimony.
But if her parents shall become insolvent by some misfor-
tune, she shall have alimony, unless you can affect them
With fraud. Ayliffe, Patergon (1726), p. 59.
4. To assign; allot; apply: now only in the
passive.
One of the domestics was affected to his especial service.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, III. 8.
A considerable number of estates were affected to the
use of the Imperial family under the name of appanages.
D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 473.
. 1. To work upon ; to concern, relate to, interest,
bear upon ; to melt, soften, subdue, change. Affect and
effect are sometimes confused. To affect is to influence,
concern; to effect is to accomplish or bring about.
[KME. affect, K.L. affectus,
adfectus, a state of mind or body produced by
some (external) influence, esp. sympathy or
love, K afficere, act upon, influence: see affect?,
v. Affect, n., like affection, is formally a deriv.
of affect?, v, but in usage it rests also in part
upon affect!..] 1. Affection; passion; sensa-
tion; inclination; inward disposition or feeling.
My gray-headed senate in the laws
Of strict opinion and severe dispute
Would tie the limits of our free affects,
Like superstitious Jews.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, i. 1.
Rachel, I hope I shall not need to urge
The sacred purity of our affects.
B. Jomsom, Case is Altered, i.
The affects and passions of the heart.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 97.
2. State or condition of body; the way in
which a thing is affected or disposed. Wiseman,
Surgery.
7
affectate
98
affectuous
affectate} (i.e.º q. [K.L. affectatus, pp. of affecting” (à-fekting), p. a. . [Ppr. of affect!..] affectional (8-fek'shgn-al), a. Relating to or
affectare: see affect.] Affected; marked by
affectation. Elyot, Dict.
affectation (af-ek-tä'sh9n), n. IKL. affecta-
tio(n-), adfectatio(n-), a striving after, affecta-
tion, conceit, K affectare, adfectare, strive after,
affect, imitate : see affectl.] it. Strenuous
pursuit or desire ; earnest quest; a striving in
the direction (of).
Pretended sedition and affectation of the crown.
Bp. Pearson, Expos. of Creed, p. 293.
The affectation of being Gay and in Fashion has very
Inearly eaten up our Good Sense and our Religion.
Steele, Spectator.
2. A striving for the appearance (of); pre-
tense of the possession or character (of); effort
for the reputation (of): as, an affectation of
wit or of virtue; affectation of great wealth.
His arguments are stated with the utmost affectation of
precision. Macawlay, Mill on Government.
In matters of taste the Anglo-Saxon mind seems always
to have felt a painful distrust of itself, which it betrays
either in an affectation of burly contempt or in a pretence
of admiration equally insincere.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 395.
3. A striving for effect; artificiality of manner
or conduct; effort to attract notice by pretense,
assumption, or any peculiarity: as, his affecta-
tions are insufferable.
Affectation is an awkward and forced imitation of what
should be genuine and easy, Wanting the beauty that ac-
companies what is natural. Locke, Education.
The good sense and good taste which had weeded out
affectation from moral and political treatises would, in the
natural course of things, have effected a similar reform in
the sonnet and the ode. Macaulay, Dryden.
4}. Affection; fondness.
Bonds of affectation . . . between man and wife.
Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, iv. 3.
affectationist (af-ek-tā'shgn-ist), n... [K affec-
tation ---ist.] One who indulges in affectation;
one who is given to putting on airs.
It is just the kind of phrase to be petted, as it is, by cer-
tain affectationists. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 94.
affected 1 (a-fek’ted), p. a. [K affectl + -ed?..]
1+. Beloved: as, “his affected Hercules,” Chap-
man, Iliad, viii. 318.-2. Having an affection,
disposition, or inclination of any kind; inclined
or disposed: as, well affected to government or
toward a project.
Made their minds evil affected against the brethren.
Acts xiv. 2.
How he doth stand affected to our purpose.
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 1.
3. Assumed for effect; not natural: as, af-
fected airs.
Of all his epistles, the least affected are those addressed
to the dead or the unborn. Macaulay, Petrarch.
4. Given to affectation; assuming or pretend-
ing to possess characteristics which are not
Inatural or real: as, an affected lady.
Olivia was often affected, from too great a desire to
please. Goldsmith, Vicar, i.
= Syn. 3. Artifieial, feigned, imsincere.—4. Pretentious,
self-conscious.
affected? (a-fek’ted), p. a. [K affect? ---ed2;
partly merged in affected 1.] 1. Acted upon;
influenced; particularly, influenced injurious-
ly; impaired; attacked, as by climate or dis-
ease.—2. In alg., same as adfected.—3. In the
Rom. Cath. Ch., said of a benefice the collation
of which is reserved to persons possessed of
certain qualifications; specifically, when the
pope, by some disposition of the benefice, pre-
vents the regular collation and tacitly signifies
his intention of himself providing for the bene-
fice when it shall become vacant.
affectedly (a-fek’ted-li), adv. 1. In an affected
or assumed manner; with affectation; hypo-
critically; with more show than reality: as, to
walk affectedly; affectedly civil.
Balzac was genuinely as well as affectedly monarchical,
and he was saturated with a sense of the past.
EI. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 7.
2#. With tender care; lovingly.
Letters sadly penn'd in blood,
With sleided silk feat and affectedly
Enswathed. Shalc., Lover's Complaint, l. 48.
affectedness (a-fek’ted-nes), n. The quality
of being affected; affectation,
affecter (a-fek’tēr), n., [Kaffectl + -erl.] 1. One
who affects, pretends, or assumes.—2+. One
who affects or loves.
Bring forth the princess dress'd in royal robes,
The true affecter of Alvero's son.
Lust's Dominion, v. 1.
Also spelled affector.
affectibility (a-fek-ti-bil’i-ti), n. The state of
being affectiole.
affectible (a-fek’ti-bl.), a. [K affect” + -ible.]
Capable of being affected. [Rare.]
: Loving; affectionate.—2. Using affectation;
affected. *
I never heard such a drawling-affecting rogue.
Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 1.
affecting? (a-fek’ting), p. a. [Ppr. of affect2.]
Having power to excite or move the feelings;
tending to move the affections; pathetic: as,
an affecting spectacle; an affecting speech.
I suppose you are surprised that I am not more sorrow-
ful at parting with so many near relations; to be sure 'tis
very affecting. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 1.
= Sym. Moving, touching, impressive, stirring.
affectingly (a-fek’ting-li), adv. In an affecting
manner; in a manner to excite emotion.
affection (3-fek'shgn), m, [K ME. affectivn,
affection, KOF, affection, KL. affectio(n-), a state
of mind or feeling, especially a favorable state,
love, affection, K afficere, adficere, act upon, in-
fluence: see affect2. Affection is formally 8,
deriv. of affect2, but, in usage it rests also in
part on affectl.] 1. The state of having one's
feelings affected; bent or disposition of mind;
phase of mental disposition; feeling.
Beware chiefly of two affections, fear and love.
Latimer, 2d Sermon bef, Edw. VI., 1550,
Affection is applicable to an unpleasant as well as a
pleasant state of the mind when impressed by any object
or quality. Cogan, On the Passions, i. § 1.
Specifically—(a) A general name for that class of feelings
which bear an immediate relation of attraction or hos-
tility toward other persons, and even toward things, as
love, esteem, gratitude, hatred, jealousy, etc. This use of
the term is most frequent in ethical discussions, as in the
common distinction between benevolent and malevolent
affections.
The affections and the reason are both undoubtedly ne-
cessary factors in morality, but the initiation is not in the
reason, but in the affections.
Fowler, Shaftesbury and Hutcheson, p. 217.
The hues of sunset make life great ; so the affections
make some little web of cottage and fireside populous,
important, and filling the main space in our history.
IEmerson, Success.
(b) Desire; inclination; appetite; propensity, good or
evil: as, virtuous or vile affections. Rom. i. 26; Gal. v. 24.
(ct) One of the passions or violent emotions.
Most wretched man,
That to affections does the bridle lend.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iv. 34.
2. A settled good will, love, or zealous attach-
ment: as, the affection of a parent for his child:
generally followed by for, sometimes by to or to-
ward, before the object.
Affection turn'd to hatred threatens mischief.
Ford, Lady's Trial, ii. 2.
[Essex] desired to inspire, not gratitude, but affection.
Macawlay, Lord Bacon.
I think no modern writer has inspired his readers with
Such affection to his own personality. &
Emerson, Sir W. Scott.
3t. Natural instinct or impulse; sympathy.
Affection,
Master of passion, sways it to the mood
Of what it likes, or loathes. Shak., M. of W., iv. 1.
4}. Prejudice; bias. gº
“Well,” he says, “a woman may not reign in England.”
“Better in England than anywhere, as it shall well appear
to him that without affection will consider the kind of regi-
ment.” By. Aylmer, Harborough for Faithful Subjects.
5. A modification; the effect or result of ac-
tion upon a thing; especially, in psychol., a pas-
sive modification of consciousness.
All affections of consciousness we term sensations.
. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 91.
6. In metaph. (translation of Gr. Tráffog, suffer-
ing), one of those qualities of bodies by whic
they directly affect the senses: often improp-
erly extended to other properties of bodies.
I distinguish extension and figure by the title of the
mathematical affections of matter. I). Stewart.
The so-called forces of nature have been well and truly
spoken of as the moods or affections of matter.
W. L. Carpenter, Energy in Nature, p. 1.
7. A disease, or the condition of being diseased;
a morbid or abnormal state of body or mind:
as, a gouty affection; hysteric affection.
And, truly, waking dreams were, more or less,
An old and strange affection of the house.
Tennyson, The Princess, i.
I have been thinking . . . of the singular affection to
which you are subject.
O. W. Holmes, Mortal Antipathy, xxi.
8. In painting, a lively representation of pas-
sion. Wottom. [Rare.]—9}. Affectation.
Pleasant without scurrility, witty without affection.
Shak., L. L. L., v. 1.
=Syn. 2. Attachment, Fondness, etc. (see love), tender-
ness, partiality, bias. See passion.
affection (a-fek'shgn), v. t. [= F. #.
from the noun..] To love; have an affection for.
[Rare.]
But can you affection the 'oman?
Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1.
affectionate (a-fek'sh9n-āt), a.
affectionate? (a-fek'sh9n-āt), v. t. or i.
affectioned (a-fek'sh9nd), p. a.
affectious? (a-fek'shus), a.
affective (a-fek’tiv), a.
affectively (a-fek’tiv-li), adv.
affector, n. &
affectual+ (a-fek'gī-al), a. [K.L. affectus, men-
affectuous? (a-fek’tli-us), a.
implying affection; relating to the affections.
God has made women, as men, compound creatures,
with a fivefold nature; and it cannot be that either side,
}.} mental, moral, affectional, or spiritual, can suffer
oss without injury to the whole.
Quoted in Sea, and Education, p. 172.
[K affection + .
-ate”; suggested by F. affectionné, pp. of affec-
tionner: see affection, v.1.1. Having great love
or affection; warmly attached; fond; kind;
lowing: as, an affectionate brother.
Her father appears to have been as bad a father as a
very honest, affectionate, and }. man can well
be. Macaulay, Madame D'Arblay.
2}. Devoted in feeling; zealous.
In their love of God, and desire to please him, men can
never be too affectionate. Bp. Sprat, Sermons.
8. Characterized by or manifesting affection;
Fº or indicating love; tender; warm-
earted: as, the affectionate care of a parent.
He [Lord Russell] had sent to Kettlewell an affectionate
Imessage from the scaffold. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xiv.
Victor Emmanuel was a man of strong family feeling
and affectionate disposition,
JE. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 152.
4}. Strongly disposed or inclined: with to.
Affectionate to the war with France.
Bacon, Hist. of Hen. VII.
5t. Biased; partizan. = Syn. Warm-hearted, tender-
hearted, attached, devoted.
To af-
feet; be affected, inclined, or disposed.
Be kindly affectionated one to another.
- Cambridge N. T., 1683 (Rom. xii. 10).
Give me but ten days respite, and I will reply,
Which or to whom myself º;
Greene, Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay.
affectionately (3-fek'shgn-āt-li), adv. 1. In an
affectionate, manner; with affection; fondly;
tenderly; kindly.
Being affectionately desirous of you. 1 Thes, ii. 8.
2ł. In a biased manner; in the manner of a
partizan.
He doth in that place affectionately and unjustly re-
prove both the Bishop of Rome and Alexandria.
Abp. Whitgift, Works, II. 185.
affectionateness (a-fek'shgn-āt-nes), n. The
quality of being affectionate; fondness; good
will; affection.
Dryden and Pope, however, kept their strength for
satire and invective, and this style does not easily com-
port with hearty affectionateness.
N. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 587.
[K affection +
-ed”. Cf. affectionate.] T. Having a certain
disposition of feeling; disposed. [Archaic.]
Be kindly affectioned one to another. Rom. xii. 10.
A man meanelie learned himselfe, but not meanely af.
jectioned to set forward learning in others.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 133.
2}. Affected; conceited.
An affectioned ass, that cons state without book.
Shak., T. N., ii. 3.
e [K affection + -ows.
Cf. affectuous.] Affectionate; cordial.
Therefore my deare, deare wife, and dearest sonnes,
Let me ingirt you with my last embrace:
And in your cheekes impresse a fare-well kisse,
Kisse of true kindness and affectious love.
Tragedy of Nero (1607).
* [K ML. affectivus, K L.
affectus, pp. of afficere, affect: see affect2.J. 1.
ecting or exciting emotion; suited to affect.
[Rare.]
A preacher more instructive than affective.
Bp. Burnet, Own Times (1689), iv.
2. Pertaining to the affections; emotional.
Without epilepsy she would have a condition of the af.
Jective power of the mind which is so deficient as to lessen
responsibility. Alien. and Neurol., VI. 375.
Affective quality. Same as affection, 6.
. In an affective
manner; as regards the affections. [Rare.]
See affecter.
tal disposition, desire (see affect”, n.), F -al.]
Pertaining to or consisting in disposition or
desire; emotional; affectional; earnest.
God hath beholden your gº." devocyon fro heaven.
aacton, Golden Legend, p. 389.
Lust not only affectual, but actual, is dispensed with.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 205.
[= F. affectueua,
K L. affectuosus, K affectus, affection, mood:
see affect?, m.] Marked bypassion or affection;
earnest; affectionate; affecting: as, “made
such affectuous labour,” Fabyan, vii.
affectuously
affectuously: $º. adv. Passion-
ately; zealously; affectionately.
St. Remigius prayed so affectuously, Fabyam.
affeeblet (a-fé/bl), v, t. [Late ME. affeeble, K
OF. afeblin, afeblier, Ka, to, + feblier, weaken,
K fieble, feeble: see feeble.] To enfeeble.
affeer (a-fér’), v. t. [Early mod. E. also affear;
KME. afferen, affuren, KAF. afferer, aferer, OF,
#". afeurer, éarlier aforer = Sp. aforar, K
L. afforare, fix the price or market value,
assess, value, KL. ad, to, + forum, market; ML.
also market price, fixed rate; see forum.] 1.
In law, to assess or settle, as an amercement or
arbitrary fine.
That the constables in every parish should collect the
money affered (assessed) in each parish to be delivered to
the captain, who was bound to return any overplus unex-
}. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 696, note.
2. To confirm: as, “the title is affeer'd,” Shak.,
Macbeth, iv. 3
Also spelled affere.
affeerer, n. See affeeror.
affeering-man (a-fér'ing-man), n. An affeeror.
affeerment (a-fér’ment), n. The act of affeer-
ing or assessing an amercement according to
the circumstances of the case.
affeeror, affeerer §§ -ēr), n. [Early mod.
E. also affearer; K ME, "afferer, affurer, -our, K
AF. *affereur, -our, OF. affeureur, aforeur, K
ML. afforator, K afforare: see affeer.] One who
affeers; a person sworn to assess arbitrary fines
to what seems a reasonable amount.
Affenthaler (àf’en-tá-lér), n. [G. (Sc. wein,
wine): so called from the village Affenthal, in
Baden.] A red wine made in Baden. It is one
of the most esteemed of the Markgräfler wines.
afferent (af'e-rent), a. [K L. afferen(t-)s, ppr.
of afferre, adferre, carry to, Kad, to, + ferre,
carry, bear.] Bringing; carrying to or toward;
conveying inward. Used in physiol. as the opposite
of efferent, and said (a) of veins which convey blood from
the periphery to the physiological center of the blood-
circulation; (b) of those lymphatic vessels which enter a
lymphatic gland, as opposed to those which leave it ; and
chiefly (c) of those nerves which have a sensory or es-
thesodic function, conveying an impulse from the periph-
ery to a ganglionic center of the nervous system. In the
case of nerves, afferent is nearly synonymous with sensory,
as opposed to motor. The term is also applied to the
function of these nerves, and to that which they convey:
as, an afferent impulse.
Having arrived at this notion of an impulse travelling
along a nerve, we readily pass to the conception of a sen-
sory nerve as a nerve which, when active, brings an im-
pulse to a central organ, or is afferent; and of a motor
nerve, as a nerve which carries away an impulse from the
organ, or is efferent. It is very convenient to use these
terms to denote the two great classes of nerves; for . . .
there are afferent nerves which are not sensory, while
there may be in man, and certainly are in animals, effe-
rent nerves which are not motor, in the sense of inducing
muscular contraction. Buailey, Physiol., p. 289.
affermet, v. t. Obsolete form of affirm. Chaucer.
affettuoso (äf-fet-tū-6'sé), a. [It., affectionate,
kind, tender, K. L. affectuosus : see affectuous.]
Tender; affecting : in music, designating a
imovement which is to be sung or played ja.
and affectingly.
affiance (a-fi’ans), n. IK ME. affiance, aftance,
affyance, -aunce, K OF. afiance, K after, affier,
trust in, X ME. aftem, affien. : see affy and -ance.]
1. Trust; confidence; reliance.
The Christian looks to God with implicit affiance,
Elam momd.
Lancelot, my Lancelot, thou in whom I have
Most love and most affiance.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
2. The pledging of faith, as in contracting
marriage; a solemn engagement; a marriage
Contract.
Accord of friendes, consent of Parents sought,
Affyawnce made, my happinesse begonne.
Spenser, F. Q., II, iv. 21.
3. Affinity; intimate relation; connection.
In defiance of his church and not in affiance with it.
- H. James, Subs. and Shad., p. 198.
affiance (a-fi’ans), v. t. ; pret, and pp. affianced,
ppr. affiancing. ... [K OF. afiancer; from the
noun.] 1. To betroth; bind by promise of
marriage: as, to affiance a daughter; to affiance
one's self.
• In me behold the Prince,
Your countryman, affianced years ago
To the Lady Ida. Tennyson, Princess, ii.
2. To assure by pledge or promise. [Rare.]
Stranger whoe'er thou art, securely rest
Affianced in my faith, a friendly guest.
Pope, Odyssey, xv. 305.
affiancer (a-fi'an-sèr), n. Qne who affiances;
one who makes a contract of marriage between
parties.
99
affiant (a-fiant), n. [KOF. affiant, ppr. of affier
pledge one's faſh; see affy and º ining.
one who makes an affidavit. [United States.
affichef, v. t. See affitch.
affiche (a-fésh'), n. "[F., K afficher, OF. aficher
afichier, fasten to, X MÉ. affiche: see affitch an
affia...] A paper of any kind pasted or affixed to
8, . post, etc., to be read by passers-by; a
OSIGOI’.
affidationſ, affidature? (af-i-dà'sh9n, af'i-dā-
tir), n. fº ML. affidare, pledge: see affy and
affiance..] . A mutual contract of fidelity.
affidavit (af-i-dā‘vit), n. . [ML., he has made
oath, 3d pers. sing. perf, ind. of affidare, make
oath: See affy and affiance.] A written decla-
ration upon oath; a statement of facts in writ-
ing signed by the affiant, and sworn to or con-
firmed by a declaration before a notary pub-
lie, a magistrate, or other authorized officer.
Amdavits are usually required when evidence is to be laid
before a judge or court on a motion or summary applica-
tion, as distinguished from a trial of the merits of the
cause. The word is sometimes loosely used of an oral de-
claration under oath.
affief, v. See affy.
affilet, v. t. [K ME. affilem, aftlen, affylen, KOF.
afiler, later affiler, to sharpen, also to deck, mod.
F. affiler, KML. “affilare (in deriv.), bring to an
edge, K. L. ad, to 4 filum, thread, Mî. also
edge: see file3.] To polish; sharpen.
He moste preche and well affyle his tunge.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1.714.
affiliable (a-fil’i-a-bl), a. [K ML. as if *affili-
abilis, K affiliare: see affiliate.] Capable of be-
ing affiliated; chargeable as result or effect:
with on or upon.
The distribution of sediment and other geological pro-
cesses which these marine currents effect, are affiliable
wpon the force which the sun radiates.
H. Spencer, First Principles, § 69.
affiliate (a-fil’i-āt), v.; pret. and pp. affiliated,
ppr. affiliating. [K ML. affiliatus, pp. of affili-
are, adfiliare (> F. affilier), adopt as a son, K L.
ad, to, + filius, son, filia, daughter...] I. trans.
1. To adopt; receive into a family as a son affinition (af-i-nish'gn), n.
or daughter; hence, to bring into intimate as-
sociation or close connection.
Is the soul affiliated to God, or is it estranged and in
rebellion?
2. In law, to fix the paternity of, as a bastard
affinal (a-final), a.
affinel (a-fin"), a. and n.
affine2+ (a-fin"), v. t.
affined (a-find'), a.
affinitative (a-fin’i-tá-tiv), a.
3,
affinity
The relationship of the sense of smell to the fundamen.
tal organic actions is traceable, not only through its affilt-
ation upon the sense of taste, but is traceable directly.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol.
tº & [K L. affinis (see affine")
+ -al.] Related by affinity; derived from the
same source: as, affinal tribes or products.
[Rare.]
[K OF. affin, afin, “a
kinsman or allie, one with whom affinity is had
or contracted” (Cotgrave), K. L. affinis, neigh-
boring, related by marriage, one related by mar-
riage, Kad, to, + finis, border, end: see fine!,
and cf. affinity.] I. a. Related; akin; affined.
II. m. A relative by marriage; one akin.
[K F. affiner, OF. afiner =
Pr. Sp. aftmar = It. affinare, K . affin are, re-
fine, K L. ad, to, + ML, finus (X_OF. fin, etc.),
fine: see fine2.] To refine. Holland.
[K affinel + -ed?..] 1.
Joined by affinity or any close tie; akin; allied;
confederated.
For then, the bold and coward,
The wise and fool, the artist and unread,
The hard and soft, seem all affin'd and kin.
Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
If partially affin'd, or leagu'd in office,
Thou dost deliver more or less than truth,
Thou art no Soldier. Shak., Othello, ii. 3.
2#. Bound or obligated by affinity or some in-
timate relation.
Now, sir, be judge yourself,
Whether I in any just term am affin'd
To love the Moor. Shak., Othello, i. 1.
3. In 206l., joined in natural affinity; having
affinity; allied homologically and morphologi-
cally ; related in structural character.
Birds are homologically related, or naturally allied or
affined, according to the sum of like structural characters.
Cowes, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 68.
[K L. affini-
ta(t-)s, affinity, F -ive..] Of the nature of affin-
ity: as, an affinitative resemblance. N. E. D.
initiveſ; (a-fin’i-tá-tiv-li), adv. By means
of affinity; as regards affinity.
[K affinel + -ition.
Cf. define, definition.] The state or quality of
being affineſſ; mental affinity or attraction.
DRare.]
I. Taylor. affinitive (a-fin’i-fiv), a. [Kaffinity + -ive. Cf.
definitive..] Characterized by affinity; closely
child: with upon ; as, the mother affiliated her wrelated. N. ſº
child upon John Doe.
in the way of descent or derivation: with upon.
Ethical requirements may here be to such extent affili-
ated upon physical necessities, as to give them a partially
scientific authority. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $ 108.
4. To associate; receive or establish on terms
of fellowship.
Men who have a voice in public affairs are at once affil-
iated with one or other of the great parties between which
society is divided. Lowell, Democracy.
He [Lassalle] hoped the party of progress would affiliate
itself with him. G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 63.
Austria and . . . the affiliated Governments of the Pe-
ninsula. E. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 137.
Affiliated societies, local societies connected with a
central society or with one another.
II. intrans. To associate; consort; be inti-
mately united in action or interest.
The political organization with which the blacks now
naturally affiliate is restrained, by fear of Caucasian senti-
ment, from giving this element the prominence it numeri-
cally deserves. N. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 426.
affiliation (a-fil-i-ā'shgn), m. [K F. affiliation,
KML. affiliatio(n-), adfiliatio(m-), Kaffiliare: see
affiliate.] 1. Adoption; association in the
same family or society; 'hence, Consanguinity
or kinship of feeling or character.
There are a number of affiliations which were of at least
equal antiquity with Adoption, and Which, I suspect,
served its object even more completely in very ancient
times. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 98.
So intense is our sense of affiliation with their nature,
that we speak of them universally as our fathers.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 221.
2. Association in general; relation; connec-
tion; friendship; alliance.
The merry gallants of a French colonial military service
which had grown gross by affiliation with Spanish-Ameri-
can frontier life. G. W. Cable, Old Creole Days, p. 4.
The population [of the disputed territory on the western
boundary of Afghanistan] is sparse, with few affiliations
with the Afghans. Science, V. 359.
3. In law, the act of imputing or of determin-
ing the paternity of a child, and the fixing upon
the father the obligation to provide for its
maintenance. Hence—4. The fathering of a
thing upon any one; the assignment of any-
thing to its origin; connection by way of deri-
vation or descent : with upon.
#sº affinity (a finitiºn.; pl. affinities(-tiz), [KME.
afinite, affinite, KOF. afinite, F. affinité, KL. affini-
ta(t-)s, K affinis, neighboring, related by mar-
riage: see affinel, affined.] 1. An artificial re-
lationship between persons of different blood,
regarded as analogous to consanguinity; the
relation between families or individuals created
by intermarriage (excluding that between the
married persons), by legal adoption, or by spon-
sorship; more especially, the relation between
a husband or wife and the kindred of the other
Spouse. In the Jewish, Roman, and canon laws, affinity
by marriage or adoption is a bar to marriage within certain
degrees, equally with consanguinity; and on this ground
rests the prohibition of marriage with a deceased wife's
sister in Great Britain. The canon law treats unlawful
sexual intercourse as creating the same affinity with mar-
riage. The relationship of godparents and godchildren,
called spiritual affinity, is still considered a bar to mar-
riage, as it was before the Council of Trent, which merely
diminished the number of such affinities.
Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh, king of Egypt, and
took Pharaoh's daughter. 1 Ki. iii. 1.
2#. Intercourse; acquaintance; companion-
ship.
About forty years past, I began a happy affinity with
William Cranmer. Burton.
Hence—3. Anaturalliking for, or attractionto,
a person or thing; a natural drawing or inclina-
tion; an inherent mutual liking or attraction.
Some transcendent, unborn affinity, by which we are
linked to things above the range of mere nature.
Bushnell, Nat. and the Supernat., p. 68.
4. Inherent likeness or agreement as between
things; essential or specific conformity; inti-
mate resemblance or connection.
The perception of real affinities between events (that is
to say, of ideal affinities, for those only are real) enables
the poet thus to make free with the most imposing forms
and phenomena of the world, and to assert the predomi-
nance of the soul. JEmerson, Nature.
5. In chem., the force by which the elements
are retained in combination in a compound
Substance; or, in terms of the atomic theory,
the force by which the atoms in a moleculé
are united; also, the cause which determines
the occurrence of a chemical change. It is now
recognized that the true measure of affinity in the latter
sense is not the heat evolved by the chemical change, but
the maximum quantity of work which the change is.
capable of producing.
affinity
6. In biol, morphological and implied genetic
relationship, resulting in a resemblance in gen-
eral plan or structure, or in the essential struc-
tural parts, existing between two organisms or
groups of organisms; true and near structural
relationship, predicable of two or more organ-
isms morphologically related, however diverse
physiologically. -
At first we find marsupials, and Carnivora with marsu-
pial affinities. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 24.
7. In Sir W. Hamilton's psychology, that in
ideas which, along with simultaneity, renders
them capable of being associated in the mind,
as their similarity or contiguity. The law of the
affinity of ideas is the logical law of continuity of forms.
See continuity.
8. In geom., the relationship between two fig-
ures in the same plane which correspond to
each other, point to point and straight lime to
Straight line, any point of the one lying in a
fixed direction from the corresponding point
of the other, and at a distance from it propor-
tional to its distance from a fixed line, called
the axis of affinity, the direction of which is
that of lines joining corresponding points.
affirm (a-férm’), v. [Formerly afferm, but now
spelled so as to approach the L.; K ME. affer-
'men, afermen, K OF. afermer, affermer, later
affirmer, affirm, avouch, mod. F. affermer =
Pr. affermar = Sp. affirmar = Pg. affirmar = It.
affirmare, K.L. affirmare, adfirmare, present as
fixed, aver, affirm, Kad, to, + firmare, make firm,
K firmus, firm: see firm, a.] I, trams. 1. To
state or assert positively; tell with confidence;
aver; declare to be a fact; maintain as true:
opposed to demy.
One Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be
alive. Acts XXV. 19.
The gentleman came up, and asked pardon for having
disturbed us, affirming that he was ignorant of our being
SO 116&I’. Goldsmith, Vicar, viii.
2. To make firm; establish, confirm, or ratify:
as, the appellate court affirmed the judgment.
=Syn. 1, Assert, Affirm, Declare, etc. See assert.
II. intrams. 1. To declare or assert positively
or solemnly.
Not that I so affirm, though so it seem
To thee, who hast thy dwelling here on earth.
Milton, P. L., viii. 117.
All books that get fairly into the vital air of the world
were written by the . . . affirming and advancing class,
who utter what tens of thousands feel though they cannot
Say. IEmersom, Books.
2. To declare solemnly before a court or ma-
gistrate, but without oath (a practice allowed
where the affirmant has scruples against tak-
ing an oath); make a legal affirmation. See
affirmation.
affirmable (a-fér’mà-bl), a. [K affirm -H, -able.]
Capable of being affirmed, asserted, or de-
clared: followed by of: as, an attribute affirm-
able of every just man.
affirmably (3-férºma-bli), adv.
ble of affirmation.
affirmance (a-férºmans), m. [KOF. affermance,
afermance, K affermér, afermer, affirm: see af.
firm.] 1. The act of affirming; asseveration;
assertion.
T'en when sober truth prevails throughout,
They swear it, till affirmnance breeds a doubt.
Cowper, Conversation, l. 66.
2. Confirmation; ratification.
All sentences are liable to the king's affirmance or Te-
versal. Browgham.
3. In law : (a) The confirmation by an appel-
late court of the adjudication of a lower Court
or officer. (b) Confirmation of a voidable act.
affirmant (a-férºmant), m. [KL. affirman(t-)s,
ppr. of affirmare: see affirm.] 1. One who af-
firms or asserts.—2. In law, one who makes
affirmation instead of taking an oath.
affirmation (af-èr-mâ'shgn), n. [K L. affirmſt-
tio(n-), K affirmare, affirm: see affirm.1 1. The
assertion that something is, or is true; the as-
signment of a certain character to an object:
opposed to denial or negation. In ordinary formal
logic, the distinction relates merely to the form of expres-
sión, but usually affirmation is taken to mean the assertion
of something positive and definite, as opposed to a merely
negative assertion.
2. That which is affirmed; a proposition that
is declared to be true; averment; assertion.
That he shall receive no benefit from Christ, is the affir-
mation whereon his despair is founded.
Hammond, Fundamentals.
3. Confirmation; ratification; establishment
of something of prior origin.
Our statutes sometimes are only the affirmation or rati-
floation of that which by common law was held before.
Hooker.
In a way capa-
100
4. In law, the solemn declaration made by
Quakers, Moravians, or others conscientiously
opposed to taking oaths, in cases where an oath
is generally required. False affirmations made by
such persons are punishable in the same way as perjury.
affirmative (a-férºma-tiv), a. and m. [K ME.
affirmatyſ, n., KOF, affirmatif, F. affirmatif, -ive,
a., affirmative, n., KL. affirmativus, K affirmatus,
pp. of affirmare : see affirm.] I. a. 1. Charac-
terized by affirmation or assertion; assertive;
positive inform; not negative: as, an affirmative
ºpiº ; affirmative Bºp. In formal
ogic, the distinction of affirmative and negative proposi-
tions relates not to the nature of what is asserted, but
only to the form of the proposition, which is called affirm-
ative if it contains no negative particle.
Hence—2. Positive in manner; confident;
dogmatic.
Be not confident and affirmative in an uncertain matter.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, p. 102.
3. Giving affirmation or assent; confirmatory;
ratifying; concurring; agreeing: as, an affirm-
ative decree or judgment by an appellate court;
an affirmative answer to a request. .
II. m. 1. That which affirms or asserts; a
positive proposition or averment: as, two neg-
atives make an affirmative.
Your four negatives make your two affirmatives.
Shak., T. N., v. 1.
2. That which gives affirmation or assent; the
agreeing or concurring part or side: with the
definite article: as, to support the affirmative ;
to vote in the affirmative (that is, in favor of the
affirmative side), as in a legislative body.
A government is perfect of which the affirmative can be
truly stated in answering these questions. Browgham.
3. In judicial iſ...; the side which,
whether in itself an affirmation or a negation,
requires first to be supported by proof, pre-
sumption in the absence of proof being against
it; the side which has the burden of proof.-
4. Nawt., the signal-flag or pendant by which
assent is expressed.
affirmatively (a-fér’ma-tiv-li), adv. 1. In an
affirmative manner; by express declaration;
positively; expressly.—2. In the affirmative
mode ; by asserting that a disputed or doubt-
ful thing is: opposed to negatively.
I believe in God. First, in God affirmatively, I believe
he is ; against atheism. Secondly, in God exclusively,
not in gods; as against polytheism and idolatry.
Bp. Pearson, Expos. of Creed, i.
affirmatory (a-férºma-tº-ri), a... [KLL. as if *af-
firmatorius, K affirmátor, an affirmer, K L. affir-
mare: see affirm.] 1. Affirmative ; assertive.
An oath may as well sometimes be affirmatory as prom-
issory. Hobbes, Gov. and Society, ii. § 20.
2. Dependent upon an affirmative principle :
as, an affirmatory syllogism. De Morgan.
affirmer (a-fér’měr), n. One who affirms.
The burthen of the proofin law restethupon the affirmer.
Bp. Bramhall, Schism Guarded, p. 285.
affitchf, v. t. [KME. affitche, afficche, affiche, KOF.
aficher, afichier, mod. F. afficher = Pr, afteår,
afiquar = Sp. afijar = It, afficcare, KML. as if
*affigicare, a freq. form equiv. to affiacare, freq.
of L. affigere, adfigere, fasten to, affix: See affia,
and cf. fitch 3, fia..] To fasten to; affix.
The platis of gold, the whiche he hadde affitchide.
Wyclif, 2 Ki. xviii. 16. (N. E. D.)
affix (a-fiks"), v. t.; º: and pp. affiaced (for-
merly often and still occasionally affiact), ppr.
affiacing. [K ML. affiacare, freq. of L. affigere, ad-
..figere, pp. affiacus, adfia:us, fasten to, K, ad, to, +
figere, fasten, fix. The older form in E. was
affitch, q.v.] To fix; fasten, join, or attach;
conjoin, add, or append; make an adjunct or
part of: followed by to.
Archbishop Whitgift was the first to affia: his name to
the death Warrant. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 226.
As plants became more highly developed and affiaced to
the ground, they would be compelled to be anemophilous
in order to intercross.
Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilization, p. 409.
We hesitate at doing Spenser so great an honor as to
think that he intended by his allegory the sense we affia:
to it. Bºmerson, Art.
=Syn. Add, Affia, Annea, etc. (see add), suffix, superadd,
tack on, fasten on, join.
affix (af'iks), m. [K F. affiace, a. and n., K. L.
affia;us, adfiarus, pp.; see affia, v.] 1. That which
is joined, attached, or added; an addition or
attachment.—2. In philol., a syllable or letter,
prefix or suffix, attached to a word or a verbal
root or stem, as in good-ness, verify, civil-ize,
wn-able, un-con-form-able.—3. In decorative art,
any small feature, as a figure, a flower, or
the like, added for ornament to a vessel or
other utensil, to an architectural feature, etc.:
afflict -
used especially with reference to ceramics and
bronzes. Decoration of this kind is characteristic of
the famous Palissy ware, which is adorned with affixes in
| the shape of serpents, iizards, fishes, and the like; and
Italo-Greek Vase in the Campana Collection, Louvre Museum.
(From “L’Art pour Tous.”)
modern ceramic ware of both fine and ordinary quality is
often ornamented with flowers, figures, etc., in relief. The
most beautiful examples of the artistic use of affixes are,
however, to be sought among Japanese bronzes. º
affixal (af'iks-al), a... [K affia, n., + -al.] Pertain-
ing to an affix; having the character of an affix.
[Rare.]
affixation (af-iks-ā'shqn), n. [KML. as if *af.
fiacatio(m-), K affiacare: see affia, v.] The act
Of sº attaching, or appending; affixion,
Rare. -
affixion (a-fik'shgn), n. IK L. affiacio (n-), ad-
jiazio(n-), K affigere, adfigere: see affia, v.] The
act of affixing, or the state of being affixed. .
[Rare.]
In his scourging, in his affiacion, in his transfixion.
Bp. Hall, Sermon, Gal. ii. 20.
affixture (a-fiks' tir), n., [K affia, + -ture, after
fiature.] 1. The act of affixing; attachment.
–2. That which is affixed. [Rare.]
afflater (a-flāt"), v. t. [K L. afflatus, pp. of af.
flare, adflare, blow on, Kad, to, + flare, blow:
see blowl.] . To breathe on; inspire.
afflation (a-flä'shgn), n. IKL. as if *afflatio(n-),
Kafflare, adflare : see afflatus.] A blowing or
'breathing on ; inspiration.
afflatus (a-flā’tus), n. [K L. afflatus, adflatus,
K afflare, adflare, blow on : see afflate.] 1. A
blowing or breathing on, as of wind; a breath
or blast of wind. [Rare or unused.]—2. An
impelling mental force acting from within;"
supernal impulse or power, as of prophecy or
expression; religious, poetic, or oratorical in-
Spiration. Often spoken of as the divine afflatus, a trans-
lation of the Latin afflatus divinus, inspiration.
The poet writing against his genius will be like a pro-
phet without his afflatus. J. Spence, The Odyssey.
affleuré (a-flé-rā’), a. . [F., pp. of affleurer (Pr.
afflourar), make level or flush, K a fleur = Pr.
a flour = Pg. a flor = It, a fior, on a level, even,
flush: appar. K. L. ad florem: ad, to, at; florem,
acc. of flos, flower, in the later sense of “upper
surface” (see flower), in this sense perhaps as-
sociated with, if not derived from, G. flur = E.
floor, q.v.] In decorative art, sunk to a level
with the surface; not projecting: said of a
medallion, a disk, or other ornamental adjunct,
inlaid as part of a design.
afflict 9; ikt’), v. t. [In earlier form aflight,
q. v.; K. L. afflictare, adflictare, trouble, agitate,
vex greatly, intensive of affligēre, adfligere, pp.
afflictus, adflictus, beat down, dashtotheground,
Kad, to, + fligere, beat, strike, prob. akin to E.
blow8, a stroke, hit.] 1+. To strike down; pros-
trate; overthrow; rout.
And, reassembling our afflicted powers,
Consult how we may henceforth most offend
Our enemy. Milton, P. L., i. 186.
2. To distress with mental or bodily pain;
trouble greatly or grievously; harass or tor-
ment: as, to be afflicted with the gout, or by
persecution.
Ye shall not afflict any widow or fatherless child.
Ex. xxii. 22.

. . afflict; -
There is no community free from a multitude of croak-
6TS and alarmists, . . . who afflict the patience and gon-
science of all good Christians within the reach of their
influence. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. I.18.
The afflioted voice of the country, in its hour of danger,
has charmed down with a sweet persuasion, the angry
passions of the day. Bºverett, Orations, I. 379.
=Syn. Afflict, Distress, Trouble,. Harass, Torment; try,
pain, hurt, plague, persecute. Of these words, afflict im-
plies the most spiritual effect, the greatest depth and con-
tinuance of sorrow. To distress is a more outward act,
bringing one into straitness of circumstances or feeling, so
that there is more anxiety for the future, while perhaps
the afflicted person knows the full measure of his loss and
is wholly occupied with the past. To trouble is a lighter
act, involving perhaps confusion or uncertainty of mind
and especially embarrassment. Harass, as applied to min
or body, suggests the infliction of the weariness that comes
from the continuance or repetition of trying experiences,
so that there is not time for rest. Torment implies the
infliction of acute pain, physical or mental, and is fre-
uently used in the sense of harassing by frequent return.
he use of afflicted otherwise than of persons severally or
collectively is highly figurative or poetic: as, my afflicted
fortunes; the other words have freer figurative use. See
affliction.
O ye afflicted ones who lie
Steeped to the º, in misery.
ongfellow, Goblet of Life.
I come to visit the afflicted spirits
Here in the prison. Shak., M. for M., ii. 3.
Myself distress'd, an exile, and unknown,
Debarr'd from Europe, and from Asia thrown,
In Libyan deserts wander thus alone.
Dryden, AEneid, i. 531.
For my own part I should be very much troubled were I
endowed with this divining quality.
Addison, Spectator, No. 7.
Nature, oppress'd and harass'd out with care,
Sinks down to rest. Addison, Cato, v. 1.
The sight of any of the house of York
Is as a fury to torment my soul.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 3.
afflict? (a-flikt"), p. a. [In earlier form aflight,
.v.; KT. afflictus, adflictus, pp.: see the verb.j
flicted; distressed.
afflictſ, n. IK afflict, v.] Conflict; struggle.
The life of man upon earth is nothing else than a “war-
fare” and continual afflict with her ghostly enemies.
Becom, Fasting (ed. 1844), p. 542. (N. E. D.)
afflictedness (a-flikted-nes), n. The state of
being afflicted; affliction.
Thou art deceived if thou thinkest that God delights in
the afflictedness of his.creatures.
Bp. Hall, Balm of Gilead, ii. § 6.
afflicter (a-flik’tér), n., One who afflicts or
causes pain of body or of mind.
afflictingly (a-flikºting-li), adv.
Ill&DIle I’.
affliction (3-flik'shgn), n. IK ME, affliccioun,
-tyon, K. O.F. afliction, K. L. afflictio(m-), adflic-
tio(n-), K affligere, adfligere: see afflict.] 1. The
state of being afflicted; a state of pain, dis-
tress, or grief.
To visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction.
Jas. i. 27.
He kindly tooke us all by the hand, and made signes
that he should see us no more, which made us take our
leave of him with extreame reluctancy and affliction for
the accident. Bvelyn, Diary, March 23, 1646.
2. A cause of continued pain of body or mind,
as sickness, loss, calamity, adversity, persecu-
tion, etc.
Many are the gflictions of the righteous. Ps, xxxiv. 19.
=Syn, 1. Affliction, Grief, Sorrow, Sadness, Distress, Mis-
ery, Wretchedness, pain. Affliction is acute, continued
suffering caused by loss or its consequences. That is an
affliction which is a severe deprivation or loss, as of health,
limbs, faculties, friends, or the property necessary to one's
support; not temporary ailments, nor losses easily borne
or repaired. Grief is mental suffering too violent to be
long continued, and therefore subsiding into sorrow or
sadness; it is always in view of something recently past.
Affliction is a personal matter; grief may be over another's
woe. Sorrow, though more quiet, may be long continued
or permanent (as, a lifelong sorrow), and may be in view
of the past, present, or future; it may be active peni-
tence for wrong-doing, as sorrow for sin, or it may be
wholly sympathetic. Sadness is a feeling of dejection or
inability to be cheerful, the cause being not always a
matter of consciousness; it is primarily personal, and is
of various degrees of depth and permanence. Distress is
extreme adversity, and, subjectively, the corresponding
state of mind; it is the agitation appropriate to circum-
stances well-nigh desperate. It may be wholly sympa-
thetic, as the distress caused by calamity to another, and
it may imply a struggle. The first five words may be
freely used for either cause or effect; misery and wretched-
mess denote generally only the effect, that is, the state of
feeling. Misery is great and unremitting pain of body or
mind, unhappiness that crushes the spirit. Wretchedness
is sometimes almost identical with misery, and sometimes
goes beyond it, even to abjectness. See calamity.
The furnace of affliction refines us from earthly drossi-
mess, and softens us for the impression of God's own
stamp. Boyle.
Indeed the violence and impression of an excessive
grief must of necessity astonish the soul, and wholly de-
prive her of her ordinary functions. º
Cotton, tr. of Montaigne (3d ed.), ii.
In an afflicting
affluence (afſlö-ens), n.
affluent (af'lö-ent), a. and m.
affluentness (af'lö-ent—nes), m.
afflux (af'Huks), m.
affluxion (a-fluk’shgn), m.
afforcet (a-förs’), v. t.
> 101
A feeling of sadness and longing,
That is not akin to pain,
And resembles sorrow only
As the mist resembles the rain.
Longfellow, The Day is Done.
Great distress has never hitherto taught, and while the
World lasts it never will teach, wise lessons to any part of
mankind Burke, Letter to Memb, of Nat. Assembly.
The state of one who really wishes for death is firmly
linked in our thoughts with the extreme of misery and
ºwretchedness and disease. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 229.
2. Trouble, misfortune, disaster, visitation, blow, trial,
W99, tribulation. See list under grief.
afflictive (a-fliktiy), a. [= F. afflictif, KML.
afflictivus, K.L. afflictus, pp. of affligere: see
afflict, v.] . Characterized by or causing mental
or physical pain; painful; distressing; of the
nature of an affliction: as, an afflictive dis-
pensation of Providence.
We consider with the most afflictive anguish the pain
which we have given and now cannot alleviate.
Johnson, Rambler, No. 54.
Many that want food and clothing have cheerier lives
and brighter prospects than she had ; many harassed by
poverty, are in a strait less afflictive.
Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, xiii.
=Syn. Afflicting, grievous, calamitous, disastrous, oppres-
sive, severe, unhappy, tr
& ſº º py, trying: tº gº &
afflictively (a-flikºtiv-li), adv. In an afflictive
manner; in a manner that is painful and trying.
[= F. affluence, K L.
affluentia, adfluentia, abundance, K affluen(t-)s,
adfluen(t-)s, ppr., abundant: see affluent.] 1. A
flowing to ; a concourse; afflux.
There had been great affluence of company.
Carlyle, Frederick the Great, III. viii. 37.
2. Figuratively, an abundant supply, as of
thoughts, words, etc.; a profusion, as of riches;
hence, abundance of material goods; wealth.
few scholars have manifested so much independence
and affluence of thought, in connection with so rich and
varied an amount of knowledge.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 17.
Many old and honourable families disappeared, . . .
and many new men rose rapidly to affluence.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i.
=Syn. 2. Wealth, Riches, etc. (see opulence); exuberance,
profusion, overflow ; fortune, prosperity, ample means.
See list under abundance.
affluency (af'lö-en-si), n. An abundant flow or
supply; affluenée. [Rare.]
There may be certain channels running from the head
to this little instrument of loquacity [a woman's tongue],
and conveying into it a perpetual affluency of animal
Spirits. Addison, Spectator, No. 247.
[K ME. affluent,
K OF. affluent, mod. F. affluent, K L. affluen(t-)s,
adfluen(t-)s, abundant, rich, ppr., of affluere,
adfluere, flow to, abound in, Kad, to, + fluere,
flow: see fluent.]. I. a. 1+. Flowing to: as,
“affluent blood,” Harvey, Consumption.—2.
Abundant; copious; abounding in anything,
as attributes, attainments, or possessions;
hence, specifically, abounding in means; rich:
as, a man of affluent intellect; an affluent man
or community; affluent circumstances.
His imagination is most affluent when it is pervaded by
a calm, yet intense and lofty spirit of meditation.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 249.
II, n. A tributary stream; a stream or river
flowing into another, or into a lake, bay, etc.
He cast anchor in a very great bay, with many affluents.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 108.
As the Thames rolls along, it receives a number of these
feeders, or affluents, which empty themselves into the
river. Huacley, Physiog., p. 4.
affluently. (af'lö-ent-li), adv. In an affluent
manner; in abundance; abundantly.
The state of
being affluent ; great plenty.
[= F. afflux, K. L. as if *af.
jiwarus, n. (cf. flua, K fluºus, n.), K affluere, pp.
affluaxus, flow to : see affluent.] The act of flow-
ing to ; a flow or flowing to; an accession : as,
an afflua, of blood to the head.
Not unfrequently it happens that to a spot where two
or more filaments have met, there is an afflua, of the pro-
toplasmic Substance. jº. f. Carpenter, Micros., § 395.
tº [K L. as if *afflux-
fo(n-) º fluſcion), K affluere, flow to : see af.
fluent.] A flowing to or toward; an afflux or
accession. Sir T. Browne.
affodillt (af'ö-dil), m. Obsolete form of daffodil.
afforage (af'or-āj), m. [KOF, afforage, affeurage,
Kafforer, afferer, affewrer, afeurer, assess, value,
affeer: see affeer.] Formerly, in France, a
duty paid to the lord of a district, for permis-
sion to sell wine or liquors within his seigniory.
[K ME. aforcem, afor-
sen, KOF, aforcer, KML. *affortiare, afforciare,
strengthen, fortify (cf. afforcement); mixed
with OF. efforcer, esforcer, K ML. eafortiare,
afforcementſ (a-förs'ment), n.
afford (a-fördſ), v. t.
afforest (a-for’est), v. t.
afforestation (a-for-es-tā‘shgn), m.
afforestment (a-for’est-ment), m.
afforestment
force, compel; K L. ad, to, or ex, out, + M.L.
* tº ii'i. To force.
fortiare, strengthen: see forcel.] 1. To force;
compel; violate.—2. To strengthen or rein-
force by the addition of other or of specially
skilled members, as juries and deliberative
bodies.
The remedy for insufficient “governance" was sought
. . . in admitting the houses of Parliament to a greater
share of influence in executive matters, in the afforcing or
amending of the council, and in the passing of reforming
Statutes. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 695.
3. Reflexively, to exert one's self: endeavor:
5 5 2
attempt. '
[K OF. afforce-
"ment, Kafforcer, aforcer, strengthen: see afforce
and-ment.] 1. A reinforcement; a strengthen-
ing, especially of a jury or deliberative body.
See extract.
As it became difficult to find juries personally informed
as to the points at issue, the jurors . . . summoned were
allowed first to add to their number persons who possessed
the requisite knowledge, under the title of afforcement.
After this proceeding had been some time in use, the af-
forcing jurors were separated from the uninformed jurors,
and relieved them altogether from their character of wit-
IłęSS6S. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 164.
2. A fortress; a fortification. Bailey.
[Spelled aff- as if of L.
origin, but prop. with one fy early mod. E. af-
ford, affoard, affoord, afoord, K ME. aforthen,
iforthen, ivorthen, earlier iforthien, geforthian,
K AS. geforthian, further, advance, promote,
accomplish, perform, K ge- + forthian, further,
advance, promote, perform, K forth, forth, for-
ward: see a-6, ge-, and forth ; cf. further, v.]
1+. To promote; further; forward; carry out;
accomplish; achieve; manage.
And here and there as that my litille wit
A forthe may, eek think I translate hit.
Occleve, (Halliwell.)
2. To give, yield, produce, or confer upon;
yield, furnish, supply, as an effect or a result,
as of growth, effort, or operation: as, the earth
affords grain ; trade affords profit; religion af-
fords consolation to the afflicted; the transac-
tion afforded him a good profit; to afford one an
agreeable sensation.
What could be less than to afford him praise?
Milton, P. L., iv. 46.
Standing out in strong relief from the contrast afforded
by the sable background was a waxen image.
Barhamn, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 145.
The delight which a work of art affords seems to arise
from our recognizing in it the mind that formed Nature,
again in active operation. Iºmerson, Art.
3. To manage, be able, or have the means (with
an infinitive clause); be able to give or bear,
spare, or meet the expense of (with an object-
noun): always, from the implication of ability,
with may of can ; as, we can afford to sell
cheap; he might afford to gratify us; you can
well afford the expense.
Only this commendation I can afford her.
Shak., Much Ado, i. 1.
Thou shalt lie close hid with nature, and canst not be
afforded to the Capitol or the Exchange.
Emerson, The Poet.
A man is rich in proportion to the number of things
which he can afford to let alone. Thoreau, Wälden, p. 89.
=Syn. 2. To supply, furnish, bestow, communicate, give,
impart. -
affordable (a-fôr'da-bl), a. [K afford + -able.]
Capable of being afforded, spared, yielded, or
borne.
affordment # (a-förd’ ment), m. [K afford +
-ment.] A donation; a grant. [Rare.]
Your forward helps and afford ments.
II. Lord, Ded. of Sect of the Banians, 1630.
[KML. afforestare,
convert into a forest, K L. ad, to, + ML. foresta,
a forest: see forest.] To convert, as bare or
cultivated land, into forest, as was done by
the first Norman kings in England, for the pur-
pose of providing themselves with hunting-
grounds.
[K ML. af-
forestatio(m-), K afforestare: see afforest.] The
act or practice of establishing a forest, either
by planting seed or by transplanting; the ter-
ritory afforested.
Richard I. and Henry II. . . . had made new afforesta-
tions, and much extended the rigour of the forest laws.
Sir M. IIale, Hist. Com. Law of Eng.
m. [K afforest
+ -ment.] The act of converting, as arable
land, into a forest ; afforestation.
Land once afforested became subject to a peculiar sys-
tem of laws, which, as well as the formalities required to
constitute a valid afforestment, have been carefully ascer-
tained by the Anglo-Norman lawyers.
JEncyc. Brit., IX. 409.
afform
afformi (a-fôrm'), v. t. [KOF, aformer, K a- (L.
ad, to) + former, form.] To form; model;
cause to conform.
afformative (a-fôr'ma-tiv), n. [K af. (L. ad,
to) + formative..] In philol., an affix; a forma-
tive addition to a word or stem.
affranchise (a-fran'chiz or -chiz), v. t. ; pret.
and pp. affranchised, ppr. affranchising. [K late
M.E. affranchyse, afranchise, KOF. afranchiss-,
F. affranchiss-, stem of certain parts of OF.
afranchir, F. affranchir, make free, K a (L. ad),
to, + franc, free: see frank and franchise.] To
make free; enfranchise. -
affranchisement (a-fran'chiz-ment), n. IK F.
affranchissement.] The act of setting free, or of
liberating from a state of dependence, servi-
tude, or obligation; enfranchisement.
It is deliverance from all evil, it is supreme affranchise-
7ment. J. F. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, iv. 7.
affrapt (a-frap"), v. t. and i. [= It. affrappare, K
af- (L. ad, to) + frappare = F. frapper, strike,
of uncertain origin: see frap.] To strike; come
to blows.
They bene ymett, both ready to affrap.
Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 26.
affray (a-frā'), v. t. [K ME, affrayen, afrayen,
affraien, afraien (pp. affrayed, afrayed, affraîed,
afraied, X E. afraid, q.v.), terrify, frighten, K
OF. afrayer, affrayer, affraier, usually with
initial e, effrayer (> mod. F. effrayer), effraer,
effreer, effroier, efferer, esfrayer, esfraier, esfreer,
esfroier, e2froier, etc., earlier esfreder = Pr. es-
fredar, terrify, frighten, disturb, disquiet (the
OF. forms in aff-, and the prevailing sense of
“terrify” rather than “disturb,” may be due to
the influence of affre, afre, terror, fright, afre,
afrow, horrible, frightful, X F. affreux, horrible,
frightful), prob. K ML. *ea fridare, disturb, dis-
quiet, K L. ex, out of, -F ML. fridus, fridum,
K OHG. fridu, frido (MHG. vride, G. friede),
peace, — AS. frithu, peace : see frithl. To af-
fray, then, is to ‘break the peace.'] To frighten;
terrify; give a shock to; arouse; disturb.
Smale foules a grete hepe
That had afrayed me out of my slepe.
Chauce, , Death of Blanche, l. 296.
The kettle-drum and far-heard clariomet
Affray his ears. Heats, Eve of St. Agnes, xxix.
affray (a-frā'), m. . [KME. affray, afray, terror,
disturbance, brawl, KOF. affray, affrai, usually,
with initial e, effrei, effroi, effroy, esfrai, osfrei,
esfroi (F. effroi) = Pr. esfrei; from the verb:
see affray, v.; see also fray1, a short form of
affray.] 1+. Fear; terror.
Some maner afray. Chawcer, Man of Law's Tale, l. 1039.
Full of ghastly fright, and cold affray.
Spenser, F. Q., I. iii. 12.
2+. Disturbance involving terror.
Atte laste he made a foul affray.
Chawcer, Monk's Tale, l. 93.
3. A public fight; a noisy quarrel; a brawl; a
tumult; disturbanee. Specifically, in law, the fight-
ing of two or more persons in a public place to the terror of
others. It usually implies a casual meeting, not by previous
agreement to fight. [A private quarrel is not in a legal
sense an affray.]=Syn, 3. Broil, Scuffle, etc. See quarrel, m.
affrayer (a-frä’ er), n., One who raises or is
engaged in affrays or riots; a disturber of the
peace. [Rare.]
Felons, night-walkers, affrayers. g
M. Dalton, Country Justice (1620).
affrayment#(a-frā'ment), n. [KOF, affraiement,
affraîment (XML. affraimentum), K affraier: see
affray, v.] Same as affray.
affreight (a-fråt'), v. t. [K F. affréter, K. a- + fré-
ter, freight, charter: see freight.] To hire, as a
ship, for the transportation of goods or freight.
Craig. [Rare.]
affreighter (a-frā’tér), n. The person who
hires or charters a ship or other vessel to con-
vey goods. Craig.
affreightment (a-frätſment), n. [Kaffreight +
-ment, after F. affrétement.] 1. The act of hir-
ing a ship for the transportation of goods,-2.
The freight carried by a ship.
affrended+, a. See affriended.
affrett (a-fret'), m. [K It. affrettare, hasten,
hurry (cf. affretto, hurried, affrettamento, haste,
precipitation, fretta, haste, hurry), K frettare,
sweep, prop. rub, K. L.L. *frictare, K L. frictus,
pp. of fricare, rub : see fretl, v.] A furious
anset of attack.
With the terrour of their fierce affret
They rudely drove to ground both man and horse.
Spenger, F. Q., III. ix. 16.
affriction# (a-frik'shon), n. [K L. as if *affric-
tio(n-); cf. affricatio(n-), K affricare, rub on or
#. Kad, to, + fricare, rub, X E. friction.]
The act of rubbing; friction. Boyle.
102
affriended+, affrended+ (a-fren’ded), a... [K %
(L. ad) + friend, formerly spelled frend..] Made
friends; reconciled.
She saw that cruell war so ended,
And deadly foes so faithfully affrended.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. iii. 50.
affright (a-frit'), v. t. [Spelled aff-, as if of L.
origin, but prop. with one f: K ME. afrighten,
afrigten (pp. afright, afrigt), KAS. āfyrhtam,
terrify, Ka- + fyrhtan, terrify, K forht, fearful:
see a-1 and fright. Not connected with afraid
or afeard.] To impress with sudden fear;
frighten; terrify or alarm. [Archaic.]
Thrice did her trembling feet for flight prepare,
And thrice affrighted did her flight forbear.
Dryden, Ovid's Art of Love, l. 620.
Not to affright your tender soul with horror,
We may descend to tales of peace and love.
- Ford, Lady's Trial, ii. 1.
=Syn. To scare, alarm, dismay, appal, daunt, intimidate,
startle, shock, overawe.
affrightt, Past participle of affright. Chaucer.
affright (a-frit'), m. 1. Sudden or great fear;
terror; fright.
We have heard of these midnight scenes of desolation,
. . . the ominous din of the alarm-bell, striking with af-
Jright on the broken visions of the sleepers.
Everett, Orations, I. 116.
2}. The cause of terror; a frightful object.
The gods upbraid our suff'rings . . .
By sending these affrights. B. Jonson, Catiline.
affrightedly (a-friſted-li), adv. In an affrighted
manner; with fright.
affrighten (a-fri’tn), v. t. [Kaffright + -en 1, af-
ter frighten...] To terrify; frighten.
affrighter (a-fri’tër), m. One who frightens.
affrightful (a-frit'fül), a. [K affright, *: +
+ful] Terrifying; terrible; frightful: as, “af-
frightful accidents,” Bp. Hall, Sermons, xxxiii.
affrightment (a-frit' ment), n. . [K affright +
-ment.] 1+. The act of frightening.
Since your affrightment could not make her open [her
purse] unto you, you thought to make her innocency
Smart for it. P. Brome, Northern Lass.
2. The state of being frightened; fright.
With as much affrightment as if an enemy were near.
Jer. Taylor, Sermons, II. iii.
With much terror and affrightment they turned the ship
about, expecting every moment to be dashed in pieces
against the rocks.
P. Johnson, Wonderworking Providence (1654).
affront (a-frunt'), v. t. [K ME. afronten, afrown-
ten, KOF. afronter, afrunter, later and mod. F.
affronter = Pr: Sp. afrontar = Pg. affrontar =
It. affrontare, confront, oppose face to face, at-
tack, KML. affrontare, adfrontare, border on, as
land, confront, attack, K. L. ad frontem, to the
face, in front: ad, to; frontem, acc. of frons,
forehead, front; cf. L. & fronte, before, in front:
d for ab, from; fronte, abl. of frons, forehead,
front. Cf. afront, prep. phr. as adv.] 1. To
meet or encounter face to face ; confront ;
front; face. *
That he, as 't were by accident, may here
Affront Ophelia. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1.
IBarnestly for her he raised
His voice in council, and affronted death
In battle-field. Bryant, Knight's Epitaph.
2. To offend by an open manifestation of dis-
respect ; put a slight upon ; offend by effront-
ery or insolence: as, to affront one by doubt-
ing his word; an affronting speech.
Only our foe,
Tempting, affronts us with his foul esteem
Of our integrity. Milton, P. L., ix. 328.
Let me tell you, Mr. Dangle, ’tis damn’d affronting in
you to suppose that I am hurt, when I tell you I am not.
Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1.
3. To put out of countenance; make ashamed
or confused; give a shock to.
Without affronting their modesty.
Cave, Prim. Christianity, ii. 33. (N. E. D.)
affront (3-frunt'), m. [= F. affront = It. af.
fronto; from the verb.] 1+. The act of oppos-
ing face to face; open defiance ; encounter.
This day thou shalt have ingots ; and, to-morrow, give
lords th’ affront. B. Jomsom, Alchemist, ii. 2.
I walk’d about, admired of all, and dreaded
On hostile ground, none daring my affront.
Milton, S. A., l. 531.
2. A personally offensive act or word; an in-
tentional or supercilious slight; an open mani-
festation of disrespect or contumely; an insult
to the face.
Oft have they violated
The temple, oft the law, with foul affronts.
Milton, P. R., iii. 161.
Men of my condition may be as incapable of affronts, as
hopeless of their reparations,
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, Pref.
An affront to our understanding.
Addison, Spectator, No. 512,
affy
3+. Shamei disgrace ; anything producing a
feeling of shame or disgrace.
Antonius... . . was defeated, upon the sense of which
affront he died of grief. Arbuthnot, Anc. Coins.
=Syn. 2. Affront, Insult, Indignity, Outrage, provoca-
tion, impertinence, offense, rudeness. These words ex-
press disrespect shown in a way that is, or is meant to be,
galling. An affront is generally open and to the face. An
insult is stronger, perhaps accompanied by more insolence
of manner; it is a deeper disgrace and a greater injury to
the feelings of its object. An indignity is, specifically,
treatment that is unworthy—an affront, insult, injury, or
outrage from which one's condition or character should
have saved one: as, Zenobia was subjected to the indig-
nity of being led in chains at Aurelian's triumph. An
owtrage, primarily involving the idea of violence to the
person, is a wanton transgression of law or propriety in
any way, the perpetration of that which is shamefully
contrary to the dictates of humanity or even decency;
toward a person it is a combination of insult with indig-
nity; hence it often stands for extreme abusiveness of
language. It has freedom of use sufficient to make proper
such expressions as, an owtrage to his feelings, an outrage
to all decency.
To call God to witness truth, or a lie perhaps; or to
appeal to him on every trivial occasion, in common dis-
course, . . . . is one of the highest indignities and affronts.
that can be offered him. IRay.
I will avenge this insult, noble Queen,
Done in your maiden's person to yourself.
Tennyson, Geraint-
The enmity and discord, which of late
Sprung from the rancorous outrage of your duke
To merchants. Shak., C. of E., i. 1.
affronté (a-frôň-tā’), a. [F., pp. of affronter:
See affront, v.] 1. in art, facing each other;
front to front : said of two figures. This was a
frequent mode of representing animal and
other figures in Oriental and early Greek
art, as, for example, in Assyrian and Hittite
sculptures, the so-called lions of Mycenae, and
the sphinxes of the temple epistyle of Assos.
2. Specifically, in her., applied to an- (;
imals represented (a) front to front, Two Lions
or aspectant: opposed to adorsed; #.” *
(b) facing the spectator directly, as te
the lion in the royal crest of Scotland, not with
merely the head turned outward. See gardant
and cut under crest.
Equivalent forms are affrontée (feminine)
and confronté.
Têtes affrontées, or affronté heads, in decorative art,
profile heads in relief shown facing each other, as often in
cameos, etc., but rarely on coins.
affrontedly (3-frunted-li), adv. In a manner
to affront; with effrontery. Bacon.
affrontee (a-frun-té"), n. IK affront + -eel.]
One who receives an affront. N. E. D.
affronter (a-frun’tër), m. 1. One who affronts
or insults another openly and of set purpose.—
2+. A deceiver or pretender.
Must I, because you say so,
Believe that this most miserable king is
A false affronter?
Massinger, Believe as you List, iii. 3.
affrontingly (a-frun’ting-li), adv. In an af-
onting manner.
affrontive (a-frun’tiv), a. [Kaffront + -īve.]
Giving offense; tending to offend; abusive.
How much more affrontive it is to despise mercy.
Sowth, Sermon on the Restoration.
Will not this measure be regarded as affrontive to the
pride . . . of portions of the people of America?
IR. Choate, Addresses, p. 348.
affuse (a-füz'), v. t. [KL. affusus, pp. of affum-
dere, adfundere, pour upon, Kad, to, + fundere,
pour: see fusel.] To pour. [Rare.]
I first affused water upon the compressed beams.
- - Boyle, Works, IV. 568.
affusion (a-fü'zhgn), n. [KML. affusio(n-), K.L.
†. pour upon: see affuse.] 1. The act
of pouring upon; the act of pouring water or
other liquid, as upon a child in baptism.
When the Jews baptized their children, in order to cir-
cumcision, it seems to have been indifferent whether it
was done by immersion or affusion.
Wheatly, Ill. of Book of Com. Prayer, p. 362.
2. In med., the act of pouring water on the
body as a curative means, as from a vessel, by
a shower-bath, etc.
When I travell’d in Italy, and the Southern parts, I did
sometimes frequent the publiq bathes, . . . . but seldome
without peril of my life 'till I us’d this frigid affusion, or
rather profusion of cold Water before I put on my gar-
ments. w Bvelyn, To Doctor Beale.
Some of these [remedies] are affusion, half-baths, . . .
fomentations, injections, wrapping up in the wet sheet.
I'mcyc. Brit., III. 439.
affy (a-fi"), v. [KME. affyen, affien, afyen, KOF.
after, later and mod. F. affier, K. M.L. affidare,
trust, pledge, make oath, K. L. ad, to, +, ML.
fidare, trust, K L. fidus, faithful, K.fides, faith:
see faith, fidelity. , Deriv. affiance and affidavit,
q. v.] I. trans. 1. To trust, confide (a thing
to a person); reflexively, to confide one's self.-
2. To confide in ; trust.—3. To affirm on one's

affy -
faith; make affidavit.—4. To assure by prom-
ise; pledge; betroth; affiance.
Wedded be thou to the hags of hell,
I'or daring to affy a mighty lord
Unto the daughter of a worthless king.
Shak., 2 Hem. VI., iv. 1.
5. To engage; bind; join.
Personal respects rather seem to affy me unto that Synod.
'p. Mowntagu, Appeal to Caesar, p. 69.
II. intrans. To trust; confide.
I do affy .
In thy uprightness and integrity.
Shak., Tit. And.., i. 1.
Afghan (af'gan), n. and a... [A native name, de-
rived by Afghan chroniclers from Afghāna, a
mythical grandson of Saul, king of Israel.] I.
m. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Afghanistan,
a mountainous country, lying northwest of
British India, south of Asiatic Russia, and east
of Persia; distinctively, a member of the prin-
cipal or dominant race of Afghanistan, speak-
ing the Afghan language, the other inhabitants
generally speaking Persian.—2. The language
of the Afghans, called by themselves Pushtu or
Pukhtu, of Aryan affinity, though formerly sup-
posed by some to be Semitic.—3. [l. c.] A kind
of blanket made of knitted or crocheted wool,
used as a sofa-cover or as a carriage-robe.
II. a. Pertaining or relating to Afghanistan
or its people.
afield (a-féld’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [KME.
a felde, o felde, o feld, KAS. on felda (dat.), on
ſº (acc.): on, E. aš, on, in; feld, E. field.] 1.
or to the field or fields: as, “we drove afield,”
Milton, Lycidas, 1.27; “AEneasis afteld,” Shak.,
T. and C., v. 3.
... What keeps Gurth so long afield? Scott, Ivanhoe.
2. Abroad; off the beaten path; far and wide.
Why should he wander afield at the age of fifty-five?
Trollope.
Without travelling further qfield for illustrations, it will
suffice if we note these relations of causes and effects in
early European times. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 375.
afilet, v. t. See affile.
afire (a-fir’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [KME. afire,
afyre, afyr, afére, afure, o fure (also in fire):
Q, 0, £. a3; fyre, £. fire.] On fire.
The match is left afire. Fletcher, Island Princess, ii. 1.
- His heart afire
With foolish hope.
. W. Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 131.
aflame (a-flām"), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8,
on, + flame. nfire; in or into flame; ablaze.
The explosions, once begun, were continued at intervals
till the mine was all aflame and had to be flooded.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 425.
Aflame with a glory beyond that of amber and ame-
thyst. George Eliot.
aflat (3-flatſ), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8,
on, +flatl.] On a level with the ground; flatly.
Lay all his branches aflat upon the ground.
Bacom, Nat. Hist., § 426.
aflaunt gº or a-flánt'), prep. phr. as adv.
or a. [Ka8, on, + flaunt.] Flaunting or flaunt-
ingly; with showy equipage or dress.
His hat all aflawnt and befeathered with all kinds of
coloured plumes. -
Copley, Wits, Fits, and Fancies (1614), p. 29.
aflightf, v. t. [KME. aflight, pret., after aflight,
p. a. : See aflight, p. a., and afflict, v. The ME.
spelling with gh may be due to the influence of
ME. afright, affrighted, and words of similar
spelling; but cf. delight.] To terrify; alarm.
Cam never yet . . . to mannes sight
Merveille which so sore aflight
A mannes herte as it tho dede [them did].
Gower, Conf. Amant., i. 327.
aflightt, p. a. [ME., KOF. aflit, later afflict, K.L.
afflictus, pp.: see afflict, p. a.] Afflicted; dis-
tressed.
Her herte was so sore aflight
That she me wiste what to thinke.
Gower, Conf. Amant., ii. 309.
aflightedt, p. a. [K aflight + -ed”.] Same as
aflight.
Judas . . . tooke a speciall pleasure to see them so
aflighted. Sir T. More, Works, p. 1389.
afloat (a-flöt’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [KME.
aflote, on flote, &AS. on flote (dat.), on flot (acc.):
on, E. aš, on, in; flot, water deep º to
allow a ship or boat to float (cf. flota, a ship);
=Icel. & floti (dat.), ā flot (acc.), afloat. The
OF. a flot, afloat, is of wholly different origin.
See floatl, m. and v.] 1. Borne on the water;
in a floating condition: as, the ship is afloat.
It was not without constant exertion that we kept afloat,
baling out the scud that broke overus, and warding off the
ice with boat-hooks. Kame, Sec. Grinn, Exp., II. 264.
Seventy per cent. of all the shipping afloat now use the
Greenwich meridian. Science, IV. 377.
|
|
l 103
j -
2. Figuratively, moving; passing from place
to place; in circulation: as, a rumor is afloat.
I should like to know how much gossip there is afloat
that the minister does not know.
C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 144.
3. Unfixed; moving without guide or control:
aS, our affairs are all afloat.—4. In a state of
overflow; flooded: as, the main deck was
afloat.—5. On board ship; at sea; as, cargo
afloat and ashore.
aflow (3-flö’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K ał
+flow.j In a loose, waving state; flowing: as,
“with gray hair aflow,” Whittier.
afoam (a-föm'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8
+ foam.]. In a state of foam; foaming: as, the
Water was all afoam.
afoot (a-fút’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K ME.
a fote, on fote, earlier with pl. a foten, KAS.
on fötum: on, E. a 3, on; fotum, dat. pl. of fot,
E. foot.] 1. On foot; walking: opposed to on
horseback, or in a carriage or other convey-
ance: as, he was mounted, but I came afoot.—
2. In a condition to walk about, as after sick-
Ile SS,
He distinguished himself as a sick-nurse, till his poor
comrade got afoot again. Carlyle.
3. Astir; stirring; about.
When thy eager hand,
With game afoot, unslipped the hungry pack.
Whittier, Southern Statesman.
4. In progress; in course of being carried out:
as, there is mischief afoot.
afore (a-fôr'), adv., prep., and conj. [KME. afore,
aforn, aforme, aforem, KAS. on-foram, before, K
on, on, + foran, at the front. With ME. afore
was merged early ME. atfore, KAS. aet-foran, K
aet, at, + foram : see a-2, a-7, and fore, and cf. be-
jore. Afore is nearly obsolete in literary use,
though still common in colloq. and dial. speech;
cf. ahint..] I. adv. 1. Before in place; in front:
especially in Inautical phraseology.
Will you go on afore? Shak., Othello, v. 1.
2. Before in time; previously.
If he have never drunk wine afore, it will go near to re-
move his fit. ., Tempest, ii. 2.
II. prep. 1. Before in time.
If your diligence be not speedy, I shall be there afore
yOll. Shak., Lear, i. 5.
2. Before in place; naut., further forward or
nearer the bows than: as, afore the windlass.-
3. Before in position, station, or rank.
In this Trinity none is afore or after other.
Athanasian Creed.
4. In or into the presence of ; under the re-
gard or notice of.
A fore God, I speak simply.
. B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 3.
Notwithstanding all the dangers I laid afore you.
B. Jomson, Epicoene, iii. 5.
Afore the mast. See before.
III. conj. Before that; before; rather than.
A fore I'll
Endure the tyranny of such a tongue
And such a pride. B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady.
aforegoing (a-fôr'gö%ing), a. [Kafore + going.]
Going before; foregoing.
aforehand (a-fôr' hand), prep. phr. as adv. and
a. [ME. aforehande, also afor the hond; K afore
+ hand. Cf. beforehand.] I. adv. Beforehand;
In advance; in anticipation.
She is come aforehand to anoint my body. Mark xiv. 8.
II. a. Beforehand in condition; forehanded:
as, he is aforehand with the world.
A forehand in all matters of power.
Bacon, War with Spain.
aforementioned (a-fôr' men'sh9nd), a. Men-
tioned before; forementioned.
aforenamed (a-fôr'nāmd), a. Named before.
aforesaid (a-fôr'sed), a. [ME. aforseyd; K afore
+ said.]. Said, recited, or mentioned before,
or in a preceding part of the same writing or
discourse: common in legal use.
aforethought (a foºthai), a. and n. IK afore
+ thought, pp.] I. a. Thought of beforehand;
premeditated; prepense: used in law.—Malice
aforethought. See malice.
II. m. [Kafore + thought, n.] Premeditation;
forethought. [Rare.]
aforetime (a-fôr' tim), adv. [K afore, adv., +
time.] In time past; in a former time.
For whatsoever things were written aforetime were writ-
ten for our learning. Rom. XV. 4.
aforni, adv. and prep. Obsolete form of afore.
aformenst, prep. and adv. . [ME., also aforiſems,
avoreye, aform agens, K afore, aform, before, +
agens,etc., against: see afore, aform, and against,
*the leopard his spots.
African
and cf. formenst.] I. prep. Over against; Op-
posite.
The yonder hous that stent aforgens us.
wcer, Troilus, ii. 1188.
II. adv. Over against.
The centurien that stood aform a 3ens.
Wyclif, Mark xv. 39. (N. E. D.)
a fortiori (ä för-shi-6" ri). [L.; lit., from a
stronger (sc. cause): a for ab, from ; fortiori,
abl. of fortior, fortius, compar. of fortis, strong:
see fort.] For a still stronger reason; all the
In Ore. A phrase used in, and sometimes employed as the
designation of, a kind of argument, which concludes
either (a) that something does not take place, because the
causes which alone could bring it to pass operate stillmore
strongly in another case without producing that effect; or
(b) that something does take place, because causes much
weaker than those which operate to bring it about are ef-
fective in another case. An argument of the latter kind
is the following: “If God so clothe the grass of the field,
which to-day is and to-morrow is cast into the oven, shall
he not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith?” Mat.
vi. 30.
As he [Shakspere] has avoided obscurities in his sonnets,
he would do so a fortiori in his plays, both for the purpose
of immediate effect on the stage and of future àpprecia-
tion. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st Ser., p. 165.
afoul (a-foul"), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8
+ foul..] In a state of collision or entangle-
ment: with of: as, a ship with its shrouds
afoul; the brig ran afoul of the steamer.—To
fall afoul of, to assail yiolently; attack vigorously in .
any way: as, he fell afoul of him tooth and nail, or with
all envenomed pen.
afraid (a-fråd"), a. [K ME. afraied, etc., pp. of
afraien, etc., X E. affray, frighten: see affray,
v. Not connected with afeard.] Impressed
with fear or apprehension; fearful: followed
by of before the object of fear, where that is
not an infinitive: as, to be afraid of death; I
am afraid to go.
Be of good cheer : it is I; be not afraid. Mat. xiv. 27.
Whistling, to keep myself from being afraid.
Dryden, Amphitryon, iii. 1.
A man who's not afraid to say his say,
Though a whole town's against him.
Longfellow, John Endicott, ii. 2.
= Syn. Afraid, Frightened, Terrified, timid, shy, appre-
hensive, troubled, suspicious, distrustful. A fraid ex-
presses a less degree of fear than frightened or terrified,
which describe outward states. In colloquial language, I
am afraid is often nearly equivalent to I suspect, I am
inclined to think, or the like, and is regularly used as a
kind of polite introduction to a correction, objection, etc.,
or to make a statement sound less positive: as, I am afraid
you are wrong; I am afraid that argument Won't hold.
And there is ev'n a happiness
That makes the heart afraid.
Hood, Melancholy.
Antony, on the other hand, was desirous to have him
there, fancying that he would . . . be frightened into a
compliance. C. Middleton, Life of Cicero, III. ix.
Airy ghosts,
That work no mischief, terrify us more
Than men in steel with bloody purposes.
T. B. Aldrich, Set of Turquoise.
Afrancesado (ä-från-thä-sā’dó), n. [Sp., lit.
Frenchified, pp. of afrancesar, Frenchify, K. d:
(L. ad), to, + Francés, K ML. Francensis,
French: see French..] A member of that party
in Spain which during the war of independence
(1808–14) supported the French government of
the country.
afreet (a-frét’), m. Same as afrit.
afrescat, adv. [Prop. afresco, K It. affresco, a
jºresco: a, K. L. ad, to ; fresco, fresh, fresco: see
fresco.] In fresco. Evelyn.
afresh (a-fresh'), prep. phr. as adv. [K aº (for
of, as in anew) + fresh.] Anew ; again; after
intermission.
They crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh.
Bieb. vi. 6.
Not a few of the sites of the Roman cities were in after
times occupied afresh as English towns.
L. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 130.
Afric (afric), a. and m. [KL. Africus: see fol-
lowing.] Same as African : as, “Afric shore,”
Milton, P. L., i. 585.
Then will the Afric indeed have changed his skin and
N. A. Rev., CXXIII. 446.
African (afºri-kan), a. and m. [KL. Africanus,
K Africa, name of the country, prop. fem. of
Africus, a., K. Afer (pl. Afri), an African, a
word of unknown origin..] I. a. 1. Pertain-
ing to Africa: either (a) to the continent of
that name, or (b) to the region about Carthage,
the ancient Roman province of Africa.-2. Of
or belonging to the black race of Africa; char-
acteristic of or peculiar to negroes: as, African
features; African cheerfulness.-African almond,
cubebs, goose, etc. See the nouns.
II. m. 1. A native of the continent, or in
ancient times of the province, of Africa.—2.
A member of the black African race; a negro
Africander
Africander (afºri-kan-dér), n. [Cape D. Afri-
kaner, sometimes Afrikaander.] A native of
Cape Colony or the neighboring regions of Af-
rica born of white parents; a descendant of
European settlers in southern Africa.
The young Africander picks up his language from the
half-caste Dutch, and the descendants of Malay slaves and
Hottentot servants.
R. N. Cust, Mod. Lang. of Africa, p. 44.
Africanism (afºri-kan-izm), n., [K African +
-ism...] 1. An African provincialism; a pecu-
liarity of Latin diction characteristic of some
of the African fathers of the church.
He that cannot understand the sober, plain, and unaf-
fected style of the Scriptures, will be ten times more puz-
zled with the knotty Africanisms, the pampered metaphors,
the intricate and involved sentences of the fathers.
Milton, Reformation in Eng., i.
2. A mode or peculiarity of speech of the Af-
rican race in America.
He dropped the West Indian softness that had crept into
his pronunciation, and the Africanisms of his black nurse.
G. W. Cable, Creoles of Louisiana, p. 260,
Africanization (afºri-kan-i-ză'shgn), m. The
act of making African in character, or of pla-
cing under negro domination.
Africanize (afºri-kan-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
Africanized, ppr. Africanizing. [KAfrican F
—ize.] 1. To give an African character to.—2.
To place under negro domination.
But the whites have race instincts, and when the Afri-
canizing and ruin of the South becomes a clearly seen
danger, they will be a unit, the country over, for the rem-
edy. N. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 429.
afrit, afrite (af-rit', af-Titº), m. [KAr. 'if it, a
demon.] In Arabian myth., a powerful evil de-
mon or monster. Also written afreet.
Be he genie or afrite, caliph or merchant of Bassora,
into whose hands we had fallen, we resolved to let the
adventure take its course.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 197.
We first behold the feet,
Then the huge, grasping hands; at last the frown
On what should be the face of this A freet.
It. II. Stoddard, Guests of the State.
Afrogaean (af-rº-jö (an), a. [K. L. Afer, Afri-
can, + Gr. Yala, )7, earth, land.] In 200geog.,
African or Ethiopian. Applied by Gill to a prime
realm or zoölogical division of the earth's land-surface,
including Africa south of the desert of Sahara, with Mada-
gascar, the Mascarenes, and perhaps the Arabian penin-
Sula.
à froid (ä frwo'). [F. : á, to, with, K.L. ad, to;
froid, K.L. frigidus, cold: see frigid.] In coram.,
ºp lied without heat; not baked or fired. Said
of decoration applied to pottery, glass, or the like, by or-
dinary painting or gilding, and Which therefore can be
scraped or washed away.
afront (a-frunt'), prep. phr, as adv. and prep.
[K ač -- front. Cf. affront.] I. adv. Face to
face; in front; abreast.
These four came all a-front and mainly thrust at me.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
* II.f, prep. In front of: as, afront the foe.
aftſ (āft), a. and adv. . [KME. *aft, “afte, "aften,
KAS. aftam, behind, in the rear, & Göth. aftana,
from behind, K afta, behind, back; forms de-
veloped from the comparative, Ås. after =
Goth. aftra : see after, and cf. Icel. aptr (pro-
nounced and formerly spelled aftr), back, back-
ward, aft.] Naut, in, near, or toward the stern
of a ship: as, the qft part of the ship; haul aft
the main-sheet, that is, further toward the
Stern.-Flat aft, hauled aft as far as possible: said of a
fore-and-aft sail.—Fore and aft, lengthwise or through-
out the whole '# of a ship.–Fore-and-aft Sail. See
jore-and-aft.—Right aft, in a direct line with the stern.
aft2, aften (àft, afºn), adv. Oft; often. [Scotch.]
aftaba (af'ta-bä), ſº [Pers, āftāba, a ewer.]. A
vessel for water, like an aiguière with handle
and long spout, made in
Persia and northern India,
commonly of metal, and
decorated with enamels or
damaScening. It is used with
a basin having a perforated lid
for washing the hands before
and after eating. Sometimes
written aftabeh.
§, \\ afteastle (äftſkäS-1), n. IK
ą) aft + castle. Cf. forecas-
tle.] Navºt., an elevation
formerly placed on the
º º,97 after part of ships of war,
sº a to aid in fighting.
diº of ºp; with after (af’tér), adv., ſp?&p.,
:*.*.*.*.*... and conj. [(1) After, adv.,
K ME. after, after, efter,
etc., KAS. after, adv., after, afterward, back,
= OS. aftar, after = OFries. eſter = D. achter
= Icel. aptr, aflr = Dan. Sw, efter = OHG. af.
tar, after = Goth. aftra, after, again, backward,
after (àf’tēr), a.
afterbirth (àf’tér-bèrth), m,
104
etc., - Gr. &rarrápa, further off, = OPers. apa-
taram, further; all adverbs, compar, forms, K
af-, ap- (= Goth. af = AS. and E. of, prep., q.
v.), off, H- compar. Suffix -ter, -tar; hence af-
ter orig, meant ‘more off, further off.’, (2) After,
prep., KME, after, after, etc., KAS. after, prep.,
after, behind, along, =OS. aftar, after = OFries.
efter = D. achter = Icel. eptir, ºftir = Dan. Sw.
efter = OHG. aftar, after, prep.; all from the
adverb. (3) After, conj., is an elliptical use of
the prep.] I. adv. 1. Behind; in the rear: as,
to follow after.—2. Later in time; afterward:
as, it was about the space of three hours after.
First, let her show her face; and, after, speak.
Shak., M., for M., V, 1.
II. prep. 1. Behind in place: as, men placed
in a line one after another. t
Many of the warriors, roused by his [Hamet's] words
and his example, spurred resolutely after his banner.
Irving, Granada, p. 205.
2. Later in time than ; in succession to ; at the
close of: as, after supper.
After life's fitful fever he sleeps well.
Shak., Macbeth, iii, 2.
For life is sweet, but after life is death.
Swinburne, Ballad of Burdens.
3. In pursuit of ; in search of ; with or in de-
sire for. -
After whom is the king of Israel come out?
1 Sam. xxiv. 14.
As the hart panteth after the water-brooks, so panteth
my soul after thee, O God. Ps. xlii. 1.
That [habit of mind] which chooses success for its aim
and covets after popularity.
Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 20.
4. In imitation of, or in imitation of the style
of: as, to make a thing after a model; after the
French ; after the antique; after Raphael.
He gave his only son the name of Orlando, after the
celebrated hero of IRoncesvalles.
Prescott, Ferd, and Isa., ii. 1.
5. According to; in proportion to ; in accor-
dance with: as, “after their intrinsic value,”
Bacon, War with Spain.
O Lord, deal not with us after our sins. . . . Neither
reward us after our iniquities. Common Prayer.
6. According to the nature of; in agreement
or unison with ; in conformity to.
For if ye live after the flesh, ye shall die, Rom. viii. 13.
Mr. Partridge has been lately pleased to treat me after
a very rough manner. Swift, Bickerstaff Papers.
The captive king readily submitted to these stipulations,
and swore, after the manner of his faith, to observe them
With exactitude. Irving, Granada, p. 144.
7. Below in rank or excellence; next to : as,
Milton is usually placed after Shakspere among
English poets.-8. Concerning: as, to inquire
after a person.
Thus much may give us light after what sort Bookes
were prohibited among the Greeks.
Milton, Areopagitica, p. 8.
I told him you had sent me to inquire after his health,
and to know if he was at leisure to see you.
Sheridam, The Rivals, ii. 1.
9. Subsequent to and in consequence of: as,
after what has happened I can never return.—
To look or see after, to attend to ; take care of : as, he
hired a boy to look after the furnace.
III. conj. Subsequent to the time that.
After I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee.
Mat. xxvi. 32.
=Syn. Behind, After. See behind.
[K ME. after, after, etc., adj.,
merged with after, adv., in loose comp. like aſ-
ter-past, etc.; KAS. aftera, fem, and neut. af-
tere, adj., K after, adv. and prep.] 1. Later in
time ; subsequent ; succeeding: as, an after
period of life. [After in composition may be either
the adjective in loose combination, where the hyphen is
optional: as, an after period, after-ages; or the adverb,
qualifying a verbal form, or depending logically on a verb,
implied : as, after-past, the aftercome, aftergrowth. The
loose combinations are very numerous; only a few are
here given.]
So smile the Heavens upon this holy act
That after-hours with sorrow chide us not
Shak., R. and J., ii. 6.
To after-age thou shalt be writ the man,
That with smooth air couldst humour best our tongue.
Milton, Sonnets, viii.
Wheresoever I am sung or told
In after-time, this also shall he known.
T'ennysom, Morte d'Arthur.
2. Naut. : (a) Further aft, or toward the stern
of the ship: as, the after-sails; the after-hatch-
way. (b) Pertaining to the after-body of a Ais fastened to the stern-post.
ship:
aş, after-timbers.-After-cabin, after-peak,
after sail,
after-yard. See the respective nouns.
1. That which is
expelled from the uterus after the birth of a
child. It includes the placenta, part of the
umbilical cord, and the membranes of the
ovum. Also called Secundines.-2. A posthu-
afterings
mous birth; a birth occurring after the father's
last will, or after his death: used as a transla-
tion of agnatio in Roman law.
after-body (àf’tèr-bodi), , m, ; pl. after-bodies
(-iz). That part of a ship's hull which is abaft
the midships or dead-flat.
afterbrain (āf'tér-brān), n., . That part of the
brain which lies behind the hind brain; the last
encephalic segment, following the hind brain;
the medulla oblongata as far as the pons Varo-
lii: called metencephalon by Wilder and Gage,
and myelemcephalon by Huxley and others. See
these words.
afterburthen? (àf’tèr-bér” FHm), n. The af-
terbirth. Also written afterburden.
afterclap (äf'tèr-klap), n. IK ME. º,
afterclappe, K after + clappe ; see clap 1.]
unexpected subsequent event; something hap-
ſºng after an affair is supposed to be at an
©IACls
Those dreadful afterclaps. Sowth, Sermons, VI. 227.
To spare a little for an afterclap
Were not improvidence.
Massinger, The Renegado, i. 3.
aftercome (àf’tèr-kum), m. What comes after;
consequence. [Scotch.]
And how are you to stand the after-come 2
Hogg, Brownie o' Bodsbeck, ii. 9.
aftercrop (äf’tèr-krop), m. A second crop in
the same year.
after-damp (äf’tèr-damp), n. The irrespirable
as left in a coal-mime after an explosion of
e-damp (which see). . It consists chiefly of
carbonic-acid gas and nitrogen.
after-egg (àf’tèr-eg), m. Same as metovum.
after-eyef (Āf-têr-i'), v. t. To keep in view.
Thou shouldst have made him
As little as a crow, or less, ere left -
To after-eye him. Shak., Cymbeline, i. 4.
afterfeed (äf'tèr-féd), n. Grass that grows after
the first crop has been mown, and is fed off in-
stead of being cut as aftermath.
after-game (àf’tèr-gām), n. A second game
played in order to reverse or improve the issues
of the first; hence, the methods taken after the
first turn of affairs.-After-game at Irish, an old
game resembling backgammon. N. E. D.
after-gland (áf’tér-gland), n. In mech., a piece
which grasps a part of any mechanism and
transmits force to it. p
afterglow (äf’tér-glö), m. 1. The glow fre-
Quently seen in the sky after sunset.
The after-glow of the evening suffused the front of the
chapel with a warm light.
ô jº, Stoddard, South-Sea Idyls, p. 239.
Frequently in the month of November my attention had
been called to the intense coloring of the sky, and brilliant
red afterglows, slowly fading away, and lasting long after
the sun had set. Science, III. 121.
2. A second or secondary glow, as in heated
metal before it ceases to be incandescent.
aftergrass (àf’tèr-grás), n. A second growth
of grass in a mown field, or grass growing
among the stubble after harvest.
aftergrowth (àf’tèr-gróth), n. A second growth
Or crop springing up after a previous one has
been removed; fience, any development natu-
rally arising after any change, social or moral.
The after-growths which would have to be torn up or
broken through. J. S. Mill, Pol. Dcon, II. ii. § 2.
afterguard (after-gård), n, In men-of-war,
that division of the crew which is stationed on
the quarter-deck to work the after-sails, etc.
generally composed of ordinary seamen and
landsmen who are not required to go aloft;
hence, a drudge; one occupying an inferior
position.
While in the steerage, however useful and active you
may be, you are but a mongrel,- a sort of aftergward and
“ship's cousin.” IP. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 57.
afterhind (äf'tér-hind), adv. . [K after + hind9,
as in behind.] Afterward. Also written after-
him, afterhimt. [Scotch.]
after-hold (after-höld), n. Naut, that portion
of the hold of a ship which lies between the
mainmast and the stern.
The Glasgow was in flames, the steward having set fire to
her while stealing rum out of the after-hold.
Sowthey, Life of Nelson, I. 28.
after-hood (äf'tér-hud), m, Nawt., that portion
of the after end of a vessel's bottom plank which
after-image (àf’tér-im’āj), 'm. An image per-
ceived after withdrawing the eye from a bril-
liantly illuminated object. Such images are called
positive when their colors are the same as those of the
object, and negative when they are its complementary
colors.
afterings (àf'tér-ingz), m. pl...[K after + -īng-s.]
1. The last milk drawn in milking; strippings.


afterings
It were only yesterday as she aimed her leg right at tº
pail wi't' afterings in; she knowed it were afterings as
erungs
well as any Christian. Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xv.
2}. Figuratively, remaining dregs; concluding
incidents or events.
These are the . . . afterings of Christ's sufferings,
& af Bp. Hall, jº,O. 36,
aftermath (after-mâth), n. [K after + math.]
A second mowing º: from the same land in
the same season. so called lattermath, rowen,
or rowett, and in some places, when left iong OIL
the ground, fog.
So by many a sweep
Of meadow smooth from aftermath we reach'd
The griffin-guarded gates. Tennyson, Audley Court.
To reap an aftermath
Of youth's vainglorious weeds.
g Lowell, Comm. Ode.
aftermost (àf’tér-möst), a. superl. [KME. after-
mest, eftemest, KAS. aftemest, aftemyst = Goth.
aftwinists, the last, superl, of aftuma, the last, it-
self a superl., Kaf. (see after) + -tu-ma, a double
superl, suffix associated with the compar. Suffix
-tá-ra, AS. and E. -ter, as in after, q.v. In af-
termost the r is inserted in imitation of after,
and -mest is changed to -most in imitation of
most, superl. of more, q.v. So foremost, hind-
most, in most, outmost, etc.: see -most.] Hind-
most; mawt., nearest the stern: opposed to fore-
ſmOSt. fittie used exceptinthenautical sense.]
afterness (āf'tér-nes), m. [K after, a., + -ness.]
The state of being or coming after.
afternoon (āf-têr-nón"), m. and a... [KME. after-
non, orig. prep. phr, after none: see after, prep;,
and moon. #. m. That part of the day which
extends from noon to evening.
II. a. Pertaining to the after part of the day:
as, afternoon shadows.
afternoon-ladies (äf’tèr-nón-lā’diz), m.pl. [Cf.
F. belle de nuit, lit. the beauty of night.] In
bot., a species of the four-o'clock, Mirabilis Ja-
lapa or M. longiflora: so called from its flow-
ers opening only toward evening. Also called
marvel of Peru. *
after-note (àf’tèr-nót), n. In music, a grace-
note or embellishment appended to a principal
note and taking its time from the latter; one
or more small notes that are not appoggiaturas,
but belong to the preceding note.
after-pains (after-pânz), ii. pl. The uterime
pains which occur in childbirth after the ex-
pulsion of the child º
and the afterbirth.
afterpiece (àf ‘tér-
pês), n. A short dra-
matic entertainment
performed after the
principal play.
after-rake (àf’tér-
rāk), n. [K after +
ºrake..] . Naut, that
part of the hull of a
Vessel which over-
hangs the after end
of the keel.
aftershaft (äf’tér-
shäft), n. [A tr. of
the term hyporachis,
coined by Nitzsch,
who used it for the
whole of a supple-
mentary feather, as
Feather from Argus Pheasant.
a, d, main stem; d, calamus; a,
rachis: @, £, c, Yanes, cut away on
right side in order not to interfere
described below; § º, ić. the º:
and this usage is ºw"***
customary. Later
Sundevall restricted hyporachis, and conse-
uently aftershaft, to the shaft alone of such a
eather, the whole of which he called hypopti-
lum.] in orniii. (a) A supplementary feather
growing out of a feather; the hypoptilum.
The after-shaft, when well developed, is like a duplicate
in miniature of the main feather, from the stem of which
it springs, at junction of calamus with rhachis, close by the
umbilicus. Cowes, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 84.
b) The shaft of such a supplementary feather.
so called hyporachis.
aftershafted (äf’tér-shāf’ted), a. Having
aftershafts: as, “plumage after-shafted,” Coues,
Yey to N. A. Birds.
afterthought (af'tér-thät), m. 1. A later or
second thought.—2. Reflection after an act;
some consideration that occurs to one's mind
too late, or after the performance of the act to
which it refers.
After-thought, and idle care,
And doubts of motley hue, and dark despair.
Dryden, Fables.
Christianity is not an afterthought of God, but a fore-
thought. Bushnell, Nat, and the Supernat., p. 31.
105
afterthoughted (after-thé/ted), a. Having
afterthoughts. B. Taylor
glor. -
after-wale (àf’tèr-wāl), n. Insaddlery, the body
of a collar; the portion against which the
hames bear.
afterward, afterwards (āf’tér-wärd, -wardz),
adv. B. afterward, also in the rare gen.
form afterwardes, KAS. afterweard, adj., be-
hind, Kafter, adv., + -weard, XE. -ward, toward.]
In later or subsequent time; subsequently.
In mathematics, when once a proposition has been
demonstrated, it is never afterwards contested.
- Macaulay, Von Ranke.
after-wise (àf’tèr-wiz), a. [K after + wisel.]
Wise after the event; wise when it is too late;
after-witted.
There are such as we may call the after-wise, who, when
any project fails, foresaw all the inconveniences that
would arise from it, though they kept their thoughts to
themselves. daigon.
after-wit (àf’tér-wit), n. Wisdom that comes
after the event.
After-wits are dearly bought,
Let thy fore-wit guide thy thought. Southwell.
After-wit, like bankrupts’ debts, stands tallied,
Without all possibilities of payment.
I'ord, Broken Heart, iv. 1.
after-witted (äf’tér-wit'ed), a. Characterized
by after-wit; circumspect when it is too late.
Our fashions of eating make us slothfull and unlusty to
labour, . . . after-witted (as we call it), uncircumspect, in-
considerate, heady, rash. ymdale, On Mat. vi.
attate (äft'gāt), m. Same as tail-gate. See
OCAE.
aft-mealf (Āft’mél), m. A meal accessory to the
principal meal, as dessert to dinner; a subse-
quent or late meal.
At aft-meales who shall paye for the wine 7
Thymme, Debate, p. 49.
aftmost (äft/möst), a. superl. [K aft + -most.]
Nawt., situated nearest the stern.
aftward, aftwards (äftſwärd, -wardz), adv. [K
aft + -ward, -wards.] Naut., toward the stern
or hinder part of a vessel.
ag-. Assimilated form of Latin ad- before g.
See ad-.
Ag. [Abbrev. of L. argentum, silver.] In chem.,
the symbol for silver.
A. G. An abbreviation of adjutant-general.
aga (à'gā or à"gâ), m. [K Turk. agha, a great
lord, commander, K Tatar aha (Mahn).] 1. A
title formerly given to great chiefs in Turkey,
and especially to the commander-in-chief of
the janizaries.
There came a vast body of dragoons, of different nations,
under the leading of Harvey, their great aga. -
Swift, Battle of Books.
2. A title of respect given to village magmates
and petty gentlemen in Turkey.
He did not care for a monk, and not much for an agou-
memos; but he felt small in the presence of a mighty
Turkish aga. R. Curzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 375.
Also spelled agha.
agabanee (ag-a-bä(né), n. A cotton fabric em-
broidered with silk, made in Aleppo.
agacella (ag-a-Sel’ā), n. [A quasi-Latin form
of algazel, q.v.] In her., an antelope, or a
tiger with horns and hoofs.
agada, agadic, etc. Same as haggada, etc.
again (a-gen', a -gān"), adv., prép., and conj.
[The usual pron. a-gen’ is that of the spelling
agen, which is still occasionally used, esp. in
poetry; the pron, a-gān’ follows the usual spell-
ing again. The ME. forms were numerous (of
various types, agen, again, ayen, ayaim, ayam,
etc.), namely, agen, again, agein, agaym, ageym,
ogain (and with final -e, againe, etc.), ayen,
ayein, ayeyn, etc., a 36m, a3ain, a3éin, 036im, etc.,
earlier angem, on 3ein, KAS. ongegm, omgen, on-
gedin, later āgén, ägedin (= OS. angegin = OHG.
ingagan, ingegin, ingageme, ingegane, M.H.G. in-
gegene, engegene, engegem, G. emtgegen = Icel.
fgegn (for "in gegn) = Dan. igjen = Sw. igen),
adv. and prep., K on- for an- (in G. and Scand.
$n-), orig. and-, again, back, -í- *gegm, gedin, in
comp. gegm-, geagn-, gedin-, over against: see
a-5, gain.1, and gain-. Cf. against..] I. adv.
. Of motion or direction: Back; in the oppo-
site direction; to or toward a former or the
original position; to the same place or person:
often strengthened with back.
He nyste whethir hym was moste fayn,
For to fyghte or turne agaym.
Rich. Coer de Lion, l. 5299 (in Weber, Metr. Rom., II.).
On Marie I prayd them take good hede,
To that I cam agame. Towneley Mysteries, p. 78.
Bring us word again by what way We must go up.
Deut. i. 22.
against
I have pursued mine enemies, and destroyed them; and
turned not again till I had consumed them. g
2 Sam. xxii. 38.
2. Of action: Back; in return; in reply, re-
sponse, answer, echo.
Do good, and lend, hoping for nothing again.
Luke vi. 35.
Who art thou that answerest again? Rom. ix. 20.
All Israel shouted with a great shout, so that the earth
rang again. 1 Sam. iv. 5.
I knit my hand-kercher about your brow8; . . .
And I did never ask it you again. Shak., K. John, iv. 1.
He laughed till the glasses on the sideboard rang again.
- Dickens, Pickwick, I. 261.
3. Of action or fact as related to time, or of
time simply: Once more; in addition; another
time; anew: marking repetition— (a) Of action
or existence: as, to do anything again; he had
to make it all over again.
I will not again curse the ground any more, . . . neither
will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have
done. Gen. wifi. 21.
If a man die, shall he live again? Job xiv. 14.
Quicken the Past to life again.
Whittier, The Norseman.
(b) Of number or quantity: only in the phrases
as much or as many again (= twice as much or
as many), half as much again (= once and a
half as much), etc. (c) Of kind or character:
marking resemblance.
There is not in the world again such a spring and semi-
nary of brave military people as in England, Scotland, and
Ireland. Bacom.
4. Of succession of thought: Once more; in
continuation; in an additional case or instance;
moreover; besides (marking transition); on the
other hand (marking contrast).
Again, there is sprung up
An heretic, an arch one, Cranmer.
Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
He was sometimes sad, and sometimes again profusely
merry. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 49.
Again and again, often ; with frequent repetition.
Goodbooks should be read again and again, and thought
about, talked about, considered and re-considered.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 323.
Now and again, now and then ; occasionally.—Once
and again, repeatedly.
The effects of which he had once and again experienced.
Brougham.
To and again, to and fro; backward and forward.
[The adverb again was much used in Middle English, and
less frequently in Anglo-Saxon, in loose composition with
verbs or verbal derivatives, as equivalent to, and gener-
ally as an express translation of, the Latin prefix re-, as in
again-fight (L. re-pugmare), again-rising (L. re-surrectio),
again-bwy (L. red-imere), again-stand (L. re-sistere); or of
Latin contra-, as again-say (L. contra-dicere), etc.; being
in this use variable with gain-, q.v. Only a few such com-
pounds are entered below.}
II.f prep. Against.
Ageym another hethen in Turkye.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., I. 66.
[Again, prep., was formerly in use in all the senses of
against by which in literary use it has been displaced. It
is still common in dialectal speech, pronounced agen or
agin: as, I have nothing agin him.]
III.f conj. Against the time that : like
against, conj. [In this use now only dialectal.]
Bid your fellows
Get all their flails ready again. I come.
B. Jomsom, Every Man out of his Humour, i. 1.
againbuyt (a-gen’bi), v. t. [KME. agen-, ayen-
byen, etc.; a lit. tr. of L. redimere, redeem: see
Tedeem.] To redeem.
We hopeden that he should have againbought Israel.
Wyclif, Luke xxiv. 21.
againrising? (a-gen'ri’zing), m. [K ME. agen-,
ayen-rising, etc., often transposed, rising agen,
etc.; a lit. tr. of L. resurrectio.] Resurrection.
The again rising of deede men. Wyclif, Rom. i. 4.
againsawi (a-gen’sä), m. [K ME. again-saw,
-Sagh, etc., Kagain + saw, a saying: see Saw8.]
Contradiction; gainsaying.
againsay? (a-gen'sä), v. t. [K ME. agen-, ayen-
seyen, etc., K agen-, ayen-, etc., + -Seyen, -Seggen,
etc., a lit. tr. of L. contradicere: see contradict.
Now gainsay, q.v.] Obsolete form of gainsay.
against (a-genst', a -gānst’), prep. and conj.
[In pron. and form like again + -st; KME. agenst,
agaymst, ageymst, ageymeSt, etc., ayenst, agenst,
agenest, etc., with added t, as in betwixt, whilst,
etc., the earlier forms being agens, agenes,
agains, agayms, ageins, ageymes, etc., ayens,
ayeins, ayemis, agenes, ageines, ageymes, etc.,
With adverbial gen. ending -es, K again, agen,
ayen, etc.; see again. Cf. ÁS. to-gednes, simi-
larly formed, with prefix tê-, to..] I. prep. 1.
Of motion or direction: In an opposite direc-
tion to, so as to meet; (a) toward; (b) upon:

against
as, to strike against a rock; the rain beats
against the window; to ride against the wind,
Agayms his daughter hastilich goth he.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, l. 911.
The birds against the April wind
Flew northward, singing as they flew,
Whittier, What the Birds Said.
2. Of position: (a) In an opposite position;
directly opposite; in front of: in this sense
often preceded by over: as, a ship is against
the mouth of a river.
[Aaron] lighted the lamps thereof over against the can-
dlestick. Num, viii. 3.
(b) In contact with; bearing upon: as, to lean
against a wall; in optical contact with (some-
thing behind); athwart: as, the ship loomed
up dark and grim against the sky.
He saw
High up in heaven the hall that Merlin built,
I3]ackening against the dead-green stripes of even.
- Tennyson, Pelleas and Ettarre.
3. Of action or purpose: (a) In opposition to ;
in contrariety to ; adverse or hostile to : as,
twenty votes against ten; against law, reason,
or public opinion.
His hand will be against every man. Gen. xvi. 12.
When a scandalous story is believed against one, there
certainly is no comfort like the consciousness of having
deserved it. Sheridam, School for Scandal, iv. 3.
(b) In resistance to or defense from ; as pro-
tection against burglars, cold, fire, etc.; to warn
one against danger; the public are cautioned
against pickpockets.
As if the man had fixed his face,
In many a solitary place,
Against the wind and open sky |
Wordsworth, Peter Bell, i. 26.
(c) In provision for; in preparation for; in an-
ticipation of ; with reference to.
Against the day of my burying hath she kept this.
John xii. 7.
It was now high time to retire and take refreshment
against the fatigues of the following day.
Goldsmith, Vicar, iii.
(d) In exchange for; in return for; as a bal-
ange to: as, an exporter draws against mer-
chändise shipped.
Vavasours subdivide again to vassals, exchanging land
and cattle, human or otherwise, against fealty.
Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 28.
Against the grain. See grain l.—Against the Sun, in a
direction contrary to the apparent movement of the sun.
—Against time, (a) Literally, in competition. With time:
as, a match or a race against time, that is, With the effort
to finish before the close of a given time.
I always felt as if I was riding a race against time.
Dickens.
(b) For the purpose of consuming time: as, he talked
against time, that is, merely to gain time, a method some-
times adopted by members of legislative and deliberative
assemblies who desire to defeat some measure or motion
by lapse of time, or to gain time for supporters to assem-
ble.— To be against, to be unfavorable to ; as, the bid is
against you, that is, in favor of some other bidder.—To
bear against, to bristle against, to go against, etc.
See these verbs.--To run against, to meet accidentally.
II. conj. (by ellipsis). Against the time that;
by the time that; before: as, be ready against
I get back. [Now only colloq. or dial.]
Throw on another log of wood against father comes
home. I)ickens, Pickwick.
againstandi (a-gen'stand), v. t. [KME. agein-,
agen-standem, -stondem, KAS. àgén-, onged n-stam-
dam : see again and Stand.] To stand against;
withstand; oppose.
againwardt, adv. [ME. agayn-, 43ain-, ayen-
ward, etc.; K again + -ward.] Backward;
back again. Chaucer.—2. In return; back.
Sir T. More.—3. Again; once more.—4. Con-
versely; vice versa. Spenser.—5. On the con-
trary; on the other hand. Sir T. More.
agalactia (ag-a-lak’ti-á), m. [NL., KGr. 6Ya'ak-
7ta, want of milk, Kāyā%aktog, wanting milk: see
agalactous.] In pathol., a deficiency of milk in
, a mother after childbirth. Also called agalaay.
A s )
agalactous (ag-a-lak’tus),a. ...[K Gr, àyážakTog,
wanting milk, K &- priv. H. Yáža (ya%akt-) = L.
lac (lact-), milk.] Characterized by agalactia.
Syd. Soc. Ler.
agal-agal (ä'gal-ā'gal), m. º
agalaxy (ag'a-lak-si), n. Less correct form of
agalactid. y
Agalena (ag-a-lé’ nä), n. [NL., K. Gr. - priv.
+ ya%ffvn, repose, calmness, tranquillity: in al-
lusion to the spider's restlessness.] A genus
of true spiders, founded by Walckenaer, giving
name to the family Agalenida!. A. labyrinthica is
a pretty British species which spins its Web upon herbage.
Usually written, incorrectly, Agelema. e
agalenid (ag-a-ló ‘mid), n. A spider of the
family Aqalemidae.
Agalenidae (ag-a-lé'mi-dé), n., pl., [NL.; K 49a-
lena + -idae.] A family of tubitelarian spiders,
Same as agar-agar.
* 106
typified by the genus Agalena, of the order
Araneae. They have an oblong cephalothorax, with the
large cephalic region distinct, and the upper mammillae
larger than the lower. The species are numerous, and 13
genera have been admitted for those of Europe. Among
them are some of the most familiar spiders which spin
tubular Webs.
agalloch (a-gal’ok), n. Same as agallochum.
agallochum (a-gal'č-kum), n. [NL., KGr. 6Yáž.
Wojtov (Dioscorides), not, as stated in Liddell
and Scott's Lexicon, the bitter aloe, but the
fragrant wood also called in later times ºv/a^67,
in NL. transposed Aloëxylon (another genus),
translated lignum aloës, E. lign-aloes, q.v.; of
eastern origin: cf. Heb. akhālūm, masc. pl., from
a sing. akhāl, Hind. aghil, Skt. agwru, agalloch,
aloes-wood. See aloe.] A fragrant wood, the
aloes or lign-aloes of the Scriptures. It is much
used by the Orientals, and especially by the Chinese, as in-
cense in their religious ceremonies. It is the produce of
Aquilaria Agallocha, a large tree which grows in the
mountains of Cochin-China, Assam, and adjoining regions,
and which belongs to the family Thymelaeaceae. Portions
of the trunk and branches become saturated with a dark
aromatic resin, and these alone are used in the prepara-
tion of incense. The resin is sometimes extracted by dis-
tillation or infusion. The wood is also called calambac,
aloes-wood, and agila-, agal-, or eaglewood. See eagle-
wood.
agalma (a-galºmä), n, ; pl. agalmata (-ma-tá).
[NL., K. Gr. &ya%pia, a delight, honor, a pleasing
gift, esp. to the gods, a statue, any image or work
of art, K &yá2%éoffat, take delight in, āyāWAetv,
honor, glorify.] 1. In law, the impression orim-
age of anything upon a seal.—2. In Gr. antiq., a
votive offering to a deity, especially a statue, but
also a painting or any other art-object. See
etymology of amathema.—3. [cap.] In 206!.,
a genus of physophorous oceanic hydroids, the
type of the family Agalmidae. Eschscholtz, 1829.
agalmatolite (ag-al-mat/3-lit), n. [K Gr. Öya%-
pla(T-), image, -F Affog, stone..] A soft stone, of
a grayish or greenish color, found in China and
elsewhere. It can be cut with a knife and polished,
and in China is thus formed into works of art, as grotesque
figures, pagodas, etc. It belongs in part to the mineral
pimite, and in part to pyrophyllite and steatite. Also
called figure-stone, lardstone, bildstein, and pagodite.
Agalmidae (a-gal/mi-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Agalma
+ -idae.] A family of physophorous siphonoph-
orous hydrozoans, having a greatly elongated
and spirally twisted stem, the swimming-col-
umn with two or more rows of nectocalyces,
and hydrophyllia and tentacles present.
Agalmopsis (a-gal-mop’sis), n. [NL., KAgalma
+ 3 plc, appearance.] A genus of Agalmidae
resembling Agalma, having deciduous hydro-
phyllia replaced by nectocalyces, a saccule and
an involucre, a terminal filament and no vesicle.
Sars, 1846.
agalwood (ag’al-wud), n. [See eaglewood.]
Same as agallochum.
Agamal (ag'a-mâ), m. [NL., from Dutch
Guiana agamá.] 1. A genus of small saurian
reptiles, typical of the family Agamidae.—2.
l. c.] member or species of the genus
Agama, or of closely related genera: with a
plural, agamas (-māz).
Agama” (ag'a-mâ), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
agamus: see agamous.] The agamous division
of mollusks. Latreille, 1825. See agamous, 2.
Agama” (ag'a-mê), m. pl. [NL. (Sc. planta),
fem. pl. of agamºus: see agamous.]... A name
given by some authors to the large division of
cryptogamic plants, which were formerly Sup-
posed to be without distinctions of sex.
agami (ag'a-mi), m. [F. agamy (1741), now
agami, from Galibi (Guiana) agamy..] A.
grallatorial bird,
Psophia crepitans,
a native of South
America, often
called the golden-
breastedtrumpet-
er. . . It is in body of
the size of a pheasant;
it runs with great
speed, but flies poorly
is easily tamed, and
becomes as docile and
attached to man as a
dog. See Psophiidae.
agamian] (a-gā’-
mi-an), a. and n.
[=F. agamien, K
NL. Agamal.] I.
a. Pertaining or
belonging to the
Agamidae.
II. m. A mem-
A-
agamoid
agamian” (a-gā’mi-àn), a. [As agamic +
-i-an.] Same as agamic.
agamic (a-gam'ik), a. [KGr. Öyahog, unmarried
(see agamous), + -ić.] 1. Asexual: in 206l.,
º: to reproduction without the congress
of individuals of opposite sexes, as by fission,
budding, or parthenogenesis; used also of
ova capable of germination without impregna-
tion. The word is of general application to asexual
reproduction, but has some special applicability to the
phenomena of alternate generation or discontinuous de-
velopment which may intervene in ordinary sexual re-
production. Opposed to gamic. See agamogenesis.
The agamic reproduction of insects and other animals.
W. B. Carpenter, in Corr. of Forces, p. 425.
The agamic ova may certainly be produced, and give rise
to embryos, without impregnation.
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 250.
2. In bot., of or pertaining to the Agama or
Cryptogams. e
agamically (a-gam’i-kal-i), adv.
or asexual manmer; asexually. &
agamid (ag'a-mid), m. A lizard of the family
Agamidae. -
Agamidae (a-gami-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAgama”
+ -idae.] A family of saurian reptiles, order
Lacertilia, superfamily Agamoidea. They are char-
acterized by having a short, thick tongue, entire (that is,
uncleft) or nearly so, and not extensible ; small rhombic
overlapping ventral scales; a long tail; round pupil, and
In an agamic
Agazma brachyatra.
eyes provided with lids. The family is very closely re-
lated to the Iguanidoe, but the dentition is acrodont, not
pleurodont. It is named from the leading genus, Agama
(or Amphibolurus), but contains several others, among
them Draco. D. volans is the so-called flying lizard. The
family is divided into Agaminae and Draconimoe.
Agaminae (ag-a-mi'né), m. pl. . . [K. Agamal H
-ina..] A subfamily of agamoid lizards with
no wing-like lateral expansions, a mouth of
moderate size, and small conical incisors. It
embraces about 70 species, inhabiting Asia,
Africa, and Australasia.
agamine (ag'a-min), n. A lizard of the Sub-
family Agaminaº.
agamist (ag'a-mist), n. IK Gr. Öyapoc, unmar-
ried (see againous), + -ist.] One who does not
marry; one who refuses to marry; one who op-
poses the institution of marriage.
Agamists and wilful rejecters of matrimony.
oace, Book of Martyrs.
agamogenesis (ag'a-mö-jenſe-sis), n. [K Gr.
āyaplog, unmarried (see agamous), + y&veolç, pro-
duction.] Non-sexual reproduction. (a) In 206l.,
the production of young without the congress of the sexes,
one of the phenomena of alternate generation; partheno-
genesis: Opposed to gamogenesis.
Agamogenesis is of frequent occurrence among insects,
and occurs under two extreme forms; in the One, the
parent is a perfect female, while the germs have all the
morphological characters of eggs, and to this the term
parthenogenesis ought to be restricted. In the other, the
parent has incomplete female genitalia, and the germs
have not the ordinary characters of insect eggs.
Huacley, Amat. Invert., p. 383.
º In bot., natural reproduction by buds, offshoots, cell-
ivision, etc. § was e tº
agamogenetic (ag'a-mö-jā-net'ik), a. [Kaga-
mogenesis, after genetic, q.v.] Of or pertaining
to agamogenesis; produced without the con-
gress of the sexes.
All known agamogenetic processes . . .
plete return to the primitive stock.
Hwæley, Lay Sermons, p. 312.
agamogenetically (ag'a-mö-jênet’i-kāli), adv.
In an agamogenetic manner; by or with asex-
ual generation.
In most Discophora, the embryo becomes a fixed actin-
ula, . . . multiplies agamogenetically by budding, and
gives rise to permanent colonies of Hydriform polyps.
Huacley, Amat. Invert., p. 133.
agamoid (ag'a-moid), a. and m. . [KAgama”. F
-oid, q.v.] I. a. In 206l., pertaining to or re-
sembling the Agamida, or Agamoidea.
II. m. A lizard of the family Agamidab or Su-
perfamily Agamoidea.
ber of the famil
Agamidae (whic
see).
Agami, or Trumpeter (Psophia,
crepitans).
end in a com-





Agamoidea
Agamoidea (ag-a-moi" dé-á), n. pl. [NL., K
Agamal + -oidea.j Tºšáriº
lacertilians, having concavo-convex vertebrae,
clavicles not dilated proximally, and no post-
orbital or jºi arches. The
group comprises the families Agamidae, Iguanidae, Xeno-
&auridae, Zonuridae, and Anguidae. See cuts under Aga-
'midae and Iguana.
agamous &ºmus), a. [K NL. agamus, K. Gr.
āyaplog, without marriage, unmarried, Kå- priv.
Yápoc, marriage.] 1. In bot., same as agamic.
–2. In 206l., having no distinguishable sexual
organs. See agamic, 1. [Rare.]
The molluscan race are divided into two branches, the
phanerogamous and the agamous or cryptogamic.
Johnston, Introd. to Conchol.
agamy (ag'a-mi), n. IK Gr. &Yaſuta, Kāyapoc; see
agamous.
marriage, or rejection or non-recognition of the
requirement of marriage in the relation of the
º ionic ( li 'ik) [K Gr. 6
aganglloń1C (a -gang-gll-On , 0. • 0.
tº: (a-18) + gangliomic.] Characterized by
the absence of ganglia.
agapae, m. Plural of agape”.
Agâpanthus (ag-à-panthus), ºn. [NL., & Gr.
āyātm, love (see agape?), + &v6og, flower.] A
name applied by florists to plants of the lilia-
ceous genus Tulbaghia. The species are peren-
nial herbs from southern Africa, with strap-shaped radical
leaves and large umbels of bright-blue flowers. They have
been long in cultivation.
agapel (a-gāp' or a-gāp’), prep. phr. as adv. or a.
[Ka3+ gape.] ith the mouth wide open; in
an attitude of Wonder, expectation, or eager at-
tention. - ..
Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape.
Milton, P. L., v. 357.
A fledgeling priest,
Beginning life . . . with callow beak
Agape for luck. Browning, Ring and Book, I. 61.
agape? (ag'a-pê), n. ; pl. agapat (-pê). [L., K
gºº.g.love, charity in the abstract sense;
dyatrāv, to love, treat with affection.] 1. A meal
Agape, or Love-feast. (From Roller’s “Catacombes de Rome.”)
partaken of in common by the primitive Chris-
tians, originally in connection with the Lord's
Supper. It was made the occasion of offerings for the
90r, and closed with devotional exercises, including the
iss of love. According to late usage, agapae were also as-
sociated with weddings, funerals, anniversaries of martyr-
doms, and the dedication of churches. The loss of their
original character and the growth of abuses led to the pro-
hibition of them in church buildings, and in the fourth cen-
tury to their separation from the ford's supper and their
gradual discontinuance. Vestiges of the practice, however,
remained as late as the Council of Basle in the fifteenth
century, and customs historically derived from it are still
observed by some denominations. See love-feast.
May God speed the universal pentecost and agape of
his one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church.
Schaff, Christ and Christianity, p. 20.
2. [cap.] [NL.] In 206l., a genus of lepidop-
terous insects.
Agapemone (ag-a-pen'3-nē), n. [Irreg. K. Gr.
āyātm, love (see agape”), + pová, a staying, a
stopping-place, dwelling, Kuévetv, stay, remain:
see remain.]. Literally, the abode of love;
specifically, the name of an association of men
and women established at Charlynch, Somerset-
shire, England, in 1846, under the direction of
the Rev. Henry James Prince, the members of
which lived on a common fund.
Agapemonian, Agapemonite (ag'a-pe-mö'ni-
an, ag-a-penn'º-nit), n. An inmate of the Aga-
pemoné (which see).
agapetae (ag-a-pé’té), n, pl. [LL., KGr. §yarnrat,
fem, pl. of āyatničg, beiðved, verbal adj. of dya-
Tāv, to love..] A title given in the early ages
of the church to virgins who dwelt, in a state of
so-called spiritual love, with monks and others
professing celibacy. This intercourse occa-
sioned scandal, and was condemned by the
Lateran Council in 1139. *g
ºhelin; (a-gaf-e-li'né), m. pl. . [NL., KAga-
phelus + -ina..] A subfamily of finner whales,
family Balaenopteridae, having the skin of the
throat not plicated and no dorsal fin."
Non-marriage; abstention from .
107
Agapheluş (a gaf'e-lus), n. ... [NL., K. Gr. &Yav,
A. much, + 6 pe2%g, smooth. These wháies
lack the usual folds or plaits of the throat.]
The typical genus of the subfamily Agaphelinae.
A. gibbogus is the scrag-whale. E.I). Cope, 1868.
agaphite (ag'à-fit), n. . [So named by Fischer
in 1816; KAgaphi, a naturalist who visited the
regions in Persia where the turquoise is found,
+ -ite?..] A name sometimes given to the tur-
guoise, more especially to the fine blue variety.
Agapornis (ag-a-pôr'nis), n. [NL., KGr. &yárm,
love (see agape?), + 6putſ, a bird.] A genus of
º ..º.
Love-birds (Agaporntz's cana).
small African parrots, including the love-birds,
Sometimes made the type of a subfamily Aga-
pornithinae. P. J. Selby, 1836. See love-bird.
agart, n. Same as acker”, eager2. Sir T. Browne.
agar-agar (ā’går-ā'gār), n. [Malay agar-āgar.]
An Eastern name of Ceylon moss or Bengal
isinglass, consisting of dried seaweed of sev-
eral species, such as Gracilaria lichenoides,
Eucheung spinosum, etc. It is used for soups
*and solidifying culture media. See gelose,
re £ * A :
âgaric (ag'āºrik or a-gar'ik), m. and a... [K L.
agaricum, K. Gr. &yaptków, a sort of tree-fungus
used as tinder, named, according to Dioscori-
des, from the country of the Agari, in Sarmatia,
where this fungus abounded.] I. m. A fungus
of the genus Agaricus. Among the old herbalists the
name had a wider range, including the corky fungi grow-
ing on trunks of trees, like the “female agaric,” Polyporus
officinalis, to which the word was originally applied, and
which is still known as agaric in the materia medica. See
Agaricus, Boletus, and Polyporus.—Agaric-gnat, a dip-
terous insect of the family Mycetophilidae (which see).
II. a. Of or pertaining to agarics; fungoid.—
aric mineral, a very soft and light variety of calcite or
cium carbonate. It is generally pure white, found chiefly
in the clefts of rocks and at the bottom of some lakes in 4:
a loose or semi-indurated form resembling a fungus. The
name is also applied to a stone of loose consistence found
in Tuscany, of which bricks may be made so light as to
float in water, and of which the ancients are supposed to
have made their floating bricks. It is a hydrated silicate
of magnesium, mixed with lime, alumina, and a small
quantity of iron. Also called mountain-milk and mown-
tain-meal. tº a tº
Agaricia (ag-a-ris’i-á), n. [NL., K. Agaricus, q.
v.] A genus of aporose sclerodermatous stone-
corals, of the family Fungidae, or mushroom-
corals. Lamarck, 1801.
agariciform (a-gar’i-si-fôrm), a. [KNL. Aga-
Ticus, agaric, -H L. formis, K forma, form.]
Mushroom-shaped.
agaricin (a-gar’i-sin), m. [K agaric + -in?..] A
white crystalline substance obtained from the
white agaric, Polyporus officinalis.
Agaricini (a-gar-i-Si’ni), n. #. [NL., KAga-
ticus...] An order of fungi having the fruit-
bearing surface arranged in radiating gills, as
in the mushrooms and toadstools.
agaricoid (a-gar’i-koid), a. Of the nature of
an agaric ; mushroom-like.
Agaricus (a-gar’i-kus), m. [NL., masc., K. L.
agaricum, prop. Ineut. adj.: see agaric..] A large
Common Mushroom (Agaricus campestris).
Agarista (ag-a-ris(tā), n.
Agastreas (a-gas' tré-É), m. pl.
Agastrica (a-gas' tri-kä), m. pl.
agate
and important genus of fungi, characterized by
having a fleshy cap or pileus, and a number of
radiatingP. or gills on which are produced
the naked spores. The name is now applied by Sac-
cardo to a group of species closely related to the common
edible mushroom, A. campestris. The spores are brown
and the gills free from the stem, which is furnished with
an annulus or ring. About eighty species are described.
They grow upon the ground, some preferring open fields,
others woodland, and are distributed throughout the
world. Most of the species are edible. See mushroom.
[NL.] The typical
genus of the family Agaristidae. Leach.
Agaristidae (ag-a-ris’ti-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Aga-
'rista + -idae.] A family of heterocerous lepi-
dopterous insects, or moths, typified by the
genus Agarista.
agast?, v. t. [K ME. agasten, pp. agast: see
aghast, gast, ghost.] 1. To frighten; terrify:
usually in past participle agast, now written
aghast (which see).
Or other grisly thing that him aghast.
Spenser, F. Q., I. ix. 21.
2. Reflexively, to be terrified.
The rynges on the temple dore that honge,
And eek the dores, clatereden ful faste,
Of which Arcita Somwhat hym agaste.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 2424.
[NL. : see Agas-
tria.] A term proposed in 1874 by Huxley as
a provisional designation of one of two divisions
of metazoic animals (the other being Gastreas),
by which the orders Cestoidea and Acantho-
cephala, which have no alimentary canal or
proper digestive cavity, are contrasted with
all other Metazoa. Jour. Linn. Soc., XII. 226.
Some alterations in this scheme have since been made;
. . . the Agastreac are relegated, the Cestoidea to Trema-
toda and Acanthocephala to the Nematoidea.
Pascoe, Zoël. Class., p. 4.
Agastria (a-gas' tri-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. 6-
priv. H. Yaothp, stomach..] A term of no exact
signification in modern biology, but formerly
employed to designate certain low organisms
which have no proper digestive cavity. Also
called Agastrica. -
agastric (a-gas' trik), a. [K Gr. 6- priv. -- Yao-
thp, stomach: see gastric..] Without a stomach
or proper intestinal canal, as the tapeworm.
Same as Agas-
tria.
agate1 (a-gāt’), prep. phr. as adv. [K ME. on
gate : on, E. aš, on ; gate, E. gate?, way: see
gate? and gait..] On the way; going; agoing;
in motion : as, “set him agate again,” Lingua,
iii. 6; “set the bells agate,” Cotgrave. [Old
and prov. Eng. and Scotch..]
agate” (ag'āt), m. [Early mod. E. aggat, ag-
get, aggot, aggott, agat, agot, agath (= D. agaat
= Sw. Dan. agat), KOF. agate, later “agathe,
an agate’’ (Cot-
grave), mod. F.
agate = Pr. aga-
thes, achates=Sp. ;
Pg. It. agata = {#. %
MHG. G. achat,
KL. achates, K. Gr.
ãxátmg, an agate:
so called, accord-
ing to Pliny, be-
cause first found
near the river
Axátnç, in Sicily.]
1. A variety of quartz which is peculiar in
consisting of bands or layers of various colors
blended together. It is essentially a variegated chal-
cedony, but some of the bands may consist of other varie-
ties of quartz, for the most part cryptocrystalline. The
varied manner in which these materials are arranged causes
the agate when polished to assume characteristic differ-
ences of appearance, and thus certain varieties are distin-
guished, as ribbon-agate, fortification-agate, zone-agate,
star-agate, moss-agate, clouded agate, etc. See also cut
under concentric. Agate is found chiefly in trap-rocks
and serpentime, often in the form of nodules, called ge-
odes. It is esteemed the least valuable of the precious
stones. Agates are cut and polished in large quantities
at Oberstein in Oldenburg, Germany, where also artificial
means are used to produce striking varieties of color in
these stones. In Scotland also they are cut and polished,
under the name of Scotch pebbles. They are used for rings,
seals, cups, beads, boxes, handles of small utensils, bur-
nishers, pestles and mortars, and, in delicate mechanism,
as bearing-surfaces, pivots, and the knife-edges of weigh-
ing apparatus. In Shakspere agate is a symbol of little-
ness or smallness, from the little figures cut in these stones
when set in rings.
I was never manned with an agate till now.
Shalc., 2 Hen. IV., i. 2.
2. A draw-plate used by gold-wire drawers,
named from the piece of agate through which
the eye is drilled.—3. In printing, type of a size
between pearl and nonpareil, giving about 160
Agate, polished, showing banded
Structure.





agate
lines to the foot. It is used chiefly in news-
papers. In Great Britain it is known as ruby.
This line is printed in agate.
4. An instrument used by bookbinders for pol-
ishing; a burnisher. McElrath, Com. Dict.—
5. A child’s playing-marble made of agate, or
of glass in imitation of agate.
agate-glass (ag’ât-glas), m. A variegated glass
made by melting together waste pieces of col-
ored glass.
agate-shell (ag'āt-shel), n. A popular name
of certain large shells of the genus Achatina
(which see).
agate-snail (ag'āt-Smål), m.
genus Achatina (which see).
agate-ware (ag'āt-wār), n. 1. Pottery mottled
and veined in imitation of agate.—2. A variety
of enameled iron or steel household Ware.
Agathis (ag'a-this), m. [NL., KGr. &Yaffic, a
ball of thread..] 1. In bot., the name given by
Salisbury in 1807 to the genus Dammara, named
by Rumphius (pub. 1741).-2. In coöl., a genus
of ichneumon-flies, of the family Braconidae.
Latreille, 1804. º
agathism (ag'a-thizm), n. IK Gr. Öyadéc, good,
-ism..] The doctrine that all things tend to-
ward ultimate good.
agathist (ag'a-thist), n. IK Gr. &yabóc, good, +
—ist.] One who holds the doctrine of agathism.
agathocacological (ag'a-tho-kak'?-loj’i-kal),
(l. Gr. ayatóg, good, H Kakóc, bad, -Woyia
(-Woylkóg), K2.Éyetv, speak: see -ology.] Com-
posed of good and evil; pertaining to both good
and evil. Southey, Doctor, I. 120.
âgathodamon (ag'a-tho-dé'mgn), n. [K Gr.
âyatodaigov, prop. written separately āyadèg
ðaipov : āyadóg, good; Öaiutov, spirit, demon:
see demon.] Å good genius or spirit; a male
divinity corresponding to the female Agathe
Tyche, or Good Fortune. At Athens, and elsewhere
in ancient Greece, it was customary at the end of a meal
to pour out in his honor a libation of pure wine,
agathoda monic (ag'a-thé-dò-mon'ik), a. [K
#r. ayatodaipov: see agathodamom and demonic.]
Relating to or of the nature of an agathodas-
mon; pertaining to an agathodamon.
agathopoietic (ag'a-tho-poi-et'ik), a. [Prop.
agathopoeetic or -poetic, K Gr, dyadoſtoleiv, do
good, K dyadóg, good, + Toteiv, do: see poetic.]
Intended to do good; benevolent. Bentham.
[Rare.] &
Agathosma (ag-a-thoz'mâ), m. [NL. (Willde-
now, 1809), K. Gr. ayatóg, good, + bou%, smell.]
An untenable name for Hartogia, a genus of
South African heath-like shrubs of the family
Jºutaceae. It is closely related to the genus Parapeta-
lifera, from which the heavy-scented drug buchºw is ob-
tained. See Barosma and Hartogia (in Supplement).
[K agate2 +
Containing or
A species of the
agatiferous (ag-à-tif’e º 0.
-i-ſerous, K L. ferre = E. bearl.]
producing agates. Craig.
agatiform (ag ’ā-ti-fôrm), a. . [K agate? -H -i-
form, K. L. forma, form.] aving the form of
an agate; resembling an agate in appearance.
agatine (ag'à-tim), a... [K agate” + -īnel.] Per-
taining to or resembling agate.
agatize (ag'à-tiz), v. t. ; Prºf. and pp. agatized,
ppr. agatizing. [K agate? -- -ize.] To change
into agate. Also spelled agatise.—Agatized
wood, siliciſed wood in the form of agate.
agaty (ag'à-ti), a... [Kagate” + -ly.] Of the na-
ture of or resembling agate : as, “an agaty
*flint,” Woodward.
* Wł
Agave (a-gā’vé), m. [NL. § !.
K. Gr. Öyavà, noble, use ğ.
also as a proper name, §º
Ayavſ, L. Agawe, Agave; §§ §
fem. of āyavāg, noble, * ( §.
illustrious, akin to Yately § §§
be proud, rejoice, an ºp
to L. gaudium, joy.] |
|
*
genus of North American
amaryllidaceous plants,
with about 150 species, |
chiefly Mexican. They are |
acaulescent or nearly 80, of slow |
growth, often large, consisting of
a dense cluster of rigid fleshy
leaves, which are spine-tipped
and usually spinosely toothed.
The best-known species is the
century-plant, or American aloe
A. Americana, first introduce
from Mexico into Europe in 1561 º
and now frequently cultivated 4% ( \|N
for ornament, as are also various gy# AN.
other species. It lives many
years, 10 to 50 or more, before &:::::::::-
flowering, whence the name
...tºian.” Ai nºurity": “ºff”
A poterica?ta),
× .-.
age (āj), m.
108
throws up rapidly fromits center a tall scape bearing a large
compound inflorescence, and dies after perfecting its fruit.
It is extensively cultivated in Mexico under the name of
'maguey, and is put to many uses. The sap, obtained in
abundance from the plant when the flowering stem is just
ready to burst forth, produces when fermented a beverage
resembling cider, called by the Mexicans pulque. An ex-
tract of the leaves is used as a substitute for soap, and the
flower-stem, when Withered, is cut .# into slices to form
razor-strops. The leaves of nearly all the species yield a
more or less valuable fiber, which is made into thread and
ropes and has been used in the manufacture of paper. Sisal
hemp, orhenequin, is the product of A. rigèdè, and is ex-
ported in large quantities from Yucatan. A West Indian
species, A., Keratto, closely resembling A. Americana,
ields the keratto fiber. A. Virginica, of the southern
mited States, known as false aloe, belongs to a group of
species with less rigid leaves and with the solitary flowers
in a ..". spike. I d [K ME
agaze (à-gāz'), prep. phr. as adv, or a. wº
{; gase, E. gaze.] On the gaze;
y
a gase: a, E. a
in a gazing attitude.
agazedł (8-gāzd’), p. a. [KME. agased; prob.
same as agast, modified toward gaze: see agast,
aghast, and gaze. The examples cited below
are the only ones found..] Aghast; astonished.
The [they] were so sore agased.
Chester Plays, ii. 85,
Whereatt this dreadful conquerour
Thereatt was sore aſſazed.
Percy's Folio MSS. (ed. Hales and Furnivall), iii. 154
As ankered faste my spirites doe all resorte
To stand agazed, and sink in more and more.
Surrey, Songes and Sonnettes (1557).
Of understanding rob'd, I stand agaz'd. (1600.)
In E. Farr's Select Poetry (1845), II, 438, (N.E. D.)
The French exclaim’d, The devil was in armes;
All the whole army stood agaz'd on him.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 1.
[KME. age, later sometimes, in OF.
spelling; aege, eage, aage, KOF. aage, eage, ear-
lier edage, F. dge = Pr: atge, KML. “actaticum,
KL, asta (t-)s, age (> OF. ae), a contr. of earlier
acvita(t-)s, which reappears in ML. in the sense
of eternity (cf. aeternus, eternal: see etermal
and etermity), Kavum, OL. aevom = Gr. atów
(*at Fóv), a period of existence, an age, a life-
time, a long space of time, etermity (see alom,
com), – Goth. aiws, an age, eternity (acc. aiw,
used adverbially, ever, with neg., mi aiw, never),
= AS. à = Icel. ei, E. aye, ever, = AS. āºw, ſº,
life, custom, law, marriage: see ayl, aye!..]
1. The length of time during which a being or
thing has existed; length of life or existence to
the time spoken of ; period or stage of life in
the history of an individual existence, animate
or inanimate : as, his age is twenty years; he
died at the age of eighty; at your age you
should know better; a tree or a building of un-
known age ; to live to a great age ; old age.
Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age.
Luke iii. 23.
2. Duration of existence, specifically or gener-
ally; the lifetime of an individual, or of the in-
dividuals of a class or species on an average :
as, the age of the horse is from twenty-five to
thirty years.
What fame is left for human deeds
In endless age # Tennyson, In Mem., lxxiii.
The ages of the patriarchs before the flood have been a
subject of critical dispute. Am. Cyc., I. 181.
3. A period of human life usually marked by
a certain stage of physical or mental develop-
ment; especially, a degree of development, ap-
proximately , or presumptively measured by
years from birth, which involves responsibility
to law and capacity to act with legal effect: as,
the age of discretion or of maturity (the former
technically occurring some years prior to the
latter, about the age offourteen). More specifically,
of age, full age, or lawful age designates the attainment of
majority, or that period when the general disabilities of in-,
fancy cease. It is fixed by the law of England and of most of
the United States at 21 (in some States at 18 for females), but
in Germany and some other European states at 24 or 25. At
common law one is of full age the first instant of the begin-
ning of the day before the 21st anniversary of one's birth.
Other periods are fixed for special purposes: thus, the age
of consent for marriage was fixed by the common law at 14
for males and 12 for females, not as being a marriageable
age in the ordinary sense of being a suitable age for mar-
riage, but as being the age after which one contracting mar-
riage could not justly repudiate its obligations on the mere
ground of youth. For the purposes of consent which will
preclude clarges of abduction and the like, the age of con-
sent has been flked in some jurisdictions at 16. Up to the
age of 7 a child is conclusively presumed to be incapable
of criminal intent; from 7 to 14 (in some jurisdictions 12)
it is presumed to be incapable of such intent, but the con-
trary may be proved ; over that age it is presumed to be
capable of such intent. At 12 the capacity to take the oath
of allegiance begins, Tho age of discretion, in the sense
in which the term is used in the law of infancy, is 14, after
which the child's wishes as to the choice of a guardian are
consulted (sometimes called the age of election); and the
entire period before the age of 14 is called the age of mur-
ture, The age at which testamentary capacity begins in
most of the United States is 21, With exceptions, many al-
age
lowing a younger age for wills of personal property, and
also for females or for married women,
He is of age, ask him. - John ix. 21.
4. The particular period of life at which one be-
comes naturally or conventionally qualified or
disqualified for anything: as, at 46 s. man is
over age and cannot be enlisted; under age for
the presidency; eanonical age (which see, be-
low).
Sara . . . was delivered of a child when she was past
age. Heb. xi. 11.
5. Specifically, old age (see 1); the latter part
of life or of long-continued existence; the lapse
of time, especially as affecting a person's physi-
cal or mental powers; the state of being old;
oldness.
The eyes of Israel were dim for age. Gen. xlviii. 10.
Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale
Her infinite variety. Shak., A. and C., ii. 2.
6. An aged person, or old people collectively.
And age in love loves not to have years told.
ak., Sonnets, cKxxviii.
7. One of the periods or stages of development
into which human life may be divided; time of
life: as, life is divided into four ages, infancy,
youth, manhood or womanhood, and old age.
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits, and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
Just at the age 'twixt boy and youth,
When thought is speech and speech is truth.
Scott, Marmion, Int, to ii.
8. A particular period of history, as distin-
guished from others; a historical epoch: as, the
golden age; the age of heroes; the age of Peri-
cles; the dramatists of the Elizabethan age.
See ages in mythology and history, below.
Intent on her, who, rapt in glorious dreams,
The second-sight of some Astroean age,
Sat compass'd with professors.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
Our nineteenth century is the age of tools.
Emersom, Works and Days.
9. In geol., a great period of the history of the
earth, . 㺠by the development of
some particular phase of organic life or of phys-
ical condition: as, the age of reptiles; the age of
ice. In Dana's scheme of classification, the Silurian is
the age of invertebrates, the Devonian the age of fishes,
the Mesozoic the age of reptiles, the Tertiary the age of
mammals, and the Quaternary the age of man.
10. The people who live at a particular period;
hence, a generation or a succession of gene-
rations: as, ages yet unborn.—11. [Cf. L. Saº-
culum, an age, a century: see secular.] A cen-
tury; the period of one hundred years, as in
the phrases dark ages, middle ages, etc.
IIenry . . . justly and candidly apologizes for these five
ages. EIallam.
12. A great length of time; a protracted period:
as, I have not seen you for an age.
13. In the game of poker, the eldest hand, or
the first player to the left of the dealer who is
obliged to put up a blind, and, as compensa-
tion, is given the privilege of having the last
Say as to whether or not he will bet.—Age of
acrogens. See acrogen.-Age of the moon, the time
elapsed since her last conjunction with the sun.-Ages in
mythology and history, particular periods in the life
of mankind distinguished by bearing specific names. The
most tºpº of these periods are: (a) The poetic di-
vision of human existence into the golden, silver, heroic
§.º. omitted), brazen, and iron ages, accredited to
Iesiod (about the eighth century B. C.), who regarded the
people of the different ages as constituting distinct races
Successively replacing each other. See extract. The terms
are still in use, especially golden age, which is applied to
the culminating or most brilliant epoch of any portion of
history or department of activity: as, the seventeenth
century was the golden age of the drama; the nineteenth
century is the golden age of invention; the golden age of
a country's power or prosperity.
The golden age [of Hesiod], synchronous with the reign
of Saturn, was a period of patriarchal simplicity, when
the earth yielded its fruits spontaneously and Spring was
eternal; the silver age, governed by Jupiter, was a law-
less time, in which the seasons were first divided, agricul-
ture took its rise, and men began to hold property in
land; the brazen age, or reign of Neptune, was an epoch
of war and violence; in the heroic age (omitted by Ovid)
the world began to aspire toward better things; and in
the iron or Plutonian age, in which Hesiod believed him-
self to be living, justice and piety had disappeared from
the earth. Am. Cyc., I. 185.
(b) The dark ages, a period of European history, begin-
ning with or shortly before the fall of the Roman £mpire
of the West (A. D. 476), marked by a general decline of
learning and civilization. It was introduced by the great
influx of barbarians into western Europe in the fourth
and fifth centuries known as the wandering of the na-
tions, and is reckoned by Hallam as extending to the
eleventh century, when a general revival of wealth, man-
ners, taste, and learning began, and by others to the time

age
of Dante in the thirteenth century, or later. (c) The mid-
dle ages, a period of about a thousand years, between
the close of what is technically considered ancient hig-
tory and the first definite movements in Europe of the
distinctively modern spirit of freedom and enterprise. Its
beginning is synchronous with that of the dark ages, and
it is variously reckoned as extending to the fall of Con-
stantinople (1453), the invention of printing, the Renais-
sance, of the discovery of America, in the fifteenth cen-
tury, or to the Reformation, in the early part of the
sixteenth. º The feudal ages, a B.º. of the middle
ages, marked by the prevalence of feudal institutions and
of the spirit of chivalry, extending from their nearly uni-
versal establishment in the tenth century to their decline
in the sixteenth.-Archaeological ages or periods, the
stone age, the bronze age, and the iron age, these, námes
Implements of the Stone Age.
r, saw-edged flint knife; 2, crescent-shaped flint knife;
4, flint flake-knife; 5, harpoon-head of flint; 6, flint
# * *
being given in accordance with the materials employed
for weapons, implements, etc., during the particular pe-
riod. Properly speaking, these three terms are applicable
to the archaeology of the old world only. They are, how-
ever, often used in a more general sense, without refer-
ence to this limitation. In such cases the word age has
no reference to chronology, but simply denotes the stage
at which a people has arrived in its progress toward
civilization. Thus there are tribes yet in their stone age.
Neither do the more primitive implements necessarily
disappear wholly on the appearance of those of a more
advanced stage. The stone age has been subdivided into
two divisions, the paleolithic and the neolithic (see these
Words). The former applies to the times previous to
the present geological period.—Canonical age. (a) In
the Rom. Cath. Ch., that age fixed by the church at which
her subjects incur, or become capable of assuming, special
obligations, states of life, etc., or of enjoying special priv-
ileges and dignities. Thus, the obligation of fasting begins
at twenty-one; profession by religious vows is made only
after the age of sixteen; and to become a bishop one should
have completed his thirtieth year. The age of reason is
that at which a child becomes morally responsible, sup-
posed, in the majority of cases, to be about seven. (b) In
Anglican churches, the age at which a man may be or-
dained to any one of the three grades of the ministry.—
Dark ages. See above.-Fabulous #. See fabulous.
ºlº ages. See above, 9.-Middle ages. See
above.—The age of a horse, in racing and trotting rules,
is reckoned from January 1st of the year of foaling. Other
dates, as May-day, were formerly used. =Syn. Era, Period,
#etc. (see epoch), date; years, eon, cycle. º
age (āj), v.; pret, and pp. aged, ppr. aging. [K
E. agen, agym, Kage, n.] I, intrams. To grow
old; assume the appearance of old age: as, he
ages rapidly.
I am aging ; that is, I have a whitish, or rather a light-
coloured hair here and there. Landor.
II. trans. To make old; cause to grow or
to seem old; produce the effect of age upon;
bring to maturity or to a state fit for use; give
the character of age or ripeness to : as, to age
wine, clay, etc.
-age. [K ME. -age, K OF. -age, mod. F. -age =
Pr. -atge = Sp. -age= It, -aggio, and –atico, K L.
-āticum, a noun Suffix, Orig. Ineut. Of -āticus, adj.
suffix. For º See Savage, voyage, etc.]
A noun suffix of French, ultimately of Latim
origin. Frequent in words taken from the French, as
language, savage, voyage, pottage, baggage, etc., it has
come to be a common Dnglish formative, forming, º from
names of things, collective nouns, as Jrwitage, leafage,
baggage, etc.; (b) from personal terms, nouns denoting
condition, office, rank, service, fee, etc., as bondage, parson-
age, porterage, etc.; (c) from verbs, nouns expressing va-
rious relations, as breakage, cleavage, postage, steerage, etc.
aged (ā'ied, sometimes àjd), & a. . [ME. aged
agyd; Kage, v., +-ed?..] 1. Old; having lived
or existed long; having reached an advanced
period of life: ās, an aged man; an aged oak.
Shall aged men, like aged trees,
Strike deeper their vile root, and closer cling,
Still more enamour'd of their wretched soil? .
Yowng, Night Thoughts, iv. 111.
(In running races, a horse is said to be aged (pron. Ājd)
when he is more than seven years old.]
2. Of the age of: as, a man aged forty years.-
3. Pertaining to or characteristic of old age.
These bitter tears, which now you See
Filling the aged wrinkles in my cheeks. & e
Shak, Tit. And, iii. 1.
=Syn, 1. Aged, Elderly, Old, Ancient. Old is the general
word for being near to the natural end, or, having nearly
reached the usual period, of life: as, a cat is old at twelve
years. Elderly is father old, beginning to be old. , 4ged is
very old, Ancient is so old as to seem to belong to a past
age. (See other comparisons under ancient.)
Yºr * * * * * º
agency (ā'ien-si), m.; pl. agencies (-siz).
109
The aged man that coffers up his gold
Is plagu'd with cramps and gouts and painful fits.
- Shale., Lucrece, 1.855.
It is a great misfortune to us of the more elderly sort,
that we were bred to the constant use of words in English
children's books, which were without meaning for us and
only mystified us. O. W. IIolmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 172.
- You are old ;
Nature in you stands on the very verge
Of her confine. Shak., Lear, ii. 4.
Change “The Ancient Mariner” to “The Old Sailor,”
and you throw the mind into a mood utterly inharmonious
with the tone of Coleridge's wonderful poem.
A. S. IIill, Rhetoric.
agedly (ā’jed-li), adv. Like an aged person.
agedness (äſjed-nes), n. The state or condition
of being old; oldness.
Custom without truth is but agedness of error.
Milton, Iteform. of Church Discipline, i. 26.
agee (a-jö'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. Same as
affee.
ageing, n. See aging.
Agelaeinae (aj'e-lé-i'né), m. pl. [NL., KAge-
law8 + -inac.] A subfamily of American oscine
Marsh-Blackbird (.4 gelarus tricolor).
Fº birds of the family Icteridae. It is re-
ated to the conirostral Fringillidae, or finches, less nearly
to the crows, Corvidae, and to some extent it replaces and
represents in America the old-world Sturmidae, or star-
lings. The subfamily includes the marsh-blackbirds of the
genus Ageloeus, as the common red-winged blackbird of
the United States, A. phoenicews; the yellow-headed black-
bird, Xanthocephalus icterocephalus ; the cow-bird, Molo-
thrus ater; the bobolink, Dolichonya oryzivorus; and nu-
merous related species, chiefly of the warmer parts of
America. Less correctly written Aqclaimae. y
Agelaeus (aj-e-lé’us), n. [NL., K. Gr, àyežaioc,
belonging to a herd, gregarious, K dyé%m, a herd
(L. grey), K. Čyetv, drive.] The typical genus
of blackbirds of the subfamily Agelaeina ; the
marsh-blackbirds. There are several species, such as
A. phoenicews, the common red-winged marsh-blackbird
of the United States, and A. tricolor of California. Also
spelled Agelaiºs, as originally by Vieillot, IS16.
agelast (º 'e-last), m. [K Gr. Öyé%aotoc, not
laughing,
yežáv, laugh..] One who never laughs. [Rare.]
Men whom Rabelais would have called agelasts, or non-
laughers. London Times, Feb. 5, 1877. (N. E. D.)
Agelena, Agelenidae. See Agalena, Agalenidae,
ageless (ājºles), a. [K age, n., + -less.] Without
age; without definite limits of existence.
agemina (a-jem’i-nā), m. Same as a2zimina.
agen (a-gen’), adv., prep., and conj. An old
spelling of again, still occasionally used.
Borne far asunder by the tides of men,
Like adamant and steel they meet agen.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., i.
[= F.
agence, K. M.L. agentia, K. L. agen(t-)s, ppr. of
agere, act: see agent.] 1. The state of being
in action or of exerting power; action; opera-
tion; instrumentality.
The agency of providence in the natural world.
Woodward, Pref. to ESS. toward Nat. Hist. of Earth.
For the first three or four centuries we know next to
nothing of the course by which Christianity moved, and
the events through which its agency was developed.
e Quincey, Essenes, i.
2. A mode of exerting power; a means of pro-
ducing effects.
But although the introduction of a fluid as an Agent ex-
plains nothing, the fluid as an Agency—i.e., its hydrody-
namic laws — explains much.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. § 92.
Opinion is the agency through which character adapts
external arrangements to itself.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 517.
3. The office of agent or factor; the business
of an agent intrusted with the concerns of
another: as, the principal pays the charges of
agency.—4. The place of business of an agent.
In the United States, frequently used in the sense of an
Indian agency, an office or settiement in or near the res.
ervation of an Indian tribe, at which resides an Indian
agent of the government, charged with the interests of the
tribe and the care of the relations of the government to it:
as, the Pawnee agency.—Free agency. See free.
agenesia (aj-e-né’ si-á), n.
agenesic (aj-e-nes 'ik), a.
Agenia (a-je-ni’ā), n.
agennesia (aj-e-mé'si-á), m.
agennesic (aj-e-nes'ik), a.
agennesis (aj-e-né'sis), m.
y wº g” agennetic (aj-e-net'ik), a.
ô- priv. H. YekaoTóc, verbal adj. of met-) + -ic.] Characterized by sterility; unpro-
Aductive; agennesic: as, an agennetic period.
agent (ā'ient), a. and m.
$ agent
agend; (3/jend), n., Same as agendum (c).
agendum (a-jen” dum), n. ; pl. agenda (-dà).
[L., something to be ãone, neut. of agendus,
gerundive of agere, do: see agent, act.]. A
thing to be done: usually in the plural, things
to be done; duties. Specifically—(a) Items of busi-
ness to be brought before a committee, council, board, etc.,
as things to be done. (b) Matters of practice, as opposed
to credenda, or matters of belief.
The moral and religious credenda and agenda of any
good man. Coleridge.
Especially—(cf) Matters of ecclesiastical practice; ritual
or liturgy. (d) As a collective singular, a memorandum-
book. [Rare in all uses.]
[NL.] Same as
agenesis.
[K agenesis + -ic.]
Pertaining to or characterized by agenesis.
agenesis (a-jen’e-sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. --
Yévêqug, generation.] In physiol., any anomaly
of organization consisting in the absence or
imperfect development of parts. Also called
agenesia. [Rare.] -
[NL., K. Gr. &yévelog,
peardless, Ká- priv. -- yévetov, beard, Kyévvg =
E. chin..] In entom., a genus of hymenopterous
spider-wasps, of the family Pompiliidae, charac-
Agezzia bombyciºta (Cresson).
a, cell constructed by the wasp ; b, female wasp.
shows natural size.)
(The vertical line
terized by having smooth legs. The females build
curious mud cells under logs or under the bark of trees,
provisioning them with spiders.
[NL.] Same as
agennesis.
[K agennesis + -ic.]
Sharacterized by sterility or impotence; per-
taining to agennesis.
[NL., K. Gr. - priv.
+ y&vvmouc, engendering, Kyevvāv, engender.] In
med., want of reproductive power in either sex;
impotence of the male or sterility of the female.
Also called agennesia. [Rare.]
[K agennesis (agen-
[K L. agen (t-)s, ppr.
of agere, drive, lead, conduct, manage, per-
form, do, = Gr. Öyetv, lead, conduct, do, + Icel.
aka, drive, - Skt. Vaj, drive: see act, etc., and
cf. ake, achel, acre.] I. a. Acting: opposed
to patient in the sense of sustaining action.
[Rare.]
The force of imagination upon the body agent.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 902.
Agent intellect. See intellect.
II. m. [K F. agent, KML. agen (t-)s, a deputy,
attorney, factor, etc., substantive use of L.
agen (t-)s, ppr. of agere: see above..] 1. An
active cause; an efficient cause; one who or
that which acts or has the power to act: as, a
moral agent; many insects are agents of fertil-
ization. In phus., heat, light, and electricity are called
agents, in order to avoid hypothesis with regard to their
nature. In chem. and med., whatever produces a chemical
or medical effect is called an agent.
Heaven made us agents free to good or ill,
And forc'd it not, though he foresaw the will.
Dryden, Cock and Fox, l. 538.
To say that man is a free agent is no more than to say
that, in some instances, he is truly an agent and a cause,
and is not merely acted upon as a passive instrument. On
the contrary, to say that he acts from necessity is to say
that he does not act at all, that he is no agent, and that,
for anything we know, there is only one agent in the uni-
verse, who does everything that is done, whether it be
good or ill. Ikeid.
Thro' many agents making strong,
Matures the individual form.
Tennyson, Love thou thy Land.
2. A person acting on behalf of another, called
his principal; a representative; a deputy, fac-
tor, Substitute, or attorney. Often abbreviated
to agt. In law, agent implies a kind of service in which
the one serving has some discretion as to the manner of
accomplishing the object.



agent
The house in Leadenhall street is nothing more than a
change for their agents, factors, and deputies to meet in,
to take care of their affairs, and to support their interests.
Burke.
In the evening arrived. . . . one of the three agents of
the Ohio connpany, sent to complete the negotiations for
Western lands. Bancroft, Hist, Const., II. 110.
3. An official: as, an agent of police.—Agent
and patient, in law, a person who is both the doer of a
thing and the party to whom it is done; thus, when a
person who owes money to another dies and makes the
Creditor his executor, the latter may retain out of the
estate as much as satisfies his claim, and is thus said to be
agent and patient. [Rare.]—Agent of truancy, the name
given to a class of officers or º: serving under the
local school authorities in several cities of New York State,
to enforce the provisions of the Compulsory Education
Act, requiring the attendance of children at school.—
Catalytic agent. See catalytic.—Crown agent. See
crown.—First agent, an agent not incited by another.
—General agent, an agent whose authority, though it
may be linited to a particular trade or business, and a par-
ticular place, is general in respect to extending to all acts
of a kind ordinarily involved in the matters in question.
—Morbific agent, in med., a cause of disease.—Thera-
peutic agent, in med., a substance, as for example mor-
phine, or a form of motion, as heat or electricity, used in
treating disease.—Voluntary or free agent, one who
may do or not do any action, and has the conscious per-
ception that his actions result from the exercise of his own
will. See free.
agential (ā-jen’shal), a. [KML. agentia, agency,
L. agen(t)s: sée agent.] Pertaining to an
agent or to an agency.
agentship (ä’jent-ship), n. The office of an
agent; agency. Beau. and I'l.
age-prayer (āj^prār), m. [K age + prayer, after
aw L. abtatis precatio, a plea of age, or actatem
precari, plead age, AF. age prier : see age and
pray.] In early Eng. law, a suggestion of non-
age, made in a real action to which an infant
was a party, with a request that the proceedings
be stayed until the infant should come of age.
Also called plea of parol demurrer. Stimson.
ager (ā’īér), m. [L., = E. acre, q.v.] In civi
law, a field; generally, a portion of land in-
closed by definite boundaries.
agerasia (aj-É-rā‘si-á), m. [NL., Englished age-
Tasy, K. Gr. Öympaota, eternal youth, Köyńpatoc, dyā-
paog, àyńpog, not growing old: see Ageratum.]
A green old age; freshness and vigor of mind
and body late in life. [Rare.]
agerasy (aj'é-rå-si), n. Same as agerasia.
eratum (a-jer'a-tum), m. [NL.; also, as L.,
ageraton, K. Gr. dyńparov, an aromatic plant, per-
haps yarrow or milfoil, Achilled ageratum; prop.
neut. of āyńparog, āyāpaoº, âyñpog, not growin
old, undecaying, Kó- priv. -H yipaç, old age.
A genus of herbaceous composite plants, all
American and chiefly tropical, nearly allied to
Eupatorium. A. conyzoides (A. Mexicanum) is a well-
known flower-border annual, with dense lavender-blue
heads, which keep their color long.
Ageronia (aj-à-ró'mi-á), n. [NL.] A genus of
American butterflies of the family Nymphal-
idae. A. (Amphichlora) formaa, occurs in the
southwestern part of the United States.
ageusia, ageusis (a-gū’ si-á, -sis), n. [NL.]
ame as agettstia.
ageustia (a-güs’ti-á), n. ...[NL., K. Gr. 6)evoſſa,
a fasting, Köyevotog, fasting, not tasting, Kó-
priv., not, + Yevgróg, verbal adj. of yeweaflat,
taste, akin to L. gustus, taste: see gust?..]
med., a defect or loss of taste, occurring in
colds and fevers, or arising from nervous dis-
©3,862.
aggatt, m. Obsolete spelling of agate?.
aggelation? (aj-e-lâ'sh9n), m. . [K M.L. aggela-
tio(m-), K. L. ad, to, + gelare, freeze: see con-
geal.] Congelation; freezing. , Sir T. Browne.
aggeneration? (a-jen-º-ra'shgn), n. [K L. ag-
generare, adgenerare, beget additionally, Kad,
to, + generare, beget: see generate.] The act of
generating or producing in addition. N. E. D.
agger (aj’ér), n. [L., a pile, heap, mound, dike,
mole, pier, etc., K aggerere, adgerere, bring to-
gether, Kad, to, + gerere, carry..] 1. In Rom.
antiq., an earthwork or any artificial mound or
rampart, as, in I&ome, the agger of Servius Tul-
lius.—2. A Roman road or military Way, so
called because these roads were raised in the
middle to turn water to the sides.
aggeratet (aj'e-rät), v. t. [KL. aggeratus, pp.
of aggeräre, adgeräre, form an agger or heap
heap up, K agger: see agger. Cf. exaggeratºj
To heap up. Bailey.
aggeration? (aj-e-rá’ shon), m.
accumulation: as, “aggerations of sand,” Ray,
Diss. of World, v. § 1.
agº (aj’º-rös), a. .."; as if "aggerosus,
agger: See agger.] heaps; formed in
heaps. Dana.
l agglomeration (a-glom-e-Tâ’shgn), n.
[K L. aggera- A glutinate tongue. & º Aº º was ſº tº
tio(n-), Kaggeräré: see aggerate.] A heaping; àgglutinating (a-glö (ti-nā-ting), p
110
aggesti (a-jest’), v. t. [K L. aggestus, pp. of
aggerere, adgerere, bring together: see agger.]
To heap up. :
The violence of the waters aggested the earth.
Fuller, Čhurch Hist, Ded, of blº. 9.
aggett, aggetti, n. Obsolete spellings of agate?.
agglomerate (a-glom’º-rät), v.; pret, and pp.
agglomerated, ppr. agglomérating. [K L. ag-
glomeratus, pp. of agglomérare, adglomerare
wind into a ball, Kad, to, + glomerare, win
into a ball, K glomus (glomer-), a ball, akin to
globus, a ball: see globe. Cf. conglomerate.] I.
trans. To collect or gather into a mass.
In one agglomerated cluster hung.
Young, Night Thoughts, ix. 1911.
There is to an American something richly artificial and
scenic, as it were, in the way these colossal dwellings are
packed together in their steep streets, in the depths of
their little enclosed, ºfflººd city.
H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 261.
II. intrams. To gather, grow, or collect into
a ball or mass: as,
Thomson, Seasons, Autumn, l. 766.
agglomerate (a-glom’º-rát), a. and n. IKL.
agglomeratus, pp.; see the verb.] I. a. Gathered
into a ball or mass; piled together; specifically,
in bot, crowded into a dense cluster, but not
cohering. * *
II. n. 1. A fortuitous mass or assemblage
of things; an agglomeration.—2. In geol., an
accumulation of materials made up chiefly of
large blocks “Auddled together in a pell-mell
way, without regard to size, shape, or weight.”
A. H. Green. The word is used almost exclusively for
very coarse volcanic breccias which remain in craters and
volcanic necks as the last product of explosive volcanism.
See breccia and conglomerate. g tº e
agglomeratic (a-glom-e-rat'ik), a. Pertaining
to or having the nature of an *.
tº [K L.
agglomeratio(n-), K agglomerare : see agglome-
Tate, v.] The act of agglomerating or the
state of being agglomerated; the state of gath-
ering or being gathered into a mass.
By an undiscerning agglomeration of facts he [Berkeley]
convinced numbers in his own day, and he has had be-
lievers in Ireland almost to our day, that tar-water could
cure all manner of diseases. McCosh, Berkeley, p. 83.
2. That which is agglomerated; a collection; a
heap; any mass, assemblage, or cluster formed
by mere juxtaposition.
The charming coteau which . . . faces the towns—a
soft agglomeration of gardens, vineyards, scattered villas,
gables and turrets of slate-roofed châteaux, terraces with
gray balustrades, moss-grown walls draped in scarlet Vir-
ginia Creeper. H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 9.
agglomerative (a-glom’e-rá-tiv), a. Having a
tendency to agglomerate or gather together.
Taylor [is] eminently discursive, accumulative, and (to
use one of his own words) agglomerative.
jºr & Coleridge, Poems, etc. (1817), p. 139.
agglutinant (a-glö’ti-nant), a. and n. [K L.
agglutinan(t)s, ppr. of agglutinare: see agglu-
timate, v.] I. a. Uniting as glue; tending to
cause adhesion.
Something strengthening and agglutimant.
Gray, Works (1825), II. 192.
II. m. Any viscous substance which agglu-
tinates or unites other substances by causing
adhesion; any application which causes bodies
Ato adhere together.
agglutinate (a-glö’ti-nāt), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
agglutinated, ppr. agglutinating. [KL. aggluti-
natus, pp. of agglutinare, adglutinare, paste to,
Kad, to, + glutinare, paste, Kgluten, paste, glue:
see gluten and glue.] To unite or cause to ad-
here, as with glue or other viscous substance;
unite by causing an adhesion.
agglutinate (a-glö'ti-nāt), a, [KL. agglutinatus,
pp.; see the verb.] . United as by glue; char-
acterized by adherence or incorporation of dis-
tinct parts or elements: as, an agglutimate lan-
guage. (See below.) In bot., grown together: equiva.
lent to accrete: applied also to fungi that are firmly attached
to the matrix. Sometimes written adglutimate.—Agglu-
tinate languages, languages exhibiting an inferior de-
gree of integration in the elements of their words, or of
unification of words, the suffixes and prefixes retaining a
certain independence of one another and of the root or
stem to which they are added: opposed to inflective or
inflectional languages, in which the separate identity of
stem and ending is more often fully lost, and the original
agglutination even comes to be replaced by an internal
change in the root or stem. But the distinction is of little
scientific value. Turkish is a favorite example of an ag-
. a. In
philol., characterized by agglutination; agglu-
timate (which see).
The natives [of the southern islands of the Fuegian
Archipelago] . . . speak an #jº. language, cur-
rent from the middle of Beagle passage to the southern-
most islands about Cape Horn. Science, III. 168.
“hard, agglomerating salts,” Ation.
Yºr aggrandizement
agglutination (a-glö-ti-nā’shgn), n. [=F. ag-
glutination; Kagglutinate, v.] i.Theaòof unit-
ing by glue or other tenacious substance; the
state of being thus united; adhesion of parts;
that which is united; a mass or group cemented
together.--2. In plvilol., the condition of being
agglutinate; the process or result of aggluti:
nate combination. See agglutinate, a.
In the Aryan languages the modifications of words, com-
prised under declension and conjugation, were likewise
originally expressed by agglutination. But the component
parts began soon to coalesce, so as to form one integral
word, liable in its turn to phonetic corruption to such an
extent that it became impossible after a time to decide
which was the root and which the modificatory element.
Maac Müller.
Immediate agglutination, in surg, union of the parts
of a wound by the first intention (see intentiom), as distin-
guished from mediate agglutination, which is secured
through the interposition of some substance, as lint, be-
tween the lips of the wound. In
agº. (a-glö-ti-nā’shgn-ist), n.
philol., an adherent to the theory of agglutina-
Šee agglutimate, a. Encyc. Brit., . 272.
agglutinative (a-glö’ti-nā-tiv), a. 1. Tending
or having power to agglutinate or unite; hav-
ing power to cause adhesion: as, an agglutina-
tive substance.—2. In philol., exhibiting or
characterized by the formative process known
as agglutination; agglutinate (which see): as,
an agglutinative language.
Their fundamental common characteristic is that they
[the Scythian languages] follow what is styled an agglu-
timative type of structure. That is to say, the elements out
of which their words are formed are loosely put together,
instead of being closely compacted, or fused into one.
Whitney, Lang, and Study of Lang., p. 316.
aggrace? (a-gräs'), v. t... [Kag--F grace, v.; sug-
gested by OF. agracher, agrachier = It. aggra-
2čare, formerly aggratiare, K ML. aggratiare,
show grace to, K L. ad, to, + gratia, grace.] 1.
To show grace or favor to. Spenser.—2. To
add grace to, or make graceful.
And, that which all faire workes doth most aggrace,
The art, which all that Wrought, appeared in no place.
Spenser, F. Q., II, xii. 58.
aggrace? (a-gräs'), m. Kindness; favor.
aggrade (a-grãd’), v. t. [K L. ad, to, + gradus,
*step. Cf. degrade.] In geol., to grade up ; fill
up; the opposite of degrade or wear away.
aggrandisable, aggrandisation, etc. See ag-
grandizable, etc.
aggrandizable (agºran-di-za-bl), a. [Kaggran-
dize + -able.] Capable of being aggrandized.
Also spelled aggrandisable.
aggrandization (a-gran-di-Zā’shgn), n. The
act of aggrandizing, or the condition or state
of being aggrandized. Also spelled aggrandi-
sation.
No part of the body will consume by the aggrandization,
of the other, but all motions will be orderly, and a just
distribution be to all parts.
Waterhouse, Fortescue, p. 197.
aggrandize (agºran-diz), v.; pret. and pp. ag-
grandized, ppr. aggrandizing. [K F. aggrandiss-,
extended stem of “aggrandir, to greaten, aug-
ment, enlarge,” etc. (Cotgrave), now agrandir:-
It. aggrandire, enlarge, K. L. ad, to, + grandire,
increase, K grandis, large, great : see grand.]
I. trans. 1. To make great or greater in power,
wealth, rank, or honor; exalt: as, to aggrandize
a family.
The Stoics identified man with God, for the purpose of
glorifying man —the Neoplatonists for the §.” of ag-
grandising God. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 345.
2}. To magnify or exaggerate.
If we trust to fame and reports, these may proceed . . .
from small matters aggrandized. t
Wollaston, Religion of Nature, § 5.
3. To widen in scope; increase in size or in-
tensity; enlarge; extend; elevate.
These furnish us with glorious springs and mediums to
raise and aggrandize our conceptions.
Watts, Improvement of Mind.
Covetous death bereaved us all,
To aggrandize one funeral.
Emerson, Threnody.
iº. 1. To honor, dignify, advance, elevate, give lus-
I tº O,
II, intrans. To grow or become greater.
[Rare.]
Follies, continued till old age, do aggrandize and be-
come horrid. John Hail, Pref. to Poems.
Also spelled aggrandise.
aggrandizement (agºran-diz-ment or a-gran’-
iz-ment), n. IK F. “aggrandissement, a grant-
ing, enlarging, encrease, also preferment, ad-
vancement” (Cotgrave), now agrandissement:
see aggrandize and -ment.] The act of aggran-
dizing; the state of being exalted in power,
rank, or honor; exaltation; enlargement: as,
the emperor seeks only the aggrandizement of
his own family. Also spelled aggrandisement.
aggrandizement
Survival of the fittest will determine whether such spe-
cially favourable conditions result in the aggrandisemen.
of the individual or in the multiplication of the race.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 359.
= Syn, Augmentation, advancement, elevation; prefer-
ment, promotion exaltation.
aggrandizer (agºranºdi-zēr), m. One who ag-
º: or exalts in power, rank, or honor.
so spelled aggrandiser.
; n. Obsolete form of agraffe.
aggratef º, ), v. t. [KIt, aggratare, also ag-
gradare and aggradire, K. M.L., “aggrataré (cf.
aggratiare, under aggrace), please, K. L. ad, to,
+ gratus, pleasing, X It. grato, pleasing, grado,
pleasure.] 1. To please.
t dy t rate.
Each one sought his la §,3.º: Q., II. ix. 34.
2. To thank or express gratitude to.
The Island King . . .
Aggrates the Knights, who thus his right defended.
P. Fletcher, Purple Island, ii. 9. (W. E. D.)
aggravablet (agºra-va-bly, a... [KL. aggrava-re
(see aggravate) + E. -ble.] Tending to aggra-
vate; aggravating.
This idolatry is the more discernible and aggravable in
the invocation of Saints and idols.
Dr. H. More, Antidote against Idolatry, ii.
aggravate (agºra-vät), v. t. ; pret, and pp. ag-
gravated, ppr. aggravating. [K. L. aggravatus,
#. of aggravare, adgravare, add to the weight
of, make worse, oppress, annoy, Kad, to, + gra-
ware, make heavy, K gravis, heavy: see grave3.
Cf. aggrieve and aggredge.] 1+. Literally, to
add weight to or upon; increase the amount,
quantity, or force of; make heavier by added
quantity or burden.
Then, soul, live thou upon thy servant's loss,
And let that pine to aggravate thy store.
Shale., Sonnets, cKlvi.
In order to lighten the crown still further, they aggra-
wated responsibility on ministers of state.
Burke, Rev. in France, p. 39. (N. E. D.)
2. To make more grave or heavy; increase the
weight or pressure of; intensify, as anything
evil, disorderly, or troublesome: as, to aggra-
vate guilt or crime, the evils or annoyances of
life, etc.
Maim'd in the strife, the falling man sustains
Th’ insulting shout, that aggravates his pains.
* Crabbe, Tales of the Hall.
The [French] government found its necessities aggra-
wated by that of procuring immense quantities of firewood.
Jefferson, Autobiog., p. 72.
In every department of nature there occur instances of
the instability of specific form, which the increase of ma-
terials aggravates rather than diminishes.
A. R. Wallace, Nat. Selec., p. 165.
3. To exaggerate; give coloring to in descrip-
tion; give an exaggerated representation of:
as, to aggravate circumstances. [Rare.]
He [Colonel Nath. Bacon) dispatched a messenger to
the governor, by whom he aggravated the mischiefs done
by the Indians, and desired a commission of general to
go out against them. Beverley, Virginia, i. T 97.
4. To provoke; irritate; tease. [Colloq.]
I was so aggravated that I almost doubt if I did know.
Dickens.
=Syn, 2 and 3. To heighten, raise, increase, magnify;
Overstate. See list under exaggerate. e
aggravating (agºrà-vā-ting), p. a. 1. Making
worse or more heinous: as, aggravating circum-
stances.-2. Provoking; annoying; exasperat-
ing: as, he is an aggravating fellow. [Colloq.]
Which makes it only the more aggravating. Thackeray.
aggravatingly (agºra-vā-ting-li), adv. In an
aggravating manner.
aggravation (ag-ra-vā'shgn), n. [= E. aggra-
vation, KML. aggravatio(m-), K.L. aggravare: see
aggravate.] 1. Increase of the weight, inten-
sity, heinousness, or severity of anything; the
act of making worse; addition, or that which is
added, to *. evil, or improper: as, an
aggravation of pain, grief, crime, etc.—2. Ex-
aggeration, as in a pictorial representation or
in a statement of facts; heightened descrip-
tion. [Rare.]
Accordingly they got a painter by the knight's directions
to add a pair of whiskers to the face, and by a little aggra-
vation of the features to change it into the Saracen's Head.
Addison.
3. Provocation; irritation. ... [Colloq.]–4. In
Rom. canon law, a censure, threatening excom-
munication after disregard of three admoni-
tions. Chamb. Cyc. (1751).
*º (ag’ra-vā-tiv), a. and n. I. a.
Tending to aggravate.
II. m. That which aggravates or tends to ag-
gravate or make worse.
aggravator (ag'ra-vā-tor), n. One who or that
which aggravates.
aggredget, v. t. ſº ME. agredgen, aggregon, ag-
reggen, agregen, KOF. agregér, agrégier = Pr:
jºr
111
agrewjar, K. M.L. "aggreviare for "aggraviare,
equiv. to L. aggravare, to add to the weight of,
make worse, oppress, annoy, aggravate: see
aggravate and aggrieve, and cf. abridge, abbre-
viate, allege2, diſguiãº. To make heavy; ag-
gravate; exaggerate.
aggregant (agré-gant), n. IKL. aggregan(t-)8,
ppr. of aggregare: see aggregate, v.] One of the
particulars which go to make up an aggregate;
specifically, one of a number of logical terms
which are added together to make a logical sum.
Aggregata (ag-rá-gā’tā), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl.
of L. aggregatus: see aggregate, v.] In Cuvier's
System of classification, the second family of
his Acephala nuda, or shellies acephals; the
compound or social ascidians: opposed to Se-
gregata.
aggregate (agºrč-gāt), v.; pret. and pp. aggre-
gated, ppr. aggregating. [KL. aggregatus, pp.
of aggregare, adgregare, lead to a flock add to,
Kad, to, + gregare, collect into a flock, K grew
(greg-), a flock: see gregarious. Cf. congregate,
Segregate.] I. trans. 1. To bring together; col-
lect into a sum, mass, or body: as, “the aggre-
gated soil,” Milton, P. L., x. 293.
The protoplasmic fluid within a cell does not become
aggregated unless it be in a living state, and only imper-
fectly if the cell has been injured.
Darwin, Insectiv. Plants, p. 62.
Ideas which were only feebly connected become aggre-
gated into a close and compact whole.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 93.
2. To amount to (the number of); make (the
sum or total of): an elliptical use.
The guns captured . . . will aggregate in all probability
five or six hundred. Morning Star, April 17, 1865. (N. E. D.)
3. To add or unite to as a constituent member;
make a part of the aggregate of: as, to aggre-
gate a person to a company or society. [Rare.]
II. intrans. To come together into a sum or
mass; combine and form a collection or mass.
The taste of honey aggregates with sweet tastes in gen-
eral, of which it is one — not with such tastes as those
of quinine, or of castor oil.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 114.
aggregate (agºré-gāt), a. and n. [KL. aggrega-
tus, pp.: see the verb.] I. a. Formed by the
conjunction or collection of particulars into a
whole mass or sum; total; combined: as, the
aggregate amount of indebtedness.
Societies formed by conquest may be . . . composed of
two societies, which are in a large measure . . . alien ;
and in them there cannot arise a political force from the
aggregate will. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 469.
Specifically—(a) In geol., composed of several different
mineral constituents capable of being separated by me-
chanical means: as, granite is an aggregate rock. (b) In
amat., clustered: as, aggregate glands (Peyer's glands). (c)
In bot., forming a dense cluster. (d) In 200l., compound;
associated. (e)In law, composed of many individuals united
into one association.—Aggregate animals, animals in
which many individual organisms are united in a common
“household” or occium, as various polyps, acalephs, etc.
See cuts under anthozoöid and Coralligena.-Aggregate
combination, in mech., a combination which causes com-
pound motions in secondary pieces. The effects of ag-
gregate combinations are classified as aggregate paths
and aggregate velocities (which see, below).-Aggregate
flower, one formed of several florets closely gathered upon
a common receptacle, but not coherent, as in Compositae.—
Aggregate fruit, a fruit formed when a cluster of distinct
carpels belonging to a single flower are crowded upon the
common receptacle, becoming baccate or drupaceous, and
sometimes more or less coherent, as in the blackberry and
the fruit of the magnolia. Also sometimes used as synony-
mous with multiple or compound fruit (which see, under
Jruit). See cut under Rubus.—Aggregate glands. See
gland.—Aggregate path, in mech., that path through
which a part of a machine is moved, which is the resultant
of the aggregate combination of the other parts which op-
erate it. Thus, in so-called parallel motion, a movement
of one part in a right line is effected by the combined and
counteracting movements of other parts moving in circu-
lar arcs.-Aggregate velocity, the resultant velocity im-
parted by forces moving with different or with varying
velocities, as the velocities imparted by systems of pulleys
through trains of gearing, or by so-called differential mo-
tions.—Corporation aggregate, in law. See corpora-
tion.
II. n. 1. A sum, mass, or assemblage of par-
ticulars; a total or gross amount ; any com-
bined whole considered with reference to its
Constituent parts. An aggregate is essentially a sum,
as, for example, a heap of sand, whose parts are loosely or
accidentally associated. When the relation between the
parts is more intimate—either chemical, as in a molecule
or a crystal, or organic, as in a living body, or for the reali-
zation of a design, as in a house—the sum ceases to be a
mere aggregate and becomes a compound, a combination,
an organism, etc. But in a general Way anything con-
sisting of distinguishable elements may be called an ag-
gregate of those elements: as, man is an aggregate of
structures and organs; a mineral Or Volcanic aggregate
(that is, a compound rock).
Looking to the aggregate of all the interests of the com-
monwealth. D. Webster, Speech, Boston, June 5, 1828.
Aggregates of brilliant passages rather than harmonious
wholes. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 414.
aggregator (agºré-gā-tgr), m.
aggress (a-gres'), 0.
aggress+ (a-gresſ), m. [K
aggressin (a-gresſin), n.
aggression (a-gresh'Qn), n.
aggression
The difference between an aggregate and a product is
that in the first case the component P. are simply
grouped together, added; in the second, the constituent
elements are blended, multiplied into each other.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. ii. § 93.
2. Any hard material added to lime to make
concrete. N. E. D.—3. Milit., the total com-
missioned and enlisted force of any post, de-
partment, division, corps, or other command.
—In the #ºte. taken together; considered as a
whole; collectively.
Our judgment of a man's character is derived from ob-
serving a number of successive acts, forming in the aggre-
gate his general course of conduct.
Sir G. C. Lewis, Authority in Matters of Opinion, ii.
aggregated (agºrč-gā-ted), p. a. Same as aggre-
gate, a.
aggregately (agºrč-gāt-li), adv. Collectively;
taken together or in the aggregate.
Many little things, though separately they seem too in:
significant to mention, yet % egately are too material
for me to omit. esterfield, Letters, II. 347.
aggregation (ag-ré-gā’shgn), n. [KML. aggre-
gatio(m-), K.L. aggregare: See aggregate, v.] 1.
The act of collecting or the state of being col-
lected into an unorganized whole.
By “material aggregation" being meant the way in
which, by nature or by art, the molecules of matter are
arranged together. Tymdall.
Wanting any great and acknowledged centre of national
life and thought, our expansion has hitherto been rather
aggregation than growth. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 83.
2. In logic, the union of species to form a ge-
nus, or of terms to form a term true of any-
thing of which any of its parts are true, and
only false when all its parts are false.—3. The
adding of any one to an association as a mem-
ber thereof; affiliation. [Rare.]
The second [book] recounts his aggregation to the soci-
ety of free-masons. Monthly Rev., XX. 537. (N. E. D.)
4. A combined whole; an aggregate.
In the United States of America a century hence we
shall therefore doubtless have a political aggregation im-
measurably surpassing in power and in dimensions any
empire that has as yet existed.
J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 139.
Creatures of inferior type are little more than aggrega-
tions of numerous like parts.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 493.
5. In bot., applied by Darwin specifically to
the peculiar change induced in the cells of the
tentacles of Drosera by mechanical or chemi-
cal stimulation.—Theorem of aggregation, in the
theory of invariants, a theorem concerning the number of
*linearly independent invariants of a given type.
aggregative (agºré-gā-tiv), a.
[K aggregate +
—ive; = F. agrégatif.] 1. Pertaining to aggre-
gation; taken together; collective.
Other things equal, the largest mass will, because of its
superior aggregative force, become hotter than the others,
and radiate more intensely.
II. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 293.
2. Tending to aggregate; gregarious; social.
[Rare.]
His [Mirabeau's] sociality, his aggregative nature . .
will now be the quality of qualities for him.
Carlyle, French Rev., I. iv. 4.
One who collects
Durton.
[KL. aggressus, pp. of ag-
gredi, adgredi, attack, assail, approach, go to,
Kad, to, + gradi, walk, go, X gradus, step : see
grade.] I. intrans. 1. To make an attack;
commit the first act of hostility or offense;
begin a quarrel or controversy; hence, to act
on the offensive.—2. To encroach; intrude; be
or become intrusive.
While the individualities of citizens are less aggressed
upon by public agency, they are more protected by public
agency against aggression.
BI. Spencer, Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 12.
II. trans. To attack. Quarterly ſtew. [Rare.]
OF. aggresse, K L. ag-
gressus, adgressus, an attack, Kaggredi, adgredi:
See aggress, v.] Aggression; attack.
Military aggresses upon others.
Sir M. Hale, Pleas of the Crown, xv.
[K L. aggressus, an
attack, H. E. -in”.] A substance produced
in the blood-serum or tissue-fluids, possibly a
bacterial endotoxin, which exerts a benumb-
ing or paralyzing action on the leucocytes,
thereby preventing phagocytosis.
[K F. aggression,
attack, now agression, K. L. aggressio(n-), K
aggredi, adgredi : See aggress, v.] 1. The act
of proceeding to hostilities or invasion; a
breach of the peace or right of another or
others; an assault, inroad, or encroachment:
into a whole or mass.
\
aggression
hence, any offensive action or procedure: as, an
aggression upon a country, or upon vested rights
or liberties.
We have undertaken to resent a supreme insult, and
have had to bear new insults and aggressions, even to the
direct menace of our national capital.
O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 103.
2. The practice of making assaults or attacks;
offensive action in general.
Only this policy of unceasing and untiring aggression,
this wearing out and crushing out, this war upon all the
resources and all the armies of the rebellion, could now
succeed. Badeau, Mil. Hist. of Grant, II. 10.
= Syn. Attack, invasion, assault, encroachment, injury,
Offense.
aggressionist (a-gresh'gn-ist), n., [K aggression
+ -ist.] One who commits or favors aggres-
Sion.
Aggressionists would much more truly describe the anti-
freetraders than the euphemistic title “protectionists”;
since, that one producer may gain, ten consumers are
fleeced. H. Spencer, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 156.
aggrº. (a-gresſiv), a., [K aggress + -ive; =
F. agressif.] Characterized by aggression;
tending to aggress; prone to begin a quarrel;
making the first attack; offensive, as opposed
to defensive: as, the minister pursued an ag-
gressive foreign policy.
That which would be violent if aggressive, might be justi-
fied if defensive. Phillimore's Reports, II. 135.
I do not think there is ever shown, among Italians,
either the aggressive pride or the abject meanness which
marks the intercourse of people and nobles elsewhere in
Europe. Howells, Venetian Life, xxi.
= Syn. Aggressive, Offensive. Offensive is the direct op-
posite to defensive. Qſensive warfare is that in which one
is quick to give battle, as opportunity offers or can be
made, and presses upon the enemy. Aggressive Warfare
is only secondarily of this sort; primarily it is a warfare
prompted by the spirit of emeroachment, the desire of
conquest, plunder, etc. A war that is thus aggressive is
naturally offensive at first, but may lose that character by
the vigor of the resistance made ; it then ceases to be
thought of as aggressive. Hence aggressive has come to be
often synonymous With offensive.
The steady pushing back of the boundary of rebellion,
in spite of resistance at many points, or even of such ag-
gressive inroads as that which our armies are now meeting
with their long lines of bayonets.
O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 101.
The peremptory conversion of Lee's clever offensive into
a purely defensive attitude, . . . in marked contrast With
the tactics of his rival.
Badeau, Mil. Hist. of Grant, II. 130.
aggressively (a-gresſiv-li), adv. In an aggres-
sive or offensive manner.
aggressiveness (a-gresſiv-nes), m. The qual-
ity of being aggressive; the disposition to en-
croach upon or attack others.
aggressor (a-gres' Qr), m. [L., also adgressor, K
aggressus, pp. of aggredi, adgredi : See aggress,
v.] The person who first attacks; one who be-
gins hostilities or makes encroachment; an as-
sailant or invader.
There is nothing more easy than to break a treaty rati-
fied in all the usual forms, and yet neither party be the
aggressor. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xvii.
aggrievance? (a-gré’vans), m. [K ME. aggre-
vaunce, -auns, K OF. agrevance, K agrever: see
aggrieve and -ance." Oppression; hardship;
injury; grievance.
Deliver those aggrievances, which lately
Your importunity possest our Council
Were fit for audience.
Fletcher (and another), Fair Maid of the Inn, iii. 1.
aggrieve (a-grév"), v. : pret. and pp. aggrieved,
ppr. aggrieving. [KME. agreven, KOF. agrever,
agriever, later restored agraver, aggraver, to
aggravate, exasperate, - Sp. agravar = Pg. ag-
gravar = It. aggravare, K L. aggravare, make
heavy, make worse, aggravate : See aggravate.
Cf. aggredge and grieve..] I. trams. 1+. To give
pain or sorrow to; afflict; grieve.
Which yet aggrieves my heart. Spenser.
2. To bear hard upon; oppress or injure in
one's rights; vex or harass, as by injustice:
used chiefly or only in the passive.
The two races, so long hostile, soon found that they had
common interests and common enemies. Both were alike
aggrieved by the tyranny of a bad king. Macaulay.
So the bargain stood :
They broke it, and he felt himself aggrieved.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 27.
II.f intrans. To mourn; lament.
My heart aggriev'd that such a wretch should reign.
Mir. for Mags., p. 442.
agº, (a-gröp’), v. t. [K F. agrouper (= ;
g. agrupar = It. aggruppare and aggroppare),
Ś a, to, + grouper, group: see group, v.] To
bring together; group; make a group of.
Bodies of divers natures which are aggrowped (or com-
bined) together are agreeable and pleasant to the sight.
Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy, p. 197.
112 -
aggroupment (a-gröp'ment), n. Arrangement
in a group, as in statuary or in a picture;
grouping. Also spelled agroupment.
aggry-beads (agri-bêdz), n, pl... [Kaggry, prob.
of African origin, + beads.] Glass beads, sup-
posed to be of ancient Egyptian manufacture,
occasionally found in the Ashantee and Fanti
countries. They are of exquisite colors and designs, and
are much valued by the natives. Also spelled aggri-beads.
agha, n. See aga.
aghanee (à-gun'ê), n. [Anglo-Ind., also writ-
ten ughunee, repr. Hind. aghani, the produce
of the month Agham, the eighth in the Hindu
year, answering to the last half of November
and the first half of December.] The name
given to the chief rice-crop in Hindustan. It is
the second of the three crops, being sown along with the
bhadoee crop in April and May, and reaped in November
and December. Called amwn in lower Bengal.
aghast (8-gåst’), p. or a. [The spelling with h
is unnecessary and wrong; K ME. agast, rarely
in the fuller form agasted, pp. of the com-
mon verb agaSten, rarely agesten, pret. agaste,
terrify, Ka- (KAS. ā-) + gasten (pret. gaste, pp.
gast), & Ås. gåstan, terrify: see a-1, gast, ghast,
and ghastly, and cf. agazed.] Širuck” with
amazement; filled with sudden fright or hor-
ror. See agast, v. t.
Aghast he waked, and starting from his bed,
Cold sweat in clammy drops his limbs o'erspread.
Dryden, AEmeid.
Stupefied and aghast, I had myself no power to move
from the upright position I had assumed upon first hearing
the shriek. Poe, Tales, I. 372.
= Syn. Horrified, dismayed, confounded, astounded, dum-
founded, thunderstruck.
agible? (aj’i-bl), a. [KML. agibilis, that can be
done, K L. agere, do : see agent, act.] Capable
of being done; practicable.
When they were fit for agible things.
- Sir A. Shirley, Travels, Persia, i.
agila-wood (ag’i-lä-Wüd), n. [See eaglewood.]
Same as agallochum.
agile (ajſil), a. [Early mod. E. agil, agill, K F.
agile, K L. agilis, K agere, do, move: see agent,
act.] Nimble; having the faculty of quick mo-
tion; apt or ready to move; brisk; active: said
of the ind as wéi as of the body.
Shirley was sure-footed and agile ; she could spring like
a deer when she chose. Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, xix.
The subtle, agile Greek, unprincipled, full of change and
levity. De Quincey, Śecret Societies, ii.
= Sym. Nimble, Agile (see nimble), quick, lively, alert, sup-
ple, Spry.
aſſieſ; (aj'il-i), adv. In an agile or nimble
manner; with agility.
agileness (ajſil-nes), m. The state or quality of
being agile ; nimbleness; activity; agility.
Agilia (a-jil’i-á), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of L.
agilis, agile: see agile.] In Illiger's classifica-
tion of mammals, a family of rodents notable
for their agility. It contains the Squirrels and
dormice. [Not in use.]
agility (a-jil’i-ti), m. [K F. agilité, K. L. agili-
ta(t-)s, Kagilis, agile: see agile.] 1. The state
or quality of being agile; the power of mov-
ing quickly; nimbleness; briskness; activity,
either of body or of mind.
A limb overstrained by lifting a weight above its power,
may never recover its former agility and vigour. atts.
The Common Dormouse . . . handles its hazel- or beech-
nuts with all the air.of a squirrel, and displays no less agility
in skipping about the shrubbery and tangle it inhabits and
forages in. Stand. Nat. Hist., W. 115.
2}. Powerful action; active force.
No wonder there be found men and women of strange
and monstrous shapes considering the agility of the Sun's
fiery heat. Holland.
* = Syn, 1...See agile. -
aging (ā'iing), n. [Verbal n. of age, v.] 1. Any
process for imparting the characteristics and
roperties of age: as, the aging of wines and
iquors by heat and agitation.—2. In calico-
printing and dyeing, the process of fixing a
mordant or color by exposing the cloth satu-
rated or printed with the mordanting principle
and dye-stuff in well-ventilated chambers to
air which is kept warm and moist, for a time
sufficient to allow the mordant or dye to pene-
trate the fibers and become firmly attached
to them. Any superfluous portions, or those
which remain soluble, are removed by dunging.
—3. In ceram., the storage of prepared clay
to allow it time to ferment and ripen beforé
using. E. H. Inight. The clay is kept wet, and is
-Often mixed and tempered; and the process sometimes
lasts for many years. º
agio (aj’i-6 or ā'ii-6), n. [K Fr. agio, KIt, agio,
usually in this sense spelled aggio, exchange,
premium, the same word as agio, ease: see ada-
agitate
gło and ease.] A commercial terminuse, princi-
pally on the continent of Europe, to denote—
(a) The rate of exchange between the currencies
of two countries, as between those of Italy and
the United States. (b) The percentage of dif-
ference in the value of (1) two metallić curren-
cies, or (2) a metallic and a paper currency of
the same denomination, in the same country;
hence, premium on the º: currency,
and disagio, or discount, on the depreciated one.
Six years ago, this kinsatsu [Japanese paper currency)
stood at par and was even preferred by the natives to the
gold and silver currency; now, from 40% to 45% agio is
paid. º Bełm, Japan, p. 382.
(c) An allowance made in some places for the
wear and tear of coins, as in Amsterdam, Ham-
burg, etc.
a giorno (ä jör'nó). . [It., - F. & jour.] In deco-
Tative art, same as ājour.
agiotage (aj’i- or ..º. 'm. [F., K agioter,
job or dabble in stocks, K agio, price, rate of
exchange, discount: see agio.] The business of
exchange; speculation in stocks, etc.; stock-
jobbing.
Vanity and agiotage are, to a Parisian, the oxygen and
hydrogen of life. Lamdor, Imaginary Conversations, xlvii.
agist (a-jist’), v. t. [K OF. agister (> ML. agiš-
tare, adgistare), K a- (L. ad, to) + gister, as-
sign a lodging, Kgiste, a bed, place to lie on: see
gist, gise?, gitel..] 1. To feed or pasture, as the
“attié or horses of others, for a compensation:
used originally of the feeding of cattle in the
king's forests.—2. To rate or charge; impose
as a burden, as on land for some specific pur-
pose.
agistage (a-jis’tāj), n. . [Kagist + -age.] In
law: (a) The taking and feeding of other men's
cattle in the king's forests, or on one's own
land. (b) The contract to ão so for hire. (c)
The price paid for such feeding. . (d) Generally,
any burden, charge, or tax. Also called gait
and agistment. -
agistatort, m. [ML., K agistare, pp. agistatus:
See agišij Same as agistor.
agister, n. See agistor. -
agistment (a-jist’ment), n. IK OF. agistement
(> M.L. agistamentum): see agist and -ment.]
Same as agistage.
Glamdage : m. Mast; also, Mastage; the season of
turning hogs into the woods; the feeding of hogs, by
Mast, in woods; th' Agistment, or laying of swine into
Mastic woods. Cotgrave, Dictionary.
Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln, who . . . had the agist-
onents and summer and Winter herbage of Pendle.
Baines, Hist. Lancashire, II. 25.
No sooner had that [the Irish] Parliament, by its reso-
lutions concerning the tithe of agistment, touched the
interests of his order, than he [Swift] did everything in
his power to discredit it. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., vii.
agistor, agister (a-jistºr, -têr), n. [KME. agis-
ter, KAF. agistour, KOF. agister, v.: see agist.]
An officer of the royal forests of England, hav-
ing the care of cattle agisted, and of collecting
the money for the same; one who receives
and pastures cattle, etc., for hire.
agitablet (aj’i-ta-bl), a. [KIF. agitable, KL. agi-
tabilis, K agitare: see agitate.] 1. Capable of
being agitated or shaken.—2. That may be
debated or discussed.
agitate (aj’i-tät), v.; pret. and pp. agitated, ppr.
agitating. [K L. agitatus, pp. of agitare, drive,
move, arouse, excite, agitate, freq. of agéré,
drive, move, do: see agent and act.] I, trans.
1+. To move or actuate; maintain the action of.
Where dwells this sov’reign arbitrary soul,
Which does the human animal controul,
Inform each part, and agitate the whole .
;Sir R. Blackmore.
2. To move to and fro; impart regular motion
to.
The ladies sigh, and agitate their fans with diamond-
Sparkling hands.
J. E. Cooke, Virginia Comedians, I. xlviii.
3. To move or force into violent irregular ac-
tion; shake or move briskly; excite physically:
aS, the wind agitates the sea; to agitate water
in a vessel.
Tall precipitating flasks in which the materials were
first agitated with the respective liquids and were then
allowed to stand at rest under Various conditions as to
light, temperature, etc.
Amer. Jowr. Sci., 3d ser., XXIX. 2.
4. To disturb, or excite into tumult; perturb.
The mind of man is agitated by various passions.
Johnsom.
5. To discuss; debate; call attention to by
speech or writing: as, to agitate the question
of free trade.
Though this controversy be revived and hotly agitated
among the moderns. Boyle, Colours.
* .
f
&
agitate
6. To consider on
mind, or view in all its aspects; plan.
When politicians most agitate desperate designs.
JEikom Basilike.
=Syn. 3 and 4. To rouse, stir up, ruffle, discompose.—5
and 6. To canvass, deliberate upon.
II. intrans. To engage in agitation; arouse
or attempt to arouse public interest, as in
some political or social question: as, he set out
to agitate in the country.
The Tories agitated in the early Hanoverian period for
short parliaments and for the restriction of the corrupt
influence of the Crown. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., i.
agitated (aj’i-tá-ted), p.a. Disturbed; excited;
expressing agitation; as, in an agitated man-
ner; “an agitated countenance,” Thackeray.
She burst out at last in an agitated, almost violent, tone.
• George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, iii. 2.
agitatedly (aj’i-tá-ted-li), adv. In an agitated
ICl3,11110]'. º e
agitating (aj’i-tá-ting), p. a. Disturbing; ex-
citing; moving.
3, itation (aj-i-tä'shgn), n. IKL. agitatio(n-),
agitare: see agitate.] ... The act of agitating,
or the state of being agitated. (a) The state of be-
ing shaken or moved with violence, or with irregular ac-
tion; commotion ; as, the sea after a storm is in agitation.
The molecules of all bodies are in a state of continual
agitation. J. N. Lockyer, Spect. Anal., p. 114.
(b) Disturbance of the mind; perturbation; excitement of
passion. -
Agitations of the public mind so deep and so long con-
tinued as those which we have witnessed do not end in
nothing. Macaulay, Parl. Reform.
Away walked Catherine in great agitation, as fast as
the crowd would permit her.
Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey, xiii.
c) Examination of a subject in controversy; deliberation;
scussion; debate.
We owe it to the timid and the doubting to keep the
great questions of the time in unceasing and untiring agi-
tation. O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 80.
d) The act of arousing public attention to a political or
social question by speeches, etc. =Syn. (b) Agitation, Trepi-
dation, Tremor, Emotion, excitement, flutter. , Tremoris,
in its literal use, wholly physical; it may be in a part of
the body or the whole; it is generally less violent than
trepidation. Trepidation and agitation are more often used
of the mind than of the body. But all three words may ex-
press states either of the body or the mind, or of both at
once through reflex influence. Trepidation is generally
the result of fear; it is the excited anticipation of speedy
disaster, penalty, etc. , Agitation may be retrospective and
occasioned by that which is pleasant; it includes the mean-
ing of trepidation and a part of that of emotion. Emotion
is used only of the mind; it is the broadest and highest of
these words, covering all movements of feeling, whether
of pleasure or pain, from agitation to the pleasure that the
mind may take in abstract truth.
What lengths of far-famed ages, billowed high
With human agitation, roll along
In unsubstantial images of air!
Yowng, Night Thoughts.
T can recall vividly the trepidation which I carried to
that meeting. D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, i.
I had a worrying ache and inward tremor underlying all
the outward play of the senses and mind.
O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life.
Mellow, melancholy, yet not mournful, the tone seemed
to gush up out of the deep well of Hepzibah's heart, all
steeped in its profoundest emotion.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, vi.
agitational (aj-i-tä'shgn-al), a. Relating or
pertaining to agitation.
agitative (aj’i-tá-tiv), a. [K agitate + -īve.]
aving a tendency to agitate.
agitato (ā-jë-tā’tó), a. [It., pp. of agitare, KL.
agitare: see agitate.] Agitated; restless: a
word used in music, generally in combination
with allegro or presto, to describe the charac-
ter of a movement as broken, hurried, or rest-
less in style.
agitator (aj’i-tä-tgr), n., [L., Kagitare: See agi-
fate.] 1. One who or that which agitates. Spe-
cifically—(a) One who engages in some kind of political
agitation; one who stirs up or excites others, with the view
of strengthening his own cause or party.
[Robin of Redesdale] collected forces and began to
traverse the country as an agitator in the Summer of 1469;
possibly at the suggestion, certainly with the connivance,
of Warwick. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 681.
(b) A machine, for agitating and mixing; specifically, a
machine for stirring pulverized ore in water.
2. A name given to certain officers appointed
by the army of the English Commonwealth in
§§ to manage their concerns. There were
two from each regiment.
They proceeded from those elective tribunes called agi-
tators, who had been established in every regiment to
superintend the interests of the army.
Hallam, Const. Hist., II. 210.
[It has been supposed that in this sense the proper spelling
of the word is adjutator, meaning not one who agitates, but
one who assists. But Dr. J. A. H. Murray says: “Care-
ful investigation satisfies me that Agitator was the actual
title, and Adjutator originally only a bad spelling of sol-
diers familiar with Adjutants and the Adjutors of 1642.”]
113
ing to an agitator.
Aglaophenia (ag” lä-ó-fé’ nº), m. DNL. (La-
marck, 1812), appar. an error for *aglaophema, K
Gr. AyAaogºum, one of the sirens, fem. of āy/ad-
#. of splendid fame, Käyhaćg, splendid, bril-
iant, H- %47 = L. fama, fame.] A notable ge-
nus of calyptoblastic hydroids, of the family
Phſmulariidae. . 4. struthionides is an elegant species
of the Pacific coast of North America, known, from its fig-
ure and general appearance, as the ostrich-plume. Others
occur on the Atlantic coast.
[Ka8
aſſº (3-glár'), prep. phr. as adv. or a.
glareſ...] In a glare; glaring.
The toss of unshorn hair
And WTinging of hands, and eyes aglare.
- Whittier, The Preacher.
Aglaura (ag-lā’râ), m. [NL., K. Gr. 'Ayºavpog, a
mythol. name.] 1. A genus of craspedote hy-
droids, or Trachymedusae, of the family Trachy-
nemidae. Péron and Lesueur, 1809.-2. A genus
of worms.-3. A genus of lepidopterous in-
sects. Boisduval, 1851.
Aglaurinae (ag-lä-ri'né), m. pl. [NL., KAglaura,
1, + -ina..] A group of Trachymedusa, typified
by the genus Aglaura, having 8 radial canals
and a pedicle to the stomach.
a.i.af.(ag’léf), n. [Prob. a corruption of hag-
leaf, as witches were believed to use the plant
in their incantations: see hag!..] A name of
the common mullen, Verbascum Thapsus.
agleam (a-glém'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K
a 3 + gleam.] Gleaming; in a gleaming state.
Faces . . . agleam with }. intellectual light.
owell, Study Windows, p. 380.
aglee, agley (a-glé'), prep. phr. as adv. [Ka-3
Sc. gley, gleg, squint, oblique look: Seegley.]
Off the right line; obliquely; wrong. [Scotch.]
The best laid schemes o' mice an’ men -
Gang aft a-gley. Burns, To a Mouse.
aglet, aiglet (agºlet, ag’let), n. [Early mod.
E. also agglet, KME. aglet, aglette, KOF. aguil-
lette, aiguillette, F. aiguillette, a point, dim, of
aiguille, KML. acucula, dim. of L. acus, a needle:
See acus.] 1. A tag or metal sheathing of the
end of a lace, or of the points (see point) or rib-
'bons generally used in the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries to fasten or tie dresses. They
were originally intended simply to facilitate the passing
of the ends through the eyelet-holes, as in modern shoe-
laces and stay-laces, but were afterward frequently formed
of the precious metals, carved into small figures, and sus-
pended from the ribbon, etc., as ornaments (whence Shak-
spere's phrase “an aglet-baby," which see); and they are
still so used in the form of tagged points or braid hanging
from the shoulder in some military uniforms, now officially
styled aiguillettes. Also written aigulet.
And on his head an hood with aglets sprad.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. ii. 5.
His gown, addressed with aglets, esteemed worth 25l.
Sir J. Hayward, Life of Edw. VI.
2#. In bot., a pendent anther; also, a loose pen-
dent catkin, as of the birch. -
aglet-babyt (agſlet-bā"bi), m. A small image
on the end of a lace. See aglet.
Marry him to a puppet, or an aglet-baby.
Shak., T. of the S., i. 2.
agley, prep. phr. as adv. See aglee.
agli er (a-glim’ér), prep. phr. as adv. or a.
[Kaš + glimmer.] In Tor into a glimmering
state ; glimmering.
aglisti (a-glist’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8
+ glist, q.v.] Glistening: as, aglist with dew.
aglóbuliā (ag-loºpi'i jºin "isi," Gr. º.
priv. -- L. globulus, globule.] Same as oligo-
cythemia.
aglobulism (a-glob’īī-lizm), m. [K Gr. 6- priv.--
globule + -ism.] In pathol. : (a) Diminution of
the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. (b)
Aglossa (a-glosſă), m. pl. [NL., KGr, dyżoooog,
tongueless, K Č- priv. -F YWöoga, tongue.] 1. A
series of anu-
rous or salient
batra chians
which have no
tongue. (at) In
Some Systems com-
prehending the
genera Pipa, Dac-
tylethra, and MIyo-
= batrachus, and di-
vided into Aglossa
haplosiphonia for
the first two of
these genera, and
Aglossa diplosi-
phonia for the
third genus: in this sense the term is contrasted with
Phaneroglossa. (b) Restricted to Pipa and Xenopus (or
Dactylethra), and divided into the families Pipidae and
Xenopodidae, which agree in having opisthocoelian verte-
brae, expansive sacral processes, discrete epicoracoids,
and, in the larval state, one pair of spiracles.
*Oligocythemia.
Surinam Toad (Pipa surinamensis).
agnail
all sides; revolve in the agitatorial (aji-tá-tó'ri-al), a. Of or pertain- 2. [Used as a singular.] A genus of pyralid
moths, containing such species as A. pinguinalis
and A. Capreolatus.
aglossal (a-glosſal), a. [K Gr. &YWooooc, tongue-
less, + -al.] Tongueless; pertaining to the
Aglossa.
aglossate (a-glosſät), a. and n. [K NL. aglos-
8atus: see Aglossa and -ate1.] I. a. Having no
tongue; aglossal.
II. m. An aglossal batrachian; a member of
the suborder Aglossa. See Aglossa, 1.
aglossostoma (ag-lo-Sos’tó-mâ), m.; pl. aglos-
Sostomata (ag"lo-S6-stö’ ma-tá). L., K. Gr.
ôy?0000ſ, without a tongue, -- oróga, mouth.]
In teratol., a monster having a mouth without
a tongue.
agº. (a-glö’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8
glow.] In a glow; glowing: as, her cheeks
were all aglow.
The ascetic soul of the Puritan, aglow with the gloomy
or rapturous mysteries of his theology. w
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 12.
A painted window all aglow with the figures of tradition
and poetry. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 251.
agº; (ag-lö-tish'gn), n. IK Gr. 3- priv. --
. “glutitio(m-), K. glutire, pp. glutitus, swallow.]
In pathol., inability to swallow.
Aglycyderes (ag-li-sid’e-réz), m. [NL., K. Gr.
à- priv. -- y?vküç, sweet, + 68pm, Attic form of
Öetp%, neck. The first two elements, meaning
lit. ‘not sweet,” are taken in the forced sense
of “uncomely’ or ‘unusual.’ A notable genus
of beetles, of the family Bruchidae, character-
ized by the fact that the head of the male is an-
teriorly produced on each side into a horn-like
process, and posteriorly contracted into a nar-
row neck, whence the name. Westwood, 1863.
aglyphodont (a-glif ºğ-dont), a. and m. [K
Aglyphodontia.] I. a. In herpet., having the
characteristics of the Aglyphodontia; without
grooved teeth and poison-glands.
II. n. A serpent of this character; one of
the #: (which see).
Aglyphodonta (a-glif-à-don’tā), m. pl. [NL.]
Same as Aglyphodontia.
Aglyphodontia (a-gliſ-à-don'shiá), m. pl. [K
Gr. Öy?vjog, uncarved (Kä-priv. -- YAígetv, carve,
cut out), + 660üç (bóovt-) = E. tooth.] A group
or series of innocuous serpents (Ophidia),
embracing ordinary colubrine or colubriform
snakes, without poison-glands, with a dilatable
mouth, and with solid hooked teeth in both
jaws. The name is derived from the last character;
for the venomous serpents of the series Proteroglypha or
Solenoglypha have poison-fangs channeled or grooved for
the transmission of the venom. The Aglyphodontia in-
clude numerous families and genera, of most parts of the
world, Colubridae and Boidae being among the best known
of the families. Synonymous with Colubrima. See cuts
under Coluber and Boa.
agmatology (ag-ma-tol’ā-ji), n., [Gr. Öyug(T-),
a fragment (Käyvival, break), + -āoyfa, K Aéyetv,
speak: see -ology.] That department of sur-
gery which is concerned with fractures.
agmen (ag' men), m. ; pl. aginina (-mi-nā). [L.,
a train, troops in motion, army, multitude, K
agere, drive, move, do: see agent.] In 206!.,
a superordinal group; a division of animals
ranking between a class and an order. Sunde-
^jall.
Sundevall would still make two grand divisions (Agmina)
of birds. A. Newton, Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 37.
agminalf (ag'mi-nāl), a. [KL. agiminalis, K ag-
men (agmin-), a train: see agnven.] 1+. Pertain-
ing to an army or a troop. Bailey.—2. In 206l.,
of or pertaining to an agnmen.
agmº (ag'mi-nāt), a. [K NL. agnimatus, K
. agnem (agmin-), a multitude: see aginen.]
Aggregated or clustered together: in amat.,
said of the lymphatic glands forming patches
in the small intestines (Peyer's patches), as
distinguished from the solitary glands or fol-
licles: as, “agminate glands,” H. Gray, Anat.
agminated (ag'mi-mă-ted), a. [Kagminate +
-ed?..] Same as agºminate. -
agnail (ag'nāl), m. [Early mod. E. agnail, ag-
male, agnel, agnell, agnayle, amgmale, angmayle,
mod. dial. angmail, K ME. agnayle, “angmail, K
AS. angmaegl, occurring twice (Leechdoms, II.
p. 80, and index, p. 8), and usually explained by
paronychia, i.e., a whitlow, but prop., it seems,
a corn, wart, or excrescence (cf. angset, angseta,
ongseta, a wart, boil, carbuncle), (= OFries. ong-
mil, Ogmeil, a misshapen finger-mail or an ex-
crescence following the loss of a finger-nail, --
OHG. ungmagel, G. dial. annegelen, einmegelm —
Grimm), K (?) ange, ange, enge, narrow, tight,
painful (see angerl, anguish; for the sense here,
cf. LG. moodmagel, a hangnail, mood, distress,

agnail
trouble, pain), + magl, a nail, i.e., a peg (cf. L.
clavus, a nail, peg, also a wart), in comp. wer-
magl, E. warmel, q. V., a wart, lit. “man-nail.”
The second element was afterward referred to
a finger- or toe-nail, and the term applied to a
whitlow (end of 16th century), and to a ‘hang-
nail’ (Bailey, 1737), hangmail, like the equiv.
Sc., anger-nail, being due to a popular ety-
mology.] 1+. A corn on the toe or foot. -
Agnayle upon ones too, corret. Palsgrave.
Corret, an agnaile, or little corn, upon a toe. Cotgrave.
Fignoli, agnels, corns, pushes, felons or swellings in the
flesh. Florio.
IPassing good for to be applyed to the agnels or corns of
the feet. Holland, Pliny, xx. 3. (N. E. D
2}. A painful swelling or sore under or about
the toe- or finger-nails; a whitlow.
Good to be layde unto . . . ulceréd mayles or agnayles
whiche is a paymefull swelling aboute the ioyntes and
nayles. Lyte, Dodoens (1578), p. 258. (N. E. D.)
Agmail, a sore at the root of the nail on the fingers or
toes. Bailey (1721).
3. A hangmail; a small piece of partly sepa-
rated skin at the root of a nail or beside it.
agname (ag'nām), n. [K ag- + name, after L.
agmomen.] An appellation over and above the
ordinary name and surname. , N. E. D.
agnamed (ag'nāmd), a. [K agname + -ed”.]
Styled or called apart from Christian name and
surname. N. E. D.
agnate (ag'nāt), m. and a. [Early mod. E. ag-
mat, agnet, K F. agnat, K L. agnatus, adgmatus,
admatus, prop. pp. of agnasci, adgmaSci, be born
to, belong by birth, K ad, to, + "gmasci, masci,
be born. Cf. adnate and cognate.] I. m. Spe-
cifically, a kinsman whose connection is trace-
able exclusively through males; more gener-
ally, any male relation by the father's side.
See agnati.
Who are the Agnates? In the first place, they are all the
Cognates who trace their connexion exclusively through
males. A table of Cognates is, of course, formed by taking
each lineal ancestor in turn and including all his descen-
dants of both sexes in the tabular view ; if then, in tracing
the various branches of such a genealogical table or tree,
we stop whenever we come to the name of a female and
pursue that particular branch or ramification no further,
all who remain after the descendants of women have been
excluded are Agnates, and their connexion together is
Agmatic Relationship. Maine, Ancient Law, p. 148.
II. a. 1. Related or akim on the father's side.
2. Allied in kind; from a common source:
as, “agnate words,” Powmall, Study of Antiqui-
*ties, p. 168. [Rare. T
Agnatha (ag'nā-thä), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
agmathus, jawless: See agnathows.] A section
of geophilous gastropods destitute of jaws.
Agnathi (ag'nā-thi), m. pl. [NL., masc. pl. of
agnathus, jawless: See agnathous.]. A group or
series of neuropterous insects, held by some as
a suborder of the order Newroptera : So called
because the jaws are rudimentary or obsolete.
The wings are naked and not folded in repose, the posterior
pair small, sometimes wanting; the antennae are short,
setaceous, and 3-jointed; and the abdomen ends in two or
three long, delicate setae. The group includes the Well-
known May-flies, and is practically identical with the
order Ephemerida.
agnathia (ag-nā’ thi-á), n. [NL., Kagmathus,
jawless (see agnathous), + -ia.] In pathol.
anat., absence of the lower jaw, due to arrested
development.
agnathous (agºnfl-thus), @.. [Š NL, agnathus,
jawless, K. Gr. &-priv.-H. Yvá00g, jaw.] 1. With-
out jaws; characterized by the absence of jaws.
Syd. Soc. Lea.—2. Of or pertaining to the Ag-
matha or Agnathi.
agnati (ag-nātī), m. pl. [L., pl. of agnatus:
See agnate.] The members of an ancient Ro-
man family who traced their origin and name
to a common ancestor through the male line,
under whose paternal power they would be if he
were living; hence, in law, relations exclusively
in the male line. See agnate.
agmatic (ag-mat'ik), a. [K F. agnatigue, K L.
agnatus: see agnate.] Characterized by or per-
taining to descent by the male line of ancestors.
See agnate. *
Nevertheless, the constitution of the [Hindu] family is
entirely, to use the Roman phrase, agnatic ; kinship is
counted through male descents only.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 76.
agnatically (ag-nat’i-kal-i), adv. In an ag-
natic manner; by means of agnation.
agnation (ag-nā’shgn), m. [K F. agnation, KL.
agnatio(n-), Kagmatus : see agnate.] 1. Rela-
tion by the father's side only; descent from a
common male ancestor and in the male line: dis-
tinct from cogmation, which includes descent in
both the maié and the female lines.
I have already stated my belief that at the back of the
ancestor-worship practised by Hindus there lay a system
114
of agnation, or kinship through males only, such as now
survives in the Punjāb.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 118.
2. Alliance or tº generally; descent
from a common source.
A.
the Northern Hemisphere,
Powmall, Study of Antiquities, p. 168.
agnellf (ag'nel), n. Obsolete form of agnail,
agnel2 (ag'nel; F. pron. a-nyel'), n. [K OF.
agnel (F. agneau), a lamb, an agnel, K L. agnél-
lus, dim. of agnus, a
lamb: See agnus.]
A French gold coin
bearing a figure of
the paschal lamb,
first issued by Louis
IX., and not struck
after Charles IX. Its
original weight was from
62.5 to 64.04 grains, but
after thereign of John II.
it gradually fell to about
38.7 grains.
agni, n. Plural of ag-
7??&S.
agnition? (ag-nish’-
gn), n. [K L. agrº-
tio(m-), Kagnitus, pp.
of agnoscere, also ad-
gnoscere, admoscere,
know as having seen
before, recognize,
acknowledge, K ad,
to, + "gnoscere, mos-
cere, know: seeknow.
Cf. agriomem.] Ac-
knowledgment.
agnize (ag-niz"), v. t.
IK L. agnoscere, in
imitation of cognize,
ult. (through F.) K
L. cognoscere: see agnition.] To acknowledge;
own; recognize. [Rare.]
I do agnize
A natural and prompt alacrity
I find in hardness. Shak., Othello, i. 3.
Doubtless you have already set me down in your mind
as . . . . a votary of the desk—a notched and cropt Scriven-
er—one that sucks his sustenance, as certain sick people
are said to do, through a quill. well, I do agnize some-
thing of the sort. Lamb, Elia, I. ii. 11.
agnoea (ag-nē’â), m. [NL., K. Gr. Öyvota, want
of perception, ignorance, K “āyvoog, not know-
ing, K Ö- priv. -H *yvóog, vôog, contr. voig, per-
coption, mind, akin to E. know : see mous and
know..] The loss of the power to distinguish
the nature or uses of any object. [Rare.]
Agnoëtae (ag-mâ-Été), m. pl. [ML.; also im-
prop. Agnoîta, KGr. Ayvonrai, heretics so named,
K Öyvoeiv, be ignorant, K “àyvoog, not knowing:
see agnoea.] 1. A Christian sect of the fourth
century, which denied the omniscience of the
Supreme Being, maintaining that God knows
the past only by memory, and the future only
by inference from the present.—2. A sect
of the sixth century, followers of Themistius,
deacon of Alexandria, who, on the authority of
Mark xiii. 32 (“But of that day and that hour
knoweth no man, . . . neither the Son, but the
Father”), held that Christ, as man, was ignorant
of many things, and specifically of the time of
the day of #.
Other forms are Agnoîtaº and Agnoîtes.
Agnoëte, Agnoîte (agºné-Ét, -it), n. One of the
Agnoëtae.
agnoëtism (ag-nó-ē’tizm), n., [K Agmoëta +
-ism.] The doctrinal system of the Agnoëtae.
*y (ag-noi-ol’ 3-ji), n. [Better *ag-
moeology, K. Gr. &Yvota, ignorance (see agnoa),
+ -āoyia, K Wéyetv, speak of: see -ology.]
metaph., the doctrine or theory of ignorance,
which seeks to determine what we are neces-
sarily ignorant of.
We must examine and fix what ignorance is—what We
are, and can be, ignorant of. And thus We are thrown
upon an entirely new research, constituting an intermedi-
ate section of philosophy, which we term the agnoiology,
. . . the theory of true ignorance.
Ferrier, Inst. of Metaphysics, p. 51.
Agnoîte, n. See Agnoëte.
agnomen (ag-nó(men), m.; pl. agnomina (-nom’-
i-nā). [L., also admomen (min-), K, ad, to, +
*gnomen, momen, name (=E. name), K*gnoscere,
moscere, know, = E. know..] An additional name
given by the Romans to an individual in allu-
sion to some quality, circumstance, or achieve-
ment by which he was distinguished, as Afri-
canus added to the name of P. Cornelius Scipio;
hence, in modern use, any additional name or
epithet conferred on a person.
Rare.]
- ºfºº
º Fº º d * º
º'X&º $º.º.º.
º Z; §§ -
º & Exº
º
** w -
º
Agnel of John II., King of France.
(Size of the original.)
{
tion may be found amongst all the languages in
agnominatet (ag-nom’i-nāt), v. t.
agnostic (ag-nostik), m. and a.
agnostically (ag-nos’ti-kal-i), adv.
agnosticism (ag-nos’ti-sizm), m.
Agnostus (ag-nos’tus), n.
agnus (agºnus), m. ; pl. agni (-ni).
agnus
agnomical (ag-nó'mi-kal), a. [K Gr. 6- priv. --
yváplm, thought, purpose: see gnome, gnomic.]
Of Or ºniº to the absence of set purpose
or intention. . E. D.
agnomina, n. Plural of agnomen.
agnominai (ag-nom’i-nal), a. [K agnomen (ag-
nomin-) + -al.] Of or pertaining to an º
... " ("Of-
nominatus, pp. of "agnominare, intº in #.
nominatio: see agnomination.] To name.
The flowing current's silver streams . . .
Shall be agnominated by our name. Locrine, iii. 2.
agnomination (ag-nom-i-nā’shgn), n. [K L.
agnominatio(n-), adnominatio(n-), paronomasia,
K*agnominare, & ad, to, + "gnominare, nominare,
name.] 1. An additional name or title; a name
added to another, as expressive of some act,
achievement, etc.; a surname.—2. Resem-
blance in sound between one word and another,
especially by alliteration; also, the practice of
using in close proximity to one another words
which resemble each other in sound (see an-
nomination): as, “Scott of Scotstarvet's Stag-
gering State of Scots Statesmen.”
Our bards . . . hold agnominations and enforcing of con-
sonant words or syllables one upon the other to be the
greatest elegance. . . . So have I seen divers old rhymes
in Italian running so: . . . “In selva salvo a me: Piu
caro cuore.” Howell, Letters, i. 40,
[K Gr. Öyvoorog,
unknowing, unknown, unknowable, Kå- priv.,
not, + Yvooróg, later form of Yvoróg, known, to
be known (cf. Yvootikóg, good at knowing),
verbal adj. of Yt-Yvó-Ok-etv, know, = L. “gno-sc-
ere, no-sc-ere = E. know : see a-18 and gmostic.
The word agnostic was “suggested by Prof.
Huxley . . . in 1869 He took it from St.
Paul’s mention of the altar to ‘the Unknown
God’ [äyvóoto 6eó, Acts xvii. 23]. R. H. Hut-
ton, in letter, . . . 1881.” N. E. D.] I. m. One
of a class of thinkers who disclaim any know-
ledge of God or of the ultimate nature of things.
They hold that human knowledge is limited to experience,
and that since the absolute and unconditioned, if it exists
at all, cannot fall within experience, we have no right to
assert anything whatever with regard to it. -
I only said I invented the word agnostic.
Huailey, London Academy, Nov. 24, 1883.
While the old Atheist sheltered his vice behind a ram-
part of unbelief where no appeals could reach him, the
new Agnostic honestly maintains that his opinions are the
very best foundations of virtue.
F. P. Cobbe, Peak in Darien, p. 3.
II. a. Pertaining to the agnostics or thair
doctrines; expressing ignorance or unknow-
ableness.
That bold thinker in the third century, Clement of
Alexandria, declares . . . that the process of theology is,
with regard to its doctrine of God, negative and agnostic,
always “setting forth what God is not, rather than what
he is.” Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 79.
In an ag-
nostic manner; from an agnostic point of view;
with a tendency or inclination to agnosticism;
as an agnostic.
[K agnostic --
-ism.] 1. The doctrines of the agnostics; the
doctrine that the ultimate cause and the es-
sential nature of things are unknowable, or at
least unknown.
By Agnosticism. I understand a theory of things which
abstains from either affirming or denying the existence of
God. It thus represents, with regard to Theism, a state
of suspended judgment; and all it undertakes to affirm is,
that, upon existing evidence, the being of God is unknown.
But the term Agnosticism is frequently used in a widely
different sense, as implying belief that the being of God
is not merely now unknown, but must always remain un-
knowable. G. J. Romanes, Contemporary Rev., L. 59.
2. Belief in the doctrines of the agnostics.
[NL., KGr. &yvoorog,
unknown: see agnostic.] A genus of trilobites
of the Lower Silurian rocks: so called because
of the uncertainty attaching to its true affinities.
They are of small size and somewhat semicircular form,
and it has been supposed that they may be the larval form
of some other animal.
Agnotherium (ag-nó-théºri-um) , n. [NL., short
for *agnostotherium, K. Gr. Öyvogtoº, unknown
(see agnostic), + 6mptov, a wild beast, K 6%p, a
wild beast.] A genus of extinct mammals of
uncertain affinities. It is identified by some
with the amphicyon (which see). Raup.
[L., a lamb,
perhaps for *avigmus, lit. ‘sheep-born,” K “avis,
older form of ovis, a sheep (= Skt. avi = Gr.
*āFºç, *öFig, Öig=E. eve, q.v.; cf. also Gr. Öpiv6ç,
a lamb, for *āFiv6c, prop. adj., K*āF----vog), +
-gnus (cf. benign, malign), -genus (see -genous),
K V “gen, beget, bear.] i. An image or repre-
sentation of a lamb as emblematical of Christ;
an Agnus Dei (see below).



agnus
They will kiss a crucifix, salute a cross, carry most de-
voutly a scapulary, an agnus, or a set of beads about them.
Brevint, Saul and Samuel at Endor, p. 381.
2. [cap.] In 206l. : (a) A genus of beetles.
Burmeister, 1847. (b) A genus of fishes. Gün-
ther, 1860–Agnus castus (kastus) [L., supposed to
mean ‘chaste lamb’ (hence, tr. into G. keuschlamm), but
agnus is here only a transliteration of āyvos, the Greek
name of the tree, and L. castus, chaste, is added in allusion
to its imagined virtue of preserving chastity, from the re-
semblance of the Greek name āyvos to &yväs, chaste.]
disagreeably aromatic shrub or small tree of the genus
Vitea, V. Agnus-castus, in the §. t has
digitate leaves and spikes of purplish-blue flowers, and is
native in the countries around the Mediterranean. Also
called chaste-tree and Abraham'8-balm.
The herbe Agnus castwa is always grene, and the flowre
therof is namly callyd Agnus castus, for wyth smelle and
WBe it makyth men chaste as a lombe.
Trevisa, tr. of Barth. Ang. de P. R., xvii. 612. (N. E. D.)
And wreaths of Agnus-castus others bore;
These last, who with those virgin crowns were drest,
Appear'd Ín higher honour than the rest.
Dryden, Flower and Leaf, l. 172.
Agnus Dei (dé'i). (LL., Lamb of God.] (a) Any image
or representation of a lamb as †h of Christ;
§
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º
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Its cº-arlºlº."2 se-ºtº 411;iºiſºtºzººiſ’ ºn Jºiº. “Alt- ºr *-x, -ík, viglº-
- tº:
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Agnus Dei.
(From the Campanile of Giotto, Florence.)
specifically, such a representation with the nimbus in-
scribed with the cross about its head, and supporting the
- of the cross, (b) One of the titles of Christ. John
29. (c) In the Rom. Cath. Ch.: (1) A waxen medallion
y the pope and stamped with the figure of a lamb
the banner of the cross. It is worn by Roman
as a supplication to be preserved from evil by
the merits of the Lamb of God. Anciently these cakes of
wax were often mounted or inclosed in precious metals,
etc., but this is not now permitted. Relics of the saints
were sometimes preserved within them. (2) A prayer, be-
ginning with these words, said by the priest at mass shortly
before the communion. (d) In the Gr. Ch., the cloth bear-
i-kus), the Scythian or
Tatarian lamb, a fab-
ulous creature, half
animal, half plant,
formerly believed to
inhabit the plains bor-
dering upon the Vol-
ga; in reality, the
shaggy rhizome of the
fern Cºbotium, Baro- * * * *-
*metz, which when in- wº
verted and suitably * 'S
trimmed somewhatre- - | Y N
sembles a small lamb.
ago, agone (3-gö’
a-gón’), a. an
adv. [K ME. ago,
agon, agoon, pp. of agon, KAS. āgān, go away,
pass away, go forth, come to pass (= G. ergehem,
come to pass; cf. Öğ. agangan, go by, = Goth;
usgaggan, go forth), Kä- + gān, go: see a-1 and
go. The form agone is now obsolete or archa-
ic.] I. a. Gone; gone by; gone away; past;
passed away: always after the noun.
Of this world the feyth is all agon.
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 410.
Yonder woman, sir, you must know was the wife of a
certain learned man . . . who had long dwelt in Amster-
dam, whence, some good time agome, he was minded to
cross over and cast in his lot with us of the Massachusetts.
Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, iii.
II. adv. In past time; in time gone by:
only in the phrase long ago.
O brother; had you known our mighty hall,
Which Merlin built for Arthur long ago I
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
agog (a-gog'), prep. phr, as adv, or a. [Former-
ly on gog, on gogge, perhaps K. QF, en gogues:
“estre enses gogues, to be frolick, lusty, lively,
wanton, gamesome, all a hoit, in a pleasant
humour; in a vein of mirth, or in a merry mood.”
§: be in his glee), “ gogues, jollity, glee, joy-
ulness, light-heartedness” (Cotgrave), in sing.
gogue, mirth, glee (Roquefort), “se goguer, to
ing the figure of a lamb
which covers the com- SN ſ
munion service.—Ag- §§ Z’’
Inus SC cus (sith'- E.
º
\
& º * : *s
Wºº...ºf
º
§
§%
& P.;
tº:
Agnus Scythicus
(Cibot furns Raromets).
§ Agonidae (agon’īās), n. pl.
115
agony
be most frolick, lively, blithe, crank, merry,” agonistical (ag-à-nisti-kal), a. Same as ago-
etc. (Gotgrave); origin uncertain. The W. gog,
activity, velocity, gogi, agitate, shake, appear
to be unoriginal, and may be from E.] In a
state of eager desire; highly excited by eager-
ness or curiosity; astir.
Or at the least yt setts the harte on gogg.
Cotton Mather came galloping down
All the way to Newbury town,
With his eyes agog and his ears set wide.
Whittier, Double-headed Snake.
agoggled (a-gogºld), a. [K a- (expletive) +
goggled, q.v.] Staring; having staring eyes.
[Rare.
A man a little agoggled in his eyes.
A. Leighton, Trad. Scot. Life, p. 8. (N. E. D.)
agometer (a-gom’e-tër), n. [Irreg. K Gr. &yetv,
lead, draw, weigh, + ſuérpov, measure.] A form
of rheostat. A mercury agometer is an instrument for
measuring electrical resistances, or for varying the re-
sistance of a circuit, by means of a mercury column whose
length may be adjusted as required.
Agomphia (a-gom/fi-á), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl.
of agomphius: See agomphious.] A name given
by Ehrenberg to those rotifers which have tooth-
1ess jaws. [Not in use.]
agomphian (a-gom/fi-ān), n. One of the Agom-
phia. . . . g
agomphiasis (a-gom-fi'a-sis), n., [NL., KGr.
âyóuptog (see agomphious) + -iasis.] Looseness
of the teeth.
agomphious (a-gom'fi-us), a. [KNL. agomphius,
Gr. Öyóuptog, without grinders, Ká-priv. H-you-
£ioc, prop, adj. (se. Óðoig, tooth), a grinder-tooth,
a molar.] Toothless. N. E. D.
agonit. An obsolete form of ago.
agon’t (agºon), n.; pl. agones (a-gó'néz). [KGr.
âyóv, contest: see agony.] In Gr. antig., a con-
test for a prize, whether of athletes in the games
or of posts, musicians, painters, and the like.
agonel, a. and adv. See ago. o
agone? (ag’ón), n. [K Gr. &yovog, without an
angle, K &-priv. H. Yovia, angle: see goniometer,
trigonometry, etc.] An agonic line. See agomic.
agonic (a-gon'ik), a. [K Gr. &yovog, without an
angle: see agone?..] Not forming an angle.—
Agonic line, an irregular line connecting those points on
the earth's surface where the declination of the magnetic
needle is zero, that is, where it points to the true north,
and consequently does not form an angle with the geo-
graphical meridian. There are two principal agonic lines:
one, called the American agome, is in the western hemi-
sphere, and passes northward through the eastern part
of Brazil, North Carolina, Virginia, Ohio, Lake Erie, and
Pritish America. The other, &ailed the Asiatic agone, is
in the eastern hemisphere, and traverses western Australia,
the Indian ocean, Persia, and Russia, toward the magnetic
north pole. A third agonic line, having the form of an
oval curve, incloses a part of eastern Asia. The agonic
lines are continually changing their position; that in the
eastern United States has been moving slowly westward
since the beginning of the nineteenth century. See decli-
nation and isogomic.
agonid (a-gon'id), n. One of the fishes form-
[NL., KAgonus
ing the family Agonidae.
+ -idae.]. A family of acanthopterygian fishes,
exemplified by the genus Agonus.
Agoninae (ag-Ö-niné), m. pl. [NL., KAgonus +
-ing.] A subfamily of the Agonidae, having two
dorsal fins, the spinous being well developed.
agonise, agonisingly. See agonize, agonizingly.
agonist º n. , [K L. agonista, K. Gr.
āyavtoråg, contestant, pleader, actor, K &yováče-
offat, contend, etc.: see agonize. Cf. antagonist,
protagonist.] 1. One who contends for the
prize in public games; a combatant; a cham-
pion; a dramatic actor. Also called agonister.
–2. [cap.] One of a violent party of Donatists
in northern Africa in the fourth century.
agonistarch (ag-Ö-nis’tärk), m. [K L. agonis-
tarcha (in an inscription), K. Gr. *āyovtotápxmg,
Káyovtotág (see agonist) + æpxetv, rule, govern.]
In Gr. antiq., one who trained persons to com-
pete in public games and contests.
ºniº (ag’6-mis-têr), n. IK agonist + -erl.
*Cf. Sophister.] Same as agonist, 1.
agº: (ag-5-nistik), a... [KML. agonisticus,
Gr. &yovtottkóg, Kåyovtotág, agonist : see ago-
mist.] 1. Pertaining to contests of strength or
athletic combats, or to contests of any kind, as
a forensic or argumentative contest.
The silver krater given by Achilles as an agonistic prize
at the funeral of Patroklos, which, as the poet tells us,
was made by the Sidonians, and brought over the sea by
the Phoenicians. C. T. Newton, Art and Archaeol., p. 289.
2. Combative; polemic; given to contending.
Two conflicting agonistic elements seem to have con-
tended in the man, sometimes pulling him different ways,
like wild horses.
Walt Whitman, in Essays from The Critic, p. 32.
3. Strained; aiming at effect; melodramatic.
, E, D,
Gascoigne.
agonistics (ag-Ö-nistiks), n.
Apublic games or other athletic
àgonizant (ag-Ö-ni’zant), n.
agonothete (a-gö’nó-thèt), n.
agonothetic (a-gó-nē-thet'ik), a.
Agonus (ag' 3-nus), m.
agony (agº-ni), n. ; pl. agomies (-niz).
70% Stic.
agonistically (ag-à-nis’ti-kal-i), adv. In an
agonistic manner. [Rare.]
[Pl. of agonistic:
see -ics.] The art or science of contending in
contests.
[K ML. agoni-
2am(t-)s, ppr., of agonizare: See agonize.] One
of a Roman Catholic confraternity whose chief
duty it is to offer prayers for the dying, and
more especially to assist and pray for criminals
under sentence of death.
agonize (ag'é-niz), v.; pret. and pp. agonized,
ppr. agonizing. [K F. agoniser, KML. agonizare,
labor, strive, contend, be at the point of death,
K. Gr. &yovíčeoffat, contend for a prize, fight,
struggle, exert one's self, K &yóv, a contest for
a prize, etc. See agony, from which the stronger
sense of agonize is imported.] I. intrans. 1.
To struggle ; wrestle, as in the arena; hence,
to make great effort of any kind.—2. To writhe
with extreme pain; suffer violent anguish.
To Smart and agonise at every pore.
Pope, Essay on Man, i. 198.
II. trans. To distress with extreme pain;
torture.
He agonized his mother by his behaviour. Thackeray.
Also spelled agonise.
agonizingly (ag'à-ni-zing-li), adv. In an ago-
nizing manner; with extreme anguish. Also
spelled agonisingly.
Agonoderus jº. m. [NL., KGr. &yo-
voc, without angle, 4- 6épm, 6éph, neck, throat.]
A genus of Cara-
bidae, comprising a
moderate number
of species of very
Small or medium-
sized beetles pecu-
liar to temperate
America. It is not
readily defined either by
structural characteror by
general appearance, and
the smallerspecies, which
are of nearly uniform
light-brown or testaceous
color, are very difficult
to distinguish from simi-
larly colored species of
other genera. A. pallipes
(Fabricius), one of the
commonest species, is
about a quarter of an inch long, and of a pale-yellowish
color. Its elytra have a wide black stripe, divided by the
suture; the disk of the prothorax is usually marked with a
large black spot, and the head is always black. Most of
the species in the United States are extremely abundant,
especially in moist places, and are readily attracted by light.
Nothing is known of their earlier stages.
Agonodernes dorsalz's (Le Conte).
Vertical line shows natural size.
agonoid (agº-noid), a. and n. [KAgonus + -oid.]
. a. Having the characters of the Agonidae.
II. m. A fish of the family Agonidae; an agonid.
tº [K L. agonotheta
and agonothetes, KGr. &yoyoffétmg, Kāyöv, contest,
+ Ti-à-val, place, appoint: see theme, thesis,
etc.] One of the officials who presided over
public games in ancient Greece and awarded
the-prizes.
[K Gr. &yovo-
tleTakóç, KayajvodëTºº : see agonothete.] Pertain-
ing to the office of agonothete.
[NL., K. Gr. a- priv. --
yóvv, knee (taken in the sense of ‘joint’), − E.
knee.] A genus of fishes, typical of the family
Agonidae. Bloch, 1801. Also called Aspido-
phorus. A. cataphractus (Asp. europaºws) is the
sea-poacher or pogge.
[KME.
agonie, KOF. agonie, K LL. agonia, KGr. &yovía,
a contest, struggle, agony, orig, a contest for a
prize at the public games, Kayóv, a contest,
Wrestle, a place of contest, an assembly (see
agon”), Köyetv, assemble, bring together, lead,
drive, move, etc., = L. agere: see agent, act, etc.
Cf. agomice, etc.] 1. A violent contest or strug-
gle. [Rare.]
Till he have thus denudated himself of all these incum-
brances, he is utterly unqualified for these agonies.
Decay of Christ. Piety, p. 408.
2. The struggle, frequently unconscious, that
often precedes matural death: in this sense of-
ten used in the plural: as, he is in the agonies of
death.-3. Extreme, and generally prolonged,
bodily or mental pain; intense suffering; hence,
intense mental excitement of any kind: as, the
agomy of suspense or uncertainty.
* A great agomy
Of hope strove in her.
W. Morris, Earthly Paradise, IL 316.









agony
A solitary shriek, the bubbling cry
Of some strong swimmer in his agony.
Byron, Don Juan, ii. 53.
Continued agony is followed by exhaustion, which infee-
ble persons may be fatal. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 29.
4. In a special sense, the sufferings of Christ in
the garden of Gethsemane.—Agony column, the
column of a newspaper which contains advertisements
relating to lost relatives and friends and other personal
matters: so called from the apparent distress of the adver-
tisers. [English, and chiefly in London.]=Syn. 3. Agony,
Angwish, Pang, Torture, Torment, throe, paroxysm, ache.
These all denote forms of excruciating pain of the body
or the mind. Agony is pain so extreme as to cause strug-
gling; it is general rather than local pain. Angwish is,
in the body, commonly local, as the angwish of amputa-
tion, and transient. Pang is brief and intermittent; it
is a paroxysm, spasm, throe, thrill, or throb of pain; in
the mind there may be the pangs of remembrance, etc.,
and in the body the pangs of hunger, etc. The agonies or
pangs of dissolution; the angwish of a fresh bereavement.
Torture and torment are by derivation pains that seem to
wrench or rack the body or mind; they are the most power-
ful of these words. Torment expresses a more permanent
state than torture. See pain.
The octopus had seized his left arm, causing dreadful
agomy by the fastening of its suckers upon the limb.
P. Robinson, Under the Sun, vii.
One fire burns out another's burning,
One pain is lessen’d by another's angwish.
Shak., R. and J., i. 2.
That last glance of love which becomes the sharpest
pang of sorrow. George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xliii.
Suspense in news is torture ; speak them out.
- Milton, S. A., l. 1569.
O, that torment should not be confined
To the body's wounds and sores |
Milton, S. A., l. 606.
agood+ (a-gūd’), prep. phr. as adv. [Ka8, on,
in, + good. Cf. the phrase in good earnest.] In
earnest; heartily.
I made her weep a-good. Shak., T. G. of W., iv. 4.
The world laughed agood at these jests.
Armin, Nest of Ninnies, 1608. (Halliwell.)
agora (ag'à-rá), n. IK Gr. &Yopá, assembly, mar-
ket-place, K dyeipelv, call together, assemble.]
In ancient Greece: (a) A popular political as-
sembly; any meeting of the people, especially
for the promulgation or discussion of laws or
public measures. Hence — (b) The chief pub-
lic square and market-place of a town, in which
such meetings were originally held, correspond-
ing to the Roman forum. The agora usually occu-
pied the site about the original public fountain or well of
a settlement, which was the natural place of reunion for
the inhabitants. It was often surrounded by colonnades
and public buildings ; sometimes public buildings and
temples stood within it. In some instances a large open
space was reserved for public meetings, and the remain-
der was variously subdivided for purposes of traffic. It
was customary to erect in the agora altars to the gods
and statues of heroes and others, and sometimes, as at
Athens, it was adorned with alleys of trees.
agoranome (ag’º-ra-nóm"), n. IK L. agorano-
amus, K. Gr. &yopavóuog, clerk of the market, Kåyopá,
market, + véuetv, manage, rule.] . One of those
magistrates in a Greek city who had charge of
the inspection of the markets, of weights and
measures, and of public health. Their func-
tions corresponded to those of the Roman
ediles.
agoraphobia (ag’ī-ra-fô'bi-á), m. [K Gr. &yopá,
market-place (see agora), + -poſłia, fear: see
º; In pathol., a dread of crossing open
spaces, such as open Squares, city parks, etc.:
a feature of some cases of neurasthenia.
agosta dero (ä-gó-stä-dā’ró), n. [Sp., a sum-
mer pasture, Kagostar, pasture cattle on stub-
|ble in summer, dial. plow in August, KAgosto,
August, harvest-time, harvest.] A place for
asturing cattle. [Used in parts of the United
§. settled by Spaniards.]
agº. (a-gö-ā’râ), m. [Native name in South
erica..] A species of racoom, Procyon cam-
crivorus, about the size of a fox. It is a native of
the warmer parts of America, and eats all kinds of crus-
taceans and mollusks, marine and terrestrial; from this
habit it is also called the crab-eating racoom.
agoumenos (a-gö’me-nos), n. Same as hegw-
7%0%OS.
esº
º . ... • *** *
*z, *s-,----> * * * * *-- .
Agouta (Solenodon paradoxus).
agouta (a-gö’tā), n. . [Native name.] in-
sectivorous mammal peculiar to Hayti, the
type-member of the genus Solenodon and of the
116
family Solenodontidae. It is so puzzling to natural-
ists that it has received the name of S. paradoa:ws. It has
the fur, ears, and tail of the opossum, but the teeth and
elongated nose of the shrew. Its feet terminate in five
toes, and the long claws are curved and evidently adapted
for scraping in the earth. The dentition is unique, the
grooving of the second incisor of the lower jaw distinguish-
ing this º from all others whose dental system is
known. It is of the size of a rat, and not unlike one in
general appearance. See almigwi and Solenodon.
agouti (a-gö'ti), n. IK F. agouti, acouti, K. Sp.
aguti, K Galibi agowty, Tupi aguti, acwti.]
Agouti (Dasyprocta agouett).
The American name of several species of rodent
mammals of the genus Dasyprocta and family
Dasy Octidae. The common agouti, or yellow-rumped
cavy, D. agowti, is of the size of a rabbit. The upper part
of the body is brownish, with a mixture of red and black;
the belly yellowish. Three varieties are mentioned, all
peculiar to South America and the West Indies. It bur-
rows in the ground or in hollow trees, lives on vegetables,
doing much injury to the sugar-came, is as voracious as a
pig, and makes a similar grunting noise. It holds its food
in its fore paws, like a squirrel. When scared or angry
its hair becomes erect, and it strikes the ground with its
hind feet. Its flesh is white and of agreeable taste, and
the animal is pursued as game in Brazil. Also spelled
agwti and agowty. See acouchy and Dasyprocta.
agracet, v. t. See aggrace.
agraffe (a-graf'), n. [Also, as a historical
*term, agrappe, aggrappe; K F. agrafe, formerly
§: “agraphe, a clasp, hook, brace, grap-
ple, hasp” (Cotgrave), also “agrappe (Walloon
agrap), K. a- + grappe, KML. grappa, KOHG.
chrapfo, G. kºrapfe, a hook: see grape, º:
1. A clasp or hook, used in armor or in ordinary
costume, fastening in the same manner as the
modern hook and eye, often made into a large
and rich ornament by concealing the hook itself
beneath a jeweled, engraved, embossed, or en-
s &
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Agraffe—13th century.
The plate is in two parts; a hook behind the left-hand piece enters
a ring behind the other. (From Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. du Mobilier
français.”)
ameled plate: as, “an agraffe set with bril-
liants,” Scott, Ivanhoe. Also agrappe, fermail.
Amongst the treasures is the Crowne of Charlemagne,
his 7 foote high scepter and hand of justice, the agraffe of
his royall mantle beset with diamonds and rubies, his
sword, belt and spurrs of gold.
Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 12, 1643.
2. A device for preventing the vibration of
that part of a piano-string which is between
the pin and the bridge.—3. A small cramp-
iron used by builders.
agrammatism, (a-gram'a-tizm), n. IK Gr.
âypápparoc, without learning (Kö-priv. -Fypáu-
pla(T-), a letter), + -ism..] In pathol., inability
to form a grammatical sentence.
agrammatisti (a-gram'a-tist), n. [AS agram-
imat-ism + -ist.] An illiterate person. Bailey.
agraphia (a-graf’i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. - priv.
+ -)papta, Kypápety, write.]. A form of cere-
bral disorder in which there is a partial or total
loss of the power of expressing ideas by Written
symbols. -
agrappe (a-grap"), n.
agra Ilan
agrarianism (ä-grä'ri-gnizm), n.
agree
agraphic (a-graf'ik), a. Pertaining to or char-
acterized by agraphia. -
Same as agraffe, 1.
(a-grä'ri-àn), a. and n. [K L. agra-
rius, Kager, field, country, land, = E. acre, q.v.;
agraria leges, laws relating to the division o
the public lands among the poorer citizens;
agrarii, n. pl., those who favored such laws.
I. a. 1. Relating to lands, especially public
lands; pertaining to the equal or uniform divi-
sion of land.
His grace's landed possessions are irresistibly inviting to
an agrarian experiment. 747°/C6,
2. Growing in fields; wild: said of plants.
We believe that the charlock is only an agrarian form.
of Brassica. g
Prof. Buckman, Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. of Sci., 1861.
3. Rural.— arian laws, in ancient Rome, laws
regulating the distribution of the public lands among the
citizens; hence, in modern use, laws relating to or provid-
ing for changes in the tenure of landed property.—Agra-
rian murder, agrarian outrage, a murder or an outrage
brought about by some dispute concerning the occupancy
of land, or by general discontent among tenants or the rural
classes.—Agrarian region, the name proposed by H. C.
Watson for that altitudinalzóne of vegetation within which
grain can be cultivated.
II. m. 1. One who favors an equal division
of property, especially landed property, among
the inhabitants of a country, or a change in
the tenure of land. Hence, sometimes applied to agi-
tators accused of leveling tendencies or of hostile designs
against the holders of property, as to certain political par-
ties at different times in the United States.
The new party [the Equal Rights party, 1835, nicknamed
Locofocos] was arrayed in the habiliments of a real bug-
bear. Agrarians was the accursed name to be fastened
On them, and to make them an abomination in the eyes of
all those who took any interest in law or social order.
H. von Holst, Const. Hist. (trans.), II. 397.
2. The land itself. [Rare.]
The agrarian in America is divided among the common
people in every state. J. Adams, Works, IV. 359.
3. An agrarian law. [Rare.] -
[K agrarian
-ism.] 1. The principle or theory of an equal
or uniform division of lands; more generally,
any theory involving radical changes in the
tenure of land, as the denial of the right of
private property in it, and advocacy of its dis-
tribution and control by the government.—2.
The movement or agitation in favor of agrarian
views, or for the establishment of more favor-
able conditions in the use of land; violence ex-
ercised in pursuit of this object.
Every county board, every central council, however lim-
ited its legal powers, may become a focus for agrarianism
or sedition. Nineteenth Century, XIX. 319.
agrarianize (a-grâ’ri-an-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
agrarianized, ppr. agrarianizing. [K agrarian.
+ -ize.] 1. To distribute, as public lands, among
the people.—2. To imbue with ideas of agra-
rianism. N. E. D.
Agra work. See work.
See agree.
agret, prep. phr. as adv.
gret, Obsolete forms of
agreablet, agreabletet.
agreeable, agreeability.
agreet, prep. phr. as adv. [K.M.E. agree, agre
(also in forms in gree, at gree, to gree), KOF. a.
gre (F. & gre), favorably, according to one's
will, at pleasure: a (K.L. ad), to, at ; gre, earlier
gred, gret, that which Fº K ML. gratum,
will, pleasure, neut. of L. gratus, pleasing: see
grateful. Cf. agree, v.] In good part; kindly;
in a friendly manner.
But toke agree alle hool my play.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 4349.
agree (a-gréſ), v. [KME. agreen, KOF. agreer, F.
agréer = Pr. agreiar, from the OF. phrase a gre,
favorably, according to one's will, at pleasure:
See agree, adv.] I. intrams. A. With a person-
al or personified subject, in which case agree
is either used absolutely or is followed by with
before the agreeing object, and by upon, on, for,
to, or in, and sometimes with, before the object
or condition of the agreement; the latter may
be expressed by an infinitive or a clause. 1. To
be of one mind; harmonize in opinion or feel-
ing: as, with regard to the expediency of the
law all the parties agree.
Science . . . agrees with common sense in demanding a
belief in real objective bodies, really known as causes of the
various phenomena, the laws and interrelations of which
it investigates. Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 89.
2. To live in concord or without contention;
harmonize in action; be mutually accordant
in intercourse or relation.
How dost thou and thy master agree ?
Shak., M. of W., ii. 2.
©























agree
8. To come to one opinion or mind; come to an
arrangement or understanding; arrive at a set-
tlement. -
Agree with thine adversary quickly.
They agree, he to command, they to obey.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 88.
Where an ambiguous question arises between two gov-
ernments, there is, if they cannot agree, no appeal except
to force. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
Didst not thou agree with me for a penny? Mat. XX. 13.
Make not a city feast of it, to let the meat cool ere. We
can agree upon the first place. Shale., T. of A., iii. 6.
Society seems to have agreed to treat fictions as realities,
and realities as fictions. Emerson, Clubs.
4. To yield assent; consent; rarely, express
concurrence: as, he agreed to accompany the
ambassador. w -
Agree to any covenants. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 5.
Agree with his demands to the point. -
Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
The tyrant would have agreed to all that the nation de-
manded. Macaulay, Burleigh.
B. With a thing or things for the subject, in
which case agree now takes no preposition ex-
cept with or in after it, though formerly to was
also so used. 5. To be consistent; harmonize;
not to conflict or be repugnant: as, this story
agrees with what has been related by others.
Their witness agreed not together. Mark xiv. 56.
When we possess ourselves with the utmost security of
the demonstration, that the three angles of a triangle are
equal to two right ones, what do we more but perceive
that equality to two right ones does necessarily agree to,
and is inseparable from, the three º of a triangle?
Locke, Human Understanding, V.1.
A wild-rose roofs the ruined shed,
And that and Summer well agree.
Coleridge, A Day Dream.
6. To resemble; be similar; be applicable or
appropriate; tally; match; correspond; coin-
cide: as, the picture does not agree with the
original.
They all agree in having for their object deliverance
from the evils of time.
J. F. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, iii. 5.
His system of theology agreed with that of the Puritans.
Macaulay, Hist. Dng., vii.
7. To suit; be accommodated or adapted: as,
the same food does not agree with every consti-
tution.—8. In gram., to correspond in number,
case, gender, or person: as, a verb must agree
with its subject. =Syn. To accord (with), concur (in),
ºbe (to), promise, engage, undertake. See list under
(VCC606.
II, trans. 1. To settle; determine; arrange.
He saw from far . . .
Some troublous uprore or contentious fray,
Whereto he drew in hast it to agree.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iv. 3.
I do believe the two Pretenders had, privately, agreed
the matter beforehand. 02/.
[This use of the verb agree is now obsolete except in the
impersonal phrase it is agreed, and in a few legal and busi-
ness expressions: as, the account has been agreed.
It is thus agreed
That peaceful truce shall be proclaim'd in France.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 4.]
Mat. v. 25.
2}. To agree with ; suit.
If harm agree me, wherto pleyne I thenne?
Chaucer, Troilus, i. 409.
Case agreed or stated. See case1.
agreeability (3-gré-a-bil’i-ti), n. [Mod. form
of ME. agréableté, K ÖF. agréablete (= Pr. agra-
dabletat), K agreable : see agreeable and -bility.]
The quality of being agreeable; easiness of
disposition; agreeableness.
Al fortune is blisful to a man by the agreablete or by the
egalite of hym that suffereth it. Chaucer, Boëthius.
She was all good humour, spirits, sense, and agreeabili-
ty. (Surely I may make words when at a loss, if Dr. John-
son does.) Mme. D'Arblay, Diary, I. 42.
agreeable (a-gré'a-bl.), a, [KME. agreable, KOF.
agreable (F. agréable), K agreer: see agree, v.]
1. Suitable; conformable; correspondent: as,
conduct agreeable to the moral law.
Though they embraced not this practice of burning, yet
entertained they many ceremonies agreeable unto Greek
and Roman obsequies. Sir T. Browne, Urn-Burial, i.
[In this sense agreeable is sometimes incorrectly used for
agreeably: as, agreeable to the order of the day, the house
took up the report of the committee.]
2. Pleasing, either to the mind or to the senses;
to one's liking: as, agreeable manners; fruit
agreeable to the taste.
There was something extremely agreeable in the cheer-
ful flow of animal spirits of the little man.
- Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 260.
My idea of an agreeable person, said Hugo Bohun, is a
person who agrees with me. Disraeli.
3. Willing or ready to agree or consent: now
used only or chiefly as a colloquialism.
These Frenchmen give unto the said captain of Calais a
great sum of money, so that he will be but content and
agreeable that they may enter into the said town, ti.
Q?????67°,
117
I'll meet you there, and bring my wife that is to be. . . .
You're agreeable % Dick
4t. Agreeing one with another; concordant.
These manifold and agreeable testimonies of the olde
and new writers. Author of 1596, quoted by F. Hall.
=Syn, 1. Fitting, befitting, appropriate, consonant (with).
—2. Pleasing, etc. See pleasant.
agreeableness (à-gré'a-bl-nes), n. The state
or quality of being agreeable. (a) Suitableness;
conformity; consistency: as, the agreeab 8 of virtue
to the laws of God. (b) The quality of pleasing; that
quality which gives satisfaction or moderate pleasure to
the mind or senses: as, agreeablenegg of manners; there is
an agreeableness in the taste of certain fruits.
We have entered into a contract of mutual agreeable-
ave38 for the space of an evening.
Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey, x.
(cf) Concordance; harmony; agreement.
The agreeableness between man and other parts of crea-
tion. ev, Cosmologia Sacra.
agrºly (a-gré'a-bli), adv. [K ME. agreable-
gy: see agreeable and -ly?..] In an agreeable
Imanner. (a) Suitably; consistently; conformably. See
remark under agreeable, 1.
The effect of which is, that marriages grow less frequent,
agreeably to the maxim above laid down. Paley.
Reason requires us, when we speak of Christianity, to
expound the phrase agreeably to history, if we mean to
claim on its behalf the authority of civilized man.
Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 189.
(b) Pleasingly; in an agreeable manner; in a manner to
give pleasure: as, to be agreeably entertained with a dis-
COULI'Se.
The years which he [Temple] spent at the Hague seem
. . . to have passed very agreeably.
Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
We were also most agreeably surprised by he beauty of
the scenery. Lady Braggey, Voyage of Sunbeam, II. xxii.
(cf) Alike ; in the same or a similar manner; similarly.
With hem that every fortune receyven agreablely or
egaly [equally]. Chaucer, Boëthius.
Armed both agreeably. Spenger, F. Q., VI. vii. 3.
agreeingly: (a-gré'ing-li), adv. In conformity
Ato. Sheldon.
agreement (a-gré’ment), n. [K ME. agrement,
OF. agrement, F. agrément: see agree, v., and
-ment.] 1. The state of agreeing or of being
in accord. (a) Concord; harmony; conformity; resem-
blance; suitableness.
What agreement hath the temple of God with idols?
2 Cor. vi. 16.
Knowledge is represented as the perception of the
agreement or Tepugnance of our ideas, not with things,
but with one another; in some cases the agreement being
seen intuitively or directly, and in others by a process in
which there may be more or less certainty.
McCosh, Locke's Theory, Ś 2.
(b) Union of opinions or sentiments; harmony in feeling;
absence of dissension: as, a good agreement subsists among
the members of the council.
With dim lights and tangled circumstance they tried to
shape their thought and deed in noble agreement.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, Prelude.
(c) In gram., correspondence of words in respect of num-
ber, gender, etc. See agree, v., I., 8. (d) In logic, capability
of being true together: said of terms.
2. The act of coming to a mutual arrangement;
a bargain, contract, covenant, or treaty: as, he
made an agreement for the purchase of a house.
Make an agreement with me by a present.
g 2 Ki. xviii. 31.
An agreement, if it involve an unlawful act or the pre-
vention of lawful acts on the part of others, is plainly un-
lawful. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 42.
3. Agreeable quality or circumstance; agree-
ableness: generally in the plural. [A Galli-
cism, now often written as French, agréments.]
This figure, says he, wants a certain gay air; it has none
of those charms and agreements.
Tom Brown, Works, III. 52.
Agreement for insurance, an agreement preliminary to
the filling out and delivery of a policy
with specific stipulations.—External
agreement. See external.—Memo-
randum of agreement. See memoran-
dum.—Method of agreement. See
amethod.—Non-importation. agree-
ment, an agreement made between the
American colonies at Philadelphia, Oct.
20, 1774, not to import anything from
or manufactured in Great Britain or Ire-
land or the West Indies. This action was
taken by Way of retaliation for the passage
by Parliament of certain acts for raising
revenue in America.
agreget, agregget, v. See ag-
gredge.
agrenon (a-gré’non), n. [Gr.
Ypmov, a net, a net-like woolen
robe..] In Gr. antiq., a net-like
woolen garment worn by bac-
chanals and soothsayers. [KL
In
l,º
;
º
ſ
N
§
Torso of Apollo
wearing the e-
& non, found at Ha-
agrestial (a-gres’tial), Q. #. Villa near
agrestis : S60 agrestic.] 1
habiting the fields.-2. In
in cultivated land. [Rare.]
'bot, growing wild
agriculturist
agrestic (a-gres’tik), a. [K L. agrestle, rural
rustic, K ager, field: see agrarian and acre.]
Rural; rustic; periº to fields or the coun-
try; unpolished. [Rare.]
Cowley retreated into solitude, where he found none of
the agrestic charms of the landscapes of his muse.
I. D'Israeli, Calam. of Authors, I. 64
agrestical (a-gres’ti-kal), a. Same as agreştic,
agrevet, v. t. An obsolete spelling of aggrieve
agria (ag’ ri-á), n. ., K. Gr. &yptog, wild,
savage, malignant, K Öypóg, field, = E. acre, q.
v.] Same as herpes.
agricolation? (a-grik-à-lä'shgn), n. IKL. agri-
colatio(n-), K agricolari, cultivate land, K agri-
cola, a cultivator of land, farmer: see agricole.]
Cultivation of the soil. Cockeram.
agricole (agºri-köl), n. [KF. agricole, KL. agri-
cola, a farmer, Kager, field (see acre), + Colere
till.] A husbandman; a rustic. N. E. D. [Rare.
*:::::::: (a-grik’ 3-list), n. . [K L. agricola,
armer (see agricole), + -ist.] An agriculturist.
The pasture and the food of plants
First let the young agricolist be taught.
Dodsley's Coll. of Poems, Agriculture.
agricolous (a-grik’ 6-lus), a. [K L. agricola,
farmer (see agricole), + -ous.] Agricultural.
Sydney Smith.
agricultor (agºri-kul-tor), m. [L., better written
separately, agri cultor, tiller of land: agri, gen.
of ager, land, field (see acre); cultor, tiller, K
colere, till, cultivate. Cf. agricole.] A tiller of
the ground; a farmer; a husbandman. [Rare.]
agricultural (ag-ri-kul’tſir-al), a. Pertaining
to, connected with, or engaged in agriculture.
The transition from the pastoral to the agricultural life
has almost always been effected by means of slavery.
D. W. Ross, German Land-holding, p. 3.
Agricultural ant, a kind of ant which clears the ground
of verdure in the vicinity of its nest. Such a species is
Pogonomyrmez barbatus of Texas, which cuts down all
the herbage within ten or twelve feet of its nest.—Agri-
cultural chemistry, a branch of chemistry treating of
the composition and chemical properties of plants, Soils,
manures, feeding-stuffs for cattle, etc.—Agricultural
Children Act, an English statute of 1873 (36 and 37 Vict.
c. 67) which restricts the employment of children in agri-
cultural work and provides for their education.—Agri-
cultural engine, a portable steam-motor for general work
on a farm. See traction-engine and steam-plow.—Agri-
cultural Gangs Act, an English statute of 1867 (30 and
31 Vict. c. 130) which regulates the contracting of women
and children to labor on farms.— icultural geology,
that branch of geology which treats of the resources of a
country in respect of soils, subsoils, subjacent strata, and
mineral fertilizers.-Agricultural Holdings Acts, two
English statutes of 1875 and 1883, as to the relation of land-
lord and tenant, the settlement of their disputes, and com-
pensation for improvements.-Agricultural Society, a
society for promoting agricultural interests, such as the
hºment of land, of implements, of the breeds of cat-
e, etc.
agriculturalist (ag-ri-kul’tſir-al-ist), m. [K ag-
ficultural + -ist. Cf. naturalist.] Same as agri-
culturist.
Every truly practical man, whether he be merchant,
mechanic, or agriculturalist, transmutes his experience
into intelligence, until his will operates with the celerity
of instinct. Whipple, Lit. and Life, p. 194.
agriculturally (ag-Ti-kul’tſir-al-i), adv. As re-
gards agriculture or agricultural purposes.
The dissolved constituents of sewage—by far the most
valuable portion agriculturally.
Sci. Amer. Supp., XXII. 8836.
agriculture (ag 'ri-kul-tiâr), m. [K F. agricul-
ture, K L. agricultura, better written separately,
agri cultura, tilling of land: agri, gen. of ager,
field; cultura, tilling, cultivation: see agricultor
and culture.] The cultivation of the ground;
especially, cultivation with the plow and in large
areas in order to raise food for man and beast;
husbandry; tillage; farming. Theoretical agricul-
ture, or the theory of agricult wre,is a science comprehending
in its scope the nature and properties of soils, the different
sorts of plants and seeds fitted for them, the composition
and qualities of manures, and the rotation of crops, and
involving a knowledge of chemistry, geology, and kindred
sciences. Practical agriculture, or husbandry, is an art
comprehending all the labors of the field and of the farm-
yard, such as preparing the land for the reception of the
seed or plants, sowing and planting, Tearing and gathering
the crops, care of fruit-trees and domestic animals, dis-
position of products, etc.—Bachelor of agriculture, a
degree, corresponding to bachelor of arts or of science,
conferred by agricultural colleges. Often abbreviated to
B. Agr.—Chamber of Agriculture, an association of
agriculturists for the purpose of promoting and protect-
ing the interests of agriculture.—Department of Agri-
culture and Commissioner of Agriculture. See de-
partment. -
agriculturism (agºri-kultúr-izm), n. . [K agri-
culture -H -ism..] The art or science of agricul-
ture. [Rare.]
agriculturist (ag-ri-kul’tir-ist), n., [K agricul-
ture + -ist.] One occupied in cultivating the
ground; a husbandman. Also written agricul-
turalist.

agriculturist
They preferred the produce of their flocks to that of
their lands, and were shepherds instead of agriculturists.
Buckle, Civilization, II.i.
Caesar tells us that the natives [of Britain] in his time
were not generally agricultwrists, but lived on milk and
meat, and clothed themselves with skins.
G. Rawlinsom, Origin of Nations, p. 134.
agrieff (a-gréf'), prep. phr. as adv. [ME. also
agreef, agref, agreve; Kaš + grief.] 1. In grief.
Chaucer. — 2. Amiss;
unkindly. Chaucer.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------are
agrievancet, agrieve?.
See aggrievance, ag- º º
grieve. §º. º
sº ºn º
à griffes (ä gréf). [F. : º
à, to, with ; griffes, pl. § º
of griffe, claw: see griff.] º
(Held or secured) by
claws or clamps, as a
stone in a ring. The
clamps used for this
purpose in ancient jewelry are often of con-
siderable size and of decorative form.
Agrilus (ag 'ri-lus), m. [NL., based on Gr.
âypóg, field. Cf. Agrotis.] A genus of buprestid
Agraffe with the central stone
mounted dº griffes.
º
Agričić's riéſ, collis.
a, anal end of body of larva; b, larva ; c, beetle. (The vertical
lines show natural sizes.)
'beetles comprising numerous species distrib-
uted all over the globe in the temperate and
tropical zones. They may at once be distinguished
from most other genera of Buprestidae by their very slender
elongate form, the body being usually of a uniform coppery
or bronze color. In the larval state most of them live in
the terminal twigs of deciduous trees, often doing consider-
able damage, and a few also live in the stems of herbaceous
plants. The red-necked raspberry buprestid, Agrilus rufi-
collis (Fabricius), causes large excrescences or galls on the
I'aspberry, known as the
raspberry gouty-gall. e
agrimensor (ag-ri-
men’sór), n. ; pl.
agrimensores(-men- §
sö’réz). [L., Kager - §
(see acre) + men- §§
sor, K metiri, pp. *ś
mensus, to mea- §§"
sure.] In Rom. sº
antiq., a land-sur- #
veyor. § *
There was a disin- }\} §
clination on the part of §§ *Sºjº
the Greek geometer to *SS # *
be satisfied with a mere º: s§§ º §s
approximation, Were it 㺠§ ū Ş.
ever so close ; and the 2: º
unscientific agrimensor ;º
shirked the labour in-
volved in acquiring the
knowledge which was
indispensable for learn- º
ing trigonometrical cal-
culations.
Encyc. Brit., XX. 89.
agrimony (ag 'ri- & e &
mö-ni), n. [K ME. agrimony, egrimony, agri-
moyme, egremoyne, egremounde, etc.; K OF. aigre-
moine, K.I. agrimonia, a false reading of arge-
monia (Pliny), a plant similar to another called
argemóne (Pliny), KGr. Öpyeuðvn, a certain plant,
K †. also apxeua, a white speck in the eye,
for which this plant is said to have been re-
garded as a cure, K &pyóg, white, shining.] The
general name of plants of the genus Agrimonia,
in the family Rosaceae, which includes several
species of the northern hemisphere and South
€T1C3. They are perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves,
yellow ſlowers, and a rigid calyx-tube beset above with
hooked bristles. The common agrimony, A. Eupatoria,
of Europe and the United States, was formerly of much
repute in medicine. Its leaves and root-stock are astrin-
gent, and the latter yields a yellow dye.
agrin (a-grin"), prep, phr. as adv. or a, [Ka8
+ grin.] In the act or state of grinning; on
the grin: as, “his visage all agrin,” Tennyson.
agriological (ag"ri-Ö-loj’i-kal), a. Of or per-
taining to agriology.
agriologist (ag-ri-ol’ā-jist), n. IK agriology +
-ist.] One who makes a comparative study of
human customs, especially of the customs of
man in a rude or uncivilized state. Maa. Müller.
Agrimony (Agrimonia. Eupatoria),
showing branch, flowering spray, and
ruit.
118
agriology (ag-ri-ol’ā-ji), n. [KGr. Öyptoc, wild,
Savage (Käypóg, field), + º K Aéyetv, speak:
See -ology.] The comparative study of the
Customs of man in his uncivilized state.
Agrion (agri-on), n. [NL., KGr. &yptoc, living
in the fields, Káypóg, a field.] The typical genus
of the family Agrionidae orgroup Agrionina. A.
Saucium is red, variegated with black.
agrionid (ag-ri-on'id), n. A dragon-fly of the
family Agrionidae.
Agrionidae (ag-ri-on’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Agri-
on + -idae.] family of dragon-flies belong-
ing to the order Odonata, comprising the slen-
der, graceful forms known as damsel-flies:
named from a leading genus, Agrion, a species
of which, A. puella, is the common blue dragon-
fly of Britain.
Agrionina (ag"ri-Ö-ni'nā), n. pl. "[NL., K. Agri-
on + -ina.l. A group of dragon-flies, typified by
the genus Agrion and corresponding to the
family Agrionidae, comprising small slender-
bodied forms with metallic hues, whose larvae
have external leaf-like gills.
A fish of the
*Hººpºº, (ag-ri-op’º-did), n.
[NL., K
family Agriopodida!.
Agriopodidae (ag"ri-Ö-pod’i-dé), m. pl.
Agriopus (-pod-) + -idae.] A family of acanthop-
terygian fishes, represented by the genus Agri- ¥
Op?/8. It includes those Cottoidea in which the dorsal fin
is very long, commencing on the nape, and consisting of
an elongated acanthopterous and short arthropterous por-
tion; the anal fin is short ; the ventrals are thoracic and
well developed, and have 1 spine and 5 soft rays; the hea
is compressed, with small mouth and lateral eyes; the
branchial apertures are separated by an isthmus; the
trunk is muchadiform and compressed; and the vertebrae
are numerous (for example, 18 abdominal and 21 caudal).
Agriopus (a griºpus), n. (Ni, K. Gr. ºpio,
wild, savage, + troög (Troö-) = E. foot, as assumed
in the deriv. form Agriopodidas, but in intention
prob. ºp (&T-), face, appearance.] A genus of
acanthopterygian fishes, typical of the family
Agriopodida’. A. torvus, the sea-horse, is about 2 feet
in length, and is common on the shores of the Cape of
Good Hope. Also called Agriopes.
agriot, n. See egriot.
Agriotes (a-gri’ī-téz), n. [NL., K. Gr. &yptórnç,
wildness, K Öyptog, wild, Kåypóg, field.] Agenus
of coleopterous insects, of the family Elateridae
(click-beetles or snapping-beetles), of the pen-
tamerous division of the order Coleoptera. The
larvae of several species, as the British A. lineatus, are well
known as wire-worms. See cut under wire-worm.
agrippa (a-grip’ī), m.; pl. agrippae (-e).
# º Agrippa, a Roman family *...] In
obstet.: (a) A person born with the feet fore-
most. (b) Foot-presentation; a footling case.
Agrippinian (ag-ri-pin’i-an), n. IKL.L. Agrip-
piniani, pl., K. Agrippinus, a personal name, KL.
Agrippa, a Roman family name.] Eccles., a
follower of Agrippinus, bishop of Carthage,
probably late in the second century, who taught
that apostates should be rebaptized.
agriset, v. . [KME. agrisen (sometimes misspell-
ed agrysen), pret. agros, shudder, be terrified, K
AS. āgrisan, pret. *āgrãs, shudder, be terrified,
K d- + “grisan, X early ME. grisen, pret. gros,
shudder, be terrified: see grisly.] I, trans. 1.
TO gause to shudder or tremble; terrify; dis-
guSU.
All where was nothing heard but hideous cries,
And pitious plaints, that did the harts agrise.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas.
2. To abhor. Chaucer.—3. To make frightful;
disfigure.
Engrost with mud which did them fowle agrise.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 46.
II. intrans. To shudder; tremble with fear;
be much moved.
There sawe Isoche tempest arise,
That every herte might agrise,
To se it paintid on the wall.
Chawcer, House of Fame, 1. 210.
She nought agros. Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 930.
agrodolce (ag-rö-döl’che), n. [It., K agro (K.L.
acer, sharp, sour) + dolce, K L. dulcis, sweet.]
A compound formed by mixing sour and sweet
things.
Agrodolce . . . is a blending of sweets and sours, and
is made by stewing in a rich gravy prunes, Corinth cur-
rants, almonds, pine-kernels, raisins, vinegar, and wine.
Badham, Prose Halieutics, p. 62. (N. E. D.)
agrom (ag’rgm), n. [Appar. from Gujarati
agriºn, ulceration of the tongue from chronic
disease of the alimentary canal.] The native
name in India for a rough and cracked con-
dition of the tongue not uncommon in that
country. -
agronome (ag’rö-nóm), n. [K F. agronome, K
r. &ypováuoç, an overseer of the public iands,
âypóvouog, rural, Käypóg, field, + véuetv, deal out,
§ agrope (a-gróp'), prep. phr. as adv.
Agrotis
assign, administer; in a special use, to feed or
graze cattle..] An agronomist.
agronomial (ag-rū-nó’mi-al), a.
nomic.
Rapid as was Leonard's survey, his rural eye detected
the signs of a master in the art agronomial.
Bulwer, My Novel, v. 2.
agronomic (ag-rū-nom'ik), a. [K agronome +
-ic.] Relating to agronomy, or the manage-
ment of farms.
Maxims of agronomic wisdom. D. G. Mitchell, Wet Days.
agronomical (ag-ró-nom’i-kal), a. Same as
agronomic.
The experience of British agriculture has shown that
the French agronomical division of the soil is infinitely
less profitable . . . than that prevailing in this country.
JEdinburgh Rev., CIII. 94.
agronomics (ag-ró-nomºiks), n. [Pl. of agro-
nomic: see -ics.] The science of the manage-
ment of farms; that division of the science of
political economy which treats of the manage-
ment of farming lands.
agrºnºmi: (a-gron’ ‘,-mist), n. IK agronomy
-ist.] One who is engaged in the study of
agronomy, or the management of lands. -
An impartial foreign agronomist. Edinburgh Rev.
M. J. A. Barral, a distinguished French chemist and
agronomist. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 288.
*gºnºy (a-gron’ā-mi), n. [KF. agronomie, K
r. as if *āypovouía, Kāypovéuog: see agronome.]
The art of cultivating the ground; tº:
[K a
Same as agro-
grope.] Gropingly.
Three women crept at break of day,
Agrope along the shadowy way
here Joseph's tomb and garden lay.
M. J. Preston, Myrrh-bearers.
agrosł. Preterit of agrise.
Agrostemma (ag-rö-stem’ā), n. [NL., KGr:
ôypóg, field, + otéppia, a wreath: see stemma.]
Agenus of caryophyllaceous herbaceous plants.
It is regarded by Some authors as a section of the genus
Lychnis, from which it differs in the elongated segments
of the calyx, and in the petals being without scales. A.
Githago, the common corn-cockle, with large entire pur-
ple petals, is the only species belonging to the genus as
now understood. There are several varieties in cultiva-
tion. -
Agrostis (a-gros’tis), n. [NL., K. L. agrostis,
KGr. Öypootag, couch-grass (cf. &ypôormſ, nearly
equiv. to L. agrestis, rural, of the field: see
agrestic), Käypóg, a field, the country.] A large
genus of grasses, distributed over the globe, and
valuable especially for pasturage. The English
Species are known as bent-grass. The marsh-bent, A. alba,
was at one time widely known as florin. A. vulgaris, cul-
tivated for both hay and pasturage, is called in America
Ted-top, or sometimes herd's-grass. See bent2. e
agrostographer (ag-ros-togºra-fér), n. A writer
upon grasses. º
agrostographic (a-gros-tº-graf'ik), a. Per-
taining to jº phy.
agrostographical (a-gros-tº-graf’i-kal), a.
Same as agrostographic.
agº. (ag-ros-tog’ ray-fi), m. [K Gr.
ôyptootag, couch-grass (see Agrostis), + -ypaſpia,
Kypápetv, write.] A description of grasses.
agrostologic (a-gros-tº-loj'ik), a. Relating or
pertaining to agrostology.
agrostological (a-gros-tº-loj’i-kal), a.
as agrostologic.
agrostologist (ag-ros-tol’º-jist), n. One skilled
in agrostology. Encyc. Brit.
agrostology (ag-ros-tol’ā-ji), n. [K Gr. Öypoortg,
couch-grass (see Agrostis), + -āoyia, K. Aéyetv,
speak of : see -ology.] £hat part of botany
which relates to grasses.
Agrotis (a-gró’tis), n. [NL., K. Gr. Öypótnc, of
the field, wild, Kāypóg, field.] A genus of moths,
of the family Noctuidae, comprising a large num-
'ber of the night-flying moths, chiefly distin-
Same
W-marked Cutworm (Agrotis (Noctua) clandestima) and Greasy
Cutworm Moth (Agrotis ypsilon, Hübner), natural size.




119 ahu
m. The bark of the complaint, contempt, dislike, joy, exultation,
etc., according to the manner of utterance.
When it es [is] born it cryes Swa [so]:
If it be man, it cryes a, a,
That the first letter es of the nam [namel
Of our forme [first] fader Adam;
And if the child a woman be
Agrotis
guished º their somber colors and as being the ague-bark (ā'gü-bärk)
parents of worms injurious to agriculture, espe- wafer-ash, Ptelea trifºliata.
cially the different cutworms. See cutworm. ague-cake (ā'gū-kāk), n. An enlarged and
*ºn. (a-ground'), prep. phr, as adv. or a hardened spleen, the consequence of intermit-
[ME. agrounde, also on grounde; Kaº, on, + tent and remittent fevers.
ground.] 1. On the ground; stranded: a mau- ague-drop (ä'gü-drop), n. A solution of the ar-
tical term signifying that the bottom of a ship
rests on the ground for want of sufficient depth
of water: opposed to afloat.—2. Figuratively,
Senite of potassium; the liquor potassii arseni-
is of the United States Pharmacopoeia. It is
also known as Fowler's 8olution, and is much employed as
a remedy in intermittent fever.
When it is born it says e, e. 3. [See eh.] Hampole,
A. H. An abbreviation of the Latin anno he-
iirae, in the year of the hejira, or flight of Mo-
brought to a stop for want of resources, matter,
and the like: as, the speaker is aground.
The Administration are now in fact aground at the pitch
of high tide, and a spring tide too.
H. Adams, Gallatin, p. 431.
agroupment, n. See aggroupment.
ammed from Mecca, A. D. 622.
ahal (à-hā’), interj. [A repetition of ah, a2,
with aspiration of the second a ; K ME. a ha =
G. aha, etc. Cf. ha, ha-hal, o-ho, etc.] An ex-
clamation expressing triumph, contempt, sim-
ple surprise, etc., according to the manner of
*:::: (ā'gü-fit), n. A paroxysm of cold or
shivering; a sharp attack of chilliness.
This ague-fit of fear is over-blown.
ak., Rich. II., iii. 2.
ague-grass (ā’gü-grás), n. The plant blazing-
1113, ("..) m. [NL., KGr, àypwrvia, star, Aletris farinosa. Also called ague-root.
Öpwrvoc, sleepless: see Agrypnus.] "Sleep. ague-proof (ā'gū-prôf), a. Proof againstague. utterance. -
lessness; insomnia; morbid wakefulness or I am not ague proof. Shak, Lear, iv. 6. They . . . said, Aha, aha, our eye hath seen: XXV. 21.
vigilance.
3, nocoma (a-grip-nó-kö’mâ), m. •, K
r. &ypvirvog, sleepless (see Agrypnus), + ſcópia,
ague-root (ā'gū-röt), n. Same as ague-grass.
aguerriedt (a-ger 'id), a. [K F. aguerrir, to
†ake waſ like, & 3 (ºf...ad, to) +
aha2 (ä'hā), n. Same as ha-ha”.
ahead (a-hed"), prep. phr, as adv. or a. [Ka8,
coma.] A lethargic or partly comatose state,
between natural Sleep and coma. [Rare.]
agrypnotic (ag-rip-not'ik), a. and n. IK F.
agrypnotique (with term. assimilated to that of
hypnotique, hypnotic), K. Gr. &ypvrvmtakóg, wake-
ful, Käypvrveiv, be wakeful, K &ypvrvog, wakeful:
see Agrypnus.] I. a. Sleep-preventing; caus-
ing wakefulness.
#1. m. In med., something which tends to
drive away sleep; an antihypnotic.
Agrypnus (a-grip/nus), n. ., K. Gr. &ypvt-
vog, wakeful, sleepless, K &ypewelv, &ypeiv, hunt,
seek, -H it wog, sleep.] A genus of Coleopterous
insects, of the family Elateridae; one of those
genera of insects whose destructive larvae are
known as wire-worms.
agt. A contraction (a) of agent and (b) of against.
agua (ä'gwä), n. Same as agua-toad.
#. (a-gwā’ră), n. [Tupi aguara.] A name
of the maned dog of South America, Canis juba-
tus. Also called guara and Culpew.
aguardiente (a-gwār-di-en’te), n. [Sp., contr.
of agua ardiente, burning water: agua, K.L. agua,
water (see aqua); ardiente, ppr. of arder, K L.
ardere, burn (see ardent).] 1. A brandy made
in Spain and Portugal, generally from grapes.
–2. In general, in §§ countries, any spir-
ituous liquor for drinking. In California and New
Mexico the name is applied to American whisky, and in
Mexico to pulque (which see).
agua-toad (ä'gwā-tód), n. [K NL. agua, the
specific name (appar. of native origin), + E.
sº º
4- : zºº -
•ºr º (º & Tºº
Jº …S. Ny. $.3
*śS.-CŞ. <& Š
º -
- * zºº -
Agua-toad (B10ſo maximus).
toad.] The Bufo marinus or B. agua, a ve
large and common South American toad, wi
enormous parotid glands. It is one of the noisiest
of its tribe, uttering a loud snoring kind of bellow, chiefly
during the night. It is very voracious, and, being believed
to devour rats, has been largely imported from Barbados
into Jamaica to keep down the swarms of rats that infest
*the plantations. Also called agua.
* (ā'gü), n. IK ME. agu, ague, K OF. agu,
em. ague (F. aigu, fem, aigue), – Pr. agut, fem.
aguda, sharp, acute, K L. acutus, fem. acuta,
acute, sharp, violent, severe; febris acuta, a
violent fever: see acute.] lit. An acute or
violent fever. | •
And the burning agwe, that shall consume the eyes.
Iev. xxvi. 16.
2. Intermittent fever; a malarial fever charac-
terized by regularly returning paroxysms, each
in well-developed forms, consisting of three
stages marked by successive fits, cold or shiv-
ering (the chill), hot or burning, and sweating;
chills and fever.
That ye schul have a fever terciane
Or an agu. Chawcer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1, 140.
8. Chilliness; a chill not resulting from dis-
©BSè-Dumb ague. See dumb.
* (ā'gü), v. t. [Ó ague, n.] To cause a
shivering in; strike with a cold fit. Heywood.
[Rare.] * * -
Faces pale
With flight and agued fear. Shak., Cor., i. 4.
guerre, war:
see guerrilla.] Inured to the hardships of war;
instructed in the art of war. i
An army, the best aguerried of any troops in Europe.
Lord Lyttelton, Hist. Hen. II
ague-spell (ā'gü-spel), n. A spell or charm to
cure or prevent ague.
His pills, his balsams, and his ague-spells.
Gay, Pastorals, vi.
ague-tree (ā’gü-tré), n. A name sometimes
applied to Sassafras on account of its supposed
febrifugal qualities.
ague-weed (ā'gü-wód), n. 1. The common
boneset of the United States, Eupatorium per-
Joliatum.–2. A species of gentian, Gentiana
quinquefolia.
aguey (ā'gü-i), a. [Kague -H -y1.] Aguish.
º, S. $/*-j Agul
aguilert, n. IK ME. aguler, agwiler, KOF. agwil-
ler, agwillier, mod. aiguillier (= Pr. aguliarie
(Roquefort), a needle-case; cf. agullier, needle-
maker), Kagwile, aiguille, F. aiguille, needle: see
aiguille.] A needle-case. Rom. of the Rose, 1.98.
aguilt? (a-gilt"), v. [K ME. agilten, agylten,
agulten, KAS. āgyltan, be guilty, Ka- + gyltan :
see a-1 and guilt.] I. intrans. To be guilty of.
Thing of which they nevere agilte hyre lyve.
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, l. 392.
II. trans. To sin against; offend.
Whi hastow mad Troylus to me untriste
That nevere yet agylte hym that I wyste?
haucer, Troilus, iii. 840.
aguiset, aguizet (a-gizZ), n. IK a- (expletive) +
guise.] Dress.
Their fashions and brave aggwize.
Dr. H. More, Song of the Soul, p. 7.
aguiset, aguizet (a-giz"), v. t.
To dress; adorn.
And that deare Crosse uppon your shield devizd,
Wherewith above all Knights ye goodly seeme agwizd.
Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 31.
aguish (ā’gü-ish), a. [Kague -H -ish 1.] 1. Chil-
ly; somewhat cold or shivering.—2. Havin
the qualities of an ague: as, an agwish fever.
Her agwish love now glows and burns. Granville.
3. Productive of agues: as, an agwish locality.
Through chill agwish gloom outburst
The comfortable sun. Reats, Endymion, iii.
4. Subject to ague. -
aguishness (ā’gü-ish-nes), n. The condition of
being aguish; chilliness.
aguizet, m. and v. See aguise.
aguti, n. See agouti.
agy (ā'ii), a. [Kage +-y1.] Aged; old. N. E. D.
agynary (aj’i-nā-ri), a. [After F. agymaire
(De Candolie), K NL. *agymarius: see agynous
and -ary.] In bot., characterized by the ab-
sence of female organs: a term applied by A. P.
de Candolle to double flowers which consist
wholly of petals, no pistils being present.
agynic (a-jin'ik), a. [As agymous + -ic.] In
bot., a term applied to the insertion of stamens
which are entirely freefrom the ovary. [Rare.]
agynous §. a. [KGr. Öyvyog, àyövmg, also
dyinvat;, wifeless, K &- priv. H. Yvvá, a woman,
female: see gym-.] In bot., having no female
Organs.
agyrate (a-ji'rät), a. [KNL.*agyratus: see a-18
and gyrate.] bot., not arranged in whorls.
ah (ā), interj. [A natural cry, expressive of Sud-
den emotion; M.E. a (cf. OHG. *ā = Icel. as, ai)
= OF. a, F. ah = L. ah = Gr. &; in Teut. usually
with final guttural, AS. ed (for “eah) = D. ach
= OHG. ah, M.H.G. G. ach. = Sw, ack = Dan. ak.
Often repeated, with aspiration, ah ha, aha.
See ahal and ha, and cf. O, oh.] An exclamation
expressive of pain, surprise, pity, compassion,
[See agwise, n.]
aheap (a-hép’), prep. phr. as adv.
aheightt (3-hit"),
ahem (a-hem"), interj.
ahight (3-hi(), prep. phr. as adv.
ahint, ahin (a-hintſ, a-hin'), prep. or adv.
ahm (äm), i. -
ahna-tree (ā’īnā-tré), m.
a holdt (a-höld’), prep. phr. as adv. Or a.
ahoy (a-hoiſ), interj.
ahu (ā’hô), m.
on, at, H- head, front.] 1. In or to the front;
in advance; before: as, they walked ahead of
us all the way: in nautical language, opposed
to astern : as, to lie ahead.
The east end of the island bore but a little ahead of us.
Fielding, Voyage to Lisbon.
It seemed to me when very young, that on this subject
life was ahead of theology, and the people knew more than
the preachers taught. IEmerson, Compensation.
2. Forward; onward; with unrestrained mo-
tion or action: as, go ahead (= go on; proceed;
push forward or onward; carry out your task
or purpose: an idiomatic phrase said to have
originated in the United States, and sometimes
converted into an adjective: as, a go-ahead per-
son); he pushed ahead with his plans.
They suffer them [children] at first to run ahead.
Sir R. L’Estrange, Fables.
To forge ahead. Nawt. : (a) To move slowly, and as it
were laboriously, past another object; draw ahead, as one
ship outsailing another.
No man would say at what time of the night the ship
(in case she was steering our course) might forge ahead of
us, or how near she might be when she passed. Dickens.
(b) To move ahead, as in coming to anchor after the sails
are furled.—To get ahead, hold ahead, etc., See get,
hold, etc.—To run ahead of one’s reckoning. See
reckoning.
[Ka8, on, in,
+ heap.] In a heap; in a huddled or crouching
condition, as from terror; in a constrained
attitude, as from fear or astonishment: as, this
fearful sight strack us all aheap (= all of a
heap).
When some fresh bruit
Startled me all aheap 1 and soon I saw
The horridest shape that ever raised my awe.
Hood, Mids. Fairies, xvi.
prº phr. as adv. [Also
spelled ahight; K ač, on, + height, Jight. Cf.
aloft, of similar sense.] Aloft; on high: as,
“look up a-height,” Shak., Lear, iv. 6.
[Intended to represent
an imarticulate sound made in clearing the
throat, usually as preparatory to speaking.]
An utterance designed to attract attention,
express doubt, etc.
[Ka8, on, +
high.] On high.
One heav'd a-high, to be hurl’d down below.
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4.
- * - [K
ME. at hind, K. A.S. aet-hindan, behind, K art, E.
at, + hindan, from the back, behind: see a-7,
hind9, behind, and cf. afore.] Behind. [Scotch.]
Same as aam.
[Kahna, anma, native
name, H- tree..] A large evergreen thorny spe-
cies of Acacia, growing abundantly in the sandy
river-beds of Damaraland, Africa. The wood is
light but durable, and the bark is said to be a good tan-
ning material. The tree bears a profusion of pods, which
are very nutritious food for cattle, and are also eaten by
the natives. Also written amºna-tree.
[K as,
on, + hold.] Near the wind, so as to hold or
keep to it: as, to lay a ship a-hold. Shak.
[Same as hoy, interj., with
prefix a- marking a slight preliminary utter-
ance: see a-9.] Nawt., an exclamation used to
attract the attention of persons at a distance:
as, ship ahoy!
[Pers. āhū, a deer.] One of the
native names of the common gazel of central
Asia, the Gazella subgutturosa (Antilope subgut-
turosa of Güldenstädt). It is said to inhabit in herds
the open country of central Asia, Persia, the Baikal region,
and to be found from the eastern boundary of Bokhara to
the Hellespont. Its principal food is a species of worm-
wood, Artemisia Pontica. The ahu is pale-brown, white






ahu
below and on the anal disk, with a light stripe on the side,
adark stripe on the haunches, and the end of the tail black.
Also called jairow.
ahuatle (ā’ö-at-l), n. [Nahuatl ahuautle.] A
preparation of the eggs of a dipterous insect
of Mexico, Ephydra hians, used for food.
It is of the eggs of this insect . . . that the greater part
of the food products of this lake [Lake Texcoco), known
as Ahwatle, is composed. . . . The eggs are . . . cleaned
and ground into flour, which is called Ahuatle. This food
is deemed suitable for those days in which the religious
observances prohibit the use of flesh. It is prepared by
mixing with hens' eggs and fried with fat in Small cakes.
The taste is similar to that of caviare.
Stand. Nat. Hist., II. 432.
a-hufft (a-huf'), prep. phr. as adv. [K a” +
huff.] In a Swaggering manner.
Set cap a-hwff, and challenge him the field.
. Greene, James IV., iv.
ahulli (a-hul’), prep. phr, as adv. or a. [Ka8,
on, in, + hull.] Naut., in or into the position
of a ship when her sails are furled and the
helm is lashed to the lee side; in the position
of a vessel when she lies to, with all her sails
furled.
ahungeredi (a-hung'gèrd), a. or pp. [Also an-
hungered, KME. ahungred, ahungryd, amhungred,
with substituted prefix an-, earlier of whgered,
ofhwngred, %gº offingred, of yngred, afin-
gred, pp., KAS. of hymgred, pp. of of hyngrian,
cause to hunger, K of intensive + hyngrian,
cause to hunger: see a-4 and hunger, v. Cf.
athirst.] Pinched with hunger; hungry. [Er-
roneously printed in the New Testament as
two words, in the forms (in different editions)
a hungered, an hungered, and an hwngred.]
a hungrył (a-hung'gri), a. [Same as ahungered,
with suffix changed in imitation of hungry.]
Hungry: as, “I am not a-hungry,” Shak, M.
W. of W., i. 1.
Ahuramazda (ä"hö-ra-maz' dà), n. [Zend
Ahuro mazdao, X Pers. Ormuzd.] Same as Or-
Amuzd.
ai, ayu (i), m. [Jap.] A Japanese salmo-
noid fish, Salmo (Plecoglossus) altivelis, also
known as the one-year fish. It is catadromous,
and an annual.
The most widely spread species of salmon in the Japan-
ese rivers and lakes . . . is the Ayu (pronounced Ai) or
Plecoglossus altivelis, Schl. The Ayu is not found near
the sources of the rivers. Fein, Japan (1884), p. 197.
ail. [(1) K ME, ai,ay, ei, ey, abi, a3, e3, a 3, KAS.
ag, eg, àg, eg, that is, the vowel as or e, à or ē,
followed by the palatal g, in ME. g., 3, or y, also
written ?, merging with vowel y or ? : see g, y, i.
(The digraph in hair, ME. here, has taken the
place of earlier 6 as in ere, there, their, etc.)
(2) K ME. ai, ay, ei, cy, with following vowel
aie, etc., K ÖF. ai, ei, etc., of various origin,
usually developed from L. a. or e. (3) Of vari-
ous other origin. See examples cited below.]
A common English digraph, representing gen-
erally the sound of “long a " (ā), which be-
comes à before r, as in ail (sounded like ale),
wain (sounded like vame, vein), air (sounded like
ere, heir), etc. As commonly pronounced, it is strictly
a diphthong consisting of “long a " (à), or e (e), followed by
a vanish, i (i), which is, in words of Anglo-Saxon origin,
historically identical with the consonant y. This di-
graph occurs in words — (1) of Anglo-Saxon origin, as in
ail, haill, mail, sail, fain, wain, fairl, lair, etc., being also
used, parallel with ae, in modern Scotch spelling for “long
a" equivalent to E. “long o,” oa, 0-e, as in aith, raid,
aim, etc., - E. oath, road, rode, own, etc.; (2) of French,
and ultimate Latin origin, as in fail, faint, vain, grain,
aim, fair2, etc.; (3) of Greek origin, being used some-
times as a direct transliteration of Greek at instead of the
usual Latin transliteration ae or oc (see ael), as in aitiology,
etc.; (4) of various other origin, usually representing the
diphthong ai or i, as in German kaiser and Oriental and
“native” words, especially proper names, as Aino, Cairo,
etc. In the words of Anglo-Saxon and lºrench Origin at
varied with ay, which now prevails when final, usually
changing back to ai when made medial by the addition
of a suffix, as in day, clay, gay, affray, array, etc., daily,
afraid, raiment, etc.; but in some such cases, especially
before a suffix beginning with a vowel, ay remains un-
changed, as in payment, betrayed, clayey, etc.
ai2 (ā’é), n. [= F. aš, hay, K. Tupi ał, hai, ahy.]
The tâțee toëdor collared sloth, Bradypus tri-
dactylus or torquatus: so called from having a
feeble, plaintive cry somewhat resembling the
sound represented by its name. See sloth 1, 4,
and Bradypus (the typical genus of the fam-
ily Bradypodidae).
aiaia, aiaiai (i-i'ā, -i), ºp. [Native name, prob.
imitative; of unsettled orthography, found as
a book-name in the forms above given, and
also in the forms ayaya, ajaia, ajaja..] 1. The
South American name of the roseate spoonbill,
a large grallatorial bird of the genus Platalea,
family Plataleidae, related to the ibis.-2. In
the form afaja : (a) The specific name of the
120
bird Platalea ajaja. (b) [cap.] Reichenbach's
generic name of the bird, which he calls Ajaja
Yosea, to separate it generically from the old-
Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaya rosea).
world spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia. See spoon-
bill.—3. In Paraguay, the jabiru, Mycteria
americana : in this sense only in the form ałaiai.
JE. D. See cut under jabiru.
aiblins (āb ‘linz), adv. [Also spelled ablins,
ablis, abil, able (Jamieson); K able, “fit, proper,
apt, liable, in danger of ’’ (Jamieson), + -lins,
-lings, -lis: see ableland-ling2.]. Perhaps; per-
adventure; possibly. [Scotch..]
Rut fare-ye-weel, auld Nickie-ben I
Oh wad ye tak’ a thought and men',
Ye aiblims might—I dinna ken—
Still ha'e a stake. Burms, To the De'il.
Aich metal. See metal.
aidl (ād), v. t. [KME. aiden, KOF. aider, also
eider, aidier, mod. F. aider=Pr. afudar, K.L. ad-
jutare, help, aid, freq. of adjuvare, pp. adjutus,
help, Kad, to, + juvare, help: see adjutant, ad-
jute.] 1. To help; assist; afford support, or
relief; promote the desire, purpose, or action
of: as, to aid a person in his business, or an
animal in its efforts; to aid a medicine in its
operation.
- Till more hands
Aid us, the work under our labour grows,
Luxurious by restraint. Milton, P. L., ix. 208.
So aid me Heaven when at mine uttermost.
Tennyson, Geraint.
2. To promote the course or accomplishment
of; help in advancing or bringing about; for-
ward; facilitate: as, to aid the recovery of a
patient, or the operation of a machine; to aid
one's designs.
Take your choice of those
That best can aid your action. Shak., Cor., i. 6.
No more these scenes my meditation aid.
Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, l. 161.
[In this sense aid is often followed by im, giving it the
appearance of an intransitive verb, the direct object of
assistance being unexpressed : as, he actively aided in the
search..]—Aiding, and abetting, in criminal law, an of-
fense committed by one who, though not directly perpe-
trating a crime, is yet present at its commission and ren-
ders aid to the perpetrator. = Syn. To support, sustain,
serye, back, second, abet, coöperate with, relieve.
àid1 (ād), m. [K F. aide, KOF. aide, eide, etc.;
from the verb.] 1. Help; succor; support;
assistance.
Sweet father, I behold him in my dreams
Gaunt as it were the skeleton of himself,
Death-pale, for lack of gentle maiden's aid.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
2. He who or that which aids or yields as-
sistance; a helper; an auxiliary; an assistant:
as, Coleridge's “Aids to Reflection.”
It is not good that man should be alone ; let us make
unto him an aid like unto himself. Tobit viii. 6.
The aids to noble life are all within.
M. Arnold, Worldly Place.
3. In feudal law, a customary payment made
by a tenant or vassal to his lord, Originally a
voluntary gift; hence, in Eng. hist., applied to
the forms of taxation employed by the crown
between the Norman conquest and the four-
teenth century. Aids in the narrower sense, whether
to the crown or mesne lords, were by Magna Charta lim-
ited to grants on three special occasions: (a) to ransom
the lord when a prisoner; (b) to make the lord's eldest son
a knight; (c) the marriage of the lord's eldest daughter.
The legal authority to enforce such aids was abolished in
First there were payments called aids; in the theory of
our earlier authors they were offered of the tenant's free
will, to meet the costs incurred by the lord on particular
occasions; but they settled into a fixed custom afterwards,
if they had not really dome So when those authors wrote.
F. Pollock, Land Laws, iii.
The marriage was, according to the new feudal ideas,
made the excuse for a heavy exaction of money, an aid, as
the feudal lawyers call it.
E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, W. 123.
aiguière
4. An aide-de-camp; so called by abbreviation.
–5. pl. In the manège, the helps by which a
horseman contributes toward the motion or ac-
tion required of a horse, as by a judicious use
of the heel, leg, rein, or spur.—court of aid, in
French hist, a court for the collection of the royal aids,
or excise.--Emigrant aid societies. See emigrant.—
Extents in aid. See eatent.--To pray in aid. See
aid-prayer. =Syn. 1. , Coöperation, furtherance, relief-
2. Coadjutor, assistant. -
aid” (äd), n. [Eng. dial.; etym. unknown.] 1.
A deep gutter cut across plowed land. [Shrop-
shire, Eng.]–2. A reach in a river. [Shrop-
shire, Eng.]
aidance (ā’dans), n., [K OF. aidance, K aider,
aid: see aidl; v.] That which aids, or the act
of aiding; help; assistance. [Rare.]
The means and aidances supplied by the Supreme Rea-
SOIl. Coleridge.
ăidant (ā’dant), a. [KOF, aidant, ppr. of aider,
KL. adjutan(t-)s, P; of adjutare, aid: see aidl,
w., and adjutant.] Helping; helpful; supplying
aid. [Rare.]
Be aidant and remediate,
In the good man's distress | Shak., Lear, iv. 4.
aid-de-camp, m. See aide-de-camp.
aide (ād), n. Same as aide-de-camp.
[Hamilton] was picked out by Washington to serve as
his confidential aide. N. A. Rev., CXXIII. 117.
aide-de-camp (E. pron. Ād"dē-kamp, F. pron.
ãd’dé-koń), m.; pl. aides-de-camp (ädz"dē-kamp
or fidz"dē-koń). [K F. aide de camp, lit. a field
assistant: aide, aid, assistant (see aidl, m.); de,
K L. de, of ; camp, K. L. campus, field, battlefield:
see campl.] Milit., a confidential officer whose
duty it is to receive and communicate the orders
of a general officer, act as his secretary upon
occasion, and the like. Sometimes written aid-
de-camp.
aider (ā’dër), n. One who helps; an assistant
or auxiliary; an abetter; an accessory.
All along as he went were punished the adherents and
aiders of the late rebels. Burmet.
[Emerson] was the friend and aider of those who would
live in the spirit. M. Arnold.
aides-de-camp, n. Plural of aide-de-camp.
aidful (ād'fül), a... [K aid1 + ful.] Giving aid;
helpful. [Rare.]
Aidful to the distresses of God's people.
Bp. Hall, Haman Disrespected.
aidless (ād’les), a. [K aid! -H, -less.] Without
aid; helpless; without succor; unsupported.
aid-majort (ādſmå"jQr), n. Same as adjutant.
aid-prayer (ād'prār), m. A petition or plea for-
merly employed in actions concerning estates
in land, by which a defendant claimed the as-
sistance of another person jointly interested
with him in sustaining the title.
aiglet” (ä'glet), n. [Dim. of OF. aigle, eagle:
See eaglet.] In her., an eaglet or young eagle.
aiglet?, n. See aglet.
aigocerine, a. See agocerine.
Aigocerus, m. , See AEgocerus.
aigrelt (ā’gér), a. [K F. aigre : see eagerl.]
Sharp; sour. See eagerl.
Like aigre droppings into milk.
Shak, (1623), Hamlet, i. 5.
aigre? (ā’gér), n. See eagerø.
aigremore (ā’gér-mór), n. . [F.; origin un-
known.]. Charcoal made ready for the admix-
ture of the other constituent materials of gun-
powder.
aigret, aigrette (ā’gret, à-gret’), n.
grette : see egret.]
[K F. ai-
1. The small white heron.
See egret.—2. (a) A plume
composed of feathers ar-
ranged in imitation of the
feathers on the head of
the heron, and worn on hel-
mets or by ladies as a part
of their head-dress, etc. (b)
A copy in jewelry of such a
plume, often so made that
the seeming feathers trem-
'ble with the movements of
the wearer, causing the
gems to sparkle.—3. In
bot., Same as egret.—4. In
£chth., a labroid fish, Lach-
molamus maximus, better
known as the hogfish (which
Aigret.
From Hans Burgkmair's
£º riumph of Maximilian
.”) see).
aigue-marine (äg-ma-rén'), n. [F.] Same as
aquamarine. . . º
aiguière (ā-gi-ār'), m. [F., a ewer, jug: see
ever2.] A tall and slender vessel of metal, por-


aiguière
celain, glass, or pottery
with a foot, a handle, an
a Spout or nozle. In English
the word is generally limited to
vessels of highly decorative char-
acter, of rich material, etc. See
taba.
aiguille (à-gwél’), n. [F., a
needle: see aglet.] 1. 'A
slenderform of drill used for
boring or drilling a blast-
holein rock.-2. Apriming-
wire or blasting-needle.—
3. The name given near
Mont Blanc to the sharper
eaks or clusters of needle-
ike rock-masses, ordinarily
seen wherever the slatycrys-
talline rocks occur, forming
a more or less considerable
part of a mountain range, but most strikingly
near Chamonix. Hence º. though rare-
ly, to similar sharply pointed peaks elsewhere.
aiguillesque (à-gwé-lesk’), a. [K F. aiguille, a
needle, F -esque..] ... Shaped like an aiguille;
resembling an aiguille. Ruskin. (N. E. D.)
aiguillette (ā-gwě-let'), m. [F., dim. of aiguille, a
needle: see aglet.] 1. Same as aglet, 1.-2. In
Cookery, a name given to a number of Jors d’azu-
vre, or side-dishes, from their being served on
small ornamental skewers or needles (aiguilles).
aiguisé (ā-gwé-Zā’), a. [F., pp. of aiguiser,
sharpen, = Pr. agusar = It. agu22are, K ML.
acutiare, sharpen, KL. acutus, sharp: see acute.]
In her., sharpened or pointed: applied to any-
thing sharpened, but in such manner as to ter-
minate in an obtuse angle. Synonymous with
appointée. Also written €guisé.
aigulet (ā’gü-let), n. Same as #!'; 1: as,
“golden aygulets,” Spenser, F. Q., II. iii. 26.
aikinite (ā’kin-it), m. ſºamed after Dr. A.
Aikin..] A native sulphid of bismuth, lead,
and copper, of a metallic luster and blackish
lead-gray color. It commonly occurs in embedded
acicular crystals, and is hence called needle-ore and acic-
wlar bismuth.
aillí, a. [K ME. eyle, eil, KAS. egle, painful,
troublesome, = Goth. aglus, hard. Cf. Goth.
aglo, distress, tribulation, akin to agis, fright,
E. awel, q.v.] Painful; troublesome.
Eyle and hard and muche.
Castle of Love, i. 223.
aill (āl), v. . [K ME. ailen, aylen, earlier eilen,
eylen, eglen, KAS. eglian, eglan, trouble, pain,
Goth. *agljan, only in comp. usagljan, trouble
exceedingly, distress; from the adj. : see ail1,
a. and m.] I. trans. To affect with pain or un-
easiness, either of body or of mind; trouble:
used in relation to some uneasiness or affection
whose cause is unknown: as, what ails the man?
What aileth thee, Hagar? Gen. xxi. 17.
What do you ail, my love? why do you weep?
Webster, The White Devil, iv. 2.
Never rave nor rail,
Nor ask questions what I ail.
Peele, Edward I. (Dyce ed., 1861), p. 395.
[Rarely used with a specific disease as subject, unless col-
loquially in iterative answer to a question: as, “What
ails you? A pleurisy ails me.”]
II. intrams. To feel pain; be ill (usually in a
slight degree); be unwell: now used chiefly in
the present participle: as, he is ailing to-day.
And much he ails, and yet he is not sick.
Daniel, Civil Wars, iii.
One day the child began to ail.
R. H. Stoddard, Pearl of the Philippines.
aill (āl), n. [From the verb. Cf. early ME. eile,
eil, harm (very rare); from the adj.] Indisposi-
tion or morbid affection; ailment. Pope.
ail? (āl), m. [E. dial., in pl. ails; variously cor-
rupted oils, hoils, hawels; K ME. eyle, eile, eigle,
K AS. egl, the beard of grain, corn, found only
twice, as tr. of L. festwca, “the mote that is in
thy brother's eye” (Luke vi. 41,42), —OHG. ahil,
G. achel, beard of grain; from the same root,
with diff, suffix (-l), as awnland ear?, q. v.]
The beard of wheat, barley, etc., especially of
barley: chiefly in the plural. Halliwell; Wright.
[Prov. Eng. (Essex).]
Tor to winden [var. windwe, winnow] hweate, and
scheaden [shed, i. e., separate] the eilem, and tet chef
[the chaff] urom the clene cornes.
Ancren Rivle, p. 270. (N. E. D.)
ailantic, ailanthic (à-lan'tik, -thik), @.. .[KAi-
lantus, Ailanthus, + -ic.] Of or pertaining to
Ailantus.-Ailantic acid, an acid obtained from the
+hark of Ailantus eagelsa. - e
àilantine (à-lan’tin), a. [K ailantus + -ine".]
Relating or pertaining to the ailantus, or to the
silkworms which feed upon its leaves.
Aft; of silvergilt in the
itti Palace, Florence.
-
t-
121
Ailantus (i-lan’tus), n. [NL.; also errone-
ously Ailanthus (simulating Gr. &v6og, flower); +
Kailanto, given as an Amboyna name, said to
mean ‘tree of heaven’; appar. for “ai lanit, a
Molucca form of Malay kāyu langit, ‘tree of
the sky.’ 1. A genus of trees of the family
Simaroubaceae. The only commonly known species is
the tree of heaven or Chinese sumach, A. glandulosa,
native of Mongolia and Japan, frequently planted as a
shade-tree. It is of rapid growth, with very long pinnate
leaves, and throws up abundant root-suckers, by which it
is usually propagated. The flowers are polygamous or
nearly dioecious, and are very ill-scented. Bombya: (Philo-
8amia) cynthia, a species of silkworm, feeds on its leaves.
In Japan the produce of silkworms fed on this tree is large.
2. [l. c.] A tree of the genus Ailantus, or the
genus collectively; as, the ailantus, when once
established, is difficult to eradicate.
ailet, n. 1. The older and more correct spelling
of aisle.—2. [F.: see ailette.] Milit., a wing or
* flank of an army or a fortification.
aileron (ā’le-ron), m. [F., dim. of aile, wing:
See ailette.] Same as ailette.
ailette (à-let’), m. [F., dim. of aile, a wing, K
L. dila, wing: see ala and aisle..] A plate of
ironworn over the mail to pro-
tect the shoulders of a man-
at-arms, before the introduc-
tion of plate-armor for the
'body. Ailettes were some-
times charged with heraldic
bearings. Also aislette and
#" ling) V. 1
ailing (ā‘ling), n. [Verbal n. .
of aill, * Sickness; indis-
position.
ailing (ā‘ling), p. a. Not well;
indisposed.
But there is a sort of puny sickly
reputation, that is always ailing, yet
will outlive the robuster characters
of a hundred prudes. *
Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.
My mother had long been ailing,and
not able to eat much.
IR. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, p. 41.
= Syn. Unwell, etc. See sick.
ailment (ālſ ment), m. [Kaill, v., + -ment.] Dis-
case; indisposition; morbid affection of the
body: not ordinarily applied to acute diseases.
= Syn., Sickness, etc. (see illness), indisposition, disorder,
complaint.
Ailsa-cock (āl'zā-kok), n. A local name for
the puffin, Fratercula arctica, from its breeding
about Ailsa, Craig, in the Frith of Clyde, Scot-
land. See gut under puffin.
Ailuridae (ā-lii‘ri-dé), m. pl. Same as AEluridae.
Ailuroidea (à-lü-roi’dé-á), m. pl. Same as AElu-
7'Oidea.
Ailuropus (ā-lii’rö-pus), m. Same as AElwropus.
Ailurus (ā-lii’rus), m. Same as AElurus.
ailweed (ālºwed), m. [Kaill (?) + weed 1.] The
clover-dodder, Cuscuta Trifolii.
aim (ām), v. [KME. aymen, amen, eymen, KOF.
amer (Picard), esmer (= Pr. esmer, KL. a-stimare),
and with prefix, ecsmer, aesmer, aasmer, KML.
adastimare, K. L. ad, to, + æstimare, estimate:
see estimate.] I. trans. 1+. To esteem; con-
sider.—2+. To estimate; guess; conjecture.
Wyclif.-3+. To calculate; devise; intend.
My speech should fall into such vile success
Which my thoughts aim'd not. Shak., Othello, iii. 3.
4. To direct or point at something; level: as,
to aim the fist or a blow; to aim a satire or a
reflection at some person or vice.
Bulls aim their horns, and asses lift their heads.
Pope, Im. of Horace, Sat. i. 85.
5. To give a certain direction and elevation to
(a gun, cannon, arrow, etc.), for the purpose
of causing the projectile, when the weapon is
discharged, to hit the object intended to be
struck: as, to aim a gun.
II. intrans. 1+. To estimate; guess; conjec-
ture.
Rom. In sadness, cousin, I do love a woman.
Bem. I ain’d so near, when I suppos'd you lov’d.
Shak., R. and J., i. 1.
2. To direct one’s intention, purpose, or ac-
tion, as to the attainment or accomplishment
of something; intend; endeavor: as, a man
aims at distinction; aim to be just in all you do.
The short-sighted policy which aimed at making a nation
of saints has made a nation of scoffers.
Macaulay, Leigh Hunt.
3. To direct or point anything, as a weapon or
missile, toward an object.
[In all senses aim is used with at or an inflnitive before
the object to be reached.]
To cry aimt, in archery, to encourage the archers by cry-
ing out “Aim 1" when they were about to shoot. Hence it
came to mean to applaud or encourage in a general Sense.
Ailette with armorial
bearings, middle of 13th
century. (From Viollet-
le-Duc's “Dict. du Mo-
bilier français.”)
aim-crierł (ām (križ Čr), m.
Aino
It ill beseems this presence to cry aim
To these ill-tuned repetitions. Shak., K. John, ii. 1.
aim (ām), n. IK ME. ayme, ame, K OF. eSme;
from the verb.] 1+. Conjecture; guess.
He that seeth no mark, must shoot by aim.
Bp. Jewell, Reply to Hardinge, p. 31.
It is impossible by aim to tell it.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
What you would work me to, I have some aim.
Shak., J. C., i. 2.
2. Course; direction: in particular, the direc-
tion in which a missile is pointed; the line of
shot.
And when the cross-blue lightning seem'd to open
The breast of heaven, I did present myself
Even in the aim and very flash of it. Shak., J. C., i. 3.
3. The act of aiming or directing anything (as
a weapon, a blow, a discourse, or a remark) at
or toward a particular point or object with the
intention of striking or affecting it; the point-
ing or directing of a missile.
Each at the head
Levell'd his deadly aim. Milton, P. L., ii. 712.
4. The point intended to be hit, or object in-
tended to be affected; the mark or target.
To be the aim of every dangerous shot.
Shale., Rich. III., iv. 4.
5. A purpose; intention; design; scheme: as,
men are often disappointed of their aim.
The aim, if reached or not, makes great the life.
Try to be Shakspeare, leave the rest to fate.
Browning, Bishop Blougram's Apology.
The aim of scientific thought, then, is to apply past ex-
periences to new circumstances.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 131.
To give aim, in archery, to stand near the butts to tell
the archers where their arrows alight. The terms are “wide
on the shaft (right) hand,” “wide on the bow (left) hand,”
“short,” “gone”; the distances being measured by bow-
lengths. See bow-hand. = Syn, 5. End, scope, drift, goal,
intent, ambition.
1. One who en-
couraged an archer by crying “Aim l’” when he
was about to shoot. Hence—2. An encourager
generally; an approving on-looker; an abetter.
Thou Smiling airn-crier at princes' fall.
G. Markham, Eng. Arcadia.
aimer (ā’mér), n. One who aims.
aim-frontlett (ām "frunt” let), m. A piece of
Wood fitted to the muzzle of a cannon so as to
make it level with the breech, formerly used by
ners to facilitate aiming.
aimful (ām‘fül), a. [K aim + +ful..] Full of
purpose.
aimfully (ām‘fül-i), adv. In an aimful manner;
with fixed purpose.
airinºiſ (ā’ming-dril), m. A military ex-
ercise designed to teach men the proper method
of pointing and aiming firearms; a training pre-
liminary to target-practice.
aiming-stand (ā’ming-stand), m. Milit., a rest
for a gun, used in teaching the theory of aiming.
aimless (ām‘les), a. [K aim -H -less.] Without
aim ; purposeless.
The Turks, half asleep, ran about in aimless confusion.
Dryden, Don Sebastian.
aimlessly (ām‘les-li), adv. Without aim ; pur-
poselessly.
aimlessness (ām‘les-nes), n. The state or qual-
ity of being without aim or definite purpose.
[Thoreau's] whole life was a rebuke of the waste and
aimlessness of our American luxury, which is an abject
enslavement to tawdry upholstery.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 209.
ain (ān), a. [Also spelled ang, - E. ownl.]
Own. [Scotch..]
–ain. [KME. -ain, -ein, -aym, -eyn, KOF. -ain, -ein,
KL. -ānats: see -am.] A suffix of Latin origin, oc-
curring unfelt in English nouns, as in chieftain,
captain, chaplain, curtain, and, as originally, in
adjectives, as in certain, etc. It is a Middle
Bnglish and Old French form of -am (which see).
aince, aines (äns), adv. [K ME. ames, north.
form of ones (pron. Ö'nes), now corrupted to
once (pron. Wuns).] Once. [Scotch.]
ainhum (i'nyöm), n. [A |Pg. spelling of an
African word.] A disease peculiar to the
negro race, consisting of the sloughing off of
the little toes, unaccompanied by any other
disorder of the system.
Aino (i'nó), a. and m. [Etym. doubtful; sup-
posed to be a corruption of Jap. imit (pron.
ê(né), a dog, applied contemptuously by the
Japanese.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the
Ainos, certain aboriginal tribes in Japan and
Siberia, now forming small tribal communities
in the island of Yezo and on the southern part
of Saghalin: formerly also on the Kurile islands.
They are remarkably hairy. They are in a low stage of
culture. Also Aimw.
II. n. The language of the Ainos.


aimsel’
ainsel', aimsell (ān-sel’), n. [K aim = E. own,
+ sell = E. self.] Own self. [Scotch.]
ain’t, an’t (änt). A vulgar contraction of the
negative phrases am not and are not: often used
for is not, and also, with a variant hain’t, for
have not and has mot.
Aiolian (ā-öſli-an), a. and n.
and Æolian2.
Aiolic (ā-ol'ik), a. Same as AEolic.
Aiolism (ä’ô-lizm), m. Same as AEolism.
airl (ār), m. [Early mod. E. ayre, also aer (after
*L.), KME. eier, aire, eire, ayer, eyer, ayre, eyre,
aier, eyr, eir, KOF, air, F. air, the air, breath,
wind, - Pr. air, aire = Sp. aire = Pg, ar = It.
aere, aire, now commonly aria, all in the physi-
cal sensé; K.L. ačr, K. Gr. &#p (äep-), air, mist,
K Četv, breathe, blow, prob: akin to E., wind,
q. v. See air2 and airs, ult, identical with airl,
but separated in sense, and in time of intro-
duction.] 1. The respirable fluid which Sur-
rounds the earth and forms its atmosphere.
It is inodorous, invisible, insipid, colorless, elastic, pos-
sessed of gravity, easily moved, rarefied, and condensed,
essential to respiration and combustion, and is the medium
of sound. It is composed by volume of 21 parts of oxygen
and 78 of nitrogen ; by Weignt, of about 23 of oxygen and
77 of nitrogen. These are not chemically united, but are
mixed mechanically. Air Contains also .03 p.c. of carbon
dioxid, some aqueous vapor, about one per cent. of argon,
and small varying amounts of ammonia, nitric acid, ozone,
and organic matter. The specific gravity of the air at 32°F.
is to that of water as 1 to 773, and 100 cubic inches at mean
temperature and pressure weigh 303 grains. When air is in-
haled into the lungs oxygen is separated from the nitrogen,
and, uniting with the carbon in the blood, is expelled as car-
bon dioxid; it thus serves to purify the blood and furnishes
the body with heat. By the ancient philosophers air was
considered one of the four elements of all things, a View
maintained until recent times. See supplement.
The greate house, formerly the Duke of Buckingham's,
a spacious and excellent place for the extent of ground,
and situation in a good aire. Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 15, 1679.
The health of the mental and bodily functions, the
spirit, temper, disposition, the correctness of the judg-
ment, and brilliancy of the imagination, depend directly
upon pure air. EIwazley and Yowmans, Physiol., § 395.
2. In old chem., gas: still in use in this sense in
foundries and machine-shops, especially for such
gases as are mingled with air or formed from
it, as the gases from a furnace. In distinction
from this use, common air is often called atmospheric air.
3. A movement of the atmosphere; a light
breeze: usually in the plural.
The summer airs blow cool. Tennyson, May Queen, ii.
4. Utterance abroad; publication; publicity.
You gave it air before me. Dryden.
Hence—5+. Intelligence; information; advice.
It grew from the airs which the princes and states
abroad received from their ambassadors and agents here.
Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII.
6. The graphic representation, as in a painting,
of the effect of the atmospheric medium throug
which natural objects are viewed.—7. In the
Gr. Ch., a very thin veil spread over both the
paten and the chalice, in addition to the paten
and chalice veils. Also called nephele.
The third [chalice veil] is called . . . air, because, as the
air surrounds the earth, so does this surround the holy
gifts. . . . This name, air, has found its Way into our own
Church, through Bishop Andrewes, and the divines of his
time, who (especially Wren) were well versed in the East-
ern Liturgies. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 350, note.
Dephlogisticated air, in old, chem., oxygen: so called
from the notion that it was ordinary air deprived of phlo-
giston (which see).--Fixed air, the name given by Dr.
Joseph Black of Edinburgh to carbonic-acid gas on his
discovery of it in 1754, because it was found in solid bodies.
See carbonic.—Ground-air, air inclosed in porous surface-
soil, like surface-moisture or ground-water. Like ground-
water, ground-air is regarded as an important factor in de-
termining the sanitary condition of a locality. Ground-air
fluctuates with the barometric pressure, and with the con-
ditions of temperature and the rise and fall of ground-Wa-
ter.—In the air. (a) In circulation; flying about from one
to another; hence, generally felt or anticipated: as, there
is a rumor of war in the air; it is in the air that he can-
not succeed. (b) Without foundation or actuality; vision-
ary or uncertain ; as, a castle in the air (See . OUIT
prospects are in the air. (c) Milit., in an unsupported or
disconnected position; incapable of receiving or giving aid;
improperly exposed or separated: as, the left wing of the
army was in the air. Liquid air. See liquefaction of
gases, under liquefaction.— Residual air, the air which
remains in the chest and cannot be expelled. The amount
thus left is variously estimated at from 80 to 120 cubic
inches.—Tidal air, See tidal,—To beat the air.
See beat, v. t.--To take air, to be divulged; be made pub-
lic: as, the story has taken air.—To take the air, to go
abroad; Walk or ride a little distance.
I din’d at Sir William Godolphin's, and with that learned
gentleman went to take y' aire in Hyde Park, where was
a glorious cortege. Evelyn, Diary, july 1, 1679.
[Air is used in many compounds of obvious meaning; only
those which have a peculiar or specific sense are entered
below jn alphabetical order.]
airl (ar), v. [First in mod. E.; from the noun.]
I. trans. 1. To expose to the air; give access
Same as AEolianl
122
to the open air; ventilate: as, to air clothes; to
air a room.
I ayre or wether, as men do thynges whan they lay them
in the open ayre, or as any lymen thyng is after it is newe
wasshed or it be worne. . . . Ayre these clothes for feare
of mothes. Palsgrave.
To this [public prison], is also annexed a convenient
yard to air the criminals in, for the preservation of their
life and health, till the time of their trial.
Beverley, Virginia, iv. T 68.
Hence—2. To expose ostentatiously; display;
bring into public notice: as, to air one's views.
Airing a Snowy hand and signet gem.
Tennyson, Princess, i.
3. To expose to heat; warm: as, to air linen; to
air liquors.-4, refl. To expose (one's self) to
the air.
To go and air myself in my native fields. Lamb, Elia.
It is my pleasure to walk forth,
And air myself a little.
Middleton, Chaste Maid, ii. 2.
II. intrans. To take the air.
She went airing every day.
Miss Mitford, Our Village, 2d ser., 317.
air2 (ār), m. [First in mod. E. (end of 16th cen-
tury); & F. air, O.F. aire, nature, disposition,
manner, mien, air, – Pr. aire = It. aire, aere
now aria, manner, mien, countenance; a word
of disputed origin, prob. the same as OF. air,
Pr. air, aire, E. airl, the º (cf. atmo-
sphere in similar uses): see airl and airS.] 1.
The peculiar look, appearance, and bearing of
a person: as, the air of a youth; a graceful air;
a lofty air.
Then returned to my side, . . . and strolled along with
the air of a citizen of the place pointing out the objects
of interest to a stranger.
C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, xiv.
2. The general character or complexion of
anything; appearance; semblance.
Too great liberties taken [in translation] in varying
either the expression or composition, in order to give a
new air to the whole, will be apt to have a very bad effect.
Bp. Lowth, On Isaiah.
As it was communicated with the air of a secret, it soon
found its way into the world. Pope, Ded. of R. of the L.
3. pl. Affectedmanner; manifestation of pride
or vanity; assumed haughtiness: chiefly in the
phrases to put on airs, to give one's self airs.
Mrs. Crackenbury read the paragraph in bitterness of
spirit, and discoursed to her followers about the airs
which that Woman Was giving herself.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, lxviii.
And the queen of the hoopoes gave herself airs, and sat
down upon a twig ; and she refused to speak to the me-
rops her cousin, and the other birds who had been her
friends, because they were but vulgar birds.
F. Curzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 136.
4t. pl. The artificial motions or carriage of a
horse.—5. In painting, that which expresses
action, manner, gesture, or attitude.
airé (ār), n. [First in mod. E. (end of 16th cen-
tury); K F. air, a tune, sound, or air in music,
K It, aere, aire, now aria (> Sp. Pg. aria, E. aria,
q. v.); prob. identical (through aere, aire, aria,
manner, E. air?; cf. L. modus, manner, mode,
musical mode, melody) with aere, aire, aria, E.
airl.] 1. In music: (a) Any simple and com-
paratively regular melody or tune. ...(b) A par-
ticular song or aria : as, the air “Sound an
alarm.” (c) The soprano or treble part in a
harmonized piece; that by which it is charac-
terized and known.—2. Any piece of poetry.
[Rare.]
And the repeated air
Of sad Electra's poet had the power
To save the Athenian Walls from ruin bare.
Milton, Sonnets, iii.
National air, in music, a popular tune peculiar to or
characteristic of a particular nation ; Specifically, that
tune which by national selection or consent is usually
sung or played on certain public occasions, as “God Save
the King ” in England, “The Star-Spangled Banner” in
the United States, the “Marseillaise” in France, the
“Emperor's Hymn" in Austria, etc. e
air&# (ār), v. t. [K airè, n.] To set to music.
Tor not a drop that flows from Helicon
But ayred by thee:grows streight into a song.
J. Cobb, Prefix to Lawes's Ayres and Dialogues (1653).
airāt, n., Same as airy”, aery”. .
airó (ār), adv, and a... [Also written ear; =
E. ere, KAS. ār, rarely used as an adj., com-
mon as a prep, and adv. : see Gre and early.]
Early. [Scotch.]
An air winter's a sair winter. Scotch proverb.
Aira (äſrå), n., [NL., prop. “ºpra, K. Gr. alpa, a
kind of darnel, prob. Lolium temulentum (Lin-
maeus).] A genus of slender perennial grasses
of temperate regions, mostly of little value. The
more common species are known as hair-grass.
airable? ; a. [Kairº, v., + -able.] Suit-
able to be sung. Howell.
air-cane
āir-bag (är"bag), n. A large bag composed of
layers of canvas, Saturated or coated with air-
proof and water-proof preparations and filled
with air, designed for use in raising sunken
vessels. When needed for use, empty air-bags are secured
to the vessel beneath the Surface of the water, and air is
then forced into them. Also called air-cushion.
air-balloon (ār'pa-lön"), n. See balloon.
air-bath (är’bàth), n. 1: The protracted ex-
osure of the person to the action of the air,
or the promotion of health, usually under the
direct rays of the Sun. See sun-bath-2.
apparatus for drying or evaporating by expo-
sure to air of any desired temperature.
air-bed (är’bed), n. A bed, consisting of an
Aair-tight mattress inflated with air.
air-bladder (ärblad’ér), n. 1. A vesicle in an
organic body filled with air.
The pulmonary artery and vein pass along the surfaces
of these air-bladders in an infinite number of ramifications.
Arbuthnot, Aliments.
2. In ichth., the sound or swim-bladder; a sym-
metrical bladder or sac filled with air, generally
situated directly under the vertebral column in
front, and homologous with the lungs of air-
breathing animals. Its principal function is the regu-
lation of the equilibrium of the body. It is either connected
by a tube with the intestinal canal, as in the physostomous
fishes, or shut off from all communication with it, as in the
physoclistous fishes. It is subject to great variation in
form, and is liable to atrophy or complete abortion in
species allied to such as have it well developed.
air-blast (ār’blåst), n. A stream or current of
air under pressure; specifically, such a stream
used to urge fires in forges or to assist combus-
tion in furnaces." When heated it is called a hot
blast : when at normal temperature, a cold blast. Air-
blasts are also used to perform certain kinds of light work,
as separating hairs and dust from fur in hat-making, re-
moving dust in grinding, etc., cleansing textile fabrics,
and painting.large surfaces; also in the sand-blast process.
air-bone (àr’bàn), n. A bone, having a large
cavity filled with air, as in birds. Owen. Spe-
cifically, the atmosteon (which see).
air-box (är"boks), n. 1. A ventilating flue;
specifically, a wooden tube or box used to con-
vey air to a mine for ventilation.—2. A flue
used to supply air to a furnace, either (a) to
promote combustion, or (b) to be heated in
order to warm apartments.-3. A chamber at
the rear of the fire-box of a furnace to supply
air for the more complete combustion of the
Agases disengaged from the fuel.
air-brake (är"brāk), n. A system of continuous
railway-brakes operated by compressed air.
The air is compressed by a pump upon the locomotive,
and conveyed, through pipes beneath the cars and flexible
hose between them, to reservoirs and cylinders under
each car. The pistons of the cylinders are connected with
and move the brake-levers, which transmit pressure to
the brake-shoes. See the supplement.
air-braving (ār’brå"ving), a. Breasting or de-
fying the air or wind.
Stately and air-braving towers.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 2.
air-breather (ār 'bré" THér), n. An animal
which breathes air; specifically, a marine ani-
mal breathing out of water by means of lungs,
instead of under water by means of gills.
air-brick (är"brik), m. 1. A brick perforated
or with open sides, to permit the flow of air
through it for purposes of ventilation.—2.
A metal box of the size of a brick, with grated
sides for the passage of air. See air-grating.
air-bridge (är"brij), n. A furnace-bridge so
constructed as to admit heated air to the gases
assing over it, to facilitate their combustion.
ee bridge.
air-brush (är"brush), n. An atomizer used
for distributing liquid pigment upon any sur-
face. It employs an air-compressor, reservoir, pipe, and
nozle for controlling the jet of combined compressed air
and paint. Also, the nozle of a painting-machine or of a
pneumatic broom.
air-bucket (ār 'buk’et), n. A water-wheel
bucket, so constructed as to permit the unim-
peded outflow of the air displaced by the water
as it enters the bucket.
air-buffer (är"buf'êr), m. Same as air-spring.
air-bug (ār"bug), m. Any heteropterous hemip-
terous insect of the division Geocores (land-
bugs) or of the Aurocores.
air-built (är’bilt), a. Erected in the air; hav-
ing no solid foundation; chimerical: as, an air-
built castle; air-built hopes.
air-camel (ärſkam"el), m. A caisson or air-
chamber placed beneath or alongside of vessels,
to diminish their draft and enable them to pass
over shallow spots or obstructions, and also
used in raising sunken vessels.
air-cane (ār'kān), n. A walking-stick having
an air-gun concealed within it.
alr-carbureter
air-carbureter (är kär"bū-ret-ér), n., An ap-
paratus in which air is passed through or over
the surface of liquid hydrocarbons and is
charged with inflammable vapor, or by which
the liquid fuel is injected into the air. -
air-casing (ār'kå"sing), n. An air-tight casing
of sheet-iron placed around a pipe to prevent
undue transmission of heat or cold; specifically
the casing placed around the base of the funnel
or smoke-stack of a steamship, to prevent too
great a transmission of heat to the deck. .
air-castle (ärſkäs/1), n. A castle in the air; a
day-dream; a visionary scheme. See castle.
Adventures, triumphs of strength and skill—these fur-
nish subject-matter for the talk of the uncivilized man
and the air-castle8 of the youth.
EI. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 482.
air-cavity (ärſkay’i-ti), n. A cavity contain-
ing air; specifically, such a cavity occurring in
the body or bones of an animal; a large air-
sac or pneumatocyst of a bird.
In the latter case, air-cavities take the place of the
medulla, which disappears, and 80 diminish permanently
the specific graviº of the animal.
egenbawr, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 573.
air-cell (ār'sel), n. 1. In bot., one of the cav-
ities in the leaves, stems, or other parts of
plants, containing air. They are
well seen in the bladders of seaweeds, and
are found in other aquatic plants, which
they serve to float. .. e e
2. In anat. and 206l., a definite cir-
cumscribed cavity in the body,
containing atmospheric air in-
haled through air-passages which
place it in direct communication
with the outer air. The term is used
for any such cavity, without reference to
the technical meaning of cell (which see).
An air-cell is generally of Small size,
not microscopic, as one of those in lung-tissue; but it
sometimes forms a great space or inflatable inclosed area,
as the air-cells of birds, and is then also called air-space,
air-receptacle, or pneumatocyst. Specifically—(a) One of
the small hemispherical saccules which beset the walls of
the alveolar passages and infundibula of the lungs. Also
called alveolus. (b) One of the dilatations of the trachea
or air-tube in insects forming the respiratory apparatus.
(c) In ornith., a pneumatocyst; any one of the extra-pul-
monary cavities of the body of a bird, containing air, which
are continuous with one another and with one or more of
the bronchial tubes. , See pneumatocyst.
*iºchamber (ār 'châm "bér), n. 1. A large
cavity in an organic body containing air.—
2. A compartment of a hydraulic engine or
apparatus, as a pump, interposed
between and connected with the
supply- and delivery-passages, and
containing air which by its elas-
ticity equalizes the pressure and
flow of the fluids. Thus, in a recipro-
cating force-pump, the impulse given to
the fluid by the delivery-stroke compresses
the air in the air-chamber, and this com-
pressed air reacts upon the outflowing fluid
to continue its motion during the reverse
stroke, or during those intervals when the
force imparted falls below the average or
normal amount. The pressure and flow are
thus made practically uniform, notwith-
standing the intermittent or variable action of the force.
For some special forms, see air-vessel. *
3. Any compartment or chamber designed to
contain air: as, the air-chamber of a life-boat.
air-chambered (ár'chām"bèrd), a. Furnished
with an air-chamber or with air-chambers.
It [the life-boat] was air-chambered and buoyant.
Rame, Sec. Grinn. Exp., I. 49.
air-cock (är'kok), n., A cock used to control
the admission or outflow of air. See cock!, 8.
āir-compressor (ärſkøm-pres"gr), n. A ma-
chine for raising the pressure of air, usually in
the form of a piston-pump. See compressor.
air-cone (är"kön), m. A come in a marine en-
gine designed to receive air and steam from
the hot-well, and carry them off through a
pipe at the top.
air-cooler (är'kö’lér), n. Any appliance for
lowering the temperature of the air, as in hos-
pitals, dwellings, and theaters. Common forms
are chambers filled with ice or fitted with screens of
light fabric kept constantly wet, and coils of pipe in
which a cool liquid is circulating. See refrigerating-
chamber, under refrigerate. tº -
air-course (ärſkörs), n. A passage in a mine
made or used for ventilating purposes; an air-
way.
air-crossing (ār"krösing), n. A passageway
or bridge constructed to carry one air-course
over another, as in theyentilation of coal-mines.
air-cushion (ärſkúsh"Qn), n., 1. A bag made
of an air-tight fabric used when inflated with
air as a cushion for a seat.—2. Same as air-
bag.—3. A ball or cylinder (usually of india-
rubber) filled with air and placed in a water-pipe,
Air-cells in Gulf.
weed (Sargassume
vićlgare).
123
to act as a cushion for the water, or to receive
the pressure or shock caused by a sudden *:::
page of its flow, or by the expansion of t
water in freezing.—4. Same as air-spring or
pneumatic 8pring.
Air-cylinder (är'sil"in-dér), n. In gun., a de-
Vice consisting of a cylinder and piston, used
for checking the recoil of heavy guns by means
of the elasticity of atmospheric air confined
within it; a pneumatic buffer.
air-dew (är"dü), n. Manna. [Rare.]
air-drain (ār'drān), n. 1. An empty space left
*around the external foundation-walls of a build-
ing to prevent the earth from lying against
them and thus causing dampness.-2. In mold-
$ng, a large passage for the escape of gases
from heavy castings while in the mold.
air-drawn (ār'drān), a. Drawn or depicted in
the air: as, “the air-drawn dagger,” Shak.,
Macbeth, iii. 4. -
air-dried (ár/drid), a. Dried by or in the air:
applied to fruits and materials from which
moisture has been removed by exposure to
currents of air under natural atmospheric con-
ditions.
air-drill (ār'dril), n. A rock-drill driven by
compressed air, as distinguished from a drill
driven by steam. See rock-drill.
air-drum (är"drum), n. A drum-shaped cham-
ber or reservoir for air; specifically, in ornith.,
a large lateral cervical pneumatocyst.
The great air-drums of our pinnated grouse and cock-
of-the-plains. Cowes, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 200.
air-duct (ār'dukt), n. A duct or passage con-
veying air; specifically, in ichth., the commu-
nication of the air-bladder with the intestinal
canal. It is persistent in physostomous, tem-
porary in physoclistous, fishes.
airelt, n. An old form of aery?.
aire? (i’re; mod, pron. Ār), m. [Ir., pl. airig;
cf. aireach, a noble, a privileged person.]
Irish antiq., á freeman; a gentleman; one of
the privileged classes. Aires were of two classes: §
the flaths, or those who possessed property in land; an
(b) the bo-aires, who possessed cows and other chattels.
The king was elected by these two classes.
Clansmen who possessed twenty-one cows and upwards
were airig (sing. aire), or, as we should say, had the fran-
chise, and might fulfil the functions of bail, witness, etc.
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 257.
The upper classes were all aires. To be eligible to the
aire grade, the freeman should possess, besides a certain
amount of wealth in cattle, a prescribed assortment of
agricultural implements and household goods.
Encyc. Brit., IV. 252.
air-endway (är"end"wā), m. A roadway or
level driven into a coal-seam parallel with a
main level, used chiefly for purposes of venti-
lation. Gresley. ...[Eng.] e
air-engine (är’en”jin), n. . A motor employing
(a) the elastic force of air expanded by heat,
©
~
º
*
*
}iº
}‘;ſ
-“,--
-i;
-
ſº|
|k
Uº
º
Ericsson's Hot-air Pumping-engine.
a, beam; b, air-piston; c, transfer-piston; d. cylinder; j, air-piston
link; &, bell-crank; o, side-rods; p, transfer-piston rod; ºr, pump; s,
air-chamber; f, vacuum-chamber; 14, gas-furnace; zy, gas-burners;
71), gas chamber; *, water-jacket.
or (b) air compressed by means of another and
Separate motor, called a compressor, which is
generally a steam-engine. Mining machinery, such
as drills and underground pumps, are often run by com-
pressed-air engines, the compressor being located at the
surface, and the air-engines distributed underground, at
the various points where their work is required.
air-heading
air-equalizer (är'é'kwal-i-zēr), n., Adevice for
distributing a current of air equally throughout
its working-space.
airer (är’ér), n. [K airl, v., + -erl.] 1. One
who airs or exposes to the air.—2. A screen
for drying clothes, etc. º
air-escape (àr'es-kāp"), n. An air-trap for the
escape of air which collects in the upper bends
of water-pipes and in other hydraulic apparatus.
The usual form is that of a ball-cock (which see) inclosed
in a chamber situated at the point at which the air is to
be withdrawn, and so adjusted that as the water-level
within is lowered by the pressure of the accumulated air
the ball-float descends, opens the valve, and permits the
air to escape; the water then rising buoys up the float
and closes the valve,
air-exhauster (är'eg-zás’tēr), n. 1. Same as
air-escape.—2. Any apparatus, as an air-pump
exhaust-fan, suction-blower, or steam-jet, uséâ
for withdrawing air from an inclosed place, for
ventilation or for the creation of a vacuum.
See air-pump, blower, fan, and ventilator.
air-faucet (är'fä” set), n. A stop-cock for let-
ting air out or in.
air-filter (är'fil"tër), n. An apparatus for ex-
tracting dust, Smoke, microscopic germs, etc.,
from the air. It consists of screens or strainers of
woven-wire fabrics, cotton, asbestos, slag-wool, or other
flocculent material, through which the air is drawn;
or of showers, sprays, or films of water or chemical Solu-
tions, through or over which the air to be filtered passes.
Air-filters are used in the ventilation of buildings and rail-
road-cars, in physical research, in surgery, and in the re-
govery of by-products in manufactures. - -
air-flue (àr'flö), n. A conduit for air. See air-
bow, air-funnel, and air-pipe.
air-fountain (ār'foun’tān), m. An apparatus
for producing a jet of water by the elastic force
of air compressed in a close vessel and made to
+act on the surface of the water to be raised.
air-funnel (fir’ fun"el), n. In ship-building, a
flue formed by the omission of a timber in the
upper works of a vessel, and designed to pro-
mote the ventilation of the hold.
air-furnace (är'férºnás), n. 1. A reverbera-
tory furnace (which see, under furnace).-2.
An air-heating furnace for warming apart-
ments. Air is led into a space formed between an outer
casing and the sides of a fire-pot and combustion-cham-
ber, and is there heated. Sée furnace. & “T. &
air-gage (ār'gāj), n. An instrument for indi-
cating the pressure of air or gases. For low
pressure it may consist of a glass tube of uniform caliber,
closed at the top and having its lower end dipped into a
cup of mercury on the surface of which the air or gas
presses, thus forcing mercury into the tube, and com-
pressing the air within it to an amount directly propor-
tioned to the pressure. This pressure can be read from
a scale attached to the tube, the zero of the scale being
usually placed at the upper surface of the mercurial col-
umn when the instrument is exposed to the ordinary at-
mospheric pressure. For higher pressure some form of
calibrated spring is used whose deformation measures
*the pressure, * - º
air-gas (ār'gas), m. An inflammable illuminat-
ing gas made by charging Ordinary atmospheric
air with the vapors of petroleum, naphtha, or
Some similar substance, as the hydrocarbon
called gasolene.
air-gate (är'gāt), n. 1. An underground road-
Way in a coal-mine, used chiefly for ventilation.
[Eng. Midland coal-fields.]—2. In molding, an
orifice through which the displaced air and the
gases which are formed escape from the mold
while the molten matter is filling it.
air-gossamer (är'gos"a-mér), n. Same as air-
thread.
air-governor (är'guv’ér-nor), m. A device, at-
tached to pneumatic apparatus and machinery,
for regulating the pressure or delivery of air.
air-grating (ār'grä"ting), m. A grating pro-
tecting or forming a ventilating orifice in a
wall or partition. See air-brick.
3. II- (är'gun), m. A gun in which condensed
air is used as the propelling agent. The bore of the
barrel is connected with a reservoir inclosed within or at-
tached without the stock, into which air is forced by a
piston or plunger fitted to the bore, or by an independent
Air-gun.
condenser. When the trigger is pulled it operates avaive
which permits the sudden escape of the whole or of a por-
tion of the condensed air into the barrel at the rear of
the ball or dart, thus projecting the latter. In some
forms the propelling agent is a compressed spring freed
by the trigger. The reactive force of the spring com-
presses the air which interposes between it and the pro-
jectile, and the air acts upon and projects the ball.
air-heading (ār'hedºing), n. An excavation in
a mine through which air is made to pass for
ventilation.






air-hoist
àir-hoist (är'hoist), n. Hoisting machinery op-
erated by compressed air. A simple form, used
With Cranes, is a cylinder with piston and piston-rod op-
erated by compressed air. The load is suspended from
the end of the piston-rod. See crane, pneumatic hoist.
air-holder (är’hôl"dēr), m. 1. A vessel for hold-
ing air for any purpose, as for counteracting
the pressure of a decreasing column of mercury,
Or for keeping up a moderate and steady cur-
rent of air. See airometer, air-vessel, and gas-
holder.—2+. A gasometer.
air-hole (är’hôl), n. 1. An opening to admit
or discharge air.—2. In founding, a fault in a
casting, caused by a bubble of air which passes
from the core outward, and is retained in the
metal. Also called blow-hole.—3. A natural
opening in the frozen surface of a river or pond,
caused by currents or springs.
airie]+ (är’i), a. An old jing of airyl.
airie” (är’i), n. An old spelling of aery?.
airified (ár'i-fid), a. [K*airify, make airy (K
airl (air2) + ºf)), + -ed?..] Fashioned in an airy
manner; characterized by the assumption of
airs: as, an airified style. [Contemptuous or
slighting.]
aii; (är’i-li), adv. [Kairy1 + -ly?..] 1. In an
airy or gay manner; gaily; jauntily.
Fanny bade her father good-night, and whisked off
airily. ickens, Little lorrit.
2. Lightly; delicately: as, airily wrought de-
tails.
airiness (ār’i-nes), n. 1. Exposure to a free
current of air; openness to the air: as, the air-
iness of a country-seat.—2. Unsubstantiality,
like that of air.—3. Delicacy and lightness;
ethereality. —4. Sprightliness of motion or
manner; gaiety; jauntiness; vanity; affecta-
tion: as, the airiness of young persons.
airing (ār’ing), m. [Verbal n. of airl, v.] 1. An
exposure to the air, or to a fire, for drying or
warming.—2. Exercise in or exposure to the
open air; an excursion for the purpose of tak-
ing the air.
All the virtues Secnned to have come out for an airing
in one chariot. Motley, Dutch IRepublic, III. 534.
airing-stage (är'ing-stāj), 'm. A stage or plat-
form upon which materials are placed to be
aired or dried: as, the airing-stage upon which
owder is dried.
air-injector (är'in-jek’tgr), m. A simple blow-
ing device, used with a dental drill or employed
for removing dust from the path of a fine saw.
airisadt, airisardt, n. Same as arisad.
airistif (fir (ish), a... . [ME. ayrisshe, ayerissh,
etc.; K airl + -ish.1." 1. Of or belonging to
the air; ačrial.
And beheld the ayerisshe bestes.
Chaucer, House of Fame, 1.965.
2. Cool; fresh.
The morninges are airish. Best, Farming, p. 18. (N. E. D.)
àir-jacket (är'jak"et), m. A jacket inflated with
air, or to which bladders filled with air are fas-
tened, to render the wearer buoyant in water.
airless (ār’les), a. [K airl + -less.] 1. Not
open to a free current of air; wanting fresh air
or communication with open air.—2. Without
air; devoid of atmosphere.
Desolate as the lifeless, airless moon.
IIarper's Mag., LXV. 73.
air-level (är’lev/el), m. A name sometimes
given to a spirit-level (which see).
air-line (arºlin), m. and a. I. m. Aline as direct
as though drawn or stretched through the air;
a bee-line.
II. a. Straight or direct as a line in the air;
not deflected laterally: as, an air-line railroad.
airling? (arºling), n. [Kairl + -ling1.] Althought-
less, gay person.
Some more there be, slight airlings, will be won
With dogs and llorses. B. Jomsom, Catiline, i. 3.
air-lock (fir’lok), m. An air-tight chamber in a
caisson in which operations are carried on under
water, communicating by one door with the
outer air and the main entrance-shaft of the
caisson, and by another door with the chambers
filled with condensed air in which the men are at
work. Its purpose is to prevent escape of air-pressure
when workmen or materials are to enter or leave the
compressed-air chamber. When a workman steps from
the Shaft into the air-lock the door of ingress is closed, and
condensed air is admitted until the pressure is the same
as that in the working-chamber. The process is reversed
when leaving the caisson.
A loco-
air-locomotive (är’lö-kö-mö/tiv), n.
motive driven by compressed or heated air,
usually the former.
air-logged (árºlogd), a. [K airl + logged, after
water-logged.]
by the intrusion of air; as a machine comprising
air-manometer (är"ma-nom/e-tér), n.
A as awr-gage.
air-meter (ār’mé"tèr), n.
124
a piston and cylinder when air enters the cylinder and
. º º: Pº and the cylinder-head, pre-
venting a full stroke, or liquid flowing i
stopped by a pocket of air. g in pipes when
air-machine (ärmä-shēn"), n. In mining, an
tºº. by which pure air is forced into parts
badly ventilated, and the foul air extracted.
Same
See manometer.
- - An apparatus for
measuring the quantity or rate of flow of air;
a form of anemometer usually so graduated as
to give directly the volume of air (cubic feet
or meters) delivered per second by a stream
of air of a given cross-section.
airn, (ärn), n. Scotch form of iron.
airohydrogen (ār’ 6-hiº drö-jen), a... [K airl,
after ačro-, + hydrogen.] Pertaining to a mix-
ture of atmospheric air and hydrogen.—Airo-
hydrogen blowpipe. See blowpipe.
airometer (ār-om’e-tèr), n. [K airl, after ačro-,
+ Gr. Aérpov, measure. Cf. aerometer.]. 1. An
air-holder constructed upon the principle of the
gasometer, whence the name. See gasometer.
–2. Same as air-meter.
The airometer, the invention of Mr. Henry Hall, the in-
. by means of a delicately-constructed windmill,
shows the rate of the current of air in the passages of the
colliery. Ure, Dict., IV. 890.
air-passage (ārºpas’āj), n. 1. In anat, one of
the passages by which air is admitted to the
lungs, as the nasal passages, the larynx, the
trachea, and the bronchial tubes or their minute
ramifications,—2. In bot., a large intercellular
space in the stems and leaves of aquatic plants,
and in the stems of endogens.
air-pipe (àr'pip), n. A pipe used to draw foul
air out of or conduct fresh air into close places.
Specifically—(a) A pipe used to draw foul air from a
ship's hold by means of a communication with the furnace
and of the rarefaction of the air by the fire. (b) In min-
ing, a pipe through which air passes, either for ventila-
tion or for use in an air-engine. (c) A small copper pipe
leading from the top of the hot-well of a marine engine
through the side of the vessel, for the discharge of the
air and uncondensed vapor removed from the condenser
by the air-pump, e e
air-pit (är' pit), n. A pit or shaft in a coal-
mine, used for ventilation. Also called air-
shaft. [Eng.] -
air-plant (är"plant), n. A plant unconnected
with the ground and apparently living on air:
applied to epiphytes, but usually not to para-
sites. Many epiphytic orchids in cultivation
are popularly So named.
air-poise (är'poiz), m. An instrument used to
measure the weight of the air.
air-port (är"pört), n. In ship-building: (a) A
small aperture cut in the side of a vessel to
admit light and air. One is generally placed in each
state-room, and there are several on each side along the
berth-deck. They are usually fitted so as to close with a
pane of thick glass, set in a brass frame, turning on a
hinge, and secured when closed by a heavy thumb-screw.
(b) A large scuttle placed in a ship's bows for
the admission of air. Also called air-scuttle.
air-proof (är'próf), a. Impervious to air.
air-pump (är'pump), n. An apparatus for the
*exhaustion, compression, or transmission of
alſ. Air-pumps are used for many purposes, and are
made in a variety of forms, which differ according to the
uses that they serve. In the more common forms the
air is exhausted by means of a cylinder and piston, as in
Ritchie's air-pump (see cut), or by centrifugal action. Ro-
tating buckets dipping into
water, which forms a seal,
are used for some special
purposes; as is also, for
slight changes of pressure
a form consisting of a vessel
closed at the top and sides
but open at the bottom, and
dipping to a certain extent
into water or other fluid,
which forms a seal and
prevents the escape of the
air. For the Sprengel air-
pump, see mercury air-
pump, under mercwry. The
air-pump of a condensing
steam-engine is used to
maintain a vacuum with-
in the condenser by with-
drawing from it air and
uncondensed vapor. See
air-compressor, aspirator,
#;" pwmp, Steam-jet.—
and Circulating
pumps, in a ‘...;
steam-engine, a combine
apparatus used as an air-
pump and also to circu-
late the , condensing, water.—Air-pump bucket, an
open piston with valves on the upper surface open-
ing upward so as to admit air and water during the
down-stroke, and lift them with the up-stroke, of the
pump.
Ritchie's Air-Pump.
In mach., impeded, as motion, air-pyrometer (är’pi-rom*e-têr), n. An instru-
ment used for measuring high temperatures.
air-trunk
It consists of a hollow globe made of platinum, so that it
may resist excessive heat, filled with air or gas, and con-
nected with a bent, glass tube, which holds at its bend
water, mercury, or other liquid. The expansion by heat of
the air within the globe exerts a pressure upon the liquid,
causing it to rise in one leg of the tube to a height propor.
tioned to the expansion, and therefore to the heat, which
causes it. See pyrometer.
air-receptacle (är’ré-sep"ta-kl), n. In ornith.,
a large air-cell; an air-space, air-sac, or pneu-
matocyst. -
Continuous air-receptacles throughout the body. Owen
air-regulator (är’reg"il-lātgr), n. Any appa-
ratus designed to govern the admission or flow
of air, as a damper or register.
air-reservoir (är’rez'êr-vwor), n. See air-
Aholder and air-vessel.
air-sac (är'sak), n. 1. In ornith., a large air-cell;
an air-space, an air-receptacle, or a pneumato-
cyst; one of the membranous bags or recepta-
cles of air lodged in the hollow bones and the
cavities of the body of birds, and communicating
with the lungs.-2, pl. The elongated cavities
forming the ultimate branches of the air-pas-
Sages in the lungs of mammals. Also called
$nfundibula.
air-scuttle (är’skut/l), n. Same as air-port, (b).
air-setting (ār'set/ing), a. Setting or harden-
ing on exposure to air, as common mortar.
air-shaft (är'shaft), n. 1. Same as air-pit.—2.
Any ventilating shaft.
air-slaked (är'släkt), a. Hydrated and disin-
tegrated by exposure to atmospheric air : as,
air-slaked lime. - -
air-Sollar (är'sol’ār), n. A compartment, pas-
sageway, or brattice carried beneath the floor.
of a heading or an excavation in a coal-mine,
for ventilation. See Sollar.
air-space (är’spås), n. 1. In ornith., an air-
cell of large size; an air-receptacle or a pneu-
matocyst (which see).-2. In med, and sanitary
Science, the clear cubic contents of a room, as
the ward of a hospital, with reference to the
respirable air contained in it: as, air-space per
man, so many cubic feet.—3. In firearms, the
space in the powder-chamber not occupied by
owder grains.
air-spring (ār'spring), m. Any device designed
to resist a sudden pressure, as the recoil of a
gun, the closing of a swinging door, or the
thrust of the moving parts of a machine, by
means of the elasticity of compressed air. The
common form is that of a cylinder containing air which is
compressed by a piston or plunger. Same as pnewmatic
spring. Also called air-cushion or air-buffer.
air-stack (är'stak), m. Achimney used for ven-
tilating a coal-mine. [Pennsylvania.]
air-stove (är'stów), m. A stove provided with
flues about the fire-box and chamber, the air
in which when heated ascends through pipes
to the apartments to be supplied with warmth.
See air-furnace and heater.
air-strake (är'stråk), n. In ship-building, an
opening left for ventilating purposes between
two planks of the inside ceiling of a ship.
airt (ärt), m. [Also spelled airth, art, arth; K
Gael. diról, àrd = Ir. ard, a height, top, point,
a promontory, a point of the compass, esp. one
of the four cardinal points, a quarter of the
heavens.] Point of the compass; direction.
[Scotch.]
Of a the airts the wind can blaw,
I dearly lo'e the west. Burns, Song.
airt (ärt), v. t. [Also spelled art, ert; K airt, n.]
To direct or point out the way: as, can you airt
me to the school-house? [Scotch.] t
air-thermometer (ār 'ther-mom *e-tér), n. A
thermometer in which air is used instead of
mel'Cury. It has the advantage of being more delicate
and accurate, and can be emploved at any temperature;
but it is difficult to use, and hence is employed only in
physical experiments. It is useful as a standard with which
the indications of ordinary thermometers may be com-
pared. Leslie's differential thermometer is a kind of air-
thermometer. See thermometer.
air-thread (är"thred), n. A spider's threadfloat-
ing in the air. Also called air-gossamer.
air-tight (ärſtit), a. So tight or close as to be
impermeable to air: as, an air-tightvessel.—Air-
tight stove, alcind of sheet-iron stovein which wood is used
as fuel: So named because, although not literally air-tight,
kit is practically so in comparison with an open fireplace.
air-trap (är"trap), m. 1. A contrivance for pre-
venting the access, as to a room, of the effluvia
arising from drains and sinks.—2. A reservoir
and escape-valve placed at the joints or higher
points of a water-main or pipe-line to allow the
escape of air which may accumulate in the pipes.
air-trunk (ärſtrungk), n. A large conduit for
supplying pure air to, or for removing foul or
heated air from, theaters, etc.

air-tube
air-tube (ärtūb), n. 1. In 200l., a name given
to certain horny passages for air in the abdo-
men of some aquatic insects.—2. Naut., a small
iron tube filled with water and hung in a coal-
box in the coal-bunkers of a steamship, as a
means of ascertaining the temperature of the
coal. The temperature of the water is taken by means
of a thermometer. Its use is a precaution against the
Spontaneous combustion of the coal.
3. The tube of an atmospheric railway, as the
pneumatic tube (which see, under tube).
air-tumbler (Ār’tum "blër), m. That which
tumbles through the air; specifically, a kind of
pigeon. See tumbler, 3.
Mr. Brent, however, had an Air-Twmbler . . .
had in both wings eleven primaries.
jºr Darwin, War. of Animals and Plants, p. 167.
º 2’. A
3ir-valve (är'valv), n. In general, a valve de-
signed to control the flow of air. Specifically
—1. A valve placed upon any vessel to ad-
mit air, and thus prevent, the formation of a
vacuum by the condensation of vapor within
when the vessel is cooling off, and the conse-
quent tendency to collapse.—2. A valve placed
at bends and summits of water-pipes, etc., for
the outflow of air, as when the pipes are being
filled, and for the ingress of air to prevent the
formation of a vacuum when the water is drawn
out.
'air vesicle (är’ves"i-kl), n. 1. In entom., a
dilatation of the trachea of certain insects,
which enables them to change their specific
gravity by filling the trachea with or emptying
it of air.—-2. In ichth., a vesicle containing air,
connected with the swim-bladder and also with
the ear-parts.
air-vessel (är’ves/el), n. 1. An air-chamber or
air-holder, especially one which serves as a res-
ervoir of air in certain machines, as in carbu-
reters.-2. The air-chamber of certain pumps.
In the feed-pumps of a steam-boiler an air-vessel is used
which serves both to equalize the flow of the water and to
collect from it the free air. In pumping-engines working
against considerable heads and into long rising mains
. air-vessels are made of great size to insure steady
OW.
3. In anat. and 206l., a cavity of the body re-
ceiving, containing, or conveying atmospheric
air; an air-tube, air-cell, or air-chamber; espe-
ciań , a respiratory passage, as the windpipe of
a vertebrate or the trachea of an insect.
Also called air-reservoir.
airward, airwards (ār’wärd, -wardz), adv. [K
airl + -ward, -wards.] Up into the air; up-
ward: as, “soar airwards again,” Thackeray,
Shabby-Genteel Story, iv.
air-washings (ār'wosh'ingz), m. pl. Any fluid
in which air has been washed, or theresidue left
after the evaporation of such fluid. The process of
washing consists either in causing air to bubble slowly
through the fluid, or in agitating a confined Volume of air
with the fluid. The air in either case gives up to the fluid the
dust, spores, and other foreign substances suspended in it.
In several cases, the air-washings which were under ex-
amination gave a distinct, clear, green coloration in place
of the characteristic yellowish-brown precipitate pro-
duced by ammonia. Science, III. 463.
which
125
I hold ambition of so airy and light a quality, that it is
but a shadow's shadow. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
5. Visionary; speculative: as, airy notions; an
airy metaphysician.—6. Graceful; delicate.
E’en the slight hare-bell raised its head,
Dlastic from her airy tread.
* Scott, L. of the L., i. 18.
Here delicate snow-stars, out of the cloud,
Come floating downward in airy play.
Bryant, Snow-Shower.
7. Light in manner or movement; sprightly;
gay; lively.
It saddens the heart to see a man, from whom nature
has withheld all perception of the tones and attitudes of
humour, labouring with all his might to be airy and play-
ul Gifford, Ford's Plays, Int., p. xlv.
Chaucer works still in the solid material of his race, but
with what airy lightness has he not infused it?
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 252.
8. Jaunty; full of airs; affectedly lofty; preten-
tious.—9. In painting, showing that proper re-
cession of all parts which expresses distance
and atmosphere. = Syn. Airy, Aërial, aeriform. Airy
is more open to figurative meanings than aerial. The latter
is the more exact word in other respects; it applies to the
air as atmosphere: as, aćrial navigation. Airy applies
rather to air in motion, and to that which has the quali-
ties, literal or imagined, of air.
Echo's no more an empty airy sound;
But a fair nymph that weeps her lover drown'd.
Dryden, Art of Poetry, iii. 598.
We have already discovered the art of coasting along
the aërial shores of our planet, by means of balloons.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 77.
airy2t (ar’i), n. An old and better spelling of
aery2.
airyā (är'i), n. A provincial form of area.
§ (il), n. IK ... ele, hele, eille, eyle, ille, ylle,
ile, yle, whence in early mod. E. isle, and even
gland (see ile”, isle?), by confusion with ME. ile,
yle, later corruptly isle (see ilel, isle1), KOF. ele,
eele, ale, later aelle, aile (whence the mod. E.
spelling aile, recently spelled with s, aisle, after
isle2, islel, as above), aisle, wing of a church, K
L. dila, a wing, wing of a building, upper end
of the arm, a contr. of *aacula, “aacla, dim. (dou-
ble dim. axilla: see azil) of aſcis: see ala, azis,
aacle. The s in aisle, isle2 is thus unoriginal; the
pronunciation has remained true to the proper
historical spelling ile.] Properly, a lateral sub-
division of a church, parallel to the nave,
choir, or transept, from which it is divided b
piers or columns, and often surmounted by a
gallery. The term is also improperly applied to the cen-
tral or main division: as, a three-aisled church, that is, a
church with a nave and two aisles. It is also used to des-
.
aitchbone (ächſbón), m.
aith (äth), m.
aitiology (ā-ti-ol’ô-ji), m.
aits (āts), n.
aiver (a^věr), n.
Aix (āks), m.
Aix beds.
aizle (ā’zl or éſzl), n.
ajaia, ajaja, n. See alaia.
ajari (a-jār’), prep. phr. as adv. or a.
ajar” (a-jār’), prep. phr. as adv. or a.
ajutage
earlier “eyet, KAS. *ēget, a prob, var. of get
(found once in the AS. Charters), an ait, another
form of the reg. (W. Saxon) igoth, also spelled
igeoth, iggoth, iggath (*ēgath not found), an
island, with suffix -oth, -ath, here appar. dim-,
Kåg, var. Čg, an island, found in mod. E. Only
as the first element of i-land, now spelled im-
prop. island, and as the final element (-ey, -éa,
-y) in certain place-names: see island and ey”.]
A small island in a river or lake.
Fog up the river, where it flows among green atts and
meadows. Dicken 8.
aitch (äch), n. A modern spelling of the name
of the letter EI: formerly written ache. See H.
[Written and pron-va-
riously, aitch-, H-, ach-, each-, edge-, ash-, ische-,
ise-, iže-, ice-bone, etc., and even turned into
haunch-, hook-, ridge-bone, eté., all being cor-
ruptions or erroneous explanations of the
misunderstood or not-understood original ME.
mache-bone, K mache (KOF. mache, nage, the but-
tock, KML. “natica, KL. matis, buttočić + bone1.
The initial n was early lost, as in adderl; hence
the form ach-, hach-bone, etc.] The bone of the
buttock or rump in cattle; the cut of beef which
includes this bone.
Kerve up the flesh ther up to the hach-bone.
Book of St. Albans (1486).
aitchpiece (äch'pës), n. [Kaitch, the name of the
letter H, -- piece.] A part of a plunger or force-
pump by which the water is forced into the
stand-pipe throughthe door-piece. Also H-piece.
Scotch form of oath.
Another spelling,
nearer the Greek, of aºtiology.
Scotch form of oats.
Scotch form of aver2, a work-
horse.
[NL., K. Gr. aiš (aly-), a water-
bird, appar. of the goose kind; prop. a goat.]
A genus of fresh-water ducks, of the family
Amatidae and subfamily Amatinae, noted for the
elegance of their plumage. It includes the cele-
brated mandarin-duck of China, A. galericulata, and the
beautiful wood-duck or summer duck of North America,
A. sponsa. Also written dºz.
See bed.
Scotch form of isle3.
[K as
+jarl, discord.] Out of harmony; jarring.
Any accident . . . that puts an individual ajar with the
World. Hawthorne, Marble Faun, I. xiii.
[KME.
on char, ajar, lit. on the turn; rare as applied
to a door, but common in other senses: on,
prep., on ; char, cherre, etc., a turn, time, piece
of work, etc.: see a9 and jar? = char2. The
change of ME. ch to E. j is very rare; it appears
also in jowl and jaw, q.v.] On the turn; nei-
ther quite open nor shut ; partly opened: Said
of a door.
Leave the door ajar
When he goes wistful by at dinner-time.
Browning, Iting and Book, I. 129.
airway (är’wä), n., Any passage in a mine
used for purposes of ventilation; an air-course.
ajava (aj’a-vä), m. Same as ajowan.
ajee, agee (a-jē’), prep. phr, as adv. or a. [Ka8
[In England, to fill up, obstruct, or damage an airway ma-
liciously is a felony.]
air-wood (ár' wild), n. Wood dried or seasoned
by exposure to the air, and not artificially.
Have the veneers ready, which must be air-wood, not
too dry. Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 414.
airyl (är’i), a. [Early mod. E. airie, ayry, aiery,
ayery (sometimes, and still poet., º after L.
aërius: see aeryl), KME. ayery; K airl (in sense
8, K air2, ult, = airl) + -yl.] 1. Consisting of
or having the character of air; immaterial;
ethereal. o
Tho thinner and more airy parts of bodies.
Oft, as in airy rings they skim the heath,
Thé clamorous lapwings feel the leaden death.
Pope, Windsor Forest, l. 131.
2. Relating or belonging to the air; being in
the air; ačrial.
Bacon.
Her eye in heaven
Would through the airy region stream so bright.
Shak., R. and J., ii. 2.
Airy navies grappling in the central blue.
tº Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
3. Open to a free current of air; breezy: as,
an airy situation. '
And by the mogm the reaper weary,
Piling sheaves ſin uplands airy.
Tennyson, Lady of Shalott.
4. Light as air; "intangible; unsubstantial;
empty; unreal; flimsy: as, airy ghosts.
The poet's perſ . . . gives to airy nothing
A local habitation and a name.
Shak., M. N. D., v. 1.
|
|
|---
*:c.
i§|t-
§- :i
.*:ºg-
:º:
c.-ºº
-.”
f&|-
--.”º-ſºº-v
--"..->
*--- -- º
.
ºf -
ºsº.º:
|w;C
.5w
º**-
3::
W.-
º- |ºº
- - . s. --- ºz .* * * * - .
South Aisle of Rouen Cathedral (13th century).
ignate the alleys or divisions of other structures, such
as mosques, Egyptian temples, theaters, public halls, etc.
As popularly applied to churches in which the nave and
aisles proper are filled with pews, and in general to modern
places of assembly, aisle denotes merely a passageway giv-
ing access to the seats: as, the center aisle and side aisles.
Sometimes written isle. See figure showing ground-plan
of a cathedral, under cathedral. * *
aislé (ā-lā’), a. [F. aislé, ailé, pp. of aisler,
ailer, give wings to, K aisle, aile, a wing: see
aisle..] In her., winged or having wings.
aisled (ild), a. Furnished with aisles. ...
aisleless (il’les), a. [Kaisle + -less.] Without
aisles.
The so-called Christian basilica may have been a simple
oblong aisleless room divided by a cross arch.
• Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 46.
aislet (iſlet), n. Misspelling of islet.
aislette, n. See ailette. . . .
ait (ät), m. [Little used in literature; also
spelled aight, eyet, eſot, eyght, K.M.E. eyt, q it
(also in comp. eitlond and acitlond, an island),
ajouan, n. .
ajoupa (a-jö“pâ), m.
à jour (à Zhör).
ajouré (a-zhö-rā’), a.
ajowan, ajouan (aj'ö-an), m.
ajustt, v. t.
ajutage (aj^6–tāj), 'm.
+jee or gee : see jee, gee.] Awry; off the right
line; obliquely; Wrong. [Scotch and prov.
Eng.]
His brain was a wee ajee, but he was a braw preacher for
a’ that. Scott, Old Mortality, xxiv.
See ajowan.
[F. spelling of native
Iname.] hut or wigwam, built on piles and
covered with branches, leaves, or rushes.
[F. : á, to, with ; jour, day:
see journal.] In decorative art, pierced through;
showing daylight through. Said of carving where
the Work is carried through the solid mass, leaving open
spaces, and also of embroidery, metal-work, or any other
fabric ; said also of translucent designs, as in enamel
or intaglio, when meant to be seen by transmitted rather
than reflected light. Also called a giorno. See openwork.
[F., as if pp. of *ajourer,
let daylight through, K a jour: see above..] In
her., said of any ordinary or bearing of which the
middle partistaken away, leaving only an outer
rim, through or within which the field is seen.
[E. Ind.] The
fruit of an annual umbelliferous plant, Ammi
Copticum, cultivated in Egypt, Persia, and India.
It is much used as a condiment and as a carminative.
The oil extracted from it contains thymol or thymic acid.
Also called ajava or javanee seeds.
An old Spelling of adjust.
[KF. ajoutage, something
added, Kajolſter, add, join: see adjust.] Prop.
erly, a short tube, or nozle, inserted into the wall


ajutage -
of a vessel or into the end of a pipe, so shaped
as to offer the least frictional resistance to the
outflow of a liquid. The cross-section of an ajutage is
generally circular; longitudinally, the most advantageous
Section approaches that of two frustums of comes with their
Smaller bases in contact. The word is also used for the
Spout or nozle of a funnel or of a fountain. Sometimes
Spelled adjutage.
akamatsu (ā-kāº mats), n. [K Jap. aka, red,
t matsü, pine.] The Japanese red pine, Pinus
densiflora.
akazga (a-kaz'gã), n. [Native name.] A kind
of poison used as an ordeal in Africa. Also
called bowdow (see vowdow) and quai.
akazgia (a-kaz’ji-á), n. [NL., Kakazga.] An
alkaloid obtained from akazga, resembling
Strychnine in its physiological action.
akbeer (ak’bër), n. [Hind.] A red powder
thrown on the clothes and person at Hindu fes-
tivals.
ake, m. and v. See achel.
Akebia (a-ké'bi-á), n. [NL., KJap. akebi.] A.
genus of woody climbing plants, of the family
Lardizabalaceae, of China and Japan. A. quinata
has been introduced into cultivation, and is a handsome,
hardy vine, with dark-green digitate leaves and small
purplish flowers.
a kee (a-ké"), n. A tree, Blighia sapida, belong-
ing to the family Sapindaceae, a native of Guinea,
whence it was car- WN
ried by Captain ºr lº º
Bligh to Jamaica in
1793, and thence dis-
seminated over the
West Indies and
South America. It
is a small tree, with ash-
like leaves and a fleshy
fruit containing several large jet-black seeds partly em-
bedded in a white spongy aril. This aril when cooked
becomes somewhat like custard, and is highly es-
teemed.
akehornt, m. A corrupt spelling of acorn.
akelet, v. t. [KME. akelen (also achelem), KAS.
àcèlam, Ka- + célam, X E. keel3, make cool: see
keel3 and acold.] To make cold; cool. Court
of Love.
akembo, a.kembow (a-kem’bó), prep. phr. as
adv. See akimbo.
akene, akenium, n. Same as achemium, 1.
akerlf (ā’ker), m. The old and regular spelling
of acre.
aker2t, n. Older form of acker2.
Akera (ak’e-râ), m. Same as Acera, 1.
akernt, n. The historically correct but long
obsolete spelling of acorn.
akerspire?, v. and n. An old spelling of acro-
Spire.
aker-stafft, n. See acre-staff.
akey (ak’â), m. [Native term.] . The monetary
standard of the Gold Coast of Africa, equal to
20 grains of gold-dust, or about 80 cents.
akimbo, akimbow (al-kim (bö), prep. plur. as
adv. or a. [Recently also written akembo,
akembow, earlier a-kimbo, a-kembo, a kimbow, a
kembo, on kimbo, on kimbow, and by apheresis
kimbo, kimbow, kembo (used attrib. as an adj.
and also as a verb : see kimbo, kimbow), also
with perverted termination, a-kimboll, a-kem-
boll, on kemboll, a kenbold, a kembol, early mod.
E. a kenbow, on kenbow, & M.E. (once) in kene-
bowe, i. e., "in keen bow,” in a sharp bend, at
an acute angle, presenting a sharp elbow; in
or on, E. aš ; kene, E. keen 1, sharp-pointed,
sharp-edged (in common use in M.E. as ap-
plied to the point of a spear, pike, dagger, goad,
thorn, hook, anchor, etc., or the edge of a knife,
sword, ax, etc.); bowe, E. bow?, a bend: See
a3, keenl, bow?, and cf. elbow; for the phonetic
changes, cf. alembic, limbeck, and keelson, kelson,
kilson. In its earliest use, and often later, the
term connotes a bold or defiant attitude, in-
volving, perhaps, an allusion to keen in its other
common M.E. sense of “bold.” Previous ex-
planations, all certainly erroneous, have been:
(1) It, aschembo, asghembo, or rather a schembo,
a sghembo, across, awry, obliquely (Skinner,
Wedgwood); (2) & a cambok, in the manner of
a crooked stick (M.E. cambok, Sc. Cammock, a
crooked stick, a shinny-club: see Cammock”);
(3) a cam bow, in a crooked bow: a phraso in-
vented for the purpose, like the once-occurring
a-gambo for akembo, simulating cam?, gamb; (4)
Icel. kengboginn, crooked, K. kengr, a crook, sta-
ple, bend, bight, + boginm, bent, pp. of bjúga =
AS. bāgan, E. bowl: see kink and bowl.] Lit-
erally, in a sharp bend; at an acute angle ;
adjectively, bent; crooked: said of the arms
when the hands are on the hips and the elbows
are bent outward at an acute angle.
âkiñesia (ak-i-mê'si-á), n.
126
The hoost . . . set his hond in kenebowe. . . .
Woulst thow, said he to Beryn, for to skorne me?
Tale of Beryn (ed. Furnivall), 1837.
A book through which folly and ignorance, those breth-
ren so lame and impotent, do ridiculously iook very big
and very dull, strut and hobble, cheek by jowl, with their
arms on kimbo, being led and supported, and bully-backed
by that blind Hector, Impudence.
Dennis, Pope's Ess, on Criticism, p. 30.
That struts in this fashion with his Arms a kimbo, like
a City Magistrate. Dryden, Amphitryon, ii.
She would clap her arms a kimbo.
Steele, Spectator, No. 187.
akin (a-kin'), prep. phr., as adv. or q. [Ka4 +
kin1; earlier of kin, which is still in use: see
kin1, n. Sometimes abbr. kin: see kin1, a.]
Of kin. Specifically—(a) Related by blood; hence, in-
timately allied, as by affinity, union, or structure: as, the
two families are near akim ; the buffalo is akin to the Ox.
Akim to thine is this declining frame,
And this poor beggar claims an Uncle's name.
Crabbe, Parish Register.
Wert thou akim to me in some new name
Dearer than sister, mother, or all blood,
I would not hear thee speak.
Beau. and Fl., Knight of Malta, i. 3.
(b) Allied by nature; partaking of the same properties:
as, envy and jealousy are near akin “pity's akim to love,”
Sowthern, Oroonoko, ii. 1.
Near akin as the judicial and military actions originally
are, they are naturally at first discharged by the same
agency. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 528.
= Sym, Kim, kindred, cognate, analogous.
[NL., K. Gr. &ktv70ta,
quiescence, motionlessness, K &-priv. -- kivmotç,
motion, K Kavčiv, move..] A neurosis or psy-
chosis accompanied with a loss of motor power.
Also written acinesia, akinesis.
akinesic (ak-i-né'sik), a. Pertaining to, of the
nature of, or characterized by akinesia.
akinesis (ak-i-né’sis), m. Same as akinesia.
kad. m. See Accad.
Akkadian, a. and n. See Accadian.
a.kmite, n. See acmite.
aknee (a-nē’), prep. phr. as adv. [KME. a kne,
a che, on kne, on cmeowe, KAS. on cneow: on, E.
a3; cheáw, E. knee.] On the knee or knees.
[Rare.]
Akmee they fell before the Prince.
Southey, Madoc.
a.knowf, a.knowledget. Older forms of acknow,
acknowledge.
ako (ak’ó), m. [Hung. akó.] A liquid measure
used in Hungary, equal to about 18% gallons.
akornt, m. An Šid spelling of acorm.
all (āl), n. [K Hind. Čil, a plant (see def.).] The
*Indian mulberry, Morinda citrifolia.
al?t, a., adv., and n. An old form of all.
1. In chem, the symbol for aluminium.
al-1. An assimilated form of Latin ad-before l
(See ad-); also an erroneous form of a-1, from
Anglo-Saxon d-. See ad-. -
a 1-2. [Ar. al, in mod. Ar. commonly el; before
a sibilant or a liquid, the l is assimilated (as-,
a2-, ar-, am-, an-, etc.), with the elision of the
vowel if another vowel precedes.] A prefix in
some words of Arabic origin, being the Arabic
definite article “the ”; as in alcaid, alchemy, al-
cohol, alcove, Aldebaran, algebra, algwazil, alkali,
Alkoran, etc.; and, variously disguised, in apri-
cot, artichoke, assagai, azimuth, hazard, lute, etc.;
also el, as in elixir.
-al., [K F. -al, -el = Sp. Pg. -al = It. -ale, K.I.
-ālis, acc. -ālem, an adj. suffix, ‘of the kind of,’
‘pertaining to,” varying with -āris, orig. the
same as -ālis, and used for it when l precedes,
as in al-aris, E. al-ar: see -ar3. In OF.. this suf-
fix was reg. -el, X ME. -el, but afterward -al
prevailed: cf. mortal, annual, gradual, n., etc.
As a noun suffix, -al is due to the adj. suffix, L.
-ālis, neut, -āle, in nouns also -al (as animal,
animal). In espousal, and some other words,
—al is ult, due to L. -āl-ia, neut. plur.; hence
the plur. E. form, espousals. In bridal and
burial-alis of different origin. Cf. -el and-il.]
A very common Suffix, of Latin origin. It forms
from nouns in Latin, and thence in English— (a) Adjec-
tives, as in oral [KL, or-ālis, Kos (or-), mouth], manual [K L.
manu-ālis, K manu-8, hand], etc. : in this use equivalent to
-ar, of the same ultimate origin, as in alar, polar, both
forms occurring with a differentiation of meaning in lim-
eal, linear (which see). (b) Secondary from primary adjcc.
tives, as in equal [K L. oegu-ālis, K cequ-us, equal], whence in
English -al is now applied to Latin adjectives ending in
-e-us, -i-ws, -w-us, -rm-us, -i-8, -ic-w8, etc., to give them a dis-
tinctive English form, as in aérial, Senatorial, perpetual,
etermal, celestial, medical, etc., and similarly to Greek ad-
jectives in -uk-6s, -ak-6s, -ostô-ás (English -ic, -ac, -oid), etc.,
as in musical, heliacal orhomboidal, etc.; hence in some
cases a differentiation of meaning, as in comic and comical,
historic and historical, etc. (c) Nouns from such adjec-
tives, as in animal, rival, etc. (d) Nouns from verbs in
English after the analogy of espousal, as in denial, pro-
osal, refusal, etc., and even from native English verbs, as
in bestowal, betrothal, withdrawal, etc.
Alabamian (al-a-bä’mi-an), a. and n.
alabaster
à la (à la). [F.: â, K. L. ad, to; la, fem, of def.
art. le, K L. ille, fem. illa.] ño the; in the ;
hence, according to; in the (fashion of); after
the (manner of): as, àiaJºramgaise, after theman-
ner of the French; d. la mode, in the fashion.
ala (ā’lā), n. ; pl. alſº (ā’lé). [L., a wing: see
aisle and avil] 1. In bot.: (a) One of the two
side petals of a papilionaceous blossom, or the
membranous expansion of an organ, as of a
fruit, seed, stem, etc. See cut under banner.
(b) In mosses, one of the basal lobes or auricles
of the leaves. (c) An axilla or axil. [Rare
in this sense.]–2. In anat., 206l., etc.: (a) A
wing. (b) Any part of a wing-like or flap-like
character: as, ala awris, the upper and outer
part of the external ear. § The armpit.—3.
pl. , Specifically, in Cirripedia, the lateral parts
of the shell, as distinguished from the parietes,
when they are overlapped by others; when
they overlap they are termed radii.—4. In anc.
Rom. arch., a wing or a small apartment placed
on each side of the atrium of a Roman house.
Awdsley.—Ala cinerea (ash-gray wing), a triangular
area on each side of the hinder part of the floor of the
fourth ventricle of the brain, darker than the rest and
containing nuclei of the vagus and glossopharyngeus
nerves.—Alae cordis (wings of the heart), in entom., the
series of attachments of the dorsal vessel or heart of an
insect to the walls of the body or other support.
In Insecta it [the dorsal vessel) is attached to the wall
of the body, and sometimes even to the tracheae (in the
larvae of the Muscidae), by the aloe cordis.
Gegenbawr, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 283.
Alae nasi (wings of the nose), the parts forming the
Outer or lateral boundaries of the nostrils.—Alae of the
diaphragm, in amat., its lateral leaflets.-Alae womeris
(Wings of the vomer), the lateral projections of the supe-
rior border of the vomer.—Ala, notha (false wing), in
ormith., the parapterum; the scapular, axillary, and tertial
feathers of a bird's wing, collectively considered.—Ala
Sphenoidalis, wing of the sphenoid bone, especially the
greater Wing. See cut under sphenoid.—Ala spuria, in
ormith. See alwla.—Ala vespertilionis (bat's wing), a
term applied to the broad ligament of the human uterus
and associated parts, from some fancied resemblance to a
bat's wing.
I. (!.
Pertaining to Alabama, one of the southern
United States. *
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of the State
of Alabama.
alabandine (al-a-ban/din), n. IKL. Alabandina
(se. gemma), a precious stone, fem. of Alaban-
dinus, pertaining to Alabanda, a city in Caria,
Asia Minor, now Arab-Hissar..] Manganese
glance or blende, a sulphid of manganese. Also
called alabamdīte.
alabarch (al’a-bärk), n. IKL. alabarches, more
correctly arabarches, K Gr. Ažagápxnc, more cor-
rectly Apaffäp27g, the prefect of the Arabian
nome in Egypt, in Josephus appar. as in def.
K’Apal, pl. Apašec, Arab, + &pxety, rule, govern.
The title of the governor or chief ma istrate of
the Jews in Alexandria under the Ptolemies
and Roman emperors. Also written arabarch.
Philo, , the principal of the Jewish embassage, . . .
brother to Alexander the alabarch.
Whiston, tr. of Josephus, Antiq., xviii. 8.
alabaster (al’a-bäs-tër), m. and a. [Early mod.
E. usually alablaster, allablaster, KME. alabastre,
alabaster, alabaustre, alabast (= OD. alabast,
abast, D. albast = Dan. alabast = Sw., albaster,
now alabaster), KOF. alabastre, F. albátre = Sp.
Pg. It alabastro= MHG. G. alabaster, KML. ala-
bastrum, alabawstrum, alabaster (the mineral),
K L. alabaster, m., alabastrum, neut., a box or
casket for perfumes, unguents, etc., tapering
to a point at the top, hence also the form of a
rose-bud, = Goth. alabalstraun, KGr. 6%3aotpog,
m., ážá6aotpov, neut., earlier and more correctly
àAá3aotoc, a box, casket, or vase of alabaster
(later also of other materials), the mineral
itself being hence known as āāabaotitmg or à?a-
Baqtpitmg, L. alabastrites (see alabastrites); said
to be named from a town in Egypt where there
were quarries of alabaster; but in fact the
town was named from the quarries, AAagaorpāv
tróAtç (Ptolemy), L. Alabastrón oppidum, i.e.,
‘town of alabastra.’ In Ar. and Pers. alabas-
ter is called rukhām.] I. m. 1+. A box, casket,
or vase made of alabaster. See alabastrum.—
2. A marble-like mineral of which there are
two well-known varieties, the gypseous and the
calcareous. The former is a crystalline granular variety
of sulphate of calcium or gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O. It is of
various colors, as yellow, red, and gray, *. is most es-
teemed when pure white. Being soft, it can be formed by
the lathe or knife into small works of art, as vases, statu-
ettes, etc. I'or this purpose the snow-white, fine-grained
variety found near Florence in Italy is especially prized.
Calcareous or Oriental alabaster (the alabastrites of the
ancients) is a variety of carbonate of calcium or calcite,
occurring as a stalactite or stalagmite in caverns of lime-
stone rocks. -

alabaster
II. a. Made of alabaster, or resembling it:
as, “an alabaster column,” Addison, Travels
in Italy.—Alabaster glass, an opaque enamel or glass
made in imitation of alabaster.
labastos (al-a-bas'tos), n. Same as alabastrum.
labastra, n. Plural of alabastrum.
labastrian (al-a-bas' tri-an), a. Pertaining to
or like alabaster.
alabastrine (al-a-bas' trin), a. Of, pertaining
to, or resembling alabaster. —Alabastrine posi-
tive, in photog., a collodion positive on glass, in which the
light portions of the picture have been bleached and
rendered permanently white in a bath of bichlorid of mer-
cury, alcohol, and nitric and hydrochloric acids.
alabastrites (al’a-bas-triſtāz), ...?. . [L., K. Gr.
3%3aoſpitmg, more correctly &Waggotſråg (sc.
Aíffog, stone), calcareous alabaster, Kážágaorog
a box or vase: see alabaster.] A precious and
richly veined mineral much used in ancient art;
the hard Oriental alabaster. See alabaster, 2.
It is evident from Pliny that the Alabagtrites which this
12hrygian marble resembled was diversified with varied
colours. Stuart and Revett, Antiq. of Athens, I. v.
alabastrum $º n. ; pl. alabastra
(-trä). [L., K. Gr. &Wä9aotpov: see alabaster.]
i. In Gr. antiq., a small élongated * * * *
vase for unguents or perfumes
rounded at the bottom an provided
with a broad rim about a small ori-
fice. Vases of this class were originally so
called because made of alabaster; but the
name was applied also to vessels of similar
form and use in other materials, as metal,
glass (sometimes richly ornamented in col-
or), or pottery. Sometimes called alabaster,
alabastos.
2: [NL., also alabastrus; prop. L.
alabaster (acc. pl. alabastros, in
Pliny), a rose-bud: see alabaster.]
A flower-bud.—Iconic alabastrum, a
name sometimes given to an alabastrum
terminating above in a figure or head.
à la carte (à la kärt). [F.: á la
- gº à la); carte = Pr: Sp. It carta,
L. charta, card: see cardi, chart,
and charta.] By a bill of fare: as,
dinner & la carte, that is, a dinner in which only
such dishes as have been ordered from the bill
of fare are paid for:, opposed to table d'hôte, in
which a fixed charge is made covering the whole
meal, whether all the dishes served in regular
course are eaten, or only some of them. See
cartel, 1.
alack (a-lak’), interj. [Early mod. E. alac,
alacke, North. alake, alaik; according to Skeat,
Ka8, ah, + lack, failure, fault, disgrace. Other-
wise explained as a variation of alas, q.v.; the
phonetic change is unusual, but interjections
are unstable. Also shortened to lack.] An
exclamation expressive of sorrow. [Obsolete
or poetical.]
Alack, when once our grace we have forgot
Nothing goes right. Shak., M. for Mſ., iv. 4.
Alack, alack, his lips be wondrous cold
Ford, Broken Heart, iv. 2.
* (a-lak’a-dā), interj. [Also alack the
day / as if alas the day / day being vaguely used.
Also shortened to lackaday, q.v.] An exclama-
tion expressive of regret or sorrow. Also writ-
ten alack the day. [Now rare.]
Alack the day, . . . I pray you tell me is my boy . . .
alive or dead? Shak., M. of V., ii. 2.
alacrify (a-lak’ri-fi), v. t. ; º, and pp. alac-
fifted, ppr. alacrifying. [KL, alacer, alacris,
cheerful, + -ficare, Kfacere, make: see ify.] To
make cheerful; rouse to action; excite. [Rare.]
alacrious? (a-lak ‘ri-us), a. f L. alacer, ala-
cris, lively, brisk, quick, eager, active, cheerful
(> #. allegro = OF. alegre see allegro and ale-
ger), + -ows.] Acting with alacrity; cheerfully
prompt or brisk.
'Twere well if we were a little more alacrious and exact
in the performance of the duty.
Hammond, Works, IV. 550.
alacriously? (a-lak(ri-us-li), adv. With alac-
rity; briskly. &
alacriousness? (a-lak’ri-us-nes), n. Alacrity;
cheerful briskness.
To infuse some life, some alacriousness into you.
ammond, Sermons, p. 553.
alacritous (a-lak’ri-tus), a... [Kalacrity + -ows.]
Brisk; lively; cheerful; full of alacrity. Haw-
thormé.
alacrity (a-lak’ri-ti), n. [= F. alacrité = It.
alacrità, K. L. alacritã(t-)s, liveliness, briskness,
Kalacer, alacris, lively, brisk: see alacrious.] 1.
Liveliness; briskness; sprightliness.-2. Cheer-
ful readiness or promptitude; cheerful Willing-
Il6SS,
:
3.
127
I have not that alacrity of spirit,
Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have.
Shak, Rich. III., v. 3.
Hence—3. Readiness; quickness; swiftness.
With a dream's alacrity of change,
The priest, and the swart fisher by his side,
Beheld the Eternal City lift its domes.
Whittier, Dream of Pio Nono.
Alagtaga (a-lak'ta-gã), n. [NL., said to be the
native name, in the Mongol Tatar language, of
a spotted colt..] A genus of rodent mammals, of
the family Dipodidae, or jerboas, of the murine
series of the suborder Simplicidentata, order
Bodentia. It belongs to the same subfamily (Dipodina
as the true jerboas of the genus Dipw8, but is distinguishe
from them by having hind feet with 6 toes instead of 3,
plain instead of grooved upper incisors, a small upper
premolar on each side, and certain cranial characters
resulting from less development of the occipital region of
the skull. The best-known species is A. jaculus, which
resembles a jerboa, but is larger, with a longer, tufted
tail. It is yellowish above an white beneath, moves on
all-fours as well as by leaping, lives in colonies in under-
ground burrows, and hibernates in winter. Species of
the genus occur throughout a large part of central Asia,
Syria, Arabia, etc., and also in northern Africa. They aré
Commonly called jumping rabbits. -
à la cuisse (à la kwās). [F., at the thigh:
d lº and cuisse.] Literally, at the thigh:
plied in her. to a leg used as a
bearing, when it is erased or
Couped in the middle of the
thigh.
Aladdinist (a-lad'in-ist), n. [K
Aladdin, a learned divine under
Mohammed II. and Bajazet II.,
+ -ist. The name Aladdin, Ar.
A’l-ad-dîn, means “height of
faith or religion’; Kalā, height, ºbict.
aeme, 'aliy, high, + ai, the, + “*”
din, faith, creed.] A free-thinker among the
Mohammedans.
Aladdinize (a-lad’in-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
Aladdinized, ppr. Aladdinizing. [K Aladdin, the
ossessor of the magic lamp, in the “Arabian
ights,” a common personal name (see Alad-
dinist), + -ize.] To transform as if by magic.
N. E. D.
aladja (al-a-jā’), n. [Prob. the same as alatcha,
both appar. Tepr, Turk. alaja, spotted, streaked,
Kala, spotted, + =ja, an adj. formative..] A cot-
ton stuff made throughout Turkey and Greece;
nearly the same as alatcha (which see).
alae, n. Plural of ala.
alagai (al’ a-gi), n. [Cf. aladja.] A mixed
textile fabric of silk and cotton, obtained from
Southern Russia and Asia Minor.
à-la-grecque, a-la-grec (à-lä-grekº), n. [F.;
after the Greek (fashion): see & la and Greek.]
In arch., a name for the Greek fret. Sometimes
written aligreek. See fretº, n.
Alahance (al-a-hăns'), n. [Prob. of Ar. origin.]
A small constellation, better called Sagitta
which see).
alaisé (a-lā-zā’), a. [F. form, as if pp. of “alaiser,
K d l’aise, at ease, easily: see dº la and ease.]
her., same as humeté.
Alali, n. Plural of Alalus.
alalia (a-lā‘li-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. as if *ā%ažía, K
ãAahog, not talking: "see Alalus.] In pathol.,
artial or complete loss of the power of articu-
ation, due to paralysis of muscles employed in
articulating. See anarthria.
alalite (al’a-lit), n. IK Ala, a valley in Piedmont,
+ -lite, K. Gr. Affog, stone..] Same as diopside.
Alalus (al'a-lus), n. ; pl. Alali (-lí). [NL., KGr.
ðahog, not talking, P &- priv. -- Wažeiv, talk.]
Haeckel’s hypothetical “ape-man,” a conjec-
tured genus of mammals, based upon the Pithe-
canthropus, or primitive speechless man, sup-
posed to have made his appearance toward the
close of the Tertiary epoch, in what is usually
called the human form, but destitute of the
power of framing and using speech, as well as
of the capacities accompanying that faculty.
Haeckel uses the terms Alalus and Pithecan-
thropus interchangeably.
The ape-men, or Alali, were therefore probably already
in existence toward the close of the tertiary epoch.
Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), II. 182.
alameda (à-lä-mâ’dà), m. [Sp. and Pg., a pop-
lar-grove, any public walk planted with trees,
K ; and Pg. alamo, poplar: see alamo.] A
shaded public walk, especially one planted with
gº." [Parts of America settled by
paniards.]
alamo (ā’lā-mó), n. [Sp., - Pg. alamo, alemo,
the poplar; Sp. dilamo blanco, white poplar,
&lamo negro, “black poplar,’ i.e., alder; prob.
(through “almo, “almo) K L. alnus, alder: see
alderl.] The Spanish name of the poplar-tree:
See
ap-
A hawk's leg erased
a la cuisse, belled,
jessed, and varveled.
alar
applied in Texas and westward, as in Mexico,
to species of the cottonwood (Populus).
alamodality (ā’lā-mó-dal'i-ti), n. [Kalamode
+ -ality, after modality.] Conformity to the pre-
vailing mode or fashion of the times. [Rare.]
Doubtless it hath been selected for me because of its
alamodality—a good and pregnant word.
Southey, Doctor, interchapter xx.
alamode (à-lä-möd’), adv., a., and m. [Formerly
also all-a-mode; K F. & la mode, in the manner
or fashion: see & la and mode..] I. adv. In the
ºn ; according to the fashion or prevailing
ICl()016.
II. a. Fashionable; according to some par-
ticular fashion.—Alamode beef, beef alamode
(often, or more commonly, beef de la mode), beef larded
and stewed or braised with spices, vegetables, fine herbs,
Wine, etc.
ÍI. n. 14. A fashion.
For an old man to marry a young wife. .
A la mode of the times.
Rennet, tr. of Erasm. Moriae Enc., p. 44. (N. E. D.)
2. A thin glossy silk for hoods, Scarfs, etc.
alamort, a la mort (al-a-mört", ālā mórt), a.
[Sometimes written all amort, as if all, adv., with
amort, q.v.; K F. & la mort, lit. to the death: á la
(see &la); mort, K.L. mor(t-)s, death: see mortal.]
in a half dead or moričund condition; de-
pressed; melancholy.
'Tis wrong to bring into a mix’d resort
What makes some sick, and others a-la-mort.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 292.
alant, alantt, n. [Early mod. E. also allan, al-
land, etc., K.M.E. alant, aland, alaunt, KOF. alan,
“allan, a kind of big, strong, thick-headed and
short-snouted dog; the brood whereof came
first out of Albania (old Epirus). Allan de
boucherie is like our mastive, and serves butch-
ers to bring in fierce oxen, and to keep their
stalls. Allan gentil is like a greyhound in all
properties and parts, his thick and short head
excepted. Allan vautre, a great and ugly cur
of that kind (having a big head, hanging lips,
and slouching ears), kept only to bait the bear,
and wild boar” (Cotgrave), also with excres-
cent t, alant, allant, It. Sp. alano = Pg. alăo, K
ML. alamus, a kind of hunting-dog, perhaps
named from the Alani (L. Alani, Gr. Ažavoſ), a
Scythian nation upon the Tanais (Don).] 1. A
Species of large dog, used to hunt beasts of prey.
Aboute lais char ther wenten white alawmtz
Twenty and mo, as gret as any stere,
To hunten at the leon or the dere.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, l. 1290.
2. In her., a mastiff-dog with short ears.
Also written aland, alawn,
alaund, alaunt, etc.
aland! (a-land’), prep. phr. as
adv. [K ME. alond, alonde, o
lande, K AS. on land (acc.),
on lande (dat.): on, E. on, a 3;
land, lande, E. land.] On or at
land. [Obsolete or poetical.]
He made his shippe alonde for to
Sette.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2166.
3d Fish. Master, I marvel how the fishes live in the sea-
1st Fish. Why, as men do a-land; the great ones eat
up the little ones. Shak., Pericles, ii. 1.
A well-hooped cask our shipmen brought aland
That knew some white-walled city of the Rhine.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 33.
aland? (al’and), m. [KDan. aland, the chaven-
der, chub, = Icel. Ólum, “Ölumn, a fish, supposed
to be the mackerel, --OS. alund (Kluge) = OHG.
alant, alumt, MHG. G. alant, the chub or mul-
let ; origin obscure.] A fish, same as orife.
alandºt, m. Same as alan.
alandier (a-lan’dër), n. [Appar. K.F. & landier:
d, to, with; landier, andiron: see andiron.] A
fireplace used in connection with a porcelain-
kiln. See kiln.
alane (a-lân’), a. and adv. Scotchform of alone.
alanin, alanine (al'a-nin), n. [K L. al(dehyde)
+ -an (a meaningless syllable) + -in?, -ine2.]
An amino-acid (C3H7NO2) obtained by heat-
ing aldehyde ammonia with hydrocyanic acid
in presence of an excess of hydrochloric acid;
a-aminopropionic acid. . It forms compounds
both with acids and with some of the metals.
alanti, n. Same as alam.
alantin (a-lan’tin), m. [K G. alant, OHG. alant
(origin unknown), elecampane, -- E. -in?..] A
Substance resembling starch, found in the root
of elecampane; inulin (which see).
ãlar (ā’lār), a [K L. alaris, more frequently
alarius (X E. alary), Kala, a wing: see aisle.] 1.
Pertaining to or having alae or wings.-2. In
bot., bornein the forks of a stem; axillary; situ.
... is become the
Alan.
(From Berry’s “Dict.
of Heraldry.”)



alar
ated in the axils or forks of a plant.—Alar artery
and Vein, a small artery and its attendant vein supplying
the axilla, usually termed the alar thoracic artery and
vein.—Alar cartilage, the lower lateral cartilages of the
nose.—Alar cells, in mosses, the cells at the basal angles
of a leaf.-Alar expanse, or alar extent, in ornith. and
entom., the distance from tip to tip of the spread wings of
a bird or an insect.—Alar flexure. See flea:ure.—Alar
ligaments, in anat., two fringe-like folds springing from
the ligamentum mucosum of the knee-joint and projecting
into the synovial cavity. Also called plica adiposoe and
7marsupium.
alarget (a-lärj'), v. t.
*alargir (cf. OF. cslargir, F. &largir, with pre-
fix es—, K L. ex:-), K. M.L. *allargire (cf. Pr. alar-
gar = Sp. Pg. alargar, K. M.L. allargare), K L.
ad, to, + MIL. largire, largare, enlarge; cf. L.
largiri, give largess, grant, K largus, large : See
*large. Cf. enlarge.] To enlarge; increase.
Alaria (a-lā’ri-á), m. [NL., K. L. alarius, Kala,
a wing: see aisle..] A genus of olive-brown
algae, found in the colder parts of the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans. The membranous frond is from
3 to 20 feet long and has a thick midrib. A. escwlenta is
variously called badderlocks, hemware, or murlins. The
midrib is used as an article of food in some parts of Scot-
land and Ireland, and in Iceland.
alarm (a-lärm'), m. [Also alarum, and abbrev.
larum, a form, now partly differentiated in mean-
ing, due to rolling the r, formerly also allarm,
all arme, all' army; K ME. alarme, used interjec-
tionally, alarom, a loud noise (= D. G. Sw. Dan.
alarm, alarm, noise, by apheresis G. lärm, Dan.
larm), KOF. alarme, “an alarum” (Cotgrave), –
IPr. alarma = Sp. Pg. alarma, K. It allarme, tu-
mult, fright, alarm, Kall' arme, to arms l—alle, K
a (K.L. ad), to, + le, fem. pl., K.L. illas, acc. fem.
pl. of ille, the ; arme, fem. pl., KL. arma, neut. pl.,
arms: see arm2.] 1. A summons to arms, as on
the approach of an enemy; hence, any sound,
outcry, or information intended to give notice
of approaching danger.
Sound an alarm in my holy mountain.
Ready to ride and spread the alarm.
Through every Middlesex village and farm.
Longfellow, Paul Revere's Ride.
2+. A hostile attack; a tumult; a broil; a dis-
turbance.
Remove your siege from my unyielding heart ;
To love's alarms it will not ope the gate.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, l. 424.
3. A sudden fear or pº. suspense excited
by an apprehension of danger; apprehension;
fright: as, there is nothing in his illness to
cause alarm.
I shook her breast with vague alarms.
Tennyson, The Letters.
4. A warning sound; a signal for attention; an
urgent call, summons, or notification. Specifically
— (a) In fencing, an appeal or a challenge made by a step
or stamp on the ground with the advancing foot. (b) In
jreemasonry, a knock at the door of the lodge to give
warning, as of the entrance of a candidate for initiation.
5. A self-acting contrivance of any kind used
to call attention, rouse from sleep, warn of
danger, etc. Such devices are made in a great variety
of forms, as, for example, alarm-clocks, fog-bells, fog-
whistles, and sounding or whistling buoys; bells to indi-
Joel ii. 1.
cate changes in temperature, the opening or shutting of .
doors, gates, or drawers, the arrival of a given hour, or
the condition of telephone- and telegraph-wires; signals
to call attention to the escape of gas, steam, water, air,
etc. —Alarm check-valve, a valve in a steam-boiler
usually closed by a spring and opening under the pressure
of steam, used to give an alarm when the injector ceases
to work or refuses to start.—Electric alarm. See elec-
tric.—LOW-Water alarm, in a steam-boiler, an automatic
device for signaling by a whistle when the water falls
below or rises above the safety-point.— Stillalarm. See
8till. =Syn. 1. Alarum, tocsin.—3. Alarm, Apprehen-
sion, Fright, Terror, Dismay, Comsternation, Panic, af-
fright, agitation, flutter, perturbation. . These words all
express degrees of fear in view of possible or certain, per-
haps imminent, danger. Apprehension is the lowest de-
gree of fear; the mind takes hold of the idea of danger,
and without alarm considers the best Way of meeting it.
Alarm is the next stage; by derivation it is the alarum or
summons to arms. The feelings are agitated in View of
sudden or just-discovered danger to one's self or others.
Generally its effect upon the mind is like that of appre-
hension ; it energizes rather than overpowers the mental
faculties. Fright, terror, and dismay are higher and per-
haps equal degrees of fear; their difference is in kind and
in effect. Fright affects especially the nerves and senses,
being generally the effect of sudden fear. Terror may be
a later form of fright, or independent and as sudden ; it
overpowers the understanding and unmans onc. Dismay
appals or breaks down the courage and hope, and there-
fore, as suggested by its derivation, the disposition to do
anything to ward off the peril ; what dismays one may be
the failure, or loss of his chosen means of defense. I'right
and terror are often the effect of undefined fears, as in
Superstition, and are especially used with reference to
physical fear. Consternation overwhelms the mental fac-
ulties by the suddenness or the utterly unexpected great-
ness of the danger. Pamic is a peculiar form of fear; it is
Sudden, demoralizing, a temporary madness of fear, alto-
gether out of proportion to its cause ; there may even be
no cause discoverahle. It is the fear of a mass of people,
Or, figuratively, of animals.
[K ME. alargen = OF. .
128
It was clear that great alarm would be excited through-
out Europe if either the Emperor or the Dauphin should
become King of Spain. -
Macawlay, Mahon's Succession in Spain.
Rip now felt a vague apprehension stealing over him;
he . . . perceived a strange figure slowly toiling up the
rocks, Irving, Rip Van Winkle.
To go to bed was to lie awake of cold, with an added
shudder of fright whenever a loose casement or a waving
curtain chose to give you the goose-flesh.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 30.
Shadows to-night
Have struck more terror to the soul of Richard,
Than can the substance of ten thousand soldiers.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 3.
Dismay seized our soldiers, the panic spread, increased
by the belief that a fresh army had come up and was en-
tering the field. W. Ware, Zenobia, II. xiii.
Conceive but for a moment the consternation. Which the
approach of an invading army would impress on the
peaceful villages in this neighbourhood.
R. Hall, Reflections on War.
Each [the child and the soldier] is liable to panic, which
is, exactly, the terror of ignorance surrendered to the im-
agination. Bºmerson, Courage.
alarm (a-lärm"), v. [Kalarm, n.] I, trams. 1.
To call to arms for defense; give notice of dan-
ger to; rouse to vigilance and exertions for
safety: as, alarm the watch.
A countryman had come in and alarmed the Signoria
before it was light, else the city would have been taken
by surprise. George Eliot, Romola, II. liv.
2. To surprise with apprehension of danger;
disturb with sudden fear; fill with anxiety by
the prospect of evil.
Pan flies alarm'd into the neighbouring woods,
And frighted nymphs dive down into the floods.
Dryden, Art of Poetry, ii. 245.
A screech-owl at midnight has alarmed a family more
than a band of robbers. Addison, Spectator, No. 7.
II.f intrams. To give an alarm.
Now, valiant chiefs! since heaven itself alarms,
Unite. Pope, Iliad, ii. 93.
alarmable (a-lärºma-bl), a. [K alarm + -able.]
Liable to be alarmed or frightened.
alarm-bell (a-lärmſbel), n. A bell used in giv-
ing notice of danger, as from the approach of
an enemy, from fire, etc.
On the gates alarm-bells or watch-bells.
Milton, Hist. Moscovia, iii.
alarm-bird (a-lärm’bèrd), m. A species oftura-
cou, Schizorhis 20murus, of Africa.
alarm-clock (a-lärm’klok), m. A clock which
can be so set as to make a loud and continued
noise at a particular time, in order to arouse
from sleep or attract attention.
alarm-compass (a-lärm’kum"pas), m. A mari-
ner's compass having an electrical attachment
for indicating by an alarm any deviation of the
ship from its course.
alarm-funnel (a-lärm'fun'el), m. A form of
funnel for use in filling casks or barrels, so
constructed that when the liquid has risen to
a certain height in the cask a bell is rung.
alarm-gage (a-lärm’gāj), m. A contrivance for
indicating automatically, by an alarm, when
pressure, as in a steam-boiler or an air-com-
ressor, reaches a certain point.
alarm-gun (a-lärm'gun), m. A gun fired as a
signal of alarm.
alarmingly (a-lärºming-li), adv. In an alarm-
ing manner; with alarm; in a manner or de-
gree to excite apprehension.
This mode of travelling . . . seemed to our ancestors
wonderfully, and indeed alarmingly, rapid.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., iii.
alarmism (a-lär’mizm), n. IK alarm + -ism.]
A tendency to create alarms, or to be alarmed
needlessly; a state of needless alarm; the con-
dition or practice of an alarmist. [Rare.]
alarmist (a-lär’mist), n. [Kalarm + -ist; = F.
alarmiste.j One who excites alarm; one who
is prone to raise an alarm, as by exaggerating
bad news or prophesying calamities, particu-
larly in regard to political or social matters.
He was frightened into a fanatical royalist, and became
one of the most extravagant alarmists of those wretched
times. Macawlay, Walpole's Letters.
It was as he approached fourscore, during the Adminis-
tration of Sir Robert Peel, that the buke [of Wellington]
became an alarmist. Gladstone, Gleanings, I. 121.
alarm-lock (a-lärm"lok), n. A lock, padlock,
bolt, latch, or knob so arranged that a bell is
caused to ring by any movement of its parts,
or by any attempt to open the door, till, or the
like, to which it is fastened.
alarm-post (a-lärm'póst), m. A position to
which troops are to repair in case of an alarm.
alarm-watch (a-lärm’Woch), m. A watch pro-
vided with an alarm which can be set to strike
at a given moment, in order to attract attention.
You shall have a gold alarm-watch, which, as there
may be cause, shall awake you. Sir T. Herbert, Memoirs,
alarum (a-lar'um or a-lär'um), n.
alarum-bell (a-lar’um-bel), m.
alary (ā'la-ri), a.
Alascan (a-las’ kan), n.
Alaskan (8-las'kan), a.
Alata (à-lā’tā), m. pl.
a latere (à lat’e-ré).
a latere
[A form of
alarm, due to a strong rolling of the r. see
alarm, n.] Same as alarm, but now used only
in sense 4, except poetically.
A flourish, trumpets strike alarum, drums |
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4.
The dread alarum should make the earth quake to its
Centre. Hawthorne, Old Manse.
She had an alarwm to call her up early.
Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre, xxi.
alarum (a-lar'um or a-lär’um), v. t. Same as
alarm.
Wither'd murther,
Alarwm'd by his sentinel, the wolf.
{ Shak., Macbeth, ii. 1.
Same as alarm-
bell,
No citizen can lie down secure that he shall not be
roused by the alarwm-bell, to repel or avenge an injury.
Macaulay, Dante.
[K L. alarius: see alar.] 1.
Relating to wings or wing-like parts; being
Wing-like. Specifically applied, in entom., to certain
musies passing in pairs from the walls of the pericardial
chamber of some insects to the abdominal parietes. See
aloe cordis, under ala.
The alary system of insects.
Wollaston, Variation of Species, p. 45.
The alary muscles, which in most insects are fan-shaped,
and lie in pairs, opposite one another, on each side of the
heart, either unite in the middle line, or are inserted into
a sort of fascia, on the sternal aspect of the heart, to which
organ they are not directly attached.
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 373.
2. In amat, and bot., wing-shaped.
alas (a-läs'), interj. [Early mod. E. also abbr.
las, lass, KME. alas, allas, alaas, allaas, alace, al-
lace, KOF. a las, ha las, hai las (later helas, also
abbr. las; mod. F. helds; = Pr. ai lasso =It, ahi
lasso), Ka, ah! (KL. ah, ah!), + las, wretched, K
L. lassus, weary: see lassitude..] An exclama-
tion expressive of sorrow, grief, pity, concern,
or apprehension of evil: in oldwriters sometimes
followed by the day or the while; as, alas the day,
alas the while. See alackaday.
For pale and wanne he was (alas the while!).
penser, Shep. Cal., Jan. .
Alas, the day / I never gave him cºuse.
Shalc., Othello, iii. 4.
Alas for those who never sing,
But die with all their music in them. .
O. W. Holmes, The Voiceless.
o A name given to a
foreign Protestant in England during the reign
of Edward VI. . So called from John Laski or Alasco,
a Polish refugee of noble birth who was made superinten-
dent of the foreign churches in London.
alaskaite (3-las'ka-it), n. [Better *alaskite, K
Alaska (see def.) + -ite2.] An argentiferous
variety of galenobismutite found at the Alaska
mine in Colorado.
Of or belonging to
the peninsula or territory of Alaska in N. W.
America; growing or found in Alaska: as,
* Alaskan cedar,” Science, IV. 475.
alastor (a-lastgr), n. IK Gr. Ažáorop, the aveng-
ing deity, lit. the unforgetting; cf. &Waotoc, not
to be forgotten, unceasing, Kó- priv. -- *%aoróg,
verbal adj. of Waffeiv, forget.] A relentless
avenging Spirit; a nemesis. N. E. D.
NL., neut. pl. of L.
alatus, winged: see alate?..] A name given by
Lamarck to a combination of the molluscan
families Strombidae, Aporrhaidae, and Struthio-
lariidae, having reference to the expanded wing-
like outer lip of the shell. See wingshell.
alatcha (à-lä-chá'), n. [See aladja.] A cotton
stuff made in central Asia, dyed in the thread,
and woven with white stripes on a blue ground.
E. Schuyler, Turkistan, I. 5.
alate1+ (a-lāt’), prep. phr. as adv. [K a+ for of
+ late.] Of late; lately.
Where chilling frosts alate did nip,
There flasheth now a fire. Greene, Doralicia.
alate?, alated (ā’lāt, a ‘lā-ted), a. [K L. alatus,
winged, K ala, wing: see aisle.] 1. Winged;
having membranous expansions like wings.
But the Harpies alate
In the storm came, and swept off the maidens.
Mrs. Browning, Poems (1878), p. 219.
Specifically— (a) In bot., applied to stems and leaf-stalks
With the edges or angles longitudinally expanded into leaf-
like borders, or to other organs having membranous ex-
pansions: opposed to apterows. (b) In conch., having an
expanded lip : applied to shells. See cut under Aporrhaidoe.
2. In arch., having wings, as a building: as,
“an alate temple,” Stukeley, Palaeographia Sacra
(1763), p. 73.
[L., from the side: a for
ab, from ; latere, abl. of latus, side: see lateral.]
From the side; from beside a person: used in
the phrase legate a latere. See legate.
alatern
alatern (al'a-têrn), n. Same as alaternus.
alaternus (al-a-têr’nus), n. [The L. name
(Pliny).] A species of Rhamnus, or buckthorn,
often planted in English gardens, Rhamnus Ala-
termus. See Rhamnus.
alation (à-lä’ shqn), n.
[KL. alatus, winged: see
alate?..] 1. A winged
condition; the state of
|being winged or of hav-
ing wings, as a bat, or
parts resembling wings,
as a plant.—2. The
manner of formation or
disposition of the wings,
especially in insects.
alatratef, v. t. See alla-
frate. Glass a lattzczºtto.
a latticinio (à lat-ti-
ché’ni-6). [It.: a, K. L. ad, to; latticinio, K L.
lacticinium, milk-food, K. lac(t-), milk: see
tation.] (Decorated) with lines or bands of
opaque white glass, buried in the transparent
body of the vessel: said of ornamental glass,
such as that made in Murano, near Venice.
Alauda (a-lā’dà), n. [L., the lark; according
to Pliny, Suetonius, and Gregory of Tours, a
Gaulish or Celtic word
(cf. Bret. alchoweder,
alchowedez, the lark);
said to be “lit. ‘great
songstress,’ from al,
high or great, and aud,
song.” The W. name
wchedydd, lit. “soarer,’
is a different word.
Hence It. aloda = Sp.
alondra, OSp. aluda,
aloa =Pr. alauza–OF.
aloe, with dim. ML.
laudula, laudila, It al-
lodola, lodola (dial.
lodana), and OIt. alo-
detta, allodetta = OSp.
aloeta = Pr. alauzeta
= F. alouette, the lark.
Cf. calandra and lark1.J Agenus of birds, typi-
cal of the family Alaudidae, or larks. The genus
was formerly coextensive with the family, but is now re-
stricted to such species as the skylark, A. arvensis, and
the Woodlark, A. arborea. The species of Alawda proper
are natives of the old world, and inhabit chiefly its northern
portions; they are small, plain-colored, spotted, and streak-
ed birds; they nest on the ground, and are noted for sing-
ing as they soar aloft, and for the delicacy of their flesh.
See Alaudidae and lark].
Alaudidae (a-lá'di-dé), m. pl... [NL., K41auda +
-idae.] The lark family; a family of birds, of
the order Passeres and suborder Oscines. They
are notably distinguished from other oscine Passeres by
having the tarsi scutellate behind, and are therefore re-
ferred by some to a special series, Oscines scutelliplantares,
in distinction from most other Oscimes, which are lamini-
plantar. By others, however, the Alaudidae have been
ranked as a subfamily, Alawdimoe, under Fringillidae. The
hallux bears a lengthened straightened claw. There are
many genera and species, mostly of the old world, and
especially of Africa; only one genus, Eremophila or Oto-
corys, the shore or horned lark, is indigenous to America.
The Alawdidae are mostly migratory; they inhabit open
country, nest on the ground, lay colored eggs, and sing as
they soar ; some of the species are gregarious. See Alaw-
da and lark1.
Alaudinae (al-ā-di'né), m. pl. [NL., K Alauda
+ -ina..] A subfamily of larks. The term repre-
sents—(a) A subfamily of Fringillidae, including all larks.
[Disused.] (b) A subfamily of Alaudidae, including the
typical larks represented by the genus Alawda and its im-
mediate allies. &
alaudine (a-lā’din), a. [K Alauda + -ine1.]
Having the character of a lark; pertaining to
the Alawdidae or lark family.
There is . . . abundant evidence of the susceptibility of
the Alawdine structure to modification from external cir-
cumstances. Bncyc, Brit., XIV. 316.
alaunt, alaundt, alaunft, º. Same as alan:
Alaus (a-lā'us), n., [NL., in form K. Gr. 3%aðc,
blind, Kå- priv.-H. Aéetv, see; but said to be based
on à%āoffat, wander, roam, stray.] A genus of
click-beetles, of
the family Ela-
terida). A. ocula-
tws, one of the largest
Of the North Ameri-
can Snapping-bee-
tles, is a well-known
species upward of 1%
inches, long. It has
two velvety black
spots encircled with
white on the pro-
thorax, and white
dots scattered over
the Whole Surface;
its larvae live in de-
caying wood. .
Woodlark (A2azzala arðorea).
sewed on the botton, and sleeves.
Alb of Thomas à Becket in the cathe-
dral at Sens, with apparels of rich stuff
129
Alausa º n. Same as Alosa.
aïbi (aſh), a ſºft.gie, Aš aii, (ML.alba
(Sc. vestis, garment), fem. of L. albus, white: see
aube, the French form.] 1. In the Rom. Cath.
Ch. (and in many Anglican churches), a white
linen robe, with tight sleeves, worn at the cele-
bration of the eucharist under the chasuble
cope, or dalmatic by the officiating priest and
his assistants. It reaches to the feet, and is bound
around the waist by a girdle called the albicord. Usually
it is ornamented at the edges and wrists with embroidery
or lace-work. The alb was formerly the common dress of
the clergy. Colored albs have been used in the service of
the English Church. The corresponding garment in the
Greek Church is the stoicharion (which see).
A White albe plain with a vestment or cope.
Book of Common Prayer (1549).
Each priest adorn'd was in a surplice white;
The bishops donn'd their albs and copes of state.
Fairfaz, Tasso, ii. 4.
2. In the early church, a white garment worn
from the Saturday before Easter until the first
Sunday after Easter by the newly baptized.
Formerly also written alba, albe.
Apparels of the alb, square pieces of embroidery in col-
OrS or precious Orphrey-work sewed or otherwise fastened
upon the alb, commonly in six places: much used between
the eleventh and sixteenth centuries.
alb% (alb), n. . [Turk.] A small Turkish coin,
nearly equal in value to a cent.
alba (al’bà), n. [NL. (sc. substantia), fem. of L.
albus, white, used as a noun..] White fibrous
nerve-tissue, as distinguished from the gray or
cellular. -
The alba, constitutes the columns of the myelon, etc.
jºr Wilder and Gage, Anat. Tech., p. 472.
albacore (al’ba-kör), n. [Also formerly written
lbecore, albocore (cf. F. “albacore, a certain
Albacore or Tunny (Germo a/alonga).
fish in the Indian sea, which is very good
meat,” Cotgrave), K Pg. albacor, albacora, al-
becora = Sp. albacora, an albacore, KAr. al, the,
+ bukºr, pl. bakārat, a young camel, a heifer.]
1. A name given to several fishes of the tunny
or mackerel kind, specifically to the germon
or long-finned tunny, Orcymus germo or O. ala-
longa. See Orcymus and tunny.—2. The Lichia
glauca, a fish of the family Carangidae. Couch.
Also written albicore.
albadara (al-ba-dā’râ), m. The Arabic caba-
listic name for the basal or sesamoid joint of
the great toe, to which extraordinary properties
were anciently ascribed.
alban (al’ban), m. [K L. albus, white, -- -an.]
Awhite resinous substance extracted from gut-
ta-percha by alcohol or ether. Ure, Dict., I. 41.
Albanenses (al-ba-nen 'séz), m. pl. [ML., K
Albi in Piedmont.] One of the sects embraced
under the general name Cathari (which see).
Albanensian (al-ba-men'si-an), a. and m. I. a.
IPertaining to the Albanenses.
II. m. A member of the sect of the Alba-
Il SeS. -
Albanian (al-bā’ni-an), a. and m. [K Albania.]
I. a. Relating or pertaining to modern Albania,
or to its inhabitants, or their language, man-
ners, customs, etc.
II. m. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Albania,
a division of European Turkey, comprising the
greater part of the ancient Epirus, and parts of
flyria and Macedonia.-2.
pl. Light cavalry, formerly
recruited in Albania and the º
neighboring lands, and armed 4:
according to the Levantine Y:
fashion of the time. There was
such a corps in the service of Charles
VIII. and of Louis XII. of France.
See argolet and estradiot.
3. The language of Albania,
ossessing strongly marked
ialects, and usually classed
as Aryan or Indo-European.
[The adjective and noun also apply
to ancient Albania, on the western
coast of the Caspian sea: as, the Al-
banian Gates (Albanice Pyloe, now
.
.*.
[. * : *
sº
º
. º:
jº
tº
::= º
.#
sº
the pass of Derbend).] -
albarello (alba-rel'6), n. [It. *:::::::::::: **
albarello, alberello, a vase,
dim. of albero, OIt. albore, K. L. arbor, a tree.] albel, m.
An earthen vessel, cylindrical in general shape, albeºt, albeet, conj.
albata (al-bā’tā), n.
Albati (al-bā’ti), m. pl.
albatross (al’bà-trös), m.
albe
the sides externally concave, used in the fif-
teenth century and later as a drug-pot.
albarium (al-bāºri-um), n. [L. (Sc. opus, work),
white stucco; neut. of albarius, pertaining to
the whitening of walls. Cf. albare, whiten, K
albus, white.] A stucco or white lime obtained
from burnt marble. McElrath; Simmonds.
[NL., K. L. albata, fem. of
albatus, clothed in white, made white, pp. of
albare, make white, K albus, white.] An alloy
consisting of a combination of nickel, zine, and
copper united invarious proportions, often with
antimony, iron, lead, tin, and silver. It is a white
metal, resembling silver in appearance, and is made into
spoons, forks, teapots, etc. Also called British plate and
erman, 8ilver.
He was not the genuine article, but a substitute, a kind .
of albata. . A. Sala, Baddington Peerage, II. 232.
[L.L., pl. of L. albatus,
clothed in white: see albata.] A body of fanat-
ics who about 1400 appeared in Italy as peni-
tents, clad in white garments. They were sup-
ressed by the pope. Also called White Brethren.
[Formerly albitross,
albetross, also algatross (cf. D. albatros =G. al-
batross (but D. usually stormvogel, G. Sturmvogel,
‘storm-bird’)=F. albatros, formerly algatros, =
It. albatro = Sp. albatroste = Pg. albatro2, all
prob, from or affected by the E. form), a modi-
fication (alc-, alg-changed to alb-, prob. in allu-
sion to L. albus, white) of Pg. alcatraz, a sea-
fowl, cormorant, albatross, orig. a pelican: see
alcatras.] 1. A web-footed sea-bird of the petrel
family, Procellariidae, and subfamily Diomede-
inde. About 12 species of albatross are known, all except
the sooty albatross, Phoebetria fuligimosa, belonging to the
genus Diomedea. They are distinguished as a group from
other birds of the petrel family by having the hind toe
rudimentary, and the tubular nostrils separated, one on
each side of the base of the upper mandible. The bill is
stout and hooked at the end, the wings are very long, the
tail and feet short, and the stature is very great. Alba-
trosses inhabit the southern seas at large, and the whole
Pacific ocean, but not the northern Atlantic. Some of
them are the largest known sea-birds, and all are noted
for their powers of flight, sailing for hours, and in any di-
Wandering Albatross (Dzozzledea exularts).
rection with reference to the wind, without visible move-
ment of the wings. They nest on the ground, and lay a
single white egg. They are very voracious, may be caught
with a hook and line baited with pork, and when taken
on board a vessel are observed to walk with difficulty.
One of the commonest and best-known species is the wan-
dering albatross, D. e.culans; it is also the largest species,
having a stretch of wings of about 12 feet—an assigned di-
mension of 17 § feet being either a great exaggeration or
highly exceptional. This bird is mostly white, with dark
markings on the upper parts, flesh-colored feet, and a yel-
low bill. The short-tailed albatross, D. brachyura, is a
related but smaller species. It goes far north in the Pa-
cific ocean, where is also found the black-footed albatross,
D. migripes of Audubon. The yellow-nosed albatross is
D. chlororhynchus, to which another species, D. culminata,
is closely related; these, and D. melanophrys, are among
the smaller species, and of about the size of the sooty al-
batross. The latter is wholly dark-colored. From their
habit of following ships for days together without resting,
albatrosses are regarded with feelings of attachment and
Superstitious awe by sailors, it being considered unlucky
to kill one. , Coleridge has availed himself of this feeling
in his “Ancient Mariner.” Also spelled albatros, and in
New Latin form albatrus, as either a generic or a specific
designation.
2. A thin untwilled woolen material used for
Women’s dresses.
See alb1,
Same as albeit. Spenser.






9
albeit (āl-bê'it), conj.
Alberti bass.
Albertiidae (al-bêr-ti’i-dé), m. pl.
albertype (alſ ber-tip), n.
albescence (al-bes' ens), n.
albescent (al-besſent), a.
albespinef (a1‘be-spin), m.
albedo
white.] Whiteness; specifically, the ratio be-
tween the quantity of light falling upon a sur-
face and that irregularly reflected by it.
[K ME. al be it, al be it
that, like al be that, alwere it so that, etc., in con-
cessive clauses, albeing the adv, all, found also
joined with though and if, with the subjunctive
of the verb be: see all, adv., 2 (b), and cf. al-
though..] Although; notwithstanding that.
. Whereas ye say, The Lord saith it; albeit I have not white; whi & © - -
Ezek, xiii. 7. Albigenses (al-bi-jen'séz), m.pl. [ML., X F. Al-
spoken.
Albeit so mask'd, Madam, I love the truth. * -
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
Albert cloth. See cloth.
Albert coal.
Albertia (al-bér’ti-á), n. . [NL., KAlbert (Prince
Same as albertite. -
Albert).] 1. A genus of free Rotifera, or wheel-
animalcules, having a lengthened and vermi-
form body, and the trochal disk reduced to a
small ciliated lip around the mouth. Held by
Schmarda to constitute with the genus Seison a separate
group, Perosotrocha. They are internal parasites of va-
rious oligochaetous annelids, such as the earthworm.
2. A genus of dipterous insects. Rondami, 1843.
–3. A genus of coelenterates. Thomson, 1878.
See bass3.
[NL., K. Al-
bertia + -idae.] A family of rotifers, or wheel-
animalcules, of which the genus Albertia is the
e. See Albertia.
bertine (al’bér-tin), a. Ofor pertaining to the
younger and royal branch of the Saxon house
which descended from Albert (G. Albrecht),
Duke of Saxony (1443–1500).-Albertine tracts,
pamphlets dealing with economic Subjects, Written about
1530 under the auspices of the Albertine branch of the
Saxon house, and in opposition to a debasement of the cur-
rency proposed by the Ernestine branch of the same house.
The Albertine tracts, according to Roscher, exhibit such
sound views of the conditions and evidences of national
wealth, of the nature of money and trade, and of the rights
and duties of Governments in relation to economic action,
that he regards the unknown author as entitled to a place
beside Raleigh and the other English “colonial-theorists”
of the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th century.
Bncyc. Brit., XIX. 356.
Albertist (al’bér-tist), n. [KML. Albertistas, pl.,
K Albertus, Albert.] An adherent of the philos-
ophy of Albertus Magnus, a German scholastic
philosopher (1193–1280). The Albertists were only
recognized as a distinct School in the university of Co-
logne in the fifteenth century. This school was an off-
shoot from that of the Thomists, from which it differed
concerning many points of logic, physics, and theology.
It was attached to the college of St. Lawrence. The differ-
ences which separated the Albertists from the Thomists
were insignificant. Among other points, the former held
that logic is a speculative, not a practical, discipline; that
universals in re and post remn, are identical (see wºmiversal,
m.); and that the principle of individuation (which see) is
matter.
albertite (al’bér-tit), n. [K the Albert mine in
New Brunswick, where this mineral was first
found, -- -ite2.] A hydrocarbon, pitch-like
in appearance, and related to asphaltum, but
not so fusible nor so soluble in benzine or
ether. It fills a fissure in the lower carboniferous rocks
at the Albert mine in New Brunswick. It is used in the
manufacture of illuminating gas, and of illuminating and
lubricating oils. Also called Albert coal.
[K Joseph Albert,
name of the inventor, H- type.] 1. A method
of direct printing in ink from photographic
(gelatin) plates. See photolithography.—2. A
picture produced by this method.
[K albescent.] The
act or state of growing white or whitish.
[K L. albescen(t-)s,
ppr. of albescere, become white, inceptive of al-
bere, be white, K albus, white.] Becoming white
or whitish; moderately white; of a pale, hoary
aspect; bleached; blanched.
[K ME. albeSpyme, K
OF. albespine, later aubespine, mod. F. aubépine
= Pr. albespin, K. M.L. *alba spinus, the white-
thorn (-tree), in ref. to the whiteness of its bark
as contrastéâwith the blackthorn; f. alba, fem.
of albus, white; spinus, the blackthorn, sloe-
tree, K spina, a thorn, spine : see Spine.] The
hawthorn, Crataegus Oxyacantha.
albicans (al’bi-kanz), m.; pl. albicantia (al-bi-
kan'shi-á). L., sc. corpus, body: See albi-
cant..] One of the corpora albicantia of the
brain. See corpora albicantia, under corpus.
albicant (al’bi-kant), a. [KL. albicam(t-)s, ppr.
of albicare, be white, K albus, white.] Bécom-
ing or growing white. N. E. D.
albicantia, n. Plural of albicans.
albication (al-bi-kä'shqn), n. IKL. albicare, pp.
*albicatus, be white : see albicant..] . In bot, a
owing white; a development of white patches
in the foliage of plants.
albin (al’ bin), n.
albiness (al-bi'nes), n.
albione (al-bi-Ö'né), m.
130
Yºr -
albedo (al-bê'dó), n. [L., whiteness, K albus, albicore (al’bi-kör), n. See albacore.
albificationi (al'bi-fi-kä'shgn), n., [KME. albift-
caciown, KML. albificatio(m-), Kalbificare, whiten:
See albify.] In alchemy, the act or process of
making white. Chaucer.
albiflorous (al-bi-flö’rus), a. [K NL. albiflorus,
Ś L. albus, white, + flos (flor-), a flower.]
bot., having white flowers.
aibiyi (alºiºi, V.i. "ßIL. albificare, & L. al-
bus, white, ſº —ficare, K.facere, make.] To make
€IOl.
bigeois, inhabitants of Albi.] A collective name
for the members of several anti-sacerdotal sects
in the south of France in the twelfth and thir-
teenth centuries: so called from Albi, in Lan-
edoc, where they were dominant. They revolted
Om the Church of Rome, were charged with Manichaean
errors, and were so vigorously persecuted that, as sects,
they had in great part disappearéd by the end of the thir.
teenth century.
Albigensian (al-bi-jen’si-an), a. and n. I. a.
Pertaining to the Albigenses.
By the middle of the fifteenth century, the Albigensian
heresy had been nearly extirpated.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 7.
II. m. One of the Albigenses.
º [K L. albus, white. See al-
bino.] A mineral of an opaque white color, a
much altered variety of Bohemian apophyllite.
IK albino + -ess.] A.
female albino.
In them [the negative blondes] the soul has often be-
come pale with that blanching of the hair and loss of color
in the eyes which makes them approach the character of
albinesses. O. W. Holmes, The Professor.
albinism (al’bi-nizm), n. [K albino + -ism; =
F. albinisme = Pg. albinismo.] The state or
condition of being an albino ; leucopathy; leu-
ClSm. In bot., a condition of flowers or leaves in which
they are white instead of having their ordinary colors, ow-
ing to a persistent deficiency of the usual coloring matter:
to be distinguished from blanching or etiolation, where the
color returns on exposure to light, Compare erythrism.
Also written albimoism.
Albinism being well known to be strongly inherited, for
instance with white mice and many other quadrupeds, and
even white flowers.
Darwin, War. of Animals and Plants, p. 115.
albinistic (al-bi-nis’tik), a. Same as albinotic.
albino (al-bi'nó), n. [K Pg. albino, orig. applied
*by the Portuguese to the white negroes they
met with on the coast of Africa (= Sp. It. al-
bino, X F. albinos), K albo, now alvo, - Sp. It.
albo, K L. albus, white.] 1. A person of pale,
milky complexion, with light hair and pink
eyeS. This abnormal condition appears to depend on an
absence of the minute particles of coloring matter which
ordinarily occur in the lowest and last-deposited layers
of the epidermis or outer skin. Albinos occasionally occur
among all races of men. º
Hence—2. An animal characterized by the
same peculiarity in physical constitution. A
perfect albino is pure white, with pink eyes; but there
may be every degree of departure from the normal color-
ation, exhibiting every variation in paleness of color or in
spotting or marking with white, such pallid or pied indi-
viduals being called partial albinos. An albino is always
a sport or freak of nature, as when one of a brood of crows
or blackbirds is snow-white; but albinism tends to be-
come hereditary and thus established, as in the case of
white mice, white rabbits, and white poultry. Any al-
bino, therefore, is to be distinguished from an animal that
is naturally white, like the snowy heron or polar bear, or
that periodically turns white in winter, like the arctic fox,
polar hare, or ptarmigan. Some animals are more sus-
ceptible to albinism than others, but probably all are lia-
ble to the deficiency or total lack of pigment which con-
stitutes this affection.
3. A plant the leaves of which are marked by
the absence of chlorophyl, or whose flowers are
exceptionally white. See albinism.
albinoism (al-bi'n'-izm), n. Same as albinism.
albinotic (al-bi-not'ik), a. [K albino + -otic, as
in hypnotic and other words of Gr. origin..] Af-
fected with albinism; exhibitingleucism; being
an albino. An equivalent form is albinistic.
[NL., after L. Albion, a
son of Neptune?] A sea-leech; a leech of the
enus Pontobdella.
albion-metal ‘...º. al), n. [K Albion,
poetic name of England (KL. Albion, Gr. AA/3tov,
an ancient name of Britain), + metal.] A com-
bination made by overlaying lead with tin and
causing the two to adhere by passing them, un-
der pressure, between rollers.
*ibičaj'biºn...[Ki.ains, white, 4-ite?..] A
triclinic soda feldspar; a common mineral, usu-
ally white or nearly white, occurring in crystals
and in cleavable masses in granite veins, also
as a constituent of many crystalline rocks, as
diorite and some kinds of granite. Seefeldspar.
albitic (al-bit'ik), a. [Kalbite + -ic.] Pertaining
to or of the nature of albite; containing albite.
albuginea (al-bü-jin’é-ä), m.
albuginean (al-bü-jin’é-an), a.
albugineous (al-bü-jin’é-us), a.
*:::: (al-bū-ji-ni"tis), n.
Albula (al’bà-lä), n.
Albulidae (al-bü’ li-dé), m. pl.
Albulina (al-bü-li'nā), m. pl.
album (al’bum), n.
albumen
Albizzia (al-bits’i-á), n. [NL., K.It. Albizzi, a
noble family of Tuscany, who first brought the
silk-tree into Italy.] A large genus of legumi-
nous plants of tropical Asia and Africa, allied
to Acacia. Many are trees furnishing a hard, strong,
and durable wood. A. Julibrissim (the silk-tree) and
A. Lebbek are frequently cultivated for ornament in the
Mediterranean region and in America. The bark of an
Abyssinian species, A. anthelmintica, known as mesenna
*Qr besenna, is an effective taeniafuge.
* * g e g
albo-carbon (al’bà-kär"bon), n., [K L. albus,
white, -- E. carbon.] A solid residuum of crea-
Sote.—Albo-carbon light, a light produced by carbu-
reting ordinary Pºiº by the volatilization of albo-
carbon, which is placed in cylindrical chambers about a
gas-burner. - -
albolite (alſbő-lit), n. Same as albolith.
albolith (al’bà-lith), n. [KL. albus, white, + Gr.
Aíflog, a stone..] A cement made by mixing pul-
verized calcined magnesite with fine silica. It
forms a hard, durable compound which can be molded,
and is found very useful in repairing stonework and as
a preservative for various materials of construction.
Alb Sunday, [See alb1 and Sunday. Cf. Whit-
Sunday.] The first Sunday after Easter: so
called because on that day those who had
been baptized on Easter eve wore their white
* for the last time. Also called Low Sun-
Q4/.
[NL., fem. (Sc.
tunica) of an assumed L. *albuginews: see albu-
gînéows.] In anat., a name (properly tunica al-
buginea) applied to several membranes: (a) To
the fibrous covering of the testis beneath the
tunica vaginalis (sheathing membrane); (b) to
the similar fibrous covering of the ovary be-
neath the peritoneum; (c) to the sclerotic or
white of the eye.
[K L. albugo
- gº; whiteness, a white spot, + -e-am.].
ame as albugineous.
[KL. as if *al-
buginews (X Sp. Pg. It albugineo), the more cor-
rect E. form being albuginous = F. albugimewa: =
Sp. It albuginoso, K L. *albuginosus, K albugo (al-
bugin-), whiteness: see albugo.] Pertaining to
or resembling the white of the eye or of an egg.
*i. forms are albuginean and albuginous.
—Albugineous humor, the aqueous humor of the eye.—
Albugineous tunic, the albuginea (which see).
[K albuginea +
-ītis.] Inflammation of the tunica albuginea of
the testis. See albuginea.
albuginous (al-bū‘ji-nus), a. Same as albugin-
*60tts.
albugo (al-büºgó), m. [L., whiteness, a white
spot, K albus, white.] A disease of the eye,
characterized by deep opacity of the cornea.
Sometimes called leucoma.
[NL., fem. of L. albulus,
whitish, K albus, white: see able?, ablet.]. Age-
nus of fishes distinguished by their whitish or
silvery color, typical of the family Albulidae.
albulid (al’ bü-lid), n. A fish of the family Al-
bulidae; a bonefish, ladyfish, macabé, or French
mullet. -
[NL., K Albula
+ -idae.] A family of abdominal fishes having
an elongate body covered with silvery scales,
conical head with produced overhanging snout,
small . and pavement-like teeth on the
sº and pterygoid bones. Only one species,
lbula vulpes, is known. It is generally distributed in
tropical seas, and is known in the West Indies and Florida
as the º and bonefish. It is interesting from modi-
fications of structure of the heart which suggest the ga-
noids. See cut under ladyfish.
[NL., K Albula +
-ina.] In Günther's classification of fishes, the
fifth group of Clupeidae. The technical characters
are—the mouth inferior, of moderate width and toothed,
the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower, and the inter-
maxillary juxtaposed to the upper edge of the maxillary
bones. The group corresponds to the family Albulidae.
Preferably written Albulinae, as a subfamily.
[L., prop. neut. Of albus,
white.] 1. In Rom. antiq., a white tablet, on
which the names of public officers and records
of public transactions were written, and which
was put up in a public place.—2. Å book con:
sisting of blank leaves variously prepared for
special purposes, as for the reception or pres-
ervation of autographs, º verses,
“sentiments,” etc.—3. |book expensively
printed or bound, containing short selections
of poetry or prose, usually illustrated, and in-
tended as a or an ornament.—4}. In law,
*White §: paid as rent.
albumen (al-bü(men), n.
[L.; albumen ovi, the
white of an egg; lit., whiteness, K albus, white.]
1. The white of an egg; hence, an animal and
vegetable principle which occurs in its purest
albumen 131
natural form in the white of an egg: in the albuminin (al-bü'mi-nin), n. IK albumen(-min-)
latter sense more correctly called albumin F-in?..] The substancé of the cells inclosing
(which see).-2. In bot., any form of nutritive the white of birds' eggs. It contains no nitro-
matter, whatever its chemical constitution, gen, and dissolves in caustic potash. Also
- called oënin.
albuminiparous (al-bü-mi-nip'a-rus), a. [KL.
albumen (-min-) + -parus, K pårere, produce.]
Same as albuminiferous.
At its upper end this latter [duct] has an albuminipa-
Tow8 gland attached to it.
Gegenbawr, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 383.
albuminize (al-bü’mi-nīz), v. t.; pret. and pp.
albuminized, ppr. albuminizing. [K albumin H-
—ize.] To convert into albumin; cover or im-
pregnate with albumin, as paper for the silver-
printing of photographs. Also written albu-
772.6%226.
[K L.
albumen (-min-) + -oid.] I. a. Resembling al-
'bumen or albumin.
During hard work a larger supply than usual of albu-
Aminoid food is necessary.
W. L. Carpenter, Energy in Nature, p. 192.
Albuminoid disease, lardaceous disease (which see, un-
der lardaceous).
II. n. A substance resembling albumin; pro-
teid (which see). See supplement.
Also written ãº
Seeds cut vertically, showing their Embryos and Albumen.
stored within the seed and about the embryo.
It may be farinaceous, as in the cereals; oily and fleshy,
as in many nuts; horny, as in the coffee-berry; or bony,
as in the vegetable ivory. Also called endosperm.—Albu-
Imen glue. See glue.
albumenize (al-bū’men-iz), v. t. See albumin-
2263,
albumenoid, a. and n. See albuminoid.
album græcum (al'bum grè'kum). . [L.; lit.,
Greek white.] The º: dogs, etc., which,
from *º. to the air, has become white like
chalk. It was formerly used as a medicine, and
sis still used by tanners to soften leather.
albumin (al-bü'min), n. [KL. album(en) + -in?.
See albumen.] In chem., a substance named
from the Latin for the white of an egg, in which
it occurs in its purest natural state (see albu-
men). It is a proximate principle composed of nitrogen,
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a little sulphur, and
enters generally into the composition of the animal and
vegetable juices and solids. Animal albumin abounds in
the serum of the blood, the vitreous and crystalline humors
of the eye, the so-called coagulable lymph, the juices of
flesh, etc. Vegetable albumin is found in most vegetable
uices and in many seeds; in composition and properties
it does not differ greatly from animal albumin. Albumin
obtained from eggs or blood-serum is used for giving a
ºibuminoid (al-bü'mi-noid), a. and n.
albuminoidal (al-bü-mi-noiſdal), a.
albuminose º 0.
albuminosis (al-bü-mi-nó’sis), n.
albuminous (al-bü’mi-nus), a.
albuminousness (al-bü'mi-nus-nes), n.
albumin-paper (al-bü’min-pâ"pér), n.
Relating
to or of the nature of an albuminoid.
albuminone (al-bü’mi-nón), n. Same as pep-
tone.
[= F. albumi-
neua, = It. albuminoso, K NL. albuminosus, K L.
albumen (-min-): see albumen, albumin.] 1.
Full of or containing albumen: applied to the
seeds of certain plants, as grain, palms, etc.—
2. Pertaining to or of the nature of albumin.
[NL., K.L.
albumen (-min-) + -osis.] A condition of the
blood characterized by the presence of more
than the usual amount of albumin.
Same as albu-
"minose. —Albuminous infiltration. See cloudy swell-
ing, under cloudy. h
The
state of being albuminous.
Paper
sized or coated with albumin, used for ordi-
lustrous coating to photographic paper, and rarelyinsome anary photographic printing.
other photographic processes, for fixing colors in printing,
and for clarifying syrupy liquids. When heated with such
liquids it coagulates and sinks to the bottom, or else rises
as a scum, carrying with it the fine suspended particles
which had made the liquid turbid. When albuminin solu-
tion is digested with a weak acid, it passes into a modi-
fication distinguished by the following properties: it is
insoluble in water and weak saline solutions, soluble in
weak acids or alkalis, and not coagulated by heat. This
modification is called acid albumim. Similar treatment
with a weak or strong alkali produces a substance having
nearly the same properties as acid albumin, but called
alkali albwmin. Syntonin is not distinguishable from acid
albumin. When a solution of either acid or alkali albumin
is neutralized, a neutralization precipitate is obtained.
This, dissolved in acid, gives acid albumin; dissolved in
alkali, it gives alkali albumin, though there is reason to
helieve that neither the acid nor the aikali combines
chemically with the albumin. Albumin is found in com-
merce in a dry state, being prepared both from the white
of eggs and from the serum of blood; 84 dozen eggs pro-
duce about 1.2 gallons of white, which yields 14 per cent.
of commercial albumin, while the blood of 5 oxen yields
about 2 lbs. Pure albumin, entirely free from mineral
matter, begins to coagulate at about 139°, and becomes
completely solidified at 167°. Coagulated albumin is a
white opaque substance, possessing the property of com-
bining . with a great many coloring materials, such
as fuchsine, aniline violet, purpuramide, etc. It is em-
ployed extensively in the arts, as in calico-printing, in
which it is used to fix pigments, especially ultramarine,
chrome-yellows, etc., upon the fibers of cotton cloth, serv-
ing both as a vehicle for the color and as a varnish. With
aniline colors, however, it forms a true mordant. See
supplement.—Albumin process, a little-used process of
making photographic plates, in which albumin is used
instead of collodion or gelatin.
lbuminate (al-bü’mi-nāt), m. lº. (al-
bumin-) + -atel.] A body resulting from the
action of an alkali upon albumin: a form of
denaturization of the native albumins analo-
ous to the production of acid albumin.
aftºniº (al-bü’min-bêr), m. A preserv-
ing bath which has been used for some early
photographic emulsions, composed of albumin,
ammonia, pyrogallic acid, beer, and water.
albuminiferous (al-bü-mi-nif'e-rus), a. [K L.
albumen (-min-) + ferre, bear.j Producing al-
bumin. W. L. C.
K L. al-
bumen(-min-) +-formis, forma, form.]
albumen (-min-) + metrum, K. Gr. pièrpov, mea-
arpenter.
albuminiform (al-bü’mi-ni-fôrm), a.
ormed
like or resembling albumin.
âlbuminimeter (al-bü-mi-nim’e-tèr), n. IKL.
sure.]. An instrument for measuring the quan-
tity of albumin contained in any liquid.
#.
albuminuria (al-bü-mi-ni"ri-á), n.
albuminuric (al-bü-mi-nā’rik), a.
alburn (al’bérn), a. and n.
alburnous (al-bèr’nus), a.
alburnum (al-bêr’num), n.
Alca (alſkä), n.
Alcadaº (alſka-dé), m. pl.
alcahest, alcahestic, etc.
Alcaic (al-kā'ik), a. and n.
[NL., K. L.
albumen (-min-) + Gr. oipov, urine: see wrine.]
In pathol., the presence of albumin in the urine,
indicating changes in the blood or in the kid-
neys.
[K albumi-
muria + -ic.] Pertaining to or characterized by
albuminuria."
[K ML. alburnus,
whitish (see auburn), first as a noun, L.L. al-
burnus, m., a white fish, prob, the bleak or blay,
L. alburnum, neut., sap-wood (see alburnum), K
albus, white.] I.} a. An obsolete form of auburn.
II. m. 1. Same as alburnum.—2. A name
sometimes given to the fish commonly called
the bleak.
[K alburnum, q.v.,
+ -ows.] Relating to or of the -
nature of alburnum.
[L.,
sap-wood, prop. neut. of albur-
mus, which appears in . in
the sense of ‘whitish?: see aw-
burn.] The lighter-colored and
softer part of the wood of exo-
genous plants, between the in-
ner bark and the heart-wood. It aa, alburnum, or
is frequently called sap-wood, and is sap-wood; º; heart-
gradually transformed into heartwood ...; , Piº 4°.
or duramen. Another form is albwrm.
[ML. and N.L., K Icel. alka,
ālka, auk: see awkl.] The leading genus of the
Alcidae, or auk family of birds. It has been made to
cover nearly all the species of the family, but is now gener-
ally restricted to the great auk, Alca impennis, alone or
with the razor-billed auk, A. torda or
See awk, and cut in next column
Utamania torda.
alcabala (Sp. pron. iii-kā-bā’lā), n. Same as
alcavala.
Same as Alcidae.
See alkahest, etc.
[K L. Alcaicus, K
Gr. AAkaikóg, K AAkalog, Alcaeus.] I. a. 1. Per-
taining to Alcaeus, a lyric poet of Mytilene, in
Lesbos, who flourished about 600 B. C.—2.
[l. c.] Pertaining to, of the nature of, or con-
sisting of alcaics: as, an alcaic strophe. See II.
—Alcaic verse. See II.
II. m. [l. c.] A line written in one of the mea-
Sures invented by Alcaeus. The most important one
alcaldeship (al-kal'de-ship), n.
alcali, alcalimeter, alcalizable, etc.
alcamistre+, alcamyt, etc.
Alcanae (al-kā’né), m. pl.
alcanna (al-kan’ā), n.
Alcantarine (al-kan'ta-rin), m.
alcarsin, m.
alcatotet, m.
alcatras (al'ka-tras), m.
alcatras
of these consists of an anacrusis, a trochee, a spondee, and
two dactyls. A second consists of a catalectic iambic pen:
tameter, of which the third foot is always a spondee, and
the first may be. A third consists of two dactyls followed
(From a drawing by R. W. Shufeldt after Audubon.)
by two trochees. Two lines of the first, followed by one
of the second and one of the third, constitute the alcaic
strophe, the commonest arrangement of alcaics. The fol-
lowing is an example of an alcaic strophe;
O mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies,
O skill'd to sing of Time or Eternity,
God-gifted organ-voice of England,
Milton, a name to resound for ages.
Tennyson, Exper. in Quantity, Alcaics.
alcaid, alcayde (al-kād’; Sp. (alcaide) fil-kā’é-
dà), n. [KSp. Pg. alcaide, formerly alcayde, agov-
ernor, Jailer, warden, KAr. al-qāīd, Kal, the (see
al-?), + qāīd, leader, governor, prefect, K qāda,
lead, govern..] In Spain, Portugal, etc., a com-
mander of a fortress; a military officer; also
a jailer.
alcalde (al-kal’de; Sp. pron. al-kāl’dă), n. [Sp.
alcalde (in Pg. alcaide by confusion with alcaide,
alcaid), K. Ar. al-qād, Kal, the, -H qādī, judge (X
Turk, kadi, X E. cadi, q.v.), Kgaday, judge, de-
cide.] In Spain and Portugal, and in countries
settled by Spaniards or governed by Spanish
law, the mayor of a pueblo or town, who is the
head of the municipal council, and isvested with
judicial powers similar to those of a justice of
the peace.
The Office of
alcalde.
The heart of the Spanish local system is the Alcaldeship.
C. H. Shinn, Mining Camps, p. 83.
See al-
kali, etc.
See alchemist, al-
chemy, etc.
Same as Alcinae.
[Also written alcana, K
Sp. alcana, alcaña (= Pg. alcanna), K. Ar. al-
henná, Kal, the, + hemmä, henna.] Same as henna.
[K Sp. Alcán-
tara, a city on the Tagus, lit. the Bridge, K. Ar.
al, the, -- qantarah, a bridge. Cf. almaicantar.]
A member of a branch of the Franciscans
founded in 1555 by St. Peter of Alcántara,
whence the name). See Franciscam.
alcarraza (al-ka-rā’zā; Sp. pron, fil-kār-rä'thi),
m. [Sp., K. Ar. al-kwrrāz, Kal, the (see al-2), +
kurrã2, an earthen vessel, pitcher.] A vessel
made of porous unglazed pottery, used in hot
climates for cooling water by the evaporation
of the moisture oozing through the substance
of the vessel. The effectiveness of the process is
greatly increased by exposure to a current of air. In the
southwestern United States commonly called olla.
See alkarsim.
[E. dial., also alkitotle (Eamoor
Courtship); origin obscure.] A silly elf or fool-
ish oaf. Gloss. Eacmoor Scolding.
Why, you know I ſam] an ignorant, unable trifle in such
business, an oaf, a simple alcatote, an innocent:
Ford, Fancies, iv. 1.
[& Sp. Pg. alcatraz, a
pelican, etc., prob. a modification of Pg. alca-
tru2 = Sp. arcadwg, alcaduz, the bucket of a
noria or water-raising wheel, K. Ar. al, the, +
qādūs, bucket, K. Gr. Kádog, a water-vessel; the
term “bucket” being applied to the pelican for
the same reason that the Arabs call it sagga,
Water-carrier, because it carries water in its
pouch, (Devic).] ...A. Spanish and Portuguese
name loosely applied to sundry large sea-birds,



alcatras
as the pelican (Pelecanus), gannet (Sula), alba-
tross (Diomedea, especially D. fuliginosa), frig-
ate-bird (Tachypetes aquilus), etc., but of no ex-
act signification in ornithology.
alcavala (al-ka-vā‘lā), n. É. alcabala, alca-
vala, KAr. al-qabālah, Kal, the, H- gabálah, tax,
duty, K qabala, receive: see cabala.] A tax of
one tenth formerly imposed in Spain upon pub-
lic sales and exchanges, and paid by the seller.
Also written alcabala.
alcayde. n. See alcaid.
alcazar (al-kaz’ār; Sp. pron. Ål-kä'thir), n.
[Sp. and Pg., a castle, fort, quarter-deck, KAr.
algaçr, K_al, the, H- gaçr, a fortified place, in
pl. a castle.] 1. In Spain, a fortress ; a castle;
also, a royal palace, even when not fortified.
He was then conducted to the alcazar, and the keys of
the fortress were put into his hand.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 21.
The blessed cross was planted in place of the standard
or Mahomet, and the banner of the sovereigns floated
triumphantly above the Alcazar. Irving, Granada, p. 516.
2. A name given to certain places of amuse-
ment in France and elsewhere, particularly
when decorated in the Moorish style.—3.
Nawt., the quarter-deck.
Alce (al'sé), m. [NL., K. Gr. 3%km, elk: see elk 1.]
A genus of ruminating mammals, comprising
the European elk and the American moose: sy-
nonymous with Alces (which see). See elk1.
Alcedidae (al-sed’i-dé), m. pl. Same as Alcedi-
nidae.
alcedinid (al-sed’i-mid), n. A bird of the fam-
ily Alcedinidae; a kingfisher or halcyon.
Alcedinidae (al-sé-din'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Alcedo (Alcedin-) + -idae.] . A family of birds,
the kingfishers, referred to the order Fissi-
Tostres when that group was in vogue, some-
times to a group known as Syndactyli, now to
an order Picaria, which includes many fami-
lies of non-passerine insessorial birds. However
classed, the Alcedinidae form a very natural family of
birds, distinguished by the cohesion of the third and
fourth toes; the non-serrate tomia of the long, large,
straight, and deeply cleft. bill; the rudimentary or very
small tongue; the small, weak feet, unfitted for progres-
sion, usually bare of feathers above the tibio-tarsal joint ;
the long wings, of 10 primaries; and a short tail, of 12
Tectrices. The family includes a number of curious and
aberrant forms, among them two genera (Ceya, and Alcy-
one) in which the inner front toe is defective. All the Al-
cedinidae nest in holes and lay white eggs. Their charac-
teristic habit is to sit motionless on the watch for their
prey, to dart after it, seize it, and return to their perch.
There are about 150 species in various parts of the world,
referable to about 20 genera. The family is divided into
two subfamilies, Alcedininae and Dacelominoe. Sometimes
called Halcyonidae. Also Alcedidae.
Alcedininae (al’sé-di-ni"né), m. pl. [NL., K. Al-
cedo (Alcedin-) + -inae.] A subfamily of Alcedi-
nidae, embracing the piscivorous or fish-eating
as distinguished from the insectivorous king-
fishers, or Daceloninae. It consists of about 6 genera
and some 50 species; one of the genera, Ceryle, includes all
the kingfishers of America. The common kingfisher of
Europe, Alcedo ispida, and the belted kingfisher of North
America, Ceryle alcyon, are typical examples.
alcedinine (al-sed’i-min), a. [K Alcedining.]
Having the characters of or pertaining to the
Alcedininae: applied to the piscivorous as dis-
tinguished from the halcyonine kingfishers.
Alcedinoideae (al'sé-di-noiſ dé-é), m. pl. [NI.,
& Alcedo (Alcedin-) + -oideae.]. A superfamily
of birds, containing the families. Alcedinidaº,
Bucerotida, Momotidae, Todida, and Meropida.
Alcedo (al-sé'dó), n. [L., also improp. halcedo,
a kingfisher; the same, with different suffix, as
Gr. &Wicváv, XL. alcyon, halcyon, a kingfisher; see
halcyon.] Agenus of kingfishers, of the family
Alcedinidae and subfamily Alcedininae, giving
name to these. A. ispida is the common Species
of Europe. See Alcedinidae and kingfisher.
Alcelaphinae (al-sel-à-fiſné), º, pl. , [NL., & Al-
celaphus + -ina..] A subfamily of bovine ante;
lopés, containing large species, such as those of
the genera Alcelaphus and Connochates, or the
bubăline antelopes of Africa—the hart-beests,
blesboks, and gnus. See cut under blesbol:
Alcelaphus (al-sel’a-fus), n. [NL., KGr. ºff,
elk, -- Zagog, deer.] The typical genus of the
subfamily Alcelaphinae. The leading species are the
bubaline antelope (A. bubalis), the hartbeest (A. caa'ma),
and the blesbok (A. albifrom 8).
Alces (al'séz), m. [L., elk, - Gr. ÖAkm, elk, =
E. elkl, q.v.] A genus of ruminant mammals
of the deer family, Cervidae. They are of immense
stature, and have a heavy, ungainly body, very high at the
withers; a short, thick neck, with a beard at the throat ;
a tumid muzzle ; broadly palmate horns in the male ; long
ears; coarse, brittle hair; and no metatarsal gland, but
a small tarsal gland covered with reversed hair. The
genus includes two North American species, the eastern
imooge, A. americanus, and the larger A. gigas of Alaska.
- 132
The elk of northern Europe is A. malchis. See elkl, 2,
and moose.
alchemic (al-kem'ik), a. [Formerly alchymic
= F. alchimique, K ML. alchimicus, Kalchimia,
alchemy: see alchemy, and cf. chemic.] Relat-
ing to or produced by alchemy. Formerly also
spelled alchymic.
At last lowered into the semi-conscious alchemic state
wherein misery turns to habit.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 138.
alchemical (al-kem’i-kal), a. Same as alchemic.
alchemically (al-kem’i-kal-i), adv. In an al-
chemic manner; by means of alchemy. For-
merly also spelled alchymically.
Lully would prove it alchemically.
Camden, Remains, Money.
alchemist (al'ke-mist), n. [Early mod. E. al-
chymist, alchimist, alcwmist, alkemyste (also with
added term. -erl, “alchemister, alchymister, al-
chimister, K ME. alcamister, alkamystere, alka-
mystre), K OF. alkemiste, alquemiste, mod. F.
alchimiste = Sp. alquimista = Pg. It. alchimista
KML. alchymista, Kalchymia: see alchemy and
—ist.] One who practises or is versed in alche-
my. Formerly also spelled alchymist.
You are an alchymist, make gold of that.
Shak., T. of A., v. 1.
alchemisteri, n. Same as alchemist.
alchemistic (al-ke-mistik), a. Relating to or
practising alchemy.
Paracelsus informs us that the composition of his “triple
panacea” can be described only in the language of al-
chemistic adepts. Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 64.
alchemistical (al-ke-mis’ti-kal), a. Same as
alchemistic.
Irregular, secular ale, courageous, contagious ale, al-
cwmistical ale.
Dekker and Webster (), Weakest Goeth to the Wall, i. 2.
alchemistry (al-kem’is-tri), n. [Early mod. E.
alchymistry, alchumistrie, alcumistrie: see alche-
mist and -ry. Cf. chemistry.] Alchemy. For-
merly also spelled alchymistry.
alchemize (al'ke-miz), v. t. [Early mod. E. al-
chymize, alcwmize, -ise; K alchemy + -ize.] To
change by alchemy; transmute, as metals.
Lovelace. [Rare.]
That which becks
Our ready minds to fellowship divine,
A fellowship with essence; till we shine
Full alchemiz'd and free of space.
Reats, Endymion, i. 781.
alchemy (al’ke-mi), n. [Early mod. E. also
alchymy, alcwmy, alcomy, alcamy, alkºmy, etc., K
ME. alkamye, also alknamye, alkenamye, alca-
myne, and hence alconomie, alconomy, alcomo-
mye (simulating astronomy); KOF, alkemie, also
assibilated alchemie (mod. F. alchimie), also
arkemie, arquemie, = Pr. alkimia = Sp. Pg. al-
quimia (Pg. also alchimia) = It, alchimia, KML.
alchimia, alchymia, K. M.Gr. &p27uia, K. Ar. al-
kimia, Kal, the (see al-?), + kimia, KMGr. 27geta,
also xmuía, alchemy, defined by Suidas as # Toi
ãpyvpoi, Kai Apwooi kataakevä, i. e., the prepara-
tion of silver and gold. Joannes Antiochenus
says that Diocletian burned the books of the
Egyptians Tepe žmuiac àpyvpoi Kai Apugoû, i.e.,
concerning the transmutation of silver and
gold; hence the name has been identified with
Xmuía, the Gr. form of Khmi, the native name of
Egypt, lit. ‘black earth’; but xmuía is prob. for
2:wſleia, a mingling, an infusion, K Žvuòg, juice,
esp. juice of plants (> E. chyme, q.v.), K 2.Éetv,
pour, akin to L. fundere = AS. ge6tan, pour,
and to E. gush. Alchemy would thus be origi-
mally the art of extracting juices from plants
for medicinal purposes.] 1. Medieval chemis-
try; the doctrines and processes of the early
and medieval chemists; in particular, the Sup-
posed process, or the search for the process,
|by which it was hoped to transmute the baser
metals into gold.
Alchemy was, we may say, the sickly but imaginative in-
fancy through which modern chemistry had to pass before
it attained its majority, or, in other Words, became a pos-
itive Science. Encyc. Brit., I. 459.
2. Any magical or mysterious power or process
of transmuting or transforming.
Go laugh, . . . transmuting imps into angels by the al-
chemy of Smiles. Alcott, Tablets, p. 64.
In the tiny cellulose sac, by the vegetable protoplasm
is wrought the very alºng of life. . *
. B. Herrick, Plant Life, p. 21.
3. Formerly, a mixed metal used for utensils,
a modification of brass: so called because be-
lieved to have been originally formed by the #
art of alchemy; hence, an imitation, as alchemy
was supposed to be of brass; used figuratively
by Milton for a trumpet.
Four speedy Cherubim
Put to their mouths the sounding alchymy. -
- Milton, P. L., ii. 517.
^
alcohol
Here be the tavern-beakers, and here peep out the fine
alchemy knaves, looking like . . . most of Tour gallants,
that seem what they are not.
Middleton, Your Five Gallants, ii. 8.
Formerly also spelled alchymy.
alchochoden (al-kö-kö’den), n. [Ar.] In astrol.,
the #. of life or years; the planet which is
the dispositor of the hyleg and in aspect with
that planet when a person is born, indicating
by its position the length of his life.
alchymict, alchymistſ, etc. See alchemic, etc.
Alcidae (al'sſia . . . [NL., K.Alca 4-idae.]
The auks; a family of natatorial sea-birds have
ing short wings and tail, palmate three-toed
feet, and a bi shaped very variously in the
different species. The body is stout and clumsy, and
the legs are inserted far back and deeply buried in the
common integument of the body, as in other birds of the
order Pygopodes. The family is variously subdivided by
different writers, the most obvious division being into the
Alcinoe proper, with stout, hooked bills, comprising the
auks, puffins, etc., and the Uriinae, or guillemots and
murres, with long, slender, acute bills. The family con-
tains some 25 species of about 12 genera. The Alcidae are
all marine, and confined to the northern Atlantic, north-
ern Pacific, and Polar seas. Also written Alcadoe. See cuts
under. Alca, murre, and puffin.
alcidine (al’si-din), a. [K Alcidae + -inel.] In
ornith., pertaining to or resembling the auk
family.
Alcinae (al-siºné), m. pl. [NL., K. Alca + -inae.]
A subfamily of birds, of the family Alcidae, em-
bracing the auks proper and their immediate
allies. The bill is variously shaped, but always hard
and horny, stout, compressed, and more or less hooked.
. The leading species of Alcinoe are the great auk, Alca.
impennis; the razor-bill, Alca or Utamania torda ; the
puffins, of the genera Fratercula and Lºwnda ; and the
horn-billed auk, Ceratorhyncha monocerata.
alcinel (al'sin), a. [K Alces + -īnel.] Ofor per-
taining to the elk; noting the group of Cervidae
to which the elk of Europe and the moose of
America belong.
alcine? (al'sin), a. [K Alca + -īnel.] Of or per-
taining to the auk, Alca, or family Alcidae.
Alº (al-sip ( ò), m. [NL., K. Gr. AAkitty, in
myth, a daughter of Ares, K &Aich, strength, +
f itTog, a horse.]
1. A genus of
cirriped crusta-
ceans, of the
order Abdomina-
lia, having three
pairs of abdomi-
nal limbs, no
thoracic limbs, a
segmented body,
two eyes, exten-
sile mouth, and
the sexes dis-
tinct. It is the type
and only member of
a family Alcippidae.
A species, A. lampas,
is found on the Brit-
ish coast, burrowing in shells of Fusus and Buccinum
(whelks). º * º
2. A genus of birds, of uncertain position,
classed by G. R. Gray (1869) as one of the
AEgithinidae. It was founded by E. Blyth in 1844, and
contains 12 species, inhabiting India, China, the Malay
peninsula, and Borneo. A. cinerea is the type.
alcippid (al-sip'id), n. IK Alcippidae.]. An ab-
dominal cirriped of the family Alcippidae.
Alcippidae (al-Sip’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Alcippe,
1, + -idae.] amily of cirripeds of which
Alcippe is the typical genus.
Alcippe lampas.
r, female, with males seen as dark specks
on either side of upper part of the sac; 2,
female, in section; 3, male; 4, burrow of
the animal in a shell; H, horny disk of at-
tachment. In the female - c, ovary; Ji,
first pair of cirri; Á, l, n, three thoracic
segments without cirri; next are short seg-
ments bearing three abdominal terminal
cirri. In the male — a, antennary appen-
dages; b, seminal vesicle; d, testis; me, pe-
nis; Æ, orifice of Sac; o, eye.
Alcmanian (alk-mă'ni-an), a. [KL. Alcmanius,
K. Gr. AAkuáv, Doric of AAkuatov.] Pertaining to
Alcman, a Spartan lyric poet of the seventh cen-
tury B. C., celebrated for his amatory verses.—
Alcmanian verse or line, a dactylic tetrameter catalec-
tic, or series of three dactyls or spondees (the third foot
regularly a dactyl), followed by a spondee or trochee. A
couplet consisting of a hexameter followed by such a line
is called an Alcmanian distich, and this may be used sin-
gle or double as an Alcmanian strophe or 8tanza.
alco (al’kö), m. [Quichua (whence W. Ind. and
Mex.) alco.] A variety of small dog, with a
small head and large pendulous ears, found wild
in Mexico and Peru, and now domesticated.
alcoate (alſkö-āt), n. A contracted form of
alcoholate.
alcogene (al’kö-jên), n. . [K alco(hol) + -gene.1
The vapor-cooler in a distilling apparatus. N.
JE. D.
alcohate (al’kö-hāt), n. A contracted form of
alcoholate.
âlcohol (alſkö-hol), n. [Formerly also spelled
alcohole, alkohol, K.F. alcohol, now alcool, - Sp.
Pg. alcohol = It, alcohol, alcool, alcoole, K tº
alcohol, orig. in the sense of a fine; impalpable
powder, the black sulphid of antimony, after-
ward extended to any fine powder produced by

trituration or sublimation, then to essence,
quintessence, or spirit, esp. the rectified spir-
its of wine, and finally used as at present; KAr.
al-koh’l, Kal, the, + kohl, the fine powder of an-
timony used in the East to peint the eyebrows,
Kkahala, stain, paint.T 1. A liquid, ethyl hy-
droxid, C.H.3 , formed by the fermentation
of aqueous sugar-solutions, usually prepared
from starch by the action of malt. Absolute or
pure alcohol is a colorless mobile liquid, of a pleasant
spirituous smell and burning taste, of specific gravity.793
at 60°F, and boiling at iºn. It is inflammable, and
burns without smoke or residue, the products of combus-
tion being carbon dioxid and water. At very low tem-
peratures it solidifles, but the melting-point is —170° F.,
and for this reason it is used for filling thermometers to
register low temperatures. . It mixes with water in all
roportions, is a general solvent for organic principles,
ases, resins, oils, etc., and as such has extensive use in the
arts and in medicine. piñerent grades of alcohol are some-
times designated in trade according to the source from
which they are derived, as grain-alcohol, prepared from
maize or other grain; root-alcohol, from potatoes and beets;
moss-alcohol, which is madein largequantity from reindeer-
moss and Iceland moss in Norway, Sweden, and Russia.
Alcohol is a powerful stimulant and antiseptic, and in some
dilute form is used as an intoxicating beyerage among all
races and conditions of people. Proof 8pirit contains,
in the United States, 50 per cent. by volume of pure
alcohol. Underproof and overproºf...are designations of
weaker and stronger solutions. Distilled liquors or ardent
spirits, whisky, brandy, gin, etc., contain 40 to 50 per
cent of absolute alcohol, wines from 7 or 8 to 20, ale and
porter from 5 to 7, and beer from 2 to 10.
2. In popular usage, any liquor containing this
irit.—3. In organic chem., the general name
of a series of compounds which may be regarded
as derived from the normal hydrocarbons by re-
placing hydrogen with the group OH, or hydrox-
yl, and which correspond to the hydroxids of
the metals. Such compounds are classed as primary,
secondary, or tertiary alcohols, according to their constitu-
tion and the products of their decomposition. Primary
alcohols are regarded as containing the group CH2OH, and
by oxidation yield aldehyde and ultimately an acid of the
same carbon series. Secondary alcohols are regarded as
containing the group CHOH, and by oxidation do not yield
aldehyde, but a ketone, which on further oxidation breaks
up into two acids of a lower carbon series. Tertiary alco-
hols are regarded as having the group COH, and break up
at once on oxidation into two acids of a lower carbon series.
4}. An impalpable powder.
If the same salt shall be reduced into alcohol as the
chymists speak, or an impalpable powder, the particles and
intercepted spaces will be extremely lessened. Boyle.
Amyl alcohol (C5H110H), a name applied, with pre-
fixes, to four of the eight isomeric alcohols having the
formula given. The most common, inactive amyl alcohol,
is a transparent colorless liquid, with a strong, offensive
odor, derived from the fermentation of starchy matters,
It is the chief constituent of fusel-oil, a product of fer-
mentation in distilleries, which is contained in crude
spirit, and whose presence, even in small quantity, injures
the quality of the spirit.—Anhydrous alcohol, alcohol
entirely free from water.—Caustic alcohol, sodium
ethylate, C2H5NaO, or sodium alcoholate, a product
formed by adding sodium to absolute alcohol. It forms a
White powder, which in contact with water or moist ani-
mal tissue decomposes into alcohol and caustic soda. It is
used in medicine as a caustic.--Cresylic alcohol. See
gresylie.-Methylic or methyl alcohol, or wood-alco-
hol, alcohol obtained by the destructive distillation of
wood. When pure it is a colorless mobile liquid (CH3OH),
with an odor and taste like ordinary alcohol (ethyl hy-
droxid, C2H5OH ; see above), though the commercial
article has a strong pyroligneous smell. It is inflammable.
It is a by-product in the manufacture of charcoal, and is
used in the arts as a solvent for resins, also in the manu-
facture of aniline dyes. A commercial product is called
Columbian spirit. Also wood-spirit and methanol.
alcoholate (alſkö-hol-āt), n. [Kalcohol + -atel.]
A compound in which a hydrogen atom of al-
cohol is replaced by an alkali metal, as potas-
slum alcoholate, or ethylate, C2H5OK, formed,
with evolution of hydrogen, when metallic po-
tassium is dissolved in alcohol. Sometimes
contracted to alcoate, alcohate.
alcoholature (al-kö-hol’ā-tūr), n. [K F. alcoola-
ture : see alcohol.] An alcoholic tincture pre-
ared with fresh plants. , N. E. D.
alcohol-engine (alſkö-hol-en’jin), n. A motor
#. ing the vapor of alcoholin place of steam.
alcoholic (al-kö-hol'ik), a. 1. Pertaining to or
of the nature of alcohol.—2. Containing or us-
ing alcohol: as, an alcoholic thermometer.
alcoholicity (al"kö-hol-is’i-ti), n. IK alcoholic
+ -ity.] Alcoholic quality.
Some brandy is added to the wine, by which its alcohol-
icity rises to about 29 per cent, of proof spirit.
Ure, Dict., IV. 950.
alcoholisable, etc. See alcoholizable, etc.
alcoholism (alſkö-hol-izm), n. [K alcohol +
-ism..] . In pathol., the effects of excessive use
of alcoholic drinks. They are distinguished as acute,
resulting from the consumption of a large amount of
alcoholic drink at once or within a short period, and
chronic, resulting from its habitual consumption in smaller
uantities.
coholizable (al'kö-hol-i'za-bl), a. [Kalcohol-
ize + -able.] Capable of yielding or of being con-
verted into alcohol. Also spelled alcoholisable.
1.33
alcoholization (al/kö-hol-i-zā’ shgn), n. 1.
The act of rectifying spirit till it is wholly de-
F. of impurities.—2. Saturation with alco-
ol, or exposure to its action.—3+. The act of
reducing a substance to an impal
Phillips, 1678.-4. Same as a
*. Also spelled alcoholisation.
alcoholize (alſkº-hol-iz), v. t.; pret. and pp. al-
coholized, ppr. alcoholizing. [Kalcohol + -ize.]
1. To convert into alcohol; rectify (spirit) till
it is wholly purified.—2. To saturate with ai.
cohol; expose to the influence or subject to the
effects of alcohol.
The gum will not penetrate any part which is still alco-
holized. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 191.
3}. To reduce to an impalpable powder. Phil-
lips, 1706; Johnson. *
Also spelled alcoholise.
alcoholometer (al/kö-hol-om’e-tér), n. IK al-
cohol F. Gr.ſuktpov, measure.] An instrument,
usually a hydrometer, for determining, by
means of a graduated scale, the percentage,
either by weight or by volume, of pure alcohol
in a liquid.
alcoholometrical (al/kö-hol-5-met’ri-kal), a.
Relating to the alcoholometer or to alcoholome-
try: as, alcoholometrical tables. Sometimes
contracted to alcoömetrical.
alcoholometry (al/kg-hol-om’e-tri), n. IK al-
coholometer.] The process of estimating the
percentage of pure or absolute alcohol in a
spirituous liquid. Sometimes contracted to al-
coömetry.
alcohometer (al-kő-homºe-tér), n. See alcohol-
Ometer.
Alcoideae (al-koi"dē-6), n. pl. [NL., K Alca +
-oideae.] A superfamily of birds, composed of
the Alcidae or auks and the Urinatoridae or
loons, and placed in the order Cecomorphae.
alcoömeter (al-kó-Om’e-tér), n. See alcohol-
Ometer.
alcoömetrical (al"kö-Q-met/ri-kal), a. See alco-
holometrical.
Alcoran (alſkö-ran or al-kő-rán"), n. [K ME.
alkaron, alkarouft, KQF. alcoran, mod. F. alco-
ran = Sp. alcordin = Pg. alcorāo = It. alcorano,
K. Ar. al-gorán, al-gurăn, lit. the book, Kal, the,
+ gorān, gurăn : see Koran.] Same as Koran.
Also spelled Alkoran.
Alcoranic (al-kö-ran'ik), a.
Koran or to Mohammedanism.
Alkoramic. -
Alcoranish (al-k3-ran’ish), a. [K Alcoran +
-ish 1.] Same as Alcoranic. Also spelled Al-
koramish.
Alcoranist (al-kó-Tan ‘ist), m. [K Alcoran +
-ist.] A Mussulman who adheres strictly to the
letter of the Koran, rejecting all comments.
The Persians are generally Alcoranists; the Turks, Arabs,
and Tatars admit a multitude of traditions. Also spelled
Alkoramist.
The Persians are generally alkoranists, as admitting the
alcoran only for their rule of faith.
able powder.
lism.
Relating to the
Also spelled
Chambers, Cycl. Supp. (1753). W. E. D. Alcyone (al-si'6-nē), n.
alcornoque (äl-kór-nó’kä), n. [Sp. Pg. alcor-
noque (> It alcornoch, the cork-tree), K. Ar. al.,
the, -H guern oco, spongy oak. N. E. D.] Thé
bark of several trees, especially Alchornea
latifolia and Bowdichia virgilioides, used as a
remedy for phthisis. Also written alcormoco.
-American alcormoque, the bark of several species of
Byrson?mº used in tanning.—European alcornoque,
the bark of the smaller branches of the cork-oak.
alcove (alſköv or aſ-ków'), m. [K F. alcóve, K It.
alcova, alcovo = OF. aucube, tent, - Pr. alcuba,
K Sp. alcova, now alcoba, = Pg. alcova, a recess,
K Ar. al-gobbah, K al, the, + gobbah, a vault,
a vaulted space, dome, tent, alcoye, K qubba,
vault, arch, dome. No connection with E. covel.]
A covered recess. Specifically—(a) In the strictest
sense, any recessed bay or smallroom attached to a larger
one, having a coved or vaulted ceiling. (b) Most commonly,
a recess in a room for the reception of a bed, one of the re-
cesses or separate compartments for books in a library-
building, a niche for a seat or statue, etc. (c) An arched
OT covered seat in a garden, or any natural recess, as a
clear Space in a grove or wood, a small bay, a place nearly
inclosed by rocks or hills, and the like. [In this use, chiefly
poetical.]
On mossy banks, beneath the citron grove,
The youthful wand'rers found a wide alcove.
Falconer, Shipwreck.
alcumistt, alcumyt. Former spellings of al-
chemist, alchemy.
alcyon (al’si-Qn), m. and a. [L., KGr. &Akváv, the
kingfisher; also written erroneously dåkvåv, XL.
halcyon, X E. halcyon, the form now usual: see
halcyon.] I. m. 1. An old or poetical name of
the kingfisher. Commonly written halcyon.—2.
[cap.] A genus of kingfishers: same as Halcyon,
alcyonarian (al"si-Ö-nā’ri-an), a. and n.
Alcyonella (al'si-Ö-nel’â), m.
alcyonic (al-si-on'ik), a.
Alcyonidiidae (al'si-on-i-di’i-dé), m. pl.
Alcyonidiidae
2.—3. The specific name of the belted king-
fisher of North America, Ceryle alcyon.—4. A
eneral name of the kingfishers of the genus
#. and others of the subfamily Daceloni-
naº: as, the wood-alcyons, tree-alcyons, etc.
g [NL., K
Alcyonium + -aria.]. An order of actinozoan
corals, or, as some hold, a subclass of Coralli-
genous Actinozoa, distinguished in this use
from Zoantharia, the other subclass of Actinozoa
(which containsthe sea-anemones, etc.), by hav-
ing pinnately fringed instead of simple tenta-
cles, arranged around the mouth like the rays of
a starfish, whence the alternative name Aste-
Toida. The tentacles of Alcyonaria are in one series of
8, instead of 6 or a multiple of 6, whence the alternative
name Octocoralla, the sea-anemomes being known as Heza-
coralla. For the same reason, the Alcyonaria are also
termed Octactiniae. The corallum, when present, is ex-
ternal, spicular, or with a sclerobasic axis, but occasion-
ally the cal or tubular. The polyps are connected by the
coenosarc, through which permeate prolongations of the
body-cavity of each, thus permitting a free circulation of
fluids. There is sometimes an outer skeleton, either with
or without a central sclerobasic axis. The corallum is
rarely theoal, never presenting traces of septa. (Pascoe.)
These compound organisms are found only in deep water,
and, except the sea-pens, are fixed to some foreign body.
The subclass or order is divided into several orders or sub-
orders, of which are : (a) the Alcyoniaceae, having a lea-
thery contractile ectoderm—a group including the so-
# II. a. Same as halcyon.
Alcyonaria (al'si-Ö-nā’ri-á), m. pl.
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A loyozzarza.
I, Sea-fan (Rhipidogorgia flabel/rem); 2, Sea-pen (Pert?tattela
2/tosphorea); 3, Corzzzzzarza rzigosa.
called dead men's fingers; (b) the Gorgoniaceae, or sea-fans,
which are branched caloareous or horny corals ; (c) the Ist-
daceae, which are alternately calcareous and horny; (d)
the Tubiporaceae, or organ-pipe corals, which are tubular ;
and (e) the Pennatulaceae, or sea-pens. See these words.
Some species have the appearance of sponges, others re-
semble fans, feathers, stars, etc. Also ealled Halcyonoida.
* [K
Alcyonaria + -an.] I. a. Relating or pertain-
ing to the order or to a member of the order
Alcyonaria. Equivalent terms are halcyonoid
and asteroidal.
II. m. One of the Alcyonaria (which see).
Various forms of alcyonarians, a special group cf corals,
were found at considerable depths. cience, IV. 171.
Also written halcyonarian. -
[L., K. Gr. Ažkvövm, in
myth. the daughter of AEolus and wife of Ceyx,
a. Thessalian king; she was changed into a king-
fisher and her husband into a sea-bird. See
alcyon.] 1. A greenish star of magnitude 3.0,
the brightest of the Pleiades, m Tauri. See
cut under Taurus.-2. In ornith., a genus of
kingfishers, of the family Alcedinidae, subfamily
Daceloninae, related to the genus Celſº, both be-
ing distinguished by the rudimentary condition
of the inner front toe. Also written Halcyone.
[NL., as Alcyo-
m(ium) + dim. -ella.] genus of fresh-water
Polyzoa, or so-called ascidian zoöphytes, related
to Plumatella, Fredericella, and Cristatella, of the
family Plumatellidae. A. stagnorum is of a greenish-
black color, and is found in stagnant water. The species
were formerly regarded as plants. Also written Halcyo-
Qella.
Alcyoniaceae (al'si-on-i-à'sé-e), m. pl. [NL., &
Alcyonium + -aceae.] An order of Alcyonaria
(which see) considered as a subclass. It is char-
acterized by having a leathery contractile ectoderm with
calcareous spicules, but no Sclerobasis; the polypary is at-
tached to Some foreign object, and bears some resemblance
to a sponge. The Order consists of the families Alcyoniidae
and Cornwlariidae, to which some authorities add Teles-
tidae. See Alcyoniidae. Also written Halcyoniaceae.
* [K Alcyonium + -ic.]
Pertaining to the Alcyoniidae. Also written
halcyonic.
[NL.,
K Alcyonidium + -idae.] . A family of Polyzoa, or
So-called ascidian zoöphytes, belonging to the
infundibulate order (Gymnolaemata) of that
glass, the mouth having no epistome. The family
forms with the Vesiculariidae a group or suborder which


Alcyonidiidae
has been called Ctenosomata, the cell-opening being closed
With marginal setae, and there being no vibracula and no
avicularia. Alcyonidium is the leading or only genus.
Also written Alcyonidiadae, Alcyonididae, and Halcyoni-
diidae; not to be confounded with Alcyoniidae.
Alcyonidium (al'si-à-nid’i-um), n. [NL., as Al-
cyon-ium + dim. -idium, K. Gr. -íðtov.] Agenus of
Polyzoa, of the family Alcyonidiidae. A. glutino-
Sum, one of the Species, is called ragged-staff or mermaid's
glove, and was formerly regarded as a plant. Also written
Halcyonidium. * > e * * *
Alcyoniidae (al" si-à-mi'i-dé), n, pl. [NL., K
Alcyonium + -ida!..] A family of alcyonarian
polyps, of the Order Alcyoniaceae. The leading
genus is Alcyonium (which see). Representatives of the
family are found in all seas and at various depths; some
are called cork-polyps. Also written Alcyonidae and Hal-
cyoniidae; not to be confounded with Alcyonidiidae.
alcyonite (al'si-à-nit), n. IK Alcyonium + -ite”.]
A fossil of or like the genus Alcyonium; one of
the sponge-like fossils common in the chalk for-
mation. Also written halcyonite.
Alcyonium (al-si-6'ni-um), n. [NL., KL, al-
cyonium, also alcyonéum, K. Gr. &Akvávlov, also
ãAkvévetov, bastard-sponge, a zoöphyte, so called
from its resemblance to the nest of the dºcuðv,
halcyon: see alcyon.] The leading genus of
º: of the family Alcyoniidae (which see). A.
igitatum, the so-called dead men's fingers, dead men's
toes, and cow's paps, is a common British species. It is
a lobed, spongy-looking body, pellucid when distended
with water, and covered with stellate apertures for the
polyps. (Pascoe.) A. glomeratum is another species.
The name of the genus is synonymous with Lobularia.
Also written Halcyoniwm.
alcyonoid (al’ si-Ö-noid), n., [K Alcyonium +
-oid.] A member of the family Alcyoniidae or of
the order Alcyoniaceae. Also written halcyonoid.
aldayt, adv. IME., Kal, all, H day 1.] Constant-
ly; continually; always. Chaucer.
Aldebaran (āl"de-bā-Tän’ or al-deb’a-ran), n.
[Ar., the follower (i.e. of the Pleiades).] A
A red star of magnitude 1.03, a Tauri,
âIdehyde (al’dé-hid), n. [K al(cohol) + NL. de-
hyd(rogenatus), deprived of hydrogen, K. L. de,
from, expressing deprivation, + hydrogen.] 1.
A transparent colorless liquid, CH3COH, of
pungent Suffocating odor, produced by the ox-
idation of ordinary alcohol. When exposed to the
air or to oxygen it is converted into acetic acid. Distinc-
tively called acetic aldehyde and ethamal.
2. The general name of a class of compounds
intermediate between alcohols and acids, de-
rived from their corresponding primary alco-
hols by the oxidation and removal of two atoms
of hydrogen, and converted into acids by the
addition of an atom of oxygen.—Aldehyde resin,
aresinous body formed by heating aldehyde with potash in
alcoholic solution. It is a bright orange-colored powder,
sparingly soluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol,
aldehydic (al’dé-hi-dik), a. Of, pertaining to,
or containing aldehyde.
ālderl (äl’dër), n. [E. dial. aller, also owler;
KME, alder, aldyr, aldir, also aller, ellir, olr, etc.,
the d being in-
serted as in alder
for aller, gen. §:
of all (see alderó);
K AS. alr, alor,
aler = D. els =
LG. eller = OHG.
elira, erila, erla,
MHG. erle, G.
erle, dial. eller,
else, Icel. Ólr,
elrir, m., elri
neut., = Sw. al,
dial. alder, àlder,
= Norw. older, also or, elle, - Dan. el, pl. elle, =
Goth. *aliza, “aluga (X. Sp. aliso, aider) = L.
alnus, orig. *alsnus (X F. aune, alder, and per-
haps Sp. Pg. alamo, poplar: See alamo), -
OBulg. jeliha, Bulg. jelha = Serv. jelsha = Bo-
hem. jelshe, olshe – Pol. olcha, olc2a := Russ.
olikha, volikha, dial. elkha, elokha, - Lith. Lett.
elksnis, alksnis, alder.] 1. The popular name of
shrubs and trees belonging to the genus Alnus,
of the family Betulacedº. The common alder of Eu-
rope is Alnus glutinosa. In the eastern United States the
common species are the smooth alder, A. rugosa, and
the 8peckled alder, A. incana. Both are also known as
black alder. These are usually tall shrubs, rarely small
trees. The alders of the Pacific coast, such as A. rhom-
bifolva, frequently grow to be trees of medium size. The
bark of the alder has been used in several parts of the
World as one of the materials for dyeing black along with
copperas or iron liquor, and also in obtaining other colors,
as brownish yellow or orange. See Alnus.
2. A name of species of other widely differ-
ent genera, from their resemblance to true al-
ders. The black or berry-bearing alder of Europe is the
alder-buckthorn, IRhamnus Frangula. In southern Africa
the name red alder is given to Cunonia, Capensis, and
white alder to Trimerigma, trifoliatum, Gunoniaceous
shrubs. In North America the Îlea: verticillata is some-
Alder (A lottes gluttztosa).
134 . . .
times called black alder, the Rhamnus almºfolia dwarf al-
der, and the Clethra almifolia white alder. . . . -
alder??, a. and n. An old form of elder2.
alderöf, allert, a... [ME., also written alther, al-
dre, aler, alre, K.A.S. galra, also alra, gen, pl. of
eall, all: see all. The d is inserted as in al-
ãerij The Middle English genitive plural of
all. From its common occurrence before adjectives in the
superlative it came to be regarded as a prefix of such ad-
jectives: as, alder-first, first of all; alder-best, best of all;
alder-liefest or alder-lievest, dearest of all. It is also used,
in the form aller, with the genitive plural of personal pro-
nouns: as, yowre aller, of all of you; owre aller, of all of
us; here aller, of all of them.
A-morwe whan the day bigan to sprynge,
Up ros our hoste, and was oure aller cok.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., l. 823.
You, mine alder-liefest sovereign. Shak., 2 Hen.VI., i. 1.
alder-buckthorn (āl’dèr-buk/thērn), n. The
European plant Rhamnus Frangula. See IRham-
%20S. -
alderman (āl’dèr-man), n. ; pl. aldermen (-men).
KME, alderman, aldermon, KAS. ealdorman (=
North. aldormon, -mann, -monn), K ealdor, a
prince, chief, elder, -H man (mamm, mom, monn),
man: see alder?, elder?, n., and man.] 1. In the
Anglo-Saxon period of English history, a title
meaning at first simply chieftain or lord, but
later used specifically to denote the chief magis-
trate of a county or group of counties. The office
, was both civil and military, and was tending to become a
great hereditary benefice when it was replaced, under Ca-
nute, by the earldom. After this the name was applied to
any head man, as the head man of a guild.
If the earlier kingdoms were restored, the place of the
king in each was taken by an ealdorman, who, however
independent and powerful he might be, was still named
by the West-Saxon sovereign, and could be deposed by
that ruler and the national Witan.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 248.
The ealdormen were nobles by birth, and generally the
leaders in War. Stillé, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 203.
Hence—2. In modern usage, a magistrate of a
city or borough, next in rank to the mayor. In
England and Ireland, besides being a member of the com-
mon council, which manages the affairs of the municipality,
he is vested with the powers of a police judge. The corre.
sponding title in Scotland is bailie. Aldermen are usually
chosen for three years, but the twenty-six aldermen of Lon-
don are chosen for life. In most of the United States there
is in each city an elected board of aldermen, representing
Wards, who constitute the municipal assembly, or the up-
per branch of it where it consists of two bodies, and usually
also possess some judicial powers. In Pennsylvanian cities
the title alderman is given to an officer having duties equiv-
alent to those of a justice of the peace elsewhere.
3. In England, a half-crown: a meaning ex-
plained by Brewer as containing an allusion to
the fact that an aldermanis a sort of half-king.
[Slang.] —4. A turkey. [Slang.] —Alderman in
chains, a turkey hung with sausages. [Slang.]—Alder-
man’s pace, a slow, stately pace: equivalent to the
French pas d'abbé.
aldermanate (äl’dèr-man-āt), n. [Kalderman +
-ate:3.]. The office of alderman; aldermen col-
lectively.
aldermancy (äl’dèr-man-si), n. [Kalderman +
-cy, as in abbacy and other words of ult. L. ori-
in..] The office of an alderman; aldermanate.
aftman, (āl-dér-man'ik), a. [K alderman +
-ic.] Relating or belonging to an alderman;
characteristic of aldermen.
aldermanity (äl-dèr-man'i-ti), n. [Kalderman
+ -ity.] 1. Aldermen collectively; the body
of aldermen. B. Jonson.—2. The dignity or
qualities of an alderman. Lamb.
alderman-lizard (álſdêr-man-liz’ārd), n. A
book-name of the Sauromalus ater, a stout
black Californian lizard: so called from its
obesity, a characteristic popularly attributed
to aldermen. It attains a length of about a
foot. See Sauromalus.
aldermanly (äl’dèr-man-li), a. [Kalderman +
-ly 1.] Pertaining to or like an alderman.
aldermanry (äl’dèr-man-ri), m.; pl. alderman-
ries (-riz). [K alderman + -ry.] A district of
a borough having its own alderman; a ward.
JN. E. D.
aldermanshi º m. [K alder-
qman -H º he office of an alderman.
alderni (al’dèrn), a. [K alder H--en?, -n?; = D.
elzen, Kels, aide. Made of alder.
Then aldern boats first plow'd the ocean.
May, tr. of Virgil's Georgics.
Aldine (à l’din or al’din), a... [K NL. Aldinus, K
Aldus.] An epithet applied to those editions,
chiefly of the classics, which proceeded from
the press of Aldus Manutius (Latinized form
of Italian Aldo Manuzio), of Venice, and his
family, from 1494 to 1597. The distinguishing mark
is an anchor entwined with a dolphin printed on the title-
page. These editions are noted for both the beauty of the
typography and the correctness of the text. The term has
ale-bench (äl’bench), n.
- , ale-conner . . .
Aldriant, n. [Ar.] A star in the neck of the
Lion, or (probably) the Sickle. Chaucer. -
Aldrovandine (al-drö-van’din), a. Of or per-
taining to the naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi
(1522–1607): as, Aldro-
vandine owl, the Scops
aldrovandii.
ale (āl), m. [K ME. ale, K
AS. ealu, also ealo, im-
prop. eala (so in nom. and
acc., but gen, and dat.
ealoth, aloth, pointing to
an orig., stem *alut), -
OS. alo (in comp. alo-fat
= AS. ealofact, an ale- Nissºlºss
cup, X E. ale-vat) = Icel. • * * = 0
Sw. Dan. ôl, ale, - OBulg. Device of Aldus, from Statius.
olū, cider, – Sloven. O
olej, vol = OPruss. alu = fith, alus=Lett. allus
Cf. Gael, and Ir. ol,
º olut), beer.
ink.] 1. A light-colored beer, made from
malt which is dried at a low heat. See beer.
Pale ale is made from the palest or lightest-colored malt,
the fermenting temperature being kept below 72° to pre-
yent the formation of acetic acid, t
2+. An ale-drinking; a festival or merrymaking
at which ale was the beverage drunk. Com-
pare bridal, church-ale, clerk-ale, etc.
Dvery inhabitant of the town of Okebrook shall be at
the several ales; and every husband and his wife shall
pay two-pence, every cottager one penny.
Quoted in N. amd Q., 6th ser., X. 391.
3+. A brew of ale; as much ale as is brewed
at one time.
Witnesseth, that the inhabitants, as well of the said
parish of Elvaston as of the said town of Okebrook, shall
brew four ales, and every ale of one quarter of malt, and
at their own costs and charges, betwixt this and the feast
of St. John Baptist next coming.
Quoted in N. and Q., 6th ser., X. 391.
4t. An ale-house.
Thou hast not so much charity in thee as to go to the
ale with a Christian. Shak., T. G. of W., ii. 5.
O, Tom, that we were now at Putney, at the ale there.
Thomas, Lord Cromwell, iii. I-
Adam's ale. . See Adam.—Bitter ale, bitter beer, a
clear, strong, highly hopped ale, of a pleasant bitter taste.
—Medicated ale, ale which is prepared for medicinal
urposes by an infusion of herbs during fermentation.
aleak (3-lék’), prep. phr., as adv. [Ka8+ leak,
. v.] In or into a leaking state.
aleatico (al-ā-at’i-kő), n. ...[It..] A sweet and
strong red wine made in Tuscany. It is of dark-
red color, has a delicate flavor and perfume, and is one of
the best of very sweet wines.
aleatory (ā’lé-a-tó-ri), a. [K L. aleatorius, per-
taining to a gamester or to gaming, Kaleator, a
gamester, a player with dice, K alea, a game
with dice.] Literally, depending upon the
throw of a die; hence, depending on a con-
tingent event-Aleatory contract, in law, an agree-
ment the conditions of which depend on an uncertain
event.—Aleatory sale, a sale the completion of which
depends on the happening of some uncertain event.
aleavementt, n. See allevement.
m. [ME, not found; KAS.
ealw-benc: see ale and bench..] A bench in or
before an ale-house.
Sit on their ale-bench with their cups and cans.
Mwmday and Others, Sir John Oldcastle, i. 1.
ale-berry (äl’ber’i), n. [Early mod. E. alebery,
ale-brue, KME. alebery, alberey, alebrey, albry,
alebre, 2 ale, ale, -H bre, also spelled brewe, broth,
soup (X bree, broo, q. v.), KAS. briw, broth.
The word is thus prop. ale-bree, or ale-brew,
ale-broo, the second element being perverted in
simulation of berryl.] . A beverage formerly
made by boiling ale with spice, sugar, and sops
of bread.
ale-brewer (äl’brö’ér), n. One whose occupa-
tion is the brewing of ale.
alec (ā’lek), n. [L., better allec, also alea, and
with aspirate hallec, halea, the sediment of a
costly fish-sauce, garum, and in general fish-
Sauce, fish-pickle.] 1. A pickle or sauce of
Small herrings or anchovies.—2+. A herring.
JN. E. D. -
alecampanet (al’é-kam-pân"), n. Same as ele-
C0.772/06/262.
alecize (al’e-siz), v. t.; Pº and pp. alecized,
ppr. aleciaing. [Kalec + -ize.] To dress with
alec sauce. N. E. D.
ale-conner (älſkon’ér), n. [Kale + commer1.]
Originally, a local officer appointed to assay ale
and beer, and to take care that they were good
and wholesome, and sold at a proper price.
The duty of the ale-conners of London now is to inspect
the measures used by beer- and liquor-sellers, in order to
Fº fraud. Four of these officers are chosen annually
also been applied to certain English and American edi-
tions of various works. See cut in next column.
y the liverymen, in common hall, on Midsummer's Day
(June 24). Also called ale-taster.
'Tis Well known to the parish I have been twice ale-con-
7207. Middleton, Mayor of Queenborough, iii. 3.


ale-cost
ale-cost (Āl'kóst), n. IK ale + cost3: see cost-
ºnary..] Costmary, Chrysanthemum Balsamita, a
plant put into ale to give it an aromatic flavor.
See º
Alector (a-lek’tôr), n. [NL., K. Gr. &Aécrop,
poet. for &Aektpuóv (cf. Alectryon), a cock; of
isputed origin..] 1+. Klein's name (1756) for a
genus of birds of which the common hen is the
type: a synonym of Gallus (Linnaeus).-2}.
Merrem's name (1786) for birds of the family
Cracidae, or curassows: a synonym of Craa (Lin-
naeus).—3. [l. c.] The Linnean specific name
for a species of curassow, Craw alector.
alectorial (al-ek-tū’ri-á), n. ; pl. alectoriae (-6).
[L. (Sc. gemma), fem. § alectorius, pertaining
to a cock, K. Gr. &Aéicrop, a cock.] Cockstone;
a peculiar stone, erroneously supposed to be
sometimes found in the stomach or liver of an
aged cock or capon. Many imaginary virtues
were attributed to it.
Alectoria? (al-ek-tó’ri-á), n. º Gr. 32.Éktop,
equiv. to &Welcrpog, unmarried, K &- priv. H. Wék-
Tpov, bed, marriage-bed (see iectiod); from the
uncertainty respecting its male organs.] A.
genus of lichens. A. jubata, or rockhair, grows on
trees and rocks, and affords food for the reindeer while the
snow is deep.
Alectorides (al-ek-tor’i-déz), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. &Aekropic, pl. -áčec, fem. of āAéktop, a cock.]
1. In Nitzsch's classification (1829), a group of
birds represented by the genera Dicholophus
and Otis.—2. In Temminck's classification, a
group of birds of uncertain extent. [Not now in
use.]—3. A suborder or order of birds which in-
cludes the cranes, rails, and their allies. Coues.
alectoridine (al-ek-tor’i-din), a. [K Alectorides
+ -ime1.] Having the character of or pertain-
ing to the Alectorides.
It [the genus Parra] would appear to be limicoline, not
alectoridine. Cowes, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 669.
alectoromachyi (a-lek-tº-rom'a-ki), n. [K Gr.
ãňáktop, a cock, -i- Lázn, a fight, K Auážeoffat,
fight.] Same as alectryomachy.
alectoromancy} (a-lek’tó-rö-man/si), n., [K Gr.
â%éktop, a cock, H- pavreia, divination. Cf. alec-
tryomancy.] Šame as alectryomancy.
alsº (a-lekºtī-ró-mörf), n. A mem-
ber of the Alectoromorphae.
Alectoromorphae (a-lek’tó-ró-môr'fé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. &Wéktop, a cock, + popºff, form.] %
Huxley's classification of birds, the fifth super-
family of the suborder Schizognatha, of the
Order Carinatº. It includes the families Turnicidae,
Phasianidae, Pteroclidae, Megapodidae, and Cracidae, or the
fowls and fowl-like birds, and therefore corresponds to
the old order Gallinoe or Rasores, exclusive of the pi-
geons and tinamous. Since 1867, when the term was pro-
posed, a stricter signification has been attached to it by ex-
clusion of the Twºrnicidae and Pterocłędoe. In the restricted
sense, it is divided into the two groups of Alectoropodes
and .#. the former containing the fowls proper
old family Phasianidae, etc.), the latter the mound-birds
; and curassows (Cracidae).
alectoromorphous (a-lek” tº -rū-môr' fus), a.
Having the character of or pertaining to the
Alectoromorpha: ; gallinaceous or rasorial, in a
strict sense. • .
Alectoropodes(a-lek-tº-rop’º-déz), m.pl. [NL,
K. Gr. 32.Éktop, a cock, -í- Troig, pl. Tööeg, = E.
foot.] A subdivision of Huxley’s superfamily
Alectoromorpha, containing the true fowl and
related to the domestic hen, as pheasants, tur-
keys, guinea-fowl, grouse, partridges, quail,
etc. : distinguished from those gallinaceous
birds, as the Megapodida and Cracidae, which
have the feet more as in pigeons, and are there-
fore called Peristeropodes. See cuts under Cu-
idonia, growse, partridge, and quail.
alectoropodous (a-lek-tº-rop’º-dus), a. Hav-
ing the character of or pertaining to the Alec-
toropodes.
The suborders [of Alectoromorphoe] are called respec-
tively the Alectoropodous . . . and the Peristeropodous
Gallinae. Stand. Nat. Hist., IV. 197.
Alectrurinae (a-lek-trö-ri'né), m. pl. [NL., K
Alectrurus + -inae.] A subfamily of clamatorial
passerine birds, of the family Tyrannidae: an
inexact synonym of Fluvicolina, and of Tasmiop-
terinae. See these words, and Alectrurus,
alectrurous (al-ek-trö’rus), a. [KNL. alectru-
rus, adj. : see Alectrurus.] Having a tail like
that of the cock: applied to certain birds. See
Alectrurus.
Alectrurus (al-ek-trö’rus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
â%éktop, a cock, H- otpá, a tail.] A genus of
clamatorial passerine birds, of the family Ty-
rannidae, or tyrant flycatchers, of which the
type is A. tricolor: so named from the long,
compressed, erectile tail. It is sometimes made the
type of a subfamily, Alectrurinae. The whole group be-
ale-house (äl'hous), n.
Aleiodes (al-i-Ö’děz), m.
135
longs to South America. Sometimes written, more correct-
ly, Alector wrw8, and also Alectrura, Alecturus, Alectura.
alectryomachy (a-lek-tri-om'a-ki), n. . [K Gr.
&Aekrºváv, a cock, 4 uázm, a fight.]" Cock-fight-
ing. Sometimes written alectoromachy.
alectryomancy (a-lek' tri-º-man'si), n. IK F.
alectryomantie (Cotgrave), K. Gr. àeºrovén, 8,
cock, H Havreia, divination.] An ancient prac-
tice of foretelling events by means of a cock.
The letters of the alphabet were traced on the ground in
8quares Within a circle, and a grain of corn was placed on
each; a cock was then permitted to pick up the grains, and
the letters under them, being formed into words in the
order of their selection by the cock, were supposed to
foretell the event. Sometimes written alectoromancy.
Alectryon (a-lektri-9n), n. [NL., K. Gr. 32.ek-
Tpvów, a cock: see Alector.] 1. In ornith., a ge-
nus of birds, proposed by Cabanis in 1846 for a
Section of the Macartney pheasants, genus Eu-
plocamus of Temminck. The type is A. ery-
throphthalmus of Malacca.—2. A poetical name
of the domestic cock.
Loud the cock Alectryon crowed. Longfellow.
ale-draper? (äl’drā'për), n. [Kale + draper, as
in linen-draper: a humorous name, perhaps in
allusion to the old ale-yard: see ale-yard.] An
ale-house keeper.
I get mee a wife; with her a little money; when we are
married, seeke a house we must; no other occupation
have I but to be an ale-draper.
Henry Chettle, Kind-Hart's Dreame (1592).
So that nowe hee hath lefte brokery, and is become a
draper. A draper, quoth Freeman, what draper, of woollin
or limnen? No, qd ſquod, quoth) he, an ale-draper, wherein
he hath more skil then [than] in the other.
Discoverie of Knights of the Poste, 1597. (Halliwell.)
alee (a-lé'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. . [ME. a lee,
after Icel. a hlé, alee; Kaº, on, + leel, q.v.]
Nawt., on or toward the leeside of a ship or boat,
that is, the sheltered side, on which the wind
does not strike; away from the wind: opposed
to a weather (which see). The helm of a ship is said
to be alee when the tiller is pushed close to the lee side,
causing the rudder to move in the opposite direction, and
thus bringing the ship's head into the wind. In cases where
a steering-wheel is used, the same effect is produced by
turning the wheel toward the wind.
The reek of battle drifting slow alee
Not sullener than we. Lowell, On Board the '76.
Helm's aleel hard alee orders given in tacking a sail-
ing vessel, after the helm has been put down, to direct
that the head-sheets and fore-sheets should be let fly.
ale-fed (äl’fed), a. Nourished with ale.
The growth of his ale-fed corps. Stafford, Niobe, ii. 62.
aleft (a-left’), prep. phr. as adv. [K aº, on, +
left.] On or to the left. Southey. [Rare.]
alegar 9. or à’le-gār), n. [KME. alegar (Halli-
well), Kale + egar, eger, sour: see eagerl. The
mode of formation is not English, but imitates
vinegar, K F. vin aigre, sour wine.] Ale or beer
which has been passed through the acetous fer-
mentation; sour ale, used in the north of Eng-
land as a cheap substitute for vinegar.
For not, after consideration, can you ascertain what
liquor it is you are imbibing; whether . . . Hawkins' en-
tire, or, perhaps, some other great brewer's penny-swipes,
or even alegar. ‘Carlyle, Boswell's Johnson.
ale-garland (äl’går"land), m. A wreath hung
to an ale-stake as a part of the sign of a tavern.
This custom is as old as the time of Chaucer,
who alludes to it.
alegeancet, m. See allegeance?.
alegert, a. [K OF. alegre, alaigre, F. allègre =
Sp. alégre = Pg. It. allegro (see allegro), K. L.
alacer, alacris, brisk, lively: See alacrious, alac-
rity.] Lively; brisk; sprightly; cheerful; gay.
Coffee, the root and leaf betle, [and] . . . tobacco . .
do all condense the spirits and make them strong and
aleger. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 738.
alegget, v. t. See allay and allege.
ale-gill (äl’jil), m. [K ale + gillº, ground-ivy,
and the liquor made therefrom : see gillº,
and cf. alehoof.] A kind of medicated liquor
fººd by the infusion of ground-ivy in malt
Ul
OI’.
alsº (äl’hôf), n. [Early mod. E. also alehoove,
alehove, K ME. alehoofe, halehove, appar. a cor-
ruption, simulating ale, of earlier haihove, hey-
hove, etc., prob. K º hay?, a hedge, + hoofe,
hove, ground-ivy, KAS. hofe, ivy (see hove). The
D. eiloof, ivy, is appar. borrowed from English..]
Ground-ivy, Glecoma hederacea, the leaves of
which were used in ale-making before the in-
troduction of hops.
[K ME. alehows, aille-
hous, KAS. ealo-his...] A house where ale is re-
tailed.
The redcoats filled all the ale-houses of Westminster
and the Strand. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., iii.
[NL., prop. *aliodes,
appar. K. Gr. 6- priv. 4- Wetóóng, smooth, K Weioç,
aleist, n.
ale-knight? (äl’nit), n.
alem (al’em), n.
Alemannian (al-É-man’i-an), a.
Alemannic (al-É-man'ik), a. and n.
alembilar (a-lem"dār), m.
alembic (a-lem"bik), m.
alembic
smooth, + eiðog, appearance.] A genus of para-
sitic Hymenoptera, of the family Braconidae.
The species are parasitic upon caterpillars, undergoing
*|
:
º
i
A 2
Aletoales /u.m. ºentziºs (Cresson).
a, cocoon; d, enlarged segment of same ; 3., female (cross shows nat-
ural size); c, tip of her abdomen from side, enlarged; e, larva.
transformation in the dried and rigid skin of their host.
A. rileyi (Cresson) is uniformly reddish-yellow, and is
parasitic on larvae of the lepidopterous genus Acronycta.
[ME. aleis, K OF. alies, alis, usually
alie, alye, later alise (mod. F. alise and alize),
K Teut. *aliza, OHG. *eliza, var. of elira, erila,
erla, G. erle, dial. else, the alder, in comp. else-
baum, the white beam-tree, elsebeere, the berry
of the white beam-tree; = AS. alr, § E. alderl,
q. v.] The fruit or berry of the white beam-
tree, Sorbus Aria. Rom. of the Rose, l. 1377.
A pot-companion.
Come, all you brave wights,
That are dubbed ale-knights, .
Know malt is of mickle might.
Wits' Recreations (1654).
To have his picture stamp'd on a stone jug
To keep ale-knights in memory of sobriety.
Chapman, Gentleman Usher, iii. 1.
[Turk. ‘alem, a flag, banner,
standard, ensign, the crescent, K. Ar. ‘alam, a
flag, ensign, K'alama, know. Cf. alim, almah.]
The imperial standard of the Turkish empire.
Alemannie.
Two Alemannian dukes of the 10th century.
Encyc. Brit., XX. 4.
[K L. Ale-
mannicus, Alamannicus, pertaining to the Ale-
manni, Alamanni, the Latinized form of the Ger-
man name of a confederation of German tribes,
lit. all men, after Goth. alamans, all men, all
mankind, Kalls = OHG. al = E. all, + mamma =
OHG. man = E. man. Hence L. Alemannia, the
country of the Alemanni, extended by the Gauls
to all Germany, X F. Allemagne, Germany, Al-
lemand, German: see Alman, Almain..] I. a.
Belonging to the Alemanni, confederated Ger-
man tribes who began to appear between the
Main and the Danube about the beginning of
the third century, and occupied that region
completely.
#. m. The language of the Alemanni, or an-
cient people of southwestern Germany.
Also spelled Allemannic.
[Turk. ‘alemdār, K
'alem, flag, standard (see alem), -H -dār, K Pers.
-dār, holder, bearer.] In Turkey, an officer
who bears the green standard of Mohammed
when the sultan appears in public.
[Early mod. E. alem-
bick, alimbeck, and abbr. lembick, limbeck, q.v. ; K
ME. alembike, alembyk, alembek, ear-
lier alambik, alambic, KOF. alambic,
also written alambique, F. alambic
= Pr. elambic = Sp. alambique = Pg.
alambique, lambique = It. lambicco,
limbicco, & Miń. alambicus, K. Ar. al-
anbiq, Kal, the (see al-?), + ambiq
(X Pers. ambiq), a still, K. Gr. Öpipuš,
a cup, later the cup of a still ; cf.
Ionic Gr. Öpigm = Gr. 3p}ov, foot of a
goblet.] 1. A vessel formerly used
in chemistry for distillation, and usually made
of glass or copper. The bottom part, containing the
liquor to be distilled, was called the matrass or cucurbit;
the upper part, which received and condensed the volatile
products, was called the head or capital, the beak of which
was fitted to the neck of a receiver. The head alone was
more properly the alembic. It is now superseded by the
retort and WOrm-Still.
Hence—2. Anything which works a change or
transformation: as, the alembic of sorrow.
Thus is Art, a nature passed through the alembic of man.
Bmerson, Misc., p. 27.
Alembic.
alembic (a-lem"bik), v. t. ; pret. and pp. alem-
bicked, ppr. alembicking. [Kalembic, m.] To
distil as by an alembic ; obtain as by means of
an alembic. [Rare.]





alembic
I have occasioned great speculation, and diverted my-
Belf with the important mysteries that have been alem-
bicked out of a trifle. Walpole, Letters, I. 208.
alembroth (a-lem"bröth), m. [Formerly also
alembor, late M.E. alembroke; poss. K. Ar. el,
the, F Gr, duºporog, immortal.] The salt called
by the alchemists the salt of art, science, or
Wisdom; a double chlorid of mercury and am-
monium. Formerly used as a stimulant.
alenaget, n. Same as almage.
#; º: i; lace. } dv. and
a lengthf (3-length'), prep.phr. as adv. and prep.
* alenght (for ####. Kaş, on, #. #:
length.] I. adv. At full length; along; stretch-
ed at full length.
II. prep. In the direction of the length of.
Alepas (al’e-pas), m. [NL., K. Gr. 6- copulative
+ Weſtág, a limpet: see Lepas.] A genus of
barnacles or acorn-shells, of the family Lepadi-
daº. They are ordinary cirripeds with thoracic
limbs. A. cornuta is an example.
aleph (ā’lef), n. [Heb. 'đleph = Ar. 'alif: see
alpha.] The first letter of the Hebrew alpha-
bet (N), representing the older Phenician let-
ter which gave name and form to the Greek A,
ăAğa. See al. This letter, in the Semitic languages, is
not properly a vowel, but is a quasi-consonantal sign, to
which the pronunciation of any initial vowel may be at-
tached. In transliteration into Roman letters, this sign
is represented by a Greek “Smooth breathing” () or is
left unmarked.
alepidosaurid (a-lep"i-dó-sā’rid), n. A fish of
the family Alepidosauridae. Also called alepi-
dosauroid.
Alepidºsº, (a-lep’i-dó-sā’ ri-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K Alepidosaurus + -idae.] A family of
large, fierce, and voracious abdominal deep-sea
fishes. Also called Plagyodontidae and Alepi-
Sauridae.
The Alepidosauridae are deep-sea fishes of large size, re-
markable for the great size of their teeth. The body is
elongate, and without scales; the mouth is extremely
large, with rows of compressed teeth of unequal size,
Some of those on the lower jaw and palatines being fang-
like. The dorsal fin is very long, covering almost the
whole of the back, and there is no adipose fin.
Stand. Nat. Hist., III. 138.
Alºidºsº, (a-lep’i-dó-sà-ri’ nå), m. pl.
[NL., K Alepidosaurus + -ina.] In Günther's
classification of fishes, a division of Scopelidae,
containing those with the dorsal fin occupying
nearly the entire length of the back; a group
corresponding to the family Alepidosauridae
(which see). Preferably written Alepidosau-
rinae, as a subfamily. “
alepidosauroid (a-lep’i-dó-sā’roid), a. and m.
[K Alepidosaurus + -oid.] I. a. Having the
characters of the Alepidosauridae.
II. m. An alepidosaurid.
Alepidosaurus (a-lep’i-dó-sà' rus), n. [NL.,
as Aleposaurus, but with Gr. Wettig (Aetrad-) in-
stead of equiv. 2.ÉTog (Aetro-), a scale.] A genus
of fishes, typical of the family Alepidosauridaº.
It was at one time supposed to be related to Sawrus, but
is distinguished by the scaleless skin, whence the name.
Also called Alepisawrws, Aleposawrus. A. feroa, is a Spe-
cies known as handsaw-fish and lamcet-fish.
alepidote (a-lep’i-dót), a. and n. [KGr. &Weſtt-
Öotoc, without scales, Ká- priv. H. Weſtiç (Aetrič-),
a scale : see Lepidium.] I. a. Not having
scales: as, an alepidote fish.
II. m. Any fish whose skin is not covered with
scales.
alepinet (alſe-pên), n. . [Also written alapeen,
prob. for Aleppine, belonging to Aleppo; see
Aleppine.] A mixed stuff, either of wool and
silk or of mohair and cotton. Dyer.
Alepisauridae (a-lep-i-sā’ri-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Alepisourus + -idae.] Same as Alepidosauridae.
Alepisaurus (a-lep-i-sā’rus), m. ... [NL., improp.
for Alepidosaurus.] Same as Alepidosaurus.
Alepocephali (a-lep-ó-sef’a-li), m. pl... [Pl. of
Alepocephalus.] Same as Alepocephalidae.
alepocephalid (a-lep-à-sef’a-lid), n. One of
the Alepocephalidae (which see), , , ,
Alepocephalidae (a-lep"6-se-falſi-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K Alepocephalus + -idae.] A family of clu-
peoid abdominal fishes. The technical characters
§º
§º. % :
Alepocephalus bairdt.
(From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.)
are: Supramaxillary bones of three pieces, as in the Clupe-
idae, the dorsal fin posterior and opposite the anal fin, few
pyloric caeca, and no air-bladder. About a dozen species
136
referable to four genera have been discovered in the deeper
portions of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as well as of
the Mediterranean sea. . Also called Alepocephali.
alepocephaloid (a-lep-ó-sef’a-loid), a. and n.
I. a. Having the character of the Alepocephali-
daº.
II. m. Same as alepocephalid. -
Alepocephalus (a-lep-ö-sef’a-lus), n. [NL., K
Gr. 6- priv. -H Aétrog, scale, -H kepahá, head.]. A
genus of fishes, typical of the family Alepoce-
halidae: so called from the scaleless head.
ale-polet (älſpól), n. Same as ale-stake.
Aleposauridae (a-lep-ó-sā’ri-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Aleposaurus + -idae.] Same as Alepidosauridae.
Aleposaurus (a-lep-6-sā’rus), m. "[NL., K. Gr.
ãAetrog, faulty form of dºctridorog, without scales
K &- priv. -- Aétrog, also Aertg, a scale: see Le-
pidium), + oaipog, a lizard, also a sea-fish : see
Sawrus.] Same as Alepidosaurus.
ale-postt (fil’póst), n. Same as ale-stake.
ale-pot (äl’pot), n. A pot or mug for holding
ale. In England a pot of beer or ale means a quart of
it; hence, ale-pot means especially a quart-pot.
A clean cloth was spread before him, with knife, fork,
and spoon, salt-cellar, pepper-box, glass, and pewter ale-
ſpot. Dickens, Little Dorrit.
Aleppine (a-lep’in), a. and n. [K Aleppo, Euro-
pean (It.) form of Turk, and Ar. Haleb, said to
be named from Ar. halab, milk.] I. a. Per-
taining to Aleppo, a city of Asiatic Turkey, or
to its inhabitants.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Aleppo.
Aleppo gall, ulcer. See ulcer.
alerce (a-lèrs’; Sp. pron. §-lär"thã), n. ſº the
larch, prob. K a-, repr. Ar. al, the, + "lerce,
*larce = It, larice, K L. laria (acc. laricem), the
larch (see larch), perhaps mixed with Ar. al-
'arzah, al-'erz, Kal, the, -F 'arzah, 'erz, Pers. arz,
cedar.] 1. A name given in Špain to wood
used by the Moors in their edifices, obtained
from the sandarac-tree of Morocco, Callitris
quadrivalvis. See Callitris.-2. Same as alerce-
tree.
With here and there a red cedar or an alerce pine.
arwin, Voyage of Beagle, xiii.
alerce-tree (a-lèrs’tré), n. A large coniferous
timber-tree of Chili, Libocedrus Chilensis, ex-
tensively used on the southern Pacific coast.
alerion, n. See allerion.
alert (a-lèrt'), a. and n., orig. prep. phr. [K F.
alerte, interj.phr., adj., and n., formerly allerte,
sometimes written ä l’erte, – Sp. alerta (alerto,
adj.) = Pg. alerta, KIt, all’erta, on the watch, on
the lookout; stare all' erta, be on one's guard,
lit. stand on the lookout: all for alla for a
la, K.L. ad illam, on the ; erta, a lookout, also a
declivity, a slope, a steep, fem. of erto, raised
aloft, steep, pp. of ergere, raise, erect, 3. L. eri-
gere, raise, pp. erectus, X E. erect, q.v.] I. a. 1.
Active in vigilance; watchful; vigilantly at-
tentive.
Yet ceaseless still she throve, alert, alive,
The working bee, in full or empty hive.
Crabbe, Parish Register.
Nothing is worth reading that does not require an alert
mind. C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 15.
2. Moving with celerity; brisk; active; nim-
ble: as, “an aſſert young fellow,” Addison,
Spectator, No. 403. = Sym. 1. Heedful, wary.—2. Live-
ly, agile, quick, prompt, ready, Spry.
. m. [From the phr. on the alert, a pleo-
mastic E. version of the orig. It, phr. all' erta:
see [...] An attitude of vigilance; watch;
guard: especially in the phrase on or upon the
alert, upon the watch; on the lookout; guarding
against surprise or danger: as, “the readiness
of one on the alert,” Dickens.
He was instructed to notify his officers to be on the
alert for any indications of battle.
U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 412.
alertly (a-lèrt'li), adv. In an alertmanner; with
watc. vigilance; nimbly; briskly; actively.
alertness (a-lèrtºnes), n. The state'or quality
of being alert; briskness; nimbleness; activity.
-ales. [K L. -ales, pl. of -alis, a common adj.
suffix: see -al.] In bot., a plural termination dis-
tinguishing the names of orders, a grade inter-
mediate between class and family.
ale-Scott, ale-shot? (äl’skot, àl'shot), n. [K
ale + scot, also shot, payment: see scot and
shot, payment.] A reckoning to be paid for ale.
alese, m. See ale2e.
ale-silver (āl'sil’věr), n. A duty anciently
paid to the lord mayor of London by the sellers
of ale within the city.
ale-stake? (āl'stäk), n. A stake having a gar-
land or bush of twigs at the top of it, set up as
a sign before an ale-house.
Aletornis (al-e-tör"nis), n.
Aletris (alſe-tris), n.
Aleurodes (al-ū-röſdêz), n. [NL., K
aleurone
A garland hadde, he set upon his heed
As gret as it were for an ale-8take. -
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., l. 667.
Also called ale-pole, ale-post.
ale-taster (ältäs" tº, 'm. Same as ale-commer.
alethiolo º n. . [K. Gr. 3%ffeta,
truth (KäW70%g, true, Kå-priv. 4- Wavbávetv, Waffeiv,
escapenotice, be concealed: see Lethe), +-Aoyia,
K Aéyetv, speak; see -ology.] A term used by
Sir William Hamilton to denote that part of
logic which treats of the nature of truth and
error, and of the rules for their discrimination.
alethoscope (a-lè(thà-sköp), n. IK Gr. &A7%g,
true (see alethiology), + akotreiv, view.] An op-
tical instrument by means of which pictures
are made to present a more natural and life-
like appearance. y
* * [NL., K. Gr. &%rmg,
a wanderer, vagrant (Käääoffat, wander, stray),
+ pug, bird.]. A genus of extinct Teriº;
birds from the Eocene of Wyoming Territory.
Several species are described by Marsh, who places them
among the cranes and rails. They range in size from that
of a woodcock to that of a small Crane.
male) grinder of corn, Káàerpeten, extended from
&Aeiv, grind.] A genus of plants, of the fam-
ily Liliaceae, natives of the eastern United
States, chiefly from New Jersey southward.
The two species, A. farimosa and A. awrea, are low, smooth,
stemless, bitter herbs, withfibrous roots, a cluster of spread-
ing, flat, lance-shaped leaves, and a spiked raceme of small
white or yellow flowers. They are called colic-root from
their medicinal reputation, and also ague-grass, star-grass,
blazing-star, etc.
alette (a-let’), m. [F., = Sp. aleta = It. aletta,
a small wing; dim. of L. ala, wing: see aisle.]
In arch.: (a) A
Small wing of a
building. (b) A.
pilaster or but—
tress. (c) The
lateral face of
the pier of an
arch, extending
from the edge
of the opening;
especially, tha
portion of the
lateral face between the edge of the opening
and a semi-column, pilaster, or the like, serving
to decorate the pier. Also spelled allette.
_AE
A, arch; B, B, pilasters; C, C, alettes (c).
Aleurites (al-ū-ri’těz), n. [NL., K. Gr. &Aevpitmg,
pertaining to &Wevpov, meal, esp. wheaten flour, K
ääeiv, grind.] A genus of plants of the family
Buphorbiaceae. An important species, A. Moluccana
(the candleberry-tree), 30 to 40 feet high, is a native of
the Moluccas and some of the Pacific islands, and is cul-
tivated in tropical countries for its nuts, which abound in
oil, and when dried are used by the Polynesian islanders
as a substitute for candles, whence they are called candle-
nuts or candleberries. The oil expressed from the kernels
dries rapidly, and is known as country walnut or artists’
oil, or kekune-oil. A. cordata is the Chinese varnish-tree,
and the oil from its seeds is used in China in painting.
r. ÖAewpé-
ông, like flour, K &Aewpov, flour, H eldog, form.]
The typical and only genus of the family Alew-
rodidae. Also written Aleyrodes. -
Todes + -idae.] A family of hemipterous insects,
of the suborder Homoptera and series Dimera,
related to the aphids and scale-insects. These
insects are very small and exceedingly prolific ; they have
large oval elytra and wings, held nearly horizontal when
in repose ; the head is small, with divided eyes; the an-
tennae are short, 6-jointed, with the rostrum 2-jointed; and
the legs are short, simple, with 2-jointed tarsi provided
with 2 claws. There are about 25 nominal species of the
single genus Aleurodes. A. proletella resembles a small
white moth with a dark spot on each wing-cover, and is
found on celandine, cabbage, oak, etc. The larva is small,
flat, and oval like a minute scale; the pupa is fixed and
inclosed in an envelop.
alº (a-lā’rö-man-si), ºn... [K.F. aleu-
'romancie, K. Gr. d’Aewpouavreiov, divination from
meal, KöAewpov, meal, -- piavteta, divination.]
A method of divination by meal or flour, prac-
tised by the ancients.
aleurometer (al-ū-rom’e-tér), n. IK Gr. &Aewpov
our, esp. wheaten flour, -F pièTpov, measure.
An instrument invented by M., Boland, about
1849, for ascertaining the bread-making quali-
ties of wheaten flour. The indications depend upon
the expansion of the gluten contained in a given quantity of
flour when freed of its starch by pulverization and repeated
washings with water.
aleurone (a-lii’rön), n. IK Gr. 378wpov, fine flour,
+ -one.] The minute albuminoid granules
(protein) which are found, in connection with
starch and oily matter, in the endosperm of ripe
seeds and the cotyledons of the embryo. It is
considered an inactive resting form of proto-
plasm. Also called protein-granules. -



aleuronic
aleuronic (al-ū-ron'ik), a. [K aleurome + -ic.]
Pertaining to or of the nature of aleurone.
Aleutian, Aleutic (al-e-ö’shi-an, -tik), a.
[Named from the inhabitants, the Aleuis, Éuss.
Aleutui.] Appellative of or pertaining to agroup
of islands (the Aleutian islands) separating
Bering sea from the northern Pacific, nearly or
quite coextensive with the Catherine archi-
pelago, extending from near the southern point
of Kamtchatka to the peninsula of Alaska.
ale-vat (äl’vat), n. #. ealo-fact = OS. alo-
Jat: See ale and vat, J A vat in which ale is
fermented.
alevin (alſe-win), n. [KF. alevin, prob. for "ale-
vain, K. O.F. alever, rear, K. L. adlevare, raise
K ad to, + levare, raise. Cf. alleve, alleviate.
The young of any fish; especially, a young
salmonid or clupeid.
alewi (a-lii"), n, [Var. of halloo.] Outcry;
howling; lamentation.
Yet did she not lament with loude alew,
As women wont. Spenger, F. Q., V. vi. 13.
ale-washed (äl"wosht), a. Steeped or soaked
in ale.
137
A second or supplementary library in the Serapeum at
Alexandria was entirely destroyed by a mob of fanatics un-
der the Patriarch º: A. D. 391; a popular account,
however, assigns its destruction to the Arabs in 641.--
Alexandrian School, , (a) A school of literature, science,
and philosophy flourishing at Alexandria under the Ptole.
mies during the three centuries preceding the Christian
era, and continuing under the Roman empire, especially
as a philosophical school in which Neoplatonism was
the most important element, down to the final extinction
of paganism in the fifth century after Christ. (b) A
School of Christian philosophy and theology at Alex-
andria during the first five centuries; especially, the cate-
chetical School of Alexandria, existing in that city from
the earliest times of Christianity down to about A.D. 400,
for the purpose of instruction in the Christian faith,
and distinguished for the high attainments of its instruc.
tors in pagan as well as in Christian philosophy and liter-
ature. Among its most famous directors were St. Clement
and Origen. This school was remarkable for its attempt
to accommodate, Greek philosophy to Christianity and to
make use of it in Christian teaching, thus antagonizing
Judaizing views, according to which there was and could
be nothing in common between the two. ... In some of its
forms it tended on the one extreme to a philosophic ration-
alism, on the other to an idealizing mysticism. Alexandria
continued to be the most important center of Christian
º down to the time of the Council of Chalcedon,
A. D. º
º alfin
alexiteric (a-lek-si-ter'ik), a. and n. [S. Gr.
&We;7thptog, fit or able to keep off or defend;
neut. &We;mºptov (sc. #.” º —tº
drug), a remedy, medicine; K -
âAeśmråp, one who keeps off or
defends, K ažášeuv, keep off, de-
fend. Cf. alexipharmic.] I. a.
Resisting external poison; ob-
viating the effects of venom.
II. m. An antidote to poison
or infection, especially an ex-
ternal application.
alexiterical (a-lek-Si-ter’i-
kal), a. Same as alexiteric.
ale-yard (āl’yārd), n. [K ale
+ yard 1.] 1. A glass vessel
used as a measure of capacity
as well as a drinking-glass
shaped like a much elongated
wine-glass, formerly in use
in England.—2. A glass ves-
sel having the shape of an elongated cone, the
small end communicating with a hollow ball.
On drinking from it, as soon as the air reaches the inside
1, Ale-yard.
2, Tricky Ale-yard.
Alexandrianism (al-eg-zan' dri-an-izm), n.
The teachings of the Alexandrian school of
theology, especially in its distinctive character-
istics. See Alexandrian. Also written Alexan-
drinism.
of the ball all the liquid contained in it spurts out sud-
denly. Sometimes called tricky ale-yard.
Aleyrodes, n. Same as Aleurodes.
aleze, alese (a-lāz'), m. [K F. alèze, formerly
And what a beard of the general's cut . . . will do
among foaming bottles and ale-washed wits, is wonder-
ful to be thought on. Shak., Hen. V., iii. 6.
alewifel (äl' wif), n. ; pl. alewives (-wiva). A
woman who keeps an ale-house.
Perhaps he will Swagger and hector, and threaten to
beat and butcher an ale-wife. Swift, Drapier's Letters.
alewife” (äl’wif), n. ; pl. alewives (-wiv.). [A
particular use of alewifel, poss. in allusion to
their corpulent appearance (see quot.). The
form aloofe, recorded in 1678, said to be the
Indian name of the fish, is prob. an error for
alosel, shad..] 1. A North American fish, Pomo-
Alewife (Pomolobus 2seudoharengus).
(From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.)
lobus pseudoharengus, from 8 to 10 in. long, re-
sembling a small shad, but much inferior to it as
food. It is takenin large numbers with thatfish.
Consorting Herrings and the bony Shad,
Big-bellied Alewives, Macrils richly clad
With Rain-bow colours, the Frost-fish and the Smelt,
As good as ever Lady Gustus felt.
S. Clarke, Four Chief Plantations in America (1670).
2. A name given at Bermuda to the round
pompano, Trachymotus falcatus. See pompano. #
–3. A local English name of the allice-shad.
àlexanders (al-eg-zan’dèrz), n. [Also written
alisander, allisander, alisawnder, K ME. alisawn-
dre, K Öğ. alisawndre, alisandre; but in AS.
aleazandrie, alexandre, from the ML. name Petro-
selinum Alexandrinum, i. e., Alexandrine pars-
ley, equiv. to P. Macedonicum, i.e., Macedonian
parsley.] 1. The English name of an umbellif-
erous plant, Smyrnium Olusatrum. Of all the um-
bellifers used as vegetables, this was one of the commonest
in gardens for nearly fifteen centuries, but it is now aban-
doned. The history of its use can be traced from begin-
ning to end. Theophrastus mentions it as a medicinal
plant, under the name, hipposelimon (horse-parsley), but
three centuries later Dioscorides says that either the root
or the leaves might be eaten, which implies cultivation.
In Latin (Pliny, Columella, etc.) it was called holus atrwn,
later olusatrum, and corruptly olisatrum. Charlemagne
commanded it to be sown in his farms. The Italians made
great use of it, under the name macerome. At the end of
the eighteenth century the tradition existed in England
that it had been formerly cultivated; later English and
French horticulturists do not mention it. De Candolle.
2. In North America, a name sometimes given
to the plant Thaspium aureum.
Alexandrian (al-eg-zan' dri-an), a. [KL. Alea:-
andria, classical form Alezamdréa, KGr. Ažešáv-
ôpeta, name of the Egyptian city founded by
Alexander the Great, KA §ayópoc, I. Alexander,
a man's name, prop. adjj ‘defending men,’ &
jº, ward off defend, 4 &mpº), mahj
1. Pertaining to Alexandria, an important city
of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great in
332 B.C.–2. Pertaining to Alexander the Great.
—Alexandrian Codex (coºie, Alexandrimus), an impor-
tant manuscript of the Scriptures, sent to Charles I, of Eng-
land by the Patriarch of Constantinople, now in the Brit-
ish Museum. It is written in Greek uncials on parch-
ment, and contains the Septuagint version of the Old Testa-
ment complete, except ſº of the Psalms, and almost all
the New Testament. It is . . *ś. º:
—Alexandrian Fº 8 Celebra lbrary at Alex-
andria in Egypt, founde 'by Ptolemy Soter and Ptolemy
Philadelphus (833–247 B.C.), and destroyed about 47 B. C.
Alexandrine (al-eg-zan’drin), a. and n. IKL.
Alexandrinus, K Alexandria : see Alexandrian.]
I. a. Same as Alexandrian, 1.
For some time a steady advance of science appeared to
be insured by the labors of the Alexandrime school.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 263.
Alexandrine liturgy, the liturgy of St. Mark. See
liturgy.--Alexandrine mosaic, or opus Alexandri-
num, a kind of rich mosaic in which are used red and
green porphyries, precious marbles, enamels, and other
costly and brilliant materials. It has its name from the
Emperor Alexander Severus (A. D. 222–235), and was used
for friezes, panels, etc., under the later Roman empire.
II. m. [K F. alexandrºn: so called, it is said,
from Alexandre Paris, an old French poet, or
from poems written by him and others in this
meter on the life of Alexander the Great.] In
pros., an iambic hexapody, or series of six iam-
bic feet. French Alexandrines are written in couplets,
alternately acatalectic with masculine Times and hyper-
catalectic with feminine rimes. French tragedies are gen-
erally composed in Alexandrines. The cesura occurs at
the end of the third foot. The second line of the follow-
ing extract is an example:
A needless Alexandrine ends the song,
That, like a wounded Snake, drags its slow length along.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, l. 356.
Alexandrinism (al-eg-zan’drin-izm), n. Same
as Alexandrianism.
alexandrite (al-eg-zan’drit), n. IKL. Alexan-
der (Alexander I., Emperor of Russia) + -ite2.]
A variety of chrysoberyl found in the mica slate
of the Ural mountains.
àlexia (a-lek'si-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. --
2.Étg, a speaking (or reading), K Aéyetv, speak,
read..] Inability to read, as the result of a
Tmorbid or diseased condition of nervous cen-
ters not involving loss of sight; word-blindness;
text-blindness.
alexipharmact, alexipharmacalt, a. See alexi-
harmic, alexipharmical.
alexipharmacumi (a-lek-Si-fär’ má-kum), n.
[NL., K L. alexipharmacon : see alexipharmic.]
See aleavipharmic. -
He calls steel the proper alearipharmacum of this mal-
ady. JBurton, Amat. of Mel., p. 417.
alexipharmic (a-lek-Si-fär"mik), a. and m. [The
al syllable, prop. -ac, has been conformed to
the common suffix -ic. , NL. alexipharmacum, L.
alewipharmacom, n. ; K Gr. 378;tº&puakoç, ward-
ing off poison, acting as an antidote against it,
antidotal; neuter as noun, džeštjáppiakov (L.
ºpº), an antidote, remedy, Kážášetv,
ward off, -- $6ppiakov, a poison, drug, remedy:
see pharmacom, pharmacy, etc.] I. a. 1. Act-
ing as a means of warding off disease; acting
as a remedy; prophylactic.—2. Having the
power of warding off the effects of poison taken
inwardly; antidotal.
Some antidotal quality it [the unicorn's horn] may have,
. . . since not only the bone in the hart, but the horn of a
deer is aleavipharmick. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
II. m. An antidote to poison or infection,
especially an internal antidote.
Finding his strength every day less, he was at last ter-
rified, and called for help upon the sages of physic: they
filled his apartments with alearipharmics, restoratives, and
essential virtues. Johnsom, Rambler, No. 120.
alexipharmical (a-lek-Si-fär’mi-kal), a. Same
as alexipharmic.
alºiº (a-lek’si-pi-ret'ik), a. and n. IK
ă, jº. off, -ī- Twpetóg, fever: see
Gr.
pyretic, med., same as febrifuge.
alfa-
alfalfa (al-fal‘fä), m.
*said to be from Ar. al-façfaçah, the best sort of
alfaqui (al-fa-ké'), m.
alferest (al-fer'es), n. [Also written alfeeres
alfet (alſ fet), n.
alese, alaise, appar. K & l’aise, at ease: â, K L. ad,
to, at; le, the ; aise, X E. ease, q.v. The spell-
ing alèze may be in simulation of lé, breadth,
as if a “spread.’] A cloth folded several times
in order to protect a bed from discharges of
blood, etc.
alfa (alſ fä), n. [Ar. halfa.] A name in north-
ern Africa for varieties of esparto-grass, Stipa
tenacissima and S. arenaria, used in the manu-
facture of paper.
aSS (alſfä-grás), n. Same as alfa.
[Sp., formerly alfalfez,
fodder.] The Spanish name of lucerne, Medi-
cago sativa, and the common name under which
the chief varieties of lucerne are known in the
western United States.
[Sp., K. Ar. al-faqih, Kal,
the, -H, faqih, a doctor in theology; cf. fiqh,
theological learning, K.faqiha, be wise.] A doc-
tor learned in Mussulman law; a Mohammedan
priest.
A successful inroad into the country of the unbelievers,
said he, will make more converts to my cause than a thou-
sand texts of the Koran, expounded by ten thousand alfa-
qwis. Irving, Granada, p. 154.
No sooner had the sovereigns left the city, than Xinmenes
invited some of the leading alfaqwies, or Mussulman doc-
tors, to a conference, in which he expounded, with all the
eloquence at his command, the true foundations of the
Christian faith, and the errors of their own.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 6.
alfenid, alfenide (al’fe-nid, -nid or -nid), n.
[Perhaps K Sp. alfeñ(ique), a sugar-paste (verb
alfeñ–icar, ice with sugar), + -id, -ide: see al-
phemic.] Nickel-silver, thickly electroplated
with pure silver.
al-
ferez, alfarez, alfaras, K Sp. alférez, O.Sp. Pg.
alféres, ensign, K. Ar. al-faris, Kal, the, + firis,
horseman, knight, Kfaras, horse.] A standard-
bearer; an ensign; a cornet. This term was in use
in England some time before and during the civil wars of
Charles I.
Commended to me from some noble friends
For my alferes. l'letcher, Rule a Wife, i. 1.
[KML. alfetum (as defined be-
low), K AS. ālfaet, ælfaet, a pot to boil in, K dil,
ël, fire (see anneall), + fact, a vessel: see vat.]
In early Eng. hist., a vessel of boiling water into
which an accused person plunged his arm as a
test of his innocence.
alfileria (äl-fi-lā-ré’â), m. [Amer. Sp., also alfi-
laria, alfi.lerilla: so called from the shape of
the carpels; K Sp. alſiler, also alſilel, Pg. alfinete,
a pin, K. Ar. al-khill, a wooden pin used for fas-
tening garments (Freytag), a pin...] A name
in California for a European species of Ero-
dium, E. cicutarium, which has become very
widely naturalized. It is a low herb, but a valuable
forage-plant. Its carpels have a sharp point and a long
twisted beak, by the action of which, under the influence
of the moisture of the air, the seed is buried in the soil.
*Qther names for it are pin-clover and pin-grass.
àlfilerilla, n.
alfini (al’ fin), n.
Same as alfi.leria.
[K late, ME. alfyn, alphyn,
awſym, etc., K OF. alfin, like ML. alphinus, It.
alfino, alfido, alfiere, alfiero, K. Sp. alfil, arfil =
Pg. alſil, alfir, KAr. al-fil, the elephant, Kal, the,
+ fil, K Pers. Hind, fil, Šk. pilw, elephant, this
F. having had orig, the form of an elephant.]
Chess, a name of the bishop.



alfiona
alfiona (al-fi - 6 nå), m. [Mexican Spanish.]
An embiotocoid fish, Rhacochilus toacotes
with small scăles, uniserial and jaw teeth, aná
§º.
º :::::::
º
w º º
§:
% º º
§§
&
º
º
Alfiona (Rhacochilus toxotes).
(From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.)
lip free and deeply cut along its margin. It is
the largest as well as the most valuable food-fish of the
surf-fish family, Embiotocidae, and is common along the
Californian coast, where it is also called sprat and perch.
al, fresco (āl fres (kö). [It., lit. in the cool
air: al for a il (K L. ad illum), in the ; fresco,
cool or fresh air, K fresco, cool, fresh, K. OHG.
frise = E. fresh: see fresh, fresco.]. In the
open air; out of doors: as, to dine al fresco.
Much of the gayety and brightness of al-fresco life.
The Centwry, XXVII. 190.
Such al fresco suppers the º of Italy ate
in the first century of our eral D. G. Mitchell, Wet Days.
Alfur (al-fôr'), m. [K D. Alfoer, Pg. Alfuros, pl.,
said to be K Ar. al, the, H-Pg. fora (= It. fora,
fuora, fuori), outside (see foris-); the other
forms, Arafuras, Haraforas, are, then, varia-
tions.] Same as Alfurese, m. Sing.
Alfurese (al-fö-rés' or -réz'), m. and a. [See Al-
fur.] I. m. 1. sing. Or pl. A member, or the
members collectively, of the race of Alfuros or
Alfurs (also called Arafuras, Haraforas, etc.),
a group of wild and savage tribes inhabiting
Celebes and other islands of the Indian archi-
pelago, ethnologically intermediate between
the Malays and Papuans or Negritos.
The Alfwrese are totally distinct from the brown Malay
and black Negrito; they are wild, Savage, Pagan head-
hunters. R. N. Cust, Mod. Langs. E. Ind., p. 147.
2. The language spoken by the Alfuros or Al-
furs.
II. a. Pertaining to the Alfuros or Alfurs,
or to their language.
Alfuro (al-fö’ró), m. Same as Alfwrese, m. Sing.
alg. An abbreviation of algebra.
alga (al"gâ), m.; pl. algæ (-jë). [L., Seaweed.]
*A cryptogam of the class of Algæ.
Algae (al’jē), m. pl. [L., pl. of alga : see alga.]
A division of thallogenous chlorophyllous cryp-
togams found for
the most part in
the sea (seaweeds)
or in fresh water.
They are wholly cellu-
lar, though varying ex-
ceedingly in form and
size, from a single mi-
croscopic or sometimes
large and branching
cell, a shapeless, jelly-
like mass, or mere
string of articulations,
to forms with trunk-
like stems and mem-
branous laminae many
feet in length. Nour-
ishment is absorbed by
the surface of the plant,
never through roots.
The mode of propaga-
tion varies greatly in the different orders. In many no
well-defined sexual differences have been discovered, and
reproduction is carried on by means of cell-division or by
non-sexual spores (tetraspores, zoöspores). In the highest
order there are distinct male and female organs (antheridia
and oëgonia). The term Algae as used by Linnaeus and
early botanists included not only seaweeds, but also the
IHepaticoe, Lichemes, and Characeae. By Harvey the Algae
were divided into three groups, distinguished chiefly by
their color, viz.: the olive-brown, Melanospermeae; the red
or purple, Rhodospermeae; and the green, Chlorospermeae.
This arrangement has now become nearly obsolete. Recent
authorities have proposed several different schemes of
classification for the thallophytes in general, in which
structure and development, as well as supposed relation-
ship, are taken into account, and in which the Algoe are
variously distributed. Substantial agreement is not yet
reached, and the nomenclature for many of the groups re-
mains in a very unsettled condition. It may, however, be
Algae.
r, Dictyota dichotoma: a, -
vertical view of a cystocarp; c, vertical
ore ; b,
section of same. 2, Plocamium cocci.
7teum. /, tetraspore ; g, stichidium ; h,
branchlet with a cystocarp.
said that the Algoe are now generally divided into the fol-
lowing classes, which, although appearing to be based on
Color, are in reality purely morphological, viz.: Chloro-
phyceae, generally grass-green in color, though often in-
cluding the diatoms (the Conjugatae may form a distinct
class or be included in the above); Characeae, the stone-
Wort8; Phaeophyceae, those which usually show some
shade of brown, generally marine; Rhodophyceae, almost
universally red in color, with few exceptions marine;
Myzophyceae (Cyanophyceae), usually blue-green. Many
of the Algae are edible and nutritious, as carrageen or
Irish moss, dulse, laver, etc. Many abound in gelatin, and
138
make a fine glue or substitute for isinglass. Kelp, iodine,
×and bromine are products of various species.
âlgal (al’gal), a. and m. [K L. alga + -al.] I.
a. Of or pertaining to the Algae; having the
nature of algæ.
II. m. One of the Algae (which see).
algaroba, n. See algarroba.
algarot, algaroth (al'ga-rot, -roth), n. IK F.
algaroth, from the name of the physician Al-
garotus of Verona, Italy (end of 16th century).]
A violently purgative and emetic white powder
which falls when chlorid of antimony is dropped
into water. It is a compound of chlorid and oxid
of antimony.
algarovilla (al"ga-rö-vil’ā), n. See algarrobilla.
algarroba (al-ga-rö’bà), n. [Sp., KAr. al-khar-
Tübah, the carob: see al-2 and carob.] 1. The
Spanish name of the carob-tree, Ceratonia Sili-
gua. See, Ceratonia.-2. In America, a name
given to the honey-mesquit, Prosopis juliflora,
and to the Hymenaea Courbaril.—3. A substance
resembling catechu in appearance and proper-
ties, obtained from the La Plata, and containing
tannin mixed with a deep-brown coloring mat-
ter. Crooks, Handbook of Dyeing and Calico
Printing, p. 509.-Algarroba bean. See bean.1.
Also spelled algaroba.
algarrobilla (al"ga-rö-bël’yā), n. [S.Amer. Sp.,
dim. of Sp. algarroba: see above.] The astrin-
gent resinous husks and seeds of several legu-
minous trees or shrubs of South America, which
are an article of commerce for their value in
tanning and dyeing. In Brazil and tropical America
they are the produce chiefly of Pithecolobiwm parvifolium,
(Inga Marthoe of some authors). In Chili and on the west-
ern coast they are obtained from Caesalpinia (Balsamo-
carpwan) brevifolia and Prosopis juliflora. Also written
algarovilla. A *l º - r A ºn a -
algate, algates (äl'gāt, à!"gâts), adv. . [KME.
algate, allegate, allegate (algates occursin Chau-
cer), Kal, all, 4-gate, a way: see gate? and gait.
Cf. alway, always.] 1. In every direction;
everywhere; always; under all circumstances.
[Obsolete except in the Scotch form a' gate or
a' gates.] -
Algates he that hath with love to done,
Hath ofter wo than changed ys the mone.
Chaucer, Complaint of Mars, l. 234.
2. In every respect; altogether; entirely. [Ob-
solete and north. Eng. provincial.]
Una now he algates must foregoe.
Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 2.
3+. In any way; at all.
Fayrer then herselfe, if ought algate
Might fayrer be. Spenser, F. Q., III. viii. 9.
4}. By all means; on any terms; at any rate.
As yow lyst ye maken hertes digne;
Algates hem that ye wole sette a fyre,
Thei dreden shame and vices thei resigne.
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 24.
And therefore would I should be algates slain;
For while I live his life is in suspense.
Fairfaa, tr. of Tasso, iv. 60.
5+. Notwithstanding; nevertheless.
A maner latin corrupt was hir speche,
IBut algates ther-by was she understonde.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1.422.
azel (al-ga-Zel'), n. [An early form of gazel,
er Aral-ghazāl; see gazel.] A nameformerly
applied to one, and probably to several, of the
ruminant quadrupeds of eastern Africa, etc.,
now known as gazels and antelopes. It is vari.
ously identified, some making it out to be the common
gazel of Egypt, etc., Antilope dorcas or Dorcas gazella ;
others, the Sasin or common antelope, Antilope bezoartica,
a very different animal. It is more probably the first-
named species, or one-closely resembling it.
Algebar (al' je-bār), m. [Said to be K Ar. al,
the, + gebār (Syr. gaboro), giant.] An Arabie
and poetical name of the constellation Orion.
Begirt with many a blazing star
Stood the great giant Algebar,
Orion, hunter of the beast !
* Longfellow, Occult. of Orion,
ãº, (al’je-brá), n. [Early mod. E. algeber,
KIF. algebre (now algèbre); the present E. form,
like D. G. Sw. Dan. algebra, Russ. algebra, Pol.
algiebra, etc., follows It. Pr. Sp. Pg. algebra, K
ML. algebra, bone-setting, algebra, K. Ar. al-
jabr, al-jebr (X Pers. al-jabr), the redintegration
or reunion of broken parts, setting bones, re-
ducing fractions to integers, hence ‘ilm al-jabr
wa'l muqābalah, i.e., “the science of redintegra-
tion and equation (comparison),' algebra (X
Pers. al-jabr wa'l muqābalah, Hind. jabro muqā-
bala, algebra): 'ilm, ‘ulam, Science, K'alama, know
(cf. alem, alim, almah); al, the ; fabr, redinte-
gration, consolidation, &jabara, redintegrate, re-
unite, consolidate (= Heb. gabar, make strong);
wa, and; 'l for al, the; muqābalah, comparison,
collation, K găbala, confront, compare, collate:
see cabala. The full Ar. Iname is reflected
alg
8,
Algerian (al-jé'ri-an
Algerine
in ML. “ludus algebrae almuegrabalaque” (13th
century), and in early mod. E. “algiebar and
almachabel” (Dee, Math. Praef., 6, A. D. 1570),
and the second part in ML. almucabala, almaca-
bala, algebra.] 1: Formal mathematics; the
analysis of equations; the art of reasoning
about relations, more especially quantitative
relations, by the aid of a compact and highly
Systematized notation. In ordinary algebra the re-
lations between quantities are expressed by signs of equal-
ity, addition, Subtraction, multiplication, etc. (=, +, −,
X), or by the position of the quantities (as acy for a × y,
and ay for a to the y power), and the quantities themselves
are denoted by letters. , Quantities whose values are un-
known or are assumed to be variable are denoted by the
last letters of the alphabet, as a, y, z; known or constant
quantities by a, b, c, etc.; and problems are solved by ex-
pressing all the data in the form of equations, and then
transforming these according to certain rules. The con-
çeptions of negative and imaginary quantities (see mega-
tive and imagimary) are employed. The term higher alge-
bra usually means the theory of invariants. See invari-
ant. Multiple algebra, or n-way algebra, introduces the
conception of units of different denominations, which can,
however, be multiplied together. Each such system has a
multiplication table characterizing it.
2. Any special system of notation adapted to
the study of a special system of relationship:
as, “it is an algebra upon an algebra,” Sylvester.
–3. A treatise on algebra.
Its abbreviation is alg.
Boolian algebra, a logical algebra, invented by the Eng-
lish mathematician George Boole º for the solution
of problems in ordinary logic. It has also a connection
with the theory of probabilities.—Logical algebra, an
algebra which considers particularly non-quantitative rela-
tions.—Nilpotent algebra, an algebra in which every ex-
pression is milpotent (which see). —Pure algebra, an alge-
bra in which every unit is connected with every other by
a definite relation.
algebraic (al-je-brā’īk), a. [K algebra -H -ic;
prop. *algebric = F. algébrique, K NL. *algebri-
cus.] 1. Pertaining to algebra.-2. Involving
no operations except addition, subtraction, mul-
tiplication, division, and the raising of quan-
tities to powers whose exponents are commen-
surable quantities: as, an algebraic equation or
expression.—3. Relating to the system of quan-
tity which extends indefinitely below as well as
above zero.—Algebraic curve. See curve.—Algebraic
equation, an equation in which the unknown quantities
or variables are subjected to no other operations than those
enumerated in definition 2, above : as, aº. 926 -- aa:7 = 6.
—Algebraic form. See form:–Algebraic function, a
function whose connection with its variable is expressed
by an algebraic equation. Thus, a, and y, as defined by the
above equation, are algebraic functions of one another.—
Algebraic geometry, a name given to the application of
algebra to the solution of geometrical problems.-Alge-
braic sign, the sign + or—which has to be attached to a
real number to fix its value in algebra.-Algebraic space,
a space in which the position of a point may be uniquely
defined by a set of values of periodic algebraic integrals,
without exceptions which form part of the space.—Alge-
lbraic sum, the sum of several quantities whose algebraic
signs have been taken into account in adding them: as,
the algebraic swim of +4 and —2 is +2.
algebraical (al-je-brā‘i-kal), a. 1. Same as
algebraic.—2. Resembling âgebra ; relating to
algebra.
algebraically (al-je-brā‘i-kal-i), adv. By means
of algebra, or of algebraic processes; in an alge-
braic manner; as regards algebra.
algebraist (al’je-brā-ist), m. [K algebra + -ist;
prop. *algebrist – F. algébriste = Sp. Pg. It alge-
brista, KNL. algebrista.] One who is versed in
the science of algebra. Also algebrist.
algebraize (al'je-bra-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
algebraized, ppr. algebrai&ing. [Kalgebra + -ize;
rop. *algebrize.] To perform by algebra; re-
uce to algebraic form.
algebrist (alſie-brist), n. Same as algebraist.
algedo (al-jé'dó), n. [NL;,& Gr. 3%), a sense
of pain, pain, suffering, Kážyeiv, feel bodily pain,
suffer.] In pathol., violent pain about the
urethra, testes, bladder, perineum, and anus,
caused by sudden stoppage of severe gonorrhea.
algefacient (al-jë-fä'shient), a. . [K L. algére
be cold, + facien(t-)s, ppr. of facere, makej
Making cool; cooling.
a. and m. - F. Algé-
Tien, KAlgeria (F. Åifférie), the province, Algiers
(F. Alger = Sp. Argél–It, Algeri), the city, KAr.
Al-jezair, the city of Algiers, lit. the Islands, K
al, the, + jezair, pl. of jezira, island.]. I. a. Per-
taining to the city of Algiers, or to Algeria or its
inhabitants.-Algeriantea. See tea.
II. m. An inhabitant of the French colony of
Algeria, in the north of Africa. The colony was
founded in 1834, extends from the Mediterranean south-
ward to the desert of Sahara, and has Tunis and Morocco
on its east and West frontiers respectively.
Algerine (al-je-rén'), a. and n. [= Sp. Argelino
= It. Algerino ; see Algerian.] I. a. Of or per-
taining to Algiers or Algeria, or to the inhabi-
tants of Algeria.





Algerine
II. m. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Al-
giers or Algeria, in Africa; particularly, one
of the indigenous Berber or Arabic inhabitants
of Algiers.-2. A pirate: from the fact that the
people of Algº were formerly much addicted
to piracy.—3. [l. c.] A grampus: because com-
mon off the coast of Algiers.-4. [l. c.] A
woolen material woven in stripes of bright col-
ors, and often with gold thread, generally too
loose and soft for ordinary wear, and made into
scarfs, shawls, and the like. r
algerite (al’jēr it), n. [After F. Alger.] A.
mineral occurring in yellow to gray tetragonal
crystals at Franklin Furnace, New Jersey. It
is probably an altered scapolite. p
algetic (aſ-jet'ik), a. . [K Gr, as if *ěžymru.66,
Kāāyeiv, have pain.] Producing or having re-
ation to pain.
algid (alſ.jid), a. [K L. algidus, cold, K algère,
be cold.] §:A; cholera, in pathol., Asiatic
6
cholera: so called from fact that diminution of tem-
perature is one of its leading characteristics.
algidity (al-jid’i-ti), n. ... [Kalgid + -ity.] The
state of being algid; chilliness; coldness.
algidness (alºid-nes), n. Same as algidity.
algific (al-jif'ik), a. [K L. algäficus, K algus, cold
(Kalgère, be cold), + facere, make..] Producing
cold.
algist (al’jist), n. IKL. alga, a seaweed, + -ist.]
A student of that department of botany which
relates to algae or seaweeds; one skilled in
algology.
algodonite (al-god'ò-nit), n. . [K Algodomes (see
def.) + -ite2.] An arsenid of copper occurring
in steel-gray masses, allied to domeykite. It
is found at the silver-mine of Algodones, near Coquimbo,
Chili, and in the Lake Superior copper region.
algoid (alºgoid), a. [KL. alga, a seaweed, +
-oid.] Resembling algæ.
Algol (al'gol or al-gol'), m. [Ar., the demon.]
A pale star varying in magnitude from 2.3 to
4.0 in a period of 2.89 days; 3 Persei.
algological (al-gū-loj’i-kal), a. [K algology -F
-ical.] Relating or pertaining to algology.
algologist (al-gol’ā-jist), n. IK algology + -ist.]
One who studies algae or seaweeds; one skilled
in algology; an algist.
algology (al-gol’ā-ji), re. [K L. alga,
# gº; K Aéyetv, speak: see -ology.] A.
branch of botany treating of algae; phycology.
Algonkian, Algonquian (al-gon’ ki-an), a.
[Also Algomkin, Algonquin : prob. K Micmac
algoomeaking, “at the place of spearing fish.’]
Belonging to an important and widely spread
family of North American Indian tribes, form-
erly inhabiting the eastern coast from Labra-
dor down through the Middle States, and
extending across the Mississippi valley, into
the Rocky mountains.
algor (al’gór), n. [L., Kalgère, be cold.] In pa-
thol., an unusual feeling of coldness; rigor or
Achill in or at the onset of fever.
algorism (alºgó-rizm), n. [K, ME. algorisme,
algarism, etc., also contr. algrim, augrim, etc.,
KOF, algorisme, augorisme, augorime = Pro algo-
arisme = Sp. algwarismo (cf. guarismo, cipher) =
Pg. It algorismo, KML. algorismus (occasionally
alchoarismus, etc.), the Arabic system of num-
bers, arithmetic, KAr, al-Khowąrazmi, i. e., the
native of Khwārazm (Khiva), surname of Abu
Ja'far Mohammed ben Musa, an Arabian math-
ematician, who flourished in the 9th century.
Płis work on algebra was translated or para-
phrased into Latin early in the 13th century,
and was the source from which Europe derived
a knowledge of the Arabic numerals. His sur-
name, given in the Latin paraphrase as Algorit-
mi, came to be applied to arithmetic in much the
same way that “Euclid” was applied to geom-
etry. The spelling algorithm, Sp. It algoritmo,
Pg. algorithmo, M.L. algorithmus, etc., simulates
Gr. Öpiðuág, number.] 1. In arith., the Arabic
system of notation; hence, the art of computa-
tion with the Arabic figures, now commonly
called arithmetic.
If ever they came to the connected mention of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division, it ought to have
been a sign that they were reading on algorismº, as distin-
guished from arithmetic. De Morgan, Arith. Books, xix.
2. Amy #. method of computing, as the
rule for finding the greatest Common measure.
—3. Amy method of notation where the sym-
bols form some system of operative procedure,
as, the differential algorism. Also algorithm.
algorismic (al-gó-riz"mik), a. [K algorism ºf
Lig.] Pertaining to algorism; arithmetical.
N. E. D. . Also algorithmic.
alien
which are somewhat small in scale, but fancifully varied
and brilliant with color and gilding.
Alhambresque (al-ham-bresk’), a. [K Alham-
bra + -esque..] Resembling the Alhambra, or
he jºioiº. A āś, jani.a.e. the style of ornamentation peculiar to the Al-
Spain. De Morgan, Arith. Books, xxi. iº i. flºg }
algoristic (al-gó-ris/tik), a. Pertaining to the allººn? (*-* 3); %. Sºme as "* .
º #.º. ), g alhidade, n. See alidade. &
[L. aliás, at another time;
139
algorist (al'gī-rist), n. IK algorism + -ist.] A.
computer with the Arabic figures; an arithme-
tician; a writer on algorism.
The Italian school of algorists, with Pacioli at their
algorithm (alºgó-ripHm), n. An erroneous form alias (ā‘li-as), adv.
of algorism.
algorithmic (al-gó-rigEI’mik), a. 1. Same as
algorismic.—2. Pertaining to or using symbols
which form some system of operative procedure.
“Symbolic,” as I understand it, being almost exactly
the equivalent of algorithmic.
J. Venn, Symbolic Logic, p. 98.
Algorithmic geometry, Wronski's name for analytical
eometry. Seldom used by writers of authority.
algous (alºgus), a. .[K.L. algosus, abounding in
seaweed, Kalga, a seaweed: see alga.]
taining to or resembling algae or seaweeds;
abounding with seaweed.
algrimſ, m. A Middle English form of algorism.
aiguazil (al-gwā-zël’), m. [K Sp. alguacil, for-
merly alguazil, alvacil, - Pg. algwazil, formerly
alvazil, alvacil, also alvazir, alvacir, an officer
of justice (cf. guazil, governor of a sea-town),
K Ar. al-wazir, Kal, the (see al-2), + wazir, offi-
cer, vizir: see vizir.] In Spain, and in regions
settled by Spaniards, an inferior officer of jus-
tice; a constable.
The corregidor . . . has ordered this algwazil to appre-
hend you. Smollett, tr. of Gil Blas, v. 1.
There were instances in which men of the most Vener-
able dignity, persecuted without a cause by extortioners,
died of rage and shame in the gripe of the vile algwazils
of Impey. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
algum (alºgum), n.
place 'almºg (see almºg), a word of unascer-
tained origin..] A tree mentioned, along with
the cedar and the fir, as sought for the con-
struction of Solomon's temple. It has been va-
riously supposed to be the pine, the deodar, the alibility (al-i-bil’i-ti), n.
red sandalwood, the sappan, etc. See almug.
Send me also cedar trees, fir trees, and algwm trees, out
of Lebanon. 2 Chron. ii. 8.
&T- alias (ā‘li-as), n. ; pl. aliases (-ez).
alibi (al’i-bi), adv.
in post-Augustan period, at another time or
place, elsewhere, under other circumstances,
otherwise; fem. acc. pl. (cf. E. else, a gen.
sing. form, from same original) of alius, other:
see alien..] At another time; in another place;
in other circumstances; otherwise. It is used
chiefly in judicial proceedings to connect the different
names assumed by a person who attempts to conceal his
true name and pass under a fictitious one: thus, Simpson
alias Smith means a person calling himself at one time
or one place Smith, at another Simpson. &
1. [Kalias,
adv.] An assumed name; another name.
Outcasts . . . forced to assume every week new aliases
and new disguises. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxi.
Most [Moslem] women when travelling adopt an alias.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 420.
2. [From words in the writ, Sicut alias pra:-
cipimus, as we at another time command.]
law, a second Writ or execution issued when
the first has failed to serve its purpose. Also
used adjectively: as, an alias execution.
[L., elsewhere, in another
lace, Kalius, other, +-bi, related to E. by, q.v.]
law, elsewhere; at another place.
The prisoner had little to say in his defence; he endea-
voured to prove himself alibi.
Arbuthnot, Hist. John Bull, ii.
[Heb. 'algûm, in another alibi (al’i-bi), m. [Kalibi, adv.] 1. In law, a plea
of having been elsewhere at the time an offense
is alleged to have been committed. Hence—2.
The fact or state of having been elsewhere at the
time specified: as, he attempted to prove an alibi.
[= F. alibilité, K L.
alibilis: see alible and -bility.] The capacity of
a nutritive substance for absorption; assimila-
tiveness. N. E. D
alhacena (äl-ā-thä'nā), n. [Sp., KAr. al-hazna, alible (al’i-bl), @.. [K.L. alibilis, nutritive, Kalere,
the cupboard.] A cupboard or recess of stucco
a seaweed, decorated in the Moorish or Spanish style, alicant (alºi-kºnt), ſº
There is a magnificent specimen in the South Kensington
Museum, London, of the style of the fourteenth century., sweet, dark-colored Spanish wine.
Alhagi (al-haj’i), n. DNL., K. Ar. al-hāj (Avi-
cenna), the camel’s-thorn.] A genus of legu- alichel (al’i-shel), n.
minous plants of several reputed species, but
all probably forms of one, ranging from Egypt
and Greece to India. A. camelorum is a rigid spiny
shrub, the leaves and branches of which exude a species
of manna. This is collected in considerable quantity in
Persia for food and for exportation to India; camels are
very fond of it. - -
nourish: see aliment.] . Nutritive.
[K Alicante, a town in
pain, whence the wine is exported.] A strong,
Formerly
written aligant, alligant, allegant, etc.
[Orig. a misreading, in
a black-letter book, of alicbel, K. Ar. al-iqbāl, K
al, the, H- igbál, advancement, progress.] In
astrol., the situation of a planet on or follow-
ing an angle.
alictisal (a-likti-zal), m. [K Ar., al-ittigăl, Kal,
the, + ittigál, contact, conjunction of planets,
Alhambraic (al-ham-brā'ik), a. [K Alhambra K waçala, join..] In astrol., the conjunction of
(KAr. al-hamrā’, lit. the red (house), with refer- two planets moving in the same direction, and
ence to the color of the sun-dried bricks which one overtaking the other.
alicula (a-lik’ī-lâ), m. [L., dim. of ala, wing,
perhaps because it covers the upper part of the
arm (ala).] In Rom. antiq., a short upper gar-
ment, like a cape, worn by hunters, country-
men, and boys.
alidade (al’i-dād), m. [Also alidad; KF. alidade
= Sp. albidada, alidada = Pg. alidada, alidade,
KML. alliidada, K. Ar. al-'idādah, the revolving
radius of a graduated circle, Kal, the (see al-2),
+ 'adad, ‘adid, ‘adud, the upper arm, which re-
volves inits socket.] 1. A movable arm pass-
ing over a graduated circle, and carrying a
vernier or an index: an attachment of many in-
struments for measuring angles. See cut under
Seactant.
The astrolabe [used by Vasco da Gama] was a metal cir-
cle graduated round the edge, with a limb called the al-
hidada fixed to a pin in the centre, and working round
the graduated circle. Iºneyc. Brit., X. 181.
2. A straight-edge carrying a telescope: an at-
tachment of the plane-table for transferring to
paper the direction of any object from the sta-
tion occupied.
Also written albidade.
aliel (ā’li), v. t. [Shetland dial., K. Icel. alam,
nourish, = Goth. alam, nourish, grow: see all
and aliment.] To cherish; nurse; pet. Edmond-
ston, Shetland Gloss.
aliel (ā‘li), m. [Kaliel, v.] A pet; a favorite.
Edmondston, Shetland Gloss.
alie%, v. t. A former spelling of ally.1.
alien (āl’yen), a. and m. [Early mod. E. also
alieme, alient, aliant, alliant, K.M.E. alien, alyen,
alyene, aliente, aliaunt, etc., KOF, alien, allien, K
L. alienus, belonging to another, Kalius, another,
akin to E. else..] I. a. 1. Residing under an–
other government or in another country than
Court of Lions, Alhambra.
compose the outer walls, K al, the, H- hamrā’,
fem. of ahmar, red) + -ic.] Pertaining to or
built or decorated after the manner of the Ai-
hambra, a Moorish palace and fortress near
Granada in Spain, erected during the thirteenth
and the first part of the fourteenth century, and
the finest existing specimen of Moorish archi-
tecture; in the style of the Alhambra. The style
of decoration characteristic of the Alhambra is remark-
able for the elaborate variety and complexity of its details,


alien
that of one's birth, and not having rights of
citizenship in such place of residence: as, the
alien population; an alien condition.—2. For-
eign; not belonging to one's own nation.
The Veil of alien speech.
O. W. Holmes, Chinese Embassy.
The sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,
She stood in tears amid the alien corn.
Keats, Ode to Nightingale.
3. Wholly different in nature; estranged; ad-
verse; hostile: used with to or from.
The thing most alien from . . . [the Protector's] clear
intellect and his commanding spirit was petty persecution.
Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
It is difficult to trace the origin of sentiments so alien
to our own way of thought.
J. F. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, vi.
Alien egg, in ornith., the egg of a cuckoo, cow-bird, or
other parasitic Species, dropped in the nest of another
bird.—Alien enemy. See enemy.—Alien friend. See
friend.—AlienAf." in ethics, a good not under one's
own control.—Alien water, any stream of...water carried
across an irrigated field or meadow, but not employed in
the system of irrigation. Imp. Dict.
II. m. 1. A foreigner; one born in or belong-
ing to another country who has not acquired
citizenship by naturalization; one who is not
a denizen, or entitled to the privileges of a citi-
Zell. In France a child born of residents who are not
citizens is an alien. In the United States, as in Great
Britain, children born and remaining within the country,
though born of alien parents, are, according to the better
opinion, natural-born citizens or subjects; and the children
of citizens or subjects, though born in other countries, are
generally deemed natural-born citizens or subjects, and if
they become resident are entitled to the privileges of resi-
dent citizens; but they also may, when of full age, make
declaration of alienage. See citizem.
When the Roman jurists applied their experience of
Roman citizens to dealings between citizens and aliens,
showing by the difference of their actions that they re-
garded the circumstances as essentially different, they laid
the foundations of that great structure which has guided
the Social progress of Europe.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 156.
[Rare.]
An alien to the hearts
Of all the court, and princes of my blood.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
Who can not have been altogether an alien from the re-
searches of your lordship. Landor.
Alien Act, (a) See alien and sedition laws, below. (b)
An English statute of 1836 (6 and 7 Wm. IV. c. 11) provid-
ing for the registration of aliens; and one of 1844 (7 and
8 Vict. c. 66) allowing aliens from friendly nations to hold
real and personal property for purposes of residence, and
residentaliens to become naturalized. (c) An English statute
of 1847 (10 and 11 Vict. c. 83) concerning naturalization.—
Alien and sedition laws, a series of laws adopted by the
United States government in 1798, during a controversy
with France in regard to which the country was violently
agitated. They included three alien acts, the second and
most famous of which (1 Stat. 570) conferred power on the
I’resident to order out of the country such aliens as he
might reasonably suspect of secret machinations against
the government or judge dangerous to its peace. It ex-
pired by limitation in two years. The sedition law was a
stringent act against seditious conspiracy and libel, chiefly
aimed at obstructive opposition to the proceedings of gov-
ernment and libelous or seditious publications in regard
to them. These laws had little effect besides that of Over-
throwing the Federal party, which was held responsible
2. A stranger.
for them,
alien (āl’yen), v. t. [K ME. alienen, algeneſſ, K
OF. aliener, mod. F. aliener = Pr. Sp. Pg.
alienar = It. alienare, K L. alienare, make alien,
estrange, K alienus, alien: see alien, a.] 1. To
transfer or convey to another; make over the
Fº of: as, to alien a title or property.
this sense also written aliene.
Alien the gleabe, intaile it to thy loines.
Marston, What You Will, ii. 1.
If the son alien lands, and then repurchase them again
in fee, the rules of descents are to be observed, as if he
were the original purchaser.
§. M. IIale, Hist. Common Law of Eng.
Had they, like him [Charles I.], for good and valuable
consideration, altened their hurtful prerogatives?
Macaulay, Conv. between Cowley and Milton.
2. To make averse or indifferent ; turn the af-
fections or inclinations of ; alienate; estrange.
The prince was totally aliened from all thoughts of, or
inclination to, the marriage. Clarendom.
Poetry had not been aliened from the people by the es-
tablishment of an Upper House of vocables alone entitled
to move in the stately ceremonials of Verse.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st Ser., p. 157.
alienability (äl"yen-a-bil’i-ti), n. IK alienable,
after F. alićnabilité.] The state or quality of
being alienable; the capacity of being alienated
or transferred.
The alienability of the domain. Burke, Works, III. 316.
alienable (äl’yen-a-bl.), a. [K alien, v., + -able,
after F. aliénable.] That may be alienated;
capable of being sold or transferred to another:
as, land is alienable according to the laws of the
state.
140
alienage (äl'yen-āj), n., [K alien + -age.],.1.
The state of being an alien; the legal standing
of an alien. &
Why restore estates forfeitable on account of aligº.
Ory.
I do hereby order and proclaim that no plea of alienage
will be received, or allowed to exempt from the obligation
imposed by the aforesaid Act of Congress any person of
foreign birth who shall have declared on oath his inten-
tion to become a citizen of the United States.
Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 870.
2. The state of being alienated or transferred
to another; alienation. [Rare.]
The provinces were treated in a far more harsh manner
than the Italian states, even in the latter period of their
aliemage. Browgham.
alienate (äl’yen-āt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. alien-
ated, ppr. alienating. [K L. alienatus, pp. of
alienare, make alien, estrange: see alien, v.]
1. To transfer or convey, as title, property, or
other right, to another: as, to alienate lands
or sovereignty.
He must have the consent of the electors when he would
alienate or mortgage anything belonging to the empire.
Goldsmith, Seven Years' War, iv.
Led blindfold thus
By love of what he thought his flesh and blood
To alienate his all in her behalf.
g Browning, Ring and Book, I. 117.
2. To repel or turn away in feeling; make in-
different or averse, where love or esteem be-
fore subsisted; estrange: with from before the
secondary object.
He [Pausanias] alienated, by his insolence, all who might
have served or protected him.
Macaulay, Mitford's Greece.
The recollection of his former life is a dream that only
the more alienates him from the realities of the present.
Is. Taylor.
iºn. 1. To deliver over, surrender, give up.–2. To dis-
&TICCU.
alienate (äl’yen-āt), a. and m.
pp. as above, in the pp. sense.]
of alienation; estranged.
0 alienate from God, O spirit accursed
Milton, P. L., v. 877.
wholly alienate from truth.
Swift, Misc.
K L. alienatus,
, a. In a state
The Whigs are . . .
II.4 m. A stranger; an alien.
Whosoever eateth the lamb without this house, he is an
alienate. Stapleton, Fortresse of the Faith, fol. 148.
alienated (äl’yen-ā-ted), p. a. Mentally astray;
Ademented.
alienation (āl-yen-ā'shgn), m. [KME. alyenacion,
-cyon, KOF. alienation, K. L. alienatio(n-), K alie-
mare, pp. alienatus, alien: see alien, v., and alien-
ate, v.] The act of alienating, or the state of
being alienated. (a) In law, a transfer of the title to
property by one person to another, by conveyance, as dis-
tinguished from inheritance. A devise of real property is
regarded as an alienation.
In some cases the consent of all the heirs, collateral as
well as descendant, had to be obtained before an aliena-
tion could be made.
D. W. Ross, German Land-holding, p. 74.
(b) The diversion of lands from ecclesiastical to secular
ownership.
The word aliemation has acquired since the Reformation
the almost distinctive meaning of the diversion of lands
from ecclesiastical or religious to secular ownership.
R. W. Diazon, Hist. Church of Eng., ii.
(c) A withdrawing or an estrangement, as of feeling or
the affections.
Alienation of heart from the king. Bacom.
We keep apart when we have quarrelled, express our-
selves in well-bred phrases, and in this way preserve a
dignified alienation. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 5.
She seemed, also, conscious of a cause, to me unknown,
for the gradual alienation of my regard.
Poe, Tales, I. 471.
d) Deprivation, or partial deprivation, of mental faculties;
erangement ; insanity.
If a person of acknowledged probity and of known pu-
rity of life were suddenly to do something grossly immoral,
and it were inmpossible to discover any motive for his
strange and aberrant deed, we should ascribe it to an
alienation of nature, and say that he must be mad.
Mawdsley, Body and Will, p. 10.
alienation-office (āl-yen-ā'shgn-of"is), m. An
office in London, at which persons resorting to
the judicial processes of fine and recovery for
the conveyance of lands were required to pre-
sent their writs, and submit to the payment of
fees called the prefine and the postfine,
alienator (äl’yen-ā-tor), n. [= F. aliénateur, K
ML. “alienator, K.L. alienare, pp. alienatus, alien-
ate: see alien, v.] 1. One who alienates or
transfers property.—2. A thief. [Humorous.]
To one like Elia, whose treasures are rather cased in
leather covers than closed in iron coffers, there is a class
of alienators more formidable than that which I have
touched upon; I mean your borrowers of books.
Lamb, Two Races of Men.
aliene (āl-yén’), v. t. Same as alien, 1.
alight
alienee (āl-yen-ā'), n. IK alien, v., + -eel..] One
to whom the title to property is transferred: as,
“if the alienee enters and keeps possession,”
JBlackstone.
aliener (āl’yen-èr), n. Same as alienor.
alien-house (äl’yen-hous), m, , Formerly, in
England, a priory or other religious house be-
longing to foreign ecclesiastics, or under their
control. Encyc. Brit., II. 459.
alienigenate (āl-yen-ij'e-nāt), a. [K L. alieni-
genus, foreign-born (K alienus, foreign, alien, +
-genus, -born), + -atel.] Alien-born. R. C. Win-
throp.
alienism (äl’yen-izm), m. [Kalien + -ism.] 1.
The state of being an alien.
The law was very gentle in the construction of the dis-
ability of aliemism. Chancellor Kent.
2. The study and treatment of mental dis-
€8,S6S.
alienist (äl’yen-ist), n. IK alien + -ist.] One
engaged in the scientific study or treatment of
mental diseases. .
He [John Locke] looked at insanity rather too superfl-
cially for a practical alienist.
JE. C. Mann, Psychol. Med., p. 114.
alienor (āl’yen-Qr), n. [Early mod. E. alienow!',
KAF. alienor, aliemour = OF. alieneur, KML.
*alienator: see alienator.] One who transfers
roperty to another. Also written aliener.
aliethmoid (al-i-eth’moid), m. and a. [KL. ala,
a wing, + E. ethmoid.]. I. m. The lateral part
or wing of the ethmoidal region of the orbito-
* cartilage in the skull of an embryonic .
bird.
The hinder region or aliethmoid is the true olfactory re-
gion. R. Parker.
II. a. Pertaining to the aliethmoid: as, the
aliethmoid region; an aliethmoid cartilage.
aliety (a-li’e-ti), n., [KML. alietas, K. L. alius,
other.] The state of being different; otherness.
alife? (a-lif'), adv. . [Appar. Ka8+ life, as if for
‘as one's life,” but perhaps orig. due to lief.]
Dearly.
A clean instep,
And that I love alife /
Fletcher, M. Thomas, ii. 2.
aliferous (a-life-rus), a. [K L. ala, wing, +
ferre =E. beari] Having wings.
aliform (al’i-fôrm), a. [KL. ala, wing, + -for-
mis, K forma, shape.] Having the shape of a
wing or wings: in amat., applied to the §§
goid processes and the muscles associated with
them. See pterygoid. [Rare.]
aligantt (al’i-gant), m. An old form of alicant.
aligerous (a-lij'e-rus), a. [KL. aliger, bearing
wings, Kala, wing, + gerere, bear.] Having
wings.
alightli (a-lit"), v. t. [KME. alighten, alyghten,
aligten, alygten, alihten, alyhten, (1) Āšāinia.
(OHG. artiuhtan, MHG. erliuhtem, G. erleuchten),
light, illuminate, K d-, E. a-1, + libtan, E. lightl,
o: (3) As onlinton, fight, iſſuminate,< on, E.
a 3, + lilitan, E. light, v.; (3) AS. gelihtan, ge-
ljhtan, light, give light to, illuminate, intr be-
CODO € fight, K ge-, E. a-6, + lihtan, E. lighti, (). :
see a-1, a-2, a-6, and light:1, v., and cf. alighteni,
enlighten, lightéml; see also alight!, p. a.] 1.
To light; light up; illuminate.—2. To set light
to ; light (a fire, lamp, etc.). |
Having . . . alighted his lamp.
Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote. (N. E. D.)
alightl (a-lit'), p. a., or prep. phr. as adv. or a.
#. alight, aligt, aliht (early mod. E. alighted),
AS. *ālāhted, pp. of dilihtan, E. alight:1, v., q.v.;
'but now regarded as parallel to afire, ablaze,
etc., K. aš + lightl, n.] Provided with light;
lighted up; illuminated.
The chapel was scarcely alight.
Thackeray, Four Georges (1862), p. 169. (N. E. D.)
Set
The lamps alight, and call
For golden music. Tennyson, Ancient Sage.
alight?! (a-lit"), v. t.. [K ME. alighten, aligten,
alihten, KAS. gelihtan (=OHG. gelihten), lighten,
mitigate, Kge-, E. a-6, + libtan, E. ight}, Q). . See
a-6, light?, v., and cf. alighten?, lighten2.] To
make light or less heavy; lighten; alleviate.
She wende to alyght her euylle and her synne.
Caa:ton, G. de la Tour. (N. E. D.)
alight:3 (a-lit"), v. i.; pret. and ºp. alighted (obs.
}. alight), ppr. alighting. [K ME. alighten,
alyghten, àgiºn, alygten, K(1) AS. ālihtan (oc-
curring but once, in a gloss: “Dissilio, Ic of
âlîhte,” lit. “I alight off”), K Č-, E. a-1, + lihtam,
E. light8; (2) AS. gelihtam, alight, dismount,
come down, Kge-, E. a-6, + libtan, E. light8: see
a-1, a-6, and light8, and cf. alightens and light-
en3.] 1. To get down or descend, as from
horseback or from a carriage; dismount.
alight
We pass'd along the coast by a very rocky and rugged
§ which forc'd us to alight many times before we came
to Havre de Grace. I'velyn, Diary, March 23, 1644.
2. To settle or lodge after descending: as, a bird
alights on a tree; snow alights on a roof.
Truly, spake Mohammed el Damiri, “Wisdom hath
alighted upon three things—the brain of the Franks, the
hands of the Chinese, and the tongues of the Arabs.”
- R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 833.
Whether insects alight on the leaves by mere chance, as
a resting-place, or are attracted by the odour of the Secre-
tion, I know not. Darwin, Insectiv. Plants, p. 17.
3. To fall § come (upon) accidentally,
or without design; light: as, to alight on a par-
ticular passage in a book, or on a particular
fact; to alight on a rare plant.
*śń. a-li’tn), v. t. T[Kalight! -H, -en 1. Cf.
lighteni, enlighten..] To make light; illuminate.
alighten2+ (à-li’tn), v. t. . [Kalight? F-enl. Cf.
lighten2.] o make light or less heavy; re-
duce the weight or burden of ; lighten.
alightenét (a-li’tn), v. i., [K alight8 + -en 1. Cf.
lightens.] To alight; dismount.
align, alignment, alignement. See aline”,
alinement.
aligreek (al-i-grék’), n. [Corruption of F. &
la grecque, or It. alla greca, in the Greek (fash-
ion).] "Same as d-la-grecque, [Rare."
alike (a-lik’), a... [KME. alike, alyke, and assib-
ilated alyche, aleche, with prefix a- repr., both
a-6 and a-2, the earlier forms being— (1) ilik
inke, glike,' gift, gifte, eii, and assibilated
ilich, iliche, jūch, gliche, yleche, earliest ME.
gelic, KAS. gelic = OS. gilik = OFries. gelik,
usually lik, = OD. ghelijck, D. gelijk = OHG.
gain, gin, gelin, gin, MHG. gélici, glidi, G.
gleich. = Icel. glikr, mod, likr = Sw. lik = Dan.
lig= Goth. galeiks, like, similar, alike, lit. ‘hav-
ing a corresponding body or form,” K ga- (=AS.
ge–), together, indicating collation or compari-
son, + leik = AS. lic, E. likel, lich (in comp.like-
wake = lich-wake, lich-gate, q. v.), body; (2)
alike, alyke (in adv. also olike, olyke), earlier
with prefix an—, accented, anlike, an!yke, and
assibilated amlich, onlich, KAS. amlic, onlic =
OD. aenlijck = OHG. *analih, anagilih, MHG.
anelīch, G. &hnlich. = Icel. dilīkr = Goth. *ana-
leiks (in adv. analeikö), like, similar, lit. “on-ly,”
having dependence on, relation to, similarity
to, K ana (AS. am, on, E. on) + -ieiks, AS. -lic,
E. -lyi, a suffix used here somewhat as in other
relational adjectives (Goth. Swaleiks, AS. Swilc,
Sc. sic, E. sugh, Goth. hwileiks, hweleiks, AS.
hwilc, Sc. whilk, E. which, etc.), being the noun,
Goth, leik, AS. lic, body, used as a relational
suffix. That is, E. alike represents ME. alike,
ilike, AS. gelic, with prefix ge- and accented
base lic, mixed with or having absorbed ME.
alike, olike, ambike, AS. ambic, with accented base
an, 0m, and suffix -lic. The adv. alike follows
the adj. The adj. like is not orig., but merely a
mod, abbrev. of alike, the latter form remaining
chiefly in the predicative use; there is no AS.
adj. *lic, as commonly cited. See a-6, a-2, and
like1, like?, like3.] Having resemblance or
similitude; similar; having or exhibiting no
marked or essential difference. Alike is now only
archaically used attributively, and is regularly predicated
of a plural subject. It was also formerly used in phrases
where the modern idiom requires like. See like1.
The darkness and the light are both alike to thee.
IPs. cxxxix. 12.
In birth, in acts, in arms alike the rest.
Fairfaa, tr. of Tasso.
His [Clifford's] associates were men to whom all creeds
and all constitutions were alike.
º Macawlay, Sir William Temple.
alike (a-lik’), adv. [K ME, alike, alyke, and as-
sibilated aliche, alyche, with prefix a-repr, both
a-6 and a-2, the earlier forms being— (1) ilike,
glike, ylyke, elike, elyke, assibilated iliche, ilyche,
yliche, ylyche, eliche, earliest 3elice, KAS. gelice
= OS. gilikö = OFries. like, lik = OD, ghelijck,
D. gelijk = OHG. gilicho, glicho, MEIG. geliche,
glūche, glich, G. gleich = Icel. glika, mod, lika =
Sw. lika = Dam. lige = Goth. gaieika, adv. ; (2)
alike, alyke, olike, olyke, earlier with prefix an-,
accented (*amlike not recorded as adv.), KAS.
amlice = G. &hnlich = Icel...ſilika = Goth. ana-
leikö, adv., the forms being like those of the adj.,
with the adverbial suffix, Goth, -ó, AS, -e, , The
adv. like is not orig., but merely a mod. abbrev.
of alike, adv. See alike, a.] In the same man-
ner, form, or degree; in common; equally; both.
The highest heaven of wisdom is alike near from every
point, and thou must find it, if at all, by methods native
to thyself alone. Emerson, Works and Days.
Inexperienced politicians. . . conceived that the theory
of the Tory Opposition and the practice of Walpole's
Government" were alike inconsistent with the principles
of liberty. - Macawlay, William Pitt.
t
. 82.
aim (ā’lém), n.
'ala/ma
Alima (al’i-mă), n.
aliment (al’i-ment), n.
aliment (al’i-ment), v. t.
alimental (al-i-mental), a.
alimentally (al-i-mental-i), adv.
alimentariness (al-i-men'ta-ri-nes), n.
alimentary (al-i-
141
alike-minded+ (a-lik’min/ded), a. Having the
same mind; like-minded. Bp. Hall, Remains,
[Ar. ‘ālim, ‘ālīm, learned, K
, know. Cf. alem, almah.] Among Mo-
hammedans, a learned man; a religious teacher,
such as an imām, a mufti, etc.
The calling of an Alim is no longer worth much in Egypt.
I?. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 93.
[NL., for Halima, K. Gr.
âAlſog, of the sea..] A spurious genus of crus-
taceans, representing a stage of stomatopodous
crustaceans, for which #. term is still in
TIS®.
In the Alima type of development [of Stomatopoda], it
seems that the young leaves }. egg in nearly the Alima.
form, and in the youngest stage known the six appendages, .
eight to thirteen, are absent, although three § the cor-
responding segments of the body are developed.
Stand. Wat. Hist., II. 66.
[K late ME. aliment, K
F. aliment, K L. alimentum, food, Kalere, nour-
ish, - Goth, alam, be nourished, aljan, nourish,
fatten, - Icel. aia beget, bear, nourish, sup-
port; cf. aliel, and alt, all, and old.] 1. That
which nourishes or sustains: food; nutriment;
*nance support, whether literal or figura-
IVé.
Those elevated meditations which are the proper ali-
7ment of noble souls. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 30.
2. In Scots law, the sum paid for support to
any one entitled to claim it, as the dole given
to a pauper by his parish.
The aliment was appointed to continue till the majority
Or marriage of the daughters. Iºrskine, Institutes.
[K ML. alimentare,
K L. alimentum : see aliment, n.] 1. To furnish
with means of sustenance; purvey to; support:
generally in a figurative sense: as, to aliment
a person’s vanity.
And that only to sustain and aliment the small frailty
of their humanity. Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, ii. 31.
2. In Scots law, to maintain or support, as a
person unable to support himself: used espe-
cially of the support of children by parents, or
of parents by children.
[Kaliment + -al.]
Of or pertaining to aliment; supplying food;
having the quality of nourishing; furnishing alimentic (al-i-men'tik), a.
alimentation (al’i-men-tā‘shon), n.
alimentative (al-i-men'ta-tiv), a.
alinasal
let (anus) distinct from the inlet (mouth), the alimentary
Čanal assumes more definitely the character of a special
gastric or digestive cavity, which may remain in Open Com-
munication with a general body-cavity, or become shut off
therefrom as an intestinal tube. The latter is its char-
acter in all the higher animals, in which, moreover, the
canal acquires various specializations, as into gullet, stom-
ach, intestine, etc., becomes variously complicated or Con-
voluted, has special ramifications and annexes, etc. In
those animals which develop an umbilical vesicle, or this
and an amnion and allantois, the cavity of the alimentary
canal is primitively continuous with that of the vesicle and
with the allantoic cavity.—Alimentary debt, in Scots
law, a debt incurred for necessaries or maintenance.—Ali-
mentary fund, in Scots law, a fund set apart by the direc-
tion of the giver for an aliment to the receiver. If the
amount of it is not unreasonable in view of the rank of
the receiver, it cannot be seized for the satisfaction of the
claims of creditors.-Alimen mucous membrane,
that mucous membrane which lines the alimentary canal,
serving, with its various follicles, annexed glands, and lac-
teals, £he purpose of digesting and absorbing aliment.
[KF. ali-
onentation, KML. alimentatio(n-), K alimentare,
pp. alimentatus, provide, aliment: see aliment,
v.] 1. The act or power of affording nutri-
ment.
The accumulation of force may be separated into ali-
amentation and ačration. H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 56.
2. The state or process of being nourished;
mode of, or condition in regard to, nourish-
ment.
Derangements of alimentation, including insufficient
food, and morbid states of the lymphatic and blood-glands.
Quaim, Med. Dict., p. 38.
3. The providing or supplying with the neces-
saries of life.
The alimentation of poor children . . .
increased by fresh endowments.
Merivale, Roman Empire, VIII. 193.
Ceasing by and by to have any knowledge of, or power
over, the concerns of the society as a whole, the serf-class
becomes devoted to the processes of alimentation, while
the noble class, ceasing to take any part in the processes
of alimentation, becomes devoted to the co-ordinated
movements of the entire body politic.
H. Spencer, Univ. Prog., pp. 405–6.
mentatus, pp. of alimentare (see aliment, v.), +
—ive.] Nourishing; relating to or connected with
the supply of nourishment: as, “the alimenta-
tive machinery of the physiological units,” Hua-
ley.
was extended or
[Kaliment + -ic.]
the materials for natural growth: as, chyle is Same as alimentary.
alimental; alimental sap.
In an ali-
mental manner; so as to serve for nourishment
or food.
quality of being alimentary, or of Supplying
nutriment.
men'ta-ri), a. [K
L. alimentarius,
K alimentum, ali-
ment: See ali-
ment.] 1. Per-
taining to ali-
ment or food ;
having the quali-
ty of mourishing:
as, alimentary par-
ticles.—2. Hav-
ing an apparatus
for alimentation,
and consequent-
ly able to feed.
FIuwley. [Rare.]
— 3. Concerned
with the function
of nutrition: as,
alimentary pro-
CeSS6S. — Alimen-
tary canal, in amat.
and zoöl., the diges-
tive sac, tract, or tube
of any animal; the
visceral or intestinal
cavity; the canal of
the enteron, in any.
condition of the lat-
ter, from the simplest
form of archenterOn
to the most complex
of its ultimate modi-
fications. In its sim- Alimentary Canal in Man.
wrºn $4 + * I, superior turbinated bone; 2, middle
plest form it is mel ely turbinated bone; 3, opening of the nasal
the cavity of a two-
layered germ, or gas-
trula, lined with hy-
poblastic cells — a
mere sac, the mouth
and anus being one.
With increasing com-
plexity of structure,
and especially by the
formation of an Out-
duct; 4, inferior turbinated bone; S, 5,
pharynx; 6, opening of Eustachian tube;
7, uvula ; 8, tongue; 9, tonsil ; ro, epiglot-
tis; II, esophagus; 12, cardiac portion
(left side) of stomach; 13, fundus of
stomach; I4, pylorus (right side of stom-
ach), resting on right lobe of liver, partly
shown in outline; 15, transverse colon;
16, duodenum; 17, ascending colon; rs,
ileum : 19, jejunum ; 20, caecum ; 21, sig-
moid flexure of colon; 22, beginning of
rectum ; 23, fundus of urinary bladder.
The alimentiveness (al-i-men'tiv-nes), m.
alimont, m.
* alimonious? (al-i-mö'ni-us), a.
alimony (al’i-mê-mi), m.
alinasal (al-i-nā’zal), a. and m.
There may be emaciation from loss of rest, derangement
of the alimentic processes, a quicker pulse than normal,
and a tongue coated in the centre.
E. C. Mamm, Psychol. Med., p. 79.
[K*ali-
'mentive + -ness.] 1. Propensity to seek or take
nourishment, to eat and drink: first and still
chiefly used by phrenologists.-2. The organ
of the brain that is said to communicate the
pleasure which arises from eating and drink-
ing, and which prompts the taking of nourish-
ment. Its supposed seat is in the region of the
zygomatic fossa. See phrenology.
[Prop. “halimon, K. L. halimon
(sometimes improp. written alimon, as if K. Gr.
ãAtpov, neut. of Čižtuoc, banishing hunger, K a-
riv.-H 7.46g, hunger: see def.), K. Gr. 621ſtov, also
ôAtluog, a shrubby plant growing on the shore,
perhaps saltwort, prop. neut. of ažtpog, of or be-
longing to the sea, marine, K Čižg, the sea." A
plant, perhaps 4 triplex Halimus (Linnaeus), sup-
posed to be the halimon of the ancients. It was
fabled to have the power of dispelling hunger.
[K L. alimonia,
food, nourishment : see alimony.] Affording
food; nourishing; nutritive: as, “alimonious
humours,” Harvey, Consumption.
[K L. alimonia, fem.,
also alimonium, neut., food, nourishment, suste-
nance, support, Kalere, nourish: see aliment, n.]
In law: (a) An allowance which a husband or
former husband may be forced to pay to his
wife or former wife, living legally separate from
him, for her maintenance. It is granted or with-
held in the discretion of the matrimonial court, with re-
gard to the merits of the case and the resources of the
parties respectively. Alimony pendente lite is that given
to the wife during the pendency of an action for divorce,
separation, or annulment of marriage; permanent alimony
is that given to a wife after judgment of divorce, separa-
tion, or annulment in her favor. (b) In Scots law,
aliment. Erskine.
[K L. gla,
wing, + masus, nose..] I. a. Pertaining or re-
lating to the parts forming the outer or lateral
boundaries of the nostrils. See alae masi, under
ala. Specifically, of or pertaining to a lateral cartilage
of the nasal region of the skull of an embryonic bird; sit-
uated in the lateral part of the nasal region of such a
Skull.—Alinasal process, a process surrounding each

alinasal
nasal aperture of the chondrocranium of the frog. Dwn-
ºman.-Alinasal turbinal, a cartilage of the alinasal re-
gion, connected With the alinasal or lateral cartilage.
The alimasal twrbinal of [the Yunx] . . . has two turns,
and that of Gecinus one. Encyc. Brit., III, 717.
II. m. A lateral cartilage of the nasal region
of the skull of an embryonic bird, in which is
situated the external nostril. W. K. Parker.
aline1+ (a-lin’), prep. phr. as adv. [Kaš, in, +
line?..] In a straight line.
Take thanne a rewle and draw a strike, euene alyme fro
the pyn unto the middel prikke.
Chaucer, Astrolabe, ii., § 38.
aline” (a-lin’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. alined,
ppr. aliming. [Also spelled allime, K. M.L. as if
*allineare, K L. ad, to, + lineare, reduce to a
straight line, M.L. draw a straight line, K linea,
a line. The reg. E. form is alime, but align,
after F. aligner, is common.] To adjust to a
line; lay out or regulate by a line; form in
#. as troops. Equivalent forms are align,
Olúlº.62.
142
4. Plantago-aquatica, is the principal species.
See water-plantain.
Alismaceae (al-iz-mâ’sé-é), m. pl. [NL., K Alis-
na + -aceae.]. A family of endogenous aquatic
or marsh herbs, mostly natives of the northern
temperate Zone. Apart from a few species of Alisma
and Sagittaria furnishing edible tubers, the family is of
little importance. “
alismaceous (al-iz-mâ'shius), a. In bot, relat-
ing or belonging to the Alismaceae.
There is a third Species of the new Alismaceous genus
Weisneria, hitherto known in India and Central Africa.
Jowr. of Botany, Brit, and For., 1883, p. 160.
alismad (a-liz’mad), n. IK Alisma + -adl..] In
bot., one of the Alismaceae.
alismal (a-liz’mal), a. Relating or pertaining
to the genus Alisma (which see).
alismoid (a-liz' moid), a. [K Alisma + -oid.]
In bot., resembling an alismad; like plants of
the genus Alisma.
alison, m. See alysson.
alisphenoid (al-i-Sfâ’ noid), a. and n, [K L.
alineate (a-lin’é-āt), v. t.3 pret. and pp. aline-Kala, wing, + sphenoid, q.v.j I. a. Of or per-
ated, ppr. alineating. [Also spelled allineate,
K ML. as if *allimeatus, pp. of *allineare : see
aline?..] Same as alime?.
The intended base line [must be] allimeated by placing
a telescope a little beyond one of its proposed extremities,
so as to command them both.
Sir J. Herschel, Pop. Lectures, p. 184.
alineation (a-lin-à-ā‘shgn), n. [Also spelled
allineation, K. M.L. as if *allineatio(n-), the draw-
ing of a line, K “allineare: see alineate.] The
act of bringing into line ; a method of deter-
mining the position of a remote and not easily
discernible object, by running an imaginary
line through more easily recognizable interme-
diate objects, as the passing of a straight line
through the pointers of the Great Bear to the
Apole-star.
§ement (a-lin’ment), m. [Kaline2 + -ment,
after F. alignement,<ML, alineamentum, “allinea-
mentum, K*allineare : see alime?..] 1. The act
of alining; the act of laying out or regulating
by a line; an adjusting to a line.—2. The state
of being so adjusted; the line of adjustment;
especially, in milit., the state of being in line:
as, the alinement of a battalion ; the alinement
of a camp.–3. In engin.: (a) The ground-plan
of a railway or other road, in distinction from
the gradients or profile. (b) The ground-plan
of a fort or field-work.
Also written allinement, alignment, alignement,
allignment.
aliner (a-liºnér), m. One who alines or adjusts
to a line. Evelyn.
aliped (al’i-ped), a. and n. IKL. alipes (-ped-),
wing-footed, swift, K ala, wing, + pes (ped-)
= E. foot : see pedal and foot.] I. a. 1. Wing-
footed; having the toes connected by a mem-
brane which serves as a wing, as the bats.—
2#. Swift of foot.
II. m. An animal whose toes are connected
by a membrane serving for a wing ; a chirop-
ter, as the bat.
aliquant (al’i-kwant), a. [KL. aliquantus, some,
somewhat, moderate, considerable, K alius,
other (see alien), + quantus, how great : see
quantity.] Contained in another, but not di-
viding it evenly : applied to a number which
does not divide another without a remainder:
thus, 5 is an aliquant part of 16, for 3 times 5
are 15, leaving a remainder 1.
aliquot (al’i-kwot), a. and n., [K L. aliquot,
some, several, a few, Kalius, other, -H quot, how
many: see quotient.] I. a. Forming an exact
divisor of something: applied to a part of a
number or quantity which will divide it with-
out a remainder: thus, 5 is an aliquot part of 15.
II. m. That which forms an exact divisor;
an aliquot part : as, 4 is an aligwot of 12.
alisandert (al-i-san"dēr), m. An old form of
alewanders.
aliseptal (al-i-septal), a. and n. [KL. ala, wing,
+ steptum, septum, septum.] I. a. Appellative
of a cartilage which forms a partition in the
lateral part of the nasal passage of the skull of
an embryonic bird; pertaining to or connected
with this cartilage.
Behind the alinasal comes the aliseptal region.
W. K. Parker.
II. m. The aliseptal cartilage.
alish (ā’lish), a. [Kale + -ish 1.] Like ale; hav-
ing some quality of ale: as, “the sweet alish
taste [of yeast],” Mortimer, Husbandry.
Alisma (a-liz’má), n. [NL., KGr. ÖAtopia, a water-
plant.j A small genus of aquatic plants, of the
family Alismaceæ, The common water-plantain,
taining to the greater wing of the sphenoid
bone.—Alisphenoid canal, an osseous canal through
which the external carotid artery runs for some distance
at the base of the skull of the dog and sundry other car-
nivorous quadrupeds.
II. m. One of the bones of the skull, forming
by fusion with other cranial bones, in adult life,
a great part of the compound sphenoid bone.
In man the alisphenoid is the greater wing of the sphe-
noid, minus the so-called internal pterygoid process. See
cuts under Crocodilia and skull.
[Kalisphe-
alisphenoidal (al’i-Sfâ-noi'dal), a.
moid + -al.] Same as alisphenoid.
alisson, n. See alysson.
alist (a-list’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K as
+ list, inclination.] Naut., listed, or canted
over to one side; inclined.
alitrunk (al’i-trungk), n. IKL. ala, wing, +
truncus, trunk.] The segment of the posterior
thorax of an insect to which the wings and two
posterior pairs of legs are attached.
-ality. º —al + -ity.] A compound suffix of
Latin origin, also in reduced form -alty, as in
'reality, realty, legality, loyalty, etc. See-al and
-ity, -ty.
aliunde (à-li-un’dé), adv. [L., from another
place, K alius, other, + winde, whence.] |From
another place.—Evidence aliunde, evidence from
another source, as from without a will, to explain some
iß h dv. [Earl
aIlve (a-Ily"), prep. pnr. as a, or aa'v. arly
mod. E. also alufe, .# lyve, on lyfe, K ME. alive,
alyfe, o live, earlier on live, on life, KAS. on life
in life: on, in; life, dat. case of lif, life: see 33
and life. Hence abbrev. live, a.] 1. In life;
living; in the state in which the organs of the
body perform their functions: opposed to dead:
as, the man is alive.
Nor well alive, nor wholly dead they were,
But some faint signs of feeble life appear.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., l. 151.
2. In a state of action; in force or operation;
unextinguished; undestroyed; unexpired: as,
keep the suit alive.
Sweet Liberty inspires
And keeps alive his fierce but noble fires.
Cowper, Table-Talk.
3. Full of alacrity; active; sprightly; lively:
as, the company were all alive.—4. Enlivened;
animated; strongly aroused.
This perpetual intercommunication .
ways alive with excitement.
O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 7.
The special quality of the song is that, however care-
lessly fashioned, it seems alive with the energy of music.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 101.
5. Attentive; open to impressions (from); sen-
sitive; susceptible: used with to ; as, he is suf-
ficiently alive to the beauties of nature, but yet
more alive to his own interests.
Awakening to the consciousness of evils which had long
existed, and which had escaped notice only because no
one was alive to them. Froude, Sketches, p. 142.
6. Filled as with living things; swarming;
thronged: as, the city was all alive when the
general entered.
. . keeps us al-
The thick roof
Of green and stirring branches is alive
Ānā musical with birds.
Bryant, Entrance to a Wood.
The coarser wheat that rolls in lakes of bloom,
Its coral stems and milk-white flowers alive
With the wide murmurs of the scattered hive.
O. W. Holmes, Ded. of Pittsfield Cemetery.
7. Of all living, by way of emphasis.
The Earl of Northumberland . . . was the proudest man
alive, Clarendom.
8. In printing. See live.
alkalify
alizari (al-i-zāºri), º, . [F.; Sp., etc.; also called
izari, agala; prob. KAr; al, the, --'agārah, juice.
pressed out, extract, K agara, press out, ex-
tract.] The gommercial name of madder in
the Levant. e º
alizaric (al-i-Zar'ik), a. In chem, of or pertain-
ing to alizari, or madder: as, aličaric acid.
àlizarin (al-i-zā‘rin), n. [K F. alizarine, Kali-
2ari; see aligari.l. A peculiar red coloring
matter (C14H8O4) formerly obtained from mad-
der, and extensively used as a dyestuff. It was
discovered in 1826by Robiquet and Colim, who obtained itby
.# madder-root with alcohol and treating this with
sulphuric acid, thus pºin}, a black mass which they
called charbon de garance. On heating, this yielded a
sublimate of alizarin in long, brilliant, red, needle-shaped.
crystals. It is now artificially prepared on a large scale
from anthracene (C14H10), a product of the distillation of
coal-tar. Itforms yº. crystals insoluble in water,
difficultly soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble in alkalis,
giving to the solution a purplish-red color and beautiful flu-
orescence. It has acid properties and unites with bases.—
Alizarin red. See red, m.
alkl (alk), n. [E. dial., - E. auk, KIcel. alka =
Sw. alka = Dan, alk, aikei A provincial Eng-
lish name for the razor-billed auk, Alca or Uta-
* torda. Montagu. See Alca, Alcidae, and
(ſºfº.
alk? (alk), n. [KAr. ‘ulk.] A resin obtained in
northern Africa from the terebinth-tree, Pista-
cia Terebinthus. The best in * is obtained from
the terebinth ; but in Arabia it is also derived from
Pistacia vera, from the juniper, from the cedar, and from
the cypress. In liquid form it is the Chio turpentine of
COUn}\\CI'C0.
alkahest (al'ka-hest), n. [F. alcahest; a word
of Arabic appearance, but not traceable to that
language; supposed to have been invented by
Paracelsus in imitation of other alchemical
terms.] The pretended universal solvent or
menstruum of the alchemists. Also spelled
alcahest.
alkahestic (al-ka-hes' tik), a. Pertaining to
the alkanest. Also spelled alcañestic.
alkahestical (al-ka-hes’ti-kal), a. Same as
alkahestic. Also spelled alcahéstical. -
alkalamide (al-kal'a-mid or -mid), n. IK alkali;
+ amide.] An amide which has resemblance
to an amine, containing both acid and alcohol
radicals. Also spelled alkalimide.
alkalescence (al-ka-les’ ens), n. [Kalkalescent.]
The process of becoming alkaline; alkales-
cency.
*...º. (al-ka-les’en-si), n. A tendency
to become alkaline; the quality of being slightly
alkaline; the state of a substance in which al-
kaline properties begin to be developed or to be
redominant. Ure.
alkalescent (al-ka-les’ ent), a. [K alkali + -es-
tººl Becoming or tending to become alka-
Ił0. -
alkali (al'ka-li or -li), n. ; pl. alkalis or alkalies
(-liz or -liz). [K ME. alkaly, alcaly, KOF. F. al-
cali = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. alcali = D. G. Sw. Dan, al-
kali, K. Ar. al-qaly, Kal, the, H Qally, the ashes
of saltwort and glasswort, which abound in
soda, hence º to the plant itself; K qalay,
roast in a pan, fry.] 1. ‘Originally, the soluble
part of the ashes of plants, especially of sea-
weed; soda-ash.-2. The plant saltwort, Sal-
sola kali. Also called kali.-3. Now, any one
of various substances which have the following
properties in common: solubility in water;
the power of neutralizing acids and forming
salts with them; the property of combining
with fats to form soaps; corrosive action on
animal and vegetable tissue; the property of
changing the tint of many vegetable coloring
matters, as of litmus reddened by an acid to
blue, or turmeric from yellow to brown. In its
Testricted and common sense the term is applied only to
the hydroxids of potassium, sodium, lithium, caesium, ru-
bidium, and ammonium. In a more general sense it is
applied to the hydroxids of metals of the alkaline earths,
barium, strontium, calcium, and magnesium, and to a large
number of organic substances, both natural and artificial,
described under alkaloid. Alkalis unite with saponifiable
oils to form soap.
Sometimes spelled alcali.
Fixed alkalis, potash, Soda, and lithia, in contradistinc-
tion to ammonia, which is called volatile alkali. See am-
7)007/20.
alkaliferous (al-kg-lif" e-rus), a. [Kalkali +
ferous.] Containing or producing alkalis; al-
kaline: as, alkaliferous clays.
alkalifiable (al'ka-li-fi"a-bl), a. [Kalkalify +
-able.] Capable of being alkalified or converted
# alkali. li-fi) d,
alkalify (alſka-li-fi), v.; pret. and pp. alkalifie
ppr. alkalifying. . [K aikai, i. ify.] Pł trams. To
form or convert into an alkali; alkalize.
II. intrans. To become an alkali.' '
alkaligen .
alkaligent (al'ka-li- - - -
= F, alcaligène.] The name first proposed for
nitrogen, as being a chief constituent of am-
monia or volatile alkali. N. E. D. -
alkaligenous (al-ka-lij'e-nus), a. [Kalkali +
-genous: see -genouš.] Producing or generating
alkali. -
âlkali-grass (al'ka-li-grás), n. A name given
to several species of grass growing in alkaline
localities in the western portions of the United
*States, especially to Distichlis Spicatº.
ălkalimeter (al-ka-lim’e-tér), n. IK alkali +
Gr. plátpov, measure.] An instrument used for
ascertaining the strength of alkalis, or the
quantity of alkali in caustic potash and Soda.
This is done by determining what quantity of dilute sul-
phuric acid of a known strength can be neutralized by a
iven weight of the alkali or of caustic potash or soda.
ometimes spelled alcalimeter.
There are several . . . forms of alkalimeter, but which-
ever of them is employed the process is the Bame.
- Ure, Dict., I. 74.
alkalimetric (al/kg-li-met'rik), a. . [Kalkali +
Gr, uetpakóg. Cf. alkalimeter.]." Relating to al-
kalimetry. Sometimes spelled alcalimetric.
alkalimetrical (al"ka-li-met/ri-kal), a. Same
as alkalimetrič.
It is advisable, where alkalimetrical assays have fre-
quently to be made, to keep a stock of test acid.
Ure, Dict., L. 75.
alkalimetrically (al/ka-li-met’ri-kal-i), adv.
As in alkalimetry; by méans of an alkalimeter.
Sometimes spelled alcalimetrically.
The lime in this process is estimated alkalimetrically by
means of an acid. Ure, Dict., III. 927.
alkalimetry (al-ka-lime-tri), n., [As alkalimeter
+-y.] The process of determining the strength
of an alkaline e or liquid. This may be
done by volumetric analysis, that is, by estimating the
amount of a standard acid solution which the alkaline
mixture will saturate; or by gravimetric analysis, that is,
by decomposing the substance and finding the weight of
the alkali contained in it. Sometimes spelled alcalimetry.
The principle on which alkalimetry is based consists in
determining the amount of acid which a known weight of
alkali can saturate or neutralise. Ure, Dict., I. 74.
alkalimide, n. See alkalamide.
alkaline (al-ka-lin or-lin), a. [Kalkali + -inel;
*= F. alcalin.]." Pertaining to alkali; having the
pro erties of an alkali-Alkaline development,
in photog., the development of an exposed plate by a batli
compounded with an alkali, such as ammonia. See devel-
opment.—Alkaline earths, lime, magnesia, baryta, and
strontia. See alkali.
alkalinity (al-ka-lin’i-ti), n. [Kalkaline + -ity.]
The state of being alkaline; the quality which
constitutes an alkali.
alkalinize (alſka-lin-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. al-
kalinized, ppr. alkalinizing. #3.alkaline + -ize.]
To render alkaline. N. E. D.
alkalious (al-kā’ li-us), a. [Kalkali + -ows.]
Having the properties of an alkali. Formerly
spelled alcalious. [IRare.]
alkalisable, alkalisate, etc. See alkalizable,
etc.
alkali-stiff (al’ ka-li-stif), n. A stiffening
matter much used in the manufacture of infe-
rior hats. It is made of 9 pounds of shellac, dissolved
with 18 ounces of sal soda in 3 gallons of water. J. Thom-
80m, Hats and Felting.
alkalizable (alſka-li-za-bl), a. [K alkalize +
-able.] Capable of being alkalized. Sometimes
spelled alcalizable, alkalisable.
sº (al'ka-li-Zāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. al-
kalizated, ppr. alkalizating. [Kalkalize + -ate2.]
To make alkaline. See alkalize. Also spelled
alcalizate, alkalisate.
alkalization (al"ka-li-ză'shon), n. [K alkali-
2ate.] The act or process of rendering alkaline
by impregnating with an alkali. Also spelled
alcalization, alkalisation.
alkalize (al'ka-liz), v. t. ; pret, and pp. alka-
lized, ppr. alkalizing. [K alkali + -ize.] To
change into an alkali; communicate the prop-
erties of an alkali to; alkalify. Also spelled.
*alkalisg:
alkaloid (al'ka-loid), m. and a. [K alkali +
-oid.]. I. m. A body resembling an alkali in
properties; one of a class of nitrogenous com-
pounds which occur in plants in combination
with organic acids, and are sometimes called
the organic bases of plants, as morphine, nico-
tine, quinine, etc. They are intensely bitter, turn
reddened litmus blue, are slightly soluble in Water but
readily soluble in alcohol, and have active medicinal or
poisonous properties, Compounds having the general re:
actions and properties of alkaloids (ptonlaims) are found
in decaying animal matters, being products of the decom-
position of the tissues.
II. a. Relating to or containing alkali.
§ n. Kalkali + gen;
143
alkaloidal (al-kg-loºds), a [Kalkaloid+-al.]
Pertaining to the alkaloids; having the nature
of an alkaloid.
alkanet (alſka-met), n. [KME. alkanet, KSp. al-
caneta (early mod. E. also orcanet, orkanet, or-
chanet, KOF. orcanette, orchanette, mod. F. or-
Caméte, K Sp. orcaneta, var. of alcaneta), dim, of
alcana, alcaña, henna: see alcanna and henna.]
1. The root of a boraginaceous herb, Alkanna
(Anchusa) tinctoria, yielding a reddye, for which
the plant is cultivated in central and southern
Burope. It is used in dyeing, staining wood, coloring
adulterated wines, and in pharmacy to give a red color to
Salves, etc. It produces brilliant violet and gray colors
with alum and iron mordants on linen, cotton, and silk,
but not on wool.
2. The plant which yields the dye, Alkanna
tinctoria. Also called orcanet and Spanish bu-
gloS8.-3. A name of similar plants of other
general. The common alkanet of England is Anchuga
officinalis ; the evergreen alkanet, A. &empervirens; the
bastard alkanet, Lithospermum arvenge, and in America
L. came&cens.
Alkanna (al-kan (3), n. [See alkanet.]. A bo-
raginaceous genus of perennial herbs, of about
40 species, natives of the Mediterranean region.
It is distinguished from Anchusa (in which genus it was
formerly included) mainly by the absence of appendages
from the throat of the corolla. The principal species is
A. tinctoria. See alkanet.
alkarsin, alkarsine (al-kār'sin), n. [K alc(o-
hol) + ars(enic) + -in”: so called because it was
at first considered to be an alcoholin which oxy-
en was replaced by arsenic..] A heavy, brown,
#:ing, and extremely poisonous liquid con-
taining cacodyl and its oxidation products:
formerly known as Cadet's fuming liquid. It is
characterized by an insufferable smell and by spontaneous
ignition on exposure to the air... It has been proposed to
use it in warfare to charge shells, whose explosion would
set a ship on fire and destroy the crew by the poisonous
Vapor. Also spelled alcarsim.
alkekengi (al-ke-ken’ji), n. [Early mod. E.
also allcagengi, etc., K ME. alkekengy; = F. al-
kékenge = It. alcachengi = Sp. alquequenje = Pg.
alquequenge, KML. alkekengi, KAr. al-kåkanj, al-
kākenj, Kal, the, + Pers. kākanj, a kind of resin
from a tree growing in the mountains of Herat
in Afghanistan.] The winter-cherry, a solana-
ceous plant, Physalis Alkekengi. The scarlet fruit,
inclosed in a large red calyx, makes the plant very orna-
mental at the beginning of winter; it is also edible, and
has a slightly acid taste.
alkenna (al-ken’ā), n. [See alcanna and henna.]
Same as henna.
alkermes (al-kèr’méz), n. [KF. alkermes, now
alkermès, KAr. al-qirmiz: see kermes.] 1. The
name of a once celebrated compound cordial,
to which a fine red color was given by kermes.
Its ingredients are said to have been cider, rose-water,
sugar, and various fragrant flavoring substances.
i. Same i.kermes. S Il-2
-gum (alkſgum), n., Same as alk”.--Alk-gum
*:::: the §. *aš Europe and wº
Pistacia Terebinthus.
alkoholt, alkoholici, etc. Obsolete forms of
alcohol, etc. .
alkool, n. [Repr. Ar. al-koh’l: see alcohol.] A
preparation of antimony used by the women
of Eastern nations to darken the eyelids and
eyelashes. Brande.
Aiºn (al’kö-ran or al-kó-ran'), n.
JKoram.
Alkoramic Alkoranish, etc. See Alcoranic,
€15C.
alkoxid, alkoxide (al-kok'sid, -sid or -sid), n.
[K alc(ohol) + oacid.]. A compound in which
alcohol unites with a metallic base. The base
replaces hydrogen in the alcohol hydroxyl : as CH3ONa,
; alkoxid, formed by treating sodium with methyl
8.1CO º
alkyl (alſkil), n. [K alk(ali) + -yl.] A generic
name applied to any alcohol radical, such as
methyl (CH3), ethyl (C2H5), propyl (C3H7), etc.
alkylogen (al-kil’ô-jen), m. monohalogen
compound of an alkyl.
all (āl), a. and n. IK ME. all, al, pl. alle, KAS. all,
al, with breaking eall, eal, pl. ealle, = ÖNorth. al,
alle, =OS. al, alle or alla, - OFries, al, alle, = D.
al, alle, – OHG. M.H.G. al, alle, G. all, alle, = Icel.
allr, allir, = Sw. all, alla, - Dan. al, alle, =
Goth. alls, allai, all; as a prefix, ME. all-,
AS. eall-, eal-, al- = OS. al-, etc., usually with
single l, merging with a simpler Teut. form al-,
found only in comp. and deriv. (AS. al-, al- =
OS. OHG. al-, ala-, alo- = Goth, ala-, as in AS.
almihtig, almihtig. = OS. almahtig, alamahtig,
alomahtig = OHG. almahtig, alamahtig, al-
mighty; OHG. alaniuwi, all new; Goth. ala-
mans, all men (see Alemannic); OS. alumg=
OFries. along = OHG. alanc, entire, complete,
etc.), perhaps K V “al in AS. alan (pret. Ól),
Same as
aliel, q. v.), nourish, -
all -
nourish, grow, produce, - Icel. ala (> E. dial.
Goth. alan, grow, be
nourished, = L. alere, nourish (see aliment), of
which all, Goth, alls, stem *alla-, an assimila-
tion of *alna-, would be an ancient pp. adj. form
in -n (cf. a like assimilation in fulll), to be com-
pared with AS. ald, eald, E. old, OHG. alt=Goth.
*alths, altheis, old, = L. altus, dº high, an an-
cient pp. adj. form in -t (-d2, -ed?): see old and
alt. Cf. Ir. ule, uile = Gael. uile=W. oll, whole,
all, every. The several uses of all, as adj.,
pron., noun, and adv., overlap, and cannot
be entirely separated. See alderó, orig. gen.
pl. of all.] I. a. 1. The whole quantity of,
with reference to substance, extent, duration,
amount, or degree: with a noun in the singular,
chiefly such nouns (proper names, names of
substances, abstract nouns—any whole or any
part regarded in itself as a whole) as from their
meaning or particular use do not in such use
admit of a plural: as, all Europe; all Homer;
all flesh; all control; all history.
GTatiano speaks an infinite deal of nothing, more than
any man in all Venice. Shak., M. of V., i. 1.
All hell shall stir for this. Shak., Hen. V., v. 1.
No one will contend that all legislative power belongs
to Congress, all executive power to the President, or all
judicial power to the courts of the United States.
D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 17, 1834.
2. The whole number of, with reference to
individuals or particulars, taken collectively:
with a noun in the plural: as, all men; all na-
tions; all metals; all hopes; all sciences; all
days. [All in logic is the sign of a distributed term in
an affirmative proposition: as, all men are mortal. This
use of all, in place of every, is a result of Boëthius's use of
omnis as a translation of the tras of Aristotle.]
All sins are in all men, but do not appear in each man.
He that hath one sin, hath all.
Bushnell, Nat. and the Supernat., p. 388.
3. Every: chiefly with kind, sort, manner, and
formerly with thing.
I31essed are ye, when men shall revile you and . . . shall
Say all manner of evil against you, falsely. Mat. v. 11.
4. Any; any whatever: after a preposition or
verb implying negation or exclusion: as, be-
yond all controversy; out of all question; he
was free from all thought of danger.
Yes, without all doubt. Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 1.
5+. Only; alone. [Rare.]
He was my son ;
But I do wash his name out of my blood,
And thou art all my child.
Shak., All's Well, iii. 2.
When joined to nouns accompanied by a definitive (the
definite article, a possessive or demonstrative pronoun,
etc.), all precedes the latter whether with a singular or
plural noun, or else follows the noun if it is plural; as, all
my labor; all his goods; all this time ; all these things;
all the men agreed to this, or, the men all agreed to this.
In the phrases all day, all night, all summer, all winter,
all the year, all the time, etc., the noun is an adverbial
accusative. In the first four the article is usually omitted.
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
Sir, I will drink success to my friend, with all my heart.
heridan, Duenna, ii. 3.
The clergyman walks from house to house all day all
the year to give people the comfort of good talk.
Emerson, Clubs.
When joined to a personal or relative pronoun in the
plural, all may precede, but now usually follows, the pro-
Il Ollil. -
All we like sheep have gone astray. Isa. liii. 6.
And we all do fade as a leaf. Isa. lxiv. 6.
Be ye all of one mind. 1 Pet. iii, S.
That they all may be one. John xvii. 21.
The alternative construction is all of w8, all of them, etc.
(see II., 2); or the two constructions may stand together.
We all of us complain of the shortness of time.
Addison, Spectator, No. 93.
The adjective all, with a singular or plural moun, is often
separated from its subject, especially by the verb be (ex-
pressed, or in the present participle often omitted), and,
being thus apparently a part of the predicate, assumes a
transitional position, and may equally well be regarded as
an adverb, meaning altogether, wholly: as, the house was
all dark; he was all ears; the poor horse was all skin and
bones; the papers were all in confusion; it was all a mis-
take ; it is all gone.
He is all for fasting. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 245.
She follow'd my poor father's body,
Like Niobe, all tears. Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
He has also rebuilt ye parsonage house, all of stone, very
neate and ample. Fvelyn, Diary, Sept. 9, 1677.
All Fools’ day. See fool1.—All hands, the whole com-
pany; mawt., the Whole crew.—All my eye. See eyel.— .
All Saints' day. See Saint.—All Souls’ day. See soul.
—For all the WOrld. See world.
II. a. as pron. [Absolute use of the adj.]
1. The whole quantity or amount; the whole;
the aggregate; the total: in a singular sense.
And Laban . . . said, . . . All that thou seest is mine.
Gen. xxxi. 43.

all
Doth all that haunts the waste and wild
Mourn, knowing it will go along with me?
Tennyson, Passing of Arthur.
2. The whole number; every individual or par-
ticular, taken collectively; especially, all men
or all people: in a plural sense.
That whelpes are blinde nine dayes, and then begin to
See, is the common opinion of all ; and some will be apt
to descend to oathes upon it. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
And, poured round all,
Old Ocean's gray and melancholy waste.
Bryant, Thanatopsis.
All, in either of the preceding uses, is often followed by
a limiting phrase with of.
'Tis not the whole of life to live,
Nor all of death to die. Montgomery, Hymn.
For all of wonderful and wild
IIad rapture for the lonely child.
Scott, L. of the L. M., vi. 21.
Then I and you and all of us fell down.
Shak., J. C., iii. 2.
3. Everything: as, is that all ? that is all.
What though the field be lost?
All is not lost. Milton, P. L., i. 105.
Above all. See above.—After all, after everything has
been considered ; in spite of everything to the contrary;
nevertheless.
Upon my soul, the women are the best judges after all.
Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1.
ar, collectively and individually; one and
All and -
all; all without exception : a common legal phrase.—Ali
and some. [KME. alle and 80me, prop. pl., equiv. to L.
wniversi et singuli, but also used in sing. form al and Swm.
as adv., altogether: see some.] (a) All and sundry; one
and all. [Obsolete or archaic.]
We are betrayd and ymome [taken],
Horse and harness, lords, all and some.
Rich. C. de L., l. 2283.
Stop your noses, readers, all and some.
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., ii.
(bt). Altogether; wholly.
The tale ys wrytyn al and swim.
In a boke of Vitas Patrum.
Rob. of Brumme, Handlyng Synne, l. 169.
All but, everything but ; everything short of ; almost;
very nearly : as, she is all but nine years of age.
Hold her a wealthy bride within thine arms,
Or all but hold, and then — cast her aside.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
All in all (as noun, all-in-all), all things in all respects;
all or everything together; adverbially, altogether.
That God may be all in all. 1 Cor. xv. 28.
In London she buyes her head, her face, her fashion. O
London, thou art her Paradise, her heaven, her all-im-all.
Tuke, On Painting (1616), p. 60. (Halliwell.)
Take him for all in all,
I shall not look upon his like again.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
Acres. Dress does make a difference, David.
Dav. 'Tis all in all, I think. º
Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 4.
Her good Philip was her all-in-all.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
And all, and everything; and everything else: used in
summing up after an enumeration of particulars.
The first blast of wind laid it [the tree] flat upon the
ground, nest, eagles, and all. I, Estrange.
Woo'd and married am' a'. Burms.
And all that, and all the rest of it : used like the pre-
ceding, but generally in a slighting or contemptuous way:
as, he believes in slate-writing, materialization, and all
that.
Snuff, or the fan, supply each pause of chat,
With singing, laughing, ogling, and all that.
Pope, R. of the L., iii. 17.
At all. [K ME. at alle.] (a+) In every way; altogether;
wholly.
She is a shrewe at al. Chaucer, Prol. to Merchant's Tale.
b) In any degree; in any degree whatever; in the least
egree; for any reason ; on any consideration: as, I was
surprised at his coming at all.
Thirdly, the starres have not onely varied their longi-
tudes, whereby their ascents are altered ; but have also
changed their declinations, whereby their rising at all,
that is, their appearing, hath varied,
& Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
(c) In any way; to any extent; of any kind or character:
in negative, interrogative, or conditional clauses (compare
I., 4); as, he was not at all disturbed ; did you hear any-
thing at all? if you hear anything at all, let me know; no
offense at all.
An if this be at all. Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
Before all, before everything; before everything else; be-
yond all.— Beyond all, beyond everything; beyond every-
thing else; above all.—For all. (a) I'or all purposes, oc-
casions, or times: especially in the phrases once for all and
for good and all. [Colloq.]
Learn now, for all,
. . . I care not for you. Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 3.
(b) Notwithstanding; in spite of (the thing or fact men-
tioned): followed by an object noun or pronoun or an Ob-
ject clause with that, which is often omitted : as, for all
that, the fact remains the same ; you may do so for all
(that) I care, or for all me. See for. "
Go, sirrah ; for all you are my man, go wait upon my
cousin Shallow. Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1.
As Noah's pigeon, which return’d no more,
Did show, she footing found, for all the flood.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal. of Soul, xxxii.
A man's a man for a that. Burns, For A'That.
1:44
In all. (a) In the whole number; all included: as, there
were in all at least a hundred persons present,
In this tyme had Steuen regned auht 3ere in alle.
Rob. of Brunne, Langtoft's Chron. (ed. Hearne), p. 122.
% In whole: as, in part or in all.—Over allt, everywhere.
Chaucer. [Now only in its literal, meaning.]—Two (or
twos) all, three all, etc., in certain games, means that
all (or merely both) the players or sides have two, three,
etc., points.--When all comes to all, when everything
is explained; at bottom.—With allt. See withal.
III. m. [Preceded by an article or a pronoun,
rarely with an intervening adjective..] 1.
whole; an entirety; a totality of things or qual-
ities. The All is used for the universe.
And will she yet abase her eyes on me, . . .
On me, whose all not equals Edward's moiety?
, Shak., Rich. III., i. 2.
2. One's whole interest, concern, or property:
usually with a possessive pronoun: as, she has
given her all. [Formerly and still dialectically
with pl. alls.]
Though a very industrious tradesman, I was twice burnt
out, and lost my little all both times.
Sheridan, The Critic, i. 2.
Old Boreas — we are glad of that—was required to pack
up “his alls” and be off. De Quincey, Herodotus, ii.
º all in composition, see the adverb, at end.]
all (āl), adv. [K ME. al, rarely alle, KAS. eall,
eal (=OS. al., etc.), prop. neut. acc. (cf. AS.
calles-6S. ailes-Goth. allis, adv., prop. gen.
neut.) of eall, eal, all: see all, a. The adverbial
uses of all overlap the adjectival uses: see es-
pecially under all, a., I., at end.] 1. Yºlº
entirely; completely; altogether; quite.
this use common with adverbs of degree, espe-
cially too: as, he arrived all too late.
And tell us what occasion of import
Hath all so long detain'd you from your wife.
Shak., T. of the S., iii. 2.
He held them sixpence all too dear.
Shak., quoted in Othello, ii. 3.
Alone, alone, all, all alone,
Alone on a wide, wide sea.
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner.
O, yet methought I saw the Holy Grail,
All pall'd in crimson samite.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
[From the frequent Middle English use of all in this sense
before verbs with the prefix to- (see to-2, to-break, to-cwt,
to-tear, etc.), that prefix, when no longer felt as such, C9. In 62
to be attached to the adverb, all to or alto being regarded
as an adverbial phrase or word, and sometimes improperly
used, in later English, with verbs having originally no
claim to the prefix.
The sowdan and the cristen euerichome,
Ben al to-hewe and stiked at the bord.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, l. 332.
And a certain woman cast a piece of a millstone upon
Abimelech's head, and all to-brake [printed all to brake]
his scull. Judges ik. 53.
They . . . were alle to-cutte with the stones.
Caacton, Golden Legend, p. 236.
She plumes her feathers, and lets grow her wings,
That in the various bustle of resort,
Were all to-ruffled [sometimes printed altoruffled], and
sometimes impair'd. Milton, Comus, l. 380.]
2. Even; just: at first emphatic or intensive.
(a) With prepositional phrases of place or time, in later
use, particularly in ballad poetry, little more than merely
expletive or pleomastic: as, all in the month of May; all
in the morning tide.
When all aloud the wind doth blow.
Shak., L. L. L., v. 2 (Song).
A damsel lay deploring,
All on a rock reclined.
One might my pathway swerving east, I saw
The pelican on the casque of our Sir Bors
All in the middle of the rising moon.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
(b) With conjunctions if and though, in conditional and
concessive clauses: If all, though all, or reversely, all if,
all though, even if, even though. These forms are obso-
lète, except the last, which is now written as one word,
although (which see).
I am nought wode, alle if I lewed be.
Chawcer, Troilus, iii. 398.
3 if alle it be so that men seyn, that this crowne is of
thornes. Mandeville (ed. Halliwell), p. 13.
Thof alle that he werred in wo & in strife,
The foure & tuenty houres he spended in holy life.
Rob. of Brwmme, Langtoft's Chron. (ed. Hearne), p. 23.
Alle thoughe it be clept a see, it is no see.
Mandeville (ed. Halliwell), p. 266.
[When the verb in such clauses, according to a common
subjunctive construction, was placed before the subject,
the conjunction if or though might be omitted, leaving all
as an apparent conjunction, in the sense of even if, al-
though ; especially in the formula al be, as al be it, al be
it that, al be that (now albe, albeit, which see).
Al be her herte wel migh to-broke
No word of pride ne grame she spoke.
Lay le Freine, 1.347, in Weber's Metr. Rom., I.
Al were it that my auncetres were rude
Yit may the highe God . . .
Graunte me grace to lyve vertuously.
haucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, l. 816.
Gay.
alla (äl’lā).
alla breve (àl’lā, brā’ve).
alla cappella.
alla cappella,
His sacrifice he dede . . . with alle circumstances
A! telle I nat as now his observanoes. -
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1406.
But living art may not least part expresse, . . .
All were it Zeuxis or Praxiteles,
His daedale hand would faile and greatly faynt. -
Spenser, F. Q., iii., Prol.]
(c) With conjunction as: All as. (1) Just when; when; as.
All as his straying flocke he fedde.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., Prol.
He their courtesy to requite,
Gave them a chain of twelve marks weight,
All as he lighted down. Scott, Marmion, i. 11.
(2) As if.
The kene cold blowes through my beaten hyde,
All as I were through the body gryde.
* Spenger, Shep. Cal., Feb.
3+. Only; exclusively.
I shall never marry like my sisters,
To love my father all. Shak., Lear, i. 1.
All along. º Throughout; continuously; uninterrupt-
; from the beginning onward; as, I knew that all
Ong.
Ishmael . . weeping all along as he
went. Jer, xli., 6.
(b) From end to end; in bookbinding, (sewed) in such a
manner that the thread passes from end to end of each
Section. (c) At full length.
I found a woman of a matchless form
Stretch'd all along upon the marble floor.
Twke, Five Hours, ii.
And there in gloom cast himself all along.
Tennyson, Balin and Balan.
All alo
of . See along?—All in the wind (naut.), too
close to the wind : said of a vessel so brought up into the
wind that the sails shake.—All of a sudden, suddenly;
quite unexpectedly.
Matters have taken so clever a turn all of a sudden, that
I could find it in my heart to be so good-humoured
heridam, The Rivals, iv. 2.
All one, the same thing in effect; quite the same.
Yet I have the wit to think my master is a kind of a
knave : but that's all ome, if he be but one knave.
Shak., T. G. of W., iii. 1-
All outt [ME. al owte, alout], entirely; completely; quite.
Then come these wikkyde Jewes . . . and brake theyre
thees, and slewe them alle owte.
MS. Lincoln (A), i. 17, folio 184. (Halliwell.)
Whanne he hadde don his wille al oute.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 2101.
Used especially with drink (see carouse).
I quaught, I drinke all out. Palsgrave.
Allus [F.], all owt; or a carouse fully drunk up. Cotgrave.
All over. (a) In every part; everywhere; over the whole
body. Chaucer. (b) Thoroughly; entirely: as, “Dombey
and Son” is Dickens all over. [Colloq.] (c) Indisposed; gen-
erally ill; having an all-overish feeling. [Colloq.] (a) All
past; entirely ceased: as, that is all over.—All over with,
done with ; finished: as, it is all over with their friendship;
colloquially, the trouble is all over with.
Ay, a final sentence, indeed!—'tis all over with you,
faith ! * Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 3.
Allright, an idiomatic colloquial phrase, either adjectival
. went forth, . . .
or adverbial, expressive of satisfaction with, approval of,
or assent to anything, and equivalent to quite correct or
correctly, satisfactory or satisfactorily, in a satisfactory
condition or manmer, etc.: as, your conduct or your dress
is all right; he has done it ai. right; “Are you ready? All
right; go ahead.”—All the [the, adv. : see the2], to all that
extent; so much : as, all the better; all the fitter; all the
sooner. See the2.—All there, up to the mark; wide
awake ; in strict fashion ; first-rate. [Slang.]—All up
With, at an end; all over with: as, when the pistol was
raised he knew that it was all wp with him. [Colloq.]
[All, in composition, sometimes forms a true compound,
as in almighty, already, always, algates, but usually stands,
with or sometimes without a hyphen, in loose combination,
retaining a syntactic relation, either (1) as adjective, as in
All-hallows, All-saints, allspice; (2) as noun, either (a) in
genitive plural, as in all-father, or (b) in accusative as direct
object, as in all-giver, all-seer, all-heal, particularly with
present participles having all as object º originally
in many cases all was adverbial), as in all-healing, all-
Seeing, all-pervading, etc.; or (3) as adverb, §§ with
a noum (in the transitional construction mentioned under
all, a., I., at end), as in all-bome, all-mouth, all-rail, all-
'wool, or (b) with almost any adjective that admits of rhe-
torical sweep, as in all-perfect, all-powerful, all-wise, all-
glorious, all-important.]
[It., dat. of fem. def. art. la; = F.
à la, K.L. ad illam, lit. to that: used for alla ma-
niera (di), in the manner (of): see à la | In mu-
sic, after the (manner of); in the (style of): as,
alla francese, in the French style or manner.
[It. : see alla and
brevé.] In music, an expression denoting a
rhythm with but two beats to the measure as
distinct from the commoner four beats, usually
quicker than the latter. In old music such passages
were written with a breve, two semibreves, or four minims
- |
fºr 2-3 º'" T
w E. fº zºº I
[INT
to the measure ; f {#= t 5-TI
. . H
but now they are usually written with two minims or four
crotchets.
allabuta (al-a-bü’tā), n. [Also alabuta: origin
uncertain.] "The hard, black seed of the Che-
mopodium album, used in stamping shagreen. .
See a cappella,
allagite
- *Hºº (al' A-jit), n., [K Gr, 4%ayh, change
Kö.
ocea, change, lit. make other than it 1S,
&AWog, other: see allo-, and cf. enallage), +
-ite?..] A massive mineral, of a brown or green
color, a carbonated silicate of manganese, found
in the Harz mountains, near Elbingerode, Ger-
many. It is an altered rhodonite. .
allagostemonous (al/a-gó-sté'mô-nus), a. [K
Gr. &AWayń, change (see above), + othplov, a
thread, taken in sense of otiua, a stamen.]
bot., with stamens inserted alternately on the
torus and on the petals. A. Gray.
Allah (al’ā), n. TIF. D. G. Dan, etc., Allah,
Russ. Allākhū, etc., repr. Ar. (XTurk. Pers.
Hind.) Allâh, contr. of al-ilāh, lit. the God, Kal,
the, + ilâh, God, = Aramaic elāh = Heb. elóah:
see Elohim.] The Arabic name of the Supreme
Being, which, through the Koran, has found its
way into the languages of all nations who have
embraced the Mohammedan faith.
Allamanda (al-a-man"dā), n. [Named after
Jean N. S. Allamand, a Świss scientist.] A
genus of woody climbers, of the family Apocy-
nacea, natives of tropical America. The flowers
are large and handsome, and several Species are cultivated
in greenhouses.
all-amort (äl-a-mört'), a. See alamort.
allamotti, allāmoth (al-a-mot'i, al’a-moth), n.
E. dial.; also alamonti, allamonti; an Orkney
name.] A provincial English name for the pe-
trel, Procellaria pelagica. Montagu,
allanlf, n. Same as glam.
allan2+, allent, m. [War. of aulin, q. v.]
provincial name for a species of jaeger, Sterco-
Yarius parasiticus. Montagu.
allanite (al’an-it), n. [Named after Thomas
Allan, of Edinburgh, the discoverer.] Asilicate
of cerium and allied metals with aluminium,
; and calcium. It is isomorphous with epi-
ote.
allantoic (al-an-tó'ik), a... [Kallantois + -ic.]
Of or pertaining to the allantois: as, allantoic
fluid; allantoic acid; allantoic placentation.
âllantoid (alian’ſoiá), a. and m. [= F. allan-
toide, K NL. allantoides, K. Gr. &AAavroedjäg (sc.
infty or 2 tróv: see hymen and chiton), the sau-
sage-shaped (sc. membrane), K &AAág (ā%avT-),
a sausage, + eiðog, form.] I. a. Of or pertain-
ing to the allantois: as, the allantoid membrane.
II. m. Same as allantois.
allºptoidal (al-an-toiſdal), a. Same as allan-
toid.
Allantoidea (al-an-toi"dē-ă), m. pl. [NL., K al-
lantoides: see allantoid.]. Those vertebrates in
which an allantois is developed. Considered as a
group in zoölogy, the Allantoidea consist of mammals,
birds, and reptiles, as distinguished from Anallantoidea,
or amphibians and fishes. The word is synonymous with
Amniomata, as distinguished from Amammiomata.
allantoidian (al-an-toi"di-an), a. and m. [K al-
lantoid + -ian; = F. allantoidiem.] I. a. Hav-
ing an allantois, as the embryo or fetus of one
of the higher vertebrates.
II. m. An animal the embryo or fetus of
which has an allantois, as a mammal, bird, or
reptile.
allantoin (a-lan’t 3-in), n. [Kallantois + -īn?..] A
crystalline substance (C4H6N4O3) found in the
allantoic fluid of the cow; the nitrogenous con-
stituent of the allantoic fluid. It is also ob-
tained from other sources. Also written allam-
točn.
Allantoin. . . . is one of the products of the oxidation
of uric acid, and by further oxidation gives rise to urea.
Foster, Physiology, pp. 879, 880.
allantois (a-lan’té-is), m. [NL., shorter form
(appar. as sing. of assumed pl.) of allantoides:
see allantoid.]. A fetal appendage of most ver-
tebrates, developing as a sac or diverticulum
from the posterior portion of the intestinal
Cavity. It is one of the organs of the embryo of all am-
niotic vertebrates, or those which develop an amnion, but
is wanting or is at most rudimentary in amphibians and
fishes. In birds and reptiles it is large and performs a re-
spiratory function, and in mammals contributes to form
the umbilical cord and placenta. Its exterior primitively
consists of mesoblast, its cavity receiving the secretion of
the primordial kidneys (Wolffian bodies). So much of the
sac as remains pervious within the body of the embryo
becomes the urinary bladder, or, in some degree, a urinary
passage. The umbilical arteries and veins course along the
elongated stalk of the sac, which becomes the umbilical
cord, and that part of these allantoic vessels within the
body which does not remain pervious becomes the urachus
and round ligament of the liver. The expanded extremity
of the allantois, in most mammals, unites with the chorion
to form the placenta. In those vertebrates, as mammals, in
which the umbilical vesicle has but a brief period of activ-
ity, the allantois chiefly sustains the functions whereby
the fetus is nourished by the blood of the mother, and has
its own blood arterialized. In parturition, so much of the
allantois as is outside the body of the fetus is cast off, the
separation taking place at thenavel. See cut under amnion.
14.5
allantotoxicum (a-lan-tó-tok'si-kum), n. [KGr.
&WAág (àAAavr-), sausage, + toštítóv, poison; see
to&ic.] Sausage-poison; a poison found in pu-
trid sausage made of blood and liver.
allanturic (al-an-tū’rik), a. [Kallantoin + wrie.]
Obtained from allantoin and uric acid: as, al-
lanturic acid.
alla prima (äl’lā pré'mä). [It., lit. according
to the first: alla, q.v.; prima, fem, of primo,
first: see prime.] In painting, an expression
denoting a method in which the pigments are
laid on the canvasinthick heavy masses, instead
of in washes, glazes, or repeated coats.
Paolo Veronese painted generally alla prima with more
body than Titian (whose patience he appeared to want),
so that the finished picture was little more than the ab-
bozzo; that is, he painted up at once.
Mrs. Merrifield, Anc. Practice of Painting (1849), I. cxxxv.
allassotonic (a-las-6-ton'ik), a. [Irreg. K. Gr.
àAžáooetv, vary, + tdvoc, tension.] In bot., a
term applied by De Vries to the movements
induced in mature vegetable organs by stimu-
lation, which are not permanent, in distine-
tion from the permanent or auxotonic effects
of stimulation upon growing organs. See awa.o-
tonic.
allatrate; (al'a-trät), v. t. [KL. allatratus, pp.
of allatrare, adlatrare, bark at, revile, Kad, to,
+ latrare, bark: see latrate.] To bark out ;
utter by barking. Also spelled alatrate.
Let Cerberus, the dog of hel, alatrate what he list to
the contrary. Stubbes, Anat. of Abuses (ed. 1880), p. 158.
allaudi (a-lād’), v. t. [KL. allaudare, adlaudare,
Kad, to, + laudare, praise (see laud); a doublet
of allow?, q.v.] To praise.
allay1 (a-lā’), v. [Early mod. E. also alay; K
ME. alayen, aleyen, earlier aleggen (pret. aleyde,
pp. aleyd, alayd, aleid), K AS. ālecgan (pret.
âlegde, aléde, pp. dlegd, aléd), lay down, with-
draw, suppress, cause to cease (= OHG. irlec-
Can, Míč. erleggen, G. erlegen = Goth. uslag–
jam, lay down), K d-,
The word should therefore, strictly, be spelled
alay (cf. arise, abide, etc.); the spelling all-
simulates a L. origin. The word was early
confused in spelling and sense with several
other words of L. origin, namely, allay?, allay3,
allegel, allege?: see these words. The senses
mix and cannot be entirely separated.] I.
trans. 1+. To lay down; cause to lie; lay: as,
to allay the dust.—2+. To lay aside; set aside;
suppress; annul.
Godes lawes that were aleyd.
Rob. of Gloucester, p. 144.
3+. To put down; humble; overthrow.
Thy pride we woll alaye.
Rom. of Arthur and Merlin, 1. 214.
4. To put down; quiet; assuage; pacify, ap-
pease, calm, as a commotion of the elements,
or, figuratively, civil commotions, mental ex-
citement, or an agitated person.
The joyous time now nighs fast,
That shall alegge this bitter blast.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., March.
If by your art, my dearest father, you have
Put the wild waters in this roar, allay them.
Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
There's nothing that allays an angry mind
So soon as a Sweet beauty. *.
Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, iii. 5.
Instead of allaying the animosity of the two populations,
he inflamed it to a height before unknown.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
Alas, that neither moon nor snow nor dew
Nor all cold things can purge me wholly through,
Assuage me, nor allay me, nor appease,
Till supreme sleep shall bring me bloodless ease.
Swinburne, Anactoria.
5. To abate, mitigate, or subdue; relieve or
alleviate: as, to allay misery or pain; to allay
the bitterness of affliction.
The griefs of private men are soon allayed,
But not of kings. Marlowe, Edward II., v. 1.
Yet leave me not I would allay that grief
Which else might thy young virtue overpower.
Beattie, Minstrel, ii. 32.
=Syn. Alleviate, Relieve, Mitigate, Assuage, Allay (see
alleviate), calm, quiet, soothe, compose, still, lull, tran-
quilize, check, repress, soften, ease, moderate.
II.f intrans. To abate; subside; grow calm.
For raging wind blows up incessant showers,
And when the rage allays, the rain begins.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i, 4.
allayli (a-lā’), n. IK allayl, v.] That which al-
lays, lightens, or alleviates.
You are of a high and choleric complexion,
And you must have allays.
Fletcher, Double Marriage, v. 1.
Friendship is the allay of our sorrow. Jer. Taylor.
alº (a-lā’), v. t.
allay’t (a-lā'), m.
allayer?? (a-lā’ér), m.
allayment (a-lā’ment), m.
all-bet, conj.
allbone (à l’bón), m.
Alle (al’é), m.
allecret, 7.
allecti (a-lekt’), v. t.
allectation? (al-ek-tä’shgn), n.
alledget, v. t.
allegantt, m.
allegation (al-É-gā‘shqn), m. [Klate ME. allega-
allegation
[Early mod. E. also alay;
E. alayen, KAF. aleyer, alayer, QF, allayer
(F. flººr). a var. of alier, allier (X ME. alien,
E. allyſ), combine, alloy (cf. Sp. Pg. ligar=It.
legaré, allay, alloy, whence the noun, Sp. Pg.
liga =It. lega, allay, alloy; the Sp. alear, alloy,
is from the OF.), K. L. alligare, combine, join, K
ad, to, + ligare, bind: see allyl and alligate.
Allay2 was more or less confused with allay!,
and with other similar forms: see allay1. At
a later period the F. aloyer and its verbal sub-
stantive aloi were erroneously explained as de-
rived from 6 loi, to law, as if meaning ‘brought
to the legal standard?: see alloy..] 1. To mix,
as metals; especially, to mix a nobler with a
baser metal; alloy. See alloy, v., I.--2. Fig-
uratively, to mix with something inferior; con-
taminate or detract from.
His pupils cannot speak of him without something of
terror allaying their gratitude. Lamb, Christ's Hospital.
3. To temper; abate or weaken by mixture;
dilute, as wine with water; weaken; diminish,
[Early mod. E. also alay; K
ME. alaye, aley, KAF. aley, alay, OF.”alay, later
aloy (F. aloi), Kaleyer, alayer (F. aloyer), allay,
alloy, mix: see allay?, v., and alloy..] 1. The
act or process of alloying; an alloy.
Coins are hard’ned by th’ allay.
S. Butler, Hudibras, III. ii. 482.
2. Figuratively, admixture, especially of some-
thing inferior.
This comedy grew out of Congreve and Wycherley, but
gathered some allays of the sentimental comedy which
followed theirs. Lamb, Artificial Comedy.
3. Mixture; dilution.
French wine with an allay of water. -
B. Jomson, Magnetick Lady, iii. 1.
allay3+, v. t. [Klate ME. alaye, aleye, alleye, KOF.
aleier, alaier, declare on oath, K.L. allegare, men-
tion, cite, adduce: see allegel and allegation.]
To cite; quote; allege.
E. a-1, + lecgan, E. lay1, allay4+, n. [Early mod. E. also alay; K late M.E.
allay, K AF. *alais, OF. c.slais, K eslaissier, let
out, K es- (K. L. ex), out, + laissier (F. laisser),
let, K L. laware, relax: see law, laches, and cf.
+elay.] In hunting, the act of laying on the
hounds; the addition of fresh hounds to the
cry.
allayerl (a-lā’ér), n. [K allay1 + -erl.] One
who or that which allays or alleviates.
IPhlegm and pure blood are the reputed allayers of acri-
mony. Harvey, Consumption.
[K allay2 + -erl.] One
who or that which allays or alloys.
[Kallay1 + -ment.]
The act of quieting, or a state of tranquillity;
a state of rest after disturbance; abatement;
€3,S62.
The like allayment could I give my grief.
Shak., T. and C., iv. 4.
Same as albeit.
Ay, but his fear
Would ne'er be masked, allbe his vices were.
B. Jomson, Sejanus, iv. 5.
[K all + bonel; a tr. of
Gr. 626a7sov, Kö20c, whole, + batéov, bone..] An
English name for the stitchwort, Alsine Eſo-
losted, from its jointed, skeleton-like stalks.
[NL. (Linnaeus, 1758), K Sw.
alle, the Greenland dove..] A genus of birds of
the auk family, containing the sea-dove, dove-
kie, or rotche, Alca alle (Linnaeus), Arctica alle
(Gray), Mergulus alle of authors in general, now
Alle migricans (Link). See dovekie.
See hallecret.
[KL. allectare, adlectare,
freq. of allicere, adlicere, attract, draw to one's
self, Kad, to, + lacere, entice.] To entice.
º [K II. allecta-
tio(n-), adlectatio(n-), Kallectare, adlectare: see
allect.] Enticement; allurement.
allective (a-lektiv), a. and n. [Kallect + -ive.]
. a. Alluring.
II. m. An allurement.
What better allective could Satan devise to allure . . .
men pleasantly into dannable servitude?
J. Northbrooke, Dicing (1843), p. 117.
An old spelling of allege.
An old form of alicant.
cion, -cioun, KOF, allegation, K L. allegatio(m-),
adlegatio(m-), K allegare, adlegare, pp. allegatus,
adlegattis: see allegel..] 1. The act of alleging;
affirmation; declaration: as, ‘‘erroneous alle-
gations of fact,” Hallam.—2. That which is al-
leged or asserted; that which is offered as a
plea, an excuse, or a justification; an assertion.
10
allegation
Reprove my allegation if you can,
Or else conclude my words effectual.
- Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
I expect not to be excused . . . on account of youth,
want of leisure, or any other idle allegations, Pope.
3. In law: (a) The assertion or statement of a
party to a suit or other proceeding, civil or
criminal, which he undertakes to prove. , (b)
The plaintiff’s first pleading in a testamentary
Cause. (c) In eccles, suits, any pleading subse-
quent to the first.—Defensive allegation, in Eng-
land, the mode of propounding circumstances of defense
by a defendant in the spiritual courts. The defendant is en-
titled to the plaintiff's answer upon oath to his allegation,
and may thence proceed to proofs as well as his antagonist.
allegel (a-lej"), v. t. ; pret, and pp. alleged, ppr.
alleging. [Early mod. E. also alledge, alleage,
alleadge, K ME., aleggem, alogen, K. AF. aleger,
alegier, aligier (K. Law L. adlegiare), in form =
OF. esligier (KML. *e clitigare, clear at law, KL,
ex, out, + litigare, Sue at law: see litigate), but
in sense taken as = OF. alleguer, F. allégnier (a
restored form for earlier OF. aleier, alaier, de-
clare on Oath, X ME. aleye, alleye, alaye: see
allay3) = Sp. alegar = Pr, Pg. allega) = It. al-
legare, K L. allegare, adlegare, send, depute,
relate, mention, adduce, Kad, to, + legare, send:
see legate.] 1. To declare before a court;
plead at law; hence, in general, to produce as
an argument, plea, or excuse; cite or quote in
confirmation: as, to allege exculpatory facts;
to allege the authority of a court.
He [Thrasymachus], annongst other arts which he alleges
in evidence of his views, cites that of government.
De Quincey, Plato.
2. To pronounce with positiveness; declare;
affirm; assert: as, to allege a fact.
In many alleſted cases, indeed, of haunted houses and
the like, a detailed revelation of names and places might
expose the narrator to legal action.
H. N. Oa enham, Short Studies, p. 73.
=Syn. 1. Adduce, Allege, Assign, etc. (see addwce), bring
forward, aver, asseverate, maintain, say, insist, plead, pro-
duce, cite.
allege?f, v. t. [Early mod. E. also alledge, alege,
KME. aleggem, alegen, KOF. alleger, aleger, alegier
= Pr. aleujar = It. alleggiare, K. L.L. alleviare,
lighten, alleviate: see alleviate and alleve. Cf.
abridge, abbreviate. The sense and the ME.
forms mixed with those of allay1.] To alle-
viate; j.". mitigate; alº,
allegeable (a-lej'a-bl), a. [K allegel + -able.]
Capable of being alleged or affirmed.
allegeancelf, n. [Early mod. E. also alledge-
ance, allegeawmce, K ME. allegiawnce, K allegen,
alegen, cite, assert: see allegel and -ance.] The
act of alleging; allegation.
allegeance?t, n. [ME., also allegiance, alege-
aunce, K OF. alegeance, mod. allégeance, allevia-
tion, Kaleger, alleviate: see allege? and -ance.]
Alleviation.
allegeance&#, n. An old spelling of allegiancé.
allegement# (a-lej^ment), m. [Kallegel +-ment."
Assertion; allegation.
alleger (a-lej'ér), m. One who alleges.
Alleghany vine. Same as Adlumia cirrhosa.
allegiance (a-lé'jans), m. [Early mod. E. also
allegeance, alleageance, etc., KME, alegeaunce, K
a- (prefixed appar. by confusion with allegeance”,
q. v.) + legeaunce, K OF. ligance, ligeance =
Pr. ligansa, KML. ligiantia, also ligantia (as if
connected with L. ligare, ppr. ligan (t-)s, bind),
K ligius, OF. ligé, liege, 2 ME. liege, lege, E. liege,
q. v. The mod. F. allégeance in this sense is
from the E. word.] 1. The tie or obligation of
a subject or citizen to his sovereign or govern-
ment; the duty offidelity to a king, government,
Or State. Every citizen owes allegiance to the government
under which he is born. Natural or implied allegiance is
that obligation which one owes to the nation of which he is
a natural-born citizen or subject so long as he remains such,
and it does not arise from any express promise. Eacpress
allegiance is that obligation which proceeds from an express
promise or oath of fidelity. Local or temporary allegiance
is due from an alien to the government or state under or
in which he resides. In the United States the paramount
allegiance of a citizen has been decided to be due to the
general government, and not to the government of the
particular State in which he is domiciled.
Fealty is the bond that ties any man to another to
whom he undertakes to be faithful; the bond is created
A. by the undertaking and embodied in the oath. . Homage
is the form that binds the vassal to the lord, whose man
he becomes, and of whom he holds the land for which he
performs the ceremony on his knees and with his hands in
his lord's hands. Allegiance is the duty which each man
of the nation owes to the head of the nation, whether the
man be a land-owner or landless, the vassal of a mesne
lord or a lordless man; and allegiance is a legal duty to
the king, the state, or the nation, whether it be embodied
in an oath or not. But although thus distinct in origin,
the three obligations had come in the middle ages to have,
as regards the king, one effect. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 785.
The conquest of the Danelaw was followed by the earli-
est instances of those oaths of allegiance which mark the
allegiant (a-lé'jant), a. and m.
allegoric (al-º-gor'ik), a.
allegorica (al-ā-goriºkal), a.
146
substitution of a personal dependence.on the king as lord
for the older relation of the freeman to the king of his
I'806. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., v.
• It being a certain position in law, that allegiance and
protection are reciprocal, the one ceasing when the other
is withdrawn. Jefferson, Autobiog., p. 12.
Hence—2. Observance of obligation in gen-
eral; fidelity to any person or thing; devotion.
That, I [Bolingbroke] did pluck allegiance from men's
hearts,
Fond shouts and salutations from their mouths,
Even in the presence of the crowned *;
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
Love, all the faith and all the allegiance them.
Pope, Issay on Man, iii. 235.
=Syn, Allegiance, Loyalty, Fealty. Allegiance is the most
formal and official of these words; it is a matter of prin-
ciple, and applies especially to conduct ; the oath of alle-
giance covers conduct only. †† is a matter of both
principle and sentiment, conduct and feeling; it implies
enthusiasm and devotion, and hence is most frequently
chosen for figurative uses: as, loyalty to a lover, husband,
family, clan, friends, old traditions, religion. Neither alle-
giance nor loyalty is confined to its original meaning of the
obligation due from a subject to a prince. Fealty has
escaped less completely from this earliest sense, but has
a permissible use in the sense of fidelity under obligation
of various kinds.
Our people quarrel with obedience;
Swearing allegiance, and the love of soul,
To stranger blood, to foreign royalty.
Shak., K. John, v. 1.
A man who could command the unswerving loyalty of
honest and impulsive Dick Steele could not have been a
coward or a backbiter. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 429.
Nor did he doubt her more,
But rested in her fealty, till he crown'd
A happy life with a fair death. Tennyson, Geraint.
[Assumed
from allegiance, after analogy of adjectives in
-ant having associated nouns in-ance: see -antl
and -ance.] I. a. Loyal.
For your great graces
Heaped upon me, poor undeserver, I
Cam nothing render but allegiant thanks.
Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
II. m. One who owes or renders allegiance;
a native.
Strangers shall have the same personal rights as the al-
legiants. A. Rev., CXLII. 125.
Same as allegorical.
[KL. allegoricus
(K Gr. 32% myopticóg, Kä%myopia, allegory: see al-
legory) + -al.] Consisting of or pertaining to
allegory; of the nature of allegory; figurative;
describing by resemblances.
His strong allegorical bent . .
analysis of the Arthurian legends.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 176.
Allegorical interpretation, the drawing of a spiritual
. was heightened by
or figurative meaning from what is apparently historical:
thus, St. Paul (Rom. ix. 7, 8) gives an allegorical interpre-
tation of the history of free-born Isaac and slave-born Ish-
mael.—Allegorical pictures, pictures representing alle-
i. subjects. - º sº -
allegorically (al-ć-gor’i-kal-i), adv. In an al-
legorical manner; by way of allegory.
allegoricalness (al-ā-gori-kal-nes), n. The
uality of being allegorical.
allegorisation, allegorise, etc. See allegoriza-
tion, etc.
allegorist (al'é-gó-rist), m. [= F. allégoriste, K
allégoriser, allegorize: see allegorize.] One who
allegorizes; a Writer of allegory.
allegorister (al’é-gó-ris’tēr), n. IK allegorist +
-erl.] An allegorist. [Rare.]
In a lengthened allegory, the ground is often shifted;
the allegorister tires of his allegory, and at length means
what he says, and nothing more.
I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., II. 144.
allegorization (al'é-gor-i-Zā’shgn), n. [Kalle-
gorize + -ation.] The act of turning into alle-
gory; allegorical treatment. Also spelled alle-
gorisation.
allegorize (al'é-gó-riz), v.; pret. and pp. alle-
gorized, ppr. allegorizing. [K OF. allegoriser,
mod. F. allégoriser, KL. allegorizare, K Gr. 3%m-
yopeiv, speak so as to imply something else: See
allegory and -ice.]. I. trans. 1. To turn into
allegory; narrate in allegory; treat allegori-
cally: as, to allegorize the history of a people.—
2. To understand in an allegorical sense; in-
terpret allegorically: as, when a passage in an
author may be understood either literally or fig-
uratively, he who gives it a figurative sense al-
legorizes it.
An alchemist shall . . . allegorize the scripture itself,
and the sacred mysteries thereof, into the philosopher's
Stone. Locke.
If we might allegorize it [the opera “Tannhäuser”], we
should say that it typified precisely that longing after Ye-
nus, under her other name of Charis, which represents the
relation in which modern should stand to ancient art.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 224.
II, intrans. To use allegory: as, a man may
allegorize to please his fancy.
allegro (āl-lā‘grö),
alleluiatic (al-à-ló-yat'ik), a.
allemande (al-e-moid’), m.
Allemannic, a. and m.
allenarly
He allegorizeth upon the sacrifices.
- Fulke, Against Allen, p. 228.
Also spelled allegorise,
allegorizer (al’É-gū-ri"zēr), m. One who alle-
gorizes; one who speaks in allegory or expounds
allegorically. Also spelled allegoriser.
allegory (al'é-g3-ri), n. ; pl. allegories (-riz).
§ , allégorie = Sp. alegoria = Pg. It allegoria,
L. allegoria, K. Gr. d’Amyopia, description of one
thing under the image of another, KáWAmyopeiv,
speak so as to imply something else, K&WAog,
other (see allo-), + &yopetely, speak, Käyopá, a
place of assembly, market-place: see agora. Cf.
category.] 1. A figurative treatment of a sub-
ject not expressly mentioned, under the guise
of another having analogous properties or cir-
cumstances; usually, a sentence, discourse, or
narrative ostensibly relating to material things
or circumstances, but intended as an exposition
of others of a more spiritual or recondite na-
ture having some perceptible analogy or figura-
tive resemblance to the former.
The moment our discourse rises above the ground line
of familiar facts, and is influenced by passion or exalted
by thought, it clothes itself in images. . . . Hence, good
writing and brilliant discourse are perpetual allegories,
Emerson, Misc., p. 32.
2. A method of speaking or writing character-
ized by this kind of figurative treatment.
Metaphor asserts or supposes that one thing is another,
as “Judah is a lion's whelp "; but allegory never affirms
that one thing is another.
T. H. Horne, Introd. to Study of Holy Script., II. 406.
3. In painting and sculp., a figurative repre-
sentation in which the meaning is conveyed
symbolically. =S s
1. Simile, Metap or,
Comparison, etc. See
simile.
allegory# (al’ 3-gó-
ri), v. i. To em-
ploy allegory; alle-
gorize.
I am notignorant that
some do allegory on this
lace. Abp. Whitgift,
efense, p. 571.
allegretto (al-lä-
gret’tó), a. and n.
“[It., dim. Of allegro:
See allegro..] I. a.
In music, quickerin
time than andante,
|but not so quick as
allegro.
II. n. A move-
ment in such time.
Cathedral of Worms, 13th century.
The beast with four heads symbolizes
the, Four Gos els. (violet-le-Duc's
a. and m. [It., brisk, Dict. de l'Architecture.”)
sprightly, cheerful (= F. allègre, OF. alegre,
X E. aleger, q. v.), K. L. alacer, alacris, brisk,
Sprightly, cheerful: see alacrious and alacrity.]
I. a. In music, brisk or rapid.
II. m. A brisk movement; a sprightly part or
strain, the quickest except presto.
alleluia. § Čnterj. Same as halleluiah.
alleluia (al-É-lö’yā
, n. 1. Same as halleluiah.
—2. [= E. alleluia = Sp. aleluyah =It. alleluja,
KML. alleluia ; so called because it blossoms be-
tween Easter and Whitsuntide, when psalms
ending with halleluiah or alleluia are sung in
the churches.] A name given in Europe to the
wood-sorrel, Oaxalis Acetosella.
Same as halle-
luiatic.
[F., prop. fem. of
Allemand, German: see Almain, Alemannic.] 1.
A dance of German origin, the rhythm being
duple in some localities and triple in others.
In its older forms it resembles the minuet, but in later
Ones approaches the waltz.
2. In music, a favorite movement in the old
French suite, properly in quadruple rhythm,
With a flowing and varied melody. It usually
Served as a prelude to the other dances. Also almain.
See Alemannic.
allemontite (al-É-monſtit), n. [K Allemont or
Allemond, a village of Isère, France, -- -ite2.]
A mineral of a tin-white color and metallic
luster, containing arsenic and antimony. Also
called arsenical antimony.
allen! (al’en), n. [E. dial.; origin obscure.]
Grass-land recently broken up (Halliwell); un-
inclosed land that has been tilled and left to
run to feed for sheep (Moor). [Prov. Eng.]
allen?t, n. See allam?.
allenarly (a-len’ār-li), adv. or a. [The recog-
nized legal form of the more reg, allamerly,
formerly also allanerlie, alanerlie, K all + dºnerly,

allenarly
only, Kane, one: see ane, one. Cf. ME. all-onell
alle-oneli, **. only, lit. all only; see all and
only..] Only; solely; merely: a technical word
used in Scotch conve ; Thus, where lands
are conveyed to a father, “for his life-rent use allemarly,”
the force of the expression is that the father's right is re-
stricted to a mere life-rent, or at best to a fiduciary fee,
even in circumstances where, but for the word allenarly,
the father would have been unlimited flar,
aller1 (äl’ér), n. [E. dial., K.M.E. aller, K. AS.
alr: see alder1.] Same as alderl. [Prov. Eng.]
aller?t, a. See alder8.
ailer-float (šī’er-fiót), n. IK aller], dial. form
of alder1, + float.] A local English name of
a large trout of the common species, given
from the fact that it hides under the roots of
the alder, or is in season when the alder is
budding. Also called aller-trout.
allerion (a-lé’ ri-Qn), n. [More correctly ale-
tion, K OF. alerion, aleiron (F. alérion), K ML.
4. alario(n-), in her. a little eagle
without beak or claws, inform sug-
esting L. alarius, Kala, a wing
#. aisle), but prob. of other ori-
§. perhaps ult. K MHG. adelar,
. adler, an eagle.] In her. : (a) A
'bearing representing an eagle or
eaglet displayed without feet or
beak. (b) More rarely, an eagle heraldically
represented, but complete. Bowtell.
aller-trout (äl’ér-trout), n. Same as aller-float.
allette, n. See alette.
allevet, v. t. [Early mod. E. spelled aleive; KOF.
allever, alever, K.L. allevare, adlevare, lift up,
raise, ighten, alleviate, K ad, to, + levare, lift
up, lighten: see alleviate, and cf. relieve.] To
alleviate; relieve. Surrey.
allevementt, n. [Early mod. E. aleavement; K
alleve + -ment.] The act of alleviating or re-
lieving; alleviation.
alleviate (a-lé'vi-āt), v. t.; pret. and pp. allevi-
ated, ppr. alleviating. [K L.L. alleviatus, pp. of
alleviare, adleviare, for L. allevare, adlevare,
lighten, alleviate, K ad, to, + levare, lift up,
lighten, Klevis, light, not heavy: see levity. Cf.
allege? and alleve..] 1. To make light, in a fig-
urative sense; remove in part; lessen, miti-
gate, or make easier to be endured: as, to al-
leviate sorrow, pain, care, punishment, burdens,
etc. : opposed to aggravate.
Excellent medicines to alleviate those evils which we
bring upon ourselves. Bentley.
The darkest complexion is not a little alleviated by a
black hood. Addison.
The little apples which it [the nebbak-tree] bears are
slightly acid and excellent for alleviating thirst.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 69.
2. To represent as less; lessen the magnitude
or heinousness of; extenuate: applied to moral
conduct: as, to alleviate an offense. [Rare.]
He alleviates his fault by an excuse. Johnson.
=Syn. Alleviate, Relieve, Mitigate, Assuage, Allay, di-
minish, soften, abate, qualify, reduce. See allayl. Where
these words are applied to pain, etc., alleviate is to lighten
somewhat, and especially in a soothing way; relieve and
'allay go further than alleviate, removing in large measure
or altogether. Mitigate is to make mild, less severe; per-
haps it stands midway between alleviate and relieve. As-
swage is to calm down, and that idea underlies all its uses;
allay conveys similarly the idea of putting to rest.
To alleviate the congestion of the optic nerve and retina,
the artificial leech should be applied several times at in-
tervals of a few days, but sho then be desisted from if
no benefit results. J. S. Wells, Dis. of Eye, p. 383.
It ſelectricity] has relieved the paroxysms, of angina
pectoris. Qwain, Med. Dict., p. 430.
In the advance of civilisation, there is a constant ten-
dency to mitigate the severity of penal codes.
Lecky, Rationalism, I. 337.
Foment the bruises, and the pains asswage. -
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., l. 2003.
alleviation (3-lé-vi-ā'shgn), n. IK ML, allevia-
tio(n-), L. allevatio(n-), K allevaré, lighten: see
alleviate.] 1. The act of alleviating. (a) The act
of removing in part, lessening, mitigating, or making
easier to be endured: as, the alleviation of taxes. , (b) The
act of making less by representation; extenuation : as,
“alleviations of faults,” South.
2. That which lessens, mitigates, or makes more
tolerable: as, the sympathy of a friend is an al-
leviation of grief.
I have not wanted such alleviations of life as friendship
could supply. Johnson.
His sister was waiting in a state of wondering alarm,
which was not without its alleviations. º
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 8.
=Syn. Mitigation, palliation, relief. e
alleviative (a-lè'vi-à-tiv), a. and m. [Kalleviate
+-ive..] I. a. Tending to alleviate or mitigate.
II. m. That which alleviates or mitigates:
as, “some cheering alleviative,” Corah's Doom
(1672), p. 176.
Allerion.
147
alleyiator (3-lé'vi-ā-tgr), n. One who or that
which alleviates, lightens, or mitigates.
alleyiatory (8-lé'vi-à-tº-ri), a... Fitted to alle-
viate; having the quality of alleviating.
allex (al’eks), n. [L., also hallea, NL. hallua's
See hallua,] Same as hallua'. [Rare.]
alleyl (alſi), n. [K ME. alei, aley, KTOF. alee
(F. allée), a going, gallery, passage, Kaler, aller
(F. aller), go, var. of an earlier aner = Pr. anar
= Cat. anar = Sp. Pg. andar = It. andare, dial.
anare, go; of uncertain origin: either (i) K L.
anmare, adnare, Swim to, toward, or along; in
Cicero once usedinsense of ‘cometo, approach’;
Kad, to, + mare, swim (see natation); or (2)
ult. KML. *anditare for L. aditare (cf. ML. an-
ditus for L. aditus, and ML. rendere for L. red-
dere: See adīt and render), go to or approach
often, freq. of adire, pp. aditus, go to, Kad, to,
+ ire, go: see adīt.] "A passage; especially, a
Inarrow passage. (a) A passage between the rows of
pews or seats in a church, theater, or hall: commonly
called an aisle. (b) A long, narrow inclosure with a smooth
wooden floor for playing at bowls, skittles, etc. (c) A
Walk, inclosed with hedges or shrubbery, in a garden: as,
“yonder alley8 green,” Milton, P. L., iv. 626.
So long about the aleys is he goen.
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1, 1080.
(d) A narrow, passage or way in a town, as distinct from
a public street. (e) In a printing-office, the space between
two rows of composing-stands, in which compositors work
at the cases on the stands.
alley” (alſi), n. [Also ally. Short for ally-
baster, dial. variant of alabaster, formerly used
in the same sense (1720).] A white or colored
playing-marble.
alleyed (alºid), a.
with alleys.
Untrimmed, undressed, neglected now
Was alleyed walk and orchard bough.
Scott, Rokeby, ii. 17.
alley-taw (al’i-tā), n. [Kalley2 + taw?..] An al-
ley; a large playing-marble. Sometimes writ-
ten alley-tor, as Vulgarly pronounced.
After inquiring whether he had won any alley-tors or
commoneys lately, he made use of this expression.
Dickens, Pickwick.
alleyway (al’i-Wà), n. A short alley; a lane
or narrow passage of small extent, as between
two houses.
By substantial walls of adobe, with narrow alleyways
running between. EIarper's Mag., LXV. 81.
All-father (äl’fä/thēr), n. [Kall, orig. gen, pl.,
+ father; after Icel. Alfödhr.] The Father of
all: a name originally of Odin, now sometimes
applied to Jupiter and to God.
And I told of the good All-father
Who cares for us here below.
Lowell, First Snowfall.
all-fired (āl-fird'), a. [Said to be a euphemism
for hell-fired, and hence defined as “infernal,”
|but prob. to be taken at its face value: K all +
fire + -ed?, all intensifying the merely rhetori-
cal fire.] Tremendous: as, an all-fired noise;
he was in an all-fired rage. [Colloq.]
all-fours (äl-fôrz'), n. A game of cards played
by from two to six persons with hands of six
cards each, dealt from a full pack, the top one
of the remaining cards being turned as the
trump, and the cards ranking as in whist. It de-
rives its name from the four chances of which it consists,
for each of which a point is scored. These chances are the
securing of high, or the ace of trumps or next best trump
out; of low, or the deuce of trumps or next lowest trump
out; of jack, or the knave of trumps; of game, or tricks
containing cards which will make the largest sum when
added together, an ace being counted as four, a king as
three, a queen as two, a jack as one, and a ten-spot as ten,
the other cards not counting. The player who has all these
is said to have all-fours. Also called old sledge, seven-wp,
and high-low-jack.
allgood (älſgåd), n. An old name of the plant
Good Henry, or English mercury, Chenopodium
JBonus-Henricus.
all-hail (āl-hăl’), v. t. [See hail2, n.] To sa-
lute or address with the exclamation all hail!
[Rare.]
Who all-hailed me, Thane of Cawdor.
Shak., Macbeth, i. 5.
All-hallont, All-hallondt, etc. Same as All-
hallows.
All-hallow (äl-hal’ô), n. See All-hallows.
Allhallowe'en (āl-hal’6-èn), m. [For Allhallow-
even : but see All-hallows.] See All-hallows and
Hallowe'em.
Allhallowmas (äl-hal'č-mas), m. [K ME. al-
halownesse, allalwemesse, K. A.S. ealra halgena
masse-daeg, all saints' mass-day: see All-hal-
lows.] Allhallow-tide.
All-hallownf (äl-hal'6n), n. [Also corruptly
Allhallon, -hollon, -hollan, -holland, K.M.E. al
halowen, KAS. ealle hālgam, all saints: see All-
Laid out as an alley, or
alliance
hallows.] Same as All-hallow8.—All-hallown sum-
ner, formerly the name in England of a season of fine
weather in the late autumn, corresponding to St. Martin's
summer in France and to Indian summer in the United
States. N. E. D.
Farewell, the latter spring ! Farewell, All-hallown sum-
7mer 1 Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2.
All-hallows, All-hallow (äl-hal’ 62, -6), n.
[Prop. All-hallows, pl., but in comp. All-hallow
(Sc. day, eve, mass, Summer, tide); in early mod. E.
and dial. also All-hallown, -hallon, -hallan, -hol-
lon, -hollar, -holland, etc.; K ME. al halowes, ear-
lier al halowen, K Aš odie hālgan, all hallows,
i. e., all Saints (see all and hallowl, m.), usually
in gen. pl. ealra halgema, ME. alre (or alle) ha-
lowene, halewwne, etc., (day, tide, feast, etc.) of
all hallows. The term. -n, corruptly -nd, thus
represents the AS. pl. suffix -an, and in comp.
the gen. pl. -ena, the latter, ME. -ene, being
appar. merged in e'en in Allhallowe'en, q. v.]
1. All Saints. . It was formerly common to
dedicate a church to All-hallows.-2. All Saints'
day, the 1st of November: a feast dedicated to
all the saints in general. See All Saints' day,
under saint.
Allhallow-tide (āl-hal’ô-tid), n. [Early mod.
E. also Allhallown-tide, Alhallon-tyd, Allhollon-
tide, etc.: see All-hallows, All-hallown, and tide.]
The time near All Saints' day, November 1.
Also called Hallow-tide.
Apples, pears, hawthorn-quicks, oaks, set them at All-
hollon-tide, and command them to prosper; set them at
Candlemas, and intreat them to grow.
Ray, Eng. Proverbs (1678), p. 350.
all heal (äl'hél), n. [K all + heal1. Cf. panacea
and Panaa..] The valerian, Valeriana officinalis;
also, the self-heal, Prunella vulgaris. The
clown’s allheal is Stachys palustris.
alliable (a-li’a-bl.), a. [K allyl + -able.] Capa-
Ble of forming or of entering into an alliance.
alliaceous (al-i-ā'shius), a. [K L. allium, gar-
lic, + -aceous. See Allium.] 1. Pertaining to
or having the properties of the genus Allium,
which includes the onion and garlic.—2. Hav-
ing the peculiar smell or taste of the onion:
applied specifically to minerals which contain
arsenic and emit a garlic-like odor when heated
4 on charcoal before the blowpipe.
alliance (a-li’ans), n. [KME. aliance, aliaunce,
K OF. aliance, KML. alligantia, K alligare (OF.
alier), ally, bind to: see allyl and –ance.] 1.
The state of being allied or connected; the re-
lation between parties allied or connected. Spe-
cifically—(a) Marriage, or the relation or union brought
about between families through marriage.
And great alliances but useless prove
To one that comes herself from mighty Jove.
Dryden, Helen to Paris, l. 55.
(b) Connection by kindred. [Rare.]
For my father's sake, . . .
And for alliamce' sake.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii.25.
(c) Union between nations, contracted by compact, treaty,
or league. Such alliance may be defensive, that is, an
agreement to defend each other when attacked ; or offen-
sive, that is, an agreement to make a combined attack on
another nation; or it may be both offensive and defensive.
An alliamce was accordingly formed by Austria with
England and Holland against France.
Encyc, Brit., III. 126.
(d) Any joining of efforts or interests by persons, families,
States, or Organizations: as, an alliance between church
and state.
An intimate alliamce was formed between the Arian
kings and the Arian clergy. Buckle, Civilization, II. ii.
Lydgate . . . had . . . the conviction that the medical
profession . . . offered the most direct alliance between
intellectual conquest and the social good.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 159.
2. The compact or treaty which is the instru-
ment of allying or confederating: as, to draw
up an alliance.—3. The aggregate of persons or
parties allied.
Therefore, let our alliance be combin'd.
Shak., J. C., iv. 1.
4. In bot., a grade intermediate between class
and family: the equivalent in Lindley's clas-
sification of the present term order. – 5. In
2007, a natural group of related families; a su-
perfamily or suborder.—Arms of alliance, in her.,
arms which are obtained through matrimonial alliances.
—Evangelical Alliance. See evangelical.—Holy Alli-
ance. See holy. =Syn. Alliance, League, Confederacy,
Coalition, relationship, affinity, combination, federation,
copartnership. The first four words have been used with.
out distinction to express the union or coöperation of
two or more persons, organizations, or states. Alliance is
the most general term. Often a confederacy and some-
times a league between states means a closer union
than ºn alliamee. Alliance is rarely used of a combination
for evil; but the other words are often so used, confederacy
having Specifically such a meaning in law. Alliance alone
is used of the union of families by marriage. Coalition is
often used of the temporary coöperation of persons, par-
ties, or states that are ordinarily opposed.

alliance
Alliances, at once offensive and defensive, have one of
the usual and more important characteristics of confeder-
ations. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 103.
We must resolve to incorporate into our plan those in-
gredients which may be considered as forming the charac-
teristic difference between a league and a government;
we must extend the authority of the union to the persons
of the citizens—the only proper objects of government.
A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. 15.
I stood iſ the level
Of a full-charg’d confederacy, and give thanks .
To you that chok'd it. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 2.
The utility of a confederacy, as well to suppress faction,
and to guard the internal tranquillity of states, as to in-
crease their external force and security, is in reality not a
new idea. A. IIamilton, Federalist, No. 9.
The coalitions of nearly all Durope, which resisted and
finally humbled the Grand Monarch, are among the most
righteous examples of measures for preserving the balance
of power which history records.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 44.
alliance (a-li'ans), v. t. . [K alliance, m.] To
unite by confederacy; join in alliance; ally.
[Rare.] -
It [sin] is allianced to none but wretched, forlorn, and
apostate spirits. Cudworth, Sermons, p. 62.
alliantt (a-li’ant), m. and a. [K F. alliant, O.F.
aliant, ppr. of alier, ally: see ally!, v.] I. m.
An ally: as, “alliants, electors, princes, and
states,” Wotton, Reliquiæ, p. 532. &
II. a. Akin; united; confederated. Sir T.
More.
allice, allis (al’is), n. [Var. of earlier allowes
for alose : see alose.] An English name of the
European shad, Alosa communis. See alosel,
Alosa.
allice-shad, allis-shad (alºis-shad"), m.
as allice.
alliciate?, allicitet (a-lish’i-āt, a-lis'it), v. t.
[Irreg. K L. allicere, allure: see allect.] To at-
tract; allure; entice.
alliciency (a-lish'en-si), m. [See allicient.] The
power of attracting; attraction. [Rare.]
The magnetical alliciency of the earth. Sir T. Browne.
allicient (a -lish ' ent), a. and m. [K L. alli-
cien (t-)s, ppr. Of allicere, allure: see allect.] I.
a. Enticing; attracting. [Rare.]
HI. m. That which attracts.
alligarta f, n. An old form of alligator. B. Jon-
SO}l.
alligatet (al’i-gāt), v. t. [K L. alligatus, pp. of
alligare, adligare, bind to, Kad, to, + ligare, bind.
Cf. allyl, v., and allay?..] To bind; attach;
unite by some tie.
Instincts alligated to their nature.
Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 375.
God's waies are not as nams, neither is he bound to
means, or alligated to number.
It. Perrot, Iacob's Vowe (1627), App., p. 14.
alligation (al-i-gā‘shgn), m. [KL. alligatio(n-), a
binding to, a band, Kalligare: see alligate.] 1.
The act of binding; the state of being bound
or united. [Rare.]–2. The name of several
rules or processes in practical arithmetic (see
below) for ascertaining the relations between
the proportions and prices of the ingredients of
a mixture and the cost of the mixture itself per
unit of weight or volume. Also called the rule
of mixtures.—Alligation alternate, an arithmetical
process used in ascertaining the proportions of ingredients
of given price which will produce a mixture of given cost.
The proposition is indeterminate, and the rule of alliga-
tion gives only particular solutions.—Alligation me-
dial, the operation by which the cost of a mixture is
found when the prices and proportions of the ingredients
are given.
alligator (al’i-gā-tgr), m. [A Latin-looking
(NL.) adaptation of early mod. E. alligater, al-
ligarta, aligarto, alegarto, alagarto, also simply
lagarto, K Sp. el lagarto, lit. the lizard: el, the,
K L. ille, that; lagarto, K L. lacertus, lizard: see
lizard. The prop. Sp. name is caiman or la-
garto de Indias; Pg. caimão. The E. form has
given rise to NL., F., and Pg. alligator, and Sp.
aligador.] 1. Any member of the family Alli-
gatoridae, or some American member of the Cro-
codilidae; an American crocodile.
An alliºrator stuff'd, and other skins
Of ill-shap'd fishes. Shak., R. and J., v. 1.
2. [cap.] [NL.] More specifically, a genus of
large lizard-like or saurian reptiles, the type of
the family. Alligatoridae, order Crocodilia, for-
merly family Crocodilidae, order Sauria. See Al-
ligatorida, Crocodilidae. The type of the genus is A.
lucius or A. Anississippiensis of the United States. The
genus formerly included the cayman and the jacaré, which
have been made types of the two genera Caimán and
Jacare (which Sce). A true Annerican crocodile, Croco-
ºilus americanus, long overlooked or confounded with
the alligator, has lately been found in Florida and the
West Indies. The alligators differ from the true croco-
diles in having a shorter and flatter head, cavities or pits
Same
alligator-apple (al’i-gā-tºr-ap'1), n.
alligator-fish (al’i-gā-tor-fish), n.
alligator-forceps (al’i-gā-tor-fôr'seps), m.
148
in the upper jaw, into which the long teeth of the under
jaw fit, and feet much less webbed. Their habits are less
aquatic. They frequent Swamps and marshes, and ma
be seem basking on the dry ground during the day in the
heat of the sun. They are most active during the night.
The largest of them attain the length of 17 or 18 feet. They
live on fish, and sometimes catch hogs on the shore, or dogs
which are swimming. In Winter they burrow in the mud of
swamps and marshes, lying torpid till spring. The female
lays a great number of eggs, which are deposited in the
sand, and left to be hatched by the heat of the sun. The
alligator is found on the coast from North Carolina to
the Rio Grande. A. Simensis occurs in China. Among
ºłł'. 1. ~s.
#: º:
* * * lišiliš : A º
...sº- *
* *-es-, ºw
-->
Alligator (42/igator missassiz piezºsis).
the fossils of the south of England are remains of a true
alligator, A. hamtomiensis, in the Eocene beds of the
Hampshire basin, Leather made from the skin of the
alligator is widely used.
3. A local name of the little brown fence-lizard,
Sceloporus wºndulatus, common in many parts of
the United States.—4. A machine for bringing
the balls of iron from a puddling-furnace into
compact form so that they can be handled; a
squeezer.—5. A peculiar form of rock-breaker.
The fruit,
of Anoma palustris, a West Indian tree.
1. An ago-
noid fish, Podothecus acipenserinus, with a com-
pressed tapering body, about 12 polygonal
lates on the breast, 9 spines and 7 rays in the
orsal fins, gill-membranes united to the isth-
mus, and the lower jaw shutting within the up-
per. It is about a foot in length, and is common
from Puget Sound northward.—2. Any ago-
nid; a fish of the family Agonidae (which *),
surgical forceps with short toothed jaws, one
of them working by a double lever. It sug-
ests in appearance the head of an alligator.
aft One of the Al-
Alligatoridae (al’i-gā-tori-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
igatorid (al"i-gā-tor’id), m.
ligatoridae.
Alligator + -idae.] family of saurian reptiles,
of the order Crocodilia, related to the family
Crocodilidae, and with some authorsforming only
a subfamily (Alligatorina) of the latter; by
most naturalists now judged to be distinct. The
typical genus of the family is Alligator; other genera are
Caimam and Jacare (which see). According to Huxley's
Sºº-Jº ****
§§§º
r, Skull of Alligator. 2, Skull of American Crocodile.
(Drawn from specimens in Am. Museum of Nat. Hist., New York.)
analysis, the Alligatoridae have the head short and broad;
the teeth very unequal, the first and fourth of the under
jaw biting into pits in the upper jaw; the premaxillo-
maxillary suture straight or convex forward; the man-
dibular symphysis mot extending beyond the fifth tooth,
the splenial element not entering into it ; and the cervi-
cal scutes distinct from the tergal. The Crocodilidae have
the head longer; the teeth unequal; the first mandibular
tooth biting into a fossa, the fourth into a groove, at the
side of the upper jaw; the premaxillo-maxillary suture
straight or convex backward; the mandibular symphysis
not extending beyond the eighth tooth, and not involving
the splenial elements; the cervical scutes. Sometimes dis-
tinct from the tergal, sometimes united with them. Most
living Alligatoridae are confined to America. The Croco-
dilidae were supposed to be confined to the old world
until the discovery of a true crocodile in America. In
general appearance and economy the members of the
two families are sufficiently similar to be confounded in
popular language. Both families belong to the section of
the order Crocodilia in which the nasal bones enter into
the formation of the narial aperture, the contrary being
the case in the section which includes the Gangetic croco-
dile or gavial, Gavialis gangeticus. &
alligator-pear (al’i-gā-tgr-pâr" ), n. [Said to be
a corruption of avocado-pear.] The fruit of
•
alligator-tortoise
alligator-tree (al’i-gā-tor-tré), m.
allign, v. t.
alline, allineate, etc.
allis, n.
allisioni (a-lizh’Qn), n.
alliteration
the Persea Persea of tropical America, resem-
bling a pear in shape. See avocado. -
; alligator-terrapin (al’i-gā-tor-ter'a-pin), n. 1.
Aname of the common snapping-turtle of Amer.
Alligator-terrapin (Chełydra serpentina).
ica, Chelyara Serpentina. So called from the length
Of the neck and especially of the tail in comparison with
the small, thin shell, into which the members cannot be
completely retracted, the general appearance of a saurian
being thus suggested. It is found from Canada to Florida
and westward to Louisiana and the Missouri. Also called
alligator-turtle. See Chelyara and snapping-twirtle.
2. The giant Snapping-turtle, Macrochelys lacer.
tima. See Macrochelus. &
al’i-gā-tor-tór (tis), n.
Same as alligator-terrapin.
The Sweet-
gum tree, Liquidambar Styraciflua, of the south-
ern United States.
alligator-turtle (al’i-gā-tor-tér’tl), n. 1. Same
as alligator-terrapin.
The elongated tail of the animal is very characteristic,
and . . . has . . . given rise to the Pºlº, name, alliga-
tor-twrtle. Stand. Nat. Hist., III. 452.
2. A similar fresh-water turtle, Macrochelys
lacertina, of the family Chelyſłridae, with very
long tail and neck. It is found in the United States
from Florida to Texas, and up the Mississippi valley to
Missouri, in muddy ponds, bayous, and lakelets. It at-
tains a weight of 50 or 60 pounds or more, is esteemed for
the table, and is often seen in the markets of the coun-
tries it inhabits.
alligator-wood (al’i-gā-tor-wild), n. The wood
of a meliaceous tree, Guarea grandifolia, of the
West Indies.
See alime?.
See aline2, etc.
[K L. allisio(n-), K alli-
dere, adlidere, pp. allisus, adlisws, strike against,
K ad, to, + laidere, strike, hurt by striking:
see lesion. Cf. collision, elision.] A striking
against; beating; collision. [Rare.]
Islands . . . severed from it [the continent] by the bois-
terous allision of the sea. Woodward.
See allice.
alliterate (a-lit'e-rät), v. i.; pret. and pp. allit-
erated, ppr. alliterating. [KML. *alliteratus, pp.
of *alliterare, K L. ad, to, + litera, littera, let-
ter: see literate.] 1. To begin with the same
letter or sound, as two or more words in im-
mediate or near succession; agree in initial
letter or sound; make an alliteration.
The “h” in harp does not alliterate with the “h” in
honored. S. Lanier, Sci. of Eng. Verse, p. 309.
2. To use alliteration. -
The whole body of alliterating poets.
I'mcyc, Brit., VIII. 411.
alliterate (a-lit'e-rät), n. IK alliterate, v., in
allusion to literate, m.]
of alliteration. [Rare.]
IEven the stereotyped similes of these fortunate alliter-
ates [poets before Chaucer], like “weary as water in a
weir” or “glad as grass is of the rain,” are new, like ma-
ture, at the thousandth repetition.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 257.
One given to the use
alliteration (a-lit-e-rá'shgn), n. [=F. allitéra-
tion, KML. alliteratio(n-), K*alliterare: see allit-
erate, v.] The repetition of the same letter or
sound at the beginning of two or more words
in close or immediate succession; the recur.
rence of the same initial sound in the first ac-
cented syllables of words; initial rime: as,
7many men, many minds.
Apt alliteration's artful aid.
Churchill, Prophecy of Famine, 1.233.
Verse in which alliteration is essential, and other rime
Ornamental, is the prevailing form in Anglo-Saxon, Ice-
landic, Old Saxon. Specimens are found in Old High Ger-
man. Alliteration in these languages even ran into prose.
F. A. March, A.-S. Gram., § 506.
Though the word alliteration seems to have been in-
vented by Pontanus in the fifteenth century, the Romans
were certainly aware that the device was in use among
themselves. Trams. Amer. Philol. Ass., XV. 59.
Alliteration was a characteristic of old Teutonic poetry
(Anglo-Saxon and Middle English, Old Saxon, Icelandic,
etc.), terminal rime, as a regular feature, being of later
(Romance) introduction. The lines were divided into two
sections, the first having regularly two alliterating syl-
lables, the second one; but by license or mere accident
four or more alliterating syllables might occur, as in the
last line of the extract from Piers Plowman. The alliter-
ating syllable was always accented, and was not neces-
sarily initial, as written; it might follow an unaccented
prefix, as ar-raye in the extract. The vowels, being all






more or less open and easy of utterance, might alliterate
with one another. In Churchill's line “Apt alliteration's
artful aid,” given above, the initial vowel-sounds are dif-
ferent (a, a or à, 3, 3), though § with the same letter.
The following is an example of Middle English alliteration:
Hire robe was ful riche" of red scarlet engreyned,
With ribanes of red gold' and of riche stones;
Hire arraye me ravysshed' such richesse saw I nevere;
. I had wondre what she was and whas wyf she were.
Pier8 Plowman (B), ii. 15.
Chaucer's verse is cast on the Romance model with final
: but he often uses alliteration as an additional Orna-
IIlêIlt, .
Ther 8chyveren 8chaftes upon scheeldes thykke;
He feeleth thurgh the herte-spon the prikke.
Up springen 8peres twenty foot on highte;
Out goon the swerdes as the silver brighte.
The helmes to-hewen and to-schrede -
Out brest the blood, with sterne streemes reede,
With mighty maces the bones thay to-brest,
He thurgh the thikkeste of the throng gan threst (etc.).
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, l. 1747.
Such alliteration is much affected by Spenser and his imi-
tators, and occurs with more or less frequency in all mod-
ern poetry. tº º º
alliterative (a-lit'e-rá-tiv), a... [Kalliterate +
-ive..] Pertaining to or consisting in allitera-
tion; characterized by alliteration.
A few verses, like the pleasantly alliterative one in
which he ſfryden] makes the spider, “from the silent
ambush of his den,” “feel far off the trembling of his
thread,” show that he was beginning to study the niceties
of Verse. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st Ser., p. 40.
alliteratively (a-lit' é-rá-tiv-li), adv. In an
alliterative manner; with alliteration. -
Vowels were employed alliteratively much less often
than consonants. Trams. Amer. Philol. A88., XV. 64.
alliterativeness (a-lit' e-rá-tiv-nes), n. The
#: of being alliterative.
alliterator (a-lit' e-rā-tgr), n.
alliteration.
We all know Shakspere's jokes on the alliterators.
S. Lanier, Sci. of Eng. Verse, p. 312.
Allium (al’i-um), n.
One who uses
[L., more correctly alium,
garlic; perhaps related to Gr. 3%ic, sausage: ºf
See allantois.] The largest genus of plants
belonging to the family Liliaceae, of about 275
species, mostly natives of the northern
temperate Zone. They are bulbous plants, with a pe-
culiar pungent odor, and bear their flowers in an unubel
at the summit of a scape. Several species have been
largely cultivated for food from very early times, includ-
...; the Onion (A. Cepa), leek (A. Porrum), shallot (A. As-
calomicwm), garlic (A. sativum), chives (A. Schoenopra-
sum), rocambole (A. Scorodopraswm), etc.
allmouth (äl"mouth), n. [K all + mouth.] A
name of the fish otherwise known as the com-
mon angler, Lophius piscatorius.
allness (äl’nes), m. [K all + -ness.] Totality;
entirety; completeness; universality.
The allness of God, including his absolute spirituality,
supremacy, and eternity. JR. Twºrnbull.
The science of the universal, having the ideas of oneness
and allness as its two elements.
Yºr Coleridge, Lay Sermons, p. 339. (N. E. D.)
allo-. [NL., etc., K. Gr. &WWo-, combining form
of &AAog = L. alius, other, another: see alias,
alien, and else..] . An element in compound
words of Greek origin, meaning other, another.
Allobrogical (al-ā-broj’i-kal), a. An epithet
applied in the seventeenth century to Presby-
terians or Calvinists, in allusion to the fact that
Geneva, the chief stronghold of the sect, was
anciently a town of the Allobroges. N. E. D.
allocate (al’º-kāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. allocated,
ppr. allocating. [K Mí. allocatus, pp. of allo-
care, allot, KL. ad, to, + locare, place, Klocus, a
place: see locus. Alloc-ate is a doublet of allowl,
q. v.] 1. To assign or allot; set apart for a
particular purpose; distribute: as, to allocate
shares in a public company.
The court is empowered to seize upon and allocate, for
the immediate maintenance of such child or children, any
sum not exceeding a third of the Whole fortune.
Burke, Popery Laws.
He [Wolseley] can inspire his subordinates, he can allo-
cate them to duties in the fulfilment of which they earn
credit and contribute to the success of him their master.
Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of Some Continents, p. 112.
2. To fix the place of; locate; localize. [Rare.]
It is the duty of the heritors to allocate the churchyard.
Encyc. Brit., IV. 537.
allocation (al-ā-kā‘shgn), n. [K ML, alloca-
tio(n-), Kallocare; see allocate.] 1. The act of
allocating, allotting, or assigning; allotment;
assignment; apportionment: as, the ailocation
of shares in a public company.
Under a juster allocation of his rank, as the general
father of prose composition; Herodotus is nearly related
to all literature whatsoever, modern not less than ancient.
De Qwincey, Herodotus.
2#. An allowance made upon accounts in the
exchequer.—3. The act of locating or fixing in
place; the state of being located or fixed; dis-
position; arrangement.
149
How easy it is to bear in mind or to map such an allo-
cation of lines, so that when produced from an unknown
body the existence of either [sodium or magnesium] can
be detected by such spectral examination.
J. N. Lockyer, Spect. Anal., p. 45.
allocatur (al-ū-kā’tēr), n. [ML., it is allowed,
3d pers. Sing, pres. ind. pass. of allocare: see
allocate.] In law, the allowance of something
by a judge or court: commonly used to signify
the indorsement of a document, by which the
#; certifies that it is approved by him.
allochiria (al-3-ki'ri-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3%20g,
other, F xeip, hand.] "In pathol., the confusion
of Sensations in the two sides of the body, as
When a patient with locomotor ataxia locates
in the right leg a touch on the left leg. Also
spelled allocheiria.
allochroic (al-ū-kró'ik), a. [K Gr. 32.262 poog, of
another color: see allochroous.] Changeable
in color. Syd. Soc. Lea. - -
allochroite (al-ū-kró'it), n. IK Gr. &W262 poog,
of another color (see allochroous), + -ite2.] A.
massive, fine-grained variety of iron garnet.
This name is said to have been given to it as expressive of
its changes of color before the blowpipe.
[K Gr.
allochromatic (al” 3-kró-mat 'ik), a.
à220g, other, H- 2pópla(T-), color.] Pertaining to
change of color.
allochroous (a-lok’rö-us), a. [K Gr. 62%xpoog,
changed in color, Kä220c, other, + 2 potá, ºpóa,
color.]. Of various colors: generally applied
to minerals.
allocution (al-ū-kü'shon), n. [KL. allocutio(n-),
adlocutio(n-), K alloqui, adloqui, pp. allocutus, ad-
locutus, Speak to, Kad,
to, + loqui, speak: see
locution, loquacious.]
1. A speaking to;
an address, especial-
ly a formal address.
Also written adlocu-
tion.—2. Specifical-
ly— (a) In Rom. am-
tig., a formal address
by a general-in-chief
or imperator to his
soldiers. Such scenes
were often repre-
sented in art on
medals and reliefs. (b) In the Rom. Cath. Ch.,
a public address by the pope to his clergy, or
to the church generally.
Scarcely a year of his pontificate passed without his
having to pronounce an allocution on the oppression of
the church in some country or other.
Card. Wiseman, Last Four Popes, Greg. XVI.
allod (al’od), n. A short form of allodium.
allodgement? (a-loj’ment), n. [Also written
alodgement, and allogiament after M.L. allogia-
"mentum (It. alloggiamento), a lodging, Kallogiare
(It. alloggiare), lodge, Kad, to, + logiare (It. log-
giare), lodge, K logia (It. loggia), a lodge: see
lodge.] Lodging; in plural, soldiers’ quarters.
The allogiaments of the garrison are uniforme.
Evelyn, Diary, March 23, 1644.
allodia. m. Plural of allodium. *
allodiai(a-ló’āi-ai), a. and n."f-F.Pg. allodial,
KML. allodialis, K allodium : see allodium.] I.
a. Pertaining to allodium or freehold; free of
rent or service; held independently of a lord
paramount: opposed to feudal. In the United States
all lands are deemed allodial in the owner of the fee, but
subject, nevertheless, to the ultimate ownership or domin-
ion of the state. In England there are no allodial lands,
all being held of the crown.
The lands thus presented to these [Teutonic] warriors
[as rewards for fidelity and courage] were called allodial;
that is, their tenure involved no obligation of service
Whatever. Stillé, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 136.
The allodial tenure, which is believed to have been
originally the tenure of freemen, became in the Middle
Ages the tenure of serfs.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 341.
II. m. 1. Property held allodially.
The contested territory which lay between the Danube
and the Naab, with the town of Neuburg and the allodials,
were adjudged, etc. Coace, House of Austria, xxii.
2. An allodialist.
allodialism (a-lödi-al-izm), n., [K allodial +
-ism.] Th9 allodial system. See allodial.
In order to illustrate and explain feudalism, Ishall first
illustrate its negation, allodialism.
Sir E. Creasy, Eng. Const., p. 75.
allodialist (a-lö'di-al-ist), n. IKallodial + -ist.]
One who owns land allodially.
Insulated allodialists are of very little importance . .
as compared with the organic §. of agriculturists,
which represented the primitive democracy, but were . . .
incorporated into the feudal state.
-- N. A. Rev., CXXIII, 153,
Allocution.
From an imperial Roman bronze
coin in the British Museum.
allomorphite (al-ū-mór'
allomorphite
allodiality (a-ló-di-al’i-ti), n., IK allodial ºf -iº/,
after F, allodialité.] "The state or quality of
being held in allodial tenure:
allodially (a-ló'di-al-i), adv. In an allodial man-
ner; in allodial tenure; as a freeholder.
allodian (a-ló'di-an), a. [K allodium + -an.]
Allodial. [Rare.j º
allodiary (a-ló'di-à-ri), n. ; pl. allodiaries (-riz).
[KML. allodiarius, K allodium : see allodium and
-ary.] An allodialist.
allodification (a-lod’i-fi-kā’shgn), n. [S allo-
dium + -fication.] The conversion of feudal
into allodial or freehold tenure.
allodium (a-ló'di-um), m.; pl. allodia (-ā). [ML.,
also spelled alodium, alodum, alodīs, alodes, also
alaudium, alaudum, alaudes, > It. Pg. allodio =
Sp. alodio = Pr. alodī, also aloc, alo, = OF. alew,
alewd, alod, alode, alodie, aloud, alieu, alleu, allieu,
alloet, alloeuf (Roquefort), F. alleu. The origin.
of ML. allodium is disputed; prob. KOHG. *alód,
*allód, i.e., entire property, Kal, all, all, -H 6d,
ôt, property, estate, wealth (in adj. Ödag, 6tag,
wealthy, happy), — OS. 6d, estate, wealth, –
AS. edd, wealth, happiness, = Icel. audhr,
wealth. In this view the similarity of allodium
in form and sense to OHG. wodal (= 6dal) =
OS. Ödhil = Icel. Ódhal, a patrimonial estate, is
accidental.] Freehold estate; land which is
the absolute property of the owner; real estate
held in absolute independence, without being
subject to any renº, service, or acknowledgment
to a superior. It is thus opposed to feud2. Some-
times used, in the Anglo-Saxon period, of land which was
alienable and inheritable, even though held of a superior
lord. Also written allod, alody.
The allod in some form or other is probably as old as
the institution of individual landed property, and we may
regard it as equivalent to or directly descended from the
share which each man took in the appropriated portion
of the domain of the group to which he belonged—tribe,
joint-family, Village community, or nascent city.
Yºr Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 339.
alloeogenesis (al-6-6-jen’e-sis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
âAAolog, of another sort (see alloeosis), + y&vealſ,
generation.] A term used by Haeckel to de-
note a mode of reproduction supposed to char-
acterize the Geryoniidae, but subsequently de-
termined to be due to an error of observation.
[Disused.]
alloeorgan (al-É-ôr'gan), m. [K Gr. 37.2010g, of
another sort (see alloºosis), + 6pyavov, organ.]
Same as alloplast. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 842.
alloeosis (al-É-öſsis), m. . . [NL., K. Gr. 62% otwoºg, a
change, alteration, K. 42% otoiv, change, K až20ioç,
of different kind, K. Čiž20g, other, different: see
allo-.]. In med., a constitutional change.
alloeotic (al-É-ot'ik), a. [K Gr. 32%0torukóg, fit
for changing, KážZolotóg, changed, changeable,
verbal adj. of ā%20toin): see alloeosis.] In med.,
capable of causing alloeosis or constitutional
change.
allºy (a-log'a-mi), m. [K Gr. 6220g, other, --
-yapata, K. Yáuoç, marriage.] Cross-fertilization
in plants; fecundation of the ovules of one
flower by pollen from another of the same
Species. Distinguished from autogamy, or self-fertiliza-
tion, in which the ovules are fecundated by pollen from
the same flower.
allogeneity (al’é-je-nē’i-ti), m. [K allogeneous
+ -ity.] Difference of Hature. Coleridge. [Rare.]
allogeneous (al-ū-jé'né-us), a. [K Gr. 6220yevåg,
of another kind or race, K. Čiž20g, other, + yávoc,
kind.] Of a different kind or nature. [Rare.]
allogiamentt, n. See allodgement.
allograph (al’ī-gräf), n. [K Gr. 3220g, other, +
Ypájetv, write.] In law, a deed not written by
any of the parties to its execution: opposed
to autograph.
allomet, m. An old form of alum.
allomerism (a-lom’e-rizm), m. [K allomerous +
-ism.] In chem., the property of retaining a
constant crystalline form while the chemical
constituents present or their proportions vary.
allomerous (a-lom'º-rus), a. [KGr. Čižkog, other,
+ (tépog, part.] In chem., characterized by al-
lomerism. Applied to bodies, as certain crystals, which
possess the property of retaining the same form, though
*the constituents or their proportions vary.
allomorphic (al-à-mór'fik), a. [K Gr. 32%uop-
$og, of strange shape (Kö%20g, other, + pop??,
form), + -ic.], Pertaining to or possessing the
ualities of allomorphism.
allomorphism (al-ā-mór'fizm), n. [As allomor-
phic ---ism.] The property possessed by cer-
tain substances of assuming a different form
while remaining *º in constitution.
t), m. [G. allomor-
phit : K. Gr. 3%g, other, + gopºff, form.] In
imineral, a variety of barite, or heavy-spar,
having the form and cleavage of anhydrite.
-
-

all-one
all-one (äl'wun'), a. [K all + one. Cf. all one,
under all, adv.] Being all and yet one: an
epithet of God. [Rare.]
Surely the fact that the motive principle of existence
moves in a mysterious Way outside our consciousness, no
way requires that the All-Ome Being should be himself un-
conscious. Sully, Westminster Rev., new ser., XLIX, 151.
allonget (a-lunj"), v. 7. [K F. allonger, earlier
alonger, alongier, alungier, lengthen, - It. al-
longare, allungare, K ML. *allongare, “allon-
giare, K. L. ad, to, + M.L. “longare, longiare
(> OF. longier, loigner), make long, K. L. longus,
> OF. long, lung, long: see longl and allonge,
: To make a pass or thrust with a rapier;
lunge.
allonge (a-lunj"), n. IK F. allonge, O.F. alonge,
lengthening, extension, Kalonger: see allonge, v.,
and abbrev. lunge.] 1+. A pass or thrust with
a sword or rapier; a lunge.—2t. A long rein,
when a horse is trotted in the hand. Bailey.
—3. (Pron. as F., a-lóñzh".) A slip of paper at-
tached to a bill of exchange or other negotiable
note, to receive indorsements when the back
of the bill will hold no more; a rider. In Great
Britain, where bills of exchange must be written on stamped
paper, the allonge is considered part of the document, and
does not require to be stamped.—Allonge Wig, a name
given to the large and flowing periwig of the time of
Louis XIV.
allonym (alºnim), n...[= F. allonyme, K Gr.
&AAog, other, -i- Övopla, AEolic ..., name: See
onym.] The name of some one else assumed
by the author of a work. N. E. D. [...]
allonymous (a-lon’i-mus), a. [As allonym H-
-ous. Cf. anonymous.] Bearing a feigned name:
as, an allonymous publication. [Rare.]
alloof (a-lö’). An old form of halloo.
allopath (al’ī-path), m. [= F. allopathe; a re-
verse formation K allopathy, F. allopathie: see
allopathy.] An allopathist; one who favors or
ractises allopathy.
aijiet. (al'é-pa-thet'ik), a. [K allopathy,
after pathetic, q.v.] Pertaining to allopathy.
iºd
allopathetically (al"Č-pa-thet’i-kal-i), adv. In
a manner conformable to allopathy.
allopathic (al-3-path'ik), a. Pertaining to al-
lopathy. A rare equivalent is heteropathic.
| There are only three imaginable methods of ...;
medicines against disease, and these are denominate
antipathic, homoeopathic, and allopathic.
Pereira, Materia Medica,
allopathist (a-lop'a-thist), n. [K allopathy +
-ist.] One who practises medicine according
to the principles and rules of allopathy; an al-
| lopath.
allopathy (a-lop'a-thi), n. [= F. allopathie =
G. allopathie (Hahnemann), with a forced mod.
sense (in form like Gr, àWWoráffeta, the state of
an à%Wotraffff:c, K. ČižWotaſhg, having influence on
another; ingrammar, transitive, non-reflexive),
K. Gr. &WWoç, other, different, + Trá00g, suffering,
feeling, condition: see pathos. Cf. homeopathy.]
In med., a therapeutic method characterized by
the use of agents producing effects different from
the symptoms of the disease treated. See home-
opathy The name is incorrectly applied, in distinction
from homeopathy, to the traditional school (also called the
“regular” or “old” school) of medicine, which opposes the
homeopathic theory. Sometimes called heteropathy.
allºphanate (a-lof'a-nāt), n. [K allophanic +
-atél.] A salt of allophanic acid.
allophane (al’ā-fān), ºn. [K Gr, à%0%av%g, ap-
pearing otherwise, Kā%0g, other, -H, -pavºg, ap-
pearing, K patveq0at, appear.] A mineral of a
pale-blue, and sometimes of a green or brown,
color. It is a hydrosilicate of aluminium, occurring in
amorphous, botryoidal, or reniform masses, and received
its name from its change of appearance under the blowpipe.
allophanic (al-ū-fan'ik), a. Gr. &WWopavág:
see allophane and -ic.] £ertaining to anything
which changes its color or appearance: as, allo-
phanic acid or ether.
allophyle (al’ā-fil), m. [K L. allophylus, K. Gr.
ãWWöpvãoc, of another tribe, K.,&WWoç, other, -H
$v%, tribe: see phyle..] An alien ; one of an-
other tribe or race.
allophylian (al-º-fil’i-an), a. and m. [K allo-
phyle + -ian.]. I. a. Of another race; foreign;
strange: sometimes specifically applied to those
languages of Europe and Asia which are non-
Aryan and non-Semitic, and are also called
Turanian.
Instances from allophylian mythology show types which
are found developed in full vigour by the Aryan Tages,
E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 243.
II. m. One of another tribe or race,
allophylic (al-j-fil’ik), a. Same as allophylian.
Another indication of a former allophylic population in
that valley. The American, IX. 105,
150
allophytoid (a-lof’i-toid), n. IK Gr, &WWoº, other
+ ºvröv, plant, + eldog, form.] An abnormal
form of buds, with fleshy scales becoming de-
tached and forming new plants, as the bulblets
of º tiger-lily, offshoots from bulbs, etc. [Not
used.] -
alloplast (al'č-plast), n. . [KGr. &WWog, other, -H
TAaatóg, verbal adj. of Tržáooetv, form, mold.]. In
Haeckel's terminology of morphology, an idor-
gan composed of two or more different tissues:
the º; of homoplast. The alloplasts include,
as subdivisions, idomeres, antimeres, and metameres. Also
called alloeorgan.
alloposid (a-lop’º-sid), n. One of the Alloposi-
daº.
Allº (al-3-posſi-dé), n, pl. [NL., KAllopo-
sus + -idae.] A family of octopod cephalopods,
represented by the genus Alloposus. It is charac-
terized by an ovoid finless body, tapering arms connected
by a moderate web, and a mantle united directly to the
head, not only by a large dorsal commissure, but also by
a median ventral and two lateral longitudinal commis-
sures which run from its inner surface to the basal parts
of the siphon.
Alloposus (a-lop'é-sus), m. [NL., K. Gr. &WWoç,
different, various, + tróaog, of a certain (indefi-
nite) quantity or magnitude, here equiv. to ‘in-
definite.’] A genus of cuttlefishes, typical of
the family Alloposidae, in which the body is very
soft, and consequently somewhat indefinite or
variable in form. *
alloquial (a-ló’kwi-al), a. [As alloquy + -al,
after colloquial.] Of the nature of address;
pertaining to or characterized by the act of
talking to others, as distinguished from con-
versing with them. [Rare.]
There are no such people endured or ever heard of in
France as alloquial wits; people who talk to, but not with,
a circle. De Quincey, Style, i.
alloquialism (a-löſkwi-al-izm), n., [Kalloquial
+ -ism..] A phrase or manner of speech used
in addressing. N. E. D. - º
alloquyt (al’ī-kwi), n. [K L. alloquium, adlo-
quium, K alloqui, adloqui, speak to, address:
see allocution. Cf. colloquy, Soliloquy, and ob-
loquy.] The act of speaking to another or
others; an address.
Allorhina (al-ā-ri'nā), m. . [NL., K. Gr. &AWog,
other, + big, biv, nose.] A genus of lamelli-
corn beetles (Scarabaeidaº), belonging to the
tribe Cetoniini, readily distinguished by the
fact that the epimera of the mesothorax are
visible from above as a triangular piece between
the prothorax and the elytra, a character of
rare occurrence in Coleoptera. The scutellum is
covered by a prolongation of the base of the prothorax.
The best-known species is A. mitida (Linnaeus), very com-
mon in the more southern United States. It is a green
Velvety insect, nearly an inch long, of nearly square form,
somewhat pointed in front, with the sides of the thorax
Allo?”h zºta ???tida.
ar, larva; b, pupa ; c, male beetle ; d, e,f, É mandible, antenna,
leg, and maxillary palpus of larva.
and elytra usually brownish-yellow. It feeds upon the
º of wounded trees, but in dry summers it not rarely
attacks cotton-bolls and ripe fruit of all sorts, thus doing
considerable damage. Its larva feeds upon soil-humus,
and is characterized by the numerous short and stiff hairs
with which it is covered, and by means of which it is
able, when placed upon its back, to move forward or
i."...}} considerable º 77 d
allot (a-lot'), v. t. ; pret, and pp. allotted, ppr.
allotting. [Éarly mod. E. also alot, KOF, aloter,
alloter 9. allotir), Ka, to, + loter, lotir, divide
by lot, K. lot, lot, adopted from Teut.: see lot.]
1. To divide or distribute as by lot; distribute
or parcel out; apportion: as, to allot shares in
allotropy -
a public company.−2. To grant; assign; ap-
propriate: as, to allot a sum of money for some
specific purpose.
There is an endless variety of personal force and char-
acter secured through the proportion of powers which
creative wisdom allots, Progressive Orthodoxy, p. 18.
One of the largest wigwams was allotted to the Jesuit
missionaries. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I, 186.
3. To appoint; destine; set apart.
Happier the man whom favourable stars
Allot thee for his lovely bedfellow
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 5.
All its allotted length of days
The flower ripens in its place.
Tennyson, Choric Song.
=Syn. Dispense, Distribute, etc. See dispense.
allotheism (al’ô-thé-izm), n. IK Gr. &Moç, other,
6eóg, god, -H -ism..] The worship of other or
strange gods. N. E. D.
Allotheria (al-à-thé'ri-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
âââog, other, 4-0mpiov, a wild beast.] An order
of American Jurassic mammals proposed by
Marsh in 1880 for the genera Plagiaulaa, Ctena-
codon, and possibly some others, having an
inflected angle of the lower jaw, no mylohyoid
groove, specialized premolars and molars, no
canines, and teeth below the normal number:
contrasted with Pantotheria.
allotherian (al-j-thé'ri-an), n. One of the Al-
lotheria. s
allotment (a-lot’ment), n. 1. The act of allot-
ting; distribution as by lot.—2. That which is
allotted; a share, part, or portion granted or
distributed; that which is assigned by lot or by
the act of God.
The allotments of God and nature, L'Estrange.
3. A place or piece of ground appropriated by
lot or assignment.
A vineyard and an allotment for olives. Broome.
Allotment certificate, or letter of allotment, a docu-
ment issued to an applicant for shares in a ‘...} OT
public loan, announcing the number of shares allotted or
assigned to such applicant, and the amounts and due-
dates of the calls, or different payments to be made on the
same, etc.—Allotment note, or allotment ticket, a
document signed by a seaman º his employers
to pay periodically a part of his wages while on a voyage
to some other person, as to his wife or parents.—Allot-
ment of goods, in com., the division of a ship's cargo
into several parts, which are to be purchased by different
persons, each person's share being assigned by lot.—Allot-
ment of land, the assignment of portions of ground to
claimants on the division and inclosure of commons and
waste lands.--Allotment system, a Fº Sonnetimes
followed in England of dividing a field or fields into lots
or garden-plots, to be let out to agricultural laborers and
other cottagers for cultivation on their own account.
allºy (a-lot-ri-of"a-ji), m. . [= F. allo-
triophagie, K. Gr. &AW.6t-'oc, belonging to ano-
ther (see allotrious), +-payia, K payeiv, eat..] In
pathol, a depraved appetite for eating sub-
stances of a non-alimentary or noxious charac-
ter, as in many anemic and lº, persons.
allotrious (a-lot’ri-us), a. [K Gr. 37%Tptog, be-
longing to another, K. Čiž%0g, other: see allo-.]
Belonging to another; alien.—Allotrious factor,
in math, in the algorism of common measure of two alge-
braic expressions, the factor from which a remainder or
quotient must be freed in order to make it an integral and
irreducible function.
allotrope (al'č-tróp), n. [K Gr. &WA6tpotrog, in
another manner: see allotropy.] One of the
forms in which an element having the property
of allotropy exists: thus, the diamond is an allo-
trope of carbon.
allotropic (al-º-trop'ik), a.
characterized by allotropy.
Sulphur and phosphorus (both, in small proportions,
essential constituents of º; matter) have allotropic
modifications. I. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 1.
allotropical (al-ū-trop’i-kal), a.
tropic.
allotropically (al-ū-trop’i-kal-i), adv.
allotropic manner;
roperties, but with
Relating to or
Same as allo-
In an
with change of physical
* out change of substance.
allotropicity (al’ī-trö-pisſi-ti), n. ſº allotropic
-H * The quality or capacity of assuming
different physical properties while remaining
the same in substance. See allotropy.
allotropism (a-lot’rö-pizm), n. [As allotropy-F
-ism.] Allotropical variation; allotropy.
• Allotropism being interpretable as some change of molec-
ular arrangement, this frequency of its occurrence among
the components of organic matter is significant as imply-
ing a further kind of molecular mobility. t
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 1.
allotropize (a-lot’rö-piz), v. t.; F. and pp.
allotropized, ppr. allotropizing. [As allotropy -F
-ize.] To render allotropic.
allotropy (a-lot’rö-pi), n. }: F. allotropie, KGr.
&WWorporta, variety, K. &WWórporroc, in another
way, K &WWoç, other, -- Tpórrog, way, manner,

allotropy
guise: see trope.] The property which certain
chemical elements have of existing in two or
more distinct forms, each having certain char-
acteristics peculiar to itself. The element carbon
for instance, exists nearly pure in three totally distinct
forms—the diamond, sº and charcoa
7
l.
allottable (8-lotº-bl.), a. [Kallot.---able.] Ca-
pable of being allotted.
allottee (al-o-té"), n. [K allot + -eel.] One to
whom something is allotted, as a plot of ground,
shares of stock, or the like.
The allotment of gardens, which yield a partial support
to the allottee, is another means of cheap labor. Mayhew.
allºr (a-lot’ér), n. One who allots or appor-
10IlS. N. L. D.
allottery (a-lot’º-ri), n., [K allot + -éry, after
lottery, q.v.] Allotment; what is allotted or
assigned to use.
Give me the poor allottery my father left me by testa-
ment. Shak., As you Like it, i. 1.
all-over § n. [See all over, under all
adv.] The trade-name of a gilt button washed
or plated on both the upper and under sides,
as distinguished from a top, which is plated or
washed on the ºpper side only. De Colange.
all-overish (āl-Ö’vér-ish), a. [K all over + -ish 1.]
Affecting the whole system; extending all over
one: as, an all-overish feeling of sickness. [Col-
oq.]
all-overishness (äl-ö’vér-ish-nes), m. A perva-
sive feeling of uneasiness produced by appre-
hension or indisposition; general discomfort;
malaise. [Colloq.]
Our sense of all-overishness when our friend approaches
the edge of a precipice is clearly only a step or two re-
moved from the apprehension or the actual representa-
tion of a fall. Mind, IX. 421.
allowl (a-lou"), v. [KME. alowen, alouen, KOF.
alower, aloer, alwer, aložer, assign, allot, place
(mod. F. allower, assign, allow, grant), KML.
allocare, assign, etc. : See allocate. Already in
OF. confused in sense and form with another
verb, the source of allow?, approve, the two
being regarded in E. as one word; the separa-
tion is merely formal.] I, trans. 1. To grant,
ive, or yield; assign; afford: as, to allow a
ee passage.
I am told the gardner is annually alowed 2000 scudi for
the keeping of it. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 29, 1644.
Envy ought, in strict truth, to have no place whatever
allowed it in the heart of man. Colton, Lacon.
2. To admit; concede; confess; own; acknow-
ledge: as, to allow the right of private judg-
ment; he allowed that he was wrong; he allowed
it might be so.
The pow'r of music all our hearts allow.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, l. 382.
The ruin’d spendthrift, now no longer proud
Claimed kindred there, and had his claims allowed.
- Goldsmith, Des. Vil.
They'll not allow our friend Miss Vermillion to be hand-
§OIſlò, Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 2.
A bright morning so early in the year, she allowed,
would generally turn to rain.
Jane Austem, Northanger Abbey, p. 61.
3. To abate or deduct; take into account; set
apart: as, to allow so much for loss; to allow
a sum for tare or leakage.
The schedule of tares annexed is the tare to be allowed
in all cases where the invoice tare is not adopted.
Circ, of Sec. of U. S. Treasury, July 14, 1862.
4. To grant permission to ; permit: as, to allow
a son to be absent.
No person was allowed to open a trade or to commence
a manufacture . . . unless he had first served his appren-
ticeship. Froude, Sketches, p. 170.
Farewell, for longer speech is not allow'd.
M. Armold, Balder Dead.
5+. To grant special license or indulgence to.
There is no slander in an allowed fool. Shak., T. N., i. 5.
6+. To invest; intrust.
Thou shalt be met with thanks,
Allow'd with absolute power.
- Shak., T. of A., v. 2.
7. To assert, declare, say; or, of mental asser-
tion, to mean, purpose, intend, or, simply, think:
the concessive sense presented assertively.
[Dial. Eng, and U. S.]
To alowe, to . . . declare to be true.
Baret, Alvearie.
* I'low'd maybe dat I might ax yo' fur ter butt 'gin de
tree, and shake 'em down, Sis Cow,” sez Brer Rabbit,
80200. J. C. Harris, Uncle Remus, p. 48.
Brer Tarrypin he say wich he wern’t gwine, nowhar
skasely. Den Brer Rabbit, he 'low he wuz on his way to
Miss Meadows. J. C. Harris, Uncle Remus, p. 50.
= Syn. Allow, Permit, Consent to, Sanction, Suffer, Tol:
erate. Allow and permit are often used synonymously; but
permit strictly denotes a formal or implied assent; allow,
the absence of an intent, or even only of an attempt, to
151
hinder. Consent to is formally to *:::: that which one
has the power and generally some disposition to prevent;
it implies the assumption of responsibility for that which
is thus allowed. Samction has a secondary sense of per-
mitting with expressed or implied approbation: as, I can-
not sanction such a course. Suffer is still more passive
or reluctant than allow, and may imply that one does not
prevent something, though it is contrary to one's feelings,
judgment, or sense of right. To tolerate is to bear with
something unpleasant: as, I would not tolerate such im-
pertinence. . Manythings are tolerated, or suffered, or even
allowed, that are not permitted, and many are permitted
that are not really consented to, much less sanctioned.
And when the Queen petition'd for his leave
To see the hunt, allow'd it easily.
Tennyson, Geraint.
For crimes are but permitted, not decreed.
Dryden, Cym. and Iph., l. 475.
Scourge the bad revolting stars,
That have consented wnto Henry's death !
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 1.
Constantine certainly 8anctioned what are called pious
TISé8, H. Binney, Vidal versus City of Phila.
Jesus answering said unto him, Suffer it to be so now :
for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousn; i
at. iii. 15.
They cannot understand the complex feeling that finds
relief in Barcasm and allegory, that tolerates the frivolous
and the vain as an ironic reading of the lesson of life.
Shorthouse, Little Schoolmaster Mark, p. 49.
II. intrans. 1. To make abatement, conces-
sion, or provision: followed by for: as, to al-
low for the tare.
Allowing still for the different ways of making it.
- Addison.
2. To permit; admit: with of: as, “of this
allow,” Shak., ‘W. T., iv. (cho.).
Thou shalt hold the opinion of Pythagoras,ere I will
allow of thy wits. Shak., T. N., iv. 2.
The Court, which is the best and surest judge of writ-
ing, has generally allowed of verse; and in the town it has
found favourers of wit and quality.
Dryden, Ded. of Ess. on Dram. Poesy.
allow?! (a-lou’), v. t. [K ME. alouen, alowen, K
F. alouer, praise, later allower, K.L. allaudare,
adlaudare, praise, K ad, to, + laudare, praise:
see laud, v.; cf. OF. loer, lower, approve, K L.
laudare. Early confused in sense and form
with allowl, q.v. Doublet, allaud.] To praise
or commend; approve, justify, or sanction.
Ye allow the deeds of your fathers. Luke Xi. 48.
That same framing of his stile, to an old rustick lan-
guage, Idare not alowe. Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
If your grace allow me for a preacher, I would desire
your grace to give me leave to discharge my conscience.
Latimer, 3d Serm. bef, Edw. VI.
allowablel (a-lou'a-bl), a. [K allowl + -able,
after F. allowable, K ML. allocabilis, K allocare:
see allocate.] Proper to be or capable of being
allowed or permitted; not forbidden; legiti-
mate; permissible: as, a certain degree of free-
dom is allowable among friends. ,”
In actions of this sort, the light of nature alone may
discover that which is in the sight of God allowable.
EIooker.
allowable2+ (a-lou’a-bl.), a. [K ME. allowable,
alowable, Kalowen, praise: see allow? and -able.
Mixed with allowablel.] Praiseworthy; lauda-
ble; worthy of sanction or approval; satisfac-
tory; acceptable.
Custom had made it not only excusable but allowable.
Bp. Sanderson, Sermons, Ad. Mag., ii. § 8. (N. E. D.)
allowableness (a-lou’à-bl-nes), n. The quality
of being allowable; exemption from prohibi-
tion; freedom from impropriety; lawfulness.
I cannot think myself engaged . . . to discourse of lots
as to their nature, use, and allowableness; and that not
only in matters of moment and business, but also of re-
creation. Sowth, Sermons, I. viii.
allowably (3-lou'a-bli), adv. In an allowable
manner; with propriety.
allowancel #. ou’ans), m., [K ME. º
alowans, K OF. alouance, K alouer; see allow
and-ance.] 1. Sanction; approval; tolerance:
as, the allowance of slavery.
See what allowance vice finds in the respectable and
well-conditioned class. JEmerson, Conduct of Life.
2. Admission or acceptance; a conceding or
granting: as, the allowance of a claim.
Or what if I were to allow — would it not be a singular
allowance 2—that our furniture should be more complex
than the Arab's in proportion as we are morally and in-
tellectually his superior? Thoreau, Walden, p. 40.
3. Allotment; apportionment; a definite sum
or quantity set apart or granted, such as ali-
mony: as, an allowance by a husband to a wife;
an allowance of grog or tobacco to a Seaman;
an allowance of pocket-money.
And his [Jehoiachin's] allowance was a continual allow-
ance given him of the king, a daily rate for every day, all
the days of his life. 2 ICi. xxv. 30.
4. Specifically, in law, an extra sum awarded
besides regular costs to the successful party
allowance? (a-lou’āns), m.
allowedly (a-louſed-li), adv.
allower (a-lou’ér), m.
alloxanate (a-lok'sa-nāt), m.
alloxanic (al-ok-San'ik), a.
alloxantin (al-ok-San‘tin), m.
alloy (a-loiſ), v.
alloy
in a difficult case.—5. A deduction. as, the
allowances made in commerce for tare, break-
ages, etc.—6. An abatement or addition on
account of some extenuating, qualifying, en-
hancing, or other circumstance: as, to make
allowances for #. youth or inexperience;
allowance for difference of time; allowance for
shrinkage of values, etc.
But even these monstrosities are interesting and in-
structive; nay, many of them, if we can but make allow-
ance for different ways of thought and language, contain
germs of truth and rays of light.
Maa. Müller, India, p. 106.
The saints and demi-gods whom history worships we
are constrained to accept with a grain of allowance.
Emerson, Dssays, 1st Ser., p. 268.
7. In minting, a permissible deviation in the
fineness and weight of coins, owing to the dif-
ficulty of securing exact conformity to the
standard prescribed by law. In the United States
the allowance for the fineness of gold coins is .001, and for
weight a quarter of a grain to each one-dollar piece; in
silver coins the allowance for fineness is.003, and for weight
1} grains to each coin. In the gold coinage of France the
allowance for both fineness and weight is .002, and of Eng-
land .002 for fineness and two grains in each sovereign for
weight. Also called remedy and tolerance (which See).-
Barrack allowance. See barrack.-Compassionate
allowance. See compassionate.
allowancel (a-lou’ans), v. t. ; pret... and pp. al-
lowanced, ppr. allowancing. [K allowancel, m.]
To put upon allowance; limit to a certain fixed
periodic amount of anything: as, to allowance
a spendthrift; distress compelled the captain
of the ship to allowance his crew.
You have had as much as you can eat, you're asked
if you want any more, and you answer “No." Then don't
you ever go and say you were allowanced, mind that,
Dickens, Old Curiosity Shop, xxxvi.
[K ME., allowaunce,
K OF. alouance, K alouer: see allow? and -ance.
Mixed with allowancel.] 1+. Praise; commen-
dation.
It is not the allowance or applause of men that I Seek.
Sp. Hall, Hard Texts, p. 259.
2. Sanction; approbation; authorization: as, a
judge's allowance of a compromise or settle-
ment of a case by the parties interested.
You sent a large commission
To Gregory de Cassalis to conclude,
Without the king's will, or the state's allowance,
A league between his highness and Ferrara.
Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
3}. Reputation.
His bark is stoutly timber'd, and his pilot
Of very expert and approv'd allowance.
Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
Admittedly.
Lord Lyttleton is allowedly the author of these dialogues.
Shenstone, Works, III. cii.
One who allows, per-
mits, grants, or authorizes.
alloxan (a-lok’san), m. [Kall(antoin) + oa;(alic)
+ -am : so named because it contains the ele-
ments of allantoin and oxalic acid.] One of
the products (C4H2N2O4) of the decomposi-
tion of uric acid by nitric acid. When treated with
alkalis it produces alloxanic acid. In contact with am-
monia it produces purpurate of ammonia, identical with
murexid, which with various mordants produces reds and
purples on silk and wool. This was much used in 1855
and 1856, but was soon superseded by aniline colors.
* > [K alloramic +
-atel.] A salt formed by the union of alloxanic
acid and a base.
[K alloran + -ic.]
Pertaining to or produced from alloxam: as,
allowanic acid.—Alloxanic acid, a strong crystalline
dibasic acid produced by the action of alkalis on alloxan.
On boiling, its salts decompose into urea and mesoxalates.
[K alloaſam(t-) +
-in?..] A white crystalline substancé (C8H4N4O7
+ 3H2O) obtained when alloxan is brought into
contact with reducing agents. Oxidizing agents
reconvert it into alloxan. Also called wroarin.
[K F. aloyer, earlier allayer,
OF. aleier, alier, K L. alligare, combine: see
allay2 (of which alloy is the recent form, based
on mod. F.) and allyl. The sense has been
influenced by the erroneous etymology from F.
& loi : see alloy, m.] I. trams. 1. To mix (two
or more metals) so as to form a compound, with-
out reference to the relative value of the metals
mixed. w
When we wish to alloy three or more metals, we often
experience difficulties, either because one of the metals is
more oxidisable, or denser, or more fusible than the others
or because there is no direct affinity between two of the
metals. Ure, Dict., I. 92.
2. To reduce to a desired standard or quality by
mixing with a less valuable metal; as, to alloy
gold or silver with copper.—3. Figuratively,
to debase or reduce in character or condition by
alloy
admixture; impair by the intrusion of a base
or alien element; contaminate; modify: as,
external prosperity alloyed by domestic trials.
But to alloy much of this [rejoicing], the French fleete
rides in our Channell, Ours not daring to interpose.
Evelyn, Diary, June 24, 1690.
II. intrans. To enter into combination, as
one metal with another.
One metal does not alloy indifferently with every other
metal, but is governed in this respect by peculiar affinities.
e Ure, Dict., I. 91.
*... Formerly written allay.
alloy (a-loiſ), m. [K F. aloč, earlier aloy, KOF.
alei, A.F. aley, alay, > E. allay2, n. The sense
has been influenced by the erroneous etymolo
from F. & loi, to law, as if “that which is brought
to the legal standard.’] 1. An artificial com-
pound of two or more metals combined while
in a state of fusion, as of copper and tin, which
form bronze, or of lead and antimony, whichform
type-metal. The alloys are numerous, as the brasses,
bronzes, solders, type-, gun-, and bell-metals, etc., and are
of great importance in the practical arts. There are many
varieties of these alloys, the character of each being de-
termined by the proportions of its constituents. An arti-
ficial metallic mixture containing quicksilver is termed an
amalgam (which see). e g
2. An inferior metal mixed with one of greater
value. The gold and silver coins of the United States
are of the standard fineness of 900 parts of fine metal and
100 parts of copper alloy, of which in the case of gold not
more than one tenth may be silver. In the case of silver
coins the alloy is wholly of copper. Hence these coins are
said to be 900 fine. See alloyage.
The British standard for gold coin is 22 parts pure gold
and 2 parts alloy, and for silver, 222 parts pure silver to
18 parts of alloy. Ure, Dict., I. 96.
3+. Standard; quality; fineness.
My Lord of Northumberland, . . . whose education of
his sonne, I heare, has ben of another streine and alloy
then that we have mentioned.
IEvelyn, Letter to Edward Thurland.
4. Figuratively, admixture, as of good, with
evil; a deleterious mixture or element; taint:
as, no earthly happiness is without alloy.
The friendship of high and sanctified Spirits loses no-
thing by death but its alloy. R. Hall.
Formerly written allay.
D’Arcetz's, Newton's, Rose's fusible alloy of bis-
muth. See metal. —Wood's fusible alloy, an alloy
composed of 15 parts of bismuth, 8 of lead, 4 of tin, 3 of
cadmium. It has a brilliant luster, which does not tar-
nish readily, and melts between 150° and 160°F. Work-
shop Receipts. . . . .
alloyage (a-loi'āj), n. [K alloy + -age.] The
practice or process of alloying metals; specifi-
cally, in minting, the practice of adding to the
precious metals a small proportion of a baser
one, to harden them, with the object of produ-
cing a clear impression when the coins are
struck, and of preventing or lessening abrasion
while they are in circulation. See alloy, n., 2.
alloy-balance (a-loi'bal'ans), n. . A balance
for weighing metals which are to be combined
in decimal proportions. In Robert's alloy-balance
the point of suspension is movable, and is adjusted to the
point at which the arms of the balance bear to one an-
other the proportion of the metals to be weighed, as for
example 17 per cent. of tin to 83 of copper. The beam of
the balance is then brought to the position of equilibrium
by means of a weight suspended from a continuation of
the short arm of the balance ; and when the balance is SO
adjusted any quantity of copper put in the short-arm Scale
will be balanced by the requisite proportion of tin in the
other scale, that is, in the supposed case, 17 per cent. Of
the total weight of the two.
allozoöid (al-j-zó'oid), n. IK Gr. 3%g, other,
+ Cºpoetó%g, like an animal: see 200id.] In 206l.,
an animal bud or zoöid separated by gemma-
tion from the organism by which it is produced,
and differing from it in character: the opposite
of isozoöid.
all-round (ál'round), a. [K all, adv., + round,
adv.] Able to do many things well; many-
sided; capable of doing anything; versatile;
not narrow; not too specialized. *
Let our aim be as hitherto to give a good all-rownd edu-
cation fitted to cope with as many exigencies of the day
as possible. Lowell, Oration, Harvard, Nov. 8, 1886.
One of the usual all-round men, who considered that he
could do most things, and vaunted his precise knowledge
of the trails thrº the territories. g
W. Shepherd, Prairie Ixperiences, p. 192.
All-Saints (āl'sänts), n. Same as All Saints'
day (which see, under Saint). &
allseed (äl'séd), n. A name given in Great
Britain to several very different plants: (a)
Polycarpon tetraphyllum, a small plant found in
the southwest of England; (b) the knot-grass,
Polygonum aviculare; (c) Chenopodium poly-
spermum, found in waste places; (d) Mille-
grana Radiola.
all-sorts (āl'sörts), n. A term used in taverns
or beer-shops to denote a beverage composed of
remnants of various liquors mixed together.
152
All-Souls (āl’sölz), n. Same as All Souls' day
(which see, under soul).
allspice (äl’spis), m. [K all + spice: so called
because supposed to combine the flavor of cin-
namon, nutmeg, and cloves.] The fruit of
Pimenta Pimenta, a tree of the West Indies. See
p?mento. Carolina allspice is the sweet-shrub, Butneria
florida. Japan allspice is a common name for the allied
shrub of Japan, Chimomanthus fragrams. Wild allspice
is a name sometimes given to the aromatic Benzoin Ben-
20:n, of the United States.
allubescencet, allubescency? (al-ū-bes’ ens,
-en-si), n. [Also adlubescence; K L. adlubes-
cen(t-)s, allubescen(t-)s, ppr. of adlubescere, allu-
bescere, be pleasing to, Kad, to, + lubere, libere,
please. Cf. ad libitum.] 1. Pleasantness.—2.
Willingness; compliance.
allude (a-liidſ), v.; pret. and pp. alluded, ppr.
aihºing tº f. allider, anºre, play 'with,
#" speak sportively, Kad, to, + ludere, play.]
.# trans. 1. To play with or make game of.-
2. To compare.
To free myselfe from the imputation of partiality, Ile
at last allude her to a waterman. John Taylor.
II. intrams. 1. To make an allusion; refer
º or indirectly: with to (formerly also
^lºto).
These speeches . . . do seem to allude writo such min-
isterial garments as were then in use. EIooker.
He alludes to enterprizes which he cannot reveal but
with the hazard of his life. Steele, Spectator, No. 510.
2+. To pun; have a punning reference. =Syn. 1,
Advert, Refer, Allude, etc. See advert.
allumi, n. An old spelling of alum.
allumette (al-ū-met’), m. [F., a match, K al-
lumer, light, kindle: see allumine.] A match
for lighting.
alluminate? (a-lii’mi-nāt), v. t. [KML. *allu-
minatus, pp. of *alluminare: see allumine.] To
illuminate, as manuscripts. Bailey.
alluminet (a-lii'min), v. t. [KOF, alluminer for
alumer, later allumer, lighten, kindle, =IPr. alum-
mar, alumenar = Sp. alwmbrar = Pg. alumiar,
allumiar = It. allumare, alluminare, KML. *al-
luminare, set light to, K L. ad, to, + luminare,
light, Klumen (lumin-), light: see luminous, limn,
and cf. illumine, illuminate.] To illuminate;
enlighten.
alluminori (a-lii’mi-nor), m. [ME. lymnow'r, etc.
(see limner), KAF. alluminour, OF. alumineor,
later allumineur, KML, as if *alluminator, equiv.
to illuminator, K*alluminare, equiv. to illumi-
mare: see allumine, illumine.] An illuminator
of manuscripts.
Before the invention of printing, certain persons called
Alluminors made it a trade to paint the initial letters of
manuscripts in all sorts of colours, and to gild them with
silver and gold. Barclay, Dict. (1823).
all-ups (äl’ups), m. A mixture of all qualities
of coal, excepting fine slack, raised from one
seam. Gresley. [feicestershire, Eng.]
allurancef (a-lär'ans), n. [K allurel + -ance.]
Allurement. -
allurant? (a-liir’ ant), a... [K allurel + -antl.]
•Alluring; enticing. B. Jonson. *
allurel (a-lür'), v. t.; pret, and pp. allºred, ppr.
alluring. [Early # E. alure, alewre, K ME.
aluren, KAF. alurer, OF. alurer, aleurrer, aler-
rer, attract, allure, K a, to, + lurer, lure: see
lure.] 1. To tempt by the offer of some good,
real or apparent; invite by something flatter-
ing or acceptable; draw or try to draw by some
proposed pleasure or advantage: as, rewards
allure men to brave danger.
Allur'd to brighter worlds, and led the way,
Goldsmith, Des. Wil., 1. 170.
2. To attract; fascinate; charm.
She show'd him favours to allure his eye.
allurer (a-liir’ér), n.
alluringness (8-liir'ing-nes), m.
allusive (a-lii’siv), a.
allusiveness (a-lü'siv-nes), n.
allusory (a-lii’sº-ri), a.
alluvion
He sailed for England, taking with him five of the na-
tives whom he had decoyed. ancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 91.
It is not the knavery of the leaders so much as the hon-
esty of the followers they may, seduce, that gives them
power for evil. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 169.
allureli (a-liir"), n. [K allurel, v.] Allurement.
allure?t, m. Sar
allure:ment (a-liir’ ment), m. [Kallurel + -ment.]
Same as alure. S.
1. The act of alluring or attracting.
Adam by his wife's allurement fell. Milton, P. R., ii. 134.
2. That which allures; any real or apparent
good held forth or operating, as a motive to
action; a temptation; an enticement: as, the
allurements of pleasure or of honor. -
Let your Scholer be neuer afraide, to aske you any
dout, but vse discretlie the best all wrements ye gan, to en-
corage him to the same. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 28.
3. Attractiveness; fascination; charm.
One who or that which
allures. *
Money, the sweet allwrer of our hopes,
Ebbs out in oceans, and comes in by drops.
Dryden, Prol, to Prophetess, l. ll.
alluringly (3-liiring-li), adv. In an alluring
manner; enticingly.
The quality of
being alluring or fascinating.
g
allusion (a-lii’zhon), n. [KP. allusion, K.L. allu-
sio(n-), adlusio(m-), playing or sporting with, K
alludere, #. allusus: see allude..] 1+. A play
upon words; a pun.
The allusion holds in the exchange.
Shak., L. L. L., iv. 2.
[Said by Holofernes with reference to the jest about the
moon's being no more than a month old When Adam was
fivescore.]
2+. A symbolical reference or comparison; a
metaphor.
Virtue, to borrow the Christian allusion, is militant here,
and various untoward accidents contribute to its being
often overborne. Butler, Amal. Relig., i. 67.
3. A passing or casual reference; a slight or
incidentalmention of something, either directly
or by implication; a hint or reference used
by way of illustration, suggestion, or insinu-
ation: as, a classical allusion; an allusion to
a person's misconduct.
We have here an elaborate treatise on Government, from
which, but for two or three passing allusions, it would
not appear that the author was aware that any govern-
ments actually existed among men.
Macaulay, Mill on Government.
The delicacy of touch, the circuitous allusion, with which
[Sydney] Smith refers to things commonly received as vul-
gar, is a study for all who wish to master the refinements
of expression. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 155.
[K L. as if *allusivus, K
allusus, pp. of alludere: see allude.] 1+. Pun-
ning.—2#. Metaphorical.
Poetry is triply divided into narrative, representative or
dramatic, and allusive or parabolical. g
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, II. 4.
3. Having reference to something not fully
expressed; containing, full of, or characterized
by allusions.
The allusive but not inappropriate pseudonym of Cas-
sandra. W. R. Greg, Misc. Essays, 1st ser., p. 1.
Allusive arms, in her. See arm2.
allusively (a-lii‘siv-li), adv. 1+. Symbolically;
by way of comparison or figure.—2. In an al-
lusive manner; by way of allusion; by sugges-
tion, implication, or insinuation.
The quality of
being allusive. -
The multifarious allusiveness of the prophetical style.
Dr. EI. More, Seven Churches, ix.
IK L. as if *allusorius,
Kallusus, pp. of alludere: see allude..] Allusive.
Expressions . . . figurative and allusory.
Warburton, Sermons, II, 100.
** ***. Pilg., iv. alluvia. m. Plural of alluvium.
Sleeking her soft alluring locks.
ilton, Comus, 1.882.
=Syn. Allure, Lwre, Entice, Decoy, Seduce, attract, in-
vite, coax, engage, prevail on. The first five words im-
ply the exercise of strong but subtle influences over the
mind or senses. Allwre, lwre, to attract by a lure or bait,
to draw by appealing to the hope of gain or the love of
pleasure, differ but little; the former, however, seems
to imply a more definite object than lure, which retains
perhaps a little more of the original meaning, though
it is less often used. , Entice expresses most of skill,
subtlety, flattery, or fair speech. , Decoy is to lead into
a snare by false appearances; this word is the one most
commonly used in a physical sense. Seduce, to lead astray,
fºlly from rectitude, but sometimes from interest or
I'll UI].
As danger could not daunt, so neither could ambition
allure him. Latimer, Sermons, Int., p. xli.
So beauty lures the full-grown child. Byron, Giaour.
He dooth not only show the Way, but giueth so sweete
a prospect into the way, as will intice any man to enter
into it. Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
ailuviai (a-lā’viral), a. -
*alluvial (see alluvium), + -al.] Of, pertaining to,
alluvian (a-lii’vi-àn), a.
alluvio (3-lityi-6), n. g g
alluvion (a-lilºvi-gn), n. [KF, alluvion, alluvion,
[KL. alluvius, adluvius,
or composed of alluvium: as, alluvial deposits;
alluvial soil.—Alluvial formations, in geol., recent
deposits, in valleys or in plains, of the detritus of neigh-
boring elevations, brought down chiefly by the action of
water. Most river-plains, as those of the Mississippi, are
alluvial, having been deposited from the waters of a river,
a lake, or an arm of the sea. See alluvium.
The windings of the stream in large alluvial flats are
most numerous where the current is exceedingly slow.
Dana, Geology, p. 641.
Same as alluvial.
Rare.] •
[L.] Same as alluvion.
accretion, K.L. alluvio(m-), adluvio(n-), an over-
flowing, inundation, K alluéré, adluere, flow to,
wash upon, Kad, to, + luere, wash, = Gr. Aotetv
wash: see lave? and lotion.] 1. fºrmerly-(a)
The wash of the sea against the shore, or of a
river against its banks. (b) The material de-
posited by seas or rivers; alluvium (which see).
–2. In modern legal use, an increase of land
on a shore or a river-bank by the action of
water, as by a current or by waves, whether
from natural or from artificial causes. If the ad-
dition has been gradual and imperceptible, the owner of
the land thus augmented has a right to the alluvial earth;
but if the addition has been sudden and considerable, by
the common law the alluvion is the property of the SOV-
ereign or state. By the law of Scotland, however, it re-
mains the property of the person of whose lands it origi-
nally formed part. If witnesses could see from time to time
that progress had been made, though they could not per-
ceive the progress while the process was going on, the
change is deemed gradual within the rule.
alluvious (a-lii’vi-us), a. [K L. alluvius, allu-
vial: see alluvium.] Same as alluvial. [Rare.]
alluvium (a-lilºvi-um), n.; pl. alluvià (-3). [L.,
prop. neut. of alluvius, adluvius, alluvial, K al-
luere, adluere, flow to, wash upon: See alluvion.]
A deposit, usually of mingled sand and mud,
resulting from the action of fluviatile currents:
applied by geologists to the most recent sedi-
mentary deposits, especially such as occur in
the valleys of large rivers: opposed to diluvium
(which see). Alluvion (which see) was formerly used
for both marine and fresh-water deposits, but alluvium,
has taken its place, although generally used only for flu-
viatile deposits.
allwhere (äl’hwār), adv. [K ME. alwhere; K all
+ where.] Everywhere. [Rare.]
I follow allwhere for thy sake.
Dowell, To the Muse.
allwhither (äl’hwigH/€r), adv. [Kall-H whither.]
In every direction. B. Taylor, Deukalion, IV.
iii. 153. (N. E. D.)
allyl (a-liſ), v.; pret. and pp. allied, ppr. allying.
[KME, alyen, alien, KOF. alier, F. allier, combine,
mix, alloy; in another form OF. aleier, allayer,
mod. F. aloyer, mix, alloy (X E. allay? and alloy,
q. v.); K L. alligare, adligare, bind to, Kad, to
+ ligare, bind. Cf. alligate and alliance.] I.
trans. 1. To unite by marriage, treaty, league,
or confederacy; connect by formal agreement:
generally used in the passive or with reflexive
pronouns.
Salamis . . . revolted, and allied itself to Megara.
J. Adams, Works, IV. 476.
2. To bind together; connect, as by resem-
blance or friendship.
Ah, madam, true wit is more nearly allied to good-na-
ture than your ladyship is aware of.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 2.
No fossil form allied to Amphioxus is known.
Huacley, Anat. Vert., p. 108.
II. intrans. To join or unite; enter into al-
liance.
allyl (a-li’, often al’i), n. ; pl. allies (a-liz’, often
al’iz). [KME. alie, ally, esp. kinsman, KOF. alie,
Katier, F. allier, ally: see allyl, v.] 1. One united
or associated with another by kinship, treaty,
or league; a confederate; more particularly, a
sovereign or state connected with another by
league offensive and defensive, or a subject or
citizen of such sovereign or state.
England . . . and France entered the war as allies.
J. McCarthy, Hist. Own Times, xxvii.
2. An auxiliary; an associate or friend.
What did not a little contribute to leave him thus with-
out an ally was, that if there were any one post more
untenable than the rest, he would be sure to throw himself
into it. Sterme, Tristram Shandy.
3. In 206l., an animal more or less closely re-
lated to another in respect to morphological
characters, and placed in the same alliance
(which see). =Syn. Associate, Friend, Companion, etc.
See associate.
ally??, n. A former spelling of alleyl.
ally 3, n. See alley?.
allyl (al’il), n. [K. L. all(ium), garlic, H--yl, KGr.
*ān, matter.] An organic radical, C3H5, which
does not exist in the free state. At the moment
of its liberation two molecules combine to form diallyl,
C6H10, a pungent ethereal liquid. . Also spelled allyle.—
Å; ºp id, (C3H5)S, the oil of garlic, which gives to
onions and garlic their peculiar Smell and taste.
allylamine (a-lil'a-min), n. [K allyl + amine.]
A mobile liquid, NH2(C3H5), having a sharp,
burning taste, produced by the action of potash
on allyl isocyanate. It may be regarded as am-
monia in which one hydrogen atom is replaced
by allyl.
allyle, n. See allyl.
allylic (a-lil'ik), a. [K allyl ---ic.] . Of or be-
longing to allyl: as, an allylic sulphid.
alma, almah al’má), n. [KAr. ‘almah, learned,
knowing (with ref, to their instruction in music
and dancing), K'alama, know. Cf. alim, alem.]
The name given in some parts of the East, and
153
especially in Egypt, to a girl whose occupation
is to amuse company in the houses of the
Wealthy or to sing dirges at funerals; a sing-
ing girl, of a higher class than the ghawazee or
dancing-girls of Egypt, with whom the almas
are sometimes confounded. See ghawazee and
ghaziyeh. Also spelled alme and almeh.
almacantart, almacantarathi, n. Same as
almucantar.
almadia (al-ma-dé’ā), n. [K F. almadie, K. Ar.
al-ma‘dīyah, Kal, the, + madiyah, ferry-boat, K
"ma'dºy, a passage, K'aday, pass or cross over.]
1. A river-boat used in India, shaped like a
shuttle, about 80 feet long and 6 or 7 broad.—
2. A small African canoe made of the bark of
trees. Some of the larger square-sterned boats
of the negroes are also thus designated.
Also written almadie, almady.
Almagest (alºma-jest), n. [K ME. almagest, al-
mageste, KOF. and ML. almageste, K Ar. al-mi-
jisti, Kal, the (see al-2), F Gr. Heytorm, fem. of
Aéyòorog, greatest, superl. of aftyag, great: see
"mega-.] The famous Greek work on astronomy,
written in the second century A.D. by the Alex-
andrian astronomer Ptolemy. Its proper title is
“Mathematical Composition”; but it was called Almagest,
or the greatest, to distinguish it from other books by the
8ame author.
Cross, and character, and talisman,
And almagest, and altar.
Scott, L. of L. M., vi. 17.
almagra (al-mâ'grã), n. [KSp. almagra, alma-
gre; Pg. almagre, KAr. al-maghrah, red ocher.]
A fine deep-red ocher, with an admixture of
purple, used in India for staining the person.
It is also sometimes used as a paint, and for polishing sil-
Ver and glass, under the name of Indian red.
Almaint (alºmän), a. and n. [Early mod. E.
also Almayn, Almaigne, Alman, and in sense II.,
2, alman, almond, KME. Almayn, Almawn, n., a
German, K OF. Aleman, F. Allemand, German,
K L. Alemanni, Alamanni : see Alemannic..] I.
a. German.
Almain ritters with their horsemen's staves.
Marlowe, Faustus, i.
Almain stone-ware vessels.
Jour. Archaeol. As8., XXX. 131.
II. m. 1. A German.
He sweats not to overthrow your Almain.
hak., Othello, ii. 3.
2. A kind of dance.—3. A kind of dance-music
in slow time.
Almain-rivet (al’mān-riv’et), n. [K Almain +
rivet.] In milit. antiq., one of a series of rivets
or short pieces of metal
sliding in slot-holes form-
ed in overlapping plates
of armor, replacing the
common appliance of
riveting to straps of lea-
ther or similar material:
first used by the Germans
about 1450. The term Al-
ſº º # º: ſº Nº.
f Nº. **". - º º
Nºżffº gº 9.S. Q.
º | tº | -
the aer * fºº-yº
ASI: §º tº:22,
Siºs rrº-
*N* . . §: a
º-º-º: ea. º.
main-rivets came afterward to §§ #. º
be applied to suits of armor §§§ºlº
- - - º 25°
constructed in this manner. Šºš
Also spelled Almayne-rivet, Al-
'man-rivet.
alma mater (alſ må mä'-
tēr). [L. : alma, fem. Of almºus, fostering, cher-
ishing, benign, K alere, nourish, foster (see ali-
ment and alumnus); mater = E. mother.] Liter-
ally, fostering mother: in modern use, applied
by students to the university or college in
which they have been trained.
Benjamin Woodbridge was the eldest son of our alma
qmate)'. Peirce, Hist. of Harv. Univ., App., p. 57.
Almant (al’man), a. and m. Same as Almain.
almanac (äl’ma-nak), n. [Early mod. E. alma-
Tasset of Plates, Almain-rivet
Armor, 15th century.
mack, almanach, K ME. almenak = F. almanach
= Sp. almanac, almanague = Pg. almanach, al-
manac = It, almanacco = D. almamak = G. alma-
nach (> Pol. almanach) = Sw. almanach = Dan.
almanak; K ML. almamac, almanach (Roger Ba-
con, A. D. 1267); appar. K. Ar. al, the, + “ma-
mākh, almanague, calendario,” so given in the
Arabic-Castilian “Vocabulista,” of Pedro de
Alcalá (A. D. 1505), who also gives “manah,
reloa, del Sol,” i.e., sun-dial. The word, used, it
appears, by Arabic astronomers in Spain as
early as the 12th or 13th century, is not found
elsewhere as Arabic, and must be of foreign,
presumptively of Greek, origin; without proof
from records, it has been identified with L.
namachus or manacus, also cited as Gr. *uffvaxog,
*uávayog, a false reading in Vitruvius for L.
menaeus, a circle on a sun-dial showing the
months or signs of the zodiac, K. Gr. Aumalog,
monthly, K Håv = L. mensis, month: see month.]
almanderf (al-man’dér), n.
almandin, almandine (al'man-din), m.
3,
almicantaratht, n.
almig
almightily (āl-mi’ti-li), adv.
almightiness (äl-mi’ti-nes), n.
almighty (āl-mi’ti), a.
almightyship (äl-mi’ti-ship), n.
almiqui (äl-mé’kē), m.
almirah (al-mi'rä), m.
almner, n., Se sº
almoint, almoignt (al-moin'), n.
almoin
A yearly calendar showing the correspondence
between the days of the week and the days of
the month, the rising and setting of the sun and
moon, the changes of the moon and of the tides,
and other astronomical data, and usually also
the ecclesiastical fasts and feasts, chronological
information, etc. Many annual publications called
almanacs are largely extended by the insertion of histori-
cal, political, statistical, and other current information, as
supplemental to the calendar.—Nautical almanac, an
almanac for the use of navigators and astronomers, in
which are given the ephemerides of all the bodies of the
solar system, places of the fixed stars, predictions of as-
tronomical phenomena, and the angular distances of the
moon from the Sun, planets, and fixed stars. Nautical al-
manacs are published by the governments of Great Britain,
the United States, and most other maritime powers.
[ME. almander,
almaunder, KOF. almandier, mod, amandier (cf.
Sp. almendro, ML. amondalarius), an almond-
tree, K almande, almond: see almond..] An
almond-tree. Chaucer; Wyclif. KF
[K F.
almandine, K L.L. alamandina, a corruption of
alabandina : see alo:bandine.] Precious or no-
ble garnet, a beautiful mineral of a red color,
of various shades, sometimes tinged with yel-
low or blue. It is commonly translucent, sometimes
transparent, and usually crystallizes in the rhombic dode-
cahedron. Also called almandite. See garmet.
Almaynet, a. and m. Same as Almain.
alme, almeh (alºme), n.
almena (al-mé’ nä), n.
See alma.
[Sp. almena = Pg.
ameia, a two-pound weight, prob. K. Ar. al, the,
+ menn, a measure, a two-pound weight.] A
weight of about a kilogram, or 2% pounds, used
in the East Indies.
almeriet, almery?, n. Variant forms of ambry.
An old form of alms.
Same as almºucantar.
ightt, a. [K ME. almight, almyght, almy&t,
almiht, KAS. almiht, almighty, K al-, al, all, --
miht, might.] ighty.
Blessed be God, Father almight.
Primer Hen. VIII. (N. E. D.)
In an almighty
manner; with almighty power: sometimes used
vulgarly as an expletive: as, I was almightily
angry. [Rare.]
Imesset, n.
The quality of
being almighty; omnipotence; infinite or bound-
less power: as, “the force of his almightiness,”
Jer. Taylor.
God . . . made them promises binding the strength of
his Almightiness with covenants sworn to everlastingly.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 106.
[K ME. almighty, al-
myghty, almāti, almihti, KAS. ealmihtig, eallmih-
tig, almihtig, alméahtig (=OS. almahtig, alamal-
tig, alomahtig = OHG. almahtig, alamahtig), K
eal, eall, all, F mihtig, mighty: see all, adv., and
mighty.1.1. Possessing all power; omnipotent;
of unlimited might; of boundless sufficiency.
Him the Almighty Power
Hurl’d headlong flaming from the ethereal sky.
Milton, P. L., i. 44.
2. Great; extreme; overpowering. [Colloq.]
Poor Aroar can not live, and can not die, -so that he is
in an almighty fix. De Quincey.
Almighty dollar, a phrase forcibly expressive of the
power of money: first used by Washington Irving in “A
Creole Village,” published in 1837.-The Almighty, the
omnipotent God.
By the Almighty, who shall bless thee. Gen. xlix. 25.
[Kalmighty +
-ship.] The state or quality of being almighty;
omnipotence. Cowley.
The native name of
Solenodon cubanus, an insectivorous mammal
peculiar to Cuba, belonging to the family Sole-
nodontidae. The animal is about 11 inches long, with
a tail 7} inches in length. It strikingly resembles an
opossum in general appearance, though belonging to
an entirely different order of mammals. The almiqui is
the largest of American Insectivora, and one of the rarest
of American mammals. It is nocturnal in habits and
lives under ground in caves. There is a similar Haytian
animal, Solemodom paradoacus, called agowta (which see).
See Solemodom.
[Anglo-Ind., K Hind.
almārī, K Pg. almário, armario, K L. armarium, a
closet, chest, X E. ambry, q.v.] A kind of cup-
board used in India; an armoire or wardrobe; a
chest of drawers. Also written almyra, almwra.
See almonerl.
[Early mod.
E. also almone, allmone, ME. almoym, alms,
alms-chest, K AF. *almoim, “almoigm, O.F. al-
ºmome, almosne, later awmóme; see alms, and
cf. almonerl.] 1. Alms.—2. An alms-chest.—
Frank almoin, literally, free alms; a perpetual tenure by
free gift of charity: usually written as one word, framkal-
moim (which see).










almond
* tº º
almond (ā’mgnd or al'mond), n. [Early mod.
E. also amand, K ME. almonde, almwmde, al-
mounde, almaunde, almande, etc., KOF. almande,
earlier alemande, alemandre, alemandle, also
amande, mod. F. amande = Pr. amandola = Sp.
almendra = Pg. amendoa = It. mandorla, man-
dola (the al- for orig. a-, in E., O.F., and Šp. be-
ing due prob, to confusion with the Ar, art., or
perhaps with the word Almain, German) = D.
amandel =OHG. mandala, MHG. G. mandel-
Dan. Sw. mandel = Russ. mindalina, dim., KML.
amandola, a corruption (through “amingdala) of
L. amygdala, K. Gr. ÖplvyöáAm, àpairydańov, an al-
mond: see amygdala.] 1. The stone or kernel
of the fruit of the tree Amygdalus communis,
the almond-tree (which see). There are two kinds,
the sweet and the bitter. Sweet almonds are a favorite
nut. They are the source of almond-oil, and an emulsion
made from them is used in medicine. The best, from
Malaga, are known as Jordan almonds. Bitter almonds
are smaller, and yield, besides almond-oil and an azotized
substance called emulsin (found also in sweet almonds), a
bitter crystalline principle called amygdalim, which when
mixed with emulsin is decomposed, producing hydrocyanic
acid and bitter-almond oil.
2. Anything shaped like an almond; an orna-
ment in the shape of an almond; specifically, a
piece of rock-crystal used in adorning branched
candlesticks.-African almonds, the seeds of the pro-
teaceous shrub Brabei wºn stellatifolium, of southern Africa.
—Almond of the throat, a tonsil or amygdala.-Coun-
try almonds, a name sometimes given to the fruit of the
East Indian tree Terminalia Catappa.-Java, almonds,
the fruit of Camariwm commune.
almond-cake (ā’mgnd-kāk), n. The cake left
after expressing the oil from almonds. Its
owder is used as soap in Washing the hands.
almond-eyed (á'mond-id), a. Having almond-
shaped eyes, as the Chinese and others of the
Mongolian race. -
almond-furnace (alºmond-fér"näs), m. [Prob.
for Almain or Alman jurnace; K Almain, Ger-
man (see Almain), + furnace.] A furnace in
which the slags of litharge left in refining sil-
ver are reduced to lead by being heated with
charcoal.
almond-oil (ā’mgnd-oil), m. A bland, fixed oil
obtained from almonds by pressure, and used
in medicine as a demulgent.—Bitter-almond oil,
a volatile oil distilled from the residual cake of bitter al-
monds after the almond-oil has been expressed, and due
to ºomposition of the amygdalin and emulsin of the
SeeOS.
almond-paste (ä'mgnd-pāst), n. A cosmetic
composed of bitter almonds, white of egg, rose-
water, and rectified spirit, used to soften the
skin and prevent chapping.
almond-tree (ä'mond-tré), n. The tree Amyg-
dalus communis, which produces the almond.
- The leaves and flowers
*S _ſ== resemble those of the
º peach, but the fruit is
more compressed, with
a thin, tough, and fl-
brous deciduous husk
when ripe, and the shell
thinner and more fra-
gile. The tree is culti-
vated for its nuts in the
region bordering the
Mediterranean, in Cali-
fornia, and to a limited
extent in the southern
United States; else-
where it is grown for
ornament, on account
of its large early ſlow-
ers. The common ſlower-
$ng almond is a dwarf
double-flowered species
from Russia, A. mana. The tropical Terminaliſt Catappa,
of the East Indies, is also called almond-tree.
almonerl, almmer (al’mgn-èr, àm (nér), m.
[Early mod. E. almoner, alméner, almmer, ame-
mer, amner, K ME. amoner, amener, earlier au-
moner, aumener, awmener, etc., KOF. awmoner,
aumonier, almosnier, mod. F. aumónier = Pr.
almosnier, almonier (ML. reflex almonarius,
"almosinarius) = Sp. limosnero, almoner, = Pg.
esmoler, almoner, osmoleiro, a begging friar,
= It limosiniero, -iere, -ario, K ML. eleemo-
synarius, a giver or distributer, sometimes also
a receiver, of alms (cf. OF. almosmere, al-
mosmeor = It. limosinatore, K ML. eleemosyna-
tor, a giver of alms), K L.L. eleēmosyma, alms:
see eleemosynary (of which almonerl is a dou-
blet), almoner2, and alms.] A dispenser of
alms or charity; especially, a person charged
with the distribution of alms as an official duty.
The Office of almoner was first instituted in monasteries
and other religious houses, which were required to dis-
pense part of their revenues in charity. Almoners, usually
priest8, and often acting also as chaplains, were afterward
attached to the households of sovereigns, feudal lords,
relates, etc., and to public institutions of various kinds.
n France the name early became synonymous with chap-
laim. (See awmonier.) The gramd almoner of the realm was
§§§ 24%
Almond (Amygdalus commutatis).
almoner?, n.
almonership (al’mgn-èr-ship), n.
almonry (al' mon-ri), n. ;
almost (äl’möst), adv.
154
regularly a cardinal or other high prelate; since the Revo-
lution this post has been alternately restored and abolished.
In º there is a lord almoner, or lord high almoner,
an ecclesiastical officer, generally a bishop, who formerly
had the forfeiture of ālī deodands and the goods of all
suicides, which he had to distribute to the poor. He now
distributes twice a year the sovereign's bounty, which con-
sists in giving a silver penny each to as many poor persons
as the sovereign is years of age. There is also a sub-al-
moner, and a hereditary grand almoner. The office of the
latter is now almost a sinecure.
[K ME, almer (for “almmer), aw-
mer, awméner, awmener, KOF. aumoniere, almos-
niere, F. awmónière (sometimes used
in this form in E.) = Pr. almosnera
(ML. reflex almonaria, almoneria)
= Pg. eSmoleira, alms-box, K ML.
eleemosynaria, an alms-purse, alms-
|box, prop. adj. (Sc. bursa, purse, arca,
box), fem, of eleemosynarius: see al-
monerl, and cf. almonry, of which
almoner? is a doublet.] 1. An alms-
purse.—2. In general, a purse, es-
pecially a large purse, or pouch, usually (from
the twelfth century until the fifteenth) hung
from the girdle. It was closed either by cords drawn
through the hem, or in a casing, or by a clasp. It took to
a great extent the place of a pocket.
The Office
Almoner.
or position of almoner.
l, almonries (-riz).
[K late M.E. almosnerye, K &#. *almosnerie, aw–
mosnerie, F. aumóneries= Pr, almonaria (ML. re-
flex almonaria, almonarium), KML. eleēmosyna-
ria, an almshouse, the residence or office of
an almoner, also an alms-purse or alms-box (in
this sense the source of almoner?), prop, a 3.
fem. of eleemosynarius: see almonerl, almoner?,
and eleemosymary. A different word from ambry,
with which, through the forms almery, ambery,
it has been in part confused: see ambry.] The
place where an almoner resides or where alms
are distributed. In monasteries it is situated near the
church or at the gate-house; sometimes it is a separate
building, as the almonry at Canterbury, and sometimes
it contains lodgings for choristers attached to the church.
[Colloq. or dial, amost,
'most, dial. also ommost, omast, Sc. amaist,
'maist, K ME. almost, almoost, almeste, almaste,
KAS. almäst, ealmäst, mostly all, nearly all, K
al, eal, E. all, -- mást, E. most, adv.] 1+. Nearly
aii; for the most part; mostly. [In this sense
almost all is now used.]
These giuers were almost Northmen.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 133.
2. Very nearly; well-nigh; all but. -
tº I almost wish
Bie be not dead, although my Wrongs are great.
helley, The Cenci, iii. 2.
Almost never, hardly ever.—Almost no, almost none,
scarcely any. .
almousł, n. [= Sc. awmous, KME. almouse, al-
"mows, almus, KIcel. almusa, Ölmusa =Sw. almosa
=I)am. almisse=AS. ailmesse, E. alms: see alms,
of which almous, Sc. awmous, represents the
Scand. form.] An old form of alms. .
alms (āmz), m. sing., sometimes used as pl. [K
M.E. almes, almis, almesse, almisse, elmes, elmesse,
almesse, almisse, KAS. ailmesse, almysse (in comp.
almes-, almes-) = OS. alamósma = OFries. i.el-
misse=D. aalmoes=OHG. alamuosam, alamósam,
MHG. almwosen, G. almosen = Icel. almusa, Öl-
musa = Sw. almosa = Dan, almisse = OF. a
mosne, aumoSme, F. aumóme (see almoin, almoign)
= Pr. almosna = Sp. limosha = Pg. eSmola = It.
limosina = OBulg. almºuzhino = Bohem. almºuzhna
= Pol. jalmuzhma = Hung. alamizsma, KML., “al-
mosina, elimosina, L.L. eleēmosyna, alms, K. Gr.
ëWemploo ovn, pity, compassion, alms, KēAeff pov,
pitiful, merciful, compassionate, K ŠAeog, pity,
mercy, compassion. See almonerl, almoner?,
and eleemosymary.] 1. The act of relieving
the needy; charitable aid; ministration to the
poor: aS, to give money in alms.
When thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what
thy right hand doeth. Mat. vi. 3.
2. That which is given to the poor or needy; a
charitable dole; anything bestowed in charity.
Enoch set himself
Scorning an alms, to work whereby to live.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
To scatter from our abundance occasional alms is not
enough. Chamming, Works, IV. 291.
Reasonable alms, in Eng, law, a part of the estate of
an intestate person allotted to the poor.—Tenure by
free alms, in England, an ecclesiastical tenure of land
by which the possessor was formerly bound to pray for
the soul of the donor, whether dead or alive; frankal-
moin $." see).
ag (āmz'bag), n. A bag of some fine
materialſ used for collecting alms during divine
alms-
service.
almucantar
alms-basin (āmz’bà"Sn), n. , Abasin or dish of
metal used to receive the alms-bags to be laid
upon the altar. Sometimes the alms was received di-
rectly in the basin, without use of the bag. See alms-bag.
Also called alms-dish,
alms-box (āmz'boks), n. Same as alms-Chest.
alms-chest (āmz’chest), m. A chest or box fast-
ened to the wall, as of a church, to receive offer-
ings for the poor or for any religious purpose.
alms-deed (āmz’déd), n. [K ME. almes-dede,
almesse-dede, etc.] . An act of charity; a char-
itable deed. Acts ix. 36.
[KME. almes-disshe.]
alms-dish (āmz'dish), n.
Same as alms-basin.
alms-drink (āmz’dringk), m. The leavings of
drink, such as might be given away in alms.
2d Serv. Ilepidus is high-coloured.
1st Serv. They have made him drink alms-drink.
Shak., A. and C., ii. 7.
alms-fee (āmz'fé), n. [KAS. almes:fe0h, K al-
messe, alms, + feoh, money: see fee.] An an-
nual tax of one penny on every hearth, collected
in England and Ireland and sent to Rome, from
the beginning of the tenth century until it was
abolished by Henry VIII. Also called Rome-
scot or Rome-fee, and Peter's pence.
He [Edmund], toward the middle of the tenth century,
strictly commands payment of tithe, . . . and alm 8-fee.
JKemble, Saxons in Eng., ii. 10.
alms-folk (āmz'fök), m. pl. Persons supported
by alms. ge tº
alms-gate (āmz'gāt), n. That gate of religious
or great houses at which alms were distributed
to the poor.
almsgiver (āmz'giv’ér), n. One who gives alms.
almsgiving (āmz'giving), n. The act of giving
alms.
almshouse (āmz'hous), n. [KME. almésshowse.]
A house appropriated for the use of the poor
who are supported by the public or by a rev-
enue derived from private endowment; a poor-
house. In the United States almshouse and poorhouse
are synonymous, meaning only a house for the common
residence of the publicly supported paupers of a town or
county. In Great Britain almshowses are generally a
number of small dwellings built together, supported by
private endowment, for the use of respectable persons
reduced to poverty, buildings for public paupers being
called workhouses or poorhouses.
almsman (āmz’man), n. ; pl. almsmen (-men).
[KME. almesman, almesmon, etc.] 1. A person
supported by charity or public provision.
Even bees, the little almsmen of spring bowers.
Keats, Isabella, St. 13.
2. A charitable person; a dispenser of alms.
Decon. [Rare.] *
The almsman of other men's sympathies.
- Ilongfellow, Hyperion, iv. 7.
alms-pot (āmz'pot), n. A sort of box carried
by beggars, and perhaps succeeding the clack-
dish (which see) in point of time. It was some-
times a cylindrical wooden pot with a slit in the lid, some-
times a more carefully made vessel of pewter. Until very
recently beggars in London carried such pots fastened to
their waist-belts.
almucantar, almucanter (al-mü-kan’tär, -têr),
n. [Also written alma-, almicantar, -er, formerly
also almicantarath, etc., M.E. almykantera (Chau-
cer), K.F. almucantaraths, almucantarat, almican-
tarat = Sp. almicantarat, almicantárada = Pg.
(as M.L.), K ML. almicantarath, almucantarath,
KAr. al-muqamtarāt, Kal, the, + mugantarăt, pl.
of muqanţarah, a sun-dial, Kgantarah, a brid €,
an arch.] 1. In astron., a small circle of the
sphere parallel to the horizon; a circle or paral-
lel of altitude. When two stars are on the same almu-
cantar they have the same altitude.
2. An astronomical instrument (invented by
S. C. Chandler) consisting of a telescope pro-
vided with horizontal wires and mounted upon
a box floating upon mercury. The float is first
turned round so as to point the telescope east of the me-




almucantar . . .
ridian, and the time of rising of a star over the wires is
noted; the telescope is then pointed to west of the merid-
n, and the time of descending of a star is noted. In this
way, if the positions of the stars are known, the correction
of a timepiece and the latitude. may be determined; on
the other hand, if these are known, either the right ascen-
sions or the declinations of the stars may be determined.
The instrument is of great value on account of its having
fewer instrumental errors than a meridian circle.
almucantar-staff (al-mü-kan’tär-stāf), n. An
instrument having an arc of 15°, formerly
used to take observations of the sun about the
time of its rising or setting, to find its ampli-
tude, and from this the variation of the com-
im.
almucanter, n. See almucantar.
almuce, n. Same as a mice”.
almud, almude (al-möd"), n. [Sp. almud, Pg.
almude, KAr. al-mudd, a dry measure, a “bushel.”
Cf. Heb. mad, a measure.] A measure for
liquids and grain, ranging for liquids from 3%
to 5% imperial gallons, and for grain from 3% to
11 pints; in Turkey, 1.15 imperial gallon.
almug (alſ mug), m, . A tree whose wood was
brought from “Ophir” for use in the construc-
tion of Solomon's temple (1 Kings, x. 11, 12).
In spite of the difference of form, and, in part,
of the assigned habitats, almug and algum are
probably variant forms of the name of the
same tree. See algum.
almund (al’ mund), n. [Cf. almud #1 A Turk-
ish measure of º equal to 1.151 imperial
gallons. Morgan, U. S. Tariff.
lmura, n. See almirah.
lmury# (al’mü-ri), n. [ME., KAr. al-mu'ri, Kal,
the, -H mur'7, indicator, Kra'ay, see..] A pointer
forming a part of an astrolabe.
Thin almwry is cleped the denticle of Capricorne or elles
the kalkuler. Chaucer, Astrolabe, i. § 23.
almutent, n. [Corrupt for almuta2 (as in O.F.),
K. Ar. al-mu'taz, Kal, the, + mu'taz, prevailing,
K'azz, be powerful..] In astrol., the prevailing
or ruling planet in the horoscope.
almyra, n. See almirah.
alnage (alºmäj), 'm. ſº late ME. aulnage, KOF.
awlmage g; awmage), Kaulner, awner, measure by
the ell, Kalne, aune, ell: see aume and ell.] . A
measuring by the ell; specifically, official in-
spection and measurement of woolen cloth for
#. purpose of laying duties on it. Also spelled
alénage, ulnage.—Almage duties, duties formerly paid
in England on woolen cloths at so much per ell.
The duties of subsidy and alemage of all wollen manu-
facto" for the coy of York and Lancaster.
Record Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire, XI. 54.
alnager (al'nā-jër), n. [K late ME. aulmeger, K
OF. aulmegeor, K awlmage: see almage.] A royal
officer who examined cloth, and affixed a seal
in guaranty of its quality or measure. The
office existed until the reign of William III.
Also written awlnager, ulnager.
The officer whose business it was to examine into the
assize of Woolen cloths was called the almager.
Archibald Brown, Law Dict., p. 20.
alnagership (al'nā-jér-ship), m. The office or
position of almager.
Execution of the office of deputy almagership by the re-
lators Sowerby and Brooks.
Record Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire, XI. 68.
almascharism (al-nas/kār-izm), n. [K Almaschar
(see def.) + -ism..] Conduct or an action like
that of Alnaschar, the hero of a story in the
Arabian Nights; anticipation of future gran-
deur during a day-dream or reverie.
With maternal almascharism she had, in her reveries,
thrown back her head with disdain, as she repulsed the
family advances of some wealthy but low-born heiress:
Miss Edgeworth, Vivian, i.
alnight? (äl’nit), n. [Kal, all, F night.]. A
eat cake of wax with a wick in the midst,
intended to burn all night. Bacon.
Alnus (alºnus), m. #: alder: see alder1.] A
enus of shrubs and small trees, of the family
etulaceae, growing in moist places in northern
temperate or colder regions. There are about 14
species, of which half are American. The wood is light
and soft, but close-grained and compact, enduring long
under water, valuable for cabinet-work, and making an
excellent charcoal for gunpowder. The bark is used for
tanning and dyeing, and as a remedy in medicine. Several
species are cultivated for ornament. See alderl.
alodgementt, n. See allodgement.
alody (alſº-di), n.
allodium. *
aloe (al’ô), n. . [K ME, aloe, also, and earlier
always, in pl. form aloes, alowes, allowes, ear-
lier aloen, KAS. aluwan, alewan, alwan, pl. of
unused sing. *aluwe, "alwe = D. aloé = G. aloe
=Sw, aloe =I)an, aloe-F. aloës, earlier written
aloës, OF, aloe=Pr. aloa, aloe, aloes, aloeu = Sp.
Pg. ft. alooſe Russ, aloé-Pol. aloes, KL, aloé,
:
[KML. allodium.] Same as *
155
ML, also aloes, alues, alua (XAS. *aluwe, "alwe,
above), KGr. 32.6m, the aloe, i.e., prop.,
of the genus Aloé, and the ărug prepared there-
from, but used also, by confusion, in the Sep-
tuagint and the New Testament (and hence in
the L.L. (Vulgate) and mod. languages) to trans-
Aloe znelgaris, with flower entire and cut longitudinally.
late the Heb. akhālūm, akhálóth, of which the
proper representative is Gr. ÖyážWozov, NL.
agallochum, E. agalloch, q. v., the fragrant
resin or wood which was called in later Gr.
#v%ażóm, whence in NL. (transposed) aloëxylon,
and (translated) lignum aloes, F. bois d’aloés,
lit. wood of the aloe, in E. wood-aloes and
aloes-wood. The form aloes, as sing., is due to
the ML. sing. aloes, and in part, perhaps, to the
L. gen. aloes in lignum aloes, E. lign-aloes, q.v.
In the earliest E. (AS.) use the reference is
usually to the agallochum, but it is often diffi-
cult to tell which meaning is intended, and
even in modern writers the difference is often
ignored.] The common name of the plants of
the genus Aloé. They are natives of warm climates
of the old world, and are especially abundant in the south-
ern part of Africa. Among the Mohammedans the aloe is
a symbolic plant, especially in Egypt, and every one who
returns from a pilgrimage to Mecca hangs it over his street-
door, as a token that he has performed the journey. In
Africa the leaves of some species of aloe are made into
ropes, fishing-lines, bow-strings, and hammocks. Several
species yield aloes, the well-known bitter purgative medi-
cine. The American aloe is the century-plant, Agave
Americana, and the false aloe is A. Virginica. See Agave.
Many species are cultivated for ornament, growing readily
on very dry soil. See aloes.
Aloë (al’é-6), n. [NL. : see aloe.] A genus of
liliaceous plants, including trees, shrubs, and a
few perennial herbs, with thick fleshy leaves,
usually spinosely toothed and rosulate at the
summit of the caudex. See aloe.
aloédarium (al” 3-3-dā’ ri-um), n. [NL.: see
below.] Same as aloédary.
aloédary (al-ā-ā'da-ri), n. [KNL. aloédarium, K
Gr. &Woméâptov, Kážón, aloe.] A compound pur-
ative medicine of which aloes is a chief ingre-
ient.
aloes (al'6z), m. sing. Or pl. (pl. of aloe, used also
as sing.). [See aloe.] 1. A drug, theimspissated
juice of several species of aloe. It is obtained
from the leaves, sometimes by cutting them across, when
the resinous juice exudes and is evaporated into a firm
consistence, sometimes by pressing the juice and mucilage
out together, and in other cases by dissolving the juice
out of the cut leaves by boiling and then evaporating to a
roper consistency. Several kinds are known in commerce.
Socotrine aloes, also called East Indian or Zanzibar aloes,
the produce mainly of varieties of A. Perryi, comes chiefly
from Red Sea ports and Aden. Barbados and Curaçoa
aloes are produced in the West Indies from A. vera, which
has been introduced from the Mediterranean. Cape
and Natal aloes are obtained probably from A. feroa, and
form by far the greater part of the supply. The name
hepatic aloes is applied to any opaque and liver-colored
variety of the drug. The extract of aloes when treated
with nitric acid gives rise to various yellow and brown pro-
ducts, which by the aid of mordants can be fixed to silk
and Wool; but they are seldom used in dyeing.
2. The fragrant resin orwood of the agallochum.;
lign-aloes; aloes-wood; wood-aloes: the usual
meaning in the Bible. See agallochum.–Fetid,
Caballine, or horse aloes, a coarse, impure preparation
of aloes. U. S. Dispensatory.
aloes-wood (al’öz-Wüd), m. Same as agallochum.
aloëtic (al-ū-et'ik), a. and m. [KNL. aloeticus,
L. aloé: see aloe.] I. a. Pertaining to or ob-
tained from the aloe or aloes; partaking of the
qualities, or consisting chiefly, of aloes.
II. m. A medicine or preparation consisting
chiefly of aloes.
aloétical (al-ū-et’i-kal), a. Same as aloétic.
aloëtin (a-lö’e-tin), m. Same as aloin.
aloe-tree (al’6-tré), n. The plant furnishing
the drug aloes (which see). See aloe.
a plant #:
alone
º e aloe tre distroyeth the 8wittene
cº; * º, Rivers, ; P. . (N. E. º
aloft (a-lôft’), prep. phr. as adv. and prép.
ME. aloft, a loft, o loft (acc.), alofte, a lofte, 0
lofte (dat.), in fuller form on the loft, on the
lofte, inne the lofte, KIcel. & lopt (acc. of motion),
à lopti (dat. of position), on high, aloft, lit. in
the air: ā–AS. am, on, . 4, 0, 01, In, 9.0,
to; lopt (pron. loft) = AS. luft, ME. luft, luft, lift
(É. lift), the air, the sky, upper floor, loft; see
loft and lift1, the air.] i. ii. 1. Č. high; in
or into the air; high above the ground: as, the
eagle soars aloft. e
Then will I raise aloft the milk-white rose
With whose sweet smell the air shall be perfum'd.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 1.
2. Naut., in or into the top; at the masthead,
or on the higher yards or rigging; hence, on
the upper part, as of a building.
There's a sweet little cherub that sits up aloft,
To keep watch for the life of poor Jack.
Dibdin, Poor Jack.
II.f prep. On the top or surface of; above.
Now I breathe again
Aloft the flood. Shak., K. John, iv. 2.
Alogi (alſº-ji), n. pl. [ML.: see Alogian.] The
Alogians. See Alogian.
Alogian (a-lô"ji-an), n. [KML. Alogus, pl. Alogi,
Gr. 37.0)og, without logos: see alogy.] One of
a sect which arose toward the close of the sec-
ond century, and which denied the divinity of
Jesus Christ as the Logos, or “Word” (John i.
1), and the authenticity of St. John’s writings,
which they ascribed to the Gnostic Cerinthus.
alogic (a-loj'ik), a. Same as alogical.
alogical (a-lójºi-kal), a. [K Gr. - priv. -- Žoyt-
Kóc, reasonable: see alogy and logic.] Without
logic or reason; illogical.
There is an immanent teleology in his [Julius Bahnsen's]
universe; but it is not merely alogical, but anti-logical,
and even anti-causal. G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 43.
alogismt (al’ī-jism), m. [Kalogy + -ism.] An
illogical or irrational statement.
alogotrophy (al-º-got’rö-fi), n. [K Gr. 37.0%g,
without reckoning, incommensurable (see alo-
gy), + d"popog, ill-fed: see atrophy.] Unequal
nutrition of different parts of the body, espe-
cially of the bones.
alogy: (al''}-ji), m. [K L. alogia, K. Gr. 37.0%ta, K
ãZoyog, without reason, unreasoning, unreason-
able, K d-priv. -- Žáyog, speech, reason, reckon-
ing, proportion, also Logos, the Word: see lo-
gos.]. Unreasonableness; absurdity.
The error . . . and alogy in this opinion is worse than
in the last. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Brr., p. 108,
aloin (al'é-in), n. [Kaloe F-in?..] A crystalline
bitter principle obtained from aloes in pale-
yellow prismatic needles, grouped in stars.
It has the composition C17H13O++}H2O. It
is only slightly soluble in cold water or alcohol. Its taste
is at first sweetish and then intensely bitter. It is an
active cathartic. Also called aloëtim.
alomancy (alº-man-si), m. Same as halomancy.
Alombrado, m. See Alumbrado.
alondet, prep. phr. as adv. A Middle English
form of alandl.
alone (a-lón'), a. and adv. [K ME. alone, al
on, usually separated, al one (= G. allein = D.
alleen = Dam. alene): al, E. all, adv.; one, orig.
a dissyllable, KAS. āna, alone, weak inflection
of dim, one: see all and one. The pronuncia-
tion given to one in al-ome, at-one, on-ly, is
strictly regular; the pronunciation “wun"
given to the simple word is a comparatively
mod. corruption. In mod. dial. or colloq. use
abbrev. lone, as an attributive. In most in-
stances alone may be construed equally well as
adj. Or adv.; no separation is here made.] 1.
Apart from another or others; single or singly;
solitary or solitarily; without the aid or com-
pany of another: applied to a person or thing:
as, to be or remain alone; to walk alone.
It is not good that the man should be alone. Gen. ii. 18.
He rode all unarmed, and he rode all alone.
Scott, Young Lochinvar.
Concert fires people to a certain fury of performance
they can rarely reach alone.
Emerson, Society and Solitude.
2. Only; to the exclusion of other persons or
things; sole or solely: as, he alone remained.
In this sense alone is sometimes used attributively before
8, Il Oll]].
Man shall not live by bread alone. Luke iv. 4.
It is not to rulers and statesmen alone that the science
of government is important and useful. It is equally in-
dispensable for every American citizen.
Story, Misc. Writings, p. 624.
Even one alone verse sometimes makes a perfect poeme.
B. Jomson, Timber.
The universal soul is the alone creator of the useful and
beautiful, Emerson, Art.

alone
8t. Without a parallel; above or beyond all
others; unique.
To her, whose worth makes other worthies nothing;
She is alone. hak., T. G. of W., ii. 4.
I am alone the villain of the earth.
º wak., A. and C., iv. 6.
4}. Devoid; destitute.
For bothe a Wydowe was she and allone
Of ony frend to whom she dorst hire mone.
Chaucer, Troilus, i. 98.
To let alone. See let. =Syn. Alome, Only. The attribu-
tive use of alome is now very rare. In the Bible and earlier
English alome is often used for the adverb only, but it is
now becoming restricted to its own sense of solitary, un-
accompanied by other persons or things.
Who can forgive sins but God alome 2 Luke Y. 21.
Not alone at ISphesus, but almost throughout all Asia.
Acts xix. 26.
In each of these examples only would now be considered
better, though not alone for mot only is in common use.
Alone means unaccompanied: as, he stood alone. Only ap-
plies to that of which there is no other: as, an only son;
adverbially, only this.
And I only am escaped alone to tell thee. Job i. 15.
alonelyi (a-lón"li), adv. and a... [KME. aloonly,
alomly, usually separated, al only, all only, al
onli, aloonly, etc. : al, all, adv. ; only, adv. Cf.
alone, allemarly. In mod. use abbrev. lonely, esp.
as attrib, adj.] I. adv. Only; merely; singly.
This said spirit was not given alonely unto him, but
unto all his heirs and posterity. Latimer.
Farewell with him [the medical attendant] all that made
sickness pompous—the spell that hushed the household,
. . . the sole and single eye of distemper alonely fixed
upon itself. Jamb, Elia, p. 311.
II. a. Exclusive; sole; only.
The alonely rule of the land rested in the queen.
Fubyan, Qhron., an. 1328.
aloneness (a-lón'nes), m. The State of being
alone or without company.
Watching over his aloneness.
J. Legge, Life of Confucius, p. 44.
alongl (a-lông'), prep. and adv. [K ME. along,
olong, earlier anlong, also (by confusion with
the early forms of emdlong, q.v.) andelong, en-
delong, endlang, etc., KAS. andlang, along (=
OFries, ondling, ondlinga, ondlenge = G. entlamg,
along), K and—, over against, away toward, H-
lang, long: see and-, a-5, and longi. Orig. (in
AS.) an adj., “stretching long or far away,”
applied, as found, only to periods of time, “the
livelong’ day or night, but prob, also to space;
then used adverbially with dependent gen.,
afterward taken as direct obj. of along as a
prep., the prep. implied in the orig. gen, being
subsequently expressed by on, upon, by, with,
thus giving along the construction of an adv.
Quite different from along?, owing to, q.v.] I.
prep. Through or by the length of; from one
end to or toward the other of; lengthwise or in
a longitudinal direction through, over, or by the
side of: implying motion or direction: as, to
walk along a river or highway.
And the messages that go along my nerves do not con-
sist in any continuous action.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 258.
II. adv. 1. By the length; lengthwise; paral-
lel to or in a line with the length.
Some laid along,
And bound with burning wires, on spokes of Wheels are
hung. Dryden.
2. In a line, or with a progressive motion;
onward: as, let us walk along.
A ſirebrand carried along leaveth a train.
Bacon, Nat. Hist.
3. In company; together.
He to England shall [go] along with you.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 3.
The queen took her leave of Say's Court, having brought
confusion along with her, and leaving doubt and appre-
hension behind. Scott, Kenilworth, I. xv.
[In this sense it is often used absolutely in common speech
§ the United States: as, I was not along.]—All along.
ee all.
along? (a-lông'), prep. [Also abbrev. long (see
long 3); KME, along, ilong, KAS. gelang (=OS, ge-
lamg = OHG. gilang), adj., belonging, depending
(with prep. on, on, or act, at), lit. in line with,
in connection with, K ge-, generalizing prefix,
+ lang, long: see ge-, a-6, and long 1. Cf. be-
long..] Owing to; on account of: with of, for-
merly with on.
I can nat telle wheron it was along [var. long),
But wel I wot greet stryf is vs among.
hawcer, Yeoman's Tale, 1. 877.
'Tis all along of you that I am thus haunted.
H. Brooke, Fool of Quality, II. 88.
All along qf the accursed gold. Scott.
Lady Maſjdalem. Unhappiest
Qf Queens and wives and women.
lice... ... And all º:
Of Philip. Tennyson, Queen Mary, v. 2.
This preposition is now always followed by of, and its use
mainly confined to colloquial or dialectal speech.)
156
alongshore (a-lông'shôr), prep. phr, as adv.
[K alongl + shorel.] By the shore or coast;
lengthwise of the shore and near it.
I see . . . California quartz-mountains dumped down
in New York to be repiled architecturally along-shore from
Canada to Cuba, and thence Westward to California again.
Emerson, Civilization.
alongshoreman (à-lông 'shôr-man), n. ; pl.
alongshoremen (-men). [K alongshore + man.]
A laborer employed about docks or wharves
and in the loading and unloading of vessels.
Commonly shortened to 'longshoreman.
alongside (3-lông'sid), prep, phr. as adv. and
prep. [K along1 + side1.] % adv. Along or by
the side; at or to the side of anything, as a
ship: as, to be alongside of the wall.
Several large boats came alongside,
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 18.
II. prep. Beside; by the side of: as, the ves-
sel lay alongside the wharf.
We first tested this case by laying it alongside the his-
toric facts in the case.
S. Lanier, The English Novel, p. 46.
alongstt (a-lôngst’), prep. [ME. alongest, in
longes; K alonglº-F -est, -st, after amongst from
among, against from again, etc.] Along; through
or by the length of.
The Turks did keep straight watch and ward in all their
parts alongst the sea-coast. I(molles, Hist. Turks.
aloof (a-löf'), prep. phy, as adv. and prep.
[Early mod. E. aloofe, aloufe, a loofe, a luf; Kaº,
on, + loof, K. D. loef, loof, luff; cf. D. te loef, to
loof, i. e., to windward; loºf howden, lit. hold
loof, keep to the windward: cf. the E. phrase
to hold aloof. See loof 2, luff?..] I. adv. At a
distance, but within view; intentionally re-
maining apart, literally or figuratively; with-
drawn.
It is necessary the Queen join, for if she stand aloof
there will be still suspicions. Suckling.
Aloof he sits
And sullen, and has pitched his tents apart.
M. Arnold, Sohrab and Rustum.
Thy Smile and frown are not aloof
From one another;
Each to each is dearest brother.
Tennyson, Madeline.
II. prep. At or to a distance from; away or
apart from. [Rare.]
The great luminary,
Aloof the vulgar constellations thick,
That from his lordly eye keep distance due,
Dispenses light from far. Milton, P. L., iii. 577.
aloofness (a-löfnes), n. The state of being
aloof, or of keeping at a distance; indifference.
TJnfaithfulness and aloofness of such as have been great-
est friends. D. Rogers, Naaman, p. 93.
By the wary independence and aloofness of his [the In-
dian's] dim forest life he preserves his intercourse with
his native gods.
*r Thoreaw, Concord and Merrimac Rivers, p. 59.
alopecia (al-à-pê'si-á), n., [NL., KF, alopécie, K
L.Talopecia, K. Gr. Öoreſcia, a disease like the
mange of foxes, in which the hair falls off, K
â%tſm; (džotek-), a fox, possibly akinto L. vulpes,
a fox: see Vulpes.] Baldness; loss of hair. Also
written alopécy.—Alopecia areata (NL. areatus, hav-
ing areas or spots), a disease of the hairy regions of the skin,
characterized by the appearance of one or more bald spots,
èxtending themselves with rounding outlines, and some-
times by coalescence producing complete baldness. The
bald spot has a center which is naked and smooth, sur-
rounded by a peripheral zone, scaly and presenting nu-
merous broken short hairs. It is by some considered due
to a vegetable parasite, and by others to nervous disturb-
ance. Also called area Celsi, or simply area.—Alopecia,
pityrodes (NL, pityrodes, bran-like), a disease of the hairy
parts of the skin, characterized by a progressive reduction
in the length, size, and number of the hairs, attended with
an abundant furfuraceous accumulation on the surface of
the skin.—Alopecia, unguium (L. wrigwis, a nail), falling
off of the mails.
alopecian (al-ū-pê'si-an), n. A shark of the
family Alopeciidae. Sir J. Richardson, y
Alopecias (al-3-pê'si-as), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3%)-
Tektaç, the thresher-shark, Kóżórmé, a fox, also a
kind of shark.] Same as Alopias.
alopeciid (al-à-pê'si-id), n. A fox-shark; a
shark of the family Alopeciidae.
Alopeciidae gººg.) m.pl. [NL., KAlo-
ecias -H, -ida..] Same as Alopiidae. . º
alopecist (al’ā-pe-sist), n. [K alopecia + -ist.]
One who undertakes to cure or prevent bald-
ness. N. E. D. s y
alopecoid (al-3-péſkoid), a. and n., [K 94.6%-
Tekoetóñº, contr. &Worekóðng, fox-like, KāAóſtmé,
fox, H- sióoç, form.] I. a. Fox-like; vulpine:
applied to agroup or series of earnivorous mam-
mals of which the common fox is the type, as
distinguished from the thoëid series, which in-
cludes the dogs and wolves.
alp -
II. m. One of the alopecoid or vulpine series
of canine quadrupeds ; as, “alopecoids, or vul-
ine forms,” W. H. Flower, Encyc. Brit., XV.
38,
Alopecurus (al''}-pē-kü'rus), ºn... [NL., K. Gr.
âAdºrékovpog, a kind of grass, K &%rmé, fox, +
oùpá, tail.] Foxtail-grass, a genus of grasses,
natives of temperate and cold regions. A. pra.
tensis is a valuable fodder-grass; some of the other species
are not only worthless, but troublesome as weeds. See
foastail-grass, e
alopecy § n. Same as alopecia.
Alopias (a-ló’pi-as), m. [NL., shortened from
Alopecias, q.v.] A genus of Selachians, con-
Thresher-shark (Alopta's zulpes).
taining the shark known as the sea-ape, sea-fox,
fox-shark, or thresher, Alopias vulpes, and giv-
ing name to the family Alopiidae. Also called
Alopecias.
The thresher-shark, Alopias vulpes, is readily recognized
by its extraordinarily long tail, which forms over half the
length of the whole animal. It is distributed in both At-
lantic and Pacific oceans. Stand. Nat. Hist., III. 80.
Alopiidae (al-3-pi'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., shortened
from Alopeciidae; also written Alopiada; ; K Alo-
pias -H -idae, -ada..] A family of anarthrous
selachians, represented by the genus Alopias.
Alosa (a-ló'sä), m. [L., also alausa, X F. alose,
> E. allice, q.v.] A genus of fishes, of the fam-
ily Clupeidae, including the shad (which see).
Also written Alausa.
alosel (a-lós'), m. A member of the genus Alosa.
alose2+, v. t. [KOF, aloser, Ka- + los, praise: see
a-11 and lose?..] To praise. Chaucer.
alouate, alouatte (al-ö-āt"), n. [Galibi (Gui-
ana) alaouata.] A name which was given b
French naturalists, as Buffon, to the red howl-
ing monkey of Guiana, afterward known as My-
cetes semiculus (Illiger); hence used as a general
name, like hurleur, for the South American
howlers. See cut under howler.
alouatta (al-ū-at’â), m. Same as alouate.
alouchi, aluchi (a-lö'chi), m. [Native name.]
A resin obtained from Protium Aracouchini, a
tree of Madagascar. It is thought to have some
medicinal properties. See acouchi-resin.
aloud (a-loud'), prep. phr. as adv. . [ME, aloud,
a loudé; K as loud. Cf. alowl, ahigh.] 1.
With a loud voice or great noise; loudly.
Cry alowd, spare not. IS. lviii. 1.
2. Audibly; with the natural tone of theyoice
as distinguished from whispering: as, he has a
severe cold and can hardly speak aloud.
à l'outrance (à l'î-trońs'). See & outrance.
alowl (a-ló'), prep. phr. as adv. [ME. alow,
alowe, alough, alogh, alog; K as + low2. Cf. be-
low and ahigh.] or to a low place, or a lower
part; below; down: opposed to aloft.
Sometimes aloft he layd, sometimes alow, . . .
So doubtfully, that hardly one could know
Whether more wary were to give or ward the blow.
Spemser, F. Q., VI. viii. 13.
After doubling Point Pinos, we bore up, set studding-
sails alow and aloft, and were walking off at the rate of
eight or nine knots.
R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 97.
alow? (3-lou"), adv. [Ka8+ lowº, fire: see lowº.]
Afire; in a flame. [Scotch..]–To gang alow, to
take fire, or be set on fire; blaze; be burned.
That discreet man Cardinal Beaton is c'en to gamg alowe
this blessed day if we dinna stop it. Temnant.
alp1 (alp), n. [KME. alpe. In Norfolk (Eng-
land) the bullfinch is called blood-olph, and the
green grosbeak green-olf, where olph, olf, may
be the same as alp; cf. ouphe and the other
forms of elf, q.v." Possibly a humorous use,
with a similar allusion to that in bullfinch, of
ME. alp, elp, K AS. elp, ylp, an elephant, K L.
elephas: see elephant..] An old local name for
the bullfinch, Pyrrhula vulgaris.
Alpes, fynches, and wodewales.
Rom. of the Rose, 1.658.
alp2 (alp), n. [Sing, from pl. alps, K L. alpes,
#%tinº S Šišiy those of Switzer-
land; said to be of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. alp,
Ir, ailp, a high mountain; so OHG. Alpum, 4'pi
iſiºn hºis, Māšāºš (Šwº
alpe, a mountain pasture.] 1: A high moun-
tain; specifically, any one of the higher Swiss
mountains, and, as a proper name in the plural,
the great mountain-ranges in Switzerland and

alº
157
- neighboring - countries, comprising the loftiest of two or more isomeric compounds; also, the
mountains in Europe.
Nor breath of vernal air from snowy Alp.
Milton, S. A., 1.628.
Hills peep o'er hills, and Alps on Alps arise.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1.232.
2. In Switzerland, a pasture on the side of a
mountain.
alpaca (al-pak'É), n. IK F. alpaca, alpaque, an
erroneous transfer of Sp.sel paco: el, the, paco,
Peruv. paco, native name of the ãºf 1
* * * * *::::
3-: -: * see e
Alpaca, or Paco (Aitchertza pacos).
Amammal, the Auchenia pacos, a native of the
Andes, especially of the mountains of Chili and
Peru. It is so closely allied to the llama that by some
it is regarded rather as a smaller variety than as a distinct
species. It has been domesticated, and remains also in a
wild state. In form and size it approaches the sheep, but
has a longer neck. . It is valued chiefly for its long, soft,
and silky wool, which is straighter than that of the sheep,
and very strong. The fiber is small, very soft, pliable,
and elastic, and is woven into fabrics of great beauty. The
animal's flesh is wholesome. e
2. A fabric manufactured from the hair or wool
of the alpaca, either wholly or in part, or made
in imitation of this, used for clothing in warm
climates, for coat-linings, and very largely for
umbrellas. The material sold under the name of alpaca
for women's dresses and other clothing contains now little
if any alpaca-wool; it is a fabric of cotton and wool, with
a hard and somewhat shining surface, generally, though
not always, dyed black.
* (al’pen), a. . [For alpine, prob. after G.
alpen, as below.] Of or pertaining to the Alps;
alpine: as, “the Alpen snow,” J. Fletcher.
*gº. (al’ pen-glö), m. [K G. alpen (gen.
pl. of alpe: see alp?), of the Alps, + E. glow.]
The glow upon the Alps; a peculiar reflection
of sunlight from their snowy heights, after the
sun has º to the valleys, or just be-
fore daybreak; the last or first rays of the sun
among the Alps, casting a rich purple tint,
an effect sometimes heightened by a certain
amount of humidity in the atmosphere.
The evening alpen-glow was very fine.
Tyndall, Frag. of Science, p. 282.
*}º º n. [G., K alpen (see
alpenglow) + horn = E. horn.] A long, power-
ful horn, curving up and widening toward its
extremity, formerly used on the Alps to convey
signals and to Sound the charge in battle, but
now employed only by cowherds. Also called
alp-horn.
* (al’pen-stok), m. [G., K alpen (see
alpenglow) + stock, stick, - E. stock. q.v.]. A
; stout staff pointed with iron, originally
used by the Alpine mountaineers, and now gen-
erally adopted by mountain-climbers.
apºsºn (al-pes' tri-an), n. [KML. alpestris,
K. L. alpes: see alp2.] An alpine climber.
It has become a proverb with alpestrians that impracti-
cable means unattempted. Macmillan's Mag., VIII. 393.
alpestrine (al-pes' trin), a. [KML. alpestris,
suitable for pasturage, prop. pertaining to alpes
or mountains: see ai;3.j 1. Pertaining or
peculiar to the Alps, or other mountainous re-
gions: as, “alpestrine diseases,” Dama. [Rare.]
–2. In bot., growing on mountains below the
alpine region, that is, below the limit of tree-
rowth as determined by cold.
alpha (al"fá), m. [L., K. Gr. 3%a, K the Phen.
name repr. by Heb. 'āleph (= Ar. 'alif), name
of the first letter, meaning an ox: See al.] 1.
The first letter in the Greek alphabet (A, a), an-
swering to A. Hence—2. The first; the begin-
ning: as in the phrase “alpha and omega,” the
beginning and the end, the first and the last, ome-
ga being the last letter of the Greek alphabet.
I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending,
saith the Lord. Rev. i. 8.
3. As a classifier: (a) In astrom., the chief
star of a constellation. (b) In chem., the first
alphabetary? (al’ fa-bet-a-ri), a.
alphabetic (al-fa-bet'ik), a.
alº (al-fa-bet’i-kal-i), adv.
8.
alphabetics (al-fa-bet'iks), n.
alphabetism (alºfá-bet-izm), m.
carbon atom adjacent to the carboxylofan acid,
or an atom or group attached to that carbon
*atom; (2) In mat, hist, the first subspecies, etc.
alphabet (alºfa-bet), n. [First in early mod. E.
(earlier expressed by a-b-c, q.v.); = D. alfa-
bet = G. alphabet = Sw. Dan. alfabet = F. al-
phabet = Sp. Pg. alfabeto, Pg. also alphabeto,
= It, alfabéto = Russ. alfabetú = Pol. alfabet,
etc., K. L.L. alphabetum (earlier alpha et beta),
K Gr. &Apá37toº, K &%pa + 8%ra, the names of the
first two letters of the Greek alphabet, corre-
sponding to a and b : see alpha and beta. Cf.
a-b-c, abecedarian, and futhork.] 1. The letters
of a language arranged in the customary order;
the series of letters or characters which form
the elements of written language. See the
articles on the different letters, A, B, C, etc.
See supplement.—2. Any series of characters
intended to be used in writing instead of the
usual letters, as the series of dashes, dots, etc.,
used in the transmission of telegraphic mes-
sages.—3. First elements; simplestrudiments:
as, not to know the alphabet of a science.
In the conditions of the Eternal life, this genius had
been obliged to set itself to learning the alphabet of Spir-
itual truth. B. S. Phelps, Beyond the Gates.
ºlº toy blocks of wood, having a letter
or letters of the alphabet printed on each.-Epistolo-
graphic alphabet. See epistolographic.—Morse alpha-
C —-—- Q –––– bet (from its inven-
F R tor, Professor S. F. B.
ºn as ºmns sm - - - Morse), in teleg., a sys-
J -——— X | —--— tem of symbols, con-
L * - sº º Y | ---- sisting of dashes and
o ——— | 2 | ——-- | dots, to be used in
telegraphic messages
P dº sº-º º º where Morse's self-
recording instrument,
called the indicator, is
employed. (See indi-
cator.) The dash and
dot are combined in dif-
ferent ways to indicate
the different letters:
thus, one dot (..) means
E; a dash (–), T; a dot
and a dash (.-), A ; a
dash and three dots
(— . . .), B ; etc. The
same system can be
used with instruments
employing a magnetic
needle (see telegraph),
a right-hand deflection
of the needle corre-
sponding to a dash and
a left-hand to a dot.
The Continental alpha-
bet, which is used in
Purope, differs from
the Morse in the forma-
tion of several letters. Military signaling is often effected
on the same principle by long or short wavings of a flag,
or by sun-flashes by means of a heliostat, etc., the long
meaning a dash and the short a dot.
Letters in which the Continental dif-
fers from the Morse Alphabet.
* -º as wº
Morse Alphabet.
alphabet (alºfa-bet), v. t. [K alphabet, n.] To
arrange in the order of an alphabet; mark by
the letters of the alphabet.
alphabetarian (al"fa-be-tā’ri-an), n. [KNL.
alphabetarius (see below) + -an. Cf. abeceda-
rian.] A learner of the alphabet; a beginner.
NL. al-
phabetarius, K LL. alphabetum : see alphabet
and -ary.T Alphabetic; rudimentary.
[K F. alphabétique
= Sp. alfabético-Pg. alfabetico, alphabetico =
It. alfabetico, K NL. alphabeticus, K LL. alpha-
betwm: see alphabet.] Pertaining to an alpha-
bet; expressed by an alphabet; in the Order
of the alphabet, or in the order of the letters as
customarily arranged.
Either of the Egyptian or of some other analogous his-
tory of alphabetic development the Phenicians inherited
the results, and their alphabet was a simple scheme of
twenty-two characters, the names of which . . . . began
respectively with the sound which each represented.
Whitney, Oriental and Ling. Studies, p. 194.
alphabetical (al-fa-bet’i-kal), a. Of the nature
of an alphabet; similar to an alphabet; in the
order of the alphabet. See alphabetic.
According to Grimm, the alphabetical arrangement not
only facilitates reference, but makes the author's work
quicker and surer. Encyc. Brit., VII. IS1.
s In an
phabetical manner or order; by the use of an
alphabet; in the customary order of the letters:
as, to arrange a catalogue alphabetically.
From the times of the earliest known monuments the
hieroglyphic writers possessed a sufficient number of true
letters to enable them to write alphabetically.
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 68.
[Pl. of alpha-
betic : see -ics.] The science of the use and
development of alphabetic writing. Ellis.
[Kalphabet +
-ism.] The use of an alphabet as a stage in
alphenic (al-fen'ik), n.
Alphitobius (al-
alphitomancy? (al’ fi-tó-man'si), m.
alphitomorphous (al”fi-tó-mór'fus), a.
alphonsin (al-fon'sin), m.
alp-horn (alp’hôrn), m.
alphost, m. -
alphosis (al-fö’ sis), m.
alphus (alºfus), m.
alpia (al’pi-á), tº
alpieut, m.
alpigene (al’pi-jön), a.
% y
alpigene
the development of written language; notation
by means of an alphabet.
It must, however, be acknowledged that the idea of
alphabetism may not improbably have been suggested to
the Persians by their acquaintance with the Phoenician
alphabet, which, as early as the 8th century B. C., was
used in the valley of the Euphrates concurrently with the
cuneiform writing. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 50.
From this [ideography] men have passed to phonetic
writing, first, apparently, in the form of syllabism, in
which each syllable of a word is regarded as an indepen-
dent whole and represented by a single sign; then from
this to alphabetism, in which the syllable is no longer de-
noted by an indivisible symbol, but is resolved into vowel
and consonant, each with its own accepted sign.
Jºncyc. Brit., I. 602.
* (alºfa-bet-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
0.
phabetized, ppr. alphabetizing. [K alphabet +
-ize.] 1. To arrange alphabetically.
The volume is of great value for its carefully prepared
alphabetized list of scientific and technical periodicals of
all nations. Amer. Jowr. of Sci., 3d ser., XXX. 247.
2. To express by alphabetic characters.
Alpheidae (al-fé’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Alpheus +
-idae.] In 206l., a family of shrimps, of which
the genus Alpheus is the type. Other genera of
this family are Caridina, Pontonia, and Athanas.
[KF. alphénic, alfénic,
K Sp. alfeñique = Pg. alfenim, K. Ar. al-fanid,
Kal, the, H- finid, K. Pers. finid, pānīd, sugar,
Sugar-candy, X ML. penidium, F. penide, G.
penid-2ucker, panis-2acker, Dan. pande-sukker
(as if from pande, a pan).] In med., white
ºugar. It is used as a remedy for
COICES.
Alpheus (al-féſus), n. [NL., KL. Alpheus, K. Gr.
'Aºpetdg, the chief river in the Peloponnesus,
now Rufia..]
206l., a genus of
macrurous deca-
podous crusta-
ceans, the type
of the family Al-
pheidae. A. ruber
(the red shrimp)
and A. affinis are
examples.
fi-tó ‘bi-us), m.
[NL., K. Gr. 3%t-
tov, barley-meal, meal, + 6toc, life.] A genus
of beetles, of the family Tenebrionidae.
The larvae of Tenebrio and Alphºtobius have been reared
in zoölogical gardens as food for amphibians and insectiv-
orous birds. Stand. N'at. Hist., II. 352.
[K F. al-
phitomantie (Cotgrave), K. Gr. d’AſtrópavTuc, one
who divines from barley-meal, K Čižºttov, barley-
meal (prob. Telated to d7966, a dull-white lep-
rosy : see alphus), + ptávttg, a diviner, piavtsia,
divination: see Mantis.] Divination by means
of barley-meal.
[K Gr.
â7%ttov, barley-meal, -H ſtopºff, form.] Appear-
ing like barley-meal: applied to some micro-
scopic fungi parasitic on plants. Syd. Soc. Ler.
A surgical instru-
ment for extracting bullets from Wounds: so
named in 1552 from its inventor, Alphonso
Ferri of Naples. It consists of three arms, which
close when a ring encircling the haft is pushed forward.
Red Shrimp (Alpheres ručer).
Alphonsine (al-fon'sin), a. [K NL. Alphonsinus,
Alfonsinus, KML. (NL.) Alphonsus, Alfonsus (=
Sp. Alfonso, formerly also Alphonso, - Pg. Aſ-
fonso = It. Alfonso = T'. Alphonse), KG. Alfons,
a common personal name.] Of or pertaining
to any person of the name of Alphonso. —Al-
phonsine tables, astronomical tables compiled under
the patronage of Alfonso X., king of Leon and Castile,
completed in the year of his accession, 1252, and first
printed in 1483.
Same as alpenhorn.
Same as alphus.
[K alphus + -osis.]
In pathol., whiteness, or the process of turning
white, as of the skin in an albino.
[L., K. Gr. d’Aq6c, vitiligo,
orig. white, = L. albus, white : see albl.]
pathol., a name formerly given to certain
forms of psoriasis, leprosy (lepra arabum), and
vitiligo.
Same as “lpist.
[K F. alpiott, K.It. al piń, for the
more, for most: &l, contr. of a il, to the (a, K. L.
ad, to ; it, K.L. ille, that); più, K. L. plus, more.]
In the game of basset, a mark put on a card to
indicate that the jºyer doubles his stake after
winning. N. E. D.
[K L. alpes, alps (see
, T -genus, produced: see -genous.] Pro-
duced or growing in alpine regions. [Rare.]








alpine
* º * e -
alpine (al’pin or -pin), a. and n.
L. alpinus, K alpes: see alp2.]
taining to, or connected with the Alps (then
written with a capital), or any lofty mountain;
very high; elevated. Specifically applied to plants
growing and animals living on mountains above the forest
limits, that is, above the line where the climate becomes
too cold for trees to grow.
For past the Alpine summits of great pain
Lieth thine Italy. It. Terry Cooke, Beyond.
II. m. A French fabric having a silkwarp and
Imerino-wool filling.
alpinery (al’pin-ri), n. IK alpine + -ry: see
-ery, -ry.] A place in a garden or pleasure-
ground specially adapted for the cultivation of
alpine plants.
alpinist (al’pin-ist), m. [= F. alpiniste; K al-
pine + -ist.] An alpine climber; an alpestrian.
The disagreeable effects resulting from the rarefaction
of the atmosphere at great heights, and which overtake
alpinists in Switzerland. The American, VII. 75.
alpist (al’pist), n. [KIF. alpiste, KSp. Pg. alpiste,
Pg. also alpista; supposed to be derived from
the language of the Guanches, the original in-
habitants of the Canary islands.] 1. The seed
of the canary-grass, Phalaris canariensis, used
for feeding birds, especially canaries; canary-
seed.—2. The seed of various species of Alo-
pecurus, or foxtail-grass, also used for feeding
birds. \
Also called alpia.
alqueire (äl-kā’rã), n. [Pg. alqueire, a dry
measure, KAr. al, the, + kayl, a measure, kayal,
a measurer, prop. of grain.] A measure used
[= F. alpin, K
I. a. Of, per-
158
2ém, MEIG. G. siteen = E. sit.] I. 0. 1. Of Or
pertaining to the province of Alsace, taken from
Germany by France in 1648, in greater part
ceded to the new German empire in 1871, and
now incorporated in the imperial territory of
Elsass-Lothringen.—2. Of or pertaining to Al-
satia, formerly a cant name (from Alsace being
a debatable ground or scene of frequent con-
tests) for Whitefriars, a district in London be-
tween the Thames and Fleet street, and ad-
joining the Temple, which possessed certain
privileges of sanctuary derived from the con-
vent of the Carmelites, or White Friars, found-
ed there in 1241. The locality became the resort of
libertimes and rascals of every description, whose abuses
and outrages, and especially the riot in the reign of
Charles II., led in 1697 to the abolition of the privilege
and the dispersion of the Alsatians. The term Alsatia has
in recent times been applied offensively to the English
Stock Exchange, because of the supposed questionable
character of some of its proceedings.
II. m. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Alsace
in Germany.—2. Formerly, an inhabitant of
Alsatia or Whitefriars, a part of London; hence,
a Bohemian (in the slang sense) or adventurer.
He spurr'd to London, and left a thousand curses be-
hind him. Here he struck up with sharpers, scourers,
and Alsatians. Gentleman Instructed, p. 491.
al segno (älsä’nyő). [It., to the sign: al for a il,
to the ; Segno, KL. Sigmum, sign: see sign.]
music, to the sign: a direction to the performer
that he must return to that portion of the piece
marked with the sign 'S', and conclude with
the first double bar which follows, or go on to
the word Fine, or the pause ºv.
altar (ältär), n.
altar
tion of Asia, and forming part of the boundary
between the Russian and Chinese dominions.
—Altaic family of 1 ages, a family of languages
occupying portions of northern and eastern Europe, and
nearly the whole of northern and central Asia, together
with some other regions, and divided into five branches,
the Ugrian or Finno-Hungarian, Samoyed, Turkish, Mon:
golian, and Tunguse. Alsó called Scythian, Ural-Altaic,
Tataric, and T'wranian.
altaite (al-tā'it), n. [K Altai (see Altaic) +
-ite2.] mineral found originally in the Altai
mountains, and now also in California, Colo-
rado, and Chili; a telluride of lead.
altambour (al-tam-bör'), n. [A modified spell-
ing of OSp. atambor, prob, for "al-tambor, K. Ar.
al, the, --, tambúr, tambour: see tambour and
tabor.] A large Spanish or Moorish drum.
[The spelling has been
changed to bring it nearer the L.; K ME. alter,
more commonly awter, K OF. alter, also auter
(F. autel), K L. altare, an altar, lit. a high
place, K altus, high : see alt.] 1. An elevated
place or structure, a block of stone, or any ob-
ject of appropriate form, on which sacrifices
are offered or incense is burned to a deity.
The earliest altars were turf mounds, large flat-topped
stones, or other rude elevations, natural or artificial; but
when temples came to be built altars were generally made
of hewn stone, marble, or metal, and became more and
more ornate. Greek and Roman altars were round, trian-
gular, or square in plan, often elaborately adorned with
sculpture, and bearing inscriptions. Sometimes, as at
Pergamon, the altar was a struc-
ture of vast size and complex
plan, and was in itself an art
monument of the highest impor-
tance. In the Jewish worship
two altars were used: the altar
in Portugal, equal to .36 of an imperial bushel.
The alqueire of Rio is one imperial bushel.
alquifore (alſki-fôr), m. Same as alquifow.
alquifou (al’ki-fö), n., [K Fr. alquifowa, arqui-
alsinaceous (al-Si-nā’shius), a. [K Alsine, the
name of a caryophyllaceous genus somewhat
related to Arenaria, + -aceous.] Relating to
fouæ, K Sp. alquifol, Cat. alcofol, K. Ar. al-koh’l, a
fine powder: see alcohol.j A variety of galena
used by potters to give a glazing to their
wares, and called potter's ore. Other forms
are alquifore, arquijowa.
already (āl-red'i), a. and ādū. [KME. al redy: al,
adv., all, quite; redy, ready: see ready.] I. a.
1. [Predicate adj. in phr. all ready..] All pre-
pared; quite ready: regularly written all ready.
2. Existing at the specified time; present.
[Rare attributive use.]
Lord Hobart and Lord Fitzwilliam are both to be earls :
to-morrow; the former, of Buckingham, the latter by his
already title. Walpole, Letters (1746), I. 150.
II. adv. By this (or that) time; previously
to or at some specified time, or the time pres-
ent to thought; thus early; even then, or even
Inow : as, he has done it already, the house is
full already.
I have lost so much time already.
Steele, Spectator, No. 140.
The English ministers could not wish to see a war with
Holland added to that in which they were already engaged
with France. Macawlay, Lord Clive.
al-root (al’röt), m. [K all (K Hind. Čil, a name
common to several plants, Morinda citrifolia
and allied species) + rootl.] The root of Mo-
rinda citrifolia, an East Indian plant, which
furnishes a permanent red dye.
alruna (al-rö'nā), n. ; pl. alrumaº (-nē). [ML.,
also alrauna, KOHG. alruma (MHG. alrune, G.
alraun, alrum, mandrake (alraum-bilder, man-
drake images), – D. alrwin = Sw. alrum, alruma
= Dan. alrume), mandrake; appar., as in popu-
lar apprehension, K al- (= E. all) + runa, Goth.
Túna, etc., mystery, the mandrake being an ob-
ject of superstition: see rune and mandrake.]
1. A prophetess among the ancient Germans,
regarded as similar to the druidess among the
Gauls.—2. A small image carved from the root
of a tree or from mandrakes, representing rudely
the human figure, generally the female. Such
images were venerated as household gods in the ancient
religions of some northern peoples, the worship of them
forming a special feature of certain superstitious rites.
They are supposed by some to represent female magi-
cians or druidesses. Brande.
alsł, adv, and conj. An old form of also and as.
Better is then the lowly playne,
Als for thy flocke and thee.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., July.
Al3 longe as owre lyf lasteth lyue we togideres.
Pier8 Plowman (B), iv. 195.
Alsace gum. Same as deſctrine.
or resembling the chickweed.
also (äl’só), adv. and conj. [K ME. also, also,
al Swo, alswa, KAS. ealswā, eal swā, just so, like-
Wise (=G. also, thus): eal, adv., all, just, quite;
Swā, so: see all and so. Doublet, asl, q.v.]
I. adv. 1. Wholly so; quite so; so.
Also he endede his lyfe.
Early Eng. Poems (ed.
2. In like manner; likewise.
As the blame of ill-succeeding things
Shall light on you, so light the harmes also.
Old Play.
Thus, also, do authors beget authors.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 100.
3. In addition; too; further.
God do so and more also: for thou shalt surely die.
1 Sam. xiv. 44.
In fact, Mr. Emerson himself, besides being a poet and
a philosopher, was also a plain Concord citizen.
W. Holmes, Emerson, iv.
II. conj. As ; so. See as.
This ye knowen also wel as I.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., l. 730.
Also mote I thee [thrive].
Chawcer, Prol, to Merchant's Tale.
Alsophila (al-sofi-lä), n., [Gr, àºgog, a grove,
+ ºpt/og, loving; from the habitat of the plant.]
A genus of tropical arborescent ferns, often
becoming magnificent trees, distinguished from
allied genera (Cyathea, etc.) by having a single
naked Sorus on each veinlet. A. excelsa of
Norfolk island rises to the height of 80 feet.
Alstonia (al-stö’ni-á), n. [NL. Alstonia, named
after Dr. Alston of Edinburgh.] A genus of
apocynaceous trees. The bark of Alstonia
Scholaris, of tropical Asia, Africa, and Aus-
tralia, is a powerful bitter, recommended as a
yºable antiperiodic and tonic : also called
ita.
alstonite (äl'ston-it), n. Same as bromlite.
alswat, adv. A Middle English form of also.
alt (alt), a. [KIt... alto (see alto) = Sp. Pg. alto
= Pr. alt=OF. alt, halt, haut, mod. F. haut, high
(see haught, haughty, hawtboy), K.L. altus, high,
deep, lit. increased, grown (pp. of alere, grow),
prob. ult, = AS. ald, eald, E. old : see old, and
cf. all. Cf. haught.] In music, an abbreviation
of alto, high: much used in compound words,
as alt-horn, alt-clarinet.—In alt, said of the notes
comprised in the first octave above the treble staff: aS,
G in alt, A in alt. The notes more than an octave above
this staff are said to be in altissimo.—To be in alt, to be
haughty, dignified, etc.
“Come, prithee be a little less in alt,” cried Lionel,
“ and answer a man when he speaks to you.”
}
Turnivall).
Alsatian (al-Sā‘shian), a. and n. [KML. Alsatia
(> F. Alsace), KOHG. Alisa?, Elisa? (MHG. El-
8az, Elsas, G. Elsass), a province between France
and Germany, lit. foreign settlement, Kel- (=
Miss Burmey, Camilla, ii. 5.
alt. An abbreviation of altitude.
Altaian (al-tä’yan), a. Same as Altaic.
Altaic (al-tä'ik), a. [K Altai, Russ. Altai, name
AS. el-, al-, foreign, related to else, q. v.; ac-
cording to another view, K Ell (Hel, Ella, Elsus,
Also, Illus), now Ill, a river in Alsace) + saz,
a seat, place, settlement (G. satz), KOHG. Si2-
of mountains in Asia, perhaps from Tatar altyn,
gold (Mahm). Cf. altim.] Pertaining to the Al-
tai, a vast range of mountains extending in an
easterly direction through a considerable por-
of burnt-offering, which stood at
the entrance to the tabernacle,
and afterward occupied a corre-
sponding position in the temple,
and the altar of incense, which
stood in the holy place. Both
were made of shittim-wood, the
former being overlaid with brass,
the latter with gold.
2. In most Chris-
tian churches,
the communion-
table. In the
primitive church it
was of wood, sub- £:
sequently of stone,
marble, or bronze,
sometimres with rich
architectural orna-
ments, sculptures,
and painting. In the Roman Catholic Church the altar is
the table, since the early ages of the church either of stone
or including a block of stone (the altar-stone), upon which
the priest consecrates the eucharist. The altar-stone is con-
Greek Altar.
From the Street of Tombs, Assos, ex-
plored by the Archaeological Institute of
America in 1884.
iſ
º
Yº
º º
#| ||
º * | | -
tºº &
º º 4.Fºliº. Aſ
ºSSAJ § º sº º
|#::::::::::::::::: * if
w § &§§ ºft||| |_i: |
#3 &##| ||N
3. , i. & 3. sºlº §§
traº” §ºlº
ºr: . Nº **_ºvº zºº ºlºtº : º WY Ş
* - +3. º: H---- * . . . . ;- - As ºf ag \- Vº
~~~~~~~~ : H.-E.-H-A. \\\\e
-r r
Ancient High Altar of Notre Dame, Paris, 13th century.
(Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. de l'Architecture.”)
secrated by the bishop or a specially licensed abbot, who
anoints it with chrism, and often seals up certain relics
in a small cavity made for the purpose ; the consecration
remains in virtue until either the stone OT the seal is broken.
3. The steps at the sides of a graving-dock.--
Family altar, the practice or the place of family worship
or devotions.—High altar, the chief or principal altar in
a cathedral or other church having more than one altar.
It stands beyond the choir at the end of the sanctuary or
chancel opposite the front or the main entrance, and usu-
ally has behind it a screen, reredos, or dossel, so as to
make it, even when there is an ambulatory with chapels
or any other feature behind it, the chief object on which
the eye rests on entering the church. Lesser or side altars
often stand in chapels or against the pillars of the nave.
See cut under cathedral.--Privileged altar, in the Rom.
Cath. Ch., an altar to which are attached certain indul.












altar
ences, as the liberty of celebrating votive masses even on
east-days, the benefit of souls in purgatory, or various
privileges personal to the individual visiting it.
altarage (ältär-āj), n. [KME. awterage, KOF.
auterage: see altar and -age.] 1, Offerings
made upon an altar or to a church.-2. The
honorarium or stipendreceived by a priestfrom
offerings and gifts on account of services at the
altar. Sometimes called small tithes and altar-
dues. *
All these ſcurates] lyve upon bare Altarages, as they
tearme them, which God knoweth are very small, and were
wont to lyve upon the gayne of Masses, Dirges, Shryvings,
and soche lyke trumperye.
Sir H. Sidney, State Papers, in O'Curry's Anc. Irish, I. 112.
3. In Scotland, formerly, an endowment granted
for the saying of masses for deceased friends
at a particular altar. . . *
altar-board (äl’tär-bórd), n. In the Coptic
Ch., á movable wooden panel, carved with a
cross in the center and with Sacred letters and
deviges around it. It rests in a recess on the top of
the stone altar, and supports the chalice and paten during
the mass: a réversal of the Western rule, for which See
altar, 2, and altar-slab. A. J. Butler, Coptic Churches,
II. i.
altar-bread (ál’tär-bred), n. Bread prepared
for the eucharist. Unleavened bread is required for
this purpose in the Roman Catholic •
Church, and is used in many Anglican
churches, in which either leavened or
unleavened bread is permitted. In both
the latter is made into small thin disks
or wafers, called severally altar-breads,
usually stamped with some emblem, as
the cross or crucifix, or I. H. S. In the
former church, after consecration, the .
altar-bread is called host (see host), and tº:
the wafers are of two sizes, the larger for
the priest, the smaller for the people.
The Greek Church uses leavened bread
especially made for the purpose.
oblate, n., 1.
altar-card (ältär-kård), n. A printed copy of
certain portions of the mass, which the priest
cannot conveniently readfrom themissal. Altar-
cards are placed at the center and at each end of the altar.
They are of modern introduction, and are not essential to
the service.
altar-carpet (ältär-kär"pet), n. 1. The carpet
covering the raised floor in front of the altar,
and generally the altar-steps as well.—2.
Rarely, a covering for the altar.
altar-cavity (ältär-kav"i-ti), m. A niche or
chamber in the body of an altar, designed to
contain relics. This was called sepulchrum in the Latin
Church, thalassa or thalassidion in the Greek Church, and
seems to have existed universally as late as the fifteenth
century. The Coptic churches of Egypt still have altar-
cavities. A. J. Butler, Coptic Churches, II. i. See con-
jessionary.
altar-chime (ältär-chim), n. A set of three
small bells mounted in a stand, and used for
ringing by hand in the Roman Catholic Church
service.
altar-cloth (ältär-klóth), m. [K ME. alter-, aw–
ter-cloth : see altar and cloth..] A cover for an
altar in a Christian church. It is a general term,
and includes the close case of linem which was used in the
middle ages and removed only for washing the altar,
the later cerecloth (which see), and the temporary cover-
ings, whether of white linen, or of rich stuff, or of em-
broidery. The different coverings for the altar have differ-
ent names. See antependium, Jrontal, and superfrontal.
Altar-bread Box.
See
º altar-protector (ältär-pré-tek’tgr), n.
altar-screen (ālſtär-skrén), n.
altar-side (ältär-sid), n.
159
altar-lantern (ālºtár-lan’térn), n. A term oc-
casionally found in old records describing the
lanterns which were used in lieu of simple wax
tapers for an altar, when erected temporarily
and out of doors. On the continent of Europe they
are found in the sacristies of many churches, and are
frequently used, carried on either side of the crucifix, at
funerals and Solemn processions of the blessed sacrament,
in those divisions of the church which practise reservation
of the holy eucharist. Lee, Eccles, Terms.
altar-ledge (ältär-lej), n. A step or ledge be-
hind the altar of a church and raised slightly
above it, to receive ceremonial lights, flowers,
or other ornaments or symbols. Sometimes there
are two or more steps or ledges. In modern usage often
called retable, though the retable is more properly higher,
and in itself an important architectural or decorative fea-
ture. See retable. Also termed, but incorrectly, super-
altar.
altar-light (ältär-lit), n. A light placed upon
or near an altar, and having a symbolical mean-
Ing. In the Boman Catholic Church the lights are often
set upon the altar itself; in the Church of England they
always stand on an altar-ledge behind or beside the altar.
altarpiece (ältär-pés), n. A decorative screen,
retable, or reredos placed behind an altar, con-
sidered especially as a work of art. In churches
of the Renaissance period it is more usually a painting of
a Sacred subject, but in those of the early middle ages it
is frequently of embossed silver or of rich gold and en-
ameled Work set with jewels, as the famous Pala d'Oro of
St. Mark's in Venice.
As the altar stood free in the choir, and the altar-piece
was to be seen from behind as well as from before, both
sides were to be covered with painting.
C. E. Norton, Church-building #iddle Ages, p. 142.
The
name given to a covering of green cloth, baize,
or velvet, which, exactly fitting the top of the
altar, is placed on it at all times when the altar
is not being used, to protect the sacred linen
from dust and defilement. Lee, Eccles. Terms.
altar-rail (ältär-rāl), n. A low rail or barrier
running transversely to the main axis of the
church and separating the sanctuary from those
portions of the church that are in front of it.
Also called communion-rail, as communicants kneel at
this rail to receive the eucharist.
In arch.: (a)
A partition of stone, wood, or metal, in early
medieval usage represented by curtains, behind
and at the sides of the high altar, and separat-
ing the choir from the east end of the build-
ing. (b) A reredos or retable.
That part of an altar
which faces the congregation.
altar-slab (ältär-slab), n. The top, or a por-
tion of the top, of a Christian altar; the altar
proper, Or men Sa. It is the consecrated and there-
fore the essential part, and is always in Western churches
a single stone. In some Eastern churches the slab has a
drain for water; a few such instances are found in west-
ern Europe, and all are probably traditional of an ancient
custom of washing the altar on set occasions.
altar-stairs (ältär-stärz), m. pl. Steps or stairs
leading up to an altar.
The great world's altar-stairs,
That slope thro’ darkness up to God.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, lv.
altar-stole (ältär-stól), m. A medieval orna-
ment shaped like the ends of a stole, hanging
down in front of the altar-cloth. Lee, Eccles.
Terms.
altazimuth (alt-az’i-muth), n.
alter (äl’tér), v.
alterage -
with ends toward the north and south and front
toward the west.
Was our communion table placed altar-wise?
velyn, Diary, March 22, 1678.
[Contr. of al-
titude-azimuth.] An astronomical instrument
for determining the altitudes and the azimuths
of heavenly bodies. The telescope of the altazimuth
is capable of being moved horizontally to any point of the
compass, as well as vertically, and there are horizontal and
vertical circles. A theodolite is a portable altazimuth.
FA. -
º tºº,
...”
Altar-tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Dijon.
[K ML. alterare, make other,
L. alter, other, K al- (seen in alius, other
alienus, of another, etc.: see alias, alien, etc.)
+ compar. suffix-ter=F. -ther in other, whether,
etc., and -ter in after, etc.] I. trans. 1. To
make some change in; make different in some
particular; cause to vary in some degree, with-
out an entire change.
My covenant will I not break, nor alter the thing that is
gone out of my lips. Ps. lxxxix. 34.
These things are to be regretted, but not to be altered
until liberality of sentiment is more universal.
Washington, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 443.
There are speeches, some speeches of Demosthenes par-
ticularly, in which it would be impossible to alter a word
without altering it for the worse. Macaulay, History.
2. To change entirely or materially; convert
into another form or state: as, to alter a cloak
into a coat; to alter an opinion.
She promised that no force,
Persuasion, no, nor death could alter her.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
3. To castrate, emasculate, or spay, as an ani-
mal. [United States.]—4+. To exchange.
She that would alter services with thee.
Shak., T. N., ii. 5.
5+. To agitate: as, “altered and moved in-
Wardly,” Milton, Areopagitica, p. 1. =Syn. 1 and
2. Alter, Change, modify, transform, transmute. In gen-
eral alter is to change partially, while change is more com-
monly to substitute one thing for another, or to make a
material difference in a thing.
I woo thee not with gifts.
Sequel of guerdon could not alter me
To fairer. Tennyson, CEnone.
One who brings
A mind not to be changed by place or time.
Milton, P. L., i. 253.
II, intrans. To become different in some
respect; vary; change.
altar-cross (ältär-krös), n. A fixed or mova-
ble cross, standing upon an altar.
altar-curtain (ältär-kèr"tān), m. A hanging
The law of the Medes and Persians, which altereth not.
Dan. vi. 8.
Love alters not with his [Time's] brief hours and weeks.
altar-stone (äl’tär-stön), n. [K ME. awterstone:
see altar and Stone..] An altar-slab; the con-
suspended from rods at the sides of ancient
ciboria, or altar-canopies, or at the back and
sides of an altar. See cut under altar, 2.
altar-cushion (āl (tär-küsh” Qn), n. A small
cushion laid upon an altar to support the ser-
vice-book.
altar-desk (äl’tär-desk), m. A small desk used
like an altar-cushion.
altar-dues (ältär-dûz), m. pl.
age, 2.
sitºire (äl’tär-fir), m. A ceremonial fire on
an altar. e
altar-frontal (äl’tär-frun"tal), n. The orna-
mental front, usually movable, of the altar in
a Christian church. It is sometimes of wood, richly
carved and gilded, or with painted panels, or incrusted
with enamels or glass. When it is of stuff it is called
antependium, and its color is usually changed to corre-
spond with the church festivals and seasons. º
altar-herse (ältär-hérs), m. A term sometimes
used to describe the frame on which a tem-
porary canopy, was erected over an altar on
special solemnities and festivals of the highest
rank. Lee, Eccles. Terms.
altarist (äl’tär-ist), m, [Kaltar + -ist.] In old
law: (a) An appellation given to the priest to
whom the altarage belonged.
Also called altar-thane.
Same as altar-
altar-table (ältär-tä"bl), n.
altar-thane (äl’tár-than), n.
altar-tomb (äl’tär-töm), n.
(b) A chaplain. altarwise (äl’tär-Wiz), adv.
secrated slab or block of stone constituting an
altar. See altar, 2.
1. In a Christian
church, the top or the consecrated portion of
an altar; the altar proper, or mensa.—2. A
name for one of the wooden tables which were
substituted for the old altars in England in the
seventeenth century, and used for the commu-
nion where the old altars had been destroyed by
the Roundheads. At first this table was placed by the
reformers against the eastern wall in the position of the
old stone altar. This position gave umbrage to the Puri-
tans, who held that it was characteristic of the Church of
Rome. Cromwell therefore caused the altar-table to be
renoved to the middle of the chancel, and to be surrounded
with seats for the communicants. At the restoration it
was almost universally replaced in its ancient position.
When used it is covered with a white linen cloth.
Same as altarist.
A raised tomb, or
monument covering a tomb, of rectangular
plan and covered by a flat slab or table, and
resenting a general resemblance to an altar.
t may be free and exposed on all four sides, or applied
against or engaged in a wall; in the latter case there is
often an architectural canopy or niche Taised above it.
The top often supports one or more recumbent figures in
scukpture. See cut in next column. re
[K altar + -wise.]
the usual position of a church-altar, that is,
alterable (ältér-a-bl.), a.
alterableness (äl’tér-a-bl-nes), m.
alterably (äl’tér-a-bli), attv.
alteraget (al’tér-āj), 3:.
halt., Sonnets, czvi.
To alter for the better is no shame.
I}ryden, Art of Poetry, iv. 915.
In a day's wandering, you would pass many a hill, wood,
and water-course, each perpetually altering in aspect as
the Sun shone out or Was overcast.
Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, xxiii.
alterability (äl"tér-a-bil’i-ti), m. [K alterable; =
F. alterabilité.] The quality of being alterable;
susceptibility to change.
The degree of alterability of the nutritive liquid should
always be taken into account in experiments.
Science, III. 520.
[Kalter + -able; = F.
alterable.] Capable of being altered, varied, or
made different.
A diminished proportion of caustic soda and sulphides
is found in the liquors, the total caustic lime being alter-
able at pleasure. Ure, Dict., IV. 53.
- - The quality
of being alterable or of admitting alteration;
variableness.
- In an alterable
manner; so as to be altered or varied.
[K L. altor, a foster-
father (K. alere, nourish: see aliment, n.), +
-age.] The nourishing or fostering of a child.
Sir J. Davies.



alterant
alterant (ālºter-ant), a. and n. [K ML, alter-
an(t-)s, ppr. of alterare, alter: see alter.] I. a.
Producing alteration; effecting change.
Whether the body be alterant or altered.
Bacom, Nat. Hist., Int. to ix.
II. T. 1. An alterative.—2. Specifically, in
dyeing, any substance employed to modify or
change a color.
This last effect [of modification] may, however, be pro-
duced by a variety of matters besides those which are of
the earthy or metallic kinds, and indeed by everything
capable, not of fixing, but of merely varying, the shades of
adjective colouring matters. These, therefore, I think it
more proper to designate, not as mordants or bases, but as
alterants.
E. Bancroft, Philos. of Perm. Colours (ed. 1813), I. 344.
alteratet (äl’tér-āt), v. t. [K ML. alteratus, pp.
of alterare : see alter.] To alter.
alteratet (šl’tèr-āt), a. [K ML. alteratus: see
the verb.] Altered; changed.
alteration (āl-te-rā‘shgn), n. IK ML, altera-
tio(m-), K alterare, pp. alteratus: see alter.] 1.
The act of altering; the making of any change;
passage from one form or state to another.
Appius Claudius admitted to the senate the sons of those
who had been slaves; by which, and succeeding alterations,
that council degenerated into a most corrupt body. Swift.
2. A change effected; a change of form or state,
especially one which does not affect the identity
of the subject.
Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds.
Shak., Sonnets, czvi.
3. In mineral., the change by which one mineral
substance is converted into another, either (1)
with or (2) without change of chemical compo-
sition; as, for example, (1) the change of the
oxid of copper, cuprite, to the carbonate, mala-
chite; or (2) of brookite to rutile, both being
forms of titanium dioxid. See paramorphism
and pseudomorphism.
alterative (äl’tér-à-tiv), a. and m. [K ML. al-
térativus, Kalteratus, pp. of alterare; see alter.] Alternanthera (al-têr-man'the-rä), n.
I. a. Causing alteration; having the power or
tendency to alter; especially, in med., having
the power to restore the healthy functions of
the body.
II. n. 1. One of a group of medicines the
physiological action of which is somewhat ob-
scure, but which seem to modify the processes
of growth and repair in the various tissues.
The most important are the compounds of
mercury, iodine, and arsenic.—2. In electroly-
Sis, a colloidal substance, such as glue, traga-
canth, etc., which tends to improve the
character of the deposited metals: more pre-
cisely, electrolytic alterative.
altercate (altér-kāt), v. i.; pret. and pp. alter-
Cated, ppr. altercating. [K L. altercatus, pp. of al-
tercari, dispute, Kalter, another; from the notion
of speaking alternately..] To contend in words;
dispute with zeal, heat, or anger; wrangle.
altercation (al-tér-kā'shgn), m. [K ME. alter-
cation, K OF. altercation, K. L. altercatio(n-), a
dispute, K altercari, pp. altercatus, dispute: see
altercate.] 1. The act of altercating; warm
contention in words; dispute carried on with
heat or anger; controversy; wrangle.
This very uncertainty, producing continual altercations
and wars . . . J. Adams, Works, IV. 52,
2. In Jºom. law, the method of proceeding on
the trial of a cause in court by question and
answer. Colquhown. =Syn. Wrangle, Brawl, etc. See
×% varrel, n. -
àſtered (äl’térd), p. a. Changed; different. Spe-
cifically —(ſt) In geol., metamorphosed: applied to a rock
of which the constituent minerals have been changed by
chemical action subsequently to its formation or depo-
sition. Rocks are commonly rendered harder and more
crystalline by such alteration. The word is also applied
to those rocks which are decomposed and disintegrated
by weathering. See weathering. (b) In mineral., applied
to a mineral whose substance has been changed either
chemically or molecularly, as a garnet altered to chlorite
or aragonite altered to calcite. (c) Castrated.
alter ego (alſ tér é'gó). [L. : alter, other, second;
ego = E. I; see alter and ego.] Second self; an-
other Self; counterpart; double. Sometimes ap-
plied as a title to a person who has full powers to act for
another, as in the case of a Spanish viceroy when exercising
regal power.
alter idem (al’tër iſ dem). [L. : alter, other
(See alter); idem, the same.] Another and the
Same; another precisely similar
alterity (al-ter’i-ti), m. [K ML. alterita(t-)s, K
L. alter, other: see alter.] The state or quality
of being other or different. [Rare.]
Your outness is but the feeling of otherness (alterity)
rendered intuitive, or alterity visually represented.
Coleridge, Notes on Shakspere, II. 295.
160
altern (altérn, formerly al-têrn'), a. [KL. al-
ternus, alternate, reciprocal, K alter, other: see
alter.] 1+. Acting by turns; alternate.
The greater ſlight] to have rule by day,
The less by night, altern. Milton, P. L., vii. 348.
2. In crystal., exhibiting on two parts, an up-
per and a lower, faces which alternate among
themselves, but which, when the two parts are
compared, correspond with each other.—Altern
base, in trigon., a term used in distinction from the true
base. Thus, in oblique triangles, the true base is the sum
of the sides, in which case the difference of the sides is the
altern base; or inversely, when the true base is the differ-
ence of the sides, the sum of the sides is the altern base.
alternacy (al-térºna-si), n. IK alternate: see
-acy..] The state or quality of being alternate;
occurrence or performance by turns. [Rare.]
The altermacy of Thymes in a stanza gives a variety that
may support the poet, Without the aid of music, to a
greater length. fiftºford.
Numerous elisions, which prevent the softening alter-
macy of vowels and consonants. Walpole, Letters, IV. 549.
alternal+ (al-têr’nal), a. [K L. alternus: see
altern..] Alternate.
alternallyt (al-térºnal-i), adv. Alternately.
Their men obeyed
Alternally both generals' commands.
May, tr. of Lucan's Pharsalia, iv.
alternant (al-têr'nant), a. and m. [K L. alter-
man(t-)s, ppr. of alternare, alternate: see alter-
nate, v.] I. a. Alternating; specifically, in geol.,
composed of alternate layers, as some rocks.
#. m. In math., a determinant all the ele-
ments of each row (or column) of which are
functions of one variable different from that of
any other row (or column), while the elements
of any one column (or row) are like functions
of the different variables. Such, for example, is
sin ac, cos as, 1
sin y, cos y, 1
Sin 2, cos 2, 1.
Double alternant, a determinant which is an alternant
with respect to two sets of variables, both running through
the rows or through the columns.
[NL., K
L. alternus, alternate (see altern), H- NL. anthera,
anther.] A genus of dwarf tufted plants of
the family Amarantacea; ; so called from the
stamens being alternately fertile and barren.
They have opposite leaves and small tribracteate flowers
arranged in heads. Several species are grown in gardens
for the sake of their richly colored foliage.
alternat (al-ter-nāſ), n. [F., K. L. alternare: see
alternate, v.] Rotation; specifically, in diplo-
macy, a practice in accordance with which
several states, in order to preserve the equality
between them, take each in turn the first place,
as, for example, in the signing of treaties.
By the alternat is intended the practice, sometimes
adopted in signing conventions, of alternating in the order
of priority of signature, according to some fixed rule, so
as to cut off questions of rank.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, note to § 94.
alternate (alſtér-nāt, formerly al-têr'nāt), v.;
pret. and pp. alternated, ppr. alternating. . [KL.
alternatus, pp. of alternare, do by turns, K alter-
mus, alternate, reciprocal: see altern.] I. trans.
1. To do or perform by turns, or in succession.
Who, in their course, -
Melodious hymns about the sovran throne
Alternate all night long. Milton, P. L., v. 657.
2. To cause to succeed or follow one another
in time or place reciprocally; interchange re-
ciprocally.
The most high God . . . alternates the disposition of
good and evil. O. Grew, Sermons.
Alternating worry with quiet qualms,
Bravado with submissiveness. -
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 53.
II. intrams. 1. To follow one another intime
or place reciprocally: generally followed by
with : as, the flood and ebb tides alternate one
with the other.
Bage, shame, and grief alternate in his breast.
J. Philips, Blenheim, v. 339.
Fale Want, alternated
With Plenty’s golden smile.
Whittier, The Exiles.
2. To pass from one state, action, or place to
a second, back to the first, and so on indefi-
nitely: used with between, and sometimes with
from ; as, he alternates betweenhope and despair,
or from one extreme to another; the country
alternates between Woods and open fields.-Alter-
nating function, in math., a function of several variables
which on the interchange of any two of them changes its
sign, but not its absolute value. Thus, (a – y) is an alter-
alternate (al-tér'nāt), a. and n. [K L. alterna-
tus, pp. of alternare: see alternate, v.] I. a.
1. Being by turns; following each the other,
recurringly, in succession of time or place;
hence, reciprocal.
+nating function.
alternation
And bid alternate passions fall and rise.
ope, Essay on Criticism, l, 875.
Billows of alternate hope and despair.
D. Webster, Bunker Hill Monument, June 17, 1825.
Two detestable manners, the indigenous and the im-
ported, were now in a state of alternate conflict and amal-
gamation. Macawlay, Dryden.
Specifically, in bot.: (a) Placed at unequal heights upon the
axis: as, alternate leaves, which are
solitary at the modes, in distinction
from opposite or verticillate. (b) Op-
posite to the intervals between organs:
as, petals which are alternate with
sepals, or stamens with petals.
2. Belonging to a series be-
tween the two members of
every pair in which a member
of another series intervenes;
having one intervening be-
tween the two of each pair;
every second: as, to read only
the alternate lines; the odd
numbers form one series of
alternate numerals, the even numbers another.
–3. Consisting of alternating parts or mem-
bers; proceeding by alternation: as, an al-
ternate series; alternate riming; alternate pro-
E. zºº alternate. See alligation.—Al-
ernate angles, in geom., two non-adjacent angles, both
interior or both exterior,
made by two lines with a
transversal, on opposite sides
of it. the two lines are
parallel, the alternate angles
are equal. Thus, if the par-
allels AB, CD be cut by the
line EF, the angles AGH,
GHD are alternate angles.
—Alternate crystalliza-
tion. See crystallization.—
Alternate generation. (a)
In zoöl., a term first used by
Steenstrup to signify the pro-
duction of animals which are unlike their parents, but of
which certain later, generations alternately recurring ex-
hibit a likeness to those parents; or, a mode of reproduc-
tion in which more than one generation, counted from a
given progenitor, must pass before the appearance of de-
scendants resembling that progenitor. It is defined by Owen
as consisting in a series of individuals which seem to repre-
sent two species alternately reproduced. Huxley defines it
as an alternation of asexual with sexual generation, in which
the products of one process differ from those of the other.
According to Allman, the intercalation of a proper sexual
reproduction is necessary to constitute true alternate
generation. (b) In cryptogamic bot., the passage of a plant
through a succession of unlike generations before the ini-
tial form is reproduced. Usually the succession is one
in which ome sexually produced form alternates with an-
Other produced asexually. The alternation of those sex-
ually produced may be with those parthenogenetically
produced (heterogenesis or heterogamy, which see), or with
those produced by budding (metagemesis).—Alternate
numbers, units such that the product of any two has its
sign changed by reversal of the order of the factors: as,
mn--mm. The square of any such number vanishes.
—Alternate proportion, the proportion obtained by
; the ratio of first term to third and second term
to fourth of a given proportion. . Thus, if a b ::c: d, then
by alternate proportion, a c ::b: d.—Alternate quar-
ters, in her., quarters diagonally opposite to each other,
as the first and fourth quarters, and the second and third.
They have usually the same charges.
II. n. 1. That which happens by turns with
something else; vicissitude. [Rare.]
Rais'd in pleasure, or repos'd in ease,
Grateful alternates of substantial peace.
Prior, Solomon, i.
2. In political conventions and some other rep-
resentative bodies, one authorized to take the
place of another in his absence; a substitute.
[United States.]
alternately (al-têr'nāt-li), adv. In an alternate
manner. (a) In reciprocal succession; by turns, so that
each is succeeded by that which it succeeds, in the same
way as night follows day and day follows night. (b) With
the omission or intervention of one between each two: as,
read the lines alternately ; in French prosody male and fe-
male Times occur in couplets alternately. (c) In her., ac-
cording to alternate quarters (which see, under alternate).
—Alternately pinnate, in bot., a term applied to a pin-
nate leaf when the leaflets on one side of the rachis are
not opposite to those upon the other side.
alternateness (al-têrº nãt-nes), n. The state or
quality of being alternăte, or of preceding and
alternater, alternator (al’tér-nā-tér), n. A
dynamo-electric machine which produces an
alternating current.
alternation (al-têr-nā’shgn), m. [K L. alterna-
tio(n-), K alternare, pp. alternatus: see alternate,
v.] 1. The act of alternating, or the state of
being alternate; the reciprocal succession of
things in time or place, or of states or actions;
the act of following something and being in
turn followed by it: as, the alternation of day
and night, cold and heat, summer and winter.
The alternation of uncultivated and cultivated plains,
with scattered villages. O'Donovan, Merv, xi.
The law of nature is alternation for evernmore.
Emerson, Friendship,
Alternate Leaves.
E
A.
N D
F
Alternate Angles.
Afollowing by turns.

g alternation
2. Passageback andforth; repeated transition;
the action of going from one state, condition,
or point to another, and back again, indefinitely:
as, alternation between states of mind or be-
tween places; his alternations from one point
to the other were very frequent.—3. In math.:
(a) The different changes or alterations of order
in numbers. More commonly called permuta-
tion. (b) Alternate proportion (which see, un-
der alternate, a.).-4. In church ritual, the say-
ing or reading of parts of a service by minister
and congregation alternately.—Alternation of
- # ee alternate generation, under alternate, 4.
alternative (al-têr 'nā-tiv), a. and n. [= F.
alternative, n., alternatif, -ive, a., KML. alterna-
tivus, K. L. alternare, pp. alternatus: see alter-
nate, v.] I. a. 1. of #6 things, such that only
one can be selected or only one is possible,
etc.; mutually exclusive.
To arrive at the best compromise in any case implies
correct conceptions of the alternative results of this or
that course. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $ 108.
The conscience of mankind, and the voice alike of phi-
losophy and of religion, reject with equal horror his [J. S.
Mill's] alternative solution of the origin of evil, that the
Creator of the world is either the author of evil or the
slave of it. w Bdinburgh Rev.
2. Affording a choice between two things, or
a possibility of one thing out of two; given or
offered for selection, as against something else:
as, an alternative proposition; he presented an
alternative statement.—3}. Alternate; recipro-
cal. , Holland.—4. In bot., having the parts of
the inner whorl alternate with the outer: ap-
plied to the estivation or arrangement of the
#: of the perianth in the bud.—Alternative
emand, a request for either, but not both, of two things.
—Alternative ju ent or inference, in logic, a judg-
ment or inference which judges or infers that one or the
other of two facts is true. Same as disjunctive judgment or
inference.
II. m. 1. A choice between two things; a
possibility of one of two things.-2. One of
two things of which either is possible or may
be chosen. In strictness the word cannot be applied
to more than two things; when one thing only is possible,
there is said to be no alternative.
Between these alternatives there is no middle ground.
Cranch.
The stages of mental assent and dissent are almost in-
numerable; but the alternatives of action proposed by
the Christian faith are two only.
Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 142.
3. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., an arrangement by
which the pope nominates to vacant benefices
only in alternate months, at other times leav-
ing the nomination to the bishop of the diocese
or to the regular patron. The month counted
is that in which the benefice becomes vacant.
alternatively (al-têr'nā-tiv-li), adv. In an al-
ternative manner; in a manner that admits the
choice or possibility of one out of two things.
alternativeness (al-têr'nā-tiv-nes), n. The
uality or state of being alternatiye,
alternitył (al-têr’mi-ti), n. [K ML, alternitas,
K L. alternus, altern: see altern..] Succession
by turns; alternation. -
The alternity and vicissitude of rest.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 1.
alternize (altér-niz), v. t. [K altern + -ize.]
To cause to follow alternately; alternate.
[Rare.]
A téte-à-tête, alternized with a trio by my son.
Mame. D'Arblay, Diary, VII. 355.
Althaea, (al-thé’â), m. [L., K. Gr. d’Affaia, wild
mallow, marsh-mallow; perhaps related to d2-
6aivetv, heal, and to Skt. Vardh, thrive.] 1. A
genus of plants, of the family Malvaceae, in-
cluding the hollyhock, A. rosea, and the marsh-
mallow, A. officinalis.—2. [l. c.] A common
name of the Hibiscus Syriacus, cultivated in
gardens. Also called shrubby althaea and rose
of Sharon. *
althein (al-thé’in), n. [K Althaea + -īn”.] A
white crystallizable substance, formula C4H8
N2O3, contained in the root of the marsh-mal-
low, Althaea officinalis, and of asparagus: iden-
tieal with asparagin (which see).
althert, a. Same as alderó.
Althing (alºting), m. . [Icel, formerly althingi,
the general assembly, K allr, all, -- thing,
court: see all and thing.] The general assem-
bly or parliament of Iceland.
Althingman (al'ting-man), n. ; pl. Althingmen
-men). [K Althing + man.] A member of the
thing or parliament of Iceland.
alt-horn (alt’hôrn), n. [K alt-H horn: See alt.]
A musical instrument of the key-bugle class,
with a normal pitch of D or E5, yielding tones of
a higher range than the ordinary French horn.
although (äl-pHö’),
161
conj. [ME. al though, al
thah, etc.; K all, adv., in the sense of “even,”
+ though : see all, adv., and though. Cf. albé-
it..] Admitting that; in spite of the fact that;
notwithstanding (that); though. =syn. Although
Though, Notwithstanding. #etween although and though
the choice is often determined by the rhythm. Notwith-
::::::::::: lays more stress than the others upon the adver-
sative idea implied in concessive clauses.
Although I have cast them far off among the heathen,
and although I have scattered them among the countries,
yet will I be to them as a little sanctuary in the countries
where they shall come. Ezek. xi. 16.
A separable spite,
Which though it alter not love's sole effect,
Yet doth it steal sweet hours from love's delight.
Shak., Sonnets, xxxvi.
Come, come, Sir Peter, you love her, notwithstanding
your tempers don't exactly agree.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 2.
[This use of notwith 8tanding is commonly regarded as too
elliptical; it is, therefore, not so common as formerly.
See notwithstanding.]
See Haltica.
Altica (al'ti-kä), n.
alticomous (al-tik/3-mus), a. [KLL, alticomus,
having leaves high up, or on the top, KL. altus,
igh, + coma, head of hair, foliage: see comal.]
In bot., having leaves on the higher parts only.
Syd. Soc. Lea.
altify (alti-fi), v. t. . [KL. altus, high, + ify. Cf.
nzagnify.] To heighten; raise aloft. [Rare.]
Every country is given to magnify—not to say altify—
their own things therein. . Fuller, Worthies, I. 234.
altiloquence (al-til'º-kwens), n. [Kaltiloquent;
= Sp. altilocuencia = Pg. altiloquencia.] Lofty
speech; pompous language.
altiloquent (al-til'é-kwent), a. [= Sp. altilo-
cuente = Pg. altiloquente, K L. altus, high, + lo-
#º Speaking, ppr. of loqui, speak. Cf.
L. altiloquus, in same sense..] High-sound-
ing; pompous in language. -
altimeter (al-tim’e-tér), n. [= F. altimétre, K
L. altus, high, + metrum, KGr. Létpov, measure.]
An instrument for measuring altitudes, as a
uadrant, sextant, or theodolite.
altimetry (al-tim’e-tri), n. [K altimeter; = F.
altimétrie.] The art of ascertaining altitudes by
means of an altimeter, and by trigonometrical
methods.
altin (al'tin), m. [F. altime, K Russ. altwinii, a
denomination of money. Cf. Bulg. altiin, Serv.
aldum, Turk. altin, gold.] A Russian money of
account, equal to three copecks.
Altinares (al-ti-nā’réz), n. pl. [NL., K.L. altus,
high, deep, + mares, nostrils.] In Sundevall’s
system of ornithology: (a) A group of birds cor-
responding to the family Corvidae of authors in
general, and consisting of the crows, jays, and
nut-crackers. (b) One of the two series into
which he divides the cohort Coccyges, the other
being Humilinares. See Zygodactyli.
altincar (al-tingſkär), n. [K Ar. al-timkār, Kal,
the. -- tinkâr, Pers. Hind. tinkâr, Malay tingkal,
K Skt. tankana : see tincal.] Crude borax, em-
ployed in refining metals; tincal (which see).
altiscope (al'ti-sköp), n. [K L. altus, high, +
Gr. okotreiv, look at: see scope.] An instrument
consisting of an arrangement of lenses and mir-
rors in a telescopic tube, extensible vertically,
by means of which it is possible to look over ob-
jects intervening between the observer and the
object to be seen. When the sections of the tube are
extended, the view is received upon an uppermirror placed
at an angle of 45°, and reflected thence down the tube to
a lower mirror, where it is seen by the observer.
altisonant (al-tisſº-nant), a. [KL. altus, high,
+ Sonan(?-)s, ppr. of somare, sound: see sounds.]
High-sounding; lofty or pompous, as language:
as, “altisonant phrases,” Evelyn, Sylva (To the
Reader).
altisonous (al-tis' 3-nus), a. [K L. altisonus,
high-sounding, K altus, high, + sonare, sound:
see soundb.] Same as altisonant.
altissimo (al-tis’i-mö), a. [It., superl. of alto,
high: see alt.] A musical term used in the
phrase in altissimo, literally in the highest, that
is, in the second octave above the treble staff,
beginning with G. See alt.
altitonant (al-tit’ū-nant), a. [KL, altitoman(t-)s,
Kaltus, high, + toman(t-)s, ppr. of tomare, thun-
der.] Thundering from on high; high-thunder-
ing. [Rare and poetical.]
Altitomant,
Imperial-crown'd, and thunder-armed Jove.
}r Middleton, World Tost at Tennis.
ăltitude (al'ti-tūd), n., [KME. altitude, K L. alti-
tudo, height, K altus, high: see alt.] 1. Space
extended upward; height; the degree or amount
of elevation of an object above its foundation,
the ground, or a given level; the amount or
*
Altrices
distance by which one object is higher than an-
other; as, the altitude of a mountain or a cloud.
–2. The elevation of a point, star, or other
object above the horizon, measured by the
are of a vertical intercepted between such point
and the horizon. Altitude is either apparent or true.
Apparent altitude is that which appears by observations
made at any place on the surface of the earth; true alti-
twde, that which results by correcting the apparent for
refraction, parallax, and dip of the horizon. IThe words
altitude and elevation in geodesy are somewhat confused,
but it is preferable to use altitude for angular height, ele-
vation for linear height.] Often abbreviated to alt.
From hennes-forthward, I wol clepe the heyhte of any
thing that is taken by thy rewle [an astrolabel, the alti-
tude, with-owte mo wordes. Chaucer, Astrolabe.
3. An elevation or height; anything extending
far upward.
The altitudes which are surmounted only for the charms
of outlook they offer. D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together.
4. Highest point or degree; full elevation.
He did it to please his mother, and to be partly proud;
which he is, even to the altitude of his virtue.
Shak., Cor., i. 1.
5. Elevation of spirit; haughty air: in this
sense generally used in the plural. [Archaic.]
From the nature of their conversation, there was no
room for altitudes. Itichardson, Clarissa Harlowe, V. 232.
If we would see him in his altitudes, we must go back
to the House of Commons; . . . there he cuts and slashes
at another rate. Roger North, Examen, p. 258.
Accessible altitude, the altitude of an object to the
base of which one can have access, so as to measure the
distance between it and the station from which the alti-
tude is to be measured.—Altitude and azimuth circle.
See circle.—Altitude or elevation of the pole, the arc
of the meridian intercepted between the pole and the
horizon. It is equal to the latitude of the place.—Circle
or parallel of altitude. See almweamtar.—Inacces-
Sible altitude, the altitude of an object whose base can-
not be approached.-Meridian altitude of a star, an
arc of the meridian between the horizon and a star on the
meridian.—Parallax of altitude. See parallaa..—Re-
fraction of altitude, the amount by which the altitude
of a heavenly body is apparently increased by the atmo-
spheric refraction. e º
altitudinal (al-ti-tū’di-nal), a. [K L. altitudo
(altitudin-) + -al: see altitude..] Relating or
pertaining to height; in mat, hist., having refer-
ence to elevation above the sea-level: as, an
altitudinal zone of vegetation. See 20me.
Two ferns, a species of Gleichenia and the broad-fronded
Dipteris horsfieldi—here at its lowest altitudinal limit—
profusely covered the ground.
H. O. Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 78.
altitudinarian (al"ti-tū-di-nā’ri-an), a. and m.
[K L. altitudo (altitudin-), altitude: see altitude.]
I. a. Aspiring. Coleridge. [Rare.]
II. m. One who aspires; one given to lofti-
ness in thought or speech. &
altivolant(al-tiv^@-lânt), a.[KL.altivolan (t-)s(cf.
equiv.altivolus,high-flying), Kaltus,high,4-volare,
ppr; volan(?-)s, fly: see volant.] High-flying.
altol (alſtö), a. and m. [It., high : see alt.] I.
a. Literally, high: an element in terms relating
to music and art: as, alto-ripieno, alto-rilievo.
—Alto clef, altofagotto, alto viola, etc. See the nouns.
II. m. [So called from being higher than the
tenor, to which in old music the melody was
assigned.] In music : (a) Same as contralto.
(b) The instrument called in England the tenor
violin, and by the Italians the viola.
altoºt, adv. phr. See all, adv., 1.
altogether (āl-to-geq Hºër), adv. [K ME. alto-
gedere, altogidere, etc., Kal, adv., all, + togedere,
together: see all, adv., and together.] Wholly;
entirely; completely; quite.
Lvery man at his best state is altogether vanity.
PS. XXXix. 5.
He [Temple] began to make preparations for retiring al-
together from business. Macaulay, Sir William Teniple.
alto-relievo (al"tó-ré-lè'vº), n. An Anglicized
form of alto-rilievo.
alto-rilievo (äl” to-ré-lyā’ vö), m. [It. : alto,
high (see alt); rilievo, relief: see relief.] High
relief; in sculp., a form of relief in which the
figures or other objects represented stand out
very boldly from the background. More or less
important portions of the design may even be carved en-
tirely in the round. An alto-rilievo, or a work in alto-
ritievo, is a relief sculptured in this form. See cut on next
page. See bas-relief and mezzo-rliero.
Altrices (al-tri'séz), m.pl. [NL., pl. of L. altriæ,
fem. Of altor, a nourisher, Inurse, K alere, nour-
ish: see aliment, m.] In ornith., one of the pri-
mary divisions of the class Aves, or birds. In
Some Systems, as that of Bonaparte, it includes those birds
which are hatched in a weak and usually naked condition,
and require to be fed for some time in the nest by the pa-
rents: opposed to Praecoces, or those birds which run about
as Soon as they are hatched. Not in use as the name of a
Subclass of Aves, but recognized as a collective term for
birds having the above-given characters, as nearly all land.
birds, and some water-birds, as the Herodiomes and Stegamo-
podes. Nearly equivalent to Sundevall's term Psilopaedes
or Gymnopaedes. Also called Heterophagi.

11
altricial
altricial (al-trisial), a [K Altrices.] Being
one of or belonging to the Altrices; having the
nature of Altrices; heterophagous.
Alto-rilievo.
Hermes, Eurydice, and Orpheus: in the Museo Nazionale, Naples.
alº (al-trop'a-thi), n. [K L. alter, an-
other, + Gr. -ſtaffia, & Táffog, suffering.] Feel-
ing for others; sympathy.
Better still to convey the altruistic conception, and in
more natural contrast with autopathy, there might in like
manner be substituted for sympathy the allied expression
altropathy, which, to a certain extent, would come to the
aid of the stronger term philanthropy.
L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., II. 371.
altruism (alſtrö-izm), n. IK F. altruisme, K It.
altrui, another, other people (= Pr. altrui =
OF. altrui, F. autrui), prop. the objective case,
sing. and pl., of altro, other (= OF. altre, F.
autre), K. L. alter, other: see alter. In the col-
loquial Latin of later times, alter, like many
other pronominal words, was strengthened by
the addition of hic, this; hence dat. *alteri-huic,
contr. to “altruic, altrui, which became the com-
mon objective case.] A term first employed by
the French philosopher Comte to denote the
benevolent instincts and emotions in general,
or action prompted by them: the opposite of
egoism.
If we define altruism as being all action which, in the
normal course of things, benefits others instead of bene-
fiting self, then, from the dawn of life, altruism has been
no less essential than egoism.
H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $75.
altruist (al'trö-ist), n. IK F. altruiste, as altru-
isme, altruism, ---iste, -ist.] One who practises
altruism; a person devoted to the welfare of
others: opposed to egoist.
altruistic (al-trö-isºtik), a. Pertaining or re-
lating to altruism; regardful of others; having
regard to the well-being or best interests of
others: opposed to egoistic.
Only in the comparatively rare cases where the anony-
mous benefaction is from one who can ill afford the money
or the labour required, does generosity rise to that high-
est form in which altruistic gratification out-balances ego-
istic gratification. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 528.
altruistically (al-trö-is’ti-kal-i), adv. In an
altruistic manner; for the benefit of another;
benevolently; unselfishly. H. Spencer.
alture? (altir), n. [K It, altura, height, K alto,
high : see alt..] Height; altitude. N. E. D.
aluchi, n. See alouchi.
Alucita (a-lii'si-tä), n. [NL., K. L.L. (cited as
L.) alucita, a gnat.] A genus of featherwings
or plume-moths, family Pterophoridae, having
the wings divided into six lobes or feathers,
rounded at the apex and ciliated along the edge.
A. hexadactyla of Europe and America expands
about half an inch.
Alucitidae (al-ū-sit’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., & Alucita
+ -idae.] Featherwings or plume-moths; a
family of moths named from the genus Alucita,
having the wings dissected into feathery lobes.
Also called Pterophorida (which see). See cut
under plume-moth.
aluco (a-li’kö), n. DNL., said by Gesner to
have been Latinized by Gaza (1476) from It.
alocho, to translate Gr. £2.86c (a kind of owl) in
Aristotle; but rather a variation (2 Sp. alucom)
of LL. alucus, a diff. reading of ulucus, said by
Servius to be a popular name equiv. to ulula, an
owl. Hence *º alucus) appar. It alocco, al-
locco, dial. oloch, an owl, a dunce, dolt; cf. It,
#iudel (al’ī-del), m.
162
dial, locco, loucch, a dunce, Sp. loco, a madman,
loco, adj Pg. louco, Pr. locow, mad.] 1. The
specific name of a kind of owl, Stria, or Syrmium
aluco, the European tawny owl.—2. [cap.] A.
name of a genus of owls, now usually applied
to the genus of barn-owls taken as typical of
the family Aluconidae. The common barn-owl of
the old world is Aluco flammeus; that of Amer-
ica is A. pratincola. See cut under barn-owl.—
3. [cap.] A genus of gastropods. Link, 1807.
Aluconidae (al-ū-kon’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Alu-
co(n-) + -idae.] A family of owls, consisting of
those known as barn-owls. See barn-owl. They
differ from all others in having the sternum entire and
simply emarginate behind, with the furculum ankylosed
to its keel, the middle claw somewhat pectinate, and the
facial disk complete and triangular. The family consists
of the genera Aluco and Phodilus. See Strigidae.
Aluconinae (al"il-kö-ni’né), m. pl. [NL., & Alu-
coſm-) + -inae.] The Aluconidae, as a subfamily
of Strigidae.
[KOF, aludel, alutel, K. Sp.
aludel, K. Ar. al-uthäl, Kal, the, + uthſil, prob.
for ithäl, pl. of athla, utensil, apparatus.] In
chem., a name given to one of a number of pear-
shaped glasses or earthen pots, used in subli-
mation, resembling somewhat the ancientalem-
bic, and open at both ends so that they can be
fitted together in a series. The name has also been
given to any prolonged chimney or tube of glass or earth-
enware consisting of more than one piece.
aludel-furnace (al'ii-del-férºnás), m. A fur-
nace for the reduction of mercurial ores. It con-
sists of a cylindrical shaft divided by an arch into two
chambers, the lower serving as a furnace and the upper
receiving the ore. The mercurial vapors from the latter
- =
pass through rows of aludels, in which it is condensed and
whence it is delivered into a reservoir.
alula (al’īī-lâ), m.; pl. alula, (-lé).
ala, wing: see aisle.]
[NL., dim, of
1 In ornith., the winglet,
bastard wing,
or ala spuria
of a bird; the
acket of small
eathers which
grOWS upon
the so-called
Alula (the shaded part in the figure). §" of .
The feathers are rather stiff, resembling primaries to some
extent, but always smaller, and contribute to the smooth-
ness and evenness of the border of the wing.
2. In entom. : (a) The small membranous ap-
pendage or scale situated at the base of each
wing of many dipterous insects, above the hal-
teres or poisers. (b) A similar appendage be-
neath each elytron of some water-beetles. Also
called alulet and cueilleron.
In certain water beetles (Dytiscidae) a pair of alulae, or
winglets, are developed at the inner angle of the elytra.
Encyc. Brit., VI. 127.
alular (al’i-lär), a. Of or pertaining to an
alula. -
alulet (al’i-let), n. [Kalula + -et.] In entom.,
Asame as glula, 2.
aluminium
alum (al’um), v. t. [K alum, n.] To treat or
impregnate with alum.
For silk dyeing anotta is largely used, yielding bright
lustrous shades; % alºming the silk is considered to take
the dye better. O'Neill, Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 67.
alum-battery (alºum-batº-ri), n. A galvanic
battery employing a solution of alum as the
exciting liquid.
Alumbrado (à-lóm-brā’dó), n. [Sp., formerly
alombrado, pp. of alumbrar, formerly alombrar,
enlighten, illuminate, K L, alluminare: see
allumine, and cf. illuminate, Illuminati.] One
of a sect of Illuminati, or Perfectionists, which
existed in Spain in the sixteenth century, but
was suppressed by the Inquisition. Also spelled
*4lombrado.
alum-earth (alºum-èrth), n. A massive variety
of alum-stone (which see).
alumin, alumine (al’i-min), n. *Same as alw-
alumina (a-lii’mi-nā), n. [NL., K. L. alumen
(alumin-): see alum.] The oxid of aluminium,
Al2O3, the most abundant of the earths. In the
uncombined state alumina occurs as corundum, with its
varieties adamantine spar, ruby, and sapphire. In this
form it is, next to the diamond, the hardest of natural
substances. It is, however, usually combined with silica
in nature, especially in the feldspars and the hydrated
silicate of alumina, kaolin, a fine, scaly mineral, the basis
of clays, loams, and most soils, and of refractory bricks,
crucibles, porcelains, and hydraulic cement. Fullers'
earth, a hydrated silicate of alumina, is important as a
mordant in dyeing, and is also used in bleaching oils.
aluminate (a-lii’mi-nāt), v. t. ; º and pp.
aluminated, ppr. aluminating. [K L. aluminatus,
pp. adj., K alumen (alumin-): see alum.] To
treat or impregnate with alum; specifically, in
printing engravings, to wash (the paper) with
alum-water to prevent the running of the lines.
aluminate (a-lā’mi-nāt), n. [Kalumina + -atel.]
Asalt in which alumina acts toward the stronger
bases as an acid. Sodium aluminate is used as
a mordant. The mineral spinel is a magnesium
aluminate.
aluminic (al-ū-min'ik), a. [Kaluminium + -ic.]
Relating to or containing aluminium.
aluminiferous (a-lu-mi-nif'e-rus), a. [K L. alu-
men (alumin-), alum, -- ferre = E. bear].] Con-
taining or yielding alum, alumina, or alumin-
Illin.
aluminiform (al-ū-min’i-fôrm), a. [K L. alu-
men (alumin-), alum, ---formis, & forma, form.]
Having the form of alum, alumina, or alumin-
ºld.
Illin.
aluminite (a-lii’mi-nit), n. [K alumina + -ite?..]
Hydrous sulphate of aluminium, a mineral that
occurs in small roundish or reniform masses.
ellowish-white.
aluminium (al-ū-min’i-um), n. [NL. (2 F. alu-
mine, X E. alumin), K L. alumen (-min-), alum (see
alum), + -ium, as in sodium, potassium, etc.; first
proposed by Davy in the form alumium and
then aluminum. It was isolated by Wöhler.]
Chemical symbol Al; atomic weight 26.9. A
metal of silver-white color and brilliant luster,
about as hard as zinc, very malleable and duc-
tile, highly sonorous, and a good conductor of
alum (al’um), n. [Early mod. E. often allum,
alem, alym, KME. alum, alom, KOF, alum, mod. F.
alum = MHG. alum, G. alaun (X Pol. alum (barred
l), Sloven. alum = Russ. galună = Lith. alunas),
K L. alumen, alum; of unknown origin...] . The
eneral name of a class of double sulphates
ormed by the union of aluminium, iron, chro-
mium, or manganese sulphate with the sul-
#. of some other metal, commonly an alka-
e metal or ammonium. Common or potash alum
has the formula Al2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 24H2O. It is pro-
duced by mixing concentrated solutions of potassium
sulphate and crude aluminium sulphate. The double
salt at once crystallizes in octahedrons. Alum is soluble
in water, has a sweetish-sour taste, reddens litmus, and
is a powerful astringent. In medicine it is used inter-
nally as an astringent, externally as a styptic applied to
severed blood-vessels. In the arts it is used as a mor-
dant in dyeing, and extensively in other ways. When
mixed in small amount with inferior grades of flour, it is
said to whiten them in the process of bread-making, but
its effect on the system is injurious.-Alum shale, an-
other name for alum slate, including especially its more
shaly varieties.—Alum slate, a variety of clay slate con-
taining an easily iºd and frequently occurring
compound of sulphur and iron (marcasite). The decom-
position of this substance gives rise to the production of
alum, usually potash alum, which is a compound of potas-
sium sulphate and aluminium sulphate, and which may
sometimes be leached out in a commercial way.—Basic
alum, alum treated with alkali-Burnt alum, alum
from which the water of crystallization has been driven
off by heat. Also called dried alum, alumen earsiccatum.
—Concentrated alum, normal aluminium sulphate,
Al2(SO4)3, which is prepared on a large scale by treating
roasted clay with oil of vitriol, and crystallizing out the
sulphate formed. It is largely used in dyeing. Also called
patent alum.—Earth .# alum. See earth.-Roman
alum, a variety of potash alum prepared from the min-
eral alum-stone, of special value to dyers, since it contains
}. soluble iron salts. Also called rock-alum and roche-
tºº.
*Its color is snow-white or
heat and electricity. Its most remarkable character
is its low specific gravity (2,56), which is about one third
that of iron and less than that of marble. It tarnishes
but slowly in air, and even when molten does not
easily oxidize. Its melting-point is lower than that of
silver. Aluminium in combination with oxygen (Al2O3)
forms the common earth alumina, which exists in nature
as the mineral corundum, of which the ruby, sapphire,
and emery are varieties; the hydrated sesquioxid exists as
the minerals diaspore, gibbsite, and bauxite. Alumina
also enters into the composition of a very large number of
minerals, the most important of which are the feldspars.
From the decomposition of these, clay (kaolin, etc.) is
produced, which is essentially a hydrated silicate of alu-
minium. Among other important minerals containing
aluminium are the silicates andalusite, cyanite, fibrolite,
topaz, and all of the zeolites; the fluoride of aluminium
and sodium, cryolite, from which the metal is reduced;
the oxid of aluminium and magnesium, spinel; he sul-
phates aluminite, alum-stone, the alums, etc.; the phos-
phates turquoise, lazulite, etc.; the carbonate dawsonite,
and many others. It is estimated that in its various com-
pounds aluminium forms about one twelfth of the crust
of the earth. In consequence of its very low specific
gravity, freedom from tarnish, non-poisonous qualities,
and ease of working, aluminium is a valuable metal. The
use of aluminium has extended with the rapid decrease,
through improved processes, in the cost of separating it
from the combinations in which it occurs in nature. It
is used especially for physical apparatus and other arti-
cles in which º and great strength are necessary.
The cap of the Washington monument, which forms, the
tip of its lightning-rod, is a pyramidal mass of aluminium
weighing 100 ounces. See the supplement.-Alumin-
ium bronze, an alloy of 9 parts of copper with 1 of
aiminium. It resembles gold in luster and color, and
is used as a cheap imitation of that metal. Unlike gold,
however, it gradually tarnishes on exposure to the air.
It is much used in cheap jewelry and ornamental work,
and also for a great variety of industrial purposes, espe-
cially for bearings in machinery.—Al urn silver, a




- aluminium
compound formed by the addition of a small amount of
silver to aluminium. It is said that 3 per cent, of silver
is sufficient to give to aluminium the color and brilliancy
of pure silver, over which it has the great advantage of
not being tarnished by sulphureted hydrogen.—Alumin-
ium Solder, an alloy of £º silver, copper, and, for soft
solder, a ińe zinc: used in soldering aluminium bronze.
aluminose (a-lii’mi-nós), a. Same as alumi-
720%.S.
aluminous (a-lā’mi-nus), a. [KL, aluminosus,
Ś alumen (-min-), alum: see alum.] Pertain:
ing to, containing, or having the properties of
alum or alumina; as, aluminous minerals or
Waters. sº
aluminum (a-lii’mi-num), n. Same as alumin-
łum.
alumish (alºum-ish), a. [Kalum + -ish.1.1 Hav-
ing the nature of alum; somewhat resembling
alum.
alumna (a-lum'nā), n. ; pl. alumnae (-nē). [L.,
a foster-daughter, fem. of alumnus; see alum-
nus.] A female pupil or graduate of any edu-
cational institution. § d
alumnal (a-lum'nal), a. Belonging or pertain-
ing to alumni or alumnae.
At the request of the Alwmnal Association of Colleges,
arrangements have been made whereby college graduates
can avail themselves of advanced courses of study.
JEducation, IV. 550.
alumni, n. Plural of alumnus.
alumniate #. n. . [Irreg. K alumnus
+ -ate?..] The period of pupilage. N. E. D.
alumnus (a-lum’nus), m.; pl. alumni (-ni). [L.
alumnus, fem, alumna, a nursling, foster-child,
pupil, disciple, Orig. ppr. pass. (-umnus= Gr.
-6\levog) of alere, nourish, nurse, foster: see
aliment. Cf. alma mater.] A pupil; one edu-
cated at a school, seminary, college, or univer-
sity; specifically, a graduate of any such insti-
tution.
alum-rock (al’um-rok), n. Same as alum-
Stone.
alum-root (alºum-röt), n. A name given to the
astringent root of several plants, as Heuchera
Americana and Geranium maculatum.
alum-stone (al’um-stön), n. The subsulphate
of alumina and potash; a mineral of a grayish-
or yellowish-white color, often containing sil-
ica as an impurity, first found at Tolfa in Italy.
Also called alum-rock and alumite.
alumite (alſii-nit), n. IKF. alun, alum, -H -ite2.]
Same as alwm-stone.
alunogen (a-lii'nā-jen), n. IK F. alun, alum, --
-gen, producing: see -gen.] Native aluminium
sulphate, occurring in fine capillary fibers and
in crusts. It consists of 36.0 parts of sulphur trioxid,
15.3 of alumina, and 48.7 of water. It is found in vol-
canic solfataras, in clays, in feldspathic rocks containin
pyrites, and as an efflorescence on the walls of mines an
quarries. Also called hair-8alt and feather-alum.
aluret (alſūr), n. [KME. alure, alour, alur, aler,
KOF. aleor, aleoir, gallery, passage, alley (cf.
QF, aleure, alure, mod. F. allure, gait, pace),
Kaler, F, allèr, go: see alleyl.] 1. An alley; a
Walk-2. A passage, gangway, or gallery in a
building.
The new alure between the king's chamber and the said
chapel. * Brayley, Houses of Parl., p. 127.
3. A covered passage; a cloister.
The sides of every street were covered with fresh alures
of marble, or cloisters. T. Warton, Eng. Poetry, II. xxiii.
4. In medieval milit, arch., a footway on the
Summit of a wall or rampart, behind the battle- Al
ments; also, the passageway within the hoard-
ing or bratticing.
alusia (a-lii’si-á), m. ... [NL., irreg. K. Gr. 3%volç,
distress, anguish, K. Čižūetv or āAbeiv, be frantic,
wander: see hallucination.] Hallucination.
aluta (a-lü’tā), n. [L. (Sc. pellis, skin), a kind
of soft leather, perhaps prepared by means of
alum; cf. alwmen, alum: see alwm.] A species
of leather-stone, soft, pliable, and not lami-
nated.
alutaceous (al-ū-tă'shius), a. [KL.L. alutacius,
L. alwta : see alwta.] Having the quality or
color of tawed leather; leathery, as the leaves
of Prunus Lawro-Cerasus.
alutation? (al-ū-tā'shgn), n. IKL. aluta, soft
leather (see aluta), + -ation.] The tanning or
dressing of leather.
alva marina (alºvá ma-ri'nā). [An error for L.
wlva marina, sea-sedge: wlva, sedge, perhaps con-
nected with ad-ol-escere, grow (see adolescent);
marina, fem. of marinus, of or belonging to the
sea: see marine.] Sea-sedge: an article of com-
merce, consisting of dried grass-wrack (Zostera
marina), used for stuffing mattresses, etc.
alvearium (al-vā-ā'ri-um), n. ; pl. alvearia (-à).
[L.] Same as alveary.
163
alyeary, (alºvá-à-ri), m.; pl. alvearies (-riz).
L. alvearium, a beehive, prop. any bulging
vessel, Kalveus, a hollow vessel, a beehive, etc.:
See alpeu8.l. 1. A beehive, or something re-
sembling a beehive.-2}. The meatus externus,
or external canal, of the ear. See ear.
alveated (al'yº-ā-ted), , a. [K L. alveatus,
hollowed out like a trough or tray, Kalveus, a
trough, tray, a beehive; see alweus, and cf.
alveary..] Formed or vaulted like a beehive.
alvei, n. Plural of alveus.
alveolar (al-véſà-lär or al’vā-j-lär), a. [K L.
*alveolus, a smallhollow or cavity, à tray, trough,
basin, dim, of alveus: see alvelis.]. Containing
or pertaining to a socket, cell, or pit. An equiv-
alent form is alveolary.-Alveolar arch, the arch
formed by the alveolar border of either the upper or the
lower jaw.—Alveolar artery. (a) Inferior, the inferior
dental, a branch of the internal maxillary artery supply-
ing the lower jaw. (b) Superior, a branch of the internal
maxillary artery supplying the teeth of the upper jaw and
adjacent structures.—Alveolar border, the border of
either jaw containing the tooth-sockets (alveoli).-Alveo-
lar cancer, either alveolar carcinoma or alveolar sarcoma.
—Alveolar carcinoma, a name sometimes applied to
colloid carcinoma (cancer) in which the colloid infiltration
has rendered the alveolar structure very evident to the
naked eye.—Alveolar ectasia. See emphysema.-Alve-
olar forgeps, forceps, of various shapes, for removing
parts of the alveolar process, or fragments of roots under
the alveolar ridge.—Alveolar index. See craniometry.
—Alveolar membrane, the dental periosteum.—Alvé-
olar nerves, the dental branches of the maxillary nerves.
—Alveolar passages, the passages into which the respi-
ratory bronchial tubes enlarge. They are thickly set with
. air-cells (alveoli), and give off and terminate in the in-
fundibula or air-sacs.--Alveolar point, the point at the
edge of the upper jaw between the maiddle incisors.—Alve-
olar processes, the processes of the maxillary bones
containing the sockets of the teeth.-Alveolar sarco
a Sarcoma (cancer) in which the cells approach in charac.
ter epithelial cells, and are gathered in groups separated
by connective tissue.—Alveolar vein, a vein accompany-
ing an alveolar artery.
alveolariform (al-vé-j-lar’i-fôrm), a. [K NL.
alveolaris (K. alveolus, a cell in a honeycomb:
See alveolus) + L. forma, shape.] Having the
form of the cells of a honeycomb. N. E. D.
alveolary (al-vé’ô-lä-ri or al’vé-Ö-lä-ri), a.
Same as alveolar.
alveolate (al-vé’ī-lāt or al’vé-Ö-lāt), a. [K L.
alveolatus, hollowed out like a little tray, K al-
weolus: see alveolus.] Same as alveolated.
alveolated (al-vé'3-lä-ted or al’vé-Ö-lä-ted), a.
[As alveolate + -ed?..] Deeply pitted so as to
resemble a honeycomb; having angular cavi-
ties (alveoli) separated by thin partitions, as
the receptacle of some compound flowers.
The fibrous stroma is not so much alveolated as inter-
spersed with small fusiform cell-nests.
Ziegler, Pathol. Anat. (trans.), i. § 173.
alveolation (al-vé-6-lä’shgn), n. The state or
condition of having sockets or pits; a struc-
ture resembling that of the honeycomb. See
cut under ruminant.
The alveolation is the same in both cases.
Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 370.
alveole (al’vé-öl), n., Same as alveolus.
alveoli, m. Plural of alveolus.
alveoliform (al-vé'ê-li-fôrm or al-vé-ol’i-fôrm),
a. [K L. alveolus + forma, form.] Having the
form of an alveolus, or a small cell or socket.
Alveolina (al-vé-3-li'nā), n. DNL., K.L. alveolus
(see alveolus) + -ina.] The typical genus of
foraminifers of the subfamily Alveolininae. D'Or-
bigny, 1826.
yeolininae (al-vé"º-li-ni"né), m. pl. [NL., K
Alveolina -F -ina..]. A subfamily of imperforate
foraminifers, family Miliolidae, having the test
globular, elliptical, or fusiform, the chamber-
lets of which in the recent species are often
Subdivided.
alveolite (al-vé’ô-lit), n. [KNL. Alveolites.] A
fossil #. of the genus Alveolites.
Alveolites (al-vé-6-litéz), m. [NL., K.L. alveo-
leſs, a small cavity, + -ites: see -ite?..] A genus
of fossil coral, from Silurian and Devonian
strata. Founded by Lamarek in 1806.
alveolocondylean (al-véº-lö-kon-dil'é-an), a.
for pertaining to the alveolus and condyle.
—Alveolocondylean plane. See craniometry.
alveolodental (āl-vé”g-lö-den (tal), a. Per-
taining to the teeth and their sockets.—Alveo-
lodental canal, the canal in the upper and in the lower
jaw, through which pass the dental vessels and nerves.
Alysia .
cavity, dim. of alveus, a tray, trough, basin: see
alveu8.] In general, any little cell, pit, cavity,
fossa, or socket, as one of the cells of a honey-
comb, etc. Also called alveole.
Although these organs [of the torpedo and other electric
fishes] differ greatly from one another in position, . . .
they all agreein being composed of alveoli of various forms,
which are bounded by connective tissue, and filled with
a jelly-like substance.
Gegenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 500.
Specifically, in zoöl.: (a) The socket of a tooth; the pit in
a jaw-bone in which a tooth is inserted.
Each alveolus serves as the socket of a long tooth, some-
what like the incisor of a rodent. 2
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 492.
§ An air-cell; one of the compartments, about one hun-
edth of an inch in diameter, which line the infundibula
and alveolar passages of the lungs. (c) One of the pits or
compartments in the mucous membrane of the second
stomach of a ruminant; a cell of “honeycomb” tripe.
See cut under ruminant. (d) A certain vacant space in
the sarcode of a radiolarian, either within or without the
capsule. Pascoe. (e) A cell or pit in certain fossils, as in
an alveolite. (f) One of the ultimate follicles of a race-
mose gland. See acimus, 2 (b). (g) One of the five hollow
cuneate calcareous dentigerous pieces which enter into
the composition of the complex dentary apparatus or oral
skeleton of a sea-urchin. See lantern of Aristotle (under
lanterm), and cuts under clypeastrid and Echinoidea.
Alveopora (al-vé-3-pó’ră), n. [NL., K.L. alveus,
elly, + porus, a pore: see alvews and pore.]
The typical genus of Alveoporinae.

Alveoporinae (al-vé-6-pº-ri’né), m. pl. [NL., K
Alveopora + -inac.] A subfamily of perforate
madreporarian corals, of the family Poritidae,
typified by the genus Alveopora. See Poritidae.
alveus (al’vé-us), m.; pl. alve; (-i). [L., a hollow
vessel, basket, trough, hold of a vessel, beehive,
path-tub, channel of a river, etc., Kalvus, the
'belly, the stomach, bowels, womb, etc.] In
anat.: (a) A tube or canal through which some
fluid flows; especially, the larger part of such
a tube, as the duct conveying the chyle to the
subclavian vein. Specifically—(1) The utricle
of the membranous labyrinth of the ear. (2)
The combined utricle and saccule of the ear as
seen in birds. (b) The superficial ventricular
layer of medullary substance in the brain cover-
*ing the hippocampus major.
alvine (alſvin, -win), a. [= F. alvin, K. L. alvus,
the belly.] Belonging to the belly or intestines;
relating to or consisting of intestinal excre-
ments.-Alvine concretion, a calculus formed in the
stomach or intestines.—Alvine dejections, alvine evac-
uations, discharges from the bowels; feces. [The word
is now scarcely used, except in these or similar phrases.]
alway (ālºwä), adv. [KME. alway, alwaye, alle-
waye, al wey, alle wey, al wei, earlier alne wei, K
AS. ealme weg, sometimes contr. to ealmeg, all
the time, lit. all the way: ealme, acc. of eal, eall,
all; weg, acc. of weg, way. Now superseded
by always, q. v. Cf. algate, and It. tutta via =
Sp. todas vias, always; from L. tota, fem. of
totus, all, and via, way.] Same as always: now
only used poetically.
Mephibosheth . . . shall eat bread alway at my table.
2 Sam. ix. 10.
Hard by a poplar shook alway,
All silver-green with gnarled bark.
Tennyson, Mariana.
always (äl’wāz), adv. [KME. alwayes, alwaies,
alleweyes, alle weis, alles weis, an adverbial gen.,
appar. Orig. distrib., as distinguished from the
comprehensive acc. form, but the distinction
was soon lost: see alway.] 1. All the time;
throughout all time; uninterruptedly; continuº.
ally; perpetually; ever: as, God is always the
Salſº le.
Ev’n in heaven his [Mammon's] looks and thoughts
Were always downward bent. Milton, P. L., i. 681.
Once a poet, alwaffs a poet. O. W. Holmes, Emerson, xv.
2. Every time; at all recurring times; as often
as occasion arises: as, he always comes home
on Saturday.
You always end ere you begin. Shak., T. G. of V., ii. 4.
Alydidae (a-lid’i-dé), n, pl. [NL., K Alydus +
-idae.] A family of Coreidae, typified by the
genus Alydus, containing insects of moderately
narrow form, with a somewhat conical head
contracted behind the eyes, the last antennal
joint enlarged, and the hind femora spinous
and thickened toward the end, species of such
genera as Alydus, Tollius, and Megalotomus are nunner-
ous in most parts of America. Also written Alydina. See
Coreidae.
alveolosubnasal (al-vā'īló-sub-nā’zāl), @. In Alydus (al’i-dus), n. [NL.] A genus of het-
craniom., pertaining to the alveolar and sub-
nasal points of the skull.—Alveolosubnasal prog-
nathism, the prognathism measured by the angle be-
tween the line joining the alveolar and subnasal points
and the alveolocondylean plane. See these terms and
craniometry
eropterous insects, of the family Coreidae, typi-
cal of the family Alydidae.
alyned?, p. a. IME. (očeurs once), KL. allinere,
adlinere, besmear, Kad, to, + linere, smear: see
limiment.] Anointed.
Yºr Sº -
älveolus (al-vé'3-lus), n., pl. alveoli (-li). [NL. Alysia (a-lis’i-á), n. [NL., KGr. 32voic, a chain,
application of L. alveolus, a small hollow or
prob, for “àAvaig, KöAvtog, continuous, unbroken,
Alysia
Kö- priv. 4- Avróc, verbal adj. of Mew, loose.]
1. Agenus of hymenopterousinsects, belonging
to the series Pupivora or Heterophaga, and to the
family Braconidae (the Ichneumones adsciti). The
Species, as A. manducator, are parasitic in the
larvae of otherinsects.-2. Agenus of scopeline
fishes.-3. A genus of lepidopterous insects.
alysm (al’izm), n. IK Gr. ãAvopéc, anguish,
disquiet, esp. of sick persons, Kážūety or 3%ew,
Wanderin mind, beillat ease, distraught, weary,
= L. alw-cinari, wander in mind: see hallucina-
$972.] _ In pathol., restlessness or disquiet ex-
hibited by a sick person.
alysson (a-lis’ Qn), n. [L.: see Alyssum.] A
plant of the genus Alyssum. Also spelled alison,
alisson.
Alyssum (a-lis’um), n. [NL. alyssum, L. alys-
Son (Pliny), K. Gr. 3%vodov, a plant used to check
hiccup; referred to Wüſelv, to hiccup, or other-
Wise to neut. of &Avogog, curing (canine) mad-
ness, Ká-priv. -- Wügoa, madness.] 1. A genus
of plants of the family Brassicaceae. They are
annuals or perennials with yellow or cream-colored
flowers, numbering about 100 species, natives of the Medi-
terranean region and central Europe. Several of them,
especially A. saacattle, the Tock-alyssum or gold-dust,
which appears in early spring, are employed for decorat-
ing rockwork.
2. [l. c.] A plant of this genus. The sweet
alyssum is Lobularia maritima. See *Lobularia.
Alytes (al’i-téz), n. . [NT., appar. K. Gr. 6%tmg,
a police officer at the Olympic games; more
prob. K. Gr. ÖAvTog, continuous, unbroken, in allu-
Sion to the chain of eggs the frog carries about
.*
... " /
r
icº ºf:/
§§§ j
§y ºf
º Sº tº. 8%
§ºž
º Nº. " º jº,
º §3% &
ºğº
Nurse-frog (A 2wres obstetricans).
(cf. &Wvtic, a chain): see Alysia.] A genus of
anurous amphibians, or tailless batrachians,
of the family Discoglossidae, sometimes made the
type of a family Alytidaº. A. obstetricans is the
nurse-frog or accoucheur-toad of Europe.
In Alytes obstetricans, the female lays a chain of eggs,
which the male twines round his thighs until the young
leave the eggs. Pascoe, Zoël. Class., p. 195.
alytid (al’i-tid), m. One of the Alytida).
Alytidae (a-lit'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Alytes +
-idae.] An artificial family of salient amphi-
bians, characterized by Günther as “Ramina
with webbed toes, with the processes of sacral
vertebrae dilated, and with parotoids.” It con-
tains genera of Discoglossidae (Alytes), Pelobatidoe (Scaphi-
opus), and Cystigmathidae (IHeleioporus).
am (am). The first person singular, present
tense, indicative mood of the verb to be. See b6.
am-. See ambi-.
A. M. An abbreviation of several Tatin phrases
in common use: (a) Of artium magister, Master
of Arts. . M. A., which represents the English
rendering, is now more usual in England, but in
a purely Latin idiom the form A. M. is still pre-
ferable. (b) Of anno mundi, in the year of the
world: used in some systems of chronology. (c)
Of ante meridiem, before noon: as, the party will
start at 10 A. M. (also written A. M. or a. m.).
Frequently used as synonymous with morning
or forenoon: as, I arrived here this A. M. (pro-
nounced āem), that is, this morning or forenoon,
ama (ā’mă), n. [L., more correctly hama, K
Gr. dum, à water-bucket, a pail, 2 aam, q. V.]
In the early Christian church, a large vessel in
which wine for the eucharist was mixed before
consecration, and kept when consecrated until
poured into the smaller vessels for service at the
altar or for removal. See ampulla, 2, and cruet.
These amas were of precious metal in the wealthier
ghurches, and of baser material in others. No specimen
is known to exist. Also writton hama.
amabilitył (am-a-bil’i-ti), n. [= F. amabilité
(OF. amablete), K L. amabilita(t-)s, Kamabilis,
lovely, lovable, Kamare, love: see amor. A diff.
Word, etymologically, from amiability, q. v.]
Lovableness; amiability.
No rules can make amability. Jer. Taylor.
Amadina (am-à-di'nā), n.
amadou (am'a-dó), n.
amaduvade (am'a-dó-Våd"), n.
amafroset, m.
amain1 (3-mân’), prep. phr, as adv.
amain” (3-mân (), v.
164
amacratig (am-3-kratik), @.. [Prop. hama-
cratic, KGr. 6p.a, together (akin to E. same), +
kpátog, power, akin to E. hard.] Same as ama-
sthenic. Sir J. Herschel.
amadavat (am"3-dà-vat"), n. [An E. Ind.
name, appearing in various other forms, ama-
davad, amaduvad (sometimes Latinized as ama-
davadaba), avadavat, and sometimes amamdabal.
Orig. brought to £urope from Amadābād in
Guzerat. Cf. Amadina, amandava.] A small
conirostral granivorous finch-like bird, of the
order Passeres, suborder Oscines, family Plocei-
da, subfamily Sperméstina; the Estrilda aman-
dava, a native of India, and one of the common-
est exotic cage-birds. It is imported into Europe and
the United States in large numbers, and is sometimes called
strawberry-finch by the dealers. It forms the type of one
of the numerous subgenera or sections of the large genus
JEstrilda, which contains species of small size and gener-
ally brilliant or varied colors, belonging to the same family
as the weavers and Whidah-birds. It is about 5 inches
long, with a coral-red beak, and red-and-black plumage
spotted with pearly white. Other forms are avadavat and
amaduvade.
amadelphous (am-à-del'fus), a. [; *hama-
delphous, K. Gr. Öpia, together, H- ſióežđóc, bro-
ther: see -adelphia.] Living in society or in
flocks; gregarious. Syd. Soc. Lea.
[NL., K amad(avat)
+ -ina.] genus of small comirostral birds, of
the family Ploceida, subfamily Spermestinaº. It
includes many species of Asia, Africa, etc. The species are
mostly of bright or variegated colors, having thick conical
bills adapted to their granivorous habits. Some are com-
mon cage-birds and fine songsters.
[F., Kamadower, coax,
cajole, a word of disputed origin; perhaps K
Dan. made, feed (=Icel. and Sw, mata, feed),
K mad, food, = Sw. mat=Icel. matra–E. meat,
food. Cf. L. esca, (1) food, (2) bait, in ML, also
(3) tinder, X It. esca, in same senses, = Sp. Jesca,
tinder, fuel, incitement, = OF. eche, esche, mod.
F. eche, aiche, bait; It. adescare, bait, allure, en-
tice, inveigle. Cf. also the E. phrase to coaa, a
jire (that does not burn readily).] A soft spongy
substance, consisting of the more solid portion
of a fungus (Polyporus fomentarius and other
species found growing on forest-trees), steeped
in a solution of Saltpeter. Amadou has been suc-
cessfully employed in surgery as a styptic, and in the form
of punk it is used as a port-fire (which see). Also called
black-match, pyrotechnical sponge, and German tinder.
Same as ama-
JP. L. Sclater.
[KOF. amafrose (Cotgrave) for
amavrose for amawrose, K NI. amaurosis, q.v.]
An old form of amawrosis. Sylvester; Bailey.
davat.
amah (am’ā), n. [Anglo-Ind., KPg. ama, anurse.
In the dialects of southern India, Telugu, etc.,
amma means ‘mother,’ and is affixed to the
names of women in general, as a respectful
term of address: see amma.] 1. A nurse; espe-
cially, a wet-nurse.—2. A lady's-maid; a maid-
servant. [A word in general use among Euro-
peans in India and the East.]
If [a man-setting up housekeeping is] married, an Amah
or female servant is required in addition [to the servants
already enumerated], while an establishment including a
number of children requires at least two more.
W. F. Mayers, Treaty Ports of China and Japan, p. 24.
e [K as +
main1, force: see main1.] With force, strength,
Or violence; violently; furiously; suddenly; at
full speed; hastily.
[He] comes on a main, speed in his look.
Milton, S. A., 1, 1304.
The soul strives amaim to live and work through all
things. Bmerson, Compensation.
Smote amain the hollow oak-tree.
Longfellow, Hiawatha, xvii.
To let go or strike amain (mawt.), to let fall or lower
quickly or suddenly: but see amaïm 2.
[Early mod. E. also
amayne, amcyne, KOF. amener, mod. F. amener,
bring to, conduct, induce ; naut., haul: amener
les voiles, strike sail, amener pavillon, or simply
amener, strike flag, surrender; K a- (K.L. ad, to)
+ memer, lead, conduct, K LL. minare, drive, L.
deponent minari, threaten, menace: see menace.
Cf. amenable.] I. rams. i. To lead; conduct;
manage.
That his majesty may have the ameyning of the matters.
Quoted in Strype, Dccl. Mem., II. 418. (N. E. D.)
2. To lower (a sail), especially the topsail.
He called to us to amaime our sailes, which we could
not well doe. . Hawkins, Voyage to South Sea.
When you let anything downe into the Howle, lowering
it by degrees, they say, Amaine; and being downe, Strike.
. . . When you would lower a yard so fast as you can,
they call Amaine. - g
Smith, Seaman's Gram., vii. 33, ix. 40. (N. E. D.)
*amost.] Almost. º
Amalfitan (a-mal’ fi-tan), a.
amalgam (a-mal'gam), n.
amalgamţ º ().
amalgama (a-mal"ga-mă), n.
amalgamable (3-mal"ga-ma-bl.), a.
amalgamate'
[In such use the imperative of the verb would easily be
confused with the #. phrase or adverb amain;
hence, to let go or strike a main. See amainl.]
3. To lower; abate.
II., intrans. To lower the topsail or one's
flag, in token of yielding; yield; surrender.
amaist (a-măst’), adv. [= E. almost, dial.
amaldar (am’al-dār), n. [K Hind. Pers. amal-
dār, a manager, agent, governor of a district,
collector of revenue, K. Ar. ‘amal, work, busi-
ness, affairs, collection of revenue, etc., + Pers.
dār, (in comp.) one who holds, possesses, man-
ages, etc.] In India, a governor of a province
under the Mohammedan rule. Also written
amilda)”.
Tippu had been a merchant as well as a prince; and
during his reign he filled his warehouses with a vast va-
riety of goods, which the Amvildars, or governors of prov-
inces, were expected to sell to the richer inhabitants at
- prices far in excess of their real value.
J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 413.
* [K ML. Amalfita-
nus, KAmalfi, in Italy.] Pertaining to Amalfi,
a seaport town of Italy. Also spelled Amalphi-
ta”.-Amalfitan code (M.L. tabula Amalfitama), the
oldest existing code of maritime law, compiled about the
time of the first crusade by the authorities of Amalfi, which
city then possessed considerable commerce and maritime
power. * -
[K ME. amalgame,
'malgam (also as M.L.), KOF. amalgame, mod. F.
amalgame = Sp. Pg. It. amalgama = ML. amal-
gama, sometimes algamala, supposed to be a
perversion (perhaps º Ar., with Ar. art.
al) of L. malagma, KGr. Lážayug, an emollient,
poultice, any soft mass, K pla/Čooetv, soften, K
plažakóg, soft, akin to L. mollis, soft : see moll,
mollify, emollient, etc.] 1. A compound of
mercury or quicksilver with another metal;
any metallic alloy of which mercury forms an
essential constituent part. Amalgams are used for
a great variety of purposes, as for cold-tinning, water-
gilding, and water-silvering, for coating the zinc plates of
a battery, and for the protection of metals from oxidation.
A native amalgam of mercury and silver is found in iso-
metric crystals in the mines of Obermoschel in Bavaria, and
in Hungary, Norway, Sweden, Chili, etc. ..
2. Figuratively, a mixture or compound of dif-
ferent things.-Amalgam gilding, a method of gild-
ing in which the metal to be coated is first cleaned, then
rubbed with a solution of nitrate of mercury, and covered
with a film of an amalgam of 1 part of gold with 8 parts
of mercury. Heat volatilizes the mercury and leaves the
gold adhering to the surface.—Amalgam retort, an iron
retort having a convex lid, luted at the edges, and held
by a key or wedge pressed between its crown and the
bail.-Amalgam silvering, a process similar to that of
amalgam gilding (which see), in which is used an amal-
gam of 1 part of silver with 8 parts of mercury.—Amal-
gam warnish, an amalgam consisting of 1 part of mer-
cury, 1 of bismuth, and 4 of tin, mixed with white of eggs
OT With varnish.
e [KME. amalgamen;
from the noun..] I. trans. To mix, as metals,
by amalgamation; amalgamate.
Some three ounces . . . of Gold, tº amalgame with some
six of Mercury. B. Jonson, Alchemist (1640), ii. 8.
II. intrans. To become amalgamated.
Quicksilver easily amalgama with metals.
Boyle, Works, I. 638.
[ML.: see amal-
gam, n.] Sāme as āmalgam.
They have divided this their amalgama into a number
of . . . Tepublics. Burke, Rev. in France.
[K amal-
gam -- -able.] Capable of amalgamating or
of being amalgamated.
Silver modified by distilled water is brought back again
to the amalgaºnable state by contact for a short time with
rain or spring water. Ure, Dict., IV. 802.
amalgamate (a-mal"ga-măt), v.; pret. ºNº.
amalgamated, ppr. amalgamating. [.
amalgamatus, pp. of amalgamare, Kamalgama,
amalgam: see amalgam, n.] I. trans. 1. To
mix or alloy (a metal) with quicksilver. See
amalgamation. The zinc plates used in the voltaic
battery are always amalgamated by immersing them in .
mercury, for by this means a surface of pure zinc is in
effect obtained, and, when the circuit is open, the waste
caused by the local currents or local action (due to im-
purities in the zinc) is prevented.
2. In general, to mix so as to make a com-
pound; blend; unite; combine.
Ingratitude is indeed their four cardinal virtues com-
pacted and amalgamated into one. Burke, Rev. in France.
What would be the effect on the intellectual state of
Durope, at the present day, were all nations and tribes
amalgamated into one vast empire, speaking the same
tongue? Everett, Orations, p. 33.
Amalgamated societies or companies, two or more
societies or joint-stock companies united for the promo-
tion g their common interests under one general manage-
InêIlt. *
II. intrans. 1. To form an amalgam; blend
with another metal, as quicksilver. €1000-












amalgamate s
2. To combine, unite, or coalesce, generally:
as, two organs or parts amalgamate as the re-
suit of growth. -
amalgamate (3-malºga-măt), a. [KML. amal-
gamátus, pp.: see the verb.] United or amal-
Agamated. -
amalgamation (3-mal-ga-mă'shgn), n. [Kamal-
gamate, v.] 1. The act or operation of com-
pounding mercury with another metal. Specifi.
cally, a process by which the precious metals are sepa-
rated from the rock through which they are distributed
in fine particles, by taking advantage of their affinity for
quicksilver. This is done by pulverizing the rock and
bringing it in contact with that metal, by the aid of suit-
able machinery. The amalgam thus produced is after-
ward retorted, the quicksilver being distilled off and the
recious metal left behind.
. The mixing or blending of different things,
especially of races; the result of such mixing or
blending; interfusion, as of diverse elements.
Early in the fourteenth century the *::::::::::: Of
the races was all but complete. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i.
3. Consolidation; specifically, the union of two
or more incorporated societies of joint-stock
companies into one concern or under one gen-
eral direction.
amalgamative (3-mal"ga-mă-tiv), a. [Kamal-
gamate + -īve.] Tending to amalgamate; char-
acterized by a tendency to amalgamate.
amalgamatizef :::::::::::::::: v. t. [KML.
amalgama(t-) + -ize.] To amalgamate. Bacon.
amalgamator (3-mal"ga-mă-tgr), n. One who
or that which amalgamates; one who performs
or promotes any process of amalgamation. Spe.
cifically—(a) One who is in favor of or takes part in amal-
gamating or combining two or more business concerns.
(b) In amalgamating operations, a machine used to bring
the powdered ore into close contact with the mercury.
amalgamet, m. and v. A former spelling of
amalgam.
amalgamist (a-mal"ga-mist), n. [Kamalgam +
—ist.] One skilled in amalgamating ores; an
amalgamator. t
A most famous mining expert, chemist, and amalgamist.
J. A. Robinson, in Hamilton's Mex.’Handbook, p. 65.
amalgamizet (3-mal"ga-miz), v. t. [Kamalgam
+ -ize.] To amalgamate.
Amalphitan, a. See Amalfitam.
amaltas (a-malºtas), n. [E. Ind.] The common
name in India of the tree Cassia Fistula, which
is in general cultivation there for ornament and
shade. See cut under Cassia.
Amaltheidae (am-al-thé’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Amaltheus + -idae.] A family of tetrabranchi-
ate cephalopods, typified by the genus Amal-
thews. The species are extinct, and flourished
during the Mesozoic epoch.
Amaltheus (a-mal"thé-us), m. [NL.] A genus
of cephalopods, typical of the family Amalthe-
£dae.
aman (am'an), n.
165
8ervant).] A person whose employment is to amaranthaceous
Amaryllis
(am” a-ran-thä’ shius), a.
Write what another dictates, or to copy what Same as amarantaceous.
has been written by another.
ºad not that hº leisure; no amamuengis, no-assist-
£11108,
wrton, Anat. of Mel. (To the Reader).
Amara (am'a-rá), n. [NL., fem. (cf. Amarus,
Im., a genus of hemipterousinsects), said to be K
Gr. 3-priv. 4- V*udp, redupl. Happlaipeiv, shine.]
| ... |
sº. ! #|f ºr
|
Ground-beetle (Aznara obesa).
a, larva; d, under side of one of the middle joints; e, the head be-
neath; J, leg; g, anal cerci and proleg from side ; 8, pupa ; c, beetle :
Ji, h, natural sizes.
A genus of Carabidae, or ground-beetles, of the
subfamily Harpalinae, more readily distin-
guished by their general appearance than by
ºpiº structural characters. A vast num-
ber of species, mainly of the arctic and temperate zones,
constitute this genus. They are all of medium size, more
or less oblong-oval in form, and mostly bronze-colored,
rarely brown or black with a greenish tinge. They are to
be found under moss, stones, clods, etc. In the imago
state they are partly herbivorous, while their larvae are
strictly carnivorous, those of A. obesa feeding on locusts'
eggs.
amaracus (a-mar'a-kus), m. [L., also amara-
cum (>ME. amarać), K. Gr. duápakoç, also apápa-
kov, a certain plant. The Greekspecies was prob.
a bulbous plant; the foreign, called Persian or
Egyptian, answers to marjoram.] Marjoram.
And at their feet the crocus brake like fire,
Violet, amaracus, and asphodel,
Lotos and lilies. Tennyson, CEnone.
[Name in Aleppo.] A blue amarant (am'a-rant), n. See amaranth.
cotton cloth imported from the Levant, made Amarantaceae (am’ā-ran-tä'sé-é), m.pl. [NL.,
chiefly at Aleppo, Asiatic Turkey.
amand 1+ (a-mänd’), v. t. [K L. amamdare, send
forth or away, remove, Kå for ab, off, + mandare,
order: see mandate.] To send off; dismiss.
A court of equity which would rather annand the plain-
tiff to his remedy at common law.
Wythe, Decisions, p. 86. (N. E. D.)
amand? (a-mänd (), n. . [Sc., K F. amende, a
fine: see amende.] In Scots law, a fine or pen-
, alty; formerly also a sum required from the de-
fender in a suit as a security against delay or
evasion.
amandava (a-man'da-vä), n. [NL., Kamadavat,
q. v.] In ornith., the specific name of the
amadavat, Fringilla amandava (Linnaeus), now
•º d by B arte in 1850
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::#maranthºn, n.
as a generic name of that section of the genus
of which the amadavat is the type.
amandin (am'an-din), n. [K F. amande, al-
mond (see almond), + -in?..] 1. An albuminous
substance contained in sweet almonds.-2. A
kind of paste or cold cream for chapped hands,
prepared from almonds. In this sense also
spelled amandine. .
amang (a-mang'), prep. Among. [Scotch and
north. Eng. dial.j
amanitin (a man’i-tin) m. [K Gr. Öpiavitat, pl.,
a sort of fungi, + ºj An organic base or
alkaloid, one of the poisonous principles of
certain mushrooms, as Amanita muscaria and
its varieties. -
amanuensis (a-man-li-en’sis), n. ; pl. amanuen-
ses (-séz). [L. amanuensis (K a manu + -onsis:
see -ese), taking the place of a manu Servus, a
secretary: a for ab, from, of, often used, as here,
in designations of office; manu, abl. of manus,
hand (see manual); Servus, servant (see serf,
fem. pl. of amarantaceus: see amarantaceous.]
A family of apetalous herbaceous weedy
lants, with inconspicuous, mostly scarious-
racted, flowers. They are of little or no value, though
some species are cultivated on account of the bright-col-
ored bracts of the densely clustered blooms, chiefly of the
genera Amarantus, Gomphrema, Iresime, and Alternan-
thera. Also written Amaranthaceae.
amarantaceous (amºa-ran-tä'shius), a. [KNL.
amarantaceus, K L. amarantus: see amaranth
and -aceous.] In bot., of or pertaining to the
Amarantaceae. Also written amaranthaceous.
In 1856 Dunker described . . . four species from Blank-
enburg . . . which he believed to belong to . . . the
Polygonaceae. Zenker had divined that they might be
amvarantaceow8.
L. F. Ward, Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXVII. 294.
[More correctly
amarant, KME. amaraunt, K.L. amarantus (often
written amaranthus, simulating Gr. Övöog, a
flower), K. Gr. Guápavroſ, amarant, prop., an
adj., unfading, Kó- priv. -F papaivetv, wither,
fade, akin to L. mori, Skt. V mar, die: see mor-
tal. Cf. ambrosia and amrita. The flower is so
called because when picked it does not wither.]
1. An imaginary flower supposed never to fade:
used chiefly in poetry.
Immortal amarant, a flower which once
In Paradise fast by the tree of life
Began to bloom; but soon, for man's offence,
To heaven removed, where first it grew.
Milton, P. L., iii. 353.
2. (a) A plant of the genus Amarantus (which
see). (b) The globe-amaranth, Gomphrena
globosa, of the same family.—3. A. name
given to mixtures of coloring matters of which
the chief constituent is magenta (which see).
Amaranthaceae (am” a-ran-thä’ Sé-6), m. pl.
Same as Amarantaceae.
amaranthine
amaranthoid (am-à-ran'thoid), a.
Amaranthus (am-a-ran (thus), n.
amargoso-bark (ä-mâr-gö’sö-bärk), m.
amarin (am'a-rin), n.
amaritudeț (a-mar’i-tūd), m.
amaryllid (am-a-ril'id), m.
amaryllidaceous (am-a-ril-i-dà'shius), a.
Amaryllis (am-à-ril'is), n.
amaranth-feathers (am'a-ranth-feq:H’érz), n.
A name given to Humea elegans, an Australian
composite plant, with drooping panicles of
Small reddish flowers. It is sometimes culti-
vated.
(am-a-ran'thin), a. [More cor-
rectly amarantine, KGr. Öpapávttvoc, X&pépavroſ,
amaranth: See amaranth.] 1. Of or pertaining
to the amaranth; consisting of, containing, or
resembling amaranth.
Those happy souls who dwell
In yellow meads of Asphodel,
Or Amaranthème bow’rs.
Pope, St. Cecília's Day, I. 76.
2. Never-fading, like the amaranth of the poets;
imperishable.
The only amaranthine flow'r on earth
Is Virtue; th' only lasting treasure, truth.
Cowper, Task, iii.
3. Of a purplish color.
o written amarantime.
º [Kamaranth
+ -oid.] Resembling or allied to the amaranth.
See Ama-
Tantu.S.
amarantine (am-a-ran’tin), a. See amaranthine.
Amarantus (am-a-ran’tus), n.
[L. : see ama-
ranth.] A genus of plants, of the family Ama-
ran taceae, including several long-cultivated gar-
den-plants, as the cockscomb (A. cristatus),
prince's-feather (A. hypochondriacus), love-lies-
bleeding (A. caudatus), etc. Several dwarf
forms of A. melancholicus, with variegated or
distinctly colored leaves, are favorite bedding-
plants. Also written Amaranthus. S
[K Sp.
amargoso, bitter (Kamargo, bitter, K. L. amarus,
bitter), 4 bark?..] The bark of the goatbush,
Castela Nicholsoni, a simarubaceous shrub of the
lower Rio Grande valley in Texas and of north-
ern Mexico. It is intensely bitter, and is used by the
Mexicans as an astringent, a tonic, and a febrifuge. The
plant is stiff and thorny, and is an excellent hedge-plant.
[K L. amarus, bitter, +
-in”.] An organic base, C21H18N2, isomeric
with hydrobenzamide, from which it is pre-
pared. It exerts a poisonous effect on animals,
and forms salts with acids.
[K L. amaritudo,
bitterness, Kamarus, bitter.] Bitterness.
What a maritude or acrimony is deprehended in choler,
it acquires from a commixture of melancholy, or external
malign bodies. IHarvey, Consumption.
In bot., one of the
Amaryllidacea.
Amaryllidaceae (am-a-ril-i-dā’sé-é), m. pl.
[NL., K. Amaryllis (-id-) + -aceae.] A fam-
ily of monocotyledonous plants, resembling
the Liliaceae, but having an inferior ovary. It
includes many well-known ornamental plants, the ammaryl-
lis, narcissus (with the daffodil and jonquil), snowdrop
(Galanthus), pancratium, agave, etc. The bulbs of some
are poisonous, especially those of Hemanthus toacicarius
and some allied species, in the juice of which the Hotten-
tots are said to dip their arrow-heads. The bulbs of Nar-
cissus poeticws and some other species are enetic. Species
of agave are valuable as fiber-plants. K
[
Amaryllis (-id-) + -aceous.] Of or pertaining
to the Amaryllidaceae.
amaryllideous (am-à-ril’i-dé-us), a. [Kamaryl-
lid + -eous, K L. -eus.] Relating to or having
the nature of an amaryllid, or a plant of the
family Amaryllidaceae; amaryllidageous.
[NL., K. L. Amaryl-
lis, name of a shepherdess in , Virgil, K. Gr.
ApuapužAfg, the same
in Theocritus, prob.
(with fem. dim. term.)
K Öpiapôooetv, sparkle,
twinkle, glance, as
the eye, X duapuyff, a
sparkling, twinkling,
glancing.] 1. A ge-
nus of bulbous plants,
of the family Ama-
ryllidaceae, with large,
bright-colored, lily-
shaped flowers upon
a stout Scape. The
belladonna lily, A. Bella-
donna, from southern Af-
rica, now regarded as the
only species, is well known
and has long been in cultivation. Many species once
placed in this genus are now referred to other genera, those
of the old world to Crinum, Lycoris, Brunsviria, Imhofia,
Belladonna Lily
(2.1 mazydłr's Bedla aortºtºz).
-
etc., the American to Atamosco and Sprekelia.
2. [l. c.] A plant of this genus.-3. In 2007.,
a genus of crustaceans.


3.IIla, SS
amass (3-mâs"), v. t. [K F. amasser, K ML.
amassare, K L. ad, to, + massa, mass, heap, X F.
masse, X E. mass?, q.v.] To collect into a mass
or heap; bring together a great amount, quan-
tity, or number of: as, to amass a fortune.
In his youth Comte was an insatiable reader, and be-
fore he began the work of constructing the Positive Phi-
losophy he had a massed vast stores of learning in almost
every department of knowledge.
+. J. Fiske, Cos. Phil., I, 136.
ama,SSł (a-mâs"), n., [K OF. amasse, F. amas;
from the verb.] An assemblage, a heap, or
an accumulation.
This pillar is nothing in effect but a medley or an amasse
of all the precedent ornaments. Wotton, Reliquiae, p. 25.
amassable (a-măs'a-bl), a. [Kamass + -able.]
Capable of being amassed.
amasser (a-măs’ér), m. One who amasses or
accumulates.
amassette (am-a-set’), n. [F. (dim, form), K
amasser, amass, collect: see amass, v.] An in-
strument, usually of horn, like a palette-knife
or spatula, with which in the preparation of
pigments the colors used in painting are col-
lected and scraped together on the stone durin
the process of grinding them with the muller.
Also written amazette.
amassment (a-măs’ ment), m. The act of amass-
ing; a heap collected; a great quantity or num-
ber brought together; an accumulation.
An amassment of imaginary conceptions.
Glanville, Scep. Sci., xiii.
Amasta (a-mas’tā), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
amastus, K. Gr. Öpiaotog, without breasts, K &-
priv. -- piao Tóg, breast.] Nippleless mammals:
a term applied to the monotremes or cloacal
oviparous mammals, which, though provided
with mammary glands, have no nipples.
amasthenic (am-as-then 'ik), a. . [Prop. *hama-
sthenic, K. Gr. Öpia, together, + offévog, strength.]
|Uniting the chemical rays of light in a focus:
said of a lens. Also a macratic.
amatelf (a-măt’), v. t. [K a- (expletive) +
matel, v.] To accompany; entertain as a com-
panion; be a fellow or mate to.
A lovely bevy of faire Ladies sate,
Courted of many a jolly Paramoure,
The which them did in modest wise amate.
Spenser, F. Q., II. ix. 34.
amate2+ (a-măt'), v. t. [K ME. amaten,_K OF.
amatir, daunt, subdue, enfeeble, etc. (= It, am-
mattire), K a- (L. ad, to) + matir, mater (in same
senses as amatir), X E. mate, enfeeble: See
mate2.] To terrify; perplex; daunt; subdue.
Upon the wall the Pagans old and young
Stood hush'd and still, amated and amaz'd.
Fairfaac, tr. of Tasso, xi. 12.
My lord, hath love amated him whose thoughts
Have ever been heroical and brave?
Greene, Orlando Furioso.
amaterialistic (a-ma-té"ri-à-listik), a. [K Gr.
à- priv. (a-18) + materialistic.] Öpposed to
materialism, or to materialistic philosophy.
It is intensely amaterialistic for us to speak of the ta-
ble (that is, of any table) as if it had some objective exist-
ence, independent of a cognizing mind.
J. Fiske, in N. A. Rev., CXXVI. 33.
amateur (am'a-tūr or am-a-tūr', often as F.,
the word being of recent introduction—about
1784—am-a-tér’), m. and a. [F., - Pr. amatour
= Sp. Pg. amador = It. amatore, a lover, an
amateur, K. L. amatorem, acc. of amator, lover,
K amare, pp. amatus, love: see amor.] I. m.
1. One who admires; an admirer; a lover.
She remained an impassioned amateur of musical ge-
nius in others. BIowell3, A Modern Instance.
2. One who has an especial love for any art,
study, or pursuit, but does not practise it.—3.
Most commonly, one who cultivates any study
or art from taste or attachment, without pur-
suing it professionally or with a view to gain:
often used of one who pursues a study or an art
in a desultory, unskilful, or non-professional
way.—4. Specifically, in Sporting and athletics,
an athlete who has never competed in a match
open to all comers, or for a stake, or for public
money, or for gate-money, or under a false
name, or with a professional for a prize; nor
sold a prize; nor taught or pursued athletic
exercises as a means of support.
II. a. Pertaining to or having the character
of an amateur: as, amateur work; an amateur
pianist.
amateurish (am-a-tūr‘ish or am-a-térºish), a.
[K amateur + -ish 1.] Pertaining to or charac-
teristic of an amateur; having the faults or
deficiencies of an amateur or a non-profes-
Šional.
A condescending, amateurish way.
Dickens, Our Mutual Friend.
amativeness (am'a-tiv-nes), n.
166
They said it [a book] was amateurish, that it was in a
falsetto key. The Century, XXVI. 285.
amateurishness (am-à-tür’- or am-a-têr’ish-
nes), m. The quality of being amateurish.
amateurism (am'a-tūr-izm or am-a-tér'izm),
n. [K amateur + -ism..] The practice of any
art, occupation, game, etc., as a pastime or an
accomplishment, and not as a profession; the
quality of being an amateur.
amateurship (am'a-tūr- or am-a-têr'ship), n.
[K amateur + -ship.] The character or position
of an amateur.
Wearied with thefrigid pleasures (so he called them) of
mere amatewrship. e Quincey, Murder as a Fine Art.
amatito (am-à-tê'tö), n. [Prop. *amatita, K It.
amatita, lead or chalk for pencils, prop. hema-
tite, K L. harmatites, hematite : see hematite.]
A pigment of a deep-red color prepared from
hematite, and formerly much used in fresco-
painting. Awdsley. º
amative (am'a-tiv), a. [= It. amativo, K L. as
if “amativus, K, amare, pp. amatus, love: see
amor.] Full of love; amorous; amatory; dis-
posed or disposing to love.
The propen-
sity to love, or to the gratification of the sex-
ual passions. The term is used by phrenologists to
designate the supposed localization of this propensity in
the hind part of the brain. See cut under phrenology.
amatorial (am-à-tö’ri-al), a. [K L. amatorius
(see amatory) + -al.] Of or pertaining to love
or lovers; amatory: as, amatorial verses.
Tales of love and chivalry, amatorial sonnets.
F. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry.
A small quantity of passion, dexterously meted out,
may be ample to inspire an amvatorial poet.
I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., I. 356.
Amatorial muscles, the oblique muscles of the eye: so
called from their fancied importance in ogling.
amatorially (am-a-tó'ri-al-i), adv. In an ama-
torial manner; by way of love.
amatorian (am-à-tó’ri-an), a.
love; amatorial. [Rare.]
Horace's lusory or amatorian odes.
Johnson, Lives of Poets (Edmund Smith).
amatorio (ä-mă-tö’ri-Ö), m.; pl. amatorii (–6).
[It., K. L. amatorius: see amatory.] A deco-
rated vase, dish, bowl, or plate, intended or
suitable for a love-gift; specifically, a piece of
majolica painted with the portrait of a lady
and bearing a complimentary inscription.
amatorious? (am-a-tö’ri-us), a. [K. L. amato-
'rius: see amatory.] Pertaining to love.
The vain, amatorious poem of Sir Philip Sidney's “Ar-
cadia.” Milton, Eikonoklastes.
amatory (am'a-tº-ri), a. [KL. amatorius, per-
taining to love or a lover, Kamator, a lover: see
amateur. Cf. amorous.] Pertaining to, pro-
ducing, or supposed to produce love; expres-
sive of love; amatorial: as, amatory poems.
She could repay each amatory look you lent
With interest. Byron, Don Juan, ix. 62.
* = Syn. See amorous.
amaurosis (am-à-rö’sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. Öplað-
poolç, Käuavpóg, dim, dark, Kā-intensive + plavpóg,
dark.] A partial or total loss of sight inde-
pendent of any discoverable lesion in the eye
itself: formerly and still sometimes called gut-
ta serena; by Milton “a drop serene,” P. L.,
Pertaining to
Aiii. 25.
âmaurotic (am-à-rot'ik), a.
affected with amaurosis.
amausite (a-mă'sit), n. Same as petrosilea.
amayi (a-mā’), v. t. and i. [KME. amayen, K
OF. amaier, amaer, forms parallel to the usual
OF. esmaier, esmaer–Pr. esmaiar=It. Smagare,
KL. eaſ, out (here privative), + ML. “magare, K
OHG. magam, have power, = E. may, v. Čf.
dismay.] To dismay; confound; be dismayed.
Whereof he dradde and was amayed.
Gower, Conf. Amant.
Counsayllem the of that thou art amayed. -
vaucer, Troilus, i. 648.
amaze (3-mâz'), v.; pret, and pp. amazed, ppr.
amazing. § ME. amasen, found only in pp.
amased, A.S. amasian (in pp. amasod), Ka-,
E. a-1,+*masian, confuse, perplex, ME. masen,
X F. maze, q.v.] I. trans. 1. To confound with
fear, sudden surprise, or wonder; confuse ;
Pertaining to or
perplex.
They shall be afraid; . . . they shall be amazed one at
another. . Isa. xiii. 8.
Let thy blows, doubly redoubled,
Fall like amazing thunder on the casque
Of thy adverse pernicious enemy.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 3.
Till the great plover's human whistle amazed
Her heart, and glancing round the waste she fear'd
In every wavering brake an ambuscade.
Tennyson, Geraint.
Amazon 1 (am'a-zgn), n.
[
Amazon -
2. To strike with astonishment, surprise, or
wonder; astonish; surprise: as, you amazeme;
I was amazed to find him there.
The beauty and *ś of the buildings erected
by the sovereigns of Hindostan amazed even travellers
who had seem St. Peter's. Macaulay, Lord Clive.
Then down into the vale he gazed,
And held his breath, as if amazed
By all its wondrous loveliness.
Filliam Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 104.
=Syn. Surprise, Astonish, etc. (see surprise); to confound,
stagger, stupefy, dumfound.
II.f intrans. To wonder; be amazed.
Madam, amaze not; see his majesty
Return'd with glory from the Holy Land.
Peele, Edward I., i. 1.
Amaze not, man of God, if in the spirit
Thou'rt brought from Jewry unto Nineveh.
Greene and Lodge, Look. Glass for L. and E., p. 119.
amaze (a-măz'), n. [Kamaze, v.] Astonish-
ment; confusion; perplexity arising from fear,
surprise, or wonder; amazement: used chiefly
in poetry.
Now of my own accord such other trial
I mean to show you of my strength, yet greater,
As with amaze shall strike all who behold.
Milton, S. A., l. 1645.
It fills me with amaze
To see thee, Porphyro ! Reats, Eve of St. Agnes.
amazedly (a-mâ’zed-li), adv. With amaze-
ment; in a manner that indicates astonishment
or bewilderment.
I speak amazedly; and it becomes
My marvel, and my message. Shak., W. T., v. 1.
amazedness (a-mâ’zed-nes), n. The state of
being amazed or confounded with fear, Sur-
rise, or wonder; astonishment; great won-
€I’.
After a little amazedness, we were all commanded out
of the chamber. ak., W. T., v. 2.
amazefulf (a-măz'fül), a. Full of amazement;
calculated to produce amazement.
Thy just armes
Shine with amazefull terror.
Marston, Sophonisba, i. 1.
amazement (a-măz'ment), n. 1. The state of
being amazed; astonishment; confusion or per-
plexity from a sudden impression of Surprise,
or surprise mingled with alarm.
They were filled with wonder and amazement at that
which had happened unto him. Acts iii. 10.
His words impression left
. Of much amazement to the infernal crew.
Milton, P. R., i. 107.
2. Infatuation; madness. Webster.
amazette (am-a-zet'), n. Same as a massette.
Amazilia (am-à-zil’i-á), n... [NL., & amazili,
applied by the French ornithologist Lesson in
1826 to a species of hummingbird, and in 1832,
in pl., to a group of humming-birds. Other
NL. forms are amazilius, amazilicus, amazillis,
amazillia, amizilis (a mere misprint), dim. ama-
2icula, amaziliculus: all being names of hum-
ming-birds. The name amazili is prob. of S.
Amer. origin, perhaps connected with the name
of the Amazon river; cf. amazon?, 2.] A genus
of humming-birds, of the family Trochilidae, em:
bracing about 24 species, of large size, found
from the Mexican border of the United States
to Peru, and mostly of green and chestnut
coloration. The bill is about
as long as the head, nearly
straight, and broad, with lancet-
shaped tip; the nostrils are ex-
posed and scaled; the wings
are long and pointed; the tail is
even or slightly forked; and the
tarsi are feathered. The two
species found in the United
States are A. fuscocaudata and
A. cerviniventris. See cut under
humming-bird, sm º & &
amazingly (a-măzing-li),
adv. In an amazing man-
ner or degree; in a man-
ner to excite astonish-
ment, or to perplex, con-
found, or terrify; wonder- .
fully; exceedingly.
If we arise to the world of
spirits, our knowledge of them
must be amazingly imperfect.
Watts, Logic.
Amazomes, AmySo-
nes, pl.;, K L. Amazon, K
Gr. Aua'év, a foreign name
of unknown meaning; ac- tº copy of the type *
cording to Greek writers, e
Kö- priv., without, + ptačác, a breast; a popu-
Statue in the Vatican, per-
, lar etymology, accompanied by, and doubtless
I'

Amazon
originating, the statement that the right breast
was removed in order that it might not interfere
with the use of the bow and javelin.] 1. In
Gr. legend, one of a race of women who dwelt
on the coast of the Black Sea and in the Cau-
casus mountains. They formed a state from which
men were excluded, devoted themselves to war and hunt-
ing, and were often in conflict with the Greeks in the
heroic age. The Amazons and their contests were a fa-
Yorite theme in Grecian art and story. e
2. [cap. or l.c.] A warlike or masculine wo-
man; hence, a quarrelsome woman; a virago.
Him [Abbé Lefèvre], for want of a better, they suspend
there: in the pale morning light: over the top of all
Paris, which swims in one's failing eyes:—a horrible end I
Nay, the rope broke, as French ropes often did; or else
an amazon cut it. Carlyle, French Rev., I. vii. 5.
amazon? (am'a-zgn), n., [K NL. Amazona, a
genus of birds; so called from the great river
Amazon, Pg. IRio das Amazonas, Sp. Rio de las
Amazonas, F. le fleuve des Amazones, G, der
Amazonenfluss, etc., lit. the river of the Ama-
zons, in allusion to the supposed female war-
riors said to have been seen on its banks by the
Spaniards.] 1. A general book-name of any
South American parrot of the genus Chrysotis,
of which there are numerous species. P. L.
Sclater.—2. A name of sundry humming-birds:
as, the royal amazon, Bellatria; regima.
Amazon-ant (amºa-zgn-ānt), n. The Formica
rufescens, a species of ant which robs the nests
of other species, carrying off the neuters when
in the larva or pupa stage to its own nests,
where they are brought up along with its own
larvae by neuters stolen before.
Amazonian! (am-à-zó’ni-an), a... [KL. Amazo-
ºnius, K. Gr. Apačávezog, Aplaſövtog, K Apašáv, Ama-
zon.]. 1. Pertaining to or resembling an Ama-
zon: in the following extract, beardless.
Our then dictator,
Whom with all praise I point at, saw him fight,
When with his Amazonian chin he drove
The bristled lips before him. Shak., Cor., ii. 2.
2. Bold; of masculine manners; warlike; quar-
relsome: applied to women.
How ill-beseeming is it in thy sex
To triumph, like an Amazonian
TJpon their woes whom fortune captivates |
Yºr. - Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 4.
Amazonian” (am-a-zó’ni-an), a. [= Pg. Sp.
Amazoniano or Amazonio; K Amazon, the river;
in form like Amazonian 1.], Belonging to the
river, Amazon, in South America, or to the
country lying on that river.—Amazonian stone,
or Amazon stone, a beautiful green feldspar found in
Tolled masses, near the Amazon river; also found in Si-
beria, Colorado, etc. It belongs to the species microclin
(which see).
amb-. See ambi-.
ambage (am’bàj), 'm.; pl. ambages (am’bà-jez,
or, as Latin, am-bā’īéz). [KME. ambages, KOF.
ambages, ambagis, KL. ambages (usually plur.),
a going around, circumlocution, ambiguity, K
ambi-, around (see ambi-), + agere, drive, move:
see agent. Cf. ambiguous. In mod. use the
pl. is often treated as mere L.] A winding or
roundabout way; hence— (a) Circumlocution;
equivocation; obscurity or ambiguity of speech.
With ambages,
That is to seyn, with dowble wordes slye.
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 896.
They gave those complex ideas names, that they might
the more easily record and discourse of things they were
daily conversant in, without long ambages and circumlo-
cution. Locke.
Lay by these ambages; what seeks the Moor?
Lust's Dominion, iii. 4.
(b) Circuitous or devious ways; secret acts.
The other cost me so many strains, and traps, and am-
bages to introduce. Swift, Tale of a Tub.
ambaginous (am-baj’i-nus), a. [K L. ambago
(-agin-), with same sense aná origin as ambages:
see ambage.] Same as ambagious.
ambagious (am-bā’ius), a. [L. ambagiosus, K
ambages: see ambage and-ows.] 1. Circumlocu-
tory; tedious.-2. Winding; devious. [Rare.]
*śtº (am-baj’i-tº-ri), a. [Irreg. Kam-
bage + -it-ory..] Circumlocutory; roundabout;
ambagious. [Rare.]
Partaking of what scholars call the periphrastic and am-
bagitory. , Scott, Waverley, xxiv.
amban (am’ban), m. [Manchu; lit., governor.]
The title of the representatives of China in
Mongolia, Turkistan, and Tibet.
In the time of the Chinese, before Yakub Beg's sway,
Yangi Shahr hº : .lºna men, and was
the residence of the dºm g Encyc. Brit., XIV. 8.
ambaree, n. See ambari. º -
ambari (am-bā’ri), n. [Also written ambarie,
ambaree, repr. Hind. ambārī, also amári =Pers;
'amari, & Ar. 'amārī; cf. 'amāra, an edifice, K
167
'amara, build, cultivate.] In India, a covered
howdah. Yule and Burmell.
pl. of ambarvalis, that goes around the fields,
Ś ambi-, around, + arvum, a cultivated field.]
In Rom, antiq., a festival of which the object
was to invoke the favor of the gods toward the
fertility of the fields. It was celebrated in May by
the farmers individually, and consisted in the sacrifice of
a pig, a sheep, and a bull, which were first led around the
growing crops, and in ceremonial dancing and singing. It
was distinct from the rites solemnized at the same time
by the priests called the Arval Brothers.
agº. (am-bā’ri), n. [Mahr. ambārī.] An
East Indian plant, Hibiscus cannabinus. See
BIibiscus.
ambash (am’bash), n. [Appar. Inative name.]
The pith-tree of the Nile, Æschymomene Elaphro-
aſylon, a leguminous tree with very light wood.
ambassadet (am-ba-sădſ), n. [Also embassade;
K F. ambassade: see ambassador and embassy.]
An embassy.
When you disgrac'd me in my ambassade,
Then I degraded you from being king.
hak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 3.
ambassador, embassador (am-, em-bas'a-dgr),
n. [Early mod. E. also ambassadour, embassa-
dour, etc., K. M.E. ambassadour, ambassatour,
ambassator, ambazadour, etc., embassadour,
etc., the forms being very numerous, varying
initially am-, em-, im-, en-, in-, and finally-ador,
-adour, -ator, -atour, -itour, -etore, etc.; K OF.
ambassadeur, also ambazadeur, and embassadeur
g. F. ambassadeur), KOSp. ambaasador, mod.
p. embajador = Pg. embaizador=It. ambascia-
tore, -dore = Pr. ambassador = OF. ambasseur,
ambaseor, ambaateur, K ML. *ambactiqtor, am-
baziator, ambasciator, ambassiator, ambasiator,
ambaciator, ambassator, ambasator, ambasitor,
etc., an ambassador, K*ambaetiare, ambasciare,
etc., go on a mission: see further under em-
iº 1. A diplomatic agent of the highest
rank, employed to represent officially one prince
or state at the court or to the government of
another. Diplomatic agents are divided into three gen-
eral classes: (1) ambassadors, legates, and nuncios; (2) em-
voys and ministers plenipotentiary (including ministers
resident); (3) chargés d'affaires. Ambassadors represent
the person of their sovereigns, as well as the state from
which they come, and are entitled to ask an audience at
any time with the chief of the state to which they are ac-
credited ; to rank next to the blood royal; to exemption
from local jurisdiction for themselves and their house-
holds; to exemption from imposts and duties, immunity
of person, free exercise of religious worship, etc. The
United States sends and receives no ambassadors in this
sense of the term, but only ministers of the second rank,
who are often popularly called ambassadors. The nuncios
of the pope who are not cardinals, and the legati a latere
and de latere, cardinals in rank, represent the papal see
in its ecclesiastical capacity mainly, and bear the rank of
ambassadors. Envoys, ministers, and ministers plenipo-
tentiary are held to represent, not the person of the sov-
ereign, but the state from which they are sent, and they
are accredited to the sovereign of the state to which they
are sent. This is the ordinary class of diplomatic repre-
sentatives between less important states, or between
greater and smaller states. Ministers resident accredited
to the sovereign enjoy a rank similar to that of envoys.
Chargés d'affaires are resident agents of their govern-
ments, and are provided with credentials to the minister
of foreign affairs, with which officer at the present day,
however, both ambassadors and ministers have to deal al-
most exclusively in their official relations. See aminister.
Hence—2. In general, any diplomatic agent
of high rank; an agent or a representative of
another on any mission.—3. A thing sent as
expressive of the sentiments of the sender.
We have receiv'd your letters, full of love;
Your favours, the embassadors of love.
Shak., L. L. L., v. 2.
[The spelling embassador is less common, though embassy,
and not ambassy, is now always written.]—Ambassadors’
Act, an English statute of 1708 (7 Anne, c. 12, SS. 3-6), Sug-
gested by an attempted arrest of the Russian annbassador.
It declares that any process against foreign ambassadors
or ministers, or their goods and chattels, shall be alto-
gether void. The act is, however, only declaratory of a
principle that has always existed in international law.
ambassadorial (am-bas-a-dò'ri-al), a. [Kam-
bassador; = F. ambassadorial.] Of or belong-
ing to an ambassador. Also written embassa-
dorial.
The foreign affairs were conducted by a separate de-
partment, called the ambassadorial office. Browgham.
*hº (am-bas’ a-dor-ship), n. [K
ambassador + -ship.] The office of ambassador.
His occupation of the ambassadorship has widened and
deepened and heightened its meaning.
Boston Daily Advertiser, April 9, 1885.
ambassadress (am-bas'a-dres), m. . [Kambassa-
dor + -ess; with obsolete parallel forms ambas-
Sadrice, ambassatrice, after F. ambassadrice, and
ambassadria, ambassatria, after M.L. ambassia-
tria, NL. ambassatria, fem, of ambassiator.] 1.
The wife of an ambassador.—2. A female am-
bassador.
ambassadrył, n.
ambassaget (am’bà-sāj), n.
ambassiatef, n.
Ambassidae (am-bas’i-dé), n. pl.
Ambassis (am-basſis), n.
amberl# (am’bër), m.
amber
Well, my ambassadress, what must we treat of?
Comé you to menace War, and proud Defiance?
Rowe, Fair Penitent, i.
Also written embassadress.
[Also embassadry, M.E., a.m.-
bassadrie, etc.: see ambassador and -ry.] Same
as embassy.
[Also embassage;
a modification of ambassade, embassade, with
suffix -age for -ade.] Same as embassy.
[Early mod. E. and ME. also
ambassate, ambasset, embasset, etc., K. M.L. am-
bassiata, ambasiata, ambasciata, ambassata, etc.,
whence the doublet ambassade, q.v.] 1. The
business of an ambassador.—2. An embassy.
—3. An ambassador. N. E. D.
[NL., K. Am-
bassis + -idae.] A family of percoid fishes: sy-
nonymous with Bogodidaº.
[NL., erroneously
for Ambasis, K. Gr. &pgaoag, poet. contr. form of
ăvăț3aoag, ascent : see anabasis.] A genus of
ercoid fishes, giving name to the family Am-
assidae.
ambassyt, n. An old form of embassy.
ambe (am’bé), n.
[KIonic Gr. dp/87= Gr. &pi;3aw,
ridge, a slight elevation, akin to Öppažág, navel,
boss: see omphalic.] 1. In anat., a superficial
eminence on a bone.—2. In surg., an old and
now obsolete mechanical contrivance for re-
ducing dislocations of the shoulder, said to have
been invented by Hippocrates.
Also written ambi.
[Not used in M.E. except
in ML. form ambra; KAS. amber, ambaer, ambur,
ombar, ombor, orig. with a long vowel, àmber,
(1) a vessel (with one handle 3), a pail, bucket,
pitcher, urn; (2) a liquid measure; (3) a dry
measure of four bushels (= OS. &mbar, ember,
êmmar = OD. eemer, D. emmer = OHG. einbar,
leinpar, eimbar, eimpar, MHG. einber, eimber, G.
eimer, a pail, a bucket—orig. a vessel with one
handle?); as if K &n (= OS. ān = D. eem = G. ein,
KOHG. ein), one, ---ber, K beran, E. bearl; cf.
OHG. 2wibar, 2wbar, M.H.G. 2wber, 2006r, G. 2w-
ber, a tub (with two handles), KOHG. 2wi-(=AS.
twi-), two, + -bar = AS. —ber. But as the AS.
and otherforms are glossed by the various Latin
names amphora, lagena, urceus, cadus, batus,
situla, hydria, etc., the sense ‘one-handled” does
not seem to be original, and the spelling may
have been corrupted to suit the popular etymol-
ogy, the real source being then L. amphora, a
two-handled vessel: see amphora. The OHG.
ein-bar, so developed as ‘one-handled,” would
Inaturally be followed by 2wi-bar, “two-han-
dled.’] 1. A vessel with one handle; a pail; a
bucket; a pitcher.—2. An old English measure
*of 4 bushels.
âmber? (am’bër), m. and a.
[K ME. amber, aum-
ber, ambyr, aumbyr, awmyr, ambre, aumbre, K
OF. ambre, F. ambre = Pr. ambra = Sp. Pg.
ambar, Pg. also ambre, = It. ambra = D. amber
= Sw. Dan. ambra = G. amber, ambra = Russ.
ambra = ML. ambra, also ambre, ambrum, am-
ber, ambar, K. Ar. ‘ambar, ambergris—the orig.
sense, the name being extended in Europe to
the partly similar resin amber, 2.] I. m. 1+.
Ambergris (which see).
You that smell of amber at my charge. Beau. and Fl.
2. A mineralized pale-yellow, sometimes red-
dish or brownish, resin of extinct pine-trees,
occurring in beds of lignite and in alluvial soils,
but found in greatest abundance on the shores
of the Baltic, between Königsberg and Memel,
where it is thrown up by the sea. It is a hard,
translucent, brittle substance, having a specific gravity of
1.07. It is without taste or smell, except when heated; it
then emits a fragrant odor. Its most remarkable quality
is its capability of becoming negatively electric by fric-
tion; indeed, the word electricity is derived from the
Greek for amber, mAsktpov. It sometimes contains remains
of extinct species of insects. It yields by distillation an
empyreumatic oil consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons
and succinic acid. It is now used chiefly for the mouth-
pieces of pipes and for beads, and in the arts for amber
varnish. In mineralogy it is called succinite. Artificial
amber is for the most part colophony,
3. In the English versions of the Old Testa-
ment (Ezek. i. 4, 27; viii. 2) used to translate
the Hebrew word chashmal, a shining metal,
rendered in the Septuagint élektrom, and in the
Vulgate electrum. See electrum.—4. Liquid-
ambar.—Acid of amber. Same as succinic acid.—
Black amber, jet.—Fat amber, a valuable opaque am-
ber, in Color resembling a lemon.—Oil of amber, a vola-
tile oil distilled from amber. When pure it is a colorless
limpid liquid having a strong acid odor and burning
taste. It is somewhat used in medicine as a stimulant
and antispasmodic.—Sweet amber, a popular name of a
European species of St. John's wort, Hypericum. Androsce-
imum.—White amber, spermaceti,
amber
II. a. 1. Consisting of or resembling amber;
of the color of amber.
What time the amber morn
Forth gushes from beneath a low-hung cloud.
Tennyson, Ode to Memory.
2t. Having the odor of ambergris.
An amber scent of odorous perfume
Her harbinger. Milton, S. A., l. 720.
Amber bronze, a decorative finish for iron surfaces.—
Amber cement. See cement.—Amber varnish, amber
heated with linseed- or nut-oil, and thinned, whén cool,
With turpentine. It is very insoluble, hard, tough, and of
a permanent color, which is generally too yellow for work
in delicate tints. It dries very slowly, and forms an ex-
cellent addition to copal varnishes, making them much
harder and more durable.
amber” (am’bër), v. t. 1+. To scent or flavor
with amber or ambergris.
JBe sure
The Wines be lusty, high, and full of spirit,
And amber'd all.
Beau. and Fl., Custom of Country, iii. 2.
2. To make amber-colored. N. E. D.—3. To
inclose in amber. N. E. D.
amber-fish (am’bér-fish), n. [Kamber2 + fish.]
A fish of the family Carangidae and genus Seri-
ola. There are several species. They have a fusiform
contour, but with the snout more or less decurved. The
Amber-fish (Serioda dorsalis).
(From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.)
color is generally blackish, with dark or blackish bands
encroaching upon the dorsal and anal fins. The spinous
dorsal fin is well developed. Some of the species are es-
teemed as food. They vary from about a foot to 4 or 5
feet in length. Species are found in almost all tropical
and warm waters, and at least six occur along the coasts
of the United States. *
ambergris (am’bér-grés), m. [Early mod. E.
amber-greece, -griese, -grise, -grease, etc., and
transposed grisamber, q.v.; late M.E. imber-
gres; K F. ambre gris, that is, gray amber (am-
ber2, 1), thus distinguished from ambre jaune,
yellow amber (amber2, 2): ambre, like E. amber?,
orig. used with the sense of “ambergris’; gris,
gray, K. OHG. gris, G. greis, gray.] A morbid
secretion of the liver or intestines of the sper-
macetiwhale, the Catodon (Physeter) macroceph-
alus; a solid, opaque, ash-colored, inflammable
substance, lighter than water, of a consistence
like that of wax, and having when heated a
fragrant odor. It softens in the heat of the hand, melts
below 212°F. into a kind of yellow resin, and is highly solu-
ble in alcohol. It is usually found floating on the surface
of the ocean, or cast upon the shore in regions frequented
by whales, as on the coasts of the Bahama islands, some-
times in masses of from 60 to 225 pounds in weight. In
this substance are found the beaks of the cuttlefish, on
which the whale is known to feed. It is highly valued as
a material for perfumery, and was formerly used in medi-
cine as an aphrodisiac and for spicing wines. Sometimes
written ambergrise or ambergrease.
Of ornaments . . . they [the women of El-Medinah]
have a vast variety, . . . and they delight in strong per-
fumes, – musk, civet, ambergris, attar of rose, oil of jas-
mine, aloe-Wood, and extract of cinnamom.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 282.
Ambergris is a sort of bezoar, found in the alimentary
canal of the cachalot, and seemingly derived from the fatty
matter contained in the Cephalopoda upon which the Ce-
tacean feeds. Hata:ley, Anat. Vert., p. 341.
amber-seed (am’bér-såd), m. The seed of Abel-
Thosehtts Abelmoschus, a plant cultivated in most
Warm Countries. These seeds have a musky odor, and
are often used to perfume pomatum. The Arabs mix them
with their coffee. Also called on wºk-seed, and ambrette.
amber-tree (am’bér-tré), m. The English name
for Anthospermum, a genus of African shrubs
with evergreen leaves, which when bruised
emit a fragrant odor.
ambes-acet, ambs-acet (āmz’ās), m. [K ME.
ambesas, ambezas, K OF. ambesas, ambetas (F.
ambesas), K ambes (K. L. ambo, both) + as, ace:
see ambi- and ace.] The double ace, the lowest
cast at dice; hence, ill luck, misfortune. Also
spelled ames-ace.
Your bagges ben not filled with ambes-a8.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1, 26.
I had rather be in this choice than throw amnes-ace for
my life. Shak., All's Well, ii. 3.
AEschylus, it seems to me, is willing, just as Shakspere is,
to risk the prosperity of a verse upon a lucky throw of
Words, which may come up the sices of hardy metaphor or
the ambsace of conceit.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st Ser., p. 192.
ambi (am'bi), n. Same as ambe.
ambi-. [K L. ambi-, appearing also as ambe-,
amb-, am-, an-, in OL, also as a prep., am, an,
1.68
around, = Gr, àuºt (see amphi-) = Skt. abhi
for “ambhi), in comp. abhitas, on both sides, =
S. ymbe, yn b, embe, emb, ... wºmbe, wm-, Sc.
win-, = OS. umbi = OFries. wºmbe – OD. D. om-
OHG. umpi, winbi, MHG. umbe, G. wºn = Icel.
wmb, win, around, on both sides (see win-); akin
to L. ambo = Gr, àppo, both.] A prefix of
Latin origin, meaning around, round about,
on both sides: equivalent to amphi-, of Greek
Origin.
ambidentate (am-bi-den’tät), a. [K LL. ambi-
dens (-dent-), having º noun, a sheep having)
teeth in both jaws (K. L. ambi-, on both sides,
+ dens (dent-) = E. tooth: see dental), + -ate.]
Having teeth in both jaws: applied by Dew-
hurst to certain Cetacea, as porpoises and dol-
phins. [IRare.]
ambidexter (am-bi-deks’tēr), a. and n. [ML.,
K. L. ambi-, around, on both sides, + deater,
right: see dexter. Cf. equiv. Gr. Öpºtóēśtog,
of the same ultimate origin..] I. a. 1. Able
to use both hands with equal ease; ambidex-
trous.—2. Pºlºš deceitful; tricky.
=Syn. 1. Ambideaster, Amphichiral. See amphichiral.
II. m. 1. A person who uses both hands with
equal facility. Sir T. Browne.—2. A double-
dealer; one equally ready to act on either side
in a dispute. Burton.—3. In law, a juror who
takes money from both parties for giving his
verdict.
ambidexterity (am"bi-deks-ter’i-ti), n. [Kam-
bidexter + -ity, after deaterity.] 1. The faculty
of using both hands with equal facility.
Ignorant I was of the human frame, and of its latent
powers, as regarded speed, force, and ambidea:terity.
De Quincey.
2. Double-dealing; duplicity.
That intricate net of general misery, spun out of his
own crafty ambideasterity.
1. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., I. 412.
3. In law, the taking of money by a juror from
both parties for a verdict,
ambidextral (am-bi-deks’tral), a. LK ambidea:-
ter. -H -al.]. Placed on either side of a given
thing indifferently: as, “the ambidextral adjec-
tive,” Darle. [Rare.]
ambidextrous (am-bi-deks’ trus), a. [K ambi-
deſcter + -ous, after dexterous.]- 1. Having the
faculty of using both hands with equal ease
and dexterity; hence, skilful; facile.
Nature is prolific and ambidea trous.
O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 420.
2. Practising or siding with both parties;
double-dealing; deceitful.
Shuffling and ambidea trous dealings.
Sir R. L’Estrange.
Edward Gosynhyll . . . mending his ambidea:trows pen
for “The Praise of all Women.”
sº I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., I. 305.
ambidextrously (am-bi-deks’ trus-li), adv. 1.
With both hands; with the dexterity of one
who can use both hands equally well.—2. In
a double-dealing way; cunningly.
ambidextrousness (am-bi-deks’ trus-nes), n.
Same as ambidexterity, 1, 2.
ambiens (am"bi-enz), a.. used as m.; pl. ambi-
entes (am-bi-en’téz). [L., ppr. of ambire: see
ambient.] In ornith., a muscle of the leg of cer-
tain birds: so called from the way in which it
winds about the limb in passing from the hip
to the foot. It is the muscle formerly known as the
gracilis muscle of birds; but its identity with the mam-
malian gracilis is questionable. Most birds, as the entire
order Passeres, have no ambiens. The presence or ab-
sence of the muscle has lately been made a basis of the
division of birds into two primary series in Garrod's clas-
sification, birds having it being termed Homalogomatoe,
those lacking it. Anomalogomatoe. See these words.
The ambiens arises from the pelvis about the acetabu-
lum, and passes along the inner side of the thigh; its ten-
don runs over the convexity of the knee to the outer side,
and ends by connecting with the flexor digitorum perfora-
tus. . . . When this arrangement obtains, the resultis that
When a bird goes to roost, and squats on its perch, the
toes automatically clasp the perch by the strain upon the
ambiens that ensues as soon as the leg is bent upon the
thigh, and the tarsus upon the leg, the weight of the bird
thus holding it fast upon its perch.
f Cowes, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 193.
ambient (am"bi-ent), a. and m. [KL. ambien (t-)s,
ppr. of ambire, go around; K &mb-, around (see
ambi-), + ire, go, = Gr, tévct, go, - Skt. and
Zend Vi, go: see go..]. I. a. 1. Surrounding;
encompassing on all sides; investing: applie
to ačriform fluids or diffusible substances.
Whose perfumes through the ambient air diffuse
Such native aromatics. Carew, To G. N.
That candles and lights burn dim and blue at the appa-
rition of spirits may be true, if the ambient air be full of
sulphurous spirits. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
2. Moving round; circling about. N. E. D.
as a sphere or the atmosphere.
ambigenal (am-bij'e-nal), a.
ambilevous
II. n. 1. That which encompasses on all sides
[Rare.] .
Air being a perpetual ambient.
Wotton, Elem. Archit., p. 7.
## canvasser, a suitor, or an aspirant. N.
!. &
ambientes, n. Plural of ambiens.
ambifarious (am-bi-fa'ri-us), a. [K LL. ambi-
farius, having two sides, or meanings, K L.
ambi-, on both sides, + -fa-rius, K_fari, speak.
Cf. bifarious, multifarious.] Double, or that
may be taken both ways. Blount. [Rarej -
ambigen, ambigene (am"bi-jen, -jën), a. [K
NL. ambigenus, of two kinds, K L. ambi-, both,
+ -genus, -born: see -gen, -genous.] Same as
ambigenal.
[As ambigen +
-al.] Of two kinds: used only in the Newtonian
phrase ambigenal hyperbola, a hyperbola of the
third order, having one of its /
infinite legs falling within 08
an angle formed by the
asymptotes, and the other
without.
ambigenous (am-bij'e-nus), b
a. [K NL. ambigenus: see
ambigen and -ows.] Of two
kinds: in bot., noting a peri- ;
anth with several series of
divisions, of which the inner
are more or less petaloid.
ambigut (am"bi-gū), n. [F.,
K ambigu, ambiguous, K. L.
ambiguus : see ambiguous.]
An entertainment or feast
consisting, not of regular
courses, but of a medley of dishes set on the
table together.
ambiguity (am-bi-gū’ī-ti), m.; pl. ambiguities
(-tiz). [K ME. ambiguite (rare), K. L. ambigui-
ta(t-)s, K ambiguºus: see ambiguous.] 1. The
state of being ambiguous; doubtfulness or un-
certainty, particularly of signification.
The words are of single meaning without any amºgº.
Outh.
If we would keep our conclusions free from ambiguity,
we must reserve the term we employ to signify absolute
rectitude solely for this purpose.
II. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 510.
2. An equivocal or ambiguous expression.
Let our author, therefore, come out of his mists and
ambiguities, or give us some better authority for his un-
reasonable doubts. Dryden, To Duchess of York.
ambiguous (am-big’i-us), a. [K L. ambiguus,
going about, changeable, doubtful, uncertain,
K ambigere, go about, wander, doubt, K ambi-,
around, H- agere, drive, move: see agent.] 1.
Of doubtful or uncertain nature; wanting clear-
ness or definiteness; difficult to comprehend or
distinguish; indistinct; obscure.
Even the most dextrous distances of the old masters
... are ambiguous. Ruskin, Mod. Painters, I. ii. 2.
Stratified rocks of ambiguous character.
Murchisom, Silur. Syst., p. 418. (N. E. D.)
2. Of doubtful purport; open to various inter-
pretations; having a double meaning; equivo-
cal. -
What have been thy answers, what but dark
Ambiguous, and with double sense deluding;
Milton, P. R., i. 435.
IIe was recalled by the Duchess, whose letters had
been uniformly so ambiguous that he confessed he was
quite unable to divine their meaning. *
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 23.
3. Wavering; undecided; hesitating: as, “am-
biguous in all their doings,” Milton, Eikono-
klastes (1649), p. 239. [IRare or obsolete.]
Th’ ambiguous god, who ruled her lab'ring breast,
In these mysterious words his mind exprest. Dryden.
4. Using obscure or equivocal language.
What nutterest thou with thine ambiguous mouth?
Swinburne, Atalanta, l. 1500.
=Syn. 2, Equivocal, etc. (see obscure), indeterminate, in-
definite, indistinct, not clear, not plain, amphibolous, du-
bious, vague, enigmatical, dark, blind.
ambiguously (am-big’ī-us-li), adv. In an am-
biguous manner; with doubtful meaning.
Why play . . . into the devil's hands
By dealing so ambiguously £
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 321.
sº (am-big’ī-us-nes), n. The qual-
.ity of being ambiguous; ambiguity; obscurity.
ambilevoust (am-bi-lé'vus), a... [K Łambi, on
both sides, + lavus (= Gr. Watóg, for *%atfög),
left., Cf. ambidewter.] Unable to use either
handwith facility: the opposite of ambidea trous.
[Rare.]
Some are as Galen hath expressed; that is, ambilevous, or
left-handed Ön both sides; such as with agility and vigour
have not the use of either.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., p. 189.
Q,
Ambigenal Hyperbola.
a, a, hyperbola ; b, 5.
asymptotes.

~~~~... a canvassing.
-/* ambilogy
*ºlº (am-bil’ô-ji), n. . . [K L. ambi-, on
both sides, + Gr. -Woyſa, K Węyetv, speak: see
-ology. More correctly amphilogy.] "Words or
speech of doubtful ; gy.]
ambiloquous? (am-bil’ā-kwus), a... [KML. am-
biloquus, K. L. ambi-, around, on both sides, +
loqui, speak.] Using ambiguous expréssions.
ambiloquyt (am-bil’ô-kwi), n. [KML. ambilo-
wus: see above. Cf. Soliloquy, colloquy, etc.]
mbiguous or doubtful language.
ambiparous (am-bip'a-rus), a [KNL. ambi-
arus, K.L. ambi-, on both sides, + parere, pro-
uce.j In bot., producing two kinds, as when
a bud contains the rudiments of both flowers
and leaves.
ambit (am’bit), n., [KL. ambitus, circuit, Kam-
bire, pp. ambitus, go about; see ambient.] 1.
Compass or circuit; circumference; boundary:
as, the ambit of a fortification or of a country.
Prodigious Hailstones whose ambit reaches five, six,
Seven Inches. Goad, Celestial Bodies, i. 3.
Within the ambit of the ancient kingdom of Burgundy.
Sir F. Palgrave, Norm. and Eng., I. 240.
2. Extent; sphere; scope.
The ambit of words which a language possesses.
Saturday Rev., Nov. 19, 1859.
[In all senses technical, rare, or obsolete.]
ambition (am-bish’gn), m. [K ME. ambicion,
-cioun, KOF. (and F.) ambition = Sp. ambicion
= Pg. ambigão = It. ambizione, K.L. ambitio(n-),
ambition, a .# for favor, lit. a going
about, as of a candidate soliciting votes, Kam-
bire, pp. ambitus, go about, solicit votes: see
ambient.] 1+. The act of going about to soli-
cit or obtain an office or other object of desire;
I on the other side
Dsed no ambition to commend my deeds.
Milton, S. A., l. 247.
2. An eager or inordinate desire for some ob-
ject that confers distinction, as preferment,
political power, or literary fame; desire to dis-
tinguish one's self from other men: often used
in a good sense: as, ambition to be good.
Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition ;
By that sin fell the angels. Shalc., Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
This their inhuman act having successful and unsus-
pected passage, it emboldeneth Sejanus to further and
more insolent projects, even the ambition of the empire.
B. Jomson, Sejanus, Arg.
I hope America will come to have its pride in being a
mation of servants, and not of the served. How can men
have any other ambition where the reason has not suffered
a disastrous eclipse? lºmerson, Misc., p. 422.
Hence—3. The object of ambitious desire.
ambition (am-bish’on), v. t. [From the noun.]
To seek after ambitiously or eagerly; aspire to ;
be ambitious of. [Rare or colloq.]
Every noble youth who sighed for distinction, ambi-
tioned the notice of the Lady Arabella.
I. D'Israeli, Curios. of Lit., III. 274.
This nobleman [Lord Chesterfield], however, failed to
attain that place among the most eminent statesmen of
his country, which he ambitioned.
Wingrove Cooke, Hist. of Party, II. 160.
ambitionist (am-bish’on-ist), n. [Kambition H-
—ist.] An ambitious person; one devoted to
self-aggrandizement. [Rare.]
Napoleon . . . became a selfish ambitionist and quack.
Carlyle, Misc., IV. 146.
ambitionless (am-bish’ on-les), a. [K ambition
+ -less.] Devoid of ambition.
ambitious (am-bish’us), a. [K ME. ambitious,
-cious, K OF. *ambitios, later ambitiewa! = Sp.
Pg. ambicioso = It. ambiºioso, K L. ambitiosus, K
ambitio(n-): see ambition and -ows.] 1. Charac-
terized by or possessing ambition; eagerly or.
inordinately desirous of obtaining power, Su- Ambloplites (am-blop-liſtèz), n.
periority, or distinction.
- No toil, no hardship can restrain
Ambitious man, inur'd to pain.
Dryden, tr. of Horace, i. 35.
2. Strongly desirous; eager: with of (formerly
for) or an infinitive.
Trajan, a prince ambitiows of glory.
Arbuthnot, Anc. Coins.
I am ambitious for a motley coat.
- hak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
Ambitious to win
From me some plume. Milton, P. L., vi, 160.
3. Springing from or indicating ambition.
Should a President consent to be a candidate for a third
election, I trust he would be rejected, on this demonstra-
tion of ambitious views. Jefferson, Autobiog., p. 65.
Hence—4. Showy; pretentious: as, an ambi-
Amblodon (am"blë-don), m.
Am
169
ambitiousness (am-bish’us-nes), n.
ity of being ambitious; ambition.
ambitudet (am’bi-tūd), n. [K L. ambitudo, K
ambitus, a going round: see ambit.] Circuity;
compass; circumference. [Rare.]
ambitus (am'bi-tus), n.; pl. ambitus. [L. : see
ambit.] 1. A going round; a circuit; the cir-
cumference, periphery; º or border of a
thing, as of a leaf or the valve of a shell.—2}.
In arch., an open space surrounding a building
or a monument.—3. In antiq., an open space
about a house separating it from adjoinin
dwellings, and representing the ancient sacre
precinct around a family hearth. In Rome the
width of the ambitus was fixed by law at 24 feet.
–4. In ancient Rome, the act of canvassing
for public office or honors. See ambition, 1.—
5. In logic, the extension of a term.
amble (am’bl), v. 3.; pret. and pp. ambled, ppr.
ambling. [KME. amblem, KOF. ambler, go at an
*. K L. ambulare, walk: see ambulate.]
1. To move with the peculiar pace of a horse
when it first lifts the two legs on one side, and
then the two on the other; hence, to move
easily and gently, without hard shocks.
Your wit ambles well; it goes easily.
Shak., Much Ado, V.1.
An abbot on an ambling pad.
Tennyson, Lady of Shalott, ii.
2. To ride an ambling horse; ride at an easy
pace. N. E. D.—3. Figuratively, to move af-
fectedly.
º in park, with lady at his side,
Ambling and prattling scandal as he goes.
Cowper, Task, ii.
amble (am’bl), n. [KME. amble, KOF. amble;
from the verb.] A peculiar gait of a horse or
like animal, in which both legs on One side are
moved at the same time; hence, easy motion;
gentle pace. Also called pace (which see).
A mule well broken to a pleasant and accommodating
amble. Scott.
ambler (am"blër), n. One who ambles; espe-
cially, a horse which ambles; a pacer.
Amidºu. m. See Amblycephalus, 1.
ambligon, a. See amblygon.
amblingly(am’bling-li), adv. With an ambling
ait. *
Amilyctonide (am-blik-ton’i-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Amblyctonus + -idae.] A family of fossil car-
nivorous mammals, of the Eocene age, belonging
to the suborder Creodonta, typified by the genus
Amblyctonus, having the last upper molar longi-
tudinal, the lower molars with little-developed
inner tubercle, and the last of these carnassial.
Amblyctonus (am-blik’tó-nus), m. [NL., ir-
reg. K Gr, duć%ic, blunt (toothed), + kretvely,
kill, slay.] The typical genus of Amblyctomi-
dae, established by Cope in 1875 upon remains
from the New Mexican Eocene (Wahsatch beds).
A. sinosus was a large stout carnivore, of about
the size of a jaguar.
[NT. (Rafinesque,
1820), K. Gr. &pg|Wiig, blunt, + bºotg = E. tooth.]
A genus of sciaenoid fishes: synonymous with
Baplodinotus (which see).
£iº. (am-blonºiks), m. [NL.; more cor-
rectly “amblyonya:; K Gr. Öpiſłżic, blunt, H- Övvy,
a nail: see onyx.] A genus of gigantic ani-
mals, named by Hitchcock in 1858, formerly
supposed to be birds, now believed to be dino-
saurian reptiles, known by their footprints in
the Triassic formation of the Connecticut val-
ley.
[NL. (Rafi-
nesque, 1820), KGr. 3p}Wüç, dull, blunt, + 67%itmc,
heavy-armed: see hoplite.] A genus of fishes,
of the family Centrarchidae, having villiform
pterygoid teeth and numerous anal spines. A.
wpestris is a species called rock-bass, resembling the
black-bass, but having the dorsal and anal fins more de-
veloped and the body shorter and deeper. Also written
Amblyoplites. See cut under rock-bass.
amblosis (am-blé'sis), n. [NL., KGr. 343%gic,
abortion, Kapıſööetv (in comp.), ápºtokely, cause
abortion, K &pi;3%ig, dull, blunt, weak.] Misear-
riage; abortion. -
amblotic (am-blot'ik), a. and n. IK Gr. duff/0–
takóg, fit to produce abortion, Kóppºogic, abor-
tion: see amblosis.] I. a. Having the power
to cause abortion.
II. m. In med., anything causing or designed
The qual-
Amblychila (am-
Amblycorypha (am-bli-kor’i-fä), m.
amblygonal (am-blig'à-nāl), a.
amblygonite (am-bligº-nit), m.
amblyocarpous (am"bli-6-kār'pus), a.
amblyopic (am-bli-Op'ik), a.
Amblyopina (am"bli-6-pi'nā), m. pl.
Amblyopinae (am"bli-6-pi'né), m. pl.
Amblyopside
Amblycephalus (am-bli-sef’a-lus), n.
[NL., K
Gr. &#8%g, blunt, + Kepax#, head..] 1. in herpet,
the bluntheads, a genus of colubriform serpents
founded by Kuhlin - ~
1827, considered by
Some an aberrant
form of Dipsadi-
da!. A. boa inhabits
Java, Borneo, and
neighboring islands.
Also written Amblice-
phalus.
2. In entom., a ge-
nus of homopter-
ous hemipterous
insects, family Tet-
tigoniidae: a name
synonymous with
Euacanthus. A. in-
terruptus, a kind of
hop-frog or froth-
fly, injures hops.
bli-ki’lā), n. DNL.,
K Gr. ####, blunt,
obtuse, + 2 eiàog,
lip.] A genus of
Cicindelidae, or ti- *
ger-beetles, peculiar to North America. Its dis-
tinguishing characters are its small eyes, separate posterior
coxae, and the widely inflexed margin of the wing-covers.
A single species represents this genus, A. cylindriformis
(Say), which, from its large size, nearly cylindrical form,
and somber dark-brown color, is the most striking mem-
ber of its family. It occurs in Kansas, Colorado, New
Mexico, and Arizona. It is nocturnal, hiding during the
day in deep holes, generally on sloping ground, and is
known to feed on locusts. Also spelled Amblycheila.
Say, 1834.
[NL., K
Gr. duff/ftig, blunt, + Kopv6%, head, top : see
coryphews.] A genus of katydids, of the family
Locustidae, having oblong elytra and a curved
ovipositor. There are several United States
species, as A. rotundifolia, A. oblongifolia, 21.
caudata, etc.
amblygon (am’bli-gon), a. and n. [K Gr. &pi;3%v-
yóvog, obtuse-angled, Kāpiś%íg, dull, obtuse, --
yovia, angle.] I. a. Obtuse-angled; amblyg-
onal. Also spelled ambligon.
The Buildings Ambligom
May more receive than Mansions Oxygou,
(Because th’ acute and the rect-Angles too
Stride not so wide as obtuse Angles doe).
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas (1621), p. 200.
II. m. In geom., an obtuse-angled triangle; a
triangle having one angle greater than ninety
degrees.
Tiger-beetle (Azručāychºa cylzeta'ri.
/oronts), slightly magnified.
[K amblygon +
—al.] Obtuse-angled; having the form of an
amblygon.
[K Gr. āpuſ??v-
yóvaoc, obtuse-angled (see amblygon), + -ite?..] A
mineral, generally massive, rarely in triclinic
Crystals. It is a phosphate of aluminium and lithium
containing fluorin, and in color is greenish-white, yellow-
ish-white, or of other light shade. It is found in Europe
at Chursdorf, near Penig, Saxony, in the United States at
Hebron, Maine, and elsewhere.
[K NL.
amblyocarpus, K. Gr. 3p}%g, blunt, dulled, faint,
weak, + Raptóg, fruit: see carpel.] In bot, hav-
ing the seeds entirely or mostly abortive: ap-
plied to fruit.
amblyopia (am-bli-6"pi-á), p. [NL., & Gr. 643%v-
otia, dim-sightedness, Kópºvoſtóg, dim-sighted,
K Öpºig, dull, dim, + &rip (&T-), eye, sight. Cf.
Amblyopsis.] . In pathol., dullness or obscurity
of vision, without any apparent defect of the
organs of sight; partial blindness, in distine-
tion from amaurosis.-Amblyopia ex anopsia,
amblyopia arising from not using the eyes.
[K amblyopia +
-ic.] Relating or pertaining to amblyopia; af-
flicted with amblyopia.
Amblyopidae (am-bli-op’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., irreg.
K Amblyopsis + -idae.] Same as Amblyopsidae.
[NL., K
Amblyopus + -ina.] The second group of Gobi-
Čdae in Günther's system of classification: equiv-
alent to the subfamily Amblyopinae.
[NL., K
Amblyopus + -inac.] A subfamily of fishes,
typified by the genus Amblyopus. They have the
two dorsal fins united in one, and ll abdominal and 17
caudal vertebrae.
tious style; ambitious ornament.
Hood an ass with reverend purple,
So you can hide his two ambitious ears,
And he shall pass for a cathedral doctor.
- B. Jomsom, Volpone, i. 1.
In an am-
Amblyoplites (am-bli-op-liſtèz), m. The more
amblyaphia (am-bli-ā'fi-á), n. . [NL., K. Gr. Öpi- correct form of Ambloplites (which see).
Bååg, dull, + dºff, touching, touch, K GTTetv, amblyopsid (am-bli-op'sid), m. A fish of the
fasten, mid. & Treaffat, touch..] In pathol., dull- family Amblyopsidae.
ness of the sense of touch; insensibility of the Amblyopsidae (am-bli-op'si-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
skin; physical apathy. Amblyopsis + -idae.] family of haplomous
to cause abortion; an abortifacient.
ambitiously (am-bish’us-li), adv.
bitious manner. .

Amblyopsidae
fishes in which the margin of the upper jaw is
entirely formed by the premaxillaries, which
are scarcely protractile, and in which the anus
is jugular. Five species are known, generally arranged
in three genera, from the fresh waters of the United States,
the largest and best-known being the blind-fish of the
Mammoth and other caves. See Amblyopsis. Also called
Amblyopidae.
Amblyopsis (am-bli-op’sis), m. [NL. (J. E.
De Kay, 1842), K. Gr. djugºig, dull, faint, dim, --
ôpic, countenance, sight, related to Čºp, eye: see
optic. Cf. amblyopia.] 1. Agenus of fishes repre-
Blind-fish (Aztólyopsi's spelaus).
sented by the blind-fish (A. spelaeus) of the Mam-
moth Cave of Kentucky, and typical of the fam-
ily Amblyopsidae.—2. A genus of crustaceans.
amblyopsoid (am-bli-op’soid), a. and m. [KAm-
blyopsis + -oid.] I. a. Having the characters
of the Amblyopsidae.
II. m. An amblyopsid.
Amblyopus (am-bli-6"pus), m. [NL. (Valen-
ciennes, 1837), K. Gr. Öpiſłżvotóg, dim-sighted:
See amblyopia.] 1. A genus of fishes, of the
family Gobiidae, typical of the subfamily Ambly-
opinae.—2. A genus of Orthopterous insects.
Saussure, 1878.
amblyopy (am’bli-Ö-pi), n. Same as amblyopia.
Amblypoda (am-blip'é-dà), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
ăuț3%ig, blunt, dull, H- ſtoig (Tod-) = E. foot.] A
suborder of Eocene mammals belonging to the
Subungulata, or many-toed hoofed quadrupeds,
of elephantine proportions and structure of the
limbs. The fore and hind feet were 5-toed. The skull
had a remarkably small brain-case, enormous flaring pro-
cesses in three pairs, 6 incisors below, 6 or none above,
and a pair of huge upper canines, projecting alongside a
flange-like plate of the lower jaw. The molars were 6–7 in
number on each side, above and below. Among the Vari-
ous genera composing this group are Uintatherium, Di-
moceras, Timoceras, Loacolophodom, etc. The term Dinoce-
rata is nearly synonymous. These huge mammals were
extinct before the Miocene era, and their fossil remains
have been found mostly in the Eocene beds of North
America.
Amblypodia (am-bli-pô'di-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
āppºig, blunt, dull, + troºg (Troö-) = E. foot, +
—ia.] A genus of lycaenid butterflies.
Amblypterus (am-blip"te-rus), n. [NL., & Gr,
āpuſ;2.5g, dull, blunt, + trepôv, wing (X Trépwé,
wing, fin), – E. father.] 1. A genus of ganoid
fishes with heterocercal tail. The species,
found only in a fossil state, are characteristic
of the Permian formation. 4gaše, 1833.—2.
A genus of birds, founded by Gould in 1837, but
preoccupied in ichthyology by the preceding
genus, and therefore not in use. It was based
upon a remarkable South American goatsucker, of the fam-
ily Caprimulgidae, now known as Eleoth reptºws anomalus.
Amblyrhynchus (am-bli-ringſkus), m. [NL., K
Gr. duffWüç, blunt, + bi)xog, snout..] 1. Agenus
of iguanid lizards characteristic of the Galapa-
gos islands: so called from the very blunt snout.
There is one remarkable species, of maring habit, A. cris-
tatus, which has a compressed tail and partially
webbed toes. It attains a length of 3 feet and a weight
of 20 pounds.
2. In ornith. : (a) A genus of South American
Icteridae, or blackbirds. [Not in use.] (b) A
genus of phalaropes. Thomas Nuttall, 1834.
[Not in use.]
Amblysomus (am-bli-Sö’mus), m. [NL., K. Gr.
àpiſłżöc, blunt, dull, dim, -F Góga, body.]. A
genus of gold-moles or Cape moles of southern
Africa, of the family Chrysochloridida, distin-
guished from Chrysochloris by having only 2
molars in each jaw instead of 3. Chalcochloris
of Mivart is a synonym more frequently used.
Amblystoma (am-blis’tó-mâ), m. . [NL., KGr.
ăuț20c, blunt, dull, H- arápa, mouth.] An ex-
tensive genus of urodele or tailed batrachians,
notable for the transformations which they un-
dergo; the type of the family Amblystomidae.
In their undeveloped state they represent the formerly
recognized genus Siredom, and some species are known as
azolotls. They belong to the salamandrine series of the
Urodela, and are related to the newts, efts, Salamanders,
etc. The original form of the word was Ambystoma.
See cut under azolotl.
The axolotl is the larval state of Amblystoma, but it
Bometimes remains in that state throughout life, and is
at the same time most prolific, while those which must be
supposed to have attained a higher form are utterly ster-
ile, the sexual Organs becoming apparently atrophied.
Pascoe, Zoël. Class., p. 193.
amblystome (am’bli-stöm), m, Same as am-
blystomid.
170
amblystomid (am-blisſtö-mid), n. An amphi-
bian of the family Amblystomidae.
Amblystomidae (am-blis-tom’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Amblystoma + -idae.] A family of am-
phibians of which Amblystoma is the typical
genus. They are salamanders with the palatines not
prolonged overthe parasphenoid and bearing teeth behind,
parasphenoid toothless, vertebræ opisthocoelian, and a pe-
culiar arrangement of the hyoid apparatus. Most of the
species are North American.
ambo (amſbó), m.; pl. ambos or ambones (am'- +
bóz, am-bó'něz). [K ML. ambo, K. Gr. &pgov,
any slight elevation, a boss, stage, pulpit: see
ambe.] 1. In early Christian churches and
basilicas, a raised desk or pulpit from which cer-
tain parts of the service were read or chanted
# Nº
Şā Yº
º: º wº §
l gº-º-º-º:
# # * v-
ºn War;7ñnºis.
Ambo.
Northern Tribune of the Church of S. Maria in Ara Coeli, Rome.
and sermons were preached. It was often an ob-
long inclosure with steps at both ends, and was generally
richly decorated. It was very common to place two ambos
in a church, from one of which was read the gospel, and
from the other the epistle. A tall ornamented pillar for
º the paschal candle is sometimes associated with
the ambo.
From these walls projected ambomes, or pulpits with
desks, also of marble, ascended by steps.
B'ncyc. Brit., III. 415.
2. In anat., a circumferential fibrocartilage;
a fibrocartilaginous ring surrounding an articu-
lar cavity, as the glenoid fossa of the scapula
and the cotyloid fossa of the innominate bone.
Also written ambon.
ambodexteri (am-bó-deks’tēr), a. and m. Same
as ambideaster.
ambolic (am-bol'ik), a. [KGr. *āuffożuńc, contr;
from ävaſ?0%tkóg, taken in lit. sense K &vaſłońff
(poet. àpi}0%), that which is thrown up or
around: see anabole.] Having the power of
producing abortion; abortifacient.
ambon (amſbon), m. See ambo.
ambosexous (am-bó-sek'sus), a. [K L. ambo,
both, + sexus, sex.] Having both sexes; bi-
sexual; hermaphrodite. [Rare or obsolete.]
Amboyna wood. See Kiabooca-wood.
Amboynese (am-boi-nés' or -néz'), m. sing. and
pl. [K Amboyma + -ese.] A native or the na-
tives of Amboyna, the most important of the
Moluccas or Spice Islands.
ambreada (am-bré-ā'dà), n. [= F. ambréade,
Pg. ambreada, fictitious amber, prop. fem.
pp. of ambrear, perfume with amber, Kambre
usually ambar, amber: see amber2.] A. kind
of artificial amber manufactured for the trade
with Africa.
ambreic (am-bré'ik), a. [K ambrein + -ic..] In
chem., formed by digesting ambrein in nitric
acid: as, ambreic acid.
ambrein (am"bré-in), m. [KF. ambréine, Kambre,
amber: see amber? and -in”.] A peculiar fatty
substance obtained from ambergris by digesting
it in hot alcohol. It is crystalline, is of a bril-
liant white color, and has an agreeable odor.
ambrette (am-bret'), m. [F., dim. of ambre,
amber.] 1. See amber-seed.—2. A kind of pear
with an odor of ambergris or musk. N. E. D.
ambrite (am’brit), m. . [= G. ambrit; K NL. am-
bra, E. amber?, H- -ite?..] A fossil resin occur-
ring in large masses in Auckland, New Zealand,
and identical with the resin of the Dammara
australis, a pine now growing abundantly there.
ambrology (am-brol’º-ji), m. [K NL. ambra,
amber, F. Gr. -Aoyia, K Aéyéiv, speak: see -ology.]
The natural history of amber. Syd. Soc. Lea.
ambrosial (am-bró’zial), a.
ambrotype (am’brö-tip), n.
ambrotype
ambroset (am"bröz), n. [K ME. ambrose, in def.
2 (OF. ambroise, F. ambroisie, sometimes am-
brosie), K.L. ambrosia, ambrosia, also the name
of several plants: see ambrosia.] 1. Ambrosia.
[Rare.] ſº
At first, ambrose itself was not sweeter.
Burton, Anat, of Mel., iii. 2.
2. An early English name of the Jerusalem oak,
Chenopodium. Botrys, and also of the wood-sage,
Teucrium, Scorodonia.
âmbrosia (am-brö’ziä), n. [L., K. Gr. 3/1300Gla,
the food of the gods, conferring immortality,
fem. of adj. apgpóalog, a lengthened form of
āppporog, also & 3porog, immortal, K &- priv., +
*uporóg, 8poróg, older form poptég, mortal, akin
to L. mor(t-)s, death (L. im-mort-al-is = Gr.
à-uffpot-og), and mori, die: see mortal. Cf. Skt.
amrita, immortal, also the drink of the gods
(see amrita), — Gr. duffporog.] 1. In Gr. legend,
a celestial substance, capable of imparting im-
mortality, commonly represented as the food
of the gods, but sometimes as their drink, and
also as a richly perfumed unguent; hence, in
literature, anything comparable in character
to either of these conceptions.
His dewy locks distill'd ambrosia. Milton, P. L., v. 57.
2. [cap.] A genus of widely distributed coarse
annual weeds, type of the family Ambrosiaceae,
chiefly American, and generally known as rag-
weed. A. artemisiaefolia is also called Roman
wormwood or hogweed.
ambrosiac (am-brö’zi-ak), a. [K. L. ambrosia-
cus, Kambrosia: see ambrosia.] Of, pertaining
to, or having the qualities of ambrosia; per-
fumed; sweet-smelling: as, “ambrosiac odours,”
B. Jonson, Poetaster, iv. 3 (Song).
Shrill strain’d arts-men, whose ambrosiac quills,
Whiles they desert's encomions sweet rehearse,
The world with wonder and amazement fills.
I'ord, Fame's Memorial.
ambrosiaceous (am-brö-zi-ā'shius), a. [K Am-
brosia + -aceous.] In bot., belonging to the
family Ambrosiaceae.
[Kambrosia + -al.]
Of or pertaining to ambrosia; partaking of the
nature or qualities of ambrosia; anointed or
fragrant with ambrosia; hence, delighting the
taste or smell; delicious; fragrant; Sweet-
smelling: as, ambrosial dews.
As the sunset
Threw the long shadows of trees o'er the broad ambrosial
meadows. Longfellow, Evangeline, i. 4.
Sweet after showers, ambrosial air.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, lxxxvi.
Thou too . . . mayest become a Political Power: and
with the shakings of thy horse-hair wig, shake principal-
ities and dynasties, like a very Jove with his ambrosial
curls. Carlyle, French Rev., I. iii. 1.
ambrosially (am-bró’zial-i), adv. In an am-
brosial manner; with an ambrosial odor.
A fruit of pure Hesperian gold,
That smelt ambrosially. Tennyson, CEnone.
ambrosianlf (am-brö’zian), a. [Kambrosia +
-an.] Of or pertaining to ambrosia; fragrant;
ambrosial. B. Jonsort.
Most ambrosian-lipped creature.
Yºr Middleton, Blurt, Master-Constable, iv. 2.
Ambrosian? (am-brö’zian), a. [KLL. Ambro-
sianus, K Ambrosius, Ambrose, K Gr. apppóotoc,
immortal, divine: see ambrosia.] Of, pertain-
ing to, or instituted by St. Ambrose, bishop of
Milan in the fourth century.—Ambrosian chant,
a mode of singing or chanting introduced by St. Ambrosé
in the cathedral church at Milan about 384. Little is
certainly known of its nature.—Ambrosian Library,
a famous library and collection of antiquities at Milan,
,, founded by Cardinal Borromeo in 1609.-Ambrosian
Office or ritual, a formula of worship named from St. Am-
brose, and long used in the church of Milan in place of
the Roman mass.
ambrosino (am-brö-zé'nö), n. [It., from the fig-
ure of St. Ambrose on the coin: see above..] A
º: †† =? %
&##!/º
ºftº:
Wººnººmºſº
%; lºgº§§ º,
º * % º §§
Reverse.
(Size of the original.)
e-sº jº ſ
º Nº. ºl
* * * \º
* :
Obverse.
Silver Ambrosino of Milan, British Museum.
silver coin, weighing about 45 grains, issued by
the republic of Milan A. D. 1250–1310, and bear-
ing the effigy of Ambrose, the patron saint of
the city. The name was also applied to a rare
Milanese gold coin of the same period.
[K Gr. &pſporog (see
ambrosia), immortal, H- Tötrog, impression; see
type.] In photog., a picture made by applying




















ambrotype
a dark backing to the face of a thin negative
on glass. The negative, as seen from behind, thus ap-
... pears as a positive against the backing, the lights being
formed by the opaque portions, and the shadows by the
lºng seen through the more or less transparent por-
ambry (am"bri), n. ; pl. ambries (-briz). [In
actual modern speech only in north. E. dial.
awmry, otherwise only a historical word, spelled
prop. ambry, but archaistically in various forms
of the earlier ambery, as ambrey, awmbry, aum-
brie (with excrescent b as in number, slumber),
earlier amrie, aumrye, aumrie, aumery, awmery,
almery, almary, almarie, also armorie, KME. ame-
Tie, almarie, also armarie, K OF. almarie, arma-
Tie, later almaire, aumaire, awmoire, armaire,
armoire = Pr. armari = Sp. armario = Pg. al-
mario (> Hind, almārī, X Anglo-Ind. almirah, q.
v.) = It. armario, armadio = G. almer= Bohem.
armara, almara = Pol. almarſja, olmaryfa =
Serv. ormar, orman = Sloven, almara, ormar,
omara, K.L. armarium (ML, also corruptly al-
Amarium), a closet, chest, or safe for ; cloth-
ing, money, implements, tools, etc., K arma,
implements, tools, arms: see arm2, arms, and
cf. armory1. Through the form almery the word
was confused with almonry, a place for distrib-
uting alms, and is sometimes found in that
sense.] 1. A place for keeping things; a store-
house, storeroom, closet, pantry, cupboard,
press, safe, locker, chest. Specifically— (a)
place for keeping victuals; a pantry, cupboard,
or meat-safe.
Hir. Will not any fool take me for a wise man now, seeing
me draw out of the pit of my treasury this little god with
his belly full of gold 7
Spwn. And this, full of the same meat, out of my am-
bry? Massinger, Virgin-Martyr, ii. 3.
% In ancient churches, a niche or recess,
tted with a door, in the wall near the altar, in
which the sacred utensils
were deposited. In the
larger churches and cathedrals
annbries were very numerous,
were used for various pur-
poses, and were sometimes
large enough to be what we
should now call closets, the
doors and other parts that
were seen being usually richly
Carved. Ambries are still used
in Roman Catholic churches
as depositories for the conse-
crated oils. They are some-
times made portable, in the
form of a chest or cupboard,
Which is hung near the altar.
§ A place for keeping books; a library.—2.
ame as almonry. [Erroneous use: see etym.]
ambs-acet, n. See ambes-ace.
ambulacra. m. Plural of ambulacrum.
ambulacral (am-bi-läſkral), a. [Kambulacrum
*-F-al.] Of or pertaining to an ambulacrum, or
to the ambulacra, of an echinoderm.—Ambula-
cral face, ambulacral aspect, that surface of an
echinoderm which bears the ambulacra; corresponding in
a starfish to the oral aspect, that upon which the creature
creeps.--Ambulacral groove, a furrow which marks the
course of an ambulacrum.
[In a starfish] a deep furrow, the ambulacral groove,
occupies the middle of the oral surface of each ray, and is
nearly filled by contractile sucker-like pedicels, . . . ap-
parently arranged in four longitudinal series.
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 475.
Ambulacral metameres, the divisions of the body of
an echinoderm as marked or determined by the ambula-
cral system, as the five fingers or rays of a starfish. See
extract under ambulacral vessels and cut under Astrophy-
tom.—Ambulacral nerve, a nerve which is in relation
With the ambulacra.
When the suckers of an ambulacrum [of a starfish] are
: ... cut away, a longitudinal ridge is seen to lie at the
'bottom of the groove between their bases. This ridge is
the ambulacral merve. Followed to the apex of the ray, it
ends upon the eye and its tentacle; in the opposite direc-
tion, it reaches the oral disk,
Hwæley, Anat. Invert., p. 478.
Ambulacral neural canal, a tube of which the ambu-
lacral nerve forms the outer wall.—Ambulacral ossicle,
one of a double row of small hard pieces which come to-
gether in the ambulacral groove, extending from its sides
to its middle line. Also called vertebral ossicle. See cut
under Asteriidae.—Ambulacral plate, one of those coro-
nal plates of a sea-urchin which are perforated to form
part of an ambulacrum. See cut under ambulacrum.
In the ordinary Echinus or sea-urchin . . . of these
plates there are twenty principal longitudinal series, con-
stituting the great mass of the corona; and ten single
plates, which form a ring around its aboral or apical mar:
gin. The twenty series of longitudinal plates are disposed
in ten double series—five ambulacral and five interambu-
lacral. . . . Each ambulacral plate is subdivided by a
eater or less number of sutures . . . into a correspond-
ng number of minor plates, . . . called pore plates.
Hwæley, Anat. Invert., p. 486.
Ambulacral sac, in echimoderms, that portion of the Ya-
soperitoneal sac of the embryo which lays the foundation
for the whole system of the ambulacral vessels. See vaso-
eritonoal and Holothwroidea.—Ambulacral System,
#. water-vascular system (which see, under water-vascu-
Ambry, Romsey Chu
Hampshire, gº.
àmbulance (am’bà-lans), m.
171
lar) of echinoderms.-Ambulacral vesicle, a sac situ-
ated upon the aboral face of an ambulacral ossicle.—Am-
bulacral yessels, the water-vascular channels of the am-
bulacra. See cut inder Echinoidea.
Another marked peculiarity of the Echinoderm type is
the general, if not universal, presence of a system of alm-
bulacral vessels, consisting of a circular canal around the
mouth, whence canals usually arise and follow the middle
line of each of the ambulacral metameres.
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 54.
Circumoral ambulacral vessel, that into which a ra:
dial canal of the ambulacral system of vessels opens at
its oral end.—Radial ambulacral vessels, those which
iºn the central or circular vessel which surrounds
he gullet.
Ambulacraria (am” bi-lak-rā’ ri-á), m. pl.
[NL., K ambulacrum + -aria.] 1. A branch or
Subkingdom of animals, constituted by the Echi-
nodermata and Enteropneusta, and divided into
Ičadiata and Bilateralia, the latter represented
by the genus Balanoglossus alone. Metschnikoff.
—2}. [l. c.] The coronal ambulacra of sea-ur-
chins.
Ambulacrata (am"bū-lak-rā’tā), n. pl. [NL.,
neut. pl. of ambulacratus, K ambulacrum.]. A
term applied by E. R. Lankester to a branch of
echinoderms consisting of the Holothuroidea,
Jºchinoidea, and Asteroidea, or sea-cucumbers,
sea-urchins, and starfishes, as collectively dis-
guished from the crinoids or Tentaculata
tin
(which see). -
ambulacriform (am-bü-lak(ri-fôrm), a. [KL.
ambulacrum + forma, form.] Possessing the
form or appearance of an ambulacrum.
ambulacrum (am-bü-lā’krum), n. ; pl. ambula-
cra (-krä). [NL. use of L. ambulacrum, a walk,
A, three ambulacral plates of Echinus sphaera, showing suº:
, a.
of the pore-plates of which each ambulacral plate is composed.
portion of the extent of the petaloid ambulacrum of a clypeastroid.
alley, K ambulare : see ambulate.] In 206l., a
row, series, or other set of perforations in the
shell of an echinoderm, as a sea-urchin or star-
fish, through which are protruded and with-
drawn the tube-feet or pedicels. Each such row
or set of holes usually forms a narrow grooved line from
base to apex of a sea-urchin, and from the center to the
end of each ray of a starfish, along the oral aspect of the
body. Each set or radiating series of perforations is an
ambulacrum, the several rows together being the ambula-
cra. The usual definition of ambulacra as the perforated
spaces through which the tube-feet are protruded leaves
a doubt whether an ambulacrum is not one such perforated
space. Ambulacra is sometimes used for the tube-feet
themselves, collectively; in which case it properly signifies
several sets or series of tube-feet, not several tube-feet of
any single row or series.
The ambulacra presentimportant variations in the three
divisions of the Echinidea. Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 489.
[K F. ambulance
9. hôpital ambulant, walking hospital),
ambulant, walking, shifting: , see ambulant.]
1. A hospital establishment which accompanies
an army in its movements in the field for the
urpose of providing speedy assistance to sol-
iers wounded in battle.—2. A two- or four-
iſſº
ºft#):
\\
º § E-
| º -
ſº \ I
y º ºffiliº
| Tº ſº
SNASsº º . . . .
s *5-ſº TF---->
is . . . . .
Hospital Ambulance.
wheeled vehicle constructed for conveying sick
or wounded persons. Ambulance-wagons are made
to run very easily, and are designed to carry one or two
tiers of stretchers. Some forms are fitted with Water-
tank, medicine-chest, operating-table, and other conve-
niences. City hospital ambulances are light four-wheel;
ed vehicles, furnished with one or two beds, surgical
appliances, restoratives, etc.—Ambulance-cot, a folding
cot designed to be carried in an ambulance and to be
used as a bed in a hospital.-Ambulance-stretcher, a
stretcher provided with casters and made to fit into an
ambulance.
ambulant (am’bà-lant), a.
ambulation (am-bü-lā‘shgn), n.
ambulative (am’bū-lä-tiv), a.
ambulator (am’bū-lä-tor), n.
ambulatorial (am"bū-lä-tö’ri-al), a.
ambulatory (amſbü-lä-tó-ri), a. and m.
ambulet (am’ bül), v. i.
ambulomanc
amburbial (am-bër’bi-al), a.
amburbial
[= F. ambulant, K
L. ambulan(t-)g, ppr. of ambulare, walk, go
about: see ambulate.] 1. Walking; moving
from place to place; shifting.
Sold it for 400 francs to an ambulant picture dealer.
The American, VI. 250.
Ambulant tobacconists crying their goods.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 259.
2. In her., walking: said of a beast used as a
bearing.—3. In pathol., shifting about from
place to place; ambulatory: as, ambulant edema.
ambulate (am’bà-lāt), v. i.; pret. and pp. am-
bulated, ppr. ambulating. [K.L. ambulatus, pp.
of ambulare, walk, go about, perhaps for *am-
bibulare, K*ambibulus, Kambi-, about (see ambi-),
+ *-bulus, perhaps connected with bitere, betéré,
go: see arbiter. The older E. form is amble,
q. v.] To walk or move about, or from place
to place.
Now Morpheus . . .
Amused with dreams man's ambulating soul.
Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pindar).
[K L. ambula-
tio(n-), K ambulare, walk: see ambulate.] The
act of ambulating or walking about.
[K ambulate +
—ive..] Having a tendency to walk or advance;
walking. [Rare.]
[L., a walker,
lounger, peddler, K ambulare, walk: see ambu-
late.] 1. One who walks about.—2. An odom-
eter (which see).-3. A name sometimes given
to the original form of the velocipede. See
welocipede.
Ambulatores (am"bū-lä-tö’réz), m. pl. [NL.,
1. of L. ambulator: see ambulator.] 1. In
undevall's classification of birds, a group of
corvine birds. Also called Corviformes and Coli-
omorphae.—2+. Illiger's name (1811) of a group
of birds inexactly equivalent to InSessores, or
to the Linnean Passeres.
[K L. am-
[K L.
ambulatorius, K ambulator: see ambulator.] I.
a. 1. Having the power or faculty of walking;
formed or adapted for walking: as, an ambula-
tory animal. Specifically—(a) In ornith., gressorial:
opposed to saltatory, saltatorial, or leaping, and applied
to the feet or gait of certain birds or to the birds them-
selves ; most frequently to the mode of progression by
moving the feet one after the other, instead of both to-
gether. As applied to the structure of the feet, ambula-
tory is sometimes opposed to scamsorial, that is, to the
godactyl modification of the feet. (b) In crustaceans
insects, etc., performing the office of locomotion : applied
to those legs or feet of an animal by means of which it
walks, as distinguished from those limbs which are mod-
ified, as swimmerets, chelipeds, or maxillipeds. See cut
underendopodite. º
2. Pertaining to a walk; happening or ob-
tained during a walk. [Rare.]
The princes of whom his majesty had an ambulatory
view in his travels. Wottom.
3. Accustomed to move from place to place;
not stationary: as, an ambulatory court.
The priesthood . . . before was very anº, and
dispersed into all families. Jer. Taylor.
He had been, I imagine, an ambulatory quack doctor,
for there was no town in England, nor any country in
Europe, of which he could not give a very particular ac-
count. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 37.
4. In law, not fixed; capable of being al-
tered: as, a will is ambulatory until the death
of the testator; the return of a sheriff is am-
bulatory until it is filed.—5. In med. : (a) Shift-
ing; ambulant: applied to certain morbid af-
fections when they skip or shift from one place
to another. (b) Permitting the patient to be
about: applied to typhoid fever when it does
not compel the patient to take to his bed.
II. m.; pl. ambulatories (-riz). Any part of a
building intended for walking, as the aisles of
a church, particularly those surrounding the
choir and apse, or the cloisters of a monastery;
any portico or corridor.
The inscription upon Wilson's gravestone in the eastern
ambulatory of the little cloisters of Westminster Abbey is
now very much effaced. N. and Q., 6th ser, X. 455.
A broad ambulatory extends round the south and east
ends of the church. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 230.
[K L. ambulare : see
amble and ambulate.] To move from place to
place.
(am’bà-ló-man'si), n. [K L.
ambulare, walk (see ambulate), + Gr. Havreia,
divination.] Divination by walking. [Rare.]
[K.L. amburbialis,
only in amburbiales hostiaº, the victims for cer-
tain sacrifices, which were led around the city
of Rome, Kamb- for ambi-, around (see ambi-),
bulatorius + -al.] Ambulatory.






















amburbial
+ urbs, city: see urban.] Encompassing or
surrounding a city. [Rare.]
ambury (amſbº-ri), n. Same as anoury.
ambuscade (am-bus-kād'), m. [Formerly also
imbuscade (and, after Sp. or It., ambuscado
emboscata, imboscata), K F. embuscade, K It. im:
boscata = Sp. Pg. emboscada = OF. embuchee, K
ML. “imboscata, an ambush, prop. pp. fem. of
imboscare, set in ambush: see ambush, v.] 1. A
lying in wait and concealment for the purpose
of attacking by surprise; an ambush.
To draw you into the palpable ambuscade of his ready-
made joke.
Sheridan, quot. by Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 317.
Till the great plover's human whistle amazed
Her heart, and glancing round the waste she fear'd
In every wavering brake an ambuscade.
- Tennyson, Geraint.
2. A secret station in which troops lie con-
cealed with a view to attacking suddenly and
by surprise; an ambush.-3. A body of troops
lying in ambush.
ambuscade (am-bus-kād’), v.; pret. and pp.
ambuscaded, Pº. ambuscading. [K ambuscade,
n.] I. trans. To attack from a concealed posi-
tion.
II. intrans. To lie in ambush: as, “ambus-
cading ways,” Carlyle, Sart. Resart., ii. 4.
ambuscado (am-bus-kā’dó), n. [See ambuscade,
7..] An ambuscade. e
They were adroit in executing a thousand stratagems,
ambuscadoes, and evolutions. Irving, Granada, p. 446.
ambuscadot (am-bus-kā’dó), v. t. [K ambusca-
do, m.] To post in ambush. Sir T. Herbert.
ambush (am’ büsh), v. [Early mod. E. also
embush, K ME. embusshen, enbusshen, enbuschen,
enbussen (also abuschem, abussen, and by apher-
esis busse, early mod. B. bush), KOF. embuscher,
embuscher, embwissier, later embitcher (mod. F.
embusquer, after Sp. or It.) = Sp. Pg. emboscar
= It. imboscare, KML. emboscare, prop. imbos-
care, set in ambush, K. L. Sim, in, + ML. boscus,
wood, bush: see bush.1, and cf. ambuscade.] I.
trams. 1. To post or place in concealment for
the purpose of attacking by surprise.
The subtil Turk, having ambushed a thousand horse,
. . . charged the Persians. Sir T'. Herbert, Trav., p. 281.
It seemed as if his placid old face were only a mask be-,
hind which a merry Cupid had ambushed himself, peeping
Out all the while. Lowell, Iſireside Travels, p. 85.
2. To ambuscade; waylay; attack unexpected-
ly and from a hidden position.
The Tekké warriors outside, however, got notice of the
intended visit, and ambushed their Kuchan invaders so
successfully that not a man escaped, sixty being killed
and forty made prisoners. O'Donovan, Merv, xiv.
II. intrans. To lie in wait for the purpose of
attacking by surprise. [Rare.]
The . . . snake that ambush'd for his prey.
John Trumbull, tr. of Georgics, iv.
ambush (am’ büsh), n. IK late M.E. ambushe,
enbusshe, KOF. embusche, embosche, F. embúche;
from the verb.] 1. The act or state of lying
concealed for the purpose of attacking by Sur-
prise; a lying in wait; the act of attacking un-
expectedly from a concealed position.
Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault, or siege,
Or ambush from the deep. Milton, P. L., ii. 344.
An ambush is neither an “attack” nor a “surprise,” in
military language; it is something more sudden and un-
expected than either. I'arrow, Mil. Incyc., p. 42.
2. A secret or concealed station where troops
lie in wait to attack unawares.
The enemy, intending to draw the English further into
their ambush, turned away at an easy pace.
Sir J. IIayward.
3. The troops posted in a concealed place for
attacking by surprise. . [Rare.]
And the ambush arose quickly out of their place.
Josh. viii. 19.
ambushment (amſbüsh-ment), n. [Early mod.
E. also embushment and imbushment, K ME.
embusshement, enbussement, K OF. embuschement
(F. embáchement), KML. imboscamentum, Kim-
boscare, > QF. embuscher, set in ambush: see
ambush and -ment.] An ambush, in any of its
senses; the act or method of forming an am-
'bush.
But Jeroboam caused an ambushment to come about be-
hind them. 2 Chron. xiii. 13.
Por his opponents then to skulk, to lay ambushments,
to keep a narrow bridge of licencing where the challenger
should passe, though it be valour anough in souldiership,
is but weaknes and cowardise in the wars of Truth.
Milton, Areopagitica, p. 52.
In ambushment lie
|Until I come or send for you myself.
Greene, Alphonsus, ii.
Ameiva (a-mi’vä), 7.
amelf (am'el), n.
172
A wolf is a beast that is apt to hover about in Indian
ambwshment, craving the offals of the deer the savages
kill Cooper, Last of the Mohicans, v.
ambustion? (am-bus’tign), n. IK L. ambus-
tio(n-), a burn, Kamburére, pp. ambustus, burn,
consume, lit. burn around, scorch, K amb-, am-
bi-, around (see ambi-), + wrere, burn: see adure.
Cf. combustion.] A burn or scald. Cockeram.
ameba, amebean, etc. See amoeba, etc.
ameer, amir (a-mêr"), n. [Also written, as a
historical Saracentitle, emir, q.v.; Pers. Hind.
amir, KAr. amir, a commander, ruler, chief, no-
bleman, prince, Kamara = Chal. amar = Heb.
dmar, tell, order, command. The same word
occurs in amiral, now admiral, q.v.] A prince,
lord, or nobleman; a chief, governor, or one
having command; specifically, the title of the
dominant ruler of Afghanistan.
ameership, amirship (a-mér’ship), n. IKameer
+ -ship.] The office or dignity of ameer.
The faithful ally of England, owing his amirship to her
armies. The American, IV. 277.
[NL., from a native
name.] A genus of small, inoffensive lizards,
the type of the family Ameividae, order Lacerti-
lia. They are rather pretty animals, with a long whip-like
tail, and peculiarly elongated toes on the hind feet. The
tail is covered with a series of scales arranged in rings,
the ventral shields are broad and smooth, the teeth are
trilobate and compressed, and the feet are 5-toed. The
general color is dark olive speckled with black on the
nape of the neck; on the sides are rows or bands of
white spots edged with black. There are many species,
occurring from Patagonia to California and Pennsylvania.
The abundant A. dorsalis of Jamaica is a characteristic
example.
eividae (a-mi’vi-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAmeiva
+ -ida!..] A family of lizards, of the division
Iſissilinguia of the order Lacertilia, named from
the genus Ameiva, peculiar to America. The old
name Teidae, or Teiidae, is an inexact synonym. The prin-
cipal genera are Teius, Ameiva, and Crocodilw'ws. The
teguexin monitor, Teius tegwearim, is a characteristic and
well-known species.
[Early mod. E. also ammel,
ammell (rarely esmayle, after M.F.), KME. amell,
amelle, amall, aumayl, KAF. *amal, *amail, OF.
eSmal, esmail, later email, mod. F. &mail = Pr.
esmaut, esmalt = Sp. Pg. eSmalte = It. Smalto, K
ML. Smaltum, enamel, prob. K Teut. *smalt, any-
thing melted, OHG. MEIG. Smalz, G. Schmalz
= OD. Smalt, melted grease or butter, K Teut.
*Smeltam, OHG. smelzan, MHG. smelzen, G.
Schmeleen = AS. *Smeltam = Sw. Smålta = Dan.
Smelte, melt, dissolve: see smelt1. In mod. use
only in comp. enamel, q.v.] Enamel (which
See).
IIeav'ns richest diamonds, set on ammel white.
P. Fletcher, Purple Island, x.
Gardens of delight
Whose ammell beds perfume the skie.
W. Lisle, tr. of Du Bartas, i. 34. (N. E. D.)
amelf (am'el), v. t. [Early mod. E. also am-
mele, ammell, K ME. amelen, amilem; from the
noun..] . To enamel.
I am mell as a goldesmythe dothe his worke.
Palsgrave, p. 425. (N. E. D.)
amel-corn (am’ el-kôrn), m. [Formerly also
amell-corn, amil-corn; K G. amelkorn (or D. amel-
koren), K MHG. amel, amer, OHG. amar, amel-
corn (later associated, as in G. amelmehl, D.
ameldonk, starch, with L. amylum, starch: see
amyll), + korn = D. koren = E. corn 1.] The
seeds of a grass, Triticum dicoccum, resembling
spelt, but bearing only two grains in the head,
cultivated in Switzerland for the manufacture
of starch.
ameledt (am’eld), p. a. [Early mod. E. also
ammeled, ammelled, K ME. ameled, amiled : pp.
of amel, v.] Enameled.
Achilles' arms, enlightened all with stars,
And richly amell’d. Chapmam, Iliad, xvi. 123.
amelett, n., [K OF. amelette, mod, omelette: see
omelet.] A former spelling of omelet.
ameli, n. Plural of amelus.
amelia (a-mel’i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. --
géWog, a limb.] In teratol., absence of limbs.
See amelus.
ameliorable (3-mê'lyg-ra-bl), a. [K ML. as if
*ameliorabilis, K ameliorare: see ameliorate.]
Capable of being ameliorated.
ameliorate (a-měſlyg-rät), v.; pret, and pp.
ameliorated, ppr. ameliorating. [K M.L. amelio-
ratus, pp. of ameliorare (> OF. ameillorer, F.
améliorcr = Pr. amilorar = It, ammigliorare),
become better, improve, K L. ad, to, + L.L. me-
liorare, make better, meliorate: see meliorate.]
I. trans. To make better, or more tolerable,
satisfactory, prosperous, etc.; improve; melio-
rate.
* º * - -
amelioration (a-mê-lyg-rā’ shgn), n.
ameliorator (a-mé’lyg-rā-tor), n.
amelus (am'e-lus), n. ;
amen (ā’men"), v. t.
3.111011
In every human being there is a wish to a/meliorate his
own condition. Macaulay, Hist, Eng., iii.
Let it be sufficient that you have in some slight degree
ameliorated mankind, and do not think that annelioration
a matter of small importance.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 266.
=Syn. Amend, Improve, Better, etc. See amend.
II. intrams. To grow better; meliorate.
[Man] may have been temporarily driven out of the
country (southern England] by the returning cold periods,
but would find his way back as the climate ameliorated.
- Geikie, Geol. Sketches, p. 45.
[= F.
amelioration; from the verb.] 1. The act of
ameliorating, or the state of being ameliorated;
a making or becoming better; improvement;
melioration.
Remark the unceasing effort throughout mature at
somewhat better than the actual creatures: amelioration
in nature, which alone permits and authorizes ameliora-
tion in mankind. Emerson, Misc., p. 298.
The October politician is so full of charity and good-
nature, that he supposes that these very robbers and mur-
derers themselves are in course of amelioration.
Burke, A Regicide Peace.
2. A thing wherein improvement is realized;
an improvement. N. E. D.
The buildings, drains, enclosures, and other ameliora-
tions which they may either make or maintain, *
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (ed. 1869), p. 248.
ameliorative (3-mê'lyg-rá-tiy), a. [K amelio-
Tate + -ive..] Producing, or having a tendency
to produce, amelioration or amendment: as,
ameliorative medicines.
IK amelio-
rate + -or.] One who or that which amelio-
rates.
Our indefatigable naturalist [Darwin] says that this de-
spised earth-worm is nothing less than an ameliorator on
the surface of the globe. Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 399.
1. ameli (-lí). [NL., K
Gr. 3- priv. -- piéWog, a #. Cf. amelia.] In
teratol., a monster in which the limbs are en-
tirely wanting, or are replaced by wart-like
stumps. -
amen (ā’men’, in ritual speech often and in
singing always à"men"), adv. Or interj. and n.
[K ME. amen, AS. amen = D. G. Sw. Dan. amen
P. Sp. Pg. amen = It. amen, ammenne, K LL.
āmān, Gr. Öpińv, KHeb. &mén, firm, true, faithful;
as a noun, certainty, truth; as an adv., cer-
tainly, verily, surely, in affirmation or approval
of what has been said by another; K diman,
strengthen, support, confirm; cf. Ar. àmin,
trusted, confided in..] I. adv. or interj. 1.
Verily; truly: retained in the Bible from the
Original. -
All the promises of God in him [Christ] are yea, and in
him A^mem. 2 Cor. i. 20.
. . The reader may see great reason why we also say Amen,
Amen, and durst not translate it.
Rheims N. T., John viii. 34, note.
Amen, Amen, Isay to thee, Except a man be born again,
he cannot see the kingdom of God.
Rheim’s N. T., John iii.2.
2. It is so; after a prayer or wish, be it so: a
concluding formula used as a solemn expres–
sion of concurrence in a formal statement or
confession of faith, or in a prayer or wish.
I believe in the Holy Ghost; the holy Catholic Church;
the communion of Saints; the forgiveness of sins; the res-
surrection of the body; and the life everlasting. Amen.
- Apostles' Creed.
One cried “God bless us !” and “Amen,” the other. . . .
But wherefore could not I pronounce amen?
I had most need of blessing, and amen
Stuck in my throat. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 2.
3. A mere concluding formula.
• And Were continually in the temple, praising and bless-
ing God. Amen. uke xxiv. 53 (end of the book).
II. h; 1; He who is true and faithful: re-
tained in the Bible from the original, as a title
of Christ.
These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true wit-
Il CSS. - Rev. iii. 14.
2. An expression of concurrence or assent; an
assertion of belief.
False doctrine strangled by its own amen.
Mrs. Browning, Casa Guidi Windows, l, 119.
3. The concluding word or act; end; conclu-
SIOIl.
That such an act as this should be the amen of my life.
Bp. Hall, Contemplations, II. 95.
e [K amen, adv.] 1. To
ratify solemnly; say amen to; approve.
Is there a bishop on the bench that has not a mem'd the
humbug in his lawn sleeves, and called a blessing over the
kneeling pair of perjurers? Thackeray, Newcomes, lvii.
alºnell
2. To say the last word to ; end; finish.
This very evening have I amen'd the volume.
* > Southey, Letters (1812), II. 281.
[Rare in both uses.]
amenability (armé-na-bil’i-ti), n.
ble: see -bility..] Amenableness.
There was about him a high spirit and amenability to
the point of honor which years of a dog's life had not
broken. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 237.
amenable (3-mê'na-bl.), a. [Early mod. E.
also ameandble, amānāble, and corruptly ames-
nable, K F. as if *amenable, K amener, bring or
lead, fetch in or to: see amain? and -able.] 1.
Liable to make answer or defense; answerable;
accountable; responsible: said of persons.
The sovereign of this country is not amenable to any form
of trial known to the laws. Junius, Pref. to Letters.
We must hold a man amenable to reason for the choice
of his daily craft or profession. Emerson, Spiritual Laws.
2. Under subjection or subordination; liable
or exposed, as to authority, control, claim, or
application: said of persons or things: as, per-
sons or offenses amenable to the law; amenab
to criticism.
The same witness . . . is amenable to the same imputa-
tion of uncandid . . . quotation.
* E. Mellor, Priesthood, p. 312. (N. E. D.)
3. Disposed or ready to answer, yield, or sub-
mit, as to influence or advice; submissive.
IK amena-
}
Sterling . . always was amenable enough to counsel.
Carlyle.
amenableness (a-mê'na-bl-nes), n. The state
of being amenable; liability to answer; dispo-
sition to respond to; tractableness.
amenably (a-mê'na-bli), adv. In an amenable
Iſla DIleI’.
amenaget, v. t. [K OF. amenager, earlier ames-
nagier, govern, rule, order, K a (L. ad, to) +
menage, meSnage, F. ménage, household: see
7manage.] To bring into a state.of subordina-
tion; manage. -
- With her, whoso will raging Furor tame,
Must first begin, and well her amenage.
Spen&er, F. Q., TI. iv. 11.
amenancet, n. [KOF. amenance, conducting, K
amener, bring or lead to, conduct: see amenable
and a main?..] Mien or carriage; conduct; be-
havior.
With grave speech and comely amenance.
P. Fletcher, Purple Island, xi. 9.
amend (a-mend'), v. [K ME. amenden, K OF.
amender, correct, amend, better, recompense,
make amends for, mod. F. amender = Pr. emen-
dar = It. ammendare, K L. &mendáre, free from
fault, correct, Kē for ex, out of, -H menda or men-
dum, a fault, defect, blemish (in the body), a
fault, mistake, error (in writing, etc.), = Skt.
ºnindă, a personal defect, prob. connected with
L. minor, less: see minor, minish, etc. Abbr.
mend; doublet, emend, directly from the L.: see
*mend, emend..] I. trans. 1. To free from faults;
make better, or more correct or proper; change
for the better; correct; improve; reform.
Amend your ways and your doings, and I will cause you
to dwell in this place. Jer. vii. 3.
Thou hearest thy faults told thee, amend them, amend
them. Latimer, Sermon of the Plough.
It does not require much prescience to see that, whether
Tngland does so or not, the Americans will ere long adopt
an amended spelling.
J. A. H. Murray, 9th Ann. Addr. to Philol. Soc.
2. To make a change or changes in the form
of, as a bill or motion, or a constitution;
properly, to improve in expression or detail,
but by usage to alter either in construction,
purport, or principle.—3. To repair; mend.
[Now rare.]—4t. To heal or recover (the sick);
cure (a disease). = Syn. Amend, Improve, Better,
I'mend, Mend, Correct, Rectify, Reform, Ameliorate.
Amend is generally to bring into a more perfect state by
the removal of defects: as, to amend a record or one's
manner of life. Improve and better are the only words
in the list that do not necessarily imply something previ-
ously wrong; they may mean the heightening of excel-
lence: as, to improve land or one's penmanship. Better
is also used in the sense of surpass. Correct and rectify
are, by derivation, to make right; they are the most abso-
lute, as denoting the bringing of a thing from an imper-
fect state into conformity with some standard or rule :
as, to correct proof; to rectify an error in accounts. To
mend is to repair or restore that which has become im-
paired: as, to mend a shoe, a bridge, etc. Applied to things
other than physical, it may be equivalent to amend; as,
to mend one's manners. Emend has especially the lim-
ited meaning of restoring or attempting to restore the
text of books. Reform is to form over again for the bet-
ter, either by returning the thing to its previous state or
by bringing it up to a new one; or it may be to remove
by reform: as, to reform the laws; to reform abuses.
Ameliorate is not commonly applied to persons and things,
but to condition and kindred abstractions; it expresses
painstaking effort, followed by some measure of Success:
as, to ameliorate the condition of the poor.
173
She begged him forthwith to amend
sake of his name and fame. -
Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 386.
The weeds of a field, which if destroyed and consumed
upon the place where they grow, enrich and improve it
more than if none had ever sprung there. Swift.
Striving to better, oft we mar what's well.
4. Shak., Lear, i. 4.
The villainy you teach me I will execute, and it shall go
hard but I will better the instructions.
- hak., M. of W., iii. 1.
The text should be emended so as to read “tetragonus
sine vituperio,” a square without a fault, which I have no
doubt may be found in some Latin Aristotle.
N. and Q., 7th ser., I. 65.
He that lacks time to mourn lacks time to mend;
Eternity mourns that,
Sir H. Taylor, Philip Van Artevelde, I., i. 4.
There are certain defects of taste which correct them-
selves by their own extravagance.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 401.
Reform'd my will, and rectify'd my thought.
Sir J. Davies, Introd. to Immortal. of Soul.
Some men, from a false persuasion that they cannot re-
Jorm their lives and root out their old vicious habits,
Inever so much as attempt, endeavour, or go about it.
Sowth.
It is a cheering thought throughout life, that something
can be done to ameliorate the condition of those who have
been subject to the hard usages of the world.
Dincoln, in Raymond, p. 470.
II. intrans. 1. To grow or become better by
reformation, or by rectifying something wrong
in manners or morals.
Anything that's mended is but patched : virtue that
transgresses is but patched with sin; and sin that amends
is but patched with virtue. Shak., T. N., i. 5.
2. To become better (in health); recover from
illness. *
Then enquired he of them the hour when he began to
... amend. And they said unto him, Yesterday at the sev-
enth hour the fever left him. John iv. 52.
amend (a-mend'), n. [Sing. of amends, g. v.]
Compensation: generally used in the plural.
See amends.
And so to Finland's sorrow
The sweet amend is made.
Whittier, Conquest of Finland.
amendable (a-men'da-bl), a. [K ME. amend-
his ways, for the
terms of a motion under discussion.
amends (3-mendz'), m. pl. and sing.
amene (a-mên"), a.
ament
- * Any such al-
teration is termed an amendment, even when its effect is
entirely to reverse the sense of the original bill or mo-
tion.
4. An alteration of a legislative or deliberative
act or in a constitution; a change made in a
law, either by way of correction or addition.
Amendments to the Constitution of the United States may
be proposed by a majority of two thirds of both houses of
Congress, or by a convention summoned by Congress on
the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the
States, and enacted by their ratification by the legisla-
tures of three fourths of the States, or by conventions in
three fourths of them, as Congress may determine.
5. In law, the correction of an error in a writ,
record, or other judicial document.—6+. Com-
pensation; reparation. Chaucer, Reeve's Tale.
=Syn. 1. Emendation, betterment.—2. Reform, etc. See
Teformation.
amendment-monger (a-mend’ ment-mung”-
gér), m. One who makes a business of suggest-
ing and urging constitutional amendments: a
term especially applied in United States history
to the Anti-Federalists.
[K ME.
amendes, amendis, usually pl., KOF. amendes,
pl. of amende, a penalty, a fine, mulet, mod. F.
amende (ML. amenda), Kamender: see amend,
v.] 1. Compensation for a loss or injury;
recompense ; satisfaction; equivalent.
Yet, thus far fortune maketh us amends,
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 7.
Finding amends for want and obscurity in books and
thoughts. JEmersom, Burns.
2#. Recovery of health; amendment.
Now, Lord be thanked for my good amends !
Shak., T. of the S., Ind., 2.
amendsfulf (a-mendz'fül), a... [Kamends +-ful.]
Making amends; giving satisfaction. Chap-
77! (! ??.
[KME. amene, KOF. *amene
(in adv. amenement), K. L. amoenue, pleasant,
connected with amare, love: see amiable, amor,
amour.] Pleasant; agreeable. [Rare.]
The amene delta of the lovely Niger.
R. F. Burton, Abbeokuta, I. i.
able, K OF. amendable, K L. &mendábilis, Kemen- amenity (a-menſi-ti), n. ; pl. amenities (-tiz).
dare, correct: see amend, v., and cf. emendable.]
Capable of being amended or corrected: as, an
amendable writ or error.
amendatory (a-men'da-tº-ri), a. [Kamend +
-at-ory, like emendatory, K L.L. emendatorius,
corrective.] Supplying or containing amend-
ment; corrective.
I presume this is an omission by mere oversight, and I
recommend that it be supplied by an amendatory or Sup-
plemental act. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 184.
amende (a-mend’; F. pron. a-moid’), m. [F.,
a fine, a penalty, amends: see amends.] 1. A
pecuniary punishment or fine.—2. A recanta-
tion or reparation.—Amende honorable, in anc.
French law, a public confession and apology made, under
certain humiliating conditions, by persons convicted of
offenses against law, morality, or religion. It is thus de-
fined by Cotgrave: “A most ignominious punishment in-
flicted upon an extream offender, who must go through
the streets barefoot and bareheaded (with a burning link
in his hand) unto the seat of justice, or some such publick
place, and there confess his offence, and ask forgiveness of
the party he hath wronged.” It was abolished in 1791, re-
introduced in cases of sacrilege in 1826, and finally abro-
gated in 1830. The phrase now signifies any open apology
and reparation to an injured person for improper language
Or treatment.
She was condemned to make the amende homorable, that
is, to confess her delinquency, at the end of a public re-
ligious procession, with a lighted taper in her hand, and
to be imprisoned during the pleasure of the King of France.
Miss Strickland, Queens of Eng., Henrietta Maria.
amender (a-men’dér), m. One who amends.
We find this digester of codes, amender of laws, . . .
permitting . . . One of the most atrocious acts of oppres-
Sion. Browgham.
amendfulf (a-mendºfül), a. [Kamend + ful.]
Full of amendment or improvement.
Your most amendful and unmatched fortunes.
Fletcher (and others), Bloody Brother, iii. 1.
amendment (a-mend’ment), n. IK ME. amende-
ment, KOF. amendement, Kamender: see amend, v.,
and -ment.] 1. The act of freeing from faults;
the act of making better, or of changing for the
better; correction; improvement; reformation:
as, “amendment of life,” Booker.
Her works are so perfect that there is no place for
amendments. Ivay, Creation.
2. The act of becoming better, or the state of
having become better; specifically, recovery
of health.
Your honour's players, hearing your amendment,
, Are come to play a pleasant comedy.
Shak., T. of the S., Ind. 2.
3. In deliberative assemblies, an alteration pro-
posed to be made in the draft of a bill, or in the
ament (am’ent), n.
[K F. amérité, K.L. amanita(t)s, K amoenus, pleas-
ant: see amene.] 1. The quality of being
pleasant or agreeable in situation, prospect,
climate, temper, disposition, manners, etc.;
pleasantness; pleasingness; an affable manner.
After . . . discovering places which were so full of
amenity that melancholy itself could not but change its
humor as it gazed, the followers of Calvin planted them-
selves on the banks of the river May.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 55.
Roman childishness seems to me so intuitively connected
with Roman amenity, urbanity, and general gracefulness,
that, for myself, I should be sorry to lay a tax on it, lest
these other commodities should also cease to come to
market. H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 115.
2. That which is agreeable or pleasing.
The suburbs are large, the prospects sweete, with other
amenities, not omitting the flower gardens.
Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 17, 1671.
Amenity damages, in Great Britain, damages given for
the defacement of grounds, especially around dwelling-
houses, or for annoyance or loss of amenity, caused by the
building of a railway, construction of public works, etc.
amenorrhea, amenorrhoea (a-men-Ö-ré'â), m.
[NL. amenorrhaea, K. Gr. 3- priv. -- fifty, month
(pl. plineg, menses), + bota, a flow, K beiv, flow.]
A suppression of menses, especially from other
causes than age or pregnancy.
amenorrheal, amenorrhoeal (a-men-Ö-ré'al),
a. Pertaining to or produced by amenorrhea:
as, amenorrheal insanity.
amenorrheic, amenorrhoeic (a-men-Ö-ré'ik),
a. [Kamemorrhea..] Same as a memorrheal.
a mensa et thoro (à men'sä et tho’rö). [L. : á
for ab, from; mensa, abl. of mensa, table; et, and;
thoro, abl. of thorus (prop.
torus), bed: see torus.]
From board and bed: in
law, a phrase descriptive of
a kind of divorce in which
the husband continues to
maintain the wife, and the
marriage-bond is not dis-
solved: now superseded
by a decree of judicial
separation.
[K L.
amentum, a strap or thong,
esp. on missile weapons;
also, rarely, a shoe-string;
KOL. apere, bind, fasten,
2 L. aptus, apt: see apt.]
In bot., a kind of inflorescence consisting of
unisexual apetalous flowers growing in the
Alments.
Willow (Salix fragilis),
with separate flowers, male
(upper figure) and female
(lower figure).

ament
axils of scales or bracts ranged along a stalk
or axis; a gatkin. . The true ament or catkin is artic.
ulated with the branch and is deciduous; it is well seen
in the inflorescence of the birch, willow, and poplar, and
in the staminate inflorescence of the oak, walnut, and
hazel. Also Written amentwºm.
amenta, n. Plural of amentum.
Amentaceae (am-en-tä'sé-é), n. pl. [NL., K. L.
amentum : see ament and -aceae.] A general
term for plants whose flowers are arranged in
an ament or catkin, formerly considered, under
Various limitations, as forming a natural group,
but separated by later botanists into several dif-
ferent families, as Salicaceae, Myricaceae, Betu-
laceae, Fagaceae, etc.
amentaceous (am-en-tä’snius), a. [KNL. amen-
taceus: See ament and -aceous.] In bot, : (a)
Consisting of or resembling an ament: as, an
amentacCous inflorescence. (b) Bearing aments:
as, amentaceous plants.
amental (a-mental), a. [Kament + -al.] Per-
taining to or having aments or catkins.
amentia (a-men'shiá), m. [L., want of reason,
Kamen (t-)s, out of one’s mind, Čáfor ab, from, +
amen (t-)s, mind: see mental. Cf. dementia.] im-
becility of mind; idiocy or dotage. Formerly
Sometimes called amenty.
amentiferous (am-en-tif’e-rus), a... [K L. amen-
tum (see ament) + ferre = E. bearl.] Bearing
catkins. N. E. D.
amentiform (a-men’ti-fôrm), a. [K L. amen-
tum (see ament) + forma, form.] In the form
of an ament or catkin.
amentum (a-men’tum), m.; pl. amenta (-tä).
[L. : See ament.] 1. Same as ament.—2. An-
ciently, a strap secured to the shaft of a javelin,
to aid the thrower in giving it force and aim.
amentył (a-men (ti), n. See amentia.
amenusef, v. The earlier form of aminish.
amerce (à-mêrs’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. amerced,
ppr. amercing. [K ME. amercen, amercien, KAF.
amercier, fine, mulet, first as pp. in the phrase
estre amercie, which is due to the earlier phrase
estre a merci, be at the mercy of, i. e., as to
the amount of the fine: see mercy.] 1. To
punish by an arbitrary or discretionary fine:
as, the court amerced the defendant in the sum
of $100. -
But I'll amerce you with so strong a fine,
That you shall all repent the loss of mine.
Shak., R. and J., iii. 1.
2. To punish by inflicting a penalty of any
kind, as by depriving of some right or privilege,
or entailing some loss upon.
Millions of spirits for his fault a merced
Of heaven. Milton, P. L., i. 609.
Shall be by him amearst with penance dew.
g
Spenser, Sonnets, lxx.
a merceable (a-mér'sa-bl), a. [Kamerce + -able.]
Liable to amercement. Also written a mercia-
ble.
a mercement (a-mèrs’ ment), m. [KME. amerce-
ment, amersement, amerciment, KAF. amerci-
ment, amerchiement (> ML. amerciamentum, X E.
amerciament), Kamercier, a merce : see amerce.]
1. The act of a mercing, or the state of being
amerced.—2. In law, a pecuniary penalty in-
flicted on an offender at the discretion of the
Court. It differs from a fine, in that the latter is, or was
originally, a fixed and certain sum prescribed by statute
for an offense, while an amercement is arbitrary. The
fixing or assessment of the amount of an amercement
is called affeerment.
They likewise laid a mercements of seventy, fifty, or
thirty pounds of tobacco, as the cause was, on every law
case throughout the country. Beverley, Virginia, i. 93.
[He] mute in misery, eyed my masters here
Motionless till the authoritative word
Pronounced a mercement.
Americanist (a-mer’i-kan-ist
174
American citizen.—American alcormoque, leather,
organ, etc. Seethenouns-American aloé. See Agave,
- érican bowls. Same as ninepins.—American In-
dians. See Indian.—American party, in U. S. hist, a
political party which came into prominence in 1853. its
fundamental principle was that the government of the
country should be in the hands of native citizens. At first
it was organized as a secret, oath-bound fraternity; and
from their professions of ignorance in regard to it, its
members received the name of Know-nothings. Ignor-
ing the slavery question, it gained control of the govern-
ments of several Northern and Southern States in 1854 and
1855, and nominated a presidential ticket in 1856; but it
disappeared about 1859, its Northern adherents º
Republicans, while most of its Southern members joine
the short-lived Constitutional Union party. An antima-
sonic party of the same name appeared in 1875, but gained
very few votes. See Native American party, below.
It appeared in this, as in most other Free States, that
the decline or dissolution of the American, or Tillmore
§ imured mainly to the benefit of the triumphan
emocracy. E1. Greeley, Amer. Conflict, I. 300.
American º: the method of hotel management com-
mon in the United States, which is based upon the pay-
ment by guests of a fixed sum per diem covering all ordi-
nary charges for room, food, and attendance. See Euro-
pean plan, under European-American system, a
name originally used for the economic policy of imposing
protective duties with the design of diversifying the in-
dustries of the United States, thus creating a home
market which should render the producer independent
of foreign markets.—Native American party, in U. S.
hist., an organization based on hostility to the participa-
tion of foreign immigrants in American politics, and to
the Roman Catholic Church, formed about 1842. In 1844
it carried the city elections of New York and Philadel-
phia, and elected a number of Congressmen. It gained
no further successes, and disappeared within a few years,
after occasioning destructive riots against Roman Cath-
olics in Philadelphia and other places.
II. m. A native oran inhabitant of the western
hemisphere, or, º of North America:
Originally applied to the aboriginal races dis-
covered by the Europeans, but now also to the
descendants of Europeans born in America,
and, in the most restricted or popular sense,
[K Ameri-
can + -ism.] 1. Devotion to or preference for
the United States and their institutions; prefer-
ence for whatever is American in this sense;
the exhibition of such preference.—2. The con-
dition of being a citizen of the United States.
Great-grandfathers of those living Americans, whose
Americanism did not begin within the last half century.
The Century, XXVII. 678.
3. A custom, trait, or thing peculiar to Amer-
ica or Americans; in general, any distinctive
characteristic of American life, thought, litera-
ture, etc.
I hate this shallow Americanism which hopes to get
rich by credit, to get knowledge by raps on midnight
tables, to learn the economy of the mind by phrenology,
or skill without study. Emerson, Success.
4. A word, a phrase, or an idiom of the Eng-
lish language which is now peculiar to or has
Originated in the United States.
Many so-called Americanism.8 are good old English.
Davies, Sup. Eng. Gloss.
), n. IK American
+ -ist; = F. Américaniste = Šp. Pg. America-
mista.] One devoted to the study of subjects
specially relating to America.
As distinguished from an American, an Americanist is
a person of any nation who prominently interests himself
in the study of subjects relating to America. -
The Americam, VII. 6.
%to the citizens of the United States.
Americanism (a-mer’i-kan-izm), n.
Americanization (a-mer’i-kan-i-ză'sh9n), n.
[K Americanize + -ātion.] The act or process
of Americanizing, or of being Americanized.
It has come to be the custom to characterize as an
Americanization the dreaded overgrowth and permeation
by realism of European civilization, and the rapidly grow-
ing preponderance of manufacturing industry.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 395.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 235. Americanize (3-mer’i-kan-iz), v. t. ; pret, and
Also written a mercia'ment.
Amercement royal, in Great Britain, a penalty imposed
on an officer for a misdemeanor in his office.
a mercer (3-mér’sér), n. One who amerces.
amerciable (3-mér'si-a-bl.), a. Same as amerce-
able.
amerciament (a-mér'si-8-mºnt), n. Same as
*amercement.
American (a-mer’i-kan), a. and m. [= F.
Américain =Sp. Pg. It. Americano = D. Ameri-
Kaan, n., Amerikaansch, a., - G. Amerikaner, n.,
Amerikanisch, a., + Dan. Amerikaner, n., Ameri-
kansk, a., - Sw. Amerikan, n., Amerikamsk, a.,
K NL. Americanus, K America, so named from
Americus Vesputius, Latinized form of Amérigo
Vespucci.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to the western
Hemisphere; belonging to or situated in either
North or South America: as, the Amazon and
other American rivers.-2. In a more restricted
sense, pertaining to the United States; as, an
àmeristic (am-e-ristik), a.
pp. Americanized, ppr. Americanizing. [KAmeri-
can + -ize.] 1. To render American in char-
acter; assimilate to the customs and institu-
tions of the United States.
It is notorious that, in the United States, the descen-
dants of the immigrant Irish lose their Celtic aspect, and
become Americanized. EI. Spencer, Prin, of Biol., § 82.
The line of argument has been adopted by the right
honourable gentleman opposite with regard to what he
terms americanizing the institutions of the country.
Gladstone.
2. To naturalize in the United States. [Rare.]
Americomania (3-mer’i-kö-mā‘mi-á), n.
America -H mania.] A craze for whatever is
American. [Rare.]
Their Americomamia, he seems to consider a criminal
heresy. Monthly Rev., XXVII. 527. (N. E. D.)
[K Gr. 6- priv. --
peptotóg, divided, divisible, yerbal adj. of pept-
Četv, divide, K Lépoc, a part.] In 206l., not di-
ameSt, *.
ameS-acet, 7.
almeSSł, 7. º
Āmetabola (am-e-tabºº-lâ), m. pl.
ametabolic (a-met-a-bol'ik), a.
ametabolous (am-e-tab'ê-lus), a.
ametallous (a-met/al-us), a.
amethodical (am-e-thod’i-kal), a.
a met
amethystine (am-à-this ‘tin), a.
ametrometer (am-e-trom’e-têr), n.
ametrometer
yided into parts; unsegmented: distinguished
both from eumeristic and dysmeristic: as, “am-
eristic flukes,” E. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit.,
Same as a mice.
See ambes-ace.
Same as a mice.
[NL., K. Gr.
ăuerágoźog, unchangeable: see ametabolouš.] In
206l., insects which do not undergo metamor-
F. In Macleay's system of classification, a term
orrowed from W. E. Leach to designate a subclass of In-
secta by which the myriapodous, thysanurous, and anoplu-
rous “insects” should be collectively contrasted with the
true insects, which undergo metamorphosis... Myriapods
being excluded from the class Insecta, and lice being lo-
cated with insects that are not thoroughly ametabolous,
Ametabola is by some authors restricted to the collem-
bolous and thysanurous insects. The term is correlated
with Hemimetabola and with Metabola.
M'Leay has formed them [Myriapoda) into two orders,
Chilopoda and Chilognatha, raising them, together with
the two other orders, Thysanura and Anoplura (or Para-
sita, Latr.), and certain annulated vermes, into a distinct
class, to which he applied the name of Ametabola, which
i.each had roposed only for the spring-tailed insects and
lice. J. O. Westwood, in Cuvier's Règne Animal (trans.),
[1849, p. 483.
ametabolian (a-met-a-bó'li-am), a. and n. I.
a. In 206l., relating or pertaining to the Ame-
tabola.
II. m. One of the Ametabola.
º [K Gr. Öpletá-
Božog, unchangeable (see ametabolows); or # -18
+ metabolic.] Not subject to metamorphosis.
Applied to those insects, such as lice, which do not pos-
sess wings when perfect, and which do not, therefore, pass
through any Well-marked metamorphosis. -
[K Gr. Öple-
Táſłożog, unchangeable, K &- priv. H. MetafféWoç,
changeable: see Metabola.] Ametabolic; not
subject to metamorphosis.
In the series of a metabolow8 insects there are some with
masticatory, others with suctorial, mouths.
- Huailey, Anat. Invert., p. 365.
[K Gr. 6- priv. 4-
piéražňov, mine (taken as ‘metal’; see metal),
+ -0us.] Non-metallic. N. E. D. [Rare.]
[K Gr. 6-
riv. (a-18) + methodical, q. v. Cf. Gr. Öué-
oôog, without method.] timethodical; irreg-
ular; without order. Bailey. [Rare.]
hodist: (a-meth’5-dist), n. [K Gr. 6- priv.
$.” + methodist, q.v.; or directly K Gr. º:
oôog, without method (K 3-, priv. -- pièffodoc,
method), + -ist.] One, especially a physician,
who follows no regular method; a quack: as,
“empiricall amethodists,” Whitlock, Manners of
English, p. 89.
*methyst (am’é-thist), n.
[Early mod. E. ame-
thist, amitist, amatist (also amates, amatites), K
ME. amatist, ametist, -iste, K OF. amatiste, ame-
tiste, mod. F. améthyste = Pr: amethysta = Sp.
amatista, ametista, -to H. Pg. amethysta, ame-
tista, -to-It. amatista = D. ametist, -thist, -thyst
= G. amethyst = Sw. ametist = Dan. ametyst, K
L. amethystus, K. Gr. àpiéflvorog, the precious
stone amethyst, also the name of a plant, both
so called because supposed to be remedial
against drunkenness, Käſléðvoroc, adjº, not drunk-
en, K &-priv. -- “Heffvotóg, verbal adj. of pºeffiew,
be drunken, K pléðv, strong drink, - E. meadl, q.
v.] 1. A violet-blue or purple variety of quartz,
the color being perhaps due to the presence of
peroxid of iron. It generally occurs crystallized in
six-sided prisms or pyramids; also in rolled fragments,
composed of imperfect prismatic crystals. Its fracture is
conchoidal or splintery. It is wrought into various articles
of jewelry. The finest amethysts come from India, Ceylon,
and Brazil.
2. In her., the color purple when described in
blazoning a nobleman's escutcheon, . See tinc-
ture.—3. The name of a humming-bird, Calli-
hloa amethystina.-Oriental amethyst, a rare vio-
et-colored gem, a variety of alumina or corumdum, of ex-
traordinary brilliancy and beauty; amethystine Sapphire.
L. ame-
thystimus, K Gr, duetºottvog, K apé0votog, ame-
thyst; see amethyst.] 1. Pertaining to or re-
sembling amethyst; of the color of amethyst;
purple; violet. Anciently applied to a garment of the
color of amethyst, as distinguished from the Tyrian and
hyacinthine purple.
Trembling water-drops,
That glimmer with an amethystime light.
ryant, Winter Piece.
2. Composed of a methyst: as, an amethystine
Cup.
[K Gr.
º irregular (Ká-priv. H. pièTpov, measure),
pºtpov, measure.] An instrument used in
the diagnosis of ametropia, consisting of two
lamps arranged upon a bar, and capable of
ametrometer
adjustment to test the degree of refraction in
the patient's sight.
ametropia (am-e-trö’pi-á), n. [NL., KGr. dge-
Tpog, irregular, F Ölp (Ötr–), eye.] A condition
of the eye which is abnormal with respect to
refraction: the opposite of emmetropia. It com-
prises myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia, and
astigmatism. See these words,
ametropic (am-e-trop'ik), a. Pertaining to or
produced by ametropia.
ametrous (a-mê'trus), a. [K Gr. 3- priv. H.
piñrpa, uterus: see matria..] teratol., without
a uterus. Sud. Soc. Lea.
amevet, v. Same as amove!.
amgarn (am'gärn), n. [W. amgarn, a ferrule.]
In archaeol., a kind of celt * to have
served as the ferrule of a *. aft. Such celts
commonly have a loop on one side, and in some instances
a ring has been found passing through the loop.
Amharic (am-har'ik), n. [K Amhara, the cen-
tral division of Abyssinia.] The modern culti-
vated language of Abyssinia.
Amharic . . . has been since A. D. 1300 the language
of the Court and Nobles [of Abyssinia].
R. N. Cust, Mod. Langs, of Africa, p. 88.
Amherstia (am-hérs’ti-á), n. [NL., named in
honor of Countess Amherst, a zealous promoter
of botany.]. A leguminous arboreous genus of
Burmese plants, of a single species, A. mobilis,
with very large flowers, bright vermilion spot-
ted with yellow, in long pendulous racemes.
The flowers are considered sacred, and are laid as an
offering before the shrines of Buddha. y ſº
a (am’i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. Öpita, a kind of
tunny (see def.); applied by Linnaeus to an
American genus? 1. A genus of ganoid fishes,
typical of the family Amiidae, Amia calva being
the only extant Species. It inhabits the freshwaters
of North America, and is known as the bowfin, dogfish,
mudfish, lawyer, brindle, grindle, and John A. Grindle.
The fish known as amia to the ancients was a very differ-
ent one. Also called Amiatus. See cut under Amiidae.
2. A genus of acanthopterygian fishes: synony-
mous with Apogon. }.
*ility (ā’mi-a-bil’i-ti), n., [Kamiable: see
-bility. Cf. OF. amiablete.] 1. The quality of
loeing amiable; excellence of disposition; amia-
bleness.
Suetonius mentions, as an instance of the amiability of
Titus, that he was accustomed to jest with the people
during the combats of the gladiators.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 304.
2. Lovableness; amability. N. E. D.
amiable (āºmia bij, a. [KME. amiable, amyable,
aimiable, KOF, aimiable, amiable, amiaule, ami-
able, lovely, friendly, K LL. amicabilis (> E.
amicable), friendly, K.L. amicare, make friendly,
Kamicus, a friend, prop. an adj., friendly, loving,
Kamare, love: see amor, amour, etc. The sense
“lovable, lovely’ is due to a confusion with F.
aimable, O.F. amable, K L. amabilis, lovable, love-
ly, K amare, as above..] 1. Friendly; kindly;
amicable.
Tay an amiable siege to the honesty of this Ford's wife.
Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 2.
That foreign eccentricity to which their nation is so
amiable. Howells, A Foregone Conclusion, p. 72.
2. Exciting or tending to excite love or delight;
lovable; lovely; beautiful; delightful; pleas-
Ing.
Row amiable are thy tabernacles, O Lord. Ps. lxxxiv. 1.
No company can be more amiable than that of men of
sense who are soldiers. Steele, Spectator, No. 152.
I found my wife and daughter well, the latter grown
quite a woman, with many amiable accomplishments ac-
quired in my absence. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 314.
3. Specifically, possessing or exhibiting agree-
able moral qualities, as sweetness of temper,
kind-heartedness, and the like; having an ex-
cellent disposition: as, an amiable girl; an ami-
able disposition.
This [word] and “lovely” have been sofar differentiated
that amiable never expresses now any other than moral
loveliness; which in “lovely” is seldom or never implied.
bp. Trench.
He is so amiable that you will love him, if ever you be-
come acquainted with him.
Jefferson, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., II. 353.
His [Fox's] private friends . . . maintained that . . . if
he was misled, -he was misled by amiable feelings, by a
desire to serve his friends and by anxious tenderness for
his children. Macawlay, Lord Holland.
= sº Engaging, benignant, sweet-tempered, kind-heart-
ed, lovely in character.
amiableness (ā’mi-a-bl-nes), n. The quality
of being amiable; loveliness; amiability. .
amiably (āºmiºhú), adv. 1. In an amiable
manner; in a manner to excite or attract love.
lºgº. Pieasingly; delightfully. TRare.j
The palaces rise so amiably.
Sir T. Herbert, Travels, p. 129.
175
They [the parables] are amiably perspicuous, vigorous,
and bright. § §. Classics, I. 380.
Amiadae (a-mi'ā-dé), n. pl. Same as Amiidae.
amiant, amianth (am’i-ant, -anth), n. [Prop.
amiant, KME. amyaunt, KOF. *amiante, i.
F. amiante, K. L. amiamtus, K. Gr. Öpitavrog: see
amiantus.] Same as amiantus.
amiantiform, amianthiform (am-i-an’ti-, -thi-
förm), a. & Si. amiantus, -thus, + L. forma,
form.] Having the form or likeness of ami-
antus.
amiantine, amianthine (am-i-antin, -thin), a.
[K amiant, -anth, + -ine1.] Relating to or of
the nature of amiantus.
amiantoid, amianthoid (am-i-an’toid, -thoid),
a. [Kamiant, -anth, + -oid.] Resembling ami-
antus in form.
amiantoidal, amianthoidal (am’i-an-toi’-,
-thoi' dal), a. [Kamiantoid + -al.] Same as
amiamtoid.
amiantus, amianthus (am-i-an’tus, -thus), n.
[The form amianthus is recent and erroneous,
simulating Gr. &v6og, a flower (cf. amaranth);
L., amiantus, KGr. Guiavroſ, undefiled, unsoiled;
ô àpitavrog Žíðog, a greenish stone like asbestos
(Dioscorides); Kä- priv. -- patavrág, stained, de-
filed, verbal adj. of putatuetv, stain, defile: see
miasm.] 1. Flexible asbestos, earth-flax, or
mountain-flax; a mineral somewhat resem-
bling flax, and usually grayish- or greenish-
White in color. It is composed of delicate filaments,
very flexible and somewhat elastic, often long and resem-
bling threads of silk. It is incombustible, and has been
wrought into cloth and paper with the aid of flax, which is
afterward removed by a red heat. It is also employed for
lamp-wicks and for filling gas-grates, the fibers remain-
ing red-hot without being consumed. It is a finer form
of the variety of hornblende called asbestos (which See).
The name is also sometimes extended to include the Soft,
silky, and inelastic form of serpentine called chrysotile.
Much amber full of insects, and divers things of woven
amianthwa. levelyn, Diary, March 23, 1646.
Serpentine . . . also delicately fibrous, and then called
amianthus or chrysotile.
Dana, Manual of Geol. (ed. 1862), p. 61.
Hence—2. Thread or fabrics made from the
mineral amiantus.
Also sometimes called amiant, amianth.
Amiatus (am-i-ā’tus), n. Same as Amia, 1.
amicability (am’i-ka-bil’i-ti), n. [Kamicable:
see -bility, and cf. amiability.] The quality of
being amicable; amicableness.
amicable (am’i-ka-bl), a. [K L. amicabilis,
friendly; whence also OF. aimiable, > E. ami-
able, q. v.] Characterized by or exhibiting
friendliness, peaceableness, or harmony; friend-
ly; peaceable; harmonious in social or other
relations.
Plato and Tully, it should seem, thought truth could
never be examined with more advantage than amidst the
amicable opposition of well-regulated converse.
Sir T. Fitz-Osborne, Letters.
By amicable collisions they have worn down their as-
perities and sharp angles.
Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 54.
Amicable action, in law, an action commenced and
prosecuted according to a mutual understanding, for the
purpose of obtaining a decision of the courts on some
matter of law.—Amicable compounder. See com:
pownder.—Amicable numbers, in arith., any pair of
numbers each of which is equal to the sum of the ali-
quot parts of the other, that is, is equal to the sum of all
the numbers which will divide the other without remain-
der: as, 284 (1+2+4+5+10+11+20 + 22+44 +55-H 110
[the aliquot parts of 220]=284) and 220 (1 + 2 + 4+ 71--142
[the aliquot parts of 284]= 220). The next higher pair of
amicable numbers is 17,296 and 18,416. =Syn. Amicable,
Friendly, kind, neighborly, cordial. Amicable is often so
weak as to be almost negative; friendly is positive. Ami-
cable simply notes freedom from hard feeling, disagree-
ment, or quarrel; hence we speak of an amicable action
at law, amicable relations between families and between
states. Friendly implies a degree of active interest. All
nations should be on amicable terms; few are enough alike
to be really friendly. Amicable also implies close relation
or contact; friendly feelings may exist toward those of
whom We have only heard.
Enter each mild, each amicable guest.
Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, l. 301.
It is in the time of trouble . . . that the warmth of the
jºriendly heart and the support of the friendly hand ac-
quire increased value and demand additional gratitude.
Bp. Mant.
amicableness (am’i-ka-bl-nes), m. [K amicable
+ -ness.] The quality of being amicable,
#. friendly, or disposed to peace; a
isposition to preserve peace and friendship;
friendliness. -
Give not over your amicableness for that; their policie
is no warrant against your dutie.
J. Saltmarsh, Smoke in the Temple (1646), p. 54.
amicably (am’i-ka-bli), adv. In an amicable
or friendly manner; with harmony; without
controversy.
amid
I could wish to see the disturbances of Europe once
more amicably adjusted.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, lxxxv.
amicalf (am’i-kal), a. [= F. amical, K.L. amicalis
(post-classical), friendly, Kamicus, friend: See
amiable.] Friendly; amicable.
An amical call to repentance.
W. Watson, in Athen. Oxon., iii.
a micel (am'is), n. [Early mod. E. amice, amyce,
amis, ames, amisse, amys, amysse, ame&se, K ME.
amyse, an altered form (perhaps by confusion
with amisse, E. amice2) of earlier amyt, E.
amiti, KOF. amit, mod. F. amict- Sp. amito =
Pg. amicto = It. amitto, ammitto, amice, K. L.
amictus, a mantle, cloak, MT. an amice, lit. that
which is thrown or wrapped around one, Kami-
cire, pp. amictus, throw around, wrap around,
Kam-, ambi-, around, +jacere, throw: See jetl.]
1+. A loose wrap or cloak.
A palmer's amice wrapped him round,
With a wrought Spanish baldrick bound.
Scott, L. of the L. M., ii. 19.
2. In the Rom. Cath. Ch. and in many Angli-
can churches, an oblong piece of linen, large
enough to cover the shoulders, worn with the
upper edge fastened round the neck, under the
alb, whenever the
latter vestment is
used. Formerly it
was drawn over the
head until the more
solemn parts of the
mass were reached,
When it was turned
down ; this custom is
still partially observed
by friars not wearing
the clerical cap or bi-
retta. It is usually
embroidered with a large cross, and formerly had an ap-
parel of Orphrey-work, which on being turned down served
as an ornamental collar. It symbolizes the helmet of sal-
vation. See amictus.
Also written amict.
amice? (am'is), n. [Early mod. E. amice, amise,
amis, ameSS, ames, amys, amos, ammes, ammas,
etc., and (after ML., Sp., etc.) almuce, K MIE.
amisse, KOF. awmusse, mod. F.
awmuce, awmusse = Pr. almussa . (~
ſº §
: ;
= Sp. almucio= Pg. mursa=It. §
W º
§
I, Amice around the neck.
2, Amice worn as a hood.
almussia, almucia, almicia, al-
nuSSum, almwtia, almutium, ar-
mutia, a cape, hood, amice; cf.
dim. Pr. almucela = OPg. al-
mucella, almocella = Sp. almo- |
cela, OSp. almucella, almogala,
with diff. term. OF. aumweette
= Sp. muceta = It. mozzetta;
also (K. M.L. almutia, armutia) || ||
in Teut. : OHG. almuz, armuz, -
MHG. mutze, mitze, G. mitze,
OD. almutse, amwise, mutse, D.
'muts, Sc. mutch, a cap, hood:
see mutch. The ult. origin is W
doubtful; al- may be the Ar. ar- jº
ticle. For the different senses,
cf. cap!, capel, cope1, ult. of the
same origin..] . A furred hood
having long ends hanging down
the front of the dress, something like the stole,
worn by the clergy from the thirteenth to the
fifteenth century for warmth when officiating
in the church during inclement weather. It is
still carried, thrown over the left arm, as a part of the
ceremonial costume by the canons of certain cathedral
churches in the north of France. The hood has become a
pocket for the breviary. Also written almwce, awinuce.
amict (am’ikt), n. Same as a micel.
amictus (a-mik’tus), m.; pl. amictus. [L. : see
amicel.] 1. In Rom. antiq., any upper garment,
such as a mantle or cloak: a general term, in-
cluding the toga and all garments other than
those worn next to the body.—2. Eccles., the
name given on the continent of Europe and
sometimes in England to the amice. See am-
icel, 2.—3. [cap.] In 200l., a genus of dipter-
ous insects.
amicus curiae (a-mi’kus kū’ri-é). [L., a friend
of the court: amicus, a friend; curia, gen. of
curia, court: See amy and curia.] In law, a
friend of the court; a person in court who, as
a friend and not in virtue of any interest or
employment in the cause, informs the judge
of an error he has noticed, or makes a sugges-
tion in aid of the duty of the court.
amid (8-mid'), prep. phr, as adv, and prep. [K
M.E. amidde, amydde, amidden, earlier on middle,
on midden, KAS, on-middan, on middan: on, E.
aš, in; middan, dat. (in def, inflection) of midde,
adj., mid, middle: see mid, adj. ; mid, prep., is
(obs.) mozza, in ML. almussa,
N
\
ſ
Priest wearing the
Amice. (From a se-
pulchral brass.)


amid
a clipped form of amid.] I.f adv. In the middle;
in the midst.
Amid betweene the violent Robber . . . and the mich-
ing theefe . . . . standeth the crafty cutpurse.
Lambarde, Eirenarcha, ii. 274. (N. E. D.)
II. prep. In the midst or middle of; sur-
rounded or encompassed by; mingled with;
among. See amidst.
Then answering from the sandy shore,
Half-drowned amvid the breakers' roar,
According chorus rose. Scott, Marmion, ii. 11.
=Syn. Amid, Among, etc. See among.
amid-, amido-. Combining forms of amide
(which see).
Amidae (am’i-dé), m. pl.
L. Bonaparte.
amidan (am’i-dan), n. [K Amidae (for Amiidae)
+ -an.] A fish of the family Amiidae; an amiid.
Sir J. Richardson.
amidated (am’i-dā-ted), a. Containing an amide
A group or radical: as, amidated fatty acids. ..
amide (am'id or -id), n. [Kam(monia) + -ide1.j
A chemical compound produced by the substi-
tution for one or more of the hydrogen atoms of
ammonia of an acid radical: as, acetamide, CH3
CO.NEI2, in which one hydrogen atom of am-
monia, NH3, has been replaced by the acetic
acid radical CH3CO. Amides are primary, secondary,
Or tertiary, according as one, two, or three º: atoms
have been so replaced. They are white crystalline solids,
often capable of combining with both acids and bases. See
Q77????62.
amidic (a-mid'ik), a... [K amide + -ic.] In chem.,
relating to or derived from an amide or amides:
as, an amidic acid.
amidin, amidine (am’i-din), m. [K amide +
-in?..] The general name of a class of organic
bodies containing the group C.N.H.NH2. e
amidins are mono-acid bases which are quite
unstable in the free state.
amido-. See amid-.
amido-acid (am"i-dó-as'id), n. An acid con-
taining the amido- (properly amino-) group
NH2. See amino-acid.
amidogen (a-mid’é-jen), m. [K amide + -gen,
producing: see -gen, -genous.] A hypothetical
radical composed of two atoms of hydrogen
and one of nitrogen, NH2. It has been isolated as
hydrazine (N2H4), and may be traced in the compounds
called amides and amines. Thus, acetamide is a compound
of the radical acetyl and amidogen, and potassamine of
potassium and amidogen.
amidships (a-mid’ ships), prep. phr. as adv. [K
amid + ship, with adv. gen. suffix -s.] 1. In or
toward the middle of a ship, or that part which
is midway between the stem and the stern.
In the whaler, the boat-steerers . . . keep by themselves
in the waist, sleep amidships, and eat by themselves.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 37.
2. In the middle line of a ship; over and in
line with the keel: as, to put the helm amid-
Ships.
amidst (a-midst’), prep. . [Early mod. E. also
amid'st, amidest, amiddest, an extended form
(with excrescent -t as in amongst, against, etc.)
of M.E. amiddes, amyddes, amids (also imſddes,
emiddes, i myddes, in myddes), Kamidde, E. amid,
+ adv. gen, suffix -es, -8: See amid.] In the
midst or center of; among; surrounded by; in
the course or progress of. See amid.
Thou shalt flourish in immortal youth,
Unhurt amidst the wars of elements. Addison, Cato.
How Oft amidst
Thick clouds and dark doth heaven's all-ruling Sire
Choose to reside. Milton, P. L., ii. 263.
Bad James been brought up amidst the adulation and
gayety of a court, we should never, in all probability,
have had such a poem as the Quair.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 109.
amidulin (a -mid 'ii-lin), n. [K F. amidon
starch, + dim. -ule + -in2.] Starch rendered
soluble by boiling.
amidwardt (a-mid’ wird), adv. and prep. [K
amid + -ward.] Toward the center or middle
line of, as of a ship.
amiid (am’i-id), m. A fish of the family Ami-
idae : an amidan.
Amiidae (a-mi’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAmia + -idae.]
A family of cycloganoid fishes, typified by the
ź. º % % % % % º
a’ ºr Kºjº', # •
c 53. %. % jº #: X: rº.” º
§§ º
% 3.33%3%
.*.*.*.****** º º
2xº~
2% º,
A2.
* * * * %-2-1 :
f § º;
- w:
-º-º: f_1-2
Same as Amiidae. C.
- w-”, ºr r_> * * **:
º § º:
wº- a-- ºf 4 º' S!-- * **, *…*
ºś
Bowfin, or Mudfish (Amta calva).
(From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.)
gº Amia. The technical characters are an oblong
ody, short rounded snout, numerous (10 to 12) branchi-
176
ostegal rays, the development of a sublingual bone be:
tween the rami of the lower jaw, the possession of cycloid
scales, a long soft dorsal fln, the subequal extent of the
abdominal and caudal parts of the vertebral column, and
the absence of p3oudobranchiae. It is an archaic type rep-
resented now by a single living species, Amia calva, the
bowfin or mudfish, inhabiting the fresh waters of North
America. Also written Amiadoe, Amidae, Amioidae,
amil-cornt, n. See amel-corn.
amildar (amºil-dār), n. See amaldar.
a mimia. (a-mim’i-á), %. [NL., K Gr. &- priv. +
*piuoc, a mimic: see mime, mimic.] Loss of the
power of pantomimic expression; due to a cere-
|bral lesion.
amine (am’in), n. [K am(monia) + -ine?..] A
chemical compound produced by the substitu-
tion of a hydrocarbon radical for one Ör more
of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia, as §§ wº
amine (C2H5 H2), diethylamine ((C2H5)2NE ).
The amines are all strongly basic in their
character. See amide.
aminisht, v. [Early mod. E. amynysshe, KME.
amushen, amenyshe, earlier amenusen, ame-
muysen, K AF. amentiser, O.F. amenwisier, ame-
ºuiser, lessen, K a- (K. L. ad, to) + menwisier,
lessen: see minish, diminish..] I. trans. To
make less; lessen.
II. intrans. To grow less; decrease.
amino-acid (am"i-nó-as'id), n. An acid con-
taining the amino-group NH2, as amino-acetic
acid, CH2NH2COOH.
Amioidae (am-i-oi’dé), m. pl. Samé as Amiidae.
amir, m. , See ameer.
amiralt (am’i-ral), m. An old spelling of ad-
2miral.
amirship, m. , See ameership.
amist, m. A former spelling of a mice.
amiss (3-mis'), prep. phr. as adv. and a. [K
ME. amisse, amysse, a mysse, a mys, o mys, also
on mys, of mys, earliest form a mis’ (= Icel. d
ºmis, d miss): a, o, on, E. aš; mis, E. missl,
fault; cf. M.E. mis, adv., amiss. See missl and
mis-1.] I. adv. Away from the mark; out of
the way; out of the proper course or order; in
a faulty manner; wrongly; in a thanner con-
trary to propriety, truth, law, or morality.
Ye ask, and receive not, because ye ask amiss. Jas. iv. 3.
We read a miss, if we imagine that the fiery persecution
Which raged against Christ had burned itself out in the
act of the crucifixion. De Quincey, Essenes, i.
II. a. Improper; wrong; faulty: used only
in the predicate: as, it may not be a miss to as
advice.
There’s somewhat in this world a miss
Shall be unriddled by and by.
Tennyson, Miller's Daughter.
Much I find a miss,
Blameworthy, punishable in this freak
Of thine. Towning, Ring and Book, II. 202.
There is something amiss in one who has to grope for
his theme and cannot adjust himself to his period.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 301.
Not amiss, passable or suitable; fair; not so bad after
all: a phrase used to express approval, but not in a very
emphatic Way. [Colloq.]
She's a miss, she is; and yet she an’t amiss—eh?.
To come amiss, to be unwelcome; be not wanted; be
out of the proper place or time.
Neyther Religion cwmmeth a misse.
Ascham, The Scholemaster.
To take amiss, to be offended at.
My brother was passionate, and had often beaten me,
which I took extremely a miss.
I'ranklin, Autobiog., p. 30.
amissi (a-mis'), n., [K late ME. amisse, K missl,
n., q.v., by confusion with amiss, adv.] Fault;
wrong: as, “some great amiss,” Shak., Hamlet,
iv. 5. -
A woman laden with afflictions,
Big with true sorrow, and religious penitence -
For her amiss. Chapman, Revenge for Honour, v.2.
amissibility (3-mis-i-bil’i-ti), n. IK amissible :
see -bility..] The capability or possibility of
being lost. [Rare.]
Notions,of popular rights, and the amissibility of sov-
ereign power for misconduct, were broached.
- Hallan, Hist. Lit. (4th ed.), II. 520.
amissible (a-misſi-bl), a... [K L.L. amissibilis, K
amissus, #: of amittere, lose: see amit2..] Ca-
pable of being, or liable to be, lost. [Rare.]
amissing (3-misſing), a... [Prop, a phr., a miss-
ing (a8 and missing, verbal n. of missi); as if a
ppr. of *amiss, y.]. Missing; wanting. .
amission? (a-mish'gn), m. [K L. amissio(n-), K
amissus, pp. of amitteré, lose: see amit”.] Loss.
Amission of their church membership.
r. H. More, Seven Churches, iii.
amitif, n. An old form of a micel.
amit2+ (a-mit’), v. t. or ?.
let go, send away, K a for ab, from (see ab-), +
amity (am’i-ti), n.
mony. -
Amiurus (am-i-ii’rus), n.
Amizilis (am-i-zil’is), n.
amlett, m. f
ammai (am’â), m. [ML., a Spiritual mother,
amma” (am’ā), n.
amman (am'an), n.
Dickens. Ammanite (am'an-it), n.
ammeter (am’e-tër), m.
Ammi (am’i), n.
ammiralt, n.
ammite (am'it), n.
Ammobium
mittere, send. Cf. admit, commit, permit, remit,
etc.] To lose: rarely with of
We desire no records of such enormities; sins should be
accounted new, that so they may be esteemed monstrous.
They amit of monstrosity, as they fall from their rarity.
Sir T. Browne.
OF. amitie, amistie, amisted, amistet = Sp. amis-
tad=Pg, amigade = It, amistö, KML. "amici-
ta(t-)s, friendship, KL, amicus, friendly, afriend:
see amiable.] Friendship, in a general sense;
harmony; good understanding, especially be-
tween nations; political friendship: as, a treaty
of amity and commerce.
Great Britain was in league and amvity with all the
world. Sir J. Davies, Ireland.
These appearances and sounds which imply amity or
enmity in those around, become symbolic of happiness angl'
misery. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 520.
I much prefer the company of ploughboys and tin-ped-
dlers to the silken and perfumed amity which celebrates
its days of encounter by a frivolous display.
Emerson, Friendship.
=Syn. Friendliness, kindness, good will, affection, har-
NL., not curtailed,
i. e. with the tail nºt notched, having the tail
even or square; K. Gr. 6- priv. 4- pleíovgog, cur-
tailed, curtal, K. ketov, less (compar. of ſulkpóg,
little), + otpá, tail.] A large genus of Siluridae,
containing many of the commonest American
species of catfishes, horned pouts or bullheads,
such as A. nebulosus. There are some 15 species,
among them A. nigricans, the great-lake cat, and A. pom-
derosus, the Mississippi cat, sometimes weighing upward
of 100 pounds. Also written Ameiurus, as originally by
Rafinesque, 1820. See cut under catfish.
An erroneous form
IR. P. L
of Amazilia. 6SS0%.
An old form of omelet.
abbess, K. Gr. appa, also applág, a mother, esp. in
a convent, prob. KSyriac ama, a mother; in the
general sense of ‘mother’ or “nurse’ are found
M.L., amma, Sp. Pg. ama (2 Anglo-Ind. amah,
q. v.), OHG. amma, ama, MHG. G. amme, Dan.
amme, Sw. amma, nurse, Icel. amma, grand-
mother; supposed to be of infantile origin, like
mamma, q.v.] In the Gr. and Syriac churches,
an abbess or spiritual mother. -
[NL., prop. *hamma, K. Gr.
ðupia, a tie, knot, K & Trety, tie, fasten, bind.]
A girdle or truss used in ruptures.
[K G. ammann, amtmann,
K MHG. ammam, ambiman, ambetman, K. OHG.
ambahtman (= OS. ambahtman = AS. ambiht-
man, ONorth. embiht-, embeht-man, -mon), Kam-
bahti, ambaht, M.H.G. ambet, ammet, G. amt
= Goth. and bahti, service, office (see embassy,
ambassador, and amt), + OHG. M.H.G. man, Č.
"mann = E. man.] In several of the German
cantons of Switzerland, an executive and judi-
cial officer. This title is given to the chief official of
a district or of a commune, but is being replaced by
president. Also written ammant.
[K Amman, a proper
name (see amman), + -ite2.] A member of one
of the two parties into which the Swiss Men-
nonites separated in the seventeenth century.
They were also called Upland Mennonites. See
Memmonite.
[Contr. of amperome-
ter, Kampere + Gr, plátpov, a measure.] T An in-
strument for measuring or estimating in am-
peres the strength of electric currents; an am-
pere-meter. See cut under ampere-meter.
Practically it is generally preferred to use galvanome-
ters specially constructed for this purpose, and graduated
beforehand in ampères by the maker; such galvanometers
are called ampèremeters or ammeters.
Quoted in G. B. Prescott's Dynam. Elect., p. 785.
[L., also ammium, K. Gr.
āppu, an African plant, Carum Copticum (Dios-
Corides); the name is prob. of Egypt. origin.]
A genus of umbelliferous plants, natives of
the Mediterranean region, and having the habit
of the carrot, but with the outer petals of the
umbel very large. It is sometimes called
bishop's-weed.
An old spelling of admiral.
IK Gr. dippittmg or àpplitug,
Sandstone, Käpplog, also àpplog, sand, related to
dpaffog, sand, and both prob. to páupoc and
Thápaffoc, sand.] An old mineralogical name for
roestone or oëlite, and for all those sandstones
which, like oëlite, are composed of rounded and
loosely compacted grains. See oëlite. Also
Written hammāte. w
[K.L. amittere, lose, Ammobium (a-mö'bi-um), n. [NL., KGr. dulloc,
Sand, + 3iog, life.] A small genus of composite
[Early mod. E. amitie, K .








Ammobium
lants from Australia, frequently cultivated
or the showy-colored scarious bracts that sur-
round the flower-head, which become dry and
persistent.
ammocete, n. See ammocoete.
ammochryse ..º. n. [K L. ammochry-
sus, K Gr. applóxpvoog, a precious stone resem-
bling sand veined with gold, Köpplog, sand (see
ammite), + Apwoºg, gold: see chrysolite, etc.]. A
Soft yellow stone, found in Germany, consisting
of glossy yellow particles. When rubbed or ground
it has been used to strew over fresh writing to prevent
blotting.
ammocoete, ammocete (amº-set), n. A fish
of the genus Ammocoetes.
Ammocoetes (am-Ö-sé’těz), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ăuţlog, sand (see ammite), + Koirm, a bed, K kei-
offat, lie..] . A generic name of a myzont or lam-
prey-like fish. (a) The young or larval stage of the
petromyzontids, or lampreys, characterized by the want of
eyes and by a semicircular mouth. During the period of
this stage the animal lives in the sand of river-beds.
This simple lan) prey larva . . . was generally described
as a peculiar form of fish under the name of Ammocoetes.
By a further metamorphosis this blind and toothless Am-
mocoetes is transformed into the lamprey with eyes and
teeth. Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), II. 104.
(b) A genus of which the Ammocoetes branchialis is the
young, which is distinguished from Petromyzon by the
differentiation of the discal and peripheral teeth and the
crescentiform dentated lingual teeth of the adult.
ammocoetid (am-à-sé’tid), n. One of the Am-
Amocoetidae; an ammocoete.
Ammocoetidae (am-Ö-Sé'ti-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Ammocoetes + -idae.] The family name applied
to the young of the Petromyzontidae before it
was ascertained that they represented only a
larval stage in the growth of those fishes. See
Ammocoetes.
ammocoetiform (am-G-Sé'ti-fôrm), a. [K NL.
Ammocoetes + L. forma, form.] Having the
form of an ammocoete; having the character
of a larval lamprey.
ammocoetoid (am-3-sé'toid), a. and n. I. a.
Having the character of the Ammocoetes, or lar-
vae of the lamprey; ammocoetiform.
II. m. An ammocoetid.
Ammocrypta (am-3-kripºtă), n. [NL., K. Gr. Öpi-
plog, sand, -H kpvirtóg, hidden, verbal adj. of kpā-
Trretv, hide.] A genus of percoid fishes known
as sand-divers, of the subfamily Etheostomi-
naº, or darters. These fishes have a long subcylin-
dric pellucid body, naked with the exception of the caudal
peduncle ànd the lateral line, which latter is complete; the
mouth large, with vomerine teeth; head scaleless; anal
Spine single, and high dorsal fins equal to the anal. A.
beani inhabits the lower Mississippi. See sand-diver.
Ammodramus (a-mod’ra-mus), n. Same as
Ammodromus. Swainson, 1827.
Ammodromus (a-modºró-mus), n. [NL., KGr.
ăuplog, sand (see ammite), + -ópoplog, running
(cf. applóðpoplog, a sandy place for racing, Köpplog
: épéuaç, a rage), Köpaſſeiv, run.] 1: Agenus of
birds, of the family Fringillidae, suborder Osci-
nés, order Passeres, embracing such species as
A. caudacutus, the sharp-tailed finch, and A. ma-
ºritimus, the seaside finch. They are small spotted
and streaked sparrows, with rather slender bill, chiefly
inhabiting the marshes of the Atlantic coast of the United
States. Also frequently written Ammodramus, as origi-
nally by Swainson, 1827.
** genus of hymenopterous insects. Guérin,
ammodyte (am'ê-dit), n. IK Ammodytes.] 1.
One of the Ammodytidae.—2. A name used in
books for the sand-natter, a serpent of southern
Europe. --
Ammodytes (am-à-di’těz), n. [L., K. Gr. Öpplo-
6ütmg, a sand-burrower, a kind of serpent, K
&pluog, sand (see ammite), + 6ütmg, a diver, K
ôüetv, dive, sink into, enter.] 1. A genus of
fishes, of the family Ammodytidae; the sand-eel
or sand-lance (which see).-2. In herpet., sand-
matters, a genus of colubriform serpents, usually
called Erya (which see). Bonaparte, 1831.
ammodytid (am-Ö-diſtid), n. One of the Am-
modytidae. e
Ammodytidae (am-à-dit’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Ammodytes + -idae.] A family of anacanthine
teleocephalous fishes, with an elongated body
*.*.*.S. gºº.gº
==4&as_as
wº is sº §§ § NS N W §§§
Sºğ ..º º §ººt
Rºº Bºštěšº - Sº...º.S.
&Sº
Sand-lance (Ammodytes americantles).
shaped like a parallelogram. Its technical charac:
ters are a dorsolateral line, conical head with terminal
mouth and protractile jaws, postmedian anus, narrow
suborbitals, enlarged suboperculum, widely cleft branchial
apertures, lamelliform pseudobranchise, a long dorsal fin
a long sub-postmedian anal fin with articulated rays, an
the absence of ventral fins. The species are of Small size,
12
177
generally about 6 inches long; they associate in large
schools, chiefly in the northern seas, and are important
as bait for other fishes. They are known chiefly as sand-
lances, or lances, from their habit of “diving” into and liv-
ing in sandy beaches and ocean-bottoms. See gand-lance.
Ammodytina (am"3-di-ti'nā), n. pl. [NL., K
Ammodytes, 1, + -ina.] In Günther's system of
classification, the sand-lances, or Ammodytidae,
as the fourth subfamily of Ophidiidae. Also
written Ammodytinae.
Ammodytini (am’ī-di-ti’ni), n. pl. Same as
Ammodytina. Bonaparte, 1837.
ammodytoid, (am-3-diſtoid), a. and n. I. a.
Having the character of the Ammodytidae.
II. m. An ammodytid.
Ammodytoidea (am"3-di-toi"dē-ă), n. pl. [NL.,
K Ammodytes, 1, + -oidea.] Thé ammodytids,
rated as a superfamily of fishes.
Ammon (am'Qn), n. [L., also Hammon, K. Gr.
'Applov = Heb. Amón, K Egypt. Amin, Amen,
he who is hidden or concealed.] The Greek
and Roman cºnceptiºn of the Egyptian deity
Amen (literally, ‘hidden’), called Amen-Ra,
the sun-god, chief of
the Theban divine triad.
Amen was always represented
in human form, and was of a
much higher order than the
ram-headed divinity, the god
of life, worshiped especially at
the famous oracular sanctuary
of the Libyan oasis of Ammon
(now Siwah). The latter type
was confused by the Greeks and
Romans with that of Amen-Ra,
and was adopted by them as
Zeus-Ammon or Jupiter-Am-
mon, but in art was generally
idealized so that only the horns,
sometimes with the ears, of the
ram were retained, springing
from a human head.
Ammonacea (am-Ö-nā’-
sé-á), n. pl. [NL., as
mmonea + -acea.] De
Blainville's name (1825)
of ammonites as the
fourth family of Polythalamacea. It included most
of the tetrabranchiate cephalopods, and is synonymous
with Ammonea of Lamarck.
Ammonea (am-Ö-nē’â), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
ammomeus, K. L. Ammon, with ref. to Ammonites,
q. v.] 1. In Lamarck's classification (1812),
the seventh family of polythalamous testaceous
cephalopods, including most of the Tetrabran-
chiata, having an involute shell with sinuous
Fº between the chambers. The group
as been adopted with various modifications and ratings
in the scale of classification under the names Ammona-
cea, Ammonitoe, Ammonited, Ammonitede, Ammonitidae,
Ammonitoidea, Ammonoidea.
2. Now, an extinct order of the class Cephalo-
poda, including cephalopods intermediate be-
tween Dibranchiata and Tetrabranchiata. The
animal was inclosed in the last chamber of a multilocular
shell protected by one or two operculiform pieces forming
an aptychus; the shell had a smooth ovoid chamber with-
out an external scar and containing a siphonal caecum
which did not touch the internal wall; the sutural or
peripheral contour of the partitions between the cham-
bers of the old shell were more or less sinuous. The form
varied from a simple curve to almost every kind of con-
volution. The species abounded in past geological ages,
but became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous or be-
*ginning of the Tertiary. Same as Ammonoidea.
àmmonia (a-mö’ ni-á), m. [NL. (Bergmann,
1782), K L. (sal) ammoniacum : see ammoniac.]
1. The modern name of theyolatile alkali, NH3,
formerly so called to distinguish it from the
more fixed alkalis. It is a colorless gas, very sol-
uble in water, having a pungent and suffocating smell,
and a transient alkaline effect on vegetable colors. It can
be liquefied by pressure and frozen by a mixture of solid
carbonic acid and ether in a vacuum. Its density is only
about half that of atmospheric air. It is a strong base,
and forms a great number of salts which are isomorphous
with those of potassium and exhibit a close analogy to
them. It is found in minute quantity in air, and is a
natural product of the decay of animal substances. It is
procured artificially by the destructive distillation of ni-
trogenous organic matters, such as bones, hair, horns, and
hoofs, and is largely obtained as a by-product in the manu-
facture of illuminating gas from coal. Ammonia is used
very largely in medicine and the arts, chiefly in solution
in water under the name of liquid amvonomia, aqueous
ammonia, or spirits of hartshorn. (See aqwa ammonia’,
under aqwa.) Among the more in portant salts of am-
monia is ammonium chlorid, or sal ammoniac, NH4Cl,
which formerly was the source from which all ammonium
salts were prepared. It is largely used in dyeing, and in
soldering and tinning. . At present ammonium Sulphate,
(NH4)2SO4, is the starting-point for the nanufacture of
ammonium salts, being made in large quantity from gas-
liquor. It is also used as a fertilizer. There are several
ammonium carbonates. The commercial article, called
sal volatile, is a mixture of hydrogen-ammonium carbonate
and ammonium carbamate. See the Supplement.
2. [cap.] In 2061. : (a) An old quasi-generic
name of Spirula. Breyn, 1732. (b) A genus of
arachnidans. Koch, 1835.-Ammoniaore process,
a process, partly chemical and partly electrical, for sepa-
(From a late bronze in the
British Museum.)
ammonification
rating copper and silver from their ores with the aid of
ammoniacal salts. -
ammoniac (a-mö'ni-ak), a. and n. [Early mod.
E. ammoniack, also armoniack, K.M.E. amoniak,
ammomyak, also, and earlier, armoniak, armo-
nyak, armonyae, adj., in Sal or salt armoniak, sal
ammoniac; as a noun, gum ammoniac; KOF.
ammoniac, armoniac, K L. ammoniacus or ham-
moniacus, K. Gr. “Applantakóg, belonging to Am-
mon (Libyan, African), L. Sal Ammoniacum or
Bammoniacum, Gr. Ineut. Applovaków, salt of Am-
mon, so called, it is supposed, because origi-
nally prepared from the dung of camels near
the temple of Ammon; L. ammoniacum or ham-
noniacum, Gr. &pplovaków, gum ammoniac, the
juice of a plant of northern Africa, tradition-
ally located near the temple of Ammon; K Am-
non, Gr. Applov, Ammon: see Ammon. The
ME. form armoniak, OF. armoniac, M.L. ar-
moniacum, indicates confusion with Gr. dip-
uovía, a fastening or joining, from the use of
gum ammoniae as a cement, or of Sal ammo-
niac in the joining of metals.] I. a. 1. Per-
taining to Ammon, or to his shrine in Libya:
only in the phrases, or quasi-compounds, gum
ammoniac and sal ammoniac. See etymology,
and definitions below.—2. Of, pertaining to, or
having the properties of ammonia; ammoniacal.
—Gum ammoniac, or ammoniac a gum-resin
composed of tears, internally white and externally yellow,
brought in large masses from Persia and western India;
an exudation from an umbelliferous plant, the Dorema
Ammoniacum, when punctured artificially or by insects.
It has a fetid smell, and a nauseous sweet taste, followed by
a bitter One. It is inflammable, and soluble in water and
Spirit of wine; and it is used as an expectorant, and as a
Stimulant in certain plasters. The so-called gum ammoniac
from Morocco (which is with little doubt the ammoniacwm.
of the ancients) is of uncertain origin, but is probably ob-
tained from some species of Eloeoselinwm. Also called
ammoniac and ammoniacum.—Sal ammoniac, ammo-
nium chlorid, also called muriate of ammonia, a salt of a
Sharp, acrid taste, much used in the arts and in pharmacy.
See ammonia, 1.
II. m. Same as gum ammoniac. See above.
ammoniacal (am-3-ni'a-kal), a. [K ammomiac
+ -al.] Of, pertaining to, or using ammonia;
and Inonla C.—Ammoniacal cochineal. See cochineal.
—Ammoniacal engine, an engine in which the motive
poweris Vapor of ammonia, expanded by heat.—Ammonia-
cal gas, ammonia in its purest form, that is, in the form
of vapor-Ammoniaćal liquor, or gas-liquor, a pro-
duct of the distillation of coal in gas-works. TIt contains
ammonia, and is used for the manufacture of ammonia-
cal Salts and as a fertilizer.—Ammoniacal salt, a salt
formed by the union of ammonia with an acid, without
the elimination of hydrogen; differing in this from metal-
lic salts, which are formed by the substitution of the metal
for the hydrogen of the acid.
ammonia.co-. Combining form of ammoniac or
ammoniacal.
ammoniacum (am-3-ni’ al-kum), n. Same as
gum ammoniac (which see, under ammoniac, a.).
ammonialum (a-mö-ni-al’um), n. [K ammonia
+ alum (inium).] Ammonia alum; a hydrosul-
phate of aluminium and ammonia, found in thin
fibrous layers in brown-coal at Tschermig in
Bohemia. In France this salt is manufactured and used
in place of potash alum. Also called tschermvigite.-
ammonia-meter (a-mö'ni-ā-mé’tēr), m: An ap-
paratus invented by Griffin for ascertaining the
ercentage of ammonia in solutions.
onian (a-mö'ni-an), a. [K L. “Ammonia-
mus, KAmmonius, a proper name, K Ammon : see
Ammon.] 1. Pertaining to Ammon, or to his
temple in the oasis of Siwah in Libya.-2.
Relating to Ammonius, surnamed Saccas, of
Alexandria, who lived early in the third century,
and is often called the founder of the Neo-
platonic School of philosophy, his most distin-
guished pupil being Plotinus.
ammoniate (a-mö’ ni-āt), n. [K ammonia +
—atel.] 1. Ammonia combined with a metallic
Oxid.—2. A trade-name for any organic nitro-
genous material which may be used as a source
of ammonia, particularly in fertilizers, as dried
blood, fish-scrap, etc.
ammoniated (a-mö’mi-ā-ted), a.
miate.] Combined with ammonia.
ammonic (a-mon 'ik), a. [K ammonia + -ic.]
Pertaining to or derived from ammonia: as,
ammonic chlorid.
a.m.ImOnleImla, ammonlæImla, (a-mö-ni-É'mi-á),
m. [NL., K Cºmmonium + Gr. alua, blood.] "A
morbid condition characterized by the presence
of ammonium carbonate in the blood.
ammonification (a-monºi-fi-kā‘shgn), n. [K
ammonia + -fication.] The act of impregnat-
ing with ammonia, as for fertilization, or the
state of being so impregnated.
[K ammo-
Ammonification [of the soil of Japan] can be performed
only to a depth of 60 centimeters.
Sci. Amer. Sup., XXII. 8789.











all IlluloniO-
ammonio-, Combining form of ammonium.
ammonite (am'gn-it), n. IK NL. Ammonites,
With ref, to the L. name cornu Ammonis, horn of
N Ammon: so called
|
} from their resem-
º blance to a ram’s
%22 º
§ horn: see Ammon
º: and -ite”.] One of
Čš the fossil shells of
º & an extensive genus
SQSSV N (Ammonites) of ex-
tinct cephalopodous
mollusks (cuttle-
fishes), of the family
Ammonitidae, coiled
in a plane spiral, and
chambered within
like the shell of the
existing nautilus, to
which the ammon-
ites were allied.
These shells have a nacre-
ous liming and a porcelan-
ous layer externally, and
are smooth or rugose, the
ridges straight, crooked,
orundulated, and in some
cases armed with project-
ing spines or tubercles.
The species already described number about 500, and range
from the Devonic to the Chalk formations, inclusive. They
vary in size from mere specks to 3 or 4 feet in diameter.
Also written hammonite. Sometimes called snakestone,
ammon-stone, and formerly cornu, Ammonis (Ammon's
horn).
Ammonites (am-Ö-ni’těz), m. [NL.: see am-
monite.] The leading genus of ammonites,
named in this form by Breyn in 1732, better es-
tablished by Bruguière in 1789, giving name to
the family Ammonitidae. The name has been used
with great latitude of definition, but is now much re-
stricted. Some 40 or more generic names have been given
to the cephalopods which were formerly referred to Am-
'monites. Also WI’itten Hammomites. See ammonite.
ammonitid (a-mon’i-tid), m. An ammonite; a
cephalopod of the family Ammonitidae.
Ammonitidae (am-5-nit’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Ammonites + -idae.]. A numerous family of
extinct tetrabranchiate cephalopods (cuttle-
fishes), of which the well-known ammonite is
the type. Very different limits have been assigned to
the family. It includes the genera Gomiatites, Ceratites,
Ammonites, Scaphites, Hamites, and others. They are the
most characteristic mollusks of the Mesozoic rocks. See
ammonite. - ºr - -
ammonitiferous (am"G-ni-tif’ e-rus), a. [Kam-
monite + L. ferre = E. bearl.] Bearing am-
monites; containing the remains of ammon-
ites: as, ammomitiferous rocks.
Ammonitoidea (a-mon-i-toi"dē-ă), m. pl. [NL.,
K Ammonites + -oidea.] A former superfam-
ily of tetrabranchiate cephalopods, including
those which have an external shell of two prin-
2ipal layers, with an initial smooth chamber
and the siphonal cavity extending forward:
*essentially equivalent to Ammonoidea,
àmmonium (a-mö'ni-um), n. [NL. (Berzelius,
1808), K ammonia + -um.] A name given to
the hypothetical base (NH4) of ammonia, anal-
Ogous to a metal, as potassium. It has not been
isolated. If mercury at the negative pole of a galvanic
battery is placed in contact with a solution of ammonia
or ammonium chlorid, and the circuit is completed, the
mass swells to many times its former volume, and an
amalgam is formed which, at the temperature of 70° or
80. F., is of the consistence of butter, but at the freezing-
point is a firm and crystallized mass. This amalgam is
supposed to be formed by the metallic base ammonium,
and is the nearest approach to its isolation. On the cessa.
tion of the current the amalgam decomposes into mercury,
ammonia, and hydrogen, the two latter escaping as gas in
the proportions expressed by their atomic weights, namely,
H and NH3.−Ammonium bases, compounds contain-
ing one or more molecules of ammonium hydroxid, in
which univalent or polyvalent radicals replace the whole
or part of the hydrogen, as seen in tetrethyl-ammonium
hydroxid, N(C H5)4OH. - * *
ammoniuret (am-Ö-niſii-ret), n. IK ammonia +
—uret.] In chem., one of certain supposed com-
pounds of ammonia and a pure metal, or an
oxid of a metal. e a- - - - -
ammoniureted, ammoniuretted (am-à-niii-
ret-ed), a. [K ammoniuret..] Combined with
*ammonia or ammonium.
ammonoid (am’ô-noid), n. One of the Ammo-
moidea.
Ammonoidea (am-Ö-noi’dé-á), n. pl. [NL., K
Ammonea + -oidea..] An ordinal name ap-
lied by some authors to the Ammonea.
Ammºnii. (a-mofºi-lâ), m. [NL., fem, of am-
mophilus : see ammophilous.] 1. A small genus
of grasses growing on the sandy shores of Eu-
Tope and North America; the sea-reed. A.
arenaria (common marram, sea-reed, matWeed, or Sea-
bent) grows on sandy sea-shores, and is extensively em-
ployed in Europe and America for preserving the shores
Arntzotomºtes
oöttésus.
Azzzzzzoztz fes
zarzazts.
Azzzzzoztites spzztos1&s.
Yºr e > / -5. 25
âmnesia (am-né'si-á), n.
178
from inroads of the sea, as it serves to bind down the sand
by its long matted rhizomes. It is also manufactured into
door-mats and floor-brushes, and in the Hebrides intoropes,
mats, bags, and hats. e e
3. in entom., a genus of long-bodied fossorial
aculeate hymenopterous insects, commonly
called sand- yº -
belonging to the
family Sphegidae. A.
pictipennis (Walsh)
is an example. See
digger-wasp.
ammophilous ... (a-
mofºi-lus), a. [KNL.
ammophilus, K. Gr. Öp-
plog, Sand º (MY2-
nite), + pt?og, low-
ing.] Sand-loving:
applied in 206l. to
members of the ge-
mus Ammophila, 2.
Ammotrypane (am-Ö-trip'a-nē), n. [NL., KGr.
āpplog, sand (see ammāte), + Tottravov, borer: see
trepam.]. A genus of chaetopodous annelids, of
the family Opheliidae. Rathke.
ammunition (am-li-nish’gn), m. [K F. amºn?-
tion, amonition (16th century), a corruption of
munition, the prefix a- perhaps arising out of la
munition understood as Pamunition: see muni-
tion.] Military stores or provisions for attack
or defense; in modern usage, only the materials
which are used in the discharge of firearms and
ordnance of all kinds, as powder, balls, bombs,
Various kinds of shot, etc.—Ammunition-bread,
—shoes, -stockings, etc., such as are contracted for by the
government, and distributed to soldiers.—Fixed ammu-
nition, ammunition the materials of which are combined
in cartridges or otherwise to facilitate the loading of fire-
arms or ordnance. See cartridge.—Metallic ammuni-
tion, fixed ammunition for small arms, and for machine-
guns and rapid-firing guns of Small caliber, inclosed in
brass or copper cartridge-cases.—Stand of ammunition,
a single charge or load of fixed ammunition for a smooth-
bore field-piece or other cannon.
ammunition (am-li-mish(Qn), v. t....[K ammuni-
tion, m.] To supply with ammunition.
ammunition-chest ºś m. A
ghest or box in which the fixed ammunition for
field-cannon is packed. One ammunition-chest is car-
ried on the limber of the gun-carriage, and three are carried
Painted-wing Digger- or Sand-wasp
(Ammophila Aict ºpennis), natural
Size.
*on the caisson, one on the limber and two on the body.
ammunition-hoist (am-li-nish’ on-hoist), n.
In a man-of-war or a fortification, the appa-
ratus by which the ammunition is hoisted from
the magazines to the turret, or other place,
where it is required for use in the guns. -
amnemonic (am-nē-mon'ik), a. [KGr. &-priv.
+ pivnuovakóg, mnemonic; cf. Öpivfluov, forgetful.]
Not mnemonic; characterized by loss of mem-
ory.
[NL., KGr. Öpivnoſa, K
à-priv. -- pivnot-, only in comp., remembering,
K pupivàokeuv, remind, in mid. and pass. remem-
ber, plvãoffat, remember, – L. meminisse, remem-
ber: see mnemonic, memory, remember, etc. Cf.
amnesty.] 1. In pathol., loss of memory; spe-
cifically, a morbid condition in which the patient
is unable to recall a word that is wanted, or,
perhaps, understand it when spoken: in this
Sense also called amnesic aphasia.—2. [cap.]
In 206l., a genus of coleopterous insects. G. H.
Horn, 1876.-Amnesia acustica (see acoustic), loss
of memory for spoken words; word-deafness.
amnesic (am-nē’sik), a. [Kamnesia + -ic.] Per-
taining to or characterized by amnesia or loss
of memory: as, amnesic aphasia.
amnestic (am-nestik), a... [K Gr. Öpivnoria, for-
getfulness: see amnesty and amnesia.] Causing
amnesia, or loss of memory.
amnesty (amºnes-ti), n. ; pl. amnesties (-tiz).
[K F. amnestie, KL. amnestia, KGr, duvmotia, for-
etfulness, esp. of Wrong, Köplvmotoc, forgotten,
orgetful, Kä-priv. -- pupivāoketºv, plvãoffat, remem-
ber: see amnesia.] A forgetting or overlook-
ing; an act of oblivion; specifically, a general
pardon or conditional offer of pardon of offenses
or of a class of offenses against a government,
or the proclamation of such pardon.
All peace implies amnesty, or oblivion of past subjects
of dispute, whether the same is expressly mentioned in
the terms of the treaty, or not.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 153.
= Syn, Absolution, etc. See pardon, m.
amnesty (amºnes-ti), v. t. ; P. and pp. am-
mestied, ppr. amnestying. [K amnesty, m.] To
grant an amnesty to; pardon. -
France has, luckily, little to trouble her beyond the
question of amnestying the Communists.
The Nation, XXII. 329.
The fugitive manslayer is amnestied, not on the death
of the king, but on the death of the high priest.
fºncyc, Brit., XVIII. 510,
Amnicola (am-nik'é-lä), n.
* River-born; born on or near a river,
amnion
amnia, n. Plural of amnion.
amnicit (am'nik), a. [K L. amnicus, K amnis, a
river, akin to Skt. ap, water.]. Of or pertain-
ing to a river; fluvial; fluviatile.
amnic? (am'nik), a. [Kamnion + -ic.] Same
as amºniotic.
[NL., K. L. amni-
cola, that grows in or by a river, Kamnis, a
river, -i- -cola, K colore, dwell.]. A genus of
fresh-water taenioglossate mollusks, of the
family Rissoidae, or made the type of Amnico-
lidae. There are several species, of small size, generally
distributed throughout the United States.
amnicolid (am-nik’ā-lid), n. A gastropod of
the family Amnicolidae. -
Amnicolidae (am-ni-kol’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Amnicola + -idae.] A family of taenioglossate
astropods, typified by the genus Amnicola.
he distinction from Rissoidae is not well marked, but
numerous small species inhabiting fresh and brackish
water have been referred to this family.
Amnicolinae (am-nik-à-li'né), m. pl. [NL., K
Amnicola + -inae.] A subfamily of Rissoidae, or
of Amnicolidge, typified by Amnicola. The animal
has a flat foot withº lateral sinuses; the rachidian teeth
have basal denticles on the anterior surface behind the
lateral margins; the shell varies from a turreted to a
globular form; and the operculum is subspiral. The Sub-
family includes many small fresh-water species, of which
a large number inhabit the streams and pools of the United
States.
amnicoline (am-nik’ī-lin), a. and n. [K NL.
amnicolinus, KAmnicola, q.v.] I. a. Inhabit-
ing rivers, as an amnicolid; of or pertaining to
the Amnicolinae; amnicoloid. .
II. m. A gastropod of the subfamily Amnico-
linae; an amnicolid.
amnicolistt (am-nik’6-list), m. [K L. amnicola,
one who dwells by a river (see Amnicola), +
-ist.] One who dwells by a river or upon its
banks. Bailey.
amnicoloid (am-nik’ī-loid), a. [K Amnicola +
-oid.] Like an amnicolid; pertaining or re-
lated to the Amnicolidae. -
amnigenous? (am-nij'e-nus), a. [K L. amni-
gema, born in a river (as fish) or of a river-god
Kamnis, a river, + -genus, -born, K V “gen, bear.
Bailey.
âmnion (amni-on), n. ; pl. amnia (-ā): , [NL., K
Gr,ágvíov, the membrane around the fetus (also
called åplvelog Žitóv), also the bowl in which the
blood of victims was caught at the sacrifices;
Köplvóg, a lamb: See agnus.] 1. In anat. and
vertebrate 206l., one of the fetal appendages;
the innermost one of the membranes which
envelop the embryo of the higher vertebrates,
as mammals, birds, and reptiles; the lining
membrane of a shut sac, familiarly called the
“bag of waters,” in which the fetus is contained.
An amnion is developed in those vertebrates only which
have a fully formed allantois; hence it is absent in the
Ichthyopsida, or fishes and amphibians, but present in all
Sawropsida, or reptiles and birds, and in Mammalia.
The amnion is formed, at a very early period in the life
of the embryo, by a duplication of the epiblast, or external
blastodermic membrane, which, carrying with it a layer
of mesoblast from the somatopleural division of the latter,
rises on all sides about the embryo, the folded edges com-
ing together over the back of the embryo, and there coa-
lescing to form a shut sac in which the embryo is inclosed.
From this mode of growth, it is obvious that what was the
Outer side of the amniotic folds becomes the inner side of
the Sac when it has shut, so that the epiblastic layer is in-
ternal, the mesoblastic external; the process of inversion
being, comparable to that by which, in the case of the
primitive trace of the embryo, a layer of epiblast is con-
Verted into the liming of the spinal canal. Only that fold
of membrane Which is next the body of the embryo com-
poses the amnion prop-.
er, the other or outer
fold in contact with the
enveloping primitive
chorion (vitelline mem-
brane or yolk-sac)either
disappearing or taking
part in the formation of
the permanent chorion.
As long as this outer
fold is recognizable as
a membrane, it bears
the name of false am-
rtion. The shut sac of
the amnion contains the
liquor amnii, a bland
albuminous, serous fiuid
in which the fetus is inn-
mersed. In parturition,
rupture of the sac is fol-
lowed by the “bursting
Of the waters.” Some-
times a portion of the
Sac adheres to the head
of the child, fitting like
a skull-cap ; such an in-
fant is said, in the lan-
guage of midwives, who
commonly regard the
circumstance as a good
omen, to be “born with
a caul.” Those verte-
Vertebrate Embryo (chick, 5th day of
incubation), showing Am, the inclosing
aninion; ??, o, rudiments of anterior
and posterior limbs, or limb-buds; x,
2, 3, first, second, and third cerebral
vesicles; xa, vesicle of the third ven-
tricle; h, eye; Æ, visceral arches and
clefts; All, allantois, hanging by its
pedicle; ūm, portion of umbilical
vesicle.















amnion
brates which possess an amnion are termed Amniomata;
those Which do not, Anamniomata: terms coincident re-
ectively with Allântoidea and Amallamtoidea.
. In entom., a membrane which surrounds the
larva of many insects, as the millepeds §.º.
for some time after they are hatched from the
.# It is regarded by some as the analogue
of the amnion of a vertebrate.
In many insects and in the higher vertebrates, the em-
bryo acquires a special protective envelope, the amnion,
Which is thrown off at birth. Huailey, Amat. Invert., p. 67.
3. A reflected portion of a membrane, in ascid-
ians, which lines the inner wall of the ovisac,
and forms a kind of amniotic investment of the
embryo.
. It is the cavity left between this ammion and the inner
hemisphere of the blastoderm which becomes the parental
blood-sinus. Hwacley, Amat. Invert., p. 533.
4. In bot., a name formerly given to the fluid
contents of the embryo sac. -
Sometimes erroneously written amnios.
False amnion, the part of the original amnionic mem-
brane left lining the chorion after the amnionic sac proper
is formed by a duplication and inversion of a part of the
Original membrane. It disappears either by absorption
or by taking part in the development of the chorion.
Also called vesicula 8erosa.
Amniomata (am” ni-à-nā’tā), m. pl. [NL.;
prop. “Amniata or Amniota; Kamnion + Hataj
A name given by Haeckel to those vertebrates
which have an amnion. It corresponds to Allan-
toidea, and is coextensive with Mammalia and Sawrop-
sida of Huxley, or mammals, birds, and reptiles, the am-
phibians and fishes being termed Anamniomata (which see).
Also called Amniota.
amnionic (am-ni-on'ik), a... [The proper form
would be “amniac; K amnion (amni-on) + -ic
(-ac).] . Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of
an amnion; amniotic.
In a number of Insects belonging to different orders of
the class, an amºntonic investment is developed from the
extra-neural part of the blastoderm.
Biwazley, Anat. Invert., p. 220.
amnionless (am’ni-on-les), a. [Kamnion +
-less.] Having no.amnion; anamniotic.
amnios (amºni-Os), n. [= F. amnios.] An er-
roneous form for amnion.
Amniota (am-ni-6(tā), n, pl. [NL, neut. pl. of
* e * : * * 3 /
amniotus, K. Gr. as if *āuvuoróg, Kaplvtov, am-
*nion.]... Same as Amniomata.
âmniotic (am-ni-otſik), a. [As Amniota + -ie ;
=F. amniotique.] 1. Pertaining to the amnion;
contained in the amnion: as, the amniotic fluid.
-2. Possessing an amnion; belonging to the
Amniomata, as a mammal, bird, or reptile. See
Amniomata.
Also amnic.
Amniotic cavity, the hollow of the amnion, containing
the amniotic liquid and the fetus.-Amniotic folds.
See amnion.-Amniotic liquid, amniotic fluid, or
liquor amnii, the liquid in which the fetus is suspended
by the umbilical cord. See amnion.—Amniotic sac. (a)
The amnion, invested externally by the chorion; the lin-
ing of the *bag of waters.” (b) In bot., the embryo-sac.
[No longer used.]
amock, a. or adv. See amuck.
amoeba (a-mé (bâ), m.; pl. ama-bas, amoebae
*(-bāz, -bê). [NL., K. Gr. apolºff, change, ex-
change, K º change, exchange, akin to
L. movere, X E. move, q.v.] 1. [cap.] A ge-
nus of microscopic rhizopodous Protozoa, of
which A. diffluens, common in all fresh-water
ponds and ditches, is the type. It exists as a mass
of protoplasm, and moves about and grasps particles of
food, etc., by means of pseudopodia, or finger-like pro-
cesses, which it forms by protruding portions of its body.
From thus continually altering its shape it received its for-
mer name of proteus animalcule. Within the body are
usually found a nucleus and nucleolus, and certain clear
spaces, termed contractile vesicles, from their exhibiting
rhythmical movements of contraction and dilatation.
There is no distinct mouth, and food seized by means of
within the soft sarcode-body
the pseudopodia is engulfed
and by any portion of its
surface, the apertures
by which the food is
taken in closing up im-
mediately after its re-
ception. Reproduction
takes place in several
ways, but chiefly by fis-
sion, whereby an amoeba
simply divides into two
portions, each of which
becomes a distinct ani-
malcule. Several other
species have been described; but there is reason to think
that some of these, at least, may be early forms of other
and more complex animals, or even of plants. The term
appears to have been first used by Ehrenberg in 1830, as
the name of a genus of his Polygastrica.
2. An animal of the genus Amaba, H8. Any
single cell or corpuscle of one of the higher
animals; a cell regarded as itself an animal,
and an individual of the morphological grade
of development of an amoeboid organism.
[Rare.] º
Amoebae (much magnified).
Amoebea (am-à-bé’â), m. pl.
179
Amoebae (a-mê'bé), n. pl. [NL., pl. of Amaeba.]
In 206l., the ordet to which the genus Amoeba.
Amoebaea (am-à-bé’â), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl.
of L. amaºbaºus, alternate: see amoebeam1.] The
name given by Ehrenberg to the amoebiform
Organisms which he placed in his Polygastrica.
amoebaeum (am-É-bé’um), n. ; pl. amoebaea (-á).
[L., neut. of amoebaeus, K. Gr. duoſ/3alog, recipro-
cal, alternate, Käplotſ\}, change, alternation: see
amoeba.] A poem in which persons are repre-
sented as speaking alternately, as in the third
and seventh eclogues of Virgil.
amoeba-movement (a-mé’bà-möv/ment), n. A
movement of naked membraneless protoplasmic
bodies, consisting of rapid changes in external
Contour, extension and contraction, and a creep-
ing about as if flowing. See amoeboid move-
"ments, under amoeboid, a.
amoeban (a-mé’ban), a. Of or pertaining to the
amoebas; amoebous.
[NL., K. Amoeba,
q. v.] An order of Rhizopoda, of which the
genus Amoeba is the type. See Amaeba.
amoebeanl (am-É-bê'an), a. [KL. amoebaeus, KGr.
ôplotſłalog: see amoebaeum.] Alternately answer-
ing or responsive; of the nature of an amoe-
baum (which see). Also spelled amebean.
Amoebean verses and the custom of vying . . . by turns.
J. Warton.
Erelong the pastoral and town idyls of Theocritus, with
their amoebean dialogue and elegant occasional songs, won
the ear of both"the fashionable and critical worlds.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 207.
amoebean? (am-è-bê'an), a. [K Amoebea + -an.]
Of or relating to the Amoebea.
Amoebidae (a-mé/bi-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAmaeba.
+ -idae.] The typical family of the Amoebae,
Amoebina, or Amoeboidea, mainly represented
|by the genus Amaeba, as distinguished from
such amoeboids as are members of Difflugia and
Arcella, or such other rhizopods as the Sun-ani-
malcules, as Actinophrys Sol, etc.
amoebiform (a-mé’ bi-fôrm), a. and n. [Kamae-
ba. -- form.] I. a. Amoeba-like; undergoing
frequent changes of shape, like an amoeba ; re-
lated to the amoebas.
The corpuscle, in fact, has an inherent contractility, like
one of those low organisms, known as an Amoeba, whence
its motions are frequently called amoebiform.
Huacley, Crayfish, p. 177.
II. m. An amoeba, or an animal or corpuscle
of amoeban character. See amoeba, 3.
Other genera of the amoebiforms.
Cowes, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 192.
Amoebina (am-É-bi'nā), m. pl. [NL., K. Amoeba.
+ -ina.] See Amoeboidea.
amoebodont (a-mê"bó-dont), a. [K Gr. Čiuolº,
change, alternation, + 6600g (böovt-) = E. tooth.]
A term descriptive of a form of lophodont denti-
tion in which the crests or folds of the crowns
of the molar teeth are alternate: opposed to
antiodont.
amoeboid (a-mé’boid), a. and n. [K amoeba +
-oid.] I. a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling
an amoeba : as, amaºboid masses.
It is not uncommon for portions of the protoplasmic
substance to pass into an amoeboid condition.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 335.
The blood-corpuscles of Solen legumen, . . . besides
colorless amoeboid forms, comprise a vast number of oval
ones, deeply stained by ha-moglobin.
JE. R. Lamkester, Pref. to Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat., p. 10.
Amoeboid cell. See cell.—Amoeboid movements, con:
stant changes of shape of an amoeba or other single-celled
organism, as an ovum, a cytode, or a formative cell of any
of the higher animals; especially, such movements as are
exhibited, for example, by the white corpuscles of the blood
of man, the resemblance of such objects to an amoeba be-
ing striking, and their morphological characters being
nearly identical. * tº
II. m. An amoebiform organism; one of the
Amoebidae.
Amoeboidea (am-à-boi"dē-ă), m. pl. [NL., K
Amoeba + -oidea..] An order of amoebiform
rhizopodous Protozoa, of which the genus Amoe-
ba, of the family Amoebidae, is the type. This
order is practically distinguished from Momera by the
resence of a nucleus, and from the Foraminifera and
adiolaria by the absence of a complete calcareous or si-
licious shell. The terms Amoeboidea, Amoebima, Amoebaea,
and Amoebae (see Amoebae) are more or less nearly synony-
mous; but the definition of the groups of amoebiform ani-
mals varies with almost every leading Writer. See amoeba.
amoebous (a-mé’ bus), a. [K amoeba + -ows.]
Of or pertaining to the genus Amaºba; resem-
bling an amoeba in structure. Also amaºban.
amoebula (a-mê'bū-lâ), m.; pl. amoebulae (-lè).
[NL., dim, of amoeba.] A little amoeba. E. R.
Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 840.
amoenomania (a-mê-nē-mă'ni-á), n. DNL., K.L.
amoenus, pleasant (see amene), F mania, K. Gr.
belongs.
amollisht, v. t.
Amomum (a-mö'mum), n.
all 1011g
#. mania.] A form of mania in which the
allucinations are of an agreeable nature.
amoindert, v. t. [KF. amoindrir, lessen, K &, to,
+, moindré, K L. minor, less.] foiessen of di.
minish. Donne. - s
amok (3-mok'), a. or adv. See amuck.
amole (à-mö’lā), n. [Nahuatl amolli, amulli.]
1. A Mexican name for the roots of various
species of plants which are used as a substitute
for soap.–2. One of several plants which
furnish these roots. Throughout Mexico the herba-
ceous species of Agave are so named, but not the peren-
nial-leaved species called “maguey.” Agave brachysta-
chys is generally used. In the southwestern United States
the name is given also to Yucca baccata, and in California
to Chlorogalum pomeridianum.
amolisht, v. t. [K OF. amoliss-, stem of certain
parts of amolir, K. L. amoliri, remove with an
effort, K a for ab, away, + moliri, exert one's
self upon, move, K moles, a heavy mass: See
mole3. Cf. demolish.] To remove forcibly; put
away with an effort. [Rare.]
amolitiont, n. IKL. amolitio(n-), Kamoliri, pp.
amolitus, remove: see amolish..] A putting
away; removal. [Rare.]
[K ME. amolisshen, KOF. amo-
liss-, stem of certain parts of amolir, F. amol-
lir, soften, K a- (K.L. ad, to) + molir, K. L. mol-
lire, soften, K mollis, soft: see moll, mollify.]
To soften ; mollify; mitigate.
amollishment# (a-mol’ish-ment), n. [Also writ-
ten amolishment, K F. amollissement: see anol-
lish and -ment.] Softening; mitigation. Donne.
(N. E. D.)
[L., also amomom, K
Gr. Öpopov, applied to an Eastern Spice-plant;
origin uncertain..] A genus of plants, fam-
ily Zingiberaceae, belonging to tropical regions
of the old world, and allied to the ginger-plant.
They are herbaceous, with creeping rootstocks and large
sheathing leaves, and are remarkable for the pungency
and aromatic properties of their seeds. Several species
yield the cardamoms and grains of paradise of commerce.
amonestef, v. t. An old form of admonish.
among (a-mung'), prep. and adv., Orig. prep.
phr. [In early mod. E. in two mixed forms:
(1) among, K ME. among, amonge, amang,
amange, KAS. āmang (rare and late), contr. of
usual on mang, prep.; (2) emong, KME. emong,
émongé, emang, imong, ſmong (emmong, immong),
K AS gemang (= OFries. momg), prep. ; both on-
mang and gemang are contractions of the full
form ongemang, prep., originally separated, on
gemang (orig. followed by gen.), lit. in (the)
crowd or company (of): on, prep., on, in (see
a-3); gemang, a crowd, assembly: see meng and
mingle. Cf. the extended form amongst.] I.
prep. 1. In or into the midst of; in association
or connection with: as, he fell among thieves;
One among this people.
A practice there is among us to determine doubtful
matters by the opening of a book.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
I stood
Among them, but not of them.
Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 113.
She dwelt among the untrodden ways
Beside the springs of Dove. Wordsworth, Lucy.
2. In the number of ; of or out of.
My beloved is . . . the chiefest among ten thousand.
Cant. v. 10.
Blessed art thou among women. Luke i. 28.
The years during which Bacon held the Great Seal were
among . . . the most shameful in English history. Every-
thing at home and abroad was mismanaged.
Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
3. By the joint action or consent of; with the
common aid or knowledge of: as, settle it among
yourselves; the mischief was done among you.
You have, among you, killed a sweet and innocent lady.
Shak., Much Ado, v. i.
4. To each of; by or for distribution to: as,
he gave five dollars to be divided among them.
What are they [five loaves and two fishes] among so
many ? John vi. 9.
5+. In the circumstances of ; during the time
or term of; in the course of.
I never went to any place among all my life . . . which
I had before . . . thought of.
Baacter, in Tulloch's Eng. Puritanism, p. 306. (N. E. D.)
II.t adv. 1. Together (with something).
Dogttur, temper well thi tonge,
& Vse not monny tallis [many tales];
For lessynggis [leasings] wyll lepe out amonge,
That oftyn brewis ballys [bales, mischiefs].
The Good Wyfe wold a Pylgrenage, 1. S5. (E. E. T. S.,
- [extra ser. VIII., i. 41.)
2. At intervals; here and there.
They [the fowles] sate amonge
Upon my chambre roofe withoute,
Upon the tyles over al aboute.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, l. 298.

among
3. Between whiles; at intervals; from time to
time; now and then.—4. During the time;
meanwhile. =Syn. Amid, In the midst of, Among, Be.
tween, Betwixt. The midst is the middle place; £e:
amid or in the midst of should be used where a person or
thing is in a position which is, or may be imagined to be,
Central; they are naturally the expressions between which
to choose when the noun is in the singular, or a plural noun
stands for that which is virtually one: as, “Lo, I see four
men loose, walking in the midst of the fire” (Dan. iii. 25);
a?nid the waves. By derivation among suggests a min-
gling; it may be properly used with collective nouns: as,
he disappeared among the crowd. Between is nearly equiv-
alent etymologically to by twain, so applying only to two;
among refers to more than two; it is therefore improper
to Say either among them both, or between the three. Be-
twiat is the same as between.
Plac'd far amid the melancholy main.
Thomson, Castle of Indolence, i. 30.
Where two or three are gathered together in my name,
there am I in the midst of them. Mat. xviii. 20.
He passes to be king among the dead.
Tennyson, Passing of Arthur.
The question hath bin all this while between them two.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, vi.
What is there now that can stand betwixt me and fe-
licity? Beau. and Fl., Woman-Hater, v. 4.
amongst (a-mungst '), prep. [An extension
(with excrescent -t as in against, amidst, whilst,
etc.) of ME. amonges, an adverbial gen, form of
among.] Same as among.
A son, who is the theme of honour's tongue;
Amongst a grove the very straightest plant.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 1.
amontillado (a-mon-til-yā’dó), n. [Sp.] A
name of sherry which has little sweetness, and
is light in color and body rather than dark and
rich. See sherry.
amor (ā'môr), n. [Early mod. E. amor (with ac-
cent on first syllable, later accented and pron.
as F. amour: see amour), K ME. amour, amur
(accented on first syllable, earlier on the sec-
ond), KOF. amor, amwr, amour, imod. F. amour =
Sp. £g. amor = It. amore, K L. amor, acc. amo-
rem, love; personified, Love, Cupid, Eros; K
amare, love, perhaps orig. *camare (cf. carus,
orig. “camrus, loving, loved, dear)= Skt. Vlaam,
love (cf. kāma, n., love). Cf. amiable, amity,
amour, etc.] 1+. Love; affection; friendship;
especially, love toward one of the opposite sex:
now only in the form amour (which see).-2.
§ [L.] In Rom. myth., the god of love;
up10.
amoradot (am-Ö-rā’dó), n. [K Sp. enamorado
(with prefix en- ignored in the transfer; cf.
equiv. M.L. amoratus) (=It. innamorato, K iſi.
inamoratus: see inamorato), pp. of enamorar, K
ML. inamorare, inspire love, PL. im, in, + amor,
love: see amor.] A lover.
Mark Antony was both a courageous soldier and a pas-
sionate amorado.
Christ. Relig.'s Appeal to Bar of Reason, p. 55.
amorcef (a-mórs'), n. IK F. amorce, bait, prim-
ing, K OF. amors, pp. of amordre, K L. admor-
dere, bite, gnaw at, Kad, to, + mordere, bite:
see mordant, morse, morsel. Cf. E. bait as re-
lated to bite.] Priming; the name commonly
given to the finer-grained powder used for
priming the musket or harquebuse, and which
was carried in a separate horn (see morsing-
horn); also, the priming of a single charge.
amorean (am-Ö-ré'an), n., [K Heb. 'amoraim,
teachers, expounders.] One of the later Tal-
mudic doctors; one of those compilers of the
Gemara who lived subsequent to the close of
the Mishna.
amorett, amorettef (am’ī-ret, am–5-ret’), n. [K
ME. amorette, K OF. amorete, amourete, -ette
(mod. F. amourette (> E. amourette), amour,
= It. amoretto, a little love or cupid), dim. of
amor, F. amour = It. amore, love: see amor
and amour.] 1. A sweetheart; an amorous girl;
a paramour.
When amorets no more can shine,
And Stella owns she's not divine.
T. Warton, Sappho's Advice.
2. A love-knot.
Nought clad in silk was he,
But alle in floures & in flourettes,
Painted alle with a morettes.
Rom. of the Rose, l. 892.
3. A love-sonnet or love-song.
His a morets and his canzonets, his pastorals and his
madrigals to his Phyllis and his Amaryllis. Heywood.
4. A trifling love-affair; a slight amour.—5.
pl. Looks that inspire love; love-glances.
Should . . . Phoebus 'scape those piercing amorets,
That Daphne glanced at his deity?
Greene, Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay.
6. A cup1d; a little love. See amoretto.
Also written amourette.
180
amoretto (am-3-ret’tó), n. ; pl. amoretti (-ti).
[It. : See amoret.] 1. A person enamored; a
lover.
The amoretto was wont to take his stand at one place
Where Sat his mistress.
Gayton, Notes on Don Quixote, p. 47.
2. A little love; a cupid.
A painting in which a moretti are plentiful,
J. A. Symonds, Greek Poets, p. 335. (N. E. D.)
amorevoloust (am-Ö-rev’ā-lus), a. [KIt, amo-
ºrevole, loying, Kamore, love: see amor.] Lov-
ing; kind; charitable. [Rare.]
He would leave it to the Princesse to show her cordial
and a morevolows affection.
Bp. Hacket, Life of Abp. Williams, p. 161.
amorino (am-Ö-ré'nā), n. ; pl. amorini (-ni).
[It., dim. of a more, love, cupid: see amor.] A
little love; a cupid. Applied to figures common in
Roman decorative art, and in Renaissance and modern
styles which are imitative of Roman art; also to merely
decorative representations of children in works of art.
àmorist (am’ 3-rist), m. [K amor + -ist.] A
lover; a gallant; an inamorato. Also written
amourist.
Justle that skipping feeble amorist
Out of your loves seat.
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, I., ii. 1.
Our gay amowrists then could not always compose if
they could write their billets-doux.
I. D'Israeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 168.
a-morningst (3-mór'ningz), prep. phr. as adv.
IK as + mornings, adverbial gen. of morning.
Cf. adays.] In the morning; every morning.
Such pleasant walks into the woods
A-mornings.
I'letcher (and another), Noble Gentleman, ii. 1.
amorosa (am-3-rö’sâ), m. [It., fem. of amoroso:
See amoroso.] An amorous or wanton woman.
I took them for amorosas, and violators of the bounds
of modesty. Sir T. Herbert, Travels, p. 191.
amoroso (am-3-rö’sø), a. and n. [It., KML.
amorosus: see amorous.] I. a. In music, amo-
rous; tender: descriptive of passages to be ren-
dered in a manner expressive of love.
II. m. ; pl. amorosi (-si). A man enamored;
a lover; a gallant. -
It is a gibe which an heathen puts upon an amoroso,
that wastes his whole time in dalliance upon his mistress,
viz., that love is an idle man's business.
Bp. Hacket, Life of Abp. Williams, p. 125.
amorous (am'gr—us), a. [KME. amorous, amorus,
amerous, amerus, K OF. amorous, amoros, F.
amoureua = Pr. amoros = Sp. Pg. It. amoroso,
KML. amorosus, full of love, K.L. amor, love:
see amor and amiable.] 1. Inclined to love;
having a propensity to love; sexually attracted;
loving; fond: as, an amorous disposition.
Our fine musician groweth amorows.
Shak., T. of the S., iii. 1.
A prince I was, blue-eyed, and fair in face,
Of temper amorows as the first of May.
Tennyson, Princess, i.
2. In love; enamored: usually with of, for-
merly sometimes with on.
In a gondola were seen together
Lorenzo and his amorows Jessica.
Shak., M. of W., ii. 8.
Sure, my brother is amorous on Hero.
Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1.
So amorows is Nature of whatever she produces.
Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy.
3. Pertaining or relating to love; produced by
orindicating love; conveying or breathing love.
The spirit of love and amorous delight.
Milton, P. L., viii. 477.
With tender billet-doux he lights the pyre,
And breathes three amorows sighs to raise the fire.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 42.
=Syn. Loving, tender, passionate, ardent, amatory.
amorously (am'Qr-us-li), adv. In an amorous
manner; fondly; lovingly.
With twisted metal amorously impleach'd,
Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 205.
amorousness (am'Qr-us-nes), n., The quality
of being amorous, or inclined to love or to sex-
ual pleasure; fondness; lovingness.
Amorpha (a-mór'fä), n. [NL., fem. of amor-
hus, irregular : see amorphous;]. A genus of
eguminous plants of the United States, some-
times known as false indigo or lead-plant. The
species are shrubs of moderate size, having pinnate leaves
and long, dense clusters of blue-violet flowers, which are
abnormal from having only the standard or vexillum, the
other four petals being wholly absent (whence the name).
The false indigo, A. fruticosa, is occasionally cultivated
for ornament. A coarse sort of indigo is said to have been
made from it in Carolina in early times; hence its com-
mon name. Also called bastard or wild indigo.
amorphic (a-mör'fik), a. Same as amorphous.
amorphism (3-mör'fizm), n.
amorphota (am-ór-fö’té), m. pl.
amorphous (a-mör'fus), a.
amorphously (a-mör'fus-li), adv.
amorphozoic (a-mör-fô-zó'ik), a.
amorphozoöus (a-mör-fé-Zó’us), a.
amort (a-mört'), a.
amortisation, amortise.
amortization
More seldom, they [inorganic elements] appear as crys-
tals or Crystalline forms, or also as amorphic masses in
the cell membrane or celi contents.
Behrens, Micros. in Botany (trans.), v.
... [Kamorphous +
-ism.] 1. The state on quality of being amor-
phous or without, definite shape; specifically,
absence of crystallization ; Want of crystalliné
structure, even in the minutest particles, as in
glass, etc.–2. The anarchic, communistic sys-
tem proposed by the Russian Bakunin; univer-
sal and absolute anarchy; mihilism; extreme
communism.
When we penetrate to the lowest stratum of revolu-
tionary Socialism, we meet Bakunin. It is in possible to
go further, for he is the apostle of universal destruction,
of absolute Anarchism; or, as he himself terms his doc-
trine, of Amorphism.
Orpen, tr. of Laveleye's Socialism, p. 192.
y [NL., K. Gr.
ăuépôorog, not formed, Kā-priv. 4- "uopporóg (cf.
gopſhottkóg), verbal adj. of Hoppéetv, form, Kpoppſ,
form.]. In astron, stars not formed into any
constellation, and therefore not constituting a
portion of any symmetrical figure.
[KNL. amorphus, K
Gr. 340ppoc, without definite form, shapeless,
misshapen, Kä-priv. 4- uopph, shape, form.] 1.
Without determinate form; of irregular shape.
He was supremely happy, perched like an amorphows
bundle on the high stool.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, ii. 4.
2. Having no regular structure; specifically,
not crystallized, even in the minutest particles:
as, glass and opal are amorphows.-3. Of no
particular kind or character; formless; charac-
terless; heterogeneous; unorganized.
Scientific treatises . . . are not seldom rude and amor-
phows in style. (º)"C.
An existing stupendous political order of things . . . by
no means to be exchanged for any quantity of amorphows
matter in the form of universal law. -
R. Choate, Addresses, p. 301.
4. Characterized by amorphism; founded on
the principles of amorphism; nihilistic; anar-
chic.
Also amorphic.
In an amor-
phous manner.
amorphousness (a-mör'fus-nes), n. The state .
of being amorphous; shapelessness.
Amorphozoa (a-mör-fô-zó’â), m. pl. [NL., KGr.
ãpoppog, without form (see amorphous), + šov,
animal.] De Blainville's name of the sponges
and their allies: so called from the absence of
regular organic structure in their parts. Now
only an inexact synonym of Protozoa.
[KAmorpho-
20a.] Of or pertaining to the Amorphozoa.
Same as
amorphozoic.
amorphy (a-mór'fi), n, [KGr. &uoppia, shapeless-
ness, Köptopſbog, shapeless: see amorphows.] Ir-
regularity of form; shapelessness; want of defi-
niteness. [Rare.]
His epidemical diseases being fastidiosity, amorphy, and
Oscitation. Swift, Tale of a Tub.
amorrow} (a-mor'6), prep. phr. as adv. [K ME.
amorowe, amorewe, a-morwe, earlier on morwen,
on morgen, KAS. on morgen, on morgenme: on
prep., E. aš; morgen, morrow. Cf. a mornings.
On the morrow; to-morrow.
4-morwe, Whan the day bigan to sprynge,
Upros our hoste.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1.823.
[A term due to the phrase
all amort (as if from all, adv., and amort), a cor-
#. of alamort, K.F. & la mort: see alamort.]
Lifeless; spiritless; depressed: usually in the
phrase all amort. -
How fares my Kate? What, sweeting, all amort &
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 3.
I am all amort, as if I had lain
Three days in my grave already.
Massinger, Parliament of Love, iv. 5.
She danced along with vague, regardless eyes,
. . . all amwort.
Keats, Eve of St. Agnes, st. 8.
His sensitiveness idled, now amort, -
Alive now. Browning, Sordello, vi.
See amortization,
Qºmortize.
amortization, amortisation (a-mör-ti-zā’-
shgn), n. fz ML. amortisatio(n-), admortiza-
‘tio(n-), Kamortisare, admortizare: see amortize.]
1. The act of alienating lands or tenements to
a corporation in mortmain. In old French law, let-
ters of amortization could be granted only by the king,
and supposed an indemnity or a tax to be paid by the cor-
poration holding in mortmain, The term was often used
for the tax alone.
amortization
2. Extinction, as of debt, especially by a sink-
ing-fund; a payment toward such extinction.
Also admortization, amortizement.
amortize, amortise (a-mór’tiz), v.; pret, and
... amortized, -8ed, ppr. amortizing, -8ing. [K
. amortisen, -eisen, -esen, KAF. amortizer,
-eyser (= Sp. amortizar'- ML, amortisare, ad-
mortigare), K amortiz-, OF. amortiss-, stem of
certain parts of amortir, deaden, quench, abol-
ish, extinguish, redeem, or buy out, as a rent-
charge, alienate in mortmain; F. amortir, dead-
en, slacken, reduce, redeem, liquidate, - Pr.
amortir = OCat. amortir = It. ammortire, K.L. as
if "admortire, Kad, to, + mor(t-)s, death: see
*mortal. Cf. mortmain..] I. trans. 1+. To make
dead; deaden; destroy.
The gode werkes that men don whil thei ben in gode
lyfe ben al amortised by sin tolowº,
Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
2. In law, to alienate in mortmain, that is, to
convey to a corporation, sole or aggregate, ec-
clesiastical or temporal, and their successors.
See mortmain.—3. To extinguish, as a debt, by
means of a sinking-fund.
II.f intrams. To droop; hang as dead.
With this rayne went the sayle amortyssynge and hang-
ing hevy. aacton, Ovid's Metam., xi. 19. (N. E. D.)
amortizement, amortisement (a-mór (tiz-
mºnt), n. Fº F. amortissement, a .#
bringing to an end, in arch. a finishing (ML.
amortisamentum, admortizamentum), K amortir
ANIS-N-> .
---
E-3 tº
º º
Fº Yº
- *
Nº gºš
NYº
|
sº
º
º §º-º:
#!!! | | |
§º *~
eºs.
º
* . . . #~ ºrs
º #sº
º º ſº º-
Maſººl
TJºſſ
††
Amortizenment of 3. (13th century), Apsidal Chapel,
athedral of Amiens.
(-iss-): see amortize and -ment.] 1. The crown-
ing member of an edifice; the architectural
ornament or feature that terminates a façade,
a ridged or pointed roof, a gable, a buttress,
etc. Viollet-le-Duc.—2. Same as a mortization.
a-morweł, prep. phr. as adv. A Middle English
form of amorrow.
âmotion (a-mö'shgn), n. IK L. amotio(n-), K
amovere, pp. amotus, remove: see amove?..] 1.
Removal; ejection; ejectment from possession
or office, as of an officer of a corporation.
The cause of his a motion is twice mentioned by the Ox-
ford antiquary. T. Warton, Life of Sir T. Pope, p. 251.
2. Motion away from; a moving away; re-
moval. [Rare in both uses.]
amount (a-mount'), v. [K ME. amounten,
amwntem, mount up to, come up to, signify, K
OF, amounter, amºunter, amonter, amount to, K
amunt, amont, adv., uphill, upward, prop. prep.
phr, a mont, toward or to a mountain or heap
(cf. E. adown), K.L. ad montem: ad, to; montem,
acc. of mon(t-)s, mountain : see mount, mown-
tain. Cf. avale.] I. intrans. 1+. To go up;
rise; ascend; mount. -
When the larke doth fyrst amowmte on high.
Peacham, Garden of Eloquence, p. 106.
So up he rose, and thence amounted streight.
Spenser, F. Q., I. ix. 54.
2. To reach or be equal (to) in number, quan-
tity, or value; come (to) as a whole.
Thy substance, valued at the highest rate,
Cannot amowmt unto a hundred marks.
Shak., C. of E., i. 1.
3. To rise, reach, or extend, in effect, sub-
stance, influence, etc.; be equivalent or tanta-
mount in force or significance: as, his answer
amounted almost to a threat.
The errors of young men are the ruin of business; but
the errors of aged men amount but to this, that more might
have been done OT SOOner. Bacon.
His love of mischief and of dark and crooked Ways
amounted almost to madness. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi,
181
II, trans. 1. To ascend; climb; mount.—
2. To rise in number, quantity, or value, so as
to reach or be equal to; come to.
The som amounted v thousand pounde.
Caacton, Chron. of Eng., ccv. 186. (N. E. D.)
3. To be equivalent to ; mean; signify.
Tell me, mayde chaste,
What amounteth this?
Lybeaw8 Disc., 1471. (N. E. D.)
4. To cause to rise; raise or elevate.
Here no Papists were arraigned to amount it to a Popish
Iºllºa Cle. Fuller, Ch. Hist., ix. 110. (N. E. D.)
amount (a-mount'), n. [Modern; K amount, v.]
1...The sum total of two or more sums or quan-
tities; the aggregate: as, the amount of 7 and 9
is 16;...the amount of the day's sales.—2. A
quantity or sum viewed as a whole.
It is not often that a single fault can produce any vast
a/mount of evil. De Quincey, Style, i.
3. The full effect, value, or import; the sum or
total: as, the evidence, in amount, comes to
this.
Often contracted to amt.
amour (a-mör’), n. [K mod. F. amour (with F.
#". and accent), taking the place of earlier
... amour, amor (with accent on first syllable),
K ME. amour, amur, KOF. amur, amour, love:
See amor, and cf. paramour.] 1+. Love; affec-
tion; friendship.–2#. Love toward one of the
opposite sex.-3. A love-affair; love-making;
especially, an illicit love-affair; an intrigue.—
Amour propre (a-mör propr), self-esteem; self-respect:
son tetimes used in an unfavorable sense, meaning self-love,
pride, conceit, vanity, egotism: a French phrase now in
COIIll]] OX1 UISé.
Doubtless in nearly every field of inquiry emotion is a
perturbing intruder : mostly there is some prec .ception,
and some amour propre that resists disproof of it.
H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 74.
These words were uttered with so much coldness, that
Mr. Effingham's amour propre was deeply wounded.
J. E. Cooke, Virginia Comedians, I. xii.
amourettet, n. See amoret.
amourist. m. See amorist.
amovability (a-ma-va-bii’i-ti), n. [Kamovable:
see -bility.] "Capability of being removed, as
from an office. [Rare.]
Let us retain amovability on the concurrence of the
executive and legislative branches. -
Jefferson, Works, IV. 288.
amovable (a-mö’va-bl), a. [Kamove? -H -able;
also amovible, after F. amovible.] Removable.
[Rare.]
amovalf (a-mö’val), n. [K amové2 + -al. Cf.
Temoval, K remove.] Total removal.
Amoval of . . . insufferable nuisances.
Evelyn, Sylva, p. 342.
a move1+ (a-möv'), v. t. [Early mod. E. amoove,
KME. amoeven, ameven, KOF. amover, amouvoir,
K L. admovere, move to, bring to, apply, incite,
Kad, to, + movere, move: see a-11 and move.]
To move; stir; excite; affect.
And when she say thise poetical Muses aprochen aboute
my bed and enditynge wordes to my wepynges, she was a
lytel amoved and glowede with cruwel eyen.
Chaucer, Boëthius, i. prose 1.
She nought a meved
Neither in word, or chere, or countenance.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, l. 442.
At all these cries my heart was sore amoved.
Greene, Poems, p. 136. (N. E. D.)
a move?} (a-möv'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. arnoved,
ppr. amoving. {K late M.E. amovem, KAF.
amoever, K.L. amovere, remove, K a for ab, from,
+ movere, move: see a-18 and move.] To re-
move, especially from a post or station.
She well pleased was thence to amove him farre.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 37.
... may be a moved for reasonable cause. .
Sir M. Hale, Hist. Plac. Cor., ii. 3.
amovible (a-mö'vi-bl), a. [F.: see amovable.]
Same as amovable. [Rare.]
ampac (am’pak), n. An East Indian shrub, or
small tree, Evodia latifolia, producing a resin
which is aromatic when burned. Its leaves are
used to medicate baths.
amparo (ām-pâ’rö), n. [Sp. and Pg., defense,
protection, K. Sp. Pg. amparar, defend, = Pr.
amparar = F. emparer, refl. seize upon, secure,
= It. imparare, learn, acquire, KML. as if “im-
arare, K L. im, into, toward, + parare, furnish.]
document protecting a claimant of land till
properly authorized papers can beissued. Texas
Law Report.
ampassy (am'pa-si), m. [A corruption of and
per se: see ampersand.] A form still used for
ampersand in parts of England.
Ampelidae (am-pelti-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAmpelis
+ -idae.] In ornith., a family name variously
used. (a) A family founded by Swainson in 1831, having
Coroners . .
ampere
no characters by which it can be defined, but containing a
miscellaneous group of dentirostral insessorial birds from
various parts of the world, and divided into the subfami-
lies Leiotrichanae, †. #. Pachycephalinae,
etc. (b) A family of dentirostral Insessores, supposed to
be related to the shrikes and flycatchers, and including
the subfamilies Dicruringe, Campephaginoe, Gymnoderinge,
Ampelinae, Piprimae, and Pachycephalinae. (c) A family
of birds restricted to the Ampelinoe proper with the Pti-
logonydince, and placed between Tyrannidae and Cotin-
Añº See waxwing, Bombycillidae.
pelideae (am-pe-lid’é-é), m. pl. [NL., fem.
pl. of ampelideus; see ampelideous.] The name
given by Kunth to the family of plants Vitaceae
(which see).
ampelideous (am-pe-lid'é-us),.a. [K NL. am-
elideus, K Gr. auréâtc (-16-), a vine, dim. of Čure-
ç, a vine: see Ampelis.] In bot., relating or
belonging to the Ampelideas, or vine family; re-
sembling the vine. --
Ampelinae (am-pe-li'né), m.pl. , [NL., K Ampelis
+ -ina..] A subfamily of birds, of the family
Ampelidae, or chatterers. . It is sometimes taken as
equivalent to Ampelidae (c) (which see), and sometimes re-
stricted to the single genus Ampelis.
Ampelio (am-pé'li-Ö), n. . [NL., K. Gr. Gurewion,
a kind of singing bird, also called åputeåſg: see
Ampelis.] A genus of cotingine † of South
America, established by Cabanis in 1845, made
by Sundewall the type of his family Ampelho-
ninae. A. melanocephala is an example. Also
written Ampelion.
Ampelioninae (am-pel’i-Ö-ni’mé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Ampelio(n-) + -ina..] In Sundevall's classifi-
cation of birds, the second family of his fourth
cohort (Pycnaspideae) of scutelliplantar oscine
a SSeres. It contains such genera as Ampelio, Phiba-
wra, Cotinga, Phytotoma, Cephalopterus, etc., and inexact-
ly corresponds to a subfamily Cotinginge of some authors.
Ampelis (am'pe-lis), n. [NL., K. Gr. Gute?ic, a
kind of singing bird, also called åputreatov, prob.
from its haunting vines, Käute?og, a vine.] A
genus of oscine passerine birds, type of a sup-
posed subfamily Ampelinae, or of an alleged
family Ampelidaº. It contains three species, the Caro.
lina waxwing (A. cedrorum), the Bohemian waxwing (A.
garrulu.8), and the Japanese waxwing (A. phoenicopterus);
the birds are also called chatterers. A synonym of Ann-
pelis is Bombycilla. The name was formerly applied, with
great latitude, to many birds properly belonging to vari-
Ous other families; but it is now restricted to the three here
named. See wazwing.
ampelite (am'pe-lit), n. ... [K L., ampelitis, K Gr,
àuteåric (se. Yū), a kind of bituminous earth used
to sprinkle vines in order to keep off insects,
Köpite?og, a vine.] A species of black earth
abounding in pyrites: so named from having
been used to kill insects on vines. The name
is also applied to cannel-coal and to some kinds
of schist.
ampelitic (am-pe-lit'ik), a. [Kampelite + -ic.]
In mineral., pertaining to or resembling ampe-
lite.
Ampeloglypter (am"pe-lô-glipºtēr), n. [NL,
K. Gr. Öpitehog, a grape-vine, FYAvTTàp, a chisel,
KYAigetv, carve, cut.] A genus
of beetles, of the family Curcu-
lionidae, established by Le Conte
for three North American spe-
cies formerly included in the
genus Baris. They live, in the lar-
Val state, in the young canes of cul-
tivated or wild grape-vines and the
Virginia creeper, causing swellings
in the shape of elongate knobs. The
most abundant species, A. Sesostris
(Le Conte), the grape-vine gall-beetle, is
a small, highly polished, elongate in-
sect of uniform light yellowish-brown
color. The elytra are gently undulated by broad trans-
verse impressions. -
ampelography (am-pe-log 'ra-fi), n. [K. Gr.
āpute?og, vine, + -ypaſpia, Kypépêty, write.] The
Grape-vine Gall-
beetle (Azrtpelo-
glypter sesostris).
Vertical line shows
natural size.
scientific description of the vine. Syd. Soc.
Leæ. -
Ampelopsis (am-pe-lop ‘sis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ăutreWog, vine, -i- Ölptg, appearance: see optic..] A
genus of plants, of the family Vitaceae, distin-
guished from Vitis by having the corolla of
wholly separate petals. It contains about 15
Species, of which 2, A. cordata and A. arborea,
are found in the United States. The Japa-
nese ivy, frequently called Ampelopsis, is now
placed in the genus Parthenocissus (which see
in the supplement), P. incuspidata.
amper (amſpêr), n. [E. dial., also written am-
por, K ME. *ampre (not found), KAS. ampre,
ompre, earliest spelling amprae, omprae, a
tumor or swelling.] ... A tumor; also, a defect.
amperage (am-pêr’āj), m. The strength of an
electrical current measured in amperes.
ampere (am-pārſ), n. [A designation adopted
by the Electric Congress at Paris in 1881; F. am-






ampere:
père, K.4mpère, näme of a French electrician
(André Marie Ampère, died 1836). Cf. ohm and
volt.] The unit employed in measuring the
strength of an electrical current. It is the cur-
rent which flows through a conductor whose resistance is
one ohm, and between the two ends of which the unit dif-
forence of potentials, one volt, is maintained. As defined
by the International Electrical Congress of 1893, and by a
United States statute of 1894, it is one tenth of the unit of
current of the centimeter-gram-second system of electro-
magnetic units and is represented in practice by the un-
Varying current which, when passed through a standard
Solution of nitrate of silver in water, deposits silver at the
rate of 0.001118 of a gram per second.
ampere-hour (am-pār’ our), n. In elect., a unit
of quantity, the electricity transferred by a
current of one ampere in one hour. It is equal
to 3,600 coulombs.
ampere-meter (am-pār’mé"tèr), n. In elect.,
an instrument for measuring the strength of
an electric current in amperes. Several forms
have been devised. The most common types are:
(1) The Weston meter, in which a stationary per-
manent magnet acts upon a movable wire coil, which
is shunted by a low resistance. This instrument reads
only unidirectional or direct current, (2) The Thom-
son meter, consisting of a small movable piece of
Soft iron acted upon by a stationary inclined wire coil
through which the current to be measured passes.
(3) The dynamometer, consisting of a movable and a
Stationary wire coil acting magnetically upon one
another and connected in series. The movable element
carries the indicating needle. (4) The hot-wire meter, in
which the current passes through a straight wire and is
measured by the expansion of the wire caused by the
heating effect of the current, the expansion being trans-
mitted by a lever to the indicating needle. Usually the
Scale is graduated so that the indicating needle directly
º: the amperes. Also called ammeter, ampero-
17,076.7°.
Patent amperometer for measuring electrical work,
applicable to electroplating to show the work done or
doing in a vat.
Cat. Elect. Eachib. (1882), p. 46. N. E. D.
Ampère's theory. An electrodynamic theory
proposed by A. M. Ampère. See theory.
ampere-turns (am-pār’tèrnz"), n. pl. A mea-
Sure of the magnetizing power, or magneto-
motive force, of a current of electricity in a
conducting-coil, equal to the product of a
number of turns in the coil by the current (in
amperes) passing through it.
Amperian (am-pé’ri-an), a. Relating to André
Marie Ampère, or to his theories.—Amperian
Currents, in elect., the hypothetical electrical currents
by which Ampère explained the properties of a magnet.
See Ampère's theory, under theory.
amperometer (am-pe-rom ‘e-tèr), n. [Kampere
+ -o-meter.] Same as ampere-meter.
ampersand (am’per-sand), m. [Also amperzand,
ampus-and, amperse-and, ampassyand, ampussy-
and, appersi-and, amperzed, etc., also simply
ampassy, etc., various corruptions of and per Se
— and (that is, ‘& by itself— and’).] A name
formerly in use for the character & or & (also
called short and), which is formed by combin-
ing the letters of the Latin et, and, and which
is commonly placed at the end of the alphabet
in primers.
ampery (amſpêr-i), a. [K amper + -y1.J 1.
Covered with imples— 2. Weak; unhealthy;
beginning to decay. . [Prov. Eng.
amphacanthid (am-fa-kan'thid), m. A fish of
the family Amphacanthidaº.
Amphacanthidae (am-fa-kan (thi-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K Amphacanthus + -ida!..] In ichth., a
family name synonymous with Sigamidae (which
see).
Amphacanthus (am-fa-kan' thus), m. [NL.,
prop. "amphiacanthus, K. Gr. Öppi, on both sides
(see amphi-), + &Kavôa, spine. Å generic name
of fishes remarkable for the development of a
spine along the inner as well as the outer mar-
gin of the ventral fins: identical with Siganus
(which see).
amphanthium (am-fanſthi-um), m.; pl. amphan-
thia (-á). [NL., KGr, dupi, about (see amphi-),
+ &vööc, flower.] In bot., a term proposed for
a dilated receptacle of inflorescence.
amphi-. [E., NL., etc., K. Gr. Öpºt-, prefix, &plºt,
prep., - L. ambi-, etc. : See ambi-.] A prefix
of Greek origin, meaning on both sides, on all
sides, around, round about: cognate with and
equivalent to ambi- of Latin origin.
Amphiarctos (am-fi-ark’tos), m. [NL.] Same
as Hyaenarctos.
amphiarthrodial (am"fi-ār-thrö'di-al), a. [K
Gr. apºpt + &pſpóómº, jointed (Käpt'pov, a joint,
+ elóoc, form), + -ial, with ref. to amphiar-
throsis.] Of or pertaining to amphiarthrosis, or
to a joint exhibiting that kind of articulation.
*hººl; (am”fi-ār-thrö’sis), m. [NL.,
K. Gr. 6/1%t, on both sides, + -āpôpoolç, articula-
tion: See arthrosis.] In amat, a kind of articu-
182
lation, intermediate between synarthrosis and
diarthrosis, permitting slight motion by inter-
vention of fibrocartilage, as between the bodies
of vertebrae or in the pubic and sacro-iliac
# articulations.
Amphiaster (am'fi-as-tér), n. [NL., K. Gr. &ppi,
around, H- dothp, a star.] 1. A genus of star-
fishes, of the family Goniasteridae. A, insignisis
a beautiful Californian species with short flat arms, flat
disk, and regularly arranged spines and tessellated plates.
2. [l. c.] In embryol., a formation in a matur-
ingovum of a fusiform figure radiated at either
end, thus resembling two stars joined together,
whence the name; a karyokinetic spindle.
amphibala, m. Plural of amphibalum.
amphibali, n. Plural of amphibalus.
amphibalum (am-fib’a-lum), n. ; pl. amphibala
(-lā). Same as amphibalus,
amphibalus (am-fib’a-lus), n. ; pl. amphibali
º [ML., K. Gr. &pi;t&owog, adj., put around
cf. &pſpíðAmua, a cloak), Köplºt, around, 4- 36%-
Aety, throw.] An ecclesiastical vestment, not
unlike the casula or chasuble, peculiar to the
Gallican church of the eighth and ninth cen-
turies.
Amphibamus (am-fib'3-mus), n. [NL., irreg. K
Gr, àpºt, around, H. Baivetv, go; cf. deriv. 8#wa,
Dor. Baua, a step.] A genus of stegocephalous
amphibians, of stout, lizard-like form, from the
Carboniferous formations of Illinois. E. D.
*Copé, 1865.
amphibia (am-fib’i-á), m. pl. [NL., pl. of am-
phibium, q.v. (also of amphibion), neut. of am-
phibius, K. Gr. Öpupiðtoç, living a double life:
See amphibious.] 1. In popular language, ani-
mals living both on land and in the water; those
which voluntarily and habitually enter that ele-
ment, though not able to breathe under water,
such as frogs, turtles, crocodiles, seals, Wal-
ruses, otters, beavers, hippopotami, etc.—2.
[cap.] In 206l., a name variously used. (a) In the
Linnean system (1766), the third class of Animalia, includ-
ing all Reptilia, Batrachia, and various fishes and fish-like
vertebrates. It was divided into three orders: (1) reptiles
furnished with feet and breathing by the mouth (Testwdo,
Draco, Lacerta, Rama); (2) footless serpents, also breathing
by the mouth (Crotalus, Boa, Colwber, Angwis, Amphis-
boena, Caecilia); (3) finned swimmers (Namtes pinnati),
breathing by lateral branchiae or gills, comprising 14 genera
of fishes and fish-like vertebrates, as the Marsipobranchia
and Squali. (b) In Cuvier's system (1817), a tribe of carniv-
orous mammals, intervening between Carmaria and Marsw-
piata, containing the seals and walruses, or pinniped Car-
mivora ; thus exactly equivalent to the Pinnipedia of mod-
ern naturalists. Cuvier had earlier (about 1799) placed the
Amphibia, next to the Cetacea, both comprising mammals
with feet adapted for swimming, as distinguished from
those with claws or with hoofs. (c) A class of ichthyopsidan
vertebrates, corresponding to the order Batrachia of Bron-
gmiart and Cuvier, containing animals that breathe both in
the water and in the air at the same or at different periods
of their lives, and have either permanent gills or gills later
superseded by lungs, or gills and lungs simultaneously.
The gills are usually external. Respiration is also usually
effected to some extent by the skin. Limbs are either pres-
ent or absent, and there are no fins in the adult. The Am-
phibia undergo metamorphosis, the larval forms being
more or less fish-like, the adult developing limbs. They
are anamniotic and anallantoic, oviparous, and cold-
blooded. The heart has two auricles and one ventricle.
The skull is dicondylian, with an unossified basi-occipital
and a parasphenoid. The Amphibia include the livin
frogs, toads, newts, and Salamanders, and their allies, an
a large number of fossil species constituting the order
Stegocephala or Labyrinthodonta. The orders more com-
monly accepted are Ophiomorpha or Gymnophioma, Uro-
dela (tailed amphibians), Amwra (tailless amphibians),
and Stegocephala; but by some the last division is raised
to the Tank of a subclass, while its suborders are raised
to the rank of orders. e
amphibial (am-fib’i-al), a. [As amphibious +
-al.] Same as amphibian.
amphibian (am-fib’i-an), a. and n. [As am-
phibious + -am.] I. a. Of or pertaining to am-
phibia in any sense; specifically, pertaining to
the class Amphibia. See amphibious, 2.
II. m. An animal of the class Amphibia.
Amphibichthyidae (am"fi-bik-thi’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., KAmphibichthys -H -idae.] A family of dip-
nous fishes, typified by the genus Amphibich-
thys : synonymous with Lepidosirenidae. Hogg.
Amphibichthys (am-fi-bik’this), n, [NL., K
Gr. &pſpíðtoç, amphibious, + x0üç, fish.] The
typical genus of Amphibichthyidae: synonymous
with Lepidosiren. Hogg, y
amphibiolite (am-fib’i-à-lit), n. [K. Gr. Guſt-
Blog, amphibious, + Affog, a stone..]. The fossil
remains of an amphibian. Craig, 1847.
amphibiolith (am-fib’i-Ö-lith), m. Same as am-
phibiolite. # & A &
amphibiological, (am-fib’i-à-loji-kal), a., [K
amphibiology + -ical.] Pertaining to amphibi-
ology.
2.III iº. (am-fib-i-ol’ā-ji), n. IK Gr. Ču-
qíðiog, amphibious, + -āoyia, K%yetv, speak: See
amphibolid .
-ology.] A discourse or treatise on amphibious
animals; the department of natural history
which treats of the Amphibia. *
affºlº, (am-fib’i-on), n., pl. amphibia (-É).
[NL., = amphibiwm, q.v.] Same as amphibium.
Amphibiotica (am”fi-bi-ot'i-kä), n. pl. [NL.,
K Gr, àuptſtoc, amphibious, + term, -ºr-tº-6c.]
In 206l.,in Gegenbaur's system of classification,
one of two subdivisions (the other being Cor-
zodentia) of the Pseudomewroptera. The Amphi.
biotica are composed of the May-flies, dragon-flies, and re-
lated forms. This suborder is, therefore, º;
equivalent to the Plecoptera (Perlidge), Agnathi §: tº
jºiºdºnata (Agronião, Esgånäſe, fibeſülüge)
of other authors, formerly considered as suborders of a
conventional order Newroptera. * * * *
amphibious (am-fib’i-us), a...[KNL, amphibius,
K. Gr. auſpigloc, living a double life, Kågøt, on
boº sijº, life, Č amphºid.j'i. Li.
ing both on land and in water; habitually al-
ternating between land and water.
2. Of or pertaining to the Amphibia; amphibian.
The most completely amphibious animals are those which
do not undergo complete metamorphosis, or which possess
lungs and gills simultaneously, being thus capable of both
aërial and aquatic respiration. Amphibiows is, however
rare in this sense, amphibian being the usual technicai
term in zoölogy.
3. Of a mixed nature; partaking of two na-
tures: as, an amphibious breed.
A floating island, an amphibious spot
Unsound, of spongy texture.
Wordsworth, Prelude, iii.
Not in free and common socage, but in this amphibious
subordinate class of villein socage.
Blackstone, Com., II. vi.
amphibiously (am-fib’i-us-li), adv. In an am-
phibious manner.
amphibiousness (am-fib’i-us-nes), n. The
quality of being amphibious; ability to live in
two elements; participation in two natures.
*hiº (am-fib’i-um), m.; pl. amphibia (-à).
[NL. (also written amphibion, K. Gr. &pſpí8tov),
; of amphibia, q.v.] An amphibious ani-
mal; one of the Amphibia. Sir T. Browne, Religio
Medici, i. 34.
amphiblastic (am-fi-blas’tik), a. [K Gr. Öppi,
on both sides, + 3%aotóg, a germ.] In embryol.,
a term applied to those holoblastic eggs which,
by unequal segmentation of the vitellus (yolk),
produce an amphigastrula (which see) in ger-
minating. Haeckel.
amphiblastula (am-fi-blastià-lâ), m. ; pl. am-
phiblastula (-lé). [NL., Kamphi(cytula) + blas-
tula.] In embryol., the vesicular morula or
mulberry-like mass which is formed from that
stage in the development of a holoblastic egg
of unequal segmentation known as an amphi-
cytula, following upon the stage called an am-
himorula. The human egg is an example.
ee gastrulation. Haeckel.
Amphibola (am-fib’ô-lâ), m. [NL., fem. of LL.
amphibolus : see amphibole..] A genus of pul-
monate gastropods with an
operculum and without ten-
tacles, constituting the fami-
ly Amphiboliday: synonymous
with Ampullacera.
Amphibolae (am-fib'é-lè), n.
pl. [NL., fem. pl. of L.L. am-
5hibolus : see amphibole.] In
itzsch's classification (1829),
a group of birds represented
by the family Musophagida,
the plantain-eaters or turacous. [Not in use.]
àmphibole (am'fi-ból), m. [K LL. amphibolus,
ambiguous, KGr. dpupið0%0ç, doubtful, equivocal,
Šápºſłóżew, doubt, beuncertain, throw around,
&ºi, around, on both sides, Fääen, throw.j
A name given by Haüy to hornblende. It is now
used for a group of metasilicates of magnesium, calcium,
iron, aluminium, sodium, and one or two less common
bases. All the amphiboles have similar cleavage and
physical properties, in which they differ from the chemi-
cally closely related group of the pyroxenes. See horn-
blende.—Amphibole granite, same as hornblende gran-
ite (which see, under granite).
amphiboli (am-fib’ô-li), m. pl. [NL., pl. of LL.
amphibolus : see amphibole..] A general name
for birds of zygodactyl form with the toes di-
rected forward and backward in pairs, that is,
two forward and two backward. By Illiger §
considered as a family, but now abandoned as an artificia
Amphibola austra-
21s.
gTOup.
*mphibolic (am-fi-bol'ik), a. . [Kamphiboly --
-ic.] Of the nature of amphiboly; amphib-
olous. t
amphibolic? (am-fi-bol'ik), a... [K amphibole +
-ic.] In mineral., pertaining to, resembling, or
containing amphibole.
amphibolid (am-fib'3-lid), n. A gastropod of
the family Amphibolidae.

Amphibolidae
w
Amphibola + -idae.] family Basomma-
tophorous pulmonate ɺl. The technical
characters are a short, thick spiral shell closed by an
ºperculum, the whorls, shouldered, and gills present,
though rudimentary. The species live in marshes where
the water is brackish, and have but partially ačrial respi-
Tation; they are confined to New Zealand. Also called
- Anºuilºceida, -
amphiboliferous (amºff-bó-life-rus), a. [Kam-
phibole + -i-ferous.] Bearing or containing
amphibole. -
Amphiboliferows andesite and dolerite.
Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 749.
amphiboline (am-fib’ī-lin), a. [Kamphibole +
-ine.] In mineral...resembling amphibole.
amphibolite (am-fib’ô-lit), n. [K Gr. Öſupí30%0ç,
doubtful (see amphibole), + -ite?..] A rock be-
longing to the class of the crystalline schists,
and consisting largely of É. hornblende,
together with quartz or feldspar, or both. It
is often a metamorphic derivative from a basic
igneous rock, such as a diabase or gabbro.
amphibological (am'fi-bó-loj’i-kal), a. [Kam-
phibology.] Of or pertaining to amphibology;
of doubtful meaning; ambiguous.
A fourth insinuates with a pleasing compliment, a sweet
Smile, ingratiates himself with an amphibological Speech.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 574.
amphibologically (am"fi-bê-loj’i-kal-i), adv.
With a doubtful meaning.
amphibologism (am-fi-bol’ā-jizm), n. [Kam-
phibology + -ism..] An amphibolous construc-
tion or phrase. N. E. D.
amphibology (am-fi-bol ' ' -ji), n. ; pl. amphi-
bologies (-jiz). [K L.L. amphibologia, K LGr.
*ápºtºoãoyia, K. Gr. &pſpíðožog, doubtful, ambig-
uous (see amphibole), + -āoyia, K Žéyeav, speak:
See -ology.] 1. The use of ambiguous phrases
or statements.—2. In logic, a sentence which
is ambiguous from uncertainty with regard to
its construction, but not from uncertainty with
regard to the meaning of the words forming it.
A good example of amphibology is the answer of the oracle
to Pyrrhus: “Aio te Romanos vincere posse.” Here te
and Romanos may either of them be the subject or object
of vincere posse, and the sense may be either, you can con-
quer the Romans, or, the Romans can conquer you. The
English language seldom admits of amphibology. For an
English example, see second extract under amphibolous.—
Fallacy of amphibology. See fallacy.
amphiboloid (am-fib’ô-loid), a... [K amphibole
+ -oid.]. In mineral., having the appearance
of amphibole.
amphibolostylous (am-fib%-ló-sti’lus), a. [K
. amphibolostylus, K. Gr. &pſpi}ožog, doubtful,
+ otüWoç, column (style).] In bot., having the
style not apparent. Syd. Soc. Lea.
amphibolous (am-fib’º-lus), a. [K LL. amphi-
bolus, K. Gr. Öpipi}ožog, ambiguous: see amphi-
boij Ambiguous; equivocal: now used only
in logic as applied to a sentence susceptible of
two meanings. [Rare.]
Never [was] there such an amphibolows quarrel—both
parties declaring themselves for the king.
- Howell (?), England's Tears.
An amphibolows sentence is one that is capable of two
meanings, not from the double sense of any of the words,
but from its admitting a double construction; as, ". . .
“The duke yet lives that Henry shall depose.”
Whately, Logic, iii. "I 10.
Amphibolura (am"fi-bê-lü'ră), n. [NL. (Ca-
banis, 1847), K. Gr. 3/1ſhibowog, doubtful, ambig-
uous (see amphibole), + otpá, tail.] In ornith.,
the corrected orthography of Phibalura (which
see). [Not in use.]
amphiboly (am-fibº-li), º.; pl. amphibolies
(-líz). [& L. amphibolia, K. Gr, duplpoxia, am-
biguity, Käppi}ožog, ambiguous: see amphibole.]
1. The use of ambiguities; quibbling.—2.
logic, ambiguity in the meaning of a proposi-
tion, arising either from an uncertain syntax or
from a figure of Speech-Transcendental amphi-
boly, in the Kantian philosophy, the coufusing of concep-
tions which exist in the understanding a priori (categories)
with those which are derived from experience.
amphibrach (am'fi-brak), m, [KL.amphibrachys,
sometimes amphibrachus, KGr. Čučí3paxvg, short
on both sides, K dupi, on both sides, + 3paxõg,
short.] In pros., a foot of three syllables, the
middle one long, the first and last short: as,
hábéré, in Latin: the opposite of amphimacer.
amphibrachys (am-fib’ rà-kis), n. [L. : See
above. 1 Same as amphibrach.
Amphibrya (am-fib'ri-á), m. pl. [NL., neut. 3.
of amphibryus : see amphibryows.]. In bot, the
endogens: a term used by Endlicher. º
amphibryous (am-fib’ri-us), a [K NL. amphi;
brjus, K Gr. Guðt, around, F 6pielv, swell, grow.]
In bot., growing by additions to all parts of the
periphery, A. Gray,
Amphicoelias (am-fi-Sé'li-as), n.
1.83
phibolidae (am-fl-bolti-dé), n. #! [NL., K *lºpic (am-fi-kār'pik), a. Same as am- amphictyonic (am-fik-ti-on 'ik), 4.
O
phºcarpous.
amphicarpous (am-fi-kär'pus), a. [KNL. am-
phicarpus, with fruit of two kinds (cf. Gr. apºpt-
Kapirog, with fruit all round), K. Gr. &pſpí, on both
sides, around, + kaptróg, fruit..] In bot., pro-
ducing two classes of fruit, differing either in
form or in time of ripening.
amphicentric (am-fi-sen'trik), a... [NL., K. Gr.
āppi, on both sides, + Kēvrpov, point, center.] In
anat., coming together, as into a center, on both
sides: º to a bipolar rete mirabile, that
is, one which is gathered again into and gives
off a vesseſsimilar to that ºne which breaks up
to form the rete: opposed to monocentric.
Amphicentrum (am-fi-senſtrum), n. [NL., K
Gr, &pſpí, on both sides, + kévrpov, spine: see
Center.] A genus of fossil ganoid fishes of the
Carboniferous strata, without abdominal fins.
amphichiral (am-fi-kiºral), a [K. Gr. dupi,
around, on both sides, + xeip, hand.] Undis-
tinguishable as to right, and left; transform-
able into its own perversion. Also spelled am-
phicheiral. =Syn. Ambidexter, Amphichirai. Ambidex-
ter refers to equal facility in using the two hands; amphi-
chiral refers to the geometrical similarity of the two sides.
To be amphichiral does not imply being symmetrical, how-
ever, but only the possibility of being brought into two
forms, one of which is the perversion or looking-glass im-
age of the other.
amphichroic (am-fi-kró'ik), a. [K Gr. dupi, on
both sides, + 2 pâa, complexion, color.] Having
a double action upon colors used as tests in
chemistry. Erroneously written amphicroitic.
N. E. D
amphichromatic (am"fi-krö-mat'ik), a. [K Gr.
ãpºt, on both sides, + Apópla(T-), color: see chro-
7matic..] Reacting both as an acid and as an
alkali upon colors used as chemical tests.
Amphicoelia (am-fi-sé'li-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
āppikotAog, hollow all round: see amphicaelous.]
1. In Owen's classification of reptiles, a sub-
order of Crocodilia, including the extinct croco-
diles which have amphicoelous vertebrae, as
members of the genus Teleosaurus.-2. [Used
as a singular.] A genus of bivalve mollusks.
James Hall, 1867.
amphicoelian (am-fi-sé ‘li-an), a. Amphicoe-
lous; having amphicoelous vertebrae; pertain-
ing to the Amphicaelia.
[NL., K. Gr.
āpupikoúñoç, hollow all round: see amphicalous.]
A genus of fossil dinosaurian reptiles with am-
phicoelian Vertebræ. A. altus was a huge species sup-
posed to have been able to browse on tree-tops 30 feet high.
4. º another species, is supposed to have ex-
ceeded A. altus in length. E. D. Cope, 1877.
amphicoelous (am-fi-sé'lus), a [KNI. amphi-
coelus, K Gr. &pſpikotºog, hollow all round, hollow at
both ends, Káuji, at both ends, + Koizoc, hollow:
see coeliac.] In anat, and 206l., hollowed at both
ends: said of vertebrae the centra or bodies of
which are biconcave. This is the usual character of
the vertebrae of fishes, and also of the extinct crocodiles
(Teleosawridae, Belodontidae), and of some birds of the Creta-
ceous period, as of the genus Ichthyornis (Odontotormae).
Amphicoma (am-fikº-mâ), m. [NL., K. Gr. &p-
pikouog, with hair all round, K &plºt, around, H-
Kóplm, hair.] ... A genus of lamellicorn beetles, of
the family Scarabaeidae. The mandibles in this genus
are without teeth on the inner edge, the claveola of the
antennae are globular, and the legs are ordinary.
Amphicondyla (am-fi-kon/di-lâ), m. pl. [NL.,
K. Gr. dupi, on both sides, + Kºło, a knuckle,
mod. Condyle..] A name given to the Mamma-
lia, with reference to the pair of occipital con-
dyles which vertebrates of this class possess
in connection with an ossified basioccipital:
opposed to Monocondyla (which see).
Amphictene (am-fik’te-nē), n. . [NL., K. Gr.
āppi, around, + kteig (krev-), a comb.] A genus
of tubicolous worms, order Cephalobranchia,
class Amnelida, type of the family Amphicteni-
day: equivalent to Pectinaria.
Amphictenidae (am-fik-tem’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Amphictene + -ida!..] A family of polychaetous
cephalobranchiate annelids, represented by the
genus Amphictene or I’ectinaria.
amphictyon (am-fik’ti-Qm), n. IK L. amphic-
tyones, KGr, duquerilov (Demosthenes), common-
ly in pl;,&pºtkrüovec, more correctly gºtkrioveſ,
lit. dwellers around, neighbors, K diplºt, around,
+ *kriovec (only in this word and treptictioweg, of
same sense), pl. of *kriov, ppr., K V “RT-, dwell
(X Rtičetv, people, establish, found), - Skt. V
kshi, dwell, inhabit.] In Gr. hist., a deputy to
an amphictyonic council, especially the Del-
phic: most commonly used in the plural for the
council itself, or the body of deputies (often
with a capital).
amphicurtous (am-fi-kèr’tus), a.
amphicyrtous (am-fi-sér’tus), a.
Amphidesma (am-fi-des'mâ), m.
amphidesmi
amphidromical
[K Gr.
pertaining to the amphictyons.]
ôpºtkrvovukóg
pl? y amphictyony, particularly to
Pertaining to an
that of Delphi.
amphictyony (am-fikti-on-i), n, ; pl. amplifety-
onies (-iz). [X Gr. applkrvovia (or -veta), Käu-
$4:rôovec, amphictyons.]. In Gr. hist., a league
of peoples inhabiting neighboring territories or
drawn together by community of origin or in-
terests, for mutual protection and the guardian-
ship in common of a central sanctuary and its
Tites. There were several such confederations, but the
name is specially appropriated to the most famous of them,
that of Delphi. This was composed of twelve tribes, and its
deputies met twice each year, alternately at Delphi and
at Thermopylae. Its origin dates back to the beginnings
of Grecian history, and it survived the independence of
Greece. It exercised paramount authority over the famous
oracular sanctuary of the Pythian Apollo and over the Sur-
rounding region, and conducted the Pythian games; and it
constituted, though in an imperfect way, a national con-
gress of the many comparatively small and often opposed
states into which Greece was divided. -
e See amphi-
cyrtous.
amphicyon (am-fis’i-Qn), n. [NL., K. Gr. 6plºt, º
both sides, + küov, dog, - E. hound, q.v.]
large fossil carnivorous quadruped, whose teeth
combine the characters of those of the dogs
(Canidae) and of the bears (Ursida). It occurs
principally in the Miocene Tertiary formation.
[K Gr. &pſpí-
Kvptog, curved on each side like the moon in its
3d quarter, gibbous, Köppi, on both sides, + kvp-
Tóg, curved: see curve.] Curved on both sides;
gibbous. Also written amphicurtows. N. E. D.

amphicytula (am-fi-sit’ī-lä), n. ; pl. amphicy-
tulae (-lé). [Ni., (amphi-4 cytula, NL. dim. of
Gr. KüTog, a hollow.] In embryol., the parent-
cell (cytula) which results from that stage in
the development of a holoblastic egg known as
an amphimonerula, by the re-formation of a nu-
cleus, and which passes by total but unequal
segmentation of the vitellus (yolk) to the succes-
sive stages known as amphimorula, amphiblas-
tula, and amphigastrula. See these words. The
human egg is an example. This is the usual form of egg
in mammals and sundry other animals. See gastrulation.
amphidt, amphidet (am'fid, -fid), a. [KGr. Öppi,
both, + -id2.] A term applied by Berzelius to
the salts of those acids which contain oxygen,
to distinguish them from the haloid salts. The
amphid salts were regarded as compounds of two oxids,
one electro-positive, the other electro-negative.
[NL., K. Gr.
âſıçi, on both sides, + 6eoplóg, a band, K Öeiv,
bind.] A genus of lamellibranchiates, con-
taining bivalve mollusks of rounded form with
large siphons, a long tongue-shaped foot, and
a double ligament, one internal and one exter-
nal: a synonym of Semele. Lamarck, 1818.
(am-fi-des' mid), m. A bivalve
mollusk of the family Amphidesmidaº.
Amphidesmidae (am-fi-des"mi-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Amphidesma + -idae.] A family of bivalve
mollusks, of which the genus Amphidesma is
the type: a synonym of Semelidae.
aſſº; (am”fi-di-ār-thrö'di-al), a.
[
L. amphidiarthrosis, after arthrodial.] Of
or pertaining to amphidiarthrosis.
amphidiarthrosis (am "fi-di-ār-thrö ' sis), m.
[NL., K. Gr. Öppi, on both sides, + 6táptpøgic,
articulation, diarthrosis.] In amat., a mode of
articulation which partakes of the nature of
both diarthrosis and amphiarthrosis, admitting
of free movement in several directions. A fa-
miliar example is the articulation of the lower jaw with
the rest of the human skull, which permits an up-and-down
motion, as in opening and shutting the mouth, and also a
rotatory motion from side to side and forward and back-
ward. Also called double arthrodia.
amphidisk, amphidisc (am'fi-disk), n., [KNL.
amphidiscus, K. Gr. diplºt, at both ends, + dio.Koç,
a round plate: see disk.] In coöl., a term ap-
plied to certain uniaxial elements or spicular
rods in the skeletal structure of the silicious
Sponges, having the ends developed into an-
chor-hooks or disks.
amphidromia (am-fi-drö’mi-á), m. pl. [K Gr. Öpi-
$tópópua, P. (see def.), K Čupiðpoptog, running
around, Kåplºt, around, F -ópoplog, running, K
dpapeiv, rum: see Dromas, dromedary, etc.] In
ancient Athens, a family festival in honor of
the birth of a child. It was held in the evening, when
the child was about a Week old. The guests brought small
presents and Were entertained at a repast. The child was
F.'. to the company and carried about the family
hearth by two women, and at this time received its name,
to which the guests were witnesses. The door of the
house was decorated with olive-branches for a boy, and
with tufts of wool for a girl.
amphidromical (am-fi-drom'i-kal), a. Pertain-
ing to the amphidromia.
amphidromical
At the amphidromical feasts, on the fifth day after the
child was born, presents were sent from friends, of poly-
puses and cuttlefishes. Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus.
amphidura (am-fi-dû'rã), n. A corruption of
amphithyra.
Amphigaºa (am-fi-jā’ā), n. [NL., K. Gr. Öpºt
implying doubt, + Yaia, yì, the earth, a iſ: OI’
country.] In 200geog., the Amphigean realm.
*higº, (am'fi-gam), m. [= F. amphigame,
KNL. amphigamºus: see amphigamous.] In Dé
Candolle's classification of plants, one of the
group of cryptogams, including the lichens,
fungi, and algæ, in which sexual organs were
unknown.
amphigamous (am-fig'a-mus), a. [K NL. am-
phigamus, K. Gr. dpipi, implying doubt, + y&uoç,
marriage.] bot., of or pertaining to the am-
#: thallogenous.
amphigastria (am-fi-gas' tri-á), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr, apºpt, around, + Yaotip, stomach: see gas-
tric..] The peculiar stipule-
like accessory leaves on the
lower side of the stem of some
scale-mosses and other Hepa-
ticae.
amphigastrula (am-fi-gas’-
trö-lâ), m. ; pl. amphigastrulae
(-lé). [NL., K amphi- + gas-
trula..] In embryol., that form
of metagastrula (which see)
which results from unequal
cleavage or segmentation of
*the yitellus (yolk).
amphigean (am-fi-jé'an), a.
r. &pſpí, around, *H yi),
the earth: see geography,
etc.] 1. Extending around the earth: in bot.,
applied to genera or species that are found
around the globe in approximately the same lati-
Lower side of branch,
showing Amphigastria,
or accessory leaves.
tude.—2. [cap.] [KNL. Amphiga'a ---an.] In Am
206960g., a term applied to the temperate South
American realm as one of the prime zoölogi-
cal divisions of the earth's land-surface, with
reference to its equivocal or ambiguous zoölogi-
cal character. Together with the Dendrogean or tropi-
cal American realm, it composes the Neotropical region
of Sclater.
amphigen (am'fi-jen), n. [K Gr. &pſpí, around, +
-yev/g, K V “yev, produce: see -gen. Cf. amphi-
gene.] 1. In bot., a thallogen: a name applied
by Brongniart to those cryptogams (the algae,
fungi, and lichens) which increase by develop-
ment of cellular tissue in all directions, and not
at the summit of a distinct axis.—2#. In chem.,
an element, like aluminium, capable of forming
with anotherelement acid and basic compounds.
amphigene (am'fi-jén), n. [K Gr. Öplptyevåg, of
both kinds, of doubtful kind, K. Čiuqi, both, +
yévog, kind (see genus): named with allusion to
its supposed cleavage in two directions.] Same
as leucite.
amphigenous (am-fij^e-nus), a. [As amphigen +
-ows.] 1. In bot., growing all around an object:
applied to fungi which are not restricted to any
particular part of the surface of the host.—2t.
In chem., of amphigen nature.
Also written amphogenous.
Amphigenous reaction, in chem., a reaction which
develops both acid and alkaline characters.
Asphigºgº (am-fig-nath’ 3-don), n.
[NL., K. Gr. diplºpi, on both sides, + yuá0og, jaw,
+ 6000g (60ovt-) = E. tooth..] A peculiar genus
of arciferous anurous batrachians, having teeth
in both jaws, dilated processes of the sacrum,
a brood-pouch, and the general aspect of the
tree-frogs; the type of a family Amphigmatho-
dontidae (which see). A. guentheri is an arbo-
real species of the tropical Andean region.
amphignathodontid (am-fig-nath-Ö-don’tid), n.
One of the Amphigmathodontidae.
Amphignathodontidae (am-fig-nath-Ö-don’ti-
dé), m. pl. [NL., K Amphigmathodom (t-) + -idae.]
A family of anurous batrachians, typified by the
only certainly known genus, Amphignathodon
(which see).
amphigonic (am-fi-gon'ik), a. Same as amphig-
O??O7/S.
amphigonous (am-fig'à-nus), a. [K Gr, as if
*aujiyovog, K auſpi, on both sides, +-yovog (adj.
Youtlººg), K.V. Yºu, produce. Cf. Gr. 3/4tyovoc,
n., a stepchild, Käppi + Yövoc, offspring..] Trans-
mitting to offspring the characters of both pa-
rents; pertaining to amphigony.
amphigony (am-fig'3-ni), m. [As amphigonous
+-y.]. Sexual reproduction; gamogenesis: the
opposite of monogony. The word is chiefly used with
reference to those lower animals which may conjugate or
blend their Bubstance; not ordinarily used of reproduction
in higher animals,
, amphigory (am'fi-gū-ri
y
184
amphigoric (am-fi-gor'ik), a. [K F. amphigou-
Tique, K amphigouri : see amphigory..] Of, re-
lating to, or consisting of amphigory; absurd;
nonsensical.
n. ; pl. amphigories
(-riz). [Modified from #. amphigowri, of un-
certain origin; appar. a factitious word, based
on Gr. Gupt, on both sides.] A meaningless
rigmarole, as of nonsense-verses or the like; a
nonsensical parody.
Amphileptus (am-fi-lep’tus), n. [NL., KGr, dupt,
on both sides, + Aettàg, small, fine, āşīºf A.
genus of ciliate infusorians, of the family Tra-
chelocercidae, having numerous contractile vac-
uoles in two longitudinal series. A. gigas, one of
the largest known infusorians, has a lengthened com-
pressed form with a long neck, and the mouth near the
base of the proboscis. &
amphilogism (am-fil’ā-jizm), n. }. gºphilon
-ism..] A circumlocution. g
amphilogy (am-fil’ 3-ji), n. ; pl. amphilogies
(-jiz). [K Gr. ÖplºtAoyia, doubt, debate, Köppi-
Žoyoc, uncertain, Köppi, on both sides, + Aéyetv,
Speak: see -ology.] Ambiguity; amphibology.
amphimacer (am-fim’a-Sér), n. IKL. amphi-
ºnacrus, K. Gr. Öppiuakpoc, long on both sides, K
âuſpá, on both sides, + ptakpóg, long: see macron.
Cf. amphibrach.] In pros., a foot of three syl-
lables, the middle one short and the others
long, as in Latin câstītās: the opposite of am-
hibrach.
P imonadidae (am"fi-mê-nad’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K Amphimonas + -idae.] A family of na-
ked, free-swimming or sedentary, biflagellate
infusorians, º by the genus Amphimomas.
When sedentary they are attached by a prolongation of
the posterior extremity or by a caudal filament. The
two flagella are terminal and of equal size; there is no
distinct oral aperture, food being taken in at any point of
the periphery of the body.
himonas (am-fi-mon'as), n. [NL., K. Gr.
dupi, on both sides, + plováç (uovað-), one, a
unit: see monad.] ‘the typical genus of Am-
phimomadidas.
amphimonerula (am'fi-mº-ner'6-lâ), m.; pl. am-
ſº (-lé). [NL., Kamphi-4 monerula.]
embryol., the monerula-stage of a holoblastic
egg which undergoes unequal segmentation or
cleavage of the vitellus (yolk), and becomes
successively an amphicytula, amphimorula,
amphiblastula, and amphigastrula (see these
Words). It is a cytode which includes formative yolk
at one pole and nutritive yolk at the other; the two being
however, indistinguishable, and both undergoing totai
though unequal segmentation. See gastrulation.
amphimorph (am'fi-mörf), n. A flamingo, as
a member of the Amphimorpha.
Amphimorphae (am-fi-mör'fé), m. pl. [NL., KGr.
āppi, on both sides, + poppſ, form.] In Huxley's
system of classification, a superfamily of des-
mognathous carinate birds: so called because
intermediatelbetween the anserine birds and the
Storks. It contains only the flamingos, Phoenicopteridae
(which see). See cut under flamingo. The term is zoölogi-
cally equivalent to Odontoglossoe of Nitzsch, of prior date.
amphimorphic (am-fi-mór'fik), a. [As Amphi-
morpha + -ic.] Having the character of or
pertaining to the Amphimorpha2.
amphimorula (am-fi-mor’6-lä), n. ; pl. amphi-
morula” (-lé). [NL., K amphi- + morula.] In
embryol., the morula, or mulberry-like mass,
which results from the total but unequal seg-
mentation of the vitellus (yolk) in that stage in
the development of a holoblastic egg known as
an amphicytula; a solid and generally globular
mass of cleavage-cells which are not all alike.
Further stages of development are the amphiblastula and
*the amphigastrula. The human eggis an example.
hineura (am-fi-müſrå), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
āppi, around, + veipov, sinew, nerve.] A class
or phylum of Vermes constituted by the genera
Neomenia and Chaºtoderma, together with the
Chitomidae, the latter being removed from the
Mollusca and associated with the genera named
on account of the similarity in the nervous
system. H. von Ihering, 1878.
Amphinome (am-fin'3-mê), n. [NL., KGr. Öplºt,
around, + vogh, a feeding, K vépeoffat, feed, pas-
ture, act.] A genus of chaetopodous worms,
giving name to the family Amphinomida. Also
written Amphinoma.
Amphinomeae (am-fi-nó’mé-6), n. pl. [NL.]
Same as Amphinomidaº.
Delicate branchiae which are . . . arborescent . . . in
the Amphimomede. Gegenbawr, Comp. Anat, (trans.), p. 135.
Amphiº (am-fi-nomi-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Amphinome -- -idae.] A family of marine
locomotory polychaetous annelids, of the order
Chaetopoda, having several postoral segments
included in the head.
amphipodous
amphioxid (am-fi-ok'sid), n. An animal of
the family Amphioa'idae; a branchiostomid.
Amphioxidae (am-ſºok'si-dé), m.pl. [NL., KAm-
phiowus + -idae.] The only knownfamily of lep-
tocardians or acranial vertebrates, taking name
from the genus Amphiowus: a synonym of
Branchiostomidae (which see).
Amphioxini (am'fi-ok-siºni), m. pl. [NL., K
Amphioacus + -inë.] Same as Amphioa;idae.
Amphioxus (am-fi-ok'sus), n. [NL., KGr. dupi,
at both ends, + 650g, sharp: see oaxygen.] 6
lancelets: a later name for the genus called
JBranchiostoma. The lancelets are small fish-like crea-
tures—vertebrates reduced to their lowest terms, without
skull, brain, heart, jaws, or fins. They live buried in the
sand on the shores of Warm regions.
amphipneust (am’ fip-nāst), n. IK Amphi-
pneusta.] One of the Amphipneusta.
Amphipneusta (am-fip-nās’tā), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. Špiji, in both ways, -- *tvévoróg, verbal adj.
of twelv, breathe: see pneumatic.] A former
name of a suborder of tailed Amphibia, which re-
tain their gills through life. As constituted by Mer-
rem, the group included, however, the larval forms of some
amphibians which undergo metamorphosis. See Urodela.
Amphipneustea (am-fip-nās’té-á), n, pl. [NL.:
see Amphipneusta.] A name used by Wiegmann
for the Onchidiidae (which see).
amphipnoid (am-fip'noid), m. A fish of the
family Amphipnoidae.
Amphipnoidae (am-fip-noi'dé), n. pl. [NL., K
Amphipnous + -idae.] A family of symbran-
chiate fishes. The technical characters are a cranium
abbreviated behind, branchial apparatus partly behind
the cranium, a scapular arch not directly connected with
the skull, and a double vascular lung-like sac communi-
cating with the branchial cavity. nly one species is
known, the cuchia or Amphipmous cuchia. It is a com-
mon East Indian fish, of a sluggish nature, and amphibious
in its mode of life. It has a very long eeijikeform.
Amphipnoina (am-fip-nó-i'nā), m. pl. [NL., K
Amphipnous + -ina.] The Amphipnoidae, as a
subfamily of Symbranchiidae, having the vent
in the posterior half of the skull, and the scap-
ular arch not attached to the skull. Günther.
Also written Amphipnoima.
Amphipnous (am-fip'nā-us), m. [NL., KGr. Öppi,
on both sides, + -tváoç, breathing, K Tveiv,
breathe..] A genus of eel-like fishes distin-
guished by a lung-like respiratory apparatus
which enables the fish to breathe air directly
as well as through the medium of water. It is
the type of the family Amphipnoidaº.
amphipod (am'fi-pod), a. and m. [K NL, am-
g'. us (-pod-), having feet in both directions,
* r. &pſpí, on both sides, + Totº (Tod-) = E.
Joot, q.v.] I. a. Same as amphipodous.
II. m. An amphipodan; one of the ſºlº
Amphipoda (am-fip'º-dà), m. pl. [NL., neut.
pl. of amphipus (-pod.), having feet in both di-
rections: see amphipod.] In
206l., an order of sessile-eyed
(edriophthalmous) crustacean.
arthropods: sometimes, as by
Dana, united with Isopoda in an
Order Choristopoda. The order is
distinguished from other Edriophthal-
mia by having the abdominal region
well developed, and by effecting res-
piration by means of membranous vesi-
cles attached to the bases of the tho-
racic limbs. The bodies of the animals
are compressed laterally and curved
longitudinally; some of the legs are
directed forward, the rest backward
(whence the name). The thorax has 6
or 7 segments, the abdomen 7. . The
tail is natatory or saltatorial. The 4
anterior locomotive limbs (namely,
from the second to the fifth thoracic
limb inclusive) are directed forward,
the 3 posterior backward. The latter
are called pereiopods, and are the 3
ambulatory limbs; behind them, and
strongly contrasted with them, are 3
pairs of fringed appendages, called pleopods, which are the
true swimming-organs. The body ends behind in a vari.
Ously shaped telson. The eyes are sessile, and sometimes
rudimentary. From 2 to about 9 families of the order, the
most extensive of which is the Gammaridae, are recognized
by different authors. The little animals known as sand-
hoppers, sand-fleas, and shore-jumpers are members of
this order, the various forms of which inhabit both fresh
and salt water.
amphipodal (am-fip’º-dal), a. [K amphipod +
-al.] Same as amphipodoús.
amphipodan (am-fip'3-dan), a. and n. [Kam-
phipod + -am.] I. a. Same as amphipodous.
... n. An amphipod; one of the Amphipoda.
amphipodiform (am-fi-pod’i-fôrm), a... [Kam-
£º. + -ī-form.]. Resembling a sand-hopper
in form; formed like an amphipod. ICirby and
Spence, 1828.
amphipodous (am-fip’º-dus), a... [K amphipod
+-ous.] Having feet in both directions; spe-
Amphithoë, one of
the Amphºpoda.
2, rostrum ; t, tel-
son ; lb, labrum; 67',
branchiae; os, oëste-
ites; VIII'2, XIV’2,
th and 14th seg-
ments.


amphipodous
cifically, of or pertaining to the Amphipoda.
Equiva ent forms are ãº. ;
(#: -
Amphiporidae (am-fi-por’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Amphiporus + -idae.] 206l., a family of rhyn-
chocoelous turbellarians or nemerteans having
the proboscis armed with stylets, which are
Yºgin the other Rhynchocaela. Also called
01.000.
Amphiporus (am-fip’º-rus), n. [NL., KGr. Špiji,
OIl Fº sides, + . º #: A genus
of nemerteans, typical of the family Amphi-
porida (which see). A. lactiſlorus is a European
Species, 8 or 4 inches, long, found under stones from the
orth Šea to the Mediterranean.
amphiprostylar (am”fi-prä-sti’lār), a.
8,8 §:
amphiprostyle (am-fi-prä’ stil), a. [K L. am-
phiprostylos, K. Gr. dpuptºrpóatvāog, having a pro-
style at both ends, K appé, on both sides, + ºrpó-
otvāog, prostyle: see prostyle..] Literally, having
columns both in front and behind. In arch., ap-
Same
- T-P---
(C) (D) (C)
© (C) @
@ (C)
Plan of Amphiprostyle Temple.
plied to a structure having the plan of an ancient Greek
or Roman rectangular temple with a portico at each end or
in both front and rear, but no columns on the sides or flanks.
hºyle. (am-fi-pil’é-3), n. pl. [NL., KGr.
āppittvāog, with two entrances, K &pſpi, on both
sides, + trºm, a gate, entrance..] A division of
Phaeodaria (which see), containing those phaeo-
darians which have pseudopodal openings at
the opposite poles of the central capsule: dis-
tinguished from Monopyleae. Haeckel.
amphipylean (am"fi-pi-lè'an), a. Of or per-
taining to the Amphipyleae.
Amphirhina (am-fi-ri'nā), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl.
of amphirhinus; see amphirhine.] A prime di-
vision of the skulled vertebrates, or Craniota,
including all except the Monorhina (which see);
the double-breathers. It is a term expressive rather
of an evolutionary series of animals than of a definite zoö-
logical division.
amphirhine (am'fi-rin), a. [K NL. amphirhi-
mus, K. Gr. &pſpí, on both sides, -- big, bív, nose.]
Double-nostriled: specifically said of the Am-
phirhina.
Shouldjaws be absent, the Cephalaspidae would approach
the Marsipobranchii more nearly than any of the other
amphirhine fishes do. Hwacley, Anat. Vert., p. 129.
amphisarca (am-fi-sār'kä), m. [NL., K. Gr. dupi,
on both sides, + gépé (oapk-), flesh.] Any hard-
rinded fruit having a succulent interior and a
crustaceous or woody exterior, as the gourd.
[Rare.]
amphisaurid (am-fi-sā’rid), n. A dinosaurian
reptile of the family Amphisauridae.
Amphisauridae (am-fi-S ‘. m. pl. [NL., K
Amphisawrus + -idae.] A family of dinosaurián
reptiles: now superseded by Megalosauridae.
Amphisaurus (am-fi-sā’rus), R. [NL., KGr, àpupt,
on both sides, H- daipog, lizard.] A genus of dino-
saurian reptiles with amphicoelous vertebrae.
The name is now superseded by Anchisaurus,
and is a synonym of Megadactylus of Hitchcock.
amphisbaena (am-fis-bê'nā), m. [Early mod. E.
amphibene, ME. corruptly º; = OF. am-
phisbeine, mod. F. amphisbéne = Sp. anjisbena,
anfisibena = Pg. amphisbena = It. anjisbena, an-
esibena, K. L. amphisbana, K. Gr. Öpºptoſława, a
ind of serpent believed to move with either
end foremost, K &pſpig, at both ends, a form
of apºpt (see amphi-), + 3aivetv, go, - L. venire,
come, = E. come.] 1. A fabulous venomous
serpent supposed to have a head at each end
. be able to move in either direction.
Complicated monsters head and tail,
Scorpion, and asp, and amphisbaema dire,
Cerastes horn'd, hydrus, and elops drear,
And dipsas. Milton, P. L., x. 524.
Two vipers of one breed—an amphisboema,
Each end a sting. Tennyson, Queen Mary, iii. 4.
2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of lizards distin-
guished by the
obtuseness of
the head and
tail, typical of
the family Am-
phisbaºnidae. The
species, inhabiting
tropica South
America and the
West Indies, are
Amphisbazia /todaytºtosa.
£ amphistome (am'fi-stöm), n.
185
sluggish and mostly nocturnal, of snake-like aspect from
the absence of limbs, and able to move either backward or
forward.
Amphisbaenia (am-fis-béni-á), n. pl. , [NL.,
KAmphisbaena.] A superfamily group of lacer-
tilians: a synonym of Amphisbaenoida.
amphisbaenian (am-fis-bê’ni-an), a. and n. [K
amphisbaena -F -ian.] I. a. Of or pertaining
to the amphisbaena, or to the Amphisbanoida.
II. m. Same as amphisbana, 1.
amphisbaenic (am-fis-bé'nik), a. [K amphis-
bana + -ic.] Like the amphisbaena; moving
backward or forward with equal ease. An
equivalent form is amphisbaenous.
Yoked to it by an amphisbaenic snake.
Shelley, Prom. Unbound, iii. 4.
amphisbaenid (am-fis-bê'nid), n. A lizard of
the family Amphisbaenidae.
Amphisbanidae (am-fis-bé'ni-dé), m.pl. [NL.,
K Amphisbaena + -ida..] The typical family of
the group Amphisbanoida. It embraces sluggish
and mostly nocturnal snake-like lizards, such as those of
the genus Amphisboena, which are limbless, and are thus
distinguished from the Chirotidae (which see).
Amphusbanoida (am” fis-bé-noi' da), m. pl.
[NL., KAmphisbana-F-oida.] One of the major
divisions of existing Lacertilia (lizards), differ-
ing from all others except the Chamaeleonida in
the absence of a columella and of an interor-
|bital septum of the skull. The position of the quad.
Tate bone is peculiar; the skull in general resembles that
of an ophidian; the vertebrae are procoelous, and have
neither Zygantrum nor zygosphene; there is no sacrum;
and all but one or two of the precaudal vertebrae bear
ribs. The bodies of these lizards are completely snake-
like. All the representatives of the group are limbless,
excepting members of the genus Chirotes, which have a
pair of small pectoral limbs. The tail is extremely short,
so that the vent is near the end of the body. The integu-
ment is not scaly.
Amphisbaenoidaea (am"fis-bé-noi’dé-á), m. pl.
Same as Amphisbaenoida.
amphisbaenous (am-fis-bê'nus), a.
amphisbaenic.
*Pºlician (am-fish’i-an), n. One of the am-
prllSCII.
amphiscii (am-fish’i-i), n. pl. [NL., K. Gr. du-
$toktog, pl. Ópupiaktot, throwing a shadow both
ways, Käppi, on both sides, H- aklä, shadow.
Cf. antiscii.] In geog., the inhabitants of the
intertropical regions, whose shadows at noon
are cast in one part of the year to the north and
in the other part to the south, according as the
Sun is in the southern or the northern signs.
amphisient, a. [For amphiscien = E. amphis-
Cian, as adjj In her., double; having two
heads.
Amphisile (am-fis’i-lé), m. [NL., K. Gr. &pſpí or
āppig, around; it is uncertain what the last two
syllables were intended to represent.] A genus
of fishes, typical of the family Amphisilidae;
equivalent to Centriscus, of the family Centris-
cidae: formerly referred to the sea-snipes, Fis-
tulariidae or Aulostomidae.
A fish of the fam-
amphisilid (am-fisſi-lid), n.
ily Amphisilidae.
Amphisilidae (am-fi-sili-dé), m, pl. [NL., K
Amphisile + -idae.] A family of hemibranchi-
ate fishes. The body is much compressed, and is armed
with bony plates connate with the vertebrae and spinous
processes; the tail is deflected downward by the extension
of the armature behind. Fishes of this family have an
elongated tubiform snout, abdominal ventrals with a spine
Same as
Amphistle scretata.
and several rays, and a dorsal fin crowded out of place by
the extension of the dermal armature. It is a most re-
markable type, and exceptional among fishes on account
of the peculiar development of the skeleton as a sort of
shell around the body. The body is almost transparent,
and the organs, especially the air-bladder, can be dis-
tinctly seen through it. Their habits are unknown. There
are several East Indian species. Properly Centriscidae.
amphismela (am-fis-mê’lā), n. . [NL., KGr, à-
pig, on both sides, + puffWºm, a surgical instrument,
a probe..] A double-edged surgical knife.
amphispermium (am-fi-spèr’mi-um), m.; pl. am-
phispermia (-à). [NL., KGr. Čiu%t, on both sides,
+ gºtépua, seed.] In bot., a term proposed for an
indehiscent one-seeded pericarp; an achenium.
NL. Amphi-
stomum.] An animal of the genus Amphisto-
mwm or family Amphistomidae.
amphistomid (am-fis’tó-mid), n. One of the
Amphistomidas.
Amphistomidae (am-fi-stom’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., K
Amphistomum + -idae.] A family of trematode
amphistomoid (am-fis’tó-moid), a.
alT19
amphistylic (am-fi-sti'lik), a.
amphitheatral (am-fi-thé'a-tral), a.
amphitheatre, n. * *
amphitheatric (am"fi-thé-at’rik), a.
amphitheatrical
worms, of which the genus Amphistomum is the
type. Other genera are Diplostomum and Gas-
trodiscus.
[K Amphi-
stomum + -oid.] Of or pertaining to the family
Amphistomidae; amphistomous.
istomous (am-fis’tó-mus), a. [KNL. am-
phistomus, K. Gr. diplºptotoplog, with double mouth
Käppi, on both sides, + atóua, mouth: see stoma.j
Having a mouth-like orifice at either end of the
body, by which to adhere to the intestines of
animals, as some trematode parasitic worms;
amphistomoid.
. Amphistomum (am-fis’tó-mum), n. [NL., neut.
of amphistomus, with double mouth: see amphis-
tomous.] A genus of trematode parasitic worms,
typical of the family Amphistomidae.
[K Gr. apºpt, on
both sides, + otü20g, a pillar: see style?..] Hav-
ing pillars on both sides: applied in 206l. to the
skulls of sharks, which have supports for both
the upper and lowermandibular arches. Huxley.
amphitheater, amphitheatre (am-fi-thé' 3-
tēr), n. [The latter spelling is now usual in
England, after the F., though formerly amphi-
theater; cf. F. amphitheatre = Pg. amphitheatro
= Sp. It. anjiteatro = D. G. amphitheater = Dan.
amfitedter, K. L. amphitheatrum, K. Gr. 6p1446éa-
Tpov, prop. neut. of duptôéatpog, having a theater
Remains of Amphitheater of Arles, France.
(semicircular structure) on both sides, K diplºpt,
around, + 6éatpov, a place for seeing shows,
a theater; see amphi- and theater.] 1. In anc.
Rom. arch., an edifice devoted to the exhibition
of gladiatorial contests and the combats of wild
beasts. Such edifices were elliptical in form, and con-
sisted of a central area or arena, surrounded by a wall,
from which, sloping upward and outward, were rows of
seats for the spectators. The earliest amphitheaters were
J.-->s-rrr--" -
^-wrº-
Remains of Amphitheater of Nimes, France.
made of wood ; the first built of stone date from the time
of Augustus. The Colosseum or Flavian annphitheater at
Rome was the largest of all the ancient amphitheaters,
being capable of containing from 80,000 to 90,000 persons.
Those at Nimes and Verona are among the best examples
remaining. The dimensions of the latter are 505 by 403
feet, with a height of 100 feet. & &
Anything resembling an amphitheater in
form, as an oval or circular building with seats
rising behind and above each other around a
central open space; in gardening, an arrange-
ment of shrubs and trees rising behind each
other like the seats of an amphitheater; in phys.
geog., a large semicircular steep-walled valley-
head, such as occurs especially in formerly
glaciated mountains. See cirque, corrie” curm.
3. The uppermost gallery of a modern theater.
[K L. am-
phitheatralis, K amphitheatrum, amphitheater:
See amphitheater.] Same as amphitheatrical.
See amphitheater.
Same as
amphitheatrical.
amphitheatrical (am"fi-thé-atºri-kal), a. [KL.
amphitheatricus, K amphitheatrum : see amphi-
theater.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling
an amphitheater.
The first impression on seeing the . . . great amphi-
theatrical depressions is, that they have been hollowed
out, like other valleys, by the action of water.
Darwin, Voyage of Beagle, II. 225.
2. Taking place or exhibited in an amphithe-
ater: as, amphitheatrical contests.




amphitheatrically
amphitheatrically (am"fi-thé-at’ri-kal-i), adv.
In an amphitheatrical manner or form.
amphithect (am'fi-thekt), a. [K Gr, àpupiðmkrog,
sharpened on both sides, two-edged, Kāppi, on
both sides, + 67króg, verbal adj. of 6#yetv,
sharpen.] In morphol., having the fundamen-
tal form of an irregular pyramid; having a fig-
}. * base is a polygon of unequal sides.
(16CH-62.
In the highest and most complicated group, the Hete-
rostaura, the basal polygon is no longer regular but alm-
phithect. ... ... Ctenophores furnish examples of eight-
sided amphithect pyramids. I'mcyc. Brit., XVI. 844.
amphithere (am'fi-thér), n. A fossil animal of
the genus Amphitherium.
Amphitheria (am-fi-théºri-á), n. pl. [NL., pl.
of Amphitherium.] A group of mammals, rep-
resented by the genus Amphitherium.
amphitheriid (am-fi-théºri-id), n. A fossil ani-
mal of the family Amphitheriidae.
Amphitheriidae (am"fi-thé-ri'i-dé), m. pl. [NL.
K Amphitherium + -idae.] A family of fossii
mammals, containing the genus Amphitherium,
referred by Owen to the Insectivora.
Amphitherium (am-fi-thé’ ri-um), n. [NL.
(De Blainville), K. Gr. dpupſ, on both sides (here
implying doubt), + 6mptov, a wild beast, K 6%p,
a wild beast, - E. deer, q.v.] Agenus of small
insectivorous mammals from the Lower Oölite,
with polyprotodont dentition, but of uncertain
affinities. . The genus is known only by several man-
dibular Tami, about an inch long, containing 16 teeth.
Amphithoë (am-fith'3-6), n. [NL., K. Gr. Öppi, on
both sides, + 606c (fem. 60%), active, quick, K
6éetv, run.] A
genus of amphi-
podous edrioph-
thalmous crus-
taceans, of the
family Corophi-
idae. The body is
compressed and
curved, and is com-
posed of 15 distinct
tº
W º #:
ſ
Segments or so-
mites, the head, * * * * * * *
gºv * Aznphitho?. *
formed of 7 anterior
. *:::: II’-A IV, the appendage of the second-
sº fourteenth somité; r, rostrum; e, telson;
counting as One.
There are 7 free tho-
racic Segments, each with a pair of appendages, 6 abdomi-
nal segments, and a small telsom. The appendages of the
first 3 abdominal segments are many-jointed bristly fila-
ments, while the 3 posterior are styliform and serve as
props When the animal leaps. The name is sometimes
Written, incorrectly, Ampithoë or Amphitoë, See cut under
Amphipoda.
amphithura (am-fi-thii‘rā), n. Same as amphi-
thyra.
amphithyra (am-fith'i-ră), m. [ML., KLGr, àp-
Øſtupa, pl., ápºttupov, sing., neut. of Gr. dupi-
6upoç, with a door on both sides, in LGr. being
on both sides of the door, K. Čiuſpí, on both sides
+ 0üpa = E. door.] In the Gr. Ch., a veil or
curtain within the iconostasis. When drawn across
it closes the opening left by the dwarf folding doors of
the iconostasis, and entirely hides the altar and the cele-
brant from the view of any one not in the sanctuary. Sev-
eral times during the service the curtain is drawn back to
allow the priest to come forward and read certain por-
tions of the service while standing in front of the folding
doors. As the iconostasis was for many centuries much
more open in construction than at present, the amphi-
thyra in early times formed almost as important a part of
the barrier between the sanctuary and the rest of the
church as the iconostasis itself. Erroneously written am-
phidura. See iconostasis.
amphitoky (am-fitſä-ki), m. [K Gr. *āpſhirokia,
K. apºpt, on both sides, + -tókoç, producing,
tiſcretv, Terceiv, produce, bring forth.] The pro-
duction in parthenogenesis of both male and
female forms. Syd. Soc. Lea.
Amphitrite (am-fi-triºté), m. [L., K. Gr. *:::
tpitſ, in myth. the name of a sea-nymph, a Ne-
reid or Oceanid, who was the wife of Poseidon
(Neptune); K dippi (see amphi-) + Tpitm, fem. of
Tpirog = E. third; of obscure application. Cf.
os, oëstegite.
K
Skt. Trita, name of a Vedic deity, and see Tri-
ton.] 1. A genus of marine polychaetous tu-
bicolous worms, of the family Terebellidae and
Order Cephalobranchia. They are easily recognized by
their golden-colored setae, disposed in the form of a crown.
They construct and carry about with them slight, regu-
larly comical tubes of sand, glued together by mucus ex-
uded from the skin. !
2. A genus of crustaceans. De Haam, 1835.
amphitrocha (am-fit’rö-kä), m. pl. [NL., neut.
pl. of amphitrochus, K. Gr. #. on both sides, +
Tpoxóſ, a wheel, ring.] Those larvae of poly-
chaetous annelids which have both dorsal and
ventral rings of cilia.
amphitropal (am-fit’rö-pal), a.
phitropous,
Same as am-
Amphiuma (am-fi-ii’mä
186
amphitropolis (am-fit’rö-pus), a. [K NL. am-
phitropus, KGr. dpupt, around, + -tpotrog, KToétretv,
* 2: turn..] In bot. :
(a) Having the
hilum lateral and
intermediate be-
tween the chalaza
and micropyle;
half-anatropous;
2.
Amphitropous Seeds.
r, base of plantain-seed; 2, section of
*:: º *:::::::: embryo, i # heterotro polls:
cle next the micropyle ; 3, an ovule : a e
hilum ; b, micropyle. 2 jº applied to 8.D.
ovule or seed. (b)
Having the embryo curved or coiled, as in all
campylotropous seeds; so used by Richard.
amphitryon (am-fit’ri-Qn), n. [KF. amphitryon,
a host, entertainer, in ref, to Amphitryon in
Molière's comedy of that name, who gives a
great dinner; K. L. Amphitryon, K. Gr. Apºpt-
tpüov, in myth, the husband of Alcmena and
foster-father of Hercules.] 1. A host; an en-
tertainer.
My noble amphitryom made me sit down.
Lady Herbert, tr. of Hübner's Round the World, II. 521.
2. [cap.] [NL.] In 206l., a genus of crusta-
C628 D.S.,
amphitype (am'fi-tip), n. [K Gr. Öplºt, in both
ways, + tºtrog, impression, type..] A photo-
graphic process, čescribed by Sir John Her-
schel, by which were produced pictures that
were simultaneously positive and negative.
â), m. [NL., a perver-
sion of "amphipneuma, { ér. ăuți, on both sides,
+ Trveipua, breath.]. A genus of tailed amphib-
ians typical of the family Amphiumidae; the ex-
termal gills disappear early in life, but a small
opening leads to the persistent gill-slits. The
legs are very small. The genus is sometimes placed
in the family Cryptobranchiidae, with Memopoma. The
sole species, Amphiuma means, of North America, Some-
times ..attains a length of 3 feet: called Congo 8make.
amphiumid (am-fi-ā'mid), m.
phiumidae.
Amphiumidae (am-fi-ii (mi-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Amphiuma -H, -idae.] A family of gradient or
tailed Amphibia, º by the genus Amphi-
wma, connecting the Salamanders with the cab-
cilians. They have no eyelids; teeth on the outer an-
terior margin of the palatines; no dentigerous plates on
the parasphenoid; a sphenoid bone; consolidated pre-
maxillaries; the vestibular wall ossified intermally; and
amphicoelian vertebrae. It contains but a single genus
and species, found in the fresh waters of the southern
United States.
A. (am-fi-ii/rā), n., [NL., K. Gr. 640i, on
both sides, + oupá, tail.] Agenus of sand-stars,
typical of the family Amphiuridae. A. squamata,
also named Ophiocoma neglecta, is a common
British species.
amphiurid (am-fi-ā’rid), n. One of the Amphi-
Q(ſ)") ((((2.
Amphiuridae (am-fi-ā'ri-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAm-
phiura + -idae.] A family of sand-stars with
simple arms. It belongs to the order Ophiuridea and
class Stellerida, and contains, besides Amphiura, such gen-
era as Ophiopholis, Ophiactis, and Hemipholis.
amphivorous (am-fiv’ā-rus), a. [K Gr. dupi, on
both sides, + L. vorare, devour.] Eating both
animal and vegetable food.
Amphizoa (am-fi-Zö’â), m. [NL.; K. Gr. &pſpí,
on both sides, + £650V, an animal.] A genus of
adephagous Coleoptera, or beetles, typical of
the family Amphizoidae. Le Comte, 1853.
amphizoid (am'fi-zoid), n. One of the Amphi-
2Oidae.
Amphizoidae (am-fi-zoi’dé), m. pl. [NL., KAm-
phizoa + -idae.] A family of adephagous Coleop-
tera, or beetles, of aquatic habits. The metaster-
num has a very short antecoxal piece; the suture is indis-
tinct, and is not prolonged beyond the coxae.
amphodarch (am'fö-dārk), m. [K Gr. duºpodáp-
27g (not in Liddell and Scott), K appodov, a road
that leads around a place or block of buildings,
hence a block of buildings, a quarter of a town
(Käupt, around,+ 666, way), + -apxng, ruler, K
ãpxetv, rule.] A ruler over a quarter of a town.
N. E. D.
amphogenous (am-foj'e-nus), a. Same as am-
phigenous.
Amphomoea (am-fú-mé’â), m. pl. º; K Gr.
āppi, on both sides, + 6/100g, old Attic Čuolog, like,
alike: see homeo-, homoeo-.] A term applied by
E. R. Lankester to the chitons, considered as a
“separate archaic grade” of gastropodous mol-
lusks, and as such distinguished from Cochlides,
which are the remaining (unsymmetrical) Gas-
tropoda.
amphort, amphoret (am'for, -fôr), n. [K ME.
#". amfore, amfer (also as L. amphora), K
OF. amphore, *amfore, amfouré = Pg. amphora
One of the Am-
*or with pneumothorax,
amphoteric
= It, amfora, K. L. amphora: See amphora.] 1.
A two-handled vessel: same as amphora, 1.
This is an amfer, or a vessel that sum men clepen a tan-
kard. Wyclif, Zach. v. 6 (Oxf.).
2. A liquid measure: same as amphora, 2.
amphora (am (fº-rä), n. ; pl. amphorſe (-ré).
[L., K. Gr. duºpopetº, a short form of earlier duſt-
ºº:: *
tº a sy, ºr,
tº
r tº
w º
º Zº º as º
Amphorae.
a, Thasian type; b, Cnidian type; c, Rhodian type; d, a Roman
OIII].
popeſ.g, a jar with two handles, Köplpí, on both
sides, + popeig, a bearer, K ºpety, bear, carry
(cf. popeſetv, popeiv, bear), – E. bearl. See am-
phor, and cf. amber1.] 1. Among the Greeks
and Romans, a vessel, usually tall and slender,
having two handles or ears, a narrow neck, and
generally a sharp-pointed base for insertion into
a standorinto the ground: used for holding wine,
oil, honey, grain, etc. ñº. were commonly
made of hard-lied clay, unglazed ; but Homer mentions
amphorae of gold; the Egyptians had them of bronze; and
vessels of this form have been found in marble, alabaster,
glass, and silver. The stopper of a wine-filled amphora was
L
2 |
lºss:#E lº ":
Decorated Amphora from Ruvo, Italy.
covered with pitch or gypsum, and among the Romans
the title of the wine was marked on the outside, the date
of the vintage being indicated by the names of the consuls
then in office. Amphorae with painted decoration, having
lids, and provided with bases enabling them to stand in-
dependently, served commonly as ornaments among the
Greeks, and were given as prizes at some public games,
much as cups are now given as prizes in racing and athletic
sports. The Panathenaic amphorae were large vases of this
class, bearing designs relating to the worship of Athena,
and, filled with oil from the sacred olives, were given at
Athens as prizes to the victors in the Panathenaic games.
2. A iº. measure of the Greeks and Romans.
The Greek amphora was probably equal to 24% liters, and
the Roman amphora to 25% liters in earlier and to 26 liters
in later times.
3. In bot., the permanent basal portion of a
yxidium.—4. [cap.] [NL.] In 206l. : (a) A
genus of Polygastrica. Ehrenberg. (b) A genus
of Coleopterous insects. Wollaston.—Bacchic
amphora. See Bacchic.
amphoral (am'fö-ral), a. [K L. amphoralis, K
amphora.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling an
amphora. g
amphoret, n. See amphor.
amphoric (am-for’ik), a. [K amphora + -ic.]
Resembling the sound made by blowing across
the mouth of a flask: applied to certain sounds
obtained in auscultation and percussion of the
chest: as, amphoric respiration; amphoric reso-
nance; an amphoric voice, whisper, or cough.
All the sounds called amphoric have a more or less musi-
cal quality, and usually indicate a cavity filled with air.
amphoricity (am-fú-ris’i-ti), m. [Kamphoric +
-ity.] The quality or condition of being am-
phoric.
amphorophony (am-fº-rof' 3-mi), n., [K. L.
amphora, Gr. duº opeig, a jar, + povſ, voice,
sound.]. Amphoric vocal resonance; an abnor-
mal sound of the voice, noticed in auscultation
of the chest, marked by a musical quality, and
found in connection with cavities in the lungs
* See amphoric.
amphotéric (am-fú-ter'ik), a. . [K Gr. 341%repoc,
usually in pl., ápióórepot, both of two (L. uter-













- amphoteric -
que), a compar, form of Gujo = E. ambo, both:
see ambi-.] Partly the one and partly the other;
neutral. Smart (1849).-Amphoteric reaction, in
chem, a reaction appearing both acid and alkaline in its
effect on Colors used as tests, * . * $
amphotis (am-fôtis), n. ; pl. amphotides (am-
fotſi-déz). [K. Gr. &pſport; or # orig, K dupi, on
both sides, + obg § = E. ear º 1. In Gr. an-
tig., a covering of leather or woolen stuff worn
over the ears by boxers.-2. [cap.] [NL.] In
206!., a genus of coleopterous insects.
Ampithoë (am-pith'3-6), n. See Amphithoë.
*ºlº (amſ pl), a. ſº late ME. ample, KF. ample,
K.L. amplus, prob. Kam- for ambi-, around (see
ambi-), H- -plus for *-pulus, full, = E. fulll: cf.
L. plenus, full, and see full 1 and plenty.] 1.
Large in dimensions; of great size, extent, ea-
pacity, or bulk; wide; spacious; extended.
All the people in that ample hous
Did to that image bowe their humble knee.
Spenger, F. Q., III. xi. 49.
Of deeper too and ampler floods,
Which, as in mirrors, shew'd the woods.
Dryden, To Mrs. Anne Killigrew, l. 112.
Her waist is ampler than her life,
* For life is but a span.
O. W. Holmes, My Aunt.
2. Large in kind or degree; having full scope
or extent; copious; unrestricted; unrestrained:
as, an ample narrative; to give ample praise,
, or do ample justice.
Were I alone to pass the difficulties,
And had as ample power as I have w
ill.
hak., T. and C., ii. 2. '
The noble and rich may diffuse their ample charities.
Steele, Guardian, No. 174.
To him we grant our amplest powers to sit
Judge of all present, past, and future wit.
Pope, Dunciad, ii. 375.
3. Fully sufficient for any purpose, or for the
pºpº specified; abundant; liberal; plenti-
l: as, ample provision for the table.
An ample number of horses had been purchased in Eng-
land with the public money. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xiv.
Give ample room and verge enough
The characters of Hell to trace. -
- Gray, The Bard, ii. 1.
=Syn. Ample, Copiows, Plenteous, spacious, roomy, ex-
tensive, extended, wide, capacious, abundant, sufficient,
full, enough, unrestricted, plenary, unstinted. (See lists
under abundant and large.) Ample, in its more common
uses, has reference to the sufficiency of the supply for
every need; copious carries with it the idea of the unfail-
ingness of the source; while plenteous usually indicates
largeness of quantity in actual possession : as, ample
stores or resources; a copiows supply of materials; a plen-
teow8 harvest.
By their [the philosophers'] long career of heroic defeat,
they have furnished us with a concrete demonstration,
almost superfluously ample, of the relativity of human
knowledge. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 26.
It [the Union] has been to us all a copiows fountain of
national, social, and personal happiness. I). Webster.
Like over-ripen'd corn,
Hanging the head at Ceres' plenteous load.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 2.
amplect? (am-plekt'), v. t. [K L. amplecti, em-
brace, wind around, K am- for ambi-, around
(see ambi-), H- plectere, weave, plait, fold, akin
to plicare, fold, = Gr. trāśketv, weave: see plait
and ply..] To embrace; clasp.
amplectant (am-plek'tant), a. [More correctly
*amplectent, K.L. amplecten(t-)s, ppr. of amplecti,
embrace, clasp, wind around: see amplect. The
term. -ant instead of -ent is prob. due to the L.
freq. form amplewari, ppr. amplewan(?-)s: see
amplex.] Embracing; clasping; specifically, in
bot., twining about stems or clasping leaf-
staiks. as, amplectant petioles or tendrils.
ampleness (am’pl-nes), n. The state or quality
of being ample; largeness; sufficiency; abun-
dance.
amplext (am-pleks"), v. t. [K L. amplexus, pp.
(or amplewari, freq.) of amplecti, embrace: see
amplect.] . To embrace; clasp.
amplexation: (am-plek-sā’shgn), n. [K L. as
if *ampleaſatio(m-), K ample&ari, pp. amplewatus:
see amplex.] An embrace.
An humble amplexation of those sacred feet.
Bp. Hall, The Resurrection.
amplexicaudate (am-plek-Si-kā ‘dāt), a... [K
. amplexicaudatus, K. L. amplexus, embracing,
+ cauda, tail: see amplex and caudate.] Having
the tail entirely enveloped in
the interfemoral membrane:
said of certain batS.
amplexicaul (am-plek'si-kāl),
a. [K NL. amplexicaulis, K L.
amplexus, embracing, + caulis, *
a stem: see amplea, and Cawlis.] -
In bot., nearly surrounding or
embracing the stem, as the
Thase of some leaves.
Amplexicaul Leaves
(Iriuza. Helenium).
187
amplexifoliate (am-plek-si-fö'li-āt), a. [KNL.
amplexifoliatus, K L. amplexus, embracing,
ſº. leaf: see amplea and foliate.] In bot.,
aving leaves which clasp the stem. N. E. D.
ampliatet (am’pli-āt), v. t. [K L. ampliatus,
pp. of ampliare, enlarge, K amplus, ample: see
ample..] To make greater or more ample; en-
large; extend.
To maintain and ampliate the external possessions of
your empire. Udall, Pref. to the Kynges Maiestee.
ampliate (amſpli-āt), a. [K L. ampliatus, pp.:
see the verb.] Enlarged; dilated; in logic,
enlarged in scope by a modifying term. See
ampliation, ampliative.
àmpliation (am-pli-ā'shgn), n. IKL. amplia-
tio(n-), K ampliare: see ampliate, v.] 1. En-
largement; amplification. [Rare.]
Odious matters admit not of an ampliation, but ought to
be restrained and interpreted in the mildest sense.
Ayliffe, Parergon, p. 157.
2. In Rom. law, a delaying to pass sentence;
a postponement of a decision in order to obtain
further evidence.—3. In logic, such a modifica-
tion of the verb of a proposition as makes the
subject denote objects which without such modi-
fication it would not denote, especially things
existing in the past and future. Thus, in the prop-
osition, “Some man may be Antichrist,” the modal auxil-
iary may enlarges the breadth of mam, and makes it apply
to future men as well as to those who now exist. º
ampliative (am’pli-à-tiv), a. [K ampliate +
—ive..] Enlarging; increasing ; synthetic. Ap-
plied—(a) In logic, to a modal expression causing an am-
pliation (see ampliation, 3); thus, the word may in “Some
man may be Antichrist” is an ampliative term. (b) In the
Ramtian£º to a judgment whose predicate is not
contained in the definition of the subject: more commonly
termed by Kantasynthetic judgment. [“Ampliative judg-
ment” in this sense is Archbishop Thomson's translation of
Kant's word Erweiterwmgswrtheil, translated by Prof. Max
Müller “expanding judgment.”]
No subject, perhaps, in modern speculation has excited
an intenser interest or more vehement controversy than
Kant's famous distinction of analytic and synthetic judg-
ments, or, as I think they might with far less of ambiguity
be denominated, explicative and ampliative judgments.
Sir W. Hamilton.
amplificatet (am’pli-fi-kāt), v. t. [K L. ampli-
ficatus, pp. of amplificare, amplify: see am-
plify.] To enlarge or extend; amplify.
aßification (am"pli-fi-kā’shgn), m. [KL. ampli-
jicatio(m-), K amplificare, pp. amplificatus, am-
plify: see amplify.] 1. The act of amplifying
or enlarging in dimensions; enlargement; ex-
tension.
Amplification of the visible figure of a known object.
Reid, Inq. into the Human Mind.
Specifically—2. In rhet., expansion for rhetori-
cal purposes of a narrative, description, argu-
ment, or other discourse; a discourse or passage
so expanded; an addition made in expanding.
The first expression in which he [Dante) clothes his
thoughts is always so energetic and comprehensive that
amplification would only injure the effect.
Macaulay, Dante.
3. In logic, an increase in the logical depth
(comprehension) of a term without any corre-
sponding decrease of breadth (extension), as
the expansion of “plane triangle” into “plane
triangle having the sum of its angles equal to
two right angles,” which is equivalent to it with
respect to extension.—4. In micros., increase
of the visual area, as distinguished from magni-
fication (which see).
amplificative (am’pli-fi-kā-tiv), a. [Kamplift-
cate + -ive..] Serving or tending to amplify;
amplificatory; ampliative.
amplificator (am’pli-fi-kā-tor), m. [L., Kam-
plificare, pp. amplificatus, amplify: See am-
ſplify.] amplifier; one who or that which
enlarges or makes more ample.
It [the microphone] is really an amplificator of mechani-
cal vibrations of weak intensity which it changes into un-
dulatory currents. Greer, Dict. of Electricity, p. 107.
amplificatory (am’pli-fik-a-tó-ri), a. [Kampli-
ficate + -ory.] Serving to amplify or enlarge;
amplificative.
amplifier (am’pli-fi-ér), n. 1. One who amplifies
or enlarges.
That great citie Rome, whereof they [Romulus and Re-
mus] were the first amplifiers.
Bp. Bale, English Votaries, ii. 3.
There are º: who can extend half a dozen thin
thoughts over a whole folio.
Art of Sinking in Poetry, p. 89.
2. A lens placed in the tube of a microscope
between the object-glass and the eyepiece.
See microscope.
The Amplifier is an achromatic concavo-convex lens of
. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 82,
Out.
Ampligulares (am"pli-gū-lā’réz), m. pl.
Amplipalates (am"pli-pa-lā’téz), m. pl.
amplitude (am’pli-tūd), m.
amplitude
amplify (am’pli-fi), v.; pret. and pp. amplifted,
pp. amplifying. [KME. amplifyen, ampliftem,
& OF. (and F.) amplifier = Pr. Sp. Pg. amplificar
= It. amplificare, K L. amplificare, enlarge (cf.
amplificus, splendid), K amplus, large, F.facere,
make: see ample and ºf).] I, trans. 1. To
make large or larger in volume, extent, capa-
city, amount, importance, etc.; enlarge or make
more ample.
All concaves . . . do amplify the sound at the coming
Bacom, Nat. Hist., § 140.
“Troilus and Cressida” was written by a Lombard au-
thor, but much amplified by our English translator.
Dryden, Pref. to Fables.
2. To expand in stating or describing; treat
copiously, so as to present in every point of
view and in the strongest lights.
I would not willingly seem to flatter the present [age]
by amplifying the diligence and true judgment of those
servitours who have laboured in the vineyard.
Sir J. Davies.
=Syn. To expand, develop, extend, dilate, magnify.
II. intrans. 1+. To grow or become ample or
more ample.
Strait was the way at first, withouten light,
But further in did further amplify.
Fairfaac, tr. of Tasso, x. 186.
2. To discourse more at length; speak largely
or copiously; be diffuse in argument or descrip-
tion; expatiate; dilate: commonly with on or
wpon before an object: as, to amplify on the
several topics of discourse.
You will find him
A sharp and subtle knave; give him but hints,
And he will amplify.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iv. 2.
When you affect to amplify on the former branches of
a discourse, you will often lay a necessity on yourself of
contracting the latter. Watts, Logic.
[NL.,
L. amplus, large, -ī- gula, throat: See ample
and gula, gular.] In Sundevall's classification
of birds, a cohort of Amisodactyli, of an order
Volucres, composed of the families Trogonidae or
trogons, Caprimulgidae or goatsuckers, and Cyp-
selidae or swifts: synonymous with Hiantes, 2.
[NL.,
K L. amplus, large, -i- palatum, palate: See am-
ple and palate.] In Sundevall's classification
of birds, a group of fringilline oscine Passeres,
consisting of the grosbeaks and typical finches.
[K L. amplitudo, K.
amplus, large : see ample and -tude..] 1. The
state or quality of being ample in size; ex-
tension in space, especially breadth or width;
largeness; extent.
It is in the power of princes and estates to add annpli-
tude and greatness to their kingdoms.
Bacom, Essays, xxxix.
The cathedral of Lincoln . . . is a magnificent struc-
ture, proportionable to the amplitude of the diocese.
Fuller, Worthies, Lincolnshire.

2. The state of being ample in amount; breadth
in a figurative sense; fullness; abundance;
copiousness.
It is in those things . . . that the amplitude of the Di-
vine benignity is perceived.
Paley, Nat. Theol. (ed. 1879), p. 412. (N. E. D.)
3. Largeness of mind; extent of mental ca-
pacity or of intellectual power; breadth of
thought.
If our times are sterile in genius, we must cheer us with
books of rich and believing men who had atmosphere and
amplitude about them. Bimerson, Books.
4. In math. : (a) In algebra, a positive real
number multiplied by a root of unity. The
positive real number is said to be the ampli-
tude of the product. (b) In elliptic integrals,
the limit of integration when the integral is
expressed in the usual trigonometric form.—5.
In astrom., the are of the horizon intercepted
between the east or west point and the center
of the sum or of a star at its rising or setting.
small diameter.
At the rising of a star its amplitude is eastern or ortive;
at the setting it is western, occiduous or occasive. It is
also northern or southern When north or south of the
equator. The amplitude of a fixed star remains nearly
the same all the year round. The Sun at the solstices is
at its maximum amplitude, and at the equinoxes it has
no amplitude.—Amplitude Compass, an azimuth com-
pass whose zeros of graduation are at the east and west
points, to facilitate the reading of the amplitudes of ce-
lestial bodies.—Amplitude of a simple oscillation or
Vibration, properly, the distance from the middle to
the extremity of an oscillation; but the term is usually
applied to the distance from one extremity of the swing
to the other.—Amplitude of the range of a projec-
tile, the horizontal line subtending the path of a body
thrown, or the line which measures the distance it has
moved ; the range.—Hyperbolic or Gudermannian
amplitude of any quantity w, the angle whose tan-
gent is the hyperbolic sine of w.— Magnetical ampli-
tude, the arc of the horizon between the sum or a star at
rising or setting and the east or west point of the horizon,
amplitude
as determined by the compass. The difference between
this and the true amplitude is the declination of the com-
pass.
amply (amſpli), adv. ... In an ample manner;
largely; liberally; fully; sufficiently; copi-
ously ; abundantly.
The details of the rapid propagation of Western mon-
achism have been amply treated by many historians, and
the causes of its success are sufficiently manifest.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, II, 194.
ampollosity, n. See ampullosity.
ampongue (am-pong'), m. [F. Spelling of na-
tive name.] A native name of the avahi or
Woolly lemur of Madagascar.
ampulf (amºpul), m. [Early mod. E. also am-
pulle, ampoule, ampell, ample, K.M.E. ampulle,
ampoule, ampolle, ampole, partly KAS. ampulla,
ampolla, ampella, a bottle, flask, vial (= OHG. Ampullacera (am-pu-las’e-ră), n.
ampulla, M.H.G. ampulle, ampel, G. ampel, a lamp,
= Icel. ampli, hômpull, a jug, - Dan. ampel, a
hanging flower-pot), and partly K OF. ampole,
ampoule, F. ampoule = Sp. ampolla, a bottle,
bubble, blister, = Pg. ampulla, ampulla, am-
gº; *ampolha, a bubble, blister, = It, ampolla,
L. ampulla, a bottle, flask, etc.: see ampulla,
which has superseded the older form.] Same
as ampulla, 2 (b).
Amºſ. (am’pil-leks), m. [NL., K. L. am- for
ambi- (3) + pulea, a flea.] A genus of digger-
wasps, of the family Sphegidae, giving name to Am
the Ampulicidae. A. Sibirica is an example.
Ampulicidae (am-pū-lis’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., &
188
on each side. [Little used in this sense.] (6)
In hydroid polyps, the cavity of a vesicular
marginal body connected by a canal with the
gastrovascular system. (e) In echinoderms,
one of the diverticula of the branched ambula-
cral canals; a sort of Polian vesicle of the am-
bulacral suckers.-Ampulla of Water, in anat., the
sac-like space in the wall of the duodenum, into which
open the common bile-duct and the pancreatic duct.
ampullaceous (am-pu-lä’shius), a.
pullaceus, Kampulla : see ampulla.] Of, per-
taining to, or like an ampulla; bottle-shaped;
inflated.—Ampullaceous sac, one of the hollow cili-
ated or monad-lined chambers of many sponges. See cuts
under ciliate and Porifera.
Thus is formed one of the characteristic ampullaceous
S(MCS, W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 509.
[NL., K L.
ampulla (see ampulla) + Gr. képaç, horn.] Same
as Amphibola. Quoy and Gaimard, 1832.
bolidae. Troschel, 1845.
ampullae, m. Plural of ampulla.
ampullar (am-pul’ār), a. Same as ampullary.
Ampullaria (am-pil-lāri-á), n.
[NL., Kam-
pullarius, fem. of L. adj. : see ampullary.]. A
genus of shell-bearing gastropods, typical of
the family Ampullariidae. Lamarck, 1801.
llariacea (am-pu-lā-ri-ā’sé-á), m. pl.
[NL., K Ampullaria + -acea.] A family of gas-
tropods: synonymous with Ampullariidae.
Ampuler (-ic-) + -idae.] A family of fossorial ampullariid (am-pu-lar’i-id), n. A gastropod
hymenopterous insects, named from the genus of the family Ampullariidae.
*Ampuler.
âmpulla (am-pul’â), m. ; pl. ampullae (–6). [L.,
a swelling vessel with two handles, prob. an
accom. form of “ampholla, dim. of amphora : see
amphora.] 1. In Rom. antiq., a bottle with a
narrow neck and a body more or less nearly
globular in shape, usually made of glass or
earthenware, rarely of more valuable mate-
rials, and used, like the Greek aryballos, bom-
bylios, etc., for carrying oil for anointing the
body and for many other purposes.—2. Eccles. :
(a) In the Rom. Cath. Ch., a cruet, regularly
made of transparent glass, for holding the wine
and water used at the altar. See ama. Also
written amula. (b) A vessel for holding the
consecrated oil or chrism usedim various church
rites and at the coronation of kings. The ampulla
used at Coronations in England is in the form of an eagle,
of pure gold, richly chased. The famous ampulla for-
merly used in France, kept at Rheims, and reputed to have
been brought from heaven by a dove for the baptism of
Clovis I., was broken at the Revolution; but a portion of
its oil is said to have been preserved and to have been
used at the coronation of Charles X. Formerly ampul.
3. In the middle ages, a small bottle-shaped
§§§ ſº
Mºtº/ſ
º §::::::.
Leaden Ampulla in the Museum at York, England.
(From the “Journal of the British Archaeological Association.”)
flask, often of glass, sometimes of lead, used by
travelers, and especially by pilgrims. Some-
times these were used as pilgrims' signs (which
see, under pilgrim).-4. In anat. : (a) The di-
lated part of the mem-
branous semicircular
canals in the ear. (b)
The enlargement of a
galactophorous duct
beneath the areola in
the human mammary
gland. Also called
sinus.- 5. In bot., a
small bladder or flask-
shaped organ at-
tached to the roots
or immersed leaves
of some aquatic plants, as in Utricularia (which
see).-6. In 200l. : (a) In Vermes, a terminal
dilatation of the efferent seminal ducts. (b)
In Brachiopoda, one of the contractile mam-
millary processes of the sinuses of the pallial
lobes, as in Lingula. (c) In certain ducks, one
of the chambers or dilatations of the tracheal
tympanum or labyrinth. See tympanum. There
Imay be but one ampulla, or there may be one
Ends of two semicircular Canals,
with their respective Ampullae.
Ampullariidae (am-pul-a-ri'i-dé), m. pl.
amputate (am’pii-tat), v. t. ;
[NL.,
K Ampullaria + -idae.] A family of taenioglos-
sate gastropods
having a lung-
like sac in addi-
tion to the gills,
the muzzle pro-
duced into two
long attenuate
or tentacle-like
processes, the
true tentacles
elongated, and
the eyes pedun-
culated. The shells are Subglobular, conic, or discoidal
in form, and have entire apertures which are closed by con-
centric opercula. The species are numerous, and are chiefly
found in the fresh waters of tropical and subtropical coun-
tries, many of them being known as apple-shells and idol-
shells. Also Ampullariadae, Ampullariacea, and Ampul-
laridae.
Ampullariinae (am-pu-lā-ri-i'né), m. pl. [NL.,
K Ampullaria + -ina...] The Ampullariidae rated
as a subfamily. Also written Ampullarinae.
Swainson, 1840.
ampullary (am’pul-ā-ri), a. [K L. ampullarius,
n., a flask-maker, prop. adj., Kampulla, a flask:
see ampulla.] Resembling an ampulla; globu-
lar. Also ampullar.
ampuilate (am-pul’āt), a. [KML. ampullatus,
K. L. ampulla : see ampulla.] 1. Having the
character of an ampulla; ampullary.—2. Fur-
nished with an ampulla.
ampulliform (am-pul’i-fôrm), a. [K L. ampulla
+ -ī-form.] Shaped like an ampulla; flask-
shaped; bulging; dilated.
ampulling-cloth (am-pul’ing-klöth), n. [So
called because in England the oil was ancientl
kept in an ampulla; Kampul + -ingl -H ;
In the Rom. Cath. Ch., a cloth with which to
wipe away the oil used in administering the
sacrament of extreme unction.
ampullinulaº m.; pl. ampullin-
wla, (-lé). [NL L. ampulla + -in-a-H dim.
!. A stage in the evolution of the Carmoo-
spongia, when the lateral ampullae are first
formed.
This stage . . . we propose to call the Ampullimula, be-
cause the name protospongiae, as defined by Haeckel, . . .
is not applicable to such an advanced form as this.
Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIII. 88.
ampullosity (am-pu-los’i-ti), n. [K It, ampol-
losità, K. M.L. *ampullosita(t-)s, turgidity, bom-
bast, K ampullosus : see * #:
language; bombast; turgidity. Sometimes
written ampollosity.
Didst ever touch such ampollosity
As the man's own bubble [his speech], let alone its spite?
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 826.
ampulloust (am-pulºus), a. [= It. º
K ML. ampullosus, turgid, inflated, K. L. am-
wlla, a flask, fig. Swelling words, bombast.]
flººri vº. flºws: inflated or turgid in
g !. e
Apple- or Idol-shell (Ampnellarta cana-
dicatlata), South America.
o, operculum; s, siphon.
language.
et, and pp. am-
r
putated, ppr. amputating. ğ. amputatus, pp.
[K L. am- *mputation (am-pâ-tă'shgn), m.
amputator (am’pii-tá-tor), n.
amrita (am-rit’ā), m.
amuck
of amputaré, cut off around, lop off, esp. plants,
prune, Kam- for ambi-, around, F putare, lop,
prune, cleanse, K putus, pure, clean, akin to
purus, pure: see pute and pure.] lit. ho prune,
as branches or twigs of trees or vines.—2. To
cut off, as a limb or other part of an animal
body; cut away the whole or a part of (more
commonly the latter): as, to amputate the leg
below the knee.
[K L. ampu-
tatio(n-), Kamputare, amputate; see amputate.]
The act of amputating; especially, the opera-
tion of cutting off a limb or other part of the
body, or a portion of it.
amputational (am-pü-tă'shgn-al), a. Pertain-
ing to or caused by amputation.
[K L. as if "am-
putator, Kamputare: see amputate.] One who
Aamputates. . .
Aºp laceridae (am-pul-a-ser’i-dé), m. pl. ampyx (amſpiks), n. ;
[NL., K Ampullacera + -idae.] Same as Amphi-
pl. ampya!es, ampyces (-ez
-pi-séz). [K Gr. &utv; (àpitvić-), prob. &nnected
with āvāºrtvktog, àvátſtv.rog, that may be open-
ed (folded back), K avattºogetv, fold back, un-
fold, open, K &vá, up, back, H- Trüooelv (V*tvk
or *trivX, found in Trvkáčetv, wrap up, cover;
Trv2%, a fold), fold, wrap; the same element
occurs in diptych and poliº.j 1. In Gr. antiq.:
(a) A general term for a band or fillet or other
female head-dress worn encircling the head,
particularly when made of metal, or bearing in
º
Examples of Greek Head-dresses (Ampyxes).
front an ornament of metal. (b) A head-band
for horses; also, an ornamental plate of metal
covering the front of a horse's head.—2. [NL.]
A species of trilobite or fossil crustacean, found
chiefly in Lower Silurian strata.
[Also Anglicized am-
reeta ; Skt. amrita (vowel ri) (= Gr. &pſporog
= L. immort-alis : see ambrosia and immortal),
K a- priv. 4- mºrita, dead, K V mar, die..] In
Hindu myth., the ambrosia of the gods; the
beverage of immortality, that resulted from the
churning of the ocean by the gods and demons.
amryt, m. A variant of ambry.
amsel, n. See amzel.
amshaspand (am-shas' pand), n. [Pers., im-
mortal º one..] In Zoroastrianism, one of
six exalted angelic beings forming the train
of Ahura-mazda, or Ormuzd, the good divinity
of the Persians. Against them stand arrayed
in deadly strife six devs or malignant spirits,
followers of Ahriman, the spirit of evil.
It was easy to foresee that the amshaspands of the
Persian system would be quoted as the nearest parallel to
the archangels of the Holy Scriptures.
Hardwick, Christ and Other Masters, p. 562.
Amstel porcelain, pottery. See porcelain,
pottery.
amt (amt), m. , [Dan. Norw: amt, an administra-
tive district, K.G. amt, a district, county, juris-
diction, special senses derived from the orig.
one of ‘service, office,’= Dan. embede, Sw, embete
= Norw. dial. embatte = Icel. embartti, service,
office, = Goth. andbahti = AS. ambiht, ambeht,
service: see ambassade, etc., and embassy.] The
largest territorial administrative division of
Denmark and Norway: as, the amt of Akershus.
Each of these two countries is divided into 18
a mºtS.
amt. A contraction of amount.
amtman (amt’man), n. ; pl. amtmen (-men).
[K Dan. Norw. amitmand, Kamt (see above) +
mand = Sw. man = E. man.] The chief execu-
tive officer of an amt.
amuck (a-muk’), a. or adv. [First used in Pg.
form, amouco, amuco, as a noun, a frenzied Ma-
lay; afterward amuck, amock, amok, almost ex-
clusively in the phrase run amuck; K Malayamoq,
adj., “engaging furiously in battle, attacking
with desperate resolution, rushing in a state of
frenzy to the commission of indiscriminato
murder: apºliº; to any animal in a state of
vicious rage” (Marsden, Malay Dict.).] I liter-
ally, in a state of murderous frenzy; indiscrim-
inately slaughtering or killing: a term used in
the Eastern Archipelago. In English formerly as a
noun, but now only as an adjective or quasi-adverb in the
phrase to run amwck. Also written amock, amok.--Torun.












amuck
amuck, Ka) To rush about frantically, attacking all who
come in the way. See extract,
In Malabar the persons of Rajas were sacred. . . . To
shed the blood of a Raja was regarded as a heinous sin,
and would be followed by a terrible revenge. . . . If the
Zamorin [emperor of Calicut) was killed, his subjects
devoted three days to revenge; they ram amok, as it was
called, killing all they met until º were killed them.
Selves. If the Raja of Cochin were killed, his subjects ran
amok for the rest of their lives. º
J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 120.
Hence—(b) To proceed in a blind, headstrong manner,
i. of consequences, which are most likely to be dis-
§§tºl'OllS. -
Satire's my weapon, but I'm too discreet
To rum a-muck, and tiſt at alii meet.
Pope, Im of Horace, Sat. i. 69.
[Sometimes written in two words, and treated as a noun
With the indefinite article.
And runs an Indian muck at all he meets.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. 1188.]
amula (am’ū-lä), n. ; pl. amulas, amulae (-láz,
-lé). [ML., dim. of iſ ama; see ama.] Same
as ampulla, 2 (a).
The archdeacon who follows taking their amulag of
wine and pouring them into a larger vessel.
Encyc. Brit., XVI. 509.
amule (am’ül), n. Same as amyl2.
amulet (am’ī-let), m. [Formerly also amulette,
late ME. amalette, amlette, K F. amulette = Sp.
Pg. It, amuleto = D. G. Dan. Sw.
amulet = Russ. amuletú, etc., KL. 1.
amuletum (in Pliny), a word of un- £eº
known origin..] Some object su- I C.
erstitiously worn as a remedy
or or preservative against dis-
ease, bad luck, accidents, witch-
craft, etc. Amulets have been used
from ancient times, and are still worn
in many parts of the world. They con-
sist of certain stones, or plants, or of
bits of metal, parchment, or paper, with
or without mystic characters or words.
The gospels and saints' relics have been
used in this way. The Mohammedans
use diminutive copies of the Koran hung
around the neck. From the heathen Amules; from
and the Jews the custom passed into the “Vatica..”.
the primitive Christian church, where it from a private coi:
was long maintained in spite of the de- lection.
crees of ecclesiastical councils and the
rotests of the more intelligent clergy. The medals or slabs
ound in the catacombs, many of them inscribed with the
word ichthys, fish, because this represented the initials of
the Greek words for Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour,
are in the Catholic view not amulets. They were sus-
gº from the neck or affixed to some part of the body.
ee phylactery, 3. =Syn. Amulet, Talisman. An amulet
is supposed to exert a constant protecting power, ward-
ing off evil; a talisman, to produce under special condi-
tions desired results for the owner.
[K amulet + -ic.]
amuletict (am-li-let'ik), a.
Pertaining to or possessing the virtues of an
amulet: as, amuletic medicines.
amun (amſun), m. [Hind. and Beng. āman,
dmun, winter rice, sown in July and August,
and reaped in December.] Same as aghanee.
amurcosity (am-èr-kos’i-ti), n. [Kamurcous:
see-osity.] The quality of beingamurcous. Ash.
amurcoust (a-mêr'kus), a. [KL. amurca, another
form of amurga, K. Gr. Öpiópym, usually apópymg,
the watery part that runs out when olives are
pressed, Källépyen, press, squeeze, prºb, akin to
àpiéWyetv, milk, = É. nilk, q.v.] Full of dregs
or lees; foul. Ash.
amusable (3-mü'za-bl), a. [K F. amusable: see
amuse and -able.] Capable of being amused.
Trying to amuse a man who was not amusable.
Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, v.
He was otherwise not a very amusable person, and off
his own ground he was not conversable.
Howells, A Modern Instance, xxii.
amuse (a-müz'), v.; pret, and pp. amused, ppr.
amusing. [Faily mod. E. also amwee, ammuse,
ammuze; K F. amuser, K a- (L. ad, to) + OF.
amuser, stare, gaze fixedly, X E. muse?, q. v.]
I. trans. 1+. To cause to muse; absorb or en-
; in meditation; occupy or engage wholly;
ewilder; puzzle.
People stood amused between these two forms of ser-
C0, Fuller.
Amuse not thyself about the riddles of future things.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 13.
2. To keep in expectation, as by flattery, plau-
sible pretenses, and the like; delude; keep in
play.
He amused his followers with idle promises. Johnson.
bishop Henry . . . amused her with dubious answers,
and kept her in suspense for some days.
§ºn, King Stephen.
3. To fix the attention of agreeably; engage
the fancy of; cause to feel cheerful or merry;
entertain; divert: as, to amuse an audience
with anecdotes or tricks, or children with toys.
A group of mountaineer children amusing themselves
with pushing stones from the º
W. Gilpin, Tour of the Lakes.
Aperson amused. Carlyle.
189
It would be amusing to make a digest of the irrational
laws which bad critics have framed for the government
of poets. Macaulay, Moore's Byron.
While the nation groaned under oppression . . . [Tem-
ple] amw8ed himself by writing memoirs and tying up
apricots. Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
=Syn. 3. A muse, Divert, Entertain, Begwile, occupy,
please, enliven. Amuse may imply merely the prevention
of the tedium of idleness or emptiness of mind: as, I can
amuge myself by looking out at the window; or it may
suggest a stronger interest: as, I was greatly amused by
their tricks. , Divert is to turn the attention aside, and (in
the use considered here) to something light or mirthful.
Bntertain is to engage and sustain the attention by some-
thing of a pleasing and perhaps instructive character, as
conversation; hence the general name entertainment for
lectures, exhibitions, etc., designed to interest in this way.
“Whatever amuses serves to kill time, to lull the faculties
and banish reflection; it may be solitary, sedentary, and
lifeless: whatever diverts causes mirth and provokes
laughter; it will be active, lively, and tumultuous: what-
ever entertains acts on the senses and awakens the under-
standing; it must be rational and is mostly social.” Crabb.
Begwile is, figuratively, to cheat one out of weariness, of
dull time, etc. The word is as often thus applied to the
thing as to the person: as, to begwile a weary hour; to be-
guile one of his cares.
I am careful . . . to amuse you by the account of all I
CC, Lady Montagu, Letters, I. 110. (N. E. D.)
The stage its ancient fury thus let fall,
And comedy diverted without gall.
Dryden, Art of Poetry, iii. 777.
There is so much virtue in eight volumes of Spectators
. . . that they are not improper to lie in parlours or sum-
mer-houses, to entertain our thoughts in any moments of
leisure. Watts.
The reason of idleness and of crime is the deferring of
our hopes. Whilst we are waiting, we begwile the time
with jokes, with sleep, with eating, and with crimes.
Emerson, Nominalist and Realist.
II.1 intrans. To muse; meditate.
Or in some pathless wilderness amºusing,
Plucking the mossy bark of some old tree.
Lee, Lucius Junius Brutus.
[K amuse + -eel.] The
[Rare.]
amusement (3-müz' ment), n. [K F. amgasement:
see amuse and -ment.]" 1+. Absorbing thought;
meditation; musing; reverie.
Here I . . . fell into a strong and deep amusement, re-
volving in my mind, with great perplexity, the amazing
change of our affairs. Bp. Fleetwood, Pref. to Lay Baptism.
2. The state of being amused; mental enjoy-
ment or diversion; moderate mirth or merri-
ment due to an external cause.
Among the means towards a higher civilization, I un-
hesitatingly assert that the deliberate cultivation of pub-
lic amusement is a principal one.
Jevons, Social Reform, p. 7.
3. That which amuses, detains, or engages the
mind; pastime; entertainment: as, to provide
children with amusements.
During his confinement, his amusement was to give poi-
son to cats and dogs, and see then expire by slower or
quicker torments. Pope.
= Syn, 3. Entertainment, Diversion, etc. (see pastime),
sport.
amuser (a-mü'zēr), n. One who amuses; one
who provides diversion.
amusette (am-ī-zet'), m. [F. (dim. of “amuse), a
light gun, a toy, amusement, Kamuser, amuse.]
A light field-cannon, invented by Marshal Saxe,
designed for outpost service. Larousse.
amusingly (a-mü’zing-li), adv. In an amusing
ID 8, IllſleT.
amusive (a-mü’ziv), a. [K amuse + -ive..] Hav-
ing power to amuse or entertain the mind; af-
fording amusement or entertainment. [Rare.]
A grave proficient in a musive feats
Of puppetty. Wordsworth, Excursion, v.
amusively (a-mü’ziv-li), adv. In an amusive
Iſlä,IAIl62]”.
amusiveness (a-mü’zivºnes), n. The quality
of being amusive, or of being fitted to afford
amusement.
amyt, m. [KME. amy, ami, KOF. (and mod. F.)
ami, m., amie, f., K. L. amicus, m., amica, f., a
friend: see amiable, amor. Śo the tem. per-
sonal name Amy, which is, however, partly
KF. Aimée, KL, amata, fem, of amatus, beloved,
pp. of amare, love..] A friend.
“Thou bel amy, thou pardoner,” he seyde. -
Chaucer, Prol. to Pardoner's Tale, 1. 32.
Amyclaban (am-i-klé'an), a. [KL. Amyclaus, Gr.
Apavkhaiog, KL. Amyclab, Gr. ApôRºat.] Of or per-
taining to Amycloº, an ancient town of Laconia,
Greece, or to a town of the same name in La-
tium, or to the inhabitants of either. According
to one tradition the inhabitants of the former city, or ac-
cording to another those of the latter, were so frequently
alarmed by false rumors of invasion that a law was made
prohibiting all mention of the subject. The result was
that when the invasion came no alarm was given, and the
city was taken; hence the phrase Amyclopam silence.—
Amyclaban brothers, Castor and Pollux, twin sons of
Zeus and Leda, born, according to one form of the legend,
at Amycla in Laconia.
amusee (a-mü-zé'), n.
amyctic (a-mikºtik), a.
amyeli, n. Plural
amyelia (am-i-el’iá), n.
amyelotrophy (a-mi-e-lot” rô-fi), m.
amyelous (a-mi'e-lus), a.
amygdalf (a-mig'dal), m.
amygdala (3-migºda-lā),
amygdalaceous (a-mig-da-lä'shius), a.
amygdalae, n.
amygdalate (3-migºda-lāt), a. and n.
amygdalic (am-ig-dal'ik), a.
amygdaliferous (a-mig-da-lif'e-rus), 4.
amygdalin (3-migºda-lin), n.
amygdaline (a-migºda-lin), a.
amygdalitis (a-mig-da-liºtis), n.
amygdaloid
[K Gr. Öpivkrucóg, lacer-
ating, Käuäggetv, lacerate, scratch, tear.] Ex-
coriating; irritating. N. E. D.
amyelencephalic (a-mi'e-len-se-fal’ik or -sef’-
a-lik), a. Same as amyelencephalous.
a-lik)
amyelencephalous (a-mi'e-len-sef’a-lus), a.
[K. N.L. amyeloncephalus, without spinal cord
and brain, K. Gr. Öpiùežog, without marrow, +
#ykéjažog, brain: see a-18 and myelencephalom.]
In teratol., having neither brain nor spinal cord;
wanting the myelencephalon.
Plural of amyelus.
[NL., K. Gr. apieżog:
see amyelous.] Congenital absence of the Spi-
nal cord.
[K Gr.
apieżog, marrowless (see amyelous), + -tpoſpía,
K Tpépetv, nourish..] Atrophy of the spinal cord,
K NL. amyelus, K
Gr. &pſieżog, marrowless, K &- priv. -- plve26g,
marrow : see myelon.] Without spinal mar-
row : in teratol., applied to a fetus which lacks
the spinal cord.
amyelus (a-miſe-lus), m.; pl. amyeli (-li). [NL. :
See amyelous.] In teratol., a monster charac-
terized by the absence of the spinal cord.
amyencephalous (a-mi-en-sef’a-lus), a. A con-
traction of amyelemcephalous.
[KME. amygdel, A.S.
amygdal, an almond, K. L. amygdala : see amyg-
dala.] 1. An almond.—2. A tonsil.
m.; pl. amygdalae (-lé).
[L., an almond; ML. and fºL., a toſsii, see ai.
momd.] 1. An almond.—2. A tonsil.—3. A
small rounded lobule of the cerebellum on its
under side.—4. A small mass of gray matter in
front of the end of the descending cornu of the
lateral ventricle of the brain. Also called the
amygdaloid mucleus.-5. [cap.] In 206l.: (a)
A genus of echinoderms. (b) A genus of mol-
lusks.
[K L.
amygdalaceus, similar to the almond-tree, K
amygdala, almond: See almond..] Akin to the
almond: as, amygdalaceous plants.
Plural of amygdala.
[K L.
amygdala, almond, + -ate1.] I. a. Pertaining
to, resembling, or made of almonds.
II. m. 1. An emulsion made of almonds;
milk of almonds.-2. A salt of amygdalic acid.
[K L. amygdala,
almond, H- -ic.], ... Derived from almonds.-Amyg-
dalic acid, an acid (C20H28O13) obtained from bitter al-
monds.
[K L.
amygdala, almond, + ferre = E. bedr1.] Pro-
ducing almonds; almond-bearing: sometimes
used as nearly synonymous with amygdaloidal,
that is, of a rock containing amygdules.
[K L. amygdala,
almond, + -in?..] A crystalline principle (C20
H27NO.11 + 3H2O) existing in bitter almonds,
and in the leaves, etc., of species of the genus
Prunus and of some of its near allies. It was the
earliest known of the numerous glucoside bodies existing
in plants. Its aqueous solution, mixed with emulsin, is de-
composed, yielding hydrocyanic acid and loitter-almond oil.
[K L. amygda-
linus, K Gr. duvyöឺvog, KópavyöáAm, almond: see
almond.] 1. Pertaining to or resembling the
almond.—2. Pertaining to the amygdala of the
brain.
- [NL., K. M.L.
amygdala, tonsil (see amygdala, 2), + -itis.] In-
flammation of the tonsils.
amygdaloid (a-migºda-loid), a. and m. [K Gr.
ôpivyöä27, almond (see almond), -ī- eiðoç, form.]
I. (1. 1. Al-
l mond-shaped.
ſº S. –2. Pertaining
iº ſº to or resem-
ſº Wººl º: , ; - r
º bling amygda-
| ſº ºf º loid.—3. Per-
y.º. ºff M º !" º ºf ,”, ºft|||ſ. o º
ſº taining to the
Qº jºiºſº b
'º º j|||}º ſºft amygdalae; ton-
Wºjº. -
s\º §% H. ! % ºf Jº Silar. —Amygda-
‘s \\}} §§ º %.º. % ſº º
*****, ºft loid Inucleus.
s-ºf- - See amygdala, 4.—
-->{==r\S
Amygdaloid tu-
bercle, a promi-
nence in the roof
of the terminal por-
tion of the descending cornu of the lateral ventricle of the
braim, formed by the amygdaloid nucleus.
II. m. The name given by geologists to igne-
ous rocks or lavas of various composition, of
Which the most obvious external feature is
that they have an amygdaloidal structure. (See
amygdaloidal.) The basalts are the rocks which are
An Amygdaloid (Diabase) with calcite
nodules or amygdules.














amygdaloid
most frequently found possessing an amygdaloidal struc-
ture, and especially those older basalts sometimes called
7melaphyr. Also called mandlestone.
amygdaloidal (3-mig-da-loiſdal), a. Same as
amygdaloid; specifically, in géol, having a
cellular or vesicular structure: said of lava,
whether of modern or ancient origin, in which
Spherical or almond-shaped (whence the name)
cavities were formed by the expansion of steam
contained in the rocks at the time of their con-
Solidation, and which have later become filled
With various minerals, especially quartz, cal-
Cite, or the zeolites. The rock having this character is
çalled an amygdaloid, and the cavities themselves, as thus
filled by the percolation of heated water through the
body of the rock, are called amygdules.
amygdalotomy (a-mig-da-lot'3-mi), n. [K Gr.
âſlyöážm, an almond (tonsil), + Topiń, a cutting,
K.Téuvetv, Tapaeiv, cut.] The cutting of the ton-
sils; excision of a portion of a tonsil.
Amygdalus (a-migºda-lus), m. [NL., K.L. amyg-
dalus, K Gr, duiyêažoc, an almond-tree: see
amygdala.] . A genus of plants containing the
almonds and the peaches: sometimes included
in the genus Prunus. -
amygdule (a-mig'dül), m. [K amygd(ala) +
-wle.] One of the crystalline modules found in
sºlº (which see).
amyll + (am’il), m. [K L. amylum, starch, K. Gr.
āpavāov (Sc. &Aewpov, meal: see Alewrites), fine
meal, a cake of such meal, starch, prop. neut.
of &plvãog, not ground at the mill, K d-priv. --
piºn, mill, = L. mola, mill: see milll and meal?..]
Starch; fine flour.
Of wheat is made amyl.
B. Googe, tr. of Heresbach's Husb., p. 27 b. (N. E. D.)
Yºr g
amyl? (am’il), m. [Formerly amyle, K L. am(y-
lum), Gr. 34(vžov), starch, + -yl, K. Gr. iºn,
matter.] A hypothetical radical (C5H11) be-
lieved to exist in many compounds, as amyl
alcohol, etc. It cannot exist in the free state, two
molecules at the moment of its liberation combining to
form the substance decame, C19H22, a double amyl mole-
cule. Amyl compounds enter into the constitution of ar-
tificial essences of fruits. They were first obtained from
spirit distilled after the fermentation of starchy materials.
Also written armwle.—Amyl alcohol, C5H11OH, the
chief constituent of fusel-oil. — Nitrite &# amyl,
C5H11NO2, an amber-colored fluid with an ethereal fruity
oãor and aromatic taste. Its principal physiological effect
in moderate doses is the paralysis of the vasomotor nerves
throughout the body, with consequent relaxation of the
arterioles and lowering of the pressure of the blood. Thera-
peutically it is used when this effect seems desirable, as in
angina pectoris, in the onset of epileptic attacks, ischemic
megrims, etc. It is generally inhaled through the nostrils,
5 to 10 drops being applied to them on a cloth.
amylaceous (am-i-lä'shius), a. [K L. amylum,
starch, + -aceous.] Composed of or resembling
starch; starchy.
amylamine (am-il-am’in), n. [Kamyl” + am-
ine.] . An organic base produced by treating
amyl isocyanate with caustic potash. There are
three amylamines known, which are regarded as ammo-
nias in which 1, 2, and 3 atoms of hydrogen are respec-
tively replaced by 1, 2, and 3 molecules of the radical amyl.
The formulas of these bodies, therefore, are NH2(C5H11),
*NH(C5H11)2, and N(C5H11)3.
amylate (am’i-lāt), n. IK amyll + -atel.] A
compound of starch with a base. -
amyl-corn (am"il-körn), n. An erroneous spell-
ing of amel-corn. tº
amylet, n. Former spelling of amyl?.
amylene (am’i-lèn), ºn. [Kamyl?-F -eme.] A
hydrocarbon (C5H10) obtained by the dehydra-
tion of amyl alcohol by means of zinc chlorid,
etc. Amylene is a light, limpid, colorless liquid having
a faint odor. At ordinary temperatures it speedily evap-
orates. It possesses anesthetic properties, and has been
tried as a substitute for chloroform, but unsuccessfully,
as it has proved to be extremely dangerous.
amylic (a-mil'ik), a. . [Kamyl2 + -ic.] Pertain-
ing to amyl; derived from the radical amyl: as,
amylic ether.—Amylic alcohol. See alcohol.—Amylic
fermentation, a process of fermentation in starch or
sugar by which amylic alcohol is produced.
amyliferous (am-i-lif'e-rus), a... [K L. amylum,
starch, + ferre = E. bearl.] Starch-bearing;
producing starch. N. E. D.
amylin (am’i-lin), m. [K amyll + -in”.] The
insoluble portion of starch which constitutes
the outer covering of the starch-grains; starch-
cellulose. tº º &
amylo-. Combining form of amyll, Latin amy-
lum, starch, or of amyl2.
amylodextrin (am"i-lô-deks’trin), n. [KL. amy-
lum, starch, + deatrin.] An intermediate pro-
duct obtained in the conversion of starch into
Sugar. It is soluble in water and colored reddish brown
by iodine. It has the composition C36H62031+H2O,
and has some reducing action on Fehling's solution.
amylogen (a-mil’º-jen), n. IK Gr. Čuvãov (L.
amylum), starch, +-yevſic; see-gen.] That part
190
of granulose which is soluble in water; soluble
starch. * * = &
amylogenic (a-mil-5-jen'ik), a.
or composed of amylogen: as, an amylogenic
àmyloid (am’i-loid), a. and n. IK Gr. Öplvãov
(L. amylum), starch, + eiðog, form.] I. a. Re-
sembling amylum, or starch.-Amyloid corpus-
cles, corpora amylacea (which see, under corpus).— y-
loid degeneration or infiltration, in pathol., lardaceous
disease (which see, under lardageous).-Amyloid sub-
stance, lardacein (which see).
I. m. In bot., a semi-gelatinous substance,
analogous to starch, met with in some seeds,
and becoming yellow in water after having been
colored blue by iodine (Lindley); a member of
the cellulose group of vegetable organic com-
pounds, comprising cellulose, starch, gum, the
Sugars, etc.
amyloidal (am-i-loi'dal), a. Having the con-
stitution of or resembling an amyloid.
Whenever proteid substances or fats, or amyloidal mat-
ters, are being converted into the more highly oxidated
Waste products—urea, carbonic acid, and water—heat is
necessarily evolved.
Huailey and Yowmans, Physiol., § 157.
amylolysis (am-i-lol’i-sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. Šuv-
Åov, starch, + Abouç, solution, K Wüelv, dissolve.]
The digestion of starch, or its conversion into
Sugar.
amylolytic (am’i-lô-lit'ik), a. [K amylolysis,
after Gr, adj. Avrtkóc, K Žíetv, dissolve.]. Per-
taining to amylolysis; dissolving starch : as,
the amylolytic ferment of the pancreas.
It has been known for the last five years that the main
product of the amylolytic action of saliva is maltose.
Science, V. 139.
amylometer (am-i-lom’e-tér), n. IK Gr. &uv-
Žov, starch, + puérpov, a measure.] An instru-
ment for testing the amount of starch in any
substance.
amyloplast (am’i-lô-plast), m. [K Gr, àuvãov,
starch, + Thaotóg, verbal adj. of Tržáooetv, form.]
A starch-forming Corpuscle or granule, found
within the protoplasm of vegetable-cells. These
granules are colorless or but faintly tinged with yellow,
and are the points around which starch accumulates. They
are also called lewcoplastids or amylogenic bodies.
amylopsin (am-i-lop'sin), m. [K Gr. &uvžov, fine
meal, starch, + 5°pig, appearance, + -in?..] A.
name which has been given to the amylolytic
ferment of the pancreas. See amylolysis.
amylose (am’i-lós), n. IK amyll + -ose.] One
of the three É. into which the carbohy-
drates were divided by some authors, the others
being glucose and Saccharose. The principal
members of the group under this classification were
starch, dextrin, cellulose, and natural gunn.
amylum (am’i-lum), nº. [L., K. Gr. duvAov: see
amyll.] Starch.
amyosthenia (a-mi-Ö-sthé'mi-á), m. [NL., K. Gr.
à-priv. -- pig (uvo-), muscle, + offévog, strength.]
In pathol, a want of muscular strength, or a de-
ficiency of the power of muscular contraction.
amyosthenic (a-mi-Ö-sthen'ik), n. [Kamyosthe-
nia + -ic.] In med., a drug that lessens muscu-
Abody. See amyloplast.
*lar action.
amyotrophic (a-mi-Ö-trof'ik), a., [K, amyotro-
phy.] Connected with or pertaining to muscu-
lar atrophy.—Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, scle-
rosis of the lateral columns of the spinal cord, in which the
degenerative changes extend to the cells of the anterior
Cornua, involving degeneration of the motor nerves and
atrophy of the muscles.
aſſº (am-i-ot’rö-fi), n., [K. N.L. *amyo-
trophia, K. Gr. 6- priv. H. plig (uvo-), muscle, 4-
-Tpopia, K Tpépetv, nourish.] In pathol., atrophy
of the muscles.
amyous (am’i-us), a. [K Gr. Öpivog, wanting
muscle, Kó- priv. H. uig (uvo-), musclé.] Want-
ing in muscle. N. E. D.
Amyraldism (am-i-ral (dizm), n. [K Amyral-
dus, a Latinized form of F. Amyrault, Amyraut
(Moïse Amyraut).] The doctrine of universal
grace, as explained by the French Protestant
theologian Amyraldus or Amyraut (1596–1664).
He taught that God desires the happiness of all men, and
that none are excluded by a divine decree, but that none
can obtain salvation without faith in Christ ; that God re-
fuses to none the power of believing, though he does not
grant to all his assistance to improve this power.
Amyraldist (am-i-ral/dist), m. One who be-
lieves in Amyraldism, or the doctrine of uni-
versal grace.
amyrin (am’i-rin), n. [K NL. Amyris, a genus
of tropical trees and shrubs, yielding resinous
products.] A crystalline resin, C3oEI500, ob-
tained from the gum elemi of Mexico.
amy-root (ā’mi-röt), n., [Kamy, native name (?),
+ rooti.] The root of the Indian hemp, Apo.
cymum cannabimum.
Pertaining to
an-
amyztli (a-mist'li), n. [Nahuatl amiztli,
amyztli.] One of the otaries, or eared seals
of the Pacific coast of North America, proba-
'bly Eumetopias stelleri or Zalophus gillespiei.
amzel (am'zel), n. IK OD. amsel or G. amsel’=
E. Ouzel, q. V.] 1. A name of the ouzel or
blackbird of Europe, Turdus merula or Merula
vulgaris. Montagu.—2. A name of the ring-
ouzel of Europe, Turdus torquatus or Merula
torquata. Ray.
Also spelled amsel. . . . .
an1, a (an, a, oran, fi). [KME. am, before avowel,
occasionally before a consonant; a, before a con-
sonant (see a2); KAS. ān, an, with the reg, adj.
declension in sing, and pl. (pl. dine, some, cer-
tain), and the same word as ān, one, its use as
an indef, art. being comparatively rare. When
so used, it was without emphasis, and became in
ME. short in quantity (hence E. short am, a),
while the numeral àm, retaining its emphasis
and quantity, developed reg. into E., one, pro
nounced Ön (as in only, al-one, at-one), in mod.
times corrupted to won and finally to Wun: See
ome.] The indefinite article. As between the two
forms of this word, the general rule is that an be used
before an initial vowel-sound of the following word, and a
before an initial consonant-sound: thus, an eagle, an an-
swer, also an hour (the h being silent); and a bird, a youth,
a wonder, also a use, a eulogy, a one (these three words
being pronounced as if they began with y or w). But an
is still sometimes used before a consonant-sound, espe-
cially before the weak consonant h; and in written style,
and in more formal spoken style, an is by many (especially
in England) required before the initial h of a wholly un-
accented syllable, as if such an h were altogether silent:
thus, an hotel, but a hostess; an historian, but a º
an hypothesis, but a hypothetical. In colloquial speech,
and increasingly in writing, a is used in all these cases
alike. As by its derivation, so also in meaning, an or a
is a weaker or less distinct one. (1) In certain phrases,
and with certain noums, it still has nearly the value of
one: thus, two of a trade; they were both of a size; a
hundred, a thousand, a million. (2) Usually, as the indefl-
mite article proper, it points out, in a loose way, an indi-
‘vidual as one of a class containing more of the same kind:

thus, give me a pint of milk; he ate an apple; they built
a house; we see a man; the earth has a moon; our sum is a
fixed star. (3) Hence, before a proper noun, it inplies ex-
tension of the name or character of the individual to a
class: thus, he is a Cicero in eloquence; they built up a
new England in America—that is, a person like Cicero, a
country like England. (4) A is used, apparently, before
a plural noun, if few or many (now only great many, or
good many) stands between : thus, a few apples, a great
amany soldiers; but the plural noun is here historically a
genitive partitive dependent on few, many. (5) It is used
distributively, or with the meaning of each or every, in
such phrases as two dollars a piece, three times a day,
five cents an ounce; but a or an is here historically a
preposition. See a 3. An or a always precedes the noun
to which it belongs, and in general also any other adjective
word qualifying the same noun; but what and such come
before it: thus, what a shame! Swch a beauty; and so also
any adjective preceded by how, or so, or as, or too: thus,
how great a calamity, 80 rare a case, as good a man, too
early a death. Many a is a phrase of peculiar meaning.
See many.
an? (an, an), conj. [A reduced form of and,
existing from the earliest ME. period, and often
then so written; but in mod. literature an for
and º;. is admitted only in representa-
tions of dialectal or “vulgar’ speech, and is then
usually printed an’. In conversation, however,
though not in formal speech, the d is generally
º especially before a word beginning
with a consonant, and the vowel may be weak-
ened to the point of vanishing. An' for and, if,
is archaic in literature, and is generally printed
an, in distinction from and copulative..] I. Co-
ordinate use: And; same as and, A.
Good is, quath Joseph, to dreme of win [wine];
Heilnesse an blisse is therin.
Gemesis and Ea:odws, l. 2067.
An' makes him quite forget his labor an' his toil.
wrms, Cotter's Saturday Night.
II. Conditional use: If; same as and, B.
And myºte kysse the kyng for cosyn, an she wolde.
Piers Plowman (B), ii. 132.
Anthou wert my father, as thou art but my brother.
Beaw. and fi. Custom of the Country, i. 1.
An I may hide my face, let me play Thisby too.
Shale., M. N. D., i. 2.
Why, an' you were to go now to Clod-Hall, I am certain
the old lady wouldn't know you.
Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 4.
an 8t, prep. . [ME. an, KAS. am, the orig. form of
the usual AS., M.E., and mod. E. on ; as a prefix
an-, usually on-; in reduced form, a, prefix a-:
see on, an-1, a 3, a-2.] An earlier form of on, re-
tained until theiast century in certain phrases,
as an edge, an end, now only on edge, on end; in
present use only as an unfelt prefix an- or re-
duced a-. See an-1, a-2.
an-1. [K ME. an-, KAS. an-, orig. form of on-5
in mod. E. reg, on-, or reduced a-: see on-1 a
a-2, and cf. an–2.] A prefix of Anglo-Saxon ori-
- 311- .
§ the same as on-1 and a-2, occurring un-
elt in ament, amon, anan, anonjedii, an(n)ea
etc., and with accent in anº but in this and
some other words perhaps originally and—: see
an2). -
an-2. [K ME. an-, and—, KAS. and—: see and—and
a-5, and cf. an i.j A prefix of Anglo-Saxon
origin, a reduced form of and (which see), oc-
curring unfelt in amswer.
an-3. [K ME. and OF. a-, later restored to an-,
K.L. an-, assimilated form of ad-before n; but in
classical L. this assimilation was not prevalent.
In ME. and AF, an- often represents other L.
i. $n-, ea-, ob-, etc., also ad- unassimi-
ated: see anoint, annoy, ancheson = encheason,
etc.] A prefix of Latin origin, usually an as-
similation of ad- before n-, as in annea, an-
nul, announce, etc., but sometimes represent-
ing Latin in-, as in anoint, annoy.
an-4. [KL. an-, orig. ambi-: see ambi-.] A prefix
of Latin origin, a reduced form of ambi-, oc-
curring (unfelt in English) in ancile, ancipital,
anfractuous, etc. -
an-5. [K Gr. &v-, the fuller form of ā-priv., pre-
served before a vowel: see a-18. The nasal is
also lost in the cognate Icel. i.- for wm-: see
wn-1.] A prefix of Greek origin, the fuller
form of ā- privative (a-18) preserved before a
vowel, as in anarchy, anarthrows, anecdote,
anomaly, etc.
an–6. fº Gr. &v-, elided form of āva- before a
vowel: see ama-..] A prefix of Greek origin,
the form of ana– before a vowel, as in anode.
-an. IK ME. -am, reg. -ain, -éin, -en, KOF. -ain,
-ein, or before i, -en, mod. F. -ain, -en, fem. -aine,
-enne, = Sp. It. Pg. -amo, fem. –ana, K. L. -ănus,
fem. -āna, neut. -ānum, parallel to -ēnus, -īnus
-īnus, -ónus, -īnus, being -nu-S (= Gr. yº
preceded by various vowels; = AS. -en, E. -en,
suffix of adjectives and pp. suffix: see -en 1 and
-en?, and cf. -inl, -ine1. With an additional
vowel, the suffix appears in L. as -ăneus, in E.
accom. as -aneous, q.v., or disguised in foreign,
QI. V.
in dozen, citizen, etc., captain, chieftain, chap-
laim, villain, etc., disguised in sovereign (prop.
soverem); but in mod. E., in many words, -an
has taken the place of the older-aim, -en, as in
human, and is the reg. form in words of recent
introduction, varying with -ane in some words,
chiefly dissyllables, as in mundame, usually dif-
ferentiated from forms in -am, as in humane,
wrbane, etc., beside human, wrban, etc.] A suf-
fix of Latin origin, forming adjectives which
are or may be also used as nouns. It expresses
various adjective relations, being used especially with
proper names to form local or patrial adjectives or nouns,
as Roman, Italian, Grecian, American, Fijian, etc.; terms
indicating party, sect, or system, as Arian, Lutheran,
Wesleyan, Mohammedan, Copernican, Linnean, etc., so in
#piscºpalian, Presbyterian, Unitarian, etc.; and in zoöl-
ogy, to form adjectives and nouns from names of classes or
Orders, as mammalian, reptilian, etc. As an English for-
mative it is confined chiefly to words which may be made
to assume a Latin type, having here also the euphonic
variant -ian, especially in proper adjectives, as in Dar-
winian, John&onian, etc.
anal (an’ā or ā’īnā), m. pl. [K-ana, q.v.] A
general term for books recording miscellane-
ous sayings, anecdotes, and gossip about a par-
ticular person or subject; the sayings and anec-
dotes themselves. See -ana.
But, all his vast heart sherris-warm’d,
He flash'd his random speeches;
Dre days, that deal in ana, Swarm'd
His literary leeches.
Tennyson, Will Waterproof.
ana?, [K Gr. &vá, prep., at (so much each): see
ama-..] A word used in medical prescriptions
in a distributive sense, as in Greek, to indi-
cate an equal quantity of oach: often written
dā, earlier and more correctly dia, where the
mark above the first a, according to general
medieval practice, represented the omission
of m. See tilde.
anaë, n. See anna!.
ana-. [KL. anq-, KGr. Öva-, prefix, avá, prep., up,
upon, hence along, throughout; distributively,
at (so much each) (see ana”); in comp., up, up-
ward, throughout, back, again, - Goth, and =
AS. am, on, iš on; see anë, an-1, on..] A pre-
fix of Greek origin, meaning up, upon, along,
throughout, back, again, etc., as in anabasis.
ana. [L. -āna, neut. pl. of -ānats, a common
adj. suffix, used, for example, to form adjec-
tives from proper names, as Ciceronianus, Cice-
ronian, from Cicero(n-), Cicero: see -án.]
suffix of Latin origin, in modern use with a eu-
homic variant, -i-ana, to form collective plu-
rals, as Scaligerana, Johnsoniana, etc., applied
The reg. M.E. form of this suffix remains.
191
to a collection of sayings of Scaliger, of John-
son, etc., or of anecdotes or gossip concerning
them; also sometimes appended to common
nouns, as boaſiana (annals of pugilism); more
recently extended to all the literature of a sub-
ject, as Americana, Shaksperiana, etc. Hence
Sometimes used as an independent word, ana.
See anal.
anabamous (an-ab'a-mus), a. [Irreg. K Gr. &vá
upward, H. Baívelv, go: see Anabas, anabasis.
In ichth., a term applied to certain fishes which
are said to be able to climb trees for a short
distance. See Anabas.
anabantid (an-3-ban’ tid), n. A fish of the
family Anabantidae.
Anabantidae (an-a-ban'ti-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Anabas (-bant-) + -idae.] A family of acanthop-
terygian fishes, typified by the genus Anabas,
to which various limits have been º;
(a) After the Cuvierian system of classification, a family
characterized by the division of the superior pharyngeals
into small irregular lamellae, more or less numerous, and
intercepting cells containing water, which thus flows upon
and moistens the gills while the fish is out of water. It
includes the Ophiocephalids as well as the anabantids
proper, the Osphromenids, and the helostomids. (b)
Among later authors, a family characterized by a com-
pressed oblong body, moderate ctenoid scales, and a su-
pºrº, Organ in a cavity accessory to the gill-cham-
er. It includes the Osphromenids and the helostomids
as well as the typical anabantids. (c) By Cope the fam-
ily was limited to Labyrinthici with the second epipha-
ryngeals suppressed. the first superior branchihyals with
three laminae, and the second and third developed. Also
written Anabatidae, and sometimes Anabasidae. See cut
under Anabas. - e
anabantoid (an-a-ban 'toid), a. and n. [K
Anabas (-bant-) + -oid.] I. a. Having the char-
acters of the Anabantidae, or fishes with laby-
rinthiform pharyngeals.
II. m. An anabantid.
anabaptism (an-a-baptizm), n. IKL.L. anabap-
tismus (Augustine), K.LGr., *āyagawtucadº, ävä-
3áttúapua, rebaptism, K. Gr. &vašattiğelv, dip re-
peatedly, LGr, baptize again; see anabaptize.]
1. A second baptism; rebaptism. N. E. D.—
2. [cap.] The doctrine or practices of the Ana-
baptists. -
Anabaptist (an-a-baptist), n., [KNL, anabap-
tista, K. Gr. as if *āvaffairTao Tàg, Kavagartíčetv, re-
baptize: see anabaptism..] One who believes
in rebaptism; specifically, one of a class of
Christians who hold baptism in infancy to be
invalid, and require adults who have received
it to be baptized on joining their communion.
The name is best known historically as applied to the fol-
lowers of Thomas Münzer, a leader of the peasants' War in
Germany, who was killed in battle in 1525, and to those of
John Matthias and John Bockold, or John of Leyden, who
committed great excesses While attempting to establish a
socialistic kingdom of New Zion or Mount Zion at Münster
in Westphalia, and were defeated in 1535, their leaders
being killed and hung up in iron cages, which are still
preserved in that city. The name has also been applied to
bodies of very different character in other respects, prob-
ably always in an opprobrious sense, since believers in the
sole validity of adult baptism refuse to regard it as re-
baptism in the case of persons who had received the rite in
infancy. It is now most frequently used of the Mennon-
ites. See Mennonite.
Over his bow'd shoulder
Scowl'd that world-hated and world-hating beast,
A haggard Anabaptist. Tennyson, Queen Mary, ii. 2.
anabaptistic (an'a-bap-tistik), a. [K Anabap-
tist + -ic.] Of or relating to the Anabaptists
or to their doctrines.
anabaptistical (an'a-bap-tis’ti-kal), a.
as anabaptistic.
anabaptistically (an'a-bap-tis’ti-kal-i), adv.
In conformity with anabaptistic doctrine or
practice.
anabaptistryf (an-a-baptis-tri), n. IK Anabap-
tist + -ry for -ery.] Same as anabaptism.
Anabaptistry was suppressed in Münster.
B. Pagit, Heresiography, p. 9.
anabaptize (an/a-bap-tiz'), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
anabaptized, ppr; anabaptizing. [KNL, anabap-
tizare, K. Gr. avagatſtigetv, dip repeatedly, LGr.
baptize again, K avá, again, + 3attíčetv, dip,
baptize: see baptise.] To rebaptize; baptize
again; rechristen; rename.
Some called their profound ignorances new lights; they
were better amabaptized into the appellation of extin-
guishers. Whitlock, Manners of Eng., p. 160.
Anabas (an'a-bas), n. [NL., K. Gr. avagág (āva-
Bavt-), second aorist part. of avagaivetv, go up,
mount, climb, Kävá, up, + Baivetv, go,-L. venire,
come, = E. come, q.
v.] A genus of acan-
thopterygian fishes,
type of the family
Anabantidae (which
See). Anabas scandens
is the celebrated climb-
Same
climbing fish (Anabas scandens).
Anabasidae (an-a-bas’i-dé), m. pl.
anabasse (an-a-bas'), n.
anabata (an-ab'a-tá), n.
Anabates (an-ab'a-téz), n.
Anabatinae (an'a-ba-tiºné), m. pl.
anabiosis (an'a-bi-6'sis), m.
anabiotic (an'a-bi-9t'ik), a.
Anab
Anableps (an’ā-bleps), m.
anabole (an-ab’ô-lé), m.
anabolic (an-a-bol 'ik), a.
anabolic
ing-fish of India, about 6 inches long, which is enabled by
the peculiar modification of the branchial apparatus to
live a long time out of water, to proceed some distance on
dry land, and to climb trees for a distance of about 6 or 7
feet. See climbing-figh. &
[NL., irreg.
KAnabas + -idae.] Same as Anabantidae.
anabasis (a-nab'a-sis), n. ; pl. anabases (séz).
[L., K. Gr. &vá3aolº, a going up, an ascent, K ava-
Batvetv, go up: see Anabas. Cf. basis.] 1. A
going up, especially a military advance: op-
posed to catabasis. Specifically, the title of a work
in which Xenophon narrates the experiences of the Greek
mercenaries of Cyrus the Younger in his attempt in 401
B.C. to dethrone his brother, Artaxerxes II., king of Persia.
Hence—2: Any military expedition: as, “the
anabasis of Napoleon,” De Quincey; “General
Sherman's great anabasis,” Spectator, Dec. 31,
1864.—3+. The course of a disease from the
commencement to the climax. J. Thomas.
[F.] A coarse kind
of blanketing made in France and the Nether-
lands for the African market.
[ML.; inform like Gr.
&vaſłatóg, verbal adj. of āvaſaivetv, go up (see
Anabas); in sense like ML. *anabola (corrupt-
ly analabus), anaboladium, anabolarium, a cope
(See abolla).] Eccles., a hooded cope, usually
worn in outdoor processions, frequently larger
and longer than the closed cope. Lee, Eccles.
Terms.
[NL., K. Gr. &vagá-
tmc, one who mounts, Kávaffaivetv, mount, go up:
See Anabas, and cf. andabata.] A genus of birds
established by Temminck in 1820 upon A. rufi-
caudus, a synallaxine bird of South America.
The name Was subsequently applied by authors to various
birds of the same group. Nearly synonymous with Synal-
lazis (which see).
Anabatidael (an-a-batſi-dé), n. pl. [NL., KAma-
bates + -idae.] In ornith., a family of birds
Inamed by Bonaparte, 1849. The name was adopted
by Gray for the South American creepers commonly called
Dendrocolaptidoe, including such leading genera as Fur-
7\arius, Sclerurus, Oaxyrhamphus, Dendrocolaptes, etc.; by
Gray made to cover also the nuthatches. The group so
tºposed is incapable of definition, and the term is little
llSed.
Anabatidae? (an-a-batſi-dé), m. pl. [NL., irreg. K
Anabas + -idae.] In ichth., same as Anabantidae.
[NL., K.Ina-
bates + -ina..] A subfamily of birds named by
Swainson in 1837: a synonym of Symallaxinae
(which see). -
[NL., K. Gr. diva-
6tóetv, come to life again: see anabiotic..] Re-
animation; resuscitation; recovery after sus-
pended animation. [Rare.]
[K Gr. Övaſ?tóetv,
come to life again, Kävá, again, + guáelv, live (>
(3tottkóg, adj.), K 3toç, life.] In med., reviving;
acting as a stimulant.
fºin, (an'a-ble-pi'nā), m. pl. [NL., K
Anableps + -ina.] In Günther's classification
of fishes, a division of earnivorous cyprino-
donts having all the teeth pointed and the
sexes differentiated, the anal fin of the 'male
being modified into an intromittent organ.
The group includes the genus Amableps and
several other genera. .
[NL., K. Gr. diva-
£2éſtetv, look up, X &vá, up, + 92.ÉTetv, look.]
A genus of cyprinodont fishes unique among
vertebrates on account of the division of the
cornea into upper and lower halves by a dark
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Four-eyes (Artableps tetraophthalmetts).
horizontal stripe of the conjunctiva, and the
development of two pupils to each orbit, so
that the fish appears to have four eyes, one
pair looking upward and the other pair side-
Wise. There are several species of the genus, the prin-
cipal one being A. tetraophthalmws, known as the four-
eyes, inhabiting the sandy shores of tropical American seas.
[NL., K. Gr. avaSožň,
what is thrown up, K avagáàAetv, throw up, K
âvá, up, F (34%tv, throw.] A throwing up,
specifically, in med., an evacuation upward;
an act by which certain matters are ejected
by the mouth, including spitting, expectora-
tion, regurgitation, and vomiting.
- e tº [K Gr. divagoźff, a
throwing up, rising up, + -ic..] Characterized
by or exhibiting anabolism; pertaining to an-
abolism in general; assimilative; constructive-
ly metabolic.

















anabolic
This aspect of protoplasm is of constantly increasing
importance; since for the chemist all functions alike can
only be viewed in terms of those specific anabolic or kata-
bolic changes which to the physiologist, on the other
hand, seem mere accompaniments of them.
JEncyc. Brit., XIX. 829.
anabolism (an-ab'3-lizm), n. . [K Gr, avaflo2%,
a throwing up, rising up, + -ism.] Assimila-
tion; antegrade metamorphosis; constructive
metabolism, or ascending metabolic processes
by which a substance is transformed into an-
other which is more complex or more highly
Organized and more energetic. It is one kind of
metabolism, of which catabolism is the other. The pro-
cess is attended with the absorption and storing up of en-
ergy, which is set free or manifested in retrograde meta-
morphosis. The conversion of the nutritive elements of
the food into the tissues of a living organism is a familiar
example.
Anabrus (an-abºrus), n. [NL., K. Gr. Šv-priv.
+ digp6g, graceful, pretty, delicate.] A genus
of wingless Orthopterous insects, of the family
Locustidae. It contains several North American species
known as western crickets or stone-crickets, such as A.
simplex, a large, dark-colored, nomadic species, sometimes
appearing in vast numbers on the plains west of the Mis-
sissippi. -
anacahuita (ān'ā-kā-hwé’tā), m. [Mex. Sp. :
from Nahuatl?] A tree, Cordia Boissieri, of
northeastern Mexico and adjacent United
States. In Mexico its wood, leaves, and fruit are used
medicinally. - -
anacalypsis (an’ā-ka-lip'sis), n. ; pl. anacalyp-
ses (-séz). [NL., K. Gr. āvanāini, 3.11 UID.COVOIP-
ing, KávakažūTrety, uncover, unveil, Kävá, back,
+ kažūTTelv, cover. Cf. apocalypse.] An un-
veiling; a revealing; revelation...[Rare.]
anacamptic (an-a-kamp/tik), a., [K Gr. Švakáu-
Trretv, bend back, Kóvá, back, + Kápºttetv, bend, X
Kaputrukóg, liable to bend..] Reflecting or re-
flected.—Anacamptic sounds, sounds produced by re-
flection, as echoes.
anacamptically (an-a-kamp’ti-kal-i), adv. By
reflection: as, echoes are sounds anacamptically
returned. [Rare.]
anacamptics? (an-a-kamp tiks), m, [Pl...of
amacamptic: see -ics.] 1. That part of optics
which treats of reflection: now called catoptrics
(which see).-2. The theory of reflected sound.
anacanth (ana-kanth), n. [K Gr. ºvákauffoc,
without a spine, K &v- priv. -- &Ravôa, spine,
thorn: see acantha.] A fish of the order or
Suborder Anacanthini.
Anacanthi (an-a-kan'thi), m. pl. Same as Ana-
Canthini.
anacanthine (an-a-kanthin), a. [K NL, ana-
canthimus : see below.] Of or pertaining to
the Anacanthini; anacanthous.
Anacanthini (an'a-kan-thiºni), m. pl. [NL.
pl. of anacanthinus : see anacanth and ºni,j
A group of teleostean fishes to which various
limits have been assigned by ichthyologists.
It is now usually rated as an order or a suborder, char-
acterized by the spineless vertical and ventral fins, the
latter jugular or thoracic when present, and the air-blad-
der, if developed, with no pneumatic duct. The group
contains many edible fishes of the greatest economic im-
portance, as the cod, hake, haddock, whiting, cusk, bur-
bot, etc., among the gadoids, and the halibut, turbot, Sole,
plaice, flounder, etc., among the pleuronectids. It is di-
vided by Günther into A. plewronectoidei, characterized
by having the two sides of the head unsymmetrical, and
comprising the flatfishes of the family Plewronectidae,
and A. gadoidei, having the head symmetrical. By later
writers it has been restricted to the forms manifesting bi-
lateral symmetry. By Cope and Gill it has been further
limited to those types which have the hypercoracoid im-
perforate and the foramen between the hypercoracoid and
the hypocoracoid. It thus includes the families Gadidae
and Macruridae. Also Anacanthi. 2
anacanthous (an-a-kan'thus), a. . [K. Gr. ºvá-
Kavõlog, spineless: see anacanth.] 1. Spineless.
–2. Specifically, in ichth., having the charac-
teristics of the anacanths; pertaining to the
order or suborder Anacanthimi.
anacard (an'a-kārd), n. [= F. anacarde, KNIL.
anacardium : see Anacardium.] The cashew-
nut; the fruit of the Anacardium occidentale.
See Anacardium. N. E. D. -
Anacardiaceae (an-a-kār-di-à'sé-É), m.pl. [NL.,
K Anacardium + -aceae.] A family of dicotyle-
donousarchichlamydeous plants, with alternate
leaves, small flowers in panicle3, and the fruit
a one-seeded, one-celled drupe. They are trees or
Shrubs abounding in an acrid, resinous, milky juice, na-
tives chiefly of tropical and warm regions of the globe.
To this order belong, the sumac (Rhus), some of the spe-
cies of which are poisonous to those handling them, the
pistachio, the Inango (Mangifera . Indica), the cashew
(Anacardium occidentale), the marking-nut (Semecarpus
Anacardiumn), the varnish-tree of Martaban (Melanor-
rhoea whitata), and the Japan lacquer (Rhus vernicifera).
anacardiaceous (an-3-kār-di-à"shius), a... [KNL.
anacardiaceus: see Anacardiacea..] In bot, re-
lating or belonging to the Anacardiaceae.
w
192
anacardic (an-ā-kār'dik), a. [Kanacard + -ic.] anachronist (an-ak"rgn-ist), n.
Pertaining to the shell of the cashew-nut.—Ana-
gardic acid, C22H3203, an acid of an aromatic and burn-
ing flavor, derived from the pericarps of the cashew-nut.
It is white and crystalline.
[NL., K. Gr.
Anacardium (an-a-kār'di-um), n.
ãvá, according to, hence resembling, + kapóia,
heart: see cardiac.] A genus
of shrubs and trees, of the fam-
ily Anacardiaceae, natives of
tropical America. They bear a
kidney-shaped drupe at the summit of
a fleshy receptacle, the thickened disk
and peduncle of the flower in the
cashew-tree, A. occidentale, the prin-
cipal species, this receptacle resem-
bles a pear in shape and size, and is
edible, having an agreeable acid
though somewhat astringent flavor.
The drupes are roasted, and the ker-
nels, having their intense acridity
thus destroyed, become the pleasant
and wholesome cashew-nuts. The tree
yields a gum having qualities like
those of gum arabic, imported from
South America under the name of Fruit of 4*a*a*a*
- 1zm occide?ttale, cut
acajow. vertically.
ana.catharsis (an *a-ka-thär'-
sis), m. ., K. Gr. &vakáðapotſ, a clearing
away, Kāvakaffaipeiv, clear away, Kává, up, away,
+ ºffaipen, cleanse: see catharsis, cathartic.]
In med. : (a) Purgation upward. (b) Cough
attended by expectoration.
ana.cathartic (an'a-ka-thär"tik), a. and m. [K
Gr. &vakaðaptukóg, promoting vomiting, Kóvaka-
6aipeiv, clear away, cleanse: see anacatharsis.]
I. a. In med., throwing upward; cleansing by
exciting discharges from the mouth or nose, as
vomiting, expectoration, etc.
II. m. One of a class of medicines which ex-
cite discharges by the mouth or nose, as expec-
torants, emetics, sternutatories, and mastica-
tories.
anacephalaeosis (an-a-sef’a-li-6"sis), n. [NL.,
Gr. &vakepahatogug, Kóvakepahatóelv, sum up, as
an argument, Kává, up, + Keſpañatóetv, sum up,
bring under heads, K Repážatov, one of the heads
of a discourse, prop. neut. of º pertain-
ing to the head, K Reſpaññ, the head: see cephalic.]
In rhet., a summing up; recapitulation of the
principal heads of a discourse; recapitulation
in general.
anachorett (an-ak^{-ret), n. The uncontracted
form of anchoret.
An Englishman, so madly devout, that he had wilfully
mured up himself as an amachoret, the Worst of all pris-
OnePS. Bp. Hall, Epistles, i. 5.
anachoreticalf (an-ak-Ö-ret’i-kal), a. [K Gr.
âvaxopmrukóg, disposed to retire, LGr, pertaining
to an anchoret: see anchoret.] Relating to or
resembling an anachoret or anchoret.
anachorism (a-mak’º-rizm), n. [KGr. &vá, back,
+ 2%pa, or 2%pog, country, + -ism; formed in
imitation of anachronism..] Something incon-
sistent with or not suited to the character of
the country to which it is referred. [Rare.]
There is a sort of opinions, anachronisms at once and
amachorisms, foreign both to the age and the country,
that maintain a feeble and buzzing existence, scarce to be
called life. Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., p. 79.
anachoritef (an-ak’º-rit), n. An old form of
anchoret. . gº -
anachronic, anachronical (an-3-kron 'ik,
-i-kal), a. (As anachronism + -ic. Cf. chronic.]
Same as anachronous.
In our last General Convention . . . it happened once
that a member, anachronic, moved a resolution having the
old firebrand smell about it, the old clatter of the rack
and chains. Morgan Diaz, Am. Church Rev., XLII. 521.
anachronically (an-a-kron’i-kal-i), adv. By
anachronism; wrongly with respect to date.
anachronism (an-ak"rgn-izm), m. [= F. ama-
chronisme, K Gr, àvaxpovºgué, Kavaxpovićev, re-
fer to a wrong time, only in pass. Avaxpovićeoffat,
be an anachronism, K. &vá, back, against, +
Apóvog, time: see chronic..] An error in respect
to dates; any error which implies the mispla-
cing of persons or events in time; hence, any-
thing foreign to or out of keeping with a speci-
fied time. Thus, Shakspere makes Hector quote Aris-
totle, who lived many centuries after the assumed date of
Hector. Anachronisms may be made in regard to mode
of thought, style of writing, and the like, as well as in
Tegard to events.
The famous amachromism [of Virgill in making Æneas
and Dido contemporaries. Dryden, Epic Poetry.
Thus far we abjure, as monstrous moral anachronisms,
the parodies and lampoons attributed to Homer.
De Quincey, Homer, iii.
But of what use is it to avoid a single anachromism,
when the whole play is one anachronism, the Sentiments
and phrases of Versailles in the camp of Aulis?
Macaulay, Moore's Byron.
anac
anaclasis (an-ak"la-sis), m.
anaclastics (an-a-klastiks), n.
anacoenosis (an"3-Sé-nóſ sis), m.
anacolutha, n.
anacoluthia (an'a-kö-lü'thi-á), n,
anacoluthic (an'a-kö-lü'thik), a.
anaconda (an-3-konſdá), n.
anaconda
[As anachron-
Čsm + -ist.] One who commits an anachron-
ism. De Quincey.
anachronistic, anachronistical (an-ak-ro-nis"-
tik, ti-kal), a... [Kanachronist.] Same as ana-
chronous.
anachronize (an-ak’rgn-İz), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
anachronized, ppr. anachronizing. [K Gr. diva-
Apovíčetv, refer to a wrong time: see anachron-
ism.] To refer to an erroneous date or period;
misplace chronologically.
ronous (an-ak’røn-us), a. [As anachron-
ism + -ows, as if directly K Gr. &vá, back, H-
2póvog, time: see anachronism..] Erroneous in
date; containing an anachronism; out of date.
Equivalent forms are anachronic, anachronical,
anachromistic, and anachronistical.
anachronously (an-ak’rgn-us-li), adv. In an
anachronous manner; without regard to cor-
rect chronology.
[NL., K. Gr. &vákha-
oug, a bending back, recurvature, reflection of
light or of sound, & varān, bend back, break
off, K &vá, back, -- Kháv, break off, deflect.] In
ros., the substitution of a ditrochee for an
onic a majori, so that the second and third of
the four syllables interchange lengths. While
the constituent parts are otherwise unaltered, the rhyth-
mic movement is by this irregularity partially deranged
or broken up.
anaclastic (an-a-klas’tik), a. [K Gr. &vákhaotog,
reflected, verbal adj. of Övakāāy: see anaelasis.]
1. Pertaining to or produced by the refraction
of light.—2. Bending back; refracted.—3. In
#. , modified or characterized by anaclasis.-
a clastic curves, the apparent curves at the bottom of
a vessel of water, caused by the refraction of light.—Ama-
clastic glass or vial, a glass with a narrow mouth and
a wide convex bottom of such thinness that when a little
air is sucked out it springs inward with a smart crackling
sound, and when air is blown in it springs outward into its
former shape with a like noise.
[Pl. of ama-
clastic: see -ics.] Same as dioptrics.
anaclisis (an-ak"li-sis), n. [NL., KGr. &vákåtate,
a reclining, K &vakäively, lean one thing against
another, in pass. &vakåſveoffat, recline, Kává, back,
+ k}{vetv, lean: see clinic and leanl.] In med.,
the particular attitude taken by a sick person
in bed, which affords important indications in
some cases; decubitus.
[NL., K. Gr.
āvakotvogtſ, communication, K &vakotvoiv, com-
municate, make common, K &vá, throughout,
+ fºotwoiv, make common, K Kotvög, common: see
cenobite.] In rhet., a figure consisting in ap-
pealing to one's opponent for his opinion on
the point in debate.
|Plural of anacolwthon.
- [NL., & Gr.
āvakožov6ia, inconsequence, Kövakóżov6og, incon-
sequent: see amacolwthon.] Want of grammat-
ical sequence or coherence; the passing from
one construction to another in the same sen-
tence. For examples, see anacoluthon. Also
spelled anakolwthia and anakolowthia.
Anakolwthia requires length or strength, length of sen-
tence or strength of passion. Jour. of Fhio. VII. 175.
[K anacolu-
thon -H -ic.] In gram. and rhet., wanting Se-
quence; containing an amacoluthon: as, an
anacoluthic clause or sentence. Also spelled
anakoluthic and amakolowthic.
anacoluthically (an'a-kö-lü (thi-kal-i), adv.
[K anacoluthic H+ -al-H"-ly?..] In an anacoluthic
manner. N. E. D. Also spelled anakoluthically
and anakolowthically.
anacoluthon (an'a-kö-lü'thon), n. ; pl. anaco-
lutha (-thä). [NL.K.Gr,ávagáàovdov, neut. of ava-
tºov6oc, inconsequent (the Gr, noun is àvakożow-
0ía: see anacoluthia), Kāv- priv. -- ékóżov6oç, fol-
lowing, X E. acolyte, q.v.] In gram, and rhet,
an instance of anacoluthia; a construction char-
acterized by a want of grammatical sequence.
I'or example: “And he charged him to tell no man: but
go and shew thyself to the priest.” Luke v. 14. "He that
curseth father or mother, let him die the death.”. Mat.
xv. 4. As a figure of speech it has propriety and force
only so far as it suggests that the emotion of the speaker
is so great as to make him forget how he began his sen-
tence, as in the following examples:
“If thou beest he – But, O, how fall'n how changed 1"
Milton, P. L., i. 84.
“But — all !—IIim the first great Martyr in this great
cause ! . . . how shall I struggle with the emotions that
stifle the utterance of thy name !” D. Webster, Speech at
IBunker Hill,
Also spelled anakoluthon and anakolow thon.
[In the 18th cen-
tury also spelled anacondo, Tanocondo; men-

anaconda . , -
tioned by Ray (1693) in the form anacandaia,
as if the native name in Ceylon, where a simi-
lar word is applied to a small tree-snake.]
1. A very large serpent of Ceylon, a kind of
}. variously identified as Python reticu-
atus, or P. molurus, or P. tigris; hence, some In-
dian species of that genus. Also called pimbeva
and rock-snake.—2. Used mistakenly by Dau-
din as the specific name of a large serpent
of South America, Boa murina (Linnaeus), B.
anacondo (Daudin}, now generally known as
Eunectes murinus; hence, some large South
American boa, python, or rock-snake.
206l. the name is becoming limited to the Eu-
nectes murimus.—3. In popular language, any
enormous serpent which is not venomous, but
which envelops and crushes its prey in its
folds; any of the numerous species of the fam-
ilies Boidae and Pythonidae; any boa constrictor.
Anacondas are found in the tropical countries of both
hemispheres, and are generally blotched with black,
brown, and yellow. Some are said to attain a length of
upward of 30 feet, but they are usually found of a length
between 12 and 20 feet. º are not venomous, but possess
great constricting powers, the larger specimens being able
to crush and swallow such quadrupeds as a small
deer. One of the species found in Brazil is there called
8wcwriw, or 8wcwriuba. The name has been popularly ap-
plied to all the larger and more powerful snakes. The
orthography of the word has settled into anaconda.
anacosta (an-a-kos’tā), n. [Sp.] A woolen fab-
ric made in Holland and exported to Spain.
Anacreontic (an-ak-rá-on’tik), a. and m. [K L.
Anacreonticus, K Anacreon, K. Gr. Avakpāov, a
Greek poet.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to or after
the manner of Anacreon, a Greek poet of the
sixth century B. C., whose odes and epigrams
were celebrated for their ease and grace. They
were devoted to the praise of love and wine.
Hence—2. Pertaining to the praise of love
and wine; convivial; amatory.
Constantinople had given him a taste for Anacreontic
singing and female society of the questionable kind.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 88.
II. m. [l. c.] [=F. anacréontique.] A poem by
acreon, or composed in the manner of Ana-
creon; a little poem in praise of love and Wine.
Formerly sometimes written anacreontique.
To the miscellanies [of Cowley] succeed the amacreon-
tiques. Johnsom, Cowley.
anacrotic (an-a-krot'ik), a. . [K Gr. &vá, up, +
kpótog, striking, clapping: cf. &vakpoteiv, lift up
and clap (the j Displaying or relating
to a macrotism.
anacrotism (a-nak’rö-tizm), m. [Kamacrotic H-
-ism..] The secondary oscillation occurring in
the ascending portion of a sphygmographic or
pulse-recording tracing. See Sphygmograph.
anacrusis (an-ā-kröſsis), n. [NL., KGr. Övákpov-
otç, Kavakpoiety, strike back, push back, check
(in music, strike up, begin), K &vá + kpoiety,
strike.] Ín pros., an upward beat at the begin-
ning of a verse, consisting of either one or two
unaccented syllables, regarded as separatefrom
and introductory to the remainder of the verse.
anacrustic (an-a-krustik), a. [K Gr. &vakpov-
articóg (fitted for checking), with ref. to anacru-
sis.] Characterized by anacrusis.
anacusis (an-a-kü'sis), m. [NL., K. Gr. &v- priv.
+ škovoaç, hearing, K Čikoúelv, hear: see acoustic.]
Deafness from nervous lesion.
anadem (an'a-dem), m. [KL. anadéma, KGr. &vá-
ºmua, a head-band or fillet, K &vaðeiv, bind up,
¥eithe, drown, and, up, #3sin, bind. ºf diº.
dem.] A band, fillet, garland, or wreath worn
on the head: as, “wreaths and anadems,” Tenny-
son, Palace of Art. Also spelled angdeme: as,
“garlands, anademes, and wreaths,” Drayton,
Muses' Elysium, v. [Rºre.]
anadiplosis (an'a-di-plô'sis), n. [L., KGr. &va-
tirãogic, repetition, KävaſtTAoûv, make double
(used only in pass.), K. Čvá, again, it dºoin',
make double, Köttàóog, double: see diploë and
diploma.] A figure in rhetoric and poetry, con-
sisting in the repetition at the beginning of a
line or clause of the last word or words preced-
ing, as in the following examples:
“For the Lord thy God bringeth thee into a good land,
a land of brooks of water.” Deut. viii. 7.
“The Spirit itself beareth witness with our spirit, that we
are the children of God: And if children, then heirs; heirs
of God, and joint-heirs with Christ.” Rom. viii. 16, 17.
anadrom (an'a-drom), n. IK Gr. &váðpolloſ, run-
ning up, applied to fish ascending rivers, Käva-
dpauciv, run up, K &vá, up, + 6paſſeiv, run: , see
dromediary.] An anadrómous fish; one which
ascends rivers from the sea to Spawn; ,
anadromous(a-nad’rö-mus), a. [KGr, évéºpolog:
see anadrom..] Ascending. Applied--(a) In 200l.,
to fishes which pass from the sea to freshwater to spawn.
193
anadromous fishes in our Atlantic
Science, VI. 420
&
The movements of
Verg,
(b) In bot., to ferns whose lowest secondary branches ori-
ginate on the anterior side of the pinnae.
Anaemaria, anaematosis, anaemia, etc. See
Anemaria, etc.
Anaeretes (a-ner'É-těz), n. [NL., KGr. &vatpérmº,
a destroyer, murderer, Kāvālpeiv, take away, de-
stroy, Kävá, up, + aipeiv, take. Čf anaretail A
genus of Šouth American tyrant flycatchers,
of the family Tyrannidae. One of the species is A. al-
bocristatus, a small bird striped with black and white, and
having a plumicorn over each eye. Also less correctly
written Anairetes.
anaeretic (an-à-ret'ik), n. [K Gr. &valpertkóc, tak-
ing away, destructive, K avatpétmg, a destroyer:
see Anaeretes.] In med., anything tending to
destroy tissue.—Animal anaeretics, the gastric juice
*
+and Vaccine lymph. Syd. Soc. Lea.
ànaërobe (an-ā’º-röb), n. One of the anaërobia.
anaërobia (an-ā-e-ró'bi-a), m. pl. [NL., neut.
pl. of anaërobius: see anaérobious. First used
by Pasteur, in F. #: anaërobies.] A name
given to bacteria which live without free oxy-
gen, in distinction from ačrobia (which see). ,
anaërobian (an-ā-e-rö’bi-an), a. Relating to
or characteristic of anaëróbia; anaërobious.
anaërobic (an-ā-e-rob'ik), a. Pertaining to or
having the characters of anaërobia.
anaërobiosis (an-ā’e-rö-bi-Ö'sis), m. ., K
GT. &v- priv. H. &#p (àep-), air, + 3ioqug, way of
life, K 36etv, live, K Biog, life. Cf. aerobiosis.]
Life in an atmosphere which does not contain
Oxygen.
anaërobiotic (an-ā’e-rö-bi-ot'ik), a.
anaërobious.
It is just the anaérobiotic plants which are most highly
endowed with the property of exciting fermentation.
Encyc. Brit., XIX. 51.
anaërobious (an-ā-e-rö’bi-us), a. [KNL. anaé-
robius, K. Gr. ºv- priv. 4- &#p (äep-), air, + Bioc,
life.] Capable of living in an atmosphere
without oxygen.
anaërophyte (an-ā’e-ró-fit), n. [K Gr. &v-priv.
+ &#p (äep-), air, + $vróv, a plant. Cf. ašro-
phyte.] In bot, a plant which does not need
Same as
* a direct supply of air, N. E. D.
anaesthesia (an-es-thé'si-á), m. [KGr. &vatoffmota,
insensibility, stupor, K avaioffmroç, insensible,
not feeling: see anesthetic.] Loss of the sense
of touch, as from paralysis or extreme cold;
diminution or loss of the physical sense of
feeling; specifically, a state of insensibility,
especially to pain, produced by inhaling an an-
esthetic, as chloroform or ether, or by the ap-
plication of other anesthetic agents. Also an-
esthesia, and sthesis, anesthésis.—Anaesthesia do-
lorosa, a condition in which, though the sense of touch
is lost, great pain is still felt in the affected part.
anaesthesis (an-es-thé’sis), n. IK Gr. &v- priv.
+ aioffmotg, feeling. Cf. anatsthesia.] Same as
amaesthesia.
anaesthetic, etc. See anesthetic, etc.
anaetiological (an-é"ti-Ö-loj’i-kal), a. [K Gr.
āv-priv. (a-18) + ætiological, q.v.] Not aetio-
logical; having no known natural cause or rea-
son for being; dysteleological.
anagennesis (an-a-je-nē’sis), m. [NL., K. Gr.
avayévvmotç, regeneration, Kávayevvāv, regener-
ate, Kāvā, again, + yevvāv, generate.] Repara-
tion or reproduction of tissue; regeneration of
structure. -
anaglyph (an'a-glif), n. [K L. anaglyphººm, K
Gr. avāyāvgov, embossed work, neut. of aváy?vpog
(sometimes àváYAvTTog, XL. anaglyptuss–Pliny),
embossed in low relief, Kává, up, + y^{petv, cut
out, hollow out, engrave: see glyph.] . Any
carving or art-work in relief, as distinguished
from engraved incised work, or intaglio. The
term is most generally applied to works in precious metal
or to gems, but it is also applied to ordinary reliefs in
stone, etc. Also called anaglypton.
anaglyphic (an-a-glifºik), a. [Kanaglyph + -ic.]
Pertaining to anaglyphs or to the art of decora-
tion in relief: opposed to diaglyphic. Also ama-
glyptic.
anaglyphical (an-a-glif"i-kal), a. Same as ama-
glyphic. Also anaglyptical.
anaglyphics (an-a-glif"iks), m. The art of dec-
orating in relief. Also anaglyptics.
anaglyphy (an-ag'li-fi), m. [Kanaglyph + -ly.] 1.
The art of sculpturing in relief, or of carving
or embossing ornaments in relief.-2. Work
thus executed.
*º (an-a-glip"tik), a. . [K L.L. anaglyp-
ticus, K. Gr. *āvažvirtucög, K &váyżvirtog, wrought
in low relief: see anaglyph.] Same as ama-
glyphic. - p
anaglyptical (an-a-glip"ti-kāl), a.
Same as
anaglyphical. -
anagram
* (an-a-glipſtiks), n. Same as ama-
glºſph?08.
anaglyptograph (an-3-glip"tº-graf), n. [ŠGr.
&váYMºntrog, anaglyptic (see anaglyph), + Ypápew,
write, engrave..] An instrument for making a
medallion-engraving of an object in relief, as a
medal or a cameo. E. H. Knight.
anaglyptographic (an-a-glip-tá-graf'ik), a. [K
anaglyptograph + -ic.] Of or pertaining to ana-
glyptography.—Anaglyptographic engraving, a
process of engraving on an etching-ground which gives to a
subject the appearance of being raised from the surface of
the print, as if embossed. It is frequently employed in the
representation of coins, medals, bas-reliefs, etc.
anaglyptography (an'a-glip-togra-fi), n. [K
anaglyptograph..] The art of copying works in
relief; anaglyptographic engraving.
anaglypton (an-a-glipſton), n, [K L. anaglyp:
tum, in pl. anaglypta, K. Gr. &váyżvTTov, neut. of
ăvăyżvirtog (Pliny): see anaglyph.] Same as
anaglyph.
anagnorisis (an-ag-nor’i-sis), n. [NL., KGr.
avayvóptotg, recognition, in tragedy recognition
as leading to the dénouement, K &vayvopičelv,
recognize, esp. in tragedy, K &vá, again,
Yvop£etv, make known, gain knowledge of, K
*Yvopog (not used, = L. “gnórus, in comp. igno-
rare, know not, ignore; cf. gnarus, knowing), K
ytyväoketv = E. know, q.v.] 1. Recognition.—
2. The unraveling of a plot in dramatic action;
dénouement; clearing up.
anagnost (an'ag-nost), n. [K L. anagnostes, K
Gr. &vayvá atmº, a reader, K &vaytyväcketv, read,
recognize, know again, Kävá, again, + Ytyvódketv
= E. know, q.v.] A reader; a prelector; one
employed to read aloud; the reader of the les-
sons in church. N. E. h.
anagnostian? (an-ag-nos' tian), n.
amagnost.
anagoge (an-a-gó’jē), m. [NL., K. Gr. divayoyń,
in senses defined below, lit. a bringing up, K
ãváyetv, bring up, lead up, Kövá, up, + iyetv,
lead, drive: see agent, act, etc.] 1. In med.,
an upward rejection, as the rejection of blood
from the lungs by the mouth; anabole.—2+.
Spiritual enlightenment; elevation to spirit-
ual insight. Phillips.—3. The spiritual meaning
or application of words; especially, the appli-
cation of the types and ai egories of the Old

Same as
to subjects of the New Testament. Also ama-
gogy.
anagogetical (an'a-gó-jet’i-kal), a. [K ama-
goge + -ct-ical.] Pertaining to amagoge or spir-
itual elevation; mysterious; anagogical.
anagogic (an-a-goj'ik), a. and 7. [K Gr. Övaya-
Yukóg, mystical, Kavayo) #: see anagoge.] I. a.
Same as amagogical.
II. n. A mystical or spiritual interpretation,
especially of Scripture.
The notes upon that constitution say, that the Misma
Torah was composed out of the cabalistics and a nagogics
of the Jews, or some allegorical interpretations pretended
to be derived from Moses.
L. Addison, State of the Jews, p. 248.
anagogical (an-a-goji-kal), a. Of or pertain-
ing to anagoge; mysterious; elevated; spiritual.
In the older writers on Biblical interpretation, applied to
one of the four senses of Scripture, the others being the
literal, the allegorical, and the tropical. The anagogical
sense is a spiritual sense relating to the eternal glory of
the believer, up to which its teachings are supposed to
lead : thus, the rest of the Sabbath, in an a mugoyical sense,
signifies the repose of the saints in heaven.
We cannot apply them [prophecies] to him, but by a
mystical, anagogical explication.
South, Sermons, VIII. 161.
The work [the Divina Commedia] is to be interpreted in
a literal, allegorical, moral, and a nagogical sense, a mode
then commonly employed with the Scriptures.
Lowell, Among my Books, 26 ser., p. 34.
anagogically (an-a-goji-kal-i), adv. In an ana-
gogical or mystical sense; with religious eleva-
tion.
anagogy (an a -gó-ji), m. [As amagoge, with
suffix assimilated to the more common suffix
-y.] Same as amagoge.
anagram (an'a-gram), m. [K F. amagramme, K
NL. anagramma, used, in imitation of program-
ma, E. program, etc., for an agrammatismus, K. Gr.
ăvaypauptattoºſég, an anagram, Kávaypauptatiſetv,
transpose the letters of a word so as to form
another, Kävá, here used in a distributive sense,
+ Ypáppa(T-), a letter: see gram?, grammar.]
1. A transposition of the letters of a word or
sentence, to form a new word or sentence: thus,
Galenus is an anagram of angelus. Dr. Burney's
anagram of Horatio Nelson is one of the happiest, Honor
est a Nilo (Honor is from the Nile).
2. A Word formed by reading the letters of one
or more words backward; a palindrome: thus,
evil is an anagram of live,
13
3Inagram
anagram (an'a-gram), v. t. [Kanagram, n.] To
form into an anagram.
anagrammatic (an'a-gra-mat'ik), a. [K NL.
andgramma(t) + -ic..] Pertaining to or form-
Ing an anagram.—Anagrammatic multiplication,
in alg., that form of multiplication in which the order
of the letters is indifferent,
anagrammatical (an *a-gra-mat’i-kal), a.
Same as anagrammatic.
We cannot leave the author's name in that obscurity
which the anagrammatical title seems intended to throw
over it. . . . Merlin is only the representative of Dr. Mil-
IlêT. Sowthey, Quarterly Rev., XXXIII. 5. (N. E. D.)
anagrammatically (an'a-gra-mat’i-kal-i), adv.
In the manner of an anagram.
anagrammatise, v. See anagrammatize.
anagrammatism (an-a-gram'a-tizm), m. [K F.
amagrammatisme, K NL. anagrammatismus, K. Gr.
ãvaypapºplattopičg, transposition of letters: see
amagram.] The act or practice of making ama-
grams.
anagrammatist (an-3-gram'a-tist), n. IK NL.
amagramma(t-) + -ist.] A maker of anagrams.
anagrammatize (an-3-gram'a-tiz), v.; pret.
ndº: anagrammatized, ppr. anagrammatizing.
[= F. anagrammatiser, KGr. &vaypapºplatiſetv: see
amagram.] I. trams. To transpose, as the let-
ters of a word, so as to form an anagram.
Within this circle is Jehovah's name,
Forward, and backward, amagramatis'd.
Marlowe, Faustus, i. 4.
Others anagrammatize it from Eva (Eve) into Voe, be-
cause they say she was the cause of our woe.
W. Awstin, Haec Homo, p. 182.
II. intrans. To make anagrams.
Also spelled anagrammatise. -
anagraph} (an'a-graf), n. IK, Gr. Švaypaſſ, a
writing out, register, K. Čivaypápetv, write out,
register, engrave, inscribe, Kāvā, up, +, Ypápen,
engrave, write.] 1. An inventory. Blount.—
2. A prescription or recipe. Syd. Soc. Lea.
anagua (an-ā'gwä), n. [Mex. Sp.] A name
given in Texas to a low boraginaceous tree,
Ehretia elliptica; the knackaway. Also spelled
amagua. e
anakan (an'a-kan), n. The native name of a
small Brazilian macaw, Ara severa, about 18
inches long, mostly of greenish coloration, with
black bill and feet.
anak-el-ard (an'ak-el-ārd'), n. [Ar., and q al-
ardh (arz), the badger, lit. kid of the earth:
‘andq, kid; al, the ; ardh (arz), Pers. arz, earth,
land.] Same as Caracal.
anakolouthia, anakoluthia, etc. [In closer
imitation of the Greek.] See amacolwthia, etc.
anal (ā’nal), a. and n. [KNL. analis, KL. anus:
see anus.] I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the anus.
—2. Situated at or near the anus; aboral: the
opposite of oral.–3. Ventral and median, as
the fin of a fish, without reference to its posi-
tion with respect to the anus: the opposite of
dorsal.
In zoölogy its abbreviation is a.
Anal armature, an appendage in insects, the modified
and appendaged terminal, abdominal segments, such as
the sting, the ovipositor, etc.—Anal dilator, in Surg., an
instrument producing temporary paralysis of the sphinc-
terani by overstretching, to relieve spasm.—Anal fin, in
fishes, the median ventral unpaired fin : the opposite of
dorsal fin. See cut under fin.--Anal forceps, in insects,
a pincer-like anal armature.—Anal gland. (a) In birds,
the uropygial oil-gland or elaeodochon. Gegenbawr. [Rare.]
(b) In mammals, any glandular organ situated near or con-
nected with the anus, such as those existing in the Mus-
telidae. They reach their greatest development in the
skunks, and their secretion is the cause of the fetid odor
of these animals.—Anal legs, in entom., legs on the
posterior segments of certain insect larvae, as in many
caterpillars.—Anal Orifice, the anus.— plate, or
anal scute, in herpetol., the last ventral plate or Scute,
which is situated immediately in front of the anus.--Anal
pouch, an induplication or cul-de-sac above the anus of
the badgers, distinct from the anal glands.—Anal re-
gion, any part of the body which gives exit to the refuse
of digestion, as in protozoans.—Anal Spurs, in Serpents,
the condensed epidermis of rudimentary hind limbs,—
Anal stylet or feeler, one of the two Small pointed or-
gans found on the posterior extremity of certain arthro-
pod or articulate animals.-Anal supporter, a pad, re-
sembling a truss, for supporting the anus in cases of pro-
lapsus ani.
II. m. In ichth., an anal fin.
analasset, m. Same as an!ace. ty
analav (an'a-lav), n. [K Russ. analavā, a breas:
plate, pectoral cross.] A kerchief having on it
a representation of the cross, the instruments
of the passion, or the like, worn by nuns in
Russia. ſº e
analcim, analcime (a-nal’sim), n. Same as
amalcite.
Analcipus (a-nal’ si-pus), n. [NL.; less cor-
rectly Analciopus; ; Gr. &vdAkhs or ºvgºrº (-któ-),
without strength, K &v- priv. H. &Akh, strength,
+ troºg (troë-) = E. foot.] A genus of swallow-
finaleptic (an-a-lepºtik), a.
1943.
shrikes; of the family Artamidae, established by
Swainson in 1831. A. Sanguinolentus, of Java,
Sumatra, and Borneo, is the leading species.
analcite (a-nal'sit), n. IK Gr. &važkåg, àvaAkıç,
without strength, feeble (see Analcipus), +
-ite2.] A zeolitic mineral, a hydrous silicate of
aluminium and sodium, generally found crys-
tallized in trapezohedral crystals, but also mas-
sive. It is of frequent occurrence in trap-rocks, espe-
cially in the cavities of amygdaloids. It melts under the
blowpipe into a semi-transparent glass. The name has ref-
erence to its weak electric power when heated or rubbed.
Also called amalcim, analcime.
analect (an'a-lekt), n. . [K NL, analectus, K. Gr.
ăvážekrog, select, verbal adj. of āvažéyety, gather
up, Kövá, up, + Aéyetv, pick up, - L. legere
gather, read: see legend, lection.] A sma
piece selected from a literary work; an extract;
a literary fragment: usually in plural, analects
or analecta (which see).-Analects of Confucius,
a name given to a collection of such sayings of the Chinese
sºonfucius as his disciples, long after his death, could
TeC3.11.
analecta (an-a-lek’tā), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
amalectus: see analect.] Selected passages from
the writings of an author or of different authors;
a title for a collection of choice extracts. See
amalect. -
analectic (an-a-lek’tik), a. [K analect + -ic.]
Relating to analects, collections, or selections;
made up of selections: as, an analectic maga-
Zll0.
analemmat (an-a-lem’ā), n. [K L. analemma,
a sun-dial which showed the latitude and meri-
dian of a place, KGr. &váAmupua, a sun-dial, a sling
for a wounded arm, a wall for underpropping,
any support, Kºvažauðávely, take up, Š ăvă, up,
+ \appävely, Waffeiv, take. Cf. lemma, dilemma.]
1. A form of sun-dial, now disused.—2. In
geom., an orthographic projection of the Sphere
on the plane of #. meridian, the eye being
supposed to be at an infinite distance, and in
the east or west point of the horizon. Hence
—3. An instrument of wood or brass on which a
projection of this nature is drawn, formerly used
in solving astronomical problems.-4. A tabu-
lated scale, usually drawn in the form of the
figure 8, depicted across the torrid zone on a
terrestrial globe, to show the Sun's declination
and the equation of time on any day of the year.
analepsia (an-a-lep'si-á), n. [NL.] Same as
analepsis and analepsy.
analepsis (an-a-lep’sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vá-
Amplc, a taking up, recovery, Kāvažappävely, take
up, get back, recover one's breath: see ama-
lemma.] In med.: (a) Recovery of strength after
disease. (b) A kind of sympathetic epilepsy
from gastric disturbance. Also called analepsia.
and analepsy.
analepsy (an'a-lep-si), n.
equiv. to analepsis, q.v.] 1. Same as analep-
sis.-2. Reparation or amendment.
The African, from the absence of books and teaching,
had no principle of analepsy in his intellectual furnishing
by which a word, once become obscure from a real or sup-
posed loss of parts or meaning, can be repaired, amended,
or restored to its original form.
Trams. Amer. Philol. A88., XVI., App., p. xxxii.
[K Gr. &važmittakóg,
restorative, K &váž7.pug, restitution, recovery:
See analepsis.] Restoring; invigorating; giv-
ing strength after disease: as, an analeptic
medicine.
Analges (a-nal’jēz), n., [NL., K. Gr. Švałyńs,
not feeling pain, insensible, Köv- priv. H. &Wyog,
pain.] A genus of mites founded by Nitzsch,
type of the family Analgidae.
analgesia (an-al-jé'si-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vaA-
ymoſa, painlessness, K &váWymºog, painless (cf.
âvažyhº, painless), Káv- priv. H. &Ayeiv, feel pain,
K &Wyog, pain.] in pathol., the incapacity of
feeling pain in a part, although the tactile sense
may be more or less preserved. Also called
analgia. s
analgesic (an-al-jes'ik), a. and n. IK analgesia
+ -ic ; according to Gr. analogies, the form
should be analgetic, q.v.] Same as analgetic.
analgetic (an-al-jet'ik), a. and n. IK Gr. &váA-
ymrog, painless (see analgesia), + -ic. Cf., an-
algesic.] I. a. Pertaining to or characterized
by analgesia; insensible.
The skin [of a hypnotized patient] is somewhat amal-
getic, with more or less anaesthesia.
G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 141.
II. m. In med., anything which removes pain.
* (a-nalºji-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. &važyfic,
painless: see analgesia.J. Same as analgesia.
analgid (a-nal'jid), n. A mite of the family
Amalgidae.
tºmºmº
[K NL. analepsia,
analogium
Analgidae (a-nal’ji-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Analges
+ -idae.] A family of parasitic atrâcheate aca-
rines, typified by the genus Analges. The skeleton
is composed of sclerites in the soft skin; the mandibles
are chelate; the legs are 8, each 5-jointed, the first pair
being borne on the anterior margin of the body. The
* live on the hairs of mammals and the feathers of
II’OS.
anallagmatic (an'al-ag-mat'ik), a. [K Gr. Öv-
priv.-FáàWayua(T-), that which is given or taken
in exchange, K &WAáooetv, exchange, K &Wºog,
other.] Having the property of not being
changed inform by inversion: applied to curves
and to the surfaces of solids, such as the Sphere,
which have the property of being their own in-
verse. Amallagmatic curves and 8wrfaces are quartic
curves and surfaces which have
modes on the absolute. See bicir-
cular quartic.—Anallagmatic
checker, a square composed of
equal squares in two colors, so
i.e. that any pair of columns
have like-colored squares in as
many rows as any other pair of
columns have, and any pair of rows have the same num-
ber of like squares in a single column.
anallantoic (an-al-an-tó'ik), a. [K Gr. &v-priv.
(a-18) + allantoic.] Having no allantois,
Anallantoidea (an-al-an-toi"dē-ă), m.pl. [NL.,
Gr. &v-priv. 4- &WWavroetó%g: see allantois, allan-
toid.] Those vertebrates which have no allan-
tois; the Ichthyopsida, or amphibians and
fishes: synonymous with Anamniomata, and op-
posed to Allantoidea.
anallantoidean (an-al-an-toi"dē-an), a. and n.
[KAmallantoidea + -an.] I. a. Having no allan-
tois; of or pertaining to the Amallantoidea.
II. m. One of the Amallantoidea.
analoga, n. Plural of analogon.
analogali (an-al’º-gal), a. [KL. analogus (see
analogous) + -al.] Analogous. Sir M. Hale.
analogia, n. Plural of analogium, analogion.
analogic (an-a-loj'ik), a. Same as analogical.
analogical (an-a-loj’i-kal), a. [KL. analogicus,
K. Gr. Švahoyukós, proportionate, analogous, K
âváàoyog: see analogous.] 1. Founded on or
involving analogy: as, an analogical argument.
We have words which are proper and not analogical.
Feid, Inq. into Human Mind, vii.
2. Having analogy, resemblance, or relation;
analogous.
. There is placed the minerals between the inanimate and
vegetable provinces, participating something analogical to
either. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind.
3. In biol., of or pertaining to physiological,
functional, or adaptative analogy; having phys-
iological without morphological likeness: dis-
tinguished from homological.
analogically (an-a-loj’i-kal-i), adv. 1. By
analogy; from a similarity of relations.
A prince is amalogically styled a pilot, being to the state
as a pilot is to the vessel.
Bp. Berkeley, Minute Philosopher, iv. § 21.
We argue analogically from what is within us to what
is external to us. J. H. Newman, Gram. of Assent, p. 63.
2. In biol., functionally as distinguished from
structurally; in a physiological as distinguished
from an anatomical way or manner: contrasted
with homologically.
Birds . . . . are analogically related only according to
the sum of unlike characters employed for similar pur-
poses. Cowes, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 68.
analogicalness (an-3-loj’i-kal-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being analogical; fitness to be used by
j of analogy.
analogion (an-a-ló’ji-On), n. ; pl. analogia (-à).
Same as analogium.
analogise, v. See analogize.
analogismi (a-malº-jizm), n. [KGr. &važoytoplóg,
a course of reasoning, proportional calculation,
K &važoy£eoffat, calculate, consider; influenced.
by &váñoyog (see analogous), but rather directly
Kävá, through, + Aoytčeoffat, count, reckon, con-
sider, K Žóyog, count, reckoning, ratio, etc.: See
logos, logic, etc.] 1. In logic, an argument
from the cause to the effect; an a priori argu-
ment.—2. Investigation of things by their
analogies; reasoning from analogy.-3. In
'med., diagnosis by analogy.
analogist (a-nal’ā-jist), n. IK analogy -H -ist.]
One who employs or argues from analogy.
Man is an analogist, and studies relations in all objects.
Fmerson, Misc., p. 30.
analogistic (a-nal-j-jis’tik), a. Relating to or'
consisting in analogy.
analogium (an-a-lóſji-um), n. ; pl. analogia (-á).
[Mijº MGr. Švañóytov, a pulpit, reading-desk,
& Gr. &vañéyeoffat, read through, mid. of ÖvaAé-
yetv : see analect, and cf. lectern.]. 1. Eccles., a
reading-desk, especially a movable one: Some-
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analogium
times applied to an ambo or a pulpit.—2. The
inclosure of the tomb of a saint. Du Cange.
Also written analogion.
analogize (a-nal’ā-jiz), v.; pret. and pp. anal-
ogized, ppr., analogizing. [K analogy F -ize.
he Gr. &vaWoyićeoffat agrees in form, but not in
sense: see analogism.] I, trans. To explain by
analogy; exhibit resemblance between.
II, intrans. To make use of analogy; be
analogous.
Also spelled analogise.
analogon, (a-nal’ā-gon), n. ; pl. analoga (-gá).
[K Gr. &váñoyov, adj., neut. of āváàoyoc, analo-
gous: see analogous.] An analogue; something
analogous. Coleridge.
Even the other element of the Jewish system, the ele-
ment of prophecy, is not without its analogon among the
heathen. G. P. Fisher, Begin. of Christianity, i.
finalogous (a-nalºgus), a. [KI4, analogus, K
Gr. &váàoyoc, according to a due A6).og or ratio,
proportionate, conformable, analogous, K avá,
throughout, according to (see ama-), + 2.6%g,
ratio, proportion: see logos and logic.], 1. In
general, having analogy; corresponding (to
something else) in some particular or partic-
ulars, while differing in others; bearing some
resemblance or proportion: sometimes loosely
used for similar. Thus, there is something in the ex-
ercise of the mind analogow8 to that of the body; animal
organs, as the wing of a bird and that of a bat, which per-
form the same function, though different in structure. are
analogows. See 4, below.
The effect of historical reading is analogous, in many
respects, to that produced by foreign travel.
Macaulay, On History.
Specifically—2. In chem., closely alike, but dif-
fering in some degree as to each of the more
prominent characters.-3. In bot., resembling
in form but not in plan of structure. Thus, the
spur of a larkspur is analogow8 to one of the five spurs of
a columbine, but they are not homologous, for the one is
a sepal and the other a petal. Gray
4. º
4. In biol., similar physiologically but not an-
atomically; like in function but not in struc-
ture: the opposite of homologous. See analogy,
5.—5. In logic, from Albertus Magnus down to
modern writers, applied to terms which are ho-
monymous or equivocalin a special way, name-
ly, those in which the identity of sound is not
accidental, but is based upon a trope or upon
some other reason.
A term is analogows whose single signification applies
with equal propriety to more than one object: as, the
leg of the table, the leg of the animal. Whately.
In all senses used with to, sometimes with.
= S Correspondent, similar, like.
analogously (a-nal’6-gus-li), adv. In an anal-
ogous manner.
analogue (an'a-log), n. IK F. analogue,
n., K.L. analogus, adj., analogous: see analo-
gows.] 1. In general, something having anal-
ogy to something else; an object having some
agreement or correspondence in relations, func-
tions, or structure with another object.
The mechanical law, that action and reaction are equal,
has its moral analogue. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 253.
It ſcynicism] is the intellectual analogue of the truffle;
and though it may be very wellingiving a relish to thought
for certain palates, it cannot supply the substance of it.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 137.
Specifically—2. In philol., a word correspond-
ing with another; an analogous term.–3. In
206l. and bot., an animal or a plant corresponding
in some special and essential attributes or rela-
tions to a member of another group or region,
so that it is a representative or counterpart.—
4. In biol., an organ that has the same func-
tion in one species or group as an organ of dif-
ferent structure or origin in another species or
grOup. The difference between homologue and analogue
may be illustrated by the relation between the wing of
a bird and that of a butterfly: as the two differ totally
in anatomical structure and in their history, they cannot
be said to be homologues, but they are analogues, since
*both serve for flight...See analogy, 5. * -
analogy (a-nalºğ-ji), n, ; pl. analogies (jiz). [K
F. analogie, K L. analogia, K. Gr. &važoyia, equal-
ity of ratios, proportion, *ś KöváWoyog,
analogous: see analogows.] 1. "math., an
equation between ratios. This use is obsolete ex-
cept in a few phrases, as Napier's analogies, which are four
important formulas of spherical trigonometry. ...
2. An agreement, likeness, or proportion be-
tween the relations of things to one another;
hence, often, agreement or likeness of things
themselves. . Analogy strictly denotes only a partial
similarity, as in some special circumstances or effects
predicable of two or more things in other respects essen-
tially different: thus, when we say that learning enlightens
the mind, we recognize an analogy between learning and
light, the former being to the mind what the latter is to
the eye, enabling it to discover things before hidden. [We
analphabetic (an-al-fa-bet'ik), a.
adj. and ºf
195
say that there is an analogy between things, and that one
thing has analogy to or with another.]
Intuitive perceptions in spiritual beings may, perhaps,
hold some amalogy unto vision.
- Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 15.
That there is a real analogy between an individual or-
ganism and a social organism, becomes undeniable when
certain necessities determining structure are seen to gov-
ern them in common. H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 330.
In philosophy, analogy does not consist in the equality
of two quantities, but of two qualitative relations.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (tr. by Max Müller).
Specifically—3. In logic, a form of reasoning
in which, from the similarity of two or more
things in certain particulars, their similarity in
other particulars is inferred. Thus, the earth and
Mars are both planets, nearly equidistant from the sun,
not differing greatly in density, having similar distribu-
tions of seas and continents, alike in conditions of hu-
midity, temperature, seasons, day and night, etc.; but the
earth also supports organic life; hence Mars (probably)
supports organic life—is an argument from analogy. See
4. In gram., conformity to the spirit, structure,
or general rules of a language; similarity as
respects any of the characteristics of a lan-
guage, as derivation, inflection, spelling, pro-
nunciation, etc.—5. In biol., resemblance with-
out affinity; physiological or adaptive likeness
between things morphologically or structurally
unlike: the opposite of homology. Thus, there is
an analogy between the wing of a bird and that of a butter-
fly, both being adapted to the same physiological purpose
of flight, but there is no morphological relation between
them. Analogy rests upon mere functional (that is,
physiological) modifications; homology is grounded upon
structural (that is, morphological) identity or unity. Anal-
ogy is the correlative of physiology, homology of morphol-
ogy; but the two may be coincident, as when structures
identical in morphology are used for the same purposes
and are therefore physiologically identical.—Analogy of
faith, in theol., the correspondence of the several parts of
revelation with one another. -
analphabet, analphabete (an-alºfa-bet, bět),
a. and n. fºML. analphabetus, KGr. Švažňá37toc,
not knowing one's A B C, K&v-priv. -- 3A%3mºog,
the AIB C, alphabet: see alphabet.] I. a. Not
knowing the alphabet; illiterate.
II. m. One who does not know the alphabet;
one who cannot read.
As late as the census of 1861 it was found that [in Italy]
in a population of 21,777,331 there were no less than 16,-
999,701 analphabetes, or persons absolutely destitute of in-
struction, absolutely unable to read.
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 460.
• Not know-
ing the alphabet; illiterate; unable to read.
analysable, analyse, etc. See analyzable, etc.
analyset, n. [Also written analise, K F. ama-
lyse, K ML. analysis: see analysis, analyze.]
Analysis.
The amalyse of it [a tractate] may be spared, since it is
in many hands. Bp. Hacket, Life of Abp. Williams, ii. 104.
analysis (a-nal’i-sis), m. [Formerly analyse, K
F. analyse-Pg. analyse or analysis =Sp. andlisis
= It. analisi, KML. analysis, K GT. &vážvatg, a dis-
solving, resolution of a whole into its parts, so-
lution of a problem, analysis, lit. a loosing, K
âvažūetv, resolve into its elements, analyze, lit.
loosen, undo, K &vá, back, + 2.08tv, loosen: see
loosen.] 1. The resolution or separation of
anything which is compound, as a conception,
a sentence, a material substance, or an event,
into its constituent elements OT into its causes;
decomposition.
In the deductive syllogism we proceed by analysis—
that is, by decomposing a whole into its parts.
Sir W. Haamilton.
In the associationalist psychology, the amalysis of an
idea is the discovery of the different kinds of elementary
sensations which are associated together to produce the
idea. - Mill.
Analysis is real, as when a chemist separates two sub-
stances. Logical, as when we consider the properties of
the sides and angles of a triangle separately, though we
cannot think of a triangle Without sides and angles.
Fleming, Vocab. of Phil.
The analysis of a material object consists in breaking it
up into those other material objects which are its elements,
and it is only when we know something of the properties of
these elements as they exist separately that we regard an
analysis of the whole as satisfactory. Mind, IX. 80.
2. The regressive scientific method of discoy-
ery; research into causes; induction.—3.
math. : (a) Originally, and still frequently, a
regressive method, said to have been invented
by Plato, which first assumes the conclusion
and gradually leads back to the premises. The
thirteenth book of Euclid's Elements has the following
definition, which is not supposed to be by Euclid, but
which is ancient, and perhaps by Eudoxus: Analysis is the
proceeding from the thing sought, as conceded, by conse-
quences to some conceded truth; 8ynthesis is the pro-
ceeding from the conceded by consequences to the truth
sought. According to Pappus, analysis is of two kinds:
theoretical, so called because used in research into truth,
and problematic, so called because used in the solution of
problems. In the former, the proposition to be proved is
jºr º
analytic
analytic
assumed as true, and consequences are drawn from it until
something conceded is reached, which if it is true involves
the truth of the thing sought, the demonstration corre.
sponding to the analysis; in the latter, the construction
sought is assumed as already known, and consequences
are deduced from it until something given is reached.
(b) Algebraical reasoning, in which unknown
quantities are operated upon in order to find
their values. Vieta, (e) The treatment of
problems by a consideration of infinitesimals,
or something equivalent, especially by the dif-
ferential calculus (including the integral cal-
culus, the calculus of variations, etc.): often
called infinitesimal analysis. . This is the com-
mon meaning of the word in modern times.
Hence—(d) The discussion of a problem by
means of algebra (in the sense of a system of
symbols with rules of transformation), in oppo-
sition to a geometrical discussion of it, that is,
a discussion resting directly upon the imagina-
tion of space: thus, analytical geometry is the
treatment of geometrical problems by analy-
sis.-4. A syllabus or synopsis of the contents
of a book or discourse, or of the principles
of a *.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.
tion of its structure and characters as a preliminary to
its determination.—Chemical analysis, Diophantine
analysis, etc. See the adjectives.—Fluxional analy-
sis. See method of fluzions, under fivacion.— Gasomet-
ric analysis, harmonic analysis, etc. See the adjec-
tives.—Qualitative analysis, in chem., the detection
of the constituents of a compound body, in distinction
from quantitative analysis, or the determination of the
amounts and proportions of the constituents.—Spectrum
analysis. See 8pectrum. =Syn. Assay, Analysis. See as-

80 y.
analyst (an'a-list), m. [= F. analyste = Pg.
analysta = It. analista; formed from the verb
analyze, as if from a verb in -ize : see -ist,
gº ône who analyzes or who is versed in
analysis, in any application of that word.
The analyst has not very many resources at his disposal
for separating an intimate mixture of several bodies.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 203.
analytical (an-a-lit'ik, -i-kal), a. and
in the first form) m... [KML., analyticus, K. Gr.
âvažvrtkóg, analytic, Kóvážvrog, dissoluble, verbal
adj. of divažíetv, dissolve, resolve, analyze: see
analysis.] I. a. 1. Relating to, of the nature
of, or operating by analysis: opposed to Syn-
thetic, synthetical: as, an analytic mode of
thought.
His [Webster's] mind was analytical rather than con-
structive, and his restlessness of life was indicative of a
certain instability of temper.
H. E. Scudder, Noah Webster, iv.
2. In the Kantian logic, explicatory; involving
a mere analysis or explication of knowledge,
and not any material addition to it.
In all judgments in which there is a relation between
subject and predicate (I speak of affirmative judgments
only, the application to negative ones being easy), that re-
lation can be of two kinds. Either the predicate B be-
longs to the subject A as something contained (though
covertly) in the concept A ; or B lies outside of the sphere
of the concept A, though somehow connected with it. In the
former case I call the judgment analytical; in the latter,
synthetical. Analytical judgments (affirmative) are there-
fore those in which the connection of the predicate with
the subject is conceived through identity, while others in
which that connection is conceived without identity may
be called synthetical.
Rant, Critique of Pure Reason (tr. by Max Müller).
3. In philol., deficient in inflections, and em-
ploying instead particles and auxiliary words to
express modifications of meaning and to show
the relations of words in a sentence : as, an
analytic language.—Analytical chemistry, the Science
of determining the components of a compound. It may be
qualitative or quantitative.—Analytical definition.
See definition.—Analytical geometry, geometry treated
by means of ordinary algebra, with a reference, direct or
indirect, to a system of coördinates. See coördinate. In
ordinary rectangular coördinates, for example, there is
just one point of space for every set of values of the three
Variables, ac, y, z. If, now, an equation is assumed be-
tween these variables, some of the sets of otherwise pos-
sible values will be excluded, and thus some of the points
of space will be debarred to us, and we shall be restricted
to a certain “locus” or place; and since the number of
independent variables is, in consequence of the equation,
reduced by One, the number of dimensions of the locus
at any one point will be one less than that of space, so
that the locus will be a surface. By the use of such equa-
tions of loci every problem of geometry is reduced to a
problem of algebra, and the whole doctrine of geometry
is mathematically identified with the algebra of three
variables. Thus, to discover that, when four equations
Subsist between three unknown quantities, they can be
satisfied simultaneously, amounts to discovering that,
When a certain geometrical relation subsists between four
Surfaces, they meet in a common point. The idea of ana-
lytical geometry is exclusively due to the genius of Des-
cartes (1596–1650), who published his Géométrie, contain-
ing illustrations of the new method, in 1637.—Analyti-
cal jurisprudence, a theory and system of jurisprudence
wrought out neither by inquiring for ethical principles
or the dictates of the sentiment of justice, nor for the
rules which may be actually in force, but by analyzing,
classifying, and comparing various legal conceptions. The
best known of the analytical jurists are Bentham and
analytic
Austin.-Analytical key, in bot., an arrangement of the
prominent characters of a group of orders, or of genera,
etc., in such a manner as to facilitate the determination
of plants.-Analytical mechanics, the science of me.
ghanics treated by the infinitesimal calculus.—Analytic
function. See function.—Analytic method, in logic, a
method which proceeds regressively or inductively from
known particulars to the recognition of general principles,
in opposition to the synthetic method, which advances
from principles to particulars.
II. m. (only in the first form). 1. One of the
main divisions of logic, which treats of the
Criteria for distinguishing good and bad argu-
ments.-2. Analysis in themathematical sense.
[Rare.]—The new analytic of logical forms, a logi-
çal scheme of syllogism by Sir W. Hamilton, based upon
the doctrine of the quantification of the prédicate. See
quantification.
analytically (an-a-lit'i-kal-i), adv. 1. In an
analytical manner; by an analytic method; by
means of analysis.—2. To or toward analytic
methods: as, “persons analytically inclined,”
* H. Spencer.
analytics (an-a-lit'iks), m. pl. [The pl. form
with ref. to Aristotle's treatises on logic, called
Tā āvažvTuká, neut. pl. of avažvrtkóg, analytic:
See analytic.] 1. The name given by Aristotle
to the whole of his logical investigations viewed
as the analysis of thought; specifically, the
name of two of his logical treatises, the Prior
and the Posterior Analytics, the former of which
deals with the doctrine of the syllogism, and
the latter with proof, definition, division, and
the knowledge of principles.—2. Same as
analytic, 2.
analyzable, analysable (an'a-li-za-bl), a. [K
analyze, analyse, -H -able.] Capable of being
analyzed.
analyzableness, analysableness (an'a-li-za- Anamniota (anºam-ni-Öſtā), i. pl.
º). n. The state or quality of being analyz-
8, 10162.
analyzation, analysation (an-a-li-ză'shgn), n.
[K analyze, analyse, + -ation.] The act of ama-
lyzing.
analyze, analyse (an'a-liz), v. t.; pret, and
pp. analyzed, analysed, ppr. analyzing, analys-
ing. . [Now usually spelled analyse in England,
but formerly there, as still in the United Štates,
Spelled regularly analyze (as in Johnson’s Dic-
tionary), in the 17th century also analize, K F.
analyser = Pr. Pg. analysar = Sp. analizar = It.
anal:22are, analyze; from the noun, F. analyse,
E. Obs. analyse, analysis, the term. conform-
ing to -ize, as also in paralyze, q.v.: see analy-
sis and -ize.] 1. To take to pieces; resolve
into elements; separate, as a compound into its
parts; ascertain the constituents or causes of;
ascertain the characters or structure of, as a
plant: as, to analyze a mineral, a sentence, or
an argument; to analyze light by separating it
into its prismatic constituents.
But do what we will, there remains in all deeply agree-
able impressions a charming something we cannot analyze.
II. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 244.
The analyzing prism is fitted into the body [of the mi-
croscope] above the Wenham prism, in such a manner
that, when its fitting is drawn out, . . . it is completely
out of the way of the light-rays.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 68.
Hence—2. To examine critically, so as to bring
out the essential elements or give the essence
of: as, to analyze a poem.–3. In math., to
submit (a problem) to treatment by algebra,
*and especially by the calculus.
a - e
analyzer, analyser (an'a-li-Zēr), n. 1. One
who or that which analyzes, or has the power of
analyzing.
Fire is the great "...}. in the world, and the product
ashes. Bushnell, Sermons on Living Subjects.
By this title [man of science] we do not mean the mere
calculator of distances, or analyzer of compounds, Or label-
ler of species. II. Spencer, Education, p. 93.
Specifically—2. In optics, the part of a polari-
scope which receives the light after polari-
zation and exhibits its properties: usually a
section or prism cut from a doubly refracting
crystal.
When two instruments, whether of the same or of dif-
ferent kinds, are used, they are called respectively the
“polariser" and the “analyser”; and the two together
are included under the general name of “polariscope.”
Spottiswoode, Polarisation, p. 2.
Anamese, a, and n., See Annamºs; , ,
anamesite (a-name-sit), n. IK Gr. ºváſtegoº,
intermediate (K &vá, upon, + piègov, middle), +
-ite2.] A name formerly applied by petrog-
raphers to basalt possessing so fine a tex-
ture that the separate crystals cannot be dis-
tinguished by the naked eye. See basalt.
Anamite (an'a-mit), º, . Same as Annamese. ,
anamnesis (an-am-né sis), n. [NL., KGr. &vá:
avnaug, a recalling to mind, Kāvapu/luffaketv, recall.
196
to mind, Kāvā, again, + pupivágicetv, call to mind:
see mnemonic. Cf. amnesia.] ...1. In psychol.,
the act or process of reproduction in memory;
reminiscence.—2. In rhet., a figure which con-
sists in calling to remembrance something over-
looked.—3. In Platonic philos., the vague rec-
ollection of a state of existence preceding the
presentlife. IS. Taylor.—4. In med., the account
given by a patient or his friends of the history
of his case up to the time when he is placed un-
der the care of a physician.
anamnestic (an-am-nestik), a. and n. IK Gr.
&vauvmottkóc, able to recall to mind, Kāvauvnoróg,
that may be recalled, Kávapupivhaketv: see anam-
mesis.] I. a. Aiding the memory.
II. m. The art of recollection or reminis-
cence. Sir W. Hamilton. -
amnia (an-am’ni-á), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl.
of anamniºts, K. Gr. &v= priv. -- éſivtov, amnion.]
In 206l., those vertebrates, as fishes and am-
phibians, which are destitute of an amniotic
sac: opposed to Amniomata (which see).
Anamniata (an-am-ni-ā‘tā), m. pl. .., 8 S
Anamnia + -ata.] The more correct form of
Anamniomata.
Anamnionata (an-am"mi-Ö-nā’tā), m. pl. [NL.,
r. &v- priv. -H &plvíov, amnion, + -ata; moré
correctly Anamniata.], Vertebrates which have
no amnion, as the Ichthyopsida ; synonymous
with Amallantoidea, and opposed to Amniomata.
Also written Anamniota.
anamnionic (an-am-ni-on'ik), a. [K Gr. &v-
priv. -- duvíov, amnion, + -ic; the more correct
form would be “anamniac.] Same as anam-
*iotic.
[NL., K. Gr.
div- priv. -- épivtov, amnion, + -otóg: see -ote.]
ame as Anamniomata.
anamniotic (an-am-ni-ot'ik), a. [As Anamni-
ota + -ic.] Without amnion: as, fishes and
amphibians are anamniotic vertebrates. An
equivalent form is anamnionic. .
anamorphism (an-a-mór'fizm), n. [Kanamor-
phosis + -ism.] Same as anamorphosis, 2 and 3.
anamorphoscope (an-a-mór'fö-sköp), n. IK Gr.
ăvauðpſhootſ (see anamorphosis) + okotreiv, view.]
An optical toy consisting of a vertical cylindri-
Anamorphoscope.
cal mirror which gives a correct image of a
distorted picture drawn at the base on a plane
at right angles to the axis of the mirror. See
amamorphosis. • *
anamorphose (an-a-mór'fös), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. anamorphosed, ppr. anamorphosing. [Kama-
'morphosis.] To represent by anamorphosis;
distort into a monstrous projection. N. E. D.
anamorphosis (an-3-mör'fö-sis or an'a-mör-
fö’sis), ºn. [NL., K. Gr. &vapiéppoolç, a forming
anew, K &vauoppéety, form anew, transform, K
ăvá, again, + poppéetv, form, Kpopºff, a form: see
morphology.] 1. In perspec., a method of draw-
ing which gives a distorted image of the object
represented when it is viewed directly or nearly
so, but a natural image when it is viewed from a
certain point, is reflected by a curved mirror,
or is seen through a polyhedron.—2. In bot., an
anomalous or monstrous' development of any
part of a plant, owing to some unusual condition
affecting growth, so that it presents an appear-
ance altogether unlike the typical form, as
when the calyx of a rose assumes the form of a
leaf. Lichens are so liable to this change of form from
modifications of climate, soil, etc., that some varieties
have been placed in three or four different genera.
3. In 206l. and bot, the gradual change of form,
generally ascending, traged in a group of ani-
mals or plants the members of which succeed
each other in point of time. Thus, the earlier mem.
bers of any group observed in the lower geological forma-
tions are by some said to be of a lower type than, and in
point of development inferior to, their analogues in more
recent strata or among living forms; but this has been
controverted, especially by opponents of Darwinism.
In senses 2 and 3 also called anamorphism. ,
Anamorphosis.
anamorphosy (an-a-mór 'fö-si), n. Same as
anamorphosis. Imp. Dict.
*Phº. (an-a-mör'fus), a. [As anamor-
phosis + -ows, after amorphows.] Distorted;
out of shape. N. E. D.
anan (a-nan'), adv. and interj., orig. prep. phr.
[K ME. anam, anaen, originally with long a (ā),
anán; also anon, anoon, anome: see amon.] I.t
adv. At once; immediately; anon.
Go to, little blushet, for this, amam,
You'll steal forth a laugh in the shade of your fan.
- B. Jomson, Entertainments.
II. interj. An interrogative particle signify-
ing that one has not heard or comprehended
what has been said. [Eng.] -
Hast. Well, what say you to a friend who would take the
bitter bargain off your hand?
Tony. Amam A Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, ii.
[In this sense formerly, and still dialectally, much used in
replying to questions or commands, to gain a slight delay,
though originally implying “I will attend to you at once”;
hence, with an interrogative tone, it came to imply that
the question or command was not understood. It is the
same word as amon.]
anana (3-nā’īnā), m.
0.720,720.S.
nanas (a-nā’nas), n. [Also anana = F. and
It ananas, K Sp. ananas, also anama, Pg. ama-
7ta2, the pineapple, K Braz. (Tupi) amanas,
amassa, or manas: ultimate source undeter-
mined.] 1. A native name in tropical America
of the pineapple, and of other plants resem-
bling it. The wild ananas of the West Indies is
Bromelia Pinguin.—2. [cap.] [NL.] A small
enus of tropical plants, belonging to the fam-
ily Bromeliaceae. A. Ananas produces the pine-
apple. Also called Ananassa.
Ananchytes (an-ang-ki’těz), n. [NL.; forma-
tion appar. irreg, and not obvious.] A ge-
nus of fossil apetalous sea-urchins, of the
family Spatangi-
daº, found in the
Cretaceous for-
mation. They are
called in the south A
of England “shep: "º
herds' crowns” and $
“fairy-loaves,” and
are especially char-
acteristic Of the
Upper Chalk. They
have a raised helmet-
like form, simple ambulacra, transyerse mouth, and oblong
outlet. -
Ananchytinae (an-ang-ki-ti'né), m. pl. [NL., K
Amanchytes + -ina..] A subfamily of sea-urchins,
of the family Spatangidae, typified by the genus
Ananchytes, containing many fossil and a few
surviving forms. *
anandrous (an-anºdrus), a. [K NL. anandrus,
K. Gr. Švavópoc, without a man, Kāv- priv. 4- &vhp
$.". a man, a male, in mod, bot. a stamen.]
bot., without stamens: applied to female
flowers. Also formerly applied to cryptogamic
plants, because they were supposed to have no
male organs.
amantherous (an-anºthèr-us), a. [K NL. aman-
therus, K. Gr. &v- priv. H. N.L. anthera, anther.]
In bot., destitute of anthers.
ananthous (an-an'thus), a. [K Gr. Švavóñº, K
āv- priv. -- &v6og, a flower, + -ous." Destitute
of flowers.
[See ananas.] Same as
Aztartchytes.
r, A. oza tags. 2, A. titàerciéla ties.



- - anapaest
anapºst, anapaestic, etc. Same as anapest
etc., with #º a retained. 9
anapaganize (an-à-pā'gan-iz), v. t. [K Gr. &vá,
again (see and—), + paganize, q.v.] To maké
pagan again; repagºniº; $oºtheſ. [Rare.]
anapeiratic (an'a-pi-rat'ik), a. [Prop. *ana-
piratic, KGr, àvarepāoffat, try again, do again,
exercise, K &vá, again, + retpāv, attempt, try:
See pirate, piratic.] Arising from too long or
'too frequent exercise: applied to a kind of pa-
ralysis produced by the habitual use of certain
muscles in the same way for a long time, such
as writers' palsy, telegraphers' paralysis, etc.
anapest, a. [Infustian anapé8, an apé8, and apé8,
a napes, ME. a Napes, ‘of Naples.’] Of Naples:
applied to fustian produced there.
anapest, anapaest (an'a-pest), n. [S L. ana-
pastus, K Gr, divátratorog, prop. a verbal adj.,
struck back, rebounding, because the foot is the
reverse of a dactyl (L. dactylus repercussus, anti-
dactylus), Kávarrately, strike back or again, Kävá,
|back, -- traíetv, strike, = L. pavire, strike: see
pave..] In pros., a foot consisting of three
syllables, the first two short or unaccented,
#. last long or accented: the reverse of the
dactyl. -
anapestic, anapaestic (an-a-pes’tik), a. and n.
[K anapest, and past, + -ic.] I. a. pertaining
to or of the nature of an anapest; consisting
of anapests.
II. m. The anapestic measure; an anapestic
verse. The following is an example of anapes-
tics:
“And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea
Where the blue waves roll nightly o'er deep Galilee.”
Byrom, Descent of Sennacherib.
anapestical, anapaestical (an-a-pesti-kal), a.
Same as amapestic. [Rare.]
anapestically, anapaestically (an-a-pes (ti-
kal-i), adv. In anapestic rhythm.
anaphalantiasis (an-3-fal-an-ti'a-sis), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. &vapahavríagug, baldness in front, K avá,
up, + pážav6oc, *@6%avrog, bald in front.] In
pathol., the falling out of the eyebrows.
anaphora (an-af'º-rä), n. ; pl. anaphorae (-ré).
[L., K. Gr. &vapopá, a coming up, ascension, a
bringing up, a reference, recourse, an offering,
K &vaſpépetv, bring up, bring back, refer, pour
forth, offer, etc., Kävá, up, back, + £6petv, carry,
bear, = E. bearl.] 1. #, Thet., a figure con-
sisting in the repetition of the same word or
words at the beginning of two or more succeed-
ing verses, clauses, or sentences: as, “Where
is the wise? where is the scribe? where is the dis-
puter of this world?” 1Cor. i. 20.—2. In astron.,
the oblique ascension of a star.—3. In liturgics,
the more solemn part of the eucharistic service:
probably so called from the oblation which oc-
cursin it. The anaphora begins with the Sursum Corda,
and includes all that follows, that is, the preface, conse-
cration, great oblation, communion, thanksgiving, etc.
some of the more ancient forms it is preceded by a bene-
diction.
anaphrodisia (an-af-rº-diz’i-á), m. [NL., K
Gr. º Kavajpóðuroc, without venereal
desire, K &v- priv. 4- Appoćirm, Venus.] The ab-
sence of sexual power or appetite; impotence.
anaphrodisiac (an-af-rº-diz’i-ak), a. and n. IK
Gr, àv- priv. -- éppoétouakóg, venereal: see aph-
rodisiac.] I. a. Tending to diminish sexual
desire; pertaining to anaphrodisia, or to anaph-
rodisiacs.
II. m. That which dulls or diminishes sexual
appetite, as a drug, bathing, etc.; an antaph-
rodisiac.
anaphroditic (an-af-rū-dit'ik), a. [K Gr. diva-
$póðutog: see anaphrodisia.] Agamogenetic ;
asexually produced. &
anaphroditous (an-af-rº-diſtus), a. [K Gr.
ăvaſºpóðttog: see anaphrodisia.] Without sex-
ual appetite. Syd. Soc. L63.
anaplastic (an-3-plastik), a. [As anaplasty +
-ic.] Of, pertaining to, performed by, or used
in the operation of anaplasty: as, the anaplas-
tic method. y
anaplasty (an'a-plas-ti), m. [K Gr. &váTAao Tog,
that may be formed anew, verbal adj. of diva-
Tââooetv, form anew, remodel, K &vá, again, +
Tââooetv, mold, form: see plastic.] In Surg., the
repairing of superficial lesions, or solutions of
continuity, by the employment of adjacent
healthy structure, as by transplanting a neigh-
boring pºrtion of skin. Noses, etc., are thus
restored.
anaplerosis (an "arplé-rö' sis), n. . [NL., KGr,
ôvarāhpoolç, K &vatWmpoïv, fill up, Kövá, up, +
trâmpoiju, fill, KTAffong, full, akin to L. plenus, full:
see plenty.] The addition of what is lacking;
in an
197
specifically, in med, the filling up of a deficiency
Caused by loss of substance, as in wounds.
anaplerotic (an'a-plé-rot'ik), a. and n. [K L.
amapleroticus, K Gr. *āvattàmportkóg, fit for filling
up, KóvatAmpoin, fill up, restore: see anaple-
ºrosis.] I. a. In med., filling up; promoting
granulation of wounds or ulcers.
II. m. A substance or application which pro-
motes the granulation of wounds or ulcers.
Anaplotherium, n. Erroneous form of Ano-
plotherium. Brande.
anapnograph (an-ap'né-graf), n., [K Gr, àvg-
Twoff, respiration (Kävalrveiv, take breath, K &vá,
again, + twelv, breathe), + Ypápetv, write.] An
instrument for registe the movements and
amount of expiration and inspiration. N. E. D.
anapnometer (an-ap-nom’e-tér), n., [K Gr. &va-
Trvoſ, respiration (see anapnograph), + ptárpov,
a measure.] . An instrument for measuring the
force of respiration; a spirometer. N. E. D.
anapodictic (an-ap-à-dikºtik), a. [K Gr. Švaré-
Öetićrog, not demonstrable, K &v- priv. 4- étrodet-
KTóg, demonstrable: see apodictic.] Incapable
of being demonstrated by argument.
3,113, º (an-ap-à-fiz'i-al), a. [Kamapophy-
º elating or pertaining to an anapophysis.
anapophysis (an-à-pofi-sis), nº; pl. anapophyses
(-séz). [NL., K. Gr. &vá, back, -H &trópwag, an off-
shoot, process of a bone, K &Topiety, put forth,
in pass. grow as an offshoot, K ató, from, o
(see apo-), + $9etv, produce, in pass. grow: see
physic.] in anat. , a small backward projecting
process on the neural arch of a vertebra, be-
tween the prezygapophysis and the diapophy-
sis. It is developed especially in the posterior dorsal and
lumbar regions of the spine. Also called an accessory
process. See cut under lumbar.
Anaptomorphidae (an-ap-tº-mór'fi-dé), n. pl.
[NL., K Anaptomorphus + -idae.] A family of .
extinct Eocene lemuroid mammals of North
America, with two premolars and a dental for-
mula like that of the higher apes.
The most evident lemuroids yet found in North Amer-
ica belong to the family of the Amaptomorphidae.
Cope, Amer. Naturalist (1885), p. 465.
Anaptomorphus (an-ap-tº-mór'fus), n, • ?
Gr. &v- priv. 4- éttetv, fasten, + poppſ, form.]
The typical genus of the family Anaptomor-
phidae, founded on the jaw of a small species,
4. Gºmulus. A. homunculus is another species, found in
the Wahsatch beds of Wyoming. The lacrymal foramen
is external, and the symphysis of the jaw is unossified.
As far as dental characters go, Anaptomorphus comes
closer to man than any of the existing Primates.
Stand. Nat. Hist., V. 493.
anaptotic (an-ap-tot'ik), a. [K Gr. &vá, back,
again, + &rtorog, indeclinable: see aptote.] In
philol., becoming again uninflected: applied to
languages which have a tendency to lose or have
already lost the use of inflections.
tychus §º n. ; pl. anaptychi
(- § [NL., K. Gr. &váTTvroc, var. of āváTtvKroc,
that may be opened, verbal adj. of āvattºogetv,
open, unfold, Kāvá, back, H- TTüogetv, fold.] One
of the carbonaceous, undivided, heart-shaped
plates found in some fossil cephalopods, as
ammonites. See aptychus.
anarch (an’ârk), m. [Formed after the analogy
of monarch; K Gr. Švapyog, without a head or
chief: see anarchy.] A promoter of anarchy;
one who excites revolt against all government
or authority; an anarchist.
Him thus the anarch old,
With faltering speech and visage incomposed,
Answer'd. Milton, P. L., ii. 988.
“A torpedo,” cried Zero, brightening, “a torpedo in the
Thames | Superb, dear fellow ! I recognize in you the
marks of an accomplished anarch.”
º L. Stevensom, The Dynamiter, p. 305.
anarchal, anarchial (a-nār'kal, -ki-al), a. [K
Gr. Švapxog, without a head or chief: see an-
archy.] Ungoverned; lawless; anarchical.
[Rare.]
We are in the habit of calling those bodies of men am-
archal which are in a state of effervescence.
Lamdor, Imaginary Conversations, I. 135.
anarchic (a-nārſkik), a. [Kanarchy + -ie.] 1.
Of, pertaining to, proceeding from, or dictated
by anarchy; without rule or government; in
confusion. An equivalent form is amarchical.
Mr. Arnold is impatient with the unregulated and, as
he thinks, anarchic state of our society ; and everywhere
displays a longing for more administrative and control-
ling agencies. H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 231.
2. Relating or pertaining to the theory of so-
ciety called anarchy; founded on anarchy or
anarchism. See anarchy, 2.
Not only is he [Bakunin] the father of Nihilism in Rus-
sia, but he has been the apostle of International Anarchic
anarchical (a-nār'ki-kal), a.
anarchism (an ‘ār-kizm), n.
anarchistic (an-ār-kis’tik), a.
anarcotin, anarcotine (a-nār’kö-tin), m.
anareta (an-ar'e-tā), m.
Anarhynchus (an-a-ring'kus), n.
Anarhynchus

Socialism throughout the south of Europe, and it is the
substance of his doctrines that we meet in those of the
Paris Revolution of the 18th of March.
Orpen, tr. of Laveleye's Socialism, p. 196.
Same as anar-
chic, 1.
[K anarchy -F
-ism...] 1. Confusion; disorder; anarchy.—2.
The doctrines of the anarchists; the anarchic
scheme of society proposed by Proudhon. See
anarchy, 2.-3. A social and political move-
ment which has for its object the overthrow
of government and the abolition of all institu-
tions requiring governmental sanction or pro-
tection, especially private property. Formerly
confused with Socialism.
anarchist (an ‘ār-kist), n. [Kanarchy + -ist; =
F. anarchiste.] 1. One who advocates anarchy
or the absence of government as a politieal
ideal; a believer in an anarchic theory of so-
ciety. See anarchy, 2, and anarchism, 3.−2.
One who seeks to overturn by violence all con-
stituted forms and institutions of society and
government, with no purpose of establishing
any other system of order.—3. Any person
who promotes disorder or excites revolt against
an established rule, law, or custom.
[K anarchist +
-ic.] Pertaining to, having the characteristics
of, or advocating anarchism.
Secret conspirators and anarchistic agitators.
Appleton's Amn. Cyc., 1884, p. 357-
anarchize (an’ār-kiz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. an-
archized, ppr. anarchizing. [K anarchy -P -ize.]
To put into a state of anarchy or confusion;
reduce to anarchy; throw into confusion.
anarchy (an’ār-ki), n. [K F. anarchie, K. Gr. Öv-
apxia, lack of a ruler or of government, anarchy,
Kövapxog, without a ruler or chief, Käv- priv. H-
āpzóc, a ruler, àpxh, rule, government, Köpxetv,
rule, be first: see arch-. Cf. monarchy.] 1.
Absence or insufficiency of government; a state
of Society in which there is no capable supreme
power, and in which the several functions of the
state are performed badly or not at all; social
and political confusion.
It seemed but too likely that England would fall under
the most odious and degrading of all kinds of government,
. . . uniting all the evils of despotism to all the evils of
anarchy. - Macaulay.
Specifically—2. A social theory which regards
the union of order with the absence of all direct
government of man by man as the political
ideal; absolute individual liberty. The most noted
expounder of this theory was Pierre Joseph Proudhon
(1809–1865), whose views have been adopted, with various
modifications, by many agitators.
Proudhon . . . said that “the true form of the state is
anarchy,” . . . meaning by amarchy, of course, not positive
disorder, but the absence of any supreme ruler, whether
king or convention. Pate, Contemp. Socialism, p. 141.
3. Confusion in general.
The late beauteous prospect presents one scene of an-
archy"and wild uproar, as though old Chaos had resumed
his reign, and was hurling back into one vast turmoil the
conflicting elements of nature.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 185.
= Syn. Anarchy, Chaos. Anarchy is an absence of gov-
ernment; chaos is an absence of order.
[K
Gr. 3-priv. (a-18) + narcotic + -in?, -ine2.] A
name proposed for narcotine, because of its
apparent freedom from narcotic properties.
s [ML., prop. “anareta,
K Gr. &vaſpérnç, destroyer, murderer: see Anae-
'retes.] In astrol., the killing planet, threaten-
ing death in a nativity.
The length of time which the apheta and anareta, as
posited in each respective figure of a nativity, will be in
forming a conjunction, or coming together in the same
point of the heavens, is the precise length of the native's
life. Sibley, Astrology,
anaretic (an-a-ret'ik), a. [Prop. “anaretic, KGr.
avatpertkóc, destructive, with ref. to anareta, q.
v.] In astrol., destructive; killing: with refer-
ence to the anareta.
The amaretic or killing places are the places of Saturn
and Mars, which kill according to the direction of the
hyleg to the succeeding signs. Sibley, Astrology.
anaretical (an-a-ret'i-kal), a. Same as anaretic.
Sibley.
* [NL., K. Gr.
àvá, up, back, F bºyzog, snout, bill.] A remark-
able genus of plovers, differing from all other
birds in having the end of the bill bent sidewise
and upward, but otherwise quite like ordinary
plovers... A. frontalis, the only species, is a na-
tive of New Zealand. Also spelled Anarrhyn-
; Quoy and Gaimard, 1833. See cut under
plover.
Anarnacinae
Amarnacinæ (an-ār-nā-si'né), n, pl. . [NL., K
Amarnacus + -ina..] A subfamily of toothed
cetaceans, of the family Ziphiidae. It is distin.
guished from Ziphiinae by the greatly developed incurved
lateral crests of the maxillary bone. It contains the spe-
çies commonly referred to the genus Hyperoödon, which
is a synonym of Amarnacws.
Anarnacus (an-ār'nā-kus), n. [NL., Kanarnak,
given as a Greenland name of a kind of por-
poise.] A genus of toothed cetaceans, giving
name to the subfamily Anarnacinae: synony-
mous with Hyperoödom.
anarrhexis (an-a-rek'sis), n. [NL., KGr. &váp-
pºſtg, a breaking up, Kavappmyvöval, break up,
break through, K divá, up, + bºyvínal, break,
akin to E. break, q.v.] In surg., the rebreak-
ing of a united fracture.
anarrhichadid (an-a-rik'a-did), n. A fish of
the family Amarrhichadidae.
Aharºhai, (an *a-ri-kad’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K Anarrhich as (-chad-) + -idae.] Ž family
of blennioid fishes, typified by the genus Amar-
which as.
Anarrhichadini (an-a-rik-a-di’ni), m. pl. [NL.,
KAnarrhichas (-chad-) + -īnī.] A subfamily of
blennioid fishes, same as the family Anarrhicha-
didae. Bonaparte.
Anarrhichas (an-ar’i-kas), m. [NL., KGr. &vap-
plºdoffat, clamber up with hands and feet, Kóvá,
up, + applyāoffat (only in comp.), clamber.] A
genus of blennioid fishes, typical of the family
§ §§§
§§ §§ Ş
§§§
Wolf-fish (Amazºrhich as latpus).
Amarrhichadidae, containing A. lupus, the com-
mon wolf-fish (which see), and several closely
related species. Also written Amarhich as, Anar-
whicas, Anarhicas.
Anarrhynchus, n. See Amarhymchus.
anarthria (an-ār"thri-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. &vap-
6pta, lit. absence of joints, used only in fig. sense
want of strength, K. Gr. &vapºpog, without joints,
not articulated, imarticulate: see anarthrous.]
1. Absence of joints or of jointed limbs.—2.
Inability to articulate distinctly in speaking, de-
pendent on a central nervous defect, but not in-
volving paralysis of the muscles of articulation.
anarthric (an-är"thrik), a. [Kamarthria + -ic.]
Pertaining to anarthria; suffering from anar-
thria.
Anarthropoda (an-ār-throp'º-dà), m. pl. [NL.
ºf ºbjôniº foic (roº
= E. foot. See Arthropoda.] In 206l., in some
systems of classification, one of two prime di-
visions (Arthropoda being the other) of the An-
mulosa or ringed animals, namely, those which
have no articulated appendages or jointed
limbs, such as the Ammelida and the Gephyrea.
It is conterminous with these two classes, together with the
Chaetognatha (Sagitta). The term is not now current, Ar-
thropoda being ranked as a subkingdom, including crusta-
ceans, myriapods, arachnids, and insects, and all anar-
thropodous ringed animals being contrasted with them
under the name Vermes.
anarthropodous (an-ār-throp'º-dus), a. Of or
pertaining to the Anarthropoda; hence, with-
out articulated limbs.
anarthrous (an-ār"thrus), a. [KNL. anarthrus,
K. Gr. &vapôpoç, without joints, without articula-
tion, without the article, K &v- priv. -- épôpov
a joint, in gram. the article: see arthritis, etc.
1. In 206l. : (a) Without joints; not jointed;
inarticulated. (b) Having no articulated limbs;
anarthropodous.-2. In gram., without the arti-
cle: applied especially to Greek nouns so used
exceptionally. *
Anas (ā’nas), n. [L. anas (anat-) = Gr, vårta,
Epic and Ionic vijoga, Dor. vägga, - Lith, antis =
OHG. anut, enit, MHG. amt (pl. ente), ent, G.
ente = AS. ened, ME. ened, ende, a duck, ME.
deriv. *endrake, by apheresis drake, E. drake:
see drake1.] A genus of palmiped lamelliros-
tral swimming birds, typical of the family Ama-
tidae. It was nearly conterminous with Amatidae in the
early systems, as the Linnean, but has been successively
restricted by different authors, till it has come to be applied
only to the mallard, Amas boscas, and its immediate con-
species, as the dusky duck, A. obscura, of North America.
It was for some time coextensive with the subfamily Ama-
timaº, including the fresh-water ducks as distinguished from
the Fuligulinae. With Linnaeus it was synonymous with
Angeres, exclusive of Mergus, and contained the Swans,
eese, etc., as well as the ducks. A form Amassus is also
ound. See cut under mallard.
Anasa (an'a-să), n. [NL.] A genus of hemip-
terous insects, of the group Coreidae, containing
anasarca (an-a-săr'kä), n.
anaseismic (an-a-sis'mik), a.
anastaltict (an-a-staltik), @.
ânastatic (an-a-stat'ik), a. [K
j anastigmatic (an-as-tig-mat'ik), a.
198
such species as the common squash-bug, A.
tristis.
[ML. and NL., K
Gr, avá, up, through (see ana-), + gāpka, acc.
of Gápé, flesh.] 1. In pathol., a wide-spread
edema or dropsical affection of the skin and
subcutaneous connective tissue.—2. In bot.,
the condition of plants when the tissues be-
come gorged with fluid in very wet weather.
-ows.] Belonging to or affected by anasarca or
dropsy; dropsical.
[K Gr. &váoetopia,
ðvagetopićg, a shaking up and down, K &vao etely,
shake up and down, Kóvá, up, + geietv, shake, X
oetopuðg, a shaking: see ama- and seismic.] Char-
acterized by upward movement: applied to
earthquakes, or to earthquake-shocks. Milne,
Earthquakes, p. 11.
Anaspidea (an-as-pid’é-á), n. pl. [NL., KGr. &v-
priv. -- dotrig (āotić-), a shield.] One of three
divisions of the tectibranchiate gastropods, cor-
related with Cephalaspidea and Notaspidea. It
includes the families Aplysiidae and Oacymoidoº.
[K Gr. &vaoTa2tt-
róg, fitted for checking, K &vaoréWAetv, check,
keep back, send back, K &vá, back, -H otéWAew,
send.] In med., astringent; styptic.
anastate (an'a-stät), n. [K Gr, avágratoc, made to
rise up, verbal adj. of āvioraoffat, rise up, Kävá,
up, + iotaoffat, stand.] The material result of
anabolism; a substance resulting from or char-
acterized by anabolic processes; any substance
which is evolved from one simpler than itself,
with absorption of energy. See anabolism.
The substances or mesostates appearing in the former
[series of anabolic processes] we may speak of as ama-
states, those of the latter we may call katastates.
M. Foster, Encyc, Brit, XIX. 19.
Gr. Öváoratog,
made to rise up, verbal adj. of avioraoffat, rise up
(see anastate), H--ic; cf.static.] Raised; consist-
ing of or furnished with raised characters: as,
anastatic plates.—Anastatic printing or engraving,
a mode of obtaining a facsimile of any printed page or en-
graving by moistening the print with dilute phosphoric
acid and transferring the ink from the impression to a
plate of zinc. The plate is then subjected to the action of
an acid, which etches or eats away the surface in all por-
tions not protected by the ink, so that the portions thus
protected are left in relief and prints can readily be taken
from them. Also called zincography. x *
Anastatica (an-a-stat’i-kä), n. [NL., KGr.ává-
oratog, made to rise up; cf. &váotaatc, a making to
rise up, resur-
rection: See an-
astatic.] Age-
nus of plants,
of the fami-
ly Brassicaceae,
A. Hierochumti-
ca, the rose of
Jericho, is found
2.55 Sº g
ºść
ſº
(i.º. *†ºſº Wºź
WZºº. .
ëº near the Dead Sea
*}º * * - an º' - 1 Sº A/ NVI, Q and in the deserts
º * ſº §3 of Arabia Petraea,
\Siº §§ º Egypt, and South-
º §º #) ern Persia. It is
\{ §§ * remarkable for the
22*ºkº’s power the dried
plant has of ab-
sorbing water and
appearing to re-
vive when placed
in it, whence the
common name of
resurrection-plant. This name has reference also to the
popular belief that the plant blooms at Christmas and
remains expanded till Easter. The plants are gathered to
be sent to Jerusalem, where they are sold to pilgrims.
[Kam-5 +
astigmatic..] Not astigmatic : applied to a lens.
Anastomatinae (a-nas/tº-ma-tíſně), m.pl. [NT.,
K Amastomus (-mat-) + -inac.] A subfamily of
birds, of the family Ciconiidae, or storks, form-
ed for the reception of the genus Amastomus.
Ponaparte, 1850.
anastome (an'a-stöm), n.
Anastomus.
Anastominae (a-nas-tº-mi'né), m. pl. [NL., K
Amastomus + -inae.] Same as Amastomatimaº.
Bonaparte, 1849.
anastomize (a-nas/tó-miz), v. i.; pret. and pp.
amastomized, ppr. amastomizing. [As amastomose
+ -ize.] Same as amastomose. [Rare.]
anastomosant (a-nas-tó-mö'zant), a. [F., ppr.
of anastomoser, anastomose: see below.] Anas-
tomosing; anastomotic. Syd. Soc. Leº., 1879.
[Rare.]
Rose of Jericho
(47tastatica Hierochtenetica).
I, the living plant; 2, the plant withered;
3, the same expanded by moisture.
A bird of the genus
anastomose (a-nas/t3-möz), v.; pret. and pp.
anastomosed, ppr. anastomosing., [K F. amasto-
moser, K amastomose, anastomosis: See anasto-
mosis.] I. intrams. To communicate or unite
by anastomosis; intercommunicate, inosculate,
Anastomus (a-nas/t3-mus), n.
anathema *
or run into one another: said chiefly of vessels
conveying fluid, as blood or lymph, as when
arteries unite with one another or with veins.
The ribbing of the leaf, and the amaštomosing net-work
of its vessels. 8. Taylor.
In some species they branch and anastomose.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 500.
II. trams. To connect by anaštomosis. N.
JE. D.
anasarcous (an-a-săr'kus), a. [K anasarca + #nastomosis (a-mas-tó-mö'sis), n. [NL. (> F.
anastomose), K. Gr. &vaoTéudog, an opening, out-
let, discharge, sharpening of the appetite, Kāva-
orouðelv, open, discharge, as one sea into an-
other, furnish with a mouth, sharpen the appe-
tite, K &vá, again, + orogóetv, furnish with a
mouth, Koróua, mouth: see stoma.] 1. In 2061.
and anat., the union, intercommunication, or
inosculation of vessels of any system with one
another, or with vessels of another system, as
the arteries, veins, and lymphatics, . In sur-
gery, after ligation of an artery, collateral cir-,
culation is established by arterial anastomosis.
Hence—2. The interlacing or network of any
branched system, as the veins of leaves or
the nervures of insects’ wings. See cut under
wenation.
anastomotic (a-nas-tó-mot'ik), a. and m. [KNL.
anastomoticus, KGr. &vaoroudrakóc, lit. pertaining
to opening, fit for sha ening, K avao Topóetv,
open: see amastomosis. In the first sense for-
merly also anastomatic, after Gr. oroplatzkóg, per-
taining to the mouth.] I. a. 1+. In med., hav-
ing the quality of removing obstructions, as
from the blood-vessels.-2. Pertaining to or
exhibiting anastomosis.
In the former [Spatangus], a distinct amastomotic trunk .
connects the intestinal vessels with the circular ambula-
cral vessel. Hwæley, Anat. Invert., p. 495.
II. m. One of a class of medicines formerly
supposed to have the power of opening the
mouths of blood-vessels and promoting circu-
lation, such as catharties, deobstruents, and su-
dorifics.
[NL., K. Gr. &vá
+ otóua, mouth: see amastomosis.] 1. In or—
nith., a genus of storks, of the family Ciconiidae
and subfamily Anastomatinae. The name is derived
from the form of the beak, the mandibles separating so as
to leave an interval beween them, and coming together
again or anastomosing at the tip. There are two very dis-
tinct species, the East Indian A. oscwlans and the African
A. lamelligerus. The former is white with black wings
and tail, the latter black. Also called Apertirostra, Chemo-
rhamphus, Hiams, Hiator, and Rhynchochasma.
2. In ichth., a genus of Salmonidae. G. Cuvier,
1817. [Not in use.]
anastrophe (a-nas/tró-fé), n. [NL., & Gr, àva-
orpoºh, a turning back, Kávaotpétely, turn back,
Kövá, back, -F otpépetv, turn. Cf. strophe..] In
Thet. and gram., an inversion of the usual, or-
der of words: as, “echoed the hills” for “the
hills echoed.”
anastrous (a-mas’ trus), a... [K Gr, àvaorpog
without stars, K &v- priv. 4- &orpov, star.] No
constituting a constellation.—Anastrous sign, a
sign of the zodiac, not a constellation corresponding to
such a sign.
anatase (an'a-tās), m. . [So named from the
length of its crystals; K. Gr. &váradic, extension,
Kávaretvetv, extend, Kāvá, back, -- tetvetv, stretch
(> tdotſ, tension): see tend, tension.] One of
the three forms of native titanium dioxid; octa-
hedrite. In color it is indigo-blue, reddish-brown, and
yellow; it is usually crystallized in acute, elongated, pyra-
midal octahedrons.
anathem?, n. Obsolete form of amathema.
anathema (a-nath’é-mâ), m.; pl. amathemas, an-
athemata (-mâz, an-a-them'a-tá). [L.L. anathé-
ma, KGr. &váffeua (in the Septuagint and the New
Testament and hence in eccles. Gr. and L.), any-
thing devoted to evil, an accursed thing, a curse;
esp. of excommunication, an accursed or excom-
municated person; in classical Greek simply
“anything offered up or dedicated,” being an-
otherform of the regular &váðmua, a votive offer-
ing set up in a temple, esp. as an ornament,
hence also an ornament, a delight (> L.L. ana-
théma, an offering, a gift), lit. ‘that which is
set up’; K &vatt0éval, set up, dedicate, offer, Kävá,
up, + tifféval, put, place, set: see ama- and theme.
The forms of amathema are thus distinguished:
anathéma, when the dedication is carried out
by the preservation of the object as a pious of .
fering (Luke xxi. 5); anathéma, when it has in
view the destruction of the object as accursed
(Josh. vii. 12). A relic of the former and origi-
nal sense of the word is found in the amathé-
mata of the middle ages, which were gifts and
ornaments bestowed upon the church and con-



















secrated to the worship of God. ...The p.º.
English uses, however, are derived from the
form anathéma.] 1. A person or thing held to
be accursed or devoted to damnation ordestruc-
tion.
The Jewish nation was an amathema destined to de-
struction. St. Paul . . . says he could wish to save them
from it, and to become an amathema, and to be destroyed
himself. Locke, Paraphrase of Rom. ix. 3.
It is God's will, the Holy Father's will,
And Philip's will, and mine, that he should burn.
He is pronounced amathema.
Tennyson, Queen Mary, iv. 1.
2. A curse or denunciation pronounced with
religious solemnity by ecclesiastical author-
ity, involving excommunication. This species of
excommunication was practised in the ancient churches
against incorrigible offenders. Churches were warned not
to receive them, magistrates and private persons were ad-
monished not to harbor or maintain them, and priests were
enjoined not to converse with them or attend their fu-
nerals. Also called judiciary anathema... The formula,
“which if anybody deny let him be amathema,” is com-
monly added to the decrees of ecclesiastical councils, and
especially to the doctrinal canons of ecumenical councils.
It is denied by some theologians that the idea of a curse
properly belongs to the anathema as used in the Christian
church. See eaccommunication. -
In pronouncing amathema against wilful heretics, the
Church does but declare that they are excluded from her
communion, and that they must, if they continue obsti-
nate, perish eternally. Cath. Dict,
Bence—3. Any imprecation of divine punish-
ment; a curse; an execration.
She fled to London, followed by the amathemas of both.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair.
Drawing his falchion and uttering a thousand amathe-
amas, he strode down to the scene of combat.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 382.
4. Anything devoted to religious uses.—Abjura-
tory anathema, the act of a convert who anathematizes
the heresy which he abjures.—Anathema maranatha,
(mar-an-āthā, prop. ma-ram"a-tha). [LL. (Vulgate) ana-
thema, Maran atha, KGr. &vá9eua, uapāv &0á, prop. sepa-
rated by a period, being the end of a sentence, Gr. firo &vá-
6epia, L.L. sit amathema, let him be anathema, followed by
another sentence, Mapāv &6á, KSyr. máran' ethâ', lit. the
Lord hath come, here used appar. as a Solemn formula of
confirmation, like amen, q.v.] A phrase, properly two
separate words (see etymology), occurring in the following
passage, where it is popularly regarded (and hence some-
times elsewhere used) as an intenser form of amathema.
If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be
Amathema Maram-atha. [Revised version, “let him be
amathema. Maram atha.”] 1 Cor. xvi. 22.
=Syn. 2 and 3. Curse, Execration, etc. See malediction.
anathematic (a-nath-É-mat'ik), a. [KML. ana-
thematicus, K L.L. amathéma, a curse ; the Gr.
ãºnariº, better āvathmuattkóg, means only
‘pertaining to votive offerings”: see amathema.]
Pertaining to or having the nature of an anath-
©IOlă.
anathematical (a-nath-à-mat’i-kal), a.
as amathematic. * e &
anathematically (a-nath-à-mat’i-kal-i), adv.
In the manner of an anathema; as or by means
of anathemas... e
anathematisation, anathematise, etc.
anathematization, etc. *
anathematism (a-nath’é-ma-tizm), n. [KMGr.
āvateuartogóg, K. Gr. &vaffèuatiſetv: see anathema-
tize.] The act of anathematizing; an excom-
municatory curse or denunciation; hence, a de-
cree of a council ending with the words, “let
him be anathema.” See amathema. [Rare.]
. We find a law of Justinian forbidding amathematisms to
be pronounced against the Jewish Hellenists.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1839), XIII. 540.
anathematization (a-nath’É-mat-i-Zā’shgn), n.
ML. amathematizatio(n-), K L.L. anathemati-
2are, pp. *anathematizatus, anathematize: see
amathematize.] The act of anathematizing or
denouncing as accursed; excommunication.
Also spelled anathematisation.
Prohibiting the . . . . amathematization of persons de-
ceased in the peace of the church,
Barrow, The Pope's Supremacy.
anathematize (a-nath’é-ma-tiz), v.; pret. and
p. anathematized, ppr. anathematizing. . [=
# amathématiser, K . amathematizare, K. Gr.
ăvaffeuariſely, devote to evil, excommunicate,
cursé, K &váffeua: see anathema.] T. trans. To
pronounce an anathema against; denounce;
CUTS6.
The priests continued to exorcise the possessed, to prose-
cute witches, and to anathematise as infidels all who
questioned the crime. Lecky, Rationalism, I. 115.
At length his words found vent, and for three days he
[William the Testyl kept up a constant discharge, anath-
ematizing the Yankees, man, woman, and child.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 222.
II, intrans. To pronounce anathemas; curse.
Well may mankind shriek, inarticulately amathematiz-
ing as they can. Carlyle, French Rev., III. i. 6.
Also spelled anathematise,
Same
See
...
3.
Anatina (an-a-ſiºnä), n.
º
199
anathematizer (a-nath’é-ma-ti-zër), n. One
who anathematizes. Also spelled amathema-
t?8er. -
anatheme (an'a-thém), n. IK OF. amatheme
(Cotgrave), K LL. anathéma or anathéma: see
anathema..] Same as anathema, in any sense.
[Rare.]
Your holy father of Rome hath smitten with his thun-
derbolt of excommunications and amathemes ... most
of the orthodox churches of the world.
Sheldon, Miracles (1616), p. 129.
Anatidae (a-nat’i-dé), n. pl. [NL., K Anas
(Anat-), a duck, -- -idae.] TA family of birds
corresponding to the Linnean genera Anas and
Mergus, and conterminous with the order Anse-
res or Lamellirostres, exclusive of the flamingos;
a family of palmiped, lamellirostral, natatorial
anatoci
Anatoideae (an-a-toi"dē-8), n. pl.
anatomize
generally an ossicle is developed (whence the family is
sometimes called 08teodegmacea). Species are numerous
in the present scas, but were still more so in the ancient,
especially during the Jurassic epoch. See cut under Pho-
adomyia. mº tº
ism (a-natº-sizm), n., [KL. anatoeismus
K Gr. &varokuguóc, Kává, again, + Tokićety, iend
on interest, KT6koç, interest, produce, Kºttkretv,
second aor. Texeiv, produce, bear.] Compound
interest; the taking of compound interest, or
the contract by which such interest is secured.
[Rare.]
[NL., K Anas
(Amat-) + -oidea.] . A superfamily of birds,
the duck tribe in the broadest sense, corre-
sponding to the Lamellirostres of some writers,
#. Anseres, Unguirostres, or Dermorhynchi of
others; the Chenomorphae of Huxley.

birds, containing the ducks, geese, Swans, and Anatolian (an-a-tó'li-an), a. [K Anatolia, K. Gr.
mergansers; the Chenomorphae of Huxley. They
are commonly divided into 5 subfamilies: Cygminae, the
swams; Angerinae, the geese; Amatinae, the river or fresh-
water ducks; Fuligulinae, the sea-ducks; and Merginae,
the mergansers. ere are upward of 175 species, repre-
senting about 70 modern genera or subgenera, of all parts
of the world, and commonly called coffectively wild fowl
or water-fowl. A distinctive character is the lamellate or
toothed bill, invested with a tough coriaceous integument
hardened at the end into a more or less distinct nail,
whence the Amatidae are sometimes called Ungwirostres.
The technical characters are: short legs, more or less pos-
terior, buried beyond the knees in the common integument,
and feathered nearly or quite to the suffrago; tarsi scutel-
late or reticulate, or both; feet palmate and 4-toed; hallux
free, simple or lobed; desmognathous palate; sessile oval
basipterygoid facets; the angle of the mandible produced
and recurved; oil-gland present; two carotids; the tongue
large and fleshy, with a greatly developed glossohyal bone
and lateral processes corresponding to the lamellae of the
bill; and the trachea sometimes folded in an excavation
of the breast-bone.
Anatifa (a-natſi-fi), n. [NL., contr. from ama-
tifera, fem, of anatiferus: see anatiferous...] ...A
genus of thoracic or ordinary cirripeds, of the
family Lepadidae, established by Bruguière;
barnacles, goose-mussels, or tree-geese. The
name is derived from some fancied resemblance of the
Lepas amatifera to a bird, whence arose the Vulgar error
that the barnacle-goose, Anas or Anser bernicla, was pro-
duced from this cirriped, which was supposed to turn into
the bird when it dropped from the tree upon which it
WaS fabled to grow. [Disused.] See Lepadidae, Lepas.
anatifer (a-nat’i-fér), n. IK NL. amatifer, ama-
tiferus: see amatiferous.] A barnacle; a goose-
mussel or tree-goose; a member of the genus
Anatifa.
anatiferous (an-a-tif’e-rus), a. [KNL. amatifer,
anatiferus, K.L. amas (anat-), a duck (see Anas),
+ ·fer, Kferre = E. bearl.] Producing geese;
that is, producing the cirripeds formerly called
tree-geese or goose-mussels, which adhere to
submerged wood or stone, but were formerly
supposed to grow on trees, and then to drop off
into the water and turn into geese: an epithet
of the barnacle, Lepasanatifera, and of the trees
upon which it was supposed to grow. See Ana-
tifa, Lepas.
Amatiferous trees, whose corruption breaks forth into
barnacles. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. (1646), p. 133.
[NL., fem. of L. ama-
tinus, of or pertaining to the duck: see anatine.]
A genus of bivalve mollusks, typical of the
family Anatinidae. Lamarck, 1809.
Anatinael (an-a-ti” né), m. pl. [NL., K Anas
(Amat-) + -ina : see Anas.] A subfamily of ana-
tine birds, of the family Amatidae, including the
fresh-water ducks or river-ducks, typified by the
restricted genus Anas. They are separated from the
Fuligulimoe, or sea-ducks, by having the hallux simple, not
lobed. The name Anatimae has occasionally been used to
distinguish the “ducks,” collectively, from other Amatidae,
as the swans, geese, and mergansers; in this use it includes
the Fuligulimoe. The Anatinae proper, include the mal-
lard (Anas boscas), the wild original of domestic ducks,
and many other species, as the Widgeon, gadwall, pintail,
shoveler, wood-duck, and the various kinds of teal. See
cuts under Chawlelasmus, mallard, and widgeon.
Anatinae? (an-a-ti'né), m. pl. [NL., fem. pl.; cf.
Amatina.] In conch., a group of bivalve mol-
lusks related to the clams, now restricted to
the family Anatinidae (which see). Lamarck.
anatine (an'a-tim), a. [K L. anatīnus, of the
duck, Kanas (anat-), a duck: see Anas.] Re-
sembling a duck; duck-like; specifically, of or
pertaining to the Anatinae or to the Amatidae.
anatinid (a-mat/i-nid), m. Albivalve mollusk of
the family Amatimidae.
Anatinidae (an-a-tin'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAna-
tima + -idae.] Lantern-shells, a family of sipho-
niate lamellibranch mollusks, typified by the
genus Anatina, to which various limits have
been assigned. As generally used, it embraces forms
which have the mantle-margins united, the long siphons
partly united, the gills single on each side, and the small
foot compressed. The shell is somewhat inequivalve, thin,
and nacreous inside ; there is an external ligament and
an internal cartilage fitting into the pit of the hinge, and
Anatolic (an-a-tol'ik), a.
anatomic (an-a-tom'ik), a.
anatomiet, n.
anatomist (a-nat' 3-mist), m.
anatomization (a, -nat" 3-mi-zā’ shqn), n.
âvatož%, a rising, esp. of the Sun, the east.] Of
or pertaining to Anatolia, that is, Asia Minor,
or the greater part of it on the west and north-
West.
Bismarck “would not sacrifice one Pomeranian soldier”
for the sake of the Sultan, or the Sultan one Anatolian
Turk for Bismarck. Contemporary Rev., XLVIII. 587.
Anatolian pottery, pottery made in Anatolia. The name
is given by dealers and collectors to a pottery of soft paste
with a white glaze, supposed to be from the factories of
Kutahia or Kutayeh, in Asia Minor. The pieces are gen-
erally small; the decoration is in bright colors, similar to
Damascus or Rhodian ware, but coarser, and the glaze is
less adherent to the surface.
[K MGr. Avarožakóg,
pertaining to Avarožía, Anatolia (cf. Gr. &vatožt-
kóg, eastern), Kávatožň, the east: see Anatolian.]
Same as Anatolian. Amer. Jour. of Archaeol.,
II. 124.
Same as amatomi-
cal.
anatomical (an-a-tom’i-kal), a. [KL. anatomi-
cus, K. Gr. &vatopurcóg, K. Čivatopuſ, = LGr. avatogía,
anatomy: see anatomy.] 1. Of or pertaining
to anatomy; according to the principles of anat-
omy; relating to the parts of the body when dis-
sected or separated.—2. Structural or mor-
phological, as distinguished from functional or
physiological: as, anatomical characters.
anatomically (an-a-tom’i-kal-i), adv. In an
anatomical manner; as regards structure; by
means of anatomy or dissection.
anatomico-physiological (an-a-tom’i-kö-fiz"i-
Ö-loj’i-kal), a.
to physiology.
Relating both to anatomy and
A former spelling of anatomy.
anatomiless (a-nat ( Ö-mi-les), a. [Kamatomy
+ -less.] Structureless; improperly formed;
amorphous, as if anatomically unnatural, or
constructed without regard to anatomy.
Ugly goblins, and formless monsters, amatouniless and
rigid. Ruskin, Stones of Venice, II. vi. § 14. (N. E. D.)
anatomisation, anatomise, etc. See anatomi-
2ation, etc.
anatomism (a-nat' G-mizrm), m. [K F. amato-
misme: see amatomy and -ism.] 1. Anatomical
analysis; organization with reference to ana-
tomical structure; exhibition of anatomical de-
tails or features, as in painting or statuary.—2.
Anatomical structure regarded as a basis of bio-
logical phenomena; anatomy considered as the
foundation of the phenomena of life exhibited
by organized bodies.—3. The doctrine that
anatomical structure accounts for all manifes-
tations of vitality; anatomical materialism, as
opposed to animism.
[K F. amatomiste:
see anatomy and -ist.] One who is versed in
anatomy; one skilled in the art of .*.
tº [
anatomice + -ation.] 1. Same as amatomy, 1,
–2. Figuratively, analysis; minute examina-
tion.—3+. Anatomical structure.
Also spelled amatomisation.
anatomize (a-nat' G-miz), v.; pret. and pp.
amatomized, ppr. amatomizing. [KF. amatomiser:
see anatomy and -ice.] I. trams. 1. To dissect,
as a plant or an animal, for the purpose of
showing the position, structure, and relation
of the parts; display the anatomy of.-2. Fig-
uratively, to analyze or examine minutely; con-
sider point by point.
My purpose and endeavour is, in the following discourse
to amatomize this humour of melancholy, through all its
parts and species.
Burton, Anat. of Mel, (To the Reader), p. 76.
In her the painter had amatomized
Time's ruin. Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1450.
3t. In chem., to make an analysis of.
II. intrans. To practise the art of dissection;
pursue anatomy as an employment, a science,
or an art. [Rare.]
anatomize
He [Keats] no doubt penned many a stanza when he
should have been anatomizing.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser, p. 308.
Also spelled anatomise.
anatomizer (a-natº-mi-zēr), n. One who dis-
sects or anatomizes; a dissecter; an anatomist;
*an analyst. Also spelled anatomiser.
anatomy (a-nat'3-mi), m.; pl. anatomies (-miz).
[Early mod. E. also anatomie, K F. anatomie
=Sp. anatomía = Pg. It, anatomia, K LL. anato-
nia, anatomy, K LGr. &vatouia, in classical Gr.
ăvatouff, a cutting up, dissection, Kåvaréuvetv, cut
up, cut open, Kävá, up, + tºuveau, second aor. Ta-
Pleiv, Cut, 2 Topiń, MGr. touía, a cutting, Tóuog, a cut,
a section, tome: see tome. Hence, by misunder-
standing, an atomy, a skeleton: see atomy?..] 1.
Dissection; the act or art of dissecting organ-
ized bodies with reference to their structure;
the practice of anatomizing; anatomization.
–2. That which is learned from dissection;
the science of the bodily structure of animals
and plants; the doctrines of organization de-
rived from structure. See histology, organ-
ography, organology, morphology, 206tomy, phy-
totomy, anthropotomy.—3. atomical struc-
ture or organization; the formation and disposi-
tion of the parts of an organized body. Hence
–4. The structure of any inanimate body, as
a machine; the structure of a thing, with ref-
erence to its parts. [Rare.]—5. A treatise
on anatomical science or art; anatomical de-
Scription or history; a manual of dissection.—
6. Figuratively, any analysis or minute ex-
amination of the parts or properties of a thing,
material, critical, or moral.—7+. That which is
dissected or results from dissection; a dissected
body, part, or organ.—8. A subject of or for
dissection; that which is or appears to be
ready or fit for dissecting: in various obsolete,
colloquial, or figurative uses. Specifically—(a) A
corpse procured or prepared for dissection. (b) An ama-
tomical model; a model of a dissected body, as in plaster,
Wax, or papier mâché, displaying the structure and posi-
tion of parts or organs; an anatomical cast or waxwork.
(c) The solid or bony framework of a body; a skeleton.
The amatomy of a little child . . . is accounted a greater
rarity than the skeleton of a man in full stature. Fuller.
(d) A much emaciated person or other living being; one
almost reduced to a skeleton. [Now only jocose.]
They brought one Pinch, a hungry, lean-fac’d villain,
A mere anatomy, a mountebank. Shak., C. of E., v. 1.
Passion and the vows I owe to you
Have changed me to a lean amatomy.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, ii. 1.
(e) Of persons, the body or any part of it; the physique,
as if a mere anatomical structure. (f) A mummy; a
corpse, dried and shriveled. (g) Figuratively, the with-
ered, lifeless form of anything material or immaterial;
meaningless form ; Shadow without substance.—Anat-
omy Act, an English statute of 1832 (2 and 3 Wm. IV., c. 75)
regulating Schools of anatomy and the practice of dissec-
tion.—Animal anatomy, the anatomy of animals as dis-
tinguished from that of plants; zoötomy and anthropotomy
as distinguished from phytotomy.—Artificial anatomy
a term sometimes applied to the art of making anatomical
models.-Avian anatomy, the dissection of birds; orni-
thotomy.— Clastic anatomy, the art (invented by Au-
zoux, 1825) of making manikins or anatomical models in
papier mâché representing the natural appearance of all
the parts in separate pieces, which can be joined as a whole
and taken apart.—COmparative anatomy. (a) The in-
vestigation or study of the anatomy of animals in its spe-
cial relation to human structure, or as exhibiting the rela-
tion of the human type to the types of lower orders. (b) A
comprehensive account of the anatomy of living organ-
isms lower than man, or of any one group alone. [Obso-
lescent.] (c) The examination and comparison of the
structure of all animals, including man, with reference to
morphology, organology, and taxonomy; anatomy in gen-
eral.—Descriptive anatomy, an account of parts and
organs of the body with special regard to their structure,
position, or relations, but without regard to their mor-
phological significance : the opposite of comparative amat-
omny. It denotes specifically anthropotomy, in its medi-
cal and surgical aspects. Also called special amatomy.
—General anatomy, a branch of descriptive anatomy
which treats especially of histology, or the structure and
physical properties of the tissues of the body, without re-
gard to the disposition of the parts and organs composed
of them.—GroSS º the anatomy of parts, and
organs discernible by the naked eye, and handled without
special appliances; organology as distinguished from his-
tology : the opposite of minute amatomy.— Minute anat-
omy, microscopic anatomy; the study of parts or organs
requiring the aid of the microscope; histological anato;
my.—Pathological anatomy, the anatomy of diseased
parts, organs, or tissues, or of organic lesions or malfor-
mations, the latter being more specifically called terato-
logical anatomy.—Quick anatomyt, live anatomyſ,
vivisection.—Special anatomy, Same as descriptive amat-
omy.—Surgical anatomy, the anatomy of parts and or-
gans with reference to their situation and relative posi-
tion, in view of surgical operations which it may be ne-
cessary to perform upon them.—Textural anatomy, a
description of organs with regard to their histological
structure.—Topographical anatomy, the descriptive
and surgical anatomy of any particular region of the body,
as of the axilla, the groin, the popliteal space, or the tri-
angles of the neck.--Transcer.dental anatomy, ana-
tomical inductions, theories, and hypotheses, with refer-
ence to the type, model, or plan upon which organized
200
bodies are constructed: sometimes used with a shade of
. as being “ideal” rather than actual or practical
anatomy.
anatopism (a-natº-pizm), n. IK Gr. &vá, back,
+ Tótrog, a place, H+ -ism..] Faulty or incongru-
ous arrangement; specifically, in art, an in-
harmonious grouping of objects.
anatreptic (an-3-treptik), a. [K Gr. &varpertº-
Kóg, refuting, overturning, Kóvatpéretv, refute,
overturn, Kävá, up, + Tpéretv, turn..] Refuting;
defeating: applied to certain dialogues of Plato.
anatripsis (an-à-trip'sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vá-
Tpºpug, rubbing, K ãarpffen, rub, chafe, K &vá,
again, + Tp(9eiv, rub.] In med., friction em-
ployed as a remedy for disease.
anatripsology (an'a-trip-solº-ji), n. IK Gr.
ăvárptºpºg, rubbing, + -āoyia, K%yetv, speak: see
-ology.] 1. In med., the science of friction as a
remedy.—2. A treatise on friction. Dunglison.
anatron (an'a-tron), m. [= F. amatron, K Sp.
anatron, KAr. an-matrún, Kal, the, + matrún, na-
tron: see matron.] 1. Glass-gall or sandiver,
a scum which rises upon melted glass in the
furnace. It consists of fused salts, chiefly sulphates and
chlorids of the alkalis, which have not combined with
silica to form glass.
2. The salt which collects on the walls of
vaults; saltpeter.
anatropal (a-natºró-pal), a. Same as anatro-
p014S.
anatropous (a-natºró-pus), a. [K NL. anatro-
us, K. Gr. &vá, up, + toéſtetv, turn : see trope.]
verted: in bot. , applied to the reversed ovule,
§
#
E.
1, Anatropous Oyule of Magnolia. , 2, Section of same. 3, Section
of Seed of Magnolia. a, raphe; b, micropyle; c, chalaza; d, hilum ;
e, fleshy coat of seed inclosing the raphe; f, bony testa; g, albu-
men, inclosing the embryo above. (Magnified.)
having the hilum close to the micropyle, and
the chalaza at the opposite end. An equiva-
lent form is amatropal.
anatto (a-nat'6), n. Same as armotto.
Anaxagorean (an-alks-ag-Ö-ré'an), a. and n.
[K L. Anaajagoras, Gr. ź. I. a. Re-
lating or pertaining to the person or the doc-
trines of Anaxagoras, a celebrated Greek phi-
losopher, born at Clazomenae, near Smyrna,
about 500 B. C. Anaxagoras taught the eternity of
matter, and ascribed the origin of the world and the order
of nature to the operation of an eternal self-existing prin-
ciple, which he termed mous (vojs), mind or intelligence.
II. m. A follower of Anaxagoras.
Anaxagorizeł (an-aks-ag(@-riz), v. i. [K An-
awagoras + -ize.] To favor the principles of
Anaxagoras. Cudworth.
Anaximandrian (an-aks-i-man'dri-an), a. and
m. [K L. Amazimander, Gr. Avaštuavópog.j I.
a. Of or pertaining to the Greek philosopher
Anaximander of Miletus (sixth century B. C.),
or to his doctrines.
II. m. A follower of Anaximander.
Anaxonia (an-ak-so'ni-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
āv- priv. -H &#ov, axle, axis: see axle, aa is...] Or-
ganic forms, animal or vegetable, having no
axes, and consequently wholly irregular in fig-
ure: the opposite of Aaconia (which see). See
cut under amoºba.
Amaaconia—forms destitute of axes, and consequently
wholly irregular inform, e.g., Amoebae and many Sponges.
Encyc. Brit., XVI. 843.
anazoturia (an-az-Ś-tū’ri-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. div-
priv. -- azote, q. v., + Gr. oipov, urine.] In
med., a condition of the urine characterized by
marked diminution in its nitrogenous constitu-
ents.
anbury (an’bër-i), n. [Chiefly E. dial.; also
written amberry, by assimilation ambury, with
prosthetic n, nanberry, by apparent extension
anlebury, angleberry, in earliest recorded form
anburie (Florio); of uncertain origin, but per-
haps repr, “angberry, KAS. ange, painful (as in
amg-maegl, E. *angmail, agnail, q. V., and angseta
a boil or wart), + berie, E. bérryi, transferred
to pimple or tumor. Hardly an extension of
ancestrally
amper, q.v.] 1. A swelling, full of blood and
soft to the touch, peculiar to horses and cattle.
–2. Club-root, a disease of plants of the fam-
ily Brassicaceae, especially turnips. It is caused
by a slime-mold, Plasmodiophora Brassicae.
The root is distorted and swollen, and its func-
tions are deranged.
-ance. [K ME. –ance, -awnce, KOF, -ance, repr.
both L. -ant-ia and -ent-ia, forming nouns from
ppr. adjectives in -am(t-)s, -en (t-)s: see -anti,
-ent. In later F. and E. many nounsin-ance, KL.
-entia, were changed to -ence, in nearer accord
with the L. Noums of recent formation have
-ance K -antia, and -ence K -entia, . Extended
-ancy, q.v.] A suffix of Latin origin, forming
nouns from adjectives in -ant, or directly from
verbs, as significance, defiance, purveyance, etc.;
also used with native English verbs, as in abid-
ance, forbearance, furtherance, hinárance, 7°id-
dance, etc.
Anceidae (an-sé’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Anceus +
-idae.] family of isopods, named from the
genus Anceus. See Gnathiidae and Pramizidae.
Ancerata (an-ser'a-tá), m. pl. [NL., improp.
for “acerata, K. Gr. Öv- (before a consonant prop.
à-) § without, + képaç, a horn: see Acera.]
In Blyth's classification of mammals, a term
roposed to distinguish the camels and llamas
from the other ruminant Artiodactyla. The dis-
tinction is a good one, and has been recently insisted upon,
as the structure of these animals is now better known. The
term is precisely equivalent to Tylopoda or Phalangigrada
(which see), but it is not in use.
ancestor (an'ses-tor), n. [Early mod. E. an–
cestor, ancestowr, ancester, awmcestor, etc., KME.
ancestre, awnsestre, ancessour, awmcessour, etc.
(also, without s, ancetre, awmcetre, anceter, an-
cetor, aunsetter, etc., X mod. dial. anceter, anster),
KOF. ancestre, and ancesor, anceisor, anceisur,
ancessor, etc., commonly in pl. ancestres (Cot-
grave), mod. F. ancétres = Pr: ancessor, K. L.
antecessor, a foregoer, in pl. an advance-guard,
in L.L. a predecessor in office, a teacher or
professor of law, eccles, a forerunner (> E. ante-
cessor); K antecedere, pp. antecessus, go before,
K ante, before, H- cedere, go: see antecedent.]
1. One from whom a person is descended in
the line of either father or mother; a fore-
father; a progenitor.—2. In law, one, whether
a progenitor or a collateral relative, who has
preceded another in the course of inheritance;
One from whom an inheritance is derived: the
correlative of heir : sometimes used specifically
of the immediate progenitor.—3. In biol., ac-
cording to the theory of evolution, the hy-
pothetical form or stock, of an earlier and
presumably lower type, from which any or-
ganized being is inferred to have been de-
veloped.
The first and simplest plants had no ancestors ; they
arose by Spontaneous generation or special creation.
Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 846.
Collateral ancestors. See collateral.
ancestorial (an-ses-tá’ri-al), a. [K ancestor +
-ial.] Ancestral: as, “his ancestorial seat,”
Grote, Hist. Greece, I. xiv. [Rare.]
ancestorially (an-ses-to'ri-al-i), adv. In an an-
cestorial manner; with régará to ancestors.
Sydney Smith. [Rare.] -
ancestor-worship (an 'ses-tor-wér” ship), n.
The worship of ancestors.
Ancestor-worship, the worship of father, grandfather
and great-grandfather, has among the Hindus a mos
elaborate liturgy and ritual, of which the outlines are
given in the law-books, and with special fulness in the
Book of Vishnu. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 55.
àncestral (an-ses’tral), a. [Early mod. E. also
ancestrel, ancestrell, awncestrell, KOF. ancestrel,
K ancestre, ancestor: see ancestor and -al.] 1.
Pertaining to ancestors or progenitors; descend-
ing or claimed from ancestors: as, an ancestral
estate; ancestral trees; a king on his ancestral
throne.
Tenure by homage ancestral was merely tenancy-in-
chief by immemorial prescription in the family.
C. H. Pearson, Early and Middle Ages of Eng., xxxiv.
2. In biol., of or pertaining to an ancestor;
being an earlier, and presumably lower or more
generalized, type from which later more spe-
cialized forms of organized beings are de-
scended.
The common descent of all the Chalk Sponges from a
single ancestral form, the Olynthus, can be proved with
certainty. Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trams.), I. 117.
Homage ancestral. See homage.
ancestrally (an-ses/tral-i), adv. With refer-
ence to ancestry; as regards descent.
Ancestrally, yellow-rattle is a near relation of the pret-
ty little blue veronicas.
G. Allen, Colin Clout's Calendar, p. 96.

ancestrel
ancestrelt, a. See ancestral. . .
ancestress (an'ses-tres), n. [Kancestor + -e68.]
A female ancestor. [Rare.] .
This ancestress is a lady, or rather the ghost of a lady.
Carlyle, Misc. Ess., II. 274.
ancestrial (an-ses’ tri-al), a. Same as ancestral.
. E. D.
ancestry (an'ses-tri), n. [K ME. ancestry, an-
Cestrie, auncestrie, ancistry, etc., also, without 8,
ancetry, auncetry, auncetrie, aunsetre, K OF. an-
CeSérie, ancesserie, K ancessor, ancestor: See an-
C68tor.] 1. A series or line of ancestors or
progenitors; lineage, or those who compose a
preceding line of natural descent.
Headless statues of his ancestry.
Macaulay, Hist. Ing., iii.
That senior posterity which was such for Homer, but
for us has long ago become a worshº, ancestry. º
e Quincey, Homer, i.
Hence—2. Descent from a line of honorable
ancestors; high birth.
Title and ancestry render a good man more illustrious,
but a bad man more conspicuous. dolž8on.
Length of ancestry. Hor. Smith.
3. In biol., the series of ancestors through
which an organized being came to be what
it is. -
ancetry?, n. A Middle English form of ancestry.
Chauce)'.
Anceus (an-sé’us), n. [NL.] A genus of iso-
ods, based by Risso in 1816 upon the male
orm of an isopod the female of which Leach
called Praniga (which see). See Gnathia. Also
written Ancaeus.
anchesont, n. An earlier form of encheson.
Anchilophus (ang-kil’ī-fus), n. [ K Anchi-
º + Gr. 2660c, crest.] A genus of fossil
erissodactyl ungulate quadrupeds, of the fam-
y Lophiodontida, related to the Tapiridae. Ger-
vais, 1852.
anchilops (ang'ki-lops), n. [NL., K. Gr. &YXt-
Åop, a sore at the inner corner of the eye
(Galemus), as if from &Yºu, near; appar. a cor-
ruption of alyūop, aegilops: see agilops.T In
pathol., an abscess in the inner angle of the
eye, superficial to the lacrymal sac. When such
an abscess opens at the inner angle it is called
agilops.
anchippodontid § m. A
oofed mammal of the family Amchippodontidae.
Anchippodontidae (ang-kip-à-don’ti-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K Anchippodus (-odont-) + -idae.] A fam-
ily of fossil perissodactyl ungulate mammals.
It is related to the older forms of the Perissodactyla, but
differs from them in having the incisor teeth in part
glifiform, the outer ones having persistent pulps and
#. continuously in a circular direction, like those of
. TOC16Int;S.
Anchippodontoidea (ang-kip’º-don-toi"dē-ă)
m. pl. [NL., K Anchippodus (-odont-) + -oidea.
A superfamily group of perissodactyl quadru-
peds, by which the family Anchippodontidae is
singularly contrasted with all other perissodac-
tyls collectively.
Anchippodus (ang-kip' 3-dus), m. [NL., K
Amchippus + Gr. 6000g (böovt-) = E. tooth.] A
enus of fossil perissodactyls, the type of the
amily Anchippodontidae and superfamily An-
tºdontoidea : synonymous with Trogosus of
eidy.
Anchippus (ang-kip’us), n. [NL., K. Gr. &yxt,
near, -i- itTog, horse.] Agenus offossil horses,
of the family Amchitheriidae (which see).
anchisaurid (ang-ki-sā’rid), n. A dinosaur of
the family Anchisauridae.
Anchisauridae (ang-ki-sā’ri-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Anchisaurus + -idae.] family of theropod
dinosaurian reptiles, represented by the genus
Amchtsawrus. The family includes several genera of the
Triassic period, the members of which had amphicoelous
vertebrae, slender pubes, and pentadactyl fore and hind
feet. Formerly called Amphisawridae.
Anchisaurus (ang-ki-sā’rus), m. [NL., K. Gr.
&yºu, near, -H oaipog, a lizard.] The typical ge-
mus of the family Anchisauridae. Also called
Amphisaurus, a name preoccupied for a differ-
ent genus.
sº (ang’ki-thér), n. [K Anchitherium.]
An animal of the genus Amchitherium.
The horse can even boast a pedigree in this quarter of
the world, in a right line, through a slender three-toed an-
cestry, as far back as the anchithere of the eocene period.
Bdinbwrgh Rev.
anchitheriid (ang-ki-théºri-id), n. A hoofed
mammal of the family Amchitheriidae.
Anchitheriidae (ang"ki-thé-ri'i-dé), m.pl. [NL;
{Anchitherium + -idae.] A family of fossil
perissodactyl, ungulate mammals. It shares the
ungulate characters of the Equidae, or horses, but differs
201
from them in having the ulna complete, moderately devel-
oped, and more or less distinct from the radius; the fibula
complete, though ankylosed with the tibia; the orbit of
the eye incomplete behind; the uppermolar teeth marked
by a deep anterior groove reëntering from the middle of
the inner side and ending in lateral branches, and a pos-
terior groove reëntering from the posterior wall; and the
lower, molars marked by a V-shaped groove reëntering
from the outer wall, and two V-shaped grooves reëntering
from the inner wall, the crowns thus having W-shaped
ridges. Besides the typical genus Amchitherium, the fam-
º * the Hypohippus, Parañippus, and Anchippus
or Lengy. . . © . * * * * * > º
anchitherioid (ang-ki-thé'ri-oid), a. [K Anchi-
therium + -oid.]. Relating or belonging to or
resembling the genus Anchitherium.
The only genus of animals of which we possess a satis-
factory . . . ancestral history is the genus Equus, the de-
velopment of which in the course of the Tertiary epoch
from an Anchitherioid ancestor, through the form of Hip-
parion, appears to admit of no doubt.
Huacley, Encyc. Brit., II. 49.
Anchitherium (ang-ki-théºri-um), n, , [NL., &
Gr. 373%, near, -- ſhotov, a wild beast.]. A ge:
nus of extinct perissodactylor odd-toed hoofed
mammals, found in the Upper Eocene and Mid-
dle Miocene of Europe and the United States. It
was a kind of horse about the size of a small pony, and had
three functionally developed toes. By some naturalists
it is referred to the same family as the modern horse,
Equidae : but by others it is placed with Palaeotherium in
the family Palaeotheriidae. It is also, with greater exact-
ness, made the type of a distinct family, Amchitheriidae
(which see). . A species is A. awreliamense. Synonymous
*with Hipparitherium.
anchor" (ang'kgr), n., [The spelling has been
changed to make it look like anchora, a cor-
rupt mod. Spelling of L. ancora; prop. anker,
in early mod. E. reg. anker, also anchor, ankor,
ancour, etc., K.M.E. reg. amker (also amkre, ancre,
after OF. ancre), KAS. ancor, ancer, oncer = D.
anker = OHG. anchar, MHG. G. anker (> Pol.
ankier) = Icel. akkeri = Sw. ankar = Dan. anker
= OF. and F. ancre = Sp. ancla, dincora = Pg.
amcora = It. ancora, K. L. ancora Ş. mod. Spell-
ing corruptly anchora, X E. anchorl, prob. by
confusion with anker?, later anchor?, where the
“restored” spelling has an actual Gr. basis) =
OBulg. antikyura, antikira = Russ. yakori = Lith.
inkoras = Lett. enkuris = Alban. ankure, K. Gr.
āykupa, an anchor, a hook, connected with &ykoç,
a bend, dykü%0ç, crooked, curved, L. angulus, an
angle, a corner: see anglel, angle3, ankle, anky-
lose, etc.] 1. A device for securing a vessel to
the ground under water by means of a cable.
Anchors are generally
made of iron, and con-
sist of a strong shank
a, at one extremity of
which is the crown c,
from which branch out
two arms b b, curved in-
Ward, and each termi-
Imating in a broad palm
or fluke d d, the sharp
extremity of which is
the peak or bill. At the
other end of the shank
is the stock e e, a trans-
verse piece, behind which is a shackle or ring, to which a ca-
ble may be attached. The principal use of the stock, which
in nearly all anchors is now made of iron and is placed at
right angles to the curved arms b b, is to cause the arms to
fallso that one of the flukes shall enterthe ground. Accord-
ing to their various forms and uses, anchors are called star-
board-bower, port-bower, sheet, spare, stream, kedge, and
grapnel or boat anchors. Those carried by men-of-war are
the starboard- and port-
<>
bowers, on the starboard
–O
Common Anchor.
and port bows respec-
tively; the sheet, on
either side of the ship
further aft ; and the
spare anchor, which is
usually in the hold.
These are all of equal
or nearly equal size and
weight. To these are
added for various pur-
poses the stream and
kedge anchors, which
are smaller and of va-
rious sizes. Many im- *
provements and novelties in the shape and construction of
anchors have been introduced in recent times. The prin-
cipal names connected with these alterations are those of
Lieut. Rodgers, who introduced the hollow-shººked anchor,
with the view of increasing the strength without adding
to the weight; Mr. Porter, who made the arms and flukes
movable by pivoting them to the shank instead of fixing
them immovably, causing the anchor to take a readier and
firmer hold, and
avoiding the danger
of fouling the ca-
ble; Mr. Trotman,
who has further im-
proved Porter's in-
vention ; and M.
Martin, whose an-
choris of very pecu-
liar form, and is con-
structed so as to be
self-canting, the arms revolving through an angle of 30°
either way, and the sharp points of the flukes being always
ready to enter the ground. Of the many other forms, all
Trotman's Anchor.
Martin's Anchor.
anchor
(except Tyzack's anchor, which has only one arm, pivoted
on a bifurcation of the shank and arranged to swing be-
tween the two parts) are more or less closely related to the
forms illustrated. The anchor is said to be a-cockbill when
it is suspended vertically from the cathead ready to be let
go; apeak when the cable is drawn in so tight as to bring
it directly under the ship ; atrip or a weigh when it is just
drawn out of the ground in a perpendicular direction;
º: awash when the stock is hove up to the surface of the
Water.
2. Any similar device for holding fast or check-
ing the motion of a movable object.
That part of the apparatus [in the curricle] which fell to
the ground to assist in stopping the carriage was called
the anchor. This was made of wood and iron, or iron
alone, fixed to the axle-tree by two couplings on each side.
E. M. Stratton, World on Wheels, p. 360.
Specifically—(a) The apparatus at the opposite end of the
field from the engine of a steam-plow, to which pulleys
are fixed, round which the endless band or rope that moves
the plow passes. (b) The device by which the extremities
of the chains or wire Topes of a suspension-bridge are se-
cured. See anchorage1.
3. Figuratively, that which gives stability or
security; that on which dependence is placed.
Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both sure
and stedfast. Heb. vi. 19.
4. In arch.: (a) A name for the arrow-head or
tongue Ornament used especially in the so-
called egg-and-dart molding. (b) A metallic
clamp, sometimes of fanciful design, fastened
Medieval Tie-rod Anchors.
(From Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. de l'Architecture.” )
on the outside of a wall to the end of a tie-rod
or strap connecting it with an opposite wall to
prevent bulging.—5. In 206l.: (a) Some ap-
pendage or arrangement of parts by which a
parasite fastens itself upon its host.
A powerful anchor, by which the parasite is moored to
its hapless prey. P. H. Gosse, Marine Zoël. (1855), I. 114.
(b) Something shaped like an anchor; an
ancora. See ancoral.-6. An iron plate placed
in the back part of a coke-oven before it is
charged with coal. See anchor-ovem.—Anchor
and collar, an upper hinge used for heavy gates. The
anchor is embedded in the adjacent masonry, and the col-
lar is secured to it by a clevis. Through the collar passes
the heel-post of the gate.—Anchor escapement. See
escapement.—At single anchor, having only one anchor
down.—Floating or sea, anchor, an apparatus variously
constructed, designed to be sunk below the swell of the
sea where there is no anchorage, to prevent a vessel from
drifting.—Foul anchor. See fowl, a.— Mooring an-
chor, a large, heavy mass, usually of iron, placed at the
bottom of a harbor or roadstead, for the purpose or fixing
a buoy, or of affording safe and convenient anchorage to
vessels. In the lat-
ter case a floating
buoy, to which a
ship may be easily
and speedily at.
tached by a cable,
is fastened to it by
a chain.— Mush-
room anchor, an
anchor with a sau.
cer-shaped head
on a central Shank.
used for mooring.—Nuts of an anchor, two projections
welded on the shank to secure the stock in place.—To
back an anchor (mawt.), to lay down a small anchor
ahead of a large one, the cable of the small one being
fastened to the crown of the large one to prevent it from
coming home.—To cast anchor, to let run the cathead
stopper, thus releasing the anchor from the cathead, and
permitting it to sink to the bottom.—To cat the anchor,
to draw the anchor perpendicularly up to the cathead
by a strong tackle called the cat.--To drag anchor, to
draw or trail it along the bottom when loosened, or when
the anchor Will not hold : said of a ship. — To fish the
anchor, to hoist the flukes of an anchor to the top of the
gunwale by an appliance called a fish, in order to stow it
after it has been catted.--To lie at anchor, or ride at
anchor, said of a vessel when kept at some particular spot
by her anchor.--To shoe an anchor, to secure to the
flukes broad, triangular pieces of plank to give better
holding in soft bottom.–To sweep for an anchor, to
drag the bottom with the bight of a rope to find a lost
anchor.—To weigh anchor, to heave or raise the anchor
or anchors from the ground; free a vessel from anchorage
in preparation for sailing.
Mushroom Anchor.
anchor" (ang(kgr), v. [Early mod. E. reg, an-
ker, KME, amkrem, angren, KAS. *ancrian = D.
amkeren = G. amkerm = Sw. ankra = Dan. an-
kre; cf. F. ancrer = Sp. anclar, ancorar = Pg.
ancorar = It, ancorare, K M L. ancorare; from
the noun..] I. trans. 1. To fix or secure in a
particular place by means of an anchor; place
at anchor: as, to anchor a ship.–2. Figura-
tively, to fix or fasten; affix firmly,





anchor
Let us anchor our hopes . . . upon his goodness.
South, Sermons, VIII, 141.
The water-lily starts and slides
Upon the level in little puffs of wind,
Tho' anchor'd to the bottom.
Tennyson, Princess, iv.
II. intrans. 1. To cast anchor; come to an-
chor; lie or ride at anchor: as, the ship an-
chored outside the bar.
Yon' tall anchoring bark. Shak., Lear, iv. 6.
2. Figuratively, to keep hold or be firmly fixed
In any way.
Gladly we would anchor, but the anchorage is quick-
Sand. Brmerson, Experience.
anchorºt (ang'kgr), n. [The spelling has been
changed to make it more like anchoret, and
Orig. *anchoreta (cf. anchorl); prop. anker, in
early mod. E. reg. anker, K.M.E. reg. anker, an-
kre, ancre, an anchoret or anchoress, monk or
nun, KAS. ancra, also, rarely, ancer, ancor (in
comp. ancer-, ancor-, once anacor-), m., an an-
choret, also perhaps “ancre, f., an anchoress, =
OS. &mkoro = #. einchoro, anchoret, spelled
as if from OS. ān = OHG. ein, one (cf. monk,
ult. K. Gr. 16voc, one), but all corruptions of ML.
*anchoreta, anachorita, L.L. anachoreta, whence
the later E. forms anchoret and anchorite, q.v.]
An anchoret; a hermit.
An anchor's cheer in prison be my scope
hak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
anchorē, n. Erroneous spelling of amker8.
anchorablet (angſkør-a-bl), a. [K anchorl +
-able.] Fit for anchorage. [Rare.]
The sea everywhere twenty leagues from land anchor-
able. Sir T. Herbert, Travels, p. 40.
Anchoraceracea (ang"kgr-a-sé-rä'sé-á), m. pl.
[NL., K Anchoracera (K.L. ancora, improp. an-
chora, anchor (see anchorl, m.), + Gr. Kápag,
horn) + -acea.] In Milne-Edwards's system of
classification, a tribe of parasitic entomostra-
cous crustaceans, which anchor or fasten them-
selves to their host by means of hooked lateral
appendages of the head. The name is approx-
imately equivalent to one of the divisions of
Lermaeoidea (which see).
anchorage1 (ang'kgr-āj), n. IK anchorl + -age;
suggested by F. ancrage, K ancre.] 1. Anchor-
ing-ground; a place where a ship anchors or
can anchor; a customary place for anchoring.
The fleet returned to its former anchorage.
Sowthey, Life of Nelson, II. 102.
Early in the morning we weighed anchor and steamed
up the bay to the man-of-war anchorage.
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. iv.
FIence—2. That to which anything is fastened:
as, the anchorage of the cables of a suspension-
bridge.
%2%
% &
4. %2 'º %
%:#; %
Anchorage of a Cable of the East River Bridge, New York.
A, suspension-cable; B, anchor-plate.
3. The anchor and all the necessary tackle for
anchoring. [Rale.]
The bark, that hath discharg'd her fraught,
Returns with precious lading to the bay
From whence at first she weigh’d her anchorage.
Shak., Tit. And.., i. 2.
If that supposal should fail us, all our anchorage were
loose, and we should but wander in a wild sea. Wotton.
4. A duty imposed on ships for anchoring in a
harbor; anchorage-dues.
This corporation, otherwise a poor one, holds also the
anchorage in the harbour. It. Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
anchorage? (ang'kør-āj), 'm. [Kanchor” + -age.]
The cell or retreat of an anchoret.
Anchorastomacea (ang/kgr-a-stš-mâ'sé-á), n.
pl. [NL., K. L. ancora, improp. anchora...an-
chor, 4-, Gr. Gróua, mouth, + -acea.] In Milne-
Edwards's system of classification, a tribe of
arasitic entomostracous crustaceans, or fish-
ice, representing a division of the Lernaboidea
which contains the Chondracanthidae. The species
of this group, like the other lernaeans, fasten on their host
by stout hooked appendages like anchors.
anchorate (ang'kgr-āt), a.
anchored.
202
anchor-ball (ang'kgr-bāl), n. A Fºº.
combustible attached to a grapnel for the pur-
§. of setting fire to ships. Smyth, Sailor's
*Word-book.
anchor-bolt (ang'kgr-bölt), n. A bolt having
the end of its shank bent or splayed, to pre-
vent it from being drawn out from the brick-
work or masonry in which it is embedded:
used to fasten machinery or structure to foun-
dations or piers.
anchor-buoy (ang'kgr-boi), n. A buoy used to
mark the position of an anchor.
anchor-chock (ang'kgr-chok), n.
wood or iron on which an anchor rests when it
is stowed.
anchor-drag (ang'kgr-drag), n. Same as drag-
sheet.
anchored (ang'kgrd), p. a. [Early mod. E. reg.
ankered, ankored; K anchorl, ankerl, --, -ed?..]
1. Held by an anchor.—2. Shaped
like an anchor; fluked; forked.
Shooting her anchored tongue,
Threatening her venomed teeth.
I}r. H. More, Song of the Soul, II. ii. 29.
3. In her., an epithet applied to a
cross whose extremities are turne
- back like the flukes of an anchor.
Equivalent forms are ancrée, amcred, anchry.
Anchorella (ang-kg-rel’ā), n. [NL., dim. of L.
ancora, improp. anchora, anchor: see anchorl.]
A genus of fish-lice, smallparasitic crustaceans,
of the family Lernaeopodidae and order Lernaboi-
dea ; so called from the appendages by which,
like other lernaeans, the animalfastens itself on
its host. There are several species, parasiticupon fishes.
The genus is sometimes made the type of a family An-
chorellidae.
Anchorellidae (ang-kg-rel’i-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Anchorella + -idae.] A family of lernaean
crustaceans, or fish-lice, typified by the genus
Anchorella. Also spelled Anchorelladae.
anchoress, anchoritess (ang'kgr-es, -i-tes), n.
[Early mod. E. reg. ankress, ancress, K s
ankresse, ankrisse, amkres: see anchor?, anker?,
and -ess.] A female anchoret.
She is no anchoress, she dwells not alone.
Latimer, 4th Serm. bef. Edw. VI. (1549).
Pega, his sister, an Anchoritess, led a solitary life.
Fuller, Church Hist., ii. 96.
anchoret, anchorite (ang'kg-ret, -rit), n. [Ear-
ly mod. E. anchoret, -ete, -it, usually -ite, also
amachoret, etc., K. M.E. ancorite, K OF. anacho-
Tete, mod. F. anachorēte, K L.L. anachorēta,
M.L. also anachorita, K. Gr. &vaxopm?g, a re-
cluse, lit. one retired, K diva/ropeiv, retire, K Övá,
back, -H 2.0peiv, withdraw, make room, 3 26poç,
room, space. The form anchoret has taken the
lace of the earlier anchor?, anker?, q.v.] A.
ermit; a recluse; one who retires from society
into a desert or solitary place, to avoid the
temptations of the world and to devote himself
to contemplation and religious exercises. Also
anachoret.
Macarius, the great Egyptian anchoret.
Abp. Ussher, Ams. to a Jesuit.
To an ordinary layman the life of the anchorite might
appear in the highest degree opposed to that of the Teacher
who began His mission in a marriage feast.
- Lecky, Europ. Morals, II, 111.
= Syn. Monk, Hermit, Anchoret. In the classification
of religious ascetics, monks are those who adopt a se-
cluded habit of life, but dwell more or less in communi-
ties; hermits, or eremites, those who withdraw to desert
places, but do not deny themselves shelter or occupation;
and amehorets, those most excessive in their austerities,
who choose the most absolute solitude, and subject them-
selves to the greatest privations.
[K anchoret +
anchoretic (ang-kg-ret'ik), a.
-ic, after anachoretical, q.v.] Pertaining to an
anchoret, or to his mode of life. Equivalent
forms are amohoretical, anchoritic, anchoritical,
Anchored
IOSS,
anchoretical (ang-kg-ret’i-kal), a. [K ancho-
retic.] Same as anchoretic.
anchoretish (ang'kQ-ret-ish), a. [Kanchoret +
-ish 1.] Of or pertaining to an anchoret, or to
his mode of life; anchoretic. Also anchoritish.
Sixty years of religious reverie and anchoritish self-
denial. De Quincey, Autobiographical Sketches, I. 134.
anchoretism (ang'ko-ret-izm), m. [K anchoret
+ -ism.] The state of being secluded from the
world; the condition of an anchoret. Also
Written anchoritism.
anchor-gate (ang'kgr-gāt), n. A kind of heavy
gate used in the locks of canals, having for its
upper bearing a collar anchored in the adja-
cent masonry.
anchor-hold (ang’kgr-höld), n. 1. The hold of
an anchor upon the ground.—2. Firm hold in
trust; security.
A piece of
\,
anchovy -
The one and only assurance and fast anchor-hold of our
uls' health. -
€71.
anchor-hoy (ang'kgr-hoi), n. A small vessel
or lighter fitted with capstans, etc., used for
handling and transporting anchors and chains
about a harbor. so called chain-boat.
anchor-ice (ang'kgr-is), n. Ice that is formed
on and incrusts the bottom of a lake or river
in-shore; ground-ice.
anchorite, n. See anchoret.
anchoritess, m. [Kanchorite + -ess.] See anchor-
63SS,
anchoritic, anchoritical, etc. See anchoretic,
etc.
anchorless (ang'kgr-les), a... [Kanchorl + -less.]
Being without an anchor; hence, drifting; un-
stable.
My homeless, anchorless, unsupported mind.
Charlotte Brontë, Villette, vi,
anchor-lift (ang'kgr-lift), n. Agripping device
for lifting a pole or pile which has been driven
into the mud to serve as an anchor for a dredge-
boat.
anchor-lining (ang'kgr-liºning), n. Sheathing
fastened to the sides of a vessel, or to stan-
chions under the fore-channel, to prevent injury
to the vessel by the bill of the anchor when it
is fished or hauled up. See bill-board.
anchor-oven (ang'kgr-uv'n), m. A coke-oven,
so named from a wrought-iron plate called an
anchor which is placed at the rear of the oven
|before it is charged with coal. At the end of the
heat the anchor is embedded in coke, and when withdrawn
*by means of a winch takes all the coke with it.
ànchor-plate (ang'kgr-plat), n. 1. A heavy
metal plate to which is secured the extremity
of a cable of a suspension-bridge. See cut
under anchorage.—2. In 206!., one of the cal-
careous plates to which the anchors or ancorae
are attached, as in members of the genus Sy-
mapta. See ancoral.
anchor-ring (ang'kgr-ring), m. 1. The ring or
shackle of an anchor to which the cable is bent.
–2. A geometrical surface generated by the
revolution of a circle about an axis lying in its
plane, but exterior to it.
anchor-rocket (ang'kør-rok'et), m. A rocket
fitted with an anchor-head consisting of two or
more flukes. With a line attached to the rocket-stick
it is used for life-saving purposes, and may be fired either
over a stranded vessel or beyond a bar on which the water
is breaking. The best rocket of this class is the German
rocket, which has an anchor-head of four palmate flukes
placed at right angles to each other.
Naut,
anchor-shackle (ang' kør-shak"1), n.
the bow or clevis, with two eyes and a screw-
bolt, or bolt and key,
which is used for se-
curing a cable to the
ring of the anchor.
Also used for coupling
lengths of chain-cable.
E. H. Knight.
anchor-shot (ang'kgr-
shot), n. A projectile
made with arms or
flukes and having a rope or chain attached, de-
signed to be fired from a mortar in order to
establish communication between the shore
and a vessel or wreck, or between vessels. It
is used principally in the life-saving service.
anchor-stock (ang'kgr-stok), n. Naut, a beam
of wood or iron placed at the upper end of the
shank of an anchor transversely to the plane of
the arms. (See cuts under anchor.) Its use is to
cause the anchor when let go to lie on the bottom in such
a position that the peak or sharp point of the arm will
penetrate the ground and take a firm hold.—Anchor-
stock fashion, a peculiar way of planking the outside of
a ship with planks that are widest in the middle and taper
toward the ends, somewhat like an jº.
Chor-stock p . See planking.
anchor-tripper (ang'kgr-trip"ér), n. A device
for tripping or casting loose a ship's anchor.
anchor-watch (ang'kgr-Woch), n. Naut, a sub-
division of the watch kept constantly on deck
during the time a ship lies at single anchor, to
|be in readiness to hoist jib- or staysails in order
to keep the ship clear of her anchor, or to veer
more cable, or to let go a second anchorin case
she should drive or part from her first one. Also
called harbor-watch.
anchor-well (ang'kor-wel), n. Nawt., a cylindri-
cal recess in the forward end of the overhang-
ing deck of the first monitor-built vessels, in
which the anchors were carried to protect them
and the chain from the enemy's shot, as well as
to cause the vesselstoridermore easily at anchor.
Anchor-shackles.
In 206l., fixed as if a figurative sense; ground of expectation or anchovy (an-chö’vi), m.; pl. anchovies (-viz).
[Formerly also anchovie and anchova, earlier

anchovy
gº. anchoveyes, anchove = D. angjovis = .
G. am&c g
ove = Sw, amºjovis = Dan, angjos =
F. anchois (> Russ. anchousiſ = Pol. anczos), K
It. dial. anciova, ancioa, anciua, anchioa, It. ac-
ciuga, - Sp. anchova, amchoa = Pg. anchova, en-
chova; anchovy; of uncertain origin; cf. Basque
anchova, anchoa, anchua, anchovy, *: Pē-
lated to º anț2wa, º hence lit. a dried
or pickled fish, anchovy. Diez refers the Rom.
forms ult, to Gr. &pſm; commonly supposed to be
the anchovy or sārdine.] An abdominal mal-
º:: *, * , º
º'... "... . º
º jºi. ... º.º. 3.2
º
º º
§§
Anchovy (Engraulis encraszcholus).
acopterygious fish, of the genus Engraulis or
Anchovia, family Engraulididae. The species are
all of diminutive size, and inhabitants of most tropical
and temperate seas. Only one species, E. encrasicholus,
is known upon the European coasts, but fifteen approach
those of the United States. The common anchovy of Eu-
rope, E. encrasicholus, esteemed for its rich and peculiar
flavor, is not much larger than the middle finger. It is
caught in vast numbers in the Mediterranean, and pick-
led for exportation. A sauce held in much esteem is
made from anchovies by pounding them in water, sim-
mering the mixture for a short time, adding a little
cayenne pepper, and straining the Whole through a hair
sieve.—Anchovy paste, a preparation of anchovy and
various clupeids (sprats, etc.).
anchovy-pear (an-chö(vi-pār), n. The fruit of
Griascauliflora,alecythidaceous treegrowing in
Jamaica. . It is large, and contains generally a single
seed protected by a stony covering. It is pickled and
eaten like the mango. g
anchry (angſkri), a. [Bad Spelling of ancry,
K.F. ancrée, Kancrer, anchor: see anchorl, v. and
ºn.] . In her, same as anchored, 3. *
Anchusa (äng-kü'sä), n. [L., K. Gr. Öyxovoa,
Attic Śyzovoa, alkanet.] A genus of perennial
herbaceous plants, belonging to the family
Boraginaceae. There are 30 species, rough hairy herbs.
natives of Europe and western Asia. The more common
Species of Europe is the bugloss or common alkanet, A.
officinalis. A. Italica is cultivated for ornament. See
alkanet. ams º ſº g *
anchusic (ang-kü'sik), a. . [K anchusin H -ic.]
Of or pertaining to anchusin; as, anchusic acid.
anchusin (ang'kü-sin), n. [K Anchusa + -in?..]
A red coloring matter obtained from Alkanna
(Anchusa) tinctoria. It is amorphous, with a resin-
ous fracture, and when heated emits violet vapors, which
are extremely suffocating.
anchyloblepharon, n. See ankyloblepharon.
anchylose, anchylosis, etc. See ankylose, etc.
Anchylostoma (ang-ki-los’tó-mâ), m. [NL.,
prop. Ancylostoma, K É. āykö%og, crooked, curved,
+ otóua, mouth.] Same as Dochºmius, 2.
anciency! (ān’shen-si), n. [Early mod. E. also
aunciencie, etc., for earlier ancienty, q.v.] An-
Acientness; antiquity.
àncientl (ān'shent), a. and n. [Early mod. E.
also antient (a spelling but recently obsolete,
after patient, etc., or with ref. to the orig. L.),
K ME. auncient, auneyent, aunciant, etc. (with
excrescent -t, as in tyrant, etc. : see -ant?), ear-
lier auncien, awmcian, KOF. ancien, mod. F. an-
cien =Pr. ancian. = Sp. anciano = Pg. anciào =
It. anziano, KML. antianus, ancianus, former,
old, ancient, prop. *anteamws, with term. -amus
(E. -an, -en), K L. ante, before, whence also am-
ticus, antiquus, former, ancient, antique: see
antic, antique, and ante-.] I. a. 1. Existent
or occurring in time long past, usually in re-
mote ages; belonging to or associated with an-
tiquity; old, as opposed to modern : as, ancient
authors; ancient records. As specifically applied to
history, ancient usually refers to times and events prior to
the downfall of the Western Roman Empire, A. D. 476, and
is opposed to medieval, which is applied to the period from
about the fifth century to the end of the fifteenth, when
modern history begins, and to moderm, which is sometimes
used of the whole period since the fifth century. In other
uses it commonly has no exact reference to time.
We lost a great number of ancient authors by the con-
quest of Egypt by the Saracens, which deprived Europe
of the use of the papyrus.
I. D'Israeli, Curios. of Lit., I. 67.
The voice I hear this passing night was heard
In ancient days by emperor and clown.
Reats, Ode to Nightingale.
His [Milton's] language even has caught the accent of
the ancient world. Lowell, New Princeton Rev., I. 154.
2. Having lasted from a remote period; hav-
ing been of long duration; of great age; very
j. as, an ancient city; an ancient forest: gen-
erally, but not always, applied to things.
203
I do love these ancient ruins.
We never tread upon them but we set
Our foot upon some reverend history.
Webster, Duchess of Malf, v. 3.
The Governor was an ancient gentleman of greate cour-
age, of y” order of St. Jago. Evelyn, Diary, Feb. 10, 1657.
3. Specifically, in law, of more than 20 or 30
years' duration: said of anything whose con-
tinued existence for such a period is taken into
consideration in aid of defective proof by rea-
Son of lapse of memory, or absence of wit-
messes, or loss of documentary evidence: as,
an ancient boundary.—4. Past; former.
If I longer stay,
We shall begin our ancient bickerings.
haic., 2 Hen. VI., i. 1.
Enow'st thou Amoret?
Hath not some newer love forc'd thee forget
Thy ancient faith? -
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 4.
5. In her., formerly worn; now out of date or
obsolete: thus, France ancient is azure semée
with fleurs-de-lys or, while France modern is
azure, 3 fleurs-de-lys, or 2 and 1.—Ancient de-
mesne. See demé8me. =Syn., Ancient, Old, Antique, An-
tiquated, Óláfashioned, quaint, obsolete, 6bsolescent, by.
gone. Ancient and old are generally applied only to
things subject to change. Old may apply to things which
have long existed and still exist, while ancient may apply
to things of equal age which have ceased to exist: as, old
laws, ancient republics. Ancient properly refers to a
higher degree of age than old : as, old times, ancient times;
old institutions, ancient institutions. An old-looking man
is one who seems advanced in years, while an ancient-
looking man is one who seems to have survived from a
past age. Antique is applied either to a thing which has
come down from antiquity or to that which is made in
imitation of ancient style: thus, ancient binding is binding
done by the ancients, while antique binding is an imita-
tion of the ancient style. Antiquated, like antique, may
apply to a style or fashion, but it properly means too old;
it is a disparaging word applied to ideas, laws, customs,
dress, etc., which are out of date or outgrown: as, anti-
quated laws should be repealed; his head was full of an-
tiquated notions. Old-fashioned is a milder word, noting
that which has gone out of fashion, but may still be thought
of as pleasing. Quaint is old-fashioned with a pleasing
oddity; as, a quaint garb, a quaint manner of speech, a
quaint face. Obsolete is applied to that which has gone
completely out of use: as, an obsolete word, idea, law. Ob-
8olescent is applied to that which is in process of becoming
obsolete. Ancient and antique are opposed to modern;
old to new, young, or fresh ; antiquated to permanent or
established; old-fashioned to new-fashioned ; obsolete to
current or present. Aged, Elderly, Old, etc. See aged.
In these nooks the busy outsider's ameient times are only
old; his old times are still new.
T. Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd.
His singular dress and obsolete language confounded the
baker, to whom he offered an ancient medal of Decius as
the current coin of the empire.
I. D'Israeli, Curios. of Lit., I. 150.
He was shown an old worm-eaten coffer, which had
long held papers, untouched by the incurious generations,
of Montaigne. I. D'Israeli, Curios. of Lit., I. 73.
While Beddoes' language seems to possess all the ele-
ments of the Shaksperian, there is no trace of the con-
sciously antique in it. Amer. Jowr. of Philol., IV. 450.
I was ushered into a little misshapen back-room, having
at least nine corners. It was lighted by a skylight, fur-
nished with antiquated leathern chairs, and ornamented
With the portrait of a fat pig.
Irving, Boar's Head Tavern.
Somewhat back from the village street
Stands the old-fgshioned country seat.
Longfellow, Old Clock on the Stairs.
We might picture to ourselves some knot of speculators,
debating with calculating brow over the quaint binding
and illuminated margin of an obsolete author.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 31.
Evidence of it [the disappearance of words from the lan-
guage] is to be seen in the obsolete and obsolescent material
found recorded on almost every page of our dictionaries.
Whitney, Lang. and Study of Lang., p. 98.
II. m. 1. One who lived informer ages; a per-
son belonging to an early period of the world's
history: generally used in the plural.
We meet with more raillery among the moderns, but
more good sense among the ancients.
Addison, Spectator, No. 249.
2. A very old man; hence, an elder or person
of influence; a governor or ruler, political or
ecclesiasticai.
Long since that white-haired ancient slept.
Bryant, Old Man's Counsel.
The Lord will enter into judgment with the ancients of
his people. IS. iii. 14.
3+. A senior.
In Christianity they were his ancients. Hooker.
4. In the Inns of Court and Chancery in Lon-
don, one who has a certain standing or senior-
ity: thus, in Gray's Inn, the society consists of
benchers, ancients, barristers, and students un-
der the bar, the ancients being the oldest bar-
risters. Wharton.
When he was Awmcient in Imme of Courte, certaine yong
Ientlemen were brought before him, to be corrected for
certaine misorders. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 62.
Ancient of days, the Supreme Being, in reference to his
existence from etérnity.
ancient
ancientness (ān’shent-nes), n.
ancientry (ān’shent-ri), m.
ancile (an-si'lé)
ancillary (an'si-lä-ri), a.
ancillary
I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and the An-
cient of days did sit, whose garment was white as Snow.
Dan. vii. 9.
Council of Ancients, in French hist, the upper cham-
ber of the French legislature (Corps fégislatif) under the
constitution of 1795, consisting of 250 members, each at
least º years old. See Corps Législatif, under corps2.
# (ān’shent), n. [Early mod. E. also
antient, ancyent, auncient, auntient, and even
antesign, corrupt forms of ensign, in simulation
of ancient!: see ensign.] 1. A flag, banner,
or standard; an ensign; especially, the flag or
streamer of a ship.
Ten times more dishonourable ragged than an old-faced
[that is, patched] ancient. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 2.
I made all the sail I could, and in half an hour she spied
me, then hung out her ancient, and discharged a gun.
Swift, Gulliver's Travels, i. 8.
2. The bearer of a flag; a standard-bearer; an
ensign.
Ancient, let your colours fly; but have a great care of
the butchers' hooks at Whitechapel; they have been the
death of many a fair ancient.
Beau. and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, v. 2.
This is Othello's ancient, as I take it.
Shak., Othello, v. 1.
anciently (ān’shent-li), adv. 1. In ancient
times; in times long since past; of yore: as,
Persia was anciently a powerful empire.
The colewort is not an enemy (though that were an-
ciently received) to the vine only; but it is an enemy to
any other plant. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 480.
2. In or from a relatively distant period; in
former times; from of old; formerly; remotely:
as, to maintain rights anciently secured or en-
joyed.
With what arms
We mean to hold what anciently we claim.
Milton, P. L., v. 723.
s £º g The state or
quality of being ancient; antiquity. Dryden.
High-priest whose temple was the woods, he felt
Their melancholy grandeur, and the awe
Their ancientness and solitude beget.
R. H. Stoddard, Dead Master.
[K ancientl + -ry.]
1. Ancientness; antiquity; qualities peculiar
to that which is old.—2#. Old people: as,
“wronging the ancientry,” Shak., W. T., iii. 3.
–3+. Ancient lineage; dignity of birth.
His father being a gentleman of more ancientry than
estate. Fuller, Worthies, Durham.
4. Something belonging or relating to ancient
times.
They [the last lines] contain not one word of ancientry.
West, Letter to Gray.
ancientył (ān’shen-ti), n. [Early mod. E. aun-
cientie, ancientie, K ME. anciente, awnciente, K
AF. anciente, O.F. anciennete = Pr. ancianetat =
Sp. ancianidad = It. anzianità, angianitade, an–
2ianitate, on ML. type “antianita(t-)s, Kantianus,
ancient: see ancientl and -ty.] Age; antiquity;
ancientness; seniority.
Is not the forenamed council of ancienty above a thou-
sand years ago? Dr. Martin, Marriage of Priests, sig. I, 2b.
7.; pl. ancilia (an-sil’i-á). [L.,
an oval shield having a semicircular notch at
each end; perhaps Kam- for ambi-, on both sides
(cf. an fractuous and see ambi-), + -cile, ult. K
W *skal, *skar, cut: see shear.] The sacred
shield of Mars, said to have fallen from heaven
in the reign of Numa, and declared by the
diviners to be the palladium of Rome so long as
it should be kept in the city. With eleven other
ancilia, made in imitation of the original, it was given into
the custody of the Salii, or priests of Mars, who carried it
annually in solemn procession through Rome during the
festival of Mars in the beginning of March.
Ancilla (an-Sil’â), m. [NL., K.L. ancilla : see an-
cille.] A genus of mollusks. See Ancillinaº.
[KL. ancillaris, Kam-
cilla, a maid-servant: see ancille.] Serving as
an aid, adjunct, or accessory; subservient;
auxiliary; supplementary.
The hero sees that the event is ancillary: it must follow
him. Prmerson, Character.
In an ancillary work, “The Study of Sociology,” I have
described the various perversions produced in men's judg-
ments by their emotions.
H. Spencer, Prin, of Sociol., § 434.
Ancillary administration, in law, a local and subordi-
mate administration of such part of the assets of a dece-
dent as are found within a state other than that of his
domicile, and which the law of the state where they are
found requires to be collected under its authority in order
that they may be applied first to satisfy the claims of its
own citizens, instead of requiring the latter to resort to
the jurisdiction of principal administration to obtain pay-
ment; the Surplus, after satisfying such claims, being re-
mitted to the place of principal administration.—Ancil-
łº, letters, letters testamentary or of administration
for the purposes of ancillary administration, granted usu-
ally to the executor or administrator who has been ap-
pointed in the place of principal administration,





ancille
ancillet, n. [ME. ancille, ancelle, ancile, KOF.
ancelle, ancele, K L. ancilla, a maid-servant, dim.
of ancula, a maid-servant, fem. of anculus, 8,
man-servant, KOL. *ancus, a servant, as in the
L. proper name Ancus Märtius; cf. ancus, ap-
plied to one with a stiff, crooked arm: see
anglé8.1 A maid-servant. Chaucer.
Ancillinae (an-si-li'né), m. pl. [NL., K. Ancilla
H -inge.] A subfamily of mollusks, of the fam-
ily Olividae, typified by the genus Ancilla. The
head is concealed, the eyes are absent, the tentacles are
rudimentary, and the foot is much enlarged ; the shell is
olished and the sutures are mostly covered with a cal-
Ous deposit. About 45 living species are known, and
numerous fossil ones. Also called Amcillarimoe.
ancipital (an-sip’i-tal), a. [As ancipitouš +
-al.] 1. Same as ancipitous, 1.-2. In 206l.
and bot, two-edged.—Ancipital stem, a compressed
stem, with two opposite thin or wing-margined edges, as
in blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchiwm).
ancipitate (an-sip’i-tät), a.
-ate.] Same as ancipital, 2.
ancipitous (an-sip’i-tus), a. [K L. anceps (an-
cipit-), two-headed, double, doubtful (K an- for
ambi-, on both sides (see ambi-), + caput, head:
see capital), + -ows.] 1. Doubtful or double;
ambiguous; double-faced or double-formed.—
2. Same as ancipital, 2.
Ancistrodon (an-sis’ trú-don), n. [NL. : so
called from the hooked fangs; K Gr. &yklot pov, a
fish-hook (Köykoç, a hook, bend: see angle3), +
ôôoig (660VT-) = E. tooth..] A genus of venomous
serpents, with hooked fangs, belonging to the
family Crotalidae of the suborder Solenoglypha :
by some authors placed under Trigonocephalus.
The genus contains the well-known copperhead of North
America, Amcistrodom contortria, and the water-moccasin,
A. piscivorus. See cut under copperhead. Also written
Ankistrodom.
ancle, n. See ankle.
ancomet (an’kum), m. [E. dial., also wheome
(cf. Sc. oncome, an attack of disease, income,
any bodily infirmity not apparently proceeding
from an external cause), KME. onkome, a swell-
ing, as on the arm, earlier ME. Oncome, oncume,
an unexpected evil, K ancomen, oncumen, KAS.
oncumen, pp. of oncuman, come upon, happen,
K on, on, + Cuman, come: see come, oncome, in-
come.] A small inflammatory swelling arising
suddenly.
ancon (ang'kon), n. ; pl. ancones (ang-kö’méz).
[KL. ancon, KGr. dyków, the bend of the arm, akin
to dykoç, a bend, dykvpa, anchor: see anchorl,
angle3.] 1. In anat., the olecranon; the upper
end of the ulna; the elbow. See cut under
forearm.—2. In arch., any projection designed
to support a cornice or other structural feature,
as a console or a corbel. The projections cut upon
keystones of arches to support busts or other ornaments
are sometimes called ancones. See cuts under camtaliver,
comsole, and corbel. [Rare.]
Also written amcome.
3. The name of a celebrated breed of sheep,
originated in Massachusetts in 1791 from a ram
having a long body and short, crooked legs, and
therefore unable to leap fences. It was also
known as the otter breed, and is now extinct.
anconad (ang'kö-nad), a. [K ancon + -adº.]
Toward the ancon or elbow.
anconal (ang’kö-nal), a. [K ancon + -al.] 1.
Pertaining to the ancon or elbow.—2. Being
on the same side of the axis of the fore limb as
the elbow: as, the anconal aspect of the hand,
that is, the back of the hand: corresponding to
rotular as applied to the hind limb.
Equivalent forms are anconeal and ancome-
O?!.S.
ancone (angſkön), n. Same as ancon, 1 and 2.
anconeal (ang-kö’né-al), a. Same as anconal.
—Anconeal fossa of the humerus, in anat., the olecra-
noid fossa, which receives the olecranon or head of the ulna.
The internal condyle is prominent, the ancomeal fossa,
small. W. H. Flower, Osteology, xv.
anconei, n. Plural of anconeus,
anconeous (ang-kö’né-us), a. Same as anconal.
ancones, n. Plural of ancon.
anconeus (ang-kó-né’us), n. ; pl. ancomei (-i).
[NL., K. L. ancon : see ancon..] A name once
given to any of the muscles attached to the
ancon or olecranon: now usually restricted to
[As ancipitous +
a small muscle arising from the back part of
the external condyle of the humerus, and in-
serted into the side of the olecranon and upper
fourth of the posterior surface of the ulna.
ancOnoeus, n. Same as anconeus.
anconoid (ang'kó-noid), a. [K Gr. &ykovoetóñº,
curved (elbow-like), K &yków, a bend, curve, the
elbow (see ancon), + eiðoc, form.] Elbow-like:
applied to the olecranon of the ulna.
ancOrł, n. A former spelling of anchorl.
204
ancoral (ang'kö-ră), n. ; pl; anoora (-ré). [L.,
an anchor: see anchorl.] In 206l., one of
the anchor-shaped calcareous
spicules which are attached
to and protrude from the flat
perforated calcareous plates
in the integument of echino-
derms of the genus Synapta.
They are used in locomotion.
ancora*# (ang-kö’rã), adv.
[It., = F. encore, again: see en-
core.] Again: formerly used
like encore (which see).
ancorate, m. Plural of ancora.
ancoraí (ang'kº-rai), a [i.
ancoralis, K ancora, anchor:
see anchorl.] Relating to
or resembling an anchor, in
shape or use: in 206l., specifi-
cally applied to the anchors
or ancorae of members of the
genus Synapta.
Ancorina (ang-k3-ri'nā), n.
[NL.] A genus of fibrous
sponges, typical of the family
Amcorinidae.
Ancorinidae (ang-k3-rim (i-
dé), m. pl. [NL., K Ancorina
+ -idae.] A family of Fibro-
Spongias, typified by the genus AmCorina.
ancorist+(ang/kg-rist), m. [An erroneous form of
anchoret or anchoress with accom. term. -ist: see
anchor?, anchoret.] An anchoret or anchoress.
A Woman lately turned an amcorist.
Fuller, Worthies, Yorkshire.
ancrée, ancred (ang'krä, ang'kèrd), a. . [F.
ancrée, pp. fem. of ancrer, anchor: see anchorl,
w. and m.] In her., same as anchored, 3.
-ancy. A modern extension of -ance, in imita-
tion of the original Latin -ant-i-a, and perhaps
also of -acy: see -ance and -cy, and ef. -ence,
-ency. The two forms seldom differ in force.
ancylid (an'si-lid), n. Agastropod of the fam-
3.
Ancorae.
A, young Synapta,
showing four ancorae or
anchors (a, a J. B., a sin-
gle ancora hooked in its
perforated plate, d.
ily Ancylidae.
Ancylidae (an-sil’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Ancylus
+ -idae.] family of pulmonate gastropods,
typified by the genus Ancylus, and distinguished
|by their patelliform shell. The species are in-
habitants of the fresh waters of various coun-
tries, and are known as river-limpets.
Ancylinae (an-si-li'né), m. pl. [NL., KAncylus
+ -ina.] The 'ancylids, considered as a sub-
family of Limnaeidae, and characterized by
the flattened and limpet-like instead of spiral
shell,
Ancyloceras (an-si-losſe-ras), m. [NL., K. Gr.
āykóżog, crooked, curved, + képaç (Icepat-), a
horn.] A genus of fossil tetrabranchiate ceph-
Ancyloceras spºnigeriemt.
alopods, of the family Ammonitidae, or made
the type of a special family Ancyloceratidae.
One of these ammonites, Ancyloceras callovien-
sis, occurs in the Kelloway rocks, England.
ancyloceratid (an'si-lô-ser'a-tid), n. A ceph-
alopod of the family Ancyloceratidae.
Ancyloceratidae (an'si-lô-se-ratſi-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K Ancyloceras (-rat-) + -idae.] A family of
fossil cephalopods, typified by the genus Ancy-
loceras.
ancylomele (an'si-lô-mé’lé), n. ; pl. ancylome-
lab (-lè). [NL., K. Gr. &YKvæoºm, a curved probe,
K Öyſcúžog, crooked, + puffºn, a surgical probe.]
A curved probe used by Surgeons. Also spelled
ankylomele. -
Ancylostoma (an-si-lost}-mă), n., [NL., K.Gr,
āyköWog, crooked, curved, + oróga, mouth.]
Same as Dochºmius, 2.
ancylotheriid (an'si-lô-théºri-id), n. An un-
gulate mammal of the family Ancylotheriidae.
Ancylotheriidae (an'si-lô-thé-ri'i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K Ancylotherium + -idae.] A family of
#; mammals, typified by the genus Ancy-
lother?!???. It is known only from fragments of a skele-
ton found in Tertiary deposits in Europe, and is supposed
to be related to the recent pangolins, or Manididae,
Ancylotherium (an'si-lô-théºri-um), n. [NL.
KGr, dykºoc, crooked, curved, + 6mptov, a wiá
beast.] A genus of large extinct ungulato
mammals, typical of the family Ancylotheriida.
and
ancylotome, ancylotomus gºº. &ll=
si-lotſä-mus), n., Same as ankylofome. ,
cylus (an'si-lus), n. [NL., K. Gr. &ykºos,
crooked, curved: see angle?..] .1. A genus of
pulmonate gastropods, typical of the family
Ancylidae. The species are fluviatile, and are called
river-limpets, from the resemblance of the shell to a
patella or linipet. There are upward of 50 living species.
They live in ponds and brooks, adhering to stones and
aquatic plants.
2. A genus of hymenopterous insects.
Ancyrene (an'si-rén), a. [KL. Ancyra, Gr. 'AY-
kvpd, a town in Galatia, now Angora (see An-
gord); cf. Gr. &ykupa, an anchor, a hook.]. Of
or pertaining to Ancyra, a city of ancient Gala-
tia, where a synod was held about A. D. 314, at
which the Ancyrene canons, twenty-five in num-
ber, were passed. Synods of Semi-Arians were
also held there A. D. 358 and 375. Also written
Ancyran.—Ancyrene inscription (commonly known
as the Monwmentwm Ancyramwm), a highly important
document for Roman history, consisting of an inscription
in both Greek and Latin upon a number of marble slabs
fixed to the walls of the temple of Augustus and the god-
dess Roma (Rome personified) at Ancyra. The inscription
is a copy of the statement of his acts and policy prepared
by the Emperor Augustus himself, which statement is
often called the political testament of Augustus. This
inscription was discovered by Augier de Busbecq in 1554,
but was first adequately copied by Georges Perrot in 1864.
ancyroid (an-siºroid), a. [K Gr. Öykvpoetóñº, an-
chor-shaped, K &ykvpa, anchor, -- eiðoç, form.]
Anchor-shaped; specifically, in anat., curved
or bent like the fluke of an anchor: applied (a)
to the coracoid process of the shoulder-blade
(see cut under scapula), and (b) to the cornua
of the lateral ventricle of the brain. Also writ-
ten ankyroid.
and (and, unaccented and : see an?), conj.
[K ME. and, amt, am, sometimes a, KAS. and,
ond, rarely end (in AS. and ME. usually ex-
pressed by the abbrev. symbol orligature), later
&” (mod. &), for L, et, and), – OS. endi, rarely
en, - OFries. anda, amde, and, am, rarely ond,
also ende, enda, end, em, mod. Fries. an, Čim, em,
in, enda, inde = OD. onde, ende, D. en = OHG.
anti, enti, inti, whita, wrºti, endi, indi, whdi, M.H.G.
wnde, whd, unt, G. wºnd, and, = Icel. enda, and if, in
case that, even, even if, and then, and yet, and
so (appar. the same word, with conditional or
disjunctive force; the Scand. equiv. to “and” is
Icel. auk = Sw, och, ock = Dan. og = AS. edic, E.
eke; not found as conj. in Goth., where the
ordinary copula is jah), conj., Orig. a prep., AS.
and, ond (rare in this form, but extremely com-
mon in the reduced form am, on, being thus
merged with orig. an, on : see below), before,
besides, with, = OS. ant, unto, until, - OFries.
anda, ande, and, am, also enda, ende, end, em, in,on,
= OHG. ant-Goth. and, on, upon, unto, along,
over, etc.; this prep. being also common as a
prefix, AS. and-, an-, ond-, on- (see and-), and ap-
pearing also in the reduced form am, on (merged
with orig. am, on = Goth. and = Gr. &vá, etc.:
see on), and with a close vowel in AS. 6th (for
*onth) = OS. unt (also in comp. un-, as in unte,
wntó, wrºtwo (= M.E., and E. unto), and in untat,
wnthat for unt that) = OFries. und, ont, unto,
= OHG. wrºt (in comp. *unze, whe), unto, - Icel.
wn2, wrºn2, whSt, unde, until, - Goth. und, unto,
until, as far as, up to (also in comp. unte, un-
til), most of these forms being also used con-
junctionally. The Teut. prepositions and pre-
fixes containing a radical m tended to melt into
one another both as to form and sense. There
appear to have been orig, two forms of and,
namely, (a) AS. and, ond, OS. ant, Goth. and,
anda-, Teut. *anda-, and (b) AS. end, OS. endi,
etc., Teut. *andi-, the latter being = L. ante, be-
fore, - Gr. &vTí, against,--Skt. anti, over against,
near, related with anta, end, = Goth anies:
AS. ende, E. end: see end, and cf. andiron. See
and-, an-2, on-2, ante-, anti-, prefixes ult. iden-
tical. For the transition from the prep. and,
before, besides, with, to the conj. and, cf. the
prep. with in such constructions as “The pas-
sengers, with all but three of the crew, were
saved,” where and may be substituted for with.
From the earliest ME. period and has also ex-
isted in the reduced form an : see an2.] A.
Coördinate use. 1. Connective: A word con-
necting a word, phrase, clause, or sentence with
that which precedes it: a colorless particle with-
out an exact synonym in English, but expressed
approximately by “with, along with, together
with, besides, also, moreover,” the elements
connected being grammatically coördinate.
In our last conflict four of his five wits went halting off,
and now is the whole man governed with one.
Shak. Much Ado, i. 1.


and
We have been up and down to seek him.
Shak., M. of W.,
His fame and fate shall be
An echo and a light unto eternity.
Shelley, Adonais, 1.8.
Along the heath and near his favourite tree.
Gray, Elegy, l. 110.
When many words, B.º. clauses, or sentences are Con-
nected, the connective is now generally omitted before
all except the last, unless retained for rhetorical effect.
The connected elements are sometimes identical, express-
ing continuous repetition, either definitely, as, to walk
two and two; or indefinitely, as, for ever and ever, to wait
years and years.
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, -
To the last syllable of recorded time.
Shak., Macbeth, v. 5.
The repetition often implies a difference of quality under,
the same name: as, there are deacons and deacons (that
is, according to the proverb, “There's odds in deacons”);
there are novels and novels (that is, all sorts of novels).
To make the connection distinctly inclusive, the term both
precedes the first member: as, both in England and in
France. For this, by a Latinism, and . . . and has *
ۼ).
iii. 1,
sometimes used in poetry (Latin and French et . . .
- Thrones and civil and divine.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas.
2. Introductive: in continuation of a previous
sentence expressed, implied, or understood.
Amd the Lord spake unto Moses. Num. i. 1.
And he said unto Moses. Ex. xxiv. 1.
In this use, especially in continuation of the statement
implied by assent to a previous question. The continua-
tion may mark surprise, incredulity, indignation, etc. : as,
# shall I see him again? And you dare thus address
Iſle
And do you now put on your best attire,
And do you now cull out a holiday,
And do you now strew flowers in his way,
That comes in triumph over Pompey's blood?
Shak., J. C., i. 1.
Alas! and did my Saviour bleed? Watts.
3. Adverbial: Also; even. [Rare; in imita-
tion of the Latin et in like use.]
He that hatith me, hatith and [also, Purv.] my fadir.
Wyclif, John xv. 23 (Oxf. ed.).
Not oonly he brak the saboth, but and [but, Purv.] he
seide his fadir God. Wyclif, John v. 18.
Hence, but and, and also: common in the old
ballads. •
And they hae chased in gude green-wood
The buck but and the rae.
Rose the Red, and White Lilly, -
Child’s Ballads, III. 180.
She brought to him her beauty and truth,
Bwt and broad earldoms three.
- Lowell, Singing Leaves.
B. Conditional use. [In this use not found
in AS., but very common in ME.; cf. Icel. enda
and MHG. unde in similar use: a development
of the coördinate use; cf. So, adv. conj., mark-
ing continuation, with so, conditional conj., if.
This and, though identical with the coördi-
nate, has been looked upon as a different word,
and in modern editions is often artificially
discriminated by being printed an : see an2.]
If; supposing that: as, and you please. [Com-
mon in the older literature, but in actual speech
now only dialectal.]
For, and Isholde rekenen every vice
Which that she hath, y\vis I were to nice.
Chawcer, Prol. to Squire's Tale, I. 15.
Disadvantage ys, that now childern of gramer-scole con-
neth no more Frensch than can here lift [their left] heele,
& that is harm for ham [them] dº a [if they] scholle passe
the se, & trauayle in strange londes.
Trevisa, tr. of Higden, Polychron., I. lxix.
And I suffer this, may I go graze.
Fletcher, Woman's Prize, i. 3.
Often with added if (whence mod. dial. an if,
nif, if). Hence, but and if, but if.
Bwt and ºf that servant say. * Luke xii. 45.
and-. [KME. and—, ond-, an—, on-, AS. and—, ond-,
often reduced to an-, on- = OS. ant- = OFries.
and-, ond-, an-, on--D. ont-= OHG. M.H.G. ant-,
ent, G. ant-, ent- (emp-beforef) = Goth, and-,
anda- = L. ante- = Gr. &vtt-, orig. meaning ‘be-
fore’ or ‘against,’ being the prep. and (Aš. and
= Goth, and, etc.) as prefix: see and, an-2, ante-,
anti-.] A prefix in Middle English and Anglo-
Saxon, represented in modern English by an-
in answer, a-in alongl, and (mixed with original
on-) by on- in onset, etc.
andabata, andabate (an-dab"a-tá, an’da-bät),
m.; pl. andabatae, andabates (-té, -bäts). [L.
andabata (see def.), appar, a corrupt form for
*anabata, K. Gr. avaBátmg, a rider, lit. One who
mounts, Kávagaivetv, go up, mount: see Anabas,
anabasis.] In Rom. antiq., a gladiator who
fought blindfolded by wearing a helmet with-
out openings for the eyes; hence, in modern
application, one who contends or acts as if
blindfolded.
andabatism# (an-dab'a-tizm), n.
Andalusian (an-da-lii’zian), a. and n.
Andersch's ganglion.
205
With what eyes do these owls and blind andabates look
upon the Holy Scriptures. Becom, Works, I. 331.
[K L. anda-
bata + -ism.] The practice of fighting blindly
like an andabata; blind contention.
IK An-
dalusia, Sp. Andalucía, K. Sp. Andaluz, an An-
dalusian, prob, ult. K. L. Vandalii, the Vandals:
See Wandal.] I. a. Belonging or pertaining to
Andalusia, a large division of southern Spain,
or to its inhabitants. º
II. m. 1. An inhabitant of Andalusia in
Spain.—2. A variety of fowl of the Spanish
#. of medium size.
ańdalusite (anºdºsit), n. IK Andalusia +
-ite”.] A mineral of a gray, green, bluish, flesh,
or rose-red color, consisting of anhydrous sili-
Gate of aluminium, sometimes found crystal-
lized in four-sided rhombic prisms. Its composi-
tion is the same as that of cyanite and fibrolite. It was
first discovered in Andalusia. Chiastolite (which see), or "
macle, is an impure variety, showing a peculiar tessellated
appearance in the cross-section.
Andamanese (an"da-man-ès' or -ēz'), a. and n.
[K Andaman + -ese.] I. a. Pertaining to the
Andaman islands, or to their inhabitants.
II. m. sing. or pl. A native or the natives of
the Andaman islands, situated in the eastern
art of the bay of Bengal. The Andamanese arero-
ust and vigorous, resembling negroes, but of small stature,
+and are still in a state of Savagery.
àndante (àn-dàn'te), a. and n. [It, lit. walk-
ing, ppr. of andare, walk, go: see alley 1.] I. a.
In music, moving with a moderate, even, grace-
ful progression.
... n. A movement or piece composed in an-
dante time: as, the andante in Beethoven’s fifth
phony.
andantino (àn-dān-té'nā), a. and n. [It., dim.
of andante, q.v.] I. a. In music, somewhat
slower than andante.
II. m. Properly, a movement somewhat slower
than andante, but more frequently a movement
not quite so slow as andante.
andarac (anºda-rak), n. Same as sandarac.
andaze (ān-dā’zā), n. [Turk, andaze, endazeh,
K Ar. hindăze, an ell.] A Turkish measure of
length, the pik endazeh (which see, under pik).
Morgan, U. S. Tariff.
Andean (an’dé-an), a. [K Andes: said to be
named from Peruv. anti, copper, or metal in
general.]. Pertaining to the Andes, a great
system of mountains extending along the Pa-
cific coast of South America, and sometimes re-
garded as including the highlands of Central
America and Mexico.
See ganglion.
Anderson battery. See battery.
andesin, andesine (an’dé-zin), m. [K Andes +
-in?..] A triclinic feldspar, intermediate be-
tween the soda feldspar albite and the lime
feldspar anorthite, and consequently contain-
ing both soda and lime. It was originally obtained
from the Andes, but has since been found in the Vosges
and other localities. See feldspar.
andesite (an’dé-zit), m. [K Andes + -ite2.] A
volcanic rock of wide-spread occurrence, espe-
cially in the Cordilleran region of North Amer-
ica. Andesites consist essentially of soda-lime feldspar
(plagioclase), with one or more of the dark minerals, bio-
tite, hornblende, augite, and hypersthene. Varieties are
named, accordingly, hornblende-andesite, augite-ande-
site, etc. Quartz occurs in the more silicious kind called
dacite. Andesites are mainly surface lavas, and possess
the various textures common among effusive Volcanic
rocks. Andesite grades into basalt (which see).
andesitic (an-dé-zit'ik), a. [K andesite + -ic.]
Pertaining to or containing andesite.
Andigena (an-dij'e-mâ), m. [NL., K. Andes +
L. -genus, -born: see -gen, -genous.] A genus
of toucans, family Rhamphastidae, embracing
several Andean species. J. Gould, 1850.
Andine (anºdin or -din), a. [K NL. Andimus, K
Andes.] Ofor pertaining to the Andes; Andean.
Andime plants are especially those of the high alpine
regions of the Andes.
Andira (an-diºrâ), m. [NL., from native name.]
The name given by Lamarck in 1783 to Volta-
capowa (Aublet, 1775), a genus of trees. They are
leguminous, and there are about 20 species, natives of trop-
ical America. The timber is used for building. V. Ameri-
cana (A. inermis), the angelim- or cabbage-tree of the
West Indies, furnishes the worm-bark, which has strong
marcotic properties and was formerly used in medicine as
a vermifuge.
andira-guaca (an-déſrā-gwā’kä), n. [S. Amer.]
The native name in South America of the vam-
pire-bat, Vampyrus spectrum. See Phyllostomi-
da, Vampyrus. Also written andira-guaçu.
andiron (and’i-èrn), n. [Early mod. E. andī-
rom, andyron, aundyron, aundyèrm, andyar (also
with aspirate handern, handiron, handyrom,
andr-.
andra (an'drā), n.
andradite (an' dra-dit), m.
andranatomy (an-dra-mat" 3-mi), n.
Andreaea (an-dré-É #), n.
Andrea Ferrara, (an 'drä-à fe-rá’ră), n.
Andrea Ferrara
mod. E. handiron, simulating hand; also land-
gron, after F. landier), KME. andyron, earlier
aundiren, aundyrne, aundyre (the termination
being popularly associated with ME. iron, iren,
gron, #. gre, E. iron; cf. ME. brandiren, brond-
ãron, brondyre, KAS. brand-isen, andiron, = D.
brandijeer, an andiron, also a branding-iron, lit.
‘brand-iron’; cf. also AS. brand-ród, and iron,
lit. ‘brand-rod"), K OF. andier, endier, later,
by inclusion of the art. le, l', landier, mod.
F. landier, dial. andier, andain, andi, in ML.
with fluctuating term. anderius, anderia, an-
dera, andrea, andéda, anded us, andegula, an-
gedula, more commonly andena, andenus, the
fluctuation showing that the word was of un-
known and hence prob. either of Celtic or Teut.
origin, perhaps K Teut. *andja-, Goth. andeis =
Öffé. enti, MHG. G. ende = AS. ende, E. end,
the reason of the name being reflected in the
mod. popular adaptation end-iron, q. v. End
is prob. connected in its origin with the conj.
and and the prefix and-, which would thus be
brought into remote relation with the first syl-
lable of andiron : see and, and—, end. But and-
tron has nothing to do, etymologically, with
hand or brand, or, except very remotely, if at
all, with end.]
One of a pair of
metallic stands
used to support
wood burned
On an Open
hearth. It con-
sists of a horizon-
tal iron bar raised
on short legs, with
an upright stand-
ard in front. Usu-
ally the standard is
Surmounted by a
knob or other de-
vice, and it is some-
times elaborately
Ornamented and
Often sheathed
with brass- or silver-work. The standards, before the gen-
eral adoption of grate-fires, were often made very high;
those for kitchen use had brackets for holding the roast-
ing-spit and hooks upon which kettles could be hung, and
sometimes flat or bracket-shaped tops for holding dishes;
others were artistically forged in wrought-iron, or had the
whole upright piece carved in bronze or some other costly
material. Seldom used in the singular. Also called fire-
dog.
Ancient Andirons, from Cobham, Kent,
ngland. •
Eſer and irons
(I had forgot them) were two winking Cupids
Of silver, each on one foot standing, nicely
Depending on their brands. Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 4.
The brazen and irons well brightened, so that the cheer-
ful fire may see its face in them.
Hawthorne, Old Manse, I. 165.
Andorran (an-dor’ ran), a. and m. [KAndorra +
-an.] I. a. Pertaining to Andorra.
II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Andorra,
a Small republic, semi-independent since Char-
lemagne, situated in the eastern Pyrenees, be-
tween the French department of Ariège and
the Spanish province of Lérida. It is under the
joint protection of France and the Bishop of Urgel, in Cata-
lonia, Spain.
See andro-.
[Appar. a native name.]
A species of gazel found in northern Africa,
Gazella ruficollis (the Antilope ruficollis of
Smith), related to the common Egyptian spe-
cies, G. dorcas.
[After the Portu-
guese mineralogist d’Andrada.] A variety of
common garnet containing calcium and iron.
See garnetl.
[K Gr.
divijp (ävép-), a man, + ævatouff, dissection: see
anatomy.] The dissection of
the human body, particularly
that of the male; human anat-
omy; anthropotomy; androt-
omy. Hooper, Med. Dict.,
1811. [Rare.]
[NL., named after G. R. An-
drea, a German botanist. An-
dreae was orig. gen. Of LL. An-
dreas, Andrew. See Andrew.]
A genus of mosses constitut-
ing the family of the Andre-
acaceae, intermediate between
the Sphagnaceae and the Brya-
C602, Or true mosses. It is distin-
guished by the longitudinaldehiscence
of the capsule into four valves; other-
wise it closely resembles the genus
Grimmia.
<!?:dread atpestris.
Fructiſerous branch
and dehiscent capsule
with its apophysis (a).
From Le Maout and
ecaisne's “Traité
général de Bota-
nique.”)
º A.
sword or sword-blade of a kind greatly es-


Andrea Ferrara
teemed in Scotland toward the end of the six-
teenth century and later. The blades are commonly
Imarked ANDREA on one side and FARARA or FERARA
on the other, with other devices. The swords known by
this name among the Scotch Highlanders were basket.
Hilted broadswords. See claymore. It is now asserted by
Italian writers that these were made at Belluno in Venetia
by Cosmo, Andrea, and Gianantonio Ferara, and that the
Surname is not geographical, but derived from the occupa-
tion. . [Compare It...ferrajo, a cutler, an ironmonger, = E.
Jarrier, K. L. ferrarius, a blacksmith; see farrier.j Šome-
times called Andrew.
Andrena (an-dré'nā), n. [NL.: see Anthre-
mus.] A genus of solitary bees, typical of the
family Andrenidae (which see). It is of large ex-
tent, including nearly 200 European species. Its members
burrow in the ground to the depth of several inches, and
are among the earliest insects abroad in the spring. A.
vicina is a characteristic example. Melitta is a synonym.
Andrenetae (an-dren’ e-té), m. pl. [NL., as
Andrena -- -et-ap.] In Latreille's classification
of bees, the first section of Mellifera, or Antho-
phila, corresponding to the modern family An-
drémidae : opposed to Apiaria.
andrenid (an’dre-mid), m. A solitary bee, of the
family Andrenidae.
Andrenidae (an-dren’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K An-
drena -H -idae.] A family of aculeatermelliferous
hymenopterous insects; the solitary bees. The
mentum orchin is elongate and the tongue short, the labium
and terminal maxillary lobes not being lengthened into a
proboscis. The labium is either hastate or cordate, on
which account some authors divide the family into two
groups, Acwtilingwes and Obtusilingues. These bees con-
sist of only males and females; the latter collect pollen,
the trochanters and femora of the hind legs being usually
adapted for this purpose. All the species are solitary, and
most of them burrow in the ground, though some live in
the interstices of walls. The cells are provisioned with
pollen or honey, in the midst of which the female deposits
her eggs. The genera and species of the family are nu-
Dºle POUIS.
Andrenoides (an-dré-noi'dèz), n. pl. [NL., K
Andrena -- -oides.] . In Latreille's system of
classification, a division of Apiaride; a group
of solitary bees, including the carpenter-bees
of the genus Xylocopa, and corresponding to a
portion of the modern family 4;
andreolite (an'dré-5-lit), m. [KAndreas(berg),
a mining locality in the Harz mountains, +
-lite, K. Gr. Wiffog, a stone..] A name of the
mineral commonly called harmotome or cross-
stone. See harmotome,
Andrew (an'drö), n. IK Andrew, a common
personal name, KME. Andrew = Bret. Andrew,
Andreo, K OF. Andreu, mod. F. Andrieu, André
= Pr. Andriou, Andre = Sp. Andrés = Pg. André
= It. Andrea = D. G. Dan. Andreas = Sw. Dan.
Anders, K LL. Andreas, K. Gr. Avôpéag, a personal
name, equiv. to avópelog, manly, strong, cou-
rageous, Kávåp (ävöp-), a man. The name An-
drew is thus nearly equiv. in meaning to
Charles.] A broadsword: an English equiva-
lent of Andrea Ferrara (which see). —St. An-
drew’s cross. See cross.—St. Andrew’s day. See day.
-andria. See -androus.
andro-.. [L., etc., andro-, before a vowel andr-,
K. Gr. Övöpo-, &vöp-, combining form of āvāp
(āvep-, *āvp-, &vöp-), a man, L. vir, as opposed
to a woman, to a youth, or to a god (sometimes,
esp. in later usage, equiv. to, but usually distin-
guished from, àvôpotrog, L. homo, a man, a hu-
man being, a person); specifically, a husband,
sometimes merely a male.] An element in
many compound words of Greek origin, mean-
ing man, and hence masculine, male ; espe-
cially, in bot. (also terminally, -androus, -ander,
—andria), with reference to the male organs or
stamens of a flower. See -androus.
androcephalous (an-dró-sef’a-lus), a. [K Gr.
&våp (āvdp–), a man, +- kepazºff, head.] Having
a human head: said of a monster such as a
sphinx, an Assyrian bull, etc.
Upon a Gaulish coin, an androcephalous horse.
Jowr. Archaeol. As8., W. 21.
androctonid (an-drokºtó-nid), m. A Scorpion
of the family Androctonidae.
Androctonida (an-drok-ton’i-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Androctonus + -idae. T A family of scorpions,
of the order Scorpioidea, typified by the genus
Androctonus, and characterized by the triangu-
lar shape of the sternum.
Androctonus (an-drokºtó-nus), n. . [NL., K. Gr.
àvöpokrávoc, man-slaying, K &våg (āvép-), man, +
Kreively, slay.] A genus of scorpions, typical of
the family Androctonidae. Prionurus is synony-
IOOOllS.
androdigecious (an/drö-di-É'shius), a. [K Gr.
êvãp (ävöp-), male, -- dioecious.] In bot., having
hermaphrodite flowers only upon one plant and
male only upon another of the same species,
but no corresponding form with only female
flowers. Darwin. -
2O6
androecium gº). n. ; pl. androecia
(-á). [NL., K. Gr. Övöp (ävöp-), a man, male, +
olkoç, a house, - L. vicus, X E. wick, a village.]
In bot., the male organs of a flower; the assem-
blage of stamens.
androgynal (an-droj’i-nal), a. Same as an-
drogynous. , -
androgynally (an-droj’i-nal-i), adv. With the
sexual organs of both sexes; as a hermaphro-
dite. [Rare.] -
No reall or new transexion, but were androgynally borne.
ir T. Browne, Vulg, Err., iii. 17.
androgyne (an'dró-jin), n. I= F. androgyne, KL,
androgymus, masc., androgyne, fem., KGr. &vöp6-
Yvvog, a man-woman, a hermaphrodite, an ef-
feminate man : see androgynous.] 1. A her-
maphrodite.
Plato . . . tells a story how that at first there were
three kinds of men, that is, male, female, and a third mixt
species of the other two, called, for that reason, andro-
gymes. Chºlmead
2. An effeminate man. [Rare.]
What shall I say of these vile and stinking androgymes,
that is to say, these men-women, with their curled locks,
their crisped and frizzled hair? Harmar, tr. of Beza, p. 178.
3. An androgynous plant.—4. A eunuch.
[Rare.]
androgyneity (an"drö-gi-nē’i-ti), n. [As andro-
gynous + -ē-ity.] Androgyny; bisexuality; her-
maphroditism.
androgynia (an-dró-jin’i-á), n. [NL.: see an-
drogyny.] Same as androgyny.
androgynism (an-droj’i-nizm), n. [As andro-
gynous + -ism...] In bot., a monoecious condi-
tion in a plant normally dioecious.
androgynos (an-droj’i-nos), n. [Repr. Gr. &v-
dpóyvvog: see androgyne.] A hermaphrodite;
an androgyne.
An androgynos was born at Antiochia ad Maeandrum,
when Antipater was archon at Athens.
Amer. Jowr. Philol., VI. 2.
androgynous (an-droj’i-nus), a. [K L. andro-
gymus, K. Gr. &vöpóyvvog, both male and female,
common to man and woman, K &våp (ävöp-), a
man, + Yvvñ, a woman, akin to E. queen, queam,
q. V.] 1. #aving two sexes; being both male
and female; of the nature of a hermaphrodite;
hermaphroditical.
On the opposite side of the vase is an androgynous fig-
€. Cat. of Vases in Brit. Musewm, II. 148.
(a) In bot. : (1) Having male and female flowers in the
same inflorescence, as in some species of Carea. (2) In
mosses, having antheridia and archegonia in the same in-
volucre. (b) In 206l., uniting the characters of both sexes;
having the parts of both sexes; being of both sexes; her-
maphrodite. The androgynous condition is a very com-
mon one in invertebrate animals. The two sexes may
coexist at the same time in one individual, which impreg-
nates itself, as a snail; or two such individuals may im-
pregnate each other, as earthworms; or one individual
may be male and female at different times, developing
first the product of the one sex and then that of the other.
2. Having or º of the mental charac-
teristics of both sexes.
The truth is, a great mind must be androgynous.
Coleridge.
Also androgymal.
androgyny (an-droj’i-ni), n. [Erroneously
written androgeny (Pascoe); K NL. androgynia,
K L. androgynus: see androgynous.] The state
of being androgynous; union of sexes in one
individual; hermaphroditism.
Instances of androgyny . . . depend upon an excessive
development of this structure.
Todd's Cyc. of Anat, and Phys., IV. 1425. (N. E. D.)
android, androides (an'droid, an-droiºděz), n.
G. hyºike a man,’’ amº (º), a
man, + elóoç, form.]. An automaton resembling
a human being in shape and motions.
If the human figure and actions be represented, the au-
tomaton has sometimes been called specially an androi-
des. Encyc. Brit., III. 142.
andromania (an-dró-mă'ni-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ðvøpoplavía, K &våp (ävöp-), man, + plavia, mad-
ness.] Nymphomania (which see).
andromed (an'drö-med), n. [KAndromeda.] A
meteor which appears to radiate from a point
in the constellation Andromeda. A shower of
andromeds occurs Nov. 27–28.
Andromeda (an-drom'e-dà), n. [L., K. Gr. Av-
Öpogé67, in myth, daughter of Cepheus, king of
Ethiopia, bound to a rock in order to be de-
stroyed by a sea-monster, but rescued by Per-
seus; after death placed as a constellation in
the heavensi 1. A northern constellation,
surrounded by Pegasus, Cassiopeia, Perseus,
Pisces, Aries, etc., supposed to represent the
figure of a woman chained. The constellation
contains three stars of the second magnitude
of which the brightest is Alpheratz.-2, INHL.
Andropogon
A genus of ericaceous plants consisting of a
single species, A. Polifolia, the wild rosemary,
native of the northern portions of both hemi-
flas º
º *.**
*
te *.*. ſº
* º
*: - º
º
** ;: -Y. Z.
*::.
* º
* *
* *
::::::::\º::$º
The Constellation Andromeda, including its stars down to sth magni-
tude, according to Heis; the figure from Ptolemy's description.
spheres. It is a low shrub with white flowers. The
herbage possesses acrid narcotic properties and is poison-
ous to sheep. See Pteris and Xolisma.
andromonoecious (an"drö-mö-nē’shius), a. [K
Gr. &våp (ävöp-), male, -H monoecious, q.v.] In
bot., having hermaphrodite and male flowers
upon the same plant, but with no female flow-
ers. Darwin. -
andromorphous (an-drö-mör'fus), a. [K Gr.
àvópógopºpog, of man’s form or figure, K &v%
(āvdp-), a man, + popºff, form.] Shaped like a
man; of masculine form or aspect: as, an an-
dromorphows woman.
andron (an'dron), n. [L., K. Gr. &vöpóv, K &v%p
(āvdp-), a man.] Same as andromitis.
andronitis (an-dró-niſtis), n. [Gr. &vópovirug
also avópóv, Kövåp (ävóp-), man. Cf. gymaceum.j
In Gr. antiq., the portion of a house appropri-
ated especisily to males, including dining-room,
library, sitting-rooms, etc.
andropetalous (an-drö-pet’a-lus), a. [K Gr.
ăvăp (ävöp-), a man, in mod, bot. a stamen, +
trétahov, a leaf, in mod, bot, a petal.] In bot.,
an epithet applied to double flowers produced
by the conversion of stamens into petals, as in
the garden ranunculus. -
androphagi, n. Plural of androphagus.
androphagous (an-drofºa-gus), d. [KGr. &vöpo-
póyog, man-eating, Kövåp (ävöp-), a man, + pa-
Yeiv, eat. Cf. anthropophagous.] Man-eating;
pertaining to or addicted to cannibalism; an-
thropophagous. [Rare.]
aſſº (an-drofºa-gus), m.; pl. andropha-
gi (-ji). . [NL., K. Gr. Övöpopáyog: see andropha-
gows.] A man-eater; a cannibal. [Rare.]
androphonomania (an"dró-fon-Ö-mă'ni-á), n.
NL., K. Gr. &vópopóvog, man-slaying (Käväp
(āv6p–), man, + “pévetv, kill, slay), H- uavia, mad-
ness.] A mania for committing murder; homi-
*cidal insanity.
ândrophore (anºdrö-fôr), n. IK Gr. &vñp (ävöp-),
a man, a male, in mod, bot, a stamen, +-pópog,
K pépetv = E. bearl.]__1. In bot., a stamineal col-
umn, usually formed by a union of the filaments,
as in the Malva-
ceae and in many
genera of Fa-
baceae.—2. In
206l., the branch
of a gonoblas-
tidium of a hy-
drozoan which
bears male gono-
phores; a gen-
erative bud or
medusiform zo-
oid in which the
male elements
only are developed, as distinguished from a
gynophore or female gonophore. See gyno-
phore, and cut under gonoblastidium. y
androphorous (am-drofº-rus), a. [K Gr. &vhp
(āv6p–), a man, +-96poc, Kºćpeii = E. beari..] In
Hydrozoa, bearing male elements, as an andro-
phore; being male, as a medusiform zoöid.
Andropogon (an-drö- ô'gon), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ăváp (ävöp-), a man, + Tóyov, beard, the male
flowers often having plumose bearás. see po-
gon.] A large genus of grasses, mostly natives
of warm countries. Several species are extensively
cultivated in India, especially in Ceylon and Singapore,
for their essential oils, which form the grass-oils of com-
merce. A. Nardus yields the citronella-oil; the lemon-
grass, A. citratus, yields the lemon-grass oil, also known
as oil of verbena or Indian melissa-oil. A. Schoenanthus of
Tubular Androphore and section or
flower of Malva. Sylves?”fs.


Andropogon
central and northern India is the source of what is known
as rusa-oil, or oil of ginger-grass or of geranium. These
oils are much esteemed in India for external application
in rheumatism, but in Europe and America they are used
almost exclusively by soap-makers and perfumers. The
rusa-oil is used in Turkey for the adulteration of attar of
roses. The cuscus of India is the long, fibrous, fragrant
root of A. squarrosus, which is woven into screens, orna-
mental baskets, and other articles. There are about 35
species in the United States, commonly known as broom-
ass or broom-sedge, mostly tall perennial grasses, with
ugh, wiry stems, of little value. See sorghum, 2.
androsphinx (an'drº-sfingks), n. [K Gr. ºvºpſ-
gºš, a sphinx, with the bust of a man, avºp
(āvūp-), a man, + optyº, a sphinx...] In anc. Egypt.
sculp., a man-sphinx; a sphinx having the body
Androsphinx of Thothmes #4;. century B.C.),
Boulak Museum, Cairo.
of a lion with a human head and masculine at-
tributes, as distinguished from one with the
head of a ram (criosphina), or of a hawk (hiera-
cosphina). See sphina.
androspore (an'drä-spör), n. IK, NL, andro-
sporus, K. Gr. &våp (ävöp-), a man, male, -- otópoc,
seed, & oteipelv, sow: see spore and sperm.] In
bot., the peculiar migratory swarm-spore occur-
ring in the family CEdogoniaceae of Algae, which
attaches itself near or upon an oëgonium and
becomes a miniature plant, developing anther-
ozoids.
Peculiar zoospores known as androspores are produced
non-sexually in special cells of the parent plant, similar
to those which give birth to the antherozoids.
Bennett and Murray, Cryptogamic Botany, p. 225.
androtomous (an-drotº-mus), a. [K NL, an-
drotomus, K. Gr. aváp (ävöp-), a man, in mod, bot.
a stamen, +-Touog, Kršuven, Tausiv, cut. Cf. an-
drotomy.] In bot., characterized by having
the sºns divided into two or more parts by
chorisis. Syd. Soc. Lew.
androtomy (an-drot' 3-mi), n. IK Gr. avºp
(āvdp-), a man, + touff, a cutting, K Täuvew, Taueiv,
cut, Cf. anatomy.] #uman anatomy; anthro-
potomy as distinguished from zoötomy; the dis-
section of the human body. [Rare.]
-androus. [K NL. -andrus, K. Gr. -avópog, term.
of adjectives compounded with avàp (ävép-), a
man, a male: see andro-.] In bot, a termina-
tion meaning having male organs or stamens,
as in momandrous, diandrous, triandrous, poly-
androus, etc., having one, two, three, or many
stamens, and gymandrous, having stamens situ-
ated on the pistil. The corresponding English noun
ends in -ander, as in monander, etc., and the New Latin
class name in -andria, as in Monandria, etc."
ane (ān), a. and n. Scotch and northern Eng-
lish form of one.
ºane. [K L. -ănus, reg, repr. by E. -an, in older
words by -ain, -em: see -am.] 1. A suffix of
Latin origin, the same as -an, as in mundame,
ultramontane, etc. In some cases it serves, with a dif-
ference of accent, to differentiate words in -ane, as ger-
mane, humane, wrbane, from doublets in -an, as german,
human, wrban.
2. In chem., a termination denoting that the
hydrocarbon the name of which ends with it
belongs to the paraffin series having the general
formula CnH2n + 2: as, methane, CH4; ethane,
C2H5.
anºfi (a-nēl"), v. t. The earlier and historically
correct form of anneall.
anealºt (a-nēl"), v. t. [Early mod. E. also am-
meal, aneel, Klate ME. anele, earlier amelien, ene-
lien, KAS. *anelian or “onelian (the AS. one-
lan usually cited is incorrect in form and un-
authorized), K an, on, on, + “elian (>ME. eliem),
oil, Kele, oil: see oil, and cf. anoil.] To anoint;
especially, to administer extreme unction to.
Also spelled amele.
He was housled and aneled, and had all that a Christian
man ought to have. Morte d'Arthur, iii. 175.
207
anear (a-nēr'), prep, phr. as adv, and prep. [K
a 4 + near; of of formation, after afar.] º
adv. 1. Near (in place): opposed to afar.
Dark-brow’d sophist, come not anear.
Tennyson, Poet's Mind.
2. Nearly; almost.
II. prep. Near.
Much more is needed, so that at last the measure of
misery anear us may be correctly taken. Is. Taylor.
A near some river's bank.
J. D. Long, Æneid, ix. 889. (N. E. D.)
[Poetic in all senses.]
anear (a-nēr'), v. t. [.. anear, adv.] To come
near; approach. Mrs. Browning. [Poetical.]
aneath (a-nēth'), prep. and adv. [a- + neath;
cf. beneath, and the analogy of afore, before,
ahint, behind.] Beneath. [Chiefly poetical.]
anecdotage (an'ek-dò-tāj), n. [.. anecdote +
-age.] 1. Anecdotes collectively; matter of the
nature of anecdotes. [Rare.]
We infer the increasing barbarism of the Roman mind
from the quality of the personal notices and portraitures
exhibited throughout these biographical records [History
of the Caesars]. The whole may be described by one
word—anecdotage. De Quincey, Philos, of Rom. Hist.
2. [Humorously taken as anecdote + age, with
a further allusion to dotage.] Old age charac-
terized by senile garrulousness and fondness for
telling anecdotes. [Colloq.]
anecdotal (an 'ek-dò-tal), a.
consisting of anecdotes.
Conversation, argumentative or declamatory, narrative
or anecdotal. Prof. Wilson.
anecdotarian (anºek-dû-tā’ri-an), n. [K anec-
dote + -arian.] One who deals in or retails
anecdotes; an anecdotist. [Rare.]
Our ordinary anecdotarians make use of libels.
Roger North, Examen, p. 644.
anecdote (an’ek-dót), n. [KF. anecdote, first in
pl. anecdotes, M.L. anecdota, & Gr. avékdota, pl.,
things unpublished, applied by Procopius to
his memoirs of Justinian, which consisted
chiefly of gossip about the private life of the
court; prop. neut. pl. of avéºdorº, unpublished,
not given out, K. Gr. av- priv. 4- £kóorog, given
out, verbal adj. of Šków.jóval, give out, publish, K
**, out (= L. ex: see ex-), + didóvar, give, -
dare, give: see dose and date.] 1. pl. Secret
history; facts relating to secret or private
affairs, as of governments or of individuals:
often used (commonly in the form anecdota)
as the title of works treating of such matters.
–2. A short narrative of a particular or de-
tached incident or occurrence of an interest-
ing nature; a biographical incident; a sin-
gle passage of private life. =syn. Anecdote, Story.
An anecdote is the relation of an interesting or amusing
incident, generally of a private nature, and is always re-
ported as true. A story may be true or fictitious, and gen-
erally has reference to a series of incidents so arranged
and related as to be entertaining. -
anecdotic, anecdotical (an-ek-dot'ik, -i-kal), a.
1. Pertaining to anecdotes; consisting of or of
the nature of anecdotes; anecdotal.
Anecdotical traditions, whose authority is unknown.
Bolingbroke, Letter to Pope.
He has had rather an anecdotic history, . . . lazy as
he is. eorge Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xxxv.
It is at least no fallacy to say that childhood—or the
later memory of childhood—must borrow from such a
background [the old world] a kind of anecdotical wealth.
H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 10.
2. Given to relating anecdotes.
He silenced him without mercy when he attempted to
be anecdotic. Savage, R. Medlicott, iii. 6.
anecdotically (an-ek-dot'i-kal-i), adv. In an-
ecdotes; by means of anecdote.
anecdotist (an'ek-dò-tist), n. [K anecdote +
—ist.] One who tells or is in the habit of telling
anecdotes.
anechinoplacid (an-e-ki-nº-plas'id), a. [K Gr.
av- priv. (an-5) + echinoplacid, q.v.] Having
no circlet of spines on the madreporic plate, as
a starfish: opposed to echinoplacid. Often ab-
breviated to a.
anelacet, anelast, n. See aniace.
anelet, v. t. See aneal?.
anelectric (an-É-lektrik), a. and n. IK Gr. div-
priv. (an-5) + electric..] I. a. Having no elec-
tric properties; non-electric.
II, n. 1. A name early given to a substance
(e. g., a metal) which apparently does not be-
come electrified by friction when held in the
hand. This was afterward proved to be due to the con-
ductivity of the substance, the electricity generated pass-
ing off immediately to the ground.
Hence—2. A conductor, in distinction from a
non-conductor or insulator.
anelectrode (an-à-lektröd), n. [K.Gr,évá, up
(an-6), + electrode, q, w, Cf. anode.] The posi-
Pertaining to or
*into arterial blood.
anemochord
tive pole, or anode, of a galvanic battery or
electrolytic cell. See electrode.
anelectrotonic (an-3-lek-trº-ton'ik), a... [Kan-
electrotonus + -ic...] Pertaining to anelectroto-
IlliS.
anelectrotonus (an-3-lek-trotº-mus), n. [.. Gr.
av- priv. 4- Ackrpov, amber (implying electric,
q.v.), + rôvoc, strain: see tone..] The peculiar
condition of a nerve (or muscle) in the neigh-
borhood of the anode of a constant electric cur-
rent passing through a portion of it. The irrita-
bility is diminished, the electrical potentials are increased,
and the conductivity for nervous impulses is diminished.
The wave of lowered potential which attends a nervous
impulse and gives rise to currents of action diminishes in
going from a region of greater to one of less anelectroto-
nus, and increases in going in the opposite direction. The
nervous impulse itself presumably behaves in the same
Way.
Anelytropidae (an'e-li-trop’i-dé), m.pl. [NL.,
K Anelytrops (-trop-) + -idae.] An African fam-
ily of amelytropoid eriglossate lacertilians,
typified by the genus Anelytrops, having the
claviclesundilated proximally, the premaxillary
single, no arches, and no osteodermal plates.
*ś (an-e-lit' rú-poid), a. zoöl.,
having the characters of, or pertaining to, the
Anelytropoidea. -- - - - - -
Anelytropoidea (an-e-lit-rº-poi"dē-ă), n. pl.
[NL., KAnelytrops (-trop-) + -oidea.] A super-
family of eriglossate lagertilians, represented
by the family Anelytropida, having the vertebræ
concavo-convex, the clavicles undilated proxi-
mally, and no postorbital or postfrontal squamo-
sal arches. T. Gill, Smithsonian Rep., 1885.
Anelytrops (an-el’i-trops), n. . [NL., K. Gr. §v-
priv. 4- 82 vrpov, shard (see elytrum), F ºp, bip
face (appearance).] A genus of lizards, typical
of the family Anelytropidae. *
anelytrous (an-el’i-trus), a. [.. Gr. avéAvrpoc,
unsharded (of bees, wasps, etc.), K av- priv. --
£ºutpov, shard: see elytrum.] In entom., having
no elytra; having all the wings membranous.
Anemaria, Anaemaria (an-É-māºri-á), m. pl.
[NL. (prop. Anaemaria), K. Gr. avatuoc, bloodless
(see anemia), + -aria.] In Haeckel's vocabu-
lary of phylogeny, an evolutionary series of me-
tazoic animals which have two primary germ-
layers and an intestinal cavity, but which are
bloodless and devoid of a developed coeloma, or
body-cavity. It is a series of gastraeads, of which the
type is the gastraea orgastrula-form, including the sponges,
acoelomatous worms, and zoöphytes. It stands inter-
mediate between the Protozoa and an evolutionary se-
ries which begins with the coelomatous worms and ends
}} the vertebrates. See Haemataria, and cut under gas-
- a.
anematosis, anaematosis (a-nē-ma-to'sis), n.
[NL. (prop. anaematosis), K. Gr. &valuatog, blood-
less (K av- priv. 4- alua, blood), + -osis.] In
pathol. : (a) General anemia, or the morbid
processes which lead to it; the failure to pro-
duce the normal quantity of blood, of normal
quality. (b) Imperfect oxidation of venous
- (c) Idiopathic anemia.
ânemia, anaemia (a-nē’mi-á), n. [NL. (prop.
anaemia), KGr, àvaluia, want of blood, Kavaluoc,
wanting blood, K div- priv. -- alua, blood: see
words in hema-..] In pathol, a deficiency of
blood in a living body.-General anemia, either a
diminished quantity of blood (as immediately after hemor-
rhages, when it is called oligemia and is the opposite of
plethora) or a diminution in some important constituent
of the blood, especially hemoglobin. It then presents
itself in the forms of oligocythemia, achroiocythemia, mi-
crocythemia, and hydremia, simply or combined. See
these words.-Idiopathic anemia, a disease character-
ized by anemia advancing without interruption to a fatal
issue, without evident cause, and associated with fever
and such symptoms as would result from anemia however
produced, as palpitation, dyspnoea, fainting fits, dropsy,
etc. It occurs most frequently between the ages of 30
and 60, and the two sexes are about equally affected. Also
called essential malignant or febrile anemia, progressive
ermicious or Addison's anemia.-Local anemia, or
isºla, a diminished supply of blood in any organ.
It is contrasted with hyperemia.
anemic, anaemic (a-nem'ik), a. [Kanemia, anae-
mia, + -ic.] Pertaining to or affected with ane-
mia; deficient in blood; bloodless: as, anemic
symptoms; an anemic patient.
anemied, anaemied (a-nē’mid), a. [Kanemia,
anaemia, + -edº..] Deprived of blood.
The structure itself is anaemied. Copland.
anemo-. . [NL., etc., K. Gr. aveuo-, combining
form of Öveuoc, wind: see anemome.] An ele-
mentin compoundwords of Greek origin, mean-
ing wind.
anemochord (a-nem'5-kórd), n. [= F. anemo-
corde, KGr. ºvelloc, wind, + xopóñ, a string, chord,
gord.]. A form of pianoforte, invented by
Schnell in 1789, in which the tones were pro-
duced by jets of compressed air.

anemocracy
anemocracy (an-e-mok'ra-si), n. [K Gr. &veuoc,
Wind, t -kpatia, government, K Kpareiv, govern:
See -cracy..] A government by the wind. Syd-
ney Smith. [Humorous.]
anemogram (a-nem'º-gram), n. IK Gr, àveuog,
wind, F Ypáupta, a writing, Kypápetv, write.]. A
record of the pressure or velocity of the wind,
automatically marked by an anemograph.
anemograph (a-nem’ā-gräf), n. [= F, anémo-
graphe, K. Gr. Švejuoc, wind, + ypápetv, write.]
An instrument for measuring and recording
either the velocity or the direction of the wind,
or both.
anemographic (an "e-mê-graf'ik), a. [Kanemo-
graph + -ic.] Pertaining to, or obtained by
means of, an anemograph.
anemography (an-e-mogºra-fi), n. [= F. ang-
mographie : see anemograph..] 1. A description
of the winds.-2. The art of measuring and
recording the direction, velocity, and force of
the wind.
anemological (an "e-mê-loj’i-kal), a. [K ane-
mology.] Pertaining to anemology. N. E. D.
anemølogy (an-e-mol’ī-ji), n. [= F. amémolo-
gie, K. Gr. diveſtoc, wind, + -āoyia, K Žéyetv, speak:
see -ology.] The literature and science of the
Awinds.
anemometer (am-e-mom’e-tèr), n. [= F. ané-
mométré, K. Gr. Čiveſtog, wind, + p.6tpov, measure:
see meter.] An in-
strument for indi-
cating the velocity
or pressure of the
wind; a wind-gage.
*. & § Casella's portable ame-
Qū § 2 ºt mometer, designed for
Il ºnſ; *W measuring the Velocity
É=\º of air-currents in Imines
- $E:A ºy and ventilating shafts,
consists of a Wind-Wheel
attached to a counting ar-
rangement. Anemome-
ters for indicating ve-
locity are commonly
formed of plane surfaces
or drums exposed to the wind, and so arranged as to yield to
its pressure and indicate the amount by their movements,
Linds's anemometer consists of a glass
tube bent into the form of an inverted
siphon, graduated, partly filled with
water, and mounted as a weathercock.
To one of its open ends a metallic cylinder
of the same bore as the tube is attached at
right angles. The pressure of the Wind
blowing into this causes the water to sink
in one arm of the tube and to rise in the
other, and the difference of level of the two
columns of water, which is measured by
the amount of fall plus the amount of rise,
as shown by the graduated scales, gives the
force or pressure of the wind. By the use
of mechanical or electrical appliances ane-
mometers may be made to record as well as
measure variations in the velocity and pres-
sure of the wind. When they record the ve-
locity or direction, or both, they are some-
times called a memnographs; when they indi-
cate the direction only, they are called an-
emoscopes ; when they automati-
cally record velocity, direction,
and pressure, they are called ame-
anometrographs or a memometro-
graphic registers.
anemometric (an "e-mê-met'rik), a. [Kanemom-
etry + -ic.] Pertaining to an anemometer, or
to anemometry.
anemometrical (an "e-mê-met/ri-kal), a. Same
as a memometric.
anemometrograph, (an "e-mö-met’rö-gráf), n.
[K Gr. ave/log, wind, + puérpov, measure, + ypápetv,
write.] An instrument designed to measure
and record the velocity, direction, and pressure
of the wind.
anemometrographic (an"e-mö-met-rū-graf'ik),
a. Of or pertaining to an anemometrograph.
anemometry (an-e-mom’e-tri), n. [= F. ang-
mometrie ; as anemometer + -ly.] The process
of determining the pressure or velocity of the
wind by means of an anemometer. *
anemone (a-mem’ī-né; as a L. Word, an-e-mö'-
né), n. [The E. pron. is that of the reg. E. form
anemony, pl. anemonies, which is still occasion-
ally used, but the spelling now generally fol-
lows the L.; K F. and mone = Sp. and mone =
Pg. It... anemone = D. anemoon = G. Dan. ane-
mone, K L. anemóná, K. Gr. &ve/16vm, the wind-
flower, K &vepoc, the wind (= L. anima, breath,
spirit; cf. animus, mind: See anima and ani-
mus), -º- -øvn, fem. patronymic suffix.] 1. A
plant of the genus Angmone. Also spelled anem-
ony.—2. [cap.] [NL.] A widely distributed
genus of herbaceous perennials, the wind-flow-
ers, of the family Ranunculacedº. The flowers are
showy, readily varying in color and becoming double in
oultivation. Several species are frequent in gardens, as
the poppy-anemone (A. Coronaria), the star-anemone (A.
Casella's Anemometer.
Linds's Anemometer.
#| anencephali, n.
208
hortensis), and other still more ornamental species from
Japan and India. The wood-anemone, A. *:::::tfolia,
is a well-known vernal flower of the woods. There aré
about 75 species, -
mostly belonging to
the cool climates of
the northern hemi-
sphere. Of the 18
North American spe-
cies, about half a
dozen are also to be
found in South Amer-
ica or in Europe or
Asia. & a
3. In 206l., a sea-
anemone (which
See). — Plumose
anemone, in 200l.,
Actinoloba diamthus.
— Snake - locked
anemone, in 200l.,
Sagartia vidwata.
anemonic (an-e-
mon'ik), a. Of or
pertaining to ane-
mones, or to the
genus Anemome;
obtained from
anemonin : 8S,
anemonic acid, an acid obtained indirectly from
anemonin.
anemonin, anemonine (3-mem’ā-min), n. [K
anemone + -in?..] A crystalline substance ex-
tracted from some species of the genus Anemome,
anemony (a-nem''}-ni), m.; pl. anemonies (-niz).
Same as amemome, 1.
anemophilous (an-e-mofºi-lus), a. [K Gr. &ve-
pog, wind, + piãog, loving.] Wind-loving: said
of flowers which are dependent upon the wind
for conveying the pollen to the stigma in fer-
tilization. Anemophilous flowers, as a rule, are small,
uncolored, and inconspicuous, and do not secrete honey,
but produce a great abundance of pollen. The flowers of
the grasses, sedges, pine-trees, etc., are examples.
The amount of pollen produced by anemophilow's plants,
and the distance to which it is often transported by thé
wind, are both surprisingly-great.
Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 405.
anemoscope (a-nem'6-sköp), m. [= F. aném.0-
scope, K. Gr. &veuog, wind, H- okoTeiv, view, ex-
amine.] Any device for showing the direction
of the wind.
anemosis (an-e-mö'sis), m. [NL., K. Gr. &veplog,
the wind, H- -osis. I In bot., the condition of be-
ing wind-shaken ; a condition of the timber of
exogenous trees, in which the annual layers
are separated from one another by the action,
it is supposed, of strong gales. Many, however,
doubt that this condition is due to wind, and believe it
should be referred rather to frost or lightning.
anemotrophy, anaemotrophy (an-e-motºró-fi),
m. [K Gr. Švaluoc, without blood (see anemia),
+ Tpopff, nourishment, K Tpépetv, nourish..] In
pathol., a deficient formation of blood.
Plural of amencephalus.
anencephalia (an-en-Se-fä’ li-á), m. [NL., K
amencephalus, without a brain: See amencepha-
lows.] In teratol., absence of the brain or en-
cephalon. Also amencephaly.
Quite recently Lebodeff has offered a new explanation
of Amencephalia and Acrania. He thinks these are due to
the production of an abnormally sharp cranial flexure in
the embryo. Ziegler, Pathol. Anat. (trans.), i. § 7.
anencephalic (an-en-se-fal’ik or -sef’a-lik), a.
[As amencephalous + -ic.] Same as amenceph-
alous.
anencephaloid (an-en-sef’a-loid), a. [As anem-
Common Wood-Anemone (Aztemorie
Quinque/olia).
cephalous + -oid.] Partially or somewhat an-
encephalous. Syd. Soc. Leæ.
amengºhalºphis (an-en-sef’a-ló-trö(fi-á),
m. [NL., K. Gr. &v- priv. -H #yképaWoc, the brain,
+ Tpopff, nourishment, K Tpépetv, nourish.] At-
rophy of the brain.
anencephalous (an-en-sef (a-lus), a. [K NL.
anencephalus, K. Gr. &veykégaWog, without brain
K &v- priv. -- #yképahog, brain: see encºphaion.j
In teratol., having no encephalon; without a
brain. An equivalent form is amencephalic.
anencephalus (an-en-sef'a-lus), n. ; pl. amen-
cephali (-lí). [NL., K. Gr. &veyképažog, without
brain: see amencephalous.] In teratol., a mon-
ster which is destitute of brain.
anencephaly (an-en-sef’a-li), n.
oncephalia.
an-end (an-end'), prop. phr. as adv. [KME. an-
ende, an ende, at thé end, to the end: am, on, E. On;
ende, E. end.] 1. On end; in an upright position.
Make . . . each particular haire to stand an emd.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 3 (1623).
Specifically—(a) Nawt., in the position of a mast when it
is perpendicular to the deck. The topmasts are said to
be am-end when hoisted up to their usual stations. (b) In
mech., said of anything, as a pile, that is driven in the
direction of its length.
Same as an-
anerythropsia - -
2ł. In the end; at the last; lastly.—3}. To
the end; straight on; continuously.
[He] would ride a hundred miles an end to enjoy it.
- Richardson, Clarissa, VII, 220. § E. D.)
Most an-endt, almost continuously; almost always;
mostly. - •
Knew him I was a great Companion of his, I was with
him most an end. -
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress (1678), ii. 115. (N. E. D.)
anent, anenst (2-ment’, 8-menst’), prep. and
adv., orig, prop.jhr. [KME. anent, also anant,
anont, omont, onond; with added adverbial suf-
fix -e, anente; with added adverbial gen, suf-
fix -es, -ís, anentës, anentis, anemptis, etc., contr.
anens, amence; with excrescent-t, anonist, anenst
(cf. again, against, among, amongst); earlier
ME. onefent, onevent (with excrescent -t), KAS.
on-efen, on-efn, on-emn (= OS. in ebham = MHG.
eneben, neben, mebent, G. melen), prep., beside,
rop. prep. phr., on efon, lit. ‘ on even,’ on a
evel (with): on, E. on; efen, E. even 1, q.v. Cf.
aformens, foremenst. Formerly in reg. literary
use, but now chiefly dialectal.] I. prep. 1.
In a line with; side by side with; on a level
with. [Prov. Eng.]—2+. In front of; fronting;
before; opposite; over against.
The king lay into Galstoun,
That is rycht ewyn ſeven] ament Lowdoun.
Barbowr, Bruce, vi. 123.
And right amenst him a dog snarling.
B. Jomsom, Alchemist, ii. 1.
3+. Against; toward.
Wylde Bestes . . . that slen [slay] and devouren alle
that comen ameymtes hem. Mandeville, p. 298. (N. E. D.)
4. In respect of or regard to; as to; concern-
ing; about: sometimes with as. [Still in use
in Scotch legal and ecclesiastical phraseology,
whence also in literary English.]
He [Jesus] was an alien, as amentis his godhede.
Wyclif, Select Works (ed. Arnold), I. 33.
I cannot but pass you my judgment ament those six
considerations which you offered to invalidate those au-
thorities that I so much reverence. .
I(ing Charles I., To A. Henderson,
Some little compunction ament the Excise.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 279.
II. adv. On the other side; in an opposite
place or situation. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch..]
Anentera (an-en’te-rã), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl.
of amenterus : see amenterous.] name applied
by Ehrenberg to a class of infusorians having no
intestinal canal, though supposed to have sev-
eral stomachs (whence the alternative name
Polygastrica).
anenterous (an-en’te-rus), a. [KNL. amenterus,
Gr. Öv- priv. -- évrépa, intestimes: see enteric.]
1. Having no enteron or alimentary canal; not
enterate: as, amenterous parasites.
Such species have no intestines, no amus, and are said
to be amenterous. Owen, Comp. Amat., p. 24.
2. Of or pertaining to the Anentera.
-aneous. [Accom. Of L. -ān-e-us, a compound
suffix, K-ān- + -e-us, as in extränews, miscel-
lâneus, subterráneus, etc.: see -am and -eous.
This suffix occurs disguised in foreign, KML.
foraneus.] A compound adjective suffix of
Latim origin, as in contemporaneous, extraneous,
miscellaneous, subterraneous, etc. -
anepigraphous (an-e-pig’ra-fus), a. [K Gr.
&vettypapoc, without inscription, K. Čiv- priv. 4-
ëttypalpſ, inscription: see epigraph.] Without
inscription or title.
The amepigraphows coins of Haliartus and Thebes. .
Nwmis. Chrom., 3d ser., I. 235.
anepiploic (an-ep-i-plo'ik), a. [K Gr. &v- priv.
(an-5) + epiploën, q.v.] Having no epiploën
or great omentum. Syd. Soc. Leæ.
anepithymia (an-ep-i-thim’i-á), m. [NL., KGr.
āv- priv. 4- štiffuſuta, desire, Käriffvueiv, set one's
heart upon a thing, desire, K Ští, upon, + 6vuóg,
mind.] In pathol., loss of normal appetite, as
for food or drink.
Anergates (an-èr-gā’těz), m. [NL., K. Gr. &v-
priv. -- épyátmg, a worker: see ergata.] A ge-
nus of ants, the species of which are represented
only by males and females, there being no neu-
ters or workers, whence the name.
aneroid (an’º-roid), a. and m. . [K F. améroïde,
Gr. 3- priv. -- vmpóg, wet, liquid (in class. Gr.
vapóg, Kváelv, flow), + elóoç, form: see -oid.]. I. a.
Dispensing with fluid ; of a barometer, dispens-
ing with a fluid, as quicksilver, which is em-
ployed in an ordinary barometer.—Aneroid ba-
rometer. See barometer.
II. m. An aneroid barometer.
anerythropsia (an-er-i-throp'si-á), n. [NL.
Gr. &v- priv. 4- épv6póg, red, + šiptſ, a view.j
Inability to distinguish the color red: a form
of color-blindness.














- 3.1198
anes (änz), adv. [KME, anes: see once.] Once.
[North. Eng. and Scotch.] -
anes-errand (änz'er'and), adv. [Also, cor-
ruptly, end’s-errand, in simulation of end, pur-
ose; K anes, here in the sense of “only, sole'
#: once and only), + errand, q.v.] Of set pur-
pose; entirely on purpose; ex º: [Scotch.]
anesis, (anºe-sis), n. fini, Gr. &vedig, remis-
Sion, Kävlévat, remit, send back, Kává, back, --
léval, send.] 1. In pathol., remission or abate-
ment of the symptoms of a disease. Dunglison.
-2. In music: (a) The progression from a
high sound to one lower in pitch, (b) The tun-
ing of strings to a lower pitch: opposed to
epita&#8. Stainer and Barrett.
anesthesia, n. See anaesthesia. g
anesthesiant, anaesthesiant (an-es-the 'si-
ant), a. and m. [K anaesthesia + -ant!..] I. a.
£roducing an esthesia.
II. n. An anesthetic.
anesthesis (an-es-thé’ sis), n. Same as anaes-
* thesia. º g -
ànesthetic, anaesthetic (an-es-thet'ik), a. and
m. [K Gr. àvaígthyrog, insensible, not feeling, K
āv- priv. 4- aloffmróg, sensible, perceptible; cf.
ałoffmrtkóg, sensitive, perceptive: see an-5 and es-
thetic..] I. a. 1. Producing temporary loss or
impairment of feeling or sensation; producing
anaesthesia.-2. Of or belonging to anaesthesia;
characterized by anaesthesia, or physical insen-
sibility: as, anesthetic effects.--Anesthetic re-
frigerator, an apparatus for producing local anaesthesia
by the application of an ether or rhigolene spray.
II. m. A substance capable of producing an-
aesthesia. The anesthetics almost exclusively used for
the production of general anaesthesia are ether, chloro-
form, and nitrous oxid. Local anaesthesia is often pro-
duced by freezing the part with ether or rhigolene spray,
or by the injection or external application of cocaine.
anesthetically, anaesthetically (an-es-thet’i-
kal-i), adv. In an anesthetic manner; by means
of anesthetics.
anesthetisation, anesthetise.
2ation, anesthetize.
anesthetist, anaesthetist (an-es’ th9-tist), n.
[Kanesthetic + -ist.] One who administers an-
esthetics.
The amoesthetist . . . ought always to be provided with
a pair of tongue forceps. Therapeutic Gazette, IX. 58.
anesthetization, anaesthetization (an-es-
thet-i-zā ‘shgn), n. [Kanesthetize + -ation.]
The process of rendering insensible, especially
to pain, by means of anesthetics; the act or
operation of applying anesthetics. Also spelled
anesthetisation, anaesthetisation.
All physiologists, whenever it is possible, try to anaes-
thetize their victim. . . . en the anaesthetization is
completed, the animal does not suffer, and all the ex-
periments afterward made upon it are without cruelty.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 766.
anesthetize, anaesthetize (an-es’the-tiz), v. t.;
pret. and pp. anesthetized, angsthetized, ppr.
anesthetizing, anaesthetizing. [K anesthetic +
—ize.] To bring under the influence of an anes-
thetic agent, as chloroform, a freezing-mixture,
etc.; render insensible, especially to pain.
Also spelled anesthetise and anaesthetise.
anett (an'et), n. [Early mod. E. also amnet, en-
met, K ME. anete, K OF. amet, also ameth, K L
amethwm, K. Gr. &vntov, later Attic àvtoov, anise,
dill: see anise.] The common dill, Amethum
graveolens.
anethene (an’e-thèn), n. [K L. amethwm, anise
(see anet), -H, -ene.] The most volatile part
(C10H16) of the essence of oil of dill.
anºthº (an'e-thol), n. IKL. amethwm, anise (see
amet), + -ol.] The chief constituent Šiº
of the essential oils of anise and fennel. It is
parapropenylanisol, CH3CH=CHC6H4OCH3. It also ex-
ists in several polymeric forms called amisoin, metamethol,
and isoamethol.
anetic (a-net'ik), a. [K L. aneticus, K Gr. Övert-
Kóg, fitted to relax, K &verog, relaxed, verbal adj.
of éviéval, relax, remit, send
back, Kāvá, back, -H lévat, send.]
In med., relieving or assuaging
pain; anodyne.
aneuch (3-niićh'), a., adv., or m.
[Alsoenewch, eneugh=E. enough,
*q V.] Enough. [Scotch.]
âneurism (an’ū-rizm), n. [The
term., prop, -ysm, conforms to
the common -ism; K NL. an-
eurisma (for “aneurysma), KGr.
ăveşpvaua, an aneurism, Kävevpi-
vetv, widen, dilate, Kåvá, up,
+ supóvely, widen, Keipig, wide,
= Skt. uru, large, wide: see
eury-.] In pathol., a localized dilatation of an
asterº, due to the pressure of the blood acting
l
See anestheti-
Aneurism of the
Carotid, Artery., a
seat of the aneurism.
Yºr
* 3,
g
209.
on a part weakened by accident or disease-
Arterloyenous aneurism, an aneurism which opens
into a vein.—Dissecting arieurism, an aneurism which
forces its way between the middle and external coats of
an artery, º: one from the other. -
aneurismal (an-à-riz"mal), a. [K aneurism +
-al.] Pertaining to or of the nature of an an-
eurism; affected with aneurism: as, an aneuris-
ºnal tumor.-Aneurismal varix, the condition pro-
duced by the formation of an opening between an artery
and a vein, so that the arterial blood passes into the vein,
and the latter is dilated into a sac.
aneurismally (an-li-riz" mal-i), adv. In the
manner of an aneurism; like an aneurism: as,
aneurismally dilated.
aneurismatic (an "il-riz-mat’ik), a. [K NL.
aneurisma(t-), aneurism, -H -ic.1 Characterized
or affected by aneurism. N. E. D.
anew (3-nii), prep. phr. as adv. [K late ME.
amewe, earlier onew, of new, of newe; of, E. a+,
of; newe, new; cf. of old. Cf. L. de novo,
contr. denſuo, anew: de, of, from ; novo, abl.
neut. of novus = E. new. So afresh.] As a new
or a repeated act; by way of renewal; in a
new form or manner; over again; once more;
afresh: always implying some prior act of the
same kind: as, to arm anew ; to build a house
anew from the foundation.
Each day the world is born amew
For him who takes it rightly.
Lowell, Gold Egg.
As our case is new, so we must think anew, and act
(1726.70. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 327.
anfract!, n. IKL. anſractus, a bending, turn-
ing, Kanfractus, bending, winding, crooked, pp.
of an otherwise unused verb “anfringere, bend
around, Kan- for ambi-, around (see ambi- and
an–4), + frangere, break: see fracture and fra-
º: Cf. infringe.] A winding or turning; sinu-
OSIUy.
anfractuose (an-frak’tü-6s), a. [K L. anſractu-
osus: see anſractuous.] In bot., twisted or sinu-
ous, as the anther of a cucumber.
anfractuosity (an-frak-tū-osſi-ti), n. ; pl. an-
fractuosities (-tiz). [= F. anſractuosité: see
anfractuous and -ity.] 1. The state or quality
of being aníractuous, or full of windings and
turnings.
The amfractuosities of his intellect and temper.
Macawlay, Samuel Johnson.
2. In anat., specifically, one of the sulci or fis-
sures of the brain, separating the gyri or con-
volutions. See cut under cerebral.
The principal anºfractuosities sink . . . into the sub-
stance of the hemisphere. -
Todd's Cyc. Amat. and Phys., III. 383. (N. E. D.)
anfractuous (an-frak’tü-us), a. [K F. anſractu-
euz, K. L. anſractuosus, round about, winding, K
anfractus, a bending, a winding: see anſract.]
Winding; full of windings and turnings; sinu-
OUIS. -
The amfractwows passages of the brain.
Dr. John Smith, Portrait of Old Age, p. 217.
anfractuousness (an-frak’tli-us-nes), n. The
state of being aníractuous.
anfracture? (an-frak’tür), n. IK L. anfractus
(see anſract) + -ure, after fracture, q.v.] A
mazy winding. Bailey.
angariatet (ang-gā’ri-āt), v. t. [K LL. angari-
atus, pp. of angariare, demand something as
angaria, exact villeinage, compel, constrain,
ML. also give transportation, K angaria, post-
service, transportation-service, any service to
a lord, villeimage, M.L. fig. trouble, K. Gr. Öyya-
peta, post-service, Köyyapog, a mounted courier,
such as were kept at regular stations through-
out Persia for carrying the royal despatches;
am OPers. word: see angel.] To exact forced
service from ; impress to labor or service.
angariation? (ang-gā-ri-ā’ shgn), n. [KML.
angariatio(m-), business, difficulty, K. L.L. an-
gariare : see angariate.] 1. Labor; effort; toil.
The earth yields us fruit, . . . not without much cost
and angariation, requiring both our labour and patience.
Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 43.
2. The exaction of forced service ; impress-
ment to labor or service. Farrow, Mil. Encyc.
angeio-. See angio-.
angekok (an 'ge-kok), n. [Eastern Eskimo
angakok.] A medicine-man or shaman.
A fact of psychological interest, as it shows that civil-
ized or savage wonder-workers form a single family, is that
the angekoks believe firmly in their own powers.
Rane, Sec. Grinn. Exp., II. 126.
*. (ān'jel), n. [KME. (a) angel, angele, aun-
el, aungele, -elle, with soft or assibilated g (K
OF. angele, angle, aingle, later abbrev. ange,
mod, F, ange = Pr. Sp. angel = Pg, anjo = It, an-
angel-bedt (ān'jel-bed), n.
angel-bed
gelo), mixed with (b) angel, angle, engel, engle,
aengel, angle, with hard g, KAS. engel, pl. englas,
= OS. engil = OFries. angel, engel = D. L.G. en-
gel = OHG. angil, engil, MHG. G. engel = Icel.
engill = Sw. &ngel, engel = Dan. engel = W. an-
gel = Gael. Ir. aingeal; K LL. angelus = Goth.
aggilus = º; antigelii, angeliſ = Bohem. an-
del = Pol. angiol, aniol (barred l) = Russ. angelii,
angel, K. Gr. Öyyežog, in the Septuagint, New
Testament, and eccles, writers an angel, in the
Septuagint translating Heb. mal'āk, messenger,
in full mal’āk Yehówáh, messenger of Jehovah;
in class. Gr. a messenger, one who tells or
announces, connected with āyyé%Weiv, bear a
message, bring news, announce, report, whence
comp. eidyyehog, bringing good news, eiayyážtov,
a reward for good news, good news, eccles. the
§: el, evangel: see evangel. Cf. OPers. (in
3. a post-courier (see angariate); Skt.
angiras, name of a legendary Superhuman race.]
1. In theol., one of an order of spiritual beings,
attendants and messengers of God, usually spo-
ken of as employed by him in ordering the
affairs of the universe, and particularly of man-
kind. They are commonly regarded as bodiless intelli.
gences, but in the Bible are frequently represented as
appearing to sight in human form, and speaking and act-
ing as men. *
Angels are bright still, though the brightest fell.
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3.
O you that speak the language of angels, and should in-
deed be angels amongst us.
Dekker, Seven Deadly Sins, p. 33.
Hence—(a) In a sense restricted by the context, one of
the fallen or rebellious spirits, the devil or one of his at-
ºntº, said to have been originally among the angels of
God. .
They had a king over them, which is the angel of the
bottomless pit. v. ix. 11.
(b) An attendant or guardian spirit; a genius. º A per-
son, especially a woman, having qualities such as are
ascribed to angels, as beauty, brightness, innocence, and
unusual graciousness of manner or kindliness of heart.
Sir, as I have a soul she is an amgel.
Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 1.
For beauty of body a very angel; for endowment of
mind of incredible and rare hopes.
Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 27, 1658.
2. A human being regarded as a messenger
of God; one having a divine commission; hence,
in the early Christian church, the pastor or
bishop of the church in a particular city;
among the Irvingites, a bishop.
Unto the angel of the church in Smyrna write. Rev. ii. 8.
3. A messenger. [Poetical.]
The dear good angel of the Spring,
The nightingale. B. Jomsom, Sad Shepherd, ii. 2.
The God who knew my wrongs, and made
Our speedy act the angel of his wrath,
Seems, and but seems, to have abandoned us.
Shelley, The Cenci, v. 3.
4. A conventional figure accepted as a repre-
sentation of the spiritual beings called angels,
having a human form
endowed with the
highest attributes of
beauty, clothed in
long flowing robes,
and furnished with
wings attached be-
hind the shoulders.
—5. [Orig. angel-no-
ble, being a new issue
of the noble, bear-
ing a figure of the
archangel Michael
defeating the dra-
gon. Cf. angelet,
angelot.] An Eng-
lish gold coin, origi-
nally of the value of
6s. 8d. Sterling, after-
ward of 8s. and 10s.,
first struck by Ed-
ward IV. in 1465, last
by Charles I. in 1634.
How do you, sir? Can you
lend a man an angel 2
I hear you let out money.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject,
(iii. 2.
There's half an angel wrong'd in your account ;
Methinks I am all angel, that I bear it
Without more ruffling. Tennyson, Queen Mary, v. 3.
Destroying angels, the name given in the early history
of the Mormon Church to persons believed to have been
employed by the Mormons to assassinate obnoxious per-
sons, See Damite.
[K angel (of indefi-
nite application) + bed.] An open bed with-
out bed-posts. Phillips, Dict. (1706).
&
º
WºłS&
*Nº º
º
º sº
Ǻ. ſº º,
&#37
º Q
*** * Co.;
Žºlš-º.º. $
&;&
§§ wº §
&
Reverse.
Angel of Edward IV., British Mu-
seum. (Size of the original.)















angeleen 210 *. w - - -
angeleen, nº. See angelin. of Europe. The latter is a native of the banks of angelology.(ān-jel-glº-ji), n. [K Gr. ºryeºog
angelet (än i. n. [Late M.E. angelett, K §. * i". º* *: *. º: Euro i. angel, F-Aoyia, K Aéyety, speak: see -ology.
OF. angelet, . Of angele, S. LL. ºelus, angel. aromatic odor. The tender stić º"...º. . The doctrine of angels; that portion of theology
Cf. angelot.]. 14. An English gold coin, first excellent jeetº. which treats of angelic beings; a discourse on
issued by Edward IV., of the value of half an
Obverse. Reverse.
Angelet of Henry VII., British Museum. (Size of the original.)
angel. See angel, 5, and angelot.—2. A little
angel or child angel. [Rare.]
The angelet sprang forth, fluttering its rudiments of
spinions. Lamb, The Child Angel.
ângel-fish (än (jel-fish), n. IK angel + fish;
with allusion in sense 1 to its wing-like pec-
toral fins, and in the other senses to their
beauty..] 1. A plagiostomous fish, Squatina
squatina, of the family Squati- - ºr
2Vida. It is from 6 to 8 feet long,
has a flat, roundish head, terminal
mouth, and teeth broad at the base,
but slender and sharp above. The
pectoral fins are very large, extending
horizontally forward from the base.
It is found on the southern coasts
of Britain, and on the coasts of the
TJnited States from Cape Cod to
Florida. Also called monk-fish and
fiddle-fish.
2. A chaotodontoid fish, Po-
macanthus ciliaris, having a
strong spine at the angle
of the preoperculum, 14 dor-
sal spines, and a brownish
color with crescentiform
lighter markings on each
scale, the chin, borders, and
spines of the operculum and
preoperculum bright blue, and the fins blue
and yellow. It is a beautiful fish, common in the West
Indies, and appearing rarely along the southern coast of
the United States. Its flesh is very savory.
3. An ephippioid fish, Chaºtodipterus faber, of
a greenish color with blackish vertical bands,
and with the third spine elongated. It is com-
mon along the southern coast of the United States, where
it is regarded as an excellent food-fish, and is known
as the porgy, the northern name of a different fish. See
also cut under Chaetodipterus.
4. A general name for any species of fish of
the families Chaºtodontidae and Ephippiidae.
angel-goldt (ān ‘jel-gold), n. [K angel, 5, --
gold.]. The name of gold pieces presented by
English sovereigns to those whom they touched
for the cure of king's evil. At first, the coin called
angel Was presented ; at a later period, a gold medalet or
touchpiece. See angel, 5, and towchpiece.
The other chaplaine kneeling, and having angel gold
strung on white ribbon on his arme, delivers them one by
one to his Majestie, who puts them about the necks of
the touched as they passe. Bvelyn, Diary, July 6, 1660.
angelhood (ān'jel-hid), m. [K angel + -hood.]
The state or condition of an angel; the an-
gelic nature or character. Mrs. Browning.
angelick (an-jel'ik), a. [K ME. angelyk, awn-
gelyke, K OF. angelique, F. angélique, K. L.L. an-
gelicus, K. Gr. Öyyežtkóg, Köyyežoç, messenger, an-
gel: see angel.] Of, belonging to, or like an an-
gel; suitable to the nature or office of an angel.
Here, happy creature, fair angelic Eve.
Milton, P. L., v. 74.
Angelic hymn, the hymn sung by the angels after the
announcement of the birth of Christ (Luke ii. 14), used in
several Oriental liturgies in the earlier part of the service,
and in the West in the enlarged form known as the Gloria
in Excelsis (except in Advent and Lent) after the introit
and kyrie, and before the collect, epistle, and gospel. It
retained this position in the first prayer-book of Edward
VI., but it was afterward transferred to the closing part
of the office as a song of thanksgiving after communion;
the American Prayer-Book, however, allows the substitu-
tion of a hymn proper to the season. It is also used in
the Greek Church at lauds and compline.—Angelic Salu-
tation. See ave.
angelic? (an-jel’ik), a. [K angelica.] Of, per-
taining to, or derived from the plant angelica.
—Angelic acid, a crystalline monobasic acid, CăH802,
having a peculiar smell and taste, which is found in an-
gelica root (Angelica officinalis), oil of camomile, and
* other vegetable oils.
angelica (an-jel’i-kä), n. . [ML., Sc. herba, fem.
of L.L. angelicus, angelic (see angelic!): with al-
lusion to the supposed magical virtues possess-
ed by some of the species.] 1. [cap.] [NL.] A.
genus of tall umbelliferous plants found in the
northern temperate regions and in New Zea-
1and. A. Sylvestris is the wild angelica of Eng-
land, and A. officinalis is the garden angelica
Angel-fish
(S71eatina squatina).
Angelica
* A Angélican (an-jel’i-kan), a. and n.
A. atr wrea is the great an-
gelica of the United States. opurpure g
2. Any plant of the genus Angelica.-3. [cap.]
The name of a kind of sweet white wine made
in California.
*Fºllº, (an-jel’i-kal), a. [= Sp. angelical, K
NL. angelicalis : see angelicſ and -al.] Same
as angelicl. #
Others more mild,
Retreated in a silent valley, sing º
With notes angelical to many a harp.
Milton, P. L., ii. 548,
angelically (an-jel’i-kal-i), adv. In an angelic
manner; like an angel.
angelicainess (an-jel’i-kal-nes), m. The qual-
ity of being angelic ; the nature or character of
an angel; excellence more than human.
is (anjeńkaiz), n pi fºni, angeli-
cales, pl., K. L.L. angelicus, fem. angelica : see an-
gelicl, angelical.] The name adopted by an
order of nuns following the rule of St. Augus-
time, founded at Milan about 1530 by Luigia di
Torelli, Countess of Guastalla. Each nun prefixes
to her family name that of a patron saint, and to that the
word Angelica, which when uttered reminds her of the
purity of the angels.
[Ult. KLL.
angelicus (see angelicſ) + -an.] I. a. Pertain-
ing to or resembling the works of the monk Fra
Angelico (Giovanni da Fiesole), a celebrated
religious painter, who was born in Tuscany in
1387, and died at Rome in 1455.
If you want to paint . . . in the Greek school, . . . you
cannot design coloured windows, nor Angelican paradises.
JRwskim, Lectures on Art, p. 197.
II. m. One of the Angelici.
angelicate (an-jel’i-kāt), n. [Kangelic? ---atel...]
A salt of angelic acid.
angelica-tree (an-jel’i-kā-tré), n. [K angelica
(with allusion to its medical uses) + tree..] 1.
The American name of Aralia spinosa, of the
family Araliaceae. It is a prickly, simple-stemmed,
small tree, from 8 to 12 feet high. An infusion of its
berries in wine or spirits is used for relieving rheumatic
pains and violent colic. It is common in cultivation.
Also called Hercules'-club.
2. An allied araliaceous shrub, Schefflera Scia-
dophyllum, of Jamaica.
Angelici (an-jel’i-si), m. pl. [LL., pl. of angeli-
cus : see angelicl.] A sect of the third cen-
tury, said to have worshiped angels.
angélicize (an-jel’i-siz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. am-
gelicized, ppr. angelicizing. ić.angelicl + -ize.]
To make angelic or like an angel. [Rare.]
angelico (an-jel’i-kö), n. [Cf.It. angelico, angel-
ic, Sp. angelico, a little angel: see angelica.] An
umbelliferous plant of North America, Ligusti-
Gwm Canadense, resembling the lovage. Also
called mondo.
angelify? (an-jel’i-fi), v. t. [K L.L. angelificare,
K angelus, angel, + £,
To make like an angel. -
The soul . . . refined and angelified.
arindom, Sermons (1647), p. 55.
angelin (an’je-lin), n. . [Also written angeleen,
and, as Pg., angelim, K NL. Angelina (a genus
of plants), & *angelinus, K LL. angelus : see an-
gel.] The common name of several timber-
trees of tropical America belonging to the ge-
nus Vow.acapowa. The angelin-tree of Jamaica
is V. Americana.
angelique (an-je-lék’), n. IK F. angélique: see
angelica.] 1. The wood of a leguminous tree,
Dicorymea Paraensis, exported from French
Guiana. It is hard and durable, and valuable
for ship-timber.—2+. A kind of guitar. Pepys,
Diary, June 23, 1660. e
angelistſ (ān'jel-ist), n. IK angel + -ist.] One
who held heretical or peculiar opinions con-
cerning angels. N. E. D. -
angelize (ān'jel-İz), v. t. ; pret, and pp. angel-
{zed, ppr. angelizing. [K angel + -ize.] To make
an angel of; raise to the state of an angel.
David alone, whom with heav'n's love surpriz'd,
To praise thee there thou now hast angeliz'd.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas.
angel-light (ān'jel-lit), n. An outer upper
light in a perpendicular window, next to the
springing of the arch : probably a corruption of
angle-light, as these lights are triangular in
shape, and are, moreover, in one sense, at the
angles of the window. Encyc, Brit. See cut
under batement-light.
angelolatry (ān-jel-ol’a-tri), n., IK Gr, àyyehog
+ Warpeta, service, worship, K Warpetely, serve,
worship.] The worship of angels.
angelophone (ān'jel-Ö-fôn), n.
angelot (an’je-lot; F. pron. ańzh’lö), n.
angel-S
. -ficare, K facere, make.]
angelus (an’je-lus), m.
angels. e tº
The magic of the Moslem world is in part adopted from
Jewish angelology and demonology.
E. B. Tylor, Encyc. Brit., XV. 203.
The same vast mythology commanded the general con-
sent; the same angelology, demonology.
Milman, Latin Christianity, xiv.
There was an angelology, and a worship of angels, On
which the Apostle animadverts with severity.
G. P. Fisher, Begin. of Christianity, xi.
angelophany (ān-jel-of"a-ni), n. ; pl. angelopha:
mies (-miz). Gr., dyyehog, angel, -- -Øavia, K
©aivetv, show, paived flat, appear. Cf. theophany,
epiphany.] The visible manifestation of an
angel or angels to man.
If God seeks to commune more fully with a man, his
messenger appears and speaks to him. The narratives of
such angelophanies vary in detail. Prof. W. R. Smith.
[K Gr, àyyehog,
angel, -- pová, voice.] The harmonium or par-
lor-organ. [Eng. ; rare.] . [K
OF. angelot, a young or little angel (= Sp. ange-
lote), dim, of angele, K LL. angelus, angel. Cf.
angelet, with diff. dim. suffix, and see angel, 5.]
1. The name of a French gold coin, weighing
from 97.22 to 87.96 grains, first issued in 1340
'by Philip VI. On its obverse is an angel (whence the
name of the coin) holding a cross and shield'; on its re-
Verse a cross, ornamented.
2. The name of a gold coin, weighing about 35
grains, struck in France by Henry VI. of Eng-
º
*
º
§§
§.
Nº.
ğ)
ğ
º
NS
N ºf
D &N º
ºf Lº *ś
sº * Wº (NA
º: §ſ; Pt
Obverse. Reverse.
Angelot of Henry VI., British Museum. (Size of the original.)
land for use in his French dominions. On its ob-
verse is an angel holding the escutcheons of England and
France.
3+. A small rich sort of cheese made in Nor-
mandy, said to have been stamped with a figure
of the coin.—4. An instrument of music some-
what resembling a lute.
angel's-eyes (än’jelz-iz), n. A name given to
a European speedwell, Veronica Chamaedrys.
#: (ān'jel-shot), m. . [Cf. F. ange, an
angel, also an angel-shot; in allusion to the
“wings” or segments as they º during the
flight of the projectile.] A kind of chain-shot,
formed of the two halves or four quarters of a
hollow ball, which are attached by chains to a
central disk inside the ball, and, when fired,
spread apart. See chain-shot.
angel's-trumpets (ān'jelz-trum"pets), m. pl.
The large trumpet-shaped flowers of the Datura
suaveolens, a shrubby Solanaceous plant from
South America.
[NL., from the opening
words, “Angelus Domini nuntiavit Mariae”;
LL. angelus, angel: see angel.] In the Rom.
Cath. Ch.: (a) A devotion in memory of the an-
nunciation to the Virgin Mary, by the angel
Gabriel, of the incarnation of the Son of God.
It consists of three scriptural texts describing the mys-
tery, recited alternately with the angelic salutation, “Hail
Mary!” (Ave Maria), and followed by a versicle and re-
sponse with prayer. (b) The bell tolled in the morn-
ing, at noon, and in the evening, to indicate to
the faithful the time when the angelus is to be
recited. -
Anon from the belfry
Softly the Angelw8 sounded.
Longfellow, Ivangeline, i.
angel-water# (ān’jel-wā’tēr), n. [K angel (for
angelica, q.v.) + water.] A mixture originally
containing angelica as its principal ingredient,
afterward made of rose-water, orange-flower
water, myrtle-water, musk, ambergris, and va-
rious spices, used as a perfume and cosmetic in
the seventeenth century.
I met the prettiest creature in New Spring Garden l . . .
angel-water was the worst scent about her.
Sedley, Bellamira, i. 1.
angely-wood, m. See angili-wood.
anger! § gèr), n. [KME. anger, grief, pain,
trouble, affliction, vexation, sorrow, also wrath,
K. Icel, angr, masc., now neut. (cf. Öngur, fem.
pl.), grief, Sorrow, straits, anxiety, = Sw, in-





ger = Dan, anger,
gret; cf._OFries. angst, ongost - OHG. an-
gust, M.H.G. angest, G. angst, anxiety, anguish,
fear, used adjectively, anxious, afraid (X Dan.
angst, n., fear; adj., anxious, afraid; the Icel.
angist, anguish, occurring esp. in theorogical
writers, and resting on the ult, related L. an-
gustia, X E. anguish, q.v.), with different for-
mative from the same root which appears in
Icel. Öngr, narrow, strait, = AS. ange, onge,
reg. with umlaut ange, enge, narrow, strait,
also anxious, troubled (cf. in comp. angsum,
narrow, strait, anxious, angsummes, and angnes,
anxiety; and cf. angmaegl, E. agnail, q. V.), :=
OS. engi = OHG. angi, engi, †. enge, G. eng
= Goth. aggwus, narrow, strait, -Gr. Éyyūg, also
&yºt, adv., near, close, = Skt. aſthu, narrow,
strait, Vanh, be narrow or distressing, the root
appearing also in Gr. &yºetu = L. angere, com-
press, strangle, choke (X L. angina, compres-
sion, anxiety, angor, anguish, anxiety, angustus,
narrow, strait, anarius, anxious, etc.: see angor
=anger”, angust, anguish, anarious, etc.), and be-
ing widely extended in Slavic: OBulg. anziſkiſ,
narrow, Russ. wº, narrow, wºma, a strait, defile,
etc., OBulg. ve”2ati = Bohem. vazati = Russ.
vyazat, etc., bind, tie.] 1+. Grief; trouble;
distress; anguish.
For the deth of whiche childe the anger and sorow was
muche the more. Caacton, Jason, 76b. (N. E. D.)
2. A revengeful passion or emotion directed
against one who inflicts a real or supposed
wrong; “uneasiness or discomposure of mind
upon the receipt of any injury, with a present
purpose of revenge,” Locke; wrath; ire.
While therefore the true end of sudden anger is self-
defence, the true end of resentment is the execution of
justice against offenders.
H. N. Oacenham, Short Studies, p. 40.
The War-storm shakes the solid hills
Beneath its tread of anger. Whittier, Our River.
3. An individual fit of anger; an expression of
anger, as a threat: in this sense it may be used
in the plural.
Thro' light and shadow thou dost range,
Sudden glances, sweet and strange,
Delicious spites and darling angers,
And airy forms of flitting change.
Tennyson, Madeline.
4. Pain or Smart, as of a sore or swelling. This
sense is still retained by the adjective. See angry, 8.
[Obsolete or dialectal.]
I made the experiment, setting the moxa where the
first violence of my pain began, and where the greatest
anger and soreness still continued. Sir W. Temple.
=Syn, Anger, Veration, Indigmation, Resentment, Wrath,
Ire, Choler, Rage, Fury, passion, displeasure, dudgeon,
irritation, gall, bile, spleen. Veacation is the least forcible
of these words, expressing the annoyance and impatient
chafing of one whose mood has been crossed, whose expec-
tations have not been realized, etc. Indignation may be
the most high-minded and unselfish; it is intense feeling
in view of grossly unworthy conduct, whether toward
one's self or toward others. The other Words denote al-
most exclusively feeling excited by the sense of personal
injury. Anger is a sudden violent feeling of displeasure
over injury, disobedience, etc., accompanied by a retalia-
tory impulse; it easily becomes excessive, and its manifes-
tation is generally accompanied by a loss of self-control.
JResentment is the broadest in its meaning, denoting the in-
stinctive and proper recoil of feeling when one is injured,
and often a deep and bitter brooding over past wrongs, with
a consequent hatred and settled desire for vengeance; it
is, in the latter sense, the coolest and most permanent of
these feelings. Wrath and ire express sudden feeling of
great power, and are often associated with the notion of
the superiority of the person: as, the wrath of Jove, the
ire of Achilles. They are often the result of Wounded
pride. Ire is poetic. Wrath has also an exalted sense,
expressive of a lofty indignation visiting justice upon
wrong-doing. Rage is an outburst of anger, with little
or no self-control; fury is even more violent than rage,
rising almost to madness.
ing into a high degree of resentful feeling.
White was her cheek; sharp breaths of anger puff’d
Iſer fairy nostril out. Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
One who fails in some simple mechanical action feels
weacation at his own inability — a vea’ation arising quite
apart from any importance of the end missed.
- H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 517.
Purning with indigmation, and rendered sullen by de-
spair, .
. insulting foe, and preferred death to submission.
Irving, Indian Character.
When the injury he resented was a personal ome, he
apologized franky for his anger, if it had transgressed the
bounds of Christian indignation; but, when he was indig-
nant with falsehood, injustice, or cowardly Wrong done to
another, it was terrible to see his whole face knit itself to-
gether with wrath. S. A. Brooke, F. W. Robertson, II. ii.
To be angry about trifles is mean and childish; to rage
and be furious is brutish; and to maintain perpetual
wrath is akim to the practice and temper of devils; but to
prevent and suppress rising resentment is wise and glori-
ous, is manly and divine. Watts.
Mad ire, and wrathful fury, makes me weep. .
Shak, , 1 Hen. VI., iv. 3.
anger
compunction, penitence, re-
Angevin, Angevine (an’je-vin, -vin), a.
angica-wood (an-jé'kā-Wüd), n.
angiectasis (an-ji-ek'ta-sis), n.
The chief characteristic of $9%/'". ** - / 4-3
choler is quickness to rise; it is irascibility, easily break angiitis (an-ji-itis), n.
angili-wood (anºji-li-Wüd), m.
. . they refused to ask their lives at the hands of angi
• . . . 211
He's rash, and very sudden in choler,
strike at you. -
For blind with rage she miss'd the plank, and roll'd
In the river. Tennyson, Princess, iv.
Beware the fury of a patient man.
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., i. 1005.
anger! (ang'gèr), w, ... [K ME. angren, angeren,
ain, trouble, vex, KIcel. angra = Sw. dngra =
an. angre, in similar sense; from the noun.]
I. trans. 1+. To grieve; trouble; distress; afflict.
-2}. To make painful; cause to smart; in-
flame; irritate: as, to anger an ulcer. Bacon.
–3. To excite to anger or wrath; rouse resent-
ment in.
There were some late taxes and impositions introduced,
which rather angered than grieved the people.
Clarendon.
The lips of young orangs and chimpanzees are protrud-
ed, sometimes to a wonderful degree. . . . They act thus,
not only when slightly angered, sulky, or disappointed,
but when alarmed at anything.
Darwin, Express. of Emotions, p. 140.
=Syn. To irritate, chafe, provoke, vex, enrage, exasperate,
infuriate.
II. intrans. To become angry. [Rare.]
When neebors anger at a plea,
And just as wud as wud can be,
How easy can the barley bree
Cement the quarrell
Burns, Scotch Drink.
anger?!, n. An occasional spelling of angor.
angerly (ang'gér-li), a. [K angerl + -lyl; =
Icel. angriigr, sad. The adv. is much &lder:
See angerly, adv.] Inclined to anger. Byron.
[Now poetic.]
angerly (ang'gèr-li), adv. [K ME. angerliche,
angerly, angrely, K anger + -liche, -ly2. • Q.7?-
grily.] In an angry manner; angrily. [Now
poetic.]
Nay, do not look angerly.
B. Jomson, Bartholomew Fair, i. 1.
If my lips should dare to kiss
Thy taper fingers amorously,
Again thou blushest *;
emmyson, Madeline.
angerness? (ang'gèr-nes), m. [ME.; cf. angri-
ness.] The state of being angry.
Hail, innocent of angerness.
MS. cited by T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry.
[F.
§ ML. Andecavensis), K Anjou, K.L. Andecavi, a
allic tribe, also called Andes.] Pertaining to
Anjou, a former western province of France:
specifically applied (a) to the royal family of
England reigning from 1154 to 1485, the Plan-
tagenets, descendants of Geoffrey V., Count of
Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of
England; (b) to the period of English history
from 1154 to the death of Richard II, in 1399, or,
according to others, to the loss of Normandy,
Anjou, Maine, etc., in 1204. The contending
houses of York and Lancaster were both of the
Angevin race.—Angevin architecture, the architec-
ture of Anjou ; specifically, the school of medieval archi-
tecture developed in the province of Anjou. It is charac-
terized especially by the system of vaulting in which the
vault over each bay is so much raised in the middle as
practically to constitute a low dome.
Same as can-
jica-wood.
angiectasia (an"ji-ek-tā'si-á), n., [NL., K. Gr.
ôyyelov, a vessel, -H ŠKTaoug, extension, K Škreived,
= L. exten-d-ere, extend: see extend..] Enlarge-
ment of the capillaries and other small blood-
vessels of some portions of the body.
Same as an-
giectasia.
angienchyma. (an-ji-eng ki-mâ), m. [NL., K. Gr. àngioneurotic (an"ji-Ö-nā-rot'ik), a.
&yyelov, vessel, -- éYºvka, infusion: see paren-
chyma.] In bot., vascular tissue in general. .
[NL., K. Gr. dyyelov, a
vessel, -H -ītis.] Inflammation of a blood-vessel.
[K Tamil angili
+ E. woodl..] The timber of a large evergreen
tree of southern India, Artocarpus hirsuta, which
is considered nearly equal to teak in ship-build-
ing and for other purposes. Also spelled am-
Agely-wood. See Artocarpus.
a (an-ji'nā, or, more correctly, an’ji-nā), n.
[NL., K.I. anging, quimsy, lit. Strängling, chok-
ing (cf. Gr. Öyzóvn, strangling), K angere (= Gr.
&yºyetv), strangle, éhoke: see anger! and angor.]
1. In pathol., any inflammatory affection of the
throat or fauces, as quinsy, severe sore throat,
croup, mumps, etc.—2. Angina pectoris (which
see, below).— a Ludovici, acute suppurative in-
flammation of the connective tissue about the submaxil-
lary gland : so called from a German physician named
Ludwig (Latin Ludovicus), who first fully described it.—
a maligna (malignant angina), primary gangrene
of the pharyngeal mucous membrane, originating inde-
endently of any other disease, such as diphtheria or scar-
et fever, Also called angina gangremosa, cymanche ma-
and haply may
hak., Othello, ii. 1.
anglo-.
angiocarpous (anºji-Ö-kār'pus), a.
angiocholitis (an"ji-Ö-kö-li’tis), n.
angiograph (an'ji-Ö-gräf), m.
angioleucitis (an"ji-à-lü-siſtis), n.
agiºlºgy
angioneurosis (anºji-Ö-nā-ró'sis), n.
angioparalysis (an"ji-Ö-pa-ral’i-sis), n.
angioparesis (an"ji-à-par'e-sis), n.
angioscope (an'ji-Ö-sköp), n.
angioscope
ligma, and putrid gore throat.—Angina pectoris (spasm
of the chest), a condition marked by paroxysms of ex-
tremely acute constricting pain, felt generally in the lower
part of the sternum and extending over the chest and
down the arm. The pathology is obscure, but in a large
number of cases there is organic disease of the heart or
aorta, combined with a liability to attacks of general
arterial spasm. -
anginal (an'ji-mal), a. Pertaining to angina.
anginoid. (an'ji-noid), a. [K angina + -oid.]
Resembling angina.
anginose (an ‘ji-nós), a... [K angina + -ose.]
Pertaining to angina, or to angina pectoris.--
Anginose Scarlatina, Scarlatina in which the inflamma-
tion of the throat is severe.
anginous (an'ji-nus), a. Same as anginose.
& [NL. angio-, K. Gr. Öyyeto-, combining
form of āyyelov, a case, a capsule, a vessel of
the body, a vessel of any kind, Käyyog, a vessel.]
An element of many scientific compound words,
signifying vessel, usually with reference to the
vessels of the body. Less properly angeio-.
*ºpiº, (an"ji-Ö-kārſ pi-an), m. [As angio-
—ian.] An angiocarpous plant.
[KNL. an-
giocarpus, K. Gr. &yyetov, a capsule, a case, a
vessel of the body, a vessel of any kind (< &yyog,
a vessel of any kind), + kapºróg, fruit..] In bot. :
(a) Having a fruit inclosed within a distingt
Covering, as the filbert within its husk. (b)
Having the apothecium globular, opening only
by a pore at the summit: applied to a group of
genera of lichens.
[NL., K. Gr.
âyyetov, a vessel, + x0%, gall, + -itis.] Inflam-
mation of the gall-ducts.
Carpous
[K Gr. Öyyelov, a
vessel, + -ypáðog, Kypépévv, write.] A form of
sphygmograph devised by Landois.
angiography (an-ji-99'ra-fi), n. [K Gr. º
a vessel, -H -ypaſpia, Kypépetv, write, describe.
1. In anat., a description of the blood-vessels
and lymphatics.-2. A description of the im-
plements, vessels, weights, measures, etc., in
use in any country. [Rare.]
[NL., K. Gr.
âyyetov, a vessel, -ī- ?evkóg, white, -H -itis.] In-
flammation of the lymphatic vessels.
(an-ji-ol’º-ji), n. IK Gr. dyyetov, a
vessel, -H -Zoyia, K Žéyetv, speak: see -ology.]
That portion of anatomy and physiology
which deals with the blood-vessels and lym-
Aphatics.
angioma (an-ji-6(mâ), m.; pl. angiomata (-ma-tā).
[N
L., K. Gr. Öyyetov, a vessel, -H -oma.] A tumor
produced by the enlargement or new formation
of blood-vessels.
angiomatous (an-ji-Om'a-tus), a. [Kangioma(t-)
+ -ows.] Characterized by or pertaining to an-
gioma.
angiomonospermous (an "ji-Ö-mon-Ö-Spër’-
T p
mus), a. L. angiomonosperm us, K. Gr. Čij-
Yelov, a vessel, + ptávog, alone (see mono-), +
otépua, seed: see sperm.] In bot., producing
one seed only in a pod. N. E. D.
[NL., K
Gr. dyyetov, a vessel, -F veipov, a nerve, + -osis.]
In pathol., morbid vaso-motor action, brought
on independently of any perceptible lesion,
whether this involves an abnormal temporary
or lasting contraction of the vessels of the part
(angiospasm) or a relaxation (angioparesis).
The term is not always restricted to functional affections,
but is also sometimes applied to cases in which there is a
gross or evident lesion of the nerves, spinal cord, or brain,
which produces these vaso-motor disturbances.
[See am-
głomewrosis.] Dependent on or pertaining to
the innervation of the blood-vessels.
[NL.,
Gr. dy/elov, a vessel, -F Tapážvoic, paralysis.j
Paralysis of the muscular coat of the blood-
vessels.
[NL., KGr.
ây)gion', a vessel, -- Tápéotſ, paralysis: see pare-
sis.] Partial paralysis of the muscular layer
of the walls of blood-vessels.
angiosarcoma (anºji-à-sār-kö’mâ), m.; pl. an-
giosarcomata (-ma-tā). [NL., KGr. &y) elow, aves-
sel, F. Gópkoua, Sarcoma.] . A sarcoma, or tumor,
in which the blood-vessels assume importancé
from their number, size, and relation to the
structure of the tumor.— OSarCOIlla, Imy XOma-
todes, a sarcoma, or tumor, in which the walls of the
Vessels and the tissue immediately surrounding them un-
dergo mucous degeneration. To this form the name cylin-
droma is often applied.
* [K_Gr, dyyetov, a
vessel, -i- okotreiv, view, examine.] An instru-
ment for examining the capillary vessels of ani-
mals and plants, -

angiosis
angiosis (an-ji-6'sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. &yyelov, a
vessel, + -osis.] Any disease of a blood-vessel.
angiospasm (an'ji-Ö-Spazm), m. [K Gr, àyyeiov,
a vessel, -- otáoua, ottaguóg, spasm.] Spasm of
the muscular wall of a blood-vessel.
angiosperm (an'ji-Ö-spèrm), m. [K NL. angio-
Spermus, K. Gr. Öyyelov, a vessel, + otéppa, seed.
Cf. Gr. Švayyetóotreppoc, also Évayyetootrépuatog,
angiospermous (K Šv, in, etc.).] Any plant of
the class Angiospermas.
Angiospermae (an"ji-Ö-spèr’mé), m. pl. [NL.
(Sc. plantae).] A class of plants of the Spérma-
tophyta, coördinate with the Gymnospermae.
angiospermal (an"ji-Ö-spèr’mal), a. Same as
angiospermous.
angiospermatous (an "ji-Ö-spèr’ma-tus), a.
Same as angiospermous.
Angiospermia (an"ji-Ö-spèr’mi-á), m. pl. [NL.,
Kangiospermus: see angiosperm..] In bot, the
second order of the Linnean class Didymamia,
having numerous seeds inclosed in an obvious
Seed-vessel, as in Digitalis. The corresponding Gym.
7:08permia of the same class included genera with ache-
nium-like divisions of the pericarp, as in the Memthaceae,
Which were mistaken for naked seeds.
[K NL.
angiospermous (an"ji-Ö-spèr’mus), a.
angiospermus: see angiosperm.] Having seeds
inclosed in an ovary; belonging to the class
Angiospermae : opposed to gymnospermous, or
naked-seeded. Equivalent forms are angio-
Spermal and angiospermatous.
angiosporous (an"ji-osºpč-rus), a. [KNL. angio-
sporus, K. Gr. ayyelov, a vessel, -- otópoç, a seed:
see Spore.] In bot., having the spores inclosed
in a hollow receptacle: applied to such fungi
as Lycoperdom.
Angiostomata (an"ji-Ö-Stö'ma-tá), m.pl. [NL.
neut. pl. of angiostomatus: see angiostomatous.
1. A suborder of ophidians, comprising serpents
in which the mouth is not dilatable, and which
are provided with anal spurs. There are two
families, Cylindrophidae and Uropeltidae.—2. In
conch., an artificial group of univalve gastro-
pods whose shell has a narrow or contracted
aperture, as cassidids, strombids, conids, oli-
vids, cypraeids, and others. Also written, cor-
ruptly, Angystomata, and originally Angyosto-
mata by De Blainville, 1818.
angiostomatous (am"ji-Ö-Stö’ma-tus), a. [KNIL.
angiostomatus, K. Gr. &yyelov, a vessel, jar (but
L. angere, compress, is appar. intended), +
afóua(T-), mouth.] 1. Having a narrow, that
is, not dilatable, mouth : said specifically of
serpents of the suborder Angiostomata.—2. In
conch., having a narrow mouth or opening, as
the shell in Oliva and Conus.
angiostomous (an"ji-Osºtº-mus), a. [KNL. an-
giostomus, equiv. to angiostomatus: see angio-
stomatous.] Same as angiostomatous.
angiotomy (an-ji-ot'3-mi), m. [K Gr. &YYelov, a
vessel, + touff, a cutting, Kréuvely, tapleiv, cut. Cf.
anatomy.] In anat., dissection of the lym-
phatics and blood-vessels.
anglel (ang'gl), m. [KME. angle, angel, angil, K
AS. angel, angul, ongul, a hook, fish hook (=OS.
angul = ÖD. angel, anghel, a hook, fish-hook,
sting, awn, beard (of grain), D. angel = LG.
angel, a hook, - OHG. angul, M.H.G. G. angel, a
hook, fish-hook, sting, point, hinge (cf. O.D. ham-
gel, hanghel, hengel, a hook, a hinge, D. hengel,
an angling-rod, G. dial. htingel, a hook, ear,
joint, these forms and senses being in part those
of a different word, cognate with E. hinge: see
hinge, hang), – Icel. Öngull, a hook, - Dan. Sw.
angel, a hook), with formative -el, -ul, Kanga,
onga (rare, and only in glosses), a sting, -OHG.
ango, a sting, hinge, MEIG. ange, a fish-hook,
hinge, - Icel. angi, a sting, spine, prickle, =
Norw. ange, andje, a prong, jag, tooth. The ear-
liest motion seems to have been ‘pointed,” but
the word also involved the notion of ‘bent,” per-
haps from a different source; cf. Gr. &yktºog,
bent, crooked, curved, = L. angulus for “anculus,
a corner, angle; Gr. Öyſtoc, a hook, barb, angle,
= L. uncus, a hook; bent, curved: see Angle”,
angle3, ankylosis, uncous.] 1. A fishing-hook:
often in later use extended to include the line
or tackle, and even the rod. [Now rare.)
Give me mine angle, we'll to the river.
Shak., A. and C., ii. 5.
2#. One who or that which catches by strata-
gem or deceit.
A woman is bytterer than death, . . . for she is a very
angle, hir hert is a nett. Coverdale, tr. of Eccles, vii. 26.
3}. [From the verb.] The act of angling.
anglel (ang'gl), v.; pret, and pp. angled, ppr.
angling. [K late ME. angle, OD, angelen, D. hen-
212
*: = G. angeln = Dan. angle; from the noun.
. intrans. 1. To fish with an angle, or wi
hook and line.
When the Weather
Serves to angle in the brook,
I will bring a silver hook.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 2.
The lawyer in the pauses of the storm
Went angling down the Saco.
Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook.
2. To try by artful means to catch or win over
a person or thing, or to elicit an opinion: com-
monly with for.
By this face,
This seeming brow of justice, did he win
The hearts of all that he did angle for.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3.
II, trans. 1. To fish (a stream).-2}. To fish
for or try to catch, as with an angle or hook.
He angled the people's hearts. Sir P. Sidney.
3+. To lure or entice, as with bait.
You have angled me on with much pleasure to the
thatch'd house. I. Walton, Complete Angler, i.
Angle? (ang'gl), n. [In mod, use only as a his-
torical term; K L. Anglus, usually in pl. Angli
(first in Tacitus), repr, the O'Teut. form found
in AS. Angle, Ongle, Ængle, reg. Engle, pl. (in
comp. Angel-, ongel), the people of Angel, An-
gol, Angul, Ongul (=Icel. Ongull), a district of
what is now Schleswig-Holstein, said to be so
named from angel, angul, ongwl, a hook, in ref.
to its shape: see anglel. Hence Anglo-, Anglo-
Saacon, English, q.v.] One of a Teutonic tribe
which in the earliest period of its recorded his-
tory dwelt in the neighborhood of the district
now called Angeln, in Schleswig-Holstein, and
which in the fifth century and later, accom-
panied by kindred tribes, the Saxons, Jutes,
and Frisians, crossed over to Britain and colo-
nized the greater part of it. The Angles were the
most numerous of these settlers, and founded the three
kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria. From
them the entire country derived its name England, the
“land of the Angles.” See Anglian, Anglo-Saacon, and
*English.
àngle3 (ang'gl), n. [K ME. angle, aungel, some-
times angule, K OF. angle = Pr. angle = Šp. Pg.
angulo, It. angolo, K L. angulus, a corner, an
angle, prob. Orig. *anculus (cf. ancus, bent,
jº = Gr. dyköWog, bent, crooked, curved,
connected with āyków, the bend of the arm,
the elbow (see ancon), āykoç, a glen, dell (prop.
a bend, hollow), Öykoç, a hook, barb, angle,
L. wheus, bent, curved, a hook (see uncows);
all appar. K V *ank, bend (appearing also in
Gr. &YRupa, X L. ancora, X E. ankerl, anchorl),
Skt. Vanch, bend, and prob. connected with the
Teut. group represented by anglel: see angle1.]
1. A corner; the figure formed by two rays
starting from the same point. The rays are called
the sides or legs of the angle, and their common point its
vertea, or angular point. The symbol for angle is 3.
When the angle whose sides are h and k is set off from
the vertex O. against one of the rays of the angle AOB
toward the other ray, if its second side falls within the
angle AOB, then it is said to be less than AOB. In sym-
bols 3: (h, k) K. Sº AOB. Angles receive different names,
according to their magnitude, their construction, their
position, etc. When one straight line intersects another
so as to make the four angles, so formed equal, these
angles are called right angles. One ninetieth of a right
angle is called a degree of angle : this cuts out on any
Fig. 1.
circle with center at the angular point an arc called a
degree of arc, So to find the number of degrees of angle
in any given angle we may count the number of degrees
of arc in the arc intercepted on any circle with the
angle's vertex for center. An arc of ninety degrees (90°)
is called a quadrant, and this word is also applied to each
of the four infinite regions made by a horizontal and a
vertical straight line. The upper right-hand quadrant
(between EB and EC in fig. 1) is called the first quad-
rant, and degrees are numbered counterclockwise, . So
fig. 1 shows & BEF = 30°. The degree, 1°, is subdivided
into 60 equal parts called minutes (60'); and the minute,
I', into 60 equal parts called seconds (60"). The arc whose
angle -
length is equal to the radius subtends an angle of 57° 17'
449.8 nearly. This angle is called a radian and is taken
as the unit angle in higher mathematics. An angle is c
times the logarithm of the anharmonic, ratio made by
the two sides with the two tangents to the absolute in-
tersecting at , the vertex. BCD,
2 º; 2, is a right angle. An angle
which is less than a right angle is
acute, as BCF. An obtuse angle is
one which is greater than a right
angle, as BCE. Acute and obtuse
angles are both called oblique, in
opposition to right angles. A cur-
vilènear angle is taken to be the
angle formed by the tangents to
the two curved lines at their point
of intersection. Adjacent or con-
tiguous angles are such as have the vertex and one leg
common to both angles, both together being equal to two
right angles. Thus, in fig. 2, BCE and ECA are adjacent
angles. Earplemental angles are two angles having a
common vertex and common legs, one being reflex or
straight. A straight angle is an angle of 180°. A reflez
angle is one greater than 180°. Eacterior, eaſternal, or
outward angles are the angles of any rectilinear figure
without it, made by producing one of the sides at each
vertex, the angles formed within the figure being called
interior angles. When one line intersects a pair of lines
in a plane, of the eight angles so formed, those which are
between the pair are called interior, those without ea:-
terior. Of the interior (or exterior) angles, a pair for
different sides of the intersecting line, and at different
intersected lines, are called alternate (which see). Two
angles on the same side of the transversal, and both
interior or both exterior, are called conjugate angles.
Hence—2. An angular projection; a project-
ing corner: as, the angles of a building.—3.
In astrol., the 1st, 4th, 7th, or
10th house.— 4. In anat., same
as angulus.—5. In her., a charge
representing a narrow band
or ribbon bent in an angle.
[Rare.]—Angle of action, in gear-
ing, the angle of revolution during
which a tooth remains in contact.—
Angle of Commutation, See com-
.*.*. *i; *...*.*.* gº,*; i.
wise interlaced, contact.—Ang O e COndyles.
ë..."...º. See craniometry.--Angle of crush-
of Heraldry.”) ing, in physics, the angle which the
fractured surface of a crushed pillar
'makes with the axis of the pillar. It is constant for
any given material.— le, of curvature, the angle
which measures the rate of divergence of a curve from a
tangent to it at a given point. It is the angle between the
tangent and an infinitesimal chord of the curve.—Angle
of defense, in fort., the angle formed by the meeting of
the line of defense with the line of the flank; the angle
formed by producing the faces of the bastion.—Angle
of departure, in gunnery, the angle which the tangent
to the trajectory of the projectile at the muzzle of the
gun makes with the horizontal plane. This angle dif-
fers from the angle of elevation in consequence of the
fact that the muzzle is thrown up when the gun is
discharged, and also, when there is windage, because of
the rebound of the shot from the sides of the bore near
the muzzle.—Angle of depression, See depression.—
Angle of descent, in gunnery, the angle which a tangent
to the trajectory of the projectile makes with the horizontal
plane passing through the point of first graze or the point
of impact.—Angle of direction, in mech., an angle con-
tained by the lines of direction of two conspiring forces.—
Angle of divergence, in bot., the angle between two
successive leaves on the same stem. It is expressed as a
fraction of the circumference of the stem, which is sup-
posed to be a circle.— le of draft, for vehicles, or
heavy bodies, the angle which the line of direction of the
pulling force makes with the plane over which the body is
drawn.—Angle of elevation, incidence, inclination,
olarization, position, reflection, and refraction.
ee elevation, etc.— le of repose, the greatest angle
of obliquity of pressure between two planes which is con-
sistent with stability, as of a weight upon an inclined
plane: its tangent is the coefficient of friction. Some-
times called the angle of friction. Specifically, in arch.,
the angle at which the voussoirs of an arch cease to have
any tendency to slip, or to exert any thrust on the abut-
ment. Rondelet's experiments with well-wrought sur-
faces give angles ranging from 28° to 36°.-Angles of
Segonid, in crantom., one of several angles. See cranome-
try.--Angle of sight, in gunnery, the angle which a line
passing through the sights of a gum and the target, called
the “line of sight,” makes with the horizontal plane.—
le of the jaw, in amat., the point at which the verti-
cal hinder edge of the ramus meets the horizontal inferior
border.—Angle of weather, the angle at which the sail
of a windmill is set.—Basilar angle. See craniometry.—
Carpal angle. See carpal.—Characteristic angle of
a curve. See characteristic.— Chord of an angle. See
chord.-Clearance angle, in ordnance, the angle which a
straight line, passing through the tops of the tangent-scale,
dispart-sight, and muzzle-notch, makes with a line paral-
lel to the axis of the piece. It varies with the position of
the dispart-sight and the taper of the gun.-Coracoscap-
ular angle. See coracoscapular.—Coronofacial angle
Of Gratiolet. See cramiometry,<-Cranial le. See
craniometry.--Critical angle, in optics, the limiting
angle of incidence which scparates the totally reflected
rays from those which (at least partially) escape into air.
Tait, Light, § 117–Dead angle, the space between a
fortification and the nearest point which can be reached
by the fire of its defenders. Within this space an assail-
ant is safe, as the missiles from the fortification pass over
his head. Also called dead space. —Dihedral angle.
See dihedral.—Eccentric angle. See eccentric.—Facial
angle, frontal angle, See cramiometry.—Genal angle.
See genal.—Hour angle, in astrom., the angle between the
hour-circle of a star and the meridian, measured from
the latter toward the west, and usually expressed in hours
and fractions of an hour.— Metafacial angle, naso-
basal angle, Occipital angle, parietal angie. See
Fig. 2.


angle
gradiometry:-Qlfactory angle,
99tle angle. See optić–Position angle, in astron,
the inclination of any short line, as the line between
the two components of a double star to the hour-circle.
-Rečntering or reëntrant angle, in a polygon, an
angle the sides of which, if produced, would cut the
polygon.—Solid #. an angle which is made by
two or more hemiplanes meeting in one point, as the
angle of a cube. We also speak of the solid angle of
a cone. A solid angle is proportional to the spherical
polygon it intercepts on the
surface of a sphere, having its
center at the vertex.- Sphenol-
dal angle. . See craniometry.—
Spherical angle, an angle on
the surface of a sphere made
by arcs of two eat circles.
Thus, if AE and CE be arcs of
great circles intersecting each
other at the point E, the angle
AEC is the spherical angle which
they make one with the other,
- and it is equal to the angle of
inclination of the planes of the great circles AB
and CD. The angle equals the angle formed by
the tangents of the two arcs at their point of
intersection.—Trisection of the angle, See trigec-
tion.— Vertical angle, See vertical.
in le-bar (ang'gl-bār), n. 1. In carp., a verti-
cal bar placed at the angles or lines of intersec-
tion of the faces of a polygonal window or bay-
window.—2. Same as angle-iron.
angle-bead (ang'gl-bêd), n. A round angle-
staff; a plaster-bead or staff-bead. *
angle-beam (ang'gl-bêm), n. A beam, usually
of iron, of which a portion or flange is set at an
angle with the main portion; an angle-iron.
aſſºl (ang'gl-bev/el), n. Same as bevel-
Square.
angle-block (ang'gl-blok), n. 1. In bridge- and
roof-building, a block, generally of metal, placed
at the junction of a brace or strut with a chord
or beam, when the two are inclined to each
other. It forms an abutment for the end of the brace
or strut, and the tension-rods usually pass through it.
2. A swivel dock-block, used to change the di-
rection of a rope when hoisting, etc.
angle-brace (ang'gl-brås), m. In carp.: (a) A
piece of timber having its two ends fixed to
the two pieces forming adja-
cent members in a system of
framing, and subtending the
angleformed by their junction.
When it is fixed between the opposite
angles of a quadrangular frame, it is
called a diagonal brace or diagonal
tie, and when placed near a corner
(a), an angle-tie. (b) A combined
carpenter's brace and breast-
drill adapted to boring in cor-
ners or inaccessible places where an ordinary
brace cannot be used; a corner-drill. Another
\º
Spherical Angle.
§§
S
º
SS
>
§
a, Angle-tie.
8, Diagonal brace.
Angle-braces
form employs an angular brace or a crank
and gearing arranged to operate the drill in
ºnal or difficult positions. See brace and
rill.
angle-bracket (ang'gl-brak’et), m. A bracket
placed at the vertex of an interior or exterior
angle, and not at right angles to the sides.
angle-brick (ang'gl-brik), m. A brick molded
to fit any angle other than a right angle, or used
to ornament a quoin.
angle-capital (ang'gl-kap"i-tal), n. 1. In Gre-
cian Ionic arch, a capital on the corner column
Angle-Capital, north porch of the Erechtheum, Athens.
1, internal angle; 2, external angle,
See olfactory.—
213
Anglicize
of a portico, having volutes on both front and angle-staff (ang'gl-stāf), n. In building, a Ver.
flank, with the volutes which would come to- tical wooden strip placed at a projecting or
gether at the angle of the entablature combined
and turned outward on
the line of the diagonal
'between the planes of
the frieze on front and
flank.-2. In Roman and
'modern Ionic arch., the
capital of a similarly sit-
uated column, having
four volutes, of which
each is on a diagonal of
the abacus of the capital.
angle-chuck (ang 'gl-
chuk), n. An L-shaped casting, or a short length
of angle-iron, having its outer face planed, and
both sides provided with slots for bolts. One V-
face is bolted to the face-plate of a lathe or to the table
of a drilling- or planing-machine, and to the other is fas-
tened the piece of work which is to be drilled or shaped.
Plan of an Angle-Capital.
*See chuck+.
angled (ang'gld), a. [K angle3 + -ed”.] Hav-
ing angles. Specifically, in her., broken in an angular
direction: said of the boundary of an ordinary or of any
other line usually straight. See beveled.
angle-float (ang'gl-flöt), m. A float or plaster-
er's trowel made to fit any internal angle in
the walls of a room.
angle-iron(ang'gl-i’érn), n. Arolled or wrought
bar of iron in the form of an angle, used in iron
constructions. Angle-irons are made with sections in
the form of right angles, with equal or unequal sides.
When angle-beams are rolled in composite sections, they
receive specific names: e. g., channel-ironx, T-beamg, 1-
beams, Z-bars. They are used for joining piece to piece
in every kind of ironwork, as well as for forming com-
ponent parts and principal members (as the ribs of ships,
the box-girders of bridges and floors) in all iron struc-
àngle-meter (ang'gl-mê"tēr), m. [K angle3 +
meter?, q. v. See angulometer.] Any instru-
ment used for measuring angles; particularly,
an instrument employed by geologists for mea-
suring the dip of strata; a clinometer.
angle-modillion (ang'gl-mó-dil”ygn), n. IK
angle3 + modillion.] A modillion or carved
bracket placed beneath an angle of a cornice in
the direction of its diagonal, or of the line of
its mitering.
angle-plane (ang'gl-plan), n. In carp., a plane
whose bit reaches into a reëntering angle.
angle-pod (ang'gl-pod), n. The name of an
asclepiadageous vine, Wincetoxicum gonocarpos,
*tures. Also called angle-bar.
*of the southern United States.
angler (ang'glér), m. [= OD. angheler (D, henge-
.laar) = G. angler = Dan. angler; K anglel, v., +
-er1.J 1. One who angles; a fisher with rod
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Angler (Lophrass 2tsca forties).
and line.—2. The fish Lophius piscatorius, the Anglicë (ang'gli-sé), adv.
typical representative of the family Lophiidae
(which º
sion to its attracting small fish, which are its prey, by the
movement of certain filaments attached to the head and
mouth. It is found on the coasts of Europe and America.
angle-rafter (ang'gl-räf’tēr), m. Arafter placed
at the junction of the inclined planes forming
a hipped roof. Also called hip-rafter, and some-
times piend-rafter. See hipſ, 4.
angler-fish (ang'glér-fish), m. A fish with ce-
#. spines modified for attracting other
shes, or resembling a fishing-pole and line with
bait; any fish of the order Pediculati.
Angles, m. pl. See Angle”.
angle-shades (ang’ glºshādz), n. A British
moth, the Filosophora 7m cticulosa.
anglesite (ang'gle-sit), m...[KAnglesea, Anglesey,
KAS. Angleség (= Icel. Ongulsey), lit. Angle's
island, so called after it was conquered by the
Angles; formerly called Mona; K Angles, gen.
of Angel (see Angle?), + £g, ig, island: see ait,
ey?, and island.] A sulphate of lead occurring
in P. crystals, commonly transparent
and colorless, with brilliant adamantine luster
and light shades of yellow, green, blue, and
gray. It occurs also in massive forms with granular
structure. The crystals are often found in cavities of the
lead sulphid galena, from the decomposition of which they
have been formed. º
angle-splice (ang'gl-splis), n. A splice mak-
ing an angle with the long axis of a bar or rail.
z
angleworm (ang (gl—werm), n.
Anglian (ang'gli-àn), a. and n.
Anglican (ang'gli-kan), a. and n:
Anglicanism (ang'gli-kan-izm), n.
Anglicisation, Anglicise.
Anglicism (ang'gli-sizm), n.
Anglicization (angºgli-si-ză'shgn), n.
salient angle in an interior, to preserve the
corner, and to serve as a guide by which to float
the plaster when flush with it. . When prominent
it is generally made ornamental, and when rounded it
is called an angle-bead or staff-bead.
angletſ, n. Erroneous form of aglet.
angle-tie (ang'gl-ti), n. See angle-brace (a).
anglet.witch (ang'gl-twich), n.
E. dial., also
corruptly angletouch, K ME. angletwitche, angle-
twache, K AS. angeltwicca, -twecca, -twºcca,
-twicce, K angel, a hook, angle, -- “twicca, K twic-
cian, twitch, tweak: see anglel and twitch,
tweak. Cf. E. dial. twachel, a dew-worm ; an-
gledog, a large earthworm.]. An angleworm;
an earthworm. [Prov. Eng.]
anglewise (ang'gl-wiz), adv. [Kangle3 + wise”.]
After the manner of an angle; angularly.
[K angle1 +
worm.] A worm used for bait in angling; an
earthworm.
[KLL. Anglia,
the region inhabited by the Angles, in a wider
sense England (KL. Angli, Angles: see Angle?),
+ -an.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the Angles,
or to East Anglia.
II. m. A member of the tribe of the Angles.
Anglic (ang'glik), a. [KML. Anglicus, KL. Angli,
the Angles: see Angle?..]
[Rare.]
Same as Angliam.
[K ML. An-
glicanus, K Anglicus, pertaining to the Angles
or to England: see Anglic.] I. a. English.
Specifically— (a) Of or pertaining to England
ecclesiastically; pertaining to or connected
with the Church of England.
Many members of the Papal communion have main-
tained the validity of Anglican orders.
Gladstone, Church Principles, p. 228. (N. E. D.)
(b) High-church; pertaining to or characteris-
tic of the high-church party of the Church of
En land.-Anglican Church. (a) The Church of Eng-
land, especially as maintaining a Catholic character in in-
dependence of the pope ; usually applied, therefore, to the
Church of England since the Reformation. This designa-
tion occurs, however, in a provision of Magna Charta,
“that the Anglican Church be free” (quod Anglicana eccle-
sia libera sit).
The sober Principles and old establishment of the Am-
glicane Church.
I'ell, Hammond's Life, in his Works, I. 12. (N. E. D.)
(b) In a more comprehensive sense, the Church of England
and the churches in other countries in full accord with it
as to doctrine and church organization ; that is, the Church
of Ireland (disestablished 1869), the Episcopal Church in
Scotland, the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United
States, and the churches founded by the Church of England
in the British colonies or elsewhere. See episcopal.
II. m. 1. A member of the Church of Eng-
land, or of a church in full agreement with it.
–2. One who upholds the system or teachings
of the Church of England; especially, one who
emphasizes the authority of that church; a
high-churchman.
IK Angli-
can + -ism..] The principles of the Anglican
Church or of Anglicans.
DML., adv., KAngli-
cus, English: see Anglic.] In English; in the
[K ML. Anglicus
(see Anglic) + -fi/, K L. -ficare, K facere, make.]
To make English; Anglicize. [Rare.]
See Anglicization,
[K ML. Anglicus
(see Anglic) + -ism.] 1. The state or quality
of being English ; that which is peculiar to
England in speech, manner, or principle.
If Addison's language had been less idiomatical it
would have lost something of its genuine Anglicism.
Johnson, Addison.
She [England] has a conviction that whatever good there
is in us is wholly English, when the truth is that we are
worth nothing except so far as we have disinfected our-
selves of Amglicism. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 80.
2. An idiom of the English language.—3. A
word or an expression used particularly in Eng-
land, and not in use, or in good use, in the
United States.
UK An-
glicize F-ation.] The act or process of making
English in form or character, or of becoming
The name was introduced by Pennant in English language:
place of the earlier names fishing-frog and frogfish, in allu- Anglicifyf (ang-glis’i-fi), v. t.
nglicize.
ū." Also spelled Anglicisation.
Angli
cize (ang'gli-siz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
Anglicized, ppr. Anglicizing. [K ML. Anglicus
(see Anglic) + -ize.]. To make English; render
conformable to English modes or usages. Also
Spelled Anglicise. [Often without a capital.]


























Anglicize
The last persons who bear any likeness to the lasa-
gmone are the Germans, with their honest, heavy faces
comically anglicized by leg-of-mutton whiskers.
Howells, Venetian Life, xx.
Anglification (ang"gli-fi-kä'shgn), n. IK An-
glify: see -fication.] The act of making Eng-
lish, or of bringing into conformity with English
modes and ideas.
Angliform (ang 'gli-fôrm), a. [K L. Angli,
Angles, English (see Angle2), + forma, form.]
Resembling English in form: as, “the Angli-
form dialects of the Continent,” J. A. H. Mur-
way, Encyc. Brit., VIII. 391.
Anglify (ang'gli-fi), v. t. ; pret, and pp. Angli-
fied, ppr. Anglifying. [K L. Anglus, sing. of
Angli (see Angle”), F -fi, K.L. -ficaré, Kfacere,
make.] To make English; Anglicize; espe-
cially, to adopt into the English language and
make a part of it: as, to Anglify French words,
that is, to give them an English form in orthog-
raphy, inflection, or pronunciation. [Rare.]
The shops [in Mauritius] were all French ; indeed, I
should think that Calais or Boulogne was much more
Anglified. Darwin, Voyage of Beagle, II. 282.
angling (ang'gling), m. [Verbal n. of angle1, v.]
The act or art of fishing with a rod and line;
rod-fishing.
We may say of angling as Dr. Boteler said of strawber-
ries: “Doubtless God could have made a better berry, but
doubtless God never did;” and so, if I might be judge,
God never did make a more calm, quiet, innocent recrea-
tion than &ngling. I. Walton, Complete Angler, i. 5.
Anglish (ang'glish), a. and n. [K Angle2 +
-ish 1. The AS. Englisc, orig. “Anglisc, having
become E. English with much altered meaning,
the term Anglish has been occasionally used by
recent writers in the original sense of “English?:
see English..] I. a. glian; Anglo-Saxon;
English.
ii. n. The Anglo-Saxon or earliest English
language. Haldeman.
Anglo- [First in ML. Anglo-Saacomes (see Anglo-
Saa.on); the combining form of L. Anglus, pl.
Angli, the Angles, the ‘English,” extended to
include the modern English: see Angle?..] An
element in many compound words, meaning
Angles or English, connected with England:
as, 4nglo-American; Anglo-Indian.
Anglo-American (ang"glö-a-mer’i-kan), a. and
m. I. a. 1. Belonging or relating to, or connect-
ed with, England and America or the United
States, or with the people of both: as, Anglo-
American commerce; Anglo-American relations.
—2. Pertaining to the English who have settled
in Ameriea, especially in the United States, or
have become American citizens: as, the Anglo-
American population of New York.
II. m. A native or descendant of a native of
England who has settled in America or has be-
come an American (United States) citizen.
Anglo-Catholic (ang-glö-kath’9-lik), a. and n:
I. a. 1. Catholic according to the teachings of
the Church of º: The Church of England
maintains that it is Catholic in the same sense and on the
same grounds as those on which the Greek Church claims
to be Catholic, namely: (1) as having retained its organ-
ization in continuous succession from the earliest Christian
centuries in accordance with primitive canons; (2) as re-
ceiving the doctrinal decisions of the councils acknow-
ledged as ecumenical by both the Greek and the Latin
Church; and (3) as having canonical jurisdiction in the
countries in which it exists.
2. Laying especial stress on the Catholic char-
acter of the Church of England; high-church.
Applied to that party in the Anglican Church wnich in
doctrine and ceremonies most closely approximates to the
Roman Catholic Church, sometimes called the ritualistic,
high, or Puseyite section of the church.
II. m. A member of the Church of England,
or of any Anglican church; especially, one who
maintains the Catholic character of the Angli-
can Church. Hence the term has been applied espe-
cially to the high-churchmen of the seventeenth century,
such as Laud, Andrews, and Jeremy Taylor, and in the
nineteenth century to the adherents of the Oxford move-
ment, such as Rose, William Palmer, J. H. Newman, Ke-
ble, and Pusey, and later to the revivers of ancient ritual,
known as ritualists.
Anglo-Catholicism (ang'glö-ka-tholi-sizm), n.
The principles of the Anglican Church regarded
as catholic; the principles of Anglo-Catholics.
Anglo-Danish (ang-gló-dā’nish), a. Pertain-
ing to the English Danes, or the Danes who
settled in England.
Anglo-French (ang-glö-french'), a. and n. I.
a. English and French; pertaining to the lan-
guage so called.
II. n. That form of Old French brought into
England by the Normans and later comers from
France, and there separately developed; Anglo-
Ol'Iſlalls
214
Anglogaea (ang-glö-jē’ā), n. [NL., K Anglo- +
Gr. º: ..º.º. In Hoºgºog. , the An-
glogaean realm; Nearctic America or Arcta-
merica. Gill.
Anglogaean (ang-glö-jé'an), a. In 206geog., a
term applied by Gill to one of the nine realms or
prime divisions of the earth's land-surface, in-
cluding North America as far southward as
about to the present Mexican boundary in the
lowlands, and to the isthmus of Tehuantepec in
the highlands: synonymous with Arctamerican
or Nearctic.
Anglo-Indian (ang-glö-in/di-an), a. and m. I.
a. 1. Connected with both England and India;
combining English and Indian characteristics:
as, Anglo-Indian trade; Anglo-Indian words.—
2. Relating to or connected with those parts
of India which belong to Great Britain or are
under British protection: as, the Anglo-Indian
empire.—3. Relating or pertaining to the An-
glo-Indians: as, Anglo-Indian housekeeping.
II. m. One of the English race born or resi-
dent in the East Indies. -
Anglo-Irish (ang-glö-i’rish), a. and m. I. a. 1.
Connected with both England and Ireland; re-
lating to both these countries or to their in-
habitants.-2. Pertaining to the English who
have settled in Ireland, or to their descendants.
–3. Of English parentage on, one side and of
Irish on the other.
II. m. pl. 1. English people born or resident
in Ireland.—2. Descendants of parents Eng-
lish on one side and Irish on the other.
Anglomant (ang'glö-man), n. ; pl. Anglomen
(-men). . [K F. anglomame, 2 anglomanie, Anglo-
mania; in Jefferson’s use (def. 2) as if K Anglo-
+ man.] 1. An Anglomaniac.–2. A partizan
of English interests in America.
It will be of great consequence to France and England
to have America governed by a Galloman or an Angloman.
Jefferson, Works (1859), II. 317. (N. E. D.)
Anglomania (ang-glö-mă'ni-á), n. [= F. an-
glomanie; K Anglo- + Gr. Auavia, madness: see
mania.] An excessive or undue attachment
to, respect for, or imitation of that which is
English or peculiar to England, as English in-
stitutions, manners, and customs.
Anglomaniac (ang-glö-mă'ni-ak), n. [KAnglo-
+ maniac, after Anglomania.] One who is pos-
sessed by a mania for all that is English.
Anglo-Norman (ang-glö-nór’man), a. and n.
I. a. 1. Pertaining to both England and Nor-
mandy, or to their inhabitants.—2. Pertaining
to the Normans who settled in England after
the conquest in 1066.—3. Of both English and
Norman descent.
II. m. 1. One of the Normans who settled in
England after its conquest by William of Nor-
mandy in 1066, or one of the descendants of
such a settler. The term is seldom applied to any
descendants of the Normans of a time later than the
twelfth century; after that time they are called English.
2. The Norman dialect of Old French as spo-
ken and separately developed in England.
Anglophobe (ang’ glö-föb), n. [K F. anglo-
phobe, K Anglo-, English, + Gr. poſłeiv, fear.]
One who hates or fears England or the English.
Also called Anglophobist.
Anglophobia (ang-glö-fö’bi-á), n. IK Anglo- +
Gr. -poſłia, fear: see Phobos.] An intense
hatred or fear of England, or of whatever is
English.
Anglophobic (ang-glö-fö’ bik), a. [K Anglo-
phobia + -ic.] Pertaining to or characterized
by Anglophobia. -
Anglophobist (ang'glö-fö-bist), n. IK Anglo-
phobe + -ist.] Same as Anglophobe: as, “a
bitter Anglophobist,” H. Cabot Lodge, Webster,
. 267.
Angiºsaxon (ang-glö-Sak’sqn), n., and a. [K
ML. Anglo-Saa.ones, more correctly written An-
glosaa.ones, pl., also Angli Saarones or Angli et
Saacomes, rarely Saacomes Angli. The term fre-
quently occurs in the charters of Alfred and
his successors (chiefly in the gen, pl. with rea)
as the general name of their people, all the
Teutonic tribes in England; but it is sometimes
confined to the people south of the Humber.
The same term is used by foreign chroniclers
and Writers in Latin from the 8th to the 12th
century, in the same meaning as by Alfred. In
the Latin charters the gen. pl. varies from Am-
glosaacomum (besides Anglorum Saxonum and
Anglorum et Saa.onum) through the half AS.
Angulsawonum to the wholly AS. Angulsaama,
the AS. forms (in the Anglo-Saxon charters)
being Angulsawma, -Saacona, -seaaºna, -Sa'ana, -Sea:-
na, and Ongulsaana, gen, pl. of "Angulseawan
Anglo-Saxon
º; to West-seawan, Eäst-seawan,
§th-seawan,-seawe, Middel-seawe, Eald-seawan,
West-, East-, South-, Middle-, Old-Saxons),
KAngul, Ongol, orig. the name of the district
from which the Angles came, in comp. the com-
bining form of Angle, Engle, pl., the Angles (so
also in Angel-, Ongel-, Ongol-cymºv, also Angel-
theód, Angel-fold, the Angle (Anglo-Saxon) peo-
ple, Angel-cyming, their i. Angel-cyrice, the
Angle (Anglo-Saxon) church, Angel-theow, a
man's name, lit. Angle-servant), + Seawan, Sax-
ons: see Angle? and Saxon. In the Latin charters
the country is sometimes called Anglosaaconia or
Angulsawonia, as well as Savonia. The ML. An-
glosaacomes is a true compound, following such
forms as L. Syrophºnia, KGr, Xupopolvić, a Syro-
phenician, i.e., a Syrian Phenician; L. Indo-
Scythus, KGr. Ivööckuffog, an Indian Scythian; L.
Indoscythia, K. Gr. 'Ivöookv6ía, Indoscythia; L.
Gallograci, the Gallic or Galatian Greeks, Gal-
lohispani, the Gallic Hispanians, the Gauls of
Spain, etc., the form in -o-being the crude form
or stem of the first element, which stands in a
quasi-adjective relation to the second: see -0-.
Cf. D. Angelsakser, n., -Saksisch, a., Sw. Angel-
Sachsare, n., Angelsachsisk, a., Dan. Angelsach-
ser, n., Angelsachsisk, a., based on the G. Angel-
Sachse, pl. -em, n., Angelsächsisch, a.; all mod.]
I. m. 1. (a) Literally, one of the Angle or ‘Eng-
lish” Saxons; sometimes restricted to the Sax-
ons who dwelt chiefly in the southern districts
(Wessex, Essex, Sussex, Middlesex—names
which contain a form of Saaºom-and Kent) of
the country which came to be known, from a
kindred tribe, as the land of the Angles, Engla
land, now England, but usually extended to the
whole people or nation formed by the aggre-
gation of the Angles, Saxons, and other early
Teutonic settlers in Britain, or the whole people
of England before the conquest. (b) pl. The
English race; all persons in Great Britain and
Ireland, in the United States, and in their de-
pendencies, who belong, actually or nominally,
nearly or remotely, to the Teutonic stock of
England; in the widest use, all English-speak-
ing or Bnglish-appearing people.—2. [The adj.
used absolutely..] The language of the Anglo-
Saxons; Saxon; the earliest form of the Eng-
lish language, constituting, with Old Saxon,
Old Friesic, and other dialects, the Old Low
German group, belonging to the so-called West
Germanic division of the Teutonic speech. The
first Anglo-Saxon dialect to receive literary cultivation
Was that of the Angles (Anglo-Saxon AEmgle, Engle): hence
the name Ænglisc, Englisc, that is, Anglish, was after-
ward applied to all the dialects, and particularly to the
prevailing One, West Saxon ; it is the origin of the name
Bnglish as applied to the modern mixed language. º
Anglish and English.) A Middle Latin name for the lan-
guage Was * Saaronica, or lingua Saacon wºm or Anglo-
Saacomwm. The Anglo-Saxon language, in the widest use of
the name, consisted of several dialects: the Northern or
Anglian group, including the Old Northumbrian and the
Midland or Mercian dialects, and the Southern or Saxon
group, including the West Saxon and the Kentish. The
Kentish remains are scanty, the Mercian scantier still and
doubtful, while the Old Northumbrian remains are con-
siderable. The great bulk of the Anglo-Saxon literature
is West Saxon, the two terms being practically synony-
mous except when expressly distinguished as generic and
specific. In the Old or Middle English period the Mid-
land dialect became conspicuous, and it is to it that the
form of modern English is chiefly due. In this dictionary
Anglo-Saacom (abbreviated AS.) includes the whole lan-
guage (but chiefly West Saxon, the Old Northumbrian and
Kentish being discriminated when necessary) from the
middle of the fifth century, or rather from the seventh cen-
tury, when the first contemporary records begin, to the
middle or end of the twelfth century; the language from
the conquest (1066) to the end of this period being ‘late
Anglo-Saxon.’ See English.

Several of the English scholars who are most active in
the study of early English wage war on Anglo-Saacon.
They attack the word. . . . They are still more hostile to
the suggestion which goes with the word, that the speech
called Anglo-Saxon is different from modern English, so as
to deserve a separate name. They say there has been but
One speech spoken in England by the Teutonic tribes and
their descendants from Caedmon to Tennyson. . . . This
classic Anglo-Saacon differs from our English in phomology,
. in Vocabulary, . . . [in] inflections, . . . in the deri-
Vation of Words, . . . [in] syntax, . . . [in] versification [see
alliteration], . . . [and in] the modes of thought. . . . The
former is a synthetic German speech, with its own periods
of early irregularidiom, classic cultivation, decline and fall
into dialects; the latter an analytic mixed speech of Ro-
manic cultivation, with other periods of growth, and classic
regularity and progress. And a chaos separates the two
languages. It is only when attention is directed to the
history of etymological forms that unity can be plausibly
claimed for them... . . But while the importance of these
forms in tracing the descent of languages is probably not
overrated, their weight in establishin .# or simi-
larity may easily be... . . The proposed use of Old English
[in place of Anglo-Saacom) does not distinguish, but con-
founds all the periods of Anglo-Saacom and the two early
periods of English. . . . The reasons urged for this no-
menclature are in great ſº sentimental. It is thought
to magnify the English language and race to represent

Anglo-Saxon
them as Low German, having an unbroken history parallel
with that of the High German, and reac through a
more famous career to a more venerable antiquity. But
Americans are taught to believe in ed races, and it
magnifies the English most in our eyes to represent it in
the old fashion, as formed by the junction of two great
languages, the bearers of the best cultivation of the Teu-
tonic and Romanic races.
F. A. March, in Trans. Amer. Philol. Ass., IV. 97-105.
II. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the lo-Sax-
ons: as, the Anglo-Saxon kings; the Anglo-Saxon
language.—2. Of or pertaining to the language
of the Anglo-Saxons; belonging to, derived
from, or having the form or spirit of that lan-
guage: as, the Anglo-Saxon elements of mod-
ern English; the proportion of Anglo-Saxon
words in the Bible or Shakspere; an Anglo-
Saa.on style, as contrasted with a Latin style.—
3. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of Anglo-
Saxons, or the English-speaking race: as, An-
glo-Saaſon enterprise; the political genius of
the Analo-Saacom race.
Anglo-Saxondom (ang-glö-Sak’sgn-dum), n.
É Anglo-Saacon + -dom.] . The Anglo-Saxon
omain; the whole body of Anglo-Saxons, in
sense.1 (b).
Aiglºº. (ang"glö-sak-son'ik), a. [K
. Anglosaaconicus, K Anglosaa.ones: see Anglo-
Saacon.] Of Anglo-Saxon character or quality;
lo-Saxon in origin or seeming.
Anglo-Saxonism (ang-glö-sak’sºn-izm), n.
[K Anglo-Saacon + -ism.] 1. A characteristic or
peculiarity of the Anglo-Saxon race.—2. A
word, phrase, idiom, or peculiarity of º:
belonging to Anglo-Saxon, or of Anglo-Saxon
origin or type.—3. The state of being Anglo-
Saxon in the widest sense; that which consti-
tutes the Anglo-Saxon or English character in
the aggregate ; the feeling of pride in being
Anglo-Saxon.
angnailt, n. The more correct form of agnail.
See agnail and hangmail. t
angola (ang-gö tä), m. A common but corrupt
form of angora.
Angola cat, pea, seed, weed. See the nouns.
angon (ang'gon), m. fMi. ango, KMGr. &YYov.]
The heavy barbed javelin of the Franks. It is
described as being not very long, but heavy, and used as
much to drag down the enemy's shield, when fixed in it
by its barbs, as to inflict wounds; in this respect resem-
bling the pilum (which see). It was also used as a pike
or lance in close combat.
angor (ang'ggr), n. [Early mod. E. also an-
gour and (by confusion with anger!) anger,
K late ME. angure, K OF. angor, angour, K L.
angor acc. angorem, anguish, trouble, lit. a
strangling, K angere (= Gr. Öyxetv), compress,
throttle, strangle, stifle, distress, torment,
trouble: see anguish, angust, and angerl. In
the medical sense angor is nearly synonymous
with the kindred angina.] 1+. Anguish; intense
bodily or mental pain.
For man is laden with ten thousand languors;
All other creatures onely feele the angors
- Of few diseases.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas (ed. Grosart), The Furies, 1.607.
Whose voices, angers, and terrors, and sometimes howl-
ings, he said he often heard.
Abp. Ussher, Ans. to a Jesuit, p. 175.
2. In med., extreme anxiety, accompanied with
painful constriction at the epigastrium, and
often with palpitation and oppression. Dungli-
SO??,
angora (ang-gö’rã), n. IK Angora (Turk. An-
ghār), mod. form of Gr.'Aykupa, L. Ancyra, a town
in Asia Minor, giving name to the cat and the
goat so called: see also Ancyrene. The name
coincides with Gr. Öykupa, L. ancora, a hook, an
anchor: see anchorl.] Å light cloth made of
Angora wool, and used for coats and cloaks.
The angora of commerce is now usually made of a com-
bination of mohair and silk. Erroneously and infre-
quently written angola.
Angora cat, goat, wool. See the nouns.
Angostura bark. [K Angostura, a town in Ven-
ezuela, on the Orinoco; lit. a narrow pass; K
Sp. angostura (= Pg. angustura), narrowness, a
narrow pass, Kangosto (= Pg. angusto), narrow,
KL. angustus, narrow: see angust and anguish.]
See #. li), adv. [ME l l
angrily (ang'gri-li), adv. ... angrily, angryly,
#. yK ;+ -ly?. Cf. angerly, adv.] In an
angry manner; with indications of resentment.
Rashly and angrily I promised; but cunningly and pa-
tiently will I perform. C. Kingsley, The Heroes.
angriness (ang'gri-nes), n. 1. The state of
being angry.
Such an angriness of humour that we take fire at every-
g- Dr. H. More, Whole Duty of Man, Ś 22.
2. Inflammation and pain of a sore or swell-
ing, [Obsolescent.]
215
angry (ºgº a. [ME. ry, earlier an-
gerich; K anger! -H -y1.] 1+. Causing grief or
trouble; troublesome; vexatious; trying.
God had provided a severe and angry education to
chasten the frowardness of a young spirit.
Jer. Taylor, Sermons, III. 167.
2}. Feeling grief or trouble; grieved; troubled;
vexed.—3. Feeling or showing anger or re-
sentment (with or at a person, at or about a
thing): said of persons.
God is angry with the wicked every day. FS. vii. 11.
Rather be glad to amend your ill living than to be angry
When you are warned or told of your fault.
Latimer, Sermon of the Plough.
How he fell
From heaven they fabled, thrown by angry Jove
Sheer o'er the crystal battlements. -
Milton, P. L., i. 741.
4. Characterized by or manifesting anger;
wrathful: as, an angry look or mood; angry
words; an angry reply.
Often a man's own angry pride
Is cap and bells for a fool.
Tennyson, Maud, vi.
5. Bearing the marks of anger; having the ap-
pearance of being in anger; frowning; fierce:
as, an angry countenance; angry billows.
And with my knife scratch out the angry eyes
Of all the Greeks that are thine enemies.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1469.
From the far corner of the building, near the ground,
angry puffs of steam shone snow-white in the moon and
Vanished. R. L. Stevenson, The Dynamiter, p. 54.
6. Having the color of the face of one who is
in anger; red. [Rare.]
Sweet rose, whose hue angry and brave.
Herbert, Virtue.
7. Sharp; keen; vigorous. [Rare.]
I never ate with angrier appetite.
Tennyson, Geraint.
8. In med., inflamed, as a sore; exhibiting in-
flammation.
This serum, being accompanied by the thinner parts of
the blood, grows red and angry. Wiseman, Surgery.
=Syn. 3, 4, 5. Indignant, incensed, passionate, resent-
ful, irritated, wrathful, irate, hot, raging, furious, stormy,
choleric, inflamed, tumultuous.
anguiculae (ang-gwik’īī-lé), m. pl. [NL., fem.
pl. ; cf. L. anguiculus, m., a small serpent, dim.
of anguis, a serpent: see Anguis.] An old name
of the small nematoid worms, as those of the
family Anguillulidae, found in sour paste, vine-
gar, etc., and commonly called vinegar-eels. It
was not used as a zoölogical name.
anguicular (ang-gwik’ī-lār), a. Of or pertai
ing to anguiculae.
anguid (ang'gwid), n. A lizard of the family
[NL., K Anguis-H
Amguidae.
Anguidae (ang'gwi-dé), m. pl. e
-idae.] A family of lacertilians, typified by the
genus Anguis. It is closely related to the Scincidae,
and contains a number of feeble, fragile, and harmless apo-
dal and snake-like lizards, living in holes or understones,
and feeding on insects or worms. The technical charac-
ters are: an esquamate tongue whose anterior portion is
retractile, clavicles undilated proximally, postorbital and
postfrontal arches present, and temporal fossae roofed over,
and the body furnished with osteodermal plates having
irregularly branching or radiating channels.
Anguifer (ang'gwi-fér), m. [L., Serpent-bear-
ing, K anguis, a serpent (see Anguis), + ferre =
E. bearl.] In astron., a northern constellation
pictured by a man holding a serpent; Serpen-
tarius, or Ophiuchus. See cut under Ophiuchus.
anguiform (ang'gwi-fôrm), a. [K NL. angui-
formis, K. L. anguis, a snake (see Anguis), + for-
ona, form.] Snaky; serpentine; like a Snake: An
said both of shape and of movement: as, an
anguiform motion; an anguiform myriapod;
“the anguiform Chilognathans,” Kirby, Habits
of Animals (1835), p. 68.
Anguiformes (ang-gwi-fôr' méz), m. pl. [NL.,
pl. of angwiformis: see angwiform.] In La-
treille's system of classification, a group of
chilognath myriapods, corresponding to the
family Iulidae of Westwood.
guilla (ang-gwil’ā), n. [L., an eel (cf. Gr.
Šyzeżvg, an eel), dim. Of anguis, a Serpent: See
tº - w s
º, ºr . . . . sº sº.
- *- :-4 Sºś º
§§
Sºś §§ sº
*Šiš
Common Eel (Angisilla angitilla).
(From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.)
Angwis.] A genus of fishes, typical of the fam-
ily Angwillidae: a name sometimes given com-
prehensively to the apodal fishes with pectoral
Anguillidae (ang-gwil’i-dé), m. pl.
anguilliform (ang-gwil’i-fôrm), a.
Anguillina (ang-gwi-li (mâ), m. pl.
anguillous (ang-gwil’us), a.
×eel, +-ows.] Like an eel; anguilliform. [Rare.]
Anguillula (ang-gwil’īī-lâ), m. f
- Anguillulidae (ang-gwi-lii‘li-dé), m. pl.
An
anguine (ang'gwin), a.
anguineal (ang-gwin'É-al), a.
anguish (ang'gwish), m.
anguish
fins, but by recent authors restricted to the
common eel, A. anguilla, and closely related
Species. Its species are very diversely estimated, some
authors recognizing about 50, others only 4, the Arctogaean
A. anguilla, the Indian A. marmorata and A. mona, and
the Oceanic A. megalostoma
anguiilid (ang-gwiſ’īd), n. A fish of thefamily
Anguillidae, as an eel.
[NL., K An-
guilla + -idae.] A family of apodal fishes, exem-
lified by the genus Anguilla; the typical eels.
arious limits have been assigned to it by ichthyologists,
As now restricted, the Angwillidae are characterized by
the presence of pectoral fins, remoteness of the dorsal fin
from the head, confluence of the dorsal and anal fins with
the caudal, presence of small elliptical obliquely set Scales,
discrete lateral nostrils, tongue free in front, slender re-
duced pterygoid bones, elongated jaws, and moderately
broad ethmovomerine region. In this sense the family
contains only the genus Anguilla.
[K NL. am-
guilliformis, K L. anguilla, an eel, -H, forma,
form.] 1. Having the form of an eel or of a
serpent; resembling an eel or a serpent. Spe-
cifically—2. In ichth., having the zoölogical
character of an eel; of or pertaining to the An-
guilliformes.
Anguilliformes (ang-gwil-i-fôr' méz), m. pl.
[NL., pl. of anguilliformis : see anguilliform.]
In Cuvier's classification of fishes, the only
recognized family of Malacopterygii apodes, in-
cluding fishes with an elongated form, a thick
and soft skin, few bones, no casca, and in most
cases a swim-bladder which is often of singu-
lar shape. It has been disintegrated into many
families, and even different orders.
[NL., K
Anguilla + -ina.] In Günther's classification
of fishes, a group of Muraenidae platychista, with
the gill-openings separated by an interspace,
pectoral fins present, nostrils superior or lat-
eral, tongue free, and the end of the tail sur-
rounded by the fin.
[K L. anguilla, an
[NL., dim. O
L. anguilla, an eel.] A genus of nematoid
worms or nemathelminths, typical of the family
Anguillulida (which see). The common vinegar-eel
is A. aceti : that of sour paste, A. glutinosa ; that of
blighted wheat, A. tritici. See cut under Nematoidea.
anguillule (ang-gwil’ül), n. [KAnguillula, q.v.]
One of the anguiculae or Anguillulidae; any simi-
lar eel-like creature of small size.
[NL., K
Anguillula + -idae.] A family of free, that is, not
parasitic, nematoidworms, including the minute
creatures known as vinegar-eels. The family is re-
lated to the Gordiidae, or horsehair worms, and contains
many genera, of which the best known is Anguillula.
guinae (ang-gwiſné), m. pl. [NL., K Anguis
+ -inae.] The slow-worms, or Amguidae, rated as
a subfamily of Scincidae.
[K L. anguineus, Kan-
guis, a snake: see Anguis.] Pertaining to or
resembling a snake; Snake-like: as, “the am-
guine or snake-like reptiles,” Owen, Comp. Anat.
- ine lizard, a snake-lizard of South Africa, Cha-
maesawra angwina. See Chamaesawra.
[K L. anguineus
(see anguine) + -al.] Resembling or pertaining
to a Snake or Snakes.—Anguineal hyperbola, a
term applied by Newton to a hyperbolic curve of the third
order having one asymptote and three inflections.
anguineous (ang-gwin'é-us), a... [K. L. angui-
neus: see anguime.] Same as anguineal.
guinidae (ang-gwin’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Angwis + -in- + -idae.] Same as Anguidae.
anguiped, anguipede (ang'gwi-ped, -pêd), a.
and m. [K L. anguipes, Kangwis (see Anguis), a
serpent, + pes (ped-) = E. foot.] I. a. Hav-
ing feet or legs in the form of serpents: ap-
plied to such conceptions as the serpent-footed
giants of Greek mythology.
A winged angwipede giant.
. S. Murray, Greek Sculpture, II. 305, note.
II. m. An individual fabled to have serpents'
bodies and heads in the place of legs.
Anguis (ang'gwis), m.
e [L., a serpent, a snake,
lit. a throttler, a constrictor (see constrictor), K
angere, throttle, choke: see angerl and angor.]
Agenus of scineoid lizards, typical of the family
Anguidae, represented by the slow-worm orblind-
worm of Europe, Anguis fragilis, as the best-
known species. These lizards are perfectly harmless,
though popularly thought to be dangerous. They have
been supposed to be blind, from the smallness of the eyes.
The body is very brittle, and the tail readily breaks off.
There are apparently no limbs, so that the animal resem-
bles a small snake or worm.
[K ME. anguish, an-
guyshe, angwishe, angwische, etc., earlier an-








anguish
guise, anguis, anguisse, angoise, angus, etc., K
OF. anguisse, angoisse, mod. F. angoisse = Pr.
angoissa = OSp. angowa (Sp. Pg. angustia) =
It. angoscia, anguish, K. L. angustia, straitness,
narrowness, in class. L. usually in pl. angus-
tide, a defile, strait, fig, straits, distress, diffi-
culty, scarcity, want, poverty, Kangustus, strait,
narrow, difficult (cf. Goth. aggwus =A$. ange,
enge, etc., strait, narrow), K angere = Gr. &yºretv,
choke, strangle, stifle: See angust, angor, and
angerl.] 1. Excruciating or agonizing pain of
‘either body or mind; acute suffering or distress.
But they hearkened not unto Moses for angwish of spirit,
and for cruel bondage. Ex. vi. 9.
When pain and angwish wring the brow,
A ministering angel thou. Scott, Marmion, vi. 30.
In the sternest of his [Achilles's] acts, we read only the
angwish of his grief. De Quincey, Homer, iii.
2. An overwhelming emotion. [Rare.]
He cried in an angwish of delight and gratitude.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair.
=Syn, Agony, Angwish, Pang, etc. See agony and grief.
anguish (ang'gwish), v. t. [K ME. anguyschen,
angwishen, earlier anguisen, angwissen, KOF.
amgoisser, anguisser=Pr. angoissar-Sp. Pg. an-
gustiar = It. angosciare; from the moun..] To
distress with excruciating pain or grief.
I wish thou hadst not alighted so hastily and roughly ;
it hath shaken down a sheaf of thy hair; take heed thou
sit not upon it, lest it angwish thee.
Landor, Leofric and Godiva, p. 61.
anguished (ang'gwisht), p. a. [Early mod. E.
also anguisht, KME. angwished.] Affected by
anguish; expressing or caused by anguish.
On thy cold forehead starts the angwished dew.
- Coleridge, Death of Chatterton.
anguishoust, a. [Early mod. E., and mod. dial.,
K ME. anguishows, angwisshous, earlier anguys-
Sous, angwisous, anguisuse, angussus, K OF. am-
guissus, angussus, later angoisseua. (Cotgrave) =
Pr. angoissos = Sp. Pg. angustioso = It. angosci-
oso, KML. angustiosus, KL. angustia: see anguish
and-ous.] Full of anguish; attended with an-
*guish. Chaucer.
angular (ang'gū-lär), a. [K L. angularis, Kam-
gulus, an angle: see angle3.] Having an
angle or angles; having corners; pointed: as,
an angular figure; an angular piece of rock;
angular writing (that is, with the turns sharply
pointed instead of curved).-2. Consisting of
an angle; characteristic of an angle : as, an
angular point.—3. Measured by an angle ;
subtending an angle; having a divergence
expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds:
as, angular distance.—4. Of persons: (a)
Having or exhibiting protuberances of joint or
limb; acting or moving awkwardly or as if in
angles.
He is angular in his movements, and rather tall.
F. M. Crawford, Paul Patoff, viii.
The angular female in black bombazine. O. W. Holmes.
(b) Stiff in manner; cranky; crotchety; un-
}.º.º. advance of an eccentric, the
thngle between the center line of the crank of the engine
and that joining the center of motion and center of fig-
ure of the eccentric-Angular aperture of lenses.
See aperture.—Angular artery, in amat., the facial ar-
tery which passes near the angle of the jaw, and finally
near the inner angle of the eye; especially, this latter por-
tion of its course. — Angular belting, belting having a
trapezoidal section and used with a grooved pulley. It is
employed, because of its great adhesion, where a narrow
belt or considerable traction is desired. The heavier belts
of this class are made by fastening blocks of leather or
other suitable material, shaped like truncated pyramids,
to the inner face of a strong carrier-belt.— Angular bone
a bone situated at or me ir the angle of the mandible of
lower vertebrates.—Angular capital, an incorrect term
for angle-capital. —Angular chain-belt, a chain fitted to
run over a V-shaped pulley. In some forms flat links
are covered with leather, which bears against the sides of
the groove ; in others there are long links with wooden
blocks wedged into them, whose ends form the bearing
Burfaces; these link8 al-
ternate with shorter ones
which serve Imerely as
connections. – Angular
See distance.
gearing, in
mach., toothcot wheels of
irregular outline, used in
transmitting variable mo-
tion. — Angular gyrus,
See gyrus.--Angular in-
tervals, in astron., those arcs of the equator which
are intercepted between circles of declination passing
through the objects observed. They are measured by
means of the transit instrument and clock. — Angular
Imotion, in physics, the motion of any body which moves
about a fixed or relatively fixed point: as, the angular
notion of a pendulum or a planet: so called because such
motion is measured by the angle contained between lines
drawn from the fixed point to the successive positions of
the moving body.—Angular oscillation. See oscilla-
tion.— Angular perspective, in drawing, that kind of
perBPeçtive in which neither of the sides of the principal
object is parallel to the plane of the picture, and therefore,
Angular Gearing.
216
in the representation, the horizontal' lines of both con-
verge to vanishing-points. Also called oblique perspective.
Angular processes, in amat., the orbital processes of
the frontal bone near the angles of the eye. The external
angular process is sometimes called the jugal process. See
cut under skull.– Angular sections, that part of mathe-
matics which ureats of the division of angles into equal
parts.--Angular vein, in amat., the part of the facial
vein which accompanies the angular artery.— 3.T
Velocity, in mech., the angle which a line perpendicular
to the axis of rotation, if its motion is uniform, sweeps
through in a unit of time; the rate of revolution of a
revolving body: usually expressed in circular measure
(which see, under measure).
angularity (ang-gū-lar’i-ti), n. ; pl. angularities
Čiž). [anguiaº-lity..] "the quality of being
angular in any sense; an angular detail or
characteristic.
No doubt there are a few men who can look beyond the
husk or shell of a fellow-being —his angularities, awk-
Wardness, or eccentricity—to the hidden qualities within.
W. Matthews, Getting on in the World, p. 142.
angularly (ang'gū-lär-li), adv. In an angular
manner; with angles or corners.
angularness (ang'gū-lär-nes), m. The quality
of being angular.
angulate (ang'gū-lāt), v. t. ; pret, and pp. an-
gulated, ppr. angulating. fć L. angulatus, made
angular (cf. L.L. angulare, make angular), K an-
gulus, angle see angle3.] To make angular or
angulate.
angulate (ang'gū-lāt), a. [K L. angulatus: see
the verb.] Formed with angles or corners; of
an angular form; angled; cornered: as, angu-
late stems, leaves, petioles, etc.
angulated (ang'gü-lä-ted), #. a. Same as an-
gulate, a. : as, “angulated fore-wings,” H. O.
Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 274.
angulately (ang'gū-lāt-li), adv. In an angulate
manner; with angles or corners.
angulation (ang-gū-lä'shgn), n. IK angulate.]
A formation of angles; the state of being an-
gulated. -
angulato-gibbous (ang-gū-lä-tö-gib’us), a. [K
L. angulatus, angulate, -i- L.L. gibbosus, gib-
bous.] Gibbous with an angulate tendency.
N. E. D.
angulato-sinuous (ang-gū-lā-tó-sin'ī-us), a.
[KL. angulatus, angulate, 4 sinuosus, sinuous.]
Sinuous or winding with the curves angled.
M. E. D.
anguli, n. Plural of angulus.
anguliferous (ang-gū-lif'e-rus), a. [K L. angu-
lus, an angle, + ferre = É. bearl.] In conch.,
having the last whorl angulated. Craig, 1847.
angulinerved (ang'gū-li-nērvd), a. [KT. an-
gulus, an angle, + nervum, nerve, -i- -ed?..] In
bot., having nerves which diverge at an angle
from the midnerve, often branching repeatedly
by Subdivision, as in most exogenous plants;
feather-veined: applied to leaves.
Angulirostres (ang”gü-li-ros’ trèz), m. pl.
ſº ., K. L. angulus, an angle, + rostrum, beak.]
n Blyth's classification of birds (1849), a
Superfamily group of his Halcyoides, including
the todies and jacamars, or the two families
Todidae and Galbulidae.
angulo-dentate (ang"gū-ló-den’tät), a. [K L.
angulus, angle, -- dentatus, toothed: see den-
tate.] Angularly toothed.
angulometer gº m. [K L. an-
gulus, angle, -- Gr. piétpov, measure.] An in-
strument for measuring external angles; a
goniometer. It has various forms. See cut
under goniometer.
angulose (ang'gū-lós), a. [K L. angulosus, K
angulus, an angle.] Full of angles; angu-
lous.
angulosity (ang-gū-los’i-ti), m. ; pl. angulosities
(-tiz). [K angulose + -ity.] The state or qual-
ity of being angulous or angular; angularity.
anº (ang-gū-ló-Sö-gib' us), a.
Same as angulato-gibbous.
angulous (ang'gū-lus), a. [= F. angulewa, for-
merly anglewº, = It, angoloso, K. L. &ngulosus,
full of angles: see angulose.] Angular; hav-
ing corners; hooked; forming an angle.
Held together by hooks and angulous involutions,
* anville, Scep. Sci., vii. 37.
angulus (ang'gi-lus), n. ; pl. anguli (-li). [L. :
See angle3.] In amat., an angle: used in
phrases like angulus oris, the corner of the
mouth; angulus mandibula, the angle of the
mandible or lower jaw-bone; angulus costae, the
angle of a rib.-2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of
mollusks.
angust (ang-gust'), a. [KF. anguste (Cotgrave),
K #. angustus, strait, narrow, contracted, small,
Kangere, compress, strangle: See anguish, angor,
and angerl,] . Narrow; strait. Burton,
angwantibo (ang-gwān-té (bo), m.
anhangt (an-hang'), v. t.
anharmonic (an-hār-mon'ik), a.
t
anhidrosis
angustate! (ang-gus’tät), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
angustated, ppr. angustating. [KL. angustatus,
pp. of angustare, straiten, narrow, K angustus,
narrow ; see angust.] To make narrow; strait.
en; contract.
angustate (ang-gus’tät), a. [S L. angustatus,
pp.; see the verb. I Narrowed; straitened.
angustation (ang-gus-tä'shgn), n. IK angus-
tate.] ... The act of making angustate or narrow;
a straitening or narrowing down.
angusticlave (ang-gus’ti-klāv), m. [K L. an-
gusticlavius, adj., wearing a narrow purple
stripe, K angustus, narrow, + clavus, a nail, a
knob, a purple stripe on the tunic: see clavus.]
A narrow purple stripe or band reaching from
the shoulder to the bottom of the tunic on each
side, worn regularly by members of the Roman
equestrian order, and sometimes by those of in-
ferior rank who had the means to provide it.
It was woven in the fabric, and is rarely indi-
cated in sculpture.
angustifoliate (ang-gus-ti-fô'li-āt), a, [K NL.
amgustifoliatus, KL. angustus, narrow, 4-foliatus,
leaved, K folium, leaf; see folio.] In bot., nar-
row-leaved.
angustirostrate (ang-gus-ti-rosträt), a. [KNL.
angustirostratus, K L. angustus, narrow, -- ros-
tratus, beaked, K rostrum, beak. J In 206l., hav-
ing a narrow, slender, or (especially) com-
pressed beak: opposed to latirostrate.
Angºstura bark. See Angostura bark, under
baºk2.
[Native
name.] The slow lemur of Old Calabar, Arc-
tocebus calabarensis, of the subfamily Nyctice-
binae, related to the potto, and by some referred
to the genus Perodicticus. The tail is rudimentary;
the inner digits of both feet are opposable as thumbs, the
index digit is rudimentary, and the second digit of the
hind foot terminates in a claw, the rest of the digits hav-
ing flat nails. The pelage is thick and woolly, of a brown-
ish color, paler or whitish below.
[K ME. anhangen,
anhomgen, no pret., pp. amhanged, a weak verb;
mixed with amhon, pret. anheng, anhong, an-
hunge, pp. anhwngen, anhonge, a strong verb; K
AS. *anhön, “onhön (Bosworth), perhaps for d-
hôn, a strong verb, hang, Kam, om, on (or d-), +
hön, hang: see hang.] To hang.
He bad to take him, and amhang him fast.
Chawcer, Doctor's Tale, 1. 259.
[= F. anhar-
ºmonique; K Gr. &v-priv. (an-5) + harmonic, q.v.]
Not harmonic ; in geom., a term applied by
Chasles to an important kind of ratio introduced
into geometry by Möbius. If a, w, y, b are four values
of a unidimensional variable (for instance, the positions
9f four points on a line), then [(2-a): (a-b)] × [(y—b):
Aſ—a)] is called the amharmonic ratio of the four values.
he intersections of a plane pencil of four lines with a trans-
Versal have the same anharmonic ratio, however the trans-
versal may be situated ; and this ratio is called the amhar-
nomic ratio of the pencil. Anharmonic ratios are always
preserved in Orthographic projections. By means of these
ratios, metrical properties are defined as projective prop-
erties of the absolute, or conic at infinity. See absolute, n., 2.
if from the intersection of two limes tangents are drawn to
the absolute, the logarithm of the anharmonic ratio of the
pencil so formed multiplied by $)/–2 is the angle of the
first two lines. So, the logarithm of the anharmonic ratio
of two points, together with the intersections of their con-
necting line with the absolute, when multiplied by a con-
stant, gives the distance of these points.--Anharmonic
property, in geom., a property that is connected with an
anharmonic ratio.
anhelation (an-hé-lä'shon), n. [= F. anhéla-
tion, K.L. anhelatio(n-), a difficulty of breathing,
panting, asthma, Kanhelare, pp. anhelatus : see
ºf 1. Shortness of breath; a panting;
difficult respiration; asthma.—2. Eager desire
or aspiration. [Rare in both sºj
These . . . anhelations of divine souls after the adora-
ble object of their love. Glanville, Sermons, p. 313.
anhelet, v. i. [Early mod. E. anheale, K ME.
anhelen, anelen, K OF. ameler, anheler, = Pr.
amelar = Sp. Pg. anhelar = It. amelare, K L. an-
helare, breathe with difficulty, pant, fig. pant
for, pursue º K an- for ambi-, around,
on both sides, + -helare, in comp., for halare,
breathe. Cf. eachale and inhale.] To pant, espe-
cially with eager desire and anxiety.
With most fervent desire they anheale . . . for the fruit
of our convocation. Datimer, 2d Sermon before Conv.
anheloset (an-hé’lös), a. [As anhelous + -ose.]
Same as anhelous.
anheloust (an-hé’lus), a. [K L. anhelus, pant-
ing, out of breath, K anhelare, pant : see an–
hele.] Out of breath; panting; breathing with
difficulty.
anhidrosis (an-hi-dró'sis), n. . [NL., K. Gr. &vt-
dpog, without perspiration (Köv- priv. -- idpóg,
sweat, akin to E. sweat), + -osis.] Deficiency or

anhidrosis
* of perspiration. Also written ant-
OSºS,
anhidrotic (an-hi-drot'ik), a. and n. IK anhi-
drosis: see -otic..] I. a. Tending or fitted to
check perspiration.
II. n. Any medicinal agent which checks
perspiration. -
anhima (ä-nyé’mă), n. [= Sp. anhina, K. Tupi,
anhima, also written anhuma, aniuma.] 1. A
Brazilian name of the kamichi or horned
Screamer, Palamedea cornuta.-2. [cap.] [NL.]
The typical genus of the family Anhimidae.
Anhimidae (an-him’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K An-
hima + -idae.] A family of birds, the horned
Screamers: synonymous with Palamedeidae.
Anhimoideae (an-hi-moi"dē-ă), n. pl. [NL., K
Anhima + -oideae.] A group of birds, referred
by some as a superfamily to the order Cheno-
morphae, by others considered as forming an
order by itself. It is conterminous with the
family Anhimidae. See Palamedeidae.
anhinga, (ä-nying"gâ), m: , [Tupi anhinga.]
1. The American snake-bird, darter, or water-
turkey, Plotus anhinga; a totipalmate natato-
American Snake-bird (Plotus azuhinga).
rial bird, of the family Plotidae and order Ste-
ganopodes. It is related to the cormorants, and inhabits
swamps of the warmer parts of America, from the South
º and Gulf coast of the United States. See darter,
otw8.
2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of birds: a synonym
of Plotus. Brisson, 1760.
anhistous (an-histus), a. [K Gr. div- priv. --
iotóg, a web, mod. tissue..] In anat., having
no recognizable structure; plasmic or sarco-
dous, as the sarcode of a cell or the plasma of
the blood.
*gered (an-hung'gèrd), a. Same as ahun-
gered.
anhydrate (an-hi’drät), v. t. ; pret. and pp. an-
hydrated, ppr. anhydrating. [K anhydrous +
-ate?..] To remove water from, especially from
a substance naturally containing it; dehydrate.
It [glycerin] is used like alcohol as an anhydrating me-
dium in the study of protoplasm.
owlsen, Bot. Micro-chem. (trans.), p. 27.
anhydration (an -hi-drā’ shon), m. [K anhy-
drate.] Removal of water from anything;
dehydration.
aſſº anhydraemia (an-hi-dré’mi-á), n.
[NL., prop. anhydra-mia, K. Gr. &vvöpoc, without
water (K &v- priv. -- ióop (bóp-), water), + alua,
blood.] A concentrated state of the blood, due
to loss of water.
ànhydrid, anhydride (an-hi’ drid, -drid or
-drid), n. IK Gr. &vvópog, without water, + -id,
-ide.] One of a class of chemical compounds,
consisting of oxids capable of reacting with
water to form acids, or obtainable from acids
by removal of hydrogen and oxygen as water,
or capable of reacting with basic oxids to form
salts. For example, sulphuric anhydrid (sul-
phur trioxid, SO3) unites with the elements of
water to form sulphuric acid, H2SO4, or may
be obtained from sulphuric acid by removal of
the elements of water, or with the basic oxid
of calcium (lime) will form the salt calcium
sulphate. Anhydrids have also been called
anhydrous acids.
anhydrite (an-hi’drit), n. [KNL. anhydrites, K
Gr. &vvópog, without water (see anhydrous), +
-ites: see -ite?..] Anhydrous sulphate of cal-
cium. It is found in the salt-mines of Austria-Hungary
and in the Harz mountains, also in geodes in linestone at
Lockport, N.Y., in extensive beds in Nova Scotia, etc. It is
usually granular in structure, sometimes crystalline with
cleavage in three rectangular directions. Its color is white
or grayish-white, Sometimes with a tinge of blue; also red.
The vulpinite of Italy is the only variety used in the arts.
217
anhydro-. In chem., the combining form of an-
garous.
anhydrous (an-hi(drus), a. . [K Gr. &vvópoc, with-
out water, K &v- priv. 4- ióop (ióp-), water.]
Destitute of water; specifically, in chem., des-
titute of the water of crystallization (which
see, under water): as, anhydrous salts.
ani (ä(né), n. [Braz, name: “Ani Brasilien:
sium,” Marcgrave, Johnston, Willughby and
Rayj A bird of the genus Crotophaga, sub-
…”
3. **śs."
Groove-billed Ani (Crotophaga sulci rostris).
family Crotophaginae, and family Cuculidae, in-
habiting the warmer parts of America. There
are several species, two of them inhabiting the United
States. The black ani, Crotophaga ami, is about a foot
long, entirely black, with violet, steel-blue, and bronze re-
flections; the iris is brown ; the feathers of the head and
neck are lanceolate ; the crest of the bill is smooth or with
few wrinkles; and the culmen is regularly curved. It is
called in the West Indies the black witch and savanna kº z - T - - &
aniline (an’i-lin), m. and a... [Kamil (with refer-
blackbird, and is known to the French of Cayenne as bout-
de-8etwm. It occurs from Florida southward. Another
species, C. 8wlcirostris, the groove-billed ani, is found in
tropical America and northward to Texas. Its bill has
three distinct grooves, parallel with the curved culmen.
All are gregarious in habit, and nest in bushes, several
individuals sometimes using one large nest in common ;
they lay plain greenish eggs, covered with a white chalky
substance. See Crotophaga.
anicut, n. See amnicut.
anidiomatic, anidiomatical (an-id’i-Ö-mat'ik,
-i-kal), a. [K Gr. av- priv. (an-5) + idiomatic,
-al.] Contrary to the idiom or analogies of a
language; not idiomatic. [Rare.]
You would not say “two times”; it is amidiomatical.
Landor, Imaginary Conversations, II. 278.
anidrosis (an-i-dró'sis), n. Same as anhidrosis.
Aniella (an-i-el’â), m. [NL. (J. E. Gray).] A
#. of lizards, typical of the family Aniellidae.
ts distinguishing features are a body without limbs, and a
nasal shield entering into the labial margin. A. pulchra
is an elegant Californian species.
aniellid (an-i-el’id), n. A lizard of the family
Aniellidae.
Aniellidae (an-i-el’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Aniella
+ -idae.] A family of eriglossate lizards, typi-
fied by the genus Aniella.
anielloid (an-i-el'oid), a. Pertaining to or hav-
ing the characters of the Anielloidea.
Anielloidea (an'i-e-loiſ dé-á), m. pl. [NL., K
Aniella + -oidea.] A superfamily of eriglos-
sate lacertilians (lizards), represented by the
single family Amiellidae, having concavo-convex
vertebrae, clavicles not dilated posteriorly, no
postorbital or postfrontal squamosal arches, no
interorbital septum, and no cranial columella.
anient?, v. t. [KME. anienten (more commonly
anientishen, etc.: see anientish), KOF. anienter,
anaienter, anientir, ameanter (F. améantir = Pr.
anientar = It. annientare), destroy, reduce to
nothing, K a (L. ad, to) + mient, meant, F. meant
= Pr, neien, mien = It, meente, miente, nothing, K
ML. *meen(t-)s or *necem(t-)s, lit. not being, K
me, not, or mec, not, nor, + em(t-)s, being: see
ems, entity.] 1. To reduce to nothing or no-
thingness; bring to naught; frustrate. Piers
Plowman.—2. In law, to abrogata; make null.
IBouvier.
amientisht, v. t. [KME. anientishen, anentischem,
anmentischem, etc., earlier amientisen, anyentisem,
KOF. amientiss-, stem of certain parts of anientir,
amienter: see anient and -ish?..] To reduce to
nothing; annihilate. i-
Ire, coveitise, and hastifness, . . . . which three things
ye han nat anientissed [var. anentysched] or destroyed,
Chaucer, Tale of Melibeus.
anigh (8-mi'), prep. phr. as adv. and prep. [Mod,
Ka-4 + migh, after amear, afar, etc.] . adv.
Nigh; near; close by.
fi. prep. Nigh; near.
anight? (a-mit’), prep. phr. as adv. [K ME.
anyght, anyght, KAS. on niht: see a” and night.]
At Hight; in the night-time; by night.
I broke my sword *}. a stone, and bid him take that,
for coming amight to Jane Smile,
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 4.
anights? (a-nits'), adv.
anil (an’il), n.
anile (an’il or -il), a.
anilia (a-nil’i-á), n.
anilic (a-nil'ik), a.
anilide (an’i-lid or -lid), n.
anilla (a-nilº à), m.
anima (an’i-mâ), m.; pl. anima (-mê).
anima
[Equiv. to amight, but
with adv. gen. S as in AS. nihtes, E. nights,
adv.: see nights. Similarly, o' nights, of nights
where in popular apprehension nights is plural.
. night; nightly: used of repeated or habitual
8,OUS.
The turnkey now his flock returning sees,
Duly let out amights to steal for fees.
Swift, Morning.
YEarly mod. E. anile, anill, anele,
F. amil, K Pg. anil = Sp. afiil (formerly also
ańir), K. Ar. an-nil, Kal, the, -- nil, Pers. Hind.
'mil, KSkt. mill, indigo, indigo-plant, Knila, dark
blue. Cf. lilac.] 1. A somewhat woody legu-
minous plant, Indigofera Anil, from whose
leaves and stalks the West Indian indigo is
made. It is a common species in Mexico and tropical
America, and is a larger plant than the Asiatic I. tinctoria,
which is the species ordinarily cultivated for the produc-
tion of indigo.
2. Indigo. [In this sense nearly obsolete.]
[KL. anilis, K anus, an old
woman.] Old-womanish; imbecile: as, “puerile
or anile ideas,” Walpole, Catalogue of Engrav-
€I’8.
A general revolt against authority, even in matters of
opinion, is a childish or anile superstition, not to be ex-
cused by the pretext that it is only due to the love of free-
dom cherished in excess.
Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 198.
[Kamil + -ia.] Same as
aniline.
[K anil + -ic.] Pertaining
to or derived from anil: as, amilic acid.
[K anil(ime) + -ide.]
Same as phenylamide.
ence to the brilliant violet and indigo dyes
which, with others, are prepared from aniline)
+ -ine?..] I. m. Aminobenzene, or phenylamine,
C6H5NH2, the starting-point in the preparation
of a number of brilliant dyes. It was discovered in
1826 by Unverdorben, as a product of the distillation of
indigo, and called by him crystallin. It did not acquire
commercial importance until 1856, when the purple dye
mauve was prepared from it by Perkin. It is found in
small quantities in coal-tar, but the aniline of commerce
is obtained from benzene, another product of coal-tar,
consisting of hydrogen and carbon, C6H6. Benzene when
acted on by nitric acid produces nitrobenzene ; and this
latter substance when treated with nascent hydrogen, usu-
ally generated by the action of acetic acid upon iron fil-
ings or scraps, produces aniline, which is an oily liquid,
colorless when pure, somewhat heavier than water, having
a peculiar vinous smell and a burning taste. It is a strong
base, and yields well-characterized salts. When acted on
by arsenic acid, potassium bichromate, stannic chlorid,
etc., aniline produces a great variety of compounds of
very beautiful colors, known by the names of aniline pur-
ple, aniline green, violet, magenta, etc. Also called a milia.
II. a. Pe-taining to or derived from aniline:
as, aniline colors.-Aniline oil, a by-product of the
manufacture of aniline, containing aniline, toluidine, and
a number of other organic bases of the aromatic series. It
is used as a solvent for rubber, copal, etc.—Aniline pen-
cil, a mixture of aniline, graphite, and kaolin, used for
copying, marking in permanent color, and transferring
writing or designs.
anility (a-nii’i-ti), n. IKL. anilita(t-)s, K anilis :
see anile.] The state of being anile; the old
age of a woman; womanish dotage : as, “marks
of amility,” Sterme, Sermons, xxi.
[K anil, q.v.] A com-
mercial term for West Indian indigo, derived
from the name of the plant from which it is
prepared. See anil.
e º [L., a
current of air, wind, air, breath, the vital prin-
ciple, life, soul : sometimes equiv. to animus,
mind (see animºus, and cf. Gr. aveuog, wind);
both from root seen in Skt. Van, breathe, repr.
in Teut. by Goth. usanam, breathe out, expire;
cf. Icel. anda = Sw. and(ts = Dan. aande,
breathe, Icel. Önd, breath, life, soul, =Sw. anda,
andc = Dan. aande, breath (> Sc. aund, aind,
aymd, breath, breathe); also Icel. andi, breath,
spirit, a spirit, = Dan. aand, spirit, soul, a spirit,
ghost, = OHG. am to — OS. ando=AS. anda, zeal,
indignation, anger, envy: for the change of
sense, cf. animºus and animosity.] Soul; vital
principle; the intelligent principle supposed to
preside over vital actions: anciently applied
to the active principle of a drug, as if this were
its soul.—Anima bruta, the soul of brutes; the soul
of animals other than man ; the principle of brute in-
telligence and vitality.—Anima, humana, the human
Soul ; the principle of human intelligence and vitality.—
Anima mundi, the Soul of the world; an ethereal essence
or spirit supposed to be diffused through the universe, or-
ganizing and acting throughout the whole and in all its
different parts.
The doctrine of the anima mundi, as held by the Stoics
and Stratonicians, is closely allied to pantheism ; while
according to others this soul of the universe is altogether
intermediate between the Creator and his works.
Fleming.


animability
animability (anºi-ma-bil’i-ti), n. [K animable:
S60 º Capacity of animation; capability
of being animated.
An animability of body is acquired (if we may coin a
word). W. Taylor, Monthly Rev., LXXIV, 393. (N. E. D.)
animablet (an’i-ma-bl), a. [K L. animabilis (a
doubtful reading), K animare, animate: see ani-
7mate, v.] Susceptible of animation.
animadversalt (an’i-mad-vér'sal), n. [K L.
animadversus (pp. of animadvertere: see animad-
vert) + -al.] That which has the power of per-
ceiving; a percipient. [Rare.]
That lively inward animadversal : it is the soul itself:
for I cannot conceive the body doth animadvert.
Dr. H. More, Song of the Soul, p. 422, note.
animadversion (an’i-mad-vér'shgn), n. [K L.
animadversio(m-), the perception of an object,
consideration, attention, reproach, punishment,
K animadvertere, pp. animadversus: see animad-
wert.] 1+. The act or faculty of observing or
noticing; observation; perception.
The soul is the sole percipient which hath animadver-
sion and sense. Glanville, Scep. Sci.
2. The act of criticizing; criticism; censure;
reproof.
He dismissed their commissioners with severe and sharp
animadversions. rendon.
We must answer it, . . . with such animadversion on
its doctrines as they deserve.
D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834.
=Syn. 2. Remark, comment, reprobation, reprehension.
animadversive (an’i-mad-vér'siv), a. and m.
[K L. animadversus, pp. of animadvertere: see
animadvert.] I. a. Having the power of per-
ceiving; percipient: as, “the animadversive
faculty,” Coleridge.
II. m. A percipient agent. N. E. D.
animadversiveness (an’i-mad-Vér’siv-nes), n.
The power of animadverting. Bailey.
animadvert (an’i-mad-vért'), v. i. [K L. ami-
madvertere, regard, observe, notice, apprehend,
censure, punish; by crasis for animum advertere,
in same senses, lit. turn the mind to: animum,
acc. of animus, the mind (see animus); advertere,
turn to: see advert.] 1+. To take cognizance
or notice.—2. To comment critically; make
remarks by way of criticism or censure; pass
strictures or criticisms.
A man of a most animadverting humour;
Who, to endear himself unto his lord,
Will tell him, you and I, or any of us,
That here are met; are all pernicious spirits.
B. Jomson, Magnetick Lady, ii. 1.
I wish, sir, you would do us the favour to animadvert
frequently upon the false taste the town is in. Steele.
The gentleman from Lowell animadverted somewhat,
last evening, on the delays attending the publication of
the reports of decisions. R. Choate, Addresses, p. 374,
=Syn. 2. Of animadvert wyom, : To comment upon, criti-
cize, disapprove, reprehend, blame, censure.
animadverter (an’i-mad-vér’tēr), n. One who
animadverts or makes remarks by way of cen-
SUlfe.
animaº, m. Plural of anima.
animaſ (an’i-mal), a. and m. [First in 16th cen-
*tury; (a) animal (anymal, animall) = F. Sp.
Bg. animal = It. animale, adj., K. L. animalis,
animate, living (also ačrial, consisting of air),
K anima, a current of air, wind, air, breath, the
vital principle, life, soul: see anima; (b) ami-
mal, n., - F. animal = Sp. Pg. animal = It.
animale, K L. animal, rarely animale, a living
being, an animal in the widest sense, but some-
times restricted to a brute or beast; hence, in
contempt, a human being; orig. neut. of ani-
malis, adj., as above. In mod, use animal, a.,
‘living, animate,” is lº, mixed with ami-
mal, n., used attributively in the sense of “per-
taining to animals.’] I. a. 1+. Pertaining to
sensation. See animal spirits, below.—2}. Hav-
ing life; living; animate.—3. Pertaining to the
merely sentient part of a living being, as dis-
tinguished from the intellectual, rational, or
spiritual part; of man, pertaining to those parts.
of his mature which he shares with inferior ani-
mals.
Good humour, frankness, generosity, active courage,
Sanguine energy, buoyancy of temper, are the usual and
appropriate accompaniments of a vigorous amimal tem-
perament. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 132.
Faith, in God is the source of all power. Before a soul
inspired by this faith, the animal strength of a Napoleon
or a Jackson is only weakness.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 377.
4. Of, pertaining to, or derived from animals.
It may be reasonably doubted whether any form of ami-
amal life remains to be discovered which will not be found
to accord with one or other of the common plans now
OWI). Huzley, Anat. Invert., p. 50.
218
Animal anaeretics. See angeretic.—Animal charcoal,
Same as bone-black.--Animal economy, the physiological
course of events in the life of an animäl; the sequence of
cause and effect observed in the vital activities of animals;
the order of animated nature.--Animal electricity, elec-
tricity generated in animal bodies, as, in large quantities, in
the electric eel, the torpedo, and Malapterurus, or, in small
quantities, in nervous, muscular, and other tissues.—Ani-
Imal food, flesh or any other part of an animal which is
eaten.—Animal force. See force.—Animal function,
any vital activity or physiological process performed in ani-
maleconomy; any organic property or character of animals.
Such functions may be grouped in a few broad classes: (1)
Mentality, including all activities of the mind as distin-
guished from those of the body, such as instinct, reason,
- intellection, ideation, etc. (2) Sensibility, or feeling; the
capability of responding automatically to external stimuli;
irritability; innervation: common to all animals in a high
degree as compared with plants. Q Locomotion, usual in
animals, but unusual in plants, (4) Nutrition, involving in-
terstitial growth and waste and repair: common to plants
and animals, but usually differently effected in the two,
and with different material. (5) Reproduction, or genera-
tion, a process whereby growth is devoted to the forma-
tion of separate individuals. Functions shared by all or-
ganized beings are called organic or vegetative functions;
no functions are peculiar to animals except those of men-
tality. Other lesser categories of functions are sometimes
named: as, the digestive function; the seawal function;
the function of circulation, of respiration; the function
of the liver, or of any part or organ, that is, the special part
which it takes in the animal economy.—Animal heat, the
temperature maintained during life in an animal body, and
requisite for its physiological functions. It varies from
a degree not appreciably different from that of the ele-
ment in which the animal lives to one much higher, the
latter being the case with the higher animals. Difference
in degree of animal heat is the ground of a division of the
higher animals into warm-blooded and cold-blooded, or
Haematotherma, and Haematocrya. In the former a very
sensibly elevated temperature is maintained. It is highest
in birds, mounting sometimes to 112°F. In mammals a
usual range is from 96° to 104°F. In man the mean
normal temperature is about 99°, any considerable devia-
tion from which is inconsistent with health. Animal
heat is simply a case of chemical combustion; an analo-
gous process goes on in plants. It is an index of the
molecular motion of the body, and a measure of the work
done by an animal in its vital activities.—Animal king-
dom, all animals collectively; Animalia ; one of the three
graná divisions of the realm of nature (imperium matura),
the other two comprising plants and minerals respectively.
For scientific purposes it has been divided into classes, or-
ders, families, genera, species, and groups (with interme-
diate divisions often formed by prefixing sub- or super- to
these words), whereby the classification and registration of
animals are facilitated. Examples of the primary divisions
are the following: (1) The Linnean system (1766) divided
animals into 6 classes: I. Mammalia ; II. Aves; III. Am-
phibia; IV. Pisces; W. Insecta; VI. Vermes. (2) The sys-
tem of Cuvier (1817) proposed 4 subkingdoms and 20Glasses:
I. Vertebrata (Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Pisces); II. Mol-
lusca (Cephalopoda, Pteropoda, Gasteropoda, Acephala,
Brachiopoda, Cirrhopoda); III. Articulata (Ammelides,
Crustacea, Trilobita, Arachnida, Insecta); IV. Radiata,
(Echimodermata, Entozoa, Acalepha, Polypi, Infusoria).
(3) The system of Owen (1860) separated the Protozoa from
Animalia proper as a separate kingdom, the latter being
then divided into subkingdom I., Invertebrata, with 3
provinces, Radiata, Articulata, Mollusca; and subkingdom
II., Vertebrata. (4) In 1869 Huxley arranged the animal
kingdom in the 8 primary groups Vertebrata, Mollusca,
Molluscoida, Coelenterata, Amnulosa, Annuloida, Infu-
Soria, Protozoa. No two authorities agree upon the lead-
ing divisions of the animal kingdom, but a system like
the following is now quite generally accepted: Subking-
dom A (with one phylum), Protozoa º class I., Rhizopoda ;
class II., Gregarinida ; class III., Infusoria. Subking-
dom B, Metazoa. Phylum 1, Coelenterata: class IV.,
Spongiozoa, class W., Hydrozoa, class VI., Actinozoa,
class VII., Ctenozoa. Phylum 2, Echimodermata: class
VIII., Crimoidea; class IX., Asteroidea ; class X., Echimoi-
dea ; class XI., Holothwroidea. Phylum 3, Vermes: class
XII., Plathelminthes; class XIII., Nemathelminthes;
class XIV., Gephyrea ; class XV., Annelida; class XVI.,
Rotifera. Phylum 4, Arthropoda; class XVII., Crustacea;
class XVIII., Arachmida; class XIX., Myriapoda; class
XX., Insecta. Phylum 5, Molluscoidea : class XXI., Poly-
zoa, class XXII., Brachiopoda. Phylum 6, Mollusca:
class XXIII., Acephala ; class XXIV.; Pteropoda ; class
XXV., Gasteropoda ; class XXVI., Čephalopoda. Phylum
7, Vertebrata: class XXVII., Twnicata: ; class XXVIII.,
Leptocardia ; class XXIX., Marsipobranchii; class XXX.,
Elasmobranchi: ; class XXXI., Pisces; class XXXII.,
Amphibia ; class XXXIII., Reptilia; class XXXIV., Aves;
class XXXV., Mammalia. Three remarkable genera, Di-
cyema, Sagitta, and ſº are severally regarded
by many authors as types of classes.— all magnet-
ism, mechanics, etc. See the nouns.—Animal power,
the unit of power in men and animals, as mam-power,
horse-power, etc. Usually expressed in foot-pounds. See
horse-power.—Animal spirits. (a) According to the doc-
trine of Galen, modified by Descartes, subtile and almost
incorporeal parts of the living body, which penetrate the
pores of the nerves and pass between the brain and the
periphery, acting as the agents of volition and sensation.
Also in the singular, animal spirit, equivalent to nervous
force or action. , (b) In modern use, exuberance of health
and life; natural buoyancy; cheerfulness, animation, gai-
ety, and good humor.
Animal spirits constitute the power of the present, and
their feats are like the structure of a pyramid.
Emerson, Society and Solitude,
II. n. 1. A sentient living being; an individu-
al, organized, animated, and sentient portion of
matter; in 206i., one of the Animalia ; a mem-
ber of the animal kingdom, as distinguished
from a vegetable or a mineral. The distinction
from the latter is sufficient, consisting in organization,
interstitial nutrition, vitality, and animation; but it is im-
possible to draw any line between all vegetables and all
Animalia
animals. Any criteria which may be diagnostic in most
instances fail of applicability to the lowest forms of ani-
mal and vegetable life; and no definition which has been
attempted has been entirely successful. Most animals are
locomotory as well as motile; most plants are fixed. Most
animals exhibit distinct active and apparently conscious
or voluntary movements in response to irritation, me-
chanical or other; most plants do not. Most animals
feed upon other animals or upon plants, that is to say,
upon organic matter; most plants, upon inorganic .
stances.” Most animais have no cellulose in their compo-
sition, nitrogenous compounds prevailing; while cellulose
is highly characteristic of plants. Most animals inhale
oxygen and exhale carbon dioxid, the reverse of the
usual process in plants; and few animals have chlorophyl,
Which is so generally present in plants. Animals have usu-
ally a digestive cavity and a nervous system, and are capa-
ble of certain manifestations of consciousness, sentiency,
and volition, which can be attributed to plants only by
great latitude in the use of the terms. See also extract.
Ordinary animals . . . not only possess conspicuous lo-
comotive activity, but their parts readily alter their form
or position when irritated. Their nutriment, consisting
of other animals and of plants, is taken in the solid form
into a digestive cavity. . . . Traced down to their lowest
terms, the series of plant forms gradually lose more and
more of their distinctive vegetable features, while the
Series of animal forms part with more and more of their
distinctive animal characters, and the two series converge
to a common term. . . . The most characteristic morpho-
logical peculiarity of the animal is the absence of any
Such cellulose investment [of the cells as plants possess].
The most characteristic physiological peculiarity of the
animal is its want of power to manufacture protein out of
simpler compounds. Hwæley, Anat. Invert., pp. 43–47.
2. An inferior or irrational sentient being, in
contradistinction to man; a brute; a beast: as,
men and animals.—3. A contemptuous term for
a human being in whom the animal nature has
the ascendancy.—Aggregate animals. See aggre.
gate.—Animals' Protection Acts, English statutes of
i849 (13 and is vict. c. 33), is; (ii and is vict. c. 60).
and 1861 (24 and 25 Vict, c. 97, sections 40, 41), for pre-
venting cruelty to animals.-Compound animals. See
compowmdl.
animal-clutch (an'i-mal-kluch), n. A device
for gripping animals by the leg while slaugh-
tering them. -
animalcula (an-i-malºkü-lâ), m. pl. [NL.: see
animalculum.] 1. Plural of animalculum.—2.
[cap.] A loose synonym of Infusoria.
animalculae (an-i-mal'kü-lé), m. pl. An incor-
rect form of animalcula, of which it is assumed.
to be the plural. See animalculum and ami-
"malcule.
animalcular (an-i-mal'kū-lär), a. [K animal-
cule + -ar.] 1. Of or pertaining to animal-
cules.—2. Of or pertaining to the physiologi-
cal doctrine of animalculism.
An equivalent form is animalculine.
animalcule (an-i-mal’kül), n. [=F. animalcule,
KNL. animalculum, q.v.] _1}. Any little animal,
as a mouse, insect, etc.—2. A minute or micro-
Scopic animal, nearly or quite invisible to the
naked eye, as an infusorian or rotifer; an ani-
malculum: as, the bell-animalcule, a ciliate in-
fusorian of the family Vorticellidae; wheel-ami-
nalcule, a rotifer; bear-animalcule, a minute
arachnidan of the order Arctisca. See cuts un-
der Arctisca, Rotifera, and Vorticella.—Proteus
animalcule, a former name of amoeba.-Seminal ani-
malcule, a spermatozoön (which see).
animalculine (an-i-malºkü-lin), a. Same as
animalcular.
animalculism (an-i-mal'kil-lizm), n. [K ani-
ºnalcule + -ism.] 1. The theory that animal-
cules cause disease.—2. The doctrine or theory
of incasement in the male; spermism; sper-
matism. See incasement.
Also called animalism.
animalculist (an-i-mal’kū-list), n. [K animal-
cule + -ist.] 1. A special student of animal-
cules; one versed in the study of animalcules.
–2. An adherent of animalculism or the physi-
ological theory of incasement in the male; a
spermist. See incasement. -
animalculum (an-i-mal'kū-lum), m.; pl. animal-
cula (-lä). [NL., a little animal, dim. of L. ani-
ºnal, an animal: see animal.] An animalcule.
animal-flower (an’i-mal-flou’ér), m. A zoö-
phyte or phytozoön; a radiated animal resem-
'bling or likened to a flower, as many of the
Actinozoa : a term ‘. applied to sea-
anemones, but also extended to various other
zoöphytes which at one end are fixed as if
rooted, and at the other are expanded like a
flower.
animalhood (an’i-mal-hild), n. IK animal +
-hood.] The state or condition of any animal
other than man; animality as distinguished
from humanity. [Rare.]
A creature almost lapsed from humanity into animal-
hood. Reader, Nov., 1863, p. 537. (N. E. D.)
Animalia (an-i-mā‘li-á), n, pl. [L., pl. of ani-
mal: see animal.] Animals as a grand division
Black Fox (melanistic form of Vu//es (Canis) /u/vus)
Russian Sable (Mustela zibel/ima)
Ermine (Puforius
Winter pelage
Sea-otter (AEmhydris /utris)
Summer pelage
Red Fox (lºpes (Canis) /º/vas)
Winter pelage
Winter pelage
Fur-seal (Cal/orhinus ursinus)
Summer pelage
Winter pelage Astrakhan Lamb (variety of Ovis aries)
- Spring pelage
Canadian Lynx (/yºr canadensis)
Winter pelage
erminea)
Blue Fox (lºpes (Canis) lºgºus)
Summer pelage
Beaver (Castor canadensis)
Winter pelage
Chinchilla (Chinchilla lawigera)
Mink (Putorius vison)
Summer pelage
Summer pelage
FUR-BEARING ANIMALS















:
.
*
w
+ 3 -º- + . . . . . . . " -- * * * * ~ * * > . * * - - * • * .. .*
} • ** - - • * r - - - * ...”
Animalia
of nature; the animal kingdom (which see,
under animal). , *
animalic (an-i-mal'ik), a... [K animal + -ic.]
Of or pertaining to animals. [Rare.]
animaliculture gº n. IK L.
animal, animal, -- cultura, culture.] The rais-
ing and care of animals as a branch of indus-
; stock-raising. [Rare.]
animalisation, animalise.
animalize.
animalisht (an'i-mal-ish), a. [Kanimal + -ićhººl
Of, pertaining to, or like an animal, ºnly
an irrational animal; brutish. [Rare.
The world hath no blood nor brains, nor any animalish
or humane form. Cudworth, Intellectual System.
animalism (an’i-mal-izm), n. [K animal, F
-ism.]. 1. The state of a mere animal; the
state of being actuated by sensual †.
only, and not by intellectual or moral forces;
sensuality.—2. The exercise of animal facul-
ties; animal activity.—3. A mere animal; spe;
cifically, a human being dominated by animal
qualities and passions. [Rare.] -
Girls, Hetairai, curious in their art,
Hired animalisms, vile as those that made
The mulberry-faced Dictator's orgies worse
Than aught they fable of the quiet Gods.
Tennyson, Lucretius.
4. In physiol., same as animalculism. -
animalist (ani-mal-ist), n., [K animal + -ist.]
1. A sensualist.—2. In physiol., an animal-
culist.—3. In art, an artist who devotes his
chief energies to the representation of animals,
as distinguished from one who represents the
human figure, landscapes, etc.; an animal-
painter or animal-sculptor.
Fifty years ago he [Barye] brought envy and malice on
his head through the erection in the Avenue des Feuil-
lants in the Tuilleries gardens of his colossal bronze lion
and serpent. It was then the sneer of animalist began.
The Century, XXXI. 484.
animalistic (anºi-ma-listik), a... [K animalist
+ -ic.] Pertaining to or characterized by ani-
malism; sensual. -
animality (an-i-mal’i-ti), n. [= F. animalité;
Kanimal H--ity.] 1. Thé state of being an ani-
mal; animal existence or nature in man; the
animal as opposed to the spiritual side of hu-
man nature.
Another condition which tends to produce social pro-
gress is the perpetual struggle between the essential at-
tributes of humanity and those of mere animality.
L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., I. 132.
2. In physiol, the aggregate of those vital phe-
nomena which characterize animals. See vege-
tality.
We find it convenient to treat of the laws of Animality
in the abstract, expecting to find these ideals realized
(within due limits) in every particular organism.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. iv. § 42.
Animalivora (an’i-ma-liv’º-râ), m. pl. . [NL.
neut. pl. of animalivorus : see animáligorous.j
In 206l., a name given to the carnivorous and
insectivorous bats, as distinguished from the
frugivorous Species. The term, in its application to
bats, or Chiroptera, is an alternative synonym of Insecti-
vora, which is preoccupied in, and oftener employed for,
another group of mammals.
[K NL.
animalivorous (an’i-ma-liv’º-rus), a.
animalivorus, K L. animal, animal, -- vorare,
devour.] Animal-eating; carnivorous; of or
pertaining to the Animalivora.
animalization (an-i-mal-i-ză'shgn), m. [Kami-
malize + -ation.] 1. The act of making into
an animal, or of endowing with animal attri-
butes; the act of representing (a higher being)
under the form of an animal, as bearing its
characteristic part, or as having its lower in-
stincts and tastes.
In the theology of both the Babylonians and Egyptians
there is abundant evidence . . . of . . . the deification of
animals, and the converse animalisation of Gods.
- Hwæley, Nineteenth Century, XIX. 493.
2. The process of rendering or of becoming ani-
mal or degraded in life or habits; the state of
being under the influence of animal instincts
and passions; brutalization; sensualization.
The illusion of the greatest-happiness principle would
eventually lead the world back to animalization.
G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 182.
3. Conversion into animal matter by the pro-
cess of assimilation. -
The alimentary canal, in which the conversion and ani-
malization of the food takes place. Owen, Comp. Amat.
4. The process of giving to vegetable fiber the
appearance and quality of animal fiber. See
animalize.
The present view of animalization is, that it is not pos-
sible to animalize a fabric in any other way than by actu-
ly depositing upon it the animal matter in question.
ally dep g 3%; Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 66.
See animalization,
219
5. Population by animals; the number and
kind of animals in a given place or region.
What the French call the animalization of the depart-
ments. Jour. Roy. Agric. Soc., L 414. (N. E. D.)
Also spelled animalisation. -
animalize (an’i-mal-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ani-
"malized, ppr. animalizing. [= F. animaliser;
K animal -H, -ize.] 1. To make into an animal;
endow with the attributes of an animal; repre-
sent in animal form: as, the Egyptians ani-
malized their deities.—2. To give an animal
character or appearance to; especially, to ren-
der animal in nature or habits; brutalize; sen-
sualize; excite the animal passions of.
If a man lives for the table, . . . the eye grows dull,
the gait heavy, the voice takes a coarse animalized sound.
Bushnell, Sermons for New Life, p. 176.
3. To convert into animal matter by the pro-
cess of assimilation; assimilate, as food.
Something Secreted in the coats of the stomach, which
. . animalizes the food, or assimilates it.
J. Hunter, in Philos. Trans., LXII. 454. (N. E. D.)
4. To treat (vegetable fiber) so as to make it
take up acid dyes like wool and silk. No pro-
cess yet devised for this purpose is satisfactory.
That of impregnating cotton with a caustic-
soda wool solution, and treating it with sul-
phuric acid, has some merit.
Also spelled animalise.
animally (an’i-mal-i), adv. 1+. Psychically;
in the manner of the anima; with respect to the
anima bruta, or to animal spirits. Cudworth.-
2. Physically, corporeally, bodily, as opposed
to mentally or intellectually.
animalness (an’i-mal-nes), n.
being an animal; animality.
animantt (an’i-mant), a. §L. animan(t-)s, ppr.
of animare, animate: see animate, v.] Possess-
ing or conferring the properties of life and soul;
quickening. Cudworth. [Rare.]
animaryf (an’i-mā-ri), a. Of or pertaining to
the soul; psychical.
'Tis brought to a right animary temper and harmony.
Bp. Parker, Platonick Philos., p. 44.
animastic (an-i-mastik), m. and a.. [K ML.
animasticus, K L. anima, soul, breath, life: see
anima.] I.4 m. The doctrine of the soul; psy-
chology.
The other schoolmen . . . carefully explained that these
operations were not in their own nature proposed to the
logician; for, as such, they belonged to Animnastic, as they
called it, or Psychology.
Sir W. Hamilton, Lectures on Logic, I. ii.
II. a. Psychic ; spiritual; relating to Soul:
the opposite of material or materialistic.
animasticalt (an-i-mas’ti-kal), a. Same as
animastic.
animate (an’i-māt), v.; pret, and pp. animated,
pr. animating. [K L. animatus, pp. of animare,
with breath, quicken, encourage, animate,
K anima, breath: see anima.] I. trams. 1. To
give natural life to; quicken; make alive: as,
the soul animates the body.
Communicating male and female light;
Which two great sexes animate the world.
Milton, P. L., viii. 151.
But it was as impossible to put life into the old institu-
tions as to animate the skeletons which are imbedded in
the depths of primeval strata.
Macaulay, Sir James Mackintosh.
2. To affect with an appearance of life; in-
spire or actuate as if with life; bring into ac-
tion or movement.
But none, ah, none can animate the lyre,
And the mute strings with vocal souls inspire.
- Dryden.
3. To move or actuate the mind of; incite to
mental action; prompt.
This view . . . animates me to create my own world
through the purification of my soul. Brmersom, Nature.
4. To give spirit or vigor to; infuse courage,
joy, or other enlivening passion into; stimulate:
as, to animate dispirited troops.
The perfectibility of the human mind, the animating
theory of the eloquent De Staël, consists in the mass of
our ideas. I. D'Israeli, Lit. Char. Men of Genius, p. 315.
Animated by this unlooked-for victory, our valiant he-
roes sprang ashore in triumph, [and] took possession of
the soil as conquerors. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 97.
=Syn. 1. To vivify.—3. To revive, invigorate. -4. To en-
liven, stimulate, inspirit, exhilarate, cheer, gladden, im-
pel, urge on, prompt, incite.
II, intrams. To become enlivened or exhila-
rated; rouse one's self. [Rare.]
Mr. Arnott, animating at this speech, glided behind her
chair. Miss Burmey, Cecilia, i. 6.
animate (an’i-māt), a. [KL. animatus, pp.; see
the verb.] 1. Alive; pºssin animal life:
as, “creatures animate,” Milton, P. L., ix. 112.
The state of
animation
No animate creature is so far down in the scale that it
does not illustrate some phase of mind which has a bear-
ing upon the problem of higher beings.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 267.
His eye, voice, gesture, and whole frame animate with
the living vigor of heart-felt religion. *
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 290.
2. Havi
the appearance of life; resembling
that which is alive; lively.
After marching for about two miles at a very slow rate,
the enemy's flags, which had been visible since leaving the
zeriba, suddenly became animate, and a large force of
Arabs, distant some 500 to 700 yards, Sprang up, and ad-
vanced as if to attack the left leading corner of the square.
Nineteenth Century, XIX. 155.
3. Pertaining to living things: as, “animate
Adiseases,” Kirby and Spence, Entomol. [Rare.]
animated (an’i-mă-ted), p. a. 1. Endowed with
animal life: as, the various classes of animated
beings.
“Infancy,” said Coleridge, “presents body and spirit in
unity: the body is all animated.” Ehnerson, Domestic Life.
2. Lively; vigorous; full of life, action, spirit;
indicating or representing animation: as, an
animated discourse; an animated picture.
On the report there was an animated debate.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxiv.
Can storied urn or animated bust
Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath?
Gray, Elegy.
animatedly (anºi-mă-ted-li), adv. In an ani-
mated way; with animation.
animateness (an’i-māt-nes), n.
being animate or animated.
animater (an’i-mă-tér), m. One who animates
or gives life.
animatingly (an’i-mă-ting-li), adv.
animate or excite feeling.
animation (an-i-mā‘shgn), m. [KL. animatio(m-),
a quickening, animating, K animare: see ami-
mate, v.] The act of animating or the state of
being animated. (a) The act of infusing animal life,
or the state of being animated or having life.
Wherein, although they attaine not the indubitable
requisites of Animation, yet they have neere affinity.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 1.
Scarce has the gray dawn streaked the sky, and the
earliest cock crowed from the cottages of the hillside,
When the suburbs give signs of reviving amination.
Irving, Alhambra, p. 137.
(b) Liveliness; briskness; the state of being full of spirit
and vigor: as, he recited the story with great amination.
Fox in conversation never flagged; his animation and
variety were inexhaustible. A. J.P. Chambers.
The veteran warrior, with nearly a century of years
upon his head, had all the fire and amination of youth at
the prospects of a foray. Irving, Granada, p. 108.
(c) The appearance of activity or life: as, the animation
of a picture or statue. (d) Attribution of life to.
Any general theory of life must, if logically pursued,
lead to the animation of all forms of matter.
L. I.'. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., I. 351.
Suspended animation, a temporary cessation of ani-
mation; especially, asphyxia. =Syn. (a) Life, existence, vi-
tality. (b) Animation, Life, Liveliness, Vivacity, Spirit,
Sprightliness, Gaiety, buoyancy, cheerfulness, energy,
ardor. The first four words indicate, by derivation, a
full possession of the faculties of life ; therefore they are
the opposite of deadness or of any semblance of lifeless-
ness. The same idea appears in the next two under the
notion of the possession of the breath of life. Animation
applies broadly to manner, looks, and language: as, ami-
mation of countenance ; he spoke with animation ; it im-
plies, perhaps, more Warmth of feeling than the others.
Life is not expressive of feeling, but of full vital force and
any form of its manifestation : as, his words were instinct
with life; his delivery lacked life. , Liveliness is primarily
suggestive of the energetic exercise of the powers of life in
alertness of mind, freshness of interest, etc. Vivacity ap-
plies especially to conversation, but is used also of manner
and looks; it belongs mostly to externals. Spirit is vari-
ously compounded of courage, vigor, firmness, enthusiasm,
and zeal, according to the connection; it implies the best
qualities of the manly man in action. Sprightliness is
vivacity with mirth or gaiety; it is lighter than spirit.
Gaiety is the overflow of animal spirits in talk and laugh-
ter promoted by social intercourse, festivity, dancing, etc.
See mirth, hilarity, gladness, happiness.
At the very mention of such a study, the eyes of the
prince sparkled with animation.
º Irving, Alhambra, p. 239.
The king's a bawcock, and a heart of gold,
A lad of life, an imp of fame. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 1.
His [Steele's] personages are drawn with dramatic spirit,
and with a liveliness and airy facility that blind the reader
to his defects of style. Chambers's Cyc, Eng. Lit., I. 621.
The delight of opening a new pursuit, or a new course
of reading, imparts the vivacity and novelty of youth even
to old age. . D'Israeli, Lit. Char. Men of Genius, p. 316.
I will attend her here,
And woo her with some spirit when she comes.
Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
Perhaps no kind of superiority is more flattering or al-
luring than that which is conferred by the powers of con-
versation, by extemporaneous sprightliness of fancy, co-
piousness of language, and fertility of sentiment,
Johnson, Rambler, No. 101.
. Like our Touchstone, but infinitely richer, this new
ideal personage [Mascarille] still delights by the fertility
of his expedients and his perpetual and vigorous gaiety.
I. D'Israeli, Lit. Char. Men of Genius, p. 310.
The state of
So as to
animative
animative (an’i-må-tiv), a. [K animate + -ive.]
Having the power of giving life or spirit.
animator (an’i-mă-tgr), n. TL., K animare: see
animate, v.] One who or that which animates
or gives life; one who enlivens or inspires. Sir
*T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
anime (an’i-me), m. [Sometimes accented like
equiv. F. animé, on the fancy that it is so called
because often “animé”(K. L. animatus: see ani-
mate, a.) or “alive” with insects; but E. prop.
anime = F. anime (Cotgrave), now animé, Sp.
Pg. anime (NL, anime, animi, also anijmum), ap-
plied in the middle of the 16th century, and
prob. earlier, to a gum brought from the East
by the Portuguese; afterward applied to a
similar product from the West Indies. The
word, which has not been found native in the
East or elsewhere, is said by Ray and others
to be a Portuguese corruption of aminata, Gr.
âuivaia (Dioscorides), a resinous gum, this name
being appar. an adj. (sc. optipua, myrrh), re-
ferring to a people of Arabia bordering on the
Red Sea, from whom the gum was obtained.
Elemi is a different word.] 1. The name of
various resins, also known in pharmacy as elem?
(which see).-2. A kind of copal, the produce
principally of a legumimous tree, Trachylobium
Hornemannianum, of Zanzibar. The best is that
dug from the ground at the base of the trees, or that
found in a semi-fossil state in localities where the tree is
now extinct.
3. The produce of a very nearly allied tree of
tropical America, Hymenaca Courbaril, known
in the West Indies as the locust-tree. It makes
a fine varnish, and, as it burns with a very fragrant Smell,
is used in scenting pastilles.
4. Indian copal, produced by Wateria Indica.
See Wateria.
Sometimes called gum anime.
animin, animine (an’i-min), m. [Kamim(al) +
—in2.] In chem., an organic base obtained from
bone-oil. Watts.
animism (an’i-mizm), m. [= F. animisme; K L.
anima, soul (see anima), + -ism.] The hy-
pothesis, original with Pythagoras and Plato,
of a force (anima mundi, or soul of the world)
immaterial but inseparable from matter, and
giving to matter its form and movements.—2.
The theory of vital action and of disease pro-
pounded by the German chemist G. E. Stahl
(1660–1734); the theory that the soul (anima)
is the vital principle, the source of both the
normal and the abnormal phenomena of life.
In Stahl's theory the soul is regarded as the principle of
life, and, in its normal action, of health; the body being
supposed to be incapable of self-movement, and not only
originally formed by the soul, but also set in motion and
governed by it. Hence it was inferred that the source of
disease is in some hindrance to the full and free activity
of the soul, and that medical treatment should be confined
to an attempt to remove such hindrances from it. .. e
3. The general conception of or the belief in
souls and other spiritual beings; the explana-
tion of all the phenomena in nature not due to
obvious material causes by attributing them to
Spiritual agency. Among the beliefs most characteris;
tic of animism is that of a human apparitional soul, that
is, of a vital and animating principle residing in the body,
but distinct from it, bearing its form and appearance, but
wanting its material and solid substance. At an early stage
in the development of philosophy and religion events are
frequently ascribed to agencies analogous to human Souls,
or to the spirits of the deceased.
Spiritual philosophy has influenced every province of
human thought ; and the history of animism, Once clearly
traced, would record the development, not of religion
only, but of philosophy, science, and literature.
Encyc. Brit., II. 57.
The theory of Animism divides into two great dogmas,
forming parts of one consistent doctrine ; first, concern-
ing souls of individual creatures, capable of continued ex-
istence after the death or destruction of the body; second
concerning other spirits, upward to the rank of powerfui
deities. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, I. 385.
animist (an’i-mist), m. [K L. anima, Soul (see
anima), + -ist.] One who maintains animism
in any of its senses. • *
animistic (an-i-misſtik), a. Of, pertaining to,
embracing, or founded on animism in any sense.
animodart, m. . [Origin obscure; perhaps repr.
Ar. al-modār, Kal, the, + modār, pivot, tropic,
the axis of the fundament; cf. modawwar, mu-
dawwar, round, daww.ir, turn round: see mudir.]
In astrol., a method of correcting the estimated
time of birth by the position of the lunation pre-
ceding the birth. Also animoder, amnimodar.
animose (an’i-mös), a. [=F. animeua (Cotgrave)
= Sp. Pg. It, animoso, K L. animosus, full of cour-
age, bold, spirited, proud, S, animus, courage,
spirit, mind: see animus.] Full of spirit; hot;
vehement. Bailey.
animosity (an-i-mos’i-ti), m, , pl. animosities
(-tiz), [K ME. animosite, K OF. animosite, F.
220
animosité, animosity, = Pr. animositat—Sp. ani-
mosidad, valor, -
mosità, animositade, animositate, courage, ani-
mosity, K. L. animosita(t-)s, courage, spirit, ve-
hemence, in eccles. L. also wrath, enmity, Kami-
mosus: see animose.] 1+. Animation; courage;
spiritedness.
Cato, before he durst give the fatal stroke, spent part
of the night in reading the Immortality of Plato, thereby
confirming his Wavering hand unto the animosity of that
attempt. Sir T. Browne, Urn-Burial, iv.
2. Active enmity; hatred or ill-will which man-
ifests itself in active opposition.
No sooner did the duke receive this appeal from the
wife of his enemy, than he generously forgot all feeling
of animosity, and determined to go in person to his suc-
COI’. Irving, Granada, p. 48.
Supposing no animosity is felt, the hurting another by
accident arouses a genuine feeling of regret in all adults
save the very brutal. H. Spencer, Prin, of Psychol., § 529.
=Syn. 2, Animosity, Ill-will, Emmity, Malice, Hostility,
Hatred, Hate, Malevolence, Malignity, Ramcor, 6,
Spite. These words differ from those described under
acrimony, anger, and antipathy (which see) in that they
º deeper feelings or more permanent passions.
Ill-will may represent the minimum of feeling, being a
willing or wishing of ill to another, generally without
disposition to be active in bringing the evil about. En-
mity is a somewhat stronger feeling, and it often gratifies
itself in trifling and cowardly ways. Amimosity is more
intense than emmvity; it is avowed and active, and what
it does is more serious than the covert attacks of enmity
or the hasty attacks of spite, Malice is pure badness of
heart, delighting in harm to others for its own sake. Hos-
tility is less passionate than animosity, but not less avowed
or active, being a state of mind inclining one to aggressive
Warfare. Hatred and hate are the general words to cover
all these feelings; they may also be ultimate, expressing
the concentration of the Whole nature in an intense ill-
will. Malevolence is more casual and temporary than mal-
ice, arising upon occasion furnished, and characterized
by a wish that evil may befall another rather than by an
intention to injure, Malignity is malice intensified; it is
hatred in its aspect of destructiveness or desire to strike
at the most vital interests of another. Ramcor is hatred
or malice turned sour or bitter; it is innplacable in its
vindictiveness. A grwdge is a feeling of sullen ill-will or
enmity, caused by a trifling wrong, and likely to be ap-
peased when it has spent itself in a similar return against
the offender. Spite is sudden, resentful, and generally
quite as well pleased to mortify as to damage another; it
may be as strong as malice or as weak as pique.
The personal animosity of a most ingenious man was
the real cause of the utter destruction of Warburton's
critical reputation. I. D'Israeli, Lit. Quar., p. 397.
That thereby he may gather
The ground of your ill-will, and so remove it.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 3.
No place is so propitious to the formation either of
close friendships or of deadly enmities as an Indiaman.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
And malice in all critics reigns so high,
• That for small errors they whole plays decry.
Dryden, Prol. to Tyrannic Love, l. 3.
As long as truth in the statement of fact, and logic in
the inference from observed fact, are respected, there need
be no hostility between evolutionist and theologian.
IP. R. Lamkester, Degeneration, p. 69.
Tempt not too much the hatred of my spirit,
For I am sick when I do look on thee.
Shak., M. N. D., ii. 2.
For thou art so possess'd with murderous hate,
That 'gainst thyself thou stick'st not to conspire.
Shak., Sonnets, X.
The deadly energy [of magic verses] existing solely in
the words of the imprecation and the malevolence of the
reciter, which was supposed to render them effectual at
any distance.
T. F. Thiselton Dyer, Folk-lore of Shak., p. 508.
The political reigns of terror have been reigns of mad-
ness and malignity,+a total perversion of opinion; Soci-
ety is upside down, and its best men are thought too bad
to live. JEmerson, Courage.
He who has sunk deepest in treason is generally pos-
sessed by a double measure of ramcor against the loyal and
the faithful. De Quincey, Essenes, ii.
I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him,
Shak., M. of V., i. 3.
Below me, there, is the village, and looks how quiet and
small !
And yet bubbles o'er like a city, with gossip, scandal, and
spite. Tennyson, Maud, iv. 2.
animus (an’i-mus), n. [L., the mind, in a great
variety of meanings: the rational soul in man,
intellect, consciousness, Will, intention, cour-
age, spirit, sensibility, feeling, passion, pride,
vehemence, wrath, etc., the breath, life, soul
(cf. Gr. &veplog, wind: see anemone), closely re-
lated to anima, which is a fem. form: see ami-
ma.] Intention; purpose; spirit; temper; es-
pecially, hostile spirit or angry temper; ani-
mosity: as, the animus with which a book is
Written.
With the animus and no doubt with the fiendish looks
of a murderer. De Qwincey, Murder as a Fine Art.
That article, as was to be expected, is severely hostile to
the new version ; but its peculiar animºus is such as goes
far to deprive it of value as a critical judgment.
- Nineteenth Century, XX. 91.
anion (an’i-on), n., [K Gr. &vtóv, neut, of āvūv,
going up, ppr. of aviéval, go up, Kává, up (see
g, animosidade = It. ani-
Anisobranchia
ana-), + i \val, go, - L. iré = Skt. V 3, go: see
iterate and go.] in elect., that group of atoms
which when electrically decomposed or ana-
lyzed will appear as an electronegative mole-
cule at the positive terminal or anode of an
electrolytic solution or bath. The name was first
used by Faraday. . .,,. º
aniridia (an-i-rid’i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. &v- priv.
+ lpig (iptó-), iris.] In pathol., absence of the
iris of the eye, or an imperfection of the iris
amounting to a loss of function.
anisandrous (an-i-San‘drus), a. º Gr, &vloog,
unequal (see aniso-), + &våp (ävöp-), male: see
-androws.] Same as amisostemonows.
anisanthous (an-i-Santhus), a. [K Gr. &vtoog,
unequal (see aniso-), + &v6og, flower.] In bot.,
having perianths of different forms. Syd. Soc.
Lea.
anisate (an’i-sāt), a. [K anise + -atel..] Re-
sembling anise.
anise (an 'is), m. [Early mod. E. also amis, an-
mis, . amys, aneys, annes, KOF. (and mod.
F.) anis = Pr: Sp. Pg. amis = D. anijs = Dan. Sw.
anis = MHG. amis, emis, G. amis (X Serv. anieh,
anezh, Sloven.janezh), K.L. anisum, also spelled
anesum and amethum (> F. ameth, X E. anet, q.
v.), = Russ. anisłł = Bulg, Serv. anason = Ar.
Turk. anisiin, anise, K. Gr. &vmtſov or āvvmtſov, Ion.
&vnoov or āvvmoov, later Attic &vtoov or āvvtoov,
anise, dill.] . An annual umbelliferous plant,
Pimpinella Anisum. It is indigenous in Egypt, and is
cultivated in Spain and Malta, whence the seed is exported.
/~
| -
Anise (Aimpintella Artistamt).
a, base, and b, top of plant; c, fruit; d, section of a carpel.
Anise-seeds have an aromatic smell and a pleasant Warm
taste; they are largely employed in the manufacture of
cordials. When distilled with water they yield a volatile,
fragrant, syrupy oil, which separates when cooled into two
portions, a light oil and a solid camphor.—Star-anise, or
hinese anise, Illicium anisatwm.—Wild anise-tree
of Florida, Illiciwm Floridanum. See Illicium.
anise-camphor (an’is-kam”for), n. A liquid or
crystalline substance, Cºfiñº, found in the
oils of anise, fennel, star-anise, and tarragon.
Also called amethol.
aniseed, anise-seed (an’i-séd, an’is-Séd), n.
[The first form contr. from the second..] 1. The
seed of the anise. See anise.—2. See amisette.
anise-tree (an’is-tré), m. See anise and Illicium.
anisette (an-i-set'), m. [F., Kamis, anise, -- dim.
-ette.] A cordial or liqueur prepared from the
seed of the anise. Sometimes called aniseed.
It often happens that a glass of water, flavored With a
little anisette, is the order over which he [the lasagnone]
sits a whole evening. Howells, Venetian Life, xx.
anisic (a-nis'ik), a. [KL. amisum, amise, H -ić.]
Pertaining to or derived from amise. An equiv-
alent form is aniSoic.—Anisic. acid, C3H803, an
acid obtained from aniseed by the action of oxiii. Sub-
stances. It is crystallizable and volatile, and forms salts
which crystallize readily.
anisor. ... [The combining form of Gºvgog, un:
equal, Käv- #. + loog, equal.] . An element
in compound words of Greek origin, signifying
unequal.
Anisobranchia (a-ni-sà-brang’ki-á), n, pl.
[NL., & Gr. &vlooc, unequal, F 6páyºta, gills.]
Gegenbaur's system of classification, a Super-
family of gastropods, of the series Chiastoneura,
including a number of forms collectively dis-
tinguished from the Zeugobranchia (which see).
Leading genera of the Anisobranchia are Patella, Trochus,
Littorina, Cyclostoma, Rissoa, Paludina, and Turrëella.
In the Anisobranchia the left gill is smaller, and the
right one more largely º: -
Gegenbaur, Comp. Anat, (trans.), p. 887,

- Anisobranchiata. º,
Anisobranchiata (a-ni'só-brang-ki-ā'tā), n.pl.
[NL., neut. pl. of anisobranchiatus: see anišo-
branchiate.] Same as Anisobranchia.
anisobranchiate (a-ni-só-brang'ki-āt), a. [K
NL. anisobranchiatus, as Anisobranchia + -atus.]
Having unequal gills; specifically, of or pertain-
ing to the Amisobranchia. tº
anisobryous (an-i-sob’ri-us), a. [K Gr. &vtoog,
unequal, -H 3püov, lit. a growth, K 3píety, swell,
grow.] Same as amisodynamous.
anisocercal (a-ni-sö-sèr’kal), a... [K Gr. &vloog
unequal, -- képkoç, tail: see an–6 and isocercal.
Not isocercal.
*} anisodactyle ‘...} 0.
and m. [K £ amisodacº lus, unequal-toed, KGr.
ðvtoog, unequal, -- Čákrvãog, a finger or toe: see
amiso- and dactyl.] I. a. Same as ani800actylous.
II. m. 1. One of an order of birds in the
classification of Temminck, including those
insessorial species the toes of which are of
unequal length, as the nuthatch.-2. One of
the Amisodactyla.
Allºy. (a-ni-só-dak’ti-lâ), m. pl. [NL.,
neut. pl. of anisodactylus: see ani80ſlactyl.] In
the zoölogical system of Cuvier, one of four
divisions of pachydermatous quadrupeds, in-
cluding those which have several unsymmetri-
cal hoofs. The term is loosely synonymous with Pe.
rissodactyla, but as originally intended it excluded the
solidungulate perissodactyls, as the horse, and included
some Artiodactyla, as the hippopotamus, as well as all the
Proboscidea, or elephants, mastodons, and mammoths.
It is an artificial group, not now in use.
anisodactyle, a. and n. See amisodactyl.
Anisodactyli (a-ni-só-dak’ti-li), m. pl. [NL.,
pl. of anisodactylus: see amisodactyl.] In Sun-
devall's classification of birds, the second series
of an order Volucres, consisting of the five co-
horts Coenomorphae, Ampligulares, Longilingues,
or Mellisugae, Syndactyla, and Peristeroideae. See
these words. By Sclater, in 1880, the term is used as a
suborder of Picarioe, including twelve families, the Colii-
doe, Alcedinidae, Bucerotidae, Upupidae, Irrisoridae, Meropi-
doe, Momotidae, Todidae, Coraciidae, Leptosomidae, Pódar-
gidae, and Steatormithidae.
anisodactylic (a-ni’só-dak-til'ik), a. [Kaniso-
dactyl + -ic.] Same as amisodactylous.
anisodactylous (a-ni-só-dak’ti-lus), a. [KNL.
amisodactylus: see amisodactyl.] Unequal-toed;
having the toes unlike. (a) In mammals, of or per-
taining to the Amisodactyla ; perissodactyl ; pachyderma-
tous. See cut under $ºf (b) In ornith., of or per-
taining to the amisodactyls, or Amisodactyli. Equivalent
forms are amisodactyl, amisodactyle, and amisodactylic.
anisodont (a-ni's 3-dont), a. [K Gr. &vtoog, un-
equi. Fºrjã, tooth..] in herpetol.,
having teeth of unequal size: applied to the
dentition of those serpents in which the teeth
are unequal in length and irregular in set, with
wide interspaces, especially in the lower jaw.
anisodynamous (a-ni-só-di'na-mus), a. [K Gr.
ðvloog, unequal, + 60 vaulg, power: see dynamic.]
In bot., a term suggested by Cassini as a sub-
stitute for monocotyledonows, on the supposition
that the single cotyledon results from unequal
development on the two sides of the axis of the
embryo. An equivalent form suggested by him
was amisobryous, but neither term was ever
adopted.
anisognathous (an-i-sog'nā-thus), a. [K. Gr.
&vtoog, unequal, -- Yváffog, jaw.] In 206l., hav-
ing the molar teeth unlike in the two jaws: op-
posed to isognathows.
anisogynous (an-i-Soj’i-nus), a... [K Gr. &vlooc,
unequal, + Yvvń, a female.] In bot., having the
carpels not equal in number to the sepals.
N. E. D. -
anisoic (an-i-só'ik), a. [Irreg. equiv. of anisic.]
Same as a misic.
anisomeric (a-ni-só-mer'ik), a. [As amisome-
rows + -ic.] In chem., not composed of the
same proportions of the same elements.
anisomerous (an-i-som’º-rus), a [KNL. ani-
somerus, K. Gr. Övoog, unequal, tº uépoc, part.]
1. In bot., unsymmetrical: applied to flowers
which have not the same number of parts in
each circle.
[When] the number of parts in each whorl is . . .
equal, as in Rue, . . . the flower is an isomeroºts.
R. Bentley, Botany, p. 343.
2. In odontog., having the transverse ridges of
successive molar teeth increasing in number by
more than one, as in the elephants.
ânisometric (a-ni-sö-met’rik), a. [K Gr. §vigoº,
unequal, + ſuérpov, measure.] Of unequal mea-
surement: a term applied to crystals which
are developed dissimilarly in the three axial
directions.
anisometropia (a-mi's 3-me-trö’pi-á), m. L.,
K. Gr. &vtooſ, unequal, + puérpov, measure, F Öib,
Ull-
- 221
eye.] Inequality of the eyes with respect to re-
fractive power. -
anisometropic (a-ni’sö-me-trop'ik), a. [K ani-
80metropia + -ic.] Unequally refractive; af-
fected with anisometropia.
Anisonema (a-ni-só-nē’mă), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ävloog, unequal, -- viſua, a thread, Kvěetv, spin.]
A genus of theeamonadine infusorians, typical
of the family Anisonemidae.
Anisonemidae (a-ni-sà-mem’i-dé), n. pl. [NL.,
K. Anisonema + -idae.] A family of ovate or
elongate infusorians inhabiting salt and fresh
Water. They are free-swimming or temporarily adher.
ent animalcules with two flagella, the anterior one of
which is locomotory or vibratile and called the tractellum
the posterior one, called the gubernaculum, being traile
inactively or used for steering. The oral aperture is dis-
tinct, in most cases associated with a tubular pharynx.
The endoplasm is transparent and granular. Saville Kent.
anisopetalous (º, a. [K Gr.
ăvagoſ, unequal, + Téražov, leaf, mod. petal.]
In # having unequal petals.
anisophyllous (a-ni-sö-fil’us), a. [K NL. aniso-
hyllus, K. Gr. &vtoog, * + dº? Aov =
folium, leaf: see folio.] $ot aving the
leaves of a pair unequal.
Anisopleura (a-ni-sà-plôºrã), n., pl. . [NL., K
Gr. &vtoog, unequal, -F tràevpé, the side.J. A.
prime division of gastropods, containing those
which are not bilaterally symmetrical, as are
all Gastropoda excepting the chitons, etc.: con-
trasted with Isopleura.
The twisted or straight character of the visceral nervous
loop gives a foundation for a division of the Amigopleura
into two groups, to which the names Streptoneura and
Euthyneura have been applied. To the former belong the
great majority of the aquatic and some of the terrestrial
species, while the latter contains only the opisthobranchs
and pulmonifers. Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 294.
anisostemonous (a-ni-sā-stem/3-nus), a.
anisosthenic (a-ni-só-sthen'ik), a.
Anisota (an-i-Sö’tā), n.
anisotropal (an-i-sotºró-pal), a.
anisotrope (a-ni’sº-tróp), a.
anisotropous (an-i-Sotºró-pus), a.
ankle
[K
Gr. Švagog, unequal, 4- orhuay, a thread (arºka,
a stamen: see stamen).] In bot., having the
stamens fewer in number than the petals or
lobes of the corolla: applied to flowers, as in
the family Menthaceae. An equivalent word is
amisandrous.
[K Gr. &ve-
aoq6evåg, K &vigog, unequal, -- abévoc, strength.]
Of unequal strength. N. E. D.
[NL., K. Gr. &vtoog, un-
equal, 4- oig (Öt-)=E. earl.] A genus of moths,
family Ceratocampidae, established by Hübner
in 1816. The larvae feed commonly upon the oak, but A.
Tubicunda (Fabricius) is often injurious to the soft maple.
They undergo transformation below the surface of the
ground to maked pupae. See cut in preceding column.
Same as ani-
sotropic.
[K Gr. &vtoog
unequal, + TpóTog, a turning, K Tpéretv, turn.
*Same as anisotropic.
ânisotropic (a-ni-sā-trop'ik), a. [As anisotrope
L. “;
-ic.] 1... Not having the same properties in
all directions; not isotropic; abolotropic. All
crystals except those of the isometric system
are anisotropic with respect to light.
Starch grains behave like double refracting crystals, and
we assume, therefore, that they consist of . . . anisotropic
substances. Behrems, Micros. in Botany (trans.), p. 360.
2. In biol., responding differently or unequally
to external influences: first used in this sense
by Sachs.
Equivalent forms are amisotropal, amisotrope,
and anisotropous.
º Same as
anisotropic.—Anisotropous disk. See striated muscle,
under striated.
anisopleural (a-ni-sà-plgºrgl), a... [As Aniso: Anisotropy (an-i-sotrº-pi), n. (KGr, wood, un-
pleura + -al.] Unequal-sided; having bilateral
asymmetry; specifically, of or pertaining to the
Amisopleura.
anisopleurous (a-ni-sà-pló’rus), a. [AS Aniso-
pleura + -ous.] Same as amisopleural.
Euthyneurous anisoplewrows Gastropoda, probably de-
rived from ancestral forms similar to the palliate Opistho-
branchia by adaptation to a terrestrial life.
E. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XVI. 660.
anisopogonous (a-ni-Sö-pog^{-nus), a. [K Gr.
ăvtoog, unequal, -- Tóyov, beard.] In ormith.,
unequally webbed: said of feathers one web
or vane of which is markedly different from
the other in size or shape, or both: opposed to
isopogonous.
Anisops (a-ni’sops), n. [NL., K. Gr. Övtoog, un-
equal, + 6th, Öip, face (appearance).] A genus
of aquatic heteropterous insects, of the family
Notonectidae, or back-swimmers, having a slen-
der form and the fourth joint of the antennae
longer than the third. A. platycnemis is a com-
mon North American species.
anisopterous (an-i-sopºte-rus), a. [KGr. Övtoog,
unequal, + Trépôv, a wing.] With unequal
wings: applied to flowers, fruits, etc.
Anisopteryx (an-i-sopºte-riks), m. [NL., K. Gr.
ăvtoog, unequal, + Trépuš, wing.] . A genus of
geometrid moths, the larvae of which are known
8,S C er-WOTmS. Two well-known species are 4.
(Paleocrata) vernata, the spring canker-worm, and A.
pometaria, the fall canker-worm, both of which occur
from Maine to Texas; they feed upon the leaves of the
apple, pear, plum, cherry, elm, and many other trees.
See cut under canker-worm.
Anisorhamphus (a-ni-sā-ramºfus), R. [NL., K
Gr. &vtoog, unequal, -- 6dpipog, beak, bill.] Same
as Rhynchops.
Green-striped Maple-worm (Artisota rubicuttata).
a, larva: b. pupa ; c. female moth. (All natural size.)
anitrogenous (an-i-troj'e-nus), a.
aniuma (an-i-li’mâ), m.
anjeela (an-jé’lā), m.
Anjou (of-zhö'), m.
ankerlt, m.
anker?t, n.
anker8 (ang'kér), n.
Acrlº).
ankle (ang'kl), m.
equal, + -tporia, KToétely, turn.] The quality
of being anisotropic.
[K Gr. &-
priv. (a-18) + nitrogenous, q.v.] Not containing
or supplying nitrogen; not nitrogenous.
[See anhima.] Aname
of the horned screamer, Palamedea cornuta.
[A native name in Cey-
lon.] A sort of floating house, supported upon
two large canoes, connected by planks. It is
used by the Singhalese both as a dwelling and as a means
of transportation.
[F., K Anjou, a province of
France: see Angevin.] A slightly sparkling
wine of western France, manufactured in a
region of which Chalonnes-sur-Loire, near An-
gers, is the center.
A former spelling of anchorl.
A former spelling of anchor?.
[= F. ancre = Russ. an-
kerú, ankerok, K. D. G. Dan. anker = Sw. amkare,
a liquid measure, prob. Orig. a vat or keg ; cf.
ML. anceria, ancheria, a small vat or keg ;
origin obscure.] A liquid measure formerly
used in England, and still common throughout
Germany, Russia, and Denmark, having a ca-
pacity varying in different places from 8 to 12
gallons. In Scotland it was equal to 20 Scotch
pints. Also spelled anchor.
ankerite (ang’kèr-it), n. [After Prof. Anker, of
Gratz, + liºj A crystallized variety of dolo-
mite containing much iron. It consists of carbon-
ates of calcium, iron, magnesium, and manganese, and is
much prized as an ore of iron for smelting and as a flux.
It occurs with carbonate of iron at the Styrian mines and
elsewhere.
ankh (ank), m. [Egypt., life or soul...] In Egyp-
tian art, the emblem of enduring life, or Sym-
bol of generation, generally represented as held
in the hand of a deity, and often
conferred upon royal favorites. . It
is the crux: amsata (which see, under
[(a) Also writ-
ten ancle, KME. ankle, ancle, ankel,
ankil, ankyl (a corresponding AS.
form not recorded) = OFries. am-
kel–D. emkel= OHG. anchal, cmchil,
m., anchala, emchila, f., M.H.G. G. |
enkel = Ieel. Ökkla, Ökli = SW. Dan. Ankh, carried
ankel; (b) also with added term. E. §as. *ś
dial. anclef, ancliff, ancley, KME. an- i.eli." “
clec, amclouce, KAS. ancleow, oncleow,
ancleſ = OFries. onklef= OD. aenklauwe, D. an-
klaauw, enklaauw = OHG. anchlao (rare) (the
term. being due, perhaps, to a simulation of AS.
cled, usually clawu = OFries. kleve = D. klaauw,
a claw); with formative -l, -el, from a simple
base preserved in OHG. encha, einka, leg, ankle,
MHG. anke, ankle (> F, hanche, E. haunch, q.




ankle
Y.); prob, related to L. angulus, an angle, and
Gr; &#920;, bent; see anglel, angle3, and an-
kylose.] 1. The joint which connects the foot
with the leg.—2. By extension, the slenderpart
of the leg between the calf and the ankle-joint.
Also spelled ancle.
ankle-bone (ang'kl-bón), n. The bone of the
ankle; the astragalus or huckle-bone.
ankle-boot (ang'kl-böt), n. 1. A covering for
the ankle of a horse, designed to prevent inter-
fering. See interfere.—2. A boot reaching a
little above a person's ankle.
ankle-clonus (ang’kl-klö/nus), m. The clonic
Spasm of the calf-muscles evoked in certain
cases by a sudden bending of the foot upward
toward the ankle, to such an extent as to render
the tendon of Achilles very tense.
ankled (ang’kld), a. [Kamkle + -ed?..] Having
ankles: used in composition: as, well-ankled.
ankle-deep (ang'kl-dép), a. 1. Šunkin water,
mud, or the like, up to the ankles.—2. Of a
depth sufficient to reach or come up to the top
of the ankle.
ankle-jack (ang' kl-jak), m. A kind of boot
reaching above the ankle.
He [Captain Cuttle] put on an unparalleled pair of an-
kle-jacks. Dickens, Dombey and Son, xv.
ankle-jerk (ang’kl-jérk), n. The contraction of
the muscles of the calf caused by striking the
tendon of Achilles just above the heel or sud-
denly stretching it. Also called ankle-reflea.
ankle-joint (ang'kl-joint), n. 1. In ordinary
language, same as ankle, 1.—2. In 206l. and
amat., the tarsal joint. (a) In mammals, the
tibiotarsal articulation. (b) In other verte-
|brates, the mediotarsal articulation. See tar-
sal, tarsus.
ankle-reflex (ang’kl-ré'fleks), m.
kle-jerk.
anklet (ang'klet), m. [K ankle + dim. -et.] 1. A
little ankle.—2. An ornament for the ankle,
corresponding to the bracelet for the wrist or
forearm.–3. A support or brace for the leg, in-
tended to stiffen the ankle-joint and prevent the
ankle from turning to one side.—4. An exten-
sion of the top of a boot or shoe, designed some-
times for protection to a weak ankle, some-
times merely for ornament.—5. A fetter or
shackle for the ankles.
To every bench, as a fixture, there was a chain with
heavy anklets. L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 152.
ankle-tie (ang’kl-ti), n. A kind of slipper with
straps buttoning around the ankle.
ankus, ankush (ang'kus, -kush), m. [Hind.
amkus, Pers. anguzh, K Skt. ankuga.] In India,
an elephant-goad combining a sharp hook and
a straight point or Spike. Such goads are often
elaborately ornamented; they are a favorite subject for the
rich enamel of Jeypore, and are sometimes set with precious
stones. “It forms part of the khillat or ‘dress of honor'
given by the Maharaja of Jeypore.” Jacobs and Hendley,
Jeypore Enamels.
aftylºphºrº, (ang" ki-lô-blef’ a -ron), n.
[NL., K. Gr. &yki Zog, crooked (see ankylosis), +
ſłżépapov, eyelid.] In pathol., union, more or
less extensive, of the edges of the eyelids. Im-
properly spelled anchyloblepharon.
ankylose (ang’ki-lós), v, ; pret, and pp. anky-
losed, pp.r. ankylosing. [K ankylosis, q.v.] I.
trans. To fix immovably, as a joint; stiffen.
II, intrans. In osteol., to become consolidated,
as one bone with another or a tooth with a jaw;
loecome firmly united bone to bone; grow to-
gether, as two or more bones; effect bony union
or ankylosis.
In the Sirenia the pelvis is extremely rudimentary, be-
ing composed, in the Dugong, of two slender, elongated
bones on each side,
placed end to end, and
commonly ankylosing to-
;"
Same as an-
eF.
H. Flower, Osteology,
[p. 291.
The lower incisors of
some species of shrews
... become ankylosed
to the jaw.
W. H. Flower, Incyc.
Brit., XV. 349, foot-note.
Improperly spell-
ed anchylose.
ankylosis (ang-ki-
ló ‘sis), m. [Im-
properly anchylosis,
strictly “ancylosis, K
Gr. dyki Zootº, a stiff-
ening of the joints,
K dykv7.6etv, crook,
bend, K ſtyki Zog,
crooked, bent (cf.
Extensive Ankylosis of cervical
vertebrae of Greenland right whale,
Jalazza mysticeties. 1-7, the first
seven vertebrae united in one mass;
a, articular surface of atlas for occipi-
tal condyle; e, ºppº on body
of seventh cervical ; szt, foramen in
arch of atlas for passage of front
spinal nerve.
especially of the tongue.—2. A
222
&ykoç, a bend), - L. angulus, angle (cf. ancus,
bent); closely related to E. º ‘. angiei
and ankle.] 1. In anat. and 206l., the consoli-
dation or fusion of two or more bones in one,
or the union of the different parts of a bone;
bony union; synosteosis: as, the ankylosis of
the cranial bones one with another; the anky-
losis of the different elements of the temporal
bone; the ankylosis of an epiphysis with the
shaft of a bone.—2. In pathol., stiffness and
immovability of a joint; morbid adhesion of
the articular ends of contiguous bones.
He moves along stiffly . . . as the man who, as we are
told in the Philosophical Transactions, was afflicted with
an universal anchylosis. Goldsmith, Criticisms.
Improperly spelled anchylosis.
ankylotic (ang-ki-lot'ik), a... [K ankylosis : see
-otic..] Pertaining to ankylosis. Improperly
spelled anchylotic.
ankylotome (ang-kilſø-töm), n., [K NL. §.
lotomus, K. Gr. dyköWog, crooked (see ankylos;
+ touff, a cutting, KTéuvelv, Tapaeiv, cut: see tome.
1. A surgical instrument for oper-
ating on adhesions or contractions,
curved knife or bistoury.
Equivalent forms are ancylotome,
ankylotomus, ancylotomus.
ankylotomus (ang-ki-lot'Q-mus
m.; pl. ankylotomi (-mi). Nij
Same as ankylotome. Also written
ancylotomus.
ankyroid (an-ki'roid), a.
ancyroid.
anlacet, anelacet (an’lās, -e-lâs), m.
[K ME. an!as, analasse, an!ace, ane-
lace, in Latinized form amelacius,
amelatius, OW. anglas; of uncer-
tain origin..] A dagger or short
sword, very broad and thin at the
hilt and tapering to a point, used
from the twelfth to the fifteenth
Same as
Amlace.
century. Also spelled amelas. (From Viollet-
An amlas and a gipser al of silk ºpus'.
Heng at his girdel. français.”)
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1.357.
His harp in silken scarf was slung,
And by his side an amlace hung.
Scott, Rokeby, v. 15.
anlaut (an 'lout), m. [G., K am, on (= E. on,
q. V.), marking thé beginning, + law.t, a sound,
K lawt, adj., loud, = E. lowd, q. v. Cf. auslaut,
inlawt, and wºmlaut.] In philol., the initial
sound of a word. .
anlet (an’let), m. [K OF. amelet, dim. of amel, a
ring: See annulet.] In her., same as annulet.
Also written andlet, awnlet.
annt, m. [For ammat, annet, appar. with direct
ref. to L. annus, a year: See annat, ammate.]
Same as anmat.
annal (an’ā), n. [Anglo-Ind., also spelled ana,
K Hind. dná.] In India, the sixteenth part of a
rupee, or about 2 cents. Under Queen Victoria,
coins of the value of 2 annas (silver), worth 2d., half an
anna (copper), etc., were issued.
anna? (an’â), m. [S. Amer.] The Indian name
of a South American skunk. De la Vega.
annabergite (an'a-bêrg-it), n. IK Annaberg,
a town in Saxony, + -iº.j A hydrous ar-
semiate of nickel, a massive or earthy mineral
of an apple-green color, often resulting from
the alteration of arsenides of nickel.
annal (an'al), n. [In sense 1, a sing. made
from pl. ammals, q. v. In sense 2, K . Q.7???0–
lis (sc. missa), also neut. annale, a mass, K L.
annalis, yearly. Cf. annual.] 1. A register or
record of the events of a year: chiefly used in
the plural. See ammals.
A last year's ammal.
Warburton, Causes of Prodigies, p. 59.
2. Same as annual, n., 1.
annalist (an 'al-ist), m. [Kannal + -ist; = F. an-
maliste.] A writer of annals.
The monks . . . were the only annalists during those
ageS. Hºwme, Hist. Eng., i.
Gregory of Tours was succeeded as an ammalist by the
still feebler Fredegarius. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II, 24.
annalistic (an-a-listik), a. Pertaining to or
characteristic of an annalist.
Written in a stiff ammalistic method.
Sir G. C. Lewis, Credibility of Early Rom. Hist., I. 50.
annalizeł (an'al-iz), v. t. [Kannal + -iče.] To
record in annals, or as in annals. [Rare.]
The miracle, deserving a Baronius to ammalize it.
Sheldon, Miracles, p. 332.
annals (an 'alz), m. pl. [Formerly annales, K F.
annales, pl., K. L. annales (Sc. libri, books), a
yearly record, pl. of ammalis, yearly (in L.L. also
• * annealing
annualis, X E. annual, q.v.), K annus, a circuit,
periodical return, hence a year, prob. orig.
*acnus (cf. Umbrian pereknem = L. perennem:
see perennial), and identical with ānus (orig.
*acnus), a ring (> ānulus, also written annulus,
a ring: See ammulus), perhaps K V “ac, bend,
nasalized “anc in angulus (for “anculus), angle,
etc.: see angle3.] I. A history or relation of
events recorded year by year, or connected by
the order of their occurrence. Hence—2. Any
formal account of events, discoveries, transac-
tions of learned societies, etc.— 3. #istorical
records generally.
The Tour de Constance [at Aigues-Mortes] . . . served
for years as a prison, . . . and the ammals of these dread-
ful chambers during the first half of the last century were
written in tears of blood.
H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 177.
= Syn. History, Chronicle, etc. See history, also list un-
der chronicle.
Annamese (an-a-més' or -méz'), a. and m. [K
Annam (said to be K Chinese am, peace, peace-
ful, + nam, south) + -ese.] I. a. of § per-
taining to Annam, its people, or its language.
II. m. 1. sing. or pl. A native or the natives
of Annam; an inhabitant or the inhabitants of
Annam, a feudatory dependency of China till
1883, when France established a protectorate
Over it. Annam occupies the eastern portion of the
Indo-Chinese peninsula, having China proper on the north
and Siam on the west.
2. The language spoken in Annam. It is mono-
Syllabic, and allied to the Chinese. Annamese literature
is Written in Chinese characters, used phonetically.
Also spelled Anamese.
Annamite (an'a-mit), a. and n. IK Annam +
-ite?..] Same as Annamese. Also spelled Ama-
‘mite.
annat, annate (an'at, an’āt), n. [Early mod.
E. annat, amnet, usually in pl., K F. ammate, K
ML. ammata, neut. pl. of ammatus, a year old, K
L. annus, a year: see annals.]. 1. pl. The first
fruits, consisting of a year's revenue, or a
specified portion of a year's revenue, paid to
the pope by a bishop, an abbot, or other ec-
clesiastic, on his appointment to a new see or
benefice. The place of annats is now supplied, in the
main, by “Peter's pence.” In England, in 1534, they
were vested in the king, and in the reign of Queen. Anne
they were restored to the church, and appropriated to the
augmentation of poor livings of the Church of England,
forming what is known as “Queen Anne's bounty.”
Mext year the ammates or first-fruits of benefices, a con-
stant source of discord between the nations of Europe and
their spiritual chief, were taken away by act of Parlia-
ment. Hallam.
2. In Scots law, the portion of stipend payable
for the half year after the death of a clergy-
man of the Church of Scotland, to which his
family or nearest of kin have right.
The ammat due to the executors of deceased ministers is
declared to be half a year's rent over what is due to the
defunct for his incumbency, to wit: if he survive Whit:
sunday, the half of that year is due for his incumbency, and
the other half for the ammat; and if he survive Michael-
mas, the whole year is due for his incumbency, and the
half of the next year for the ammat, and the executors meed
not to confirm it. Parl., 2d Sess., iii., 13th an. Car. II.
annatto (a-nat'6), n. Same as armotto.
anneall (a-nēl"), v. t. [Now spelled in imita-
tion of L. Words in ann-; prop., as in early mod.
E., aneal, K. M.E. amelem, onelen, inflame, heat,
melt, burn, K. A.S. and lam, omūºlan, burn, K am,
on, on, + ælan, burn, set on fire, K &l, also del,
fire, a burning (a rare word; cf. alfet); cf. Eled,
fire, EOS. eld= Icel. eld, = Sw. eld = Dan. ild,
fire (the vowel short, though orig. long). The
particular sense ‘enamel” may have been de-
rived in part from OF. meeler, mieler, later mel-
ler, varnish, enamel, orig. paint in black upon
gold or silver, K. M.L. migellare, blacken, enamel
in black, Knigellum, a black enamel (> E. miello,
q. V.), K L.L. nigellus, blackish, dim. of L. niger,
black: see negro.] 1+. Originally, to set on
fire; kindle.—2+. To heat, fire, bake, or fuse,
as glass, earthenware, ores, etc.—3. To heat,
as glass, earthenware, or metals, in order to fix
colors; enamel.—4. To treat, as glass, earthen-
ware, or metals, by heating and gradually cool-
ing, so as to toughen them and remove their
brittleness.
anneal?t, v. t.
annealer (a-nē’lér), n.
anneals.
annealing (a-nē’ling), n. [Early mod. E. also
anealing; verbal n. of amneall.] 1. The pro-
cess or art of treating substances by means of
heat, so as to remove their brittleness and at
the same time render them tougher and more
elastic. In #. these results are obtained by
heating to a high temperature and then cooling very gradu-
Same as ameal?.
One who or that which


- annealing
ally. All glassware, china, etc., which is to be subjected
to great changes of temperaturé should be thus treated.
The working of iron and steel by hammering, bending,
rolling, drawing, etc., tends to harden them and maké
them brittle, and the original properties are restored by
annealing. Steel plates and dies for bank-note printing
and the like are annealed in a close box with iron filings or
turnings, lime, or other substances, and are thus freed
from carbon and reduced to pure soft iron, in which state
they will readily take, under pressure, the finest engrav-
ing from a hardened plate or die. They are then hardened
again to the degree necessary for their use in printing.
Steel for engraving dies is commonly annealed by heating
it to a bright cherry-red color, and cooling it gradually in
a bed of charcoal.
2. Same as tempering.—3. A founders' term for
the slow treatment of the clay or loam cores for
castings, which, after having been dried, are
burned or baked, and then are slowly cooled.
annealing-arch (8-mé'ling-ărch), n. The oven
in which glassware is annealed: called in some
cases a leer. . In plate-glass manufacture, the amneal-
ing-arch is called a carquaige; the front door, the throat;
the back door, the gweulette (little throat); the heating-
furnace...a tigar. * * * ſº *
annealing-box (a-nē(ling-boks), n. A box in
which articles are placed in order to be sub-
jected to the action of the annealing-oven or
—furnace. e
annealing-color (a-né" ling-kul" gr), n. The
color acquired by steel in the process of tem-
pering or exposure to progressive heat.
annealing-furnace (3-né'ling-fér"măs), n. A
furnace in which articles to be annealed are
heated.
annealing-oven (a-né'ling-uv'n), n. An an-
nealing-arch.
annealing-pot (3-né'ling-pot), n. A closed pot
in which are placed articles to be annealed or
subjected to the heat of a furnace. They are
thus inclosed to prevent the formation of an
Oxid upon their surfaces.
annect? (a-nektſ), v. t. [K L. annectere, adnec-
tere, tie Ör bend to : see annea, v.] To connect
or join. Sir T. Elyot.
It is united to it by golden rings at every corner, the
like rings being annected to the ephod.
Whiston, tr. of Josephus, III. 7.
annectent (a-nekºtent), a. [K L. annecten(t-)s,
ppr. of annectºre: see annea, v.] Annexing;
connecting or joining one thing with another.
Chiefly a zoölogical term, applied to those animals or
groups of animals which link two or more varieties, fami-
lies, classes, etc., together.
It appears probable that they [Gasterotricha) form an
annectent group between the Rotifera and the Turbellaria.
Hwa'ley, Anat. Invert., p. 171.
Annectent gyrus, See gyrus.
Anelata (an-e-lā’tā), m. pl. Same as Annel-
ta. -
annelid, annelide (an'e-lid), m. and a. I. m. One
of the Annelida or Ammelides. Also anneloid.
II. a. Of or pertaining to the Annelida or
Annelides.
Also annelidan, annelidian.
Annelida (a-nel’i-dà), m. pl. [NL. (with single
t after F. annelés, pp. pl., ringed), prop. Amnel-
lida, K. L. annellus, more correctly dinellus, dim.
of drºwlus, a ring (see annulus), + -ida.] 1. The
annelids or Amnelides, a class of invertebrate
animals, of the phylum Vermes, sometimes called
the class of red-blooded worms. The body is com-
posed of numerous (up to some 400) segments, somites,
or metameres, and limbs are wanting, or, if present, are
rudimentary and consist of the cilia or setae known as para-
podia. A vascular system with red blood is usually pres-
ent; the integument is soft, and composed of many layers,
the surface being mostly ciliate or setose; the head is
wanting or rudimentary, and in the latter case consists
of a prostomium which may be cirriferous or tenta-
culiferous. The Ammelida are the “worms,” properly so
called, of which the common earthworm, lobworm, and
leech are characteristic examples. Most of the species
are aquatic and marine. The class is differently limited
by different authors, the principal variation among later
writers, however, being in excluding or including the Ge-
phyrea. Excluding these, as is done by the above defini-
tion, the Annelida have been divided into four orders:
$} Hirwainea, Discophora, or Swctoria, the leeches; (2)
igochoeta, Abramchia, Terricolae, etc., the earthworms
and their immediate allies; (3) Chaetopoda, Polychaeta,
Brramtia, etc., the free sea-worms; and (4) Cephalo-
branchia, Tubicolae, etc., the tubicolous sea-worms. An-
other scheme divides Annelida into four subclasses: (1)
Archiannelida, composed of the genus Polygordius and its
allies; (2) Choetopoda, including (2), (3), and (4) of the forego-
ing schedule; (3) Hºrwdimea or Discophora; and (4) Entero-
ewsta, consisting of the genus Balamoglossus, which some
authorities class with the ascidians or Chordata. tº
2. In Huxley's system (1877), a superordinal
division including the Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Hi-
rudimea, and Gephyrea, with the Myzostomata
doubtfully added thereto: a group the mem-
bers of which resemble one another generally
in the segmentation of the body indicated at
least by the serially multiganglionate nervous
centers (wanting in most Gephyrea), in the
Annelides (a-nel’i-déz), n. pl.
Annellata (an-e-lātā), m. pl.
. . 223
presence of cilia and segmental organs, and h
the nature of the larvae, which are set free when
the embryos hatch. -
annelidan (a-nel’i-dan), n. and a. [K Annelida
-an.] Same as amnelid. -
annelide, n. and a. See annelid.
* [NL. (F. pl.):
See Annelida.] 1. Red-blooded worms. La-
narck.-2. Invertebrate animals that have red
'blood; the first class of articulated animals,
divided into Tubicolae, Dorsibranchiata, and
Abranchia. , Cuvier, 1817. –3. In Milne-Ed-
wards's classification, a similar group of worms
divided into Suctoria, Terricolae, Tubicolae, an
Errantes.—4. In Gegenbaur's system, a prime
division of Annulata (itself a class of Vermes),
composed of two groups, Oligochaeta and Chaeto-
poda.—5. A synonym, more or less exact, of
Annelida (which see).
annelidian (an-e-lid’i-an), n. and a. Same as
annelid. e
annelidous (a-nel’i-dus), a. [K Annelida +
-ows.] Relating to or resembling an annelid.
Also anneloid. -
The mud in many places was thrown up by numbers of
Some kind of worm, or ammelidows animal.
Darwin, Voyage of Beagle, I. 84.
annelism (an'e-lizm), n. [As annel(id) + -ism.]
; 206!., annelidan or ringed structure or con-
ition.
. The great band-worm is . . . of this low type of annel-
2.8772.
Hartwig, The Sea, xii.
[NL., neut. pl.
of annellatus, K L. annellus, anellus, dim. of an-
nus, anus, a ring: See annulus.] A synonym of
the Annelides of Cuvier (see Ammelides, 2). Owen,
1843. Also written Ammelata.
anneloid (an 'e-loid), a. and n. [As annel(id)
+ -oid.] I. a. Same as annelidows.
II. m. Same as annelid.
annetl (an'et), m. [E. dial., also written an–
nett; origin uncertain.] The kittiwake gull
Larus tridactylus or Rissa tridactyla. See kitti-
wake. [Local British.]
annet2f, n. Same as ammat.
annex (a-neks"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. annexed
(also amnext), ppr. amneaſing. [KME. annexen,
anezen, K.F. annewer, KML. anneware, freq. form
of L. annectere, adnecteré, pp. annexus, adnezus,
tie or bind to, join, Kad, to, + mectere, bind, akin
to Skt. V mah, bind. Cf. connect.] 1. To attach
at the end; Subjoin; affix: as, to annea, a codicil
to a will. In law, it implies physical connection, which,
however, is often dispensed with when not reasonably
practicable.
2. To unite, as a smaller thing to a greater;
join; make an integral part of: as, to annea, a
conquered province to a kingdom.
It is an invariable maxim, that every acquisition of for-
eign territory is at the absolute disposal of the king; and
unless he amnea; it to the realm, it is no part of it.
A. Hamilton, Works, II. 65.
For next to Death is Sleepe to be compared;
Therefore his house is unto his anneact.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vii. 25.
3. To attach, especially as an attribute, a con-
dition, or a consequence: as, to annea, a penalty
to a prohibition.
Next to sorrow still I may amnea, such accidents as pro-
cure fear. Burton, Amat. of Mel., p. 221.
Industry hath amneared thereto the fairest fruits and the
richest rewards. Barrow, Sermons, III. xviii.
I desire no stronger proof that an opinion must be false,
than to find very great absurdities ammeased to it.
Swift, Sent. of Ch. of Eng. Man, ii.
The Book Annexed, a book containing the alterations
of the American Book of Common Prayer, proposed by a
committee of the General Convention of the Protestant
Episcopal Church appointed in 1880 and reporting in 1883.
This book was described as the “book which is annexed
as a schedule” to the report. Some of the changes pro-
posed became part of the Prayer-Book in 1886; others re-
mained for further consideration or ratification. =Syn.
4dd, Affia, Attach. See add and list under affiac.
annex (a-neks’ or an’eks), n. [K F. amneae,
something added, esp. a subsidiary build-
ing, particularly to a church, KML. annexa (se.
ecclesia), fem. of L. annexus: see annea, v.]
Something annexed; specifically, a subsidiary
building added on to a main building to pro-
y
vide additional accommodation, or for the
carrying out of some object allied but subor-
dinate to the main and original object: as, Har-
vard Annea (Radcliffe College). Also spelled
Qºl.)?&QC6,
To which I add these two amneases.
Jer, Taylor, Sermons,
annexaryt (an’eks-à-ri), n. IK annex. + -ary.]
An addition; a supernumerary. Sir E. Sandys.
annexation (an-eks-à'shqn), m. [KML. anner-
atio(n-), Kammea are, pp. ammealatus, annex: see
annihilationism
annea, v.1 1. The act of annexing or uniting
at the end; the act of adding, as a smaller thing
to a greater; the act of connecting; conjunc-
tion; addition: as, the annexation of Texas to
the United States.—2. That which is annexed
or added.
Pre-eminent among them [Roman conquests] stand the
annexations of Pompeius in Syria, of the elder Caesar in
Gaul, of the younger Caesar in Egypt.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 329.
3. In law: (a) The attachment of chattels to a
freehold, in such a manner as to give them the
character of fixtures. (b) In Scots law, the ap-
propriating of church lands to the crown, or
the union of lands lying at a distance from the
kirk to which they belong to the kirk which is
nearest to them.
annexational (an-eks-à'sh9n-al), a. [K annez-
ation + -al.] Relating to annexation; in favor
of annexation.
The Strong annezational fever which now rages.
The Nation, April 8, 1869, p. 267.
annexationist (an-eks-à'shgn-ist), n. [K an-
neaſation + -ist.] One who is in favor of or ad-
vocates annexation, especially of territory; one
who aids the policy of annexing, or of being
annexed.
The unconditional amnezationists . .
mediate appeal to the people.
Westminster Rev., XIX. 346.
annexe, n. See annea.
annexion (a -nek’ shon), m. [Formerly also
annection, adnexion; = F. amneasion, K. L. anner-
ão(n-), adnezio(m-), a binding to, K annectere,
adnectere, bind to: see annex, v.] The act of
annexing, or the thing annexed; annexation;
addition. [Rare.]
The Kentish kingdome became a prey to many usurpers,
and gave occasion to Ceadwalla, the West Saxon, to seeke
the amnezion thereof to his own kingdome.
Speed, Hist. Great Brit., VII. 216.
annexionist (a-nek'shgn-ist), m. [K annexion
+ -ist.] An annexationist. Summer. [Rare.]
annexment (a-neks’ ment), m. The act of an-
nexing, or that which is annexed: as, “each
Small anneament,” Shak., Hamlet, iii. 3. [Rare.]
annicut (an’i-kut), n. [Anglo-Ind., repr. Ca-
narese amekattu, Tamil anaikattu (cerebral t),
dam-building, K Canarese ame, Tamil anai, a
dam, dike, + kattu (cerebralt), a binding, bond,
etc. : See Catamaran.] A dam constructed for
purposes of irrigation. Also spelled amicut.
annihilable (a-niſhi-la-bl), a. [=F. annihilable,
K LL. as if *annihilabilis, K annihilare, annihi-
late: see annihilate.] Capable of being anni-
hilated.
Matter annihilable by the power of God.
Clarke, Nat, and Rev. Religion, Pref.
annihilate (a-niſhi-lāt), v. t. ; pret, and pp. an-
nihilated, ppr. annihilating. [K L.L. annihilatus,
pp. of annihilare, admihilare, bring to nothing
(a word first used by Jerome), K. L. ad, to, +
mihil, nothing: see nihil.] 1. To reduce to
nothing; deprive of existence; cause to cease
to be.
It is impossible for any body to be utterly annihilated.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 100.
In every moment of joy, pain is annihilated.
Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 1S5.
2. To destroy the form or peculiar distinctive
properties of, so that the specific thing no
longer exists: as, to annihilate a forest by cut-
ting and carrying away the trees; to annihilate
an army; to annihilate a house by demolishing
the structure; also, to destroy or eradicate, as a
roperty or an attribute of a thing. = Syn. Annul,
4. 'ullify, etc. See neutralize.
annihilate (a-niſhi-lāt), a. [K L.L. annihilatus,
pp.; see the verb.] Annihilated. [Rare.]
Can these also be wholly annihilate 2
Swift, Tale of a Tub, Ded.
annihilation (a-ni-hi-lä'shgn), m. [= F. amni-
hilation; from the verb.] 1. The act of anni-
hilating or of reducing to nothing or non-exist-
ence, or the state of being reduced to nothing.
He tells us that our souls are naturally mortal. Anni-
hilation is the fate of the greater part of mankind.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xiv.
I cannot imagine my own annihilation, but I can con-
ceive it, and many persons in England now affirm their
belief in their own future ammihilation,
Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 4S.
2. The act of destroying the form of a thing or
the combination of parts which constitute it, or
the state of being so destroyed: as, the annihi-
lation of a corporation.
annihilationism (a-ni-hi-lā‘shgn-izm), m. . [K
annihilation + -ism...] 1. The denial of exist-
ence after death; the denial of immortality.—
... now urged im-
annihilationism
2. In theol., the doctrine that for the incor-
rigibly wicked future punishment will end in
annihilation. See annihilationist.
annihilationist (A-ni-hi-lä'shgn-ist), n. [Kan-
wihilation ºf -ist.j 1. One who demies the ex-
istence of the soul after death; one who denies
immortality. , Specifically–2. In theol., one
who believes that annihilation is the final doom
of the incorrigibly wicked. Annihilationists are of
two classes: those who believe that annihilation will be
inflicted by God as a peculiar doom upon the wicked, and
those who believe that imſhortality is not a natural attri-
bute of man, but is conferred by God on those who through
faith become partakers of the divine nature.
annihilative (a-niſhi-lä-tiv), a. [K annihilate
+ -ive.] Tending to annihilate; destructive.
annihilator (a-niſhi-lä-tor), n. [Kannihilate, v.]
1. One who or that which annihilates.—2.
In math., an operator which reduces a given
kind of expression to zero.—Fire-annihilator, a
fire-extinguisher.
annihilatory (a-niſhi-lä-tó-ri), a. Annihilat-
ing; tending to annihilate or destroy.
annite ſº m. [K Cape Ann + -ite2.] A va-
riety of the iron mica lepidomelane, occurring
in the granite of Cape Ann, Massachusetts.
anniversarily (an-i-vèr'sa-ri-li), adv. In an
anniversary manner; at recurring annual peri-
ods. [Rare.]
anniversary (an-i-vèr'sa-ri), a. and n. [KL. an-
miversarius, returning yearly, K annus, a year
(see annals), + vertere, turn: see verse.] I. a.
Returning with the revolution of the year; an-
nual; yearly: as, an anniversary feast.
The heaven whirled about with admirable celerity, most
constantly finishing its anniversary vicissitudes. Bay.
Anniversary day. (a) In the Rom. Cath. Ch., a day on
which an office is yearly performed for the soul of a de-
ceased person, or on which the martyrdom of a saint is
yearly celebrated. (b) In the University of Cambridge,
commemoration-day, an occasion upon Which degrees are
conferred since the disuse of the acts. See act, m., 5.
II. m. ; pl. anniversaries (-riz). [K ME. anni-
versarie, K. M.L. anniversarium, neut. n., also an-
miversaria, fem. n., Bºop, adj., K.L. anniversarius:
see the adj.] 1. The annually recurring date
of some past event; more generally, a day set
apart in each year for some commemorative ob-
servance; a day for the annual celebration of
some notable event, public or private.
The primitive Christians met at the place of their.[the
early martyrs'] martyrdom, . . . to observe the ammiver-
sary of their sufferings. Stillingfleet.
2. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., the yearly commem-
oration of the day of a person’s death, by a
mass offered for his soul, or such commemo-
ration of his death daily for a year.
Anniversary is an office in the Romish Church, cele-
brated not only once a year, but which ought to be said
daily through the year for the soul of the deceased.
Ayliffe, Parergon.
3. The act of celebrating a day on its annual re-
currence; a yearly commemoration, or (rarely)
something done or prepared for such commem-
oration.
Donne had never seen Mrs. Drury, whom he has made
immortal in his admirable anniversaries. Dryden.
anniverse (an'i-vèrs), m. [Short for anniversary,
as if K L. anni versus, the turning of the year;
but this phrase does not occur in use, and ver-
sus is not used in the lit. sense ‘a turning.’]
Same as anniversary.
And on their [the Trinity's] sacred amºniverse decreed
To stamp their image on the promis'd seed.
Dryden, Britannia Rediviva, l. 29.
annodated (an '@-dā-ted), a. [K M.L. ammodatus,
pp. of annodare, form into a knot, K.L. ad, to, +
modus = E. knot : see mode.]
her., curved in the form of an S, or
twisted or wrapped around any-
thing, as a serpent around a staff.
Generally used as synonymous
with bowed-embowed, inwrapped,
and mowed.
anno Domini (an ( 6 dom ‘i-mi).
[ML.: L. anno, abl. of amnus, year
(see ammals); LL. Domini, gen. Of
Dominus, the Lord, L. dominus,
master: see dominant, dominie.]
In the year of the Lord; in the year of the
Christian era. Commonly abbreviated A. D. :
as, the battle of Bunker Hill was fought A. D.
(or A. D.) 1775.
anno heſirae (an’ô hejºi-ré). [ML.] In the
year of the he jira, or flight of Mohammed from
Mecca (A. D. 622), from which the Mohamme-
dans reckon their time. Commonly abbreviated
A. H. See heſira.
annoisancet (3-noi'sans), n. [A mod. Spelling
of older anoisance, anoisaunce, KME. moisance,
A Serpent an-
modated about a
column which is
surmounted by a
coronet of Ra-
guSū.
224
nuisance; prob. confused with ME, anoien, an-
noy: see nuisance.] In law, a nuisance; any
injury done to a place by encroachment, or by
utting anything thereon that may breed in-
ection.
annominate (a-nom’i-nāt), v. t. [Anotherform
of agnominate, q.v.] ſo name; especially,
give a punning or alliterative name to. [Rare.]
How then shall these chapters be ammominated?
- Southey, Doctor, viii. § 1.
annomination (a-nom-i-nā’shgn), n. IKL. an-
nominatio(n-), adnominatio(n-), for “adgnomi-
natio(n-), usually agnominatio(n-): see agnomi-
nation.] 1. The use in juxtaposition of words
nearly alike in sound, but of different mean-
ings; a paronomasia.—2. Alliteration, or the
use of two or more words in succession begin-
ning with the same letter or sound. See agnom-
£mation.
Geraldus Cambrensis speaks of ammomination, which he
describes to be what we call alliteration, as the favourite
rhetorical figure both of the Welsh and English in his
time. Tyrwhitt, Chaucer, iii. § 1, note.
Ammomination plays an important rôle in their sen-
tence-relation [parasynthetic compounds], especially in the
first stage of transfer to a simple active signification.
Amer. Jowr. of Philol., II. 198.
anno mundi (an’ô mun'di). [L. : anno, abl.
of amnus, * (see annals); mundi, gen. of mum-
dus, world: see mundame.] In the year of the
world: used in dating events when reckoned
from the estimated era of the creation, as mar-
rated in Genesisi. Usually abbreviated A. M.:
as, the Noachian deluge is said to have oc-
curred A. M. (or A. M.) 1656 (Archbishop Usher's
chronology).
annotate (an '@-tät), v.; pret. and pp. ammo-
tated, ppr. annotating. ["L. annotatus, pp. of
ammotare, admotare, put a note to, write down,
Kad, to, + notare, note, mark, K nota, a note:
see note, v.] I. trams. To comment upon; re-
mark upon in notes: as, to annotate the works
of Bacom.
II. intrans. To act as an annotator; make
annotations or notes.
Give me leave to annotate on the words thus.
J. Ilive, Orations, p. 26.
annotation (an-Ö-tă'shgn), n. [K L. annota-
tio(n-), adnotatio(m-), K annotare, adnotare: see
annotate.] 1. The act of annotating or of mak-
ing notes.—2. A remark, note, or comment
on some passage of a book or other writing:
as, annotations on the Scriptures.—3+. The first
symptoms of the approach of a febrile paroxysm
in intermittent fever. = Syn. Comment, etc. See re-
'mark, m.
annotationist? (an-Ö-tă'shgn-ist), m. [K anno-
tation + -ist.] An annotator.
annotator (an’ô-tă-tgr), m. [K L. annotator,
adnotator, K annotare, admotare : see annotate.]
A writer of annotations or notes; a commen-
tator; a scholiast.
The observation of faults and beauties is One of the du-
ties of an annotator, which some of Shakspere's editors
have attempted. Johnsom, Prop. for Printing Shakspere.
annotatory (a-nó’tà-tº-ri), a. [K L. as if *an-
notatorius, K annotator: see annotator.] Relat-
ing to or containing annotations.
annotine (an '@-tin), a. and m. [K L. annotinus:
see annotinows.] I. a. In ornith., one year old.
II. m. A bird which is one year old, or which
has molted once.
annotinous (a-mot'i-nus), a. [K L. annotinus,
of last year, K annus, a year: See annals.]
bot., one year old, as branches of the last year.
annotto (a-mot’ó), m. Same as armotto.
announce (3-mouns"), v. t. ; pret, and pp. an-
nownced, ppr. announcing. #3. ME. anounce,
K OF. amoncer, amoncier, amºncier, mod. F. am-
moncer = Pr. Pg. annunciar = Sp. amwmciar =
It. annunziare, K L. annºunciare, prop. annum-
tiare, admwntiaré, make known, proclaim, an-
nounce, K ad, to, + nºunciare, prop. m.wmtiare,
report, give a message, K nwntius, a messenger:
see numcio. . Cf. denounce, enounce, pronounce,
Tenownce.] 1. To make known formally; pro-
claim or make public; publish; give notice of:
as, the birth of Christ was announced by an an-
gel.–2. To state or intimate the approach, ar-
rival, or presence of.
I beg your pardon, sir, but I thought you would not
choose Sir Peter to come up without ammowmcing him.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 3.
Ammownced by all the trumpets of the sky,
Arrives the snow. Emerson, Snow-storm.
3. To make known, indicate, or make manifest
to the mind or senses.—4. To pronounce; de-
clare by judicial sentence.
Yºr
annoy
Who model nations, publish laws, announce
Or life or death. ºrior, Hymn of Callimachus.
= Syn, 1. Declare, Announce, Proclaim, Publish, Promwl.
até; to make known, communicate, advertise, report.
o declare is to make clear, so that there will be no mis-
take, to many or to few : as, to declare war. To ammownce
is to make known, in a formal or official way, to many or
to few ; it is the only one of these words that sometimes
has the meaning of making known the approach or future
appearance of: as, to ammownce a new book, To proclaim
is to announce to all, with an endeavor to force it upon
general knowledge: when War has been declared, it is of-
ten proclaimed ; so, also, it is usual to proclaim a block-
ade. To publish is to make public : as, to publish the bans.
It may be orally or in print, or it may be to satisfy a legal
requirement: as, to publish a law. . To promulgate is to
j what is of concern to many, but hitherto has been
known to few : as, to promulgate an opinion, to promwl-
gate the gospel, or officially to promulgate a law or edict.
This, then, is the message which we have heard of him,
and declare unto you. John i. 5.
A heated pulpiteer,
Not preaching simple Christ to simple men,
Annownced the coming doom. Tennyson, Sea Dreams.
- The heralds blew
Proclaiming his the prize, who wore the sleeve
Of Scarlet. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Aske-
lon. 2 Sam. i. 20.
A formula for instituting a combined government of
these States had been promwlgated.
incolm, in Raymond, p. 139.
announcement (a-nouns’ ment), m. [K announcG
+ -ment, after F. annoncement.] The act of
announcing or giving notice; that which is an-
nounced or made known; proclamation; pub-
lication; notification.
announcer (a-noun’sèr), n. One who announces
or gives notice; a proclaimer.
anno urbis conditab (an’ô er’bis kon'di-tê).
[L.; lit., in the year of the city founded: ammo,
abl. of annus, a year (see annals); wrbis, gen.
of urbs, a city (see urban); condita, gen, of con-
dita, fem. of conditus, pp. of condere, set up,
establish, found.]. In the year from the found.
ing of the city, that is, of Rome, in 753 B. C.
according to the usually adopted chronology:
used with some ordinal number to indicate a
Latin date. Abbreviated A. U. C.
annoy (a-noiſ), n. [Early mod. E. anoy, amoye,
also enmoy and abbr. moy, K ME. anoye, amuy,
anwye, amui, discomfort, vexation, weariness,
ennui, K OF. amoč, anui, emot, enui, later ennuy,
annoy, vexation, grief, tediousness, mod. F
ennui (> E. ennui, q.v.) = Pr. enoi, enuoi = §.
emojo = Pg. amojo, mojo = It. ammoja, moja = OIt.
mojo, orig. (Milanese dial.) inodio, K.L. in odio,
lit. in hatred, a phrase used in certain common
idiomatic expressions, as in odio esse, be hate-
ful (est mihi in odio, it is offensive to me), in odio
venire, become hateful: in – E. in; odio, abl. of
odium, hatred: see in and odium.] 1. A dis-
turbed state of feeling arising from displeasing
acts or unpleasant circumstances; discomfort;
vexation; trouble; annoyance.
Worse than Tantalus' is her annoy.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, l. 599.
As thou wert constant in our ills, be joyous in our joy;
For cold, and stiff, and still are they, who wrought thy
walls annoy. Macaulay, Ivry.
2. A thing or circumstance that causes dis-
comfort; an annoyance.
Good angels guard thee from the boar's annoy.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 3.
[Now chiefly poetic; the common word in prose is annoy-
ance.]
annoy (a-noiſ), v. [Early mod. E. also amoy,
amoye, amoie, K ME. amoyen, amoien, anºtyen,
amuiem, amyen, anuén, K OF. amoier, enoîer, anti-
ter, emuier, later ennuyer, annoy, vex, weary,
irk, mod. F. ennuyer (see ennuyé) = Pr. enoiar,
enwiar = Sp. Pg. emojar, Pg. also anojar = It.
nojare, ammojare, OIt. inodiare; from the noun.]
I.f intrams. 1. To be hateful or troublesome:
followed by to.—2. [By omission of reflexive
pronoun..] To be troubled, disquieted, vexed.
If that thou amoie nator forthenke mat of althi fortune.
Chaucer, 13oëthius, ii. prose 4.
II. trans. To be hateful, troublesome, or
vexatious to; trouble, disquiet, disturb, vex,
molest, harass, plague; irk, weary, bore, espe-
cially by repeated acts: as, to annoy a person
by perpetual questioning; to annoy the enemy
by raids: in the passive, followed by at or about,
formerly by of s
It bigan to amoye the puple of the Weie and trauel.
Wyclif, Num. xxi. 4 (Purv.).
#. the Capitol I met a lion,
no glar'd upon me, and went surly by
Without ammoying me. halc., J. C., i. 3.
He determined not yet to dismiss them, but merely to
humble and ammoy them. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., iv.
=Syn. Molest, #!." etc. (see tease), trouble, disturb,
disquiet, vex, irritate, fret, embarrass, perplex,

annoyance
annoyance (a-noi' ans), n. [K ME. anoyance
(rare), KOF, anoiance, amuiance, Kamoier, amuier,
annoy: See annoy, v., and -ance.] 1. The act
of annoying; vexation; molestation.
Formidable means of annoyance.
Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
2. The state of being annoyed; a feeling of
trouble, vexation, or anger, occasioned by un-
welcome or injurious acts or events.
A careless step leading to accident, or some bungling
manipulation, causes self-condemnation with its accom-
panying feeling of annoyance though no one is by.
# Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 517.
8. That which annoys, troubles, or molests.
A grain, a dust, a gnat, a wandering hair, ,
Any annoyance in that precious sensel
hak., K. John, iv. 1.
The . . . exercise of industry. . . tempereth all annoy-
(LºC68, Barrow, Sermons, III. xix.
J of annoyance, a jury appointed to report upon
§. nuisance. W. H. D. [Eng.] =Syn. 1, Molestation,
vexation.—2. Discomfort, plague.
*Yang. (a-noi'an-Sér), n.
Lamb. [Rare.]
annoyer (2-noiſér), n. One who annoys.
annoyfulf (a noiſłi), a. [K ME., anoyful, K
amoye : see annoy, n.] Giving trouble; incom-
moding; molesting: º . . .
annoyingly (a-noi'ing-li), adv. In an annoy-
ing manner. .
An annoyer.
The Times and other papers commented annoyingly on
, “Dog Tear 'em,” as Mr. has been long nicknamed
” from his satirical temper and speech.
B. J. Hintom, Eng. Radical Leaders, p. 133.
annoyingness ; n. IK annoying.
+ -ness.] The quality of being annoying; vexa-
tiousness.
annoyment (a-noiſ ment), n. IK ME. annoy-
ment, K OF. amoiement: see annoy and -ment.]
Annoyance.
annoyous? (a-noi’us), a. [K ME. amoyous, amoi-
ows, annoyus, annuyous, etc., K OF. amoious,
, amoios, anºwieus, envius, mod. F. ennuyeua, = Pr.
enoios = Sp. Pg. enojoso = It. annojoso : see an-
noy, n., and -ows.] Troublesome; annoying.
annoyously? (a-noi’us-li), adv. [ME. anoyously;
Kanmoyous + -ly?..] oyingly; vexatiously.
Chaucer, Boëthius.
annuaire (an-li-ār'), m. [F.] Same as annuary, 1.
annual (an’ī-al), a. and m. [KME. annual, usu-
*ally annuel, KOF. anuel, anmuel, F. annuel – Pr.
Pg. annual=Sp. anual=It. annuale, KML. annu-
alis, yearly, L.L. a year old, the regular L. adj.
being annahs, K L. annus, a year: see annals.]
I. a. 1. Of, for, or pertaining to a year; year-
ly: as, the annual growth of a tree; annual
profits; the annual motion of the earth.
A thousand pound a year, annual support,
Out of his grace he adds. Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 3.
2. Relating to a year, or to the events or trans-
actions of a year: as, an annual report.—3.
Lasting or continuing only one year, or one
season of the year; coming to an end individu-
:Within the year: as, annual plants or in-
S6CUS.
An annual herb flowers in the first year, and dies, root
and all, after ripening its seed.
A. Gray, Botany (ed. 1870), p. 21.
4. Occurring or returning once a year; hap-
pening or coming at yearly intervals: as, an
annual feast or celebration.
Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured
The Syrian damsels to lament his fate.
Milton, P. L., i. 447.
Annual assay, conference, epact, etc. See the nouns.
—Annual income, the sum of annual receipts.—Annual
rent, in Scots law, a yearly profit due to a creditor by way
of interest for a given sum of money; interest: so called be-
cause when, before the Reformation, it was illegal to lend
money at interest, the illegality was evaded by a stipula-
tion on the part of the lender for a certain rent yearly from
land.—Annual value of a piece of property, that which
it is worth for a year's use. It includes what ought to
be received, whether it is actually received or not, and
amounts to the excess thereof above deducted costs or ex-
penses.
II. m. 1. [KME. annuel, n., KOF. annuel, KML.
annuale, prop. neut. of annualis, a. : see above
and cf. annweler.] A mass said for a deceased
person, either daily during a year from the day
of his death, or on the recurrence of the day for
a number of years; an anniversary mass; also
the fee paid for it. Also called annal.—2. A
yearly payment or allowance; specifically, in
Scotland, quit-rent; ground-rent. Also called
ground-annual.-3. A plant or an animal whose
natural term of life is one year or one season;
especially, any plant which grows from seed,
blooms, perfects its fruit, and dies in the course
of the same year. Annuals, however, may be carried
over two or more years by preventing them from fruiting,
as is frequently done with the mignonette. Many species
that are perennials in warm climates are only annuals
annuitant (a-nii’i-tant), n.
225
where the winters are severe. Winter annuals, frequent
in warm regions with dry summers, germinate from the
Seed under the rains of autumn, grow through the winter,
and die after perfecting seed in the spring.
4. A literary productionº annually;
especially, an illustrated work issued near
Christmas of each year. The name is more espe-
cially applied to certain publications handsomely bound,
illustrated with plates, and containing prose tales, poems,
etc., which were formerly very popular, but are now no
longer issued. The first one published in London appeared
in 1822, and the last in 1856.
annualist (an’ī-al-ist), n. [Kannual, n., + -ist.]
An editor of, or a writer for, an annual, or a
publication issued annually. Lamb.
annually (an’ū-al-i), adv. Yearly; each year;
returning every year; year by year.
annuary (an’īā-ā-ri), a. and n. [= F. annuaire,
K. M.L. *annuarius (neut. annuarium, an anni-
versary), K. L. annus, a year. See annual.] I.f
a. Annual.
Supply anew
With annuary cloaks the wandering Jew.
John Hall, Poems, I. 10.
II. n. ; pl. annuaries (-riz). 1. An annual
publication.
That standard [of the French meter] is declared, in the
Annuary of the Bureau des Longitudes, to be equal to
39.37079 British imperial standard inches.
Sir J. Herschel, Pop. Lects., p. 440.
2#. A priest who says annual masses; an an-
nueler.
annuelert, n. [ME. annueler, K ML. annuala-
ºrius, K annuale, an anniversary mass: see an-
nual, n.] A priest employed in saying annuals
for the dead. Chaucer.
annuent (an’īī-ent), a. [K L. annuen(t-)s, ppr.
of annuere, admuere, nod to, Kad, to, + muere
(only in comp.), nod Gr. veſſelv, nod.] 1.
Nodding, as if with the purpose of signifying
assent or consent. Smart (1849). [Rare.]—2.
Serving to bend the head forward: specifically
applied to the muscles used in nodding.
[K annuity + -ant.]
One who receives, or is entitled to receive, an
annuity (a-nā’i-ti), n. ; pl. annuities (-tiz). [K
... annuitee, ammuyte, K OF. ammuite, mod. F.
annuité, KML. annuita(t-)s, an annuity (cf. L.
annua, an annuity, neut. pl.), K.L. annuus, yearly,
Kannus, a year. See annual.] A periodical pay-
ment of money, amounting to a fixedsumineach
year, the moneys paid being either a gift or in
consideration of a gross sum received. When the
payment is continued for a certain period, as 10, 20, or 100
years, it is called a certain annuity; when it continues
for an uncertain period, a comtingent annuity; when the
period is determined by the duration of one or more lives,
a life annuity. A deferred or reversionary annuity is one
that does not begin till after a certain period or number of
years, or till the decease of a person, or some other future
event. An annuity in possession is one which has already
begun. Governments often raise money upon annuities;
that is, for a certain, sum advanced, the government con-
tracts to pay a specific sum for life, or for a term of years.
uity Act, an English statute of 1813 (53 Geo. III.,
c. 141) which required the registration of all instruments
granting annuities, and regulated such grants.—To grant
an annuity, to make a formal contract or testamentary
provision to pay an annuity.
annul (a-nul"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. annulled,
pr. annulling. [Early mod. E. also admul, K
{}. annullen, amullen, admullen, K OF. anuller,
admuller, mod. F. annuler = Pr: Pg. annullar
= Sp. anular = It. annullare, K L. annullare,
admullare, bring to nothing, Kad, to, -i- mullus,
Inone, witum, nothing : see null.] 1. To re-
duce to nothing; annihilate ; obliterate.
Light, the prime work of God, to me is extinct,
And all her various objects of delight
Amºnull'd, Milton, S. A., l. 72.
2. To make void or null; nullify; abrogate;
abolish; do away with: used especially of laws,
decrees, edicts, decisions of courts, or other
established rules, usages, and the like.
Do they mean to invalidate, ammul, or call into ques-
tion . . . that great body of our statute law 7 . . . to an-
qvul laws of inestimable value to our liberties?
Burke, Rev. in France.
The burgesses now ammulled the former election of gov-
ernor and council. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 172.
=Syn. 2. Abolish, Repeal, etc. (see abolish); Nullify,
Annihilate, etc. (see meutralize); retract, declare null and
tºmsº
*
* annuity.
Avoid, Supersede, tº tº
annular (an’īī-lär), a.
[= F. ammulaire = Pg.
annullar = Sp. anular = It... anulare, K L. annu-
laris, prop. &nwlaris, relating to a ring, K an-
Mulus, prop. &nulus, a ring: see annulus.] 1.
Having the form of a ring; pertaining to a
ring.—2. In 206l... and anat., of or pertaining
to ringed or ring-like structure or form; annu-
late; annuloid; annulose.—Annular auger, an
auger used for cutting an annular channel. The simplest
form is a tube with a serrated edge, which is kept centered
by a point projecting from a movable plug within, and of
annulary (an’īī-lä-ri), a. and n.
Annulata (an-il-lātā), m. pl.
annulate (an’īī-lāt), a.
annulated (an’ī-lä-ted), a.
annulation (an-li-lä'shqn), m.
annulation
the size of, the bore of the tube.—Annular bit, a boring
bit which cuts an annular channel, leaving the center
blank. One form is used for making tenons upon wheel-
spokes; others for cutting circular blanks, wads, buttons,
etc.—Annular borer, a tube which serves as a rock- or
earth-boring tool, making an annular cutting, and leaving
a column of rock or earth in the middle. It is usually
armed at the boring extremity with diamonds. See dia-
7mond drill, under drill. —Annular duct, or annular
vessel, in bot., a cylindrical tube of delicate vascular
tissue, strengthened at intervals on the inner side by a
deposit of material in the form of rings, called annular
7markings.—Annular eclipse, in astron., an eclipse of the
Sun in which a portion of its surface is visible in the form
of a ring surrounding the dark body of the moon. This
occurs when the moon is too remote from the earth to
cover the sun completely, and at the moment when the
centers of both sun and moon are nearly in a line with the
point on the earth's surface where the observer stands.—
Annular engine, or annular-cylinder engine, a direct-
action marine engine, having two concentric cylinders; the
annular space between them is fitted with a piston, which
is attached to a T-shaped cross-head by two piston-rods.
The connecting-rod vibrates within the opening formed
by the inner cylinder, and the crank can revolve close to
the cylinder. Also a compound-engine in which each
cylinder has a piston attached by its rods to a common
cross-head. The steam exhausts from the smaller cylin-
der to propel the larger piston, and thence escapes.—An-
nularfinger, the ring-finger; specifically, the third finger
Qf the left hand on which the marriage-ring is placed.--
gear-wheel, a gear-wheel in which #. teeth
are on the inside of an annulus or ring, while its pinion
works within its pitch-circle, turning in
the same direction.—Annular liga-
ment, in anat. : (a) The general liga-
mentous envelop which surrounds the
wrist or ankle, and is perforated for the
passage of tendons, vessels, and nerves.
(b) The orbicular ligament which holds
the upper end of the radius in the sig-
moid cavity of the ulna.-Annular
markings. See annular duct, above.—
Annular micrometer, a circular mi-
crometer, or ring-micrometer. See micrometer.—Annu-
lar pain, the horizontal ring-shaped pan of certain forms
of amalgamators and ore-crushers.--Annular process or
* Of the brain, an old name of the pons
arolii: still in use in the form tuber ammulare.—Annular
Saw, a cutting-tool formed of a tube with a serrated end.
It is used for cutting button-blanks.—Annular vault, in
arch., a barrel vault covering a space of which the plan is
formed by two concentric circles, or any portion of such
a Space.—Annular vessel. See ammwlar duct, above.
Annular Gear-
wheel.
annularity (an-j-lar’i-ti), m. [K annular + -ity.]
The quality or condition of being annular, or
ring-shaped.
d
annularly (an’ū-lär-li), adv. In the manner or
form of a ring.
[K L. annula-
rius, more correctly &nularius, pertaining to a
ring, K anulus, a ring: see annulus.] I. a. 1.
Having the form of a ring.
Because continual respiration is necessary, the wind-
pipe is made with ammulary cartilages, that the sides of it
may not flag and fall together.
Ray, On the Creation, p. 270.
2. Bearing a ring: specifically said of the ring-
€I’.
I. m. ; pl. annularies (-Tiz). The fourth fin-
ger, or ring-finger.
The thumb and annulary crossed.
Labarte, Arts of Mid. Ages (trans.), p. 144. (N. E. D.)
[NL., neut. pl.
of L. annulatus: see annulate.] 1. A synonym
of Ammelides, Amnelida, Annellata, Annulosa, and
Amphisbanoida.—2. In Gegenbaur's system of
classification, a prime division of Vermes, di-
vided into two main groups, Hirudimea (leeches)
and Annelides, the iaitº comprising the two
groups of the Oligochaeta and the Chaºtopoda.
[K L. ammulatus, prop.
âmulatus, ringed, K dimulus, a ring: see annulus.]
1. Furnished with rings, or circles like rings;
having belts. Specifically—2. In bot., provided
with an annulus or with anmuli: applied to a
capsule, stem, or root encircled by elevated
rings or bands. See cut under annulus.—3. In
her., applied to any bearing, such as a cross,
whose extremities end in annulets or rings, or
which is fretted or interlaced with an annulet.
See cut under angle, 5. Equivalent forms are
annulettee, annuletty.—4. Of or pertaining to
the Annulata in either sense of that word.—5.
In entom., having rings or encircling bands of
color, or having raised rings.
1. Furnished with
rings; annulate. Specifically—2. In 206l., hav-
ing or consisting of a ring or rings; composed
of a series of ringed segments, as a worm; an-
nelid; annuloid.—3. In arch., furnished with
a projecting annular band or bands.—Annu-
lated columns, columns standing free or grouped in
clusters and surrounded in one or more places with pro-
jecting rings, or bands: a form usual in some styles of
Pointed architecture.
[K annulate +
-ion.] 1. A circular or ring-like formation.—
2. The act of forming rings; the act of becom-
Ing a Tling.



15
annulation
A sketch of the life of a nebula not thus broken up, of
its rotation, annulation, and final spheration into a nebu-
lous Orb. The American, VII. 152,
3. The state of being annulate or annulated.
annulet (an’īī-let), n. [Formerly also annu-
lette, amulet (and amlet, KOF. annelet, anelet, dim.
of amel, K.L. anellus, dim.), K. L. annulus, prop.
divulus, a ring (see annulus), + -et.] A little
TIng.
Pluck'd the grass
There growing longest by the meadow's edge,
And into many a listless annulet,
Now over, now beneath her marriage ring,
Wove and unwove it. Tennyson, Geraint.
Specifically—(a) In arch, a small projecting member,
circular in plan and usually square or angular in section;
T TT
*A*. ºf: Ž"
q////??!!/3%
Fºſſº ſº. Z.º.º.
Sººº...-. . . . . . .
~SSSSSSºSws-
TTººHºº ... .
ſtºry. &ºry
ºrrºr-
|
SSSSSºtº-
†Tºdd-jºº. §§
|
Annulets of the Doric Capital.
A, A, annulets, shown enlarged in lower figure.
especially, one of the fillets or bands which encircle
the lower part of the Doric capital above the necking:
but annulet is often indiscriminately used as Synonymous
with list, listel, cincture, fillet, temia, etc. ſº In her., a ring
borne as a charge. It is also the mark of cadency which
the fifth brother of a family ought to bear on his coat of
arms. Also called amlet. See cademcy.
(c) In decorative art, a name given to
a band encircling a vase or a similar
object, whether solidly painted, or in
engobe, or composed of simple figures
placed close to each other. Compare .
..friezel. -
annulettée, annuletty (an"li-
let-ā’, an’ü-let-i), a. [K F.
*annulette, K*annulette: see an-
mulet.] In her., same as ammu-
late, 3.
annuli, n. Plural of annulus.
annulism (an’ī-lìzm), n. [KL. -
annulus, a ring (see annulus), + -ism.] The
quality of being annulated, annulose, or anneli-
dan; ringed structure: specifically said in 206l.
of an annelid, annulate, or annulose animal.
Here [among . %;"; radiism sets and ammulism,
appears. E. Forbes, Hist. Brit. Starfish (1841), p. 243.
annullable (a-nul’a-bl.), a. [K. annul + -able.]
Capable of being annulled. Coleridge. [Rare.]
annulment (a-nul’ ment), n. [K late ME.
amullement, K ÖF. *anullement: see annul and
-ment.] The act of annulling; specifically, the
act of making void retrospectively as well as
prospectively: as, the annulment of a marriage
(as distinguished from the granting of a divorce).
annuloid (an’ī-loid), a. and n. [K L. annulus,
a ring (see annulus), + -oid.]. I. a. 1. Ring-
like.—2. Of, pertaining to, or resembling the
Annuloida.-Annuloid series, a term applied by Hux-
ley to a gradation of animal forms presented by the Tri-
choscolices and Amnelida as these are defined by the Same
author.
II. m. One of the Annuloida.
Annuloida (an-li-loiºdă), m. pl. [NL., K.L. an-
mulus, more correctly dimulus, a ring (See ammu-
lus), + -oida.] . A name applied by Huxley
(1869) to a subkingdom of animals, consisting
of the Scolecida and Echinodermata, an associa-
tion subsequently modified by the same author.
Also called Echinozoa. [Disused.]
Annulosa (an-ū-ló'sä), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl.
of annulosus: see annulose..] 1. In some sys-
tems of zoölogical classification, a term applied
to invertebrate animals which exhibit annel-
ism or annulism: approximately Synonymous
with the Cuvierian Articulata, or the modern
Vermes together with Arthropoda, but used
with great and varying latitude of significa-
tion.—2. A name given by Huxley (1869) to
a subkingdom of animals consisting of the
Crustacea, Arachnida, Myriapoda, Insecta, Chaº-
tognatha, and Annelida, or crustaceans, Spiders,
centipeds, true insects, true worms, and some
other Vermes. Excepting the vermiform members of
this group, it is conterminous with Arthropoda (which
see), and is no longer used.
annulosan (an-i-lô’ san), n. IK Annulosa +
-an.] One of the Annulosa.
Heraldic Annulet.
(From Berry's “Dict.
of Heraldry.”)
226
annulose (an’ū-lós), a. [K NL. annulosus, K L.
annulus, dinulus, a ring: see annulus.) Fur-
nished with rings; composed of rings: as, an-
nulose animals.
annulus (an’ū-lus), n. ; pl. annuli (-li). [L.,
prop. &nulus, a ring, esp. a finger-ring, a signet-
ring, in form dim, of the rare ànus, a ring, prob.
orig. *acnus and identical with annus, a circuit,
periodical return, a year: See annals. 1. A
ring-like space or area contained between the
circumferences of two concentric circles.—2.
In anat., a ring-like part, opening, etc.: used
in Latin phrases. (See below.)—3. In bot.: (a)
The elastic ring which surrounds the spore-
case of most ferns. (b) In mosses, an elastic
ring of cells lying between the lid and the
'base of the peristome or orifice of the capsule.
Annuli.
a, :Fº of a fern, showing the annulus closed and open ; 8,
detached annulus of a moss (Bºyzzzzz caspºtttzit?rt); c, a fungus (Aga-
'. (a and b greatly magnified.)
zzczºs) with annulus, a '.
(c) In fungi, the slender membrane surround-
ing the stem in some agarics after the cap has
expanded.—4. In 206l. : (a) A thin chitinous
ring which encircles the mantle in the Tetra-
branchiata, connecting chitinous patches of the
mantle into which the shell-muscles are in-
serted. (b) In entom., a narrow encircling band,
generally of color; sometimes a raised ring.
—5. In astron., the ring of light seen about
the edge of the moon in an annular eclipse of
the sun. See annular eclipse, under annular.
The sun [at the time of an annular eclipse] will present
the appearance of an ammulus or ring of light around the
IIlOOIl. Newcomb and Holden, Astron., p. 173.
Annulus abdominalis or inguinalis, in anat., the ab-
dominal ring. See abdominai: Annulus et baculum,
the ring and pastoral staff, emblems of episcopal authority,
the delivery of which by a prince or by the pope was the
ancient mode of investiture with bishoprics.-Annulus
ciliaris, the ciliary muscle.—Annulus cruralis inter-
nus (internal crural ring), in amat., the Weak spot below
Poupart's ligament, between the femoral vessels and Gim-
bernat's ligament, through which a femoral hernia forces
its way.—Annulus duplex, in Rom. antiq., a double ring
given to a soldier for bravery. Double gold rings of the
Roman epoch exist in collections, some of them engraved
With tokens of victory.—Annulus ovalis, in human
amat., the raised rim or margin of the fossa ovalis of the
heart.—Annulus piscatoris, eccles., same as fisherman's
ring (which see, under fisherman).--Annulus tendino-
sus, in amat., the fibrous ring around the edge of the tym-
panum.—Annulus tympanicus, in amat., the ring-like
Össification from which is formed the tympanic portion
of the temporal bone.
annumeratef (a-nii’me-rät), v. t. [KL. annume-
Tatus, pp. of annumerare, admwmerare, count to,
add to, Kad, to, + numerare, count, number:
see numerate and number, v.] To add, as to a
number previously given; unite, as to some-
thing before mentioned. [Rare.j
There are omissions of other kinds which will deserve to
be annwmerated to these. Wollaston, Relig. of Nat., § i.
annumeration? (a-nā-mº-ra'shgn), n. [KL. an-
numeratio(n-), admumeratio(n-), K annumerare:
see annumerate.] The act of annumerating;
addition. [Rare.]
Annunciadet (a-mun'si-ād), n. [Also Anunciada,
Annuntiade, Ammonciade (after F. Ammonciade,
formerly Anonciade, Sp. Anunciada), also An-
nunciata (prop. E. form *Annunciate), K It, an-
own?iata, formerly ammuntiata (K. M.L. annum-
ciata), the annunciation to the Virgin Mary,
and hence a name of the Virgin herself; prop.
fem. pp. of annunziare, K.L. annuntiare, an-
nounce: see announce.] Literally, the Annun-
ciate, that is, the Virgin Mary as receiver of
the annunciation; also, the annunciation to
the Virgin: used as a designation of various
orders. See annºunciation.
annunciate (a-nun'si-āt), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
annunciated, ppr. annunciating. [KME. annum-
ciat, anunciat, pp., K. L. annunciatus, prop. an-
nwntiatus, pp. of ammuntiare: see announce.]
To bring tidings of; announce. [Rare.]
Let my death be thus ammunciated.
Bp. Bull, Corruptions of Ch. of Rome.
They do not so properly affirm, as annºunciate it.
Lamb, Imperfect Sympathies.
annunciatef (a-nun'si-āt), pp. or a. [See the
verb.] Announced; declared (beforehand).
annunciation (a-nun-Si-ā'shgn), n.
annunciator (a-nun'si-ā-tgr), n.
3.111111S
annus mirabilis (anºus mi-rab’i-lis).
Anobiidae (an-Ö-bi’i-dé), m.pl.
Anobium (a-nó'bi-um), n.
anocathartic
[KME. an-
nunciacion, -ciown, annongyacyon, KOF. annon-
ciation, K. L. annunciatio(n-), prop. annuntia-
tio(n-), admwntiatio(m-), Kammunitiare, announce:
See annunciate, announce.] 1. The act of an-
nouncing; proclamation; promulgation: as,
the annwnciation of a peace; “the ammunciation
of the gospel,” Hammond, Sermons, p. 573.
With the complete establishment of the new religion
[Christianity] and the ammunciation of her circle of dog-
mas arises an activity, great and intense, within the strict
limits she has set. Jowr. Spec. Philos., XIX. 49.
Specifically—2. The announcement to Mary,
by the angel Gabriel, of the incarnation of
Christ.—3. [cap.] Eccles., the festival insti-
tuted by the church in memory of the announce-
ment to Mary that she should bring forth a son
who should be the Messiah. It is solemnized
on the 25th of March.-Order of the Annuncia-
tion. (a) The highest order of knighthood (Ording swpremo
dell' Annwn?iata: see Annwnciade) of the ducal house of
Savoy, now the royal house of Italy, dating under its pres-
ent name from 1518, when it superseded the Order of the
Collar, said to have been founded by Count Amadeus VI.
of Savoy in 1362, but probably older. The medal of the
Order bears a representation of the amnunciation; its col-
lar is decorated with alternate golden knots and enameled
roses, the latter bearing the letters F. E. R. T., making
the Latin word fert (he bears), an ancient motto of the
house of Savoy, but variously otherwise interpreted. The
king is the grand master of the order. See knot of Savoy
under knot, (b) An order of nuns founded about 1500 ăţ
Bourges, France, by Queen Jeanne of Valois, after her di-
vorce from Louis XII. (c) An order of nuns founded about
1604 at Genoa, Italy, by Maria Vittoria Fornari.
annunciative (a-nun'si-à-tiv), a... [Kannunciate
+ -ive..] Having the character of an annuncia-
tion; making an announcement.
An amnunciative but an exhortatory style.
Gentleman's Calling, v. § 13.
[L., prop. an-
nwntiator, adnuntiator, Kannuntiare: see ammun-
ciate, v., annownce.] ône who or that which an-
nounces; an announcer. Specifically—(a) An offi-
cer of the Greek Church whose duty it was to inform the
people of the festivals which were to be celebrated. (b) A
mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrical signaling
apparatus; an indicator; a call. In the mechanical an-
nunciators the pulling of a wire causes a bell to ring and
a word or number to be displayed which indicates whence
the signal comes. In the hydraulic systems a column of
water is used to convey an impulse which gives the signal.
In pneumatic annunciators pressure on a bulb or button
sends through a pipe a puff of air by which a bell is Tung
and a number displayed. In the electrical systems the
signals are given by closing an electrical circuit by some
suitable means. See cut under indicator. (c) The dial or
board on which the signals are displayed. º
annunciatory (a-nun 'si-à-tº-ri), a. Making
known: # public notice.
eliberandi (an’us dé-lib-e-ran'di). [L.,
year of deliberating: annus, year (see annals):
deliberandi, gen. gerund of deliberare; see delib-
erate.] In Scots law, a year allowed for the heir
to deliberate as to entering upon the estate.
[L.: an-
nus, year (see ammals); mirabilis, wonderful: see
marvel, mirabilis.] 'A wonderful year. Specifi-
cally applied in English history, as in Dryden's poem of
this title, to the year 1666, which is memorable for the
great fire of London, for a victory of the British arms over
the Dutch, etc.
ano-. [K. Gr. &vo, upward, K &vá, up, etc.: see
ama-..] A prefix of Greek origin, signifying up-
ward.
Anoa (an’ā-ā), n. [Tagalog aniiang.] 1. [NL.]
A genus of bovine ruminant quadrupeds of
Celebes, originally, taken for antelopes (see
amoine), represented by the sapi-outan or “cow
of the woods,” Anoa depressicornis, which is a
kind of small wild buffalo, having straight low
horns, thick at the base and set in line with the
forehead. Ham. Smith.-2. [l. c.] The Eng- .
lish name of the same animal. P. L. Sclater.
& [NL., KAnobium
+ -idae.] A family of beetles, named from the
genus Anobium. See Ptimidae.
[NL., K. Gr. Šva, up-
ward (but here with the sense of its original, àvá,
up, in comp. back, again: see ana-), + £3tog, life:
see biology.] A genus of pentamerous coleop-
terous insects, of the family Ptimida, having an
elongate subcylindric form, 11-jointed antennae
inserted just before the eyes, and deeply exca-
vated metasternum. The genus contains the small
dark-colored beetles, about a fourth of an inch long, which
are known by the name of “death-watch” from the tick-
ing noise they make. See death-watch.
[KNL. anocar-
anocarpous (an-Ö-kār'pus), a.
pus, KGr. &vo, upward, -H kaptóg, fruit..] In bot,
fructifying on the upper surface of the frond:
said of ferns.
anocathartic (an”6-ka-thär’tik), a. [K Gr. Övo
upward, + Kaffaprikág, purging: see àiharnoff
Emetic. N. E. D. -


anococcygeal
anococcygeal (ā’nó-kok-sij'é-al), a. [K L. anus A name of the Cobaia aperea, the guinea-pig or anomal (a-nó’mål), º.
NL.cogeya (coccyg-)+-e-al.] Pertainingto the domestic cavy: originally, with F. Cuvier, a grave), K
generic name of the cavies, and a synonym of ºgram., an anomalous yerb or
anus and to the coccyx: in anat., specifically
applied to a ligament connecting the tip of the
Coccyx with the external sphincter of the anus.
ânodal (an’ā-dal), a. [K anode + -al.] . Of or
pertaining to the anode or positive pole of a
voltaic current.
Instead of cathodal opening contractions being the last
of all to appear, they may precede the anodal opening
Contractions. Fagge, Medicine, I. 335.
anode (an’öd), n. [K Gr. &vodoº, a way up, Kävá,
up, + 6669, way. Cf. cathode.] The positive
pole of a voltaic current; that pole at which
the current enters an electrolytic cell, battery,
or electric discharge : opposed to cathode, the
A point at which it departs. Faraday, 1832.
ànodic1 (a-nod'ik), a... [K Gr. &vodog, awayup (see
• anode), +-ic.] 1. Proceeding upward; ascending.
An anodic course of nervous influence. Dr. M. Hall.
2. Of or pertaining to the anode.
anodic? (a-nod'ik), a. [K Gr. &vodog, having no
way, impassable (Kāv-priv. 4- 6669, way), + -ic.]
Styptic; anastaltic: applied to medicines.
Anodon (an’ô-don), n. [NL., K. Gr. as if *āvóóov,
for the usual avóóovrog or āvóóovg (gen. Övöðovrog),
without teeth, K &v- priv. 4- 6600c (böovt-) = E.
tooth, q.v.] 1. Same as Anodonta. Oken, 1815.
—2. In herpet., a genus of African serpents, of
the family Dasypeltidae or Rhachiodontidae, which
have no grooved maxillary teeth. Sir Andrew
Smith, 1829. Also called Diodon, Rhachiodon,
and Dasypeltis.—3. In entom., a genus of coleop-
terous insects.-4. [l. c.] [Kanodont.] ºj.
water mussel of the genus Anodonta (which
see).—5. [l. c.] A snake of the genus Dasypel-
tis: as, the rough anodon, Dasypeltis scabra.
anodont (an’ī-dont), n. [KAnodonta.] A mus-
sel of the genus Anodonta; an anodon.
Anodonta (an-Ö-don’tä), n. [NT., K. Gr. avóóov-
tog, without teeth: see Anodon.] A genus of
asiphonate lamellibranchiate mollusks, or bi-
River-mussel (Anodontra fragilis), North Carolina.
valves, of the family Unionidae, in which the
hinge-teeth are rudimentary or null. The species
are very numerous, and are among those called fresh-water
mussels or river-mussels. Many species are found in the
United States; A. cygmea, the swan-mussel, is a common
British species. Also called Amodom and Amodomtes.
Anodontidae (an-Ö-don’ti-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Anodon, 2, + -idae.] A family of serpents, named
by Sir Andrew Smith from the genus Anodon, 2.
*See Dasypeltidae.
anodyne (an’ô-din), a. and n. [Early mod. E.
also anodin, anodine, K F. anodin, anodyn = Pg.
anodymo = Šp. It. anodino, K L. anodymus, ano-
dynos, a., anodynon, n., K. Gr. ãvóðvvoc, freeing
from pain (pápuakov čváðvvov, L. medicamentum.
anodynwm, a drug to relieve pain), K div- priv. -H
böövm, dial. §6övm, pain..] I. a. Having power to
relieve pain; hence, soothing to the feelings.
[It] is, of any outward application I would venture to
recommend, the most anodyme and safe.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iv. 28.
The amodyne draught of oblivion: Burke.
II. m. A medicine or drug which relieves pain,
as an opiate or a narcotic ; hence, figuratively,
anything that allays mental pain or distress.
Mirth and opium, ratafla and tears,
The daily amodyne, and mightly draught,
To kill those foes to fair ones, time and thought.
Pope, Moral Essays, ii. 111.
His quiet animal nature acted as a º amodyne to
my . . . anxiety. O. W. Holmes, Old Völ. of Life, p. 43.
anodynous (a-nod’i-nus), a., [K, L, anodynus:
see anodyne and -ows.] aving the qualities of
an anodyne.
Anoëae (a-nó’é-é), m. pl. [NL., KAnois F -ed.]
A term used by Coues (1862) to distinguish the
noddies as a group ofterns, typified by the genus
Anois, from the other terns, or Sterneſe. See
cut under Anois.
anoëma (an-Ö-É(mà), n. . [NL., 2 F. amoëme, cf.
Gr, avońiov, without understanding, Kö-priv. F
vánua, perception, understanding, Ś voeiv, per;
ceive, ; K vôog, perception, mind: see mows.]
227 °
*Cavia.
anoëtic (an-Ö-et'ik), a. [K Gr. &vómroç, incon-
ceivable (Kä-priv. 4. vomſög, perceptible), + -ic:
see a-18 and noëtic..] Unthinkable; inconceiv-
able: opposed to noëtic (which see). Iferrier.
anogenic (an-Ö-jen'ik), a. [K Gr. &vo, upward,
+ =yevåg, produced (see -gen), + -ic.] In bot,
growing upward or inward.
anoiet, anoifulf, anoiousf.
of annoy, etc.
anoili (a-noil'), v. t. [Early mod. E. also annoil,
anoyle, enoil, K.M.E. amoylen (with an- for en- as
in the notionally associated anoint, perhaps
influenced by the native verb amele, aneal?, q.
v.), enoylen, KOF. enwiler, later enhuiler, to oil,
KML. inoleare, anoint with oil, K L. in, on, +
oleum, oil: see oil, and cf. amedl2.] To anoint
with oil; specifically, to administer extreme
unction to. -
Children were also christened and men houseled an
ammoiled. Holimshed, Chron., II. 302. (N. E. D.)
Pope Innocentius I., in his Epistle i., ch. 8, saith that
not only priests, but laymen in cases of their own and
others' necessities, may anoile. Bp. Hall, Works, IX. 89.
anoine (an’ô-in), a. and n. IK Anoa + -ine1.j
I. a. In 206l., of or pertaining to the genus
Anoa, formerly regarded as a division of the
genus Antilope, and called the anoine group.
II. m. pl. The name given by Hamilton Smith
to a group of so-called antelopes, typified by the
genus Anoa (which see).
anoint (a-noint"), v. t. [Early mod. E. also an-
noint, amoynte, emoymt, also abbrev. noint (and in
simple form oint, q.v.), KME. anoyntem, emoyn-
ten (present forms due to the pp. and pret.
amoymt, emoynt, from the OF. pp.), present also
emoyne, KOF. enoindre, enuingdre, pp. emoint, K.L.
tnungere, prop. inungwere, pp. inunctus, anoint, K
$n, on, +- unguere, wºngere, smear: see unguent,
wnction, oint, and ointment.] 1. To pour oil
upon; smear or rub over with oil or any unctu-
ous substance; hence, to smear with any liquid.
My head with oil thou didst not anoint. Luke vii. 46.
The bees do anoint their hives with the juice of the bit-
terest weeds, against the greediness of other beasts.
Ford, Line of Life.
2. To consecrate, especially a king, priest, or
prophet, by unction, or the use of oil.
Thou shalt anoint it [the altar] to sanctify ":
Former spellings
x. xxix. 36.
I would not see . . . thy fierce sister
In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs.
hak., Lear, iii. 7.
3+. To serve as an ointment for; lubricate.
And fragrant oils the stiffened limbs anoint.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil.
anointh. Obsolete past participle of anoint.
Chaucer.
anointed (a-nointed), n. A consecrated one.—
The Lord’s anointed, specifically, the Messiah; by ex-
tension, a king, or one ruling by divine right.
anointer (a-noin’tér), n. One who anoints.
anointment (a-noint’ ment), n. IK anoint +
-ment.] The act of anointing, or the state of
being anointed; consecration.
That sovran lord, who, in the discharge of his holy
anointment from God the Father, which made him su-
preme bishop of our souls, was so humble as to say, Who
made me a judge or a divider over you?
Milton, On Def. of Humble Remonst.
anoli (a-nó’li), n. [= F. anoli (pl. amolis, some-
times used as a sing.), K Carib anoli, anoalli.]
A lizard of the genus Amolis.
anolian (a-nó'li-an), a. and m. [See Amolis.]
I. a. Belonging to the group of lizards typified
by the genus Amolis.
II. m. A lizard of the genus Amolis.
Anoliidae (an-Ö-li’i-dé), m. pl. . [NL., K. Amolis,
Anolius, + -idae.] A family of lizards, named
from the genus Amolis or Amolius.
Anolis (a-nó’lis), n. • [Formerly also ammolis; as
an individual name, now usually anoli; NL.
Anolis, also Anolius (Cuvier), after F. amolis,
K anoli, anoalli, native name in the Antilles.]
1. A genus of pleurodont lacertilians, usually
referred to the family Iguanidae, consisting of
small American lizards which have palatal as
well as maxillary teeth, toes somewhat like
those of the gecko, an inflatable throat, and
colors changeable as in the chameleon, which
in some respects they represent in America.
The green anoli, Amolis principalis, inhabits the southern
United States, and others are found in the warmer parts
of America.
2. [l. c.] Alizard of the genus Amolis; an anoli.
Anolius (a-nó’li-us), n. [NL.] Same as Amo-
lis, 1. Cuvier, 1817
Anomalops
[K OF. anomal (Cot-
LL. anomalus: see anomalous.] In
word. [Rare.]
Anomala (a-nom’a-lä), n. [NL., (1, 2) fem.
sing, (3) neut. pl. of L.L. anomalus: see anom-
alous.] 1. A genus of lamellicorn beetles, of
the family Scarabaeidae, having 9-jointed anten-
nae and margined elytra. There are several species,
such as the European A. vitis and the American A. luci-
cola, injurious to the grape. tº
2. A genus of bivalve mollusks, of the family
Corbiculidae: synonymous with Egeta.-3.
[Used as a plural.] A group of decapod crus-
taceans, including the Hippidae and Pagurida:
an inexact synonym of Amomura.
Anomalae (3-nom’a-lé), n. pl. [NL., fem. pl.
of L.L. anomalus: see anomalous.] In ornith.,
in Gloger's arrangement of birds (1834), a sub-
order of passerine birds, embracing those which
are devoid of an apparatus for song. It in-
cluded what later writers have called Picariaº.
anomali, n. Plural of anomalus.
Anomalidae (an-Ö-mal’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Ano-
mala, 1, + -idae.] A family of coleopterous in-
sects, named from the genus Anomala.
anomaliflorous (a-nom’a-li-fló"rus), a. [KNL.
anomaliflorus, K LL. anomalus, irregular, + L.
flos (flor-), flower.] In bot., having irregular
flowers.
anomaliped (a-nom’a-li-ped), a. and m. [K LL.
anomalus (see anomalous) + L. pes (ºped-) = E.
foot.] In ornith.: I. a. Syndactylous; having
the middle toe united to the
exterior by three phalanges,
and to the interior by one only.
The kingfisher is an example.
II. n. A syndactylous bird;
a bird whose middle toe is
united to the exterior by three
phalanges, and to the interior
by one only.
anomalipod (a-nom’a-li-pod),
a. and m. [K L.L. anomalus + Gr. Toig (Tod-)
= E. foot. Cf. anomaliped.] Same as anoma-
liped.
anomalism (a-nom’a-lizm), n. IK anomalous +
-ism..] An anomaly; a deviation from rule;
an irregularity, or instance of departure from
usual and correct order. [Rare.]
The amonalism.8 in Words have been so many that some
have gone so far as to allow no analogy either in the
Greek or Latin tongue. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, p. 30.
anomalist (a-nom’a-list), m. [K anomalous +
—ist.] In Gr. philol., one who believes in the
conventional or arbitrary origin of language:
opposed to analogist, or one who argues for its
natural origin. Farrar.
anomalistic (a-nom-a-listik), a. [K anomalist
+ -ic.] 1. Of or pertaining to an anomaly, or
to the anomalists.-2. In astrom., pertaining to
the anomaly orangular distance of a planet from
its perihelion.—Anomalistic month. See month.-
Anomalistic revolution, the period in which a planet
or satellite goes through the complete cycles of its changes
of anomaly, or from any point in its elliptic orbit to the
Same again.--Anomalistic year, the time (365 days, 6
hours, 13 minutes, and 48 seconds) in which the earth
passes through her orbit, from perihelion to perihelion
again, which is 25 minutes and 2.3 seconds longer than
the tropical year.
anomalistical (a-nom-a-lis’ti-kāl), a.
anomalistic.
anomalistically (a-nom-a-lis’ti-kal-i), adv. In
an anomalistic manner.
anomalocephalus (a-nom"#-ló-sef’a-lus), m. ;
pl. anomalocephali (-li). [NL., K. Gr. avójtazoc,
irregular (see anomalous), + Repažň, head..] One
whose head is deformed.
Anomalogonatae (a-nom’a-ló-gon'a-té), m. pl.
[NL., fem. pl. of anomalogomatus: see amomalo-
gomatous.] In Garrod's system of classification,
a primary division of birds containing those
which have no ambiens. See Homalogonata’.
anomalogonatous (a-nom"3-ló-gon'a-tus), a.
[KNL. anomalogomatus, K Gr. divöſta?og, irregular
(see anomalous), + y&vv = E. knee.] Abnor-
mally kneed; having no ambiens muscle; spe-
cifically, pertaining to or resembling the Amo-
malogomatae. Garrod.
anomalopid (a-nom-a-lopſid), n. A fish of the
[NL.,
family Anomalopidae.
Anomalopidae (a-nom-a-lop’i-dé), m. pl.
K Anomalops + -idae.] A family of acanthopte-
rygian fishes, typified by the genus Anomalops.
Only one species, represented on the next page, is known;
it inhabits rather deep water in the Pacific ocean.
Anomalops (a-nom’a-lops), m. [NL., K. Gr. Övö-
uažog, irregular (see anomalous), + &rip (&T-),
eye.] A genus of fishes, typical of the family
Anomalopidae: So called from the remarkable
Anomaliped Foot
of Kingfisher.
Same as


Tre
Anomalops
structure manifested by a glandular phospho-
rescent organ below the eye. Kner, 1868.
º
#5; §
º
:
Aztomalops palpebratics.
anomalous (#nom?-lus), a... [KLL, anomalus,
anomalos, K. Gr. Övöuažoc, irregular, uneven, K
av- priv. -- Öplažóg, even, Köuóg, same, common,
= E. Same: see homo- and same.] Deviating
from a general rule, method, or analogy; irreg-
ular; abnormal: as, an anomalous character;
an anomalous pronunciation.
Though in Spartakingship had survived under an anoma-
lows form, yet the joint representatives of the primitive
king . . . had become little more than members of the
governing oligarchy. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 485.
The Qurān attaches much importance to prayer, a fact
which is somewhat anomalows in a system of religion so
essentially fatalistic. Faiths of the World, p. 324.
Anomalous chords, in music, chords which contain ex-
treme Sharp or extreme flat intervals. = Syn. Unusual,
Singular, peculiar, odd, exceptional, unaccountable. See
irregular.
anomalously (a-nom’a-lus-li), adv.
anomalous manner; irregularly; in a manner
different from the common rule,
analogy.
Yet, somewhat anomalously, as it seems, habitual ve-
Tacity generally goes with inclination to doubt evidence.
II. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 117.
anomalousness(a-noma-lus-nes), n. [Kanoma-
lous + -mess.] The quality or condition of being
anomalous.
One special sympathy worth noting because of its anom- Anomia (a-nó'mi-á), m.
alousness, is sympathy in yawning.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 511.
anomalure (a-nom’a-liir), m. [K Anomalurus.]
An animal of the genus Anomalurus.
anomalurid (a-nom-a-lii‘rid), m. A rodent
[NL.,
method, or anomeomery (an-3-mê-om’º-ri), n.
anomiid (an-Ö-mi'id), m.
Anomiidae (an-Ö-mi'i-dé), n, pl.
228
There are in human nature, and more especially in the
exercise of the benevolent affections, inequalities, incon-
sistencies, and anomalies, of which theorists do not always
take account. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 305.
2. In astron., an angular quantity defining the
position of a point in a planetary orbit, taken to
increase in the direction of F. motion.
In ancient astronomy it was reckoned from apogee; in early
modern astronomy, from aphelion, except in cometary or-
bits; but since Gauss, from perihelion.
3. In music, a small deviation from a perfect
interval in tuning instruments with fixed notes;
a temperament.—Eccentric anomaly (anomalia ec.
centri, Kepler), the arc between the major axis and the
perpendicular to it through the º on the circle cir-
cumscribing the orbit; now usually defined by the equa-
tion w = w – e Sin w, where w is the mean, w the eccen-
tric anomaly, and e the eccentricity.—Mean anomaly,
the angular quantity whose ratio to 360° is as the time
Since the planet left perihelion to the period of revo-
lution.— Optical anomaly, in crystal., a term applied
to those optical phenomena, observed in many crystals
which are at variance with what would be expected
from the geometrical form of the crystals: for exam-
ple, the double refraction occasionally observed in the
diamond, which, like all isometric crystals, should be
isotropic.—Thermic anomaly, a name given by Dove to
the difference between the mean temperature of a place
on the earth's surface and the normal temperature of its
parallel.—True anomaly, (a) In anc. astrom., the arc
of the zodiac between the apparent place of the center of
the epicycle and that of apogee. (b) In mod. astron., the
*.* the sun between perihelion and the place of a
planet.
In an Anomean, Anomeanism. See Anomacan, Ano-
'moea mism.
[K Gr. as
if *āvouotouépeta, Kávouotouephe, consisting of un-
like parts, not homogeneous, Káv- priv. -- Čuot-
ouépág, consisting of like parts: see an-5 and
homeomery.] In the hist. of phil., the Italic
form of the doctrine of atoms, which rejected
the Anaximandrian principle of homeomery
(which see). *
[NL., irreg. K. Gr.
âvóplotoſ, unlike, dissimilar, K div- priv. H. Öpiotog,
similar: see homoeo-, homeo-.] 1+. Same as Tere-
bratula.—2. A genus of bivalve mollusks, typi-
cal of the family Amomiidae, found attached to
oysters and other shells. The shape of its species
depends more or less upon the surface to which they are
affixed. The saddle-shell, Anomia ephippiwm, is well
known. There are numerous species, both fossil and re-
cent, the former going back to the Oólite, the latter found
in every Sea.
A bivalve mollusk of
[NL., K Anomia
+ -ida!..] A family of asiphonate lamellibran-
chiate mollusks, typified
by the genus Anomia. The
typical species have thin, un-
equal, irregular valves, the flat-
test of which is deeply notched
for the passage of a muscle to a
calcareous or chitinous plate by
. the shell adheres to other
SIle11S.
anomite (an’ā-mit), m. [K
Gr. &vouog, without law
(see anomo-), + -ite?..] 1.
A subspecies of the mica
called biotite (which see),
distinguished by certain optical properties.—
2. A fossil of the genus Amomites; an extinct
species of the Anomiidae or some similar shell.
anomo-, [Combining form of Greek ávouog, K
à- priv. -- vóuog, law: see mome.] An element
in compound words of Greek origin, meaning
irregular, unusual.
Anomobranchiata (an’ī-mö-brang-ki-ā’tā), m.
... [NL., neut. pl. of anomobranchiatus: see
anomobranchiate.] A group of crustaceans:
synonymous with Stomatopoda (which see).
It includes Mysidae, Squillidoe, the opossum-shrimps,
mantis-shrimps, etc. See cut under Squillidae.
anomobranchiate (an’ī-mê-brang’ki-āt), a.
[KNL. anomobranchiatus, K Gr. &vouoc, irregular,
+ 8páyºta, gills.] Having the branchiae anom-
alous or irregular; specifically, of or pertaining
to the Anomobranchiata.
anomocarpous (an"6-mó-kār'pus), a. [K NL.
anomocarpus, K. Gr. Švouoc, irregular, + kaptóg,
fruit.] In bot., bearing unusual fruit. N. E. D.
anomodont (an’ô-mö-dont), a. and m. [K Amo-
modontia.] I. a. Pertaining to or having the
characters of the Anomodontia.
II. m. One of the Anomodontia.
Anomodontia (an’ī-mê-don'shi-á), n. pl. DNL.
KGr. Švouoc, irregular, + 60oig (bóovt-)=E. tºothj
1. In Owen’s system of classification (1866), an
order of fossil reptiles. Its technical characters are
biconcave vertebrae, bifurcate anterior trunk-ribs, continu-
ous ischiopubic symphysis, fixed tympanic pedicle, a fora-
men parietale, and the teeth either wanting or limited to
a pair of great tusks. The order includes the two groups
Dicynodontia and Cryptodontia, the former containing the
the family Anomiidae.
.4?tomtza achaetzs.
£, £, muscular impressions.
Anomoean, Anomean (an-Ö-mê'an), n.
Anomoura, anomoural, etc.
anomphalous (a mom’īā-ius), a.
Anomura (an-Ö-mü’rã), n. pl.
anomural (an-Ö-mü'ral), a.
anomuran (an-Ö-mü’ran), a. and n.
* anon
genus Dicynodon, and the latter the genera Rhynchosaurus
and Oudemodom.
2. In Cope's system, a division of theromorphous
reptiles (see Théromorpha), containing those
which have several Sacral vertebrae, and the
vertebrae not notochordal: contrasted with
Pelycosauria (which see).
[K Gr.
ăvăuotog, unlike, K &v- priv. -- buotoc, like: see
homoeo-, home0-.] One of an extreme sect of
Arians in the fourth century, who held that
the Son is of an essence not even similar to that
of the Father (whence their name), while the
more moderate Arians held that the essence of
the Son is similar to that of the Father, though
not identical with it. Also called Aëtian, Eu-
doſcian, and Eunomiam.
Anomoeanism, Anomeanism (an-3-mê 'an-
izm), m. [KAnomaean-F-ism..] The doctrines
of the Anomoeans.
Denying alike the homoousian and the homoiousian
theory, he [Eunomius] was dialectically probably the
ablest and most consistent defender of Amomoeanism, or
the doctrine according to which the Son is essentially or
substantially different from the Father.
- Encyc. Brit., VIII. 667.
anomorhomboid (an’0-mó-rom"boid), n., [KGr.
ăvouoc, irregular, + rhombóid, q.v.] An irregu-
lar rhomboidal mass, as some crystals.
anomorhomboidal (an"Č-mó-rom-boiſdal), a.
[Kamomorhomboid + -al.] Resembling an ano-
morhomboid; consisting of irregular rhom-
boids.
See Amomura, etc.
[K Gr. &v-
Having no navel;
[NL., neut. pl.
of anomurus : see anomºrous.] A suborder of
podophthalmous decapodous crustaceans, inter-
mediate between the macrurous and the bra-
chyurous groups, and embracing forms, such
as the hermit-crabs, which have the tail soft
and unfitted for swimming or otherwise anom-
alous. The section is purely artificial, and authors are
not agreed upon its limitation. Families usually ranged
under it are such as Pagwridae, Hippidae, Raminidae, Do-
rippidae, etc.; the first of these includes the well-known
hermit-crabs. Also spelled Amomowra.
º [As anomurous +
-al.] Irregular in the character of the tail or
abdomen; of or pertaining to the Anomura:
as, amonwral crustaceans. Equivalent forms
are anomowral, anomuram, anomowran, anomu-
7°ows, amonourous.
[As ano-
murous + -an.] I. a. Same as anomural.
II. m. One of the Amomura; an anomurous
crab, as a hermit-crab.
Also spelled anomowran.
anomurous (an-Ö-mü'rus), a. [K NL. anomu-
rus, K. Gr. Övouoc, irregular, H- oipá, tail.] Same
as a momural. Åiso spelled anomourous.
On the same island is found another most remarkable
and very large terrestrial Amomowrous Crustacean.
Encyc. Brit., VI. 642.
priv. -- Öppañóg, navel.]
without an umbilicus.
Yºr * * y z
anomy? (an’ô-mi), n. [K Gr. divopuia, lawlessness,
Kävoplog, lawless: see anomo-.] A violation of
law, especially of divine law; lawlessness.
The delights of the body betray us, through our over-
indulgence to them, and lead us captive to anomy and dis-
Obedience. Glanville.
anon (a-non'), adv. and interj., orig. prep. phr.
[KME, anon, amoon, Onon, onoom, also aman, onam,
and with dat. term. amone, oname, etc. (cf. equiv.
M.E. in oom, in an = OHG. MHG. in ein), KAS.
on àn (acc.), on àne (dat.), in one, together,
straightway: on, E. on ; dim, E. one. Cf. anan,
a mod. dial. form of amon.] 1+. In one and the
same direction; straight on.—2. Straightway;
forthwith ; on the instant; immediately.
The same is he that heareth the word, and amon with
joy receiveth it. Mat. xiii. 20.
Hence, like other words of the same literal
meaning, passing into–3. Quickly; soon; in
a short time; by and by.
Such good men as he which is amon to be interred.
C. Mather, Mag. Chris., iv. 7.
4. At another time; again; now again.
mammal of the family Anomaluridae.
Anomaluridae (a-nom-a-lii‘ri-dé), m. pl. º
K Anomalurus + -idae.] A remarkable family
of flying rodents of Africa; the scale-tailed
Squirrels. They have a parachute like that of the true
flying squirrels, but less extensive, and the under side
of the tail is provided with a series of imbricated scales.
They have no postorbital processes, a large anteorbital
Scale-tailed Squirrel (Aztoma litries ſtelgents).
foramen, the molars and premolars together 4 on each side
of each jaw, and 16 ribs, that is, 3 or 4 more than are found
in Sciuridae. The animals bear some resemblance to mem-
bers of the genus Galeopithecus, but have a long hairy tail
free from the interfemoral membrane. Several Species are
described, as A. fraseri from Fernando Po, and A. fulgems
from the Gaboon; the latter is about 14 inches in length,
with the tail about half as much more, and of a bright-
reddish color.
The curious creatures known as Scale-tailed Squirrels,
which form the family Amotmaluridae, may be described
as flying-squirrels with climbing-irons;– the under side
of the tail being furnished . . . with a series of large
horny scales, which, when pressed against the trunk of a
tree, may subserve the same purpose as those instruments
with which a man climbs up a telegraph pole.
Stand. Nat. Hist., W. 131.
Anomalurus (a-nom-à-lū‘rus), n. [NL., KGI.
avóplažoc, irregular (see anomalous), F oipá,
tail.] The typical and only genus of the fam-
ily Anomaluridae. Waterhouse, 1842. 4-
anomalus (a-nom’a-lus), m. ; pl. anomali (-li).
[NL., K. L.L. anomalus: see anomalous...] . In
amat., a muscular slip, an inch in length, fre-
quently found lying beneath the muscle that
lifts the upper lip and the wing of the nose
A(levator labii superioris alaeque nasi). e
anomaly (3-mom'8-li), n. ; pl. anomalies (-liz).
[KL. anomalia, K. Gr. ivouažía, irregularity, un-
evenness, K avóplažog, uneven: See anomalous.]
1. Deviation from the common rule or analogy;
something abnormal or irregular.
Sometimes he trots, . . . amon he real's upright.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1.279.
The varying lights and shadows of her temper, now so
mirthful, and amon so sad with mysterious gloom.
Hawthorne, Marble Faun, ix.
5. As a response, same as anam.—Ever and anon,
from time to time; now and then ; time after time. ,
A pouncet-box, which ever and amon
He gave his nose, and took’t away again.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 8.








anon.
anon. An abbreviation of anonymous.
anona (a-nó'nā), n.
ably a reduction of the Taino name guanavana.
º 1. A tree or shrub of
the genus Anona.-2.
[cap.] A genus of
trees or shrubs, type
of the family Anoma-
ceae, of about fifty
Species. A. 8 80%
(the sweet-sop) grows in
the West Indian islands,
and yields an edible fruit
having a thick, SWeet, lus-
cious pulp. A. muricata
(sour-sop) is cultivated in
the West and East Indies;
it produces a large pear-
shaped fruit, of a greenish
color, containing an agree-
able slightly acid pulp.
The genus produces other
edible fruits, as the com-
mon custard-apple or bul-
lock's-heart, from A. reti-
culata, and the cherimoyer of Peru, from 4. Cherinolia.
Anonaceae (an-Ö-nā’sé-é), m. pl. [NL., K.Anona
+ -aceae.] A family of tropical or subtrop-
ical trees and bushes, with trimerous flow-
ers, indefinite stamens, and numerous carpels,
allied to the magnolias, and sometimes abound-
ing in a powerful aromatic Secretion. . The Ethi-
opian pepper, sour-sop, sweet-sop, and custard-apple are
yielded by these trees. The wood in some genera is ex-
tremely elastic and occasionally intensely bitter. 48imina
is almost the only genus representing the group in the
United States. &
anomaceous (an-Ö-nā’shius), a. [KNL. anoma-
ceus: see Anoma and -aceous.] Of or pertaining
to the Anonaceae.
anonad (an’ô-nad), n. A plant of the family
Anonaceae. Lindley.
anon-rightt, adv. [ME. anon right, etc., also
right amon : see anon and right, adv.] 6-
diately; at once. Chaucer.
anonychia (an-Ö-nik’i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. &v-
priv. H. Švvč (Övv3-), nail: see onya..] In tera-
tol., absence of the nails.
anonym (an’ô-nim), n. IK F. anonyme, K NL.
anonymus (L. anonymos, as designation of a
certain plant), KGr. Övövvuoc, nameless, anony-
mous: See anonymous, and cf. onym, pseudonym,
Synonym.] 1. An anonymous book or pamphlet.
–2. An anonymous person.
The Origin of Species . . . makes an epoch, as the ex-
pression of his [Darwin's] thorough adhesion . . . to the
doctrine of Development — and not the adhesion of an
anonym, like the author of the “Vestiges.”
George Eliot, in Cross's Life, II. ix.
3. In 206l., a mere name; a name resting upon
no diagnosis or other recognized basis. Cowes,
The Auk, I. 321. [Rare.]
Also spelled anonyme.
anonyma (3-non’i-mâ), m. [NL., fem, of anony-
mus; see anonymous...] In anat., the innominate
artery.
The arteries arise from the arch of the aorta, as in man,
by an anonyma, a left carotid, and left subclavian.
wazley, Anat. Vert., p. 380.
anonymal (a-non’i-mal), a. Anonymous.
Rare.]
anonyme, n. See anonym.
anonymity (an-Ö-nim (i-ti), n. [As anonym +
-ity.] The state or quality of being anonymous
or without a name, or of not declaring one's
name; anonymousness.
A doughty antagonist in a work of anonymity, who
proved to be Alexander Hamilton.
Harper's Mag., LXIX. 474.
If anonymity adds to the importance of journalism,
secrecy does so still more, for it is more impressive to the
imagination. Rae, Contemporary Socialism, p. 268.
anonymosity (a-non-i-mos"i-ti), n. [Improp.
Kanonymous: see -osity.] The state of being
anonymous. . [Rare.]
anonymous (a-non’i-mus), a. [š NL, anony-
mus, K. Gr. &vóvvuog, nameless, K &v-, priv. 4-
övoua, AEolic &vvua, name: see onym.] 1. Want-
ing a name; not named and determined, as an
animal not assigned to any species. [Rare or
technical.]
These animalcules serve also for food to another anony-
'mows insect of the waters. Ray.
2. Without any name acknowledged, as that
of author, contributor, or the like: as, an anony-
mous pamphlet; an amonymous subscription.
Among the manuscripts of the English State Paper Of-
fice are three amonymous tracts relating to the same pe-
riod as that covered by the American writings of Captain
John Smith and of George Percy.
M. C. Tyler, Hist. Amer. Lit., I. 41.
3. Of unknown name; whose name is withheld:
as, an anonymous author.
The Sour-sop (Anoma matricaea).
[Sp. Pg. NL. anona, prob-
*—2. A genus of crustaceans.
Anoplognathus (an-op-log'nā-thus), m.
Anoplopoma (an-op-ló-pô'mă), n.
anoplopomid (an-op-lº-pom'id), m.
Anoplo
[NL.,
229
That anon ſmous person who is always saying the wisest
and most delightful things just as you are on the point of
Saying them yourself. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 263.
Often abbreviated to anon.
anonymously (a-non’i-mus-li), adv. In an
anonymous manner; without a name.
anonymousness (a-non’i-mus-nes), n. The
state or quality of being anonymous.
anonymuncule (a-non-i-mun'kül), n. [K NL.
anonymus + dim. -wn-culus : see anonym and
-uncle.] A petty anonymous writer.
Anonyx(an'3-niks), n. [NL., KGr. &v-priv.--övvć,
nail: see onya..] 1. In mammal., same as Aonya.
Kröyer, 1838.
Aº eles (a-noff e-lèz), n. [NL. (Meigen,
1818), K. Gr. &vope2%g, useless.] A genus of true
mosquitos (dipterous family Culicidae), distin-
guished from the typical genus Culex by the long
palpi of the female. The mosquitos of this genus are
the true secondary hosts of the causative organisms of
malaria, which undergo their sexual development only in
the stomach of an anopheles. ... From this fact it results
that these mosquitos convey the disease from malariäl
patients to healthy individuals.
anophthalmi, n. Plural of anophthalmus, 1.
anophthalmia (an-of-thal’mi-á), n. [NL.: see
anophthalmus.] In teratol., congenital absence
of the eyeball.
anophthalmus (an-of-thal‘mus), n. ; pl. anoph-
thalmi, (-mi). . [NL., K. Gr. &vóóbańſiog, without
eyes, K &v- priv., without, + 66.60%uóg, eye: see
ophthalmia.] 1. A person exhibitinganophthal-
mia on one or both sides.—2. [cap.] A genus
of adephagous beetles, of the family Carabidae,
So named from being eyeless. It contains about
50 species of blind cave-beetles, mostly European, though
Several are found in the caves of the Ohio valley, such as
A. tellkampfi of the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky.
Anophyta (an-Ö-fiſtā), n. pl. [NL., K. Gr. Čvo,
upward (Kävá, up), + £vré, a plant, ºffew, pro-
duee, pass. ºffeoffat, grow.] In Endlicher's sys-
tem of classification, a section of cryptogamic
plants, comprising the Hepatica (liverworts)
and Musci (mosses).
anophyte (an’ô-fit), n. A member of the Ano-
phyta.
anopia (an-Ö'pi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. div- priv. --
Öip (67-), eye.] In teratol., absence or a rudi-
mentary condition of the eyes, attendant on
arrested development of the craniofacial axis.
Anopla (an-op’lā), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. Övot?0ç,
unarmed, Kāv- priv. H. Ötzov, a shield, pl. ÓTAa,
arms.] . A division of nemertean worms having
the proboscis unarmed, whence the name: con-
trasted with Enopla (which see). The Anopla in-
clude most of the larger and better-known nemerteans.
Anoplognathidae (an-op-log-nath’i-de), m. pl.
[NL., K. Anoplognathus + -idae. In Macleay's
system of classification, a family of scarabaeoid
lamellicorn beetles, forming together with Me-
lolonthidae the Latreillean group Phyllophaga.
The clypeus is thickened in front, and constitutes, either
alone or with the labrum, a vertical triangular surface,
the point of which is applied to the mentum.
[NL.,
Gr. Čvot?0ç, unarmed, + Yváffog, jaw.] Agenus
of lamellicorn beetles, of the family Scarabae-
idae, sometimes giving name to a family. Ano-
plognathidae. It comprises large bronzed bee-
tles of Australia.
anoplonemertean (an-op"ló-ne-mér’té-an), a.
Pertaining to the Amoplonemertini.
Anoplonemertini (an-op"ló-nem-èr-ti’ni), m.pl.
[NL., K. Gr. &voſºkoç, unarmed, + NL. Nemertini,
q. v.] A division of Nemertea, containing those
Inemertean worms which have the proboscis
unarmed and the mouth behind the ganglia:
distinguished from Hoplonemertini. The group
is divided into Schizonemertini and Palaeonemer-
tºmi.
* [NL., K. Gr.
ČvotAoc, unarmed, + Tóta, a lid, operculum.] A
genus of fishes, representing the family Anoplo-
pomidae, differing from most of its relatives in
the absence of opercular spines, whence the
name. It contains the species known as the
candle-fish or beshow. See candle-fish, 2.
A fish of
the family Anoplopomidae.
º: (an-op-ló-pom’i-dé), m. pl.
short for “Amoplopomatidae, K Anoplopo-
"ma(t-) + -idae.] A family of acanthopterygian
fishes, containing only the genus Amoplopoma,
and related to the Chiridae. The only known
species is the Anoplopoma fimbria, of the west
coast of North America.
anoplothere (an-op’ló-thèr), m. An animal of
Anoplura (an-3-plbºrã), m.pl.
anopsy” (an’op-si), n.
anorchism (an-órſkizm), m.
anorchous (an-Ör’kus), a.
anorectous (an-Ö-rek’tus), a.
anorexy (an’º-rek-si), m.
anorgana (an-Ör"ga-nā), m. pl.
anorganic (an-Ör-gan 'ik), a.
anorganism (an-Ör'ga-nizm), n.
anorganognosy (an-Ör-ga-nog’ nô-si), n.
anorganography (an-Ör-ga-nog’ ra-fi), m.
anorganology (an-Ör-ga-nol’ô-ji), m.
anormal
anoplotheriid (an-op-lô-thé'ri-id), n. A rumi-
nant mammal of the family Anoplotheriidae.
Anoplotheriidae (an-op’ló-thé-ri'i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., & Anoplotherium + -ida..] A family offos-
sil ruminant quadrupeds, of the order Artiodac-
tyla, formed for the reception of the genus
Anoplotherium, to which Eurytherium has been
added by Gervais. Excluding Dichobunus as the type
of a different family, the Anoplotheriidae are characterized
by the comparative uniformity of the teeth and the propor-
tionate lengths of the fore and hind limbs, the latter being
like those of ordinary walking quadrupeds.
anoplotherioid (an-op-ló-théºri-oid), a. and n.
[K Anoplotherium + -oid..] I. a. Of or pertain-
ing to the Anoplotheriidae; resembling the an-
oplothere.
II. m. One of the Anoplotheriidae, or an ani-
mal resembling the amoplothere.
Anoplotherioidea (an-op’lú-thé-ri-oi’dé-á), n.
pl. [NL., K. Anoplotherium + -oid-ea.] A super-
family group of fossil ruminants, by which the
Anoplotheriidae and Dichobumidae are together
contrasted with the Creodontidae, being distin-
guished by having the teeth of both jaws near-
ly or quite continuous and uniform in size. Gill.
Anoplotherium (an-op-1}-théºri-um), n. [NL.,
Gr. &votWog, unarmed, + 6mptov, wild beast.
The typical genus of the family Anoplotheriidae,
containing the anoplothere, A. commune, dis-
covered in the Middle Eocene formation of the
Paris basin. The animal was about 4 feet long, with
a tail of about the same length. It has also been found
in the corresponding Eocene strata of Great Britain. It
was named by Cuvier from the fact that its horns never
sprouted. Erroneously written Anaplotherium.
[NL., K. Gr. Švo-
Tºog, unarmed, + oupā, tail.] An aberrant or-
der of degraded parasitic hemipterous insects,
or lice: synonymous with Mallophaga and Pedi-
Culina in some uses of these terms. They are ap-
terous and ametabolous, with a mandibulate or haustellate
mouth. As a major group, Amoplwra is divisible into two
suborders: (1) the Hawstellata, which have the mouth pro-
duced into a fleshy sucking proboscis armed with hooks,
within which are two sharp stylets inclosed in a chitinous
sheath; and (2) Mandibulata, in which the niouth is pro-
vided with mandibles. The former includes the lice
proper, as those which are parasitic on man, Pediculus
capitis, P. vestimenti, and Phthirius pubis; the latter are
chiefly bird-lice, living among feathers. See lowse, Pedi-
culina, and Mallophaga.
anopluriform (an-Ö-pló’ri-fôrm), a. [K Anoplu-
Ta + -form.] Like or related to the Anoplura ;
louse-like.
anopsy't (an’op-si), n. [KNL. anopsia, KGr, àv-
priv. 4- 6 pig, sight: see optic.] Want of sight.
Aristotle, who computeth the time of their anopsy or
invision by that of their gestation.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., p. 174.
& [K Gr. &vá, upward, +
öplg, sight: see optic.] In pathol., upward stra-
bismus.
[As amorchows +
[K Gr. div- priv. --
ôpºſtg, testis.] Having no testes.
[K Gr. avópektog,
without appetite, K div- priv. -H bpektog, verbal
adj. of Öpéyetv, long for, desire: see ore ris.]
Without appetite.
-ism..] Absence of testes.
anorexia (an-Ö-rela’si-á), m. DNL., K. Gr. &vopečia,
want of appetite, Kāvāpektoc, without appétite:
See anorectous...] Want of appetite.
Same as amoreaſia.
[NL., K. Gr. Övöp-
Yavog, without instruments, K &v- priv. -- Öpya-
vov, instrument, organ.] Inorganic objects or
bodies.
[K Gr. av- priv.
(an-5) + organic..] Not organic ; inorganic.
[KGr. &n-priv.
(an-5) + organism. I An inorganic or inani-
mate body.
The characteristic phenomena observed in organisms
are not observed in amorganisms. G. H. Lewes.
[K
NL. amorgana, q.v., + Gr. Yvögag, knowledge.]
Scientific knowledge or study of anorganisms
or inorganic objects.
[K
NL, amorgana, q, V., + Gr. -)papia, K Ypáðsty,
Write.] A description of anorganisms or in-
organic bodies; a treatise on any phenomena
of inorganic nature.
[K NL.
amorgana, q.v., + Gr. -Aoyia, KAéyetv, speak: see
-ology.] The science of inorganic bodies, in-
cluding geology, mineralogy, meteorology, etc.
the genus Anoplotherium or family Anoplotheri- anormal (a-nór’mal), a. [= F. Pr. Sp. Pg. anor-
idae.—Cervine anoplothere, the Dichobunus cervinus.
See Děchobwnw8.
mal, S.M.L. anomalus, also anormalis, a perver-
sion (taken as K. Gr. 6- priv. 4- L. norma, rule;

anormal
cf. abnormal) of L.L. anomalus, K. Gr. &vóplažog,
irregular: see anomalows.] Not according to
rule; abnormal; aberrant; anomalous; mon-
Strous.
anorthic (an-Ör'thik), a. [K Gr. Öv- priv. 4-
Öp0óg, straight, right (see ortho-), + -ic.] 1.
Without right angles.—2. In mineral., having
unequal oblique axes; triclinic: as, anorthic
feldspar.
anºthite (an-Ör' thit), m. [K Gr. av- priv. --
ôp66g, straight (see ortho-), + -ite?..] A triclinic
lime feldspar, found in small transparent crys-
tals on Mount Vesuvius, and existing also as a
constituent of some rocks. See feldspar.
anorthitic (an-Ör-thit'ik), a. [K anorthite +
-ic.] Pertaining to or containing anorthite :
as, anorthitic lavas.
anorthopia (an-Ör-thd'pi-á), n. [NI., K.G. &v-
priv. -- Öpffóg, straight (see ortho-), + &rp (&T-),
eye, face.] In pathol., obliquity of vision;
squinting. N. E. D.
anorthoscope (an-Örºthé-sköp), m. [K Gr. &v-
priv. -- Öpffög, straight (see ortho-), + oxotreiv,
view.] An instrument for producing a peculiar
kind of optical illusion by means of two disks
rotating rapidly one behind the other. The pos-
terior disk is transparent, and has certain distorted figures
painted upon it; the anterior is opaque, but pierced with
a number of narrow slits, through which the figures on
the posterior disk are viewed. The effect depends on
the persistence of impressions on the retina, the instru-
ment being in principle the same as the zoëtrope.
Anorthura (an-Ör-thii‘rā), m. [NL., KGr. &vopffog,
erect (Kävá, up, + bp6óg, right), + oupá, tail.] A.
genus of very short-tailed wrens, of the family
Troglodytidae: a name proposed as a substitute
for Troglodytes (which .
anosmia (an-os'mi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vooplog,
also divoduog, without smell, K div- priv. -- 6dpuff,
older form Ööuff, smell, K Öſelv, to smell, akin to
L. odor, smell: see odor.] In pathol., a loss of
the sense of smell.
anosphresy (an-os'fré-si), m. [K Gr. &v- priv. --
Öoppmotg, smell, K boºppatvedtat, to Smell, catch
scent of..] Same as amośmia.
Anostoma (an-osſtä-mâ), m. [NL., KGr. Čvo, up,
+ otóua, mouth.] A genus of pulmonate gas-
tropods, of the family Helicidae, having the last
whorl of the shell turned up toward the spire.
The type is A. ringens (Linnaeus). I’ischer, 1807.
Anostomatinae (an-OS"tº-ma-tí’ né), m. pl.
[NL., irreg. K Anostomus (-mat-) (the typical
genus) + -ina..] A subfamily of fishes, of the
family Characinidae. The technical characters are an
adipose fin, teeth in both jaws well developed, dorsal fin
short, gill-openings rather narrow (the gill-membranes
being attached to the isthmus), and masal openings re-
mote from each other. They are mostly small species
from Brazil and Guiana. Also written Amostominae.
another (a-nu'PH'ér), a. and prom. [K ME.
another, usually written an other; orig. and
still prop. two words, an other, not differing
in grammatical status from the definite cor-
relative the other; in AS. simply 6ther: see
an1 and otherl. The uses are simply those of
other with an preceding. The pronominal uses
are not divided from the adjective uses.] 1.
A second, a further, an additional; one more,
one further: with a noun expressed or under-
stood. (a) Of the same series.
Another yet?— A seventh? — I'll see no more.
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1.
[“The vulgar tw quoque, ‘you're amother,’ which is part
of the slang of the streets, is, as might be expected, not
modern.” Davies, Sup. Trig. Gloss.
Roister. If it were an other but thou, it were a knaue.
M. Mery. Ye are an other your selfe, sir, the lorde us
both saue. Udall, Roister Doister, iii. 5.
“You mistake me, friend,” cries Partridge: “I did not
mean to abuse the cloth ; I only said your conclusion was
a non sequitur.”
“You are another,” cries the sergeant, “an'you come to
that ; no more a sequitur than yourself.”
I'ielding, Tom Jones, ix. 6.]
(b) Of the same kind, nature, or character,
though different in substance: used by way of
comparison.
And like another Helen, fir’d another Troy.
Dryden, Alexander's Feast, 1.125.
2. A different, distinct (with a noun expressed or
understood); especially, of persons, a different
person, some one else, any one else. (a) Dis-
tinct in place, time, or personality, or non-
identical individually.
IIc winks and turns his lips another way.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1.90,
* The hero could not have done the feat at amother hour
in a lower mood. lºmerson, Courage.
My glory will I not give to another. Isa. xlii. 8.
(b) Of a different kind, nature, or character,
though the same in substance: used by way of
contrast : as, he has become another man.
230
[Another always implies a series of two or more, startin
With one, which is often necessarily expressed; as, he trie
one, and then another; he went one way, and I went an-
other; they went out one after another. -
'Tis one thing for a soldier to gather laurels, and 'tis
another to scatter cypress. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vi. 32.
The public mind was then reposing from one great effort
and collecting strength for another.
Macaulay, Lord Bacon.]
One another, originally a mere collocation of one (as
subject) with another (as object), now regarded as a com-
pound pronoun.
The bishop and the Duke of Gloster's men . . .
Do pelt so fast at one another's pate
That many have their giddy brains knocked out.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
This is my commandment, that ye love one another.
- John xv. 12.
Bear ye one another's burdens. Gal. vi. 2,
That is: Bear ye (each one of you) amother's burdens. So
each other (which see, under each),
another-gainest, a. Same as another-gates.
Sir P. Sidney.
another-gatest (a-nuTH'êr-gāts), a. [Orig. gen.,
“of another gate,’ of another way or fashion:
see another and gate?, and gait. The last sylla-
ble came to be shortened, another-gets, whence
by erroneous understanding another-gess, -ghess,
-guess, and by erroneous “correction” (see ex-
tract from Landor) amother-guise. The isolated
form another-gaines, if not a misprint for another-
gaites, shows confusion with another-kins, q; v.]
Of another kind; of a different sort: as, “an-
other-gates adventure,” S. Butler, Hudibras, I.
iii. 428.
another-guess? (a-nuTH'êr-ges), a. [A corrup-
tion of another-gates, q.v.] Same as another-
gates.
The truth on’t is, she's anotherghess Morsel than old
Bromia. Dryden, Amphitryon, iii.
No, no, another-guess lover than I: there he stands.
Goldsmith, Good-Natured Man, ii.
Burke uses the word another-guess, in which expression
are both vulgarity and ignorance. The real term is another-
guise; there is nothing of guessing. Landor.
[See etymology, above.]
another-guisef (a-nuTH'êr-giz), a. [An errone-
ous “correction” of another-guess, assumed to
be for another + guise, but really a corruption of
another-gates, q.v.] . Same as another-gates.
another-kins, a. [Orig. #. , ‘of another kind':
see amother and kind, and cf. another-gates.] Of
another kind; of a different sort. [Prov. Eng.]
anotta, anotto (a-not'É, -ó), n. Same as armotto.
Anoura, anouran, etc. See Anura, etc.
Anotis (an’ā-us), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vooc, contr.
ăvove, silly, without understanding, Kö-priv. 4.
v60ſ, contr. voic, mind, understanding: seenous.]
A genus of longipennine
natatorial birds, the mod-
dyterns or noddies, of the
subfamily Sterminae and
family Laridae: synonymous with
Gavia. It is the type of a group Anotoe,
distinguished from other terns in having the
tail graduated instead of forked, by the pal-
mation of the toes being very ample, and by
other characters. There are several species,
found upon all warm and tropical seas. They
are of a sooty-brown or blackish color, with
white on the top of the head. The best-known species is
A. stolidus. See moddy.
anoxemia, anoxaemia (an-ok-sé'mi-á), n. [NL.,
strictly amoa'amia, K. Gr. &v- priv. -- oa:(ygen) +
Gr, alua, blood.] Deficiency of oxygen in the
blood. Also amoayhemia, amoa'yhamia. e
anoxyhemia, anoxyhaemia (an-ok-Si-hé’mi-á),
m. Same as amoa;emia.
ans. An abbreviation of answer, m.
ansa (an'sä), m.; pl. ansas (-Sé). [L.] 1. In
archatol, a handle, as of a vase. Bronze and terra-
cotta vase-handles are often found curiously ornamented,
or bearing inscriptions or
stamps, while the objects
to which they belonged,
being of thinner or less
durable substance, have
perished.
2. pl. In astrom., the
parts of Saturn's ring
which are to be seen
on each side of the
planet when viewed
through a telescope:
so called because
they appearlike han-
dles to the body of
the planet.—3.
anat., a looped nerve
or loop-like nerv-
ous structure.—Ansae
Vieussensi, in anat.;
several small strands of
the cervical sympathetic
Noddy Tern
(Artoirs stolt.
dies).
Bronze Ansa, or Handlc of a Vase.--
Graeco-Roman work from Pompeii.
... answer
cord which sometimes pass in front of and form loo
around the subclavian artery;-Ansa hypoglossi, †:
amat., a loop formed from the descendens º and
a communicans nerve derived from the second and third
cerviçal nerves.—Ansa lenticularis, in amat., a fascicu-
lus of white nerve-tissue which passes from the median
part of the crusta of the brain under the thalamus to reach
the lenticular nucleus.
[K
ansar, ansarian (an'sār, an-sā’ri-an), n.
Ar, an-nāgār, Kal, the, -- náçir, auxiliary.] A
helper; an auxiliary; specifically, One of those
inhabitants of Medina who befriended Moham-
med when he fled thither from Mecca, A. D.
622.
As for those who led the way, the first of the Mohadjers
and the Ansars, . . . God is well pleased with them; . . .
He hath made ready for them gardens . . . to abide in
for aye, Rodwell, tr. of the Korán, Sura ix., verse 101.
ansate, ansated (an'sät, -sà-ted), a. [K L. an-
Satus, furnished with a handle (Kamsa, a handle),
+ -ed?..] Having a handle or handles, or some-
thing in the form of a handle.
ansation (an-så'sh9m), n. [K ansate + -ion.]
The art of making handles, or of fitting them
to utensils. Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Ass., XV. 69.
anse (ans), m. [= F. amse, K L. ansa.] An ansa.
(which see); specifically, in old ordnance, one
of the curved handles of a cannon.
Anser (an'sèr), n. [L., a goose, orig. *hanser,
= G. gams=AS. gos, E. goose, q.v.] 1. A genus
of lamellirostral palmiped birds; the geese.
The name is used with varying latitude, sometimes as
conterminous with the modern subfamily Amgerinae, but
oftener of late restricted to the typical species resembling
the domestic goose, such as the Amser cinerews or Amser
albifrons of Europe. See goose.
2. In astron., a small constellation in the
Milky Way, between the Swan and the Eagle.
Anseranas (an-Sér-ā’nas), m. [NL. (Lesson,
1828), K L. anser, goose, -H anas, duck: see An-
Ser and Anas.] A genus of geese, having the
feet semipalmate. There is but one species,
º Australian swan-goose, Anseramas melano-
(2?(CQ.
anserated (an'se-rá-ted), a. In her., having
the extremities divided and finished with the
heads of lions, eagles, Serpents, etc.:
applied to crosses. Also gringolé.
Anseres (an'se-réz), m. pl. [NL., pl.
of L. anser: see Anser.] 1. In the
Linnean system (1766), the third or-
der of birds, including all “water-
birds,” or paintipeds, and equivalent
to the series Natatores of modern naturalists.
–2. An order or suborder of birds correspond-
ing to the Lamellirostres of Cuvier, or to the
Chenomorpha of Huxley: in this sense of nearly
the same extent as the family Amatidae, or lamel-
lirostral birds exclusive of the flamingos.
Anseridae (an-Ser’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Anser
+ -idae.] The geese; the subfamily Amserinae
raised to the rank of a family.
Anseriformes (an'se-ri-fér’méz), m. pl... [NL.,
. anser, goose, + forma, shape..] In Garrod's
classification, a series of birds approximately
ºlent to the Linnean Anseres. See An-
Seres, L.
Anserinae (an-sº-ri'né), m. pl. [NL., KAnser +
-ina..] 1. A group of lamellirostral palmiped
birds, more or less exactly equivalent to An-
seres, 2,-2. A subfamily of the family Anati-
da, including the geese as distinguished from
ducks, Swans, or mergansers.
anserine (an'se-rin), a. [KL. anserinus, Kamser,
a goose: see Ånsori 1. Relating to or resem'.
bling a goose, or the skin of a goose: sometimes
applied to the skin when roughened by cold
or disease (goose-flesh). ſe
No amaerime skin would rise thereat,
It's the cold that makes him shiver.
Hood, The Forge.
Hence—2. Stupid as a goose; foolish; silly.—
3. Specifically, in ornith., resembling a goose
or duck so closely as to be included in the fam-
ily Amatidae; being one of the Amatidae. The
anserine birds, technically, are not only geese and goose-
like species, but Swans, ducks, mergansers, etc.
anserous (an’sº-rus), a. [K L. anser, a goose,
+ -ows.] Same as anserine, 1 and 2. Sydney
Smith.
anslaightt (an’slāt), m. An incorrect form (per-
haps a misprint) of onslaught. It occurs only
in the passage quoted.
I do remember yet that anslaight; thou wast beaten
And fled'st before the butler. m
Fletcher, Monsieur Thomas, ii. 2.
answer (àn’sèr), m. [Early mod. E. also an-
Sweare, KME. answer, answar, answere, answare,
andswere, andgware, etc., KAS. andswaru, ond-
Swaru, f. (= OS. antswór, m., +OFries, ondser,
Anserated.




3, 18"Wer
T., answer, = Icel, andsvar, ann8war, neut, an-
swer, response, decision, - Sw. Dan, angvar,
responsibility, formerly answer), Kand-, against,
in reply, -- “swaru, f. (= Icel, 8var, usually
in pl. 8vör, neut., answer, a Sw. Dan. 8var,
answer), K “swaran (only in weak present 8we-
ºriant), pret. 8wór, swear, = Icel, 8vara, answer,
respond, = Sw. Svata = Dan. 8vare, answer, re-
spond, = Goth. Swaram, swear, prob. orig. ‘af-
firm, assert,’ with the subsequent implication,
lost in the verb except in Scand., of ‘assert in
reply’; see and—, an-2, and 8wear. #ence answer,
; 1. A reply, response, or rejoinder, spoken or
Written, to a question ressed or implied),
request, appeal, prayer, , petition, demand,
challenge, objection, argument, address, letter,
or to anything said or written.
A soft answer turneth away Wrath. Prov. XV. 1.
I called him, but he gave me no answer. Cant. v. 6.
Bacon returned a shuffling.answer to the Earl's question.
acaulay, Lord Bacon.
In ...? A reply to a ; or an accusation;
a statement made in defense or justification of one's self,
with regard to a charge or an accusation; a defense; spe-
cifically, in law, a pleading on the part of the defendant,
responding to the plaintiff's claim on questions of fact:
correlative to demurrer, which raises only questions of law.
The word as used in equity nearly, and as used in recent
codes of procedure closely, corresponds to the common-
law plea. (b) The solution of a problem; the result of a
mathematical operation; a statement e in response to
a question set for examination: implying correctness, un-
less qualified. e &
2. A reply or response in act; an act or motion
in return or in consequence, either as a mere
result due to obedience, consent, or sympathy,
or as a hostile procedure in retaliation or re-
prisal.
€X
Q8,
If your father's highness
Do not . e e g tº e e e º
Sweeten the bitter mock you sent his majesty,
He'll call you to so hot an answer of it,
That caves and womby vaultages of France
Shall chide your trespass, and return your mock
In second accent of his Ordnance.
Shak., Hen. V., ii. 4.
And so extort from us that
Which we have done, whose amswer would be death
Drawn on with torture. Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 4.
Specifically —(a) In fencing, the return hit.
I had a pass with him, rapier, scabbard, and all, . . .
and on the answer, he pays you as surg as your feet hit
the ground. Shak., T. N., iii. 4.
(b) In fugue-music, the enunciation of the subject or theme
by the second voice.
Often abbreviated to ans. and a.
i. Reply, rejoinder, replication, response, retort, de-
61186,
answer (àn'sér), v. [Early mod. E. also answeare,
awnswer, K.M.E. answerem, answaren, andswerem,
andswaren, onsweren, on Swaren, ondsweren, ond-
swaren, KAS. andswarian, andswerian, ondswa-
rian, ondswerian (pret. andswarode) = OFries.
ondswera, onswera, on Sera = Icel. andsvara, amm-
svara, mod. anza = Sw. ansvara = Dam. answare,
answer, accountfor; from thenoun..] I. intrans.
1. To make answer; speak or write in reply to a
question (expressed or implied), request, ap-
peal, petition, prayer, call, demand, challenge,
address, argument, letter, or anything said or
written; reply; respond: used with to, or ab-
solutely.
Is thy news good, or bad? Answer to that.
Shak., R. and J., ii. 5.
Lives he?
Wilt thou not answer, man?
Shak., A. and C., iv. 4.
In particular—(a) To reply to a charge or an accusa-
tion; make a statement in defense or justification of one's
self, with regard to a charge or an accusation; specifically,
in law, to interpose a pleading responsive to plaintiff's
allegations of fact: sometimes used to include also the
interposing of a demurrer: formerly sometimes with with.
Well hast thou answered with him, Radogan.
Greene.
(b) To give a solution of a problem; find the result; give
an answer, as to a question set for examination: as, he
am8wered correctly in most instances. g
2. To reply or respond in act; act or move in
response; do something in return for or in con-
sequence of some speech, act, or movement
from another source.
Now play him me, Patroclus,
Arming to answer in a night alarm.
Shak., T. and C., i. 8.
Oct. Mark Antony, shall we give sign of battle?
Amt. No, Caesar, we will amswer on their charge.
Shak., J. C., v. 1.
Those who till a spot of earth scarcely longer than is
wanted for a grave, have deserved that the Sun should
shine upon its sod till violets answer.
- Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 17.
Do the strings answer to thy noble hand? Dryden.
3. To speakin behalf of another; declare one's
self responsible or accountable, or give assur-
ance or guaranty, for another; beresponsible or
231
accountable: used with for, rarely absolutely:
as, I will answer for his saféty; I am satisfied,
but I cannot answer for my partner.
Go with my friend Moses, and represent Premium, and
then, I'll answer for it, you'll see your nephew in all his
glory. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 1.
4...To act or suffer in consequence of responsi-
bility; meet the consequences: with for, rarely
absolutely.
Let his neck answer for it, if there is any martial law.
Shak., Hen. V., iv. 8.
Every faculty which is a receiver of pleasure has an
equal penalty put on its abuse. It is to answer for its
moderation with its life. Iºmerson, Compensation.
5. To meet, satisfy, or fulfil one's wishes, ex-
pectations, or requirements; be of service:
with for; absolutely, to serve the purpose;
tº the end; suit; serve or do (well or ill,
etc.).
Long metre answers for a common song,
But common metre does not answer long.
O. W. Holmes, A Modest Request.
6. To conform, correspond; be similar, equiva-
lent, proportionate, or correlative in character,
quality, or condition: with to.
As in water face answereth to face, so the heart of man
to man. Prov. xxvii. 19.
Sizar, a word still used in Cambridge, answers to a servi-
tor in Oxford. Swift.
In thoughts which answer to my own. Whittier, Follen.
II. trans. 1. To make answer to; speak or
write in reply to; reply or respond to.
So spake the apostate angel, though in pain; . . .
And him thus amawer'd soon his bold compeer.
Milton, P. L., i. 125.
In particular—(a) To reply to a charge or an accusation
by; make a statement to, or in reply to, in defense or
justification of one's self with regard to a charge or an ac-
cusation. -
I will . . .
Send him to answer thee, or any man,
For anything he shall be charg’d withal.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
(b) To solve; find the result of; give an answer to, as to
a question set for examination : as, he amówered every
question.
2. To say or offer in reply, or in reply to; ut-
ter, or enunciate to, by way of response.
I will . . . watch to see what he will say unto me, and
what I shall answer when I am reproved. Hab. ii. 1.
That ye may have somewhat to answer them which
glory in appearance. 2 Cor. V. 12.
3. To reply or respond to in act; act or move
in response to or in consequence of: either as a
mere result, in obedience to or sympathy with
or as a hostile act in retaliation or reprisai
against: as, to answer prayer; to answer a sum-
mons; to answer a signal, as a ring at the door:
hence, to answer the bell, or the door; to answer
the helm (said of a ship when she obeys her
rudder).
Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answer'd
blows. hak., K. John, ii. 2.
The woman had left us to answer the bell.
W. Collins, Armadale, III. 205.
4}. To be responsible for; be accountable for.
Answer my life my judgment,
Thy youngest daughter does not love thee least.
Shak., Lear, i. 1.
5. To act or suffer in consequence of respon-
sibility for; meet the consequences of; atone
for; make amends for; make satisfaction for.
And do him right, that, answering one foul wrong,
Lives not to act another. Shak., M. for M., ii. 2.
If it were so, it was a grievous fault,
And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it [orig. amswered for
it]. Shak., J. C., iii. 2.
6. To meet, satisfy, or fulfil one's wishes, ex-
pectations, or requirements with regard to;
satisfy (a claim); repay (an expense); serve
(the purpose); accomplish (the end); serve;
, Suit.
This proud king; who studies, day and night,
To answer all the debt he owes unto you.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 3.
My returns will be sufficient to answer my expense and
hazard. Steele, Spectator, No. 174.
IBut, come, get to your pulpit, Mr. Auctioneer; here's
an old gouty chair of my father's will answer the purpose.
Sheridam, School for Scandal, iv. 1.
7. To conform to; correspond to, be similar,
equivalent, proportionate, or correlative to in
quality, attributes, position, etc.
Your mind's pureness answers
Your outward beauties.
Massinger, The Renegade, iv. 3.
The windows answering each other, we could just dis-
cern the glowing horizon through them.
W. Gilpin, Tour to Lakes.
8. To meet or confront. [Rare.]
Thou wert better in a grave, than to answer with thy
uncovered body this extremity of the skies.
- Shak., Lear, iii. 4.
answerably (än’sér-a-bli), adv.
answerer (än’sér-èr), n.
answerless (ān’sér-les), a.
answerlessly (àn’sèr-les-li), adv.
ant
answerable (àn'sér-a-bl), a. [Kanswer + -able J
1. Capable of being answered; admitting of a
satisfactory reply.
Unanswerable is a boastful word. His best reasons are
answerable; his worst are not worthy of being answered.
Jeremy Collier, Moral Suhjects.
2. Liable to give an account or to be called to
account; responsible; amenable: as, an agent
is answerable to his principal.
Will any man argue that . . . he cannot be justly pun-
ished, but is answerable only to God? * Swift.
She's to be answerable for its forthcoming.
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, iv.
3. Correspondent; similar; agreeing; in con-
formity; suitable; proportionate; correlative;
equal. [Obsolescent.]
It was but such a likeness as an imperfect glass doth
give—answerable enough in some features, but erring in
others. Sir P. Sidney.
A faire dining-roome, and the rest of y" lodgings answer-
able, with a pretty chappell. Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 31, 1654.
This revelation . . . was amswerable to that of the
apostle to the Thessalonians. Milton.
His Sentiments are every way answerable to his Charac-
I’. Addison, Spectator, No. 303.
answerableness (ān’sér-a-bl-nes), n. 1. Capa-
bility of being answered.—2. The quality of
being answerable or responsible; liability to
be called to account; responsibility.—3. The
quality of being answerable or conformable;
adaptability; agreement.
The correspondency and answerableness which is be-
tween this bridegroom and his spouse.
Harmar, tr. of Beza, p. 196.
In due pro-
portion, correspondence, or conformity; pro-
portionately; suitably.
Continents have rivers answerably larger than islands.
Ererewood.
One who answers;
in school disputations, the respondent, that is,
one who takes the initiative by propounding
a thesis which he undertakes to maintain and
defend against the objections of the opponents.
See respondent.
The Amswerer is of opinion, there is nothing to be done,
no satisfaction to be had in matters of religion, without
dispute; that is his only receipt, his nostrum for attain-
ing a true belief. Dryden, Def. of Duchess of York's Paper.
answeringly (än’sér-ing-li), adv. So as to an-
swer; correspondingly.
answer-jobbert (än’sér-job’ér), m. One who
makes a business of writing answers. [Rare.]
What disgusts me from having anything to do with this
race of answer-jobbers, is, that they have no sort of con-
science in their dealing. Swift, Barrier Treaty.
[K answer + -less.]
1. Without an answer; having no answer to
give.—2. Unanswered: as, answerless prayers.
–3. Containing no sufficient or satisfactory
answer; offering no substantial reply, while
professing to do so.
Here is an answerless answer, without confessing or de-
nying either proposition. Abp. Bramhall, II. 627.
4. Incapable of being answered; unanswer-
able: as, an answerless question, argument, etc.
In an an-
swerless manner; with an insufficient answer.
Answered indeed ; but, as he said, . . . answerlessly.
Bp. Hall, Married Clergy.
ànt. (änt), m. [Early mod. E. ante, ampte, KME.
amte, amete, KAS. àmete, àmette (also “àmete, X
M.E. emete, emette, emet, E. emmet, q.v.) = OHG.
dimeiza, MHG. ameize, G. amcise (MHG. also
emeze, G. emse), ant. Of uncertain origin; per-
haps KAS. ā-, E. a-1 (also found accented in
AS. ā-cumba, E. oakum), + "mătan (in deriv.
'mettam, (cut, engrave, hence) paint, depict; cf.
metere, a stone-cutter, and G. Stein-metº, a stone-
cutter) = OHG. meican, MHG. meicem, = Icel.
meita, cut. The lit. sense would then be “the
cutter or biter off”; unless the term be taken
Fº in a sense like that of Gr. Švtopov or
, insectum, inseet, lit. ‘cut in.” The G. form
is commonly referred (through MHG emege, G.
emse) to G. emsig, MEIG. emaic, OHG. emi-cig,
ema33ig, industrious, assiduous, which agrees
formally, but not in sense, with AS. armetig,
emtig, E. empty, q.v. See mire” and pismire.]
An emmet; a hymenopterous insect of the fam-
ily Formicidae and the Linnean genus Formica,
now divided into several genera. Amts live in
communities, and the internal economy of their nest or
hillock presents an extraordinary example of the results
of combined industry. Each community comprises males
with four wings, females much larger than the males
and possessing wings during the pairing season only, and
barren females, called neuters, workers, or nurses, desti-
tute of Wings. The females lay their eggs in parcels of
six or more. The males and females desert the nest and
copulate Soon after becoming perfect; but the latter are
ant
brought back by the workers, or else found new colonies,
with or without help. The male, like the drone-bee, be:
comes useless-after impregnating the female. The grubs
spin a cocoon, and become pupae, which resemble barley-
COTns, and are popularly taken for eggs. Under the names
of ants' brood, ants' eggs, they are an article of import in
$9me northern countries for making formic acid; a solu-
tion of them in water is used for vinegar in Norway. The
Voung grubs are fed by the females and by the nurses, who
also construct the streets, and galleries of the colony,
and in general perform all the work of the community.
There are many kinds of ants, called from the operations
they perform mining-ants, carpenters, masons, etc. The
favorite food of ants is homey, particularly the honey-dew
excreted by aphids; but they also live on fruits, insects
and their larvae, and dead birds and mammals. They are
torpid in winter. Those of the same or different species
engage in pitched battles, and capture slaves or take larvae
from other nests. Some species havestings, others squirt
out an irritant fluid (formic acid). See cut under Atta.
The name ant, or white amt, is also given to insects of the
Ineuropterous genus Termes. See termite.
ant?t, conj. An old form of and.
antôt, m. A former spelling of aunt.
an’tl (änt or ānt). A colloquial contraction of
are n’t, are not, and of am not, and with greater
license also of is not. In the second pronun-
ciation also written ain’t or aimt.
an’t? (ānt). A dialectal reduction of ha’n’t, a
contraction of have mot and has not. Also writ-
ten ain’t, aint, like hain’t, haint.
an’t 3+ (ant). A colloquial contraction of an it,
if it. See an?, and. 4.
ant-. The form of anti- before vowels in
words taken from or formed according to the
Greek, as in antagonist. In words formed in
English, anti- usually remains unchanged be-
fore a vowel, as in anti-episcopal, etc.
-antl. [KME. -ant, -aunt, KOF. -ant, repr. both
L. -am(t-)s and -en (t-)s, acc. -ant-em, -ent-ém,
suffix of ppr. (=AS.-ende, ME. -end, -and, -ant,
later and mod. E. -ing?, by confusion with -ingl,
suffix of verbal nouns), as in E. affiant, K ME.
afia (w)ht, K OF. afiant, K. M.I. affidan (t-)s, ppr.
of affidare; E. tenant, K ME. tena(u)nt, KOF.
tenant, K L. tenem (t-)s, ppr. of temère. In later
F. and E. many words in -ant, K L. -en (t-)s,
were changed to -ent, to accord with the L.,
as in apparamt, now apparent, after L. appa-
rem(t-)s; some waver between the -ant and -ent,
as dependant, dependent, q. v. Words of re-
cent introduction have -ant, K L. -an (t-)s, and
-ent, K L. -en (t-)s. With adjectives in -ant, -ent,
go nouns in -ance, -emce, q.v.] A suffix of ad-
jectives, and of nouns originally adjectives,
primarily (in the original Latin) a present par-
ticiple suffix, cognate with the original form
(AS. -ende) of English -ing?, as in dominant,
ruling, regnant, reigning, radiant, beaming, etc.
See -ent.
—ant2. [-an + excrescent -t, the -nt arising from
-nd, a dissimilated gemination of n.] A cor-
ruption of -am, of various origin, as in pageant,
peasant, pheasant, truant, tyrant.
words.
antal (an’tā), n. ; pl. anta? (-té).
nal pilaster, K ante, before: see ante-.] In arch.,
a pilaster, es-
ecially a pi-
aster in cer-
tain positions,
as one of a pair
on either side
of a doorway,
or one standing
opposite a pil-
lar; specifical-
ly, the pilaster
used in Greek
and Roman ar-
chitecture to
terminate One
2 º' º
lºnilºwallºlºlºl
ºn-
1C
antadiform (ant-ad’i-fôrm), a.
antaº, n. * （* * *
antagoget (ant-a-gó’jē), m.
antagonisation, antagonise.
antagonism (an-tag'à-nizm), n.
antagonist (an-tag'à-nist), n, and a.
See these
[L., a termi-
of the side
walls of a
building when
these are pro-
longed beyond
the face of the
end wall. A por.
tico in antis (that
is, between antae)is
formed when the
side walls are thus
prolonged and col-
umns 8tand be-
tween the antae.
anta2 (an’tā), m. [Sp. Pg. anta, a transferred
use of a North African name.] The South
American tapir, Tapirus americanus.
antacid (ant-asid), n., and a.. [K Gr, avt- for
avri, against (see anti-), + acid.]. I. m. In
Anta.
Elevation and Plan of Portico in Antis,
Temple of Themis, Rhamnus. A, A, antae;
a, a, antae opposite pillars; B, pronaos; C,
Crepidonia.
therap., an alkali used as a remedy for acidity antagonyº (an-tag'ſ-ni), n.
in the stomach.
232
II. a. Counteracting acidity.
Also written anti-acid.
antacrid (ant-ak"rid), a. [K Gr, avt- for ăvrt,
against (see anti-), + acrid.] Having power to
correct an acrid condition of the secretions.
[K Gr. &vr- for
avré, opposite (see anti-), H L. ad, toward, H
forma, form.] In ichth., having an inversely
similar contour of the dorsal and inferior out-
lines, so that if the body, exclusive of the head,
could be simply folded lengthwise, the two mar-
gins would be found to be nearly coincident:
exemplified in the black-bass, wrasses, and
many other species. Gill.
Plural of antal.
A short form of an-
tamagoge.
See antagoniza-
[K Gr. &vrayó-
vioua, K &vtayovíčeoffat, antagonize : see antago-
mi2e.] 1. The state of being mutually op-
osed; mutual resistance or opposition of two
orces in action; contrariety of things or prin-
ciples.
Among inferior types of creatures antagonism habitu-
ally implies combat, with all its struggles and pains.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 498.
2. The act of antagonizing; opposition.
And, toppling over all antagonism,
So wax'd in pride, that I believed myself
Unconquerable. Tennyson, Geraint.
[K LL.
antagonista, K. Gr. divrayovtotág, an opponent,
competitor, K avtayovíčeoffat, struggle against,
antagonize: see antagonize.] I. m. 1. One who
contends with another in combat or in argu-
ment; an opponent ; a competitor; an adver-
Sary.
tion, antagonize.
Antagonist of heaven's Almighty King.
Milton, P. L., x. 387.
Where you find your antagonist beginning to grow warm,
put an end to the dispute by some genteel badimage.
Chesterfield, Letters.
Trade, as all men know, is the antagonist of war.
Bºmerson, War.
2. In amat., a muscle which acts in opposition
to another: as, a flexor, which bends a part, is
the antagonist of an extensor, which extends it.
=Syn. 1. Adversary, Antagonist, Opponent, etc. (see ad-
versary), opposer, rival, assailant.
II. a. Counteracting; opposing; combating:
as, antagonist forces; an antagonist muscle.
The flexors and extensors of a limb, as also the abductors
and adductors, have to each other the relation of amtago-
nist muscles.
We find a decisive struggle beginning between the am-
tagonist tendencies which had grown up in the midst of
this [Aryan] civilization. J. Fiske, Amer. Polit. Ideas, p. 126.
antagonistic (an-tag-à-nistik), a. and m. [Kan-
tagonist + -ic..] I. a. Contending against; act-
ing in opposition; mutually opposing; opposite.
Their valours are not yet so combatant,
Or truly antagonistic, as to fight.
B. Jomsom, Magnetick Lady, iii. 4.
Those who exercise power and those subject to its exer-
cise, the rulers and the ruled,—stand in antagonistic re-
lations to each other. Calhown, Works, I. 12.
II. m. Something that acts in an antagonis-
tic manner; specifically, a muscle whose ac-
tion counteracts that of another.
In anatomy those muscles are termed antagonistics which
are opposed to others in their action, as the extensors to
the flexors, etc. Brande and Coac.
antagonistical (an-tag-j-nis’ti-kal), a. Same
as antagonistic. -
antagonistically (an-tag-à-nis’ti-kal-i), adv. In
an antagonistic manner; as an antagonist. .
antagonization (an-tag/j-ni-Zā’sh9m), n. [Kan-
tagonize + -ation.] Antagonism. Also spelled
|- antagonisation.
This question of antagonization could be settled in a
manner absolutely final.
Howells, Undiscovered Country, p. 280.
antagonize (an-tag 3-niz), v.; pret, and pp.
antagonized, ppr. antagonizing, [K.Gr, àyrgyo-
víčeoffat, struggle against, Kávri, against, + &yo-
víðeoffat, struggle : see agonize.] I. trans. To
act in opposition to; oppose; counteract; hin-
der.
Concave and convex lenses antagomize, and, if of equal
refractive power, neutralize each other.
Le Comte, Sight, p. 33.
In the rabbit a fatal dose of Strychnia might be so am-
tagonized by a dose of chloral as to save life.
Quain, Med. Dict., p. 56.
II. intrans. To act antagonistically or in op-
position. [Rare.] •
Also spelled antagonise. y
y [K Gr, àvrayovía,
adversity, opposition, Kövri, against, + &Yovia,
antal (an’tal), n.
antalgic (an-tal'jik), a. and n.
ãvri, against (See anti-), + &Ayoc, pain..] I. a.
antana clasis (ant-an-ak"la-sis), n.
antanagoget (ant"an-3-gū'jë), n.
Antarctalian (ant-àrk-tä'li-an), a.
Antarctalian
a struggle: See agony.] Antagonism ; oppo-
sition. -
The incommunicable antagony that
Belial.
is between Christ
and
ilton, Divorce, i. 8.
[= F. G. antal, K Russ. an-
talá, Little Russ. and Pol. antal, Pol. also
antalek (barred l), K Hung, amtalag.] A wine-
measure used in the Tokay district of Hungary,
equal to 14.3 gallons."
[K Gr. &vt. for
Alleviating pain; anodyne. [Rare.]
II. m. A medicine or an application fitted or
tending to alleviate pain; an anodyne.
antalkali (ant-al'ka-li or º pl. antalkalis
l'.
or antalkalies (-liz or -liz). [. avt-for divri,
against (see anti-), H- alkali, q.v.] . A sub-
stance which neutralizes an alkali, and is used
medicinally to counteract an alkaline tendency
in the system.
antalkaline (ant-al'ka-lin or -lin), a. and m. [K
antallcali + -īnel.] I. a. Having the property
of neutralizing alkalis.
II. m. Same as amtalkali.
antambulacral (ant-am-bü-lā'krai), a... [K Gr.
ãvt- for ivri, against (see anti-), 4- ambulacral,
q. v.] In echimoderms, situated opposite the
ambulacral surface, or away from the ambu-
lacra : opposed to ambulacral: as, an antam-
bulacral row of spines. See cut under Asteri-
idae.
[NL., K. Gr.
ăvtavākāagug, reflection of light or sound, use
of a word in an altered sense, lit. a bending
back against, Kövtavakååv, bend back against,
reflect, K divtſ, against, + &vakWäv, bend back:
see amaclasis.] 1. In rhet., a figure which con-
sists in repeating the same word in a different
sense: as, while we live, let us live; learn some
craft when young, that when old you may live
without craft.—2. In gram., a repetition, after
a long parenthesis, of a word or words preced-
ing it: as, shall that heart (which has been
thought to be the seat of emotion, and which is
the center of the body’s life), shall that heart,
etc.
[NL., K. Gr.
avt- for divri, against, Fávayoyń, a taking up:
see anagoge.] In rhet., a figure which consists
in replying to an adversary by recrimination, as
when, the accusation made by one party being
unanswerable, the accused person charges his
accuser with the same or some other crime.
Sometimes shortened to antagoge.
antaphrodisiac (ant'af-rö-diz'i-ak), a. and m.
[K Gr. avT-for divri, against, + dippodtatakóg, vene-
real: see aphrodisiac.] I. a. Having the prop-
erty of extinguishing or lessening the sexual
appetite; anaphrodisiac; antivenereal.
#. m. A medicine or an application that ex-
tinguishes or lessens the sexual appetite; an
anaphrodisiac.
Also written anti-aphrodisiac.
antaphroditic (ant'af-rº-dit'ik), a. and n. [K
Gr. &vt- for avtſ, against, + Appoćirm, Venus:
see Aphrodite.] I. a. 1. Having power to miti-
ate or cure venereal disease, as a drug.—2.
ame as amtaphrodisiac.
II. m. 1. A drug which mitigates or cures
venereal disease.—2. Same as amtaphrodisiac.
antapoplectic (ant'ap-à-plektik), a. [K Gr.
&vt-for &vri, against, + attotºmktikóc, apoplec-
tic : see apoplectic.] Efficacious against apo-
plexy.
antarchism (ant’ār-kizm), n. [K Gr. &vt- for
ăvri, against, E 6pxh, government, + -ism. Cf.
anarchism..] Opposition to all government or
restraint of individuals by law. . [Rare.]
antarchist (ant’ār-kist), n. [K antarchism +
—ist.] One who opposes all social government
or control of individuals by law. [Rare.]
antarchistic (ant-ār-kis(tik), a. [Kamtarchism.]
# to all government. [Rare.]
3.11
archistical (ant-àr-kis’ti-kal), a. Same as
antarchistić.
Antarctalia (ant-ārk-tä'li-á), m. [NL., K LL.
antarcticus, antarctic, + Gr, džía, an assem-
blage (with an intended allusion to 6%g, sea).
Cf. Arctalia.] In 206Geog., the antarctic marine
realm; that zoölogical division of the southern
waters of the globe which corresponds to the
northern division called Arctalia, and covers
the antipodal ocean up to the isocryme of 44°.
Gill.
[K Antarc-
Of or pertaining to Antarctalia :
Gill.
talia + -an.]
as, the Antarctalian fauna.






antarctic
antarctic (ant-ārk’tik), a. [Early mod. E.
antartic, KME. antartik, K OF. antartique = It.
anțartico, K LL. antarcticus, southern, K. Gr. &v-
Tapkrticóg, Southern, Kävſ-for &vri, against, oppo-
site to, + àpicturóg, northern, arctic: see arctic.]
gº. to the north or arctic pole; relating
to the south pole or to the region near it: as,
the antarctic pole, current, or ocean.—Antarc-
tic circle, a circle parallel to the equator and distant
from the south pole 23° 28′, which is the amount of the
obliquity of the ecliptic. This circle separates the south
temperate from the south frigid or antarctic zone, and
forms the southern boundary of the region within which
the sun is always above the horizon, at noon and below
it at midnight, or would be so were it not for refraction,
&: and the apparent magnitude of the sun's disk.
tares (an-tā’réz), n. [KGr. Avrápmg (Ptolemy),
Kóvri, against, corresponding to, similar,
'Apng, Ares, Mars: so called because this star
resembles in color the planet Mars. See Ares.]
A red star of the first ; the middle
one of three in the body of the Scorpion; a Scor-
pii. See cut under Scorpio.
antarthritic (ant-ār-thrit'ik), a. and n. [K Gr.
ăvt. for Avri, against; +&pffairdºc, gouty: see
arthritic.] I. a. Curing or alleviating gout.
II. m. A remedy for the gout.
Also written anti-arthritic.
antasthmatic (ant-ast-mat'ik), a. and n. [K Gr.
ăvt- for divri, against, + do?uarticóg, asthmatic :
see asthmatic.] I. a. Having the property of
relieving asthma, as a medicine.
II. n. A remedy for asthma.
Also written anti-asthmatic.
antatrophic (ant-a-trofºils), a. and n. [KGr. &vt-
forêvri, against, + &rpopia, atrophy: see atrophy.]
I. a. Efficacious against atrophy or wasting.
II. m. A medicine used for the cure of atro-
phy or wasting.
ant-bear (änt’bàr), n.
1. The great or mained
ant-eater of South America,
Myrmecophaga
&
A.
Ant-bear (Myrmecophaga jubata).
jubata; the tamanoir. — 2. The aardvark,
ground-pig, or Cape ant-eater of Africa, Oryc-
teropus capensis. See ant-eater, (a)(2).
ant-bird (änt’bèrd), n. 1. Anant-thrush (which
see) or ant-eater; an ant-catcher.—2. pl. Spe-
cifically, the American ant-thrushes, of the fam-
ily Formicariidae.
ant-catcher (änt’kach’ér), n. A name of the
ant-bird or ant—thrush of both hemispheres; any
ant-bird. See ant-thrush, Pittidae, Formicariidae.
ant-cow (änt'kou), n. An aphid, plant-louse,
or some similar insect, kept and tended by ants
for the sake of the sweet fluid which is secreted
in its body and used as food by the ants.
antel (an’té), n. [Appar. K. L. ante, before, the
ante being put before the players.] In the
game of poker, the stake or bet deposited in
the pool by each player before drawing new
cards; also, the receptacle for the stakes.
antel (an’té), v. 3.; pret. and pp. anteed, ppr.
anteing. [See antel, n.] In the game of poker,
to pay for the privilege of drawing cards; to
bet before the draw: commonly used in the
phrase to ante wp.
ante? (an’té), a... [K F, enté, pp. of enter, in-
graft, KML. impotare, ingraft, imp.] In her.,
ingrafted: said of one color or metal broken
into another by means of dovetailed, nebulé,
embattled, or ragulé edges. Also enté.
ante-.. [K L. ante-, OL. antid-, prefix, L. ante, OL.
anti, prep. and adv., before, in place or time,
= Gr. &vri-, divri, against, opposite to, etc.,
Skt. anti, over against, - Goth. OS. A.S., etc.,
and-: see and, and—, and anti-.] A prefix of
Latin origin, originally only in compounds or
derivatives taken from the Latin or formed
from Latin elements, as in antecessor, antepenſul-
timate, antemeridian, etc., but now a familiar
English formative, meaning before, either in
place orintime. It forms—(a) compound nouns, with
the accent on the prefix, in which ante- has the attributive
force of fore, anterior, as in antechamber, anteroom, ante-
date, etc.; Ö compound adjectives, with the accent on the
radical element, in which ante- retains its original prepo-
* 233
sitional force, before, governing the noun, expressed or
understood, as in antemundane, antediluvian, antemeri-
dian, etc. Such compounds, whether having an adjective
termination, as in the examples just cited, or lacking it,
as in ante-war, are in fact prepositional phrases like the
Latin ante belium, ante mortem (which are also used as
English adjectives). Compare anti-.
ante-act (an’té-akt), n. [K ante- + act.] A
[K L. ante, before: see
A preceding act. Bailey.
anteal (an'té-al), a.
ante-.] Being before or in front. [Rare.]
ant-eater (änt’ 6” tér), n. An animal that
feeds upon ants: a name applied to several
mammals and birds. Specifically-(a) In Mammalia:
(1) pl. The South American edentate 4. of the
suborder Vermilinguia and family Myrmecophagidae, of
which there are three genera and several species, having
a slender elongated head, perfectly toothless jaws, and a
very long extensile tongue, which is covered with viscid
saliva, by means of which the insects are caught. The
principal species are the ant-bear or tamanoir, or the great
or maned ant-eater, Myrmecophaga jubata; the collared
ant-eater or tamandu, Myrmecophaga tamandua or Ta-
mandua bivittata or tetradactyla; and the little or two-toed
ant-eater, Cyclothwrus didactylus, an arboreal species with
a prehensile tail. (2) The African aardvark, ground-pig,
or ant-bear, Orycteropus capensis, with probably another
species, O. oethiopicus, of the family Orycteropodidae and
suborder Fodientia. Both are also known as Cape ant-
eaters. See cut under aardvark. (3) pl. The pangolins
or scaly ant-eaters, of the family Mºnidae and suborder
Squamata, including some six or eight species of Asia and
rica, of the genera Manis, Pholidotus, and Smutsia. See
cut under pangolin. (4) pl. The Australian marsupials
of the genus Myrmecobius, as M. fasciatus. (5) The mono-
trematous mammal Echidna hystria, known as the acu-
leated or porcupine ant-eater, and other species of the
genus Echidna. See cut under Echidnidae. (b) In ornith.,
an ant-bird, ant-catcher, or ant-thrush. See ant-thrush.--
# of the ant-eaters, a South American bird of the
family Formicariidae and genus Grallaria; the Grallaria,
Tea, or G. varia, formerly Turdus rez.
ante bellum (an’té bel’um). [L. : ante, before;
bellum, acc. of bellum, war: see ante- and bel-
licose.] Before the war: often used (joined by
a hyphen) attributively.
antebrachia, m. Plural of antebrachium.
antebrachial (an-tá-brā’ki-al), a. [Kantebrachi-
wm + -al.] 1. In anat., of or pertaining to the
forearm.—2. In Chiroptera, situated in front
of the axis of the fore limb: applied to the
volar membrane which extends from the head
to the wrist and forms a small part of the
general expansion of the wing. W. H. Flower.
Usually, but less correctly, written antibra-
chial.
antebrachium (an-tê-brā’ki-um), m. ; pl. ante-
brachia (-á). [NL., K.L. ante, before (see ante-),
+ brachium, the arm: see brachial.] The fore-
arm, from the elbow to the wrist. Less cor-
rectly written antibrachium.
antecedaneous (an’té-sé-dā’né-us), a. [Kamte-
cede + -aneous, after succedaneous, q.v.] An-
tecedent; having priority in time. [Rare.]
Capable of antecedaneous proof.
Barrow, Sermons, II. xxix.
antecede (an-tê-séd’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ante-
ceded, ppr. anteceding. [K.L. antecedere, go be-
fore, precede, in space or time, K ante, before
(see ante-), + cedere, go: see cede.] To go be-
fore in time, and sometimes in place, rank, or
logical order; precede.
It seems consonant to reason that the fabric of the
world did not long antecede its motion.
Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, i. 82.
Primarily certain individual claims, and secondarily the
social welfare furthered by enforcing such claims, furnish
a warrant for law, anteceding political authority and its
enactments. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 534.
antecedence (an-té-sé'dens), m. [= F. antécé-
dence, Kantécédent: see antecedent.] 1. The act
of going before, or state of being before, in
time, place, rank, or logical order; precedence.
Meanwhile, if we are really to think of freedom as abso-
lute and perfectin man—a perfect freedom from the neces-
sity of any antecedence—we ought logically to think of it
as free from all influence of God or Devil, as Will, that is,
in which the Omnipresent is not present and the Qmnipo-
tent has no power. Mawdsley, Body and Will, p. 7.
2. In astron., an apparent motion of a planet
from east to west, or contrary to the order of
the signs of the zodiac. = Syn, 1. Precedence, etc.
See priority. wº * e
antecedency (an-tê-sé’den-si), m. The quality
or condition of being antecedent.
Unity is before any multiplied number. Which antece-
dency of unity. . . he [Dionysius] applieth unto the Deity.
Fotherby, Atheomastix, p. 308.
There is always and everywhere an antecedency of the
conception to the expression.
*r Whitney, Life and Growth of Lang., p. 137.
antecedent (an-tê-sé’dent), a. and n. [= F.
antécédent, KL. anteceden (t-)s, ppr. of antecedere,
go before: see antecede.]. I. a. Being before
in time, place, rank, or logical order; prior; an-
terior; as, an event antecedent to the deluge,
antecedently (an-té-sé'dent-li), adv.
antecessive (an-té-sesſiv), a.
antecessor
There is a sense of right and wrong in our nature, ante-
cedent to and independent of experiences of utility.
A. R. Wallace, Nat. Selec., p. 354.
Antecedent signs, in pathol., the precursory symptoms
of a disease.—Antecedent cause, in pathol, the exciting
cause of a disease.--Antecedent probability, the proba-
bility of a supposition or hypothesis drawn from reason-
ing or analogy, previous to any observation or evidence
which is considered as giving it a posteriori probability.
See antecedently, 2.—Antecedent will, in metaph, the
will to do something on condition that something else is
done. =Syn. See previous.
II. m. 1. One who or that which goes before
in time or place.
He's everything indeed, . . .
My antecedent or my gentleman-usher.
Massinger, City Madam, ii. 2.
Variations in the functional conditions of the parents
are the antecedents of those greater unlikenesses which
their brothers and sisters exhibit.
- H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 86.
2. In gram. : (a) The noun to which a relative
#. refers: as, Solomon was the prince who
uilt the temple, where the word prince is the
antecedent of who. (b) Formerly, the noun to
which a following pronoun refers, and whose
repetition is avoided by the use of the pronoun.
—3. In logic: (a) That member of a conditional
proposition of the form, “If A is, then B is,”
which states, as a hypothesis, the condition of
the truth of what is expressed in the other mem-
ber, termed the consequent; in the proposition
given the antecedent is “if A is.” The whole
proposition amounts to the statement that all possible
cases of the truth of the antecedent are included among
the possible cases of the truth of the consequent. (b)
The premise of a consequence, or syllogism
in the first figure with the major premise sup-
pressed. Thus, the argument, “A syllogism has never
existed in sensu, therefore it does not exist im intellectu,”
is a consequence, its premise is the antecedent, and its con-
clusion the consequent. (c) An event upon which
another event follows. So used particularly by
nominalists. An invariable antecedent, with J. S. Mill, is
an event upon which another follows according to an in-
variable rule or uniformity of nature. It does not, there-
fore, mean (as might be supposed) an event of a kind
which antecedes every occurrence of another kind of
event. Thus, lightning is not an invariable antecedent of
thunder, for thunder does not always follow it; and this
although lightning antecedes thunder whenever thunder
is heard.
4. In math., the first of two terms of a ratio, or
that which is compared with the other. Thus,
if the ratio is that of 2 to 3, or of a to b, 2 or a
is the antecedent.—5. In music, a passage pro-
posed to be answered as the subject of a fugue.
–6. pl. The earlier events or circumstances
of one’s life; one’s origin, previous course, asso-
ciations, conduct, or avowed principles.
We have learned lately to speak of men's antecedents:
the phrase is newly come up ; and it is common to say, “if
We would know what a man really now is, we must know
his antecedents,” that is, what he has been in past time.
Abp. Trench.
antecedental (an’té-sé-denſtal), a. Relating to
What is antecedent or goes before.—Anteceden-
tal method, a branch of general geometrical proportion,
or universal comparison of ratios.
1. Pre-
viously; at a time preceding.
We consider him antecedently to his creation, while he
yet lay in the barren womb of nothing, and only in the
number of possibilities. South.
2. In advance of any observation of the effects
of a given hypothesis; on a priori grounds.
We are clearly proceeding on the assumption that there
is Sonne fixed relation of cause and effect, in virtue of which
the means we adopt may be antecedently expected to bring
about the end we are in pursuit of.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 81.
The known facts as to the periodicity of sun-spots, and
the Sympathy between them and the prominences, make
it antecedently probable that a corresponding variation
will be found in the corona. C. A. Young, The Sun, p. 230.
[KL. as if *ante-
cessivus, K antecessus, pp. of antecedere: see an–
tecede.] Antecedent. [Rare.]
antecessor (an-té-ses’ gr), m. [K ME. anteces-
Sour, K. L. antecessor, foregoer, teacher or pro-
fessor of law, predecessor in office (the original
of ancestor, q.v.), K antecedcre, go before, pp.
antecessus: see antecede.] 1. One who goes
before; a predecessor. [Now rare.]
A venerable regard not inferior to any of his antecessors.
Wood, Athen. Oxon.
Much higher than any of its antecessors. Carlyle.
2. A title given among the Romans— (a) to
the soldiers who preceded an army and made
all necessary arrangements as to camping, sup-
plies, the Scouting service, etc.; (b) under the
later empire, to professors of civil law in the
public schools.-3+. In law, an ancestor; a
predecessor; one who possessed certain land
beforo the present possessor or holder.

antecessor
The antecessor was most commonly he that possessed the
lands in King Edward's time before the Conquest.
Brady, Glossary.
The King's most noble progenitors, and the antecessors
of the nobles of this realm.
R. W. Diacom, Hist. Church of Eng., iii., note.
The places [in Domesday] which speak of the antecessor
and of the rights derived from him to the present owner
are endless. E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, W. 11.
antechamber (an’té-chäm/bër), n. [K ante- +
chamber.] A chamber or an apartment through
which access is had to a principal apartment,
and in which persons wait for audience. For-
merly also spelled antichamber.
They both were cast into the dungeon's gloom,
That dismal antechamber of the tomb.
Longfellow, Torquemada.
antechapel (an’té-chap'el), n. [Kante-F chap-
el.] An apartment, vestibule, porch, or the like,
before the entrance to a chapel; the narthex of
a chapel.
Antechinomys (an-te-ki’ nã-mis), n. [NL.
(Krefft), K ant-for anti- + Echinomys, q.v.]. A
genus of very small insectivorous marsupials,
of the family Dasyuridae. A. lamigera, inhabiting
central portions of Australia, is about 3 inches long and of
a mouse-gray color above and white below. Its tail is
about 5 inches long, and tufted at the tip. A naked space
surrounds the teats, but there is no distinct pouch.
antechoir (an’té-kwir), m. [K ante- + choir.]
In arch., a space, more or less inclosed, in front
of the choir of a church; a portion of the nave
adjoining the choir-screen and separated from
the rest of the nave by a railing. Also called
fore-choir. Audsley.
antechurch (an ‘té-chèrch), n. IK ante- +
church.) Same as marthea;.
antecians, antoecians (an-té'shianz), m. pl. [K
NL. antaeci, pl. of antaºcus, K Gr, avTotkog, living
on the corresponding parallel of latitude in the
opposite hemisphere, K &vri, opposite, -F olkoç, a
dwelling.] In geog., persons or communities
living on corresponding parallels of latitude, on
opposite sides of the equator, and on the same
meridian. Rarely used in the singular. Also
called antaeci.
antecommunion (an"te-kg-mün’yon), a. and n.
I. a. Before communion: as, the antecommu-
Avion service.
II. m. That part of the communion office in
the Book of Common Prayer which precedes
the communion service proper, and is said on
Sundays and other holy days though there be no
communion. According to the English rubric, it ex-
tends to the end of the prayer for Christ's church militant;
according to the American, to the end of the gospel; the
service concluding in either case With the blessing.
antecoxal (an-té-kok'sal), a. [K L. ante, before,
+ NL. coca, q.v.] In entom., situated in front
of a coxa : applied to a piece of the metaster-
num. See Cicindelidae.
antecursor (an-tê-kèr’sor), m. [L., a forerun-
ner, K antecurrcre, run before, Kante, before, +
currere, pp. cursus, run: see current and course.
Cf. precursor.] One who runs before; a fore-
runner; a harbinger. Blount; Bailey; Johnson.
antecurvature (an-té-kèr’vā-tiâr), m. [K ante-
+ curvature.] A bending forward; specifically,
in pathol., a slight anteflection of the uterus.
antedate (an’té-dāt), n. [K ante--- date1, n.] 1.
A prior date; a date antecedent to another, or to
the true or actual date of a document or event.
—2+. Anticipation.
Why hath not my soul these apprehensions, these pre-
sages, these changes, those antedates, those jealousies,
those suspicions of a sin, as well as my body of a sickness?
Lomme, Devotion, x.
antedate (an’té-dāt), v. t. ; pret, and pp. ante-
dated, ppr. antedating. [Kante- + datel, v.] ...1.
To date before the true time; give an earlier
date to than the real one: thus, to antedate a
deed or bond is to give to it a date anterior to
the true time of its execution.
[The Tweed Ring] had . . . caused . . . warrants to be an-
tedated, in order that interest might be charged from such
date to the time of payment. N. A. Rev., CXXIII. 381.
2. To be of older date than ; precede in time.
With the exception of one or two of the later prophets,
the Old Testament antadated all written history known at
the beginning of the present century.
The Independent (New York), Nov. 15, 1883.
3. To anticipate; realize or give effect to (some-
thing) in advance of its actual or proper time.
No man can antedate his experience, or guess what fac-
ulty or feeling a new object shall unlock, any more than
he can draw to-day the face of a person whom he shall see
to-morrow for the first time. Bºmerson, History.
antediluvial (an’té-di-lii’vi-al), a, Same as
antediluviam.
antediluvian (an"té-di-lii’vi-an), a. and n. [K
L. ante, before, H- diluvium, deluge: see dilu-
antedorsal (an-té-dòr'sal), a.
antefact? (an’té-fakt), n.
234
vium and deluge.]. I. a. 1. Existing before the
flood (the Noachian deluge) récorded in Gene-
sis; relating to the times or events before the
Noachian deluge; as, the antediluvian patri-
archs: by extension, applied to the time pre-
ceding any great flood or inundation, as that
which is said to have occurred in China in the
time of Yao, 2298 B. C.–2, Belonging to very
ancient times; antiquated; primitive; rude;
simple: as, antediluvian ideas.
The whole system of travelling accommodations was bar-
barous and antediluvian. De Quincey, Works, II. 163.
II. m. 1. One who lived before the deluge.
The longevity of the antediluvians. Bentley.
Hence, humorously—2. One who is very old
or very antiquated in manners or notions; an
old fogy.
[K ante- + dor-
sal.] In ichth., situated in front of the dorsal
fin: as, an antedorsal plate.
[K L. ante, before, --
Jactum, a thing done: see fact.] An act, espe-
cially a rite or ceremony, which precedes or
prefigures an event: opposed to postfact.
There is a proper sacrifice in the Lord's Supper, to ex-
hibit Christ's death in the post-fact, as there Was a sacri-
fice to prefigure, in the old law, the ante-fact.
Copie of the Proceedings of some Divines (1641), p. 2.
antefix (an’té-fiks), m.; pl. anteſiases, L. anteſia:a
(-fik-sez, an-tº-fik'sä). [K L. anteſia wºm, in pl.
antefixa, neut. of anteſia wis, fastened before, K
Antefixes.
Upper figure, from the Parthenon, partly restored: A, antefix; B,
false antefix; C, acroterium pedestal; D, imbrices protecting the
joints. Lower figure: E, antefix in terra cotta, Berlin Museum.
ante, before, -- facus, pp. of figere, fasten: See
jia..] In class. arch., an upright ornament,
generally of marble or terra cotta, placed at
the eaves of a tiled roof, at the end of the last
imbrex or tile of each ridge of tiling, to conceal
the joining of the tiles. Antefixes were also often
placed at the junction of the imbrices along the ridge of a
roof, forming a cresting. In some Roman examples the
antefixes were so disposed and combined with water-chan-
nels as to serve as gargoyles.
anteflected (an-tê-flekſted), a. [K L. ante, be-
fore, -- flectere, bend, +-ed?..] Same as ante-
fleased.
anteflection (an-tê-flek'sh9m), n., [K L. ante,
before, H- flexioſm-), bending, flection: see flec-
tion.] A bending forward, as of any organ of
the body. The term is specially used in relation to the
uterus, when this organ is bent forward at the line of
junction of its body and cervix. Quaim, Med. Dict.
anteflexed (an’té-flekst), a. [KL. ante, before,
+ flexus, bent, + -ed?..] Bent forward; exhibit-
ing anteflection: said of the uterus. An equiva-
lent form is anteflected.
antefurca (an-tê-férſká), m.; pl. antéfurca (-Sé).
[NL., K. L. ante, before, H-furca, X AS. fore, E.
fork, q.v.] In entom., the anterior forked or
double apodema which projects from the ster-
nal wall into the cavity of a thoracic somite of
an insect.
ant-egg (ānt (eg), n. 1. The egg of an ant.—2.
In popular language, the larva or pupa of an
ant; one of the elongated whitish bodies which
ants when disturbed may be seen carrying
about. Such larvae or ant-eggs are a favorite food of
many wild birds, and are extensively used in Europe for
feeding young poultry and game-birds, and also for mak-
ing formic acid. Also called ant-worm, ant-wart, and
amt's brood.
antegrade (an’té-grád), a. [K L. ante, before,
+ gradus, step; cf. antégredi, go before, pre-
cede.] Progressive: opposed to retrograde.
antejuramentum (an"té-jö-ra-men'tum), , n.;
pl. antejuramenta (-tä)... [ML., K.L. ante, before,
+ juramentum, an oath, K jurare, Swear: see
jury.] In law, an oath taken in ancient times
by both the accuser and the accused before any
trial or purgation. The accuser swore that he would
antelope (an’té-lóp), n.
antelopine (an’té-16-pin), a.
antelucan (an-tê-lüſkan), a.
ante lucem (an’té lii'sem).
antemeridian (an’té-mé-rid’i-an), a.
ante meridiem (an’té mé-rid'i-em).
ante mortem (an’té mórſtem).
ante mortem
prosecute, and the accused had to swear on the day of
ordeal that he was innocent. Wharton.
antelocation (anºté-ló-kā'shgn), n. In pathol.,
a displacement forward: applied to displace-
ments of the uterus when the whole organ is
carried forward, as by distention of the rectum
or a post-uterine hematocele.
[Early mod. E. also
antilope, antalope, , anteloppe, K ME. antelope,
antyllope, antlop, K.OF. antelop, also antelu,
mod. F. antilope = Sp. antilope = Pg. amtilope
= D. antilope = Dan, antilope = G. antilope (NL.
antilope, Pallas, c. 1775), an antelope, KML. an-
talopus, anthalopus (also antula, talopus, calo-
pus, and tatula), K LGr. &v66%0ip (-0T-) (def. 1),
a word of unknown foreign origin..] 14. In
medieval use, a mythical animal located, in the
early accounts, on the banks of the Euphrates,
and described as very Savage, and fleet, and
having long saw-like horns with which it could
cut down trees. This is the animal that figures
in the peculiar fauna of heraldry.—2. In mod-
ern use, an animal of the genus Antilope or
Subfamily Antilopinae; especially, the sasin or
common Indian antelope, Antilope cervicapra.
See Antilope, Antilopinae, and cut under sasin.
–3. A name sometimes given to the saiga, and
to the cabrit or pronghorn. See these words;
also Antilocapra and Antilocapridae.—4. [cap.]
(Pron: an-tel'3-pê.) Sometimes incorrectly
used for Antilope.—Blue antelope. Same as blauw-
bok.— Goitered antelope. Same as dzerem.
antelopian (an-tê-ló'pi-an), a. Same as ante-
lopine.
Antelopidae (an-tê-lop’i-dé), m. pl. Same as
Amtilopidaº.
Antelopina”, m. pl. Same as Antilopinae.
[K antelope --
-imel.] Pertaining to the antelope. An equiv-
alent form is antelopian.
g [K L. antelucanus,
K ante, before, *H lua (luc-), light: see lucid.]
Occurring before daylight; preceding the dawn.
Specifically applied to assemblies of Christians held in an-
cient times before daylight, at first to escape persecution,
and afterward from motives of devotion or convenience.
This practice of . . . . . antelucam worship, possibly hav-
ing reference to the ineffable mystery of the resurrection.
- De Quincey, Essenes, i.
[L.: ante, before;
lucém, acc. of lua, light: see ante- and lucid.
Before the light, that is, before daybreak.
[K L. am-
teméridianus, before midday, K ante, before, +
"meridies, midday: see ante-and meridian.] Pre-
ceding noon; pertaining to the forenoon.
[L.: see
antemeridian.] Before midday: applied to the
time between midnight and the following noon.
Regularly abbreviated to A. M.
antemetic (ant-é-met'ik), a. and n. [K Gr. &vrt,
against, -i- épºettkóg, emetic: see emetic..] I. a.
Restraining or *...;
II. m. A medicine which checks vomiting.
Also written anti-emetic.
[L. : ante, be-
fore; mortem, acc. of mors, death: see ante- and
1m0rtal. Cf. post mortem.] Before death: often
used attributively (with a hyphen)in the sense of
existing or occurring before or just before death:
as, an ante-mortem statement or confession.
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Antemural, Coucy-le-Château, Aisne, France. From Viollet-le-Duc's
** IDict. de l’Architecture.”
A, outer court, or esplanade; B, castle; C, town; D, castle-moat ;
, antemural.








































. antemundane
antemundane (an-tê-mun'dān), a. [K L. ante
before, F mundus, the world; see ante- aná
nundame.]. Existing or occurring before the
Creation of the world. *
The Supreme, great, antemundane Father!
- Young, Night Thoughts, v. 93.
antemural (an-tê-mü'ral), n. IKL. antemurale,
an outwork, K ante, before, F murus, a wall:
See ante- and mural.] In medieval fort., an ad-
vanced work defending the approach to a for-
tified place; a barbican (which see). The term
is sometimes applied to an exterior wall of a
Castle or fortress. See cut on preceding page.
antenarial (an-tá-nā’ri-al), a. [K L. ante, be-
fore, + mares, nostrils.] (Situated in front of
the nostrils. W. H. Flower.
antenatal (an-té-nā’tal), a. [K L. ante, before,
+ natalis, pertaining to birth: see ante" and na-
tal.] Happening or being before birth; per-
taining or relating to times, occurrences, or
conditions previous to birth.
d many an antenatal tomb
An
Where butterflies dream of the life to come.
Shelley, Sensitive Plant, ii.
Some said that he was mad; others believed
That memories of an antenatal life
Made this where now he dwelt a penal hell.
Shelley, Prince Athanase.
There has been plenty of theorising as to the nature of
the life to come, but the possibility of an antenatal exist-
ence gets far less attention and far less credit.
Nineteenth Century, XX. 340.
antenated: (an’té-nā-ted), a. [K L. ante natus
(see ante-nati) + -ed?..] Born or in existence
before the time spoken of.
Something of the Evangelical relish was in them, ante-
anated, and in being, before the Gospels were written.
Bp. Hacket, Life of Abp. Williams, ii. 48. (N. E. D.)
ante-nati (an-té-nā’ti), m. pl. [ML., in L. prop.
written apart, ante nati: ante, before; nati, pl.
of natus, born, pp. of masci, be born: see ante-,
natal, and mascent.] Those born before a cer-
tain time: specifically, in Eng. law, applied to
Scotsmen born before the accession of James
I. to the English throne (1603), who on this ac-
Count were considered aliens. The post-nati, or
those born after the accession, claimed the rights of na-
tives of England. In the United States the term is ap-
plied to those born in the colonies prior to the Declaration
of Independence.
antenave (an’té-nāv), n. IK ante- + nave..] In
arch., same as marthea.
ante-Nicene (an-té-ni’sén), a. [K L. ante, be-
fore, -- Nicaenus, Nicene, K Nicaea, K. Gr. Nikata,
Nice, a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor.] An-
terior to the first general council held at Nice
Nicaea), in the year 325: as, ante-Nicene faith.
ee Nicene.—Ante-Nicene fathers. See father.
antenna (an-tem’ā), m.; pl. antennae (–6). [NL.
application of L. antenna, also antemma, a sail-
yard; possibly a corruption, through nautical
use, of a form (cf. the perf. part. pass. āvatetapé-
vog, spread out) of Gr. &varetvetv, poet. &vretvetv,
stretch out, spread out, K &vá, back, -i- tetvetv,
stretch..] 1. One of the lateral articulated ap-
pendages occurring in pairs on that segment of
the head of an arthropod animal, as an insect,
which immediately precedes the mouth or man-
dibular segment; a feeler or ‘horn.” They vary
greatly in size, shape, and function. The appendages of
the head, proceeding forward from the mouth-parts, are:
1) antennae, (2) antennulae, (3) ophthalmites or eye-stalks.
§ pl. In Crustacea : (1) Properly, the posterior one of the
two pairs of feelers or horns borne upon the head of most
crustaceans, as crabs and lobsters, as distinguished from the
anterior pair, or antennulae. From their relative size they
are known as the long feelers, in distinction from the an-
tennulae, or short feelers. When fully developed, the an-
tennae consist of a number of parts, which, beginning with
the base, are named the basicerite, the scaphocerite, the
ischiocerite, the merocerite, the carpocerite, and the (ter-
minal) procerite. The last may consist of a long filament
with many articu-
lations, sometimes
exceeding the
whole length of
the animal's body.
See cuts under
Cypris, Cythereidae,
and Limmetis. (2)
Loosely, either One
of the two pairs of
horns or feelers,
that is, either the
'antennae proper Or
the antennulae. (b)
In Arachnida, or
spiders, Scorpions,
etc., a chelicere;
one of the pair of
chelate or subche-
late appendages of
the head, situated
between and mor-
phologically IIl
front of the large
hooked or pincer-
Antennae.
r, r, filiform antennae of cucujo firefi
Brazil (Pyrophortes lume ºtos14s) ; 2, *
ticulate antenna; 3, bipinnate; 4, lamelli-
corn; 5, clavate; 6, geniculate; 7, antenna
and antennula of a crustacean.
of
en-
antennariid (an-te-nā’ri-id), n.
Antennariidae (an-ten-a-ri'i-dé), m. pl.
Antennariinae (an-ten'a-ri-i(né), m. pl.
antennariine (an-te-nā’ri-in), a. and m.
antennarioid (an-te-nā’ri-oid), m. and a.
Antennata (an-te-nā’tā), m. pl.
235
like appendages known as pedipalps. They are adapted
for Seizing and tearing, and sometimes convey a poison-
duct. They are homologous with the feelers of crusta-
ceans and insects, and are supposed, in some cases at
least, to represent antennulae as well as antennae proper.
See cuts under chelicera and scorpion. (c) In Insecta and
Myriapoda, a horn or feeler; one of the pair of jointed
flexible sensitive appendages of the head, morphologically
situated between the mouth-parts and the eyes, though
generally appearing in the adult between or before the
eyes. These characteristic organs are usually filamentous
with many articulations, and are very diverse in form;
some of the terms used in describing their shapes are fili-
form, denticulate, bipinnate, clavate, geniculate. In Co-
leoptera, divisions have been founded upon the shapes
of the antennae, as lamellicorn, clavicorn, longicorn, etc.
These organs are almost universally present in some form
or other, though occasionally rudimentary and inconspicu-
ous, in which cases the insects are termed acerous, as dis-
tinguished from dicerow8. The parts of a well-formed
antenna usually recognized are the pedicel, scape, and
flagellum or claveola, the last usually composing most of
the length of the organ. See Hymenoptera, Insecta.
2. An analogous organ on the heads of other
animals, as a feeler or tentacle, like the eye-
stalk of a snail.–3. pl. Projecting horns of iron
or bronze found on some ancient helmets, per-
haps serving only as ornaments, or as badges, or
in Some cases to stop a blow from glancing down-
Ward and striking the shoulder.-Decussate, de-
flexed, deformed, etc., antennae. See the adjectives.
antennal (an-ten'al), a. [K antenna + -al.] Of
or pertaining to antennae; bearing antennae;
antennary.
A fish of the
family Antennariidae.
Azttennarius pictus.
[NL.,
K Antennarius + -ida!..] "A family of pediculate
fishes with elongate geniculate false arms or
pseudobrachia, provided with three distinct
bones ğs. typified by the genus Antem-
7tarius. They have a compressed but tumid body; the
mouth opens upward; the branchial apertures open in the
lower axils of the pectoral fins; there are no pseudo-
branchiae; and the dorsal fins are represented by (1) at
least one frontal or superior rostral spine or filament, and
(2) an oblong soft dorsal. The pectoral members are dis-
tinctly geniculated or provided with an elbow-like joint.
They are chiefly inhabitants of tropical seas, and the typi-
cal species are often called frog- or toad-fishes.
[NL.,
K Antennarius + -inde.] A subfamily of pedicu-
late fishes, of the family Antennariidae, with the
head compressed, a rostral spine or tentacle as
well as two other robust spines, and a well-
developed soft dorsal fin. Four genera are known,
the chief of Which is Antennarius. The typical species
are mostly found in coral-groves, where they lurk partially
concealed, but one of the best known, Pterophryne histrio,
inhabits the sargassum-weed of the open seas, and makes
in it a nest for its young. I
. Q.
for belonging to the Antennariinae.
II. m. A fish of the subfamily Antennariinae.
[K
Antennarius + -oid.] I. m. A fish of the family
Antennariidae; an antennariid.
II. a. Pertaining to or having the characters
of the Antennariidae.
Antennarius (an-te-nā’ri-us), m. [NL., Kamten-
ma, q.v., in allusion to the antenna-likeforemost
dorsal spine.] Agenus of pediculate fishes, typi-
cal of the family Antennariidae, used with various
limits, but primarily embracing numerous trop-
[K
NL. antennarius, Kamtenma, q.v.] 1. Of, pertain-
ing to, or of the nature of an antenna: as, an an-
tennary nerve. Specifically—2. In entom., bear-
ing antennie: applied to that segment of the
head of insects which bears the antennae.—An-
tennary somite, the segment of the head of an arthropod
which bears the antennae.--Antennary sternum, the
median inferior piece of the antennary somite.—Anten-
nary sternite, in crustaceans, the epistoma (which see).
See cuts under Brachywra and Cyclops.
[NL., neut.
pl. of antennatus: soe antennate.] A group of
annelids, approximately corresponding to the
order Chaºtopoda (which see).
Aical species. t §
àntennary (an-ten'a-ri or anºte-nā-ri), a.
antependium
antennate (an-ten'at), a. [K NL. antennatus,
Kantenna, q.v.] Having antennae.
antenniferous (an-te-nif'e-rus), a. [KNL. an-
tenna + L. ferre–E. bearſ...] Béaring antennae;
antennary, as a segment of the head.
antenniform (an-tenſi-fôrm), a. [KNL. antenna.
+ L. forma, form.] shaped like an antenna;
resembling an antenna in any way.
The cement ducts can be traced to the disks of the an-
tenniform organs. EIwazley, Anat. Invert., p. 259.
antennula (an-tenſii-lä), n.; pl. antennula” (-lè).
[NL., dim. of antenna, q.v.] 1. A little an-
tenna.—2. A filiform appendage of an anten-
na, as in some crustaceans.—3. The appendage
of the segment or somite of the head of an ar-
thropod in advance of that bearing the anten-
mae proper; one of the anterior of the two pairs
of feelers of the head of a crustacean. Com-
monly called the short feeler. See cuts under
Copepoda, Cyclops, and Cythereidae.
Also antennule.
antennulary (an-tenſii-lä-ri), a. Of or pertain-
ing to an antennula; bearing antennulae: as, the
antennulary somite of the head of a crustacean.
antennule (an-ten’īl), m. [K antennula, q.v.]
Same as antennula.
antenumber (an’té-num-bér), n. [Kante--H num-
ber.] A number one less than a given number:
used, in the case of objects arranged in periods
(as, for example, days are in weeks), to express
the fact that the number of objects in a period
is one less than the number which, in counting
the objects, falls upon an object corresponding
to the first: thus, 7 is the antenumber of the oc-
tave. [Rare.] t
It is to be considered, that whatsoever virtue is in num-
bers for conducing to consent of notes, is rather to be as-
cribed to the ante-number than to the entire number ; as
namely, that the sound returneth after six or after twelve
[i. e., tones or semitones]; so that the seventh or the thir-
teenth is not the matter, but the sixth or the twelfth ; and
the seventh and thirteenth are but the limits and boun-
daries of the return. Bacon, Sylva Sylvanum, $ 106.
antenuptial (an-tê-nup'shal), a. [KLL. antenup-
tialis, K.L. ante, before, -- nuptialis, nuptial: see
ante-and nuptial.] Occurring, existing, or done
before marriage; coming before marriage; pre-
ceding marriage: as, an antenuptial agreement;
antenuptial children.
anteocular (an-té-Okºil-lär), a.
front of the eyes.
anteoperculum (an’té-3-pérſkü-lum), n. [NL.,
K L. ante, before, + operculum : see operculum.]
In ichth., same as preoperculum. [Rare.]
anteorbital (an-té-Ör"bi-tal), a... [K L. ante,
before, -- orbit, q.v.] Situated in front of the
eyes. Also antorbital.—Anteorbital foramen, in
nammalian amat., an orifice in the cheek-bone, in front
of the orbit, transmitting the superior maxillary division
of the trifacial nerve, and in some cases, as among To-
dents, the masseter muscle. It corresponds to the suborbi-
tal foramen of human anatomy. It is frequently a forma-
tion so large and variable as to afford zoölogical characters,
as is the case in the Rodentia.--Anteorbital process, in
mammalian anat., a spur of the frontal bone on the an-
terior and upper portion of the margin of the orbit.
antepagment (an-tê-pag’ment), n. [K. L. ante-
pagmentum, also antipagmentum, anything ap-
plied for ornament, K ante (anti), before, + pag-
mentum, anything joined or fastened, Kpangere,
older fºrm pagere, fasten: see pact.]. A term
used by Vitruvius to designate decorative mold-
ings enriching the jambs and head of a doorway
or window. To such a feature the term archi-
trave is now commonly applied.
antepagmentum (anºté-pag-men’tum), m.; pl.
antepagmenta (-tä). Same as antepagment.
antepaschal (an-tê-pasſkal), a. [Kante- + pas-
chal.] Pertaining to the time preceding the
Jewish Passover, or preceding Easter.
The dispute was very early in the church concerning
the observation of Easter; one point whereof was, con-
cerning the ending of the antepaschal fast.
R. Nelsom, Festivals and Fasts, p. 445.
antepast? (an’té-päst), m. [KL. ante, before, --
pastus, food, Kpascere, feed: see ante-and pastel,
pastor, pasture.] A foretaste; something taken
before a meal to stimulate the appetite. [Rare.]
Were we to expect our bliss only in the satiating our
appetites, it might be reasonable, by frequent antepasts,
to excite our gust for that profuse perpetual meal.
Decay of Christ, Piety.
antepectus (an-té-pek’tus), m. DNL., K.L. ante,
before, + pectus, breast.] In entom., the fore-
breast; the under side of the prothorax.
antependium (an-tê-pen'di-um), m.; pl. ante-
pendia (-ā). [ML., K. L. ante, before, -- pen-
dere, hang: see ante- and pendant.] The hang-
ing by which the front of an altar is covered;
one of the kinds of frontal. It is frequently made
of silk or velvet, and ornamented with embroidery.
In entom., in


antependium
I saw the antependium of the altar designed for the
famous chapel of St. Lorenzo. Smollett, Travels, xxviii.
A young Woman who would get up at five o'clock in the
morning to embroider an antependiwm, and neglect the
housekeeping. Miss Braddom, Hostages to Fortune, p. 3.
antepenult (an’té-pê-nult'), m. A shortened
and very common form of antepenultima.
antepenultima (an"té-pê-nulti-mâ), m. • 3
also spelled antepanultima (sc. syllaba, syllable),
the syllable before the penult, Kante, before, 4
panultima, penult: see ante- and penult.] The
last syllable but two of a word, as syl in mono-
syllable.
antepenultimate (an’té-pê-nul'ti-māt), a. and
m. [K antepenultima + -atel. Cf. ultimate.] I.
a. 1. Immediately preceding that one of a se-
ries which is next to the last one; being the
third from the last of a series: as, the ante-
penultimate joint of a limb.-2. Pertaining to
the last syllable but two.
II. m. The antepenultima.
antephialtic (ant-ef-i-alºtik), a. and m. [K Gr.
ãvri, against, + šptá%tmg, nightmare: see anti-
and ephialtes.] I. a. Tending to prevent
nightmare.
#. m. That which prevents or is a remedy
for nightmare.
Also written anti-ephialtic.
antepileptic (ant-ep-i-lepºtik), a. and n. IK Gr.
ăvTí, against, + šTºmTTukóg, epileptic : see anti-
and epileptic..] I. a. Åieviating or curing
epilepsy.
II. m. A remedy for epilepsy.
Also written anti-epileptic.
antepileptical (ant-ep-i-lepºti-kal), a. Same as
antepileptic.
anteponet (an-tê-pón"), v. t. [K L. antepomere,
set before, K ante, before, + pomere, set, place:
see ante- and position.] To set before. Bailey.
anteport (an’té-pôrt), m. [K L. ante, before, --
porta, a gate.] 1. An outer gate or door.—2. A
hanging before a door.
Also written antiport.
anteportico (an ‘té-pór "ti-kö), m. [K ante- +
portico, q. V.] outer porch or portico.
*[Rare.] -
anteposition (an’té-pô-zish'Qn), m. [K ante- +
position. Cf. antepome.] 1. In gram., the pla-
cing of a word before anotherword which, by or-
dinary rules, it ought to follow.—2. In bot., the
non-alternation of the members of contiguous
circles in a flower, the corresponding parts be-
ing opposite to each other: otherwise called
superposition. &
anteprandial (an-té-pranºdi-al), a. [KL. ante,
before, + prandium, a late breakfast, a meal
taken early in the day: see ante- and prandial.]
Relating to the time before dinner; occurring
loefore dinner. e
antepredicament (an’té-pré-dik'a-ment), m. [K
ML. antepraedicamentum, K. L. ante, before, --
LL. pradicamentum, category.] In logic, a doc-
trine subservient to knowledge of the predica-
ments. The Antepredicaments is a title given by Al-
bertus Magnus and all later logicians to the doctrine of
the first part of Aristotle's book on the Categories. These
antepredicaments are seven, viz., three definitions, two
divisions, and two rules. The definitions are of equivo-
cals, univocals, and denominatives. The divisions are of
things said into terms and propositions and the eight
modes of inherence. The rules are the dictatºm de Omni
et mullo (see dictwm), and that which affirms that the dif-
ferences of different genera are different. The word had
been previously applied, in the plural, as a name for Por-
phyry's Introduction to Aristotle's Categories and the
doctrine of the predicables therein contained.
antepretonic (an’té-pré-ton'ik), a. . [K ante-A-H
pretonic..] Pertaining to or contained in the
syllable before the pretonic syllable.
The antepretonic open syllable may have either a heavy
or a right vowel. Amer. Jowr. Philol., W. 499.
anteprostate (an-té-pros’tät), a. [K ante- +
prostate.] Lying in front of the prostate gland.
anteprostatic (an-té-pros-tat'ik), a. Same as
anteprostate.
anterior (an-té'ri-Qr), a. [L., compar. adj., as if
from *anterus, K ante, before. Cf. posterior, ea:-
terior, interior, superior, inferior.] 1. Of place:
fore; situated more to the front: the opposite
of posterior.—2. Of time: going, before ; pre-
ceding; antecedent; prior; earlier.
Intellect is the simple power anterior to all action or
construction. I'merson, Essays, 1st Ser., p. 295.
3. In 206l. and 206t., nearer the head, as op-
posed to posterior; cephalal, as opposed to cau-
dal; oral, as opposed to aboral: thus, the head
is anterior to the neck, which is itself anterior
to the trunk and tail.—4. In human amat., situ-
ated in front, with respect to that side of the
body on which is the face; ventral, as opposed
236
to dorsal; hemal, as opposed to neural: as, the
anterior pillars of the pharynx; the anterior
walls of the belly; the anterior pillars of the
spinal cord.
The two parts into which the iris divides the eye are
called the anterior and posterior chambers.
Brewster, Optics, p. 288. (N. E. D.)
5. In bot., in axillary inflorescence, noting the
side most distant from the axis and nearest
the subtending leaf or bract: as, the anterior
side of a flower: otherwise called inferior or
lower. [In all its senses usually followed by to
before an object.]=Syn. 2. See previous.
anteriority (an-té-ri-or’i-ti), n. [KML. anteri-
orita(t-)s, K L. anterior: see anterior.] The
state of being anterior, in advance, or in front;
the state of being before in time or situation;
priority.
Our poet could not have seen the prophecy of Isaiah,
because he lived 100 or 150 years before that prophet; and
this anteriority of time makes this passage the more ob-
servable. - Pope, Iliad, xix. 93, note.
anteriorly (an-tê'ri-Qr-li), adv. In an anterior
manner; before, in time or place; previously,
in time; in front, in place. See anterior.
The hemispheres [of the brain-cavity of a species of Co-
ryphodom] contract anteriorly into the very stout pedun-
cles of the olfactory lobes. Pop. Sci. Mo., XII. 124.
anterolateral (an "te-rö-lat’ e-ral), a. [K L.
*anterus (see anterior) + lateralis, lateral: see
lateral.] Situated or directed anteriorly and
to the side. Huayley.--Anterolateral groove, a
name sometimes applied to the line along the spinal cord
where the anterior roots of the spinal nerves emerge.
anteroom (an’té-röm), m. [Kamte- + room..] A
smaller room before a chief apartment, to which
access is had through it; especially, a waiting-
room used for the temporary reception of visi-
tors, etc.; an antechamber.
His amte-rooms were thronged with clients of all sorts.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (1876), VI. 239.
anteroparietal (an/te-rö-pâ-riſe-tal), a. [K L.
*anterus (see anterior) + L.L. parietalis, parie-
tal: see parietal.] Anterior parietal: applied
to one of the gyri of the brain. See gyrus.
anteroposterior (anºte-rö-pos-té'ri-Qr), a... [K
L. *anterus (see anterior) + posterior, behind:
see posterior.] Relating to the direction from
front to back or from head to tail; cephalocau-
dal.—Anteroposterior symmetry, in zoöl., the view
that the anterior and posterior limbs of vertebrates are
reversed or symmetrical repetitions of each other, like
right and left limbs, and therefore not serially homolo-
gous, or parts of a series facing all in one direction,
but antitypical homologues or antitypes; antitropy as Op-
posed to syntropy, in viewing intermembral homologies.
See intermembral.
antesolarium (an’té-sº-lā’ri-um), m.; pl. ante-
solaria (-á). [ML., K. L. ante, before, -- Solari-
wm : see solarium..] A portico, Veranda, or
other projecting structure in front of the solars
or apartments of a medieval dwelling-house.
Audsley.
antestature} (an’té-stat-ir), n. [K F. antesta-
ture=Sp. antestatura, K. L. ante, before, + sta-
tura, a standing: see stature.] In fort., a small
intrenchment or work formed hastily of pali-
sades or sacks of earth, for the defense of a post,
or of works part of which have been captured.
antesternum (an 'té-stèr-num), n. ; pl. ante-
sterna (-nā). [NL., K. L. ante, before, + NL.
sternum: see sternwm.] In entom., the center
of the antepectus; the fore part of the middle
of the breastplate of insects.
antestomach (an’té-stum–ak), n. IK ante- +
stomach..] In birds, some distensible portion
of the gullet (not a proper crop) in which food
is first lodged.
In birds there is no mastication or comminution of the
meat in the mouth, but it is immediately swallowed into
a kind of antestomach, which I have observed in piscivorous
birds. Ray.
ante-suppert (an’té-Sup-èr), n. [Kante- + Sup-
per.] A course displayed but not partaken of,
in anticipation of supper. N. E. D.
antetemple (an’té-tem-pl), n. IK ante- + tem-
ple.] The porch or vestibule before the temple
at Jerusalem. The term has been used to designate
the narthex or vestibule of early Christian churches, and
it has been applied to the nave of a church regarded as
placed before the chancel or sanctuary and outside of its
pale. Its use as designating the pronaos of a classical tem-
ple is not to be commended.
antetype (an’té-tip), n. [Asif ante- + type; but
prop. antitype, q.v.] A prototype; a primitive
or early type whence some later form has been
derived. See antitype.
The antetypes in carboniferous times of the modern king-
crab. Stand. Nat. Hist., II. 87.
antevenient (an-tê-vé'nient), a. [K L. ante-
wenien(t-)s, ppr. of antevenire, come before, K
anthemion
ante, before, 4- venire = Gr. 3aivetv = E. come.]
Preceding; coming before. Lamb.
anteversion (an-té-vér’shgn), m. [K L. antever-
sio(m-), a putting before, K antevertere, pp. ante-
wersus: see antevert.] A turning forward; spe-
cifically, in pathol., a displacement of the uterus
in which the fundus, or broad upper portion, is
turned toward the pubes, while the cervix or
neck is tilted up toward the sacrum : opposed
to retroversion.
antevert (an-tê-vèrt'), v. t. . [K L. antevertere,
precede, anticipate, place before, Kante, before,
+ vertere, turn: see verse.] 1+. To prevent;
avert.
To antevert some great danger to the public, . . . We
may and must disclose our knowledge of a close wicked-
In OSS. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience (1654), p. 421.
2. Totiporturn forward; displace in a forward
direction, as the uterus.
anteverted (an-tá-vèrted), p. a. Tipped for-
ward; exhibiting anteversion: said of the
uterus.
anth-, [K Gr. &v6-, assimilated form of āvt- for
divrt- before the aspirate.] The form of the
refix ant- before the aspirate h in words taken
om or formed according to the Greek. In
words formed in English anti- usually remains
unchanged before the aspirate, as in antihyp-
notic, antihysteric, etc.
anthela (an-thé’lā), m.; pl. anthelae (-lé). [NL.,
K. Gr. Övöffm, the downy plume of the reed (L.
panicula), K. Čiv6eiv, bloom: see anther.] In bot.,
a form of cymose inflorescence, either unilateral
and sickle-shaped or bilateral and fan-shaped,
the lateral axes overtopping the central, as in
Juncus temwis.
anthelia, m. Plural of anthelion.
anthelices, n. Plural of anthelia.
anthelicine (antshel’- or an-thel’i-sin), a. [K
anthelia, (-ic-) + -inel.] Of or pertaining to the
antihelix of the ear: as, the anthelicine fossa.
anthelion (ant-hé’- or an-thé'li-Qn), m.; pl. ant-
helia (-ā). . [NL., K. Gr. &v6%tov, neut. of āv6%.
Atog, later form of āvtåålog, opposite the sun.]
i. One or more bright-colored rings around the
shadow of the head of an observer as seen on
a cloud or fog-bank or on a moist surface cov-
ered with drops of dew. It is sometimes observed
in alpine or polar regions, but most perfectly by aeronauts
when above a cloud. It is due to the interference of rays
of light reflected from drops of water.
2. A bright spot, of indefinite outline, some-
times seen on the parhelic circle directly
opposite the sun, due to reflections from the
surfaces of ice-crystals or snowflakes.
anthelix (ant'hé- or anºthé-liks), m.; pl. anthel-
ices (ant-hel’- or an-thel’i-séz). [K. Gr. &v6éAuš,
the inner curvature of the ear, Käv6-, divt- for
ăvri, opposite to, + šâté, helix: see helia..] Same
as antiheliac.
anthelminthic (an-thel-min'thik), a. and n.
Same as anthelmintic.
anthelmintic (an-thel-min/tik), a. and m. [K
NL. anthelminticum, K. Gr. &v6-, avt- for avtſ,
against, + 82/1tvg (ś%pitv6-), a worm, esp. a tape-
worm, a maw-worm; of uncertain origin..] I.
a. In med., destroying or expelling intestinal
WOTIO.S.
II. m. A vermifuge; a drug used for destroy-
*ing and expelling intestinal worms.
anthem (anºtherm), m. [Early mod. E. also an–
thym; occasionally spelled anthymme (simulat-
ing hymn), also antheme, antemme; K ME. an–
tem, antim, antym, anteme, antempme, antephne,
antefne, KAS. antefen, K. M.L. antifona, anti-
phoma, an anthem, an antiphon : See anti-
phon.] Originally, a hymn sung in alternate
parts; in modern usage, a piece of sacred music
set to words usually taken from the Psalms or
other parts of the Scriptures; a developed mo-
tet. There are four kinds: (a) anthems for a double choir,
in which the choirs sing antiphonally; (b) full anthems,
Which consist of a chorus only, or of a chorus and verses,
in which the chorus occupies the principal place, and the
verses (usually set to music in four parts and sung by a
part of the choir) are subordinate; (c) verse anthems, in
which solos, duets, and trios are the prominent features,
the chorus being subordinate; and (d) solo anthems, in
which a single voice is the prominent feature. The am-
them may or may not have an accompaniment for the dr-
gan, or for any number of instruments. It has reached its
highest development in England.
anthem (an'them), v. t. [K anthem, n.] To cele-
brate or salute with an anthem or song. [Used
only in poetry.]
Sweet birds antheming the morn.
Keats, Fancy.
anthemion (an-thé'mi-Qn), n. ; pl. anthemia (-ā).
Gr. &v6éutov, a flower, a flower ornament, K
ăv6og, flower: see anther.] In art and archaeol.:
anthemion
(a) A characteristic palmette orhoneysuckle or-
nament, varying in detail, but constant in type,
of very frequent occurrence both in single ex-
amples and in series, in vase-painting, in archi-
tectural sculpture, in jewelry and dress-fabrics,
and in all other decorative work of Greek origin
from very early times, and later in ornament de-
rived from the Greek. This ornament in its original
shape was borrowed by Greek artists from the Orient, and
Was probably first adopted by the Ionians. It was much
used upon antefixes, both sculptured and interra-cotta, and
in the composition of acroteria, particularly those of the
tall and slender Greek funeral slabs. (b) Any con-
ventionalized flower or foliage ornament, as
those common in Oriental embroidery or Per-
sian porcelain.
. º w
, sº
| 8 ' ' | * . . " 5-9
w . d "...
Anthemia.
a, from a Greek vase; b, from the acroterium of an Attic stele.
anthemion-frieze (an-thé'mi-Qn-fréz), n. Same
as anthemion-molding.
anthemion-molding (an-thé'mi-Qn-mö1%ding),
m. In Gr. art, a molding or frieze ornamented
with a series of anthemia, usually in graceful
e
T P
ſº. ' ºf . {
º º º
ºx §§2% g 'fift:
Féºsº/
º
% fº W
% {
º
ſº
- iºg N
| tº ºxº gº. #sº ** *,\\º º/ º --
% iſ |ſmiſſil Illulidiff}
-
Anthemion-molding.—Frieze of the Erechtheum.
alternation of two forms. Sometimes the effect is
diversified by the introduction of flowers or tendrils more
literally expressed, and occasionally birds are represented
perching on the tendrils, as in examples at Athens and Ar-
gos. The most elegant examples of anthemion-molding are
those beneath the capitals of the north porch columns, and
forming one of the friezes, of the Erechtheum at Athens.
Anthemis (anºthe-mis), n. [L., K. Gr. &v6euiç, a
flower, also an herb like our camomile (Dios-
corides), Käv6oç, a flower: see anther.] A large
genus of composite plants belonging to the tribe
Anthem ideae. A. Cotula is the mayweed or stinking
camomile ; A. mobilis is the common camomile of Europe
and of gardens elsewhere. The flowers contain a bitter
principle, which has tonic properties, and yield an essen-
tial oil having an aromatic fragrance. They are conse-
quently much used as a light tonic, and also as a formen-
tation or poultice.
[K Gr.
anthemorrhagic (ant/hem-º-raj'ik), a.
ăv6-, avt-for avti, against, + aiuoppaytkóg, hemor-
rhagic: see hemorrhagic.] Tending to check
hemorrhage; hemastatic. Also anthaemorrhagic
and antihemorrhagic.
anthemwise (an 'them-wiz), adv. [K anthem
+ wise2.] In the manner of an antiphonal
anthem ; alter-
nately.
Several quires,
placed one over
against another, and
taking the voice by
catches, anthem-
wise, give great
pleasure. -
Bacon, Masques.
anthemy (an'-
the-mi), n. ; pl.
anthemies(-miz).
[K Gr. &v6éutov,
equivalent to
&v6og, a flower:
see anther.] In
bot., a term pro-
osed for any
orm of flower-
cluster.
anther (an'-
thèr), n. [KNL.
anthéra, anther,
237
§ Gr,āvāmpág, flowery, blooming, Käuffeiv, bloom,
K &v6og, a blossom, a flower, = , Skt. andhas,
herb.] In bot, the essential polliniferous part
of a stamen, generally raised upon the extremi-
ty of a filament. It is usually bilobed, each lobe con-
taining two (rarely one) pollen-sacs (microsporangia)
filled with pollen-microspores, and each lobe opening at
maturity by a slit, pore, or valve. The anther is attached
to the summit of a filament, or may be sessile. Theoreti-
cally it is homologous to the blade of a leaf, the two halves
of which are represented by the cells, the mid-vein by the
connective, and the parenchyma by the pollen.--Adnate
anther, cruciate anther, etc. See the adjectives.
antheral (anºthèr-al), a... [Kanther+-al.] Per-
taining to an anther or to anthers.
anther-dust (anºthér-dust), m. The dust or pol-
len of an anther.
antherid (anºthèr-id), n. Same as antheridium.
antheridia.. n. Plural of antheridium.
antheridiaí (an-the-ridi-ai), a. ſ. antheridium
+ -al.] In bot., of or pertaining to an anthe-
ridium.
The Antheridial disk springing from the leaf form.
S. B. Herrick, Plant Life, p. 95.
antheridian (an-the-rid’i-an), a. Same as an-
theridial.
antheridium (an-the-rid’i-um), n. ; pl. anthe-
Tidia (-á). [NL., K anthera, anther, + Gr. dim.
-áðuov.] In bot., the
organ in crypto- §§
gamic plants which “%:
answers to the an- §. A lºt {
ther in the phaner- iºë
Ogamic series. It Aº: *
contains the male sex- §§§
ual cells which fertilize Wº i
the female cells. Also º sº
called antherid. \º:
antheriferous (an: Mºiſ
the-rif'e-rus), a. [K §
NT. anthera -- L.
ferre = E. bearl.]
In bot. : (a) Pro-
ducing anthers.
(b) Supporting an-
thers, as the fila-
ments.
antheriform (an'-
thér-i-fôrm), a. [K NL. anthera + L. forma,
form.] Having the form of an anther.
antherogenous (an-the-roj^e-nus), a. [K NL.
antherogenus, K anthera + L. -genus, producing:
see -genous.] In bot., resulting from the trans-
formation of anthers, as the additional petals in
many double flowers: also applied to a double
flower resulting from such transformation.
antheroid (anºthér-oid), a. [K anther + -oid.]
Resembling an anther.
antherozoid (anºthér-Ö-zó'id), m. [K NL. am—
thera, anther, + 2.06ides, zoöid: see anther and
206id.] In bot., the minute motile cell produced
in the antheridium of cryptogams by which the
female reproductive bodies are fertilized. The
antherozoids are small cells of various forms provided
with cilia which are produced in the antheridial cells;
when mature they burst the cell and move freely about.
See cut under antheridium. Same as spermatozoöid.
anthesis (an-thé’sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. Övömotç, the
full bloom of a flower, K div6eiv, bloom: see
anther.] The period or act of expansion in
flowers. -
I thereupon carefully inspected both these trees [gink-
go], and found that anthesis was so nearly synchronous in
the two sexes that I was able on the 5th to pronounce
them ready for fertilization. Science, V. 495.
Anthesteria (an-thes-té'ri-á), m. pl. [Gr. Av6e-
grâpta, the feast of flowers, in the month of Av-
6earmptóv: see Anthesteriom.] In Gr. antiq., the
festival of flowers, the third in order of the
Attic feasts in honor of Dionysus. The observance
lasted for three days, about the middle of the month of
Anthesterion (or toward the 1st of our March), and cele-
brated the opening of spring and the ripening of the wine
of the previous season. The people wore garlands of the
brilliant anemones which deck the Attic plain at that sea-
son, and certain mystic ceremonies and sacrifices were
performed by priestesses in the guise of bacchantes.
Anthesterion (an-thes-té’ri-On), m. [Gr. Av-
6eatmptów, the time of flowers, Käv6og (stem äv68-,
orig. āv6eo-), a flower, -H term. -Tmpt-àv.] Thé
eighth month of the ancient Attic year, con-
taining twenty-nine days, and corresponding
to the last part of February and the beginning
Of March.
anthicid (anºthi-sid), m. Albeetle of the family
[NL., K Anthi-
Amthicidae.
Anthicidae (an-this’i-dé), m. pl.
cus + -idae.] A family of heteromerous beetles,
corresponding to the Anthicides of Latreille or
the old genus Notoaws. They have the anterior coxal
Anthers.
a, anther of Agizzlegia, opening; 8,
same, expanded ; c, versatile anther of
Zilium ; d, anther of Berberts, opening
by valves; e, anther of Solanum, opening.
by terminal pores; y, sigmoid anther of
Ecballium. (All magnified.)
cavities open behind; the head strongly constricted at
base, and suddenly narrowed behind ; no lateral suture
Antheridia.
a, branch of Fréczas, with antheridia,
one separated and antherozoids escap-
ing; b, antheridia of a moss surrounded
*raphyes. (Both highly magni-
eCl-
Anthicus (anºthi-kus), m.
Anthidae (anºthi-dé), m. pl.
ant-hill (äntſhil), n.
ant-hillock (ant'hil”gk), m.
Anthinae (an-thi^né), m. pl.
Anthobii (an-thoſbi-i), m. pl.
Anthochaera (an-thº-ké'ră), n.
anthoclinium
of the thorax; perfect tarsi, with distinct claws; normal
eyes; the prothorax at base narrower than the elytra ; and
the hind coxae Ilot prominent. They are beetles mostly
of small size, generally found on flowers, though some spe-
cies inhabit sandy places near Water.
[NL., K. Gr. &v6/kóg,
like a flower, K &v}og, a flower: see anther.] ...A
genus of heteromerous beetles, typical of the
family Anthicidae, having the thorax unarmed.
It contains Anthicus fuscus and many other mi-
nute species.
[NL., K Anthus +
The Anthinde (which see), rated as a
[K ME. amete-hull, K AS.
aemet-hyll, a mett-hyll: see antl, emmet, and hill 1.]
A mound or hillock of earth, leaves, twigs, and
of her substances, formed by a colony Of ants
for or in the process of constructing their habi-
tation. The ant-hills erected by the termites, or white
ants, are among the most extraordinary examples of insect
architecture. They are in the form of pyramids or comes
of earth, sometimes 10 or 12 feet high, baked in the Sun to
remarkable hardness and consistency. See termite.—Ant-
hill grass, a name given to a species of fescue-grass, Fes-
tuca sylvatica, from its frequent occurrence on ant-hills.
Same as ant-hill.
[NL., K Anthus +
-inde..] A subfamily of oscine passerine birds;
one of two divisions of the family Motacillidae,
orwagtails: sometimes made a family Anthidae.
The group consists of the pipits, or titlarks, chiefly of the
genus Anthus, with which the subfamily is nearly con-
terminous. Anthimoe differ from other Motacillidae in hav-
ing the tail shorter than the wing, with broader feathers,
the tarsi relatively shorter, the lateral toes longer, and
the hind claw lengthened and straightened. Four or five
primaries usually compose the point of the wing, and the
coloration is streaky. There are about 50 Species, found in
most parts of the world. See Anthus.
anthinel (anºthin), a. [K L. anthinus, K. Gr. div-
6tvág, pertaining to a flower, K &v6og, a flower.]
Of or pertaining to a flower.
anthine2 (anºthin), a. [K Anthimae..] In ornith.,
of or pertaining to the Anthimae, or pipits.
aſſiºn (an-tho’ bi-an), m. [K NL. Anthobii
+ -am.] A beetle of the group Anthobii (which
see): so called from living on flowers and leaves.
[NL., pl. of an-
thobius, a., K. Gr. Övöoç, a flower, + 3tor, life.] In
some systems of classification (as Latreille's), a
group of scarabaeoid lamellicorn beetles, closely
related to the Hoplides, but having the two di-
visions of the labium produced beyond the
mentum, the elytra with rounded tips divaricat-
ing from each other, and the antennae 9- or 10-
jointed, the last 3 joints constituting the clave-
ola. There are several genera and many species, chiefly of
warm countries, living upon flowers and leaves.
-idae.]
family.
Anthobranchia (an-thº-brang (ki-á), m. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. &v6og, a flower, + 3páyya, gills.]. A
suborder of nudibranchiate gastropods, with
the branchiae arranged in a rosette about the
anus, whence the name. It includes the family
Dorididae and related forms. Also called Py–
gobranchia.
anthobranchiate (an-thº-brang’ki-āt), a. and n.
[K Anthobranchia + -atel..] I. a. Pertaining to
or having the characters of the Anthobranchia.
II. m. A member of the suborder Antho-
branchia.
anthocarpous (an-thé-kār'pus), a. [K NL. an–
thocarpus, K. Gr. Övöog, a flower, + kaptóc, fruit:
see carpel.] In bot., characterized by thickened
floral envelops: applied to certain fruits. In-
stances of anthocarpous fruits are the checkerberry with
a fleshy calyx, the berry of the yew with a cup-like disk,
and the strawberry with fleshy torus. The epithet is also
applied to such multiple fruits as the mulberry and pine-
apple, which are dense forms of inflorescence with the
fleshy floral envelops matted together about the ovaries,
and to the fig, the cone of the pine, etc.
[NL., irreg, K
Gr. &v6og, a flower, -H, waipeiv, delight.] Age-
nus of honey-birds, of the family Meliphagidae
and subfamily Meliphagina, based upon the
mottled honey-eater or brush wattle-bird of
Australia (A. carumculata or A. mellivora), de-
scribed as specially fond of the banksias, upon
the blossoms of which it feeds. It has a peculiar cry,
resembling the syl-
lables googwaruck,
its native name.
Vigors and Hors-
feld, 1826. Formerly
also called Creadiom.
anthoclinium
(an-thº-klin’i-
um), m.; pl. an-
thoclimia. (-ā).
[NL., K. Gr. &v6oc,
a flower, -- KAtvm,
a bed: see clinic,
etc.] In bot., a
Section of Head of Sunflower.
a, receptacle, or anthoclinium.





























238 anthotaxis. -
any circular muscles, the tentacles being con- 1. In entom., flower-loving, as a bee.—2. Of or
sequently non-retractile. Reproductive organs are pertaining to the Anthophila.
present on all the numerous complete septa; accessory
anthoclinium
name for a receptacle of inflorescence, such as
that of Compositae.
Anthocoridae (an-thº-kor’i-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
$4nthocoris + -idae.] . A family of bugs, con:
taining chiefly minute, narrowly oval, and
narrow-headed species of a shining-black or
dull-brown color, marked with white. For-
merly a subfamily of Cimicidae.
Anthogoris (an-thok’ā-ris), n. [NL., K. Gr. &v-
dog, a flower, F Kópic, a bug..] A genus of het-
eropterous insects, of the family Lygaeidae, or
giving name to a subfamily Anthocorinae of the
family Cimicida, having the antennae filiform.
It contains small black bugs with reddish and
White marks. See cut under flower-bug.
anthocyan (an-thº-si'an), n. Same as antho-
Cyamºn.
anthocyanin, anthocyanine (an-thº-si'a-min),
*... [K Gr. &vdog, a flower, + kūavoc, blue, 4- -in?.
Cf. cyanin.] The dissolved coloring matter in
blue flowers.
anthodium (an-tho'di-um), m.; pl. anthodia (-á).
[NL., KGr, àvöööyc: see anthoid...] The head, or
So-called compound flower, of Compositae.
anthogenesis (an-thº-jen’e-sis), n.
ðv6og, a flower, + y&vedig, production.] A mode
of reproduction occurring in some of the plant-
lice, or Phytophthiria, in which there intervenes
a form furnishing male and female pupae from
which sexual individuals arise. Pascoe, Zoël.
Class., p. 264.
anthography (an-thogºra-fi), n. [K Gr. &v6og,
a flower, -ī- -ypaſpia, K Ypápetv, write.] That
branch of botany which treats of flowers; a
description of flowers.
anthoid (anºthoid), a. [K Gr. *āv6oetóñg, contr.
âvóóðmg, like a flower, K Övöog, a flower, + eiðog,
form.] Having the form of a flower; resem-
bling a flower.
antholeucin, antholeucine (an-thº-lii'sin), n.
IK Gr. &věoç, a flower, + Aevkóg, white, -- -in?..]
The dissolved coloring matter in white flowers.
antholite (anºthé-lit), n. [K Gr. Övö0ç, a flower,
+ Affog, a stone..] In geol., an impression on
rocks, as on the shales of the coal-measures,
resembling, or supposed to resemble, a flower.
anthologicall (an-thº-loj’i-kal), a. [K antholo-
gy1.] Pertaining to an anthology; consisting
of beautiful extracts, especially from the poets.
anthological?? (an-thº-loj’i-kal), a. [K anthol-
ogy?..] Treating of flowers.
anthologist (an-thol’ā-jist), m. [K anthology1
+ -ist.] The compiler of an anthology.
anthology1 (an-thol’ā-ji), n. ; pl. anthologies
#: [K Gr. &v60% oyia, fgr. also ăv60%6)tov, a
ower-gathering, and hence a collection of small
poems, Käv60%Yog, gathering flowers, K &v6og, a
flower, + Aéyetv = L. legere, gather, read: see
lection, legend, etc., and cf. anthology?..] 1. A
collection of flowers, a garland. [Rare.]—
2. A collection of poems, epigrams, andfugitive
pieces by various authors. The name was origi-
nally given to Greek collections of this nature, and is
hence applied to any literary collection similarly made,
3. In the Gr. Ch., a selection from several of
the official service-books of such parts of the
services as are most needed by the laity.
anthology* (an-thol’ā-ji), n. [K Gr. &v6og, a
flower, -P-A.oyta, K Žéyetv, speak: see -ology.]. A
treatise on flowers.
antholysis (an-tholi-sis), n. [NL., KGr. Šv6oc,
a flower, -- Atolſ, a breaking up, a loosening, K
Žíetv, loosen.] In bot., a retrograde metamor-
phosis of the organs of a flower, as of carpels
into stamens, stamens into petals, etc.
anthomania (an-thº-mă'ni-á), m. [NL., K. Gr.
ăv60ſ, a flower, + ptavia, mania: see mania.] An
extravagant fondness for flowers.
Anthomedusa (anºth9-mé-dû'sä), n. [NL., K
Gr. &v6oc, a flower, + NL. medusa, q.v.] The
typical genus of the family Anthomedusidae.
anthomedusid (an "thſ - mé-dû (Sid), n. An
acaleph of the family Anthomedusidae.
Anthomedusidae (anºthé-mê-dû'si-dé), m. pl.
[NL., & Anthomedusa + -idae.] In 206i., a fam-
ily of Hydromedusina (which see) whose me-
dusae become free. They are without otoliths, with
ocelli at the base of the tentacles, gonads on the outer
Wall of the gastral cavity, and mostly 4 radial canals.
The polyp-colonies on which these medusae bud contain
alimentary zoöids which are not invested by chitinous
Cups. The medusae bud mostly on the ordinary alimen-
# polyps, but exceptionally directly from the hydro-
I’ll] Z3.
Anºphi. (an-thj-mór (fi-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. “Anthomorpha (?) (K Gr. &v6oc, a flower,
+ popºff, form) + -idae.] A family of Hexacº
tinia, with slightly developed muscular system
and long, slightly contractile tentacles without
[NL., K. Gr.
anthophilous (an-thof'i-lus), a. [K
tentacles are wanting. e
Anthomyia (an-thº-mi’i-á), n. [NL. (Meigen,
1826; improp. Anthomya, }.
in a perverted form, Anthomyza, Fallen, 1810),
K. Gr. &v6og, a flower, H- uvia, a fly, akim to L. mus-
ca, a fly: see Musca.] A genus of dipterous in-
Turnip-fly (Azathomyza radicum). (Cross shows natural size.)
a, larva; b, pupa, natural size; c, pupa, enlarged. (After Curtis.)
sects, typical of the family Anthomyiidae : less
commonly in the perverted form Anthomyza.
It includes numerous species; the larvae of some feed
upon garden vegetables. 4; brassica is the cabbage-fly;
A. trºmaculata and A. radicwm are turnip-flies; A. tw.
berosa attacks potatoes.
Anthomyiidae (an-thº-mi-i’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., K
Anthomyia + -idae; also in the perverted form
Anthomyzidae (Anthomyzides, Latreille).] In
some systems of classification, a family of
dipterous insects, corresponding more or less
exactly to the Anthomyzides of Latreille: some-
times merged in Muscidae.
Anthomyza (an-thé-mi’zā), n. [NL., a per-
verted form for Anthomyia.j" 1. In entom.: (a)
Same as Anthomyia. Fallen, 1810. (b) A genus
of lepidopterous insects. Swainson, 1833.−2.
In Ornith., a genus of meliphagine birds, whose
type is A. caeruleocephala of New Zealand,
named by Swainson in 1837. The name, bein
preoccupied in entomology, was changed to Am-
thornis by G. R. Gray in 1840.
Anthomyzidae (an-thº-mi’zi-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Anthomyza, 1, + -idae.] Same as Anthomyiidae.
Anthomyzides (an-thº-mi'zi-déz), m. pl. [NL.,
prop. F. pl., equiv. to Anthomyzidae.] In La-
treille's system of classification, a subtribe of
Muscides, corresponding closely to Anthomyi-
idº. It is composed of species having the appearance
of common flies, with 4-jointed abdomen, non-vibratile
Wings, and short antennae ending in a long or linear joint,
with the seta mostly plumose.
Anthonomus (an-thon'3-mus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
*áv6ováuoç, feeding on flowers (found in passive
sense áv6óvouoc (proparoxytone), having its
flowers fed on); cf. &v6ovogeiv, feed on flowers,
K &v6og, a flower, + véuetv, mid. véueoffat, feed,
graze.] A genus of Curculionidae, or snout-
beetles, comprising numerous species of rather
small size, distributed over all parts of the
globe except the arctic regions. A few live in the
larval state in the galls made by homopterous, dipterous,
CP
Apple-curculio (Aztt/tortomats quadrigºbbits).
a, natural size; b, lateral view; c, dorsal view.
or hymenopterous insects; others live between the un-
opened leaves of various trees; while the majority infest
the fruit or seed-pods of plants. The apple-curculio, A.
quadrigibbws (Say), is a familiar example, and is distin-
guished by the four somewhat prominent tubercles on its
elytra, and by its bidentate anterior femora. The larvae of
Anthomomws are more arched dorsally than most other cur-
culionid larvae; they undergo transformation within the
fruit or plant they infest; and they do not enter the ground.
Anthophila (an-thof'i-lâ), m. pl. [NL., neut.pl.
of anthophilus: see anthophilous.] In Latreille's
system of classification, the melliferous acu-
leate hymenopterous insects; the bees: a syn-
onym of Mellifera (which see). It is commonly
divided into the two families Apidae and Andre-
'midae.
NL. an-
thophilus, K. Gr. &v6og, a flower, H. piñoc, loving.]
1830, earlier
anthophorous (an-thof'3-
anthophorum (an-thof'3-
anthophyllitic (anºthé-fi-lit'ik), a.
Anthophysa (an-thº-fi'zā)
8,
Anthoptilidae (an-thop-til'i-dé), m. pl.
anthorism (anºthé-rizm), n.
Anthosomidae (an-thé-Sö’mi-dé), m. pl.
thophora (an-thofºrã), n. [NL.; fem, sing.
(in Sense 2 neut. pl.) of anthophorus: see antho-
| º º | | | \
4. sº º º l, |
º & º
. |\! || || º
|
| | | | | ||||||
|||
| º |
Mason-bee (Anthophora sponsa), and tube constructed by the bec.
phore.] 1. Agenus of bees, of the family Apidae;
one of several genera which collect pollen by
means of the hind tibiae, and which are known
as mason-bees. A. sponsa is an example. See
nason-bee.—2. [l. c.] Plural of anthophorum.
anthophore (anºthé-fôr), n. [K NL. anthopho-
Tum, prop. neut. of anthophorus, K. Gr. &v6opópoç,
bearing flowers, K &v6og, a flower, -H, -pópog, bear-
ing, K pépelv = E. bearl.] In bot., a form of floral
stipe, produced by the
elongation of the inter-
node between the calyx
and the corolla, and bear-
ing the corolla, stamens,
and pistil, as in the catch-
fly (Silene). Also called
anthophorum.
rus), a... [KNL. anthopho-
pus, K. Gr. &v6opópog, bear-
ing flowers: see antho-
hore and -ows.] Bearing
OWerS.
Anthophore. |..." Gray's
rum), n. ; pl. anthophora
* Genera of Plants of the
(-rä). [NL.] Same as an- Ujśt...sº
#; sjº, of . flower of
© sº gº 7 ſe?re ezz??syáz/artzca, en-
anth ophyllite (an-thé- larged, showing the antho-
filºit), m. [K NL. antho- §º:
earing the petals, stamens,
phyllum, a clove (with al-
lusion to the color), K. Gr.
ðv6oc, a flower, -- $9%ov, leaf, = L. folium : see
folio.] A mineral, allied to amphibole or horn-
'blende, occurring in radiating columnar aggre-
gates. . It is orthorhombic in crystallization.
[K antho-
phyllite + -ic.] Pertaining to anthophyllite, or
containing it.
m. [NL., K. Gr. &v-
bog, a flower, + £ica, a breath, bubble.] A genus
of pantostomatous infusorians, of the group Di-
'mastiga, containing biflagellate monads which
re united in colonies of several zoöids.
[NL.,
K Anthoptilum + -idae.] A family of spicatedus
pennatuloid polyps without rachial pinnules,
with polyps sessile on both sides of the rachis
in distinct rows, and without cells.
and ovary.
Anthoptilum (an-thop’ti-lum), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ðv6og, flower, + Trižov, feather, wing.] A genus
of polyps, representing the family Anthoptilidae.
[K NL. anthoris-
nus, K Gr. &v6optop.6c, counter-definition, Káv60-
p£elv, make a counter-definition, Käv6-, avt-for
àvri, against, counter to, + 6pigetv, limit, bound,
define: see horizon.] In rhet., a description or
definition contrary to that which has been given
by one's opponent.
anthorismus (an-the-riz"mus), n. Same as an-
thorism,
anºideº (an-thº-sid’e-rit), n. [K Gr. &v6og,
ower, H- otömpirmg, of iron: see siderite.] A
native silicate of iron, of an ocherous-yellow
color, inclining to yellowish-brown, and having
a fibrous radiated structure, found in Brazil.
Anthosoma (an-thº-S6'mâ), m. [NL., KGr. Övöoc,
a flower, -i- oºga, a body..] A genus of sipho-
nostomous parasitic crustaceans, giving name
to a family Anthosomidae. A species, A. Smithi,
is found upon sharks.
[NL.,
K Anthosoma -H -idae.] A family of siphonosto-
'mous parasitic crustaceans, typified by the ge-
nus Anthosoma.
anthotaxis (an-thg-tak’sis), m. [NL., KGr.áv6og,
a flower, + tačac, order, Kráooetv, arrange, order:




anthotaxis
see taotic..] In bot., the arrangement of flowers
on the axis of growth; same as inflorescence.
*hºtary (anºthé-tak-si), n.
3.
anthoxanthin, anthoxanthine (an-thū-Zan'-
[KGr. &v6og, a flower, -- fav06g, yellow
thin), n.
(see wanthin), + -im2.] The yellow or orange
coloring matter of yellow flowers and fruit, a
modification of chlorophyl.
Anthozoa (an-th9-zó’â), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
ðvdog, a flower, -/- $ºov, pl. §§a, an animal: see
206n.] The flower-animals, or animal-flowers;
a former class or large #. of zoöphytes, in-
exactly equivalent to the modern class Acti
1,0200 (which see). By some, who have included the
Polyzoa, under zoöphytes, Anthozoa has been made the
other and prime division of zoöphytes, and has been di-
vided into #ydroida, Asteroida, and Helianthoida. The
Anthozoa have also been divided into Actiniidae, Zoam.
thidae, Xeniidae, Alcyoniidae, Penmatulidoe, Tubiporidae,
Caryophyllidoe, and Gorgoniidae.
anthozoan (an-thé-Zó'an), a. and n. [KAntho-
200 + -an.] I. a. Pertaining to or having the
characters of the Anthozoa, anthozoic.
II. m. One of the Anthozoa, an anthozoön.
anthozoic (an-thé-Zó'ik), a. [K Anthozoa + -ic.]
for pertaining to the Anthozoa, zoöphytic.
anthozoöidi (an-thº-zó’oid), n. [K Anthozoa +
-oid. Cf. 206id.] . An individual polyp of a
polypidom; an actinozoön of the compound Ac-
tinozoa, formed by budding in a Zoanthodeme;
Anthozoöids.
End of a branch of red coral of commerce, Corallium rue&rzeme,
with three anthozoöids, A, B, C, in different degrees of expansion:
AE, mouth; a, that part of the coenosarc which rises into a cup around
the base of each anthozoöid.
one of the individual zoöids borne upon the
coenosarc of the compound Zoantharia. Thus, in
a piece of coral each of the numerous little animals which
build up the coral mass is an anthozoöid.
anthozoön (an-thé-Zó’on), m.; pl. anthozoa (-ā).
[NL., sing. of Anthozoa.] One of the Anthozoa.
ânthracene (an'thra-Sèn), n. [K anthraw (an-
thrac-), coal, ---ene. A hydrocarbon (C14H10)
found in coal-tar, and extracted from the last
portion of the distillate from this substance
by chilling and pressure. It is purified by redis-
tillation, and forms white crystalline laminae which melt
at 415° F. : It is of great commercial value, being the base
from which artificial alizarin is prepared. See alizarim.
Also written anthracin.
anthraceniferous (an "thra-sé-nif" e-rus), a. anthracotheriid (an/thra-kö-thé'ri-id), n.
[K anthracene + -ī-ferous.] Containing or yield-
ing anthracene.
By whatever means the crude anthraceniferous mass
has been obtained, it must be submitted to a process of
purification. Ure, Dict., IV. 72.
anthraces, n. Plural of anthra.c.
anthracic (an-thras'ik), a. [Kanthraa, (anthrac-)
Same as antho-
*thºracite. N. E. D.
anthra.cometer (º 72.
anthracosis (an-thra-kö’sis), n.
anthracothere (an'thra-kö-thér), n.
239
nowhere of so much practical importance as in the eastern
United States,
II. a. Coal-black: as, the anthracite hawk,
Urubitinga anthracima.
anthracitic (an-thra-sit'ik), a... [K anthracite
-ic.] ...Pertainingto, having the nature of, or
resembling anthracite.
In the neighborhood of these ſigneous] rocks the coal
has been altered into an anthracitic material.
Huzley, Physiography, xiv.
anthracitous (an'thra-si-tus), a. [K anthracite
+ -ows.] Containing or characterized by an-
ânthracnose (an-thrak'nós), n. [F., prop. *an-
thraconose, K. Gr. &vôpač, a carbuncle (see an-
thrax), H. v6aog, disease.] A disease of grape-
vines which affects the leaves, the young stems,
and the green berries, and is caused by a fun-
gus, Sphaceloma ampelinum.
anthracoid (anºthra-koid), a. [K Gr. &vôpaś
(āvöpak-) (see anthrax) + eiðoç, form.] 1. Re-
sembling or of the nature of anthrax.-2. Re-
sembling the precious stone carbuncle.
anthracokali (anºthra-kö-kā’li), n. [NL., K. Gr.
&vôpač (Övöpak-), coal, + NL. cali, kali : see
kali, alkali..]. A pharmaceutical preparation
made by adding porphyrized anthracite to a
boiling solution of caustic potash. ... Sulphur is
sometimes added with the coal. It is used both internally
and externally in cases of scrofula, rheumatism, and cer-
tain herpetic affections.
anthracolite (an-thrak’6-lit), n., [K Gr. &v60a;
(āvěpak-), coal, -- Wiffog, stone. Cf. anthracite.]
Same as anthraconite.
anthracomancy (an'thra-kö-man/si), n. IK Gr.
&vöpaś (avtºpak-), a coal, -F pavreia, divination.]
Divination by means of burning coals. K. G.
[K Gr.
&v6pa; (div6pak-), charcoal (carbon), + ptárpov,
measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the
quantity of carbonic acid present in any gaseous
mixture. -
anthracometric (an"thra-kó-met’rik), a. Of Or
pertaining to an anthracometer, or to its use.
anthraconite (an-thrak’ā-nit), n., [K Gr. &v-
6paś (Övöpak-), coal, -- Kovia, lime.] The
name given to varieties of calcareous spar
(calcite), darkly colored by the presence of
carbonaceous matter.
Anthracosaurus (an"thra-kó-sā’rus), m. [NL.,
K. Gr. Övöpaś (avöpak-), coal, -- Gaúpog, a lizard:
see saurian.] A genus of extinct amphibians,
of the order Stereospondyli, discovered in the
Carboniferous strata of England. The head
measured 18 inches in length. Huzley, 1863.
[NL., K. Gr. &v-
flpa; (dvāpak-), coal, -ī- -osis.] A pulmonary affec-
tion produced by the inhalation of coal-dust,
as by colliers. The particles, taken into the tissues of
the lungs, are apt to produce more or less inflammation
in the form of bronchitis or diffuse pneumonitis.
An ani-
mal of the genus Anthracotherium and family
Anthracotheriidae. A.
hoofed mammal of the family Anthracotheriidae.
Anthracotheriidae (anºthra-kó-thé-ri'i-dé), m.
#: [NL., K Anthracotherium + -idae.] A fam-
ily of fossil omnivorous artiodactyl mammals,
related to the existent pigs and peccaries. It
contains two subfamilies, Hyopotamina and
Anthracotheriinae (which see).
+ -ic.] Qí or pertaining to the disease anthrax. Anthracotheriinae (an/thra-kö-thé-ri-i(né), n.
Anthracidae (an-thras’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K An-
thraa, (Anthrac-) + -idae.] A family of dipterous
insects, of the old group Tanystomata, contain-
ing the general Anthraa, Lomatia, Bombylius,
etc.: now called Bombyliidae (which see).
anthraciferous (an-thra-sif'e-rus), a. [K
&v6pač (&vôpak-) for anthracite, q, V., +
= E. beari.] Yielding anthracite: applied to
geological strata.
anthracin (an 'thra-sin), n.
thrac-) + -īn?..] Same as anthracene.
anthracite (an'thra-sit), m. and a.. [K Gr. &v-
6pakitnº, a kind of precious stone, fem. &vôpakitic,
a kind of coal; prop. adj., coal-like ; K Övöpaş
(āv6pak-), a ãº. charcoal, stone-coal:
See anthraa..] I. m. A variety of mineral coal
containing but little of the volatile hydrocar-
bons, and therefore burning almost without
flame. It is nearly pure carbon, containing usually
over 90 and sometimes as much as 95 per cent. of that
substance. It is hard (hence often called hard coal in
distinction from 80ft or bituminous ...} breaks with
a conchoidal fracture, and has a deep-black color and
brilliant luster. It occurs in large quantity in eastern
Pennsylvania, and was almost the exclusive fuel in the
large cities and manufactories of New York and New
England. It also occurs in the South Wales, coal-fields
in large quantities, and in many other localities, but is
Gr.
anthraquinone (an'thra-kwi-nón"), m.
pl. [NL., KAnthracotherium + -inge.] The typi-
cal subfamily of the Anthracotheriidaº. It differs
from the other subfamily Hyopotaminoe in having the four
. premolars all differentiated from the true molars,
and each with a conical crown and a small inner lobe. It
contains the genera Anthracotherium (Cuvier), Promina-
theriwm, and perhaps others.
L. ferre Anthracotherioidea (an'thra-kö-thé-ri-oi'-
dé-á), m.pl. [NL., K.Anthracotherium + -oidea.]
A superfamily group founded by Gill, 1872, for
[K anthraw (an- the reception of the family Anthracotheriidae.
Anthracotherium (an"thra-kö-théºri-um), n.
[NL., K. Gr. &vöpač (&vôpak-), coal, -- 6mptov, a wild
beast, K Öffo, a wild beast.] The typical genus
of the Anthracotheriinae and Anthracotheriidae
(which see): so called from having been found
in the Miocene anthracite or lignite of Tuscany.
The extinct . . . Anthracotheriwm . . . had the typical
dental formula [of artiodactyls], and this is preserved in
the existing representative of the non-ruminant artiodac-
tyles, the hog. Owen, Comp. Anat., III. 343,
[K am-
thra(cene) + quinone..] "A product (C14H8O2)
obtained from anthracene by the action of oxi-
dizing agents. From it alizarin is prepared.
anthrax (an'thraks), m. ; pl. anthraces (anºthra- an
séz). [K L. anthraa, a virulent ulcer, carbun-
anthribid (anºthri-bid), n.
Anthribidae (an-thrib’i-dé), m. pl.
Anthribus (anºthri-bus), m.
anthropical (an-throp'i-kal), a.
Ant
anthropocentric (an"thrö-pô-senſtrik), a.
anthropogenetic (an"thrö-pú-jë-net'ik), a.
anthropogenic
cle, also cinnabar, KGr. &vôpač, a (burning) coal,
a precious stone, a virulent ulcer; origin uncer-
tain..] 1. In pathol., a specific infectious dis-
ease, especially of the herbivora, though some-
times of man, caused by the presence of
Bacillus anthracis in the blood and tissues.
It occurs, in man, in three forms, as it is localized respec-
tively in the lungs (wool-sorters' disease), in the skin
(malignant edema or malignant pustule), or, rarely, in
the intestine. The disease is marked by extreme pros-
tration and is very frequently fatal. Also called splenic
fever and anthracemia.
2. Lithanthrax, or Stone-coal.—Symptomatic
anthrax, an infectious and usually fatal disease, not un-
common in cattle. It is characterized by hemorrhage into
the subcutaneous and intermuscular areolar tissues of the
limbs, and exhibits a
bacillus distinct from
the Bacillus anthracis.
Also called quarter-
evil, quarter-ill, black-
leg, black quarter, black
=# 8pawl, bloody murrain,
§§ raw schbrand.
=# Anthrenus (an-
Wºź - / -
tº thré'nus), n. [NL.,
Gr. &v6pffym, a
hornet, wasp; cf.
ăvöpmóðv, a hornet,
Tevffpāvm, Tevöpmóðv,
a hornet, orig. any buzzing insect; cf. drome.
See Andrenidae.] A notable genus of beetles,
of the family Dermestidae, certain species of
which are well known as museum pests. Such
are A. varius (Fabricius) and A. musoeorum, small gray
species spotted with brown, which do great injury to col-
lections of natural history. A. Scrophularioc, a larger spe-
cies, black, red, and white, is known as the carpet-beetle
and buffalo-bug, and is very destructive to carpets and
other woolen fabrics. See cut under carpet-beetle.
A beetle of the
[NL., K An-
thribus + -idae.] A family of rhynchophorous
Coleoptera, typified by the genus Anthribus.
These snout-beetles have a strong fold on the inner face
of each elytron, the pygidium in both sexes undivided and
normal, the last spiracle uncovered, the tibiae not serrate,
and the straight antennae with 10 or 11 joints.
[NL. (Geoffroy,
1764), also Anthribidus and Anthotribidus, appar.
K. Gr. &v6oç, a flower; the second element is not
clear.] A genus of rhynchophorous beetles,
Azttſt?'ezzzas.
Beetle and pupa, magnified.
family Anthribidae.
Agiving name to the family Anthribidae.
anthropic (an-throp'ik), a.
[K Gr. Övöpottkóg,
of man, human, Käväpoſtoc, a man, a human be-
ing; perhaps for *āvópoſtoc, lit. having a human
face or appearance, Kavāp (ävöp-), a man, + &
(ó7-), face, countenance, eye: see andro- and
optic.] Belonging to man; manlike; sprung
from man; human.
If we leave the region of formulas and go back to the
practical effect of religion on human conduct, we must
be driven to the conclusion that the future of religion is
to be, not only what every real religion has ever been,
anthropomorphic, but frankly anthropic.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 451.
Same as an-
thropic.
opida (an-throp'i-dà), m. pl. [NL.] Same
as Anthropoidea.
Anthropidae (an-throp'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
Övöptotrog, a man, a human being, + -idae.] The
human race, zoölogically rated as a family of
the superfamily Anthropoidea; the Hominidae
(which see). The family contains the single
genus and species man (Homo sapiens).
anthropo-. [KGr. Övöpoſtoc, a man, a human be-
ing: see anthropic..] The first element of many
compound words of Greek origin, meaning man.
anthropobiology (an "thrö-pô-bi-ol' 3-ji), m.
[K Gr. Övöpartog, man, + biology.] Anthropol-
ogy; the biology of man; the life-history of
man, in a broad sense.
To this extensive study, the old anthropology, . . . we
may apply the term Anthropo-biology, or the biology of
Ill&lD. Smithsonian Rep., 1881, p. 499.
[K
Gr. Övöpotoc, man, + Kēvtpov, center, + -ic.]
Regarding man as the central fact of creation;
assuming man to be the final aim and end of
creation.
anthropogenesis (am" thrö-pô-jen” e-sis), n.
[NL., pº 3
r. ÖvöpøTog, man, + )'évêqug, genera-
tion.] The genesis, origination, or evolution of
man: applied both to the development of the
individual (ontogenesis), and the development.
of the race (phylogenesis). Also called anthro-
pogony, anthropogeny.
K
anthropogenesis.] Of or pertaining to *h}.
pogenesis.
thropogenic (an"thrö-pô-jen'ik), a. [K an-
thropogeny..] Of or pertaining to anthropogeny.



anthropogenist
anthropogenist (an-thrö-poj'e-nist), n. IK an-
thropogeny -F -ist.] An adherent of modern
biological doctrines respecting anthropogeny.
anthropogeny (an-thrö-poj^e-ni), n. As if
S Gr, *āvöpoſtoyéveta, Kāv6poſtoyevſc, born of man,
K Övöpoſtoc, man, + y&voc, birth.] 1. Same as
anthropogenesis.-2. The sum of human know-
ledge concerning the development of man.
Also called anthropogony.
In this mighty “war of culture,” affecting as it does
the whole history of the World, and in which we may well
deem it an honour to take part, no better ally than Anthro-
pogeny can, it seems to me, be brought to the assistance of
Struggling truth. ...
Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), Pref., p. xxiii.
anthropoglot (an 'thrö-pô-glot), m. [K Gr.
āvūpoſtóyºottoc, čv6potróyºooooc, having man’s
tongue, Käv6potrog, man, + y^{joca = Attic yhätta,
the tongue: see gloss, glottis.] An animal which
has a tongue resembling that of man, as the
parrot.
anthropogony (an-thrö-pog^{-ni), m. [K Gr.
ăv600Toyovia, the begetting of men, the origin of
men, Käv600trog, man, +-yovog, K V “yev, produce.
Cf. theogony.] 1. Same as anthropogenesis.
The word anthropogony, used first by Josephus, means
. Only “the generation of man.”
Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), II. 459.
2. Same as anthropogeny, 2.
anthropography (an-thrö-pogºra-fi), n. [= F.
anthropographie, K. Gr. Övöpotroc ---ypaſpia, Kypé-
petv, write, describe. Cf. Gr. &v6poſtoypadog, a
painter of men, a portrait-painter.] A descrip-
tion of man or of the human race; more par-
ticularly, that branch of anthropology which
treats of the actual distribution of the varieties
of the human race, as distinguished by physical
character, institutions, and customs, including
language. See ethnography.
anthropoid (an'thrö-poid), a. and n. IK Gr.
ăv6potroetó%g, like a man, in human shape, K
ăvěpoſtog, a man, + eið0ç, form, shape.] I. a. 1.
Of or pertaining to the superfamily Anthro-
poidea ; man-like; human or simian in a zoö-
logical sense: applied to all monkeys as well as
to man, as distinguished from the lemuroid or
prosimian Primates.—2. More specifically, re-
sembling man, or man-like, as one of the higher
monkeys or apes, as distinguished from lower
monkeys: applied to the apes of the family
Simiidae, as restricted to include only the go-
rilla, chimpanzee, Orang, and gibbon, these be-
ing commonly known as the anthropoid apes.
The gorilla is now generally regarded as the most human
of the anthropoid apes. H. A. Nicholsom.
II. m. An anthropoid animal; one of the
higher monkeys; an ape.
Chronologically this [called by French archaeologists the
Epoch of Robenhausen) is regarded as the first epoch of
the appearance of man on the globe, the previous imple-
ment-using animals being probably anthropoids.
Science, IV. 438.
anthropoidal (an-thrö-poi’dal), a. Of anthro-
oid nature or structure. N. E. D.
thropoidea (an-thrö-poi’dé-á), m. pl. [NL.:
see anthropoid.] In 206l., one of two sub-
orders, the other being Lemuroidea, into which
the order Primates has been divided. The group
contains man and monkeys, as distinguished from the
lemurs. Their zoölogical characters are : a cerebrum with
its posterior lobe much developed and wholly or mostly
covering the cerebellum ; a lacrymal foramen within the
Orbit; an orbit completed by suture of the malar and ali-
sphenoid bones; ears rounded, with a distinct lobule; and,
in the female, strictly pectoral teats, undivided uterus,
and an imperforate clitoris. Also written Anthropida.
Anthropoides (an-thrö-poi’déz), m. [NL., KGr.
àvěpoToetóñg, like a man: see anthropoid.] 1.
In ornith., a genus of cranes, of the family
Gruidae, based by Vieillot in 1816 upon the Nu-
midian crane or demoiselle, A. virgo. It is some-
times restricted to this species; sometimes extended to
the Stanley crane, A. (Tetrapteryac) paradiseus or stanley-
anw8; and sometimes made to cover the crown-cranes of
the genus Balearica (which see). The synonyms of Am-
thropoides proper are: Otus (Barrère, 1745), Scops (Moeh-
ring, 1752), Bibia (Leach, about 1818), and Philorchemon
(Gloger, 1842). tº is &
2. [Used as a plural.] In 206l., a name given by
Haeckel to the anthropoid apes: synonymous
with Anthropoidea.
anthropolatry (an-thrö-pola-tri), n. [= F.
anthropolátrie, K. Gr. &v0patrožarpeta, man-wor-
ship, K. Čiuſ/poſtoc, man, + Zarpeia, worship, ser-
vice: see latria. Cf. idolatry.] The worship of
man; the paying of divine honors to a human
being. It was charged by the early Christians upon the
pagans, and by them, in return, charged upon the Chris-
tians, because of their worship of Christ. The word, how-
ever, is better known from its employment by the Apolli-
Inarians against the orthodox Christians of the fourth and
fifth centuries, who held the doctrine of the perfect hu-
man Inature of Christ.
Ain anthropology.
240 -
anthropolite (an-throp'3-lit), n...[= F. anthro-
polithe, K. Gr. Övöpoſtog, man, H- Affog, a stone.]
A petrifaction of the human body or skeleton, ºr
or of parts of the body, produced by the in-
crusting action of calcareous waters, and there-
fore not a true fossil.
anthropolithic (an"thrö-p3-lith'ik), a. Of or
pertaining to anthropolites; characterized by
the presence of petrified human remains.
This much, however, is certain, that the true develop-
ment of human culture dates only from the Anthropo-
lithic Epoch. Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), II. 16.
anthropologic (an "thrö-pô-loj'ik), a. [Kan-
thropology + -ic; = F. anthropologique.] Of or
pertaining to anthropology; of the nature of
anthropology.
Such subtle anthropologic wisdom as the Ode on the In-
timations of Immortality. Kingsley, Misc., I. 219.
anthropological (an"thrö-pô-loj’i-kal), a. Per-
taining or relating to anthropology, or the nat-
ural history of man; as, anthropological facts;
[K an-
the Anthropological Society.
anthropologist (an-thrö-pol’ô-jist), n.
—ist.] One who studies or is versed
thropology
anthropology (an-thrö-pol’ô-ji), n. [= F. an-
thropologie, KGr. as if *āvôpoſtožoyła, a speaking
of man, Käv6porożóyog, speaking of man, Käv600-
Tog, man, F Aéyetv, speak: see -ology.] 1. The
Science of man or of mankind. It includes the
study of man's agreement with and divergence from other
animals; of his physical structure and intellectual nature;
of the various tribes of men with reference to their origin,
customs, etc.; and of the general physical and mental
development of the human race. Anthropology thus in-
cludes physiology, psychology, sociology, ethnology, etc.,
putting under contribution all sciences which have man
for their object. By some it has been divided into — (a)
206!ogical anthropology, which investigates man's relations
to the brute creation; (b) descriptive anthropology, or ethnol-
ogy, which describes the divisions and groups of mankind;
(c) general anthropology, or, as M. Broca calls it, “the biol.
ogy of the human race.” As a department of systematic
theology, anthropology deals with questions relating to
the origin, nature, original condition, and fall of man, and
especially to the doctrines of sin and free agency.
2. A treatise on the science of man.—3+. An-
thropomorphism (which see).
anthropomancy (an'thrö-pô-man'si), n. [= F.
anthropomancie, K. Gr. &vôpoſtog, man, + pavreia,
divination. Cf. mecromancy.] Divination by
Ainspecting the entrails of a human being.
anthropometer (an-thrö-pom"e-tér), n. [K an-
thropometry. Cf. geometer.] One who studies
or practises anthropometry.
As he stands before us now, man is an animal . . . ex-
hibiting in his adult form those characteristics which en-
gage the attention of the anatomist, the physiologist, and
the anthropometer. . Smithsonian Rep., 1881, p. 499.
anthropometric (an "thrö-pô-met 'rik), a. [K
anthropometry + -ic.], Pertaining or relating
to the proportions of the human body; relating
to anthropometry.
Over a hundred amthropometric observations were taken
on individuals of all ages and both sexes. Science, III.168.
anthropometrical (an'thrö-pô-met/ri-kal), a.
[K anthropometric + -al.] Same as anthropo-
7metric.
anthropometrically (an"thrö-pô-met/ri-kal-i),
adv. an anthropometric manner; by means
of anthropometry. .
anthropometry (an-thrö-pom"e-tri), n. [= F.
anthropométrie, K. Gr. Övöpoſtog, man, +-uerpía, K
pºtpov, measure.] The measurement of the
human body; the department of the science of
anthropology which relates to the proportions
of the human body, either in individuals or in
tribes and races.
Anthropomorpha (an"thrö-pô-mór'fä), n. pl.
[NL., neut. pl. of anthropomorphus: see anthro-
pomorphows.] A group of anthropoid apes, the
simians, equivalent to the family Simiidae. See
ape, 3.
anthropomorphic (an"thrô-pô-mör'fik), a. [As
anthropomorphous + -ic.] i. Relating to or
characterized by anthropomorphism: as, an-
thropomorphic conceptions of Deity.
We everywhere see fading away the anthropomorphic
conception of the Unknown Cause.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 111.
The curiously anthropomorphic idea of stones being hus-
bands and wives, and even having children, is familiar to
the Fijians as it is to the Peruvians and the Lapps.
E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 149.
2. Resembling man; approaching man in type;
anthropoid: as, anthropomorphic apes.
anthropomorphical, (anºthrö-pô-mór'fi-kal),
a. Of anthropomorphic character or tendency.
[Rare.]
anthropomorphically (an "thrö-pô-mór (fi-
kal-i), adv. In an anthropomorphic manner;
in or as of the human form.
anthropomorphous
The treatment he has received—either from his fellow-
beings or from a power which he is prome to think of am-
thropomorphically. H. Spencer, Prin, of Psychol., § 518.
anthropomorphism (an"thrö-pô-mór (fizm), n.
[As anthropomorphows 4 -ism.] 1. The ascrip-
tion of human attributes to supernatural or
divine beings; in theol. the conception or rep-
resentation of God with human qualities and
affections, or in a human shape. Anthropomor-
phism is founded in man's inability to conceive beings
above himself otherwise than in his own likeness. It de-
termines the growth and form of all human religions, from
the lowest up to the highest; as where the Scriptures speak
of the eye, the ear, and the hand of God, of his seeing and
hearing, of his remembering and forgetting, of his making
man in his own image, etc. -
Although Milton was undoubtedly a high Arian in his
mature life, he does, in the necessity of poetry, give a
greater objectivity to the Father and the Son than he
would have justified in argument. He was wise in adopt-
ing the strong anthropomorphism of the Hebrew Scrip-
tures at Once. Coleridge, Table-Talk, p. 293.
2. The conception of animals, plants, or nature
in general, by analogy with man; commonly
implying an unscientific use of such analogy.
Descartes . . . deserted the old moderate view which
affirmed that between the highest psychical powers of man
and brutes there is a certain natural likeness and analogy,
and gave rise to the notion that animals are nothing but
Wonderfully complex machines—an error naturally re-
Sulting in the opposite one now so prevalent—the error,
namely, that there is a substantial identity between the
brute soul and the soul of man—biological anthropomor-
phism. Mºvart.
anthropomorphist (an'thrö-pô-mór 'fist), n.
[As anthropomorphous + -ist.] One who attrib-
utes human form or qualities to beings other
than man; especially, one who in thought or
speech invests the Deity with human form and
attributes; an anthropomorphite.
What anthropomorphists we are in this, that we cannot
let moral distinctions be, but must mould theminto human
shapel Bºmerson, N. A. Rev., CXXVI. 414,
anthropomorphite (an"thrö-pô-mör'fit), m. and
Q. L. anthropomorphitãº, pl., K. Gr. *āvěpoto-
poppital, pl., heretics who believed in a God
of human form, Káv6potónoppog, anthropomor-
phous: see anthropomorphows.] I. m. One who
believes that the Supreme Being exists in hu-
man form, with human attributes and passions;
an anthropomorphist; specifically, one of an
ancient religious sect who held such views. See
Audian.
Though few profess themselves anthropomorphites, yet
We may find many amongst the ignorant of that op;
e OCAC6,
= Syn, Anthropomorphite, Anthropomorphist. The for-
mer is properly one who attributes a human body to God,
the latter one who attributes to him human passions.
II. a. Anthropomorphitic.
anthropomorphitic, anthropomorphitical
(an"thrö-p3-mör-fit'ik, -i-kal), a...[KLL. anthro-
pomorphiticus, K anthropomorphita, anthropio-
morphites: see anthropomorphite.] Pertaining
to or characterized by anthropomorphism.
anthropomorphitism (an 'thrö-pâ-mör’ fi-
tizm), m. [K anthropomorphite + -ism..] The
doctrines of anthropomorphites; anthropomor-
phism. tº -
anthropomorphize (an'thrö-pô-mör'fiz), v. t.;
pret. and pp. anthropomorphized, ppr. anthropol
'morphizing. . [As anthropomorphous + -ize.] To
invest with human qualities.
The Pelasgian Zeus became the head of the new Olym-
pus, and a completely anthropomorphized god.
The Nation, Sept. 23, 1869, p. 255.
Even with Homer the age of Creation has ceased, the
age of criticism and scepticism has begun. At any rate,
the gods have strayed far away from the region to which
by nature they belong. They have become anthropomor-
phized. Keary, Prim. Belief, p. 155.

anthropomorphology (an "thrö-pô-mör-fol’-
Ö-ji), m. [K GT. &věpotrópoppog, of human form
(See anthropomorphous), + -āoyſa, K Aéyetv,
Speak: see -ology.] The use of anthropomor-
phic language. N. E. D.
anthropomorphosis (an"thrö-pū-mör-fö'sis or
-mór'fö-sis), m. ; pl. anthropomorphoses (-séz).
[& Gr, as if *āv6porouſ pºogic, Š avôpoſtouoppéetv,
clotheinhuman form, Käv600Tópoppog, in human
form: see anthropomorphows.] Transformation
into human shape. Baring-Gould.
anthropomorphotheist (an"thrö-pô-mör-fö-
théſist), m, ſº Gr. &vópotóuoppoc, of human
form, -H 6866, God, + -ist: see anthropomorphous
and theist.] One who conceives God as having
human attributes. Cowes, Buddhist Catechism,
p. 56.
anthropomorphous (an'thrö-pô-mór'fus), a.
[K NL. anthropomorphus, K. Gr. div6potrópoppog, of
human form, Kövőpoſtoc, man, + popff, form.]
\
anthropomorphous
Anthropomorphic; anthropoid in form: as, an
anthropomorphousape. Huailey. -
anthroponomical (an "thrô-pö-nom’i-kāl), a.
ſº aniroponomy:Fºcaij cácerned with the
laws which regulate human action. N. E. D.
anthroponomy (an-thrö-pon’ā-mi), n. [= F.
anthroponomie, KGr. &věporog, man, 4. váuog, law:
See mome?..] The science of the laws which gov-
ern human action. -
anthropopathic (an'thrö-pô-path'ik), a. [K
º + -ic.] Pertaining to anthro-
popathy; possessing or subject to human pas-
S1OIlS.
anthropopathical (an"thrö-pô-path’i-kal), a.
Same as anthropopathic.
anthro ºf; (an'thrö-pô-path’i-kal-i),
adv. an anthropopathic manner; as pos-
Sessing human passions.
anthropopathism gºhº 3-thizm), n. [K
anthropopathy + -ism.] 1. The ascription of
human passions to supernatural beings, espe-
cially to the Supreme Being. Also called an-
thropopathy.-2. An expression containing or
implying such ascription.
Like the Chaldee paraphrasts, he [Abu Said] resolves an-
thropopathisms, employs euphemisms, and makes several
minor alterations.
T. H. Horne, Introd. to Study of Holy Scriptures, II. 79.
*º an-thrö-pop/a-thit), m. [Kan-
thropopathy + -ite?..] A believer in anthropop-
athism; one who ascribes human passions to
the Deity.
Man so habitually ascribes to his deities human shape,
human passions, human nature, that We may declare him
an Anthropomorphite, an Anthropopathite, and (to com-
plete the series) an Anthropophysite.
E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II, 224.
anthropopathy (an-thrö-pop/a-thi), n. [= F.
anthropopathie, K. Gr. Övöpoſtoiráffeta, humanity,
Käv6potrotraffhº, with human feelings, Kēvöptotrog,
man, + tráflog, feeling, affection, suffering: see
pathos.] Same as anthropopathism, 1.
In its recoil from the gross anthropopathy of the vulgar
motions, it falls into the vacuum of absolute apathy. Hare.
anthropophagi, n. Plural of anthropophagus.
anthropophagic (anºthp3-pê-fajik), a... [KGr.
*āv6poropayukóg (implied in adv. Övöptotropaylkög),
K Övöporoſpáyog: see anthropophagus.] Relating
to or practising cannibalism.
anthropophagical (an" thrô-pô-faj’i-kal), a.
Same as anthropophagic.
anthropophaginian (an-thrö-pof-a-jin’i-an), n.
[K anthropophagus, q.v., + -īn-iam..] A man-
eater; a cannibal. [Humorous.]
He'll speak like an Anthropophaginian unto thee.
Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 5.
anthropophagism (an-thrö-pof a-jizm), n. [As
anthropophagous + -ism.] The practice or
custom of eating human flesh; cannibalism.
N. E. D. [Rare.]
anthropophagist (an-thrö-pof"a-jist), n. [AS
anthropophagous + -ist.] One who eats human
flesh; a cannibal. N. E. D. [Rare.]
anthropophagistic (an-thrö-pof-a-jistik), a.
Pertaining to or characteristic of the anthro-
pophagi; cannibalistic. Southey.
Evidences of [the prehistoric cave-men's] occasional lit-
tle amthropophagistic failings, in the shape of scraped and
chipped human bones, . . . are not infrequent.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 205.
anthropophagite (an-thrö-pof '3-jit), n. [As
anthropophagous + -ite?..] A man-eater; a can-
nibal.
I should naturally have killed my lion, tempted the ap-
petite of the anthropophagite, and brought home a little
negro boy. T. B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 178.
anthropophagizet (an-thrö-pof a-jiz), v.3. [As
anthropophagous + -ize.] To feed on human
flesh; practise cannibalism. Cockeram; Blownt.
[Rare.]
anthropophagous (ºn-thrö-pof 3-gus), a [K
L. anthropophagus, K. Gr. Övöptotropäyog, man-eat-
ing: see anthropophagus.] Man-eating; homi-
nivorous; feeding on human flesh.
anthropophagus (hº 'm.; pl. an-
thropophagi (ºji). [L., K. Gr. Övöpſotropáyog, man-
eating, Käv6porog, man, + hayeiv, eat.1. A man-
eater; a cannibal; a person who eats human
flesh. Commonly in the plural.
The Cannibals that each other eat,
The Anthropophagi. Shak., Othello, i. 3.
anthropophagy (an-thrö-pof 3-ji), n., [= F.
anthropophagie, K. Gr. Övöporopayſa, K &vôpoſ o-
páyoc, man-eating: see anthropophagus.] The
eating of men; the act or practice of eating
human flesh; cannibalism.
The anthropophagy of Diomedes his horses.
pophagy Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
241
The extent to which anthropophagy has been carried
among some nations is, no doubt, mainly due to the in-
dulgence of the appetite once aroused.
Encyc. Brit., IV. 808.
anthropophobia (an"thrö-pô-fö'bi-á), n. IK Gr.
ăvöpørrog, man, +-poſłła, Kºpoffeiv, fear.] Aver-
sion to man; dread of meeting persons.
He has anthropophobia, being afraid to meet any one
about the house. Alien, and Newrol., VI. 144.
anthropophuism (an-thrū-pof 'il-izm), n.
[Prop...ºntlºpºphyism, Gr, àvôpotropoffº, of
man's nature (Köv600Trog, man, + ºvá, nature, K
ſpíetv, produce, in pass. grow), + -ism..] That
conception of the gods which attributes to them
the possession of functions and desires similar
to those of human beings.
The Jupiter of Homer is to be regarded . . . as the re-
ceptacle and butt of the principal parts of such earthly,
sensual, and appetitive elements as, at the time of Homer,
anthropophuism had obtruded into the sphere of deity.
Gladstone, Studies in Homer, II. 174.
anthropophuistic (an-thrö-pof-ii-is' tik), a.
[As anthropophuism -H, -ist-ic.] Relating to or
characterized by anthropophuism.
That introduction of the female principle into the
sphere of deity, which the Greeks seem to have adopted,
after their anthropophuistic manner, with a view to the
family order among the Immortals.
Gladstone, Studies in Homer, II. 51.
anthropophysite (an-thrö-pofºi-sit), n. [KGr.
&vôpotrog, man, + pictſ, nature, + -ite?..] One
who ascribes a human nature to the gods.
E. B. Tylor.
Anthropopithecus (an” thrö-pô-pi-thé’kus), n.
[NL., K. Gr. Övöpotrog, man, -ī- Trithmkoç, ape: see
Pithecus.] A genus of anthropoid apes, of the
family Simiidae and subfamily Simiinae, con-
taining only the chimpanzee: proposed by De
Blainville as a substitute for Troglodytes (Geof-
froy), preoccupied in ornithology. Both these
names are antedated by Mimetes (Leach, 1819).
anthroposcopy (an-thrö-posſkº-pi), n. IK Gr.
ăvěpotrog, man, +-okotta, Kokotreiv, view.] The
art of discovering or judging of character, pas-
sions, and inclinations from the lineaments of
the body. Craig.
anthroposophist (an "thrö-pos' 5-fist), m. [K
anthroposophy + -ist.] One furnished with the
wisdom of men. Kingsley. (N. E. D.)
anthroposophy (an-thrö-pos' 3-fi), n., [K Gr.
ãvöpatrog, man, + gopia, wisdom, Koopóg, wise.
Cf. theosophy.] Knowledge of the nature of
man; acquaintance with man's structure and
functions, comprehending anatomy and physi-
ology.
anthropotomical (an"thrū-pô-tom’i-kal), a.
[As anthropotomy + -ic-al.] Pertaining to
anthropotomy, or the dissection of the human
Ody.
anthropotomist (an-thrö-pot'3-mist), n. [As
anthropotomy + -ist.] An anatomist of the
human body. Owen.
anthropotomy (an-thrö-pot' 3-mi), n. [K Gr.
ôv6potoc, a man, + Top1%, a cutting, K Tépivetv,
Tapeiv, cut. Cf. anatomy.] The anatomy or
dissection of the human body; human anatomy.
The os innominatum is represented throughout life in
most reptiles by three distinct bones, answering to the
iliac, ischial, and pubic portions in anthropotomy.
Owen, Comp. Anat.
anthropurgic (an-thrö-pèr'jik), a. [K Gr. &v600–
Tovpyóg, making men, P Övöpoſtoc, man, + špyov
=E. work, m.] Pertaining to or influenced by
the exercise of human power; operated on by
man: opposed to physiurgic (which see).—An-
thropurgic somatology, “the science of bodies, so far
as man . . . is able to operate upon them.” Quoted in
Bentham's Works, Int., p. 16.
thura (an-thirã), m. [NL., K. Gr. &v6og, a
flower, -- oipá, tail.] A genus of isopods, typi-
cal of the family Anthuridae. Leach, 1813.
Anthuridae (an-thū’ri-dé), m. pi. [NL., K An-
thura + -idae.] A family of isopods, typified by
the genus Anthura, in which the body is slen-
der and vermiform, the antennae are short and
4-jointed, and the plates of the swimmeret form
Anthurium (an-thū’ri-um), m. [NL., K. Gr. &v-
dog, a flower, + oipá, a tail.] . A large genus of
tropical American plants, of the family Ara-
ceae, growing as epiphytes on forest-trees. The
flowers are arranged on a fleshy spike, rising out of a green
or often richly colored spathe. Its species are extensively
cultivated as ornamental plants in greenhouses.
Anthus (an'thus), m. [L., K. Gr. Övöog, masc., a
small bird, prob, the yellow wagtail (tr. florus by
Gaza), appar. Käv00g, neut., a flower.] Agenus of
oscine passerine birds, of the family Motacillidae
and subfamily Anthimae; the pipits or titlarks.
*a kind of capsule.
anthypochon
anti-.
anti-acid (an-ti-as’id), m. and a.
antiadest (an-ti'a-déz), n.
antiaditist van-ti-a-diºtis), m.
antiaditis
There are numerous species, much resembling one an-
other, all being small, brown, spotted and streaked birds,
with slender bill and iengthened hind claw, and the point
of the wing formed, in the typical species, by the first four
primaries. They are of terrestrial habits, in this and some
other respects resembling larks. The best-known Euro-
pean species are A. pratensis, the meadow-pipit; 4. ar-
Pipit, or Titlark (Aztt/tres Ziedovzczartzes).
boreus, the tree-pipit; A. aquaticus, the rock-pipit; and A.
richardi. The most abundant North American pipit is
A. ludovicianus, very generally distributed throughout the
eastern portions of the continent. The Missouri pipit, also
called skylark, is A. Spraguei, common on the western
prairies, especially in Dakota, and belongs to a Subgenus
Neocorys. There are several South American species, of
the subgenera Notio s and Pediocorys.
anthypnotic (ant-hip- or an-thip-not'ik),... a.
[K Gr. as if *āvövſtvorakóg.
Same as antihypnotic.
#. (ant/hip- or an-thip-3-kon'-
dri-ak), a. [K Gr. as if *āvövtroxovéptakóg. See
antihypochondriac.] Same as antihypochon-
driac.
See antihypnotic.]
anthypophora (ant-hi--or an-thi-pofſö-ră), n.
[L., K. Gr. divövtopopá, Käv6-, divt-for avtt, against,
+ intopopá, a putting forward by way of excuse,
an objection, Kütropépetv, hold out, bring under,
K iTó, under, -- påpetv, bear, carry, = E. bearl.]
In rhet., a figure which consists in anticipating
and refuting objections which might be ad-
vanced by an opponent. Also written antihy-
pophora.
aftºric (ant-his- or an—this-ter’ik), a. and
72. Gr. as if *āvövotepukóg. See antihysteric.]
Same as antihysteric.
K L., etc., anti-, K. Gr. avTu-, prefix, &vti,
prep., Over against, Opposite to, against, Op-
§. to, answering to, counter, equal to,
kt. anti, over against, - L. ante, in comp. ante-,
rarely anti-, before, = Goth. OS. AS., etc., and-:
see further under ante-and-and-. In a few words
anti-represents L. ante, anti-, as in anticipate,
antibrachial.] A prefix of Greek origin: origi-
nally only in compounds or derivatives taken
from the Greek or formed of Greek elements,
as in antipathy, antinomy, etc. (the earliest ex-
ample in English being antichrist, which see),
but now a familiar English formative, meaning
primarily against, opposed to. It forms—(1) Com-
pound nouns (with the accent on the prefix), in which anti-
has the attributive force of opposed to, opponent, oppo-
site, counter, as in antichrist, antipope, antichorus, am-
ticyclone, antipole, etc. (2) Compound adjectives (with
the accent on the radical element), in which anti-retains
its original prepositional force, against, opposed to,
governing the noun expressed or implied, as in anti-
christian, antipapal, anticlerical, etc. Such compound
adjectives adopt an adjective termination, as in the ex-
amples just cited, Or onlit it, as in antichterch, antisla-
very, antiprohibition, antirent, when it does not exist or is
not readily formed. This mixture of adjective and sub-
stantive forms makes easy the development, from the
compound adjectives, of abstract nouns like antislavery,
antiprohibition, etc. In form these compound adjectives,
like antichristian, anticlerical, anti-Socinian, are thus,
strictly, made up of anti- with a noun and an adjective
termination, as anti--- Christ + -ian, anti--- clerie H--al,
anti-4. Socin(-ws) + -ian, etc.; but in effect they are often
equivalent to, and for brevity they may be marked as,
anti- + Christian, anti-H clerical, etc. These compounds
are especially applied to persons or parties opposed in
opinion or practice to other persons or parties, or to
things; in medicine, to remedies producing or intended to
produce an effect or condition opposite to or in correction
or prevention of that implied in the simple word, as anti-
corrosive, antipyretic, antifat, etc. In the etymologies
following, anti- is treated as a mere English formative,
and is not referred to the Greek, except when obviously
taken, in connection with the radical element, directly
from the Greek.
Same as ant-
acid. -
ol. [K Gr, àvtićdec, pl.
of Övſkáç, a tonsil, esp, when swelled, K &vrioc,
opposite, K Čvri, against; see anti-.] The ton-
sils.
Af & [NL., K. Gr. &v-
Ttáðeg, tonsils (see above), + -ītis.] Inflamma-
tion of the tonsils; tonsilitis.

16 *
aiitiae
antiae (anti-6), n. pl. [NL., K LL., antiae, the
hair growing on theforehead, forelock, K. L. ante,
before: see ante-.] -
In ornith., exten-
sions of the feathers
on the upper mandi-
ble on either side of
the base of the cul-
men. Also called
* frontal points.
anti-albumose (an”-
ti-al-bü’mós), n.
anti- + album (en) + -ose.] A term formerly
used to designate a product of albuminous di-
gestion which is converted to antipeptone.
anti-anarchic (an"ti-a-nār'kik), a. [K anti- +
anarchic..] Opposed to anarchy or confusion:
as, “your antianarchic Girondins,” Carlyle,
French Rev., III. iv. 2... [Rare.]
anti-aphrodisiac (an"ti-af-rū-diz’i-ak), a. and
m. Same as antaphrodisiac.
antiar, antjar (an’ti-ār), n. [Javanese.] 1. The
upas-tree of Java. –2. One of the arrow-poi-
sons of Java and the adjacent islands. It is
called in full wipas-antiar, and the active ingredient seems
to be a gum resin exuding from incisions made in the trunk
of Ipo toacicaria. Introduced through the stomach or
a wound, it is a violent poison, producing great prostra-
tion, convulsive movements, cardiac paralysis, and death.
antiarin (an’ti-a-rin), n. IK antiar + -in”.]
The active principle (C27H42O10+4H2O) of
antiar, the upas-poison. Also written anthia-
7°1776.
Antiaris (an-ti-ā'ris), m. [NL., K antiar, q.v.]
A name given by Leschenault in 1810 to Ipo,
Antiae, c, culmen.
Flowering Branch of the Upas-tree (Ipo toxicaria).
• a genus of moraceous trees of the East In-
dies and Malayan arehipelago. It includes the
famous upas-tree, Ipo toacicaria, one of the largest trees
in the forests of Java, the poisonous qualities of which have
been greatly exaggerated. It is harmless except when it
has been recently felled or when the bark has been ex-
tensively wounded, in which cases the effluvium causes
a severe cutaneous eruption. Sacks are made of the bark
of I. innoſcia by soaking and beating the trunk till the
bark is loosened and can be removed whole.
anti-arthritic (an "ti-ār-thrit 'ik), a. and m.
Same as antarthritic. &
anti-asthmatic (an "ti-ast-mat 'ik), a. and n.
Same as antasthmatic.
anti-attrition (an"ti-à-trish’gn), a.
antifriction. * e
antibabylonianism (an"ti-bab-i-lô"ni-an-izm),
m. [K anti- + Babylonian + -ism..] . Denuncia-
tion of the Church of Rome as being the Babylon
of the Apocalypse (Rev. xvii.). [Rare.]
Our Boanerges with his threats of doom,
And loud-lung'd antibabylonianisms.
Tennyson, Sea Dreams.
antibacchic (an-ti-bak'ik), a. [K antibacchius
+ -ic.] Consisting of or of the nature of an
antibacchius. N. E. D.
antibacchius (an'ti-ba-kiſus), n. ; pl. antibacchi;
(-i). [L., K. Gr. *āvrtſłakyelog, Kávré, against, op-
Fº to, + £akkeioc, a £acchius; see bacchius.]
n pros., a foot of three syllables, the first two
long and the last one short. The metrical ictus is
on the ſirst long syllable, as in dinnbiré in Latin, or grând-
frither in English. Opposed to the bacchius, in which the
first syllable is short and the last two are long, but also
Sometimes interchanging meanings with it.
antibacterial (an'ti-bak-té'ri-al), a... [K anti--H
bacteria + -al.] Opposed to the theory that
certain diseases are caused by the presence of
bacteria.
antibasilican (an"ti-ba-zil’i-kan), a, IK. Gr.
ăvri, against, + 3aotAtkóg, royal, K 3aotAeūg, a
Same as
242
king: see basilica.] Opposed to royal state and
power.
antibilious (an-ti-bil’yus), a. [K anti-H bil-
ious.] Counteractive of bilious complaints: as,
* antibilious pills.
antibiotic (an"ti-bi-ot'ik), a.[KGr. &yri, against,
+ £uoruſſº, of or pertaining to life, K810iv, live,
K Bioc, life.] ..Qpposed to a belief in the pres-
OnCO OI’ §º of life. N. E. D.
antibrachial, antibrachium. See antebrachial,
antebrachiwm. . . .
Antiburgher (an 'ti-bêr-gēr), n. IK anti-,+
Burgher, q.v., in the special sense of a seceder
who approved of the burgess oath..] . A mem-
ber of one of the two sections into which
the Scotch Secession Church was split in 1747,
by a controversy on the lawfulness of accept-
ing a clause in the oath required to be taken
by burgesses declaratory of “their profession
and allowance of the true religion professed
within the realm and authorized by the laws
thereof.” The Antiburghers denied that this oath could
be taken consistently with the principles of the church,
while the Burghers affirmed its compatibility. The result
was that the church was rent in two, each section estab-
lishing a communion of its own, known respectively as the
General Associate Synod, or Antiburghers, and the Asso-
ciate Synod, or Burghers. They were reunited in 1820,
after seventy-three years of separation, thus constituting
the United Secession Church. - ©
antic (antik), a. and n... [Introduced in the
reign of Henry VIII., spelled antick, anticke, an-
tike, antyke, and later antique (with accent on
the first syllable), K F. antique, ancient, stale,
= Pr. antic = Sp. antiguo = Pg. antigo = It.
antico, ancient, old, K L. antiquus, former, ear-
lier, ancient, old, Kante, before: see ante-, and
cf. ancientl. In the 17th century the spell-
ing antique, which then first became common,
was gradually restricted to the literal sense,
with the accent and pronunciation changed in
immediate dependence on the F., while antick,
antic was retained in the deflected sense: see
antique.] I. a. 1+. Belonging to former times;
ancient; antique.
The famous warriors of the amticke world
Us'd trophees to erect in stately wize.
Spemser, Sonnets, lxix.
2}. Having existed for a long time; old; aged.
—3+. Proper to former times; antiquated; old-
fashioned.
Vertue is thought an antick piece of formality.
Bp. Burmet, Rochester, p. 170. (N. E. D.)
4. Fantastic, grotesque, odd, strange, or ludi-
crous, in form, dress, gesture, or posture.
Grottesca, a kind of rugged umpolished painters worke,
amticke worke. I'lorio.
How strange or odd soe'er I bear myself,
As I, perchance, hereafter shall think meet
To put an antic disposition on. Shak., Hamlet, i. 5.
The amtic postures of a merry-andrew. Addison.
A fourth [Indian] would fondly kiss and paw his com-
panions, and snear in their faces, with a countenance
more antic than any in a Dutch doll.
Beverley, Virginia, ii. "I 18.
The antic and spiry pinnacles that closed the strait were
all of white marble. Blackwood's Mag., XXXII. 983.
II. n. 1+. Aman of ancient times; an ancient;
in plural, the ancients.
The soles were tied to the upper parte with latchets, as
is painted of the Antikes.
T. N., tr. of Conquest W. India, p. 170. (N. E. D.)
Shall there be gallows standing in England when thou
art king, and resolution thus fobbed, as it is, with the rusty
curb of old Father Antick the law? Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2.
2. In art, antic work; a composition consisting
of fantastic figures of
men, animals, foliage,
and flowers incongru-
ously combined or run
together; a fantastic
flºº or fanciful
gure. The term is applied
to certain ancient sculptures,
etc., and to such figures as Ra-
phael's arabesques; and in
architecture to figures of grif-
fins, sphinxes, centaurs, etc.,
introduced as ornaments.
A worke of rich entayle and
curious mould,
Woven with antickes and wyld
In 1819 (62TV.
y §, F. Q., II. vii. 4.
3. A grotesque, fantas-
tic, odd, strange, or lu-
dicrous gesture or pos-
ture; a fantastic trick;
a piece of buffoonery;
a caper.
Two sets of manners could the Youth put on ;
And fraught with antic8 as the Indian bird
That writhes and chatters in her wiry cage.
Wordsworth, Excursion, vi.
Antic, Amiens Cathedral, 13th
century. ſº. Viollet-le-Duc's
“Dict. de l'Architecture.”)
anticaustic (an-ti-käs’tik), n.
. ." . . . . . . . . .x: ºx-º. 8 ºr, -, ex: * *** :
~ * .* -- ~~ . . . . . . . . . ., "t,” “... ...”.
- ? … - : . . . . . . . º : ".
• Fº,
antichrist -
4. A grotesque pageant; a piece of mummery;
a ridiculous interlude; a mask.
Not long since
I saw in Brussels, at my being there,
The Duke of Brabant welcome the Archbishop
Of Mentz with rare conceit, even on a sudden,
Perform'd by knights and ladies of his court,
In nature of an antic. Ford, Love's Sacrifice, iii, 2,
We cannot feast your eyes with masks and revels
Or courtly antics. Beau. and Fl., Laws of Candy, iii. 1. .
5. A buffoon; a clown; a merry-andrew.
And point like antics at his triple crown.
Marlowe, Faustus, iii, 1.
Fear not, my lord; we can contain ourselves,
Were he the veriest antic in the world.
Shak., T. of the S., Ind., i.
antic? (an’tik), v.; pret, and pp. anticked, ppr.
anticking. [Kantic, a.] I. trams. To make an-
tic or grotesque. .
The wild disguise hath almost
Antick'd us all. Shak., A. and C., ii. 7.
II, intrans. To perform antics; play tricks;
cut Capers.
antica, n. Plural of anticum.
anticachectic (an’ti-ka-kek’tik), a. and n. [K
anti- + cachectic.] I. a. Efficacious against;
cachexia, or a disordered bodily condition.
II. m. In med., a remedy for cachexia.
antical (anti’kº), a. Same as anticows.
anticardiac (an-ti-kär"di-ak), a. [K anticardi-
wm. Cf. cardiac.] Of or pertaining to the
anticardium.
anticardium (an-ti-kär'di-um), n. ; pl. anticar-
dia (-ā). [NL., K. Gr. &vrukápótov, K. Čivri, over
against, + Kapóta, heart: see cardiac.] The hoſ.
low at the bottom of the sternum; the epigas-
trium: also called scrobiculus cordis, or, more
commonly, the pit of the stomach.
anticarnivorous (an'ti-kār-niv’ā-rus), a. [K
anti- + carnivorous.] Opposed to feeding on
flesh; vegetarian.
anticatarrhal (an"ti-ka-tär’al), a. [K anti- +
catarrhal.] Efficacious against catarrh.
anticausodic (an’ti-kā-sod'ik), a. Same as
anticaº Sotic.
anticausotic (an’ti-kā-sot'ik), a. [K Gr. &vrí,
against, + “kavoorukóg, K Kavo Geoffat, be in a burn-
ing fever (E. also anticausodic, KGr, divri, against,
+ kavoºdmg, feverish, K. kaijoog -- eiðog, form), K
kaijoog, a (burning) bilious fever, K. Katetv, burn:
see caustic.] Efficacious against an inflamma.
tory fever. * *
tic..] A caustic curve produced by refraction;
a diacaustic.
antichambert, n. An old form of antechamber.
anticheir (anti-kir), m. [Prop. *antichir, K. Gr.
&vtíželp (se. Čáktvāog, finger), the thumb, K. Čivri,
over against, + 2 eip, the hand.] . The thumb,
as opposed to the rest of the hand... [Rare.]
antiš. (an’ti-klór), n. IK anti--- chlor(ime),
q. V.] bleaching, any substance or means
employed to remove or neutralize the injurious
effects of the free chlorine left in cotton, linen,
or paper which has been bleached by means of
alkaline hypochlorites, as chlorid of lime, etc.
The neutral and acid sodium sulphites were first used, but
they are now superseded by sodium hyposulphite or thio-
sulphite, which is both cheaper and more efficacious. This
antichlor forms, with the chlorine in the cloth, etc., sodi-
um sulphate and chlorate, which are easily removed by
Washing.
antichloristic (an’ti-kló-ris’tik), a. [K anti-
chlor:l Qf or pertaining to an antichlor.
antichresis (an-ti-kré'sis), n. . [ML., K MGr.
ãvríxpmote, reciprocal usage, K &vri, against, in
return, + 2 pſiozº, usage, Kypāoffat, use..] In civil
law, an agreement by which the debtor gives
his creditor the use of land or (formerly) slaves,
in order thereby to pay the interest and princi-
pal of his debt.
antichrist (an’ti-krist), n. [The * has
been altered to bring it nearer the Latin form;
K ME. anticrist, antecrist, sometimes contr. an-
crist, K AS. antecrist, K LL. antichristus, K. Gr.
ãvrixplorog, antichrist, Kávri, against, + Xptotóg,
Christ: see anti- and Christ.] An opponent of
Christ; a person or power antagonistic to Christ.
[Most commonly with a capital.]
As ye have heard that antichrist shall come, even now
are there many antichrists. . . . He is antichrist, that de-
nieth the Father and the Son. 1 John ii. 18, 22.
The word occurs in the Scriptures only in the Epistles of
John; but the same person or power is elsewhere referred
to (2 Thes, ii. 1–12; 1 Tim. iv. 1–3; 2 Pet. ii. 1). Inter-
preters of Scripture differ in their understanding of these
references. Some suppose them to relate to a lawless but
impersonal power, a spirit opposed to Christianity; some
to a historic º: or potentate, as Caligula, Titus, the
pope, or Luther; some to a great power for evil yet to be
Tºº-º-ºººº...º.º.º.º.º. : , , , , " : * * * * * * *- : ...” “”
*:: * *** :*.*.*.*.*.*.*, *... ." ….. ***... ?:, . * *** *S., f : **** -
º “º. *ºr A- ‘. . .” -, . .
[K anti- + caus-,



- . antichrist
manifested and gathered about a central personal agency,
Roman Catholic writers commonly interpret the word# an
nerically of any adversary of Christ and of the authority
of the church, but specifically as the last and greatest per-
secutor of the Christian church at the end of the world.
The name has also been applied to the pretenders to the
messiahship, or false Christs (Mat. xxiv. 24), who have
arisen at various periods, as being antagonistic to the
true Christ. Of these as many as sixty-four have been
reckoned, including some of little importance, and also
Some, as Mohammed, who cannot properly be classed
among them.
antichristian (an-ti-kris’tian), a. and n... [KML.
antichristianus, K LGr. &vrižptoruavóg, Kávrºpto-
tog: see antichrist. Cf. Christian.] I. a. 1. Of
or pertaining to Antichrist.
They are equally mad who say Bishops are so Jure Divino
that § must be continued, and they who say they are so
Antichristian that they must be put away.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 28.
2. Antagonistic to or opposing the Christian
religion.
Babel and Babylon its successor remain in the Subse-
quent Biblical literature as types of the God-defying and
antichristian systems that have succeeded each other from
the time of Nimrod to this day.
Dawson, Origin of World, p. 266.
II. m. One opposed to the Christian religion.
antichristianism (an-ti-kris’tian-izm), n.
antichristian + -ism..] Opposition to Christian-
ity; conduct or belief opposed to Christianity.
Have we not seen many whose opinions have fastened
upon one another the brand of antichristianism &
- Decay of Christ. Piety.
antichristianity#(an"ti-kris-ti-an’i-ti), n. Same
as antichristianism.
antichristianize (an-ti-kristian-iz), v. i. [K
antichristian + -ize.] To antagonize Christian-
ity. [Rare.]
antichronical (an-ti-kron’i-kal), a. [K Gr. avtſ,
against, instead of, + Apóvog, time (see chronic),
+ -al. Cf. Gr. &vrºpovía, the use of one tense
for another: see antichronism..] Deviating from
#. * order of time; erroneously dated.
8. I'6,
antichronically (an-ti-kron’i-kal-i), adv. In an
antichronical manner. [Rare.]
antichronism (am-tik/rö-nizm), n. IK Gr. &vrt-
2povtopég, the use of one tense for another, K
ëvri, against, instead of, +, ×póvog, time, tense:
see chronic.] Deviation from the true order
of time; anachronism. [Rare.]
Our chronologies are, by transcribing, interpolation, mis-
printing, and creeping in of antichronisms, now and then
strangely disordered. Selden, Drayton's Polyolbion, iv.
antichthon (an-tik/thon), m.; pl. antichthones
(-thé-nēz), [K L. antichthones, pl., K. Gr. &v-
t{x}ovec, pl., the people of an opposite hemi-
sphere, K &vtížffov, sing., an opposite hemi-
sphere; in the Pythagorean system of the uni-
verse, àvráž6øv (se. yń), an opposite or counter
earth; K &vrt, against, opposite to, + 2.66w, the
ground, the º see chthonic. Cf. autochthon.]
1. In Pythagorean astronomy, an imaginary in-
visible planet continually opposing the earth
and .# the central fire, round which it
was supposed to revolve, in common with the
earth, moon, sun, certain planets, and the fixed
Stars.
Of the sacred fire, the hearth of the universe, with suns
and planets and the earth's double antichthon revolving
round it, the whole enclosed in a crystal globe with no-
thing outside, . . . we find no mention in these verses [of
Hierocles]. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 268.
2. pl. The inhabitants of an opposite hemi-
sphere.
#ºnt (an-tis’i-pant), a. [K L. antici-
pan(t-)s, ppr. of anticipare, anticipate: see an-
ficipate. Anticipating; anticipative: in pa-
thol., applied to periodic diseases whose at-
tacks occur at decreasing intervals.
The first pangs
Of wakening guilt, anticipant of hell.
Southey, The Rose.
anticipate (an-tis’i-pât), v.; pret, and pp. an-
ticipated, ppr. anticipating, [K L. anticipatus,
pp. of anticipare, take in advance or before the
time, anticipate, K anti, an old form of ante,
before (see ante), +-cipare, K. Capere, take; cf.
antecapore, take before, anticipate, K ante +
capere.] i. trans. 1+. To seize or take before-
hand.—2. To be before in doing something;
take action in advance of; precede, prevent,
or preclude by prior action.
Here art thou in appointment fresh and fair,
Anticipating time. Shak., T. and C.,
Time, thou anticipat'st my dread exploits.
- Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1.
I was determined . . . to anticipate their fury, by first
falling into a passion myself. * Goldsmith, Vicar, xiv.
[
K
iv. 5.
. . . 243 -
3. To take, do, use, etc., before the propertime;
precipitate, as an action or event; as, the ad-
.* has anticipated that part of his argu-
IOleIlt,
The revenues of the next year had been anticipated.
Macaulay, Nugent's Hampden.
4. To realize beforehand; foretaste or foresee;
have a view or impression of beforehand; look
forward to; expect: as, Inever anticipated such
a disaster; to anticipate the pleasures of an
entertainment.
I would not anticipate the relish of any happiness, nor
feel the weight of any misery, before it actually arrives.
ddison, Spectator, No. 7.
A reign of terror began, of terror heightened by mys-
tery; for even that which was endured was less horrible
than that which was anticipated.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
5+. To occupy the attention of before the
proper time.
I shall not anticipate the reader with farther descrip-
tions of this kind. Swift,
=Syn. 2. To get the start of, forestall.—4. To forecast,
count upon, prepare one's self for, calculate upon.
II. intrans. To treat of something, as in a
narrative, before the proper time.
anticipatedlyt, anticipately (an-tis’i-pâ-ted-
li, -pât-li), adv. By anticipation.
It may well be deemed a singular mark of favor that our
Lord did intend to bestow upon all pastors, that he did
anticipately promise to Peter.
Barrow, The Pope's Supremacy,
anticipation (an-tis-i-pâ'shgn), n. [KL, antici-
patio(m-), a preconception, anticipation, Kantici-
are, anticipate: see anticipate.] 1. The act of
eing before another in doing something; the
act of taking up, placing, or considering some-
thing beforehand, before the proper time, or
out of the natural order; prior action.—2.
Foretaste; realization in advance; previous
view or impression of what is to happen after-
ward; expectation; hope: as, the anticipation
of the joys of heaven.
The remembrance of past, or the anticipation of future
good or evil, could give me neither pleasure nor pain.
Beattie, Truth, I. ii. § 3.
3. Previous notion; preconceived opinion, pro-
duced in the mind before the truth is known;
slight previous impression; forecast.
What nation is there, that without any teaching, have
not a kind of anticipation, or preconceived notion of a
Deity? Derham.
Many men give themselves up to the first anticipations
of their minds. Locke, Conduct of Understanding, $ 25.
4. In logic, the term used since Cicero (Latin an-
ticipatio) to translate the “prolepsis” (Tpéâmpic)
of the Epicureans and Stoics. It denotes any general
notion considered as resulting from the action of memory
upon experiences more or less similar. Such a notion is
called an anticipation because, once possessed, it is called
up in its entirety by a mere suggestion. It thus acquaints
us with what has not yet been perceived, by a reference
to past perceptions. Hence, with later philosophers, the
word denotes knowledge drawn from the mind, indepen-
dently of experience; the knowledge of axioms or first
;. ith Bacon an anticipation of nature is a
asty generalization or hypothesis : opposed to an inter-
pretation of mature. In Kant's philosophy, anticipation
is the a priori knowledge that every sensation must have
degrees of intensive quantity. te
5. In med., the occurrence in the human bod
of any phenomenon, morbid or natural, before
the usual time.—6. In music, the introduction
into a chord of one or more of the component
notes of the chord which follows, producing a
passing discord.—7. In rhet., prolepsis. = Syn.
2. Antepast, preconception, expectation, prevision, fore-
sight, presentiment. . . . . º
anticipative (an-tisſi-pâ-tiv), a. . [K, L, as if
“anticipativus: see anticipate and -ive..] Antici-
pating or tending to anticipate; containing an-
ticipation. * - -
anticipatively (an-tis’i-pā-tiv-li), adv.
ticipation.
The name of his Majesty defamed, the honour of Parlia-
ment depraved, the writings of both depravedly, antici-
patively, counterfeitly imprinted.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, Pref.
anticipator (an-tis’i-pâ-tor), m. [K. L. as if
# Aw, • * tº e - o.º. - -
anticipator: see anticipate and -or.] One who
anticipates. e º
*igatºry (an-tisſi-pā-tº-ri), a...[K. antici-
pate + -ory..] ... Pertaining to, manifesting, or
expressing anticipation; anticipative.
Prophecy being an anticipatory history.
Dr. H. More, Seven Churches, Pref.
It is very true that the anticipatory conditional has to
do with practical matters chiefly.
Amner. Jour. Philol., IV. 427, foot-note.
anticivism (an-ti-siv'izm), m. [K F. anticivisme:
see anti- and civism..] Opposition or hostility
By an-
anticlastic (an-ti-klastik), a.
anticlimax (an’ti-kli-maks), m.
anticly (antik-li), adv.
anticness (an 'til -nes), m.
anticontagious (an"ti-kom-tā’jus), a.
anticonvulsive
Woe to him who is guilty of plotting, of anticivism,
royalism, etc. Carlyle, French Rev., II. iii. 2.
[K Gr. as if *āv-
túðaorukóg, KávrtkWäv, bend back, Kávri, back, +
K%iv, break (verbal adj. ºdºrº.j An epithet
descriptive of the curvature of a surface, such
as that of a saddle or the inner surface of an
anchor-ring, which intersects its tangent-plane
at the point of contact, and bends away from
it, partly on One side of it and partly on the
other, and has thus in some of its normal sec-
tions curvatures oppositely directed to those in
others. Opposed to synclastic surfaces, which are illus.
trated by the surface of a sphere or of the outer portion
of the anchor-ring.
An interesting case of equilibrium is suggested by what
are called rocking stones, where . . . the lower surface of
a loose mass of rock is worn into a convex or concave, or
anticlastic form, while the bed of rock on which it rests in
equilibrium may be convex or concave, or of an anticlastic
form. Thomson and Tait, Nat. Phil., I. § 566.
Anticlastic stress, two simple bending stresses of equal
amounts in opposite directions round two sets of parallel
straight lines perpendicular to one another in the plane of
the plate; its effect would be uniform anticlastic curvature.
Thomson and Tait, Nat. Phil., I. § 638.
& - [K Gr. &vtt, op-
posite to, + k2lua;, a climax : see climaa..] A
figure or fault of style, consisting in an abrupt
descent from stronger to weaker expressions, or
from the mention of more important to that of
Aless important things: opposed to climax.
ânticlinal (an-ti-kliºnal), a. and n. [As anticline
+ -al.] I. a. Inclining in opposite directions
from a medial axis: applied to the upfolded
part of a series of stratified rocks when they
incline or dip from an axis in consequence of
Trace of azial plane.
§§§
:9; 32-ºss. “
Section of Anticlinal Fold.
crustal movements which have folded or
pressed the strata together: opposed to sym-
climal. Occasionally anticlinic and anticlinical.
- Anticlinal line, or anticlinal axis, in geol., the me-
dial line of a folded structure, from which the strata dip on
either side, as from the ridge of a house.
II. m. In geol., an anticlinal line or axis, or
an anticlinal fold; an anticlinal arrangement
of strata : opposed to symclimal. -
Among the old rocks of Wales and other parts of west-
ern Britain, it is not uncommon to find the beds thrown
into a succession of sharp anticlinals and synclinals.
Hurley, Physiog., p. 214.
anticline (an’ti-klin), n. [K Gr. divri, opposite, 4-
K%ivetv, incline. Cf. Gr. divrtk?ively, bend again.]
An upfolded structure of stratified ... OT
i. mass of strata that possess such a struc-
UIT0. -
anticlinic, anticlinical (an-ti-klin'ik, -i-kal), a.
[Rare.]
In an antic manner:
with odd postures and gesticulations; gro-
tesquely. [Rare.]
Scannbling, out-facing, fashion-monging boys,
That lie, and cog, and flout, deprave and slander,
Go anticly, and show outward hideousness.
Shak., Much Ado, v. 1.
Same as anticlinal.
antic-mask (antik-mäsk), m. A mask of antics;
an antimask (which see).
Our request is, we may be admitted, if not for a mask,
for an antic-mask. B. Jonson, Masque of Augurs.
anticnemion (an-tik-nē’mi-on), n. ; pl. antic-
nemia (-à). [K Gr. avTikvågtov, the shin, K. Čivri,
opposite to, + Kvåum, the part of the leg between
the knee and the ankle, by medical writers con-
fined to the tibia.] The anterior edge of the
tibia; the shin. [Rare.]
[K antic + -mess.]
The quality or condition of being antic; gro-
tesqueness; oddness, as of appearance.
A port of humorous antic mess in carriage.
Ford, Fancies, iv. 2.
anticonstitutional (an 'ti-kon-sti-tū’shgn-al),
a. [K anti- + constitution + -al.] . Opposed to
or conflicting with the constitution, as of a
state; unconstitutional. [Rare.]
Anticonstitutional dependency of the two houses of par-
liament on the crown. Bolingbroke, On Parties, xix.
- e [K anti-
+ contagious.] Counteracting or destroying
contagion.
to the state or condition of citizenship, or to anticonvulsive (an'ti-kon-vul'siv), a. [K anti-
republicanism, bad citizenship. [Rare.]
+ convulsive..] Efficacious against convulsions.

anticorrosive
anticorrosive (anti-kg-rö'siv), n. IK anti- +
corrosive.]. Something used to prevent or rem-
edy corrosion.
Zinc has been shown . . . to be an excellent anti-cor-
Tosive . . . where decomposed grease, or fatty acid, is the
destroying agent. Workshop Receipts, 2d ser., p. 44.
anticosmetic (an’ti-koz-met'ik), a. [K anti---
cosmetic...] Acting against or counteracting the
effects of cosmetics.
I would have him apply his anticosmetic wash to the
painted face of female beauty.
Lord Lyttelton, Misc. Works, II. 123.
anticourt (an'ti-kört), a... [Kanti- + court.] Op-
posed to the court: as, “the anticourt party,”
Sir J. Reresby, Memoirs, p. 153. . [Rare.]
anticourtier (anti-kör-tiér), n. [K anti- + cour-
tier.] One who opposes the court, or the acts of
a monarch. [Rare.]
anticous (an-ti'kus), a. [KL. anticus, that is in
front, Kante, before: see ante-, and cf. antic, an-
tique.] In bot. : (a) Facing
anteriorly, away from the
axis of the plant. (b) Turn-
ed inward and facing the
axis of the flower: applied
to anthers, and equivalent
to introrse. Also antical.
anticreator (an ‘ti-kré-ā'-
tgr), n., [K anti-H creator.]
A creator of something of
no value. [Rare.]
Let him ask the author of those toothless satires who
was the maker, or rather the anticreator, of that universal
foolery. Milton, Apol. for Smectymnuus.
anticum (an-ti’kum), m. ; pl. antica (-kä). [L.,
neut. of anticus, that is in front: see anticous.]
In arch., an unnecessary name for the front of
a building, as distinguished from posticum, the
rear of a building, etc. The name has been pro-
posed, but without justification, for the pronaos or for a
front porch. [Rare.]
anticyclone (an’ti-si-klön), n. [K anti-,-H cy-
clone..] 1. A horizontal movement of the at-
mosphere spirally around and away from a
central region. In the northern hemisphere the rota-
tion is clock-wise, in the southern it is counter-clock-
wise. The barometric pressure is higher over the central
region than at the circumference and the air is unusually
clear. In winter and at night the air is cold near the
low ground but warmer at a slight distance above; in
summer and by day the reverse occurs. The term was
introduced by Sir Francis Galton in 1863 and is not to be
confused with Ferrel's term pericyclome (1859). An anti-
cyclone is essentially the same as an area of high pressure
on the daily weather-map.
2. Applied to motions of the same type in
any fluid, as in oceans or lakes.
anticyclonic (an"ti-si-klon'ik), a. . [K anticy-
clone + -ic.] In meteorol., of, pertaining to, or o
the nature of an anticyclone; characterized by
high barometric pressure and an outward flow
of light winds from a center.
Any region of relatively low pressure is called cyclonic,
and any region of relatively high pressure, anticyclomic.
Ure, Dict., IV. 946.
anticyclonically (an"ti-si-klon'i-kal-i), adv. In
an anticyclonic manner; as an anticyclone.
To circulate anticyclomically around the axis of maxi-
mum pressure. Nature, XXX. 46.
antidactyl (anti-dak-til), m. [K L. antidacty-
lus, K. Gr. &vrtóáktvāog, Kávtt, opposite to, + dāk-
tv/og, dactyl: see dactyl.] A dactyl reversed;
an anapest; a metrical foot consisting of two
short syllables followed by a long one, as the
Latin Öcitlós. See anapest.
antidemocratic (an"ti-dem-3-krat'ik), a. [K
anti- + democratic.] 1. Opposing democracy
or popular government.—2. In the United
States, opposed or contrary to the principles of
the Democratic party.
antidemocratical (an’ti-dem-3-krat’i-kal), a.
Same as antidemocratic.
.Antidicomarianite (an’ti-dik-3-māºri-an-it), n.
[K LL. Antidicomarianita, K. Gr. Övráðultog, oppo-
ment (K, avtſ, against, + diſcm, suit or action,
right), + Mapuápa, Mapia, L. Maria, Mary.] One
ofa Öhristian sect which originated in Arabia
in the latter part of the fourth century, who de-
nied the perpetual virginity of Mary, holding
that she was the real wife of Joseph, and had
children by him after the birth of Jesus. Also
called Antimariam.
Antidorcas (an-ti-dórſkas), m. [NL., K. Gr. Avri,
corresponding to, like (see anti-), + dopkác, a
gazel.j A generic term applied by Sundevall
to the springbok, a kind of gazel of Africa, Ga-
2ella (or Antidorcas) euchore.
antidoron (an-ti-dò'ron), m. [MGr. &vríðopov, K
§ºgainst tº a gift.j in the Grſch,
Anticous Anthers.
Flower of the grape-vine:
a, a, anthers, turned to-
ward the pistil, Ö.
3, antidotary (an-ti-dó’ta-ri), a. and m.
244
bread forming part of the holy loaf, blessed in
the prothesis, but not sacramentally consecrat-
ed, and distributed at the close of the service
to those who have not communicated. A similar
practice has prevailed at times in the Western Church, the
bread bearing the mame of blessed bread. See eulogia.
antidotal (an’ti-dó-tºl), a. [K antidote + -al.]
Pertaining to antidotes; having the quality of
an antidote ; proof against poison or anything
hurtful.
Animals that can innoxiously digest these poisons be-
come antidotal to the poison digested.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg, Err.
Snake poison and antidotal remedies.
- The American, VI. 205.
antidotally (an’ti-dó-tal-i), adv. In the man-
ner of an antidote; by way of antidote.
antidotarium (an’ti-dò-tā’ri-um), m.; pl. anti-
dotaria (-ā). [ML., neut. (also masc. antidota-
ºrius (Sc. liber, book), a treatise on antidotes)
of antidotarius, K L. antidotum : see antidote.]
1. A treatise on antidotes; a pharmacopoeia.-
2. A place where medicines are prepared; a dis-
pensatory. Also called antidotary.
[K ML.
antidotarius; see antidotarium.] If a Same
as antidotal.
II. m. ; pl. antidotaries (-riz). Same as anti-
dotarium, 2.
antidote (an’ti-dót), n., [K F. antidote, K L. anti-
dotum, also antidotus, K. Gr. &vríðotov (sc. páppa-
iſov, drug), neut., also avtidotog (sc. Öógic, dose),
fem, an antidote, prop. an adj., Kövtt, against,
+ doróg, given, verbal adj. of Ötöðval, give, - L.
dare, give: see date.] 1. A medicine adapted
to counteract the effects of poison or an at-
tack of disease.
Trust not the plmysician;
His antidotes are poison. Shak., T. of A., iv. 3.
2. Whatever prevents or tends to prevent or
counteract injurious influences or effects,
whether physical or mental; a counteracting
power or influence of any kind.
My death and life,
My bane and antidote, are both before me:
This in a moment brings me to an end;
But this informs me I shall never die.
Addison, Cato, v. 1.
One passionate belief is an antidote to another.
Antigaster
anti-evangelical (an"ti-à-van-jel’i-kal), a.
anti- -H evangelical.] Oppose
principles. ... . y
antiface (an’ti-fas), n. IK Gr. &vri, opposite, 4-
face.] An opposite face; a face of a totally
different kind. B. Jonson.
antifat (an'ti-fat), a. and n. IK anti-H fat.]
I. a. Useful in preventing or counteracting the
formation offat, orim lessening the amount of it.
II. m. Any substance which prevents or re-
duces fatness. ...
antifebrile (an-ti-febril or -fé'bril), a. and n.
IK anti-H febrile.] I. a. Having the property
of abating fever; opposing or tending to cure
fever; antipyretic. ... * *
II. m. An antipyretic (which see).
antifebrine (an-ti-febºrin), n. Acetanilide: em-
ployed in medicine as an antipyretic.
antifederal, Anti-Federal (an-ti-fed'êral), a.
[Kanti---federal.] Opposed to federalism, or
to a federal constitution or §ºm Anti-Federal
party, in U. S. hist., the party which opposed the adop-
tion and ratification of the Constitution of the United States,
and which, failing in this, strongly favored the strict con-
struction of the Constitution. Its fundamental principle
was opposition to the strengthening of the national gov-
ernment at the expense of the States. After the close of
Washington's first administration (1793) the name Anti-
Federal soon went out of use, Republican, and afterward
Democratic Republican (now usually Democratic alone),
taking its place. Also called Anti-Federalist party.
antifederalism, Anti-Federalism (an-ti-fed'-
e-ralizm), n., [K anti-F federal + -ism.] Op-
position to federalism; specifically, the prin-
ciples of the Anti-Federal party.
antifederalist, Anti-Federalist (an-ti-fed'e-
ral-ist), n., [K anti- + federal + -ist.] One op-
}. to federalism; a member of the Anti-
ederal party. See antifederal.
In the course of this discussion the Anti-Federalists
urged the following as their chief objections to adopting
the new Constitution: States would be consolidated, and
their sovereignty crushed; personal liberty would be en-
dangered, since no security was furnished for freedom of
speech and the liberty of the press, nor assurance adequate
against arbitrary arrest or forcible seizure and the denial
of jury trials in civil cases; standing armies, too, were
placed under too little restraint. Making the President
re-eligible indefinitely was too much like giving a life ten-
ure to the executive office. Schowler, Hist. U. S., I. 55.
Anti-Federalist party, Same as Anti-Federal party
[K
to evangelical
Froude, Sketches, p. 86. A(which see, under antifederal).
= Syn, Remedy, cure, counteractive, corrective.
antidote (an’ti-dót), v. t. [K antidote, n.] To
furnish with preservatives; preserve by anti-
dotes; serve as an antidote to ; counteract.
[Rare.]
Fill us with great ideas, full of heaven,
And antidote the pestilential earth.
Yowng, Night Thoughts, ix.
antidotical (an-ti-dot'i-kal), a. [K antidote.]
erving as an antidote; antidotal. [Rare.]
antidotically (am-ti-dot’i-kal-i), adv. By way
of antidote; antidotally. [Rare.]
antidotism (an’ti-dó-tizm), m. [K antidote +
-ism...] The giving of antidotes.
antidromal (an-tid’ró-mal), a. In bot., charac-
terized by antidromy.
antidromous (an-tid’rö-mus), a. [K NL. anti-
dromus, K. Gr. as if *āvríðpopog (cf. &vrtópopeiv,
run in a contrary direction), K &vri, against, +
Öpaptiv, run..] Same as antidromal,
antidromy (an-tid’rö-mi), n. [K Gr. as if *āv-
tlópoputa, K*āvttöpopog: see antidromous.] In bot.,
a change in the direction of the spiral in the
arrangement of the leaves upon the branches
of a stem, or on the successive axes of a sym-
podial stem. Also called heterodromy.
antidysenteric (an"ti-dis-en-ter'ik), a. and n.
IK anti- + dysenteric..] I. a. Of use against
dysentery.
II, m. A remedy for dysentery.
antidysuric (an’ti-di-sā’rik), a. [K anti-, +
dysuric..] Useful in relieving or counteracting
dysury.
anti-emetic (an’ti-É-met'ik), a. and m. Same
aS antemetic.
antientt, antientrył, etc. Former spellings of
ancient, ancientry, etc.
anti-enthusiastic (an’ti-en-thū-zi-astik), a.
[K anti- + enthusiastic..] Opposed to enthusi-
asm: as, “the antienthusiastic poet's method,”
Shaftesbury.
anti-ephialtic (an 'ti-ef-i-al’ tik), a. and m.
Same as antephialtic.
anti-epileptic (an "ti-ep-i-lep ’tik), a. and n.
Same as antepileptic.
anti-episcopal (an"ti-à-pis’kö-pal), a. [K anti-
+ episcopal.] Opposed to episcopacy.
Had I gratified their antiepiscopal faction at first, . .
I believe they would then have found no colourable ne.
cessity of Taising an army. Eikon Basilike, ix.
antiferment (an-ti-fér’ment), n. [K anti---
Jerment.] A substance or agent having the
property of preventing or counteracting fer-
mentation.
antifermentative (an"ti-fér-men'ta-tiv), a. and
m. [K anti- + fermentative..] I. a. Preventing
or fitted to prevent fermentation.
II. m. Same as antiferment.
antifouling (an-ti-foul’ing), a. [Kanti- + foul-
Žng.] Adapted to prevent or counteract fouling.
Applied to any preparation or contrivance intended to pre-
vent the formation or accumulation of extraneous matter,
as barnacles, seaweed, etc., on the immersed portion of
ships, or fitted for removing such formations, or the scales
from the interior of steam-boilers, powder from the bores
Of guns, etc. &
antifriction (an-ti-frik'shgn), a. and n. [K anti-
+ friction.] I. a. Preventing friction; spe-
cifically, in mech.2 overcoming or reducing that
resistance to motion which arises from friction.
—Antifriction bearing, a bearing in which rolling fric-
tion is substituted for that of sliding contact; any form of
bearing specially designed to reduce friction.—Antifric-
tion block, a pulley-block with antifriction wheels or
roller bearings.—Antifriction box, the box which con-
tains the rollers or balls of an antifriction bearing.—Anti-
friction compositions, lubricating compounds of oils,
fats, or greases, usually combined, where the pressure is
great, with certain metallic or mineral substances, as
plumbago, Sulphur, talc, steatite, etc.—Antifriction
netals, alloys which offer little frictional resistance to
bodies sliding over them, and which are used in machinery
for bearings. They are principally compounds of copper,
antimony, and tin; zinc or lead, or both, are sometimes
added, and less frequently, or in smaller quantities, vari-
Ous other substances.
II, n. Anything that prevents friction; a
lubricant. --
antigalactic (an-ti-ga-lakºtik), a. and n. [K Gr.
ãvtſ, * + yáña (ya?akt-), milk: see galac-
tic..] I. a. In med., opposed to the secretion of
milk, or to diseases caused by the milk. Dun-
glison.
II. m. Anything tending to diminish the se-
cretion of milk.
anti-Gallican (an-ti-gal’i-kan), a. and m. [K
anti-Hº Gallican, French: see Gallican.] I. a.
Hostile to France or the French, or to anything
French; specifically, opposed to the Gallican
church. See Gallican.
II, n. One who is hostile to the French, or to
the Gallican church.
Antigaster (an’ti-gas-tér), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vri,
against, + Yaothp, stomach..] A generic name

Antigaster
245
proposed by Walsh for certain parasitic Hy: anti-induction (an’ti-in-duk’shgn), 4. Pre-
nemoptera, of the family Chalcididae, which bend venting or counteracting electrical induction:
the abdomen back over the thorax. A. mirabilis
(Walsh) is parasitic in the eggs of one of the katydids, Mi-
fºrm retinervis. Synonymous with Eupelmus (which
§06), *
antigeny (an-
tij'e-ni), ...' [K
Gr. &vri, against,
opposite, -- yé-
vog, race, stock,
sex.] Sexual di-
morphism. Pas-
006,
Antignana (ān-
té-nyā ‘nā), m.
A white and a
red wine, made
in the neigh-
borhood of Tri-
este.
antigorite (an-
tig’º-rit), n., [K
Antigorio (see
def.) + -ite2.]
A variety of ser-
pentine, of a
green color and
a thin lamellar
structure, found
in the Antigorio
valley in Pied-
mont.
antigraph (an'-
Katydid-egg Parasite (Azttigaster
ti- āf), %. [K zzzzz"abz/fs).
§ antigra- A, male; B, female. (Vertical line and
-- a cross show natural sizes.)
ypapov, a transcript, copy, counterpart, neut.
of évriypapog, copied in duplicate, Kövtt, corre-
sponding to, counter, -- Ypápetv, write.] A copy
or counterpart of a writing, as of a deed.
antigraphy (an-tig'ra-fi), n. [For “antigraphe,
K. Gr. &vriypaſpſ, a defendant's answer; also
equiv. to avriypapov, a copy: See antigraph.]
The making of antigraphs; copying.
antigropelos (an-ti-grop'é-los, -lóz), ºn...sing, or
£% [Orig. a proprietary name, formed, it is said,
Gr. &vri, against, + iypóg, moist (see hygro-), H
Tm26g, clay, mud; cf. L. pålus, a marsh: see palu-
dal.] Spatterdashes; long riding- or walking-
boots for wet weather.
Her brother had on liis amtigropelos, the utmost ap-
proach he possessed to a hunting equipment.
George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, I. vii.
antiguggler (an-ti-gug’lér), n. [K anti- + gug-
gle.T. A small tube inserted into the mouth of
a bottle or carboy to admit air while the liquid
is running out, and thereby prevent guggling
or splashing of corrosive liquid. E. H. Knight.
antihelix (an’ti-hé-liks), m.; pl. antihelices (an-ti-
hel’i-séz). [K anti--- helia. See anthelix, which
is the sameword compounded in Greek fashion.]
The inner curved ridge of the pinna of the ear.
Also anthelia. See cut under ear.
antihemorrhagic (an"ti-hem-º-raj'ik), a. Same
as anthemorrhagic.
antihyloist (an-ti-hi’lú-ist), n., [Kanti-H hylo-
ist.] One opposed to the doctrines of the hylo-
ists. See hyloist.
antihypnotic (an "ti-hip-not'ik), a. [K anti-
+ hypnotic. See anthypnotic, which is the same
word compounded in Greek fashion.] Counter-
acting sleep; tending to prevent sleep or leth-
argy. Also anthypnotic,
antihypochondriac (an’ti-hip-à-kon’dri-ak), a.
[Kanti--- hypochondriac. See anthypochondriac,
which is the same word compounded in Greek
fashion.] Counteracting or tending to cure
hypochondriac affections and depression of
spirits. Also anthypochondriac.
antihypophora (an’ti-hi-pofſó-râ), m. [K anti-
L. hypophora, K. Gr. Topopá, an objection.
See anthypophora, which is the same word
compounded in Greek fashion.] In rhet, same
as anthypophora.
antihysteric (an'ti-his-ter'ik), a. and m. ...[K
anti-4- hysteric. See anthysteric, which is the
same word compounded in Greek fashion.]
I. a. Preventing or curing hysteria.
II. m. A remedy for hysteria.
Also anthysteric.
anti-icteric (an "ti-ik-ter’ik), m. [K. Gr. &vrt,
against, + irrepticóg, Kikrepoc, the jaundice.] In
med., a remedy for jaundice. Dunglison.
anti-incrustator (an-ti-in’krus-tá-tgr), º. A
mechanical, chemical, or electrical appliance
for preventing the formation of scalesin steam-
lboilers.
as, anti-induction devices in telephony.
anti-Jacobin, Anti-Jacobin (an-ti-jak’ā-bin),
a. and n. Opposed to, or one who is opposed to,
the Jacobins. See Jacobin.
anti-Jacobinism (an-ti-jak’é-bin-izm), n. The
principles and practices of the anti-Jacobins.
anti-Lecompton (an’ti-lé-komp’tgn), a. In U.S.
hist., opposed to the admission of Kansas under
the proslavery constitution framed by the terri-
torial convention held at Lecompton in 1857:
applied to a minority of the Democratic party.
antilegomena (an"ti-le-gom’e-nā), n. pl. [K Gr.
āyrāeyóueva, things spoken against, neut. pl.
of évrižeyóuevog, ppr. pass. of āvrt%yetv, speak
against, dispute: see antilogy.] Literally, things
spoken against; specifically, those books of the
New Testament whose inspiration was not uni-
versally acknowledged by the early church, al-
though they were ultimately admitted into the
Canon. These are the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Epis-
tles of James and Jude, the Second Epistle of Peter, the
Second and Third Epistles of John, and the Revelation.
They are classed by Roman Catholic theologians as dew-
terocanonical (which see).
antilibration (an'ti-li-brā’shgn), n. [K anti-
+ libration, q.v.] The act of counterbalancing,
or the state of being counterbalanced, as two
members of a sentence; equipoise.
Having enjoyed his artful antithesis and solemn antili-
bration of cadences. De Quincey, Whiggism.
antilithic (an-ti-lith'ik), a. and n. [K Gr. &vtſ,
against, + 210tſcóg, of stone, K Žiffog, stone..] I.
a. In med., tending to prevent the formation
of urinary calculus, or stone in the bladder.
II. m. A medicine that tends to prevent the
formation of urinary calculi.
Antillean (an-ti-lé'an), a. Of or pertaining to
the Antilles, a name usually given to all the
islands of the West Indies, the Bahamas ex-
cepted.
antilobium (an-ti-lô"bi-um), m. ; pl. antilobia
(-á). . [NL., KGr. &vrt/.63tov, K. Čivri, opposite to,
+ 2.036G, the lobe of the ear: see lobe..] In
anat., the tragus, or that part of the external ear
which is opposite the lobe. See cut under ear.
Antilocapra (an"ti-lô-kā‘prâ), m. . [NL., contr.
for “antilopocapra, K antilope, antelope, -- L. ca-
pra, a goat.] A genus of ruminants peculiar
to North America, constituting the family An-
tilocaprida, and containing only the cabrit,
pronghorn, or so-called American antelope,
Antilocapra americana. See Antilocapridae. The
members of this genus have no larmiers, or metatarsal.
glands, as in Cervidae, but have a system of eleven odor-
Antilope (an-til’º-pé), m.
Antilopidae (an-ti-lop’i-dé), m. pl.
Antilopinae
the temporal bone in a sheath formed by an extension of
the external auditory meatuš. , , &
antiloemic (an-ti-lè'mik), n. [KGr. &vré, against,
+ Aotutkóg, pestilential, K Žoplág, pestilence;
plague.] A remedy used in the prevention and
cure of the plague. Sometimes written anti-
loimic.
antilogarithm (an-ti-log'à-rithm), n. IK anti-
+ logarithm.] In math.: (a) The complement
of the logarithm of any sine, tangent, or Secant
up to that of 90 degrees. [Rare.] (b) Ascom-
monly used, the number corresponding to any
logarithm. Thus, according to the common system,
100 is the antilogarithm of 2, because 2 is the logarithm of
100; it is denoted thus: log. 32, log. "a, which may be read:
“The number to the log. 2,” “the number to the log. a.”
antilogarithmic (an-ti-log-a-rith’ mik), a.
Pertaining to antilogarithms.--Antilogarithmic
table, one in which, the logarithm of a number being
entered as an argument, the number itself is found in the
body of the table.
antilogous (an-til'º-gus), a. [K Gr. &vtížoyog,
contradictory: see antilogy.] In elect., an epi-
thet applied to that pole of a crystal which is
negative while being electrified by heat, and
afterward, while cooling, is positive. See pyro-
electricity.
antilogy (an-til'é-ji), n. ; pl. antilogies (-jiz). [K
Gr. &vtºZoyſa, contradiction, Kávttàoyog, contra-
dictory, Kávrthéyetv, contradict, speak against,
K àvri, against, + 78 yea, , speak, say..] Self-
contradiction; contradiction or inconsistency
between different statements by the same per-
son or different parts of the same thing.
Philosophy was thus again reconciled with nature; con-
sciousness was not a bundle of antilogies; certainty and
knowledge were not evicted from man. Sir W. Hamilton.
In these antilogies and apologies, however, a difference
might be perceived: and some of the advocates of Henry
appeared less anxious to attack Rome than to defend
their prince. R. W. Diacom, Hist. Church of Eng., vi.
[NL. : see antelope.]
1. A genus of Antilopinae (which see). The term
has been used with such latitude in its application to the
whole of the group Amtilopinoe, and, when restricted, has
been employed in so many different senses, that it has lost
whatever exact meaning it may have possessed originally,
and has become a loose, fluctuating synonym of the sub-
family name Antilopinae. Fven in early usage it appears
to have been applied to several different small gazel-like
antelopes. It is now commonly restricted to the sasin or
Indian antelope, Antilope cervicapra. See cut under sasin.
2# (an’ti-lôp). [l. c.] Obsolete (English) spell-
ing of antelope.
[NL., K An-
Prohghorn (.471 filocagºza america?ta).
iferous sebaceous cutaneous glands. They have Small
hoofs, no false hoofs, slender limbs, a comparatively short
and stout neck, erect, pointed ears, large liquid eyes sit-
uated directly beneath the inase of the horns, extremely
short tail, and a harsh, stiff, brittle pelage devoid of felting
quality See gronghorn. t
antilocaprid (an’ti-ló-kapºrid), m. An antelope
of the family Antilocapridae. . .
Antilocapridae (an'ti-lô-kapºri-dé), m. pl. [NL.;
K Antilocapra + -idae.] A family of ruminant
quadrupeds framed for the reception of the
genus Antilocapra, containing the so-called
American antelope. It is characterized by forked
hollow horns supported upon a long bony core or Osseous
rocess of the frontal bone, as in the cattle or true hollow-
ormed ruminants, yet deciduous, being periodically shed
and renewed like the antlers of deer. These singular
horns are composed of agglutinated hairs hardening into
solid corneous tissue, and when sprouting resemble the
skin-covered knobs upon the head of the giraffe. There
are several remarkable osteological peculiarities of the
skull, among them the inclosure of the styloid process of
tilope -H -idae.] A family of ruminants; the
antelopes: sometimes used as a synonym of
Antilopinas. Also written Antelopidae.
Antilopinae (an"ti-lô-pi'né), m. pl. [NL., K An-
tilope -- -ina..] A subfamily of old-world and
chiefly African ruminants, the antelopes, a
oup belonging to the family Bovidae. They dif-
er from cattle in their smaller size, more lithe and grace-
ful form, slenderer legs, which are comparatively longer
in the shank, and longer neck, with slenderer vertebrae,
uplifting the head. The Antilopinae shade directly into
the sheep and goats (Ovince and Caprimaº), being separable
from them by no technical character; but the horns usu-
ally differ from the forms presented by goats and sheep,
though they are so diverse as to be definable by no com-
mon character. Antilopinae are specially numerous in
species and individuals in Africa, of which continent they
are the most characteristic animals. Upward of 50 Afri-
can species have been described ; there are many others
in Asia, and a few in Europe. Some 75 species are recog-
nized by naturalists, but probably the number of genuine
species is less than this. Several hundred different names,
generic, specific, and vernacular, have been applied to
these animals; and no authors except mere compilers are
agreed upon the division of the group. The antelopes
present the utmost diversity of stature, form, and general
appearance, ranging from the smallest and most delicate
gazels, steinboks, and springboks to the bulky eland, nyl-
ghau, or hartbeest, as large as a cow, horse, or stag, and
include the singularly misshapen gnu (Commochaetes gnu).
The Rocky Mountain goat, Haplocerus montamus, related
to the Alpine chamois, Rupicapra tragus, and the goral, Ne-
morhedws goral, another goat-like antelope, are also placed
in this subfamily. The bubaline or bovine antelopes in-
clude the hartbeest (Alcelaphus caama), blesbok (A. albi-
froms), and bontebok (A. pugargus). Four-horned ante-
lopes belong to the genus Tetraceros. The philantomba
and coquetoon antelopes, the blauwbok, duyker, etc., are
placed in the genus Cephalophus. The Steinboks are spe-
cies of Neotragus; the singsing, kobus, leche, bohor, etc.,
are of the genera Cervica pra, Kobus, and their immediate
allies. The gazels are a large group, constituting the genus
Gazella (or Dorcas) and others; they include thie springbok
(Amtidorcasewchore), and are Indian, Arabian, and Syrian,
as well as African. The sable or equine antelopes constitute
the genus IIippotragus. The addax is Addaa: masomacula-
tws. There are several species of Orya, as O. leucorya. The
nylghau is Boselaphus tragocamelus. The harnessed ante-
lopes (so called from the stripes on the sides), or the bosch-
boks, are species of Tragelaphus, as T. scriptus, T. sylvati-
cus. The koodoo is a large antelope with twisted horns
(Strepsiceros kudu). The eland is Oreas canna. The so-
called saiga antelope is the type of a different family,
Saigidae (which see); the American antelope also belongs
to a different family, Antilocapridae (which see). See cuts
under addaa, eland, gazel, gmw, and Haplocerus, Also
written Antelopinae. -



antilopine
antilopine (an-til’º-pin), a. [K NL. antilo-
pinus; see, Antilopina..] Of or pertaining to
the genus Antilope, or to the group Antilopinae;
pertaining or related to an antelope. Specifically
applied by Some writers to a particular group of antelopes
represented by the Sasin (Antilope cervicapra), as distin-
guished from other divisions of Antilopince (which see).
antiloquist (an-til'č-kwist), n. [K antiloquyl
-ist.] A contradictor.
antiloquy't (an-til j-kwi), m.; pl. antiloquies
-kwiz). [KLL. antiloquium, contradiction, KGr,
ăvri, against, + L. loqui, speak. Cf. antiloquy?..]
Contradiction.
antiloquyºt (an-til' 3-kwi), n. ; pl. antiloquies
(-kwiz). [KLL. antiloquium, L. anteloquium, the
right of speaking before another, also a proem,
preface, K ante, before, + loqui, speak.]". 1. A
preface; a proem. Boucher.—2. A stage-play-
er's cue. Cockeram.
antiluetic (an’ti-lii-et'ik), a. [K anti- + lues,
q. V., + -et-ic.] Same as antisyphilitic.
antilyssic (an-ti-lis'ik), a...[KGr. &vri, against,
+, Zügga, rabies, + -ic.] Tending to prevent,
*alleyiate, or cure rabies.
antilytic (an-ti-lit'ik), a. [K. Gr. &vri, against,
+ Avrtkóg, K Žvtóg, verbal adj. of Wüelv, loose.
Cf. paralytic.] Same as antiparalytic, (b).
antimacassar (an"ti-ma-kasſàr), n. [K anti-
+ macassar, for Macassar oil. See oil.] An
ornamental covering for the backs and arms
of chairs, sofas, couches, etc., to keep them
from being soiled by oil from the hair; a tidy.
anti-machine (an "ti-ma-shën'), a. [K anti-
+ machine.] In U. S. politics, opposed to the
exclusive management of party politics by an
organized body of irresponsible politicians; in-
dependent. See machine.
antimagistraticalf (an"ti-maj-is-trat’i-kal), a.
Same as antimagistrical.
antimagistricalf (an"ti-ma-jis' tri-kal), a. [K
anti- + L. magister, a ruler: see magistrate.]
Opposed to the office of magistrate. Sowth.
antimaniacal (an'ti-mä-mi'ā-kāl), a... [K anti-
+ maniacal.] Effective against mania.
With respect to vomits, it may seem almost heretical to
impeach their antimaniacal virtues. Battie, Madness.
Antimarian (an-ti-mâ’ri-an), m. Same as An-
tidicomarianite.
antimask (an’ti-mäsk), n. IK anti- + mask.]
A secondary or lesser mask, of a ludicrous char-
acter, introduced between the acts of a serious
mask by way of lightening it; a ludicrous in-
terlude. Also antic-mask and antimasque.
. Let antimasks not be long; they have been commonly
of fools, satyrs, baboons, wild men, antiques, beasts, spir-
its, witches, Ethiops, pigmies, turquets, nymphs, rustics,
cupids, statues moving, and the like. . As for angels, it
is not comical enough to put them in antimasks.
Bacon, Masques and Triumphs.
On the Scene he thrusts out first an Antimasque of two
bugbears, Novelty and Perturbation.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xx.
Antimason (an-ti-mā'Sn), n. IK anti- + mason,
for freemason, q.v.] One hostile to masonry
or freemasonry; specifically, a member of the
Antimasonic party. º
Antimasonic (an"ti-mâ-son'ik), a. [K Antima-
son -- -ic..] Opposed to freemasonry.—Antima-
Sonic party, in U. S. hist., a political party which origi-
nated in New York State about 1827, in the excitement
caused by the supposed murder of William Morgan, of
Batavia, New York, in 1826, by freemasons, to prevent a
threatened public disclosure of the secrets of their order.
The movement spread to some other States, and a national
party was organized, but within about ten years it disap-
peared, most of the Antimasons becoming Whigs. Its
characteristic tenet was that freemasons ought to be ex-
cluded from public office, because they would necessarily
regard their obligations to the society more than their obli-
gations to the state. Its principles were revived in a so-
called “American party” organized in 1875. e
antimasonry (an-ti-mā’en-ri), n., [K anti-H
masonry, for freemasonry, q.v.1 Opposition to
freemasonry; in particular, the principles and
policy of the Antimasonic party. See Antima- *-atº".]
SOnic.
antimasque, n. See antimask.
antimensium (an-ti-men'si-um), n. ; pl. anti-
mensia (-á). [ML. (MGr. &vrquívotov), K. Gr. &vrt,
in place of (see anti-), + L. mensa, table, in the
special ML. sense of ‘communion-table.’ In
the Gr. Ch., a consecrated cloth on which the
eucharist is consecrated in places where there is
no consecrated altar. It takes the place of the port-
able altar of the Latin Church. The term is sometimes ex-
tended in the Syrian churches to a thin slab of wood con-
Secrated for a like purpose. Also written antiminsion.
antimere (an’ti-mér), n. [K Gr. &vrt, against,
*H pièpog, a part.] In biol., a segment or division
of the body in the direction of one of the secon-
dary or transverse axes, all of which are at right
angles to the primary or longitudinal axis.
246
When these axes are not differentiated in any way, all
antimeres are alike, and are parts arranged around the
long prime axis like the spokes and fellies of a wheel
around the axis of the hub: a disposition preserved with
much accuracy in many of the Radiata, among which, for
example, the arms of a starfish, the tentacles of a sea-
anemone or coral-animalcule, or the rows of ambulacra of
a sea-urchin are antimeres. Oftener, however, the trans-
verse axes are differentiated, some being shorter, others
longer, giving rise to sides, as right and left, in the di-
rection of the longer transverse axes, in which case right
and left parts are antimeres. This constitutes bilateral
symmetry. Parts which may be perceived to correspond
at opposite poles of the other (shorter) transverse axes,
constituting dorsabdominal symmetry, are also antimeres;
but this condition is obscure. Likewise, again, parts along
the primary longitudinal axis, or at its poles, which may
be observed or be conceived to constitute anteroposterior
symmetry, are essentially antimeric; but this condition,
like dorsabdominal symmetry, is obscure, while the serial
succession of like parts along the prime axis, as the rings
of a Worm, crustacean, or insect, and the double rings of
a vertebrate, is so marked that antimeres of this kind are
not called antimeres, but metameres; such are the ordi-
nary segments, somites, arthromeres, or diarthromeres of
any articulate or vertebrate animal. Antimere is there-
fore practically restricted to such radiating and bilateral
parts as are more or less symmetrical with one another.
See ewdiple wral.
antimeria (an'ti-me-ri’â), m. [NL., K. Gr. &vri,
against, opposite, H puépoc, a part.] In gram.,
a form of enallage in which one part of speech
is substituted for another. F. A. March.
antimeric (an-ti-mer'ik), a. [K antimere + -ic.]
Of or pertaining to an antimere or to antimer-
ism; situated in any transverse axis of a body
and symmetrical with something else in the
other half of the same axis. See antimere.
antimerism (an-tim’º-rizm), m. [K antimere +
-ism.] The antimeric condition; the state of
an antimere; the quality of being antimeric.
See antimere. -
antimesmerist (an-ti-mez’me-rist), n. [K anti-
+ mesmerism + -ist.] One who is opposed to
or does not believe in mesmerism. Proc. Soc.
Psy. Res. -
antimetabole (an'ti-me-tab'é-lè), n., [L., K. Gr.
ăvripleta}0%, Kóvtt, against, counter, + pterađožň,
mutation: see metabola.] . In rhet., a figure in
which the same words or ideas are repeated in
inverse Order. The following are examples: “A wit
with dunces, and a dunce with wits,” Pope; “Be wisely
worldly, but not worldly wise,” Quarles.
antimetathesis (an"ti-me-tath’e-sis), m. DNL.,
K Gr. &vrtuetáðeotg, counter-transposition, K &vrt,
against, counter, -H getá6eotç, transposition:
see metathesis.] A rhetorical figure resulting
from a reverted arrangement in the last clause
of a sentence of the two principal words of the
, clause preceding; inversion of the members of
an antithesis: as, “A poem is a speaking pic-
ture; a picture a mute poem,” Crabbe.
antimeter (an-tim’e-tër), n. [KGr. duri, against,
érpov, a measure.] An optical instrument
for measuring small angles. [Not now used.]
antiminsion (an-ti-min’si-on), n. ; pl. antimin-
sia (-ā). [KMGr. &vriptivotov: see antimensium.]
Same as antimensium.
antimnemonic (an"ti-nē-mon'ik), a. and m. [K
anti- + mnemonic..] I. a. Injurious to the mem-
Ory; tending to impair memory.
ii. n. Whatever is hurtful tº or weakens the
memory. Coleridge.
antimonarchic (an’ti-mº-nār'kik), a. [K anti-
+ monarchic ; = F. antimonarchique.] Same as
antimonarchical. Bp. Benson.
antimonarchical (an"ti-mó-närſki-kal), a. [K
anti--- monarchical.] Opposed to monarchy or
kingly government.
antimonarchist (an-ti-mon’ār-kist), n. [Kam-
ti- + monarchist.] An opponent of monarchy.
Monday, a terrible raging wind happened, which did
much hurt. Dennis Bond, a great Oliverian and antimon-
archist, died on that day; and then the devil took bond
for Oliver's appearance. Life of A. Wood (1848), p. 82.
antimonate (an’ti-mê-nāt), n. IK antimony +
Same as antimoniate.
antimonial (an-ti-mö'ni-al), a. and n. IK anti-
'mony ---al.] I. a. Pertaining to antimony, or
partaking of its qualities; composed of anti-
mony, or containing antimony as a principal
ingredient.—Antimonial silver. See silver—Anti-
monial wine, in med, a solution of tartar emetic in
sherry wine.
II. m. A preparation of antimony; a medi-
cine in which antimonyis a principalingredient.
antimoniate (an-ti-mö'ni-āt), n. [Kantimony +
-atel.] A salt of antimonic acid. Also written
antimonate.
antimoniated (an-ti-mö'ni-ā-ted), a. Combined
or impregnated with antimony; mixed or pre-
pared with antimony: as, antimoniated tartar.
antimonic (an-ti-mon'ik), a. . [K antimony +
-ic.] Pertaining to or derived from antimony.
antimony
—Antimonic acid, HSbO3 + 2H20, a white powder for-
merly used in medićine.
antimonide (an’ti-mê-nid or -nīd), n. IK anti-
mony -F -ide..] A compound of antimony and
a more positive metal or other element. Also
called antimoniuret.
antimoniferous (an"ti-mó-nif'g-rus), a... [Kan-
timony -- L. ferre = E. bearl.] Containing or
A supplying antimony: as, antimoniferous ores.
ântimonious (an-ti-mö'ni-us), a. [K antimony
+-ows.] Pertaining to, consisting of, or con-
taining antimony. Antimonows is a variant.
— Antimonious acid, HSbO2, a weak acid, of which
only the sodium and potassium salts have been obtained
in a crystalline condition.
antimonite (an’ti-mö-nit), n., [K antimony -F
-ite?..] A native sulphid of antimony; stibnite.
antimoniuret (an-ti-mê-niſii-ret), m. [K anti-
moni(wm) + -wret.] Same as antimonide.
antimoniureted, antimoniuretted (an-ti-mä-
ni’ū-ret-ed), a. [K antimoniuret-H -ed?..]. Com-
bined with antimony: as, antimoniureted hydro-
gen.
antimonopolist (an’ti-mó-nop’º-list), n. [K
anti- + monopoly + -ist.] One who is opposed
to monopolies; one who desires to restrict the
power and influence of great corporations, as
tending to monopoly. -
antimonopoly (an’ti-mê-nop’ô-li), a. and n.
Opposed to monopolies; the principle of op-
position to monopoly. -
The main purpose of the anti-monopoly movement is to
resist public corruption and corporate aggression,
N. A. Rev., CXLIII. 87.
antimonous (an’ti-mó-nus), a. [K antimony 4-
-ows.] Same as antimonious.
antimony (an’ti-mó-ni), n. [K late ME. anti-
ºnomy = OF...antimonie, mod. F. antimoine = Sp.
Pg. It. antimonio = Sw. Dan. G. antimonium =
Russ. antimoniya = Pol. antymonium, etc., K
ML. antimonium, antimony, a word of unknown
Origin, simulating a Gr. appearance, perhaps a
perversion, through such simulation (antimo-
mium, K “atimonium, K “atimodium, K. *athimo-
dium ?), of the Ar. mame (with art. al-?) ethmad,
oth mod, with mud, earlier ithmid, antimony, which
is in turn perhaps an accommodation (through
*isthimmid?) of Gr. otiupuð-, one of the stems of
ortugt (otiuput-, origue-, ottplpuð-), also otiut and
oríði ("origi?), 2 L. Stimmi, stibi, and stibium,
antimony, the Gr. name itself being appar...of
foreign or Eastern origin: see stibium. False
etymologies formerly current are: (1) K F. anti-
mość, K. Gr. &vri, against, -- moine, a monk,
as if “monk's bane”; (2) K Gr. &vrí, against, +
16voc, alone, as if never found alone; (3) & Gr.
ăvri, instead of, -F L. minium, red iend, “be-
cause women used it instead of red lead” as
an eye-paint.] Chemical symbol, Sb (Latin
stibium); atomic weight, 120.2. A metal of a
white color, and bright luster which does not
readily tarnish, having a specific gravity of 6.7
crystallizing in the rhombohedral system, an
in the mass ordinarily showing a crystalline
structure and highly perfect cleavage. It con-
ducts both heat and electricity with some readiness, but
less perfectly than the true metals, and differs from them
also in being brittle like arsenic. It melts at 430° C. (806”
F.), and volatilizes slowly at a red heat; when melted in
the airit oxidizes readily, forming antimony trioxid, Sb2O3.
Antimony occurs uncombined in nature to a limited ex-
tent, usually in granular or foliated masses, often with a
botryoidal or reniform surface. Many compounds of anti-
mony are found in nature, the most important of them
being the Sulphid, Sb2S3, called gray antimony, antimony-
glance, or stibnite. Dyscrasite is a compound of antimony
and silver. There are also a number of minerals contain-
ing antimony, Sulphur, and lead (like jamesonite), or anti-
mony, sulphur, . silver (like pyrargyrite or ruby silver),
or antimony, sulphur, and copper (like tetrahedrite). The
Oxisulphid kermesite or red antimony and the oxids cer-
vantite and stibiconite (antimony ocher) are also impor-
tant minerals. Antimony has few uses in the arts; it
enters, however, into a number of very valuable alloys, as
type-metal, pewter, Britannia metal, and Babbitt metal,
and is used in medicine. Tartar emetic is the tartrate of
antimony and potassium. James's powder is a mixture
of oxid of antimony and phosphate of lime;-Antimony
vermilion, a sulphid of antimony suggested but never
used as a pigment.-Argentine flowers of antimony,
the tetroxid of antimony.—Arsenical antimony, . See
allemontite.—Black antimony, antimonious Sulphid.—
Butter of antimony. See butterl.—Ceruse of anti-
mony. See ceruse.--Diaphoretic antimony, a prepa-
ration chiefly consisting of potassium antimoniate, made
by exposing the neutral antimoniate to the action of car-
bonic-acid gas, or by deflagrating pure antimony With
potassium nitrate. It is used in the manufacture of
enamels, and was formerly administered as a medicine.—
Glass of º See glass.-Red *†oº,
an oxisulphid of antimony. Same as kermesite.—Whité
antimony, or antimony white, mative antimony trioxid,
Sb2O3.−Yéllow antimony, or antimony yellow, a
preparation of the oxids of lead and antimony, of a deep-
yellow color, used in enamel- and porcelain-painting, t
is of various tints, and the brilliancy of the brighter hues
is not affected by foul air.

- * *
antimony-blende
antimony-blende (an’ti-mö-ni-blend"), n.
Same as kermesite.
antimony-bloom (an'ti-mó-ni-blém”), n. Same
as valentimite.
antimony-glance (an'ti-mâ-ni-glans?), n. Same
as stibnite. -
antimoralist (an-ti-mor’al-ist), n. [Kanti- +
moralist.] ... An enemy to or opponent of moral-
ity. Bp. Warburton. y
antimycotic (an-ti-mi-kot'ik), a. [K. Gr. &vri,
against, + ptákmg, a fungus, H- -ot-ic..] Destruc-
tive to microscopic vegetable organisms, or pre-
venting their development, as carbolic acid.
antinatural (an-ti-mat/jr-al), -a. [K anti- +
natural.TOpposed to nature or to common
sense; non-natural.
This happy and antinatural way of thinking.
- Martinus Scriblerus, v.
anti-Nebraska (an’ti-nē-brasſkå), a. In U. S.
hist., opposed to the act of 1854 for the or-
ganization of Kansas and Nebraska as terri-
tories, because of its abrogation of the law
of 1820 (the Missouri compromise) prohibiting
slavery in new territories formed in that re-
É.º. men, the members of the coali-
1
on of Whigs, Democrats, and Freesoilers opposed to the
above-mentioned bii; afterward merged in the Repub-
lican party. © º º º º ſº - º
antinephritic (an'ti-nef-rit'ik), a. [Kanti- +
nephritic.] In med., counteracting inflamma-
tion of the kidneys.
antinial (an-tin’i-al), a.
+ ivíov, the nape of the neck: see inion.] In
anat., opposite the occiput: applied to the
space between the eyebrows.
antinode (an'ti-nód), n. [Kanti-H node..] A
point of a vibrating string where the amplitude
of vibration is greatest. It is at the middle of a
loop or ventral segment, and half-way between two adja-
cent nodes. See node. tº
antinomian (an-ti-nó'mi-an), a. and n... [XML.
antinomi, antinomians, K. Gr. as if *ávrºvogog,
against the law: see antinomy.] I. a. 1. Deny-
ing the obligatoriness of the moral law, as i
emancipated from it by the gospel.—2. Of or
pertaining to the antinomians.
II. n. In theol., one who maintains that Chris-
tians are freed from the moral law as set
forth in the Old Testament by the new dispen-
sation of grace as set forth in the gospel; an
opponent of legalism in morals. Antinomianism
has existed in three forms: in the early church, as a species
of Gnosticism, in the doctrine that sin is an incident of the
body, and that a regenerate soul cannot sin; later, in the
Reformation, as a reaction against the doctrine of good
works in the Roman Catholic Church, in the antagonistic
doctrine that man is saved by faith alone, regardless of his
obedience to or disobedience of the moral law as a rule of
life; finally, as a phase of extreme Calvinism, in English
Puritan theology, in the doctrine that the sins of the elect
are so transferred to Christ that they become his trans-
gressions and cease to be the transgressions of the actual
sinner. The chief exponent of the second form of anti-
nomianism was John Agricola (Germany, 1492–1566); the
chief exponent of the third, Tobias Crisp, D. D. (England,
1600–1642). (often with a capital.] º
antinomianism (an-ti-nó’mi-an-izm), n. IK an-
tinomian + -ism.] The tenets of the antino-
mians. See antinomian, n.
antinomic (an-ti-nom'ik), a 1+. Antinomian.
–2. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of an-
tinomy; containing antinomies; involving a
conflict of laws. tº
antinomical (an-ti-nom’i-kal), a.
timomic.
Kant holds that reason is in itself antinomical.
Caird, Philos. Kant, p. 590.
antinomist (an-tin'3-mist), n. IK antinomy +
-ist.] antinomian.
Great offenders this way are the libertines and antino-
mists, who quite cancel the whole law of God under the
pretence of Christian ...'.
Bp. Sanderson, Sermons ad Pop. (1674), p. 298.
antinomy (an-tin'3-mi), n.; pl. antinomies(-miz).
[K L. antinomia, a contradiction between laws,
K Gr. &vruvouía, an ambiguity in the law, K*ávtt-
vouac, against the law (cf. ML. antinomi; see
antinomian), K &vri, against, H vöuoc, law; see
nome.] 1. The opposition of one law, rule, or
principle to another.
It should be noticed that the Westminster Confession
expressly teaches the freedom of will as well as foreordina-
tion, and leaves the solution of the apparent antinomy to
scientific theology. Schaff, Christ and Christianity, p. 162.
2. Any law, rule, or principle opposed to an-
other.
If God once willed adultery should be sinful, all his
omnipotence will not allow him to will the allowance that
his holiest people might, by his own antinomy or counter-
statute, live unreproved. Milton, Divorce, ii. 8.
Humility, poverty, meanness, and wretchedness are di-
rect antinomies to the lusts of the flesh. º
Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, i. § 4.
[K Gr. &vri, against,
Same as am-
. . . . 24.7
3. In metaph., according to Kant, an unavoid-
able contradićtion into which reason falls when
it applies to the transcendent and absolute the
a priori conceptions of the understanding (cat-
egories: see category, 1), which are valid only
within the limits of possible experience. There
are four antinomiés of the pure reason, according to Kant,
relating (1) to the limits of the universe in space and time,
(2) to the existence of atoms or the infinite divisibility of
matter, (3) to freedom, and (4) to the cosmological argu-
ment for a God.
Antiochian (an-ti-Öſki-an), a. [KL. Antiochius,
also Antiochéus, K. Gr. Ávrićxetor, pertaining to
'Avráozog, L. Antiochus, the name of a philoso-
Phº, and of several Syriankings, or to Avtadzela,
. Antiochia, also Antiochéa, the name of sev-
eral cities, particularly Antioch in Syria (now
called Antakia), founded by Seleucus Nicator,
301 B. C., and named after his father Antiochus.
The name Avríoxog means “resistant, holding
out against,’ & &vrézetv, resist, hold out against, K
àvrt, against, + šzew, hold, X 6x6c, holding.] 1.
Pertaining to Antiochus of Aseaſon (died about
68 B.C.), the founder of a sect of eclectic phi-
losophers who sought to unite the philosophy of
Plato with many of the doctrines of Aristotle .
and the Stoics.-2. Of or pertaining to the city
of Antioch.--Antiochian epoch, the name given to
two chronological eras employed in Syria: (a) The Caesa-
rean era of Antioch, commemorating the victory of Phar-
salia, fixed by the Greeks in the autumn of 49 B. C., and
by the Syrians in the autumn of 48 B.C. (b) The mundane
era of Antioch, September,5493 B.C., employed by the Syrian
Christians as the date of the creation of the world.
Antiochianism (an-ti-6'ki-an-izm), n. [K An-
tiochian + -ism..] The name given to a school
of theology which existed in the fourth and
fifth centuries: so called because propagated
chiefly by the church at Antioch, and also to
distinguish it from Alexandrianism. It aimed at
a middle course between the rigorously literal and the al-
legorical interpretation of the Scriptures.
antiodont (anti-Ö-dont), a. [K Gr. &vrt, oppo-
site to, + 66oig (660VT-) = E. tooth.] Having
a kind of lophodont dentition in which the folds
or ridges of the molar crowns are opposite: op-
posed to amoebodont.
antiopelmous (an "ti-Ö-pel' mus), a. [K Gr.
ôvrtog, set against, + Té%ua, the sole..] In
ormith., having an arrangement of the flexor
tendons of the toes by which the flexor per-
forans supplies the third toe only, while the
flexor hallucis splits into three tendons, pass-
ing to the first, second, and fourth toes.
The sympelmous, the heteropelmous, and the antiopel-
mows arrangements are entirely peculiar to the present
order [Picarioe]. Stand. Nat. Hist., IV, 369.
anti-orgastic (an "ti-ór-gas (tik), a. [K anti-
+ orgastic..] Tending to allay excitement or
venereal desire.
antipapal (an-ti-pâ'pal), a. [K anti- + papal.]
Opposed to the pope or to popery.
He charges strictly his son after him to persevere in that
antipapal schism. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxvii.
antipapistical (an’ti-pā-pis’ti-kal), a. [K anti-
apistical.] Antipapal. Jortin.
antiparabema (an-ti-par-a-bê'mâ), m.; pl. anti-
parabemata (-ma-tá). TMGr. *āvriirapá37ua: see
anti- and parabema..] One of two chapels at the
angles of the west front of some Byzantine
churches, found especially in Armenian ex-
amples, and corresponding to the parabemata
of the apsidal end. J. M. Neale.
antiparallel (an-ti-par ’ā-lel), a. and m. [K
anti- + parallel.] I. a. Running parallel but
in a contrary direction. Hammond.
II. m. In geom., one of two or more lines
which make equal angles with two other lines,
A but in contrary order.
E Thus, supposing AB and
AC any two lines, and FC
D and FE two other lines
cutting the first so as to
F B C make the angle ABC equal
to the angle AEF, and the
angle ACB equal to the angle ADE; then FC and FE are
antiparallels with respect to AB and AC; also these latter
are antiparallels with respect to the two former.
antiparalytic (an"ti-par-3-lit'ik), a. and m. . [K
anti--- paralytic.] I. a. In med.: (a) Effective
against paralysis. [Rare.] , (b) An epithet
applied to the secretion of the submaxillary
gland on one side when the chorda tympani on
the other side has been cut so as to produce a
paralytic secretion on that side. In this sense
also called antilytic.
II. m. In med., a remedy for paralysis. [Rare.]
antiparalytical (an"ti-par-3-lit'i-kal), a. Same
as antiparalytic.
antipart (an’ti-pārt), m. [Kanti- + part.] The
counterpart. [Rare.]
antipathy
Turn now to the reverse of the medal, and there we shall
find the antipart of this divine truth.
• , Bp. Warburton, Sermons, ii.
Antipasch (anti-pask), n. [K anti- + pasch.]
ow Sunday; the Sunday after Easter day.
Antipathacea (an’ti-pa-tha'sé-á), m. pl. [NL.,
KAntipathes + -acea.] A suborder of Actiniaria,
composed of the families Antipathidae and Ge-
Tardiidae, having the polyps connected by a
coenenchyma Secreting a solid sclerobase or
horny skeletal axis, and their tentacles simple,
Antipatharia (an"ti-pa-tha’ri-á), n. pl. [NL.,
K Antipathes + -aria.] A synonym of Scleroba-
8ica, as an order of sclerobasic corals having the
Corallum external and not calcareous.
antipatharian (an’ti-pa-tha'ri-an), a. Pertain-
ing to or having the characters of the Antipa-
thania.
Antipathes (an-tip'a-théz), m. [NL., K. Gr. &vrt-
Taffº, of opposite feelings or properties: see
antipathy.] A genus of corals, typical of the
family Antipathidae (which see). The species
are known as sea-whips. A. colummaris is an
example.
antipathetic (an’ti-pa-thet'ik), a. [K antipa-
thy, on type of pathetic, q.v.] Having a nat-
ural antipathy, contrariety, or constitutional
aversion: with to. -
Hence I think its [Greek speculation's] influence on the
whole was dogmatic, and antipathetic to Skepticism.
J. Owen, Evenings with Skeptics, I. 282.
antipathetical (an” ...}} a. Op-
posed in nature or disposition: with to.
The soil is . . . antipathetical to all venomous crea-
tures. Howell, Vocal Forest.
antipathic (an-ti-path'ik), a. [K NL. antipathi-
cus: see antipathy and -ic.] 1. Relating to an-
tipathy; opposite; unlike; adverse.—2. Excit-
ing antipathy. [Rare.]
Every one seems to have his antipathic animal.
Ringsley, Life, p. 41.
Antipathidae (an-ti-path’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Antipathes + -idae.] family of sclerobasic
corals; the black corals, corresponding to the
old genus Antipathēs. They have a branched fibrous
axis and a soft friable coenenchyma, which peels off after
death, leaving the axial coenosarc looking like a dry stick.
antipathise, v. See antipathize.
antipathist (an-tip’a-thist), m. [K antipathy +
-ist.] A person or thing having an antipathy
to another, or being the direct opposite of an-
other. [Rare.]
Sole positive of night !
Antipathist of light.
Coleridge, Sibylline Leaves, II. 281.
antipathize (an-tip’a-thiz), v.; pret, and pp.
antipathized, ppr. antipathizing. [K antipathy
+ -ize.] I. intrans. To feel antipathy or aver-
sion; entertain or show a feeling, disposition,
or opinion characterized by opposition or con-
trariety: the opposite of sympathize. [Rare.]
I must say I Sympathise with Milverton and antipa-
thise . . . With Lord Lytton.
4. Helps, Casimir Maremma, p. 39.
II. trans. To affect with antipathy or hostil-
ity of feeling; render antipathetic. [Rare.]
Also spelled antipathise.
antipathous? (an-tip’a-thus), a. [K Gr. avTutta-
diſc, of opposite feeling (see antipathy), + -ows.]
Having a natural contrariety; antipathetic.
Still she extends her hand,
As if she saw something antipathows
Unto her virtuous life.
Fletcher (and another), Queen of Corinth, iii. 2.
antipathy (an-tip a -thi), n. ; pl. antipathies
(-thiz). [= F. antipathie, K. Gr. divtztáðsta, K div-
Túraffic, of opposite feeling, Kävri, against, +
Táffog, feeling, K ſtaffeiv, suffer, feel.] 1. Natu-
ral aversion; instinctive contrariety or oppo-
sition in feeling; an aversion felt at the pres-
ence Orthought of a particular object; distaste;
disgust; repugnance.
No contraries hold more antipathy
Than I and such a knave. Shak., Lear, ii. 2.
Their natural antipathy of temperament made resent-
ment an easy passage to hatred.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, ii. 4.
A rival is the bitterest enemy, as antipathy is rather be-
tween likes than unlikes,
J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 122.
2#. A contrariety in the properties or affections
of matter, as of oil and water. Bacon-3. An
object of natural aversion or settled dislike.
Let him be to thee an antipathy,
A thing thy nature sweats at and turns backward.
Beau. and Fl., Thierry and Theodoret, i. 1;
= Syn. Hatred, Dislike, Antipathy, Disgust, Aversion. Re-
luctance, Repugnance. Hatred is'the *::::::: and hº
*conical, and 6 in number.

antipathy
permanent of these feelings; it is rarely used except of per-
sons. Dislike is the most general word, and depends upon
the connection for its strength; it is opposed to liking or
Jondness. Antipathy expresses most of constitutional
feeling and least of yolition : the turkey-cock has an antip-
athy to the color red; many people have an intense antipa-
thy to snakes, rats, toads. In figurative use, antipathy is a
dislike that seems constitutional toward persons, things,
conduct, etc.; hence it involves a dislike for which some-
times no good reason can be given. Antipathy is opposed
primarily to sympathy, but often to mere liking. Disgust
is the loathing, first of physical taste, then of esthetic
taste, then of spiritual taste or moral feeling. Aversion is
a fixed disposition to avoid something which displeases,
disturbs, or annoys: as, quiet people have an aversion to
noise, it is a dislike, settled and generally strong. Re-
luctance and repugmance by derivation imply a natural
struggle, as of hesitation or recoil; with reluctance it is
simply the will holding back in dislike of some proposed
act, while with repugnance it is a greater resistance or
one accompanied with greater feeling, and generally in
regard to an act, course, idea, etc., rarely to persons or
things. See animosity.
While with perfidious hatred they pursued
The sojourners of Goshen. Milton, P. L., i. 308.
The hint malevolent, the look oblique,
The obvious satire, or implied dislike.
IIammah More, Sensibility.
Sir Lancelot leant, in half disgust
At love, life, all things, on the window ledge.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Dlaine.
Cowper speaks of some one having ‘‘much the same
aversion to a Papist that some people have to a cat, L
rather an antipathy than a reasonable dislike.”
I'. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 99.
Reluctance against God and his just yoke,
Laid on our necks. Milton, l’. L., x. 1045.
It is no argument against death that life in full energy
has a repugmance to it. Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 323.
antipatriarch (an-ti-pâ’ tri-ārk), m. [K anti- +
patriarch..] Eccles., one who claims the office
and exercises the functions of patriarch in op-
position to the canonical occupant of the see.
The Patriarch resides at Damascus, the Latin Antipatri-
arch at Aleppo. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 125.
antipatriotic (an"ti-pâ-tri- or -pat-ri-ot'ik), a.
[K anti- + patriotic.] Antagonistic to patriots
or patriotism, or to one's country.
These antipatriotic prejudices are the abortions of folly
impregnated by faction.
Johnsom, Taxation no Tyranny, p. 157.
antipeduncular (an"ti-pê-dungſkú-lär), a. [K
anti- + peduncular.] bot., opposite to or
away from a peduncle.
The amtipeduncillar pole of the ovary. T. Gill,
antipeptione (an-ti-pep'tón), n. IK anti- + pep-
tone..] A term introduced by Kühne to desig-
nate one of the end-products of the tryptic
digestion of proteids. Formerly regarded as
a unity; now thought to represent a mixture.
antiperiodic (an"ti-pê-ri-od'ik), a. and m. [K
anti- + periodic.] I. a. In med., curative of
diseases exhibiting periodicity, especially of
intermittent fever.
II. m. In med., a remedy for periodic diseases,
especially for intermittent fever.
antiperistalsis (an"ti-per-i-Stal’sis), m. [NL.,
K anti- + peristalsis.] Inverted peristaltic ac-
tion of the intestines by which their contents
are carried upward. -
antiperistaltic (an"ti-per-i-Stal"tik), a. [Kam-
ti- + peristaltic.] In med. : (a) Opposed to or
checking peristaltic motion. (b) Pertaining to
or exhibiting antiperistalsis.
antiperistasis (an"ti-pe-ris’ ta-sis), m. [NL.,
Gr. &vratrepiotactſ, a surrounding so as to com-
press, a reciprocal replacement, K. Čivratreptiora-
offat, surround, compass, K &vri, against, + trepti-
otaoffat, treptotijval, stanå around (> Treptotagug, a
standing around), K Tepi, around, + to Taaffat, otº-
val, stand.] 1. Antagonism of natural qualities,
as of light and darkness, heat and cold; specifi-
cally, opposition of contrary qualities by which
one or both are intensified, or the intensifica-
tion so produced. Thus, sensible heat is excited in
quicklime by immersing it in cold water, and cold applied
to the human body may, by reaction, increase its heat.
All that I fear is Cynthia's presence, which, with the
cold of her chastity, casteth such an antiperistasis about
the place, that no heat of thine will tarry with the patient.
B. Jomsom, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.
2. In rhet., a figure consisting in º
an opponent states as fact, but denying his in-
ference therefrom.
antiperistatic (an'ti-per-i-stat'ik), a. [K anti-
peristasis; formed after Gr. Teptatatakóg, peri-
static.] Pertaining to antiperistasis.
antipestilential (an 'ti-pes-ti-len' shal), a.
[K anti- + pestilential.]. Efficacious against the
plague or other epidemic, or against infection.
Antipestilential unguents to anoint the nostrils with.
Harvey, The Plague.
248
antipetalous, (an-ti-peta-lus), a... [K Gr, àvri,
against, + trétahov, leaf, mod, petal.] In bot.,
a term descriptive of stamens
which stand opposite to petals.
antiphlogistian (an"ti-flö-jis'-
tiºn), m. [K anti- + phlogis-
tian.] An opponent of the old
chemical theory as to the ex-
istence of a substance called
phlogiston.
antiphiogistic (an "ti-flö-jis '- Section of Antipet-
ik), a. and 7. [K anti-4- phlo- alous Flower of "the
Buckthorn. a, a, a,
stamens; b, b, b, pet-
als, inserted upon the
throat of the calyx.
gistic.] I. a. 1. In chem, op-
posed to the theory of phlogis-
ton (which see): as, the anti-
phlogistic system.–2. In med, counteracting
inflammation or a feverish state of the system:
as, antiphlogistic remedies or treatment.-Anti-
phlogistic theory, a theory of combustion first ad-
vanced by Lavoisier, who held that in combustion, in-
stead of phlogiston escaping, according to the theory of
Stahl, there was a combination with oxygen. The anti-
phlogistic theory of combustion, modified and enlarged, is
the one now universally accepted.
II. m. Any medicine or application which
tends to check or allay inflammation.
antiphon, antiphone (an’ti-fon or -fön), n.
[The earlier E. forms produced mod. anthem,
q. v.; K M.L. antiphona (fem. sing.), K. Gr. &vri-
(pova (neut. pl.), usually &vtipovov (sing.), an-
them, prop. neut. of divtſhovog, sounding in an-
swer, păvri, in return, + pová, voice: see pho-
metic, and cf. anthem.] 1. A psalm, hymn, or
prayer sung responsively or by alternation of
two choirs, as in the English cathedral service.
—2. In the liturgy or mass of both the East-
ern and Western churches, as well as in the
day-hours and other offices, a series of verses
from the Psalms or other parts of Scripture,
either in their original sequence or combined
from various passages, Sung as a prelude or
conclusion to some part of the service. It is
sometimes especially limited to the verse sung before or
after the psalms of the office, the tones of which are deter-
mined by the musical mode, according to the Gregorian
chant, of their respective antiphons. (See chant and mode.)
Liturgiologists retain a more extended use of the word,
making it include various brief responsories as well as
longer chants. tº ſº tº
3. A scriptural passage or original composition
sung as an independent part of the service, an
set to more elaborate music ; an anthem.—4.
An echo or a response. [Rare.]
The great synod . . . that is to meet at Hamborough
to me sounds like an antiphone to the other malign con-
junction at Colen. ir EI. Wottom, Reliquiae, p. 376.
To double an antiphon. See dowble.
antiphona, m. Plural of antiphomom.
antiphonai (an-tif’ī-nal), a. and n. IK anti-
phon ---al.] I. a. Pertaining to or marked by
antiphony or responsive singing; antiphonary.
He [Calvin] thought . . . that the practice of antiphonal
chanting was superstitious.
T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, III. 164.
II. m. A book of antiphons or anthems; an
antiphonary.
antiphonally (an-tif'é-nal-i), adv. In an an-
tiphonal manner; responsively.
antiphonar (an-tif’ā-nār), n. Same as antipho-
nary.
antiphonary (an-tif’ j -nā-ri), m. and a... [K
ML. antiphonarium, K antiphona : see antiphon.]
I. m.; pl. antiphonaries (-riz). A book of an-
tiphons. As originally compiled by Pope Gregory the
Great, it contained whatever was sung antiphonally in the
mass and offices of the Latin Church. The liturgical an-
tiphons, however, that is, those proper to the mass, have
long been published in a separate book called the gradwal.
The responsories of the office were also anciently published
by themselves in the responsorial, but now, along with the
antiphons proper, that is, those associated with the psalms
of the office, make up the present antiplmonary.
II. a. Antiphonal.
Great attention seems to have been paid to the antipho-
'mary songs. A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 21.
antiphone, n. See antiphon.
antiphoner? (an-tifſö-nēr), n. [KME. antiphonere
(also anſenare, amfenare), KML. antiphonarium :
see antiphonary.] A book of anthems or anti-
phons; an antiphonary.
He Alma Redemptoris herde synge,
As children lerned her antiphomere.
Chaucer, Prioress's Tale, 1, 67.
antiphonetic (an"ti-fô-net'ik), a. [K Gr. as if
*ávttpovmtikóg, Kávttpøveiv, correspond in sound,
Kávrápovog, corresponding or answering in sound:
see antiphon
ing in sound
which rime.
Moore and Tom Campbell themselves admit “spinach”
Is perfectly amtiphonetic to “Greenwich.”
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 111.
; homophonous: applied to words
d antiphrastical (an-ti-fras’ti-kal), a.
anti-, and phonetic.] Correspond-
antipode
ântiphonic (an-ti-fon'ik), a. [K Gr. *āvrupavlkóg
(found only in adv. čvrºpovukóc), K &vriqawog: see
tººl Pertaining to or marked by an-
tiphony.
anºnical (an-ti-fon’i-kal), a. Same as an-
tiphonic.
antiphonon (an-tif’ā-non), m.; pl. antiphona
(-nā). [Gr. : see antiphonj Same as antiphon.
In the Basilian and Chrysostonic Liturgies, the Introit
is divided into three antiphoma.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 864.
antiphony (an-tif’3-mi), n.; pl. antiphonies (-niz).
[An extended form of antiphon, KGr. as if *āvrt-
$ovia. Cf. Symphony.], 1. Alternate or respon-
sive singing, in which a choir is divided into
two, each part singing alternate verses of the
salm or anthem: opposed to homophony, 2.
m responsorial singing, on the contrary, one singer âter.
nates with the whole choir, as in the chanting of respon-
sories. See responsory.
2. A psalm or an anthem so chanted.
These are the pretty responsories, these are the dear am-
tiphonies that so bewitched of late our prelates and their
chaplains with the goodly echo they made.
Milton, Areopagitica.
3. A composition of several verses taken from
different psalms and set to music.
antiphotogenic (an"ti-fô-tó-jen’ik), a. [Kanti-
+ photogenic..] Preventing the chemical action
of light, as in photography; rendering light
non-actinic by excluding the chemical rays.
I do not fix the telescope to the objective, but merely
unite the two by means of an antiphotogenic tube of red
cloth. Sci. Amen". Supp., XXIII. 9159.
antiphrasis (an-tif'ra-sis), n. [L., K. Gr. &vrippa-
otç, Kávttºppáčetv, express by antithesis or nega-
tion, Kävri, against, F ºpáčew, speak, 2 ºpágic,
way of speaking, X E. phrase.] In rhet., the
use of a word in a sense opposite to its proper
meaning, or when its opposite should have
|been used; irony, used §. in sarcasm or in
humor.
You now find no cause to repent that you never dipt
your hands in the bloody high courts of justice, so called
only by antiphrasis. Sowth.
antiphrastic (an-ti-frastik), a. . [K Gr. *ávtt-
$paottkóc (in adv. čvruppaatticóc), Kövtuſhpāſetv, ex-
press by antithesis: see antiphrasis.] Of or
pertaining to antiphrasis.
Same as
antiphrastic.
antiphrastically (am-ti-fras’ti-kal-i), adv.
the manner of antiphrasis; by antiphrasis.
antiphthisic (an-ti-tiz'ik), a. and m. [K anti-
+ phthisic.] I. a. Tending to check phthisis
or consumption.
II. m. A medicine intended to check phthisis.
N. E. D.
antiphysic], antiphysicall (an-ti-fiz'ik, -i-kal),
0. Gr. &vri, against, + pºolg, nature (adj.
Øvotkóc).]. Contrary to nature; unnatural.
antiphysic?, antiphysical” (an-ti-fiz'ik, -i-kal),
0. Gr. airi, against, + dāoa, breath, wind in
the stomach.j "med., relieving flatulence;
carminative.
antiplastic (an-ti-plastik), a. [K Gr. Švri,
º + Thaotikóg, K Täagróg, verbal adj. of
Tºéooetv, mold, form.] 1. Diminishing plasti-
city.—2. In med, unfavorable to healing; pre-
venting or checking the process of granulation.
–3. Impoverishing the blood.
antipodt, n. An obsolete form of antipode.
antipodal (an-tip’º-dal), a. [Kantipode + -al.]
1. Pertaining or relating to the antipodes;
situated on or belonging to opposite sides of
the globe.
The mingling of antipodal races.
G. P. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 104.
Hence—2. At the opposite end or extreme;
diametrically opposite.
A. º: So antipodal to New England ways and ideas as
was Vicksburg in that day. The Century, XXIII. 163.
A horseman clatters over the loose planks of the bridge,
while his antipodal shadow glides silently over the mir-
rored bridge below. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 19.
Also antipodic, antipodical.
Antipodal cells, in bot., the three naked cells at the
base of the embryo-sac in the Angiospermia. With the
egg apparatus they are considered as a reduced pro-
thallus.--Antipodal heresy, the heresy of the antipo-
dists. See antipodist,
The positive assertion, with indignant comment, that
Virgil [Bishop of Salzburg] was deposed for antipodal
heresy. Prof. De Morgan, N. and Q., 6th ser., XII. 53.
In
antipode (an'ti-pód), n. ; pl. antipodes (-pódz),
usually as Latin antipodes (an-tip’º-déz). [For-
merly also antipod, rarely antipos; KL. antipodes,
pl.: see antipodes.] 1. One of the antipodes,
or those who dwell on opposito sides of the
lobe.—2. One who or that which is in opposi-
ion to or over against another.

antipode *.
In tale or history your beggar is ever the just antipode
to your king. ryy gig Lamb, #; Beggars.
Balance-loving Nature
Made all things in pairs,
To every foot its antipode.
JEmerson, Merlin, ii.
antipodean (an-tip-à-dà'an), a. Pertaining to
the antipodes; antipodal.
antipodes (an-tip’ā-děz), m. pl. [L. (in ME. as
.), KGr. &vritrodeg, pl. of āvritrovg, with feet op-
posite, Kavri, opposite, F trotg pl. Tá0ec, - E.
foot.] 1. Persons living at diametrically op-
osite points of the globe, so that their feet are
irected toward each other; persons who live
on the side of the globe opposite to others.
Your Antipodes are a good rascally gort of topsie turvy
Fellows—If I had a Bumper I'd stand upon my Head and
drinka Health to 'em. Congreve, Way of the World, iv. 10.
2. Two places on the surface of the globe dia-
meiºſ; opposite to each other; the country
or region qm the opposite side of the globe.—
3. Figuratively, things º: to each other:
as a singular, anything diametrically adverse
or opposed to another thing belonging to the
same general order; a contrary. In the latter
sense sometimes used in the singular form an-
tipode (which see).
Can there be a greater contrariety unto Christ's judg-
ment, a more perfect antipodes to all that hath hitherto
been gospel? Hammond, Sermons.
Minds, the antipodes of each other in temper and endow-
ment, alike feel the force of his [Dante's] attraction.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 39.
aßic (an-ti-pod'ik), a. Same as antipodal.
IRuskin.
antipodical (an-ti-pod’i-kal), a. [Kantipode +
-ic-al.] Sāme as antipodal.
Nor are the inhabitants of the Antipodical Paradise
less worthy of our admiration.
Blackwood's Mag., XXII. 602.
antipodism (an-tip’º-dizm), n... [K antipode +
-ism..] . The state of being antipodal.
antipodist (an-tip’º-dist), n. [K antipode +
—ist.] A believer in the antipodes, at the time
when such belief was heresy, on account of the
orthodox supposition that the whole surface of
the earth was a flat expanse.
Some have maintained that the antipodist [Virgil, bishop
of Salzburg] was a different person from the canonized
bishop. Prof. De Morgan, N. and Q., 6th ser., XII. 53.
ºntipoint (an’ti-point), m. [K anti- + point.]
One of a pair of foci, real or imaginary, to a
plane curve, so related to another pair that if
a quadrilateral be drawn having the two foci of
each pair at opposite angles, the opposite sides
will meet at the circular points at infinity, and
consequently be tangent to the curve.
antipoison (an’ti-poi-Zn), n. [Kanti--F poison.]
An antidote for a poison; a counter-poison:
as, “poisons afford antipoisons,” Sir T. Browne,
Christ. Mor., xxviii. 1.
antipole (an’ti-pól), n. [K anti--- polc2.] The
opposite pole; anything diametrically opposed
to another.
That antipole of all enthusiasm, called “a "man of the
World.” eorge Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xl.
antipope (an’ti-pôp), n. IK anti- + pope.] One
who usurps or is elected to the papal office in
* to a pope held to be canonically
ChoSen. There have been about thirty antipopes, the
last of whom was Felix V. (Duke Amadeus VIII. of Savoy),
elected by the Council of Basle in 1439.
antiport, n. See anteport.
antiprime; (an-ti-pri’měr), n. [K anti- + pri-
merl.] An apparatus designed to prevent the
priming or foaming of water in a boiler, that
is, the escape of spray or water with the steam.
antiprism (an’ti-prizm), n. IK anti- + prism.]
An auxiliary prism; part of a compound prism
placed with its refractive edge in a reversed po-
sition. A prism of carbon disulphid is sometimes used
in º analysis, consisting of a glass core with sides
made of two antiprisms.
antiprostate (an-ti-pros’tát), m. [K anti- +
prostate, m.] One of the two small glands
(Cowper's glands) situated before the prostate
gland in man and many other mammals. See
prostate.
antiprostatic (an"ti-pros-tat'ik), a. [K anti-
prostate + -ic.] Of or pertaining to the anti-
prostates.
antipruritic (an"ti-pré-rit'ik), a. . [K anti- +
prwritic.] Tending to relieve itching.
antipsoric (an-tip-sor 'ik), a. and m. ... [K Gr.
ëvri, against, + populcóg, pertaining to the itch,
K påpa, the itch..] I. a. Efficacious in curing
the itch.
II, n. A remedy for the itch.
249
antiptosis (an-tip-tū’ sis), n, [L., & Gr. Švrt-
Tragic, Kavri, against, + arrógic, falling, case,
& Trúrretv, fall.] In gram., the use of one case
for another.
antiputrefactive (an’ti-pil-trá-faktiv), a. [K
anti-, + putrefactive..] Counteracting or pre-
venting putrefaction; antiseptic.
antiputrescent (an’ti-pil-tresſent), a. [K anti-
+, putrescent.] Same as antiputrefactive.
antipyic (an-ti-pi'ik), a. [KGr. Avri, against,
+ trºov, pus, + -ic.] Preventing or restraining
Suppuration. *
antipyretic (an'ti-pi-retik), a. and n. ... [K Gr.
âvré, against, + Trvperóg, fever: see pyretic..] I.
0. med., serving as a preventive of or rem-
edy for pyrexia or fever; depressing an abnor-
mally #. temperature: as, the new antipy-
Yetic alkaloid. . .
II. m. A remedy for fever; an antifebrile.
antipyrin, antipyrine (an-ti-pirin), n. [As
antipyr(etic) + -in?, -ine2.] A name of
phenyldimethylpyrazolone, C11H12N2O, a
complex body belonging to the aromatic séries.
It crystallizes in brilliant scales, which dissolve readily in
water. It is a valuable antipyretic.
antiquaria, n. Plural of antiquarium.
antiquarian (an-ti-kwā’ri-an), a. and m. [K L.
antiquarius (see antiquary) + -an.] I. a. 1.
Pertaining to antiquaries or to antiquarianism;
connected with the study of antiquities, particu-
larly of such as are comparatively modern, and
of such as have interest rather as curiosities
than for their inherent or archaeological impor-
tance: as, an antiquarian museum.
The question whether Greece did or did not borrow from
this or that barbarian people some rude germs of art which
in Greece alone were taught to grow into flowers and fruit
has little more than an antiquarian interest.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 259.
2. An epithet applied to a size of drawing-
paper, 53 × 31 or 52 × 29 inches.
I. m. Same as antiquary, 1 and 2.
antiquarianism (an-ti-kwā’ri-an-izm), n. [K
antiquarian -H -ism.] 1. The character or
tastes of an antiquary.
I have the seeds of antiquarianism in me.
ºp. Hºwrd, Letter to Warburton.
2. Antiquarian research. It includes the study of
the past through relics of all kinds, but denotes especially
the study of times which are neither very ancient nor of
great general interest, and the collection of bric-à-brac
and mere curiosities. It implies taste for old things
merely because they are old, independently of any artis-
tic or historic value that they may possess. = Syn. Archae-
ology, Antiquarianism. See archaeology.
antiquarium (an -ti-kwā’ ri-um), m.; pl. anti-
quaria (-ā). [NL., neut. of L. antiquarius: see
antiquary. Cf. aquartum.] A repository of an-
tiquities. N. E. D. -
antiquary (an’ti-kwā-ri), a. and m. [K L. anti-
quarius, pertaining to antiquity, an antiquary,
ML. also a copier of old books, K antiquus,
antique, ancient: See antique and -ary.] I. a.
Pertaining to antiquity; ancient; antiquarian.
Instructed by the antiquary times,
He must, he is, he cannot but be wise.
Shak., T. and C., ii. 3.
II. m. ; pl. antiquaries (-riz). 1. One versed
in the knowledge of ancient things; a student
or collector of antiquities: sometimes used in
the sense of archaeologist. See antiquarianism.
With sharpen'd sight pale antiquaries pore,
Th' inscription value, but the rust adore.
Pope, Ep. to Addison, l. 35.
The simple antiquary is not a historian, but it is always
a gain. When the historian is an antiquary.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 208.
2. A dealer in old books, coins, objects of art,
and similar articles. In this and the preceding
sense also antiquarian.—3t. An official custo-
dian of antiquities. This title was bestowed by Henry
VIII. upon Leland, his chaplain and librarian, 1533.
antiquate (an’ti-kwāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. an-
tiquated, ppr. antiquating. [KL. antiquatus, pp.
of antiquare, restore to its ancient condition, in
LL. make old, K antiquus, ancient: see antique.]
To make old or obsolete; make old and useless
by substituting something newer and better.
The growth of Christianity . . . might reasonably in-
troduce new laws and antiquate or abrogate some old
Olle.S. Sir M. Hale, Hist. Common Law of Eng.
* Huge charts which subsequent discoveries have anti-
quated. Lamb, Elia, p. 9.
antiquate (an'ti-kwāt), a. Same as antiquated,
• (t. -> *
antiquated (an’ti-kwā-ted), p. a. 1. Grown
old; obsolete or obsolescent; ill adapted to
present use; old-fashioned: said of things: as,
an antiquated law.
Is it possible that the present age can be pleased with
that antiquated dialect 7 Goldsmith, Vicar, xviii,
=S
anºuaisiness (anti-kwā-ted-nes), n.
antiquatenesst (an’ti-kwāt-nes), m.
antique (an-ték'), a. and n.
antiquely (an-ték'li), adv.
antiqueness (an-ték'nes), m.
antiquist (am-té'kist or an’ti-kwist), m.
antiquitarian (an-tik-wi-ta'ri-am), m.
antiquity
2. Advanced in years; rendered incapable by
age; superannuated.
Old Janet, for so he understood his antiquated atten-
dant was denominated. Scott, Waverley, II. 1.
Ancient, Old, Antique, etc. See ancient 1.
[K an-
tiquated -H, -mess.] The state or quality of be-
ing antiquated, obsolete, or old-fashioned.
[K anti-
quate + -ness.] The state or quality of being
antiquated or obsolete.
antiquation (an-ti-kwā‘shgn), n. IKL. antiqua-
tio(n-), K antiquare : see antiquate, v.] 1. The
act of antiquating, or the state of being anti-
quated.
Which must no change nor antiquation know.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, xv. 164.
2. In Roman law, repeal, as of a law; abroga-
tion.
[Early mod. E. an-
tike, antyke, anticke, antick, later antique, with
accent on the first syllable; in the 17th century
the forms were gradually discriminated, antick,
antic being restricted to the sense of ‘fantas-
tic,” etc. (see antic), while antique, with accent
shifted in immediate dependence on the F., was
restricted to the lit. sense; K F. antique, ancient,
old, K. L. antiquus, anticus, former, earlier, an-
cient, old, K ante, before: see ante- and antic.]
I. a. 1. Having existed in ancient times; be-
longing to or having come down from antiquity;
ancient: often specifically referring to Greece
and Rome: as, an antique statue.
The Seals . . . which we know to be antique.
My copper-lamps, at any rate,
For being true antique, I bought.
Prior, Alma, iii.
2. Belonging to former times, as contrasted
with modern; having the form and character-
istics of an earlier day; of old fashion: as, an
antique robe.
O good old man ; how well in thee appears
The constant service of the antique world,
When service sweat for duty, not for meed
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 3.
All the antágue fashions of the street were dear to him ;
even such as were characterized by a rudeness that would
naturally have annoyed his fastidious senses.
IIawthorne, Seven Gables, xi.
3t. Fantastic; fanciful; odd; wild; antic. See
antic, 4
What fashion'd hats, or ruffs, or suits next year
Our giddy-headed antique youth will wear. Donne.
4. In bookbind., darkened with heated tools.—
Antique Crown, in her., a bearing representing a simple
crown composed of a circular land with rays simply
- pointed and of indefinite number. It
is always or, that is, of gold. Also
called . Eastern crown.— Antique
type. See II., 3. =Syn. Ancient, Old,
Antique, etc. See ancient.
... n. 1. The style or man-
ner of ancient times, speciſi-
cally of Greek and Roman an-
tiquity: used especially of art.
In this sense used only in the singular, and preceded by
the definite article: as, fond of the antique; copied from
the antique. .. * - e
2. Amy relic of antiquity; specifically, an ex-
ample of Greek or Roman art, especially in
sculpture.
To collect books and antiques, to found professorships,
to patronize men of learning, became almost universal
fashions among the great. Macaulay, Machiavelli.
3. The name given by American type-foundors
to a style of type of thick and bold face, of the
regular Roman model, in which all lines are of
equal or nearly equal thiekness: called Egyp-
tian by British type-founders. The type used for
title-words in this dictionary is condensed antique.
Dryden.
Antique Crown.
(From Berry's “Dict.
of Heraldry.”)
antiqued (an-tékt’), a. In bookbinding, finished
in antique style.
In an antique man-
Il GI’.
The quality of
being antique, or of appearing to be of ancient
origin and Workmanship.
IK an-
tique (or L. antiquus) + -ist.] 1. An anti-
quary: as, “theoretic antiquists,” I’inkerton,
[Rare.]—2. A collector of antiques.
[K an-
tiquity, -t- -arian.]. An admirer of antiquity;
an antiquary. [Rare.]
I shall distinguish such as I esteem to be the hinderers
of reformation into three sorts : –1, Antiquitarians (for
So I had rather call them than antiquaries, whose labours
are useful and laudable); 2, Libertines; 3, Politicians.
Milton, Reformation, i.
antiquity (an-tik/wi-ti), m.; pl. antiquities (-tiz).
[KME, antiquytee, antiquite, KOF. antiquite, an-
tiquiteit, mod. F. antiquité = Pr. antiquitat =

antiquity
§§ antigiiedad=Pg, antiguidade = It, antichità,
S.L. antiquita(t)s, Kantiquus; see antique.] 1.
The quality of being ancient; ancientness;
great age: as, a family of great antiquity.
This ring is valuable for its antiquity. Johnson.
Is not your voice broken? your wind short? . . . and
every part about you blasted with “gº; f
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 2.
2. Ancient times; former ages; times long
Since past: as, Demosthenes was the most elo-
quent Orator of antiquity.
Nor even so remotely among the mossy centuries did it
pause, but strayed onward into that gray antiquity of
Which there is no token left save its cavernous tombs, etc.
4. Hawthorne, Marble Faun.
3. The ancients collectively; the people of an-
cient times.
. He lives with antiquity and posterity; with antiquity,
in the Sweet communion of studious retirement; and with
posterity, in the generous aspirings after future renown.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 29.
That such pillars were raised by Seth all antiquity has
3.WOWe(i. Sir W. Raleigh.
4. An old person. [Humorous.]
You are a shrewd antiquity, neighbour Clench,
B. Jomsom.
5. That which is ancient, or belongs to old or
ancient times; something left by or peculiar
to the ancients: generally in the plural: as,
Greek or Egyptian antiquities.
The lectures will have for a common object the history
and antiquities of the country. Everett, Orations, II. 111.
antirabic (an-ti-rab'ik), a. [K anti- + rabies.]
Pertaining to the prevention of rabies or hy-
drophobia.
The Russian antirabic inoculation institution [in Odessa].
Science, IX. 186.
antiracer (an-ti-rá'sér), m. [K anti- + racel +
-erl. device for preventing the racing of
the screw of a marine propeller when the vessel
pitches so as to throw it out of the water.
antirachitic (an"ti-ra-kit'ik), a. [K anti- +
Tachitic..] Tending to cure rachitis or rickets.
antiremonstrant (an"ti-ré-mon'strant), n. IK
anti- + remonstramt.] One opposed to remon-
strance or to those who remonstrate. Specifi-
cally (with a capital), one of that party in the Dutch Cal-
vinistic Church which opposed the Remonstrants or Ar-
minians. They are also called Cowmter-remonstrants. See
7'emn07. Stratint.
antirent (an-ti-rent’), a. [K anti- + rent.] Op-
posed to the payment of rent; opposed, on
theoretical grounds, to the exaction of rent
for land, etc.; as, antirent doctrines.—Antirent
party, a social and political organization which resisted
(1839 to about 1849) the collection of rent on certain great
manorial estates in the State of New York.
antirenter (an-ti-ren’tér), m. [Kamtirent + -erl.]
A person opposed to the payment of rent; spe-
cifically, a member of the Antirent party.
Antirrhinum (an-ti-ri'num), n. . . [NL., K. Gr.
êvri, corresponding to, like, -i- bic, biv, nose.]
Agenus of herbs, of the family Scrophulariaceae
natives of the warmer parts of the old world an
North America. The flowers of most of the species
bear a resemblance to an animal's snout ; hence the name.
The Snapdragon, A. majus, is a familiar garden-plant,
with showy flowers, from the Mediterranean. The Mexi-
can A. maurandioides is also frequently cultivated. K
[
antisabbatarian (an’ti-sab-a-tä'ri-an), n.
anti--- sabbatarian.] One who denies the per-
petual obligation of the sabbath law, maintain-
ing that it was part of the ceremonial, not of the
moral law, and was abolished by Christ; hence,
one who opposes strictness in the observance
250
antiscripturism (an-ti-skripºtijr-izm), n. [K
anti- + scripture + -ism.] Opposition to the
Scriptures. . [Rare.]
antiscripturist (an-ti-skripſtir-ist), n. IK anti-
+ scripture + -ist.] . One who denies the truth
of Scripture; one who does not accept revela-
tion: as, “atheists and antiscriptwrists,” Boyle,
Style of Holy Scriptures, p. 4. [Rare.]
Anti-Semite (an'ti-Sem'it), n. One who seeks
by political or other means to lessen the com-
mercial, political, or socialinfluence of the Jews.
The name is given especially to those who have partici-
pated in the agitation against the Jews in Germany, Rus-
sia, and Austria which began about 1878.
Anti-Semitic (an"ti-sé-mit'ik), a.
taining to the Anti-Semites.
Anti-Semitism (an'ti-sem’it-izm), n. The agi-
tation conducted by the Anti-Semites or its
motives; antagonism to the Jews.
antisepalous (an-ti-sep’a-lus), a. [K anti- +
Of or per-
Antisepalous Flower of Alchemzlla vuelgarir.
a, stamens, alternating with the
t
etals (b) and opposite
o the sepals Fº
sepal + -ows.]. In bot., standing opposite to
sepals: applied to stamens. • y
antisepsis (an-ti-sep'sis), n. [NL., K.G. &uri,
against, 4 of plc, putrefaction: see septic.] The
more or less complete exclusion of living micro-
organisms from those bodies or substances in
which they produce disease, putrefaction, or
fermentation. Such organisms may be destroyed, as
by heat or germicides, or excluded, as by coverings or clean-
liness, ortheir activity and multiplication may berestricted,
as by the application of antiseptic substances or of cold. *
antiseptic (an-ti-sepºtik), a. and n. IK Grºvri,
against, + 07ttukóg, septic: see septic.] I. a.
Pertaining to antisepsis; inimical to the growth
and activity of the micro-organisms of disease,
putrefaction, or fermentation.—Antiseptic var-
nish, in painting, a glazing used to protect such vegetable
or animal colors as are likely to fade by exposure to the air.
II. m. Anything which destroys the micro-
organisms of disease, putrefaction, or fermen-
tation, or which restricts their growth and mul-
tiplication. Substances used for this purpose are cor-
rosive sublimate, chlorinated lime, carbolic acid, sulphur-
ous acid, etc. See disinfectant and germicide. In
8,Il
antiseptically (an-ti-sep’ti-kal-i), adv.
antiseptic manner; by the application of anti-
septics. 4.
Lister has operated antiseptically.
T. Bryant, Surgery, p. 757.
antisepticise, v. t. See antisepticize.
antisepticist (an-ti-sep’ti-sist), n. IK antiseptio
+ -ist.] A believer in antiseptic treatment.
antisepticize '...º. w. t.; pret, and
pp. antisepticized, ppr. antisepticizing. [K anti-
septic + -ize.] ... To treat with antiseptic agents;
apply antiseptics to. Also spelled antisepticise.
antiseption (an-ti-sep'shgn), m. [Irreg. K anti-
septic H+ -ion.] Antisepsis.
antislavery (an-ti-slä’ve-ri), a. and n. IK anti-
+ slavery.] I. a. Opposed to slavery: as, an
antislavery man; the antislavery agitation.
II. m. Opposition to slavery.
antislaveryism (an-ti-slāye-ri-izm), n. [Kan-
tislavery + -ism..] Opposition to slavery; the
of the sabbath: the opposite of Sabbatarian. Adoctrines of the antislavery party. ... [Rare.]
See sabbatarian, sabbath.
antiscian (an-tish’ian), n. IKL. antiscii, K. Gr.
ôvTíoklot, pl. of āvtíoktog, with opposite shadows,
K divri, opposite, -- oktā, shadow.
cian.] A person whose shadow at noon is cast
in a direction contrary to that of an inhabitant
of the other side of the equator living upon the
same meridian. See antecians.
antiscii (an-tish’i-i), n. pl. [L. : See antiscian.]
Antiscians. *
antiscolic (an-ti-skol’ik), a. [K Gr. &vré, against,
+ akóż73, a worm : see Scolea..] Anthelmintic.
Syd. Soc. Lea.
antiscorbutic (an’ti-skór-büttik), a. and n. [K
anti- + scorbutic..] I. a. In med., counteracting
Scurvy.
II., n. A remedy for scurvy, as lemon-juice,
# fruits, etc.
antiscorbutical (an’ti-skör-bū’ti-kal), a. Same
aS antiSCOrbutic.
antiscriptural (an-ti-skripºtijr-al), a. [K anti-
+ Scripture + -al.] Antagonistic to the prin-
ciples or doctrines of Scripture, or to the ac-
ceptance of the Scriptures as inspired.
antisocial (an-ti-så'shal), a. [K anti-F social.]
1. Averse or antagonistic to sociality or social
intercourse.—2. Opposed to social order, or
Cf. amphis- the principles on which society is constituted. lis, or venereal poison.
antisocialist (an-ti-só'shal-ist), a. [K anti- +
socialist.] Opposed to the doctrines and prac-
tices of socialism. J. S. Mill.
antispadix (an-ti-spä'diks), n., [K anti-F Spa-
dia..] A specialized group of four tentacles on
the right side of some male cephalopods, as the
nautilus, three of them having their sheaths
united and the fourth standing alone. The
structure is opposite to the spadix; hence the
Ila, D16. -
These four tentacles may be called the anti-spadia. *
B. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XVI. 674.
antispasis (an-tisſ på-sis), n. IK Gr. &vrto Taolc
Kávrtoiráv, drawin the contrary direction, Kävtſ,
contrary, + atráv, draw.] In pathol., a revul-
sion of fluids from one part of the body to an-
other. [Rare.]
antispasmodic (an’ti-spaZ-mod'ik), a. and n.
[K anti- + spasmodic.] I. a. In med, curative
of spasm; checking or curing convulsions.
antistasis (an-tis’ta-sis), n.
antitheist
II. n. In med., a remedy for spasm or convul-
sions, as ether, chloroform, the bromidés, etc.
antispast (an'ti-Spast), n. [K.L. antispastus, K
Gr. Övriotraorog, verbal adj. of āvratrāv, draw in
the contrary direction; see antispasis.] In anc.
ros., a tetrasyllabic foot, in which the first and
ast syllables are short and the middle syllables
long, as Clijtěmněstrá. It is a combination of
an iambus and a trochee.
antispastic (an-ti-spastik), a. and n. IK Gr.
àvrtoraorukóg, able to draw back, K &vrtotraotog:
see antispast.] I. a. 1. In med.: (at) Causing a
revulsion of fluids or humors. (b) Counteract-
ing spasm; antispasmodic.–2. Containing or
consisting of antispasts: as, an antispastic verse.
II. m. fº. (a+). A medicine supposed to
act by causing a revulsion of the humors, (b)
Aremedy that counteracts spasm; an antispas-
modic.
antispastust (an-ti-spas’tus), m. [L.] Same
as antispast. [Rare.]
antisplenetic (an"ti-splé-net'ik), a. [K anti-
+ splenetic.] Acting as a remedy in diseases
of the spleen.
[NL., K. Gr. &vré-
oTaoug, a counter-plea, set-off, º Káv0%-
oraoffat, &vttorffval, withstand, Kávtt, against, +
totaaffat, otival, stand.]. In rhet., the justifica-
tion of an action by the argument that if it.
had been omitted something worse would have
happened.
antistes (an-tis’téz), m.; pl. antistites (-ti-téz).
[L., an overseer, a high priest; prop. adj., stand-
ing before; K antistare, also antestare, stand be-
fore, K ante, before (see ante-), + stare, stand.]
A chief priest or prelate. [Rare.]
Unless they had as many antistites as presbyters.
Milton, Prelatical Episcopacy.
antistrophal (an-tisſtrö-fal), a. Of or pertain-
ing to antistrophe. *
antistrophe (an-tisſtrö-fé), m. . [L., K. Gr. &vrt-
otpopff, lit, a turning about, Kövttorpépetv, turn
about, K &vrt, , against, + otpépetv, turn. Cf.
strophe..] 1. A part of an ancient Greek choral
ode corresponding to the strophe, which im-
mediately precedes it, and identical with it in
meter. It was sung by the chorus when returning from
left to right, they having previously sung the strophe
when moving from right to left. The strophe, antistrophe,
and epode (the last sung by the chorus standing still), in
this sequence, were the three divisions of a larger choral
passage, which in its turn was treated as a unit and might
be used once or repeated a number of times. This struc-
ture was occasionally imitated in Latin, and has sometimes
been used in modern poetry.
2. In rhet.: (a) The reciprocal conversion of the
samewords in consecutive clauses or sentences:
as, the master of the servant, the servant of
the master. (b) The turning of an adversary's
plea against him: as, had I killed him as you
A report, I had not stayed to bury him.
ântistrophic (an-ti-strof 'ik), a. [K Gr. &vrt-
otpopulcóg, Kávttotpopff: see antistrophe..] Relat-
ing to antistrophe.
antistrophically (an-ti-strofºi-kal-i), adv. In
inverse, order; by antistrophe.
antistrophon (an-tisſtrö-fon), m. [K Gr. &vrt-
otpopog (neut. -ov), turned opposite ways, K
ãvrtorpépetv: see antistrophe..] In rhet., the turn-
ing of an argument against the one who ad-
vanced it.
antistrumatic (an’ti-strö-mat'ik), a. [K anti-
+ strumatic.] Same as antistrumous.
antistrumous (an-ti-strö’ mus), a. [K anti-
+ strumous...] In med., useful as a remedy for
scrofulous disorders.
antisyphilitic (an’ti-sif-i-lit'ik), a. [K anti-
+ syphilitic.] In med., efficacious against syphi-
Also called antiluetic.
Antitactes (an-ti-tak’těz), m.;º (-té).
[Gr. &vrtrákrmg, a heretic (see def.), K &vrtráooetv,
oppose, resist, K divrt, against, + tdooetv, set in
order, range, arrange: See anti- and tactic.]
One of those Gnostics who professed to oppose
the will and commands of the Creator, Demi-
urge, or second Maker (the evil one), and,
assuming that it was the latter who gave the
decalogue, held that the moral law was not obli-
gatory, and showed their contempt for it by
purposely transgressing its commandments: a
name given by Clement of Alexandria.
antithalian (an-ti-thä’ li-an), a. [K anti- +
Thalia, the muse of comedy: see Thalia.] Op-
posed to fun or festivity. N. E. [Rare.]
antitheism (an’ti-thé-izm), n. [K anti--- the-
ism..] Opposition to theism. [Rare.]
antitheist (an'ti-thé-ist), n. IK anti- + theist.]
opponent of theism; one who denies the ex-
istence of a personal God. [Rare.]

• antitheist:
The verdict of the atheist on the doctrine of a God is
only that it is not proven. It is not that it is disproven.
He is but an atheist. He is not an antitheist.
Chalmers, Nat. Theol., I, 58.
antitheistic (an’ti-thé-is' tik), a. [K antitheist
+ -ic.] Antagonistic to theism. [Rare.]
That strange burst of antitheistic frenzy.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 756.
antitheistical #.ti-thé-is’ti-kal), a. Same as
antitheistic. are.]
antitheistically (an’ti-thé-is’ti-kal-i), adv. In
an antitheistic manner. [Rare.] y
antithenar (an-tith’e-nāir), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vré,
opposite to, + 6&vap, the part of the hand be-
tween the thumb and forefinger.] In anat.: (a)
A muscle which extends the thumb, or opposes
it to the hand. (b) The adductor muscle of the
great toe. -
antithesis (an-tith 'e-sis), n. ; pl. antitheses
-séz). [L., K. Gr. Avriffegg, opposition (cf. &vri-
eroc, opposed, antithetic), Kavrºſ d'éval, oppose,
set against, Kavri, against, + Tifféval, place, Set,
X 660-g: see anti- and thesis.] 1. Opposition;
contrast.
The opposition of ideas and sensations is exhibited to
us in the antithesis of theory and fact.
Whewell, Hist. Scientific Ideas, I. 4.
2. That which is opposed or contrasted, as one
of two opposite judgments or propositions: in
this sense opposed to thesis (which see). Spe-
cifically—3. In rhet., a figure consisting in
loringing contrary ideas or terms into close op-
position; a contrast or an opposition of words
or sentiments: as, “When our vices leave us, we
flatter ourselves we leave them”; “The prodigal
arobs his heir, the miser robs himself”; “Eaccess
of ceremony shows want of breeding.”
antithet (an’ti-thet), n. IK Gr. &vtibetov, an an-
tithesis, neut. of āvrifferog, opposed, antithetic:
see antithesis.] An antithetical statement or
expression; an instance of antithesis. [Rare.]
It is sometimes true . . . that sunshine comes after
storm, ... . but not always; not even, often. Equally
true is the popular antithet, that misfortunes never come
Single. Kingsley, Two Years Ago, xxvi.
antithetic (an-ti-thet'ik), a. and n. [= F. an-
tithetique, K. Gr. avrderikác, contrasting, anti-
thetic, Kóvrifferog, opposed, K &vrtriflévat: see an-
tithesis.] I. a. Same as antithetical.
II. n. 1. A direct opposite.—2. pl. The
doctrine of contrasts. N. E. D.
antithetical (an-ti-thet’i-kal), a. [As antithetic
+ -al.] 1. Pertaining to or of the nature of
antithesis; directly opposed or contrasted: as,
these conceptions are antithetical.
The two great and antithetical intellects which New
IEngland produced in the eighteenth century were Jona-
than Edwards and Benjamin Franklin.
- G. S. Merriam, S. Bowles, I. 6.
2. Containing or abounding in antithesis; char-
acterized by or making use of antithesis.
His [Macaulay's] works overflow with antithetical forms
of expression. Whipple, Ess, and Rev., I. 29.
antithetically (an-ti-thet’i-kal-i), adv, . In an
* antithetical manner; by means of antithesis.
antitoxin (an’ti-toks’in), n. [K anti-H toxin.]
A substance formed in the body of animals
inoculated with certain bacteria, which has the
power of neutralizing toxins formed by the
corresponding organisms. Antitoxins are used
in the treatment of diphtheria and tetanus.
anti-trade (an’ti-träd), n. IK anti- + trade
(wind).] A name given to any of the upper
tropical winds which move northward or south-
ward in the same manner as the trade-winds,
but above them and in the opposite direction.
These great ačrial currents descend to the surface, after
they have passed the limits of the trade-winds, and form
the southwest or west-southwest winds of the north tem-
perate, and the northwest or west-northwest winds of the
south temperate zone.
antitragi, n. Plural of antitragus,
antitragic (an-ti-traj'ik), a. [K NL. antitragi-
cus, q.v.] Pertaining to the antitragus.
antitragicus (an-ti-traj’i-kus), m. ; pl. antitra-
gici (-si). [NL., K antitragus, q.v.] In anat.,
a muscle of the pinna of the ear, situated upon
the antitragus. -
**** (an-tit’rā-gus), ºn. ; pl. antitragi (-ji).
[NL., K. Gr. &vtirpayog, Kövri, opposite to, +
tpáyog, tragus: see tragus.] In anat, the pro-
cess of the external ear, opposite to the tragus,
and behind the ear-passage. See cut under ear.
antitrinitarian (an’ti-trin-i-tä'ri-an), a. and m.
Kanti- + trimitarian.] I. a. Opposing the doc-
trine of the Trinity.
II. m. One who denies the doctrine of the
Trinity, or the existence of three persons in
the Gºdhead.
Also written Antitrinitarian, Anti-Trinitarian.
- * 251
antitrinitarianism
m. [K antitrinitarian -- -ism.] Denial of the
doctrine of the Trinity. Also written Antitrini-
tarianism, Anti-Trinitarianism.
antitrochanter (an’ti-trö-kan’tér), n. . [K anti-
+ trochanter.] In anat., an articular facet on
the ilium against which the trochanter major
of the femur abuts, and with which it forms a
joint, as in birds. See cut under sacrarium.
antitrochanteric (an’ti-trö-kan-ter'ik), a. Of
or pertaining to the antitrochanter.
antitropal (an-tit’rö-pal), a. Same as antitro-
potts.
antitrope (anti-tróp), n. [= F. antitrope, Š
NL. antitropus, K. Gr. &vtſ, against, + -Tpotºog, K
Tpérretv, turn.] A part or an organ of the body
set over against another, as one of a pair; a
symmetrical antimere: thus, the right and left
hands are antitropes to each other. Also called
antitype.
antitropic (an-ti-trop'ik), a. [As antitrope +
-ic.] Of or pertaining to an antitrope, or to
...; symmetrically related in position;
reversely repeated, so as to form a pair.
antitropous (an-tit’ró-pus), a. [K NL. antitro-
pus: see antitrope..] In bot, having the radicle
pointing directly away from the hilum of the
seed, as in all orthotropous seeds: applied to
embryos. An equivalent form is antitropal.
antitropy (an-tit’rö-pi), n. [K antitrope + -y3.1
The character of an antitrope; the state, qual-
ity, or condition of being antitropic; reversed
repetition of a part or an organ.
antitypal (an’ti-ti-pal), a. [K antitype ---al.]
Relating to or of the nature of an antitype.
How am I to extricate my antitypal characters, when
their living types have not yet extricated themselves?
Ringsley, Yeast, Epil.
We still see remaining an antitypal sketch of a wing
adapted for flight in the scaly flapper of the penguin.
A. R. Wallace, Nat. Selec., p. 24.
antitype (an'ti-tip), n. [K Gr. &vritvtov, neut.
of avritutog, corresponding, as the stamp to the
die, Kávré, against, corresponding to, + tºwog, a
model, type: see type.] 1. That which is pre-
figured or represented by a type, and there-
fore is correlative with it; particularly, in theol.,
that which in the gospel is foreshadowed by and
answers to some person, character, action, in-
stitution, or event in the Old Testament.
It is this previous design, and this preordained connec-
tion (together, of course, with theresemblance), which con-
stitute the relation of type and antitype.
Fairbairn, Typology, I. 46.
He [Melchizedek] brought forth bread and wine, . . .
imitating the antitype, or the substance, Christ himself.
Jer. Taylor.
2. In biol., same as antitrope.
antitypic (an-ti-tip'ik), a. Same as antitypical.
A series of antitypic groups. Cope.
antitypical (an-ti-tip’i-kal), a. [K antitype --
-ical. Cf. typical.] Pertaining to or of the na-
ture of an antitype.
The writer [of the Epistle to the Hebrews] recognizes the
typical, or rather antitypical, character of the Tabernacle
and its services, as reflecting the archetype seen by Moses
in the Mount. Schaff, Hist. Christ. Church, I. § 100.
antitypically (an-ti-tip’i-kal-i), adv. By way
of antitype; as an antitype.
antitypous? (an-tit’i-pus), a. [K Gr. avTirviſog,
resisting: see antitypy.] Characterized by an-
titypy; resisting force; solid.
antitypy (an-tit’i-pi), m. [K Gr. avTarvTía, the
resistance of a hº body, Kávtitv7rog, resisting,
K divrt, against, + -TvTog, K titretv, strike. Cf.
antitype.] In metaph., the absolute impenetra-
bility of matter.
antivaccinationist (an”ti-vak-si-nā’sh9n-ist),
'm. One who is opposed to the practice of vac-
cination; specifically, a member or an adher-
ent of the Anti-Vaccination Society of Great
Britain.
antivaccinist (an-ti-vak'sin-ist), n. [K anti-
+ vaccinist.] One who is opposed to vaccina-
tion. Imp. Dict.
antivariolous (an"ti-vā-riſó-lus), a. [K anti-
+ variolows.] Preventing the contagion of
Smallpox.
antivela, n. Plural of antivelum.
antivelar (an-ti-vé’lār), a. [Kantivelum + -ar.]
Pertaining to the antivelum.
antivelum (an-ti-vé'lum), m.; pl. antivela (-lā).
NL., K anti- + velum.] The pedal velum of
cephalopods. See extract.
Since, then, in the gastropods the intestine turns to the
cerebral side, we have the velum formed on that side;
whereas, in £he cephalopods, the flexure being on the op-
posite side, we have what we may call the antivelum on
the pedal side.
J. F. Blake, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th ser., IV.
an/ti-trin-i-tä'ri-an-izm), antivenereal (an'ti-vé-nē’ré-al), a.
& ſº 3
antizymotic (an’ti-Zi-mot 'ik), a. and m.
antjar, n.
ant-king (ānt/king), m.
antlered (ant’lèrd), a.
antler-moth (ant’lèr-móth), m.
antler-moth
[K anti-
+ venereal.] Counteracting venereal poison;
useful as a remedy invenereal disease.
antizymic (an-ti-zim'ik), a. [K anti- + 2ymic.]
Tending to prevent fermentation or putrefac-
tion; antizymotic ; antiseptic. [K
anti- + 2ymotic..] I. a. Preventing or check-
ing fermentation or zymosis; antizymic.
*# m. That which prevents fermentation, as
in brewing; a preventive of or remedy for zy-
motic disease.
See antiar.
A name of the South
American ant-thrushes of the genus Gral-
laria.
antler (antler), m. [Formerly auntler, antlier,
corruptly ankler (Cotgrave), K ME. auntelere
hauntelere, K OF. antoillier, later andoiller (and
andouiller, endouiller), prob. K ML. *antocula-
ºris (sc. ramus), the branch or time of a stag's
horn before the eye, K L. ante, before, -- oculus,
eye: see ante- and ocular, and cf. antocular.] 1.
Originally, the first time or branch of the horns
of a deer.—2. Any of the principal tines, or
branches of a deer's horns: with a descriptive
prefix or epithet. (See below.)—3. Now, when
used absolutely, one of the solid deciduous
horns of the Cervida, or deer family, which
are periodically shed and renewed, as dis-
tinguished from the permanent hollow horns
of other ruminants. Antlers are of all shapes and
sizes, from the short simple spikes of some species to the
enormous branched or palmate antlers of the stag, elk,
or moose. They are secondary sexual organs, developed
in connection with the rut, and generally only in the
male sex; in some Cervidoe, as reindeer, in both sexes.
They consist of a modification of true bone, and are there-
fore radically different from the cuticular or epidermal
structures (horns) of other ruminants. During growth they
are covered with a modified periosteal and epidermal tis-
Sue, abounding in blood-Vessels, and furry outside; this is
Stag's Antler in successive years.
a, brow-antler; b, bez-antler; c, antler royal ; aſ, sur-royal, or crown-
anther
the velvet, affording a copious supply of blood to the rapidly
enlarging Osseous tissue. When the antlers are full-grown
the vascular activity of the velvet ceases, a result mechan-
ically facilitated by the development of the boss or bur at
the root of the beam, which to some extent strangulates
the blood-vessels. . The velvet then withers and shrivels,
and peels off in shreds, or is rubbed off by the animal.
The horns of the American prongbuck are antlers, inas-
much as they are deciduous and grow in the manner just
described; but they are cuticular structures, and otherwise
like the horns of cattle. In forestry, the tines of much-
branched antlers, as those of the stag, have special names.
In the first year the stag has only frontal protuberances,
called bossets; in the second, a simple stem or snag, called
spike in the case of American deer; in the third, a longer
stem with one branch, the brow-antler; in the fourth,
the bez-, bes-, or bay-antler; in the fifth, the antler royal
is acquired; after which the ends of the stag's horns
become more or less palmate, developing the crown or
sur-royal, whence more or fewer points diverge in sub-
sequent years. . The total number of “points,’ counting all
the times, may be ten. The main stem of a branched ant-
leris the beam; the branches, exclusive of the mere points
of the palmated part, are the times. The order of branch-
ing is different in different species; in some the division
is dichotomous throughout, as in the mule-deer of Amer-
ica. In general, the times are offsets of a main beam. The
reindeer is remarkable for the great size of the brow-
antler, which is also usually much larger on one side than
on the other. The most palmate antlers are those of the
European elk and of the American moose,
4. Same as antler-moth.
º 1. Having antlers;
solid-horned; as, the antlered ruminants, dis.
tinguished from the horned ruminants.-2.
Decorated with antlers.
Once more the merry voices sound
Within the antlered hall.
O. W. Holmes, Island Hunting-Song.
ſº º A European
species of noctuid moth, Charapas (or Cerapte-
T/º) gramīrūs. The larvae are very destructive, some.
times destroying the herbage of whole meadows. Also
called antler.

antlia.
antlia (ant'li-á), n. ; pl. antliae (-5). [L., a
Chine to draw up water, a pump, KGr. łºżia, the
hold of a ship, bilge-water, Käuthog, the hold of a
ship, bilge-water, a bucket, Kävá, up, + “Tääew
hold, lift, - L. “tla-in pp. tiatus, latus, associated
With ferre, bear: see ablative.] The spiraltongue
or proboscis of lepidopterous insects, by which
they pump up the juices of plants. It consists of
the greatly elongated imaxillae, which form a long bipar-
tite suctorial tube. When coiled up it forms a flat spiral,
like the spring of a watch. See cut under haustelliºn.— .
Antlia. Pneumatica, in astron., the Air-pump, a con-
stellation in the southern hemisphere, situated between
Hydra and Argo Navis.
Antliata (ant-li-ā'tā), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
antliatus: see antliate.] A synonym of Diptera:
a name given by Fabricius to the dipterous in-
Sects, from their feeding, like the common fly,
by means of a sucker or antlia. The name is no
longer in use, the term antlia being now applied exclusively
to the Spiral haustellate proboscis of lepidopterous insects.
antliate (ant'li-āt), a. [K NL. antliatus, K L.
antlia.] Furnished with an antlia.
ant-lion (ānt'li”gn), n. A neuropterous insect
of the section Planipennia, family Myrmeleon-
tida?, and genus Myrmeleon, as, for example,
M. Jormicarius. The name is specifically given to the
larva, which has attracted more notice than the perfect
insect, on account of the ingenuity displayed by it in
Ant-lion (Myrmelcort ſorºntcarzies). Perfect insect and larva.
preparing a kind of pitfall for the destruction of insects
(chiefly ants). It digs a funnel-shaped hole in the driest
and finest Sand it can find, working inside the hole and
throwing up the particles of sand with its head. When
the pit is deep enough, and the sides are quite smooth and
sloping, the ant-lion buries itself at the bottom with
only its formidable mandibles projecting, and waits for
its prey. The moment a victim falls in, the larva seizes
it with its mandibles and sucks its juices.
antocular (ant-ok'ī-lar), a. [K. L. ante, before,
+ oculus, eye. Cf. antler.] Situated in front
of the eye; anteocular.
antoeci (an-té'si), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. Švrotkot,
pl. of Övtotkoç: See antecians.] Same as ante-
Ciams.
antoecians, m. pl. See antecians.
antonomasia (an-ton-Ö-mâ’ziä), n. [L., K. Gr.
ãvrovo/laota, Kávrovouáčetv, call by another name,
Kávtt, instead of, -F Övouáčetv, name, Kövoua,
Iname, = Tu. momen = E. name.] In rhet., the
substitution of an epithet, or of the appellative
of some office, dignity, profession, science, or
trade, for the true name of a person, as when
his majesty is used for a king, his lordship for a
nobleman, or the philosopher for Aristotle; con-
versely, the use of a proper noun in the place of
a Common noun: as, a Cato for a man of severe
gravity, or a Solomon for a wise man.
antonomastic (an-ton-Ö-mastik), a. [K an-
tonomasia, after Gr. Övouaarakóg.] Of, pertain-
ing to, or marked by antonomasia.
antonomastical (an-ton-Ö-mas’ti-kal), a. Same
as antonomastic.
antonomastically (an-ton-Ö-mas’ti-kal-i), adv.
By means or in the manner of the figure an-
tonomasia.
antonym (an’tó-nim), m. , [K Gr. *āvróvvuog (cf.
ăvrøvuuia, a pronoun), Kövtt, against, + šuoua,
dial. §vvua = E. name: see onym.] A counter-
term ; an opposite; an antithetical word: the
opposite of synonym: as, life is the antonym of
*death.
antorbital (ant-ör’bi-tal), a. [KL. ante, before,
+ orbita, orbit..] Same as ante-orbital.
The antorbital, or lateral ethmoidal, processes of the
primordial cranium. LIuzley, Anat. Vert., p. 133.
Antosiandrian (an-tó-si-an’dri-an), n. [K ant-
for anti--- Osiandrian.] A name applied to the
orthodox Lutherans who opposed the doctrines
of Osiander. See Osiandrian.
antozone (an-tóſzón), m. [K ant- for anti- +
ozone..] A substance, formerly believed to be
a modification of oxygen, whose chief peculiar-
ity is that it combines with ozone and reduces
it to ordinary oxygen. It has been proved to
be hydrogen dioxid, H2O2.
antOzonite (an-tó’zó-nit), m. [Kantozome + -ite2.]
A variety of fluorite or fluor-spar, found at
Wölsendorf, Bavaria. It emits a strong odor, at one
time Bupposed to be due to antozone, but since shown to
be caused by free fluorin.
antra, n. Plural of antrum.
252
ma- antral (an'tral), a. [K antrum + -al.] Of or ant-shrike (änt'shrik), n.
pertaining to an antrum or sinus; cavernous,
as a bone.
antret (an’tér), n. [Prop. anter § printed
antar in first extract), K F. amtre, K L. antrum, K
Gr. Švrpov, a cave. Cf. antrum.] A cavern; a
C8,V6.
Amtres vast, and deserts idle.
A vein of gold, . . .
With all its lines abrupt and angular,
Qut-shooting sometimes, like a meteor-star,
Through a vast amtre. Keats, Endymion, ii.
antritis (an-triºtis), m. [NL., K antrum (see
def.) + -ītis.] In pathol., inflammation of an
antrum, especially of Highmore's. See antrum.
ântrorse (an-trörs’), a. TK NL. antrorsus, K L.
*antero- (appar. base of anterior, K anté, be-
fore) + versus, turned, K vertere, turn. Cf. in-
troºse, retrorse, etc..] In bot. and 206l., bent
or directed forward or upward: especially, in
ormith., applied to the bristly feathers which fill
the nasal fossae of such birds as crows and jays.
antrorsely (an-trórsſli), adv. Forward; in a
forward direction; anteriorly.
antrorsiform (an-trðr'si-fôrm), a. [K NL. an-
trorsus, forward, + L. forma, form.]." In ichth.,
having that form which results from a regular
increase in the height of the body forward to
the head, as in the gurnard, toad-fish, etc. T.
Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1884), p. 357. See
cut under toad-fish.
Antrostomus (an-tros 'tū-mus), m. [NL., K
r. Övrpov, a cavern, + otóſia, mouth.] A genus
of fissirostral and setirostral non-passerine in-
sessorial birds, of the family Caprimulgidae,
Shak., Othello, i. 3.
Chuck-will's-widow (Azuerostomats carolinensis).
named from the cavermous mouth, garnished
With long rictal vibrissae. The nostrils are oval with
a raised rim, but not tubular; the wings are short and
rounded; the tail is long and rounded; the tarsus is short
and feathered, the middle claw pectinate; the plumage is
very lax and mottled; and the eggs are usually marbled.
The type of the genus is the Carolinian chuck-will's-widow
(A. ...'...} and the genus is usually made to include
all the true night-jars or goatsuckers of America, such as
the Whippoorwill (A. vociferus), the poor-will (A. mut-
talli), and others of the warmer parts of America related
to and resembling the old-world species of Caprimulgus
proper. John Gould, 1838, w
Antrozous (an-trö-zöſus), n. [NL., K. Gr. ºv-
Tpov, a cave, cavern, + £60, animal; see 200m.]
A remarkable genus of bats, of the family Ves-
pertilionidae and subfamily Plecomina. They have
separate ears, a rudimentary nose-leaf, and the incisors
and premolars both only one on each side above and two
on each side below. ...A. pallidus, the only species, is a com-
Amon bat of California and Arizona. Harrison Alien, 1862.
ântrum (an'trum), m. ; pl. antra ſº [NL.,
K L. antrum, K. Gr. &vrpov, a cave..] A name of
various cavities in the body, but when used
alone signifying the antrum Highmorianum
(cavity of Highmore, also called sinus mawil-
laris), a cavity in the superior maxillary bone,
lined with mucous membrane and communi-
cating with the middle meatus of the nose.—
Antrum buccinosum, the cochlea of the ear: so called
from its resemblance to a whelk, a shell of the genus
Buccinwm.—Antrum pylori, a small dilatation of the
stomach at its pyloric end. Also called lesser cul-de-sac.
antrustion (an-trusti-gn), n. [F., KML, an-
trustio(m-), F. K. OHG. am, on, in, H- tróst,
protection, help, also a protector, = E. trust,
q. v.] ... One of certain vassals who, early in the
seventh century, enjoyed the protection of the
Frankish kings and became their companions
in the palace and in the field. The antrustions cor-
responded to the Anglo-Saxon royal thanes, and formed
one of the earliest classes of French nobility.
The military service of the [Frankish] chiefs was paid
for by them [the kings] in grants of land. . . . These
grantees (usually the companions of the king, under the
name of Antrustions) . . . became possessed of vast do-
mains and corresponding power.
Stillé, Stud. Med. Hist., iii.
antrustionship (an trusiºnship), 'n. The
office or state of an antrustion: as, “the Frank
antrustionship,” Encyc. Brit., IX, 121,
*
anuria
A passerine bird of
the family Formicariidae (which see) and sub-
family Thamnophilinaº, a South American bush-
shrike.
ant's-wood (äntz'wild), n. A West Indian name
of a sapotaceous shrub, Bumelia angustifolia.
ant-thrush (ant’ thrush), n. 1. A South Ameri-
can passerine bird, or ant-bird, of the family
Formicariidae, or, in a more restricted sense, of
the subfamily Formicariinae (which see).--2.
A breve; an East Indian bird of the family
Pittidae, having little relation with the fore-
going; in the plural, the breves or pittas. See
Pittidae.—3. Originally, as used by the transla-
tors of Cuvier, a species of either of the fore-
going families, and also of others; any bird of
the indeterminate genus Myothera o º:
Hence the name has usually had no more exact significa-
tion than ant-bird, or ant-catcher, or ant-eater, as applied
to a bird.
ant-tree (ànt’tré), m. A name given to species
of Triplaris, a polygonaceous genus of trees
of tropical America, the fistulous branches of
which serve for the habitation of ants.
ant-Wart (änt” wart), n. Same as ant-egg, 2.
ant-Worm (äntſ werm), n. Same as ant-egg, 2.
ant-Wren (ānt’ren), m. A South American pas-
serine bird, of the family Formicariidae (which
see) and subfamily Formicivorimas. See cut un-
der Formicivora.
Anubis (a-nîi (bis), n. [L., K. Gr. 'Avov6tc, K
Egypt. Amepw or Anup, Coptic Amob or Anoub.]
1. An Egyptian deity, represented with the
head of a dog or jackal, and identified by the
later Greeks and Romans with their Hermes or
Mercury.—2. In 206l. : (a) A generic name of
the fennec of Bruce, Anubis 2erda, a kind of fox,
the Canis 26rda of Gmelin, the Fennecus 200ren-
sis of some authors, supposed to be the animal
taken for a jackal in certain Egyptian hiero-
glyphs. (b) [l. c.] The specific name of a very
large kind of baboon, the Cynocephalus anubis
of western Africa.
Anural (a-müºrã), n. [NL., fem. sing. of anu-
Tus, tailless: See amwrous.] 1. A genus of very
short-tailed wren-like birds of India, generally
referred to the genus Tesia. Hodgson, 1841.-
2. A genus of leaf-nosed bats, of the family
Phyllostomatidae.
Also written Anoura.
Anura” (a-mü'râ), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
anwrus, tailless: see anurous.] An order of
Amphibia, the Ba-
trachia salientia, or
|batrachians prop-
er, as frogs and
toads; salient ovip-
3. I’OUIS, amphibi-
ans, tailless when
adult, provided
with well-devel-
oped legs, breath-
ing air by lungs,
and undergoing
complete metamor-
phosis from the
tadpole state, in
which they are
tailed and limbless,
and breathe water
by gills. Called Anura
in distinction from Uro-
dela, and Theriomorpha
in contrast to Ichthyo-
amorpha. The vertebrae
are diversiform and
from 7 to 10 in number.
The Amura have a well-
formed sternum, and a
pectoral and a pelvic
arch. The skimisnaked,
and serves to some ex-
tent as an organ of res-
piration; it is shed as
in serpents. Small vari-
Ously disposed teeth are
usually present; the
tongue is present (in
Phameroglossa), or apparently absent (in Aglossa). There
are upward of 500 species of this very homogeneous group,
for which some 130 genera and from 5 to 25 families are
adopted by different authors. The typical frogs are of the
family Ramidae : the tree-frogs are Hylidae; the toads,
Pufonidae; and the aglossal Surinam toad is the type of a
family Pipidae. Also written. Amoura. See cuts under
Omosternwm, Rama, and temporomastoid.
anuran (a-nii'ran), n. IK Anura? -- -an.] One
of the Amura. Also written anowran.
anuresis (an-i-ré'sis), n. [NL.] Same as anuria.
anuria (a-nā’ri-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. Šv- priv. 4-
oipov, urine.] Absence of micturition, whether
from suppression or from retention of urine.
Also called anuresis, anury.
tº sº.
à
§ º
& § §§ºſſº
Wººln | ! º
t º
Y. Sºlº. |
º
Skull of Frog (Rama escaelezuza).
4, from above; B, from below; ae, the
parasphenoid * the girdle-bone or os-
en-Ceinture; Z, the temporomastoid;
1, P., VIII, exits of olfactory, trigemi-
nal, and vagus nerves; EO, exoccipital;
Fº, Pa., frontal and parietal; Wa, na-
sal; Mr, maxilla; Pl, palatal; Pºmar,
premaxilla; Pt, pterygoid; Pro, pro-
otic; QJ, quadratojugal; Po, one of
the vonners.



* Anurida . .
Anurida (a-nāºri-dà), n. [NL., appar. K. Gr. &v-
riv. H. oipá, tail, -F-ida.] A genus of Collem-
- bola, typical of the family Anurididae. A. mari-
...” a species found under stones on the sea-
GO3,SUs
Anurididae (an-li-rid’i-dé), n. pl. [NL., K Anu-
rida + -idae.] family of apterous ametabo-
lous collembolous insects, typified by the genus
Amurida, related to Podwridae and often merged
in that family.
Anurosorex (an’ī-rö-só'reks), n. [NL., Kanu-
rus, tailless, + L. Sorea, shrew: see anurous and
Sorea..] A genus of terrestrial shrews, of the
family Soricidae, with 26 white teeth, very small
ears, and rudimentary tail. It contains a mole-
like species from Tibet, A. 847tamipes.
amurous (a-ni'rus), a.
K Gr, àv- priv. 4- oipá, a tail.] Pertaining to or
having the characters of the Anura. Also writ-
ten anowrous,
anury (an’ī-ri), n. Same as anuria.
anus (ā’nus), n. [L., prob. Orig. the same as
ănus, annus, a ring: see annulus.] The termina-
tion of the digestive tube or alimentary canal;
the end of the enteron of any animal; the ori-
fice through which the refuse of digestion is
voided. The anus is usually on a part of the body away
from the mouth, but it is sometimes coincident with the
latter. It is usually a circular orifice, provided with a
sphincterial arrangement by which it may be shut; but it
is sometimes a cleft or chink, the direction of the axis of
which distinguishes zoölogical groups: thus, it is longi-
tudinal in turtles, and transverse in lizards and snakes.
In many vertebrates and other animals the anus serves
for the discharge of the excretion of the kidneys and of
the products of the generative organs, as well as of the
refuse of digestion. See anal.
—anus. [L., a common adj. suffix, whence E.
—an : see -am.] A suffix of Latin adjectives and
nouns thence derived: common in New Latin
names, especially specific names.
anvil (an'vil), n. [Early mod. E. anvil, anvill,
anvile, anvild, andvile, amvelde, amfeeld, andfelde,
etc., K ME. andvell, anoylde, amweld, anvylt, an-
velt, amfeld, amfelt, amefeld, anefelt, etc., KAS.
anfilt, anjilte, onfilte, earliest form onfilti, = OD.
(dial.) aenvilte = OHG. anafalz, these, the ap-
§. Orig. forms, appearing with variations in
D. aenbilt, ambilt (OFlem. also aenbilckt), aen-
belt, aenbeld, aenbeeld, aembeld, mod. D. aan-
beeld, aamield ºftem. aenbeeld, aembeeld (ap-
par. simulating D. Flem. beelden, form) = }.
anebelte, anebolte, ambult, ambolt (> Dan. am-
bolt) = OHG. anabola (appar. simulating the
synonymous OHG. amabó2, M.H.G. ameboz, G. am-
boss, an anvil, a different word, KOHG. ama-,
G. an- (= AS. an-, on-, E. on), + bozam = AS.
beditam, E. beat), an anvil; perhaps KAS. an—,
on-, E. on, + -filt, -filte, -ſilti, reduced from an
orig. type *-faldithi, with formative *-thi, -th, K
*faldan, fealdan, = Goth. faltham = OHG. ſal-
dan, faltan, MHG. G. falten, fold (with a secon-
dary form in OHG. falzen, MHG. G. falzen, fold,
groove, join; cf. G. falz-amboss, a copper-
smith’s anvil); being thus lit. that on which
metals are ‘folded,” bent, or welded under the
Thammer: see am-1, on-1, and fold 1. A similar
reduction of form occurs in AS. fylt, K feal-
deth, foldeth, hyi, hiei, iii,' healāšîă, holdeth,
and also in AS. felt, E. felt1, and AS. hilt, E.
hilt, if, as is supposed, they are derived respec-
tively from fealdan, fold, and healdam, hold; so
AS. gesynto, K*gasunditha, health, inwit = Goth.
inwinditha, wickedness.] 1. An iron block
with a smooth face, usually of steel, on which
metals are hammered and shaped. The black.
Smith's anvil commonly has a comical or pointed horizontal
projection called a beak or horn, for working curved or
annular pieces, and holes for the insertion of different
sizes and shapes of cutters, swages, etc. The gold-beater's
anvil is for the first hammering a simple block of steel, and
for the second a block of marble. Anvils for steam-ham-
mers are called anvil-blocks, and are of iron faced with
steel, and supported on massive foundations.
2. Figuratively, anything on which blows are
struck.
The amvil of my sword. Shak., Cor., iv. 5.
3. In anat., one of the small bones of the ear,
the incus (which see). See cuts under earl and
tympanic.—4. In firearms, the resisting cone,
plate, or bar against which the fulminate in a
metallic cartridge is exploded. Wilhelm, Mil.
Dict.—5. Milit., a small pennon on the end of a
lance. Farrow, Mil. Encyc.—To be on the anyil,
to be in a state of discussion, formation, or preparation,
as when a scheme or measure is forming, but not matured.
. Several members, . . . knowing what was on the amº,
went to the clergy and desired their judgment. Swift.
anvil (an'vil), v. t.; pret, and pp. anpiled or an:
villed, ppr. anviling or anvilling. [K anvil, m.]
To form or shape on an anvil. [Rare.]
[K NL, andrus, tailless, a
253
- Armor, advill'd in the shop
Of passive fortitude.
Fletcher (and Massinger?), Lover's Progress, iv.
anvil-block (an'vil-blok), n. [= D. aanbeelds-
blok = Flem. aembeeldblok.] The metal block
or anvil upon which a steam-hammer falls.
anvil-cupper (an'vil-kup’ér), n. A machine for
making the inner cup or case of a cartridge,
which contains the fulminate.
anvil-dross (anºvil-dros), n. Protoxid of iron.
anvil-wise (an ‘vil-vis), n. A compound tool
consisting of a vise of which one jaw forms an
anvil.
anxietude (ang-zi'e-tūd), n. [K LL. anarietudo,
equiv. to the usual anarietas: see anariety..] Anx-
iety. [Rare.]
nxiety (ang-Zi'e-ti), n. ; pl. anarieties (-tiz). [K
F. anziété (Cotgrave), K. L. anarieta(t-)g, Kanaius,
anxious: see amazious.] 1. The apprehension
caused by danger, misfortune, or error; concern
or Solicitude respecting some event, future or
uncertain; disturbance, uneasiness of mind, or
care, occasioned by trouble.
To be happy is not only to be freed from the pains and .
diseases of the body, but from anariety and vexation of
spirit. g illotson.
2. In pathol., a state of restlessness and agita-
tion, with general indisposition, and a distress-
ing sense of oppression atthe epigastrium. =s
1. Care, Concern, Solicitude, etc. (see care), foreboding,
uneasiness, disquiet, inquietude, restlessness, apprehen-
ion, fear, misgiving, worry.
anxious (angk'shus), a. [K L. anarius, anxious,
solicitous, distressed, troubled, K angere, dis-
tress, trouble, choke: see anguish, angor, and an-
ger1.] 1. Full of anxiety or solicitude; greatly
troubled or solicitous, especially about some-
thing future or unknown; being in painful sus-
pense: applied to persons.
Eternal troubles haunt thy anacious mind,
Whose cause and cure thou never hop'st to find.
Dryden, tr. of Lucian, iii. 268.
Anacious and trembling for the birth of Fate.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 142.
2. Attended with, proceeding from, or mani-
festing solicitude or uneasiness: applied to
things: as, anacious forebodings; anarious labor.
His pensive cheek upon his hand reclin'd,
And anacious thoughts revolving in his mind.
Dryden.
A small, meat volume of only eighty-seven pages, .
with a modest and somewhat amarious dedication.
Tickmor, Span. Lit., III. 35.
3. Earnestly desirous or solicitous: as, anacious
to please; anarious to do right. Anacious is followed
by for or about before the object of solicitude. The for-
mer is generally used when the thing is something desired
to happen or be done; the latter of a person, creature, or
situation: as, amarious for his release; anacious about his
health or about him. =Syn. 1. Careful, uneasy, unquiet,
restless, troubled, disturbed, apprehensive.
anxiously (angk’shus-li), adv. In an anxious
manner; solicitously; with painful uncertainty;
carefully; with solicitude.
anxiousness (angk’shus-nes), m. [K anacious +
-ness.] The state or quality of being anxious;
great solicitude; anxiety.
She returns [to her cards] with no little anariousness.
Steele, Spectator, No. 79.
any (en’i), a. and prom, [The pron. is that of the
early mod. E. emy; K ME. any, anie, ami, emy,
emie, eni (also contr. ei, eie, ai, asie), KAS. ānig,
modified form of *ānig (which reappears in
M.E. ony, E. dial. and Sc. ony, = OS. ānig,
ënag = OFries. Émig, Émich, i.emig, eng, ang, any,
= D. eenig, any, only, sole, = OHG. einag, #&
einec, eineg, G. einig, one, only, sole), Kän, one,
+ -īg, E.-yl: see one and -y1. Any is thus an
adj. čeriv. of one, or rather of its weakened
form am, a, in an indeterminate unitary or,
in plural, partitive use. The emphatic sense
‘only” coexists in D. with the indeterminate,
and is the only sense in G.] I. a. In the sin-
gular, one, a or an, some; in the plural, Some:
indeterminately distributed, implying unlim-
ited choice as to the particular unit, number,
or quantity, and hence subordinately as to qual-
ity, whichever, of whatever quantity or kind;
an indeterminate unit or number of units out
of many or all. The indeterminate sense grows out of
its use in interrogative and conditional sentences: as, has
he any friend to speak for him? is there any proof of
that? if you have any witnesses, produce them.
Who will shew us any good? PS. iv. 6.
If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend of
Caesar's, to him I say, that Brutus' love to Caesar was no
less than his. Shak., J. C., iii. 2.
[In affirmative sentences, any, being indeterminate in ap-
plication, in effect has reference to every unit of the sort
mentioned, and thus may be nearly equivalent to every:
anybody (en’i-bod’i), pron.
anyhow (en’i-hou), adv.
anything (en’i-thing), prom.
anything (en’i-thing), adv.
anything
as, any schoolboy would know that; any attempt to evade
the law will be resisted : so in anybody, any one, anything,
etc.
It suffices me to say, in general, . . . that men here, as
elsewhere, are indisposed to innovation, and prefer any
antiquity, any usage, any livery productive of ease or
profit, to the unproductive service of thought.
JEmerson, Literary Ethics.
When any is preceded by a negative, expressed or implied,
the two are together equivalent to an emphatic negative,
“none at all,’ ‘not even one’: as, there has never been any
doubt about that,
Neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son.
Mat. xi. 27.
It cannot in any sense be called a form of solar energy.
I)awson, Nat. and the Bible, p. 130.]
II. pron. [By omission of the noun, which is
usually expressed in an adjacent clause, or is
implied in the context.] In the singular, one,
some; in the plural, some: indeterminately
distributed in the same uses as the adjective,
and used absolutely or followed by of in parti-
tive construction: with reference to persons,
any one, anybody; in the plural, any per-
SOD1S.
Who is here so rude, that would not be a Roman? If
any, speak; for him have I offended. Shak., J. C., iii. 2.
I have not seen you lately at any of the places I visit.
Steele, Spectator, No. 348.
[In this sense it might formerly have a possessive.
Yet the brave Courtier . . .
Doth loath such base condition, to backbite
Amies good name for envie or despite.
Spenger, Mother Hub. Tale.]
any (en’i), adv. [K ME. any, eny, ony; prop. the
instr. case of the adj.] In any degree; to any
extent; at all: especially used with compara-
tives, as any better, any worse, any more, any
less, any sooner, any later, any longer, etc.
A patrician could not be tribune at Rome, any more
than a peer can be chancellor of the Exchequer in England.
B. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 301.
Also, in negative and interrogative sentences, used abso-
lutely: as, it didn't rain any here; did it hurt him any?
[Colloq.]
[K any + body,
person.] 1. Any person; any one: as, has any-
body been here? I have not seen anybody; any-
body can do that.—2. Any one in general; a
person of any sort; an ordinary person, as
opposed in slight contempt to a Somebody: in
this use with a plural: as, two or three any-
bodies.—3. Any one in particular; a person of
some consequence or importance, as opposed
to a nobody: in direct or indirect interroga-
tions: as, is he anybody ? everybody who is
anybody was present.
[Kany, adv., + how, in
indef. sense. Cf. Somehow, mohow.] 1. In any
way or manner whatever; howsoever.
They form an endless throng of laws, connecting every
one substance in creation with every other, and different
from each pair anyhow taken. Whe well.
2. [Continuatively, as a conj.] In any case; at
any rate; at all events; however that may be ;
however: as, anyhow, he failed to appear; any-
how, I don’t believe it can be done.
[K ME. anything,
enything, onything, usually written apart, any
thing, eny thing, KAS. ānig thing: see any and
thing. In mod. use still written apart when the
stress is on thing.] A thing, indefinitely; some-
thing or other, no matter what: opposed to
mothing: as, have you anything to eat? I do not
See anything; give me anything.
It is the proper thing to say any thing, when men have all
things in their power. Dryden, Ded. of the Medal.
[From its indeterminate signification, anything is often
used colloquially in comparisons, as emphatically com-
prehensive of whatever simile may suggest itself or be
appropriate, especially in the comparative phrases as...
as anything, like anything, equivalent to ‘exceedingly,’
‘greatly.”
O my dear father and mother, I fear your girl will grow
as proud as anything. Richardson, Pamela, II. 57.
His bosom throbb'd with agony, he cried like anything.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 135.]
[K ME. anything,
emything, onything, omythymge, KAS. ānige thinga,
earliest form āngi thinga, lit. by any of things:
êmige, instr. of &mig, any; thinga, gen. pl. of
thing, thing, the noun being taken later as instr.
or acc., with agreeing adj.] Any whit; in any
degree; to any extent; at all.
Will the ladies be anything familiar with me, think you?
B. Jomsom, Poetaster, iv. 1.
If anything, if in any degree; if at all; if there is any
difference : as, if anything, he is a little better to-day.
If anything, We were comparatively deficient in these
respects, II. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 429.

anythingarian
anythingarian (en’i-thing-ă'ri-an), n. [Kany-
thing + -arian, q, v. Cf. nothingarian.].` One
who is anything’in, belief; one who professes
no particular creed; an indifferentist, espe-
cially in religious doctrine.
anythingarianism (en"i-thing-ă'ri-an-izm), n.
[K anythingarian + -ism..] The holding and ad-
vocacy of no particular creed; indifferentism.
anyway (en’i-wa), adv. [K any + way.] 1. In
any way or manner; anyhow.
These foure are all that any way deale in that consider-
ation of mens manners. Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
How should I soothe you anyway,
Who miss the brother of your youth?
Tennyson, To J. S.
2. [Continuatively, as a conj.] In any case;
at any rate; at all events; anyhow.
I think she was a little frightened at first ; but anyway,
I got to know who she is. W. Black, White Heather, xiv.
anyways (en’i-Wàz), adv. [K any + ways, adv.
gen. of way, as in always, but prob. Suggested
by anywise. Cf. noways and mowise.] 1. In any
way or manner; anyhow.—2. [Continuatively,
as a conj.] In any case; at any rate; at all
events; anyhow, [Colloq. in both senses.]
anywhat?, pron. . [K any + what, indef. Cf.
somewhat..] Anything.
anywhen (en’i-hwen), adv. [K any + when.
Cf. anywhere, anyhow.] At any time; ever:
as, “anywhere or anywhem,” De Quincey. [Dia-
lectal or rare.] -
There if anywhere, and now if anywhem.
R. Bosworth Smith, Carthage, p. 333.
anywhere (en’i-hwār), adv. [K any + where.
Cf. Somewhere, nowhere.] In, at, or to any place:
as, to be or to go anywhere.
anywhither (en’i-hwiTH"èr), adv. [K any +
whither. Cf. anywhere.] In any direction; to
any place.
Inveigle . . . men anywhither. Barrow, Works, I.
anywise (en’i-wiz), adv. [KME. anywise, ani&e
wise, in full form in or on any wise, K AS. on
ânige wisan, in any manner: see on, any, and
wise2, and cf. otherwise, mowise.] In any way
or manner; to any degree.
Neither can a man be a true friend, or a good neighbor,
or anywise a good relative, Without industry.
Barrow, Sermons, III. xix.
Aonian (ā-ö’ni-an), a. [KL. Aonius, K Aonia, K
Gr. Aovía, a name for Bºotia in Greece.] Per-
taining to Aonia, an ancient mythological and
poetical name of Boeotia, or to the Muses, who
were supposed to dwell there; hence, pertain-
ing to the Muses; poetical.-Aonian fount, the
fountain Aganippe, on a slope of Mount Helicon, the
“Aonian mount,” sacred to the Muses, hence called the
“Aonian maids.”
Aonyx (à-on’iks), m. [NL. (Lesson, 1827), prop.
Anonya, K. Gr. &v- priv. -F Övvć, nail, claw.]
genus of otters, including species with the claws
rudimentary or obsolete, and the digits much
Webbed. A. lalandi is an African species; A. leptomyz
(sometimes made type of a genus Leptomya) inhabits Java,
Borneo, and Sumatra ; A. indigitata is found in India.
Also written Amonya.
aor. An abbreviation of aorist.
aorist (ā’ö-rist), m. and a... [K Gr. 36ptotoc (Sc.
2póvog, time, tense), the aorist tense, Káóptotoc,
indefinite, unbounded, K d-priv. -- Öptotóg, de-
finable, verbal adj. of Öpičetv, bound, define: see
horizon.] I. m. In gram., a tense of the Greek
verb expressing action (in the indicative, past
action) without further limitation or implica-
tion; hence, also, a tense of like form or like
signification in other languages, as the Sanskrit.
There are in Greek two aorists, usually called the first and
second; they differ in form, but not in meaning.
II. a. 1. Indefinite with respect to time.—2.
Pertaining or similar to the aorist.
The English active present, or rather aorist, participle
-ing is not an Anglo-Saxon, but a modern form.
G. P. Marsh, Lectures on Eng. Lang., p. 649.
aoristic (ā-Ö-ris’ tik), a. [K. Gr. &optottkóg, K
â6ptotog: see aorist.] Pertaining to an aorist
or indefinite tense; indeterminate as to time.
aoristicalf (Ā-Ö-ris’ti-kāl), a. Same as aoristic.
aoristically (ā-ā-ris’ti-kāl-i), adv. In the man-
ner of an aorist.
In most languages, verbs have forms which exclude the
notion of time, . . . and even the forms grammatically
expressive of time are, in general propositions, employed
aoristically, or without any reference to time.
G. P. Marsh, Lectures on Eng. Lang., p. 300.
jºr - A 4.23 - -
ãorta (ā-ór’tā), n, ; pl. aorta (-té). [NL, KGr.
ãopth, aorta, Kāeigetv, raise, lift, pass. &eipegºat,
rise. Cf. artery.] fn amat., the main trunk of
the arterial system, issuing from the left ven-
tricle of the heart, conveying arterialized blood
to all parts of the body except the lungs, and
IIl
+aortio.
254 -
giving rise, directly or indirectly, to all the ar-
teries of the body except the pulmonary. The
name is chiefly given to such an artery in those higher ver-
tebrates which have a completely four-chambered heart.
The aorta commonly gives off immediately the great vessels
of the head, neck, and anterior limbs, and ends by forking
to supply the posterior limbs. In the embryo it communi-
cates with the pulmonary artery by a duct (ductus arte-
riosus), Which is normally closed at birth. In man the
aorta is divided into ascending, transverse, and descending
portions. The ascending aorta rises and then curves over
to the left, forming the transverse portion or arch of the
aorta, whence Spring the innominate and left carotid and
left subclavian arteries; it then descends upon and a little
to the left of the bodies of the vertebrae, forming the descend-
tng aorta, divided into the thoracic aorta above the dia-
phragm and the abdominal aorta below it; it ends usually
opposite the fourth lumbarvertebra by bifurcating into the
right and left commoniliac arteries. The thoracic branches
arenumerous, but Small and chiefly intercostal; the abdom-
inal branches are the coeliac, superior and inferior mesem-
teric, renal, Suprarenal, spermatic, and others. The aorta
is provided at its beginning with three semilunar valves,
which prevent regurgitation of blood into the heart. See
aortic, and cuts under circulation, embryo, heart, thoraz.
—Cardiac aorta. See extract below.—Definitive aor-
ta, the aorta as defined above.—Primitive aortae, the
first and paired main arteries of the embryo, connected
with the omphalomesenteric vessels. See extract.
The heart of the vertebrate embryo is at first a simple
tube, the anterior end of which passes into a cardiac aor-
tic trunk, while the posterior end is continuous with the
great veins which bring back blood from the umbilical
vesicle. The cardiac aorta immediately divides into two
branches, each of which ascends, in the first visceral arch,
in the form of a forwardly convex aortic arch, to the under
side of the rudimentary spinal column, and then runs
parallel with its fellow to the hinder part of the body as
a primitive subverjebral aorta. The two primitive dortae
soon coalesce, in the greater part of their length, into one
trunk, the definitive subvertebral aorta, but the aortic
arches, separated by the alimentary tract, remain distinct.
Huacley, Anat. Vert., p. 90.
aortal (à-ôr'tal), a. [K aorta + -al.] Same as
[Rare.]
ãortic (à-ôr’tik), a. [K aorta + -ic.] Belong-
ing or pertaining to the aorta.-Aortic arch. (a)
The permanent arch of the aorta. See aorta. (b) One of
the five or more pairs of arterial arches of the embryo of
a vertebrate, formed by forkings of the primitive cardiac
aorta, and reuniting to form the primitive and finally the
definitive subvertebral aorta, or aorta proper. There is a
pair of such aortic arches to each pair of visceral arches of
the neck. In the higher vertebrates the two anterior pairs
disappear; the third pair is modified into the carotid ar-
teries supplying the head; the fourth pair becomes the
arteries supplying the anterior limbs and the permanent
arch of the aorta—in man, the innominate and right sub-
clavian on the right side, and the left subclavian and
arch of the aorta on the left; in the fifth pair in man
the right side is obliterated, and the left forms the per-
manent pulmonary artery, the descending aorta, and the
ductus arteriosus, which is the
communication between the fifth f {-. /
1, | #45
0.
and the fourth arches. In branchi-
ate vertebrates most of these
arches are permanent, becoming
the blood-vessels of the gills.-
Aortic bulb, the enlargement at
the beginning of the cardiac aorta.
—Aortic compressor, an in-
strument, used in amputation at
the hip-joint, post-partum hemor-
rhage, etc., to compress the aorta,
to limit the flow of blood from c.
it to the arteries below.—AOr-
tic Orifice, aortic aperture, of
the diaphragm, the hole of the
diaphragm, between its right and
left pillars, through which the aor-
ta passes from the thorax into the
abdomen; it also gives transit to
the thoracic duct, and usually to an
azygous vein.—Aorticvalves, the
three semilunar valves at the ori-
gin of the aorta from the left ven-
tricle of the heart, guarding the
orifice and preventing regurgita-
tion into the ventricle.— AOrtic
vestibule, the part of the left ventricle adjoining the
root of the aorta.
aortitis (ā-ór-ti’tis), n. [NL., K aorta + -ītis.]
In med., inflammation of the aorta.
aoudad (ā’ö-dad), n. . [Also audad (the spelling
aoudad being F.), repr. the Moorish name aw-
dad..] The wild sheep of Barbary; a ruminant
6
d
Diagram , of primitive
Aortic Arches in mam-
mals, birds, and reptiles.
rimitive aorta, dividin
into two branches, &, b,
which give off the arches
I-5 on each side, ending
in c, c, two vessels uniting
to form d, the descending
or dorsal aorta.
''
f º,
* . *”, W /2.
4%
• -,” - ſº
Aoudad (Amzztotragtas tragelaphºs),
a, common trunk of
Apanteles
of the subfamily Oving and family Bovidae, in-
...tº; northern Africa. It is of a light-brownish
color, with Very large horns curving outward and back-
ward, and a profusion of long hairhanging from the throat
and breast and almost reaching the ground between the
fore legs. A full-grown individual stands about 3 feet
high at the Withers, and its horns sometimes attain a
length of 2 feet. . The animal is common, is often kept in
confinement, and readily breeds in that state. The aou-
dad is also known as the bearded argali and ruffed now-
Jion : it is the kebsh of the Arabs, the mowflon a manchettes
of the French, and the Ovis tragelaphus (Desmarest) or
Ammotragus tragelaphus of naturalists.
agul (ä(61), n. [Russ. aulii, a .* (of the
Caucasians).] Among the people of the Cau-
casus, a village or a village community; hence,
a Tatar camp or encampment.
The aowl consisted of about twenty tents, all constructed
on the same model, and scattered about in sporadic fash-
ion without the least regard to symmetry.
D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 330.
à outrance (à 8-trońs'). [F.: see outrage.]
To excess or to the utmost; with extreme ve-
hemence; without limitation or reserve: as,
to fight & outrance. Often, incorrectly, a low-
th"(I'm C6. -
ap (ap), n. [W. ap, KOW. map, mod. W. mab, son,
Orig. *magwi = Ir. mac, son: see mac.] Son: a
word occurring in Welsh pedigrees and as a pre-
fix in surnames, equivalent to and cognate with
Mag (which see), asin Welsh Gruffuddap Owain,
Griffith, son of Owen, Aprilys, Apthomas, etc.:
in the Anglicized forms of Welsh names often
reduced to P- or B-, as in Preece, Price (Ap-
Rhys, Ap-Rice), Powell (Ap-Howell), Bevan.
(A #van), IRowen (Ap-Owen), etc.
ap-1. Assimilated form, in Latin, etc., of ad-
before p, as in approbation, appellate, etc.; in
older English words a “restored” form of Mid-
dle English and Old French a-, the regular re-
duced form of Latin ap-, as in appeal, appear,
approve, etc.
ap-2. The form of apo-before a vowel, as in ap-
agoge, apanthropy, etc. -
apace (a-pâs"), prep. phr. as adv. [ME. apace,
apaas, apas, a pas, lit. at pace; in pregnant
sense, at a good pace, with a quick pace; K as
+ pace.] 1+. At a footpace; leisurely.
Vp ryseth fresshe Canacee hirselue, -
As rody and bryght as doth the yonge sonne. . . .
And forth she walketh esily a pas,
Arrayed after the lusty seson sote [sweet]
Lyghtly, for to pleye and walke on fote.
Chawcer, Squire's Tale, l. 388.
2. At a quick pace; with speed; quickly;
swiftly; speedily; fast.
He cometh to hymn apaa8. Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 465.
Great weeds do grow apace. Shak., Rich. III., ii. 4.
apache (F. Å-pāsh'; E. a-pach’é). [From the
Indian tribe..] A dangerous type of hooligan.
Apache-plume (a-pach’é-plóm"), n. A name
given in New Mexico to the Fallucia paradoaia,
8, ºw rosaceous shrub with long plumose car-
pels.
a paesi (ā pā-ā'zé). [It.: a, to, with, K L. ad,
to; paesi, pl. of paese, country, land: see pais,
peasant.] With landscapes: applied to tapes-
tries, especially of Italian make, majolica, and
other objects decorated with landscapes.
apagoge (ap-a-gó'je), n. DNL., K. Gr. &tayoyń,
a leading away, Káráyety, lead away, Káró,
away, + &yetv, drive, lead: see act, n.] 1.
logic: (a+) Abduction (which see). (b) The
demonstration of a proposition by the refutation
of its opposite (from Aristotle's 7) etc tö &óðvarov
àtray9)%, reduction to the impossible): com-
monly called indirect proof–2. In math., a
progress or passage from one proposition to
another, when the first, having been demon-
strated, is employed in proving the next.
apagogic (ap-à-goj'ik), a. [Kapagoge + -ic.]
the nature of or pertaining to apagoge. (a)
Proving indirectly, by showing the absurdity
or impossibility of the contrary: as, an apa-
gogic demonstration. (b) Using mathematical
apagoge.
The apagogic geometry of the Greeks.
Encyc. Brit., XV. 629.
apagogical (ap-a-goji-kal), a. Same as apa-
gogic. -
apagynous (a-paj’i-nus), a.
once, -- , Woman.]
carpous. [Not used.]
Apalachian, a. See Appalachian.
Apaloderma (ap"a-ló-dèr’mâ), m.
derma. S
apaflage, m. See appanage. .
Apºlº (a-pain'te-lèz), n. [NL., KGr. 3-priv.
Tavre/fic, all complete, perfect, K träg, trav, all,
[Irreg. K Gr. Štraš,
bot., same as mono-
See Hapalo-



tº fºr .. 2
* * * * > . A
** : . *
*
. . . Apanteles
+ ré20g, end, completion, Kreweiv, complete: see
teleology..] A genus of parasitic Hymenoptera,
family Braconidae, separated by Förster from
Apart teles aletta, much enlarged.
a, male fly; b, head of larva c, jaw of larva ; d, cocoon; e, Section
of antenna.
Microgaster (Latreille). Its species infest various
-like cocoons, either
lepidopterous larvae, and form egg g
singly or in masses, attached to the bodies of their vic-
tims, A. aletios (Riley) preys on the cotton-worm.
apanthropy, (a-pan'thrö-pi), n., [K Gr. &Tai-
potría, Kārāv6porog, unsocial, K.,&tró, from, 4-
ðvápotrog, man: see anthropic..] An aversion to
the company of men; a love of solitude; in
morbid psychol., a species of melancholy mark-
ed by a dislike of society.
apar, apara (ap’ār, ap'a-rá), n. [S. Amer.] The
mataco; the tolypeutine or three-banded arma-
Apar, or three-banded Armadillo (Tolypeutzes tricinctus).
dillo of South America (Dasypus or Tolypeutes
tricinctus), a small species capable of rolling it–
self up into a complete ball. It is also notable for
walking on the tips of the fore claws, the two outer toes
being much reduced, while the third is greatly developed.
There are other species of Tolypewtes (which see).
aparejo (ä-pâ-rā’hô), n.
a particular use of aparéjo, preparation, har-
ness, gear, tackle, pl. aparéjos, apparatus: See
apparel.] A pack-saddle; specifically, one
formed of cushions stuffed with hay, used in
the southwestern United States and Mexico.
aparithmesis (ap-ār-ith-mé'sis), n. [NL, KGr.
ărapiflungic, K.,&tapúueiv, count off, count over,
K àiró, off, -- éptôueiv, count, K &ptôuég, number:
see arithmetic.] 1. In rhet., enumeration of
parts or particulars.-2. In logic, division by
Yarts.
alºi (a-pârt'), adv. or a. [K ME. apart, KOF.
a part, mod. F. & part = Pr, a part = Sp. P
aparte= It, a parte, K L. ad partem : ad, to, at ;
partem, acc. of par(t-)s, part, side. , Apart is
thus orig. a prep. phr. like E. aside, ahead, etc.,
and may like these have a quasi-adj. construc-
tion. Cf. apart?..] 1. To or at one side; aside;
separately; by itself; in distinction (from); in-
dependently (of); adjectively, separate. (a) In
place, motion, or position.
Lay thy bow of pearl apart,
And thy crystal shining quiver.
B. Jomson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.
Artabasus. . . . went amongst the Persians in their
lodgings, admonishing and exhorting them, sometime
aparts, and otherwhile altogethers. & e
J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, V.
Death walks apart from Fear to-day ! &
Whittier, Summer by the Lakeside.
Thou livest still,
Apart from every earthly fear and ill.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 408.
(b) In purpose, use, character, etc.; as, to set
apart, or lay apart, for a special purpose.
The Lord hath set apart him that is godly for hiº,
S. lv. 3.
9.
[Sp., a pack-saddle;
255
The determination of social morality is apart from the
assignment of motives for individual morality, and leaves
untouched the cultivation of individual perfection.
F. Pollock, Introd. to W. K. Clifford's Lectures.
(d) Absolutely; as, jesting apart, what do you
think of it?–2. In pieces, or to pieces; asun-
der: as, to take a watch apart.
As if a strong hand rent apart
The veils of sense from soul and heart.
Whittier, The Preacher.
apartli (a-pârt'), v. t. [K apartl, adv.] 1. To
#. apart; set aside.—2. To depart from ;
Quit.
apart?! (3-pārt'), #” phr. as adv. [Early
mod. E. a parte, . in fuller form aparty
#. ; K as + part or party. Cf. aftartij
part; partly.
That causeth me a parte to be hevy in my herte.
Caacton, Reynard (Arber), p. 25. (N. E. D.)
a parte ante (à pār’té an’té). DML. : L. a for
ab, from; parte, abl. of par(t-)s, part; ante,
|before: see ante-.] Literally, from the part
|before: used with reference to that part of (all)
time which, at a given instant, has elapsed.
a parte post (à pār’té post). DML. : L. a for
ab, from; parte, abl. of par(t-)s, part; post, af-
ter: see post-.] Literally, from the part after:
used with reference to that part of (all) time
which follows a given instant.
aparthrodial (ap-ār-thrö’di-al), a. [K apar-
throsis. Cf. arthrodial.] Of or pertaining to
aparthrosis.
aparthrosis (ap-ār-thrö’sis), n. ; pl. aparthroses
(-séz). [NL., K. Gr. &Tó, from, -H_ápôpoolg, ar-
ticulation, Köpffoov, a joint.] 1. In Surg., dis-
articulation.—2. In anat., diarthrosis.
apartment (a-pârtſment), n. IK F. apparte-
ment, K It. appartamento, a room, an apart-
ment, K appartare, also spelled apartare, sepa-
rate, withdraw, K a parte, apart: see apart.] 1.
A room in a building; a division in a house
separated from others by partitions.—2. pl. A
suite or set of rooms; specifically, a suite of
rooms assigned to the use of a particular per-
son, party, or family.—3. A flat (which see).
lºt. A compartment.
apartmental (a-pârt-mental), a. Of or per-
taining to an apartment or to apartments.
apartment-house (a-pârt’ ment-hous), n. A
building divided into separate suites of rooms,
intended for residence, but commonly without
facilities for cooking, and in this respect dif-
ferent from a flat, though the two words are
often used interchangeably (see flat?): also
distinguished from tenement-house (which see).
apartness (a-pârtºnes), n. The state of being
apart; aloofness.
aparty; (a-pâr’ti), prep. phr. as adv. Same as
apart”.
apassi, v. i., [ME. apassen, K OF. apasser, K a-
(K.L. ad, to) + passer, pass.] To pass on; pass
by; pass away. Chaucer.
a pastron (ap-astron), n. ; pl. apastra (-trä).
[NL., K. Gr. &Tó, from, -- Čotpov, star: see as-
terl..] In astron., that part in the orbit of a
double star where it is furthest from its pri-
mary.
Apatela (ap-a-fé'lā), n. [NL., KGr, àTarºc,
guileful, wily, Kátátm, guile, deceit.] A genus
of noctuid moths, containing such species as the
North American A. oblimita. This moth expands
about 1% inches, and has gray fore wings dotted with
blackish, and white hind wings with small dark spots.
The caterpillar is about 14 inches long, black, marked
with red and yellow ; it feeds on the leaves of the apple,
peach, raspberry, strawberry, grape, willow, and other
vegetation. -
Apatelae (ap-a-tê'lé), m. pl. [NL., pl. of Apa-
tela.] A group of moths, named from the ge-
nus Apatela.
apatelite (a-pat'e-lit), n. [K Gr, diſſarºg, il-
lusive, deceitful (see Apatela), H-, -ite?..] A
hydrous sulphate of iron, found in clay, in
A small friable yellow nodules, at Auteuil, Paris.
apathetic (ap-a-thet'ik), a. [K apathy, after
pathetic.] haracterized by apathy; having
or exhibiting little or no emotion; devoid of
strong feeling or passion; insensible.
Better the narrow brain, the stony heart,
The staring eye glazed o'er with sapless days,
The long mechanic pacings to and fro,
The set gray life, and apathetic end.
Tennyson, Love and Duty.
=Syn. Passionless, unmoved, unfeeling, indifferent.
apathetical (ap-a-thet’i-kal), a. Same as apa-
thetic.
apathetically (ap-a-thet’i-kal-i), adv. In an
(c) In thought; in mental analysis; as, to eon, apathetic manner. º
Šiáer one statement apart from others; apart apathist (ap'a-thist), m. [Kapathy tº -ist.] One
from a slight error, the answer is right.
affected with apathy; one who is destitute of
*hy (ap'a-thi), n., [K.L. apathia, K Gr. &Tá-
8
apatite (ap'a-tit), n,
Apatormis
or does not exhibit feeling; specifically, an ad-
herent of the moral philosophy of the Stoics.
See stoicism. [Rare.
Methinks it becomes not a dull Apathist to object that
we should be disquieted with perpetual feares if any par-
cel of our happiness should not be lock'd up within our
own Breast8. Bp. Parker, Platonick Philos., p. 13.
apathistical (ap-a-this’ti-kal), a. [Kapathist +
-ic-al.] Like an apathist; apathetic. [Rare.]
Eontenelle was of a good-humored and apathistical dis-
position. W. Seward, Anecdotes, V. 252.
ta, insensibility, K&Taffic, insensible, impas-
sive, K &- priv. -F Táffog, suffering, sensation, K
traffeiv, suffer, feel.] Want of feeling; absence
or suppression of passion, emotion, or excite-
ment; insensibility; indifference.
As the passions are the springs of most of our actions,
a state of apathy has come to signify a sort of moral iner-
tia—the absence of all activity or energy. Fleming.
Blessed, thrice and nine times blessed be the good St.
Nicholas, if I have indeed escaped that apathy which
chills the sympathies of age and paralyzes every glow of
enthusiasm. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 294.
= Syn. Indifference, Insensibility, Impassibility, Apathy,
Stoicism, Unconcern, Phlegm, Calmmess, torpor, coldness,
coolness, unfeelingness, lethargy, immobility. (See list
under indifference.) Indifference denotes absence of feel-
ing, passion, or desire toward a particular object : as, in-
difference to pain or ridicule. Apathy commonly implies
a general want of feeling, a complete indifference in regard
to anything, due to want of interest or attention, as in the
case of a repressed or sluggish intellect, or of extreme ill-
ness or affliction. Insensibility and impassibility Suggest
the lack of capacity for feeling, or an absence of suscepti-
bility, being qualities rather than states of mind. Indif-
ference arising from impassibility relates more particu-
larly to internal, that arising from insensibility to external,
impressions; the former is, moreover, more profound and
radical than the latter. Indifference may be an entirely
proper state under the circumstances; insensibility and
tnpassibility are always at least to be pitied ; unconcern.
is always and indifference sometimes blameworthy, as cold
and selfish. Stoicism is a studied suppression of feeling,
or the concealment especially of painful feeling by force
of will. Unconcern, is absence of solicitude. (See care.)
Phlegm is most suggestive of physical temperament; it is
a constitutional dullness or sluggishness, an incapability
of being aroused by anything. Calmness is a tranquillity
resulting from the mastery of the will over passions and
feelings that perhaps are strong and keen, and hence is
always commendable.
With the instinct of Jong habit he turned and faced the
battery of eyes with the same cold indifference with which
he had for years encountered the half-hidden sneers of
IIlall. Bret Harte, Argonauts, p. 126.
Unbelief might result from the insensibility engendered
by a profligate life.
G. P. Fisher, Begin. of Christianity, p. 139.
I threw myself on my bed, . . . resisting no longer, but
awaiting my fate with the apathy of despair.
- B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 146.
The victors set fire to the wigwams and the fort. . . .
This last outrage overcame even the stoicism of the saw-
8ge. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 370.
Still less respectable appears this extreme concern for
those of our own blood which goes along with the wºmcom-
cern for those of other blood, when we observe its meth-
ods. H. Spencer, Sins of Legislators, ii.
One likes in a companion a phlegm which it is a triumph
to disturb. Prmerson, Clubs.
Sir, 'tis fit
You make strong party, or defend yourself
By calmness, or by absence ; all's in anger.
Shak., Cor., iii. 2.
[K Gr. &TáTm, illusion,
eceit, + -ite?, apatite having been often mis-
taken for other minerals.] Native calcium
phosphate with calcium fluorid or chlorid, gen-
erally crystallized in hexagonal prisms, which
are sometimes low or even tabular, some-
times elongated, and occasionally of great size.
It varies in color from white to green or blue, rarely to yel-
low or reddish. Apatite occurs in metalliferous veins and
in metamorphic and granitic rocks. In Canada and in
Norway extensive deposits of it are mined for the sake of
its phosphates, which are useful as fertilizers.
Apatornis (ap-a-tór’nis), n. [NL., K. Gr. &Tárm,
A gen
deceit, + 6pwig, bird.] us of extinct Cre-
taceous birds found in Western Kansas. As de-
scribed by Marsh (1873), they are related to Ichthyormis, to
which they were t referred. A. celer, the typical spe-
cies, was of about the size of a pigeon.
Eyed Emperor (Apatura (Chlorippe) celtis, Boisduval).
ë, larva, dorsal view; c, pupa, dorsal view; e, male butterfly, with
partial outline of female. (Natural size.) [See page 256.]



Apatura
Apatura (ap-a-tū’râ), m. [NL., K. Gr. Atratoſph
(also Atároupoc, -towpia), an epithet of Aphrodite,
as presiding at the festival called Apaturia.]
A genus of diurnal lepidopterous insects, be-
longing to the family Nymphalidae, containing
many beautiful butterflies, remarkable for their
iridescent colors. The purple emperor, A. iris, is a
gorgeous British species, one of the most beautiful of the
tribe, with dark wings glancing in certain lights into rich
purplish-blue. It is also called the purple high-flier, from
its habit of mounting to great elevations. . [See cut, p. 255.]
Apaturia (ap-a-tū’ri-á), m. pl. [I.L., K. Gr. Ata-
Toípta (see def.); the origin was unknown to an:
gient writers, the word being crudely explained
from atárm, deceit, with a story to suit; prob,
K d-copulative (a-19) + patpia (see £º
in some form assimilated to trathp =E. father,
or perhaps + Taráp (in comp. -trátop) itself.]
In Gr. hist., an annual festival held in states
of Ionian origin. At Athens it was celebrated in the
month of Pyanepsion (November–December), and was a
reunion of the phratriae or clans, or of all of the same kin
in which matters of common interest were settled, and
children born within the year were formally received and
registered. The festival lasted three days, and was ob-
served by feasting, sacrifices, and other formalities.
apaumée, a. See appaumée.
apayt, appayi (a-pâ’), v. t. [K ME. apayen,
apaïen, etc., K . apaïer, apayer, apaér
apagar, apaiar, appease, K L. ad, to, + pacare,
pacify, Kºpaa, (pac-), peace: see a-11 and pay,
and cf. appease.] 1. To pay; satisfy; content.
Sin ne'er gives a fee;
He gratis comes, and thou art well-appay’d,
As well to hear as grant what he hath said.
Shak., Lucrece, 1.914.
= PI’.
2. To requite; repay.
Appay his wrong with timely vengeance. Quarles.
ape (àp), n. IK ME. ape, KAS. apa = Fries. apa
=D. aap (pl. apen)=LG, ape-OHG. affo, MHG.
affe, G. affe–Icel, api =Sw, apa =I)an. die, ape;
not a native Teut. word, but prob. (like Ir. Gael.
ap, apa, W. ab, epa, OBohem. Op, mod. Bohem.
opice, Sloven. opica, Upper Sorbian vopica,
ORuss. opica, Russ. obeziyama) borrowed in very
early times (appar. with loss of orig. initial k)
from the East; cf. Gr. Kijirog, also Kijóog, keltog
(see Cebus), Skt. kapi, ape. The Skt. name is
usually referred to Skt. V*kap, kamp, tremble.]
1. A monkey; a quadrumanous animal; some
animal of the old order Quadrumama, a member
of one of the modern families Simiida, Cymopt-
thecidae, and Cebidae, especially one which at-
tracts attention by mimicking man.—2. More
specifically, a tailless monkey; a monkey with
a very short tail; a magot, macaque, or pig-tailed
baboon: as, the Barbary ape (Inwus ecaudatus);
the Celebes black ape (Cynopithecus niger).-.
3. Technically, a man-like monkey; a simian
proper, or a member of the modern family
Simiidae, forming a kind of connecting link be-
tween man and the lower animals, and hence
termed anthropoid (which see). These apes are
catarrhine simians without cheek-pouches or developed
tail, and having a dental formula identical with that of
man. The species are few, being only the gorilla, chim-
panzee, orangs, and gibbons. tº
4. An imitator; a mimic.
O sleep, thou ape of death. Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 2.
If he be glad, she triumphs; if he stir,
She moves his way, in all things his sweet ape ; . . .
Himself divinely varied without change.
Chapmam, Gentleman Usher, iv. 1.
5. A mischievous or silly mimic; hence, a fool;
a dupe.
Thus she maketh Absolon hir ape.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 203.
IBoys, apes, braggarts, Jacks, milksops |
y y "Shāh. Much Ado, v. 1.
Barbary ape, the tailless ape or magot of Barbary, Maca-
cus imwus, now Inuus ecaudatus, a member of the family
Cynopithecidae and subfamily Cynopithecimae. Though be-
longing to the same division of the catarrhine monkeys
* ~ * ***.
Barbary Ape (/rtzetts ecated aftes). t
as the baboons, this ape is notable for its intelligence
and docility, and has been the “showman's ape" from time
immemorial. From the circumstance that it inhabits the
Rock of Gibraltar it acquires additional interest as the only
256
living representative of its tribe within European limits.
—To lead apes in hell, the employment jocularly as-
signed to old maids in the next world.
I must dance barefoot on her wedding-day,
And, for your love to her, lead apes in hell.
Shak, T. of the S., ii. 1.
To put an ape in One's hoodt, to play a trick upon
one; dupe one. Chaucer.—To say an ape's paternos-
tert, to chatter with cold.
ape (àp), v, i.; pret, and pp. aped, ppr. aping.
[Kape, n.] To imitate servilely; mimic, as an
ape imitates human actions.
Curse on the stripling ! How he apes his sire!
Ambitiously sententious. . . , Addison, Cato, i. 2,
* Iregret
That I should ape the ways of pride,
Bryant, The Yellow Violet.
=Syn. Mimic, etc. See ºmitate.
apeak (a-pêk’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [For-
merly also apéek; Ka8+ peak, a point; after F.
à pie, vertically..] Naut, in a nearly vertical
position or relation; pointing upward, or in an
up-and-down direction. An anchor is said to be
apeak, and a ship to be hove apeak, when the cable and
ship are brought, by the tightening of the former, as nearly
into a perpendicular line with the anchor as may be with-
out breaking it from the ground. A yard or gaff is a peak
when it hangs obliquely to the mast. Oars are apeak when
their blades are held obliquely upward, as in a boat with
an awning, while the crew are awaiting the order to
“give way.” tº-
ape-baboon (āp’ba-bón"), n.
(which see). W. Swaimson.
ape-bearer (āp"băr’ér), n. A strolling buffoon
with an ape. [Rare.]
I know this man well: he hath been since an ape-bearer.
Shak., W. T., iv. 2.
Apedicellata (a ped’i-se-lātā), M. pl. [NL., K
r. d- priv. -- NL. pedicellus, pedicel, ---ata.]
An order of echinoderms in Čivier's system of
classification. See Gephyrea.
apedom (äp'dum), n. [K ape -H -dom.] The
state of being an ape, or of being apish.
This early condition of a pedom. w
De Quincey, Works, XIV. 85.
[K ape + -hood.] Same
A macaque
apehood (āpſhūd), n.
as apedom.
There's a dog-faced dwarf
That gets to godship somehow, yet retains
His apehood. Browning.
apeiret, v. A Middle English spelling of appair.
apelet (āp’let), n. IK ape -H -let.] A young or
iittle ape: as, “her apelet playing about her,”
Spectator. [Rare.]
apellous (a-pelºus), a. [K Gr. 6- priv. H. L.
pellis, a skin.] Destitute of skin.
ape-man (āp’man), m. A name given to a hy-
pothetical ape-like man, or speechless primi-
tive man, intermediate in character between
the highest anthropoid apes and human beings,
and conjectured by Haeckel to have been the
progenitor of the human race. See Alalus.
Apennine (ap'e-min), a. [KL. Apenninus, also
Appenninus, Apeninus (Sc. moms, mountain), an
adj. formed, perhaps, from a Celtic word seen
in Bret. penn.-W. pen = Ir. benn–Gael, beinn,
a head, height, mountain: see benº.] Appella-
tive of or pertaining to a chain of mountains
which extends throughout Italy from the Mari-
time Alps to the southern extremity of the pe-
ninsula.
apepsia (a-pep'sià), n. [NL., K. Gr. & Teipia, K
ôtrértog, undigested, Ká-priv.-H. TeſtTóg, digested,
cooked, K Tréttetv, digest, cook: see peptic.]
Defective digestion; indigestion; dyspepsia.
apepsy (a-pep'si), m. Same as apepsia.
aper (ā'pěr), m. One who apes.
aperçu (a-per-sii'), m. [F., glance, sketch, out-
line, K, aperçu, pp. of apercevoir, perceive, de-
scry, discover: see apperceive.] 1. A first view;
a hasty glance; a rapid survey.—2. A sum-
mary exposition; a brief outline; a sketch.
Twenty pages suffice to impart the elements of Chinese
writing; and a short aperçw of the literary history of the
country is added to the volume. Science, III. 760.
3. A detached view; an isolated perception of
or insight into a subject, as into a system of
philosophy.
At best Hegelism can be apprehended only by aperçus,
and those who try to explain its bottom secrets have not
got it. G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 157.
aperea (ap-e-ré'â), m. [NL.] A name of the
restless cavy, Cavia apérea.
aperient (a-pê'ri-ent), a. and m. [K L. aperi-
an(t-)s, ppr. of apérire, open, uncover (opposed
to operire, close, cover, in comp. Co-opertre,
cover, X ult. E. cover, q.v.), K, a for ab, off,
away (operire, Ko- for ob, to), -H -perire, prob,
identical with -perire in comperire, ascertain, re-
perire, find, being the form in comp. of parere,
Pariré, get, produce, bring forth : see parent.
apertly? (a-pértºli), adv.
aperture
Cf. apert.] I. a. In med, gently purgative;
having the quality of opening the bowels; lax.
ative; deobstruent.
II. m. A medicine which gently opens the
bowels; a laxative.
Also aper?tive.
afterlºº (a-pê-ri-od'ik), a... [KGr, à-priv. (a-18)
periodic.] Without periodicity.
An intermediate stage called the aperiodic state is pass-
ed through. Encyc. Brit., X, 50.
Aperiodic galvanometer. See galvanometer. y
aperispermic (a-per-i-Spèr’mik), a. [K Gr. &-
priv. (a-18) + perisperm + -ic.] . In bot., a term
descriptive of a seed that contains no albumen
(perisperm); exalbuminous.
aperispermous (a-per-i-Spër’mus), a. . [K Gr, à-
priv. (a-18) + perisperm + -ous.] In bot., same
as aperispermic.
aperitive (a-per’i-tiv), a. and m. [Formerly also
apperitive, aperative, after F. apéritif=It. aperi-
tivo, KML. "aperitivus; fuller form of apertive,
q. v.] Same as aperient.
A per set. [L.; cf. & per se: See ºrºgº
1. A by itself; a as a letter or word.—2. A
person or thing of peerless excellence.
Chaucer. -
Behold me, Baldwin, A per se of my age,
Lord Richard Nevill, eaſle by marriage
Of Warwick. Mir...for Mags., p. 371.
apert} (a-pèrt'), a. [K ME. apert, aperte, KOF.
apert, K L. apertus, pp. of aperire, open: See
aperient.] pen; evident; undisguised: as,
sººpert confessions,” Fotherby, Atheomastix, p.
The proceedings may be apert, and tº: and can-
did, and avowable. onne, iševotions.
* (a-pèrt'), adv. [K ME. aperte, apert; from
the adj.] Openly. Chaucer.
apertion? (a-pèr'shgn), n. IK L. apertio(n-), K
aperire, pp. apertus, open : see aperient.] 1.
The act of opening; the state of being opened.
[Rare.] -
Either by ruption or apertion. Wiseman, Surgery.
2. An opening; a gap ; an aperture ; a pas-
S8,90.
Tºrtions, under, which term I do comprehend doors,
windows, staircases—in short, all inlets or outlets.
Sir H. Wottom, Remains, p. 33.
Apertirostra (a-pêr-ti-rostră), n. [NL., K. L.
apertus, open (see apert), ºrostrum, beak.]
ame as Anastomus, 1. Vand de Patte.
apertivet (a-pèr’tiv), a. [K F. apertif, KML.
*apertivus, KL. apertus, pp. of aperire: see apert
and -īve.] 1. Open; manifest.—2. Aperient.
Openly.
In all their discourses of him [Richard III.] they never
directly nor indirectly, covertly or apertly, insinuate this
deformity. Sir G. Buck, Hist, Rich. III., p. 79.
apertness? (a-pèrt’mes), m. Openness; frank-
In 62.SS.
apertometer (ap-ér-tom’e-tér), n. [Irreg. K ap-
ert(wre) + Gr, uérpov, a measure.] An instru-
ment used to measure the angular aperture of
the object-glass of a microscope.
Prof. Abbe has also made an important contribution to
the practical part of this inquiry by the invention of an
apertometer. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., Appendix, p. 850.
apertort (a-pèr’tgr), n. [L., an opener, a be-
ginner, Kaperire, pp. apertus, open: see aperi-
ent.] In anat., that which opens; ºcially,
a muscle that raises the upper eyelid.
*śrº, (ap’ér-tūr-al), a. [Kaperture + -al.]
f, pertaining to, or containing apertures.
[Rare.]
The inferior or apertural side.
E. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 847.
Aperture (ap’ér-tūr), n. [KL. apertura, an open-
ing, K apertus, Pº of aperire, open: See apert
and apérient.] T 14. The act of opening out or
unfolding.
Made . . . difficult by the aperture and dissolution of
distinctions.
Jer. Taylor, worthy Communicant, Int., p. 8,
2. An opening; a hole, orifice, gap, cleft, or
chasm; a passage or perforation; any direct
way for ingress or egress.
An aperture between the mountains.
- W. Gilpin, Tour to Lakes.
3. In geom., the space between two intersect-
ing right lines.—4. In optics, the diameter of
the exposed part of the object-glass in a tele-
scope or other optical instrument. The aper-
ture of a microscope is often expressed in degrees; and in
this case it is called the angular aperture, that is, the
angular breadth of the pencil of light which the instru-
ment transmits from the object or point viewed: as, a
microscope of 100° apertwre.—Abdominal apertures.
See abdomen, 1.-Aperture-sight (as of a rifle), another
name for the open bead-sight, — Branchial aperture.
See branchial. •
sº

*... . ." *** ***. . . . . . . ...," 1.- . .” . . . .” . . . . .'; ","... . . . . . . . . .” - :
r x - * Sº 2 . .
apertured -
apertured (ap'êr-ţārd), a. [Kaperture + -ed?..]
rovided with an aperture; perforated. [Rare.]
IEach half of the coupling is apertured near its free end.
r Sci. Amer., N. S., XLVIII. 18.
apery (äſpº-ri), n. ; pl. aperies (-riz). [Kape F
Fery..] 1. A collection of apes; a place where
apes are kept.—2. The qualities or tricks of
apes; the practice of aping; imitation.
I saw there many women, dressed without regard to the
season or the demands of the place, in apery, or, as it
looked, in mockery, of European fashions.
Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 145.
apes-on-horseback º.9 *. The
name of a variety of the common £uropean
daisy, Bellis perennis. .
A petalae (a-pet’a-lé), m. pl. . [NL. (Sc. plantaº),
fem. pl. of apetalus, without petals: See apeta-
lows.] Plants destitute of petals; a division
of dicotyledonous, archichlamydeous plants
in which the corolla, and often the calyx as
well, is absent. They are subdivided into the Mono-
chlamydeae, in which the corolla alone is absent, as in the
elm, nettle, etc., and the Achlamydeae, in which the calyx
and the corolla are both absent, as in the willow, oak, and
certain other plants.
ãpetalous (a pet/2-lus), a. [K NL, apetalus,
without petals, K. Gr. - priv. 4- Tréražov, a leaf,
in mod, bot. a petal: see petal.] In bot., hav-
img no petals or corolla; pertaining to the
Apetalaº.
apetalousness (a-peta-lus-nes), n, [Kapeta-
lous + -ness.] The state or quality of being
apetalous. *
× - f' e A * ~ *
apex (ā‘peks), n. ; pl. apices (apſi-séz) or apezes
(ā‘pek-sez). [K Í. ap62; ğ. point, tip, Sum-
mit, perhaps Kapere, fit to, fasten to : see apt.]
1. The tip, point, or summit of anything. (a) In
bot.: (1) The end furthest from the point of attachment or
base of an organ. (2) An early name for an anther. (b)
The nucleus, or first whorl, of a univalve shell. (c) In
geom., the one summit of a pyramid where all its faces
but one meet ; the angular point of a come ; the angular
point of a triangle opposite the base.
The stars are the apezes of what wonderful triangles I
horeau, Walden, p. 13.
º In geol., the top of an anticlinal fold of strata. [Penn-
sylvania coal-mines.] (e) As used in the U. S. Revised
Statutes, “the end or edge of a vein nearest the sur-
face.” Tr. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. Omitting blindveins
and ignoring loose surface accumulations, apez means
, much the same as outcrop. (f) In mining, the landing-
point at the top of a slope. [Pennsylvania coal-mines.]
2. In Rom. antiq., a symbolic ornament which
the flamens and some other priests were re-
quired by law to wear. It consisted of a small cone
of olive-wood surrounded with a lock of wool, and was se-
cured on the head by fillets or adjusted to a cap.—Apex
of the heart, the lower pointed portion of the heart.
** (ā‘peks-bêt), n. The pulsation of
the chest-walls over the apex of the heart.
aph-. [Gr. &p-, assimilation of āt- for &to-be-
ore the aspirate.] Assimilation of ap-for apo-
before the aspirate, as in apheresis, aphelion,
etc.
aphacia (a-fä'si-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. 4-
paicóg, lentil, taken for ‘lens”: see lens.] In tera-
tol., absence of the crystalline lens from the
eye. Also written aphakia. -
aphacic (a-fas'ik), a. [K aphacia + -ic.] Per-
taining to aphacia; lacking the crystalline lens.
Also written aphakic.
aphacous (a-fä’kus), a. [K aphacia + -ows.]
ame as aphacic. Also written aphakows.
aphaeresis, aphaeretic, etc. See apheresis, etc.
aphaereton (a-fer'e-ton), n. [K Gr. & palperóv,
neut. of dºpalpetóg, taken away, verbal adj. of
āpalpeiv, take away : see apheresis.] A part of
a matrix or square array of symbols, compris-
ing the whole of certain rows and certain col-
umns and omitting the rest. See matria.
0.3 G.4 (tº *
b1 b2 b8 by bà be by be
c1 c2 C3 C3 c5 ce CT cº
da di ds
63 64 65 \
fi ſº J3 fi JB Jo Jº J8
93 94 J5 s
h3 h4 h5
Aphaereton,
aphagia (a-fä’ji-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. 3- priv.-H.
º: º §ayeiv, eat, devour.] Inability
to Swallow. -
aphakia, aphakic, etc. See aphagia, etc.
Aphalara (a-falſa-rá), n. [S Gr. - priv. F #4-
Wapov, part of a helmet..] ... The typical genus of
Aphalarinae. Förster, 1848.
Aſ ºf (a-fal-a-ri’ né), m. pl.
phalara + -ina..]. A subfamily of Pº.
thirian insects, of the family Psyllidae, typified
by the genus Aphalara. . The petiolus cubiti is as
- z- * . . . . . . ;
•. * * ~ * * * * - * * * * ** *
- * ~ * • -. * * * - *
[NL., K.
257
long as or longer than the discoidal part of the subcosta,
and the fron
Asianapteryx (stºnewºrk), n. (NL,
pnanapteryx (ar-à-naptº-riks), n., L.N.I.,
Gr, àpavºg, unseen, obscure (see aphamite), +
Tréguá, a wing.] A genus of recently extinct
They
birds which formerly inhabited Mauritius.
were of ralline affinities, long-billed, incapable of flight,
and otherwise abnormal.
long, the bill nearly as long, and the tarsus 3 inches.
Fº of the living bird exists, and many of the bones
have been discovered and described. {}
[NL., irreg. K. Gr.
aphanasia (af-à-nā’si-á), n.
āpavāc, unseen, obscure (see aphanite), F -asia
as in aphasia, etc.]
ledge; a state of obscuration. [Rare.]
Apollonius of Tyana foresaw even the great aphanasia
the fifteen hundred years' eclipse of common sense and
I'CaSOIl. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXII. 758.
Aphºº. (a-fan'e-ri), n. pl. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv.
pavepôg, manifest: see Phaneri.] A term ap-
plied by Maggi to some exceedingly minute or-
ganisms foundin water, and made visible under
the microscope only by the use of various hard-
ening and coloring reagents: contrasted with
Phaneri, which are visible without reagents.
The Aphaneri are thought to be harmless.
Smithsonian Rep., 1881, p. 418.
aphanesite (a-fanºe-sit), n. [Irreg. K Gr. &#avág,
unseen, obscure, -H -ite2. Cf. aphamite.] A min-
eral, an arseniate of copper, so named from
the difficulty of recognizing it by its crystals:
same as clinoclase.
Aphaniptera (af-a-nipºte-râ), m. pl. [NL.,
neut. pl. of aphanipterus: see aphamipterous.]
An aberrant order of dipterous insects, the
fleas and chigoes, degraded by parasitism. The
abdomen is not distinct from the thorax (which is pro-
vided with abortive wings in the form of a pair of mi-
nute scales); the mouth is haustellate, consisting of two
long mandibles, a slender labrum, sheathing labial palps,
and two long maxillary palps; the antennae are Small ; the
hinder legs are saltatorial; the larvae are worm-like; and
the pupae are inactive. The order is coextensive with the
single family Pulicidae, or fleas and chigoes. See Pulicidae
and cut under chigoe. Also called Aphanoptera, Swctoria,
and Sºphomaptera.
aphanipterous (af-a-nip (te-rus), a. [K NL.
aphanipterus, K. Gr. 3%avºc, indistinct, obscure
(see aphamite), + Trepév, a wing, - E. feather,
q. v.] Of or pertaining to the Aphamiptera ;
characterized by indistinct or abortive wings.
aphanistic (af-a-nistik), a. [K Gr. &gavåg, in-
distinct (see aphamite), + -ist-ic.] In mineral.,
indistinct; as, aphamistic crystallization.
aphanite (af'a-nit), n. [K Gr. &gavåg, indistinct,
unseen, obscure (Kö- priv. -- pavóg, apparent,
conspicuous, K jaivetv, show, paived flat, appear:
see fancy), + -ite?. See aphamesite.] . A name
given to igneous rocks of such compact and
even texture that the constituent minerals
cannot be recognized with the naked eye: ap-
plied especially to dark-colored rocks.
*::: (af-a-mit'ik), a. [Kaphamite + -ić.] Of
the nature of aphanite. - -
aphamitism (a-fanſi-tizm), m. [K aphamite +
-ism..] The condition of being aphanitie; cryp-
togrystallization. -
Aphanoptera (af-à-nopºte-ră), m. pl. Same as
A#:
aphanozygous (af-a-noz’i-gus), a... [K. Gr. diſpa-
våg, indistinct (see aphamite), + ºvyóv (=L. jugum
= E. yoke) for Čižopia, cheek-bone..] Having the
cheek-bones invisible when the skull is viewed
from above. N. E. D.
Apharyngea (af-à-lin'jē-ă), m. pl. , [NL, K. Gr.
ô- priv. -F papvyš, throat (pharynx).] A divi-
sion of planarians or rhabdocoelous turbella-
rians, containing such as have no pharynx, and
are thus distinguished from the Pharyngea.
apharyngeal (af-a-rin ‘jē-ăl), a. Having no
pharynx; specifically said of the Apharyngea,
aphasia (a-fā’ziä), n. [NL., KGr, dºggia, speech-
lessness, K &garoc, not uttered, K &- priv. --
atóg, uttered, spoken, verbal adj. Of ; F.
. fari, speak, say: see fable, fate, euphemism,
etc.] In pathol., the impairment or abolition
of the faculty of using and understanding writ-
ten and spoken language, independently of amy
failure of the intellectual processes or any dis-
ease or paralysis of the vocal organs. Atacic
aphasia, when uncomplicated, is inability to express
one's ideas in spoken words, while the patient understands
perfectly what is said to him, and reads and writes. The
name amnesic aphasia has been applied to cases where
the patient is unable to recall the word which he wants,
though able to speak it when found. Sensory aphasia is
where the patient fails to comprehend spoken or written
words; it comprises word-deafness and word-blindness.
Aphasia, especially ataxic aphasia, seems to depend in
most cases on a lesion of the inferior frontal convolution,
almost always on the left side of the brain. See agraphia,
alalia, alexia, anarthria, and aphonia. - . . . - - -
lobes are absent or are not separated from
The tibia was about 5 inches
A
Obscurement, as of know.
apheretic
aphasiac (a-fä’zi-ak), n. [Kaphasia + -ac.] A
person affected with aphasia; an aphasic.
aphasic (a-fā’zik), a. and n. [K aphasia + -ic.]
. a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling aphasia;
suffering from aphasia.
II. m. A person affected with aphasia.
He [the lecturer] spoke next of the frequent retention of
some recurring utterance by aphasics, such as “Come un-
to me.” Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 176.
aphelexia (af-e-lek'si-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. &#82%g,
even, smooth, plain (see Aphelinus), + šštc, con-
dition, habit: see hectic.] Absence of mind;
reverie.
aphelia, n. Plural of aphelion.
agº. (a-fé'li-an), a. [K º + -an.]
ertaining to the aphelion; hest from the
STII).
Aphelinus (af-e-li'nus), m. [NL., K. Gr. &#ežňg,
smooth, simple, plain, also lit. not stony, Kó-
Apheliºttes znytſlaspiaz's. (Cross shows natural size.)
priv. -- pe?Zeiç, stony ground.] A genus of
minute parasitic hymenopterous insects, of the
family Chalcididaº. Its species infest either plant-
lice or bark-lice, particularly the scale-bearing species
(Diaspinae). A. mytilaspidis (Le Baron) infests the com-
mon mussel-shell bark-louse of the apple-tree.
aphelion (a-fé'li-Qn), m.; pl. aphelia (-ā). [For-
merly also aphelium, K NL. aphelion, earlier
and more prop. aphelium, formed by Kepler
after apogaeum, apogeum (see apogee), K. Gr. as
if *ā%2tov, K. Čiſtó, from, -- #2toc, the sun.] That
point of a planet's or of a comet's orbit which
is most distant from the sun: opposed to peri-
helion.
apheliotropic (a-fé"li-à-trop'ik), a. [K Gr. &-
or &T-for diſtó, from, -H #7 tog, sun (see apheliom),
+ -tpottkóg, K Tpéretv, turn.] In bot., turning
away from the light: applied to shoots or other
parts of plants: opposed to heliotropic.
Apheliotropic movements are comparatively rare in a
well-marked degree, excepting the sub-aērial roots.
Darwin, Movement in Plants, p. 564.
*Fºllºy (a-fé"li-Ö-trop’i-kal-i), adv,
a direction away from the sun.
apheliotropism (a-fé-li-ot’rö-pizm), n. [Kaphe-
liotropic + -ism..] In bot., a tendency to turn
away from the sun or the light: opposed to
heliotropism (which see). Darwin.
Apheliscus (af-e-lis’kus), n. [NL., appar. K
Gr. Óð8%g, even, smooth, simple (see Apheli-
nus), + dim. -iscus.] A genus of extinct lemu-
roid or insectivorous mammals, having quadri-
tuberculate lower molars, the fourth lower
molar without internal cusp, and the cusps
opposite. . .A. insidiosus, the type-species, is
from the Wahsatch beds of New Mexico. Cope,
1875.
aphemia (a-fé'mi-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. --
@#um, a voice, speech, fame (= L. fama, X E.
fame, q.v.), K pavat, speak. Cf. aphasia.] In
pathol., aphasia, in its general sense; specifi-
cally— (a) ataxic aphasia; (b) anarthria. See
aphasia and anarthria, 2.
aphemic (a-fem'ik), a. [Kaphemia + -ic.] Per-
taining to or resembling aphemia; character-
ized by or suffering from aphemia.
aphengescope (a-fen'jes-köp), m. [K Gr. Óðey) #c,
without light, obscure (Kö-priv. -H pé; yog, light,
akin to páog, póg, light), + GRoſſeiv, view.]. A
modification of the magic lantern for exhibiting
opaque objects.
a hºsis, aphaeresis (a-fer'e-sis), m. [K L.
aphaeresis, K Gr. dipatpeotg, a taking away, Kāpat-
peiv, take away, K&Tó, away, + aipeiv, take.] 1.
In gram., the omission of a letter or an unac-
cented syllable from the beginning of a word.
Examples in English are round, adv., for a round, vantage
for advantage, squire for esquire, 'mid for amid, 'pon for
wpon, etc. The most common form of apheresis is that
called aphesis (which see).
2#. In med. : (a) The removal of anything nox-
ious. (b) Large and injurious extraction of
blood.—3+. In surg., amputation.
apheretic, aphaeretic (af-e-ret'ik), a. [K Gr.
ãºatpettkóc, K apatpºtóg, verbal adj. of āgaipeiv:
See apheresis.l. In gram., characterized by
apheresis; shortened by the omission of the
first syllable: thus, vantage is the apheretic
form of advantage. * -

17
apheretically
apheretically (af-e-ret’i-kal-i), adv. After the
manner of an apheresis; by omitting the first
syllable. Also spelled aphaeretically.
aphesis (af'e-sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. §§egic, a let-
ting go, let go, let loose, Káðtéval, let go, send
off, KäTó, off, + iéval, send..] The gradual and
unintentional removal of a short unaccented
Vowel at the beginning of a word; a special
form of apheresis, as in squire for esquire, down
for adown, etc. J. A. H. Murray. (N. E. D.)
apheta (af'e-tā), m. [ML., K. Gr. Öpétmg, one who
lets go, hence one who lets go a military engine,
and, according to Du Cange, one who starts
the chariots in a race (cf. & petmpia, the starting-
place, MGr. diſperoflupavoicrºg, one who opened
the barriers to start the racing-chariots), hence
in astrology the planet which starts a human
being in his career, K. Čipstog, let off, let loose,
verbal adj. of diſplévat, let off: see aphesis.] In
astrol., the planet dominating the life of the
native; the planet which is lord of the house
that rules the matter inquired after; the proro-
gator, significator, or hyleg.
The aphetic place is the situation of the Apheta, Hyleg,
prorogator, significator, or giver of life, for they all have
the same meaning. Sibley, Astrology, p. 433.
apheter (afte-tér), n. ... [K Gr;...&ºethp, equiv. to
āpétmg, one who lets off a military engine: see
apheta.] That which loosens or sets free.
[Rare.]
This katastate is, as it were, the fuse or trigger whose
action fires the massive charge of the muscular gun, and
might receive the name of apheter.
M. Foster, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 20.
aphetic1 (a-fet'ik), a. [K Gr. Öpertkóg, Kóperog,
let loose, set free: see aphesis and apheta.]
Produced by or resulting from aphesis.
aphetic? (a-fet'ik), a. [Kapheta + -ic.] Same
as aphetical.
aphetical (a-fet’i-kal), a. [K aphetic” + -al.]
astrol., pertaining to the apheta, or planet
significative of life.—Aphetical places (translation
of Greek Törrow & betukoi), the places in which the apheta
may be found. The rules given in Ptolemy's “Tetrabiblos”
(iii. 10) are intricate and v * *
ague
apheticallyl (a-fet’i-kal-i), adv. In an aphetic
Iſla, Illſle I’.
aphetically? (a-fet’i-kal-i), adv. In the manner
or position of the apheta.
aphetism (af'e-tizm), m. [K aphetic1 + -ism.]
An aphetized form of a word; a form resulting
from the loss of a weak initial vowel, as down
for adown.
aphetize (af'e-tiz), v. t.; pret. and pp. aphetized,
ppr. aphetizing. [Kapheticl + -ize.] To render
aphetic; shorten by aphesis.
aphid (af'id), m. [K aphis (aphid-).] An aphid-
ian; a plant-louse; a member of the genus
Aphis or family Aphididae (which see). the
plural, the plant-lice: a general or indetermi-
nate term for the members (a) of the genus
Aphis and (b) of the family Aphididae, which
includes numerous genera.
[NL., pl. of Aphis,
Aphides (af'i-déz), m. pl.
q. v.] Same as Aphididae.
aphidian (a-fid’i-an), m. anda. [KAphis (Aphid-)
º —ian.] I. m. An insect of the family Aphidi-
da; an aphid; a plant-louse.
II. a. Pertaining to the genus Aphis or to
the family Aphididaº.
aphidid (af'i-did), n. One of the Aphididae; an
aphis.
The Feniseca larva actually feeds upon the aphidids.
Science, VII. 394.
Aphididae (a-fid’i-dé), m. pl. . [NL., K. Aphis
(Aphid-) + -idae.] A family of hemipterous in-
sects, of the suborder Phytophthiria; the true
plant-lice, as typified by the genus Aphis, and as
distinguished from the false plant-lice, or Psyl-
lidae, and other phytophthirian insects. They
are all injurious to vegetation, living on the juices of
plants, which they suck, and also producing a great va-
riety of galls. Almost every plant has lice peculiar to
it, immense numbers of which live upon it. The genera
are very numerous. See cuts under Aphis. Also called
Aphides.
Aphidii (a-fid’i-i), m. pl. [NL., pl. of aphidius
(also used to designate a genus of hymenopter-
ous insects), K Aphis (Aphid-), q.v.] In La-
treille's system of classification, the second
family of homopterous hemipterous insects,
commonly called plant-lice, inexactly equiva-
lent to the modern family Aphidida, including
the thysanurous genus Thrips, etc., as well as
the Psyllidae or false plant-lice, and excluding
the Coccidae or scale-insects. [Not in use.]
aphidious (a-fid’i-us), a. [K aphid + -ious.]
ertaining to or of the nature of aphids.
Aphidiphaga (af-i-dif'a-gã), m. pl. "[NL., neut.
pl. of aphidiphagus: see aphidiphagous...] A
258
group. of insects more, or less exactly corre-
sponding to Latreille's Aphidiphagi (which see).
They are small beetles with rounded bodies, strong wings,
hard elytra, securiform maxillary palps, and clavate an-
tennae. See Coccinellidae.
[NL., pl.
Aºi (af-i-diff a -ji), m. pl.
of aphidiphagus: see aphidiphagous.] In La-
treille's system of classification, the second
family of trimerous Coleoptera, consisting of the
old genus Coccinella, and corresponding to the
modern family Coccinellida ; the lady-birds;
small beetles which habitually feedupon aphids.
[Not in use.]
aphidiphagous (af-i-dif'a-gus), a. [KNL. aphi-
diphagus, KAphis (Aphidº)-- Gr. -payoc, K payeiv,
eat.] Of or pertaining to the Aphidiphaga;
hence, preying upon or devouring aphids.
aphidivorous (af-i-div'3-rus), a. [K NL. Aphis
(Aphid-) + L. vorare, devour.] Same as aphi-
diphagous.
aphilanthropy (af-i-lan'thrºpi), n., [K. Gr.
āştäävôpotoc, not loving man, Ká- priv. 4- ºtháv-
Öptotrog, loving man: see philanthropy.] 1. Want
of philanthropy; lack of benevolence. [Rare.]
–2. In pathol., preference of solitude to soci-
×ety, the first stage of melancholia.
Aphis (ā'fis), n. INL. (Linnaeus), the sing, per-
haps from the pl. aphides (see -id2), which may
have been taken (if so, prop. aphides, but now
treated as aphides) from Gr. & petóeiç, pl. of
*=ss
Geranium Plant-louse (Aphis pelargort it): the apterous agamoge-
netic form, magnified; appendages of only one side shown.
ãºetó%g, unsparing, lavish (as if in allusion to
their extreme prolificness or voracity), Ká-priv.
+ petóeoffat, spare.] 1. Agenus of small plant-
sucking insects, of the family Aphididae and or-
der Homoptera. They multiply by parthenogenesis and
very rapidly. From a pair of honey-tubes, near the end of
the abdomen, they emit a saccharine fluid, known as honey-
Apple-tree Plant-louse (Aphis mali). (Cross and small figure show
natural sizes.)
dew and aphis-sugar, which is greedily devoured by ants.
They are very destructive to tender plants, upon which
they congregate in enormous numbers.
2. [l. c.] A plant-louse. [In this sense the
gº; aphides (af'i-déz) is used.]—Woolly aphis.
ee Eriosoma.
aphis-lion (ā'fis-li’gn), n. A name for the larva
of a lace-winged fly of the family Hemerobiidae.
aphis-sugar (ā‘fis-shūg'ār), n. Honey-dew, a
secretion peculiar to insects of the genus Aphis,
voided from their anal siphuncles.
aphlaston (a-flas’ton), n. [Gr. 3%aarov.] Same
as aplustre.
aphlogistic (af-ló-jis’tik), a... [K Gr. 39%) to Tog,
not inflammable, Kö- priv. H. p70).totóg, inflam-
mable: see º Flameless.-Aphlogistic
lamp, a lamp in which a coil of platinum wire extending
above the wick is kept constantly red-hot by the slow com-
bustion of alcohol-vapor, heated first by the flame of the
wick, but after this is extinguished by the incandescent
WITe,
aphnology (af-nol’ā-ji), n. IK Gr. Čºvog, usu-
ally & pewog, revenue, ićhes, wealth, abundance
(cf. Skt. apnas, income, property; akin to L.
opes, wealth, copia, plenty, etc.), + -Aoyia, K
Żëyetv, speak: see -ology.] The science of
wealth; a treatise on the science of wealth;
plutology. [Rare.]
The title ought to have been Aphnology. Aphnos, or
aphenos, expresses wealth in the largest sense of general
abundance and well-being. Sir J. Herschel.
Aphodiidae (af-3-di’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Apho-
dius + -idae.] A family of beetles, named by
Macleay in 1819 from the genus Aphodius.
aphorism
excrement, evacuation, and lit. departure, K
âté, from, away,+ 6069, way.] A genus of
scarabaeoid lamélicorn beetles, related to the
dung-beetles of the genus Geotrupes, sometimes
giving name to a family Aphodiidaº. Its species
are mostly Small, having striate elytra, concealed meta-
thoracic epimera, toothed front tibiae and spurred hind
tibiae, and 9-jointed antennae. Over 50 North American
species are described, including several introduced from
Europe, such as the comparatively large black A. fossor.
Aphododeridae (af’ī-dò-der’i-dé), m. pl. See
Aphredoderidae.
Aphododerus (af-Ö-dod’º-rus), n. See Aphre-
doderus.
aphonia (a-fö’ ni-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. & povía,
speechlessness, K Öovoc, speechless, voiceless:
see aphonows.] In pathol., loss of voice through
a morbid condition of the larynx or its immedi-
ate innervation; dumbness; speechlessness.
It is a condition in which one wants to speak and knows
how to do so, but cannot produce a vocal sound, though
he may Whisper. Also aphomy.
aphonic (a-form'ik), a. and n. [K aphonia + -ic.]
. a. Pertaining to or characterized by apho-
nia; speechless; dumb.
ii. m. A person affected with aphonia.
aphonous (af’ô-mus), a... [K Gr. 3 povoc, voice-
less, Ká-priv. H. pová, voice: see phonic..] Des-
titute of voice; voiceless.
aphony (af'3-mi), n. Same as aphonia.
aphoria (a-foºri-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. ățopia, ste-
rility, dearth, K & popog, not bearing, Kó- priv. 4-
$opóg, bearing, K pépetv = E. bearſ..] Sterility;
unfruitfulness.
aphorism (af'º-rizm), m. [= F. aphorisme, K
r. & poptoſić, a definition, a short pithy sen-
tence, º ãopłen, define, mark off, Kätró, off, 4-
Öpičeiv, divide, bound, & ôpoſ, a boundary: see
horizon.] 1. A definition or concise statement
of a principle.
The aphorism. . . . formulated by Linnaeus in regard
to plants. Quatrefages, Human Species (trans.), p. 50.
2. A precept or rule expressed in few words; a
detached sentence containing some important
truth: as, the aphorisms of fippocrates, or of
the civil law.
The three ancient commentators on Hippocrates . . .
have given the same definition of an aphorism, i. e., “a
succinct saying, comprehending a complete statement,”
or a saying poor in expression, but rich in sentiment.
Fleming.
=Syn. Aphorism, Aaxiom, Maazim, Precept, Dictwm, Apo-
thegm, Saying, Adage, Proverb, Truism, Byword, Saw, all
concur in expressing a pithy general proposition, usually in
one short sentence; but the longer the form the less ap-
plicable do these names become. An aphorism is a truth,
pointedly set forth, relating rather to speculative princi-
ples, ethics, or science than to practical matters, and form-
ing a brief and excellent statement of a doctrine: thus,
“Moderation is the silken string running through the
pearl-chain of all virtues,” and “Maladies are cured by
nature, not by remedies,” are aphorisms. “Life is short,
and art is long,” is from the first aphorism of Hippocrates.
An aactom, is a self-evident truth, and is therefore used as a
basis for reasoning. “A straight line is the shortest dis-
tance between two points” is one of the aarioms of mathe-
matics; “The greater good is to be chosen before the less”
is an azºom of morals. The number of axioms is neces-
Sarily limited; of aphorisms, maxims, etc., unlimited. A
7maazim is a truth which, while not so definite and neces-
Sarily true as an aactom, yet equally acceptable to the
mind, refers rather to practical than to abstract truth,
stating one of the fundamental rules. of conduct, civil
government, business policy, and the like: as, it is a sound
maa'im that one should risk in speculation no more than
he can afford to lose. It suggests a lesson more pointedly
and directly than aphorism, and differs from precept in
that a precept is a direct injunction, whereas a mazim is
a mere statement of a truth from which a precept may be
deduced. It would be a precept to say, “In speculation
risk no more than you can afford to lose.” A dictum is
not a precept, but an opinion given with authority, as
from superior knowledge : as, a dictwm of the critics; a dic-
twm of Carlyle's. An apothegm, in common matters what
an aphorism is in higher, is essentially a terse proposition
that makes a vivid impression on the mind: thus, “In the
adversity of our best friends, we always find something
that doth not displease us”; this is called by Dean Swift
a maacºm, but is more properly an apothegm. “Heaven
helps those that help themselves,” and
“He who fights and runs away
May live to fight another day”
(Goldsmith, Art of Poetry),
are apothegms. A8aying is a lower grade of apothegm; each
is likely to be found associated with the name of the author:
as, the apothegms of Socrates; a ; of Poor Richard-
Each is a felicitous expression current for its own sake,
but deriving additional popularity from the celebrity of
its author. “Herein is that tºº, true, One soweth, and
another reapeth,” John iv. 37; “The little and short say-
ings of wise and excellent men are of great value, like the
dust of gold or the least sparks of the diamond,” Wiilotson.
Adage and proverb are habitual sayings, generally of long
standing, embodying the common sense of mankind on
ordinary subjects. The adage is often the more vener-
able by age and the more dignified in its character: as,
“Necessity knows no law.” . A saying may easily become
an adage. . Proverb as used in the Bible is often a saying:
as, “Physician, healthyself,” Luke iv. 23; but in the mod-


aphorism
ern sense proverb often appears in some concrete figura-
tive and homely form ; as, “Too many cooks spoil the
broth "; “Every tub must stand on its own bottom.” A
truism is a truth too obvious to need explanation or proof;
it is a word of relative application; what would be a tru-
ism to one might be an aziom or an aphorism to another.
A byword is a cant term or phrase, in every one's mouth
like a proverb, but º in disparagement. Saw is a
contemptuous term for an expression that is more com-
mon than wise, or for a trite or foolish saying reiterated
to wearisomeness,
aphorism? (af'º-rizm), v. i.
ame as aphorize. [Rare.]
There is no art, that hath been more cankered in her
principles, more soiled and slubbered with aphorismºng
pedantry, than the art of policy.
Milton, Ref. in England, p. 33.
aphorismatic (af’º-riz-mat'ik), a. I apho-
rism + -atic..] Same as aphorismic.
aphorismer (af’ſ -riz-mer), n. One who ex-
presses himself in aphorisms. [Rare.]
The tribe of aphorismers and politicasters.
Milton, Ref. in England, p. 56.
aphorismic (af-º-riz"mik), a. . [K aphorism +
Fig.] Relating to aphorisms; having the form
of an aphorism; containing aphorisms. An
equivalent form is aphorismatic.
The style of Junius is a sort of metre, the law of which
is a sort of balance of thesis and antithesis. When he gets
out of this aphorismic metre into a sentence of five or six
lines long, nothing can exceed the slovenliness of the Eng-
lish. Coleridge, Table-Talk, p. 264.
aphorist (af'º-rist), n. IK aphor-ism + -ist.] A
writer of aphorisms.
He took this occasion of farther clearing and justifying
what he had written against the aphorists.
R. Nelson, Life of Bp. Bull, p. 246.
aphoristic (af-à-ris’tik), a. [& Gr. apoptotagº,
tfordefining, sententious, Kāºopſew: see apho-
rism.] Having the character of aphorisms; re-
sembling aphorisms; in the form of an apho-
rism; stated in short, unconnected sentences;
abounding in aphorisms. An aphoristic style is one
which is fragmentary in its outward form, but methodical
in its reasoning.
The method of the book is aphoristic. Ile Quincey.
The Sanscrit law-books are sometimes in aphoristic prose,
sometimes in verse, sometimes in a mixture of both.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 10.
aphoristical (af-5-ris’ti-kal), a. Same as apho-
ristic. -
aphoristically (af-à-ris’ti-kāl-i), adv. In or by
aphorisms; briefly and pithily.
These being carried down, seldom miss a cure, as Hip-
pocrates doth likewise aphoristically tell us. Harvey.
aphorize (af'º-riz), v. i.; pret, and pp. apho-
rized, ppr. aphorizing. [K Gr. apoptºeuv: see
aphorism..] To utter aphorisms; write or speak
in aphorisms; especially, make an excessive
use of aphorisms. Coleridge.
aphract (afrakt), a. [K Gr. §§parrog, old Attic
pKTOg unfenced, unfortified, Kā-priv. 4- ºpak-
róg, verbal adj. of ºpäooetv, fence in, fortify.]
Open; undefended or unguarded. are.]
We find the war galley of the Phoenicians represented
on the walls of the palaces unearthed by Layard and his
followers in Assyrian discovery. . . . The vessel repre-
sented is a bireme war galley which is aphract, that is to
say, has the upper tier of rowers unprotected and exposed
to view. Encyc. Brit., XXI. 805.
º (af-re-dod’é-rid), n. A fish of the
amily Aphredoderidae.
Aphrédoderidae (af're-dû-der’i-dé), m.pl. [NL.,
KAphredoderus + -idae.] A family of teleoceph-
alous fishes having, the vent in the neck or
breast, the ventral fins post-thoracic and with
about 7 rays, but without spines, and a short
dorsal fin of 3 or 4 spines in front. In Günther's
system of classification, the family jº. a pri
oup of Acanthopterygii, characterized by the develope
orsal and anal fins and the position of the vent in front
of the ventrals. Two species, called pirate or pirate-perch,
are known to inhabit the fresh waters of North America.
Also Aphododeridae.
Aphredoderus (af-re-dod’º-rus), n. [NI, (Le-
sueur, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833); a
corrupt form, afterward given as Aphrodºſiºns
§º as if & Gr.,áðpóðng, foamy (K, &pſic,
oam, -- º, form), + 68pm, neck, throat, later
as Aphododerus (Jordan, 1877) in allusion to the
position of the vent, Kºodoº, departure, evacu-
ation, excrement (K. 376, off, -ī- 6669, way), --
Öğpm, neck, throat.] The typical genus of fishes
of the family Aphredoderidae. Also Aphodode-
[K aphorism, n.]
7"MS.
aphrite (af'rit), m, [K Gr. ºpór, foam, froth, +
-ite2.] A subvariety of calcium carbonate or
calcite, popularly known as foam, earth-foam, or
foam-spar, occurring in small masses, solid, or
tender and friable. It is composed of lamellae or
scales of a pearly luster, and has varieties which shade
insensibly into argentine.
259
Aphriza (afºri-zá), n. . (Audubon, 1839),
a false formation, & Gr. ºpac, foam, -- ºffew, ºv,
live..] A genus of plover-like birds, of the fam-
ily Aphrizidae, related to the oyster-catchers and
turnstones, having feet with four toes like the
latter, and the general appearance and changes
of plumage of the sandpipers. It contains
only the surf-bird, A. virgata. See surf-bird.
Aphºe (af-riz"i-dé), m. pl. DNL., & Aphriza
-idae.] A family of ºff. intermediate be-
tween Charadriidae and Haematopodidae. The
typical genus is Aphriza. Coues, 1884.
Ap izinae (af-ri-zi'né), m. pl. [Ni. KAphriza
-inde..] A subfamily of birds, containing the
genus Aphriza; the surf-birds,
* (afºri-zit), n. [K Gr. ºppºſev, foam,
e foamy (< ūºpſc, foam), + -ite2.] A variety
of black tournalin.
Aphrodisia (af-rº-diz’i-á), m. pl. [L., & Gr.
Appooſaſa, neut. pl. of Ağpodialog, pertaining to
Aphrodite, « Appodity: see Aphrodite.] A festi-
val in honor of Aphrodite or Venus periodical-
ly celebrated in various localities of ancient
Greece. Those of Paphos in Cyprus, of Cyth-
era, and of Corinth were the most famous.
aphrodisiac (af-rº-dizi-ak), a. and n. . [K Gr.
appodtarakóg, venereal, KAºpodialog, pertaining to
Aphrodite, « Appoºrm, Venus: see Aphrodite.]
I. a. Exciting venereal desire; increasing the
appetite for sexual pleasures; hence, erotic;
sensual.
II. m. Any drug or preparation which ex-
cites sexual desire.
aphrodisiacalf (afrº-di-zi'a-kal), a.
aphrodisiac.
aphrodisian (af-rº-diz’i-an), a. [K Gr. Aſºpodi-
atog: see aphrodisiac.] Given up to sexual
pleasures; devoted to sensual love.
They showed me the state nursery for the children of
ose aphrodisian dames, their favourites.
C. Reade, Cloister and Hearth, lvi.
Aphrodite (af-rº-di’té), n. [K Gr. Aſºpodiſm, the
goddess of love, Venus; traditionally said to
mean “foam-born,’ & aſpé, foam, the second ele-
ment -óirm being unexplained.]. 1. The Greek
goddess of love and beauty, identified by the
Romans with their Venus, who was originally
a deity of much less importance. By one legend
she is fabled (as Aphrodite Anadyomene) to have sprung
from the foam of the sea. She was the personification of
female grace, and from her prototype, the Phenician As-
tarte, represented the re-
productive and germi
powers of nature.
2. DNL.] Inzoöl.: (a)
Agenus of chaetopo-
dous annelids, typi-
calofthefamily Aph-
roditidae(which see).
The species are known as
sea-mice; the common
sea-mouse is A. aculeata.
Also written Aphrodita.
See sea-mouse. (b) A
genus of lepidopter-
ousinsects. Hübner,
1816. (c) A genus
of bivalve mollusks.
Also written Aphro-
dita. Isaac Lea.—
3. [l. c.] A variety
of meerschaum. It
is a hydrous silicate
of magnesium.
Aphroditidae (af-rū-
ditſi-dé), m.pl. [NL,
K Aphrodite, 2 (a), +
-idae.] family of
free marine chaetop-
odous annelids, of which the genus Aphrodite is
the type. There are numerous other genera.
Also Aphroditacea, Aphroditæ.
Another type altogether is shown by the scale-bearing
annelids, Aphroditiqae; the upper parapodia, or false feet,
carry large scales, which lie over the back of the animal
and form an imbricated covering, serving the double pur-
pose of protection and respiration.
Stand. Nat. Hist., I, 230.
A.
º
hrophora (af-rofºrá), n. [NL., & Gr, dºpo-
poc, foam-bearing, K appóg, fºam, E -%poc, K
ºpen – E. bearl.] A genus of homopterous in-
sects, of the family Cercopidae: so called because
the larva is enveloped in the frothy or foamy
substance known as cuckoo-spit. The genus is
closely related to Ptyclus, and species were for-
merly placed in Ptyelus or Tettigonia.
A}}º (af-ré-for’i-dà), m. pl. DNL., K
phrophora + -ida.] Same as Aphrophorinae.
A}}}* (afrā-fú-ri'né), m. pl. [NL., K
phrophora + -ina." In entom., the froth-
Same as
Aphrodite.
Copy of the Cnidian Statue by
Praxiteles, Vatican Museum.
apiary
bearing hoppers; a subfamily or other division
of the great family Cercopidae, represented by
the genera Aphrophora, Lepyronia, Ptyelus, and
many others, and containing a great many spe-
cies of medium or small size, very generally
distributed over the world, and especially af-
fecting pines and willows. *
aphrosiderite (af-rº-sid’º-rit), n. [K Gr. ºpac,
oam, -- atºmpoc, iron, + -ite”.] A ferruginous
chloritic mineral occurring in soft dark-green
scales.
aphtha (aftbā), n.; pl. aphthºeſ-the). [NL., & L.
aphtha, pl., K. Gr. ºffat, pl. of ºffa, an eruption,
ulceration, K atten, set on fire, inflame.] In
pathol., an eruption; an ulceration: used espe-
cially in the plural to denote small round vési-
cles, sometimes becoming confluent, which
usually breakdown into ulcers. They occur upon
the tongue, gums, inside of the lips, and palate. They
are due to the presence of Mycoderma vini (Oºdium albi-
cans), a parasitic vegetable growth. The disease is also
called thrush, or milk-thrush. Also aptha.-Aphtha
epizoáticae, foot-and-mouth disease (see foot).
aphthalose (af'tha-lós), m. The earlier name
or aphthitalite. -
Aºtº. (af-thär’tö-dò-sété), m. pl.
[K LGr. "Aſſaproºoºº, K Gr. 3%prog, uncor-
rupted, incorruptible (Kö-priv. Fºapré, verbal
adj. of ºffeipelv, destroy, ruin, corrupt), + dokeiv,
think. Cf. Docetae.] AMonophysite sect which
existed from the sixth to the ninth century, or
later. They held that the body of Christ was incorruptible
even before the resurrection, and that he suffered death
only in a phantasmal appearance. From this they are
sometimes called Phantasiasts, a name more properly be-
longing to the Docetae (which see), who denied even the
reality of Christ's body.
Aphthartodocetism (af-thär"tö-dò-sé'tizm), n.
he doctrines of the Aphthartodocetae.
Justinian himself lapsed into heresy, by accepting the
doctrine that the earthly body of Christ was incorruptible,
insensible to the weaknesses of the flesh, a doctrine which
had been advanced by Julian, bishop of Halicarnassus,
and went by the name of Aphthartodocetism.
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 796.
aphthitalite (af-thit"a-lit), n., [K Gr. 3 ºfferoc,
unchanging, unchangeable (Kä- priv. -- ºffiróg,
verbal adj. of Ødiety, commonly ºverv, destroy,
change), + dºg, salt, + Affog, a stone..] A na–
tive potassium sulphate found on Mount Ve-
suvius in delicate crystallizations. Also called
#. and Vesuvius-salt.
aphthoid (afºthoid), a. [Kaphtha + -oid.]. Re-
sembling an aphtha or aphtha. -
aphthong (afthong), n. [KGr. 3950)}og, voice-
ess, K a- priv. -- #. voice, sound, Kºdáyye-
affat, sound.] A letter or combination of let-
ters which in the customary pronunciation of a
word has no sound. [Rare.]
aphthous (af'thus), a. [= F. aphtheur, K NL.
aphthosus, K aphtha, q.v.] 1. In pathol., of the
nature of or characterized by aphtha.-2. In
bot., #.”. as if covered with aphtha.
Aphyllae (a-fil’é), m. pl. [NL., fem. pl. (sc.
planta) of aphyllus, leafless: see aphyllows.]. A
section of cryptogamic plants without leaves,
comprising lichens, fungi, and algæ. Same as
#. [Not used.]
aphyllose (a-fil’ós), a. Same as aphyllous.
aphyllous...} a. [KNL. aphyllus, K. Gr.
ãºvºog, leafless, Kd-priv. -- piºav = L. folium,
a leaf.] In bot., destitute of leaves: applied
to flowering plants that are naturally leafless,
as most Cactaceae, and to thallogenous crypto-
gams.
aphy]]y (a-fil’i), n. [K NL. *aphyllia, K. Gr. as if
ãºvažia, Kāºvažog, leafless: see aphyllous.] In
bot., the state of being aphyllous; an entire
suppression of leaves, as ordinarily occurs in
most Cactaceae, etc.
apian (ā’piºn), a. [K L. apianus, of bees, K
apis, a bee: see Apis!..] Of or pertaining to
bees.
Apiariae (à-pi-ā'ri-6), m. pl. [NL., fem. pl. of
L. apiarius: see apiarian.]. In Latreille's sys-
tem of classification, a division of melliferous
aculeate hymenopterous insects: opposed to
Andrenetº, and corresponding to the modern
family Apidae (which see).
apiarian (ā-pi-ā'ri-an), a. and m. [K L. apia-
rius, relating to bees, abee-keeper, Kapis, a bee:
see Apisl.] I. a. Relating to bees, or to bee-
keeping.
... m. A bee-keeper; an apiarist.
apiarist (ā’pi-a-rist), n. [Kapiary + -ist.] One
who keeps an apiary; one who keeps bees, or
studies themature of bees; abee-keeperorbee-
master.
apiary (ā’pi-à-ri), n. ; pl. apiaries (-riz). [K L.
apiarium, a bee-house, beehive, neut. of apia-

apiary
Tius, relating to bees: see apiarian.J. A place
where bees are kept; a stand or shed for bees;
a bee-house containing a number of beehives.
260
parsley by boiling it in water. The filtered
solution, on cooling, deposits apiin.
apiked!, a. IME., Ka- + piked, pyked, trimmed,
* (ā’pi-as-tér), n. [NL., KLL. apiastra, fit. picked: see a-1 and pike, pick.] Trimmed;
e bee-eater, a bird commonly called merops; cleaned from dirt.
Kºpis, a bee, F -aster.]_In ornith, an old namé Fulfressh and newe here gere apiked was.
of the bee-eater; in 1760 made by Brisson a Chaucer, Gen. Prol, to C. T., l. 865.
generic name for the bee-eaters; now the spe- apilary (a-pil’a-ri), a.
[K Gr. 6- priv. -- triàog
cific name of the European bee-eater, Merops a cap, + -ary.
Characterized by abnormal
kapiaster. See cut under bee-eater. suppression of the galea or upper lip: applied
àpical (apſi-kal), a... [K L. apex (apic-), apex, + by Morren to the flowers of certain bilabiate
-al.] Relating to the apex or top; belonging plants, as Calceolaria.
to the pointed end of a cone-shaped body.— a inoiá (apſi-noid), a...[K.G. & Twhº, without
Apical, gell. (a) In bot., the single cell which in most dirt (Kä- priv. -- Tivog, dirt), -º- eldog, form: see
9f the higher cryptogams constitutes the growing-point -oid.] Free from dirt: sometimes’ applied to
(punctum vegetationis). (b) In 206l., a cell at the apex of g º
the segmented ovum of %: embryos, as *:::::: the scirrhous cancer, from the cleanliness of the
surface of a section.
[NL., K
opposite of basal cell.
apically (ap’i-kal-i), adv. At the apex or tip. Apiocrinidae (ap’i-Ö-krin’i-dé), m. pl.
apicated (ap’i-kā-ted), a... [K NL. apicatus (cf. Apiocrinus + -idae.] The pear-encrimites, con-
L. apicatus, adorned with an apex or priest's sidered as a family of crinoids, typified by the
gap), K apex (apic-): see apea and -ate!..] Hav- genus Apiocrinus. The same or a similar group
ing a conspicuous apex. is variously called Apiocrinidea, Apiocrinitidea,
apices, n., Plural of apex. and Apiocrinoidea.
Apician (a-pisſiºn), a [KL. Apicianus, K Api-apiocrinite (ap-i-ok'ri-nit), n. IK Apiocrinus
cius.] Referring to or resembling Apicius, a -ite?..] A pear-encrimite; a member of the
celebrated Roman epicure in the time of Tibe- genus Apiocrinus.
rius; hence, relating to the skilful preparation Apiocrinus (ap-i-ok'ri-nus), n. [NL., KGr. &rt-
of delicate viands; dainty in regard to food. ov, a pear, + kpivov, a lily: see crinoid.]. A
apicifixed (apſi-si-fikst), a, [K. L. apex (apic-), genus of brachiate fossil crinoids, or eneri-
apex, F Jia'us, fixed, + -ed.] In bot., attached nites; the pear-encrimites, or pyriform stone-
by the apex, as an anther (in some cases) to the lilies, of the family Apiocrinidae and class Cri-
filament. * - tº e noidea, One of the species is A. rotundus. They
apicillary (ap-i-Sil’a-ri), a. [K NL. as if *api- occur in the Cretaceous and Oölite formations.
gillus, dim, of L. apex (apic-), apex, ---ary.] *Originally written Apiocrinites.
Situated at or near the apex. àpioid (ap’i-oid), m. [K Gr. &ttoetóñº, pear-
apºback, apickbackf, adv. shaped, Kättov, a pear, -H eiðoç, form.] A plane
(!() (16/3,
apºlº (a-pikºú-lāt), a. [K NL. apiculatus,
apiculus, q.v.] In bot., tipped with a short
and abrupt point: applied to a leaf or any
other part which is suddenly terminated by a
distinct point or apiculus.
apsulated (a-pik’ī-lä-ted), a.
(tte.
apiculi, n. Plural of apiculus.
apiculture (à’pi-kul-tiâr), m. [K L. apis, a bee,
+ Cultura, culture. Cf. agriculture.] The rear-
ing of bees.
Same as pick-
in it from a given fixed point, increased by a
constant, positive, and proper fraction of its
distance from another given fixed point, gives
a positive constant. It is that one of a pair
of Cartesian ovals which is within the other.
Same as apicu- A See Cartesian.
apiol (ap’i-ol), m. [K L. apium, parsley, + -ol.]
m organic substance, forming long, white,
brittle, needle-like crystals, extracted by distill-
ing parsley-seeds with water. It melts at 86°
P., and boils at about 561°F. It is used as an
apicºlºr; (ā’pi-kul-tūr-ist), n. [K apiculture emmenagogue. Also called parsley-camphor.
1* + -ist.] One who engages in apiculture, or the apiologist (à-pi-ol''}-jist), n. One versed in
breeding, care, and improvement of bees. apiology.
apiculus (a-pikºú-lus), m.; pl. apiculi (-li). [NL.,
dim. of L. apex (apic-), a point: See apea:..] In
bot., a small point formed by the projection of
the midrib beyond its leaf.
Apidael (ap’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Apis 1 + -idae.]
A family of melliferous or anthophilous acu-
leate hymenopterous insects; the typical bees,
apiology (à-pi-ol’ā-ji), n. IK L. apis, a bee (see
Apis1), + Gr. -Aoyta, K Žéyetv, speak: see -ology.]
A systematic or scientific study of bees.
Apiomerinae (ap’i-Ö-me-ri’mé), m. pl. [NL., K
Apiomorus + -īnae.] A subfamily of heterop-
terous insects, of the family Reduviidae, typified
by the genus Apiomerus. It is a large group in
America, with several species peculiar to the
|United States.
Apiomerus (ap’i-Ö-mê'rus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ãºrtov, a pear, -- pumpág, thigh..] ... A genus of
heteropterous insects, of the family Reduviidae,
typical of a subfamily Apiome-
winae. A. crassipes (Uhler) is
a species widely distributed
in the United States.
Apion (apſi-on), m. [NL., K
r. &Tov, a pear.] A genus of
weevils, of the family Curcu-
lionidae, the larvae of which are
specially injurious to clover.
Honey-Bee (Apis mellºſca), typical of Ažidae.
r, queen ; 2, neuter worker; 3, drone. (Slightly reduced.)
with the mouth-parts short and stout, as dis-
tinguished from the other bees, or Andrenidae,
which have a long trunk. The family contains Apis ſº dº /i-fi-ni’nā
(the hive-bees), }. (the bumblebees), and many other Alſº, º #
• ? ar tº
genera of social bees, besides a number of solitary ones, as g
ºftocopa (the carpenter-bees), etc. Seebee, Apisi, and tom., a subfamily of rhymchophorous beetles, of
cuts under Amthophora and carpenter-bee.
Apidae? (ap’i-dé), n. pl. [NL., K Apus + -ida!..]
Same as Apodidae.
Azºtomerus crassages.
the genus Apion, and characterized by straight
antennae, a lateral fold on the inner surface of
the elytra, a horizontal pygidium, and an abdo-
apishamore (a-pish'a-mör)
apishly (ā’pish-li), adv.
apishness (ā’pish-nes), n.
# y
gurye so drawn that the distance of any point A
Apisin; (ap-is-ti'né), m. pl.
apitpatt (a-pit/pat), prep. phr. as adv.
aplacental (ap-la-senſtal), a.
age; (a-pés"), prep. phr. as adv. [Early mod.
3. also apeece, apege, a piece, a £6666, a peć
KME. a péce: a, E. aš; pece, piece; the prep. (.3%
being merged in popular apprehension with the
article (a2) and the noun extended in meaning:
see a 3, a2, and piece..] For each piece, article,
thing, or person; for each; to each; each: as,
they cost a dollar apiece; there is an Orange
apiece.
Neither have two coats apiece. Luke ix. 3.
In earnest, pray, how many men apiece
Have you two been the death of?
Ford, Broken Heart, i. 2.
apiecesſ (a-pé'sez), adv. [Ka8+ pieces.] In or
to pieces.
Yield up my sword? That's Hebrew ;
I'll first be cut apieces.
Beau. and I'l., Little French Lawyer, ii. 1.
apiin (ā’pi-in), n. [K L. apium, parsley, + -in”.]
gelatinous substance obtained from common
men alike in both sexes. The species are most-
ly very small.
Aºi. (ap’i-os), n. [NL., so called from the
shape of the tubers; K Gr. & Tºog, a pear, also a
pear-tree; cf. &ttov, a pear, &tioc, a kind of
euphorbia, perhaps the sun-spurge.] A name
for Glycine, a genus of leguminous climbing
plants. They produce edible tubers on underground
ghoots. There are 7 species, natives of North America
and China. Glycine Apios, of the Atlantic States, is
jºrcalled ground-nut or wild beam.
Apisi (ā’pis), n. [L., a bee 3 perhaps = Gr.
£ilitic, a gnat; cf. OHG. imbi, impi, a swarm of
|bees, G. imb, imme, G., immé, a bee.] A
enus of melliferous or anthophilous aculeate
enopterous insects, the type of the family
. and of the suborder Mellifera or Am-
thophila; the hive-bees. The genus was formerly
coextensive with these groups, but is now by successive
aplanogamete
detachments of other genera limited to the hive-bee (Apts
mellifica) and its immediate relatives. See bee, and out
under Agidael,
pis? §: n. [L., KGr, Arg, KEgypt. Hapi,
lit. ‘hidden.”] The sacred bull of the ancient
Egyptians, to which
divine honors were
paid. The bull sought
out by the priests for
purpose was required to
be black with a triangular
white spot on the fore-
head, and with numerous ;
other marks which de-
noted the true Apis.
apish (ā’pish), a. [K
ape-H-ish.1 avin
the qualities of an
ape; inclined to im-
itate in a servile manner; hence, foolishly fop-
pish, affected, or trifling: as, apish manners.
A kinde of birds as it were of an apish kinde, ready to
imitate what they see done.
Holland, tr. of Camden's Britannia (1687), p. 548.
'm. [Origin not as-
certained.] Inthe western timited States, a sad-
dle-blanket made of the skin of a buffalo-calf.
In an apish manner;
with silly imitation; foppishly.
Sin is so apishly crafty, as to hide itself under the col-
ours and masks of goodness and honesty.
er. Taylor, Artif. Handsomeness, p. 15.
[K apish + -mess.]
e quality of being apish; mimicry; fo P;
QM’s
Apis.
Mummy in the collection of the New
ork Historical Society.
as, “the apishness of foreign manners,
burton, Sermons.
We were not born to revel in the apishness of ridiculous
expense of time. Ford, Line of Life.
istes (a-pis’téz), n. [NL., also Apistus, K
r. &rtotog, not to be trusted, incredible, K &-
priv. 4- triotóg, to be trusted, verbal adj. of
treiðstv, prevail upon, in Rºº Tréiffeoffat, believe.]
Agenus of fishes, typical of the subfamily Apis-
timaº.
[NL., K Apistes
-ina..] A subfamily of fishes, of the family
Scorpaenidae, exemplified by the genus Apistes,
having the vertebrae typical in number (10 ab-
dominal and 14 caudal), and the dorsal fin com—
mencing on the nape or head. They are char-
acteristic of the Indo-Pacific region. [K as
Q,
pitpat. Cf. pit-a-pat.] With quick beating
or palpitation; pit-a-pat.
Welcome, my bully, my buck; agad, my heart is gone
apitpat for you. Congreve, Old Batchelor, ii. 2.
a pivorous (à-piv'º-rus), a. [K L. apis, a bee, +
Bee-eating; feeding on bees.
s [K NL. aplacem-
talis, K. Gr. 3- priv. (a-18) + placenta, q.v.] Hav-
ing no placenta; implacental; applied to those
mammals in which no placenta is developed dur-
ing gestation. The aplacental mammals comprise the
Monotremata and Marsupialia, the two lowest orders of
mammals, including the duck-mole, porcupine ant-eater,
kangaroo, etc. The young are born at a much more imma-
ture stage of fetal development than in the placental mam-
mals, and are so helpless that they are unable even to suck,
and in most cases have to be fixed by the mother herself
upon the teats, while the milk is forced into their mouths
by a muscle which is spread over the mammary gland.
Aplacentalia (ap"la-sen-tā‘li-á), m. pl. • ?
neut. pl. of aplacentālis: see aplacental.] Samé
as Implacentalia.
Aplacentaria (ap"la-sen-tā’ri-á), m. pl. [NL.
neut. pl. of aplacentarius, K. Gr. 6- priv. Kaiš)
+ placenta, q.v. Cf. aplacental.] Same as Im-
vorare, devour.]
A placentalia,
the family Curculionidae or weevils, typified by a planatic (ap-la-nat'ik), a.
º aplanetic,
... àtržávmroç, not wandering, K &-priv. 4-
Tržavntóg, wandering: see planet.] ithout
aberration; in optics, applied to a lens or com-
bination of lenses, as in a telescope, which
brings parallel rays to a focus without spherical
or chromatic aberration.—Aplanatic line, a Car-
tesian oval: so called because it is the section of a sur-
face refracting light from one focus to another without
aberration.
aplanatically, (ap-la-nat’i-kal-i), adv. ln an
aplanatic manmer; as regards aplanatism, or
the absence of spherical aberration.
aplanatism (a-plan'a-tizm), n. [Kaplanat-ict
-ism.] In optics, the condition of being free
from spherical aberration.
aplanetic (ap-la-net'ik), a. Same as aplanatiº.
aplanogamete (ap/la-nó-gam’e-té), n. IK Gr. 3-
priv.–F Tââvoc, wandering, roaming, + Yalterſ,
a wife: see a-18 and planogamete.] In , bot, a
conjugating cell of the Conjugata, in distinction
from the planogamete (the ciliated and mobile
zoöspore) of the Zoêsporea. See gamete.



a plasia
aplasia (a-plasi-á), n. [NL., & Gr. - priv. 4-
Tºdaw, formation, & Tºſſagew, form, mold.] De-
fective or arrested development in a tissue or
*an organ.
aplastic (a-plastik), a... [K. Gr. ºrºgator, not
capable of being molded (K 3- priv. 4- ºr/agróg,
molded), + -ic: see a-18 and plastic..] Not
plastic; not easily molded.
aplatisseur (a-pla-te-ser'), m. [F., & aplatir
aplatiss-), crush, flatten, K & (L. ad) + plat,
at..] A mill for crushing grain to be used as
food for cattle.
Apleuri (a-plºri), m. pl. [NL., pl. of apleurus
Gr, à-priv. 4- Taewpſ, rib.] A name foposed
by Owen, for a suborder of ribless plectogna-
thous fishes, consisting of the families Ostra-
ciontidae and Gymnodontidae.
aplite, n. See haplite. -
aplo-. Improper form of haplo-, adopted in some
zoölogical and botanical names. See haplo-.
Aplodes, m. See Haplodes. -
aplomb (a pion'), m. [F., self-possession, assur-
ance, lit. perpendicularity, K & plomb, perpen-
dicular, plumb: & ( L. ad), to ; piºmi, plumb,
plummet: see plumb.] Self-possession spring-
ing from perfect confidence in one's self; as-
Sull'Hºrloſe.
The staple figure in novels is the man of aplomb, who
sits among the young aspirants and desperates, quite
sure and compact, and, never sharing their affections or
debilities, hurls his word like a bullet when occasion re-
quires, knows his way, and carries his points.
Emerson, Letters and Social Aims, p. 72.
See haplome.
See Haplopappus.
ostemonous, a. See haplostemonous.
aplotomy, m. §ee !!!!"
aplustre (ap-lustré), n. LL., also aplustrum,
chiefly in pl. aplus-
tria or aplustra; LL.
also amplustre; K Gr.
dº/aarov, the charac-
teristic ornaments of
the stern of a ship.
Cf. acrostolium.]
The ornament rising
above the stern of
ancientships. Though
varying much in design,
these ornaments were
often very graceful, par-
ticularly in Greek ex-
amples. A usual form
was a sheaf or plume of
volutes, variously com-
bined. The aplustrerose
immediately behind the
steersman, and is often represented as supporting a flag.
As a conspicuous part of the ship, it was often removed as
a trophy by captors. Also called aphlaston.
About two hours later Arrius stood under the aplustre
of the galley. L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 141.
Alſº (ap-lis’i-á), n. [NL.; cf. L. aplysia,
pl., K. Gr. 377 votal, pl., prop. gen, sing., átºv-
diac girdy).og,
a Sponge, SO
named from
its dirty-gray
color, K. Gr.
àºvata, filthi-
ness, K at Av- - º
toº, unwash- - º
ed, Kº- prl V. + Depilatory Sea-hare (AAºsta deprians).
Tràuróg, verbal
adj. of ºven, wash..] A genus of gastropodous
mollusks, the sea-hares, having an oval oblong
form with four tentacles, and somewhat resem-
bling slugs. Its numerous species are remarkable for
the function of secreting a fluid of violet color (due to the
presence of iodine), which they discharge when molested.
One of the best known is A. depilams, the depilatory sea-
hare, so called because it was supposed that the fluid it
discharged was capable of removing hair or preventing its
growth. Also written Laplysia, by an original mistake
(Linnaeus, 1767), followed by many writers.
aplysiid (ap-lis’i-id), m. A gastropod of the
amily Aplysiidae. -
Aplysiidae (ap-li-si'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., & Aply-
sia + -idºl A family of tectibranchiate gas-
tropods, of which the genus Aplysia is the type,
having the shell rudimentary or wanting. Be-
sides Aplysia, there are several other genera, as Dolabella
and Notarchus, and the species are numerous. Also incor-
rectly written Aplysiadae and Aplysidae. The same group
is also namº 4 plusiacea, Aplysiana, and Aplusiana.
apneumatic (ap-ni-mat'ik), a [K Gr, aſ wet-
aroº, not blown through (< *- priv. 4- Tvei-
paſt-), breath, blowing), + -ic: see a-18 and
aplome, n.
#. appliS, 71.
ap
Aplustre of an ancient Greek Ship.
neumatic...] Uninflated; collapsed: applied
o the lungs.
apneumatosis (ap-ni-ma-tū’sis), n. [NL., K
r. arveſ paroc, not blown through (see apneu-
matic), + -osis.] §
An uninflated condition of
*— L. ab – Skt. apa = AS. of,
261
portions of the lungs, especially that condition
of lobular distribution .. results from bron-
chitis. It is chiefly confined to infancy and early
childhood.
Apneumona (ap-ni’mſ, nā), m. pl. [NL.,
neut. pl. of apneumon: see apneumomous.] An
order of holothurians; one of two orders into
which the class Holothuroidea is divisible (the
other being Dipneumona or Pneumonophora).
They have no organs of respiration, nor Cuvierian organs.
The order contains those holothurians which are hermaph-
rodite, as Synapta. It is divisible into two families, Sy-
naptidae and Oncinolabidae. See cut under Synapta.
* (ap-ni'mô-nēz), m. pl. Same as
pºet/mond.
apneumonous (ap-nii"mº-nus), a. [K NL. ap-
neumon, & Gr. ºveºpov, without lungs (breath)
Ká- priv. 4- Tvetuan, lung (Tveiſua, breath).j
Having no respiratory organs; specifically,
A. to or resembling the Apneumona.
pneusta. º: m, pl. [NL., neut, pl. of
apneustus, K. Gr. &muevaroc, without breath, K 4-
priv. 4- "Twevoróg, verbal adj. of Tveiv, breathe.]
A suborder of opisthobranchiate gastropods:
a synonym of Abranchia or Dermatopmoa (which
see). See also Sacoglossa.
apnoea (ap-nē’ā), n. [NL., & Gr. arvoſa, want
of wind, < ūrvoog, without wind, breathless, K a-
priv. 4- Tveit, blow, breathe..] In pathol., par-
tial privation or suspension of respiration; want
of breath. Specifically, it denotes the inhibition of res.
piration by the presence of an abnormally great quantity
of oxygen in the blood. It is also improperly used by some
to denote the opposite condition, that of asphyria.
apnoeal (ap-mê'gl), a. Characterized by apnoea.
apnoeic (ap-né'ik), a. Same as apnasal.
apo-, [L., etc., apo-, KGr, aſſo-, prefix, ató, prep.,
of, off, etc.: see
ab- and of, off. Before a vowel the prefix be-
comes ap-, Gr. 37-; before the rough breathing,
aph-, Gr. ºp-.] A prefix of Greek origin, mean-
ing off, from, away from (in respect to place,
time, or origin).
apobates (a-pobº-téz), "...; pl. apobatae (-té).
[Gr. aſto24tº, lit, one who dismounts, K ato-
Baſwew, step off from, dismount, K ató, off, 4-
Baivetv, verbal adj. Baróg, step, go..] In Gr.
antiq., a warrior who rode into action on a
chariot, standing beside the charioteer, and
leaped off and on, according to the exigencies
of the fight, while the chariot was in motion.
This method of fight-
ing was a tradition in
Greece from the heroic
age, but in historic
times the practice was
preserved only in Boeo-
tia and in Athens, par-
ticularly as a feature of
the Panathenaic pro-
cession in the latter
state.
In the Theseion
[frieze] . . . there are
figures to be found re-
sembling in form, atti-
tude, armour, and dress
the apobatae, who leap
on to their chariots in
the Parthenon frieze.
A. S. Murray, Greek
[Sculpture, I. 244.
apoblast º * 5-
blast), n. IK Gr.
âté, off, -- 3%aaróg,
germ.] In biol., a so-called directive corpuscle;
a small temporary body formed in an unim-
regnated ovum as a result of cell-division.
ow universally called a polar body.
Resting on the dividing upper sphere are the eight-
shaped “directive corpuscles,” better called “praeseminal
outcast cells or apoblasts,” since they are the result of a
cell-division which affects the egg-cell before it is impreg-
nated, and are mere refuse destined to disappear.
E. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XVI. 687.
apocalypse (a-pok'a-lips), n. ſº ME. apocalipse,
Flups, etc., abbr. pocalyps, K L. apocalypsis,
K. Gr. & Tokážviſitº, an uncovering, revelation, K
ūrokaw.tºrren, uncover, reveal, & dró, from, +
Kaži ſtrew, cover.] Revelation; discovery; dis-
closure; specifically (with a capital letter), a
title of the last book of the New Testament,
usually called the book of Revelation, and in
the English version the Revelation of St. John
the Divine. -
apocalypt (a-pokº-lipf), n. [K Gr, as if "ºtona-
tºrtmº, a revealer, K attokaWitten, reveal: see
apocalypse, and cf. apocalyptist.] The author
of the Apocalypse. Coleridge. [Rare.]
apocalyptic (3-pok-a-lipºtik), a. and n. IK Gr;
ſitoxazºvſtruvoº, K &rokawitten: see apocalypse.]
I. a. 1. Containing or pertaining to an apoca-
lypse or revelation; specifically, relating to or
of the Parthenon,
us---
apocopate
simulating the book of Revelation in the New
Testament.—2. Given to the explanation or
application of prophecy.
As if (forsooth) there could not be so much as a few
houses fired, . . . but that some apocalyptic ignoramus or
other must presently find, and pick it out of some abused,
martyred prophecy of Ezekiel, Daniel, or the Revelation.
South, Sermons, W. 57.
Apocalyptic number, the number 666, spoken of in Rev.
xiii. 18.
II. m. Same as apocalyptist.
The divine apocalyptic. Lightfoot, Misc., p. 107.
apocalyptical (4-pok-a-lipºti-kal), a. Same as
apocalyptic.
apocalyptically (a-pok-a-lipºti-kal-i), adv. In
an apocalyptic manner; in, or in relation to,
the # ypse; by revelation.
apocalypticism (8-pok-a-lip ’ti-sizm), n. [K
apocalyptic + -ism..] 1. In theol., the doctrine of
the second coming and personal reign of Christ
upon the earth: so called from its supposed
justification in the Apocalypse or Revelation
of St. John. See millenarianism.
The old Christian eschatology is set aside; no one has
dealt such deadly blows to Chiliasm and Christian apoca-
lupticism as Origen. Encyc, Brit., XVII. 842.
2. Excessive fondness for interpreting the
prophecies of the Apocalypse; tendency to
theorize over-confidently as to the events of the
last days, on the ground of a favorite individual
or polemical explanation of the Apocalypse.
apocalyptist (a-pok-a-lipºtist), n. [As apoca-
lypt + -ist.] 1. The writer of the Apocalypse.
–2. An interpreter of the Apocalypse.
Also apocalyptic.
apocarpous (ap-à-kār'pus), a. [KNL, apocar-
rus, « Gr. 376, from, -F kaprág, fruit..] In bot.,
aving the carpels of the gy-
noecium separate. Applied to an
ovary or a fruit composed of one or
more simple and distinct pistils, as
in the Ranunculaceae and many Ro-
watceae.
apocatastasis (apº-ka-tasta-
sis), m. Gr. aſtokaráaradº,
the period of a star, return, A. us Fruit
restoration, Károkaffarawal, re- tº sº".
store, return, reëstablish, K ...ºratºes
- - (rue-anemone).
ſiſtó, from, + katharával, estab- (Gray’s “ *hera of
lish, (kará, down, +iarápa, set, ****")
cause to stand, = L. stare, stand.] Reestablish-
ment; full restoration; final restitution. Used
specifically to denote—(at) In astrom., the periodic circu-
lation of a planet, as bringing it back to the point from
which it had set out. (b) In med., the restoration which
is indicated by the cessation or subsiding of an abscessora
tumor. (c) In theol., the final restitution of all things, in
which all the wicked of all time will be fully restored to the
favor of God. The doctrine of such a restitution, founded
on Acts iii. 21 and other passages of Scripture, has appeared
in the Christian church at different times during the past
seventeen centuries, and forms an important feature of
the creed of modern Universalists. See restitution. Also
spelled *Pokatastasis.
º (apº-ka-thir‘sis), n. [NL.
- - -
- -
r. atokatapac, that which is cleared off, « aro-
Raffaipew, clear off, cleanse, Kårö, off, + kaffai-
pen, cleanse: see cathartic..] In med., same as
catharsis. Dunglison.
apocathartic (apº-ka-thirtik), a. and n. [K
Gr. atonathaprakóc, clearing off, cleansing, K dro-
kaffaipew, clear off: see apocatharsis.] I. a.
Same as cathartic, 1.
II. m. A cathartic.
apochromatic (apº-krū-matºik), a. [K Gr.
ató, from, -- a pºuq(T-), color, --, -ic.] An epi-
thet descriptive of an improved form of lens
devised by Professor Abbe of Jena, constructed
of new kinds of glass which allow of a more
perfect correction of chromatic and spherical
aberration than has hitherto been possible. The
kinds of glass employed are chiefly remarkable in that
their dispersion for different parts of the spectrum is near-
ly proportional; hence a lens constructed of them is not
subject to the limitation of an ordinary achromatic lens of
being strictly achromatic for two colors only. Another de-
fect of ordinary lenses, that their spherical aberration is
not corrected for all rays, is also largely overcome.
The elimination of these errors realizes an achromatism
of higher order than has hitherto been attained. The ob-
jectives of this system may be therefore distinguished from
achromatic lenses in the old sense of the word by the term
apochromatism, and may be called apochromatic objectives.
Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc., Feb., 1887, p. 23.
apochromatism (apº-kºma-tizm), n. I apo-
chromat-ic + -ism.]
The condition of being
apochromatic.
See above.
apocopate (a-pok'3-pât), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
apocopated, ppr. apocopating.
-ate?..] In gram., to cut o
letter or syllable of (a word).
[K apocope H-
or drop the last
apocopate, apocopated (a-pokº-pät, -pā-ted),
".. a. Qut off applied—(a) in gram., to a word
om which the last letter or syllable has been









apocopate
cut off, or to the part thus removed; (b) in
nath., to a series of quotients constituting a
continuant, when the first or last member of the
series is cut off.
apocope (a-pok’ā-pê), n. [L., K. Gr. &Tokotri, a
cutting off, K & TokóTrew, cut off, Káró, off, +
KóTTety, cut.] 1. In gram., the cutting off or
Omission of the last letter or syllable of a word
as in th’ for the, i' for in.—2. In surg., a woun
With loss of substance; ablation; amputation.
–3. [cap.] [NL.] In 206l., a genus of plec-
tospondylous fishes, of the family Cyprimida.
It contains several species of western North
America, such as A. couesi. E. D. Cope, 1871.
apocrenic (ap-à-kren'ik), a. [K Gr. & Tó, from,
+ kpāvm, a spring, + -ic.] obtained from
Springs: used only in the following phrase.
—Apocrenic acid, an uncrystallizable brown gummy
acid, soluble in Water, existing in certain mineral springs,
and in the vegetable mold of soil together with crenic
acid, from which it is formed by oxidation.
Apocreos (a-pokºré-os), m. [LGr. &tókpeog, a
season of fasting; cf. &Tokpeoin, abstain from
flesh, K. Gr. atró, from, -H kpéaç, flesh.] In the Gr.
Ch.: (a) Sexagesima Sunday: so called be-
cause abstinence from flesh begins from that
day. (b) The week preceding Sexagesima, in
Some respects analogous to the carnival of
western Europe.
apocrisary (a-pok’ri-sā-ri), m. ; pl. apocrisaries
(-riz). Same as apocrisiary.
apocrisiary" (ap-Ö-kris’i-à-ri), m. ; pl. apocrisia-
rics (-riz). [K L.L. apocrisiarius, also apocrisa-
vius, K. Gr. iTókptotg, an answer, K attorptveoffat,
answer, mid. of atolºptvetv, separate, distin-
guish, K ató, from, -- Kpively, separate, dis-
tinguish, = L. Cernere, separate, distinguish :
see critic and crisis.] Formerly, the title of va-
rious diplomatic or ministerial officers; espe-
cially— (a) of the representatives of the see of
Rome and other chief sees at Constantinople;
(b) of the papal representatives at the court of
Charlemagne and his successors, until the title
was given to an imperial officer, after which
the former were called legates or nuncios.
apocrustict (ap-à-krustik), a. and n. [KGr.
âtrospovaTuróc, able to drive off, repellent, K ató-
KpovaToç, driven off, verbal adj. of atrokpovetv,
beat off, drive off, Kötó, off, + kpoiety, beat,
strike..] I. a. In med., repelling; astringent.
II. m. An astringent and repellent medicine.
apocrypha (3-pok(ri-fi), m.pl., also used as sing.
[In ME. as a quasi-adj., in lit. sense; KLL. apo-
crypha, neut. pl. (Sc. scripta) of apocryphus, K Gr.
àtókpvpog (neut. pl. atókpupa, sc. Ypáupata or
Buffata), hidden, concealed, obscure, recondite,
hard to understand; in eccles. use, of writ-
ings, anonymous, of unknown or undetermined
authorship or authority, unrecognized, unca-
nonical, spurious, pseudo-; K attorpittetv, hide
away, conceal, obscure, Kätró, away, + kpóttetv,
hide, conceal: see apo- and crypt.] 1. A writ-
ing or statement of doubtful authorship or au-
thenticity: formerly used, in the predicate, as a
quasi-adjective.
The writynge is Apocripha. Whanne the auctor therof is
unknowe.
Trevisa, tr. of Higden's Polychron., V. 105. (N. E. D.)
That . . . Kings enjoy'd their Crowns by Right descend-
ing to them from Adam, that We think not only Apocrypha,
but also utterly impossible.
Locke, Government, II, i. 11. (N. E. D.)
Specifically—2. Eccles. : (a) A name given in
the early church to various writings of uncer-
tain origin and authority, regarded by some
as inspired, but rejected by most authorities or
believers. Such books were either works acknowledged
to be useful and edifying, but not established as canonical,
or else heretical writings absolutely rejected by the church.
(b) [cap.] A collection of fourteen books sub-
joined to the canonical books of the Old Testa-
ment in the authorized version of the Bible, as
originally issued, but now generally omitted.
They do not exist in the Hebrew Bible, but are found with
others of the same character scattered through the Sep-
tuagint and Vulgate versions of the Old Testament. They
are : First and Second Esdras (otherwise Third and Fourth
Esdras or Ezra, reckoning Nehemiah as Second Ezra or
Esdras), Tobit or Tobias, Judith, the Rest of Esther, Wisdom
of Solomon, Jºcclesiasticus, Baruch (as joined to Jeremiah),
parts of Daniel (namely, Song of the Three Children, the
History of Susanna, the Destruction of Bel and the Dragon),
the Prayer of Manasses, and First and Second Maccabees.
Most of these are recognized by the IRoman Catholic Church
q8 fully canonical, though theologians of that church often
distinguish them as deuterocanonical, on the ground that
their place in the canon was decided later than that of the
other books, limiting the name Apocrypha to the two
(last) books of Jºsdras and the Prayer of Manasses, and
other books not in the above collection, namely, Third
and Fourth Maccabees, a book of Enoch, an additional or
1518t Psalm of David, and eighteen Psalms of Solomon.
With these sometimes are included certain pseudepi-
apocryphally (a-pok’ri-fal-i), adv.
apocryphalness (à-pok’ri-fal-nes), m.
apocryphicalt (ap-à-krifºi-kal), a.
Apocynaceae (a-pos-i-nā’sé-6), n, pl.
262
graphic books, such as the Apocalypse of Baruch and the
Assumption of Moses. The name Apocrypha is also occa-
sionally made to embrace the Antilegomena of the New
Testament. The Greek Church makes no distinction among
the books contained in the Septuagint. In the Anglican
and Lutheran churches, the Apocrypha are read for ex-
ample of life and instruction of manners, but not for the
establishing of any doctrine. See antilegomena and dew-
terocanonical.
[K NL.
apocryphal (3-pok'ri-fal), a. and n.
apocryphalis, K L.L. apocrypha : see apocrypha.]
... a. 1. Of doubtful authorship, authenticity,
or inspiration; spurious; fictitious; false.
The apocryphal relics of saints and apostles which then
burdened the shrines of Greek churches.
Tickmor, Span. Lit., I. 185.
Specifically—2. Eccles.: (a) Of doubtful sanc-
tion; uncanonical; having no ecclesiastical
authority.
Jerome . . . saith that all writings not canonical are
apocryphal. Hooker.
(b) Of or pertaining to the Apocrypha: as, “the
Apocryphal writers,” Addison.
I. m. A writing not canonical; a book or
passage of uncertain source, authority, or
credit. [Rare.]
Nicephorus and Anastasius, . . . because they were
interpolated and corrupted, did rank these epistles in the
number of apocryphals. Hammer, Eccles. Antiq., p. 419.
apocryphalist (a-pok’ri-fal-ist), n. IK apocry-
phal + -ist.] An advocate of the canonicity of
the Apocrypha.
In an apoc-
Typhal manner; uncertainly; equivocally;
doubtfully. \
- [K apoc-
fyphal-H -ness.] The state or quality of being
apocryphal or of uncertain authenticity.
[K apocry-
Bp. Bull, Cor. of
TNL., K
Apocynum + -aceae.] A family of dicotyle-
donous plants, having for its type the genus
Apocynwm, or dogbane. It is very nearly allied to
the family Asclepiadaceae, from which, however, it is dis-
tinguished by the fact that its stamens are free from the
style and stigma, and its anthers contain granular pollen.
The species are largely tropical, and have a milky juice
that is often acrid and sometimes very poisonous. In-
dia-rubber is obtained from several species in Africa,
India, and South America. The family furnishes woods
that are used for carving and furniture, several fiber-
lants, barks valuable in medicine, and some edible fruits.
t includes the ordeal-tree of Madagascar (Tamghinia.
vemenifera), the milk-tree of Demerara, the cream-fruit
of Sierra Leone, and the periwinkle (Vinca), oleander (Ne-
rivan Oleander), star jasmine (Trachelospermum), and
plants of the genus Allamanda which are cultivated in
gardens and greenhouses. . . o
apocynaceous (a-pos-i-nā’shius), a. [K NL.
apocynaceus: see Apocynaceae.] Of or pertain-
ing to the Apocynacea.
apocyneous (ap-Ö-Sin'É-us), a. [K NL. apocy-
news, KApocynum, q.v.] Same as apocynaceous.
Plooker. • ‘’
apocynin (a-posſi-nin), n. IKApocynum + -in”.]
A bitter principle derived from dogbane, Apo-
cymum cannabimum.
Apocynum (a-pos"i-num), m. [NL., KL. #.
mom, dogbane (Acomitum Lycoctonwm, Linnaeus),
K. Gr. &trókvvov, a plant, Cynanchus erectus, K&Tó,
from, away, + küov (cvv-), a dog, - E. hound.]
A genus of perennial herbs, type of the family
Apocynaceae (which see), and including about
15 species, natives of thenorth temperate zone.
A. androsaemifolium and A. cannabinum are
familiar North American species. The common
name of the latter is Indian hemp, from the use of its
fibrous bark by the American Indians for making nets.
apod, apode (apſod, -ód), a. and n., [K NI.
apus º K. Gr. &Towg (ātroë-), footless, K &-
priv. H. Troög (Toë-) = E. foot.] I. a. Footless;
apodal.
II. m. An apodal or apodous animal; an ani-
mal without feet, or supposed to have none; a
member of one of the several groups called
Apoda or Apodes.
Apoda (apº-dà), m.pl. [NL., neut. pl. of apus
(apod-), KGr, àrovº (ātoā-), footless: see apod.]
In 206l., a name given to various groups of ani-
mals. (a) As used by Aristotle, the third division of
Zoëtoka, or air-breathing animals which bring forth their
young alive. It included the whales. This probably origi-
nal use of the word still lingers in some systems. See (b).
(b) Those placental mammals which have no feet, as dis-
tinguished from the Pedota (which see). , (c) In ichth.,
same as Apodes. (d) In Cuvier's System of classification,
the second order of echinoderms, contrasted with Pedi-
cellata. It is a heterogeneous group, consisting of the
following genera: Molpadia. M. #. Priapulus, Litho-
dermis, Siphunculus, Bonellia, Thala&8ema: ; which are
now distributed among several phyla. (e) With Van
der Hoeven, an order of echinoderms. See Gephyrea.
(f) In Claus's arrangement, an order of holothurians,
pha + -ic-al.] Apocryphal.
Ch. of Rome.
apodeictic, etc.
apodeipnon (ap-ó-dip'non), n., [K. Gr. &róðet-
apodema1 (a-pod’e-mal), a.
apodemata, n.
apodematous (ap-3-dem’a -tus), a.
apodeme (ap'3-dém), m.
* (ap’º-dèrm), n.
Apodes (ap’ô-déz), n. pl.
apodictic
containing the families Synaptidae and º;
the last of which constitutes his suborder Pneumo-
nophora. ) In Macleay's system of classification, a
division of Annelida, including those which have no feet
or distinct head: opposed to Polypoda. It is divided into
three groups, the Lwmbricina, Nemertina, and Hirudinea,
or the earthworms, nemerteans, and leeches. (h) An order
of Amphibia, same as Gymnophioma or Ophiomorpha, con-
stituted by the family Coeciliidae alone." (i) A group of
degraded parasitic cirripeds, having a vermiform body
a suctorial mouth, no thoracic or abdominal limbs (an
consequently no cirri), and a rudimentary peduncle repre-
sented by two separate threads bearing the characteristic
antenniform organs. There is but one genus, Proteole-.
× 90.8 ãº. see).
3,00
al (ap’º-dal), a. .#. or Apoda + -al.]
aving no feet, or supposed to have none; foot-
less: applied specifically in 206l. to members
of the several groups called 4.de or Apodes,
especially to the fishes so called.
apodan (ap'é-dan), n. IK Apoda.] One of the
Apoda or Apodes.
See apodictic, etc.
tvov, the after-supper service, K atró, off, + det-
Trvov, the evening meal.] See complim.
apodema (a-pod’e-mâ), m. ; pl. apodemata (ap-
ā-dem'a-tá). [NL., KGr. &ró, from, off, 4- 6éude,
body, frame.] A name given to the plates of
Chitin which pass inward from the integuments
of crustaceans, and divide as well as support
their internal organs. Also apodeme.
Having the char-
acter of an apodema; as, an apodemal parti-
tion; an apodemal chamber. so apodema-
tow.S.
Plural of apodema.
Same as
apodemal.
Same as apodema.
[KNL. apoderma, K
r. & 66epúa, a hide stripped off, g âtrodépéty,
skin, flay, K&T6, = E. off, -F Öépetv, skin, flay, =
E. tearl. Cf. derm.] One of the egg-membranes
of the mites called trombidiids, developed only
under special conditions.
apoderma (ap-à-dér’mâ), m. ; pl. apodermata
(-ma-tá). [NL.] Same as apoderm. -
., masc., pl. of
apus (apod-); see apod.] 1. An order of fishes
to which very different limits have been as-
signed. (a) In the classification of Linnaeus (1758), a
group of Osseous fishes without ventral fins and com-
prising a heterogeneous assemblage of representatives of
various modern orders. (b) In Bloch and Schneider's sys-
tem (1801), some one of several orders of fishes, the name
being repeated under several so-called classes which were
distinguished by the number of fins. As thus used, the
word was a descriptive rather than a distinctive term.
(c) In Cuvier's system, a section of the malacopterygians,
the name being applied adjectively to such forms as are
destitute of ventral fins. The true eels, symbranchiate
eels, Gymmonoti, typical Ophidioidea, and Ammodytoidea
were referred to this group., (d) By various later writers
the name was used as a distinctive ordinal name. By T.
Müller the Ophidioidea and Ammodytoidea were elimi-
nated. By Gill, in 1861, the order was restricted to the
typical and symbranchiate eels, and later (1884) to the
true eels, or teleost fishes with the intermaxiliaries atro.
phied or lost, the supermaxillaries lateral, and the body
anguilliform and destitute of ventral fins. These char-
acters are correlated with various others which justify
the isolation. The principal families are the Angwillidae,
Ophichthyidae, and Muraenidae. * º
2. In De Blainville's system of classification,
a division of his Entomozoaria; the apodal, as
distinguished from the chaetopod, entomozoans.
It includes the leeches, and is approximately equivalent
to the Hirudimea of modern naturalists, but contains many
intestinal worms....
Apodia (a-pod’i-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. &rove
(ätroë-), without feet: see ãpod.j In Gegen-
baur's system of classification, one of two
divisions of Holothuroida (the other being Eu-
podia), established for the reception of the
genus Symapta and allied forms.
apodictic, apodeictic (ap-Ö-dik’tik, -dikºtik), a.
and n. f ... apodicticus, K. Gr. & Todeticraftóg, de-
monstrative, demonstrating, Kätróðelictog, demon-
strated, verbal adj. of ātrodeukvival, demonstrate,
point out, show, Kátó, from, -H detkvöval, point
out, show, - L. diocre, say: see diction.] I. a.
1 pemonstrative; imcontestable because de-
monstrated or demonstrable; of the nature of
necessary proof.
The argumentation is from a similitude, therefore not
apodictick, or of evident demonstration.
Dr. J. Robinson, Eudoxa (1658), p. 23.
There is one character which will be considered deci-
sive, and that is the apodictic certainty belonging to
mathematical conclusions.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. § 202.
2. In logic, a term descriptive of a form of
judgment in which the connection of subject
and predicate is asserted to be necessary; as-
serting its own necessity. Thus, “Two spheres
apodictic
Whose centers are distant from each other by less than the
sum of their radii must intersect” would be an apodictic
judgment. Such judgments may be false. This use of the
word appears to have originated with Kant.
II, n. The logical doctrine of demonstration
and of science.
Apodictic, we may assume, is in like manner the formal
study of what constitutes knowledge strictly so called,
the nature of the principles on which knowledge rests,
the special marks distinguishing it, and the method by
which knowledge is framed.
R. Adamson, Encyc. Brit., XIV. 785.
apodictical, apodeictical (ap-à-dik 'ti-kal,
-dikti-kal), a. Same as apadictić, apodeiotic.
apodictically, a olitiºn. (ap-à-dik 'ti-
al-i, -dik’ti-kal-i), adv. 1. Demonstratively;
só as to be evident beyond contradiction.
Kant's marvellous acuteness did not prevent his tran-
scendental from being apodeictically resolved into absolute
idealism. Sir W. Hamilton.
Apodictically, we should say, if a. is the cause of 8, then
all A which possesses a possesses 8 ; thus reasoning fronn
cause to causatum. R. Adamson, Encyc. Brit., XIV. 789.
2. By, or in the manner of, an apodictic judg-
ment. See apodictic, 2.
apodid (a-pod’id), n. A member of the family
Apodidae. * * *
Apodidae, (a-pod’i-dé), m. pl., [NL.; K Apus
(Apod-) + -idae.] A family of phyllopod crusta-
ceans, constituted by the genera Apus, Lepidu-
Tus, etc. Sometimes called Apidae, Apusidae.
See cut under Apus.
apodioxist (apº-di-ok'sis), n. [NL., K LGr,
ărodiość, expulsion, Károdºkeiv, chase away, K
âté, away, + 6tóketv, chase, pursue..] In rhet,
rejection of an argument, with professed scorn
or impatience, as irrelevant.
apodixis, apodeixis (ap-º-dik'sis, -dikſsis), n.
[K L. º K. Gr. atóðetºſc, demonstration,
proof, K &Troöeticvival, demonstrate: see apodic–
tic.] Full demonstration; absolute proof.
This might taste of a desperate will, if he had not after-
wards given an apodiacis, in the battle, upon what platform
he had projected and raised that :*;
Sir G. Buck, Hist. Rich. III., p. 60.
apodon (apº-don), n. An improper form of
apodan.
apodosis (a-pod’é-sis), n. [L., K. Gr. &Tóðootſ, a
gº back, return, answering clause, K &Todt-
6val, give back, K&Tó, from, away, + 6tóóval,
give, - L. dare, give. Cf. dose.] 1. In gram.,
the concluding part of a conditional sentence;
the consequent which results from or is depen-
dent on the protasis, or condition; the conclu-
SIOrl. Thus, in the sentence, If it rains, I shall not go, the
first clause is the protasis, the second the apodosis. €Il
the protasis is introduced by such conditional conjunctions
as notwithstanding, though, although, the apodosis predi-
cates Something opposite to what might have been looked
for: as, Although we were few in numbers (protasis), we
overthrew the enemy (apodosis). By some grammarians
the term is not restricted to conditional sentences, but is
extended to others similarly constructed: thus, in a simile
the #. is the application or latter part.
2. In the Gr. Ch., the last day of a church festi-
Val when prolonged throughout several days.
It is sometimes coincident with or later than the octave,
but generally earlier.
apodous (ap’º-dus), a. [Kapod + -ows.] Foot-
less; apodal.
apodyterium (apº-di-té'ri-um), n.; pl. gpody-
teria (-ā). [L., K. Gr. &Toëvráptov, K&troëffeoffat,
undress one's self, mid. of ātročjetv, strip, un-
dress, K &Tó -H, Öüetv, get into, put on..] An
apartment in Greek and Roman baths, or in
the palaestra, etc., where the bathers or those
taking part in gymnastic exercises undressed
and dressed.
apogaeumſ, apogeum? yº, apogeon?
. -On), n. f ., NL. : see apogee.]
riginal forms of apogee.
Thy sun in his apogaeon placed.
Fairfaa, tr. of Tasso, ii. 67.
It is not yet agreed in what time, precisely, the apogeum,
absolyeth one degree. Sir T. Browne, Vulg, Err.
apogamic (ap-à-gam'ik), a. Same as apoga-
7)007/S,
The author could not detect any act of impregnation [in
a parasite on the olive], and believes that reproduction is
apogamic. Jowr. Roy. Micros. Soc., 2d ser., VI. 298.
apogamous º a. [K NL. apoga-
77/MS r. &ró, away from, -H Yáplog, marriage.]
In bot, Of
apogamy.
De Bary thinks that in forms where očgonia are found
without male pollinodia they must be considered as repre-
senting a distinct apogamous species.
Smithsonian Rep., 1881, p. 403.
apogamously (a-pog ' A-mus-li), adv. In an
apogamous manner; by apogamy.
Those [spores] which are formed probably or actually
without a sexual process—in a word, apogamously—but
apogeic (ap-à-jê 'ik), a.
apogeotropic (ap *@-jé-à-trop'ik), a.
apogiatura (a-poj-a-tó’ră), n. See a
Apogon (a-pô'gon), n. 'ini,
apogoni
apograph (apº-gräf), n.
the nature of or characterized by ãpohyal (ap-Ö-hi'al), m. [K Gr. &ró, from, -i- hy-
apoious (a-poi’us), a.
263
which may be considered . . . to be homologous with apojove (apº-jów), n.
those which are actually sexually produced.
Encyc. Brit., XX. 431,
àpogamy (a-pog'a-mi), n.
ally, the absence of sexual reproductive power,
the plant perpetuating itself only by vegetative
means, as buds, bulbs, etc.
cryptogams, the immediate development of the
perfect plant from the prothallus without the
usual intervention of sexual organs.
apogeal (ap-º-jé'al), a. [As apogee + -al.] Re-
lating or pertaining to apogee; in apogee; be-
ing furthest from the earth.
Simultaneously the apogeal side [of the moon] was turn-
ed from the influence of both bodies [earth and sun].
Winchell, World-Life, p. 381.
apºgº (ap-à-jé'an), a. . [As apogee + -an.]
ertaining to or connected with the apogee:
as, apogean (neap) tides, which occur when the
moon has passed her apogee. Also apogeic.
apogee (apº-jë), n. IK ML, NL. apogaeum, apo-
géum, apogaeon, apogeon, K. Gr. &róyatov, &tóyetov
(Sc. 6táormua, distance), a planet's greatest dis-
tance from the earth, neut. of āTóYalog, àTóyetog,
from the land, from the earth (>L. apogeus, from
the land), K & Tó, from, +, Yī, poet. Yala, earth,
land: see geography, etc.] 1. That point in the
orbit of a planet or other heavenly body which
is at the greatest distance from the earth; espe-
cially, that particular point of the moon’s orbit.
The ancients regarded the earth as fixed in the center of
the universe, and accordingly assigned to the sun, with the
planets, an apogee ; but now that the Sun is recognized as
the center of our system, the terms perihelion and aphelion
are employed to denote the least and greatest distance of
the planets from that orb. Strictly, therefore, the sun is
in its apogee when the earth is in its aphelion. In the
Ptolemaic astronomy, the mean apogee of the epicycle is
the point of the epicycle furthest from the center of the
equant; the true apogee of the epicycle is that point of it
furthest from the earth; and the fia:ed apogee of the epi-
cycle is that point of it furthest from the center of the
eccentric.
2. Figuratively, the highest or most distant
point ; climax; culmination.
It [Bruges] had by no means reached its apogee, but was
to culminate with Venice. Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 37.
[As apogee + -ic.]
º [K NL.
apogaeotropicus, K. Gr. &tróyatog, àTóyelog, from the
earth, + -tpottkóg, turning: see apogee and
tropic..] In biol., characterized by apogeotro-
pism; shooting upward; inclined to turn away
from the ground.
The sheath-like cotyledons, whilst young, are strongly
apogeotropic. Darwin, Movement in Plants, p. 499.
apogeotropism (ap’º-jé-otºró-pizm), n. [As
apogeotropic + -ism.] In biol., tendency to
turn, bend, or move in opposition to gravity,
or upward and away from the earth, as op-
posed to geotropism (which see); negative
geotropism.
ame as apogean.
oggiatura.
y T. &Tóyov,
beardless, Ká-priv. -- tróyov, beard.] 1. A ge-
nus of acanthopterygian fishes, typical of the
Apogonina. Lacépède, 1802. Also called Amia.
–2. A genus of dipterous insects. Haliday.
# (ap-Ö-gonºid), m. A fish of the fam-
y Apogonidae; a chilodipterid.
Apogonidae (ap-à-gon’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KApo-
gon -- -idac.] A family of acanthopterygian
fishes: same as Chilodipterida and Apogonina.
Apogonina (apº-gó-ni'nā), m.pl. [NL., KApo-
gon + -ina.] in Günther's classification of
fishes, the fifth group of Percida, having the
cleft of the mouth oblique or approaching the
verticalline, and two dorsal fins. It contains fishes
which inhabit the sea or fresh waters and possess decidu-
ous scales which are generally of large size.,
[š Gr. & Töypadoc, also
neut. Tóxpačov, a copy, K&Tóxpaşog, copied, K
ătroypájetv, copy, transcribe, write off, KäTó, off,
+ ypáðelv, write.] A copy or transcript.
These [Hebrew manuscripts] have been divided into two
classes, autographs and apographs. The former, written
by the original authors themselves, have long ago perished.
The latter, taken from the autographs and multiplied by
repeated transcription, exist in considerable numbers.
T. H. Horne, Introd. to Study of Holy Scriptures, II. 88.
(oid) + -āl.] In ornith., an element of the
hyoidean arch, borne upon the basihyal and
bearing the ceratohyal: now usually called the
Ceratobranchial.
[K Gr. Štrolog, without
Quality or attribute, Kö- priv. -- Tolog, of what
nature or sort.] Having no active qualities;
neutral, as water or starch.
apokatastasis, n.
A /18 ºn #- nri 18 -
(b) In the higher * (a-pô’lār), a... [KGr. 6-priv. (a-18) + po
apolaustic (ap-à-lästik), a. and n.
Apolemia (ap-à-lé'mi-á), m.
Apolites (ap-à-li’téz), m.
Apollinarianism (a-pol-i-nā’ri-an-izm), n.
Apol
Apollinic (ap-o-lin'ik), a.
Apollino (a-pol-lè'nó), m.
‘Apollo
e [= F. apojove, K NL.
apojovium, K. Gr. &tró, from, -F L. Jov-, Jovis,
ove, Jupiter: see Jone.j That point in the
[ŠNº. 39.93% K orbit of a satellite of Jupiter which is furthest
apogamºus: See apogamous.] In bot. : (a) Gener-
from the planet. Airy.
See apocatastasis.
Having no pole: in anat., applied to those
nerve-cells which are not known to have, or are
supposed not to have, any radiating process.
Results of observation positively prove the existence of
two fibres in the case of cells which had previously been
regarded as unipolar and apolar. Beale, Bioplasm, § 243.
[K Gr. atro-
Wavorakóg, agreeable, K &trožavoróg, enjoyable, K
àtrožately, enjoy, appar. K &Tó, off, -F *%ately, a
verb not used.] #. a. Pertaining to taste or
enjoyment; agreeable.
Perhaps for brevity and distinctness' sake we may call
the first its apolaustic and the second its dynamic char-
acter. Mind, XII. 63.
II. m. The philosophy of taste. Sir W. Ham-
ilton.
[NL.; formation
uncertain.] A genus of physophorous Sipho-
mophora, or oceanic hydroids, founded by Esch-
scholtz in 1829. It is sometimes referred to the family
Agalmidae, sometimes made type of a family Apolemniidae.
A. uwaria is a dioecious species inhabiting the Mediter-
TàI] ea II.
Apolemiadae (ap"Č-lé-mi'a-dé), m. pl. [NL.]
Same as Apolemiidae.
Apolemiidae (ap"Č-lé-mi’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Apolemia + -ida..] A family of physophorous
siphonophores, typified by the genus Apolemia.
[NL., appar. K. Gr.
âTožitmº, a non-citizen, exile, K &- priv. --
Tožírmſ, a citizen: see politic.] 1. Same as
Pitangus. Sundevall, 1830.—2. A genus of
Coleoptera. Laporte.
Apollinarian (a-pol-i-nā’ri-an), a. and n. IKL.
Apollinaris, K Apollo, q.v.] I. a. Appellative
of or pertaining to the votive games instituted
at Rome in honor of Apollo, 212 B. C., in order
to conciliate his favor in the war against the
Carthaginians, and to obtain from him protec-
tion for the republic.
II. m. One of a religious sect deriving their
name from Apollinaris the Younger, bishop of
Laodicea, in the fourth century. Apollinaris de-
nied the proper humanity of Christ, attributing to him a
human body and a human Soul, or vital principle, but
teaching that the Divine Reason, or Logos, took in him the
place which in man is occupied by the rational principle.
Later the sect maintained that even the body of Christ
was of one substance with his divinity, that he was in-
carnate from eternity, and that his divinity suffered on
the cross. After breaking up into different sects, the
Apollinarians were finally merged in the Monophysites.
Also called Apollimarist.
[K
Apollinarian + -ism.] The doctrines of the
Apollinarians.
Hefele himself . . . is compelled to admit that Nesto-
rius accurately held the duality of the two natures and the
integrity of each, [and] was equally explicitly opposed to
Arianism and Apollinarianismn. Encyc. Brit., XVII. 356.
Apollinarist (a-pol-i-nā‘rist), n. [KML. Apol-

linarista, KApollinaris: see Apollinarian.] Same
S Apollinariam.
#sºn), a. [KL. Apolliments, K Apol-
lo (Apollin-): see Apollo..] Related or pertain-
ing to the myths or cultus of Apollo.
Even in Apollime oracles, such as the Delphic, the artifi-
cial method was employed along with that by inspiration.
Encyc. Brit., XVII. 80S.
Same as Apollime :
as, “Apollinic (Delphic) religion,” Encyc. Brit.,
KX. 360
[It..] A statue of
Apollo in the Tribuna at Florence, in which the
god is represented as a youth at rest in an easy
and graceful leaning attitude, with the right arm
thrown over the head. It is a copy of an original of
the fourth century B.C., and is the type of a series of such
representations.
Apollo (a-pol’ô), n. [L., K. Gr. AT6%20v, Apollo;
a name derived by the Greeks from ēto2%ival,
destroy (see Apollyon); but the origin is uncer-
tain.] 1. In Gr. and later in Rom. myth., one
of the great Olympian gods, the son of Zeus
(Jupiter) and Leto (Latona), representing the
light- and life-giving influence, as well as the
deadly power, of the sun, and often identified
With the Sun-god, Helios. He was the leader of the
Muses, god of music, poetry, and healing, and patron of
these arts; a mighty protector from evil, all-seeing, and
hence the master of prophecy; also the destroyer of the
unjust and insolent, and ruler of pestilence. In art he
was represented in the full majesty of youthful manhood,
in most of his attributions unclothed or but lightly draped,
and usually characterized by the bow and arrows, the lau.
rel, the lyre, the oracular tripod, the serpent, or the dol-
Apollo
phin. He was the father of Æsculapius, to whom he
ted his art of healing. Apollo was honored, both
ocally and generally, under many special titles, of which
each had its particular type in art and literature: as,
Apollo.
Central figure of the western pediment of the Temple of Zeus
at Olympia; 5th century B. c.
Apollo Citharoedus (Apollo who sings to the accompani-
ment of the lyre), equivalent to Apollo Musagetes, the
conductor of the Muses; Apollo Sauroctomos (the Lizard-
killer), etc.— Apollo Belvedere, a celebrated antique
statue of Apollo now preserved in the Belvedere gallery of
the Vatican palace at Rome, and esteemed one of the
noblest artistic representations of the human form. It
was discovered at Porto d'Anzio, Italy, among the ruins
of the ancient, city of Antium. See cut under Hellenis-
tic.–Delian Apollo, the Apollo of the central Hellenic
sanctuary of Delos. The statue held a bow in one hand,
and figures of the three Graces in the other.—Delphinian
Apollo, Apollo of the dolphin : Apollo as the protector of
sailors, navigation, and the marine: identified with the
Delphian Apollo, or Apollo of Delphi (Pythian Apollo).-
Phoebus Apollo, Apollo as the god of radiant light.—
Pythian Apollo, the Apollo of Delphi, or the Pythian
sanctuary; Apollo as the slayer of the monster Python,
whom he supplanted on Parnassus.
2. II. c.] In entom., a butterfly, Papilio apollo.
Apollonian (ap-o-ló'mi-an), a. Gr, AT02%-
vog, adj., also proper name, K AT6/2.0, Apollo.]
1. Possessing the traits or attributes of Apollo.
–2. Devised by or named after Apollonius of
Perga, an ancient Greek geometer, celebrated
for his original investigations in conic sections.
He flourished under Ptolemy Philopator, 222–
205 B.C.–Apollonian Pºlº ellipse,
the ordinary conic sections, whose three names are due to
Apollonius.
Apollonic (ap-o-lon 'ik), a.
nian, 1.
Apollonius's problem. See problem.
Apollyon (3-polign), p. [LL., & Gr. Atto%tov,
Wº: adj. atro/Aſſov, destroying, ppr. of attoº-
few, usually diro22#val, destroy utterly, K aſſé,
from, -- 52%ival, destroy.] º, destroyer: a
name given (only in Rev. ix. 11) to the angel of
the bottomless pit, answering to the Hebrew
Abaddon.
apologetic (a-pol-3-jet'ik), a. and n. [K LL.
apologeticus, K. Gr. aſto20)/Takóc, fit for a defense,
K. aſto20yetatat, speak in defense, K ató, from,
away, + "Aoyeſota, speak, K. Zºyog, speech, K
Aéyev, speak: see apology.] I. a. 1. Of, per-
taining to, or containing a defense; defend-
ing by words or arguments; said or written in
defense: as, an apologethe essay.—2. Making
apology or excuse; manifesting regret for or
excusing some fault, failure, deficiency, imper-
fection, etc., in one's own conduct or that of
another: as, an apologetic reply; an apologetic
manner.—Apologetic fathers. See father.
II. m. apology; a defense. [Rare.]
It looks as if he wrote an apologetic to the mob on be-
half of the prisoner. Roger Worth, Examen, p. 305.
apologetical (a-pol-5-jet'i-kāl), a. Same as
apologetic.
apologetically (a-pol-5-jet’i-kal-i), adv. In an
apologetic manner; by way of defense or ex-
Cºulse. -
apologetics (a-pol-5-jet'iks), n. [Pl. of apologet-
ic, after L.L. apologetica, neut. pl. of apologe-
ticus: see apologetic..] That branch of demon-
strative or argumentative theology which is
concerned with the grounds and defense of
Christian belief and hope.
#!". defends and vindicates Christianity, as the
rfect religion of God for all mankind, against the at-
acks of infidelity. Schaff, Christ and Christianity, p. 4.
apologise, apologiser. See apologize, apolo-
gºzer.
Same as Apollo-
264
apologist (a-pol’º-jist), n. [= F. apologiste; K
apology.] 1. One who speaks or writes in de-
fense of anything; one who º a per-
son or a cause, whether in public address or by
literary means; one who makes an apology or
defense.
There is one difficult duty of an historian, which is too
often passed over by the party-writer; it is to pause when-
ever he feels himself warming with the passions of the
multitude, or becoming the blind apologist of arbitrary
power. I. D'Israeli, Curios. of Lit., IV, 390.
Specifically–2. Eccles., a defender of Chris-
tianity; in particular, one of the authors of the
early Christin apologies.
apologize (8-pol’9-jiz), v.; pret, and pp. apolo-
gized, ppr. apologizing. [K apology + -ize.] I.
intrams. 1. To make an apology or defense;
#. or write in favor of some person or
thing; offer defensive arguments.-2. To make
an apology or excuse; acknowledge or express
regret for a fault: followed by for; as, he apolo-
gized for his delay in replying.
II. trans. To make or write an apology for;
defend.
Therefore the Christians, in his time, .
gized by Plinie the second.
Also spelled apologise.
apologizer (a-pol’º-ji-zèr), n. One who apolo-
gizes; one who makes apologies or excuses.
Also spelled apologiser.
apologue º m. [K F. apologue, K L.
apologus, r. atróżoyoc, a story, tale, fable, K
ató, from, -- 28 yew, speak, Möyog, speech..] A
story or relation of fictitious events intended
to convey useful truths; a moralfable; an alle-
gory. An apologue differs from a parable in that the
latter is drawn from events which occur among man-
kind, and is therefore supported by probability, while the
former may be founded on supposed actions of brutes or
inanimate things, and therefore does not require to be
supported by probability. AEsop's fables are good exam-
ples of apologues.
*: (apº-log-er), m. [Kapologue ---er1.J
ne who writes apologues; a fabler. Burton.
apºlºgy *...*.*. m.; pl. apologies (-jiz). . [=
apologie, K LL. apologia, K. Gr. atrožoyia, a
speech in defense, Kårožoyeiata, speak in de-
fense: see apologetic, and cf. apologue.] 1.
Something said or written in defense, vindica-
tion, or excuse; specifically, a defense or justi-
fication of a doctrine, system, course of con-
duct, etc., against objections or criticisms.
I shall neither trouble the reader nor myself with any
apology for publishing these sermons. Tillotson.
Bishop Watson's “Apology for the Bible” is a good book
with a bad title. R. Hall.
2. An excuse, usually accompanied by an ex-
pression of regret, for some fault.
Apologies only account for what they do not alter.
I. D'Israeli.
3. That which imperfectly serves a given pur-
pose; a temporary substitute; a makeshift.
were apolo-
Dr. G. Benson.
apophyge
apomecometer (apº-mê-kom’e-tér), n. [K Gr.
Tó, from, away, + uńkog, length, a long dis-
tance, -- uérpov, measure.] An instrument used
in measuring heights, constructed on the same
principle as the sextant.
apomecometry (ap * 0-mé-kom’ e-tri), n. [As
apomecometer-F-y..] The art of measuring ele-
vations and distances.
apomorphine (ap-º-mâr (fin), n. IK Gr, ató,
rom, -F morphia + -ine?..] An artificial alka-
loid, C17H17NO2, prepared from morphine.
The chlorid is sometimes used in medicine as a powerful
emetic. It is usually administered hypodermically. Also
(as New Latin) apomorphana, apomorphia, emetomorphia.
aponeurography (apº-ni-rogra-fi), n. [KGr.
aſtovetpogº, aponeurosis, + -ypaſpia, Kypaſſelv,
write, describe..] A description of aponeu-
I'OSes.
aponeurology (apº-ni-rol’º-ji), m. [K Gr, atto-
peºpwatc, aponeurosis, + -Woyfa, K. Aéyew, speak:
see -ology..] 1. The anatomy of aponeuroses.
–2. A treatise on aponeuroses.
aponeurosis (apº-nu-rö'sis), m, ; pl. aponeu-
roses (-siz). [Ní., K. Gr. 3roveſ poºg (Galen),
the end of a muscle where it becomes tendon, K
àſtovewpointlau, become a tendon, K ató, from, --
veipov = L. nervus, sinew, tendon, nerve: see
nerve and neuralgia.] In anat., any fascia orfas-
cial structure; especially, the tendon of a mus-
cle when broad, thin, flat, and of a glistening
whitish color, or the expansion of a tendon cov-
ering more or less of the muscle, or a broad, thin,
whitish ligament. The name was given to these struc-
tures when they were supposed to be expansions of nerves,
any hard whitish tissue being then considered nervous.
In present usage aponeurosis is nearly synonymous with
fascia, but is oftener applied to the fascia-like tendons of
. as, the aponeurosis of the oblique muscle of the
abdomen.
aponeurosy (ap-º-ni'rö-si), m.; pl. aponeurosies
-siz). Same as aponeurosis.
aponeurotic (apº-nil-rot'ik), a. [K aponeuro-
sis: see -otic.] aving the nature of an apo-
neurosis; relating to the thin and expansive
sheath of a muscle; fascial; tendinous.
aponeurotomy (apº-mü-rotº-mi), n. [K Gr:
ătroveſpactſ, aponeurosis, + Touff, a cutting, K
Téuvely, taueiv, cut. Cf. anatomy.] _1. In anat.,
dissection of the aponeuroses.—2. In surg.,
section of aponeuroses.
apoop (a-pâp’), prep. phr. as adv. or a.
poop.] On the poop; astern.
She . . . could get along very nearly as fast with the
wind ahead, as when it was a-poop.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 96.
apopemptic (ap-à-pempºtik), a. [K Gr. & Totsu-
TTºkóg, valedictory, K attorčutely, send off, dis-
miss, K&Tó, off, -- Téuten, send.] Waledictory.
apopetalous (ap-à-petºlus), a. [K NL. apo-
petalus, K. Gr. 376, from, -H Târažov, leaf, in mod.
bot. P.": In bot, having the corolla com-
[Ka8+
He wears a wisp of black silk round his neck, without }. sed of several ºtinct . equivalent to
any stiffner, as an apº for a nºrthief "fiºn. A the more common term polypetalºus.
4}. An apologue.
A pretty apology of a league that was made betwixt the
wolves and the sheep.
Topsell, Four-Footed Beasts, p. 578. (N. E. D.)
=Syn. 2. Apology, Ezcuse, Plea. Apology has in this
sense the force of an admission that one has been, at least
seemingly, in the wrong; it therefore pleads any extenu-
ating circumstances, or, more often, offers afrank acknow-
ledgment as the best that can be dome toward making
matters right. Eaccuse may mean a defense, or an expla-
nation simply: as, his excuse was quite sufficient; or it may
be a mere attempt at justification: as, it was only an ea:-
cuse; or it may be a begging to be released from a claim:
as, “they all with one consent began to make excuse,”
Luke xiv. 18. A plea consists, according to the occasion,
of an appeal for leniency, or of justificatory or exculpatory
argument or persuasion.
Our English Martyrologer counted it a sufficient apology
for what meanness might be found in the first edition of
his “Acts and Monuments,” that it was “hastily rashed
up in about fourteen months."
C. Mather, Introd. to Mag. Chris.
Weakness is thy excuse,
And I believe it. Milton, S. A., l. 829.
Hellenic art and philosophy were and remain an uncon-
scious plea for humanity in its ºwn right.
Faiths of the World, p. 301.
apolytikion (apº-li-tik/i-Qn), m.; pl. apolytikia
º § { }.}. Gr. j}.}}| dis-
posed to acquit, Kätóżwrog, loosed, free, verbal
adj. of arožiety, loose from, let go, dismiss, K
âTó, from, -- Wiety, loose..] In the Gr. Ch., a
dismissal hymn.
Aºmº (a-pô-ma-tos’tó-mâ), m. pl.
., & Gr. - priv.-H. Tøfta(1-), a lid, 4- oróila,
mouth.] A suborder of pectinibranchiate or
etenobranchiate mollusks, composed of the
families Involuta, Volutacea, and Coronata.
Menke, 1830. Also written Apomastoma. Fé-
russac, 1819.
apophantic (ap-º-fan'tik), a. [K Gr. & Toſhavri-
Róg, declaratory, K atopatvetv, declare. Cf. apo-
phasis.] Containing or consisting of a declara-
tion, statement, or proposition; declaratory.
apophasis (a-pof "a-sis), m. [LL., KGr, atópact!,
a negation, denial, Kºrogóval, deny, Kará, from,
off, + paval = L. fari, say.] In rhet., denial
of an intention to speak of something which
is at the same time hinted or insinuated;
paralipsis (which see).
apophlegmatict (apº-fleg-mat'ik), a. and n.
[& Gr, attoºeymaturdſ (Galen); cf. attoºeyuatiſeuv,
promote the discharge of phlegm or mucus: see
apophlegmatism.] § a. In med., having the
quality of exciting discharges of phlegm or mu-
cus from the mouth or nostrils.
II. m. Anything which promotes the dis-
.# of phlegm or mucus; an expectorant.
apophlegmatism (ap-º-fleg'må-tizm), n.
L. apophlegmatismos, & Gr. droºeyuatiouſc, K
attoºeypariſely, promote the discharge of phlegm.
or mucus, K aró, from, -- º phlegm, mu-
cus.] 1. Something which excites discharges
of phlegm.–2. The action of apophlegmatic
medicines. -
apophthegm, apophthegmatic, etc.
thegm, etc. - -
*}Y}} (a-poſſi-jë), nº. [NL. (cf...F. apo-
phyge, K L. apophygis), K. Gr. & Toºwyſ, lit. an es-
cape, Kättoºeſyev, flee away, escape, Kårö, from,
away, + get yety, flee.] In arch. : (a) That part
of a column of one of the more ornate orders
which is molded into a concave sweep where
the shaft springs from the base or terminates
in the capital. Sometimes called the scape or
spring of the column. See order. (b) The hol-
See apo-






apophyge -
low or scotia beneath the echinus of the Doric
capital, occurring in some archaic examples,
and relinquished as the style advanced. Also
called # *. and congé. -
apophyllite (a-pofºi-lit or ap-Ö-fil'it), n. [So
named because of its tendency to exfoliate (cf.
Gr. & TopvåAſſetv, strip of its leaves), K. Gr. & ſó
off, from, ºf finin, aieºf) + -itºj
A mineral allied to the zeolites, occurring in
laminated masses or in tetragonal crystals, and
having a strong pearly luster on the surface of
perfect cleavage, parallel to which it separates
readily into thin laminae. It exfoliates also under
the blowpipe. From its peculiar luster it is sometimes
called ichthyophthalmite, that is, fish-eye stone. It is a
hydrated silicate of calcium and potassium, containing also
Some fluorin.
apophyllous (ap-à-filºus), a. [K Gr. &ró, off,
om, H. p9%ov = L. folium, a leaf.] In bot., hav-
ing distinct leaves; eleutherophyllous: applied
to a perianth with distinct sepals and petals:
Aopposed to gamophyllous.
apophysary (a-pofi-sā-ri), a. [K apophysis F
-ary.] Having the character of an apophysis
or outgrowth; apophysial.
In *. the apophysary system is composed of an
elevated longitudinal septum reaching from one valve to
the othe.. Encyc. Brit., IV. 190.
apophysate (a-pofºi-sāt), a. [K apophysis +
-atel. ot., having an apophysis.
apophyses, n. Plural of apophysis.
apophysial (ap-à-fiz'i-al), a. [K apophysis +
* Pertaining to or of the nature of an apo-
Aphysis; growing out from, as an apophysis.
*pºlysis (a-pofſi-sis), m.; pl. apophyses (-Séz).
[KGr. &tópvotg, an offshoot, the process of a bone,
Kâtroſpíeoffat, grow as an offshoot, Kátó, off, from,
+ $9eoffat, grow, X pilotſ, growth: see physic.]
1. In anat.: (a) Any process of bone; an out-
growth of bone; a mere projection or protuber-
ance, which has no independent ossific center,
and is thus distinguished from an epiphysis
(which see); specifically, any process of a ver-
tebra, whether it has such a center, and thus is
epiphysial in nature, or not : in the former case,
a vertebral apophysis is called autogenous or
endogenous; in the latter, eacogenous. The princi-
pal vertebral apophyses are distinguished as anapophysis,
diapophysis, epapophysis, hemapophysis, hypapophysis,
'metapophysis, meurapophysis, parapophysis, pleurapophy-
sis, and zygapophysis. See these words, (b) A process
or outgrowth of some organ of the body, as the
brain: as, apophysis cerebri, the pituitary body.
See cut under brain. (c) In chitons, a process
of one of the plates, inserted into the mantle.
—2. In bot., a swelling under the base of the
theca or spore-case of some mosses, as in Species
of Splachnum. See cut under Andreaea.—3. In
geol., a term applied to the arms which often
extend outward into the surrounding walls from
the main mass or dike of an intrusive igneous
rock.-4. In arch., Same as apophyge.—Arthro-
dial apophysis. See arthrodial.
apoplectic (ap-à-plektik), q, and n: [KL, apo-
plecticus, K. Gr. & Tottºmktikóg, apoplectic, K diſtó-
TAmicrog, disabled by a stroke: see apoplexy.]
I. a. 1. Of the nature of or pertaining to apo-
plexy; affected with apoplexy : as, an apo-
plectic fit; an apoplectic patient.—2. Predis-
posed or tending to apoplexy: as, an apoplectic
person; an apoplectic habit of body.—3+. Serv-
ing to cure apoplexy: as, “apoplectic balsam,”
Addison, Travels, Italy.
II. m. A person affected with or predisposed
to apoplexy.
apoplectical (ap-à-plek’ti-kal), a.
apoplectic,
apoplectiform (ap-à-plek’ti-fôrm), a. [KL. apo-
plectus, apoplecticus (see apoplectic), + forma,
form.] Resembling apoplexy; of the nature of
apoplexy.
In the gravest forms of specific cerebral disease, an apo-
plectiform seizure followed by fatal coma may usher in
the attack with no premonitory symptoms.
E. C. Mann, Psychol, Med., p. 63.
apºpº (ap’ô-pleks), m. [KL. apople.cis, K. Gr.
itróttàmàic, var. of atrottàmàia : see apoplexy.]
Apoplexy.
Repletions, apoplea, intestate death.
ryden, Juvenal, Sat. i.
How does his apoplea:3
Is that strong on him still?
B. Jomsom, The Fox, i. 1.
apoplexedt (ap’ū-plekst), a. [Kapoplew -H -ed”.]
ſº with apoplexy or paralysis.
Sense, sure, you have,
Else could you not have motion; but, sure, that sense
Is apoplew'd. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
Same as
265
apoplexious? (ap-à-plek'shus), a.
º º *...*in or having the character
of apoplexy: as, “apople.cious and other con-
generous diseases,” Arbuthnot.
apoplexy (ap’º-plek-si), n. IK ME. apoplewie
(and abbrev. poplexie), K F. apoplewie, K.L. apo-
plexia, K. Gr. atrotrºměřía, apoplexy, Kátróttàmicrog,
disabled by a stroke, stricken with apoplexy,
verbal adj. of ātrottàffooetv, disable by a stroke,
Káró, off, from, + Tââogetv, strike..] In pathol.,
a sudden loss or impairment of consciousness
and voluntary motion, caused by the rupture
of a blood-vessel in the brain, an embolism,
or other cerebral shock. [Sometimes incor-
rectly used to denote hemorrhage into the tis-
sues of any organ.]
apora, n. Plural of aporon.
aporeme (ap’ū-rém), ºn. [K Gr. &rópmga, a mat-
ter of doubt (also with Aristotle a dialectical
syllogism of contradiction), K atropeiv, be in
doubt: see aporetic..] An argument to show
that a question presents a doubt or difficulty.
aporetic (ap-à-ret'ik), a. and m. [Formerly
aporetique, K F. aporetique (Cotgrave), K. Gr.
ătropmºd{6g, inclined to doubt, K &Topeiv, be in
doubt, Kätropog, in doubt, at a loss: see aporia.]
I. a. Inclined to doubt or to raise objections.
II. m. A skeptic; one who believes that per-
fect certainty is unattainable, and finds in
every object of thought insoluble difficulties.
aporetical (ap-à-ret'i-kal), a. Same as aporetic.
* (a-pôºri-á), n. ; pl. aporia (-6). [L.L., K
r. &topia, difficulty, doubt, puzzle, K &Topog, in
doubt, doubtful, at a loss, lit. impassable, with-
out passage, K &- priv. -F Tópog, way, passage:
see pore?..] 1. In rhet., a professed doubt where
to begin or what to say on account of the va-
riety of matter.—2. An equality of reasons
for and against a given proposition.-3. In
pathol., febrile anxiety; uneasiness.
Also apory.
aporimet, aporimt (ap’ô-rim), n. IK Gr. 6-priv.
+ Tóptuog, finding a way, able to provide, K
Tópog, way, passage: see pore”, and cf. aporia.]
Same as aporon.
Aſºº (ap * @-rö-brang (ki-á), n. pl.
., K. Gr. & Topog, without passage (see apo-
ria), + 3páyºta, gills.] 1. In Latreille's system
of classification, an order of Arachnida having
no apparent respiratory apparatus, by which
the Pycnogonidae alone were distinguished from
other arachnidans: synonymous with Podoso-
mata of Leach's system.—2. In De Blainville’s
system of classification, an order of his Para-
cephalophora, containing the pteropods, which
are divided into the Thecosomata and Gymno-
somata. Also Aporobranchiata.
aporobranchian (ap’º-rö-brang’ki-an), a. and
m. I. a. Pertaining to or having the characters
of the Aporobranchia.
II. m. One of the Aporobranchia.
Apºlº, (apº-rö-brang-ki-ā’tā), m.pl.
[NL., as Aporobranchia + -ata.] Same as Apo-
Tobranchia, 2.
apºlº (ap * 5-ro-brang' ki-āt), a.
ertaining to or having the characters of the
Aporobranchiata.
aporont (ap’º-ron), m.; pl. apora (-rá). [NL.,
Gr. &Topov, neut. of &ztopog, doubtful, difficult:
see aporia.] A very difficult or insoluble
problem. Also called aporime.
Aporopoda (ap-à-rop'3-dà), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
ãropoſ, without passage (see aporia), + Totg
(troë-) = E. foot.] In Latreille's system of clas-
sification, a prime division of his Condylopa, by
which the crustaceans, arachnidans, and myria-
pods are collectively contrasted with Hexapoda,
or insects proper. It was defined as “insects” with
moré than six feet and destitute of wings. Savigny also
uses the mame. It is synonymous with the Hyperhea:apoda.
of Westwood.
Aporosa (ap-à-rö’sä), m. pl. [NL., pl. of apo-
rosus, not porous (see aporose); cf. Gr. iTopog,
without passage: see aporia..] A group of corals
of the sclerodermic section, having the coral-
lum or calcareous cup solid, and not perforated
with minute apertures. Edwards and Haime,
1850.
aporose (ap’ū-rös), a. [KNL. aporosus, K Gr. 3-
priv. -- NL. porosus, porous, K. L. porus, pore:
see pore?..] 1. Not porous.—2. Belonging to
the group of corals called Aporosa; eporose.
In the simple aporose corals the calcification of the base
and side walls of the body gives rise to the cup, or theca.
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 146.
aporrhaid (ap-Ö-rā'id), m. A gastropod of the
amily Aporrhaidaº.
[K apopleaſy Aporrhaidae (ap-à-rā’i-dé), n. pl.
Aporrhais (ap-Ö-rā'is), n. [NL.,
effuse channel-like lip-spines,
apory (ap’º-ri), n.
aposaturn (apº-sat-êrn), n.
aposepalous º Q.
aposiopesis (ap’ā-si-à-pé’ sis), n.
aposiopestic (apº-si-Ö-pestik), a.
aposiopetic (ap"Č-si-Ö-pet'ik), a.
apositia (ap-à-sit’i-á), m.
apospory (a-postpº-ri), m.
apostasy
[NL., KAp-
orrhais + -idae.] A family of entobranchiate
taenioglossate gastropods, of
which there are few living spe-
CleS. Its members are characterized
by a flat foot, a broad muzzle, elongate
tentacles, eyes on the outer sides of the
tentacles, teeth in seven longitudinal
rows, a turreted shell with the aper-
ture more or less produced in front,
and an alate outer lip.
in form K. Gr. &toppaíg, a vari-
ous reading for aipºoppoig, a kind
of shell-fish: see hemorrhoid.]
A genus of gastropods with
represented by the pelican’s-
foot or spout-shell (which see)
of northern Europe, and typ-
ical of the family Aporrhaidae.
Spout-shell (Apor-
r/taz's pes-2elicazzº).
aport (a-pôrt'), prep. phr. as adv. [Ka8+ port4.]
Nawt., to or on the port side of a ship, as in the
phrase hard aport. Hard aportſ as a command, in-
structs the helmsman to turn the tiller to the left or port
side of the ship, thus causing the ship to swerve to the
right or starboard.
[KLL. aporia: see aporia.]
[Also, as NL.,
aposaturnium, K. Gr. & Tó, from, -- L. Saturnus,
Saturn. Cf. apojove.] The point in the orbit
of any one of the satellites of Saturn most re-
mote from the planet. Airy.
[K NL. apo-
sepalus, K. Gr. &Tó, from, + NL. sepalum, sepal.]
In bot., having a calyx composed of distinct
sepals; polysepalous.
Same as aporia.
aposepidin (ap-à-sepſi-din), m. [K Gr. &Tó, away,
+ affirety, make rotten (see septic), + -id + -in?..]
Same as leucin.
[L., K. Gr.
diſrootóT7aug, KóToatoſtăv, become silent, K &T6,
off, from, + atarſtäv, be silent.] In rhet., sud-
den reticence; the suppression by a speaker or
writer of something which he seemed to be
about to say; the sudden termination of a dis-
course before it is really finished. The word is
also applied to the act of speaking of a thing while pre-
tending to say nothing about it, or of aggravating what
one pretends to conceal by uttering a part and leaving the
remainder to be understood: as, his character is such—but
it is better I should not speak of that.
[For apo-
siopetic, in irreg. imitation of aposiopesis.]
Same as aposiopetic. [Rare.]
That interjection of surprise . . .
break after it, marked thus, Z ds.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iv. 27.
[K aposiope-
sis (-pet-) + -ic, after LGr. Gaoſſmtikóc, taciturn.]
Pertaining to or of the nature of aposiopesis.
[NL., K. Gr. & Todatia,
Kátóattoº, abstaining from food, K iTó, away,
from, + oltog, food.] A loathing of food. Dum-
glison.
with the aposiopestic
aposporous (a-pos(pó-rus), a. [KNI. aposporus,
K Gr. diſtó, from, away, + 0.76pog, seed: see spore.]
Of, pertaining to, or characterized by apospory.
In the aposporows Ferns and Mosses and in the Chara-
ceae the oophore is developed as a bud from the sporo-
phore. Encyc. Brit., XX. 431.
[KNL. *aposporia, K
aposporus : see aposporous.] In the higher
cryptogams, the production of the prothallus
immediately from the sporangium without the
ordinary intervention of spores, or from the
leaf itself, without either sporangium or spore.
apostacy, n. See apostasy.
apostasis (a-pos (tà-sis), m.
[K Gr. diſtóa Taoig,
in med, a suppurative inflammation, a transi-
tion from one disease to another, lit. a stand-
ing away from : see apostasy..] 1. In old med. :
(a) The termination or crisis of a disease by
some secretion or critical discharge, in opposi-
tion to metastasis, or the termination by trans-
fer to some other part. (b) An apostem or
abscess. (c) The throwing off or separation of
exfoliated or fractured bones.—2. In bot., a
term proposed by Engelmann for the separa-
tion of floral whorls or of parts from each other
by the unusual elongation of the internodes.
apostasy (3-posta-si), m. ; pl. apostasies (-siz).
[K.M.E. apostasie, KF, apostasie, KLL. apostasia,
K Gr. &Tootagia, late form for diróo Taouc, a stand-
ing away from, a defection, revolt, departure,
distance, etc., in med, a suppurative inflam-
mation (see apostasis), K Čºtotaotal, &rootival,
stand away from, K. Čiró, away, off,' -- to ragóat,
oTfival, stand: see Stasis.] 1. An abandonment

apostasy
of what one has professed; a total desertion
of, or departure from, one's faith, principles,
or party.-2. In theol., a total abandonment of
the Christian faith.
It is a mistake . . . to brand as apostacy any kind of
heresy or schism, however criminal or absurd, which still
assumes to itself the Christian name. Cath. Dict.
8. In Rom. Cath. eccles. law: (a) A persistent
rejection of ecclesiastical authority by a mem-
ber of the church. (b) An abandonment with-
out permission of the religious order of which
One is a member. (c) A renunciation of the
clerical profession by one who has received
major orders.-4. In med, same as apostasis.
Also spelled apostacy.
apostate (8-postät), m. and a. [KME. apostate
(also, as in AS., apostata, KLL.), KOF. apostate,
F. apostat, K L.L. apostata, K. Gr. &Tootátmg, a de-
Serter, rebel, apostate, K &piotagflat, attoorinal,
Stand off, desert: see apostasy.] I. m. 1. One
who is guilty of apostasy; one who has forsaken
the church, sect, party, profession, or opinion
to which he before adhered (used in reproach);
a renegade; a pervert.
He [the Earl of Strafford] . . . felt towards those whom
he had deserted that peculiar malignity which has, in all
ages, been characteristic of apostates.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i.
2. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., one who, without
obtaining a formal dispensation, forsakes a
religious order of which he has made profession.
==Syn. Neophyte, Convert, Proselyte, etc. See convert, and
list under renegade.
II. a. Unfaithful to religious creed, or to
moral or political principle; traitorous to alle-
giance; false; renegade: as, “the apostate
lords,” Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i.
apostate? (a-posſtät), v. i. [K apostate, m.] To
apostatize.
Had Peter been truly inspired by God, . . . he would
not have apostated from his purpose. I'uller.
apostatical (ap-os-tat'i-kal), a. [K Gr. &Tootatt-
Róg, rebellious, Kátootár/g: see apostate.] Apos-
tate; guilty of or characterized by apostasy.
An hereticall and apostaticall church. Bp. Hall.
An assembly of prelates, convened by Archbishop Usher
in 1626, declared that the religion of Papists is supersti-
tious and idolatrous; their faith and doctrines erroneous
and heretical; their Church, in respect to both, apostati-
cal. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., vi.
apostatize (a-postă-tiz), v. i. ; pret. and pp.
apostatized, ppr. apostatizing. [K M.L. aposta-
tigare, K L.L. apostata, apostate: see apostate
and -ice. I To abandon one’s profession or
church; forsake one's principles; retrograde
from one’s faith; withdraw from one's party.
Also spelled apostatise.
He apostatized from his old faith in facts, took to believ-
ing in semblances. Carlyle.
The Inglish certainly were not converted to Christian-
ity: did the Britons apostatize to heathendom?
E. A. I'reeman, Amer. Lects., p. 131.
apºtº (ap-os-tak'sis), m. [K Gr. atróatašig,
âToo Táčetv, drip, distil, K ató, away, from, +
otáčelv, drip.] 1. In med., the defluxion of any
fluid, as of blood from the nose.—2. In bot., an
abnormal discharge of the juices of plants, as
the gumming of the plum.
apostemſ, apostemef (ap' os-tem, -têm), n.
Early mod. E. also apostom and apostume
(whence by further corruption impostume, im-
posthume, after OF. empostume), KME. aposteme,
apostym, KOF. apostome and apostume, K.L. apo-
stèma, K. Gr. &T60tmua, distance, interval, an ab-
scess, K &ptataaffat, &Tootſ,val, stand off, KöTó, off,
+ to Taoffat, atāvat, stand: see stasis.] An ab-
scess; a swelling filled with purulent matter.
Also apostemate, and, corruptly, apostume, apos-
thume, impostume, imposthume.
apostematef (a-posté-māt), v. i. [KML. "apo-
stematus, pp. of “apostemari, K.L. apostema : See
apostem.] To form into an abscess; swell and
fill with pus.
apostemater (a-postě-māt), a. and m. [K ML:
*apostematus, pp.: see the verb.] I. a. Formed
into an apostem; festering.
II. m. §. aS apostem.
Have you no convulsions, pricking aches, sir,
Ruptures, or apostemates?
Middleton (and others), The Widow, iv. 2.
apostemation? (a-pos-tá-mâ’shgn), n. IK OF.
apostemation, K. M.L. apostematio(n-), K “aposte-
ºnari, pp. *apostematus: see apostemate, v.] The
formation of an apostem; the process of gather-
ing into an abscess. Also, corruptly, imposthu-
7m (tlion. p
apostematoust (ap-à-stem'8-tus), a., [KL. apo-
8tema (t-), apostem, 4- -ows.j Pertaining to an
abscess; having the nature of an apostem.
apostemet, m. See apostem.
apostle (a-pos'1), n.
266
a posteriori (ā pos-tê-ri-6'ri). [ML.: L. a for
ab, from; posteriori, abl. of posterior, neut. pos-
terius, compar, of posterus, after, subsequent:
see posterior.] Literally, from the latter or
Subsequent; hence, in logic, from a conse-
Quent to its antecedent, or from an effect to its
cause: used of reasoning which follows this
order, formerly called demonstratio quia, or im-
perfect demonstration. The phrase is also used ad-
jectively: as, a posteriori reasoning. As applied by Kamt
and all modern Writers to knowledge, it is equivalent to
Jrom ea:perience, or empirical ; and it is opposed by him
to a priori, that is, from the intellect independently of all
experience. See a priori.
Inversely, the elaborate Homeric use of Cretan tradi-
tional fables furnishes an a posteriori argument that Ho-
mer did seek this island. De Quincey, Homer, i.
aposterioristic (à-posité'ri-à-ris’tik), a [K a
posteriori sº 1. Empirical; inductive.
2. Having a somewhat empirical or induc-
tive character. [Rare.]
aposthumet, n. A corrupt form of apostem.
apostil, apostille (a-postil), n. IK F. apostille:
see postil..] A marginal note or annotation;
a COmment.
He scrawled apostilles on the margins to prove that he
had read with attention. Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 249.
apostil (a-posºtil), v. t. ; pret. and pp. apostiled,
apostilled, ppr. a ostiling, apostilling. [K F.
apostiller; from the noun..] To annotate by
marginal observations or comments.
apostille, n. See apostil.
[Early mod. E. also by
apheresis postle, K ME. apostle, apostel, apostell,
apostill, etc., and by apheresis postle, postel, K
AS. apostol = OFries. apostol, apostel = D. G.
Sw. Dan. apostel, the ME. form being mixed
with O.F. apostle, later apostre, mod. F. apótre,
= Pr. apotro = Sp. apostol = Pg. It apostolo, K
LL. apostolus, an apostle, also a notice sent to
a higher tribunal or judge (def. 4), = Goth.
apaustaulus, apaustulus = Russ. apostoliſ = Pol.
apostol (barred l), etc., an apostle, K. Gr. &Tó-
OTožog, a messenger, ambassador, envoy, eccles.
an apostle, a book of lessons from the apostolic
epistles (def. 3), lit, one who is sent away, K
âTootéWWeiv, send away, send off, esp. on a mis-
sion, Kättó, off, away, + otéWAetv, send.] 1. A
personsent to execute some important business:
among the Jews of the Christian epoch, a title
borne by persons sent on foreign missions, espe-
cially by those commissioned to collect the
temple tribute; specifically adopted by Christ
as the official title of twelve of his disciples
chosen and sent forth to preach the gospel to
the world (Luke vi. 13); afterward applied in
the New Testament to others who performed
apostolic functions, as Paul and Barnabas, and
once to Christ himself (Heb. iii. 1). In the Greek
Church this title is given “not only to the Twelve, but to
the Seventy Disciples, and to other Apostolic men who
were the companions of the Apostles properly so called.”
(J. M. Neale.) In later usage the title has been given to
the first Christian missionaries in any part of the world,
and to the pioneers of any great moral reform: as, St.
Augustine, the apostle of the English; St. Boniface, the
apostle of Germany ; St. Francis Xavier, the apostle of the
Indies; John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians; Theobald
Mathew, the apostle of temperance.
2. In the Mormon Ch., the title of an official
whose duty it is to be a special witness of the
name of Christ, to buildup and preside over the
church, and to administer in all its ordinances.
There are twelve of these officials, who rank next after the
president and his two assistants, and constitute a Presid-
ing High Council charged with the penal regulation of the
affairs of the church and the settlement of important
matters.
3. In the liturgy of the early church, and in
the modern Greek Church, the lesson from the
epistles, usually taken from the writings of
St. Paul; also, a book containing these lessons,
printed in the order in which they are to be
read.—4. In law, a brief statement of a case
sent by a court whence an appeal has been
taken to a Superior Court. This sense belonged to
the Latin apostolus among the Roman jurists, and was
commonly used until a late date in the tribunals of the
Roman Catholic Church. e
5. Naut., a knighthead or bollard-timber where
hawsers and heavy ropes are belayed.—Acts of
the Apostles. See act.—Apostles' Creed, an early con-
fession of faith, of universal acceptance in the Christian
church, preserved in substantially its present form from
the close of the fourth century, but in its precise wording
from about A. D. 500.-Apostles' gems, in Christian sym-
bolism, various gems assigned to the twelve apostles ac-
cording to the twelve foundations of the New Jerusalem
(Rev. xxi. 14, 19, 20). Thus, to St. Peter was assigned jas-
per; to St. Andrew, sapphire; and so on according to the
order of their calling (Mat. x. 2, 3, 4), except that St.
Thomas and St. Matthew interchange, and Matthias takes
the place of Judas.-Apostles’ ointment, an ointment
formerly used which was supposed to derive its virtues
chiefly from the fact that it was composed of twelve ingre-
apostle-mug (à-pos'l-mug), n.
apostolate (3-pos' tº -
Aºi. (ap-os-tó'li-an), m.
O
apostolic
dients (resins, gums, wax, oil, vinegar, verdigris, etc.), cor-
responding in number to the apostles,
A mug deco-
rated with figures of the twelve apostles, usu-
ally in relief, sometimes in high relief, each
figure occupying a niche or compartment.
apostleship.(3-pos' l-ship), n. IK apostle +
-ship.]. 1. The office or dignity of an apostle.
—2. The exercise of the functions of an *Pºº
—Apostleship of prayer, in the Rom. Cath. Ch., a de.
vout union for the promotion of piety and good works
among the faithful, and the furtherance of the general in-
terests of the church, by means of prayer, especially by de-
votion to the Heart of Jesus. It was founded in the Jesuit
house of studies at Vals, diocese of Le Puy, in France, in
1844, and was approved by Pope Pius IX. in 1866, and by
Leo XIII, in 1879, and again (revised statutes) in 1896.
It numbers many millions of associates of every condition
of life throughout the world.
apostle-spoon (8-pos’l-spön), n. A spoon hav-
ing on its handle, usually at the end, the figure
of one of the apostles.
A set of twelve of these
Spoons, or Sometimes a small-
er number, often formed a
christening gift in the six-
teenth and seventeenth cen-
turies. The old apostle-
spoons which still exist are
generally of silver gilt.
Now, by my faith, a fair high
stamding-cup
And two great 'postle-spoons,
one of them gilt.
Middleton, Chaste Maid, iii. 2.
Tāt), n. [K L.L. aposto-
latus, office of an apos-
tle, Kapostolus, apostle.]
1. The dignity or office
of an apostle.
That the apostolate might
be successive and perpetual,
Christ gave them [the apos-
tles] a power of ordination.
Jer. Taylor, Episcopacy
[Asserted, § 3.
The ministry originally co-
incided with the apostolate.
Schaff. Hist. Christ. º
[I. 60.
Specifically—2. The dignity or office of the
pope; the holder of the apostolic see: used as a
title in the early middle ages, as the title Holi-
ness is employed at the present time.—Catholic
Apostolate, a name adopted by an ecclesiastical congre-
gation and certain pious societies founded by Vincent
Pallotti, a Roman priest, in 1835. Such societies com-
prise communities of secular priests, with lay brothers
attached, devoted to the work of missions; communities
of religious women, occupied with the instruction and
care of poor girls; and associations of devoted lay men
or women of any condition, who by their alms and prayers
share in the above-mentioned and other good works.
Apostle-Spoons.
apostolessł, n., [K ME. apostolesse, §º. af-
ter OF. "apostlesse, apostresse; cf. M.L. apostola,
fem. : see apostle and -ess.] A female apostle.
One of a sect,
Mennonites in the Netherlands, founded in
the seventeenth century by Samuel Apostool,
a minister of Amsterdam. Also Apostoolian.
apostolic (ap-9s-tol'ik), a. and m. [= F. aposto-
ique, K L.L. apostolicus (ML. also apostolicalis),
KLGr. & Toorožtkóc, KGr. &tróorožog: see apostle.]
I. a. 1: Pertaining or relating to or character-
istic of an apostle, or more especially of the
twelve apostles; of the apostles or an apostle:
as, the apostolic age.—2. According to the doc-
trines of the apostles; delivered or taught by
the apostles: as, apostolic faith or practice.
–3. An epithet of the Christian church, sig-
nifying her identity with the primitive church
of the apostles. See apostolicity.—4. Pertain-
ing to or conferred by the pope: as, apostolic
#: ; apostolic benediction.—Apostolic
enediction. See benediction.—Apostolic Brethren.
See II., 1 (c), and Apostoline.—Apostolic canons, certain
ordinances and regulations be º; to the first cen-
turies of the Christian church, and incorrectly ascribed
to the apostles. A collection of them, containing fifty
canons, translated from the Greek by Dionysius Exiguus,
appeared in Latin about the year 500, and about fifty
years later the Greek text, with thirty-five additional
canons, making the whole number eighty-five, was pub-
lished by John of Antioch; they are all commonly printed
at the end of the Apostolic §§§
church. See apostolic see.—Apostolic Constitutions,
a collection of diffuse instructions, relating to the duties
of clergy and laity, to ecclesiastical discipline, and to cere-
monies, divided into eight books. Unlike the apostolic
canons, they seem to have been practically unknown in
the West until their publication in the sixteenth century,
though existing in ancient MSS. in some libraries; like
the canons, they profess to be the words of the apostles,
Written down by Clement of Rome. Controversy has ex-
isted with regard to their precise age, composition, and
authoritative character. . They are now generally sup-
posed to be considerably later than the time of the apos-
tles, but to have been in existence, in the main, by the
end of the third and the beginning of the fourth cem-
tury.—Apostolic council. See council.—Apostolic fa-

apostolic
thers, See father.—Apostolic king, a title granted by
the }. to the kings of Hungary, first conferred on St.
Stephen (A. D. 1000), the founder of the royal line of Hun-
, for what he accomplished in the spreading of Chris-
§ The title was renewed by Clement XIII. in 1758,
in favor of the Austro-Hungarian royal house, and was
abolished in 1848, but was reassumed as apostolic majesty
in 1851, and restricted to the emperor in his character of
º of Hungary in 1868.— Apostolic see, a name origi-
nally º to certain churches, º. to those at
Antioch, Rome, and Ephesus, because founded by apos-
tles; now, however, specially appropriated by the Church
of Rome, on the ground that it was founded by St. Peter
and that its popes are his successors.-Apostolic suc-
cession, an uninterrupted succession of bishops, and
through them of priests and deacons (these three orders of
ministers being called the apostolic *...? in the church,
by regular ordination from the first apostles down to the
resent day, maintained by the Roman Catholic, Greek,
riental, and Anglican churches to be historical and to
be essential to the transmission of valid orders.—Catho-
Ilc ºº:: Church, a name adopted by the sect popu-
larly known as Irvingites. See Irvingite. e
II. m. [cap.] 1. A member of one of various
sects (also called Apostolicals or Apostolici)
which professed to revive the doctrine and
Fº of the apostles. (a) One of a sect which in
he third and fourth centuries condemned marriage and
individual ownership of property. (b) A member of an
anti-sacerdotal sect of the twelfth century, in Germany
and France, which denounced the corruption of the papal
hierarchy, and rejected many of the doctrines of the Ro-
Iman Church... (c) One of the Apostolic Brethren of north-
ern Italy, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, who
assumed a Vow of poverty, denounced the papacy, and
foretold its destruction and the inauguration of a new age
punder the dispensation of the Holy Ghost. Their first
leader, Sagarelli, was put to death in 1300; their second,
Dolcino, who made war against the papacy, in 1307.
2. A title of bishops in early times, afterward
limited to primates, and finally to the pope.
apostrophic” (ap-à-strofºik), a.
apostrop
267
ter or letters regularly sounded and written, and omitted
only in poetical or colloquial speech, as in o'er for over
don't for do not, etc.; or (c) of a letter regularly sounde
but not written, as in the possessives church's, foa's, Jones's,
etc., and so formerly often in similar plurals now written
in full, as churches, fores, Joneses. The apostrophe is now
extended to all possessives (except of pronouns) as a mere
šign of the case, as boy's, lion's, etc., also when the suffix
is omitted, as in conscience' sake, and in plural possessives,
as boys', lions'; and it is still used in some unusual or pe.
culiar plurals, as many D. D.'8 and LL.D.’s, a succession
of a '8, four 9's, etc.
8. The sign () used for other purposes, espe-
cially, single or double, as a concluding mark
of quotation, as in “‘Well done,’ said he.” See
guotation-mark.
aposºphis, (ap-à-strof'ik), a. [Kapostrophel
-îc.] In rhet, pertaining to, resembling, or -
of the nature of an apostrophe.
[K apostrophe?
-i6.1. In gram., pertaining to the apostrophe.
apostrophizel (3-poströ-fiz), v.; pret, and pp.
apostrophized, ppr. apostrophizing. [K apostro-
phel + -ize. § ML. apostrophare, X F. apos-
tropher.] I. trans. In rhet, to address by apos-
trophe.
There is a peculiarity in Homer's manner of apostro-
phizing Eumaeus, and speaking of him in the second per-
SOD1. Pope, Odyssey, xiv. 41, note.
II. intrans. To make an apostrophe or short
digressive address in speaking; speak in the
manner of an apostrophe.
Also spelled apostrophise.
#: º w. i. [K apostro-
phe? ---ize.] gram. : (a) To omit a letter
or letters. (b) To mark such omission with
the sign (').
apothem
one of the worshipful companies of London, incorporated
by royal charter in 1617. It is empowered to grant a li-
cense to practise medicine.—Apothecaries' Hall, the
hall of the corporation.of apothecaries of London, where
medicines are prepared and sold under their direction.—
Apothecaries' weight, the system of weights formerly
in Great Britain, and still in the United States, employed
in dispensing drugs, differing only in its subdivisions from
troy weight. The table is as follows:
Ounces. Drams. 8cruples. Grains.
1 pound (fb) = 12 = 96 = 288 = 5760
1 ounce (3) = 8 = 24 = 480
1 dram (3) = 3 = 60
1 scruple (9) := 20
apothecia, n. Plural of apothecium.
apothecial
(ap-à-thé’sial), a. [K apothecium +
-al.] Pertaining or relating to an apothecium.
Apothecial reactions for the most part take place either
externally on the epithecium or internally on the hyme-
nial gelatin. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 559.
apothecium (ap-à-thé'sium), m. ; pl. apothecia
(-siń). [NL., K. Gr. &toffffkm, storehouse.] In bot.,
the fruit of lichens and Discomycetes, usually
an open, rounded, shield- or dish-shaped body
attached to the surface, as in gymnocarpous
lichens, or globular and immersed in the sub-
stance of the thallus, as in the angiocarpous
Series of genera. An apothecium consists of an ex-
ciple and the included hymenium. The exciple is com-
posed of a layer of cells (hypothecium) with or without an
/,
3/ º
A. fift § . º ſ fift. º
§ § §§
grº
§§
º
sº
apostolical (ap-9s-tol’i-kal), a. and n. Same
as apostolić–Apostolical notary. See notary.
apostolically (ap-9s-tol’i-kal-i), adv. In an
apostolic manner.
apostolicalness (ap-9s-tol’i-kal-nes), m. The
quality of being apostolic, or of being in accor-
apostrophy#, n. See apostrophel.
apostumet, n. A corrupt form of apostem.
Apotactic (ap-Ö-takºtik), n. Same as Apotactite.
Apotactite (ap-à-tak’ tit), n. [KML. Apotactitae,
pl., K LGr. ATOtaktitat, pl., K. Gr. &Tótaktog, set
dance with the doctrines of the apostles.
apostolicism (ap-QS-tol’i-sizm), n. [Kapostolic
-ism...] . The quality of being apostolic; pro-
fession of apostolic principles or practices.
apostolicity (a-pos-tº-lis’i-ti), m. [K apostolic
-ity; formed like publicity, catholicity, etc.]
The quality of being apostolic; one of the four
ualities of the true church as given in the
onstantinopolitan Creed, A. D. 381, namely,
unity, Sanctity, catholicity, apostolicity. ,
Apostoline (à-postó-lin), n. [K ML. Aposto-
linus, K. L.L. apostolus, apostle.] A member of
a religious congregation of men established
in Milan in the fifteenth century, and follow-
ing the rule of the Hermits of St. Augustine.
They were also called Ambrosians, from the church of
St. Ambrose at their mother house, and Apostolic Breth-
Ten of the Poor Life, whence they have been sometimes
confounded with the Apostolics. §: Apostolic, n., 1 (c).)
They were for a time merged with the order of Barnabites,
apotelesmatic (apº-tel-ez-mat'ik), a.
apart for a special use, specially appointed,
verbal adj. of ātotáogetv, set apart, assign spe-
cially, Kátó, from, + Táacety, arrange, ordain: see
tactic..] One of a community of ancient Chris-
tians who, in imitation of the recorded acts of
certain of the first followers of Christ, added to
the ascetic vows of the Encratites, of whom they
were a branch, a renunciation of all personal
property: probably the same as the early Apos-
tolics. See Apostolic, n., 1 (a).
apotelesmî (a-pot'e-lezm), m. [K Gr. &TotéAeopla,
result, effect, event, the result of certain posi-
tions of the stars on human destiny, KºāToteWeiv,
complete, accomplish, K &Tó, from, + Te2eiv,
K TéWoç, end.] 1. The result; the sum and
substance. N. E. D.—2. In med., the result or
termination of a disease.—3. In astrol., the
calculation of a nativity. Bailey.
[K Gr.
& ToteWeoplattkóg, KätrotéAeopla: see apotelesm.]
21, vertical section of apothecium of Aztaptych ia ciliaris (much en-
larged): 2", cortex ; g, gonidia; m, medullary layer ; Ji, hymenium ; y,
subhymenial layer and exciple. B, Usztea barbara, and C, Sticta.
Autònomiacea, with apothecia, a.
additional subhymenial layer. The hymenium consists
of asci (otherwise thecae or thekes), which are the spore-
bearing organs, usually intermingled with slender erect
filaments (paraphyses).
and were finally suppressed in the seventeenth century.
Apostoolian (ap-os-tó‘li-an), n. See Apostolian.
apostrophel (3-poströ-fé), m. [Formerly also
apothegm (apº-them), n. [First in E. as apo-
thegm, but later also written apophthegm, = F.
apophthegme= Sp. apotegma = Pg. apophtegma,
Relating to astrology; pertaining to the casting
of horoscopes.
apotheci (apº-thek), m. [Early mod. E. also
apostrophy = G. apostrophe = F. apostrophe =
p. apostrofe = Pg. apostrophe = It. apostroſe,
apostrofa, KL. apostrophe, KGr. atrootpopſ, a turn-
ing away, Károotpépetv, turn away, K&Tó, away,
+ otpépetv, turn. Cf. strophe..] 1. In rhet., a di-
gressive address; the interruption of the course
of a speech or writing, in order to address brief-
ly a person or persons (present or absent, real
orimaginary) individually or separately; hence,
any abrupt interjectional speech. Originally
the term was applied only to such an address
made to one present.
At the close of his argument, he turned to his client, in
an affecting apostrophe. Everett, Orations, I. 277.
2. In bot., the arrangement of chlorophyl-gran-
ules under the action of direct sunlight (light-
apostrophe), and in darkness (dark-apostrophe):
in the first case upon the lateral walls of the
cells, so that their edges are presented to the
light; in the latter, upon the lateral and basal
cell-walls: used in distinction from epistrophe
(which see). . .
apostrophe° (à-poströ-fé), m. [In form and
pron. confused with apostrophel; prop. "apo-
stroph = G. apostroph = Sw. Dam. apostrof- F.
apostrophe = ; apostrofo = Pg. apostropho =
It. apostrofo, in E. first in L.L. form apostrophus,
K Lll. apostrophus, apostrophos, K Gr. & Tóotpopog,
the apostrophe, prop. adj. (Sc. Toogºdia, accent),
of turning away (elision), K & Tootpépetl, turn
away: see apostrophel.] 1. In gram., the omis-
sion of one or more letters in a word.—2. In
writing and printing, the sign () used to indicate
such omission. The omission may be º of a letter or
letters regularly written but not sounded, as in tho' for
though, liv'd for lived, aim'd for aimed, etc.; (b) of a let-
apothecke, and corruptly apothect, oppatheke,
etc., K OF. apotheque, apoteque, displaced in
later F. by the borrowed boutique, a shop, K Pr.
botica, later bowtiga, a shop, - Sp. Pg. botica,
apothecary’s shop, Šp. also bodega, a wine-cel-
lar, shop, grocery, Pg. bodega, a public house,
eating-house, = It. bottega, dial. potega, putiga,
a shop, - D. apotheek: = G. apotheke = Dam. Sw.
apothek, an apothecary’s shop, K. L. apotheca, a
repository, storehouse, warehouse, M.L. a shop,
store, K. Gr. diſſofficm, a repository, storehouse, K
ôtroTifféval, put away, Kóſtó, away, + tifféval, put,
> 0#km, a case, box, chest : see apo- and theea.]
A shop; especially, a drug-shop.
apothecary (a-poth’é-kā-ri), m.; pl. apotheca-
ries (-riz). [Early mod. E. also by apheresis
pothecary, poticary, etc., K.M.E. apothecarie,
apothicaric, etc., by apheresis potecarie, poti-
carie, etc., KOF. apotecaire, apoticaire, mod. F.
apothicaire, = Sp. Pg. boticario, apothecary, ==
It. bottegajo, a shopkeeper, = D. G. Dan, apo-
theker = Sw. apothekare, K LL. apothecarius, a
Warehouseman, ML. a shopkeeper, apothecary,
K. L. apotheca : see apothec.] One who prac-
tises pharmacy; a skilled person who prepares
drugs for medicinal uses and keeps them for
Sale; a pharmacist. In England and Ireland the
term is now specifically applied to a member of an inferior
branch of the medical profession, licensed, after examina-
tion by the Apothecaries' Company, to practise medicine
as Well as to sell and dispense drugs. In Scotland, how-
ever, as in the United States, an apothecary is simply a
pharmacist qualified by examination and license to com-
pound, sell, and dispense medicines. See druggist.—
flºº. Act, an English statute of 1815 (55 Geo.
III., c. 194) regulating the business of apothecaries, the
examination of drugs, etc.—Apothecaries’ Company,
apothegmatic (apº-theg-mat'ik), a.
apothegmatist (ap-Ö-thegma-tist), n.
apotegma = It. apotegma, apoftegma, KML. *apo-
thegma, “apophthegma, K. Gr, aſtopfle) uq, a terse,
pointed saying, KäTopbé) Yeoffat, speak out plain-
ly, K diſtó, from, + pffé) yeaffat, cry out, utter.] A
short, pithy, instructive saying; a terse remark,
conveying some important truth; a sententious
precept or maxim. Also spelled apophthegm.
Of [Sir Richard] Blackmore's attainments in the ancient
tongues, it may be sufficient to say that in i. prose he
has confounded an aphorism with an apophthegm.
Macaulay, Addison.
=Syn. Aphorism, Aariom, Maarim, etc. See aphorism.
[K Gr.
ăT0%ffeyuattkóg, sententious, K artó90s) ſta, apo-
thegm.] 1. Pertaining to or having the char-
acter of an apothegm; containing an apothegm.
or apothegms; sententious.-2. Given to the
use of apothegms.
Also spelled apophthegmatic.
apothegmatical (ap’º-thog-mat’i-kal), a. Same
as apothegmatic. Also spelled apophthegmatical.
[K Gr.
diſtóð6eyua(T-), apothegm, -H -ist.] A collector
or maker of apothegms. Also spelled apoph-
thegmatist.
apothegmatize (ap-Ö-thegſma-tiz), v. i.; pret.
and pp. apothegmatized, pp.r. apothegmatizing.
[KGr, diſtópffeypla(T-), apothegm, + -ice.] To utter
apothegms. Also spelled apophthegmatice.
apothem, apotheme (apº-them, -them), m. [=
l". apothème, K NL. apothema, K. Gr, as if *āró-
6eua, K &Tott0éval, set off, put aside, deposit: see
apothesis.l.. 1. In geom., a perpendicular let
fall from the center of a regular polygon upon
one of its sides.—2. In pharmaceutics, the more
or less completely insoluble brownish substance

















apotherm
tinctures, etc., are subjected to prolonged evap-
oration by heat with access of air. The sub-
stance or Substances out of which it is in this
way formed constitute the so-called eaſtractive.
apotherma (a-pothºe-mâ), m.
them.] Same as apothém.
apotherme, n. See apothem.
apotheosis (ap-à-thé’ó-sis or ap’ī-thé-Ö'sis),
in. ; pl. apothéoses (-Séz). [LL., K. Gr. &irofféogic,
a deification, K attoffeóetv, atroffeoûv, deify, K ató,
from, -i- 6eóg, a god..] 1. Deification; conse-
Cration; specifically, under the Roman empire,
the formal attribution of divine honors to a de-
ceased emperor or other member of the imperial
family.
A regular custom was introduced, that on the decease
of every emperor who had neither lived nor died like a ty-
rant, the senate, by a solemn decree, should place him in
the number of the gods; and the ceremonies of his apo-
theosis were blended with those of his funeral. Gibbon.
In order to invest themselves with a sacred character,
the emperors adopted the religious device of an apotheosis.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 272.
2. Figuratively, excessive honor paid to any
great or distinguished person; the ascription
of extraordinary virtues or superhuman quali-
ties to a human being.
Exerting himself in laudation, almost in apotheosis, of
the Tepublican heroes and martyrs.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 399.
3. The personification and undue exaltation of
a virtue, a sentiment, or an idea.
The apotheosis of chivalry, in the person of their apos-
tle and patron, St. James. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., Int.
apotheosize (ap-Ö-thé'6-siz or ap’º-thé-6'siz),
v. t. ; pret. and pp. apotheosized, ppr. apothéosiz-
ing. [K apotheosis + -ize.] 1. To consecrate
or exalt to the dignity of a deity; deify.—2.
To pay excessive honor or ascribe superhuman
qualities to ; glorify ; exalt.
apothesis (a-pothºe-sis), m. [NL. (L., in arch.,
the same as apophyge), K. Gr. atróðeotg, a laying
up, a putting back or away, a storing up, a set-
ting or disposition of a dislocated or fractured
limb, also the same as apodyterium, q. v., K
ôtroTufféval, put back or away, K. Čitró, away, +
Tifféval, put, set, place: see apo- and thesis.]
In surg.: (a) The reduction of a dislocation or
fracture. Hooper. (b) The disposition proper
to be given to a fractured limb after reduction.
Dunglison.
apotome (a-pot/3-mé), m. [NL., K. Gr. &Totopiń,
a cutting off, a piece, the larger segment of a
tone, K attotégwetv, cut off, K ató, off, -- Tóplvetv,
Tapeiv, cut.] 1. In math., a term used by Euclid
to denote a straight line which is the difference
between two straight lines that are rational (in
Euclid's sense, that is, are either commensur-
able with the unit line, or have their squares
commensurable with the square on the unit
line) and that are commensurable in power
only (that is, have their squares commensur-
able, but are themselves incommensurable).
Apotomes are of six incommensurable classes. To define
these, let odenote the length of the minuend line, called
by Euclid the whole, and let T denote the length of the
subtrahend line, called by Euclid the adapted line (trpoor-
applógovora). The apotome is o-tr. It is a first apotome if
o and Vo2–112 are commensurable with the unit line. It
is a second apotome if Vo2–7: 2 is commensurable with o
and Tris commensurable With the unit line. It is a third
apotome if Vo2—tr2 is commensurable with o, but neither
o nor m is commensurable with the unit line. It is a fourth
apotone if o is incommensurable with Vo2–13, but is com-
mensurable with the unit line. It is a fifth apotome if
Vo2–72 is incommensurable but it commensurable with
the unit line. It is a siath apotome if neither Vo2–tr2,
o, nor ºr is commensurable with unity. The first apotome
of a medial line is the difference of two medial lines, com:
mensurable in power only, whose rectangle is a rational
area. The second apotome of a medial line is the difference
of two medial lines, commensurable in power only, Whose
rectangle is a medial area. {e
2. In the Pythagorean musical system, the
greater of the two half steps or semitones into
which the whole step or whole tone is divided.
Its vibration-ratio is ###!.
apotomy (a-pot/3-mi), m. Same as apotom6.
apotrepsis (ap-à-trep'sis), n. [NL., K. Gr., áT6-
togiſtſ, aversion, a turning away, Kättotpéretv,
turn away: see apotropous.] In med, the reso-
lution of an inflammatory tumor. [Rare.]
apotropaia, n. Plural of apotropañom.
apotropaic (apº-trö-pā'ik), a... [Kapotropaion
+ -ic.] Possessing the property of an apotro-
paion; having the reputed power of averting
evil influences.
The sacrifice [to Mars] of the “October horse,” in the
Carnpus Martius, . . . had also a naturalistic and apotro-
paic character. Encyc. Brit., XV. 570.
[NL. : see apo-
Apoust, m.
268
deposited when vegetable infusions, decoctions, apotropaion (apº-trö-pā’yon), n.; pl. apotro-
paia Gyá). ... prop. “apotropaºum, -abon,
repr. Gr. attorpótratov, neut. of ātrotpétratog, avert-
ing evil, Kaitorportſ, a turning away, averting
Károtpéretv, turn away, avert: see āşotropouj
In Gr. antiq., any sign, symbol, or amulet re-
puted to have the power of averting the evil
•vin or i orai jºr *.
eye or of serving in any way as a charm against Aºi. (ap-a-lach’i-an or -lä(chi-an), a.
[
bad luck. In art, the representation of an eye, as on
painted vases, was often introduced in this character; and
figurines of comic, indecent, or terrifying subjects and cari-
catures of any other nature also did duty as apotropaia.
apºpº (a-pot' rú-pus), a.. [KNL. apotropus,
Gr. & Tórporog, turned away, Károtpérety, turn
away, K&tró, away, + toérretv, turn..] In bot.,
turned away: applied by Agardh to an anat-
ropous ovule which when erect or ascending
Has its raphe toward the placenta, or averse
from it when pendulous: opposed to epitropows
(which see). * *
See Apus.
apoxyomenos(a-pok-si-om"e-nos), n.; pl. apoºy-
omenoi (-noi). [Gr. &Tošvöplevoc, ppr. mid. of
ătroşūetv, scrape off, Kátó, off, + ščeiv, scrape.]
In Gr, antiq., one using the strigil; one scrap-
ing dust and perspiration from his body, as a
bather or an athlete. Famous representations
in art are a statue by Polycletus and one by
Lysippus.
My own impression of the relief [at Athens] of Apoacy-
ommemoi is that the style had been influenced by Praxiteles.
A. S. Murray, Greek Sculpture, II. 334, note.
apozem (ap'é-Zem), m. [KL. apozema, K. Gr. atrá-
Čepia, a decoction, Kätroſeiv, boil till the scum is
thrown off, K&Tó, from, H- Čeiv, boil.] In med.,
a decoction or aqueous infusion of one or more
medicinal substances to which other medica-
#. jº added, such as salts or syrups.
8,I’0.
apozemical (ap-Ö-zem’i-kal), a. [Kapozem +
-ical.] Pertaining to or having the nature of
an apozem. [Rare.] -
appairi (a-pâr’), v. [K ME. apairen, apayrén,
apeiren, apeyren, and by apheresis pairen, peiren,
reduced from ampairen, ampairen, more cor-
rectly empeiren, whence iate; empair, mod. im-
pair, q.v.] I. trams. To deface; damage; make
worse; impair; bring into discredit; ruin.
It is a synne and eek a gret folye
To apeyren any man or hym defame.
Chaucer, Prol. to Miller's Tale, l. 39.
II. intrams. To degenerate; become weaker;
grow worse; deteriorate; go to ruin.
It shulde not a paire. Chawcer, House of Fame, l. 756.
appal, appall (3-pâl"), v.; pret, and pp. ap-
palled, ppr. appalling. [Early mod. E. also ap-
paule, apawl, K. M.E. appallen, apallen, K OF.
apallir, appallir, to grow pale, also apalir, ap-
palir (whence, or according to which, the later-
appearing E. appale, q. v.), := It. appallidire,
grow pale, K L. ad (> It. a, F. d), to, + pallidus,
> It. pallido, O.F. pale, palle, mod. F. pale, pale:
see pall? and pale2.] I.; intrans. 1. To grow
pale or become dim.
Hir liste mat appalled for to be.
Chawcer, Squire's Tale, 1.357.
2. To become weak in quality, or faint in
strength; fade; fail; decay.
Therewith her wrathful courage gan appall.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. vi. 26.
Like the Fire, whose heat doth soon appale.
Tofte, Alba, ii., Pref. (N. E. D.)
3. To become faint-hearted; lose courage or
resolution; become dismayed.—4. To become
weak, flat, stale, and insipid; lose flavor or taste,
as fermented liquor.
I appalle, as drinke dothe or wyne, when it lesith his
colour, or ale whan it hath stande longe. Palsgrave.
II. trans. 1+. To make pale; cause to grow
pale; blanch.
The answer that ye made to me, my dear, . . .
Hath so appalled my countenance.
Wyatt, To his Love.
2#. To cause to become weak or to fail; weaken;
reduce.
But it were for an olde appalled [var. palled] Wight.
Chaucer, Shipman's Tale, 1. 102.
All other thirst appall’d. Thomson, Seasons.
Severus, being appalled with age, . . . was constrained
to keep his chamber. Stow, Chron., The Romaynes.
3. To deprive of courage or strength through
fear; cause to shrink with fear; confound with
fear; dismay ; terrify: as, the sight appalled
the stoutest heart.
Every noise appals me. Shak, Macbeth, ii. 2.
Does neither rage inflame nor fear appal?
Pope, Imit. of Hor., II. ii. 308.
4}. To cause to become weak, flat, or stale, or
to lose flavor or taste, as fermented liquor.
appal, appall (8-pâl'), m.
appºie, (a-pâlſ), v.
appalementt, n.
* (a-pâl’ment), n.
appanage (ap'a-nāj), n.
apparailet, n, and v.
apparatef (ap'a-rät), m.
apparatus
Wine of its own nature will not congeal and freeze;
only it will lose the strength and bºº in ex-
tremity of cold. Holland, tr. of Pliny.
IK appal, appall, v.]
state of terror; affright; dismay ; cóñsterna:
tion. [Rare.]
Him [Ajax] viewed the Greeks exulting, with appal
The Trojans, Cowper, Iliad, vi.
amed from the Appalaches, an Indian tribe.]
Appellative of or pertaining to a system of
mountains in eastern North America, extending
from Cape Gaspé, in the jº. of Quebec,
to northern Alabama, and divided into many
ranges bearing separate names. The whole system
has also been called the Alleghanies, after its most exten-
sive division. The name Appalachian Was first applied by
the Spaniards to the extreme southern part of the system.
Also sometimes spelled Apalachian, after, the Spanish
orthography:-Appalachian tea, the American name for
the leaves of two plants, Vibwrnwm, cassimoides and Ilea:
Cassime, sometimes used as a substitute for Chinese tea,
[Early mod. E. also apale,
: appalir, apalir; being the same as appall,
K OF. apallir, appallir, in closer association
with pale: see appal, pale?, v., and pall?..] An
old spelling of appal.
[Kappale + -ment.] An old
form of appalment.
appall, v, and n. See appal.
appalling (à-pâ'ling), p. a. Causing or fitted
to cause dismay or horror: as, an appalling
accident; an appalling sight.
All the avenues of enquiry were painted with images of
appalling suffering, and of malicious daemons.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 243.
appallingly (3-pâ'ling-li), adv. In a manner to
appal or transfix with fright; shockingly. .
[Kappal + -ment.]
e state of being appalled; depression occa-
sioned by fear; discouragement through fear.
Also spelled appallment, and formerly appale-
ment. [Rare.]
The furious slaughter of them was a great discourage-
ment and appalement to the rest. Bacon, Hen. VII., p. 35.
[K F. appanage, appe-
mage (Cotgrave), apamage, now only apamage (>
E. also apamage), KOF. apaner = Pr; apamar, Š
ML. *appanare, apamare, furnish with bread, K
L. ad, to, + panis (> F. pain), bread.] 1. Origi-
nally, in the feudal law of france, that which
was granted to the sons of the sovereignfortheir
support, as lands and privileges, and which re-
verted to the crown on the failure of male heirs.
In Scotland, at a later date, appanage was the patrimony
of the king's eldest son, upon whose death or succession
to the throne it reverted to the crown. In England, the
duchy of Cornwall is sometimes regarded as an appanage of
the Prince of Wales; in addition, he and other members
of the royal family receive from Parliament allowances
amounting to £156,000 out of the annual income derived
from the hereditary crown lands surrendered to Parliament
in the time of William IV.
IFrance could little afford to see Normandy separated
from its body, even though it was to form an apamage of
one of its own princes.
E. A. Freeman, Norm. Conq., III. 78.
2. Whatever belongs or falls to one from one's
rank or station in life.
“I preferrespect to admiration,” said Flora; “but I fear
that respect is not the appamage of such as I am.”
Disraeli, Coningsby, iv. 8.
3. A natural or necessary accompaniment; an
endowment or attribute.
Where, save the rugged road, we find
No appamage of human kind.
Wordsworth, Pass of Kirkstone.
4. A dependent territory; a detached part of
the dominions of a crown or government; as,
India is now only an appanage of Great Britain.
Also written apamage, and sometimes appe-
'mage. º
r
appanagist? (ap'a-nā-jist), n. [KF. apamagiste:
See appanage and -ist.] A prince to whom an
appanage was granted. Penny Cyc., II. 144.
apparaget, n. IK OF. aparage, K aparer, Ka, to,
par, equal. Cf. mod. F. parage, rank, and E.
peerage.] Noble extraction; nobility; rank;
quality. N. E. D.
A Middle English form
of apparel.
Same as apparatus.
Such apparate and order for public sacrifices.
Sheldom, Miracles, p. 271.
āpparatus (ap-a-rā’tus), m. Sing, and pl.; pl. also
rarely apparatuses (-ez). [L., pl. apparatus,
preparation, equipment, gear, K apparatus, pp.
of apparare, adparare, prepare, Kad, to, + para-
Ye, make ready, º : see pare and prepare.]
An equipment of things provided and adapted
as means to some end; especially, a collection,
combination, or set of machinery, tools, instru-
apparatus
ments, utensils
tended, ada ted necessary for the accom-
plishment of some purpose, such as mechani-
cal, work, experimenting, etc.; as, chemical,
philosophical, or surgical apparatus.
The whole military apparatus of the archduke was put
in motion. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 17.
Specifically—(a) In physiol., a collection of organs which,
though differing in structure, all minister to the same func-
tion: as, the respiratory apparatus ; the digestive appa-
7'atus. (b) A collection of materials for any literary work:
as, critical apparatus for the study of the Greek text of the
New Testament.—Apparatus belli (Latin), materials of
war; ammunition; military ºw.º.º. §:
toris (New Latin), the Sculptor's Workshop, a constella-
tion situated in that region of the heavens which lies im-
mediately to the east of the large star Fomalhaut, or a
Piscis Australis, and south of Cetus. It has no conspicu-
ous stars.
apparel (a-par'el), v. t. ; pret. and pp. appareled
or apparelled, ppr. appareling or apparelling.
[Early mod. £ aſso aparel, aparrell, etc., KME.
aparailen, apparaîlen, -aylen, -éilem, -eylen, etc.,
and by apheresis paraſilen, K OF. aparailler,
apareiller, F. appareiller, dress, prepare, — Pr.
aparelhar = Sp. * ejar =Pg. apparelhar = It.
apparecchiare, K L. as if *adpariculare, make
equal or fit, Kad, to, + “pariculus (> It. parecchio
= Pg. parelho = Sp. parejo = Pr, parelh = F.
fºrº equal, like), dim. of par, equal: see par.]
#. To make ready; prepare; fit out; put in
proper order.
For ther he wolde hire weddying apparaile.
Chawcer, Good Women, 1.2473.
2. To dress or clothe; adorn or set off; deck
with ornaments.
. Behold, they which are gorgeously apparelled, and live
delicately, are in kings' courts. Luke vii. 25.
It is no greater charity to clothe his body, than apparel
the nakedness of his soul.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 3.
She did apparel her apparel, and with the preciousness
of her body made it most sumptuous. Sir P. Sidney.
You may have trees apparelled with flowers by boring
holes in them, putting into them earth, and setting seeds
of violets. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 504.
3. To furnish with external apparatus; equip:
as, ships appareled for Sea. -
apparel (a-parſel), m. [Early mod. E. also
aparel, aparrel, etc., and parel, parrell, etc., K
M.E. aparel, apparail, apareil, and by apheresis
parel, KOF. aparail, apareil, aparel, preparation,
equipment, F. appareil, preparation, provision,
= Pr. aparelh = Sp. aparéjo = Pg. apparelho
= It apparecchio; from the verb.] 1+. Prepa-
ration; the work of preparing or providing.—
2. Things prepared or provided; articles or
materials to be used for a given purpose ; ap-
paratus; equipment. Specifically—(at) The furni-
ture, appendages, or attachments of a house. ...(b) Nawt.,
the furnishings or equipment of a ship, as sails, rigging,
anchors, guns, etc. -
. The carpenters were building their magazines of oares
masts, &c., for an hundred gallys and ships, which have a
their aparell and furniture meere them.
* Evelyn, Diary, June, 1645.
3. A person's outer clothing or vesture; rai-
ment; external array; hence, figuratively, as-
pect; guise.
Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,
But not express'd in fancy; rich, not gaudy :
For the apparel oft pioclaims the man.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 3.
At publick devotion his resigned carriage made religion
appear in the natural apparel of simplicity. Tatler.
4. Eccles, an ornament of the alb and amice,
found as a simple fringe or colored stripe earlier
than the tenth century,
most extensively em-
ployed and elaborate in
workmanship during the
thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries, and still used
in the form of pieces of
lace sewed upon silk. The
apparels of the alb are either
§. quadrangular patches
on the wrists and on the skirt
before and behind, or bands
completely encircling the skirt
and wrists. The apparel of the
amice is on the outside part, º ** "
which is turned down like a §§§
collar. It was often in orphrey- ſº
work adorned with precious , Part of the Apparel of the
StoneS SO *:::::::: to form ãº, .# A. º §.
sacred emblems. =Syn. 3. Rai- Sºlº,
ment, costume, attire, clothes, Yº...?) Dict. du Mo-
garb, habiliments. *
apparelmentt, n. IK ME. apparaillement, apa-
raylment, KOF, apareillement=Pr. aparelhamen,
aparellamen = OSp. aparéjamiento = Pg. appa-
relhamento = It. apparecchiamento : . See apparel
and-ment.] Equipment; clothing; adornment.
Chaucer, Boëthius.
ii
:§
:wºº
---
§
&
§
ºs
3.
º
º
ſº tº
Nº º 'º -
º:
Nººr
º:
* * *
D.#
§
§
:
Sº
º
Ş.
§
s
§
*
&§
&§
i
§ § apparently (a-pâr’ ent-li), adv.
apparisht (a-par’ish), v. t.
269
º. or materials in- apparenceſ, apparency? (a-pār’ens, -en-si), n.
... apparence, º: aparence, -aunce,
also apparencie, K OF. aparence, aparance, F.
apparence = Pr. apparencia, aparensa = Sp.
#". = Pg. apparencia = It. apparenza, K
... apparentia, appearance, in ML. also simula-
tion, Kapparen (t+)3, apparent: see apparent. Cf.
appearance.] 1. Preparation; making ready.
–2. Superficial seeming; external semblance;
appearance: as, “vain and gaudy apparencies,”
Bp. Wren.
Outward apparance is no authentic instance of the in-
Ward desires. Middleton, Family of Love, i. 2.
3. The quality of being apparent to the senses
or to the mind; apparentness.-4. The posi-
tion of being an heir apparent. N. L. D.
apparent (3-pârſent), a. and n. [K ME. appa-
ºrant, -aunt, aparant, also by apheresis parent,
‘K OF. aparant, -ent, F. apparent = Pr. appa-
rent = Sp. aparente = Pg. It apparente, K L.
apparen (t–)8, ppr. of apparére, adparére, pome in
sight, appear: See appear and -antl.] I. a. 1.
Exposed to the sense of sight; open to view;
capable of being seen, or easily seen; visible to
the eye; within the range of vision.
By some apparent sign
Let us have knowledge at the court of guard.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
As we rapidly approached the land the beauty of the
scenery became more fully apparent.
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. ii.
2. Capable of being clearly perceived or un-
derstood; obvious; plain or clear; evident: as,
the wisdom of the Creator is apparent in his
works.
At that time Cicero had vehement suspicions of Caesar,
but no apparent proof to convince him. North.
3. Having the character of a mere seeming or
appearance, in distinction from what is true or
real: as, the apparent motion of the Sun ; his
anger was only apparent.
For the powers of nature, notwithstanding their appa-
rent magnitude, are limited and stationary.
Buckle, Civilization, I. 46.
Culture inverts the vulgar view of nature, and brings the
mind to call that apparent which it uses to call real, and
that real which it uses to call visionary. Emerson, Nature.
4+. Probable; likely: as, “the three apparent
candidates,” H. Walpole.—Apparent day, the real
or true solar day, as distinguished from the mean day. .
See day.—Apparent declination, the declination of the
apparent place of a star.—Apparent diameter of a
heavenly body, the angle which its diameter subtends
at the eye, that is, the angle made by lines drawn from
the extremities of its diameter to the eye.—Apparent
double point, in math., a point on a curve in Space
which appears to be double to an eye placed at a given
point.—Apparent ea.Sement. See easement.—Appa-
rent or intentional ens. See ens.—Apparent figure,
the figure or shape under which an object appears when
seen at a distance.—Apparent horizon. The horizon
as affected by dip and refraction.—Apparent magni-
tude. See magnitude.—Apparent noon, the instant at
which the center of the Sun crosses the meridian.—Ap-
parent place of a star, etc., the place on the celestial
sphere where it would appear but for refraction ; some-
times the place where it does appear.—Apparent posi-
tion, in optics, the position in which an object appears to
be when seen through glass, water, or any other diffract-
ing medium, as distinguished from its true position. See
refraction.—Apparent right ascension, the right as-
cension of the apparent place of a star.—Apparent time,
the hour-angle of the sun.—Heir apparent. See heir.
=Syn. 1 and 2. Clear, distinct, manifest, patent, unmis-
takable.—3. Ostensible.
II.t m. An heir apparent.
R. Hen. Draw thy sword in right. . . .
Prince. I'll draw it as apparent to the crown,
And in that quarrel use it to the death.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 2.
- 1. Openly;
evidently to the senses or the intellect.
I would not spare my brother in this case,
If he should scorn me so apparently.
r Shak., C. of E., iv. 1.
2. Seemingly; in appearance, whether in real-
ity or not; as far as one can judge: as, he is
apparently well; only apparently friendly.
The motions of a watch, apparently uncaused by any-
thing external, seem spontaneous.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 65.
apparentness (a-pâr’ent-nes), R.. The state or
duality of being apparent; plainness to the
eye or to the mind; visibleness; obviousness.
[Late ME. appa-
rysshe, K OF. apariss-, stem of certain parts of
aparir, aparer, K. L. apparére, appear: See ap-
pear.] To appear. Cawton, Golden Legend.
(N. E. D.
*Pºiº (ap-a-rish'Qn), n. IK F. apparition,
. apparitio(m-), an appearance, epiphany,
also attendants, L. only in sense of attendance,
attendants, K apparére, adparére, pp. apparitus,
apparitional (ap-à-rish (gn-al), a.
apparitor (a-par’i-tor), m.
appaumée (a-pô-mā’), a.
appayt, "... t.
appeach
* (a-pê'chēr), m.
(
appeachmentt (a-pêch’ment), m.
appeachment
adparitus, appear, attend, wait upon, serve: See
appear, apparent, and apparitor.] 1. The act
of appearing or coming into sight; appearance;
the state of being visible; visibility.
When the holy churchman join'd our hands,
Qur vows were real then; the ceremony
Was not in apparition, but in act. -
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, v. 3,
The sudden apparition of the Spaniards. Prescott.
Louis XIV. appeared [at Chambord] on several occa-
sions, and the apparition was characteristically brilliant.
H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 39.
2. That which appears or becomes visible; an
appearance, especially of a remarkable or phe-
nomenal kind.
Let us interrogate the great apparition that Shines so
peacefully around us. Emerson, Nature.
Miss Edgeworth taught a contempt of falsehood, no
less in its most graceful than in its meanest apparitions.
Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 131.
Specifically—3. A ghostly appearance; a spec-
ter orphantom: now the usual sense of the word.
Tender minds should not receive early impressions of
goblins, spectres, apparitions, wherewith maids fright
them into compliance. Locke.
4. In astrom., the first appearance of a star or
other luminary after having been obscured:
#; to occultation.—Circle of apparition, or
of perpetual apparition, the bounding circle of that
part of the heavens which is always visible; that circle
of declination which is tangent to the horizon. =Syn, 3.
Specter, Phantom, etc. See ghost.
[K appari-
tion + -al.] 1. Resembling an apparition; hav-
ing the nature of a phantom; spectral.—2.
Capable of appearing; endowed with material-
izing qualities.—Apparitional soul, a thin, unsub-
stantial human image conceived, in certain phases of
primitive thought, as the cause of life and mind, capable
of quitting the body for a time or altogether, and so leav-
ing it insensible or dead, and when thus absent from it
appearing to other individuals asleep or awake.
Closely allied . . . to the primitive notion of the appa-
ritional soul, is the belief in the soul's existence after
death. Encyc. Brit., II. 55.
That the apparitional human soul bears the likeness of
its fleshly body, is the principle implicitly accepted by all
who believe it really and objectively present in dream or
vision. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, I. 406.
- [L., a servant, esp.
a public servant (lictor, scribe, military aide,
priest, etc.), Kapparére, adparére, attend, serve:
See apparition.] 1. In Rom. antiq., any officer
who attended magistrates and judges to execute
their orders.-2. Any officer of a civil court,
or his servant or attendant.—3. Any one who
puts in an appearance; an appearer. [Rare.]
The Higher Court . . . in which . . . every Human
Soul is an apparitor. Carlyle, Past and Present, p. 211.
4. Eccles., a messenger or an officer who serves
the process of a spiritual court; the lowest
officer of an ecclesiastical tribunal.
He swallowed all the Roman hierarchy, from the pope
to the apparitor. Ayliffe, Parergon.
When my great-grandfather wished to read the Bible to
his family, . . . one of the children stood at the door to give
notice if he saw the apparitor coming, who was an officer
of the spiritual court. I'ranklin, Autobiog., pp. 8, 9.
5. The beadle in a university, who carries the
Iſla C6.
[F., Kä (K. L. ad, to)
+ paume, the palm of the hand: see palm..] In
her., open and extended so as to show
the palm with thumb and fingers at |
full length: said of the human hand.
Also spelled apaumée.
See apay.
# (a-pêch"), v. t. [Early mod.
E. also apeach, KME. appechen, ape-
chem (and by apheresis pechen, X mod.
E. peach2, q.v.), reduced from earlier empechen,
whence the usual mod. form impeach, q. v. Cf.
appair, impair.] 1. To impeach.
Be did, amongst many others, appeach Sir William Stan-
ley, the lord chamberlain. Bacon, Hen. VII.
Nor can'st, nor dar'st thou, traitor, on the plain
Appeach my honour, or thine own maintain.
Dryden, Pal, and Arc., l. 300.
2. To censure; reproach; accuse; give accu-
satory evidence.
And oft of error did himselfe appeach.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xi, 40.
[K ME. apechowre
rompt. Parv.), KAF. empechour, OF. empe-
cheor: See appeach and -er.] An accuser.
[K appeach
+ -ment. Cf. impeachment.] Accusation; im-
peachment; charge.
The duke's answers to his appeachments, in number thir-
teen, I find very diligently and civilly couched,
Sir H. Wotton.
A Right Hand
Appaumee.

appeal
ãppeal (3-pêl'), v. [Early mod. E. also apeal, and
appell, apell, K.M.E. appelen, apelen, KOF, apeler,
F. appeler = Pr: appelar = Sp. apélar = Pg. ap-
pellar = It appellare, K.L. appellāre, adpelláre,
address, appeal to, summon, accuse, accost by
name, a secondary form of appellère, adpelléré,
bring to, drive to, bring to land, Kad, to, + pel-
lère, drive. Cf. eaſpel, impel, propel, repel, and
See repeal.] __I. trans. 1. To call; summon;
challenge. [Rare.]
Man to man will I appeal the Norman to the list;
CO
2. In law: (a) To remove, as a cause, from a
lower to a higher judge or court. See appeal,
7..., 2 (b).
Causes of any importance were appealed from the Scul-
dasco to the Gastaldo. Browgham.
(b) Formerly, to charge with a crime before a
tribunal; accuse; institute a criminal prosecu-
tion against for some heinous offense: with of
before the offense charged: as, to appeal a per-
son of felony.
I appeal you of murder. B. Jomson.
In November, 1817, William Ashford appealed Abraham
Thornton, to answer for the alleged murder of appellant's
Sister. .N. and Q., 6th ser., XI. 252.
If a Frenchman appealed an Englishman, the English-
man had the choice of either mode of trial.
E. A. Freeman, Norm. Conq., IV. 423.
8t. To address; offer up, as an appeal.
They both uprose and tooke their ready way
Unto the church, their praiers to appele.
Spenser, F. Q., III. ii. 48.
II. intrans. 1. To call for aid, mercy, sym-
pathy, or the like; make an earnest entreaty,
or have the effect of an entreaty.
Against their merit if this age rebel,
To future times for justice they appeal.
Dryden, Art of Poetry, iii. 755.
The deepening expression of pain on Philip's face . . .
made the deformity appeal more strongly to her pity.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, v. 1.
2. In law, to refer to a superior judge or court
for the decision of a cause depending ; specifi-
cally, to refer a decision of a lower court or
judge to a higher one, for reëxamination and
revisal.
I appeal unto Caesar. Acts XXV. 11.
3. To refer to another person or authority for
the decision of a question controverted, or for
the corroboration of testimony or facts; in gen-
eral, to refer to some tribunal explicitly men-
tioned or implied.
I appeal to the Scriptures in the original.
Horsley, Sermons, I. i.
I appeal from your customs. I must be myself.
Emerson, Self-Reliance.
4. To have recourse; resort for proof, decision,
or settlement: as, to appeal to force.
Not prevailing by dispute, he appeals to a miracle, re-
storing to sight a blind man whom the Britons could not
CULI'ê. Milton, Hist. Eng., iv.
[In all senses, with to or wmto before the tribunal whose
judgment is asked, and from before that whose decision is
* rejected.] -
appeal (a-pêl'), n. [Early mod. E. also appel,
appell, apell; & M.E. apeel, apel, apele (and by
apheresis pele, X mod. E. peal, q.v.), KOF. apel,
. appel, appeal; from the verb.] 1. An address
or invocation; a call for sympathy, mercy,
aid, or the like; a supplication; an entreaty:
as, an appeal for help; an appeal for mercy.
Whenever yet was your "gº! *śry 1
ak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 1.
2. A proceeding taken to reverse a decision
by submitting it to the review of a higher au-
thority: as, an appeal to the house from a de-
cision of the chair. In law: (a) Sometimes
used in the above general meaning, So as to
include writs of error, certiorari, etc. (b)
Strictly, the removal of a cause or suit from a
lower to a higher tribunal, in order that the lat-
ter may revise, and, if it seems needful, reverse
or amend, the decision of the former. . In modern
usage an appeal implies not merely a preliminary objec-
tion, but a proceeding for review after a decision has been
rendered. Tas now used, it is a proceeding derived from
the courts of equity. The mode of review at common law
was formerly not to remove the cause, but only to bring
up specific points or questions by writs of error. ... This was
changed in England by the judicature acts of 1873–5, and
there is now one Court of Appeal for all cases. In Scotland
the highest appellate court is the Court of Session. The
judgments of both these courts may be appealed to the
ouse of Lords. In the United States the appeal has been
to a great extent substituted for the writ of error. The
highest appellate courts are, for federal questions arising
in either federal or State courts, the United States Su-
preme Court; for other questions, the Supreme courts,
courts of appeal, or courts of error of the Various States,
the practice being wholly regulated by statutes. (c) The
appealable (a-pê'la-bl.), a.
appealanti (a-pê'lant), n.
270
mode of procedure by which such removal is
effected. (d) The right of removal to a higher
court. (e) Formerly, a vindictive action at the
suit of a party injured when the supposed crimi-
nal had been previously acquitted on an indict-
ment Or Pººh. The appellant raised an action
(which had to be brought within a year) and demanded
the punishment of the accused, who had to submit to a
fresh trial by jury, or demand a trial by wager of battle.
He was threatened with an appeal of murder by the
widow of a Protestant clergyman.
Macawlay, Hist. Eng., xxix.
3. A Summons to answer to a charge; a chal-
lenge.
Nor shall the sacred character of king
Be urged to shield me from thy bold appeal.
Dryden.
4. A call to another to sanction or witness; a
reference to another for proof or decision: as,
in an oath a person, makes an appeal to the
Deity for the truth of his declaration.—5. Re-
Sort or recourse for decision.
Every milder method is to be tried before a nation makes
an appeal to arms. Rent.
In the community of nations, the first appeal is to physi-
cal force. Macaulay, Utilitarian Theory of Government.
Commission of Appeals. See commission1.= Syn. 1.
Petition, Swit, etc. (see prayer), Solicitation, application.
[K appeal + -able.]
i. Capable of being appealed; admitting of
appeal; removable to a higher tribunal for de-
CIS1OIl.
Pressure on the bench to make as many decisions as
possible in a given time tends . . . to engender appealable
decisions and prolong litigation. The Century, X. 330.
2. Liable to be accused or called to answer
by appeal: applied to persons: as, appealable
for manslaughter.—3. That may be appealed
(to). N. E. D.
[K appeal + -anti.
ºppellant. One who appeals; an appel-
8. Ll
appealer (a-pê'lér), n. [K appeal +-er1. Cf.
appellor.] 1. One who appeals, or carries his
cause to a higher court.—2. An appellor; an
accuser or informer.
I should become an appealer, or every bishop's espie.
Foxe, Book of Martyrs (Thorpe).
appealingly (a-pê'ling-li), adv. In an appeal
ing or entreating manner; beseechingly.
appealingness (à-pê'ling-nes), n. The quality
of being appealing, or of awakening sympathy,
pity, or the like.
Ready sympathy . . . made him alive to a certain ap-
pealingness in her behaviour towards him.
George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xxxv.
appear (a-pêrſ), v. f. [Early mod. E. also apear,
appeer (and by apheresis pear, X mod, dial. pear),
. apeeren, aperen, appieren, K.O.F. aperer,
apperer (Roquefort), aparir, reg. inf. apareir,
aparoir = Pr aparer = It, apparire, apparere, K
L. apparére, adparére, appear, K ad, to, + pa-
Tère, appear, come in sight (a secondary form
of parére, produce); see apparent and parent.]
1. To come or be in sight; become visible by
approach or by emerging from concealment; be
exposed to view.
And God said, . . . Let the dry land appear. Gen. i. 9.
The angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a flame of
fire Out of the midst of a bush. Ex. iii. 2.
In each cheek appears a pretty dimple.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, l. 242.
2. To standin presence, as parties or advocates
before a court; make appearance.
We must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ.
2 Cor. v. 10.
3. To come or be placed before the public;
come to the notice of the public: as, the actor
appeared only once a week; his history appeared
in 1880.-4. To be obvious; be known, as a
subject of observation or comprehension; be
clear or made clear by evidence.
It doth not yet appear what we shall be. 1 John iii. 2.
5. To seem; have a certain semblance or ap-
pearance; look; as, he appeared to be wise; it
appears to me that this is unsafe; he appears
very old.
They disfigure their faces, that they may
men to fast.
Months to the old man appear no longer than weeks to
the young man. II. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 91.
6+. To be understood; be intelligible: as, “Do
I now appear?” Cotgrave.—Appearing gratis, in
chancery practice, the act of a defendant in causing his ap-
pearance to be entered to defend a suit without waiting
to be served with a process.-Syn. 5. Look, etc. See seem.
appearf (3-pêr'), n. [Kappear, v.] Appearance.
Here will I wash it in the morning's dew,
Which she on every little grass doth strew
In silver drops #. the Sun's appear.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, v. 4.
ear unto
at. vi. 16.
appeaS6
appearance §º. m. [Early mod. E. also
appeerancé, E. apperawnce, -ems; the same
as apparence (q.v.), conformed to appear.] 1.
The act of coming into sight; the act of becom-
ing visible to the eye: as, the º of the
sun above the horizon.—2+. The state of be-
ing in sight; visibility. [Rare.]
He's built a bower, made it secure,
Wi’ carbuncle and staine;
Tho' travellers were never sae nigh,
Appearance it had name.
Young Akim, in Child's Ballads, I. 180,
the act of present-
en appearance sur-
3. A º presence;
ing one's self: as, his sudd
prised me.
The duke does greet you, general;
And he requires your haste-post-haste appearance,
Even on the instant. Shak., Othello, i. 2.
4. An object as seen or perceived; a phenom-
enon; the immediate object of experience.
The term appearance is used to denote not only that
which reveals itself to our observation as existent, but
also to signify that which only seems to be, in contrast to
that which truly is. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., ix.
Surely, it must be a miraculously active principle that
can snatch up from transitoriness and oblivion the varie-
gated play of fleeting and fading appearances, and con-
struct therefrom the world of steady experience of which
we have knowledge. Mind, IX. 350.
5. Something believed to have a supernatural
character; an apparition: as, an appearance in
the sky.-6. That which appears or is obvious;
outward show or seeming; semblance as apart
from reality or substance: as, there is an ap-
pearance of trouble yonder; appearances are
against him.
Judge not according to the appearance. John vii. 24.
Men are governed by opinion: this opinion is as much
influenced by appearances as º realities.
. Hamilton, Works, I. 168.
7. Outward look or aspect; mien; build and
carriage; figure: as, a man of noble appear-
(M2C6,
Much have I heard, . . .
And now am come to see of whom such noise
Hath walk’d about, and each limb to survey,
If thy appearance answer loud report.
Milton, S.A., l. 1090.
8. pl. Indications; look.
My master heard me with great appearances of uneasi-
ness in his countenance. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, iv. 3.
9. The act of coming before the public; the
act of coming into public notice: as, he made
his appearance as a historian; the appearance
: *ook- 10}. Seeming; probability; likeli-
OOOl.
There is that which hath no appearance.
11. In law: (a) The coming into court of either
of the parties to a suit; the being present in
court as a party to a pending proceeding; the
coming into court of a party summoned in a
process, either in person, or by his attorney,
usually expressed by a formal entry by the
proper officer to that effect; the act or proceed-
ing by which a party proceeded against places
himself before the court and submits to its juris-
diction. (b) In Scots law, the stating of a de-
fense in a cause. Where a defender in writing, or by
counsel at the bar, states a defense, he is said to have ap-
peared.—To put in an appearance, to appear in per-
son. = S 3. Arrival, presence.—6. Guise, show, pre-
tense, pretext, color.—7. Air, look, manner, demeanor.
appearer (a-pêr’ér), n. 1. One, who or that
which appears, in any sense of that word.
[Rare.]
Owls and ravens are ominous appearers, and presignify
unlucky events. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 21.
Specifically—2. In law, one who formally ap-
pears (in court, etc.).
appearingly (a-pêrſing-li), adv. Apparently;
Seemingly; according to all outward signs.
[Rare.]
A flourishing branch shall grow out of his appearingly
sere and sapless root. Bp. Hall, Paraph. of Isaiah.
appeasable (8-pê'za-bl), a... [K appease + -able.]
apable of being appeased, quieted, calmed, or
pacified; placable. -
The tumult of a mob, appeasable only by . . . bloodshed.
& 3. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 30.
appeasableness (a-péſza-bl-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being appeasable.
Bacon.
appease (3-pêz'), v. t. ; pret, and pp. appeased,
ppr. appeasing. [Early mod. E. also apease,
apeace (conformed to peace), apaise (and by
apheresis pease), KME. apesen, apeisen, apaisen,
KOF. apeser, apéisier, apaisier (F. apaiser = Pr:
apaziar), pacify, bring to peace, Ka, to, + paſs,
peis, pes, mod. F. paia, peace: see peace, and of
apay, appay, of which appease is thus a doublet.]
appease
1. To bring to a state of peace; pacify; quiet
by allaying anger, indignation, strife, etc.
O God l if§ deep prayers cannot eage thee,
But thou wilt be aveng'd on my misdeeds,
Yet execute thy wrath on me alone.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 4.
2. To allay; calm, as an excited state of feel-
ing; remove, as a passion or violent emotion.
The signori . . . earnestly exhorted the principal citi-
zens to use their good offices to soothe the people and ap-
pease the general indignation. J. Adams, Works, W. 70.
The function of official priests was to appease the Wrath
of God or purchase his favor.
Theodore Parker, Sermons, Int.
8. To assuage or soothe, as bodily pain; satisfy,
as an appetite or desire: as, to appease the
Smart of a wound, or one's hunger. =Syn. To sat-
; hush, quell (see list under allay1); propitiate, concil-
8.50.
appeasement (a-pêz’ment), n. IK appease +
2ment. Cf. OF.."(and F.) apaisement ... ap-
peisamentum.] The act of appeasing, or the
state of being appeased, or in peace; pacifica-
tion. #.
For its appeasement and mitigation.
Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 223.
Being neither in numbernor in courage great, partly by
authority, partly by entreaty, they were reduced to some
good appea&ement. Sir J. Hayward, Edw. VI., p. 54.
appeaser (a-pê’zēr), n. One who or that which
appeases or pacifies.
appeasive (a-pé’ziv), a. [K appease + -ive.]
erving or tending to appease; mitigating;
*quieting.
appel (a-pel'), m. [F.: see appeal, n.] In fen-
cing, a smart stroke with the blade on the sword
of an antagonist on the opposite side to that
which he engaged, generally accompanied with
a stamp of the foot, used for the purpose of
yºs an opening. Wilhelm, Mil. Dict. See
e????.
appellability º el-a-bil’i-ti), n. ... [K #.
ble: see -bility. he state or quality of being
appealable.
*ś. (a-pel’a-bl), a. [K L. as if *appella-
bilis, Kappellare, appeal: see appeal. Cf. #.
able.] Capable of being appealed; appealable.
appellancy (8-pel’an-si), n. [K appellant: see
-cy..] Appeal; capability of appeal. Todd.
appellº (a-pel’ant), d. and m. [KF. appelant,
. appellan(?-)s, ppr. of appellare, appeal: See
appeal, and cf. a §§ I. a. Appealing;
relating to appeals; appellate.
The first having an appellant jurisdiction over the sec-
ond. Ballam.
II. m. 1. In law : (a) One who appeals or re-
moves a cause from a lower to a higher tribu-
mal. (bf) One who prosecutes another for a
crime, such as felony or treason.—2. One who
looks to any tribunal for corroboration or vin-
dication.—3+. One who challenges or summons
another to single combat.
This is the day appointed for the combat;
And ready are the appellant and defendant.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ii. 3.
Answer thy appellant, . . .
Who now defles thee thrice to single fight.
Milton, S. A., l. 1220.
4. Eccles., one of the French clergy who, in
the Jansenist controversy, rejected the bull
Unigenitus, issued in 1713 by Pope Clement
XI. against Quesnel’s “Réflexions morales sur
le Nouveau Testament,” and appealed to the
pope “better informed,” or to a general coun-
cil.—5. One who appeals or presents a request.
Bach of them is now a humble, and earnest appellant
for the laurel. Swift, Tale of a Tub, Epist. Ded.
appellate (ap'e-lāt), v. t.; pret. and pp. appel-
ted, ppr. appellating. [K L. appellatus, pp.
of appellare, address, appeal to, Sue, accuse,
accost, name: see appeal.] To call by a name;
call; name; entitle. [Rare.]
The vast Pacific Ocean, commonly . . . appellated (as the
saying *}. annominated the South-sea.
A. Tucker, Light of Nature (1765), I. 465. (N. E. D.)
appellate (a-pel'āt), a. and n. IKL. appellatºs,
p.: see théverb..] I. a. Pertaining to appeals;
aving cognizance of appeals; as, an appellate
court.
Appellate stands in contradistinction to original juris-
diction, and as the latter implies that the case must com;
mence in the Supreme Court, so the former implies that
the case must commence in an inferior court, not having
final jurisdiction; and, therefore, liable to be carried up
to a higher, for final decision. Calhown, Works, I. 321.
II, n. A person appealed or prosecuted for
a crime; an appellee.
appellation §: n. [= F. appella-
tion, L. appellatio(n-), an accosting, an appeal,
appellativeness (a-pel (3-tiv-nes), n.
appellatory (a-pel’a-tº-ri), a.
271
Appendicularia.
a naming, K appellare, accost, appeal to, name: appºiºsº (a-pen'dāj), n. IK append F -age.]
see appellate, v., and appeal.] It: The act of
appealing from a lower to a higher court or
authority; appeal.
There is such a noise i' the court . . . with their several
voices of citations, appellations, allegations, certificates,
etc. B. Jonson, Epicoene.
2#. The act of appealing for aid, sympathy, etc.;
entreaty.—3. The act of naming; nomencla-
ture.—4. The word by which a person orthing
is called and known; name; title.—5. In logic,
the acceptation of a term to denote an existing
thing.—Formal appellation. See formal. =Syn. 4.
Designation, etc. (see name, n.), cognomen, epithet.
appellative (a-pel’a-tiv), a. and n. [= F. ap-
ſpellatif, K L. "appellativus, K appellare, name,
call: see appeal and appellation.] I. a. 1.
Having the character of an appellation; serving
to name or mark out; serving as a distinctive
denomination; denominative: as, hydrochloric
is a term appellative of a certain acid.—2. In
gram., common, as applied to a noun; general;
denominative of a class: opposed to proper.
Nor is it likely he [St. Paul] would give the common ap-
pellative name of “Books” to the divinely inspired writ-
ings, without any other note of distinction.
Bp. Bull, Works, II. 401.
II. n. 1. In gram., a common name in dis-
tinction from a proper name; a name standing
for a whole class: thus, the word man is the
appellative of the whole human race, fowl of all
winged animals, tree of all plants of a particu-
lar class, etc.—2. Title; appellation; nick-
In 2010,
There [in the rosary] also the blessed Virgin Mary, after
many glorious appellatives, is prayed to in these words.
Jer. Taylor, Diss. from Popery, p. 218.
appellatively (a-pel'a-tiv-li), adv. ..In an ap-
pellative manner; in gram., according to the
manner of appellative nouns; in a manner to
express whole classes or species: as, the name
Hercules is sometimes used appellatively, that
is, as a common name to signify a strong man.
The
Puller.
K L. appellato-
rius, K appellator, an appellant, K appellare, pp.
appellatus, appeal: see appeal.] Containing an
appeal.
An appellatory libel ought to contain the name of the
party appellant. Ayliffe, Parergon.
appellee (ap-e-lé’), n. [K F. appelé (K.L. appel-
tus), pp. of appeler: see appeal and appellate.]
In law, º person against whom an appeal is
brought; the respondent in an appeal.
appellor (a-pelºgr), n. [ME. apelour, and by
apheresis pelour, K OF. apelour, appelour, ape-
leur, earlier apeleor, apelor, K.L. appellator, ace.
appellatorem, appellant, K appellare, pp. appel-
latus, appeal: see appeal.] In law: (a) The
person who institutes an appeal, or prosecutes
another for crime. [This term is not now ap-
plied to the plaintiff in appeal from a lower
court, he being called the appellant.] (b) One
who confesses a felony, and turns king's or
state's evidence against his associates. Whar-
ton. (c) One who challenges a jury. Wharton.
appenage, n. See appanage.
append (à-pend'), v. [The intrans. use is the
earlier, KME. appenden, apenden, appenten, apem-
ten, and by apheresis penden, penten, KOF. apen-
quality of being appellative.
dre, appendré, hang up, hang by, depend on, ap- appendices, n., Plural of appendix.
K F. appendicitis (a-pen" di-siſtis), n.
*pendix (-dic-) + -itis.] In pathol., inflamma-
pertain or belong to; in trans. use mod.,
appendre, KML. appendere, intrans., L.L. trans.
hang, L. appendère, adpendère, appendéré, weigh,
consider, K ad, to, + pendère, intrans., hang,
pendère, trans., hang, weigh: see pendant, poise,
and cf. depend, dispend, expend, Spend, perpend,
suspend..] I.t intrans. To belong; pertain.
Holy orisoun . . . appendith specially to penitence.
ly o ºppe p 3. É. Tale.
II. trans. 1. To hang or attach as a proper
§: possession, or accompaniment, as a pen-
ant; suspend: as, a seal appended to a record.
If amulets do work . . . upon those parts whereunto
they are appended. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 5.
Conceive . . . a pig's tail ..... appended to the back of
the head. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, iii.
2. To add, as an accessory to the principal
thing; subjoin; annex.
One hundred passages from the fathers a ed in the
notes. J. H. Newman, Development of Christ. Doct., p. 22.
To hunt out mediocrity and feebleness, and append cor-
rect dates to their forgotten effusions, is an exercise of
philanthropy which is likely to be little appreciated.
- Whipple, Ess, and Rev., I. 33.
=Syn: To join, superadd, affix.
appendant, appendent (a-pen'dant, -dent), a.
appendicatet (a-pen'di-kāt), v. t.
appendication? (a-pen-di-kä'shgn), n.
appendicatory (8-pen'di-kā-tº-ri), a.
appendicle (a-pen'di-kl), n.
That which is appended to something as a
proper part of it; a sub-
ordinate attached part of
anything. Specifically—
(a) In anat. and 206l., any
limb, member, or peripheral
art of the body diverging
rom the axial trunk; an ap-
gººd. or appendicular part.
ee cut under Appendicu-
laria. (b) In bot., any sub-
sidiary part superadded to
another part, as hairs and
glands to a stem or leaf, or
nectaries and corona to the
corolla : applied especially to
º of any kind. (c)
awt., a small portion of a
vessel extending beyond the
general form, as shown by
the cross-sections and the
water-sections.
2. Something added to
a principal or greater
thing, though not neces-
sary to it, as a portico
to a house.
Modesty is the appendage
of sobriety, and is to chastity, to temperance, and to hu-
mility, as the fringes are to a garment.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living.
In case of a union, the smaller kingdom would be con-
sidered only as an appendage, and sacrificed to the in-
terests of the larger. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 3.
=Syn. Adjunct, attachment, appurtenance, addition, con-
comitant.
Appendages.
1, anther of Izzula , 2, flower
of borage; 3, stamen of A £yr-
stºrt, a, a, a, appendages.
appendance, appendence (a-pen'dans, -dens),
n. [K F. appendance, K appendre : see append,
appendant, and -ance.] 1. The condition of
being appendant. [Rare.]—2+. Something an-
nexed; an appendage.
High titles, rich coats, long pedigrees, large revenues,
. . . the just . . . appendances of civil greatness.
• Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 29.
appendancyt, , appendency? (a-pen ‘dan-si,
-den-si), n. [K appendant, -ent: see -cy.] The
condition of being appendant.
Abraham bought the whole field, and by right of appen-
dency had the cave with it. Spelman, De Sepultura, p. 176.
and n. IK F. appendant, ppr. of appendre : see
append..] I. a. 1. Hanging to; annexed; at-
tached; concomitant: as, a seal appendant to
a paper.—2. In law, appended to something by
prescription: applied to a right or privilege
attached to a principal inheritance: thus, in
England, an advowson, that is, the right of pa-
tronage or presentation, is said to be appen-
dant or annexed to the possession of a manor.
—Appendant advowson. See advowsom, 2.-Common
appendant. See common, n., 4.
II. m. That which belongs to another thing,
as incidental or subordinate to it; an adjunct;
a dependency.
appendical (a-pen'di-kal), a. [Kappendia, (-dic-)
Fº Of [Kapp (
the nature of an appendix. N. E. D.
[K appendia;
(-dic-) + -ate?..] To append; add to: as, “divers
things appendicated,” Sir M. Hale.
K ap-
pendicate + -ion.] "An appendage or aft
Sir M. Hale.
[K ap-
pendicate + -ory.] Pertaining to or of the na-
ture of an appendix. W. Taylor.
[K L. ap-
tion of the vermiform appendix (which see, under
appendia).
[K L. appendicula,
im. of appendia; : see appendia...] A small ap-
[K NL. ap-
*pendage. º
appendicular (ap-en-dikſil-lär), a.
pendicularius, K.L. appendicula: See appendicle.]
Having the character of an appendicle; appen-
diculate: specifically, in amat., opposed to arial:
thus, the whole skeleton of a vertebrate is di-
vided into the axial and the appendicular skele-
tons, the latter being that of the limbs or appen-
dages.
Appendicularia (ap-en-dik-ū-lā’ri-á), m. [NL.,
fem. of appendicularius : see appendicular.] 1.
Thetypicalgenus ofthefamily Appendiculariidae.
A. flabellwm is about one fifth of an inch long, exclusive
of the tail, with an oval or flask-shaped body, and has the
power of Tapidly secreting a mucilaginous cuticular in-
vestment in which it becomes incased.
2. [l. c.; pl. appendicularia (-6).] A member
of the above genus.
The simplest members of the [ascidian] group, and those
the structure of which is most readily comprehensible,
are the 4ppendiculartoº; minute pelagic organisms, which

Appendicularia
are found in all latitudes, and are propelled, like tadpoles,
by the flapping of a long caudal appendage.
Hwacley, Anat. Invert., p. 510.
Appeata'zctezarta Żabellieze, magnified.
I, the entire animal, with the caudal appendage forward in its
natural position ; II, side view of body, the appendage forcibly bent
backward : Zl, body; B, appendage; a, mouth; b, pharynx; c, an
atrial opening; d, the corresponding stigma with its cilia; e, anus;
J', rectum ; g, esophagus; h, f, stomach; &, testis; 2, urochord; 7m,
cellular patch at side of oral end of body; ze, endostyle; p, ganglion;
q, ciliated sac; r, otocyst; s, posterior nerve, with t, its ganglia; ent,
endoderm; ec, ectoderm.
Apºniº. (ap-en-dik-i-lā’ri-é), m. pl.
ame as Appendiculariidae.
amºndºn (ap-en-dik-i-lā’ri-an), m. [K
Appendicularia + -am.] An animal of the genus
Appendicularia; one of the Appendiculariidae.
appendiculariid (ap-en-dik-i-lā’ri-id), n.
tunicate, or ascidian, of the family Appendicu-
lariidae.
Appendiculariidae (ap-en-dik’īā-lä-ri'i-dé), n.
pl. [NL., KAppendicularia + -ida!..] A family of
tunicates, or ascidians, of a low grade of organi-
zation, permanently retaining a form and struc-
ture which characterize only the embryonic or
larval stage of other ascidians. They are named
from their tadpole-like shape and long tail or appendage,
by the vibration of which they move about. The family
corresponds to a suborder Copelata of Some naturalists, as
distinguished from Acopa.
Appendiculata (ap-en-dik-i-lā’tā), n. pl.
[NL., neut. pl. of appendiculatus: see appendic-
adate.] A name given by E. R. Lankester to
a phylum or prime group of the animal king-
dom, including those forms which have lateral
locomotive appendages and usually a segment-
ed body. It is a loose and inexact synonym of
Arthropoda, together with Rotifera and Chaeto-
poda. ... See Arthropoda.
appendiculate (ap-en-dikſil-lāt), a. [KNL, ap-
pendiculatus, KL. appendicula: see appendicle.]
1. Provided with appendages; having the
character of an appendage or appendages; form-
ing an appendicle. Used especially in botany, being
applied, for instance, to leaves, or to organs appended
to leaves, leaf-stalks, etc. : thus, the pitcher-like appen-
dage of the leaf of the Nepenthes distillatoria, or pitcher-
plant, is said to be appendiculate. See cuts under ap-
ſpendage and ascidium. g
2. Pertaining to or having the characters of
the Appendiculata. * gº
Arººs (a-pen-di-ros (frèz), m. pl.
[NL., contr. for *appendicirostres, K.L. appendia,
appendix, -- rostrum, a beak.] in Blyth's sys-
tem of classification (1849), a group of birds,
the hornbills, Bucerotidae, as distinguished from
the Arculirostres, the hoopoes or Upupidae.
jºr & ?, º
appendix (a-pen'diks), n. ... pl. appendiges or
appendices (-dik-ses or -di-séz). [K L. ap-
pendia, rarely ampendix, an appendage, appen-
dix, addition, K appendere, hang: see append.]
1. Something appended or added; an adjunct,
concomitant, appendage, or accessory.
Normandy became an appendia, to England.
Sir MI. IIale, Hist. Common Law of Eng.
Specifically—2. An addition appended to a
document or book relating to the main work,
usually consisting of explanatory or statistical
matter adding to its value, but not essential to
its completeness, and thus differing, from a
supplement, which properly is intended to sup-
ply deficiencies and correct inaccuracies.—3.
[As a Latin word; pl. appendices.] In anat.,
a process, prolongation, or projection. See the
phrases following.—Appendices epiploicae (appen-
dages of the epiploën), small folds of peritoneum cov-
cring the large intestine and containing fat.—Appendix
auriculaº, the appendage of the auricle of the heart, an
ear-like projection, from which, in human anatomy, the
auricle itself derives its name.—Appendix caci, in anat.,
the vermiform appendix.-Appendix ensiformis, the
ensiform appendage of the breast-bone; the xiphoid car-
tilage or appendix. See cut under 8keleton.— Appen-
dix We Ormis, or vermiform appendix, a blind
appendixious (ap-en-dik'shus), a.
appense (a-pens"), a.
272
process given off from the caecum, varying in man from
3 to 6 inches in length. See cut under intestime.—Ap-
pendix vesica (appendage of the bladder), a hernia of
the mucous membrane of the bladder through the muscu-
lar coat. =Syn, 2. Appendia, Supplement. Seeswpplement.
[K appendia,
-î-ows. Cf. M.L. appendicius, º
Pertaining to or of the nature of an appendix;
appendicatory. Bentham. [Rare.]
[K. L. appensus, pp. of
appendere: see append.] Hanging from above;
specifically, in bot., pendulous : applied to
ovules attached to the sides or angles of the
ovary, and drooping. [Rare.]
appensef (a-pens"), v. t. . [K OF. appenser, ap-
pend (a seal), K L. as if *appensare, freq. of
appendere, pp. appensus, append: See append.]
To append (a seal).
We haue caused . . . our seale thereunto to be ap-
pensed. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 158. (N. E. %
appentt, v. i. An old form of append.
appentice (a-pen’tis), n. [K ME. *apentice (by
apheresis pentis, pentice, whence, by corruption,
penthouse, q.v.), KOF, apentis, F. appentis, KML.
appendicium, appenditium, appentice, K LL. ap-
pendicium, an appendage, K appendere, append:
See append, appendia...] In arch., any lean-to
Appentice.
Chapter-house of the Cathedral of Meaux, France.
roof; especially, a kind of open shed of a sin-
gle slope supported on posts or columns, or on
brackets let into a wall, or otherwise, to afford
protection from the weather to a door, window,
flight of steps, etc., over which it projects or
forms a hood.
apperceive (ap-èr-Sèv’), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
apperceived, ppr. apperceiving. . [Early mod.
E. also apperceave, apparceive, K ME. apercei-
ven, aparceiven, aparceven, K OF. aperceveir,
apercevoir, aparcevoir, F. apercevoir = Sp. aper-
cibir=|Pg. aperceber, KLL. *appercipere, K.L. ad,
to, + percipere, perceive: see perceive.] To be
conscious of perceiving; comprehend (what is
perceived); loosely, to perceive; notice: used
specifically of internal perception or self-con-
sciousness. See apperception.
apperceivingt (ap-èr-sé’ving), m. [ME. aper-
ceyvynge; verbal n. of apperceive..] Percep-
tion. Chaucer.
apperception (ap-êr-sep’ shgn), n. IK NL.
apperceptio(m-) ğ. K LL. *appereipere,
pp.“apperceptus: see apperceive and perception.]
1. That act of the mind by which it becomes
conscious of its ideas as its own; perception
(which see) with the added consciousness that
it is “I” who perceive.
It is well to make a distinction between perception,
which is the inner state of the monad, representing exter-
nal things, and apperception, Which is consciousness, or
the reflexive knowledge of this interior state, which is not
given to all souls, nor always to the same soul.
Leibnitz, Nature and Grace, tr. by N. Porter, § 4.
The Leibnitzo-Wolffians distinguished three acts in the
process of representative cognition: (1) The act of repre-
senting a (mediate) object to the mind; (2) the representa-
tion, or, to speak more properly, representamen, itself as
an (immediate or vicarious) object exhibited to the mind;
(3) the act by which the mind is conscious immediately of
the representative object, and through it mediately of
the remote object represented. They called the first per-
ception; the last, apperception ; the second, idea.
Sir W. Hamilton, Reid, p. 377, note,
Hence, by a slight modification—2. With
Rant and many English writers on philosophy,
a voluntary mental activity, accompanied with
self-consciousness: especially in the phrase
pure apperception.
My theory, like Kant's, lays apperception, anglicé re-
flection, at the basis of philosophy. &
Hodgson, Phil, of Reflection, I. 224,
3. In the psychology of Herbart (1776–1841),
the assimilation of a new perception or idea,
by a group or mass of ideas already present
in the mind.— 4. Apprehension; recogni-
tion. * * * a'
apperceptive (ap-èr-Septiv), a.
appersi-andt (ap’ér-Si-and'), n.
appertain (ap-èr-tān"), v. i.
appertainment (ap-ér-tān’ment), n.
appertenancet,
appertinenth (a-pèr’ti-nent), a. and n.
appº, ^). t.
appetence
The recognition or apperception of these truths by men.
Maw. ice. (N. E. D.)
Active apperception. See active.—Pure appercep-
tion, in #. Kantian philos., the bare ..º. £:
self, the mere “I” or “I think.” See self-consciousness.
—Unity of apperception, that unity of consciousness
by virtue of which its contents gº thoughts,
etc.) coexist for it; the pure self or “I” to which the
contents of one and the same mind must be referred.
* * .a. [K appercep-
tion, after perceptive..] Pertaining or relating
to, or of the nature of, apperception.
It is after all nothing, but our apperceptive faculties,
potentially idealized, that are made to serve for the con-
sciousness of a universal subject. Mind, IX. 381.
Apperceptive union, the uniting of one idea with an-
other by a voluntary act of consciousness.
apperili (a-per’il), n. [K ap-1 + peril.] Peril;
anger; risk.
Let me stay at thine apperil. Shak., T. of A., i. 2,
Is there no law for a woman that will run upon a man
at her own apperil? Middleton, Michaelmas Term, i. 1.
Same as am-
persand.
A shrivelled cadaverous piece of deformity in the shape
of an izzard or an apperstand.
Macklin, Man of the World, iii. 1.
[Early mod. E.
also appertame, apertain, K. M.E. apperteinen,
aperteinem, apertemen, K OF. apartemir, F. appar-
temir, K L.L. appertimere, belong to, K L. ad, to,
+ pertimere, belong, pertain: see pertain.] To
belong or pertain, as a part (to the wholo), a
member (to a class), a possession, or an attri-
bute; belong by association or normal relation,
Hang mournful epitaphs, and do all rites
That appertain unto a burial. -
Shak., Much Ado, iv. 1.
The Father, to whom in heaven supreme
Kingdom, and power, and glory appertains.
Milton, P. L., vi. 815.
In giving him to another, it [love] still more gives him
to himself. . . . He does not longer appertain to his fam-
ily and society; he is somewhat ; he is a person.
Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 161.
I am much inclined to suspect that the fossil upon which
the genus Ornithopterus has been founded appertains to
a true Bird. Hwacley, Anat. Vert., p. 232.
=Syn. See pertain.
appertainance (ap-ér-tă'nans), n. [Kappertain
-ance. Cf. appertenance and appurtenance.] 1.
The quality or state of appertaining. [Rare.]
The noblest elevations of the human mind have in ap-
pertainance their sands and swamps.
Landor, Imaginary Conversations. (N. E. D.)
2. A thing which appertains; an appurtenance.
[K apper-
tain + -ment.] That which appertains or be-
longs; an appurtenance; an external or adven-
titious attribute. [Rare.]
We lay by
Shak., T. and C., ii. 3.
appertenenceſ, apperti-
d forms of appurtenance.
Our appertainments.
nencet; n.
[Same
as appurtenant, after the L. appertinen(?-)s: see
appurtenant..] I. a. Belonging; properly relat-
ing; appurtenant. -
All the other gifts appertiment to man.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 2.
II. m. That which appropriately belongs to
Something else; an appurtenance. -
You know how apt our love was, to accord
To furnish him with all appertiments
Belonging to his honour. Shak., Hen. V., ii. 2.
[ME. appeten, K OF. appeter, K
appetere, adpetere, strive after, try to get, K
ad, to, + petere, seek, aim at: see petition.]
To crave or long for; covet; desire. Chaucer.
• ?
appetence, appetency (ap'é-tens, -ten-si), n.
[= F. appétence, K.L. appetentia, Kappeten(-)s,
adpeten(?-)s: see appetent.] 1. The act of seek-,
ing or craving after that which satisfies the
affections, passions, or tastes; desire; inclina-
tion; propensity.
I know not to what else we can better liken the strong
appetence of the mind for improvement, than to a hunger
and thirst after knowledge and truth.
Everett, Orations, II. 277.
They had a strong appetency for reading. Merivale.
Specifically—2. Strong natural craving for
that which gratifies the senses; appetite; ani-
mal desire: as, “lustful appetence,” Milton, P.
L., xi. 619.
The immate aversion to any poison known to modern
chemistry can, by persistent disregard, be turned into a
morbid appetency, vehement and persistent in proportion
to the virulence of the poison. -
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 518.
3. A mental tendency toward an end; a voli-
tion or desire.
I shall occasionally employ the term appetency in the
rigorous signification, as a genus comprº; under it
both desires and volitions, Sir W. Hamilton.


appetence
4. Instinctive inclination or natural tendency.
These lacteals have mouths, and by animal selection or
appetency they absorb such part of the fluid as is agreeable
to their palate, JE. Darwin.
The present example . . . . precisely contradicts the
opinion that the parts of animals may have been all formed
by what is called appetency, i. e., endeavour perpetuated,
and imperceptibly working its effect through an incal-
culable series of generations, Paley, Nat. Theol., ix.
5. In inanimate things, material or chemical
attraction or affinity. =syn. See appetite.
appetent (apº-tent), a. . [KL. appeten(t-)8, ppr.
of appetere, adpetere, strive after, try to get: see
appete; cf. #. 1. Desiring; very desir-
Ous; eagerly longing.
Thirsty and appetent after glory. .
Sir G. % Hist. Rich. III., p. 60.
2. Pertaining to desire or volition. Sir W.
# bil’i-ti), n. [= F. appe
appetibility (ap’É-ti-bil’i-ti), n. . [=F. appeti-
§: K º : see appetible and -bility.] The
quality of exciting appetite or desire; attrac-
tiveness. [Rare.]
The appetibility of the object. Bramhall.
appetible (ap’É-ti-bl), a. [= F. appétible, K L.
appetibilis, desirable, K appetere: see appete and
-ible.] Exciting the appetite; worthy of being
sought for; desirable. [Rare.]
Power both to slight the most appetible objects, and to
controul the most unruly passions.
Bramhall, Against Hobbes.
appetite (ap’É-tit), n. [K ME. appetit, apetite,
ygº appetit (F. appetit), K. L. appetitus, desire
for, K appetere, adpetere, pp. appetitus, long for,
desire: see appete, appetent.] 1. innate or
acquired demand or propensity to satisfy a
want; desire, especially strong desire; inclina-
tion; wish to attain some object or purpose:
with for (formerly with of, to, or an infinitive)
or absolutely.
She dyd it not for appetite of vengeaunce.
Latimer, Sermon before Edward VI.
If God had given to eagles an appetite to swim.
Jer. Taylor.
As it is best to preserve our natural appetites in that
tone and degree of strength which nature gives them, so
273
etite and -ºve..] ... 1. Characterized by or of
the nature of appetite.
The will is not a bare ‘gº, power as that of the
sensual appetite. ºr M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind.
Pure spontaneity has no alternatives of imperative and
appetitive. Hickok, Science of Mind, p. 278.
2. Appetizing.—The appetitive faculty, the sum
of all our º: #ºpſº ty,
appetize (ap'É-tiz), v. t.; pret, and pp. appe-
tized, ppr. appetizing. [Kappet(ite) + -ize sug-
gested by F. appétissant, appetizing.] To give
an appetite to; awaken a craving in; increase
or whet the appetite of: as, to appetize one for
his food. [Rare.]
appetizer (ap'é-ti-zër), n. That which excites
or whets the appetite, as a walk; anything that
gives a relish for food.
A glass of vodka, together with caviar, raw salt herring,
E. mushrooms, or some such viand as an appetizer
efore dinner. D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 150.
appetizing (ap'é-ti-zing), p. a. 1. Exciting an
appetite; giving a relish for food: as, “it could
not be very appetizing,” Mrs. Gaskell. Hence—
2. Stimulating or awakening any desire; ex-
citing interest or curiosity.
Men forget that he, too [Tennyson], was once, new, un-
hackneyed, appetizing. tedman, Vict. Poets, p. 155.
Appian (apſi-àn), a., [K L. Appianus, KAppius,
a proper name.] Pertaining to the Appii, an
ancient Roman gens, or to one of its members
(Appius):—Appian Way (Latin Via Appia), a cele-
brated road running from Rome south through Capua to
Brundusium (Brindisi), begun by the censor Appius Clau-
dius Caecus, 312 B.C. It was about 350 miles in length, from
14 to 18 feet in breadth, and, like other Roman roads, was
paved with hard stone in irregular blocks, closely fitted to-
gether and resting on a firm substructure. It was made
with great care, and exists in part at the present time.
applºt: (apºla-nāt), a. [K NL. applanatus,
. ad, to, + planus, flat, L.L. planare, flatten.]
In bot., flattened out or horizontally expanded.
--Sº. º - *
assº~~: * ~~~. **... .
*.
Applanate thallus of Marchazetta polymorpha. a, a, androecia.
applaud (a-plad’), v. [= F. applaudir, OF.
aplaudir = Sp. aplaudir = Pg. applaudir = It.
applaudire, applaudere, K L. applaudere, LL.
also applodere, clap the hands together, ap-
plaud, Kad, to, + plaudere, strike, clap. Cf.
explode.] I, trans. 1. To praise or show ap-
proval of by clapping the hands, acclamation, or
other significant sign.—2. To praisein anyway,
as by words or actions; commend; approve.
By the gods, I do applaud his courage.
Shak., Pericles, ii. 5.
Can I do him all the mischief imaginable, and that easily,
safely, and successfully, and so applaud myself in my
power, my wit, and my subtle contrivances?
South, Sermons, III. 113.
We applaud a sensitive honesty which shudders at any-
thing underhand or dishonourable.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 129.
=S Eactol, etc. (see praise, v.), cheer, cry up, magnify.
#. intrans. 1. To express approval by clap-
ping the hands or by other similar means.—2.
To give praise; express approval.
And there he kept the justice of the King
So vigorously, yet mildly, that all hearts
Applauded. Tennyson, Geraint.
applauder (a-pla’dër), n. One who applauds,
praises, or commends.
Two hundred and eighty applauders at three shillings a
ay. Carlyle, French Rev., II. v.
applause (a-plaz"), m. [= Sp. aplauso =Pg. It.
applauso, K. L. as if “applausus, n., K applausus,
pp. of applaudere, applaud; cf. plausus, ap-
plause, Kplaudere, applaud.] 1. A manifesta-
tion of approval by sound; enthusiastic appro-
bation expressed by clapping the hands, ac-
clamation, huzzas, or other means of demon-
stration; popular laudation,-2. Any expres-
sion of approbation, appreciation, or delight;
commendation; encouragement; approval.
I humbly am content with human praise;
A goddess's applause would envy raise.
Dryden, Helen to Paris, l. 126.
Shall he for whose applause I strove—
I had such reverence for his blame—
See with clear eye some hidden shame,
And I be lessen’d in his love?
TemmysOn, In Memoriam, li.
3+. An object of approval. B. Jomson.
applauset (8-plaz"), v. t. [K applause, n.] To
applaud; approve.
A.2%. Worthy of applause.
apple
And with a general voice applaused his death
As for a special good to Christendom. º
Chapman, Alphonsus, ii. 2.
applausefulf (a-plaz (fül), a... [K applause +
+ful..] Abounding in plaudits; laudatory; man-
ifesting applause. [Rare.]
All France and Britain ring with acclamation,
And with applauseful thanks they do rejoice.
John Taylor.
applausion? (3-pla/zhgn), n., Applause. .
applausive (a-plaſsiv), a. [K ML. applausivus,
propitious, favorable, K L. applaudere: See ap-
plaud, anácf. applause and plausive..] 1. Ap-
plauding; containing applause; of the nature
of applause. -
The soldiers, as you heard, my lord,
Did fill the air with their applaw8ive shouts.
Dekker and Webster (?), Weakest Goeth to the Wall, v. 1.
Greet her with applausive breath.
Tennyson, Vision of Sin.
Chapman.
apple (ap'1), n. [K ME. apple, aple, épple, ap-
pel, eppel, appil, -ul, -yl, KAS. (ºppel, in comp.
appel-, aspel-, appel-, in inflection dºppl-, a pl-,
appl-, ap!-, once eap!-,-OFries. appel (in comp.),
NFries. aple, aeple, north. Fries. apel, - D. ap-
pel= OHG. aphal, aphol, aphul, affal, affol, afful,
apful, pl. epfili, M.H.G. apfel, pl. epfel, Öpfel, G.
apfel, pl. Óipfel, = Icel. epli = Norw. dial. eple
= OSw. depl, Sw. Öple, dipple (in comp. Öppel-)
= Dan. arble (Goth. not recorded), apple; used
also, in connection with eye (in G. also abso-
lutely), for the pupil of the eye; in AS. also
poet. for ball (irenum aplum, with iron balls);
in southern Norway also.absolutely for jordeple.
= earth—apple, potato: a common Teut. word,
found also in Celtic (Ir. abhal, ubhal = Gael.
wbhall = W. afal, OW. abal = Corn. Bret. aval
= Manx ooyl) and in Slavic (O.Bulg. abliſko,
gabliſko, Bulg. ablika, yabliſka = Sloven. yabel-
ko, yabolka = Serv. yabuka = Bohem. jablo,
jablko = Pol. jablko (barred 1) = Russ. yabloko
= White Russ. yabko), and further in O.Pruss.
wobie-liith obias: Lett. abois, apple; but in
all these languages regarded as of foreign origin.
The common source of all the forms has been
sought in L. Abella (It. Avella), a town in Cam-
#. abounding in fruit-trees and nuts (and
ence called malifera, apple-bearing, by Virgil),
whence mua; Abellana, a filbert or hazel-nut (see
avellame), and, it is supposed, “malum Abellanum,
the apple in particular; cf. L. malum I’ersicum,
the Persian apple, the peach (whence E. peachl,
q. v.). In this view apple, like pear, peach,
plum, quince, apricot, cherry, is of L. (all but
apple and pear being ult. Of Gr.) origin..] 1.
The fruit of a pyraeedus tree, Malus Malus, a
native probably of central Asia. The tree is now
cultivated in nearly all temperate regions, in numerous
varieties, and its fruit is in universal use. It was intro-
duced into America from England in 1629, by the governor
of Massachusetts Bay. It is scarcely known in its Wild
state, but as an escape from cultivation its fruit becomes
small, acid, and harsh, and is known as the crab. The
cultivated crab-apple is the fruit of a species of Malus.
See crab?. See the supplement.
2. The tree itself, Malus Malus.—3. A name
popularly given to various fruits or trees hav-
ing little or nothing in common with the
f
we ought to beware of acquiring appetites which nature
never gave. Reid, Active Powers, p. 128.
It is the glory of God, indeed, to conceal a thing, but
not absolutely, or for the sake of concealment. He does
it only till a mind and appetite for the truth is prepared.
Bushnell, Sermons for New Life, p. 158.
Specifically—2. A desire to supply a bodily
want or craving; a desire for food or drink.
Fairest fruit, that hung to the eye
Tempting, stirr'd in me sudden appetite
To pluck and eat. Milton, P. L., viii. 308.
Instinct enables a spider to entrap his prey, while appe-
tite only leads him to devour it when in his possession.
Bowen.
3. Relish for food; the capacity of taking food
with pleasure.
With hounds and horns go hunt an appetite.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, I. vi. 114.
4. Preference; taste; liking: as, to or accord-
ing to one’s appetite, that is, as one pleases.
[Rare.]—5. A thing desired. [Archaic.]
Power being the natural appetite of princes. Swift.
The mountains, and the deep and gloomy Wood,
Their colours and their forms,
Were then to me an appetite. Wordsworth.
6. A tendency of an inanimate thing analogous
to a desire.
The air of itself hath little or no appetite of ascending.
Bacon, Sylva Sylvarum.
Canine appetite. See cºmine. = Syn. Appetence, appe-
tency, craving, longing, relish, zest, passion, hunger, thirst,
lust.
appetitet (ap’É-tit), v. t. [K appetite, n.] 1.
o desire; long for; deeply want.
A man in his natural perfection is fierce, . . . appetit-
ing by generation to bring forth his semblable.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, p. 70.
2. To satisfy the appetite or desire of.
apºlº (ap-É-tish’gn), n. [= F. appétition,
. appetitio(n-), K appetere: see appetite.]
An act of appetite; desire; craving.
We find in animals an estimative or judicial faculty, an
appetition or aversation. Sir M. º
The monad is a simple substance exercising perceptive
and appetitive powers, a conscious and active existent.
The “simple substance” represents the objective aspect,
and becomes the condition of the perceptions and appe-
titions which represent the subjective aspect.
Hodgson, Phil. of Reflection, ii. 27.
appetitious? (ap-à-tish’us), a, IK appetition +
-ous...] Pertaining or agreeable to appetite; ap-
petitive; appetizing: as, appetitious liking.
Appetitious, passable, and toothsome. º
Brief Descr. of Famaticks, p. 17.
appetitiye (a-peti-tiv or ap'é-ti-tiv), a [=F.
appétitif, Kii, as if “appetitivus, K appetereº see
apple. Among them are : Adam's apple (the lime, a va-
riety of Citrus medica, and the plantain, Musa paradist-
aca); the alligator-apple, Amona palustris; the balsam-
apple, Momordica Balsamina ; the wild balsam-apple,
Micrampelis lobata ; the beef- or bull-apple, Sideroacylon
rugoswim ; the bitter apple or colocynth, Citrullus Colo-
cynthis; the apple of Cain, Arbutus Umedo; the cedar-
apple, an excrescence upon the juniper caused by a fungus
(Gymnosporangium macropus); the custard-apple, Species
of Anoma, especially, in the West Indies, A. reticulata, and,
in the East Indies, A. squamosa ; the devil's or mandrake
apple, Mandragora officinarum, the egg-apple, or Jew's
or mad apple, Solanum esculentwºn the elephant- or wood-
apple, Feroniq elephantum ; the golden apple of Bengal,
%. Marmelos : the kangaroo-apple, Solanum lacinia-
twm.; the Kei apple, Aberia Caffra ; the love-apple or to-
mato, Lycopersicon Lycopersicum , the mammee-apple,
Mammea Americana. , the May or Indian apple, Podo-
phyllum peltatum ; the monkey-apple, Clusia flava, the
Otaheite apple, Spondia's dulcis ; the apple of Peru, Phy-
salodes Physalodes; the Persian apple (an early name for
the peach); the pineapple, Amamas A mamas; the pond-
apple, Anoma glabra ; the prairie-apple, the root of Pso-
ralea esculenta; the rose-apple, Caryophyllus Jambos
(Eugenia. Jambos of Linnaeus); the seven-year apple,
Genipa clusiºfolia ; the star-apple, Chrysophyllwin Cain-
ito ; the sugar-apple, Anoma reticulata ; the thorn-apple,
Datura Stramomi wºm. ; etc. The wild apples of Queens.
land are the fruit of a species of Ramcooria.-Adam's
apple. See above, and Adam.—Apple of discord, a cause
of envy and contention: in allusion to the story in Greek
mythology of a golden apple thrown into an assembly of
the gods by the goddess of discord (Eris), bearing the in-
scription, “For the fairest,”, Aphrodite (Venus), Hera
(Juno), and Pallas (Minerva) became competitors for it
and its adjudication to the first by Paris of Troy, selecte
by Zeus, as umpire, so inflamed the jealousy of Hera
and her hatred toward all the Trojan race that she did not


18
apple
cease her machinations till Troy was des s—
of Sodom, or Dead Sea apº. (a) A §: tº:
on or, near the site of the Biblical Sodom, described by
Josephus and other old writers as externally of fair ap.
K. but turning to Smoke and ashes when plucked.
Iany unsatisfactory attempts have been made to account
for the tradition, (b) Figuratively, some fruitless thing;
something Which disappoints one's hopes or frustrates
one's desires.—Apple of the eye. (a) The pupil.
Dull people turn up the palms of their hands and the
apples of their eyes, on beholding prose by a poet.
Blackwood's Mag., XXII. 374.
Hence—(b) Something very important, precious, or dear.
He kept him as the apple of his eye. Deut. xxxii. 10.
Poor Richard was to me as an eldest son, the apple of
2ny eye. Scott, Old Mortality, xx.
Winter apple, an apple that keeps well in winter, or does
Inot ripen till winter.
apple (apºl), v. [KAS. *applian, used only in
pp. (Eppled, appled, formed like an apple; K
appel, an apple: see the noun..] I, trans. To
give the form of an apple to.
II. intrans. 1. To grow into the form of an
apple.
The cabbage turnip is of two kinds; one cºpples above
ground, the other in it. C. Marshall, Gardening.
2. To gather apples. [Rare in all uses.]
apple-berry (ap’l-berºi), n. A name given in
Australia to the pleasant subacid fruit of a
twining shrub, Billardiera scamdens, of the
family Pittosporaceae.
apple-butter (ap'l-but’ér), n. A sauce made
of apples stewed in cider.
apple-corer (ap'l-kör’ér), n. Any device for
removing the cores from apples.
apple-curculio (ap’l-kér-kü’li-6), n. A kind of
Weevil which infests the apple. See cut under
Anthomomus.
apple-green (ap'l-grén), n. The light-green
Color of certain apples, as the greening.
apple-headed (ap’l-hed"ed), a. Having a head
that is round on top, between the ears, instead
of flat: said of dogs.
apple-jack (ap'l-jak), n. [K apple + jack, used
vaguely: see jack”, and cf. applejohn.] Aliquor
distilled from cider.
apple-john (ap'l-jon), m. [K apple + John, so
called, it is said, because it is ripe about St.
John's day. Cf. jemmeting.] A kind of apple
considered to be in perfection when shriºleá
and withered.
I am Withered like an old apple-John.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3.
apple-mint (ap'I-mint), n. A European plant,
a species of Mentha, M. rotundifolia.
apple-mose (ap’l-mös), n. [apple + AS. mos,
pap.] A dish made with the pulp of stewed
apples and other ingredients. N. E. D. [Rare.]
apple-moth (ap’l-móth), n. Carpocapsa pomo-
mella, a lepidopterous insect, the larvae of
which live in apples.
apple-parer (ap'l-pár’ér), n. A machine for
paring apples.
apple-pie (ap'l-pi"), n. 1. A pie made of apples
variously prepared, inclosed in or covered with
paste, and baked.—2. An English name for
a species of willow-herb, Epilobium hirsutum.
—Apple-pie bed, a bed made up, as a practical joke,
with one of the sheets doubled upward in the middle, so
that, while the bed appears as usual from the outside, it
prevents one from getting his legs down : so called from
the apple-turnover, a kind of pie in which the crust is
turned or folded over so as to inclose the apples.—Ap-
ple-pie order, an expression used in familiar conversa-
tion, denoting perfect order: as, everything in the house
Was in apple-pie order.
I am just in the order which some folks—though why
I am sure I can't tell you—would call apple-pie.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, III. 65.
apple-scoop (ap’l-sköp); m. A scoop-shaped
instrument formerly used instead of a knife in
eating apples.
apple-shell (ap’l-shel), n. A snail-shell of the
genus Ampullaria. Also called idol-shell. See
cut under Ampullariidae.
apple-slump (ap’l-slump), n. Hot apple-sauce
covered with a rich dough and cooked. [U. S.]
apple-snail (ap'l-Smål), m. The Snail which has
an apple-shell; one of the Ampullariidae.
apple-squiret (ap’l-skwir), n. [Cf. apron-
8quire.] 1. A pimp ; a kept gallant; a page
who waited on loose women. Marston, What
You Will, iii. 1.-2. A wittol.
apple-tree (ap'1-tré), n. [K ME. appeltre, appil-
tre, appultre, KAS. aepeltredw, later contr. asple-
tré ("dºppeltredw,” appeltredw not autheaticated)
= Norw, dial. epletre = Dan. aebletræ ; not, as
usually regarded, a “corruption” of AS. apul-
der, apuldor, apuldre (the alleged “aeppelder,
“appeldor, “apelder, etc., not authenticated)
= OHG. aphaltra, apholtra, affoltra, affultra,
274
MHG. apfalter, apfolter, affalter = Icel, apaldr
= Norw, dial. apald, apáll, apal, aple=Sw, apel
= Dan. abild, an apple-tree; a word still exist-
ing in the E. place-name Appledore (K AS.
Apulder, Apolder). The same termination oc-
curs in AS. mapulder, mapuldor, mapuldur,
mapolder, etc., a maple-tree (see maple).]
The tree (Malus ºf...; that bears the apple.
Its wood is hard, durable, and fine-grained, and much
used in turnery. Apple-trees are propagated by seeds,
layers, grafting, and budding.
appliablet (a-pli’a-bl), a. [K apply + -able. Cf.
applicable.j i. Capable of being applied; appli-
cable; pertinent; suitable.
All that I have said of . . . heathen idolatry is applia-
ble to . . . idolatry of another sort. owth.
2. Willing to apply one's self; compliant; dis-
posed to listen.
Apte by goodnes of Witte, and appliable by readines of
will, to learning. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 38.
appliance (a-pli’ans), m. [K apply + -ance.]
1. The act of applying, putting to use, or car-
rying into practice. -
The attention to fashion, the tasteful appliance of Orna-
ment in each portion of her dress, were quite in place with
her. Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, xvi.
2. Something applied as a means to an end,
either independently or subordinately; that
which is adapted to the accomplishment of a
purpose; an instrumental means, aid, or ap-
purtenance: as, the appliances of civilization,
or of a trade; mechanical, chemical, or medi-
cal appliances (tools, machinery, apparatus,
remedies, etc.); an engine with its appliances.
Diseases, desperate grown,
By desperate appliance are reliev'd.
Shak., Hamlet, iv. 3.
Material appliances have been lavishly used ; arts, in-
ventions, and machines introduced from abroad, manu-
factures set up, communications opened, roads made,
canals dug, mines worked, harbours formed.
Buckle, Civilization, I. 1.
applianti (a-pli’ant), a. 1: Fayorably inclined;
docile; pliant.—2. Applicable: with to.
applicability (ap"li-ka-bil’i-ti), m. [K applica-
ble: see -bility.] The quality of being appli-
cable, or fit to be applied; capability of being
applied or used; pertinence.
He who has read his Aristotle will be apt to think that
observation has on most points of general applicability
said its last Word. Lowell, Democracy.
Why need I speak of steam, the enemy of space and
time, with its enormous strength and delicate applica-
bility 2 Emerson, Works and Days.
applicable (apºli-ka-bl), a. [= F. applicable =
tº applicabile, K L. applicare : see apply, and cf.
appliable.] Capable of being applied; fit to be
applied; having relevance; suitable; appro-
priate; pertinent: as, this observation is appli-
cable to the case under consideration.
The use of logic, although potentially applicable to every
matter, is always actually manifested by special reference
to SOme One. Sir W. Hamilton, Logic, iii.
applicableness (apºli-ka-bl-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being applicable; fitness to be applied.
applicably (apºli-ka-bli), adv. In an applica-
ble manner; #; -
applicancy? (apºli-kan-si), n. IK amºn
orig. sense ‘applying?: see apply and -ancy J
The state of being applicable. Is. Taylor.
applicant (apºli-kant), m. [K L. applican(t-)s,
ppr. of applicare, apply: See apply..] One who
applies; one who makes request; a petitioner;
3, &ndidate.
The applicant for a cup of water declares himself to be
the Messias. Plumtree.
applicatet (apºli-kāt), v. t. [KL. applicatus, pp.
of applicare, apply: see apply..] To apply.
The act of faith is applicated to the object.
Bp. Pearsom, Expos. of Creed, ix.
applicate (apºli-kāt), a. and n. IKL. applicatus,
pp.: see the verb.] I. a. Applied or put to
some use; practical; concrete. [Rare.]
Those applicate sciences which extend the power of man
Over the elements. Is. Taylor.
Applicate number, a number applied in a concrete
case. Hwttom. [Rare.]—Applicate Ordinate, in math.,
a straight line applied at right angles to the axis of any
conic section, and bounded by the curve. [Rare.]
II. m. [K L. applicata (se. linea, line), fem.
of applicatus : see above..] An ordinate to a
conic section. [Rare.]
application (ap-li-kä'shgn), n. [= F. applica-
tion, K.L. applicatio(n-), a joining or attaching
one's self to, K applicare, pp. applicatus: see
apply..] 1. The act of applying or putting to;
the act of laying on: as, the application of
emollients to a diseased limb.-2. The thing
or remedy applied: as, the pain was abated by
the application.
appliqué
The rest º have worn me out
With several applications. Shak., All's Well, i. 2.
3. The act of making request or of soliciting;
the request so made: as, he made application
to the Court of Chancery.
One Sidney gave his patronage to the applications of a
poet; the other offered it unasked. &
Dryden, Ded. of Don Sebastian.
4. The act of putting to a special use or pur-
pose; adaptation to a specific end.
What we buy in a broom, a mat, a wagon, a knife, is
some application of good sense to a common want.
Fmerson, Compensation.
5. The act of fixing the mind on something;
close attention; devotion, as to a pursuit; a S-
siduous effort.
The curate, surprised to find such instances of industry
and application in a young man who had never met with
the least encouragement, asked him if he did not extremely
regret the want of a liberal education.
Fielding, Joseph Andrews.
6. The act of applying a general principle,
law, or theory to a particular case; the demon-
stration of the relation of a general principle
to an actual state of things; the testing of some-
thing theoretical by applying it in practice.
He laid down with clearness and accuracy the principles
by which the question is to be decided, but he did not pur-
sue them into their detailed application.
Sir G. C. Lewis, Cred. of Early Roman Hist., I. 5.
7. In law, appropriation; the act of allotting
among several debts a payment inadequate to
satisfy all. See appropriation, 4 (b).-8. In as-
trol., the approach of a planet to any aspect.
=Syn, 3. Request, solicitation, appeal, petition.—5. In-
dustry, Assidwity, Application, etc. See assiduity.
applicationert (ap-li-kā’shgn-èr), n. [K appli-
cation + -erl.] One who makes an application
or appeal. N. E. D.
applicative (apºli-kā-tiv), a. [= F. applicatif,
K L. applicare: see apply, applicate, and -īve.]
Applying; applicatory; practical. Bramhall.
a; (apºli-kā-tgr), n. [NL., K. L. appli-
care, pp. applicatus : see apply..] 1+. One who
applies.—2. A surgical instrument for apply-
ing anything, as caustic or a tent, to a deep-
seated part. E. H. Knight.
applicatory (apºli-kā-tº-ri), a. and m. [K appli-
cate, v.: see -ory.] I, d. 1. Consisting in or fit-
ted for application; serving for application;
practical: as, “applicatory information,” Bp.
Wilkins, Ecclesiastes. [Rare.] -
He therein [the Bible] morning and evening read a
chapter, with a little applicatory exposition, before and
after which he made a prayer.
, C. Mather, Mag. Chris., iii. 1.
This applicatory portion of a sermon, wherever it oc-
curs, is strikingly indicative of the intensity of preaching.
A. Phelps, Theory of Preaching, Xxxii.
2#. Making application, appeal, or request.
N. E. D. e
II.f m. That which applies; a means of put-
ting to use.
Faith is the inward applicatory [of Christ's death], and
if there be any outward, it must be the sacraments.
Jer. Taylor, Worthy Communicant, i. § 4.
applied (a-plid"), p. a. [K apply + -ed?..] Put
on ; put to; directed; employed: said specifi-
cally of a science when its laws are employed
and exemplified in dealing with concrete phe-
nomena, and in this use distinguished from
abstract or theoretical.-Applied chemistry, logic,
mathematics, etc. See the nouns.—Applied Work.
See appliqué.
appliedly (a-pliſed-li), adv. By or in applica-
tion. {{...}
All superstition whatsoever reflecteth upon religion. It
is not but in such acts as be of themselves, or appliedly,
acts of religion and piety.
Bp. Mountagu, Appeal to Caesar, p. 267.
*::::: (a-pli’ér), n. 1. One who applies.—2.
dental instrument for placing a piece of floss-
silk between teeth.
applimentt, n. Same as apply ment.
appliqué (ap-li-kā’), a. [K F. appliqué, pp. of
appliquer, put on, K. L. applicare : see apply.]
1. In modern dress and upholstery, applied or
sewed on, or produced in this way. Thus, the
gimp or pattern of soiled or injured lace may be sewed
upon a new ground, or embroidered flowers may be secured
to new silk; in such a case the pattern or ornament is
said to be appliqué, and the Whole is appliqué work.
2. More generally, said of one material, as met-
al, fixed upon another, in ornamental work; as,
an enameled disk appliqué upon a surface offili-
gree, an ivory figure appliqué upon a Japanese
lacquer, and the like. fín both senses also used
as a noun.]—Point appliqué point-lace in which the
design, after having been separately made, has been ap-
plied to the net which forms the foundation.
applót:
applot (a-plot'), v. t. [K ap-1+ plotl, v. Cf.
º 1. Literally, to divide #. piots Or
plats; plot out.—2. To allot or apportion.
applotment? (a-plot’ment), n. [K applot +
-ment. Cf. allotment.] "A division into plots;
apportionment.
[KML. ap-
applumbatureſ (a-plum/ba-tiâr), n.
plumbatura, KL. applumbatus, pp. of applumbare,
Solder with lead, Kad, to, + plumbaré (pp. plum-
batú8, 2 plumbatura, a soldering), K plumbum,
lead: see plumb.] A joining or soldering with
A lead. Blount. -
apply (3-pliſ), v.; pret. and pp. applied, ppr.
applying. [K ME." applyen, applien, aplyen,
aplien, KOF, aplier, mod. F. appliquer–Pr. Sp.
aplicar = Pa. applicar = It. applicare, K L. ap-
plicare, attach to, apply, Kad, to, + plicare, fold
or lay together: see ply, plicate.] #. trans. 1.
To lay on; bring into physical proximity or con-
tact: as, to apply the hand to the breast; to
apply medicaments to a diseased part of the
body; to apply a match to powder.
'Beseech you, tenderly apply to her
Some remedies for life. Shak., W. T., iii. 2.
In the gardens of the old Marques jº. I saw huge
citrons hanging on the trees, # gy'd like our apricots to
the walls. - elyn, Diary, Oct. 17, 1644.
2. To bring into contact with particulars or
with a particular case, as a principle, law, or
rule; bring to bear upon; put into practical
operation. w
Quintilian applied to general literature the same prin-
ciples by which he had been accustomed to judge of the
declamations of his pupils. Macaulay, Athenian Orators.
3. To use or employ for a particular case, or
devote to a particular purpose: as, to apply a
sum of money to the payment of a debt.
Craft against vice I must apply.
Shak., M. for M., iii. 2.
4. To connect or associate with, or refer to,
some person or thing as applicable or perti-
ment; use as suitable or relative to some per-
son or thing: as, to apply the testimony to the
C3 S6).
Great Agamemnon, Nestor shall apply
Thy latest words. Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
I repeated the verses which I formerly applied to him.
ryden, Fables.
5}. To attribute; refer; ascribe.—6. To give
with earnestness or assiduity; employ with
attention; devote: as, “apply thine heart unto
instruction,” Prov. xxiii. 12.
Like Isaac, with a mind applied
To serious thought at ev'ningtide.
Cowper, The Moralizer Corrected.
Every man is conscious to himself that he thinks, and
that which his mind is applied about, whilst thinking, is
the ideas that are there. Locke.
7t. To address or direct.
Sacred vows and mystic song applied
To grisly Pluto and his gloomy bride. Pope.
8t.To be busy about; devote one's self with dili-
gent vigor to; ply (which see).
He is ever applying his business.
Latimer, Sermon of the Plough.
Whose flying feet so fast their way applyde,
That round about a cloud of dust did fly.
8 Spenser, F. Q., II. iv. 37.
9t. To bend (the mind); reflexively, to com-
ply; conform; be subservient to.
Apply
Yourself to me and the consul, and be wise.
ſº tº B. Jomson, Catiline, iii, 2.
10t. To visit.
He applied each place so fast. -
Chapman, Iliad, xi. 61.
To apply one's self. § To give the chief part of one's
time and attention; dedicate or devote one's self (to a
thing); as, to apply one's self to the study of botany. (bt)
To make an application or appeal; have recourse by re-
quest; address one's self (to a person).
I applied myself to him for help. Johnsom.
=Syn. 1. To place (on).-3. To appropriate (to).—4. To
º bend, direct.—6. Addict, Devote, Apply. See ad-
ºC
II. intrans. 1+. To be in close contiguity.—
2. To have application; be applicable; have
some connection, agreement, analogy, or refer-
ence: as, this argument applies well to the case;
the remarks were not meant to apply to you.
Of the puzzles of the Academy, there is not one which
does not apply as strongly to Deism as to Christianity,
and to Atheism as to Deism.
Macaulay, Sadler's Ref. Refuted.
3. To make application or request; ask; have
recourse with a view to gain something: as, to
apply for an office, information, etc.—4. To
give attention; turn the mind.
I have been too ill and too dispirited to apply to any-
thing for some weeks past. Miss Carter, Letters, II, 60.
[In all senses used with to.]
applyment? (*º n.
appoint (a-pointſ), v.
275
[K apply + -ment.]
pplication. so appliment.
Yet there are a sort of discontented creatures that bear
a stingless envy to great ones, and these will wrest the do-
ings of any man to their base, malicious appliment.
ebster, Ind. to Malcontent.
appoggiato (ap-po-jā’tú), a. [It., supported, pp.
of appoggiare (= F. appuyer), KML. appodiare,
support, prop, KL. ad, to, + podium, a balcony.]
In music: (a) Marking notes, like syncopations,
suspensions, and passing-notes, by which the
harmony is made compact and sustained. (b)
Marking notes in a melody to be rendered
without break, that is, with portomento,
appoggiatura (àp-poj-à-tö’ră), n. ſº appog-
giare, IP. lean : see appoggiato.] "music,
a smalf additional note ºf embellishment, pre-
ceding the note with which it is connected, and
taking away from that note a portion of its
time. It is of two kinds: (a) short, which is played as
Played.
(a) Written.
(b) wfun. Played.
f\ -
#Eze===
quickly as possible, and (b) long, which is given its proper
length, the principal note being shortened accordingly.
The long appoggiatura was especially used by earlier
pianoforte composers to avoid the display of passing notes
and suspensions. See acciaccatura. Sometimes spelled
apogiatura.
[Early mod. E. also by
apheresis point; K ME. appointen, apointen, K
OF. apointer, prepare, settle, fix, F. appointer,
refer a cause, put on a salary (cf. OF. a point,
to the point), – Pr. apointar, apontar = Sp.
apuntar = It. appuntare, KML. appwmctare, re-
pair, appoint, K.L. ad, to, + ML. punctare, mark
by a point, K L. puncta, usually punctum, a
point: see point.] I. trans. 1+. To make fast
or firm; found; establish; secure.
When he appointed the foundations of the earth.
Prov. viii. 29.
2. To constitute, ordain, or fix by decree, or-
der, or decision; decree ; command; prescribe.
Thy servants are ready to do whatsoever my lord the
king shall appoint. 2 Sam. xv. 15.
Unto him thou gavest commandment to love thy way:
which he transgressed, and immediately thou appointedst
death in him and in his generations. 2 Esd. iii. 7.
There be six wayes appointed by the best learned men, for
the learning of tonges. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 92.
3. To allot, set apart, or designate; nominate
or authoritatively assign, as for a use, or to a
post or office.
These were the cities appointed for all the children of
Israel. Josh. xx. 9.
A ship was appointed them, which ship they began im-
mediately to fit up, and supply plentifully with all man-
ner of stores for a long stay. Beverley, Virginia, i. "I 6.
The ancient [Hindu] law allowed the father who had no
prospect of having legitimate sons to appoint or nominate
a daughter who should bear a son to himself and not to
her own husband. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 91.
4. To settle; fix, name, or determine by au-
thority or upon agreement: as, they appointed
a time and place for the meeting.—5. In law,
to fix the destination of (property) by desig:
nating a person or persons to take the use of
an estate created by a preceding deed or will,
conferring on the appointor the power so to do.
Thus, a testator may give a fund to a child for life, with
power to appoint the fund to one or more grandchildren.
The donee of the power is the appointor, and those desig-
nated by the appointor to enjoy the fund are termed the
appointees. Q .
6}. To point at by way of censure; arraign:
as, “appoint not heavenly disposition,” Milton,
S.A., l. 373.−7. To provide with what is re-
quisite; equip.
You may be armed and appointed well.
hak., Tit. And..., iv. 2.
Six hundred cavalry, and three thousand musketeers,
all perfectly appointed, entered Antwerp at once.
Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 566.
8t. To agree upon; decide upon or settle
definitely.
She sat allone and gam to caste
Whereon she wolde apoynt hire at the laste.
Chawcer, Troilus, ii. 691.
=S 2. To prescribe, establish, direct.— 3. To assign,
destine, constitute, create.-7. To furnish, supply. .
II. intrams. 1. To ordain; resolve; determine.
The Lord had appointed to defeat the good counsel of
Ahithophel. 2 Sam. xvii. 14.
2. In law, to exercise a power of appointment.
t
appointable (3-point?-bl), a.
appointé (a-poin-tā’), a.
appointee (a-poin-té"), n.
appointive (3-pointiy), a.
appº. (a-poin’ tor), m.
apport# (a-pôrt'), v. t.
apportion (a-pôr'shgn), v. t.
apportion
[K appoint +
able.] Capable of being appointed or consti-
tuted; subject to appointment or decision.
That external ceremonies were but exercises of religion,
appointable by superior powers.
R. W. Dizon, Hist. Church of Eng., xvi.
[As if F., in lit.
sense ‘pointed”: see appointee.] In her., same
as aiguisé.
[K appoint + -eel,
after F. appointé, pp. of appointer: see appoint.]
1. A person appointed.—2. In law, the person
who benefits by the execution of a power of ap-
pointment. See appoint, 5.
appointer (a-pointër), n. One who nominates,
See appoint0r.
IK appoint + -ive.]
1. Of or pertaining to appointment ; appoint-
ing: as, the appointive power of the President.
—2. Dependent upon the exercise of the
power or right to appoint; filled by appoint-
ment: opposed to elective: as, appointive offices.
In 1873, the question whether the entire judiciary should
be appointive or elective was again submitted to popular
vote. N. A. Rev., CXLIII. 203.
appoints, ordains, or settles.
appointment (a-point/ment), n. [KME. apoynt-
ment, and by apheresis poyntment, KOF. apointe-
ment, F. appointement, decree, order, in pl.
salary, K appointer: see appoint.] 1. The act
of appointing, designating, or placing in office:
as, he erred by the appointment of unsuitable
men.—2. An office held by a person appointed:
as, a high appointment in the civil service.—
3. Stipulation; engagement; assignation; the
act of fixing by mutual agreement: as, an ap-
pointment to meet at six o'clock.
I shall be with her . . . by her own appointment.
Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 2.
4. Anything fixed or established; established
order or constitution; decree; ordinance; di-
rection; order; command: as, it is our duty to
submit to the divine appointments.
Wheat, salt, wine, and oil, according to the appointment
of the priests. EzTa vi. 9.
Do you not think it was a merciful appointment that
our fathers did not come to the possession of independence,
. . as to a great prize drawn in a lottery 2
R. Choate, Addresses, p. 67.
5. Equipment, furniture, outfit, as for a ship,
an army, a soldier, etc.; whatever is appointed
for use and management; accoutrements: in
this sense generally used in the plural.
We'll set forth,
In best appointment, all our regiments.
Shak., K. John, ii. 1,
The cavaliers emulated their chief in the richness of
their appointments. Prescott.
6. The act of preparing; preparation. [Rare.]
Your best appointment make with speed;
To-morrow you set on. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
7+. An allowance to a person; a salary or pen-
sion, as of a public officer: properly used only
in the plural.
An expense proportioned to his appointments and for-
tune is necessary. Chesterfield, Maxims.
8. In law, the act of appointing or designating
the beneficiary who is to take the use of an
estate created under a preceding deed or will.
See appoint, 5.—Council of Appointment, in the
government of the State of New York, from 1777 to 1821,
a council, consisting of the governor and four senators
chosen by the Assembly, in whom was vested the right of
appointment to State offices and of removal from them.—
Midnight appointments, in U. S. politics, appoint-
ments made during the last hours of an administration;
specifically, those so made by President John Adams.
[K appoint + -or.]
law, one who has official or legal power of
See appoint, 5.
IK F. apporter, K. L. ap-
portare, bring to, K ad, to, + portare, carry:
see port8.] To bring; carry; produce.
appointment.
apporteri (a-pôr’tēr), m. A bringer in ; one who
imports anything into a country; an introducer
or procurer.
This makes only the apporters themselves, their aiders,
abettors, and assistants, traitors.
Sir M. Hale, Hist. Plac. Cor., xx.
[K F. apportion-
ner (Cotgrave), KML. apportionarc, K L. ad, to,
+ portio(n-), portion, part: see portion.] To
divide and assign in just proportion or accord-
ing to some rule; distribute proportionally; .
allot: as, to apportion undivided rights; to ap-
portion time among various employments.
. Money was raised by a forced loan, which was appor.
tioned among the people according to the rate at which
they had been respectively assessed to the last subsidy.
Macawlay, Nugent's Hampden,
=Syn. Dispense, Distribute, etc. See dispense,

apportionate
apportionate? (a-pôr'shgn-āt), v. t. [K ML.
apportionatus, pp. of apportionare: see appor-
tion.]. To apportion.
apportionateness? (a-pôr'shgn-āt-nes), n. [K
apportionate, a., + -mess.] The state or quality
of being adapted; just proportion.
The apportionateness of it to the end for which it was
designed. Hammond, Pref. to View of New Directory.
apportioner (a-pôr'sh9n-èr), n. One who ap-
portions.
apportionment (a-pôr'sh9n-ment), n. IK, ap-
portion + -ment; after F. apportionnement, M.L.
apportionamentum.] 1. The act of apportion-
ing; a dividing into portions or shares; a di-
viding and assigning of a just and equitable
portion to each person interested or entitled to
participate in any claim, right, property, or
charge.—2. In the United States: § The dis-
tribution of representation in the federal House
of Representatives, and in the houses of the dif-
ferent State legislatures. In the former case a fresh
apportionment is made by Congress every ten years, short-
ly after the completion of the decennial census returns, and
in the latter generally after stated enumerations made at
different dates in different States, or after the federal cen-
sus. In the federal apportionment, Congress determines
the proportion of representatives to population (one to
194,182, under the census of 1900, and one to 211,877
under the census of 1910), and the State legislatures
fix the boundaries of the elective districts accordingly.
[The principle of legislative apportionment according to
population has been more recently adopted in the other
American and most European states, though in some it is
not yet very strictly applied.] (b) The allotment of
direct taxes on the basis of population: a Con-
gressional power rarely exercised.
apposable (a-pâ’za-bl.), a... [K apposel + -able.]
Capable of being apposed or brought together.
apposel (a-póz"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. apposed
ppr. apposing. [K F. apposer, to lay, put, or adā
to, destinate, appoint, repr. L. appomere, ad-
poméré, pp. appositus, adpositus (cf. apposite),
put or lay at, near, or by, apply to, add, Kad,
to, + pomere, pp. positus, put, place, confused
in ML. and Rom. with pausare, F. poser, etc.:
See pose?, and cf. compose, depose, expose, im-
pose, propose, repose.] 1. To put or apply
(one thing) to or near to Čhoº.
Atrides . . . food sufficient
Appos'd before them, and the peers appos'd their hands
to it. Chapman, Iliad, ix. 45.
His power having wrought
The king already to appose his hand.
Chapman and Shirley, Chabot, Admiral of France, i.
2. To bring near or next, as one thing to an-
other; put side by side; arrange in juxtaposi-
tion.
See you how the people stand in heaps,
Each man sad looking On his appos'd object?
Dekker and Webster (?), Sir Thomas Wyat, p. 87.
appº (a-póz'), v. t. [K ME. apposen, aposen,
. aposer, apposer, with unaccented prefix a-
for o-, prop. ME. oposen, opposen, KOF. opposer;
M.E. also by apheresis posen, mod. E. pose&: see
oppose and pose?, which are now discriminated.
Appose?, though orig. a mere variation of oppose,
seems to have been regarded as depending on
L. apponere, E. apposel, in ref. to ‘putting’
questions ‘to’ one: see apposel.] 1. To oppose
in discussion; bring objections or difficulties
before one to be answered; examine; ques-
tion; pose; puzzle.
The prest and Perkyn apposed eyther other,
And I thorw here wordes awoke, and waited aboute.
Pier8 Plowman (B), vii. 138.
Tho the people hym apposed with a peny in the temple,
Whether theishuldo therwith worschip the kyng Sesar.
Piers Plowman (B), i. 47.
Christ was found sitting in the temple, not to gaze on
the outward glory of the llouse, . . . but to hear and ap-
pose the doctors. Bp. BIall, Contemplations.
Specifically—2. To examine (a sheriff) with
reference to (his) accounts. See apposer.
apposert (a-pô'zēr), n. [K appose? -F-er!..] An
examiner; one whose duty it is to put ques-
tions; specifically, in England, a former officer
of the Court of Exchequer who examined the
sheriff’s accounts. The office was abolished in
1833.
apposite (ap’º-zit), a. [K L. appositus, adpo-
8itus, placed near to, fit, Suitable, pp. of appo-
nere, adpomere, put or lay at, near, or by,
put to, annex, add, K ad, to, + pomere, place :
See apposel and position.] 1. Placed near to ;
specifically, in bot., lying side by side, in con-
tact, or partly united. Hence—2. Suitable;
fit; appropriate; applicable; well adapted:
followed by to ; as, ; argument is very appo-
8ite to the case; “ready and apposite answers,”
Bacon, Hen. VII., p. 120.
appositeness (ap’ā-zit-mes), n.
appositive (a-poz’i-tiv), a. and n.
appostt, v. t.
276
The common church office was us'd for the King without
naming the person, with some other, apposite to the neces-
sity and circumstances of the time.
Evelyn, Diary, June, Whitsunday, 1698.
What influence, I say, would these prayers have, were
they delivered with a due emphasis, and apposite rising
and variation of voice 7 Steele, Spectator, No. 147.
3+. Apt ; ready in speech or answer: said of
persons.
appositely (ap’º-zit-li), adv. In an apposite
manner; suitably; fitly; appropriately; perti-
nently. 4.
The state or
quality of being apposite; fitness; propriety;
suitableness.
appºiº. (ap-Ö-zish'9m), m. [=F. apposition=
. appozicio=Sp. apósición =Pg. apposição =
It. apposizione, K LL. appositio(m-), adpositio(m-),
a placing by or near, setting before, application,
KL. appomere, pp. appositus: see apposel, ap-
posite.] 1. The act of adding to or together;
a setting to; application; a placing together;
juxtaposition.
The apposition of new matter.
Arbuthnot, Choice of Aliments.
Placing in apposition the two ends of a divided nerve
does not re-establish nervous communication.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 25.
2. In gram,: (a),The relation to a noun (or
pronoun) of. another noun, or In SOIOle C8 S6S
of an adjective or a clause, that is added to it
by way of explanation or characterization.
Thus, “ Çicerº; the famous orator, lived in the first century
before Christ”; “On him, their second Providence, they
hung.” In languages that distinguish cases, the noun in
apposition is in the same case as the word to which it is
apposed. The same term is also used of an adjective that
stands to thc noum (or pronoun) to Which it refers in a
less closo relation than tho proper attributive, being
added rather parenthetically, or by way of substitute for
a qualifying clause. Thus, “They sang Darius, great and
good "; “Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again.” Rare-
ly, it is applied to a clause, whether substantive or adjec-
tive, that qualifies a noun (or pronoun) in an equivalent
manner. Compare attributive and predicative. (b) The
relation of two or more nouns (or a noun and
pronoun) in the same construction, under the
above conditions. Knights Templars, lords justices,
Paul the apostle, my som. John's book (where son is also
possessive, the sign of the possessive case being required
only with the final term), are examples of nouns in appo-
sition; “I Jesus have sent mine angel” (Rev. xxii. 16) is
an example of a pronoun and noun in apposition.
3+. In rhet., the addition of a parallel word or
phrase by way of explanation or illustration of
another. N. D. D.—Growth by apposition, in bot.,
growth in thickness by the successive deposition of la-
mellae, as of cellulose internally in cell-wall thickening,
and of starch externally in the enlargement of starch grains.
apposition? (ap-à-zish'gn), n. [KOF. apposition,
var. of opposition. See appose?..] A public dispu-
tation or examination: now used only as a name
of Speech Day in St. Paul’s School, London.
appositional (ap-à-zish'Qn-al), a. [K apposition
+ -al.] I. Pertaining to apposition, especially
grammatical apposition.— 2. In bot., lying to-
gether and partly uniting so as to appear like
a compound branch: applied to the branches
of algæ.
appositionally (ap-à-zish'gn-al-i), adv. In ap-
position ; in an appositional way.
[= F. ap-
positif, K. L. as if *appositivus, K appositus: see
apposite.] I. a. 1. Apposite; applicable.—2.
In gram., placed in apposition; standing over
against its subject in the construction of the
Sentence.
Appositive to the words going immediately before.
I(matchbull, Animad. in Libros Novi Test., p. 42.
II. m. In gram., a word in apposition.
appositorium (3-poz-i-tó’ri-um), n. ; pl. appo-
sitoria (-ā). L., K. L. appositus, pp. of appo-
mere, adpomere, put near or by: see apposite.] A
conical vessel of glass or earthenware, the nar-
row end of which is placed in a receiver while
the larger end receives the neck of a retort:
used as a precaution against the breakage of
the receiver by contact with the hot neck of a
retort during distillation.
[K F. apposter (Cotgrave), K It.
appostdºre, K L.L. *appositare, KL. appositus: see
apposite.] To place or arrange with a purpose.
N. E. D
3.9 raisal (a-prä’ Zal), n. IK appraise + -al.]
The act of appraising; valuation; appraise-
ment or estimation of value or worth.
appraise (A-präz'), v, tº pret, and pp. appraised,
ppr. appraising. [K ME, apraysen, “a preisen,
also aprisen (X mod, apprise”, apprize?, q.v.),
and also simply praisen, preisen, praise, appraise,
KOF. *apreiser, apretier, aprisier, apriser, price,
value, praise, Čiží. appretiare, value, estimate,
appraise, purchase, K. L. ad, to, + pretium (>
appraiser (a-prā’zēr), m.
apprecatory: (apºré-kā-tº-ri), a.
appreciant (a-pré'shi-ant), a.
appreciate
OF. preis, pris), price: see price and praise, and
cf. apprize” and appreciate.] 1+. To value;
prize.
Hur emparel was apray8wt wº. Of º:
*turs of Arth., st. 29.
2. To value in current money; officially set a
price upon; estimate the value of: used espe-
cially of the action of a person or persons ap-
pointed for the º under direction of law
or by agreement of persons interested: as, to
appraise the goods and estate of a deceased per-
son, or goods taken under a distress for rent.
[See note under appraiser.]—3. To estimate
generally, in regard to quality, service, size,
weight, etc.
Greek and Latin literature we shall examine only for the
sake of appraising or deducing the sort of ideas which
they had upon the subject of style. De Quincey, Style, iii.
To get at the full worth of Emerson, . . . we must ap-
praise him for his new andfundamental quality of genius,
not for his mere literary accomplishments, great as these
Were. he Centwry, XXVII. 927.
The sickly babe, . . .
Whom Enoch took, and handled all his limbs,
Appraised his weight, and fondled father-like.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
appraisement (a-prāz’ment), n. [Kappraise +
ment.] 1. The act of setting a value upon, un-
der some authority or appointment; appraisal.
It generally implies resort to the judgment of a
disinterested person.—2. The rate at which a
thing is valued; the value fixed, or valuation;
estimation generally.
One who appraises,
or estimates worth of any kind, intellectual,
moral, or material; Specifically, a person li-
censed and sworn to estimate and fix the value
of goods or estate. [Appraise, appraiser, appraise-
ment, are now generally used, instead of apprize, apprizer,
apprizement, although the latter were formerly used by
good English authors, as Bacon and Bishop Hall, and are
[K L. as if
*apprecatio(n-), K apprecari, adprecari, pp. ap-
precatus, pray to, adore, K ad, to, + precari,
pray: See £ººl Invocation of blessing;
rayer: as, “fervent apprecations,” Bp. Hall,
emains, p. 404. K L if
[K L. as i
&#. K apprecari : See apprecation.]
Of the nature of or containing a prayer.
Not so much apprecatory as declaratory.
Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, iii. 9.
still frequently used in the United States.]
apprecation? (ap-ré-kā’shgn), n.
appreciable (a-pré'shi-a-bl), a. [= F. apprécia-
le, K L. as if *appretiabilis, K appretiare: see
appreciate.] Capable of being appreciated, esti-
mated, or perceived; neither too small nor too
great to be capable of estimation or recogni-
tion; perceptible.
A twelfth part of the labour of making a plough is an
appreciable quantity. J. S. Mill.
An odour which has no appreciable effect on the con-
sciousness of a man has a very marked effect on the con-
sciousness of a dog. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 79.
appreciably (a-pré'shi-a-bli), adv. To a degree
that may be appreciated or éstimated; percep-
tibly; by a difference that may be remarked;
noticeably: as, he is appreciably better.
The puffs of an approaching goods-engine seem appre-
ciably more numerous to the ear than those of a receding
OI!C. A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 418.
[K L. appre-
tian(t-)s, ppr. of appretiare: see appreciate.]
Appreciative. [Rare.]
Such was the man whom Henry, of desert
Appreciant alway, chose for highest trust.
Southey, Ded. of Colloquies.
appreciate (3-pré'shi-āt), v.; pret. and pp. ap-
preciated, ppr. appreciating. [KL. appretiatus,
pp. of appretiare, value or estimate at a price
§ It appregiare, apprezzare = Pg. apreçar-Sp.
r: apreciar = F. apprécier), K aä. to, + pretium,
price: see price, and cf. appraise, apprize?..] I.
trams. 1. To value; set a price or value on;
estimate the commercial worth of.—2. To es-
teem duly; place a sufficiently high estimate
on; recognize the quality or worth of: as, his
great ability was not appreciated.
The sectaries of a persecuted religion are seldom in a
proper temper of mind calmly to investigate or candidly
to appreciate the motives of their enemies. Gibbon.
I pronounce that young man happy who is content with
having acquired the skill which he had aimed at, and
waits willingly when the occasion of making it appreciated
shall arrive, knowing well that it will not loiter.
- JEmerson, Success,
3. To be fully conscious of; be aware of; de-
tect; perceive the nature or effect of.
The eye appreciates finer differences than art can expose.
erson, Works and Days.
There is reason to believe that insects appreciate sounds
of extreme delicacy. A. R. Wallace, Nat. Selec., p. 202.
appreciate
Without study of his forms of metre or his scheme of
colours we shall certainly fail to eciate or even to ap-
º the gist or the worth of a painter's or a poet's
€819m. Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 8.
4. To raise in value; advance the exchange,
quotation, or price of: opposed to depreciate.
Lest a sudden peace should appreciate the money.
G. Ramsay.
= Syn. Value, Prize, Esteem, Estimate, Appreciate.
Walue and estimate commonly imply a comparison with a
standard of commercial worth : as, to value a picture at
so much ; to estimate its value at so much. To prize is to
value highly, generally for other than pecuniary reasons,
and suggesting the notion of reluctance to lose. Thus,
we prize a book for its contents or associations; we
prize a friend for his affection for us. To esteem is some.
times simply to think: as, I esteem him a scoundrel;
sometimes to value: as, I esteem, it lightly; sometimes
to have a high opinion of or set a high Value on: as,
I esteem him for his own sake; in its highest sense it im-
plies moral approbation. Estimating is an act of compu-
tation or judgment, and wholly without feeling or moral
jº. as, to estimate the size of a room, the weight
of a stone, the literary excellence of a book, the character
of a person. (See esteem, n., for comparison of corre-
sponding mouns.) Appreciate is to set a just value on;
it implies the use of wise judgment or delicate percep-
tion: as, he appreciated the quality of the work. With
this perception naturally goes a corresponding intellectual
valuation and moral esteem: as, they knew how to appre-
ciate his worth. Appreciate often implies also that the
thing appreciated is likely to be overlooked or underesti-
mated. It is commonly used of good things: as, I wºnder-
stood his wickedness; I realized or recognized his folly; I
appreciated his virtue or wisdom. Compare such phrases
as an appreciative audience, a few appreciative words, ap-
20reciation of merit.
The pearls after removal from the dead oysters are
“classed” by passing through a number of small brass
cullenders. . . . º; been sized in this way, they are
Sorted as to colour, weighed, and valued.
B'ncyc. Brit., XVIII, 447.
For so it falls out,
That what we have we prize not to the worth.
Shak., Much Ado, iv. 1.
Though men esteem thee low of parentage.
Milton, P. R., i. 235.
The truth is, we think lightly of Nature's penny shows,
and estimate what we see by the cost of the ticket.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 90.
It will be soon enough to forget them [the ancients]
when we have the learning and the genius which will en-
able us to attend to and appreciate them.
Thoreau, Walden, p. 113.
II. intrans. To rise invalue; become of more
value: as, public securities appreciated when
the debt was funded.
appreciation (a-pré-shi-ā'shgn), n. [=F. appré-
ciation; from the verb: See appreciate.] 1.
The act of setting a price or money value on
real, personal, or mercantile effects.-2. The
act of estimating the qualities of things and
giving them their due value; clear perception
or recognition of the quality or worth of any-
thing; sympathetic understanding.
What sort of theory is that which is not based upon a
competent appreciation of well-observed facts and their
relations? Mawdsley, Body and Will, p. 205.
Those who aim to be Christian teachers should be fully
armed to contend for the truth, and should have a clear
and intelligent appreciation of the Weapons and tactics
which may be enmployed against it.
Dawson, Nat, and the Bible, p. 15..
3. A rising in value; increase of value.
The appreciation of the metal which is our single stand-
ard, and the consequent decline in prices, is one of the
causes of [the] . . . depression of trade.
Fortnightly Rev., XL, 481.
4. In Scots law, the appraisement or valuing of
poinded or distrained goods.
appreciative (a-pré'shi-à-tiv), a. [K appreciate
+-ive; = F. appréciatif, relating to valuation.]
Capable of appreciating; manifesting due ap-
preciation: as, an appreciative audience.
A ride in the Southern summer moonlight being an ever-
enjoyable romance to an gº." nature.
. W. Towrgée, Fool's Errand, p. 132.
appreciator (8-pré'shi-ā-tgr), m. [K appreciate
-or; = F. appréciateur.] 1. One who appre-
ciates.
A discovery for which there was no permanent appreci-
at Or. - De Quincey, Herodotus.
2. An apparatus for determining the amount
of gluten contained in a given quantity of
flour.
appreciatory (a-pré'shi-à-tá-ri), a... [K appre-
ciate + -ory.] Expressive of admiration; ap-
preciative: as, appreciatory words.
appredicate (a-pred’i-kāt), m, [K NL, appraidi-
catum (tr. of Gr. Tpookaryopotºvov), K.L. ad, to,
+ ML, praedicatum, predicate.] The copula in
a proposition. See copula. -
With Aristotle, the predicate includes the copula; and,
from a hint by him, the latter has, by subsequent Greek
logicians, been styled the appredicate.
gicians, ir W. Hamilton, Logic, I. 228.
apprehend (ap-ré-hend'), v. [KOF, a
277
d. F. appréhender hend ehendre,
IYAOCl, h", (ZOO7° apprehend, = Pr. appre-
hendar *g. ...ſº = Pg. apprehender,
the older Rom. forms being contracted, OF.
aprendre, apprendre, mod. F. apprendre, learn,
con (> E. apprend, obs.), = Pr. aprendre = sp.
aprender = Pg. aprender = It. apprendere, K L.
apprehendere, adprehendere, pp. apprehensus,
adprehensus, contr. apprendere, adprendere, pp.
apprensus, adprensus, lay hold upon, seize, un-
derstand, comprehend, Kad, to, + prehendere,
contr. prendere, seize: see prehend, prizel, ap-
prentice, and apprisel, and cf. comprehend, rep-
'rehend.]. I. trams. 1+. To lay hold of; seize
upon; take possession of.
That I ma ehend that for which also I am appre-
hended of ğ. Phil. ºrſ:
Apprehend your places, he shall be [ready] soon, and at
all points. B. J.ongon, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.
There is nothing but hath a double handle, or, at least,
we have two hands to apprehend it.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, ii. § 6.
2. To take into custody; make prisoner; arrest
|by legal warrant or authority.
The robber . . . was apprehended selling his plunder.
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 1.
Hancock and Adams, though removed by their friends
from the immediate vicinity of the force sent to apprehend
them, were apprised, too faithfully, that the work of death
was begun. 'verett, Orations, p. 88.
3. To take into the mind; seize or grasp men-
tally; take cognizance of. (a) To perceive; learn
by the senses. (b) To learn the character or quality of;
become acquainted or familiar with.
He seems to hear a Heavenly Friend,
And thro' thick veils to apprehend
A labour working to an end.
Tennyson, Two Voices.
§ To imagine, especially an object of desire or dread;
orm a concrete conception of : frequently opposed to
comprehend or attend.
He apprehends a world of figures here,
But not the form of what he should attend.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 3.
(d) To understand; take an intelligent view of.
This yet I apprehend not ; why to those
Among whom God will deign to dwell on earth
So many and so various laws are given.
Milton, P. L., xii. 280.
4. To anticipate; expect; especially, to enter-
tain suspicion or fear of.
All things apprehending nothing understanding.
. Jomson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.
O, let my lady apprehend no fear.
Shak., T. and C., iii. 2.
A man that apprehends death no more dreadfully, but
as a drunken sleep. Shak., M. for M., iv. 2.
5. To hold in opinion; be of opinion concern-
ing. See extract.
When we would express our opinion modestly, instead
of saying, “This is my opinion,” or “This is my judg-
ment,” which has the air of dogmaticalness, we say, “I
conceive it to be thus—I imagine or apprehend it to be
thus.” Reid, Intellectual Powers, p. 19.
= S 2. To catch, arrest, capture.—3. Apprehend, Com-
€ ; to conceive, perceive, see, know. “We appre-
d many truths which we do not comprehend. The great
mystery, for instance, of the Holy Trinity—we lay hold
upon it (ad prehendo), we hang upon it, our souls live by
it ; but we do not take it all in, we do not comprehend it.
It belongs to the idea of God that he may be apprehended
though not comprehended by his reasonable creatures; he
has made them to know him, though not to know him all,
to apprehend though not to comprehend him.” Trench.—
4. To fear, dread, anticipate (with fear).
II, intrans. 1. To imagine; form a concrete
conception of anything; have intellectual per-
ception; catch the idea or meaning.
You apprehend passing shrewdly.
Ppr p g Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1.
Put it into his hand ; 'tis only there
He apprehends: he has his feeling left.
JB. Jomson, The Fox, i. 1.
Men that are in fault
Can subtly apprehend when others aim
At what they do amiss.
Beau. and F., Maid's Tragedy, iv. 2.
To apprehend motionally is to have breadth of mind, but
to be shallow ; to º: really is to be deep, but to be
narrow-minded. . H. Newman, Gram. Of Assent, p. 32.
2. To believe or be of opinion, but without
positive certainty: used as a modest way of in-
troducing an opinion: as, all this is true, but
We apprehend it is not to the purpose.
This, we apprehend, is a mistake.
Goldsmith, Versification,
There are sentiments on some subjects which I appre-
hend might be displeasing to the country.
Jefferson, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 437.
** be apprehensive; be in fear of a future
©Vile
It is worse to apprehend than to suffer Fowe.
apprehender (ap-ré-hen"dēr), n.
apprehensible (ap-ré-hen'si-bl), a.
apprehensive (apºré-hen'siv), a.
fiery, and delectable shapes.
apprehensive

1. One who
seizes or arrests.-2. One who discerns or ree-
ognizes mentally.
apprehensibility (; º; n. [K
2,
āpprehensible; see -bility..] The capability of
|being understood, or the quality of being ap-
prehensible.
Simplicity and %. apprehensibility will be every-
where aimed at. Whitney, Life and Growth of Lang., p. 6.
[K L.L. ap-
prehensibilis, K L. apprehensus, pp. of apprehen-
dere, apprehend: see apprehend.] Capable of
being apprehended or understood; possible to
be conceived by the human intellect.

It [Greek philosophy] so educated the intellect and con-
science as to render the Gospel apprehensible, and, in
many cases, congenial to the mind.
H. P. Fisher, Begin. of Christianity, p. 140.
apprehension (ap-ré-hen’shgn), n. [= F. appré-
, K.L. apprehensio(n-), K apprehendere, pp.
apprehensus: see apprehend.] 1. The act of
seizing or taking hold of; prehension: as, the
hand is the organ of apprehension. [Rare.]–2.
The act of arresting or seizing by legal process;
arrest; seizure: as, the thief, after his appre-
hension, escaped.
The increase in the number of apprehensions for drunk-
€IllſleSS. , Cont. Socialism, p. 345.
3. A laying hold by the mind; mental grasp;
the act or faculty (a) of perceiving anything by
the senses; (b) of learning or becoming familiar
with anything; (c) of forming an image in the
imagination (the common meaning in English
for three centuries, and the technical meaning
in the Kantian theory of cognition); (d) of
catching the meaning of anything said or writ-
ten; (e) of simple apprehension (which see,
below); (f) of attention to something present
to the imagination.
In apprehension, how like a god | Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
They have happy wits and excellent apprehensions.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 233.
To be false, and to be thought false, is all one in respect
of men who act, not according to truth, but apprehension.
Sowth.
ehension then is simply an understanding of the
idea or fact which a proposition enunciates.
J. H. Newman, Gram. of Assent, p. 18.
The proper administration of outward things will always
rest on a just apprehension of their cause and origin.
Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 215.
Whatever makes a large impression upon the senses is,
other things being equal, easy of apprehension, even when
not of comprehension. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 352.
4. Anticipation of adversity; dread or fear of
coming evil; distrust of the future.
The sense of death is most in apprehension.
Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
As he was possessed of integrity and honour, I was under
no apprehensions from throwing him naked into the am-
phitheatre of life. Goldsmith, Vicar, iii.
Let a man front the object of his worst apprehension,
and his stoutness will commonly make his fear groundless.
Bºmerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 215.
Simple apprehension (ML., simplea, apprehensio, first
used by Jean Buridan, in the fourteenth century), in nomi-
malistic logic, conception without judgment; the thinking
of a name as distinguished from the thinking of a propo-
sition: called simple because a term is simple compared
with a proposition.—Synthesis of apprehension, in the
Kamtian philosophy, that operation of the mind by which
the manifold of intuition is collected into definite images.
It is called pure when the manifold operated upon is that
of pure space and time. =Syn. 3. Comprehension, under-
standing, idea, notion.—4, Alarm, Apprehension, Fright,
etc. (see alarm), disquiet, dread, anxiety, misgiving, solici-
tude, nervousness, fearfulness.
& [= F. appré-
tensif, anxious, K. L. apprehensus, pp. of appre-
hendere: see apprehend.] 1+. In the habit of
seizing; ready to catch or seize; desirous to lay
hold of: used literally and figuratively.
I shall be very apprehensive of any occasions wherein I
may do any kind offices. Lord Strafford, Letters, II. 390.
2. Quick to learn or understand; quick of ap-
prehension.
A good sherris-sack . . . ascends me into the brain; . . .
makes it apprehensive, quick, forgetive, full of nimble,
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 3.
An understanding dull'd by th’ infelicity
Of constant sorrow is not apprehensive
In pregnant novelty. Ford, Lady's Trial, iv. 1.
Is there a surer way of achieving the boast of Themisto-
cles, that he knew how to make a small State a great one,
than by making it wise, bright, knowing, apprehensive,
quick-witted, ingenious, thoughtful?
R. Choate, Addresses, p. 111.
3. Realizing; conscious; cognizant. [Rare.]
A man that has spent his younger years in vanity and
folly, and is, by the grace of God, apprehensive of it.
Jer. Taylor.
4. In a state of apprehension or fear; feeling
alarm ; fearful.
The leading reformers . . . began to be apprehensive for
their lives. ladstone, &:#; State, vii.
apprehensive
5. Inclined to believe or suspect; suspicious:
as, I am apprehensive that he does not under-
stand me.
He [the king] became apprehensive that his motives were
misconstrued, even by his friends. Hallam.
6. Perceptive; feeling; sensitive.
Thoughts, my tormentors, arm'd with deadly stings,
Mangie my apprehensive tenderest parts.
Milton, S.A., l. 624.
7. In metaph., relating to simple apprehension.
It yields as a corollary that judgment, that comparison,
that the cognition of relativity is implied in every appre-
hensive act. Sir W. Hamilton.
Apprehensive § a concept without judgment.—
Apprehensive knowledge, the mere understanding of a
proposition without assent or dissent: opposed to adhesive
knowledge.
apprehensively (ap-ré-hen'siv-li), adv. In an
apprehensive manner; with apprehension.
apprehensiveness (ap-ré-hen’siv-nes), n. The
state or quality of being apprehensive. (a)
Readiness to understand. (b) Fearfulness.
apprendt, v. t. [K F. apprendré, KL. apprendere,
lay hold of: see apprehend..] To lay hold of;
apprehend. -
apprentice (a-pren’tis), n. [Early mod. E. also
apprentise, K apprentice, aprentis (and by
apheresis often shortened to prentice, prentis,
mod. E. prentice, q.v.), KOF. apprentis, aprentis,
aprentice (Rouchi dial. apprentiche – Pr. ap-
prentiz = Sp. Pg. aprendiz, M.L. apprenticius;
mod. F. apprenti, as if sing. of apprentis as
pl.), orig. nom. of aprentif, apprentif, a learner
of a trade, K apprendre, aprendre, learn, K L.
apprendere, contr. from apprehendere, lay hold
of, understand, in ML. and Rom. also learn: see
apprehend.] 1. One who is bound by indenture
to serve some particular individual or company
for a specified time, in order to learn some art,
trade, profession, manufacture, etc., in which
his master or masters become bound to instruct
him. Hence—2. A learner in any depart-
ment; one only slightly versed in a subject;
a novice.—3. In old English law, a barrister of
less than sixteen years' standing. After this
period he might be called to the rank of ser-
jeant.— Parish, town, etc., apprentice, a person bound
out by the proper authorities of a parish, town, etc., to
prevent his becoming a public charge.
apprentice (a-pren’tis), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ap-
prenticed, ppr. apprenticing. [K apprentice, n.]
To bind to or put under the care of a master,
for the purpose of instruction in some art,
trade, or profession; indenture.
apprenticeager (a-pren’tis-āj), n. [Also spelled
apprentis(s)age, K F. apprentisage, now appren-
tissage, K OF. apprentis: see apprentice, n., and
—age.] Same as apprenticeship.
apprentice-box (a-pren’tis-boks), n.
thrift-boa.
apprenticehood+ (a-pren’tis-hūd), n. IK appren-
tice + -hood.] Apprenticeship.
Must I not serve a long apprenticehood
To foreign passages? hak., Rich. II., i. 3.
apprenticeship (3-pren’tis-ship), n. IK appren-
tice + -ship.] 1. The service or legal condi-
tion of an apprentice ; the method or process
of gaining knowledge of some trade, art, or pro-
fession from the instruction of a master.—2.
The term during which one is an apprentice.
appressed (a-prest'), a. [KL. appressus, adpres-
sus (pp. of apprimere, press to, Kad, to, + pre-
mere, press) +-ed?..] Pressed closely against;
fitting closely to; apposed. A term used in botany
and zoölogy, and to a limited extent in geology: as, the
spikelets of a grass may be closely appressed to the rachis.
So also hairs or feathers when closely apposed are said to
Same as
be appressed. Flexures of strata are said to be appressed .
when the anticlinals or synclinals are closely folded to-
gether, so that the opposite corresponding portions are
brought in contact with each other. In botany, also writ-
ten adpressed (which See).
appresti (a-prest"), n... [KQF, apreste, apprest,
mod. apprét, preparation, K aprester, apprester
(mod. appréter), make ready, K. L. ad, to, + .
pra-staré, make ready: see prest?, and cf. press”,
'impress2.] Preparation or provision, especially
for war, by enlisting soldiers.
Vespasian laie at Yorke making his apprest8 . . . to go
against the Scots and Picts.
IIolinshed, Chron., Scotland (1586), p. 48.
apprêteur (a-prä-têr'), m. [F., lit: a preparer,
p appréter, prepare: see apprest.] A rubber
used in giving a gloss to skins. q
apprisal (a-pri’zāl), n. Same as appraisal.
appriselt, apprizelt (A-priz"), n. .[KME, ap-
prise, aprise, & OF. aprise, apprise, instruction,
prop. fem. of aprig, appris, pp. 9f aprendré, F.
apprendre, teach, learn, inform, K.L. āpprendere,
apprise”, v. t.
apprize, m. and v. *
apprize”, apprise” (à-priz
apprizement (a-priz’ment), n.
apprizer (a-pri’zēr), n.
approach (a-proch'), v.
278 .
apprehendere: See apprehend..] Learning; in-
struction; information; lore.
apprisel, apprizel (a-priz"), v. t.; pret. and
Fº apprised, ſº apprising, apprizing.
IK F. appris, apprise (K.L. apprensus), pp. of ap-
prendre (KL. apprender6), teach, inform, learn:
see apprisel, n.] To give notice, verbal or writ-
ten, to; inform; advise: followed by of before
that of which notice is given: as, we will ap-
prise the general of an intended attack; he
apprised his father of what he had done.
He had been repeatedly apprised that some of his
friends in England meditated a deed of blood.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxi.
We now and then detect in nature slight dislocations,
which apprize us that this surface on which we now stand
is not fixed, but sliding. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 285.
=Syn. Notify, acquaint, warn, tell, mention to.
ee apprize2.
ee apprisel.
*: t. ; pret. and pp.
apprized, apprised, ppr. apprizing, apprising.
[KME. aprisen, K ÖF. apriser, aprisier (ME, also
apraysen, “apreisen, mod. E. appraise, K OF.
*apreiser, apretier), K L.L. appretiare, value, es-
timate: see appreciate, appraise, and cf. prize?,
rice, praise.] Same as appraise.—To apprize a
eritage, in Scots law, to invest a creditor with the herit-
able estate of his debtor.
[K apprize2 +
—ment. Cf. appraisement.] Same as appraise-
"ment.
[K apprize2 + -erl.]
Same as appraiser.
[K, ME. aprochen, ap-
prochen, KOF. aprochier, F. approcher = Pr.
apropehar = It... approcciare, KML. appropiare,
come near to, K L. ad, to, + propius (> Pr. pro-
pi = F. proche: see prochain), nearer, compar.
of prope, near. Cf. approacimate.] I. intrans.
1. To come or go near in place or time; draw
near; advance nearer; come into presence.
He was expected then,
ISut not approach'd. Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 4.
He . . . made signs for Rip to approach and assist him
With the load. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 53.
2. Figuratively, to draw near; approximate;
come near in degree: with to: as, he approaches
to the character of an able statesman.
II. trans. 1. To bring near; advance: as, he
approached his hand to the cup.
I . . . approached my chair by sly degrees to the fire.
Goldsmith, Vicar, vi.
Even as a resolved general approaches his camp . . . as
nearly as he can to the besieged city. Scott.
2. To come or draw near to: as, to approach
the gate.—3. Figuratively, to come near to in
quality, character, or condition; nearly equal:
as, modern sculpture does not approach that of
the Greeks.
Such and so extraordinary was the embrodery, that I
never saw anything approaching it.
JEvelyn, Diary, Nov. 17, 1684.
He was an admirable poet, and thought even to have
approached Homer. Sir W. Temple.
In proportion as mankind approach complete adjust-
ment of their natures to social needs, there must be fewer
*
and Smaller opportunities for giving aid.
H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $96.
approach (a-präch (), m. [K ME. approche – F.
approche; from the verb.] 1. The act of
drawing near; a coming or advancing near.
Does my approach displease his grace? are my eyes
So hateful to him? Fletcher, Wife for a Month, i. 1.
2. Access; opportunity or liberty of drawing
near; nearness: as, “the approach to kings,”
Bacon.—3. Nearness or close approximation
in quality, likeness, or character.
Absolute purity of blood, I repeat, will be found no-
where; but the nearest approaches to it must be looked
for annong those nations which have played the least figure
in history. P. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 88.
We can none the less restore or reconstruct individual
Old Aryan words with a fair approach to accuracy.
J. Fiske, Dvolutionist, p. 126.
4. A passage or avenue by which anything is
approached; any means of access or approxi-
mation.
The approaches to the city of New Orleans, from the
eastern quarter also, will require to be examined, and
more effectually guarded. Jefferson, Works, VIII. 64.
The approach by rail is through the marshes and lagoons
which lie on either side of the Rhone.
D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 46.
5. pl. Infort., the works thrown up by besiegers
to protect themselves in their advances toward
a fortress. Compare boyau.—6. In golf, the
play by which a player endeavors to get his ball
on to the putting-green.— Counter approaches,
approachability (
approachableness (A-prä'cha-bl-nes), n.
approacher (a-prä'chēr), n.
*:::: (a-präch (les), a.
approbation (ap-ró-bā‘shgn), n.
º approbation
infort., works carried on by the besieged against those oi
the besiegers.-Curve of equal approach, in math., a
curve along which abody descending by the force of gravity
makes equal approaches to the horizon in equal portions
of time.— Method of §º in algebra, a method
of resolving certain problems by assigning limits and mak-
ing gradual approximations to the correct answer.—To
graft º, approach, in hort., to inarch. = Syn. 1. Ap-
proximation, advent.-2, Admittance.


a-pro-cha-bil’i-ti), n. IK ap-
proachable: see -bility.] "Approachableness;
affability. Ruskin.
approachable (a-pró’cha-bl), a. [Kapproach +
-able.] Capable of being approached; *:::::
©
state or quality of being approachable; affa.
bility; friendliness. y
One who ap-
proaches or draws near.
approaching (a-prä'ching), n. In hort., the act of
ingrafting a sprig or shoot of one tree into ano-
ther without cutting it from the parent stock.
Also called in arching and grafting by approach.
[K approach +
ess.] Without approach; unable to be ap-
proached; inaccessible; forbidding. -
approachment (a-präch’ment), n. [K approach
+ -ment.] The act of approaching; approach;
affinity; resemblance in trait or character,
[Rare.]
ce will not concrete, but in the approachment of the
º Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
8.II"
approbate (ap’rö-bāt), a. [K L. approbatus, pp. :
see the verb.] 1+. Approved. Sir T. Elyot.—2.
In Scots law, accepted. See the verb.
approbate (ap'ró-bāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ap-
probated, ppr. approbating. [K L. approbatus,
pp. of approbare, assent to as good, favor, ap-
prove: see approvel.] 1. To º. approba-
tion of; manifest a liking for or degree of satis-
faction in; express approbation of officially, as
of a person’s fitness for a public office or em-
ployment; approve; pass.
The cause of this battle every man did allow and appro-
bate. Hall, Hen. VII., an. 5.
Mr. Hutchinson approbated the choice. J. Eliot.
2. To license: as, to approbate a person to
preach; to approbate a man to keep a hotel
or other public house. [United States.]—
3. In Scots law, to approve or assent to as
valid: chiefly in the following phrase.—Appro-
bate and reprobate, in Scots law, to attempt to take ad-
vantage of one part of a deed while rejecting the rest: as,
for example, where a disposition on a death-bed revokes a
previous liege-poustie conveyance to the prejudice of the
heir at law, but still gives the estate past the heir. The
heir who abides by the deed in so far as it revokes the
liege-poustie deed to his prejudice, while he challenges it
on the head of death-bed, in so far as it defeats his interest
in the estate, is said to approbate and reprobate the deed.
This, however, is contrary to law, and cannot be done; he
must elect between the two alternatives: hence in English
law the act is called election.
This is not an ordinary case of election, but I consider
that it is not open to her both to approbate and reprobate
—to take benefits under the settlement, and by her will
to dispose of property which is comprised therein in a
manner not in accordance with its provisions. ..
Weekly Reporter, XXXII. 581.
[KME. appro-
ation, proof, K. L. approbatio(n-), K approbare,
pp. approbatus: see approvel.] 1. The act of
approving or commending; the giving of assent
to something as proper or praiseworthy; sanc-
tion; approval; commendation.
The silent approbation of one's own breast.
Melmoth, tr. of Pliny's Letters, i. 8.
Both managers and authors of the least merit º at:
your pretensions. The public is their critic—without
whose fair approbation they know no.. can rest on the
stage. Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1.
If the approbation of good men be an object fit to be
pursued, it is fit to be enjoyed.
D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 27, 1834.
2. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., the official judg-
ment of a bishop or his representative approv-
ing the fitness of a priest for hearing confes-
Slon. It is distinct from the conferring of jurisdiction
Or #. of absolving, though, except in case of danger
of death, necessary to the valid exercise of the later.
See jurisdiction. tº -
3. An official sanction or license formerly re-
quired in England, France, etc., for the publi-
cation of a book or other writing.—4t. Con-
clusive evidence; proof. Shak-5t. Proba-
tion; trial; novitiate.
This day my sister should the cloister enter,
And there receive her approbation.
Shak., M. for M., i. 3.
=Syn. 1. Approbation, Approval, liking, commendation;
Sanction, consent, concurrence. Approbation and approval
are becoming separated in meaning, approbation being
used more for the inward feeling, and approval more for
the formal act.
approbative
approbative (ap’rö-bā-tiv), a. [= F. O-
dºtif, K L. as if *approbativus: see #. afte
and-ive..] Approving; expressing, implying, or
of the nature of approbation.
*ºne. (ap’rö-bā-tiv-nes), n. In
vrém., ambition; love of praise or desire for
ame; pride of character; sensitiveness to the
opinions of others. Fowler and Wells.
“yº, (ap'rº-bā-tgr), n. [L., an approver,
approbare, pp. approbatus, approve: see ap-
novel.] ône wº apprºves formally: as,
4. * and approbators,” Evelyn, Letter (1669).
all’6.
approbatory (ap’rī-bā-tº-ri), a. [KML, appro-
atorius, KL. approbatór: see approbator.] Hav-
ing the nature of sanction; containing or ex-
pressing approbation.
Letters . . . confirmatory and approbatory.
Hakluyt'8 Voyages, I. 457.
approclivity# (ap-rū-kliv'i-ti), n. [Kap-1 + pro-
clivity.] §§ inclination; iºnº.
appromptlt (a-prompt"), v. t. [K L. ad, to, +
promptus, prompt: see prompt.] To prompt;
stimulate; encourage: as, “to apprompt our in-
vention,” Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii.
*º v. t. [KAF. aprompter, apromter,
... empromter, F. emprunter = Walloon epron-
ter = It, improntare, borrow, - Wallach. inpru-
anwid, #. or take in pledge, K LL. “impromu-
tware, K in promutuºum, in advance (> Wallach.
imprwmilt, a pledge): L. in, in, for; promutuum,
an advance, Ineut. of promutuus, paid before-
hand, advanced, K pro, beforehand, + mutuus,
lent: see mutual.] To borrow.
approoft (a-préf'), n. [The mod. form is re-
lated to approve as proof to prove; ME. ap-
reſfe, apréf, KOF. aprove, aprevve, proof, trial,
aprover, prove: see approvel, and cf. proof.]
1. The act of proving; trial; test.—2. Ap-
proval or approbation.
He was pleased a marriage feast to crown
With his great presence, and approof of it.
. Beaumont, Psyche, x. 23.
approperatet (a-prop' 3-rät), v. t. [K L. ap-
properatus, pp. of approperare, adproperare, K
ad, to, + properare, hasten, K properus, quick,
speedy, K pro, forward, -H *-parus, K parare,
make, prepare: see pare, prepare.] To hasten.
Cockeram; Johnson.
appropinquatet (ap-rö-ping’kwāt), v. [K L.
appropinquatus, pp. of appropingware, adpro-
pinquare, Kad, to, + propingware, bring near, K
opinquus, near: see propinguity.] I, intrans.
o draw near ; approach.
ii. yams, ſo bring near.
appiº (ap” rô-ping-kwā’ shon), n.
[KL. jº K appropinquare: see
appropinguate.] 1. The act of coming into
Inear relation or proximity; a drawing nigh.
There are many ways of our “gº. tion to God.
'p. Elall, Remains, p. 90.
2. The act of bringing remote things near.
appropinquet (ap-rº-pingk’), v. t. [KL. appro-
pīngware: see appropingwate.] To approach;
get nearer to. [Rare.]
The clotted blood within my hose . . .
With mortal crisis doth portend
My days to apprºgº; an end.
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. iii. 590.
appropinquity (ap-rū-ping’kwi-ti), n. IK ap-1
propinguity, q.v. Cf. appropingwate.] The
state of being near; propinquity. [Rare.]
*º. v. t. [K ME. apropren, appropren, K
... a proprier, F. approprier = Pr: apropriar =
º apropia?'— Pg. apropriar-It. appropriare,
KL.L. appropriare, appropriate: see appropriate,
v.] 1. To appropriate; set apart for a special
purpose; assign; take possession of. Specifi-
ãaiyº:3. Jºccles., to annex to a religious cor-
poration.
appropriable (a-pré'pri-a-bl), a. [K L.L. as if
appropriabilis, Kappropriate; see appropriate.]
Capable of being appropriated, set apart, se–
questered, or assigned exclusively to a par-
ticular use.
appropriamentt (a-pré'pri-8-mºnt), n. [KLL.
#. see appropriate and -ment.] Any-
thing properly or peculiarly one's own; a char-
acteristic.
If you can neglect
Your own appropriaments, but praising that
In others wherein you excel yourself,
You shall be much beloved here.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, i. 1.
appropriate_(a-proſpri-āt), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
appropriated, pp.r. appropriating. [K L.L. appro-
priatus, pp., of appropriare, adpropriare, make
one's own, K. L. ad, to, + proprius, one's own:
see proper.] 1. To take to ºne's self in exclu.
appropriateness (a-pro" pri-āt-nes), ºn.
appropriation (3-pro-pri-ā'shgn), m.
appropriative (a-pré'pri-à-tiv), a.
appropriatºr (; prºpriºgº.
* 279
sion of others; claim or use as by an exclusive
right: as, let no man appropriate the use of a
common benefit.
To themselves appropriating
The Spirit of God. Milton, P. L., xii. 518.
A man is a knave who falsely, but in the panic of turn-
ing all guspicion from himself, charges you or me with
having appropriated another man's jewel.
De Quincey, Secret Societies, ii.
The estate I so admired and envied is my own. It is
the nature of the soul to appropriate all things.
80m, Compensation.
2. In general, to take for any use; put to use.
In solar light the leaves of plants decompose both car-
bonic anhydride and water, appropriating the carbon and
the hydrogen of each for their own growth and nutrition.
W. A. Miller, Elem. of Chem., § 351.
3. To set apart for or assign to a particular
purpose or use, in exclusion of all other pur-
poses or uses: as, Congress appropriated more
money than was needed; to appropriate a spot
of ground for a garden.
The profits of that establishment [the Post-office] had
been appropriated by Parliament to the Duke of York.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., iii.
4. In eccles. law, to annex, as a benefice, to an
ecclesiastical corporation, for its perpetual use.
appropriate (a-propri-āt), a. and n. [KLL. ap-
propriatus, pp.; see the verb.]. I. a. Set apart
for a particular use or person; hence, belonging
peculiarly; suitable; fit; befitting; proper.
It might be thought to be rather a matter of dignity
than any matter of diffidence appropriate to his ow, CàS6.
(ICO72.
More appropriate instances abound.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 124.
A warlike, a refined, an industrial society, each evokes
and requires its specific qualities and produces its appro-
priate type. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 165.
=Syn. Apt, becoming, in keeping, felicitous.
II.f n. Peculiar characteristic; attribute;
proper function; property.
The Bible's appropriate being . . . to enlighten the
eyes and make wise the simple.
Boyle, Style of Holy Scripture, p. 44.
appropriately (a-pré'pri-āt-li), adv. In an ap-
propriate or proper manner; fittingly; sº
€
quality of being appropriate or suitable; ap-
plicability.
A hunting-box, a park-lodge, may have a forest grace
and the beauty of appropriatemeš8. De Quincey, Style, i.
[= F. ap-
propriation, K LL. appropriatio(n-), K appropri-
are: see appropriate.] 1. The act of appropri-
ating, setting apart, or assigning to a particu-
lar use or person in exclusion of all others; ap-
Fº to a special use or purpose; specifical-
, an act of a legislature authorizing money to
be paid from the treasury for a special use.—
2. Anything appropriated or set apart for a
special purpose, as money.
m; ;ºsº.; #:
fiscal year ended June 30, 1886, amounted to $1,169,350.
Report of Sec. of the Treasury, 1886, I. 157.
3+. Acquisition; addition.
He doth nothing but talk of his horse; and he makes it
a great appropriation to his own good parts that he can
shoe him himself. hak., M. of W., i. 2.
4. In law: (a) The annexing or setting apart
of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual
corporation. (b) The determining to which of
several debts a sum of money paid shall be ap-
plied. If the debtor does not designate the appropria-
tion, the creditor may; if neither has done so, and litigation
arises, the court may do it.—Appropriation bill, a legis-
lative bill proposing appropriations of money for some par-
ticular purpose, as for carrying on some department of gov-
ernment.
[K appro-
priate + -ive.] *. making appro-
priation; having the power, tendency, or capa-
|bility of appropriating.
[K L.L. as if
appropriator, & appropriare, appropriate.] 1.
One who appropriates or takes to his own use.
He knew very well that he was the . . . appropriator of
the money which . . . ought to have fallen to his younger
brother. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xliv.
2. In eccles. law, one who is possessed of an
appropriated benefice. See appropriate, v., 4,
approprietary: (ap-rū-priſe-tá-ri), n. [Irreg. K
appropriate, after proprietary..] Same as ap-
propriator, 2.
apºlº (a-prôſva-bl), a. [K approvel +
-able.] Capable of being approved; meriting
approbation.
approvableness (a-pré'va-bl–nes), m. [K ap-
provable + -ness.] The quality of being ap-
provable.
approve
approval (a-pró’val), n. IK, approve! F -al.]
e act of approving; approbation; commen
dation; sanction; ratification.
A censor . . . without whose approval no capital sen-
tences are to be executed. Sir W. Temple, Heroic Virtues.
He was tender, insinuating, anxious for her approval,
eager to unfold himself to her. tº -
Mrs. Oliphant, Hester, xxii.
=Syn. Approbation, Approval (see approbation), accept-
ance, consent, authorization.
approvance (a-pré'vans), n. [KOF. aprovance, K
āprover: see approvel and -ance.] The act of
approving; approbation. [Archaic.]
The people standing all about,
As in approvance, doe thereto applaud.
Spenger, Epithalamion.
approvel (a-prév’), v.; pret. and pp. approved
(rarely pp. approven, after proven), ppr. approv-
Žng. arly mod. E. also approove, KME. apro-
ven, appreoven, apreven, appreven, KOF, aprover,
approver, approwvir, appreuver, approber, etc.,
F. approuver–Pr. Sp. aprobar= Pg. approvar–
It. approvare, K L. approbare, adprobare, assent
to as good, approve, also show to be good, Con-
firm, K ad, to, + probare, K probus, good: see
prove..] I. trans. 1. To make good; show to
be real or true; prove; confirm; attest; cor-
roborate.
What damned error but some sober brow
Will bless it, and approve it with a text?
Shak., M. of W., iii. 2.
Wouldst thou approve thy constancy? Approve
First thy obedience. Milton, P. L., ix. 367.
The Guardian Angels of Paradise are described as re-
turning to Heaven upon the Fall of Man, in order to ap-
prove their Vigilance. Addison, Spectator, No. 357.
2. To show; prove to be; demonstrate.
In all things ye have approved yourselves to be clear in
this matter. 2 Cor. vii. 11.
'Tis an old lesson; Time approves it true.
Byrom, Childe Harold, ii. 35.
3. To sanction officially; ratify authoritatively:
as, the decision of the court martial was ap-
proved.
And by thy coming certainly approve
The pledge of peace. Ford, Honour Triumphant.
4. To pronounce good; think or judge well of;
admit the propriety or excellence of; be pleased
with; commend: as, on trial the goods were
approved; to approve the policy of the admin-
istration.
Yet their posterity approve their sayings. Ps. xlix. 13.
The deed which closed the mortal course of these sove-
reigns, I shall neither approve nor condemn.
Jefferson, Autobiog., p. 83.
She wore the colours I approved.
Tennyson, The Letters.
5. To manifest as worthy of approval; com-
mend: used reflexively.
The miracles of Christianity, so far from shocking me,
approve themselves at once to my intellect and my heart.
Channing, Perfect Life, p. 248.
6. To put to the test; prove by trial; try.
Nay, task me to my Word; approve nme, lord.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 1.
A hundred knights with Palamon there came,
Approv’d in fight, and men of mighty name.
|Uryden, Pal. and Arc., l. 1299.
Hence—7t. To convict upon trial or by proof.
He that is approv'd in this offence.
Shak., Othello, ii. 3.
Approved bill or note, in com., a bill or note drawn by a
solvent, trustworthy party, and to which therefore no rea-
sonable objection can be made. *
II. intrams. 1+. To show itself to be; prove or
turn out.—2. To think or judge well or favor-
ably; be pleased: usually with of.
I showed you a piece of black and white stuff, just sent
from the dyer; which you were pleased to approve of and
Swift.
be my customer for. wift
approve? (a-prèv’), v. t. ; pºet. and pp. ap-
proved, ppr. approving. [The form approve
(NL. approbare, approvare), confused with ap-
provel, is a mod. error, due to a misunder-
standing of the earlier forms; prop. approw, K
late ME. approwe, aprowe, aproue, KOF. aproer,
approer, apprower, apprower (> ML. approare,
apprware, and later apprware, approvare, as
above), profit, benefit, improve, K a (L. ad), to,
+ pro, pru, prow, prew, earliest form prod (> ME.
prow), benefit, advantage, profit: see prowl and
prowess. By a change of prefix, approve? has
become improve, q. v. Cf. appair, impair.] In
law, to turn to one’s own profit; augment the
value or profits of, as of waste land, by inclos-
ing and cultivating; improve.
As long ago as the thirteenth century the statute of
Merton had authorized the lords of manors to approve,
that is, inclose for their own profit, as much of the waste
land as would leave enough uninclosed for the use of the
CODOH1OL10FS, F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 173.
approvedly
approvedly (a-pré'ved-li), adv. In a manner
to gain approval; to an approved degree.
approvement” (à-prêv’ment), n. [K approvel
F-ment.] 1+. The act of approving; approba-
tion; an expression of assent or preference.
I did nothing without your approvement. Hayward.
. I am not bound
To fancy your approvements, but my own.
Ford, Lover's Melancholy, i. 3.
2. In law, the act of becoming an approver or
informer; the act of a prisoner who confesses,
and accuses his accomplices; the act of turn-
ing king's or state's evidence.
approvement” (a-prèv'ment), n. [Prop. ap-
prowment (see approve2), K late ME. approwe-
"ment, approment, aprowerment, aprowment, KOF.
aproement, aprouement, aprowerment (ML. appro-
vamenta, apprwviamenta, approfiamenta, pl.), K
aproer, etc., profit, benefit, improve: see ap-
prove? and-ment. Now improvement, q.v.]
old English law: (a) The improvement by the
lord of a manor of common or waste lands by
inclosing and converting them to his own use.
(b) The profits of such lands.
approverl (a-pré'vér), m. [ME. *approvour, usu-
ally provour, only in def. 1; K approvel + -erl.]
1. One who approves or commends. –2. One
who proves or offers to prove; specifically, in
law, one who confesses a felony, and gives evi-
dence against his accomplice or accomplices;
an informer and accuser; one who turns king's
or state's evidence.
In the 22 Edw. III. a commission was issued to inquire
into the practice of torturing men by gaolers to compel
them to become approvers.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., III. 288, note.
approver?? (a-pré vēr), n. [Prop. apprower
(see approve?), KME. apprower, approwowr, ap-
prouour, KAF. aprowour, OF. “aproeor 9; ap-
prouator, apprwator, NL. approbator), K aproer,
etc., profit, benefit: see approve? and -er.] One
who manages a landed estate for the owner;
a bailiff or steward of a manor; an agent.
approvingly (a-pré'ving-li), adv. In a com-
mendatory manner; in such a way as to imply
approval.
approximal (a-prok'si-mal), a. [K L. ad, to, +
roacimus, next, + -al. Cf. approacimate.] Close-
y joined: in anat., used with reference to the
contiguous surfaces of adjoining teeth.
approximant (a-prok'si-mant), a. [K L.L. ap-
proaciman(t-)s, ppr. of approximare: see approaci-
nate.] Approaching in character; approximat-
ing. [Rare.]
Approacimant and conformant to the apostolical and
pure primitive church. Sir E. Dering, Speeches, p. 74.
approximate (a-prok'si-māt), v.; pret, and pp.
approacimated, ppr. approacimating. [K L.L. ap-
proacimatus, pp. of approacimare, K L. ad, to, +
prozimare, come near, K proacimus (for “propsi-
mus), superl. of prope, near: see proximate, and
cf. approach..] I. trans. To carry or bring near;
advance closely upon; cause to approach in
position, quality, character, condition, etc.
To approacimate the inequality of riches to the level of
mature. Burke.
II. intrans. To come near; approach closely;
figuratively, to stand in intimate relation; be
remarkably similar.
It is the tendency of every dominant system . . . to force
its opponents into the most hostile and jealous attitude,
from the apprehension which they naturally feel, lest, in
those points in which they approacimate towards it, they
should be misinterpreted and overborne by its authority.
J. H. Newman, Development of Christ. Doctrine, Int.
approximate (a-prok'si-māt), a. [KLL. approari-
matus, pp.: see the verb.] 1. Nearin position;
near to; close together. Specifically—(a) In anat.,
applied to teeth so arranged in the jaw that there is no
vacancy between them, as the teeth of man. (b) In bot.,
said of leaves or other organs that stand near together.
2. Near in character; very similar: as, a state-
ment closely approacimate to a falsehood.—3.
Nearly approaching accuracy or correctness;
nearly precise, perfect, or complete: as, an ap-
proacimate result; approacimate values.
The English must certainly rank among the more mixed
nations; we cannot claim the approacimate purity of
Basques and Albanians. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 88.
Approximate value or formula, in math., one which
is very nearly, but not exactly, true.
approximately (a-prok'si-māt-li), adv. In an
approximate manner; by approximation; near-
ly; closely.
approximation (a-prok-si-mâ'shgn), m. [= F.
approacimation, KLL. approacimare: see approaci-
nate, v.] 1. The act of approximating; a draw-
ing, moving, or advancing near in space, posi-
tion, degree, or relation; approach; proximity.
approximative (a-prok’ si-mă-tiv), a.
appui (ap-Wö’), n.
appulse (apſuls or 3-puls"), n.
appurtenancet (a-pèrºtº-nºns), v. t.
280 Q &
The largest capacity and the most noble dispositions are
but an approacimation to the proper standard and true
symmetry of human nature. - Is. Taylor.
Not directly, but by successive approacimations, do man-
kind reach correct conclusions.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 147.
2. In math, and phys.: (a) A continual approach
to a true result; the process by which the value
of a quantity is calculated with continually in-
creasing exactness without ever being actually
ascertained. (b) A result so obtained; a result
which is not rigorously exact, but is so near the
truth as to be sufficient for a given purpose.—
Horner's method of approximation (named for its
inventor, W. G. Horner, died 1837), a method of solving nu-
merical equations, the most salient features of which are
that each approximate value is obtained from the last by
Taylor's theorem, and that the coefficients of the devel-
opment are calculated by a certain systematic procedure.
[= E".
approximatif, KIL, as if “approacimativus, K ap-
proaftmare: See approacimate.] Approaching;
Coming near, as to some state or result.
approximatively (a-prok'si-mă-tiv-li), adv. In
an approximative manner; approximately.
appui, appuy (ap-Wé"), v. t.; pret, and pp. ap-
pwied, appwyed, ppr. appuying. [K F. appuyer,
OF. apuyer, apowier, apoier, − It. appoggiare
(see appoggiato), K. M.L. appodiare, support,
prop, K. L. ad, to, + podium, a support, a bal-
cony, etc., X F. pui, puy, a hill (appuye, a bal-
cony), - It. poggio, a hill, bluff, formerly also a
horse-block, etc.: see podium.] To support;
"milit., to post, as troops, at a point of support.
[F., a Support, prop, K ap-
puyer, Support: See appwi, v.] 1+. A support,
Stay, or prop. q,
If a vine be to climb trees that are of any great height,
there would be stays and appwies set to it.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, I. 538.
2. In the manège, a reciprocal action between
the mouth of the horse and the hand of the
rider, the bit and rein forming the line of com-
munication: thus, a horse with a sensitive
mouth may be said to have a good appui, and
the same may be said of the rider if his hand
is good.—Point d'appui (pwań dap-we'), point of sup-
port; basis; milit., a supporting-point for a line of battle,
as a grove, Village, or Walled inclosure.
[K L. appulsus,
adpulsus, driving to, a landing, approach, K ap-
pulsus, adpulsus, . pp. of appellere, adpellere,
drive to, Kad, to, + pellere, drive: see pulse, and
cf. impulse, repulse..] 1. The act of striking
against or driving upon something; active or
energetic approach. [Rare.]
In all consonants there is an appulse of the orgº;
O
2. In astrom., a close apparent approach of a
planet or star to the Sun or moon.—3+.
coming to land, as of a vessel: as, “the appulse
of the ark,” J. Bryant, Mythol., II. 412.
appulsion (a-pul’shgn), n. [K L. as if *appul-
sio(n-), K appulsus: see appulse..] The act of
striking against; collision; concussion; shock.
appulsive (a-pul’siv), a. [K L. appulsus: see
appulse and -ive..] Striking against; impin-
ging; as, the appulsive influence of the planets.
appulsively (a-pul’siv-li), adv. By appulsion.
appurtenance (3-pêrſtº-nans), n. [Also, less
commonly, appertenance, appertinence, and,
with immediate dependence on the verb, ap-
pertainance, q. v.; K ME. appertenawnce, ap-
partenaw.nce, but earlier and usually appwr-
tenawnce, apportenawnce, apurtenau'nce, apor-
tenawnce, KAF. apurtenance, OF. apertenance,
apartenance = Pr. apartemensa = It. apparte-
nenza, K. M.L. appertenentia, K L.L. appertimere,
belong to, appertain: See appertain, appurte-
mant, and -ance.] 1. The act, state, or fact of
appertaining.—2. That which º or be-
longs to something else; something belonging
to another thing as principal; an adjunct; an
appendage; an accessory: as, “appurtenances
of majesty,” Barrow, Sermons, III. xiv.
The Pope with his appertimences the Prelates.
Milton, Areopagitica, p. 42.
Revolutions upon revolutions, each attended by its ap-
purtenance of proscriptions, and persecutions, and tests.
- Macaulay, Hallam's Comst. Hist.
3. Specifically, in law, a right, privilege, or im-
provement belonging to a principal property
as a right of pasture in a common attachéâ
to an estate, out.houses, gardens, etc., attached
to a mansion, and the like.
* [K appur-
tenance, n.] To furnish with by way of appur-
tenance; supply or equip.
The buildings are antient, large, strong, and fair, and
appertenanced with the necessaries of wood, water, fish-
ing, parks, and mills. Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
a practic (a-prak’tik), n.
a press+, v. t. An old form of oppress.
apricate (apºri-kāt), v.
aprication (ap-ri-kā’shgn), n.
apricitył (a-pris’i-ti), n.
apricot
appurtenant (8-pèrºtº-nant), a. and n. [Also
written, less commonly, appertinent; KTME.
appertenant #". appurtenaunt, apurte-
nant, etc., & Cº. apertenant, apartenant, & LL.
appertinen(f-)s, ppr. of appertinere, belong to,
appertain: See appertain and -anti, and cf. ap-
purtenance.]. I. a. Appertaining or belonging;
pertaining; incident or relating to, as a lega
right, interest, or property subsidiary to one
more valuable or important.
II. m. A thing appertaining to another more
important thing; an appurtenance; a belonging.
One who is affected
with apraxia.
aprankf (a-prank’), prep. phr. as adv. or a.
[K as + prank.] In ostentatious or imperti-
nent fashion.
apraxia (a-prak'si-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. &mpačía,
not doing, non-action, K drpakrog, not doing,
not to be done, K &-priv. -- Tpakróg, verbal adj.
of Tpáooeuv, do: see practice, praxis.] An ina-
bility to execute purposeful movements, which
is not due to paralysis, ataxia, or loss of sen-
sation.—Ideationalapraxia, same as sensory apraxia.
—Motor apraxia, a form in which the person recognizes
an object and may state its use, yet fails utterly in at-
tempting to use it himself—Sensory apraxia, inability
to use objects properly through misjudgment regarding
their nature. t
Chaucer.
[K. L. apricatus, pp. of
apricari, bask in the Sun, Kapricus, open to the
Sun, sunny, prob, K “apéricus, K_aperire, open:
See aperient, and cf. April.] I. intrans. To
bask in the sun. Boyle. [Rare.]
II. trams. To expose to sunlight. De Quincey.
[Rare.]
[K L. aprica-
tio(n-), K apricari : see apricate.] The act of
basking in the Sun; exposure to sunlight.
Cockeram. [Rare.]
The luxury and benefit of aprication, or immersion in
the sunshine bath. O. W. Holmes, Old Voi. of Life, p. 209.
[KL. apricitas, Kapri-
cus, sunny: See apricate.] The warmness of
the sun in winter. Cockeram.
apricockł, n. An old spelling of apricot.
flºº. (ā’pri-kot or apºri-kgt), n. [Early mod.
also apricote, aprecott, abricot, abricote, abri-
coct, etc., with term. after F. abrºcot, also, and
earlier, apricock, aprecock, apricok, abrecock,
abrecok, etc. (cf. D. abrikoos, Dan. abrikos, Sw.
aprikos, G. aprikose), K Pg. albricoque = Sp. al-
baricoque, OSp. albarcoque, albercoque, etc., -
It. albercocca, albicocca (the forms in apr-, as
in E., G., etc., being due perhaps to a fancied
connection with L. apricus, sunny (so ex-
plained by Minsheu: “qſuasi) in aprico coc-
tus,” ripened in a Sunny place): see apricate), K
Ar. al-birqūq, al-burgūq, apricot, Kal, the, and
burgūq, K Gr. Tpatkóktov, pl. trpaticókta (Dioscori-
des), later Tpekökkla, Beptkókkta (whenceformerly
in It. berricocche, pl.-Minsheu), K.L. praecoqua,
apricots, neut. pl. of praºcoquus, a form of prae-
coa, early ripe, precocious, K prae, beforehand,
+ coquere, cook: see precocious and cookl. Thé
Vernacular Ar. name is mishmish, mushmush, X
Pers. mishmish; Hind. khābānī.] A roundish,
Ns
§
Apricot (Prizzlies Armeniaca).
pubescent, orange-colored fruit, of a rich aro-
matic flavor, the produce of a tree of the plum
kind, Prunus Armeniaca, family Amygdalaceae.
Its specific name is due to the belief that it is a native of
Armenia, but it is now supposed to be of Chinese origin.

apricot
It grows wild in the Himalayas and Northwestern Prov-
inces of India, where its fruit is gathered in great quanti-
ties. It was introduced into England in 1524, by the garden-
er of Henry VIII. The tree rises to the height of from 15
to 20 and even 30 feet, and its flowers appear before its
leaves. In cultivation it is often propagated by budding
upon plum-stocks. There is a considerable number of va-
eties, some of them with sweet kernels which may be
eaten like almonds. The wild apricot of the West Indies
is the Mammed Americana; that of Guiana, the Cowrow-
A. Guiamensis. Formerly also spelled apricock,
pril (ā'pril), n. [K ME. Aprile, Aprille, etc.
(AS. rarely Aprelis), also and earlier Averil,
Averel, Averylle, K OF. Avrill, F. Avril = Pr: Sp.
fg. Abrüº it. Apriie as D. April EMHé.
Aprille, Abrille, Abrelle, Aprill, G. April = Dan.
Św. April, K. L. Aprilis (se, mensis, month),
April; usually, but fancifully, regarded as if
K*aperilis, K aperire, open, as the month when
the earth ‘opens’ to produce new fruits: see
aperient.] The fourth month of the year, con-
taining thirty days. With poets, April is the type of
inconstancy, from the changeableness of its weather.—
April fool. Seefoolſ. tº e
a priori (ā pri-6'ri). . [L., from something prior
or going before: â for ab, from; priori, abl. of
rior, neut. privas, E.;; see prior, a.]
om the former; from that which precedes;
hence, from antecedent to consequent, from con-
dition to conditioned, or from cause to effect.
Since the fourteenth century, the phrase demonstratio a
iori (first found in Albert of Saxony, died 1390) has
een commonly employed, instead of the earlier expres-
sion demonstratio propter quid, to mean proof proceeding
from causes or first principles: opposed to demonstratio
a posteriori, or demonstratio quia, which proceeds from ef-
fect to cause, and simply proves the fact without show-
ing why it must be as it is. In the eighteenth century de-
monstratio a priori was applied to reasoning from a given
notion to the conditions which such notion involves. But
since Kant, a priori, used as an adjective and frequently
placed before the noun, has been applied to cognitions
which, though they may come to us in experience, have
their origin in the nature of the mind, and are independent
of experience.
Demonstration is perfect, when it proceedeth from the
proper cause to the effect, called of the scholemen, d.
priore. Blundeville, Arte of Logicke (1599), vi. 19.
Thus when we argue from the ideas we have of immen-
sity, etermity, necessary existence, and the like, that such
perfections can reside but in one being, and thence con-
clude that there can be but one supreme God, . . . this is
an argument a priori. Clarke.
General truths, which at the same time bear the charac-
ter of an inward necessity, must be independent of experi-
ence—clear and certain by themselves. They are there-
fore called a priori, while that which is simply taken from
experience is said to be, in ordinary parlance, known a
posteriori or empirically only.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Max Müller.
As used in a psychological sense, knowledge a posteriori
is a synonym for knowledge enlpirical, or from experience;
and, consequently, is adventitious to the mind, as subse-
quent to, and in consequence of, the exercise of its facul-
ties of observation. Knowledge a priori, on the contrary,
called likewise native, pure, or transcendental knowledge,
embraces those principles which, as the condition of the
exercise of its faculties of observation and thought, are,
consequently, not the result of that exercise. True it is
that, chronologically considered, our a priori is not ante-
cedent to our a posteriori knowledge; for the internal con-
ditions of experience can only operate when an object of
experience has been presented. Sir W. Hamilton.
A priori philosopher, a philosopher who believes in the
existence of a priori cognition in the Kantian sense of the
term; an apriorist.
agriºn (à-pri-Ö'rizm), n. IK a priori, as adj.,
-ism..] 1. A principle assumed as if known
a priori: used in a depreciatory sense.
Unwarrantable a-priorisms, ... . pure unproved as-
Sumptions. The American, VIII. 106.
2. A priori reasoning, as characteristic of a
Aphase of thought or of a thinker.
agriºiº (ā-pri-Ö'rist), n. [K a priori, as adj.,
-ist.] One who believes in the existence of
a priori cognition in the Kantian sense of the
term. See a priori.
This will be disputed by the apriorists.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. § 182.
*ś (ā-pri-º-ristik), a. 1. A priori.-
. Having something of an a priori character:
as, aprioristic reasoning or tendencies. [Rare.]
apriority (à-pri-or’i-ti), n. [K a priori + -ity.]
philos., the character of being underived from
experience, or of being a priori.
Aprocta (a-prok’tā), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
aproctus : see lººf One of two divisions
of the Turbellaria, in which the digestive cavity
is caecal, having no anal aperture: contrasted
with Proctucha. See cut under Dendrocoela.
aproctous (a-prok’tus), a. [K NL, aproctus, K
... à- priv. H. trportóg, anus.] Having no anus;
º; pertaining to or characteristic of
e Aprocta.
The aproctows condition, which persists in most of the
Platyhelminthes, is passed through by these forms at an
early stage in development.
Gegenbawr, Comp. Anat, (trans.), p. 162.
* (ā‘prun or ā'pěrn), v. t.
*śl (ā-prun-èr’), m.
apron-lining (ā‘prun-li"ning), n.
* 281
jºr -- gº
ãpron (ā'prun or ā'pěrn), n. [Early mod. E. also
apern, apurn, earlier napron, whence, by misdi:
viding a napron as an apron, the loss of initial
n, as in adderſ, auger, orange, ouch, umpire, etc.,
K ME. napron, naprun, napronme, naperonn, K
OF. naperon (F. napperon), K nape, nappe (F.
nappe, a cloth, table-cloth), K. L. mappa, a
cloth: see napery, napkin, and map.] 1. A
piece of apparel made invarious ways for cov-
ering the front of the person more or less com-
pletely. It is ordinarily used while at work to keep the
clothes clean or protect them from injury, for which pur-
pose it is made of cotton or linen, or for blacksmiths,
Shoemakers, etc., of leather. Aprons of silk or other fine
material are sometimes worn by ladies as an article of dress
or for ornament. An apron is also part of certain official
costumes, as that of an English bishop, and that of free-
masons and of members of othersecret or friendly societies.
2. Anything resembling an apron in shape or
use. (a) The leather covering used to protect the lower
part of the person while riding in an open carriage. (b) A
rectangular sheet of lead with a conical projection on the
under side, used to cover the vent in heavy guns and field-
pieces. o called cap. (c) A platform or flooring of
plank at the entrance of a dock; the sill. (d) In carp.
the sill or lower part of a window. (e) A strip of iéad
which directs the drip of a wall into a gutter. (f) A piece
of leather or boarding used to conduct loose moving mate-
rial past an opening, as grain in a separator. (g) Sheets
of lead, or flashing, placed about skylights and at the in-
tersection of dormer windows with the roof. (h) The fat
skin covering the belly of a goose. [Provincial.], (3) In
zoöl., the abdomen of the brachyurous or short-tailed
decapod crustaceans, as crabs: so called because it is
folded under and closely applied to the thorax. Its width
and general shape often distinguish the sexes.
3. In ship-carp., a piece, or pieces, of curved
timber placed in a ship just above the fore-
most end of the keel, to strengthen and back
up the several pieces of the stem. See cut
under stem.—4. nech., the piece that
holds the cutting-tool of a plane.—5. Any
device for protecting a surface of earth from
the action of moving water. Examples of such
devices are : (a) a mattress of brushwood and logs an-
chored with stones, to protect river-banks from the action
of the current; (b) the planking or logs placed at the base
of a sea-wall, to protect it from the scour of the waves;
(c) the platform which receives the water that falls over
a dam or through a sluice.
..[K apron, n.]
o put an apron on; furnish with an apron;
cover as with an apron. *
The cobbler aproned and the º gowned.
Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 197.
[K apron + -eer.]
ne who wears an apron; a tradesman or shop-
man; a mechanic: as, “some surly aproneer,”
Bp. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 238.
º © tº joi y
the piece of boarding which covers the rough
apron-piece of a staircase.
apron-man (ā‘prun-man), n. A man who wears
an apron; a laboring man or workman; a
Waiter or bar-tender. *
You have made good work,
You, and your apron-mem. k., Cor., iv. 6.
apron-piece (ā‘prun-pês), n. In joinery, a piece
of timber fixed into a wall and projecting hori-
zontally, to support the carriage-pieces and
joistings in the half-spaces or landing-places
of a staircase. Also called pitching-piece.
apron-roll (ā'prun-ról), n. In mach., a roll
which gives motion to or which supports a
traveling apron.
The upward movement of the drum prevents the skin
from being carried around the inner apron-roll.
C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 315.
apron-squiret, n. Same as apple-Squire. Nashe.
N. E. D.)
apron-string (ā‘prun-string), m. A string by
which an apron is attached to the person.—
Apron-string hold, in law, a tenure of property through
one's wife, or during her lifetime alone. Töbe tied to a
Woman’s apron-strings, to be bound to her as a child
is bound to its mother; be unable to break away from her
control or influence; be kept subservient to her caprice.
apropos (ap-rū-pó’), adv., a., and m. [KF. & pro-
£º: to the purpose: â, to, with reference to,
L. ad, to; propos, purpose, K L. propositum,
a thing proposed: see purpose and propose.]
I. adv. 1. To the purpose; opportunely; sea-
sonably.—2. With reference or regard; in re-
spect: followed by of. •,
Suddenly, and dº propos of nothing, asking him how it
was possible for a man to have three godmothers.
W. Black, Shandon Bells, xxxiii.
3. With reference to that (a thing just men-
tioned); by the way: used absolutely, to intro-
duce an incidental observation.
Mr. Brown is now busy upon his work. A propos, I
heard very lately that my friend was the author of that
fine little pamphlet that has so irretrievably spoiled the
credit and sale of that vain simple book of Weston's.
Warburton, To Hurd, Letter xvii.
aprosopia (ap-rö-Sö’pi-á), n.
aps (aps), 7.
apse (aps), n.
apse-aisle (aps’il), n.
apse-chapel
II. a. .."; seasonable; to the ;.
pose; pertinent; nappy: as, an apropos remark.
iii. 72. Fertiňency. #;" op
Aprosmictus (ap-ros-mik’tus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ârgéopºros, not associating, isolated, < ū-priy.
+*Tpóopuktoc, verbaladj. of ºrpoapuyvival, mingle
with, associate, K Tpóg, by, with, + puyvínal,
mingle, mix: see mia!..] A genus of parra-
keets. It includes A. erythropterus, the red-winged par-
rakeet of Australia, and A. 8capulatus, the king parrakeet.
By some the name is given to a subgenus of Platycercw8.
[NL., K. Gr. &Tp6-
dotrog, without a face, K &- priv. 4- Tpóootov,
face.] . In teratol., absence of the greater part
of the face, due to arrested development of the
mandibular arch.
aproterodont (ap-rū-ter’ī-dont), a... [K Gr. 6-
priv. 4- ºrpótepog, in front, + 6600g (bóovſ-) = E.
tooth.] In herpet., having no front teeth: ap-
plied to the dentition of serpents whose inter-
maxillaries are toothless.
[A dial. form of asp1, q.v.] A
common name for white-poplar wood, used for
toys, etc. [Eng.]
[KL. apsis, in the architectural
sense, as in definition: See apsis.] 1. In arch.:
(a) Strictly, any recess, or the termination
of a building, of semicircular plan, covered
|by a semicircular vault or semi-dome; hence,
a similar feature of polygonal plan. (b) In
ordinary use, the termination of the choir or
Apse.— Duomo of Pisa, Italy.
sanctuary of any church, particularly if it pre-
sents a superficial resemblance to an apse in
the stricter sense, in that it is at least approxi-
mately semicircular in plan, and vaulted : com-
monly equivalent to chevet, and applied to the
altar extremity of a church, even if of rectan-
gular plan and not vaulted, and including the
apse-aisles, chapels, and any other adjunct to
the ritual east end of a church. The apse in its
origin was a characteristic feature of the ancient Roman
basilica, in which it formed the raised tribune for the court
magistrates. The throne of the quaestor or presiding judge
stood in the center of the chord of the arc of the apse.
When the basilicas became Christian churches, the throne
was replaced by the high altar, which still occupies this
position in Latin churches of the strict basilica type, and
has regularly kept it in Oriental churches. Some types of
church regularly have secondary apses in other positions
than at the eastern end, as at the Western end, at the ex-
tremities of the transepts or of aisles, etc. See cuts under
asilica and bema. Also apsis. .
2. In astrom., same as apsis.
An aisle which extends
around an apse, continuing the lateral aisles
of the choir, or choir-aisles.
Apse-aisle.—Original plan of Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris.
apse-chapel (aps'chap"el), n. A chapel open
ing upon an apse or apse-aisle.


w
apselaphesis (ap-sel-afé'sis), n.
apsidally (ap'si-dal-i), adv.
apsides, n.
apsidiole (ap-sid’i-Öl), m.
apsis (apºsis), m.; pl. apsides (ap'si-déz).
apsychical (ap-Siſki-kal), a.
apt (apt), a.
apselaphesis
[NL., K. Gr.
à- priv. F \m?dºmouc, feeling, K mżapāi, feel
'ope, touch, connected with lºv, touch, rubj
i;tºol, diminution or loss of tactile sensi.
apsidal (ap'si-dgl), a [Kopsis (apsid) + -all
1. In astrom., pertaining to the apsides. See
apsis.-2. In arch., of or relating to an apse;
of the nature or form of an apse; terminating
In an apse.
The prothesis and diaconicom [in Armenian churches] are
never apsidal on the outside, and seldom so on the inside.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 174.
Apsidal chapel. (a) A chapel terminating in an apse.
º An apse-chapel.—Apsidal surface, in math., a sur-
ace related to any other surface and to any point as Fres-
nel's wave-surface is related to the quadric surface and
to its center; that is to say, on each plane section of an
original Surface through a certain fixed point the radii
from that point which cut the section orthogonally are
taken, and distances equal to these radii are measured off
from the fixed point on the perpendicular to the section;
then the locus of the extremities of these lines so mea-
Sured is the apsidal surface.
In the form or
manner of an apse; with an apse.
In this difficulty the architect hit upon the happy ex-
pedient of finishing the roof westwards apsidally.
Dean. Howson, Handbook of Chester Cathedral, p. 40.
Plural of apsis.
[F., commonly absi-
diole, K NL. *apsidiola, dim. of L. apsis (apsid-),
apse.] A small apse ; a secondary apse, as one
of the apses on either side of §: central or
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Apsidioles.— St. Sernin, Toulouse, 12th century.
main apse in a church of triapsidal plan, or one
of the apse-chapels when these project on the
exterior of the church, particularly if the pro-
jection resembles an apse in shape. Also writ-
ten absidiole.
[L.
(pl. apsides), also absis (pl. absides) and absida
(pl. absidae), a round arch or vault, the circle
which a star describes in its orbit, a bowl, K. Gr.
dipig (pl. diplôeg), a loop, wheel, orbit, etc., K&T-
teau, fasten, bind: See apt.] 1. In astrom., a
point in the eccentric orbit of a planet in which
it is either furthest from or nearest to the body
about which it revolves. The higher apsis is the
point furthest from, and the lower apsis the point nearest
to, the central body. The line of apsides is the line join-
ing the apsides. These terms were originally applied to
circular orbits, but are now extended to ellipses. Also
0.7)36.
§. In arch., same as apse.—3. A reliquary or
case in which the relics of Saints are kept,
especially one of a form imitating the curves
of a dome or vault.
Sometimes written absis.
[K Gr. 6- priv. --
jvºdkóg, of the mind or soul: see a-18 and psychi-
cal.] 1. Not psychical; not mental or spirit-
ual.-2. Not involving conscious mental ac-
tion; not controlled by the mind.
[K F. apte = Pr. apte = Sp. Pg.
apto - It. atto, K L. aptus, fit, fitted, prop. pp.
of obs, apere, fasten, join (whence the incep-
tive apisci, pp. aptus, reach after, try to j
= Gr. &Trety, fasten, bind.] 1. Possessing the
qualities necessary or proper for a certain pur-
pose or end; fit; suited; adapted; suitable.
All the men of might, . . . strong and apt for War.
2 Ki. xxiv. 16.
In woode and stone, not the softest, but hardest, be al-
waies aptext. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 35.
No man that putteth his hand to the plough, and looketh
pack, is apt for the kingdom of God.
Latimer, Sermon of the Plough.
282
The hands that have grasped dominion and held it have
been large and hard; those from which it has slipped,
delicate, and apt for the lyre and the pencil.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 251.
2. Suited to its purpose; apposite; pertinent;
appropriate; becoming: as, an apt metaphor.
Such apt and gracious words,
That aged ears play truant at his tales,
And younger hearings are quite ravished.
Shak., L. L. L., ii. 1.
Dxpert
In fitting aptest words to things.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, lxxv.
Ludicrous yet apt citations
Of barbarous law Latin.
Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook.
3. Having a tendency; naturally susceptible;
liable; likely: as, wheat on moist land is apt
to blast or be winter-killed.
It [the harbor) is gay with hundreds of small boats, . . .
apt to be painted green and adorned with pictures. -
- C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 135.
4. Inclined; predisposed; disposed, customa-
rily; prone; ready : as, one who is too apt to
slander others.
'Tis time my hard-mouth'd coursers to control,
Apt to run riot, and transgress the goal.
Dryden, Pythag. Philos., l. 669.
What makes you thoughtless in your conduct, and apt to
run into a thousand little imprudences?
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 3.
5. Ready; prompt; quick; unusually intelli-
gent; expert; facile: as, a pupil apt to learn;
an apt Wit.
Strong, supple, sinew-corded, apt at arms.
Tennyson, Princess, v.
An apt taster knows which wine has the novel flavor.
Stedman, Poets of America, p. 289.
6. Prepared; ready; willing.
Live a thousand years,
I shall not find myself so apt to die.
Shak., J. C., iii. 1.
The paymaster and the attorney stood at hand apt with
suggestions. C. J. Bellamy, The Breton Mills, xiv.
7+. Capable of easy explanation; natural;
credible.
That Cassio loves her, I do well believe it;
That she loves him, 'tis apt, and of great credit.
Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
=Syn. 1. Apt, Fit. “The words apt and fit might be
thought to differ only in this, that the former is of Latin
derivation; but apt has an active sense, and fit a passive
sense, a distinction clearly shown by Shakspere, when
the poisoner in the play in Hamlet says, “hands apt, drugs
fit,” and by Wordsworth: “Our hearts more apt to sympa-
thize with heaven, our souls more fit for future glory.’” H.
Reed, Eng. Lit., p. 106.—2. Meet, fitting, germane, appro-
priate.—3 and 4. Apt, Likely, Liable, Subject, prone.
Apt, when used in this sense of persons, indicates physical
tendency or inward inclination: as, apt to catch cold; apt
to neglect work; when used of things, it similarly indi-
cates natural tendency: as, apt to mold. Likely may sug-
gest the same idea: as, he is likely to do it; it is likely to
rust ; or it may express mere external probability or
chance : as, he is likely to come at any moment. Liable
in this connection is properly used only of exposure to
evil, being practically equivalent to exposed, or exposed
to the danger of: as, liable to accident; liable to be hurt,
that is, exposed to the danger of being hurt; liable to
censure: in such use it does not express probability or
tendency, but merely the possibility of exposure or risk.
Subject expresses what is likely to happen to a person or
thing, and occasionally does happen. Liable to disease
and subject to disease thus convey different ideas. The
things to which we are liable are determined more by
accident or circumstance; the things to which We are
subject are determined by nature and constitution. Apt
to be suddenly ill; liable, but not likely, to die before the
physician arrives; subject to attacks of epilepsy.
How apt the podr are to be proud 1
* x Shak., T. N., iii. 1.
It is the duty of practical good sense to bear in mind
that a certain result, though not certain to happen, is
likely to happen, and that no wise man will put that likeli-
hood out of sight. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 212.
Till that hour
Not liable to fear, or flight, or pain.
Milton, P. L., vi. 397.
All human things are subject to decay,
And when fate summons, monarchs must obey.
Dryden, Mac Flecknoe, l. 1.
5. Clever, bright, dexterous.
apt: (apt), v. t. [KL. aptare, fit, adapt, accom-
modate, adjust, Kaptus, fit, etc. : See apt, a.] To
prepare for a definite service; fit; suit for an-
ticipated circumstances; adapt.
If he be mine, he shall follow and observe what I will
apt him to. B. Jomson, Poetaster, i. 1.
That our speech be apted to necessary edification.
Jer. Taylor.
He takes his top-sail down in such rough storms,
And apts his sails to airs more temperate.
Chapman and Shirley, Chabot, Admiral of France, i.
aptablet (apºta-bl), a. IC LL. aptabilis, K L.
aptare, adapt: See apt, v.; and -able.] Capable
of being fitted or adapted. Sherwood.
aptatet (apºtät), v. t. [K L. aptatus, pp. of ap-
tare, adapt: see apt, v.] To make fit.
Aptenodytes (apºte-né-di’téz), n. . [NL., K. Gr,
ãºrrów, wingless (K 3- priv. -- frtmóg, winged, K
Aptera (apºtº-ră), m. pl.
apteral (apºtº-ral), a.
Apteryges (ap-ter’i-jéz), m. pl.
Apterygidae (ap-te-rij'i-dé), m. pl.
Apteryx (apºte-riks), n.
Apteryx
Téreoffat, Trºval, fly), + 60tnc, diver, K 60ew,
dive, sink.] A genus of º; formerly co-
extensive with the family Spheniscidae, and giv-
ing name to a family Aptenodytidae, but now
usually restricted to two large species, the ém-
peror and king penguins, A. imperator and A.
few, or 4...forsteri and 4. pennanti, distinguished
from all others by their great size and long,
slender, somewhat curved bill. Both were for-
merly called the great or Patagonia penguin,
A. patachomica. Also Aptemodyta ºf Aptero-
dyta.
Aptenodytidae (apºte-nā-dit’i-dé), m.pl. [NL.,
KAptenodytes + -idae.] A family of birds, the
penguins, named from the £º. Aptenodytes:
synonymous with Spheniscidae (which see).
- - º [NL. (K. Gr. &m repa,
animals without wings, & Trepov, the class of
such animals—Aristotle), neut. pl. of apterus,
K Gr. &rtepog, wingless: see apterous.] In 206l.,
a group to which various limits have been as-
signed. (a) In the Linnean system of classification, the
seventh and last order of Insecta, including “insects” with-
Out Wings, that is, crustaceans, arachnidans, myriapods,
etc. In 1795 it was divided by Latreille into seven or-
ders: Suctoria, Thysamura, Parasita, Acephala, Entomog-
traca, Crustacea, and Myriapoda, (b) In Latreille's system
of classification (1817), the fourth of nine orders of Insecta,
including “wingless forms without gnathites,” and con-
taining only the fleas; the Swctoria of De Geer, the Sipho-
maptera of Latreille, the Aphaniptera of Kirby and modern
Writers. Used in this sense also by Macleay and others.
(c) Loosely applied to sundry groups of wingless insects
besides fleas, as to the haustellate and mandibulate lice,
the thysanurous insects, etc. (d) In Gegenbaur's system of
classification, one of the two prime divisions of Hezapoda
or Insecta § other being Pterygota), consisting of the
two orders Collembola and Thysamura, containing all ap-
terous ametabolous insects of such forms as Podwra and
Lipwra, Campodea and Lepi , etc. The name is practi.
cally synonymous with Ametabola (which see).
[As apterous + -al.] 1.
estitute of wings.—2. In arch., applied to a
temple or other building which has no columns
On the flanks, but may have a portico at one or
at each end: opposed to peripteral, surrounded
by columns. See prostyle and amphiprostyle.
apteran (apºte-ran), n. [As apterous + -am.]
A wingless insect; one of the Aptera.
apteria, n. Plural of apterium.
apteriai (apºtē'riai), ā [Kapterium + -al.]
Ornith., pertaining to an apterium, or to ap-
#: ) l )
apterium (ap-té'ri-um), m.; pl. apteria (-à).
NL., K É. ôttepog, without ſº See ap-
terous.] In ornith., a tract or space on the
skin of a bird where no feathers grow; an un-
feathered tract, in distinction from a feather-
º or pteryla (which see). Nitzsch; Sunde-
(1)Cl·lú.
apterous (apºte-rus),.a. [KNL, apterus, K. Gr.
ãTrepog, wingless, without feathers, K Ö- priv.
+ Trepév, a wing, feather, = E. feather.] I. In
206l. : (a) Wingless; having no wings: applied
both to wingless insects belonging to winged
groups, and to the wingless stage of winged
insects. (b) Specifically, of or pertaining to
the Aptera.-2. In bot., destitute of membra-
mous expansions, as a stem or petiole: opposed
to alate.
[NL., pl. of
Apterya..]. A superfamily group, made by New-
ton an order, of ratite birds, based upon and in-
cluding only the family Apterygidae (which see).
Apterygia (ap-te-rij'i-á), n., pl. [NL., K. Gr.
à- priv. H. Trepüylov, a wing, fin: see Pterygia.]
A group of mollusks, containing all gastropods
With an intromittent male organ, and contrast-
ing with the Pterygia, composed of the cephalo-
pods and pteropods. Latreille, 1825.
*ºn (ap-te-rij'i-an), a. [K Gr. & Trépuyog,
wingless (see Apterya), + -ian.] 1. Wingless;
apterous.-2. Pertaining to the genus Apterya,
or to the family Apterygidae.
[NL., K Ap-
teryº (Apteryg-) + -idae.] A family of ratite or
struthious birds, of the subclass Ratitae and
suborder or superfamily Apteryges, constituted
by the single genus Apterya. It is characterized by
the rudimentary condition of the wings and tail, 4-toed
feet, very long slender bill with terminal nostrils, and many
anatomical peculiarities, among them a better develop-
ment of the diaphragm than in any other bird.
Apteryginae (apºte-ri-ji'né), m. pl. [NL., KAp-
terya; (Apteryg-) + -ina..] The only subfamily
of the family Apterygidae. G. R. Gray, 1840.
[NL. (cf. Gr. & Tré-
pvyog, wingless), KGr. &-priv. -- Trépw; (Irrepvy-),
a wing, K Trepév, a wing, — E. feather.] 1.
genus of ratite birds, constituting the family
Apterygidae. There are several species or varieties, all
inhabiting New Zealand, of which A. australis has been




















Apteryx
longest and best known; A. mantelli inhabits Stewart
Island, and A. Oweni the South Island. All are known as
kiwis, , kiwi-kiwis,
or kivi-kivis, from
their cry. Also, im-
properly, Aptermya.
and Aptermiac.
2. [l. c.] A bird
of this genus;
a kiwi (which
see).
aptha (apºthä),
n...See aphtha.
aptitude (apºti-
tüd , 7%. = H'.
aptitude, K ML.
aptitudo, K L.
aptus, apt, fit:
See apt, a. Cf.
attitude, which
is a doublet of
# * 1.
e state or
quality of being
apt or fit for or suited to a purpose, place, or
situation; fitness; suitableness.
Aptitude . . . for the end to which it was aimed.
Decay of Christ. Piety.
2. A natural tendency or acquired inclination;
both capacity and propensity for a certain
Apteryx mazz tellz. .
course: as, oil has an aptitude to burn; men
acquire an aptitude to particular vices.
He that is about children should learn their nature and
aptitudes. s Locke.
The Americans have at all times shown a remarkable
aptitude for the sea-faring life, and they did not wait for
the Declaration of Independence to take measures for the
construction of an independent navy.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xiv.
3. Readiness in learning; teachableness;
quickness to understand and acquire; intelli-
gence; talent.
He was a boy of remarkable aptitude. Macaulay.
=Syn. Faculty, Capacity, etc. See genius.
aptitudinal (ap-ti-tū’di-nal), a. [K ML. apti-
tudo (aptitudin-) + -al: see aptitude..] 1. Re-
lating to an aptitude or aptitudes.—2. Existing
in possibility or capacity merely. [Rare.]—
Aptitudinal relation, a relation which does not require
the correlate to exist actually, but only potentially; as, for
example, the relation of a desire to its object.
aptitudinally (ap-ti-tū’di-nal-i), adv. In an
aptitudinal manner; in a way which reveals
aptitude.
aptly (apt’li), adv. In an apt or suitable man-
Iler. (a) With exact correspondence; with fitness; justly.
I have forgot your name ; but, sure, that part
Was aptly fitted, and naturally perform'd.
Shak., T. of the S., Ind., i.
(b) Suitably; appropriately: of language, pertinently, ap-
positely, or significantly.
Irenaeus very aptly remarks. Addison.
Words aptly cull'd and meanings well express'd
Can calm the Sorrows of a wounded breast.
Crabbe, The Village.
(c) Readily; quickly; cleverly: as, to learn aptly. -
aptness (apt'nes), m. The state or quality of
eing apt, in any sense of that word.
The aptness of things to their end. Hooker.
What should be the aptness of birds, in comparison of
beasts, to imitate speech may be inquired. Bacon.
At his first aptness, the maternal love
Those rudiments of reason did improve.
Dryden, Eleonora, l. 218.
Aptornis (ap-tór’nis), n. [NL., short for “ap-
terornis, K. Gr. Öttepoc, wingless (see apterous),
+ špwtg, a bird: see ornithology.] A genus of
recently extinct ralliform birds, probably of
the family Rallidae, related to the extant genus
Ocydromus. Its remains are found in New Zealand with
those of the moa. A. defosso” and A. otidiformis are two
species described by Owen in 1871.
aptosochromatism (ap-tū’sö-kröſma-tizm), n.
K. Gr. a-priv. 4- Tràgic, falling off . dTToota,
stability, firmness: see aptote), + chromatism.]
In ornith., change of color of the plumage with-
out loss or gain of any feathers. Cowes.
aptote (apºtöt), n. [K L.L. aptotum, only in pl.
aptota, K. Gr. Öttarov, neut. of attorog, without
case, undeclined, also as ārtóg (āttor-), not fall-
ing, K &- priv. 4- Trotég, verbal adj. of Tittetv,
fall, whence also Trôoic, case, inflection.] In
gram., a noun which has no distinction of cases;
an indeclinable noun. *
aptotic (ap-tot'ik), a. [K aptote + -ic.] 1. Of
or pertaining to an aptote; having no declen-
sion.—2. Uninflected; having no grammatical
*inflections: said of certain languages. , , , , ,
㺠(ap’ti-kus), n. ; pl. aptychi,(-ki).
[NL., K. Gr
... à- priv. --ºrrvyā, a fold, K trüooeuv,
fold.] In Cephalopoda, a plate formed, of a
shelly substance, found in the terminal cham-
- 283 -
ber of certain fossil mollusks, as ammonites,
and regarded by some as an operculum. It was
formerly considered to be one of the parts of different
animals called trigonellites, lepadites, etc.
The Aptychi . . . occupy the middle of the posterior
wall of the terminal chamber of the Ammonite, and have
their bases towards its mouth. Nothing is certainly
known as to the nature of the Aptychi or Anaptychi.
s EIuzley, Anat. Invert., p. 459.
Apulian (3-pii'li-àn), a... [KL. Apulia, Appulia,
-an.]. Of or pertaining to the region called
Apulia, in Southern Italy, or to its inhabitants.
In Roman times Apulia included the region between the
Apennines and the Adriatic, south of the Frentani and
east of Samnium, and later also the Messapian peninsula.
Mººn Apulia comprises the provinces Foggia, Bari, and
CCC.
A hill in the midst of the Apulian plain.
Encyc. Brit., XV. 39.
Apulian Pº, a name given to the Italo-Greek pot-
tery found in Apulia and southeastern Italy generally,
especially to the vases with red figures on a lustrous black
ground, some of the most important examples of which are
from this region. º
Apus (ā‘pus), n. [NL., KGr. &Tovg, without feet:
see apod, Apoda, etc.] 1. One of the southern
constellations form-
ed in the sixteenth
century, probably as ºf A
by Petrus Theodori; sº
the Bird of Paradise. hººk.
It is situated south of the #3:
Triangulum Australe, #####2
and its brightest star is º
of the fourth magnitude. §§
F:
2. A genus of bran-
chiopodous or phyl-
lopodous entomos-
tracous crustace-
ans, typical of the
family Apodidae or
Apusidae: named (in
the form Apous) by
Frisch in 1732. Like
nearly all animals which
have been miscalled Apo-
da or Apodes (footless),
they have feet, these
organs in the phyllo-
pods ranging from 11 to
60 pairs. The genus is
characterized by a large
shield-like carapace, or
cephalothorax in One
piece, covering most of
the animal. A. camcriformis, called the crab-shelled
shrimp, is 2 or 3 inches long, and is noted for its repeated
molts (it sheds its skin twenty times in two or three
months), and for the vast numerical preponderance of the
females, the males having been only recently discovered.
3. In ornith. : (a) A genus of birds, of the fam-
ily Cypselidae, established by Scopoli in 1777:
equivalent to Cypselus of Illiger, 1811. (b) [l. c.]
The specific name of the common swift of Eu-
rope, Cypselus apus.-4. [l. c.; pl. api (ā’pi).]
In teratol., a monster destitute of posterior
limbs, while the anterior are well formed.
Apuliº (a-pii'si-dé), m. pl. [NL., irreg. K Apus
-idae: so formed to make literal distinction
from Apodidae.] Same as Apodida!.
Apygia (a-pij'i-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv.
+ Tvy#, buttock.] An order of Brachiopoda ;
a synonym of Arthropomata (which see).
Apyrenaemata (a-pi-re-né'ma-tá), m. pl. [NL.,
neut. pl. of apſrena-matus: see appremematous.]
A division of animals including those in which
the blood-corpuscles are not nucleated; those
animals which have blood-disks as distinguished
from nucleated cells of the blood. The term is
practically the same in application as Mammalia, though
nuclei have been discovered in the form-elements of the
blood of a few mammals.
[KNL.
apyrenematous (a-pi-re-mem'a-tus), a.
apyrenaematus, K. Gr. 3- priv. -- pyrenamatus:
see a-18 and pyrenematous.] Not pyrenema-
tous; having blood which contains disks, or
non-nucleated corpuscles, as a mammal.
apyretic (ap-i-ret'ik), a. [K Gr. & Tiperog, with-
out fever, K &- priv. -- Tvperóg, fever. Cf. apg-
reasia.] Without pyrexia or fever: specifically,
in pathol., applied to those days in which the
intermission of fever occurs in agues, and also
to local affections which are not accompanied
With fever. x
apyrexia (ap-i-rek'si-á), n. [NL;,& Gr, àºupeég,
absence of fever, Kätröpektoc, without fever, Kä-
priv, + “trupskróg, verbal adj. of Tvpéogetv, be in
a fever, K Trvperóg, fever: see pyretic, and cf.
apyretic.] The absence or intermission of py-
rexia or fever; the interval between the parox-
ysms in intermittent fevers. Also apºyréay.
apyrexial (ap-i-rek'si-al), a... [Kapyreacia + -al.]
elating to or characterized by apyrexia; apy-
retic.
apyrexy (apſi-rek-si), m. Same as apprevia.
rº
º
#
Apus glacialis.-A, lateral view,
the right half of the carapace cut
away; B, dorsal view; x, shell-gland ;
3, caudal filaments; 28, labrum; cs,
cephalostegite, separated at sa from
the rest of the carapace, or omoste-
gite ; 21 to 26, the six simple somites
preceded by twenty F. SO-
Inites bearing the foliaceous switn-
ming-feet; I, eye; II, antennule;
I lº (or lò), labrum.
* *-
** (a-pirus), a.
aquafortis (ā-kwa-férºtis), n.
aquafºrtist (ā-kwa-fôr'tist), n.
aquage (ā’kwāj), n.
a Quage
apyrotype (a-pi'rð-tip), n. IK Gr, &rvpoc, with-
out fire (see apgrous), H- type, q.v.] Printing-
type produced without heat, as by means of dies
and pressure, instead of by casting in molds.
[K Gr. &tvpoç, without
ire, Kā-priv. 4 trip, fire, - E. fire: see fire and
pyre.] Incombustible, or capable of sustain-
ing a strong heat without alteration of form or
Fº as asbestos, mica, and tale. Apyrous
odies differ from refractory ones in remaining unchanged
even under extreme heat, while the latter may be altered
even though not fused by fire.
aq. In phar., an abbreviation of aqua.
aqua (ā’kwä), n. [L. (> It. acqua = Sp. Pp.
*agua = F. eau), - Goth. ahwa, river, = OHG.
aha, M.H.G. ahe (G. Aa, the name of several
rivers) = OS. aha = AS. ed (for *eah : see ey,
island), water, river, - OFries. ā, & = Icel. 3,
water, river, = Sw. & = Dan. aa, a brook.] 1.
Water; in pharmacy a solution of a volatile sub-
stance in water: in Great Britain, it is a solution
of an essential oil only; in the United States,
of either an essential oil or a gas.-2. In anat.,
some watery fluid or humor.-Aqua ammoniae, a
solution of ammonia gas in Water, having the chemical
properties of an alkali hydrate. — Aquate ductus et a quaº
haustus (conducting of Water and drawing of water), in
Scots law, two servitudes, the former consisting in a right
of carrying a watercourse through the grounds of another,
and the latter of watering cattle at a river, well, or pond
in the ground of another.—Aqua, fortis (strong water), a
name given to weak and impure nitric acid. Double aqua
Jortis contains twice as much acid as single aqua fortis.
—Aqua labyrinthi, the fluid of the labyrinth of the
ear; the perilymph, aquula acustica, or liquor Cotunnii.—
Aqua marina. See aquamarine.—Aqua mirabilis
(Wonderful water). (a) A preparation of cloves, galangals,
cubebs, mace, cardamoms, nutmegs, ginger, and spirit of
Wine, digested twenty-four hours, then distilled. Johnsom.
§ A carminative cordial prepared from oil of pimento
allspice): also called spiritus pimentae. Dunglison.—
Aqua Morgagni. Same as liquor Morgagni (which see,
under liquor).-Aqua regia or aqua regalis (royal wa-
ter), a name given to a mixture of one part of nitric acid
and three to four parts of hydrochloric acid, from its power
of dissolving gold.—Aqua, Tofana, a poisonous fluid made
about the end of the seventeenth century by a woman of
Palermo named Tofana or Toffana, who confessed that no
fewer than 600 persons had been killed with it. It con-
Sisted chiefly, it is supposed, of a strong solution of arsenic
obtained by a long boiling of its oxid. Also called aquetta.
—Aqua vita (water of life), an old name for alcohol,
+now familiarly applied to native distilled spirits.
aquaeductus (ā-kwé-duk’tus), n.
[L. : See aque-
duct.] In anat., a canal or channel conveying
a fluid, or supposed to do so. Also aqueductus.
— Aquàºductus cochleae, the aqueduct of the cochlea,
a minute venous channel in the temporal bone, running
from the Scala tympani of the cochlea to a point just below
the internal auditory meatus. – Aquaeductus Fallopii,
the aqueduct of Fallopius, a channel through the temporai
bone, leading from the internal auditory meatus and end-
ing at the stylomastoid foramen, transmitting the facial
nerve.—Aquabductus Sylvii, the aqueduct of Sylvius, the
channel of communication between the third and fourth
ventricles of the brain. Also called iter a tertio ad quar-
twm ventriculum.—Aquabductus vestibuli, a small canal
Tunning from the vestibule of the ear to the posterior sur-
face of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It trans-
mits the ductus endolymphaticus.
aquaemamale (ā’kwº-ma-nā’lé), m.; pl. aqua-
mamalia (-li-á). [MI., also aquimariile, aquimi-
7tale, aquiminile, L.L. aquiminale, L. aquacma-
nalis, L.L. also aquiminarium, K. L. aqua, water,
+ manale, a ewer, neut. of manalis, flowing,
K manare, flow,
trickle, drip.] 1.
In Rom. antiq., a
pitcher or vessel
for pouring out
water, used espe-
cially for pour-
ing water over
the hands into a
basin during and
after meals.-2.
The basin in
which, accord-
ing to an an-
cient church cer–
emony, the priest
washed his hands
before celebrat-
ing mass.-3. A kind of water-ewer formerly
used in private houses, and frequently made in
grotesque forms. The term is now used spe-
cifically in this sense.
. Aquaemanale of copper, 14th century. It
is filled by an opening at the top of the
head; the tail forms a handle.
See aqua fortis,
under aqua.
[K aqua fortis
—ist.] One who etches by means of aqua
fortis. N. E. D.
[K L.L. aquagium, aque-
duct, K.L. aqua, water, + agere, lead; see agent.]
In leveling : (a) The course of a mill-stream be.
fore it reaches the pond formed by a dam. (b)
Any watercourse.
















aquamarine
aquamarine (à"kwa-ma-rén'), n. [K L. aqua
marina, Sea-water; see aqua, marine, and aigue-
ºnarine.] 1. A transparent va-
riety of beryl of a bluish or sea-
green tint, used as a gem. Hence
–2. A bluish-green color resem-
bling that of the finest beryl.
aqua-meter (ā’kwa-mê"tër), n. [K
L. aqua, water, + meter.] Same
as pulsometer.
aquapult (ā’kwa-pult), n. [K L.
aqua, Water, ---pult, as in cata-
pult..] A small portable force-
pump.
aquapuncture (à-kwa-pungk’-
tir), n. [K L. aqua, water, -H LL.
punctura, puncture.] A form of
counter-irritation consisting in the forcible pro-
jection of a very fine stream of water against
the skin. The stream, which comes from a powerful
º reddens and blisters the part to which it is
applied. It is used especially in neuralgia and affections
of the spinal cord. Also called douche filiforme.
aquarelle (ak-wa-rel'), m. [F., K.It. acquerella,
water-color, light rain, acquerello, water-color,
thin Wine, dim. of acqua (= F. eau), K. L. aqua,
Water: see aqua.] Water-color painting, or a
painting in water-colors. -
They [Frenchmen] despised it [water-color] when it was
called aquarelle ; they bowed down to it when it was called
peintwºre d la fresque. Hamerton, Graphic Arts, p. 340.
aquarellist (ak-wa-rel’ist), m. [K aquarelle +
—ist.] An artist who works in water-colors; a
water-color painter.
aquaria, n. Plural of aquarium.
aquarian (a-kwā’ri-an), a. and m. [KL.aqua)
*pertaining to water (see Aquarius), + -am.] I.
a. Of or pertaining to an aquarium.
JN. E. D.
II. T. [cap.] [KML. Aquarii, pl., the Aqua-
rians, K L. aquarius : see Aquarius.j One who
used water instead of wine in the eucharist: a
term applied to certain Christians in Africa
about the middle of the third century, who, while
it was still customary to celebrate the ilord's
Supper twice a day, though employing Wine at
the evening eucharist, substituted water for it
in the morning in order that the odor of wine
might not betray them during the dºy. They are
often confounded with earlier followers of the ascetic
Aquapult.
Tatian in Syria, called Hydroparastate, or Water-drink aquatint (äſkwa-tint), m. and a.
ers, and reckoned among the Encratites, who used water in
place of wine at the eucharist, because they held the latter
to be sinful, regarding it as the evil principle or blood of
the devil.
aquariculture (à" kwa-ri-kul’ tir), m. [K L.
dquarium + cultura, culture.] The culture of
aquatic plants in aquariums; the management
of an aquarium.
aquarium (a -kwā’ ri-um), m. ; pl. aquariums,
aquaria (-umz, -á). [L., a watering-place for
cattle, neut. of aquarius: see Aquarius.] 1.
An artificial pond, cistern, or place in a garden
or elsewhere for cultivating aquatic plants.-
2. A vessel or series of vessels, constructed
chiefly of glass, filled with either fresh or salt
water, and supplied with plants, rocks, etc.,
284
water-pourer); prop. adj. Pºiº to water,
K aqua, water: see aqua.] 1. A zodiacal con-
stellation, supposed to represent a man stand-
ing with his left hand extended upward, and
with his right pouring out of a vase a stream
of water which flows into the mouth of the
Southern Fish. It contains no star brighter
than the third magnitude.—2. The Water-
bearer; the eleventh sign (marked :) of the
zodiac, which the sum enters about the 21st of
January: so called from the constellation.
aquº; (a-kwór’tër), prep. phr. as adv. [Ka8
quarter.j Naut, on the quarter; 45° abaft
the beam.
a quartieri (ä kwär-té-ā'ri). [It.: a (K.L. ad),
to, with; quartieri, pl. of quartiere, a quarter,
compartment: see quarter.] In ceram., (deco-
rated) in compartments: said especially of any-
thing circular, such as a shield, the rim of a
round dish, or the like, which is divided into
A panels or compartments by radiating lines,
aquatic (a-kwat'ik), a. and m.
[KL. aquaticus,
aqua, water: see aqua.] I. a. 1. Pertain-
ing to water; watery.—2. Living in or fre-
quenting water: as, aquatic animals; aquatic
plants.-3. Practised on Orin water: as, aquatic
SportS.–Aquatic birds, in ornith., specifically, Aves
aquaticoe, the members of the old orders Grallatores and
atatores; the wading and swimming birds, taken to-
gether.—Aquatic box, an accessory to the microscope,
generally in the form of a glass cell, in which algæ Orani-
malcules are placed for observation.
II. m. 1. A plant which grows in water.—2.
pl. Sports or exercises practised on or in water,
as rowing or swimming.
‘ius, anºt (a-kwat’i-kal), a. Same as aquatic.
are.]
[Rare.] agº. (ak'wa-til), a. and n. [=F. aquatile,
. aquatilis, living or growing in or near wa-
ter, K aqua, water: see agua.] I. a. Inhabiting
Water.
The aquatile or water frog. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
II. m. An aquatic animal or plant.
Aquatilia (ak-wa-til'i-á), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl.
of L. aquatilis, living in the water; see aquatile.]
In Fieber's system of classification, a subsec-
tion of heteropterous insects, including genuine
aquatic species with concealed antennae, as dis-
tinguished from those of the section. Litoralia.
[= F. aqua-
tinte, aqua-tinta, K.It. acqua tinta, lit. dyed wa-
ter: acqua, water (see aqua); tinta, fem. Of tinto
(K.L. tinctus), pp. of tingere, tigmere, K.L. tingere,
tint, tinge: see tint, tinge.] I, m. 1. An etch-
ing process by which prints imitating the broad
flat tints of India ink, bister, or sepia drawings
are produced. It was practised by the Abbé St. Non
in the eighteenth century, and was perfected by Jean Bap-
tiste Le Prince (1733–1781). In the aquatint process spaces
are bitten, instead of lines as in etching (which see).
2. An engraving executed by the aquatint pro-
C6SS.
Also aquatinta. º
II. a. Pertaining to this method of etching.
aquatint (ā’kwa-tint), v. t. [K aquatint, n.] To
etch in aquatint.
in which living aquatic animals are kept. Many aquatinta (ā/kwa-tin'tā), n. Same as aquatint.
aquariums on a large scale are maintained in connection
with public parks or gardens, or as distinct institutions.
Also called aquavivarium.
Aquarius.
Aquarius (a-kwā’ri-us), n. [L., a water-bearer,
one of the signs of the zodiac (Gr. iópozóog, i.e.,
aquatinting (ā’kwa-tim"ting), m.
aqueduct (ak'wg-dukt), n.
aquatinter (äſkwa-tin'tér), n. One who prac-
t
ises the art of aquatinting.
of aquatini.] The art or process of etching
in the aquatint method. See aquatint.
aquavivarium (ä” kwa-vi-vā’ ri-um), n. ; pl.
[K L. aqua, water, 4- viva-
ame as aquarium, 2.
[Early mod. E. also
aquaeduct; = F. aqueduc, OF. aqueduct, K L.
aqua'ductus, prop. separated, aqua ductus, a
conveyance of water: aqua, gen. of aqua, wa-
ter; ductus, conveyance, pipe, Canal, K ducere,
lead, convey: see aqua and duct.] 1. A con-
duit or channel for conducting water from one
place to another. More particularly applied to struc-
tures of masonry and tunneling for the conducting of
water from distant sources to large cities through tubular
conduits. Aqueducts were extensively used in the Roman
empire, and many of these ancient structures still remain.
They were constructed of stone or wood, sometimes tun-
neled through hills and carried over valleys and rivers on
arches, much of the labor upon them being uselessly ex-
pended, from a mistaken idea of the necessity of a per-
fectly level course. The aqueduct of Segovia, Originally
built by the Romans, has 159 arches, is in some parts built
in two tiers 100 feet or more in height, and is an admirable
monument of ancient engineering. One of the most re-
markable aqueducts of modern times is that of Marseilles,
to which city it conveys the waters of the river Durance
from a distance of about 58 miles, of which 10 miles con-
sists of tunnels, and a considerable portion is traversed by
means of viaducts of great height and º This aque-
duct was built between 1839 and 1847, and supplies water
in such abundance that the environs of Marseilles, formerly
aquavivaria (-ā).
Tium, q.v.]
aqueousness (ā’kwā-us-nes), n.
aquetta (à-kwet’tā), n.
aquicultural (ā-kwā-kul’tſir-al), a.
aquiculture (ā’kwé-kul-tiâr), n.
aquiº, (ā’kwi-fôrm), a.
[Verbal n. Aquila (ak'wi-lä), n.
- : Tº ſº sº." º
RF " :- |liº
lºſiº.
Už __*, ** º | .
s º *:::::: 94; 2. †: Chº "gº 4'ſ ſº
º, º ſº, º: # ſ ...] º
º - gº tº 2.É'Hºff... ?". º' .
º
~ º sº tºr •º º º gºrize-rº-
\ºns 2K
Aqueduct of Segovia, Spain.
extremely arid, have become a garden from the plentiful
irrigation which is now possible.
2. In anat., same as aquaeductus.
aqueductus (ak-w6-duk’tus), n. [NL.] In anat.,
same as aquacductus.
aqueity (ā-kwā'i-ti), n. [Kaqueous + -ity.] The
essential principle or quality of water; wateri-
neSS; aqueousness.
The aqueity,
Terreity, and sulphureity
Shall run together again, and all be annulled.
B. Jomson, Alchemist, ii. 1.
*queous (ā’kwā-us), a. [K L. as if “aqueus, K
aqua, water : see agua.] Of the nature of wa-
ter; abounding with water; formed by water;
watery: as, an aqueous Solution.—Aqueous or
watery fusion. Seefusion.— Aqueous humor (of the
eye), the limpid watery fluid which fills the space be-
tween the cornea and the crystalline lens in the eye.
See eye.-Aqueous rocks, in geol., rocks composed of
matter deposited from suspension or solution in water.
Also called sedimentary or stratified rocks.—Aqueous
tint, in painting, a nearly colorless tint.—Aqueous tis-
sue, in bot., epidermal or subepidermal layers of cells
filled with clear sap, as in most succulent plants.-Aque-
ous vapor, the invisible vapor which, taken from any
moist surface H.º. and rising into the atmo-
sphere, returns to the earth as rain, dew, or snow.
[K aqueous +
-ness.] The quality or state of being aqueous
or watery; wateriness.
[It., prop. acquetta,
dim. of acqua, water: see agua.] A celebrated
Italian poison, more commonly called aqua To-
Jana (which see, under aqua).
! tº e [K aquicul-
ture + -al.] Pertaining to a quiculture.
By the republication of these foreign papers the [Fish
Commission] Bulletin becomes a guide to the knowledge
of what is being done in aqwicultwral enterprise in all
parts of the world. Nature, XXXIII. 38.
[= F. aquicul-
ture, K L. aqua, water, -H cultura, culture.]
Culture of the natural inhabitants of water;
fish-breeding; pisciculture.
aquiferous (ā-kwif'e-rus), a. [K L. aqua, water,
ferre = E. bear 1.] Conveying water.—Aquife-
rous canals, the channels which traverse the foot or
other part of many mollusks, as lamellibranchs and odon-
tophores, opening upon the surface by one end, and at the
other end, in some cases, emptying into blood-sinuses, thus
establishing communication between the blood and the
surrounding water. -
These aquiferous canals, as they have been termed, ap-
ear, in many cases, to open by their inner ends into the
lood sinuses. Huazley, Anat. Invert., p. 491.
[K L. aqua, water,
Jorma, form.]. In the form of water; liquid.
- [L., an *::: hence the
legionary standard; prob. fem. of the rare adj.
the constellation Aquia.
aquilus, dark-colored, dun, swarthy; cf. Gr.
à2%g, a mist, darkness.] 1. In ornith., a genus






* Aquila
of birds established by Brisson in 1760, but hay-
#. characters by which it can be exactly
defined. The name has been loosely applied to eagles
and other large diurnal raptorial birds which have no tooth
of the beak. It is now restricted and somewhat definitely
;" to eagles having booted tarsi, that is, having the
shank more or less completely feathered. Such are the
golden eagle, A. chrysaëtius, of Europe and North America;
the spotted eagle, A. naevia, of Asia and Europe; the im-
perial eagle, A. heliaca, of the same region; the Russian
eagle, A. mogilnik, etc. See cut. under eagle. tº
2. A northern constellation situated in, the
#. Way, nearly south of Lyra, and contain-
ing the bright star Altair. It has for its outline the
figure of a flying eagle carrying in its talons the boy An-
tinois, the page of the emperor Hadrian. See cut, p. 284.
3. [l. c.; pl. aquila (-lé).] A reading-desk in
the form of an eagle. g
aquilatedt (ak'wi-lä-ted), a. [š ML, aquilatus,
adorned with eagles' heads, K. L. 4quila, an
eagle: see ...; In her., adorned with the
heads of eagles: as, a cross agülated. *
Aquilegia (ak-wi-lé'ji-á), m. §. aquile-
gia, aquileia), said to be K L. aguila, an eagle,
whose claws the spurs of the petals are Sup-
posed to resemble. Cf. L. Aguileia, Gr, Aky-
Żmia, Aquileia, a town of Austria, near the Adri-
atic..] A genus of acrid herbs, of the family
Inflorescence of Aguilegia vulgaris (garden columbine).
a, flower; b, same, cut vertically ; c, pistils.
Ranunculaceae, widely distributed over the
temperate parts of the northern hemisphere.
The flowers have five flat, elliptical, colored sepals, alter-
nating with as many spurred petals; the fruit consists of
five follicles with numerous seeds. The spurred petals
with incurved heads have been compared to five pigeons,
the sepals ; the wings, and to this the English
name columbine refers (from Latin columba, a pigeon).
Several species are common in cultivation, and, as they
are prone to sport and hybridize, the varieties of form and
color are numerous. There are about 50 species, of which
some 16 are North American; in certain species, as 4.
caerulea, the spurs are several inches in length.
Aquilinae (ak-wi-li né), m. pl. [NL., KAguila F
—imaº. Cf. aquiline.] A conventional subfamily
of Falconida, containing eagles. It has no as-
signable technical characters. See Aquila, 1.
aquiline (ak'wi-lin or -lin), a. [= F. aquilin, K
L. aquilinus, pertaining to an eagle, K aquila,
an eagle: see Aquila..] 1. Of or pertaining to
the eagle.
s When mortals lived
Of stronger wing, of aquiline ascent.
Young, Night Thoughts, ix. 967.
2. Resembling an eagle; having the character-
istics of an eagle; especially, resembling an
eagle's beak; curving; hooked; prominent.
Terribly arched and aquilime his nose.
Cowper, Task, iii.
Even before objection was made to his presence in the
Board . . . the aquiline suggestions of Mr. Oakhurst's
mien and countenance not only prematurely fluttered the
pigeons, but absolutely occasioned much uneasiness among
the fish-hawks, Bret Harte, Argonauts, p. 130.
aquilont (ak’wi-lon), n. [K F. aquilon, K.L. aqui-
lo(m-), the north wind, Boreas; prob. K aquilus,
dark-colored, dum, swarthy (cf. Aquila), with
allusion to the dark, stormy weather accom-
panying the north wind.] The north wind.
[Rare.
Blow, villain, till thy sphered bias cheek
Out-swell the colic of puff"d Aquilon. ,
Shak., T. and C., iv. 5.
aquiminale, aquimanile (à"kwi-mi-nā’lé, -ma-
mi’lé), m. See aquamanale.
aquiminarium (ä” kwi-mi-nā’ri-um), n. ; pl.
*aquiminaria (-à). Same as aquamamale.
Aquitanian (ak-wi-tá’mi-an), a. [KL. Aquita-
nia, said to be K Celtic Aqui, name of a people,
+ tan, country.] . Pertaining to Aquitania, one
of the great divisions of ancient Gaul. Accord-
ing to Caesar, it was bounded by the Garonne, the Pyrenees, alſ.
aquometer (3-kWom’e-têr), n.
aquosity (3-kwosſi-ti), n.
285
and the ocean. Augustus extended it as a Roman province
northward to the Loire. It afterward became the Frankish
and French duchy (and for some time kingdom) of Aqui-
taine (held as an appanage of the English crown through
intermarriage for about 300 years before 1453), and finally,
greatly reduced, the French province of Guienne (a medie-
val corruption of Aquitaine).
aquitef, v. t. An old form of acquit. Chaucer.
Aquitelae (ak-wi-té'lé), n. pl.
[NL., K. L. agua,
water, --tela, web.] A subdivision of spiders, of
the family Araneidae, corresponding to the old
genus Argyroneta and to the Nayades of Walcke-
naer or the aquatic Tubitela of Latreille. It con-
tains such species as the diving water-spider, Argyroneta
aquatica. So called because they spin their webs in the
water. See cut under Argyroneta. gº
agº; (ā/kwö-cap-siſ-liſtis), n. . [NL.,
. agua, water, fluid, -- capsula, box, -H, -ītis :
see aqua and capsule.] Inflammation of the lin-
ings of the anterior and posterior chambers of
the eye.
[The analogical
, form would be “aquimeter, K aqua, water, +
metrum, measure. Cf. aquameter.] A steam-
pump which acts both by direct steam-pressure
and by vacuum. It has two working chambers, into
which steam is alternately admitted. By the condensation
of the steam a partial vacuum is formed, to fill which water
rushes in. When the chamber is full of water a valve
opens, and steam enters and forces the water out into a
pressure- or delivery-chamber. The steam condenses as
before, causing the inflow of a further supply of water.
One chamber is filling while its companion is discharging,
thus keeping up a continuous delivery. See pulsometer
and vacww.m-pwºmp.
aquose (ā’kwós), a. [= F. aqueuz = P2. aquoso,
L. aquosus, K aqua, water: see aqua.] Wa-
tery; abounding in water. [Rare.]
[= F. aquosité = Pg.
aquosidade, K L.L. aguositas, moistness, K É.
aquosus: see aquose.] 1. The abstract essen-
Aral (ā’ră), n.
a2 (ā’ră), m.
Ara? (ā’rá),
Arab (ar'ab), m. and a.
tial qualities of water; wateriness as a quality.
We do not assume that a something called aquosity
entered into and took possession of the oxide of hydrogen
as soon as it was formed, and them guided the aqueous
particles to their places in the facets of the crystal, or
among the leaflets of the hoar-frost.
Huacley, Lay Sermons, p. 136.
Life is thus only an abstraction from the properties of
living things, just as aquosity would be an abstraction
from the properties of water. New Princeton Rev., II. 71.
2. The state of being aquose or watery; moist-
TII*0.
aquula (ak'wó-lâ), m. [L., also aguola, acula,
a little water, a little stream, dim. Of aqua,
water: see aqua.] In amat., a small collection
of watery fluid.—Aquula acustica, the auditory fluid,
the endolymph or perilymph of the labyrinth of the ear.
arl (ār), n. [K ME. ar, pl. arres, KAS. er, K. L.
er, the name of the letter r; Ke, the usual as-
sistant vowel, -- r : see r.] The name of the
letter R. Also formerly spelled arre.
There was an W. and thre arres togydre in a sute
With letters other, of whiche I shal reherse.
Pol. Poem in Archaeologia, XXIX. 31. (Halliwell.)
ar2, n. See arrl,
ar3+, arát, etc. Obsolete forms of arel, ere, or,
ore, etc.
ar-. The assimilated form, in Latin, etc., of ad-
before r , in older English words a restored
form of Middle English and Old French a-, the
regular reduced form of Latin ar-, as in array,
arrange, etc.
-arl. . -ar, occasional spelling of -erl, -ere.]
A suffix of nouns denoting an agent; a variant
of -erl, as in beggar, liar, formerly and properly
begger, etc.
-ar?. [ME. reg. -er, K OF. -er, -ier, -air, mod. F.
-ier, -aire = Sp. Pg.-ario = It.-ario, -ajo, K.L. -ār-
iu-s, fem. -ār-ia, neut. -ār-iw-m, a common adj.
and noun suffix, = Goth. -ar-ei-S = OHG. -ári,
-ari, MHG. -acre, -er, G. -er = AS. -ere, E. -er,
suffix of nouns of agent: see-crl. The reg. OF.
form was -er, -ier, X ME. -er, now restored to -ar.
The usual mod. F. form is -aire. In E. -ar? as
an adj. suffix appears as -aryl, q.v.] A suffix
of Latin origin, occurring in some nouns, as in
bursar, medlar, mortar, vicar, etc.
-ar3. [ME. reg. -er, KOF. -er, -ier, mod. F. -ier,
-aire = Sp. Pg. -ar = It. -are, K L. -aris, neut.
-are, equiv. to -ālis (E. -al), for which it is used
when l precedes: see -al. In E. -aré also ap-
ears as-ary?, q.v.] A suffix, of Latin origin,
#, of adjectives (and of nouns thence derived),
being equivalent to -al, for which it is used
when l precedes, as in alar, polar, regular, sin-
gular, etc. (see -al, and compare -arº); (2) of
nouns, as in altar, collar, pillar, Scholar, etc.
In these nouns and other old words -ar is an alteration
to suit the Latin) of the Middle English -er, from Old
Trench, or (as in scholar) from Anglo-Saxon.
In her., a common abbreviation of argent.
arabesque -
., an altar.] One of the 15
[L., Altar. It
ancient southern constellations; the
is situated south of the * *
Scorpion. Its two bright-
est stars are of the third
magnitude.
[NL.
gº K ara, a .
orm of Tupi guira,
bird (in general).] A §
genus of American
birds, of the family
Psittacidae, the ma-
caws, of large size and
º coloration,
with very long cune-
ate tail and more Or
lessnakedface; some- jº
times made the type . . .4%: )(º:
Of º; : ..º. º. 4.) Agº.
containing the wedge- onstellation as
tailed American par- The Constellation Ara.
rotS. Leading species are A. macao, the red and blue
macaw; A. ararawma, the blue and yellow macaw ; and A.
hyacinthima, the hyacinthine macaw. It is a synonym of
Macrocercus (Vieillot, 1816) and Sittace (Wagler, 1830).
The related forms, arra, arras, aracanga, araracanga,
ararauma, and arara, are severally used for species or
sections of the genus Ara.
[K L. Arabs, pl. Arabes
(also Arabus, pl. Arabi), K. Gr. Apalp, pl. Apašec,
= Turk. Arab, K. Ar. Arab.] I. m. 1. A native
of Arabia, or a member of the Arabic race (now
widely spread in Asia and Africa, and formerly
in southern Europe); an Arabian, whether a
civilized inhabitant of a city or a dweller in
the desert, commonly known as a Bedawi (See
Bedouin) or nomadic Ishmaelite.—2. A neg-
lected outcast of the streets, particularly an
outcast boy or girl, often styled a street Arab,
in allusion to the wandering Arabs.
zºº. .
of the young fry of thieves, he . .
said, “God bless me !”
When he read about the street Arabs, and of the doings
... wiped his eyes, and
Mrs. Riddell.
II. a. Of or pertaining to the Arabs or to
Arabia; Arabic; Arabian: as, an Arab steed.
The delicate Arab arch of her feet.
Temmyson, Maud, Xvi. 1.
arabal, arba (ā'ra-bä, är"bă), m. . [Also aroba,
= Bulg. araba, Russ. arba, K Turki a'raba, Turk.
(Froin Lewis's “Constantinople.")
'arab'ah, Hind. Pers. arāba, a cart, a wheeled
vehicle.] A heavy, springless wagon, usually
covered with a screen as shelter from the rays
of the sun, drawn by oxen or cows, and used
throughout northwestern and central Asia,
India, Turkey, and Russia.
The wooden arba is not even known there.
Encyc. Brit., XII. 3.
araba? (ar'a-bä), m. [NL. araba, prob. for
Tupi guariba or araguato, names applied to a
different species of the same genus...] A howl-
ing monkey of the South American genus
Mycetes, M. stramineus. See howler.
arabesque (ar-a-besk’), a. and m. [Also arabesk,
K F. arabesque, K It. arabesco (= Sp. Pg. ara-
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Moorish Arabesque.—Hall of Crowns, Alhambra, Spain.
#| ||N
besco), K. Arabo, Arab (see Arab), + -esco: see
-esque. The arabesque style is so called because












arabesque
Arabian artists brought it to high perfection,
and were at one time supposed to be its origi-
nators.]. I. a. Arabian or resembling the Ara-
bian in style; specifically, in art, relating to or
exhibiting the variety of ornament known as
arabesque. See II.
Some cushions, disposed in the Moorish fashion, and or-
namented with arabesque needle-work, supplied the place
of chairs in this apartment. Scott, Kenilworth, I. vi.
II. n. 1. A kind of ornament of a capricious
and fanciful character, consisting of lines,
geometrical figures, fruits, flowers, foliage,
etc., variously combined and
grouped, and painted, inlaid,
or wrought in low relief: used
especially for the decoration
of walls and ceilings, but also
for the decoration of objects
of any nature. In the arabesques
of the Mohammedalms animal forms
were rigidly excluded, in accordance
with the requirements of their re-
ligious law; but the Greeks and Ro-
mans, and the Renaissance artists,
among them Raphael and his scholars,
to whom are due the rich arabesque
decorations of the loggie of the Vati-
can, laid all the kingdoms of nature
under contribution. The Greeks un-
doubtedly derived the idea of pictorial
or plastic ornament of this kind from
the Oriental stuffs, painted, woven, or
embroidered with natural or fabulous
forms of plants and animals, which
were brought to them by Phenician
traders from a very early period.
2. In bookbinding, a term used
in England for impressed or—
namental work on the side of the binding, pro-
duced by the pressure of hot plates or rollers
upon which the patterm is engraved.
Also spelled arabesk.
arabesque (ar-a-besk’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ara-
besqued, ppr. arabesquing. [K arabesque, n.]
To enrich with ornament in arabesque.
With its vermilioned initial letters, so prettily ara-
Cinque-cento Ara-
besque, from tomb in
Church of S. Pietro-
in-Vinculo, Rome.
besqued. JEclectic Rev.
Arabian (a-rā’ bi-an), a. and m. [K L. Arabius,
K. Gr. ApáBiog, K’Apatp: see Arab.] I. a. Per-
taining to Arabia, or to the Arabs: as, Arabian
science or philosophy.—Arabian bird, the phenix
(which see); hence used, like that, for any unique or singu-
larly excellent person.
She [Imogen] is alone the Arabian bird; and I
Have lost the wager. Shak., Cymbeline, i. 7.
II. m. 1. A native of Arabia;, an Arab–
2. One of a Christian sect of the third century
(commonly called Arabic?) which sprang up in
Perea, beyond the Jordan, a region often in-
cluded in Arabia. According to Eusebius, its mem-
bers “asserted that the human soul, as long as the present
state of the world existed, perished with the body, but that
it would be raised again with the body at the time of the
resurrection.” The point was discussed with them by
Origen, at a council, with so much force that they were led
to change their opinions. tº
Arabic (ar'a-bik), a. and m. [ME. Arabik, n. ; K
OF. Arabic, K.L. Arabicus, K. Gr. Apafflkóg, K’Apath,
Arab : see Arab.] I. a. 1. Belonging to Arabia,
or to the Arabian race or language.-2. [l. c.]
Derived from certain species of acacia growing
º
º
º
|
|
º
#
É
º 2.
º
Arabic Architecture.—Tombs of the Califs, Cairo.
in Arabia and other eastern countries: as, gum
arabic (which see, under gum?); arabic acid.
See arabin.—Arabic architecture, a general term for
the Mohammedan or Mussulman, Moorish, or Saracen
Arabis (ar'a-bis), n.
Arabism (ar'a-bizm), 77.
Aracanese (ar-a-ka-nēs' or -néz'), a. and n.
286
Araceae
styles of architecture, but applied especially to º, aracanga (ar-a-kang'gã), n. [Tupi araracanga:
and Oriental examples. architecture shows in
systems of construction and ornament the profound in-
fluence of Persian and Byzantine models, though, as a
rule, in architectural science it falls far behind the work
of the Byzantine masters. The ovoidoconical dome sup-
ported on pendentives is a characteristic feature; the
buildings are usually Square or polygonal in plan, seldom
circular; the roofs are in general flat, and supported by
arches resting on columns forming long parallel aisles,
and often surrounding a central court. The arches are
very commonly of the horseshoe shape developed in
Persia, and from the beginning show the pointed form,
though it is clear that neither form was adopted for con-
structive reasons, and that neither influenced the meth-
ods of building, much less revolutionized the entire art of
architecture, as did the adoption of the pointed arch in
western Europe. Walls, particularly interior walls, ceil-
ings, domes, Spandrels, etc., are commonly covered with
an intricate lacework of arabesques, usually executed in
relief on stucco, and often colored with at once great
brilliancy and great delicacy. The most noteworthy ex-
amples of the style exist in Cairo.— Arabic figures or
characters, the numeral characters 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
0, so called as having been introduced into European from
Arab use. They were so introduced in the twelfth century,
and the work of Leonardo of Pisa, published in 1202, con-
tributed much to their dissemination. They were taken
from the Arabic work of Al-Khowarazmi (see algorism),
Who obtained them in India or Afghanistan. The system
in its complete form (with the cipher) certainly originated
in India; but what the ultimate origin of the characters
was, whether they had been previously known in Europe
Without the cipher, and their history among the Arabians,
are matters still in dispute. º tº tº º
II. m. The language of the Arabians; a Semitic
dialect, belonging (along with the Himyaritic
and Abyssinian languages) to the southern
branch of the Semitic family, and generally re-
garded as exhibiting more ancient features than
any other Semitic tongue. It is the language of the
Koran, the Sacred language of Islam, and possesses an im-
mense literature, almost wholly Moslem and later than the
time of Mohammed. Many other languages have borrowed
largely of its material, from the Persian, Turkish, Hindu-
stani, and Malay on the east to the Spanish on the west.
Arabicali (a-rab’i-kal), a. [K Arabic + -al.]
Arabian ; Arabic. are.] .
Arabically: (a-rab’i-kal-i), adv. According to
Arabic usage; in Arabic. N. E. D.
Arabici (a-rab’i-si), m. pl. See Arabian, n., 2.
Arabicize (a-rab’i-siz), v. t.; pret. and pp. Arabi-
cized, ppr. Arabicizing. [K Arabic + -ize.] To
render conformable to Arabic usage.
arability (ar : 3-bil’i-ti), n. ... [Karable; see
-bility.] Capability of being cultivated; fitness
for cultivation.
A Domesday hide, which one of our latest archaeologists
with good reason maintains is variable according to the
arability or pasturability of the land.
* The Nation, Aug. 7, 1879, p. 96.
arabin (ar’a-bin), n.
A variety of gum, C10H18O9(?), soluble in cold
Water. It is the principal constituent of gum arabic,
and is also contained in other similar substances. It
gives arabinose by hydrolysis with acids.
arabinose (ar’a-bi-nós), n. [K arabin -H -ose.]
A crystallizable sugar, C5H10O3, prepared by
the action of sulphuric acid on arabin.
arabinosic (ar"a-bi-nó'sik), a. [Karabinose +
-ic.] . Of or pertaining to arabinose.
[NL., K. Gr. Apašíg, Ara-
bian, K. Apašía, Arabia, of which the more im-
portant species are natives.] A large genus of
plants, of the family Brassicaceae; wall-Orrock-
CreSS. The species are mostly of little interest or im-
portance; a few are cultivated for ornament in rockwork
and flower-borders.
[= F. arabisme ; K
Arab + -ism; cf. Gr. Apašíčetv, take part with
the Arabs.] An idiom or a peculiarity of the
Arabic language.
Arabist (ar’a-bist), m. . [= F. arabiste; K Arab
+ -ist. Cf. Arabism..] One versed in the Arabic
language, or in Arabian literature or science.
Arabize (ar'a-biz), v. t.; pret. and pp. Arabized,
ppr. Arabizing. [K Arab + -ize. Cf. Gr. Apašt-
Četv, take part with the Arabs, K’Apaffec, Arabs:
see Arab.] To render Arabic in character;
especially, to tinge with Arabisms.
These Arabs of the Sudan are not true Arabs, but to a
great extent merely Arabized negroes. Science, IV. 531.
arable (ar’a-bl.), a. [K F. arable, K L. arabilis,
that can be plowed, Karare, plow, = Gr. Öpoin
= Goth. arjan = Icel. erja = AS. eriam, X E. ear,
plow: see earð..] Fit for plowing or tillage.
—Arable land, land which is cultivable by means of the
plow, as distinguished from grass-land, Wood-land, com-
mon pasture, and Waste. [K
Aracam -H -ese.] I. a. Relating Or pertaining
to Aracan or to its inhabitants.
II. m. 1. sing, or pl. A native or the natives
of Aracan, a division of Burma.—2. The lan-
age spoken by the inhabitants of Alsº, 8,
#. of Burmese.
Also spelled Arakanese.
sº
*
*
aracelt, v. t.
[Karab-ic (gum) + -in2.]"
a race?t, v. t.
Araceae (à-rä'sé-é), m. pl.
Iºl
see Ara 2.j A ; of macaw, Psittacus macao
(Linnaeus), P., aracanga (Gmelin), now Ara
macao; the red and blue macaw.
aracari (ar-ā-kāºri), n. [= Pg. aracari (NL.
Aracarius), from a native name.] 1. A toucan
of the genus Pteroglossus, differing from the
Pteroglossles aracazz.
true toucan in being smaller in size, with a less
developed beak, and in having more brilliant
and variegated plumage. See Pteroglossus and
Rhamphast08. The aracaris breed in the hollows of
decayed trees, which they enlarge by means of their beak.
The prevailing color of their plumage is green, often varied
with spaces or bands of black, or of brilliant red and yel-
low. They are natives of the warm parts of South America.
2. In ornith., the specific name of one of the
aracaris, Pteroglossus aracari. It was made a
generic name by Lesson in 1828, and was Latin-
ized as Aracarius by Rafinesque in 1815.
Also spelled aricari.
[K ME. aracem, arasen, also ara-
chem, KAF. aracer, OF. aracier, arachier (as if K
L. *abradicare), mixed with erachier, esrachier
(mod. F. arracher) = Pr. araizar, K L. earadi-
care, eradicare, uproot, eradicate: see eradi-
cate.] To pull up by the roots; pull away by
force; tear violently away.
The children from her arm they gonne arace.
Chawcer, Clerk's Tale, l. 1047.
Same as a rasel.
[NL., K. Arum +
-aceae.] large family of monocotyledonous
plants, of which the genus Arum is the type.
The species are her-
baceous perennials
mostly ãcauiescent
from tuberous or
creeping roots, but
in the tropics often
tall rooting climb-
ers. The inconspic-
uous flowers, usual-
ly monoecious or di-
occious, are crowd-
ed upon a spadix
surrounded by a
spathe, with which
it is sometimes con-
fluent. The Order
includes 98 genera
and about 1,000
species, abundant
within the tropics,
but connparatively
rare in temperate
regions. The larger
genera are Amthw-
rivºm, Baursea, *
Arisaema, and Pothos. In temperate North America
there are 10 species, belonging to 8 genera, of which the
most common is the Jack-in-the-pulpit, or Indian turnip,
Arisaema triphyllum. The skunk-cabbage, Spathyema
foetida, and the sweet-flag, Acorus calamus, are also
well-known representatives of the order. The tuberous
roots of many species abound in starch, and furnish a
wholesome food when cooked, or after the acridity has
been removed by washing, as in the taro, Caladiwm Co-
locasia, which is extensively cultivated in tropical coun-
tries. British or Portland arrowroot is manufactured
from the roots of Arum maculatwm (the wake-robin or
cuckoo-pint), the species of which are natives chiefly of
tropical countries. A principle of acridity generally per-
vades the Araceae, existing in so strong a degree in some
as to render them dangerous poisons, as Dieffenbachta.
segwina of the West Indies and south America, which
receives its popular name dwmb-came from the fact that
when it is chewed the tongue becomes swelled by the acrid
juice, and the power of speech is destroyed. Many species
are cultivated in greenhouses, chiefly as foliage-plants, and
Cuckoo-pint, or Wake-robin
rtem maculattem?).
a, spadix; b, % stamens, or male flowers;
C, C, Ovaries, Or
e, Corm.
emale flowers; aſ, spathe;





AraC030
the calla, Aroides flººm, is a very common house-
&.
plant. Also called Arot
araceous (à-ră (shius), a. . [K NL., araceus:
See Araceae.] Belonging to the family of
plants Araceae. g
arachidig (ar-3-kid'ik), a... [KArachis (Arachid-)
+ -ic.] Pertaining to or derived from the earth-
nut, Araghis hypogaea: as, argchidic acid.
Arachis (arºa-kis), n. [Ní. K Gr. Öpazog, àpakog,
āpaſſic, some leguminous plant.] A small genus
of leguminous plants, natives of Brazil. The
genus is remarkable in the order for its elongated pedi-
cel-like calyx-tube, and for the manner in which, the
growing stipe of the ovary bends downward and, attain-
ing a length of 2 or 3 inches, pushes the ovary into the
ground, where it begins to enlarge and ripen. The best-
known species is A. hypogaea, the common, peanut or
groundnut, which is now cultivated in most warm cli-
mates, and is esteemed a valuable article of food. Its pod
when mature is oblong, often contracted in the middle,
wrinkled, of a pale-yellow color, and contains two seeds of
the size of a hazel-nut, sweet in flavor, especially when
} & Öſ º NS
Common Peanut (Arachz's hypogaea).
a, a, flowers: º, ø, ovaries on lengthened stipes; c, &, forming fruit;
d, ripe pod; e, pod opened, showing seeds.
roasted, and yielding when pressed an oil not inferior to
that of olives. The plant grows to the height of 1 or 2 feet.
—Arachis-oil, the oil expressed from the seeds of Arachis
hypogaea, the fine limpid nut-oil of commerce, used as a
substitute for olive-oil, and largely in soap-making.
arachnactis, (ar-ak-nakºtis), n. . [NL., K. Gr.
āpáxvn, a spider, -H &ktic, a ray.] A name given
to the free-swimming young of the genus Ed-
wardsia (which see). The term was used as a genus
. before the nature of these organisms was deter-
Ital IlêOl.
arachnid (a-rak’nid), n. One of the Arachnida;
an arachnidan.
Arachnida (a-rak’ni-dà), n. pl. , . [NL., K. Gr.
ãpážvn, a spider (see Aranea), F-ida.] In 206l.,
a class name used with varying signification.
(a) In Lamarck's and Latreille's systems of classification,
one of three classes into which the Linnean Insecta, were
divided, the other two being Crustacea and Insecta ; pri-
marily divided into Pwlmonaria and Trachearia. (b) In
Latreille's system, the second class of articulated animals
with articulated legs, apterous and ametabolous. It was
divided into two orders, Pulmonaria and Tracheatria, the
287
Their [the glands'] ducts ultimately enter the six promi-
nent arachnidial mammvillae.
Arachnidial papilla, a minute ori-
fice through which the secretion of
an arachnidium is poured out.
arachnidium (ar-ak-nid’i-
um), n, ; pl. . arachnidia (-á).
., K. Gr. Öpaxviduov, a cob-
web, Kápáxvm, a spider, -- dim.
-áētov.] The characteristic or-
gan of the Arameida, or true
spiders; the glandular ap-
paratus by which the silky
threads forming cobweb are
Secreted and spun out. Num-
berless minute glands, provided with
separate ducts, Secrete the viscid material which hardens
into silk when exposed to the air. The glands have been
divided into five kinds: aciniform, ampullate, aggregate,
tubuliform, and tuberous. Their ducts enter the arach-
midial mammillae, and discharge through orifices in the
arachnidial papillae.
arachnitis (ar-ak-ni’tis), n.,
of arachnoiditis.
arachnoid (a-rak'noid), a. and n. [K Gr. &pax-
voetóñg, like a cobweb, K. Čipóźvn, a spider's web,
a spider, + elóog, form.] I. a. 1. Of or pertain-
ing to the Arachnida; arachnidan.—2. Like
or likened to a cobweb : applied, in anat.— (a
to the arachnoid of the brain (see II.); (b) to
Arachnidial
Two
sº or Spinner-
I,
ets (Sºr, Sø2) of a Spi-
der (Mºgale camen-
taria).
the hyaloid membrane or arachnoid of the eye * ſº *
àragonite (ar'a-gº-nit), n.
(see II.).-Arachnoid canal, cavity, etc.
nouns.—Arachnoid membrane. Same as
Arachnoid tunic. Same as II., 3.
II. m. 1. A kind offossil madrepore.—2. In
anat., the serous membrane enveloping the
'brain and spinal cord; the middle one of the
three cerebrospinal meninges, between the
dura mater and the pia, mater. It was formerly re-
garded as consisting of two layers, a visceral layer invest-
ing the pia mater and a reflected parietal layer lining the
dura mater, the two constituting a shut sac, like other
Serous membranes, inclosing a cavity called the arachnoid
cavity, containing a serous fluid, the arachnoid fluid; but
the more modern view regards the arachnoid membrane
as a single sheet external to the pia mater and attached to
it, but not following it into the sulci and other depres-
sions of the brain. What was formerly called the cavity
of the arachnoid is now termed the subdural space. The
arachnoid is by some regarded as simply the outermost
layer of the pia mater. Also called arachnoid Qºme,
arachnoidea, arachnoides, and araneous membrane.
3. An old and disused name of the hyaline or
hyaloid membrane within the eyeball, especially
of that portion of it which contributes to form
the capsule of the crystalline lens.
arachnoidal (ar-ak-noiſdal), a. Pertaining to
or of the nature of the arachnoid, in any sense
of the word; arachnoid.
arachnoidea, arachnoides (ar-ak-noiſ dé-ā,
-déz), n. [NL.] Same as arachnoid, n., 2.
arachnoiditis (a-rak-noi-diſtis), n. [NL., K
arachnoidea + -ītis.] Inflammation of the arach-
noid membrane.
arachnological (a-rak-nē-loj’i-kal), a. Of or
pertaining to arachnology.
arachnologist (ar-ak-nol’ô-jist), n. [Karach-
nology -- -ist.] One versed in arachnology.
arachnology (ar-ak-nol’ā-ji), n. IK Gr. Öpáxvn,
a spider, +-Aoyia, K Aéyetv, speak: see -ology.]
The study of the Arachnida.
Arachnopoda (ar-ak-nop’º-dà), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. Öpáxvm, a spider, + Troög (Tod-) = E. foot.] In
Dana’s system of classification, a division of his
See the
II., 2
araeometer, etc.
araºostyle, a.
araeosystyle, a. See areosystyle.
A shortened form araeotict, a. and n. See areotic.
Aragonese (ar"a-go-nés' or -néz'), a. and n.
aragu (ar'a-gö), n.
araignée (a-rá-nyā'), m.
araint, n.
araiset (a-rāz'), p. t.
Araliaceae
The family Aradidae, which contains the most depressed
Heteroptera in existence. Stand. Nat. Hist., II. 283.
*u. Anat, invert, P. * Aradinae (ar-a-di'nā), n. pl. [NL., & Aradus +
-imae..] A subfamily of Aradidae, having a com-
paratively long rostrum, the sternum groove
the end of the abdomen with a thin cleft an
lobate margin, and the head with an angular
process exterior to the antennae. It is a large
group, generally distributed in America from the arctic .
regions to the tropics.
Aradus (ar'a-dus), n. [NL., appar, KGr. Špačoc,
a rumbling (rattling), var. of &pagog, a gnash-
ing, chattering (rattling); cf. &pageiv, rattle,
ring, as armor: in allusion to the loose-armored
appearance of the insects of this genus.] A
genus of heteropterous insects, typical of the
subfamily Aradinaº. A. crematus is a large spe-
cies of the United States, half an inch long.
See areometer, etc.
See areostyle.
[K Sp. Aragonés, K Aragon.] I. a. Pertaining
to Aragon or to its inhabitants.
II. .m. sing. or pl. An inhabitant or the in-
habitants of Aragon, one of the great divisions
(formerly a kingdom) of Spain, in the north-
eastern part.
Sometimes spelled Arragomese.
[K Aragon, a divi-
sion of Spain, + -ite?..] Calcium carbonate crys-
tallizing in the Orthorhombic system. It is iden-
tical with calcite in chemical composition, but differs from
it in crystalline form and in some of its physical proper-
ties; for example, its specific gravity is 2.9, while that of
calcite is 2.7. It occurs often in transparent acicular crys-
tals, and also as a deposit from Waters carrying lime. A
white variety, having a delicate coralloid form, is called
flos ferri (flower of iron), from the fact of its occurrence
with iron Ores.
[Canarese aragu, Telugu
arakku, ult. K. Skt. lakshā, lac: see lac1.] Crude
sticklac. See sticklac.
araguato (ā-rá-gwā’tö), n. [Compare alouate.]
A variety of howling monkey found in South
America, of the genus Mycetes, M. ursinus, or
the ursine howler. It is the largest of the new-world
monkeys hitherto noticed, its length being nearly 3 feet,
while the tail reaches to even a greater length. Like
all other members of the family, it is characterized by
its discordant and dismal yells, which can be heard at the
distance of a mile. See cut under howler. Also called
gwareba, guariba. * º
[F. araignee, a spider,
formerly also a spider’s web, K. L.L. *araneata,
a spider's web, K. L. aramea, spider: see Aranea.]
In fort., a kind of underground work consisting
of several branches or galleries starting from
one point, like a spider's web. -
[Mod. only dial., also arran, arrand,
KME. arain, arein, arayme, etc., irain, erayne,
etc., K OF. araigne, aragne, iraigme, iragme =
Pr. aranha, eramha = Sp. araña = Pg. aramha =
It. aragma, a spider, K. L. aramea, a spider, a
spider's web: see Aranea.] A spider.
Araina (ar-a-i(né), m. pl. [NL., KAra? -- -inae.]
Same as Arinae.
[K, ME. araisen, areisen,
raise up, Ka- (K AS. ā-) + raisen, reisen, raise:
See a-1 and raise.] Same as raise.
[A medicine] whose simple touch
Is powerful to a raise King Pepin.
Shak., All's Well, ii. 1.
suborder Cormostomata of Entomostraca. The
term corresponds with Araneiformia or Pycno-
gomida (which see).
former containing the spiders and scorpions, the latter the
false scorpions, harvestmen, and mites. (c) A class of the
phylum Arthropoda, including the spiders, scorpions, false
scorpions, harvestmen, and mites, with or without the
arak, m. See arrack.
Arakanese, a. and m. See Aracanese.
a rake (a-råk’), prep. phr. as adv. or a . . [Ka8 +
bear-animalcules and the Pycnogonida and Pentastomida.
They are apterous, ametabolous, articulate animals, with
articulated legs. They are decephalized by the blending
of the head with the thorax as a cephalothorax, normally
bearing 8 legs, and never more; the antennae are trans-
formed into chelae when present; the abdomen is usually
distinct but not segmented, or if segmented is not dis-
timctly separated from the cephalothorax, and does not
bear limbs, the appendages being in the higher forms
transformed into spinnerets; the eyes are simple and gen-
erally more than two in number; the respiratory appara-
tus is pulmonary or tracheal, or compounded of these two
forms; and their mode of progression is digitigrade. There
are about 4,500 species, some of which are fossils occurring
Arachnothera (a-rak-nó-thé'râ), m. DNL., K. Gr.
āpārvm, a spider, + 6mpāv, hunt.] The typical ge-
nus of birds of the subfamily Arachnotherinae.
There are numerous species, inhabiting the Indo-Malayan
region, such as A. longirostris. Also Arachnotheres.
Arachnotherinae (a-rak'nā-thé-ri'né), m. pl.
[NL., KArachnothera + -inde.] A subfamily of
Mectariniidae, containing numerous species,
chiefly East Indian and Oceanic, sometimes
called spider-catchers, having long slender
curved beaks like the sun-birds of the genera
araki (ar'à-ki), n.
Aralia (a-rā‘li-á), m.
rake.] Nawt., on the rake; inclined from the
perpendicular.
[Cf. arki; see arrack.] An
Egyptian intoxicating drink prepared from the
dibs or honey of dates; a kind of arrack.
My guardians and attendants . . . used to fetch arak.
in a clear glass bottle, without even the decency of a cloth,
and the messenger twice returned from these errands de-
cidedly drunk. R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 487.
[NL.; origin unknown.]
A genus of plants with mostly compound
Lrepanis, Cinnyris, etc.
arack, m. See arrack.
aracouchini-resin (ar"a-kö-shé'ni-rez"in), n.
Same as acouchi-resin.
aracuan (ar-a-kwān"), n. [Of S. Amer. Origin.]
A name of one of the guans, Ortalis a racuam.
Also written araucuan.
arad (ar’ad), m. [K Arum + -ad!...] A plant of
, the family Araceae. Lindley.
leaves, small umbellate flowers, and succulent
berries, the type of the family Araliaceae.
Araliaceae (a-rá-li-ā'sé-é), m. pl. [NL., K. Ara-
lia + -aceæ.] A family of plants nearly re-
lated to the Apiaceae, from which they are
distinguished chiefly by their three- or more
celled fruit, simple epigynous disk, usually
Valvate corolla, and more shrubby habit. The
family is most largely represented in warm and tropical
in the Silurian and Carboniferous. They are now divided
into from six to nine orders. Huxley makes six: Arthrogas-
tra, Araneina, Acarina, Arctisca, Pycnogomida, Pentasto-
mida. Pascoe makes nine: Scorpiodea, Chelīferidea, Acari-
dea, Araneidea, Phalangidea, Phrynidea, Solpugidea, Arc-
tisca, Pentastomidea º Pycnogomida). Synonymous
with Acephala, 3, and Acer $ 2.
arachnidan (a-rak’ni-dan), a. and n. [KArach-
mida + -am.] I. a. Pertaining to the Arachnida.
II. m. One of the Arachnida.
* * : * - e in ºf e. Aradidae (a-rad’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Aradus countries, and to it belongs the ivy, Heier, if it.”gin.
::::#; %. ; of 6. º h?vidi. + -idae.] A family of heteropterous insects, Seng, which is highly esteemed by the Chinese as a stimu-
arachnidial (ar-ak-nid’i-al), a. [Karachnidium characterized by their extremely depressed lant, is produced by Panaa: Schinseng, a plant found in
+ -al.] Of or pertaining to an arachnidium.
—Arachnidial mammilla, one of the processes into
which the ducts of the arachnidium enter; a spinneret.
form and brown or fuscous coloration, and di-
vided into Aradinae and Brachyrhynchina2.
northern Asia. The ginseng of North America, P. quin-
quéſolius, is less valued. A species of Aralia, A. nudi-
cawlis, is used in North America as a substitute for sarsa-










Araliaceae
parilla. The true rice-paper of the Chinese, obtained only
from the island of Formosa, is made from the pith of
another araliaceous plant, Tetrapamaa, papyrifer. The
family is represented in temperate North America by the
genus Aralia, with 6 species, Panaa, with two, and by a
Single Species of Echimopanaa: on the Pacific coast.
araliaceous (a-rá-li-ā'shius), a... [K NL. ara-
liaceus.] Belonging to or resembling the Ara-
liaceae.
• Aramaean, n. See Arameam.
Aramaic (ar-a-mā'ik), a. and n. [K LL. as if
*Aramaicus, K. Gr. Apapaia, LL. Aramaºa, prop-
erly fem. of Apapalog, L. Aramaeus, adj., formed
on Heb. Arām, the name given to the districts
comprehended in Mesopotamia, northern Syria,
the region of Damascus, and eastern Palestine
Southward to Arabia Petraea..] Same as Ara-
77760.70,
The Aramaic speech began to extend itself beyond its
original limits. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, L 283.
Aramean, Aramaean (ar-a-mê'an), a. and n.
[K LL. Aramaeus, K. Gr. Apauaiog: see Aramaic.]
I. a. Belonging or relating to the northern
division of the Semitic family of languages and
peoples, containing the Mesopotamian, the
Syrian (extending over Palestine prior to the
Christian era), and the Nabatean; Chaldean;
Chaldaic; Syrian: in distinction from the west-
ern or middle Semitic (Phenician and Hebrew)
and the south Semitic (Arabic and Ethiopic).
The Arameam alphabet attained an even wider exten-
sion than the Aramaic speech, and at length extirpated
all the independent North Semitic scripts.
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 283.
II. m. 1. The language of the northwestern
Semites, preserved in the Biblical books of
Ezra and Daniel, in the Targums, and in the
Peshito version of the Scriptures, together
with the Christian Syriac literature.—2.
inhabitant or a native of Aramaea, or Syria.
The Aramaeans also . . . have the form “mata.”
N. A. Rev., CXXVII. 523.
Arameanism (ar-a-mê'an-izm), m. [KAramean
+ -ism...] Same as Aramism.
Aramidae (a-ram’i-dé), m. pl. . [NL.; K Aramus
+ -idae.] A family of grallatorial birds, con-
fined to the warmer parts of America, and form-
ing a connecting link between the cranes and
the rails, or the gruiform and ralliform birds.
The principal osteological and pterylographic characters
are those of the cranes, while the digestive system and
the general habits and appearance are those of the rails.
There are a pair of caeca, a pair of carotid arteries, and a
pair of Syringeal muscles. The family consists of the single
genus Aramus (which see).
Aramides (a-ram’i-déz), n. [NL., K. Aramus +
-ides.] A genus of American ralliform birds, of
the family Rallidae and subfamily Rallina ; the
American crakes, or small rails with short bills.
The genus contains about 20 species, chiefly of Central and
South America ; it is sometimes restricted to one group of
these, other names, as Porzana, Coturmicops, and Creciscus,
being used for the rest. g
Aramism (ar'a-mizm), m. [K Aran- (in Ara-
maic, etc.) + -ism..] An idiom of the Aramean
or Chaldee language; a Chaldaism. Also Ara-
7)764mism.
Aramus (ar'a-mus), n. [NL.; etym, unknown.]
The typical and only genus of the family Ara-
midae, containing the courlans, Caraus, or crying-
birds. They are about 2 feet long, of chocolate-brown
color streaked with white, with short and rounded Wings,
a falcate first primary, a short tail of 12 feathers, and cleft
toes. The hinder toe is elevated, and the tarsus is scutel-
late anteriorly, and as long as the bill. The bill is twice
as long as the head, slender but strong, compressed, con-
tracted opposite the linear nostrils, grooved about half its
length, and enlarged and decurved in the terminal portion.
A. pictus (Coues) inhabits Florida, where it is known as the
limpkin ; another species, A. Scolopacew8, the Scolopaceous
courlan, is found in the warmer parts of America. See
courlan. p #
Aranea (a-ră'né-á), n. [L., a spider, a spider's
web (>E, arain, q.v.); also arameus, m., a spider;
cf. Gr. &páxvnº, Attic àpážum, poet, apáAvog, a
spider, perhaps connected with āpicvſ, a net.
1. An old genus of spiders, more or less exactly
equivalent to the modern superfamily Araneida.
By various restrictions it has been reduced to the value of
one of the modern families or genera of spiders, and has
been eliminated entirely from some systems. A ranea,
domestica, the common house-spider, is now Tegenaria do-
Anest irſt. Also Aranetts. §
... [NL., neut. pl.] A former group of Spiders,
intermediate between a modern Order and a
modern genus.
araneal (a-rā’ né-al), a. [K L. aramea, a spider,
+ -al.]. Pertaining to or resembling the spider.
araneid (a-rā'né-id), n. Same as ºraneidan.
Araneida (ar-à-né’i-dà), m. pl. [NL., K. Aranea
+ -ida.] A superfamily and subgroup of the
class Arachnida, now usually called an order,
containing the spiders as distinguished from
the mites, scorpions, and other arachnidans:
288
practically synonymous and conterminous with
Dimerosomata or Pulmotrachearia. The spiders
breathe by two or more pulmonary sacs, combined or not
with tracheae. The abdomen is not segmented, and is dis-
tinctly separated from the cephalothorax ; they have no
antennae, as such, but a pair of palps; they have from 2 to
8 simple eyes, and
8 legs of 7 joints
each. The abdomi-
nal appendages are
modified into an
arachnidium or
spinneret, the ap-
paratus by which
cobweb, gossamer,
and other kinds
of spider-silk are
Spun from a se-
Cretion of glandu-
lar organs. There
are also always
poison-glands con-
nected with the
mouth-parts. The
division of the
* º * group varies with
Mygale camentaria, typical of Azazteza.a. every leading wri-
4, female, ize: A £, * :
aft; i.e.” # jºi; ter as to number
pºſi','º', 'horačic'feet ; Cº. ephalotho. 9f Suborders, or
rax. B, last joint of pedipalpus of male, families and their
much magnified. See cut under chelicera. arrangement, some
admitting but two
or three families, others several suborders and upward of
twenty families, while the diversities of detail are endless.
A prime division is into Dipmewmomes, those having two
pulmonary sacs (the great bulk of the order), and Tetra-
pmewmomes, with four; or according to the number of stig-
mata, those having two pairs (Tetrasticta) or only one pair
(Tristicta); or according to the number of eyes, whether
2, 4, 6, or 8; or, finally, according to the way in which they
move about and spin their webs. Some authors adopt
three families: Arameidae, Lycosidae, and Mygalidae. Also
Araneidea, Araneina.
Araneidae (ar-à-nē’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAranea
+ -idae.] The spiders, considered as a family;
the Spinning Spiders. The group approaches more or
less nearly in extent the order Arameida. In some systems
the term disappears, being conterminous with the order,
Which then is divided into numerous families of other
names. . . º
araneidan (ar-à-nē’i-dan), n. [K Araneida +
-an.] One of the Arameida ; any spider. Also
arameid.
Araneidea (ar-à-nē-i-dé’â), m. pl. [NL.] Same
as Araneida.
araneiform (a-rā’né-i-fôrm), a. [K NL. aramei-
formis, K L. aramea, a spider, + forma, form.]
1. Spider-like in form; resembling a spider;
belonging to the Araneida, as distinguished
from other arachnidans.—2. Of or pertaining
to the Araneiformia.
Araneiformes (a-ră'né-i-fôr' méz), m. pl. [NL.,
pl. of araneiformis : see araneiform.] Same as
Araneiformia. -
Araneiformia (a-ră'né-i-fôr' mi-á), m. pl. [NL.,
neut. pl. of araneiformis: see araneiform..] A.
group of spider-like marine animals: synony-
mous with Pycnogomida (which see). They are
sometimes placed with the Crustacea in an order or a sub-
class called Podosomata, sometimes in Arachmida, some-
times combined with the Arctisca in a subclass Pseuda-
rachma, and sometimes otherwise disposed of. They have
a rudimentary unsegmented abdomen, a suctorial mouth,
and 4 pairs of long, jointed legs, but are destitute of re-
Spiratory organs. Some are parasitic.
Araneina (a-rá-nē-i'nā), m. pl. [NL., KAranea
+ -ina.] Same as Arameida.
araneologist (a-rá-nē-ol’º-jist), n. [K arane-
ology + -ist.] One skilled in araneology.
araneology (a-rá-nē-ol’ô-ji), m. [K L. aramea,
& , * j
a spider, -i- Gr. -Aoyſa, K Wéyetv, speak: see-ology.]
That department of entomology which relates
to spiders.
The facts . . . were new to the field of American ara-
neology. Science, IV. 24.
araneose (a-ră'né-Ös), a. [K L. arameosus, full
of or like spiders' webs, K aramea, a spider's
web, also a spider: see Aranea.] Covered with
hairs crossing one another, like the rays in a
spider's web; arachnoid.
araneous (a-ră'né-us), a. [As arameose, or after
L. aramews, pertaining to a spider or to a spi-
der's web, Karanea, a spider, spider's web : see
arameose.] 1+. Full of cobwebs.—2. Resem-
bling a cobweb.; extremely thin and delicate,
like spider's silk or gossamer; covered with
delicate tangled hairs like cobweb; arachnoid.
—Araneous membrane. Same as atrachnoid, m., 2.
arango (a-rang'gó), m. [A native name.] A
kind of bead made of rough Carnelian, generally
of a cylindrical shape. Such beads, imported from
Bombay, constituted an article of traffic with Africa pre-
vious to the abolition of the slave-trade.
arapaima (ar-à-pi’mâ), m. [S. Amer. native
name.] 1. The name of the largest known
fresh-water fish, Arapaima gigas, an inhabitant
of Brazil and Guiana, said to attain a length of
15 feet and a weight of 400 pounds. It is of eco-
Araucaria
nomical importance as a food-fish.-2. [cap.]
[NL.] A genus of malacopterygian abdominal
fishes, of the family Osteoglossidae, remarkable
for their size and the mosaic work of their hard
bony compound Scales. ...A. gigas is an example.
araphorostic, araphostic, a. See arrhaphostic.
arapunga (ar-à-pung'gã), n. [Tupi arapunga.]
A South American oscine passerine bird belong-
ing to the family. Cotingidae and the subfamily
Gymnoderina ; the bell-bird, campanero, or
averano, Chasmorhynchus niveus; one of the
fruit-crows, with a long erectile tubular process'
on the head, rising sometimes to the height of
Several inches. It is remarkable for its clear, far-
sounding notes of a peculiarly resonant or bell-like quality,
continued through the heat of the day, when most bir
are silent, and therefore readily heard at a great distance.
Arapunga, or Campanero (Chasmorhynchus zezzleus).
The bird is of about the size of a pigeon, and the plumage
of the adult is pure white. The native name was made a
generic term by Lesson in 1831. The bird is nearly related
9 to the umbrella-birds, Cephalopterus
of macaw, Ara maracana.
araracanga (a-rá-rá-kang'gã), n. [Tupi.]
ame as a raca'nga.
araramboya (a-rá-ram-bó'yā), n. [Tupi.] A
name of the bojobi or dog-headed boa of Brazil,
Xiphosoma caminwm.
ararauna (a-rå"ra-ö'nā), n. [Tupi arara una,
black macaw.] The blue and yellow macaw,
Psittacus ararauma (Linnaeus), now Ara ara-
**([?!?! (i.
araroba (ar-a-ro’bà), n. See Goa powder.
arar-tree (är’ār-tré), m. The sandarac of Mo-
rocco, Callitris quadrivalvis.
araself (a-rås'), v. t. [Also written arace, KOF.
araser, raze, demolish, K a, to, + ras, level:
see a-11 and rase, raze, and cf. erase.] 1. To
raze; level with the ground.—2. To erase.
arase?t, v. t. Same as a racel.
arasene, n. Same as arrasene.
arastra (a-rastră), n. Same as arrastre.
aration (a-rā‘shgn), m. [KL. aratio(m-), Karare,
p. aratus, plow: see arable.] Plowing; til-
age. [Rare.]
It would suffice to teach these four parts of agriculture;
first aration, and all things belonging to it.
- Cowley, Works (ed. 1710), II. 710.
aratory (ar'a-tº-ri), a. [K ML. aratorius, K L.
arator, plower, K arare, pp. aratus, plow : see
arable.] Relating or contributing to tillage.
aratrum terrae (a-rā’ trum ter’ 6). [ML., a
plowgate of land: aratrum, a portion of land
as much as could be plowed with one plow (a
Special use of L. aratrum, plow, Karare, plow:
See arable); terra, gen. of L. terra, land.] In
Scots law, a plowgate of land, consisting of
eight oxgates, because anciently the plow was
drawn by eight OX62 Il. -
Araucan (a-rá'kam), n. Same as Araucanian.
Araucanian (ar-ā-kā’ni-an), a. and n. [KArau-
cania, KAraucanos, the Araucanians, a tribe of
Indians inhabiting the southern parts of Chili..]
I. a. Of or pertaining to Araucania, a territory
in the southern part of Chili, mainly comprised.
in the modern provinces of Arauco and Valdivia.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Arau-
cania. The aboriginal Araucanians are a partially civil-
ized race who have never been conquered by Europeans;
but in 1883 the portion of them living on the mainland
voluntarily submitted to the Chilian government.
Araucaria (ar-ā-kāºri-á), m. [NL., KArauc(ania)
+ -aria.] A genus of Coniferas, the representa-
tive of the pine in the southern hemisphere,
foundin South America, Australia, and some of
the islands of the Pacific. The species are large ever-
green trees with verticillate º branches covered
with stiff, narrow, pointed leaves, and bearing large cones
each scale having a single large seed. The species best
known in cultivation is A. imbricata (the Chili pine or
monkey-puzzle), which is quite hardy. It is a native of
the mountains of southern Chili, where it forms vast for-
ests, and yields a hard, durable wood. Its seeds are eaten
arara (a-rā’rã), n. [Tupi. Čf. Ara?..] A kind


Araucaria,
when roasted. The Moreton Bay pine of Australia, A.
Cumminghamii, supplies a valuable timber used in making
furniture, in house- and boat-building, and in other car-
#.; A species, A. eaccelba, abounds on Norfolk
sland, attaining a height of 200 feet. See Norfolk Island
pire, under pime.
r. Norfolk Island Pine (Azazecazia excelsa). 2. Cone of
- Azazzcarta Cookzz.
araucarian (ar-ā-kāºri-an), a. and m. [Š Araw-
caria + -an.] I. a. Related to or having the
characters of the genus Araucaria.
II. m. A tree of the genus Araucaria.
a raucarite (a-rá'ka-rit), n. [ KAraucaria +
-ite2.] Fossil wood of araucarian structure.
Araucarites (a-rá-ka-ri’téz), n. [NL., KArau-
caria + -ites.] A genus of fossil trees, the
extinct ancestors of the living araucarian
pines, found in nearly all parts of the world in
strata ranging from the Trias to the Tertiary.
Cones and cone-scales, branches, and leaves occur, all
closely resembling those of Arawcaria. The great quan-
tities of silicified and often agatized wood found in Tri-
assic beds, notably in the “petrified forests” of Arizona,
having the araucarian structure, and called Arawcari-
oacylon, properly belong to this genus.
araught}. Preterit of a reach.
arauha (a-rā’6-á), n. The native name of a
gigantic spider of the §. Mygale, found on
the Abrolhos islands, Brazil. It preys on lizards,
and even on young chickens. . It is probably the bird-
spider, Mygale (Avicularia) avicularia, or a related spe-
CICS.
arba, n. See arabal.
arbaccio (ār-bäch'iq), n. . [It. dial.] A coarse
cloth made in Sardinia from the wool of an
inferior breed of sheep called the Nuoro. E. H.
JKnight.
Arbacia (ār-bā‘si-á), n., DNL.] ... The typical
genus of sea-urchins of the family Arbaciidae.
A. punctulata and A. nigra are two species, occurring
respectively on the eastern and western coasts of North
America. & m
arbaciid, (ār-bas’i-id), n. A sea-urchin of the
family Arbaciidaº.
Arba.ciidae (ār-ba-si’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KArba-
cia + -idae.] A family of desmostichous or
endocyclical echinoids, or regular sea-urchi
intermediate in its general characters between
Cidaridae and Echinidae, and having median
ambulacral spaces appearing as bare bands.
The family is typified by the genus Arbacia ;
another genus is Coeloplewrus.
arbalest, arbalester. See arbalist, arbalister.
arbalète (ār-ba-lāt'), m. [F., KOF. arbaleste:
see arbalist.] Same as arbalist, 2.
arbalist, arbalest (är"ba-list, -lest), m. [KME.
arbelaste, arblast, arblest, etc., (also arweblast,
arowblaste, as if connected with arow, arrow), K
OF. arbaleste, arbeleste, arbalestre, F. arbalète =
Pr. arbalesta, albalesta, KLL, arcubalista, arcu-
ballista: see arcubalist.] .1. A crossbow usedim
Europe in the chase and in war throughout the
middle ages. The bow was made of steel, horn, or other
material, and was of such great strength and stiffness that
some mechanical appliance was used to bend it and adjust
the string to the notch. The lighter arbalists, used in the
chase, and generally by horsemen, required a double hook,
which the arbalister carried at his girdle. Heavier ones
required a kind of lever, or a windlass, or a revolving winch
with a ratchet and long handle, to draw them ; these ap-
pliances were separate from the arbalist, and were carried
slung from the shoulder or at the belt. The short and
heavy arrow of the arbalist was called a quarrel, from its
square head, or more commonly a bolt, as distinguished
from the shaft discharged by the longbow. Sometimes
stones (see stone-bow) and leaden balls were used. The mis-
sile of the albalist was discharged with such force as to
penetrate ordinary armor, and the weapon was considered
so deadly as to be prohibited by a council of the church
except in warfare against infidels. It could, however, be
discharged only twice a minute. It was used especially in
the attack and defense of fortified places. For similar
weapons of other periods than the European middle ages,
see crossbow. Also arcubalist, and formerly arblast,
2. In her., a crossbow used as a bearing.
the arbalist of war. Also
arcubalister.
arbiter (är"bi-tér), n. [= F.
arbiter} (är"bi-têr), v. t.
= Pg. arbitravel, K
arbitrage (är"bi-träj), 'm.
arbitrament (ār-bit/ra-ment), m.
289
arbalister, arbalester (är"ba-lis-tér, -les-tér),
70, ME. arbalester, arbalasier, arblaster, etc.,
K OF. arbalestier, KML. arcubalistarius: see ar-
cubalister.] One armed with sº
the arbalist; a crossbowman;
especially, a soldier carrying
arbitre, KL. arbiter, a witness,
judge, lit. One who goes to
see, K ar- for ad, to, + betere,
bitere, come.] 1. A person
chosen by the parties in a con-
troversy to decide their differ-
ences; one who decides points
at issue; an arbitrator; a ref-
eree; an umpire. g
The civilians make a difference be-
tween arbiter and arbitrator, the Jºãº
former being obliged to judge ac- Arbalister.
cording to the customs of the law; (From Viollet-le-Duc's
whereas the latter is at liberty to use “Dict du Mobilier fran-
his own discretion, and accommo- $º")
date the difference in that manner which appears most just
and equitable. Wharton.
2. In a general sense, a person who has the
power of judging and determining absolutely ac-
cording to his own pleasure; one whose power
of deciding and governing is not limited; one
who has a matter under his sole authority for
adjudication.
Qur plan best, I believe, combines wisdom and practica-
bility, by providing a plurality of Counsellors, but a single
arbiter for ultimate decision. Jefferson, Autobiog., p. 44.
The final arbiter of institutions is always the conception
of right prevailing at the time.
Rae, Contemporary Socialism, p. 179.
Arbiterelegantiarum (el-É-gan-shi-ā'rum). [L.] A judge
of the elegancies; an authority in matters of taste. =Syn.
Arbitrator, umpire, referee, judge; absolute ruler, control-
ler, governor.
[Karbiter, n.] To act
as arbiter between; judge. Hall.
arbitrable (är"bi-tra-bl), a. [K Sp. arbitrable
... as if *arbitrabilis, K arbi-
trari, arbitrate: see arbitrate.] 1+. Arbitrary;
depending on the will. Spelman.—2. Subject
to arbitration; subject to the decision of an
arbiter, court, judge, or other appointed author-
ity; discretionary.
The value of moneys is arbitrable according to the use
of several kingdoms. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, i. 1.
[K F. arbitrage, K ar-
bitrer, arbitrate: see arbitrate.] 1. Arbitra-
tion. R. Cobden. [Rare.]–2. The calculation
of the relative value at the same time, at two or
more places, of stocks, bonds, or funds of any
sort, including exchange, with a view to taking
advantage of favorable circumstances or differ-
ences in payments or other transactions; arbi-
tration of exchange.
Arbitrage proper is a separate, distinct, and well-defined
business, with three main branches. Two of these, viz.,
arbitrage or arbitration in bullion and coins, and arbitra-
tion in bills, also called the arbitration of exchanges, fall
within the businesses of bullion dealing and banking respec-
tively. The third, arbitrage in stocks and shares, is arbi-
trage properly so called, and so understood, whenever the
Word is mentioned without qualification among business
men, and it is strictly a Stock Exchang; business.
mcyc. Brit., II. 311.
3. The business of bankers which is founded
on calculations of the temporary differences in
the price of securities, and is carried on through
a simultaneous purchase in the cheaper and
sale in the dearer market.
arbitrager (är’bi-trä-jër), n. A banker or a
broker who engages in arbitrage operations.
arbitrageur (ār-bi-tra-zhèr’), m. [F.] Same as
arbitrager.
As a rule, the arbitrage properly known as such is the
business of an arbitragewr, who is almost always a mem-
ber of a Stock Exchange or “Bourse,” and his arbitrations
with very few exceptions are neither in bullion nor in bills,
but in Government and other stocks and shares.
Encyc. Brit., II. 311.
arbitral (är"bi-tral), a... [K L.L. arbitralis, K L.
arbiter, arbiter.] Relating to arbitration; sub-
ject to review and adjudication.—Decree arbi-
tral. See decree.
[K ME. arbi-
trement, arbitriment, K OF. arbitrement = Pr. ar-
bitramen – Sp. arbitramiento = Pg. arbitramento,
K ML. arbitramentum, K. L. arbitrari, arbitrate:
see arbitrate.] 1. The power or right to decide
for one's self or for others; the power of abso-
lute and final decision.
Liberty, and Life, and Death would soon . . .
Lie in the arbitrement of those who ruled
The capital City. Wordsworth, Prelude, x.
2. The act of deciding a dispute as an arbiter
or arbitrator; the act of settling a claim or dis-
arbitrarily (är"bi-trä-ri-li), adv.
arbitrariously? (ār-bi-trä’ri-us-li), adv.
arbitrary (är"bi-trä-ri), a.
arbitrate
pute which has been referred to arbitration;
the absolute and authoritative settlement of
any matter.
Want will force him to put it to arbitrement.
Massinger, New Way to Pay Old Debts, ii. 1.
This tax was regulated by a law made on purpose, and
not left to the arbitrament of partial or interested persons.
J. Adams, Works, V. 73.
3. The decision or sentence pronounced by an
arbiter. [In this sense award is now more
common in legal use.]
To discover the grounds on which . . . usage bases its
arbitraments, baffles, not seldom, our utmost ingenuity of
speculation. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 31.
Sometimes spelled arbitrement.
In an arbi-
trary manner; at will; capriciously; without
sufficient reason; in an irresponsible or des-
potic way.
The Bishop of Dunkeld, who . . . had opposed the gov-
ernment, was arbitrarily ejected from his see, and a suc-
cessor was appointed. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
arbitrariness (är"bi-trä-ri-nes), m. The quality
of being arbitrary.
Consciousness is an entangled plexus which cannot be
cut into parts without more or less arbitrariness.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 480.
arbitrarious? (ār-bi-trä'ri-us), a. [K L. arbitra-
rius: see arbitrary.J Arbitrary. Norris.
Arbi-
trarily. Barrow.
[= F. arbitraire =
Pr. arbitrari = Sp. Pg. It. arbitrario, K L. arbitra-
rius, of arbitration, hence uncertain, depending
on the will, K arbiter, arbiter, umpire: see arbi-
ter.] 1. Not regulated by fixed rule or law;
determinable as occasion arises; subject to in-
dividual will or judgment; discretionary.
Indifferent things are left arbitrary to us.
Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 277.
2. In law, properly determinable by the choice
or pleasure of a tribunal, as distinguished from
that which should be determined according to
settled rules or the relative rights or equities
of the parties. Thus, whether the judge will take and
state an account himself, or refer it to an auditor, is a
question resting in his arbitrary discretion ; whether, also,
a particular person is qualified to act as auditor is a ques-
tion involving judicial or legal discretion. *
3. Uncontrolled by law; using or abusing un-
limited power; despotic; tyrannical.
For sure, if Dulness sees a grateful day,
'Tis in the shade of arbitrary sway.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 182.
Could I prevail upon my little tyrant here to be less ar-
bitrary, I should be the happiest man alive.
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, v.
Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins
of liberty abused to licentiousness. Washington.
4. Not characterized by or manifesting any
overruling principle; fixed, determined, or per-
formed at will; independent of rule or control.
A great number of arbitrary signs, various and opposite,
do constitute a language. If such arbitrary connection be
instituted by men, it is an artificial language; if by the
Author of Nature, it is a natural language. Bp. Berkeley.
They perpetually sacrifice nature and reason to arbi-
trary canons of taste. Macaulay, Dryden.
By an arbitrary proceeding, I mean one conducted by
the private opinions or feelings of the man who attempts
to regulate. JBwrke.
5. Ungoverned by reason; hence, capricious;
uncertain; unreasonable; varying; changeful:
as, an arbitrary character.
My disappointments, as a general thing, . . . had too
often been the consequence of arbitrary preconceptions.
H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 253.
Arbitrary constant, in anath., a quantity which by a dif-
ferential equation is required to have the same value for
all values of the variable, while this constant value re-
mains indeterminate.—Arbitrary discretion. See dis-
cretion.—Arbitrary function, in math., a quantity which
is required by a partial differential equation to remain un-
changed as long as certain variables remain unchanged,
but which may vary in any manner with these variables,
subject only to the condition of having differential coeffi-
cients with respect to them.—Arbitrary homonyms.
See homonym. =Syn. Capricious, unlimited, irresponsible,
uncontrolled, tyrannical, domineering, imperious.
arbitrate (är’bi-trät), v.; pret, and pp. arbi-
trated, ppr. arbitrating. [K. L. arbitratus, pp. of
arbitrari (> It. arbitrare = Pg. Sp. Pr. arbitrar
= F. arbitrer), be a witness, act as umpire, K
arbiter, umpire: see arbiter.] I. intrans. l. To
act as an arbitrator, or formal umpire between
contestants; mediate.
In the disputes of kings, the weaker party often appealed
to the Pope, and thus gave him an opportunity to arbitrate
or command. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § S.
2. To decide; determine; settle a question or
rule otherwise indeterminate
Some ſwords] become equivocal by changing their sig-
nification, and some fall obsolete, one cannot tell why,
for custom or caprice arbitrate[s], guided by no law.
I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., I. 172.


I9 -
arbitrate
II. trans. 1. To give an authoritative deci-
sion in regard to as arbitrator; decide or deter-
IIll Ilê.
Thoughts speculative their unsure hopes relate;
But certain issue strokes must arbitrate.
Shak., Macbeth, v. 4.
Things must be compared to and arbitrated by her [wis-
dom's] standard, or else they will contain something of
monstrous enormity. Barrow, Works, I. vi.
But thou, Sir Lancelot, sitting in my place
Imchair'd to-morrow, arbitrate the field.
Tennyson, The Last Tournament.
2. To submit to arbitration; settle by arbitra-
tion: as, to arbitrate a dispute regarding wages.
arbitrated (är"bi-trä-ted), p. a. Ascertained or
determined by arbitrage: as, arbitrated rates;
arbitrated par of exchange.
Business men . . . were . . . enabled to utilize all the
advantages of cross and arbitrated exchanges.
Balch, Mines of U. S., p. 444.
arbitration (ār-bi-trä’shgn), m. [KME. arbitra-
cion, K OF. arbitration = Pr. arbitracio, K L.
arbitratio(n-), K arbitrari, arbitrate, judge: see
arbitrate.] The hearing and determining of a
cause between parties in controversy by a per-
son or persons chosen or agreed to by the par-
ties. This may be done by one person, but it is usual to
choose more than one. Frequently two are nominated,
one by each party, the two being authorized in turn to
agree upon a third, who is called the umpire (or, in Scot-
land, sometimes the oversman), and who either acts with
them or is called on to decide in case the primary arbitra-
tors differ. The determination of arbitrators or umpires
290
arbitrort, n. See arbitrer.
arbitryi, n. . [ME. arbitrie (earlier arbitre, K
OF. arbitre), K L. arbitrium, will, judgment, K
arbiter, arbiter: see arbiter.] 1. Free will;
discretion.—2. Arbitration.—3. Judgment;
award.
arblast!, n. Same as arbalist.
arblaster!, n. Same as arbalister.
bogast's method. See method.
arborl (är"bgr), n. [In the derived sense for-
merly arber, arbre, K F. arbre, OF. arbre, aubre
= Pr: aubre = Sp. arbol = Pg. arvore, formerly
arbor = It. albore, albero, arbero, poet. arbore,
a tree, beam, mast, etc., K. L. arbor (acc. ar-
borem), earlier arbos, a tree, and hence also a
beam, bar, mast, shaft, oar, etc. Cf. the simi-
lar development of beam and tree.] 1. Liter-
ally, a tree: used in this sense chiefly in botan-
ical names.—2. In mech.: (a) The main support
or beam of a machine. (b) The principal spin-
dle or axis of a wheel or pinion communicating
motion to the other moving parts.-Arbor Dianae
(tree of Diana, that is, of silver: see Diana), in chem., a
beautiful arborescent precipitate produced by silver in
mercury.—Arbor Judae, in bot., the Judas-tree (which
See).-Arbor Saturni (tree of Saturn, that is, of lead :
See Satwrm), in chem., an arborescent precipitate formed
When a piece of zinc is put into a solution of acetate of
lead.—Arbor Vitae, See arbor-vitae.—Expanding ar-
bOr, in mech., a mandrel in a lathe provided with taper
keys or other devices for securing a firm hold, by varying
the diameter of the parts or surfaces of the mandrel which
bear against the sides of the hollow or the central hole of
is called an award. By the common law an award prop- ºr the object which is to be operated upon.
erly made is binding; but the arbitrators' authority may arbor
be revoked before award at the will of either party. Per-
manent boards of arbitration are sometimes constituted
by legislative or corporate authority, but the submission of
cases to their decision is always Voluntary.
It is not too much to hope that arbitration and concilia-
tion will be the means adopted alike by nations and by
individuals, to adjust all differences.
N. A. Rev., CXLII. 613.
Arbitration, in International Law, is one of the recog-
nized modes of terminating disputes between indepen-
dent nations. Encyc. Brit., II, 313.
Arbitration bond, a bond by which a party to a dispute
engages to abide by the award of arbitrators.—Arbitra-
tion of exchange. See arbitrage, 2.—Geneva, arbitra-
tion, the settlement by arbitration of the dispute between
the governments of the United States and Great Britain
concerning the Alabama claims: so called because the
board of arbitrators held their sessions at Geneva in
Switzerland. See Alabama claims, under claim.
arbitrational (ār-bi-trä'shgn-al), a. 1. Per-
taining to, of the nature of, or involving arbi-
tration: as, arbitrational methods of settling
disputes.—2. Resulting from arbitration or a
reference to arbitrators.
Arbitrational settlement of the Alabama claims.
A. Hayward, Ethics of Peace.
arbitrative (är"bi-trä-tiv), a. [K arbitrate +
—ive..] Of the nature of arbitration; relating to
arbitration; having power to arbitrate: as, “he
urged arbitrative tribunals,” R. J. Hinton, Eng.
Radical Leaders, p. 117.
arbitrator (är" bi-trä-tor), n. [Early mod. E.
also arbitratour, K ME. arbitrator, K OF. arbi-
tratour, -eur (earlier arbitrour, arbitreor: see
arbitrer), K LL. arbitrator, K arbitrari, pp. arbi-
tratus, arbitrate: see arbitrate.] 1. A person
who decides some point at issue between others;
one who formally hears and decides a disputed
cause submitted by common consent of the par-
ties to arbitration.—2. One who has the power
of deciding or prescribing according to his own
absolute pleasure; an absolute governor, presi-
dent; autocrat, or arbiter. See arbiter.
Though heaven be shut,
And heaven's high Arbitrator sit secure.
Milton, P. L., ii. 359.
The end crowns all;
And that old common arbitrator, Time,
Will one day end it. Shak, T. and C., iv. 5.
=Syn. 1, Umpire, Ireferee, etc. See judge, n.
arbitratorship (är" bi-trä-tor-ship), n.
office or function of an arbitrator.
arbitratrix (är" bi-trä-triks), m. ; pl. arbitratrices
(är" bi-trä-tri'séz). [LL., fem. of arbitrator: see
The
arbitrator.] A female arbitrator. º
See arbitry.
arbitre+, m.
See arbiter.
arbitre+, v. t.
arbitrement, n. See arbitrament.
arbitreri (fir’ bi-trér), m. [Early mod, E. also
arbitror, arbitrour, K ME. arbitrour, KOF. arbi-
trour, arbitreour, arbitreor, K LL., arbitrator:
See arbitrator.] An arbiter or arbitrator.
The arbitrer of her own destiny. Southey.
arbitress (är"bi-tres), m. [ME. arbitres; K arbi-
ter-F -é88.] A female arbiter: as, an arbitress
of fashion.
He aspired to see
His native Pisa queen and arbitress
Of cities. Bryant, Knight's Epitaph.
arbour (är"bgr), n. [In England the
second form is usual. Early mod. E. arbor, ar-
bour, arber, harbor, harbour, harber, herber,
herbor, etc., K.M.E. erber, erbere, herber, herbere,
KAF. erber, herber, OF. erbier, herbier, a place
Covered with grass or herbage, a garden of
herbs, KML. herbarium in same sense, earlier,
in L.L., a collection of dried herbs: see herba-
'rium, of which arbor? is thus a doublet; and
cf. arb, yarb, dial. forms of herb. The sense of
‘orchard,” and hence ‘a bower of trees,” though
naturally developed from that of ‘a grass-plot.’
(so orchard itself, AS. wyrt-geard, i. e., wort-
or herb-yard; cf. F. verger, an orchard, K. L.
viridarium, a garden, lit. a “greenery’), led to
an association of the word on the one hand
with harbor, ME. herbere, herberwe, etc., a shel-
ter, and on the other with L. arbor, a tree.
Cf. arboret? and It. arborata, an arbor (Fiorio).j
1+. A grass-plot; a lawn; a green. [Only in
Middle English.]—2+. A garden of herbs or of
flowering plants; a flower-bed or flower-garden.
–3+. A collection of fruit-trees; an orchard.
In the garden, as I wene,
Was an arber fayre and grene,
And in the arber was a tre.
Squire of Lowe Degre, l. 28.
4. A bower formed by trees, shrubs, or vines
intertwined, or trained over a latticework, so
as to make a leafy roof, and usually provided
with seats; formerly, any shaded walk.
Those hollies of themselves a shape
As of an arbowy' took.
Coleridge, Three Graves, iv. 24.
arboraceous (ār-bg-rä'shius), a. [K NL. arbo-
faceus, K L. arbor, a tree.] 1. Pertaining to
or of the nature of a tree or trees.—2. Living
on or among trees; living in the forests; per-
taining to such a life.
Not like Papuas or Bushmen, with arboraceous habits
and half-animal clicks. Maa. Müller, India, etc., p. 133.
arboral (är"bg-ral), a. [Karbor.1 + -al.] Relat-
ing to trees; arboreal. [Rare.]
arboraryf (ĀrſbQ-rá-ri), a. [K L. arborarius, K
arbor, a tree..] ... Belonging to trees. Bailey.
arborator+ (är’bg-rā-tgr), m. [L., a pruner of
trees, K “arborare, pp. *arboratus, K arbor, a
tree. I One who plants or prunes trees.
arbor-chuck (är"bor-chuk), m. See chuck;4.
arbor-day (är"bor-dà), n. [K arbor! -H day1.]
A day set apart for the planting of trees by
School-children. A tree-planting day was instituted
in Nebraska in 1872 by Hon. J. Sterling Morton (Secre-
tary of Agriculture, 1893–97), and as early as 1900 the in-
stitution was observed in every State and Territory. The
date is fixed by proclamation.
arboreal (ār-bö’ré-al), a. [K L. arboreus (see
arboreous) + -al.] 1. Pertaining to or of the
nature of trees.—2. Living on or among trees;
inhabiting or frequenting forests.
arbored1 (är"bord), a. [Karborl + -ed?..] Fur-
mished with an arbor or axis.
arbored2 (är’bgrá), a. [Karbor? ---ed?..] Fur-
nished with an arbor or bower.
arboreous (ār-bó'ré-us), a. [KL. arboreus, per-
taining to trees, Karbor, a tree.] 1. Pertaining
frequenting forests; arboraceous.-2.
Ahaving the figure of a tree.
arboretl (är"bg-ret), n.
arboret2+ (är (bo-ret), n.
arborical: (fir-bor’i-kal), a.
arboricole (ār-bor’i-köl), a.
arboricolous (ār-bg-rik^{-lus), a.
arboricultural (är"b9-ri-kul’tſºr-al), a.
arboriform (är"bg-ri-fôrm), a.
arborize
or belonging to trees; living on or among trees;
Having
the form, constitution, and habits of a tree;
having more or less the character of a tree; ar-
borescent.—3. Abounding in trees; wooded.
arboresce (ār-bg-res'), v. i.; pret, and pp. ar-
boresced, ppr. arborescing. [K L. arborescere,
become a tree, Karbor, a tree:
see arborl and -esce.] To
become a tree or like a tree;
put forth branches.
arborescence (ār-bg-res’ems)
m. [Karborescent: see -emce. º
1. The state of being arbor- º
escent.—2. Something, as a ſº
mineral or agroup of crystals, *
àrborescent (ar-bg-resſent), º:
a. [KL. arborescen(t-)s, ppr.
of arborescere: see arboresce.]
Resembling a tree; tree-like
in growth, size, or appearance; having the na-
ture and habits of a tree; branching like a tree;
dendritic.
A vegetation of simple structure, if arborescent in its
habit, might be held sufficiently to correspond with the
statement as to the plants of the third day.
awson, Nature and the Bible, p. 107.
By the extension of the division down the pedicels
themselves, composite arborescent fabrics, like those of
Zoëphytes, are produced. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 424.
[K L. arbor, a tree (see
arbor.1), F -et. Cf. F. arbret = It alberetto, for-
merly alboretto, a dwarf tree..] A little tree; a
shrub.
No arborett with painted blossomes drest
And smelling sweete, but there it might be fownd
To bud out faire, and throwe her sweete smels al arownd.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 12.
[= It. arboreto, al-
bereto, formerly alboreto, K L. arboretum (see
arboretum); or perhaps regarded as a dim. of
arbor2, a bower.] A place planted with trees
or shrubs; a small grove; an arbor.
Among thick-woven arborets and flowers.
Milton, P. L., ix. 437.
Arborescent Structure in
native copper.
arboretum (ār-bg-ré’tum), n. ; pl. arboretums,
arboreta (-tumz, -tä). [L., a plantation of trees,
K. arbor, a tree, +-etum, denoting place.] A
place in which trees and shrubs, especially rare
ones, are cultivated for scientific or other pur-
poses; a botanical tree-garden.
[K.L. arbor, a tree,
Smart.
[= F. arboricole, K
NL. arboricola, K. L. arbor, a tree, -- colere, in-
habit, dwell.] In 206l., living in trees; of ar-
boreal habits.
+ -ic-al.] Relating to trees.
arboricoline (ār-bg-rikº-lin), a. In bot, grow-
ing upon trees: applied to lichens, etc.
Same as ar-
[K ar-
elating to arboriculture.
boricole.
boriculture + -al.]
arboriculture (är"bg-ri-kul’bàr), n. [=IF. arbo-
riculture, K L. arbor, a tree, + cultura, cultiva-
tion: see culture.] The cultivation of trees;
the art of planting, training, pruning, and cul-
tivating trees and shrubs.
arboriculturist (är"bg-ri-kul’bàr-ist), n. [Kar-
boriculture + -ist.]
culture.
ne who practises arbori-
[= F. arbori-
forme, K.L. arbor, a tree, + forma, form.] Hav-
ing the form of a tree.
arborisé (ār-bor-à-Zā’), @.. [F., pp. of arboriser:
see arborize.] Marked with ramifying lines,
veins, or cloudings, like the branching of trees:
said of agates and other semi-precious stones,
and of certain porcelains, lacquers, enamels, etc.
arborist (Ār’bg-rist), m. [K L. arbor, a tree, +
-ist; = F. arboriste. Cf. arborize. In earlier
use associated with arbor?, herber, a garden of
herbs; cf. herborist.] A cultivator of trees; one
engaged in the culture of trees: as, “our cun-
ning arborists,” Evelyn, Sylva, xxviii.
arborization (ār"bg-ri-Zā’shgn), m. [= F. ar-
borisation; K arborize + -ation.] 1. A growth
or an appearance resembling the figure of a
tree or plant, as in certain minerals or fossils.
–2. In pathol., the ramification of capillary
vessels, or veinlets rendered conspicuous by
distention and injection.
*rborize (är"bg-riz), v. t. % Fº and pp. arbor-
£2ed, ppr. arborizing. I arbor, a tree, F
-ize; = F. arboriser, only in pp.; formerly,
“to study the nature, to observe the properties
of trees” (Cotgrave). Cf. herborize, botanize.]
To give a tree-like appearance to: as, “an ar-
|


arborize
borized or moss-agate,” Wright. Also spelled
arborise.
arborolatry (ār-bg-rol/a-tri), n. IK L. arbor, a
tree, -- Gr. Warpeia, worship. Tree-worship.
* Few species of worship have been more common than
arborolatry. S. Hardy, Eastern Monachism, p. 216.
arborous (ār’bg-rus), a. [Karbor.1+-ous.] Con-
sisting of or pertaining to trees.
From under shady arborous roof.
Milton, P. L., v. 137.
[K arbor.1 + vine.]
arbor-vine ##. 70. The Spanish arb
. The Spanish arbor-
A species of bindwee
wine of Jamaica is an ornamental plant allied
to Ipomoea, Operculina tuberosa.
arbor-vitae (är/bgr-vi’té), n. [L., tree of life:
See arborl and vital.] 1. In bot., a common
name of certain species of Thuja, a genus
|belonging to the family Pinaceae. Thuja oc-
cidentalis is the American or common arbor-vitae, exten-
sively planted for ornament and for hedges.
2. In anat, the arborescent or foliaceous ap-
earance of a section of the cerebellum of the
igher vertebrates, due to the arrangement of
the white and gray nerve-tissue and their con-
trast in Color. See cut under corpus.-Arbor-
Vitae uterinus, an arborescent appearance presented by
the walls of the canal of the neck of the human uterus, be-
coming indistinct or ºppearing after the first gestation.
arbour, n. See arbor?.
arbrier (är"bri-er), n. [OF., also arbreau, ar-
bret, arbriet, K arbre, a tree, beam: see arbor.l.]
The staff or stock of the crossbow.
arbuscle (àrºbus-1), n., [K L. arbuscula, a little
tree, dim. of arbor, a tree..] A dwarf tree, in
size between a shrub and a tree. Bradley.
arbuscular (ār-bus’kū-lär), a. [K L. arbuscula :
see arbuscule.] Reseñóling an arbuscule;
tufted. '
arbuscule (ār-bus'kül), n. [K L. arbuscula, a
little tree: see arbuscle.] In 206l., a tuft of
something like an arbuscle, as the tufted bran-
chiæ of an annelid; a tuft of cilia.
arbusta, n. Plural of arbustum.
arbustive? (ār-bustiv), a. [K L. arbustivus, K
arbustum, a plantation of trees: see arbustum.]
Containing º of trees or shrubs; covered
Awith shrubs; shrubby.
ârbustum (ār-bus’tum), n. ; pl. arbustums, ar-
busta (-tumz, -tä). [L., K arbos, arbor, a tree:
see arbor!..]". A copse of shrubs or trees; an
orchard or arboretum.
arbute (är"büt), n. [Formerly also arbut, K L.
arbutus: see arbutus.] The strawberry-tree.
See arbutus, 3.
arbutean (ār-btitá-an), a. [KL. arbuteus, per-
taining to the arbutus, K arbutus: see arbutus.]
Pertaining to the arbute or strawberry-tree.
arbutin (är"bū-
tin), n. [K ar-
butus + -in2.j
ſo gº
I 2 )
Sºtºči" "Fº
the bearberry
(Arctostaphylos
Uva-ursi) and
other plants of
the heath fami-
ly. It forms tufts
of colorless acicular
crystals soluble in
water and having a
bitter taste.
arbutus (com-
monly fir-bū’tus;
as a Latin word, fir’ bü-tus), m. [Formerly also
arbute, arbut = F. arbute = It. arbuto, K L. arbit-
tus, the wild strawberry-tree; prob. akin to ar-
bor, arbos, a tree.] 1. A plant of the genus Ar-
butus.-2. The trailing arbutus (see below).-
3. [cap.] A genus of evergreen shrubs or small
trees of southern Europe and western North
America, of the family Ericaceae, character-
ized by a free calyx and a many-seeded berry.
The Europeam A. Unedo is called the strawberry-tree from
its bright-scarlet berries, and is cultivated for ornament.
A. Menziesii is the picturesque and striking madroño-tree
of Oregon and California, sometimes reaching a height of
80feet or more.—Trailing arbutus, the Epigoea, repems, a
fragrant ericaceous creeper of the United States, blooming
in the spring, and also known as May-flower (which see).
arcl (ärk), n. [Early mod. E. also ark; K ME.
ark, arke, KOF. (and F.) arc = Pr. arc = Sp. Pg.
It. arco, K. L. arcus, arquus, a bow, arc, arch,
akin to AS. earh, X E. arrow, q. v. Doublet,
2-S arch 1.] 1. In geom., any part of
Arc a curved line, as of a circle, espe-
* cially one which does not include
a point of inflection or cusp. It is by measuring
arcs of a circle that all angles are indirectly measured, the
arc being described from the angular point as a center.
Strawberry-tree (Arbaeties Urtedø).
291
In the higher mathematics arcs are used which are
...; greater than a whole circle: as, an arc of 750°. See
angleå.
2. In astron., a part of a circle traversed by
the sun or other heavenly body; especially, the
part passed over by a star between its rising
and setting.
The brighte sonne
The ark of his artificial day hath ronne
The fourthe part.
Chaucer, Prol. to Man of Law's Tale, 1.2.
3. In arch., an arch. [Rare.]
Turn arcs of triumph to a garden-gate.
Pope, Moral Essays, iv. 30.
Arc boutant (F), a flying buttress.-Arc doubleau
(F.), in arch., the main rib or arch-band which crosses a
vault at right angles and separates adjoining bays from
each other.—Arc formeret (F.), the arch which re-
ceives the vaulting
º i. ºr: ſ §: غ
Vaulted bay.—Arc %22 º -
Ogive (F.), one of |RS// %g:& º
the transverse or j|R}%: £23 £º
diagonal ribs of J. ºff. àº. %§
a vaulted bay.— |||| ſº ºº;
Complement of #|}} #7% º
an arc. See com- #| lišW/º3 3
plement. — Con- #||# àWO éº ºff; CŞ2.
centric arcs, arcs ſº § | W Wij}
which belong to § | | \}. p
circles having the iſſ f º #. 273
Same center.—Di- ſ §§§ º: i ſº
arc, the ###| || |HH----D
apparent arc de- jºi'ſ i § ſº |
scribed by the sun | §ſ #| || §J
from its rising to ||{iji § E.
its setting: some- |Éliºl|| || # E
times used of stars. fifth 3 IT
—Elevating arc,
in gun., a brass
scale divided into B A
degrees and frac-
tions of a degree,
and fastened to the
breech of a heavy
gun for the pur-
pose of regulating
the elevation of the
piece ; or it is
sometimes fixed
to the carriage un- D C
der the trunnions.
When secured to
the gun itself, a Arcs in vaulting, perspective and plan.
pointer is attached tº: Yiollet-le-Duc's “Dict. de l'Archi-
to a ratchet-post in A B, C D, arcs doubleaux; A. D., C B,
the rear of the arcs offives; A C, B D, arcs formerets.
piece, and indi-
cates zero when the gun is horizontal.—Nocturnal arc,
the arc described by the sun, or other heavenly body, during
the night.—Similar arcs, of unequal circles, arcs which
contain the same number of degrees, or are the like part
or parts of their respective circles.—Supplemental arcs.
See supplemental.—Voltaic arc, in elect., a brilliant band
of light, having the shape of an airc, formed by the passage
of a powerful electrical current between two carbon-points.
Its length varies from a fraction of an inch to two inches,
or even more, according to the strength of the current.
Its heat is intense, and on this account it is used for fusing
very refractory substances. It is also used for illuminat-
ing purposes. See electric light, under electric.
arc2t, n. Obsolete form of ark?. e
arca (ärſká), n. [L., a chest, box, safe; in
eccles. writers, the ark: see ark2.] 1. In the
early church: (a) A chest for receiving offer-
ings of money. (b) Abox or casket in which the
eucharist was carried. (c) A name given by St.
Gregory of Tours to an altar composed of three
lmarble tablets, one resting horizontally on the
other two, which
stand upright on the
floor. Walcott, Sacred
Archaeol.-2. [cap.]
[NL.] A genus of
asiphonate lamelli-
branch mollusks, typ-
ical of the family Ar-
cidae (which see); the ark-shells proper.
arcabucero (Sp. prom. År "kä-bö-thā ‘ró), m.
[Sp., - harquebusier.] A musketeer; a harque-
busier.
Here in front you can see the very dint of the bullet
Fired point-blank at my heart by a Spanish arcabweero.
Longfellow, Miles Standish, i.
Arcada” (är’ka-dé), m. pl. See Arcidae,
arcade (ār-kād’), ii. [K F. arcade, K It. arcata
*= Sp. Pg. arcada, KML. arcata, an arcade, K L.
arcus, arc, bow: see arcl, archi, m.] 1. Prop-
erly, a series of arches supported on piers or
pillars. The arcade is used especially as a screen and as
a support for a wall or roof, but in all architecture since
the Roman it is also commonly used as an ornamental
dressing to a wall. In this form it is known as a blind
arcade or an arcature, and is also called wall-arcade.
2. A simple arched opening in a wall. [Rare.]
—3. A vault or vaulted place. [Rare.]–4.
Specifically, in some cities, a long arched pas-
sageway; a covered avenue, especially one that
is lined with shops.
arcaded (ār-kā’ded), a.
cade.
Furnished with an ar-
' arcature (är'kā-tūr), n.
arc-cosecant
Arcadian (ār-kā'di-an), a. and n. IK L. Arca-
dius, Arcadia, KGr. Apkačía.] I. a. 1. Of or per-
taining to Ar- àº'àka .z.sixº~~~
cadia, a moun- ºš
tainous district º-º:
of Greece in
the heart of
the Peloponne-
sus, or to its in-
habitants, who
were a simple
pastoral peo-
ple, fond of mu-
sic and danc-
ing. Hence—
2. Pastoral ;
rustic; simple;
innocent. — 3.
Pertaining to
or characteris-
tic of the Acad-
emy of the Ar-
cadians, all
Italian poetical
(now also sci-
entific) society
founded at
Rome in 1690,
the aim of the members of which was origi-
mally to imitate classic simplicity.
Sometimes written Arcadic.
II. n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Arca-
dia.-2. A member of the Academy of the Ar-
cadians. See I.
Arcadianism (ār-kā’di-an-izm), n. [KArcadian
+ -ism..] Rustic or pastoral simplicity, espe-
cially as affected in literature; specifically, in
Italian literature about the end of the seven-
teenth century, the affectation of classic sim-
licity.
aſſic (ār-kā’dik), a. [K L. Arcadicus, K. Gr.
Apkadu.6c.] Same as Arcadian.-Arcadic poetry,
pastoral poetry.
arcana, n. Plural of arcanum.
arcane (ār-kān"), a. [K L. arcanus, hidden, K
arcere, shut up, arca, a chest. Cf. arcanum.]
Hidden; secret. [Rare.]
The luminous genius who had illustrated the demonstra-
tions of Euclid was penetrating into the arcane caverns of
the cabalists. I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., II. 294.
arcanum (ār-kā’num), n. ; pl. arcana (-nā).
[L., neut. of arcanus, hidden, closed, secret:
See arcane.]. 1. A secret; a mystery: gener-
ally used in the plural: as, the arcana of nature.
The very Arcanum of pretending Religion in all Wars
is, That something may be found out in which all men
may have interest. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 105.
Inquiries into the arcana of the Godhead. Warburton.
The Arabs, with their usual activity, penetrated into
these arcana of wealth. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. S.
2. In alchemy, a supposed great secret of na-
ture, which was to be discovered by alchemi-
cal means; the secret virtue of anything.
Hence—3. A secret remedy reputed to be very
efficacious; a marvelous elixir.—The great ar-
Canum, the Supposed art of transmuting metals.
He told us stories of a Genoese jeweller, who had the
greate arcanum, and had made projection before him sev-
erall times. JEvelyn, Diary, Jan. 2, 1652.
[K MIL. *arcatura, K
arcata: See arcade.] In arch. : (a) An arcade
of Small dimensions, such as a balustrade,
formed by a series of little arches. In some me.
dieval churches open arcatures were introduced beneath
the Cornices of the external walls, not only as an ornament,
but to admit light above the vaulting to the roof-timbers.
Arcade.
Court of Lions, Alhambra, Spain.
Arcature.—Cathedral of Peterborough, England.
(b) A blind areade, used rather to decorate a
Wall-space, as beneath a row of windows or a cor-
nice, than to meet a necessity of construction.
arc-cosecant (ärk-kö-sé’kant), n. An are or
its angle regarded as a function of its cosecant.
&















arc-Cosine
arc-cosine (ärk-kö’sin), n. An arc or its angle
regarded as a function of its cosine.
arc-cotangent (ärk-kö-tan’jēnt), m. An are or
its angle regarded as a function of its cotangent.
Arcella (ār-sel’ā), n. [NL., dim. of L. arca, a
box: See arca, ark?..] A genus of amoeboid pro-
tozoan Crganisms having a kind of carapace or
shell, the type of a family Arcellidae.
Arcellidaeči seriºds), ºpi (Ni, Arcella +
-idae.] A family of Protozoa, of the order Amoe-
boidea, containing the genera Arcella, Difflugia,
etc., the members of which are inclosed in a
Akind of test.
arch1 (ärch), m. [K ME. arch, arche, KOF. arche
(X ML. archia), mod. F. arche, an arch, fem.
form (prob. by confusion with O.F. and F.
arche, ark, K. L. arca : see arch?) of OF. and
F. are, K L. arcus: see arc.1.] lit. In geom.,
any part of the circumference of a circle or
other curve; an arc. See arcl, 1.-2. In arch.,
a structure built of separate and inelastic
blocks, assembled on a curved line in such a
way as to retain their position when the struc-
ture is supported extraneously only at its two
292
pant. Foil arches are arches whose intrados outlines form
a series of subordinate arcs called foils, the points of which
g
g
t
t *
I &
*
...'
yº &
Ogee Arch.
Equilateral Arch.
are termed cusps. A numeral is usually employed to desig-
nate the number of foils, as a trefoil arch, a cinquefoil
arch, etc. *
3. Any place covered with an arch or a vault
like an arch: as, to pass through the arch of a
bridge.—4. Amy curvature in the form of an
arch: as, the arch of the aorta; the arch of an
eyebrow, of the foot, of the heavens, etc.
Whereon a sapphire throne, inlaid with pure
Amber, and colours of the showery arch.
Milton, P. L., vi. 759.
5. In mining, a portion of a lode left standing,
either as being too #. for profitable working
or because it is needed to support the adjacent
rock.—6. The roofing of the fire-chamber of
a furnace, as a reverberatory or a glass-fur-
nace; hence, sometimes, the fire-chamber itself.
—Alveolar arch, aortic arch. See the adjectives.—
Arch of discharge, an extradosed arch built in the ma-
Sonry of a wall, over a doorway or any other open or weak
place, to transfer pressure from
above to points of assured sta-
bility on either side. An arch
of discharge is generally distin-
guishable to the eye from the
wall in which it is built mere-
ly by the position of its stones,
or at most by a slight projec-
tion beyond the wall-surface.—
Arch of the fauces. See
..fauces.— alry arches.
See azillary.—Back of an arch, See backl.—Backing
of an arch. See backing.—Basket-handle arch, an el-
liptical arch, orathree-centered low-crowned arch.-Blind
arch, an arch of which the opening is walled up, often used
as an arch of discharge. See cut under arcature.—Bran-
chial arch. See branchial.—Clustered arch, a number
of arched ribs springing from one impost, a form usual in
medieval pointed vaulting. See cut under (clustered) col-
wºmm.—Court of Arches. See cowrt.—Crural or in-
guinal arch. See crwral.—Flat arch, an arch of which
the intrados is straight, the voussoirs being
wedge-shaped and assembled in a horizon-
tal line: used especially in brickwork,
where the charge to support is not great.—
Hemal arch, hydrostatic arch. See the
adjectives. faminated arch, a beam in
the form of an arch, constructed of several
thicknesses of planking bent to shape and
bolted together: a form of arched beam.— Mandibular
arch, mural arch, neural arch, etc. See, the adjec-
tives.—Oblique arch. Same as skew arch (which see,
below).-Pectoral arch. Same as ſpectoral girdle (which
see, under girdle).-Pelyic arch. Same as pelvic girdle
(which see, under girdle).—Preoral arches, postoral
arches. See the adjectives.—Recessed arch, one arch
within another. Such arches are sometimes called double,
triple, etc., arches, and sometimes compound arches.—Re-
versed, arch, an inverted arch.-Ribbed arch, an arch
composed of parallel ribs . from piers or imposts.
–Rough arch, an arch formed of bricks or stones roughly
dressed to the wedge form.—Round arch, a semicircular
arch.-Skeletal arches. See visceral arches, under vis-
ceral.--Skew arch, an arch of which the axis is not per-
pendicular to its abutments.--Stilted arch, an arch of
which the true impost is higher than the apparent im-
Arch of Discharge.
(From Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict.
de l'Architecture.”)
IFL
extremities. The separate blocks which compose the
arch are called vowssoirs or arch-stones. The extreme or
lowest voussoirs are termed springers, and the uppermost
or central one, when a single stone occupies this position,
is called the keystone. The under or concave face of the
Extradosed Arch.
a, abutments; zº, voussoirs; s, springers; 2, imposts; Int, intrados;
fº, piers; Æ, keystone; Ex, extrados.
assembled voussoirs is called the intrados, and the upper
or convex face the eactrados, of the arch. When the curves
of the intrados and extrados are concentric or parallel,
the arch is said to be eastradosed. The supports Which
afford resting and resisting points to the arch are piers or
pillars, which receive the vertical pressure of the arch,
and abutments, which resist its lateral thrust, and Which
are properly portions of the wall or other structure above
the springing and abreast of the shoulder of the arch.
The upper part of the pier upon which the arch rests
(technically, the point from which it springs) is the im-
Post. The span of an arch is the distance between its
opposite innposts. The rise of an arch is the height of
the highest point of its intrados above the line of the
imposts; this point is sometimes called the under side of
the crown, the highest point of the extrados being the
crown. The thrust of an arch is the pressure which it
exerts outward. This pressure is practically collected, so
far as it is manifested as an active force, at a point which
cannot be exactly determined
theoretically, but is at about
One third of the height of the
rise of the arch. The thrust
must be counteracted by abut-
ments or buttresses. Arches
are designated in two Ways:
First, in a general manner,
according to their properties,
their uses, their position in a building, or their exclusive
employment in a particular style of architecture. Thus,
Skew Arch.
Segmental Arch. Semicircular Arch.
there are arches of equilibration, equipollent arches, arches
of discharge, skew and reversed arches, Itoman, Pointed,
and Saracenic arches. Second, they are named Specifically,
according to the curve the intrados assumés, When that
curve is the section of any of the geometrical solids, as
segmental, semicircular, cycloidal, elliptical, parabolical,
Cycloidal Arch. Elliptical Arch.
hyperbolical, or catenarian arches; or from the resem-
blance of the whole contour of the curve to some familiar
object, as lancet arch and horseshoe arch ; or from the
SF---------------4-
Horseshoe Arch.
method used in describing the curve, as equilateral, three-
centered, four-centered, ogee, etc., When an arch has one
of its imposts higher than the other, it is said to be ram-
Flat Arch.
Stilted Arches.—Modern Romanesque.
post, or of which the piers are in fact continued above
the apparent impost, so that a portion of the intrados on
either side is vertical.—Surmounted arch, a stilted
semicircular arch ; a semicircular arch of which the rise
is greater than the radius.—Triumphal arch, a monu-
mental arch in honor of an individual, or in commemo-
ration of an event. Such arches were first erected under
* * * * *
Triumphal Arch.- Arch of Constantine, Rome.
Archaean
the Roman emperors, and were originally, temporary
structures, festooned and otherwise decorated, standing
at the entrance of a city, or in a street, that a victorious
general and his army might pass under them in triumph.
At a later period the triumphal arch became a richly
sculptured, massive, and permanent structure, having an
archway passing through it, and often a smaller arch on
either side. The name is at the present day often given
to an arch, generally of wood decorated with flowers,
evergreens banners, etc., erected on the occasion of some
public celebration or rejoicing. The great arch in a church
which gives access to the choir—the chancel arch—is
sometimes so called. In early Christian churches, a rep-
resentation of the Glory or Triumph of Christ sometimes
occupied a wall-space above this arch.
Statues, and trophies, and triumphal arcs,
Gardens, and groves, presented to his eyes.
Milton, P. R., iv. 37.
Twyer arch, an arched opening in a smelting-furnace to
admit the blast-pipes.—Tymp arch, the arch above the
tymp in a blast-furnace. See tymp.–Vascular arches.
See visceral anches, under visceral.—Visceral arches.
See visceral.
archl (ärch), v. [K arch 1, m.]. I. trans. 1. To
cover with a vault, or span with an arch.
The proud river . . . is arched over with . . . a curious
pile of stones. Howell.
No bridge arched thy waters save that where the trees
Stretched their long arms above thee and kissed in the
breeze. Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook;
2. To throw into the shape of an arch or vault;
curve: as, the horse arches his neck.
Fine devices of arching water without spilling.
Bacon, Gardens.
Beneath our keel the great sky arched
Its liquid light and azure.
, H. P. Spofford, Poems, p. 11.
II. intrans. To form an arch or arches: as,
the sky arches overhead.
The nations of the field and wood . . .
Huild on the wave, or arch beneath the sand.
Pope, Essay on Man, iii. 102.
arch2+ (ärch), n. [K ME. arche, in Scriptural
senses, assibilated form of arc, ark, KAS. arc,
earc, erc (see ark?), merged with the identical
OF.arche, airche, KL. arca, a box, chest: see arc”,
ark2.] 1. A box or chest; in plural, archives.
The civile law . . . was laid up in their arches.
Holland, tr. of Livy, IX. xlvi. 349. (N. E. D.)
2. The ark of Noah. [The common form in
Middle English.]—3. The ark of the covenant.
arch 3 (ärch), a. and n. . [A separate use of the
prefix arch-, chief, which in many compounds
has acquired, from the second member of the
compound, or from the intention of the user,
a more or less derogatory implication.] I, a.
1. Chief; principal; prečminent. See arch-.
The tyrannous and bloody act is done;
The most arch deed of piteous massacre
That ever yet this land was guilty of.
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 3.
Died that arch rebell Oliver Cromwell, call’d Protector.
JEvelyn, Diary, Sept. 3, 1658.
2. Cunning; sly; shrewd; waggish; mischiev-
ous for sport; roguish: now commonly used of
facial expression: as, “so arch a leer,” Tatler,
No. 193.
He had the reputation of an arch lad at school.
So innocent-arch, so cunning-simple
From beneath her gather'd winmple
Glancing with black-beaded eyes.
Tennyson, Lilian-
The archest chin
Mockery ever ambush'd in
M. Arnold, Switzerland.
II.f m. A chief; a leader. [Rare.]
The noble duke my master,
My worthy arch and patron, comes to-night. -
Shak., Lear, ii. 1.
arch-, [K ME. arch-, arche-, etc., KAS. arce-,
also erce- and arce-, = D. aarts- = OHG. erei-,
MHG. G. ere-- Sw. Čirke-, erke-– Dan. arke-,
erke- = Bohem. arci-, archi-- Pol. arcy-, archi-
= Russ. arkhi- (ME. arche- also partly K OF.
arce-, arche-, mod. F. arch-, archi-- Pr. Sp. Pg.
arce- (Sp. Sometimes arzo-) = It. arce-, arci-), K
L. archi- (= Goth. ark-in arkaggilus, archangel),
KGr. 6p24-, ap2-, combining form of &px6c, chief,
Köpºetv, be first, begin, lead, rule, – Skt. Varh,
be worthy.] Chief; principal: a prefix much
used in composition with words both of native
and of foreign origin. See arch3.
archabbot (ärch'ab'9t), m. [K arch- + abbot.]
A chief abbot: applied as a specific title to the
head of certain monasteries.
archaealf (fir-ké'al), a. [K archaeus + -al.] 1.
IPertaining to the archaeus, or supposed internal
cause of all vital phenomena.-2. Caused by
Swift.
*the archaeus: as, archaeal diseases. See archaeus.
Archaean (ār-ké'an), a. [K Gr. 3pxalog, ancient:
see archaeo-.] Of or relating to the oldest
period of geological time: a name proposed
by J. D. Dana, and now generally adopted, for
a series of crystalline schists and massive
rocks lying underneath the most ancient fos-









293 archaist
as combining some characters of a lizard with those of a Horse's Soul that is dead, but several distinct Arche; that
bird. . The original fossil consisted only of the impression do as naturally joyn with the Matter of his body, so putri-
of a single feather, upon which the name Archdºopterya fied and prepared, as the Crowes come to eat his flesh.
- º Dr. H. More, Antidote against Atheism, app. xi.
archaic (ār-kā'ik), a.
Archaean
siliferous stratified formations. This series is still
called by some writers azoic, because thus far it has not
been found to contain any traces of life. In the publica-
tions of the United States Geological Survey it is restrict mºre
; ºr, rº, , , º, ºr .
º ſ
§ applied to those ancient igneous or crystalline rocks
which are older than any known sediment. It is con-
trasted with Algonkiam. See azoic and primitive.
archaei. m. Plural of archaeus.
Archaelurus (ār-k3-lii'rus), n. [NL., KGr. 3px-
primitive, H- aiāoupoc, a cat..] A genus of fossi
cats from the Miocene of North America, hav-
ing 3 upper premolars, 4 lower premolars, and
2 lower molars. A. debilis was about as large
as the puma. E. D. Cope, 1879.
archaeo-, [K NL. archaeo-, KGr. ap2(aio-, stem of
&pxalog, ancient, primeval, Käpyń, beginning, K
&pyetv, be first, begin, lead, rule. Cf. arch-.]
Ancient; primeval: the first part of a number
of compound scientific words. Also written
archeo-, and, rarely, archało-.
Archaeoceti (är"ké-3-Sé'ti), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
āpyaíog, ancient, + ºrog, whale.] A suborder
of cetaceans, framed to include all the fossil
forms usually referred to the genus Zeuglodon
(or Basilosaurus): equivalent to Zeuglodontia
of some naturalists. The dentition is, 3 incisors, 1
canine, and 5 grinders on each side of each jaw, z= 36, like
that of some seals. The skull is elongated and depressed,
and the cervical vertebrae are free. K
[NL.,
Archaeocidaris (är"ké-Q-sid’a-ris), n.
Gr. 3pxalog, ancient, + NL. Cidaris, a genus of
sea-urchins: see Cidaris.] A genus of fossil
sea-urchins or cidarids, from Carboniferous and
Permian strata, having small hexagonal plates
and long spines, either smooth or notched and
denticulated.
archaeographical (är"ké-Ö-graf’i-kal), a. Re-
lating or pertaining to archaeography.
archaeography (ār-ké-ogºra-fi), m. . [K GT. &p-
Žatoypápoç, writing of antiquity, Kápxalog, an-
cient, + Ypápetv, write, describe.] A treatise
on antiquity; a description of antiquities in
general, or of any particular branch or series.
archaeologian, archeologian (ār"ké-3-ló’ji-an),
n. [K archaeology + -am.] An archaeologist.
archaeologic, archeologic (är"ké-Ö-loj'ik), a.
Same as archgºological.
archaeological, archeological (ärſké-à-loj’i-
lcal), a. [K Gr. 6pxatožoytkóg, Käpyatožoyia, archae-
ology.] Pertaining to archaeology: as, archa-
ological researches.—Archaeological ages or pe-
riods. See age.
archaeologically, archeologically (är"kö - Ö-
loj’i-kal-i), adv. In an archaeological way; in
accordance with archaeology.
archaeologist, archeologist (ār-kā-ol’ô-jist), n.
A student of ancient monuments; one skilled
in archæology.
archaeologue, archeologue %.; 7?.
[=F. archéologue, KGr. Öpikato).óyog: see archaeol-
ogy.] An archaeologist. The Nation, Dec. 7, 1876.
*hºlºgy, archeology (ār-kè-ol’ô-ji), n. . [K
Gr. 6pxaložoyia, antiquarian lore, ancient le-
gends or history, Köpyatožóyog, antiquarian, lit.
speaking of ancient things, Käpyalog, ancient,
+ Aéyetv, speak: see -ology.] The science of an-
tiquities; that branch of knowledge which takes
cognizance of past civilizations, and investi-
gates their history in all fields, by means of the
remains of art, architecture, monuments, in-
scriptions, literature, language, implements,
customs, and all other examples which have sur-
vived. Archaeology is sometimes taken specifically in the
restricted sense of the science of ancient art, including
architecture, sculpture, painting, ceramics, and decora-
tion, together with whatever records may accompany and
serve to identify, them.— Classical archaeology, the
archaeology of ancient Greece and Rome.— Medieval ar-
chaeology, the archaeology of the middle ages. =Syn. Ar-
chaeology, Antiquarianism. Antiquarianism deals with
relics of the past rather as objects of mere curiosity or as
interesting merely on account of their antiquity; archae-
ology studies them as means to a scientific knowledge of
the past. See paleontology.
archaeonomous (ār-kè-on’ī-mus), a. [K Gr.
àpxatóvouog, old-fashioned, Kapaalog, ancient,
old, + vöuoc, law, custom.] Retaining, or de-
viating little from, a primitive condition; old-
fashioned: especially applied by S. Loven to
echinoids of the family Clypeastridge... [Rare.]
A ſhººtºyº (ār-kā-op-te-rij’i-dé), m.
pl. [NL., KArcha!opterya (-pteryg-) + -idae.] A
family of fossil birds, containing the genus
Archaeopterya, the only known representative
of the subclass Sawrwrad (which see).
Archaeopteryx (ār-ké-op/te-riks), m. [NL., K
Gr. 6pxalog, ancient, + ºrtépuš, a wing, a bird,
K Trrepôv, a wing, = E. feather.] A genus of
fossil reptilian Mesozoic birds discovered by
Andreas Wagner, in 1861, in the lithographic
slates of Solenhofen in Bavaria. It is of Jurassic
age, and is notable as the oldest known avian type, and
ºwº
Azchaopteryx.
***'....., ºr ſº
(From slab in British Museuin.)
lithographica was imposed by Von Meyer. A second speci-
men from the same formation and locality was named
A. macrura by Owen. The specific identity of the two can
be neither affirmed nor denied, and their generic identity
is only presumptive. A third and still more characteristic
Specimen is identical with the second, and has furnished
many additional characters. Members of this genus had
teeth, a long, lizard-like tail formed of many vertebrae, and
Separate metacarpal bones, in combination with a cari-
nate sternum and other features of modern birds. It is
thus a unique type of Ornithic structure, and represents
a distinct subclass of Aves. Sec Satruraº.
archaeostoma (ār-ké-os’tó-mâ), m.; pl. archaeo-
stomata (är"ké-Ö-stö’ma-tá). [NL., KGr. Öpraioc,
ancient, + otóga, mouth.] In biol., a primitive
blastopore; a primitive unmodified enteric ori-
fice, both oral and anal: opposed to devºteros-
toma. Also written archaeostome.
Archaeostomata (är"ké-5-stó ‘ma-tá), m. pl.
[NL., pl. of archaeostomatus: see archaeostoma-
tows.] A group of animals retaining or sup-
posed to retain an unaltered oral orifice or
archaeostoma throughout life; in some sys-
tems, a prime division of the great phylum
Vermes, including the Rotifera, Gephyrea, Ne-
mathelminthes, and Platyhelminthes excepting
Cestoidea: distinguished from Deuterostomata.
archaeostomatous (är'ké-Ö-stö’ma-tus), a. [K
NL. archaeostomatus, K. Gr. Öpiralog, ancient, +
GTópla(T-), mouth.] 1. Pertaining to or hav-
ing the characters of the Archaeostomata.—2.
In biol., having a primitive blastopore or
Original orifice of invagination of a blasto-
sphere which has undergone gastrulation; re-
taining an archenteric aperture, as distin-
guished from any other which may be acquired
by a deuterostomatous gastrula: it is the usual
state of those gastrulae which are formed by
emboly.
In the former [process of gastrulation by emboly] the
blastopore would be left as the aperture of communica-
tion of the endoderm with the exterior ; and the result
would be the formation of an archaeostomatous gastrula.
Hwæley, Anat. Invert., p. 5S5.
archaeostome (ärſké-3-stöm), m. Same as ar-
chaeostoma.
archaesthetic, archaesthetism, etc. See arch-
esthetic, etc.
archaeus (ār-ké’us), n. ; pl. archael (-i). [NL., K
Gr. dipyatog, ancient, primitive, K diplº, begin-
ning, K Čpºetv, be first : see archaeo-.] In the
philosophy of Paracelsus and other spagyrics,
mystics, and theosophists, a spirit, or invisible
man or animal of ethereal substance, the coun-
terpart of the visible body, within which it re-
sides and to which it imparts life, strength, and
the power of assimilating food. The word is said
to have been used by Basil Valentine, a German clemist
of the fifteenth century, to denote the solar heat as the
source of the life of plants. Paracelsus uses it with the
above meaning. It is frequent in the writings of Van Hel-
mont, who explains it as a material prečxistence of the
human or animal form in posse. He regards the archaeus
as a fluid, that is, as a semi-material substance, like air,
and seems to consider it a chemical constituent of the
blood. , Paracelsus had particularly made use of the hy:
pothesis of the archaeus to explain the assimilation of
food. This function of the archaeus became prominent in
medicine. Van Helmont calls it the door-keeper of the
stomach (janitor stomachi). There are further divarica-
tions of meaning. Also spelled archeus.
As for the many pretended intricacies in the instance of
the efformation of Wasps out of the Carcase of a Horse, I
say, the Archei that formed them are no parts of the
archaical (ār-kā’i-kal), a.
archaically (ār-kā’i-kal-i), adv.
archaio-, Same :
archaism (ärſkā-izm), m.
archaist (är'kā-ist), m.
y [= F. archaïque, K. Gr.
āpyaikóſ, antique, primitive, K &pgaioſ, oid, 3Dl-
Greek Archaic Sculpture.
Discobolus, Athens, illustrating the archaic smile and the
incorrect placing of the eye in profile.
tique: see archaeo-.] Marked by the character-
istics of an earlier period; characterized by ar-
chaism; primitive; old- .
fashioned; antiquated:
as, an archaic word or
phrase.
A person familiar with the
dialect of certain portions of
Massachusetts will not fail
to recognize, in ordinary dis-
course, many words now
noted in English vocabularies
as archaic, the greater part of
which were in common use
about the time of the King
Jamestranslation of the Bible.
Shakspere stands less in need
of a glossary to most New
Englanders than to many a
native of the Old Country.
Lowell, Biglow Papers, Int.
There is in the best archaic
coin work [of the Greeks] . . .
a strength and a delicacy
which are often wanting in
the fully developed art of a
later age.
Head, Historia Numorum,
[Int., lx.
The archaic, in art, not sim-
ply the quality of rudeness or
of being primitive, but a rude-
ness and in perfection imply-
ing the promise of future ad-
vance. Work that is merely
barbarows is not properly ar-
chaic. The archaic style, in an art of sufficient force to
have any development, succeeds the first rude attempts of
a people to arrive at graphic representation, and exhibits
a manifest sincerity and striving to attain truth, until
finally the archaic quality disappears little by little as
truth is reached in the great art-schools, such as those of
Greece and of the Renaissance painters, or as art sinks into
lifeless conventionalism before reaching truth, as in the
sculpture of Egypt and Mesopotamia.
[K archaic + -al.]
Relative to an early period or to a fashion long
out of date; primitive; antiquated; archaic.
In an archaic
... ººººº..."
Greek Archaic Sculpture.
Funeral Relief, º;
the careful but angular an
“fluted” treatment of drapery.
TO13.DIlêI’.
archaicism (är-kā’i-sizm), n. [Karchaic + -ism.]
Ancient style or quality; archaism. N. E. D.
Same as archaeo-.
[= F. archaftsme, K
Gr. Öpraiopſág, an antiquated phrase or style,
Kápraiſetu, copy the ancients, Käpyalog, old, an-
cient: see archaeo-.] 1. The adoption or imi-
tation of that which is antiquated or out of use;
especially, the use of archaic words or forms
of speech.—2. The quality of being archaic;
antiquity of style, manner, or use, as in art or
literature; especially, in art, the appearance of
traces of the imperfect conception or unskilful
handling of tools and material belonging to an
art before the time of its highest development.
See the archaic, under archaic.
A select vocabulary corresponding (in point of archaism
and remoteness from ordinary use) to our Seriptural vo-
cabulary. De Quincey.
3. That which is archaic; especially, an anti-
quated or obsolete word, expression, pronunci-
ation, or idiom.
A permissible archaism is a word or phrase that has
been supplanted by something less apt, but has not become
unintelligible. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 195.
Doubtless the too free use of archaisms is an abuse.
G. P. Marsh, Lectures on Eng. Iang., p. 176.
[As archa-ism + -ist.]
1. An antiquary; an archaeologist. [Rare.j
–2. One who makes use of archaisms in art
or in literary expression. Mrs. Browning.






archaistic
archaistic (ār-kā-istik), a... [K archaist + -ic.]
Imitating that which is archaic; exhibiting the
attempt to reproduce the
characteristies of the archa-
ic; affecting archaism.
In spite of the archaistic efforts
of many Writers, both in forms and
in vocabulary, the language [Swed-
ish] nevertheless underwent rapid
changes during the 16th and 17th
centuries. Encyc. Brit., XXI. 372.
archaize (är’kā-iz), v. i.; pret.
and pp. archaized, ppr. ar-
chaizing. [K Gr. 3pxačew: see
archaism..] To use or imitate
what is archaic; imitate an
olden style; especially, to
make use of archaisms in
, Speech.
archaizer (är kä-i-zēr), n.
One who archaizes; one who
affects an archaic style.
But it may be remembered that
Varro was himself something of an
archaizer. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 332.
archallt, T. An old form of ºff
archil. -
archamoeba, (ār-ka-mê'bá),
m. . [K. Gr. 602-, 3pxt-, first,
primitive, H- NL. ama-ba.] A
hypothetical primitive sim-
ple amoeba Supposed by
Haeckel to have made its appearance in the
earliest geologic period, and to have been the
progenitor of all other amoebae and also of all
higher forms of life.
archamphiaster, (ār-kam-fi-astēr), n, [Also
archiamphiaster, K. Gr. 6pxt-, first, + dupi, around,
+ do táp, star. See amphiaster.] In embryol.
one of the nuclear cleavage figures develºped
from the germinative vesicle or primordial nu-
cleus at the time the polar cells or globules are
expelled from an ovum, at or before the begin-
ning of development.
The history of the early stages of the spindle and the
archanphiasters shows their agamic origin.
Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, (1884), p. 55.
archangel (ärk’ān"jel), m. [K ME. archangel,
archaumgel, etc. (in AS. hedh-angel, lit. high an-
gel), KOF. archangel, archangele, mod. F. arch-
ange=Pr. archangi = Sp. arcángel –Pg. arcanjo,
archanjo = It. arcangelo = D. aartsengel = G. ere-
engel = Sw. erked ngel = Dan. erkeengel; K LL.
archangelus (= Russ, arkhangelii = Goth, arkag-
gilus), K. Gr. dp/dyyehog, archangel, chief angel,
K Öpy-, &pyl-, chief, + ayyehog, angel: see arch-
and angel.] 1. An angel of the highest order;
a chief angel. The word occurs in two passages of the
Bible, 1 Thes. iv. 16, and Jude 9. Michael, mentioned in
the latter as an archangel, also in Daniel as the spiritual
rince of the Jews, and in Rev. xii. 7 as the leader of the
eavenly lostS against the dragon and his angels, is the
St. Michael of the church calendar. Coming after him in
dignity, three others are especially known by name as arch-
angels: Gabriel, the heavenly interpreter and annunciator
or herald (Dan. viii. 16, ix. 21; Luke i. º IRaphael, the
guardian angel commemorated in the book of Tobit; and
Uriel (2 Esd. iv. 1), the fire or light of God, often men-
tioned, like the others, in Milton's “Paradise Lost.” Three
other names are added by tradition to make the number
seven (Tobit xii. 15, Rev. viii. 2, where the angels men-
tioned are taken as archangels), Chamuel, Jophiel or Zo-
phiel, and Zadkiel; and still others are spoken of.
For archangels were the first and most glorious of the
whole creation: they were the morning work of God, and
had the first impressions of his image.
Dryden, Ded. of Plutarch's Lives.
2. A member of the lowest but one of the nine
orders of angels composing the “celestial
hierarchy’ of Dionysius the pseudo-Areopa-
gite, whose classification was adopted by Pope
Gregory the Great, and is generally accepted
by the theologians of the Roman Catholic
Church. The nine orders are : seraphim, cherubim,
thrones, dominations, virtues, powers, principalities,
archangels, angels.
3. [ML. archangelus, archangelica.] In bot. :
(a) The name of several labiate plants, as
Stachys sylvalica and species of Lamium. (b)
An umbelliferous plant, Angelica officinalis.
See Angelica.—4. A slim-bodied, thin-faced va-
Tiety of domestic pigeon, of rather small size,
with long head and beak, a peaked crest, and
rich metallic lustrous plumage, black on the
shoulders and tail, but coppery elsewhere. The
origin of the breed is unknown : it was introduced into
Tºngland from Ghent. The name is supposed to allude to
the brilliancy of the plumage. The bird breeds very true,
the chief points being the peaked crest and the luster.
archangelic (ärk-an-jel'ik), a, [KML. archan-
gelicus, K LGr. 6pxayye/tſ:46, K. Gr. 6p3%YYehog,
archangel.] Of or pertaining to archangels:
as, “archangelic pomps,” Mrs. Browning.
;
is
.
º
* *...*
;
º
Tº wº
§
|
ſ
Archaistic Bronze
Statuette from Verona,
in the British Museum,
in imitation of Greek
work of the sixth cen-
tury B. C.
294
arch-apostate (ärch'a-pos’tät), n.
apostate.] . A chief apostate.
arch-apostle (ärch'a-pos'1), n. IK arch- + apos-
tle. Cf. ML. archiapostolus.] A chief apostle.
Archarchitect (ärch’ār'ki-tekt), n. [K arch- +
architect.] The supreme Architect; the Creator.
I'll ne'er believe that the Archarchitect
With all these fires the heavenly arches decked
Only for show. Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas,
arch-band (ärch’band), n. A name given b
artisans to that portion of an arch or rib which
is seen below the general surface of vaulting.
arch-bar (ärch'bār), m. 1. Any metallic bar of
arched shape, as the iron bar taking the place
of a brick arch over the ash-pit door of some
furnaces.—2. The upper member of a curved
truss.-3. A wrought-iron bar extending from
the bolster of a car-truck each way to the top of
the journal-boxes. It forms the compression-member
of the trusswork which transmits the weight of the body
of the car from the truck-bolster to the car-axles.
archbishop (ärch’bish’up), n. IK ME. archbis-
shop, archebiscop, etc., KAS. arce-, arce-, ergebis-
cop (also hedºh-biscop, lit. high bishop) =OFries.
arcebiskop = D. aartsbisschop = OHG. erzibiscof,
G. erzbischof- Icel. erkibiskup = Dan. Sw. erke-
biskop = F. archevêque = § arzobispo = Pg.
areebispo = It...arcivescovo, KLL, archiepiscopus,
K LGr. dip2(tetrio Kotrog, chief bishop, K. Gr. apºſt-,
chief, -- štíokotrog, bishop: see arch- and bishop.]
A title used in the Christian church as early as
the fourth century, and regularly given in that
and the next four centuries to the bishops of the
highest rank, afterward known as patriarchs.
It was also occasionally applied in the East to exarchs and
metropolitans of sees of exceptional antiquity or dignity,
and was sometimes extended in later times to others
of the same rank as a special distinction. In the West,
from the eighth or ninth century, the title was given to
metropolitans of every class, and this is still the use of the
Toman Catholic Church. Archbishops have certain rights
of honor and jurisdiction over their suffragan bishops
(that is, the bishops of the dioceses making up their eccle-
siastical province), such as those of calling and presiding
over provincial councils, receiving appeals in certain cases,
etc.; but these rights, formerly very considerable, are now
comparatively limited. At present the archbishop is not
always a metropolitan, since there have long been a few
archbishoprics without suffragans, and oftener still the
title is purely honorary. See primate. The insignia of an
archbishop in the Roman Catholic Church are the woolen
pallium, before receiving which from the pope he cannot
exercise the functions of his office, and the double cross
borne processionally before him. In the Anglican Church
there are four archbishops, two in the Church of England
(those of Canterbury and York, the former of whom is
metropolitan of all England), and two in the Church of
Ireland (those of Armagh and Dublin, the former of whom
is primate). The Church of Sweden has one archbishop,
whose see is at Upsala. Abbreviated to abp.
[K arch-
archbishopess (ärch’ bish'up-es), n.
bishop + -ess.] The wife of an English arch-
bishop. Miss Burney. [Rare.]
archbishopric (ärch’bish'up-rik), n., [K ME.
archebischopriche, -ryk, etc., KAS. arcébiscoprice,
K arcebiscop, archbishop, + rice, jurisdiction.
Cf. bishopric..] The titular see or diocese of
an archbishop; the province over which an
archbishop exercises authority.
arºi (ärch’bórd), n. In ship-building, a
plank placed across a ship's stern, immediately
under the knuckles of the stern-timbers. On
this board the ship's name is sometimes
painted.
arch-brick (ärch'brik), n. 1. A wedge-shaped
brick used in arched work. See compass-brick.
—2. A hard and partly vitrified brick, taken
from one of the arches of a brick-kiln in which
the fire is made.
archbutler (ärch’but’lér), n. [K arch- + butler.
The G. equiv. is erºschenke, ‘arch-skinker.’]
A chief butler. Formerly it was the title of an official
rank in the Roman-German empire, one of the imperial
court-offices connected with the electoral dignity, and held
|by the King or IElector of Bohemia.
arch-buttress (ärch"but’res), n. Same as flying
buttress (which see, under buttress).
archchamberlain (ärch'chām"bèr-lân), n. [K
arch- + chamberlain. Cf. M.L. archicamerarius,
X G. ergkämmerer, “arch-chamberer’: see cham-
berer.] A chief chamberlain. It was formerly the
title of an official rank in the Roman-German empire,
held by the Elector of Brandenburg.
[K arch-
archchancellor (ärch'chân'sel-Qr), m.
+ chancellor, after F. archichancelier = G. erg-
kanzler, KML.archicancellarius, archchancellor.
A chief chancellor; formerly—(a) The title
of an office in the Roman-German empire, held
by the electoral archbishop of Mainz, who was
actual chancellor of the empire. (b) An hon-
orary official rank held by the electoral arch-
bishops of Cologne and Treves, the former
nominally for Italy and the latter for Burgundy
(Gaul and the kingdom of Arles).
[K arch- +
archduchess
archchantert (firch'chân’tër), n. . .[K arch- +
chanter. Cf. , archicantor, chief singer.]
The chief chanter or president of the chanters
of a church; a choir-leader or precentor.
archchaplain (ärch'chap’lān), n. IK arch- +
chaplain, after M.L. arc icºpélianus' In the
early French monarchy, the court chaplain,
often the same as the papal, or later the im:
perial, apocrisiary, and identical with the grand
almoner and archchancellor. The title became ex-
tinct with the Carolingian, or second race of kings, before
A. D. 1000.
archchemic (ärch’kem’ik), a., [K arch- +
chemic.] f supreme, chemical powers: as,
“the arch-chemic sun,” Milton, P. L., iii. 609.
[Rare.] tº * - -
arch-confraternity (ärch’kon"fra-térºni-ti), n.
In the Rom. Cath. Ch., a chief confraternit
having affiliated societies and endowed wit
special privileges: rarely called arch-Sodality.
ee confraternity.
archcount (ärch’kount'), n., [K arch- + count”,
after M.L. archicomes, archcount.] . A chief
count: a title formerly given to the Count of
Flanders in consequence of his great riches and
power. . -
archdapifer (Ārch 'dap’i-fér), m. [Modified
(with E. arch-for L. archi-) from ML. archidapi-
jer, K. L. archi--- dapifer, a food-bearer, K daps,
food, feast, + ferre = E. beari.] The title of
an official rank in the Roman-German empire,
held by the Elector of the Palatinate; the
seneschal.
archdeacon (ärch’dé’km), m. [K ME. archede-
ken, etc., K. A.S. arcediacom, ercediacon = D.
aartsdeken = Icel, erkidjåkºn = Dan. erkedegn =
F. archidiacre = Sp. arcediano = Pg. arcediago
= It, archidiacomo, K LL. archidiacomus, K LGr.
ãpxtótákovog, K. Gr. Öp24-, chief, -F Ötákovog, dea-
con.] A chief deacon; strictly, an ecclesiastic
who has charge of the temporal and external
administration of a diocese, with jurisdiction
delegated from the bishop. The word is found as
the title of an ecclesiastical dignitary from the fourth cen-
tury. In the East it is last found as applied to an eccle-
siastical officer of the court of Constantinople under the
late Byzantine empire. In the West, from the eighth
century, dioceses began to be divided into separate terri-
tories, over which rural archdeacons were placed, having
under them deans or rural archpriests, charged with the
supervision of the parish priests of their respective dis-
tricts; over these was the general or grand archdeacon of
the whole diocese, who took precedence of the archpriest
(which see), and held his own court with its officials, dis-
tinct from that of the bishop, so that appeals were taken
from the former to the latter. The rural archdeacons
were often priests, having a cure of souls, as was also the
grand archdeacon from the twelfth century. The powers
and privileges of this office were gradually restricted, and
in the Roman Catholic Church, since the Council of Trent,
its place is for the most part supplied by the bishop's vicar-
general, between whom and the parish priests are some-
times found the vicars forane, or present rural deans;
while the archdeacon of the present day, where the office
survives, holds a dignity of honor. In the Church of Eng-
land each bishop has the assistance of two or more arch-
deacons, who as his deputies inspect and manage the affairs
of the diocese, and perform a variety of duties partly secu-
lar and partly ecclesiastical. In two dioceses of the Prot-
estant Episcopal Church of America the title archdeacon
has been introduced.-Archdeacon's court. See court.
archdeaconate (ärch'dé’km-āt), n. [K arch-
deacon + -ates, after M.L. archidiacomatus, arch-
deacon's office.] The district over which an
archdeacon has jurisdiction; an archdeaconry.
archdeaconry (ärch’dé’kn-ri), m.; pl. archdea—
comries (-riz). [K archdeacon + -ry.] The of
fice, rank, jurisdiction, or residence of an arch-
deacon. In the Church of England every diocese has
one or more archdeaconries; every archdeaconry is di-
vided into rural deaneries, and every rural deanery into
parishes.
archdeaconship (ärch’dé'kn-ship), n. [K arch-
deacon + * The office of an archdeacon.
archdean (ārch’dén'), m. [K arch- + dean. Cf.
D. aartsdiaken, archdean.] A chief dean; a su-
erior over other deans. [Sometimes used by
Scottish writers for archdeacon.]
archdeanery (ärch’dé'ne-ri), m.; pl. archdeane-
ºries (-riz). [K archdean H- -ery.] The office or
jurisdiction of an archdean.
archdiocese (ärch'di'6-sés), n. [K arch- + dio-
cese, after M.L. archidioecesis.] The see or dio-
cese of an archbishop.
archdruid (ärch'drö'id), n. IK arch- + druid.]
[K archduke; =
A chief druid.
archducal (ärch'dii'kal), a.
JF. archiducal: see ducal.] Pertaining to an
archduke or an archduchy.
In the Austrian assembly of states Vienna has as many
votes as all the other archducal towns together.
Prowgham.
archduchess (ärch’duchºes), n. IK arch- +
duchess, after F. archiduchesse. The G. word is

archduchess
orzherzogin.1. The wife of an archduke; a prin-
cess of the reigning family of Austria.
archduchy (ärch’duch'i), n. ; pl. archduchies
(-iz). [Formerly also archdiſtchy, K OF. arch-
duche, mod. F. archiduché, KML. *archiducatus:
See arch- and duchy.] The territory or rank
of an archduke or archduchess.
archduke (ärch'diſk’), n. [K arch- + duke; =
OF. archeduc, mod. F. archidue, KML. archidua,
(-duc-), K L. archi-, chief, -- dual (duc-), duke:
See arch- and duke. The G. word is erzherzog.]
A title formerly borne by some of the sovereign
princes of Austrasia, Lorraine; and Brabant,
but for several centuries held exclusively by the
ruler of the archduchy of Austria (afterward
emperor of Austria, and now of Austria-Hun-
gary); now only a titular dignity of the princes
of the house of Austria, as archduchess is of the
Pl'IIlC6SS6S.—Archduke's crown. See crown.
archdukedom (ärch'dik'dum), n. [K archduke
+-dom.] The territory or dignity of an arch-
duke or archduchess, an archduchy.
archelf, n. Obsolete form of arch1.
arche?f, n. See arch2.
arché (ār-shā’), a. [Heraldic F., pp. of *archer:
See arch 1, v.] Same as arched, 2.
archebiosis (ār/ké-bi-6′sis), m. [K Gr. 6p2%,
beginning (see arch–), + £3tootg, way of life, K
Éiº, pass one's life, & 6to:, life.]"The original
tion of living from non-living matter; abio-
genesis (which see).
However the question may eventually be decided as to
the possibility of archebiosis occurring at the present day
amid the artificial circumstances of the laboratory, it can-
not be denied that archebiosis, or the origination of living
matter in accordance with natural laws, must have oc-
curred at some epoch of the past.
J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., T. 430.
arched (ärcht), p. a. [K arch 1 + -ed.] 1. Made
with an arch or curve; covered or spanned with
an arch; having the form of an arch; composed
of an arch or arches.
'Twas pretty, though a plague,
To see him every hour; to sit and draw
His arched brows, his hawking eye, his curls,
In our heart's table. Shak., All's Well, i. 1.
All born of our house have that arched instep under
which water can flow. Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, ix.
Specifically—2. In her., applied to an ordinary
both sides of which are bowed alike in the form
of an arch. Also archy, arché, archy-flected, and
Concaved.—Arched beam, a beam cut, bent, or built in
Arched Beams.— Former Grand Central Station, New York.
the form of an arch, usually to secure greater resistance
or provide for a longer span than a straight beam would
afford. The most important type of arched beam is that
which is built up, often called a compound arched beam.
Such beams are made in many forms, especially in those
of several thicknesses of timber or planks laid upon or
alongside of one another and bolted together, and of a
truss construction in iron. The arched-beam roof of the
St. Pancras railway-station, London, has a span, in the
clear, of 240 feet; that of the Grand Central station, New
York, had a span of 199 feet 2 inches.—Arched-beam
bridge, etc., a bridge, etc., in which one or more of the
principal members is a compound arched beam. See
bridge.FArched double, having two arches or bends.
archediacret, n. [ME., KOF, arcédiacre, arche-
diacre, mod. F. archidiacre, K L. archidiaconus,
archdeacon: see archdeacon..] An archdeacon.
Chaucer's Dream.
archegayt, º, See assagai.
archegone (är’ké-gón), n.
archegonium. -
archegonia, m. Plural of archegonium.
archegonial (ār-kè-gö’ni-al), a. [Karchegonium
+ -al.] Relating or pertaining to an archego-
Illlllll. -
The ſlattened fronds. . . bearing upon tiny stalks which
rose from the middle vein of the leaf, the female portion
of the plant — the archegonial disks,
S. B. Herrick, Plant Life, p. 80.
English form of
Archegosauria (är/ké-gó-sā’ri-á), m. pl.
295
archegoniate (àr-ké-gó'ni-āt), a.. [K archego-
nium + -ate1.] Having archegonia.
A female (archegoniate) prothallium.
Encyc. Brit., XX. 429.
archegonium (är-kā-gó/ni-um), n. ; pl. arche-
gonia (-ā). ., K. Gr. 6p2.Éyovog, first of a
race, original, K apxe-, 3p34-, first (see archi-), H
yóvoc, race: see -gony.]. The pistillidium or fe-
male organ of the higher cryptogams, having
the same function as the pistil in flowering
plants. It is a cellular sac, containing at the bottom a
cell, analogous to the embryo-sac of phaenogamous plants,
which is impregnated by spermatozoöids from the male
organ (antheridium). From this, after fertilization, the
new plant is produced directly, as in the ferns and their
allies, or a spore-case is developed, as in the mosses, when
new plants follow upon the germination of the spores.
archegony (fir-kegº-ni), n. IK Gr, as if "àpxe-
yovía, K &pzéyovog, first of a race: see archegoni-
um.] ... The doctrine of the origin of life; spe-
cifically, the doctrine of spontaneous genera-
tion; archebiosis; abiogenesis.
He [Haeckel] considers that, though the doctrine of
Spontaneous generation (or archegony) has not been
proved, it is quite possible, and even probable, the argu-
ments against it resting on merely negative results.
The Scotsman (newspaper).
NL. :
see Archegosaurus.] A suborder or other º:
of extinct labyrinthodont amphibians, typified
by the genus Archegosaurus. The name is a
loose synonym of Labyrinthodontia.
Archegosaurus (är"kè-gū-sā’rus), n.
Gr. 3px"Yéc, beginning, originating (Köp3%, the
beginning, + #yeloffat, lead), + gaipoc, lizard:
see saurian.]. A genus of stegocephalian am-
phibians, with snouted skulls and rachitomous
vertebrae; in the Permian rocks of Germany.
Archelminthes (ār-kel-min’ thez), n. pl. [K
Gr. 6p2-, 3pxt-, first, + £2/uv6eg, pl. of £2/uvº,
worm.] A hypothetical group of primitive
worms, the supposed progenitors of the Aca:-
lomi; primitive acoelomatous worms, of which
a prothelmis is the conjectured parent form.
They are supposed by Haeckel to have been evolved in
the primordial geologic epoch in the direct line of descent
of the ancestors of the human race. Their nearest living
relatives are considered by him to be the Turbellaria. º
archelogy (ār-kelºº-ji), n. IK Gr: 3pxh, begin-
ning, first principle, -H -7.0).ta, K Žáyetv, speak:
see -ology.] The science of, or a treatise on,
first principles.
Archelogy treats of principles, and should not be con-
founded with archaeology, which treats of antiquities.
Fleming.
archemastry?, m. [Early mod. E. and M.E.,
also archimastry; K archi- + mastery; perhaps
confused with alchemistry.] Supreme skill;
mastery of applied science or applied mathe-
matics. N. E. D.
archemy? (3r'ke-mi), m. A variant of alchemy.
Archencephala (ār-ken-sef’a-lâ), m. pl. [NL.,
K. Gr. Öpit-, first, + šykéjažog, brain: see emceph-
alom.] A name proposed by Owen, in 1857, for
the highest one of four subclasses into which
he divided the class Mammalia according to
the character of the brain. In this subclass the
brain attains its maximum development in complexity,
and especially in the relative size of the cerebrum, which
is deeply convoluted, largely overlaps both the olfactory
lobes and the cerebellum, and has a well-marked hippo-
campus minor. It includes man alone, and is conterminous
with the order Bimama of some, or the family Hominidae
or Anthropidoe of others. All the cerebral characters ad-
duced are shared by the anthropoid apes, and the term is
not in use, except as a synonym of a group of the zoölogi-
*cal value of a modern family.
archencephalic (är"ken-se-fal’ik or -sef’a-lik),
a. [K Archencephala + -ic.] Of or pertaining
to the Archencephala; hence, characteristic of
the human brain alone.
arch-enemy (ärch'en'e-mi), n. [K arch- + en-
# A chief enemy; specifically, Satan, the
evil.
archenteric (ār-ken-ter'ik), a... [K archenterom
+ -ic.] Pertaining to or of the nature of an
archenteron; having a primitive unmodified
enteron.
The periaxial portion of the archenteric space.
JE. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XII. 548.
archenteron (ār-ken’te-ron), m. [K Gr, àpx-,
first, primitive, + švrepov, intestine: see ente-
rom..] The enteron (which see) in its original
or primitive undifferentiated state: opposed to
7)?étente)"On.
The hollow, which we have mentioned above as form-
ing primarily the digestive cavity, is known as the archen-
terom, or primitive stomach.
Stand. Nat. Hist., I., Int., p. xi.
archeo-. See archaeo-.
archer (är’chèr), n. IK ME. archer, archere,
*archier, KOF. archer, archier, F. archer = Pr. ar-
quier, archier = Sp. arguero = Pg. arqueiro = It.
archer-fish (är’chér-fish), m.
archeriał (ār-ké'ri-á), m.
archespore (ärſké-spór), m.
archesthetic (ār-kes-thet'ik), a.
archesthetism (är-kes/the-tizm), n.
archesthetism
arciere, K ML. arcarius, also arcuarius, a bow-
man, K. L. arcus, a bow: see arch1 and arc.1.] 1.
One who uses a bow; a bowman; specifically, in
medieval Europe, one who shot with the long-
bow (which see) and shaft, as distinguished
from an arbalister or crossbowman. In Greek art
the archer is generally represented in Oriental dress and
armor, and the use of the bow by a native Greek in war is
rarely mentioned; but one of the two bowmen of the AEgina
temple is dressed and armed as a Greek, and on a Basili-
catan vase at Naples (Heydemann, No. 922), of good Greek
work, a painting represents three youths, evidently Greeks,
shooting with bows and arrows at a cock on a column.
Among the Romans archers are rarely mentioned.
Throughout the middle ages the archers formed an impor-
tant part of the armies of Europe; but, as they were
drawn wholly from the peasants and townspeople, the
nobility and their retainers were often suspicious of them,
and the free use of the bow among the common people
was often discouraged. In some countries, too, the arba-
list was so much preferred that the longbow came little
into use. In England large bodies of archers were fur-
nished by towns and counties to the royal armies, and
were armed with some degree of uniformity with the steel
cap, the gambeson or hauberk, and a short double-edged
sword, besides bow and quiver. There is no record of
mounted archers in the English armies, but they were
common on the continent; the dukes of Burgundy main-
tained large bodies of them, and King Charles VII. of
France had a body-guard of mounted men armed with
brigantine or gambeson, and carrying a longbow. From
this last organization the name archers came to be applied
to the body-guard of one of the later kings of France, whose
weapon was the harquebuse, which replaced the bow and
shafts, and (until the Revolution) to the watchmen or
guards of the French cities.
2. Same as archer-fish.-3. [cap.] The con-
stellation Sagittarius.
archeress (ärſchêr-es), n. [K archer + -ess.] A
female archer. [Rare.]
She, therefore, glorious archeress of heaven.
Cowper, Iliad, ix.
A name given to
three species of the genus Toxotes and family
Toacotidae (which see), occurring in the East In-
dian and Polynesian seas. To this fish has been
Archer-fish (Toxotes cita fazezas).
ascribed the power of shooting drops of water to the dis-
tance of 3 or 4 feet, with sure aim, at insects, causing them
to fall into the water, when it seizes and devours them.
This power has been doubted or denied by several ichthy-
ologists. Also called archer and darter-fish.
[ML., KOF. archiere,
K archier, an archer. Cf. archery.] In medieval
fort., an aperture through which archers or
longbowmen might discharge their arrows.
See loophole, and compare balistraria.
archership (ärſchêr-ship), m. Skill as an archer.
archery (ärſchêr-i), m.
[K ME. archerie, K OF.
archerie, K archer, archier, bowman.] 1. The
use of the bow and arrow ; the practice, art, or
skill of archers; the art of shooting with a bow
and arrow.—2. Archers collectively:
That venison free, and Bordeaux wine,
Might serve the archery to dine.
Scott, L. of the L., v. 25.
3. In old law, a service of keeping a bow for
the lord’s defense.
[K NL. archespo-
rium, K. Gr. Öpre-, first, + otópoc, a seed.] In
bot., a layer of small cells within the anther,
giving rise to the mother-cells of the pollen and
to the very delicate lining of the anther-cell.
The name is also given to a similar structure in Some of
the vascular cryptogams. Also called arches porium.
Gr. Öpit-,
ãpxt-, first, + atothrög, verbal adj. of atabáveotal,
perceive: see esthetic.] Pertaining to or char-
acteristic of archesthetism. Also spelled arch-
acsthetic.
archestheticism (är-kes-thet’i-sizm), n. [K
archesthetic + -ism...] Same as archesthetism.
The hypothesis of archaestheticism, then, maintains that
consciousness as well as life preceded organism, and has
been the primum mobile in the creation of organic strue-
ture. Science, IV. 241.
[K arch-
esthetic + -ism..] The hypothesis of the primi-
tive creative function of consciousness; the hy-
pothesis that consciousness, considered as an
attribute of matter, is primitive and a cause of


archesthetism
evolution: opposed to metesthetism (which see).
Also archaesthetism, archestheticism, archaestheti-
cism.
The place of the doctrine of archaesthetism, as distin-
guished from the opposing view of metaesthetism, which is
held by many monists.
E. D. Cope, Amer. Naturalist, XVI, p. 469.
archetto (ār-ket’ô), n. [It., a small arch, an
arched stick, fiddlestick, K arco, an arch, bow:
See arch 1.] An implement, consisting of a wire
stretched across a forked or bent stick, used for
*ing away clay from a molded piece of pot-
ery.
archetypal (ärſkē-ti-pal), a. [K archetype H-
-al.] Of or pertaining to an archetype; con-
stituting a model or pattern; original: as, “one
archetypal mind,” Cudworth. Also archetypic,
archetypical.
Glorified eyes must see by the archetypal Sun, or the
light of God. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 15.
Archetypal idea, a Platonic idea.—Archetypal World,
an immaterial world supposed by some Platonists to have
been first created as a pattern, according to which the
sensible world was constructed : opposed to ects/pal world.
archetype (ärſkē-tip), m. [Formerly also archi-
type; = F. archétype, K L. archetypum, KGr. Öp2.É-
TvTov, a pattern, model, neut. of épyáTvTog,
first-molded, as an exemplar or model, Köpre-,
āpxt-, first, + tittetv (V “TvT), beat, stamp, X
TëToc, stamp, mold, patterm, type: see type.]
1. A model or first form ; the original pattern
or model after which a thing is made; espe-
cially, a Platonic idea, or immaterial prečxist-
ing exemplar of a natural form.
Among the ancients, the co-existence of the Epicurean
and Stoical schools, which offered to the world two en-
tirely different archetypes of virtue, secured in a very re-
markable manner the recognition of different kinds of
excellence. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 166.
Man is the archetype of the animal creation, the highest
manifestation of life. Dawsom, Nat. and the Bible, p. 39.
2. In coining, the standard weight by which
others are adjusted : now called the prototype.
–3. In compar. amat., a primitive generalized
plan of structure assumed to have been subse-
quently modified or lost by differentiation and
specialization: as, the vertebrate archetype.—
4. The original form from which a class of re-
lated forms in plants or animals may be sup-
posed to have descended. Darwin. ,
archetypic (ār-ké-tip'ik), a. [Karchetype-H -ic.]
Same as archetypal.
archetypical (ār-ké-tip’i-kal), a. [K archetype.
Cf. Gr. 6p2(eTvTukóg, adv.] Same as archetypal.
archetypically (ār-kè-tip’i-kal-i), adv. In an
archetypal manner; after the mode or plan of
an archetype.
archetypist (ärſké-ti-pist), m. [K archetype -H
—ist.] One who studies early typography. N.
E. D.
archeus, m. See archaeus.
arch-fiend (ärch'fènd'), n. [K arch- + fiend; =
G. erzfeind.] A chief fiend; specifically, the
devil.
archi-. [L., etc., K. Gr. 6pxt-, Öpre-, first, chief:
see arch-, the naturalized E. form of the same
prefix.] A prefix of Greek origin, the original
form of arch-, first, chief. See arch-.
archiamphiaster (är"ki-am-fi-astēr), n. Same
as archamphiaster.
archiannelid (ār-ki-an'e-lid), a. and m. I. a.
Of or pertaining to the Archiannelida.
II. m. One of the Archiannelida, as an annelid
of the genus Polygordius. Also archiannelidam.
Archiannelida (är"ki-a-nel’i-dà), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. ap24-, first, + NL. Annelida.] A subclass
or other leading division of annelids, supposed
to be the nearest living representatives of the
archetypal segmented worms. The best-known
genus is Polygordius (which see).
archiannelidan (ār"ki-a-nel’i-dan), a. and m.
I. a. Pertaining to the Archiannelida.
II. m. Same as archiannelid.
archiater (ār-ki-ā’tér), m. [= Russ. arkhiya-
terú = OHG. argāt, MHG. arzet, G. arzt = D.
arts, etc., a physician, K. M.L. archiater, K. L.
archiatrus, K Gr, àpxtarpóg, K apºſt-, chief, H-
tarpóg, physician.] A chief physician: a title
first given by the Roman emperors to their
chief physicians, and now applied on the conti-
nent of Europe to the first or body physician of
a prince, and to the first physician of some
cities; specifically, in Russia, the first imperial
physician.
archiblast (ärſki-blast), n. IK Gr. dipºſt-, first,
rimitive, + 3%aatóg, germ.] In embryol. : (a)
e formative yolk of an egg; that which com-
poses the germ, and in germination becomes the
embryo, as distinguished from the food-yolk or
'archicaip (ärſki-kärp), m.
296
parablast. Wilhelm His.
by His to the epiblast.
archiblastic (ār-ki-blastik), a. Of, pertain-
ing to, or derived from the archiblast: applied
to those holoblastic eggs which, by equal or
palingenetic as well as total segmentation of
the yolk (vitellus), produce an archigastrula in
germinating.
ańiºia (ār-ki-blastià-lâ), m.; pl. archi-
blastula (-lè). [NL., K. Gr. 6pxt-, chief, -- NL.
blastula..] In embryol., a hollow and usually
globular vesicle, the walls of which consist of a
single layer of similar cells, and which by in-
vagination develops an archigastrula.
Yelk-division is complete and regular, and gives rise to
a vesicular morula (archiblastula of Haeckel), each cell of
which is provided with a flagellate cilium.
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 553.
Archibuteo (ār-ki-bū’té-6), n. [NL., K.L. archi-,
first, + buteo, buzzard.] A genus of buzzards,
of the family Falconidae, having booted tarsi.
(b) A name given
º:
Rough-legged Buzzard (Arch zöréteo lagopus).
A. lagopus, the rough-legged buzzard of Europe and
America, is the best-known species. A. sancti-johammis is
the black buzzard of America, and A. ferruginews the west-
ern rough-leg or Californian squirrel-hawk.
archicalf (Ārſki-kal), a. [K Gr. 3pxtkóg, pertain-
ing to rule, Köpxh, rule, first place, beginning,
K &pxety, rule, be first: see arch-.] 1. Of the
nature of government; ruling.—2. Chief; pri-
mary; primordial.
[K Gr. Öp;xt-, first, +
Kaptóſ, fruit..] In bot., same as ascogonium.
archicercal (ār-ki-sér’kāl), a. [K Gr. Öpyl-,
chief, + ſcépkoç, tail, -- -al.] Having a worm-
like tail without fin-folds, as a fish; exhibiting
archicercy, as a fish's tail.
archicercy (ärſki-sér-si), m. [See archicercal.]
The state of being archicercal; the primitive
condition of a fish’s tail when it is archicercal.
J. A. Ryder.
archicytula (ār-ki-sit’ī-lâ), m.; pl. archicytula,
(-lè). [NL., K. Gr. dipzi-, chief, H- NL. cytula.]
In embryol., the parent cell or cytula which re-
sults from an archimonerula by the re-forma-
tion of a nucleus, and which proceeds, by total
and equal or palingenetic segmentation, to de-
velop in succession an archimorula, archiblas-
tula, and archigastrula.
Archidesmidae (ār-ki-des'mi-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
KArchidesma (K Gr. &pyl-, chief, + 6éopia, band),
the typical genus, + -idae.] A family of palaeo-
zoic fossil myriapods of the archipolypodous
type.
archidiaconal (är" ki-di-ak" Qn-al), a. [K L.
archidiacomus, archdeacon: see archdeacon.]
Pertaining to an archdeacon or to his office:
as, an archidiacomal visitation.
This Prelate calls himself Exarch, and claims Archi-
diacomal rights in the whole Dioecese.
J. M. Neale, Dastern Church, i. 93.
archidiaconate (är"ki-di-ak"Qn-āt), m. [KML.
archidiacomatus, K L. archidiaconus: see arch-
deacon and -ates.] The office or order of arch-
deacons. • s
archiepiscopacy (är"ki-É-pisſkó-pa-si), n. [As
archiepiscop-ate + -acy. Cf. episcopacy.] The
state or dignity of an archbishop.
archiepiscopal (är"ki-É-pisſkó-pal), a. [K L.
archiepiscopus, archbishop: see , archbishop.]
Pertaining to an archbishop or to his office: as,
Canterbury is an archiepiscopal see.
A Franciscan friar rode before him, bearing aloft the
massive silver cross, the archiepiscopal standard of Toledo.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 21.
*śy (är"ki-à-pis-kö-pal’i-ti), n.
[archiepiscopal 4--ity.] The dignity or state
of an archbishop; archiepiscopacy. Fuller.
archimandritate
archiepiscopate (är"ki-É-pisſkå-pât), n. [KML.
*archiepiscopatus, K arch?- + episcopatus: see
archi- and episcopate.] The office or jurisdiction
of an archbishop; an archbishopric.
archierey (ār-ki’º-ri), n. [K Russ, arkhieré,
K. Gr. 3pxtepetig, a high priest, K. Čp2-, 3pxt-,
chief, first, + tepetic (X Russ. iéré), a priest, K
ispág, holy, sacred.] The prelacy: a collective
term for the higher orders of ecclesiastics in
the Russian Church, including metropolitans,
archbishops, and bishops. Pinkerton.
archigastrula (ār-ki-gasſtrö-lâ), m. ; pl. archi-
gastrulae (-lè). [NL., K. Gr. Öpyl-, chief, + NL.
gastrula.] In embryol., a bell-gastrula; a gas-
trula, which is bell-shaped or has the form of a
deep cup, resulting from that method of egg-
cleavage and gastrulation supposed to be prim-
itive or palingenetic. It occurs in various animals,
from sponges up to the lowest vertebrates. See metagas-
trula, and cut under gastrulation.
archigraphert (§r-kigºra-fér), m. [K L.L. archi-
graphus, K. Gr. 3pxt-, chief, + ypáſpelv, write. Cf.
Gr. 6p2(typapºplateig, of same sense and same ulti-
mate origin..] A chief secretary. Blownt.
archil (ärſkil), n. [Early mod. E. also archall,
archel, etc., corrupt forms of orchil (q.v.), K
ME. orchell, K OF. orchel, orcheil, orseil, mod.
F. orseille, Č It. orcella, oricello = OSp. orchillo,
mod. orchilla = Pg. orzella; origin undeter-
mined.] 1. A rich violet,
mauve, or purple coloring
matter obtained from cer–
tain lichens, especially
the RocCella tinctoria and
R. fuciformis.-2. The
lichen from which the dye
is obtained. See Roccella.
It is bruised between stones,
moistened with putrid urine,
and mixed with quicklime or
other alkaline liquor. It first
becomes purplish-red in color,
and then turns to violet. In
the first state it is called archil,
and in the second litmus. Dyers
rarely use archil by itself, on
account of its dearness and the
perishableness of its beauty.
They employ it to give a bloom
to other colors, as pinks, blues,
and blacks; but this bloom soon decays. Archil is used
for tinting the fluid employed in spirit-thermometers,
while litmus is employed by chemists as a test for acidity
or alkalinity.
Also written orchil, and formerly archall, or—
chal, orchel, orchella.
Archilochian (ār-ki-lô"ki-an), a... [K L. Archi-.
lochius, K. Gr. Apxt%óżewog, pertaining to Apzizo-
20g, L. Archilochus, a poet and satirist of Paros,
who lived about 700 B.C.] 1. Pertaining to
Archilochus, a Greek poet of Paros, noted for
the bitterness and severity of his satire.
Hence—2. Severe; ill-natured: as, Archilo-
chian bitterness.-3. In anc. pros., noting four
stanzas—(1) A dactylic hexameter alternating
with a penthemim (called a lesser Archilochian
or (2) with an iambelegus. (3) An iambic
trimeter alternating with an elegiambus. (4)
A verse consisting of four dactyls and three
trochees (called a greater Archilochian) alternat-
ing with an iambic trimeter catalectic.
archilowe (är'éhi-lou), m. [Sc., also archilogh.
and archilagh, a corrupt word; according to the
Imp. Dict., K.D. her-, again, + gelag (OD. ghe-
laegh), share of expense at an inn, - Sc. laugh,
lauch, also lawin, lawing, tavern-shot, reckon-
ing: see lawing and lawl.] The return which
one who has been treated in an inn or tavern
sometimes reckons himself bound in honor to
make to the company: when he calls for his
bottle he is said to give his archilowe. [Scotch.]
I propose that this good little gentleman that seems
sair forfoughten, as I may say, in this tuilyie, shall send
for a tass of brandy, and I’ll pay for another by way of
archilowe. Scott, Rob Roy, xxviii.
archilute (ärſki-liit), n. [K archi- + lutel. See
archlute.] Same as archlute.
archimage (ärſki-māj), 'm. [Formerly also, as
if It., archimago, and as NL. archimagus, q.v.]
A chief magician or enchanter; a wizard.
The character of sage and archimage had fully imprinted
itself on his countenance. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 462.
archimagus gº 7.; pl. archimagi
(-ji). [NL., K. Gr. 6pxtuayog, chief of the magi,
Köpxt-, chief, + ptáyoc, one of the magi: see
magi.] 1. The high priest of the Persian magi,
or worshipers of fire.—2. A chief magician;
an archimage.
archimandritate (ār-ki-man'dri-tät), n. [Kar-
chimandrite + -ates.] The dignity, office, or
province of an archimandrite. -
Archil (Roccella tinctoria).


archimandrite
arch mandrite (ār-ki-man'drit), n., [KML, ar-
chimandrita, KLGr. 3px;pavópírmº (Epiphanius),
chief of a monastery, KGr.
ºpaq-, chief, F uávépa, a
fold, inclosure, eccles, a
monastery.] the East-
ern Church, an abbot-gen-
eral, having other abbots
(hegoumenoî) with their
monasteries under his su-
perintendence; also some-
times, especially among
the Greeks, the abbot of
a single large monastery.
In Russia the bishops are se-
lected from among the archi-
lmandrites. The title has been
retained among those who sep-
arated from the Eastern Church
and submitted to the pope
while still observing the Greek
rite (the so-called United
Greeks), and their monasteries
are now subject to one proto-
archimandrite. A congregation
of Basilian monks existing in Sicily before the eleventh
century has been under the care of an archinnandrite ap-
parently from that time. Its head abbey is that of San
Salvatore in Messina, and it forms an exempt archiman-
dritate immediately dependent on the pope. In the early
church, and sometimes during the middle ages in the
Western Church, the word was used vaguely as equivalent
to prelate. tº sº º * : * em
Archimedean (ār/ki-mé’dé-an or -mé-dé'an),
a. [K L. Archimedéus, K Gr. Apatu%óelog, K Apºſt-
piñóng, L. Archimedes.] Pertaining to Archi-
medes, a celebrated mathematician, born at
Syracuse in the third century B. C., or to his
mechanical inventions.—Archimedean drill. See
drill.—Archimedean principle, or principle of Ar-
Chimedes. (a) The principle of the equilibrium of the
lever; namely, that a lever loaded with two weights, on
opposite sides of the fulcrum, is in equilibrium when the
weights are inversely proportional to the length of the
arms at whose ends they hang, and that the pressure on
the fulcrum of the lever is then exactly equal to the sum
of the two weights. (b) The hydrostatical principle, also
discovered by Archimedes, that a body immersed in a fluid
loses an amount of weight equal to that of the fluid it dis-
places.—Archimedean propeller, a propeller consisting
of a continuous spiral vane on a hollow core running
lengthwise of the vessel. It is an amplification and ex-
tension of the screw.—Archimedean railway, a form of
railway in which a continuous shaft rotates on pillars be-
tween the lines of rails, and propels the car by means of a
screw which engages in a pedestal attached to the car.—
Archimedean screw, a device for raising water, said to
Greek Arcaimandrite.
º
ºº::=º
$º
º º
A. R. S. . ; ºs
&N & §§§
º
s
º
.Ş
s
§-
§§§SSSSS
N.SSSSSS & Nºs SS... Sº
sºn º ºx
W Sº §§ º º
Nº SSRSº SS
Sºsº Rºº sº * * * : * = r.s ºs
w SSSS's sº -
§§§
§
Archimedean Screw.
have been invented by Archimedes. It is made by forming
a spiral tube within, or by winding a flexible tube spirally
about, a cylinder. When the cylinder is placed in an in-
clined position, and the lower end is immersed in water,
its revolution will cause the water to move upward through
the spiral chambers. Whatever quantity of water first en-
ters the screw immediately descends by its own weight to
the lowest point of the spiral; but this point being always
shifted higher up by the revolution of the screw, the water
may thus be raised to a considerable height. Also called
water-Screw and spiral pump.—Arc edean Solid, one
of the thirteen solids described by Archimedes, which,
without being regular, have all their solid angles alike, all
their faces regular, and not less than four faces of any one
kind ; sometimes incorrectly called semi-regular solids.
They are the truncated tetrahedron, the cuboctahedron, the
truncated octahedron, the truncated cube, the rhombicuboc-
tahedron, the truncated cuboctahedron, the icosidodeca-
hedron, the truncated icosahedron, the truncated dodeca-
hedron, the snub-cube, the rhombicosidodecahedron, the
truncated icosidodecahedron, and the snub-dodecahedron.
See these terms. e
archimonerula (ärſki-mº-ner'â-lâ), m.; pl. ar-
chimonerulae (-lè). [NL., K. Gr. &pxt-, first,+ NL.
monerula.] embryol., a term invented by
Haeckel and defined by him as a cytodein which
the formative and the nutritive yolk are not dis-
tinct. It is a special name for the monerula stage of a
holoblastic egg which undergoes palingenetic or primitive
as well as total cleavage, and the several succeeding stages
of which are an archicytula, archimorula, archiblastula,
and archigastrula.
archimorula (ār-ki-mor’ā-lâ), m.; pl. archimoru-
lap (-lé). [NL., K. Gr. Öpyl-, first, + NL. morula.]
In embryol., the morula or mulberry-mass which
results from the total and equal segmentation
of the vitellus or yolk of an archicytula; a sol-
id, generally globular, mass of cleavage-cells
which proceed to develop an archiblastula and
archigastrula.
archinephra, n. Plural of archinephron.
archipolypodan (ār"ki-po-lip’º-dan), n.
297
archinephric (ār-ki-nef'rik), a. IC archineph- architect (är'ki-tekt), n.
ros + -ic.], Pertaining to an archinephros or
primitive kidney (pronephros).
archinephros (ār-ki-nef (ros), n. ; pl. archi-
nephroi (-roi). [NL., K. Gr. 6pxt-, first, + veðpóg,
kidney.] In embryol., the primitive or rudi-
mentary, as distinguished from the final defin-
itive, renal excretory organ of an animal; the
pronephros. Also archimephron.
arching (ärſching), n. #. m. of arch 1.]
Arched work or formation; the arched portion
of a structure.
archipelagian (ār"ki-pê-lā’īi-an), a.
archipelagic.
archipelagic (är"ki-pê-laj'ik), a. [K archipel-
ago + -ic.] Of or pertaining to an archipelago.
The archipelagic fringe of coast line.
Fortnightly Rev., XXXIX. 57.
archipelago (ār-ki-pel’a-gó), n. [Early mod.
E. archpelago, also archipelage and archipelagus
(and abbr. archipel= D. G. archipel, K.F. archipel
= Pr. archipel; cf. early mod. F. archipelague)
= OSp. arcipielago, Sp. archipielago = § (1.7°-
Cepelago, Pg. archipelago (cf. Dan. arkipelag,
arkipelagus, Russ. arkhipelagić, NGr. ap2ité%a-
Yog, M.L. archipelagus), K.It. arcipelago, orig. the
AEgean sea, lit. the chief gulf or sea (in dis-
tinction from minor bodies of water to which
the term pelago, M.L. pelagus, was applied), K
arci- (L., etc., archi-), chief, principal, H. pelago
(= Sp. piélago = Pg. pelago, pego = Pr. peleg),
gulf, abyss, pool, sea, K. M.L. L. pelagus, K. Gr.
tré%ayog, sea: see pelagic.] 1. [cap.] Originally
and specifically, the sea which separates Greece
from Asia Minor, otherwise called the AEgean
sea, studded with a number of small islands.
Hence, generally—2. Any body of water
abounding with islands, or the islands them-
selves collectively.
Same as
Archipolypoda (ärſki-po-lipº-dà), m.pl... [NL.,
Gr. dip;xt-, first, + Polypoda, pl. of Polypus,
q. v.] A group of fossil myriapods from the
Carboniferous formation of Illinois and Great
Britain, related to the Chilognatha, but having
the tergites small and armed with large spines,
the sternites proportionally large and bearing
crateriform cups, supposed to be possibly gill-
Supports. The Archipolypoda had two legs to each seg-
ment, as in the extant Diplopoda, and appear to have be-
come extinct in the Paleozoic epoch. Three families have
been recognized, Archidesmidae, Euphorberiidae, and Ar-
chiulidoe.
Mr. Scudder has proposed the name Archipolypoda for
a group of fossil myriapods which, while closely related to
the Chilognatha, show several important points of differ-
€RC6, Stand. Nat. Hist., II. 128.
One
of the Archipolypoda.
archipolypodous (är"ki-po-lip'3-dus), a. Per-
taining to or having the characters of the Archi-
polypoda.
archippus (ār-kip’us), m. [NL., in form as Gr.
'Apritſtog, a proper name.] A butterfly, Ba-
silarchia archippus: the technical specific name
used as an English word.
Archiptera (ār-kip’te-ră), m. pl. [NT., K.Gr.
ôpaſt-, first, + Trepôv, wing.] In Haeckel’s sys-
tem of classification, an order of hexapodous
metabolous winged insects, equivalent to the architectress (ärſki-tek-tres), m.
Pseudomeuroptera of other authors.
archipterygium (är" kip-te-rij' i-um), m. ; pl.
architective (ärſki-tek-tiv), a.
architectonic (är"ki-tek-ton'ik), a. and n.
architectonical (är"ki-tek-ton’i-kal), a.
architecture
[= F. architecte = It.
architetto, K L. architectus, also architecton, K. Gr.
ãpºttéktov, chief builder, chief artificer, Käpyl-,
chief, + tektov, a worker, esp. in wood, a car-
penter, joiner, builder: see tectonic.] 1. A
person skilled in the art of building; one who
understands architecture, or whose profession
it is to form plans and designs of buildings and
superintend the execution of them. Hence—
2. One who plans, designs, or consummates any
complex thing: as, the Supreme Architect of
the universe; he is the architect of his own for-
tunes.—3. One who contrives, devises, or plots.
Chief architect and plotter of these woes.
Shak., Tit. And..., v. 3.
[K architect +
—ive..] Used in building; proper for building.
[=
F. architectonique, K L. architectomicus, K. Gr.
āpzitektovſkóg, pertaining to architecture, fem.
āpzitektovſkà, n., architecture, KópxtTéktov, chief
workman: See architect.] I. a. 1. Portaining
to architecture; hence, pertaining or relating
to construction or design of any kind.
The Archaeologist cannot fail to remark how severe, in
a true age of art, is the observance of this great Architec-
tomic law—how its influence pervades all design—how the
pictures on Greek vases, or the richly embossed and chased
Work of the mediaeval goldsmiths, are all adjusted to the
form and surface allotted to them by an external necessity.
C. T. Newton, Art and Archaeol., p. 34.
2. Skilled in architecture; expert in designing
or constructing.—3. Relating to the construc-
tion of a complete and scientifically arranged
theory or system of doctrine.—4. Having the
same relation to something as that of an archi-
tect to his work; designing; controlling; gov-
erning; directive.
In the language of Aristotle, which of these two [Culture
and Religion] is the architectomic or master-art which pre-
scribes to all the other arts and occupations of life their
functions, as the master-builder prescribes their duties to
his Workmen? J. C. Shairp, Culture and Religion, p. 28.
Architectonic idea. See idea.—Architectonic unity,
the unity or union of the parts of a theory or system which
springs from the principles upon which the theory or sys-
tem depends. tº &
II. m. 1. The science of architecture. Also
architectomics.-2. In logic, the art of construct-
ing systems.
By architectomic I understand the art of constructing sys-
tems. Kamt, Critique of Pure Reason (tr. by Max Müller).
Of these two sciences, . . . that which treats of those
conditions of knowledge which lie in the nature, not of
thought itself, but of that which we think about, . . . has
been called . . . architectomic, in so far as it treats of the
method of building up our observations into system.
Sir W. Hamilton, Logic, App. No. I. (1866), II. 230.
Same
as architectomic.
Geometrical and architectomical artists.
Sir T. Browne, Misc. Tracts, p. 6.
architectonically (är"ki-tek-ton’i-kal-i), adv.
In an architectonic manner; according to true
structural principles or fitness.
architectonics (är"ki-tek-ton’iks), m. pl. Same
as architectomic, m., 1.
architectorf (ärſki-tek-tor), m. [ML., for L.
architectus, architectom: see architect.] 1. An
architect.—2. A superintendent.
[K architector
+ -ess.] A female architect. Sir H. Tſottom,
Reliquiae. [Rare.]
archipterygia (-à). [NL., K Gr. apxt-, first, chief, architectural (ār-ki-tektür-al), a. [= F. ar-
TTepúytov, dim. of Trépuš, a
wing, K TTepöv, a Wing,
feather.] The archetypal form
or primitive type of the skele-
ton of the limbs of vertebrates.
It was supposed by Gegenbaur to be
most nearly approximated in nature
by the pectoral member or fin of the
ceratodontids, but this view has not
been generally accepted ; by others
the pectoral member of a primitive
selachian is believed to approximate-
ly realize the idea.
I have given the name of Archipte-
rygium to the ground-form of the skel-
eton, which extends from the limb-
bearing girdle into the free appendage.
Gegenbawr, Comp. Anat, (tr.), p. 473.
archistome (ärſki-stöm), n., IK
Gr. &pxt-, first, + orópia, mouth.]
In 206l., the primitive elongat- * 2-
ed blastoporé of Bilateratiº º
& e - large upper piece ar-
The primitively elongated mouth of jaš.”
the º: of Bilateralia, with an ex- tºº the
tended body-axis, or any derived form
of the latter, or wherever there is formed a well-defined,
unpaired median neural plate, or where a pair of parallel
neural plates or cords are developed, I would call the whole
area thus embraced an archistome.
J. A. Ryder, Amer. Naturalist, 1885, p. 1117.
Cartilaginous skel-
eton of a limb (archip-
architecturalist (ār-ki-tek’tür-al-ist), n.
chitectural; K architecture + -al.] Pertaining or
relating to architecture or the art of building;
according to the principles of architecture.—
Architectural notation. See motation. K
[
architectural + -ist.] A professed student of,
or connoisseur in, architecture. N. E. D.
architecturally (ār-ki-tek’tür-al-i), adv. In an
architectural manner; with regard to architec-
tural principles; from an architectural point
*of yiew. *
architecture (ärſki-tek-tūr), m.
[= F. archi-
tecture = It. architettura, K.L. architectura, Kar-
chitectus, architect: see architect. The Gr. word
is ápºttektovia, KāpxtTéktov; also dipxtrektovukh:
See architectomic.] 1. The art of building, spe-
cifically of fine or beautiful building. Architec-
ture includes, in the widest sense, (1) the principles of
design and of ornament as applied to building; (2) the
Science of construction, including the properties of ma-
terials and the methods of combining them; and (3) the
practice of construction, including estimates of cost and
the directing of builders, and workmen. The practice of
this art requires skill in design, which is the special prov-
ince of the architect, and skill in execution, which is the
special province of the workmen whom the architect
employs and directs. It is the function of skill in archi-
tectural design to combine in a harmonious scheme the
independent and often hostile requirements (1) of use
































architecture
and convenience as dictated by the conditions of the prob-
lem in hand; (2) of constructive necessity and fitness as
determined either by practical experience or by scientific
theory; and (3) of artistic excellence both in the propor-
tions of the parts and in the decorative treatment of de-
tails, in accordance with either the general principles and
canons of good taste or the prescriptions of custom or
tradition. It is the function of skill in execution practi.
cally to carry out the scheme so designed; and this skill
is exercised by draftsmen, surveyors, mechanics, arti-
sans, and artists, each in his place. Architecture is prop-
erly distinguished from mere building by the presence of
the decorative or artistic element. The most important
styles in the history of architecture are the Egyptian, As-
Syrian, Hellenic, Roman, Byzantine, Medieval (including
Bomanesque and Pointed), Renaissance, and Arabic. (See
these and other adjectives characterizing architectural
styles.) . The various later medieval styles are commonly
included under the vague and misleading term Gothic
(which see).
Archvtecture, the art of building, includes two elements,
theory and practice. The former comprehends the fine-
art side proper, the body of general rules inspired by
taste and based on tradition, and the science, which ad-
mits of demonstration by means of invariable and abso-
lute formulas. Practice is the application of theory to
particular needs; it is practice which causes the art and
the science to conform to the nature of materials, to
climate, to the customs of a period, or to the necessities
of the occasion.
Viollet-le-Duc, Dict. de l'Architecture (trans.), I. 116.
We must consider Architecture as the great law which
has in all time regulated the growth and affected the
form of painting and sculpture, till they attain to a certain
period in their development, and free themselves from its
influence. C. T. Newton, Art and Archaeol., p. 29.
Architecture and eloquence are mixed arts, whose end
is sometimes beauty and sometimes use. Bºmersom.
2. The buildings or other objects produced by
architecture as defined above.—3. The chair-
acter or style of building: as, the architecture
of Paris.—4. Construction and formative de-
sign of any kind.
The formation of the first earth being a piece of divine
architecture, ascribed to a particular providence. -
T. Burmet, Theory of the Earth.
Civil architecture, the branch of architecture having
to do with buildings for the purposes of civil life.— Mili-
tary architecture, the branch of architecture which has
to do with buildings for military purposes: to some extent
coextensive With military engineering.—Naval archi-
tecture, the science and practice of the designing and con-
struction of ships and of their engines and appurtenances.
architecture (ärſki-tek-tūr), v. t. [K architec-
ture, m.] To construct; build. [Rare.]
This was architectur'd thus
JBy the great Oceanus. Keats, Fingal's Cave.
Architeuthis (ār-ki-tū’ this), n. [NL., K. Gr.
āpxt-, first, chief, -H. Tevffig, squid..] A genus of
monster cephalopods, or giant
squids, of the family Omma-
strephidae, and related to Om-
mastrephcS except in size.
Several species are described, as A.
princeps, A. harveyi, and A. megap-
tera. Some specimens are said to
attain a total length of upward of 50
feet. These animals furnish the
basis of fact for the fabulous mon-
sters known as devil-fishes.
One of the giant Squids, belonging, 2^
doubtless, to the genus Architew- §§§
this. The whalers have long had ac- º
counts of the sperm Whale eating §:
giant Squid, portions of the arms .#3;
being vomited by these animals in ; :)
their death flurry, but science has §§ -
recognized the existence of these huge §§
º
monsters for only a few years.
Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 377.
architonnerre (àr-shi-to-
mer'), m. [F., KGr. apºſt-, chief,
+ F. tonnerre, thunder, thun-
derbolt, chamber (of a gun, etc.), K L. tonitrus,
thunder.] A form of steam-gun described by
Leonardo da Vinci, and supposed to have been
devised by Archimedes, which discharged iron
balls with great noise.
architrave (är’ki-träv), m. [= F. architrave, K
It. architrave, K L. archi- (see archi-), chief, +
It. trave, K L. trabem, acc. of trabs, a beam.]
1. In arch. : (a) The lower division of an entab-
lature; that member which rests immediately
on the column and supports those portions of
the structure which are above it. See cut
under entablature. (b) The ornamental mold-
ing running round the extrados of an arch.
Also called archivolt. (c) Sometimes, less prop-
erly, the molded enrichments on the faces of
the jambs and lintel of a door, window, or other
opening. Also called antepagment.—2. In
fort., the master-beam, or chief supporter, in
any part of a subterranean fortification.—Archi-
trave cornice, an entablature in which the cornice rests
directly on the architrave, the frieze being omitted.
architroch (ärſki-trok), m. [K Gr. Öpyl-, first,
+ Tø0%66, a disk, wheel, hoop: see troche.]
In 200l., the specialized ciliated girdle or band
Surrounding the mouth of the planula in many
invertebrate embryos. E. I. Lamlcester.
Giant Squid (Archt.
telet/tts dux). (From
Report of U. S. Fish
Conimission, 1884.)
\
ł archivolt (irºki-volt or volt), n.
archly (ärch’li), adv.
archmagician (ārch-ma-jish’ān), n,
3. #. wizard.
2.TC
arch-mocki (ärch-mok'), m.
298
It [the oral ciliated band] was probably primitively a
mouth-organ of the ancestral gastrulated architroch, simi-
lar to the circlet of cilia in the Protozoa ciliatºn. .
Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1884, p. 87.
architypographer (är"ki-ti-pog 'ra-fér), n.
[K archi- + typographer.] The chief university
Fº at Oxford, an office established in 1636.
e is the director of the Oxford press. By Laud's statutes,
“He is to be a person well instructed in Greek and Latin
literature, and of great experience in philological pur-
suits; and it will be his duty to preside over the opera-
tions of printing in the university printing office, and to
take care that the printing materials and furniture are all
of the choicest in their several kinds. In works issuing
from the public press of the university, he is to prescribe
the Scale of the types, the quality of the paper, and the
size of the margins, and to set right the errata of the
correctors, and to take diligent care in all other particu-
lars which concern the ornament and perfection of the
work.” He is also ea; officio upper bedel in civil law.
Archiulidae (ār-ki-li'li-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Ar-
chiulus + -idae.] A family of fossil archi-
olypodous myriapods. Scudder, 1868.
#. (ār-ki-li’lus), m. [NL., K. Gr. Öpºſt-,
first, + NL. Iulus, q.v.] The typical genus
of the family Archiulidae.
archivaf (Ār-ki’vâ), m. pl.
see archive..] Archives.
The Christians were able to make good what they as-
serted by appealing to those records kept in the Roman
archiva. Dr. H. More, Godliness.
archival (ār-ki’val or ār'ki-val), a... [Karchive.]
Pertaining to archives or records; contained
in records.
archive (är’kiv or -kiv), n. [K F. archives, pl.,
K L. archivum, also archium (pl. archiva), a
place where records are kept, the records them-
selves,'K Gr. Öpyelov, a public buildin , hence pl.
tà épxeia, the public records there kept, prop.
neuter of *āpxeiog, adj., pertaining to office, K
āp2%, office, government, rule, Köpxetv, rule, be
first: see arch-.] 1. A place where public records
or other historical documents are kept: now only
in the plural:—2. A record or document pre-
served in evidence of something; in the plural,
documents or records relating to the rights,
privileges, claims, treaties, constitutions, etc.,
of a family, corporation, community, or nation.
A most unpleasant archive or register.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 116.
God hath now
Sponged and made blank of crimeful record all
y mortal archives. Tennyson, St. Simeon Stylites.
The social conditions represented in the Homeric poems
cannot be mere figments. By the Greeks they were always
regarded as perfectly real, as archives, so to speak, from
which very definite claims and prerogatives were derived.
Von Ranke, Univ. Hist. (trans.), p. 121.
= Syn. 1. Record-office, registry.—2. Registers, chromi-
cles, annals, muniments. tº a &
archivist (ärſki- or ār'ki-vist), m. [= F. archi-
wiste = Sp. It, archivista, K Mí, archivisia; see
archive and -ist.] A keeper of archives or rec-
ords.
The learned archivist of the Vatican, whose researches
have led to striking results in reference to the foundation
of the University of Paris. Amer. Jowr. Philol., VI. 490.
[= F. archi-
volte, KIt. archivolto (cf. M.L. archivoltum), appar.
K archi-, chief, -- wolto, volta, vault, arch: see
archi- and vault, and cf. architrave; but It. arco-
volto is based on arco, arch, + volto, volta, vault,
arch..] An ornamental molding or band of mold-
ings on the face of an arch following the contour
of the extrados; an arch-molding. Also called
architrave. Archivolt is sometimes incorrectly used for
8offit. The term is applied specifically to the arches of
any arched construction, upon which, as upon the archi-
trave in columnar construction, rests the weight of the
superimposed portion of the edifice. Viollet-le-Duc.—
Archivolt of a bridge, the curved line formed by the
exterior upper edges of the arch-stones in the face of the
Work.
archlute (ärch’lút), n. [K arch- + lutel..] A
large bass lute, double-necked like the theorbo
and chitarrone, and differing from them in the
arrangement of the longer strings. Also writ-
ten archilute.
[L., pl. of archivum :
In an arch manner;
coyly.
He bow'd, and archly smiled at what he said,
Civil but sly. Crabbe, Parish Register.
And the glances of the Creole
Were still as archly deep.
hittier, The Slave Ships.
[K arch-
+ magician. Cf. archimāge.] A chief magician;
marshal (ärch-mâr'shal), m. [K arch- +
marshal; = G. eremarschall.] The grand mar-
shal of the old German empire, a dignity which
belonged to the Elector of Saxony. . .
[K arch- + mock.]
Extreme mockery or bitterest jest; deepest
SCOI’Il.
archontate (ärſkon-tät), n.
Archontia (ār-konſti-á), m. pl.
Archoplites (ār-kop-li’tāz), n.
: ~ * .*, * * *... .º.s", -º- ºr ~~ -** - - - * * * * *** * * *- - - - fºr “. . .
*** ** - -3 ºzzº'g'',5'-º'-'. : , " ..., - -, * :: **, r*
- ‘. . . . . º.º. - :- - - - - - - :- - - -
. . . ~~ :-" -- - -- "- , ºr . . ;
* ... * * *
Archoplites
0, 'tis the spite of hell, the fiend's arch-mock!
Shak., Othello, iv. 1.
arch-molding (ārch’möl/ding), n. [K arch1 +
molding.] Same as archivolt: used especially
of medieval architecture.
archness (ärch'nes), n. IK arch 8 + -mess.] The
quality of being arch; slyness without malice;
cunning; waggishness; roguishness; pleasin
coyness: as, “dryness and archness of humour,”
J. Warton, Pope, p. 68.
There was a mixture of sweetness and archness in her
manner which made it difficult for her to affront anybody.
Jane Awstem, Pride and Prejudice, p. 44.
ning, origin, rule, government (see arch-), +
-Aoyia, K Žéyéiv, speak: see -ology.] _1. The doc-
trime of the origin of things. N. E. D. —2. The
science of government. N. E. D.—3. The the-
ory of first principles of knowledge.
archon (ār’kon), n. [L., K. Gr. Öpxov, a ruler,
orig. ppr. of &pxetv, rule, be first: see arch-.]
1. A chief magistrate of some states in ancient
Greece, and particularly Athens. After the aboli-
tion of the title of king in Attica there was chosen a Single
archon, who exercised for life essentially royal preroga-
tives. The term of office was afterward reduced to ten
years, and in 683 B.C. it was made annual, and the duties
of the archonship were distributed among nine persons.
The first was the archön eponymos (name-giving archom),
whose functions were executive and judicial, and whose
name was given in official acts, etc., to the year of his ser-
vice; the second was the archöm, basilews (archon king),
whose duties were chiefly religious and ceremonial; the
third was the archön polemarchos (archon generalissimo),
who was, first in fact and then nominally, commander of
the military power; and the remaining six were the thes-
mothetae, or administrators of justice, whose most impor-
tant duty it was to pass carefully in review, each year, the
whole body of laws of the state, in order to make sure that
no errors or contradictions had crept in, that repealed laws
had been duly canceled, and that repetition was avoided.
It rested with the thesmothetae, also, to see that all the
laws of the republic that were in vigor were strictly en-
forced, and to bring to trial any public official who had
failed in his trust. At the end of their year of office, all the
archons, unless they were found guilty of malfeasance, by
virtue of their office entered the council of the Areopagus.
2. In the Byzantine empire: (a) One of a
number of great court officers. (b) A title as:
sumed by the Frankish barons who established
themselves in Greece after the fourth crusade,
in the thirteenth century.—3. In modern
Greece, a person in authority, as a magistrate,
a presiding officer of some societies, etc.—4.
Any ruler or governor.—5. In various Gnostic
systems, one of several spiritual powers su-
perior to angels, believed to be the rulers of
the several heavens. According to Basilides, the
great archon is the highest cosmical power and the creator
of the ogdoad or ethereal world, having below him the
archon who created and rules the hebdomad or lower
planetary heaven. See archontic, hebdomad, and ogdoad.
6. [NL.] In 206l., the human animal; man, as
a member of the º Archontia.--7. [cap.]
[NL.] In entom. : (a) A genus of lepidopterous
insects. Hübner, 1822. (b) A genus of coleop-
terous insects., Kirby, 1826.
archonship (är’kon-ship), m. [K archon + -ship.]
The office or the term of office of an archon.
On the expiration of the archonship of Eryxias, it was
resolved that the office should be annual, and that there
should be nine persons to execute it.
J. Adams, Works, IV. 475.
archont (är"kont), m. [K NL. archon (t-), sing.
of Archontia, q.v.] A member of the zoölogi-
cal group Archontia; a man.
[K archon (t-) +
-ates.] The office of an archon, or the term for
which an archon was elected. N. D. D.
#.
Il
[NT., neut.
of archon, K. Gr. 3pxov, ruling: see archçn.]
some zoölogical systems, a prime division of
mammals, represented by man alone. It is con-
terminous with the orders Archemcephala of Owen, Bi-
mama of Blumenbach and Cuvier, and Dipoda of others,
and with the family Hominidae and genus Homo.
Archontic (ār-konſtik), m, [K L.L. archonticits,
Gr. Öpºovrtkóg, pertaining to archons (> LGr.
ol Apyovrtkot, Archontics), K. Čip2(ov, ruler: see
archon.] One of a sect of the fourth century,
originating in Palestine, apparently an offshoot
of the Ophites: so called from their belief, in
common with other Gnostic sects, in archons or
rulers of the several heavens. They rejected bap-
tism and the eucharist, identified the God of the Jews with
the devil, and used to sprinkle their dead with water and
oil to make them invisible and put them beyond the reach
of the heavenly powers. -> y
[NL, K. Gr. &p-
Żóg, rectum, + 6tržítmg, heavy-armed: see hop-
lite.] A genus of percoid fishes. A single species,
4. º: occurs on the Pacific slope of North
America. It resembles the rock-bass, has 7 branchioste-
gal rays, and attains a length of a foot or more. Gill,
1861. -




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archpinar
: º archpillar (arch'pil'Ér), n. [Karch-4 pillar.]
A main or principal pillar; a chief support,
Archpillar and foundation of human society.
armar, tr. of Beza's Sermons, p. 294.
* (ärch'pó(et), n, [K arch- + poet; tr.
of NL. &rchipoeta.] 1. A chief or prečminent
poet.—2t. A poet laureate; an official poet.
The title of archipoeta or arºp;
- º ope, The Poet Laureate,
archpolitician (árch'pol-i-tish'gn), n. [Karch-
+ politician.] A chief or leading politician;
a great political leader. Bacom.
archprelate (ärch'prel'Ét), n. [Karch- + prel-
até.] A chief prelate. Hooker.
archpresbyter gº. res’ bi-tér), n. [K arch-
+ presbyter. Cf. archpriest and if. archipres-
byter.] A chief presbyter... Ayliffe, Parergon.
archpresbytery (ärch (presſbi-tº-ri), n. [Karch-
+ presbytery.] The absolute dominion of pres-
'bytery; presbytery as exercising supreme or
sovereign authority. [Rare.]
Arch-presbytery . . . claiming to itself a lordly power
and superintendency, both over flocks and pastors, over
persons and congregations no way their own.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, § 13.
archpriest (ärch'prést’), n. [K late ME. arche-
prest, K OF. archeprestre, mod. F. archiprétre
(cf. G. erºpriester), K IL. archipresbyter (Je-
rome), K LGr. 3pxtºrpeggintepog (Sozomen): see
archi- and presbyter. Cf. Gr., ápxtepeſc, arch-
priest, chief priest, in N. T. high priest: see
archierey.] Eccles., the chief among the priests,
called by the Greeks protopresbyter, and later
fºrotopope. As a title it dates from the fourth cen-
tury, and was originally given to the senior by ordina-
tion in a diocese, a rule long strictly observed in the
West. The archpriest or dean of the cathedral assisted
the bishop in solemn functions and in his spiritual ad-
ministration, though without ordinary jurisdiction; the
rural archpriest or dean had a limited superintendence
over the parish priests of his deanery or district of the dio-
cese, and formed with them the rural chapter, as the bishop
with his canons formed the cathedral chapter. For rela-
tions with other officials, see archdeacon. At present, in
the Roman Catholic Church, archpriest is, for the most
part, a title of honor only, the former duties of the office
being performed by the auxiliary bishop or the dean of
the cathedral chapter. The duties of the rural archpriests,
since the Council of Trent, have commonly devolved on
the vicars forame, still sometimes called rural deans, or
directly on the bishop's vicar-general. In the rare case
when rural archpriests and vicars forame are found in the
88.IIlê diocese, the latter have the precedence.
archprimate (ärch' priſmät), n. [K arch- + pri-
amate.] A chief primate.
One arch-primate or Protestant pope.
- ilton, Church Gov., i. 6.
archprophet (ärch’ prof' et), n. . [K arch- +
prophet. Cf. Gr. dipzttpopfftmg, chief prophet.]
A chief prophet; a great prophet. T. Warton.
archprotestant (ärch'prot'es-tant), n. [Karch- + Nations, II: 315. N. E. D.
* ºvustant A leading or eminent Protes-
&Illi.
These archprotestants and master ministers of Germany.
- Stapleton, Fortress of Faith, p. 9.
archprotopope (ärch’pré'tó-pôp), m. [K arch-
+ protopope.] The chief of the archpriests or
protopopes.
The archprotopope of Susa, where the royal residence was.
I'mcyc. Brit., XIX. 715.
arch-see (ärch’sé’), m. [K arch- + see?..] The
see of an archbishop. Drayton.
arch-sodality (ärch’sö-dal’i-ti), n. [K arch- +
Sodality.] An arch-confraternity (which see).
arch-stone (ärch'stön), n. [K arch 1 + stone.]
. A wedge-shaped stone used in the construc-
tion of an arch; a voussoir. See cut under
arch.-2. A flat stone by which the opening
into the chamber of some furnaces is covered.
archtraitor (ärch/träſtgr), n. [K arch- + trai-
tor.] A chief traitor: sometimes applied spe-
cifically to the devil. Hakewill.
archtreasurer (ärch/trez’īr-er), n. IK arch- +
treasurer. The G. word is ergschatzmeister.]
The great treasurer of the German empire, a
dignity held by the restored electorate of the
Rhine Palatinate from 1648 to 1777, and later
by the Elector of Hanover.
archtype (ärch (tip), m. [K arch- + type; sug-
gested by archetype, q. v.] An archetype.
Cartwright.
archvillain (ärch’vil’ān), n. [K arch- + villain.]
A desperate, confirmed villain.
An arch-villain keeps him company.
*ak., T. of A., v. i.
archvillainy (ärch’vil’ā-ni), m. [K arch- + vil-
lainy..] Atrocious villainy, Beau, and Fl.
archway (ärch'wä), n. IK arch 1 + way.] An
entrance or a passage under an arch or vault;
an opening that is closed in or covered by an
arch.
299'
Through the piers ran archways in both directions, so
as to open a narrow aisle on each side of the nave and
transept. .
C. E. Norton, Church-building in Middle Ages, p. 53.
Compound archway. See compound 1. .
archwife; (ärch/wif), n. [K arch- + wife.] A
woman of strong, masculine physique; a hardy,
masculine Woman disposed to rule her husband.
Ye archewyves, stondeth at defence,
Sin ye be strong as is a greet camaille [camelj;
Ne guffereth mat that men yow don offence.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 1129.
archwise (ärch'wiz), adv. [K arch1 + wise2.j
In the form or manner of an arch.
In the fashion of a bow bent archwise.
Ayliffe, Parergon.
archyi (ärſchi), a. [Karch1+,-y1.] Resembling
an arch; having arches; arching. [Rare.]
Beneath the black and archy brows shined forth the
bright lamps of her eyes. Partheneia Sacra (1633), Pref.
archy? (är'chi), a. [K F. as if *arché, arched,
pp. of *archer, v. : see arch 1, v.] In her., same
as arched, 2.
Arctiidae
embracing the seas of the northern hemisphere
as far to the south as floating ice descends.
Gill.
Arctalian (ārk-tä'li-an), a. [K Aretalia.] Of
or pertaining to Arctalia. -
Arctamerican (árk-ta-mer’i-kan), a... [K Arctic
+ American.] 206 geog., same as Anglogaean :
as, “Anglogaean or Arctamerican realm,” Gill,
arc-tangent (ärk'tan’jēnt), n. An arc or its
angle regarded as a function of its tangent.
arctation (ārk-tä'shgn), n. [K F. arctation, K
L. as if *arctatio(m-), Karctare, prop. artare, pp.
arctatus, artatus, draw close, º ten, K arctus,
prop. artus, close, tight: see artº, article, arm’,
etc.] Narrowness or constriction in any sense;
in pathol., unnatural contraction of any naturai
opening, as of the anus; constipation from in-
flammation. Also called arctitude.
Arctia (ärk’ti-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. dpktoº, a bear
(in ref. to the furriness of the caterpillars: see
Arctiidae).] A genus of moths, typical of the
family Arctiidae. A. (or Euprepid) caja is the
archy-flected (ár'chi-flek-ted), a. In her., same Acommon tiger-moth. See ent under Euprépig.
as arched, 2.
arcid (är'sid), n. A bivalve mollusk of the fam-
ily Arcidae.
Arcidae (är'si-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Arca + -idae.]
A family of asiphonate acephalous bivalves,
or lamellibranch mollusks, having equivalve
shells with a long row of transverse teeth. The
family is a large one of world-wide distribution at the
present day, and dates back in geologic time to the Lower
Silurian. Its leading genera are Arca, Azimaa (or Pectum-
culug), Anomalocardia, Cuculloea, etc.; but the limits of
the family vary. The species are very numerous. See cut
under Arca. . Sometimes wrongly spelled Arcadoe.
arcifer (är'si-fér), m. NL. arcifer: see Ar-
cifera.] An amphibian of the §º Arcifera.
Arcifera, $º. m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
arcifer (cf. ML, arcifer, an archer), K. L. arcus,
a bow (3ee arc.1), + ferre = E. bearl.] A sec-
tion of phaneroglossate Salient amphibians,
with coracoids and precoracoids connected by
an archod cartilage (the epicoracoid), that of
the onc side overlapping that of the other. It
includes the true toads (Bufonidae), the tree-
toads (Hylidaº), and others.
arciferous (ār-sif'e-rus), a. [As Arcifera +
-ows.] In 206l., pertaining to or of the nature
of the Arcifera. Also arcigerous.
arcifinious (ār-si-fin’i-us), a. [K L.L. arcifinius
(also arcifinalis), K L. arx (arci-), a citadel, de-
fense, + finis, pl. fines, boundary.] 1. Serving
both as a boundary and a defense: applied to
rivers, mountains, the sea, etc. Wor. Dict.—
2. Having a frontier which forms a natural
defense: as, “arcifinious states,” Twiss, Law of
ârciform (är'si-fôrm), a. [K L. arcus, a bow,
+ forma, form.] Bow-shaped; curved; arched.
—Arciform fibers, in anat., the arcuate nerve-fibers,
especially the superficial ones, seen on the surface of the
upper part of the medulla oblongata.
arcigerous (ār-sij'e-rus), a. [K L. arcus, a bow,
+ gerere, carry..] Same as arciferous.
arcitement? (ār-sit’ e-nent), a. [K L. arcite-
men (t-)s, holding a bow, K arcus, a bow, +
temen(t-)s, ppr. of tenère, hold: see arc and ten-
ant.] Holding or carrying a bow. Blount.
arc-light (ärk/lit), m. An electric light pro-
duced by the voltaic arc; the electric current
assing between a pair of carbon-points slight-
y separated. See electric and voltaic arc.
arcograph (§r’kö-gräf), m. [K L. arcus, arc,
+ Gr. )pájetv, describe.] . An instrument for
drawing an are without the use of a central
point. It consists of a thin and pliable strip of wood or
metal, the ends of which are attached to a straight bar,
which can be shortened or lengthened to form a chord of
the required arc. It is used as a templet.
arcosolium (är-kó-só ‘li-um), ºv.; pl. arcosolia
(-ā). [ML., K.L. arcus, an arch, + Solium, a seat,
throne..] A name given to certain recesses for
dead bodies in the Roman catacombs, consisting
of a deep niche cut in the rockywall and arched
above, a sarcophagus being hewn from the rock
under the arch. The flat cover of the sarcophagus may
sometimes have been used as an altar. Such tombs were
often richly ornamented.
arc-piece (ärk'pës), m. In mech., a piece serving
to adjust the angle of elevation of a cutting-tool.
arc-secant (ärk’sé’kant), m. In math., an arc
or its angle regarded as a function of its secant.
arc-sine (ärk'sin), n. In math., an are or its
angle regarded as a function of its sine.
arct (ärkt), v. t. See arts.
Arctalia (ärk-tä'li-á), n. [NL., K arctic + Gr.
džía, assemblage (with an intended allusion to
â%g, sea).] In 206geog., a primary marine realm
or zoölogical division of the waters of the globe,
arctian (ārk’ti-an), n. [KArctia + -an.] A moth
of the family Arctiidae.
arctic (ärk’tik), a. [Early mod. E. also artic,
artick, etc., K ME. artik, K. O.F. artique, mod. F.
arctique = Pr. artic = Sp. Pg., arctico = It.
artico, K LL. arcticus, northern, K. Gr., ápktukóg,
northern, lit. pertaining to the Bear, KöpkTog, a
bear, specifically the constellation Ursa Major;
sometimes spelled åpkoç, - Skt. rikshas (for “ark-
shas) = L. ursus (for *urcs.us) = Ir. art, a bear:
see ursus.] 1. Pertaining or related to the
northern constellations called the Great and
Little Bears; hence, pertaining or relating to
the north pole or the northern polar regions;
northern: as, the arctic circle, region, or sea.
Hence—2. Cold; frigid.
I warn the traveller who goes to see the lovely Madon-
nas of Bellini to beware how he trusts himself in winter
to the gusty, arctic magnificence of the Church of the
Redentore. Howells, Venetian Life, iii.
Arctic circle, a small circle, parallel to the equator, dis-
tant from the north pole by an angular quantity equal to
the obliquity of the ecliptic, or 23°28'3. This and the ant-
arctic circle are called the polar circles, and within these
lie the frigid zones, at every point within which the
Sun, theoretically, on at least one day in summer, passes
through the north point without setting, and on at least
one day in winter does not rise; practically, allowance
must be made for the semidiameter and horizontal re-
fraction of the Sun.—Arctic fox, a small species of fox,
Vulpes lagopus, of the family Camidae, celebrated for the
- 1 if :at “
__”
Arctic Fox (Pie!pes ſagopies).
beauty and fineness of its fur, which is a valuable article
of commerce. It is 2 feet in length, and its tail is 1 foot
long. It is bluish- or brownish-gray in summer and white
in winter. =Syn: See polar. - -
arctic-bird (ärk’tik-bêrd), m. A name origi-
nally given by Edwards to a species of jaeger
figured and described by him. It has been applied
to two species of Lestris or Stercorarius, but is identified
as the long-tailed jaeger or Buffon's skua, L. or S. longi-
cauda of some, S. buffoni or S. parasiticus of others.
arctician (ārk-tish'an), m. [K arctic + -ian.]
One who has investigated matters relating to
the arctic regions; an arctic explorer. N. E. D.
Arctictidinae (ärk-tik-ti-di'né), m. pl. [NL., K
Arctictiſd-)s + -ina..] A subfamily of earnivo-
rous quadrupeds, of the family Viverridae, con-
taining the binturongs, characterized by the
prehensile tail.
Arctictis (ärk-tik/tis), m. [NL., K. Gr. dpkTog, a
bear, + irtug, the yellow-breasted marten..] The
typical and only genus of the subfamily Arcticti-
dima : synonymous with Ictides. See binturong.
arctiid (ärk’ti-id), a. and m. I. a. Pertaining to
the Arctiidae : as, an arctiid moth.
II. m. One of the Arctiidae; an arctian.
Arctiidae (ärk-ti’i-dé), m. pl. . [NL., K Arctia +
-ida!..] A family of lepidopterous insects, be-
longing to the section Heterocera; the tiger-
moths. The types of the family are distinguished by
the fact that their larvae are verythickly clothed with long
hairs, whence they have obtained the name of woolly bears.
They feed upon the external parts of plants, and inclose
themselves in cocoons when about to undergo their trans-
formations. See cut under Euprepia.


Arctipalatales
Arctipalatales (ärk’ti-pal-a-tā’lāz), m. pl.
[NL.] Same as Arctipalcites.
Arctipalates (ärk’ti-pa-lā’těz), n. pl. [NL.,
K.L. arctus, prop. artus, compressed (see artº), +
palatum, palate.] In Sundevall's system of
classification, a group of fringilline and tana-
grine, oscine passerine birds, embracing six
families of buntings,
crossbills, rice-birds,
and various other co-
nirostral Passeres.
Arctisca (ärk-tisſká),
m. pl. [NL., dim. of
Gr. &pkTog, a bear.]
The water-bears,
or bear-animalcules,
otherwise known as
the Tardigrada, Ma-
crobiotida, or Colpo-
da, a group of uncer-
tain value and posi-
tion, formerly associ-
ated with therotifers,
but now usually con-
sidered an order of
Arachnida, and lo-
cated in the vicinity
of the Acarida. They
are microscopic aquatic
creatures, living in moss
and wet sand, often in
company with rotifers.
They have a vermiform
body, with four pairs of
very short feet terminat-
cd by hooked claws, no dis-
tinction of cephalothorax
and abdomen, and a suc-
torial mouth With two
stylets, resembling that of a tick or mite. The young usu-
ally have the same number of legs as the adult. The
Arctisca are mostly hermaphrodite, and are oviparous.
They are represented by a single family, Macrobiotidae, of
which Macrobiofus is the leading genus.
Arctiscon (ārk-tis'kon), n... [NL.: see Arctisca.]
The typical genus of Arctisconidae.
arctisconid (árk-tis-kon'id), n. An acarid of
the family Arctisconidae.
Arctisconidaº (ärk-tis-kom’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Arctiscom + -idae.] A family of atracheate aca-
rids with all 8 legs developed, legs of 3 joints,
and without caudal prolongations.
arctitude (àrk’ti-tūd), m. [K F. arctitude, equiv.
to arctation, q, y, J. Same as arctation.
Arctocebus (ärk-tº-sé (bus), m. [NL., K. Gr.
A Water-bear, or Bear-animalcule
(Macrobiotics schte//ce: ), one of
the Arctisca or Tardigrada, much
magnified.
I, 2, 3, 4, the limbs; a, mouth with
six oral papillae; 6, gullet, calcified
stylets; c, salivary glands; d, mus-
cular pharynx; e, ovary; y, vesicula
Seminalis; g, testis.
apkrog, a bear, + Rij}og, an ape: see ape and Ce-
bus.] A remarkable genus of lemurs, having a
very short tail, small fore and hind feet, the
digits partly webbed, and the index finger rudi-
mentary. A. calabarensis, the typical species,
inhabits Old Calabar in Africa.
Arctocephalus (ärk-tº-sef’a-lus), m. DNL., K
Gr. dpkrog, a bear, + kepazá, head..] A genus
of eared seals, of the family Otariidae, suborder
I’innipedia. The name is used in various senses by dif-
ferent authors; it formerly included the northern as well
as the southern fur-seals, but is now properly restricted
to the latter. The species are commonly known as sea-
bears.
Arctocyon (ärk-tos’i-On), T. [NL., K. Gr. dpkTog,
a bear, + ktov, a dog, = E. hound.] The typical
genus of the family Arctocyonidae of Cenozoic
time, having all the molars tuberculate. A. pri-
mavus, from the Eocene of France, is one of
the oldest Tertiary mammals.
arctocyonid (ärk-tº-si'Q-nid), m. A carnivo-
rous mammal of the family Arctocyonidas.
Arctocyonidae (ärk’tó-si-on’i-dò), m. pl. [NL.,
K Arctocyon + -idae.] A family of fossil carniv-
orous quadrupeds, having 44 teeth, the last up-
per premolar trituberculate, and all the molars
tuberculate, containing the genus Arctocyon
and its allies, placed by Cope in a suborder Cre-
odonta (which see).
Arctogaea (ärk-tº-jé’â), m. [NL., K. Gr. &pkTog,
the north (see arctic), + Yala, land.] In 206960g.,
a great zoölogical division of the earth's land
surface, comprising the Eurasian, Indian, and
Iºthiopian regions: opposed to Notoga'a.
Arctogaea.1 (ärk-tº-jé'al), (t. Of or pertaining
to the zoögeographical area known as Arctogaea.
In Europe, North America, and Asia, the Arctogaeal
province was as distinctly characterized in the Miocene,
and probably in the Eocene epoch, as it is at present.
Hwa'ley, Anat. Invert., p. 70.
Arctogaean (ārk-tº-jé'an), a. Same as Arcto-
(ſ([2011.
afteroid (ärk’toid), a. [K Gr. Öpictoetó%g, bear-
like, K apkrog, a bear, -- elóog, form.] Bear-like;
ursine; specifically, pertaining to or having the
characters of the Arctoidea.
Arctomyinae (ärk’tó-mi-i’né), m. pl.
Arctomys (ärk’tó-mis), n.
300
Arctoidea (ärk-toi"dē-ă), m. pl. [NL. : See arc-
toid.] One of three superfamilies of the fissiped
or terrestrial carnivorous mammals (the others
being Æluroidea and Cynoidea), including the
bears and their relatives, as distinguished from
the feline and canine members of the Fera, fis-
sipedia. They have the following characters in com-
mon, as contrasted with AElwroidea: a skull with the par-
occipital process not closely applied to the auditory bulla ;
the mastoid process prominent, projecting behind the ex-
ternal auditory meatus; the carotid canal distinct and in
advance of the foramen lacerum posterius, which is distinct
from the condyloid foramen ; the glenoid foramen gen-
erally well defined ; a large os penis; Cowper's glands not
developed ; prostate gland not salient; and no intestimal
caccum.—Arctoidea, musteliformia, the family Mus-
telidae alone.—Arctoidea, typica, the family Ursidae
alone.—Arctoidea, procyoniformia, the racoon-like se-
ries, including the families AElwridae, Cercoleptidae, Pro-
cyonidae, and Bassarididae. See these names.
[NL., K
Arctomys + -inac.] One of two subfamilies into
which the squirrel family, Sciurida, is divisi-
ble, containing the terrestrial as distinguished
from the arboreal members of the family, as the
marmots or woodchucks, the prairie-dogs, the
susliks, the ground-squirrels or spermophiles,
etc. They are generally distinguished by larger size,
stouter form, shorter and less bushy tail, and terrestrial
and fossorial habits, but offer a very easy transition
through some forms into the true squirrels. The prin-
cipal genera are Arctomys, Spermophilus, and Tannias;
their species are numerous, and are very generally dis-
tributed over the northern hemisphere. Also called Arcto-
mima, Arctomydina, and Arctomyina. y
[NL., K. Gr. Öpictog,
a bear, H- pig = L. mus = E. mouse, q.v.] The
Woodchuck (A2-caomys mortax).
typical genus of the subfamily Arctomyina, con-
taining the marmots proper or woodchucks.
They have the largest size, stoutest form, shortest tail, and
most completely terrestrial and fossorial habits of any of
the members of the subfamily. The leading old-world
species are A. marmotta, the marmot of Europe and Asia,
and A. bobac, of Russia. The American forms are known
as woodchucks, and are A. monaa, of the Eastern States,
and A. flaviventris and A. prwinosus, of the Western and
Northern States.
Arctopithecini (ärk” tº -pith-Ö-siºni), m. pl.
[NL., K Arctopithecus + -inë.] A synonym of
Mididas, used by some as a family name of the
marmosets of South America.
The Arctopithecini . . . al e small, thickly furred, long-
tailed, habitually quadrupedal, Squirrel-like animals,
which are found only in South America.
Huazley, Anat. Vert., p. 392.
Yºr
Arctopithecus (ärk’tó-pi-thé’kus), m. [NL,
K. Gr. Öpictog, a bear, -H Tiffmroç, an ape.] A
genus of marmosets, giving name to the Arcto-
pithecini.
Arctostaphylos (ärk-tº-staf’i-los), m. [NL.,
K Gr. §pkrog, a bear, H- orapužff, a bunch of
grapes.] A genus of evergreen ericaceous
shrubs, nearly related to Arbutus, and mostly
natives of California and Mexico, where the
larger species are known as manzanita, and
are sometimes from 10 to 20 feet high. The bear-
berry, A. Uva-wrst, is a trailing plant, found in the arctic
and mountainous regions of the old and new Worlds, and
valuable as furnishing an astringent tonic, used chiefly in
affections of the bladder. It is the kinnikinic of the In-
dians of Western America.
[NL., K
Arctotherium (ärk-tº-thé'ri-um), m.
Gr. Öpictog, a bear, H- (hyptov, a wild beast.] A
genus of fossil bear-like quadrupeds from the
Pleistocene of North and South America, rep-
resenting a generalized ursine type.
arcturid (ärk-tū’rid), m. An isopod of the fam-
ily Arcturidae.
Arcturidae (ärk-tū’ri-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Arctu-
rets + -idae.] A family of isopod crustaceans,
represented by the genera, Arcturus, Idotea, and
others: synonymous with Idoteidae (which see).
In Arcturidae they [the young] are carried for some time
clinging on to the antennae of the mother.
Pascoe, Zoël. Class., p. 84.
Arcturus (ärk-tū’rus), m. [L. (> ME. Arctowr,
Arture, Arthurus), K. Gr. Apktoi pog, Arcturus, lit.
bear-ward, Köpktog, a bear, the Great Bear, H-
oùpoç, ward, guard, keeper, akin to E. warel,
ward, guard, etc.] 1. A yellow star in the
Arcuata (ār-kü-ā’tā), m. pl.
abſoll.S
northern hemisphere, the fourth in order of
brightness in the entire heavens. It is situated
between the thighs of Boötes, behind the Great Bear, and
is easily found by following out the curve of the bear's
tail. In the southern hemisphere it may be recognized
by its forming a nearly equilateral triangle with Spica
and Denebola. It is called by astronomers a (alpha) Boötoº.
See cut under Boötes. &
2. [NL.] A genus of isopod crustaceans, of the
† Idoteida or Arcturidae. Latreille, 1829.
arcual (är'kū-al), a. [K. L. arcus (see arcl) +
—al.] Pertaining to or of the nature of an arc.
[NL., neut. pl. of
L. arcuatus : see arcuate.] A group of crabs,
including those of the typical genus Cancer.
arcuate (ärſkü-āt), a. [K L. arcuatus, pp. of
arcuare, bend like a bow, K arcus, bow: see
arcl, arch 1.] Bent or curved in the form of a
bow; arched; as, “oblique and arcuate lines,”
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 224.—Arcuate fasciculus, in
anat.: (a) The longitudinal fibers of the gyrus formigatus,
connecting the frontal and temporosphenoidal convolu-
tions of the brain as well as intermediate points. Meymert.
(b) The uncinate fasciculus of Meynert, passing across the
bottom of the Sylvian fissure to connect the frontal and
temporosphenoidal convolutions of the brain. Qūain.—
Arcuate fibers, in amat., the horizontal arching fibers of
the medulla oblongata, pons Varolii, and tegmentum, espe-
cially those seeming to originate in the raphe-Arcu-
ate ligament, in anat., the tendinous arch which passes
on either side of the back-bone over the psoas magnus and
quadratus lumborum muscles, and to which the diaphragm
is attached.
arcuated (är’kū-ā-ted), a. Same as arcuate.
The inferior edges of the mesenteries are free, and arcw-
ated in such a manner as to leave a central common cham-
ber. Hwa'ley, Encyc. Brit., I. 129.
arcuately (ärſkú-āt-li), adv. In an arcuate
Ida, Illſlel”.
arcuatilet (šr’kū-a-til), a. [K. L.L. arcuatilis,
bow-shaped, K arcuare, bend like a bow : see
arcuate.] Bent or curved.
arcuation (ār-kü-ā'shgn), m. [K. L.L. aroua-
tio(n-), an arch, lit. act of bending like a bow, K
arcuare: see arcuate.] 1. The act of bending;
incurvation; the state of being bent; curved-
ness; crookedness.-2. A method of propagat-
ing plants by bending branches to the ground
and covering portions of them with earth; lay-
ering (which see).-3. The employment of
arches in architectural work; arched work.-
Epistylar arcuation. See epistylar.
arcuature} (§r’kū-à-tūr), n. [K L. as if “arcu-
atura, K arcuare: see arcuate.] The curvature
of an arch. Bailey.
arcubalist (ärſkü-ba-list), n. IKL.L. arcubalista,
more correctly arcüballista, a ballista furnished
with a bow, KL. arcus, bow, -H ballista, a military
engine for hurling projectiles: see ballista.
Contr. forms are arbalist, arblast, etc. : See ar-
balist.] Same as arbalist.
Richard was killed by the French from the shot of an
arcwbalist. T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, I. 158.
arcubalister (är"kū-ba-lis’tēr), n. IK arcubalist
+ -erl: suggested by L.L. arcuballistarius, one
who used an arcubalist, K arcuballista see ar-
cubalist, and cf. arbalist, arblaster.] Same as
arbalister.
King John was espied by a very good arcubalister, who
said that he would soon despatch the cruel tyrant.
Camden, Remains, p. 202.
arcubust, m. One of the numerous variants
(simulating Latin arcus, a bow) of harquebuse.
arcula, n. Plural of arculum.
Arculirostres (är"kū-li-rosſtröz), m. pl. [NL.,
K L. *arculus, dim. of arcus, a bow (cf. argulum),
+ rostrum, a beak.] In Blyth's system of classi-
fication (1849), a group of birds, the hoopoes,
Upupidae, as distinguished from the Appendi-
postres or Bucerotidae, the hornbills.
arculum (är'kū-lum), m.; pl. arcula (-lä). [L.,
neut. dim. of arcus, a bow.] A small circular
cushion used in antiquity by persons bearing
weights on their heads, to interpose between
the head and the burden. Similar cushions are
A still in use.
arcus (ār'kus), n. ; pl. arcus. [L., a bow, an
arch, X E. arc.1, ark:1, arch 1, q.v.] In anat., an
arch, bow, or ring.—Argus adiposus, the arcus
senilis,-Arcus bicipitalis, the bicipital arch; the ten-
dinous arch through which the long head of the biceps
muscle passes.—Arcus neuralis, the neural arch. See
mewral.-Arcus occipitalis, a cerebral gyrus bounded
above by the occipital portion of the intraparietal fissure,
and embracing what may be regarded as the upper end
of the second temporal fissure.—Arcus palatoglossus,
the anterior pillar of the fauces, in front of the tonsil,
formed by the palatoglossus muscle and the mucous
membrane covering it. Also called arcus palatinus an-
terior.—Arcus pºlis, the posterior pil-
lar of the fauces, behind the tonsil, formed by the pala-
topharyngeus muscle and the mucous membrane covering
it. Also called arcus palatinºus posterior.—Arcus semilis,
the bow of old age; an opacity occurring in advanced age
around the margin of the cornea.—Arcus superciliaris,


arcus
a horizontal ridge on the frontal bone, on either side, just
*the orbit.—Arcus volaris, the superficial palmar
8.TCil.
Arcyidae (ār-si'i-dé), n. pl. [NL., K. Arcys -F
idae.] A family of orbitelarian spiders.
Arcys (är'sis), n. . [NL., K. Gr. Öpºvg, a net, a
hunter's net, a hair-net: see arain, Aranea.
The typical genus of spiders of the family Ar-
Cyådaº. Also spelled Arkys.
—ard. [KF. -ard, KOHG. (MHG. G.) -hart (fre-
quently as a suffix in proper names (later also
in common nouns), as in Regimhart, 2 OF. re-
gmard, F. renard, X #. reynard, q.v.), Khart=E.
haraj A suffix in nouns of French origin or
of a French type. In personal nouns it usually has a
sinister implication, as in bastard, coward, dotard, dullard,
dºwnlºard, wizard, etc. In other nouns its force, origi-
nally intensive, is now scarcely felt, as in billiard, bombard,
placard, 8tamdard, tamkard, etc. In braggard (also brag-
gart) and 8tandard (tree) it has taken the place of -arl =
-erl; in cockade, originally cockard, and in costard, custard,
originally as if costate, crustate, the suffixes -ard and -atel
(-adel) have changed places.
ardash (är’dash), m. [Formerly also ardas, ar-
dass, K F. ardasse = Sp. ardósas, ardāses, K Pers.
ardan, raw silk.] The European or Levantine
name for Persian raw silk of inferior quality.
It is called shirwan in Persia. Benjamin, Persia
and the Persians.
ardassine (ār-da-sén'), n. [F., pl. ardassines
(= Sp. ardasſnas, ardazánas, pl.), the finer sort of
Persian silk, prop. adj., Kardasse : see ardash.]
The name under which the finest Persian silk
for weaving is imported into France. It is
A: ularly called ablaque. Larousse.
Ardea (är"dē-ă), n. [L., a heron; cf. Gr. Épo-
dióg, a heron.] The typical genus of the family
Great Blue Heron (A2aea Jiezodias).
Ardeidae, and formerly coextensive with it. It
is variously restricted to exclude the bitterns (Botawºrus)
and night-herons (Nyctiardea), or to include only the large
species intimately related to the common heron of Europe,
A. cinerea, such as A. goliath of Africa; A. Jerodias, the
great blue heron of North America; A. occidentalis, the
great white heron of Florida; A. cocot, the large blue heron
of South America, etc. The egrets are sometimes referred
to this genus, and sometimes made types of several others.
ardeb (är’deb), n. [Ar. irdab, wrdab (Mahn).]
The principal Egyptian measure of capacity
(not used for liquids), legally containing 40%
imperial gallons, or 5.2 United States (Win-
chester).bushels, or 183.2 liters. But other ardebs
are in use, ranging from 284 liters, the ardeb of Rosetta,
down to about half the capacity of the legal ardeb, and
even down to 4.4 liters.
Ardeidae (ār-dé’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Ardea +
-idae.] A family of grallatorial altricial birds, of
the order Herodiones and suborder Herodič, the
herons. They have a comparatively small thin body,
very long legs and neck, long straight acute bill, ample
wings, short broad tail, naked lores, pectinate middle
claws, the hind toe not elevated, linear pervious nostrils,
and 2, 3, or 4 pairs of powder-down tracts or pulviplumes.
The family includes several genera and about 75 species, of
most parts of the world, inhabiting seas, lakes, marshes,
and rivers, mesting usually in communities in trees and
bushes, where they perch with ease by means of their in-
sessorial feet, laying greenish whole-colored eggs, and
rearing their young in the nest. The species present a
wide range of difference in stature and coloration, but
comparatively little in form or structure, the family being
a homogeneous One. They are most nearly related to the
storks, ibises, and other altricial grallatores, but only dis-
tantly to the crames. They are divisible into three sub-
families: Ardeimae, the true herons; Botawrince, the bit-
terms; and Camcrominoe, the boatbills. The last-named,
however, is often considered a family apart. See cuts un-
der Ardea, bittern, and boatbill. -
Ardeinae (ār-dò-i(né), m. pl. [NL., K. Ardea +
-imae..] The typical subfamily of Ardeidae, con-
taining the herons proper, egrets, etc., as dis-
tinguished from the bitterns and boatbills.
They have 12 tail-feathers, 3 pairs of powder-down feathers
or pulviplumes, the tibiae not feathered to the suffrago, the
§: toe not shorter than the inner, and moderately curved
claws. The species are numerous, inhabiting nearly all
parts of the world, but especially warm countries. Lead-
301
ing genera, besides Ardea, are Herodias, Garzetta, Demi-
egretta, Ardeola, Butorides, and Nyctiardea.
ardeine (är"dē-in), a... [KNL. ardeinus, KArdea, ºrdor, ardour (är’dgr), n. [Second form preva.
q. v.] Heron-like; having the characters of
the Ardeidae, or herons.
ardeliot, ardeliont, n. [K L. ardelio, a busy-
body, meddler, K ardere, be on fire, burn, be
eager. Cf. ardent.] A busybody; a meddler.
Striving to get that which we had better be without, ar-
delios, busybodies as we are.
Burton, Amat. of Mel., i. 2. (N. E. D.)
ardency (är’den-si), n. [Kardent: see -cy.] 1.
Intense heat: as, “the ardency of the sun,” Sir
T. Herbert, Travels, p. 27. Hence—2. Warmth
of passion or feeling; ardor; eagerness: as, the
ardency of love or zeal.—3. Naut., a tendency of
Some ships to come quickly to the wind. [Rare.]
ardennite (ār-denºît), n. [K Ardennes, a high
wooded region of France and Belgium, + -ite2.]
A silicate of manganese and aluminium with 9
per cent. of vanadium pentoxid, found in or-
thorhombic crystals of a yellow-brown color
near Ottrez, in the Ardennes.
ardent (är’dent), a. [K ME. ardent, ardant,
ardaunt, K OF. ardant, burning (ppr. of arder,
ardoir, ardre, burn), K. L. arden(t-)s, ppr. of ar-
dere, burn, be eager.] 1. Hot ; burning; red-
hot; hence, figuratively, causing a sensation
of burning: as, an ardent fever.—2. Inflam-
mable; combustible: only in the phrase ardent
spirits (which see, below).-3. Having the ap-
pearance or quality of fire; flashing; fierce.
With flashing flames his ardent eyes were filled.
Dryden, Theodore and Honoria.
4. Having glowing or fiery passions or affec-
tions: as applied to the emotions themselves,
showing vehemence; passionate; affectionate;
zealous: as, ardent love or vows; ardent zeal.
Not ardent lovers robb’d of all their bliss,
Not ancient ladies when refused a kiss, .
E'er felt such rage, resentment, and despair
As thou, Sad virgin I for thy ravish'd hair.
Pope, R. of the L., iv. 5.
His form accorded with a mind
Lively and ardent, frank and kind.
Scott, L. of the L., ii. 25.
5+. Nawt., having a tendency to gripe or come
quickly to the wind: said of certain ships.-
Ardent spirits, distilled alcoholic liquors, as brandy,
Whisky, gin, rum, etc. They are all produced by the dis-
tillation of fermented vegetable juices containing sugar.
=Syn. 3 and 4. Fiery, intense, eager, keen, fervid, fervent,
impassioned, glowing.
ardently (är’dent-li), adv. [ME. ardóntliche;
K ardent + -ly?..] In an ardent manner; with
warmth; affectionately ; passionately.
ardentness (är’dent-nes), n. [K ME. ardent-
messe.] The state or quality of being ardent;
ardency.
Ardeoideae (ār-dé-Oiſdé-é), m. pl. [NL., K. Ar-
dea + -oideae.] A superfamily group of hero-
dionine birds.
Ardeola (ār-dé’ô-lä), n. [L., a little heron, dim.
of ardea, a heron.] A genus of Small and some-
what rail-like herons, the squacco herons, of
the subfamily Ardeinae. The type is A. comata or
A. ralloides, of Europe; but there are several other spe-
cies. J. F. Boie, 1822.
arder? (arºdër), n. [E. dial. (formerly also writ-
ten ardor, ardour, ardure, as if of Latin origin),
prob. K. Icel. ardhr, a plow. Cf. L. aratrum, a
plow (see aratrum terra?); Corn. (dial.) ardar,
a plow, ardur, a plowman, W. arad, a plow,
Gael. Ir. arach, a plowshare; all ult. from the
same root. See arable and ear3.J 1. The plow-
ing or fallowing of ground.
Arders; fallowings or plowings of ground. This is the
explanation in the Dict. Rust., 1726, in v.
Halliwell, Prov. Dict.
2. The state of being plowed.—3. Land plowed
and left fallow.
Ardetta (ār-det’ī), m. [NL., dim. of Ardea,
q. v.] A genus of diminutive herons, of the
family Ardeida, and subfamily Botaurinae; the
dwarf bitterns. They are scarcely a foot long, have
variegated plumage dissimilar in the two sexes, inhabit
reedy swamps and marshes, and somewhat resemble rails
in appearance and mode of life. There are several species,
as the dwarf bittern of Durope, A. minuta, and the least
bittern of America, A. e.vilis. G. R. Gray, 1842.
ardish (är"dish), n. [E. Ind.] A style of East
Indian decoration for interiorwalls and ceilings.
It is made at Jeypore, British India, and elsewhere, by
embedding pieces of glass in plaster, and cutting away the
plaster over the glass in ornamental patterns. The effect
* a blending of white marble and polished silver.
7"mold.
ardluke (ärd’lük), m. [Said to be Eskimo.] A
name of the grampus, Orca gladiator.
ardmaer (ärd-mèr'), n., [Gael. and Ir. ardmhaor,
a chief magistrate, K Gael. and Ir. ard, high, +
maor, a bailiff, steward, officer.] The high
ardrigh (ār-dréſ), m.
arduitył (ār-dû’i-ti), n.
arduous (ärſdū-us), a.
arduously (är'di-us-li), adv.
arduousness (är"dü-us-nes), n,
ardure?, ??.
ardurous (är"dü-rus), a.
arel (ār).
are? (är or ār), m.
a-re (ā‘rā').
31:02,
bailiff or steward under the ardrigh or chief
king of ancient Scotland.
lent in England; early mod. E. ardor, ardour, K
ME. ardure, ardeur, KOF. ardour, ardor, ardur,
mod. F. ardeur = Pr. Sp. Pg. ardor = It. ardore,
K L. ardor, a burning, fire, heat, eagerness, Š
ardere, be on fire, burn, be eager. Cf. ardent.]
1. Intense heat: as, the ardor of the sun's rays.
–2. In pathol, a feeling of heat or burning;-
3+. A bright or effulgent spirit. [Poetical.]
The winged saint . . . from among
Thousand celestial ardours, where he stood ..
Veil'd with his gorgeous wings, up springing light,
Flew through the midst of heaven. Milton, P. L., v. 249.
4. Warmth or heat, as of the passions and af-
fections; eagerness; intensity.
The wicked enchaufing or ardure of this sinne.
Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
In the heart's attachment a woman never likes a man
with ardowr till she has suffered for his sake.
Sheridan, The Duenna, i. 3.
The ardour of Dunstan's temper was seen in the eager-
ness with which he plunged into the study of letters.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 271.
=Syn. 4. Fervor, fervency, vehemence, intensity, impetu-
Osity. º
[Gael. and Ir. ardrigh, K
ard, high, + righ, a king, = L. rew (reg-), a king:
see rew.] In the early history of Ireland and
Scotland, a chief monarch or king.
[K L. arduitas, steep-
ness, Karduus, steep: see arduous.] Steepness;
difficulty; arduousness. Cockeram.
[K L. arduus, lofty,
high, steep, hard to reach, difficult, laborious,
= Gael. Ir. Corn. Manx ard, high.] 1. Steep,
and therefore difficult of ascent; hard to
climb. -
High on Parnassus' top her sons she show'd,
And pointed out those arduous paths they trod.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, l. 95.
2. Attended with great labor, like the ascent
of acclivities; difficult. -
In every arduous enterprise we consider what we are
to lose, as well as what we are to gain.
Burke, Conciliation with America.
Hence—3. Energetic ; laborious: said of per-
sons or actions: as, an arduous student; ardu-
ows struggles. = Syn. 2. Difficult, Hard, Arduous, la-
borious, toilsome, herculean, severe. Difficult means not
easy, attended with obstacles, requiring work, but possible
by faithful effort and perseverance: as, a difficult problem,
question, task, or case in surgery. Hard suggests work,
like that of digging up hard ground, or breaking through
hard rock; it is stronger than difficult. It may also apply
to passive suffering: as, a hard fate. What is arduous
requires more energy and endurance, and is less within
the reach of connmon powers, than what is hard. Its primi-
tive meaning of steep climbing is still felt in it, and makes
it suggestive of severe and protracted effort.
To explore the history of any language is a task pecu-
liarly difficult at this period of the world, in which we are
so remote from the era of its construction.
S. Turner, Hist. Anglo-Saxons.
The hard causes they brought unto Moses, but every
small matter they judged themselves. Ex. xviii. 26.
Faithful friends are hard to find.
Shak., Pass. Pilgrim, l. 403.
Such an enterprise would be in the highest degree ar-
duous and hazardous. Macaulay, Hist. Bang., ii.
It is often difficult to control our feelings ; it is still
harder to subdue our will ; but it is an arduous undertak-
ing to control the contending will of others.
Crabb, English Synonymes, p. 498.
In an arduous
manner; with laboriousness.
The state or
quality of being arduous; difficulty of execu-
tion or performance.
An old form of ardor.
[K ardure for ardor
+ -ows.] Burning; ardent. [Rare.]
Lo! further on,
Where flames th’ ardurous spirit of Isidore.
Cary, tr. of Dante's Paradise, x. 248.
The present indicative plural of the
substantive verb to be. See be.
[F., K. L. area, a piece of
level ground: see area.] In the metric system, a
unit of Superficial or square measure, contain-
ing 100 square meters, or 119.6 square yards.
Its abbreviation is a.
[It. : see gamut.] The note im-
mediately above the tonic, ut, in the grave
Ahexachord of Guido d'Arezzo's musical scale.
area (ā’ré-à), m.; pl. areas, area (-āz, -ē).
L.
a piece of level ground, a vacant space, a cº,
yard, field, threshing-floor; perhaps allied to
arere, be dry; cf. arid. In dial. and vulgar
pron. §'ri: see airy”, and cf. airy2 = aery2.] 1.
Anyplane surface within boundaries; the super-


area,
ficies of an inclosed or defined surface-space;
the superficial contents of any figure or surface;
Superficial extent. Hence—2. Any particular
extent of surface; region; tract: ās, the set-
tled area of the United States.-3. The space
or site on which a building stands; the yard at-
tached to or surrounding a house; specifical-
ly, a Sunken space or inclosure before win-
dows or a door of a basement story.—4. A
bald place on the head; a disease of the hair
which causes it to fall off and leave baldpatches.
JN. D. D.—Area Celsi, alopecia areata (which see, under
alopecia),—Area cruralis, in amat., the crural area: a
term applied to that part of the surface of the base of the
brain which is bounded by lines projected laterally from
the pons Varolii and optic chiasm. It may be recognized
for convenience, but has no anatomical significance.—
Area, elliptica, in amat., the elliptical area; the surface
of the olivary body of the medulla oblongata.-Area, em-
bryonalis, in embryol., the embryonic area; the central
thickened portion of that part of the blastodermic vesicle
of mammalian embryos which is lined with hypoblast.
From this the main body of the animalis developed, while
the rest of the blastodermic vesicle goes to form the um-
bilical vesicle.—Area, germinativa, in embryol., the ger-
minal area; the spot where the first rudiments of an em-
bryo appear as a little heap of blastospheres; the germinal
disk.-Area intercruralis, in amat., the intercrural area;
the space between the crura. Ör peduncles of the brain. Also
called the area interpeduncularis.—Area of a contour,
the area of its maximum orthogonal projection on a plane.
—Area. Ovalis, in amat., the oval area; an elevated space
on the inferolateral surface of the cerebellum, on the outer
side of the area elliptica.—Area, pellucida, the clear
space which results when the blastoderm overlies a space
filled with liquid.—Area, postpontllis, the area of the
ventral aspect of the brain behind the pons Varolii, being
the ventral aspect of the metencephalon, including the
area elliptica and area ovalis.—Area, praechiasmatica,
in anat., the Surface of the base of the brain in front of
the optic chiasm.—Area, septalis, in amat., the septal
area; the mesal surface of each half of the septum lucidum.
—Areas Of COhnheim, in anat., the polygonal areas into
which the cross-section of a muscle-fiber is seen to be di-
vided. Also called fields of Cohnheim.—Area, vasculosa,
in embryol., the vascular area about the clear space, when
blood-vessels are developed in the mesoblast.—Area,
vitellina, in embryol., the yolk-area beyond the vascular
area in meroblastic eggs.-Blind area, faunal area,
etc. See the adjectives.
areacht, v. [Early mod. E. also areche, ar-
areach, aretch (pret. araught, arraught), Sc.
areik, etc., K. M.E. arechen, K. A.S. ārācan (=
OHG. arreichön, MHG. G. erreichen), reach,
reach to, get at, K d- + rācan, reach: see a-l
and reach.] I. trans. 1. To reach; get at ;
get; obtain.—2. To reach, hand, or deliver (a
thing to a person).
To whom Y schal areche a sop of breed.
Wyclif, John xiii. 26.
II, intrans. To reach; stretch ; extend.
areadt, aredef (a-réd’), v. t. [In mod, use ar-
chaic, and of unsettled orthography; also writ-
ten areed, arreed; K ME. areden, KAS. ārādan,
drédan (weak verb, pret. drādde, pp. dræded,
drād, but orig. strong), determine, decree, ex-
plain, interpret, read (= OHG. arråtan, M.H.G.
erraten, G. Terrathen, guess, conjecture), K d-
+ rādan, determine, counsel, read: see a-l
and read, rede.] 1. To declare; tell; interpret;
explain.
Arede my dremes. Chaucer, Death of Blanche, l. 289.
A rede, good gentle SWaine,
If in the dale below, or on yon plaine,
Or is the village situate in a grove.
W. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 3.
Areed my counsel aright, and I will warrant thee for
the nonce. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 136.
2. To counsel; advise; direct; teach.
But mark what I arreed thee now; Avaunt.
º Milton, P. L., iv. 962.
3. To guess; conjecture.
So hard this Idole was to be ared,
That Florimell herselfe in all mens Vew
She seem'd to passe. Spenser, F. Q., IV. v. 15.
4. To read.
Her hardly open'd book, which to a read is easie.
John Hall, Poems, p. 61.
areadt, aredet, n. IK aread, v.] Advice; dis-
course; narration.
Fayre areedes
Of tydinges straunge. Spenser, F. Q., I. ix. 28.
area, n., Plural of area in its anatomical senses.
areal (ā’ré-al), a. [K L. arealis, of a threshing-
floor (cf. Mſ. arealis, areale, n., an area), K area,
an open space, threshing-floor, etc.: See area.]
Pertaining to or of the nature of an area: as,
areal interstices.
The rapid study of the areal geology of the country, in-
cluding the outlines of its commercial problems.
Science, IV. 362.
Areal coördinates. See coördinate.
areality (ā-rá-al’i-ti), n., [K areal + -ity.] The
condition or relation of anything in respect to
area. N. E. D. [Rare.]
302
arearlf (a-rêr'), v. t. [Early mod. E. also areare,
and erroneously arrear, K ME. areren, KAS.
àràran, Kä- + rāºran, raise, rear: see a-1 and
rearl.] 1. To raise; erect; build; rear.—2.
To lift up; exalt.—3. To arouse; start; ex-
cite; stir up.
arear? (a-rèr'), prep. phr. as adv. [Ka8+ rear?;
practically equiv. to arrear?, adv.] In the
rear; to the rear. [Rare.]
arear?t, adv. and n. See arrear?.
area-sneak (ā’ré-à-sněk), m. A person who lurks
about the areas of dwelling-houses for the pur-
pose of stealing; a Sneak-thief.
areasont, v. t. [Early mod. E. also arraison,
KME. araisonen, aresomen, aresumen, KOF. are-
sumer, aresoner, araisoner (mod. F. arraisonner
= Pr. arragonar = Pg. arrazoar), K. M.L. arra-
tionare, reason with, Call to account, arraign,
K L. ad, to, + ML. rationare, discourse, reason:
see reason, and cf. arraign:l, a doublet of area-
son.] To question; call to account; arraign.
Love hym aresoneth. JR0m. of the Rose, l. 6224.
areca (ar'é-kä), n. . [Formerly also areka, areeka,
arregua, erecca, also arke, arak, areek, areque,
KPg. Sp. areca, K Malayalam didekka, Canarese
ãdike, didiki, Tamil &daikāy, Kadai, denoting
close arrangement of the cluster, -i- käy, nut,
fruit (Bishop Caldwell, in N. E. D.). The first
consonant is cerebral d, variable to r.] 1. A
tree of the genus Areca and its fruit (betel-nut).
See next definition, and areca-nut.—2, [cap.]
[NL.] A genus of palms, natives of tropical
Asia and the Malay archipelago, with pinnate
leaves and solid, fibrous-coated nuts. There are
about 14 species, the most important of which is the pinang
Orbetel-palm, A. Cathecu, which furnishes the well-known
betel-nut. It is one of the noblest palms of India, its
slender trunk rising to a height of 80 feet.
areca-nut (arºë-kā-nut), n. The betel-nut; the
fruit of an East Indian palm, Areca Cathecu.
The nut has long been used by the Asiatics as a mastica-
tory and is largely cultivated for this purpose, the exports
from Ceylon to India alone amounting to nearly 4,000 tons
annually. The fruit of the palm is of the shape and size
of a hen's egg, consisting of a thick fibrous rind inclosing
a nut like a nutmeg, with hard white albumen. This is
used either, when young and tender or after boiling in
water, and is chewed with a little lime in a leaf of the
betel-pepper, -Piper Betle. It is supposed to sweeten
the breath, strengthen the gums, and promote digestion.
The powder of the nut is used in pharmacy as a vermifuge.
aredº, areedt, v. and n. See aread.
areek (a-rék’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Kaº +
reek 1.] . In a reeking condition.
A messenger comes all areek. Swift, To Peterborough.
arefaction? (ar-É-fak/shgn), m. [= F. arefaction,
K.L. as if *arefactio(n-), K arefacere, pp. arefac-
tus, make dry, Karere, be dry, + facere, make.]
The act of drying; the state of being dry.
arefy? (ar'é-fi), v. t. or i. ... [K L. arefacere, but
with second element modified: see arefaction
and fly.] To make or become dry.
So doth time or age arefy. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 294.
areiset, v. t. . [See araise.] Same as raise.
arenal (a-ré'nā), n. [L., Sand, a Sandy place,
beach, arena; more correctly ñarena, OL. ha-
sena, asema = Sabine fasema, sand; not related
to arere, be dry.] 1. The inclosed space in
the central part of the Roman amphitheaters,
in which the combats of gladiators or wild
beasts took place. It was usually covered with sand
or sawdust, to prevent the gladiators from slipping and
to absorb the blood, and, for the protection of the specta-
tors from the beasts, was surrounded by a high wall,
which was often surmounted by a strong grating.
2. Figuratively, the scene or theater of exer-
tion or contest of any kind: as, the arena of
war or of debate.
li * politicians contending in the open arena of pub-
1C C.
Sir G. C. Lewis, Authority in Matters of Opinion, ix.
3. In pathol., sand or gravelin the kidneys.-4.
In arch., the main area of a temple, church, or
other building. [Rare and incorrect.]
arena” (ärſnä). [= E. are mo, i. e., are not;
na = E. mol, q.v.] Are not. [Scotch.]
Things . . . arena keepit in mind . . . as they used
to be. Scott, Antiquary, xxiv.
arenaceocalcareous (ar-à-nā’shió-kal-kā’ré-
us), a. [Karenaceous + calcareous.] Of the na-
ture of, or consisting of, a mixture of sand and
carbonate of lime.
Near Nice, in º: where the great cylindrical cast-
3.
ings . . . abound, the soil consists of very fine arenaceo-
calcareous loam. Darwin, Veg. Mould, p. 275.
arenaceous (ar-à-nā’shius), a... [KL. arenaceus,
harenaceus, sandy, K arena, harena, sand: see
arenal.] 1. Sandy; abounding in sand; having
ºroperties of sand,-2. Figuratively, dry;
8. IICl.
Arenicoli (ar-à-nik’ī-lì), m. pl. [NL
x- Arenicoli •
An arenaceous º in the style, which makes progress
wearisome. owell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 289.
3. Composed largely of sand or Sandy par-
ticles. (a) In geol., applied to rocks: as, arenaceous
limestone. A rock is said to be arenaceous, when it con-
tains a considerable amount of quartz-Sand, or is largely
made up of sandy particles.
A reddish, softish, somewhat arenaceous marly rock.
Darwin, Geol. Observations, ii. 316.
(b) In zoöl., specifically applied to those Foraminifera.
whose membranous case becomes hardened by the attach-
: of foreign substances, as particles of sand or shelly
matters.
Arenaria (ar-à-nā’ri-á), n. [NL., fem. Sing. of
L. arenarius, harenarius: see arenarious.] 1.
ormith.: (a) [l. c.] A disused specific name of
several shore-birds or limicoline species of
Scolopacidae, as the redshank, Totamus calidris.
(b) A generic name of the turnstone, Strepsilas
interpres. Brisson, 1760. (c) A generic name of
the sanderling, Calidris arenaria. Meyer, 1810.
(d) [l. c.] The specific name of the same. Lim-
maeus, 1758, and most modern writers.-2. A
genus of bivalve mollusks, of the family Tel-
linidae: synonymous with Scrobicularia. Mühl-
feld, 1811.-3. In bot., a genus of herbs, fam-
ily Silenaceae, the sandworts, having mostly
linear leaves and small white flowers.
Arenariinae (ar-à-nā-ri-i'né), m. pl. [NL., K
Arenaria, 1 (b), -H -ina.] The turnstones, as a
subfamily of Charadriidae, taking name from
the genus Arenaria. See Arenaria, 1 (b), and
Strepsilas.
arenarious (ar-à-nā’ri-us), a. [K L. arenarius,
harenarius, sandy, K arena, harena, Sand: see
arenal.] Sandy; &omposed wholly or in part of
sand: as, arenarious soil.
arenated (ar'é-nā-ted), a. [K L. arenatus, prop.
harenatus, K arena, harena, Sand: see arenal.]
Reduced or ground into sand; mixed with sand.
arenation (ar-à-nā’shgn), n. [KL. arenatio(n-),
harenatio(m-), a plastering with sand, K arena-
tus, harematus, sanded, mixed with sand, K
arena, harena, sand: see arenal.] In med., a
sand-bath; the application of hot sand to the
body of a diseased person as a remedy.
The practice of a remation or of burying the body in the
sand of the sea-shore . . . is very ancient, as also that of
applying heated sand to various parts of the body...
Encyc. Brit., III. 439.
arendalite (a-ren’da-lit), m. [K Arendal+ -ite2.]
lime and iron epidote from Arendal in Nor-
way, consisting of silica, alumina, iron peroxid,
and lime. Also called acanticone. See epidote.
arendator, m. See arrendator. -
areng, arenga (a-reng', -gã), m. [Malay.] A
valuable sago-pâlm of the Indian archipelago,
Saguerus pinnatus. It yields a black bristly fiber
resembling horsehair, which makes excellent cordage, and
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Saguerus ziptztatus, with fruit entire and in section.
is known as gomuto or gomuti fiber. The trunk affords a
considerable amount of sago of good quality, and the
abundant saccharine juice from the flower-sheaths is col-
lected for the sake of its sugar and for fermentation.
Arenicola (ar-à-nik’ā-lâ), m. [NL., K.L. arena,
harena, sand, H- colere, inhabit, dwell.] The
typical and principal genus of the family Areni-
colidae º see); the lobworms or lugworms,
which live in the sand of sea-coasts. A. pisca-
torum, a common European species, much used by fish-
ermen for bait, burrows a foot or two deep in the sand, is
8 or 10 inches long, with an eyeless head, and arbuscular
gills upon the segments of the middle part of the º f
., pl. O
*arenicolus, as Arenicola, q.v.] A group of
scarabæoid beetles, corresponding to the fami-
lies Geotrypidae and Trogidae of Macleay. -






arenicolid
arenicolid (ar-à-nik’ī-lid), n. A worm of the
family Arenicolidae.
Arenicolida (ar’é-ni-kol’i-dà), n. pl. [NL., K
Arenicola + -ida, q.v.] Same as Arenicolidaº.
Arenicolidae (ar’é-ni-kol’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Arenicola + -idae.] A family of free marine
polychaetous or chaetopodous and notobranchi-
ate annelids, of which the genus Arenicola is
the type. Also Arenicolida, Arenocolidae.
arenicolite (ar-à-nik’º-lit), n. [K Arenicola +
-ite?..] The name given by some paleontologists
to peculiar markings observed on various rocks
and supposed to be burrows of annelids. Some
of these bodies are now known to be of purely
mechanical origin and are due chiefly to the
action of water, and it is likely that the rest
are of a similar nature.
arenicolous (ar-à-nik’º-lus), a. [K NL. *arent-
Colus: see Arenicola and –ous...] In 206l., inhab-
iting sand, as certain worms. See Arenicola.
arenilitici (a-ren-i-lit'ik), a. [K*arenilite, K L.
arena, harena, sand (see arenal), + Gr. Affog, a
stone..] Pertaining to sandstone; consisting
of Sandstone: as, arenilitic mountains.
a renose (ar'é-nós), a. [K L. arenosus, haremo-
Sus, full of sand, K arena, harena, Sand: see
arenal.1 . Full of sand; sandy.
arenous (ar'é-nus), a. [As arenose..] Sandy;
sand-like.
arenulous? (a-ren’īī-lus), a. [K L. arenula, ha-
Tenula, fine sand, dim. of arena, harena, Sand:
See arenal.] Like or full of fine sand.
areocentric (ā’ré-Ö-sen’trik), a. [K Gr. 'Apng,
Mars (the planet), + kévrpov, center, -H, -ic.]
Hºng Mars as a center: as, areocentric longi-
tude.
areographic (ā-ré-j-graf'ik), a. [K areography
+ -īc.] Of or pertaining to areography.
The areographic longitude of the center of the Oculus.
Nature, XXXIII. 42.
areography (ā-ré-ogºra-fi), n. ; pl. areographies
; [K §. 'Apng, Mars (the planet), +-ypaſta,
Ypéðelp, write.] A treatise on or description
of the planet Mars.
The areographies agree very well with each other in re-
spect to the planet's [Mars's] most important features.
Yºr Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI, 55.
areola (a-ré’ā-lâ), m.; pl. areolaº (-lé). [L., a
small open place, dim. of area: see area.] 1.
In entom., a small, generally angular, inclosed
space on a surface, as the spaces between the
veinlets in the wing of a dragon-fly, or pale
spaces between dark lines which form a net-
Work. Also areolet.—2. In bot., a term some-
times used to designate the meshes of cellular
tissue or little distinct angular spaces on..a sur-
face.—3. In anat.: (a) Any little cell, area, or
Space; especially, one of the small interstices
in the meshes of areolar tissue and the like, or
among minute interlacing vessels, as capillaries.
(b) The colored circle or halo about the nipple
of the human mammary gland, pink in virgins,
and brown of various shades in women who
have borne children. ... (c) The red ring of in-
flamed tissue surrounding a pustule. Hence,
figuratively—4. An aureole.
In Some legends of Saints we find that they were born
With a lambent circle or golden areola about their heads.
De Quincey, Works, XV. 39.
5. In decorative art and manufacture, any
plate, tile, or flat panel. (a) A tile of earthenware,
OT 3, plate of marble or stone-forming part of a pavement.
(b) One of the eight plates, rectangular, with arched tops,
and richly jeweled and enameled, which make up the cir-
cuit of the imperial crown of the Byzantine empire and
that of Charlemagne. See crown.
Also areole.
areolar (a-ré'ö-lär), a. [K areola + -ar.] Per-
taining to an areola or to areolae; resembling
an areola; consisting of or containing areolae;
full of interstices.—Areolar tissue, in anat., the
light fleecy or flocculent kind of ordinary commective tis-
Sue, such as that usually found beneath the skin, consist-
ing of a fine metwork of white or yellow fibrous tissue so
interlaged as to include numberless areolae in its meshes.
Also called cellular tissue.
The cellular Or areolar tissue is so called because its
meshes are easily distended and thus separated into cells
or spaces which all open freely into one another, and are
consequently easily blown up with air, or permeated by
fluid. Such spaces, however, do not exist in the natural
condition of the body, but the whole [areolar] tissue forms
one unbroken membrane composed of interlacing fibres.
H. Gray, Anat.
ăreolate (a-ré’ Ö-lāt), a. [K areola + -ate1.]
Characterized by areolae; exhibiting areolae, as
the reticulated leaves of plants or the wings of
a dragon-fly.
areolated (a-ré'ê-lā-ted), a. [Kareolate +-ed2.]
Marked by or consisting of areolae; divided
into small spaces by intersecting lines.
303
areolation (ar’ā-j-lä'shgn), n. [K areolate +
-ion.] 1. The state of being areolate in charac-
ter, or of having an areola, or of division into
areolae; the arrangement and form of areolae,
as in the leaves of mosses.—2. A set of areolae
taken together as making something areolate.
areole (ar'é-ól), n. [= F. aréole, K L. areola.]
Same as areola.
areolet (ar'é-Ö-let), n. [K areole + -et.] 1. A
Small areola.-2. Same as areola, 1.
areology (ā-rá-ol’ā-ji), n. [K 'Apng, Mars (the
planet), + -Aoyſa, K Žéyetv, speak: see -ology.]
The scientific investigation of the planet Mars
itself, not including its orbital motion.
areometer (ar-à-om’e-tër), n. [= F. aréométre,
K. Gr. Öpatóc, thin, not dense, -F piérpov, a mea-
sure.] An instrument for measuring the
density of liquids or gases; a hydrometer.
Also spelled araeometer.
areometric (ar’é-Ö-met’rik), a. [As areometer
+ -ić.] Pertaining to the areometer, or to are-
ometry. Also spelled araeometric.
areometrical (ar'é-Ö-met/ri-kal), a. Same as
areometric. Also spelled araeometrical.
areometry (ar-É-om’e-tri), n. [As areometer +
-y.]. The measurement of the specific gravity
of fluids by means of an areometer. Also
spelled araeometry.
Aºa is: (ar-É-op'a-gist), n. [As Areopa-
gîte + -ist.] Same as Areopagite.
Areopagite (ar-É-op'a-git), n. [K L. Areopa-
gites, K. Gr. Apeotraytime, later Apetotrayſtmg, K
Apetótayog: see Areopagus.] . A member of the
council of the Areopagus....Acts xvii. 34.
areopagitic (ar-É-op-a-gitſik), a. [K L. Areo-
pagiticus, K. Gr. Apeotaytrikág see Areopagus.]
Pertaining to the Areopagus.
Areopagus (ar-É-op'8-gus), n. [L., K. Gr. Apetó-
Tayog, not in good use (but cf. ApeoTayirnc, Are-
opagite), a contr. of 'Apelog tróyog, Mars's Hill:
'Apelog, belonging to Apºc, Mars (cf. Ariani, and
see Ares); rāyog, a hill.] 1. A rocky hill in
Athens, situated immediately to the west of
the Acropolis; hence, the sovereign tribunal or
council of elders which held its sittings on this
hill from unrecorded antiquity. Though modified
several times in its constitution, notably by Solon and
Ephialtes, the Areopagus always retained the highest
reputation for dignity, justice, and wisdom. Its functions
were at Once religious, political, and judicial; the scope of
its action was thus much wider than that of a supreme
court of the present day, extending not only to jurisdiction
in cases of homicide and some others in which religion
was concerned, and to a general censorship of all affairs of
state, but even to the supervision of education, and to cer-
as seen from the Hill of the Nymphs; the
Acropolis in the background.
tain police and sumptuary regulations. In historic times
the Areopagus was constituted of all archons, after their
year of office, who had successfully proved themselves
* of malfeasance, in accordance with the provisions
OI 18.W.
The Areopagus, a primeval tribunal, hallowed by mythic
associations, where trials were held under primitive forms,
secured to them [the great families] a privileged authority
under the sanction of religion.
Von Ramke, Univ. Hist. (trans.) p. 138.
Hence-2. Any body, company, or tribunal of
which the decisions, opinions, or criticisms are
final or carry great weight: as, the Areopagus
of public opinion.
The Emperor, instead of drawing the sword for Luxem-
burg, submitted his case to the Areopagus of Europe.
Lowe, Bismarck, I. 436.
areopagyi (ar-º-op'a-gi), n. [KAreopagus.] An
Areopagus or tribunal.
The . . . Areopagy of hell. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
areostyle, araeostyle (a-ré'3-stil), @.. [K L.
arabostylos, K. Gr. §patóorvåoc, with columns far
apart, K. Čipatóg, thin, not dense, + oriàog, a
column, pillar: see style?..] In arch., having
columns placed four diameters, or more than
three diameters, apart, from center to center
of the columns.
º, aretaics (ar-e-tā'iks), n.
a reticelli
areosystyle, araeosystyle (a-ré-à-sistil), .4.
K. Gr. apatóſ, thin, not dense, 4-, otorv/og, with
columns standing together, K giv, together, F
oriàoc, column: see style?..] In arch, having
columns coupled or placed in pairs, with an in-
terval generally of one diameter and a half be-
tween the centers of the coupled columns, and
of more than three diameters between the ex-
ternal columns of the pairs, measured from
center to center. See cut under Systyle.
areotict, araeotic? (ar-É-ot'ik), a. and n. IK Gr.
apata Tukóg, of or for rarefying, K apatoin, rarefy,
Kápatóc, rare, thin, not dense.]. I. a. In med,
attenuating the humors; efficacious in opening
the pores. &
... n. A medicine supposed to attenuate the
fluids of the body, open the pores, and increase
perspiration; an attenuant.
areret, v. t. See arearl.
Ares (ā’réz), n. [L., K. Gr. 'Apng, the god of
war; perhaps allied to Špºg, strife, quarrel, dis-
cord, personified "Epag, L. Eris, a goddess who
excites to war, sister and companion of Ares.]
:
Ares.—Statue in the Villa Ludovisi, Rome.
In Gr. myth., the god of war, typical particu-
larly of the violence, brutality, confusion, and
destruction it calls forth. The corresponding
Roman deity was Mars.
aresont, v. t. See areason.
a rest?, v. and m. An old form of arrest1.
arett, arettet, v. t. [Early mod. E. also arret,
arrette, arreet, KME. aretten, KOF. areter, aret-
ter, Ka (K.L. ad), to, + reter, K.L. reputare, count:
See repute.] 1. To reckon; assign; ascribe:
with to.
The charge which God doth unto me arrett.
Spemser, I'. Q., II. viii. 8.
2. To charge ; impute: with to or upon.
He that aretteth woom God, or blameth God of thyng of
which he is hym self gilty. Chaucer, I’arson's Tale.
[K Gr. as if *āpetaikóg,
Kaper), virtue..] In ethics, same as aretology.
Grote.
*...*.* arète (a-rāt'), m. [F., a ridge, sharp edge, KOF.
areste, K L. grista, ear of corn, spine: see arrest?
and arista.] A sharp ridge or rocky spur of a
mountain.
Arethusa (ar-é-thii'sä), m. [L., K. Gr. Apátovca,
the name of several fountains, the most famous
being that in the island of Ortygia at Syracuse;
fabled to have been a nymph of Arcadia, who,
being pursued by the river-god Alpheus, and
changed into a stream by Artemis, disappeared
under ground, passed beneath the Ionian sea,
and reappearéd in Ortygia; lit., the Waterer:
fem. ppr. of “ápéðetv for doden, to water.] 1. In
bot., a genus of orchids, eonsisting of a single
Species, A. bulbosa, a small swamp-plant of
North America, with a handsome rosy purple
Sweet-scented flower terminating a sheathed
Scape.—2. In coöl.: (a) A genus of acalephs.
(b) A genus of mollusks. Montfort, 1808. (c)
Agenus of reptiles. Duméril and Bibron, 1840.
(d) A genus of crustaceans.
a reticelli (ārā-té-chel'lé). [It.: a (KL. ad), to,
With; reticelli, pl. of reticello, masc., more com-
monly reticella, fem., a small met, dim. of rete,
K L. rete, net: see rete.] With reticulations:
applied to glassware decorated with fine lines of
opaque white buried in the transparent paste
and forming net-like designs. The decoration is
Obtained by making the body of the object of two thick-
nesses of glass in such a manner that the spiral lines in
One form an angle with those in the other.



Aretine
Aretine (ar'e-tin), a... [KL. Aretinus, KAretium,
the ancient name of Arezzo, in Tuscany.] 1.
Of or relating to the town of Arezzo in Tuscany,
or to its inhabitants.—2. Same as Aretinian.-
Aretine ware, a kind of ware of which the paste is of
a red coralline color, pale when broken, and does not be-
come redder when subject to a red heat, but falls, when
ground, into an orange-red calx. Vases in this ware are
coated with a very slight glaze, which is levigated and is
usually of a red-coral color; occasionally it is black, vary-
ing toward azure, and sometimes iron-gray, or with a
bright metallic luster. Birch, Ancient Pottery.
Aretinian (ar-e-tin’i-an), a. [See Aretine.]
Pertaining to or originated by Guido Aretino
(Guido d'Arezzo), a noted Italian musician of
the eleventh century.—Aretinian syllables, the
syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la (the initial syllables of the
lines of a Latin hymn to St. John the Baptist which begins
“Ut queant laxis"), chosen by Guido d'Arezzo to name the
notes of the hexachord, C, D, E, F, G, A, because in the
Gregorian melody for the hymn they fall upon these notes
respectively. They are still used, especially in France, as
the common names of these six notes. Since the intervals
between these notes are the same as those between the first
six tones of the modern major scale, the syllables have
also been used extensively as names for those tones and
as guides in studying their relations. This application
is called solmization. When thus used, wt is generally
changed to do, and the syllable si (tonic sol-fa, té) is added
for the seventh tone. .
Aretinist (ar'e-tin-ist), n. . [K Aretino + -ist.]
A profligate of the stamp of Pietro Aretino, an
Italian poet (1492–1557), noted for his impu-
dence and profligacy, and for the virulence of
his satire.
aretology (ar-e-tol’º-ji), n. [K Gr, as if *ěpe-
ToAoyia (cf. apeTakoyia, discussion or praise of
virtue, otherwise jesting, K apeta^6)0ç, a jester,
lit. one who talks about virtue), K dipetſ, virtue,
+ -āoyia, K Žáyetv, speak: see -ology.]. That part
of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its
nature, and the means of attaining it. Also
called aretaics. [Rare.]
arettet, v. t. See aret.
arew.f, prep. phr. as adv. An old form of arow.
arfwedsomité (ärºved-son-it), m. [Named from
J. A. Arfvedson, a Swedish chemist.] A min-
eral related to hornblende, composed of silicates
of iron and soda with a little alumina and lime.
arg. In her., an abbreviation of argent.
argall (är'gal), m. See argoll. -
arga.12+ (är'gal), adv. A. ludicrous corruption of
Latin crgo, therefore.
He drowns not himself: argal, he . . . shortens not
his own life. Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.
argala (är'ga-lâ), m. [Anglo-Ind., also argée-
lah, formerly also argali, argill, hargill, repr.
Hind. hargălă.] In ornith. : (a) The adjutant-
bird, Ardea, argala (Latham), now Leptoptilus
argala, of India. (b) A similar bird of Africa,
Leptoptilus cruminiferus. Temminck. Properly
called marabow. (c) [cap.] [NL.T A generic
name of both these birds. Hodgson, 1838. See
adjutant-bird, marabow.
argali (är'gå-li), n. ...[F., Russ., NL., etc., after
the Mongolian and Tungusian name.] 1. Th
large wild sheep of Asia, Ovis ammon (Linnaeus),
now Caprovis argali, supposed to be the origi-
nal stock of the domestic sheep. It stands about
4 feet high at the withers, and is of a very stout build, with
enormously thick
and long spiral-
ly curved horns,
which are about
18 inches in cir-
cumference at the
base, and are some-
times upward of
3 feet in length
measured along
the convexity of
the curve. The
horns rise boldly
from the forehead,
and curve back-
ward and outward,
then downward,
outward, and for-
ward, coming to a
recurved Doint ;
and they taper
gently from base
to tip. The animal is gregarious, living in small flocks,
chiefly in mountainous or northerly regions and on high
platearis. tº ſº. º
Hence—2. Some other similar wild sheep, as
the ºleºn argali, the Rocky Moun-
tain sheep or bighorn, Ovis montana. See bighorn.—
Bearded argali, the Barbary wild sheep or aoudad, Am-
tnotraſſus tragelaphus. See aoudad.
Argand gas-burner, lamp.
6
Argali (Caprovis arga 't').
See gas-burner,
amp.
Argantidae (ār-gan'ti-dé), m. pl. Same as Ar-
gasidad.
argan-tree (är'gan-tré), n. [Ar. (Morocco) ar-
gān, prop. arjäm.] A sapotaceous tree of Mo-
rocco, Argania Sideroaxylon, the only species
of the genus Argania. The nuts furnish an oil, simi-
Argean (ār-jë'an), a.
argent (är’jent), m. and a.
A silver.
3,
à argentate (är'jen-tät), a. and n.
ſº argentation (ār-jen-tä'shgn), n.
304
lar to olive-oil, which is an important article of food for
the inhabitants. Its wood is remarkable for hardness and
durability. * y
Argas (ār'gas), n. [NL., prob. K. Gr. Öpyóc, contr.
of depyóg, not working, idle; cf. &pyńetc, Doric
āpyäç, bright, shining..] A genus of mites, of
the family Jacodidab, having no eyes. The best-
known species is A. refleaws, a parasite of birds, especially
doves, and known as the dove-tick. Other species are A.
ersicus and A. migra.
gasidae (ār-gas"i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KArgas +
-idae.] A family of ticks, mamed from the ge-
mus Argas. Also Argantida?.
[KL. Argéus, pertaining
to the Argo: see Argo.] 1. Pertaining to the
ship Argo, or to the constellation of that name.
—2. Pertaining to Argeia (Argolis or the dis-
trict of Argos) in Greece, or to the Argives, the
ancient inhabitants of Argos.
argel, arghel (är'gel), n. . [Syrian.] The leaves
of the asclepiadaceous plant Solemostemma Ar-
gel, used in Egypt for the adulteration of Senna.
Also written arguel.
argema (är'je-mâ), m.; pl. argemata (ärjema-
tà). [NL., K. Gr, àpyepta, āpyegov, a small white
speck or ulcer, Käpyóg, white. Cf. agrimony.] 1.
A small white ulcer on the cornea.—2. [cap.]
In goël., a genus of lepidopterous insects.
Aſºº (ār-je-mö'né), m. [L., KGr. &pyeuðvm,
a kind of poppy, named from its supposed
medicinal qualities; Käpyegov or āpyella, a small
white speck in the eye: see argema..] A small
genus of plants, of the family Papaveraceae.
The species are all ornamental, and natives of America,
but are widely naturalized. From the seeds of A. Measi-
cana, the Mexicans obtain an oil very useful to painters.
IBoth yellow and white varieties of this species are often
cultivated under the name of the horned or prickly
Oppy.
p [K F. argent, K L. ar-
gentum, silver, money, = Oscan aragetom = Skt.
Yajata, white, silver; cf. Ir. Gael. airgiod, sil-
ver, money, connected with Ir. Gael. arg, white,
Gr. &pyóg, white, bright, shining; cf. Gr. Öpyvpog,
silver (with different suffix); Skt. arjuna, sil-
ver-white, K V rij, shine, rañj, color, bered.] I.
m. 1. Silver, or something resembling it; for-
merly, in a more general sense, money.
She shall haue the first day a whole pecke of argent.
Udall, Roister Doister, i. 4.
With that she tore her robe apart, and half
The polish'd argent of her breast to sight
Laid bare. Tennyson, Fair Women.
2. In her., the metal silver: represented con-
ventionally in uncolored drawing or engraving
by a plain white surface.
Often abbreviated to a., ar., or arg.
Argent comptantt, ready money.
I. a. Made of silver; resembling silver;
bright like silver; silvery-white.
Pardon me, airy planet, that I prize
One thought beyond thine argent luxuriesl
Heats, Endymion, iii.
argental (ār-jen’tal), a. [= F. argental, K. L.
argentum, silver.] Of, pertaining to, or resem-
bling silver.—Argentalmercury, a native amalgam of
rgentan (ār’jen-tam), n. . [K L. argentum, sil-
ver, -i- -an.] 1. An alloy of varying proportions
of nickel, copper, and zinc.; one of the names
given as a trade-mark to German silver (which
see, under silver).—2. A species of French
point-lace.
[K L. argen-
tatus, silvered, Kargentum, silver.]. I. a. Sil-
very, or of a shining white color with a tinge of
gray. A. Gray.
II. m. In chem., a salt of argentic acid.
[K L. argen-
tatus, overlaid with silver: see argentate.] An
overlaying with silver.
argentea (ār-jen (tā-ā), n. ; pl. argentoa (-6).
[NL., fem. of L. argenteus, silvery: see ar-
genteous.] A membrane which enters into the
formation of the eyeball of Some animals, as
Cephalopoda ; so called from its silvery color.
There may be two such membranes, in which case they
are known as the argentea easterna and argented interna.
argentei, n. Plural of argonteus,
argentedus (ār-jen’té-us), a. [K L. argenteus,
silvery, Kargenium, silver.] Silvery. [Rare.]
argentért, n. [Also written argentier, KOF, ar-
gentier, (L. argentarius, amoney-ghanger, bank-
er, LL. a silversmith, prop. adj., Kargentum, sil-
ver, money..] 1. Amoney-changer; a banker.—
2. A silversmith, A. Wilson, Hist. James I.
argenteus (ār-jen’té-us), n. ; pl. argémtei (-i).
#. (sc. mummus), of silver: see argenteous.] A
froman silver coin, weighing about 80 grains,
introduced by the emperor Căracalla, and worth
a denarius and a half. It gradually supplanted the
argentic (ār-jen’tilt), a.
argentieri, n. Same asg
argentiferous (ār-jen-tif’º-rus), a. g
gentum, silver, 4-ferre = E. bearl.]. Producing
alºnieſ (ār-jen-tif'ik), a.
SI
argentilla (ār-jºn-til'É), n.
Argentina (ār-jen-ti'nā), m.
argentinid (ār-jen’ti-nid), n.
Argentinidae (ār-jen-tin’i-dé), m. pl.
Argentininae (ār-jen-ti-miné), n.
argentinoid (ār-jen’ti-noid), a.
argentite (är’jen-tit), n.
argentometer (ār-jºn-tom’e-têr), m
argentometer
denarius, from which it may be distinguished by havin
the head of the emperor radiate. After a short time i
became only a copper coin Washed with silver.
Reverse.
(Size of the original.)
Obverse.
Argenteus of Caracalla, British Museum.
[K NL. argenticus, K
L. argenium, silver.] Containing silver in
chemical combination. See argentous. .
Same as argentör.
[K L. ar-
or containing silver: as, argentiferous ore,
veins, etc.
[K L. argentum,
ver, + -ficus, Kfacere, make: see -fic.] Pro-
ducing silver. . [Rare.]
argentify? (ar-jen’ti-fi), v. t. [KL. argentum, sil-
ver, ---ficare, make: see-fy.] To turninto silver.
[It., formed as a
dim. of argento, K L. argentum, silver.] A.
Genoese lace, much like point d’Alençon.
[NL., fem. of L.
*argentinus, pertaining to silver: see argen-
time.] 1. A genus of malacopterygian fishes,
giving name to the family Argentimida: ; so
called from their silvery scales. A. Sphyraena,
of European waters, is the type.—2. [l. c.]. A
name given to unglazed porcelain, coated with
gold, silver, or copper by a process similar to
A that of electroplating.
ârgentine (är"jen-tin), a. and n.
[= F. argen-
tin, K. L. *argentinus, pertaining to silver (as
noun, L.L. Argentinus, the god of silvermoney),
Kargentum, silver.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to or
resembling silver; silvery; argent.
Celestial Dian, goddess argentime.
halc., Pericles, v. 2.
2. [cap.] Of or pertaining to the Rio de la
Plata (Sp. plata, silver), the estuary of the
rivers Paraná and Uruguay in South America,
or the country called from it the Argentine
Republic or Confederation, or Argentina.—
Argentine flowers of antimony. See antimony. —
Argentine glass, an ornamental glassWare having the
sheen of silver. It is generally formed by inclosing deli-
cate white silvery incrustations of dry porcelain clay in
solid and transparent glass. d te
II. m. 1. A silvery-white slaty variety of
calcite, containing a little silica with laminae
usually undulated, found in primitive rocks and
frequently in metallic veins.—2. The tetroxid
or 'antimoniate of antimony.—3. The silvery
coloring matter of the scales of fishes—4. A
fish of the family Scopelidae or Maurolicidae.—
5. White metal coated with silver.—6. [cap.]
A citizen or an inhabitant of the Argentine Re-
public.—Sheppey argentine, Scopelus pennanti, a fish
of the family Scopelidae, commonly called the pearl-side.
A fish of the
family Argentimidae, as a caplin or eulachon.
e [NL., K
Argentima + -idae.] A family of malacoptery-
gian fishes, typified by the genus Argentina. The
body is fusiform, covered with moderate or large scales;
the branchiostegal rays are few, and pyloric caeca are few
or wanting. The species were universally referred to the
family Salmonidae by the older authors, and are still re-
tained in it by many, but they differ in the characters
specified and other anatomical peculiarities. The chief
representatives are the genera Argentima, Osmerus (in-
clüding the smelts), Mallotus (capiin), and Hypomesus.
They are chiefly inhabitants of cold or temperate seas, but
some, as the smelts, enter and live in fresh water.
# [NL., K
Argentima + -inaº.] A subfamily of fishes, typi-
fied by the genus Argentina, referred to the fam-
ily Salmoniday: same as Argentimidae.
Pertaining to
or having the characters of the Argentimidae.
t [K L. argentum, sil-
ver, + -ite?..] "Silver sulphid, a blackish lead-
gray mineral, occurring in crystals, in crusts,
and massive. It is a valuable ore of silver, found in
the crystalline rocks of many countries. Also called ar-
gyrite, argyrose.
*::: º ‘mii-tit), m.
argentum + bismut(h) + -ite.] A native sul-
hid of bismuth and silver. Sometimes called
ism/wth silver. - - -
[K L. ar-
gºntum, silver, -- Gr, uérpov, a measure.] A
graduated glass tube used in ascertaining the


argentometer
quantity of silverin a solution by the admission
of chlorid of sodium.
By means of an argentometer the strength of the bath
can easily be maintained at a given point, -
* Silver Sunbeam, p. 196.
argentous (ār-jen’tus), a. . [K L. argentogué, K
argentum, silver.] Pertaining to or containing
silver: applied to a compound which contains
a larger proportion of silver than the corre-
sponding argentic compound: as, argentow8
oxid, AgaO; argentic oxid, Ag30. -
argentry (är’jºn-tri), n., [K F. argenterie, Fº
silver plate, K argent, silver: see argent.] 1+
Articles formed of silver; silver plate.
Pawning his . . . argentry and jewels. º
Howell, Letters, i. 2.
2. Silvery appearance. [Rare.]
And there the glittering argentry
Ripples and glances on the confluent streams.
Southey.
entum (är-jen’tum), n. . [L. : See argent.]
ver. In chem., abbreviated Ag.—Argentum
mosaicum, an amalgam of tin, bismuth, and mercury,
used for coloring images of plaster of Paris. JE. H. Knight.
Arges (är’jēz), n. [NL., S.Gr, àpyńc, bright,
glancing, àpyóg, bright, white.] 1. A genus
of South American fishes, typical of the fam-
ily Argidae.—2. A genus of trilobites.
arghel, n. See argel.
arghool (ār-göl’), n. [Ar. arghill.] An Egyp-
tian musical instrument, consisting of two
tubes, with a mouth-piece furnished with reeds.
Sometimes both tubes are pierced with holes, sometimes
only one, the other being used as a drone.
argid (är'jid), n. A fish of the family Argidae.
Argidae (är'ji-dé), n, pl. [NL., KArges + -idae.]
A family of nematognathous fishes, typified by
the genus Arges, related to the Loricariidae, but
having a naked body and only maxillary bar-
bels. There are about 10 known species, of small size,
inhabiting the upper Andean streams and derivatives
therefrom.
argil (är"jil), n. [K F. argile, K L. argilla, white
ç Or
clay, K Gr, pylàAa or épyiña, usually pylà20
ãºor, white clay, Kápyóg, white: see argent.]
Potters' clay. This word has been used in different
senses, and was proposed as a name for alumina when its
nature was first discovered. It is now used by technical
writers as a distinctive term for clay which is fit for pot-
ters' use. © tº * * q
argillaceous (ār-ji-lä'shius), a. [K L., argilla-
céus, Kargilla, white clay: see argil.]. I. Of
the nature of or resembling clay.—2. Contain-
ing a considerable amount of clayey matter: as,
argillace048 earth.-Argillaceous rocks, rocks of
sedimentary origin, soft in texture, deposited for the most
part in thin layers. Clay forms the basis, but with it other
substances may be associated, as sand, vegetable matter
(carbonaceous shale), iron (clay ironstone), lime (marl),
etc. . When the shale is tolerably pure it is readily distin-
guished by the peculiar odor, termed argillaceous, which
it emits when breathed on.—Argillaceous slate or
Schist, clay slate, a metamorphic rock which in Scotland
is characteristic of the Silurian formation,
*ºliº (ār-ji-life-rus), a. [K L. argilla,
white clay (see argil), 4-, ferre = E. beari.]
Producing or containing clay or argil.
argillite (är'ji-lit), n. [K L. argilla, white clay
:* -ite?..] A schist or slate derived from clay.
It usually contains quartz.
argillitic (ār-ji-litſik), a. [Kargillite + -ic.]
Pertaining to argillite,
argillo (ār-jil’ö), n. [KL. argilla, KGr, àpylà20c,
W given to a
&lt
S
ite clay: see argil.] A name
vitreous compound of which tiles, table-tops,
door-knobs, etc., are made.
argilloa renaceous (ār-jil"6-ar-Š-nā’shius), a
[Kargillous + arenaceous.] Consisting of clay
and sand.
argillocalcareous (ār-jil" 6-kal-kā’ré-us), a.
[Kargillows -H calcareous.] Consisting of clay
and calcareous earth.
argillocalcite (ār-jil-6-kal’sit), m. [Kargillous
+ calcite.] A species of calcareous earth with
a large proportion of clay; marl.
argilloferruginous (ār-jil" 6-fe-rö’ji-nus), a.
[K argillous -H ferruginous.] Containing élay
and iron, as a mineral.
argilloid (ār-jil’oid), a. É L. argilla (see argil)
+ -oid.] Having an argillaceous or clayey ap-
earance; like argil or clay.
A. illornis (ār-ji-lôr'nis), n. [NL., K. L. ar-
gilla, white clay (see argil), F Gr. Öguc, bird.]
A genus of fossil birds from the London clay of
Sheppey. A. longipennis (Owen), of uncertain affinities,
is the typical species. The fossil remains indicate a long-
winged bird larger than an albatross. R. Owen, 1878.
ańious (ār-jil'us), a. [KME, argillous, KOF.
argillos, argillus, mod. F. argileua, K. L. argil-
losus, abounding in clay, Kargilla, white clay:
see argil.] Consisting of or belonging to clay;
clayey,
305
argint, arginet, n. IK It, argine = Sp. arcen,
K. L. argèrem, acc. of arger, for agger, a
mound: See agger.] An embankment or ram-
A: in front of a fort.
give (är'giv), a. and n. IKL. Argivus, K Gr.
Apyelog, pertaining to Apyoc, Argos.]...I., a, Re-
lating to Argos, the historic capital of Argo-
lis or Argeia in Greece, or to its inhabitants, or
to Argolis, the territory of Argos. The Argive
race is represented in Homer as the most powerful in
Greece, and hence Argive is often used as equivalent to
Grecian or Greek.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Argos
or of Argolis; a Greek.
argle-bargle (är'gl-bär'gl), v. i. [Also argie-
bargie, argle-bargin, etc.; a varied reduplica-
tion of argue.] To argue obstinately; bandy
Words; haggle. j
Argo (är'gó), n., [L.,.S. Gr. Apyó, name of Ja-
son's ship, lit. the swift; also a constellation
named after this ship; Käpyóg, swift, glancing,
bright, white: see argent.] 1. In Gr. ſº
the name of the ship in which Jason and his
fifty-four companions sailed to Colchis in quest
of the golden fleece.—2. An ancient southern
constellation, the largest in the heavens. It
The Constellation Argo.
contains Canopus, after Sirius the brightest of the fixed
stars. By modern astronomers it is commonly divided
into four parts by adding the distinctive words navis,
carina, puppis, and velum, or hull, keel, stern, and sail.
3. [l. c.] In 206l., the technical specific name
of the paper-nautilus, Argonauta argo.—4. In
conch., a genus of nudibranchiate gastropods:
synonymous with Doris. Bohadsch.
argoll (är'gol), n. [K ME. argoil, argoyle, AF.
argoil; origin unknown; appar, ult. KGºr. *:::::
white.] nrefined or crude tartar; a hard
crust, consisting of potassium.bitartrate, formed
on the sides of vessels in which wine has been
fermented. It is purple or white according to the color
of the wine. Argol is used by dyers to dispose the stuffs
to take their colors; and the purified bitartrate, called
cream of tartar, is used in medicine, cooking, and the
processes of tinning and silvering. It is also a constitu-
ent of most baking-powders. Also written argal, argoll,
argall, orgal.
argol? (är'gol), n. . [Mongol.] A cake of dried
camel's dung, used by the Mongols as fuel. .
argolett, arºl. m. . [QF. argoulet; origin
obscure.] member of a French corps of light
cavalry instituted by Louis XII, similar to the
estradiots, and probably armed and drilled in
partial imitation of that corps.
argoletiert, m ...[QF.] Same as argolet.
Argolic, (ār-gol'ik), a. [K L. Argolicus, K. Gr.
ApyoAtkóg, É. to ApyoAig, Argolis. See
Argive. } Belonging to Argolis, the territory
of Argos, a district of Greece, in Poloponnesus,
between Arcadia and the Ægean sea: as, the
*Argolic Gulf. y
argon (ār'gon), n. [K Gröpyóg, lazy, inert.]. A
gaseous element having a density of 19.96
(H=l) and an atomic weight of 39.6. It forms
about .94 per cent. by volume of the atmosphere, and is
also obtained from the gases yielded by the water of some
Springs, and, with helium (which see), from certain min-
erals and from meteoric iron. It was first recognized in
1895 by Lord Rayleigh and Professor W. Ramsay, who
separated it from the nitrogen with which it had ill then
been confounded largely because of its chemical inert-
ness, it being more indifferent to reagents than even that
element. It has a boiling-point of –186.1° C., and in the
solid state melts at –189.5°C. It yields two characteristic
spectra, marked respectively by certain prominent red
and blue lines.
Argonaut (är'gö-nāt), m. [KL. Argonauta, K. Gr.
Apyovattng, one who sailed in the Argo, K Apyó,
Argo, + vaſtnç (= L. mauta), a sailor, K vaig, a
ship: see nave?, nautical.] 1. One of the heroes
who, according to the ancient Hellenic myth,
sailed with Jason in the ship Argo to Colchis
argOSy
on the Euxine sea in quest of the golden fleece:
This they secured, and Jason also bore back with him and
his comrades to focus, amid wonderful adventures, the
Colchian king's daughter Medea, the enchantress. tº
Hence—2. pl. Those who emigrated to, Cali;
fornia about the time of the discovery of gold
there: as, the Argonauts of '49.
3. [l. c.] A cephalopod mollusk, known also
as the paper-nautilus and paper-sailor. The com-
mon Mediterranean species, Argonauta argo, was fabled
to carry its velamentous arms erect as sails, and thereby
to be wafted by the winds. The arms are in fact com-
monly carried appressed to the shell, and progression is
effected chiefly backward, as with other cuttlefishes, by
the ejection of water through the siphon.
Argonauta (ār-gó-nā’tā), n. [L., an Argonaut:
see Argonaut.] A genus of cephalopods, typi-
cal of the family Argonautidaº.
Argonautic (ār-gó-nā’tik), a. [K L. Argonau-
ticus, K Argonauta, Argonaut..] Of or pertain-
ing to the Argonauts, or relating to their voy-
age to Colchis: as, the Argonautic story. See
Argonaut, 1.
argonautid (ār-gó-nā’tid), ºn. A cephalopod of
the family Argonautidae.
Argonautidae (ār-gó-nā’ti-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Argonauta + -idae.] A family of octopod cepha-
Argonaitra argo (male), with hectocotylized arm attached. . (Sev-
eral times smaller than the female, though shown larger.)
lopods, represented by the genus Argonauta,
with an ovoid finless body and the two upper-
most arms (in the female) expanded terminally
Argonateta argo (female), swimming in the direction of the large
arrow — the smaller showing the current from the siphon.
into broad flattish velamenta, which secrete a
apery, spiral, single-chambered, involute shell.
The family is peculiar in the development of the shell.
The only known genus is Argonauta. The shells, popularly
known as the argonaut, paper-mawtilus, and paper-sailor,
and common as curiosities, are peculiar to the female, are
secreted by the velamentous arms, and are charged with
the eggs in the breeding season.
ârgosy (är'gó-si), m.; pl. argosies (-siz). [Early
mod. E. also argosie, argosey, argogee, argosea,
also argose, arguce, and ragosie, rhaguse, and
first in the form ragusye (see first quot.), K It.
Ragusea, * Ragusee, lit. a vessel of Ragusa (in
early mod. E. also Aragouse, Arragosa), a port
in Dalmatia on the east coast of the Adriatic
Sea, noted for its commerce.] Alarge merchant
vessel, especially one carrying a rich freight.
Furthermore, how acceptable a thing this may be to
the Ragusyes, Hulks, Caravels, and other foreign rich




argosy
laden ships passing within or by any of the sea-limits of
BHer M.'s royalty.
Dr. John Dee, Petty Navy Royal, in Arber's English
[Garner, II. 67.
There, where your argosies with portly sail,
Like signiors and rich burghers on the flood, ... . .
Do overpeer the petty traffickers. Shak., M. of V., i. 1.
Dy the Venetian law, no slave might enter a Venetian
ship, and to tread the deck of an argosy of Venice became
the privilege and the evidence of freedom.
Bamcroft, Hist. U. S., I. 129.
argot (är'gö or ār'got), m. [F.; origin obscure.]
The conventional slang of a class, originally
that of thieves and vagabonds, devised for
purposes of disguise and concealment; cant;
slang.
Argot is formed . . . by the adoption of foreign words,
by the absolute suppression of grammar, by grotesque
tropes, wild catachresis, and allegorical metonymy.
Farray".
Words or expressions in an ancient language, if they
happen to coincide With some modern argot or vulgarism,
take on a grotesque association which is not due at all to
the phrase itself, but which makes the phrase seem much
bolder than it really is. Qwarterly Rev., CLXII. 177.
argoulett, M. See argolet.
Argozoum (ār-gé-Zó’um), n., DNL., appar...K Gr.
&pyżg, Doric àpyåg, a kind of serpent (cf. &pyń,
bright, etc., Köpyóg, white), + šov, animal.] A
genus of gigantic animals, formerly supposed
to be birds, now believed to be dinosaurian rep-
tiles, known by their footprints in the Triassic
formation of the Connecticut valley. Hitchcock,
1848. -
arguable (är'gū-a-bl), a. [K argue -- -able.]
Capable of being argued; admitting argument.
When men say “mere philosophy,” they mean something
arguable, something deniable.
J. R. Seeley, Natural Religion, p. 184.
argue (är'gü), v.; pret, and pp. argued, ppr.
arguing. [K ME. arguen, arguven, K OF. (and
mod. F.) arguer, K L. arguere, declare, show,
prove, make clear, reprove, accuse; prob. Con-
nected with Gr. Öpyóg, white, bright, etc.: see
argent, and cf. declare, lit. make clear.] I, in-
trans. 1. To bring forward reasons to support
or to overthrow a proposition, an opinion, or a
measure; use arguments; reason: as, A argues
in favor of a measure, B argues against it.
With what cunning
This woman argues for her own damnation”
Beau. and Fl., Knight of Malta, iii. 3.
Yet I argue not
Against Heaven's hand or will, nor bate a jot
Of heart or hope. Milton, Sonnets, xvii.
Paul argues that human reason so seeking for God can
discover his power and his divinity, and holds that the
true God is not far from every one of us.
Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 206.
2. To contend in argument; dispute: as, you
may argue with your friend a week withou
convincing him.
For e'en though vanquished, he could argue still.
Goldsmith, Des. Wil., l. 212.
How finely we argwe upon mistaken facts l
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iv. 27.
II. trams. 1. To debate or discuss; treat by
reasoning; state the reasons for or against: as,
the counsel argued the cause before the Supreme
Court; the cause was well argued.
I must submit
To the divine decree, not argue it ;
And cheerfully I welcome it.
Fletcher (and Massinger?), Lover's Progress, iv. 2.
2. To evince; render inferable, or deducible;
show; imply: as, the order visible in the uni-
verse argues a divine cause.
Not to know me argues yourselves unknown.
Milton, P. L., iv. 830.
These were words,
As meted by his measure of himself,
Arguing boundless forbearance.
Tennysom, Aylmer's Field.
3. To affect in any way by argument; induce
a change in the mind of, or in regard to, by
persuasion or reasoning: as, to argue one out
of his purpose; to argue away a false impres-
Sion.
It is a sort of poetical logic which I would make use of
to argue you into a protection of this play.
Congreve, Ded. of Old Batchelor.
4}. To accuse or charge; impeach or convict:
used with of. -
He doth implore,
You would not argue him of arrogance.
B. Jonson, Ind. to Poetaster.
I have pleaded guilty to all . . . expressions of mine
which can be truly argued of obscenity, . . . and retract
them. Dryden, Pref. to Fables.
=Syn. Argwe, Dispute, Debate, Discw88, plead, expostu-
late, remonstrate. To argue is to defend one's opinion, or
to exhibit reasons or proofs in favor of some assertion
or principle ; it implies a process of detailed proof by one
or more persons. To dispute may be to call in question
the 8tatements or arguments of an opposing party ; as, to
arguel, n.
arguer (är'gī-èr), m.
argufier (º). 7%.
O
t Argulidae (ār-gū'li-dé), m. pl.
306
dispute about an award. It often means the alternate giv-
ing of reasons, especially by two persons. It is often ap-
plied to mere bickering, and is in general less dignified
than the other words. To debate is to interchange argu-
ments in a somewhat formal manner, as in debating soci-
eties and legislative bodies. To discuss is, by derivation,
to shake or knock a subject to pieces in order to find the
truth, or the best thing to be done. A debate, therefore,
may be viewed as a discussion, or a discussion as a debate.
Strictly, a discussion is an amicable presentation of opin-
ions, not limited, like the others, to affirmative and nega-
tive sides of a proposition, and with the expectation on the
part of all that the conclusion will be the adoption of no one
person's opinion or plan unmodified. To argue a point, to
dispute a position, to dispute with a neighbor, to debate a
motion, to discuss a subject or a plan.
Stubbornly he did repugn the truth
About a certain question in the law,
Argw'd betwixt the duke of York and him.
Shak., 1 Hem. VI., iv. 1.
We might discuss the Northern sin
Which made a selfish war begin ;
I)ispute the claims, arrange the chances;
Emperor, Ottoman, which shall win.
Tennyson, To Maurice.
They [lawyers] found time to debate fully all the points
of interest raised by a case, whether the solution of them
Was necessary for the actual decision or not. #
F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 106.
The archbishop was on his way to a synod where the
great question was to be discussed whether gas might be
used at the altar instead of candles.
Froude, Sketches, p. 43.
Same as argel.
[ME. arguere; K argue --
-er 1.] One who argues; a reasoner; a dis-
puter.
One who argues or
arguffes. [Colloq.]
I have noticed that your people who are pretty well
agreed are always the fiercest argufters.
W. C. Russell, Sailor's Sweetheart, i.
argufy (är'gü-fi), v.; pret., and pp. argufted,
ppr. argufying. [Improp. K argué-F ºf).]. I.
intrams. 1. To argue, commonly in a pertina-
cious manner, or for the sake of controversy;
Wrangle.
It ain't no use to argerſy ner try to cut up frisky.
Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., p. 15.
2. To have weight as an argument; import;
signify.
I. trans. 1. To contend about; worry with
argument.—2. To signify ; mean. -
But what argw.fies all this festivity? 'Tis all vanity and
vexation of spirit. Mme. D'Arblay, Diary, vi. 41.
[In all uses colloquial or dialectal.]
arguitive (ār-gū’i-tiv), a. [K L. “arguitus, pp.
of arguere, argue (see argue), + -ive..] Having
the character or form of an argument. [Rare.
—Arguitive descent. See descent, 13. e
argulid (är'gī-lid), n. A fish-louse of the fami-
ly Argulidaº.
[NL., K. Argulus
+ -idae.] A family of siphonostomous entomos-
tracan crustaceans, typified by the genus Argu-
lus. These fish-lice have a flat shield-like body, the ce-
phalothorax coalesced with the abdomen, and the post-
abdomen rudimentary and bearing two tail-fins. They are
parasitic on various fishes, especially fresh-water species,
and sometimes attack young fishes in such numbers as to
cause their death. The family with some authors consti-
tutes a suborder Branchiura.
Argulina (ār-gū-li'nā), n. pl. , [NL., K. Argulus
+-ina.] The Argulidae, rated as a subfamily.
arguline (är'gi-lin), a. Of or pertaining to the
Argulina. t e
Argulus (ār 'gi-lus), n. . [NL.,dim. of Gr,
&pyóg, contr. of āepyóg, living without labor, K
à- priv. -- épyov = E. work.] A genus of fish-
lice, or epizoic entomostracans, the type of the
family Arguliday. It is one of the most singular modi-
fications of these parasitic entomostracous crustaceans,
and is a common parasite upon the stickleback and vari-
ous other fishes.
argument (är'gü-ment), n. IK ME. argument,
KOF. argument (F. argument), K L. argumentum,
proof, evidence, token, subject, contents, Kar-
guere, prove, argue: see argué.] 1. A state-
ment or fact tending to produce belief con-
cerning a matterin doubt; a premise or prem-
ises set forth in order to prove an assumption
or conclusion.
- It is an argument the times are sore,
When virtue cannot safely be advanced.
- B. Jon&om, Sejanus, iii. 1.
Thicker than arguments, temptations throng.
Pope, Essay on Man, ii. 75.
The only argument available with an east wind is to put
on your overcoat. owell, Democracy.
[This, the familiar meaning of the word, probably origi-
nated in Roman law-courts. The usual definition given by
Cicero and almost all authorities is ratio rei dubioe faciems
fidem, a reason causing belief of a doubtful matter. Boé-
tius in one place defines it as a medium proving a con-
clusion. The word medium here means a premise, or
premises, according to all the commentators. (Petrus
IIisp., tr. v. ad init.). But since medium'isually means the
middle term of a syllogism, some logicians have been led
to give argument this signification.]
argumenta, 7.
argumentab
argumentable
2. The middle term of a syllogism,
ceding note.]
Argument is the bare proof or mean term which is in-
vented by him that disputeth, to prove the truth of the
question; but argumentation is the whole reasoning itself,
of what form soever it be, comprehending both the ques.
tion and also the proof thereof. Blwndeville, 1619.
Argument again, argumentum, what is assumed in
Order to argue something,<-is properly the middle notion
in a reasoning—that through which the conclusion is es-
tablished. Sir W. Hannèlton.
3. A reasoning; the process by which the con-
nection between that which is or is supposed
to be admitted and that which is doubted or
* to need confirmation is traced or
tested.
In matters of wrong arguments do confound sense, when
in explanation of right they do sensibly approve it.
Ford, Honour Triumphant, ii.
The probability which she easily perceives in things
thus in their native state would be quite lost if this argu-
ment were managed learnedly and proposed in mood and
figure. . Locke.
We do not know God by argument, by reading books of
evidences or books of theology : we know him just as we
know the external world,—by experience.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 162.
4. An address or composition made for the pur-
pose of producing belief or conviction by rea-
soning or persuasion.—5. A series of argumen-
tations for and against a proposition; a debate.
–6. The subject-matter or groundwork of a
discourse or writing; specifically, an abstract
or summary of the chief points in a book or
section of a book: as, the arguments prefixed
to the several books of “Paradise Lost” were
an afterthought. -.
That the whole argument fall within compass of a day's .
business. *
B. Jomsom, Ind. to Every Man out of his Humour.
The abstract or argument of the piece is shortly as fol-
lows. effrey.
7+. Matter of contention, controversy, or con-
versation.
And sheath'd their swords for lack of argument.
Shak., Hen. V., iii. 1.
It would be argument for a week, laughter for a month,
and a good jest forever. hak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 2,
The remembrance of this small vexation
Will be an argwment of mirth for ever.
Fletcher, Rule a Wife, iii. 2.
8. In math.: (a) Of a complex number, the
coefficient of the imaginary unit in its log-
arithm. (b) The angle or quantity on which
a series of numbers in a numerical table do-
ends and with which the table is entered. If,
or example, a table of the Sun's declination were formed
corresponding to every degree, etc., of longitude, so that
the longitude being known, the declination might be foun
opposite to it, then the longitude would be called the
argument of the table. Tables of double entry have two
arguments. In the Ptolemaic astronomy, the argument,
without qualification, is the angular distance on the epi-
cycle of a planet from the true apogee of the epicycle; and
the equation of the argwment is the angular distance, as
seen from the earth, of a planet from the center of the epi-
cycle, the correction to the second inequality. See equa-
tion.— ent from enumeration, a rude kind of
induction in which the inference is made that something
is true of a whole class, because it is true of certain mem-
bers of that class.-Argument from example. See ea:-
ample.—Argument from exclusion, an argument in
which, after showing that all causes but one are insuffi-
cient to account for a phenomenon, it is urged that the
one remaining cause must be the true one.—Ar ent,
of the latitude, the arc of the orbit reckoned from the
ascending node.—Artificial argument, contentious
argument, cumulative argument. See the adjec-
tives.--Dilemmatic argument, one which purports to
show that a whole class, has a certain character by dividing
it into parts, and showing that every part has that char-
acter.—Disjunctive argument, areasoning of the form:
S is either Por Q; it is not P; hence it must be Q.-Dissen-
taneous argument, extrinsic argument, etc. See
the adjectives.— Hypothetical argument, an argument
one of whose ſº is a hypothetical or conditional
proposition. is not identical with hypothetic inference.
See §". Inductive argument, an argument
founded on an induction.—Negative argument, an ar-
gument which concludes the non-existence of a phenome-
mon from its not having been observed. (For other phrases,
See argumentum, place, proof.) = Syn. 3. Plea, Argument. ,
“Plea should be used of the pleadings or of the arraign-
ment before the trial, not of the argument at the trial.
A plea is always addressed to the court; an argument may
be addressed either to the court or to the jury.” A. S
Hill, Rhetoric, p. 53.
argument (§r'gī-ment), v. [K M.E., argumen-
tem, K L. argumentari, adduce proof, K argumen-
tum : see argument, n.] I, intrans. To argue;
debate; bring forward reasons. Chaucer.
II. trans. To make the subject of an argu-
ment or debate. N. E. D.
Plural of argumentum.
let (ār-gū-men'ta-bl), a. [K LL.
argumentabilis, that may be proved, K L. argu-
mentari, adduce as proof: see argument, v., and
-able.] Admitting of argument; capable of be-
ing argued.
[See pre-
* -
* .…"
argumental
argumental (ār-gū-men’tal), a. . [K L. argu-
amentalis, K argumentum : see argument.] Be-
longing to or consisting in argument.
Thus they dispute, guilding their tongues' report
With instances and argumentall sawes.
G. Markham, Sir R. Grinuile (Arb. reprint), p. 49.
I am at length recovered from my argumental delirium.
Johnson, Rambler, No. 95.
argumentation (ārgū-men-tā‘shgn), n, [=
F. argumentation, K.L. argumentatio(n-), K argu-
mentari, pp. argumentatus, adduce as proof: see
argument, v.] 1. The †. of reasons
together with the conclusion drawn from them;
also, the premises and conclusion so set forth.
Those scholastic forms of discourse are not less liable to
fallacies than the plainer ways of argumentation. Locke.
Argumentation or reasoning is that operation of the
mind whereby we infer one thing, that is, one proposition,
from two or more propositions premised. Watts, Logic, Int.
2. A course of reasoning; discussion; debate.
The relation of his meaning to science is essential, but,
in orderly argumentation, subsequent.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 619.
=Syn. See reasoning.
argumentative (ār-gº-men'ta-tiv), a. . [K F.
argumentatif, K.L. as if “argumentativus, K argu-
mentatus: see argumentation.] 1. Consisting
in argument; containing a process of reason-
ing; controversial: as, an argumentative dis-
COURTS6).
We are not to dwell upon the mental processes which
composed the proof, upon the argumentative part of re-
ligion; but upon the things proved.
Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 237.
2. Showing reasons for. [Rare.]
Another thing argumentative of Providence is, etc.
Ičay, Works of Creation.
3. Addicted to argument; disputatious: as, an
argumentative writer; he is very argumentative.
argumentatively (ār-gū-menta-tiv-li), adv. In
an argumentative manner; with respect to rea-
soning or arguments.
Bowles, in losing his temper, lost also what little logic
he had, and though in a vague Way aesthetically right,
contrived always to be argumentatively wrong.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 430.
argumentativeness (ār-gū-men'ta-tiv-nes), n.
The quality of being argumentative.
Thus was the young, vacant mind furnished with much
talk about Progress of the Species, Dark Ages, Prejudice,
and the like, so that all were quickly enough blown out
into a state of windy argumentativeness.
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 78.
argumentator (är'gü-men-tā’tgr), n. [L.L., K
L. argumentatus: see argumentation.] One who
conducts an argument; a reasoner. N. E. D.
argumentizet (är'gü-men-tiz), v. i. [K argu-
ment + -ize.] To argue; debate; reason:
as, “argumentizing philosophy,” Mannyngham,
Discourses, p. 34.
argumentum (är-gū-men’tum), m.; pl. argu-
nenta (-tä). [L.: see argument.] An argument.
Argumentum ad Crumena.m., an argument appealing
to the purse, or to one's desire to save money.—Argumen-
tum ad hominem. See ad hominem.—Argumentum
ad ignorantiam, an argument based upon an adversary's
ignorance of the matter in dispute.—Argumentum ad
invidiam, an argument appealing to one's hatreds or
prejudices.—Argumentum ad judicium, an argument
addressed to the judgment ; a proof drawn from any of
the foundations of knowledge or probability.—Argumen-
tum ad Verecundia.m. (literally, an appeal to one's mod-
esty), an argument from the opinions of men whose views
are commonly accepted as authoritative. Also called ar-
gument from awthority.—Argumentum baculinum, an
appeal to force; club- or lynch-law.—Argumentum ex
concesso, an argument based on some previous admis-
sion.
Argus (är'gus), n. . [L., K. Gr. Apyoc, Käpyóg,
bright.] 1. In Grecian legend, a giant of vast
strength, held in early times to have four eyes,
and later to have eyes without number. , Hera
set him to guard the heifer Io, and after he was
slain by Hermes transferred his eyes to the tail
of the peacock. Hence—2. Any observant or
. person: as, he is a very Argus in
watchfulness.-3. In ornith. : (a) A genus of
llinaceous birds, of the order Gallinae and
amily Phasianidae, characterized by the enor-
mous development of the secondary feathers of
the wings and middle feathers of the tail, the
former being adorned with numerous ocelli, lik-
ened to the many eyes of Argus. The type is the
argus-pheasant (Phasianus argus, or Argus gigantews or
pavoninus) of the Malay archipelago. Other species or
varieties are the Argus grayi of Elliot, from Borneo, the
Argus ocellatus of Verreaux, and the Argus bipwmctatus.
Other forms of the word, as a genus name, are Argusanus
and Argusianus, (b) [l. c.] Any species of the
genus Argus; an argusºpheasant. The common
species has a body only about as large as that of a barn;
yard hen, but sometimes measures 5 or,6 feet in total
jength, owing, to the extraordinary development of the
tail feathers. The inner feathers of the wing are 2 or 3
feet long, and beautifully ocellated with oval shaded
307
spots. The general plumage is brown, variegated with
lighter and darker tracery. The female is a plain bird,
Argus-pheasant.
lacking the extraordinary de-
velopment of the wing- and
tail-feathers.
4. A genus of gastro-
pods. Bohadsch, 1761.
—5. A genus of lepi-
dopterous insects. Sco-
poli, 1777.-6. A genus
of arachnidans. Walker,
1837.-7. [l. c.] A name
of certain euryalean
Ophiurians, or sand-stars with
branching arms.-Shetlandar-
gus, the Astrophytom (or Euryale)
8cwtatum, or gorgon's-head, a kind
of basket-fish, basket-urchin, or sea-
basket, sometimes measuring a foot
across. The ultimate ramifications
of its rays are estimated to be some
80,000 in number. See Astrophytom
and basket-fish.
Argus-eyed (ār 'gus-id), a.
Vigilant; watchful; extreme-
ly observant. See Argus, 1.
argus-pheasant (ār 'gus-fez”-
ant), m. See Argus, 3.
argus-shell (är'gus-shel), n. [K
argus (with allusion to the pea- §
cock's tail) + shell.] A gastro- &
pod of the family Cypraeidae, or
porcelain-shells, Cypraea argus,
beautifully variegated with ocel-
lated spots. It is an inhabitant
of the Pacific ocean.
argutationt (fir-gū-tă'shgn), n. IK argute, q.v.
Cf. L. argutatio(m-), a creaking, K argutari, pp.
argutatus, creak, make a noise, K argutus, clear,
sharp, shrill: see argute.] Cavil; over-refine-
ment in arguing ; quibble; subtlety: as, “friv-
olous argutations,” Bp. Hall, Myst. of Godli-
ness, 8.
argute (ār-gūt’), a. [K L. argutus, clear, bright,
sharp, Sagacious, formally pp. of arguere, make
clear: see argue.] 1. Sharp, as a taste; shrill,
as a sound.—2. Subtle; ingenious; Sagacious;
shrewd; keen.
I will have him, continued my father, . . .
acute, argute, inventive. -
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vi. 5. 332.
The active preacher, the restless missionary, the argute
Schoolman. Milman, Latin Christianity, x.
argutely (ār-gūt'li), adv. 1. Shrilly.—2. In
a sharp or subtle manner; sagaciously;
shrewdly. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, v. 31. 311.
arguteness (ār-gūtºnes), n. 1. Shrillness.-2.
Acuteness; wittiness; sagacity; shrewdness.
This [Seneca) tickles you by starts with his arguteness,
that [Plutarch] pleases you for continuance with his pro-
priety. Dryden, Plutarch, p. 118.
Argynnis (ār-jin’is), m. [NL., appar. Orig. a
misprint for *argyrius or *argyreus, K. Gr. dp; tº-
peog, silvery, Köpyvpog, silver.] A genus of but-
terflies, of the family Nymphalida, commonly
called fritillaries, the several species of which
have the under side of the wings marked with
silvery spots. A. cybele and A. myrina are two
familiar North American species.
argyranthemous (i.º.º. a. [KGr.
āpyvpog, silver, + &v0euov, a flower.] In bot.,
having silvery-white Craig, 1847.
º
|
‘.
-*
§
vigilant,
OWerS.
2.T12, .
argyranthous (ār-ji-ranthus), a... [K. Gr. 36-
ywpoc, silver, + &v6oc, a flower.] . In bot, same
as argyranthemous. y z
argyraspid (ār-ji-ras' pid), n. . [š Gr. dpyvpágºſt-
Öeg, pl., lit. the silver-shielded, Kāpyvpog, silver,
+ &gríg (āord-), a shield.] A soldier of a chosen
body in the army of Alexander the Great, distin-
guished by carrying shields plated with silver,
as a mark of honor. The name was retained after
the time of Alexander for soldiers of similar chosen bodies
in other Macedonian and Greek armies. -
argyria (ār-jir’i-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. Öpyvpoc, Sil-
ver, -H -ia.] Same as argyrism.
argyriasis (ār-ji-Iiſa-sis), m. [NL., KGr. Öpyvpog,
silver, + -iasis.] Same as argyrism. º -
argyric (ār-jir'ik), a. [K Gr. &pyvpu.6c, of silver,
Küpywpog, silver, silver money; cf. L. equiv. ar-
gentum : see argent.] In chem., of silver: same
as argentic.
argyrism (är'ji-rizm), n. [(For form, cf. Gr.
āpyvptaplóg, a getting money, Käpyvpíčeoffat, get
money) K. Gr. &pyvpíčety, be of a silver color, K
ôpyvpoç, silver, money..] A discoloration of the
skin and other parts of the body due to the
medicinal use for a considerable time of prep-
arations of silver. It is caused by the deposition of
silver or its compounds in a state of minute Subdivision in
certain tissues. Also argyria, argyriasis.
argyrite (är'ji-rit), n. [K Gr. Öpyvpitag, silver
ore, fem. of &pyvpit/ſ, of silver, K. Čipyvpog, sil-
ver.]. In mineral., same as argentite.
argyrized (är"ji-rizd), a. [K Gr. Öpyvpog, silver,
+ -ize + -ed?..] Exhibiting argyrism.
argyrºſiº (ār-jir'6-dit), m. [NL., K. Gr. &pyv-
póð7ç, like silver, rich in silver (K Čip) vpoc, sil-
ver, H. eidoc, form), + -ite?..]. A mineral con-
taining silver, sulphur, and the new element
germanium. It occurs in steel-gray crystalline
aggregates at Freiberg, Saxony.
Argyroneta (är"ji-rº-né’tā), n... [NL., K. Gr.
āpywpoc, silver, + imſóg, verbal adj. of veiv, spin.]
A genus of aquatic spi- r- --- . . . . . . . . . . . "
ders, of the family
Agalenidae (or Araneidae
in a strict sense). The
type of the genus is the well-
known water-spider or div-
ing-spider, A. aquatica, of Eu-
rope, which spins a tubular
web under water, like a div-
ing-bell, mouth downward,
which is then inflated with
air carried down in bubbles
upon the spider's body and
set free beneath the bell.
Argyropelecinae (är"ji-
rô-pel-e-si' né), m. pl.
[NL., K. Argyropelecus +
—inac.] A subfamily of
Sternoptychidae, repre-
sented by the genus
Argyropelecus, with the
abdominal outline ab-
ruptly contracted in ad-
vance of the anal fin,
several produced neural
spines constituting a
serriform ridge in advance of the dorsal fin,
and about mine branchiostegal rays.
Argyropelecus (är"ji-rö-pel’e-kus), m. [NL.,
K. Gr. &pyvpog, silver, + Té%ékvç, hatchet.] The
typical genus of fishes of the subfamily Argy-
ropelecimaº so called from the silvery color and
somewhat hatchet-like shape.
argyrose (är'ji-rös), m. [F., K. Gr. Öpyvpoç : see
argent.] In mineral., same as argentite.
arh-, in words of Greek origin. See arrh-.
Arhan (ār'han), m. Same as Arhat.
arhapedan (ār-hap’e-dan), m. A Syrian mea-
sure of land, a square of 100 feet on the side.
Arhat (är'hat), n. [K Skt. arhant, deserving,
worthy, fit, ppr. of Varh, deserve, be worthy.]
The highest rank of Buddhist saintship; spe-
cifically, one of the original five hundred disci-
ples of Gautama Buddha. Also Arahat, Rahat,
and Arham, Rahan.
arhatship (ärſhat-ship), m. [K Arhat + -ship.]
The state of an Arhat. Also arahatship.
The central point of primitive Buddhism was the doc-
trine of Arahatship, a system of ethical and mental self-
culture, in which deliverance was found from all the mys-
teries and sorrows of life in a change of heart to be reached
lmere on earth. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 226.
arhizal, arhizous, a.
Water-spider
(Argyroneta agića faca).
More common but less
A correct forms of arrhizal, arrhizous.
aria (aſri-ā or āºri-á), m. [It., K. L. ačr, air: see
airº, also airl..] . In music : (a) A rhythmical
and metrical melody or tune for a single voice
(rarely for a monophonous instrument), having
a Vocal or instrumental accompaniment: dis.



aria,
tinguished from a song by being less simple
and less purely lyrical. The aria grande is the
next most elaborate species of solo vocal music
to the Scena (which see). (b) A distinct form
of Solo vocal music, distinguished by a clear
division into three parts, namely, a principal
Section, a subordinate section, and a repeti-
tion, with or without alterations, of the first
Section: otherwise known as the da capo form.
(c) A solo movement, whether in strict aria
form or not, in an extended vocal work, like an
opera or an Oratorio: as, the soprano aria. “
know that my Redeemer liveth.” See airs, 1.
Arian" (šºri-àn), a. and m. [Formerly also Ar-
Tian (AS. Arrianisc); = F. Arien, K LL. Arianus
(K LGr. Apetavág), KArius, Arius (improp. Ar-
rius), K. Gr. 'Apelog, a man's name, prop. adj.,
martial, warlike, of Ares or Mars, K'Apng, Ares,
Mars: see Ares.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to or of
the nature of the doctrines of Arius. See II.
–2. Adhering to Arius or his doctrines.
II. m. In theol., one who adheres to the doc-
trimes of Arius and his School. Arius was a pres-
byter of the church of Alexandria in the fourth century.
He held that the Son was begotten of the Father, and there-
fore not coeternal nor consubstantial with the Father, but
created by and subordinate to the Father, though pos-
sessing a similar nature. The name Arian is given in the-
ology not only to all those who adopt this particular
view of the nature of Christ, but also to all those who,
holding to the divine nature of Christ, yet maintain his
dependence upon and subordination to the Father in the
Godhead. As a class the Arians accept the Scriptures as
a divinely inspired and authoritative book, and declare
their doctrines to be sustained by its teachings. The doc-
trine of Arius was authoritatively condemned by the
Council of Nice A. D. 325, which decreed that Jesus
Christ was “very God of very God; begotten, not made; of
one substance with the Father.”
Arian”, a. and m. See Aryan.
-arian. [K L. -āri-us (E. -aryl, -ar?) + -ām-us,
E. –an.] A compound suffix of Latin origin,
forming adjectives, and thence noums, from or
instead of adjectives or nouns in -aryl. Words
so formed refer sometimes to things, as agrariam, but
chiefly to persons, either in regard to pursuit or occupa-
tion, as antiquariam, or to age, as sea agenariam, octoge-
marian, centenarian, etc., or to religious or social belief
and practice, as Aquariam, Millemariam, necessariam, Sw-
pralapsarian, Unitariam, hºwmanitariam, witilitariam, etc.
In the last use the termination is extended to words of
non-Latin origin, as anythingariam, mothingariam.
Arianism (ā’ri-an-izm), m. [= F. Arianisme, K
Gr. Apetavlopºćg, K Apetavíčelv, Arianize.] The
doctrines of the Arians. See Arian 1, m.
Arianize (ā’ri-an-iz), v.; pret. and pp. Arianized,
ppr. Ariamicing. [KLGr. Apétavíčetv, be an Arian,
K Apetavág, Arian: see Arian 1.] I. trams. To ren-
der conformable to Arianism; convert to Ari-
anism.
II. intrans. To favor or admit the tenets
of the Arians; tend toward Arianism: as, an
Arianizing sect of Christians.
Arianizer (ā’ri-an-i-zēr), m. One who favors,
tends toward, or converts others to Arianism.
Arica, bark. See bark?.
aricari (ar-i-kāºri), m. See aracari.
Aricia (a-rish’i-á), m. [NL., prob. K. L. Aricia,
a town in Latium, now (It.) La Riccia.] The
typical genus of the family Ariciida.
Ariciidae (ar-i-si'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAricia +
-idae.] A family of free marine annelids, of the
order Chaetopoda. -
aricin (ar’i-sin), m. [KArica, the name of a place
(formerly in Peru, now in Chili) whence the bark
is exported, + -in?..] An alkaloid found in the
bark of some species of Cinchona. See bark?.
arid (ar'id), a... [K L. aridus, dry, Karere, be
dry.] Dry; without moisture; parched with
heat; hence, figuratively, uninteresting, life-
less, dull, pithless, etc.
The arid abstractions of the schoolmen were succeeded
by the fanciful visions of the occult philosophers.
I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., II. 285.
As arid as a tuft of moss (a thing whose life is in the
shade, the rain, or the mountain dew) crumbling in the
sunshine, after long expectance of a shower.
Hawthorne, Blithedale Romance, xi.
The capital defect of cold, arid natures is the want of
animal spirits. JEmerson, Society and Solitude.
aridas (ar’i-das), m. [Native name.] A kind
of taffeta, or plain smooth silk stuff without
pattern, from the East Indies.
aridge (a-rij'), prep. phr. as adv. [Ka8+ ridge.]
a ridge; in or into a ridge-like position.
You're ollers quick to set your back aridge,
Though't suits a tom-cat more'n a Sober bridge.
Lowell, Monument to the Bridge.
aridity (a-rid’i-ti), m.; pl. aridities (-tiz). [=F.
aridité, K. L. ariditas, dryness, K aridus, dry: see
arid.] 1. The state of being arid; dryness;
want of moisture.—2. Figuratively, want of
interest; dryness; lifelessness.
Aries (ā’ri-éz), m.
308
The harsh ascetic mode of treating philosophy by the
Schoolmen generated a corresponding barrenness, aridity
and repulsiveness, in the rigid forms of their technical
language, De Quincey, Style, iv.
I have often been reproached with the aridity of my
genius. Poe, Tales, I. 146.
3. Dullness of mind or situation; depression;
tedium.
Strike my soul with lively apprehensions of thy excel-
lences, to bear up my spirit under the greatest aridities
and dejections. orris.
aridness (ar’id-nes), m. Same as aridity.
Around and between the ruined cities, and reaching far
and wide to the north and east, were blank arid mess and
desolation. O'Donovan, Merv, xx.
-arieae. [NL., fem. pl. of -arieus, K L. -āri-us +
-e-us: see -aryl and -eous.] In bot., a termina-
tion formerly used in a very few cases for fam-
ilies (orders) instead of -aceae.
Ariell {{...} m. [In def. 1, KLL. ariel, K. Gr.
ăptă%, K Heb. ariël, in the passage cited of un-
certain meaning, perhaps “fire-altar of God”
(Gesenius); elsewhere in the Old Testament as
a man’s name and as an appellation of Jerusa-
lem, where it is taken as ‘lion of God.” Hence,
in T. Heywood and Milton, the name of an
angel, and in Shakspere of an “airy spirit”
(N. E. D.). There is an allusion in the poets'
use to ačrial, airyl; hence the application to a
heavenly body ānā to birds.] lit. [l. c.] An
altar. See etymology and quotation.
Forsothe the ylk artel or auter [thilke ariel, that is the
higere part of the auter, Purv.) of foure cubitis, and fro
ariel [the auter, Purv.] win to above, foure corners.
Wyclif, Ezek., xliii. 15, 16 (Oxf. ed.).
2. The innermost of the satellites of Uranus,
discovered by Lassell in 1851. It revolves
about its primary in 2+ days.—3. [l. c.] In
ornith., applied to sundry birds of buoyant airy
flight: as, the ariel swallow, Chelidon ariel; the
ariel petrel, Procellaria ariel; the ariel toucan,
Ithamphastos ariel.
ariel” (ä'ri-el), m. [K Ar. aryil, var. of ayyil, a
stag, applied in Syria to the gazel (Dozy); cf.
Ar. also iſãl, a stag.] In 200l., an Arabian
gazel, Gazella dama. &
They are dainty little antelopes, these gazelles and
ariels of the Soudan. Contemporary Rev., XLIX. 854.
arierbant, m. , See arrière-ban.
[K L. aries (ariet-), OL. ares
= Ir. and Gael. reith, a ram.] 1. One of the
zodiacal constellations.—2. The first sign of
the zodiac (marked ‘ſ’), which the sun enters
The Constellation Aries.
at the vernal equinox, March 21st, and leaves
April 20th. Owing to the precession of the equinoxes,
the sign Aries has moved completely out of the constel-
lation of the same name, and is now in the constellation
Pisces.
3. [NL.] In 206l., a genus of mammals. Storr,
1870.
arietatet, v. i. . [K L. arietatus, pp. of arietare,
butt, as a ram, Karies (ariet-), a ram: see Aries.]
To push or butt like a ram. Bailey.
arietation? (ar'i-e-tá-shgn), m. [K L. arieta-
tio(m-), Karietare, butt: see arietate.] 1. The act
of butting like a ram.–2. The act of battering
with a battering-ram.
Ordnance do exceed all antietations and ancient inven-
tions. Bacom, Issays, No. 58.
3. The act of colliding or conflicting. Glanville.
arietiform (ar-i-et ’i-fôrm), a. [K L. Aries
(Ariet-), a sign of the zodiac (see Aries), +
forma, form.] Having the shape of the symbol
of the zodiacal sign Aries (‘ſ’).
arietine (ar'i-e-tin), a. [K. L. arietinus, Karies
(ariet-), a ram: see Aries.] Butting; pertaining
to or having the nature of a ram. -
The gap in the fence discovered by their arietine leader.
Literary World, June, 1871.
arietta (à-ri-et’tā), m. [It... dim, of aria, q.v.]
A short song; an air, or a little air.
ariette (a-ri-et’), n.
Same as arietta.
Ariinae (ar-i-i'né), m.pl.
aril §º %.
ariled (ar’ild), a.
arillate (ar’i-lāt), a.
arillated (ar’i-lā-ted), a.
arilli, n. c - A -
arilliform (a-ril’i-fôrm), a.
arillus (a-rilºus), n. ;
Arilus (ar’i-lus), n.
Aſimº.º.
[F., K. It, arietta, q.v.] Arimaspian (ar-i-mas' pi-an), n.
Arimaspian
She hastened to beseech their attention unto a military
ariette, Scott,
aright (a rit"), prep. phr, as adv. [ME, aright,
AS. āriht, earlier on riht,
aright: on, E. aš;, riht, E. right; see right, n.
The second sense is ºf 1. Rightly; in
a right way or form; without error or fault.
Nor can a man of passions judge aright,
Except his mind be from all passions free.
w Sir J. Davies, Immortal. of Soul, iv.
These mingled seeds thy hand shall set aright,
All laid in heaps, each after its own kind.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 264.
2. To or toward the right hand. [Rare.]
The affrighted foemen scatter from his spear, aright, aleft.
Sowthey, Joan of Arc, vi. 308.
arigt, ariht, º
Ariina (ar-i-i'nā), m. pl. [NL., K. Arius + -ina.]
In Günther's classification of fishes, a group of
Siluridae proteroptera, with the anterior, and
posterior nostrils close together and without
nasal barbels: synonymous with Ariinae.
[NL.; K Arius + -inge.]
In ichth., a subfamily of siluroid fishes, typified
by the genus Arius. They have a form resembling
that of the North American catfishes, but the anterior
nostrils are close to the posterior, and the latter have no
barbels. . Most species have a bony occipital shield, be-
tween which and the dorsal fin is a smaller antedorsal
shield; the dentition is variable, but palatine teeth are
Salt-water Catfish (Galeichthys milberti).
(From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.)
usually present. About 100 species are known, now re-
ferred to several genera, most of which are inhabitants of
the tropical or warm seas. The males of many species
carry the eggs, which are of large size, in their mouth, and
there hatch them. A few reach a length of nearly 5 feet.
[= F. arille = Sp. arilla = Pg.
It. arillo, K NL. arillus, K ML. arilli (pl.), dried
grapes, K L. aridus, dry : see arid.] In bot., a
term variously applied to the accessory cover-
ings or ºpºlº; of Seeds. It is sometimes used
in a general sense, without regard to form or place of ori-
gin, and includes the strophiole, caruncle, and arillode (see
these words); but it is usually limited to a more or less
nearly complete seed-covering which originates from the
funiculus near the hilum, or from the placenta when there
is no funiculus. Also arillus.
Same as arillate.
[KNL. arillatus, Karillus:
see aril.] Furnished with an aril, as the fruit of
the spindle-tree.
Same as arillate.
[KNL. arillus, aril,
+ L. forma, form.] Having the form of an aril.
lural of arillus.
arillode (ar’i-lód), m. [KNL. *arillodium, Karil-
lus, aril, + Gr. eidog, form.] In bot., a false aril:
sometimes applied to
a form of aril which
originates from the
micropyle, pr raphe
instead of at or be-
low the hilum, as in
the nutmeg. Also
spelled arilode.
§: arilli (-i). [NL.]
ame as aril.
[NL.] Agenus of het-
eropterous hemip-
terous insects, of the
family Reduviidae, ſor-
merly including the
species of Prionidus,
as the wheel-bug.
Arillodes.
a, b, seed of Ricinus communis;
c, seed of Cheltdon item maſtes, d, e,
seed of Myristica /?"a grazts, nut-
meg and mace; /, arillode. (a, b,
and c magnified.)
m. [K L. Arimaspi, K
Gr. Appiaotrot, pl., a
“Scythian' word, said
to mean ‘one-eyed'; according to Herodotus,
“Scythian,” Köpipla, one, -- otrow, eye; according
to Eustathius, Köpt, one, -- plactég, eye.] One
of the Arimaspi, a mythical tribe of Scythians
believed in antiquity to have carried off a hoar
of gold which was under the guardianship of
griffins. Figures of Arimasps occur sometimes in Greek
art, represented in Oriental dress and fighting griffins.
Same as Ari-
"masp.



Arimaspian -
As when a gryphon through the wilderness , , .
Pursues the Arimagpian, who by stealth
Had from his wakeful custody };
The guarded gold. ilton, P. L., ii. 945.
Goat or griffin, Christian or Cockney, Miser or Arimag-
plaſm. Blackwood's Mag., XXI. 780.
Arinae (a-ri'nā), m.pl. [KAra?-F.-ina.] A sub-
family of birds, of the family Psittacidae, includ-
ing the wedge-tailed macaws and parrakeets of
America. See Ara? and Conwrus. Also written
Arainae.
ariolation (ar’i-Ö-lä'shgn), m. See hariolation.
Arion (a-riſon), n. [NL., K. L. Arion, KGr. Apt-
an’, a celebrated cithara-player, said to have
Been rescued from drowning by a dolphin.]. A
genus of pulmonate gastropods, by some refer-
red to the family Limacidae and subfamily Ario-
ninae, but now generally considered as the type
of a family Arionidae, including several species
of slugs, of which A. ater, the black slug, is a
characteristic example.
In the principal genus, Arion, there is a triangular pore
at the upper posterior part of the body, which readily sep-
arates it from Limax. Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 319.
arionid (a-ri’9n-id), n. Agastropod of the fam-
ily Arionidae.
Arionidae (ar-i-on’i-dé), m. #. [NL., K. Arion +
-idae.] A family of geophilous pulmonate gas-
tropods, resembling the Limacidae, and repre-
sented by such genera as Arion and Ariolimaa.
Its technical characters are a shell reduced to a small flat
plate or granules, a small and shield-like anterior mantle,
the jaw entire and transversely ribbed, and teeth of three
kinds, the laterals especially differing from those of the
Limacidae by their low, wide, and quadrate form. They
º fºunded with the limacids under the general name
OI Sillſ S.
Arioninae (ar’i-Ö-ni’né), m. pl. [NL., K. Arion
+ -inae.] The slugs of the genus Arion and re-
lated genera, such as Ariolimax, regarded as a
subfamily of the Limacidae.
The Limacidae are divisible into three subfamilies. In
the Arioninae the shell may be present, though concealed
by the mantle, or it may be represented by a number of
calcareous grains scattered through the corresponding
portion of the mantle. Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 318.
ariose (ar-i-Ös'), a. [K It arioso, q.v.]. Charac-
terized by melody, as distinguished from har-
mony. [Rare.]
Mendelssohn wants the ariose beauty of Handel; vocal
melody is not his forte; the interest of his airs is harmonic.
Foreign Quarterly Rev.
arioso (3-ré-3'sé), a. [It., Karia, air: see aria
and airò.] In music, like an air, as contradis-
tinguished from recitative. The word is used espe-
cially with reference to recitative passages which are
treated more in the smooth and melodious style of airs
than in the ordinary style of recitatives. In instrumental
music it indicates a flowing vocal style. Prefixed to an
air, it denotes a sustained elaborate style, appropriate to
the great airs of an opera.
-arious. . [Accom, of L. -arius: see -aryl and
-ows.] A suffix of Latin origin, another form
of -aryl, but used only in adjectives, as in ad-
versarious, arenarious, calcarious (now errone-
ously, calcareous), gregarious, vicarious, etc.
arisadt, arisardt, n. [Origin obscure.] A long
robe or tunic girded at the waist, worn by
women in Scotland as late as 1740. Planché.
Also airisad, airisard.
arise (a-riz"), v. 3.; pret. arose, pp. arisem, ppr.
arising. [KME. arisen, KAS. ārāsan (= ONorth.
arrisa = OS. arisan = OHG. ar-, ir-, wr-risan =
Goth. wrreisan, arise), Kä- + risan, rise: see a-l
and risel.] 1. To get up from sitting, lying,
or kneeling, or from a posture or state of re-
pose, as from sleep or the grave: as, the audi-
ence arose and remained standing.
I will arise, and go to my father. Luke xv. 18.
The king arose very early in the morning. Dan. vi. 19.
Arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee light.
Eph. V. 14.
Many bodies of the saints which slept arose.
Mat. xxvii. 52.
Arise, he said, to conquering Athens go,
There fate appoints an end of all thy Woe.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., l. 533.
I dub thee knight.
Arise, Sir Ralph, De Wilton's heir.
Scott, Marmion, vi. 12.
2. To get up from a sitting or session, as of a
court; suspend sittings for a time; adjourn:
as, the court arose at 4 o'clock. [Archaic: See
wise.]—3. To spring up from, or as from, the
ground; ascend; mount or move from a lower
to a higher place: as, vapors arise from humid
ground.
The forests were filled with birds; and, at the discharge
of an arquebuse, whole flocks would arise.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 76.
From right to left about the flashing mass
Arose a spiral stair, the tower ringing.
. De Kay, Vision of Nimrod, v.
309
4. To come into view, as from a hiding-place;
specifically, to appear, as the sun or a star,
above the horizon; hence, to begin, or be ush-
ered in, as the day.
Arise, fair Sun, and kill the envious moon.
- Shak., R. and J., ii. 2.
While day arises, that sweet hour of prime.
Milton, P. L., v. 170.
5...To come into being or action; come into
existence or play; start into prominence or
activity; appear; come upon the scene: as, a
false prophet has arisen; a great wind arose;
a cry arose.
Now there arose up a new king over Egypt, which knew
not Joseph. Ex. i. 8.
Whence heavy persecution shall arise
Qn all, who in the worship persevere
Of spirit and truth. Milton, P. L., xii. 531.
For the mighty wind arises, roaring seaward, and I go.
Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
The idea of a universal and beneficent Creator of the
universe does not seem to arise in the mind of man until
he has been elevated by long-continued culture.
Darwin, Descent of Man, II. 377.
6. To have a beginning or origin; originate.
(a) To have or take its rise, as a river; rise, as from a
source. (b) To result or proceed, as from a cause: as, most
of these appalling accidents arise from carelessness.
All the powers and capacities of man, being the work of
God, must have their proper place in his designs; and the
evil in the world arises not from their use, but from their
II]]|SUlSČ. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 110.
7. To come or spring up incidentally, as any-
thing requiring attention: as, other cases can
be attended to as they arise.
Fortunately, the contingency to which I allude [the ne-
Cessity of a coup d'état] never arose.
E. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 124.
8. To rise in hostility; rebel: with against:
as, the men arose against their officers.
When he arose against me, I caught him by his beard.
Sam. xvii. 35.
[In senses 1–4, 6 (a), and 8, rise is now more
common.]=Syn. Arise, Rise. The choice between these
Words was primarily, and still often is, a matter of rhythm.
The literal meanings, however, or those which seem literal,
have become more associated with rise, and the consciously
figurative with arise: as, he rose from his chair; the sun rose;
the provinces rose in revolt; trouble arose; “Music arose
with its voluptuous swell," Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 21.
ariset (a-riz"), n. [Karise, v. 7..] Rising.
Upon the arise or descent of the stars.
wº Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vi. 3.
arish (ar’ish), n. [Pers.] A Persian linear
measure, equal to 38.3 English inches.
aristi, n. [ME., KAS. ārist, Érist, Örest (= Goth.
wrrists), arising, Kārāsan, arise, + -t, a common
noun formative..] A rising, as from a seat, a
bed, or the ground, or from below the horizon:
as, “at the sonne ariste,” Chaucer, Astrolabe.
aristt. A shortened form of ariseth. Chaucer.
arista (a-ris’tā), n. ; pl. arista? (-té). [L., the
awn or beard of grain. Cf. arrest2.] 1. In
bot., an awn (which see).-2. In 206l., an awn
or tactile filament at the end of the antenna of
an insect, as in some Diptera.
The antennae . . . may . . . be very short and com-
posed of three joints, frequently bearing a tactile hair at
the extremity (arista). Claws, Zoël. (trans.), I. 573.
aristarch (arºis-tärk), m. [K L. Aristarchus, K
Gr. Apia Tapkoç, a critic of Alexandria, noted for
his severity, especially in regard to the Homeric
poems.] ... A severe critic: as, “the aristarch
Johnson,” Scott, Abbot, Int.
Aristarchian (ar-is-tärſki-an), a. [K Gr. Apt-
otápaſelog, K’Apia Taprog; or K Aristarchus + -ian.]
Like the ancient critic Aristarchus; severely
critical.
aristarchyl (arºis-tär-ki), m. ; pl. aristarchies
(-kiz). [LGr. &ptorqpxia, KGr. Öpigrapxog, best-
ruling, Kóptotog, best, + dipſtelv, rule. Cf. aris-
tocracy.] Government by the best men; a body
of worthy men constituting a government.
aristarchyºt (arºis-tär-ki), n., [K Aristarchus.]
Severe criticism like that of the ancient critic
Aristarchus. [Rare.]
IIowbeit, the ground on which I would build his chief
praise (to some of the Aristarchy and sour censures of
these days) requires, first, an apology.
º
Sir J. Harington, Brief View of Ch. of Eng., p. 153.
aristate (a-ris’tät), a. [K L.L. aristatus, K L.
arista, awn or beard of grain.] Awned; hav-
ing a pointed, beard-like process, like that of
barley. See cut under barley.
aristocracy (ar-is-tokºra-si), n. ; pl. aristocra-
cies (-siz). [K OF. aristocracie, F. aristocratie,
KML. *aristocratia, K. Gr. diplo Tokpatia, the rule
of the best (cf. dipta tokpareioffat, be governed by
the best-born), K &ptotoc, best, + -kpatia, rule,
K ºpateiv, be strong, rule.] 1+. Government by
the best men in the state ; a governing body
composed of the best men in the state.
Aristolochia
He [Periander] reckoned that popular estate . . . best
which came nearest unto an aristocracy or regiment of
wise and noble senate. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 276.
2. A form of government in which the Supreme
power is exercised by those members of the
state who are distinguished by their rank and
opulence. When the ruling power is exercised by a
very few of this class to the exclusion of all others, the
government becomes an oligarchy.
The aristocracy of Venice hath admitted so many abuses
. . . that the period of its duration seems to apprº,
QU2.
Take away the standing armies, and leave the nobles to
themselves, and in a few years they would overturn every
monarchy in Europe, and erect aristocracies.
J. Adams, Works, IV. 288.
3. A body of persons holding exceptional pre-
scriptive rank or privileges; specifically, a
class of hereditary nobility; the nobles of a
country and those nearly related to them.
Between the aristocracy and the working people had
sprung up a middle class, agricultural and commercial.
Macaulay.
4. Persons noted for superiority in any charac-
ter or quality, taken collectively: as, the aris-
tocracy of wealth or of culture.
aristocrat (arºis-tó-krat or a-ris’tó-krat), m. [K
F. aristocrate, a reverse formation from the
adj. aristocratique: see aristocratic.] 1. A
member of the aristocracy or men of rank in a
community; hence, a person having the traits
supposed to be characteristic of an aristocracy:
as, “a born aristocrat,” Mrs. Browning.—2.
One who favors an aristocracy; one who is an
advocate of an aristocratic form of govern-
ment.
aristocratic (arºis-tº-kratſik), a. [K F. aristo-
cratique, K. Gr. Öptotokpattkóg, pertaining to aris-
tocracy, Käptotokpatta: see aristocracy.] 1. Per-
taining to aristocracy or a ruling oligarchy;
consisting in or pertaining to the rule of a
privileged class; oligarchic : as, an aristocratic
constitution; an aristocratic government.
The Areopagus was a body of aristocratic tendencies,
consisting of those who had served the office of archon ;
its function was to maintain the laws in their integrity.
Von Ranke, Univ. Hist. (trans.), p. 144.
2. Pertaining to, resembling, or befitting the
nobility or men of rank; resembling in man-
ners or character the aristocracy or higher
classes in a community: as, aristocratic pride;
aristocratic in sentiment.—3. Belonging to an
aristocracy.
aristocratical (arºis-tó-krat’i-kal), a. Same as
aristocratic.
aristocratically (ar"is-tó-krat’i-kal-i), adv. In
an aristocratic manner.
aristocraticalness (arºis-tº-krat’i-kal-nes), n.
The quality of being aristocratic.
aristocratism (arºis-tº-krat-izm or ar-is-tok'ra-
tizm), n. [Karistocrat+ -ism..] Aristocratic rank,
privilege, or character; the state or condition
of being aristocratic in rank or feeling; mem-
bership of or adherence to a privileged class.
Aristocratism rolls in its carriage, while patriotism can-
not trail its cannon. Carlyle, French Rev., III. i. 2.
aristocratize (ar-is-tokºra-tiz), v. ; pret. and
pp. aristocraticed, ppr. aristocratizing. [K F.
aristocratiser, K aristocrate : see aristocrat and
-ite.] I. trams. To render aristocratic.
II. intrans. To favor or support aristocracy.
[Rare.] -
aristocratyf (ar-is-tokºra-ti), m. Same as aris-
tocracy. Burton.
aristodemocracy (ar"is-tó-dû-mok'ra-si), m. [K
aristo(cracy) + democracy..] Government by no-
bles and the commonalty; a government com-
posed of aristocratic and democratic elements
combined. Imp. Dict.
Aristolochia (ar"is-tó-ló’ki-á), m. [L., K. Gr.
ôptorožoxia, also aptorożóreta, an herb promoting
child-birth, Käptotog, best,
+ Aoysia, child-birth: see
lochia.] A genus of di-
cotyledonous apetalous
plants, the type and prin-
cipal genus of the
family Aristolochiacca?,
chiefly woody climbers,
and very widely distrib-
uted. There are about ISO
species, of which 11 occur
in the United States. They are
º “ ” * ... remarkable, for their curious
Dutchman's-Pipe flowers, which vary greatly in
(Aristolochia Sipho º *
[macrophylla]). form and size, but are all so
º constructed as to imprison in
Some Way the insects which visit them. The relative
position of the anthers and stigmas prevents fertilization
Without the agency of insects, and self-fertilization even
by their aid is, at least in some cases, made impossible by
proterogyny. The flowers are usually of a dingy hue.

Aristolochia
4. Goldieana, of Calabar, has the largest that are yet
known, the blade of which is nearly 2 feet in breadth. "In
4. Cºematitis insects bringing, pollen to the early ma-
tured stigma are º by impeding hairs which
wither after the fresh pollen is shed. This and some
other European Species had formerly a reputation as em-
menagogues and as facilitating parturition. Various
species have had a popular reputation as remedies for
Snake-bites, as anthelmintics, etc., and the Virginia snake-
root, or serpentary-root, A. Serpentaria, is employed as a
Stimulating tonic and diaphoretic. The pipe-vine, or
Dutchman's-pipe, A. Sipho, a native of the Alleghanies,
With very large cordate leaves, is cultivated as an orna-
mental glimber. º
Aristolochiaceae (ar"is-tº-ló-ki-ā'sé-É), m. pl.
NL., K. Aristolochia + -aceae.] A family
of dicotyledonous apetalous plants, character-
ized by an inferior capsular many-seeded fruit
epigynous stamens, and a colored, usually irreg-
ular, calyx. The principal genera are Aristolochia and
Asarum, with about 200 species, herbs or woody climbers,
Widely distributed through temperate and tropical regions,
and possessing bitter and acrid properties. See Aristolo-
chia, and cut under Asarum. -
aristolochiaceous (arºis-tº-ló-ki-ā'shius), a.
Belonging or pertaining to the Aristolochiaceae.
aristological (arºis-tº-loji-kal), a. Of or per-
taining to aristology. N. E. D.
aristologist (ar-is-tolſó-jist), n.
+ -ist.] One skilled in aristology. N. E. D.
aristology (ar-is-tol’ā-ji), m. [K Gr. Öplotov,
breakfast, + -20yta, K Wéyetv, speak: see -ology.]
The science of dining. T. Walker. [Rare.
Aristonetta (arºis-tº-net’â), m. [NL., K. Gr. Öpt-
orog, best, + virta, a duck, - L. amas: see Anas.]
A genus of sea-ducks, subfamily Fuligulinae,
family Anatidae: named from the excellence of
the flesh. The type and only species is the can-
vasback, A. vallisneria. S. F. Baird, 1858. See
cut under canvasback.
Aristophanic (arºis-tº-fan'ik), a. and n. [K L.
Aristophanicus, KAristophames, K Gr. Aptotopávmg,
Aristophanes.] I. a. Pertaining to the writ-
ings or style of Aristophanes, the great comic
poet of Athens; shrewd; witty.
II. m. [l. c.] In anc. pros., same as first Phere-
cratic. See Pherocratic.
Aristotelean (ar-is-tot-É-lé'an), a. Same as
Aristotelian.
Aristotelian (arºis-tº-té'li-an), a, and m, [K L.
Aristotelius, -leus, K. Gr. AptototéAelog, pertaining
to Aptoroté/c, L. Aristoteles, Aristotle.] I. a.
Pertaining to Aristotle (born at Stagira in
Macedonia, 384 B. C., died 322 B.C.), the father
of logic and the most influential of all philoso-
gº; or to his works, school, or philosophy.
e6 peripatetic.—Aristotelian logic. (a) The logic of
Aristotle, especially in the modified form taught in the
middle ages. (b) Formal logic, based on the four propo-
sitional forms: All S is P; No S is P.; Some S is P.; Some
S is not P.-Aristotelian sorites, a progressive chain of
Teasoning like the following: He who is prudent is temper-
atc.; he who is temperate is constant ; he who is constant
is unperturbed ; he who is unperturbed is without sorrow;
he who is without Sorrow is lappy; therefore, the prudent
Iman is happy. -
The progressive sorites has leen called the common or
Aristotelian. This latter denomination is an error, for
Aristotle, though certainly not ignorant of the process of
reasoning now called Sorites, does not enter upon its con-
sideration. Sir W. Haynilton.
II. m. A follower of Aristotle. See peripatetic.
Aristotelianism (arºis-tá-téſli-àn-izm), n.
Aristotelian + -ism.] The philosophy of Aris-
totle, or any later modification of it. Aristo-
telianism is a kind of metaphysical evolutionism. Its
central idea is the distinction of act and power (actuality
and potentiality). The nature of the World as a whole, as
well as every part of it, may be illustrated by the analogy
of the growth of a tree from a seed. The tree has a sort
of being in the seed—a potential being: it exists in it in
power only. That which is actualized in the perfected de-
velopment from the seed — the tree—exists in act or ac-
tuality. This perfected development — the entelechy—
is the characteristic nature of the thing which places it in
some natural species, and which is its form, or that ele-
ment of the thing which makes it to be the kind of thing
that it is. The other element, which merely makes the
thing to be, is its matter, which, as unformed, is identified
by Aristotle with the power or potentiality of a germ.
Tºvery event is an act of development. Most events take
place under the influence of an external efficient cause,
and their character is determined by an end. Matter,
form, efficient cause, and end are the four Aristotelian
causes or principles. Iłut not all events are brought about
by external cflicient causes. Some happen by fortuitous
spontaneity, and are not determined by any causes what-
ever. Other events come to pass naturally, that is, by a
self-determined growth. Besides that which is moved but
does not cause motion, and that which is both moved and
causes motion, there must needs be a tertium quid, which
is not moved, yet causes motion; and this is God, or pure
act (actuality) without undeveloped potentiality. The souí
is the entelechy, or perfect flower, of the body. It has
three parts, the vegetative (or merely vital), the sensible,
and the rational. The reason is not a mere belonging of
the individual; it exists, before the body, and, as the ac-
tive reason, is common to all persons upon the tablets of
whose passive reason it writes its dicta. Space and time
are mere logical elements of motion. Aristotle is justly
called the father of logic, although there were some vague
[K aristology
310
logical doctrines before him, and tº his system is
now largely superseded. He holds the only excellent rea-
soning to be syllogism, and all other kinds of reasoning to
be imperfect º: to syllogism. Particular
facts are first an
are-first and best known in themselves. Science must set
out with certain fixed first principles, which are defini-
tions. Knowledge is a development from impressions of
sense, to the formation of which reason and experience
both contribute. ... Things are of ten classes, substances,
relations, quantities, qualities, etc. See category. Differ-
ent genera are subdivided upon different principles, so
that there are no cross-divisions in the real classification
of natures. It is possible to so collate passages from Aris-
totle as to make him appear as an inductive logician; but
the whole cast of his mind was such as to lead him to
underrate the importance of induction. He lays much
stress on the principle of excluded middle, which he treats
as a corollary of the principle of contradiction; and he
has a general leaning to hard and rather wooden distinc-
tions. The most important of his ethical doctrines are
that happiness lies in the working out of one's inward-
ness, and that every Virtue is a golden mean between two
vices.
Aristotelic (arºis-tó-tel'ik), a. [K LL. Aristo-
telicus, K. Gr. Apatore?ticóc, K 'Aptorotéânc, Aris-
totle.] Pertaining to Aristotle or to his phi-
losophy.
Aristotle's lantern, See lantern.
aristulate (a-ris’tü-lāt), a. [KNL. aristulatus,
Karistula, dim, of L. arista, awn or beard of
grain..] In bot., having a short beard or awn.
A. Gray.
arithmancy (ar'ith-man-si), m. [= Sp. arit-
'mancia = Pg. arithm ancia; contr. of arithmo-
'mancy, q.v.] Same as arithmomancy.
arithmantical (ar-ith-man’ti-kal), a. Of or
pertaining to arithmancy. N. E. b.
arithmetic (a-rith’me-tik; as adjective, ar-ith-
met'ik), m. and a. [The M.E. forms are cor-
rupt: arsmetike, arsmetrilº, ars metrike, etc., in
simulation of L. ars metrica, the metric art;
later M.E. arismetrilº (early mod. E. arithme-
tricke, arithmetick, after mod. F. and L.), KOF.
arismetique, mod. F. arithmétique = Pr: aris-
metica = Sp. arismática, now usually aritmética
= Pg. arithmetica = It, aritmetica=G, Sw. Dan.
arithmetik, K. L. arithmetica, K. Gr. Öptôum Tukſ (sc.
téxvm), the science of reckoning, fem. of diptſ)-
pumtakóg, of or for reckoning, K. Čiptóueiv, reckon,
number, count, K &piduág, number.]. I. º. 1.
The theory of numbers; the study of the divisi-
bility of whole numbers, the remainders after
division, etc. Also called theoretical or higher
arithmetic.—2. The art of computation: the most
elementary branch of mathematics. This use of
the word appears early in the sixteenth century. The art
of using Arabic numerals was first called in English algo-
rism (which see) or augrim, then practical arithmetic,
lastly arithmetic simply, or elementary arithmetic. Ab-
stract arithmetic teaches systems of notation for numbers,
the three rules of direct computation, addition, subtrac-
tion, and multiplication, and various rules of indirect com-
putation, or computation by successive approximation,
Such as division, extraction of the square and cube roots,
double position, etc. Practical arithmetic teaches the
yarious kinds of computation employed in trade. ..
3+ (pron. ar-ith-met 'ik). An arithmetician.
–Binary (or dyadic) arithmetic, decimal arithme-
tic, duodecimal arithmetic, etc. See the adjectives.
—Literal or universal arithmetic, algebra.-Mental
arithmetic, the simpler branches of arithmetic adapted
for mental training, through the performance of the opera-
tions in the mind, without writing the figures.—Political
ãºmetic, the application of arithmetic to politics; sta-
1St 10S,
II. a. A less common form of arithmetical.
arithmetical (arith-met'i-kāl), a.
métique, K L. arithmeticus, K. Gr. Öpifflintakóc: see
arithmetic..] Pertaining to arithmetic; accord-
arithmocracy (ar-ith-mok'ra-si), n.
arithmocratic (a-rith-mö-krat'ik), a.
arithmograph (3-rith’mö-gräf), n.
arithmomancy (a-rith’mó-man-si), n.
arithmometer (ar-ith-mom’ e-tér), m.
a ritorte (à ré-törſte).
-arium.
ark
... arithmeticus: see arithmeti-
arithméticien, K
oaij"one skilled in arithmetic.
best known to us, but general truths arithmetico-geometrical (ar-ith-met/i-kö-jā-
Ö-met’ri-kal), a. Arithmetical and geometri-
cal: a term descriptive of a kind of mean be-
tween two quantities obtained by taking both
the arithmetical and the geometrical means of
the quantities, then the means of these means,
and so on, until the two results become iden-
ical. Thus, starting with 2 and 8, we obtain successive-
ly the following pairs of means:
Arithmetical, Geometrical.
First pair, 2.5 2.449490
Second “ 2.474745 2.474615
Third ** 2.474680 2,474680
The numbers of the last pair being sensibly equal, 2.474680
is the arithmetico-geometrical mean of 2 and 8. This pro-
cess, invented by Gauss, is useful in calculating elliptic in-
tegrals.
[K Gr,
àptôuóg, number, -i- -kparta, rule: see -cracy, and
of, democracy.] Rule or government by a ma-
jority. [Rare.]
A democracy of mere numbers is no democracy, but a
mere brute arithmocracy.
Kingsley, Alton Locke (ed. 1854), Pref.
[K Gr.
àpiðuác, number, + -kparticóg, Kkpáros, rule..] Of,
pertaining to, or of the nature of an arithmoc-
racy or rule of numbers. [Rare.]
American democracy, being merely arithmocratic, pro-
vides no representation whatsoever for the more educated
and more experienced minority.
Kingsley, Alton Locke (ed. 1862), Pref.
[K Gr. 6ptſ.
puég, number, H- Ypápelv, write.] A kind of com-
puting-machine.
[Also
contr., arithmancy, q.v., K. N.L. arithmomantia
K. Gr. diplôuóg, a number, -i- gavreia, divination.j
Divination by numbers. Also º F
arithmometre, K. Gr. Öpiffuáç, number, H- ſiérpov,
a measure.] A machine for performing mul-
tiplication and division, and also addition and
Subtraction. In that of Thomas of Colmar the multi-
‘plicand, or dividend, is set up on figure-wheels by
mechanical devices. On turning a crank as many times as
there are units in each digit of the multiplier or divisor,
and using a shifter prior to each successive turning, the
product or quotient appears on the figure-wheels,
arithmo-planimeter (3-rith’mö-pla–nim’e-tér),
m. [K Gr. &ptôuóg, number, -- planimeter.] A.
form of planimeter invented by M. Lalanne.
[It. : a (K. L. ad), to,
with; ritorte, pl. of ritorta, band, tie, sprig;
cf. retort.] With bands: said of glassware
decorated by means of rods of white or colored
glass, generally spiral, sunk in a body of trans-
parent glass, so as to form one mass with it. . .
[L. -ārium, neut. of -ārius (see -aryl,
-ery), denoting a thing connected with, chiefly
a place for, something, as in L. aquàrium, a
lace for Yº: cattle, vivārium, a place for
ive fish, etc., L.L. herbārium, a collection of
dried plants, etc., such words being transferred .
to E. unchanged, or with adapted suffix -ary,
as aviary, estuary, Salary, etc.] A suffix, the
Original Latin neuter form of -aryl, usually in
[= F. arith- words denoting a place set apart for something,
as aquarium, vivarium, herbarium, also (as Latin
words) frigidarium, caldarium; but sometimes
ing to the rules or methods of arithmetic.— used differently, as in honorarium.
Arithmetical complement, the sum which a number Arius (ā’ri-us), n. [NL
lacks of 10 or of the next higher power of 10: 3, for ex-
ample, is the arithmetical complement of 7; 56 of 44.—
Arithmetical complement of a logarithm, the sum or
number which a logarithm lacks of 10.-Arithmetical
mean. See anean.—Arithmetical progression, a se-
ries of quantities or numbers increasing or decreasing by -arius.
a common difference, as 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. See 8eries.—
Arithmetical proportion, the equality of two arith-
metical ratios or differences, as in the numbers 12, 9, 6,
where 12–9–9–6.—Arit
ence between any two adjacent terms in arithmetical
Pºiº signs, the arbitrary sym-
ols used to denote the operations performed on numbers
or the relations subsisting between them: as, +, =,
;:#; º; formed by
the orderly arrangement of binomial coefficients; thus:
-
1.
35 35
etc., etc.
arithmetically (ar-ith-metſi-kal-i), adv. Ac-
cording to the rules, principles, or method of
arithmetic.
., appar. K. Gr. Öpetoc,
martial, warlike, K.'Apng, Mars: see Arian 1.]
A genus of marine catfishes, giving name to
the subfamily Ariinae: synonymous with Gale-
ſichthys (which see). See cut under Ariinae.
º [L.: see -arium, -aryl.] A Latin ter-
mination frequent in zoölogical and botanical
terms: sometimes used unchanged in English.
hmetical ratio, the differ: arklt, n. An old spelling of arcl, a bow, arch.
ark? (ärk), m.
[K ME. ark, arke, KAS. earc, erc,
arc=ONorth. arc, arc = OFries. erke = D. ark =
OHG. arka, archa, MHG. G. arche= Icel. Örk =
Dam. Sw, ark = Goth. arka = Sp. Pg. It. arca =
Pr. archa = OF. arche (X ME. arche; see arch2),
mod. F. arche – Gael. Ir. airc = W. arch; K L.
arca, a chest, box, coffer (in Vulgate of Noah's
ark and the ark of the covenant), Karcere, keep,
=Gr, preiv, keep off, suffice.] I. A chest, box,
coffer, or other close receptacle; a bin or
hutch: as, a meal-ark. [Obsolete, poetical, or
dialectalj
Then first of all forth came Sir Satyrane,
Bearing that precious relicke in an arke.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. iv. 15.
Rich arks with priceless bones of martyrdom.
Tennyson, Balin and Balan.
- ark
2. In Scrip.: (a) The repository of the covenant
or tables of the law. The ark was made of shittim.
Wood, overlaid within and without with gold. It was about
; feet long §. 2} feet high and broad, and over it were
aced the golden coveringormercy-seat and the two cheru-
im. The same name is given in modern Jewish synagogues
to a repository for the rolls or books used in divine service.
(b) The large floating vesselin which, according
to the account in the Old Testament, Noah and
his family were preserved during the deluge.
(c) The vessel of bulrushes in which the infant
Moses was laid.—3. In the Ethiopic Ch., a sa-
cred chest, called the tabout, serving as an altar.
I must here º: of that extraordinary appurtenance
of the Ethiopic Church, the tabout, or ark. # is the be-
lief of that Church that the original ark is preserved in
the .cathedral of Axum, and, in imitation of that, every
parish church is also furnished with an ark, which is pre-
served in the sanctuary, and forms the principal object in
ecclesiastical processions.
J. M. Neale, Tastern Church, i. 185.
4. A large boat used on western American
rivers to transport produce to market.—5. In
206l., a name common to the bivalve mollusks
of the family Arcida”; an ark-shell.—6. An Ara-
Bian measure of capacity, equal to the Spanish
famega, or 58 quarts; also, a measure of three
fourths of this capacity, or 43 quarts.
ark?! (ärk), v. t. [Kark?, n.] To inclose in anark.
Arkansas stone. See stone.
arkansite (ärſkan-sit or ār-kan'sit), n. IK Ar-
kansas (one of the United States) + -ite2.] Ava-
riety of brookite from Magnet Cove, Arkansas.
arki (ärſki), n. [Ar. ‘argīy: see arrack.] Same
as arrack.
arkite (är'kit), m. and a... [Kark2 + -ite?..] I.
n. One of the persons who were preserved in
Noah's ark. J. Bryant. [Rare.]
II. a. Belonging to Noah's ark. J. Bryant.
[Raré.] s
arkose (ār-kós"), m. [F.] Feldspathic sandstone,
that is, a sandstone consisting in large degree
of feldspar. The , term originated with Alexandre
Brongniart in 1823, and was applied by him to sandstones
composed of quartz, orthoclase, and perhaps other feld-
spars and mica, and derived from disintegration of
granite. In recent years the word has been applied gen-
erally to all feldspathic sandstones, or those with kaolin,
without regard to derivation of material. The mineral
grains of arkose are usually angular in shape, not rounded
as in common quartzosé Sandstone.
The arkose of central France. Murchison.
ark-shell (ärk'shel), n. [Karl;2 + shell.] The
shell of a mollusk belonging to the family Ar-
cidae (which see).
arksutite (ärk'sú-tit), n. IK Arksut (see def.) +
-ite?..] A fluorid of aluminium, calcium, and
sodium, occurring with cryolite in the ArkSut
fiord, Greenland.
Arkys (ärſkis), n. Same as Arcys.
arle-penny, arles-penny (ärl’-, firlz" pen’i), m.
[Karle, arles + penny..] Same as aries.
Here tak’ this gowd and never want
Enough to gar you drink and rant,
And this is but an ar!e penny
To what I afterwards design ye. Allan Ramsay.
arles (ärlz), m. [North. and Sc., Sc. also artis,
erlis, K ME. erles, appar, K OF. *erle, *arle,
K L. as if *arrhula, dim. (cf. OF. erre, arre, pl.
erres, arres, mod. F. arrhes), K 1. arrha, arra,
earnest: see arrha.] 1. Earnest-money given
in confirmation of a bargain, contract, or agree-
ment: a practice chiefly connected with the
hiring of servants and with sales of goods where
there is no writing and delivery is postponed.
[Scotch and north of England.]–2. An ear-
nest or foretaste.
This ure lauerd [Lord] giueth ham [them] as on erles of
the eche mede [eternal reward] that schal cume thrafter.
Hali Meidenhed (ed. Cockayne), p. 7.
arlienanse (är"li-ā-mân’sä), m. [Sp.] A kind of
Spanish limen.
asſº (är’ling), m. [E. dial. (M.E. not found),
K. A.S. arthling, irthling, eorthling, a name for
this bird, lit. a “‘fieldling,’ ‘earthling’ (cf.
clodbird, fallow-smiter); the name also means
a ‘farmer’: see earthling.] A species of bird;
the wheatear.
Arling, a bird that appeareth not in winter; a clot-
Ayrtle; a smatch. aret, Alvearie. (N. E. D.)
arm1 (ärm), n. [KME. arm, KAS. earm =ONorth.
arm = OS. arm = OFries. erm, arm, Fries. arm =
OD. aerm, D. arm = OHG. aram, MHG. G. arm,
arm, = Icel. armr = Sw, Dan. arm = Goth. arms,
arm, = L. armus, shoulder (usually of a brute),
= Gr. dpuég, joint, shoulder, allied to, &pſipov,
joint, L. artus, limb, joint; all K V “ar, fit, join.
See arm2, and cf. art?, arts, article, etc.] 1. In
ordinary language: (a) The upper limb of the
human body, extending from the shoulder to the
hand, and including the latter. (b) The same,
3.11
exclusive of the hand; the upper limb from the
shoulder to the wrist. It is divided into upper
arm, or arm proper, from the shoulder to the el-
bow, and lower arm, or forearm, from the elbow
to the wrist.—2. In human amat., the anterior
extremity from the shoulder-joint to the elbow-
joint, ...; by the extent of the humerus;
the brachium, as distinguished from theforearm
or antebrachium.–3. In comp. anat, and zoöl.:
(a) The fore limb of any vertebrate, especially
when terminating in a prehensile extremity
like a hand, more or less removed from the
office of locomotion; the pectoral or thoracic
limb; the diverging appendage of the scapular
arch or shoulder-girdle; a fore leg, wing, pee-
toral fin, etc. ...(b) Some diverging or radiating
part or organ like or likened to an arm, as the
arm of a cephalopod, the wing of a pteropod,
the brachium of a brachiopod, and the ray of a
starfish, sand-star, or crinoid.—4. Anything
formed on the type of the arm, or resembling an
arm in shape, position, or function. (a) Any pro-
jecting part from a main body, trunk, axis, etc.: as, the
arm of a lever or of the yard of a ship; an arm of the sea;
the arm of an anchor. (b) A rail or projecting support at
º #. of #. Sofa, etc. ight; strength
. Hºlgurat IWe ower; might; stre : all-
#o:#. §tº: ...& [In this sense the
word is often used in the Scriptures.]
To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? Is... liii. 1.
Hence—6. That on which one relies for support
or assistance; a prop; a stay.—Arm in arm,
properly arm-and-arm, with arms interlinked.
I saw my companions passing arm-in-arm across the
end of one of the long-drawn vistas.
H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 140.
Arm of a force, arm of a couple, in mech. See mo-
ment of a force, under moment.—Babe in arms, a child
so young that it has to be carried in the arms.-Better
armt, the right arm. , Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 1650.-Oral
arms, in acalephs. See oral.--To dagger or stab
armst, a practice once observed among gallants of pier-
cing their arms with daggers so as to draw blood, which
they mixed with wine and drank to the health of their
mistresses. Nares.
Have I not . . . stabb'd arms, and done all the offices
of protested gallantry for your sake? Marston.
Trailing arm, in mach., an arm which follows the piece
to which it is attached.
In adapting this wheel to multiplex telegraphy, a trail-
ing arm is attached to the revolving wheel.
Jowr. Franklin Inst., CXXI. 313.
With open arms, cordially; with eager welcome.
Even mitred Rochester would nod the head,
And St. John's self (great Dryden's friends before)
With open arms received one poet more.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, l. 142.
arml+ (ärm), v. t. EK arm1, m.] To take by the
arm; also, to seize or hold in the arms.
Arm, your prize;
I know you will not lose her.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, v. 3.
And make him with our pikes and partisans
A grave. Come, arm him. Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2.
ârm” (ärm), n. IK pl. arms, KME. armes, KQF.
armes, pl. (sing. arme), - Pr. armas = Sp. Pg.
armas (sing: arma) = It, armi (sing: armie, some-
times arma), K.L. arma (neut. pl., in ML, some-
times used as fem. sing.), arms, weapons, prop.
fittings, equipments; from same source as
armus, shoulder, etc.: see arm1. Hence alarm,
q. V.] 1. Milit.: (a) A weapon. In this sense
most commonly used in the plural, and when used in the
singular for the most part referring rather to a particular
kind of weapon than to an individual piece.
If the citadel of poverty and ignorance and vice is to be
taken at all, it must be besieged from every point of the
compass, . . . . and no kind of arm must be neglected
which will tend to secure the ultimate victory of morality
and culture. Jevons, Social Reform, p. 2.
(b) & Armor; coverings for the body intended
as defenses against weapons of war.
Look, a prize!
Three horses and three goodly suits of arms,
And all in charge of whom? a girl: set on.
Tennyson, Geraint.
(c) A branch of the military service, as cavalry
or artillery: as, the enemy was strong in artil-
lery, but we were weak in that arm.
The inland Britons being accustomed to rely upon their
infantry, and the Continental Gauls being fonder of the
cavalry arm. C. Elton, Orig. of Eng. Hist., p. 11S,
Hence—2. pl. The use of weapons; military
occupations; war.
By sea, by land, thy matchless worth was known,
Arms thy delight, and war was all thy own.
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., l. 841.
3. pl. Deeds or exploits of war.
Arms and the man I sing. Dryden, AEmeid, i. 1.
The women crowded to the doors to gaze upon him as
he passed, so much does prowess in arms delight the gen-
tle sex. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 418.
4. In law, anything which a man takes in his
hand in anger to strike or assault another.—5.
abºl
pl. In bot, anything that serves as a defense tº
a plant, as prickles, thorns, or spines.-6., pl.
In falconry, the legs of a hawk from the thigh to
the foot.—7. pl. The heraldic bearings of an in-
dividual or a community, consisting of some de-
vice in heraldic tinctures (see tincture) borne on
a shield, generally with the addition of a crest
and sometimes with supporters. A description in
heraldic terms of shield, crest, etc., is called blazoning
§ see). The right to bear the arms of the father is
nherited by the sons, but in strictness each of the younger
sons should add to the paternal shield a label as a mark
of cadency; the same right descends to a daughter only if
she is her father's heiress. A person inheriting an estate
other than the paternal one often assumes the arms of the
former possessor, but should in strictness apply to the
proper authorities. See king-at-arms, herald, and heralds'
college. Arms not paternal may be classed as follows: (a)
Arms of dominion, or the national arms borne by the
sovereign, in which generally the bearings inherited by
the prince as an individual have come to have a certain
national character. (b) Arms of community, as of a cor-
poration, an episcopal see, or the like. Arms assumed by a
republic, as by the United States or by one of the States,
partake of the nature of both the preceding. (c) Arms of
etension, as, specifically, those assumed by a sovereign
in assertion of his claim to a realm not actually under his
authority, like the fleurs-de-lys of France, which were
1)orne by English sovereigns until 1801. (d) Arms of 8wc-
ce&sion, denoting inheritance of an estate, as mentioned
above. (e) Arms of assumption, or asswºmptive arms, bear-
ings assumed or granted in consequence of an exploit, as
the three feathers with the motto Ich diem taken from the
slain King John of Bohemia by Edward the Black Prince
at the battle of Crécy (1346), and now borne by the
Prince of Wales. (f) Arms of alliance, as where one
spouse impales the arms of the other on his or her shield.
(g) Arm & of office, arms which are the perquisite or ap-
pendage of some public position. In all the above cases
except (a) and (b), a private individual having a right
to such arms charges them with the paternal arms,
whether by quartering or otherwise. For the origin and
history of arms, see heraldry.—Abated arms. See abate.
—Adoptive arms. See adoptive.—Allusive arms, in
her., a bearing or bearings having immediate reference to
the Wearer's name: thus, the arms of a person named Lamb
or Herring would be termed allusive, if they included
as a bearing a figure of the animal so named. In this
way the name De Loupe may have been given to the first
earls of Chester because of their bearing a wolf's head, or
the name Arundel may be derived from swallows (French
hirondelles) borne on the shield. The arms of Bolton are a
crossbow-bolt driven through a tun. Castile and Leon had
for their chief bearings a castle and a lion respectively.
There are many such cases. Also called allusive heraldry,
canting heraldry, rebus, and armes parlamtes.—Arms-
carrying Act. See Bill of Rights, under bill.—Arms
of precision, firearms rifled, furnished with gradu-
ated sights, accurately prepared bullets, and appliances
calculated to enable them to act with precision and ra-
pidity, and at much greater distances than ordinary
weapons. The Springfield and Mauser magazine-rifles
are examples.—Assize of arms. See assize.—AS-
Sumptive arms. See above, 7 (e), and assumptive.—Coat
of arms. See coat.— Places of arms, in fort., parts of
the covered Way opposite the salient and reëntering an-
gles of the counterscarp.– Repeating arms, arms that
can be discharged a number of times without being re-
loaded.—Rifled Small arms, rifles, nauskets, carbines,
pistols, or revolvers, the bores of which are cut with spi-
Tal grooves or “rifles.”—Small arms, all weapons not
requiring carriages, as opposed to artillery, and includ-
ing rifles, muskets, bayonets, pistols, revolvers, sabers, and
Swords; also, Sporting weapons.—Stand of arms, a com-
plete set of arms for one soldier, consisting of a musket,
bayonet, cartridge-box, and belt, with or without a sword-
—To arms! a warning equivalent to “arm | take to your
arms; make ready for battle.” (Compare alarm.)—To
bear arms, to do military service; serve as a soldier.
You have been a soldier, De Vitry, and borne arms.
Beau. and I'd., Thierry and Theodoret, iii. 2.
To be in arms, to be in a state of hostility, or of readi-
ness for War.
Sir Edward Courtenay and the haughty prelate, . . .
With many more confederates, are in arms.
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4.
To be under arms, to be armed and in a state of readi.
ness for fighting.—To carry, Order, present, etc., arms.
See the verbs.--To take (or take up) arms, to arm for
attack or defense, literally or figuratively.
Ye will find it a far easier field to wage war against all
the armies that ever were or will be on earth, and all the
angels of heaven, than to take up arms against any truth
of God. Nathaniel Ward, Simple Cobler.
=Syn. 1. (a) Arm, Weapon. Arm is especially applied to
those things which are designed for fighting and recognized
as such ; it includes means of defense as well as of offense.
Weapon applies to any means of offense made for the pur-
pose or (as a scythe, chisel, or hammer) used for the nonce.
arm2 (ärm), v... [K ME. armen, K OF. armer (F.
armer) = Pr. Sp. Pg. armar = It. armare, K L.
armare, arm, furnish with weapons, K arma,
arms: see arm2, m.] I. trams. 1. To furnish
or equip with weapons for offense or defense:
as, to arm the militia.
On our return to Souhag we met a party of men on foot,
who were armed with spears, shields, and daggers, and
one or two With guns.
It. Curzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 119.
2. To cover or provide with whatever will add
strength, force, or security: as, to arm the hilt
of a Sword; to arm a man-of-war with armor-
plates.-3. To furnish with means of defense;
prepare for resistance; fortify.
Arm yourselves likewise with the same mind.
l Pet. iv. 1.
all IIl
There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats;
For I am arm'd so strong in honesty,
That they pass by me as the idle wind.
Shak., J. C., iv. 3.
I, am arming myself against her favours with all my
philosophy. Steele, Tatler, No. 124.
4. To provide with the requisite appliances or
authority for any work or undertaking: as, arm-
ed with axes and alpenstocks, we started out;
armed with a warrant.—5. To fit or prepare (a
thing) for any specific purpose or effective use:
as, to arm a hook in angling; to arm a dressing
In Surgery.--To arm a lead, to apply soap or grease to
the socket in the lower end of a sounding-lead, so that a
Specimen of the bottom may be brought up.—To arm a.
Imagnet, to fit it with an armature. See armature, 6.—
To arm a shot, to roll rope-yarns about a cross-bar shot
in order to facilitate ramming it home, and also to pre-
yent the ends from catching any accidental inequalities
1In ; ºre. Wilhelm, Mil. Dict. [For other phrases, see
0.7°770.00.
II. intrans. To provide one's self with arms,
Weapons, or means of attack or resistance;
take arms: as, the nations arm for war.
Now is it time to arm. Shak., Hen. V., iii. 7.
The Belgic tribes, alarmed at the approaching danger,
arm against the universal tyrant.
Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 11.
armada (ār-mā‘dā), n. [Early mod. E. also
erroneously armado (also sometimes as It., ar-
mata); K Sp. armada = Pr. Pg. armada = It. ar-
mata = F. armée (X E. army?, q.v.), lit. an
armed force, army, navy, K. M.L. armata, an
armed force, an army, prop. fem. of L. ar-
natus, pp. of armare, arm : see arm2, v., and
also army, which is a doublet.] 1. A fleet of
War-ships; a squadron. The Spanish or Invincible
Armada, which consisted of 130 large ships, was sent by
Philip II. against England in 1588, during the reign of
Elizabeth, but was repulsed, and afterward almost en-
tirely destroyed by storms off the Orkney islands and on
the Western coast of Ireland.
A whole armado of convicted sail. Shak., K. John, iii. 4.
2+. A single war-ship.–3. Amy armed force;
an army.
Nor was the naval unworthy of the land armada.
Bulwer, Athens, II. 121. (N. E. D.)
armadillo (ār-ma-dil’ó), m. [Formerly also ar-
madillio, armadilio, armadile; K Sp. armadillo
(= Pg. arma- SS --
dilho), dim. of
armado, arm-
ed, with ref.
erence to its “
bony shell.
Cf. M.L. arma-
dillus, a kind
of sea-fish.]
1. An Ameri-
can edentate
quadruped, of the order Bruta (or Edentata) and
suborder Loricata, and of the extant families
Tatusiidae, Dasypodida, and Chlamydophorida,
or of the extinct family Glyptodontidae, having
a hard shell or carapace like a coat of mail,
resulting from a peculiar ossification of the
integument and the confluence of numerous
Small Scutes. In the glyptodons the carapace was en-
tire and fixed, and even in some cases covered the belly
as well as the back; but in all the living armadillos the
shell is divided into an anterior, a posterior, and an en-
tire or variously divided middle part. When the division
of the middle part is complete, the animal can roll itself
into a ball. The teeth are numerous, but vary in number
and other characteristics with the several genera ; in the
genus Prionodontes they are a hundred in number. The
peba is an armadillo of the family Tatusiidae, the Tatusia
7\ovemcincta, the only one of the group found as far north
as the United States. There are other Species. The en-
couberts are the typical armadillos of the family Dasypo-
didae. The peludo is Dasypus villosus. The kabassous
constitute the genus Xenurus. The kabalassou is I’rio-
dontes gigas. The apars are the three-banded armadillos,
of the genus Tolypewtes. The pichiciagos constitute the
family Chlamydophoridae; they are the Smallest and most
peculiar forms, being less than a foot long, while the ka-
balassou is three feet long without the tail. All these
animals are mild, timid, and inoffensive, subsisting on
roots, leaves, and fruits, sometimes on insects or flesh.
They are able to dig into the ground with great rapidity,
and escape from their enemies in this way as well as by
rolling up in a ball. The flesh is considered good for food.
2. In Crustacea; (a) [cap.]. A genus of iso-
pods, of the family Oniscidae, including the pill;
bugs, which can roll themselves into a ball
like the mammals called armadillos. (b) A
species of this genus; a pill-bug or sow-bug; a
kind of wood-louse.—3. A name given to an
electric battery composed of copper and zinc
elements riveted together, and designed to be
worn as a remedy in certain diseases.
arma.dot, M. An erroneous form of armada.
armament (är"ma-ment), n. [KL. armamentum,
*usually in pl. armamenta, implements, esp.
tackle of a ship, Karmare, arm, equip: see arm”,
Sºs SSS-
ºr tº:
armarian (ār-mâ’ri-an), m.
312
v.] 1. A body of forces equipped for war: arm-band (ärm’band), n.
used of a land or naval force.
The whole united armament of Greece. Glover.
It was necessary for him . . . to proceed with his twenty
men-of-war to the Mediterranean, while his superiors, with
the rest of the armament, returned to the Channel.
tº ſº º Macaulay, Hist, Eng... xx.
2. Munitions of war. Dspecially, the guns in per-
manent fortifications on the sea-coast, or, the number
and caliber, or weight, of all the guns which a ship of
war carries. Within a comparatively short period re-
- tº r Yºr º tº e * - º
markable changes have occurred in the size and weight of arm-chair (ärm'châr), n. A chair with arms to
the armament of war-vessels. In the United States, be-
fore the civil war, the usual armament for both forts and
vessels consisted of 32-pounders. The war led to the con-
struction and use of 15-inch smooth-bore guns, weighing
50,000 pounds, and afterward of 20-inch guns, weighing 100,-
000 pounds. Rifling was introduced in 1859, and is now
universally employed, reliance being placed upon the
piercing power of elongated projectiles moving at a great
velocity and fired from rifled guns. The United States
battle-ship New York carries ten 14-inch and twenty-one
5-inch guns. In the British navy, the Warrior, in 1861,
was provided with 43-ton guns; but the weight of metal
was successively increased up to the 111-ton guns of the
Sans Pareil (1887). The British King George W. and three
Sister battle-ships (Centurion, Ajax, and Audacious) carry
a main armament of ten 13.5-inch guns. The German Old-
enburg is armed with ten 12.2-inch and fourteen.6-inch
guns. The more recent ships of other nations have similar
armaments. See kbattle-ship.
armamentarium (är"mg-men-tā’ri-um), n.;
pl. armamentaria (-ā). [L.] An armamentary.
The physiological investigation of new remedies for the
purpose of enriching the armamentarium of the physician.
Therapeutic Gazette, IX. 24.
armamentary (ār-ma-men'ta-ri), m.; pl. arma-
mentaries (-riz), [K. L. armamentarium, an ar-
senal, armory, K armamenta, equipments: see
armament.] An armory; a magazine or an ar-
senal. Bailey.
[KML. armarius, K
armarium, a bookcase, library: see armary.] A
librarian. See extract. [Rare.]
Armariam, an officer in the monastic libraries who had
charge of the books to prevent them from being injured by
insects, and especially to look after bindings. He had also
to keep a correct catalogue.
Chambers's Journal, No. 276, p. 239. (N. E. D.)
armary?, m. [K ME. armarie (Wyclif), K. L. ar-
marium, a chest, safe, or closet, a repository,
in ML. esp. a bookcase, library, lit. a place for
arms or tools. Cf. armory3, aná armoryl, a dif-
ferent word, of the same ult. origin, with which
armary was confused.] 1. A library: used by
Wyclif in the plural for books, writings.
Thou shalt find write in armaries [Vulgate, in commen-
tariis). Wyclif, Ezra iv. 15.
2. An armory. Leland, Itin., IV. 54. (N. E. D.)
armatal+ (ār-mâ(tā), m. Obsolete form of ar-
mada.
Armata” (är-mâ’tā), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
L. armatus, armed: see armada.] A group of
gephyreans having setae and a double blood-
vascular system: synonymous with Chaºtifera.
It consists of the families Echiuridae and Ster-
Anaspidae.
armature (är’ma-tūr), n. [= F. armature = Pr:
Sp. Pg. armadura = It. armadura, armatura, K
L. armatura, armor, equipment, armed troops,
K armatus, pp. of armare, arm: see arm2, v.
Doublet, armor, q.v.] 1+. Military equipment;
especially, defensive armor.—2. In 206l. and
anat.: (a) Any part or organ of an animal Serv-
ing as a means of defense or offense.
Others armed with hard shells; others with prickles;
others having no such armature. Ičay, On Creation.
It is remarkable that man, who is endowed with rea-
son, is born without armature.
Derham, Physico-Theology, iv. 14.
(b) Any apparatus or set of organs without
reference to defense; an equipment; an appa-
mage: as, the genital or the anal armature.
All the crayfishes have a complete gastric armature.
IIwazley, Crayfish, p. 255.
3. In bot., the hairs, prickles, etc., covering an
organ.—4+. A body of armed troops.
Ground fit for the archers and light armature.
Raleigh, Hist. of World, v. 6.
5. In arch., any system of bracing in timber or
metal, as the iron rods used to sustain slender
columns, to hold up canopies, etc. The term is
applied especially to the iron framework by which lead-
lights are secured in medieval windows.
6. A piece of soft iron applied to the poles
of an electromagnet, to be attracted by the
electromagnet when an electric current is
passed through it, that is when it is excited
and so to operate the mechanism controlled
by it. In dynamo-electric machines it is that part in
which electric power is produced, in a generator, or con-
sumed, in a motor. In direct-current machines, the arm-
ature is rotated in the field of the adjacent electromagnets
or field poles; in alternating-current machines, usually
the ſield poles are rotated and the armature stands still.
arm-board (ärm’bórd), m.
arm-bone (ärm’bón), n.
Armenian
A piece of crooked
iron attached to a rail or to a stone block fixed
against the walls in barrack-rooms, to retain
the soldiers' muskets when not in use.
A graining-board
used in leather-working, made of the outer bark
of the cork-oak, without grooves.
A bone of the arm or
fore limb; especially, the bone of the upper
arm; the humerus.
support the elbows.
arm-chest (ärm’chest), n. 1. Naval, a box placed
on the upper deck, or in the tops, to contain a
ready supply of rifles, pistols, or cutlasses.—
2. A similar box or chest used in the military
service for the transportation of small arms.
armed (ärmd), p. a. [K arm2 + -ed?..] ... 1. Bear-
\
Armenian (ār-mê'ni-an), a. and n.
ing arms; furnished with means of offense and
defense: as, an armed force or ship; “the armed
rhinoceros,” Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4.—2. Sup-
orted by arms; carried on or maintained by
orce or readiness for military action: as, an
armed inroad; armed peace or neutrality.
I shall not attempt to collect the duties and imposts by
any armed invasion of any part of the country.
Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 132.
3. In her., having the beaks, talons, horns, or
teeth, or, of an arrow or lance, having the head,
of the color specified: as, a lion gules armed or.
The word is not used for the horns of a hart or
buck. See attired.—4. In phys., furnished with
an armature or a piece of iron so as to connect
the poles, as a horseshoe magnet.—5. In bot.,
having prickles or thorns.—Armed at all points.
(a) Completely equipped with offensive and defensive
arms, according to the fashion of the time : equivalent to
the French armé de pied en cap. See cuts under armor.
(b) In her., dressed in complete plate-armor, but having
the vizor open : said of a warrior used as a bearing cr
supporter.—Armed in flute. See flute2.-Armed neu-
trality, the maintenance by a nation of an armed force
held ready to repel any aggression on the part of belli-
gerent nations between which it is neutral. —Armed
peace, the condition of a country which in time of peace
maintains its military establishments on a war footing, so
as to be ready for War at any moment.—Armed ship
a merchant ship taken into the service of a government
for a particular occasion, and armed like a ship of war.—
Armed to the teeth, very fully or completely armed.
On the ramparts of the fort stood Nicholas Koorn,
armed to the teeth, flourishing a brass-hilted sword.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 251.
[K L. Ar-
menius, K. Gr. Applévog, K Applevía, Armenia.]
I. a. Pertaining to Armenia, a former kingdom
of Asia, lying between the Black and Caspian
seas, northeast of Asia Minor, now included in
Turkey, Persia, and Asiatic Russia, or to its
inhabitants.-Armenian architecture, a term some-
times applied to the form of Byzantine church architec-
| N/A
Armenian Architecture.
Typical Church Plan, St. H’ropsimah, near Etchmiadzin.
40, bema, or sanctuary; B, B', parabemata; B, prothesis; B'
diakonikon; C, altar; D, apse; FF, veil ºpying the place o
the iconostasis ; G, dome and choir; H, nave; I, I’, antiparabe-
mata; K, chief entrance; L, north door; L', south door.
ture usual in Armenia. The typical plan of such churches
maintains a strict symmetry between the apsidal and
Western ends, having antiparabemata to correspond with
the parabemata, and omitting the narthex. The central
dome is often represented by a lofty tower.—Armenian
blue. See blue.—Armenian bole. , See bole2.—Arme-
nian cement, a cement made by soaking isinglass in water
until it becomes soft, and then mixing it with spirit in
Which a little gum mastic and ammoniacum have been dis-
solved. It is used to unite pieces of broken glass, to re-
pair precious stones, and to cement them to watch-cases
and other ornaments.-Armenian Church, the ancient
national church of Armenia. It maintains that it was
founded as early as A. D. 34; but while traces of Christian-
ity are found previously to the fourth century, the con-
version of the country as a whole was the work of St.
Gregory the Illuminator, who began his evangelistic la-
bors about the year 301; and from his name it is sometimes
known also as the Gregorian Church. The Armenian
Church has for the most part remained estranged from
the orthodox Greek Church since the latter part of the
fifth century, when it rejected the decrees of the Council
of Chalcedon (A. D. 451). It has therefore been credited


. Armenian
with holding. Monophysite or Eutychian doctrine, but
many authorities hold that the differences arose from
misunderstandings occasioned by the incapacity, of the
Armenian language to express the finer distinctions of
Greek terminology. The Armenian Church accepts all
the first seven ecumenical councils, with the exception of
that of Chalcedon, the doctrines of which they seem, how-
ever, to hold under a different phraseology. Their doc-
trimes and usages closely resemble those of the Greek
Church, with the exception of their use of unleavened
bread and of an unmixed chalice in the eucharist. The
riesthood is hereditary. The bishops are governed by
our patriarchs, the primate being the catholicos, who
resides in the monastery of Etchmiadzin, a short distance
north of Mount Ararat. Since the fifteenth century a
§. number of the Armenians have joined the Roman
Catholic Church and are known as United Armenians.
A separate Armenian Protestant Church has also recently
been formed.—Armenian era, liturgy, etc. . See the
nouns.—Armenian stone, a soft blue carbonate of cop-
per; also, a commercial name for lapis-lazuli.
II. n. 1. A native of Armenia.-2. Eccles.,
an adherent of the Armenian Church.-3. The
Armenian language.
Armeno-Turkish (ār-mé"nó-tér'kish), n. The
Turkish language as written by Armenians in
Turkey, with letters of the Armenian alphabet.
armentalt (§r-men’tal), a. [K L. armentalis,
K armentum, old form armenta, cattle for plow-
ing, collectively a herd, drove; prob. contr.
from *arimentum, Karare, plow: : see arable.]
Of or belonging to a drove or herd. Bailey.
armentinet, a...[KL. armentum, a herd (see ar-
amental), + -ine?..] Same as armental. Bailey.
armentosef (ār-men'tós), a. . [KL. armentosus,
abounding in herds, K armentum, herd: see ar-
*mental.] Full of great cattle; abounding with
herds or beasts. Bailey.
armer (är’mér), n. [Karm2 + -erl.] One who
arms or supplies with arms; one who equips.
Builders and armers of vessels [of war].
- Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 160.
armet (är"met), m. [F., O.F. also armette, ar-
neret, dim. of armes, armor.] The most com-
plete and perfect
defensive head-cov-
ering of the mid-
dle ages, introduced
about 1450, and re-
maining in use until
the abandonment of
the closed headpiece,
more than a century
later. It was lighter
than the heaume and even
the basinet, and was a
better protection than the
sallet. (See these words.)
It fitted the head well,
allowed of some move-
ment, and had openings
for sight and breathing.
It was forged in many
parts, which fitted togeth-
er accurately and were se-
cured by hinges, hooks,
and the like, and when
closed was very rigid and
firm.
armful (ärm'fül), n.
[K arm1 + full.] As
much as the arms can
hold; what one holds in one's arms or embrace.
'Tis not the wealth of Plutus, nor the gold
Lock'd in the heart of earth, can buy away
This armful from me. Beau. and Fl., Philaster, iv. 1.
I stood where Love in brimming armfuls bore
Slight wanton flowers and foolish toys of fruit.
D. G. Rossetti, Sonnets, xiv.
arm-gauntt, a. [An isolated form, appar. K
armſ (or arm2, arms) + gaunt, as if ‘with gaunt
limbs,” or ‘worn with military service”; in either
case a violent formation. Perhaps merely a
scribe's or printer’s sophistication of some word
which must be left to conjecture.] An epithet
of disputed meaning, applied by Shakspere to a
horse, and in some editions changed to arrogant,
So he nodded,
And soberly did mount an arm-gaunt steed,
Who neigh’d so high, that what I would have spoke
Was beastly dumb'd by him. Shak., A. and C., i. 5,
arm-greatt, a. [ME. arm-gret; Karm1 + great.]
As thick as a man’s arm.
A wrethe of gold, arm-gret, of huge wighte,
Yºr Upon his heed. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1, 1287.
arm-guards (ärm'gårdz), n.& A general name
of º: for the defense of the arms.
It corresponds to brassart (which see) and to the French
garde-bras. See also bracelet, vambrace, and rerebrace.
armhole (ärm’hôl), m. [KME. armhole, corrupt-
ly harmole; Karm1 + hole.] 1. The cavity under
the shoulder; the armpit. [Now rare.]
Tickling is most in the soles of the feet, and under the
armholes, and on the sides. The cause is the thinness of
the skin in these parts, joined with the Tareness of being
touched there. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
2. A hole in a garment for the arm.
Steel Armet, about A. D. 1450.
A, calotte or cap; a, neck-guard
riveted to A, and having a prolon-
gation upward to the crown; 8, up-
per vizor, or umbril, with sight- or
eye-hole; , C, vizor with opening
for breathing; D, aventaile, opening
sidewise on hinges; E, rim of the
gorgerin (it has a groove between
two ridges, which groove receives
the lower edge of the armet proper);
P, one of two upright pins upon
which the pauldrons are adjusted.
The sº. is of three pieces,
movable upon one another, and all
riveted to a leather band beneath.
313
armiak (är’myak), n.
Tatar oº::ſ 1. A stuff woven of camel's
hair by the Tatars.—2. In Russia, a plain caf-
tan or outer garment, made of armiak or a
similar material, worn by the peasantry.
armiferous (ār-mif'e-rus), a... [K. L. armifer, K
arma, arms, + ferre = E. bearl.] Bearing arms.
Blownt. -
armiger (är’mi-jër), n. [L., armor-bearer, K
arma, arms, + gerere, bear, carry..] 1. An ar-
mor-bearer to a knight; a squire; the second
in rank of the aspirants to chivalry or knight-
hood.—2. One who has a right to armorial bear-
ings: formerly used after the proper name by
8, Bºº possessing such right, but no higher
title: thus, “John Bolton, armiger,” is nearly
equivalent to “John Bolton, gentleman.” In
Shakspere, armigero.
A gentleman * master parson; who writes himself
armigero ; in any bill, warrant, quittance, or obligation,
armigero. Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1.
This young armiger must be the too attractive cyno-
sure to our poor little maiden.
. R. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, li.
armigeral (ār-mij'e-ral), a. . [K armiger + -al.]
Of the class of squires; genteel.
I am exempted at present from residence, as preacher
to the Foundling Hospital; had it been otherwise, I could,
I think, have lived very happily in the country, in armi-
geral, priestly, and swine-feeding society.
Sydney Smith, to Francis Jeffrey.
armigero (ār-mij^e-ró), n. [= Sp. armigero, a
squire, = Pg. armigero, a page, K L. armiger:
see armiger.] Same as armiger, 2.
armigerous (ār-mij'e-rus), a. [K L. armiger
(later, but rarely, armigerus), bearing arms:
see armiger.] Entitled to bear heraldic arms.
They belonged to the armigerous part of the popula-
tion. De Quincey, Works, VII. 45.
armil (är’mil), n. [K late ME. armille, KOF. ar-
mille, K L. armilla, a bracelet, armlet, hoop,
ring, dim. prob. of armus, shoulder, upper arm:
see arm1.] 1. An ancient astronomical instru-
ment consisting of a ring fixed in the plane of
the equator, sometimes crossed at right angles
by another ring fixed in the plane of the me-
ridian. In the first case it was an equinoctial armil, in
the second a solstitial armil. Also called armilla. See
armillary.
With the advance of geometrical conceptions there came
the hemisphere of Berosus, the equinoctial armil, the sol-
stitial armil, and the quadrant of Ptolemy—all of them
employing shadows as indices of the sun's position, but in
combination with angular divisions.
H. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 172.
2. Same as armilla, 1.
The armil, or bracelet, was looked upon by the Anglo-
Saxons as one among the badges of royalty.
Rock, Church of our Fathers, i. 436, note.
armilausa (ār-mi-lä’sä), m.; pl. armilausa (-Sé).
[LL.; origin uncertain; said by Isidore to be a
contr. of *armiclausa, K armus, shoulder, -H claw-
sus, pp. of clawdere, shut in : See arml, clause,
and close.] 1. A kind of Roman military tunic.
—2. A garment worn in England and on the
Continent during the middle ages, probably
differing in shape at different times. Meyrick
describes it as “a body garment the prototype of the sur-
coat”; but it seems always to have been an outer garment,
#and even worn over the armor.
armilla (ār-mil’ā), n.; pl. armilla (–6). [L. : see
armil.] 1. In archaeol., a bracelet or armlet: as,
a Roman or Frankish armilla. Also called ar-
mil.—2. In mach., an iron ring, hoop, or brace,
in which the gudgeons of a wheel move.—3. In
anat., the annular ligament of the wrist which
binds together the tendons of the hand.—4.
Same as armil, 1.—5. In ornith., a colored ring
encircling the tibia of a bird just above the
heel-joint. [Little used.]
armillary (är’mi-lä-ri), a. [K L. armilla, an
armlet, ring, etc.: seo armil.] Resembling a
bracelet or armil-
la; consisting of
rings or circles.—
Armillary Sphere,
an arrangement of
rings, all circles of
a single sphere, in-
tended to show the
relative positions of
the principal celes-
tial circles. The
whole revolves upon
its axis Within a liori-
zon divided into de-
grees and movable in
every direction upon
a brass supporter.
There are two kinds
of armillary sphere,
One with the earth
and one with the sun
in the center, called
Armillary Sphere.
[K. Russ. armyakić, of
armillate (är’mi-lāt), a.
armillated (är’mi-lā-ted), a.
armint, m.
armine1+, n.
arming-point? (ār 'ming-point), n.
used in fastening together parts of a suit of
Arminian (ār-min’i-an), m. and a.
inimianus, K Arminius, Latinized from the name
Arminian
respectively the sphere of Ptolemy and the sphere of Co-
pernicus. Since the main use of such a contrivange is to
give an accurate representation of the apparent motion; of
the solar system, the former is the one most used, the lat-
ter having little practical value. &
[KL. armillatus, Kar-
milla, bracelet: see armil.] Wearing a brace-
let. Ash. g
Wearing brace-
lets. Cockeram.
armillett (fir’mi-let), n. [KOF. armillet, dim...of
armille: see armil, armilla.] A small armilla
or armlet. See armilla.
[Cf. armil, armilla.] A kind of
ornament for the pike. It appears to have been a
piece of stuff sewed around the staff, perhaps to afford a
firm hold for the hand.
[Perhaps for *arming (of which,
however, no record is found for 400 years pre-
ceding), K early M.E. erming, KAS. earming, a
wretched person, K earm, wretched, miserable,
poor, = OS. arm = OFries. erm, arm =
D. arm,
OHG. aram, MHG. G. arm = Icel. armr = Sw.
Dan. arm = Goth. arms, wretched, miserable.
See yearn?..] A beggar; a mendicant.
Luce. So young an armine !
I'low. Armine, sweetheart, I know not what
You mean by that, but I am almost a beggar.
Londom Prodigal (1605).
armine2+, arminedf. Obsolete forms of ermine,
ermined.
arming (ār’ming), m. [KME. armyng; verbal n.
of arm2, v.] 1. The act of taking arms or fur-
nishing with arms: as, an extensive arming of
the people.—2#. In her., a coat of arms.
When the Lord Beaumont, who their armings knew,
Their present peril to brave Suffolk shews. Drayton.
3. Naut. : (a) A piece of tallow placed in a
cavity at the lower end of a sounding-lead to
bring up a sample of the sand, mud, etc., of the
sea-bottom.
On the arming from an eight-fathom cast there was a
perfect impression of an Astraea, apparently alive.
Darwin, Coral Reefs, p. 11.
(b) pl. A kind of boarding-nettings. (c) pl.
Red dress-cloths formerly hung fore and aft
outside the upper works on holidays: still used
by some nations. Smyth.
arming-bucklef (är’ming-buk/1), n. 1. Abuckle
used in defensive armor.—2. In her., such a
buckle,
shape of a lozenge, used as a
= f generally having the
bearing.
arming-doublett (är’ming-dubº-
let), m. A doublet used in mili-
tary dress, forming an essential
Four varieties of part of the harness of a light-
ãº. Arming armed foot-soldier in the middle
ages and later. It is probable that
it was a very close-fitting garment worn under the corse-
let. The general use of it seems to have suggested a style
or cut in elegant costume, as we read of arming-doublets
of costly material.
That every man have an arming-doublet of fustian or
C3IlVaS. Duke of Norfolk's Orders, Hen. VIII., an. 36.
An arming-doublet of crimson and yellow satin . .
with threads of Venice gold.
Inventory Henry J III., 1542, quoted by Planché.
A point
3,PIOOOI’.
arming-press (ārºming-pres), n. A small hand-
power stamping-press used by bookbinders.
Its earliest employment was in stamping heraldic arms
on the sides of books, whence its name. In the United
States this form of press is known as a stamping-press
or embossing-press.
arming-spear (irºming-spér), n. A spear used
LD W3. I’.
arming-swordt (fir’ming-sord), n.
made especially for use in battle, as distin-
guished from one worn as a part of military
A sword
dress or uniform in time of peace, and from
that used in tourneys or the like.
A helmett of proofe shee strait did provide,
A strong armning-sword shee girt by her side.
Percy's Reliques.
[K NL. Ar-
of Harmensen.] I. m. 1. One of a Christian sect
named from James Arminius (Jacobus Harmen-
sen), a Protestant divine of Leyden, Nether-
lands (1560–1609). Its members were also called Re-
monstrants, from a statement of their views in the form of
a remonstrance presented to the States-General in 1610.
They separated from the Calvinists, objecting to their
doctrine of predestimation. The sect as a distinct organ-
ization is chiefly confined to the Netherlands, where it
numbers only about twenty congregations and a few thou-
sand adherents.
2. A believer in the Arminian doctrines. These
doctrines are : (1) Conditional election and reprobation,
in opposition to absolute predestination as taught by


Arminian
Calvin. (2) Universal redemption, or that the atonement.
was made by Christ for all mankind, though none but be-
lievers can be partakers of its benefits. (3) That man, in
order to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and re-
newed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the
gift of God. (4) That this grace is not irresistible. (5) That
believers are able by the aid of the Holy Spirit to resist
Sin, but that there is always in this life the possibility of
a fall from grace, in opposition to the Calvinistic doctrine
of the perseverance of the saints. Protestants in general
shared in the controversy excited by the promulgation of
these doctrines, and all opponents of Calvinism are still
often characterized as Arminians. In the Church of Eng-
land Arminianism was especially favored by the High
Church party. The Methodist denomination was divided
on the subject, the followers of Wesley being Arminians,
and those of Whitefield Calvinists.
II. a. Pertaining to Arminius or to his doc-
trines. -
Arminianism (är-min’i-an-izm), n. IK Armini-
an -- -ism ; = F. arminianisme.] The peculiar
doctrines or tenets of the Arminians.
Arminianize (ār-min’i-an-iz), v.; pret. and pp.
Arminianized, ppr. Arminianizing. [K Arminian
+ -ize.] I. trams. To make Arminian; tinge
or permeate with Arminian doctrines.
#. intrans. To teach Arminianism.
armipotence (ār-mip'º-tens), m. [K L.L. armipo-
tentia, K.L. armipoten(t-)s: see armipotent.] Puis-
sance at arms. Bailey.
armipotent (ār-mip'º-tent), a. [KME. armypo-
tent, K L. armipoten(t-)s, powerful in arms, K
arma, arms, + poten(t-)s, powerful: see po-
tent.] Powerful in arms; mighty in battle.
[Rare.]
The temple of Marz armypotente.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, l. 1124.
The manifold linguist and the armipotent soldier.
Shak., All's Well, iv. 3.
Who dost pluck
With hand armipotent from forth blue clouds
The mason'd turrets.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble IXinsmen, v. 1.
armisonant? (ar-mis' 3-nant), a. [K L. arma,
arms, + Soman(t-)s, ppr. of Somare, sound (see
somant); suggested by armisomous, q.v.] Same
as armisomous. Ash.
armisonoust (fir-mis' 3-nus), a. [K L. armiso-
mus, Karma, arms, + sonare, sound: see Sowmdö,
and cf. armisonant.] Sounding or rustling with
arms or armor, Bailey.
armistice (är’ mis-tis), m. [K F. armistice = Sp.
Pg. armisticio= It. armisticio, K NL. armistitiwm,
a cessation of hostilities, K arma, arms, + -Sti-
tium, K -stitus, -status, pp. of sistere, cause
to stand, fix, reduplicated from stare, stand :
see state, stand. Cf. Solstice, interstice.] A
temporary suspension of hostilities by conven-
tion or agreement of the parties; a truce.
But, while an armistice is an interval in war and supposes
a return to it, a peace is a return to a state of amity and
intercourse, implying no intention to recommence hostili-
ties. An armistice again leaves the questions of the war
unsettled, but a peace implies in its terms that redress of
wrongs has been obtained, or that the intention is re-
nounced of seeking to obtain it.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 150.
armlessl (ärm’les), a. [ME. armles; K arm1 +
-less.] Without arms. In 200l., specifically applied
to the Lipobrachia, or those echinoderms, as sea-urchins
and sea-cucumbers, which have no distinct rays or arms.
armless? (ärm’les), a. [K arm2 + -less.] Des-
titute of weapons; defenseless.
Spain lying armless and open. Howell, Letters, i. 3.
armlet (ärm’let), m. [K arm1 + -let, dim. suf-
fix; suggested prob. by armillet, q. v. Cf.
bracelet.] 1.
A little arm:
as, an armlet
of the sea.—2.
An ornament
for the arm;
specifically, a
metal band or
ring worn up-
on the upper arm.—3. That part of a dress
where the sleeve joins the shoulder.
armoire (ār-mwor'), m. [F. : See ambry.] An
ambry; a large wardrobe or movable cupboard,
with doors and shelves; especially, one which
is inclosed or shut in with doors from base to
cornice, and is simple and roomy in design.
armoirief (är’mgr-i), m. [F.] An old form of
armory2.
Their great aim was to elevate their subject by tracing
back the use of armoiries to the patriarchs and heroes of
Jewish and pagan antiquity. Encyc. Brit., XI. 712.
armoniacł, a. An old corruption of ammoniac.
* Chaucer.
armor, armour (ärmør), n. [Second form now
usualin England; KME. armour, armowre, earlier
Persian.
Egyptian.
Armlets.
and more commonly armure, armor (often in pl.
314
armwres, armurs, armeris, armeres, weapons), K
OF. armure, armeiire, F. armwre- Šp. Pg. arma-
dura-It. armadura, armatura, armor, K.L. arma-
tura, armor: see armature.] 1. Defensive arms;
any covering worn to protect the person against
offensive weapons. All available materials that offer
Some resistance to edge or point have, at various epochs
and among various peoples, been put to use for this pur-
Complete Armor of 1195– Armor and Equipment for man and
I2O5. horse, about 1290.
I. Conicai helmet set 2. A heaume or large helmet,
upon the hood. 4, hood of worn over a steel cap (inortier or
leather; B, camail of chain- secret). It had no vizor' nor avent-
mail secured to the hood. aile, but was worn only in fight, and
This is here separate from rested directly upon the armor of the
the hauberk, though it was neck. 4, ailette (one on each shoul-
often a part of it. . The der); B, rerebrace; C, cubitière, or el-
hauberk of mail reaches to bow-guard; D, genouillière, or knee-
the knees and is divided be- guard; E, greave, or baimberg; F,
fore and behind ; the gam- surcoat of stuff worn over the armor;
beson has a long skirt, and is M, barbs of the same make as the
worn under the hauberk and body-armor of the rider; N, cham-
divided in the same way; fron of hammered iron; O, housings
the belt is only a leather of stuff affording considerable pro-
strap , with buckle ; the tection. . The armor of the body and
shield is triangular and very limbs of the rider is of the fashion
called banded mail; that for the body,
therefore, is not properly a hauberk,
perhaps a broigne.
much rounded or bowed
sidewise, and straight
lengthwise; the hose, or
chausses, are of mail, and
the shoes of leather. The broigne was often worn instead of the hau-
berk; the closed helmet, rarely. The chausses often covered the feet,
replacing the shoes.
pose, as thick skins, garments of linen or of silk, stuffed
with vegetable fiber, or made of many thicknesses of ma-
terial, thin plates of horn or metal, sewed to some textile
fabric and lapping over one another like scales, etc. Usu-
ally the headpiece was the first piece of armor to be made
in solid metal. (See helmet.) The Greeks had a solid cui-
rass from a very early period. (See cuirass and thoraa...)
This, with the helmet and the greaves (see greave), con-
stituted the whole armor of the heavy-armed Greek warrior
of historic times. The Roman legionary was in general
similarly armed, sometimes Wearing only one greave.
Chain-mail was introduced in the armor of the Roman
soldiery. The Norman invaders of England in 1066 wore
a conical helmet with a nasal or strong projecting piece of
.iron coming down over the nose, and long gowns of stuff to
Complete Armor, about 1395.
3. A, basinet with vizor; B,
large camail of chain-mail; C,
corselet of separate plates of
iron or steel, each one riveted to
an inner doublet or jacket of
linen, silk, or leather (this corse-
let comes no higher than the arm-
pits, and corresponds ‘. to
the later pansière); D, complete
brassart; E, cubitière, which
is, however, included in D, F,
gauntlet of leather with bracelet
or wrist-guard of steel, and back
of hand covered with a steel
plate ; G, skirt of six taces, or
tassets sliding one over another
like the shell of a lobster's tail
(each tasset is riveted to a series
of vertical straps of stuff or leath-
er); H, military belt secured to
the lowest tasset (the sword is not
secured to the belt, but to a hook
or staple riveted to the cuishe);
I, cuishe, or thigh-piece, in two
arts connected by hinges and
astened by hooks; 9, † Or
leg-piece, in two parts like the
cuishe; K, genouillière, or knee-
guard; L, solleret of small plates
sliding one over another.
Complete suit of Plate-Armor,
now in Paris, date about 1440–
the epoch of greatest perfection
of defensive arms.
4. 4, armet; B, gorget of three
plates or splints sliding one over
the other, the lowermostone pass-
ing beneath the plastron; C, C,
pauldrons, each of three sliding
plates, the right-hand pauldroń
Smaller than the left, and its low-
est plate capable of being lifted
to allow the lance to be put in
rest; D, adjustable lance-rest; E,
Fº or upper part of corse-
et; F, pansière, or lower part of
corselet (these two pieces slide
one upon the other so that the
body čan, bend forward, and the
É. is So cut away over the
ips that the body can bend side-
wise); G, skirt of taces or tas-
sets; H, other, tassets forming
thigh-guards (the large lowest
splint is often called the tuille); I,
; brassart in many pieces
perfectly articulated and forming
a connected sleeve, composed of
rerebrace, vambrace, and cubi-
tière; 9, gauntlet having no brace-
let, but secured to vambrace of
brassart; Ki cuishe; L, jamb; M,
$º. having two sliding splints above the main knee-guard;
", solleret, with the terminal splint removable when the wearer dis-
mounted.
armorer, armourer (är"mgr-àr), m.
armlorer *.
which were sewed rings or plates of metal, and the leaders
had leg-coverings of similar make. A century later chain-
mail was in common use. The knights of the time of
Bichard I. of º (Coeur de Lion, #189–1199) wore a
long hauberk of chain-mail, reaching to the knee or below,
with long sleeves closed at the ends so as to form gloves,
and with openings in the sides through which the hands
could be passed, leaving the gloves hanging down from
the wrist; hose of the same make, either covering the feet
or worn with shoes of strong leather; or sometimes long
hose of leather laced or buckled like modern long gaiters.
A hood, called the camail, sometimes of chain-mail, some-
times of leather, covered the head and descended to the
shoulders, and upon this rested the iron helmet, either of
comical form or rounded or acorn-shaped, without vizor,
pressing on the head at its lower edge, where it was often
secured to the camail, and rising above the crown of the
head. Very rarely in this reign a closed helmet was used,
as seen on a seal of King Richard I.; helmets of this form
became common early in the reign of Henry III. (1216–
1272). By the time of Henry IV, (1399–1413) and his inva-
sion of France (1411), the knight was completely clothed
in armor of plates, chain-mail being used at the junction
of the limbs with the body, at the elbow- and knee-joints,
and for a hood covering the top of the corselet. Finally,
under Henry VI. (1422–1461), at about the time that the
English were driven out of Iſrance (1453), the suit of armor
reached its complete development, being forged of thin
steel to fit the body and limbs, weighing not over 60 or 70
pounds in all, and allowing of free movement. This, how-
ever, was extremely costly. The armor worn in jousts and
tournaments was very different after the twelfth century
from that worn in war, being heavier, and neither allowing
the knight to dismount without assistance nor affording
him adequate protection if dismounted. For war, in spite
of the general adoption of firearms, armor, though not in-
vesting the whole body, continued to be worn by officers
and mounted men until the close of the seventeenth cen-
tury, in the wars of Louis XIV.'s reign, and, indeed, sur-
vives to this day in the helmets and cuirasses of certain
corps of cayally. (The cuts are from Viollet-le-Duc's
“Dict, du Mobilier français.') tº
2. The metallic sheathing, intended as a pro-
tection against projectiles, for a ship of war or
the exposed face of a fortification. Modern
armor for ships is made of special steel, containing nickel,
hardened on the Outer surfaces by special processes. Such
armor is designated by the name of the inventor: as,
Harveyized armor, Krupp armor, etc.—3. Figura-
tively, a defensive covering of any kind; that
which serves as a protection or safeguard; a
bulwark: used in 206l. and bot. of the protec-
tive envelop or cover of an animal or a plant,
* scales of a fish or the plates of a croco-
II6,
In Europe the cables contain from five to seven wires
each insulated with gutta-percha, and the whole protecte
with an armor of iron wires or iron pipe.
Greer, Dict. of Llectricity, p. 162.
4. In magnetism, same as armature, 6. [Rare.]
—Mascled armor. See mascled.— Submarine armor,
a water-tight covering worn by a diver; a diving-dress.
The essential part of the armor is a metal helmet, large
enough to permit free movement of the head within, pro-
vided with windows for outlook, and connected with a
breastplate which prevents any compression of the lungs.
The remainder of the suit is of india-rubber. Pure air is
pumped through a tube opening into the helmet and is
projected against the windows, removing the moisture
which condenses upon them; it then becomes diffused and
is breathed, the impure air passing out through a similar
tube. Weights are attached to the waist, and leaden soles
to the shoes. A signal-line affords communication with
attendants above.
armor, armour (är’mgr), v. t. [K armor, n.]
To cover with armor or armor-plate.
The trees were yet growing and the iron unmined with
which a navy Was to be built and armored.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 152,
armor-bearer (är"mor-bär’ér), n. In ancient
and feudal times, one who carried the armor or
weapons of another.
armored, armoured (är"mord), p. a. [K armor
+ -ed?..] 1. Equipped with arms or armor.—
2. Covered with armor, as a ship or the face of
a fortification; armor-plated.
The “Stonewall” was a ram with twº-mored sides.
J. R. Soley, Blockade and Cruisers, p. 221.
Fishes [Cephalaspidoe] whose peculiar armowred forms
indicate a low stage of organization.
Claus, Zoëlogy (trans.), p. 177.
[Second
form now usual in England; K ME. armorer, ar-
merer, armurer, KAF. armwrer, OF. armurier (F.
armwrier), K armure, armor: see armor and -er.]
1. Formerly, a maker of or an expert in armor;
hence, one who had the care of the arms and
armor of a knight or man-at-arms, and equipped
him for action.
The armourers, accomplishing the knights,
With busy hammers closing rivets up,
Give dreadful note of preparation.
Shak., Hen. W., iv. (cho.).
Riding further past an armorer's,
Who, with back turn'd, and bow’d above his work, .
Sat riveting a helmet on his knee. Tennyson, Geraint.
2. In modern use, a manufacturer or custodian
of military arms; specifically, one who has the
supervision of any collection or equipment of
arms. The armorer of a ship has charge of the arms,



à l'Iſºlorer
and sees that they are kept in a condition fit for service. In
the British army an armorer is attached to each troop of
cavalry and to each company of infantry, to clean the arms.
armor-grating (ārmgr-grä'ting), n. In many
war-ships, especially in ironclads, one of sev-
eral deep iron or steel gratings which are fitted
around the bottom of the funnel and across its
throat, to protect the boilers and uptakes from
shot and shell during an engagement. Armor-
§ are also fitted over engine compartments to pro-
ct the engines. The object of the gratings is to permit.
the passage of hot air from below, but to stop the pene-
tration of rojectiles. tº
armºrial) , a. and n. [= F., armo-
rial; Karmory2 + -āl.] I. a. Belonging to her-
aldry, or to heraldic bearings. * -
Armorial signs of race and birth.
Armorial bearings. See arm2, 7.
Wordsworth.
Courtiers glittering in, gorgeous panoply, and proudly .
displaying the armorial bearings of their ancient houses.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa-, i. 15.
II. m. A book containing heraldic bearings
and devices; a dictionary of the arms rightly
borne by the persons named in it.
Armoric (ār-mor'ik), a. and n. IKL. Armorica,
pl., later Armorica, sing., said to be K Celtic ar
(W. ar = Ir, ar = Gael. air), on, upon, + mor
(W. mér = Ir. and Gael. muir), the sea, E.L.
amare, sea, - E. mere, lake: see merel..] I. a.
Pertaining to ancient Armorica, the region in
the western extremity of France now called
Bretagne or Brittany. See Breton.
II. m. The language of the inhabitants of
lower Brittany, one of the Celtic dialects which
have remained to the present time. It is a mem-
ber of the Cymric group, of which the closely allied Welsh
}ris the only other living member. I
º 0.
Armorican (ār-mor’i-kan), a. and n.
Same as Armoric.
II. n. A native of Armorica or Brittany.
armoried (är"mor-id), a. [K armory” + -ed”.]
Decked with armorial bearings.
armorist (är’mgr-ist), m. [KF. armoriste, Kar-
moiries, coat of arms: see armory? and -ist.]
One skilled in armory or heraldic arms.
armor-plate (ar’ mor-plat), n. A metallic plate,
usually of iron or steel, intended to be attached
to the side of a ship or the outer wall of a fort,
with the view of rendering it shot-proof. A pro-
tection of iron for ships was proposed in the early part of
the present century, but the first practical application of
it was probably to the French floating batteries used in
the Crimean war. The success of these led the French to
construct “La Gloire,” the first of the so-called ironclads,
completed in 1861. This vessel, which had 4-inch wrought-
iron plates over a backing of about 3 feet in, thickness,
was speedily followed in 1861 by the “Warrior” and other
ships of the same class built by the British government,
with 43-inch plates over 18 inches of teak backing. Both
the thickness and the resisting power of the armor have
been increased as more powerful ordnance has been in-
vented. So-called “compound armor-plates” were early
adopted, consisting of a hard steel face welded upon a
soft iron back. . This proving to be too brittle, better re-
sults were obtained by oil-tempering the face of a homo-
geneous, steel plate. The most notable advances, how-
eyer, in the manufacture of armor-plate have been due to
the use of nickel-steel, and the invention of the process
9fface-hardening known as harveyizing (which see). The
Krupp process is a modification of the Harvey process, by
means of Which carbon is made to penetrate deeper below
the surface, thus giving greater resistance when hardened.
In recent British ships the thickness of the main armor-
belt is 12 inches. . In the United States navy the maximum
thickness varies in the monitors from 10 to 18 inches, and
in the latest battle-ships (as the New York and the Texas)
it is 11 inches at the water-line, the improvements in the
plates rendering it possible to make them thinner and
to protect a greater area on the side of the vessel. See
ironclad.
armor-plated (är’mor-pla/ted), a. Covered or
protected by iron plates, as a vessel for naval
warfare; iron-clad.
armor-shelf (är’mgr-shelf), n. An iron shelf
or ledge projecting from the sides of an armored
war-vessel, and forming a support upon which
the armor-plate and armor-backing rest.
armory” (är’mgr-i), alsº #". armories (-iz). [In
England usually spelled armoury; early mod.
E. armory, armoury, armery, sometimes armary,
K ME. armorye, armerie, armwrie, K armwre, ar-
mor (see armor and -y), but practically equiv.
to and later often written as if arm + -ery, a
place for arms, arms collectively: see arm2 and
-ery. Cf. OF. armeurerie, armoirie, mod. F.
armwrerie, an armory, arsenal. The word has
been confused to some extent with armory”.]
1. Arms or armor collectively; a collection of
3.TOONS OI! 31 D10I’.
Blue-eyed maid, thy spear;
Thy club, Alcides: all the armowry *
Of heaven is too little ! B. Jomson, Sejanus, iv. 5.
Celestial armoury, shields, helms, and spears.
Žiton, P. L., iv. 550.
What a range of abstract thought, what an armory of
dialectic weapons, . . . do the epistles of the learned Paul
exhibit ! G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., p. 227.
arm-span (ārm’span), m.
arm's-reach (ärmz’réch), m.
armstrong (ārm'strong), n.
Armstrong gun.
arm-sweep (ärm’swép), n. The length of reach
armulett (ärſmü-let), m.
armure (ärſmür), m.
3L5
2. A place where arms and instruments of
War are kept. In the United States the State militia
are usually provided with armories, which include also of-
fices, drill-rooms, etc.
3. A place where arms and armor are made ;
an armorer's shop; an arsenal. [U. S.]—4.
The craft of an armorer.
armory” (är’mgr-i), n. ; pl. armories (-iz). [In
England usually spelled armoury; early mod. E.
armory, armoury, armery, Klate ME. armorye,
armoirie, KOF. armoirie, armoierie, in pl. ar-
"moiries, arms, cognizances, scutcheons, K ar-
aloier, armoyer, armoieor, armoirer, one who
blazons arms, & armoier, armoyer (mod. F. ar-
morier = It. armeggiare), blazon arms, K armes,
arms: see arm2. Cf. armory1.] 1. The science
of blazoning arms; the knowledge of coat-
armor; heraldry.—2. An armorial ensign; a
crest or heraldic emblem; arms.
Henry VII. united, by the marriage of Elizabeth of
York, the white rose and the red, the armories of two
very powerful families.
Sir H. Wottom, Panegyric of Charles I.
3+. Ensigns of war; colors.
armory3+, n. [After armory1 and F. armoire
(see armoire), ult. K. L. armarium, whence indi-
rectly ambry and directly armary: see ambry
and armary, and cf. armory1.] A cupboard;
an ambry.
armosief, n. A variant of armozeen.
armour, armoured, etc. See armor, etc.
armozeen, armozine (ār-mó-zén'), m. [Early
mod. E. also armazine, armesine, K OF. arme-
sin, F. armoisin = It. ermesino, K ML. ermesi-
nus; origin unknown.] A kind of taffeta or
plain silk, used for women’s and also for men’s
wear in the eighteenth century and earlier.
armpit (ärm’pit), n. [K ME. armepytt ; K arm.1
+ piti.] The hollow place or cavity under the
shoulder; the axilla.
arm-rack (ärm 'rak), n.
the stowage of arms.
arm-rest (ärm’rest), m. Something designed
as a rest for the arm; specifically, that portion
of a choir-stall which is designed to support the
arms of the occupant when he is in either a
leaning or a standing posture; also, the carved
end of a bench, as in a church-pew.
arm-saw (arm'sä), n. Same as hand-saw. See
SQ/10.
arm-scye (ärm'si), n. Same as Seye.
arm's-endt (Ārmz’end), n. The end of the arm;
a good distance off. Dryden.
arm's-length (ärmz’ length), m. A Space equal
to the length of the arm.—To keep at arm's-
length, figuratively, to keep off or at a distance; not to
allow, to come into close contact or familiarity.—To Work
at arm’s-length, to work disadvantageously or awk-
wardly.
arm-sling (ārm'sling), m. A sling of linen or
other fabric for supporting the forearm when
fractured or otherwise injured.
The span or reach of
one’s arm; an arm’s-length.
Not too wide for the armspan of the silverer.
Workshop Receipts, I. 313.
The reach of the
arm; the distance to which the arm can reach:
as, to be within arm's-reach.
A frame or fitting for
[K arm1 + strong.]
A local English name of the common knot-
grass, Polygonum aviculare.
See gum.
or sweep of an arm. Browning. [Poetical.]
A form of armillet or
of armlet. [Rare.]
1+. The regular Middle
English form of armor. Chaucer.—2. A woolen
or silk fabric woven with a surface-ridge form-
ing a small pattern, as a diamond, etc.
armyl (är’mi), a. [Karm1, m., +-y!..] Consist-
ing of or abounding in arms or branches;
branching; spreading. [Rare.]
Though large the forest's monarch throws
His army shade. JBurns.
army? (är’mi), n. ; pl. armies (-miz). [Early
mod. E. also armie, K ME. armye, armeye,
armee, K OF. armee, mod. F. armée = Sp. Pg.
armada = It. armata, KML. armata, an armed
force, army, prop. fem. of L. armatus, pp. of
armare, arm, K arma, arms: see arm”, and cf.
armada, armata, doublets of army.] 1 t. An
armed expedition.
In the Grete See
At many a noble armee hadde he be.
* Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 59.
2. A large body of men trained and armed for
war, and organized in companies, battalions,
army-Corps (är"mi-kör), n.
army-list (är’mi-list), m.
arm (ärn), 7.
arna (firſnä), m.
arnatto (ār-nat'6), m.
Arnaut (ār-nout'), m.
arnee, arni (ärſné), m.
2, Ilê0
regiments, brigades, or similar divisions, under
proper officers. In general, an army in modern times
consists of infantry and cavalry, with artillery, although
the union of the three is not essential to its constitution,
the two latter being adjuncts to the infantry. Armies are
designated, according to their objects, duties, field of oper-
ations, etc., as offensive or defensive, covering, blockading;
besieging, standing or regular, army of obstruction, army of
observation, army of invasion, army of occupation, army of
reserve, etc. The forces employed in the large war-fleets
of former times were called naval armies.
The essential characteristics of an army, by which it is
distinguished from other assemblages of armed men, are
its national character—that is, its representing more or
less the will and the power of the nation or its rulers—
and its organization. Encyc. Brit., II. 559.
3. A great number; a vast multitude.
The locust, . . . the cankerworm, and the caterpillar,
and the palmerworm, my great army which I sent among
you. Joel ii. 25.
The noble army of martyrs. Book of Common Prayer.
Army Acts, a series of English statutes passed each year
to provide for the army.—Army Regulations, the title of
a work issued by the United States government, containing
the acts of Congress and the rules of the commander-in-
chief for the management of the army both in peace and
in war.—Grand Army of the Republic. See republic.
— Salvation Army. See salvation.—Standing army,
3. ºnently organized military force kept up by a
country.
army-cloth (är’mi-klóth), m. Cloth from which
soldiers' uniforms are made.
[K army? -- corps;
a translation of F. corps d'armée.] A corps
which is made up of several divisions, and em-
braces every arm of the service, thus forming
an army complete in itself, and placed under
the command of a general officer of higher rank
than a divisional officer. In the British army
three divisions make an army-corps, in most
continental armies two. See division.
1. An English pub-
lication (as title, Army List), issued periodi-
cally, containing a list of the officers in the
army, the stations of regiments, etc. In the
United States a similar list is called the Army
List and Directory.—2. Figuratively, the offi-
cers whose names are recorded in the list.
They ride and walk with half the army-list, . . . and yet
the Miss O'Gradys are Miss O'Gradys still.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xliii.
jºr ſº * -
army-worm (är’mi-werm), n. A name given
to the larva of Heliophila (Leucania) unipuncta
(Harris) on account of the immense numbers
sº º - - º Pº wº
§§§ºś
W. Y., wrº * sº: S. º. . . . . . Nºw
§§&tº § º º
£ºś & fº.
S.Sººº. ºl.
Seº 3 : 33.- wº R
£º aº
Army-worm (Heliophila (Leuca ſtia) tº Aizzicta), about natural size.
a, male moth ; 8, abdomen of female ; c, eye; d', pupa ;
e, caterpillar.
in which it sometimes marches over a country,
completely stripping it of all the grasses and
young grain in its Way. It undergoes transforma-
tion in the ground. The parent moth has a conspicuous
white dot on the disk of the front Wings.
[Sc., perhaps a reduction of
allerm, aldern, of alder; or else of Gael. fearm,
alder, = Ir, fearm, alder, = W. giverm, alder-
trees.] The alder, Alnus glutinosa.
[Hind. armă, fem. armi.] A
name of the wild Indian buffalo, Bos bubalus
or Bubalus armi, notable for its size and the
length of its horns. Also armee, armi.
Same as armotto.
[Also as F., Arnaout =
G. Arnaut = Serv. Arnaut, Arnautin, Bulg. Ar-
nawtin, K Turk. Arnaut, K NGr. Apwaffirms, trans-
posed from Apôavitmg for “AAGavirng, K ML.
Albanus, an Albanian, + -ttng, E.-ite2.] A na-
tive of Albania; an Albanian.
Same as arma.













arnica
armica (är’ni-kä), n. [NL., origin unknown;
perhaps a perversion of Ptarmica, q.v.] 1.
A plant of the genus Arnica.—2. [cap.] A
genus of perennial herbs, of the family As-
teraceae, natives of the northern temperate and
arnut, arnot (är'nut, -not), n.
316
made into cakes. It is employed as a dye for silken, woolen,
or cottom stuffs, as an auxiliary in giving a deeper shade
to simple yellows, and also as a coloringingredient for but-
ter, cheese, and chocolate, and for varnishes and lacquers.
[E. dial. =
#he
earthnut, q.v. Cf. arting for earthling.]
*earthnut (which see). Also spelled armott.
aroeira, (ā-rô-á'ră), n. [Pg., K. mative name.]
A small anacardiaceous tree of Brazil, Schinus
terebinthifolius, the resin obtained from which,
and also the bark and leaves, are used as a
*remedy for rheumatism and other complaints.
aroid (ar’oid), n. [K Arum + -oid.] One of the
Aroideae or Aracedº.
around
origin, which had an aromatic smell and taste;
now applied to all those compounds which aré
derived from the hydrocarbon benzene, C6H6.
They are distinguished from those of the fatty seriès by
not being derived from methane, CH4, and by the fact that
hydrogen in the aromatic hydrocarbons is easily directly
replaced by another univalent element or radical, while
in compounds of the fatty series it is not. They generally
contain more carbon, also, than the compounds of the
fatty series.—Aromatic vinegar, a volatile and power-
ful perfume made by adding the essential oils of lavender
cloves, etc., and often camphor, to strong acetic acid. I
is an excitant in fainting, languor, and headache.
II, n. A plant, drug, or medicine which
yields a fragrant smell, as sage, certain spices
and oils, etc.
Aroideae (a-roi’dé-é), m. pl. [NL., K. Arum +
-oidea!..] Same as Araceae.
aroint, aroynt (a-roint"), v. . [Found only in the
aromatical (ar-º-mat’i-kal), a. Same as aro-
"matic.
aromatically (ar-j-mat’i-kal-i), adv. With an
Mountain-tobacco (A rotica 272 ozztazta).
arctic zones, with showy yellow flowers and
opposite leaves. The most important species, A. mom-
tana, the mountain-tobacco of central Europe, has long
been a popular remedy in Germany. A. alpina is found
in high northern regions in all parts of the World; one
species is peculiar to the Atlantic States, and many others
are natives of western North America.
3. A tincture of the roots or flowers of A. mon-
tama, much used as an external application in
wounds and bruises, and internally as a stimu-
lant in debilitated states.
armicin, armicine (ärſni-sin), m. [K armica +
-in?..] An acrid bitter principle in the flowers
and roots of Arnica montama.
Arnoldist (ärſnold-ist), m. [K Armold + -ist.]
A disciple of Arnold of Brescia, who in Italy in
the twelfth century preached against the am-
bition and luxury of ecclesiastics, not sparing
the pope himself. He maintained the subordination
of the ecclesiastical to the temporal power, and proclaimed
the necessity of both a civil and an ecclesiastical revolu-
tion. In 1146 he put himself at the head of a temporarily
successful insurrection against the temporal power of the
pope. He was put to death in 1155.
Arnold's ganglion, nerve.
armot, arnott, n. See armut.
armotto (ār-not'ó), n. [Also amatta, anatto,
annotto, armatto, , etc., from Tamanac (Carib
ăial of Venezuela). Gilij, 1780.] 1. Biza
See the nouns.
Arnotto (Bixa Orella?ta).
Orellana, a small tree, of the family Bizaceae, a
native of tropical America. It is extremely common
in Jamaica and other parts of the West Indies, and has
been introduced into tropical regions of the old world.
2. The dye or coloring matter obtained from
the seeds of this plant. The seeds are covered with
a reddish or reddish-yellow waxy pulp, which is dissolved
in water, then dried to the consistency of putty, and made
up in rolls or folded in leaves, or dried still more and
*=Syn. 2. Perfume, Fragrance, etc.
expression “Aroint thee, witch!” in two pas-
sages of Shakspere, and in modern imitations,
being prob. Shakspere's own º (aroynt,
after around (see below), or with an unoriginal
introductory syllable due perhaps to forcible
utterance, or perhaps merely metrical, for
*roynt, rymt, the diphthong oy, of being then
and still dial. often equiv. to y, i) of an E. dial.
(Cheshire) proverb, “‘IRynt you, witch,’ quoth
Bessie Locket to her mother,” so recorded b
Ray in 1693, but prob. in use in Shakspere's
time. (If original with him, it could not have
passed into popular speech so early as 1693.)
The proverb, which bears the marks of local
origin, from some incident long forgotten, con-
tains a particular use of the same verb that
occurs in E. dial. ryntye (given by Ray in con-
nection with the proverb), ryndta (Thoresby,
1703), rymt thee, an expression “used by milk-
maids in Cheshire to a cow when she has been
milked, to bid her get out of the way” (Clark
and Wright, ed. Shak., l.c., note), that is, round
ge, round thee, move round, turn about; rynd,
Yymt, being a dial. form of round: see round2.]
I. intrans. An interjectional imperative, equiv-
alent, in the passages quoted, to avauntſ be-
gone! See etymology.
“Aroint thee, witch!” the rump-fed romyon cries.
Shak., Macbeth, i. 3.
He met the night-mare and her nine-fold;
Bid her alight,
And her troth plight,
And aroint thee, witch, aroint thee!
Shak., Lear, iii. 4.
II. trans. To say “aroint” to; bid begone.
Whiskered cats, arointed, flee.
Mrs. Browning, To Flush, xviii.
That Humbug, whom thy soul aroints.
Browning, Two Poets.
arolium (a-röſli-um), n. ; pl. arolia (-á). [NL.]
An appendage of the tarsus of some insects, as
the Trichoptera, or caddis-flies.
A short cushion [plantula] and two membranous arolia.
ascoe, Zoël. Class., p. 120.
arolla (a-rol’ā), n. The Swiss stone-pine, Pinus
Cembra.
aroma (a-ró'mă), n. ; pl. aromas (-maz), some-
times aromata"(-ma-tá). [Early mod. E. aro-
mate, K ME. aromat, KOF. aromat, mod. F. aro-
mate; mod. E. directly K L. aroma, K. Gr. &poua
(àpouar-), any spice or sweet herb; perhaps orig.
the smell of a plowed field, and so identical with
ãpoga, a plowed field, arable land, Kópéetv, plow,
L. arare, plow: see arable.] 1+. Spice:
usually in the plural, spices. N. E. D.—2. An
odor arising from spices, plants, or other sub-
stances, more especially an agreeable odor;
fragrance; spicy perfume.
The air had the true northern aroma.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 276.
3. Figuratively, a characteristic but subtle
quality; a pervasive charm or flavor.
The subtle aroma of genius. Saturday Rev.
A happy surprise awaits those who come to the study of
the early literature of New England with the expectation
of finding it altogether arid in sentiment, or void of the
spirit and aroma of poetry.
M. C. Tyler, Hist. Amer. Lit., I. 264.
See smell, m.
aromatic (ar-Ö-mat'ik), a. and n. [Early mod.
E. aromatick, -ygue, KME. aromatyk, KOF. aro-
natigue, K L.L. aromaticus, K. Gr. apoplattkóg, K
ôpopla, Spice, sweet herb : see aroma.] I. a.
1. Giving out an aroma, ; fragrant; Sweet-
scented; odoriferous; of spicy flavor.
Great blueberry bushes hanging thick with misty blue
spheres, aromatic and sweet with a sweetness no tropic
suns can give. R. T. Cooke, Somebody's Neighbors, p. 291.
2. Caused by an aroma or fragrant odor.
Die of a rose in aromatic pain.
Pope, Essay on Man, l. 200.
3. In chem., an epithet formerly applied to a
small group of organic bodies, of vegetable
aromatite (a-rö’ma-tit), n.
aromatization (a-rö"ma-ti-Zā’shgn), n.
aromatizer (a-rö’ma-ti-zër), m.
aromatous (a-rö’ma-tus), a.
aromatic or agreeable odor or taste; fragrantly.
[K L. aromatites, a
precious stone of the smell and color of myrrh,
aromatic wine, K. Gr. Öpoplaritmg, aromatic, K
ãpopla, Spice: see aroma.] 1. A bituminous
stone, in smell and color resembling myrrh.—2.
Afactitious wine, containing various *::::
(!)"O-
matize + -ation.] The act of tº: 3. I’O-
matic; aromatic flavoring.
aromatize (3-rö’ma-tiz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
aromatized, ppr. aromatizing. [K late ME. dro-
natysen, KOF aromatiser, K LL. aromatizare, K
Gr. Öpoptatiſelv, spice, K &poua, spice, sweet
herb: see aroma.] To render aromatic or fra-
grant; give a spicy flavor to; perfume.
- One who or
that which aromatizes; that which communi-
cates an aromatic quality. -
Aromatizers to enrich our sallets. Evelyn, Acetaria, vi.
- [K aroma(t-) +
-ows.] Containing an aromatic principle; aro-
matic.
Aromochelyina (ar-à-mok'e-li-iºnä), m. pl.
L., K. Aromochelys 4 -ina.]" A subfamily of
turtles (the stinkpots), typified by the genus
Aromochelys, referred by Gray to his family Che-
lydradaº. They have a cruciform plastron of 11
shields, of which the gular pair is united and
linear. A. odorata is the common stinkpot of
the United States.
Aromochelys (ar-Ø-mok'e-lis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ôptopia, in mod. sense “sweet smell,” + 2.ÉAvg, a
tortoise.] A genus of terrapins, including the
stinkpot of North America, A. odorata, typical
of the subfamily Aromochelyina.
arondie, arondy, a. Variants of arrondi.
Åronhold's theorems. See theorem.
aroomt, prep. phr. as adv, or a. [K ME. arowm,
a rowme, on rum: a, on, E. aš, to or at ; roum,
Yum, space, E. room: see as and room.] To or
at a distance; abroad; apart.
- I an’owme was in the felde.
Chaucer, House of Fame, l. 540.
aroph (arºof), m. [Said to be K ML. aro(ma)
ph(ilosophorum), aroma of the philosophers.]
name formerly given to saffron.—2.
chemical preparation concocted by Paracelsus,
used as a remedy for urinary calculus.
arose (a-róz'). Preterit of arise.
a rotelle (à rô-tel'le). [It.: a (K.L. ad), to,
with; rotelle, pl. of rotella, a small wheel, disk,
dim. of rota, a wheel: see rota.] With disks,
roundels, or rosettes: used in works on decora-
tive art in describing objects so ornamented:
as, “an amphora with handles a rotelle” (Birch),
that is, having handles which, rising above the
lip of the vase, form a circular ornament, often
filled with a mask.
around (a-round'), prep. phr. as adv, and prep.
[ME. around, aronde, a round; K a 3 + round2,
n. Hence by apheresis round?, adv. and prep.]
I. adv. 1. In a circle or sphere; round about;
on every side: as, a dense mist iay around.
The gods of greater nations dwell around,
And on the right and left the palace bound.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., i. 223.
And naught above, below, arownd,
Of life or death, of sight or sound.
Whittier, New-England Legend.
2. From place to place; here and there; about:
as, to travel around from city to city. [U. S.]
–3. About; near: as, he waited around till
the fight was over. [U. S.]
II. prep. 1. About; on all sides; encircling;
encompassing.
A lambent flame arose, which gently spread
Around his brows. Dryden, AEneid,
Around us ever lies the enchanted land,
In marvels rich to thine own sons displayed. -
Jones Very, Poems, p. 52.


*
arow (a-Tö’), prep. phr. as adv.
around
2. From place to * random: as, to roam
around the country. . S.]
aroura.. n. See arura.
arousai (a-rou’zal), n. [K arouse + -al.] The
act of arousing or awakening; the state of being
aroused or awakened.
The arousal and activity of our better mature. Hare.
Cognition of these relations [between the organism and
some noxious agent] will determine the arousal of some
antagonistic feeling. Mind, IX. 342.
arouse (a-rouz'), v. f.; pret. and, pp. aroused,
ppr. arousing. [Ka-1 + ºrousel, after arise, rise,
etc.] To excite into action; stir or put in mo-
tion or exertion; awaken: as, to arou8e atten-
tion; to arouse one from sleep; to arouse dor-
mant faculties.
Crying with full voice,
“Traitor, come out, ye are trapt at last,” arowsed
Lancelot. Tennyson, Guinevere.
They [the women of Goethe] satisfy for the present, yet
arowse an infinite expectation.
Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 129.
=Syn. Torouse, wake up, awaken, animate, incite, stimu-
late, kindle, warm.
arouse (3-rouz'), n.
arousing; an alarm.
arouser (a-rou’zēr), n.
3,I’OUISOS,
IK arouse, v.] The act of
[Rare.] N. E. D.
One who or that which
[ME. arowe,
a-rowe, o rowe, arawe (early mod. E. also arew,
K ME. arewe, areawe); Ka8+ row?..] In a row;
one after the other. Her teeth arew
And all her bones might through her cheekes be red.
Spenger, F. Q., W. xii. 29.
And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arowe.
Dryden, Flower and Leaf, l. 249.
aroynt, v. See aroint.
arpeggiation (ār-pej-i-ā'shgn), n.
arpeggios.
arpeggio (ār-pejº), n. [It., lit. harping, Kar-
peggiare, play on the harp, & arpa, harp, KML.
arpa, also harpa, harp: see harp.] 1. The
sounding of the notes of an instrumental chord
in rapid succession, either upward or (rarely)
downward, as in harp-playing, instead of si-
multaneously.—2. A chord thus sounded; a
broken chord.
Playing in
Written.
Arpeggio.
Sometimes written harpeggio.
arpent (ar' pen), m. , Same as arpent.
arpennust (ār-penſus), m.; pl. arpenni (-i).
[ML., also arpennum, -a, -ís, etc.: see arpent.]
Same as arpent. Bouvier.
arpent (ärſpent ; F. pron. År-poil'), m. [Early
mod. E. also arpen, arpine; K F. arpent = Pr.
arpen, aripin = Sp. arapende, K. M.L. arpennus,
arpenna, arpendus, arpendium, etc., K. L.L. ara-
ennis, L. arepennis, a word of Celtic origin.
&ºi. (5, 1, 6) says: “Galli . . . semi-
jugerum quoque arepennem vocant.” The semi-
jugerum was equal to 14,400 square feet.] An
old French measure for land. By a royal edict of
1669, it must contain 100 perches of 22 feet each 9.)
or 48,400 square feet. This was called the arpent royal,
arpent d'ordomnance, or arpent des eawa; et forêts. The
common arpent had 40,000 square feet, the arpent of Paris
32,400, these being based on perches of 20 and 18 feet. The
following are the areas in ares: arpent of Paris, 34.1887;
common arpent, 42.2083; royal arpent, 51.0720; English
acre, 40.4678. The arpent is still used in Louisiana, and
in the province of Quebec. Formerly also arpen, arpīme.
If he be master
Of poor ten arpines of land forty hours longer,
Let the World repute me an honest woman.
Webster, Devil's Law-Case, iii. 3.
arpentatorf (är'pen-tā-tor), m. [NL., KML. ar-
pentum, one of the numerous variants of L. arc-
pennis; see arpent.] A measurer or surveyor
of land. Bowvier.
arpinet (är’pin), m. , Same as arpent.
arquata (ār-kwā’tā), m. [NL., prop. arcuata,
fem. of L. arcuatus: see arcuate.] An old name
of the curlew, Numenius arguatus, from its long
arcuate bill. Also written arcuata.
arquated (är'kwā-ted), a. [For arcuated : see
arcuate.] Shaped like a bow; arcuate. [Rare.]
arquebus, arquebuse, arquebusier. See har-
quebus, harquebusier.
317
arquerite (är (ke-rit), n. [K Arqueros, near
Coquimbo, a seaport town of Chili, H- -ite2.] A.
mineral silver amalgam, occurring in small
octahedrons and in arborescent forms. It con-
tains 86 per cent. of silver, and is the chief ore of the rich
silver-mines of Arqueros.
arquiºx (ärſki-fö), n. Same as alguifow.
arr” (är), n. [E. dial., KME. arre, erre, K Icel.
örr, Ör = Sw. Črr=Dan. ar, a scar.] A scar.
Also spelled ar. [Prov. Eng.]
arrºt, v. t. [K ME. arren = LG. arren, vex, K
arre = AS. ferre, yrre, eorre, anger, as adj. an-
gry; cf. Dan. arrig, angry, which, however, is
commonly associated with Dan. Norw. Šw.
arg, wicked, bad, = G. arg = AS. earg, timid,
cowardly..] To anger; vex; worry.
He arred both the clergy and the laity.
N. Bacon, Hist. Discourse, xiv. 216. (N. E. D.)
arrët, v. i. [K late ME. arre; cf. E. dial. narr
nurſ, imitative; cf. ºf is the dog's letter, and
hurreth in the sound” (B. Jonson): see hurr.]
To snarl as a dog.
A dog is . . . fell and quarrelsome, given to arre and
War upon a very small occasion.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch's Morals, p. 726.
arraf, n. See arrha.
arracacha (ar-ā-kāch’ā), n. [K Sp. aracacha
(X NL. Arracacia), of nat. Ind, origin..] A name
given by the natives of western South America,
to several kinds of plants with tuberous roots,
and especially to a species of the umbelliferous
genus Arracacia, A. Arracacha, which is exten-
sively cultivated in the Andes, and has become
naturalized in Jamaica. The roots are divided into
several lobes of the size of a carrot, which when boiled
have a flavor between that of the parsnip and that of the
chestnut. It is said to be more prolific and nutritious than
the potato. The name is also given to a tuber-bearing
species of the Ozalis, O. cremata.
arracelt, v. t. See aracel, arasel.
arrace2+, m. See arrasl.
arracht, n. See orach.
arrachef, v. t. See aracel.
arraché (ar-a-shā’), a. [F., pp. of arracher,
uproot: see aracel.] In her., torn up by the
roots: applied to plants used as bearings, and
to whatever has the appearance of having been
severed by violence. Erased is now in more
general use.
arrack (ar’ak), n. [Better spelled arack, for-
merly arak, arac; now commonly shortened to
rack; =F. arack–Sp. arac =Pg. araca, arague,
K Hind. arak, Tamil araku, aruki, K. Ar. ‘araq,
sweat, spirit, juice, essence, distilled spirits,
'argſy, arrack, brandy; K’araga, Sweat, perspire.
The forms arak, arki (Tatar), and araki (Egyp-
tian) are from the same source, the name being
applicable to any spirituous liquor.] Aspiritu-
ous liquor manufactured in the East Indies
from a variety of substances; especially a
spirituous liquor distilled from fermented rice,
or from the sap of the cocoa-palm. The ar-
rack of eastern and northern India is a sort
of rum distilled from molasses. See raki.
A servant brought in a silver tray, upon which were
large glasses of the abominable spirit called arrack, each
of which was supposed to be emptied at a draught.
O'Donovan, Merv, xi.
Arragonese, m. and a. See Aragomese.
arrah (ar’ā), interj. A common Anglo-Irish ex-
pletive, expressing excitement, surprise, etc.
arraignl (a-rān"), v. t. [KME. araymen, arenen,
K AF. arainer, areiner, arener, K OF. aranier,
earlier araisnier, areisnier (later araisoner, are:-
soner, aresoner, etc., X ME, aresomen: see area-
son), KML. arrationare, call to account, arraign,
KL. ad, to, + M.L. rationaré, reason: see reason
and ratio. Cf. deraigm 1.] 1. In law, to call to or
set at the bar of a court, in order to plead guilty
or not guilty to the matter charged in an indict-
ment Orinformation. This termisunknown in the law
of Scotland, except in trials for high treason, in which the
forms of procedure in England and Scotland are the same.
Hence—2. To callin question for faults, before
any tribunal; call before the bar of reason or of
taste; accuse or charge in general.
They arraign'd shall sink
Reneath thy sentence. Milton, P. L., iii. 331.
Is there not something in the pleading eye
Of the poor brute that suffers, which arraigns
The law that bids it suffer? O. W. Holmes, Rights.
=Syn. Accuse, Charge, Indict. See accuse.
arraignl (a-rånſ), n. [Karraign.1, v.] Arraign-
ment: as, the clerk of the arraigms. Blackstone.
arraign?i (a-rånſ), v. t. [Early mod. E. also
arraine, araine, KAF. arraigner, arainer, the lat-
ter an error for aramer (> ML. arramare), OF.
aramier, aramir = Pr. aramir = OCat. aremir, K
ML. adramire, adhramire, adehramire, agramire,
arramire, etc., KL. ad, to, + “hramire, prob. orig.
arrangement
with a sense subsequently lost in the technical
use, K Goth. hramjan, us–hramjan, crucify, lit.
hang (cf. OHG. rāma, MHG. rame, ram, G. rah-
men – D. raam=Dan. ramme=Sw. ram, frame,
support), - Gr. ºpeptāv, Kpellavvival, hang.]
old law, to appeal to; claim; demand: in the
phrase to arraign an assize, to demand, and hence
to institute or prepare, a trial or an action.
arraigner (a-rā’nér), n. [K arraigm.1 + -erl.]
One who arraigns or accuses.
The ordinary name for the Iconoclasts is the arraigmers
of Christianity. Iilman, Latin Christianity.
arraignment (3-rān’ment), n. [Karraign.1 +
-ment.] 1. In law, the act of arraigning; the
act of calling and setting a prisoner before a
court to answer to an accusation. The form usu-
ally includes calling the prisoner, sometimes requiring
him to stand or hold up his hand by way of identification,
reading the indictment to him, and asking him whether
he pleads guilty or not guilty.
2. Accusation before any tribunal, as that of
reason, taste, etc.; a Galling in question for
faults; accusation.
But this secret arraignment of the king did not content
the unquiet prelate. Milman, Latin Christianity, viii. 8.
The sixth satire . . . seems only an arraignment of the
whole sex. Dryden, Ded. of AEneid.
=Syn. 1. Prosecution, impeachment, indictment.
arrameurt, n. [AF., K arramer, aramer, KOF.
arramir, aramir = Pr. aramir, KML. arramire,
adhramire, etc., pledge, promise, appoint: see
arraign?..] A port-officer who superintended
the loading and unloading of vessels.
arran (ar'an), n. [E. dial. : See arain.] A spi-
der. Also called arrand. [Prov. Eng.]
arrand1+, n. An old form of errand.
arrand2+, a. An old form of arrant.
arrand 3 (ar’and), m. Same as arran. [Prov.
Eng.] * *
arrange (a-rānj"), v.; pret. and pp. arranged,
ppr. arranging. [K ME. arayngem, arengen, K
OF. arangier, arengier, F. arranger, put into a
rank, arrange, K a- (K. L. ad, to) + rangier, ren-
gier, range, put into a rank, K rang, reng, reme,
F. rang, a rank: see rank? and range.] I.
trans. 1. To put in proper order; dispose or
set out conformably to a plan or purpose; give
a certain collocation to; marshal: as, to ar-
range troops for battle.
Arrange the board and brim the glass.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, cvii.
When we come to arrange our shapes and our measure-
ments [in biological investigations], we find a certain num-
ber of identities, and a certain number of variations.
E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 296.
2. To adjust; settle; come to an agreement or
understanding regarding: as, to arrange the
terms of a bargain.
Matters, therefore, were happily arranged. The baron
pardoned the young couple on the spot.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 209.
3. In music, to adapt or alter so as to fit for
performance by other voices or instruments
than those designed by the composer: as, to
arrange an opera for the piano. =Syn. 1. To array,
classify, group, dispose, Sort.—2. To fix upon, determine,
.* upon, draw up ; to devise, organize, construct, con-
COCl.
II. intrans. 1. To make preparations; carry
out beforehand such negotiations or make such
disposition in regard to some matter as may be
necessary: as, to arrange about a passport, or
for supplies; arrange with a publisher.—2. To
come to an agreement or understanding in re-
gard to something; make a settlement.
We cannot arrange with our enemy in this conjuncture,
without abandoning the interest of mankind.
Burke, A Regicide Peace.
arrangeable (a-rân (ja-bl), . a. [K arrange +
-able.] Capable of being arranged.
Fishes have crania made up of bones that are no more
clearly arrangeable into segments like vertebrae than are :
the cranial bones of the highest mammal.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 210.
arrangement (a-rānj^ment), m. [K IF. arrange-
ment: see arrange and -ment.] 1. The act of
arranging or putting in proper order; the state
of being put in order; disposition in suitable
form. Specifically, in the fine arts, the combining of
parts in a manner conformable to the character and aim
of the design; composition.
The freedom of syntactical arrangement which was pos-
sessed by the Anglo-Saxon is irrecoverably gone.
G. P. Marsh, Origin of Eng. Lang., p. 111.
2. That which is disposed in order; a system
of parts disposed in due order; any combina-
tion of parts or materials.
The interest of that portion of social arrangement is in
the hands of all those who compose it. JBurke.
3. The style or mode in which things are ar-
ranged. '


arrangement
The clouds passed slowly through several arrangements.
De Qwincey, Confessions (ed., 1862), p. 97.
4. Preparatory measure or negotiation; pre-
vious disposition or plan; preparation: com-
monly in the plural: as, we have made arrange-
"ments for a journey.
Previous to his departure he made all due arrangements
With the holy fraternity of the convent for the funeral
Solemnities of his friend. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 198.
An elaborate arrangement was entered into at the same
time by the Allied Powers, to provide for a succession to
Parma in the event of the sovereign dying childless,
E. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 74.
5. Final settlement; adjustment by agreement:
as, the arrangement of a dispute.—6. In music:
(a) The adaptation of a composition to voices
or instruments, or to a purpose, for which it
Was not originally designed. (b) A piece so
adapted; a transcription: as, an orchestral ar-
Tangement of a song, an opera, or the like. =Syn.
1. Qlassification, distribution.—2. Structure, form.
arranger (a-rān’jēr), m. One who arranges or
puts in order.
arrant (ar’ant), a. [Early mod. E. also arraunt,
arrand, a variant spelling of errant, erraunt,
errand, roving, wandering, which, from its com-
mon use in the term arrant or errant thief,
that is, a roving robber, one outlawed, pro-
claimed and notorious as such, came to be
used apart from its lit. sense as an opprobrious
intensive with terms of abuse, as rogue, knave,
traitor, fool, etc., but often also without oppro-
brious force. See errant.] 1+. Wandering;
itinerant; vagrant; errant: as, a knight arrant;
an arrant preacher: especially in thief arrant
or arrant thief, a roving, outlawed robber; a
highwayman. Now written errant.—2. Noto-
rious; manifest; unmitigated; downright: in
a bad sense (derived from the noun qualified):
as, an arrant rogue; an arrant coward; arrant
IlOIlSellSe.
I discover an arrant laziness in my soul.
As arrant a “Screw”
In money transactions as ever you knew.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 46.
It was easy to see through all his piety that he was an
arrant author at the bottom.
Smollett, Gil Blas, VIII. iii. (N. E. D.)
3. Thorough ; downright; genuine: in a good
S6D Se.
An arrant honest woman. Burton, Anat. Mel., p. 617.
=Syn. 2. Utter, Tank, consummate, perfect. -
arrantly (ar’ant-li), adv. In an arrant man-
ner; notoriously; impudently: in a bad sense.
Funeral tears are as arrantly hired out as mourning
clokes. | Sir R. L'Estrange.
arrasl (ar'as), n. [Early mod. E. also arrace,
arrasse, K ME. arras, orig. cloth (or cloths) of
Arras (F. draps d'Arras) (= It, arazzo = Pr. rag),
K F. Arras, the capital of the department of Pas-
de-Calais, in the north of France, where this
article was manufactured. The name Arras is
corrupted from the name of the Atrebates (L.), a
people of Belgic Gaul.] Tapestry; specifically,
that used for hangings covering the waiis of".
TOOm. The original expression cloth of Arras was prob-
ably used with more accuracy to distinguish arras tapes-
try from other sorts. Sometimes used as an adjective.
I'll not speak another Word for a King's ransom unless
the ground be perfumed, and covered with cloth of arras.
Marlowe, Faustus, ii. 2.
I have of yore made many a scrambling meal,
In corners, behind arrases, on stairs. *
Beaw. and I'l., Woman Hater, iii. 4.
Arras was used precisely as a curtain; it hung (ontenters
or lines) from the rafters, or from some temporary stay,
and was opened, held up, or drawn aside, as occasion re-
quired. Dyce, Note to Ford's Lover's Melancholy, ii. 2.
In Arthur's arras hall at Camelot.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
arras2}, n. [Prob. a form of orris, q.v.] A kind
of powder, probably made of the root of the
Orris. Halliwell.
arrased (ar'ast), a. [K arrasl + -ed?..] Hung
[K arrasl + -eme.] A
with arras. Chapman.
arra,Sene (arºa-sén), n.
sort of cord made with a central thread and a
thick velvet-like pile of wool or silk. It is used
in raised embroidery. Also spelled arasene.
arrastra (à-rås' trä), n. Same as arrastre.
arrastre (à-ràs' tre), n. [Sp., lit. the act of
dragging, K arrastrar, drag along the ground,
Creep, crawl, K a- (L. ad, to) + rastrar (obs.),
drag, Krastro, a rake, sledge, track, - Pg. rasto,
Tastro, K L. rastrum, a rake, mattock, Kºradore,
pp. Tasus, Scrape, scratch..] A rude apparatus
used in Mexico, and to some extent in the United
States, for grinding and at the same time amal-
JFuller.
318
To these arms masses of rock are fastened by chains and
dragged over the ore, which is placed on a bed of flat stones
laid within a circular inclosure, usually about 12 feet in
diameter. Also written arrastra, a rastra.
(From Pepper's “Play-Book of Metals.”)
arraswise (ar'as-wiz), adv.
arriswise.
arratel (àr-rā’tel), n. [Pg.: see arrel.] The
Portuguese pound. It exceeds the pound avoirdu- arºyer (a-rā’ér), m.
pois by about one per cent. The following are the values
in grams: Pound avoirdupois, 453.593; arratel, in Lisbon,
459; in Funchal, 458,547; in Rio de Jameiro, 458.75. ,
arraughtt. ... For araught, preterit of areach.
array (a-rā'), v. t. [Early mod. E. also aray, ar-
Taie, KME, arayen, araien, areyen, KAF. arayer,
araier, OF. areyer, areier, areer, later aroyer, ar-
Toyer = Pr: aredar = Sp. arrear (obs.) = Pg. ar-
reiar = It, arredare, KML. arredare, put in order,
order, array, K L. ad, to, + ML. “redum (> OF.
rei, rai, roë), preparation, order, of Teut. Origin;
Erroneous form of arrayal (3-rā'gl), n.
arrect
ting a jury in order for the trial of a cause, or
callingit man by man. (6) The jury impaneled.
Challenges are of two kinds; first, to the anºray, when
exception is taken to the whole number impaneléâ ; and
secondly, to the polls, when individual jurymen are ob-
jected to. A. Fomblanqwe, Jr., How we are Governed, xvii.
8. Formerly, in England, the muster of a coun-
ty for military purposes; the men so mustered:
as, a commission of array. See commission.
Yº Parliament had extreamely worried him for attempt-
ing to put in execution y” commission of away, and for
which the rest of his collegues were hanged by yº rebells.
Bvelyn, Diary, March 23, 1646.
Previous to the reign of Henry VIII., in order to protect
the kingdom from domestic insurrections or the prospects
of foreign invasions, it was usual from time to time for
our princes to issue commissions of array. Wharton.
9. In math., a collection of quantities arranged
in a rectangular block; a matrix.-Challenge to
the array. See challenge.
[K array + -al.] The
process of arraying; muster of a force; array.
JN. E. D.
[K ME. araier, arraiour, K
OF. araieor, areeor, Kareer, araier, array: see
array, v.] 1. One who arrays.—2. In Eng.
hist., an officer who had a commission of array
to put the soldiers of a county in a condition
for military service.
arrayment (a-rā’ment), n. [Early mod. E. also
arraiment, arayment, K ME. araïment, K AF.
aratement, O.F. areement, Karaier, etc., array:
See array and -ment, and the abbr. form rai.
ment.] 1. The act of arraying.—2+. That in.
which one is arrayed; raiment.
cf. AS. gerāde, geräde, preparation, equipment Sheep clothed in soft arrayment Quarles
(Icel. reidhi, rigging, harness, reidha, imple- 1. % See arl yment. * }
ments, outfit; Św. réda = Dań. rede, order), K ºf *. € Q7°l.
geräde = OFries. rāde, réd = Goth, garaids,
ready, prepared: see ready. Cf. curryl.] 1. To
place or dispose in order, as troops for battle;
y
marshal; draw up in hostile order: often used *
figuratively.
They were more ignorant in ranging and arraying their
battles. acom, Vicissitude of Things.
The stronger our conviction that reason and Scripture
were decidedly on the side of Protestantism, the greater
is the reluctant admiration with which we regard that
system of tactics against which reason and Scripture were
arrayed in vain. Macaulay, Ranke's Hist. of Popes.
2. To deck or dress; adorn with dress, especially
with dress of an ornamental kind.
Array thyself with glory and beauty.
Morn by morn, arraying her sweet self
In that wherein she deem'd she look’d her best.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
And there the fallen chief is laid,
In tasselled garbs of skins arrayed,
And girded with his wanpum-braid.
Whittier, Funeral Tree of Sokokis.
3. In law, to set (a jury) in order for the trial of
a cause; to call (the jury) man by man.—4.
To envelop; wrap. [Rare.]
In gelid caves with horrid glooms arrayed.
* wdge Trumbull.
=Syn. 1. To arrange, range, marshal, draw up.–2. Adorm,
Job xl. 10.
*Ormament, Decorate, etc. (see adorn); clothe, invest.
array (3-rā'), m. [Early mod. E. also aray,
arraie, KME. aray, arai, araie, KAF. arai, arrai,
OF. arrei, later aroi, F. arroi = Pr: arrei = Sp.
arreo-Pg. arreio =It. arredo; cf. M.L. arredium,
equipment, furniture; from the verb: See ar- arrearage (a-rèr’āj), n.
Tay, v.] 1. Regular Order or arrangement;
disposition in regular lines; specifically, dispo-
sition of a body of men for attack or defense:
as, troops in battle array.—2. An orderly col-
lection or assemblage ; especially, a body of
men in order of battle or prepared for battle;
hence, military force; soldiery; troops.
A gallant array of nobles and cavaliers. Prescott.
What was that mighty array which Elizabeth reviewed
at Tilbury? Macawlay, Hist. Eng.
3. A display; an imposing series of things ex-
hibited.
Nothing could well be lovelier than this array of Doric
temples and ruins of temples.
C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 95.
4. Dress; garments disposed in order upon the
person; raiment or apparel.
Emily ere day
Arose and dress'd herself in rich array.
5+. Preparation; special arrangement of things.
He had maad al this array.
Chawcer, Miller's Tale, 1.444.
6#. Situation; circumstances; position; plight.
Thou stondest yet (quod sche) in swiche array,
That of thy lyf hastow no sewerte.
Chaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, l. 46.
7. In law: (a) The body of persons summoned to
serve upon a jury. (b) The act of impaneling
a jury; that is, the act of the proper officer set-
arre?t, v. i.
arreacht, v.
arrearlt, v.
arrear? (a-rèr'), m.
Dryden, arrect? (a-rekt'), v. t.
See arrë.
See areach.
See arearl.
r2: (a-rêr’), adv. [Early mod. E. also arear,
rrere, K ME, arere, a rere, K OF. arere, ariere
mod. F. arrière = Pr. areire, arreire, K ML. a
retro: L. ad, to; retro (> OF. riere), backwardſ:
see retro- and rearð..] Backward; into or to-
ward the rear; back; behind.
Forst him back recoyle and reele areare.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. iv. 5.
[ME. only in phr, in ariere,
in time past; K arrear?, adv. The older noun
is arrearage, q.v.] 1. The state of being be-
hind or behindhand: as, his work is in arrear.
Spain, though at least a generation in arrear of England,
was after our own the first modern European country to
attain to . . . a national dramatic literature.
W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., Int., xxvii.
2+. The rear.
The arrear consisting of between three and four thou-
sand foot. Heylin, Hist. Reformation, p. 92.
3. That which is behind in payment; a debt
which remains unpaid, though due: generally
used in the plural and implying that a part of
the money is already paid: as, arrears of rent,
Wages, or taxes.
For much I dread due payment by the Greeks
Of yesterday's arrear. Cowper, Iliad, iii.
My approval is given in order that every possible facility
may be afforded for the prompt discharge of all arrears of
pay due to our soldiers and sailors.
Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 332-
[K ME. arerage, arre-
Tage, K OF. arerage, arrerage, arrierage, mod. F.
arrérages, pl., K. O.F. arere, ariere, back: see
arrear”, adv., and -age, and cf. advantage.] 1.
The state or condition of being behindhand or
IIl al’I’68.I’S.
I have employment for thee, such a one
As shall not only pay my services,
But leave me in arrearage.
Shirley, Grateful Servant, i. 2.
2. Arrears; amount or amounts outstanding or
overdue; any sum of money remaining unpaid
after previous payment of a part.
The old arrearages . . . being defrayed. -
- Howell, Vocal Forest.
Our pleasure is, that all arrearages
Be paid unto the captains.
Massinger, The Picture, ii. 2.
arrearancef (a-rèr’ans), n. IK arrear? ---ance.]
Same as arredrage.
[KL. arrectus, pp. of arri-
gere, set up, raise, erect, Kad, to, + regere, keep
straight, direct.] 1. To raise or lift up; make
flºg Ores containing free gold or silver.
t lias a vertical axis with horizontal arms attached to it.
erect.
Having large ears perpetually exposed and arrected.
Swift, Tale of a Tub, xi.
2. To direct. *
Arrecting my sight towards the zodiake.
Skelton, Poems, p. 9.
3. To impute.
Therefore he arrecteth no blame . . . to them.
Sir T. More, Works, fol.271.

- - arrect
arrect, arrected (a-rekt', a-rek’ted), a. [K II.
arrectus: see the verb.] 1+. Erect; erected.
–2t. Attentive, as a person listening.
- Eager for the event,
Around the beldame all arrect they hang.
Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. 269.
8. In bot., pointing upward; brought into an
upright position. A. Gray.
Brrectaryt (a-rek'ta-ri), n. [K L. arrectarius,
perpendicular, neut. pl. arrectaria, the upright
posts of a wall, K arrectus, erect: see arrect.]
A beam or º standing upright, as opposed
to one which is horizontal.
The arrectary or beam of his cross.
Bp. Hall, Works, II. 278.
Brrector (a-rek’tor), n. [NL., K.L. arrigere, pp.
arrectus, set up erect: see arréct, v.] That which
arrects; an erector.—Arrector pili, in anat., the
erector of the hair, a small strip of unstriated muscle run-
ning from the lower part of the hair-follicle toward the
surface of the skin, and by contraction, under the influence
of fright or cold, causing the hair to stand straight up or
“on end,” at the same time so raising the surface just
lºna the orifice as to occasion goose-flesh or horripila-
IOIA,
arreedt, v. t. See area.d.
arrel (ar'el), n. . [Sp., also arrelde (> Basque
arraldea, a weight of 10 pounds); Sp. arrate,
Pg. arratel, a weight of 16 ounces (see arratel);
K Ar, al, the, -H ratl, a weight of 12 ounces.] A.
weight of 4 pounds, used in Spain.
Arremon, n. See Arrhemon.
arrendation (ar-en-dā‘sh9n), n.
Tentation. -
arrendator (ar’en-dā-tgr), n. [Also arendator,
KRuss. arendatorii, KML. arrendator, arendator,
a farmer of the revenue, K arrendare, arendare,
arrentare, let for a rent, farm the revenue: see
arrent.] One who farms the revenues in certain
Russian governments.
arrenotokous, a. See arrhenotokows.
arrent (a-rent'), v. t. [K OF. arrenter, arentir
(ML. arrentare, arrendare, arendare), Ka (L. ad,
to) + rente, rent: see arrendator and rent.] To
let for a rent; especially, in old Eng. law, to
let out for inclosure, as land in a forest. See
arrentation.
arrentation (ar-en-tä'shgn), n. [Also arren-
dation, KML. arrentatio(m-), arrendatio, K arren-
tare, arrendare : see arrent.] In old Eng. law,
the action or privilege of arrenting; the giving
of permission by the lord of the manor to the
tenant of land in a forest to inclose it with a
small ditch and low hedge, in consideration of
a yearly rent. Also written arrendation.
arreption? (a-rep'shgn), n. IKL. arreptus, pp.
of arripere, snatch, seize to one's self, Kad, to,
+ rapere, snatch, seize: see rapacious, rapture.]
The act of taking away.
This arreption was sudden, yet Elisha sees both the
chariot and the horses, and the ascent.
Bp. Hall, Rapture of Elijah.
arreptitiouslf (ar-ep-tish’us), a... [K L.L. arrepti-
cius, arreptitiws, seized in mind, inspired, deliri-
ous, K L. arreptus, pp. of arripere, Snatch, seize:
see arreption.] Šâtched away; hence, seized
or possessed; frantic; crack-brained; mad.
Odd, arreptitiows, frantick extravagances.
Howell, Letters (1650), I. 475.
arreptitious? (ar-ep-tish’us), a. [As if K L.
arreptus, pp. of arrêpere, creep toward, steal
j to (Kad, to, + répere, creep: see reptile),
+ -itious; but appar. a mistaken def. of pre-
ceding.] Creeping or having crept in privily.
Blount; Bailey.
arrestl (a-rest"), v. t. [K ME. arestem, arresten
gº by apheresis resten, X mod, dial. rest), K
F. arester, F. arréter = Pr. Sp. Pg. arrestar =
It, arrestare, KML. arrestare, stop, restrain, K.L.
ad, to, + restare, stay back: see rest?..] 1. To
stop forcibly; check or hinder the motion or ac-
tion of: as, to arrest the current of a river; to
arrest the course of justice.
Ascribing the causes of things to secret proprieties hath
arrested and laid asleep all true inquiry. Bacon.
With the progress of adaptation each [human being] be-
comes so constituted that he cannot be helped Without in
some way arresting a pleasurable activity.
H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $ 96.
2. To take, seize, or apprehend by virtue of a
legal warrant or official authority; take into
custody: as, to arrest one for a crime or misde-
meanor. [Shakspere most commonly construes
this verb with of, like accuse; as, “of capital
treason we arrest you here,” Rich. II., iv. 1.]
According to law no Englishman could be arrested and
detained in confinement merely by the mandate of the
sovereign. Macawlay.
3. To seize and fix; engage; secure ; catch;
take: as, to arrest the eyes or the attention.
Same as ar-
319
King. If3. prove it, I’ll repay it back,
. . . Or yield up Aquitain.
Prim, We arrest your word.
hak., L. L. L., ii. 1.
The appearance of such a person in the world, and at arrestment (3-rest’ ment), n.
such a period, ought to arrest the consideration of every
thinking mind. Buckminster.
4}. To rest or fix.
We may arrest our thoughts upon the divine mercies.
Jer. Taylor.
5. In Scots and admiralty law, to seize (prop-
erty) for debt or the satisfaction of a claim;
attach or levy upon. =Syn. 1. To stay, interrupt,
delay, detain.—2. To capture, lay hold of, take up, take
prisoner.
arrest' (a-rest"), n., [K ME, arest, K OF. arest,
Stoppage, delay, restraint; from the verb : see
arrest, v.] 1. The act of stopping, or the state
of being stopped; suspension of movement or
action: as, an arrest of the vital functions;
“the stop and arrest of the air,” Bacon.—2+.
Self-restraint; self-command.
In noble corage oughte ben areste,
And Weyen everything by equytee.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1.396.
3. Any seizure or taking by force, physical
or moral; hindrance; interruption; stoppage;
restraint.
To the rich man who had promised himself ease for
many years, it was a sad arrest that his soul was surprised
the first night. Jer. Taylor.
I could . . . mingle my teares with you, . . . but when
I consider the necessity of submitting to the divine aregts,
I am ready to dry them againe, and be silent.
Evelyn, To his Brother, G. Evelyn.
4. In mach., any contrivance which stops or re-
tards motion.
The arrest consists of a fly vane, or escapement with
wings, mounted on one of the arbors of the clock-work
acting on the wheel. Sci. Amer. Supp., XXII. 8974.
5. In law, the taking of a person into custody
of the law, usually by virtue of a warrant from
authority. An arrest is made by seizing or touching the
body or otherwise taking possession of it. By the law of
some jurisdictions, arrest is allowed in civil cases for the
purpose of enforcing the payment of debts or preventing
a defendant from eluding an obligation. In criminal or
penal cases arrest is made for the purpose of compelling
the person charged with a crime or an offense to appear
and submit to justice. In civil cases it cannot be legally
effected except by virtue of a precept or writ issued out
of some court, but this is often dispensed with in criminal
cases. Arrest in civil cases is of two kinds, viz., that which
takes place before trial, and is called arrest on mesme pro-
cess, and that which takes place after trial and judgment,
and is called arrest on final process, or arrest in execution.
6. In admiralty law, the taking of a ship into
custody by virtue of a warrant from a court.—
7. In Scots law, attachment; seizure of prop-
erty, funds, etc., by legal process, as for debt or
the satisfaction of a claim.—Arrest of judgment,
in law, the staying or stopping of a judgment after verdict,
for causes assigned. Courts have at common law power
to arrest judgment for intrinsic causes appearing upon
the face of the record, as when the declaration varies from
the original writ, when the verdict differs materially from
the pleadings, or when the case laid in the declaration is
not sufficient in point of law to found an action upon. The
motion for this purpose is called a motion in arrest of judg-
ment. Modern practice largely supersedes these motions
by requiring such defects to be objected to before judg-
ment.—Breach of arrest. See breach.
arrest? (a-rest’), n. [K OF. arreste, areste, mod.
P. aréte, awn, beard, fishbone, arrest, K L. ari-
sta : see arista and arris.] A mangy tumor on
the back part of the hind leg of a horse. Also
called rat-tail.
arrestable (a-res’ta-bl), a. [K arrestl + -able.]
1. Liable to be arrested or apprehended.—2.
In Scots law, attachable; subject to seizure at
the suit of a creditor of the owner, by a process
in the nature of attachment or garnishment:
applied to property, funds, etc.
Burgh customs still stand in the peculiar position of
being neither adjudgeable nor arrestable; they are there-
fore bad security. Encyc. Brit., IV. 63.
arrestation (ar-es-tā'shgn), m. [= F. arresta-
tion, K. M.L. arrestatio(n-), K arrestare, arrest:
see arrestl, v.] The act of arresting; an arrest
or seizure. [Rare.]
The arrestation of the English residing in France was
decreed by the National-Convention.
H. M. Williams, Letters on France, I. i.
arrestee (a-rest-ê'), m. [K arrest + -eel.] In
Scots law, the person in whose hands an arrest-
ment is laid. -
arrester, arrestor (a-res’tér, -tgr), n. [ME.
arester; Karrestl-F-erl, -or. Cf. M.L. arrestator.]
1. One who or that which arrests.-2. In Scots
law, the person at whose instance an arrest is
made. See arrest, m., 7. [Arrestor is the form
usual in legal documents.]
arrestive (à-restiy), a [= QF, arrestif; K ar-
restl + -ive.] 1. Serving or tending to arrest.
—2. In gram., marking an arrest, restriction,
arrestor, n.
arretlt, v. t.
arret2+ (a-rā’ or a-ret’), m.
arrha (ar'â), m.; pl. arrhae (-É).
arrhal (ar'al), a.
arrhaphostic (ar-a-fostik), a.
Arrhemon (a-ré'mon), m.
Arrhemoninae (a-ré-mó-ni'né), m. pl.
arrhenotokous (ar-e-not'3-kus), a.
arrhenotoky (ar-e-not'3-ki), m.
arrhizal (a-ri' zal), a.
arrhizous (a-li’zus), a.
arrhizou's
or qualification of thought: applied to conjunc-
tions like but, yet, however, etc. Bain, Eng,
Grammar.
[K OF. areste-
ment, K arester, arrest: see arrestl, v., and
-ment.] 1. The act of arresting or stopping;
obstruction; stoppage.
The first effect is arrestment of the functions of the
spinal cord. Sir R. Christison, Poisons, I. i. § 2.
The fall of man would produce an arrestment in the
progress of the earth in that last great revolution which
would have converted it into an Eden.
Dawson, Origin of World, p. 239.
2. In Scots law: (a) A process by which a
creditor may attach money or movable proper-
ty which a third person holds for behoof of his
debtor. It bears a general resemblance to
foreign attachment by the custom of London.
See attachment. (b) The arrest or detention of
a criminal till he finds caution or surety to stand
trial, or the securing of a debtor until he pays
the debt or gives security for its payment.—
Breach of arrestment. See breach.
See arrester.
See aret.
[K F. arrét, K OF.
arest, arrest: see arrest1, m.] The decision of a
Court, tribunal, or council; a decree published;
the edict of a sovereign prince: applied to the
judgments and decisions of courts and tribu-
nals in France.
[L., also ar-
Thabo, and later arra, arrabo, K Gr. appagóv,
earnest-money. Cf. arles.] Earnest-money
paid to bind a bargain or contract; a pledge.
Formerly also spelled arra.
[K arrha + -al.] Of the na-
ture of earnest-money; given as a pledge.
[Badly formed
Gr. &ppagoſ, seamless, K Ö- priv. -- bagſ, a
seam, K battetv, sew.] Seamless. Clarke. Also
Written araphostic, araphorostic. [Rare.]
[NL., K. Gr. appſ.uov,
without speech, silent, K d- priv. H- bijua, a
word, K beiv, speak.] A genus of Central and
South American oscine passerine birds, of the
family Tamagridae, including a group of several
species of tanagers with stout bills, like A.
silens, the type. Also Arremon, Buarremon.
[NL., K
Arrhemon + -inae.] A group of tanagrine birds,
Inamed by Lafresnaye from the genus Arrhe-
7)?07?.
[Better
*arrhenotocous, K. Gr. appevotókoç, bearing male
children, K appm (äppevo-), male, -- Tikretv, Te-
Kelv, bear.] Producing males only: applied
by fleuckart and von Sieboid to thºse parthe-
nogenetic female insects which produce male
progeny: opposed to thelytokows. Also spelled
arremotokows.
The terms arremotokows and thelytokous have been pro-
posed by Leuckart and Von Siebold to denote those par-
thenogenetic females which produce male and female
young respectively. Hwæley, Anat. Invert., p. 384.
[As arrhenoto-
kows -H, -y.] The producing of males only: a
form of parthenogenesis. See arrhenotokows.
arrhephore (ar'e-fôr), n. [K Gr. Appſ/p6poc, com-
monly in pl., Appmóópot (see defi.); of uncertain
origin..] One of four young girls of noble birth
who were chosen annually in ancient Athens to
dwell on the Acropolis and attend the priestess
of Athena Polias. They played a ceremonial part in
the festival of the Arrhephoria, on the night before which
they bore baskets or vases of unknown contents from the
Acropolis to an underground sanctuary near the peribolos
of Aphrodite in the Gardens.
Arrhephoria (ar-e-fô'ri-á), m.pl. [Gr, Appmöópta:
See arrhephore.] An ancient Athenian festival
celebrated in the month of Skirophorion (June).
It was connected with the Panathenaic festival, and was
the occasion of the ceremonial induction into their annual
office, with a splendid procession to the Acropolis, of the
four young priestesses of Athena called arrephores.
arrhinencephalia (ar-in-en-se-fi'li-á), m. [NL.,
K. Gr. Öpplc (äpply-), without power of scenting
(K &- priv. -- bic, biv, nose), + šyké@ažog, the
brain: see emcephalon.] In teratol., congenital
absence of one or (usually) both sides of the
olfactory lobe (rhinencephalon), accompanied
With more or less dwarfing or absence of adja-
cent structures. Also spelled arhinencephalia.
[As arrhizous + -al.]
* - [K NL. arrhizus, K. Gr.
āppi'oc, without roots, K &-priv. 4- higa, a root.]
aying no root: applied to parasitical plants
which have no root, but adhere to other plants
Same as arrhizous.
arrhizous
320
arrogance
by any part of their surface, and derive their arrière-fief (a-rèr'föf), n. Same as arrière-fee, arrivancet (a-ri’vans), m. [K arriva F -ance.]
mourishment from them; also to mosses and
Blepaticab which are destitute of rhizoids. Also
arhizal, arhizows.
Arrhynchia (a-ring’ki-á), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl.
of arrhynchius, K. Gr. &- priv. 4- 60yxog, snout.]
A group of the lowest proctuchous Turbellaria,
having no frontal proboscis, but provided with
an amus, and presenting distinct sexes. Also
spelled Arhynchia.
arrhythmia (a-rith’mi-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. Öp-
pv6uia, want of rhythm, K appv6uoç, without
rhythm: see arrhythmous.] In pathol., irregu-
larity. Also spelled arhythmia.-Arrhythmia
cordis, irregularity of pulse.
arrhythmic (a-rith’ mik), a. [As arrhythmous
+ -ic: see a-18 and rhythmic.] Not rhythmic;
wanting rhythm or regularity: used specifical-
ly, in pathol., of the pulse. Also spelled a rhyth-
mic. N. E. D.
arrhythmical (a-rith’mi-kal), a. Same as ar-
rhythmic. Also spelled arhythmical.
arrhythmically (al-rith’ mi-kal-i), adv. In a
style without rhythm. Also spelled arhythmi-
cally.
arrhythmous (a-rith’mus), a. [KGF. Öppuffuoc,
without rhythm, out of time, K. Či-priv. -H buffudg,
rhythm.] Same as arrhythmic. Also spelled
arhythmous.
arrhythmy (a-rith’mi), m. [K NL. arrhythmia,
q. v.] Want of rhythm. Also spelled arhythmy.
[Rare.]
arriage (ar’āj), 'm. [Sc., a contr. of averagel,
q. v.] In Scots law, an indefinite service per-
formed by horses, formerly required from ten-
ants, but now abolished. Used chiefly in the
phrase carriage and arriage.
It [the monastery] is said to have possessed nearly two
thousand pounds in yearly money-rent, . . . Capons and
poultry, butter, salt, carriage and arriage, peats and kain,
wool and ale. Scott, Monastery, Int.
arridet (a-rid’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. arrided, ppr.
arriding. [K L. arridere, please, be favorable
to, smile at or upon, K ad, to, + ridere, laugh:
see ridicule.] To please; gratify.
Fast. 'Fore heavens, his humour arrides me exceedingly.
Car. Arrides you !
Fast. Ay, pleases me.
B. Jomsom, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 1.
The flattering sycophant is the fawning spaniel, that
lmath only learned to fetch and carry, to spring the covey
of liis master's lusts, and to arride and deride him.
Ičev. T. Adams, Works, III. 119.
Above all thy rarities, old Oxenford, what do most ar-
ride and solace me are thy repositories of mouldering
learning. Lamb, Oxford in Vacation.
arrident? (a-ri’dent), a. [KL. arriden(t-)s, ppr.
of arridere: see arride.] Pleasing; gratify-
ling.
arrière (a-rér’; F. prom. ar-iār”), m. [F., KOF.
ariere, arere, X ME. arere, mod. E. arrear?. Ar-
rière is thus the mod. F. form of arrear2, re-
stored in E. from the earlier form, or adopted
afresh, in special phrases: see arrear? and
rear?..] Arrear or rear. [Now rarely used except in
composition, as in arrière-bras, fee, -ſief, -pensée, etc. (See
these words, below.) In arrière-ban, as shown, it is his-
torically a different word.]
An inferr'd arrière of such storms, such wrecks.
W. Whitman, in Academy, Nov. 18, 1882. (N. E. D.)
Volant en arrière, in her., said of a bird represented as
flying upward and away from the spectator. • *
arrière-ban (a-rér’ban; F. pron. ar-iār-boil’),
m. [Early mod. E. also arrier-, arrear-, arere-
ban (also arrear-, rere-band, arrier-van, simu-
lating band? and van?), K F. arrière-ban, OF.
ariere-ban, a corruption (due to a supposed
connection with ariere, mod. arrière, rear, be-
hind) of OF. *ariban, “heriban, K ML. hari-,
heri-, ari-, arc-, arri-, herebanºnum, etc., KOHG.
“hariban, “heriban (MHG. herban, G. heerbann),
the summoning of an army, Khari, heri (MHG.
her, G. heer = AS. here), army, + ban, a public
call, order, decree: see har-, harry, and baml.]
1. In the early feudal state, the summons of the
sovereign to all freemen, calling them to the
field with their vassals, equipment, and three
months’ provisions. Neglect to obey the sum-
mons brought fines or even loss of the fief.
Hence—2. The military force thus liable to
be called out. Formerly written arierban. [The
, misunderstanding of the first element (see etymology) led
to the use of ban et arrière-ban, English ban (or van) and
arrier-ban (or -van), with an artificial distinction, the ban
being supposed to refer to the immediate feudatories of
the sovereign, and the arrière-ban to the vassals of the
latter, or the holders of arrière-fiefs
arrière-bras (ar-iār’brā’), m. Śame as rerebrace.
arrière-fee (a-rêr ‘fé), m. A fee or fief de-
endent on a superior fee, or a fee held of a
eudatory. -
arriero (ār-É-ā'-
arris (ar'is), n.
arrière-pensée (ar-iār"poſſi-sā’), m. [F., K ar-
rière, rear, behind, 4 pensée, thought: see pen-
Sive..] A thought kept back or dissemble ; 8.
mental reservation. -
arrière-vassal (a-rêr’vas'al), n. An under-vaš-
sal; the vassal of a vassal.
arrière-voussure (ar-iār"vö-súr’), n. A rear
vault; an arch or a vault placed within the
opening of a win-
dow or door, and
differing from it
in form, to in-
crease the size
of the aperture
internally, to re-
ceive a charge
from above, or
to form an ar-
chitectural junc-
tion between in-
terior and exte-
rior forms.
w tºwn
iºs.
'', ºil.
* , , iſ -
.." iſ,
º º
D. :
ºº::
º
rô), n. [Sp. (=
Pg. arrieiro), a
muleteer, K arre
‘(> Pr., arri = It. arri), OSp. farre, a cry used
to mules and horses; prob. of Ar. origin..] A
muleteer.
Arrière-Voussure.
[Also written aris, formerly
arriss, E. dial. (North.) arridge, the edge of
anything that is liable to hurt (Hailiweli); K
OF. areste (F. aréte), K.L. arista, an ear or beard
of grain, in ML. also a bone of a fish, exterior
angle of a house: see arista and arrest2..] 1.
A sharp edge, as of a squared stone or piece of
Wood. Specifically—2. In arch., the line, edge,
or hip in which the two straight or curved sur;
faces of a body, forming an exterior angle,
meet; especially, the sharp ridge between two
adjoining channels of a Doric column.
arris-fillet (arºis-fil’et), m. A triangular piece
of wood used to raise the slates of a roof against
the shaft of a chimney or a wall, to throw off
the rain more effectually. - Also called tilting-
fillet. -
arris-gutter (arºis-gut’ér), m.
ter of the form of the letter V, fixed to the eaves
of a building. Gwilt.
arrish, arish (ar’ish), m. [E. dial., - ersh, dial.
form of eddish, q.v.] A corn- or wheat-field
which has been harvested; stubble; eddish.
[Devonshire, Eng.] -
arrision? (a-rizh’on), m. [K L. arrisio(m-), Kar-
risus, pp. of arridere, smile upon: see arride.]
The act of smiling upon or at. Blount.
arris-piece (arºis-pês), m. In ship-carp., one of
the portions of a built mast beneath the hoops.
arris-rail (arºis-rāl), m. In carp., a rail of tri-
angular section, generally formed by slitting
diagonally a strip of square section. The
broadest surface forms the base.
arriswise (arºis-wiz), adv. [K arris + -wise.]
1. Diagonally: said of an ar-
rangement of tiles or slates so
that one angle points downward.
—2. In her., with one angle pro-
jecting toward the spectator:
said of any bearing of a rectan-
gular form so placed that one
corner is in front, and the top
and two of the sides are shown.
Erroneously written arraswise. -
arrivage? (a-ri’vāj), 'm. [ME. arryvage, aryvage,
F. arivage, mod. F. arrivage = Sp. arribaje, K
ML. arribaticum, arripaticum, K*arripare (> OF.
ariver), come to shore, arrive: see arrive and
An Altar Arris-
wise.
-age.] 1. Landing; arrival. Chaucer.—2. That arrödet (a-röd"), v. t.
which happens or befalls one; lot or fate.
arrival (a-ri’val), m. [K'ME. dryvaile, arrivaile,
K AF. arrivaille = Pr' arribalh, arribailh, arri-
val: see arrive and -al.] 1. The act of arriving,
as in coming to land or to the end of a journey;
a reaching or coming to a destination, or some
definite place.
Fro thenne he goth toward Itaile
By ship, and there his arrivaile
Hath take, and shope him for to ride.
Gower, Conf. Amant., ii. 4. '
2. The person or thing which arrives: as, a
long list of arrivals.
To-day the Lady Psyche will harangue
The fresh arrivals. Tennyson, Princess, ii.
3. The reaching or attainment of any object
or state by effort, or in natural course: as,
arrival at a just conclusion.
arroba (a-rö’bà), n.
arrogance (ar'3-gans), m.
1. The act or fact of arriving; arrival.
Its [an animal's] sudden arrivance into growth and
maturitie. Sir T. Browne, Vulg, Err., iii. 0.
2. Persons who arrive; arrivals collectively.
For every minute is expectancy
Of more arrivance [arrivancie in early eds.].
Shak. (ed. Leopold), Othello, ii. 1.
arrive (a-riv"), v.; pret, and pp. arrived, ppr.
arriving. ME. ariven, aryven, K OF. ariver,
arriver, F. arriver = Pr. aribar, arivar = Sp. Pg:
arribar =.It. arrivare, arrive, arripare, come to
shore, K ML. *arribare, “arripare, reach, come
to shore, earlier adripare, bring to shore, K L.
ad, to, + ripa, shore, bank.] It trans. 1. To
bring (a ship or its passengers) to shore; land.
Some points of wind . . . may as soon Overturn as Ar-
rive the ship.
W. Browgh, Sacr. Princ. (1659), p. 486. (N. E. D.)
When Fortune . . . had arrived me in the most joyful
port. G. Cavendish.
2. To reach.
Ere he arrive the happy isle.
3. To come to ; happen to.
Lest a worse woe arrive him. Milton, Civil Power.
II. intrams. 1. To come to or reach a cer-
tain point in the course of travel: with at: as,
we arrived at Havre-de-Grace.
When at Collatium this false lord arrived,
Well was he welcomed by the Roman dame.
Shak, Lucrece, l. 50.
2. To reach a point or stage by progressive
advance; attain to a certain result or state:
with.at, formerly sometimes with to: as, to ar-
rive at an unusual degree of excellence; to ar-
rive at a conclusion.
The Greek language was arrived to its full perfection.
ryden, Pref. to Troilus and Cressida.
They arrive at a theory from looking at some of the
phenomena; and the remaining phenomena they strain or
curtail to suit the theory. Macaulay, On History.
3. To happen or occur: with to.
Happy to whom this glorious death arrives. Waller.
The lot of humanity is on these children. Danger, sor-
row, and pain arrive to them, as to all.
Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 168.
Milton, P. L., ii. 409.
A wooden gut- arrivet (a-riv"), n. [K arrive, v.] Arrival.
How should I joy of thy arrive to hear !
Drayton, Brandon to Mary.
Wonder at the safe arrive
Of this small vessel, which all weathers drive.
Middleton, Triumphs of Truth.
[Formerly also aroba,
arobe, arob, K. Sp. Pg. arroba, K. Ar. ar-robi, Kal,
the, + rob', fourth part (of a hundred-weight),
a quarter, K arba'a, four.] 1. A Spanish and
Portuguese unit of weight. The following table
shows the number of avoirdupois and local pounds it con-
tains and its equivalent in kilograms:
Places. P: rºa. Kilos.
Saragossa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 , 27.890 12.424
Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro....... 32 82.381 14.688
Barcelona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 22.985 10.426
Valencia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 28,272 12.824
§: º,* * * * * * * Atº º - - - - - - - tº e - 25 27.410 12.433
astlie, Buenos Ayres
Chili, Mexico, etc.” 25 25.317 11.484
Alicante.............. 24 and 36 28,254 12.816
There was also formerly in use in Valencia a small arroba
of 10.687 kilograms. º tº tº º
2. A measure for wine, spirits, and oil in Span-
ish countries, arising from the Moorish prac-
tice of weighing those liquids; the cantara.
There are two measures of this name. The commoner, the
arroba mayor, contains in liters: in Castile, Cadiz, 16.137;
in Bolivia, 16.073; in Malaga, 15.85; in Havana, 15.44; in
Alicante, 11.550; in Valencia, 11.482. The arroba memor,
in Madrid, is equivalent to 27.25 pounds of water or 12.564
liters; it was divided into 25 libras. Wine was sold by a
weight of 32 pounds to the arroba.
[K L. arrodere, gnaw at,
ad, to, at, + rodere, gnaw: see rodent, and cf.
corrode, erode.] To gnaw or nibble at. Bailey.
[K ME. arrogance,
arrogaunce, K OF. arrogance, K L. arrogantiq, K
arrogan(t)s, ppr. of arrogare; see arrogate.]
The condition or quality of being arrogant; a
manifest féeling of personal superiority in
rank, power, dignity, or estimation; the exalt-
ing of one's own worth or importance to an
undue degree; pride with contempt of others;
presumption. *-
Pride hath no other glass
To show itself, but º: for supple knees
Feed arrogance, and are the proud man's fees.
Shak., T. and C., iii. 3.
=Syn. Pride, Arrogance,, Presumption, Assumption,
Haughtiness, bisdain, Loftimess, Superciliousness, Ingo-
lence, lordliness, self-importance, imperiousness, swagger.
(See pride.) Pride and disdain are the only words in the
list that may have a good meaning when applied to per-
f


- arroganC6
sons: as, ºride in one's country; diedain of a base sugges;
tion. Pride primarily respects the temper of the mind, not
being necessarily manifested or directed toward others; it
is the general term for an unreasonable estimate of one's
own º in any respect. As it conies into relation
and action, it may receive other titles. Thus, arrogance is,
at its simplest, pride with contempt of others, and is e8.
sentially the same as disdain. In action, arrogance is the
assertion of exorbitant claims to rank, dignity, estimation,
homage, power, etc. Preswmption is often used for arro-
gance, but more properly expresses a self-conceited find
self-important forwardness to run risks, take liberties,
and crowd in where one does not deserve to be. Pre-
8wmption helps itself to what it wants, while arrogance
claims from others, and feeds its gride by seeing them
yield. Presumption is less selfish than º: but
more conceited and headstrong. Assumption has added
to its other meanings a bad sense, kindred to presumption;
it means a disposition to do what does not belong to one
to do, and sometimes to claim to be more than one is.
Haughtine88, like disdain and loftiness, dwells upon the
inferiority oft others quite as much as upon its own eleva-
tion; it is equally applicable to spirit and to manner.
Disdain is a mingling of lofty contempt with aversion,
abhorrence, or indignation. Superciliousness, as befits its
derivation, is chiefly applied to manner; it is a manifested
haughtiness. Insolence is exhibited not only in manner,
but in conduct and language; it is pride or haughtiness,
shown in contemptuous or overbearing treatment of oth-
ers, especially by words; from an equal or an inferior it
is an outrageous kind of impertinence. See impudence,
egotism, and 8corm.
I know you proud to bear your name,
Your pride is yet no mate for mine,
Too proud to care from whence I came.
Tennyson, Lady Clara Were de Vere.
Turbulent, discontented men of quality, in proportion
as they are puffed up with personal pride and arrogance,
• generally despise their own order. Burke, Rev. in France.
But most it is presumption in us, when
The help of Heaven we count the act of men.
Shak., All's Well, ii. 1.
His usual air of haughty asswºmption.
Scott, Waverley, xlix.
I own that there is a hawghtiness and fierceness in human
nature which will cause innumerable broils, place men in
what situation you please. Burke
Good nature produces a disdain of all baseness, vice,
and folly. Steele, Tatler, No. 242.
The loftimess of man shall be bowed down. Isa. ii. 17.
Sometimes, it is true, the giraffe stoops to mammalian
levels; but there is something so lofty even in its conde-
Scension that the very act of bending enhances the haugh-
tiness of its erect posture, and suggests that it does it from
policy. To be always keeping state, and forever in the
clouds, might make shorter animals accuse it of acting
Swperciliously. P. Robinson, Under the Sun, p. 182.
The insolence of the aggressor is usually proportioned to
the tameness of the sufferer. Ames, Works, II. 96.
arrogancy (ar’º-gan-si), n. [See arrogance.]
1. The quality of being arrogant; arrogance:
as, “presúmptuous arrogancy,” North, tr. of
Plutarch, p. 77. 2 -
His arrogancy and his impudence, in commending his
own things. B. Jonson, Poetaster, iv. 1.
2. A piece of arrogance; an arrogant act.
That most odious of all repulsive arrogancies—Phari-
seeism. ... Harper's Mag., LXIX. 472.
arrogant (ar’ā-gant), a... [KME. arrogant, arro-
gaunt, K OF. arrogant, K L. arrogan.( §: 8,SSUIDOl-
ing, arrogant, insolent, ppr. of arrogare, assume,
etc.: see arrogate.] 1. Making or having the
disposition to make unwarrantable claims of
rank or estimation; giving one's self an undue
degree of importance; aggressively haughty;
full of assumption: .#to persons.
Arrogant Winchester? that haughty prelate?
,” Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 3.
2. Characterized by arrogance; proceeding
from an overestimate of one's importance or
superiority to others: applied to things: as,
arrogant claims. \
The speech of Themistocles, the Athenian, which was
haughty and arrogant, in taking so much to himself, had
been a grave and wise observation and censure, applied at
large to others. Bacon, True Greatness.
Surely etiquette was never maintained in a more arro-
gant manner at the court of Louis XIV.
º Marg. Fußer, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 268.
His [Lord Clarendon's] temper was sour, arrogant, and
impatient of opposition. Macaulay, Hist. Eng.
=Syn. Awthoritative, Magisterial, Dogmatic, etc. (see ma-
gisterial), proud, assuming, overbearing, presumptuous,
supercilious, lordly, cavalier, important, swelling, bluster-
ing, grand, C isdainful, overweening.
arrogantly (ar'3-gant-li), adv. In an arrogant
manner; with undue pride and contempt of
others; with haughty presumption.
Godwin and his Sons bore themselves arrogantly and
proudly towards the King, usurping to themselves equal
share in the Government. Milton, Hist. Eng., vi.
arrogantness (ar’ā-gant-nes), n. Arrogance.
arrogate (arſö-gāt), v. t. ;-pret, and pp. arro-
gated, ppr. arrogating. [K L. arrogatus, adro-
gatus, pp. of arrogare, adrogare, ask of, adopt,
appropriate, assume, 3 ad, to, +rogare, ask: see
rögation. The form adrogate is confined to the
º: 321
legal sense.1 1. To claim or demand unduly
or presumptuously; lay claim to in an over-
bearing manner: as, to arrogate power or dig-
nity to one's self.
Who, not content
With fair equality, fraternal state,
Will arrogate dominion undeserved
Over his brethren.
A man possessed of such warm imagination commands
all nature, and arrogates possessions of which the owner
has a blunter relish. Goldsmith, Tenants of the Leasowes.
Even the spiritual supremacy arrogated by the Pope was,
in the dark ages, productive of far more good than evil.
\. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i.
2. To lay claim to on behalf of another: as,
to arrogate to the crown the privilege of issu-
ing writs. -
To antiquity we arrogate many things, to ourselves no-
hing. Coleridge, The Friend, i. i2. (N. E. D.)
3. In Rom, law, same as adrogate,
arrogation (ar-à-gå'shgn), n., [K L. arroga-
tio(m-), a taking to one's self, K arrogare, take
to one's self: see arrogate, and cf. adrogation.]
1. The act of arrogating, or making unjust or
unwarrantable claims or demands; the act of
taking more than one is justly entitled to.
Where selfness is extinguished, all manner of arrogation
must of necessity be extinct.
Dr. H. More, Song of the Soul, p. 372, note.
2. In Rom. law, same as adrogation.
arrogative (ar’6-gā-tiv), a. [Karrogate + -ive.]
Making undue claims and pretensions; arro-
gant. Dr. H. More. -
arrondi, arrondee (a-roñ'di, -dé), a. [K F. ar-
rondi (fem. arrondie), rounded, pp. of arrondir,
make round, K & (K. L. ad, to) + rond, round:
see round?..] In her., rounded off: applied to a
|bearing, especially a cross, the extremities of
which are rounded. Also written aromalie, arom-
dy.—Battled arrondi. See battled2.—Bend arrondi,
fesse arrondi, etc. See the nouns.
arrondissement (a-rôň-dés' moſì), m. [F., lit. a.
rounding, K arrondiss-, stem of certain parts of
arrondir, make round: see arrondi..] In France,
the largest administrative division of a depart-
ment. The 87 departments are divided into 362 arron-
dissements. Each arrondissement is divided into cantons,
and each of the latter into communes.
arrope (Sp. pron. Å-rö(pâ), m. [Sp. (= Pg.
arrobe), K arropar (= Pg. arrobar), mix wine
in a state of fermentation with boiled wine, lit.
clothe, K ar- (K. L. ad, to) + ropa = Pg. roupa,
OPg. rouba, clothing, robe: see robe..] A sort
of liquor used for increasing the body and dark-
ening the color of sherry, made by boiling down
must to one fifth or one sixth of its original
quantity.
arrosef (a-róz'), v. t. [K F. arroser, sprinkle,
water, ult. K. L.L. adrorare, bedev, K.L. ad, to, +
roraré, distil dew, K ros (ror-), dew.] To be-
dew; sprinkle; wet; drench.
The blissful dew of heaven does arrose you.
Fletcher (and another), -Two Noble Kinsmen, v. 4.
arrosioni (a-rö’zhgn), m. [K L. as if *arro-
sio(n-), K arrodere, pp. arrosus, gnaw at: See ar-
rode.] A gnawing at. [Rare.]
This arrosion of the nailes, . . . the property of men in-
raged with choler. J. Bulwer, Chirologia, p. 160. (N. E. D.)
arrow (ar’ó), n. [Early mod. E. also arrowe,
arowe, K ME. arow, aro, aru, arw, aruwe, arewe,
arwe, K AS. (1) arve, fem., (2) earh, neut.,
Icel. Ör (gen. Örvar), an arrow, - Goth. deriv.
arhawazna, a dart (Gr. 38%0ç), prob. Orig. “that
which belongs to the bow” (a “bow-dart’ as dis-
tinguished from a missile thrown by hand?), K
*arhw = L. arquus, arcus, a bow, whence E.
arcl, archl, and deriv. archer, q.v.] 1. A slen-
der, generally pointed, missile weapon made to
*-
tº-
-º- =s=s===
- º) 7
—=== V
S
sesssssss-ºs-->
&P 9
Milton, P. L., xii. 27.
arrow-grass (ar’ô-grás), m.
arrow-headed (arſ Ó-hed" ed), a.
arrowlet (ar’ó-let), m.
A little 3.TI’OW.
arrowroot (arſ Ó-röt), m.
<e
Arrows.
r–5, from New Ireland and the Solomon group of islands. The
longest is 4 feet 11 inches, the shortest 4 feet 1 inclu. . There are no
feathers. -
ratan; in 1 and 2 the barbs are made of thorns; in 5 the head is a
small piece of bamboo. 6–Io are Japanese arrows of a late epoch.
be shot from a bow. Arrows have nearly universally
been made with a light, straight shaft of Wood, fitted
m 3 the barbs are of thin shaved blades of bone; in 4, of
arrow-shaped (ar’ó-shāpt), a.
arrow-shaped
with feathers at the nock-end to steady the flight, and
with a pointed head of various forms, often barbed so as
to remain fixed in the object pierced.'
Those used in the middle ages rarely
had barbed heads; sometimes the head
was flat, sometimes conical, and fit-
ted to the shaft like the ferrule of a
walking-stick. The arrow-heads of the
North American Indians were of flint,
obsidian, or other hard stone, or of
bone, as well as of metal, and were
often barbed. They were secured to
the shaft by lashings of hide or Sinew.
Arrow-heads intended to be poisoned,
as among South American Indians, are
said to be fastened lightly, So as to
leave the shaft and remain in the
wound. The feathers at the butt of the
shaft seem to have been generally used
in all ages, and are so set, or are of such
a form, as to give to the arrow a rotary
movement, like that of a rifle-ball. The
arrow of the crossbow is called a bolt or
quarrel (which see).
2. Anything resembling an ar-
TOW. (a) In surv., a small pointed
iron rod, or a stick shod with iron,
stuck into the ground to mark a chain's
length. (b) In fort., a work placed at
European (15th cen-
tury) Arrow.
- - - It is 2 feet 4.
the salient angles of a glacis, communi- inches long, and
cating with the covert way, (c) A fig- has three fºathers.
ure used in maps, architectural draw- (£rºm.....Violeº-
- º -> - - tº gº. 6 º' -
ings, etc., to indicate direction, as of Bºº.
Winds, currents, rivers. In maps, an
arrow or half-arrow, pointing north, serves to fix the points
of the compass. (d) An arrow-shaped ornament, as for the
A hair.—Broad arrow. See broad.
arrow (ar’ó), v. i.
[K arrow, m.] 1. To grow
up into a long pointed Stalk like an arrow.
The West Indian planter must prevent his sugar-canes
from arrowing. Simmonds' Colonial Mag.
2. To move swiftly, as an arrow. [Rare.]
About an hour ago did we . . . see that identical Sal-
mon . . . arrowing up the Tay.
Blackwood's Mag., XXII. 446.
A common name
of plants of the genus Triglochin, especially
of the common T. palustris: also sometimes
applied generally to the members of the family
Scheuchzeriaceae, to which Triglochin belongs.
arrow-head (ar’ö-hed), m. and a. I. m. 1. The
head of an arrow.—2. An aquatic plant of the
genus Sagittaria : so called from the shape of
the leaves. See Sagittaria.—3. A belemnite.
II. a. Written with arrow-headed charagters:
as, an arrow-head inscription.
Shaped like
the head of
3Dl 3.I’I’OW.—
Arrow - headed
characters, al-
phabetical, syl-
labic, and ideo-
graphic combi-
nations of a tri-
angular, arrow-
head - like, or
wedge - like fig-
ure; hence, also
called cuneiform,
(wedge-shaped) and mail-headed characters. See cunei-
>HH-
-III: IIIH.
*— l
* & S3 =
Assyrian Arrow-headed Characters.
O7°1/2.
arrowleaf (ar’ö-léf), m. A plant of the genus
Sagittaria, many species of which have sagit-.
tate or arrow-shaped leaves.
[K arrow + -let.] A
[Poetic.]
[K arrow + rootl;
from the use of the fresh roots or tubers to
absorb poison from
wounds inflicted b
poisoned arrows.]
starch obtained from
the horizontal rhi-
zomes of several spe-
cies of Maranta. It is
much used as food and for
other purposes, and is ob-
tained from the West In-
dies. The species from
which arrowroot is most
commonly made is Mſ.
arwindinacea, llence called
the arrowroot-plant. Other
starches than that of Ma-
ranta are occasionally sold
under the name of arrow-
root. Brazilian arrowroot,
or tapioca-meal, nore usu-
ally known as cassava, is
obtained from the fleshy root of Manihot Manihot, after
the poisonous juice has been removed ; East Indian ar-
rowroot, from the large root-stocks of Curcumna angusti-
jolia ; Chinese arrowroot, from the creeping rhizomes of
Nelumbo Nelumbo ; English arrowroot, from the potato;
Portland arrowroot, from the corns of Arum, maew.
latwan , and Oswego arrowroot, from Indian corn.
e Shaped like
an arrow ; Sagittate : applied in botany to au-
riculate lanceolate leaves which have the basal
lobes elongated, acute, and turned downward.
Tennyson.
\r
Arrowroot-Plant (Aſa Pazzi'a
a 2-uzta'ſzta cea).
«, a, rhizomes.



21 .
alſTOW-Stone
arrow-stone (arº-stön), n. A belemnite.
arrow-tie (ar'ö-ti), n. [K arrow (in allusion to
the shape of the fastening) + tie..] A tie of
hoop-iron used in baling cotton.
arrow-wood (ar’ô-Wüd), m. A name given in
the United States to several species of shrubs
or Small trees used by the Indians for making
their arrows, as Viburnum dentatum and V.
acerifolium, Euonymus atropwrpwreus, Cornus
Jlorida, and in the western territories Tessaria
borealis. See cut under Cornws.
arrow-worm (ar’ó-wérm), m. An animal of the
genus Sagitta (which see).
arrowy (ar’ô-i), a. [K arrow + -y1.] Resem-
bling an arrow or arrows, as in shape or in ra-
pidity and directness of motion.
Iron sleet of arrowy shower
Hurtles in the darkened air. Gray, Fatal Sisters.
The lambent homage of his arrowy tongue.
Cowper, Task, vi. 782,
The carrier-bird released
Points to one cherished spot his arrowy flight.
J. Baillie.
arroyo (ä-röſyô), n. [Sp., O.Sp. arrogio, = Pg.
arroio, K ML. arrogium ; cf. M.L. rogium, ro-
gia, a stream for irrigation (Diez); origin un-
certain.] A rivulet; watercourse; the (dry)
bed of a stream ; a gully.
Down the arroyo, out across the mead,
JBy heath and hollow, sped the flying maid.
Bret Harte.
Arsacid, Arsacidan (ār-sas'id, -i-dan), a...Qf
or pertaining to the Arsacidae, rulers of Parthia,
from about 250 B.C., and afterward of the Par-
thian empire (see Parthian), till A. D. 226. The
Arsacid dynasty was founded by a chief named Arsaces,
who revolted from Antiochus II. of Syria; and all his suc-
cessors, about thirty, added his name to their own. A
branch of the Arsacidae reigned in Armenia from about
149 B. C. to A. D. 428.
arschin, n. See arshim.
arse (ārs), n. [K ME. ars, ers, KAS. ears, ars
= OFries. ers = D. aars, naars = OHG. MHG.
ars, G. arsch = Icel. ars, also rass = Sw. ars =
Dan. ars, arts = Gr. Öppog for *ěpoog, the rump.]
The buttocks or hind part of an animal. [Now
Jnly in vulgar use.]
arse-foott (ärs'füt), n. IK arse + foot, from
the position of the feet in birds of the grebe
family, which seem to be inserted opposite the
anus. Once used by writers of repute, as by
Willughby and Ray, 1678.] An early British
name of the great crested grebe, Podiceps or
Podicipes cristatus, and of other birds of the
same genus. Also spelled arsfoot.
arsenal (är'se-nal), m. [Early mod. E. also ar-
cenal, arsimal, arcinal, arzenale, archinale, etc.,
from It. and F.; cf. F. arsenal, formerly arce-
mal = It. arsenale, arzenale, arzamale = Sp. Pg.
arsenal (MGr. dpomyāAmg), with suffix -al, -ale, a
simpler form appearing in M.L. arsena, It. ar-
2end, arcanã, F. (16th cent.) arsena, arsenac,
arsenal, dockyard; cf. It. darsena, dial, tirzanå =
Sp. darsena = Pg. taracena, tarazena, tercena =
F. darse, darsine, a dock; also Sp. atarazama,
also ataragamal, an arsenal, rope-walk, dock-
yard; KAr. dar-aç-gimä'ah, lit. house of construc-
tion, K dār, house, + al, the, -- gimä'ah, art, trade,
industry, K 4&na'a, make, fabricate.]. 1. A re-
pository or magazine of arms and military
stores of all kinds, whether for land or naval
service.—2. A public establishment where
naval and military engines or warlike equip-
ments are manufactured. Hence—3. Tigura-
tively, a repository of any kind of equipment.
We can ſlud no weapon in the whole rich arsenal of
Comparative Anatomy which defends the truth of the
Theory of [Jescent more powerfully than the comparison
of the internal skeletons of the various Vertebrates.
IIaeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), II. 276.
arsenate, m. See arseniate.
Arsenian (ār-sé'ni-àn), n. One of a party in
the Greek Church, in the thirteenth century,
named from its leader Arsenius, patriarch of
Constantinople, who excommunicated the em-
peror Michael Palaeologus for putting out the
eyes of John Lascaris, a minor and heir to the
throne. The banishment of Arsenius, the appointment
of a new patriarch, and the conforming of the emperor to
the ſlatin Church at the second council of Lyons gave rise
to a schism between the patriarchates of Constantinople
and Alexandria which continued more than half a century.
arseniasis (ār-se-ni'a-sis), n. [NL., K. arsen (i-
cum) + -iasis.] In pathol., the morbid state pro-
duced by the use of arsenic. Also called arseni-
CºS7??.
arseniate, arsenate (ār-Sé'mi-āt, firſ se-nāt), n.
[K arsen (ic) + -i-ate.] A salt formed by the
A combination of arsenic acid with any base.
arsenic (as a noun, fir'se-nik; as an adjective,
fir-sen'ik), n. and a. [Early mod. E. also arge-
Yºr te tº º g
ârsenical (ār-sen’i-kal), a.
322
nick, arsnick, KME. arsenik, arsnek, K OF. arse-
nic, mod.F. arsenic- Sp. arsénico = Pg. It. arse-
nico, KL. arsenicum, arrenicum, arrhenicum, KGr.
apoevtków, yellow arsenic, orpiment, lit. “mascu-
line,’ being neut. of Öpoevtſcóg, àppevſkóg, mascu-
line,< ūpam, àppm, male, also strong, = Zend ar-
sham, a man, male. The name is said to refer
to the powerful qualities of arsenic..] I. m. 1+.
A yellow mineral, called specifically yellow ar-
senic; the trisulphid of the element to which
it has given its name; orpiment. [The origi-
nal use.]–2. Chemical symbol, As; atom-
ic weight, 75. A chemical element having a
grayish- hite color, a metallic luster, and a
specific gravity of 5.727. Under ordinary pressure it
does not melt, but at 450° C. it passes from the solid state
into vapor of a lemon-yellow color. It tarnishes rapidly
in moist air at ordinary temperature, and heated in air is
oxidized to arsemic trioxid, AS203. Arsenic occurs in nature
uncombined, but much more commonly in combination.
The chief ores are the two sulphids, realgar (As2S2) and
orpiment (As2S3), arsenical pyrites or mispickel (FeSAs),
and arsenides of iron, nickel, and cobalt. Most of the
arsenic of commerce is prepared in Bohemia and Saxony
or in England. Arsenic itself is little used in the arts. Its
salts, however, have great commercial importance. With
oxygen arsenic forms two compounds, the more important
of which is arsenic trioxid (As2O3), a violent poison, the
ratsbane, white arsenic, or simple arsenic of the shops. It
is prepared by a process of sublimation from arsenical
ores, and is sold as a white crystalline powder or in glassy
translucent masses, which are odorless, nearly tasteless,
and slightly soluble in Water. The most reliable antidote
is freshly prepared hydrated sesquioxid of iron, which
should be given in considerable quantity after the stomach
has been freed from the poison as completely as possible by
an emetic given with bland liquids, such as milk, flour and
water, or white of egg and water, which serve to envelop
the poison and effect its complete ejection from the stom-
ach. In the absence of hydrated sesquioxid of iron, large
quantities of a paste made of chalk or magnesia and cas-
tor-oil may be used. Arsenic trioxid is used in medicine,
especially in the treatment of certain nervous and skin
diseases, and in the arts as the basis for preparing arseni-
cal salts and certain pigments, and largely in the manu-
facture of glass. Arsenic has two oxygen acids, whose
salts are the arseniates and arsenites. Free arsenious acid
is not known. Arsenic acid occurs in commerce as a thick
acid liquid, and is largely used in the manufacture of ani-
line red, and sodium arsemiate is much used in calico-
printing. Arsenic disulphid (As2S2) occurs native as re-
algar (see realgar), and is made iši; under the name
of ruby swlphur. Both the native and the artificially pre-
pared sulphids are used as pigments, as is also arsenic tri-
sulphid (As2S3), or orpiment, also called king's yellow.
3. The popular name of arsenic trioxid (As2O3),
the preparation of arsenic usually retailed in
trade. See above.
II. a. Containing arsenic; specifically, con-
taining arsenic in smaller proportion than
arsenious compounds. See arsenious.-Arsenic
acid (H3AsO4), an acid formed from arsenic oxid.—Ar-
senic oxid, arsenic pentoxid (As2O5), a compound of
oxygen and arsenic having a larger proportion of oxygen
º arsenious oxid. Often improperly called arsenic
('C' (i.
[= F. arsenical; K
arsenic + -al.] Of or pertaining to arsenic;
Containing arsenic.—Arsenical antimony. See al-
lemomtite.—Arsenical minerals, a family or class of min-
erals in which arsenic acts the part of the electronegative
element.—Arsenical pyrites. See arsenopyrite and löl-
lingite.—Arsenical silver, an ore of silver containing
arsenic. c ge
arsenicalize (ār-sen’i-kal-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
arsenicalized, ppr. arsemicalizing. ... [K arsenical
+ -īge.] To give an arsenical character to;
treat with arsenic; arsenicate.
The preceding [pitch] arsemicalized.
Sci. Amer. Supp., XXII. 8803.
arsenicate (ār-sen’i-kāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
arsenicated, ppr. arsenicating. [K arsenic +
-ate2.] To combine with arsenic; treat with
arsenic. Also arsenicize, arsemicise.
arsenic-black (är'se-nik-blak), n. The name
given in commerce to a mixture of powdered
arsenic, charcoal, iron-filings, and lime.
arsenic-furnace (är'se-nik-fér"näs), n. A fur-
nace for decomposing arsenical pyrites by heat
and condensing the fumes: used in the manu-
facture of white arsenic.
arsenic-glass (är'se-nik-gläs"), m. Arsenic tri-
oxid in the amorphous state, made by resub-
liming the impure oxid.
arsenicise, v. t. Same as arsenicate.
arsenicism (ār-sen’i-sizm), m. [K arsenic +
-ism..] Same as arsemiasis.
arsenicize (ār-senſi-siz), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
arsenicized, ppr. arsenicizing. [Karsenic + -ize.]
Same as arsenicate: as, “arsenicising agents,”
Ure, Dict, I. 265. Also spelled arsenicise.
arsenicophagy (ār-sen-i-kof’a-ji), n. [K Gr.
àpoevuków, for mod, arsenic, -H -payia, Kºhayeiv, eat.]
*The practice of eating arsenic.
arsenide (är'se-nid or -nid), n. IK arsen (ic) +
-ide?..] A compound of arsenic and a metal or
other basic radical. Also arseniuret, arsenuret.
aſ SOA
arseniferous (ār-se-nif'e-rus), a. . [Karsén (30)
+ -i-ferous.] Bearing or containing arsenic:
as, arseniferous substances; arseniferous zinc.
arsenillo (ār-se-nil’ö), n. [A quasi-Sp. form, K
arsénico, arsenic, + dim. -illo..] The commer-
cial name of a granular form of atacamite from
*Chili.
arsenious (ār-sé'ni-us), a. [Karsen (ic) + -ī-ows.]
Pertaining to or containing arsenic.—Arsenious
acid (HAsO2), an acid formed from arsenious oxid.—Ar-
Senious &id, arsenig trioxid (As2O3), a compound of
oxygen and arsemic having a smaller proportion of oxygen
than arsenic oxid. Also called white arsenic, and often
improperly arsenious acid. See arsenic. *
arsenite (är'se-nit), n. [Karsen(ic) + -ite”.] A.
salt formed by the union of arsenious oxid
with a basic oxid. * , , = , , s = * *
arseniuret, arsenuret (ār-sé'niii-ret, àr-sen'-
i-ret), n. [K arsen (ic) + -wret.] Same as ar-
semide. º
arseniureted, arseniuretted (ár-sé'niii-ret-
ed), a. [Karseniuret + -ed?..] Combined with
arsenic so as to form an arseniuret.—Arseniu-
reted hydrogen (AsH3), also called arsime, a gas gener-
ated by fusing arsenic with its own weight of granulated
zinc, and º; the alloy with strong hydrochloric
acid. It is colorless, has a fetid odor like that of garlic,
and is exceedingly poisonous when breathed. The hydro-
gen of this compound may be replaced wholly or in part
by organic radicals forming bodies analogous to amines
and phosphines, as trimethyl arsine, (CH3)3. AS.
arsenoblast (ār-sen'3-blast), m. [K Gr. Öpom,
male, H- 3%aoróg, germ.] In biol., a male ge-
noblast. Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1884, à 147.
arsenolite (ār-sen'3-lit), n. [Karsen(ë) +-lite.]
Native arsenic trioxid, crystallizing in isomet-
ric octahedrons.
arsenopyrite (är"se-nó-pirit), n. [Karsen(ic) +
pyrite.] A mineral containing arsenic, sulphur,
and iron. Its color is tin-white, and it commonly occurs
in a massive, though sometimes in a crystallized, form.
The ordinary white arsenic is mostly obtained by roasting
this ore. It is common in Cornwall, Saxony, and Silesia,
and is also found in Canada. Also called arsenical pyrites
and mispickel. 't
arsenuret, n. See arsenide.
arse-smart (ärs’Smārt), n. IK arse + Smart, n,
See smartweed.]. A plant, Polygonum Hydro-
piper, also called Smartweed (which see).
arsfoott, n. See arse-foot.
arsheen, n., See arshin.
arshin, arshine (ār-shën'), w, [Also spelled
arsheen, Russ. arshinii, Bulg. Serv.arshin, repr.
Turk. Pers. arshin; of Tatar origin..] A mea-
sure of length in Turkey and Persia, and also
in Russia. The Turkish arshin is equal to 68.30 cen-
timeters (26.89 inches), but the name is also given in
Constantinople to the meter (100 centimeters = 39.37
inches). The Persian arshin is 104 centimeters. The
Russian arshin was equal to 71,119 centimeters, or 28
inches.
arsine (är'sin), n. IK ars(enic) + -ine?..] Arse-
miureted hydrogen (which see, under arseniu-
Teted).
arsis (är'sis), n. [L., K. Gr. Öpotº, a raising, ele-
vation, Kaipeiv, raise, lift up.] 1. In pros.: (a)
Originally, the metrically unaccented part of a
foot, as opposed to the thesis or part which re-
ceives the ictus or metrical stress. (b) In prev-
alent modern usage, that part of a foot which
bears the ictus or metrical accent, as opposed
to the metrically unaccented part, called the
thesis. According to the original Greek usage, arsis de-
hoted the raising of the foot in dancing, or of the hand in
beating time, and therefore the unaccented part of the
metrical foot, and thesis the fall of the foot or of the
hand in dancing or beating time, and therefore the ac-
cented part of the prosodial foot. Latin writers show
great confusion in the application of these terms, some-
times employing them in conformity with Greek usage,
sometimes interchanging their meaning, sometimes assign-
ing still other meanings to them. Some modern writers
have employed them with their original Greek significa-
tions, as given above under (a); but the meanings given
under (b), and believed to be supported by the Latin Writ-
ors, are those generally adopted at the present time. ,
2. In physiol, acoustics, a periodical increase in
the intensity of a sound, producing a rhythmical
effect.
arsmetriki, n. A Middle English form of arith-
metic. Chaucer.
arson1 (är’sqn), n. IK OF. arsom, arsoum, arsun
(as if K. L. *arsio, “arsion-), a burning, Karder,
ardoir (pp. ars), burn, K. L. ardere (pp. arsus),
burn: see ardent.] In law, the malicious burn-
ing of a dwelling-house or outhouse of another.
By the common law it is a felony, and if any person be in
the building at the moment of firing it is a capital offense.
By statutes the definition has been extended so as to in-
clude the burning of other property besides that above
specified, or of one's own property. In Scotland called
wilful fire-raising.
arson2+ (är’sqn), n. [KME, arsoun, arsun, KOF.
arcun, arzon, archon, mod. F. argon = Sp. arzon
= Pg. argão = It, arcione, KML. arcio(n-), also
alſ;Ol
argo(n-), and corruptly arctio(n-), a saddle-bow,
S L. arcus, a bow: see arc.l, arch 1.] A saddle-
bow; sometimes, a saddle.
arsonette (ār-so-net'), n. A suffragette who
resorts to arson as a means of effecting re-
sults. [Colloq.]
arsy-versyt (är'se-vér-si), adv. [A riming
compound of E. arse + L. versus, turned.
Cf. topsy-turvy, etc.] In a reverse manner or
way; backward; in a preposterous position;
upside down; topsy-turvy: as, “the world goes
arsie-versie,” Benvenuto, Passengers' Dialogues.
I took the pen first of the lawyer, and turning it arºy-
versy, like no instrument for a ploughman, our youngster
and the rest of the faction burst into iaughter at the sim-
plicity of my ſingering.
Middleton, Father Hubbard's Tales.
arti (ärt), v. [KME. art, ert, KAS. eart=ONorth.
art, arth : see be..] The second person singular,
indicative mood, present tense, of the verb be
(which see).
art2 (ärt), n. [K ME, art, arte, KOF. art, F. art
= Sp. Pg. It, arte, K L. ar(t-)8; acc. artem, skill,
prob. orig, skill in fitting or joining; akin to
artus, a joint, arma, arms, armus, shoulder-
joint, etc., K V “ar, join: See article, arm1,
arm2.] 1. The combination or modification of
things to adapt them to a given end; the em-
ployment of given means to effect a purpose.
With each gift of nature and of art.
ope, Moral Essays, i. 192.
Mr. Mill says, “Art is but the enmployment of the powers
of nature for an end.” Yes; but the employment is the art.
That use or employment of the natural elements is pre-
cisely the function of the intelligence and the will, which
differs from nature, in its proper sense, as the active dif-
fers from the passive. Bdinburgh Rev.
2. Skill; dexterity; an especial facility in per-
forming any operation, intellectual or physical,
acquired by experience or study; knack.
There is art in roasting eggs. Old adage.
Russell had the art of writing letters that exploded like
bomb-shells in the midst of some controversy.
J. McCarthy, Hist. Own Times, xx.
8. Artfulness; cunning.
She hath no faults, who hath the art to hide them.
Webster, White Devil, v. 2.
Qween. More matter, with less art.
Pol. Madam, I swear, I use no art at all.
Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
4. A system of rules and traditional methods
for facilitating the performance of certain ac-
tions; acquaintance with such rules or skill
in applying them, as in any manual trade or
handicraft, technical profession, or physical
accomplishment: as, the art of building or of
engraving; the healing art; the art of music
or of dancing; the practical or the elegant arts:
in this sense opposed to science.
The object of science is knowledge; the objects of art
are works. In art, truth is the means to an end; in sci-
ence, it is only the end. Hence the practical arts are not
to be classed among the sciences. Whewell.
Theorists, by an observation of particulars and by gener-
alizing on them, attempt to construct a system of scientific
propositions with respect to a certain subject; upon which
system a set of rules intended for the guidance of practice
may be founded. These rules form an art.
Sir G. C. Lewis, Authority in Matters of Opinion, iii.
5...[It, arte.] An organized body of men prac-
tising a given trade, and carrying out an estab-
lished system of rules and traditions; a guild.
The city [ſºlorence] was first divided into arts, in the
time of Charles I. . . . These arts or companies . . .
were at first but twelve, but afterwards they were in-
creased to twenty-one, and arrived at such power and
authority that in a few years they wholly engrossed the
government of the city. . . . Seven of them were called
the greater arts, and fourteen the less.
J. Adams, Works, V. 54.
A portion of the taxes was assigned to the work [build-
ing the Duomo, 1331], and the charge of it was committed
to the Art of Wool; that is, to the corporation of the deal-
ers in Wool, the richest and most powerful of the Arts of
Florence.
C. E. Norton, Church-building in Middle Ages, p. 211.
6. A branch of learning regarded as an instru-
ment of thought, or as something the knowledge
of which is to be acquired in order to be applied
or practised: chiefly in the plural, and in such
hrases as master of arts, faculty of arts, etc.
ormerly in the universities the seven liberal arts were
the Roman trivium, grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and the
Pythagorean quadrivium, arithmetic, music, geometry, and
astronomy. But by art, in the middle ages, was usually
meant logic, that being the principal study in the faculty
of arts.
7. Esthetics; the science and theory of beauty
in perception and expression.
Art is simply the harmonic expression of human emo-
tion. New Princeton Rev., II. 29.
8. Artistic or esthetic quality; the exhibition
of the power of perceiving the beautiful and of
expressing it in artistic forms: as, a picture
323
skilfully painted, but devoid of art.—9. The
actual production or construction of objects
beautiful in form, color, or sound; the practi-
cal application of esthetic principles, as in the
departments of production specifically called
the fine arts (which see, below); especially,
painting and sculpture.
Nothing is better founded than the famous aphorism of
rhetoricians, that the perfection of art consists in con-
cealing art. Campbell.
Art and part, in Scots law, instigation; abetment.
By art is understood the mandate, instigation, or advice
that may have been given towards committing the crime;
part expresses the share that one takes to himself in it by
the aid or assistance which he gives the criminal in the
execution of it. JErskine.
Bachelor of Arts. See bachelor.—Black art, necro-
mancy; Sorcery; the fancied power of performing wonder-
ful feats by preternatural means, especially means derived
from the assistance of the powers of evil: opposed to white
art or white magic, that is, innocent magic, [Black art is
a kind of translation of Middle Latin nigromantia, magic,
a corruption, due to confusion with Latin miger, black (see
negro), of mecromantia, from the Greek vexpoplavreia, nec-
romancy. The confusion was assisted by the common
practice of painting the devil black.]—Decorative art,
that branch of art which has for its primary object merely
the pleasure of the eye, especially in decoration which is
Subservient to architectural features or to form, as in
ceramics.--Faculty of arts, the lowest and fundamental
faculty of the four in the old universities; the faculty of
philosophy, which had charge of students upon their first
entrance and until they took the degree of master of arts.
When a boy could read, write, and had mastered the ele-
ments of Latin grammar, he was considered ready to begin
his studies in logic at the university. The instruction in
the faculty of arts was sharply separated from the tests
preliminary to the conferring of degrees. In the middle
ages the subjects of the ordinary lectures were Priscian's
grammar, the Isagoge of Porphyry, Aristotle's Organon,
and the De Divisione and three books of the Topics of
Boëtius, while the extraordinary lectures related to rhet-
oric, ethics, and a little geometry and astronomy. Fre-
quent disputations constituted the only exercises for the
scholars; and the masters disputed in public once a week.
The degrees conferred at the recommendation of the fac-
ulty of arts were those of bachelor and master. In Paris
the degree of licentiate was a distinct one intermediate
between the others. The baccalaureate or determinance
was not originally a degree. Upon the reform of the uni-
versities in the sixteenth century logic gave place to the
humanities, and during the present century natural Science
has had a more considerable place in the instruction.—
Fine arts, those arts which seek expression through
beautiful modes;
painting, and engraving.—Hermetic art. See hermetic.
—Master of Arts. See master.—Military art. See mil-
itary, a.—Plastic art or arts, sculpture, including all
subordinate or related arts by which objects are repre-
sented in the round or in relief.—Work of art, anything
in the formation or into the accomplishment of which art
in any sense has entered; specifically, a production of
any one of the fine arts, but especially of one of the imi-
tative members of the group, as a statue or a painting.
That is best which lieth nearest;
Shape from that thy work of art.
Longfellow, Gaspar Becerra,
=Syn. 2. Aptitude, readiness, address, tact, adroitness,
contrivance.—3. Shrewdness, subtlety, cunning, artifice,
deceit, duplicity.—4. Art, Science. The essential differ-
ence between an art and a science is in aim. “Science
and art may be said to be investigations of truth, but
science inquires for the sake of knowledge, art for the sake
of production.” (Karslake.) Hence, they differ somewhat in
that with which they are concerned. “An art directly and
immediately concerns itself with a faculty. . . . It fastens
upon that, and keeps it ever in its view as it teaches how
that may be developed, trained, and guided. A science,
on the other hand, regards rather the product of [a] faculty,
and, keeping its view directly upon that, proceeds to unfold
its nature and proper characteristics.” (H. N. Day, Art of
Discourse, § 1.) Incidental to this difference is a differ-
ence in method, Science being analytic and critical, while
art is synthetic and constructive. In the matter which
makes up the body of the two, an art involves the means
of discipline in the use of the knowledge which may have
been furnished by a corresponding science. The same
branch of knowledge may be regarded as either a science
or an art. It may be viewed theoretically, as seeking,
coèrdinating, arranging, and systematizing knowledge,
and by observation, comparison, abstraction, and general-
ization deducing laws; or as, with more or less reference
to such preparatory work, framing rules which are the
lessons of experience, and are designed to facilitate work
or give it superior excellence. The more complete the
scientific basis of an art, the more perfect the art. There is
a secondary use of the word science by which it stands for
an art that thus rests upon a science, as in the following:
The fundamental conception of the occupation of the
architect embraces the two ideas of science and art. Ar-
chitecture as an art is the work of the skilled hand ; as a
science, it is that of the informed and cultivated brain.
Edinburgh Rev.
artèt, v. t. . [ME, arten, erten, K OF. arter = Sp.
artar (obs.) = Pg. arctar = It. artare, K L. ar-
tare, ML. often erroneously arctare, compress,
contract, draw close, K artus, drawn close, prop.
fitted; pp. of “arere, V “ar, fit, join: see art?,
article, arm2, etc.] 1. To force; compel; con-
strain.
Love arted me to do my observaunce
To his estate. Court of Love, 1, 46.
2. To induce; incite
What to arten hire to love he sought.
Chawcer, Troilus, i. 388.
Also written arcí.
artaba (är'ta-bä), n.
artamockesf, n.
Artamus (ärſta-mus), n.
artedt (firſted), a.
artefact, n. and a.
artefactum (ār-tê-fak’tum), n.
Artemia (ār-té'mi-á), m.
specifically, architecture, sculpture,
Artemisia (ār-tê-miz’i-á), n.
Artemisia.
-art. A suffix, another form of -ard, as in brag-
gart. y
[LL., K. Gr. Öpráſ?7.] A.
measure of "capacity which appears to have
originated in Egypt, where it had under the
Pharaohs a capacity of 36.176 liters. A Persian
measure of the same name had, according to Herodotus,
about the same capacity. The Romans reduced its Vol-
ume to 27.132 liters (according to some, to 29.23 or 29.36
liters). The Arabic and modern Persian measures have
evidently been doubled, having respectively 66.096 and
65.238 liters. -
amia (ār-tā’mi-á), n. [NL.] Same as Ar-
tamus, 1.
Artamidae (ār-tam’i-dé), n. pl. [NL., & Artamus
+ -idae.] A family of oscine passerine birds,
the swallow-shrikes or wood-swallows, closely
related to the Dicruridae, and by some combined
with that family. The species are chiefly East Indian
and Polynesian. Leading forms, besides Artamw8, are
Oriolia, Pseudochelidon, and Analcipw8. . . -
The mocking-bird, Mimus
polyglottus.
Artamockes, the linguist, a bird that imitateth and useth
the sounds and tones of almost all the birds in the coun-
trie. Harriott, Virginia (1588).
[NL., K. Gr. 3prauoc,
a butcher, a cook.] 1. The typical genus of
the family Artamidae, and nearly conterminous
there with. Vieillot, 1816. Also called Artamnia.
—2. A genus of arachnidans. Koch, 1837.
[K art2 + -ed?..] Skilled.
Those that are thoroughly arted in navigation.
Feltham, Resolves (ed. 1670), I. xii.
It hath been counted ill for great ones to sing, or play,
like an arted musician. r
Feltham, Resolves (ed. 1670), I. lxxxviii.
See artifact.
Same as arti-
fact.
artelrief, n. A Middle English form of artillery.
Chaucer.
[NT., K. Gr. &ptmua,
that which hangs, as an ear-ring, etc., Käptăv,
hang upon, fasten to..] A genus of phyllopod
or branchiopod entomostracous crustaceans, of
the family Branchipodidae. The animals are notable
as inhabiting saline waters, the other forms of the group
being found in fresh water. A. Salina, a common British
species, is known as the brine-shrimp or brine-worm.
Artemis (ār’té-mis), n. [L., K Gr. 'Apteug. Th;
1.
origin of the name is undetermined.]
Gr. myth., one of the great Olympian deities,
daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and Leto (Latona),
and twin sister of Apollo. She may be regarded as
a feminine form of Apollo. She chastised evil with her
keen shafts and with deadly sickness, and also protected
mortals from danger and pestilence. Unlike Apollo, she
was not connected with poetry or divination, but, like
him, she was a deity of light, and to her was attributed
authority over the moon, which belonged more particular-
ly to her kinswomen Hecate and Seleue. In art, Artemis
is represented as a virgin of noble and severe beauty, tall
and majestic, and generally bearing bow and quiver as the
huntress or mountain goddess. She was identified by the
Romans with their Diana, an original ltalian divinity.
2. [NL.] In coöl. : (a) A genus of siphonate
lamellibranch bivalves, of the family Temeridae,
having the pallial margin sinuous. (b) A genus
of Coleopterous insects. Mulsant, 1851.-Ephe-
Sian Artemis. See Diana.
[L., K. Gr. Öpre-
fugia, an herb like wormwood; prob. K. Aptspºt-
grog, pertaining to 'Apteutg: see Artemis.] A
large genus of plants, of the family Asteraceae,
abundant in dry regions, and mostly of the
northern hemisphere. The genus is allied to the

Artemisia
tansy (T'anacetwm), and consists of low shrubs and herbs,
With small discoid, often pendulous, heads paniculately
arranged, and all bitter aromatics. There are over 50
Species in the United States, mostly confined to the
regions west of the Mississippi. Of the foreign species, the
common Wormwood, A. Absinthiwm, was formerly niuch
used as an anthelminthic, and furnishes a volatile oil that is
the peculiar ingredient in the French liqueur absinthe. A.
glacialis and A. mutellina of the Alps are used in the man-
ufacture of a similar liqueur, génépi. Wormseed or san-
tonica consists of the small unexpanded ſlower-buds of A.
pawciflora, extensively collected on the steppes of Turkes-
tan and employed as an anthelminthic. The southernwood
of gardens, A. 4 brotanum, and the tarragon, A. Dracum-
culus, have a fragrant aromatic odor. Of the numerous
North American species, the best known are A. tridentata,
and A. cana, which are the sage-brush of the western
plains, the first especially covering large areas in the val-
leys of the Great Basin. See cut under Absinthium.
artemod (är’té-möd), n. [K Artemis, as goddess
of the moon, + od, q.v.] Lunar od; the odic
force of the moon. Baron von Reichenèach.
arterf (är’tér), m. [K OF. artre, a moth ; artre
grise de bois, a wood-louse (Cotgrave); also
arte, and artiron, artison, artuison, mod. F. ar-
tison, a wood-worm. Cf. art-worm.] A wood-
Worm. Also called art-worm.
arteria (ār-té'ri-á), n. ; pl. arteria (–6). [L. : see
artery.] In anat., an artery: now mostly super-
seded by the English form of the word. Some of
the principal arteries in the names of which the Latin form
is still used are: Arteria anastomotica, one of the branches
of the brachial or femoral artery, forming anastomoses
about the elbow or knee; arteria centralis modioloe or
ret ince, the central proper artery of the cochlea or of the
retina ; arteria colica dextra, mnedia, simistra, the artery
of the ascending, transverse, and descending colon respec-
tively; arteriſt comes, a companion artery of a nerve, as
the phrenic and sciatic; arteria coronaria ventriculi, the
proper gastric artery, a branch of the coeliac axis; arteria.
dorsalis hallucis, indicis, lingwoe, penis, pedis, pollicis,
Scapulac, the dorsal artery of the great toe, index finger,
tongue, penis, foot, thumb, and shoulder-blade respective-
ly; arteria gastro-duodenalis, arteria gastro-epiploica, two
arteries of the stomach and associate parts; arteria in-
nomingta, innominate artery, or anonyma, the first great
arterial branch of the arch of the aorta, on the right side ;
arteria pancreatica magna, parva, arteriae pancreatico-
duodenales, superior et inferior, large and small pancreatic
arteries, and the Superior and inferior arteries of the pan-
creas and duodenum ; arteria princeps cervicis, pollicis,
the principal branch of the occipital artery for the back of
the neck, and the principal artery of the thumb, respec-
tively; arteria profunda humeri, superior et inferior, cervi-
cis, femoris, the Superior and inferior deep branches of the
brachial artery, the deep cervical branch of the first inter-
costal artery, and the deep branch of the femoral artery,
respectively; arteria sacra media, the middle sacral ar-
tery, the continuation of the abdominal aorta after giving
off the iliac arteries; arteria superficialis volce, a small
artery of the ball of the thumb, a branch of the radial,
usually continuous with the superfloial palmar arch; ar-
teria transversalis colli, a branch of the thyroid axis which
traverses the root of the neck and ends in the posterior
Scapular artery.—Arteria, aspera, the asper or rough
artery, that is, the windpipe or trachea. y
arteriact (ār-té'ri-ak), a. and m. [K Gr. Öptmpta-
Kóg, pertaining to the windpipe, fem. # &ptmptakſ,
a medicine therefor, K aptmpia, windpipe: see
artery.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the wind-
*#. . . . e * * * * *
I. m. A medicine prescribed in diseases of
the windpipe. Dunglison.
arteria, n. Plural of arteria.
arterial (ār-té'ri-al), a. [= F. artériel, K NL.
*arterialis, K. L. arteria, artery: see artery.] 1.
Of or pertaining to an artery or to the arteries:
as, arterial action.—2. Contained in an artery:
as, arterial blood.—3. Having a main channel
and many branches or ramifications, like the
arteries: as, arterial drainage.—Arterial blood,
blood as it passes through the arteries after having been
oxygenated in the lungs. It is distinguished from venous
blood particularly by its lighter florid-red color, due to the
presence of oxygen.—Arterial cone, (a) The upper left
conical portion of the right ventricle, from which the pul-
monary artery leads. Also called ºnfundibulwm. (b) In
ichth., the elongated conical ventricle of the heart, which
is continuous with the bulbus arteriosus, and is distin-
guished therefrom by the presence of valves between the
two.—Arterial duct (ductus arteriosus), the portion of
any primitive aortic arch which serves to connect and
furnish communication between a branchial artery and a
branchial vein.—Arterial navigation, navigation by
means of connected or branching channels of inland water,
as rivers, deepened streams, and canals.
arterialisation, arterialise. See arterializa-
tion, arterialize.
arterialization (ār-té"ri-al-i-ză'shqn), n. . . [K
arterialize + -ation.] The process of making
arterial; the conversion of venous into arteria
blood, during its passage through the lungs, by
the elimination of carbon dioxid and the ab-
Sorption of oxygen from the air. Also spelled
arterialisation.
arterialize (ār-té'ri-al-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
arterialized, ppr. arterializing. [K arterial +
-ize; = F. artérialiser.] To convert (venous
blood) into arterial blood by the action of oxy-
gen in the lungs. Also spelled arterialise.
arterially (ār-té'ri-al-i), adv. In the manner
of an artery; by means of arteries.
324. •
arºlº. (ār-tê"ri-ó-kap’i-lä-ri), a.
[Karterial + capillary..] Pertaining to arteries
and capillaries.—Arteriocapill
crease of connective tissue in the w
capillaries.
arteriococcygeal (ār-tê"ri-ó-kok-sij'é-al), a.
[Karterial + coccygeal.] In anat., pertaining
to arteries and to the coccyx: specifically ap-
lied to the glomerulus arteriococcygeus, or
łº gland. See gland and glomerulus.
arteriogram (är-tê'ri-Ö-gram), n. IK Gr. Öprm-
pia, artery, + Ypáppia, a writing.] A sphygmo-
graphic tracing or pulse-curve from an artery;
a sphygmogram taken from an artery.
arteriography (ār-tê-ri-ogºra-fi), n. IK Gr. &ptm-
pia, artery, +-)papſa, Kypépetv, write, describe.]
A description of the arterial system.
arteriola (ār-tá-ri’ô-lâ), m.; pl. arteriola (-lè).
[NL.] In anat., a little artery; an arteriole.—
Arteriolae rect39, Small straight arteries supplying the
medullary pyramids of the kidneys.
arteriole (ār-tê'ri-Öl), m. [= P. artériole, K NL.
arteriola, dim. of L. arteria, artery.] A small
artery.
The minute arteries, the arterioles of some distant organ
like the brain. B. W. Richardson, Prevent. Med., p. 407.
arteriology (ār-fé-ri-ol’ā-ji), n. [K Gr. Öptºpia,
artery, + -āoyia, K Aéyetv, speak: see -ology.] The
science of or a treatise on the arteries.
arteriosclerosis (ār-té"ri-6-sklē-rö’ sis), m.
[NL., K. Gr. Öptmpia, artery, + akWñpoolç, harden-
ing: see Sclerosis.] The increase of connective
tissue in the walls of arteries, especially in
the intima. See the supplement.
arteriotome (ār-té'ri-Ö-töm), m. [K Gr. as if
*áptnplotóplog: see arteriotomy.] In Surg., an
instrument for opening an artery.
arteriotomy (ār-té-ri-ot^3-mi), m. [K L.L. arte-
ºriotomia, K. Gr. &ptmptotouta, the cutting of an
artery (cf. aptmptorougiv, cut an artery), Käptmoſa,
artery, + Topſøg, verbal adj. of tâplved, tapleiv,
cut.] 1. In Surg., the opening of an artery by
the lancet or other instrument, for the purpose
of letting blood.—2. That part of the science
of anatomy which treats of the dissection of
the arteries. . - -
arteriovenous (ār-té%ri-6-vé’nus), a. [K L. ar-
teria, artery, + vena, vein: see venous.] Per-
taining to an artery and a vein.—Arteriovenous
fibrosis, the in-
S of arteries and
kaneurism. See aneurism. -
arteritis (ār-te-riºtis), m. [NL., K. Gr. Öptmpia,
artery, + -itis.] Inflammation of an artery or
of the arteries.
artery (ärte-ri), m.; pl. arteries (-riz). [K ME.
arterie (early mod. E. also arter, artere, artier,
arture, etc., KOF, artere, mod, F. artère = Pr. Sp.
Pg. It, arteria), K. L. arteria, the windpipe, an ar-
tery, K. Gr. Öptmpta, an artery as distinct from a
vein; but commonly the arteries were regarded
as air-ducts (the name being supposed to come
from &#p, air), because found empty after
death, and seem to have been conceived as
ramifications of the windpipe; orig. the wind-
pipe; perhaps Kaipeiv, &eipeiv, raise, lift up; cf.
aorta, from the same source.j 1+. The trachea,
or windpipe.
Under the artery or windpipe is the mouth of the
stomach. Sir II. Holland.
2. One of a system of cylindrical, membranous,
elastic, and muscular vessels or tubes, which
convey the blood from the heart to all parts of
the body by ramifications which as they pro-
ceed diminish in size and increase in number,
and terminate in minute capillaries which unite
the ends of the arteries with the beginnings of
the veins. There are two principal arteries: the aorta,
which rises from the left ventricle of the heart and Tami-
fles through the whole body, and the pulmonary artery,
arthrocacology
Great rivers that arteried every State.
- N. A. Rev., CXXVI. 491.
Artesian (ār-tê'giºn), a. [S F, artésien, prop-
erly pertaining to Artois, OF. Arteis, anciently
Artesium, in France.] Pertaining to Artois,
. an ancient prov-
ince of northern
France, corre-
sponding to the
modern depart-
ment of Pas-de-
Calais. – Arte-
sian Well, a name
...” (usually without a
Artesian Well. capital letter) given
a, a, fault filled with clay and impervious to a peculiar kind of
bored well from its
long use in Artois.
In an artesian well
proper the water rises to the surface and overflows. The
geological conditions permitting this are not general, since
it is necessary that the region should have a more or less
Complete basin-structure, and that there should be a series
of permeable covered by impermeable beds. In the United
States any deep bored well is called artesian, even if the
Water has to be pumped from a considerable depth. Ar-
tesian wells vary in depth from less than 100 to nearly 4,000
feet, some of the deepest borings being for petroleum.
artful (ärt'fül), a. [K art? ---full 1. Done
with or characterized by art or skill. [Rare.]
Our psalms with artful terms inscribed.
Milton, P. R., iv. 335.
No one thinks when he looks at a plant, what restless
activity is at work within it, for the cells perform their
artful labor in stillness, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXII. 185.
2t. Artificial, as opposed to natural; produced
or producing by art: as, “too artful a writer,”
Dryden, Life of Virgil.—3. Skilful. (a) Of per-
Sons, skilful in adapting means to ends; adroit.
(b) Of things, skilfully adapted; ingenious;
clever. Hence—4. Cunning; crafty; practis-
ing or characterized by art or stratagem: as,
*he Artful Dodger,” Dickens, Oliver Twist.
Fair to no purpose, artful to no end.
Pope, Moral Essays, iv. 116.
=Syn. 4. Cunning, Artful, Sly, etc. (see cwmming), deceit-
ful, pºlitic, shifty, insidious.
artfully (ärtſfül-i), adv. In an artful manner.
(a) With art or skill: as, colors artfully distributed on the
canvas. [Rare.] (b) With cunning or craft; craftily; cun-
ningly. *
Whether this motion was honestly made by the Oppo.
sition . . . or artfully made by the courtiers, . . . it is
now impossible to discover. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
artfulness (ärt'fül-nes), n. The quality of be-
ing artful; craft; cunning; address.
arthen: (är’then), a. An old form of earthen.
to water; b, b, impermeable strata; c, per-
meable strata; d, artesian boring and well.
arthra. m. Plural of arthron.
arthrai (är"thral), a. [Karthron + -al.] Of or
pertaining to an arthron or articulation; ar-
ticular: as, “the arthral surface of the ilium,”
Wilder and Gage.
arthralgia (ār-thral'ji-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. Öpffpov,
joint, + &Wyog, pain.], Pain in a joint; specifi-
cally, neuralgia in a joint.
arthralgic (ār-thral’jik), a. Pertaining to ar-
thralgia.
arthrembolus (ār-threm 'bā-lus), m. [NL., K
Gr. Öpffpéuffožov, an instrument for setting limbs,
Köpôpov, a joint, + šuffo/ff, a putting in place,
the setting of a iimb, Këg|36%Welv, thrust in: see
embolus.] In surg., an instrument formerly used
in the reduction of dislocations. Dunglison.
arthria, n., Plural of arthrium.
arthritic (ār-thrit'ik), a. [(ME. artetike, KOF.
artetique) K L. arthriticus, K. Gr. &pôpitikóg, of
the joints, gouty, Kápôpitag: see arthritis.] Per-
taining to the joints, or to arthritis, or specifi-
cally to the gout; affecting the joints.
Pangs arthritic, that infest the toe
Of libertine excess. Cowper, The Task, i.
arthritical (ār-thrit’i-kal), a. Same as ar-
which conveysvenous blood from the right ventriële to the ºthºtić.
lungs, to undergo arterialization. Most arteries are come arthritis (ār-thri’tis), n.
posed of three coats: an outer or fibrous, of condensed
connective tissue well supplied with blood-vessels and
nerves; a middle or elastic, consisting chiefly of circular,
non-striated, muscular fibers; and an inner, thin, smooth,
and dense, composed, from without inward, of an elastic
fenestrated membrane, a layer of connective tissue, and
a liming of endothelium. The outer coat is the (twmica)
adventitia; the middle, the (twºvica) media; the inner, the
(twmica) intima. The arteries in the human body which
have received special names are about 350 in number.
They range in caliber from more than the thickness of a
finger to microscopic dimensions. tº ſº tº
3. A main channel in any ramifying system of
Communication, as in drainage.—Artery-claw,
a locking forceps for holding an artery.—Artery of the
|bulb, a small but surgically important branch of the in-
ternal pudic artery, supplying the bulb of the urethra.—
Axillary artéry, coronary artery, nutrient artery,
radial artery, §tc. See the adjectives.
artery (är"tº-ri), v. t. ; pret. and pp. arteried,
ppr. arterying. [Kartery, n.] To supply with
arteries; figuratively, to traverse like arteries.
[L., K. Gr. Öpffpiriç
(Sc. v6oog, disease), joint-disease, gout, prop.
fem, adj., of the joints, K Öpffpov, a joint: see
arthrom..] Inflammation of a joint.—Arthritis
deformans, rheumatoid arthritis in which considerable
deformity is produced. See rheumatoid.
arthrium (ār 'thri-um), n. ; pl. arthria (-ā).
[NL., K. Gr. as if *āpffptov, dim. of &pópov, a joint.]
In entom., the minute penultimate tarsal joint
of many Coleoptera.
arthrobranchia (ār-thrö-brang'ki-á), n.; pl. ar-
throbranchiae (–6). [NL., KGr. Öpffpov, a joint, +
Épáyxia, gills...] In Cºustacea, a distinct respi-
ratory appendage of the maxillipeds. Huxley.
arthrocace (ār-throk’a-Sé), n. . [NL., K. Gr. Öp-
6pov, a joint, + kákm, badmess, vice, K Kakóc, bad.]
Caries of a joint. Billroth.
arthrocacology (är"thrö-ka-kol’ā-ji), m. . [Kar-
throcace + -ology, q. v.] The sum of human
knowledge concerning diseases of the joints.

arthroderm
arthroderm (är'thrö-dèrm), n. IK Gr. ºpópov
a joint, + dāpua, skin..] : The crust or body-wall
of an articulate animal, as the shell of a crab
or the integument of an insect. A. S. Packard.
arthrodia (ār-thrödi-á), n, ; pl. arthrodiſe (-3).
[NL., K. Gr. Öpffpodia, a particular kind of artic-
ulation, Käpópóönc, articulated, Kāpāpov, a joint,
+ eldog, form.] A gliding joint; a movable ar-
ticulation formed by plane or nearly plane sur-
faces which slide upon each other to some ex-
tent, as in the articulations of the carpus: a
form of diarthrosis. Also called adarticulation.
—Double arthrodia. Same as amphidiarthrosis.
arthrodial (ār-thrö’di-al), a. [K arthrodia +
-al.] 1. Pertaining to or characterized by an
arthrodia.—2. Of or pertaining to arthrosis;
concerned in the #. or articulation of
parts, especially of limbs.-Arthrodial apophy-
sis, in Crustacea, that process of an endosternite or endo-
pleurite which enters into the formation of an articular
, cavity of a limb.
The endopleurite ... . divides, into three apophyses,
one descending or arthrodial, and two which pass nearly
horizontally inward. FIwazley, Anat. Invert., p. 269.
arthrodic (ār-throd'ik), a. Same as arthrodial.
arthrodynia (ār-thrô-din'i-á), n. . [NL., K. Gr.
ãpôpov, a joint, + 66inm, pain..] Pain in a joint;
arthralgia.
arthrodynic (ār-thrö-din'ik), a... [Karthrodynia
+ -ic.] Relating to arthrodynia, or pain in a
joint; arthralgic.
Arthrogastra (ār-thrº-gastrá), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. Öpffpov, a joint, + Yaothp, belly..] A division
of the class Arachnida, including the scorpions
and their allies, as distinguished from spiders
and mites. See cut under Scorpionidae.
The Arthrogastra, or scorpions and pseudo-scorpions,
exhibit, in many respects, extraordinarily close resem-
blances to the Merostoniata among the Crustacea.
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 320.
Arthrogastres (ār-thrö-gas’ trèz), m. pl. [NL.,
as Arthrogastra.] Same as Arthrogastra.
arthrography (ār-throgºra-fi), n. [K Gr. Öpffpov,
a joint, +-ypaſpía, Kypápetv, write, describe.] In
anat., a description of the joints.
a hºlºgy, (ār-throl'6-ji), m. [K Gr. Öpffpov, a
joint, +-Aoyia, K Žáyetv, speak: see -ology.] 1.
The knowledge of the joints; that part of anat-
omy which relates to the joints.-2+. Finger-
speech for the deaf and dumb; dactylology.
arthromere (är"thrö-měr), n. [K Gr. Öpffpov, a
member, joint, + ptápog, a part.] In 206l., the
ideal single ring of a series of which any artic-
ulate animal is composed; a zoönule, zoönite,
or somite of an articulated invertebrate animal.
The typical arthromere consists of a tergite, a pair of
pleurites, and a sternite, or an upper piece, two lateral
pieces, and an under piece.
arthron (ār' thron), n. ; pl. arthra (-thrá). [NL.,
K. Gr. Öpffpov, a joint (of the body); in grammar,
the article; akim to equiv. L. artus: see artus
and article.] . In anat., a joint or an articula-
tion of any kind.
arthroneuralgia (är"thrºnii-ral'ji-á), n. [NL.,
& Gr. Öpffpov, a joint, + NL. neuralgia.] Neu-
ralgia of a joint.
arthropathy (ār-throp'a-thi), n. [K Gr. Öpflpov,
a joint, + träffog, suffering.] I)isease of a joint.
arthrophragm (är"thrº-fram), n. [K91. Čpºpov,
a joint, + ppáypta, a fence, screen, K ºpáooetv,
fence in, stop up. Cf. diaphragm.] An articu-
lar diaphragm; a septum or partition between
certain articulations, as in the Crawfish. See
extract. -
All four apodemes lie in the ventral half of the somite
and form a single transverse series; consequently there
are two nearer the middle line, which are termed the en-
dosternites, and two further off, which are the endopleu-
rites. The former lie at the inner, and the latter at the
outer ends of the partitions or arthrophragms . . . be-
tween the articular cavities for the basal joints of the
limbs, and they spring partly from the latter and partly
from the sternum and the epimera respectively.
Hwæley, Crayfish, p. 158.
arthropleura (ār-thrö-pló’rã), n. ; pl. arthro-
pleura, ſº [NL ame as arthropleure.
arthropleure (ärthrö-plôr), n., [KNL, arthro-
$.". K. Gr. Öpópov, a joint, + Thevpá, side.]
he pleural, lateral, or limb-bearing portion
of the arthroderm of articulated animals; the
portion of any arthromere between the tergite
and the sternite.
arthropod (är'thrö-pod), m. anda. [KNL. arthro-
pus (-pod-), pl. arthropoda, q, y, K. Gr. Öpºpov,
a joint, 4 troºg (troë-) = E. foot..]. I., n. A
jointed invertebrate animal with jointed legs;
one of the Arthropoda.
II. a. Arthropodous; pertaining to or hav-
ing the characters of the Arthropoda.
Among the Crustacea the simplest stage of the Arthro-
pod body is seen in the Nauplius-form,
Gegenbawr, Comp. Anat, (trans), p. 234.
- 325
Arthropoda (ār-throp'º-dà), n. pl. [NL., pl.
of arthropus (-pod-): see arthropod.]. 1. One
of two prime divisions (Anarthropoda being the
other) into which a subkingdom Annulosa has
been divided. . It contains bilateral segmented ani-
mals with articulated legs, and approximately corresponds
to the “articulated animals with articulated legs” of Cu-
vier, as contrasted with his other division (Annelides) of
Articulata, or with the Condylopoda of Latreille, or with
the Gnathopoda or Arthrozoa of some other naturalists.
2. In more modern and exact usage, one of
the phyla, subkingdoms, or main types of the
Metazoa, containing the articulated, inverte-
brate, non-ciliated animals with articulated
limbs, a ganglionic nervous system, oviparous
reproduction, and generally separate sexes.
The phylum is divided by nearly common consent into the
four great classes Ingecta, Myriapoda, Arachnida, and
Crustacea, and contains the vast majority (about four
fifths) of the animal kingdom, in numbers both of species
and of individuals. *
The Arthropoda, with more than 200,000 species, vary
to such an extent that little can be said applicable to the
whole group. Of all Invertebrata they are the most ad-
Vanced in the development of the organs peculiar to ani-
mal life, manifested in the powers of locomotion, and in
the instincts which are so varied and so wonderful in the
insect class. Pascoe, Zoël. Class., p. 70.
arthropodan (ār-throp'3-dan), a.
pod + -am.] Same as arthropodous.
arthropodous (ār-throp'3-dus), a. [Karthropod
+ -ous.] . Of or pertaining to the Arthropoda;
having jointed legs (among invertebrates); con-
dylopodous; arthrozoic. Also gnathopodous.
Arthropomata (ār-thrº-pô'ma-tá), n. pl. [NL.,
K. Gr. Öpffpov, a joint, + Tóga, pl. trópata, a lid.]
A name given by Owen to an order of the
Brachiopoda characterized by the possession
of articulated shell-valves. Contrasted with Ly-
opomata.
arthropomatous (ār-thrö-pó’ ma-tus), a. [K
Arthropomata + -ows.] Pertaining to or hav-
ing the characters of the Arthropomata.
Arthropteridae (ār-throp-ter’i-dé), m. pl. [NT.,
K Arthropterus + -idae.] A family of heterop-
terous insects, chiefly of the Orient, Africa,
and the Pacific islands, including a large num-
ber of flat wide forms, mostly of a polished
black color variously marked with yellow.
arthropterous (ār-thropºte-rus), a. [KNL. ar-
thropterus, adj., K. Gr. Öpffpov, a joint, + Trepév, a
wing, fin.] Having jointed rays, as a fin of a fish.
Arthropterus (ār-thropºte-rus), n. [NL.: see
arthropterous.] 1. A genus of coleopterous
insects. Macleay, 1839.-2. A genus of fishes.
Agassiz, 1843.
arthroses, m. Plural of arthrosis.
arthrosia (ār-thrö’zi-á), m. . [NL. (cf. arthrosis),
K. Gr. Öpffpov, a joint.] hritis.
arthrosis (ār-thrö’sis), m.; pl. arthroses (-séz).
[NL., KGr. Öpflpoolç, a jointing, Kāpāpóelv, Öpffpoin',
fasten by a joint, Köpffpov, a joint.] In amat.:
(a) A suture; an articulation; a joining or
jointing of bones or cartilages otherwise than
by ankylosis. Arthrosis is divisible into three principal
categories: (1) Synarthrosis; (2) amphiarthrosis; (3) diar-
throsis. See these words. (b) The result of articu-
lation; a joint; an arthron; a node.
arthrospore (är"thrö-spör), m. [K Gr. Öpffpov, a
joint, + otópog, seed.] In bacteriol., a form of
spore, usually spherical, produced by fission :
apparently, an isolated vegetative cell which
has passed into a resting state.
[K arthro-
arthrosporic (ār-thrö-spor'ik), a. Same as ar-
throsporous.
arthrosporous (ār-thros’ pº-rus), a. [KNL. ar-
throsporus : see arthrospore and -ows.] Produ-
cing arthrospores.
arthrosterigma (är" thrö-stš-rig’ mä), m.; pl.
arthrosterigmata (-ma-tá). [NL., K. Gr. Öpépov,
a joint, + othplypia, a support, K atmpičezv, set
fast, support, prop, K V “ata, stand.] In bot.,
the jointed sterigma, which occurs in the sper-
Arthrostraca (ār-thros’tra-kā), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. Öpffpov, a joint, + 60Tpakov, a shell.] 1. In
Gegenbaur's system of classification, one of two
prime divisions of malacostracous crustaceans
(the other being Thoracostraca), corresponding
approximately to the edriophthalmous or ses-
sile-eyed crustaceans of other authors, and di-
vided into the three orders Amphipoda, Laº-
modipoda, and Isopoda.-2. In Burmeister's
system of classification, one of three orders of
Crustacea (the other two being Aspidostraca
and Thoracostraca), divided into Inine lesser
groups.
arthrostracous (ār-thros’tra-kus), a. Pertain-
ing to or having the characters of the Arthros-
traCa.
*magonium of many lichens.
arthrotomy (ār-throtº-mi), n.
Arthr
*::::::::: (ār-thrö-zó'ik), a.
Arthurian (ār-thii'ri-an), a.
artiad (är’ti-ad), m. and a.
+
artichoke
arthrotome (ärthrö-tóm), n. [K Gr. Öpffpov, a
joint, + rouác, cutting: see anatomy..] A car-
tilage-knife; a strong scalpel, two-edged for a
part of its cutting length, and having a rough-
ened steel handle continuous with the blade.
It is used in dissection for cutting cartilage, disarticulating
joints, and other rough work.
Any thick-bladed scalpel may be ground into a tolerable
arthrotome. Wilder and Gage, Anat. Tech., p. 63.
[K Gr. Öpffpov, a
joint, + topiń, a cutting: see anatomy.] In
Surg., incision into a joint.
ozoa (ār-thrö-zö’â), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
āpópov, a joint, + £650w, an animal.] One of six
series of animals into which the Metazoa have
been divided: equivalent to Arthropoda to-
gether with Nematoscolices and probably Chaº-
tognatha.
Relating to or
ving the characters of the Arthro200. —Arthro-
zoic series, a gradation of animals represented by the
Nematoscolices and Arthropoda, from the lowest mematoids
to the highest arthropods. Huacley. -
[K Arthur, M.L.
form Arthurus, representing W. Artur..] Of or
pertaining to King Arthur, one of the last Cel-
tic chiefs of Britain (the hero of a great litera-
ture of poetic fable, and whose actual existence
has been questioned), or to the legends con-
nected with him and his knights of the Round
Table.
Arthurian legend is not, and never has been, to the Eng-
lish national mind what the myths which supplied the sub-
jects of Attic tragedy were to the Greek.
A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 122.
[K Gr. Öprlog, even,
-ad!..] I. m. 1. In chem., an atom whose
quantivalence is expressed by an even number,
as the atoms of sulphur, oxygen, etc. See pe-
rissad.—2. In 206l., an even-toed ungulate
quadruped; a cloven-footed ruminant animal;
one of the Artiodactyla : opposed to perissad.
See cut under Artiodactyla.
II. a. In chem., having the nature of an ar-
*tiad: as, oxygen is an artiad element.
artichoke (är’ti-chók), m.
[Introduced in the
16th century, the two normal forms (after the
It.) artichocke, ar-
chichock, mixing
with artichow, ar-
tichoute, artichaw,
artichault, etc.,
after the F., in
numerous forms,
varying initially
arti-, arte-, arto-,
harti-, harte-, ar-
chi-, archy-, arch-,
and terminal-
ly -chok, -choke.
-chock, -choak,
-chough, -chooke,
etc. (simulating
E. heart, L. hortus,
garden, E. choke,
as if that which
‘chokes' the gar-
den or the heart);
cf. D. artisjok,
Dam. artiskok, Sw.
- Čirtskocka, G. ar-
tischooke, Russ. artishoki, Bohem. artichok, (tr-
tychok, Pol. karczock, with F. artichaut (formerly
also artichau, -chault, -chaud, -chou, etc.), ML.
articoccus, articoctus, articactus, all from Sp. or
It.; K It. (north. dial.) articiocco, arciciocco, ar-
chiciocco, arciocco, also arcicioffo, archicioffo, for
*alcarcioffo ; also simply carciocco, carcioffo,
mod. It. carcioffo, carciofo, Sp. alcarchofa, now
alcachofa, alcachofera, Pg. alcachofra, K. Sp. Ar.
al-kharshöfa (Pedro de Alcalá), al-kharshūf
(Boethor), K. Ar. al., the, + kharshöfa, kharshūf
(with initial khā, 7th letter), also harshilf (in
Bagdad—Newman), harshaf (Freytag; Pers.
harshaf-Richardson) (with initial hö, 6th let-
ter), an artichoke. The Ar. ardi-Shauki (Diez),
crdushauke (in Aleppo — Newman), Pers. arda-
shāhi, Hind. hdthi chak, are adaptations of the
European forms (appar. simulating Ar. ardh,
erdh, Pers. ard, arg, ground, earth, Ar. shawk,
thorn, Pers. Shāh, king, Hind. hdithi, an ele-
phant).] Cymara Scolymus, a plant of the
family Asteraceae, somewhat resembling
a thistle, with large divided prickly leaves. The
crect flower-stem terminates in a large round head of nu-
merous imbricated oval spiny scales which surround the
flowers. The fleshy bases of the scales with the large recep-
tacle are used as food. Artichokes were introduced into
Artichoke (Cymara Scolymus).
a, top of plant; b, ſlowering head.

artichoke
Europe early in the sixteenth century— Jerusalem arti-
choke [corruption of It. girasole articiocco, sunflower-ar-
tichoke), the Helianthus tuberosus, a species of sunflower,
native of Canada and the upper Mississippi valley. It was
cultivated by the aborigines for its sweet and farimaceous
tuberous roots, and was introduced at an early date into
Europe, where it is raised in considerable quantities as
an article of food. The plant was long believed to be a
native of brazil, and it is only recently that its true origin
has been ascertained.
article (är’ti-kl), n. [K ME. article, K OF. arti-
cle, F. article = Sp. articulo = Pg. articulo (in
anat. and bot.), artigo = It. articolo, articulo, K
L. articulus, a joint, limb, member, part, divi-
Sion, the article in grammar, a point of time;
prop. dim. of artus, a joint, akinto Gr. ăp{}pov, a
joint, article, K V “ar, fit, join: see arm1, arm2,
art”, etc.] 1+. A joint connecting two parts
of the body.—2. One of the parts thus con-
nected; a jointed segment or part.
The first pair of legs [of the whip-scorpion] is the long-
est, and the tarsal joint is broken up into a long series of
articles. Stand. Nat. Hist., II. 122.
3. In bot., the name formerly given to that
part of a stalk or stem which is between two
joints. Hence—4. A separate member or por-
tion of anything. In particular— (a) A clause,
item, point, or particular in a contract, treaty,
or other formal agreement; a condition or stip-
ulation in a contract or bargain: as, articles of
association; articles of apprenticeship.
'Tis direct
Against our articles.
B. Jonson, Alchemist, v. 2.
(b) A distinct proposition in a connected series;
one of the particulars constituting a system:
as, the Thirty-nine Articles; the articles of re-
ligion.
A Minister should preach according to the Articles of
Religion Established in the Church where he is.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 72.
Cried amen to my creed's one article.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 256.
(c) A separate clause or provision of a statute:
as, the act of the six articles (see below). (d)
A distinct charge or count: as, articles of im-
peachment. (e) A distinct item in an account
or a list. (f) One of a series of regulations: as,
the articles of war.—5. A literary composition
on a specific topic, forming an independent por-
tion of a book or literary publication, especially
of a newspaper, magazine, review, or other
periodical: as, an article on war, or on earth-
quakes and their causes.—6. A material thing
as part of a class, or, absolutely, a particular
substance or commodity: as, an article of
merchandise; an article of clothing; salt is a
necessary article.—7. A particular immaterial
thing; a matter.
Where mature has bestowed a show of mice attention in
the features of a man, he should laugh at it as misplaced.
I have seen men, who in this vain article, perhaps might
rank above you. Sheridam, The Rivals, iii. 2.
8#. A concern; a piece of business; a subject.
—9. A point or nick of time joining two suc-
cessive periods; a juncture; a moment; the
moment or very moment. [Now rare or obso-
lete except in the phrase in the article of death
(which see, below).]
Could my breath
Now execute 'em, they should not enjoy t
An article of time. B. Jon 80m, Catiline, v. 6.
This fatal newes coming to IIick's Hall upon the article
of my Lord Russel's trial was said to have had no little in-
fluence on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice.
JEvelyn.
An infirm building just in the article of falling.
Wollaston, Relig. of Nat., v. 99.
10+. The number 10, or any number ending in
a cipher.—11. In gram., a word used attribu-
tively to limit the application of a noun to
one individual or set of individuals, and also
to indicate whether the noun used signifies
indefinitely one or any one of the class which
it names, or definitely a specific object of
thought. The two articles are regarded as a distinct
part of speech. They are in English an (before conso:
nant-sounds a) and the. An was originally the same Word
as one, and in meaning is an unemphatic amy; it singles
out an individual as an example of a class, any other
member of the class being capable of scrving as example
equally well. A or an is accordingly called the indefinite
article. The was originally, a demonstrative pronoun,
and in meaning is an unemphatic this or that ; it points
out a particular individual, or set of individuals, and
is consequently known as the deſinite article. Articles
may therefore be regarded as a specialized and segregated
class of pronouns. Some languages, as Latin, have no
articles; others, as Hebrew and Greek, have the definite
article only. The indefinite article is always of later for-
mation than the definite. [The name article is a trans-
lation of the word āp0pov, joint, which was applied by
the Greck grammariáns to the one article of that lan-
guage (the definite), on account of its frequent use after
£he jnanner of a relative to join an adjective to a noun:
Schm
326
as, &vöp 6 &ya6ós, literally, man the good, for (the) man
who (is) good, that is, the #". man.]—Articles of a S-
sociation, or articles of incorporation, the certifi-
cate filed, in conformity with a general law, by persons
who desire to become a corporation, and setting forth the
rules and conditions upon which the association or cor-
poration is founded.—Articleſ; Of Confederation. See
confederation.—Articles of faith, the maim or essential
points of religious belief; specifically, an authoritative and
binding statement of such points as held by a particular
church or denomination; a doctrinal creed.—Articles
of impeachment, the accusations in writing which form
the basis of an impeachment trial. They take the place
of the indictment in ordinary criminal, and of the declara.
tion or complaint in civil, actions.—Articles of Perth,
five articles agreed upon at a General Assembly of the
Church of Scotland convened by James VI, in 1618, en-
joining certain episcopal observances, such as the observ-
ance of feast-days, kneeling at the Lord's supper, etc.
They were ratified by the Scotch Parliament in 1621, and
became a subject of bitter controversy between the king
and the people.—Articles of the peace, an obligation
to keep the peace for a certain time, under a penalty, and
With or without Sureties, in posed upon an individual
against whom some one has exhibited a complaint that
there is just cause to fear that the party complaimed of
will burn the complaimant's house or do him some bodily
harm, or procure a third person to do it.—Articles of
alkald, articles of Protestant faith drawn up by
Luther, and submitted to a meeting of electors, princes,
and states at Schmalkald (or Schmalkalden), Germany,
in 1537, designed to show how far the Protestants were
Willing to go in order to avoid a rupture with Rome.
—Articles of war, a code of regulations for the govern-
ment and discipline of the army and navy. In Great
Britain they are embodied in the Mutimy Act, which is
passed every year. The articles of war of the United
States are 128 in number; anything relating to the army
not comprehended therein is published in general orders
or in established regulations, issued from time to time
by the War Department, copies of which are furnished
and read to the troops.-City article. See city.—In the
article of, in the matter of; as regards.
As he [T. L. K. Oliphant] views matters, we have been
steadily going down hill, in the article of our mother-
tongue. F. Hall, N. A. Rev., CXIX. 321.
In the article of death (Latin, in articulo muortis), at
the moment of death; in the last struggle Or agony.
In the article of death, I give you my thanks, and pray
for you. Steele, Tatler, No. 82.
Lords Of the Articles. See lord.— Marriage articles.
See marriage.—Memorandum articles. See memo-
randum.—The Five Articles and the Five Points,
statements of the distinctive doctrines of the Arminians
and Calvinists respectively, the former promulgated in
1610 in opposition to the restrictive principles of the
latter, which were sustained by the Synod of Dort in
1619, and are the following: particular predestination,
limited atonement, natural inability, irresistible grace,
and the perseverance of Saints. The discussion of these
differences.at that time is sometimes called the quin-
quarticular controversy.—The Lambeth Articles, nine
articles drawn up in 1595 at Lambeth, Dngland, intended
to embody the Calvinistic doctrine respecting predes-
timation, justification, etc. They were never approved by
the church in any regular synod, and therefore pos-
sess no ecclesiastical authority.—The Six Articles,
sometimes called the “whip with six strings,” articles
imposed by a statute (often called the Bloody Statute)
passed in 1539, in the reign of Henry VIII. They de-
creed the acknowledgment of transubstantiation, the
sufficiency of communion in one kind, the obligation of
vows of chastity, the propriety of private masses, celi-
bacy of the clergy, and auricular confession. Acceptance
of these six doctrines was made obligatory on all persons
under the severest penalties. The act, however, was
relaxed in 1544, and repealed by the Parliament of 1549.
— The Thirty-nine Articles, a statement of the par-
ticular points of doctrine, thirty-nine in number, main-
tained by the Church of England, first framed by an ec-
clesiastical commission in forty-two articles (1552), and
revised and promulgated in thirty-nine articles by a con-
vocation held in London in 1562–63. With some altera-
tions they were adopted by the Church of Ireland in
1635, and by the Scottish Episcopal Church in 1804, and
with certain modifications, by the Protestant fpiscopal
Church of the United States in 1801.-The Twenty-five
Articles, the doctrinal basis of the Methodist Episcopal.
Church, substantially the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church
of Dngland, with the omission of the 3d, 8th, 13th, 15th,
17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, 23d, 26th, 29th, 33d, 34th, and 37th.
They were originally framed by John Wesley, and, with
some modification, were adopted, substantially as now
held, in 1784,... g
article (är’ti-kl), v.; pret. and pp. articled, ppr.
articling. [K article, m.] I. trans. 1. To state
in detail; particularizo; specify. [Rare.]
If all his errors and follies were articled against him.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living (ed. 1727), p. 92.
2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of
articles or accusations. [Rare.]
What I have anticled against this fellow
I justify for truth. Middleton, Spanish Gipsy, v. 1.
3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipula-
tion: as, to article an apprentice.
II,4 intrams. To agree by articles; stipulate.
Camo Sir John Kiviet to article with me about his brick-
work. Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 7, 1667.
They have so articled with us.
Massinger, The City Madam, ii. 3.
Then he articled with her that he should go away when
he pleased. Selden, Table-Talk.
articular (ār-tik/ú-lär), a. and n. . [K L. articu-
laris, pertaining to the joints, K articulus, a
joint: see article.] I. a. 1. Belonging to or
affecting an articulation or joint; entering into
articulate
the composition of an articulation: as, the ar-
ticular surface of a bone; an articular cartilage;
an articular disease.—2. In 2007., articulate;
Fº of or pertaining to the Articulata.
are.]—Articular bone. Same as articulare.—Ar-
ticular eminence of the temporal bone, the cylindri-
cal elevation forming the anterior root of the zygoma in
front of the glenoid fossa; the preglenoid process,—Ar-
ticular process of the lower jaw, the process which
IS #". by the condyle. Also called condyloid process.
... n. Same as articulare.
articulare (ār-tik-i-lā’ré), m.; pl. articularia
(-ri-á). [NL., neut. of L. articularis : see articu-
lar.j" A bone of the lower jaw of vertebrates
below mammals, by means of which the jaw or
mandible articulates with its suspensorium.
. cuts under acrodont, Cyclodus, and Gal-
2%09.
articularly (ār-tik’ī-lär-li), adv. 1. In an ar-
ticular manner.—2. Articulately; article by
article; in detail. Huloet.
articulary (ār-tik/ú-lä-ri), a. Articular.
Articulated by a double artiew.lary head with the mas-
toid and posterior frontal. ºn cyc. Brit., XII. 642.
pl. of L. articulatus, jointed: see articulate.] In ,
206l., a name variously applied. § In Cuvier's
system of classification, the third prime division of the
animal kingdom, including all segmented invertebrates
in which the body is made up of a series of rings (meta-
meres), is endowed with a gangliomated nervous system,
and possesses distinct respiratory organs. It is divided
into five classes, Crustacea, Arachnida, Insecta, Myria-
poda, and Annelides. This division corresponds to the
Annulosa of some zoölogists, but neither of these terms
is now recognized by leading naturalists. Cuvier's first
four classes of Articulata are now made the phylum Ar-
thropoda, while his Annelides are referred to another phy-
lum, Vermes. (b) One of two orders of Brachiopoda, some-
times styled the Arthropomata (which see), the other order
being called Imarticulata. It corresponds to the arthro-
pomatous Brachiopoda, containing those brachiopods in
which the shell is hinged, the mantle-lobes are not entirely
free, and the intestine is cascal. (c) One of two divisions
of cyclostomatous polyzoans, containing the families Salt-
cornariidae and Cellulariidae : opposed to Imarticulata. (d)
One of two divisions of cyclostomatous polyzoans, repre-
sented by the family Crisiidae. Also called Radicata. (e)
§. of two divisions of crinoids, the other being Tessel-
ata.
articulate (ār-tik/ú-lāt), v.; pret. and pp. ar-
ticulated, ppr. articulating. . [K L. articulatus,
pp. of articulare, divide into joints or members,
utter distinctly, articulate, K articulus, a joint,
article, etc.: see article.] i. trans. 1. Fo joint;
unite by means of a joint: as, two pieces loose-
ly articulated together. See articulation, 2.
Plants . . . have many ways of articulating their parts
with one another. H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 215.
The delicate skeleton of admirably articulated and re-
lated parts which underlies and sustains every true work
of art, and keeps it from sinking on itself a shapeless heap,
he [Carlyle] would crush remorselessly to come at the mar-
Tow of meaning. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 123.
2. To utter articulately; produce after the
manner of human j.
The dogmatist knows not by what art he directs his
tongue in articulating sounds into Voices.
Glanville, Scep. Sci.
3. To utter in distinct syllables or words.—4+.
To formulate or set forth in articles; draw up
or state under separate heads. -
These things, indeed, you have articulated,
Proclaim'd at market-crosses, read in churches.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 1.
º: 2 and 3. Promownce, Enwmciate, etc. (see wtter);
Speak.
II. intrams. 1. To form an articulation
(with); connect (with); as, the ulna, articu-
lates with the humerus.—2. To utter articulate
sounds; utter distinct syllables or words: as,
to articulate distinctly.
It was the eager, inarticulate, uninstructed mind of the
whole Norse people, longing only to become articulate, to
go on articulating ever farther. Carlyle.
3+. To enter into negotiations; treat; come to
or make terms.
Send us to Ronne
The best, with whom we may articulate
For their own good, and ours. Shak., Cor., i. 9.
articulate (ār-tik’ī-lāt), a. and n. IK L. ar-
ticulatus, jointed, distinct (applied particularly
to utterance), pp. of articulare : See articulate,
v.] I. a. 1. Jointed; segmented; articulated:
as, an articulate limb; an articulato animal.-
2. Specifically, having the character of the Ar-
ticulata.-3. Jointed by syllabic division; di-
vided into distinct successive parts, like joints,
by the alternation of opener and closer sounds,
or the intervention of consonantal utterances
(sometimes also of F. or hiatus) between
vowel sounds: said of human speech-utterance,
as distinguished from other sounds made by
# or condition of being
arti
articulate
human organs, and from the sounds made by
the lower animals. The terms articulate, articula-
tion, etc., as applied to human utterance, are not seldom
misunderstood and wrongly used as if the “jointing” in-
tended were that of the physical organs of utterance, a
narrowing or closing of the organs at some point or points.
Such action, however, belongs to all utterance, articulate
or inarticulate, whether of man or of the other animals.
See consonant, syllable, vowel.
Hence—4. Clear; distinct. w
La Fosseuse's voice was naturally soft and low, yet ’twas
an articulate voice.
The sentiment of Right, once very low and indistinct,
but ever more articulate, because it is the voice of the
universe, pronounces Treedom.
Emerson, West Indian Emancipation, p. 175.
5. Formulated or expressed in articles, or in
separate particulars. [Rare.]
Total changes of party and articulate opinion. Carlyle.
6t. Consisting of tens: as, articulate numbers.
—Articulate adjudication. See adjudication.
II. m. One of the Articulata. º
articulately (ār-ţik’ī-lāt-li), adv. 1. In a joint-
ed manner; by joints: as, parts of a body ar-
ticulately united.—2. In an articulate manner;
with distinct utterance of syllables or words.
Is it for nothing the wind sounds almost articulatel
sometimes—sings as I have lately heard it sing at night
Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, xxiv.
3. Article by article; in detail.
I had articulately set down in writing our points.
Fuller, Ch. Hist., ix. 116.
articulateness (ār-tik/ú-lāt-nes), n. The qual-
º articulate.
culation (ār-tik-i-lä’shgn), n. [K L. articu-
latio(n-), a putting forth of new joints, as a vine,
a disease of the vine at the joints, lit. a joint-
ing, K articulare, joint, articulate: see articu-
late.] 1. The act of articulating, or the state of
being articulated. (a) The act of putting to-
gether so as to form a joint or joints. (b) The
uttering of articulate sounds.-2. In a con-
Crete sense: (a). In anat., a joint, as the join-
ing or juncture of bones or of the movable seg-
ments of an arthropod. The articulations of bones
are of three kinds: (1) Diarthrosis, or a movable connec-
tion with a synovial cavity, including enarthrosis, or the
ball-and-socket joint; arthrodia, or the gliding joint; gin-
glymus, or the hinge-joint; the trochoid, or the wheel-and-
axle joint, otherwise called diarthrosis rotatorius; and the
condyloid, or saddle-joint. (2) Symarthrosis, immovable
connection, including suture, gomphosis, and symphysis
(see these words). (3) Amphiarthrosis, an articulation with
slight but not free motion, as between the vertebral cen-
tra, (b) In bot. : (1) A joint; a place where
separation takes place spontaneously, as at the
point of attachment of a deciduous organ, such
as a leaf or the pedicel of a flower, or easily, as
at the divisions of the stem of the horsetail. (2)
A node: applied either to the thickened joint-
like part of the stem where a leaf is placed or
to the space between two such points. (c) In
gram., an articulate sound or utterance; espe-
cially, a consonant, as ordinarily affecting and
markin syllabic division.—Acromioclavicular
articulation. See acromioclavicular.—Articulation
of a Science, the system upon which its parts are put to-
gether.—Articulation school or class, a school or class
in which the deaf and dumb are taught to speak.-Cla-
Vate articulation. See clavate.—Harmonic articu-
lation. See harmonic.
articulative (ār-tik’ī-lä-tiv), a. [K articulate
+ -īve.] Pertaining or relating to articulation.
articulator (ār-tik/ú-lä-tor), m. [K articulate,
v. t., + -or.] 1. One who articulates. (a) One
who utters or pronounces words. (b) One who
articulates bones or mounts skeletons.—2. An
apparatus for obtaining the correct articulation
of artificial sets of teeth.-3. A contrivance
for preventing or curing stammering.—4.
attachment to the telephone, producing regu-
larity of vibrations and smoothness of tone.
articulator $. a. [K articu-
late + -ory. ertaining to the articulation of
speech.
articulus (ār-tik/ú-lus), m.; pl. articuli (-li).
[L., a joint: see article.] A joint; specifically,
one of the joints of the stem of a crinoid.
artierł, m. An old form of artery. Marlowe.
artifact (är"ti-fakt), m. and a. [Also artefact;
K L. ars (arti-), art, + factus, made: see fact.]
I. m. Anything made by art; an artificial
product; a natural object modified by human
art.
A lum
the she
of sugar of lead lies among other artefacts on
of a collector.
Coleridge, Lit. Remains, III. 847. N. E. D.
II. a. Of the nature of an artifact.
artifex (är’ti-feks), n. [L.: see artifice.] An
artificer. [Rare.]
artifice (är’ti-fis), n. IK F. artifice, skill, cun-
ning, K.L. artificium, a craft, employment, art,
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, v. 1. .
327
cunning (cf. artifex (artific-), artist, master in
any occupation), K ar(t-)s, art, skill, -- facere,
make.] 1+. The art of making.
Strabo affirmeth the Britons were so simple, that though
they abounded in milk, they had not the artifice of cheese.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., p. 312.
2}. An ingenious or skilfully contrived work.
The material universe, which is the artifice of God, the
artifice of the best mechanist,
Cudworth, Morality, iv. 2, § 13.
Morality is not the artifice of ecclesiastics or politicians.
Bibliotheca Sacra, XLIII. 538.
3. Skill in designing and employing expedi-
ents; artful contrivance; address; trickery.
His [Congreve's] plots are constructed without much arti-
C8. Craik, Hist. Eng. Lit., II. 257.
4. A crafty device; an ingenious expedient;
trick; shift; piece of finesse.
Those who were conscious of guilt employed numerous
artifices for the purpose of averting inquiry.
Macaulay, Hist, Eng., xxi.
=Syn. Artifice, Manoeuver, Stratagem, Wile, Trick, Ruse,
Finegge, device, contrivance, cunning, craft, deception,
cheat, fraud, guile, imposition, dodge, subterfuge, double-
dealing. These words generally imply a careful endeavor
to compass an end by deceiving others, not necessarily
however, with evil intent. They all imply managemen
and address. An artifice is prepared with art or care; it
is craftily devised. amoewver suggests something more
elaborate or intricate, a carefully contrived movement or
course of action for a definite purpose; it is the quiet or
Secret marshaling of one's intellectual or other resources
to carry a#: Stratagem is, like manoeuver, a figura-
tive term drawn from war; it is upon a larger scale what
wile is upon a smaller, a device to deceive one who is
the object of an imagined Warfare, so that we may catch
him at a disadvantage and discomfit him, or, more gener-
ally, a carefully prepared plan to carry one's point with
another—to capture it or him, so to speak. . A wile may
be P. coaxing or insinuating. Trick is the lowest
and most dishonorable of these words; it may be a low
or underhand act, in violation of honor or propriety, for
the purpose of cheating, or something as bad. A ruse is
a deception of some elaborateness, intended to cover one's
intentions, help one to escape from a predicament, etc.;
it is a plausible way of bringing about what we desire
to happen, without apparent interference on our part.
Finesse is subtlety in action; it is a more delicate sort of
artifice. See artful, evasion, and fraud.
A favorite artifice [with Venetian beggars] is to ap-
proach Charity with a slice of polenta in one hand, and,
with the other extended, implore a soldo to buy cheese
to eat with the polenta. Howells, Venetian Life, xx.
Pope completely succeeded [in startling the public] by
the most subtile manoeuvres imaginable.
I. D'Israeli, Quar. of Auth., II. 100.
This gold must coin a stratagem,
Which, cunningly effected, will beget
A very excellent piece of villainy.
Shak., Tit. And.., ii. 3.
Who can describe
Women's hypocrisies their subtle wiles,
Betraying smiles, feigned tears, inconstancies :
Otway, Orpheus.
But, Valentine being gone, I'll quickly cross,
By some sly trick, blunt Thurio's dull proceeding.
Shak., T. G. of V., ii. 6.
The departure of the Mahrattas was a ruse. . . . Their
object in leaving the Carnatic was to blind Chunder
Sahib, and in this they fully succeeded.
J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. Ind., p. 237.
[Montluc was not provided with the usual means which
are considered most efficient in elections, nor possessed the
interest nor the splendor of his powerful competitors; he
was to derive all his resources from diplomatic finesse.
I. D'Israeli, Curios. of Lit., IV. 261.
artificer (ār-tif’i-sér), m. [K ME. artificer (cf.
mod. F. artificier, maker of fireworks, K ML.
artificiarius, artist, artisan), K L. artificium :
see artifice and -erl.] 1. A maker; a construc-
tor; a skilful or artistic worker; a handicrafts-
man; a mechanic.
But till some genius as universal as Aristotle shall
arise, who can penetrate into all arts and sciences without
the practice of them, I shall think it reasonable that the
judgment of an artificer in his own art should be preferable
to the opinion of another man, at least when he is not
bribed by interest, or prejudiced by malice.
Dryden, Ded. of All for Love. º
Horrible ant-heaps, thick with their artificers.
R. L. Stevenson, The Dynamiter, p. 251.
2. One who contrives or devises; an inventor;
especially, an inventor of crafty or fraudu-
lent artifices; as, “artificer of fraud,” Milton,
P. L., iv. 121; “artificer of lies,” Dryden;
“let you alone, cunning artificer,” B. Jonson.
–3. Milit., a soldier-mechanic, whose duty
it is to construct and repair military mate-
rials.-4t. One who uses artifice; an artful
or wily person.—Artificers' knot, a knot consist-
ing of two half-hitches that jam tight when pulled. See
lemot.
artificial (ār-ti-fish'al), a. and m. [K ME. arti-
ficial, K. L. artificialis, of or belonging to art, K
artificium, art, skill, theory, system, etc.: see
artifice.] I. a. 1+. Of or pertaining to art; in
accordance with the rules of art; technical.-
2. Contrived with skill or art; artistically done
or represented; elaborate.
artificially (ār-ti-fish'al-i), adv.
artificially
It [a picture] tutors nature: artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life. º
Shak., T. of A., i. 1.
Some birds build highly artificial nests. Coueg.
3. Made or contrived by art, or by human
skill and labor: opposed to natural: as, arti-
ficial heat or light; an artificial magnet.
That is the pattern of his father's glory: .
Dwell but amongst us, industry shall strive
To make another artificial nature,
And change all other seasons into ours.
Dekker and Ford, Sun's Darling, iv. 1.
All artificial sources of light depend upon the develop-
ment of light during incandescence. Lommel, Light, p. 2.
4. Made in imitation of or as a substitute for
that which is natural or real: as, artificial pearls
or diamonds; artificial flowers.-5. Feigned;
fictitious; assumed; affected; constrained; not
genuine or natural: said of things.
I can . . .
Wet my cheeks with artificial tears,
And frame my face to all occasions.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
O let them [the linnets] ne'er with artificial note,
To please a tyrant, strain the little bill,
But sing what Heaven inspires, and wanderwhere º will.
eattie.
The whole artificial dialect of books has come into play
as the dialect of ordinary life. De Qwincey, Style, i.
6. Full of affectation; not natural: said of per-
SOIlS.
Cities force growth, and make men talkative and enter-
taining, but they make them artificial. Emerson, Farming.
7+. Artful; subtle; crafty; ingenious.
We, Hermia, like two artificial gods,
Have, with our needles, created both one flower.
(hak., M. N. D., iii. 2.
Artificial argument, in rhet., an argument invented by
the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, etc.,
which are called in artificial arguments or proofs.-Arti-
ficial CaOutchouc. See caoutchowc. —Artificial cinna-
bar. See cinnabar.—Artificial classification, in mat.
hist., a method of arrangement by a few prominent points
of resemblance or difference, without reference to natu-
ral affinities, the chief object being convenience and
facility of determination.— Artificial day. See day.—
Artificial gems, imitations of gems, made of a kind of
glass called paste or strass, mixed with metallic oxids
capable of producing the desired color.—Artificial har-
mony. See harmony.—Artificial horizon. See hori-
zon.—Artificial light, any light except what proceeds
from the heavenly bodies.—Artificial lines, on a sector
or scale, lines so contrived as to represent the logarith-
mic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of
numbers, solve with tolerable exactness questions in
trigonometry, navigation, etc.—Artificial marble. See
marble.—Artificial meerschaum. See meerschaum.—
Artificial mineral, a mineral made in the laboratory, not
by processes of nature alone.—Artificial mother. See
brooder.—Artificial numbers, logarithms.-Artificial
person. See person.—Artificial printing, a muethod
of printing from an etched plate in which the print owes
more or less of its tone to the way in which the ink has
been spread over the plate, whether by playing over the
surface with a soft muslin rag rolled together, by tinting
with a stiff rag, or by wiping with the rag only. In arti-
ficial printing difference of tone is also obtained by in-
creasing or diminishing the pressure, and by variety of
texture in the muslin rags used. Also called artistic print-
ing.—Artificial Sines, tangents, etc., the logarithms of
the natural sines, tangents, etc.:syn. 3. Manufactured.
—4 and 5. Sham, pretended, spurious.-4–6. Unnatural,
etc. See factitious.
II. m. 1. A production of art. Sir W. Petty.
[Rare.]—2+. An artificer; an artisan.
No, sir, ye are deceived, I am no peasant; I am Bunch
the botcher: peasants he ploughmen ; I am an artificial.
Webster (?), Weakest Goeth to the Wall, iii. 5.
artificiality (ār-ti-fish-i-al’i-ti), n. ; pl. artifi-
cialities (-tiz). [K artificial + -ity.] 1. The
quality of being artificial; appearance of art;
insincerity.
It is a curious commentary on the artificiality of our
lives, that men must be disguised and masked before they
will venture into the olyscure corners of their individu-
ality, and display the true features of their mature.
Lowell, Pireside Travels, p. 55.
2. That which is artificial; an artificial thing
or characteristic.
artificialize (ār-ti-fish'al-iz), v. f.; pret. and pp.
artificialized, ppr. artificializing. [K artificial
+ -ize.] To render artificial. [Rare.]
It has artificialized large portions of mankind.
J. S. Mill, Tol. Econ., ii. 12.
1. In an arti-
ficial manner; by art or human skill and con-
trivance.
The entire spot, church, mansion, cottages, and people,
form a piece of ancient, England artificially preserved
from the intrusion of modern ways.
Froude, Sketches, p. 233.
2#. With good contrivance; with skill or inge-
nuity.
A grove of stately trees, amongst which are sheepe,
shepherds and wild beasts, cut very artificially in a grey
Stone. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 17, 1644.
The spider's web, finely and artificially wrought.
Tillotson, Sermons, I. xv.
artificially
3. Artfully; craftily. [Rare.]
There was not, perhaps, in all England a person who
understood more dirtificially to disguise her passions than
the late queen. Swift, Change in Queen's Ministry.
artificialness (ār-ti-fish'al-nes), n. The quality
of being artificial.
artificious? (ār-ti-fish’us), a. [K F. artificieux, K
L. artificiosus, made with art, artificial, K arti-
Jicium, art, etc.: see artifice.] Same as arti-
Jicial.
artilizeł (är’ti-liz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. artilized
ppr. artilizing. [KOF. artialiser, make artificia,
(Cotgrave), as if K_*artial, adj., K art + -ial:
See art, -al, -ize, and cf. matur-al-ize. Cf. also
OF. artiller, fortify, equip, also prepare or do
with art: See artiller.] To give an appearance
of art to ; render artificial. [Rare.]
If I was a philosopher, says Montaigne, I would natural-
ize art, instead of artilizing mature. The expression is
odd, but the sense is good. Bolingbroke, To Pope.
artillert, m. [ME., also arteller, K OF. artiller,
artillier, arteiller (also articulier, after the ML.)
= Sp. artillero = Pg. artilheiro = It. artigliere
(ML. reflex artillerus, etc.), K. M.L. *articulari-
ws (cf. OF. artiller, artillier, fortify, equip, pro-
vide with artillery, also prepare or do with art,
= Sp. artillar = Pg. artilhar = It. artigliare,
provide with artillery, K ML. *articulare), K
ML. articula, art, articulum, art, artifice, skill,
dim. of L. ar(t-)s, art. Cf. engine and ginA, ult.
K L. ingenium, genius, skill. The word has
also been referred to L. articulus (> OF. arteil,
artoil), a joint, dim. Of L. artus, a joint, which
is closely related.] A maker of implements of
war, especially, a bowyer.
artillerist (ār-tilſe-rist), m.
1. A person skilled in designing and construct-
ing artillery.
Our artillerists have paid more attention . . . to the de-
structive properties . . . of cannon than to . . . range.
R. A. Proctor, Light Science, p. 256.
2. One skilled in the use of artillery; a gun-
ner; an artilleryman.
artillery (ār-til'º-ri), m. [K ME. artylerye, ar-
tylrie, artilrie, artelrie, etc., K OF. artillerie,
arteillerie = Pr. artilheria = Sp. artilleria = Pg.
artilharia = It. artiglieria (ML. reflex artilla-
ria, artilleria), KML. as if *articularia, fem. ab-
stract to *articularius : see artiller and -ery.]
1#. Implements of war: in this sense formerly
with a plural.
With toures Suche as have castiles and other maner edi-
fices, and armure, and artilries.
Chaucer, Tale of Melibeus.
In particular—2+. Engines for discharging mis-
siles, as catapults, bows, crossbows, slings, etc.
And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said
unto him, Go, carry them to the city. 1 Sam. XX. 40.
The Parthians, having all their hope in artillery, over-
came the Romans oftener than the Romans them. Ascham.
3. In modern use, properly, all firearms dis-
charged from carriages, in contradistinction to
small arms, which are discharged from the
hand; cannon; Ordnance. Guns, howitzers, and
mortars are the three kinds of artillery employed in the
land service of the United States. They are classified as
tight and heavy artillery, according to their character, and
as field, siege, and sea-coast artillery, according to their
principal use. See phrases below.
Hence—4. The particular troops employed in
the service of such firearms.—5. The science
which treats of the use and management of ord-
Imance.—Artillery fire. Sce fire.—Field-artillery.
Same as light artillery, but often used specifically for foot-
artillery, the heaviest class of field-artillery.—Flying ar-
tillery, artillery designed for very rapid evolutions, the
gunners being either all mounted or accustomed to ride up-
on the ammunition-chests when the pieces are to be dragged
from one part of the field to another.—Foot-artillery,
field-artillery which is served by artillerymen on foot, as
distinguished from horse-artillery. It is used in connec-
tion with infantry.—Heavy artillery, all artillery not
formed into batteries or equipped for field evolutions; it
is divided into siege and sea-coast artillery.—Horse-ar-
tillery, light field- or machine-guns, of which the can-
noneers in manoeuvering or marching are mounted on
horseback. It generally accompanies cavalry.—Light
artillery, artillery for service in the field. . It is organized
into batteries, and is armed with guns of different cali-
bers according to its special function, and With machine-
guns, and includes flying artillery, foot- or field-artillery,
horse-artillery, and †"; Also called field-
artillery.—Mountain-artillery, light artillery of small
[K artillery + -ist.] Artiodactyla (är"ti-Ö-dak’ti-lâ), m. pl.
328
carriage.—Siege-artillery, artillery used in attacking
fortified places, and, when it accompanies armies in their
operations in War, mounted on carriages for transporta-
tion; when employed in the defense of field-works it is
sometimes called garrison-artillery.—Train of artillery,
a number of pieces of ordnance, mounted on carriages,
with all their furniture, and ready for marching.
artillery-carriage (ār-til’º-ri-kar’āj), n. See
gºn-Carriage.
artillery-level (ār-til'e-ri-level), n. An in-
strument for indicating the angle of elevation
which it is desired to give to a piece of artillery
In alming. It is made to stand on the piece, and
marks, by means of a pendulous pointer, the angle made
by the axis of the piece with the horizon.
artilleryman (ār-til’º-ri-man), n. ; pl. artillery-
'men (-men). [K artillery + mań.j One who
serves a piece of artillery or cannon; a soldier
in the artillery corps.
artillery-plant (ār-til’e-ri-plant), n. A name
given to some cultivated species of Pilea, as P.
serpyllifolia and P. muscosa, natives of tropi-
Çal America. The name has allusion to the forcible
discharge of the pollen from the anthers by the sudden
straightening of the elastic filaments.
artimorantico (ār-ti-mör-ān-té'kö), n. An alloy
imitating old gold, composed of tin, bismuth,
Sulphur, and copper. -
artiodactyle (är"ti-Ö-dak’til), a.
and n. I NL. artiodactylus, KGr. Öptuog, even in
number, complete, perfect, exact (K. Čprº, just,
exactly, just now, K V “áp, join, fit, redupl.
pres. Ópapioketv: see arts, arm2, etc.), + 6ákrvãog,
a finger, toe: see dactyl.] I. a. Of or pertain-
ing to the Artiodactyla ; cloven-footed; even-
toed. Also artiodactylous.
II. m. One of the Artiodactyla.
artiodactyl
- º [NL.,
neut. pl. of artiodactylus: see artiodactyl.] An
order or a suborder of ungulate or hoofed mam-
mals which are cloven-footed or even-toed and
have hoofs in pairs (either two or four), as all
ruminants (Bovidae, Cervidae, etc.) and hog-like
ungulates (Hippopotamidae, Suidae, etc.): op-
posed to odd-toed ungulates or Perissodactyla,
as the horse, rhinoceros, tapir, etc. The charac.
ter indicated in the name is only one expression of a wide
difference which exists between all the living ungulates of
the two series named, though various extinct forms go far
toward bridging over the gap between them. The fung-
tional digits of the Artiodactyla are the third and fourth
of the typical pentadactyl foot, forming the pair of large
true hoofs, in addition to which there may be present a
pair (second and fifth) of smaller hoofed digits, the false
hoofs. The metacarpals and metatarsals are correspond-
ingly modified, in typical cases by the reduction of the lat-
eral ones (second and fifth) and the ankylosis of the en-
larged third and fourth into a stout single canon-bone.
Artiodactyl Feet.
A, Yak (Bos gºne?tztzerts). B, Moose (Alces area/c/tts). C, Peccary
(Dicotyles torquatus). Left fore foot of each. s, scaphoid; l, lu-
Inar ; C,
cuneiform ; *, trapezoid; m, magnum ; 14, unciform ; p,
pisiform; Yi, iii, 7t’, ‘v, second, third, fourth, and 'fifth digits;1,
#3; phalanx ; 2, median phalanx; 3, ultimate phalanx. The
fth digit of moose is moved outward to show its length. In Bos and
Alces metacarpals III and IV are fused in a single canon-bone.
There are modifications of the carpal and tarsal bones. The
femur is without a third trochanter. The dorsolumbarver-
tebrae are, in general, 19: dorsal 12–15, Iumbar 7–4. The
premaxillary bones are more or less flattened toward their
ends, and in the ruminants bear no teeth. The stomach
is more or less subdivided and complex. This group in-
cludes all the ungulate (not the solidungulate, however)
animals domesticated from time immemorial, as the rumi-
artless
skilled in any art, mystery, or trade; a handi-
craftsman; a mechanic.
The painter who is content with the praise of the world
in respect to what does not satisfy himself, is not an artist,
but an artisan. Allston.
The soldier was on a sudden converted into an artisan,
and, instead of war, the camp echoed with the sounds of
peaceful labor. Prescott, Terd, and Isa., I. 15.
2#. One skilled in a fine art ; an artist.
Best and happiest artisan,
Best of painters. Guardian.
artist (ärtist), n. IK F. artiste = Sp. Pg. It, ar.
tista, KML. artista, KL: ar(t-)s, art; see art” and
-ist.] 1+. A person of especial skill or ability
in any field; one who is highly accomplished;
especially, one versed in the liberal arts.
The wise and fool, the artist and unread.
Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
Some will make me the pattern of ignorance for mak-
ing this Scaliger [Julius Caesar] the pattern of the general
artist, whose own son Joseph might have been his father
in many arts. - Fuller.
2. One skilled in a trade; one who is master
of a manual art; a good workman in any trade:
as, a tonsorial artist. [Obsolete, colloquial, or
vulgar.]
When I made this an artist undertook to imitate it, but
using another way, fell much short. evtom.
“You shall have no cause to Tue the delay,” said the
smith, “for your horse shall be better fed in the mean-
time than he hath been this morning, and made fitter for
travel.” With that the artist left the vault, and returned
after a few minutes interval. Scott, Kenilworth, I. ix.
3. One who practises any one, or any branch,
of the fine arts; specifically, a painter or a
sculptor. -
Miss Sharp's father was an artist, and in that quality had
given lessons of drawing in Miss P.'s school.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, I. ii.
Love, unperceived,
A more ideal artist he than all,
Came, drew your pencil from you.
Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter.
4. A member of one of the histrionic profes-
sions, as an actor, a tenor, or a dancer.—5. In
universities, a student in the faculty of arts.
—6+. One who practises artifice; a trickster.
artiste (ār-têst’), n. [F., an artist: see artist.]
One who is peculiarly dexterous or skilful in
the practice of some art not one of the fine
arts; one who makes an art of his employ-
ment, as a dancer, a hair-dresser, or a cook:
same as artist, 2 and 4.
artistic (ār-tistik), a. [K F. artistique, K artiste:
see artist and -ic.] Pertaining to art in any
sense, or to artists; characterized by or in con-
formity with art or with an art; displaying per-
fection of design or conception and execution;
specifically, pertaining to or characterized by
art in the esthetic sense; pertaining to one of
the fine arts.
To be artistic, that is, to excite the feeling of beauty
effectually, the notes [of a song] must not be all forte or
all piano; and the execution is the finer the more numer-
ous the gradations—supposing these are such as to satisfy
other requirements. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 537.
Artistic printing, in ; same as artificial print-
img (which see, under artificial).
artistical (ār-tisti-kāl), a. 1. Same as artistic.
–2+. Produced by art; artificial.
artistically (ār-tis’ti-kal-i), adv.
TOlàIllſle I’. -
artist-like (är’tist-lik), a. 1. Befitting an ar-
tist.—2. Executed in the manner of an artist;
conformable to the rules of art.
To this day, though we have more finished drawings, we
have no designs that are more artist-like.
Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, xvii. 2.
artistry (är’tis-tri), n. IK artist + -ry: see -ery.]
1. Artistic pursuits collectively. Browning.—
2. Artistic workmanship or effect; artistic
quality.
The scene overbowered by these heavenly frescoes,
moldering there in their airy artistry /
H. James, Jr., Trams. Sketches, p. 203.
In an artistic
Artium Baccalaureus (ärſti-um bak-a-lā’ré-
us). [ML, NL.] Bachelor of Arts. Seebächelor.
Artium Magister (är’ti-um ma-jis’tēr). [ML.,
NL.] Master of Arts. See master.
artizeł (är’tiz), v. [Kart? -H -ize.] I, trans. To
caliber, used in mountain warfare, and mounted either on ... º; #ººcer and form by art.
light carriages or on pack-animals for transportation.— º 3. tº º intrans. To live by or exercise an art.
Park of artillery. See park.-- Royal regiment of ar- artiodactyle, a. and *. See artiodactyl, rº." QºS - y €rCISO
ery a collective, name for the whole of the artillery artiodactylous (är"ti-Ö-dak’ti-lus), a. [As ar- º
artless (ärt’les), a... [K art? -- -less.] ... 1. Un-
skilful; wanting art, knowledge, or skill.
The high-shoed plowman, should he quit the land, .
Artless of stars, and of the moving sand.
Dryden, tr. of Persius, Satires, v. 149.
belonging to the British army. This force is divided into
a number of brigades, which in respect of size would cor-
respond with the regiments into which the other forces
are divided.-Sea-coast artillery, coast artillery,
guns of the heaviest caliber, used for the armament of per-
manent Works, chiefly on the sea-coast. Their carriages
do not subserve the purpose of transportation. Four sys-
tems of mounting are used with such artillery, namely, the
disappearing-, the turret-, the barbette-, and the mortar.
tiodactyl + -ows.] Same as artiodactyl.
artisan (ār’ti-zan, in England often är-ti-zan'),
m. [Also artizan; K F. artisan, earlier artisien,
artist, = Sp. artesano = Pg. grºño- It, arti-
gºano (ML. reflex artesanus), K ML. artitianus, In early times very little that resembles modern joinery
K L. artitus, skilled, # Of ºriº, instruct in was known; every part was rude, and joined in the most
arts, K ar(t-)s, art, skill: see art”.] 1. One artiess manner. Encyc. Brit., IV. 485.

‘. . . . . . . . artless.
2. Without knowledge of art; ignorant of the
fine arts. [Rare.] -
And as for Mr. Ruskin's world of art being a place
where he may take life easily, woe to the luckless mortal
who enters it with any such disposition. . . . The poor
wanderer, soon begins to look back with infinite longing
to the lost paradise of the artle88.
H. James, Jr., Portraits of Places, p. 68.
3. Showing no artistic skill; inartistic ; rude.
[Rare.] -
Had it been a practice of the Saxons to set up these
assemblages of artless and massy pillars, more specimens
would have remained. T. Warton, Hist, of Kiddington.
4. Freefrom guile, craft, or stratagem; simple;
sincere; unaffected; undesigning; unsophisti-
cated: as, an artless mind. -
The little artle88 Rosey warbled on her pretty ditties.
hackeray, The Newcomes, II. 58.
=Syn. 4. Guileless, open, candid, frank, natural, unaf-
fected, ingenuous, simple-minded, naïve, honest.
artiessly (ārśies-li), adv. In an artiess man-
ner. (a) Without art or skill. [Rare.] (b) With-
out guile; naturally; sincerely; unaffectedly.
Some buds she arranged with a vast deal of care,
To look as if artlessly twined in her hair.
Lowell, Fable for Critics.
artlessness (ärt'les-nes), n. The quality of
being artless; simplicity; sincerity; unaffect-
edness. & tº
artly? (ärt'li), a. [K art? -- -ly 1.] Artistic;
skilful; artful. [Rare.]
Their artly and pleasing relation.
Chapman, Odyssey, ix. 212.
artocarpad (ār-tó-kār'pad), n. A member of
the tribe Artocarpeae. , Lindley.
Artocarpeae (ār-tº-kār'pë-é), m. pl. [NL., KAr-
tocarpus, q. v.] . A tribe of trees or shrubs
belonging to the family Moraceae, but by some
botanists retained as a distinct family, charac-
terized generally by a milky juice, small uni-
sexual flowers numerous upon a fleshy recep-
tacle, erect anthers, and pendulous ovules.
There are about 25 genera, including the fig (Ficus), the
cow-tree (Piratimera), the upas (Ipo), the india-rubber
tree of Central America (Castilloa), and the breadfruit
(Artocarpus). The tribe is mostly tropical, and is repre-
sented in the United States only by a few species of I'icus
in southern Florida.
artocarpous, artocarpeous (ār-tó-kār'pus,
-pé-us), a. [K NL. Artocarpus + -ous, -eous,
q. v.] Relating to the Artocarpeae, or to the
breadfruit-tree.
Artocarpus (ār-tó-kär"pus), m. [NL., K. Gr.
&prog, bread (of unknown origin), + Kapºróg,
fruit.] A genus of tropical trees of the family
Moraceae, tribe Artocarpeae. Many species are
, known, some of which in the forests of Bengal and Malabar
yield valuable timber, called angili-wood. The most im-
portant species is A. communis, the breadfruit-tree of the
South Sea islands. See breadfruit-tree. The jaca-tree or
jack-tree, A. integrifolia, is the breadfruit of tropical Asia,
where it is extensively used for food. See jackfruit.
artolateri, n. IK Gr. Öproc, bread, + -Aérpmg,
worship. See artolatry.] A worshiper of bread.
artolatryf (Ār-tol’a-tri), m. [K Gr. Öprog, bread,
+ Warpeia, worship.] The worship of bread,
ospecially in the mass or eucharist.
arºhagº. (ār-tof'a-gus), a. . [Gr.
bread, + payeiv, eat.] Bread-eating.
artophorion (ār-tº-fô’ri-On), m.; pl. artophoria
-á). [Gr. § a pyx, a bread-basket
cf. propópoç, holding bread), K Čproc, bread, +
Yº, Zºº. §earij in the gr. Ch., a
pyx, J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i.
artotype (ärtó-tip), n. [Irreg. K art? -- type.]
A form of photolithograph printed in ink from
a photographic plate in bichromated gelatin.
artotypy (är’t j-ti-pi), n. The art or process
of making artotypes.
Artotyrite (ār-tº-ti'rit), m. [K LL. Artotyrita,
pl., K. Gr. diptórvpoc, bread and cheese, Köprog,
bréad, + tupóg, cheese. . Cf. butter.] One of a
sect in the primitive church who used bread
and cheese in the eucharist, alleging that the
first oblations of man were the fruits of the
earth and the produce of their flocks. They
admitted women to the priesthood and to the
episcopate.
artsman (ärts’man), n. ; pl. artsmen (-men).
[K art's, poss. of art?, -- man. Cf. craftsman.]
A man skilled in an art or in the arts; espe-
cially, a learned man; a scholar. [Archaic.]
The pith of all sciences which maketh the artsman differ
from the inexpert is in the middle proposition. -
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, II. xiii. § 2.
The triumphs of an artsman
O'er all infirmities. -
Massinger, Emperor of the East, iv. 4.
No artsman is literally without conscious and Systema-
tized, selected knowledge, which is science; and no scien-
tific man cam remain absolutely inoperative.
Dr. J. Brown, Spare Hours, 3d ser., p. 195.
āptog,
Arundinicola (a-Tun-di-nik^{-lā), n.
329
ary
art-union (ärtſii-nygn), n. An association or arvalī, arvel (är’val, -vel), n. and a. [Now
society the object of which is to cultivate art,
to aid in extending the knowledge of and love
for the arts of design, or to give encouragement
and aid to artists. The method employed by associa-
tions called art-unions has been usually the distribution
of works of art by lot among subscribers to their funds,
this distribution being the chief inducement for subscrip-
tion. Such art-unions were at one time numerous in the
United States, but they were generally declared by the
courts to be of the nature of lotteries, and therefore illegal.
artus (ärtus), n. ; pl. artus. ... [L., a joint, a
limb: see article.] In anat., a limb; a member;
an extremity.—Artus abdominalis, artus pelvi-
Cus, artus posticus, the abdominal, pelvic, or hind limb.
—Artus anticus, artus pectoralis, the fore limb, or
pectoral limb.
art-wormt, n.
drier.
Arum (ā’rum), w. [L., also aron, K. Gr. 3pov,
the wake-robin.] 1. A genus of plants, of the
family Araceae, na-
tives of Europe
and of regions
bordering on the
A Mediterranean.
* The only British spe-
cies is A. maculatum,
(Wake-robin, cuckoo-
pint, or lords-and-
ladies), the root of
which yields a starch
known as Portland
Sago or arrowroot.
See also cut under
Araceae.
[As art(er) + worm.] Same as
a -
.. A
N \
i º
f
º
|
| |
2. [l. c.] A name
i & given in the
Wake-robiu (Arizºnt ?naciela turn). United States to
plants belonging
to the family Araceae, but not to the genus
Arum (although some of them were formerly so
classed), as the arrow-arum (Peltandra Virgini-
ca), the dragon-arum (Arisaºma Dracontium),
and the water-arum (Calla palustris).
Arundelian (ar-un-dé'lyan), a. Pertaining to
an Earl of Arundel, particularly to Thomas How-
ard, Earl of Arundel and of Norfolk (1592–1646).
— Arundelian or Arundel marbles. See marble.
arundiferous (ar-un-diffe-rus), a. [K L. arun-
difer, harundifer, cane-bearing, Kharundo, reed,
cane, -- ferre = E. bearl.] Producing reeds or
C3,116S.
arundinaceous (a-run-di-nā’ shius), a. [K L.
arundinaceus, harundinaceus, like a reed, K ha-
"undo (-din-); a reed, cane.] Pertaining to a
reed; resembling a reed or cane.
Arundinaria (a-run-di-nā (ri-á), n. [NL., K
Arundo (Arundin-) + -aria.] A genus of tall
woody grasses, allied to the bamboo, includ-
ing about 25 species of America and Asia.
A. macrosperma, the cane of the southern United States,
and A. tecta, the Small or switch cane, are the only bann-
busaceous species that are found in North America north
of Mexico. The cane ranges from Texas to Kentucky and
Virginia, occupying rich river-bottoms and forming dense
cane-brakes. It grows to a height of from 10 to 40 feet,
rarely producing seed. It is used for fishing-rods and va-
rious other purposes, and cattle and hogs are fond of the
young plants and the seeds.
arundineous (ar-un-din'é-us), a. [K L. arundi-
meus, harundineus, reedy, like a reed, Kharundo
(-din-), a reed.] Resembling a reed; reedy.
[NL., K
L. arundo, harundo (-din-), reed, + colere, in-
habit.] A genus of South American clama-
torial passerime birds, of the family Tyrannidae.
A. leucocephala and A. dominicama are two Bra-
zilian species. Lafresnaye, 1839. -
arundinose (a-run"di-nós), a. [K L. arundino-
sus, better harundinosus, abounding in reeds, K
harundo (-dim-), a reed.] _Abounding in reeds.
Arundo (a-rum’dó), m. [L. arundo, better ha-
rumdo, a reed.] A genus of tall reedy grasses,
with large, dense flowering panicles. There are
6 or 7 species, widely distributed over the globe, of which
A. Domaz is the most common, a native of the south of
Europe, Egypt, and the East, and also found in the
warmer parts of America. It is sometimes cultivated,
and attains a height of 9 or 10 feet, or even more, with
broad and long leaves. Its canes or stems are imported
from Spain and Portugal for the use of Weavers and for
fishing-rods.
arural (a-rö’rã), m. [K Gr: āpovpa, tilled or arable
land, ground, a measure of land in Egypt, K
âpéetv, plow, <= L. arare, plow: See arable.] An
ancient Egyptian measure of surface, accord-
ing to Herodotus the square of 100 cubits,
which would be 27.35 ares, or 0.676 of an Eng-
lish acre. Under Roman rule in Egypt another arura
was established, equal to 2 jugera, which was "º of the
old arura. Also spelled aroura. º
aruspex, aruspice (a-rus' peks, -pis), m.; pl.
aruspices (-pi-séz). See haruspea.
aruspicy (a-rus' pi-si), n. See haruspicy.
arvel, m. and a.
Arvicola (ār-vik’6-lâ), m.
arvicolid (ār-vik’ó-lid), n.
Arvicolidae (ār-vi-kol’i-dé), m. pl.
Arvicolinae (ār-vik-5-li’ né), m. pl.
arvicoline (ār-vik’ā-lin), a. and m.
arvicolous (ār-vik'3-lus), a.
arwet, m.
only dial., also arvil and averill, formerly arvall,
arvell, K ME. arvell (cf. equiv. W. arwyl, appar.
adapted from the E.), appar.KIcel. erfiól=OSw.
arvål = Dan. arvedl, a wake, a funeral feast (cf.
Icel. erji and erfdha-àldr, the same), KIcel, arfr
(= Sw., arf= Dan. arv = AS. erfe, yrfe), inheri-
tance, + 6l, an ale, a feast: See ale, and cf.
bridal.] I. m. A funeral feast; a wake.
II. a. Connected with or relating to funeral
celebrations.
The marriage and arval gatherings after the summer.
Encyc. Brit., XII. 620.
arval? (ärºval), a. [KL. arvalis, Karvum, a field,
prop. neut. of arvus, that has been plowed, K
arare, plow: see arable.] Pertaining or relat-
ing to arable º land.—Arval Brethren or
Brothers (Latin, Fratres Arvales), a college nominally of
twelve priests in ancient Rome, who offered sacrifices,
with a fixed ceremonial, to the rural goddess Dia. The
lists of them never give more than mine names, but the
college was supposed to have been instituted by Romulus
with twelve members, consisting of himself and his eleven
foster-brothers, sons of his nurse Acca Laurentia. One of
their principal duties was the annual performance of the
public ambarvalia on the borders of the country, at the
same time with the private ones. See ambarvalia. The
college existed till about A. D. 400.
See arvall.
º [NL., K. L. arvum, a
field, arable land (see arval?), + colere, inhabit.]
The central and typical genus of the subfam-
ily Arvicolina, containing the great bulk of the
species which have perennial prismatic molars,
Meadow-mouse (Arzytcofa reparries).
ungrooved incisors, and no special peculiarity
of the tail or claws. The best-known species are the
water-vole and field-vole of Europe, A. amphibius and
A. agrestis, and several meadow-mice of North America,
as A. riparius and A. pinetorum. Now & Microtus.
Same as a rvicoline.
[NL., K. Ar-
wicola + -idae.] The Arvicolina, rated as a fam-
ily. Waterhouse, 1840.
[NL., K
Arvicola + -inae.] One of several subfamilies
into which the family Muridae is divided. It
contains those nurine rodents which (except Evotomys)
have the following characters: perennially growing,
prismatic, rootless molars, with flat crowns and serrate
periphery; incisors usually broader transversely than in
the opposite direction ; the root of the under incisor some-
times causing a protuberance on the inner side of the
mandibular ramus between the condyloid process and
the strong hamulate angle of the niandible, which latter
attains the level of the molar crowns; the zygomata high
and wide, not dipping to the level of the arched palate,
and the nasal bones not produced beyond the premaxil-
laries; and the dental formula of 16 teeth, there being 1
incisor and 3 molars on each side of each jaw, without
any canines or premolars. The Arvicolimce are specially
characteristic of the northern hemisphere, and are very
abundant in high latitudes. They include all kinds of
voles or field-mice properly so called, the water-rat of
Europe, the meadow-mice of America, the lemmings, the
muskrat, etc. The leading genera are: Ecotomys (Coues),
Arvicola (Lacépède) with its several subdivisions, Synap-
tomys (Baird), Miſodes (Pallas), Cuniculus (Wagler), and
P'iber (Quvier). The species are very numerous.
* * * * [K NL. ar-
vicolimus: see Arvicolina..] I. a. 1. Inhabiting
fields.-2. In 200l., having the characters of
the Arvicolinae.
II. m. A rodent of the subfamily Arvicolinae.
Also called arpicolid.
Same as arvico-
line, 1.
A Middle English form of arrow.
Chaucer.
ary (är'i or er’i), a. [Formerly also ery, a modi-
fication of e'er a for ever a (with ever in a gen-
eralizing sense) toward any, of which ary is
now regarded as a dial. form. Cf. the negative
Tºgry.] Any: as, I haven’t seen ary one of
them. [Prov. Eng, and U. S.]



-ary
-aryl. [L. -ārius (fem. -ária, neut.-ārium), X It.
-ario, -ajo, Sp. Pg. -ario, OF, reg. -air, usually
-ier, -er (> ME. -er, E. -er, q.v.; in some cases
-ar?, q.v.), later partly restored -arie, mod. F.
-aire. Cf. -ary?..] A suffix of Latin origin, oc-
curring (1) in adjectives, as in arbitrary, con-
trary, primary, Secondary, sumptuary, etc., an
(2) in nouns denoting either (a) persons, as
antiquary, apothecary, notary, secretary, etc.,
OT § things, as books, writings, etc., as in dic-
tionary, glossary, breviary, diary, vocabulary,
formulary, etc., or (c) places, repositories, etc.,
as in apiary, granary, piscary, library, reli-
quary, Sanctuary, etc.
—ary?... [L. -āris (neut.-āre), X It. -are, Sp. Pg.
-ar, O.F. reg. -er, -ier (>ME. -er, mod. E. restored
-ar3, q. v.), later -aire, mixed with -aire, E.
-aryl.] A suffix of Latin origin, another form
of -aré, occurring in adjectives, as awaziliary,
capillary, exemplary, military, salutary, etc.,
some of which are also used as nouns, as awazili-
ary, capillary, military, etc.
Arya (är’yā), n. [Skt. Arya: see Aryan.] Same
as Aryan.
But besides these Aryas there were also the Dasyus,
of whom we learn little but that they were dark in com-
plexion and constantly at War with the Arya3.
J. Robson, Hinduism, p. 13.
Aryan (ār’yan or arſian), a. and n. [Also writ-
ten Arian, after L. Arianus, belonging to Ariana
or Aria, Gr. Apeia, Apta, or 'Apta, the eastern part
of ancient Persia, KSkt. Arya, thename by which
the Sanskrit-speaking immigrants into India
called themselves, in distinction from the abo-
rigines of the country, whom they called Dasyu,
Südra, etc. The ancient Persians gave them-
selves the same title (OPers. Ariya, Zend Ai-
rya); and it appears in the name of their coun-
try, Airyana or Irān: see Iranic. There are no
traces of the word to be found outside of these
two languages. Its origin is obscure and dis-
puted; not prob. that it has anything to do
with a root *ar, plow.] I. a. Of or pertain-
ing to the Aryans or to their speech. See II.
Our faith, our customs, our language, were all but frag-
ments of the primitive Aryan stock common to Rome and
Germany. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 118.
II. m. 1. A member of the eastern or Asiatic
division of the Indo-European family, occupy-
ing the territories between Mesopotamia and
the Bay of Bengal, in the two subdivisions of
Persia, or Iran, and India. [This is the older, more
scientific, and still widely current use of the word. More
recent, but increasingly popular, is the second use.]
2. An Indo-European or Indo-German or Ja-
phetite; a member of that section of the hu-
man race which includes the Hindus and Irani-
ans (Persians) as its eastern or Asiatic division,
and the Greeks, Italians, Celts, Slavonians, and
Germans or Teutons as its western or Euro-
pean division. The languages of all these branches
or groups of peoples are akin ; that is to say, they are de-
scendants of one original tongue, once spoken in a limited
locality by a single community, but where or when it is
impossible to Say.
Many words still live in India and England that have
witnessed the first separation of the northern and South-
ern Aryans, and these are witnesses not to be shaken by
any cross-examination. The terms for God, for house, for
father, mother, son, daughter, for dog and cow, for heart
and tears, for axe and tree, identical in all the Indo-Euro-
pean idioms, are like the watchwords of soldiers. We
challenge the seeming stranger; and whether he answer
with the lips of a Greek, a German, or an Indian, we rec-
ognize him as one of ourselves. There was a time when
the ancestors of the Celts, the Germans, the Slavonians,
the Greeks and Italians, the Persians and Hindus, were
living together beneath the same roof, separate from the
ancestors of the Semitic and Turanian races. Maa. Müller.
Aryandic (ār-yan"dik), a. Originating with
Aryandes, Persian satrap of Egypt, condemned
to death by Darius for coining silver finer than
that of the great king himself.-Aryandic coin,
a coin struck by Aryandes. g
Aryanize (är’yan-iz or ar’ian-iz), v. t. ; pret.
and pp. Aryanized, ppr. Aryamizing. [K Aryam
+ -ize.] To render Aryam in character or
appearance; impart Aryan peculiarities to.
[Rare.]
European artists who have not lived among the African
race sometimes try their hands at a pretty \negress, but
they always Aryanize the type. s
G. Allen, Physiol. Æsthetics, p. 241.
aryballus (ar-i-bal’us), n. ; pl. aryballi (-i), [K
Gr. apiſłaż20c, a bag or purse made so as to draw
close, a vessel so shaped.]
archaeol., a form of Greek vase.
Probably in ancient times this name
was applied to a large vase With a
small neck, used for carrying water to
the bath. In modern archaeological
nomenclature, it generally denotes a
small vase shaped like a ball, with a
short neck and a small Orifice Sur-
Archaic Aryballus.
330
rounded by a broad flat rim, used like the alabastrum in
anointing the body with oil. g -
alºlº ºgº.º.) , a. [Kary(te-
noid) + epiglottic.] Same as aryteno-epiglottic.
Folds of mucous membrane, extending from the epi-
glottis to the arytenoid cartilages, are the aryepiglottic
ligaments. Hwa'ley, Anat. Vert., p. 93.
aryepiglottidean (ar-i-ep"i-glo-tid’é-an), a.
Same as arytem.0-epiglottic.
aryteno-epiglottic (ar-i-té"nó-ep-i-glot'ik), a.
[Karyteno (id) + epiglottic..] In amat., pertain-
ing to the arytenoid cartilages and the epiglot-
tis.—Aryteno-epiglottic fold, one of two folds of mu-
cous membrane passing from the tips of the arytenoid
cartilages and the cornicula laryngis to the lateral margins
of the epiglottis.
aryteno-epiglottidean (ar-i-té"nó-ep’i-glo-
tid’é-an), a. [K aryteno-epiglottideus + -an.]
Same as aryten.0-epiglottic.
aryteno-epiglottideus (ar-i-tê'nā-epſi-glo-tid'-
ë-us), m.; pl. aryteno-epiglottidei (-i). [NL.] The
name of one of two pairs of small muscles of the
larynx extending from the arytenoid cartilages
to or toward the epiglottis.— eno-epiglotti-
deus inferior, muscular fibers arising from the arytenoid
cartilages and spreading out upon the laryngeal pouch,
which is compressed by the action of the muscle. Also
called compressor Sacculi laryngis.-Aryteno-epiglotti-
deus superior, a few muscular fibers extending from the
apex of the arytenoid cartilages to the aryteno-epiglot-
tidean fold of mucous membrane.
arytenoglottidean (ar-i-té"nó-glo-tid’é-an), a.
Same as aryteno-epiglottic.
arytenoid (ar-i-té'noid), a. and m. [K NL. ary-
tanoides, K Gr. Šporalvoetőffc, Kāpirgiva, fem. form
of épvrhp, a ladle or cup (Käpäelv, draw water), H-
eldog, form.] I. a. Ladle- or cup-shaped: in
anat., applied to two small cartilages at the top
of the larynx, and also to the muscles connect-
ed with these 'cartilages.—Arytenoid cartilages.
€-
See cartilage.—Arytenoid gland. See gland.—Aryt
noid muscle. Same as a rytenoidetts. º
II. m. An arytenoid cartilage.
arytenoidal (ar’i-tê-noiſdal), a. Same as ary-
tenoid.
arytenoideus (ar’i-tê-noiſ dé-us), m.; pl. aryte-
moidei (-i). [NL.: see arytenoid.] it; aryte-
noid muscle, a muscle of the larynx passing
transversely behind the arytenoid cartilages
from one to the other.—Arytenoideus major, the
arytenoideus.—Arytenoideus minor, Same as a ryte-
moidews obliquus.-Arytenoideus obliquus, two small
oblique bundles of muscular fibers crossing behind the
arytenoid cartilages, regarded as parts of the aryteno-epi-
glottidean muscles.—Arytenoideus transversus, the
arytenoideus.
asl (az), adv., conj., and pron. [K ME. as, ase,
als, alse, also, also, alswa, al So, al Swa, & Ås.
alswā, ealswā, eal swā (= OS. also = OFries.
as, ase, asa, als, alse, also = D. als = OHG.
also, MHG. also, alse, G. also, als), lit. ‘all so,”
wholly so, quite so, just so, being the demon-
strative adv. so, qualified by the intensive adv.
all. As a demonstrative, the word retains its
full form (see also); as a relative or correlative,
the word, through weakening of force and ac-
cent, has been reduced to as. As is thus his-
torically so with an absorbed intensive, whose
force has disappeared; and it has all the rela-
tional uses of so, the differences being only idio-
matical. The peculiar form and uses of as have
arisen out of the correlation so . . . so (AS. swä
. . . Swā, or, without separation, Swā Swā), in
which both terms were orig. demonstrative.
The second term passed into the relative use,
and the first, remaining demonstrative, was
strengthened by the adv. all (AS. eal Swā . . .
swā). The second term, as a relative, became
weak in accent, and, after assuming the prefix
all in conformity to the first, was gradually re-
duced, through also, alse, als, ase, to as, to which,
in turn, the first term in many constructions
conformed. The resulting correlations so . . .
80, 80 . . . as, as . . . 80, as . . . as, through
involution of uses, transposition of clauses, and
ellipsis of one or the other term, extending often
to the whole clause, present in mod. E., a com-
plication of constructions which cannot be fully
exhibited except at great length, and in con-
nection with the earlier uses. They are also in-
volved with the kindred correlations such . . .
as (such being historically so, with an absorbed
relational º and same . . . as, in which
the relative conj. as varies with that, and leads
to the use of as as a simple relative pronoun.]
I. adv. (demonstrative or antecedent). The ante-
cedent in the correlation as . . . So, or as . . .
as: In that degree; to that extent; so far. The
correlation as . . . 80 is obsolete; as . . . as is in ex-
tremely common use, being, besides like, the regular for-
mula of comparison to express likeness or equality: as, as
black as jet, as cold as ice, as wise as Solomon, etc.; the
&S
verb in the relative clause, when the same as in the prin-
cipal clause, being usually omitted : as, it is as cold as
ice (sc. is); come as soon as you can (Sc. come).
He was al so [var. also, als, as] fresche as is the moneth
of Mai. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1, 92.
Lo whiche sleightes and subtiltees
In wommen ben I for ay as bisy as bees
Ben they, vs sely men for to deceyve.
Chawcer, Squire's Tale, Prol., 1. 4.
We [Americans] use these words [faith and hope] as if
they were as obsolete as Selah and Amen.
Emerson, Man the Reformer.
The relative clause is often omitted, especially in collo-
quial speech, being inferred from the antecedent: as, this
* as well (sc. as that); I would as lief walk (Sc. as
ride),
The bad man shall attend as bad a master.
Fletcher, Wife for a Month, v. 3.
I will be temperate
In speaking, and as just in hearing.
Beau, and Fl., Philaster, iv. 8.
These scruples to many perhaps seem pretended, to
others, upon as good grounds, may seem real.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xi.
The º. of a regular wit has long ceased to be
a part of the economy of a morning paper. Editors find
their own jokes, or do as well without them.
Lamb, Newspapers 35 Years Ago.
II. conj. (conjunctive or relative adv.). 1. The
consequent in the correlations as . . . as, 80
. . . as, such . . . as, Same . . . as, etc., ex-
pressing quantity, degree, proportion, manner,
etc. The relative uses are as exhibited in I. (where see
examples). Through ellipsis of the antecedent, it enters
into many peculiar idiomatic phrases.
No, 'tis not so deep as a well, nor so wide as a church-
door; but 'tis enough, 'twill serve.
Shak., R. and J., iii. 1.
His resolutions were as fained (18 his vows were frus-
rate. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxv.
The results of this campaign were as honorable to
Spain as they were disastrous and humiliating to Louis
the Twelfth. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 13.
The clauses may be transposed for emphasis.
A8 thy days, so shall thy strength be. Deut. xxxiii. 25.
As it is in particular persons, 80 it is in nations.
Bacon, Atheism.
The antecedent as is often, and so is usually, omitted: as,
black as jet; cold as ice; do as you like.
The motions of his spirit are dull as might,
And his affections dark as Erebus.
Shak., M. of V., v. 1.
I desire no titles,
But as I shall deserve 'em.
Fletcher (and another?), Prophetess, ii. 3.
Black it stood as night,
Fierce as ten furies, terrible as hell.
Milton, P. L., ii. 671.
I live as I did, I think as I did, I love you as I did.
Swift
It is in criticism, as in all other Sciences and Specula-
tions. Addison, Spectator, No. 291.
In parenthetical clauses involving a concession, the rela-
tive as (the antecedent being omitted) may be equivalent
to though : as, late as it was, we set forth on our journey.
Trite as the counsel was, . . . in this emergency it was
to me as if an angel had spoken.
Lamb, Amicus Redivivus.
Neither the arguments nor entreaties of his friends,
backed as they were by the avowed wishes of his sover-
eign, could overcome his scruples.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 5.
In parenthetical clauses involving a contrast or negation
as to fact with the principal clause, as approaches an ad-
versative sense, being nearly equivalent to but.
Had I but time, (as this fell sergeant, Death,
Is strict in his arrest,) O, I could tell you,-
But let it be. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
I must confess I lov’d her; as who would not?
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, v. 7.
In subordinate clauses involving a supposition, as is con-
ditional, being equivalent to as if, as though, which are
the Ordinary forms. This use is now rare or only poetical
except in the independent phrase as it were. (See phrases
below.)
It lifted up its head, and did address
Itself to motion, like as it would speak.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
And all at once their breath drew in,
As they were drinking all.
Coloridge, Ancient Mariner, l. 165.
The young lambs bound
As to the tabor's sound.
Wordsworth, Intimations of Immortality.
The clause introduced by as may be reduced by ellipsis of
its verb and other elements to one or two important words,
leaving as as a quasi-connective : (a) Between an adverb
or adverbial phrase in the principal clause and an adverb
or adverbial phrase constituting the subordinate clause.
It suffices me to say . ... that men here, as elsewhere,
are indisposed to innovation. Pºmerson, Lit. Ethics.
(b) Between the principal verb or its subject and the sub-
ordinate subject or object, which becomes equivalent to a
predicate appositive or factitive object after the principal

às
verb, as meaning ‘after themanner of,” “the same as,’ ‘like,
‘in the character or capacity of,' etc.; as, the audience
rose as one man; all these things were as nothing to him;
he has been nominated as a candidate. Hence in con-
structions where the appositive clause depends directly
upon the noun : as, his career as a soldier was brilliant;
his reputation as a scholar stands high : and so in naming
phases of a general subject: as, Washington as a gen-
eral; man as a thinker. The construction as a quasi-
predicate appositive or factitive, object after a principal
Verb is usual after verbs of seeming or regarding.
Evil was embrac'd for good, wickedness honour'd and
esteem'd as virtue. Milton, Hist. Eng., iii.
That law which concerneth men as men.
Hooker, Eccles. Pol.
This gentleman was known to his contemporaries as a
man of fortune, and as the author of two successful plays.
Macaulay.
Our age is bewailed as the age of Introversion.
'merson, Amer. Scholar.
The subordinate clause introduced by as is often not de-
pendent grammatically upon the principal verb, but serves
to restrict or determine the scope of the statement as a
whole. Such clauses are parenthetical, and usually ellipti-
cal, some of them, as as usual and as a rule, having almost
the idiomatical unity of an adverbial phrase.
The streets were narrow, as is usual in Moorish and Arab
cities. - Irving, Granada, p. 2.
In certain emphatic formulas, ag (“even as") introduces a
solemn attestation (‘ as truly or surely as ’) or adjuration
(“in a männer befitting the fact that'), approaching a cau-
sal sense, “since, because.” (See 2, below.)
But truly as the Lord liveth, and as thy soulliveth, there
is but a step between me and death. 1 Sam. XX. 3.
Now, as you are a Roman, tell me true.
Shak., J. C., iv. 3.
As ever thou lov'st valour, or wear'st arms
To punish baseness, shew it!
- Beau. and Fl., Knight of Malta, iv. 4.
2. Ofreason: Since; because; inasmuch as.
He who would persuade us of his sorrow for the sins of
other men, as they are sins, not as they are sin’d against
himself, must give us first some testimony of a sorrow for
his own sins. Milton, Eikonoklastes, viii.
As the wind was favorable, I had an opportunity of sur-
veying this amazing scene. Bp. Berkeley.
3. Of time: When; while; during the time that.
And whistled as he went for want of thought.
Dryden, Cymon and Iphigenia, 1.85.
As day broke, the scene of slaughter unfolded its hor-
TOI’S. Irving, Granada, p. 97.
4. Of purpose or result: The consequent in the
correlations so . . . as, such . . . as: To such
a degree that; in such a manner that: followed
by an infinitive or, formerly, by a finite verb
(but in the latter construction that has taken
the place of as).
So many examples as filled xv. bookes.
scham, The Scholemaster, p. 157.
The relations are so uncertain as they require a great
deal of examination. Bacon.
Indeed the prospect of affairs here is so strange and
melancholy, as would make any one desirous of withdraw-
ing from the country at any rate. Hume.
With a depth 80 great as to make it a day's journey from
the rear to the van, and a front so marrow as to consist of
one gun and one horseman. Ringlake, Crimea, III. ix.
5. Of mere continuation, introducing a clause
in explanation or amplification of a word or
statement in the principal clause, especially in
giving examples: For example; for instance;
to wit; thus.
Winter birds, as woodcocks and fieldfares. Bacon.
A simple idea is one idea; as sweet, bitter. Locke.
6. In dependent clauses: That. Formerly as
was often attached, like that, to the adverbs there, them,
where, whem, etc., to make them distinctly relative. These
forms are now obsolete, except whereas, which remains in
a deflected sense. See whereas. From this interchange
with that followed the use of as for that, in introducing
an object clause after 8ay, know, think, etc., varying with
as that and as how: only in dialectal use: as, I don't know
as I do', and I don't know as I do, the sense varying with
the accent. [Colloq., New Eng.]
“Dumnow'z I know :” the nearest your true Yankee ever
comes to acknowledging ignorance.
Lowell, Introd. to Biglow Papers, 2d ser.
7. After comparatives: Than. [Now only prov.
Png.; cf. G. als, the regular construction after
comparatives.]
How may the herte be more contryte and meke as whan
of very contrycion . . . we aske mercy and forgyueness of
almyghty god? Bp. Fisher, I. 210.
Darkness itself is no more opposite to light as their
actions were diametricall to their Words.
Howell, Parly of Beasts, p. 48.
I Tather like him as otherwise. Scott, St. Roman's Well.
8. Before certain adverbs and adverbial phrases,
including prepositional phrases: Even; just :
restricting the application to a particular point:
as, as now, as then, as yet, as here, as there,
etc. [Now only dialectal, except as yet. See
phrases below.]
There is no Christian duty that is not to be seasoned and
set off with cheerishness—which in a thousand outward
. . 331
and intermitting crosses may yet be done well, as in this
vale of tears. Milton.
Before punishment he was to be heard as to-morrow.
0.7°07//j"to??).
Before prepositional phrases as becomes attached in
thought to the preposition, making practically, a new
repositional unit. See as ament, as concerning, as for, etc.,
elow.—As anent, as concerning, as touching, moré
commonly as for, as to, so far as it concerns; as regards;
as respects; in regard to ; in respect to : introducing a
particular point or subject of thought.
And in regard of causes now in hand
Which I have open'd to his grace at Íarge,
A8 touching France. Shak., Hen. V., i. 1.
Sir A. Jack 1 Jack! what think you of blooming, love-
breathing seventeen?
Ab8. A8 to that, sir, I am quite indifferent. If I can
Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 1.
please you in the matter, 'tis all I desire.
As if, as though, as it would be if, or supposing that.
It seemed to the affrighted inhabitants as if the fiends
of the air had come upon the wings of the wind, and pos-
sessed themselves of tower and turret.
Irving, Granada, p. 21.
Blinded alike from sunshine and from rain,
48 though a rose should shut and be a bud again.
* I(eats, Eve of St. Agnes.
As it were, as if it were so; in some sort; so to speak: a
parenthetical clause indicating that a statement or com-
parison is admitted to be inexact, though substantially cor-
rect for the purpose intended.
Brutus, that expell'd the kings out of Rome, was for the As.
asº, n.
2,Sai Oºle
Tarentine form of Gr. eig, one; but this deriva-
tion is very doubtful. See age.] 1. In Latin,
an integer; a whole or single thing; especially,
a unit divided into twelve parts. Thus, the ju-
gerum was called an as. Hence—2. As a unit
of weight, 12 ounces (L. unciae, twelfths); the
libra or pound, equal to 325.8 grams, or 5,028
grains.—3. A copper coin, the unit of the early
monetary system of Rome. It was first coined in
the fourth (according to Mommsen, the fifth) century
B.C., and was at first nominally of the weight of a libra or
pound, that is, 12 ounces. It was gradually reduced in
weight, about 269 B.C. weighing 4 ounces, and about 250
B. C. 2 ounces. In 80 B.C., after having fallen to half an
Qunce, it ceased to be issued. The smaller copper coins
forming the divisions of the as were named 8emis (half of
the as), trien8 (third), quadrang (fourth), 8eactang (sixth),
and wºmcia (twelfth). e constant obverse type of the as
has the double head of Janus; the reverse, a prow. Its
Subdivisions bore various devices. Coins struck on the
same system (called the libral system) were issued in other
parts of Italy from the fourth century B.C. See as grave,
under oeg.
[ME. as, etc. (see ace); in def. 2 = D.
aa8 = Sw. ass (ess, ace) = G. ass, in technical
sense K L. as: see as #.] 1+. Obsolete form of
ace. Chaucer.—2. An old Swedish and Dutch
unit of weight, equal to 4.8042 centigrams, or
about three quarters of a troy grain. See as-
ducat and ass3.
Chemical symbol of arsenic.
time forç't to be, as it were, a king himself till matters A. S. An abbreviation of Anglo-Saacon.
were set in order as in a free Commonwealth.
Milton, Prelatical Episcopacy.
As much, what amounts to the same thing; the same.
But if you laugh at my rude carriage
In peace, I'll do as much for you in war
When you come thither.
Beau. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, i. 1. as-2.
As well (as), just as much (as); equally (with); in addi-
tion (to); besides: as, that is true, but it is true of the
other as well ; this is the case with manufacturing as well
a8 with agricultural interests.
In order to convict Peacham it was necessary to find
facts as well as law. Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
As who, as one who ; as if one: as, as who should say.—
As yet, so far; up to this time; hitherto.—Forasmuch,
inasmuch. See these words.
III. rel, pron. That; who; which: after such
or same, and introducing an attributive clause:
as, he did not look for such a result as that;
he traveled the same route as I did.
They fear religion with such a fear as loves not.
Milton, Church-Government, ii. 3.
[In this use also formerly after that, this, what ; now dia-
lectally or vulgarly also after a personal pronoun, or, by
omission, as a sinnple relative dependent on a noun.
That gentleness
And show of love as I was Wont to have.
Shak., J. C., i. 2.
Under these hard conditions, as this time
Is like to lay upon us. Shak., J. C., i. 2.
FIere I do bequeathe to thee
In full possession half that Kendal hath,
And what as Bradford holds of me in chief.
Old Play (Dodsley, II. 47).
Take the box as stands in the first fire-place.
Dickens, Pickwick Papers.]
as? (az), v. An obsolete and dialectal or collo-
quial form of has: in colloquial speech often
further reduced to 's: as, who’s been here?
As8 (as), n.; pl. Æsir (ä'sèr). [Icel... diss, pl.
aesir, a god, demigod, = Goth. *ans (inferred
from the Latinized plural form in Jornandes,
about A. D. 552: “Gothi proceres suos quasi
Gui fortuna Vince-
lbant non pares homi-
nes sed semideos, id
est anses, vocavere”)
= AS. Ös, found as
the name of the rune
for Ö, and twice in
doubtful gen. pl. Ósa;
otherwise only in
compound proper
names, = OHG. *ans
in like compounds:
AS. Oswold, Oswald,
Osric (= OHG. An-
sarih), Osric, Oswine,
Oswin, Osbeorn =
Icel. Asbjôrn, OS-
|born, OHG. Anselm,
Anselm, etc.]
INorse myth., one of
& g "lºº i.
the gods, the inhabi- ºft º27
tants of Asgard. See §ºmmiſſ
ſºlºſſº
sº lſº
Asgard. Wºº.
as” (as), m.; pl. asses §§:
f * 2׺ º
(as'ez). [L., a unit, §
one pound of money,
etc., usually derived
w tº Reverse.
from ēg, said to be the
Roman. As in the British Museum
as-1.
asadulcis (as-a-dul’sis), n.
asafetida, asafoetida (as-a-fet’i-dà), m.
Asaphes (asſa-féz), m.
asar (ä'sār), m.
asarabacca (as'a-ra-bak’ā), m.
asarin (asſa-rin), n.
[L. as-, assimilated form of ad- before 3.
The reg. OF. and ME. form was a , later re-
stored to as-, as in assent, assign, etc.] An
assimilated form of ad- before s, as in assimi-
late, assert, assume, etc.
[L. ab-, reduced in OF. and M.E. before
a consonant to a , erroneously restored to as-
before S.] An erroneously restored form of a-,
originally Latin ab-, in assoil, assoilzie, from
the Latin absolvere, absolve.
as-3. [ME. and O.F. as-, var. of es-, K L. ea.-: see
es-, ea:-.] A variant of es-, Latin ex-, in assart,
assay, astonish, obsolete ascape, aschew, assaum-
ple, etc.; now represented also, or only, by es-,
as in escape, eschew, or 8-, as in Scape, sample.
See es-1.
asa (as’ā), m. [NL., K Pers. ded, mastic: see
asafetida.] A name for certain drugs, origi-
nally used separately with the Latin adjectives
dulcis and fetida (foºtida), now joined to them
as a prefix. See below. Also spelled assa.
[NL., lit. Sweet
gum, Kasa, gum, -- L. dulcis, sweet.] The laser
or laser Cyrenaicum of the ancients, a very
highly esteemed drug, usually supposed to have
been a gummy accretion from Thapsia Gar-
ganica, an umbelliferous plant of northern
Africa and Southern Europe. It was believed by
Some to be the same as benzoin, to which the name (asa,
dulcis or odorata) is still sometimes applied. The drug now
obtained from this plant is used as an active irritant.
[NL.,
formerly also azafedida, K asa H. L. fetida,
Joetida, fem. Of fetidus, foºtidus, stinking: see
asa and fetid.] A fetid inspissated sap from
Persia and Afghanistan, the concrete juice
from the roots of several large umbelliferous
plants of the genus Ferula, especially F. assa-
foºtida (Narthea, Asafoetida) and F. foetida
(Scorodosina foetiua). The drug has a powerful and
persistent alliaceous odor and bitter aerid taste, and con-
sists of resin, gum, and an essential oil which contains
Sulphur. It is used as an antispasmodie, and in India and
Persia also as a condiment. Also spelled assafoetida.
[NL., K. Gr. doſagºffg, ob-
scure, not clear, K &- priv. -- capìg, clear.] 1.
A genus of very minute parasitic ichneumon-
flies, which prey on, and keep in check, the
aphids, so destructive to crops and fruits. The
female punctures the wingless female aphids with her ovi-
duct, and lays an egg in each puncture. The egg hatches,
becomes a maggot, and eats out the inside of the aphid.
2. A genus of coleopterous insects. Kirby,
1837.
[Pers.]. A Persian gold coin,
equal in value to about $1.60.
[Tormerly also
asaraback, and erroneously asarabecca, K.L. asa-
Tum (see Asarum) + bacca, baca, berry..] A
common name of a European plant, a species
of Asarum, A. Europaeum. See Asarum. Also
spelled asarabaea.
[K Asarum + -in?..] 1.
A name formerly given to asarone (C12H16Os),
a compound obtained from the plant Asaritin
Europaeum, having an aromatic taste and smell
like camphor.—2. A bitter principle obtained
from the plant Asarum Europaeum.
asarone (as'a-rön), m. [K Asarum + -one..] Same
as asarin, 1.
































Asarum
jºr s -
Asarum (as'a-rum), n. [L., K. Gr. &gapov, asa-
rabacea.] Agenus of archichlamydeous plants
belonging to the fam-
ily Aristolochiaceae, low,
stemless herbs, with
dull-brownish flowers
and aromatic root-stock.
The few species are natives
of the northern temperate
Zone. The asarabacca, A.
Puropéewan, was formerly
used as a purgative and an
emetic. The common Ameri-
can species, A. Canadense, is
known as wild ginger or snake-
Toot. About ten other species
are found in the United States,
and four or five in Asia.
asbestic (as-bes’ tik), a.
[K asbestos + -ic.], Re-
lating to or containing
asbestos. Also asbestous.
asbestiform (as-bes’ti-fôrm), a. [K L. asbestos
+ forma, shape.] Having the form or appear-
ance of asbestos.
asbestine (as-bestin), a. [K Gr. &offéotivog, K
ãaffea rog, asbestos.] Pertaining to asbestos,
or partaking of its nature and qualities; in-
combustible.
asbestinite (as-bestin-it), n., [K asbestine +
-ite?..] Actinolite or strahlstein.—Calciferous
asbestinite, a variety of steatite.
asbestoid (as-bestoid), a.
Resembling asbestos.
asbestos, asbestus (as-bes’tgs, -tus), n.
Asarazme Ezeropaezamz.
[K asbestos -H, -oid.]
also, and in M.E., asbeston, abeston, abiston, al-
beston, etc., and in other corrupt forms (in
earlier use only in sense 1), K. L. asbestos, used
by Pliny in ref. to the mineral asbestos, which
he believed to be vegetable (see def. 3}, K. Gr.
ôoffeatog, applied by Dioscorides to unslaked
lime, lit. inextinguishable, unquenchable, K &-
priv. -- afted Tóg, verbal adj. of offevvival, extin-
guish, quench..] 1+. A fabulous stone, which,
once set onfire, could not be quenched: a notion
due to observation of the effect of cold water
in heating quicklime.
My mind is like to the Asbeston stone,
Which, if it once be heat in flames of fire,
Denieth to becommen cold again.
Greene, Alphonsus, ii.
2. A supposed kind of flax, alleged to be in-
combustible. [An erroneous notion of the
mineral. See 3.]—3. A fibrous variety of am-
#. or hornblende, composed of separable
aments, with a silky luster; also, in popu-
lar use, a similar variety of serpentine called
Chrysotile. Its fibers are sometimes delicate, flexible,
and elastic, sometimes stiff and brittle, and when reduced
to a powder are soft to the touch. Its colors are various
shades of white, gray, or green, passing into brown, red,
or black. It is incombustible, and is therefore used for
making lamp-wicks, paper, firemen's clothing, building
materials, twine, and rope for packing steam-joints and
pistons; it is also prepared as a cement for protecting
heated surfaces, roofs, and floors, and for various fire-
proofing purposes. It is mined in Canada, Vermont, Vir-
ginia, South Carolina, and in Staten Island, New York.
Some varieties are compact, and take a fine polish; others
are loose, like flax or silky wool. Ligmiform asbestos, or
amountain-wood, is a variety presenting an irregular fila-
mentous structure, like wood. Other varieties of horn-
blende asbestos are rock-cork, mowntain-leather, fossil
paper, and fossil flaz. A fine variety is called amiamtws
(which see).-Blue asbestos, the mineral crocidolite
(which see).
asbestos-Stove (as-bestos-stöv), n. A gas-
stove with asbestos spread over the burners,
so as to form an incandescent radiator.
asbestous (as-bes’tus), a. [K asbestos + -ows.]
Same as asbestic.
asbestus, n. See asbestos.
asbolan, asbolane (asſbó-lan, -lân), n. IK Gr.
dogožog, also diaſ}6%m, soot (cf. ºpóżog, soot,
smoke), + -an.] Earthy cobalt; wad contain-
ing oxid of cobalt. It is used in the manufac-
ture of smalt. Also called asbolite.
asbolin, asboline (asſbó-lin), m. [AS asbol-an
+ -in?..] oil-like, nitrogenous matter, ac-
rid and bitter, obtained from the soot of wood.
asbolite (as’bà-lit), n. [As asbol-an + -ite?..]
Same as asbolan.
Ascalabota (as"ka-la-bó'tā), m. pl. [NL. : See
Ascalabotes.] One of the major groups of the
Lacertilia, consisting of the geckos alone. See
Geoco and Gecconidae. Also called Nyctisauria.
Ascalabotes (as"ka-la-bó'téz), m: [NL., K. Gr.
doka/aftöTmc, the spotted lizard, prob. Lacerta
gecko.] A genus of nyctisaurian lizards, of the
[Also ºunder 93%riº, º
asbest (K. F. asbesie), abbest, aliest (KGF. alieste), Ascaris (as'ka ris), n.
W
332
Ascalaphidae (as-ka-laf’i-dé), m. pl. , [NL., K
Ascalaphus + -idae.] A family of planipennine
neuropterous insects, related to the ant-lions
(Myrmeleontidae), and characterized by long
clavate antennae and a comparatively short
body. It corresponds to the genus Ascalaphus
of Fabricius.
Ascalaphus (as-kal'a-fus), n. [NL., K. Gr. Čakā-
Żagog, an unknown bird, supposed to be a kind
of owl.] 1. The typical §§nus of the family
Ascalaphidae.—2. [l. c.] The specific name of
a horned owl, Bubo ascalaphus, of Europe and
C8.
Ascalopax (as-kal’º-paks), m. [NL. Cf. Gr.
ãokažóttaç (sic), a bird, supposed to be the same
as OKożótta; : see Scolopaa..] In ornith. : (a) An
old form of Scolopaw. (b) A synonym of Gal-
limago.
ascan (asſkam), a. [K ascus + -am.] Of or per-
taining to an ascus. N. E. D.
ascancelt, adv. See askancel.
ascance?:, ascancest, conj. See askance?.
ascantt, adv. See askant.
ascarid (as'ka-rid), n. One of the Ascaridae.
Ascaridae (as-kar’i-dé), n. pl. [NL., K. Ascaris
+ -idae.] A family of worms, of the order Ne-
matoda and class Nemathelmintha, containing
several genera of round-worms, or thread-
worms, which are intestinal parasites of man
and other animals. They have a cylindrical elastic
body, tapering toward each end, and a trivalved head.
The leading genera are Ascaris and Oaywris. See cut
[NL., K. Gr. &okapic, a
orm in the intestimes.] 1. A genus of round-
worms, typical of the family Ascaridae, infesting
the Small intestines. The best-known species, A.
lumbricoides, is so called from its resemblance to an earth-
worm in size, shape, and general appearance. It has a
cylindrical body, with ends of equal size, a somewhat
conoidal head, with trilabiate terminal mouth, and a fili-
form penis; the genital pore of the female is in the an-
terior part of the body. The female attains a length of
from 12 to 14 inches; the male is less than half as long.
2. [l. c.; pl. ascarides (as-kar’i-déz).] A thread-
worm or pinworm of the rectum, formerly
placed in this genus, now referred to a differ-
ent genus, Oayuris (which see). '
ascauncelt, adv. See askancel.
ascaunce?:, ascauncest, conj. See askance”.
ascend (a-send'), v. [K ME. ascendem, assenden,
L. ascendere, adscendere, go up, climb up, to,
K ad, to, + scandere, climb: see scan, and cf.
descend, transcend..] I. intrans. 1. To move up-
ward; mount; go up; rise, whether in air or
water, or upon a material object.
In our proper motion we ascend
Up to our native seat: descent and fall
To us is adverse. Milton, P. L., ii. 75.
2. To rise, in a figurative sense; proceed from
an inferior to a superior degree, from mean
to noble objects, from particulars to generals,
etc.
By these steps we shall ascend to more just ideas of the
glory of Jesus Christ. Watts, Improvement of Mind.
'Tis sometimes questioned whether morals have not de-
clined as the arts have ascended.
Lºmerson, Works and Days.
3. To slope upward.—4. To go backward in
the order of time; proceed from modern to
ancient times: as, our inquiries ascend to the
remotest antiquity.—5. To rise, as a star; ap-
pear above the horizon.
Higher yet that star ascends.
Sir J. Bowring, Watchman, Tell us of the Night.
6. In music, to rise in pitch; pass from any
tone to One more acute. =Syn. To mount, soar, climb.
II. trans. 1. To go or move upward upon;
climb: as, to ascend a hill or ladder; to ascend
a tree.
We returned to the great tower, and ascended the steep
flight of steps which led to its door of entrance.
R. Curzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 77.
2. To move upward along; go toward the
Source of: as, to ascend a liver. = Syn. To mount,
climb, scale.
ascendable (a-sen'da-bl), a. [Kascend + -able.]
Capable of being ascended. Also written as-
cendible. -
ascendance, ascendence (a-sen'dans, -dens),
m. Same as ascendancy. [Rare.]
Fear llad too much ascendance on the mind.
Yºr Fielding, Joseph Andrews, ix.
àscendancy, ascendency (a-Sen'dan-si, -den-
si), n. [K ascendant, -ent, +-ancy, -ency..] The
state of being in the ascendant; governing or
controlling influence; domination.
The great Latin war, the war in which the first Decius
gave himself for Rome, marks the last struggle of Rome's
immediate kinsfolk against her ascendency.
JE. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 317,
ascending
=Syn. Influence, Authority, Ascendancy, etc. (see awthor-
* mastery, dominion, superiority, advantage, upper
181101.
ascendant, ascendent (a-sen'dant, -dent), a.
and n. IK ME. ascendent, asséndent, n. (the
form ascendant being later, after F. ascendant),
K L. ascenden(t-)s, ppr. of ascendere, go up, rise,
ascend: see ascend..] I. a. 1. Proceeding up-
ward; rising; mounting.—2. Superior; pre-
dominant; surpassing: as, “an ascendant spirit
over him,” South.-3. In astrol., rising over the
horizon, or nearly so.
The constellation of Pegasus . . . is about that time a 3-
cendant. ' Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
4. In bot., same as ascending.—5. In her.,
rising or issuing upward (the reverse of issu-
ant): as, rays of the sum ascendant from the
bottom of the shield, from a fesse, etc.
II. m. 1. In astrol., the point of the ecliptic
or the sign of the zodiac that is situated on the
eastern horizon at any particular moment, as
at the moment of birth or of the propounding
of any question; the horoscope. The house of the
ascendant includes that part of the zodiac which extends
from 5° above the horizon to 25° below it measured by
oblique ascension. The lord of the ascendant is the planet
that rules the ascendant; any planet within the house of
the ascendant. Hence, to be in the ascendant signifies to
have commanding power or influence, to . a ruling
position; and lord of the ascendant, one who has posses-
sion of such power or influence: as, to rule, for a while,
lord of the ascendant. -
The assemdemº sothly, as wel in alle natiuitez as in ques-
tiouns and elecciouns of tymes, is a thing which that thise
Astrologiens gretly obseruen ; wher-fore me semeth con-
uenient sin that I spelce of the assemdent, to make of it
special declaratioun. The assendent sothly, to take it at
the largest, is thilke degree that assendeth at any of thise
forseide tymes upon the est Orisonte; and there-fore, gif
that any planet assende at that same tyme in thilke for-
seide degre of his longitude, Men seyn thilke planete is in
horoscope. Chawcer.
Sciences that were then in their highest ascendant.
Sir W. Temple.
Marlborough had not, when Popery was in the ascen-
dant, crossed himself, shrived himself, done penance,
taken the communion in one kind, and, as soon as a turn
of fortune came, apostatized back again.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xx.
2. Superiority or commanding influence; pre-
dominance: especially in the phrase to gain the
ascendant over one. -
What star I know not, but some star, I find,
Has given thee an ascendant o'er my mind. .
Dryden, tr. of Persius, Satires, v. 66.
She had art enough to gain an entire ascendant over the
king. Goldsmith, Voltaire.
The secular authority, long unduly depressed, regained
the ascendant with startling rapidity.
Macawlay, Von Ranke.
3. An ancestor, or one who precedes in geneal-
ogy or degrees of kindred : opposed to descen-
dant.
The succession of ascendants of the deceased, of his male
paternal ancestors, if any survived him.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 111.
4. In arch., one of the two sides or vertical mem-
bers of the chambranle of a door or window.
ascendence, ascendency, ascendent. See as-
cendance, etc.
ascender (a-sen (dēr), n. 1. One who ascends.
—2. An ascending letter. See ascending. -
ascendible (a-sen'di-bl), a. [K L. ascendibilis
(also, from pp. ascensus, L.L. ascensibilis), K
ascendere, ascend: see ascend and -ible, and ef.
ascendable.] Same as ascendable,
family Geccotidae or Gecconidae. A. fascicularis is
Bometimes known by the name tarentola. The genus was
originally, as used by Cuvier, coextensive with the family,
or with the modern superfamily A8calabota.
ascending (a-sen'ding), p.a. 1. Proceeding
from a lower position to a higher; rising; mov-
ing upward; figuratively, proceeding from the
less to the greater; proceeding from a later to
an earlier time; rising from grave to acute.
–2. In bot, growing upward, as the stem of a
plant, which is called the ascending aaris. Com-
monly restricted to the sense of growing up obliquely or in
a curve from the base, in distinction from erect, and from
decwmbent or horizontal.—Acute * paralysis.
See paralysis.—Ascend latitude, the latitude of a
planet when moving toward the north pole.—Ascending
letter, in type-fownding, a letter which reaches to the
extreme upper part of the body of the type. In Roman
types of the minuscule or “lower-case” form the ascend-
ing letters are b, d, f, h, i, j, k, l, t. All capitals are
ascending letters.-Ascending node, that point of a
planet's orbit at which it passes the ecliptic to proceed
northward. It is also called the morthern mode.—Ascend-
ing ovule, in bot., an ovule that is attached above the base
of the ovary and directed upward.—Ascending rhythm,
in pros., a rhythm or movement composed of feet in
which the metrically accented part (commonly called
the argis) follows the metrically unaccented part (com-
monly called the thesis), as an iambic or anapestic rhythm:
opposed to descending rhythm, such as the trochaic or
dactylic.—Ascending signs, the signs Aries, Taurus,
Gemini, Libra, Scorpio, and ; so called because
when the sun is in them his declination is increasing.—
Ascending vessels, in anat., those vessels which carry
the blood upward or toward the superior parts of the
body.

ascension (a-sen'shgn), n.
s_- : . . . . . . " **
ascension
º [K ME. ascensioun,
assensioun, K. L. ascensio(n-), a rising, ascen-
sion, Š ascendere, pp. ascensus, rise, ascend: see
ascend..] ... 1. The act of ascending; a rising;
specifically, the º passing from earth to
heaven of Christ, in the presence of his disci-
Fº (Mark xvi. 19; Luke xxiv. 50, 51; Acts i.
-11).-2. [cap.] The day on which the ascen-
sion of Christ is commemorated in the church;
Ascension day.—3+. That which rises or as-
cends; a fume.
Men err in the theory of inebriation, conceiving the
brain doth only suffer from vapourous ascension3 from
the stomach. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Brr.
4. In astron., the rising of a star or point above
the horizon on the celestial sphere—5. A go-
ing back in time, or in the order of genealogi-
cal succession; ascent.—Apparent right ascen-
sion, See apparent.—Ascension day, the fortieth day
after Easter, on which the ascension of Christ_is_com-
memorated; sometimes called Holy Thursday.—Oblique
ascensionſ, of a star, in astron., an arc of the equator in-
tercepted between the vernal equinox or first point of
Aries and that point of the equator which comes to the
horizon at the same time with the star.—Right ascen-
sion. (a) In old astron., vertical rising.
The signes of riht assenciown ben fro the heued of can-
cer to ye ende of Sagittare, and thise signes arisen more
upriht. Chaucer.
(b) In mod. astrom., the right ascension of a star or point of
the sphere is the arc of the equator intercepted between its
hour-circle and the vernal equinox or first point of Aries,
reckoned toward the east. This meaning is derived from
the conception of an observer at a point on the earth’s
equator where all the stars rise vertically. &
ascensional (a-sen'shgn-al), a. [K ascension +
-al.] Relating to ascension or ascent; ascend-
ing or rising up.
That idea [of the gun-cotton rocket] was to place a disk
or short cylinder of the gun-cotton in the head of a rocket,
the ascensional force of which should be employed to carry
the disk to an elevation of 1,000 feet or thereabouts.
Tyndall, Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 281.
Ascensional differencet, in astron., the difference be-
tween the right and the oblique ascension of the same
point on the surface of the sphere: used chiefly as ex-
pressing the difference between the time of the rising or
setting of a body and six hours from its meridian
passage. * -
ascensive (a-sen'siv), a... [K L. ascensus (pp. of
ascendere : see ascend) + -ive..] 1. Character-
ized by an ascending. movement; tending to
ascend; rising; tending to rise, or causing
to rise. Sir T. Browne.—2. In gram., increas-
ing force; intensive ; augmentative. [Rare.]
ascent (a-sent’), n. IK ascend; formed like de-
scent, F. descente, K, descend, F. descendre.] 1.
The act of rising or ascending; upward move-
ment: as, the ascent of vapors, or of a balloon.
To him with swift ascent he up return'd.
Milton, P. L., x. 224.
Hence—2. A rising from a lower to a higher
state, degree, or grade; advancement.
As to the genesis of man and the universe, the less cul-
tured tribes claimed to be an ascent from birds, fishes,
Snakes. Faiths of the World, p. 252.
3. The act of climbing or traveling up; the act
of advancing from a lower to a higher position;
a going up, as up a mountain, river, stairway,
etc.—4. An eminence; a hill or high place.
Depressed valleys and swelling ascents. Bentley.
5. The way by which one ascends; the means
of ascending; acclivity; upward slope.
It was a rock . . .
Conspicuous far; Winding with one ascent.
Milton, P. L., iv. 545.
Next the proud palace of Salerno stood -
A mount of rough a scent, and thick with wood.
Dryden, Sig, and Guis., l. 102.
Clambering up the very steep ascent, I took my place
upon the ramparts to watch the sunrise over the plain.
O'Donovan, Merv, xxiv.
6. The angle made by an ascending line or sur-
face with the horizontal line or plane : as, the
road has an ascent of five degrees.—7. A pro-
ceeding upward or backward in time or in logi-
cal order of succession.
The ascents from particular to general are all successive,
and each step of this ascent requires time and labour.
J. S. Mill, System of Logic.
Line of ascent, in genealogy, ancestry.
They [ancient Hindu law-teachers] say hardly anything
of Inheritance as now understood, save in the direct line
of descent or ascent. -
Maine, Darly Law and Custom, p. 112.
ascertain (as-Ér-tān"), v. t. [Early mod. E. and
late ME. ascertaine, assertaine, assartaine, -tayne,
etc., with asser-, ascer-, in erroneous simulation
of words like assent, ascend, etc., earlier ME.
acertainen, acerteinen, K OF. acertainer, acer-
teiner, make certain, Ka, to, + certain, certain:
see a-11 and certain. The word is thus etymo-
logically a-11 + certain, and was so pronounced
in early mod. E.] 1. To make certain; deter-
333 *
mine; define or reduce to precision by remov-
ing doubt, obscurity, or ambiguity; establish;
prove. [Archaic.] *
The two first lines of the following book seem to ascer-
tain the true meaning of the conclusion of this. Cowper.
In 1695 he [Moyle] was chosen to represent the borough
of Saltash in parliament; a circumstance which ascer.
tains the piece before us to have been written subsequent
to that period. Malone, note in Dryden's Life of Lucian.
We must look somewhat deeper, would we learn why a
book which now tries our patience was not undeserving
of those multiplied editions which have ascertained its
popularity. I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., L. 327.
2. To find out by trial, examination, or experi-
ment, so as to know as certain; acquire an ae-
curate knowledge of: as, to ascertain the weight
of a commodity or the purity of a metal.
To pass to ascertained facts, there actually are words
which were ventured many generations ago, but, for some
reason or other, were not taken up, . . . and yet are now
familiar to everybody. F. Hall, Mod. Dng., p. 131, note.
3. To make sure of; insure. [Archaic.]
The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority in the
House of Lords, persuaded the queen to create twelve
new peers. -- Smollett.
4}. To make certain or sure; certify; assure;
inform. [Rare.]
I am desirous of arranging with you such just and prac-
ticable conditions as will ascertain to you the terms at
which you will receive my part of your debts.
Jefferson, in Morse, p. 334.
Muncer assured them that the design was approved of
by Heaven, and that the Almighty had in a dream ascer-
tained him of its effects. bertson.
5. To establish with certainty; render invari-
able, or not subject to caprice; fix. [Rare.]
The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the
rule and measure of taxation. Gibbon.
ascertainable (as-ér-tă'na-bl.), a. [K ascertain
+ -able.] 1+. Capable of being determined or
made certain.—2. Capable of being ascertained
or found out by trial, experiment, investigation,
inquiry, etc.
ascertainer (as-er-tä(nér), n.
tains.
ascertainment (as-ér-tän’ment), m. [K ascer-
tain + -ment.] 1. The act of fixing or deter-
mining; a reducing to certainty. [Archaic.]—
2. The act of attaining certainty; the acquire-
ment of certain knowledge concerning some-
thing; a finding out.
Our ancestors guided their course by the stars, without
knowing much about the stars; the ascertainment of a
few relative positions sufficed.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. § 2.
We can proceed in the ascertainment of internal truths
as we proceed in the ascertainment of external ones.
H. Spencer.
ascetery (a-set/e-ri), m. ; pl. asceteries (-Tiz). [K
LGr. dormſ#ptov, K. Čokmåg, a monk: see ascetic.]
Originally, a dwelling-place of ascetics; a mon-
astery; now, in certain religious houses, a com-
mon meeting-place for spiritual exercises and
reading.
ascetic (a-set'ik), a. and n. IK Gr. Čakmſtróg, as-
cetic, laborious; as noun, a hermit, an ascetic ;
KäokyTác, one who exercises, an athlete, eccles. a
monk or hermit, Kóokeiv, work, exercise, eccles.
mortify the body.] I. a. 1. Practising special
acts of self-denial as a religious exercise; seek-
ing holiness through self-mortification; hence,
rigidly abstinent and self-restrained as to ap-
petites and passions.
He was for his life so exact and temperate that I haue
heard he had never been surprised by excesse, being ascetic
and sparing. Evelyn, Diary.
Genius is always ascetic ; and piety and love. Appetite
shows to the finer souls as a disease.
Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 210.
Hence—2. Unduly strict or rigid in religious
exercises or mortifications; severe; austere.
A constant ascetic course of the severest abstinence and
devotion. Sowth, Sermons (ed. 1737), II. 31.
A dominant religion is never ascetic.
Macaulay, Dryden.
3. Pertaining to or resembling the ascetics.
II. m. 1. In the early Christian church, one
who practised unusual self-denial and devotion;
in modern usage, also one who retires from the
customary business of life and engages in pious
exercises; a hermit; a recluse.
He that preaches to man should understand what is in
man; and that skill can scarce be attained by an ascetic in
his solitudes. Atterbury.
2. pl. [cap.] The title of certain books on de-
vout exercises: as, the Ascetics of St. Basil.
ascetical (a-set’i-kal), a. [K ascetic H+ -al.]
Pertaining to the practice of rigid self-denial
and the mortification of the body as a means of
attaining virtue and holiness; ascetic.—Asceti-
cal theology, a name given to the science which treats
One who ascer-
Ascidia
of virtue and perfection and the means by which they
are to be attained. Cath. Dict.
ascetically (a-set/i-kal-i), adv. In an ascetical
manner; by the practice of asceticism ; as an
ascetic ; to or toward asceticism : as, persons
ascetically inclined.
asceticism (a-set/i-sizm), n. [K ascetic + -ism.]
1. The life or practice of an ascetic ; the prin-
ciples and historic course of the ascetics. In an-
cient Greece asceticism (&arkma vs) meant the discipline un-
dergone by athletes while training. In the schools of the
Stoics the same word was applied to the controlling of the
appetites and passions and the practice of virtue. Among
Christians, through contact with the Alexandrian school
of philosophy, the word early came into use with a simi-
lar meaning, namely, the habitual use of self-discipline,
such as had been practised by individuals and even by
communities among the Jews. The object of this disci-
pline was to control and subdue the bodily nature with
its passions and desires as the stronghold of evil in-
herent in man since the fall of Adam, the means used
being fasting, celibacy, poverty, penance, and Solitude,
a mode of life which developed in the course of a few
centuries into monasticism. Similar and even greater
austerities have been practised from very early times by
many among various pagan nations and in connection
with various religious systems, such as Hinduism, Buddh-
ism, etc., under the influence of the idea that matter is
essentially evil, and that an approach to ideal good or an
escape from the evils of existence can be effected only by
subduing or torturing the body.
A8ceticism again—including under this term . . . all
efforts to withdraw from the world in order to cultivate a
higher degree of sanctity—belongs naturally to a society
which is somewhat rude, and in which isolation is frequent
and easy. Lecky, Europ. Morals, i. 136.
2. In theol., the theory or systematic exposition
of the means, whether negative, as self-denial
and abstinence, or positive, as the exercise of
natural and Christian virtues, by which a com-
plete conformity with the divine will may be at-
tained. See ascetical theology, under ascetical.
+= Syn. Self-sacrifice, Austerity, etc. See self-denial.
ascham (asſkam), n. [After Roger Ascham, who
in 1545 published “Toxophilus,” a celebrated
treatise on archery.] A cupboard or case to
contain bows and sometimes arrows and other
implements of archery. Encyc. Brit.
Aºi. (as-ki'zā), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv.
+ oxića, a cleft : see schism.] In Brauer’s sys-
tem of classification, a division of cyclorha-
phous dipterous insects or flies, of the suborder
Cyclorhapha, containing the families Syrphidae,
Platypezidae, Phoridae, and Pipunculidae, thus
collectively contrasted with Schizophora (which
See).
Aschizopoda (as-ki-zop’º-dà), n, pl. [NL., K
Gr. 3- priv. -- axiga, a cleft, H- Toíg (Toë-) = E.
Joot.] A division of macrurous decapodous
crustaceans, embracing most of the group, as
distinguished from the Schizopoda or opossum-
shrimps.
asci, n. Plural of ascus.
ascian (asſian), m. [K L. ascius, K. Gr. Čaklog,
without shadow, K &- priv. -- oktā, shadow.]
A person who casts no shadow at noon. The
inhabitants of the torrid zone alone fulfil this condition,
having the sun twice a year in their zenith at noon.
Ascidia (a-sid’i-á), m. pl. [NL., pl. of Ascidium,
q. v.] 1. A class of animals connecting the
molluscoid invertebrates with the Vertebrata ;
the tunicates, tunicaries, or sea-squirts, other-
wise called Tunicata, Ascocoa, Urochorda, or
Protovertebrata (in part); the ascidians. They
are asymmetrical marine animals,
simple or compound, fixed or free,
with a monoganglionic nervous
system, tubular heart, and no foot.
The integument is a leathery sac,
with two orifices, oral and anal.
The young are free-swimming and
tadpole-like, and in this larval con-
dition show traces of vertebrate
affinities in the possession of a uro-
chord, or notochord of the tail, a
condition retained permanently in
one family, the Appendiculari-
idge. They are found at low-water
mark on the sea-beach, and, at-
tached to stones, shells, and fixed
objects, are dredged from deep
water. An ascidian presents ex-
ternally the appearance of a wine-
jar or double-necked bottle, the
one aperture of the bottle cor-
responding to the mouth and the
other to the vent or excretory
aperture. A feature in the or,
ganization of these animals is
that a large proportion of the
tough Outer case or test is com-
ºº::
ğſº
grº
§§§
4scia tax weezetazła.
a, termination of intes-
tine; b, branchial sac ;
ex, excurrent or anal ori-
fice; g, ganglion ; , º, in-
testine ; ???, mouth ; o,
tentacular fringe; r, re. posed of cellulose, a starchy sub-
productive, organ; ..s, stance highly characteristic of
stomach; ", test, or outer
tunic; t, inner turnic; zy,
ventral sinus; v', dorsal
sinus.
plants. The mouth-opening leads
into a large branchial sac or breath-
ing-sac ; and from the bottom of
this sac the digestive system, con-
sisting of stomach and intestine, is continued, the in-
testine opening into a second sac, the atrial chamber.
This latter cavity opens externally by the second aper.
ture of the body, and also emits the effete water which


Ascidia
has been used in breathing. A single nervous mass
or ganglion represents the nervous system, this mass be-
ing placed between the two apertures of the body. Male
and female reproductive organs exist in each ascidian.
These animals may be single or simple, social, or compound.
In Social ascidians the peduncles of a number of indi-
viduals are united into a common tubular stem, with a
partial common circulation of blood. The species are
more or less gelatinous, and some are used as food in
China, and on the shores of the Mediterranean. The
48gidia are divisible into two orders not well defined,
called Biphora and Ascidioida, and by other names, oné
containing the Salpidae and Doliolidae, the other the rest
of the class. Also written Ascidice. See cuts under Ap-
ſpendicularia, Doliolidae, Salpa, and Twnicata.
2. [Used as a singular.] Less proper form of
Ascidium.–3. [l. c.] Plural of ascidium, 2.
Ascidiacea (a-sid-i-ā'sé-á), m.pl. [NL., KAscid-
jum -H -acea.] Same as Ascidioida, 2.
Ascidiae (a-sid’i-é), m. pl. [NL., pl. of Ascidia,
2.] 1. In Gegenbaur's system of classification,
a division of Acopa, embracing the true ascid-
ians as distinguished from the Pyrosomatidae,
Doliolidae, and Salpidae. It contains three groups,
Simplices, Sociales, and Compositae, or the simple, social,
and compound ascidians.
2. Same as Ascidia, 1. *
ascidian (a-sid’i-an), a. and n. [K Ascidium +
-an.] I. a. Of or belonging to the Ascidia or
Tunicata.
• ??.
sea-squirt.
ascidiarium (a-sid-i-ā'ri-um), m.; pl. ascidiaria
(-ā). [NL., K. Ascidium + -arium.] A compound
ascidian, consisting of two or more individual
ascidiozoöids. See cut under cyathozoöid.
It [a fixed ascidian] may remain simple, or it may de-
velop buds and give rise to a compound organism or Ascid-
£arium, consisting of many Ascidiozoöids united together.
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 514.
ascidiate (a-sid’i-āt), a. [K Ascidium + -ate1.]
Shaped like a small bottle, or like an ascidian.
Ascidicola (as-i-dik’ā-lâ), m. [NL., K Ascidium
+ L. Colere, inhabit.] The typical genus of the
family Ascidicolidae.
Ascidicolidae (a-sid-i-kol’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., KAS-
cidicola + -idae.] A family of copepod entomos-
tracous crustaceans, parasitic upon ascidians.
ascidiform (a-sid’i-fôrm), a. [K Ascidium + L.
forma, shape.] 1. Shaped like an ascidian;
|bottle-shaped.—2. Having the structure of an
ascidian; related to the Ascidia.
Also ascidiiform.
ascidiid (a-sid’i-id), n. One of the Ascidiidae.
Ascidiidae (as-i-di’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Ascidia,
2, + -idae.] A family of solitary ascidians,
typically with the branchial aperture 8-lobed,
the atrial 6-lobed, the branchial sac not folded,
the tentacles simple, and the genitalia in close
Connection with the mantle. It is the typical family
of the ascidians proper, including the simple forms, as Mol-
gula, Cynthia, Ascidia or Phallusia, etc., as distinguished
from the social and compound forms, and contains many
species. See cut under Ascidia.
ascidiiform (a-sid’i-i-fôrm), a.
form.
ascidioid (a-sid’i-oid), a. [K Ascidium + -oid.]
Of or resembling an ascidian: as, an ascidioid
form. Huacley.
Ascidioida (a-sid-i-oi’dà), m. pl. [NL., K.Ascidia,
Ascidium, -H -oida.] 1. Same as Ascidia, Asco-
200, or Tunicata, as a class or phylum of ani-
mals.-2. An order of Ascidia, conterminous
with Acopa (which see). Also called Ascidiacea.
ascidiology (a-sid-i-ol’ô-ji), m, [K Ascidium +
-ology.] That department of zoölogy which
treats of the ascidians or tunicates. -
ascidiozoöid (a-sid’i-Ö-zö’oid), n. [K Ascidium
+ goóid.] One of the zoöids or individual
organisms which collectively constitute a com-
pound ascidian or ascidiarium (which see).
See cuts under cyathozoöid and Doliolidae.
In the compound or social Tunicata, many ascidiozoáids,
which are united by a common test into an ascidiarium,
are produced by gemmation from a solitary metamor-
phosed larva. Hwæley, Anat. Invert., p. 522.
Ascidium (a-sid’i-um), n. [NL., K. Gr. &artótov,
dim. of āakóg, a leathern bag, a wine-skin: see
ascus.] 1. [Also less prop. Ascidia.] A genus
of tunicates, typical of the principal family of
the class Ascidia, some of whose species are
known as sea-squirts: synonymous with Phal-
lusia.-2. [l. c.; pl. ascidia (-ā).] . In bot. : (a)
Any tubular, horn-shaped, or pitcher-like for-
mation, arising usually from the union of the
margins of a leaf or other organ, or from the
disproportionate growth of Some part. The as-
cidium ordinarily known as a pitcher, as in the pitcher-
plants (Nepenthes) and side-saddle flowers (Sarracenia), is
often covered by a lid, and contains a secreted fluid in
which insects are drowned and macerated. The small
aquatic sacs of species of Utricularia are also ascidia.
See cut in next column. (b) Same as ascus, 1
One of the Ascidia or Tunicata; a
Same as ascidi-
ascites (a-si’těz), n.
334
asciferous (a-sif'e-
rus), a. [K NL. as-
cus, q.v., + L. ferre
= E. bearl.] 3.V-
ing asci.
There is a parallelism
between the fructifica-
tion of lichens and the
asciferous section of
fungi.
Encyc. Brit., XIV. 557.
ascigerous (a-sijº-
rus), a. . (US-
CMS, Ql. V., + L. gé-
Tere, bear.] In bot.,
bearing asci, as li-
chens and ascomy-
cetous fungi. See
ascus, and compare
acrosporous.
• ? Gr. &okítmg
(Sc. v6oog, disease),
a kind of dropsy,
K Čokóg, a leathern
bag, a bladder: see
ascus.] In pathol.,
a collection of se-
rous fluid in the peritoneal cavity; dropsy of
the belly.
aScitic (a-sit'ik), a. Relating to ascites; drop-
sical.
ascitical (a-sit’i-kal), a.
ascititious (as-i-tish’us), a.
tious.
asclent (as-klent’), adv. A Scotchform of aslant.
asclepiad (as-klé'pi-ad), n. IKL. Asclepiadeum
(sc. metrum), K. Gr. AokW/tradóeoc (sc. orizog, me-
ter), the meter of AokAmſtúðng, a Greek poet, lit.
descendant of Asclepius, K’Agkämtlág, Asclepius:
See Asclepias.] 1. [cap.] In anc. pros., an As-
clepiadic (verse or line).—2. In bot., a plant
of the family Asclepiadaceae.—3. [cap.] One
of the Asclepiads (which see).
Asclepiadaceae (as-klē"pi-a-dā’sé-é), n. pl.
[NL., K. Asclepias (-ad-) + -aceae.] A family of
dicotyledonous sympetalous plants, with pollen
in waxy masses, the pollinia attached in pairs
to glandular appendages of the stigma, the fruit
a pair of follicles, and the seeds comose. They are
mainly tropical, many of them African and Indian twining
shrubs, usually with milky juice, which often has strong
emetic and purgative qualities. It includes the milkweed
(Asclepias), carrion-flower (Stapelia), wax-plant (Hoya),
and other handsome greenhouse plants, the Indian sarsá-
parilla (Hemidesmus Indicus), and several fiber-plants, as
Species of Calotropis and Marsdenia, a species of the latter
genus yielding a blue dye resembling indigo.
asclepiadaceous (as-klē’pi-a-dā'shius), a. Be-
longing to the Asclepiadaceae.
Ascidium of a Plant.
Leaf of pitcher-plant (Wepenthes)
with a winged petiole and terminating
in an operculate pitcher. (From Le
Maout and Decaisne's “Traité géné-
ral de Botanique.”)
Same as ascătic.
Same as adsciti-
Asclepiadae (as-klē-pi'a-dé), m. pl. [NL.: see
Asclepiads.] Same as Asclepiads.
Asclepiadean (as-klē"pi-à-dé'an), a. [K L. As-
clepiadéus (see asclepiad) + -an.] In anc. pros.,
consisting or composed of Asclepiadies.
In his combinations of the Asclepiadean [meter] we note
the grave and thoughtful temperance of tone which per-
Vades those in Which the three Asclepiadean lines are com-
bined with one Glyconic. Bncyc. Brit., XII. 165.
Asclepia dean strophe, a strophe or stanza composed of
Asclepiadics with or without other verses, such as Gly-
conics and Pherecratics.
Asclepiadic (as-klé-pi-ad'ik), a. and n. IK ascle-
piad -H, -ic.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the As-
clepiad or Asclepiadic, a kind of verse.
#. n. In anc. pros., a verse consisting of a
spondee, two §: three) choriambi, and an iam-
bus; or, according to other authorities, a logaoe-
dic verse consisting of a basis, three cyclic dac-
tyls, of which the second is syncopated (or five
cyclic dactyls, of which the second and fourth
are syncopated), and a trochaic dipody catalec-
tic. The shorter form is called the lesser, the
longer the greater, Asclepiadic.
Mæcé- nåsåtåvis édité ré- |gſbús.
Mæcé- | māsātā- | vis édité || régſbüs.
quêsſéris | Scirè néfas quëm mīhī quêm tſbi.
Tú né quêsſé | ris |sciréné fås quëm mīhī | quêm tibi.
Asclepiads (as-klē’pi-adz), m. pl. [K Gr. Aokåm-
Tuáðal, pl. of AokW mºrtáðmg, a descendant of As-
clepius.] An order of Greek physicians, priests
of Asclepius or Æsculapius, the god of medi-
cine, whose descendants they claimed to be.
They practised medicine under the reputed inspiration
of that deity, and were bound by oath not to reveal the
secrets of their art. Also Asclepiadae.
IFrom these primitive clinical records, the half-priestly,
half-philosophic caste of the Asclepiads compiled the data
upon which the earliest generalisations of medicine, as an
inductive science- were based.
BIwazley, Biol. Sci, and Med.
Tú né |
Ascomyzon (as-kā-mi’zon), n.
ascribable
Asclepias (as-klé'piras), n. [NL., K. Gr. Šokan-
tridg, an uncertain plant, K. Aakāmrūg, Doric Ao-
lºatſág, Asclepius, XL. A sculapius, Åsculapius,
the tutelary god of medicine..] A large genus
of North American herbs, of the family Asclepi-
adaceae, popularly known as milkweed or silk-
Weed. The plants are perennial herbs with milky juice,
mostly upright with opposite or verticillate leaves, the
flowers in umbels, and the seeds tufted with long silky
hairs. Of the more than 70 species, nearly 50 are found
within the United States. The butterfly-weed or pleurisy-
root, A. tuberosa, has diaphoretic and mild purgative prop-
erties. The bastard ipecacuanha of the West Indies, A.
cºtrassavica, is a powerful emetic. Some of the species
afford an excellent fiber.
ascocarp (as'kö-kärp), n. . [K Gr, àokóg, a ba
(see ascus), + kaprág, fruit.] The develope
fructification in Ascomycetes, consisting of asci
and ascophores.
ascogenous (as-koj'e-nus), a. [K. Gr. Čakóg, a
bag (see ascus), + -yevåg, producing: see -ge-
Tows.] In bot., producing asci: applied to the
hyphae upon which asci are developed in the
ascomycetous fungi.
ascogone (asſkó-gön), n. Same as ascogonium.
ascogonium (as-Kö-gó'ni-um), n. ; pl. ascogonia
(-á). [NL., K. Gr. Čakóg, a bag (see ascus), +
-Youog, producing: see -gony.] The female or-
gan in certain of the lower cryptogams, which
after fertilization develops asci. Also called
carpogonium and archicarp.
Ascomycetes (as"kö-mi-sétéz), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. &okóg, a º ascus), + piùkmg, pl. p10cmſeg,
a mushroom, akin to L. mucus: see mucus.]
class of fungi characterized by the formation
of free spores within elongated cells (asci),
often associated with alternation of generation.
It includes a great variety of forms, such as the micro-
Scopic yeast-fungi or ferments, various mildews, ergot,
the subterranean truffles, the morels, helvellas, etc., which
represent the several orders Saccharomycetales, Peri-
Sportales, Sphaeriales, Tuberales, Pezizales, etc. Most of
the lichens are now also generally considered as belong-
ing to this class. See cut under ascus.
ascomycetous (as"kö-mi-sé’tus), a. [K Ascomy-
cetes + -ows.] Of or pertaining to the Ascomy-
CétéS.
[NL., K. Gr. &o-
Kóg, a bag (see ascus), + pitſov, ppr. of uíčetv,
suck in..] The typical genus of the family
Ascomyzontidae.
Ascomyzontidae (as "kö-mi-zon’ti-dé), n. pl.
[NL., K.Ascomyzon (t-) + -idae.] A family of para-
sitic epizoic crustaceans, of the order Siphono-
Stoma.
ascon (asſkon), n. ; pl. ascons, ascones (-konz,
aS-kö’něz). . [NL., K. Gr. &okóg, a bag; see as-
cus.] One of the Ascomes; a sponge having the
characters of the Ascones. -
Ascones (as-kö’néz), m. pl. [NL., pl. of ascon.]
group of the lowest and simplest chalk-
Sponges, having a ventricle with walls so thin
that the inhalent pores open directly into the
ventricular cavity: distinguished from Leuco-
ines and Sycomes. See Olymthus.
Asconidae (as-kon’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K ascon +
-idae.] A family of Calcispongiae, the same as
Ascomes.
aScophore (as'kö-fôr), m. [K Gr. &okopópog, bear-
ing wine-skins, K. Čakóg, a bag (see ascus), +
-$6poc, K $6petv = E. bearl.] In bot., the ascus-
bearing hyphae or sporophores in some groups
of the Ascomycetes (a class of fungi). See cut
under ascus.
aScophorous (as-kof’ā-rus), a. [As aScophore
-0ws.] In bot., bearing an ascus or asci:
applied to the hyphae in lichens, which develop
asci at the end of the branches.
aSCOspore (asſkº-Spör), n. [K Gr. &okóg, a bag,
+ otópog, seed: see ascus and spore.] In bot.,
one of a cluster of spores borne within an
8,SCUIS.
The characteristic form of reproduction of the Ascomy-
Cetes is by ascospores formed within asci by free cell-for-
mation. JEncyc. Brit., IX. 833.
aSCOsporous (as-kos' pº-rus), a. [As ascospore
-018.] Having ascospores: as, “ascosporous
fungi,” Encyc. Brit., IV. 162.
Ascozoa (as-kº-Zó'â), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. &okóc, a
bag (See ascus), + (jov, an animal.] A name
of the tunicates or ascidians: synonymous with
Ascidia, 1 (which see).
aSCOzoan (as-kº-Zö'an), m. . [K Ascozoa H- -an.]
One of the Ascozoa, an ascidian or tunicate.
aScozoic (as-kó-zó'ik), a. [K Ascozoa + -ic.]
Of or pertaining to the Ascozoa; tunicate; as-
cidian.
ascribable (as-kri'ba-bl), a... [K ascribe + -able.]
apable of being ascribed or attributed; at-
tributable.

- - ascribe
ascribe (as-krib’), v. t. ; †
#. ascribing. TAltered to ascribe (after L.)
om early mod. E. ascrive, KME. ascriven, K
OF. ascrire (ascriv-) = It. ascrivere, K L. ascri-
bere, annex by writing, add to a writing, enroll,
enter in a list, impute, attribute, K ad, to, +
scribere, write: see scribe.] 1+. To add in writ-
ing; append (one's name) to a document, etc.;
subscribe.
The ascribing of my name would . . . have substracted
from . . . the weight of those discourses.
ethersole, Self-Cond., p. 3. (N. E. D.)
2}. To inscribe or dedicate.
The secound pillor called Dorica, being ascribed to Her-
cules. Shute, Archit., C iſ. b. (N. E. D.)
3+. To enroll or register.
He would long since have been a8cribed a member there.
Aubrey, in Letters of Emin. Pers. (Bliss), II. 632. (N. E. D.)
4. To attribute, impute, or refer, as to a cause
or source; assign; set down: as, losses are often
to be ascribed to imprudence.
This Speech is, I think, the finest that is ascribed to
Satan in the whole Poem. Addison, Spectator, No. 321.
But many atrocious proceedings must, doubtless, be as-
cribed to heated imagination, to perverted principle, to a
distaste for what was vulgar in morals, and a passion for
what was startling and dubious. Macaulay, On History.
5. To attribute, as a quality or an appurte-
nance; consider or allege to belong.
I . . . will ascribe righteousness to my Maker.
Job xxxvi. 3.
They have ascribed unto David ten thousands, and to
me they have ascribed but thousands. 1 Sam. xviii. 8.
*=Syn., Attribute, Refer, etc.. See attribute.
ascript} (as'kript), a. [KL. ascriptus, adscriptus,
p. of ascribere, adscribere, annex by writing:
Asee ascribe, adscript..] Registered; enrolled.
àscription (as-krip'shgn), n. [K L. ascriptio(n-),
an addition in writing, lit. the act of ascribing,
Kascribere, pp. ascriptus, add to a writing: see
ascribe.] 1. The act of ascribing, imputing, or
affirming to belong, to be due, etc.
Self-abnegations often repeated imply on the part of the
actor a tacit ascription of relative selfishness to others who
profit by the self-abnegations.
H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $ 96.
2. An expression ascribing; words in which
one ascribes.
Offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for such
singular deliverances and blessings.
Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 391.
Also rarely adscription.
ascriptitious (as-krip-tish’us), a. [KL. ascrip-
ticius, enrolled as a citizen, soldier, etc. (ascrip-
ticii servi, slaves bound to the soil), K ascriptus,
pp. of ascribere, enroll: see ascribe, ascript.]
1. Bound or attached to the soil: applied to
villeins under the feudal system, who were an-
nexed to the freehold and transferable with it.
—2. Added, as to a list; enrolled.
An ascriptitious and supernumerary god.
Farindom, Sermons, p. 82.
Also rarely adscriptitious.
ascryt, v. [Early mod. E., K.M.E. ascrien, ascryen,
askryên, KAF. *ascrier (later ME. escrien, KOF.
escrier, mod. F. 6crier), K es- (K. L. ea), out, +
crier, cry. Cf. escry, and by apheresis scry,
doublet of ascry: see as-3, es-1, and cry..] I.
trans. 1. To call forth or out; call upon;
challenge.—2. To descry.
II. intrans. To cry out, shout, or exclaim.
ascryi, n. IK ascry, v.] Outcry; clamor; shout-
1Iløſ. -
g Ascry aros at skarmysshal withoute.
Chrw.cer, Troilus, ii. 611.
ascula (as’kū-lâ), m. ; pl. asculae (-lè). [NL.,
dim. of ascus.] 1. That stage of the young of
sponges (as Olymthus, Sycom, Haliphysema), in
which, after ceasing to be a free-swimming
embryo, and before it has changed into adult
form by the development of spiculae in the
ectoderm, or other modifications, it becomes
attached to some support. Haeckel.–2. The
first period of attachment of certain sponges,
namely, that in which the sponge has lost or is
losing its collar, opening the primitive cloacal
collar, and forming the first central cavity with-
out lateral ampullae. It corresponds to the pro-
tospongian stage of Haeckel. Hyatt.
ascus (as’kus), n. ; pl. asci (asſi). [NL., K. Gr.
ãokóg, a leathern bag, bottle, bladder, wine-skin:
see Ascidium, Ascidia, etc.] 1. In bot., the Spore-
case of lichens and other ascomycetous fungi,
consisting of a single cell, usually the Swollen
terminal cell of a branch of a hypha, from the
protoplasm of which the spores (typically 8) are
roduced. Also called ascidium and the Ca.—2.
#. archaeol., same as askos.
ret, and pp. ascribed, agº: (as 'i-fus), a.
K. Gr. tº
335
[ ãokvºog, without a za.
cup, K &- priv. 4- okūpoç, a fººt
cup.] In bot., having no º:
scyphi: applied to lichens
b.
º
s
;
.
§
without cup-shaped bod- §§ Af
ies (scyphi) bearing the |ſº º
i. of fructification. #. |}}
as-ducat (as' duk/at), n. º §§§
An old German unit of Wººl # #
weight, used in Saxony, Yº i. ##|G||
equal to 5.2875, centi. Wºlff
grams, or five sixths of a º § § { }}
sº } & º t
a-se ºrep. pſºr. as jºl)
adv. [K ***. Cf. - º |f||
aland 1.] At sea; on the § |%|
Sea: to the sea. ºft
aseeiſa-selº), n. [E. Ind.] §
A variety of the common *ś
hen, similar to the Malay. £5.3%
It is of medium size, and is es-
teemed in the East Indies for
its pugnacity. sº º
a seismatic (a-sis-mat'ik),
a. [K a-18 + seismatic.]
e # a • 4*. J3, A
Not seismatic; free from #fly";
A, Section of Peziza cont-
z/exiela, magnified : s, tissue
of the fungus, surrounding by
its margin (g) the hymenium
(Je), which contains the asci.
oup of asci (a-ſ),
ified ; sh, sub-
shock; mitigating the hymenial Jayer 3f hypha; **
effects of .earthquake- ºr “”
shocks: applied to certain
contrivances designed to secure stability, as of
lighthouses and other structures during earth-
quakes: as, aseismatic joints; aseismatic tables.
aseity (a-sé’i-ti), n. . [= F. aséïté, KML. aseitas,
the state of being of one's self, independent ex-
istence, K L., a se, of one's self: a for ab, of,
from; se, self: see se..] The mode of being of
that which is underived from anything else;
independent existence; existence by self-origi-
nation.
By what mysterious light have you discovered that ase-
ity is entail'd on matter?
Gentleman Instructed (ed. 1732), p. 425.
The absolute being and aseity of God. W. R. Smith.
Aselli, n. Plural of Asellus, 1.
aseſſid (a-sei’id), m. TAn isopod of the family
Asellidae.
Asellidae (a-sel’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Asellus +
-idae.] A family of isopodous crustaceans, of
which the genus Asellus is the type. It also con-
tains the genus Limmoria, of which the species L. tere-
brams, the gribble, is destructive to submerged wood.
Other genera are Iſoera, and Munna. Jts various forms
inhabit both fresh and salt water.
[NL., K. Asellus +
Asellota (as-e-ló’tā), m. pl.
–ota.] A synonym of Asellidae.
Asellus (a-sel’us), n. [L., dim. of asinus, an
ass: see ass1.] 1. [Pl. Aselli (-i).] A name
given to each of the two stars y and Ó Cancri,
lying east of the quadrangle of that constel-
lation.—2. [NL.] The typical genus of the
family Asellidae. A. aquaticus, the water hog-
louse, is a common form in fresh water.
asemia (a-Sé'mi-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. &omuog, hav-
ing or giving no sign, Kå- priv. -H of ua, a sign.]
In pathol., the loss of the power of forming or
understanding any sign or symbol of thought,
whether spoken, written, or acted. Also called
asymbolia.
asepsis (a-sep’sis), n. . [NL., K. Gr. 3- priv. -H
oijlug, putrefaction.]. Absence of living germs
of disease, putrefaction, or fermentation.
asepta (a-sep’tā), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
aseptus, K. Gr. &omºttoſ, not liable to decay: see
aseptic.] Things not liable to putrefy.
a.Septic (a-sep’tik), a. [K Gr. &omTTog, not liable
to decay, Kä-priv. -- omittóg, septic: see septic.]
R’ree from the living germs of disease, fermen-
tation, or putrefaction.
asepticity (as-ep-tisſi-ti), n. IK aseptic + -ity.]
The character or quality of being aseptic.
These are absence of damp soil, asepticity of the air,
and dryness of the atmosphere. Jíed. News, XLVII.
asepticize (a-sep’ti-siz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
asepticized, ppr. asepticizing. [Kaseptic -H -ise.]
To render free from living germs of disease,
fermentation, or putrefaction,
asexual (a-sek'sſi-al), a. [K Gr. 3- priv. (a-18)
+ seawal.] 1. Not sexual; not sexed; having
no sex, as a species or other group of animals
which have no sexual system or organs.—2.
Neuter; being of neither sex, as some indi-
viduals of species in which other individuals
are male or female, or as some stages in the
growth of individuals which later develop into
male or female.—3. Effected or produced by
other than sexual processes; agamic; agamo-
genetic: as, asexual reproduction.
ash
Little colonies of these parasites, the Cuninae, ultimately
develop into medusae. Here is an asexual multiplication,
but no true alternation of generation. Science, VII. 264a.
Asexual reproduction, any process of propagation that
is not effected by means of sexual organs, as, in bot., in
many of the cryptogams, by cell-division, etc., and in pha-
nerogams when propagation is carried on by buds, off-
shoots, bulbs, etc. &
asexually (a-Sek'sú-al-i), adv. In an asexual
manner; agamically; agamogenetically.
For what are the phaenomena of Agamogenesis, stated
enerally? An impregnated egg develops into an asexual
orm, A.; this gives rise asexually to a second form or
forms, B, more or less different from A. B may multiply
asexually again ; in the simpler cases, however, it does
not, but, acquiring sexual characters, produces impreg-
nated eggs from whence A once more arises.
EIwarley, Lay Sermons, p. 311.
Asgard (as'gård), n. [K Icel. disgardhr, Kass, a
god, --gardhr, an inclosure, = E. Jard?: see A83,
garthl, and yard?..] In Norse myth., the abode
of the twelve gods and twenty-six goddesses,
and of heroes slain in battle, formed of the eye-
brows of the giant Ymer. In the midst of Asgard
were the plain of Ida (Idavöllr), where the gods assem-
bled in council, and Odin's throne (Hlidskjalf). The
several gods and goddesses had their own dwellings, and
Valhalla (Odin's hall), Gladsheim (the special hall of the
gods), and Vingolf (that of the goddesses) were common
meeting-places for them all. Asgard was connected with
Midgard (the earth) by the bridge Bifrost.
ash;1 (ash), n. and a.. [K ME. asch, assh, esche,
etc., K. A.S. aesc = D. esch = OHG. asc, MEIG.
asch, m., G. esche, f., = Icel. askr = Dan. Sw.
ask = OBulg. yasika = Lith. usis, the ash..] I. n.
1. In bot. : (a) The popular name of trees be-
longing to the genus Frazinus (which see).
In the United States 13 species are recognized, 8 of which
are important forest-trees. F. Americana, the white
ash, is the type and the commonest. It often grows to
large size, and furnishes tough, straight-grained, elastic
wood of great value for handles of implements and wagon-
work. F. Pennsylvanica, the red ash, F. lanceolata, the
green ash, F. Oregona, the Oregon ash, F. migra, the
black ash, and F. quadrangulata, the blue ash, are found
in various parts of the country and furnish woods that are
used for the same purposes as white ash, though all of them
are more or less inferior to it. F. caccelsior is the common
ash of Europe and Asia, and its Wood is similar to that of
the American white ash. In early times it was the chief
material for making bows and spears. I'. Ornus, the flow-
ering ash of southern Europe and Asia Minor, is a small
tree sometimes planted for ornament, and frequently cul-
tivated for the saccharine substance which exudes from
its trunk and leaves and furnishes the manna (which see)
of commerce. From F. Chimensis and F. rhynchophylla.
Chinese white wax is obtained. The ashes are handsome
ornamental trees and numerous varieties are found in
cultivation. (b) The name (with some adjunct)
of various trees or shrubs of other genera, gen-
erally from some resemblance in foliage or
qualities of the wood to the common ash.
(See below.) (c) Also, in parts of England,
the name of some herbaceous plants, chiefly
umbelliferous, as the ground-ash, or ashweed,
AEgopodium Podagraria and Angelica sylvestris,
and the sweet ash, Anthriscus sylvestris.-2.
The wood of the ash-tree; hence, something
made of ash, as the shaft of a lance or spear:
as, “my grained ash,” Shakspere, Cor., iv. 5.
-Ash of Jerusalem, an old English name for woad or
dyer's weed, Isatis timetoria and Reseda Luteola.-Bitter
ash, a West Indian name of the quassia-tree, Picrasma.
eaccelsa.--Cape ash, a large meliaceous tree of southern
Africa, Ekebergia Capemsis, furnishing valuable timber.—
Poison ash, the poison sumac, Rhus Verniæ.-Prickly
ash, a name given to Zanthoxylum Americanwm, and to
Fagara Clava-Herculis (the latter also called sea-ash).-
Quaking-ash, in Scotland, the aspen.—Red ash, of Aus-
tralia, Alphitonia, eaccelsa, a tall rhamnaceous tree with
very hard wood.—Wild ash, an old English name for the
mountain-ash.-Yellow ash, a leguminous tree of the
United States, Cladrastis lutea. See yellow-wood, 2. (See
also boom-ash, mountain-ash, wafer-ash.)
II. a. Pertaining to or like the ash; made of
ash.
ăsh? (ash), n. [E. dial. pl. azen, Sc. as, ass, pl.
asses; K ME. ash, ashe, asche, aische, esche, asse,
aske, awe, pl. ashes, asches, askes, awes, and with
older term. ashem, aschem, asken, awen, K AS.
asce, a sce, aſce, pl. ascam, a scan, awan, a ſcam, = D.
asch = OHG. asga, asca, MHG. asche, esche, G.
asche – Icel. Sw. aska = Dan. aske = Goth.
aggó, ash.] 1. What remains of a body that
is burned; the incombustible residue of organic
substances (animal or vegetable) remaining
after combustion; in common usage, any in-
combustible residue of materials used as fuel:
usually in the plural. As a commercial term, the
word generally means the ashes of vegetable substances,
from which are extracted the alkaline matters called pot-
ash, pearlash, kelp, barilla, etc.
The ash of tobacco. Domne. Polydoron (1631), p. 142.
A residue consisting of carbon, or carbon and ash. Ure
2. Fine material thrown out of a volcano in
eruption. It is not, like ordinary ashes, a residuum of
the combustion of a substance containing carbonaceous
mingled with inorganic matter, but is finely pulverized
lava, derived in part from the actual tearing asunder of









ash
the not fully consolidated material by the expansive force
of the gases which it contains, and in part from mechani-
cal pulverization by friction in the chimney of the Volca-
no. Larger particles are called lapilli; coherent masses
of still larger size, scoriae, cinders, and bombs. If the
erupted ashes fall into water, they assume a stratified form.
Rocks of this character have been called igneo-aqueous
and pluto:neptunian. See lava, volcano, and tuff.
3. pl. The remains of the human body when
burned; hence, a dead body or corpse; mortal
I'6'IQ 8,1]\S.
Poor key-cold figure of a holy king !
Pale ashes of the house of Lancaster!
Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood |
Shak., Rich. III., i. 2.
Black ashes, crude soda.-Blue ashes. . See blue.—
Clavellated ashes. See clavellated.—Dust and ashes,
a Scriptural phrase expressive, when applied to one's self,
of deep humiliation : as, “I which am but dust and ashes,”
Gen. xviii. 27.—Ultramarine ashes. See witramarine.
ash2 (ash), v. t. [K ash2, n.] 1. To strew or
sprinkle with ashes.
They ash and powder their pericraniums.
g Howell, Letters, iv. 5.
2. To convert into ashes.
The folded filter paper brought into a scorifier and
ashed in a glowing muffle. Amer. Chem. Jowr., VIII. 7S.
ashame (a-shām"), v. [K (1) ME. aschamen,
ashamen, KAS. āscamian, asceamian (= MHG.
irscamen, erschemen, G. erschämen); mixed with
(2) ME. yshamen, yschamen, KAS. gescamian,
gesceamian, gescomian (= Goth, gaskaman, refl.),
and (3) ME. of schamen, KAS. *ofscamian (the
last two in ME. only in pp.); K.A.S. ā- (E. a-1),
AS. ge- (E. a-6), or AS. of (E. a-4), respectively,
+ scamian, sceamiam, shame: see a-1, a-6, a-4,
and shame, v.] I.f intrams. To feel shame; be
ashamed.
II, trans. To shame; make ashamed. [Now
rarely used, except in the past, participle
ashamed, with the force of an adjective.]
It should humble, ashame and grieve us.
Barrow, Works, II. 417.
ashamed (a-shāmd’), p. a. [.. (1) ME, ashamed,
aschamed, KAS. āscamod, mixed with (2) M.E.
ysshamed, K. A.S. gescamod, and (3) ME. of
schamed, KAS. *ofscamod; pp. of the preceding
verb.] 1. Affected or touched by shame; abash-
ed or confused by guilt or a conviction of some
wrong action, indecorous conduct, or other im-
propriety: hardly used attributively: followed
by of, or by a dependent clause with that.
They shall be turned back, they shall be greatly ashamned,
that trust in graven images. Is. Xlii. 17.
I feel sufficiently my folly's penance,
And am asham'd : that shame a thousand sorrows
Feed on continually. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, v. 7.
Those who base their hopes for the future on the glori-
ous revelations of the Bible need not be ashamed of its
story of the past. Dawsom, Nature and the Bible, p. 181.
“Thy name 2'' . . .
“Ashamed am I that I should tell it thee.
My pride is broken : men have seen my fall.”
& Tennyson, Geraint.
2. Reluctant through fear of shame : followed
by an infinitive : as, I am ashamed to offer it,
it is so little.
I cannot dig, to beg I am ashamed. Luke xvi. 3.
He was not ashamed to answer that he could not live out
of the royal Smile. Macaulay, Hist. Dng.
ashamedly (a-shā‘med-li), adv. With shame.
ashamedness (a-shā‘med-nes), m. The state
of being ashamed.
Ashantee, Ashanti (a-shan’té), m. and a. [Na-
tive name.] I. m. A native or an inhabitant of
Ashantee, a state in western Africa.
. a. Of or pertaining to Ashantee.
ash-barberry (ash'bār"ber-i), m. A name given
to pinnate-leafed species of barberry (Berberis)
belonging to the section Mahonia.
ash-bead (ash’béd), m. In the manufacture of
, varnish, a layer of ashes placed near the fire
over which the gum is melted. The pot containing
the gum is placed upon the ashes when the heat becomes
too great, or when the varnish is ready for mixing.
ash-bin (ash’bin), n. A receptacle for ashes
and other refuse.
ash-cake (ash' kāk), n.
hot ashes.
ash-candles (ash’kan"dlz), m. pl. Ash-keys:
an English name of the fruit of the European
ash-tree, Fraa inus excelsior.
ash-color (ash’kul’or), m. The color of ashes;
a clear, neutral gray.
ash-colored (ash (kul"ord), a. Of the color of
ashes: cinerous.
ashend (ash'en or ashºn), a. [K ME. *aschen, K
AS. *abscen (Bosworth), Kaºsc, ash: see ashland
-en’.] Pertaining to the ash-tree or its tim-
ber; made of ash.
His ashen spear, that quivered as it ſlew.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph.., xii. 494.
A cake baked on or in
336
ashen? (ash'en or ashºn), a. [K ash2 + -en?..]
Consisting of or resembling ashes; ash-colored:
as, “the ashen hue of age,” Scott, Marmion,
vi. 14.
ashen&#, n. Obsolete plural of ash?. Chaucer.
ashery (ash ’ 9-ri), m.; pl. asheries (-Tiz). [K
ash2 + -ery.] 1. A place for ashes; an ash-
hº-2 A manufactory of potash or pearl-
8,SI).
ashet (ash’et), n. [Sc., earlier asset, K F. as-
siette, a plate.] A large platter or dish, gener-
ally of an oval shape, on which meat is brought
to the table. [Scotch..]
ash-fire (ash'fir), n. A slow fire of live coals
banked or covered with ashes, used in chemical
operations, and by bakers and others.
a; (ash'fli), m. The oak-fly, Cynips quer-
cusſolii.
ash-furnace (ash'fèr"näs), n. A kind of furnace
or oven in which the materials for glass-making
are fritted.
ash-hole (ash’hôl), m. A repository for ashes;
the lower part of a furnace; an ash-bin.
ashine (a-shin'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8
+ shine.] Shining; bright; luminous.
His hard features . . . all agrin and ashine with glee.
Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, iii.
Ashkenazic (ash-kā-naz'ik), a. Pertaining or
jºins to the Ashkenazim. Encyc. Brit., XV.
Ashkenazim (ash-kā-naz’im), m. pl. [Heb.]
German-Polish Jews, as distinguished from the
Sephardim or Spanish-Portuguese Jews. They
form about 90 per cent. of the Jewish race, and differ from
the Sephardim in liturgy and in pronunciation of Hebrew,
but not in doctrine.
ash-key (ash’kē), m. [K ashl + keyl. Cf. ma-
ple-key.] The key or samara of the ash-tree;
the pericarp of the ash; in her. (in the plural),
a representation of the keys or
samaras of the ash-tree, used as a
bearing. Also called ash-candles.
ashkoko (ash-kö’kö), n. A native
mame in Abyssinia of the cony, a
species of Hyraa. Bruce. Also
called gamam and wabber. See
Cony, 2.
ashlar, m. See ashler.
ash-leach (ash’léch), m. A hopper in which
ashes are placed during the process of the re-
Ash-Keys.
*moval of their soluble salts by lixiviation.
ashler, ashlar (ash’lèr, -lär), n. [Early mod.
IE. also astler, asler, etc., K.M.E. asheler, ascheler,
achiler, KOF. aiseler, ashler, KOF. aiselle, aissele,
aisselle, K ML. assella, a little board or shingle
(cf. L. assula, a chip, shingle), dim. of L. assis
(> It. asse = F. ais), a board, plank, also spelled
awis, and the same word as aaris, axis: see aaris
and astel.] 1. A block of building-stone, rough
as it is brought from the quarry; such stones
collectively.—2. In masonry, a squared stone,
*~
*~~
a r \, , ->~
- g = €”
* s
-z=Q--S
is ſº
*7, § f
sº *
ºiſ sº
wº
tl| | zºº.
*- º
*
• *
Ashler.
a, random-range quarry-faced ashler; b, random-range dressed-face
ashler; c, coursed quarry-faced ashler; d, coursed dressed ashler with
margin-draft, also showing iron anchor; e, bonder in ashler; y, rub-
ble filling back of ashler.
as distinguished from a stone which is of irregu-
lar shape; such stones collectively.
Ashlar stones, or ashlars as they are commonly called,
are made of various sizes on the surface, as the character
of the edifice may require. Encyc. Brit., IV. 471.
3. Masonry constructed of ashler. When the
courses are not regular, but broken up by the use of stones
of different thicknesses, it is called broken ashler or ram-
dom-range ashler. Small ashler employs stones of less
than one foot in breadth. Bastard ashler is an ashler face
backed with rubble or other inferior work, as in all courses
but the lowest in the cut. Ashler is said to be plane
when it is smoothed on the exposed face ; tooled proper,
when the tooling is in grooves; random-tooled, when cut
without regularity; chiseled or boasted, when wrought with
Asiarc
Asiarch
a marrow tool; pointed, when wrought with a tool still
narrower; rusticated, or quarry-faced, when the joints
only are hewn, the face of the stone being left irregular;
prison rustic, when pitted into 3. holes; herring-bone,
when tooled obliquely in alternate directions; and nigged,
when dressed with a pointed hammer.
The ashler buttress braves its force,
And ramparts frown in battled row.
Scott, Cadyow Castle.
Droved ashler, a Scotch name for ashler of inferior
quality, whether chiseled or random-tooled.
ashlering (ash’lèr-ing), n. . [K. ashler + -ingl.]
1. In carp., short upright pieces to which laths
are nailed, extending from the floor-beams to
the rafters in garrets.—2. In masonry, ashler
used as a facing to the body of a wall; bastard
ashler.
ashore (a-shör’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K as
+ shoreſ.] 1. On shore; on or to the land ad-
jacent to water: as, bring the goods ashore;
the ship was driven ashore.—2. On land; op-
posed to aboard or afloat: as, the captain of
the ship remained ashore.
ash-pit (ash’ pit), m. 1. A place of deposit for
ashes and house-rubbish generally.—2. The
place where the cinders fall under a furnace
or fireplace. g
ash-plate (ash"plát), n. The rear plate of a
furnace.
ashrafi (ash-raf’i), n. [Pers. ashraf.] A Per-
sian gold coin, weighing rather more than 53
grains, and worth about $2.43.
ash-shoot (ash'shöt), n. A tube leading up-
ward from the stoke-hole of a ship to the ãº,
through which the ashes are lifted. The shoot
is also utilized as a ventilating shaft.
Ashtaroth (ash'ta-roth), n. [Heb.] Plural of
Ashtoreth. -
Ashtoreth (ash'tū-reth), n. [Written Astoreth
by Milton: a Heb., Orig. Phenician, name, equiv-
alent to the Assyrian Ishtar.] Same as Astarte.
Ashura (ash’ö-râ), m. [Ar. ‘ashir, tenth, K'ash-
ara, ten..] A voluntary fast-day observed b
the Mohammedans on the 10th day of the mont
Muharram. Hughes.
Ash Wednesday (ash wenzºdă). [ME. asche-,
ask-, aw—wednesday; ash2 and Wednesday.] The
first day of Lent. It is named from a custom in the
Western Church of sprinkling ashes on the heads of peni-
tents admitted to penance on that day. This ceremony is
generally attributed to Gregory the Great. According to
the present rite in the Roman Catholic Church, the ashes
are consecrated on the altar, sprinkled with holy Water,
signed with the cross, and then strewn on the heads of
the clergy and people, the priest repeating, “Memento,
homo, quia pulvis es, et in pulverem reverteris” (Remem-
ber, man, that thou art dust, and wilt to dust return).
ashweed (ash'wéd), n. [Formerly also ashe-,
aish-weed; K ash.1 + weed1.] The goutwort,
AEgopodium Podagraria.
ań. a. [ME. asshy, asky; K ash2 + -y.]
1. Belonging to, consisting of, or resembling
ashes; hence, ash-colored; pale.
A timely-parted ghost
Of ashy semblance, meagre, pale, and ioodless.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
2. Sprinkled with ashes. Chaucer.
Asian (ā’shian or ā'zhian), a. [K L. Asianus,
K. Gr. Aatavóg, K Aota, Asia, a town in Lydia,
then the region around, extended to mean what
is now known as Asia Minor; in Pliny Asia is
used, as now, for the whole continent. The
origin of the name Acta is unknown.] Pertain-
ing to Asia, a continent extending from Europe
eastward to the Pacific ocean, and from the
frozen ocean on the north to the Indian ocean
on the south.
Asianic (ā-shi- or ā-zhi-an'ik), a. [K Asian +
-ic.] 1. Of or pertaining to Asia Minor.
A syllabic writing, evidently of immense antiquity
which prevailed throughout the whole of Asia Minor, aná
which has been designated by Professor Sayce as the
Asianic syllabary. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 116.
2. Pertaining to or characterized by Asianism,
or a florid and inflated style of literature.
Asianism (ä'shian- or ā’zhian-izm), n. [K Asian
+ -ism.] A florid and inflated style of oratory
or rhetorical treatment, such as was character-
istic of the Asiatic Greeks in the three cen-
turies preceding the Christian era.
(ā’shi-ārk), m. [K LL. Asiarcha, K. Gr.
Aotáp2ng, K. Agia, Asia, the province so called,
+ špºetv, rule, govern.] In the Roman prov-
ince of Asia, one of the presidents of the pro-
Vincial games. The Asiarchs were chosen annually,
and celebrated the games wholly or in part at their own
expense. 4.
It was probably the policy of the Romans to encourage
centralisation in the religious organisation of their prov-
inces, and the titles “Archiereus of Asia” and Asiarch
were probably introduced by them into Asia Minor.
C. T. Newton, Art and Archæol., p. 165.




Asiatic
jºr *
Asiatic (ā-shi- or ā-zhi-at'ik), a. and n. IKL.
Asiaticus, K. Gr. Aotariſtóg, K Aota, L. Asia, Asia:
see Asian.] I. a. 1. Belonging to or character-
istic of Asia or its inhabitants.—2. Character-
ized by Asianism.—Asiatic cholera. See cholera.
ſºlo pills, in med, pills of arsenious oxid and black
pepper.
# . m. A native of Asia.
Asiaticism (ä-shi- or ā-zhi-at’i-sizm), n. [K Asi-
atic + -ism.] Something characteristic of Asi-
atics; specifically, Asiatic, as distinguished
from European, modes of thought and life.
[Rare.]
The great struggle between Protestantism and A8tati-
cism. New Eng. Jour. of Education, XX. 75.
Asiaticization (ā-shi- or ā-zhi-at’i-si-ză'shgn),
m. [K Asiaticize + -ation.] The act of render-
ing Asiatic, or of permeating with Asiaticism.
Rare.]
The A8taticization of European life. -
J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 117.
Asiaticize (ā-shi- or ā-zhi-at’i-siz), v. t. ; pret.
and pp. Asiaticized, ppr. Asiaticizing. Si-
atic H-T-72e.] To render Asiatic; tinge or imbue
with Asiatic ideas, customs, etc. [IRare.]
The close of the seventeenth century, which marks the
culmination of the Asiaticizing tendency in Europe, saw
despotism, both political and religious, firmly established
in France, and Spain, and Italy, and in half of Germany.
J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 119.
Asida (as’i-dà), n. [NL.] The typical genus of
beetles of the subfamily Asidinae, containing
numerous wingless species with ovate bodies,
inhabiting desert regions of Europe and North
America. *
aside (A-sid’), prep. phr. as adv. and prep. [K
ME. aside, a side, on side, on Syd (also with ad-.
verbial gen. suffix, asides, asidis, asydis): see
om, a3, and side1.] I. adv. 1. On or to one side;
to or at a short distance; apart; away from
some normal direction or position: as, to turn
or stand aside ; to draw a curtain aside.
Thou shalt set aside that which is full. 2 Ki. iv. 4.
He took him aside from the multitude. Mark vii. 33.
The flames were blown aside.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., l. 1639.
2. Apart or separately (from); in a state of
withdrawal or exclusion (from). [A use of aside
for apart nearly or quite peculiar to the United
States.]
I give thee love as God gives light,
, Aside from merit or from prayer.
R. T. Cooke, Poems, p. 76.
That we agree with him [Emerson], or that he always
agrees with himself, is aside from the question.
Iowell, Study Windows, p. 197.
3. Out of one's thoughts, consideration, or re-
gard; away; off: as, to lay aside one's animos-
ity; to put one's cares aside.
Without laying aside that dauntless valour which had
been the terror of every land from the Elbe to the Pyre-
IlêCŞ. Macaulay, Hist, Eng., i.
Books can only reveal us to ourselves, and as often as
they do us this service, we lay them aside.
Thoreau, Letters, p. 153.
No man can put abstract notions more entirely aside
than he. N. A. Rev., CXLII. 596.
4. So as not to be heard by some one present:
chiefly a dramatic use. Thus, on the stage, to utter a
Špeech aside, is to utter it in such a manner that it is as-
sumed not to be heard by the other characters, or to be
heard only by those for whom it is intended.
0 dear, madam, you are not to say that to her face l—
aside, ma'am, aside.—The Whole scene is to be aside.
- Sheridan, The Critic, iii. 1.
II. prep. By the side of; beside. [Rare, ex-
cept in old English and Scotch..]
Here slake your thirst aside their liveliest rill, Landor.
aside (a-sid’), m. . [K aside, adv.] Something
spoken and not heard, or supposed not to be
heard, by some one or more present; especially,
a remark uttered by an actor on the stage, and
assumed not to be heard by the other charac-
ters on the stage, or to be heard only by those
for whom it is intended.
asiderite (a-sid’º-rit), n. IK Gr. 3- priv. 4- otóe-
pírmc, of iron: sée a-18 and siderite.] ...A., me-
teoric stone which contains no metallic iron.
See meteorite.
Asidinae (as-i-di’né), m. pl. [NL., K. Asida +
-inac.] A subfamily of atracheliate heterome-
rous beetles, of the family Tenebrionidae, typi-
fied by the genus Asida.
Asilici (a-sili-si), n. #. [NL., K Asilus.]. A
name given by Latreille to a group of tetrachae-
tous brachycerous dipterous insects, corre-
sponding most nearly to the modern family
Asilidae, or hornet-flies. Latreille divided the Lin:
Ilê8.In #. Asilus into two groups, which he called Asilict
and Hybotint,
337
Asilidae (a-sili-dé), n. pl. [NL., & Asilus + -idae.J
A family of dipterous insects, or flies, belong-
ing to the group Tetrachaetae of the suborder
Brachycera; the hornet-flies, very active, pre-
dacious, and voracious, preying upon other in-
sects, and making a humming noise in flight.
Asilus (a-siºlus), ºn. [NL., K. L. asilus, a gad-
fly, horse-fly.] 1. A genus of two-winged
flies, of the family
Asilidae, pº.
known as hornet-
flies, robber-flies,
or hawk-flies. The
are large, rather slen-
der-bodied flies, having
strong legs and a re-
markably strong beak
with which they pierce
their prey. They de-
stroy caterpillars, grass-
hoppers, and even
honey-bees. Their lar-
vae live under ground.
2. In ornith. : (a)
[l. c.] An old name
§. 1555, to
rissom, 1760) of
the willow-warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus. (b)
A genus of such warblers. Bechstein, 1802.
Asimina (a-sim’i-nā), n. [NL. (cf. Canadian
F. acimine, the fruit; aciminier, the tree), K
asimina, the northern Algonkin corruption of
southern Illinois rassimina (pl.), the name of
the fruit, prob., as Dr. Trumbull suggests, K
rassa, a sleeve, -- min, pl. mima, fruit; from
its shape.] A genus of anonaceous shrubs
of the Atlantic and Gulf States, including
about 8 species. Of these the most widely distrib-
uted is the common papaw, A. triloba, which becomes a
small tree and bears a large edible fruit. The others
àI'0 ly shrubs, confined to the Gulf States. See pa-
pa^0, Z.
asinary? (ºil);
mus, an ass: see ass1.] Asinine. Bailey.
asinego? (as-i-né'gó), n. [Also asinico, Sp. as-
nico, a little ass, dim. Of Sp. Pg. asno, K L. asi-
mus: see assl.] 1. A little ass.-2. A foolish
fellow.
Thou sodden-witted lord ' thou hast no more brain than
I have in mine elbows; an assinego may tutor thee.
Shak., T. and C., ii. 1.
Robber-fly (Ast/us sericeus, Say),
natural size.
a. [K L. asimarius, K asi-
Also spelled assinego,
asinine (asſi-nin or -nin), a. [K L. asinimus, K
asinus, an ass: see assl.] 1. Belonging to or
characteristic of the ass.-2. Having the quali-
ties attributed to the ass; stupid; obstinate;
obtrusively silly; offensively awkward.
This one act . . . proclaims his a simime nature.
B. Jomson, The Devil is an Ass, i. 6.
The gravest historians of the Netherlands often relieved
their elephantine labors by the most asinine gambols.
Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 88.
asininity (as-i-nin’i-ti), n. [K asinine + -ity.
Cf. ML. asinitas, stupidity.] The quality of
being asinine; obstinate stupidity.
The elephant's discourse
Will neutralize the stupid asimimity.
The Century, XXVII. 960.
asinus, (as’i-nus), n. ...[L., an ass; see ass!..]
In 206l. : (a) Specifically, the ass, Equus asinus.
(b) [cap.] Generically, a subgenus of Equus,
including the asses, as the hemione, onager,
Quagga, zebra, etc.
asio (ä'si-Ö), m. [NL., K. L. asio (in Pliny, with
var. reading azio), a horned owl.] An old name
of a horned owl. It was made a genus by Brisson,
1760, having as type the common long-eared owl of Europe,
A. otws, and the name has been given With little discrimi-
nation to sundry horned or eared owls. Now usually: (a)
[cap.] A genus comprehending only A. otius and its inn-
mediate relatives, as A. wilsonianus of North America, A.
accipitrimus, the short-eared owl, etc. See cut under owl.
(b) The specific name of the smali red or gray owl of North
America, Stria; asio (Linnaeus), now Scops asio.
Asiphonata (a-Si-fj-nā’tā), m. pl. [NL., neut.
pl. of asiphonatus: see asiphonate.] An order
of acephalous lamellibranchiate mollusks, con-
taining headless bivalves without respiratory
tubes or siphons like those which in the
Siphonata convey water from the gills, and
having the lobes of the mantle free. Most of
the Asiphonata are fixed, the foot being small or want-
ing, and many secrete a byssus. The order includes in
general those bivalves best known and most useful and
Valuable to man, as oysters, pearl-Oysters, scallops, mus-
Sels, unios, etc., and is now divided into about 12 families.
Synonymous with Atrachia. Also Asiphonia, Asiphoniata,
Asiphonida. •
aiphonate (a-si'fö-nāt), a. [KNL. asiphonatus
K. Gr. 3- priv. 4- origov, siphon: see a-18 an
siphonate.] Not possessing a respiratory tube
or siphon: opposed to siphonate; specifically,
of or pertaining to the Asiphonata. H. A.
JNicholson. Also asiphoniate and esiphonate.
ask
Asiphonia (as-i-fo'ni-á), m. pl. [NL.] Same as
Asiphonata.
Asiphoniata (as-i-fo-ni-ā’tā), n. pl. [NL.]
Same as A&iphonata.
asſºhoniate (as-i-fô'ni-āt), a. Same as asipho-
720,763,
Asiphonida (as-i-fon’i-dà), n. pl. [NL.] Same
as Asiphonata.
—asis. See -iasis.
asitia (a-sish’iá), n. [NL., K. Gr. dottia, want
of food or of º K &otrog, without food, K
à-priv.-H. Girog, food.] Loss of appetite; loath-
ing of food.
ask1 (äsk), v. [E. dial. also aa, and ass (pret.
ast); K ME. asken, esken, assibilated ashem, as-
sen, eshen, essen, transposed aſcen, acsen, acsien,
oacien, KAS. āścian, often transposed äcsian, dia:-
ian, ähsian, - OS. āscón = OFries. āskia = D.
eischen = OHG. eiscón, MHG, eischen, G. eischen,
heischen = Sw, diska = Dan. aske, ask (cf.
Icel. aeskja, wish : see wish), = OBulg. iSkati =
Bohem. jiskati = Russ. iskatē = Lith. jeshkoti
= Lett. Öskāt, seek; cf. Skt. Vish, seek, de-
sire.] I. trans. 1. To request; seek by words
to obtain; petition for: commonly with of, in
the sense of from, before the person to whom
the request is made.
Ask counsel . . . of God. Judges xviii. 5.
2. To demand, expect, or claim : with for: as,
what price do you ask, or ask for it 3
A8k me never so much dowry. Gen. xxxiv. 12.
3. To solicit from ; request of: with a personal
object, and with or without for before the thing
desired: as, I ask you a great favor; to ask one
for a drink of water.
I came near, . . . and asked him the truth of all this.
Dan. vii. 16.
4. To require as necessary or useful; demand;
exact.
The exigence of a state asks a much longer time to con-
duct the design to maturity. Addison.
To find the medium asks some share of wit,
And therefore 'tis a mark fools never hit.
Cowper, Conversation.
5. To interrogate or inquire of; put a ques-
tion to.
He is of age, ask him. John ix. 21.
6. To inquire concerning; seek to be informed
about: as, to ask the way; to ask a question.
Here kennell'd in a brake she finds a hound,
And asks the Weary caitiff for his master.
Shale., Venus and Adonis, 1.914.
7. To invite: as, to ask guests to a wedding
or entertainment.—To ask in church, to publish
banns of marriage. [The verb ask is used in this phrase
because the publication is really an inquiry whether any
one can state any valid objection to the marriage.]=S
1 to 4. Ask, Request, Beg, Demand, Claim, Require, Solicit,
Beseech, Entreat, Crave, Supplicate, Innplore, Importune.
Askis the generic word in this list ; it implies neither that
what is asked must be rendered, nor, on the other hand,
that it would be a favor. Demand, claim, and require ask
imperatively or authoritatively; the others call for a favor
with different degrees of urgency or humility. Beseech,
Solicit, entreat, importune, and sometimes beg, imply great
urgency; crave, supplicate, and implore imply great urgen-
cy and great dependence or humility. Request is a little
more formal or carefully civil than ask: as, your atten-
dance is requested. Beg is primarily to ask as a beggar;
sometimes, by the hyperbole of social usage, to ask as a
favor, real or professed : as, I beg your pardon. Demand
and claim more often refer to things; require applies more
often to action : as, he demnanded his share ; he claimed
the whole; he required me to come ; he required some
proof to back my demand and substantiate my claim.
Solicit is urgent, but less so than the words that follow it:
as, he solicited my vote. Beseech is most applicable to the
act of asking on the ground of pure favor. Entreat implies
continued appeal or representations of a moving Riñd.
Crave is almost or quite abject ; like beg, it has been taken
into polite forms of speech, and in that use robbed of most
of its force. Supplicate and implore are, figuratively,
modes of prayer, as to a superior being ; they innply urgent
or desperate appeal, perhaps in many Words. To impor-
twme is generally to beg in a persistent, wearying way,
With urgency, but perhaps without especial dependence
or humility.
To ask and have, command and be obeyed.
Marlowe, Tamburlaine, I. iv. 3,
To-night we hold a solemn supper, sir,
And I’ll request your presence. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 1,
These matters could not be thus carri'd without a begg'o.
and borrow'd force from worldly authority.
Milton, Church-Government, ii. 3.
It is only when the reasonable and the practicable are
denied that men demand the unreasonable and impracti-
cable. Lowell, Democracy.
Since the knight
Came not to us, of us to claim the prize,
Ourselves will send it after.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
The guards opened the doors, we were told that we could
proceed no further, and were required to alight.
Froude, Sketches, p. 41.
The port . . . . was crowded with those who hastened to
Solicit permission to share in the enterprise.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I, 40.

- 22
3.SK
His eyes, his silence, did beseech
For more and more and more of love.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 114.
Lest I should fear and fall, and miss Thee so,
Who art not missed by any that entreat.
Mrs. Browning, Comfort.
Time, the avenger! unto thee I lift
My hands, and eyes, and heart, and crave of thee a gift.
Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 130.
We have petitioned, we have remonstrated, we have sup-
plicated, we have prostrated ourselves before the throne,
and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyran-
nical hands of the ministry and Parliament.
Patrick Henry.
Did they hear me, would they histen, did they pity me sup-
plicating £
Shall I heed them in their anguish Y shall I brook to be
Supplicated? Tennyson, Boadicea.
Implore your help in these pathetic strains.
ope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 232.
Importwme him for my moneys; be not ceas'd
With slight denial. Shak., T. of A., ii. 1.
5 and 6. Ask, Inquire, Question, Interrogate. Ask is here
also the generic word; it is simple and informal. Inquire
may be used in the endeavor to be civil, or it may express
a more minute examination into facts: as, to inquire (into,
as to) the causes of discontent. To question in this sense
implies the asking of a series of questions, it being sup-
posed that the truth is hard to get at, through ignorance,
Teluctance, etc., in the person questioned. Interrogate is
essentially the same as question, but more formal : as, to
question a child or servant about his conduct, to interro-
gate a witness, an applicant for office, etc. Questioning
or interrogation might be resented where asking, asking
a question, or inquiring would meet with a friendly re-
Sponse.
If we encountered a man of rare intellect, we should
ask him what books he read.
lºmerson, Letters and Social Aims.
I promis'd to inquire carefully
About a schoolmaster for the fair Bianca.
Shak., T. of the S., i. 2.
But since I heard him make reply
Is many a weary hour;
'T were well to question him, and try
If yet he keeps the power.
Tennyson, The Talking Oak.
To question and [to] interrogate [are] to ask repeatedly,
and in the latter case more authoritatively than in the
former. Crabb, English Synonymes, p. 102.
II. intrams. 1. To request or petition: with
for before the thing requested: as, ask for bread.
Your committee ask for candor and justice they do
not ask for adhesion to any system.
Swmmer, Prison Discipline.
Bxplore the thought, explain the asking eye.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 412.
2. To inquire or make inquiry; put a question:
often followed by after or about, formerly also
lby of.
Wherefore is it that thou dost ask after my name?
Gen. xxxii. 29.
ask? (ask), m. [E. dial. also asker, ascar, askerd,
askard, K ME. aske, spelled once arske, KAS.
àthere (found but once, in a gloss), appar. contr.
from “agithere = OS. egithassa = OD. eggedisse,
egdis, later lieghdisse, haeghdisse, now hagedis,
haagdis (simulating D. lvaag = E. hay?, hedge)
= OHG. egidehsa, MEIG. egedehse, G. eidechse, a
newt; appar. a compound, but of uncertain for-
mation; perhaps KAS. *agi, ege = OS. egi =
OHG. egi = Goth. agis, fear (see awe), + -the-ce,
OHG.-dehsa, repr. a. Teut. V*thaks, make, fash-
ion (seen also in OHG. M.H.G. dahs, G. dachs, a
badger, OHG. dehsala, MHG. dehsel, a hatchet,
ax, in Gr. Téktov, a carpenter, artisan, Tóšov, a
bow, etc.: see tectomic, architect, toacio), – Skt.
v taksh, make, fashion; the sense “awe- or
fear-maker’ suiting the popular dread of lizards
and other reptiles...] A newt. [Prov. Eng, and
Scotch..]
aska (äs’kä), m. [Russ. asika.] A warm cap
with a round top and without ear-pieces, worn
by the Russian peasantry.
aºi (a-skåns'), adv. [First in early mod.
E., also written ascance, askauncé, aScawnce,
askauns, askaunse, asconce, a scance, a Sconce, in
the earliest recorded form (Palsgrave, 1530) a
scanche, with a later variant askant, q. V. ;
probably developed from askance”, and, ac-
quiring from asſant a physical sense.] Side-
wise; obliquely; out of the corner of the
eye; askant.
But Rustum ey'd askance the kneeling youth.
M. Armold, Sohrab and Rustum.
- So she, and turn’d askance a wintry eye.
Tennyson, The Princess.
askancel (a-skåns'), v. t.3, pret. and pp.
askanced, ppr. askancing. [Kaskance", adv.]
To turn aside, as the eyes. [Rare.]
O, how are they wrapp'd in with infamies
That from their own misdeeds askance their eyes |
Shale., Lucrece, l. 637.
askance2+ (a-skåns'), adv. and conj. [ME.
* askance, ascance, aska unce, ascawnce, as
338
skaunce.] A reduced form of askances, q.v.
Ascawnce that craft is so lyght to lere?
Chaucer, Yeoman's Tale, 1. 838.
And wroot the names . . . .
Ascawnce [var. askawnce] that he wolde for hem preye.
Chawcer, Summoner's Tale, i. 37.
askancesł, conj. adv. [Early mod. E. ascances,
askaunces, K ME. ascawnces, prop. *as cances,
‘as if?: *cances, “canses (= OD. quansijs, D.
kwansijs, konsuis), K_OF. guanses, quainses, also
quéinsi, as, as if, K L. quam Si, used like quasi,
as if: see quasi..] As if ; as if to say.
Keeping a countenance ascances she understood him
not.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia.
askant (a-skant'), adv. [Early mod. E. also
ascant, aska'wnt, ascawnt, later form of askancel.
Cf. aslant or asquint.] Sidewise; askance.
With an eye askant. Cowper, Iliad, xi. 657.
askerl (as’kèr), m. [ME. asker, askere ; K ask1
+ -erl.] One who asks; a petitioner; an in-
quirer.
To give to every asker.
Every asker being satisfied.
Sir K. Digby, The Nature of Bodies.
asker? (as’kēr), n. [E. dial. also ascar, askard,
ascard, askerd, askal, etc.: see ask?..] Same as
ask2. [Prov. Eng.]
askew (a-skü’), adv. [Early mod. E. also askwe,
ascue, a skew; appar. K. aš + skew, q. v. Cf.
equiv. Icel. Ó skā.] In an oblique position;
obliquely; awry; out of the proper position or
arrangement; hence, askance; sidelong.
When ye lowre, or looke on me askew,
Then doe I die. Spenser, Sonnets, vii.
He [Kepler] found that this planet [Mars] moved in an
ellipse or oval curve round the sun, which was situated
rather askew near the middle.
W. R. Clifford, Lectures, I. 78.
askilet, prep. phr. as adv. [Appar. Ka8 + “Skile,
appar. of Scand. Origin, repr. by A.S. sceolh,
sceol-, Scyl- (cf. in comp. Sceolh-égé, Scyl-Égede
= Icel. Skjöleygr = Sw, skelögd = Dan. Skelöjet,
squint-eyed) = Icel. Skjålgr = Sw, dial. skjalg =
D. scheel = OHG. Scelah (scelh-), M.H.G. schelch,
schel, G. Scheel, schel, oblique, squinting; hence
Icel. Skaºla = Sw. skela = Dan. Skele, make a
wry face.] Askant. Bp. Hall.
asking (às'king), m. [K ME. askinge, awunge,
etc., KAS. āscwm.g., áºung, Kūscian, ask: see ask1.]
1. The making of a request; a petition: as, it
may be had for the asking.—2. Proclamation
or publication in church of banns of marriage.
See to ask in church, under ask1.
askingly (äs’king-li), adv. In an entreating
manner; with expression of request or desire.
[Rare.]
How askingly its footsteps toward me bend
It seems to say, “And have I then one friend?”
Coleridge, Young Ass (ed. 1796).
asklent (as-klent'), adv. A. Scotch form of
aslant. -
askos (as’kos), n. [Gr. &okóg, a wine-skin: see
ascus.] In classical archaeol., a vase imitating
more or less closely the form of a wine-skin.
Such vases, of Etruscan or Greek workmanship, are of not
uncommon occurrence in Italy, and are often provided
with a foot and a handle. Also ascus.
asla (as’lā), m. An ancient Persian measure of
land, probably a plethra (which see).
aslake: (a-Släk’), v. i. and t. [K ME. aslakem,
KAS. āslacian, slacken, loosen, remit, K &-
slacian, slake: see a-1 and slake.] 1. To abate;
diminish.
The water Schal aslake and gon away.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1.367.
Shal . . . thy hauty lookes quench my kindeled loue,
or thy gallant shew aslake my good Wil?
- Lyly, Euphues, Amat. of Wit, p. 179.
2. To moderate; mitigate; appease ; satisfy.
Atte laste aslaked was his mood.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1.902.
When mourning altars, purgd with enimies life,
The black infermall Furies doen aslake.
Spenser, F. Q., I. iii. 36.
The beast that prowls about in search of blood,
Or reptile that within the treacherous brake
Waits for the prey, upcoiled, its hunger to aslake.
Southey, Paraguay, i. 14.
[Turk., Kaslam, arslan, a
fromiiş'to
Hammond, Works, I. 99.
aslani (as-lā’ni), m.
lion.] A Turkish silver coin, worth
120 aspers. See asper2.
aslant (3-slânt'), prep. phr. as adv. or a, and
prep. [ME. aslante, o slante, aslonte, earlier
on slonte, on slent; K ač, on, + slant. Cf. Sc.
asklent, asclent.] I. adv. or a. In a slanting
or sloping direction; oblique; obliquely; not
perpendicularly or at right angles.
-a, SIIls
asocial (a-só'shal), a.
asocial
The shaft drove through his neck aslamt.
As with his wings aslant
Sails the fierce cormorant.
Longfellow, Skeleton in Armor.
II. prep. Slantingly across; athwart.
There is a willow grows aslamt a brook.
Shak., Hamlet, iv. 7.
The swelling upland where the side-long sun
Aslant the wooded grove at evening goes.
Longfellow, Spirit of Poetry.
asleep (A-slēp'), prep, plur, as adv. or a. [Also
on sleep (Acts, xiii. 36); ME, aslepe, aslape,
onslape, etc., KAS. on slåpe, in sleep; K as -H
sleep.] 1. In or into a state of sleep: as, to
fall asleep. •
He [Sisera] was fast asleep. Judges iv. 21.
By whispering winds soon lull'd asleep.
Milton, L'Allegro, l. 116.
And there within the hollow lay . . .
Aslaug the golden-headed child,
Asleep and rosy.
illiam Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 32.
2. Figuratively— (a) Dead; in or into a state
of death: chiefly in the Scriptures and religious
literature.
Concerning them which are asleep, . .
Dryden,
sorrow not.
1 Thes, iv. 13.
(b) I)ormant; inactive; idle.
During this inquisition Julia's tongue
Was not asleep. Byrom, Don Juan, i. 145.
3. Having a peculiar numb feeling, accom-
panied by or passing off with a prickly tingling
Sensation. This condition is produced usually by pro-
longed pressure on the nerve-trunks, and consequently is
most frequent in the arms and legs.
His legge . . . was all aslepe, and in a manner sterke
Stiff. Udall, tr. of Erasmus's Apophthegms, p. 235.
4. Naut, said of sails when the wind is just
strong enough to distend them and prevent
i: º º: }
aslope (à-slöp’), pp., or prep. phr. as adv. or a.
K late M.E. a. sióñe, §: K # + slope, n., or
else for aslope, aslopen, “slipped away,” KAS.
dislopem, pp. of dislipan, slip away, Kő- + slipan,
slip: see a-1 and slope, a. and n., and slip. Cf.
alightl, of similar double formation.] In or
into an inclined or slanting position or direc-
tion; with leaning or inclination; deflected
from the perpendicular; with declivity or de-
scent, as a hill.
Set them not upright, but a slope. Bacon, Essays.
aslugt (a-slug"), adv. FK as + slug 1.] In a
sluggish manner. [Rare.]
His boat
That comes aslug against the stream.
Fotherby, Atheomastix, ii. 12.
K. Gr. -aoplóg, K -áčetv, after -t-, equiv. to
-top!6C, K-ſelv: see -ism, and cf. -ast.] A suffix
of Greek origin, occurring instead of -ism after
-ī-, as in enthusiasm, miasm, etc.
asmanite (as'man-it), n. A form of silica
found in Some meteorites. It has been supposed
to be orthorhombic in crystallization, but is probably
identical with tridymite.
Asmannshäuser (àS-mânz-hoi’zēr), m. Abrand
of wines made at ASmannshausen, in Nassau
on the Rhine. These wines are both red and white, the
former being in especial repute for its excellent flavor and
color, though not keeping well.
aSmatographył (as-ma-togºra-fi), n. IK LGr.
ãoplatoypápoc, writing "songs, Kºoplaroypaſpeiv,
write songs, K. Gr. #...; a song (K Čóetv,
sing, X ult. E. ode, q. v.), + Ypápetv, write.]
The art of composing songs.
aSmear (a-Smér’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K as
+ Smear.] Smeared over; bedaubed.
I came into Smithfield, and the shameful place, being all
asmear With filth, and fat, and blood, and foam, seemed to
stick to me. bickens, Great Expectations, xx.
ASmonean, Asmonaean (as-mê-né'an), a. and
7... [KLL. Asmonaus or Asmomeus, representing
Heb. Iſhasmón.] I. a. Pertaining to Asmoneus
or ASmonæus, a reputed ancestor of Matta-
thias, the first of the Maccabees and the father
of Judas Maccabaeus, who lived about 165 B.
C.; hence, pertaining to the Maccabees. See
accabean.
II. m. One of the family of Asmoneus; a
Maccabean. i
asoak (a-Sök’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K as
+ Soak..] In or into a soaked or soaking con-
dition; thoroughly wet.
[K Gr. 3- priv. (a-18) +
social.] Unsocial; antagonistic to society.
As new morbid elements are formed in the disintegrat-
ing processes of disease, the ravages of which they there-
upon accelerate; so new products of an asocial or antiso-
cial kind are formed in the retrograde metamorphosis of
the human kind. Mawdsley, Body and Will, p. 241.
aSOmatous
asomatous (a-só'mg-tus), a., [K Gr. Šoćuaroc
Without a body, K. 4- priv. 4- adua(1-), body.
Without a matérial body; incorporeal. TRare.]
Asopia (a-só'pi-á), n. L.; cf. A80pus.] A
genus of pyralid moths. A. (Pyralis) farinalis
is the meal-moth.
Asopidae (a-să'pi-dé), m.pl. [NL., K.Asopus +
-idae.] family of heteropterous insects,
typified by the genus 4:g.
Asopus (a-só'pus), n. [NL., appar. K. L. Aso-
pus, Gr. Agoſtóg, name of several rivers and of
a river-god..] A genus of heteropterous in-
Sects, typical of the family Asopidae.
asor (as’ôr), n. [Heb.]. A ten-stringed musi-
cal instrument of the Hebrews, played with a
plectrum, and supposed to have borne some re-
semblance to the nebel. S. IC. Handbook Mus.
Inst., P. 19.
asp1 (asp), n. IK ME. asp, aspe, espe, KAS.
*ašp, a spe, aspe, espe, transposed asps, -P. esp=
OHG. aspá, M.H.G. aspé, G. espe = Icel. Ósp, asp,
espi, aspen wood, = Dan. Sw, asp, asp; origi
unknown. The E. form aspen is prop. an adj. :
see aspen..] A European tree of the poplar fam-
ily, Populus tremula. In America a similar species,
P. tremuloides, is known as the quaking asp, or aspen.
The White poplar, P. alba, is also sometimes called the
white asp. The form aspen is also common.
asp” (asp), º... [In ME. as L., aspis; OF, aspe =
Pr. aspic (> F. aspie, > E. aspicy, q.v.) = Sp.
$2. aspid, Óspide =
Pg. it. aspide,
K L. aspis (as-
pid-), KGr. &otríg
(ão Tzó-), an asp,
Egyptian vi-
per.] 1. Avery
VOIl OIO OUIS Self-
pent of Egypt,
celebrated in
connection with
the story of
Cleopatra's sui-
cide. It is identi-
fied with greatest
probability with
the horned viper, of the genus Cerastes, a snake about 15
inches long. The name has also been commonly applied to
the Naja haje, a species attaining a length of 3 or 4 feet,
related to and resembling the Indian cobra, Naja tripw-
dians. It is of a mottled green
and brown color, with the skin of
the neck dilatable, though less
so than that of the true cobra.
This serpent is of frequent oc-
currence along the Nile, and is
the sacred serpent of ancient
Egypt, represented commonly
in art as a part of the head-
dress of kings and divinities,
and often connected with their
emblems, as a symbol of royal
power. In archaeology it is
usually known as the wroews.
2. The common viper or
adder of Europe, a feebly
poisonous serpent, for-
merly named Vipera com—
munis, now Pelias berus, of
the family Viperidae. See
Asp (Naja haje).
#S
i
i
§
i
i
sº
§
i
|
§
#
§§
Wy
S
§§§
S Š CN
§§ § º §
§
2.
i
#
É
:
i
§s
#
ºv
i
i
§
i
der.— Asp, as an tian roval
cut under adder–3. A sºlº
name of sundry other poi- Rameses ii.
Sonous SerpentS.
i. and aspick are obsolete or poetic forms.
Aspalacidae (as-pa-las’i-dé), m. pl. Same as
Spalacidae.
Aspalacinae (as-pal-a-siºné), m. pl.
Spalacina.
aspalathus (as-pal'a-thus), n. [L., K. Gr. &otá-
Waffog, a prickly shrub yielding a fragrant oil.]
1. An unknown aromatic thorny shrub men-
tioned in the Apocrypha and by some of the
old herbalists.
I gave a Sweet Smell like cinnamon and aspalathwa.
Ecclus. xxiv. 15.
2. [cap.] A large genus of South African
plants belonging to the family Fabaceae, with
small heath-like leaves, and generally with
yellow flowers.
Aspalax (as'pa-laks), m. Same as Spalaa.
asparagi (as parºji), 7... pl. [NL., pl. of as-
paragus.] In bot., scaly shoots from under
ground, as in asparagus. Also called twrions.
asparagic (as-pa-raj'ik), a. [K asparagus +
-ic.] Same as aspartic.
asparagin, asparagine (as-par’ā-jin), n. [K as-
paragus -in?, -ine?..] A crystallized sub-
stance (C4H8N2O3) found in the juice of as-
paragus, tº: and other vegetables, in the
sprouts of cereals, and in leguminous seeds
during germination. It is an amide of aspartic acid,
Same as
asparamide (as-par’a-mid), m.
asparmate (as-pār’māt), m.
a Spet, n.
aspect (asſpekt, formerly as-pekt'), m.
*aspect, K L. aspectus, seeing, look, appearance,
339
and forms compounds with both acids and bases. Some-
times called althein or asparamid.
asparaginous (as-pa-raj’i-nus), a. [K aspara-
gus + -in? ---ous.] Belonging to asparagus;
resembling asparagus; specifically, having ten-
der edible shoots like those of asparagus: as,
asparaginous plants.
**** (as-para-gus), n. IKL. asparagus, Š
... à07&payog, Attic àoſpápayog, asparagus; said
to be of Pers. origin. In ML. by apheresis also
$paragus, 8paragi, X It. sparagio, OF. esperage,
X early mod. E. sperage, sparage, sperach. The
ML. form sparagus was in E. altered by popular
etymology into sparagrass and sparrow-grass
(sometimes simply grass), which were until re-
cently in good literary use..] 1. A plant of the
genus Asparagus, especially A. officinalis.-2.
[cap.] A large genus of plants of the old world,
of the family Convallariaceae. That cultivated in
gardens, the common asparagus, or Asparagus officinalis,
has a much-branched stem rising from thick and matted
perennial root-stocks, and small greenish-yellow flowers.
The narrow thread-like so-called leaves are in reality
branchlets growing in clusters in the axils of the true but
Scale-like leaves. The roots have a bitterish mucilaginous
taste, and the stalk is in some degree aperient and deob-
Struent, but not very efficacious. The part eaten is the
turion, or young shoot covered with scales in place of
leaves. The sprouts contain the crystalline substance
called asparagin.—French or Prussian asparagus, a
name in some parts of England for the fleshy spike of
Ornithogalum Pyrenaicum.
a pºſs-bean (as-par’a-gus-bên), n. See
€0.774, 2.
asparagus-beetle (as-par’a-gus-bé'tl), n. A
name given to two species of leaf-beetles (Crio-
ceridae) of the genus Crioceris, C. asparagi
(Linnaeus) and C. duodecimpunctata (Linnae-
us), which prey upon the asparagus-plant.
Both species were
imported into
the United States
from Europe.
Both the beetles
and their larvae
feed upon the
asparagus - plant,
but the damage
is principally
done by the lar-
vae. C. asparagi is
blackish beneath,
the thorax being
reddish above,
and the elytra
ornamented with
yellowish spots of
varying extent. C.
duodecimpunctata is nearly uniformly reddish, the elytra
having twelve Small black spots. The larvae of the two
species resemble each other closely; they are nearly cylin-
drical, tapering somewhat toward the head, shining, and
of a dirty olive-green color.
asparagus-stone (as-par ’4-gus-stön), n. A
yellowish-green variety of the mineral apatite,
occurring in Spain in small transparent crys-
tals.
Asparagus-beetle (Crzoccri's asparagi).
a, b, d, and e, beetle, eggs, and larvae, natural
size 3 c and /, eggs and larva, enlarged.
[K aspar(agin)
+ amide.] Same as asparagin.
asparginic (as-pār-jinik), a. [Kaspar(a)gin +
-ic.] Same as aspartic.
[K aspar(a) m (ide)
-F -atel..] Same as aspartate.
aspartate (as-pār’tät), n. [Kaspart(ic) + -atel.]
Any salt of aspartic acid.
aspartic (as-pār’tik), a. [Kaspar(agim) + -t-ic.]
Pertaining to or obtained from asparagin. Also
asparagic, asparginic.—Aspartic acid, C4H1NO3, a
crystalline acid derived from asparagin.
An old spelling of asp1 and asp?.
[K ME.
countenance, K aspicere, look, behold, Kad, to,
+ specere, look: see species and spy.] 1. The
act of seeing, or of looking at anything; View ;
gaze; glance; look. [Archaic.]
Some other mistress hath thy sweet aspects.
- Shak. C. of E., ii. 2.
His aspect was bent on the ground, Scott.
Meeting the cold aspect of Duty.
O. W. Holmes, Autocrat, xi.
2. Countenance; look or particular appearance
of the face; mien; air: as, a mild or severe
aspect.
Wiser princes patron the arts, and carry an indulgent
aspect unto scholars. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 3.
Yet, had his aspect nothing of severe,
But such a face as promis'd him sincere.
Dryden, Character of Good Parson, i. 12.
3. Appearance to the eye or mind; look: as,
the physical aspect of the country.
And then our arms, like to a muzzled bear,
Save in aspect, have all offence seal’d up.
Shak., K. John, ii. 1,
How sweet, how fair, and lovely her aspects are
Her eyes, like bright Eoan flames, shoot through me.
Fletcher (and another?), Prophetess, iii. 3.
aspectſ (as-pekt'), v. t.
aspectable (as-pek (ta-bl), a.
aspected (as-pek’ted), p. a.
aspecting (as-pekſting), p. a.
aspector (as-pek’tgr), m.
aspen (as' pen), a. and n.
a Spen
What a collegiate aspect has that fine Elizabethan hall,
where the fountain plays Lamb, Old Benchers.
4. One of the ways in which a thing may be
viewed or contemplated: as, to present an ob-
ject or a subject in its true aspect; in a double
aspect; a favorable aspect.
Something loftier, more adorned,
Than is the common aspect, daily garb,
Of hunnan life. Wordsworth, Prelude, v.
Undoubtedly we have a right to make new words, as
they are needed by the fresh aspects under which life pre-
sents itself here in the New World; and, indeed, wher-
ever a language is alive, it grows.
Lowell, Introd. to Biglow Papers, 1st ser.
5. Practical bearing or reference. [Rare.]
The aspect of atonement is obviously toward creatures,
working effects on them, not on God.
J. Gilbert, Christ. Atonement, p. 167. (N. E. D.)
6. View commanded; prospect; outlook.
This town has a good aspect toward the hill from whence
we descended. Evelyn.
[Now used in this sense mainly with reference to the points
of the compass: as, a house has a southern aspect or ex-
posure.] e - & eº
7. In astrol., the relative positions of the plan-
ets when these are such as to enable them to ex-
ert a mutual influence. They are then said to
be in aspect with each other. The aspects are nine
in number: (1) semisextile, a difference of longitude of
30°; (2) semisquare, of 45°; (3) sextile, of 60° ; (4) quintile,
of 72° ; (5) square or quartile, of 90°; (6) trine, of 120°; (7)
sesquiquadrate, of 135°; (8) biguintile, of 144° ; (9) opposi-
tion, of 180°. To these may be added conjunction, which
occurs when the planets have the same longitude. Kepler
also allowed the decile of 36° and the quincunx of 150°.
Good aspects are the semisextile, sextile, quintile, trine,
biquintile. Bad aspects are the semisquare, square, Ses-
quiquadrate, opposition. Mundame aspects are such as
are formed by the semiarcs of the planets.
The glorious planet, Sol, . . . whose med'cinable eye
Corrects the ill aspects of planets evil.
Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
We, that behold the sad aspects of heaven,
Leading sense-blinded men, feel grief enough
To know, though not to speak, their miseries.
Beau. and Fl., Thierry and Theodoret, iii. 3.
8. In her., the position of an animal with ref-
erence to the Spectator.—Ambulacral aspect.
See ambulacral.—Aspect of a plane, in math., the direc-
tion of its normal.—In full aspect. Same as affronté, 2.
— In trian aspect, in a position between affronté and
passant.—Mesial aspect. See mesial.
[K L. aspectare, look at,
view, freq. of aspicere, look at : see aspect, n.]
To behold; look upon.
Happy in their mistakes those people whom
The northern pole aspects.
Sir W. Temple, tr. of Lucan, in Heroic Virtue.
[K L. aspectabilis,
that may be seen, K aspectare, see, look at : see
aspect, v.] 1. Capable of being seen; visible.
What is in this aspectable world? Ray, Creation.
2. Fair or fit to be seen.
Via Vittoria, the aspectable street
Where he lived mainly.
Prowning, Ring and Book, I. 57.
[Rare in both senses.]
aspectant (as-pek’tant), a. [K L. aspectan(t-)s,
ppr. of aspectare : see aspect, v.] In her., same
as affronté, 2.
[K aspect + -cd2.]
1+. Looked at ; viewed.—2. Having an aspect
or look. [Rare.]
Your lawyer's face, a contracted, a subtile, and intricate
face, full of quirks and turnings, a labyrinthean face, now
angularly, now circularly, every way aspected.
B. Jomsom, Cynthia's Revels, ii. 1.
[Ppr. of aspect.]
Same as affronté, 2.
aspection? (as-pek'shgn), n. IKL. aspectio(m-),
Kaspicere, look at : see aspect, m.] The act of
viewing or looking upon ; view.
A Moorish queen, upon aspection of the picture of An-
dromeda, conceived and brought forth a fair one.
Sir T. Brow’me.
[K L. as if *aspector,
Kaspicere, look at: see aspect, m.] A beholder;
a spectator. J. Davies. [Rare.]
The first-nmentioned [galvanism] may contract a muscle,
or relax the rigidity of an eye-lid, but it is the second
[animal magnetism] that throws the diligent aspector into
paroxysms. Jon Bee, Ess. on Sanuel Foote.
[K ME. aspen, KAS.
*a*spen (not authenticated; = OFries. espen =
D. espen = G. espen, a.), K*asp, aspe, asp, + -em:
see aspl and -en?..] I. a. 1. Of or pertaining
to the tree named asp.
Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze. Gay.
2._Tremulous, like an aspen-leaf; quivering.
II. T. [A mod. Substantive use of the adj.,
prob. due to such phrases as aspen leaf, aspen
tree, aspex wood, etc., regarded as compounds;
cf. linden for lind.] Same as aspl. [Aspen is



a Spen
the usual form in poetry, and is also common
in prose.] *
His hand did quake
And tremble like a leafe of Aspin greene.
Spenser, F. Q., I. ix. 51.
Only the pattering aspen.
Made a sound of growing rain.
Lowell, Singing Leaves.
asperl# (as' pèr), a. [K ME. aspre, aspere, KOF.
aspré, K. L. asper, rough; origin undetermined.]
Rough; rugged; harsh; cruel; savage. Chaucer.
All base notes . . . give an asper sound.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 173.
asperl (as'për), n. [Short for L. Spiritus asper,
a translation of Gr. Tveijua daoi, rough breath-
ing: see Spirit and asperl, a.] In Gr. gram., a
sign () placed before or over an initial vowel
or p to show that it is aspirated, that is, pro-
nounced as if h preceded it; the rough breath-
ing. Thus, Og = hos; big = hris. [In Latin, and
hence in modern, words derived from the Greek, aspirated
T is represented by rh, as in rhinoceros, rhythm, the h be-
ing silent in the modern pronunciation.]
asper? (as’pér), m. [= F. aspre – It. ero, K
... asperus, asprus, asperum, asprum, KMGr.
ôottpov, prop. neut. of dotſpoc, white. In Turk-
ish this coin is called aqcha, lit. whitish, K aq,
white, -H, -cha, ja, equiv. to E. -ish 1.] An old
Egyptian and Turkish silver coin: now only a
money of account. A piaster is considered equal to
100 good aspers or 120 current ones. One current asper
is equal to four ninths of a United States mill.
Demanded of me,
For what I valued at so many aspers,
A thousand ducats.
Massinger, The Renegado, i. 3.
aspera (asſpe-ră), m. [NT.I., fem. Of L. asper,
rough..] Same as asper-artery.
asper-artery (as pèr-ār"te-ri), m. [K L. aspera
arteria, or arteria aspera, a tr. of Gr. Öptmpia Tpa-
2.Éia, lit. Tough artery: see asperl, artery, and
trachea.] The trachea, or windpipe. Cowes.
asperate (asſpº-rät), v. t. [K L. asperatus, pp.
of asperare, roughen, Kasper, rough: see asperl.]
To make rough or uneven in surface, sound,
etc. [Rare.]
The level surface of clear water being by agitation as-
perated. Boyle, Works, I. 683.
asperation (as-pe-rā‘shqn), m. [K asperate +
—ion.] A making rough. Bailey.
asperge (as-pèrj'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. asperged,
ppr. asperging. [= F. asperger, K. L. aspergere,
sprinkle, K ad, to, + Spargere, sprinkle: see
sparse, and cf. asperse.] To sprinkle.
Each thing in order, as before,
His pious hands array,
Asperge the shrine; and then once more
He takes his cheerful way.
Bulwer, tr. of Schiller's Fridolin.
aspergeoiret, m. [OF., also aspergoir (mod. F.
aspersoir); cf. M.L. aspergerium ; K L. asperge-
're, sprinkle: see asperge, and cf. aspergillus.]
Same as aspersorium, 1.
asperges (as-pèr’jēz), m. [LL., prop. Second
pers. sing. future ind. Of L. aspergere, sprinklo:
see asperge.] In the Rom. Cath. Ch.: (a) An
antiphon, taken from the Miserere,' intoned by
the celebrant and sung by the choir before the
solemn mass on Sundays, during which the
priest sprinkles with holy water the altar,
clergy, and people. With some modifications,
the same rite is practised in the Greek and Ori-
ental churches. (b) The sprinkling performed
|by the priest during the antiphon.
aspergill (asſpér-jil), n. [K ML. aspergillus,
q. v.] Same as aspergillum.
aspergilla, n. Plural of aspergillum.
aspergilli, n. Plural of aspergillus.
aspergilliform (as-pêr-jil’i-fôrm), a. [K. M.L.
aspergillus, q. V., L. forma, shape.] 1.
Shaped like an aspergillus or sprinkler.—2.
In bot., brush-shaped; made up of numerous
spreading hairs.
aspergillum (as-pêr-jil’um), n. ; pl. aspergilla
(-á). [ML., K. L. aspergere; see aspergillus.]
A brush or a metallic instrument used by
the priest in Roman Catholic churches for
sprinkling holy water. Also aspergillus, as-
pergill.
*ś (as-pér-jil’us), m.; pl. aspergilli (-i).
[ML. (in sense 1), K. L. aspergère, sprinkle (see
asperge), + dim. -illus.] 1. Same as aspergil-
lum.–2. [cap.] [NIL.] A genus of hyphomy-
cetous fungi, including several of the common
340
Asperifoliae (as/pér-i-foºli-6), m. pl. [NL., fem.
pl. of asperifolius: See asperifolious.] Same as
Boraginaceae. -
asperifoliate (as/pér-i-foºli-āt), a. [K NL. as-
perifoliatus, K.L. asper, rough, + folium, leaf:
see asperl and foliate.] Having leaves rough
to the touch.
asperifolious (as" pèr-i-fô'li-us), a. [K NL. as-
perifolius : see asperifoliate.] Same as asperi-
Joliate.
asperity (as-per’i-ti), m.; pl. asperities (-tiz).
[Early mod, E. asperitie, K ME. asprete, K OF.
asprete, mod. F. dpreté and aspérité, K f. aspe-
*ita(t-)s, roughness, Kasper, rough: see asperl.]
1. Roughness of surface; unevenness: opposed
to Smoothness.
The pores and asperities of dry bodies.
Boyle, Works, I. 683.
Four thousand pioneers were sent in advance . . . to
conquer, in some degree, the asperities of the road.
Irving, Granada, p. 320.
2. Roughness of sound; harshness of pronun-
ciation.
Those dissonances and asperities which still adhered to
... our diction. T. Warton, Hist, of Eng. Poetry, iii. 62.
3. Harshness of taste; sourness.
The asperity of tartarous salts. By. Berkeley, Siris, $ 86.
4. Roughness or ruggedness of temper; crab-
bedness; bitterness; severity: as, to chide one
with asperity; “asperity of character,” Landor.
It could only have been the strong political feeling of
Warton which could have induced him to censure the
prose of Milton with such asperity.
I. D'Israeli, Quar. of Auth., p. 261.
A royalist, . . . without any of that political asperity
which is as unwomanly as a long beard. -
Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
5. Disagreeableness; unpleasantness; difficul-
ty: as, “the acclivities and asperities of duty,”
Barrow, Sermons, III. xlii.
The allurements of praise and the asperities of censure.
Swimmer, Fame and Glory.
=Syn, 4. Acrimony, Harshness, etc. See acrimony.
asperly? (as’ pèr-li), adv. [Early mod. E. also
asprely, K ME. asperly; K asperl + -ly?..]
Roughly; sharply; vigorously.
Enforced their enemies to strike on land, and there as-
saulted them so as prely.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, i. 17.
aspermatism (as-pér’ma-tizm), n. IK Gr. &-
priv. -- otépua(T-), seed, + -ism.] 1. Absence
of seminal secretion.—2. The non-emission of
semen in the sexual orgasm, owing to its re-
flux into the bladder.
aspermatous (as-pèr’ ma-tus), a.
aspermous.
aspermous (as-pèr’mus), a. [K NL. aspermus,
K. Gr. 307teppiog, seedless, Ká-priv. -- 0:Tépua, seed:
see Sperm.] In bot., destitute of seed.
aspernation? (as-pêr-nā’shgn), m. [K L. asper-
natio(n-), K aspermari, pp. aspermatus, disdain,
spurn, neglect, K ab, from, + spermari, despise,
spurn.] 1. A despising, etc. Bailey, 1731.-
2. Neglect; disregard. Johnson.
aspernessł, n. [ME. asprenesse; K asperl +
-ness.] Harshness; severity. Chaucer.
asperoust (asſpér-us), a. [K L. asper, rough
(see asperl), + -ows.] Rough to the touch; un-
even; harsh; severe.
asperse (as-pêrs’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. aspersed,
ppr. aspersing. [KL. aspersus, pp. of aspergere,
besprinkle, bespatter: see asperge.] 1. To be-
sprinkle; scatter over.
Asperse and sprinkle the attendants.
J. Heath, Flagellum, p. 159.
The mourners returning from a Roman funeral, aspersed
with water and stepping over fire, were by this double pro-
cess made pure. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 398.
2. To bespatter with foul reports or false and
injurious charges; tarnish in point of reputa-
molds. Some of the species have been found to be only
conidial forms of corresponding species of Eurotium, and
it is probable that the same is true of all. Several have
been detected in the human ear and in diseased lungs.
See cut under Eurotium.
tion or good name; slander; calumniate.
With blackest crimes aspersed. Cowper, Iliad, vi.
What perplexed us most, was to think who could be so
base as to asperse the character of a family so harmless as
OUITS, Goldsmith, Vicar, xiv.
=Syn. 2. Asperse, Defame, Calwmniate, Slander, Malign,
Tradwce, Libel, Vilify, decry, depreciate, disparage, slur,
run down, lampoon, blacken. These words are all descrip-
tive of attempts to injure reputation by false statements.
They all apply primarily and chiefly to persons. There is
often little or no difference between them. Asperse is,
literally, to bespatter, as with mud or dirt; it sometimes
implies injury to reputation by indirect insinuation. De-
fame is, literally, to lower the fame or repute of, to bring
toward infamy, to make charges that are more open and
weighty than aspersions. Calwmniate, slander, and ma-
lign represent the most deliberate and deadly assaults
upon reputation. The calwmniator is most often the in-
ventor of the falsehoods he circulates. The slanderer is
less inventive and more secret, his work being generally
behind the back of the injured person. The maligner is
most mischievous, malicious, or malign in his motives.
To traduce is to misrepresent, to show in an odious light.
Same as
aspersed (as-pêrst'), p. a.
asperser (as-pèr'sèr), m.
aspersion (as-pèr'shgn), n.
asphalt
Libel and slander are the Words most used in speaking of
injury to reputation in its relation to the possible recov-
ery of damages at law. To libel, therefore, often suggests
the pecuniary.loss by defamation; libel is strictly effected.
by publication, while slander is strictly by word of mouth.
Vilify is, literally, to make one (seem) vile; it suggests a
defamation of the coarser and more abusive sort. See
decry. -
I am not sure . . . whether I ought not to call you out
for aspersing the honour of the family.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 35.
Whenever you would ruin a person or a government,
you must begin by spreading calumnies to defame them.
Quoted by I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., II. 75.
One trade or art, even those that should be the most
liberal, make it their business to disdain and calwmniate
another. Bp. Sprat.
Thou sittest and speakest against thy brother; thou
slamderest thine own mother's son. • Ps. l. 20.
You malign our semators, for that
They are not such as you. Shak., Cor., i. 1.
If I am
Traduc’d by ignorant tongues, . . .
'Tis but the fate of place, and the rough brake
That virtue must go through.
Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 2.
His [Dr. Kendrick's] virulent attack on Johnson's Shake-
speare may be preserved for its total want of literary de-
cency. . . . He libelled all the genius of the age, and was
proud of doing it. I. D'Israeli, Cal. of Auth., p. 217.
When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating
one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to
lower and vilify an opponent, . . . I look back in vain on
any barbarous people for more barbarism. g
Landor, Peter the Great and Alexis.
In her., same as
Semé.
1. An aspersorium.
2. One who asperses or vilifies another.
... [= F. aspersion, K
L. aspersio(n-), a besprinkling, K aspergere, be-
sprinkle: see asperse, asperge.] 1. A sprin-
kling, as of or with water.
No sweet aspersion shall the heavens let fall
To make this contract grow. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1.
To season a surly discourse with a more pleasing asper-
sion of love matters. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 424.
Ximenes, unable to administer the rite to each individ-
ually, was obliged to adopt the expedient familiar to the
Christian missionaries, of christening them en masse by
aspersion ; scattering the consecrated drops from a mop,
or hyssop, as it was called, which he twirled over the
heads of the multitude. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 6.
2. The making of calumnious reports, imputa-
tions, or charges; a derogatory assertion or
criticism; calumny; censure.
There, sir, an attack upon my language what do you
think of that?--an aspersion §. my parts of speech I
Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 3.
Every candid critic would be ashamed to cast wholesale
aspersions on the entire body of professional teachers.
Grote, Hist. Greece, II. 67.
aspersive (as-pér'siv), a. [K asperse + -īve.]
Tending to asperse; defamatory; calumnious;
slanderous.
aspersively (as-pèr'siv-li), adv. In an asper-
sive manner; by way of aspersion. º
aspersoir (as-per-swor'), m. [F., KML, asper-
sorium.]. Same as aspersorium.
aspersorium (as-pêr-Sö’ri-um), m.; pl. aspersoria
(-ā). [ML., K.L. aspergere, pp. aspersus, besprin-
1kle : see asperse.] A holy-water stoup or font
Parker, Concise Glossary. [Not in common
Middle Latin use.]
See, here is a Pagan aspersorium. Could you tell it
from one of ours? It stood in the same part of their
temples, and was used in ordinary worship as ours, and in
extraordinary purifications. They called it Aqua lustralis,
Their vulgar, like ours, thought drops of it falling on the
body would wash out sin.
C. Reade, Cloister and Bearth, p. 377.
aspersory (as-pér’sº-ri), a. [K asperse + -ory.
Cf. aspersorium.] Tending to asperse; defama-
tory.
aſſalt (as'falt or as-falt"), n. [Also written
as F., asphalte, and as NL., asphaltwm, formerly
also asphaltus, -os, -a, and as It., aspalto; in
ME. spelled aspalt, once aspaltoum; K OF. *as-
palt = Pr, asphalt = Sp. ašfalto = It. aspalto,
asfalto, KGr. &cºpažToç, asphalt, bitumen; a word
of undetermined foreign origin..] 1. Same as
asphaltum.-2. A bituminous material, em-
ployed for the covering of roofs and arches, for
the lining of tanks, for pavement and flooring,
and as a cement. See asphaltum. In the United
States the substance so named is commonly made of refuse
tar from gas-houses, mixed with slaked lime and gravel.
Also called asphaltic cement... . º
3. A thick solution of the finest asphaltum in
Spirits of turpentine, used by opticians. It is used
for making cells on pieces of glass, in whieh objects may be
preserved in liquid, for examination with the microscope.
Asphalt-furnace, a portable furnace in which asphalt
cement is heated for use in roofing, paving, etc.—Asphalt
Stone, asphalt rock. See asphaltwm.—Asphalt t y
a mosaic of China or glass bedded in asphalt, and made
the form of flooring-tiles.—Asphalt varnish, a black var-
asphalt
nish composed of 3 parts of asphalt, 4 of boiled linseed-
oil, and from 15 to 18 of oil of turpentine.—Mexican as-
phalt, Same as chapapote.
asphalt (as-falt"), v. t. [K asphalt, n.1 To cover
or treat with asphalt.
asphalter (as-fal’tér), n. One who covers (as
a path or a roof) with asphalt.
asphaltic (as-fal'tik), a. [K asphalt-F -ić.] Of
the nature of or containing asphalt; bitumi-
nous.—Asphaltic cement or asphaltic mastic. Same
as asphalt, 2.
asphalting (as-fal’ ting), n. The process of
covering or paving with asphalt.
In Paris . . . asphalting is still extensively practiced in
the more spacious thoroughfares.
Farrow, Mil. Encyc., p. 112.
asphaltite (as-fal’ tit), a. [K. L. Asphaltites, a
term applied especially to the Dead Sea; K
Gr. &opažtitmº, of asphalt, K &opa/Tog, asphalt.]
Asphaltic ; bituminous.
asphaltosí (as-falſtos), n. [NL., KGr. 30 pa^rog:
see asphalt..] Same as asphalt.
asphaitotype (as-falſtä-tip), n. [K Gr. 39%a/-
roc, bitumen, + titrog, type..] A negative photo-
graph produced, by the process of Niepce, on a
plate coated with a film of bitumen. See photog-
7"(/)/??/.
†itum (as-fal’tum), m. [NL. : See asphalt.]
One of the so-called bituminous substances
which are widely diffused over the earth, and are
of great practical importance. See bitumen and
bituminous. The asphaltums of various localities differ
from each other considerably in chemical composition, as
is proved by their different chemical reactions. They all
agree, however, in being amorphous, in having the luster
and general appearance of pitch (whence the name of min-
eral pitch, often applied to them), in melting at about the
temperature of boiling water, and in taking fire when
heated and burning with a bright but smoky flame. They
differ essentially from coal in being more or less soluble in
various reagents, such as oil of turpentine, ether, and alco-
hol. Asphaltum seems, in most cases at least, to have
resulted from the hardening of the more liquid forms of
bituminous substances, namely, maltha and petroleum,
which have oozed out upon the surface and become in-
spissated by oxygenation or evaporation of their more vol-
atile portions, or by both causes, combined. The most
interesting locality of asphaltum is the so-called “pitch-
lake” in the island of Trinidad, about a mile and a half in
circumference, and filled with asphaltum, which near the
shore is quite solid, but nearer the center, in places, is soft
and bubbling. Most of what is called asphaltum con-
sists of this material more or less mixed with sand or
other mineral substances. Asphaltum is extensively used
in a variety of ways, and especially for pavements, foot-
walks, and roofing. For this purpose the material is pre-
pared by mixing it while hot with sand or fine gravel, or
by causing it to be absorbed by paper. Certain kinds
of asphaltic rock, or asphalts (F. asphalte), as they are
frequently called, are peculiarly adapted for pavements
or other special purposes. The localities of Seyssel in
France and Val de Travers in Switzerland are the most
important of this kind. At each of these the asphalte con-
sists of limestone impregnated with bituminous material
to the amount of from 4 to 16 per cent. This rock, espe-
cially that from Val de Travers, has the remarkable prop-
erty of forming, without any admixture, an extraordinari-
ly durable and elastic roadway, and is, although expensive,
extensively used for that purpose in Paris and other large
cities of Europe. The rock has only to be heated, when it
crumbles to powder, in which condition it is compressed
in molds into blocks, or simply spread over the surface
required to be covered, and packed or pressed by pestle or
roller, when, after cooling, it assumes a condition closely
resembling that of the original rock. See maltha, maph-
tha, and petrolewm. Also asphalt.
aspheterism (as-fet’º-rizm), n. [K Gr. 6- priv.
-F opérepoc, one's own, + -ism. Cf. Gr. operspºº
auág, appropriation.] Denial of the right of
private property; the principle of communism.
Southey... [Rare. * -
aspheterize (as-fet’e-riz), v, i.; pret, and pp.
aspheterized, ppr. aspheterizing. [K Gr. 6- priv.
+ opérepoc, one's own, + -ize. Cf. Spheterize.]
To practise aspheterism. Coleridge. [Rare.]
asphodel (as'fö-del), m. [L, asphodelus, K. Gr.
ăgºodežág, king's-spear, a plant of the lily kind;
as adj., áoſpodež ög Aetplºw, in
Homer, the asphodel meadow
of the dead; origin unknown.
The E. forms affodil, daffodil,
daffodilly, etc., are corrup-
tions of asphodel: see daffo-
dil.] A name of various spe-
cies of Asphodelus and AS-
phodeline, genera of plants,
family Melanthiaceae, natives
of southern Europe. The yel-
low asphodel or king's-spear, 48pho:
deline lutea, is the handsomest and
best-known species, though others
are sometimes cultivated for orna-
ment. The asphodel of the earlier
English and French poets is the daf-
fodil, Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus. *
in Gr, myth. the asphodel was the peculiar plant of the
dead, its pale blossoms covering the meadows of Hades;
because, perhaps, in Greek lands it is a very Common weed,
pientiful in barren and desert places and about tombs.
*
º
* see :
w
ſg
Branched Asphodel
(Asphodellés razzto-
S$4S),
*taining to asph
aspic” (as’pik), n.
aspic3 (as’pik), m.
aspick, m.
aspiculate (as-pik’ū-lāt), a. Same as aspicu-
aspiculous (as-pikºú-lus), a.
Aspidisca (as-pi-dis' kä), m.
Aspidiscidae (as-pi-disſi-dé), m. pl.
341
The banks of asphodel that border the river of life.
O. W. Holmes, Autocrat, iv.
Bog-asphodel, a related plant of North America, Abama.
Americanum.–False asphodel, the American name 9
plants of the genus Tofieldia.-Scotch asphodel, To-
fieldia palustris.
asphyctic (as-fikºtik), a. [K Gr. &cºvKroc, with-
out pulsation (see asphyxia), + -ic.] 1. Per-
yxia.—2. Pulseless.
àsphyxia (as-fik'si-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. &opvåſa, a
stopping of the pulse, K Čapukrog, without pul-
sation, K &- priv. 4- offiºetv (V°oºvy), pulsate,
throb.] 1+. Originally, absence of pulse.—2.
The extreme condition caused by lack of oxy-
gen and excess of carbon dioxid in the blood,
brought about by any sufficient interference
with respiration, as in choking, drowning, or
paralysis of the muscles of respiration. Also
asphyxy.—Local asphyxia. See Raynaud's disease.
asphyxial (as-fik'si-al), a.
Relating to asphyxia; resulting from or indi-
Cating asphyxia: as, asphyacial symptoms.
asphyxiant (as-fik'si-ant), n. [K asphyxia +
-antl.] Any poisonous chemical substance
which produces asphyxia.
asphyxiate (as-fik'si-āt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. as-
phyariated, ppr. asphyxiating. [K asphyxia +
-ate?..] To produce asphyxia in; suffocate, or
deprive of oxygen to the extent of producing
death or very serious symptoms.
The deprivation of oxygen, and the accumulation of
carbonic acid, cause injury long before the asphyxiating
point is reached. Huacley and Youmans, Physiol., § 128.
asphyxiation (as-fik-Si-ā'shgn), n. [K asphyazi-
ate + -ion.] The act of causing asphyxia; a
state of asphyxia.
asphyxiative (as-fik'si-à-tiv), a. [K asphyxiate
+ -ive..] Suffocating; producing asphyxia or
suffocation.
asphyxy (as-fik'si), n. See asphyxia.
aspic1, aspick (as’pik), n. [Early mod. E. also
aspike; K F. aspic, K Pr. aspic, K.L. aspis (aspid-),
an asp: see asp?..] 1. A venomous serpent:
same as asp?, but used chiefly in poetry.
They shall find
That, to a woman of her hopes beguil'd,
A viper trod on, or an aspic, 's mild.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iv. 1.
Thereto she pointed with a laugh,
Showing the aspick's bite. Tennyson, Fair Women.
2+. A piece of ordnance of small caliber.
[Early mod. E. aspicke, K
F. aspic, in huile d'aspic for huile despic (so first
in E., “oil of aspicke”); spic, lavender spike,
orig. spikenard: see Spike.] The great laven-
der, Lavandula spica. See lavender.
[F.; perhaps K aspic, an
asp (see aspic1), with allusion to its coolness,
there being a French proverbial saying, “Cold
as an aspic” (Littré); or perhaps from the (sup-
posed) custom of flavoring or seasoning this
dish with spikes of lavender: see aspic2.] In
cookery, a side dish consisting of a clear, savory
meat-jelly containing fowl, game, fish, etc.
See aspic1.
lous.
[K Gr. 6- priv. --
L. spiculum, a point: see spiculum.] Having no
hard spicula.
[NL., K. Gr. &otre-
diakm, fem. form of āottòiakoç, a boss, dim., of
ão Tig (āortó-), a shield.] 1. A genus of cili-
ate infusorians, type of the family Aspidiscidae.
Ehrenberg, 1830,-2. A genus of lepidopterous
insects.
[NL., K
Aspidisca, 1, + -idae.] A family of hypotrichous
*Ciliata.
Aspidium (as-pid’i-um), n., DNL., KGr, àgúðtov,
a little shield, dim. of dottig (āottò-), a shield.]
1. An invalid generic name given hy Swartz,
in 1801, to a group of polypodiaceous ferns
in which the dot-like sori are covered by a
roundish peltate or reniform indusium. The
historical treatment of the group has varied with different
authors. The majority of the species having peltate in-
dusia are now referred to Polystichum, and of those hav-
ing reniform indusia to Dryopteris (Nephrodium in part
of some authors). In the original Aspidium were also
included representatives of the following genera as now
recognized: Tectaria, Cyclopeltis, Nephrolepis, Goniop-
teris, Sagenia, Filia, Asplenium, Oleandra, and Didy-
mochlaena.
2. A genus of hymenopterous insects. Also
Aspidiom.
Aºi. (as/pi-dò-brang’ki-ä), m. pl.
l
., & Gr, dotic (āorió-), a shield, + 8páyya,
[K asphyria + -al.] Aspidogaster (as’pi-dò-gastēr), n.
1C3.
Aspidophora
Aspidophorus (as-pi-dof'6-rus), n.
aspidorhynchid (as” pi-dò-ring/kid), m.
Aºilº (as-pi-dos(tra-kā), m. pl.
Aspila
families as Fissurellidae, Haliotidae, etc. Also
Aspidobranchiata.
# Aspidochirotae (as pi-dò-ki-ró'té), m.pl. , [NL.;
< Gr. &otic (āorté-), a shield, 4 xeip, a hand.]
A group of ordinary pedate holothurians or sea-
cucumbers, with peltate tentacles: equivalent
to the family Holothuriidae: contrasted with
Dendrochirotaº (which see). Also spelled As-
pidocheirotaº.
In the Aspidochirotoe, or holothurians with disk- or
shield-shaped tentacles furnished with tentacular am-
pullae, the left respiratory tree is bound to the body-walls,
there are no retractor muscles to the pharynx, and Cuvier-
ian organs are present. These are the highest type of
Holothuroidea, and are mainly tropical in their distribu-
tion. Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 182.
aspidochirote (as/pi-dò-ki’röt), a. Pertaining
or belonging to the Aspidochirotaº. Also spelled
aspidocheirote.
[NL., K
Gr. Öoſſig (āotté-), a shield, + yao Tſip, stomach.]
A genus of Trematoda, or fluke-worms, para-
sitic in the pericardial cavity of the fresh-water
mussel. A. conchicola is an example. See cut
under Trematoda.
Aspidoglossa (as/pi-dò-glosſă), m. [NL., K. Gr.
&aſtig (āotté-), a shield, + y^{joca, a tongue (ligu-
la).] A genus of beetles,
family Carabidae, of the group
Scaritimi. About 20 species are
known, mostly from Central or
South America. One, A. Subangw-
lata (Chandler), occurs in the more
southern portion of the United
States east of the Rocky Mountains.
It is an elongate, convex, and shin-
ing insect, nearly 8 millimeters in
length, with very stout fossorial
legs, and deeply crenulatostriateely-
tra. Its color is black with a green-
ish tinge, but the antennae, legs, and
apex of the elytra are reddish. It
Subangular Ground- is found on moist ground, where it
. Ž ...:*:::::::: preys on soft-bodied insects. . . .
#:::::::::::::::::::::"Aspidonectes (as pi: dé-
nek’téz), m. [NL., K. Gr. dottg
(ão Tuđ-), a shield, + väktmg, a swimmer, Kväxelv,
swim.] A genus of leather-back or soft-shelled
turtles. A. spi-
mifer is a com-
mon carnivorous
voracious species
of North Amer-
(as-pi-doff Ö-
rã), m.
[NL.,
pl. of aspido- º
phorus, adj. : - A : *
see A Sp idopho- Leatherº; | As?iaoztectes
*us.] 1. In La- -
treille's system of classification, a section of his
phyllopodous branchiopods, containing the
genera Apus and Lepidurus, and equivalent to
the modern family Apodidae of the order Phyl-
lopoda. Also Aspidiphora. See Podostomata.
–2. In Allman’s system of classification, a sub-
order of polyzoans constituted for the reception
of Rhabdopleura.
[NL., K. Gr.
ão Tudogópog, shield-bearing, K datig (dottò-), a
shield, + -óópog, K pépêty = E. bearl.] A genus
of acanthopterygian fishes armed with shield-
like scales: synonymous with Agonus.
A fish
of the family Aspidorhynchidae.
Aspidorhynchidae (as "pi-dò-ring’ki-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K.Aspidorhynchus, 1, + -idae.] In Günther's
system of classification, a family of lepidosteoid
fishes with an elongated body covered with
ganoid scales, a series of enlarged scales along
the sides, jaws prolonged into a beak, the
Caudal fin homocercal, the fins furnished
with fulcra, and the dorsal fin opposite the anal.
The species are extinct; they lived during the
Mesozoic epoch.
Aspidorhynchus (as’pi-dò-ring'kus), m. [NL.,
K. Gr. &otic (āoºtó-), a shield, + bi)xoç, a snout,
a beak.]. 1. The typical genus of Aspidorhyn-
chidae. Agassiz, 1833.−2. A genus of reptiles.
–3. A genus of worms.
y [NL.,
. &otic (āottò-), a shield, F Öarpakov, a shell.]
In Burmeister's system of classification, one of
three orders of Crustacea, divided into five sub-
orders called Parasita, Lophyropoda, Phyllopo-
da, ºrripedia, and Pascilopoda. See these
WOTCIS.
gills.] A group of prosobranchiate gastropods, aspiet, v. t. A Middle English form of espy.
approximately equivalent to Scºttibranchia, Rhi- Aspila, (as’pi-lā), 7!.
pidoglossa, or Chiastoneura. It includes such
[NL., K. Gr. Šotrižog, spot-
less, Ká-priv.-Fortàoc, spot, Speck.] 1. Fº



Aspila.
of moths, family Noctuidae, founded by Guénée.
The larvae are smooth, soft leaf-feeders. A. virescens,
now placed in gº is -
the genus Chlo-
ridea, has oliva-
ceous fore wings,
marked With Zºš
three distinct s:
pale lines. *
2. A genus of
Coleopterous in- º
sects. * Chloridea wirescens.
a Spinet (as’pin
or -pin), a. [Irreg. K asp2 + -incl.] Of or per-
taining to an asp; Snaky: as, “aspine venom,”
Quarles.
aspirant (a-spir’ant or as 'pi-rant), m. and a.
[K F. aspirant, a candidate (prop. ppr.), K L.
aspiram(t-)s, ppr. of aspirare º aspirer), as-
pire: See aspire.] I. ºn. One who aspires; one
who seeks advancement, elevation, or prefer-
€llC6.
Our young aspirant to the name and honours of an Eng-
lish senator. Bp. Hurd.
“Beauty and extraordinary goodness” were her dowry;
and she was claimed by four separate aspirants.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 196.
II. a. 1. Aspiring; ambitious: as, “our as-
pirant Souls,” Mrs. Browning.—2. Ascendin
mounting up ; as, aspirant flames.
both uses.]
aspirate (as' pi-rät), v.; pret. and pp. aspi-
7ated, ppr. (tSpirating. [& L. aspiratus, pp. of
aspirare, give the h-sound to, breathe or blow
upon: See aspire.] I. trams. 1. To pronounce
with a breathing or an audible emission of
breath; pronounce with such a sound as that of
the letter h : as, we aspirate the words horse
and house, but not hour and honor; cockneys
often aspirate words beginning with a vowel.
Such mutes as were originally aspirated—that is to say,
had an audible bit of an h pronounced after them.
Whitney, Lang, and Study of Lang., p. 93.
2. To remove by aspiration.—Aspirating win-
nowing-machine, one in which aspiration or suction
is used instead of a blast. See winmower.
II. intrans. To be uttered with an aspirate
or strong breathing. [IRare.]
Where a vowel ends a word, the next begins either with
a consonant, or What is its equivalent ; for our w and h
aspirate. Dryden.
aspirate (as' pi-rät), a. and n. [K L. aspiratus,
pp.; see the verb.] I. a. Pronounced with the
aspirate or rough breathing; pronounced with
the h–sound, or with a strong emission of
breath.
The Zend often showing an aspirate mute where the
Sanskrit has the unaspirate, and vice versä.
J. Hadley, Essays, p. 172.
They are not aspirate, i. e., with such an aspiration as h.
IIolder, Elem. of Speech.
II. m. An aspirated sound, or a sound like
our h; a sound with which the h–sound is com-
bined, or which corresponds historically to a
sound of this nature: thus, the Sanskrit kh, gh,
bh, etc., and the Greek ch, th, ph (x, 0, j) are
called aspirates, as are also the English f, th,
which are more properly called breathings or
spirants; also, a character or combination of
characters representing a sound thus described,
as the letter h, the Greek rough breathing, etc.
aspirated (as' pi-rā-ted), p. a. Same as aspirate.
aspiration (as-pi-rā’ shon), m. [K L. aspira-
*tio(m-), a breathing upon, aspiration of a sound,
the aspirate letter h, K aspirare : see aspirate,
v.] 1. The act of aspirating or breathing; a
breath.
Fanned with continued breezes, and gentle aspirations
of wind. Steele, Inglishman, No. 26.
2. An aspirated sound; a phonetic breathing.
The h, the pure aspiration, is an expulsion of flatus
through the position of the adjaccnt letter, whether
vowel, semivowel, or nasal.
Whitney, Life and Growth of Lang., p. 67.
The Latin grammarian Priscian, about 500 A. D., tells
us that the sound then expressed by f was originally sig-
nified by p with an aspiration (that is, by ph).
J. IIadley, Essays, p. 172.
3. The act of aspiring or ardently desiring; an
ardent wish or desire, chiefly after what is ele-
vated or spiritual.
She . . . feels neither inclination to pleasure nor aspi-
'ration after virtue. Johnsom, Rambler, No. 112.
All Emerson's aspirations were toward greatness of
character, greatness of wisdom, nobility of Soul.
The Century, XXVII. 928.
4}. Aid ; inspiration; countenance.
To God's honour, . . . without the aspiration and help
of whose especial grace no labours of man can profit.
Sir T. More, Works, p. 357.
5. The act of removing a fluid, as pus or serum,
from some cavity of the body, by means of a
- | Sº
, “...' * Fr. V.' ...;
tº: • * : ": tº º tº $" ** *
* *.*, * * , , • * , - **
*:::$º.º. º \,.\,\ ". . §§
- Bºº, Nº º . . . . .” - d
º' '..s § º, º is: *
* :*A \,, H:
^... ... • * * * § - tº ****
:
(Natural size.)
§ 3
[Rare in
; aspire (a-Spirº), v.; pret. º
342
hollow needle or trocar connected with a suc-
tion-syringe.—6. Suction; the act or process
of drawing air through (by some method of ex-
haustion), as opposed to the act or process of
forcing it through—that is, to a blast.
For cleaning grain there are other kinds of apparatus in
which the principle of aspiration, or drawing currents of
air through the grain, is now extensively employed.
Encyc. Brit., IX. 344,
=Syn. 3. Longing, yearning.
aspirator (as' pi-rā-tor), n. [NL., K.L. aspirare,
breathe or blow upon : see aspirate and aspire.]
1. An apparatus for creating a vacuum by the
action of a moving fluid. A common form is that of
a simple vessel filled with water and connected with the
receptacle to be drained of air. On permitting the water
to escape below, a partial vacuum is formed above it.
2. A surgical instrument, consisting of a hol-
low needle, or trocar, connected with a suction-
syringe, used in removing fluids from the cav-
ities of the body.—3. A form of winnowing-
machine employing aspiration instead of a
blast. See aspiration, 6.
aspiratory 9. a. [K L. as if *as-
piratorius, K aspirare, breathe upon: see asp?-
Tate and -ory.] Pertaining to breathing; suit-
ed to the inhaling of air.
aspired, ppr.
aspiring. [K late M.E. aspire, aspirer = Pr.
Sp. Pg. aspirar = Ti, aspirare, K L. aspirare, ad-
spirare, breathe or blow upon, desire to reach, K
ad, to, + spirare, breathe, blow: see spirit. Cf.
conspire, expire, inspire, perspire, respire, suspire,
transpire.] I.4 trans. 1. To breathe to or into.
To spreade his beames vpon vs, and aspire hys breth
into vs. Sir T. More, Apol., xlix. (N. E. D.)
2. To breathe forth or exhale. Shenstone.
Whose notes the air aspire
Of th' old Egyptian or the Thracian lyre.
B. Jomsom, Golden Age Restored.
3. To breathe after; seek with eagerness to at-
tain to ; long or try to reach; attempt.
Who dare aspire this journey? Donne, Poems, p. 184.
4. [See II., 2.] To mount or soar to; attain.
That gallant spirit hath aspir'd the clouds.
Shak., R. and J., iii. 1.
Come, there was never any great thing yet
Aspired, but by violence or fraud.
B. Jomsom, Catiline, iii. 3.
II, intrans. 1. To be eagerly desirous ; aim
ambitiously, especially at something great or
noble; be ambitious: followed by an object
with to or after, or by an infinitive: as, to aspire
to a crown or after immortality.
Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell,
Aspiring to be angels, men rebel.
Pope, Essay on Man, i. 127.
He aspired to see
His native Pisa queen and arbitress
Of cities. Bryant, Knight's Epitaph.
2. [Partly influenced by association with spire.]
To rise up as an exhalation, or as smoke or
fire; hence, to mount or ascend; tower up or
rise high.
Whose flames aspire,
As thoughts do blow them, higher and higher.
Shak., M. W. of W., v. 5, song.
aspire? (?-spir'), m. [K aspire, v.] Aspiration;
ardent wish or desire.
And mock the fondling for his mad aspire. Chapman.
aspirement? (a-spir’ ment), m. [K aspire +
-ment.] The act of aspiring; aspiration.
By which aspirement she her wings displays.
Amt. Brewer (?), Lingua, iii. 8.
aspirer (a-spir’ér), n. One who aspires; an
aspirant.
aspiring (a-Spir’ing), p. a. 1. Animated with
an ardent desire, as of power, importance, or
excellence; ambitious; soaring : as, “aspiring
nobles,” Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i.
Aspiring beggary is wretchedness itself.
Goldsmith, Vicar, iii.
Ere he filled with loves, hopes, longings, this aspiring heart
of man. Lowell, Anti-Apis.
2. Rising; towering or soaring.
To sore destruction dooms the aspiring wall.
Pope, Iliad, xii. 368.
aspiringly (2-spir'ing-li), adv. In an aspiring
manner; soaringly; ambitiously.
aspiringness (a-Spir'ing-nes), m. The state of
being aspiring; ambitiousness. [Rare.]
aspis (as’pis), n. [NL., K. Gr. &otic, an asp, the
Egyptian cobra: See asp?..] 1. Same as asp?
or aspic1. Also used as a generic term.—2.
[cap.] A genus of coleopterous insects. Ger-
mar.—3. [cap.] A genus of lepidopterous in-
sects. Treitschke, 1829.
aspish (as ‘pish), a. [K asp? -H -ish.] Of or
pertaining to asps; Snaky. N. E. D.
asplanchnic
asplanchnid (as-plangkºnid), m.
Asplanchnidae (as-plangk’ni-dé), m. pl.
Asplenium (as-plé'ni-um), n.
asporous (a-spö’rus), a.
Aspredinidae (as-pré-din'i-dé), m. pl.
asprino
Aspisoma (º). 7... [NL., irreg. K. Gr.
&gtig, a shield, + gélia, body..] A genus of
South American fireflies, of the family Telepho-
ºrida, belonging to the malacodermatous divi-
Sion of pentamerous Coleoptera. A. lineatum
is the common firefly of the Amazon region.
Asplanchna (as plangkºng); n. (NL., K. Gr.
ãot?ayzvoc, without bowels, K &- priv. --
gTââyxva, bowels.] A genus of free Rotifera,
having a rounded sac-like body, devoid of ap-
pendages, and possessing neither anus, nor
intestine, whence the name. The genus is typi-
cal of the family Asplanchmidae.
(as-plangk’nik), a. [K Gr.
ãotAarºvoc, without bowels (see Asplanchna), +
-ic.] Having no intestine or alimentary canal;
anenterous.
A rotifer of
[NL.,
K Asplanchma + -idae.] A †† of rotifers hav-
ing the trochal disk rounded, the wreath single
and marginal, the trophi incudate, and no in-
testine, anus, or foot. Asplanchna is the lead-
ling genus.
NL., K Gr. dotraff-
vlov, also othmiov, usually &gth mov (> L. asple-
hum), spleenwort, supposed to be a cure for
the spleen, Kä- euphonic + otAffv, spleen: see
Spleen..] A genus of ferns with linear or ob-
long Sori borne on the free veins obliquely to
the costa, the involucre being conformable to
the sorus and opening toward the costa when
Single. It is the largest genus of the order Filicales
excepting Polypodium, and its species are found in all
parts of the world, wherever ferns grow. It includes very
varied forms. Many of the species are evergreen.
Among the more common species, generally known as
spleenwort, are the black maidenhair (A. Trichomames),
distributed around the globe, wall-rue (A. Ruta-muraria),
and ebony spleenwort (A. platyneuron). The genera
Diplaziwm, Neottopteris, Ceterach, Callipteris, and LIem-
£dictyum, were originally included in Asplenium.
the family Asplanchmidae.
aspodilf, n. An obsolete and º: form of
asphodel (Asphodelus ramosus).
Holme, 1688.
so aspod-
jlower.
[K Gr. 6- priv. 4- oré-
pog, seed: see spore.] Without spores; not de-
veloping spores.
In the case of the simplest and most minute Schizomy-
cetes (Micrococcus, etc.) no definite spores have been dis-
covered ; any one of the vegetative micrococci may com-
mence a new series of cells by growth and division. We
may call these forms asporows, at any rate provisionally.
I'mcyc. Brit., XXI. 404.
asport (as-pôrt'), v. t. [K. L. asportare, carry
away, K abs, away (see ab-), + portare, carry.]
To carry away; especially, to remove feloni-
ously. N. E. D. are.]
asportation (as-pôr-tă'shgn), n. IKL. asporta-
tio(m-), a carrying away, K asportare, pp. aspor-
tatus: see asport.] 1. A carrying away or off.
[Rare.]
Aubrey, whose “Miscellanies” were published in 1696,
had no doubts whatever as to the physical asportation of
the Witch. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 115.
2. In criminal law, the felonious removal of
goods from the place where they were depos-
ited. It may be theft, though the goods be not
carried from the house or apartment.
a spret, a. A Middle English form of asperl.
Aspredinae (as-pré-di'né), m. pl. [NL., K. As-
predo + -inac.] Same as Aspredimina or As-
predinidae. Swainson, 1839.
aspredinid (as-pred’i-mid), n. A fish of the
[NL., K
family Aspredinidae.
Aspredo (-dim-) + -idae.] A family of nematog-
nathous fishes, exemplified by the genus As-
predo, containing a few fresh-water catfishes
of South America. They have no operculum, no adi-
pose flm, no spine in the dorsal fin, reduced gill-openings,
small eyes and mouth, and 6 to 8 barbels. The skin is
either smooth or tuberculous.
[NL., K
Aspredinina (as' pré-di-ni"mă), m. pl.
Aspredo (-din-) + -ina.] In Günther's classifi-
cation of fishes, a group of Siluridae prote-
ropodes, with the anterior and posterior nostrils
remote from each other, the lower lip not re-
verted, and the humerocubital process much
developed and prolonged: synonymous with
the family Aspredinidae.
Aspredo (as-pré'dó), m. . [NL., K. L. aspredo,
roughness, K asper, rough: see asperl.]
#. of nematognathous fishes, typical of the
amily Aspredinida!.
asprely?, adv. See asperly.
asprenessł, n. See asperness.
asprino (äs-pré'nó), n. [It., prop. dim. of as-
£ro, sour, sharp, K. L. asper: see asperl.] A






asprino
white wine made in the neighborhood of Rome.
The best-known quality is sparkling.
aspyt, n. and v. A Middle English form of espy.
asgupt (3-skwot'), prep. phr, as adv. or a, [K
a8+ squat.] In or into a squatting posture.
Sitting asquat between my mother and sister.
Richardson.
asquint (a-skwint'), prep. phr. as adv. or a... [K
#. a8quint, a ...}}. % + “squint (cf. D.
Schwinte, slope, slant), found only in this
phrase: see squint. The modern 8quint, adv.
and a., is an aphetic form of asquint.] 1. To
or out at the corner or angle of the eye; ob-
liquely; toward one side; not in the straight
line of vision; askance; furtively.
Who look asquint or shut their eyes. Swift.
Edifices, . . . with all their costliness, looking, some-
what asquint on the visitor, as if questioning his right to
enter them. Alcott, Tablets, p. 70.
2. In the condition of squinting; oblique.
The eye is muddy and sometimes asquimt.
- JEmerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 126. (N. E. D.)
* (a-skwérmſ), prep. phr. as adv. or a.
[K as -H squirm.] On the squirm; squirming.
Howells.
assl (às), n. [K ME. as, ass, asse, KAS. assa, m.
(fem. assen, not “asse), an isolated form, perhaps
adapted from QNorth. assald, asald, asal (which
is from the Celtic), the earlier form, of the com-
mon Teut, type, being eSol, eswl = OS. e8il =
D. ezel (X E. easel, q.v.) = OHG. esil, MHG. G.
esel (X Dam. esel, assel) = Goth. asilus (cf. Ir. and
Gael. asal = Manx assyl, and OBulg. osíliº –
Bohem. osel = Pol. Osiel, osiol (barredl) = Russ.
oselić = Lith. asilas = OPruss. asilis), prob. the
same, with variant termination, as Icel. asni,
m., asna, fem., - Sw, disma = Dan. asen (cf. W.
asyn = Corn. asen = Bret. azen); all appar. (the
Slav. and Lith. forms through Teut.) K L. asi-
nus (X It. asino = Sp. Pg. asno = Pr. asne = OF.
asne, F. &nc) = Gr. Övoç (orig. *čovog?), an ass;
perhapsult, of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. athón, a
she-ass. Cf. G. assel, esp. in comp. keller-assel
(also keller-esel), a wood-louse, so named from
its color, K. L. asellus, a little ass, dim. of asinus;
cf. Gr. Övoç, a wood-louse.] 1. A solidungulate
quadruped of the family Equidae, the Equus asi-
7.148. This animal has long ears, a short mane, and a tail
covered with long hairs at the end. It is usually ash-col-
ored, with a black cross over the shoulders, formed by a
longitudinal and a transverse dark streak. The tame or
domestic ass is patient, and carries a heavy burden. It is
slow, but wery sure-footed, and for this reason very useful
on rough, steep, and hilly ground. The ass is supposed
to be a native of central Asia (by Darwin and others, of
Abyssinia), where vast troops roam over the great deserts
in a wild state. The wild ass is a fine fleet animal, and
is accounted the noblest game in Persia, where its flesh
is prized as Venison is with us. The domesticated ass has
become the type of obstimacy and stupidity. See jazekass.
2. Any wild species of the subgenus Asinus,
as the dziggetai or hemione, onager, etc.—3. A
dull, heavy, stupid fellow; a dolt; a fool; a
blockhead.
If this be not a fit of some violent affection, I am an
ass in understanding. Ford, Love's Sacrifice, ii. 2.
4. A post in the bridge of a pulp-wat on which
the mold is placed to drain.-Asses' bridge (pons
asinorwmv), a name humorously given to the fifth propo-
sition of the first book of Euclid's Elements of Geome-
try. See pons asinorum.—Feast of asses. See feast.
-The Two Asses, the stars y and 8 of the constellation
$ºgºon either side of the mebula Praesepe. See Asellus.
ass? (äs), n. [Scotch form of ash2.] Ashes.
ass3 (äs), m. A unit of weight in use in differ-
ent parts of Germany until the adoption of the
metric system. It was equal to 5 centigrams,
or three quarters of a grain troy.
assacu (as'a-kö), n. . [Braz.] A euphorbiaceous
tree of South America, Hura crepitans, the bark
and sap of which contain a very acrid poisonous
principle. Applied to the skin the milky sap produces
a pustular eruption; the natives prepare from it a poison-
ous drink, also used as an anthelmintic. The seeds are
most violently purgative. A decoction of the bark is used
as a remedy for elephantiasis, and the pounded leaves are
used for rheumatism.
assafetida, n. See asafetida.
assagai (as'a-gi), m. [Also written assegai, as-
sagay, assegay, and formerly assagaio, a2agaia
gº; 2agaye, 2agaie, K F. 2dgaie), and early mod.
... archegaye (KF. archegaie, archigaie, arcigaye);
K F. azegaye, acagaye, K Pg. azagaia, Sp. aga-
aya (Sp. formerly also without the art., 2dgaya,
§: 2agaglia, F. 2dgate, above), K. Ar. az-2aghā-
gah, Kal, the, + 2aghāyah, a spear: a native
Berber word. Cf. lancegay.] A slender spear
or lance of hard wood, usually having an iron
head: now most commonly applied to the throw.
ing-spear or javelin used in battle by the na-
343
assassinate
tives of South Africa, especially the Zulus and meat, bread, grain, etc., until they turn brown.
Kafirs. Also spelled assegai.
assagai (as'a-gi), v. t. [Kassagai, n.1. To strike
or kill with an assagai. Also spelled assegai.
Upon a signal the Zulus rushed upon their unarmed
guests, and aggagaied them to the last man.
Westminster Rev., CXXVI. 173.
assagai-wood (asſa-gi-wild), n. The wood of
a cornaceous tree of southern Africa, Curtisia assapant, assapanict (as-à-pan', Pik), n.
Jaginea, of which the Zulus make their spears.
assai" (ās-sā'i), adv. [It., very, much, enough,
K . ad 8atis: L. ad, to; satis, enough. See
a886th, assets.] In music, very: as, allegro assai,
very quick; adagio assai, very slow.
assai” (a-siſ), n. [Braz.] A native name in
Brazil of several species of palms of the genus
Jºuterpe (which see). The assai-rani (that is, false
euterpe) is the Geomoma Camama. A88ai-i is a drink pre-
pared from the nuts of E. oleracea.
assail (a-săl’), v. t. [K ME. assailen, asailen
(later often by apheresis saile), KOF. asaillir,
asalir, later assaillir=Pr. asalir, assalhi,'—It. as-
8alire, KML. assalire, adsalire, assail, for L. as-
8ilire, adsilire, leap upon, Kad, to, + salire, leap,
jump, rush forth: see salient. Cf. assault.] 1.
To fall upon with violence; assault; attack.
With greedy force he gan the fort t' assail. Spenger.
The covert of some enclosed ground in the rear enabled
a party to steal round and assail them unexpectedly in
flank. R. W. Diacom, Hist. Church of Eng., III. 74.
2. To attack with reasoning, arguments, cen-
Sure, abuse, criticism, appeals, entreaties, or
anything that bears upon the mind or feelings:
as, to assail an obnoxious person with jeers.
The prince next assailed the baron upon the subject of
Settling his estate on his daughter. Scott.
The really efficient weapons with which the philosophers
assailed the evangelical faith were borrowed from the
evangelical morality. Macawlay, Von Ranke.
The metaphysical doctrine assailed by Hume tended,
when carried to its logical extreme, to identify reality
with reason. Leslie Stephen, Eng. Thought, i. § 64.
3. To fall upon; bring something to bear upon
or against; come in contact with: as, the ship
was assailed by a severe storm.
Sit down awhile,
And let us once again assail your ears.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 1.
When trouble did thee sore assail,
On me then didst thou call. Milton, Ps. lxxxi.
=Syn. 1. Attack, Set upon, Fall upon, Assail, A&sault.
Attack, literally to fasten to, is the most general of these
words. Set upon and fall wipon have the vigor of short
and familiar words, and they express a sudden, emergetic
attack. Assail and assault, literally to leap or spring at,
are to attack vehemently and perhaps suddenly. Assault
is the stronger of the two, and is especially used of at-
tacks with personal violence, as with fists, stones, etc. All
five of these words may be extended to warfare, and to
contests and struggles of any kind.
This king's [Menephtalm's] first experience in war was
against an army of wider nationality than had ever before
attacked Egypt. H. S. Osborn, Ancient Egypt, p. 74.
He look'd, and more amazed
Than if seven men had set upon him, saw
The maiden standing in the dewy light.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
My lord is weary with the fight before,
And they will fall wipon him unawares.
Tennyson, Geraint.
The indignation which arms itself with secret forces
does not awaken until we are pricked and stung and Sorely
assailed. Bmerson, Compensation.
Then they assaulted one of the gates, which they burned:
but only to find that the defenders had raised a more
formidable barrier behind it.
R. W. Dialom, Hist. Church of Eng., III. 64.
assailable (a-să'la-bl.), a. ...[K, assail + -able.]
Capable of being assailed, attacked, or invaded.
He lived among a generation of sinners, whose con-
sciences were not assailable by smooth circumlocutions,
and whose vices required the scourge and the hot iron.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 86.
assailant (a-sā’lant), a. and m. [KF. assaillant,
ppr. of assaillir: see assail and -antl.] I. a. 1.
Assaulting; attacking; invading with violence.
Milton.—2. In her., same as salient.
II. m. One who assails, attacks, or assaults.
The wise man throws himself on the side of his assail-
amts. It is more his interest than it is theirs to find his
Weak point. Bºmarsom, Compensation.
assailer (a-să'lér), n. IK ME. assailour, assail-
gour, K OF. assailleor, K assaillir: see assail.]
One who assails.
assailment (a-săl’ment), m. [Kassail + -ment.]
An assault; an attack. [Rare.]
His most frequent assailment was the headache.
Johnsom, Pope.
assai-palm (a-si'pām), m. Same as assai”.
assamar (as'a-mâr), m... [KL, assus, roasted, +
amarus, bitter.] A bitter substance produced
by roasting in the air such substances as sugar,
assart (a-sărt'), v. t.
assart (a-sărt'), n.
a SSaryt, m.
assassin (a-sasſin), m.
assassinacy? (a-sas’i-nā-si), m.
assassinantt (a-sasſi-nant), n.
assassinate (a-sas’i-nāt), v.;
*Baron von Reichenbach.
Assamese (as-a-mês’ or -méz'), a. and n.
[K
Assam -- -ese.] I. a. Pertaining to Assam or
its inhabitants.
II. m. sing. and pl. A native or the natives
of Assam, an eastern province of British India.
adjoining Burma and Tibet.
[N.
Amer. Ind e native name of the American
flying-squirrel, Sciuropterus volucella. Also as-
Sapanick, assapham.
[K AF. assarter, OF. es-
sarter, K ML. ecartare, exsartare (freq. of "ex-
sarire), b up, Kea, out, + sartare for *sari-
tare, freq. of T. sarire, sarrire, pp. Sarritus, hoe,
weed, grub.] In Eng. law, to grub up (trees
and bushes); clear (wood-land).
[Now also essart; K AF.
assart, OF. essart (> law L. assarta, assartus,
essartum), KML. eacartum, prop. neut. of “earar-
tus, pp. of *exarire, “exsarire: see assart, v.] In
Eng. law: (a) The act of grubbing up trees and
bushes in a forest. This act, as destroying thickets
and coverts, was in some circumstances forbidden by law.
(b) A tree grubbed up by the roots. (c) A piece
of land cleared, as by grubbing.
In those districts, and in many others in the neighbour.
hood, the copyhold lands which have been reclaimed from
the forest-waste are known as “assart-lands.”
C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 192.
[K Gr. diagóptov.] The Roman cop-
per coin called as.
[K F. assassin = Pr. as-
sassim = Sp. asesino = Pg. It. assassino, K ML-
assassinus, prop. One of the Assassini, Assasini,
Assessini, Ascisini (also Asasi, Haussasi ; cf. OF.
Assacis, Hassasis, MGr. Xagiotot, pl., from the
Ar. sing.), K. Ar. Hashshashin and Hashishiyyin,
the order or sect of the Assassins, lit. hashish-
eaters (so called because the agents selected
to do murder were first intoxicated with hash-
ish), pl. of hashshash and hashishiyy, hashish-
eater, Khashish, hashish: see hashish.] 1. [cap.]
One of the Assassins, a military and religious
order in Syria, founded in Persia by Hassan ben
Sabbah about the year 1090. A colony migrated from
Persia to Syria, settled in various places, with their chief
Seat on the mountains of Lebanon, and became remarkable
for their secret murders in blind obedience to the will of
their chief. Their religion was a compound of Magianism,
Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism. One article
of their creed was that the Holy Spirit resided in their
chief and that his orders proceeded from God himself.
The chief of the sect is best known by the denomination
old in an of the mountain (Arabic sheikh al-jebal, chief of
the mountains). These barbarous chieftains and their fol-
lowers spread terror among nations far and near for al-
most two centuries. In the tinne of the crusades they
mustered to the number of 50,000, and presented a formi-
dable obstacle to the arms of the Christians. They were
eventually subdued by the sultan Bibars about 1272.
2. One who undertakes, for a reward previous-
ly agreed on, to put another person to death
by surprise or secret assault; hence, one who
kills, or attempts to kill, by treacherous vio-
lence; a murderer.—3}. [With allusion to its
“killing’ effect.] A breast-knot, or similar deco-
iºn worn in front. Ladies’ Dict., London,
694.
assassini (a-sasſin), v. t. [KF. assassimer, assas-
sinate, Worry, vex, = It. assassinare, assassinate,
KML. assassinare; from the noun..] To mur-
der; assassinate.
With him that assassimes his parents.
Stillingſfleet, Sermons, p. 502.
[K assassina(te)
+ -cy.] The act of assassinating. Hammond.
[K F. assassi-
nant, ppr. of assassine”: see assassin, v.] An
assassin.
pret. and pp. as-
Sassinated, ppr. assassinating. [K ML. assassi-
natus, pp. of assassinare: see assassin, v.] I.
trans. 1. To kill or attempt to kill by surprise
or secret assault; murder by sudden or treach-
erous violence.
Help, neighbours, my house is broken open, . . .
am ravished and like to be assassinated.
2#. To assault; maltreat.
Such usage as your honourable lords
Afford me, assassimated and betray'd.
Milton, S. A., l. 1109.
3. Figuratively, to blight or destroy treacher-
ously; overthrow by foul or unfair means:
as, to assassinate a person's character or repu-
tation. =Syn. 1. Slay, Murder, etc. See kill.
II. intrans. To commit murder by assassina-
tion.
Where now no thieves assassinate.
Sandys, Paraphrase of Judges, v,
and I
Dryden.
assassinate
assassinatet (8-Sasſi-nāt), n. IK F. assassinat,
assassination, KML. assassinatus, Kassassinare:
See assassinate, v.] 1. Assassination; murder-
ous assault.
If I had made an assassinate upon your father.
g B. Jomsom, Epicoene, ii. 1.
2. An assassin.
Seize him for one of the assassinates. Dryden.
assassination (3-sas-i-nā’shgn), n., [K assassi-
nate + -ion.] "The act of assassinating; the
act, especially of a hired emissary, of killing or
murdering by surprise or secret assault; mur-
der by treacherous violence.
assassinative (a-sas’i-nā-tiv), a. [Kassassinate
+ -īve..] Inclined to assassinate. Carlyle.
assassinator (a-sasſi-nā-tgr), n. 1. An assas-
sin.—2. In canon law, one who hires another
to kill a third person by surprise or secret as-
Sault. He loses the right of sanctuary and all other ec-
clesiastical immunity, and is subjected to excommunica-
tion, and, by the letter of the law, to confiscation of goods
or even to deprivation of personal rights, including that
of security of life: these penalties could be imposed even
When the attempted assassination fell short of its effect.
The law was first made against those employing inſidels to
murder Christians, but almost immediately and a fortiori
extended to Christians as against any person, whether
Christian or not, who was allowed to live in the state.
The peculiar malice of the crime was placed in its being
recret murder for hire. Technically it was unknown to
the civil law.
assassinous? (a-sas’i-nus), a.
-0us.] Murderous; treacherous.
To smother them in the basest and most assassimows
IIlanll CI’. Milton, On Ormond's Letter, 561 (Ord M.S.).
aSSation? (a-să'shon), n. IK IF. assation, KML.
*assatio(n-), KLL. assare, roast, K.L. assus, roast-
ed, perhaps for arsus, pp. of ardere, burn, be on
fire.] A roasting.
Assation is a concoction of the inward moisture by heat.
jºr Burton, Anat. of Mel.
assault (a-sălt’), n. [The l has been restored,
as in fault, vault, etc.; K ME. assaut, asaut,
asaute (also by apheresis saut, later sault), OF.
assault, assalt, asalt, F. assaut = Pr. assaut =
Sp. asalto - Pg. It. assalto, K M.L. assaltus, as-
Sault, attack, K assalire, assail: See assail.] 1.
An attack or violent onset with physical means;
an onslaught; especially, a sudden and vigor-
ous attack on a fortified post.
Able to resist
Satan's assawlts, and quench his flery darts.
Milton, P. L., xii. 492,
In military art . . . more is oftentimes effected by regu-
lar approaches than by an open assault.
}Washington, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 454.
Specifically—2. In law, an unlawful attack
upon the person of another; an attempt or offer
to do violence to another, coupled with present
ability to effect it, but irrespective of whether
the person is touched or not, as by lifting the
fist or a cane in a threatening manner. If the
person is struck, the act is called assault and battery. In
Scotland this distinction is not regarded. Assaults are
variously punished.
3. An attack with other than physical force,
as by means of legislative measures, by argu-
ments, invective, appeals, etc. : as, an assault
upon the constitution of government; an as-
Sault upon one's reputation.
I would have thought her spirit had been invincible
against all assaults of affection. Shak., Much Ado, ii. 3.
Assault of or at arms, the attack made upon each other
by the opposite parties in fencing or in military exercises.
= Syn. Charge, Onslaught, etc. See onset.
assault (a-Sält"), v. t. [K late ME. assaute,
asaute (and by apheresis Saute, later sault), KOF.
asauter, later assaulter = Sp. asaltar = Pg. as-
saltar = It. assaltare, K M.L. assaltare, K L. ad,
to, upon, + saltare, leap: see the noun.] 1. To
attack by physical means; fall upon with vio-
lence or with a hostile intention: as, to assault
a man, a house, a town.
Look in upon me then, and speak with me,
Or, naked as I am, I will assault thee.
Shak., Othello, v. 2.
Specifically—2. In law, to attempt or offer to
do violence to another, with present ability to
accomplish it. See assault, m., 2.—3. To attack
with other than physical force; assailwith argu-
ments, complaints, hostile words, etc.
The cries of babes new-born . . .
A 88ault his ears. Dryden.
=Syn. Attack, Set upon, etc. (see assail); to storm. See
attack.
assaultable (a-săl'ta-bl), a. [Early mod. E.
a88autable; K assault ---able.] Capable of be-
ing assaulted.
The 28th day of October the walls were made low, and
the town abbawltable. IIall, Henry VIII., an. 15.
is the breach made agsaultable F
Magginger, Maid of Honour, ii, 3.
[K assassin --
344
assaultant (a-săl'tant), a. [K OF. assaultant,
ppr. of assaulter: sée assault, and cf. assailant.j
Same as assailant, 1.
assaulter (a-săl’tér), n. One who assaults or
violently attacks; an assailant.
assautt, n. Older spelling of assault.
assay (a-sā’), m. [K ME. assay, assai, asaye,
asaie (and by apheresis Say), KOF. assai, assay–
Pr. assai, assag-Cat. assatg- Sp. asayo – It, as-
saggio, saggio; also, with variation of the same
refix, O.F. essa? (> E. essay, q.v.) = Pr. essai =
at. ensatg = Sp. ensayo = Pg. ensaio (ML. reflex
assagiwm, assaia, 68Sagium, essayum), K LL. ex:-
agium, a weighing (cf. eacámen (for *examon),
a weighing, examination), K “exagere, easigere,
weigh, try, prove, measure, examine: see ea:-
amen, eacamine, and eaſigent, and cf. the doublet
essay. For the prefix, see as-8, es-1, ca:-.] lit.
Examination; trial; attempt; essay.
Neither is it enough to have taken a slender taste or
assay thereof. Udall, Pref. to Luke.
This cannot be,
By no assay of reason. Shak., Othello, i. 3.
He hath made an assay of her virtue.
Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
Hence—2+. Trial by danger; risk; adventure.
Through many hard assayes which did betide.
Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 35.
3+. Trial; tribulation; affliction.
She heard with patience all unto the end,
And strove to maister sorrowfull assay.
Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 27.
4. The trial of the purity, weight, etc., of
metals or metallic substances, as ores and al-
loys; any operation or experiment for ascer-
taining the quantity of a precious metal in an
ore or a mineral, or in coin or bullion. See as-
saying.—5. The substance to be assayed. Ure.—
6. In law, an examination of weights and mea-
sures by the standard. Cowell.—7. Formerly,
the act or custom of tasting the food or drink in-
tended for another, as a king, before presenting
it.—8#. Value; ascertained purity: as, “stones
of rich assay,” Spenser, F. Q., IV. X. 15.-Annual
assay, an annual official trial of gold and silver coin
to ascertain whether the standard of fineness and weight
of coinage is maintained.—At all as SaySt. º At every
trial or in every juncture; always, (b) At all hazards;
ready for every event.—Cup of assay, the small cup with
which the assay of wine, etc., was made. (See 7.)—Put it
in assayf, make the trial or experiment. =Syn, 4. Assay,
Analysis. Assay is the analysis of metals, and is thus a
word of narrower signification than analysis (which see).
assay (a-sā’), v. [K ME. assayen, asayen, asaien
(later also by apheresissaye, say), KOF. assayer,
asaier = Pr. assaiar, assatjar = Sp. asayar =
It. assaggiare; also, with variation of the same
prefix, O.F. essayer (> E. essay, q. v.) = Pr.
essaiar, ensaiar = Cat. ensajar = Sp. ensayar =
Pg. ensaiar; from the noun..] I. trams. 1. To
examine by trial; put to test or trial; try the
effect or merit of: as, to assay armor. [Obso-
lete or poetical.]
Soft Words to his fierce passion she assay’d.
Milton, P. L., x. 865.
Here, too, our shepherd-pipes we first assay’d.
M. Arnold, Thyrsis.
Specifically —2. To make trial of or analyze,
as an ore or metallic compound, with the view
of determining the proportion of a particular
metal present in it.—3. To attempt; endeavor;
essay: often with an infinitive as object.
The first part I have told you in the three sermons past,
in which I have assayed to set forth my plough, to prove
what I could do. Latimer, Sermon of the Plough.
She hath assay’d as much as may be proved.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, l. 608.
[[Ien. VIII.] effected no more than what his own prede-
cessors desired and assayed in ages past.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 5.
[In this sense essay is now commonly used.]
4}. To endeavor to influence.
Implore her in my voice, that she make friends
To the strict deputy; bid herself assay him.
Shak., M. for M., i. 3.
5+. To affect; move.
When the hart is ill assayde.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., August.
II. intrans. To make an attempt or endeavor;
try. [Now more commonly essay.]
assayable (a-să'a-bl), a. [K assay + -able.]
Capable of being assayed or tested.
assay-balance (A-sā’bal"ans), m.
curate balance used by assayers.
assayer (3-sā’ér), m. [K ME. assayer, assaior
assaiour, KAF. assaior, assaiour: See assay aná
-er1.] 1+. One who tries, tests, or attempts.-
2. One who assays metals; one who examines
metallic ores or alloys for the purpose of de-
termining the quantity of any particular metal,
particularly of gold or silver, present in them.
A very ac-
Acupels.
asSelf, n.
asse” (as), m.
assealt, v. t.
a.SS-ear (às'êr), m.
assectation? (as-el-tā'shgn), m.
assemblation
Specifically—3. An officer of the mint, whose
duty is to test bullion and coin. -
assay-furnace (8-sā'fèr"näs), m. A simple form
of furnace and muffle for heating metals in
âssaying (a-sā’ing), n. The act or art of test-
ing metals, Ores, or alloys in order to ascertain
the quantity of gold or silver or any other
metal present in them. There are two modes of as-
saying, one of which is sometimes employed to corroborate
the other. The one is called the humid or wet process, in
which the solution of the metals is effected by means of
acids, after which those sought for are }ººl by
roper reagents. The other is called the dry process, and
is performed by the agency of fire. The first is generally
employed for the purpose of estimating the quantity of gold
or silver in an alloy, and the second is chiefly applied to
ores. Tests are also made by comparison of specific grav-
ities, and by the color of the streak or trace made by rub-
bing the ore upon a rough surface. In Great Britain each
article of silver or gold plate is assayed at Goldsmiths' Hall
previously to being sold, in order to determine the exact
richness of the metal of which it is made. See hall-mark.
assay-master (a-sā’ más" tér), m. 1. An as-
sayer; a chief officer appointed to try the weight
and fineness of the precious metals.-2. An
officer appointed, in the provincial period in
Massachusetts, to test the quality of potash and
pearlash intended for export, or the composition
of the worms and still-heads used in distilling.
assay-office (a-să'of-is), n. A laboratory where
ores or metals are assayed.
Obsolete spelling of ass1.
A name of the Caama, a small
African fox, Vulpes caama.
[K ME. asselen, aselen, var. of en-
Selen : see enseal.] Same as enseal.
An old name for the com-
frey, Symphytum officinale.
[K L. assecta-
tio(n-), attendance, K assectari, pp. assectatus,
attend upon, Kad, to, + sectari, follow, attend,
freq. of sequi, follow: see sequent.] Attendance
or waiting upon; a following. Blount; Bailey.
assecurance; (as-á-kür'ans), n. [KML. assecu-
rantia, assurance, Kassecurare, assure: See asse-
cure.] Assurance. Sheldon, Miracles, p. 320.
assecuration} (as'é-kū-ră'shgn), n. [K ML.
assecuratio(n-), K assecurare, pp. assecuratus, as-
sure: see assecure.] Assurance; a making Se-
CULT6 OI* SUIT0.
IIow far then reaches this assecuration 2 so far as to ex-
clude all fears, all doubting? Bp. Hall, Sermons, xliii.
assecure? (as-É-kür’), v. t. [K M.L. assecurare,
assure, K ad, to, + securus, secure, sure.
Doublet, assure, q.v.] To make secure; make
sure or certain.
Sin is not helped but by being assecured of pardon.
Hooker, Eccles. Pol., vi, 6.
assecution? (as-à-kü'shgn), m. [K L. as if “asse-
cutio(m-), K assecutus, pp. of assequi, follow up,
reach, obtain, Kad, to, + sequi, follow: see se-
quent.] An obtaining or acquiring.
His first [benefice] . . . is immediately void by his asse-
cution of a second. Ayliffe, Parergon, p. 115.
assegai, m. and v. See assagai.
asseget, v. and it. See assiege.
asseizeł, v. t. To seize. Marlowe. [Rare.]
asself (a-self’), v. t. [K as-1 + self.] 1. To take
to one's self; appropriate; adopt.—2. To as-
similate: as, to asself aliment. [IRare in both
Auses.]
assemblage (a-sem’blāj), n. IK F. assemblage, K
assembler, assemble: see assemblel and -age.]
1. The act of assembling or the state of being
assembled; association.
In sweet assemblage every blooming grace. I'enton.
2. A collection of individuals or of particular
things: as, an assemblage of noted men; an as-
semblage of various materials.—3. The act of
fitting together, as parts of a machine; in carp.
and joinery, a union of parts or pieces by fram-
ing, dovetailing, etc. See assembling.
The exterior plank [i. e., planking] of our large wooden
War ships was divided into a number of distinct assem-
blages, each having a special designation.
Thearle, Naval Arch., § 212.
assemblance1+ (a-sem’blans), m. [KOF. assem-
blance = It. assembranea ; see assemblel and
-ance.] An assemblage; an assembly.
To weete the cause of their assemblaunce wide.
Spenger, F. Q., W. iv. 21.
assemblance? (a-sem’blans), n. [K OF. as-
semblance (Roquefort), Kassembler, resemble:
See assemble? and -ance.] Representation; like-
ness; semblance.
Care I for the . . . big assemblance of a man? Give me
the spirit. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2,
assemblationt, n. A gathering; a meeting.
IRoger North, Examen, [Rare.]
assemble -
issemble, (º-sembly, ”).3 #". and pp. assem-
bled, ppr. aššembling. [K ME. assemblem, asem-
blon, assemlen, asemlen, KOF, asembler, assembler,
a88ambler = Pr: assemblar, asemblar, asemlar =
QSp. asemblar = It, assémblare, assembrare, K
. aš8imulare, bring together (in L. the same
as assimilare : see assemble2), K L., ad, to, +
8imul, together. Also by apheresis semble!.
Cf. assemble2.] I, trans. 1. To collect into one
place or body; bring or call together; convene;
Congregate.
Thither he assembled all his train. Milton, P. L., v. 767.
2. To fit together. See assembling, 2.—3+. To
join or couple, as one with another, or as in
sexual intercourse. =Syn. 1. To convene, collect, con-
gregate, muster, convoke.
I. intrans. 1. To meet or come together;
Convene, as a number of individuals: as, “the
churls assemble,” Dryden, AEneid, vii.-2+. To
meet in battle; fight. =Syn. 1. To gather, get to-
gether, muster, convene.
assemblelt (a-sem’bl), n. IK assemble1, v. Cf.
assembly : assembly.
assemble2+ (3-sem’bl), v. t. [Late ME. assam-
ble; K OF. assembler; cf. Pg. assemelhar, assimi-
lar = It. assimigliare, resemble; K L. assimu-
lare, assimilare, make like, consider like, com-
pare, K ad, to, + 8imilis, like (related to simul,
together; cf. assemble1): see assimilate. Also
by apheresis semble?..] 1. To be similar to;
resemble.
I'or the world assembleth the see.
Caactom, Golden Legend, p. 114. (N. E. D.)
2. To liken or compare.
Bribes may be assembled to pitch.
Yºr Latimer, Sermons before Edw. VI. (Arber), p. 151.
assembler (a-sem"blër), n. 1. One who assem-
bles.—2. Specifically, a workman who assem-
bles or fits together the different parts of a
machine, as of a watch. See assembling, 2.-3+.
One who takes part in an assembly; a member
of an assembly.
assembling (a-sem"bling), n.
or meeting together.
Not forsaking the assembling of ourselves together, as
the manner of some is. eb. x. 25.
2. The act of fitting together parts of ma-
chines and instruments, such as sewing-ma-
chines, guns, microscopes, watches, etc., espe-
cially when duplicate parts are so exactly
made as to be interchangeable.
assembling-bolt (a-sem ‘bling-bólt), n. A
screw-bolt for holding together the several
parts of a machine or tool.
assembly (a-sem’bli), m.; pl. assemblies (-bliz).
... assemble, assemblaye, assemblee, K OF.
assemblée, F. assemblée (= Sp. asamblea = Pg.
assemblea), meeting, coming together, K assem-
bler, meet: see assemblel.] 1. The act of as-
sembling, or the state of being assembled or
gathered together.
A Triennial Bill enforced the assembly of the Houses
every three years, and bound the sheriffs and citizens to
proceed to election if the IRoyal writ failed to summon
them. J. R. Greene, Short Hist. Eng., p. 524.
2. A company of persons gathered together in
the same place, and usually for the same pur-
pose, whether religious, political, educational,
or social; an assemblage.
At length there issued from the grove behind
A fair assenbly of the female kind.
Dryden, Flower and Leaf, l. 154.
Another assembly, composed of representatives chosen
by the people in all parts, gives free access to the whole na-
tion, and communicates all its Wants, knowledge, projects,
and wishes to government. J. Adams, Works, IV. 288.
The Popular Assembly and the Popular Court of Justice
are in principle the same institution; they are gatherings
of the freemen of the community for different public
purposes. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 173.
3. ãº. (a) [cap.] The name given
to the lower house of the legislature in sev-
eral of the United States and in some of the
British colonies. (b) A company of persons
of both sexes met for dancing; a ball; espe-
cially, a ball the expenses of which are defrayed
by the subscriptions of those who take partin it.
Her girls . . . appeared perseveringly at the Winchester
and Southampton assemblies ; they penetrated to Cowes
for the race-balls and regatta-gaieties there.
- Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxxix
4. Milit., the second call for any military
formation. When the assembly is sounded
the command is formed and the roll is
called.
Lagache . . . thought it best to test the loyalty of the
dragoons by sounding the assembly.
Quarterly Rev., CLXIII. 100.
5+. An assemblage or collection of inanimate
objects.
1. A collecting
345 "
To Venice herself, or to any of the little assembly of
islands about her. Howell, Letters, i. 1.
Assembly of Divines at Westminster, commonly call-
ed the Westminster A88embly, a convocation summoned
by the Long Parliament to advise “for the settling of the
overnment and the liturgy of the Church of England.”
ost of its members were Presbyterians, and nearly all
were Calvinists. It met July 1, 1643, and continued its
sessions till February 22, 1649. The chief fruits of its la-
bors were the Directory of Public Worship, the Confes-
Sion of Faith, and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms,
which were rejected in England, but established in Scot-
land.—Black Assembly, in the University of Cambridge,
the great convocation.— General Assembly. (a) The
highest ecclesiastical tribunal of churches of the Presbyte-
rian order, meeting annually, and composed of ministers
and ruling elders delegated by each presbytery within
their respective national bounds. (b) In many of the
United States, the collective title of the legislature. (c)
In New Jersey, the lower house of the legislature.-L tº
1ative Assembly. (a) The collective title of the legis-
lature in the State of Oregon and the territories of the
United States; also, the title of the lower house or of the
Single legislative body in many of the British colonies. (b)
In French hist., the legislative bodies of 1791–2, 1849–51, as
distinguished from the National Assembly of I789–1791.—
National Assembly, in French hist., the first of the
revolutionary assemblies, in session 1789–1791. The States
General, elected in 1789, were opened May 5, 1789, and in
June the third estate assumed the title of National As-
sembly and absorbed the two remaining estates. Its chief
work was the formation of the constitution, whence it is
also called the Constituent Assembly.
assemblyman (3-sem’bli-man), n. ; pl. assem-
blymen (-men). [K assembly -- man.]. A mem-
ber of a legislative assembly. [U.S
assembly-room (a-sem’bli-röm), m. A room in
which persons assemble, especially for dancing.
See assembly.
assen]+, n. An obsolete plural of ass1. Chaucer.
assen”f, n. An obsolete plural of ash2.
assent (a-sent"), v. [K ME. assenten, asenten
(later also by apheresis sente), KOF. asenter, as-
senter (K. L. assentari, adsentari, irreg. freq. of
assentiri), also assentir, F. assentir, K. L. assenti-
Ye, more frequently deponent, assentiri, assent
to, approve, consent, Kad, to, + sentire, feel, X E.
sent, now spelled improp. scent: see scent and
Sense, and cf. consent, dissent, and resent.] I. in-
trams. To admit a proposition as true; express
an agreement of the mind to what is alleged or
proposed; concur; acquiesce: with to before
an object.
The Jews also assented, saying that these things were so.
Acts xxiv. 9.
We cannot assent to a proposition without some intelli-
gent apprehension of it; whereas we need not understand
it at all in order to infer it.
J. H. Newman, Gram. of Assent, p. 6.
=S To agree, subscribe.
#, trans. To agree to ; approve; determine.
Here wyfes wolde it wel assemte.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., l. 374,
assent (a-sent’), m. [K ME. assent, asent, K as-
senten, asenten, the verb: see assent, v.] 1. The
act of the mind in admitting or agreeing to the
truth of a proposition proposed for acceptance.
Faith is the assent to any proposition on the credit of
the proposer. Locke.
2. Consent; concurrence; acquiescence; agree-
ment to a proposal: as, the bill before the house
§: the assent of a great majority of the mem-
©I’S.
Without the king's assent or knowledge,
You wrought to be a legate. Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
No parish-business in the place could stir,
Without direction or assent from her.
Crabbe, The Parish Register.
3. Accord; agreement; approval.
Virtue engages his assent,
But Pleasure wins his heart.
Cowper, Human Frailty.
Too many people read this ribaldry with assent and ad-
miration. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xx.
4t. Opinion.
Thou art oon of his assemt.
Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, l. 296.
Royal assent, in England, the approbation given by the
sovereign in Parliament to a bill which has passed both
houses, after which it becomes law. This assent may be
given in two ways: (a) In person, when the sovereign comes
to the House of Peers, the Commons are sent for, and the
titles of all the bills which have passed are read. The royal
assent is declared in Norman-French by the clerk of the
Parliament. (b) By letters patent under the great seal,
signed by the sovereign, and notified in his or her absence.
A money-bill, or bill of supply, passed by the House of
Commons, is presented by the Speaker for the royal assent.
= Sym. Assent, Consent, Concurrence, Acquiescence, accept-
ance, adherence. Assemt is primarily an act of the under-
standing; consent is distinctly the act of the will : as, I
assent to that proposition; I consent to his going. Bax-
ter speaks of justifying faith as the assemtimg trust of the
understanding and the consenting trust of the will. As-
Sent is not yet altogether excluded from the field of the
Will, but tends to express a feebler action of the will than
it formerly did, or than consent does. Compare Luke xxiii.
24 (margin), “Pilate assented that it should be as they re-
quired,” with the formal consent in the royal assent to a
assert
bill. Concurrence is a running of minds in the same chan-
nel, an agreement in opinion or decision. Acquiescence is
a state or act of quiet submission to a decision, an act, or
the prevalence of an opinion, because it is near enough
to one's wishes, or not worth resisting, or impossible to re-
sist, but not because it is entirely acceptable.
A88ent I have described to be a mental assertion; in its
very nature then it is of the mind, and not of the lips.
J. H. Newman, Gram. of Assent, p. 11.
If any faction of men will require the assent and com3ent
of other men to a vast number of disputable and uninsti-
tuted things, and, it may be, a mathematical falsehood
among the first of them, and utterly renounce all Christian
communion with all that shall not give that assent and
consent, we look upon those to be separatists; we dare
not to be so narrow-spirited.
C. Mather, Mag. Chris., Int. to iii.
The necessity, under which the jury is placed, to agree
unanimously, in order to find a verdict, acts as the pre-
disposing cause of concurrence in some common opinion.
Calhoun, Works, I. 66.
The showman rubs his brow impulsively, . . . but final-
ly, with the inevitable acquiescence of all public servants,
resumes his composure and goes on.
IIawthorne, Main Street.
assentantt (a-senſtant), a. and m. [K ME. as-
sentaunt, K OF. assentant, assentant, ppr. of
assenter: See assent, v., and -antl. Doublet,
assentient.] I. a. Assenting; agreeing.
II. m. One who assents or agrees.
assentation (as-en-tä’shgn), m. [K L. assenta-
tio(n-), flattery, servile assent, K assentari,
pp. assentatus, flatter, assent in everything,
irreg. freq. of assentiri, assent, agree: See as-
sent, v.] The act of assenting; especially, ob-
sequious assent to the opinion of another; flat-
tery; adulation.
It is a fearful presage of ruin when the prophets con-
spire in assentation. Bp. Hall, Death of Ahab.
Words smooth and sweeter-sounded are to be used,
rather than rough or harsh, as adore for worship, assen-
tation for flattery. Instructions for Oratory (1682), p. 25.
assentatorf (asſen-tá-tor), m. [K L. assentator,
Kassentari, flatter: see assentation.] One who
assents or consents; especially, one who as-
sents obsequiously; a flatterer. Sir T. Elyot.
assentatorily (a-sen'ta-tá-ri-li), adv. In the
manner of an assentator; with adulation or ob-
sequiousness. Bacon.
assentatory# (a-sen'ta-tº-ri), a. [K L. “assen-
tatorius (implied in adv. assentatorie), K assen-
tator, a flatterer: see assentator.] Pertaining
to or characterized by assentation; flattering;
adulatory.
assenter (a-sen’tér), m. One who assents. See
aSSentor.
assentient (a-sen'shient), a. and m. [K L. as-
Sentiem (t-)s, ppr. of assentiri, assent: see assent,
v.] I. a. Assenting; yielding assent. Quar-
terly Rev.
II. m. One who assents; an assenter. North
IBritish Rev.
assentingly (a-sen’ting-li), adv.
expressing assent; by agreement.
assentive (a -sen 'tiv), a. [K assent + -ive.]
Giving assent; complying. Savage. [Rare.]
assentmenti (a-sent’ ment), m. [K OF. assente-
ment, K ML. assentimentum, assent, K L. assen-
tiri, assent: see assent, v., and -ment.] Assent;
agreement. Sir T. Browne.
assentor (a -sen 'tor), m. [K assent + -or; the
usual legal form; cf. assenter.] One who as-
sents; specifically, one of the eight voters who
indorse the nomination, by a proposer and sec-
onder, of a candidate for election to the Parlia-
ment of Great Britain and Ireland, as required
by law. "
assert (a-Sèrt'), v. t. [K L. assertus, pp. (ML. as-
sertare, freq.) of asserere, adserere, join to, ad-
serere aliquem manu (or simply adserere) in liber-
tatem or in servitutem, declare one free or a
slave by laying hands upon him, hence free
from, protect, defend, lay claim to, assert, de-
clare, Kad, to, + serere, join, range in a row, =
Gr. eipelv, bind, fasten: see series and serried.]
lf. To bring (into freedom); set (free). [The
Original Latin use, asserere in libertatem.]
The people of Israel, being lately oppressed in Egypt,
were asserted by God into a state of liberty.
Bp. Patrick, on Num. xxiii. 2.
2. To vindicate, maintain, or defend by words
or measures; support the cause or claims of;
yindicate a claim or title to: now used only of
immaterial objects or reflexively: as, to assert
our rights and liberties; he asserted himself
boldly.
I could and would myself assert the British from his
Scandalous pen. Fuller.
In a manner
. . Often, in the parting hour,
Yictorious love asserts his power
O'er coldness and disdain.
Scott, Marmion, v. 7.
a SSert;
3. To state as true; affirm; asseverate; aver;
declare.
There is no proof of what is so commonly asserted, that
the heel is longer in proportion to the foot in Negroes.
Hwa'ley, Amat. Vert., p. 419.
To assert one's self, to assume and defend one's rights,
claims, or authority; exert one's influence; sometimes, to
thrust one's self forward unduly or obtrusively.
The natural strength and firmness of his nature began
to assert itself. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, iii. 2.
While the struggle between the Emperor and the Pope
absorbed the strength of both, it became possible for the
people to assert themselves. *
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 498.
= Syn. 2. Assert, Defend, Maintain, Vindicate. Assert
Supports a cause or claim aggressively: its meaning is well
brought out in the expression, assert yourself; that is,
make your influence felt. To defend is primarily to drive
back assaults. To maintain is to hold up to the full
amount, defending from diminution: as, to maintain the
ancient customs, liberties, rights. To vindicate is to res-
Cue, as from diminution, dishonor, or censure: as, to “win-
dicate the ways of God to man,” Pope, Essay on Man, i. 16.
And as my vassals, to their utmost might,
Assist my person, and assert my right.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., l. 1,000.
It is time now to draw homeward; and to think rather
of defending myself, than assaulting others.
Dryden, Pref. to Mock Astrologer.
I will maintain.
My truth and honour firmly. Shak., Lear, v. 3.
If it should at any time so happen that these rights
Should be invaded, there is no remedy but a reliance on
the courts to protect and vindicate them.
D. Webster, Convention to Revise the Const., 1821.
3. Assert, Affirm, Declare, Aver, Asseverate (see declare),
allege, protest, avow, lay down. §: protest.) Assert
seems to expect doubt or contradiction of what one
says. Affirm strengthens a statement by resting it upon
one's reputation for knowledge or veracity: as, “she [Rho-
da] constantly affirmed that it was even so,” Acts xii. 15.
Declare makes public, clear, or emphatic, especially against
contradiction. A ver is positive and peremptory. Assev-
erate is positive and solemn.
We can assert without assenting.
J. H. Newman, Gram. Of Assent, p. 11.
It is a pure impertinence to affirm with oracular assur-
ance what might perhaps be admissible as a suggestion
offered with the due diffidence of modest and genuine
scholarship. Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 23.
Our Hebrew songs and harps, in Babylon
That pleased so well our victors' ear, declare
That rather Greece from us these arts derived.
Milton, P. R., iv. 337.
Then all averred I had killed the bird
That brought the fog and mist.
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, ii.
It is impossible to calculate the good that such a work
would have done if half which is asseverated had only been
proved. J. J. Blunt.
assertable (a-sèr'ta-bl.), a. [Kassert + -able.]
Capable of being asserted or maintained. Also
assertible.
assertation? (as-er-tā‘shgn), n. [KML. asserta-
tio(n-), K assertare, pp. assertatus, assert: see
assert.] An assertion. Sir T. More.
assertative (a-Sér’tà-tiv), a. [K assert + -ative.]
Assertive.
asserter (a-sèr’tēr), m. 1. One who asserts or
maintains; a champion or vindicator.
Harmodius and Aristogiton had assassinated Hippar-
chus from mere private revenge; but they were now called
asserters of public liberty. J. Adams, Works, IV. 488.
2. One who asserts or declares; one who makes
a positive declaration. -
Also assertor.
assertible, a. [K assert + -ible.] See assertable.
assertion (a-Sér’shgn), m. [K L. assertio(m-),
declaration, K asserere, assert: see assert.] 1+.
The act of setting free; liberation.—2. The
action of maintaining a cause or a claim: as,
the assertion of one’s rights.-3. The act of
stating something to be true.
Assertion unsupported by fact is nugatory. Jumius.
4. A positive declaration or averment; an un-
supported statement or affirmation: as, his as-
sertion proved to be false.
An assertion is as distinct from a conclusion as a Word
of command is from a persuasion or recommendation.
J. H. Newman, Gram. of Assent, p. 3.
The capacity of jelly [protoplasm] to guide forces, which
Professor Huxley says is a fact of the profoundest signifi-
cance to him, is not a fact at all, but merely an assertion.
w Beale, Protoplasm, p. 85.
=Syn. 2. Vindication, defense, maintenance.—3 and 4.
Statement, asseveration, protestation.
assertional (a-sèr'shgn-al), a. [K assertion +
-al.] Pertaining to or of the nature of an as-
sertion; containing an assertion. [Rare.]
assertive (a-sérºtiv), a. [KML. *assertivus (im-
plied in adv. assertive), K. L. assertus, pp. of
a88erere: see assert and -ive..] Positive; dog-
matic; affirming confidently; peremptory; af-
firmative.
Proposing them not in a confident and assertive form,
but as probabilities and hypotheses. Glanville.
34.6
assertively (a-sèr’tiv-li), adv.
manner; affirmatively.
assertiveness (a-Sérºtiv-nes), m. The quality
of being assertive, or self-assertive.
As for this assertiveness, one should admire it; it tends
to the virtue of contentment.
W. Shepherd, Prairie Experiences, p. 114.
assertor (a-sèr’tgr), n., [K L. assertor, declarer,
advocate, defender, K asserere : see assert.]
See asserter.
assertorial (as-er-tó’ri-al), a. [K L.L. asserto-
rius (see assertory) + -al.j' Asserting a fact as
true, but not holding it to be necessary. See
assertory, the common form.
assertorially (as-Ér-tó'ri-al-i), adv.
Sertorial manner; as an assertion.
àssertoric, assertorical (as-er-tor'ik, -i-kal), a.
[K assertor + -ic, -ic-al.] Asserting; assertory;
assertive: as, an assertoric judgment. See as-
Sertory. -
assertory (a-sèr’tó-ri), a. [K L.L. assertorius, K
L. assertor: see assertor.] Declaratory; asser-
tive.
We have not here to do with a promissory oath: . .
is the assertory oath that is now under our hand.
Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, ii. 5.
An Assertory Oath is made to a Man before God, and I
must Swear so, as man may know what I mean.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 77.
Assertory proposition, in logic, a proposition stating
Something to be true, but not stating it as necessary.
assertress (a-sér’tres), n. [K asserter + -ess.]
A female who asserts.
asservet (a-sèrv"), v. t. [K L. asservire, serve,
aid, Kad, to, + servire, serve: see serve.] To
help; serve; second. Bailey.
asservilet (a-sér'vil), v. t. [K as-1 + servile.]
To render servile or obsequious.
[I] am weary of asserviling myself to every man's charity.
Bacon, v. 240 (Ord M.S.).
asses, m. Plural of ask and of ass1.
assess (a-Sesſ), v. t. [K late M.E. assesse, also ac-
cesse (whence by apheresis sess, cess), KOF. as-
sesser, KML. assessare, fix a rate, impose a tax,
freq. of L. assidere, pp. assessws, sit beside, be
assessor to a judge, in ML. fix a rate, impose a
tax, assess (cf. assessor), K L. ad, to, + sedere, sit,
= E. sit. Cf. assize.] 1. To set, fix, or charge a
certain sum upon, by Way of tax: as, to assess
each individual in due proportion.
His method of raising supplies was to order some rich
courtier to pay a sum, and then sell this order to some
speculator with the power of torturing the person assessed.
Browgham.
2. To estimate the value or amount of (prop-
erty or income) as a basis for taxation.—3. To
set, fix, or determine: as, it is the province of
a jury to assess damages. -
assessf (a-ses'), n. [K assess, v.] Assessment.
assessable (a-ses’a-bl.), a. [Kassess + -able.]
Capable of being assessed; liable to assess-
ment.
assessably (a-ses(a-bli), adv. By assessment.
assession (a-sesh'gn), m. [K L. assessio(n-), a
sitting by or near, K assidere, sit by or near:
see assess, v.] A sitting beside or together; a
session. [Rare.]
assessionary (a-Sesh'9n-ā-ri), a. [K assession
+ -ary.] Of or pertaining to an assession or to
assessors: as, “at the assessionary court,” R.
Carew, Survey of Cornwall. [Rare.]
assessment (a-sesſment), n. IK ML. assessa-
mentum, Kassessare, assess: see assess and-ment.
Also by apheresis sessment.] 1. The act of as-
sessing, determining, or adjusting the amount
of taxation, charge, damages, etc., to be paid
by an individual, a company, or a community.
—2. The amount so determined; the tax or
specific sum charged upon a person or prop-
erty: as, an assessment upon stockholders to
pay corporate debts.-3. An official valuation
Of Bºº"; or income, for purposes of
In an assertive
In an as-
... it
taxation.— The value thus ascertained or
assigned.—Commissioners of estimate and assess-
ment. See commissioner.— Political assessments, in
the United States, contributions of money levied by po-
litical committees upon the office-holders and candidates
belonging to their respective parties, in order to defray
the expenses of a political canvass.--Union Assessment
Acts, English statutes of 1862 (25 and 26 Vict. c. *}
1864 (27 and 28 Vict. c. 39), and 1880 (43 and 44 Vict. c. 7),
which relate to the poor-rates and secure a uniform valua-
tion of parishes in England. =Syn. Impost, Rates, etc.
See taa.
assessor (a-ses’Qr), n. [Early mod. E. also as-
sessour, K. M.E. assessour, K OF. assessour, mod.
F. assesseur = Pr. assessor=Sp. asesor=|Pg. as-
sessor = It... assessore, K L. assessor, an assis-
tant judge, in ML, also an assessor of taxes, lit.
one who sits by another, K assidere, sit by: see
assident, assess.] 1. One who sits by another;
asSeveration
hence, one who shares another's position, rank,
or dignity; an associate in office.
Don Quixote, . . . or his assessors, the curate and the
barber. T. Warton, Hist. of Eng. Poetry, I. 336.
2. An inferior officer of justice, who sits to as-
sist a judge as a law authority; in Scotland
the legal adviser of a magistrate, with judicia
powers.
Mimos the strict inquisitor appears,
And lives and crimes with his assessors hears.
Dryden, AEmeid, vi.
3. In England, a person chosen to assist the
mayor and aldermen of a borough in matters
concerning elections.—4. In some universi-
ties, as the Scotch, the title of the elected mem-
bers of the university court or supreme govern-
ing body of the university.—5. One appointed
to make assessments, especially for purposes
of taxation.—Assessor of the vice-chancellor, in
English universities, a deputy of the vice-chancellor ap-
pointed by him to hear causes and to be his vicegerent in
court.—Nautical assessors. See mautical.
assessorial (as-e-Sö’ri-al), a. [Kassessor + -ial.]
Pertaining to an assessor, or to a court of as-
S6SSOPS.
assessorship (a-ses’Qr-ship), n.
-ship.] The office of assessor.
Be this as it may, his progress from the passive Auscul-
tatorship towards any active Assessorship is evidently of
the slowest. Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 86.
asset (asſet), m. See assets.
asset.ht, m. [ME., also aseth, aseeth, asethe, as-
Sethe, assetz, etc. (= Sc. assyth), KOF. asset, aset,
ase2, assez, in the phrase fere aset, aset fere (K.L.
(ad) satis facere), make amends, it dº enough:
See asset, assets, the same word, of later and dif-
ferent use in E.] Satisfaction; amends.
We may noghte be assoylede of the trespase bot if make
assetke in that that we may. -
Religious Pieces (ed. Percy), p. 6.
Yit never shal make his richesse
Asseth unto his greedynesse.
Rom. of the Rose, I. 5600.
[K assessor +
assets (asſets), m. pl., orig. Sing. [KAF. assete,
aSetz (OF. asse2, ase2, asset, aset, mod. F. asse2
= Pr. assatz = OSp. asa2 = Pg. assaz, assas =
It, assai), enough, in the law phrase aver assete,
have enough, taken into E. as “have assets’;
K. M.L. ad Satis, lit. up to enough, equiv. to L.
Satis, enough: see Satisfy.] 1. In law: (a) Suffi-
cient estate; property sufficient in the hands of
an executor or heir to pay the debts or legacies
of the testator or ancestor to satisfy claims
against it. (b) Any goods or property or right
of action properly available for the payment of
a bankrupt's or a deceased person’s obligations
or debts: generally used to signify resources
for the payment of debts, etc. Assets are real or
personal. Real assets are lands such as descend to the
heir, subject to the fulfilment of the obligations of the
ancestor; personal assets are the money or goods of the
deceased or insolvent, or debts due to him, which come
into the hands of the executor or administrator, or which
he is to collect or convert into money.
2. Property in general; all that one owns, con-
sidered as applicable to the payment of his
debts: as, his assets are much greater than his
liabilities.—3. . [As a singular, asset.] Any
portion of one's property or effects so con-
sidered: as, these shares are a valuable asset.
—Equitable assets. See equitable.—Marshaling as-
sets. See marshal, v.
assevert (a-sev’ér), v. t. [K L. asseverare, as-
Sert strongly, speak in earnest, K ad, to, +
severus, earnest, serious, severe: see severe.]
To asseverate.
Anselmus . . . not only assevereth it, but also endea-
Voureth . . . to set out the true . . . proportion of it.
I'otherby, Atheonmastix, p. 317,
asseverate (a-sev’ér-āt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. as-
Severated, ppr. asseverating. [K L. asseveratus,
pp. of asseverare: see assever.] To affirm or
aver positively, or with solemnity.
Charity nigh chokes
Ere swallow what they botli asseverate;
Though down the gullet faith may feel it go.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 85.
=Syn. Assert, Affirm, Declare, etc. (see assert); to say,
allege, protest, insist, maintain.
asseveration (3-sev-º-ra'shgn), n. . [K L. asse-
weratio(m-), an earnest declaration, K asseverare,
pp. asseveratus, assever: see assever.]. 1. The
act of asseverating; positive affirmation or as-
sertion; solemn declaration.
“My God!” cried the monk, with a warmth of assevera-
tion which seemed not to belong to him.
Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 21.
2. That which is asseverated; an emphatic
assertion.
He [Leeds] denied with the most solemn asseverations
that he had taken any money for himself.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxi.
a SSeverative
asseverative (a-sev’ér-à-tiv), a. [K asseverate
+ -ive..] Pertaining to or characterized by
asseveration.
Jean Thompson looked at his wife, whose applause he
prized, and she answered by an asseverative toss of the
head. G. W. Cable, Old Creole Days, p. 71.
asseveratory (3-sev’ér-à-tº-ri), a. [K assever-
ate + -ory..] Of the nature of an asseveration;
solemnly or positively affirming or averring.
After divers warm and aggeveratory answers made by Mr.
Atkins, the captain stopped short in his walk.
Boger North, Examen, p. 247.
ass-head (às'hed), n. One who is dull, like the
ass; one slow of apprehension; a blockhead.
Will you help an ass-head, and a coxcomb, and a knave?
a thin-faced knave, a gull? hak., T. N., v. 1.
assibilate (a-sib’i-lāt), v. t.; º: and pp. aš8ib-
ilated, ppr. assibilating. [K L. *assibilatus, pp.
of assibilare, whisper at or to, Kad, to, + Sibi
lare, whisper: see sibilant. The E. sense of
assibilate depends on that of sibilant..] To ren-
der sibilant, as a sound; change into a sibilant
or hissing sound; alter, as a sound, by the
phonetic process called assibilation. The term
may be applied to the whole word so affected: as, church
is an assibilated form of kirk.
assibilation (a-sib-i-lā‘shgn), n. IK assibilate.]
The act of making sibilant; specifically, in
hilol., the change of a dental or guttural (or a
abial) mute into a sibilant (8, 2, sh, zh, ch = tsh,
j = d2h), or into a sound approaching that of a
sibilant, as for instance a palatal. This change
usually results from a tendency to accommodate the mute
to an immediately succeeding e, i, or y Sound. Thus, t in
the Latin natio becomes 2 (=ts) in the Italian nazione, and
is pronounced 8 in the French nation and sh in the English
anation. Similarly, the English t approaches or assumes
the sound of ch before the y-sound contained in long w in
nature, virtue, etc.
Assidean (as-i-dé'an), n. [Also Assida’an, Asi-
daam; K ML. Assidei (confused with L. assidui,
as if ‘assiduous, zealous'), prop. Asidaei, K. Gr.
Aozóaiot, repr. Heb. hasīdām, lit. pious ones (usu-
ally translated “saints” in the English Bible),
Khāsad (initial heth), be pious. The form Chasi-
dean is approximated to the Heb.] 1. One of a
sect of Orthodox Jews, opposed to Greek innova-
tions. They were annong the first to join Mattathias, the
father of the Maccabees, in defending the purity of their
religion and the liberties of their country.
2. One of a mystical sect of Polish Jews which
originated in the eighteenth century.
Also called Chasidean.
assident (asſi-dent), a. [K L. assiden(t-)s, ppr.
of assidere, sit by or near, Kad, to, + sedere =
E. sit. See assess and assiduous.] Accompany-
ing; concomitant.—Assident or accessory signs
or symptoms, in pathol, signs or symptoms such as usu-
ally, though not invariably, attend a disease: distinguished
from pathognomonic signs, which always attend it.
assiduate! (a-sid’ū-āt), a. [K L.L. *assiduatus,
pp. of assiduare, apply constantly, KL. assiduus,
assiduous: see assiduous.] Constant; contin-
ual; assiduous.
By love's assidwate care and industry.
Middleton, Micro-Cynicon, i. 3.
assiduity (as-i-dû’i-ti), m.; pl. assiduities (-tiz).
[= F. assiduité, K. L. assiduita(t-)s, K assiduus:
see assiduous.] 1. Constant or close applica-
tion to any business or occupation; diligence.
I have, with much pains and assiduity, qualified myself
for a nomenclator. ddison.
By marvellous assidwity, he ſº was able to lead
two lives, one producing the fruits of earth, the other
those of immortality. Summer, Orations, I. 140.
2. Solicitous care of a person or persons; con-
stant personal attention: usually in the plural.
Far from their native home, no tender assidwities of
friendship . . . relieve their thirst, or close their eyes in
death. R. Hall, Modern Infidelity.
Hence — 3+. Sycophantic attention; servility.
The obsequiousness and assidwity of the court.
Sir R. Nawmton, Fragmenta Reg. (1808), p. 229.
=Syn, 1. Industry, Assiduity, Application, Diligence,
Constancy, Perseverance, Persistence, care, attention,
watchfulness, sedulousness, patience. Diligence in labor
often conveys the idea of quickness. Industry keeps at
work, leaving no time idle. Assidwity (literally, a sitting
down to work) sticks quietly to a particular task, with the
determination to succeed in spite of its difficulty, or to get
it done in spite of its length. Application, literally, bends
itself to its work, and is, more specifically than assiduity,
a steady concentration of one's powers of body and . :
as, he was a man of extraordinary powers of application ;
Newton attributed all his own success to application. Dili-
gence is, literally, fondness for one's work, and so, by a
natural transfer, industry that is alert. Constancy is the
power to continue unchanged, as in affection, or to hold
on in any particular course or work; it goes more deeply
into character than the others. Perseverance suggests ob-
stacles from without or within which are steadily met,
and is morally neutral. Persistence may be good, but it
is more often an evil perseverance, as obstinacy or a de-
termination to carry one's point against unwillingness or
refusal on the part of others. We speak of plodding in-
34.7
dustry, patient assidwity, steady application, great dili-
gence, unshaken, constancy, undaunted perseverance, per-
sistence that will not take No for an answer.
He [Richardson] advanced rapidly by industry and good
conduct, was taken into partnership, and ultimately be-
came the head of an extensive business.
Welsh, Eng. Lit., II. 146.
He was distinguished among his fellow students . . . by
the assiduity with which he often prolonged his studies far
into the night. Macaulay, Addison.
A man of judgment and application will succeed incom-
parably better in composing the Tables to his own writ-
ings than a stranger can. Boyle.
Diligence and accuracy are the only merits which an
historical writer may ascribe to himself. Gibbon.
The careful search . . .
Is made with all due diligence.
Shak., Pericles, iii. (cho.).
True constancy no time, no power can move. Gray.
All the performances of human art, at which we look
With praise OT wonder, are instances of the resistless force
of perseverance. Johnson, Rambler, No. 43.
Full-arm'd upon his charger all day long
Sat by the walls, and no one open'd to him.
And this pergistence turn'd her scorn to wrath.
T'ennyson, Pelleas and Ettarre.
assiduous (a-sid’ū-us), a. [K L., assiduus, sit-
ting down to, constantly occupied, unremit-
ting, K assidere, sit at or near: see assident.] 1.
Constant in application; attentive; devoted:
as, a person assiduous in his occupation; an
assiduous physician or nurse.
The most assidw.ow8 tale-bearers . . . are often half-
Witted. Government of the Tongue.
2. Constant; unremitting: applied to actions.
In some places the deep sand could with difficulty be
forced by assiduous tillage to yield thin crops of rye and
oats. Macaulay, Frederic the Great.
To weary him with my assiduous cries.
Milton, P. L., xi. 310.
His character, . . . as displayed in his works, repays
the most assiduous study. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 74.
= Syn. 1. Sedulous, diligent, active, busy, constant, pa-
tient, persevering, laborious, unceasing, indefatigable, ll Il-
tiring. See assiduity.
assiduously (a-sid’ū-us-li), adv. In an assidu-
ous manner; diligently; attentively; with ear-
nestness and care.
Many persons have attained a marvellous proficiency in
falsehood, and tell lies as assiduously as a friar does his
beads. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 121.
assiduousness (a-sid’īī-us-nes), m. The qual-
ity of being assiduous; constant or diligent ap-
plication. = Syn. See comparison under assiduity.
assieget, v. t. [K ME. asegen, KOF. aseger, as-
Seger, asegier, F. assiéger = Pr. asetjar = Sp.
asediar = Pg. assediar = It. assediare, KML. as-
Sediare, besiege, beset, K assedium, a siege, K L.
ad, to, by, + -sedium, as in L. obsidium, a siege
(ob, before, in front of), K sedere = E. sit. Cf.
besiege and siege.] To besiege.
The Grekes . . . the cite long assegeden.
Chaucer, Troilus, i. 60.
On th' other syde, th' assieged Castles ward
Their stedfast stonds did mightily maintaine.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xi. 15.
assieget, n. [K assiege, v.] A siege.
Al the assege of Thebes. Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 107.
assiegementt, m. [K assiege + -ment.] A siege
or state of siege; a beleaguering.
assientist (as-à-en’tist), m. [K Sp. asentista, K
asiento: see assiento.] One connected with the
furnishing of slaves by assiento. Bancroft.
assiento, asiento (ä-Syen’tö, as-É-en’tó), m.
[K Sp. a.siento, formerly assiento, a seat, con-
tract, treaty, Kasentar, formerly assentar (=
Pg. assentar = It. assentare), place in a seat,
make an agreement, K ... as if *asseden-
tare, cause to sit, K L. ad, to, + seden (t-)s, ppr.
of sedere = E. sit..] Formerly, an exclusive
contract made by Spain with foreign powers or
merchants for the supply of African slaves to
its American possessions. The last assiento, held
by British merchants under the treaty of Utrecht, 1713,
was abrogated or relinquished in 1750.
assign (a-sin"), v. t. [K ME. assignen, asignem,
K OF. assigner, asigner, K. L. assignare, mark
out, appoint, assign, distribute, allot, K ad, to,
+ sigmare, mark, K Sigmum, mark, sign: see
sign.] 1. To set apart; make over by distribu-
tion or appropriation; apportion; allot.
The priests had a portion assigned them. Gen. xlvii. 22.
Mr. Buckle's fundamental error lay in the attempt to
assign distinct parts to elements of human nature that in
reality cannot be separated. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 217.
To each [province] was Gºssigned a governor experienced
in the law who dealt with taxation and finance.
C. Elton, Orig. of Eng. Hist., p. 336.
2. To point out; show; designate; specify.
All as the Dwarfe the way to her assynd. '
Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 28,
assigni (a-Sin'), n.1 [K assign, v.] 1.
assignability (a-si-na-bil’i-ti), m.
assignable (a-siºna-bl), a.
assignably (a-si'na-bli), adv.
assignation (as-ig-nā’shgn), m.
assignation
It is not easy to assign a period more eventful.
De Quincey.
With the help of the scale of numbers, then, any a 3-
signed continuous quantity will serve as a standard by
which the whole scale of quantities may be represented.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 338.
3. To give, furnish, or specify: as, to assign a
reason for anything.—4. To appoint; select
for a duty or office : as, the officer assigned to
the charge of a military department.
Knights assigned to enforce the oath of peace and the
hue and cry appear as early as the year 1195. Their des-
ignation as assigned seems to prove that they were royal
nominees and not elected officers ; but their early history
is obscure. Stubbs, Const. Hist., II. 283.
5. To ascribe; attribute; refer.
There are many causes to which one may assign this
light infidelity. Steele, Spectator, No. 448.
6. In law: (a) To transfer or make over to an-
other the right one has in any object, as in an
estate, chose in action, or reversion, especial-
ly in trust for the security of creditors: rare-
ly applied to testamentary transfers. (b) To
show or set forth with particularity: as, to as-
sign error in a writ; to assign false judgment.
(c) To point out or substantiate as a charge:
as, perjury cannot be assigned on an oath taken
without the jurisdiction of the officer adminis-
tering it.—To assign dower, to allot or portion out
to a widow the part of land forming her dower therein;
to fix the boundaries of the widow's share in an estate.—
To assign in bankruptcy, to transfer property to and
vest it in assignees for the benefit of the creditors. =Syn.
1. Dispense, Distribute, etc. (see dispense).-3. Adduce,
Allege, etc. (see adduce); to determine, give, name, present.
Assign-
ment; appointment.—2. Design; purpose; ob-
ject.
He aim'd at high designs, and so attain'd
The high assigns to which his spirit aim'd.
Ford, Fane's Memorial.
assign (a-sin'), n.? [The same, with loss of the
final syllable, as assignee, K ME. assigne (three
syllables), KOF. assigne, prop. pp. of assigner,
assign: See assign, v.] 1. A person to whom the
property or interest of another is or may be
transferred : as, a deed to a man and his heirs
and assigns.
Scrooge was his sole executor, his sole administrator, his
sole assign. Dickens, Christmas Carol, i.
The exclusive right of frequenting all the countries that
might be found was reserved to them [John Cabot and his
Sons] and to their assigns. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 8
[Assign is a broader word than assignee. The assignees of
a person are usually understood to mean those who take
immediately from him, by his assignment ; the assiſms of
a person include all who acquire title under his transfer,
immediately or remotely.] -
2+. A thing pertaining to something else; an
appurtenance; an appendage. [Affected.]
Six French rapiers and poniards, with their assigns, as
girdle, hangers, or so. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
[K assigna-
ble : see -bility.] Capability of being assigned.
[= F. assignable; K
assign + -able.] I. Capable of being allotted,
appointed, or assigned: as, an assignable note
or bill.—2. Capable of being specified, shown,
designated, or expressed with precision: as, an
assignable reason; an assignable magnitude.
His [a soldier's] fighting condition was needed not on
one or two days consecutively, but on many days, and not
against a day punctually assignable, but against a season
or period perhaps of months. De Quincey, Plato.
While on the one hand industry is limited by capital, so
on the other every increase of capital gives, or is capable
of giving, additional employment to industry ; and this
without assignable limits. J. S. Mill, Pol. Econ., I. S.2.
3. Capable of being attributed; attributable.—
4. In law, predicable; capable of being pointed
out or substantiated: as, perjury is not assigna-
ble of testimony on an immaterial point.
In an assignable
Illa, Ill.) GI’.
assignat (as’ig-nat; F. pron. a-Sé-nyā'), m. [F.,
K L. assignatus, pp. of assignare, assign, allot:
see assign, v.] 1. One of the notes forming
the paper currency issued in France during the
revolution from 1789 to 1796. The assignats were
based on the security of the confiscated church lands, and
afterward of all the national domains and other property.
They were issued to the amount of over forty-five billion
francs, and before they were withdrawn deteriorated to
less than one three-hundredth of their face value.
2. In French law, the assignment of an annuity
on an estate, by which the annuity is based on
the security of the latter: now little used.
[= F. assigna-
tion, K.L. assignatio(m-), assignment, allotment,
K assignare, pp. assignatus : see assign, v.] 1.
The act of assigning or allotting; the act of fix-
ing or specifying.
The assignation of particular names to denote particular
objects. Adam Smith, Origin of Languages.
assignation
2. An appointment of time and place for meet-
ing: used chiefly of love-meetings, and now
enerally in a bad sense.—3. The legal trans-
fer of a right or title, or the deed by which this
is made; an assignment.—4+. Paper currency;
*a bill; an assignat.
âssignee (as-i-mé"), n., [K F. assigné, pp. of as-
Signer, assign: See assign, v.] A person to whom
a transfer of some right or interest is made,
either for his own enjoyment or in trust. Aſ
assignee may take title by act of the previous owner or by
Operation of law, as in the case of an administrator. See
note under assign?, 1.-Assignee in bankruptcy, or
assignee in insolvency, a person to whom is transferred
the title to the estate of a bankrupt or insolvent, for the
purpose of its preservation and proper distribution among
Creditors.
assigner (a-siºnér), m. One who assigns, ap-
points, or allots. See assignor. [Rare.]
àssignment (a-sin’ment), m. [K ME. assigne-
*67tt, KOF. assignement, K ML, assignamentum,
S. L. assignare: see assign, v., and -ment.] 1.
The act of apportioning or allotting; allot-
ment.—2. The act of setting apart, appoint-
ing, designating, or specifying.
The only thing that maketh any place public is the public
assignment thereof unto such duties. Tooker.
3. That which has been assigned, as a particu-
lar task or duty.—4. Specifically, in law: (a)
The transference of a right or an interest. See
assign, v., 6 (a). (b) A pointing out or setting
forth: as, the assignment of error.—5. The
Writing by which an interest is transferred.—
6t. An allotment, allowance, or pension; a
sum allowed.—7. Formerly, in Australia, the
allotting of convicts as unpaid servants to colo-
nists, in order to relieve the authorities of the
expense of the convict establishments.
The expense of the Australian convict establishments
Was enormous, and some change in system was inevitable.
These were the conditions that brought about the plan of
assignments, in other words, of freely lending the convicts
to any one who would relieve the authorities of the bur-
densome charge. Encyc. Brit., XIX. 750.
ASSignment of dower. See assign, v.—Assignment
of errors. See error.—General assignment (more
fully, assignment for benefit of creditors), an assignment
of all the assignor's property not exempt from execution,
in trust to pay his creditors.--New assignment, a
method of pleading at common law to which the plaintiff
was obliged to resort in his replication, for the purpose
of setting the defendant right where the latter, through
misapprehension of the real cause of complaint as stated
in the declaration, had been led to apply his plea to a dif-
ferent matter from that which the plaintiff had in view.
Stephen. Also called movel assignment.
assignor (as-i-nór'), m. In law, one who makes
an assignment, or assigns an interest.
assilag (as’i-lag), n. [E. dial.] A local Prit-
ish name of the petrel, Procellaria pelagica.
Montagu.
assimilability (a-sim’i-la-bil’i-ti), m. [K assimi-
lable : see-bility.] The quality of being assimi-
lable. Coleridge.
assimilable (a-sim’i-la-bl), a. and n. [K ML.
assimilabilis, that can be made like, K L. assimi-
lare : see assimilate.] I. a. Capable of being
assimilated, in any sense of that word.
II. m. That which can be assimilated. [Rare.]
Meeting no assimilables wherein to re-act their natures.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vii. 19.
assimilate (a-sim’i-lāt), v.; Jº and pp. assimi-
lated, ppr. assimilating. [K L. assimilatus, pp.
of assimilare, adsimilare, mixed with assimulare,
adsimulare, make alike, compare, more fre-
quently imitate, feign, simulate; K ad, to, +
similis, like (related to simul, together): see
simulate, similar. To an erroneous supposition
that the ancients used assimilare for the sense
“make like,” and assimulare for the sense “coun-
terfeit,” is due the existence of the correspond-
ing E. forms assimilate and assimulate, with the
same distinction of sense: see assimulate. Cf.
assemble2, also ult. K. L. assimilare.] I. trans.
1. To make alike; cause to resemble.
Fast falls a fleecy shower; the downy flakes . . .
Assimilate all objects. Cowper, Task, iv. 328.
A mouse's squeak assimilates itself in thought with
sounds of high pitch, and not with sounds like the bellow-
ing of a bull. II. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 114.
2. In philol., to render accordant, or less dis-
cordant, in sound; bring to or toward agree-
ment in mode of utterance: said of alphabetic
sounds as affected by other neighboring sounds,
enerally (but not always) in the same word.
ee assimilation, (d).-3. To compare; liken;
Class.
He assimilated the relation between teacher and pupil
to that between two lovers or two intimate friends.
Grote, Hist. Greece, II. 67.
4. To convert into a substance suitable for ab-
Sorption by an animal or vegetable system; ab-
Y
A mess.
Assiminiidae (as’i-mi-ni’i-dé), m. pl.
348
sorb and incorporate into the system; incorpo-
rate with organic tissues: as, to assimilate food.
Hence, in general, to appropriate and incorporate, as the
}. º food : as, such ideas cannot be assimilated by
the mind.
5. To bring into conformity; adapt.
By religion the truths thus obtained [from theology] are
turned over in the mind and assimilated by the imagina-
tion and the feelings. J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 50.
6. To conform to; make one's own; adopt,
The ease with which she assimilates the city life when in
it, making it a part of her imaginative tapestry, is a sign of
the power to which she has grown.
Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 274.
II, intrans. 1. To become similar; become
like something or Somebody else; harmonize.
Do but put them in relationship, and no division into
castes, no differences of wealth, can prevent men from
assimilating. BI. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 254.
A people whose differences of religion, language, and
general habits made them not only incapable of assimilat-
$ng with their Christian neighbors, but almost their natu-
ral enemies. Prescott, Ferd, and Isa., i. 15.
2. To be taken into and incorporated with an-
other body; be converted into the substance of
another body, as food by digestion.
I'or whatsoever assimilateth not to flesh turneth either
to SWeat or fat. Bacom, Nat. Hist., § 899.
3. To perform the act of converting anything,
as food, into the substance of that which con-
verts it: as, “birds assimilate . . . less than
beasts,” Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 680.
No organs which are destitute of chlorophyll can assimi-
late. Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 626.
assimilateness (a-sim’i-lāt-nes), n. [K*assimi-
late, a. (K.L. assimilatus, pp.), + -ness.] Like-
Bailey.
àssimilation (a-sim-i-lä’shgn), n. [= F. assimi-
lation, K. L. assimilatio(m-), assimulatio(m-), a
being similar, K assimilare, assimulare: See as-
similate.] The act or process of assimilating
or of being assimilated. Specifically— (a) The act or
process of making or becoming like or identical; the act or
process of bringing into harmony: followed by to or with.
It is as well the instinct as duty of our nature to aspire
to an assimilation with God. Decay of Christ. Piety.
In this long stillness the fusion of conquerors and con-
quered, the Christianization and civilization of the Nor-
man, his assimilation in political and social temper to the
France beside him, went steadily on.
R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 374.
(b) In physiol., the act or process by which organisms con-
vert and absorb nutriment, so that it becomes part of the
fluid or solid substances composing them.
To these preparatory changes, which fit the crude food
materials for protoplasmic food, the general name of as-
similation has been given. Bessey, Botany, p. 178.
|Plants and animals increase by assimilation and trans-
formation, minerals by attraction and aggregation. Page.
(c) In pathol., the supposed conversion, according to an
Óbsolete theory, of the fluids of the body to the nature of
any morbific matter. (d) In philol., the act or process by
which one alphabetic sound is rendered like, of less un-
like, another neighboring sound ; a lightening of the
effort of utterance by lessening or removing the discor-
dance of formation between different sounds in a word, or
in contiguous words. The kinds and degrees of assinila-
tion are very various, and include a large part of the his-
torical changes in the phonetic form of words. Examples
are assimilate from L. ad-similare, correction from L. con-
rectio, impend from L. in-pendere, L. rectus from reg-tus, L.
rea (reks) from reg-s, E. legs (pronounced legz), reaped (pro-
nounced Teapt), and so on.—Little assimilations, in
Oxford, a meeting of the masters and two proctors, called
by the vice-chancellor, in the congregation house, on the
ringing of the little bell. This meeting is authorized to
Tead, approve, and seal any letters concerning the public
laws of the university, written conformably to the decree
of Convocation, and also to set seal to decrees of Convoca-
tion, and to despatch minor matters.
assimilative (a-sim’i-lä-tiv), a. [= F. assimila-
tif; K assimilate + -ive..] Characterized by as-
similation; capable of assimilating or of caus-
ing assimilation: as, assimilative substances or
Organs.
The desert birds are still more remarkably protected by
their assimilative hues. A. R. Wallace, Nat. Selec., p. 50.
A bookishness as assimilative as that of Hunt or Lamb.
Stedman, Poets of America, p. 184.
assimilatory (a-sim’i-lä-tº-ri), a. [K assimilate
-ory..] Tending to assimilate; producing
assimilation; assimilative: as, assimilatory or-
gains.
The assimilatory cells, though the most important mem-
bers of the society of cells, are not the only ones, by any
means, essential to the welfare of the body corporate.
S. B. Herrick, Plant Life, p. 24.
Assiminia (as-i-min’i-á), n. [NL.] A genus of
gastropodous mollusks, giving name to the fam-
ily Assiminiidae, by some referred to the family
Littorinidae, or periwinkles. Also spelled Assi-
Animea.
assiminiid (as-i-min’i-id), n.
the family Assiminiidae.
A gastropod of
[NL., K
Assiminia + -idae.] A family of taenioglossate
assistance
gastropods, §º by the genus Assiminia.
The eyes are at the tips of Special peduncles which are
connate with the tentacles. . The shell is conical, with an
oral aperture. Progression is effected by a looping move-
ment, the rostrum and small foot being alternately applied
to the ground. . The Species are of small size, and terres-
trial or amphibious.
assimulate? (a-sim’īī-lāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. as-
simulated, ppr. assimulating. L. assimulatus,
pp. of assimulare, adsimulare, also assimilare,
adsimilare, make alike, feign, counterfeit, etc.:
see assimilate. Cf. assemble?, also ult. K. L. assi-
mulare.] To feign; simulate. Coles, 1717.
assimulation? (a-sim-i-lä’shgn), n. [K L. assi-
mulatio(n-), adsimulatio(n-), K assimulare, etc.:
see assimulate.] A counterfeiting ; simulation.
assinegot, m. See aSinégo.
assis (asſis; F. pron. a-sé'), a. [F., pp. of as-
Seoir, sit: see assize.] In her., sitting; same as
Séjànt. -
assiset, m. and v. t. See assize.
assiser, n. See assizer.
assish (äs’ish), a. [K ass1 + -ish 1.] Pertain-
ing to or resembling an ass; asinine; absurd-
ly stupid or obstinate: as, “the assish kind,”
Udall, Luke xix.; “an assish phrase,” Mrs.
Cowden Clarke.
assisor, n. See assizer.
assist (a-sist’), v. [K F. assister (= Sp. asistir
= Pg. assistir = It, assistere), help, attend, etc.,
K L. assistere, stand at or by, Kad, at, to, +
Sistere, place, stand, a redupl. form of stare,
stand: see stand. Cf. consist, desist, insist, per-
Sist, resist.] I. trans. 1+. To attend; be present
at or with; take part with.
The king and prince at prayers l let's assist them.
Shak., Tempest, i. 1.
2. To help; aid; succor; give support to in some
undertaking or effort, or in time of distress.
Assist her in whatsoever business she hath need of you.
Rom. xvi. 2.
Soon after Christianity had achieved its triumph, the
principle which had assisted it began to corrupt it.
Macawlay, Milton.
3. To be associated with as an assistant. = Syn.
2. To second, back, support, further, sustain, serve; be-
friend, relieve.
II. intrams. 1. To lend aid or help.
In every turn of state, without meddling on either side,
he [Lord Leicester] has always been favourable and assist-
ting to oppressed merit. Dryden, Ded. of Don Sebastian.
God . . . constituted several ranks and qualities of
men, that they might mutually assist to the support of
each other. R. Nelsom, Fasts and Festivals.
2. To be present, as at a public meeting; take
part, as in a ceremony or discussion. [A Galli-
cism.]
It would require the pen of Tacitus (if Tacitus had as-
sisted at this assembly) to describe the various emotions
of the Senate. Gibbon.
In our age all the nation may be said to assist at every
deliberation of the Lords and Commons.
Macaulay, Hist. Dng., vi.
3. In euchre, to order the adoption of the suit
to which the card turned up as trump belongs,
when this order is given by the partner of the
dealer. d
assistance (a-sistans), n. [Early mod. E. and
ME. assistence, later, after F., assistance, KML.
assistentia, K. L., assistere: see assist and assis-
tant.] 1. (a) A being present; presence; at-
tendance. (b) The persons present; specta-
tors; audience. . [In these uses obsolete, or in
conscious imitation of the French.]—2. Help;
aid; furtherance; succor; a contribution in
aid, by bodily strength or other means.
Where we do reign, we will alone uphold,
Without the assistance of a mortal hand.
Shak., K. John, iii. 1.
3+. An assistant or helper; assistants collec-
tively. -
Wat Tyler [was] killed by valiant Walworth . . . and
his assistance . . . John Cavendish. Fuller.
Hence, specifically—4. In Eng. common law and
Amer. Colonial law, a general name for a some-
what undefined body of subordinate parish or
town officers or auxiliaries, apparently includ-
ing, as sometimes used, the ex-officers, in their
customary function of advisers.-Court of as-
sistance. See court.—Divine assistance, in Cartesian
philosophy, the act of God in moving the body when
the soul forms a volition. See occasionalism.—Writ. Of
assistance. (? A writ commanding the sheriff to put
into possession the successful party in a decree of chan-
cery awarding possession of land: So called because it was
in assistance of the execution of the decree. (b) In Amer.
hist., a writissued by a superior colonial court, on alleged
precedents of the English Court of Exchequer, authorizing
any officers of the crown, in the process of executing the
acts of trade, to summon assistance and enter and search
any premises. The attempt to use such writs in Massa-
chusetts, defeated in 1761, was one of the abuses which led
to the revolution. = Syn. 2. Aid, support, backing, relief.
assistant
assistant (8-sistant), a. and n. [Early mod.
E. and ME, assistent, later, after F., assistant,
= Sp. agistente = Pg. It, assistente, K L. assig-
ten(?-)8, ppr. of assistere: see assist and -ant!,
-ent.] I. a. 13. Standing by; present; accom-
panying. t -
Christ hath promised in both sacraments to be assistent
with us. Cranmer, Sacrament, p. 45. (N. E. D.)
No prophane thing ought to have accesse, nothing to be
assistant but sage and Christianly Admonition, brotherly
Love, flaming Charity, and Zeale. Milton, Ref. in Eng., ii.
2. Present to help; helpful; aiding or fitted to
aid and support; auxiliary: with to.
Mutually and greatly assistant to each other.
Beattie, Moral Science, i. 1.
Assistant engine, a steam or hydraulic motor used to
control the reversing-gear of a marine engine, or to turn
or start the shaft when the main engine is at rest or on
the dead-center. See engine.
II. n. 13. One who stands by; a bystander;
one who takes part in anything: usually in the
plural.
The growing circumference was observed with astonish-
ment by the assistants. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, II. I.1.
2. One who stands by to help; one who helps;
a helper; an auxiliary; specifically, one who is
associated with another as an auxiliary in car-
rying on some systematic work or undertaking,
or in discharging the duties of an office: as,
the harbor-master and his assistants; a book-
keeper's assistant.—3. An official auxiliary to
the father-general of the Jesuits. Erroneous-
ly called adjutant-general.—4t. [Sp. asistente.]
The chief officer of justice at Seville.
The assistant sits to-morrow.
Fletcher (and amother), Spanish Curate, iii. 1.
5. In the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth col-
omies, one of the elected councilors who consti-
In a manner
tuted the governor's council and the upper house
the former was eighteen; in the latter, origi-
nally five, later seven.—6. In dyeing, a sub-
stance, such as tartaric acid, acetate of lime,
effect a brightening of the color.—Court of As-
Sistants. See court.
*: (a-sistant-li), adv.
assistantship (a-sistant-ship), m. The office
or position of assistant.
assistency? (a-sisten-si), n. Helpfulness; as-
assister (a-sistèr), n. º
one who takes part in anything, as a º
ceremony or assembly. [Archaic.]–2. &S-
Also spelled assistor.
assistless (a-sist/les), a. [K assist + -less. Cf.
Yesistless.] Without aid or help; helpless.
Stupid he stares, and all assistless stands.
Pope, Iliad, xvi. 970.
assistor (a-sistór), n. [K assist + -or.] Same
assize (a-siz"), n. IK ME. assize, assise, asise,
assys, also corruptly acise, accise (> mod. excise,
q.v.), and by apheresis Sise, Syse (> mod. E. size,
of a court, judgment, appointment, settlement,
assessment, impost, tax, etc., prop. fem. O
asis, assis, pp. of aseir, later and mod. F. as-
or, hence in ML. and OF., etc., appoint, settle,
assess, etc.: see assident, assess.] 1+. Origi-
nally, a sitting or session of a legislative body
Frequent assizes were held, and as of old, when the sword
of justice was sharpened, the receipts of the Treasury in-
creased. Stubbs, Const. Hist, , § 682.
made at such a session or sitting, or issued by
such a body. Specifically, in Eng. hist. : (a) An ordi-
mance fixing the weight, measure, and price of articles
of measures in the reign of Henry II., and the assize of
bread and ale (51 Hen. III.). Hence—(b) The standard
weights and measures appointed to be kept in any dis-
sense, measurement; dimensions; a measure of rating.
I saw a stately frame,
An hundred cubig high by just assize,
3. A jury, or trial by jury: now used only in
Scotland with reference to criminal causes.
See grand assize, below.—4t. A name given to
moned for the trial of causes: as, assize of novel
disseizin, the ancient common-law remedy for
the recovery of the possession of lands.--5+.
of the legislature. The number of assistants in
or sulphate of soda, added to the dye-bath, to
to give aid. Sternhöld.
sistance.
1. One who stands by;
sistant.
[Rare.]
as assister: used in legal documents.
q.v.); KOF. assise, asise, a sitting, session, esp.
seoir, K. L. assidere, sit by as assistant or assess-
or Court.
Hence—2+. An edict, ordinance, or enactment
of general consumption sold in market: as, the assize
trict ; as, the custody of the assize. (c) In a more general
penser, Visions of Bellay, st. 2.
certain writs commanding juries to be sum-
The verdict of a jury in such a case.—6. The
349
- associate
periodical session held by royal commission by associable (a-să'shia-bl), a. [= F. associable, K
at least one of the judges of the superior courts
directed to take the assizes or verdicts of a par-
ticular jury (anciently called the assize), in each
of the counties of England and Wales (with
the exception of London and the parts adjoin-
º; the purpose of trying issues nisi prius
and jail-delivery for criminal cases: popularly
called the assizes. [This is the only sense in which the
word is now used in law.] The commission by which as-
sizes are held is either general or special. A general com-
mission is issued twice a year to the judges of the High
Court of Justice, two judges being usually assigned to each
circuit. A Special commission is granted to certain judges
to try certain causes and crimes.
7. In a more general sense, any court or session
of a court of justice.—8#. Situation; place.—
9. Judgment: as, the last or great assize (that
is, the last judgment or last day).
Sometimes spelled assise.
Assize of arms, the name under which reference is
often made to several statutes or ordinances in early
English history, requiring all freemen to provide, accord-
ing to their estate and degree, arms to enable them to
keep the peace and to serve in the field, and also providing
for assizes or assessments by juries of the equipment re-
Quired of each person. Specifically, an ordinance or stat-
ute of 1181 (27 Hen. II.) for this purpose.
In 1181, he [Henry II.] issued the Assize of Arms, by
which he directed the whole of the freemen of the coun-
try to provide themselves with armour according to their
means, and the inquiry by oath of legal juries to deter-
mine the liability of each. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 146.
ASSize of Clarendon, an English ordinance issued in
1166 (12 Hen. II.), which introduced changes into the ad-
ministration of justice.—Assize of jº, 3.It
ºši. Ordinance, a reissue and expansion of the Assize
of Clarendon, issued at Northampton in 1176 (22 Hen. II.),
drawn up in the form of instructions to the judges. The
new articles relate to tenure, reliefs, dower, etc.—Assize
of novel disseizin. See disseizin.—Assizes Act, an
English statute of 1830 (11 Geo. IV. and 1 Wm. IV. c. 70),
affecting the constitution of the common-law courts in
England and Wales and the practice in them.—Assizes
of Jerusalem, two codes of laws, drawn up under the
authority of Godfrey de Bouillon, the first crusading
king of Jerusalem, and in force under the Christian sov-
ereignty in Jerusalem and in Cyprus. One code , had
jurisdiction over the nobility, the second over the com-
mon people. Both were conceived with a wisdom and
enlightenment beyond their age, and were based on
contemporary French law and customs.-Grand assize,
formerly, in England, a form of trial in certain cases by a
jury of sixteen persons, which took the place of trial by
judicial combat. It was abolished in 1839.— Maiden a S-
size. See maiden.—Maritime Assizes of Jerusalem, a
body of maritime laws constituting a part of the Assizes
of Jerusalem.—Rents of assize, the established rents of
the freeholders and ancient copyholders of a manor; rents
which cannot be changed.
assizet (a-siz"), v. t.; pret. and pp. assized, ppr.
assizing. [K ME. assisen, KAF. assiser, from the
noun: See assize, n.] 1+. In a general sense,
to fix; appoint.
Thou shalt have day and time assised.
Gower, Conf. Amant.
2+. To fix the rate of; assess, as taxes.—3.
To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by an
ordinance or authoritative regulation.
The liberty of assizing bread has been used at Clyder-
hou and Rochdale as annexed and belonging to the mar-
ket and fair. Quoted in Baines's Hist. Lancashire, II. 14.
assizement (a-siz’ment), m. [K assize, v., +
—ment.] An inspection of Weights and mea-
sures, and of the quality of commodities, legal-
ized by statute.
assizer (a-si’aér), m. [K ME. assisour (and by
apheresis Sisowr, X mod. E. sizar, q.v.), K AF.
assisour, K assiser: see assize, v., and -erl, -or.]
1. In Eng. hist., a member of a grand assize
(which see, under assize).-2. In Scotland, a
juror.— 3+. One who had custody of the assize
or standards of weight and measure; one who
fixed the assize of bread and ale, or other arti-
cles of general consumption.
Also spelled assigor, assiser, assisor.
assize-sermon (a-siz'sèr"mgn), n. In England,
a sermon preached to the judges, barristers,
and others attending the assizes.
assizor, n. See assizer.
assobert, v. t. [K ME. assobren, K. L. as- for ad-
+ LL. sobriare, sober: see sober, v.] To keep
or make sober.
And thus I rede, thou assobre
Thyne herte, in hope of such a grace,
Gower, Conf. Amant., vi.
associability (3-sö-shia-bil’i-ti), n., , [K associa-
ble: see-bility.] 1. The quality of being asso-
ciable.
The associability of feelings with those of their own
kind, group within group, corresponds to the general ar-
rangement of nervous structures into great divisions and
sub-divisions. H. Spencer, Prim. of Psychol., § 116.
2. In pathol., the property of suffering changes
by sympathy, or of being affected by the condi-
tion of other parts of the body.
associate (3-só'shi-āt), v.;
L. as if “associabiliš, Kassociare, associate: see
associate.] 1. Capable of being joined or as-
sociated; capable of forming part of a com-
bination or association.
Different classes of relations [feelings] were observed to
be revivable in different degrees, which implies that, other
things equal, they are associable in different degrees.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Puychol., § 117.
2. Capable of being made an associate; com-
panionable; social.–3. In pathol., liable to be
affected sympathetically, or to receive from
other parts like feelings and affections.
associableness (a-só'shia-bl-nes), n. Associa-
bility
º and pp. associ-
ated, ppr. associating. [K L. associatus, pp. of
associare, join to, unite with, Kad, to, + sociare,
join, K Socius, joined with, allied, following (as
a noun, a companion): see Social.] I. trans. 1.
To join in company, as a friend, companion,
partner, confederate, or the like; join or connect
intimately; unite; combine; link: followed by
with (formerly sometimes by to): as, to asso-
ciate others with us in business or in an enter-
prise; particles of earthy matter associated with
other substances.
He succeeded in associating his name inseparably with
Some names which will last as long as our language.
Macawlay.
Just as the older female deities were associated in their
worship with heaven and the heavenly bodies, with seasons
of the year and with sacred places, so is the more modern
goddess [the Virgin Mary].
Dawsom, Nature and the Bible, p. 215.
2}. To keep company with ; attend.
Friends should associate friends in grief and woe.
Shak., Tit. And..., v. 3.
To-morrow I will associate you to court myself.
B. Jomson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 1.
3. To make an associate of; admit to associa-
tion or membership : with to ; as, “he was asso-
ciated to the Royal Academy,” Southey. [Rare.]
—Associated functions. See function.
II. intrans. 1. To have intercourse; be an as-
sociate or associates : implying intimacy: as,
congenial minds are disposed to associate.
It was once degradation intensified for a Norman to asso-
ciate with a Saxon. N. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 85.
2. To join in or form a confederacy or associa-
tion.
The clergy of a district in the diocese of Lincoln gloo-
ciated lately for the purpose of forming an estimate of the
state of religion within their own limits.
Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, iii.
3. In general, to unite, as in action, with a
person or thing, or to coexist in organic de-
Apendence, as the parts of the body.
associate (a-sö’shi-āt), a. and m.
[K L. associa-
tus, pp.; see the verb.] I. a. 1. Joined in in-
terest, object or purpose, office or employment;
combined together; joined with another or
others: as, an associate judge or professor; “my
associate powers,” Milton, P. L., x. 395.—2. In
pathol., connected by habit or sympathy: as,
associate movements, that is, movements which
occur sympathetically, in consequence of pre-
ceding motions: thus, convergence of the eyes
is associated with contraction of the pupils.
II. n. 1. A companion; one who is on terms
of intimacy with another; a mate; a fellow.
Sole Eve, associate sole, to me beyond
Compare above all living creatures dear!
JIilton, P. L., ix. 227.
2. A partnerin interest, as in business; a con-
federate; an accomplice; an ally: as, “their
defender and his associates,” Hooker.—3. One
who shares an office or a position of authority
or responsibility; a colleague or coadjutor.—
4. One who is admitted to a subordinate degree
of membership in an association or institution:
as, an Associate of the Royal Academy, or of the
National Academy of Design.--5. . Anything
usually accompanying or associated with an-
other.
The one [ideal no sooner . . . comes into the under,
standing than its associate appears with it.
Locke, Human Understanding, ii. 33.
=Syn, l and 2. Associate, Friend, Companion, Comrade,
Fellow, Partner, Ally, Colleague, Coadjutor, Confederate.
Associate is the most general word for persons who are con-
nected in life, work, etc.; it is special only in suggesting an
alliance of some permanence. Friend is the most general
word for persons who, through community of life or other-
Wise, have kindly feelings toward each other. Companion,
literally a messmate, applies where the persons are much
thrown together, but are not united by any strong tie;
hence it is not a good synonym for husband or wife.
“Many men may be admitted as companions who would
not be altogetherfit as associates,” Crabb, Eng. Synonymes,
associate
p. 197. Comrade denotes a close companion; it implies
freedom of intercourse and a good degree of friendship:
as, comrades in arms. , Fellow has nearly lost its early
signification of agreeable companionship, the later mean-
ings having overshadowed it; as, “a bettre felaweschulde
men noght fynde,” Chaucer, Compare fellow-feeling, fel-
low-helper, fellowship. Fellow in this connection may
mean one who naturally would be or is a companion: as,
Why do you not go with your fellows 2 A partner is one
who takes part with others, especially in business or in
any kind of joint ownership. Formerly ally was nearly
equivalent in meaning to associate, but it is now applied
chiefly to states or rulers in their public capacity: as, the
allies in the Crimean war. A colleague is an associate for
Some specific purpose or in some office; it is, like coadju-
tor, properly applicable only to one engaged in labor or
business regarded as especially dignified: as, Senators A
and B were colleagues; Luther and his coadjutors. A con-
Jederate is one somewhat formally associated with others,
now usually, when applied to private relations, for a bad
object. See accomplice.
A nice and subtle happiness, I see,
Thou to thyself proposest, in the choice
Of thy associates, Adam | Miltom, P. L., viii. 401.
Thou shalt never find a friend in thy young years whose
conditions and qualities will please thee after thou comest
to more discretion and judgment. Raleigh, To his Son.
One that has well digested his knowledge, both of books
and men, has little enjoyment but in the company of a
few select companions. BIwme, Essays.
Thus he moved the Prince
To laughter and his comrades to applause.
Tennyson, Geraint.
I and my fellows
Are ministers of fate. Shak., Tempest, iii. 3.
Myself and other noble friends
Are partners in the business. Shak., Cymb., i. 7.
The allies, after conquering together, return thanks to
God separately each after his own form of worship.
Macaulay, Gladstone's Church and State.
The patricians prevailed upon some of the tribunes to
dissent from their colleagues. J. Adams, Works, IV. 534.
Whose political sagacity, like that of his illustrious co-
adjutor, read the fate and interests of nations.
Story, Speech, Cambridge, Aug. 31, 1826.
I had forgot that foul conspiracy
Of the beast Caliban, and his comfederates,
Against my life. Shalc., Tennpest, iv. 1.
associateship (a-só'shi-āt-ship), n. IK associ-
ate + -ship.] The position or office of an asso-
Aciate. . [Rare.]
association (a-sö-si-ā'shgn), n. [= F. associ-
ation, K. M.L. associatio(m-), a society, K L. asso-
ciare, associate: see associate, v.] 1. The act
of associating or the state of being associated.
(a) Connection of persons or things; union.
Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God.
Boyle, Seraphic Love, iii.
There are many objects, of great value to man, which
cannot be attained by unconnected individuals, but must
be attained, if attained at all, by association. º
D. Webster, Speech, Pittsburgh, July, 1833.
The very common association between seeing clearly
and seeing narrowly is a law or a frailty of our nature not
sufficiently understood. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 135.
(b) A union or connection of ideas. See as-
sociation of ideas, below.
The words which we use are so enwrapped in am atmo-
sphere of subtle associations that they are liable to sway
the direction of our thoughts in ways of which we are
often unconscious. J. I'iske, Idea of God, p. 151.
2. An organized union of persons for a com-
mon purpose; a body of persons acting to-
gether for the promotion of some object of
mutual interest or advantage; a partnership,
corporation, or society: as, the Association for
the Advancement of Science; a political or
charitable association.
The old company . . . was able, with the help of its
Tory friends, to prevent the rival association from obtain-
ing similar privileges. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xx.
Articles of association or incorporation. See article.
—Association of ideas (an expression introduced by
Locke), or mental association, in psychol, the tendency
of a perception, idea, or thought to recall to conscious-
ness others which have previously coexisted in Con-
sciousness with it or with processes similar to it; or the
conscious resultant of this tendency. Thus, the name of
a friend is associated with his personal appearance, age,
place of residence, and so on; and the sound of the name
may bring to consciousness one or more of these asso-
ciated ideas. The various types of association, though
differently given by psychologists, are usually reduced to
those of contiguity and similarity; that is, ideas recall
ideas which have occurred along with them, and also
those which are similar to them. The doctrine of asso-
ciation has played an important part in modern English
psychology and philosophy. The laws of the associative
consciousness have been experimentally investigated.
The phrase, intrinsic and eactrinsic association, might be
introduced véry appropriately to distinguish associations
founded on intringic resemblances of mental states from
those which merely imply the extrinsic accident of simul-
taneous occurrence in consciousness. T. Clarke Murray.
Association philosophy, the doctrine put forward by
Hobbes, Hume, Hartley, Jämes Mill, and others, that the
operations of the mind are to be explained chiefly by the
association of ideas.-Evangelical Association. See
evangelical. — Free Religious Association. Sce free.—
Indissoluble or inseparable association, an associa-
tion of ideas so strong that we cannot think one without
also thinking the other.—Voluntary association, in
350
ław, a society which is unincorporated, but is not a part-
nership, in that the members are not agents for one an-
ºsyn. 2. Combination, company, club, lodge, fra-
associational (a-sö-Si-ā'shgn-al), a. [K asso-
Giation + -al.] 1. Pertaining to an association.
—2. Pertaining to the psychological doctrine
of association or associationism.
associationalism (a-sö-si-ā’ shgn-al-izm), n.
Same as associationism.
associationalist (a-Sö-si-ā'shgn-al-ist), n, and
a. Same as associationist.
associationism (3-sö-si-à'shgn-izm), n. [Kas-
sociation + -ism.] 1. The psychological theory
which regards the laws of association as the
fundamental laws of mental action and de-
velopment. See association of ideas, under as-
sociation.—2. Same as Fourierism.
Also associationalism.
associationist (a-Sö-Si-ā'shgn-ist), m. and a... [K
association + -ist.] I. m. 1. One who advocates
the psychological doctrine of associationism.—
2. One who supports the doctrine of associa-
tion advocated by Fourier and known as Fow-
vierism (which see).
II. a. Pertaining to associationism, in either
sense of that word.
. Also associationalist. -
associative (a-só'shi-à-tiv), a. [K associate +
—ive..] 1. Pertaining to or resulting from as-
sociation; capable of associating; tending to
associate or unite; characterized by associa-
tion: as, “the associative faculty,” Hugh Miller.
Onomatopoeia, in addition to its awkwardness, has
neither associative nor etymological application to Words
innitating sounds.
J. A. H. Murray, 9th Ann. Add. to Philol. Soc.
2. In math., applied to an operation which
gives the same result whether it first unites
two quantities A and B, and then unites the
result to a third quantity C, or whether it first
unites B and C, and then unites the result to
A, the order of the quantities being preserved.
Thus, addition and multiplication are said to be associa-
tive, on account of the general formulas,
§: }; :::::$: 3
In the same sense, mathematicians often use the expres-
sions associative formula, associative principle.—ASSOCia-
tive algebra, a system of algebra in which multiplication
is associative.
The
associativeness (a-só'shi-à-tiv-nes), m.
property of being associative, especially in the
mathematical sense.
associator (a-só'shi-ā-tor), m. 1. One who or
that which associates or connects together.—
2+. An associate or partner in any scheme; a
confederate.
Our late associators and conspirators have made a third
copy of the League. Dryden, Post. to Hist. of League.
assoguet, m. [K F. assogue, K Sp. azogue (in
same sense), lit. quicksilver: See azogue.] A.
Spanish galleon transporting quicksilver to
America for use in the mines.
assoill (a-soil'), v. t. [K ME. assoilem, asoilem,
assoilien, asoilien, assoylen, etc., - Sc. assoilzie,
formerly assoilyie, assoilge (where le, lá, ly rep-
resent the F. ll mouillées), K OF. assoiler, assoil-
lier, asolier, also asoldre, assoldre, assoudre, etc.,
K L. absolvere, absolve, loosen: see absolve, of
which assoil is thus a doublet.] 1}. To solve;
clear up.
To assoil this seeming difficulty.
Waterland, Scripture Vindicated, iii. 63.
2. To release; set free; acquit; pardon; ab-
solve. [Archaic.]
At my own tribunal stand assoil'd. Twke.
To some bishop we will wend,
Of all the sins that we have done,
To be assoiled at his hand. Percy's Reliques.
3+. To remove; dispel.
Seeking him that should her paine assoyle.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. v. 30.
assoil.2: (a-soil'), v. t. [K as-1 + soill.] To soil;
stain.
Whate'er he be
Can with unthankfulness assoil me, let him
Dig out mine eyes, and sing my name in verse.
I'letcher (and ...; Queen of Corinth, iii. 1.
assoilment? (a-soil' ment), n. [K assoil 1 +
-ment.] The act of assoiling; absolution. More.
assoilyie, assoilzie (a-soil’ye), v. t. Scotch
forms of assoill.
God assoilzie him for the sin of bloodshed.
Scott, Ivanhoe, II. vi.
assonance (as’ā-mans), n. [K F. assonance (==
Sp. asonancia = Pg. assonancia), K assonant:
See assonant, a.] 1. Resemblance of sounds.
The disagreeable assonance of “sheath” and “sheathed.”
Steevems.
&SS’s-ear
The combination of cadenced sentences with antitheti-
cal alliteration, intersprinkled with assonances of every
kind and their inevitable offspring, the uncalled-for pun,
was by him [Lylyl first introduced into English prose,
A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 157.
IIomer, like Dante and Shakespeare, like all who really
command language, seems fond of playing with assonances.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 827.
Specifically—2. In pros., a species of imper-
fect rime, or rather a substitute for rime, espe-
cially common in Spanish poetry, consisting
in using the same vowel-sound with different
consonants, and requiring the use of the same
vowels in the assonant words from the last
accented vowel to the end of the word: thus,
man and hat, penitent and reticence, are exam-
ples of assonance in English.
There are some traces of the employment of rhyme and
assonance in mere popular literature at a very remote
period. G. P. Marsh, Lects. On Eng. Lang., p. 505.
3. Agreement or harmony of things. [Rare.]
=Syn. Paronomasia, etc. See pum.
assonanced (as’ī-nanst), a. [K assonance +
-ed?..] Characterized by assonance; assonant.
The lines are, in the earlier examples, ass0nanced,—
that is to say, the vowel sound of the last syllables is
identical, but the consonants need not agree.
B'ncyc. Brit., IX. 638.
assonant (as’ī-nant), a. and m. [K F. assonant
(= Sp. asomonte = Pg. assonante), K L. asso-
man(t-)s, ppr. of assomare, sound to, respond to:
See assomate and sonant..] I. a. 1. Having a
resemblance of articulate sounds.
Landor's blank verse . . . is . . . terse, yet fluent, as-
Sonamt, harmonious. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 46.
2. In pros., pertaining to or characterized by
8,SSOIla,IlC6.
II. m. , 1. A word resembling another in
sound. Specifically—2. In pros., a word form-
ing an assonance with another word. See as-
Somance, 2.
assonantal (as-Ö-nanſtal), a. Of or pertaining
to assonance; of the nature of an assonant.
assonantic (as-à-man’tik), a. Same as asso-
mantal.
assonate (as'3-nāt), v. i. ; pret. and pp. asso-
nated, ppr. assonating. [K L. assomare, sound
to, respond to, K ad, to, + Somare, sound: see
sonant.] To correspondin sound; rime in asso-
nance; be assonant.
assort (a-sört'), v. [K late M.E. assorte, K OF.
assorter = OIt. assortare, KML. assortare &#.
F. assortir = Sp. asortir = It. assortire, KML.
as if *assortire, after L. sortiri, cast lots, allot,
distribute, select : see sort, v.); K L. ad, to, +
sor(t-)s, lot, condition, sort: see Sort.] I. trans.
1. To separate and distribute into classes,
sorts, or kinds; part into lots; arrange; clas-
Sify: as, to assort goods.—2. To furnish with a
suitable assortment or variety of goods; make
up of articles likely to suit a demand : as, to
assort a cargo; “well-assorted warehouses,”
Burke.—3. To make of the same sort; adapt
or suit.
No way assorted to those with whom they must asso-
ciate. Burke, Rev. in France.
II. intrans. 1. To agree in sort or kind; be
accordant or matched: as, the two kinds assort
well or ill.–2. To associate; consort.
Assort no more with the menials of the goddess.
JBulwer.
assorted (3-sörſted), p. a. 1. Consisting of
selected kinds; arranged in sorts or varieties.
Our cargo was an assorted one ; that is, it consisted of
everything under the sun.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 85.
2. Matched; fitted; suited: as, a well-assorted
palr. -
assortment (a-Sört’ment), n. IK assort + -ment,
Cf. F. assortiment, K assortin'.] 1. The act of
assorting or distributing into sorts, kinds, or
classes, or of selecting and suiting.—2. A col-
lection of things assorted: as, an assortment of
goods; “an assortment of paintings,” Core.—
3. A class or group into #: objects are as-
sorted.
Those classes and assortments . . . called genera and
species. Adam Smith, Mor. Sent., II. 407 (1797). (N. E. D.)
assott (a-sot'), v. [K ME. assotem, K OF. assoter
asoter, K a (L. ad, to) + sot, foolish: see soi.j
Hºnº. To be or become infatuated or like
8, TOOl.
II. trans. To infatuate; deceive; befool.
That monstrous error which doth some assott.
Spenser, F. Q., II. X. 8.
assoylet, v. t. See assoil 1.
ass's-ear (às'ez-ér), n. A fine iridescent shell,
Haliotis asiminus, used in the manufacture of
ass's-ear
buttons, for inlaying woodwork, and for other
O808,
ass's-foot (às'ez-fút), n. Same as coltsfoot.
assuade (3-swäd’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. assuaded,
ppr. ašSwading. L. as- for ad- + suadere,
advise: see Suasion, and of. persuade.] To pre-
sent as advice; urge persuasively. N. E. D.
assuage (a-swāj'), v. ; pret, and pp. aš8waged,
ppr. assuaging. [Early mod. E. also asswage,
aswage, and by apheresis 8wage; K ME. ašuagen,
aswagen, KOF, asouager, asuager, asoager = Pr:
a8Suaviar, asuaviar, K. M.L. as if *aš8waviare, K
L. ad, to, + suavis, sweet: see Suave and Sweet.
Cf. abridge, K. L. abbreviare; allege”, K. L.L. alle-
viare, etc.] I. trans. To soften, in a figurative
sense; allay; mitigate, ease, or lessen, as pain
or grief; moderate; appease or pacify, as pas-
Sion or tumult.
Yet he with strong perswasions her a 88waged,
And wonne her will to suffer him depart.
Spenger, F. Q., IV. vi. 43.
Itefreshing winds the summer's heats assuage.
y Addison.
For the first time in history, she [the church] inspired
thousands to devote their entire lives, through sacrifice
and danger, to the single object of a 38waging the suffer-
1ngs of humanity. Welsh, Eng. Lit., I. 81.
=Syn. Alleviate, Relieve, Mitigate, etc. (see alleviate); to
º mollify, temper (see lists under alleviate and
( e
II.f intrams. To abate or subside; grow less:
as, “let thin hert assuage,” Gower; “the waters
asswaged,” Gen. viii. 1.
assuagement (a-Swaj'ment), n. [K OF. aswage-
"ment, K aswager: See assuage and -ment.] 1.
The act of assuaging; mitigation; abatement.
Spenser.—2. An alleviative; a sedative.
assuager (a-Swa'jër), n. One who assuages or
allays; that which mitigates or abates.
assuasive (a-swä’ Siv), a. and n. [K as-1 +
suasive, as in persuasive, with reference to as-
swage.] I. a. Softening; mitigating; tranquil-
izing; soothing. [Rare.]
Music her soft assuasive voice applies.
Pope, St. Cecilia's Day, l. 25.
II. m. A soothing medicine or application.
assubjugate? (a-sub’.jö-gāt), v. t. [Kas-1 + sub-
jugate.] To reduce to subjugation; put into a
low or unworthy position; debase. [Rare.]
No, this thrice worthy and right valiant lord
Must not . . . assubjugate his merit . . .
By going to Achilles. Shak., T. and C., ii. 3.
assuefaction? (as-w6-fak/shgn), n. [K L. as if
*assuéfactio(m-), K assuéfacere, pp. assuéfactus,
make accustomed to, habituate, K assuetus, pp.
of asswescere, accustom (see assuete), + facere,
make.] The act of accustoming ; the state of
being accustomed; use; habituation.
Right and left, as part inservient unto the motive facul-
ty, are differenced by degrees, by use, and asswefaction.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iv. 6.
aSSuetet, a. [K L. assuetus, pp. of asswescere,
accustom, habituate, Kad, to, + suescere, incep-
tive of "Swere, be wont: see custom.] Accus-
tomed; practised. Blownt.
assuetudet (as wé-tūd), n. [KL. assuetudo, cus-
tom, K assuetus, pp.: see asswete. Cf. desue-
tude..] Custom; habit; habitual use.
Assuetude of things hurtful doth make them lose their
force to hurt. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 67.
assumable (a-Sü’ma-bl), a. [K assume + -able.]
Capable of being assumed or taken for granted.
assumably (a-Süºma-bli), adv. As may be as-
sumed; presumably.
The Macfarlane Highlanders, who were armed asswºma-
bly with target and broadsword. º
N. and Q., 6th ser., XII, 40.
assume (a-Süm'), v.; pret. and pp. assumed,
ppr. assuming. [K L. assumere, take to one's
self, take up, receive, accept, claim, assume, K
ad, to, + slimere, take, contr. from *subimere,
K sub, under, -- emere, take, buy: see emption,
emptor, redeem..] I. trams. 1. To take into rela-
tion or association; adopt; take in; admit: as,
“Enoch and Elias were assumed up into heaven,”
Abp. Abbot. See assumption, 5. [Archaic.]
The sixth was a young knight . . .
honourable company. Scott.
2. To take upon one's self; undertake: as, to
assume the responsibility of a proceeding; to
assume office; to assume an obligation.
Assume thy winged throne, thou Vesper of our throng!
Shelley, Adomais, St. 46.
Among those subject kings whom the Assyrians had
established in Egypt the descendants of the first Necho
assumed, after the fall of Nineveh, the position of inde-
pendent sovereigns. Von Ramke, Univ. Hist. (trans.), p. 83.
3. To take or put on one's self; invest one's
self with: as, to assume the garb of a mendi-
assument? (a-Sü’ment), m.
assumer (a-Sü’mér), n.
assuming (a-Süºming), p. a.
assumingt (a-Sü’ming), n.
assumingly (a-Sü’ming-li), adv.
assumpsit (a-Sump'sit), m.
assumpti (a-Sumpt"), v. t.
assumed into that
351
cant, or the figure of an animal; to assume a
severe aspect; “to assume man's nature,” Mil-
ton, P. L., iii. 303.
They say the devil can assume heaven's brightness,
And so appear to tempt us.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iii. 6.
Caroline . . . had persuaded Mrs. Pryor to a 38wme her
bonnet and summer shawl, and to take a walk with her.
Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, xxi. 3r º a
assumption (a-Sump'shgn), n.
Society never assumed the military type in England
which it a 38wmed upon the continent.
J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 123.
Wheat quickly aggumes new habits of life.
Darwin, War. of Animals and Plants, p. 333.
4. To apply to one's self; appropriate.
His majesty might well assume the complaint of King
avid. Clarendom.
His Holiness the Pope, by virtue of being Christ's Vice-
gerent upon earth, piously assumed to himself a right to
dispose of the territories of infidels as he thought fit.
A. Hamilton, Works, II. 68.
Hastings had ceased to difference his arms as a cadet,
and a 38wmed them unbroken. Encyc. Brit., XI. 687.
5. To take for granted or without proof; sup-
pose as a fact; postulate: as, to assume a prin-
ciple in reasoning.
Generally it may be asswºmed that rhetoric will not sur-
vive the age of the ceremonious in manners and the gor-
geous in costume. De Qwincey, Rhetoric.
If the step from mechanics to chemistry is known, has
been proved, and is admitted, that from chemistry to life
is assumed, and assumed without the slightest reason.
Beale, Protoplasm, p. 117.
6. To take fictitiously; pretend to possess;
take in appearance: as, to assume the garb of
humility.
Assume a virtue, if you have it not.
- Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
7+. To claim.
Like a bold champion I assume the lists.
Shak., Pericles, i. 1.
=Syn. 6. To affect, feign, counterfeit.
II. intrans. To be arrogant; claim more than
is due; presume.
assumedly (a-Sü’med-li), adv. As is or may be
assumed or taken for granted; presumably.
[K L.L. assumentum,
a piece sewed on, K.L. asswere, sew on, Kad, to, +
Suere, sew, - E. Sew, q.v.] A piece sewed on;
a patch; an addition.
The asswºment or addition Dr. Marshall never could find
anywhere but in this Anglo-Saxonick translation.
J. Lewis, Hist. of Eng. Bibles, p. 9.
One who assumes; an
arrogant person.
These high assumers and pretenders to reason. Sowth.
To swear at the mention of assumers and pretenders to
baronetcies. The Atlantic, LII. 365.
Taking or dis-
osed to take upon one's self more than is just;
isposed to attribute to one's self undue impor-
tance; haughty; arrogant.
His haughty looks and his assuming air
The son of Isis could no longer bear. Dryden.
A virtue that might repress the Imost asswºming.
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 3.
=Syn. Bold, forward, presuming, self-confident.
Presumption.
B. Jomsom, Poetaster.
In an assum-
The vain assumings of some.
ing manner; arrogantly.
[L., he undertook;
third pers. sing. perf. ind, of assumere, assume,
undertake: see assume.] In law : (a) An ac-
tion lying for the recovery of damages sustained
through the breach of a simple contract (that
is, a promise not under seal), in which the
plaintiff alleges that the defendant assumpsit,
that is, promised or undertook, to perform the
act specified. In England and in most of the United
States this, like the other common-law forms of action,
has been superseded by statute. Hence—(b) An ac-
tionable promise, express or implied by law.
[K L. assumptus, pp.
of assumere, take up: see assume.] 1. To take
up; raise. See assume, v. t., 1.
She was assumpted into the cloud.
Hall, Hen. VIII., ari. 14.
2. To assume, as a proposition or premise.
Supposition assumpted is when a manifest Supposition
is assumpted to prove another thing withal, as . . . the
disputer will asswºmpt this assertion, which saith that of
false things there is no certain knowledge, and truth is
not knowm but of true things. Blundeville, 1619.
3. To assume, as a property, attribute, etc.
I do grant it to be Christ's true body and flesh by a prop-
erty of the nature assumpted to the Godhead; yea, and we
do really eat and drink His flesh and blood after a certain
real property.
Ridley, in R. W. Dixon's Hist. Church of Eng., xvi., note.
assumpt? (a-Sumpt"), n.
assumptive (a-sumptiv), a.
assumptively (a-sumptiv-li), adu.
assurable (a-shör'a-bl), a.
** (a-shör’ans), m.
2,58train Ce
4. To take to one's self; put on ; assume.
And assumpted, or tooke to his Arms . . . a Crosse Sil-
ver, in a field vert. Bosgewell, Armorie, p. 22. (N. E. D.)
[KL. assumptum, neut.
of assumptus, pp., assumed: see assumpt, v.]
That which is assumed; an assumption.
The sum of all your assumpts. - -
Chillingworth, Relig. of Protestants, i. 1.
[K ME. assump-
cioun, assumptioun (of the Virgin Mary), K Mil.
assumptio(n-), a taking up (into heaven); L., a
taking up, adoption, the minor proposition of
a syllogism; K assumere, pp. assumptus, take up,
etc.: see assume.] 1. The act of taking to one’s
self; a taking upon one’s self; undertaking.
Since the Assumption of our flesh, we know what shape
to picture God in. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 55.
An assumption of %. not conferred by the Constitu-
tion and laws. D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834.
2. The act of taking for granted, or supposing
without proof; supposition.
The assumption of a final cause in the structure of each
part of animals and plants is as inevitable as the assump-
tion of an efficient cause for every event.
Whewell, Nov. Org. Renovatum, p. 105.
3. The thing supposed; a postulate or propo-
sition assumed.
Let well-weighed considerations, not stiff and peremp-
tory assumptions, guide thy discourses.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., ii. 3.
In fact, the putting of limits to human conception must
always involve the assumption that our previous experi-
ence is universally valid in a theoretical sense; an a88wºp-
tion, which we have already seen reason to reject.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 155.
4. In logic, the minor premise in a categorical
Syllogism.
Still more objectionable are the correlative terms prop-
osition and asgwmption as synonymous for the major and
minor premises. Sir W. Hauvilton, Logic.
[This use of the word, originating with Cicero (Latin as-
sumptio), was revived in the sixteenth century, and is com-
mon in modern Latin, but is rare in English.)
5. The taking up of a person into heaven;
specifically, the traditional anticipated resur-
rection or bodily taking up into heaven of the
Virgin Mary after her death, celebrated by the
Roman Catholic, Greek, and Oriental churches
by the feast of the Assumption on the 15th of
August.—6. Adoption, or making use of.
It is evident that the prose psalms of our liturgy were
chiefly consulted and copied by the perpetual assumptions
of their words and combinations.
T. Warton, Hist. Dng. Poetry, III. 172.
7. In law, the agreement of the transferee of
property to pay obligations of the transferror
which are chargeable on it.—8. A conceited
disposition, characterized by a tendency to
claim more than is one's due; presumption.
The priest, however arrogant his assumption, makes a
civil salute. H. Spencer, Prin. Of Sociol., § 343.
Arms of assumption. See arm2, 7, and assumptive
arms, under asswºmptive.—Assumption clause. . See
clause.—Deed of assumption, in Scots law, a deed exe-
cuted by trustees under a trust deed or deed of settlement,
assuming a new trustee or trustees. =Syn. 2 and 3. Con-
jecture, hypothesis, theory, postulate.— 8. Pride, Pre-
sumption, etc. (see arrogamce); officiousness, forwardness,
self-confidence, self-conceit, face.
assumptious (a-sump'shus), a. [K assumption +
-ows. Cf. presumptuous.] Assuming; presump-
tuous. [Rare.]
[KL. assumptivus,
taken in addition, K assumptus, pp. of assumere,
take, assume: see assume.] 1. Capable of be-
ing assumed; assumed.
Writing under an assumptive character.
Tycherly, Plain Dealer, Pref.
2. Marked or characterized by assumptions.
Trivial, scholastic, and assumptive methods.
G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 312.
Assumptive arms, in her. : (a) Formerly, arms not pa-
ternal, assumed in consequence of an exploit. (b) Now,
arms which a person has a right, with the approbation of
his sovereign and of the heralds, to assume. (c) Armorial
bearings improperly assumed. [Rare in last use. J Also
called arms of assumption.
In an as-
sumptive or assumed manner; by way of as-
Sumption.
[K assure + -able.]
Capable of being assured; suitable for insur-
ance: as, an assurable property.
[KME. assuraunce,
OF. asseårance, F. assurance = Sp. aseguran-
£a = It. assecuramza (= E. assecurance, q. V.),
K ML. assocurantia, K assecurare, assure: see
assure and -ance.] 1. The act of assuring; a
formal or earnest statement intended to pro-
duce belief or conviction; a positive declara-
tion intended to give confidence: as, I trusted
to his assurances.
assurance
Plight me the full assurance of your faith.
Shak., T. N., iv. 3.
2. Pledge; guaranty; surety.
You should procure him better assurance than Bar-
dolph; he would not take his bond and yours; he liked
not the security. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 2.
3+. Affiance; betrothal.
The day of their assurance drew nigh.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia.
I am sure
I never courted you, nor gave you tokens
That might concern assurance.
Beau, and Fl., Coxcomb, iii. 1.
4. In law, documentary evidence of the title
or right of possession of property.—5. Insur-
ance; a contract for the payment of a sum on
the occurrence of a certain event, as loss or
death.
Recent writers have sought to establish distinctions of
a novel character between them [assurance and insurance].
One of these is that a person insures his life, his house, or
his ships, and the office assures to him in each of these
cases a sum of money payable in certain contingencies.
Another is that assurance represents the principle and
insurance the practice. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 169.
6. Certain proof; clear evidence; positive dem-
onstration; undeniable grounds for belief or
trust; assuredness.
Whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that
he hath raised him from the dead. Acts xvii. 31.
A form, indeed,
Where every god did seem to set his seal,
To give the world assurance of a man.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
I feel desires
That give assurance of their own success,
And that, infus'd from Heav'n, must thither tend.
Cowper, The Task, v.
A brightness, like that of the eyes of some smaller ani-
mals, which gives assurance of life, but of a life foreign
and unintelligible. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 44.
7. Firm persuasion; full confidence or trust;
freedom from doubt; certain expectation; the
utmost certainty.
Let us draw near with a true heart, in full assurance of
faith. Heb. x. 22.
I'll make assurance double sure
And take a bond of fate. Shak, Macbeth, iv.1.
There have prevailed very widely . . . among mankind
the sad tradition of a lost or forfeited life of perfection
and happiness, and a dim expectation or the firm assur-
ance of a future life of perfection and happiness.
Mawdsley, Body and Will, p. 197.
Especially–8. Firmness of mind; undoubting
steadiness; intrepidity; courage.
Brave men meet danger with assurance. Knolles.
He is wanting in neither personal courage, assurance,
nor promptitude, but he abuses these virtues by using
them in the service of vice.
P. Robinson, Under the Sun, p. 31.
9. Freedom from timidity or bashfulness; laud-
able confidence; self-reliance.
Conversation with the world will give thern knowledge
and assurance. Locke.
I have been often surprised that you, who have seen so
much of the world, . . . could never yet acquire a requi-
site share of assurance.
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, ii.
10. Excess of boldness; impudence: as, his as-
surance is intolerable.
Immoderate assurance is perfect licentiousness.
Shenstone.
Upon my soul, Jack, thou art a very impudent fellow !
to do you justice, I think I never saw a piece of more con-
summate assuranceſ Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 2.
Chamber of assurance. See chamber.—Collateral
assurance. See collateral. —Common assurances.
See common.—Further assurance. See further. = Sym.
2. Pledge, etc. See promise.—10. Effrontery, presump-
tion.
assure (a-shör"), v.; pret. and pp. assured, ppr.
assuring. [K ME. assurem, asurem, asseuren, K
OF. aseiirer, mod. F. assurer = Pr: assegurar =
Sp. asegurar = P9. assegurar = It. assecurare (=
E. assecure, q.v.), KML, assecurare, assure, K.L.
ad, to, + securus (2 OF. Segur, seiir), secure,
sure: see secure, sure.] I. trans. 1. To make
sure or certain; convince or make confident,
as by a promise, declaration, or other evidence:
as, to assure a person of one's favor or love.
It is idle to propose remedies before we are assured of
the disease. Swift, Advancement of Religion.
'T is a vast privilege for a Christian to be assured that
the Lord will do this or that individual thing for him.
C. Mather, Mag. Chris., iv. 1.
And, for I am a man, I dare not do
God's work until assured I see with God.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 94.
2. To declare solemnly to; assert earnestly to;
endeavor to convince by assertion: as, I assure
you I am speaking the truth.
I dare assure thee that no enemy
Shall ever take alive the noble Brutus.
Shak., J. C., v. 4.
They are recommended by people of consequence, I as-
sure you Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1.
352
3. To secure or confirm; make sure to be or to
continue; give certainty or stability to: as, to
assure a person's position or possessions.
5. To embolden; make confident.
And hereby we . . . shall assure our hearts before him.
1 John iii. 19.
6t. To affiance; betroth. -
This drudge, or diviner, laid claim to me; called me
Dromio; swore I was assured to her.
Shak., C. of E., iii. 2.
7. To insure, as against loss. =syn. Insure, Assure
(see insure); to asseverate to, encourage, vouch to, warrant.
II. intrans. 1. To confide; trust.
Therfore as frend fullych in me assure.
Chaucer, Troilus, i. 680.
2. To promise; pledge one's self. Chaucer.
assured (a-shörd'), p. a. 1. Certain; sure; in-
dubitable; undoubted: as, “an assured experi-
ence,” Bacon, Nat. Hist.
We dare not leave his fortunes,
Though most assured death hung round about us.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, i. 1.
In history, as in tragedy, the master's hand has not yet
come to its full stretch and skill; its touch is not yet
wholly assured, its work not yet wholly blameless.
Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 50.
2. Bold; confident; self-possessed.
He looked frank, unconstrained, something assured, but
not bordering upon assurance.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 15.
He . . . came forth with an assured air and bade defi-
ance to the messenger. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xx.
3+. Affianced. Shak.-4. Insured; having one's
life or goods insured.
assuredly (a-shör'ed-li), adv. 1. Certainly; in-
dubitably.
Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign. 1 Ki. i. 13.
2. With assurance; confidently; impudently.
The more
Actions of depth and danger are considered,
The less assuredly they are performed.
B. Jomson, Catiline, iii. 3.
assuredness (à-shör'ed-nes), m. The state of
being assured; certainty; full confidence.
assurer (a-shör’ér), n. 1. One who or that
which assures, or gives assurance; specifically,
an insurer or underwriter.—2. One who takes
out a policy of insurance; one who is assured.
assurgency (a-sér’jēn-si), n. [K assurgent.]
The tendency or disposition to rise. [Rare.]
The continual assurgency of the spirit through the body.
Coleridge, Lit. Rem. (1839), IV. 167.
assurgent (a-sér'jent), a. [K L. assurgen (t-)s,
ppr. of assurgere, rise up, ascend, Kad, to, +
surgere, rise: see surge.] Rising; ascending.
Specifically—(a) In her., applied to a bearing when de-
picted as rising out of the sea, as the sun. (b) In bot.,
rising in a curve to an erect position; ascending. Also
adsurgent.—Assurgent leaves, leaves first bent down,
but rising erect toward the apex. -
assuringly (a-shör'ing-li), adv. In an assuring
manner; in a way to give confidence.
asswaget, p. An old spelling of assuage.
Assyrian (a-sir’i-an), a. and m. [K. L. Assyrius,
S. Gr. Agaiptor, pertaining to Aagupta, Assyria.]
I. a. Pertaining or relating to Assyria or to its
Astacidae
first period, culminating in the ninth century B. Q., it dis-
played great vigorand truth in its interpretation of nature,
articularly in its portrayal of animal forms. Later it suf-
}. a decline until the close of Assyrian supremacy, to-
ward the end of the seventh century B. C. Its human
figures never have the life and force of its animals, but are
Relief from Koyunjik, in the British Museum. King Assur-bani-pal
pouring a libation. About 625 B. c.
heavy and conventional. It is marked by great minuteness
of detail, ornaments, texture of fabrics, etc., being care-
fully rendered. In metal-work of all kinds the Assyrian
craftsmen took a high place, and they excelled also in
gen-engraving.
II. m. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Assy-
ria, an ancient country of Asia, east of the river
Tigris, long at the head of the powerful As-
syrian empire, including Babylonia and other
neighboring countries.—2. The language of
the Assyrians, which has been preserved by
and largely recovered from their cuneiform
inscriptions. See cuneiform.
Assyriological (a-sir’i-à-loji-kal), a. Pertain-
ing to Assyriology.
The latest results of Assyriological research.
Amer. Jour. Philol., IV. 343.
Assyriologist (a-sir-i-ol’ū-jist), n. [K Assyri-
ology -H -ist.] A student of Assyriology; one
versed in Assyriology.
Assyriologue (a-sir’i-à-log), m. [= F. Assyrio-
logue, K. Gr. Agavpia + -26)og, K Aéyew: see As-
syriology.] An Assyriologist.
Assyrio ogy ( º m. [K Gr. Agavpia +
–Zoyſa, K. 28 yew, speak: see -ology.] The science
of Assyrian antiquities; that branch of know-
ledge which includes the history, language,
etc., of ancient Assyria.
assyth?, n. A Scotch form of asseth.
assythment (a-sipHºment), n. [Sc., also b
apheresis sithement, K assyth, sithe, -H -ment.
In Scots law, an in- -
demnification due
from a person guilty
of murder to the
heirs of the person
murdered. Where the
criminal has suffered the
penalty of the law, no
claim for assythment
lies.
-ast... [K Gr. -aorſº,
K -áčew, after -t-,
equiv. to -torffc, K
-ºšew: see -ist, -ize.]
A suffix of Greek
origin, occurring in-
stead of -ist after -i-,
as in chiliast, enthu-
siast, etc.
astacian (as-tä’-
shian), n. [K Asta-
This shall assure my constant loyalty.
Shak, 3 Hen. VI., iii. 3.
My penance hath not slacken'd, though my pardon
No way assured. Milton, S. A., 1, 739.
So irresistible an authority cannot be reflected on with-
out the most awful reverence, even by those whose piety
assures its favour to them. H. Rogers,
4. To free from obscurity, ambiguity, or un-
certainty.
So reason's glimmering ray
Was lent, not to assure our doubtful way,
But guide us upward to a better day.
Dryden, Religio Laici.
inhabitants.-Assyrian architecture, the most im-
portant branch of the architecture of Mesopotamia, de-
§". in Assyria during the period of its supremacy. Its
chief monuments were the royal palaces, which were of
enormous extent, and constructed of massive walls of sun-
dried brick on great mounds of clay, of which they have now
virtually become a part, owing to the disintegrating influ-
ence of time and the elements upon their friable mate-
rials. They were never more than one or two stories high
owing to the limited endurance of the unbaked bricks, and
consisted chiefly of corridors and long, narrow halls, either
arched over with brick or closed in with ceilings of wood,
and surrounding open courts. The entrances were of im-
posing height and width, ornamented with colossal stone
figures of winged human-headed bulls or lions, or other
mythological conceptions. The interior walls were com-
monly lined with a revetment of soft alabaster slabs, on
which were carved in low relief the remarkable series of
sculptures which have preserved the record of Assyrian
triumphs, character, and customs. Color in somewhat
subdued tints was generally employed upon the sculptures
and the wall-spaces. The temple, in Assyria, was sub-
ordinate to the palace, the opposite º case in Baby-
lonia.-Assyrian art, one of the later branches of Meso-
potamian art, parallel to the later Babylonian. ... Its most
characteristic manifestation is presented in its lavish
sculptured architectural decoration in low relief. In its
cus + -ian.] An ani-
mal of the genus
Astacus or family
Astacidae, as a craw-
fish or lobster.
astacid (asºta-sid), n.
One of the Astacidae.
Astacidae (as-tas’i-
dé) 71. pl. [NL. & Structure of the Crawfish (Astacus).
Asiacus + -idae.] 'A I, II, III, sterna of first, second, and
family of macrurous
decapod crustaceans
represented by the
crawfish and lobster.
Among fluviatile forms,
the best known are As-
tacus and Cambarus, the
former containing the
river-crawfish, A. fluvia-
tilis, and the latter nu-
merous species of North
third soluites; C, heart; G, membra-
nous part of stomach; 28, labrum; ",
metastoma; c, cardiac ossicle; £:
pterocardiac do.; atc, urocardiac do.;
cł, lateral cardiac do.; p, cardio-py-
loric valve; Ai, inferior pyloric val-
vular apparatus; m, anterior gastric
muscle; mt, insertion of posterior do.;
Ac, procephalic process; Ji, opening
of hepatic duct; v, pyloric caecum;
* *, intestine; ºn, testis; ºn', ºn".
was deferens; a o ophthalmic artery;
a a, antennary do.; a h, hepatic do.;
as, sternal do.; a p, superior abdomi-
nal do.; b, cerebral ganglia; sº, azy-
gous visceral nerve.





Astacidae
America, among them the blind crawfish of the Mammoth
Cave, C. pellucidus. The lobster is Homarus marinus, or
H. americanw8. Nephrops is anothergenus of this family.
See cut under A8tacw8.
Astacina (as-ta-siºnä), n. pl. [NL., K. Astacus
+ -ina.] A group of macrurous decapod crus-
taceans corresponding more or less nearly with
A8tacini or Astacidae, -
astagine_(asºta-sin), a. and n. [K Astacus +
-îné!..] I. a. Having the characters of a craw
fish; pertaining to the Astacidae. -
if ºn, one of the Astacidae, as a crawfish.
The problem whether the crustacean in question was a
marine 48tacine or a true Homarine might be very hard
to solve. & Huxley, Crayfish, vi.
Also astacoid.
Astacini (as-ta-si’ni), m. pl. [NL., K. Astacus
+ -īnī.] In Latreille's system of classification,
the third section of macrurous decapod crus-
taceans, containing a number of forms now
distributed in several families and at least two
suborders. His subsection of the same name corre-
sponds more nearly to the modern family Astacidae (which
see).
astacite (asºta-sit), n. [K Gr. &otakóg, a lob-
ster, a crawfish, + -ite?..] A petrified or fossil
Crawfish, or other similar crustaceous animal.
*Also astacolite. -
astacoid (asºta-koid), a. and n. [K Astacus +
-oid.] Same as astacine. Huayley.
Astacoidea (as-ta-koi"dē-ă), m. pl. [NL., KAS-
tacus + -oidea..] A superfamily group or series
of macrurous decapod crustaceans.
asta.colite (as-tak^3-lit), n. [K Gr. &otakóg, a
lobster, a crawfish, + Affog, a stone..] Same as
a.Stacite.
Astacus (asºta-kus), n. [NL., K. Gr. &otakóc, a
lobster, a crawfish.] The typical genus of the
River-Crawfish (4stacles ſitezza tilts). (From Huxley's “Crayfish.”)
family Astacidae, and one of the two leading
genera of fluviatile crawfishes, the other being
Cambarus.
àstarboard (a-stär" bord), prep. phr. as adv.
[K as + starboard.] At or to the starboard or
right-hand side of a ship when looking forward.
astare (3-stār), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8
+ starel..] Stäring.
astartł (a-stårt'), v. [K ME. asterten, asteor
asturten, startle, start up, escape, K a- (KAS. ā-
+ sterten, etc., start: see a-1 and startl.] I.
trans. 1. To escape; escape from.
Every tere which that Creseyde asterte.
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 1070.
2. To cause to start; startle.
No daunger there the shepheard can astert.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., Nov.
II, intrans. 1. To start up.
Out of her bed she did astart,
As one with vew of ghastly feends affright.
ºpenser, F. Q., III. ii. 29.
2. To be escaped from.
She hadde the herte,
And who hath that may not asterte.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, l. 1153.
Astarte (as-tär’té), m. [L., K. Gr. Aoráptn,
representing Phen. Ashtareth: see Ashtoreth.]
1. The principal female divinity of the Pheni-
cians, properly a chaste deity, goddess of the
moon or of the heavens, but frequently con-
founded with the unchaste Ashera. She was the
same as the Assyrian Istar. Also called Ashtoreth (Ash-
tareth, Astoreth), and, incorrectly, Ashtoroth (Ashtaroth), a
plural form of Ashtoreth.
Mooned Ashtaroth,
Heaven's queen and mother both.
Milton, Nativity, l. 200.
With these in troop
Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians call’d
Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns.
Milton, P. L., i. 439.
2. The moon.
Astarte's bediamonded crescent,
Distinct with its duplicate horn,
Poe, Ulalume.
353
3. [NL.] Agenus of bivalve
great extent and referred to a family Cyprinidae,
now restricted and made
the type of a family Astar-
tidae. -
Astartidae (as-tärſti-dé), n.
pl. [NL., K. Astarte, 3, 4-
-idae.] In some systems of
zoölogical classification, a
family of dimyarian bi-
valves, with solid equal
valves, an external liga-
ment, cardinal teeth, and
also lateral teeth on each
valve, the pallial line en-
tire, the muscular scars ovate, and a distinct
pedal scar above the anterior muscular one.
The typical species are
chiefly inhabitants of the
northern seas, but mem-
bers of the same family are
×found in most other seas.
Astasia (as-tă'si-á),
n. [NL., KGr. &aragia,
unsteadiness, incon-
stancy, Köatatog, un-
steady: see astatic.]
A genus of eustoma-
Astarte szélcaza.
tous flagellate infuso- v-
rians, typical of the Aszarée borea lz's semiszelcata.
family A.stasiidae, hav- 2, 2", anterior and posterior pedal
* tº gº tº IIlliSC
ing a distinct tubular
pharynx. It contains such species as A. tri-
chophora, found in marsh-water.
astasiid (as-tas’i-id), n. An infusorian of the
family Astasiidae.
Astasiidae (as-ta-si'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Astasia
+ -idae.] A family of animalcules, mostly free-
swimming, exceedingly plastic and variable in
form, bearing a single terminal flagellum, and
having the oral aperture distinct and the endo-
plasm colorless.
astatet, n. An obsolete form of estate.
astatic (as-tat'ik), a. [K Gr. Gorarog, not stand-
ing still, unstable, unsteady, Ká-priv. -H oratóg,
verbal adj. of iaTával, stand: see a-18 and static.]
1. Unstable; unsteady.
The house was rested, at each of its piers, upon a hand-
ful of cast-iron shot, each one fourth of an inch in diame-
ter. By this means the building has been made a static.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 566.
Hence—2. In phys., having no tendency to
take a definite (fixed) position; without direc-
tive power: used especially of a magnetic nee-
dle whose directive property has been neutral-
- ized. A needle may
N. S. be rendered astatic
N. in various ways, but
S. * most simply by the
proximity of another
needle of the same in-
tensity fixed parallel
to it, and with the
poles reversed, the
north pole of the one
being adjacent to the
south pole of the
other. In this posi-
tion the needles neu-
tralize each other,
and are therefore un-
<=\ === 㺠affected by the mag-
-—=-3. netism of the earth,
Astatic Needles.
though they are still
subject to the influ-
ence of an electric current Fº situated. Such nee:
dles were formerly employed in the electric telegraph, and
they form an essential part of the astatic galvanometer.
astatically (as-tat'i-kal-i), adv. In an astatic
In 8.In Inel’.
astaticism (as-tat'i-sizm), m. [Kastatic + -ism.]
The state or quality of being astatic.
The nominal sensitiveness of a galvanometer can be in-
creased to any extent by increasing the astaticism of the
needle. Amer. Jowr. Sci., 3d ser., XXXII. 90.
astatize (asºta-tiz), v. t.; pret. and pp. astatized,
ppr. astatizing. [Kastat-ic + -ize.] To render
astatic.
The deflexion of a properly astatized needle suspended
inside the globe. Pncyc. Brit., XV. 267.
astatizer (as’ta-ti-zēr), n. A device for ren-
dering the needle of a galvanometer astatic.
astay (a-stā’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K aS
+ stayſ.] Naut, said of the anchor when, in
heaving in, the cable forms such an angle with
the surface of the water as to appear to be in a
line with the stays of the ship.
asteatodes (as-tê-a-tó’děz), m. [NL., K. Gr. &-
priv. 4- oreatóóng, like tallow or fat, K oréap
(oteat-), tallow or fat, + elóoç, form.] Same as
a.Steatosis.
asteatosis (as-tê-a-tó'sis), m. [NL., K. Gr. &-
priv. 4- oréap (arear-), tallow or fat, + -osis.]
shells, formerly of In pathol.,
|
|
asteriated
defective secretion of sebaceous
matter by the glands of the skin.
a steer (a-stèr’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Sc.,
= astir, q.v.] In or into a state of stir; stir-
ring. [Scotch.]
asteism (as’té-izm), n. [K Gr. &oreiopióg, clever
talk, K &oteiſeoffat, talk cleverly, K&oteioc, clever,
witty, lit. of the town, K &orv, town. Cf. civil
K L. civis, a citizen; urbane, & i. wrbs, a city.j
In rhet., polite irony; a polite and ingenious
manner of deriding another.
astel (asſtel), n. [K ME. astelle, K OF. astelle =
Pr. astela, K. L. *astella, for astula, a form of
assula, a thin board, a shingle, dim. of assis, a
board: see ashler.] A ceiling of boards over-
head in a mining-drift, designed to protect the
men when at work from falling rocks. [Eng.]
aster1 (as’tér), n. [L., K. Gr. datāp, a star (also
a plant, prob. Aster Atticus; cf. &arpov (X L. as-
trum), a star, a constellation, usually in pl.
ãotpa, the stars), = E. Star, q.v.] 1+. A star.
[Rare.]—2. A plant of the genus Aster.—3.
[cap.] [NII.] large genus of plants, of the
family Asteraceae, natives of Europe, Asia, and
America, but chiefly of North America, about
150 species occurring in the United States.
They are mostly perennial, flowering in late summer and
autumn, on which account they are often called in Eng-
land Michaelmas or Christmas daisies. The ray-flowers
vary from white to lilac-blue or purple, the center being
yellow, changing sometimes to purple. Many of the spe-
cies resemble one another closely, and in no genus is the
satisfactory determination of the species more difficult.
4. A name of plants of some allied genera, as
the Cape aster (Agathasa amelloides), the China,
aster (Callistephus Chinensis), the false aster
(Boltonia), the golden aster (Chrysopsis), and
the white-topped aster (Sericocarpus).—5. In
biol., a karyokinetic figure intervening in time
between the rosette and the diaster during the
changes in the nucleus of a cell. See diaster
and karyokinesis.
Aster? (as’tër), m. In ornith., same as Astur.
-aster. [L. -aster, dim. Suffix, as in parasitaster,
a bit of a parasite, Antoniaster, a little Antony,
oleaster, wild olive, pinaster, wild pine, surdaster,
deafish, etc.] A suffix of Latin origin, forming
contemptuous diminutives, as in criticaster,
poetaster. It occurs without recognized dimin-
utive force in pinaster, oleaster (which see).
Asteracanthiidae (asºte-ra-kan-thi'i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Asteracanthion + -idae.] A family of
ordinary starfishes, of the order Asteroidea.
Asteracanthion (as”te-ra-kanſthi-on), n. [NL.,
Gr. doTâp, a star, + dkavba, a spine.] Agenus
of starfishes, typical of the family Asteracam-
thiidae. A. rubens is a common British species,
the “five-finger” of the oystermen.
Asteracanthus (as”te-ra-kan' thus), n. [NL., K
Gr. &otſp, a star, 4 &ravda, a spine..] A genus
of cestraciont fossil fishes, occurring in the
Oölite and Lias formations.
Asteraceae (as-te-rā’sé-É), m. pl. DNL., K. Aster,
3, -ī- -aceae.] . See the supplement.
asteria (as-té’ri-a), n. [L., KGr. 60thp, a star. Cf.
Asterias.] A variety of Sapphire, not perfectly
transparent, but showing, when cut round, a
stellar opalescence in the direction of the verti-
cal axis of the crystal. Also called oculus cati.
Asteriadae (as-te-ri’a-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Aste-
pias, 1, + -ada’.] 1. Same as Asteriidae.—2.
Some other and major group of starfishes.
asterial (as-té'ri-al), a. [K Gr. dotéptog, starry,
Káatāp, a star.] Relating to or connected with
the stars.
If the deep learn’d asterial quacks
Paint Time to life in almanacks,
He has on brow a lock of hair,
But all his lead beside is bare. -
T. Ward, England's Reformation, p. 298.
asterialite (as-té’ri-a-lit), n. IK Asterias, 1, +
—lite.] A fossil starfish.
Asterias (as-tê'ri-as), m. [NL., K. L. asterias, K
GT. dotepiaç, a fish, lit. starry, K datāp, a star.]
1. The genus of -
starfishes which §
is typical of the -
family Asterii-
daº.—2. [l. c.]
In Ornith., an
old and disused
name of the gos-
hawk, goose- -
hawk, or star-
º-º-º:
- sº
- *
* . . - Sº d
*... 3 S. Yº fº
tº sº ºf g * º
§ 2 º'
*
º
Sº g
º
§§
*
sº
ºne- ºr ºr sº
Šºš
sº Sº
hawk. See As- s:
twº'. Aft
asteriated (as- sº
të'ri-ā-ted), a.
y 2
[S Gr. *rēplog, common starfish (Asterias/orces).






23
asteriated
starry, + -ate? ---ed?..] Exhibiting the prop-
erty of asterism: as, asteriated sapphire. See
asterism, 4.
asterid (aste-rid), n. IK Asteridae.] A starfish;
a member of the genus Asterias, ºr family Asº
teriidae, or some other division of the order As-
teroidea. Also called asteridan and asteridian.
Asterida (as-ter’i-dà), m. pl. [NL., K.Asterias, 1,
+ -ida.] In Gegenbaur's system of classifica-
tion, an order of the class Asteroida, including
the typical starfishes.
Asteridae (as-ter’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., K.Asterias, 1,
+ -idae.] 1. Same as Asteriidae.—2. Some su-
perfamily group of starfishes, more or less ex-
actly equivalent to Asteroidea (which see).
asteridan (as-ter’i-dan), m. Same as asterid.
Asteridea (as-tº-rid’é-á), m. pl. [NL., Asterias,
1, + -idea.] A superfamily group of starfishes.
(a) More or less nearly the same as an order Asteroidea,
distinguishing the starfishes collectively from other echi-
noderms. (b) More or less nearly the same as a class
Asteroidea or Stellerida, distinguishing the starfishes and
sand-stars (ophiurians) together from other echinoderms.
asteridian (as-te-rid’i-an), m. and a. [K asterid
+ -ian.] I. m. Same as asterid.
II. a. Of or pertaining to the Asteriidae.
The asteridian affinities of the class [Brachiopoda] have
been hinted at by King. B'ncyc. Brit., IV. 188.
asteriid (as-té’ri-id), n. A starfish of the fam-
kily Asteriidae.
Asteriidae (as-tº-ri'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Aste-
*ias, 1, + -idae.] A family of echinoderms, of
the order Asteroidea,
the starfishes, class
Asteroidea or Stelle-
rida, represented by
Such genera as As-
terias or Astropecten
and Lwidia, having
four rows of pedi-
cellate feet in each
ray. Also Asteridae,
and, less correctly,
Cross-section of ray of Asterias
atarazz traczes.
a, a, ambulacral or vertebral os-
+48 ter iada. A i. º sº c, c, margi-
As —fo-pi/- nal ossicles; d, paxillae upon antam-
st €IIIla, (as te I’l bulacral surface.
nä), n. [NL., & Gr.
ão Tàp, a star, -i- -ina.] The typical genus of
starfishes of the family Asterinidae. A. gibbosa
is the gibbous starlet.
Asterina is a large genus, almost world-wide in its dis-
tribution. The skeleton is formed of imbricated or over-
lapping and notched ossicula. Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 159.
asterinid (as-ter’i-nid), n. A starlet of the fam-
*ily Asterinidae.
Asterinidae (as-te-rin’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. As-
terina + -idae.] A family of starfishes, contain-
ing the starlets of the genera Asterina, Asteris-
cus, Goniaster, etc.
asterion (as-té'ri-on), m. , NL., K. Gr. Öotéptog,
neut. doréptov, starry, starlike, Kóothp, a star.]
In anat., the point where the lambdoid, parie-
tomastoid, and occipitomastoid sutures of the
skull meet.
Asteriscus (as-te-ris’kus), m. [NL., K. Gr. &ote-
piokoç, a little star: see asterisk.] 1. A genus
of starfishes, of the family Asterinidae: synony-
mous with Palmipes. The species are known
as sea-stars.—2. [l. c.] An otolith lodged, in
most fishes, in a diverticulum of the vestibule,
beneath the ampulla of the posterior canal.
asterisk (asºte-risk), n. IKL.L. asteriscus, K. Gr.
dateptokoç, a little star, an asterisk, used in
manuscripts to mark passages, dim. of dotſ,p, a
star: see aster1.] 1. The figure of a star (*),
used in printing andwriting— (a) as a reference
to a passage or note in the margin; (b) to dis-
tinguish words or phrases as conjectural, theo-
retical, unverified, obscure, or as having some
other specified character; (c) to mark the omis-
sion of words or letters; and (d) arbitrarily, as a
mark of classification.—2. Something in the
shape of or resembling an asterisk.
The lanthorn is in the centre of an asterisk of glades,
cut through the wood of all the country round, four or
ſive in a quarter. Roger North, Lord Guilford, I. 258.
3. In the Gr. Ch., a frame consisting of two
arches of metal, crossing each other at right
* SS- º angles, placed on the paten
º and over the prepared bread
of the eucharist to prevent
contact with the covering
veil.
The asterisk . . . folds and un-
folds for the purpose of being more
conveniently put away. Its use is
to prevent the veil of the disk from
disarranging the order of the por-
tions; its mystical meaning . . . is the star which led the
Wise Men to the Infant Saviour.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 350, note,
Asterisk.
354;
asterism (aste-rizm), n. [K Gr. &creptop.68, a
marking with stars, a constellation, K &orepigetv,
mark with stars, K Čotho, a star, - E. star.] 1.
A group of stars: formerly equivalent to con-
stellation, but now appropriated to any small
cluster of stars, whether a part of a constella-
tion or not.
All set in number and in perfect form,
Liven like the Asterisms fix'd in heaven.
Chapman, Blind Beggar.
Any one who studies the heavens will recognize the fact
that the larger constellations have been robbed of their
just proportions to form the smaller asterisms.
R. A. Proctor, Light Science, p. 335.
2. An asterisk, or mark of reference. [IRare.]
—3. Three asterisks placed thus, *, *, or thus,
s”, before a passage, to direct attention to it.
–4. An optical property exhibited by some
crystallized minerals which show a star-shaped
luminous figure when viewed by reflected light,
as the asteriated Sapphire, or by transmitted
1ight, as some kinds of phlogopite. In the former
case it is due to certain peculiarities of internal structure,
in the latter to the inclusion of symmetrically arranged
acicular crystals.
astern (a-stèrn'), prep. phr. as adv, or a. [K
a8+ stern?..] 1. At or toward the hinder part
of a ship: as, to go astern.—2. Behind, at any
indefinite distance: as, the ship was far astern
of us.
Captain Terry . . . put off in his boat at Sunset for his
ship, which was now six or eight miles astern.
R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 36.
3. In the direction of the stern; backward;
back; to the rear: said of a ship: as, the cur-
rent drove us far asterm.—To back astern, to move
stern foremost ; go astern: said of a ship.—To be astern
of the reckoning, to be behind the position given for a
vessel by the reckoning.—To fall astern. See fall.
asternal (a-stèr’nal), a. [K Gr. 6- priv. --
otépyov, sternum.] 1. Having no sternum or
breast-bone, as a serpent. [Rare.]—2. Not
reaching to or connected with the sternum: as,
asternal ribs, that is, floating ribs, ribs which
do not articulate with the breast-bone.
Asterodactylidae (as/te-rö-dak-tilti-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Asterodactylus + -idae.] A family of
salient amphibians: synonymous with Pipidae
(which see). Also Asterodactyloidae and Astro-
dactylidae.
Asterodactylus (as "te-ró-dak’ti-lus), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. &othp, a star, + dākīvāoc, finger.] A genus
of salient amphibians: synonymous with Pipa,
(which see).
asteroid (asſte-roid), a. and n. [KGr. &otépoetó%g,
star-like, K&othp, a star, + elóog, form.] I. a. 1.
Star-like.—2. Having a flower like an aster.
II. n. 1. One of the small planets, about
700 of which are known, which (with one
known exception) lie between the orbits of
Mars and Jupiter: less accurately called plane-
toids. See planetoid.—2. One of the Aste-
roidea; a starfish, in a wide sense.
Asteroida (as-te-roiºdă), m. pl. [NL., KGr. &ote-
poetóñc, star-like: see asteroid.]. 1. In Gegen-
baur's system of classification, a class of echi-
noderms, the sea-stars or starfishes, consisting
of the orders Asterida, Brisingida, Ophiurida,
and Euryalida.-2. Same as Alcyonaria.
asteroidal (as-te-roiſdal), a. [K asteroid (or
Asteroida) + -al.] 1. Resembling a star. —
2. Pertaining to the asteroids.—3. Pertain-
ing to the starfishes.—4. Same as alcyonarian.
Asteroidea (as-te-roi"dē-ă), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
ãorepoetóñc, star-like: sée asteroid.] 1. An
order of echinoderms, the starfishes: so call-
ed from their star-like form. They have a more or
Development of Asterid Larvae.
A, echinopaedium of the form called bipinnaria, ventral view ; B,
lateral view; C, the bipinnaria showing rudiment of the starfish. a,
mouth; b, esoph s; c, stomach; c', intestime ; o, anus; x: É Verl-
tral and dorsal sides of anterior end of body; d, a , ciliated bands;
Ji, caecal diverticulum, forming rudiment of the ambulacral system,
opening externally at £.
less lobed or pentagonal disk; lobes continuous with the
disk, receiving prolongations of the viscera, and bearing
tube-feet with suckers, as locomotory organs ; and an
aboral madreporic body. The group includes several
families, as Brisingidae, Pterasteridae, Astropectinidae, 48-
asterophrydid (as/te-rofºri-did), n.
Asterophrys (as-tº-rofºris), n.
*also º aSma,
asthma.
terinidae, Gontasteridae, Linckiidae, and Asteriidae, or the
starfishes #. as distinguished from the sand-stars and
other echimoderms of the class Stellerida (which see).
They have a coriaceous skin, in which are implanted spines
or tubercles. The body is expanded into arms, the under
surface of which is marked with grooves, radiating from
the center, and pierced with rows of holes, whence issue
tentacular feet, by means of which the animals move.
Most have 5 arms or rays, but some have more, varying
from 8 to 30. They have the power of reproducing these
arms if they are broken off; and if an entire arm, with a
small portion of the body attached to it, is torn off, it forms
a new and perfect animal. The mouth is in the inferior
center of the rays, is not provided with teeth, and leads
by a short gullet into a large stomach, from which a pair
of lateral tubes are prolonged into each ray. A distinct
intestine and anus may or may not be present. The ami-
mals feed chiefly on mollusks. tº &
2. A class of echinoderms, containing the
sand-stars or ophiurians together with the
starfishes, and more or less exactly equivalent
to Stellerida (which see).—3. Same as Alcy-
Onaria.
Asterolepis (as-tº-ré-lep'is), n. [NL., K. Gr,
ôotàp, a star, + Metric, a scale.] A genus of
ostracoderm fishes found as fossils in the Old
Red Sandstone of Russia and Scotland, and
known only from detached plates: similar to
Pterichthys (which see), having a pair of plated
lateral appendages or “arms,” probably used
in pushing over muddy bottoms, and the head
and trunk well covered with plates.
térolepts of Stromness” has been given wide publicity by
the Writings of Hugh Miller, but the fish described by
him under this name in the “Footprints of the Creator”
has proved to belong to the genus Homostews, one of the
Arthrodira (a subclass of Paleozoic fishes, which see
in the supplement), of which Coccostews and Dimichthys
are the best-known examples. (See Coccostews and Di-
nichthys.
One of
the Asterophrydidae.
Agºgº (as "te-rö-frid' i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Asterophrys H- -idae.] A family of ar-
ciferous salient amphibians with maxillary
teeth, dilated sacral diapophyses (the coccyx
being connected with one condyle to the
sacral vertebra), and opisthocoelian vertebrae.
It is a small group of toad-like animals.
[NL., K. Gr.
ãothp, a star, + šppūg, eyebrow: see brow.]
A genus of arciferous amphibians of New
Guinea, typical of the family Asterophrydidae.
asterophyllite (as 7te ºffi'it), i. tº Ni.
Asterophyllites.] A member of the genus Aste-
ºrophyllites.
Asterophyllites (asºte-rº-fi-litéz), n., [NL.,
Gr. &othp, a star, -/- $52%0v, a leaf, + Affog,
a stone..] A genus of fossil plants; star-leaf:
so called from the stellated disposition of the
leaves around the branches. They abound in the
coal-measures, and are believed to be the branches of the
Calamites or Calamodendrom.
astertt, v. See astart. r
asthenia (as-the-ni’â), m. [NL., K. Gr. Ögöéveta,
weakness, K Čoffevåg, without strength, K &-priv.
+ offévog, strength.] 1. In pathol., debility;
want of strength. Also astheny.—2. [cap.] In
*20.6l., a genus of insects.
asthénic (as-them'ik), a. [K Gr. 606evſkóg, weak,
Käoffevåg : see asthenia.] Of the nature of as-
thenia; characterized by or suffering from as-
thenia or debility; weak. -
asthenology (as-the-nol’ô-ji), n. [K Gr. Goffe-
v%g, weak (see asthenia), +-Aoya, K Aéyetv, speak:
see -ology.] The doctrine of diseases connected
with debility. - -
asthenopia (as-the-nó'pi-á), n. [NL., KGr. 600e-
våg, weak (see asthenia), + dip (67-), eye.] Weak-
ness of the eyes. Two forms are especially important:
(a) accommodative asthenopia, which is the result of the ex-
haustion of the ciliary muscle, as in hypermetropia; and
(b) muscular asthenopia, which is the result of some ex-
haustion of the external muscles of the eye, usually the
internal rectus.
asthenopic (as-the-nop'ik), a. Pertaining to,
resembling, or suffering from asthenopia.
For reading, the manifest hypermetropia should be cor-
rected, the strength of the glasses being increased as often
as asthenopic symptoms reappear.
- Encyc. Brit., XVII, 785.
Asthenurus (as-the-nii’rus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
&offevåg, weak (see asthenia), + oipá, tail.] 1.
In Ornith., a genus of woodpeckers: synony-
mous with Picumnus. Swainson, 1827.—2.
Čchth., a genus of fishes.
astheny (as'the-ni), n. Same as asthenia, 1.
asthma (ast’mā or as "mă), n. [Early mod. E.
KME, as ma, asmy, KML. asſma,
asthma, KGr. &offua, asthma, panting, Köſelv, also
&áčetv, atáčetv, breathe hard, pant, K &fnat (*Faff-
val), breathe, blow, = Goth. waian = AS. wava?
G. waſan, MHG. wafen, G. wehen = Skt.
V va, blow. From the same root, in Gr., come
The “As- “



asthma
air”, aura, aula, atmo-, etc., and in Teut., wind?,
• W. J. A paroxysmai disorder of respiration,
characterized by labored breathing, sibilant
rales, a feeling of constriction in the chest, and
90ugh. The essential feature of the attacks is the con-
traction of the bronchial tubes through spasm of the mus-
cles in their walls. The name is sometimes loosely applied
to other dyspnoeic conditions.—Hayasthma, Same as
#m. which see). -
àsthmatic (ast- or as-mat'ik), a. and n. [K L.
asthmaticus, K Gr. &ctuartkóg, K àojanº), asthma:
See asthma.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to asthma:
as, asthmatic symptoms.—2. Affected by asth-
ma. : as, an asthmatic patient. w
He reads from paper and book,
In a low and husky asthmatic tone.
Whittier, Demon of the Study.
II. n. A person troubled with asthma.
asthmatical (ast- or as-mat’i-kal), a.
as asthmatic.
asthmatically (ast- or as-mat’i-kal-i), adv. In
an asthmatic manner; as an asthmatic.
Asthmatos (ast/ma-tos), n. [NL., K. Gr. &off-
Aua (T-), panting, asthma: see asthma.] A ge-
nus of cilioflagellate infusorians, having at the
anterior end a single flagellum in the midst
of a circlet of cilia. A. ciliaris is found in the mucus
of the nose in cases of hay fever, and is supposed to cause
the complaint.
astichous (as’ti-kus), a. [K NL. astichus, K Gr.
a-priv. 4- orizog, a row.] In bot. and 206l., not
arranged in ranks or rows.
astigmatic (as-tig-mat'ik), a. [K Gr. 6- priv.
+ oriyua(T-), a point, + -ic: see a-18, stigma,
and stigmatic..] Pertaining to or exhibiting
astigmatism.
astigmation (as-tig-mâ’ shgn), m.
astigmatism. ry
àstigmatism (as-tig'ma-tizm), n. [Also astīg-
mism; K Gr. 3- priv. 4- oriyua(T-)
+ -ism.] 1. In ophthal., a defect in the réfracº
tive apparatus of the eye, the curvature of the
refracting surfaces being greater along certain
meridians than along others, so that rays of
light proceeding from an external point do not
converge to a point upon the retina, but to a
line.—2. A similar defect of spherical aſberra-
tion in a lens.
Astigmatism denotes the failure of a lens to focus on
vertical and on horizontal lines at the same time. The
photograph of a checker-board or of checked cloth, made
with an ordinary lens, will illustrate this failing very
clearly. The correction of this defect is the great advan-
tage of the modern stigmatic lens.
Trade Catalogue.
Same
Same as
astigmometer (as-tig-mom’e-tër), n. [K astig-
m(atism) + Gr. Härpov, a measure.] An instru-
ment for measuring astigmatism.
Zehender describes a new astigmometer, consisting of
two pasteboard tubes, one of which fitted into the other
and could be revolved around its long axis.
N. Y. Med. Jowr., XL. 218.
* a stigmometry (as-tig-mom’e-tri), n. IK astig-
m(atism) + Gr. -uetpia, K plátpov, a measure.] The
measurement of astigmatism.
a stipulater (as-tip’il-lāt), v. [K T. astipulatus,
pp. of a stipulari, adstipulari, agree with, Kad,
to, + stipulari, stipulate: see stipulate.] I. in-
trans. To make a stipulation; agree.
All, but an hateful Epicurus, have a stipulated to this
truth. Bp. Hall, Invisible World, ii. § 1.
II. trans. To assent or agree to.
astipulation? (as-tip-ſi-lä'shgn), n. IKL. astipu-
latio(n-), K astipulari, adstipulari, agree with:
see astipulate.] 1. Agreement; concurrence.
Gracing himself . . . with the astipulation of our rev-
erend Jewell. Bp. Hall, Honour of Married Clergy, ii. § 8.
2. Assent.
astir (a-stèr’), prep. phr., as adv. or a. I- Sc.
asteer, earlier on steir; K ač -H stir.] n the
stir; on the move; stirring; active.
I'or the Nantes youth, the º: youth, all Brittany
was a stir. Carlyle, French Rev., I. iv. 2.
Permeated and tinged and all astir with the principle
of equality. R. Choate, Addresses, p. 162.
Astoma (as’tó-mâ), m. ... [NL., fem, sing. or
neut. pl. of astomus, K. Gr. &otouoc, mouthless:
see astomous.] 1. [NL., fem. sing.] A spuri-
ous genus of mites, the six-legged larval form
of acarines of the family Trombidiidae, retained
as a distinctive name of this stage.—2. [NL.,
neut. pl.] In Cuvier's system of classifica-
tion, a general name for those acalephs or me-
dusae which have no central mouth, no rami-
fications of the peduncle, and no cavities for
the ovaries. [Not in use.]
Astomata (as-tó'ma-tá), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl.
of astomatus: see astomatows.] That one of the
two groups into which the Protozoa are divided,
with reference to the presence or absence of a
a point,
355
mouth, in which the mouth is wanting. The
roup comprises two classes, Gregarinida and
Rhizopoda. See Protozoa.
astomatous (as-tó'ma-tus), a. [K NL, astoma-
tus, K. Gr. 6- priv. 4- orðua(r-), mouth.] 1. Not
possessing a mouth; specifically, belonging or
pertaining to the Astomata.-2. In bot., with-
out an aperture; specifically, without stomata
or breathing-pores.
astomous (as’tó-mus), a. [KNL. astomus, KGr.
%; mouthless, Kä-priv. 4- oróua, mouth.]
Without a stoma or mouth; astomatous: ap-
plied to mosses in which the capsule does not
open regularly by an operculum, but bursts ir-
regularly, as in Phascum and its allies. A. Gray.
astoni, astonet, astunt, v. t. [K ME. astonen, as-
tunen, astoonen, astounen (later and rarely as-
tome), also astonien, astumien (whence later and
mod. astony, q.v., and by extension astonish, q.
V.), oftenest in the pp. astoned, astuned, astowned
(whence in mod. E. a new inf, astound, q.v.),
also astonied º astony); of uncertain origin:
either (1) in the earlier normal form *aštunien,
KAS. *āstumian (not found), K d- + stunian, re-
Sound (not verified in the later sense of “stun
with a noise,’ stun in this sense being possibly
by tºº. from astun); cf. Swiss stinen, X
NHG. Stawmen (in comp. erstaunem = AS. *āstu-
nian?), astonish; or (2) K OF. estoner, estumer,
estonner, mod. F. 6tonner, stun, astonish, K L.
as if “eactomare, equiv. to attomare, chiefly in pp.
attonitus, strike with a thunderbolt, stun, as-
tonish, Kew, out (ad, to), + tomare, thunder: see
as-3, ex-, and thunder. The indications point
to an orig. AS. word, merged in ME. with the
etymologically different but formally and no-
tionally equiv. OF. word. The forms aston,
astone, astun, astony, astomish, and astownd aro
thus variations of the same word. The normal
mod. form is astun (a-stun (), or with further de-
velopment astound, the only form, besides as-
tonish, in actual use.] To confound; astonish;
amaze; bewilder; dismay. Chaucer.
On the solid ground
He fell rebounding breathless, and astunn’d
His trunk extended lay.
Somerville, Hobbinol, ii. 384.
astoniednessł, n. [K astomied -H, -ness.] The
state of being astonished.
astonish (a-ston’ish), v. t. [First in early mod.
E.; either K aston, astone, or astomy, + -ish.2,
used (as in distinguish and eactinguish) in imita-
tion of words like abolish, banish, cherish, etc.,
where -ish represents -iss- in certain parts of
F. verbs; or perhaps from an actual OF. *eston-
nir (*estoniss-), indicated in estonissement, aston-
ishment (Palsgrave).] 1+. To stun, as with a
blow; benumb; give a stupefying shock to.
Or as a thunder-clap, or cannons' noyse,
The power of hearing doth astonish quite.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal. of Soul.
The knaves that lay in wait behind rose up and rolled
down two huge stones, whereof the one smote the king
upon the head, the other astonished his shoulder.
Holland, tr. of Livy, xlii. 15.
2+. To stun or strike dumb with sudden fear;
confound.
It is the part of men to fear and tremble,
When the most mighty gods, by tokens, send -
Such dreadful heralds to astomish us.
Shak., J. C., i. 3.
3. To strike or impress with wonder, surprise,
or admiration; surprise; amaze.
Thou hast astomish'd me with thy high terms.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 2.
The student of Nature wonders the more and is aston-
ished the less, the more conversant he becomes with her
Operations. Hwæley, Lay Sermons, p. 260.
What shall we say of the ocean telegraph, that exten-
sion of the eye and ear, whose sudden performance aston-
ished mankind? Emerson, Works and Days.
=Syn, 3. Surprise, Amaze, etc. (see surprise); startle,
shock.
astonishablet (a-ston’ish-a-bl), a.
+ -able.] Astonishing.
astonishedly (a-ston’isht-li), adv. In an aston-
ished manner. [Rare.]
astonisher (a-ston’ish-er), m.
which astonishes.
astonishing (a-ston’ish-ing), p. a. Causing or
fitted to cause astonishment; amazing; Wonder-
ful. =Syn. Amazing, surprising, wonderful, marvelous.
astonishingly (3-ston’ish-ing-li), adv. In an
astonishing manner; to an astonishing degree.
astonishingness (a-ston’ish-ing-nes), n. The
quality of exciting astonishment. [Rare.]
astonishment (a-ston’ish-ment), m. . [Kastom-
ish + -ºnent. Cf. OF. estonissement (Palsgrave).]
1. The state of being astonished. (at) The state
of being stunned or benumbed. -
IK astonish
One who or that
astoref, v. t.
Astoreth (as ‘tº-reth), m.
astound (a-stound'), v.
astounding (a-stoun'ding), p. a.
astoundingly (a-stoun'ding-li), adv.
astoundment (a-stound' ment), n.
Astraea (as-tré’â), m.
Astraeacea (as-trā-ā'sé-á), m. pl.
Astraeacea.
A coldness and astonishment in his loins, as folk say.
Holland
(bf) Confusion of mind from sudden fear or other emo-
tion; consternation.
Astonishment is that state of the soul in which all its
motions are suspended with some degree of horror.
Burke, Sublime and Beautiful.
(cf) Passion; excitement; frenzy.
Furious ever I knew thee to be,
Yet never in this strange astonishment.
(d) Great surprise or wonder; amazement.
We found, with no less wonder to us than astonishment
to themselves, that they were the two valiant and famous
brothers. - Sir P. Sidney.
2. A cause or matter of consternation.
Thou shalt become an a8tonishment, a proverb, and a
byword among all nations. Deut. xxviii. 37.
Those imaged, to the pride of kings and priests,
A dark yet mighty faith, a power as wide
As is the world it wasted, and are now
But an a8tonishment.
Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, iii. 4.
=Syn, 1. Amazement, admiration, awe.
Spenser.
astony (as-ton’i), v. #". and pp. astonied,
ppr. astonying. ... astonien, rarely astu-
mien : see aston.] 1+. To stun, as with a blow.
The captain of the Helots . . . strake Palladias upon
the side of his head that he reeled astonied.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i. 23.
2. To astonish ; terrify; confound. [Obsolete
or archaic.]
And when I heard this thing, I rent my garment and
my mantle, . . . and sat down astomied. Ezra ix. 3.
A8tomying with their suddenness both their friends and
their enemies. molles.
And I astomied fell and could not pray. Mrs. Browning.
[K ME. astorem (and by apheresis
storem, X mod. E. store), KOF. estorer, estaurer,
K L. instaurare, repair, renew : see instaura-
tion and store.] To store; furnish with stores.
Ful riche he was astored prively.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1.609.
[See Ashtoreth.]
Same as Astarte.
astoundt (3-stound'), p. a. [Early mod. E. also
astown'd, KME. astouned, astoned, astuned, pp.
of astounen, astonem, astwmen, astonish: see
aston, astony, and cf. astownd, v.] Astonished;
confounded. See aston.
The elf there with astownd
Upstarted lightly. Spenser.
[As an inf. this form
is late, being due in part to the pp. astound,
astouned, and in part perhaps to the frequent
dissimilated gemination of final -n into -nd, as
in Sound for Sown, etc.; so dial. drownd for
drown, pp. drownded for drowned.] I, trans.
To astonish greatly; strike dumb with amaze-
ment; amaze; alarm.
These thoughts may startle well, but not astownd
The virtuous mind. Miltom, Comus, l. 210.
In the architecture and embellfshments of the chamber,
the evident design had been to dazzle and astownd.
Poe, Tales, I. 375.
=Syn. Swrprise, Astonish, Amaze, etc. (see surprise); con-
found, stagger, dumfounder, stupefy, shock.
II. intrans. To cause astonishment; amaze;
stun.
The lightnings flash a larger curve, and more
The noise astownds. Thomsom, Summer, l. 1138.
g Causing or
fitted to cause surprise or wonder; causing
amazement; highly astonishing.
The third is your soldier's face, a menacing and astound-
ing face. B. Jomsom, Cynthia's Revels.
His [Comte's] astownding self-conceit was more akin to
that which may be seen in lunatic asylums than to any-
thing which is known to have been manifested by persons
in a state of health. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 142.
In an
astounding or amazing manner; amazingly.
IK astound
+ -ment.] Amazement. [Rare.]
To the astowndment of the young urchins, my contem-
poraries. Lamb, Old Benchers.
astraddle (3-strad’l), prep. phr, as adv. or a.
[Ka8+ straddle: see straddle.] In a straddling
position; with one leg on each side of some-
thing; astride: as, to sit astraddle.
[K L. Astraºa, K. Gr. Ao-
Tpata, the goddess of justice, lit. starry, fem. of
ão Tpalog, starry, Káotpov, a star: see astral.] 1.
A name sometimes given to the sign Virgo.—
2. The 5th planetoid, discovered at Driesen by
Henke in 1845.-3. [NL.] In 200l., a genus of
fixed coralligenous zoöphytes, or stone-corals,
typical of the family Astra:idae, or star-corals,
See star-coral.
Also spelled Astrea.
- [NL., K. As-
traºa -- -acea.] In Verrill’s system of classifi-
{
Astraeacea, |
cation, the third suborder of the order Madre.
poraria. The technical characters are: polyps mostly
compound, either by fissiparity or various moues of bud-
ding; tentacles usually well developed, long, subcylindri-
cal, limited in number, in multiples of six) encircling the
disk; the coral mural, septal, and endothepal, with verti-
cal and centrifugal growth, producing tufbinated forms
which are often elongated. The families #eferred to the
order as thus defined are 8: Lithophyllidae, Meandrinidae,
Eusmiiiidge, Caryophyllidae, Stylinitiae, Astraeidae, oculi.
midae, Stylophoridae. Also written Astreacha.
astraean (as-tré'an), a. º. 1. See astream.–2.
Pertaining to or resembling the genus Astra’a.
Imbedded in the base of this cliff of coral limestone
were two dome-shaped masses of Astroeam coral.
Trams. Roy. Soc. Edin., XXXII. 558.
astraeid (as-tré'id), a. and n. I. a. Same as
astra’an, 2.
The large astroeid and brain corals imbedded in the up-
per portion of the cliff-face were only half the size of those
imbedded some 15 or 20 feet below.
Trams. Roy. Soc. Edin.., XXXII, 551.
II. m. A coral of the family Astratidae.
Astraeidae (as-tré’i-dé), m. pl. [NL.; K Astraºa
+ -idae.] . A family of aporose scleroderma-
tous stone-corals, of the order Sclerodermata,
class Actinozoa, the star-corals: so called from
the radiated or star-like arrangement of their
tentacles. The family is a large and important one,
containing several genera, the animals of which largely
contribute to the formation of coral reefs. Its limits
*vary with different authors. Also spelled Astreidge.
astraiform (as-tré’i-fôrm), a. . [K NL. Astrata
+ L. forma, form.] Resembling a star-coral;
having the characters of the Astratidae or star-
corals: as, “astratiform in shape,” Encyc. Brit.,
VI. 383.
astragal (asſtra-gal), n. [K astragalus, q. V.]
1. In arch.: (a) A small convex molding cut
into the form of a
string of beads, used
in classical architec-
ture, especially in
connection with the
egg-and-dart mold-
ing and between the
faces of different pro-
jection of Ionic and
Corinthian epistyle
and coffering beams. (b) A small plain convex
molding, usually with a fillet beneath it, some-
times between two fillets, used between the
capital and the shaft of classic orders, except
the Greek Doric, and in many other positions
in classic, medieval, and later styles. See cut
under column. Also called bead.—2. A convex
molding encircling a cannon near the mouth:
not present on modern guns.—3. In carp., one
of the rabbeted bars which hold the panes of a
window.—4. In anat., the astragalus.
astragalar (as-trag'a-lär), a. [K astragalus +
-ar.] Pertaining to the astragalus.
astrăgali, n. Piurál of astragalus. .
Astragalinus (as-trag-a-li'nus), m. [NL., K as-
tragalus + -īnus.] An old and disused name of
some European siskin, lin.net, or thistle-bird.
In 1851 it was used by J. Cabanis as a genus name of the
American goldfinches, such as A. tristis, the common gold-
finch or thistle-bird of the United States, A. psaltria, the
Arkansas goldfinch, etc.
astragalocalcanea, n.
COI)?670)72. - ſº
astragalocalcaneal (as-trag'à-ló-kal-kā’né-al),
a. Pertaining to the astragalocalcaneum.
astragalocalcaneum (as-trag"8-1ö-kal-kā’né-
um), ºn. ; pl. astragalocalcanea (-ā). [K astragá-
lus + calcaneum.] A bone of the tarsus repre-
senting both the astragalus and the calcaneum,
as in lizards and birds. It is supposed also to include
the naviculare, in some cases at least, and thus to repre-
sent the whole proximal row of tarsal bones. In some
lizards, as members of the genus Varamºus, it is very large,
perfectly distinct, extended transversely, but little back-
ward, and movably articulated with the tibia, fibula, and
distal tarsal bones.
astragaloid (as-trag'a-loid), a. [K astragalus
+ -oid.] In amat., of or pertaining to the as-
tragalus.
astragalomancy (as-trag'a-ló-man-si), m. [K
Gr. dotpāyaāog, a die, -- piavteia, divination; cf.
ão Tpaya%uavrig, a diviner from dice (uávrig, a
diviner, a prophet): see astragalus.] Divina-
tion by means of huckle-bones or dice.
astragalonavicular (as-trag'a-ló-nā-vik’ī-lär),
a. and m. [Kastragalus + mavicular.] I. a. An
epithet descriptive of a tarsal bone of some rep-
tiles, as a crocodile, supposed to represent an
astragalus and a navicular bone combined.
The tarsus presents, proximally, an astragalo-navicular
bone. IIwazley, Anat. Vert., p. 220.
II. m. A bone of the tarsus. See I.
The distal end of the astragalo-mavicular.
IIwazley, Anat, Vert., p. 221.
Astragal in Greek Architecture.
Plural of astragalocal-
356
astragaloscaphoid (as-trag'a-ló-skaf’oid), a.
[K astragalus + Scaphoid.] Pertaining to both
the astragalus, and the scaphoid or navicular
bone; connecting these two bones: as, the as-
tragaloscaphoid ligament.
astragalotibial (as-trag'a-lö-tib’i-gl), a. [K
astragalus + tibial.] Pertaining to both the
astragalus and the tibia: as, astragalotibial
articulation.
astragal-plane (as’tra-gal-plan), m. In joinery,
a bench-plane of the shape necessary to form
astragals.
astragal-tool (as ‘tra-gal-tól), n. A turning-
chisel with a concave face for cutting astragals.
astragalus (as-trag' 3-lus), m.; pl. astragal;
(-li). [L., K. Gr. &otpāyaāog, one of the ver-
tebrae, the ball of the ankle-joint, a die, an
architectural molding, a le inous plant;
prob. from same root as boréov, a bone. Cf.
osteo-.] 1. In anat., the tibiale, or innermost
one of the proximal row of tarsal bones. In
mammals it articulates with the tibia and enters into the
tibiotarsal or ankle-joint; in birds it is ankylosed with
the tibia, forming more or less of the tibial condyles, and
entering into the mediotarsal or so-called tibiometatarsal
joint or heel-joint. In man and some other mammals it
is known as the talus, huckle-bone, ankle-bone, or sling-
bone, being the uppermost bone of the tarsus, and chiefly
or entirely receiving the weight of the body, in so far as
this is borne upon the foot or hind foot. See cuts under
Dronna wº, foot, and hock1.
2. [cap.] [NL.] A very large genus of plants,
of the family Fabaceae, mostly low herbs,
found in all parts of the world except Austra-
lia and South Africa. Over 1,000 species are known
in the old world, and about 200 in North America, chiefly
west of the Mississippi. Very few are of any value. A.
gummifer and a group of allied species, low spiny shrubs
of Asia Minor, Syria, and Persia, are the source of the gum
tragacanth of commerce. Some of the same species also
yield a sort of manna. A. Baeticus is cultivated in some
parts of Europe for its seeds, which are used as a substitute
for coffee. In the United States several species are known
as loco-weed, and are poisonous to animals eating them.
astrain (a-strān’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Ka8
+ strain..] On the strain; straining. -
astrakhan (as’tra-kan), n. IK Astrakhan (Russ.
Astrakhanić), a city and government (province)
of Russia..] 1. A name given to skins with a
curled wool (the pelts of young lambs) obtained
from Astrakhan in European Russia.—2. A
rough woolen fabric with a long and closely
curled pile in imitation of the fur.
astrakhanite (asſtra-kan-it), n. IK Astrakhan
+ -ite2.] . A variety of blódite from the salt
A lakes of Astrakhan.
àstral (asſtral), a. and n. IK L.L. astralis, K L.
astrum, a star, K. Gr. &otpov, a star, a constella-
tion, Káotàp, a star, = E. star : see asterl and
star.] I. a. 1. Belonging to the stars; starry.
Astral showers covered the heavens.
Palsgrave, Norm. and Eng., III. 831. (N. E. D.)
2. Specifically, in theosophy, an epithet descrip-
tive of a supersensible substance supposed to
pervade all space and enter into all bodies;
odic; biogenig.—Astral body, in theosophy, a living
form composed of astral fluid ; a ghost, wraith, or double;
an astral.-Astral fluid, od; biogen. See these words.
—Astral lamp, a lamp with an annular reservoir for oil,
which is connected with the wick-tube by two small tubes.
These tubes offer the only obstruction to the passage of
all rays which fall between the reservoir and the stem of
the lamp-stand, the shadow cast by lamps of the ordinary
construction being thus in great measure avoided.—AS-
tral spirits, spirits believed, in the middle ages, to peo-
ple the stars. They were variously conceived as fallen an-
gels, souls of departed men, or spirits originating in fire,
and hovering between heaven and earth, and between
earth and hell. *
II. m. In theosophy, an astral form or body.
Two or more astrals will make this journey together.
A. P. Sinnett.
astrand (a-strand’), prep. phr, as adv. or a. [K
a8+ strand.] Stranded.
The tall ship, whose lofty prore
Shall never stem the billows more,
I)eserted by her gallant band,
Amid the breakers lies astramd.
Scott, L. of the L., vi. 13.
astranget, v. t. An old spelling of estrange.
Astrapaeus (as-tra-pê'us), n. DNL., K. Gr., áo-
Tpattalog, of lightning, Käotpath, lightning.] A
genus of brachelytrous beetles, of the family
Staphylimida!. *
astraphobia (as-tra-fö'bi-á), n. . [NL., K. Gr.
ãotpath, var. of āoreportſ, oreporth thunder and
ightnig. 4 offia, Xºftoº, feari in pathoi,
morbid dread of thunder and lightning.
Astrapia (as-trapſi-á), n. [NL., K.Gr, dotpáTog,
var. of darparalog, of lightning, K &otpath, light-
ning.] A genus of sturnoid passerine birds of
New Guinea, sometimes located in the family
Sturmidae next to Manucodia, sometimes referred
to the Paradiseidas, having a very long gradu-
astrictiveness
ated tail, like a magpie's, paired lateral crests
on the head, and the whole plumage brilliantly
iridescent. A. nigra, or A. ſºlariº, is the paradise-pie,
also known as the incomparable. -
astraught? (as-trät’), p. a. [Substituted for
distraught, q. v.] istracted; distraught;
aghast. Golding.
astraunget (as-trānj"), v. t. An old form of
estrange. e
astrayi (a-strā'), v. i. [K ME. astraßen, only in
pp. astrăied (after OF, estraié, estrayé, whence
also appar. the ME, adj. : see astray, a.), or by
apheresis straien (> E. Stray), K OF. 68traier,
stray, prob. = Pr. estraguar, Klate ML. 62-trava-
garé, K.L. extra, without, out, + vagare, wander:
see extravagant. See estray and stray, which
are doublets of astray.] To go out of the right
way; go astray; stray.
astray (a-strā’), adv. and a. ...[K ME. astray,
astraie, astraye (also, and earlier in recorded
date, by expansion and adaptation, o Strai,
on stray, on the straye; mod. E. as if a.3 +
stray), also astrayey, K OF. estraié, estrayé,
strayed (cf. ME. astraied), pp. of estraier, 68-
trayer, go astray: see astray, v. The word is
thus orig. a. p. a., later assimilated to the form
of a prep. phr. like asleep, etc. Cf. alightl and
aslope.] Out of the right way or proper place,
either literally or figuratively; wandering.
Thou shalt not see thy brother's ox or his sheep go
astray, and hide thyself from them. Deut. xxii. 1.
The guides would purposely lead the Castilians astray,
and involve them in morasses. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 42.
With eyes astray, she told mechanic beads.
- Lowell, Cathedral.
astre+, m. [E. dial. auster, in austerland, q.v.,
early mod. E. astire, *astere, & M.E. *astre, KOF.
astre, aistré (M.L. astrum), mod. F. dtre, a
-hearth; origin unknown.] A hearth; a home.
Astrea, n. See Astraca.
astrean (as-tré'an), a. [K L. *astrous, K. Gr.
ãotpaioc, pertaining to a star, K Čorpov, a star.]
Of or belonging to the stars. Also spelled as-
traºan. [Rare.]
Every Star in Heaven is coloniz'd and replenish'd with
Astream. Inliabitants. Howell, Letters, iii. 9.
astreated (asſtré-ā-ted), p. a. [K L.L. as if
*astreatus, pp. of *astreare, only inppr. astreams,
gleam like a star, K astrum, a star: see astral.]
Furnished with star-like ornaments. Imp. Dict.
Astreidae, m. pl. See Astratidae.
astrelabieł, n. One of various Middle Eng-
lish spellings of astrolabe.
Astrelata (as-trel'a-tá), n, See CEstrelata.
astrict (as-trikt’), v. t. [K L. astrictus, pp. of
astringere, draw close: see astringe.] 1+. To
bind fast ; confine. Hall.—2. In Scots law,
to limit. See astriction, 3.—3. To constrict;
contract. [Rare.]
The solid parts were to be relaxed or astricted.
Arbuthnot, Aliments.
4. To constrain; restrict. [Rare.]
The mind is . . . astricted to certain . . . forms of
thought. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., xl.
Formerly also adstrict.
astrict# (as-trikt'), a. [K L. astrictus, pp.: see
the verb.] Brought into small compass; com-
pendious; concise.
astricted (as-trik’ted), p. a. Restricted. See
astriction, 3. Formerly also adstricted.
astriction (as-trik'shgn), m. [K L. astrictio(n-),
a power of contracting, Kastringere, pp. astric-
tus, contract: see astringe.] 1+. Restriction;
obligation.
Of marriage he is the author and the witness; yet
hence will not follow any divine astriction more than
what is subordinate to the glory of God, and the main
good of either party. Milton, Divorce, xiii. (Ord M.S.).
2. In med.: (a) The act of binding close or com-
pressing with ligatures. (b) A contraction of
parts by applications; the stopping of hemor-
rhages. (c) Constipation.—3. In Scots law,
the obligation imposed by the servitude of
thirlage, by which certain lands are restricted
to the use of a particular mill for the grinding
of grain. See thirlage.
Formerly also adstriction.
astrictive (as-trik’tiv), a. [K L. astrictus,
#. (see astrict), + -ive , = F. astrictif.] 1.
inding; obligatory. —2. Tending to contract
or draw together; astringent; styptic.
Being sodden, it is astrictive, and will strengthen a weak
stomach. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xx. 8
Formerly also adstrictive.
astrictiveness (as-trikºtiv-nes), n. IK astrictive
-ness.] The quality of being astrictive.
Formerly also adstrictiveness.

astrictory
astrictory (as-trik’tº-ri), a. . [KL. astrictorius,
binding, K astrictus, pp. of astringere: see
a8tringe.] Astringent; binding; apt to bind.
astride (a-strid'), prep.phr. as adv. or a. . [Ka8
+ stride..] With one leg on each side of some
object; with the legs wide apart.
Placed astride upon the bars of the palisade. Scott.
astriferous? (as-trif'e-rus), a. [K L. astrifer,
star-bearing, K astrum, a star, -- ferre = E.
bearl.] Bearing or containing stars. Blount.
astrigerous? (as-trij'e-rus), a. . [K L. aštriger
star-bearing, K astrum, a star, -F gérére, bear.
Bearing stars. Bailey. -
astrild (as 'trild), n. . [K Astrilda, Estrelda: see
Estrelda.] A bird of the genus hstreida (which
see): as, the gray astrild, Estrelda cinerea.
astringe (as-trinj"), v.; pret. and pp. astringed,
ppr. astringing. [Éarly mod. E. also adstringe,
K. L. astringere, adstringere, draw, close, con-
tract, K ad, to, -º- stringere, bind fast, strain:
see astrict, and stringent, 8trict, and 8train.]
I. trans. 1. To compress; bind together; con-
strict. [Rare.]
Which contraction . . . astringeth the moisture of the
brain, and thereby sendeth tears into the eyes.
Bacom, Nat. Hist., § 714.
2}. Figuratively, to oblige; constrain; bind by
obligation. -
II. intrans. To become solid; congeal. Hol-
land.
astringency (as-trin’jen-si), n. [= F. astrin-
gence; K astringent: see -ence, -ency.] The
quality of being astringent; especially, that
property in certain substances by which they
cause contraction of soft or relaxed parts of
the body: as, the astringency of acids or bitters.
astringent (as-trinſjent), a. and m. [= F. astrin-
gent, g L. astringen.(t-)s, adstringen (t-)s, ppr. of
astringere, adstringere, draw close, contract: see
astringe.] T. a. Binding; contracting; Con-
strictive; styptic.
A strengthening and astringent diet. . .
Arbuthnot, Aliments.
II. m. A substance which contracts the tis-
sues and canals of the body, condensing the
soft solids, and thereby checking or diminish-
ing excessive discharges, as of blood. The chief
astringents are the mineral acids, alum, lime-water, chalk,
salts of copper, zinc, iron, lead, and silver, and among
vegetables catechu, kino, oak-bark, and galls. Vegetable
astringents owe their efficacy to the presence of tannin.
Formerly also adstringent. -
astrºy (as-trinſjent-li), adv. In an astrin-
gent manner.
astringer (asſtrin-jër), m. See austringer.
astrite (as 'trit), n. IK L.L. astrites, also asteri-
tes, K. Gr. &orepitmg, a brilliant precious stone, K
ãothp, a star: see aster1.] Any radiated or star-
like fossil, as one of the detached articulations
of fossil encrimites; star-stone. See encrimite.
Also asterite and astroite.
astro-. [K Gr. &otpo-, combining form of dotpov,
a star: see astral and asterl.] The initial ele-
ment in many compound scientific terms of
Greek origin, meaning star.
Astrocaryum (as-trö-kāºri-um), m. [NL., K. Gr.
ãorpov, a star, -i- Kápvov, a nut..] A genus of
palms from 10 to 40 feet in height, with beauti-
ful pinnated leaves, inhabiting the tropical parts
of America. The stems are covered with stiff and sharp
spines, often a foot in length. The seed is inclosed in a
hard stony nut, and that is enveloped by a fleshy fibrous
#. The cattle of the upper Amazon feed on the
eshy pericarp of A. Murumuru. The wood of A. Ayr.
is much used for bows and for other purposes, and the fibers
of the leaves of A. Tucuma are used for fishing-nets.
astrofelt, astrophelt, m. [Found only in Spen-
ser as quoted. It is in the first instance appar. a.
manipulated form of asphodel (affodil, daffodil)
simulating L. astrum, a star, and fel, gall (‘bit-
ter’). In the second instance the name is
rofessedly taken from “Astrophel” (Sir Philip
idney), the subject of the elegy of that name
and of another elegy (by Matthew Roydon)
printed with it; in the latter also written AS-
trophill (“Our Astrophill did Stella love”), as
if p Gr. Šarpov, L. astrum, a star (“Stella,” “star-
light”), + ptAog, loving.] A name applied by
Spenser to some bitter herb.
My little flocke, whom earst I lov’d so well,
And wont to feede with finest grasse that grew,
Feedeye hencefoorth on bitter Astrofell,
And stinking Smallage, and unsaverie Rew.
- Spemser, Daphnaida, l. 346.
That hearbe of some Starlight is cald by name,
Of others Penthia, though not so well:
But thou, where ever thou doest finde the same,
From this day forth do call it Astrophel.
Spenser, Astrophel, l. 196.
astrogeny (as-troj'e-ni), n. [K Gr. Čarpov, a
star, + -yéveta, generation: see -geny..] The
357.
theory of the creation or evolution of the
celestial bodies; stellar cosmogony. H. Spen-
cer. Also astrogony.
astrognosy (as-trogºnó-si), n. IK Gr. &orpov,
a star, -F Yvägtg, knowledge: see gnostic.]
Knowledge of the stars, especially of the fixed,
stars, in respect to their names, magnitudes, astro
situations, etc.
*º. (a8-trö-gon'ik), a. Of or pertaining
to astrogony or astrogeny.
astrogony (as-trog'à-ni), n. [K Gr. &orpov, a
star, F -yovía, generation: see -gony.] Same
as astrogeny.
astrography (as-trogºra-fi), n. IK Gr. &orpov, a
star, + -ypaſpia, Kypapetv, write, describe.]
The science and art of mapping the stars,
especially by means of photography.
astroid (asſtroid), n. [K Gr. &orpoetó%g, star-
like, K &otpov, a star, -- eiðoç, form, likeness.
Cf. asteroid.] 1. In her., same as mullet.—2.
A plane curve of the sixth class and fourth or-
der, having two conjugate diameters of a conic
and the line at infinity as inflectional tangents.
astroite (asſtrö-it), n. [K L. astroites (Pliny),
an unknown precious stone, K. Gr. *āotpoſtmº, K
âcrpov, a star. Cf. astrite.] Same as astrite.
astrolabe (asſtrö-lāb), n. [Early mod. E. also
astrolaby, astroloby, etc., K ME. astrolabe, astro-
labie, astrelabie, astrolabre, etc., KOF. astrelabe,
mod. F. astrolabe, K --
ML. astrolabium, K. Gr.
&otpoſłółov (sc. Öpyavov,
instrument), an astro-
labe, prop. Ineut. Of
*āorpožá3og, lit. taking
stars, K&GTpov, a star, +
Żappāvelv, Aaffeiv, take.]
1. An obsolete astro-
nomical instrument of
different forms, used
for taking the altitude
of the sun or stars,
and for making other
astronomical observa-
tions. The name was ap-
plied to any instrument
with a graduated circle
or circles, but more especial-
ly to one intended to be held in the hand. Some astro-
labes were armillary spheres of complicated construction,
while others were planispheres intended to measure the
altitude only. One of the most important uses of the as-
trolabe was in navigation, for which it was superseded by
Hadley's quadrant and sextant.
My art cannot err;
If it does, I'll burn my astrolabe. -
Massinger, City Madam, ii. 2.
2. A stereographic projection of the sphere,
either upon the plane of the equator, the eye
being º to be in the pole of the world,
or upon the plane of the meridian, the eye
being in the point of intersection of the equi-
noctial and the horizon.
astrolabyt, n. Same as astrolabe.
astrolatry (as-trol/a-tri), m. [= F. astrolátrie,
Gr. &gtpov, a star, H. Warpeta, worship: see la-
tria. Cf. idolatry.] Worship of the heavenly
bodies, as stars, the sun, etc.
astrolithology (as "trö-li-thol’ā-ji), m. [K Gr.
ão Tpov, a star, + Affog, a stone, H- -Aoyia, K Žé-
yetv, speak: see -ology. Cf. lithology.] The
scientific study of ačrolites or meteoric stones.
astrologer (as-trol’ā-jër), m. [K ME. astrolo-
ger, -ere (with suffix -er as in astronomer, etc.;
cf. astrologian), K L. astrologus, K. Gr. 607pożó-
yog, an astronomer, later an astrologer: see
astrology.] 1+. An astronomer; an observer
of the stars.
A worthy astrologer, by perspective glasses, hath found in
the stars many things unknown to the ancients. Raleigh.
2. One who professes to determine the influence
of the stars on persons, events, qualities, etc.
Astrologers that future fates foreshow. Pope.
astrologiant (as-trö-ló'ji-àn), n. IK ME. astro-
logiem, KOF. astrologiem = Pr. astrologian, K LL.
astrologia, astrology; L., astronomy: see astrol-
ogy and -an.] Same as astrologer.
astrologic (as-trö-loj'ik), a. Same as astrologi-
cal : as, “no astrologic wizard,” Dryden.
astrological (as-trö-loj’i-kal), a. [K Gr. Öorpo-
oyukóg, K &otpoãoyia:..see astrology.] Pertain-
ing to astrology; professing or practising as-
trology.
astrologically (as-trö-loj’i-kal-i), adv. In an
astrological manner; by means of or according
to astrology.
astrologize (as-trol’ā-jiz), v. ; pret, and pp.
astrologized, ppr. astrologizing. [K astrology +
—ize.] I. intrams. To practise astrology.
Sir Francis Drake's Astrolabe.
Royal Naval College, England.
astrolo
Astrolophida (as-trö-lof’i-dà), n.
astromancy (asſtrö-man-si), m.
astrometer (as-trom’e-tér), m.
astrometry (as-trom’e-tri), m.
astronomer (as-tron'6-mér), m.
a.Stronomer
II. trans. To ascertain by means of astrology.
Also spelled astrologise.
et (asſtrö-log), n. [Early mod. E.
... astrolog, K F. astrologue, K. L. astrolo-
An as-
and
gus, K. Gr. &gtpołóyog: See astrology.]
ºf; D'Urfey.
ogy (as-trol’ā-ji), n. [K, ME. astrology,
astrologie, K OF. aštrologie = Sp. astrologia =
Pg. It, astrologia, K.L. astrologia, & Gr. §orpowo-
yia, astronomy, later astrology, Káorpo/6)og, an
astronomer, lit. speaking about stars, āorpov, a
star, +2.Éyetv, speak: see-ology..] 1. The science
or doctrine of the stars; practical astronomy;
astronomy in its earliest form. The term is now
restricted in meaning to the pseudo-science or art which
assumes that the heavenly bodies exert, according to their
relative positions at certain times, a direct influence upon
human life and destiny, and which proposes to determine
in any given case what this influence is, and thus to
foretell the future. Thus, one's temperament was ascribed
to the planet under which he was born, as saturnime from
Saturn, jovial from Jupiter, mecurial from Mercury, etc.;
and the virtues of herbs, gems, and medicines were sup-
E. to be due to their ruling planets. There are four
ranches of astrology : horary astrology, that branch of
the art which shows how to answer questions by the figure
of the heavens at the monent when the question arises;
mundame astrology, that branch of astrology which
professes to foretell human affairs; genethliac as-
trology, astrology applied to determining the destiny
of a person from the configuration of the planets at
his birth ; and astrometeorology, which professes to
predict natural effects, as changes of the weather, winds,
storms, etc.
Judiciary or judicial astrology, which we commonly call
simply astrology, is that which pretends to foretell moral
events. º Chambers, Cyclopedia.
2+. An old name for the plant bistort, Poly-
gonum Bistorta.
[NL., K. Gr.
ãorpov, a star, H- 2600c, a crest, F -ida.] A
genus of radiolarians, representing a special
family, the Astrolophidida.
§º § Aft: ºpiºiº. (as "trö-ló-fid’i-dé), m. pl.
Astrolophida + -idae.] A family of
acantharian radiolarians with a skeleton hav-
ing a varying number of spicules irregularly
distributed, consisting of the genera Astro-
lophida and Litholophida ; synonymous with
Actinellida. Haeckel.
[K Gr. datpo-
Havteta, Köotpov, a star, + gavreia, divination.]
Divination by means of the stars; astrology.
astrometeorological (as”trö-mé"té-3-ró-loji-
kal), a. Of or pertaining to astrometeorology.
astrometeorologist (as”trö-mé"té-Q-Tol’6-jist),
m. One who believes in or practises astrome-
teorology.
astrometeorology (as "trö-mété-3-rol’º-ji), n.
[K Gr. datpov, a star, + pleteopozoyia, meteorol-
ogy: see meteorology.] 1. The pretended art of
foretelling the weather and its changes from
the aspects and configurations of the moon and
stars: a branch of natural astrology.—2. Prog-
nostication of the weather from the appearance
of the heavenly bodies.
[K Gr. do Tpov,
a star, -F pºtpov, a measure.] An instrument
designed to measure the relation, brightness,
or apparent magnitude of the stars. It was in-
vented by Sir John Herschel. By it an image of Jupiter,
the moon, or some other object of recognized brightness
, is brought into direct comparison with a star, so that star
and inhage are seen in the same direction. Iły adjusting
the distance of the image so that it appears equal in
brightness to the star, and by measuring this distance, the
luster of the star is readily determined.
[K Gr. diaTpov,
a star, + -pletpia, K uérpov, a measure.] The
measurement of the motion, distance, and
relative position of the stars.
Astºnesthes (as-trö-nesthéz), n. [NL., irre;
ãotpov, a star(-fish), + šadio, I eat.]
genus of fishes of the family Astronesthidae.
Astronesthidae (as-trö-nesthi-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Astronesthes + -idae.] A family of fishes, rep-
resented by the genus Astronesthes. They have a
claviform body; the supramaxillaries as well as intermax-
illaries enter into the upper arch of the mouth; a hyoid
barbel is developed ; the dorsal fin is in advance of the
anal; and there is an adipose fln.
[K ME. astron-
omer, earlier astronomyer (with suffix -er; cf.
astronomiam), K L. astronomia : see astronomy
and -erl, and cf. astrologer.] 1. One who is
versed in astronomy; a scientific observer of
the stars; a student of the laws of the heav-
enly bodies, or the principles by which their
motions are regulated, with their various phe-
nomena.-2+. An astrologer: as, “astronomers
foretell it,” Shak, T. and C., v. 1.-Astronomer
Royal, the official title of the astronomers in charge of
the two royal observatories of Great Britain, Greenwich
and Edinburgh.

astronomian
astronomiant (as-trö-nó’mi-an), n. [KME. as-
tronomien, astronomyen, K OF. astronomien =
Pr. astronomian, K ... as if *astronomianus, K
L. astronomia : see astronomy and -an.] An
lºomer; any one having knowledge of the
SU8l.I.S.,
Astronomians came from the East.
astronomic (as-trö-nom'ik), a [= F. astrono-
mique, K. L. astronomicus, K. Gr. Gotpovopuicóg, K
ão Tpovopuia, astronomy.] Of or pertaining to
astronomy: as, astronomic facts.
astronomical (as-trö-nom’i-kal), a. [K astro-
nomic + -al.] Pertaining or related to astron-
omy; connected with or relating to astronomic
observation or research.-Astronomical chronol-
§. See chronology.-Astronomical clock, a clock
which keeps sidereal time.—Astronomical Column,
day, horizon, etc. See the nouns.—Astronomical lan-
terri, a lamp having a glass or paper screen on which a
celestial map is drawn.—Astronomical signs, the signs
of the zodiac.—Astronomical year. See year.
astronomically (as-trö-nom’i-kal-i), adv. In
an astronomical manner; by means of astron-
omy, or according to astronomic principles or
methods.
astronomiconi (as-trö-nom’i-kon), n. IK Gr.
do Tpovouków, neut. of āotpovopukóg: See astro-
nomic.] A treatise on the stars.
astronomics (as-trö-nomºiks), n.
tronomic: see -ics.] Astronomy.
The laws of Gravitation, Statics, Acoustics, Chemics
Optics, Pneumatics, Magnetics, Astronomics . . . are
reducible to numerical language.
G. D. Boardman, Creative Week, p. 310, App.
astronomize (as-tron’6-miz), v. i. ; pret. and
pp. astronomized, ppr. astronomizing. [K Gr.
ão Tpovouíſelv, study astronomy, be an astrono-
mer, Kao Tpovópoç, astronomer: See astronomy.]
To study astronomy; apply the principles of
astronomy. Also spelled astronomise.
They astronomized in caves.
jk Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., ii. 7.
astronomy (as-tron'3-mi), n. [K ME. astrono-
mie, astronemie (also contr. astromy), KOF. astro-
nomie, K. L. astronomia, K. Gr. dotpovouía, astron-
omy, K datpováuoç, an astronomer, lit. ‘star-ar-
ranging” (with ref. to classifying or mapping
the stars or constellations), K Čotpov, a star, +
véuetv, distribute, arrange: see mome.] 1. The
science which describes the heavenly bodies
and explains their apparent motions, etc. That
part of the science which gives a description of the mo-
tions, figures, periods of revolution, and other phenomena
of the heavenly bodies is called descriptive astronomy; that
part which teaches how to observe their motions, figures,
periodical revolutions, distances, etc., and how to use the
necessary instruments, is called practical astronomy; and
that part which explains the causes of their motions, and
demonstrates the laws by which those causes Operate, is
termed physical astronomy.
2+. Astrological skill.
Not from the stars do I my judgment pluck,
And yet methinks I have astronomry.
Shak., Sonnets, xiv
Nautical astronomy. See %utical.
Astropecten (as-tró-pekten), 7.
&arpov, star, + L. pecten, comb: see Pecten..] A.
genus of starfishes, typical of the family Astro-
pectinidae. º - * &
Astropectinidae (as "trö-pek-tin’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Astropecten (-tin-) + -idae.] A family of
starfishes, typified by the #º Astropecten.
They have a dorsal keleton formed of raised ossicles and
somewhat irregular, the teeth Saillant from the ventral
surface, no anus, no interbrachial system, and the ambu-
lacra biserial and conic. The family includes the genera
Astropecten, Lwidia, and Ctenodiscus.
astrophelf, n., See astroſel.
Astrophiura (as 'trö-fi-ii ră), m. [NL., K. Gr.
&arpov, a star, + NL. Ophiura, q.v.]. A genus
of sand-stars representing a generalized form,
typical of the family Astrophiurida.
Astrophiuridae (as trø-filliºri-dé), m. pl. , [NL.,
K Astrophiura + -idae.] . A family of sand-stars,
order Ophiuroidea, typified by Astrophiura. They
have arms, with an ophiuroid disk, included in a pen-
tagonal body, a very broad interbrachial cavity, ambula-
cral pores separated by septa perpendicular to the rays,
and the oral armature without teeth.
astrophotography (as’trö-fô-tog(ra-fi), n. [K
Gr. Öarpov, a star, + photography..] ... The appli-
cation of photography to the delineation or
record of solar spots, the moon's disk, the
planets, and the nebulae, and especially to the
mapping of the heavens.
astrophotometer (as/trö-fö-tom’e-tér), n. [K
Gr. &otpov, a star, -- påg (part-), light, + ptárpov,
a measure: see photometer.] 3 device fifteåtó
a telescope for comparing the brightness of a
star with a standard light.
astrophotometrical (as’trö-fö-tó-met/ri-kal),
a. Pertaining to the astrophotometer or its
Wyclif, Mat. ii. 1.
[Pl. of as-
[NL., K. Gr.
358
use; obtained or made by means of the astro-
photometer. -
astrophyllite (as-trö-fil’it), n. IK Gr. &orpov,
a star, 4 pińAov, a leaf, + -ite?..] A mineral of
a bronze- or gold-yellow color and micaceous
structure, sometimes found in tabular triclinic
Crystals. It is a silicate of iron and manganese, with
potassium, sodium, and also some titanium. It is found
in Norway, Greenland, and Colorado.
astrophysical (as-trö-fiz'i-kal), a. Of or per-
taining to astrophysics.
astrophysics (asſtrö-fiz-iks), n. [K Gr. &otpov,
star, + E. physics.] Astronomical physics.
It is sometimes called the “new astronomy,” because it
has come into prominence within the past half-century,
and is made possible only by the new improvements in
physical apparatus. It deals with the physical phenom-
cma and characteristics of the heavenly bodies, such as
their luminosity and Variations of brightness, etc.
Astrophytidae (as-trö-fit’i-dé), m. pl. . [NL., K
Astrophyton + -idae.] A family of Ophiurians,
of the order Ophiuroidea, containing those which
have branching arms. It corresponds to the
Euryaleae.
Astrophyton (as-trofi-ton), m. [NL., K. Gr.
àorpov, star, + puróv, plant.] The typical genus
of the family Astrophytidae,
containing the gorgon’s-
head, basket-fish, or sea-bas-
×ket, Astrophyton Scutatum.
Astrorhiza (as-trö-ri'zā), m.
[NL., K. Gr. &otpov, star, -H
bíča, root.] A genus of fora-
miniferous rhizopods, typi-
cal of the family Astrorhizi-
dae and the subfamily Astro-
rhizina). The species are of
considerable size.
Astrorhizidae (as-trö-riz" i-
dé), m. pl. [NL., K.Astrorhiza
+ -idae.] A family of rhizo-
pods with the test invariably
composite, usually of large
size and monothalamous, often branched or
radiate, sometimes segmented by constriction
of the walls, but seldom or never truly septate.
º polythalamous forms are never symmetri-
G8,1.
Astrorhizinae (as/trö-ri-zi'né), m. pl. [NL.,
K Astrorhiza + -ina..] A subfamily of Astrorhi-
2idae, characterized by thick walls composed of
sand or mud but slightly cemented.
astroscope (asſtrö-sköp), m. [K Gr. Öatpov, a star,
+ oxotreiv, view: see astroscopy.] An astro-
nomical instrument composed of two cones on
the surfaces of which the constellations with
their stars are delineated. It was formerly
used as a substitute for the celestial globe.
astroscopy (as-tros’kö-pi), n. [K MGr. &otpo-
okotria, observation of the stars, K. Gr. &otpov, a
star, + -akotria, KokoTeiv, view.] Observation
of the stars.
astrotheology (as "trö-thé-ol’ô-ji), n. [K. Gr.
ãotpov, a star, + 6eožoyła, theology: see theol-
ogy.] Natural theology founded on the obser-
vation of the celestial bodies. Derham.
astructive} (as-trukºtiv), a. [K L. astructus,
pp. of astruere, build in addition, add (Kad, to,
+ struere, heap up, pile), + -ive. Cf. destruc-
tive..] Building up ; erecting; constructive:
opposed to destructive.
The true method of Christian practice is first destructive,
then astructive. . . . “Cease to do evil, learn to do well.’
Bp. Hall, Sermons, IRom. xii. 2.
astrut (a-strut'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [ME.
astrut, astrout, astrote, o strut, on strut; Ka8+
strut.] Strutting; pompous. [Rare.]
Inflated and astrut with self-conceit.
Cowper, Task, v. 268.
astucious (as-tū’shus), a. [K F. astuciewa, as-
tute, K. astuce, astuteness, K L. astutia, astute-
ness, K astutus, astute: see astute.] Astute;
subtle; designing. Also spelled astutious.
Louis, . . . like all astwcious persons, Was as desirous
of looking into the hearts of others as of concealing his
OWI). Scott, Quentin Durward, ix.
astuciously (as-tū’shus-li), adv. Astutely.
astucity (as-tū’si-ti), n. [K astuci-ows -H -ty.]
The quality of being astute; astuteness.
With astucity, with swiftness, with audacity.
Oral Skeleton of Astro-
Ahyzopt, an ophiurian,
seen from within.
d, d, vertebral or axial
ossicles of ray; e, inter-
ambulacral pieces; f,
torus angularis; Ji, posi-
tion of nervous collar; 27t,
eristomial plates; o, pa-
a angularis.
Carlyle, French Rev., III. i. 3 astuteness (as-tūtºnes), n.
astunt, v. t. See aston.
Astur (as’tēr), n. [LL. astur, M.L. also astor,
austur, etc., a goshawk: See austringer.] A
genus of hawks, formerly called star-hawks or
goose-hawks, now goshawks, of large size, with
short rounded wings, longtail, moderately long
legs, and the beak festooned but not toothed.
The £uropean goshawk is A. palwmbarius; the American
-** . . . * - ---> *
" . * >, > - * , ;
- astylar
is A. atricapillus; there are other species, grading in size.
down to the species of Accipiter, so that the limits of the
American Goshawk (Astur atricapillies).
genus are indefinite. The word has been used with much
latitude for various hawks and hawk-like birds. Also
spelled Aster.
Asturian (as-tii"ri-an), a. and n. IK Sp. Astu-
riano, K Asturias, Asturia, K. L. Asturia, the
country, of the Astures, in Hispania Tarraco-
mensis, K Astur, an Asturian. Cf. Astura, a riv-
er in Asturia, now the Esla.]. I. a. Pertain-
ing to ancient Asturia, or modern Asturias, a
northwestern province of Spain, on the bay
of Biscay. -
I. m. A native or an inhabitant of Asturia.
Asturina (as-tū-ri'nā), n. ... [NL., K. Astur +
-ina.] A genus of comparatively small Amer-
ican hawks, of the buteonine division, the adults
of which have somewhat the pattern of plumage
of the goshawks, to which, however, they are
not specially related: synonymous with Astu-
ºrisca (Sundevall, 1872). One species, A. plagiata,
occurs in the United States, and there are several others
in the warmer parts of America.
Asturinae (as-tū-ri'né), m.pl. [NL., K. Astur +
-ina.] A subfamily or other group of hawks
having the genus Astur as its central figure:
synonymous with Accipitrina. The name is used
With great latitude, and is incapable of exact definition.
In Sundevall's classification, for example, it is a family of
º, Hemeroharpages, more than coextensive with Falco-
727.0.02.
asturine (as’tér-in), a. and m. [K NIL. asturi-
nus: see Astur and -inel.] I. a. Like or lik-
ened to a hawk, especially of the genus Astur;
*
II. m. An American hawk of the genus As-
turina.
Asturisca (as-tū-ris'kä), n. . [NL., K. Astur +
dim, -isca.] Same as Asturina.
astute (as-tūt'), a... [K L. astutus, cunning,
crafty, Kastus, cunning, craft.] Of keen pene-
tration or discernment; cunning; sagacious.
That astwte little lady of Curzon Street. Thackeray.
Mighty clever you gentlemen think you are . . . .
Acute and astwte, why are you not also omniscient?
Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, xx.
=Syn. Sagacious, Sage, Knowing, Astwie, Subtle. Saga-
cious and sage are used only in good senses, and when ap-
plied to persons generally suggest the wisdom of age or
experience. The knowing man has wide knowledge and
often penetration. The word knowing has also a humor-
ous cast: as, he gave me a knowing wink; it may be used
ironically: as, he is a little too knowing, that is, he thinks
he knows more than he does; it may be used of knowing
more than one has a right to know ; it sometimes suggests
a disposition to make ill use of knowledge: as, a knowing
leer. Astute is often the same as sagacious, but is sus-
ceptible of an unfavorable sense in the direction of a nar-
row shrewdness, slyness, or cunning; it often means a
sagacity that knows how to be silent; it is frequently ap:
plied to looks. Subtle, in its good sense, implies great
acuteness, delicacy, or refinement in mental action: as, a
subtle reasoner. For its bad sense, see cunning.
Another effect of public instability is the unreasonable
advantage it gives to the Sagacious, the enterprising, and
the monied few, over the industrious and uninformed mass
of the people. A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. 62.
Let time, that makes you homely, make you 8age.
Parnell, To an Old Beauty, l. 35.
Not every one, knowing as he may be, knows when his
question is answered. Alcott, Table-Talk, p. 84.
No ambassadors to Western Courts were so instructed,
so decorous, so proud, so astute as the Venetian ambas-
sadors. D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, ii.
A subtle disputant on creeds.
- Byrom, Napoleon Bonaparte.
astutely (as-tūt'li), adv. In an astute manner;
jº. ; sharply; cunningly.
The quality of be-
ing astute ; cunning; shrewdness.
- All so smooth and fair,
Even Paul's astutemes& Sniffed no harm' i' the world.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 14b.
* (a-sti’lār), a, , [K Gr. &otvåog, without
pillars or columns (K &- priv. 4- orišog, a col-
umn: see style?), +-ar.] In arch., having no
columns, -


- - * ~ * ~ * * * -, - . . . - - - - - * >
". . . . .* * , .." * * * - - -- } . .
. . ' • * • * * * , - . . * * * * t
astyllen -
astyllent (as-tilten), n. [W. astyllen: see
astel.J A small temporary dam or partition,
made either of branches or twigs interlaced, or
perhaps sometimes of a simple piece of board,
and used either to check the flow of water
under ground or to separate ore from refuse or
attle on the surface. "[Eng.]
asunder (3-sun"dēr), prep. phr. as adv. [K ME.
a 8wndir, o Sunder, on sunder, etc., KAS. on sun-
dran, apart: see as and sunderj 1. In or into
a position apart; apart or separate, either in
position or in direction: said of two or more
things: as, wide as the poles asunder.
The vanguard and i. were above half a league
a8wnder, with the cavalgada between them.
- Irving, Granada, p. 78,
2. In or into a divided state; into separate
parts; in pieces: as, to tear, rend, break, burst,
Or cut asumder.
The Lord . . . hath cut asunder the cords of the wicked.
Ps. cxxix. 4.
What a plaguing thing it is to have a man's mind torn
asunder by two projects of equal strength.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iv. 31.
Ties the strongest, influences the sweetest, seem falling
a8wºnder as smoking flax. R. Choate, Addresses, p. 405.
3. Separately; apart. [Archaic.]
It was impossible to know them as wnder.
Defoe, Plague, p. 264.
asura (as’ö-rã), n. IK Skt. asura, Spiritual; as
a noun, a spirit, later a demon (Hind. asur);
K Vas, be, with which are connected E. am, are:
see be, ens.] In Hindu mythol., one of a class
of demons in perpetual hostility to the gods:
parallel to a Titan or an afrit.
aswail (asſwäl), n. [E. Ind.] The nativename
of the sloth-bear of India, Melursus or Prochilus
- * *
Aswail, or Sloth-bear (A/e/ursues Zabiazzas).
labiatus. It is an uncouth, unwieldy animal, with very
long black hair, and inoffensive when not attacked. Owing
to its exceeding sensitiveness to heat, it confines itself to
its den during the day. It never, eats vertebrate animals & s - º
asymmetrical (as-i-met/ri-kal), a.
except, when pressed by hunger, its usual diet consisting
of roots, bees' nests, grubs, snails, ants, etc. Its flesh is
used for food, and its fat is highly valued for the lubrica-
tion of the delicate steel-work in gun-locks. en Cap-
tured young it is easily tamed, and can be taught to per-
form many curious tricks.
aswarm (a-swärm’), prep.phr. as adv. or a. [K
a8+ swarm.] In a swarm; swarming.
Carnival-time, another providence 1
The town a-swarm, with strangers.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 73.
aswasht, prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Early mod.
E., also aswasshe, a sosshe, ashosshe, K as +
*swash, of obscure origin..] Slantingly; aslant;
oblique; (of looking) askant and with scorn.
Cotgrave.
asway (a-swā’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K ağ
+ sway.] In a swaying state; rocking from
side to side.
a Swevet, v. t.
àswebban, soothe, still, put to death, K d-, in-
tensive, + swebban, put to sleep, K swefan,
sleep: see Sweven.] To stupefy, as by terror.
So astonyed and a Sweved,
Was every vertu in my heved,
Chawcer, House of Fame, l. 549.
aswim (a-swim"), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K
a3 + swim.] Swimming; overflowing; afloat.
aswing (a-swing'), prep. phr. as adv, or a. [K
a8 + swing.] In a swinging state; asway.
aswoon (a-swón’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K
M.E. aswown, aswown, aswowne, as wowne, also a
swowne, on swowne, in Swowne, taken, as in mod.
E., as prep. with noun (a8 + Swoon), but origi-
nating in aswowen for is wowen, the fuller form
of aswowe, iswowe, orig. pp.; see aSwough. Cf.
aslope, alightl.] 8, SWOOD1,
And with this word she fell to ground
AS1000m. Gower, Conf. Amant., iv.
Because I fell aswoon,
I think you'll do the like.
Robin Hood and the Beggar, in Child's Ballads, V. 203.
aswooned (a-swönd’), adv. or a. [K ME. a-
swomed, iswowned, occasional var., of Øswowne,
etc.: see aswoon and aswown.d.] Aswoon.
asymbolia (as-im-bó'li-á), n.
asymmetroust (a-sime-trus), a.
[ME. asweven, stupefy, K AS. asymmetry (a-sim’e-tri),
359
as wought, adv. or a., orig. p. a. [ME., also
aswogh, aswowe, iswowe, iswoge, KAS. geswógen,
senseless, swooned (cf. geswāgung, swooning),
p. of 8wógan, overgrow, choke: see swough...]
• In a swoon; aswoon.
as Woundt, prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K as +
8wound for 8woon : see 8wound, and cf. aswoon,
a8wooned.] In a swoon; aswoon.
asylef (a-sil’), n. [K ME. asile, K F. agile, K L.
*asylum : see asylum.] An old form of asylum.
asylum (B-si'lum), n. [K L. asylum, a sanctu-
ary, asylum, K. Gr. Čovãov, an asylum, neut. of
ãº, safe from violence, K &- priv. 4- off?m,
also owhov, a right of seizure, perhaps related
to oki!?ov = L. Spolium, spoil: see spoil.] 1. A
Sanctuary or place of refuge where criminals
and debtors formerly sought shelter from jus-
tice, and from which they could not be taken
without sacrilege.
So sacred was the church to some that it had the right
of an a8ylum or Sanctuary. gliffe, Parergon.
Hence—2. Inviolable shelter; protection from
pursuit or arrest; security of the person: as,
the right of asylum, that is, of furnishing such
protection. Most Grecian temples had anciently this
right, and the custom, following Jewish analogies, passed
into the Christian church. From the fourth century
the churches had widely extended rights of asylum, but
modern legislation has nearly everywhere ended the cus-
tom. (See Sanctuary.) In international law, the right
of asylum was formerly claimed for the houses of ambas-
sadors. The term now specifically signifies the right of
one state to receive and shelter persons accused of crimes,
or especially of political offenses, committed in another.
See eactºradition.
3. Any place of retreat and security.
Earth has no other asylum for them than its own cold
bosom. Southey.
Specifically—4. An institution for receiving,
maintaining, and, so far as possible, ameliorat-
ing the condition of persons suffering from
bodily defects, mental maladies, or other mis-
fortunes: as, an orphan-asylum ; an asylum for
the blind, for the insane, etc.; a magdalen
asylum.
[NL., K. Gr. &-
priv. 4- otpiffožov, symbol.] 1. Inability to
recognize the nature of an object by the sense
of touch.-2. Inability to recognize the signifi-
cance of signs.
asymmetralt (a-sim’e-tral), a. Same as asym-
7met?‘O'MS.
asymmetric (as-i-met’rik), a. [K Gr. a- priv.
(a-18) + symmetric. Cf. asymmetrows.] Desti-
tute of symmetry; not symmetrical.—Asym-
metric system, in crystal., same as triclinic system.
[K Gr. &-
riv. (a-18) + symmetrical. Cf. asymmetric.] 1.
Not symmetrical; unsymmetrical.
In some Cetacea, the bones about the region of the nose
are unequally developed, and the skull becomes asymmet-
rical. Huarley, Anat. Vert., p. 30.
2+. In math., not having commensurability;
incommensurable.—3. Inharmonious; not re-
concilable. Boyle. [Rare.]
asymmetrically (as-i-met'ri-kal-i), adv. In an
asymmetrie manner; without symmetry.
[K Gr. Čaig-
puerpoc, incommensurable, disproportionate, Kö-
priv. -- at ppleTpoç, commensurate: see symmet-
Tic.] 1. Incommensu-
rate; incommensurable.—
2. Asymmetrical.
Also asymmetral.
m.; pl. asymmetries (-triz).
[K. Gr. &avuuetpia, incom-
mensurability, dispropor-
tion, K daippletpog: See asym-
metrous. Cf. symmetry.] 1.
Want of symmetry or pro-
portion.
In the Flat-fishes (Plewronec-
tidae), the skull becomes so conn-
pletely distorted that the two
eyes lie on one side of the body.
. . . In certain of these fishes,
the rest of the skull and facial
bones, the spine, and even the
limbs, partake in this asymme-
try. Huacley, Anat. Vert., p. 30.
2+. The want of a com—
mon measure between two
Asymmetry of Skull of
Plaice (Pºa fessa zºned ga-
rts), from above. (The dot-
ted line a b is the true mor-
phological median line.)
Or, Or,J. of the two
quantities; incommensu- § ; É:
e - e. - ethnold ; 2/, prefrontal ;
rability. . ". im' fi fºr: . *g.
a Symp yno € 8, - SlTOl – frontal ; Pa, parietal; SQ,
*- * º * t l; Af O, *
Håt), a TT. Gr. 3- priv. ººsie"; ºº epi
(a-18) + symphynote.] TNot
soldered together at he back, that is, at the
hinge: the opposite of symphymote (which see):
asynartete (a-sin'ār-têt), a.
asyntactic (as-in-takºtik), a.
a systation
applied to those unios or river-mussels which
have the hinge free and the valves consequently
movable, as is usual in the genus Unio. Dr.
*Isaac Lea.
asymptote (asſim-tót), a. and m. [K Gr. &cºpſ-
Tørog, not close, not falling together, K &- priv.
+ oiv, together, -i- Troróg, falling, apt to fall, K
b 0.
ab, ač, Asymptotes.
Tittetv, fall; cf. ovutſtretv, fall together, meet.]
I. a. In math., approaching indefinitely close,
as a line to a curve, but never meeting. See II.
II. m. A straight line whose distance from a
curve is less than any assignable quantity, but
which does not meet the curve at any finite dis-
tance from the origin. The asymptote is often de-
fined as the tangent to the curve at an infinite distance,
and this definition answers for Euclidean space; but, in
view of non-Euclidean hypotheses, it is preferable to de-
fine it as a common chord of the curve and the absolute
(Which see), and thus as not necessarily a tangent.
asymptotic (as-im-tot'ik), a. Same as asymp-
totical.
asymptotical (as-im-tot’i-kal), a. [K asymp-
totic + -al.] Belonging to or having the char-
acter of an asymptote; approaching indefinite-
ly near, but never meeting.
In these perpetual lines and curves ran the asymptotical
negotiation from beginning to end — and so it might have
run for two centuries without hope of coincidence.
Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 455.
Asymptotical lines or curves, lines or curves which
approach indefinitely close, but never meet.
asymptotically (as-im-tot'i-kal-i), adv. In an
asymptotical manner; in a manner so as gradu-
ally to approach indefinitely near, though never
to meet.
The theory is not a thing complete from the first, but a
thing which grows, as it were, asymptotically towards
certainty. Tyndall.
The curve approaches . . . asymptotically.
G. M. Minchin, Statics, I. 180.
[K Gr. davyapt/Toc,
not united, disconnected, of differing meters,
K &– priv. -- *avváptntoç (cf. avváptmotſ, a junc-
tion), verbal adj. of ovvapTāv, hang up with, con-
nect, K ain', together, H- apTāv, join, fasten, re-
lated to apópov, joint, L. artus, joint, etc. : see
arthritic, article, arm1, etc.] 1. Disconnected;
not fitted or adjusted.—2. In anc. pros.: (a)
With interior catalexis at the end of a colon;
procatalectic or dicatalectic : as, an asymartete
verse, meter, or period. (b) Composed of Cola,
of different kinds of feet; episynthetic. [Used
in this latter sense (b) by most modern writers since Bent-
ley, the former sense (a), however, being restored by some
writers in accordance with ancient authority..] Also asym-
artetic.
asynchronism (a-Ginſkrô-nizm), m. [K Gr. 3-
priv. (a-18) + symchromism..] Want of synchro-
mism or correspondence in time.
asynchronous (a-sinſkrô-nus), a. [K Gr. 3-
priv. (a-18) + synchronous.] Not coinciding
in time
asyndetic (as-in-det'ik), a. [K asymdeton + -ic.]
Pertaining to or characterized by asyndeton.
asyndeton (a-Sin'de-ton), n. [L., K. Gr. digiv-
Öetov, asyndeton, neut. of āqūvöstog, uncon-
nected, without conjunction, K &- priv. -H otyde-
Tog, bound together, Kovvóeiv, bind together, K
Giv, together, + 6eiv, bind.] In rhet., a figure
of speech consisting in the omission of connec-
tives, as in the following passage:
Heal the sick, cleanse the lepers, raise the dead, cast
Out devils. Mat. x, 8.
It is the opposite of polysyndeton, which is a multiplica-
tion of connectives.
[K Gr. doivrakTog,
not ranged together, ungrammatical (Kö- priv.
+ givrakrog, verbal adj. of ovvtåggetv, put in
order together; see syntaa), + -ic.] Loosely
put together; irregular; ungrammatical. N.
E. D
asystatoni (a-sista-ton), m. [K Gr. Goío Taroc,
incoherent, incongruous, K & priv. 4- oiotaroc,
verbal adj. of ovvtotával, hold together, Koin,
with, + ioTávat, cause to stand, mid. totaotai,
stand.]. The sophism of the liar (which see, un-
der liar). Formerly erroneously assistation.


asystaton
Assistation [asystaton] is a kind of caviling not consist-
ing of any sure ground, as if a man should say that he doth
hold his peace or lyeth or knoweth nothing, another by
and by might cavil thereof in this sort, Ergo, He that
holdeth his peace speaketh, he that lyeth saith truth, he
that knoweth nothing knoweth something. Blundeville.
aSystole (a-sistê-lé), n. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. --
guarº, systole.]. In pathol., that condition
in which a dilated and enfeebled heart remains
continuously filled with blood on account of the
inability of the left ventricle to discharge more
than a small part of its contents. Also called
aSystolism.
aSystolic (as-is-tol'ik), a. [K, asystole + -ic.]
Pertaining to asystole; characterized by or af.
fected with asystole.
aSystolism (a-sis’ tº-lizm), n.
-ism..] Same as asystole. *
ańyāygetic (a-siz-i-jet'ik), a. [K Gr. 6- priv.
(a-18) + syzygetic.] Not connected by a syzy-
getic relation. ©
at (at), prep... [KME, at, sometimes att, atte, et,
KAS. det – OS. at = OFries. et (in combination
also at, it) = OHG. a.2 = Icel. at, mod. ath = Sw.
êt = Dan. ad = Goth, at = L. ad (X It. a = Sp. d.
= Pg. a = F. &), to, at, = Skt. ddhi, unto, on.
This prep. is most nearly equiv. to to, without
the orig. implication of motion. In many con-
Structions the two prepositions interchange.
In many E. dialects at has partly, and in Scand.
has wholly, displaced to, while on the other
hand in G. to (2u) has wholly displaced at. In
L. and Rom. the form cognate with at covers
all the uses of to as well as of at, and extends
partly over the field of with..] A preposition
of extremely various use, primarily meaning
to, Without implication, in itself, of motion.
It expresses position attained by motion to, and hence
contact, contiguity, or coincidence, actual or approxi-
mate, in Space or time. Being less restricted as to rela-
tive position than other prepositions, it may in different
constructions assume their office, and so become equiva-
lent, according to the context, to in, on, mear, by, about,
wnder, over, through, from, to, toward, etc. e
1. Of simple local position: (a) With verbs of
rest (be, live, etc.): In, on, near, by, etc., ac-
cording to the context: denoting usually a
place conceived of as a mere point: as, at the
center, at the top, at the corner, at the end,
at the next station, at the bend of the river, at
the north pole, at No. 48 Main street, etc. So
with names of towns, etc.: as, at Stratford, at £exington,
etc.; but if the city is of great size in is commonly used:
as, in London, in Paris, in New York; unless, again, the city
is conceived of as a mere geographical point: as, our finan-
cial interests center at New York. The place implied by at
may be left indeterminate, with a reference rather to con-
dition than to mere location: as, at school, at college, at
court, at Sea, etc. At may also express personal proxim-
ity: as, at one's side, at one's heels, at one's elbow, etc.
At hand, near by, has lost its personal reference.
I don't believe there's a circulating library in Bath I
ha’n’t been at. Sheridan, The Rivals, i. 2.
Muley Abul Hassan, at the head of a powerful force,
had hurried from Granada. Irving, Granada, p. 20.
He [Don Juan de Vera) was armed at all points, gal-
lantly mounted, and followed by a moderate but well-ap-
pointed retinue. Irving, Granada, p. 10.
(b) With verbs of motion: (1) Through, by (im-
plying a starting-point or a point where a thing
enters or departs): as, to enter at the window,
to go out at the back door. (2) From (imply-
ing a source from which a thing comes or where
it is sought): as, to receive ill treatment at
their hands. (3) To, toward (implying a stop-
ping-point, a position attained or aimed at):
as, to come at, to get at, to aim at, fire at, shoot
at, drive at, point at, look at, shout at, reach
at, snatch at, clutch at, etc.; also be at when
it implies effort directed toward a thing.
No doubt but they will soone answer that all these
things they seeke at God's hands.
Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonstrants.
There is no way of coming at a true theory of society
but by inquiring into the nature of its component indi-
viduals. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 28.
What you can drive at, unless you mean to quarrel with
me, I cannot conceive Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 3.
In spite of his former submissions and promises, Lati-
mer was at it again. & º &
R. W. Diacon, Hist. Church of Eng., iii.
Who but Henry could have been aware of what his father
was at 2 Jane Awstem, Northanger Abbey, p. 172.
2. Of circumstantial position, state, condition,
manner, environment, etc., in a great variety
of relations developed from the local sense:
as, at dinner, at play, at work, at Service, at
right angles, at full length, at odds, at ease, at
war, at peace, at will, at pleasure, at discretion,
etc.
They let her goe at will, and wander waies unknowne.
Spenger, F. Q., I. viii. 49.
I have brought you a new song will make you laugh,
Though you were at your prayers. &
Fletcher (and another), False One, i. 1.
[K asystole +
at-1.
360
Really, sir, you have the advantage of me:—I don’t re-
member ever to have had the honour—my name is Saun-
derson, at your service. Sheridam, The Rivals, v. 2,
Success would place a rich town at their mercy.
Irving, Granada, p. 35.
The ship in which he [Goldsmith] had taken his passage,
having got a fair wind while he was at a party of pleasure,
had sailed without him. Macaulay, Goldsmith.
3. Of relative position: implying a point in an
actual or possible series, and hence used of de-
gree, price, time, order, occasion, etc.; as, at
the beginning, at the third house from the éor-
ner, at nine years of age, at seventy degrees in
the shade, at four dollars a yard, at ten cents a
pound, at half past six, at midnight, at first, at
last, etc. -
I'll take them at your own price.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 1.
At present, if you please, we'll drop the subject.
. Sheridan, The Duenna, i. 3.
In passing through the gate of Elvira, however, he ac-
cidentally broke his lance against the arch. At this, cer-
tain of his nobles turned pale, for they regarded it as an
evil omen. Irving, Granada, p. 108.
[In all uses, especially in those last mentioned, at is very
frequent in idiomatical phrases: as, at all, at most, at
least, at last, at length, at any rate, at stake, at one, at
once, at large, at #.” etc., for which see the principal
Words, all, most, least, etc.]
4}. With the infinitive: To.
Faire gan him pray
At ride thurgh Ingland.
Minot, Poems (ed. Ritson), p. 40.
[NOW only dialectal, but common in Middle English, and
the regular use in Scandinavian, to which the English use
is due. A relic of this use remains in ado, originally at
do. See ado.]
'at (at), pron. and conj. An obsolete and dia-
lectal form of that.
[ME. at-, KAS. at-, being the prep. art,
E. at, in comp. with a verb (with the accent on
the verb) or with derivatives of a verb (with the
accent on the prefix)..] A prefix of Anglo-Saxon
Origin, meaning at, close to, to: common in
Middle English, but now obsolete. A relic of it
remains in twit, originally at-wite. In atome, the at- is not
properly a prefix, but is the preposition merged with its
object.
at-2. [L. at-, assimilated form of ad- before t;
in OF. and M.E. reg. reduced to a-, later re-
stored to at-, as in attain, attainder, etc.] An
assimilated form of ad- before t, as in attract,
attend, etc.
-atal. [L. -āta, fem. sing. of -ātus = E.-ed?: see
-atel, and cf. -adel.] A suffix in New Latin (and
Italian) nouns, some of which are foundin Eng-
lish, as armata.
-ata%. [L. -āta, neut. pl. of -ātus = E. -ed?: see
-atel..] A suffix in New Latin names of zoö-
logical divisions, properly adjectives, agreeing
with animalia understood: as, Articulata, joint-
ed animals; Annulata, ringed animals, etc.
atabal (at'a-bal), n. [Formerly also attaball,
ataballe = F. attabale = It. ataballo, K Sp. ata.
bal, = Pg. atabale, K. Ar. at-tabl, Kal, the, +
tabl, drum: see tabor, tambour, and timbal.] A
Moorish tambour.
Don John gave orders for trumpet and atabal to sound
the signal for action. Prescott.
atacamite (a-tak'a-mit), m. , [K Atacama + -ite2;
having been first found in Atacama, a provincé
of Chili..] A mineral consisting of the hydrated
oxychlorid of copper. It exists abundantly in some
parts of South America, as Atacama, in Australia, near
Ambriz on the west coast of Africa, also in Cornwall, in
Arizona, and elsewhere. It occurs massive, or in small
prismatic crystals of a bright emerald-green or blackish-
green color. A granular form from Chili is called arse-
nillo. It also appears on copper long exposed to the air
+9F sea-water.
atactic (a-takºtik), a. [K Gr. iTakrog, without
order, K &- priv. -- taktóg, verbal adj. of Táooetv
(Tay–), arrange, order: see tactic.] Disconnect-
ed; without arrangement or order: in gram.,
opposed to Syntactic: as, an atactic sentence.
[Rare.]
Porcelain images of “Josh” will find niches in Protes-
tant meeting-houses; New England ancestral tablets will
be inscribed in perpendicular columns of a tactic charac-
ters. H. C. Trwmbull, Ancestral Worship.
at-aftert, prep. [ME., K at + after.] After.
At-after Soper fille they in tretee.
Chaucer, Franklin's Tale, 1.492.
atagas, n. [See attagas.] Same as attagen.
atagen, n. See attagen.
ataghan (at'a-gan), n. Same as yataghan.
§ (atſak), ºn. . [Native name.] The harp-
seal of Greenland, Pagophilus groºmlandicus.
ataket, v. t. [ME., Ka-1 + take.] To overtake.
At Boughton under Blee us gan atake
A man, that clothed was in clothes blake.
Chaucer, Prol, to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1, 3,
atavistically (at-a-vis’ti-kal-i), adv,
*aphasia.
- ataxia,
ataman (at'a-man), n. [Russ. atamaná = Pol.
ataman, also hetman: see hetman.] Same as
hetman.
Any member could be chosen chief of his kurén, and
any chief of a kurén could be chosen Atamdin.
* ... D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 356.
atamasco (at-a-masſkó), n. [Virginia Ind. Cf.
Algonkian radical misk, red.]. A bulbous
Fº Atamosco Atamasco, of the southern
. S., bearing a single white, lily-like flower.
atamasco-lily (at-a-mas'kö-lil’i), n.
ata/maSCO.
ataraxia (at-a-rak'si-a), n. IK Gr. &rapašta,
calmness, Karápakrog, calm, impassive, Kå-priv.
+ tapakróg, verbal adj. of tapáogetv, disturb.]
Freedom from the passions; calmness of mind;
stoical indifference: a term used by the Stoics
Same as
and Skeptics.
Their ataraasia and freedom from passionate disturb-
{\InCéS. lanville, Scep. Sci.
Gotama's Ataraasia is supreme and utter immobility.
The mystic quietism which determines nothing, denies
nothing. J. Owen, Evenings with Skeptics, I. 416.
ataraxy (at'a-rak-si), n. Same as ataraaja.
atastef, v. t. [ME., & 6F. ataster, K a- + taster,
taste: see a- and taste.] To taste.
But now is tyme that thoudrynke and atast[e] some softe
and delitable thinges. Chaucer, Boëthius, ii. prose 1.
at aunt (a-tánt'), adv. [KME. ataunt, atount, K
F. autant, altant (mod. F. autant), as much,
So much, Kal, another (thing) (K.L. aliud, neut.
of alius, other), + tant, so much, K L. tantum,
neut. Of tamtus, so much..] 1+. As much as
possible.
A dronglew [var. dronken] fole that sparythe for no dis-
pence
To drynk a-tawmte til he slepe at tabille.
Lydgate, Order of Fools, 1.92.
2. Nawt., with all sails set; fully rigged.—All
at aunt, or allataunto, said of a vessel when fully rigged,
With all the upper masts and yards aloft.
ataunto (3-tántó), adv. Same as ataunt, 2.
atavic (a-tav'ik), d. [= F. atavique; K L. atavus
(See atavism) + -ic.] Pertaining to atavism;
characterized by or exhibiting atavism; re-
versionary.
atavism (at'a-vizm), n. [= F. atavisme, K L.
atavus, a great-grandfather's grandfather, an
ancestor (K at-, an element of undetermined
origin, + avus, a grandfather), + -ism.] 1. In
biol., reversion, through the influence of hered-
ity, to ancestral characters; resemblance ex-
hibited by a given organism to some remote
ancestor; the return to an early or original
type by its modified descendants; restoration
of structural characters which have been lost or
9bscured. Atavism, to some slight extent, is witnessed
in the human race, when children exhibit some peculiarity
of grandparents, or of still more remote progenitors, which
has skipped one or more generations.
Of the 11.6% of children born with eyes of other than
the parental color, a part must be attributed to atavism,
that is, to intermittent heredity. Science, IV. 367.
2. In pathol., the recurrence of any peculiar-
ity or disease of a remote ancestor.
atavistic (at-a-vis’tik), a. [As atav-ism + -ist-
ic.] Pertaining to or characterized by atavism;
atavic.
Theoretically we may decompose that force which de-
termines human actions and, through them, social phe-
momena, into its two component forces, the social and the
atavistic influence. N. A. Rev., CXX. 275.
In an
atavistic manner; in atavistic examples.
But, after the lapse of thousands of years, the fusions
are incomplete, and the ancient types crop out atavisti-
cally everywhere. N. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 253.
ataxaphasia (a-tak-sa-fa'ziä), n. . [NI., Irreg.
K. Gr. &tašía, disorder (see atawia), + dipaaſa,
speechlessness: see aphasia.] Same as atavic
See aphasia. p
ataxia (a-tak'si-á), n., [NL, KGr, àračía, dis-
order, Kötaktoc, disorderly, Kā- priv. H. Takróg,
verbal adj. of tâooetv, order, arrange: see tac-
tic.] In pathol, irregularity in the functions
of the body or in the course of a disease;
specifically, inability to coördinate voluntary
movements. Also ataay..—Friedreich's ataxia, a
form of ataxia usually affecting several members of a fam-
ily and developing at an early age. . Usually it begins in
the legs and extends to the arms, is accompanied with
jerky movements of the head, disturbance of articulation,
loss of knee-jerk, and is characterized anatomically by
sclerosis of the posterior and lateral columns of the cord.
Also called hereditary ataaria.-P.OCOmotor ataxia, a
disease characterized clinically by want of power to coör- .
dinate voluntary movements, by violent shooting pains
especially in the legs, absence of knee-jerk, § of
the optic nerve, paraºsthesia and anaesthesia in certain
parts, dysuria, and functional sexual disorders; anatomi-
cally, by a sclerosis of the posterior columns of the spinal
cord. Also called progressive locomotor ataasia and tabeg
dorsal?8.
ataxic
$taxic (e-tak'sik), a K ataxia + -ie) In
Pathol, of or pertaining to ataxia; character-
ized by irregularity in function or course;
irregular.
Soon atavic nervous symptoms declared themselves.
O. W. Holmes, A Mortal Antipathy, xiv.
Ataxig aphasia. See aphasia.-Ataxic fever, a term
applied by Pinel to fevers attended with great weakness.
ataxy (a-tak'si or at’ak-si), n. [Formerly also,
as F., ataasie, K NL. atawia, q.v.] 1+. Want of
Order; disturbance.
Three ways of church government I have heard of, and
no more; the Episcopal, the Presbyterial, and that new-
born bastard Independency: . . . the last of these is no-
thing but a confounding ataa:y.
Sir E. Dering, Speeches, p. 141.
2. In pathol, same as atavia.
ataziri, n. . [ME., K.Sp. atazir, atacir, K. Ar. *at-
tathir, Kal, the, + tathir (X Pers. tasir), im-
pression, effect, influence, Kathara, leave a
mark, athar,ethr, a mark, trace, footstep;] In as-
trol., according to modern authorities, the (evil)
influence of a star upon other stars or men. But
the Arabian astrologer Haly distinctly states (Comment.
on Ptolemy's ºp. Quadripartitum, iii. 10) that it means
the direction of hyleg. This, according to the method of
Messahallah, determines the duration of life.
Infortunat ascendent tortuous,
Of which the lord is helpless falle, allas !
Out of his angle into the derkest hous.
O Mars, O Atazīr, as in this cas!
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1.172. (Skeat.)
atche (at'che), n. [Turk, aqcha : see under
asper?..] A small Turkish coin, somewhat less
than a cent in value.
atchison (ach’i-SQn), n. [Sc.; also spelled
atcheson; K Atchison, a Sc. form of Atkinson,
name of an Englishman who was master of the
Scottish mint in the reign of James VI. (James
I. of England).] A billon coin, or rather a cop-
per coin washed with silver, struck in Scotland
in the reign of James VI., of the value of eight
pennies Scots, or two thirds of an English pen-
ny. Jamieson.
atchorn, n. An obsolete or dialectal form of
CºCO7%.
atel (āt). Preterit of eat.
Ate? (ā’té), n. [K Gr. "Atm, a personification of
âtm, infatuation, reckless impulse, sin, ruin,
dial. aidita, orig. *āFátſ, K Čáelv, orig. *āFáetv,
hurt, damage.] In Gr. myth., an ever-present
evil genius leading men on to crime; the god-
dess of blundering mischief; a personification
of the reckless blindness and moral distortion
inflicted by the gods in retribution for pre-
sumption and wickedness, typifying the self-
Ar Pºpeºg nature of evil.
-atel. [ME. reg. -at, KOF. -at, a later “learned”
form of vernacular -e (–6), fem. -ee (-6e), = Sp.
Pg.-ado, fem.-ada, -It.-ato, fem.-ata, K.L.-átus,
fem. -āta, neut.-ātum (stem -ăto-), pp. and adj.
suffix, being -tu-s (= Gr. -To-c = E. –d?, -ed?),
added to stem of verbs in -à-re (It. -are, Sp. Pg.
—ar, F. -er). This suffix also appears as -adel,
-ado, -ato, -ee, -y, etc. Latin adjectives and par-
ticiples in -átus were usable as nouns, in masc.
of persons, as legātus, one deputed, a legate,
ML. praelâtus, one preferred, a prelate, etc., in
neut. of things, as mandătwm, a thing command-
ed, a mandate, etc. See -ate? and -ate?..] A
suffix of Latin origin: (a) In adjectives, where
—ate is equivalent to and cognate with English
-ed?, -d2, -t?, in perfect participles and partici-
pial adjectives, the native English suffix being
often added to -ate when a verb in -ate? exists,
as in desolate or desolat-ed, accumulate or ac-
cumulat-ed, situate or situat-ed, etc. In many in-
stances the adjective is not accompanied by a verb in -ate,
as immate, ornate, temperate, etc.; this is especially true of
botanical descriptives, as acwminate, cremate, cuspidate,
hastate, lanceolate, serrate, etc. (b) In nouns, of per-
sons, as legate, delegate, reprobate, etc., or of
things, as mandate, precipitate, etc.; especially,
in chem., in nouns Šenoting a salt formed by the
action of an acid on a base, as in acetate, nitrate,
sulphate, etc., the suffix being added to the
stem (often shortened) of the name of the acid.
[The corresponding New Latin forms are acetatum, mitra-
twm, swlphatum, etc., but often erroneously acetas, mitras,
sulphas, genitive acetatis, etc., by confusion with -ate 4.]
—ate?. [L. -ātus, -āta, -ătum, pp. suffix of verbs
in -à-re (see -ate1), with supine in -átum (stem
-ātu-), to which, instead of the pp. stem, such
verbs are often referred. In this dictionary
E. verbs in -ate (and so verbs in -ete, -ite) are
reg. referred to the L. pp. -átus (-etus, -itus),
intimating that such verbs are taken from or
formed according to the L. pp. stem, though
with the force of the inf. From L. participles
in -tus (-à-tus, of the 1st conjugation, -ē-tus,
-ate:3.
—ateº.
361
-i-tus, of the 2d, -tus, -8ws, of the 3d, -ī-tus, of
the 4th), and from thence-formed frequenta-
tives, which became very numerous in L.L. and
ML., arose many verbs in OF. and ME., based,
or appar. based, on L. participles, coinciding
thus with adjectives and nouns #. such parti-
ciples. These, with verbs of other origin agree-
ing inform with adjectives, have made it a rule
in E. that any adj. may be made a verb; hence
adjectives in -atel are usually accompanied by
a verb in -ate2, and new verbs from L. verbs of
the 1st conjugation are reg. formed in -ate
whether a corresponding adj. exists or not ;
and -ate?, as a recognized verb-formative, may
be suffixed to other stems of any origin, as in
felicitate, capacitate, substantiate, assassinate,
camphorate, etc., based on felicity, capacity, sub-
stance, etc., of Latin origin, assassin, camphor,
etc., of other origin. Owing to the preponder-
ance of verbs in -ate over adjectives in -ate,
such verbs are in this dictionary placed before
the adjectives, even when the adjectives are of
earlier date.] A suffix of Latin origin, a com-
mon formative in verbs taken from the Latin,
as in accumulate, imitate, militate, etc., or formed
in English, either on Latin stems, as in felici-
tate, capacitate, etc., or on stems of other ori-
g See etymology.
[K ME. -at, K OF. -at, a later “learned”
form of vernacular-e (-6) (as in duché, E. duch-y,
q. V.), - Sp. Pg. -ado = It. -ato, K L. -ātus (stem
-ātu-), forming nouns of the 4th declension
from nouns, but formed as if from verbs in
-ā-re, with suffix -tu-, parallel with -to-, suffix
of pp. (hence the similarity to pp. -ātus, E. -atel,
q.v.), as in consulátus, magistråtus, pontificătus,
Senátus, L.L. episcopatus, etc., with senses as in
corresponding E. words.] A suffix of Latin
origin, denoting office, an office, a body of of
ficers, as in consulate, pontificate, decemvirate,
Senate (Latin senditus, from semea, an old man)
episcopate, etc., and sometimes a single officer,
as magistrate (Latin magistrātus, properly ma-
gistracy, also a magistrate), the suffix in the last
use being equivalent to -atel in legate, etc., and
to -ate” in primate, etc.
-ate”. [KL.-as (-at-), as in magmas (gen. magnä-
tis) (parallel to magnatus), primas (prop. adj.),
etc.] A suffix of Latin origin, practically equiv-
alent to -atel in nouns, and -ates (in magistrate),
as in magnate, primate, and (in Latin plural)
penates, optimates.
[K L. -āta, K. Gr. -atmg, a noun suffix, ult.
= L. -ātus, which differs in the inflexive sylla-
ble.] A suffix of Greek origin, occurring un-
felt in pirate (which see).
atechnic (a-tek'nik), a. and m. [K Gr. &texvoç
without art, K Ö- priv. -- tºrvm, art: see alfé
and technic.] I. a. Without technical know-
ledge, especially of art.
ii. m. A person without technical knowledge,
especially of art.
In every fine art there is much which is illegible by
atechnics, and this is due to the habits of interpretation
into which artists always fall. Morth British Rev.
atechnical (a-tek’ni-kal), a. Free from techni-
cality; popular: as, atechnical treatment of a
technical subject.
atechny (a-tek’ni), n. [= F. atechnie, K. Gr.
ôtexvia, KöTexvog: see atechnic..] Ignorance of
art; unskilfulness. Bailey.
atees (a-tés'), m. [Hind. atis.] The native In-
dian name of the tuberous root of Acomitum
heterophyllum, which is used as an antiperiodic
and a tonie. In some sections the same name is given
to the root of A. Napellus, and to several other drugs.
atef (ā’tef), n. [Egypt.] Father: an ancient
Egyptian title and component of proper names.
Also written aff—Atef-crown,
in Egypt, antiq., a symbolic head-
dress uniformly borne by the deities
Khmum and Osiris, sometimes by
other gods, such as Sebek, Thoth,
IHarmachis, etc., and occasionally
assumed by kings, as the Rameses.
It consisted regularly of the tall
conical white cap of upper Egypt,
flanked with a pair of long ostrich-
plumes, and having the solar disk
and uraeus in front, and was prob-
ably emblematic of the sovereignty
of Egypt under the attributes of
light, truth, and divinity. The con-
ical cap is sometimes onlitted in
works of art. The atef is often men-
tioned in the “Book of the Dead,”
and is frequently represented in
frescos, bas-reliefs, and statues.
; m. See atgar.
atelectasis (at-e-lekta-sis),
7t. [NL., K. Gr. &režňg, incom-
Atef-crown borne by the
deity Khnum,
atelectatic (at'e-lek-tat'ik), a.
ateleopodid (a-tel-É-op’º-did), n.
Ateleopus (at-e-lé’ô-pus), n.
ateleost (a-tel'é-ost), n.
Ateleostei (a-tel-É-os’té-i), m. pl.
ateleosteous (a-tel-É-os’té-us), a.
Ateles (at'e-lèz), m.
atelier (at-e-lyā’), n.
ateline (at'e-lin), m.
atelite (at 'e-lit), m.
Atellan (a-tel'an), a. and n.
Atellane
plete, + &racic, extension, < ūreiven, extend, <
§k, ##, out, + teived, stretch, - L. extendere: see
eastend..] Imperfect dilatation, especially of the
air-cells of the lungs of newly born children.
There is a class of cases in which a child is born alive,
but its lungs remain in the foetal condition, i. e., they
present no appearance of having received air by the act
of breathing. These are cases of atelectasis.
A. S. Taylor, Med. Jour., XLV. 464.
[K atelectasis
(-tat-) + -ic.] Pertaining to or characterized
by atelectasis.
2 ateleocephalous (a-tel’É-Ö-sef’a-lus), a. [K Gr.
&re?ág, incomplete, -H kepazºff, head..] In 206l.,
having the cranium more or less imperfect:
said of certain fishes: opposed to teleocephalous.
A fish of the
family Ateleopodidae.
Ateleopodidae (a-tel’é-Ö-pod’i-dé), m. pl. , [NL.,
K Ateleopus (-pod-) + -idae.] . A family of teleo-
cephalous fishes, represented by the genus Ate-
leopus. It is characterized by an elongated tail, taper-
ing backward but provided with a narrow caudal fin,
antemedian anus, moderate suborbitals, inferior mouth,
thoracic ventral fins reduced to double or simple filaments,
a short anterior dorsal fin only, and a long anal fin con-
tinuous with the caudal. x
... K. Gr. &te-
* / s. a' [NL,
Žffç, imperfect, + Toig (Tod-) = E. foot.] The
A teleopazs Vapozitczes.
typical genus of fishes of the family Ateleopo-
didae: so named from the imperfect ventral fins.
A fish of the subclass
[NL., K. Gr.
àtežňg, incomplete, + batéov, a bone. See Tele-
ostei.] A subclass of fishes contrasting with
the Teleostei and distinguished by the reduction
of the bones of the skull and branchial skele-
ton, proposed for the order Lyomeri.
Ateleostei.
s Pertaining
to or having the characters of the Ateleostci.
[NL., K. Gr. 678.7%g, incom-
plete, imperfect, K &- priv. -- Té%0g, end, com-
pletion.] A genus of American platyrrhine
monkeys, of the family Cebidae and subfamily
Cebina; the spider-monkeys or sapajous, with
attenuate bodies, very long slender limbs, and
long powerfully prehensile tails: so called be-
cause the thumb is rudimentary. There are sev-
eral Species, among them the northernmost representa-
º: of the Quadrumana in America. Also called Atelo-
C/07.7" &&.S.
[F., formerly attelier,
hastelier; of disputed origin..] A workshop;
specifically, the workroom of a sculptor or
painter; a studio.
Modern sculptors . . . too often execute colossal works
in cramped ateliers, where the conditions of light are
wholly different from those of the site for which the statue
is destined. C. T. Newton, Art and Archaeol., p. 347.
[K Gr. ate?fic, imperfect,
+ -ine?..] An oxychlorid of copper allied to
atacamite, occurring at Vesuvius, and derived
from the alteration of the copper oxid tenorite.
[K Gr. ate?}c, imperfect,
-ite?..] Same as ateline.
[K L. Atellamus,
pertaining to Atella, an ancient town of the
Osci, in Campania; hence fabulae (or fabella")
Atellanae, Atellan plays: see def.] I. a. Per-
taining to or resembling in character the farces
or dramas called fabulae Atellama: ; farcical; ri-
bald. See II. Also spelled Atellame.
Their . . . Atellan way of wit.
Shaftesbury, Characteristics, II. 170.
These Atellame plays . . . seem to have been a union of
high connedy and its parody. . . . They were not per-
formed by regular actors (histriones), but by Roman citi-
zens of noble birth, who were not on that account Sub-
jected to any degradation. W. Smith.
II. m. 1. One of a class of farces or dramatic
pieces (fabulae Atellanae) in vogue among the
ancient Osci, and early introduced into Rome.
The personages of these pieces were always the same, and
the wit was very broad. It is probable that their per-
petuation in rural districts was the origin of Punchinello
and the other Italian rustic masks. See I.
2. A satirical or licentious drama: as, “Atellans
and lascivious songs,” Burton, Anat. of Mel.,
O
. 425.
Ateline (a-tel’ān), a. Same as Atellan.


atelocardia
atelocardia (at'e-ló-kār'di-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
&re?jg, imperfect, + kapóia = E. hear?..] In tera-
tol, imperfect development of the heart.
atelochilia (at'e-lº-kil’i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
àTe2fic, imperfect, + xeiàog, a lip.] In teratol.,
imperfect development of the lip. Also spelled
atelocheilia. e
Atelochirus (at"e-ló-ki'rus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
âtežňg, imperfect, + xeip, hand.] Same as
Ateles. Also spelled Atelocheirus.
atelo-encephalia (at 'e-ló-en-se-fä’ li-á), n.
[NL., K. Gr. drežág, imperfect, + šyképañoſ, the
brain: see emcephalom.] In teratol., imperfect
development of the encephalon.
ateloglossia (at'e-ló-glos’i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
âteWhº, imperfect, + )Aéoga, tongue.] In tera-
tol., imperfect development of the tongue.
atelognathia (at'e-log-nā‘thi-á), m. "[NL., K
Gr. ate??c, imperfect, + yuá60ſ, the jaw.] In
teratol., imperfect development of the jaw.
atelomyelia (at'e-ló-mi-É'li-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
âtežňg, imperfect, + plve26g, marrow.] In tera-
tol., imperfect development of the spinal cord.
ateloprosopia (at'e-lô-pro-S6'pi-á), m. [NL., K
Gr. ate?jg, imperfect, + trpóGotov, the face: see
Prosopis.] In teratol., imperfect development
of the face.
atelorachidia (at'e-ló-ra-kid’i-á), n. [NL., K
Gr. &Te2%g, imperfect, + bazac, back-bone..] In
teratol., imperfect development of the spinal
column.
Atelornis (at-e-lór’nis), m. [NL., K. Gr. &teååg,
imperfect, + špug, bird.]. A genus of Madagas-
can ground-rollers, family Coraciidae and sub-
family Brachypteraciinae. A. pittoides is a typi-
cal species, of gorgeous colors and terrestrial
nocturnal habits.
atelostomia (at"e-lô-stö’mi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
âtež%g, imperfect, + otópia, mouth: see stoma.]
*In teratol., imperfect development of the mouth.
a tempo, a tempo primo (ā tem"pö, pré'mô).
[It., lit. to time, to the first time: a, K.L. ad, to;
tempo, K L. tempus, time (see tempo); primo, K
L. primus, first: see prime.] In music, a di-
rection, after any change of movement, as by
acceleration or retardation, that the original
time be restored. See a battuta.
a tempo giusto (a tem/p3 jös’tó). [It., lit. to
just time: a tempo (see a tempo); givsto, K L.
justus, just : see just 1.] In music, a direction
to sing or play in an equal, just, or strict time.
It is seldom used except when the time has been inter-
Tupted, as during a recitative, to suit the action and pas-
sion of the piece.
Ateuchus (a-tū’kus), m. [NL., lit. without ar-
mor, in allusion to the absence of a scutellum,
K. Gr. &Tevyāg, unarmed, unequipped, K &- priv.
+ Tevzog, pl. Teixea, arms, armor, prop. imple-
ments, K Tetºſelv, make, produce.] A genus of
lamellicorn beetles, of the family Scaraba'idae.
A. Sacer seems to have been the sacred beetle, or scarabaeus,
figured on Fgyptian monuments, ornaments, amulets, etc.,
and of which a figure, either in porcelain or carved out of
stone, rarely a gem, was placed in the bosom of every
mummy, as a symbol of and prayer for resurrection.
atf (ätf), n. Same as atef.
atgart, n. [Also improp. ategar, repr. AS, at-
gār, also attgarw (only in glosses), (= OFries.
etgār, etkär = OHG. aegér, a2igêr = Icel. at-
geirº), a spear, K att-, appar, the Pºp. art, at, +
gār, a spear: see garl, garfish, gore?..] A kind
of spear or lance formerly in use.
Athabaskan (ath-a-bas'kan), a. and m. I. (t.
Belonging to a certain great family of North
American Indian languages and tribes, occu-
ying a vast extent of country south from the
£skimo region, between Hudson’s Bay and the
Rocky Mountains, with outlying members also
west of the mountains, as far south as Mexico,
including the Apaches and Navajos.
II. m. A member or the language of this
family.
Also spelled Athabascam, Athapaskan.
athalamous (a-thal/a-mus), a. [K Gr. 6- priv.
+ 04%auoc, bed: see thalamus.] In bot., with-
out apothecia: applied to lichens, or lichenoid
growths, the fructification of which is unknown.
Athalia (a-tha’li-á), n. [NL., named with al-
lusion to the devastation produced by its larvae,
K. Gr. affažňg or à0a22%g, not verdant, withered,
K. a- priv. -- 0.42%ttv, be fresh or luxuriant.] . A
genus of saw-flies, or Terebrantia, of the order
IIymenoptera and family Tenthredinidae. A.
8pinarum or A. centifolia is the turnip saw-fly of Europe,
whose larvae occasionally devastate turnip-fields. The
parent insect appears about the end of May, and deposits
its egg in the substance of the leaf, and in about six days
the larvae are hatched. Within a few days the vegetation
on which they appear is laid waste by their eating the soft
tissue of the leaf, leaving only skeletons and stalks.
362
athalline, (a-thal’in), a. [K Gr, à- priv. 4-
6a7)Aég, a frond: see thallus.] In bot., without
a thallus; characterized by the absence of a
thallus. ... "
athamantin (ath-a-man’tin), n. IK Athamanta
(see def.) + -īn?..] In chemi., a substance (C2
H3007) produced from the root and seeds of
the Athamanta Oreoselinum and other species
of the same genus of European and Asiatic um-
belliferous herbs. It has a rancid soapy odor,
and a slightly bitter acrid taste. H. Watts.
athamaunt, n. An old form of adamant.
athanasia (ath-a-mă'si-á), n., [K Gr. 36avagia,
immortality (> ML. athanasia, tansy), K &6á.
varog, immortal, Kö- priv. 4- 6&varog, death.] 1.
feathiessness; immortality. Also athamasy.—
2. The herb tansy. See tansy.
Athanasian (ath-à-nā‘sign), a. and n. [K LL.
Athanasius, K. Gr. Aflaváozog, a proper name,
K &flávatog, immortal.] I, a. Pertaining to
Athanasius (about 296 to 373), bishop of Alex-
andria–Athanasian creed, a creed formerly ascribed
to Athanasius, but whose real authorship is unknown. It
is an explicit assertion of the doctrines of the Trinity (as
opposed to Arianism) and of the incarnation, and contains
What are known as the ‘‘damnatory clauses” in the con-
cluding formulas of the two parts, viz.: “Whosoever will
be saved, before all things it is necessary that he should
hold the catholic faith; which faith, except every one do
keep whole and undefiled, without doubt he shall perish
everlastingly”; and “This is the catholic faith; which ex-
cept a man believe faithfully he cannot be saved.” This
creed is retained in the service of the Church of England,
but not in that of the American Episcopal Church.
II. m. A follower of Athanasius or a believer
in his creed.
Athanasianism (ath-à-nā’sign-izm), m. [K
Athanasian -H, -ism..] The principles or doc-
trines of the Athanasian creed.
Athanasianist (ath-a-mă'sian-ist), m. [K Atha-
nasian + -ist.] An Athanasian.
athanasy (a-than'a-si), m. Same as athanasia, 1.
Time brings to obscure authors an odd kind of repara-
tion, an immortality not of love and interest and admira-
tion, but of curiosity merely. . . . Is not then a Scholas-
tic athamasy better than none?
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 346.
athanor (ath'a-nór), m. [Late M.E. also athenor
(cf. F. athanor), K Sp. atamor, a siphon or pipe
for conveying water, K. Ar. at-tanniºr, Kal, the,
+ tanniir, K Heb. or Aramaic tanniºr, an oven or
furnace, K nār, fire.] A self-feeding digesting
furnace formerly used by alchemists. It was
i. made as to maintain a uniform and durable
eat.
Athecata (ath-à-kāſtā), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl.
of athecatus, not sheathed: see athecate.] A
name of the gymnoblastic hydroid hydrozoans,
which are not sheathed, that is, have no go-
nangia and no hydrothecae: a synonym of
Gymnoblastea (which see).
athecate (ath’é-kāt), a. [KNL. athecatus, K. Gr.
d- priv. -- 0%km, a sheath : see theca.] Not
sheathed; specifically, of or pertaining to the
Athecata.
atheism (ä'thé-izm), n. [= F. athéisme = Pg.
atheismo = Sp. It. ateismo, K NL. *atheismus, K
Gr. 36eog, without a god, denying the gods, K. Či-
priv. -- 0869, a god. The Gr. term for atheism
was āffeótmg.] 1. The doctrine that there is no
God; denial of the existence of God.
Atheism is a disbelief in the existence of God — that is,
disbelief in any regularity in the universe to which man
must conform himself under penalties. -
J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 26.
2. The denial of theism, that is, of the doctrine
that the great first cause is a supreme, intel-
ligent, righteous person.-3. A practical indif-
ference to and disregard of God; godlessness.
[In the first sense above given, atheism is to be discrimi-
nated from pantheism, which denies the personality of God,
and from agnosticism, which denies the possibility of pos-
itive knowledge concerning him. In the second sense, athe-
ism includes both pantheism and agnosticism.]
atheist (ä'thé-ist), m. and a. [= F. athéiste =
|Pg. atheista = Sp. It. ateista, K NL. *atheista,
K É. &0sog : see atheism..] I. m. 1. One who de-
nies the existence of God, or of a Supreme in-
telligent being.
Well, monarchies may own religion's name,
But states are atheists in their very frame.
Dryden, Prol. to Amboyna, 1. 22.
By night an atheist half believes a God.
Young, Night Thoughts, v. 177.
2. A godless man; one who disregards his duty
to God. =Syn. Skeptic, Deist, etc. See infidel.
II. a. Godless; atheistic: as, “the atheist
crew,” Milton, P. L., vi. 370,
atheistic (ā-thé-istik), a. [Kathéist + -ic.] 1.
Pertaining to or characteristic of atheists; in-
volving, containing, or tending to atheism: as,
atheistic doctrines or beliefs; an atheistic ten-
Athenæum.
dency.—2. Denying the existence of God; god-
less; impious: applied to persons: as, “athe-
istic gainsayers,” Ray, Works of Creation.
=Syn. Godless, Ungodly, etc. See irrel
igious.
atheistical (ā-thé-is’ti-kal), a. ºied by or
manifesting atheism; athéistic.
I was present, very seldom going to the publiq theaters
for many reasons, now as they were abused to an atheis-
tical liberty. Bºvelyn, Diary, Oct. 18, 1666.
atheistically (à-thé-is' ti-kal-i), adv. In an
atheistic manner; impiously.
I entreat such as are atheistically inclined to consider
these things. Tillotson.
atheisticalness (ā-thé-is’ti-kal-nes), m. The
quality of being atheistic; irreligiousness.
Purge out of all hearts profaneness and atheisticalness.
Hammond, Works, I. 500. .
atheize (ä'thé-iz), v.; pret. and, pp. atheized
pr. atheizing. [K Gr. 36sog (see atheism) + ºice.j
.# intrams. To discourse as an atheist.
We shall now make diligent search and inquiry, to see
if we can find any other philosophers who atheized before
Democritus and Leucippus.
Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 111.
II. trans. To render atheistic. [Rare.]
They endeavoured to atheize one another.
Bp. Berkeley, Minute Philosopher, ii.
atheizer (ä'thé-i-zēr), n. One who atheizes, or
renders atheistic. Cudworth. [Rare.]
athelºt, ſº [Early ME., S.A.S. ºthelu, ºthelo, pl.
Toš.hānaśāošries, eihei, edei (in comp and
deriv.) = D. adel = OHG. adal, MHG. adel, race,
family, ancestry, esp. noble ancestry, nobility,
G. adel, nobility, = Icel. adhal, nature, dis-
position, family, origin, in comp. chief-, head-
(mod. also mobility, = Sw, Dan. adel, nobility, a
sense due to the G.), = Goth. *athal (as in the
proper name "Athalareiks (> ML. Athalaricus)
= AS. AEthelric); not found outside of Teut.
Hence, athel? and atheling, q.v., and ethel, pat-
rimony (see ethel). In mod. E. only in proper
names, historical or in actual use, of AS. or
OHG. origin, as Ethel, Ethelbert, Athelbert =
Albert, Ethelred, Audrey (St. Audrey, X t-awdry,
q. v.), etc.] Race; family; ancestry; noble
ancestry; nobility; honor.
Her Wes Arthur the king athelen bidaeled [deprived].
Layamom, III. 453.
athel?t, a. and m. [ME., also ethel, athel, and
prop. athele, ethele, athele (in northern writers
often hathel, etc.), K AS. athele, ethele = OS.
edili = OFries. ethel, edel = D. edel = OHG.
edili, M.H.G. edele, G. edel = Icel, edhal-, edhla-
(in comp.) = Sw. Čdel = Dam. abdel (the Scand.
after G.), noble, of noble family; from the
noun: see athell.] I. a. Noble; illustrious;
excellent.
Lutele children in the cradele,
Both chorles an ek athele.
- Owl and Nightingale, 1.631.
II. m. A noble ; a chief; often simply a
Iſlall. -
His hathel on hors watz themme
That bere his spere & launce.
Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight (ed. Morris), 1.2065.
atheling (ath’el-ing), n. [In mod, use, as a his-
torical term, also written etheling and actheling,
repr. M.E. atheling, KAS. aztheling #. OS. edhi-
ling = OFries. etheling, edling = OHG. adaling,
ML. adalingus, a delingus), Kaethelu, noble family
(see athell), + -ing, a patronymic suffix. The
word survives in the place-name Athelney, AS.
AEthelinga ig, lit. princes’ island.] In Angio:
Sawon hist. : (a) A crown prince or heir appar-
ent; one of the royal family. (b) A nobleman.
Originally none but Anglo-Saxon princes were called
athelings, and the atheling was the eldest son of the king
or nearest heir to the throne, to which, however, he did
not necessarily succeed; but the term was afterward ex-
tended to all who held noble rank. Also written etheling,
cetheling.
An English community [A. D. 500–600) knew but two or-
ders of men, the ceorl or the freeman, and the eorlor the
noble. The freeman was the base of the village society.
He was the “free-necked man,” whose long hair floated
Over a neck which had never bowed to a lord. . . . But
the social centre of the village was the eorl, or, as he was
Sometimes called, the aetheling, whose homestead rose
high above the lowlier dwellings of the ceorls.
J. R. Green, Making of Dngland, p. 173.
One or two rebellions are mentioned, headed by Æthe-
lings or men of the royal house.
E. A. Freeman, Old Eng. Hist., p. 71.
Athena (a-thé'nā), n. Same as Athene, 1.
Athenaeum, Atheneum (ath-e-néſum), n., [L.
Athenaum, K. Gr. Affvatov, a temple of Athene,
K Aſhvn, Athene: see Athene..] I. A temple or
a place dedicated to Athene, or Minerva; spe-
cifically, an institution founded at Rome by
Hadrian for the promotion of literary and scien-
tific studies, and imitated in the provinces.—
2. [l. c.; pl. athémata, athenea (-à).] In mod-
Athenaeum
ern times, an institution for the encouragement
of literature and art, often possessing #.
for the use of those entitled to its privileges.
Athene (a-theºng), n. [L., also Athena, & Gr.
Atºn/, Doric Affava, also (prop, an adj. form)
Ath/vain, AEolic Affavata, Aſlaváa, Attic Aſhmata,
contr. Athnā, a name of uncertain origin, as-
sociated with that of Affval, Athens.] 1. In
Gr, myth., the goddess of knowledge, arts, sci-
Athene.—The Minerva Farnese, Museo Nazionale, Naples.
ences, and righteous war; particularly, the tute-
lary deity of Athens: identified by the Romans
with Minerva. She personified the clear ...}. air as
well as mental clearness and acuteness, embodying the
spirit of truth and divine wisdom, and was clothed with
the aegis symbolizing the dark storm-cloud, and armed with
the resistless spear—the shaft of lightning. Also Athena.
2. [NL.] In ornith., an extensive genus of owls,
related to A. noctua of Europe, including small
earless Species. The name is used by different authors
with great latitude, and is not susceptible of exact defini-
tion. It was first used for a genus of birds by Boie, 1822.
Atheneum, n., See Athenaeum.
Athenian (3-thé'mi-an), a. and m. [& L. as if
*Athenianus, equivalent to Atheniensis, & Athe-
na, K. Gr. Abºval, Athens, traditionally named
after Athyn, Athene.] I. a. Pertaining to
Athens, anciently the metropolis of Attica in
Greece, and now the capital of the kingdom of
Greece.
II, n. A native or citizen of Athens.
atheologiant. (āthā-ā-ló'ii-àn), n., [K. Gr. -
priv. (d−18) + theologian.] "One who is not a
theologian; one who has no knowledge of the-
ology; an ignorant theologian.
They . . . [the Jesuits] are the only atheologians whose
heads entertain no other object but the tumult of realms.
Sir J. Hayward, Answer to Doleman, ix.
atheological (ä'thé-g-loji-kal), a [K Gr. -
priv. (a-18) + theological.] Untheological; con-
trary to theology.
In the curt atheological phrase of the Persian Lucretius,
“one thing is certain, and the rest is lies.”
Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 233.
*glºy. (à-thé-ol’º-ji), n. [K Gr. - priv.
(a-18) + theology. Cf. atheous...] 1. Lack or
absence of theological knowledge; opposition
to theology.—2. Atheism.
Several of our learned members have written many pro-
found treatises on anarchy, but a brief, complete body of
atheology seemed yet wanting.
§ºn, On Collins's Discourse.
atheous (ä'thº-us), a. [- Pg. atheo - Sp...It.
ateo, an atheist, K L. atheus, atheos, K. Gr. ºffe-
og, without a god, godless: see atheism.] 1+.
Atheistic; ungodly.
The hypocrite or atheous priest. Milton, P. R., i. 487.
2. Having no reference to God; irrespective of
divine existence or power.
“All physical science, properly so called, is compelled
by its very nature to take no account of the being of God:
as soon as it does this, it trenches upon theology, and
ceases to be physical science.” And so, coining a dis-
i." word to express this, he [the Bishop of Car-
lisle] would say that science was atheous, and therefore
could not be atheistic. Science, III. 132.
Athericera (ath-É-ris'e-ră), m. pl. [NL., & Gr,
ătºp, awn or beard of an ear of corn, + ºpac, a
horn.] In Latreille's system of classification,
the fifth family of dipterous insects, nearly
equivalent to the dichaetous division of brachy-
cerous Diptera, but including the Syrphidae.
The division corresponded to the Linnean genera Conops
and (Estrus, with most of the species of Musca, including
the bot-flies and drome-flies with the flies proper. [Not in
use.]
3.63
athericerous (ath-É-ris'º-rus), a. [{Athericera
+-ous.] Pertaining to or resembling the Athe-
7"lºrd.
Atherina (ath-e-ri'nā), n. [NL., & Gr, affeptum,
a kind of smelt...] A genus of abdominal acan-
thopterygian fishes, typical of the family Athe-
rinidae, containing the sand-smelts. A. presbyter,
the common British atherine or sand-smelt, is a fish about
6 inches long, used as food.
atherine (ath’º-rin), n. [& Atherina.] A fish
of the genus Athering; a sand-smelt.
atherinid (ath-e-rin'id), n. A fish of the fam-
ily Atherinidae.
Atherinidae (ath-e-rin’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., &
Atherina -- -idae. The atherines or sand-
smelts; a family of abdominalacanthopterygian
fishes, typified by the genus Atherina, to which
varying limits have been ascribed by different
Writers. In Günther's system the Atherinidae are a
family of Acanthopterygii mugiliformes, having vertebrae
in increased number and the dentition feeble or of mod-
erate strength, and including the tetragonurids as well as
the atherinids proper. In more recent systems they are a
family of Percegoces with more than 24 vertebrae, cycloidal
scales, dorsal fins two in number and separate, and feeble
dentition. The species are mostly small; those found in
America are known as friars, or are confounded with the
Osmeri under the name of smelts.
atherinidan (ath-e-rin’i-dan), n. A fish of the
family Atherinidae; an atherinid. Sir J. Rich-
ardson.
Atherinina (ath” e-ri-ni-'nā), m. pl. [NL., &
Atherina + -ina.]." In Günther's classification
of fishes, the first subfamily of Atherinidae, char-
acterized by feeble dentition, cycloidal scales,
the separation of the first dorsal fin from the
second, the presence of an air-bladder, and the
absence of pyloric appendages: same as Athe-
rinidae of recent systems.
atherinoid (ath’º-ri-noid), a. and m. [& Athe-
rina + -oid.]. I. a. Having the characters of
the Atherinidae.
II. m. A fish of the family Atherinidae; an
atherinid.
athermancy (a-thérºman-si), n. [K Gr. afépuav-
Tog, not heated: see athermanous and -cy..] The
power or property of stopping radiant heat;
impermeableness to radiant heat. It corre-
onds to opacity in the case of light.
aº (a-thérºma-nus), a... [K Gr. 3-
priv. flepuaivety (flepuan-), heat, impart heat
(cf. ºffépuavrog, not heated), « depudº, hot (tºpum,
heat): see thermo-.] Impermeable to radiant
heat; having the power of stopping radiant
heat; opaque to heat.
athermous (a-thérºmus), a. [.. Gr. affeguac,
without warmth, K - priv. -- flepudº, hot, Bépun,
heat..] Same as athermanous.
atheroma (ath-e-ró’mâ), m.; pl. atheromata
(-ma-tá). [NL., K. Gr. atºpoug(T-), a tumor full
of gruel-like matter, K atºpy, a form of affäpy,
groats or meal, a porridge made therefrom..] 1.
A name given to various kinds of encysted tu-
mors, the contents of which have the appear-
ance of bread-sauce.—2. The formation of
thickened patches of the inner coat of an ar-
tery (much more rarely of a vein), constitut-
ing flattened cavities which contain a pasty
mass exhibiting fat-globules, fatty acid crys-
tals, cholesterin, more or less calcareous mat-
ter, etc. The endothelial film separating this from the
blood may give way, and an atheromatous ulcer be formed.
Also atherome.
atheromatous (ath-e-rö'ma-tus), a. [K athe-
roma(t-) + -ows.] Pertaining to or resembling
atheroma; having the qualities of atheroma.
atherome (ath’e-röm), n. Same as atheroma.
Atherura (ath-e-rö'ră), n. [NL., & Gr. dºlp, the
beard of an ear of corn, + olpa, tail.] A genus
of hystricomorph rodents, of the family Hystri-
cidae; the brush-tailed porcupines: so called
because the tail ends in a pencil of flattened
scaly bristles. The best-known species are A, fasci-
culata, the Malacca porcupine of India, and the African A.
africana. There are several others. Also Atherwrus.
atherure (ath’ e-rér), n. [K Atherwra.] A
brush-tailed porcupine; a species of the genus
Ather ura,
Atherurus (ath-e-rö'rus), n.
7"lºrd.
atheticize (a-thet’i-siz), v. f. : pret, and pp.
atheticized, ppr. atheticizing. [Irreg. K Gr. ºfferoc,
set aside, invalid, + -ic + -ize. Cf. athetize.]
Same as athetize. Beverley.
athetize (ath'e-tiz), v. t.; pret, and pp. athe-
tized, ppr. athetizing. [K Gr, afferely, set aside,
reject as spurious (< ūferoc, set aside, invalid,
without place or position, K - priv. 4- tetág,
verbal adj. of Tº-08-vat, put, place: see thesis,
etc.), + -ize.] To set aside; reject as spurious.
Same as Athe-
Athorybiada (ath’º-ri-bi'a-
Athorybiidae (ath’º-ri-bi’i-
athwart,
He [Walter Leaf, in his edition of the Iliad) athetizes
but 63 ſines in A. M. "Amer four of philol. VII. 278.
athetoid (ath’e-toid), a. Of or resembling
athetosis: as, athetoid movements.
athetosis (ath-e-tó'sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. 36eroº,
without place (see athetize), +-ºsis.] In pathol,
a condition in which the hands and feet can-
not be maintained in any position in which
they are placed, but continually perform in-
voluntary, slow, irregular movements.
athink+, v. impers. [ME. athinke, reduced form
of ofthinke, K AS. ofthyncan, impers, K of +
thyncan, seem: see a-4 and think.] To repent;
grieve.—Me athinketht, it repents me.
Meathinketh that I schal reherce it here.
Chaucer, Prol. to Miller's Tale, 1, 62.
athirst (a-thérst'), a. [K ME. athurst, also
athreste and afurst, contr. from ofthurst, of
thyrst, KAS. ofthyrsted, very thirsty, pp. of of
thyrstan, thirst, K of (intensive) + thyrstan,
pp. thyrsted, thirst: see a-4 and thirst, v.] 1.
irsty; wanting drink.
When thou art athirst, go unto the vessels, and drink.
Ruth ii. 9.
2. Figuratively, having a keen appetite or de-
SII’e.
Their bounding hearts alike
Athirst for battle. Cowper, Iliad.
athlete (ath’lét), n. [& L. athleta, K. Gr. 1077–
Tác, a combatant, contestant in the games, K
affeiv, contend, K affºoc, a contest, esp. for a
prize (neut. ºff/ov, the prize of contest), contr.
of *āFºog, prob. K. a- + V “Fat (= E. wed,
pledge: see wed) + formative -20-c.] 1. In
Gr. antiq., one who contended for a prize in the
public games. Hence—2. Any one trained to
exercises of agility and strength; one accom-
plished in athletics; a man full of strength
and activity.
Here rose an athlete, strong to break or bind
All force in bonds that might endure.
+ Tennyson, Palace of Art.
athletic (ath-let'ik), a. and n. [K L. athleticus,
K. Gr. ºffAnrºg, K affºrthc, athlete: see athlete.]
I. a. 1. Pertaining to athletes or to the exer-
cises practised by them: as, athletic sports.
Hence—2. Strong; robust; vigorous; physi-
cally powerful . active.
That athletic soundness and vigour of constitution
which is seen in cottages, where Nature is cook and Ne-
cessity caterer. South-
II. m. An athlete. [Rare.]
athletically (ath-let’i-kal-i), adv.
robust, or athletic manner.
athleticism (ath-let’i-sizm), n. [K athletic +
-ism..] The act or practice of engaging in ath-
letic exercises: devotion to athletics.
athletics (athletiks), m. [Plural of athletic.]
The art or practice of athletic games or exer-
cises; the system of rules or principles em-
ployed for physical training, as in running,
rºwing, boxing, gymnastics, etc.
athletism (athºlē-tizm), n. [Kathlete + -ism.]
The character or profession of an athlete.
Athole brose. See brose.
Athorybia (ath-Ö-rib"i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. -
priv. 4- 96pv6og, noise, murmur, confusion.] A.
genus of oceanic hydrozoans,
type of the family Athorybi-
idae. A. rosacea inhabits the
Mediterranean.
In a strong,
dé), m. pl. Same as Athori-
biidae.
dé), m.pl. [NL., & Athorybia
+ -idae.] A family of phy-
sophorous oceanic Hydrozoa,
ºf thorybrº rosacea,
seen from above.
o, polypites: º, tenta-
of the order Siphomophora, º yº 㺠º sac-
- cult; tı, ro la F.M.
having a bundle of hydro- º'".”
phyllia instead of a swim-
ming-column, and resembling a larval stage of
some other Physophora.
athreef, prep. phr. as adv. [ME., also a thre;
Ka8 + three..] In three parts. Chaucer.
athrepsia (a-threpºsi-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. -
}. + ºpéºng, nourishment, K Tpépen, nourish.]
pathol., a profound disturbance of nutrition
in children, due to neglect of hygiene and in-
sufficient or improper food.
athrob (a-throb"), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K &
+ throb, l In or into a throbbing or palpitat-
ing state or manner; throbbing.
[Language] is a mere dead body without a soul till some
man of genius set its arrested pulses once more athrob,
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 258.
athwart (A-thwärt), prep, phr. as adv, and prep.
[Early mod. E. also athirt, Sc. athourt, aihort,


athwart
& ME. athwart; K gº + thwart. Cf. overthwart.]
I. adv. 1. Crosswise; from side to side; trans-
versely.
He caus’d to be drawn out and pav'd four main roads
to the utmost length and breadth of the island; and two
others athwart. Milton, Hist. Eng., i.
2. In opposition to the proper or expected
course; in a manner to cross and perplex;
crossly; wrongly; wrongfully. [Rare.]
The baby beats the nurse, and quite athwart
Goes all decorum. Shak., M. for M., i. 4.
II. prep. 1. Across; from side to side of.
A pine,
Rock-rooted, stretched athwart the vacancy
Its swinging boughs. Shelley, Alastor.
The Fosse Way was one of the two great lines of commu-
nication which ran athwart Britain from the northeast to
the southwest. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 193.
2. Nawt., across the line of a ship's course.—
3. In opposition to; against ; contrary to.
I liave seen this present work, and find nothing athwart
the Catholick faith and good manners.
Milton, Areopagitica, p. 11.
Athwart hawse, said of a ship when she lies or sails
across the stem of another, whether near or at some dis-
tance.
We soon saw two sails to windward, going directly
athwart our hawse.
R. II. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 10.
Athwart the forefoot, said of the ſlight of a cannon-
ball fired across a ship's course before her bows, as a com-
mand to her to bring to.
athwartships (a-thwärt'ships), prep. phy. as
adv. [Kathwart + ship + adv. gen. suffix -s.]
Athwart the ship; crosswise of the ship.
The foretopsail, which had been double reefed, split in
two athwartships, just below the reef-band, from earing
to earing. R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 254,
athymiał (a-thim’i-á), m. [K Gr. 60upta, want of
courage or spirit, Köövgog, wanting courage or
spirit, Kå- priv. -- 0wuóg, courage, spirit, breath,
K 0iety, rush, rage, be eager.] Lowness of spir-
its; despondency; melancholy.
-atic1. [KF. -atique (vernacularly-age, X E. -age,
q. v.) = Sp. Pg. It. -atico, K L. -āticus, a com-
pound adj. suffix, being -ic-us, E. -ic, suffixed
to a pp. stem in -āt-: see -atel, -ic, and -age.]
A compound suffix of some adjectives of Latin
origin, as aquatic, erratic, lymphatic, etc., some
of which are also used as nouns, as fanatic,
lunatic, etc. . [See remark under -atic2.]
-atic?. [K F. -atique = Sp. Pg. It. -atico, K L.
-aticus, K. Gr. -at-tR-6ſ, being -lk-6C, E. -ic, suffixed
to a noun stem in -at-, nom. -a, or -ap, or -at-mg:
see -ate5 and -ic.] A compound termination
of adjectives taken from or formed after Greek,
as grammatic, hepatic, pneumatic, some accom-
panying English nouns in -ma or -m, as dra-
matic, problematic, etc., or in -ateº, as piratic,
etc. [Most adjectives of this termination, and also some
ending in -atic1, may take (often preferably) the addition-
al syllable -al, with very slight if any change of meaning.
See -al and -ical.]
-atile. [= F. -atile, K L. -ătilis, a compound adj.
suffix, being -ilis, E. –ile or -le, suffixed to a pp.
stem in -at-: see -atel and -īle.] A suffix of
some adjectives of Latin origin, as aquatile,
fluviatile, etc.
atilt (a-tilt"), prep. phr. as adv. or a, [K. aš +
tilt1, m.] 1. Tilted up; set on tilt, literally or
figuratively.
Speak; if not, this stand
Of royal blood shall be abroach, atºlt, and run
Even to the lees of honour.
JBeaw. and Fl., Philaster, v. 1.
The little bird sits at his door in the sun,
Atilt like a blossom among the leaves.
JLowell, Sir Launfal, i.
2. In the manner of a tilter; in the position
or with the action of a man making a thrust:
as, to ride or run (atilt.
atimy (at’i-mi), m. , [K Gr, arguía, disgrace, loss
of civil rights, dishonor, K &tiplog, dishonored,
deprived of civil rights, K &-priv. H. Tipºff, honor,
K tietv, honor.] In Gr, antiq., disgrace; sus-
pension of the civil rights of a person in pun-
ishment of grave offenses; outlawry; civil dis-
franchisement ; degradation. It was perpetual and
total (sometimes hereditary), or temporary, or partial and
aſfecting only certain privileges of the citizen. It often in-
volved confiscation of property. A
-ation. [K F. -ation = Sp. -ación = Pg. -ação
= It. -azione, K L. -ātio(m-), acc. -ātionem, being
–tio(m-), E. -tion, q.v., suffixed to the stem of
verbs in -à-re, or, in other words, -io/n-), E.
—ion, suffixed to the pp. stem -āt-, E. -atel, of
verbs in -à-re: see -tion, -ion, and -atel. The reg. * Atlanteam.
OF. form of this suffix was -aisun, -eisun, later
-aison, etc. (later restored -ation, ME. –ation,
–acion, -atioun, -acioum), X ME. –aisum, -eisum,
-esun, etc., which exists, unrecognized, in ori-
364
son, venison, which have differentiated doub-
lets in oration, venation (obs.).] A suffix of
Latin origin, occurring in nouns of action, etc.
These nouns are properly abstract nouns equivalent to
Inglish nouns in -ing, and are (a) taken directly from
the Latin, as citation, commendation, creation, education
liberation, etc., and formed in Latin (commendatio, etc.)
from the verbs represented in English either by forms
without suffix (from the Latin infinitive), as cite, commend,
etc., or by forms in -ate (from the Latin perfect partici-
ple), as create, educate, liberate ; or (b) formed in modern
speech, whether from verbs without suffix, as in fixation,
quotation, etc., from fia, quote, etc., or from verbs in -ate,
as concentration, desiccation, from concentrate, desiccate,
etc., or from verbs of non-Latin origin, as starvation,
flirtation, these being the earliest formations (in the mid-
dle of the eighteenth century) in -ation from verbs of
native origin (starve, flirt). Some words in -ation have no
accompanying verb in English, as constellation, lunation,
negation, etc.
-atious. [K-ation) + -ows, like -itious, K-iti (on)
+ -ows.] A compound adjective suffix, con-
sisting of -ous added to a reduced form of
-ation, and serving to form adjectives from
nouns in -ation, as disputatious from disputa-
tion.
atiptoe (A-tip’tó), prep. phr, as adv. or a. [K
a8+ tiptoe.] 1. On tiptoe.—2. Figuratively,
in a state of high expectation or eagerness.
-ative. [= F. -atif, fem. -ative, K L. -āt-ºvus,
being -īvus, E. –ive, suffixed to the pp. stem in
-āt-, E.-ateſ, -ate?..] A compound adjective
suffix of Latin origin, consisting of —ive added to
the stem represented by -ate?, and accompany-
ing verbs with suffix -ate?, as in demonstrative,
relative, etc., from demonstrate, relate, etc., or
verbs without a suffix, as in laudative, etc.,
from laud, etc., or standing without corre-
sponding verbs in English, as in amative, horta-
tive, lucrative, etc.: especially frequent in gram-
matical terms, as in vocative, locative, ablative,
etc., all used also as noums. It is also found in a
few other noums, as in prerogative, donative. It is added
rarely to verbs of non-Latin origin, as in talkative, babbla-
tive, and used in colloquial or slang expressions like go-
ahead-ative. Dnglish formations in -ative, from verbs in
-ate2, retain the accent of the verb, as decorative.
Atlanta (at-lan’tā), m. [NL., K. L. Atlanticus,
Atlantic: see Atlantic, a.] A genus of mol-
lusks, typical of the family Atlantidae, having
the twisted visceral sac inclosed in a dextral
spiral shell, and the foot provided with an oper-
culum. A. peroni is a Mediterranean species.
atlantad (at-lan’tad), adv. [K atlas (atlant-)
+ -adº.] In anat., toward the atlas, or the
upper part of the body.
atlantal (at-lanſtal), a. [K NL. atlantalis, K
atlas1, 3, q.v.] In anat., of or pertaining to the
atlas-Atlantal foramen (foramen atlantale), a hole
through the fore-border of the atlas of many animals for
the transmission of the suboccipital nerve and vertebral
artery. In man it is present only exceptionally, and is
generally represented by a groove.
Atlantean (at-lam-té'an), a.
Gr. ATAdvtelog, pertaining to 'Athag, Atlas; AT-
Wavrig, Atlantis, is properly fem. adj. K ATWaç
(ATAavr-): see atlas1.] 1. Pertaining to Atlas;
resembling Atlas.
Sage he stood
With Atlanteam shoulders, fit to bear
The weight of mightiest monarchies.
Milton, P. L., ii. 306.
2. Pertaining to the island Atlantis of Plato
and Strabo, fabled to exist in the ocean of the
far West, or to g-ºvº ſº
Bacon’s ideal
commonwealth of
that name. -
Sometimes writ- §, “ . . .# Sº º
ten Atlantian. I). º: §§ º
atlantes (at-lan'- ºgº
těz), m. pl. [K Gr.
'ATWavreć, pl. of
'ATWaç, Atlas: see
atlas1.] In arch.,
figures or half fig-
ures of men used
in place of col-
umns or pilas-
ters, to support
an entablature.
They were called tel-
amomes by the Ro-
mans. Female figures
so employed are call-
ed caryatids or carya-
tides. See atlas1, 2.
Atlantian (at-
lan’ti-an), a. See
Atlantic (at-lan'-
tik), a. and n. [K
L. Atlanticus, K
Gr. ATAavrakóg,
Atlantes.
Otto Heinrich's Palace, Heidelberg Castle,
Baden.
Atlantides (at-lan’ti-déz), m. pl.
Atlantis (at-lan’tis), n.
atlantosaurid (at-lan-tū-sà'rid), n.
+sic herbivorous lizards.
[KL. Atlanteus, K Atlantosaurus (at-lan-tū-sā’rus), n.
atlas
pertaining to Atlas, K’ATAag (ATWavt-), Atlas, (1)
the Titan (see aliasi) , or (2) the mountain-range
in northwestern Africa named from the Titan,
being regarded as the pillar of heaven; to Ar-
Wavrtköv tróżayog, the Atlantic ocean, named from
Mount Atlas.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to or de-
scended from Atlas: as, “the seven Atlantic
Sisters” (the Pleiades), Milton, P. L., x.674.—
2. Appellative of or pertaining to that division
of the ocean which lies between Europe and
Africa on the east and America on the west.
II. m. The Atlantic Ocean.
atlantid (at-lan'tid), n. A heteropod mollusk
of the family Atlantidae.
Atlantidae (at-lan'ti-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
'ATAag (ATWavr-), Mount Atlas, taken for Africa
(see Atlantic), H- -tjat, -idae. In sense 2, K
Atlanta (q. v.) + -idae.T 1. One of the three
great divisions into which some ethnologists
ivide the human race, including the tribes of
Africa and the Semitic peoples of Asia.-2.
'A family of heteropodous mollusks, typified by
the genus Atlanta. They are free-swimming pelagic
forms, of Wärm seas, with a small, thin, keeled, spiral
shell and calcareous operculum. Besides the type, At-
lanta, the family contains the genus Oaxygyrus.
[L., K. Gr.
'ATWavríðeg, pl. of ATAavrig, fem. patron., daugh-
ter of 'Athag (ATAavr-), Atlas: see atlas1.] 1. A
name given to the Pleiades, which were fabled
to be the seven daughters of Atlas who were
translated to heaven.—2. The inhabitants of
the legendary island of Atlantis.
[L., K. Gr. At Wavric:
see Atlantic.] A mythical island of vast extent,
mentioned by Plato and other ancient writers,
and placed by them in the far West.
atlanto-epistropheal (at-lan” to -ep *i-strö-
fê'al), a. [K atlas (atlant-) + epistrophaeus +
-al.] Tn anat., pertaining to the atlas and epi-
strophaeus or axis.
atlanto-occipital (at-lan’tó-ok-sip’i-tal), a. [K
atlas (atlant-) + occiput (occipit-) + -al.] . In
amat., pertaining to the atlas and the occipital
bone.
atlanto-odontoid (at-lan’tó-6-don’toid), a. [K
atlas (atlant-) + odontoid.]. In amat., pertaining
to the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis.
e A dino-
saurian reptile of the family Atlantosauridae.
Atlantosauridae (at-lan-tá-sā’ ri-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K Atlantosaurus + -idae.] A family of
sauropodous dinosaurian reptiles with a pitui-
tary canal, the ischia directed downward and
meeting at the middle, a hollow sacrum, and
the anterior and caudal vertebrae excavated by
lateral cavities. It is a group of gigantic Juras-
O. C. Marsh.
[NL., K
Gr. ATAag (ATAavt-), in allusion to their size, 4-
oaipog, lizard.] A genus of dinosaurians the
species of which were of gigantic size; the type
of the family Atlantosaurida.
atlas1 (atſlas), m. [= F. Sp. Pg. atlas = It. at-
lante = G. Dan. Sw, atlas, atlas (def. 4), K L.
Atlas (Atlant-), K. Gr. 'Athag (ATWavt-), in myth.
a member of the older family of gods, who
bore up the pillars of heaven; later, one of the
Titans, condemned to bear up the heavens, or,
in other forms of the le e. the earth: the
name was also given to Mount Atlas (see At-
lantic), to a statue serving as a column (def. 2),
and to one of the cervical vertebrae (def, 3);
º K &- euphonic + V “TAa (TAffval), endure,
= L. V*tla, in thatus, latus, pp. (associated with
'erre = E. bearl, hold up, carry), and in tollerg
ift, tolerare, endure: see ablative and toleratej
1. [cap.] One who supports a heavy burden; a
mainstay; a ‘pillar.”—2. [Pl. atlantes (at-lan'-
těz).] A male human figure serving as a col-
umn or pilaster. See atlantes.—3. [NL.] In
anat., the first cer-
vical vertebra, by
which the skull ar-
ticulates with the
spinal column: so
called because it
supports the head
as'Atias was fabled
to uphold the sky.
It is one of the most
modified and special-
ized of the vertebræ, of.
Human Atlas.
S, ſº . spine in the
g , neural arch.; tubercular process, or
ten having no centrum, diapophysis’ proper, and eſcapitular
as such, but a hypa- process, or parapophysis – these two
pophysis instead, large making the so-called transverse pro:
transverse processes or gess, and iºglosing the vertebrarterial
p d th forainen; hy, hypapophysis, in place
lateral masses, and the of a centrum; ...'articular surface for
other processes Small occipital condyle.


- atlas
or wanting. The general form of the bone is annular; it
revolves about a pivot furnished by the odontoid process
of the axis, and follows the rotatory movements of the
head upon the neck. It is commonly ankylosed with the
axis in Cetacea. See ankylosis.
4. A bound collection of maps. The word was first
used in this sense by Mercator in the sixteenth century,
in allusion to the Atlas of mythology, whose figure, repre-
sented as bearing a globe on his shoulders, was given on
the title-page of such works.
Hence—5. A volume of plates or tables illus-
trative or explanatory of some subject.—6.
A size of writing- or drawing-paper, 26 by 33 or
34 inches.—7. [NL.] In entom., a large lamelli-
corn beetle of the family Scarabaeidae; the atlas
'beetle, Chalcosoma atlas, about 3 inches long,
and of a brilliant metallic-green color.
atlas2 (at’las), n. [= Sp. atlas = G. atlač8 =
Sw. atlas = Dan. atlas, atlask, satin, K Hind.
atlas, K. Ar. atlas, satin, K atlas, smooth, bare,
blank, K talasa, make smooth, delete.] A kind
of satin: a word formerly used in the Levant
and in India.
atlas-folio (at "las-fö’ lić), n. [Katlas1, 6, +
folio.] A large square folio size of books.
atlo-axoid (at’lö-ak’soid), a. In anat., of or
pertaining to the atlas and axis, the first and
second cervical vertebræ.—Atlo-axoid ligament,
one of three ligaments, anterior, lateral, and posterior,
connected with both the axis and the atlas.
atloid (at'loid), a. [Katlas1, 3, ---oid.] In anat.,
of or pertaining to the atlas; atlantal: usually
as the second element of a compound: as,
occipito-atloid ligaments.
atmidometer (at-mi-dom’e-tér), n. IK Gr. 6tuíg
(ärpuð-), vapor (Kärplóg, steam, vapor), +/1érpov,
a measure.] An instrument invented by Bab-
ington for measuring the evaporation from wa-
ter, ice, or snow. E. H. Knight. See atmom-
eter.
atmo–. [KGr. &Tuóg, vapor, steam (= Skt. atman,
breath, – AS. āth m = OS. āthom = OFries. Čth-
ma = D. adem-OHG. ddum, àtum, MHG. atem
aten, G. atem, athem, odem, also (prop. dial.)
oden, breath), perhaps from the root repr. by
Skt. V vä, Gr. &ſjval (V “Fa), blow, and so related
to &#p, air, &offita, asthma, etc., and to E. wind?:
see airl, asthma, and wind?..] The first element,
meaning vapor, in some compound words of
Greek origin.
atmological (at-mö-loj’i-kal), a.
+ -ic-al.] Pertaining to atmology.
A classification of clouds can then only be consistent *
and intelligible when it rests on their atmological condi-
tions. Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, x. 2.
atmologist (at-mol’ā-jist), n. IK atmology +
—ist.] One skilled in atmology; a student of
atmology.
The atmologists of the last century.
Whewell, Nov. Org. Renovatum, III. ix. § 8.
atmology (at-mol%-ji), n. IK Gr. &ruág, steam,
vapor, −F -Aoyia, K. Wéyetv, speak: see -ology.]
That branch of science which treats of the laws
and phenomena of aqueous vapor.
The relations of heat and moisture give rise to another
extensive collection of laws and principles, which I shall
treat of in connection with themistics, and shall term at-
7mology. ell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, x., Int.
atmolysation, etc. See atmolyzation, etc.
atmolysis (at-mol’i-sis), n. IK Gr. Grućc, vapor,
+. Atotº, a loosing, Kºtetv, loose.] The process
of separating mixed gases by causing a partial
diffusion of the mixture through a vessel of
g. material, such as unglazed porcelain.
ee atmolyzer. The lighter gases pass more rapidly
through the pores of the vessel while the heavier remain
in it in larger proportion. * *
atmolyzation (at"mö-li-ză'shgn), n. The sepa-
ration of mixed gases by atmolysis. Also at-
amolysation.
atmolyze (at’mö-liz), v. t. ; pret, and pp. at-
molyzed, ppr. atmolyzing. [K atmolysis. Cf.
analyze, K analysis.] To separate, as gases or
vapors, by atmolysis. Also atmolyse.
atmolyzer (atºmě-li-zër), n. ...An apparatus
for separating gases by fractional diffusion
through a porous material. It usually consists of a
porous pipe surrounded by an air-tight cylinderconnected
with an aspirator. See atmolysis. Also atmolyser,
atmometer (at-mom’e-tër), m. [K Gr. Örgög,
vapor, + Hérpov, a measure.]. An instrument,
invented by Sir John Leslie, for measuring the
amount of evaporation from a humid surface
in a given time; an evaporometer. It consists of
{\ thin honow ball of porous earthenware, to which is joined
a graduated glass tube. The ball and the tube are filled
with water, the top of the tube is closed, and the instru-
ment is exposed to the free action of the air. As the
water transudes º the porous substance, and is
removed in the form of vapor by the air, the extent of
evaporation is shown by the sinking of the water in the
graduated tube.
[K atmology.
365
atmosphere tab'mgs-fôr), n. [= F. atmosphère
Pg. atmosphera – Sp. atmosfera = It. atmo-
&fera = Sw, atmosfer = Dan. atmosfaere = G. at-
nosphäre, K NL. atmosphaera, K. Gr. &Tuág, vapor,
+ opaipa, sphere: see &phere.] 1. The aëriform
fluid which surrounds the earth, and extends to
an undetermined height above its surface; the
&lr. It is a mechanical mixture of 79 parts by volume of
nitrogen and 21 of oxygen, with nearly one per cent. of ar-
gon, a trace of carbon dioxid, and a variable quantity of
aqueous yapor, ammonia, ozone, and organic matter. The
composition of the normal atmosphere varies but slightly
in different localities, although near towns it usually con-
tains impurities, such as sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid,
etc. . The movements of the atmosphere constitute the
winds, and in it are formed or produced clouds, rain, and
snow. Its density is greatest at the earth's surface, and de-
creases as the height above the earth increases. The atmo-
Sphere, like other bodies, vitates toward the earth, and
therefore has weight and exerts pressure. The average
pressure exerted by the atmosphere at the level of the
8ea is about 15 pounds (14.7) to the square inch.
2. A conventional unit of atmospheric pressure.
An atmosphere is in English use the pressure of a vertical
Column of 30 inches of mercury at the freezing-point at
London; in French use it is the pressure of 760 milli-
meters of mercury at the freezing-point at Paris. For the
absolute atmosphere in the C. G. S. (centimeter-gram-
second) system, see absolute. The weight of the atmo-
sphere to the square inch is commonly employed as a con-
venient unit for pressures arising from other causes, such
as the weight of liquids, the force of steam, etc.: thus, a
pressure in a steam-boiler of 3 atmospheres means a pres-
sure equal to 45 pounds per square inch.
The apparatus . . . was of great simplicity, all of glass,
capable of resisting the pressure of many atmospheres.
- Science, VIII. 56.
3. The gaseous envelop surrounding any of
the heavenly bodies.
No sound, either loud or soft, could be heard by any
inhabitant of the moon, because the moon practically has
no atmosphere. J. N. Lockyer, Spect. Anal., p. 22.
4. Any gaseous medium.
For an atmosphere of any gas at uniform temperature,
the height at which the density would be halved is the
height of the homogeneous atmosphere for that gas, mul-
tiplied by .69315; the gas is assumed to obey Boyle's law.
J. D. Everett, Units and Phys. Const., p. 41.
5+. An assumed outer envelop of force, efflu-
via, etc., surrounding a body: as, an electrical
atmosphere.—6. Figuratively, intellectual or
moral environment; pervading influence.
By the hearth the children sit
Cold in that atmosphere of Death.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, xx.
Absolute atmosphere. See absolute.—Electric at-
mosphere. See electric aura, under aura 1.
atmospheric (at-mos-fertik), a. . [K atmosphere
+ -ic. Cf. spherical.] 1. Pertaining to, existing
in, or consisting of the atmosphere: as, atmo-
spheric air or vapors.
Quarantine cannot keep out an atmospheric disease.
Coleridge, Table-Talk.
2. Dependent on the atmosphere.
I am an atmospheric creature. Pope.
3. Caused, produced, or operated on by the
atmosphere: as, rust is an atmospheric effect.—
Atmospheric churn, a churn of various forms, in which
atmospheric air is driven into the milk in order to agitate
it, and also in order to obtain the specific effect of the air
upon the milk in aggregating the oleaginous globules.—
Atmospheric currents. See current.—Atmospheric
© e, a variety of steam-engine in which the steam is
admitted only to the under side of the piston and for the
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Newcomen's Atmospheric Steam-engine.
A, A, working-beam; S, boiler from which steam is admitted
through the steam-cock, c, to the cylinder C, F, rod, serving to lift
a Small pump; i, injection-cock; P, piston; S, blow-valve, or snifting-
valve; T, tank; PP, weights.
up-stroke, the down-stroke being effected by the pres-
sure of the atmosphere caused by the formation of a
vacuum under the piston through the condensation of
the steam. This engine, invented by Papin in 1695, was
first made a practical success by Newcomen, and was
subsequently greatly improved by Watt, through the ad-
dition of a separate condenser and air-pump. —Atmo-
spheric governor, an apparatus for controlling the move-
ments of machinery by the use of air under pressure.—
Atmospheric hammer. (a) A hammer driven by means
of compressed air, as the steam-hammer is operated by
steam. See steam-hammer. (b) A hammer in which an at-
mospheric spring is employed. The hammer-head is con-
atmospherical (at-mgs-fer’i-kal), a.
atmost ea.
atmosteal (at-mosté-al), a. [K atmosteon +
atmosteon (at-mosté-on), n. ;
atocha-grass (a-tó’chä-grâs), m.
atollont, m.
atom (at'Qm), n. t
*attom (and as L. atomus, atomos, with pl. atomi,
atom
nected by a rod with a piston working in a cylinder to
which air is admitted at the center of its length. A recip-
rocating motion is given to the cylinder, and by means
of the air confined between its other end and the piston
a corresponding motion is given to the piston-head con:
nected with it.—Atmospheric line. (a) In a diagram of
steam-pressure, a line drawn by the pencil when the
steam is shut off from the piston of the indicator, and
thus under the pressure of the atmosphere alone. The
height of the steam-line above this shows the pressure of
the steam, and the depth of the vacuum-line below shows
the degree of condensation which is then taking place
in the engine. , (b) pl. Dark lines in the solar gpectrum
produced by the gases and vapors of the earth's atmo-
sphere: often called tellwric lines. See spectrum.
In addition to the lines of Fraunhofer, indubitably be-
longing to the sun, there are many other dark lines in the
solar spectrum which originate from the absorptive ac-
tion of the terrestrial atmosphere, and are therefore called
atmospheric lines. Lommel, Light (trans.), p. 166.
Atmospheric pressure. See atmosphere, 2.-Atmo-
*::::: pump, a pump in which the water is forced into
the suction-pipe by atmospheric pressure.—Atmospheric
railway, a railway so constructed that the motive power
is derived from the pressure of the atmosphere acting on
a piston working in a continuous iron tube of uniform
bore laid from one place to another, the pressure being
created by exhausting the air from that end of the tube
toward which it is desired that the piston should advance,
or by forcing in air behind it, or by both methods at once.
The system has not been found suitable for the ordinary
purposes of a railway, though it is successfully worked
for the conveyance of letters, telegrams, and light pack-
ages. See pneumatic despatch, under pneumatic.—At-
mospheric spring, a spring formed by the elasticity of
a confined body of air.—Atmospheric stamp, a stamp
operated in the same manner as an atmospheric hammer
(which see, above).-Atmospheric tides, diurnal oscilla-
tions of the atmosphere, produced by the attractions of
the sun and moon, like the tides of the ocean, and indi-
cated by minute variations of pressure on the barometer.
Same as
atmospheric.
atmospherically (at-mgs-fer’i-kal-i), adv. As,
or as regards, the atmosphere; by atmospheric
force or influence.
m. Plural of atmosteon.
-al.] Pertaining to an atmosteon; pneumatic,
as a bone.
pl. atmostea (-ā).
[NL., K. Gr. 6tplóg, air, H- botéov, bone.]
ormith., an air-bone; a scleroskeletal ossifica-
tion of a membranous tube or canal conveying
air into the interior of a bone of a bird.
The siphon-like tube which conveys air from the outer
car-passage to the hollow of the mandible may ossify,
. . resulting in a neat tubular “air-bone" or atmosteon.
Cowes, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 168.
[Sp. atocha,
esparto-grass.] A name sometimes given to
the esparto-grass, Stipa temacissima.
atok (a-tok’), n. [Peruv.] The native name of
a kind of skunk, of the genus Comepatus, found
in Peru, originally described by Humboldt as
Gulo quitensis. Also called zorra.
atoll (a-tol’ or at'ol), m. [Formerly atollon; the
name of such islands in the Maldive group;
prob. K Malayalam adal, closing, uniting
(Yule).] A coral island, consisting of a strip
or ring of coral surrounding a central lagoon.
Such islands are very common in the Pacific Ocean. They
often present an exceedingly picturesque appearance, a
comparatively narrow strip of coral rock thinly coated
with soil, and covered with a vigorous growth of cocoa-
nut-, pandanus-, and breadfruit-trees, inclosing a large still
sheet of water, usually of considerable depth, and often
well supplied with fish. The circle of coral is sometimes
complete, showing no apparent communication between
the inclosed lagoon and the surrounding sea; but generally
it is interrupted, and presents one or more openings suita-
ble for the passage of boats.
See atoll.
[Early mod. E. also atome,
sometimes atomie, X E. sing. atomie, atomyl, q.
v.), K ME. attome, atome, K. F. atome = Sp. atomo
= Pg. It. atomo = G. Dan. Sw. atom, K L. atomus,
K. Gr. & Top10g, an atom, prop. adj., indivisible,
that cannot be cut, K d- priv. -- Toſuég, verbal
adj. of Téavetv, tapleiv, cut : see tome.] 1. An ex-
tremely minute particle of matter: a term used
generally with certain philosophic or scientific
limitations. (a) A hypothetical particle of matter so
minute as to admit of no division ; an ultimate indivisible
particle of matter. See atomic philosophy, under atomic.
No atoms casually together hurl’d
Could e'er produce so beautiful a world.
Dryden, Epistles, i. 31.
b) A particle of matter assumed not to be divided under
he circumstances considered; a molecule (physical atom).
An atom, means something which is not divided in cer-
tain cases that we are considering.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 186.
(c) In chem. and physics, one of the very small particles
of matter, of the aggregation or combination of which all
bodies are assumed to be composed. The diameter of a
molecule of hydrogen, consisting of two atoms, has been
estimated by Kelvin and others as approximately 5–9 mm.
All atoms of a given element, are identical as to size,
weight, and other properties, but the atoms of the various

atom
elements differ from one another in such a way as to be
inconvertible by any known process. Atoms of the ele-
ments are assumed to remain invact when compounds
are formed. Indeed, it is now assumed that atoms
break up, under certain conditions, into still smaller
corpuscles.
Hence—2. Anything extremely small; a mi-
nute quantity: as, he has not an atom of sense.
–3t. The smallest division of time, equal to
about # of a second.—4. Anything indivisible;
an individual. = Syn. Molecule, etc. See particle.
atomł (at’ Qm), v. t. [Katom, n.] To reduce to
atoms; atomize.
And atom'd mists turn instantly to hail.
Drayton, Elegies, i.
atomatic (at-Q-mat'ik), a. [K atom + -atic.]
Same as atomic. -
atomic (3-tom'ik), a. [K atom + -ic; = F. ato-
mique.] 1. Pertaining to atoms; consisting of
atoms.
The atomic constitution of bodies.
Whewell, Hist. Scientific Ideas.
The gods, the gods !
If all be atoms, how then should the gods,
Being atomic, not be dissoluble,
Not follow the great law Ż Tennyson, Lucretius.
2. Extremely minute.—Atomic or molecular
heats of bodies, the product of the specific heats of bodies
into their atomic or molecular weights. These products
are nearly the same for all elementary bodies and com-
pounds of like atomic composition, though the products
of the specific heats into the atomic weights may differ
in different classes of compounds.-Atomic or atomistic
philosophy, a system of philosophy, founded by Leu-
cippus and Democritus, which taught that the ultimate
constituents of all things are indivisible particles or atoms,
Which differ from one another in form and position ;
Whether also in quality of material was disputed among
the atomists. From the diverse combination and motions
of these atoms all things, including the soul, were sup-
posed to arise. The atomistic plmilosophy was perfected
in its details by the Epicureans, particularly by Lucretius,
and was the first complete system of materialism. It is
the basis of the modern physical atomic theory, but, apart
from the numerous special modifications which the pro-
gress of modern science has rendered necessary, it differs
from it essentially in this, that the ancient atomism was
a philosophy of the universe, while modern atomism is,
primarily at least, merely a physical theory of the inner
structure of matter, constructed for the convenience of
physical research.-Atomic theory, or doctrine of
atomic composition, in chem., the hypothesis that all
chemical combinations take place between the ultimate
particles or atoms of bodies, and that these unite either
atom. With atom or in proportions expressed by some
simple multiple of the number of atoms.—Atomic
Volume, in chem., the space occupied by a quantity of
an element in the solid state proportional to its atomic
weight, and expressed by the quotient of the atomic
weight divided by the specific gravity.—Atomic weight
in chem., the number expressing the relative weight
of one atom of an element compared with the weight
of some unit, usually that of the hydrogen atom. The
atomic weights of the other elements, therefore, express
how many times the atoms of these elements are heavier
than the atom of hydrogen. See element.
atomical (a-tom’i-kal), a. Same as atomic.
atomically (a-tom’i-kal-i), adv. In an atomic
manner; from an atomic point of view; re-
garded as an atom, or as made up of atoms.
atomician (at-9-mish'an), n. [K atomic + -ian.]
An adherent of the atomic philosophy or the-
ory. See atomic.
atomicism? (3-tom’i-sizm), m. [Katomic + -ism.]
Atomism.
atomicity (at-9-mis’i-ti), m. [K atomic + -ity.]
In chem., same as equivalency, quantivalency,
and valence.
The number of bonds possessed by an element, or its
atomicity. E. Frankland, Exper. in Chem., p. 9.
atomisation, etc. See atomization, etc.
atomism (at'Qm-izm), n. IK atom + -ism ; = T.
atomisme = Sp. Pg. It. atomismo.] 1. The
metaphysical or the physical theory of atoms;
atomic philosophy or atomic theory. See atomic.
Atomism also is inconceivable; for this supposes atoms,
minima, extended but indivisible.
Sir W. IIamilton, Metaphys., II. 528, App.
The result of atomism in any form, dealing with any
subject, is that the principle of uniformity is hunted down.
into the elements of things: it is resolved into the uni-
formity of these elements or atoms, and of the relations
of those which are next to each other.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 139.
2. The state of existing as an atom or a unit, or
of being composed of atoms or units; individ-
ualism.
atomist (at’9m-ist), m. and a.. [K atom + -ist;
= I'. atomiste = Sp. Pg. It. atomista.] I. n.
One who holds to or expounds the atomic phi-
* or the atomic theory.
II. a. Same as atomistic.
The more closely we follow the atomist doctrine to its
starting-point, and spread before us the necessary outfit
for its journey of deduction, the larger do its demands
appear. J. Martineau, Materialism.
atomistic (at-9-mistik), a. [K atomist + -ic.]
1. Pertaining to atomism or the atomists.
366
It is the object of the mechanical atomistic philosophy
to confound synthesis with Synartesis.
Coleridge, Friend, I. 121.
2. Consisting of atoms.-Atomistic philosophy.
See atomic philosophy, under atomic,
atomistical (at-9-mis’ti-kal), a.
Imistic.
atomistically (at-Q-mis’ti-kal-i), adv. In an at-
omistic manner; as composed of distinct atoms.
atomization (at"Qm-i-Zā’shgn), m. [K atomize
+ -ation.] The process of atomizing or the
state of being atomized; specifically, in med.,
the reduction of liquids to the form of spray for
inhalation or for application to the throat or
nasal passages, and for other purposes. Also
spelled atomisation.
atomize (at'Qm-iz), v. ; pret. and pp. atomized,
ppr. atomizing. [K atom + -ize.] I.f intrans.
To speculate respecting atoms. Cudworth.
II, trans. To reduce to atoms; reduce to very
Small particles, as a liquid; spray.
Also spelled atomise. -
atomizer (at’gm-i-Zēr), n. One who or that
which atomizes or reduces to atoms or very
small particles; specifically, an apparatus de-
signed to reduce a liquid to spray for disinfect-
ing, cooling, perfuming, medicinal, and other
purposes. Also spelled atomiser.
atomology (at-9-mol’ 3-ji), n. IK Gr. &topdog,
atom, + Aoya, Kºśyetv, speak: see-ology.] Thé
metaphysical doctrine of atoms. See atomic.
atomyl (at'Qm-i), m.; pl. atomies (-iz). [Early
mod. E. also atomie, attomye, K atomie, prop.
atomi, pl. of atomus, prop. the L. form then in
current use along with atom, the form atomy
being regarded appar. as a dim. Cf. º
1. An atom; a mote.
Should he or hell
Affront me in the passage of my fate,
I'd crush them into atomies.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, iii. 3.
I'rom the outer day,
Betwixt the close-set ivies came a broad
And solid beam of isolated light,
Crowded with driving atomies.
Tennyson, Lover's Tale, ii.
2. A tiny being; a pygmy.
Drawn with a team of little atomies.
Shak., R. and J., i. 4.
Epicurus makes them [souls] swarms of atomies,
Which do by chance into our bodies flee.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal. of Soul.
atomy? (at’9m-i), m.; pl. atomies (-iz). [For-
merly also atamy and matomy, for amatomy,
mistakenly divided an atomy.] 1. An anat-
Same as ato-
omy; a skeleton.—2. A very lean person; a
walking skeleton.
Thou atomy, thou. Shak. (ed. Leopold), 2 Hem. IV., v. 4.
atonable (a-tó'na-bl), a. [K atone -- -able.]
Capable of being atoned for; reconcilable.
atonet, prep. phr. as adv. [M.E., also attone,
earlier atoon, atom, at one, at on, lit. at one,
agreed. In mod. use written as two words, at
one : see at and one. In at-one, as in al-one
and on-ly, one preserves its proper pronuncia-
tion (Ön), the usual pronunciation (wun) being
a modern (16th century) corruption, which has
not affected the compounds.] 1. At one; ree-
onciled.
Make the wel at on with him . . . and dred the of the
dome. Early I'mg. Psalter, p. 152.
Aton he was with the king. Ring Horn,
If gentil men, or othere of his contree,
Were wrothe, she wolde bringen hem atoom.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 381.
2. Together; at once.
All his sences seemd berefte attone.
Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 42.
atone (3-ton'), v.; pret. and pp. atoned, ppr.
atoming. [Katone, adv., q.v.J. T. intrans. 1+.
To be at one; agree; be in accordance; accord.
He and Aufidius can no more atome,
Than violentest contrariety. Shak., Cor., iv. 6.
2. To make reparation, amends, or satisfac-
tion, as for an offense or a crime, or for an
offender: with for.
The murderer fell, and blood atomed for blood. Pope.
The ministry not atoming for their former conduct by
any wise or popular measure. Junius.
So it sometimes happens that a single bright and gen-
erous act serves to atome for the abuse of years.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 81.
3. To make up, as for errors or deficiencies;
be a set-off or palliative.
Or where the pictures for the page atome,
And Quarles is sav'd by beauties not his own.
Pope, Dunciad, i. 139.
II.f trans. 1. To bring into concord; recon-
cile, as parties at variance,
atone-makert, m.
âtonement (a-tón’ment),
atonement
I would do much
To atome them, for the love I bear to Cassio. .
Shak., Othello, iv. L.
I am just at that hour
Upon some late conceived discontents
To atone me to my father.
Webster, Cure for a Cuckold, i. 2.
Tigers and lions, boars and Taging bulls,
Hath he atom'd with leopards and wolves.
8 Ford, Fame's Memorial.
2. To put in accordance; harmonize.
To atome your fears
With my more noble meaning.
e te Shak., T. of A., v. 5.
3. To unite in forming.
The Four Elements, who joined
With the Four known Complexions, have atom'd
A noble league, and severally put on. t
Material bodies.
Dekker and Ford, The Sun's Darling, v. 1.
4. To conciliate; appease.
So heaven, atomed, shall dying Greece restore.
Pope, Iliad, i. 89.
5. To expiate; answer or make satisfaction for.
Soon should yon boasters cease their haughty strife,
Or each atome his guilty love with life. Pope
[Although atome as a transitive verb is essentially obsolete,
it is used occasionally by modern writers in several of the
senses above given.]
[K atone, adv., + maker.]
One who makes reconciliation or atonement;
a reconciler; a mediator.
One God, one mediatour, that is to say, aduocate, inter-
cessor, or an atomemake)", between God and man.
Tyndale, Works, p. 158.
m. [K atone, v., +
-ment; but the noun is found earlier than the
verb, arising perhaps from the phrase at one-
^ment : See ; 1+. Reconciliation after
enmity or controversy; settlement, as of a dif-
ference; concord.
Hauying more regarde to their old variaunce than their
newe attonement. Sir T. More, Descrip. of Rich. III.
If we do now make our atomement well,
Our peace will, like a broken limb united,
Grow stronger for the breaking.
* Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 1.
2. Satisfaction or reparation made for wrong
or injury, either by giving some equivalent or
by doing or suffering something which is re-
ceived in lieu of an equivalent.
O when did a morning shine
So rich in atomement as this
For my dark-dawning youth?
Tennyson, Maud, xix. 2.
3. In theol., the reconciliation of God and man
by means of the life, sufferings, and death of
Christ.
For God was in Christ, and made agrement bitwene the
worlde and hym sylfe, and imputed not their symmes vnto
them ; and hath committed to vs the preachynge of the
atomeºnent. Tymdale, 2 Cor. v. 19.
When we were enemies we were reconciled to God by
the death of his Son; . . . We also joy in God through our
Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the
atomeºnent. Rom. v. 10, 11.
This doctrine assumes that sin has made a º Sepa-
ration between God and the human soul. Different sys-
tems of theology explain differently the method of recon-
ciliation, and therefore use the word atonement with dif-
ferent meanings. The early fathers generally stated the
doctrine in the terms of Scripture, and it was not until the
time of the Reformation that the differences in philosoph-
ical statement were clearly marked. The modern state-
ments may be grouped under four general heads, as fol-
lows: (a) A reparation or satisfaction for sin made by the
sufferings of Christ as a substitute for the sinner, and in
lieu of the punishment to which the sinner was justly
amenable. Such satisfaction is regarded as necessary
either (1) to satisfy the justice of God, and so make for-
#. possible, or (2) to satisfy the law of God, pro-
uce the public impression which punishment would have
produced, and so make forgiveness safe. The former is
known as the satisfaction, the latter as the governmental
theory.
The word atonement, in its original sense, always de-
notes some amends, or satisfaction, for the neglect of
some duty, or the commission of some fault; a satisfac-
tion with which, when supposed to be complete, the per-
son injured ought reasonably to be contented, and to
demand of the offender nothing more on account of his
transgression. Dwight, Theology, lv.
Taking the term atonement in its technical signification
to denote the satisfaction of divine justice for the sin of
man, by the substituted penal suſterings of the Son of
God, we shall find a slower scientific unfolding of this
great cardinal doctrine than of any other of the principal
truths of Christianity. e
Shedd, Hist. Christian Doctrine, v. 1.
} The entrance of God into humanity, that he may
hereby drive out sin and make the human race at one
with himself.
Supposing the IFather's will to be a will to all good;
the Son of God, being one with him, and Lord of man,
to obey and fulfil in our flesh that will by entering into
the lowest condition into which man had fallen through
their sin; this Man to be, for this reason, an object of
continual complacency to his Father, and that compla-
cency to be fully drawn out by the death of the cross; —
his death to be a sacrifice, the only complete sacrifice
ever offered, the entire surrender of the whole spirit and
. . . at Onement;
body to God; is not this in the highest sense atonement?
is not the true root of humanity revealed? is not God in
him reconciled to man? Maurice, Theol. Essays.
It [the new theology] holds to the atonement as a divine
act and process of ethical and practical import—not as
a mystery of the distant heavens and isolated from the
struggle of the world, but a comprehensible force in the
actual redemption of the world from its evil.
T. T. Munger, The Freedom of Faith.
The majority of orthodox divines, whether in the Roman
Catholic or the Protestant churches, ordinarily hold one
of the above views or a combination formed from them.
In general, the former opinion (a) is held in the Cal-
vinistic school of theology, the latter opinion (b) in the
more modern Broad Church school. (c) In Unitarian the-
ology, the moral result produced by the influence exerted
on mankind by the life and death of Christ, leading men to
repentarice and to God. This is sometimes known as the
7moral inſluence theory of the atonement.
Even though we should reject all the Orthodox theories
about atonement, we may accept the fact. We can be-
lieve that God in Christ does reconcile the world to him-
self,-does create a sense of pardoned sin, does remove
the weight of transgression,--does take away the obstacle
in our conscience,— does help us into a living faith, hope,
peace, joy. J. F. Clarke, Orthodoxy, p. 250.
(d) In New Church º theology, the union and
accord of flesh and spirit in man, and so the union and
accord of man with God by a spiritual change wrought in
the individual. g
This is what is understood in the New Church by the
atonement, or at-one-ment, . . . a bringing at one of the
human and the divine, or, as the apostle says, “making in
himself of twain one new man.” And the purpose of this
atonement was, that the Lord might ever after be able to
bring our external or natural at one with our internal or
spiritual man—goodness at one with truth in our minds,
—and so bring us into complete spiritual union or at-one-
ment with himself.
B. F. Barrett, Doctrine of the New Church.
Doctrine of blood atonement, the doctrine, attributed
to the Mormon Church, that the killing of an apostate or
of one in danger of apostasy is a deed of love, since it makes
atonement for the sin of apostasy, and so makes possible
God's forgiveness of it.
atoner (a-tó(nér), n.
ment.
atonest, adv. [Early mod. E. and M.E., prop.
separate, at ones: now written at once: see at
and once.] 1. At once; immediately.
Love me al atomes. Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1.04.
2. At one and the same time.
Curious enditing and hard sentence is ful hevy atomes
for swich a child to lerne. Chaucer, Prol. to Astrolabe.
atonic (a-ton'ik), a. and n. IK Gr. &rovog, (a)
not stretched, relaxed, languid, Kā-, priv.
teſvety, stretch; (b) without accent, Kå- priv.
+ tdvoc, accent, K Tetvelv, stretch: see a-18 and
tonic..] I. a. 1. In pathol., characterized by
atony, or want of tone or power: as, an atomic
disease.—2. In philol. : (a) Unaccented. (b)
Produced by the breath alone; surd.— Atonic
dySpopsia, defective digestion, independent of inflamma-
tion or other recognizable lesions of the digestive organs.
II. n. 1. In med., a drug capable of allaying
organic excitement or irritation. [Rare.]—2.
In philol. : (a) A word or syllable that has no
accent.
A single unaccented syllable is called an atomic.
. A. March, Anglo-Saxon Grammar, p. 222.
(b) An elementary sound produced by the
breath; a surd consonant; a breathing.
atony (at’ī-ni), n. [= F. atomie, K NL. atonia,
K. Gr. &rovía, languor, K &rovog, languid: see
atonic..] In pathol., a want of tone; defect of
muscular power; weakness of any organ, par-
ticularly of one that is contractile; debility.
—Atony of the bladder, in pathol., loss by the muscu-
lar fibers in the walls of the bladder of the power to con-
tract and expel the urine.
atop (a-top’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K as +
top.] On or at the top.
'Tis but to shew that you can place sometimes
Your modesty a-top of all your virtues.
Beau. and Fl., Wit at Several Weapons, iv. 1.
Despots atop, a wild clan below,
such is the Gaul from long ago.
Lowell, Villa Franca.
atopite (at 3-pit), n. IK Gr. Śrotoc, unusual, out
of place (Kö- priv. 4- totrog, place: see topic),
+ -ite?..] A calcium antimonate occurring
in Sweden in yellow or brown isometric octa-
hedrons.
-ator. [L. -ător, term. of nouns of agent, being
the agent-suffix -tor (Gr. -Tmp, -top, Skt. -tar,
-tār) ğ. -or) added to the stem in -a of verbs
in -à-re. This termination was reg. reduced
in OF. to -oor, -eour, whence in ME. -eowr (as
in saveour, mod. E. Saviour), commonly -or,
-our, mod. E. –or, -er, as in appellor, arbitror
or arbitrer, accuser, etc., from L. nouns in
-ator, the term. being merged with -er of AS.
origin.]. A termination of nouns of agent
taken directly from the Latin, as creator, edu-
cator, liberator, or formed in English or New
Latim, as detonator, corrugator, etc., from verbs
One who makes atone-
367
of the Latin first conjugation, which have in
English the suffix -ate?. It also occurs in some nouns
derived from nouns without an intermediate verb, as glad-
iator, 8enator.
-atory. [KL. -ătorius, being -ius added to nouns
in -ător.] . A termination of adjectives, of
Latin origin, in form from nouns in -ator, but
in sense often to be referred to the original
verb, as in amatory, accusatory, declamatory, ea:-
clamatory, nugatory, etc. When from English nouns
in -ator, the termination is -ator + -ial, as genatorial, etc.
atouri (a-tór’), ſº and adv. [$6. , also written
attour, atower, K. M.E. (Scotch) atour, atoure,
at-oure, K at + our, ower, over: see at and over;
for the combination, cf. at-after.] I. prep. 1.
Of place, over.—2. Of number or quantity,
Over; beyond; more than.
II. adv. Over and above; besides.—By and
atour (prep. and adv.), also by a tour (adv.), over and
above. [Scotch in all uses.]
atour?t, n. See attour2.
atrabilarian (at'ra-bi-lā’ri-an), a. and n. [K
ML. atrabilarius, K L. atra"bilis, black bile:
See atrabile and bile2.] I. a. Affected with
melancholy, which the ancients attributed to
black bile; atrabilious.
The atrabilarian constitution, or a black, viscous,
pitchy consistence of the fluids. Arbuthnot, Aliments.
II. m. A person of an atrabiliar temperament;
a hypochondriac. Disraeli.
atrabilarious (at'ra-bi-lā’ri-us), a. [K ML.
atrabilarius: see atrabilarian.] Same as atra-
bilarian.
Christopher Glowry, Esquire, . . . was naturally of an
atrabilarious temperament, and much troubled with those
phantoms of indigestion which are commonly called blue
devils. Peacock, Nightmare Abbey, i.
atrabilariousness? (at"ra-bi-lā’ri-us-nes), m.
The state or quality of being atrabilious or
melancholy.
atrabilet, n. [K F. atrabile, formerly atrebile,
= Sp. atrabºlis = Pg. atrabilis = It. atrabile, K
L. (formerly also in E.) atra bilis (tr. Gr. ple-
Žayżožía: see melancholy), lit. black bile: atra,
fem. of ater,"black; bilis, bile: see bile2.] Black
bile; melancholy: from the supposition that
melancholy is due to a preponderance of the
so-called “black bile,” an imagined secretion
of the renal or atrabiliary glands.
atrabiliar, atrabiliary (at-ra-bil’i-ār, -ā-ri), a.
[K NL. *atrabiliarius, K L. atra bilis, black bile:
See atrabile.] Melancholic or hypochondriacal;
atrabilious. See atrabile.
Complexion of a multiplex atrabiliar character, the final
shade of which may be the pale sea-green.
Carlyle, French Rev., I. iv. 4.
Atrabiliary capsules, glands. See capsule, gland.
atrabilious (at-ra-bil’ius), a. [K L. atra bilis:
see atrabile, and cf. bilious.] Affected as if by
black bile; melancholic or hypochondriacal;
splenetic. See atrabile.
A hard-faced, atrabilious, earnest-eyed race, stiff from
long wrestling with the Lord in prayer, and who had
taught Satan to dread the new Puritan hug.
Lowell, Biglow Papers.
atracheate (a-träſkē-ăt), a. [NL. atracheatus,
K. Gr. &-priv. (a-18) + N f. trachea..] Having no
tracheae or spiracles, as some arthropods, such
as crustaceans.
Atrachelia (at-ra-ké'li-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
drpáxmºog, without neck, K &- priv. H- Tpáxmżoç,
neck.] A division of heterómerous beetles,
having the head not exserted nor narrowed be-
hind, the antennae linear or subclavate, and the
claws undivided, sometimes serrate or pecti-
nate: opposed to Trachelida. The group is chiefly
composed of the family Tenebrionidae, which are plant-
eating terrestrial beetles having mostly connate elytra
and no lower wings.
atracheliate (at-ra-ké'li-āt), a... [K Atrachelia
-atel..] Pertaining to or having the charac-
ters of the Atrachelia.
Atrachia (a-träſki-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. d-
priv. -- Toaxeia, trachea: see trachea..] A di-
vision of Lamellibranchiata ; a synonym of
Asiphonata (which see).
atractaspidid (at-rak-tas’pi-did), m.
ent of the family Atractaspididae.
tractaspididae (a-trak-ta-Spid’i-dò), m. pl.
[NL., K Atractaspi(d-)s + -ida..]. A family of
venomous African serpents, suborder Soleno-
glypha (sometimes referred to Piperida), hav-
ing extremely long venom-fangs.
Atractaspis (at-rak-tas' pis), ºt, [NL., K. Gr.
ôtpakrog, a spindle. an arrow, -H, dottig, a ser-
pent: see asp?..] A genus of venomous serpents,
typical of the family Atractaspidida!. A. irregu-
laris and A. corpulentus are two African species,
from Angola and Liberia respectively.
A ser-
atrioventricular
atractenchyma (at-rak-teng'ki-mâ), m. [NL.
K Gr. &rpakrog, a spindle, + 8%w/ta, an infusion.]
* a tissue ºf of spindle-shaped
CellS.
atrament (at'ra-ment), n. [K L. atramentum,
black ink, Kater, black.] Blacking; ink; any
black fluid, as the ink of the cuttlefish.
atramentaceous? (at"ra-men-tā'shius), a... [K
atrament + -aceous.] Of the nature of ink;
black as ink. Derham.
atramental (at-ra-mental), a. [K atrament
+ -al.] Inky; black like ink. Sir T. Browne.
[Rare.] Also atramentous.
atramentarious (at"ra-men-tā’ri-us), a. [K LL.
*atramentarius, used only as neut. noun atra-
mentarium, an inkstand, K. L. atramentum, ink:
See atrament.] Like ink; suitable for making
ink. Thus, the sulphate of iron, or copperas, is called
atramentarious from its use in the manufacture of ink.
atramentous (at-ra-men’tus), a. [K atrament
+ -ows.] Same as a tramental.
Whenever provoked by anger or labour, an atramentous
quality of most malignant nature was seen to distil from
his lips. Swift, Battle of the Books.
atredt, a. [K L. ater, black, + -ed?. Cf. L. atra-
ins, clothed in blackj Tinged with a black
color.
Yellow choler or atred.
Whitaker, Blood of the Grape, p. 76.
atredet, v. t. . [ME., K at-, from, + reden, ad-
vise: see read, rede.] To surpass in counsel.
Men may the olde atrenne, but mat atrede.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1591.
at rent, v. t. [K ME. atrennen, K at-, from, -H
Tennen, run.] To outrun. Chaucer.
at resia (a-tré'si-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. &Tpmtog, not
perforated, K &-priv. -- TpmTóg, perforated (> Tpij-
otſ, opening, orifice), verbal adj. of Tetpatvetv
(V*Tpa), bore, pierce.] The state or condition
of being closed or imperforate; specifically, ab-
sence of a natural opening or passage: chiefly
used in medicine and surgery.
atresial (a, -trö 'si-al), a. Characterized by
atresia; imperforate. #
atria.. n. Plural of atrium.
atrial (ā’tri-al), a. [K atrium + -al.] Of or
pertaining to an atrium.—Atrial aperture, open-
ing, or orifice, the communication of the atrial cavity
with the exteriºr. It forms one of the two apertures (the
other being the oral) with which ascidians or sea-squirts
are provided, and through which water may be squirted
by the contraction of the muscular walls of the body. See
cuts under Appendicularia, Doliolidoe, and Tunicata.—
trial canal, the cavity of an atrium.
Each stigma leads into a funnel-shaped atrial canal.
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 512.
Atrial membrane, the third tunic of ascidians; a deli-
cate membrane of two layers, parietal and Visceral, like
a peritoneum, lining the atrium.
The atrial membrane forms a bilobed sac, one lobe ex-
tending on each side of the pharynx, and opens outward
by the atrial aperture ; it communicates by the stigniata
with the interior of the branchial sac, and, by the anal
and genital openings, it receives the faeces and genital
products. Huarley, Anat. Invert., p. 517.
Atricha (atºri-kä), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. &rptºog,
poet. for 360/$, without hair, K a- priv. -- 0pí;
(Tpty-), hair.] 1. A division of the Nemato-
rhymcha, containing those forms which are de-
void of cilia, as the genus Echinoderes. They
are distinguished from Gastrotricha, which are ciliated on
the ventral surface of the body.
2. A name given to certain protozoans, or
lobose rhizopods having no permanent pro-
+cesses: an inexact synonym of Amaºboidea.
Atrichia (a-trik’i-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. &Touroc,
poet. for &6puš, without hair: see Atricha.] 1.
The typical and only genus of the family Atri-
chiidae. A. clamosa is the scrub-bird of Aus-
tralia. J. Gould, 1844. Also called 21 trichormis.
–2. A genus of dipterous insects.
Atrichiidae (at-ri-kiºidé), m.p. (NL., & Atri-
chia, 1, + -idae.] A remarkable family of anoma-
lous oscine passerine birds, forming with Menu-
ridae one of the major groups of birds, Passeres
abnormales. It contains the Australian scrub-birds
of the genus Atrichia, which have the syrinx differently
constructed from that of normal oscines. Also called
Atrichormithidae.
Atrichornis (at-ri-kór (mis), m. [NL., K. Gr.
&Tpta'oc, without hair (see Atricha), + špwtg, a
bird.] Same as Atrichia, 1.
Atrichornithidae (at"ri-kór-mith’i-dò), m. pl.
[NL., K Atrichornis (-ormith-) + -idae.] Same as
Atrichiidae. -
atrichosis (at-ri-kö’sis), m. [K Gr. &rptyoc, with-
out hair (see 4tricha), + -osis.] In pathol.,
failure to develop hair.
atrioventricular (ä" tri-ö-ven-trik’i-lär), a.
[Katrium, 3, 4 ventricular.] Pertaining to the
atrioventricular
atrial, or auricular, and ventricular cavities of
the heart: as, the atrioventricular valve.
atrip (a-trip'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Kaš +
trip", m.] Naut, : (a) Just raised from the
ground in Weighing: said of an anchor. (b)
Hoisted from the cap, sheeted home, and ready
for trimming: said of sails. (c) Swayed up,
ready to have the stops cut for crossing: said
of yards. (d) Having the fid loosed: said of
an upper mast.
Atriplex (at’ri-pleks), n. [L., also atriplexum,
a perversion of Gr. drpáqaşvg, also written ärpä-
%ašte, ávépájaštg; origin obscure.] A large ge-
nus of plants, of the family Chenopodiaceae,
mostly mealy or scurfy herbs or low shrubs,
growing usually in saline localities, and of very
little importance. The garden orach, A. hortensis, is
cultivated to some extent as a salad, and a variety with
Crimson foliage for ornament. A number of shrubby spe-
cies are very frequent in the dry and alkaline portions of
Western North America, and are generally known as
grea.Sewood, a term which also includes some other Chemo-
A podiaceae.
àtrium (ä’ tri-um), m. ; pl. atria (-ā). [L., in
Senses 1 and 2, also a inji in general; said to
have been orig. the kitchen, and so called be-
cause blackened with smoke, K ater, black;
but perhaps the reference is to the hearth or
fireplace in the atrium, the name being con-
nected with a des, orig. a fireplace (cf. E. oast),
later a house, temple: see edifice.] 1. In anc.
Rom. arch., the entrance-hall, the most impor-
Hººmſ
º
fº 3:3#3 §§§§§
iſſiº IIFºſſilſº iſºll ſºlºiſſºſ
º #-: liſillºſiºſºsº
ºš * =º-
§§§NW ////º
: ºº
#º
Mºſº.
ºbs.
Atrium.—Restoration of a Pompeiian interior.
tant and usually the most splendid apartment
of the house. At an early period, and later among the
poor, the atrium was used not only as a ceremonial room,
but as a reception-room and for general domestic pur-
poses, as cooking and dining. In it were placed the ances-
tral images and heirlooms, the marriage-couch, the focus
or hearth, and generally a small altar. Later, among the
wealthy, and when separate apartments were built for
kitchen and dining-room, chapel of the lares, etc., it was
reserved as a general reception- and show-room. It was
lighted by an opening in the roof, called the complwvium,
toward which the roof sloped, so as to conduct the rain-
water into a cistern in the floor, called the impluvium.
2. A hall or court resembling in arrangement
an atrium proper, as at the entrance of some
classical or early Christian public buildings,
etc.—3. [NL.] In anat., an auricle of the heart,
or some equivalent venous cardiac cavity.
In all the other vertebrates [than Amphioacw8] there is
a heart with at fewest three chambers (sinus venosus,
atriwm, ventricle). IIwazley, Amat. Invert., p. 57.
4. [NL.] In 206l. : (a) The chamber or cavity
of ascidians, communicating with the exterior,
and with the cavity of the alimentary canal.
See atrial, and cut under Tunicata.
The atrium, into which the fiedes and genital products
are poured. IIuarley, Anat. Invert., p. 514.
(b) A membranous saccular diverticulum of the
ear in fishes: as, the atrium sinus imparis, a
membranous sac given off from the sinus audi-
torius impar of fishes, and connected in various
ways with the air-bladder.
atrocet, a. [K F. atroce, K L. atroa, (acc. atro-
cem), cruel: see atrocious.] Atrocious.
atroceruleous (at-ró-sà-rö’lé-us), a. [KL. ater,
black, H- caruleus, blue: sée cerulean.] Of a
deep blackish-blue color, as an insect.
atrocha (at’ró-kä), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
atrochus: see atrochows.] 1. Ciliated embryos
of the polychaetous annelids, in which the cilia,
form a broad zone around the body, leav-
368
ing each end free of cilia, excepting, in some
cases, a tuft on the head. See mesotrocha,
telotrocha.—2. [cap.] . In Rotifera, a group of
wheel-animalcules having no cilia and the lobes
Hºly modified in shape; the wheelless roti-
GI’S.
atrochous (at’rö-kus), a. ...[K NL. atrochus, K
Gr. 6- priv. -- Tpoxóg, anything round or circu-
lar, a wheel, etc., K Tpéxety, run.] 1. Of or per-
taining to atrocha ; having cilia disposed as
in those annelidan larvae called atrocha.—2.
Wheelless, as a rotifer. º
atrocious (a-trö'shus), a. [K L. atroa, (atroc-),
cruel, fierce, horrible, K ater, black: see atroce
and -ows.] 1. Manifesting or characterized by
atrocity; extremely heinous, criminal, or cruel;
enormously or outrageously wicked.
Revelations . . . So atrocious that nothing in history
approaches them. De Quincey.
In spite of the canon law, which forbade a churchman to
take any part in matters of blood, the archbishop signed
the warrant for the atrocious sentence.
Macaulay, Hallam's Comst. Hist.
2#. Very grievous; violent: as, atrocious dis-
tempers.-3. Very bad; execrable: as, an atro-
cious pun. [Colloq.]=Syn. 1. Wicked, Scandalous,
Shocking, Flagrant, Heimous, Infamous, Outrageous,
Atrocious, Monstrows, horrible, villainous, flagitious, dia.
bolical, agree in expressing great and intentional badness
calling for strong abhorrence. Because they are use
With feeling, the recognition of their differences is not al-
Ways practicable. Flagrant and heinows are hardly appli-
cable to persons; the others apply to persons or things.
Wicked is the generic word, and is the lightest where all
are strong; it is the one that is most common in a playful
use, yet it is at times an intense word, as forcible as any
of the others, though less definite. Scamdalows means
offensive to decency, and so disgraceful. That which is
shocking, literally, gives a sudden and heavy blow, and
hence produces a corresponding feeling of horror or dis-
gust, or both. . That which is flagrant, literally, flames
into notice, and hence is glaring, striking, and so notori-
Ous, cnormous in badness. Heinows means hateful, and
hence aggravated. That which is infamous is worthy of a
total loss of reputation, and hence has a reputation or
character of the worst kind, especially for baseness. Owt-
rageous means attended with outrage, doing outrage,
especially outraging decency, going beyond all bounds,
like the acts of a madman. Atrocious is primarily fierce
or cruel, savage, bloody, and wicked, enormously wicked,
hence violating the first principles of humanity or of
human nature. That which is monstrous is so bad as to
be out of the course of nature; a prodigy, or miracle of
badness. See abandoned, criminal, irreligious, and nefa-
7°20'008.
As even here they talked at Almesbury
About the good King and his wicked Queen.
Tennyson, Guinevere.
So the king arose and went .
To smoke the scandalows hive of those wild bees
That made such honey in his realm.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
In this dreadful manner was one who had been till then
atropous
Atropa (at’rö-pâ), m. [NL., K. Gr. Arporog, one
of the Fates, who cut the thread of life, lit, the
inflexible, Kärporog, unchangeable, K & priv. 4.
Tpéretv, turn: see trope.] genus of Šolana-
ceous plants, consisting of a single species, A.
Belladonna, the deadly nightshade, a native
of Europe and western Asia. See belladonna.
atropal (at’rö-pal), a.
Gr. T ârporog, inflexible,
not to be turned: see
Atropa.] In bot, erect;
Orthotropous: said of an
ovule. Also atropous.
atrophiated (a-trö 'fi-ā-
ted) [K atrophy + Fruit of Dock (Rumex).º:
g tº Sect h t (atropal
largº + -ed?..] Atrophied. sº tºº.
Decaisne's “Traité général
de Botanique.")
[Rare.] -
atrophic (a-trof 'ik), a.
[Katrophy -- -ic.] Pertaining to atrophy; char-
acterized by atrophy; exhibiting or undergo-
ing atrophy: as, an atrophic process; an atroph-
?c organ.
atrophied (at’rö-fid), p. a. [Katrophy + -ed?..]
Exhibiting or affected with atrophy; wasted.
In many instances special muscles, or sets of muscles,
are atrophied from want of use.
B. W. Richardson, Prevent. Med., p. 232.
The distrust of one's own atrophied faculties of loving,
E. S. Phelps, Beyond the Gates, p. 105.
âtrophy (at’rö-fi), n. [=F. atrophie, KLL. atro-
phia, K. Gr. &tpoſta, wasting, lack of nourish-
ment, K&ſpoſog, not well fed, Ká-priv. 4 tpépetv,
nourish, feed.] 1. A wasting of the body, or
of a part of it, owing to defective nutrition.
There is no demand for the labour of the poor; the
fable of Menenius ceases to be applicable; the belly com-
municates no nutriment to the members ; there is an
atrophy in the body politic.
Macawlay, Mitford's Hist. Greece.
2. In bot. and 206l., arrested development of an
Organ due to stoppage of growth at any stage
by the operation of causes either external to
or inherent in the organism.—Brown atrophy, a
very common degeneration of muscle in a heart hypertro-
phied as a result of valvular disease or of old age. The
heart, frequently of increased consistence, is dark red-
brown, and its fibers contain pigment, accumulated espe-
cially about the nuclei.-Cruveilhier's atrophy, pro-
gressive muscular atrophy.
atrophy (at’rö-fi), v. i.; pret. and pp. atrophied,
ppr. atrophying. [K atrophy, m.] To waste
away. -
As the fruit ripens one of them almost always atrophies.
G. Allen, Colin Clout's Calendar, p. 121.
The tail gradually shrinks and atrophies.
aw8, Zoëlogy (trans.), p. 120.
atropia (a-trö’pi-á), n. [NL., K Atropa.] Same
of an excellent character hurried on from a single, and ºs ºopºº.
seemingly slight, indulgence, into the depth of the gross-
est and most shocking villanies. Secker, Sermons, I. xxv.
The offenses which prompt strong invective have been
far more numerous and flagrant in his [Sydney Smith's]
own country than in ours. Whipple, Ess, and Rev., I. 139.
The object of this society [Abolition] is now, as it has
always been, to convince our countrymen, by arguments
addressed to their hearts and consciences, that slave-
holding is a heinous crime. W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 98.
There is no crime more infamous than the violation of
truth. O/07? SO??.
This ill day
A most owtrageous fit of madness took him.
Shak., C. of E., v. 1.
It is a war base in its object, atrocious in its beginning,
immoral in all its influences.
Summer, Speech against Mexican War, Nov. 4, 1846.
Pliny assures us that the most monstrows of all criminals
was the man who first devised the luxurious custom of
wearing golden rings. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 157.
atrociously (a-trö'shus-li), adv. In an atro-
cious manner; with great cruelty or wicked-
Il GSS,
atrociousness (a-trö'shus-nes), n. The state
or quality of being atrocious; atrocity.
The atrociousness of the crime made all men look with
an evil eye upon the claim of any privilege which might
prevent the severest justice.
Burke, Abridg. of Dng. Hist., iii. 6.
atrocity (a-tros’i-ti), n. ; pl. atrocities, (-tiz).
[Early mod. E. atrocyte, K F. atrocité, K L.
atrocita(t-)s, cruelty, hatefulness, Katrow, cruel,
etc.: see atrocious.] 1. The state or quality
of being atrocious; enormous wickedness; ex-
treme criminality or cruelty.
They desired justice might be done upon offenders, as
the atrocity of their crimes deserved. Clarendon.
Burke was the only man in England in whom the prose-
cution of Indian delinquency and atrocity was a fixed pas-
sion as well as a fixed principle.
Whipple, Ess, and Rev., II. 318.
2. A specific act of extreme heinousness or
cruelty; an atrocious deed.
The atrocities which attend Victory, Macaulay,
atropous (at’rö-pus), a.
atropic (a-trop'ik), a. [K atropia + -ic.] Of
or pertaining to atropin.
atropin, atropine (at’ró-pin), n. [K NL. atro-
ſº K Atropa -H, -ina ; see -in?..] A crystal-
ine alkaloid (C17H23NO3) obtained from the
deadly nightshade, Atropa Belladonna. It is
very poisonous, and produces temporary dila-
tation of the pupil. Also atropina and atropia.
atropina (at-rö-pi'nā), n. [NL.] Same as at-
Topºn. -
atropine, n. See atropin.
atropinise, v. t. See atropimize.
atropinism (at’rö-pin-izm), n.
-ism..] Same as atropism.
atropinize (at’rö-pin-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
atropinized, pp. atropimizing. [K atropin +
-ize.] To poison or affect with atropin. Also
sometimes spelled atropimise. g
atropism (at’rö-pizm), m. [K atropia + -ism.]
The morbid state produced by atropin, charac-
terized by dilated pupil, frequent pulse, dry-
ness of mouth º skin, hallucinations, and
delirium. Also atropinism.
atropization (at’rö-pi-ză'shgn), n. [K atro-
pize + -ation.] That state of the body, or of
any of its organs, produced by the introduction
of atropin. **
atropize (at’rö-piz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. atro-
pized, ppr. atropizing. [K atropia + -ize.] To
[K atropin +
*add atropin to ; affect with atropin.
Atropos (at’rö-pos), n.
[NL., K. L. Atropos
K. Gr. Atpotrog, one of the Fates: see Airopaj
1. A genus of corrodentian insects, of the
family Psocidae: synonymous with Troctes. A.
pulsatorius shares with certain beetles the popular namo
of death-watch, and is a great pest in entomological collec-
tions.
2. A genus of venomous serpents. Wagler,
1830. [Not in use.]–8. A genus of lepidop-
terous insects. Oken, 1815.
K Gr. &rpotrog, not to
be turned: see Atropa.] Same as atropal.


K., " : . . ; : .
atrous
- atrous (ā'trus), a [K L. ater, black, + -ous.]
Intensely black. are.]
atry (A-triſ), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Appar.
K d8 + try; 'sée try-sail.] Naut, with |º;
so arranged that the bow is kept to the sea :
said of a ship in a gale.
Atrypa (a-triſpá), m. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. --
Tpütra, a .# A genus of brachiopods, typi-
gai of the family Aºmpiãº. Daimº, isºg.
atrypid (a-tripid), n. A brachiopod of the
family Atrypidae.
Atrypidae (a-trip’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Atrypa
+ -idae.] A family of fossil arthropomatous
4trypa reticularz's.
r. Dorsal valve : 2, hinge-plate. 2. Ventral valve : a, impressions of
adductor muscles; c, cardinal muscle; £, pedicle muscle; o; ovarian
sinus; d, deltidium.
brachiopods with the brachial appendages spir-
ally coiled toward the center of the shell,
and completely supported by spiral lamellae,
the valves generally subovate or trilobed, the
foramen beneath a produced beak partly
closed by a deltidium, and the shell-substance
fibrous and impunctate.
Atta (at'â), m. [NL., K. L. Atta, a surname for
persons who walk on the tips of their shoes;
cf. atta = Gr. &rra, a childish word for father,
used familiarly in addressing an old man. Cf.
Goth. atta, father.] A genus of hymenopterous
Texas Red Ant (Atta ſervents).
a, queen ; b, worker.
insects, of the suborder Heterogyma and family
Formicidaº, or ants. They have very short palps, and
the heads of the workers are thick. A. cephalotes is a
West Indian species called the visiting ant, and A. fervens
is the red ant of Texas.
attaball, n. See atabal.
attac, n. See adag. .
attacca (āt-täk’kä). [It., impv. of attaccare,
join, fasten, tie, - F. attacher; see attach and
attack.] In music, begin l a direction to pro-
ceed with a succeeding movement immediately,
without pause.
attach (a-tach'), v. [K ME. attachen, atachen
(only in the legal sense, the lit. sense being of
mod. adoption), KOF. atacher, atachier, later
and mod. F. attacher (also, from It. attaccare,
F. attacquer, º > E. attack, q. v.) (=
Pr. attacar = Sp. Pº. atacar=It. attaccare; see
attacca), fasten, join, lit. tack to, K a- (K.L. ad,
to) + "tac (not found in OF.), Genevese tache –
Sp. Pg. tacha = It. tacca, KBret. tach, a nail, -
Ir, taca, a nail, peg, - Gael. tacaid, a nail, tack,
etc.: see tackl, and cf. detach..] I, trans. 1. In
law, to take by legal authority. (a) To take bodily;
arrest in person: now applied only to arrest of a person
by civil process to answer for a contempt of court or dis-
regard of its mandate, but formerly to arrests of all kinds:
with for, also formerly with of
There were two or three attached for the same robbery.
Latimer, 4th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
Of capital treason I attach you both.
Shak, 2 Hen. IV., iv. 2.
(b) To take (real or personal property) by legal warrant,
to be held for the satisfaction of the judgment that may
be rendered in a suit. See attachment.
2}. To lay hold of; seize.
Then, homeward, every man attach the hand
Of his fair mistress. Shak., L. L. L., iv. 3.
3. To take, seize, or lay hold on, by moral
force, as by affection or interest; fasten or
bind by moral influence; win: as, his kindness
attached us all to him.
Songs, garlands, flowers
And charming Symphonies attach'd the heart
Of Adam. Milton, P. L., xi. 595.
4. To tack or fix to; fasten in any manner, as
one thing to another, by either natural or arti-
ficial gºans; bind; tie; cause to adhere.
attaché (a-ta-shā’), n.
369
The next group consists of those Rotifera which seldom
or never attach themselves by the foot, but swim freely
through the water. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 453.
Such º . . . attach themselves, like bar-
nacles, to what seems permanent.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 67.
5. Figuratively, to connect; associate: as, to
attach a particiar significance to a word.
He attaches very little importance to the invention of
gunpowder, Macaulay, Machiavelli.
6. To join to or with in action or function;
connect as an associate or adjunct; adjoin for
duty or companionship: as, an officer is at-
tached to such a ship, regiment, battalion, etc.;
our regiment is attached to the ist brigade;
this man is attached to my service; he attac
himself to me for the entire journey.—Attached
COl in arch., Same as engaged column (which see,
under column). = §yn. 1. To seize, distrain, distress.-3.
To win, gain over, engage, charm, endear one's self to,
captivate.—4. Add, Affiz, Annea, etc. See add.—5. Tó
attribute.
... II. intrans. 1. To adhere; pertain, as a qual-
ity or circumstance; belong or be incident:
with to.
The fame of each discovery rightly attaches to the mind
that made the formula which contains all the details, and
not to the manufacturers who now make their gain by it.
JEmerson, Success.
To the healthful performance of each function of mind
or body attaches a pleasurable feeling.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 92.
2. To be fixed or fastened; rest as an appur-
tenance: with on or upon.
Blame attached upon Lord Aberdeen's Cabinet for yield-
ing. Ringlake, Crimea, I. 491. (N. E. D.)
3. To come into operation; take or have effect.
After the risk [in marine insurance] has once com-
menced, the whole premium is earned, even though the
Voyage should not be prosecuted. . . . But if the risk
should not commence at all, or in technical phrase, if the
“policy should not attach,” the premium must be returned
to the assured. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 185.
attacht (a-tach'), n. [K attach, v.] 1. An at-
tachment.
I am made the unwilling instrument
Of your attach and apprehension.
Heywood, Woman Killed with Kindness.
2. An attack.
attachable (a-tach'a-bl), a. [Kattach + -able.]
1. Capable of being attached, legally or other-
wise; liable to be taken by writ or precept.—
2. Capable of being fastened or conjoined as
an adjunct or attribute.
[F., prop. pp. of at-
tacher, attach: see attach..] One attached to
another, as a part of his suite or as one of his
attendants; specifically, one attached to an
embassy or a legation at a foreign court.
George Gaunt and I were intimate in early life: he was
my junior when we were attachés at Pumpernickel to-
gether. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xlvii.
attachedly (a-tach’ed-li), adv. With attach-
ment. [Rare.]
attachment (a-tach’ment), n. [K ME. attach-
ment (in sense 1), K attachen, attach ; in other
senses K F. attachement, K attacher: see attach.]
1. The act of attaching; specifically, in law, a
taking of the person, goods, or estate by a writ
or precept in a civil action, to secure a debt or
demand, or to compel to appear in court, or to
punish for contempt. In American usage, attach-
ment, when used in reference to property, means the taking
of the defendant's property into custody by the law, by a
summary process from a court, in advance of the trial of
the merits of the case, as . for the payment of any
judgment that may be recovered. The grounds of grant-
ing it are usually evidence of fraud or fraudulent disposal
of property, or apprehension of absconding, etc. eil
used in reference to the person, it means the taking of
the person into custody to answer to a charge of contempt
of court. Foreign attachment is the taking, from the
hands or control of a third person within the jurisdiction,
of the money or goods or rights of action of a debtor
who is not within the jurisdiction. Any person who has
goods or effects of a debtor is considered in law as the
agent, attorney, factor, or trustee of the debtor; and an
attachment served on such person binds the property in
is hands to respond to the judgment against the debtor.
The process of foreign attachment has existed from time
immemorial in London, Bristol, Exeter, Lancaster, and
Some other towns in England, and by the Common Law
Procedure Act of 1854 has been made general. It is also
sometimes known as garnishment, in Scotland as arrest-
ºnent, and in New England as trustee process.
2. The writ or process directing the person or
estate of a person to be taken, for the purposes
above stated.—3. The act or state of being
attached, fastened on, or connected.— 4. Close
adherence or affection; regard; any passion or
affection that binds a person to another person
or to a thing.
The attachment of the people to the Institutions and the
laws under which they live is . . . at once the strength,
the glory, and the safety of the land. -
º Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 276,
attachment-screw (a-tach’ment-skró), n.
attack (a-tak’), n.
verb.
attackable (a-tak’a-bl.), a.
attacker (a-tak’ér), n.
attagas (at'8-gas), m.
#
attagen
Cromwell had to determine whether he would put to
hazard the attachment of his party, the attachment of his
army, . . . to save a prince whom no engagement could
bin Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i.
The hereditary attachments of those kings [English] lay
in Anjou and Aquitaine far more than in England, or even
in Normandy. P. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 159.
5. That which attaches one thing to another,
or a person to an object: as, the attachments of
a muscle; the attachments of home.—6. That
which is attached to a principal object; an ad-
junct: as, the aeolian attachment to the piano;
an attachment to a sewing-machine.—AEolian
attachment. See AEolian 1.-Court of Attachments.
See court. =Syn, 4. Predilection, Affection. See love.—6.
Appendage, appurtenance, addition. A.
binding-screw.
attack (3-tak’), v. [Formerly also attacque, at-
taque; K F. attaquer, OF. ataquer, unassibilat-
ed form (perhaps K Pr. attacar or It. attaccare)
of attacher, join, fasten: see attach..] I. trans.
1. To assault; fall upon with force; assail, as
with force and arms; begin hostilities against.
The strong tribe, in which war has become an art, at-
tack and conquer their neighbors, and teach them their
arts and virtues. Emerson, War.
2. To endeavor to injure, overthrow, or bring
into discredit by any act or proposal, or by un-
friendly words or writing, whether by satire
calumny, criticism, or argument: as, to attack
a religious belief or a legislative measure; to
attack a man or his opinions in a newspaper.
The people's interest is the only object that we have
any right whatever to consider in deciding the question,
whether or not the present state of things shall be sub-
mitted to or attacked. Brougham.
3. To make an onset or attempt upon, in a gen-
eral sense; begin action upon or in regard to ;
set about or upon : as, to attack a piece of work
or a problem, or (humorously) the dinner.—
4. To begin to affect; come or fall upon ; seize:
said of diseases and other destructive agencies:
as, yesterday he was attacked by fever; caries
attacked the bones; locusts attacked the crops.
Specifically—5. In chem., to cause to decom-
pose or dissolve.
The bodies are of a siliceous character, for they are not
destroyed by ignition, nor attacked by hydrochloric acid.
Science, VII. 218.
=Syn, 1. Set upon, Fall wipon, etc. (see assail), assault,
beset, besiege, beleaguer, charge upon, engage, challenge,
combat.—2. To impugn, criticize, censure.
II. intrans. To make an attack or onset:
as, the enemy attacked with great boldness.
Those that attack generally get the victory.
Came, Campaigns.
[= F. attaque; from the
..] i. A falling on with forge or violence,
or with calumny, satire, or criticism; an onset;
an assault.
I wish that he [Mr. Sumner] may know the shudder of
terror which ran through all this community on the first
tidings of this brutal attack.
Emerson, Assault upon Mr. Sumner.
2. Battle generally; fight. [Rare.]
Long time in even scale
The battel hung ; till Satan, . . .
. . . ranging through the dire attack, . . .
Saw where the sword of Michael smote, and fell'd
Squadrons at once. Milton, P. L., vi. 248.
3. An onset of any kind; the initial movement
in any active proceeding or contest, as a game
of chess, cricket, etc.; in music, specifically,
the act (with reference to the manner) of be-
ginning a piece, passage, or phrase, especially
by an orchestra.—4. The aggressive part of
the art of fencing: opposed to defense.
Attacks are made in three ways :—first, by a quick
thrust proceeding merely from the wrist, the arm at the
same time being elevated and advanced, with the point
directed towards the adversary's breast; secondly, by
what is technically called an extension ; and lastly, by
longeing and recovering. Encyc. Brit., IX. 70.
5. A seizure by a disease; the onset of a dis-
68 Se...—Attack of a siege, an assault upon an enemy's
field or permanent fortifications, by means of parallels,
galleries, saps, trenches, mines, enfilading-, counter-, or
breaching-batteries, or by storming parties.—To deliver
an attack. See deliverl. = Syn. 1. Charge, Omslaught, etc.
See onset.
IK attack + -able;
= F. attaquable.] Capable of being attacked;
assailable.
One who attacks or
[NL., K. Gr. dittayāg, a
bird described as of a reddish color and spotted
on the back; prob. a kind of partridge. See
attagen.] Same as attagen.
assaults; an assailant.
attagen (at’ā-jen), n. [I, also attagena, K. Gr.
ôtrayin', also dittayijg, a bird (appar. different
from the arrayåg), prob: a kind of grouse, the
francolin, classed with the partridge, pheasant,


§
attagen
etc.] 1. º the common partridge of
Europe, now known as Perdia cinerea.—2. A
name given to various other European birds.
(a) Used indiscriminately by early writers for sundry gal-
linaceous birds of Europe, as grouse, ptarmigan, par-
tridges, francolins, Pterocles alchata, etc. (b) Used by
Moehring, 1752, for the frigate-bird or man-of-war bird,
Tachypetes aquila, and adopted by G. R. Gray, 1871, in the
spelling Atagen, as the generic name of these birds:
Whence Atagenimoe (Gray) as a subfamily name. (c) [cap.]
[NL.] Made by Brisson in 1760 an indeterminable genus
of grouse, including, besides European species, two North
American birds călied Attagen americana and Attagen
pensilvaniae, (d) Applied by Cuvier (1817) to the sand-
grouse of the genus Syrrhaptes (Illiger, 1811), the only
Species of which known to Cuvier was Pallas's sand-grouse,
S. paradoxus, a bird of the suborder Pterocletes, (e) Ap-
plied by Gloger in 1842 to the francolins, of which Perdia:
jrancolimus (Linnaeus), now Francolimus vulgaris, of Eu-
rope, etc., is the type.
Also atagen, attagas, atagas.
Attageninae (at'a-je-ni'né), m. pl...[NL., KAtta;
gem, 2 (b), + -inde. Atagenima is the form used
by Gray.] In G. R. Gray's system of classifica-
tion (1871), a subfamily of totipalmate birds,
named from Moehring's genus Attagen (1752),
equivalent to the family Tachypetidae of authors
in general; the frigate-birds or man-of-war
birds. See Tachypetidae.
attaghani, n., Same as ſataghan.
attain (a-tán"), v. [K, ME. attainen, atteinen,
atainen, ateimen, etc., K OF. ataindre, ateindre
(ataign-, ateign-), F. atteindre = Pr: ateigner,
atemher = It. attigmere, attingere, attain, K. L. at-
tingere, touch upon, attain, Kad, to, + tangere,
touch: see tangent. Cf. attainder and attaint.]
I. trams. 1+. To touch; strike; hit.—2+. To
touch upon; mention.—3}. To convict; con-
demn. Compare attaint, v., 3–5.-4. To come
so near as to touch; reach, achieve, or accom-
plish (an end or object) by continued effort;
come into possession of; acquire; gain.
Ends We seek we never shall attain.
M. Armold, Self-Deception.
5. To come to or arrive at (a place); reach (a
place, time, or state).
Canaan he now attains. Milton, P. L., xii. 135.
He has scarce attained the age of thirty.
Goldsmith, Vicar, iii.
6. To reach in excellence or degree; equal.
So the first precedent, if it be good, is seldom attaimed
by imitation. Bacom.
7+. To overtake; come up with: as, “not at-
taining him in time,” Bacon.—8#. To come to
know; experience. Chaucer. =Syn. 4. Attain, Ob-
tain, Broº, reach, achieve, get possession of, carry.
(See lists under acquire and accomplish ; also note under
attainable.) Attain involves the idea of considerable ef-
fort, while obtain does not necessarily imply effort at all,
and procure only a small degree of it : thus, we may ob-
tain property by inheritance, we may procure a book by
purchase, but we can attain an end only by exertion.
Attain generally has higher or more abstract objects than
obtain or procure : as, to obtain an office or a patent; to
procure a chair; to attain eminence; attaim one's end.
In these cases it would be ludicrous to use attain in place
of obtain or procure.
The Khans, or story-tellers in Ispahan, attaim a control-
ling power over their audience, keeping them for many
hours attentive to the most fanciful and extravagant ad-
ventures. Emerson, Eloquence.
Some pray for riches; riches they obtain ;
But, watch'd by robbers, for their wealth are slain.
Dryden, Pal, and Arc., l. 424.
Have you a catalogue
Of all the voices that we have procur'd
Set down by the poll? Shak., Čor., iii. 3.
II, intrams. 1. To reach; come or arrive by
motion, bodily or mental exertion, or efforts of
any kind: followed by to or unto.
Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high ; I
can not attain wºnto it. Ps. cxxxix. 6.
2#. To pertain; have relation. Chaucer.
attaint (a-tān"), m. [K attain, v.] Something
attained. Glanville.
attainability (a-tá-na-bil’i-ti), m. [K attaima-
ble: see-bility.j Attainableness. Coleridge.
attainable (a-tă'na-bl), @.. [K attain + -able.]
Capable of being attained.
He [Plato] quits the normal for the attainable.
J)e Quincey, Plato.
All that is said of the wise man by Stoic, or oriental or
modern essayist, describes to each reader his own idea,
his unattained but attainable self. I'merson, IIistory.
[Attainable was formerly sometimes used where obtainable
or procurable would now be preferred, as in the follow-
ing passages:
The kind and quality of food and liquor, the species of
habitation, furniture, and clothing, to which the common
people of each country are habituated, must be attainable
with ease and certainty. Paley.
General Howe would not permit them [clothes and
blankets) to be purchased in Philadelphia, and they were
not attainable in the country.
Marshall, Life of Washington.]
=Syn. Practicable, feasible, possible, within reach.
370
attainableness (A-täng-bl-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being attainable.
attainder (a-tánſdér), n., [K late ME. attayn-
dere, K OF. ataindre, ateindre, attain, touch
upon, affect, accuse, attack, attaint, convict;
the inf, used as a noun. ſhe idea of taint,
stain, or corruption has been erroneously con-
nected with this word: see attaint.] 1. The act
of attainting, or the state of being attainted;
the legal consequence of judgment of death or
outlawry pronounced in respect of treason or
felony: as, a bill of attainder; to remove an
attainder. The consequence by the common law in-
cluded forfeiture of lands, tenements, and heredita-
ments, incapability of suing in a court of justice, or of
performing any of the duties or enjoying any of the priv-
ileges of a free citizen, and “corruption of blood,” render-
ing the person affected incapable of inheriting property
or transmitting it to heirs,
An act of attainder was carried against him, as one who
had been indicted for piracy and murder, and had fled
from justice. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 188.
2. A bringing under some disgrace, stain, or
imputation; the state of being in dishonor.
So to the laws at large I write my name:
And he that breaks them in the least degree
Stands in attainder of eternal shame.
Shak., L. L. L., i. 1.
attaindryt, n. An obsolete form of attainder.
attainduret, n. [A mixture of attainder and
attainture.]. An obsolete form of attainder.
attainment (3-tän’ment), m. [Kattain + -ment.]
1. The act of attaining; the act of arriving at
or reaching; the act of obtaining by exertion
or effort.
The attainment of every desired object.
Sir W. Jones, Hitópadésa.
2. That which is attained, or obtained by ex-
ertion; acquisition; acquirement.
Formerly the natural impulse of every man was, spon-
taneously to use the language of life ; the language of
books was a secondary attainment not made without
effort. De Quincey, Style, i.
Smatterers, whose attainments just suffice to elevate
them from the insignificance of dunces to the dignity of
bores. Macaulay, Mill on Government.
= Sym. 2. Acquirements, Acquisitions, etc. See acquire-
7ment
attainori, n. IK attain + -or, after AF. attei-
gnour.] One of the jurors in the process called
attaint (which see).
attaint (a-tänt”), v. t. . [K ME. ataynten, ateyn-
tem, atteinten, etc., an inf. due to ataymt, atteint,
pp. of ataymen, etc., after OF. ateint, pp. of atein-
dre: see attain and attainder. Later errone-
ously associated with taint, stain, corruption,
to which some of the senses are due.] 1}. To
touch; hit in tilting.—2+. To attain; ascertain.
—3+. To convict (a jury) of having given a
false verdict.— 4. To affect with attainder;
pass judgment on, as on one found guilty of
a crime, as felony or treason, involving for-
feiture of civil privileges.
I dare undertake, that at this day there are more at-
taſmted landes, concealed from her Majestie, then she
hath now possessions in all Ireland.
Spenser, Present State of Ireland.
I must offend before I be attainted.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ii. 4.
No attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood,
or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.
Constitution of U. S., iii. 3.
5+. To accuse; with of: as, to attaint a person
of Sorcery.
He was attainted . . . of high treason.
Goldsmith, Bolingbroke.
6t. To affect with any passion or emotion.
This noble woman . . . attainted with extreme sorrow.
Historia Anglica (trans.).
7. To taint; disgrace; cloud with infamy;
stain; corrupt.
Lest she with blame her honour should attaimt.
attask
instituted for reversing a falseverdict given by
a jury; conviction of a jury for giving such a
verdict.—4. In old law: (a) A conviction. (b)
Impeachment.—5}. Infection; injurious or del-
eterious action.
The marrow-eating sickness, whose attaint
Disorder breeds. Šia. W. and A., l. 741.
6. Attainder. -
It was a point of honour with his [Bismarck's] Govern-
ment that the captive royalists should at every cost al-
most be set free, without attaint of life or fortune.
Lowe, Bismarck, I. 220.
7t. A stain, spot, or taint; hence, a disgrace;
an imputation involving dishonor.
What simple thief brags of his own attaint £
Shak., C. of E., iii. 2.
attaintmentt (A-täntſment), n. IK attaint +
-ment.]. The act or state of being attainted or
affected with attainder; conviction; arrest;
impeachment.
When this man was attainted there, and they had lib-
erty to say may to his attaintment if they would, sure I am
the most allowed it, and else it would not have gone for-
ward. Latimer, quoted in Dixon's Hist. Church of Eng., xv.
attainture? (8-tān'tūr), n. [K attaint + -wre.]
1. Same as attaintment.
Her attaintwre will be Huº; fall.
- e º ak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 2.
2. Imputation; stain.
. Without the least attaintwre of your valour.
Chapman, Byron's Tragedy, iii. 1.
attaket, v. t. See atake.
attal (at'al), n. Same as attle1. *
Attalea (a-tā’lā-ā), n, INL., named with allu-
sion to the beauty of the trees, K L. Attalus, K
Gr. 'Attahog, Attalus, the name of three kings of
Pergamum; Attalus I. and II, were noted for
their wealth and liberality.] A genus of palms,
allied to the cocoanut, natives, of tropical
America, and distinguished by the fact that
the nut contains three cells, each inclosing a
single Seed. There are about .20 species. The nuts,
which hang in great clusters, are egg-shaped, with a very
hard and thick pericarp inclosing the edible oily kernels.
The pinnate leaves are very large, and are often used for
thatching and other purposes. The fibers of the leaf-
stalks of A. funifera are made into ropes and brooms.
The seeds are nuts called coquilla-nuts; they are 3 or 4
inches long, brown in color, hard, and of sufficient thick-
ness to be turned into door-handles, small cups, etc. The
cohune palm, A. Cohune, is the largest palm that is found .
in Guatemala and Honduras. l
ſpl.
attalica (a-tal’i-kä), n. [L., neut. pl. of
Attalicus, K Attalus, K. Gr. 'Attahog.] Cloth of
gold: a name derived from its supposed intro-
duction under King Attalus of º:
attaman (at'a-man), n. Same as hetman.
attame1+ (a-tām"), v. t. [Kat- + tame, v.] To
tame; overcome. , Sylvester.
attame2+, v. t. [K ME, attamen, atamen, open,
broach, begin, injure, K L.L. attaminare, touch,
attack, dishonor, K.L. ad, to, + “taminare, touch:
see contaminate.] 1. To broach or open (a.
cask, etc.). Chaucer.—2. To begin; venture
upon; undertake.
Ryght anon his tale he hath attaimed.
Chaucer, Prol. to Nun's Priest's Tale, l. 52-
attaminate? (a-tam’i-nāt), v. t. [K L. attami-
matus, pp. of attaminare, contaminate: see at-
tame2.] To contaminate. Blownt.
attap (at'ap), m. [Native name; also written
atap and adap.] The Nipa fruticans, a nearly
stemless palm of the tidal forests of the East
Indian archipelago. Its smooth pinnate leaves are
from 15 to 30 feet long, very thick and strong, and are ex-
tensively used for thatching.
The roof is thatched with the common Buttam attaps
in the same way as Malay houses.
Jour. Anthrop. Inst., XV. 293.
attaquet, v. and m. A former spelling of attack.
attar (at’ār), n. [Also written atar, ottar, and
ºpenser, F. Q., IV, i. 5. Kotto; K Pers. ‘atar, Hind. aty, K. Ar. ‘itr, fra-
That the pleasure is of an inferior order, can no more
attaint the idea or model of the composition, than it can
impeach the excellence of an epigram that it is not a
tragedy. De Qwincey, Rhetoric.
attainti (A-tänt”), p. 4. [The older pp. of at-
taint, v.] 1. Attainted; convicted.—2. Taint-
ed; corrupted; infected; attacked.
My tender youth was never yet attaint
With any passion. Shale., 1 Hen. VI., v. 5.
Auterfoits attaint. See auterſoits.
attaint (A-tänt”), n. ... [K attaint, v.1, 1+. The
act of touching or hitting; specifically, in tilt-
ing, a hit. [Archaic.]
“You, reverend sir,” said the knight, “have in the en-
counter of our wits made a fair attaint.”
Scott, Monastery, I. xvi.
2. A blow or wound on the leg of a horse caused
by overreaching.—3. An ancient legal process
grance, perfume, esp. of roses (Pers. ‘atar-gūl,
attar of roses), & 'atara, smell sweet.] In the
East Indies, a general term for a perfume
from flowers. In Europe it generally denotes only
the attar or otto of roses, an essential oil made in Turkey
and various other eastern countries, chiefly from the
damask rose, Rosa Damascena. The yield is very small,
150 pounds of rose-leaves yielding less than an ounce of
attar. The principal source of the attar of commerce is
in the vicinity of Kazamlik, on the southern side of the
Balkan mountains, in Eastern Rumelia. The pure oil
solidifies at a temperature between 60° and 65° F. It is a
well-known perfume, but the odor is agreeable only when
diffused, being too powerful when it is concentrated.
is largely used in the scenting of snuff. Now artificially
produced.
attask? (a-täsk’), v. t. [Kat- + task.] To task;
tax; reprove; blame.
You are much more attask'd for want of wisdom,
Than prais'd for harmful mildness. Shak., Lear, i. 4.
* * * **, * * * * ~ * * *** ** & * , - * , * *, *.* * ,” * x - = * < x < ... • -
:* . . . , 3 x < * > * : ... f : , " " : • * - * * * * ~ *. 4. - * * *
-:. . . . . . . . . . . * > . . . . . . . " ' " .. rº. * * ... * * . * * . ... ? 2,
* - attaste -
attastet, v., [ME. ataste, KOF. ataster, taste, K
a- (L. ad) + taster, taste: see taste.] I, trans.
To taste. Chaucer.
II. intrans. To taste (of).
Ye shullen ataste both thowe and shee
Of thilke water, Lydgate.
attet. Middle English assimilation of at the.
Chaucer.
Attelabidae (at-e-lab’i-dé), n. pl. [NL., K At-
telabus + -idae.] A family of rhynchophorous
beetles. See Attelabimae.
Attelabinae (at'e-la-bi'né), n. pl. [NL.; K 4tte-
labus + -inac.] A subfamily of Curculionidae,
typified by the genus Attelabus, containing
weevils with the abdomen alike in both sexes,
the mandibles pincer-like, the elytra without a
fold on the inner surface, and no labium. The
'oup is sometimes raised to the rank of a
amily under the name Attelabidae.
Attelabus (a-tel/a-bus), n. [L., K. Gr. &rréWaffoc,
Ionic ärtéAegoc, a kind of locust without wings.j
Agenus of weevils, typical of the family Attela-
bidaº. A. rhois is a reddish pubescent species with a
short proboscis, infesting the hazel in the northeastern
parts of the United States.
attemper (a-tem"pér), v. t. . [K ME. attempren,
atémpren, KOF. atemprer, K. L. attemperare, fit,
adjust, accommodate, K ad, to, + temperare,
control, moderate, temper: see temper, v.] 1.
To reduce, modify, or moderate by mixture: as,
to attemper spirits by diluting them with water.
Nobility attempers sovereignty. Bacon.
2. To soften, º or moderate: as, to at-
temper justice with elemency.
Those smiling eyes attemp'ring every ray.
Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, 1.63.
Those [influences] which, in older and more normally
constituted communities, modify and attemper Mammon-
worship. he American, IV. 65.
8. To mix in just proportion; regulate.
God hath so attempered the blood and bodies of fishes.
JRay, Works of Creation.
Pure of blame,
In praise and in dispraise the same,
A man of well-attemper'd frame.
Tennyson, Duke of Wellington.
4. To accommodate; fit or make suitable.
The joyous birdes, shrouded in chearefull shade,
Their notes unto"the voice attempred sweet.
Spenger, F. Q., II. xii. 71.
Arts attempered to the lyre. Pope.
[In º its uses nearly obsolete, temper being generally
liSCC1.
attemperament (a-tem'për-a-mºnt), n. Atem-
pering or mixing in due proportions. Also at-
temperment.
attemperancet (a-tem (pêr-ans), m. [K ME. at-
temperawnee, K OF. atemprance, K atemprer, at-
temper. Cf. temperance.] Temperance.
attemperate (a-tem (pêr-āt), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. attemperated, F; attemperating. [K L.
attemperatus, pp. of attemperare, attemper: see
attemper.] 1+. To attemper; regulate.
If any one do . . . attemperate his actions accordingly.
Barrow, Math. Lectures, iv.
2. In brewing and distilling, to regulate the
temperature of, as the wort.
attemperatet (a-temſpêr-āt), p. a. [K L. at-
temperatus, pp.: see the verb.] 1. Tempered;
proportioned; suited.
Hope must be proportioned and gttemperate to the
promise. BIammond, Pract. Catechism.
2. Moderate; equable; mild: applied to cli-
mate.
attemperation (a-tem-pº-rā’shgn), n. [K at-
temperate, v.] 1+. The act of attempering,
regulating, adjusting, or accommodating. Ba-
con.—2. The act of regulating the tempera-
ture of the wort in brewing and distilling.
attemperator (a-temſpêr-ā-tor), m. [K attempe-
rate, v., + -or.] In brewing and distilling, a
contrivance for regulating the temperature of
the wort during the progress of fermentation.
attemperlyt, adv. See attemprely.
attemperment (a-tem’pèr-mºnt), m. [K attem-
per + -ment.] Same as attemperament.
attempret, a. IME., also atempre, KOF. atem-
pre, pp. of atºmprer, attemper: See attemper.]
Temperate.
Attempre diete was all hire physike. Chaucer.
attemprelyt, adv. [ME., also attemperly, K at-
tempré + -ly, -ly?..] In a temperate manner.
Chaucer. &
attempt (a-tempt"), v. t. [K OF. atempter, at-
tenter, mod. F. attenter = Pr. attentar. = Sp.
atentar = Pg. attentar = It. attentare, K L. at-
temptare, more correctly attentare, try, solicit,
Kad, to, + temptore, more correctly tentare, try:
3.71
see tempt.] 1. To make an effort to effect or
do; endeavor to perform; undertake; essay:
as, to attempt a bold flight. .
The wise and prudent conquer difficulties by daring to
attempt them. Rowe.
Something attempted, something done,
Has earned a night's repose.
Longfellow, Village Blacksmith.
2. To venture upon: as, to attempt the sea.—
3t. To make trial of; prove; test: as, “well-
attempted plate,” Fairfaa..—4t. To try with af-
flictions. Jer. Taylor.—5+. To endeavor to ob-
tain or attract.
This man of thine attempts her love.
Shak., T. of A., i. 1.
6. To try to win or seduce; tempt; entice.
He will never . . . attempt us again.
hak., M. W. of W., iv. 2.
It made the laughter of an afternoon,
That Vivien should attempt the blameless king.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
7. To attack; make an effort against; assail:
as, to attempt the enemy's camp; to attempt a
person’s life.
e Muster
Our Soldiers up ; we'll stand upon our guard;
For we shall be attempted.
Beau. and Fl., Thierry and Theodoret, i. 2.
Calumny never dared to suspect her morals, or attempt
her character. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 3.
==Syn, 1. Attempt, Essay, Undertake, Endeavor, Strive,
Struggle, seek, aim. The italicized words agree in express-
ing the beginning of a task, physical or intellectual, which
is difficult and often impossible. They are arranged in the
order of strength. Attempt is to try with some effort.
Essay is sometimes to try in order to see if a thing can be
done or attained, and sometimes simply to attempt: as,
“which the Egyptians assaying to do were drowned,”
Heb. xi. 29. Undertake is, literally, to take a task upon
one's self, perhaps formally, and hence to go about a task
with care and effort. Endeavor is to try with more ear-
nestness, labor, or exertion. Strive is to work hard and
earnestly, doing one's best. Struggle is to tax one's powers
to the extent of fatigue, pain, or exhaustion. The first
three words are more appropriate for a single effort, the
other three for continuous or continual efforts.
None are very violent against it [writing plays in verse]
but those who either have not attempted it, or who have
succeeded ill in their attempt.
Dryden, Ded. of Ess. on Dram. Poesy.
Instinct led him [Tennyson] to construct his machinery
before essaying to build. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 155.
I will . . . wºndertake one of Hercules' labours.
Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1.
In what I did endeavour, it is no vanity to say, I have
succeeded. Dryden, Annus Mirabilis.
A certain truth possesses us, which we in all ways strive
to utter. Emerson, Clubs.
O limed soul, that, struggling to be free,
Art more engag’d Shak., Hamlet, iii. 3.
attempt (a-tempt"), n. IK attempt, v.] 1. A
putting forth of effort in the performance or
accomplishment of that which is difficult or un-
certain; essay, trial, or endeavor; effort.
The attempt, and not the deed,
Confounds us. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 2.
By his blindness maim'd for high attempts.
Milton, S. A., l. 1221.
2. An effort to accomplish something by force
or violence; an attack or assault: as, an attempt
upon one's life.
Foreign attempts against a state and kingdom
Are seldom Without some great friends at home.
gº Ford, Perkin Warbeck, i. 1.
3+. Temptation.
To avoid
The attempt itself intended by our foe.
For he who tempts, though in vain, at least asperses
The tempted with dishonour foul. Milton, P. L., ix. 295.
4. In law, an act done in part execution of a
design to commit a crime. Judge May. Mere
solicitation or preparation, without a step taken toward
the actual commission, is not a criminal attempt. =Syn.
Undertaking, effort, endeavor, enterprise, experiment.
attemptability (a-temp-ta-bil’i-ti), m. [K at-
temptable: see -bility.] 1. The quality of be-
ing attemptable.—2. A thing that may be at-
tempted. [Rare.]
Short way ahead of us it is all dim ; an unwound skein
of possibilities, of apprehensions, attemptabilities, vague-
looming hopes. Carlyle, Heroes (1858), p. 35.
attemptable (a-tempºta-bl), a. [K attempt +
-able.] Capable of being attempted, tried, or
attacked; likely to yield to an attempt or at-
tack.
Less attemptible than any the rarest of our ladies in
France. Shak., Cymbeline, i. 5.
attemptate? (a-temp’tät), n. [K OF. attemp-
tat, mod. F. attentat: see attentate.] An at-
tempt or endeavor; especially, a violent or
criminal attempt or attack; assault; outrage.
He called . . . for redress of the attemptates conmitted
by the Greams. Strype, Eccles. Mem., IV. 364. (N. E. D.)
attempter (a-tempºtēr), n.
attemptive (a-tempºtiv), a.
attendance (a-ten' dans), m.
attendance
For the better defense of his highness's loving subjects
in the same shires in case of any invasion or other attemp-
tate by foreign enemies.
Somerset, quoted in Dixon's Hist. Church of Eng., xv., note.
1. One who at-
tempts, tries, or endeavors.—2. One who at-
tacks or assails; an assailant.
Against the attempter of thy Father's throne.
Milton, P. R., iv. 603.
3+. A tempter. Milton.
[K attempt + -ive.]
Ready to attempt; enterprising; venturous.
Daniel.
attend (a-tend’), v. [K OF. atendre, F. attendre,
wait, reflex. expect, — Sp. atender = Pg. attem-
der = It. attendere, K L. attendere, stretch to-
ward, give heed to, Kad, to, + tendere, stretch:
see tend, and cf. attempt.] I. trams. 1. To fix
the mind upon ; listen to ; have regard or pay
heed to ; consider. [Archaic. See II., 1.]
The diligent pilot . . . doth not attend the unskilful
words of a passenger. Sir P. Sidney.
The crow doth sing as sweetly as the lark
When neither is attended. Shak., M. of V., v. 1.
Their hunger thus appeased, their care attends
The doubtful fortune of their absent friends.
Dryden.
2. To accompany or be present with, as a com-
panion, minister, or servant, or for the fulfil-
ment of any duty; wait upon.
The fift had charge sick persons to attend.
Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 41.
Let one attend him with a silver bason.
Shak., T. of the S., Ind., i.
You shall have men and horses to attend you,
And money in your purse.
Fletcher, Rule a Wife, ii. 3.
3. To be present at or in for purposes of duty,
business, curiosity, pleasure, etc.; as, to attend
a meeting.—4. To accompany or follow in im-
mediate sequence, especially with a causal con-
nection: said of things: as, a cold attended with
fever; a measure attended with bad results.
A correspondent revolution in things will attend the
influx of the spirit. Emerson, Nature.
5+. To wait or stay for; expect, as a person or
an event.
Thy intercepter, . . . bloody as the hunter, attends thee
at the Orchard end. Shak., T. N., iii. 4.
The trumpets, next the gate, in order plac'd,
Attend the sign to sound the martial blast.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., l. 1741.
6+. To be in store for; await.
The state that attends all men after this.
One fate attends us, and one common grave.
Dryden, tr. of Lucretius, iii. 304.
II. intrams. 1. To give attention ; pay re-
gard or heed: followed by to ; as, my son,
attend to my words.
Attend to the voice of my supplications. Ps. lxxxvi. 6.
It will be sufficient for me if I discover many Beauties
or Imperfections which others have not attended to.
Addison, Spectator, No. 262.
2. To be present, in pursuanee of duty, busi-
ness, or pleasure; especially, act as an atten-
dant: absolutely, or with on or upon, or at ; as,
who attends here? to attend upon a committee;
to attend at such a church. Hence—3. To fix
the mind in worship: with on or upon.
That ye may attend upon the Lord without distraction.
1 Cor. vii. 35.
4. To be consequent; wait: with on or upon.
It is good that a certain portion of disgrace should con-
stantly attend on certain bad actions.
& Macaulay, Moore's Byron.
5+. To stay; wait; delay.
For this perfection she must yet attend,
Till to her Maker she espoused be.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal. of Soul.
allocke.
attendt (a-tend"), n. IK attend, v.] Attendance.
Stars have made your fortunes climb so high,
To give attend on Rasni's excellence.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Lond. and Eng.
[K MIE. atten-
daunce, K OF. atendance = Pr. atendensa, K
ML. attendentia, K. L. attenden (t-)s, ppr. of at-
tendere : see attend and -ance.] 1. The act of
attending or attending on. (a) The act of waiting
on or Serving; the state of being present for purposes of
duty, business, pleasure, etc.; service; ministry.
No man gave attendance at the altar. Heb. vii. 13.
Lindamira, a lady whose . . . constant attendance at
church three times a day had utterly defeated many ma,
licious attacks upon her reputation,
Fielding, Joseph Andrews.
The other, after many years' attendance upon the duke,
was now one of the bed-chamber to the prince.
Q Claremdon.
(bt) Attention ; regard; careful application of mind.
Give attendance to reading. 1 Tim. iv. 13.
(et) A Waiting on, as in expectation.
attendance
. That which causeth bitterness in death is the languish-
ing attendance and expectation thereof ere it come.
Hooker.
2. The body of persons attending for any pur-
pose; as, a large attendance is requested.
The attendance of the Tories was scanty, as no impor-
tant discussion was expected. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xv.
3t. Attendants collectively; persons waiting on
one to render him service; a train; a retinue.
I.To dance attendance. See dance.
attendancyt (a-ten'dan-si), n. 1. Attendance;
a train or retinue. Fuller.
. Of honour another part is attendancy; and therefore,
in the visions of the glory of God, angels are spoken of as
his attendants. . . . It sheweth what honour is fit for pre-
lates, and what attendancy.
Hooker, Eccles. Pol., vii. § 20 (Ord M.S.).
2. Relation; relative position.
To name lands by the attendancy they have to other
lands more notorious. Bacon, Maxims of the Law, xxiv.
attendant (a-ten’dant), a. and m. [K F. attem-
dant (= It. attendente), ppr. of attendre, wait:
see attend and -antl.] I. a. 1. Accompanying;
being present or in attendance.
Other suns perhaps,
With their attemdant moons, thou wilt descry.
Milton, P. L., viii. 149.
2. Accompanying, connected, or immediately
following as consequential: as, intemperance,
with all its attendant evils.
Those bodily pains and sufferings which . . . are but
too frequently attendant upon any disorder of the fancy.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 183.
3+. In law, depending on or connected with
something or some person; owing duty or ser–
vice.—Attendant keys, in music, same as relative keys.
See relative. º
II. m. 1. One who attends or accompanies
another, in any character; especially, one who
belongs to a train or retinue; a follower.
Brave attemdants near him. Shak., T. of the S., Ind., i.
The Furies, they said, are attendants on justice, and if
the sun in heaven should transgress his path, they would
punish him. Emerson, Compensation.
2. One who attends on or waits the pleasure
of another, as a suitor or the like.
To give an attendant quick despatch is a civility.
T. Burmet, Theory of the Earth.
Specifically—3. In law, one who owes a duty
or service to, or depends on, another.—4. One
who is present, as at a public meeting, for any
purpose.
He was a constant attendant at all meetings relating to
charity. Swift.
5. That which accompanies or is consequent
on anything.
He that early arriveth unto the parts and prudence of
age, is happily old without the uncomfortable attendants
of it. Sir T. Browne, Letter to a Friend.
An extreme jealousy of power is the attendant on all
popular revolutions, and has seldom been without its
evils. A. Hamilton, Continentalist, No. 1.
Master attendant, an officer of an English dockyard,
generally a staff commander, whose duty it is to inspect
moorings, move and secure vessels, care for ships in ordi-
nary, and generally to assist the superintendent. =Syn. 1.
Associate, escort, retainer.—5. Accompaniment, concomi-
tant.
attender (a-ten’dér), n. 1. One who attends
or gives heed.
Attending to conduct, to judgment, makes the attender
feel that it is joy to do it.
M. Arnold, Literature and Dogma, i.
2. An attendant; a companion.
attendingly (a-ten’ding-li), adv.
tion; attentively.
attendment? (a-tend’ment), m. [K attend +
-ment.] An accompanying circumstance: as,
“uncomfortable attendments of hell,” Sir T.
Browne, Vulg. Err., vii. 16.
attendressi (a-tem’dres), n. IK attender + -ess.]
A female attendant. Fuller.
attent? (a-tent"), v. t. [A later form of at-
tempt, after the orig. L. attentare: see attempt.]
To attempt. Quarles.
attent? (a-tent'), a. and m. [K L. attentus, pp.
of attendere, attend: see attend..] I. a. Atten-
tive; intent: as, “an attent ear,” Shak., Ham-
let, i. 2.
Let thine ears be attent. 2 Chron. vi. 40.
Whylest thus he talkt, the knight with greedy eare
Hong still upon his melting mouth attent.
Spenger, F. Q., VI. ix. 26.
II. m. [K ME. attente, atente, K OF. atente,
mod. F. attente = Pr. atenta, prop. pp., K. L.
attenta, fem. of attentus, pp. of attendere: see
attend..] Attention.
So being clad unto the fields he went
With the faire Pastorella every day,
And kept her sheepe with dilligent attent.
Spenger, F. Q., VI. ix. 37.
With atten-
372
attentatet, attentatt (8-ten'tät, -tat), n. [K F.
attentat, crime, K. M.L. attentatum, crime, at-
tempt, neut. of L. attentatus, pp. of attenta-
re, attempt: See attempt.] 1. A criminal at-
tempt.
Affrighted at so damnable an attentate.
Time's Storehouse, p. 154 (Ord M.S.).
2. In law ... (a) A proceeding in a court of ju-
dicature after an inhibition is decreed. (b) A
thing done after an extra-judicial appeal. (c)
A matter improperly innovated or attempted
Aby an inferior judge.
attention (3-ten'shqn), n. IK ME. attenciown
(F. attention), K. L. attentio(n-), K attendere, pp.
attentus, attend, give heed to: see attendſ 1.
Concentration of the mind upon an object of
Sense or of thought, giving it relative or abso-
lute prominence; it may be either voluntary or
involuntary, active or passive.
When the ideas that offer themselves are taken notice
of, and, as it were, registered in the memory, it is atten-
tion. Locke, Human Understanding, ii. 19.
In the relation of events, and the delineation of char-
acters, they have paid little attention to facts, to the cos-
tume of the times of which they pretend to treat, or to
the general principles of human nature.
Macawlay, On History.
A trained pianist will play a new piece of music at
sight, and perhaps have so much attention to spare that
he can talk with you at the same time.
J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 308.
2. The power or faculty of mental concentra-
tion.
In the childhood of our race and of each one of us, the
attention was called forth by the actions upon us of exter-
nal nature. Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 18.
3. Consideration; observant care; notice: as,
your letter has just arrived, and will receive
early attention.—4. Civility or courtesy, or an
act of civility or courtesy: as, attention to a
stranger; in the plural, acts of courtesy indi-
cating regard: as, his attentions to the lady
were most marked.—5. In milit. tactics, a cau-
tionary word used as a preparative to a com-
mand to execute some manoeuver: as, atten-
tion, companyl right face l = Syn. 1. Notice, heed,
mindfulness, observance; study.—4. Politeness, defer-
€D.Cé.
attentive (a-ten'tiv), a. [K F. attentif, K L. as
if “attentivus, K attendere, pp. attentus, attend:
see attend, attent, and -ive..] 1. Characterized
by or of the nature of attention; heedful; in-
tent; observant; regarding with care; min :
as, an attentive ear or eye; an attentive listener;
an attentive act.
Like Cato, give his little senate laws,
And sit attentive to his own applause.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, l. 210. 5*
They know the King to have been always their most at-
tentive scholar and imitator. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxiv.
2. Characterized by consideration or obser-
vant care; assiduous in ministering to the com-
fort or pleasure of others; polite; courteous:
as, attentive to the ladies.
Herbert proved one of the most attentive guards on the
line. - G. A. Sala.
= Syn., Regardful, watchful, circumspect, wary, careful,
thoughtful, alert. -
attentively (a-tenºtiv-li), adv. [K attentive +
-ly2; M.E. attentifly (Wyclif).] In an attentive
manner; heedfully; carefully; with fixed at-
tention.
attentiveness (a-ten'tiv-nes), m. The state of
being attentive; heedfulness; attention.
attently? (a-tent (li), adv. Attentively. Barrow.
attentort (a-tem’tgr), n. [K L. as if *attentor
(cf. M.L. attensor, an observer), K attendere, pp.
attentus, attend..] A listener.
Let ballad-rhymers tire their gallèd wits,
Scorns to their patrons, making juiceless mirth
To gross attentors by their hired writs.
I'ord, Fame's Memorial.
attenuant (a-tenſii-ant), a. and n. [= F. at-
ténwant, K L. attenwam(t-)s, ppr. of attenware,
make thin: see attenuate.] I. a. Attenuating;
making thin, as fluids; diluting; rendering less
dense and viscid.
Things that be attenwant.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 642.
II. m. A medicine which increases the fluid-
ity of the humors; a diluent.
attenuate (a-ten’īā-āt), v.; pret. and pp. atten-
wated, ppr. attenuating. [KL. attenuatus, pp.
of attenuare (> It. attenuare = Pg. attenwar
= Sp. Pr. atenwar = F. atténuer), make thin,
weaken, lessen, Kad, to, + tenuare, make thin,
K tenuis, thin, - E. thin, q, y.] I. trans. 1.
To make thin or slender; reduce in thickness;
wear or draw down: as, an attenuated thread
OT WIT0.
atter
He pities his long, clammy, attenwated fingers.
Lamb, The Convalescent,
2. To reduce by comminution or attrition;
make small or fine; as, extremely arºmani
particles of dust or flour.
This uninterrupted motion must attenuate and wear
away the hardest rocks. Chaptal (trans.), 1791.
3. To make thin or rare; reduce in density;
increase the fluidity or rarity of.
The earliest conception of a soul is that of an attemwated
duplicate of the body, capable of detachment from the
body, yet generally resident in it.
• Trams. Amer. Philol. A8s., XV. 37.
The finer part belonging to the juice of grapes, bein
attenuated and subtilized, was changed into an arden
spirit. Boyle.
4. To lessen in complexity or intensity; re-
duce in strength or energy; simplify; weaken:
as, the attenwated remedies of the homeopa-
thists.
To undersell our rivals . . . has led the manufacturer
to attenuate his processes, in the allotment of tasks, to
an extreme point. Is. Taylor.
If correctly reported, Pasteur is convinced that he has
discovered means by which the virus of hydrophobia can
be attenuated, and that, by the inoculation of the attenu-
ated virus, individuals may be rendered, for the time be-
ing, insusceptible to the disease. Science, VI, 399.
5. Figuratively, to weaken or reduce in force,
effect, or value; render meager or jejune; fine
down.
We may reject and reject till we attemwate history into
Sapless meagreness.
Sir F. Palgrave, Eng. and Normandy, I. 533.
Men of taste are so often attemwated by their refine-
ments, and dwarfed by the overgrown accuracy and pol-
ish of their attainments.
Bushnell, Sermons for New Life, p. 181.
Mentschikof tried to attenuate the extent and effect of
his demands. Künglake.
6}. To lessen; diminish: said of number.
Howell. -
II. intrans. 1. To become thin, slender, or
fine ; diminish; lessen.
The attention attenuates as its sphere contracts.
Coleridge.
2. In brewing and distilling, to undergo the pro-
cess of attenuation. See attenuation, 4.
attenuate (a-ten’īā-āt), a. [K L. attenuatus,
pp.; see the verb.j I. Slender; thin.—2. In
bot., tapering gradually to a narrow extremity.
—3. Of thin consistency; dilute; rarefied.
Spirits attemwate, which the cold doth congeal and co-
agulate. Bacon.
A series of captivating bubbles, each more airy and
evanescent, each more attenuate and fantastic, than its
glittering brother. H. James, Subs. and Shad., p. 345.
attenuation (a-ten-li-ā'shgn), n. IKL. attenw-
atio(n-), K attenware: see attenuate, v.] 1. The
act or process of making slender, thin, or lean;
the state of being thin; emaciation; reduced
thickness or proportions.
Age had worn to the extreme of attemwation a face that
must always have been hard-featured.
R. T. Cooke, Somebody's Neighbors, p. 26.
2. The act of making fine by comminution or
attrition.
The action of the air facilitates the attenwation of these
rocks. Chaptal (trans.), 1791.
3. The act or process of lessening in complex-
ity or intensity; reduction of force, strength,
or energy; specifically: (a) in bacteriol., the
decrease in virulence of pathogenic micro-or-
ganisms by means of cultivation under un-
favorable conditions, passage through the
animal body, etc.; (b) in homeopathy, the
reduction of the active principle of medicines
to minute or infinitesimal doses.—4. The act
of making thin or thinner, as a fluid, or the
state of being thin or thinned; diminution of
density or viscidity; in brewing and distilling,
the thinning and clarifying of sacchariné
WortS.
atterl# (at’ér), n. [K ME. atter, K. A.S. āttor,
ëttor, more correctly ditor, diter, poison, = OS.
étar, attar = D. etter = OHG. eitar, eitter, MHG.
G. eiter, poison, pus, = Icel. eitr = Sw., etter =
Dan, edder, adder, poison, connected with OHG.
MHG. eiz, a boil, sore; cf. Gr. oldog, olópua, a tu-
mor, swelling: see 0-dema.] Poison; venom;
pus. Holland. -
atter2H (a-tèr’), v. t. [K F. atterrer, KML. atter-
Tare, prostrate, cast down, carry earth from
one place to another, K.L. ad, to, + terra, earth.
Cf. inter.] To place upon or in the earth; cast
down to the earth; humble; subdue. Also
Written atterr.
Atterrs the stubborn and attracts the prone.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas.
atterate &
•ºrate, atteration}. See atterrate, atterra-
O%
attercop (at'êr-kop), n. [= Sc. ettercap; K ME.
attercop, attercoppe, K AS. āttercoppe (= Dan.
edderkop), a spider, K Čtor, poison (see atterl),
+ "coppe, K. Čop, head, round lump, or copp,
a Qup: see coll, cobweb, cop!, and cup.1.1. A
spider. [Old and prov. Eng.]–2. Figura-
tively, a peevish, testy, ill-natured person.
[North. Eng.]
atterly: (at’ér-li), a. [KME. atterlich, KAS. ātor-
lic (= OHG. eitarlih), poisonous, K ditor, poison,
+ -lic: see atterl and -ly 1.] Poisonous; attery.
atterminal, a. See adterminal.
atterrt, v. t. See atter2.
atterratet, atteratef (at’º-rät), v. t. [K ML.
atterratus, pp. of atterrare, carry earth from
one place to another: see atter?..] To fill up
with earth, especially with alluvium.
Atterated by land brought down by floods.
Ray, Diss. of World, v.
atterration}, atteration? (at-º-ra'shgn), n. [K
atterrate, atterate.] The process of filling up
with earth; especially, the formation of land
by alluvial deposits.
atteryt, attry, a. [K, ME. attri, KAS. āttrig,
âtrig, poisonous (= OHG. eitarig), K Čttor, ditor,
poison: See atterl.] Poisonous; pernicious.
Than cometh also of ire attry anger. *
Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
attest (a-test"), v. [= F. attester, O.F. atester
= Sp. atestar = Pg. attestar = It. attestare, K L.
attestari, bear witness to, K ad, to, + testari,
bear witness, K testis, a witness: see testify.]
I. trans. 1. To bear witness to; certify; a
to be true or genuine; declare the truth of in
words or writing; especially, affirmin an official
capacity: as, to attest the truth of a writing;
to attest a copy of a document.
The most monstrous fables . . . attested with the ut-
most solemnity. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xvi.
This sale of a tract, twelve miles square, was formally
attested at Manhattan. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., II. 44.
2. To make evident; vouch for; give proof or
evidence of; manifest.
The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds
Attest their joy, that hill and valley rings.
Milton, P. L., ii. 495.
The rancor of the disease attests the strength of the con-
stitution. Emerson, Conduct of Life.
3. To call to witness; invoke as knowing or
conscious. [Obsolete or archaic.]
The sacred streams which heaven's imperial state
Attests in oaths, and fears to violate. Dry
4. To put upon oath; swearin.
If a proposed recruit, when taken before a justice of the
peace, . . . should change his mind, he is dismissed upon
paying a fine of twenty shillings, popularly called smart
money; but if he does not, he is attested, and after that,
should he abscond, he is considered and punished as a de-
serter. A. Fonblanqwe, Jr.
Attesting witness, a person who signs his name to an
instrument to prove it, and for the purpose of identifying
the maker or makers. =Syn. 1. To confirm, corroborate,
support, authenticate, prove. º
I. intrans...To bear witness; make an at-
testation: with to ; as, to attest to a statement
or a document.
attest (a-test"), n. [Kattest, v.] Witness; tes-
timony; attestation. [Now chiefly used at the end
of a document, as introductory to the name of one au-
thenticating it by his signature.]
There is a credence in my heart,
An esperance so obstinately strong,
That doth invert the attest of eyes and ears.
Shak., T. and C., v. 2.
attestation (at-es-tä'shon), n. IK F. attesta-
tion, K L.L. attestatio(m-), K. L. attestari, pp. at-
testatus: see attest, v.] 1. The act of attest-
ing; a declaration, verbal or written, in sup-
port of a fact; evidence; testimony.
The applause of the crowd makes the head giddy, but
the attestation of a reasonable man makes the heart glad.
Steele, Spectator, No. 188.
I would not willingly spare the attestation which they
took pleasure in rendering to each other's characters.
Everett, Orations, I. 146.
2. The administration of an oath, as to a mili-
tary recruit. See attest, 4.—Attestation clause
a clause usually appended to wills, after the signature o
the testator and before that of the witnesses, reciting the
due performance of the formalities required by the law.
attestative (a-tes’ta-tiv), a., [K L. attestatus,
pp. of attestari (see attest, v.), + -ive..] Of the
nature of attestation; corroborative: as, attes-
tative evidence.
attestator (at’es-tā-tor), m. [= It. attestatore,
L. as if "attestator, K attestare, pp. attestatus:
see attest, v.] An attester.
attester, attestor (a-tes’tèr, -tor), n. One who
attests or vouches for. [Attestor is the com-
mon form in legal phraseology.]
den.
373
attestive (a-tes’tiv), a. [K attest + -ive..] Giv-
ing attestation; attesting. [Rare.]
attestor, n., See attester. -
Atthis (at’ this), n. [NL., K. Gr. Attic, Attic, At-
tica..] A genus of diminutive humming-birds,
ºr.
Attic Humming-bird (A teſt is Jºeloisa).
having the metallic scales of the throat pro-
longed into a ruff, as in A. heloisa, the Attic
humming-bird of the southwestern United
Attic' (at'ik), a. and n. [= F. Attique = Sp. Ati-
Go = º It. Attico, K L. Atticus, K. Gr. Arrakóg,
Attic, Athenian, K Attukſ, Attica, a province of
Greece; supposed by some to stand for *ákTukh,
fem. adj. equiv. to dictata, on the coast, K. Čikth,
coast, prop. headland, promontory; Aktā is the
ancient name of the headland of the Piraeus.
According to others, ATTukſ, stands for *%atukň,
K datv, city: see asteism.] I. a. Pertaining to
Attica, or to the city or state of Athens; Athe-
nian; marked by such qualities as were char-
acteristic of the Athenians.—Attic base, in arch.,
a base used properly with the Ionic order, consisting of
an upper torus, a scotia, and a lower torus, separated by
fillets. See cut under base.—Attic dialect, the dialect of
Greek used by the ancient Athenians, and regarded as the
standard of the language. It was a subdivision of the
Ionic, but is often spoken of as a coördinate dialect ;
it is distinguished from the Ionic by a more frequent
Tetention of an original a (a) sound, and by its avoid-
ance of hiatus, especially through contraction. Its chief
literature belongs to the fifth and fourth centuries B. C.
As written during the greater part of the former cen-
tury, it is known as old Attic ; in its transition to the
next century, as middle Attic; and during the greater part
of the fourth century, as new Attic. It passed after this
into the Koiné or common dialect, the general Greek of
the Alexandrine and Roman periods, departing more or
less from its former classic standard.—Attic faith, invio-
lable faith.-Attic hummer, a humming-bird of the ge-
nus Atthis.--Attic salt, wit of a dry, delicate, and refined
quality.—Attic school, in art. See Hellemic art, under
Hellenic.—Attic style, a pure, chaste, and elegant style.
. m. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Attica,
the territory of the ancient Athenian state,
now an eparchy of the kingdom of Greece; an
* Athenian.-2. The Attic dialect; Attic Greek.
attic? (at'ik), n. [= F. attique = Sp. ditico =
Pg. It. attico, an attic, K L. Atticus, Attic: see
|#; * Ill. If º- | t \\
|
Fºll || Sºil ſº
B
| | W
Attic of St. Peter's, Rome.
A, attic of the main edifice; B, attic of the dome.
Atticl, and extract below.] 1. In arch., a low
story surmounting an entablature or the main
cornice of a building. Also called attic story.
The term [attic] appears to have been introduced by the
architects of the seventeenth century, with the intention
of conveying [falsely] the idea that the feature to which
it alluded was constructed or designed in the Athenian
In 8. Illſler. Awdsley, Dict. of Architecture.
2. A room in the uppermost part of a house,
immediately beneath the roof or leads; a garret.
They stare not on the stars from out their attics.
Byrom, Beppo, st. 78.
Attic order, a name sometimes given to small pillars or
pilasters decorating the exterior of an attic.
Attical: (at’i-kal), a... [K Atticº.-F -al.] Per-
taining to Attica or Athens; Attic; pure; clas-
sical. Hammond.
attire g
atticef, v. t. [Early mod. E. also attise, K ME.
atisen, atysen, KOF. atisier, aticier, atiser, mod.
F. attiser = Pr. Sp. atizar = Pg. atigar = It.
attizzare, K L. as if *attitiare, stir the fire, Kad,
to, + titio(n-), a firebrand; cf. ML. titionari =
P. tisonner, stir the fire. Čf. entice.] To insti-
gate; allure; entice.
atticement?, n. Instigation; enticement. Caz-
toº.
Atticise, v. See Atticize.
Atticism (at’i-sizm), n. [K Gr. Attuktop.68, a sid—
ing with Athens, Attic style, K Attukićelv, At-
ticize: see Atticize.] 1. A peculiarity of style
or idiom belonging to the Greek language as
used by the Athenians; Attic elegance of dic-
tion; concise and elegant expression.
They thought themselves gallant men, and I thought
them fools, they made sport, and I laught, they mispro-
nounc't and I mislik’t, and to make up the atticisme, they
were out, and I hist. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
An elegant atticism which occurs Luke xiii. 9: “If it bear
fruit, well.” Abp. Newcome, Eng. Biblical Trans., p. 279.
2. A siding with, or favoring the cause of, the
Athenians.
Put to death by Paedaritus for atticism.
Hobbes, tr. of Thucydides, viii. 38.
Atticist (at’i-sist), m. One who affects Attic
style.
Atticize (at’i-siz), v. ; pret. and pp. Atticized,
ppr. Atticizing. [= L. Atticissare, K. Gr. Atti-
Kiſelv, side with the Athenians, speak Attic,
K Attukóç, Attic, Athenian : see Atticl.] I. in-
trans. 1. To use Atticisms or idioms peculiar
to Attic Greek.— 2. To favor or side with the
Athenians. Dean Smith.
II. trams. To make conformable to the lan-
guage or idiom of Attica.
Also spelled Atticise.
attid (at'id), n. A jumping-spider; a member
of the family Attidae.
Attidae (at’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Attus + -idae.]
A family of saltigrade dipneumonous arameids
with a short body, flattened cephalothorax, and
eyes usually in three transverse rows; the
jumping-spiders. Their chief characteristic is that the
median foremost pair of eyes are much larger and the
hindmost pair smaller than the others. They spin no
webs, but capture their prey by leaping upon it. The
species are very numerous.
Attidian (a-tid’i-an), a. Of or pertaining to
the ancient town of Attidium in Umbria.-At-
tidian Brethren, a corporation of twelve priests in
ancient Umbria, who had authority over a considerable
region, and who are known only from the Eugubine tables,
the Umbrian inscriptions on which are records of their
acts. See Eugubine.
attiguous? (a-tig (ii-us), a. [K L. attiguus,
touching, contiguous, K attigere, older form of
attingere, touch: see attinge, and cf. contiguous.]
Near; adjoining; contiguous.
attiguousnessł (a-tig’i-us-nes), m. The quali-
ty or state of being attiguous. Bailey.
attihawmeg (at-i-hă'meg), n. [Also attika-
megue, etc.: K Ojibwa wdik, caribou, + mag,
fish..] A whitefish, of the genus Coregonus
and family Salmonidae, abundant in the great
lakes of North America.
Attila (at’i-lâ), m. [NL., named from Attila,
king of the Huns.] In ornith., a genus of
South American tyrant flycatchers, family
Tyrannidae, sometimes giving name to a sub-
family Attilinae. A. cinerea is the type, and
about 12 other species are included in the
genus.
attinget (a-tinj"), v. t. [K L. attingere, older
form attigere, touch, border upon, be near, Kad,
to, + tangere, touch : see tangent.] To touch;
come in contact with; hence, affect; influence.
attire (a-tir'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. attired, ppr.
attiring. [Also by apheresis tire (see º:
K ME. atiren, atyren, KOF, atirer, earlier atirier
(= Pr. atieirar), put in order, arrange, dress;
K a tire (= Pr. a tieira), in order, in a row: a
(K. L. ad), to ; tire, tiere (= Pr. tieira, tiera = It.
tiera), order, row, file, dress: see tier2.] To
dress; clothe ; array; adorn.
With the linen mitre shall he [Aaron] be attired.
Lev. xvi. 4.
His shoulders large a mantle did attire,
With rubies thick, and sparkling as the fire.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., l. 1346.
The woman who attired her head.
Tennyson, Geraint.
attire (a-tir’ \, n. [Also by apheresis tire (see
tire4, n.); K ME. atire, atir, atyr, dress, equip-
ment; from the verb.] 1. Dress; clothes;
garb; apparel.
Earth in her rich attire
Consummate lovely smiled,
Milton, P. L., vii. 501.


attire
2}. A dress or costume; an article of apparek.
Show me, my women, like a queen:—go fetch
My best attires. Shak, A. and C., v. 2.
3. pl. In her., the horns of a hart, when used
as a bearing.—4}. In bot., the stamens collec-
tively. -
Grew speaks of the attire, or the stamens, as being the
male parts. 'ncyc. Brit., IV. 82.
=Syn. 1. Raiment, array, costume, suit, toilet, wardrobe.
attired (a-tird’), p. a. In her., having horns:
thus, “a hart gules attired or” means a red stag
having-horns of gold: used only of the hart and
buck. See armed, 3.
attirement (a-tir’ ment), m. [Kattire + -ment.]
Dress; apparel; attire. [Obsolete or rare.]
attirer (a-tir’ér), n. One who dresses or adorns
with attire.
attirewoman (a-tir’wilm'an), m.; pl. attirewo-
men (-wim"en). Same as tirewoman.
attiring (a-tir’ing), m. 1. The act of dressing
or decking.—2+. Attire; dress; array.
Each tree in his best attiring.
Sir P. Sidney, Astrophel and Stella.
Specifically—3+. A head-dress. Huloet.—4.
The attires of a stag.
attitlet, v. t. [K ME. attitlen, K. OF. atiteler,
later a titrer, mod. F. attitrer, K. L.L. attitulare,
name, entitle, K L. ad, to, + L.L. titulare, give
a title, K L. titulus, title: see title. Cf. entitle.]
*To name; name after. Gower,
attitude (at’i-tūd), m. [K F. attitude, K.It. attitu-
dine, attitude, aptness, K ML, aptitudo (ºpti-
tudin-), aptitude: see aptitude..] 1. Posture
or position of the body, or the manner in which
its parts are disposed; especially, a posture or
position as indicating emotion, purpose, etc.,
or as appropriate to the performance of Some
act.
The demon sits on his furious horse as heedlessly as if
he were reposing on a chair. . . . The attitude of Faust,
on the contrary, is the perfection of horsemanship. ,
Macaulay, Dryden.
There sat my lords,
Here sit they now, so may they ever sit
In easier attitude than suits my haunch I
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 237.
Hence—2. Any condition of things or rela-
tion of persons viewed as the expression of, or
as affecting, feeling, opinion, intentions, etc.
England, though she occasionally took a menacing atti-
twde, remained inactive. Macaulay, Hist, Eng., ii.
If we were to estimate the attitude of ecclesiastics to
sovereigns by the language of Eusebius, we should sup-
pose that they ascribed to them a direct Divine inspiration,
and exalted the Imperial dignity to an extent that was
before unknown. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 277.
To strike an attitude, to assume an emotional posture
or pose in a theatrical manner, and not as the instinctive
or "natural expression of feeling. =Syn. Position, Pose,
etc.. See posture. . . . . , , .
attitudinal (at-i-tū’di-nal), a. [K attitude (It.
attitudime) + -al.] Pertaining or relating to
attitude.
attitudinarian (at’i-tū-di-nā’ri-an), n. IK atti-
tude (It, attitudime) + -arian.] One who studies
or practises attitudes.
Aftitudinarians and face-makers; these accompany
every word with a peculiar grimace and gesture. Cowper.
attitudinarianism (at"i-tū-di-nā’ri-an-ism), m.
The use of affected attitudes; insincerity of
expression. tº * º *
attitudinise, attitudiniser. See attitudimize,
attitudinizer.
attitudinize (at-i-tū’di-nīz), v. f.; pret. and pp.
attitudimized, ppr. attitudinizing. [Kattitude (It.
attitudime) + -ice.] 1. To pose; strike or prac-
tise attitudes.
Maria, who is the most picturesque figure, was put to
attitudimize at the harp. Mrs. H. More, Coelebs, ix.
2. To be affected in deportment or speech.
Also spelled attitudimise.
attitudinizer (at-i-tū’di-ni-Zēr), m. One who
poses, or strikes attitudes. Also spelled atti-
tudimiser.
He is no attitudimizer. . . . He is as simple, honest, and
sound-hearted, as he is tender and impassioned.
D. Stephem in Cornhill Mag., Apr., p. 411.
attlel (at’l), n. [Also written attal, addle, adall;
origin uncertain; perhaps the same as addle",
filth, mud, mire: see addle1.] Dirt ; filth;
rubbish; specifically, the refuse or worthless
rock which remains after the ore has been Se-
lected from the material obtained by mining:
a term originally Cornish, but extensively used
in other mining regions in both England and
America.
attle2+ (at']), v. An obsolete form of ettlel. .
aºlº (à-tö‘lā), n. See atole, in the supple-
In 91.1L,
Yºr g
attorneyl (a-tér’ni), m.
374
attollens (a-tol’enz), ppr. used as m.; pl. attol-
lentes (at-o-len’téz). [NL., K. L. attollens, ppr. ;
see attollent.] In anat., an attollent muscle; a
levator.—Attollens aurem, a muscle which raises the
ear, or tends to do so.-Attollens oculi, an old name of
the superior rectus muscle of the eyeball.
attollent (a-tol’ent), a. and m. [KL. attollen (t-)s,
ppr. of attollere, lift up, raise, K ad, to, + tol-
lere, lift, related to tolerare, bear: see tolerate.]
I. a. Lifting up; raising: as, an attollent muscle.
II. m. A muscle which raises some part, as
the ear; a levator; an attollens.
attollentes, n. Plural of attollems.
attonable, a. . See atonable.
attonet, adv. See atome.
attorn (a-têrn’), v. [Early mod. E. also atturm ;
K OF. attorner, atorner, aturner, atourner (> ML.
attornare), transfer into the power of another,
Ka (K.L. ad), to, + tourner, twrner, turn: “see
turn. Cf. attorney.] I. trans. 1. To turn'over
to another; transfer; assign.—2. In old Eng.
law, to turn or transfer, as homage or service,
# new possessor, and accept tenancy under
II. intrans. 1. In feudal law, to turn or trans-
fer homage and service from one lord to another.
This was the act of feudatories, vassals, or tenants upon
the alienation of the estate.
2. In modern law, to acknowledge being the
tenant of one who was not the landlord origi-
nally, but claims to have become such.
[Early mod. E. also
atturney, atturny; K ME. atturny, attourney,
aturneye, aturne, K OF. atorne, attorne (ML. at-
tornatus), pp. of atorner, aturner, transfer into
the power of another: see attorm.] 1. One
who is appointed by another to act in his place
or stead; a proxy.
I will attend my husband, be his nurse,
Diet his sickness, for it is my office,
Aud will have no attorney but myself.
Shak., C. of E., v. 1.
Specifically—2. In law, one who is appointed
or admitted in the place of another to transact
any business for him. An attorney in fact, sometimes
called a private attorney, is an attorney authorized to make
contracts and do other acts for his principal, out of court.
IFor this purpose a written authority is usual, but verbal
authority is in general sufficient. For the performance
of some acts, however, as conveyance of land, transfer of
stock, etc., a formal power of attorney is necessary. An
attorney at law, sometimes called a public attorney, is a
person qualified to appear for another before a court of
law to prosecute or defend an action on behalf of such other.
The term was formerly applied especially to those practis-
ing before the supreme courts of common law, those prac-
tising in chancery being called solicitors. Under the pres-
ent English system, all persons practising before the Su-
preme courts at Westminster are called solicitors. . In
Tºngland attorneys or solicitors do not argue in court in
behalf of their clients, this being the part of the barristers
or cowmsel; their special functions may be defined to be:
to institute actions on behalf of their clients and take
necessary steps for defending them ; to furnish counsel
with the necessary materials to enable them to get up
their pleadings; to practise conveyancing; to prepare legal
deeds and instruments of all kinds; and generally to ad-
vise with and act for their clients in all matters connected
with law. An attorney, whether private or public, may
have general powers to act for another, or his power may
be special, and limited to a particular act or acts. . In the
United States the term barrister is not used, the designa-
tion of a fully qualified lawyer being attorney and cowº-
selor at law. When employed simply to present a cause
in court, an attorney is termed counsel. In Scotland
there is no class of practitioners of the law who take the
name of attorneys. See advocate, 1.
3. The general supervisor or manager of a
plantation. . [British West Indies.]—District at-
torney. See district.—Sgotch attorneys, a name given
in Jamaica to species of Clusia, woody vinés which twine
about the trunks of trees and strangle them.
attorneyli (a-tér’ni), v. t. [Kattorney”, n.] 1.
To perform by proxy.
Their encounters, though not personal, have been royally
attorneyed. Shak., W. T., i. 1.
2. To employ as a proxy.
I am still
Attorneyed at your service.
Shak., M. for M., v. 1.
attorney2 (a-têr’ni), n., [Early mod. E. also
atturney, K.M.E. atorne, KOF. attornee, atournee,
prop. fem. pp. (ML. “attornata) of atourner,
attorn: see attorn, and cf. attorney'..] . The
appointment of another to act in one's stead;
the act of naming an attorney: now used only
in the following phrase.—Letter, warrant, or
power of sº an instrument by which one per-
son authorizes another to do some act or acts for him,
as to execute a deed, to collect rents or debts, to sell
estates, etc. *~ : :
attorney-general (A-térºni-jen”é-rºl), m.; pl.
attorneys general, [& attorneyl 4 general, a.]
1. The first ministerial law-officer of a state.
He has general powers to act in all legal proceedings in
which the state is a party, and is regarded as the official
legal adviser of the executive. In England the attorney-
3 -º- ?” ... * * : * ~ * * . .
$
attraction
general is specially appointed by letters patent. In the
United States he is a member of the cabinet appointed by
the President, has the general management of the depart-
ments of justice throughout the country, advises the Pres-
ident and departments on questions of law, and appears
for the government in the Supreme Court and Court of
Claims. The individual States of the Union also have
their attorneys-general. See department.
2. In England, the title of the king's (or queen's)
attorney in the duchies of Lancaster and Corn-
wall and the county palatine of Durham. N.
E. D.—3. Formerly, an attorney having gen-
eral authority from his principal.
attorney-generalship (ä-têr’ni-jen"e-ral-ship),
m. [ationney-general H--ship.] The office of
or term of service as attorney-general.
attorneyism (a-têr’ni-izm), n. [K attorney! -H
-ism.] The practices of attorneys; the unscru-
pulous practices frequently attributed to attor-
neys or lawyers. Carlyle.
attorneyship (a-tér’ni-ship), n. IK attorney! --
-ship.] Thé office of an attorney, or the period
during which the office is held; agency for
another. -
Marriage is a matter of more Worth
Than to be dealt in by attorneyship.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 5.
attornment (a-têrn’ment), n. [K OF. attorne-
ment (ML. attornamentum), K attorner: See at-
torn and -ment.] In old Eng. law, the act of
a feudatory, vassal, or tenant, by which he con-
sented, upon the alienation of an estate, to re-
ceive a new lord or superior, and transferred
to him his homage and service; the agreement
of a tenant to acknowledge as his landlord One
who was not originally such, but claimed to
have become such.
The necessity for attornment was done away. With by
4 Anne, c. 16. Digby, Real Prop., v. § 3, 227. (N. E. D.)
attouri, prep. and adv. See atouri.
attour??, atour??, m. [ME., also aturn, KOF,
atowr, &ider form atourn, aturn, dress, attire, K
atourner, atorner, turn, prepare, same as atormer,
attorn: see attorn.] Attire; dress; specifi-
cally, head-dress: as, “her rich attour,” Rom.
of the Rose, 1.3718.
attract (a-trakt'), v. [K, L, attractus, pp. of
attrahere, draw to, attract, Kad, to, + trahere,
draw: see tract1..] I. trans. 1+. To draw in,
to, or toward by direct mechanical agency or
action of any kind.—2. To draw to or toward
(itself) by inherent physical force; cause to
gravitate toward or cohere with. -
It is a universal physical law that every particle of the
universe attracts every other particle with a certain force.
* W. L. Carpenter, Dnergy in Nature, p. 21.
3. To draw by other than physical influence;
invite or allure; win: as, to attract attention;
to attract admirers.
Adorn’d
She was indeed, and lovely, to attract
Thy love. Milton, P. L., x. 152.
At sea, everything that breaks the monotony of the sur-
rounding expanse attracts attention. -
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 19.
=Syn, 3. To entice, fascinate, charm.
#. intrams. 1. To possess or exert the power
of attraction: as, it is a property of matter to .
attract.—2. Figuratively, to be attractive or
winning: as, his manners are calculated to at-
tract.
attract? (a-trakt'), n. IK attract, v.] . Attrac-
tion; in plural, attractive qualities; charms.
What magical attracts and graces !
S. Butler, Hudibras, III. i. 1037.
attractability (a-trak-ta-bil’i-ti), n., [K attract- .
able : see -bility.] The quality of being at-
tractable, or of being subject to the law of at-
traction.
Thou wilt not find a corpuscle destitute of that natural
attractability. Sir W. Jones, Asiatic Researches, IV. 178.
attractable (a-trak'ta-bl), a. [K attract +
-able.] Capable of being attracted; subject to
attraction.
attracter (a, -trak’tēr), n. One who or that
which attracts. Also spelled attractor.
attracticł, attracticalf (3-trakºtik, -ti-kal), a.
[K attract + -ic, -ical.] aving power to at-
tract; attractive.
Some stones are endued with an electrical or attractical
virtue. Ray, Works of Creation (1714), p. 93.
attractile (a-trak’til), a. [K attract + -ile.]
Having the power to attract; attractive.
attractingly (a-trak’ting-li), adv. By way of
*attraction; so as to attract.
attraction (a-trak' shgn), n. [= F. attrac-
tion, K. L. attractio(m-), K attrahere, attract :
see attract.] 1. The act, power, or property
of attracting. Specifically—(a) In phys., the force
through which particles of matter are attracted or drawn
toward one another; a component acceleration of particles
attraction
toward one another, according to their distance. Such at-
traction is a mutual action which in some form all bodies,
whether at rest or in motion, exert upon one another. Thé
attractive force with which the atoms of different bodies
in certain cases ténd to unite, so as to form a new body or
bodies, is called chemical affimity; that which binds to-
; the molecules of the same body is called cohesion ;
hose of different bodies; adhesion. Connected with the
last-named forces is capillary attraction, by which liquids
tend to rise in fine tubes or small interstices of porous
bodies. In all the cases mentioned the forces act only
through very small distances. When bodies tend to come
together from sensible distances, the force being directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
#. to the square of the distance between them,
he attraction is called gravitation, as when the earth at-
tracts and is attracted by a falling body, or attracts and is
attracted by the moon, etc.; or magnetism, as when exerted
between the unlike poles of a magnet; or electricity, as
when dissimilarly electrifled bodies attract one another.
See capillary, chemical, cohesion, electricity, gravitation,
magnetism. I(b) The power or act of alluring, winning, or
engaging; allurement; enticement: as, the attraction of
beauty or eloquence.
Setting the attraction of my good parts aside, I have no
other charms. Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 2.
2. That which attracts feeling or desire; a
charm; an allurement. &
She, questionless, with her sweet harmony,
And other chosen attractions, would allure.
Shak., Pericles, v. 1.
It is probable that pollen was aboriginally the sole at-
traction to insects.
Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 402.
Center of attraction. See center.—Heterogeneous
attraction. See heterogeneous.--Molecular attrac-
tion. See molecular. = Syn. 2. Attractiveness, fascina-
tion, enticement.
By
attractionally (3-trak’ sh9n-al-i), adv.
means of attraction.
The advance and retreat of the water react attractionally
upon the plummet in a very marked degree.
The American, VI. 172.
attractive (a-trakºtiv), a. and n. [= F. attrac-
tif, -ive, - It. attrattivo, K. L. as if *attractivus:
see attract and -ive..] I. a. 1+. Having the
power or faculty of drawing in, to, or toward
|by mechanical agency or action.—2. Having
the quality of attracting by inherent force;
causing to gravitate to or toward: as, the at-
tractive force of bodies.
A repulsive force is positive; an attractive, which di-
minishes the distance between two masses, is negative.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 168.
3. Having the power of charming or alluring
lby agreeable qualities; inviting; engaging; en-
ticing.
For contemplation he and valour form'd,
For softness she and sweet attractive grace.
Milton, P. L., iv. 298.
For hers was one of those attractive faces,
That when you gaze upon them, never fail
To bid you look again. Halleck, Fanny.
II.4 n. That which draws or incites; allure-
ment; charm.
The dressing
Is a most main attractive.
B. Jomsom, Every Man in his Humour, iii. 2,
The gospel speaks nothing but attractives and invita-
tion. Sowth, Sermons.
attractively (a-trak’tiv-li), adv. In an attrac-
tive manner; with the power of attracting or
drawing to: as, to smile attractively.
attractiveness (3-trak’tiv-nes), m. The quality
of being attractive or engaging. w
The same attractiveness in riches.
Sowth, Sermons, VII, xiv.
attractivity (8-trak-tiv'i-ti), n. [Kattractive +
-ity.] Attractive power or influence.
attractor, n. See attracter.
attrahens (at'ra-henz), ppr., used also as m.;
pl. attrahemtes (at-ra-hen’téz). [NL., K.L. attra-
hens, ppr. ; see attrahent.] In anat., drawing
forward, or that which draws forward; attra-
hent: the opposite of retrahems. Chiefly in the
phrase attrahem's awrem, the name of a small muscle whose
action tends to draw the ear forward. -
[K L. attra-
attrahent (at'ra-hent), a. and m.
hen(t-)s, ppr. of attrahere, attract: see attract.]
. a. 1. Drawing to; attracting.—2. In anat.,
same as attrahems.
II. m. 1+. That which draws to or attracts,
as a magnet. Glanville.—2. In med., an ap-
lication that attracts fluids to the part where
it is applied, as a blister or a rubefacient; an
epispastic.
sººnies, m. Plural of attrahens.
attrapli (a-trap"), v. t. [KF. attraper, OF. atra-
per, trap, insnare, Ka (K. L. ad) + trappe, trap:
see trapl.] To insnare.
He [Richard III.] was not attrapped either with net or
808.]'é, Grafton, Hen. VII., an. 17.
attrap?t (a-trap"), v. t. [K at-2 + trapº, v.] To
furnish with trappings; deck.
375
For all his armour was like salvage weed
With woody mosse bedight, and all his steed
With oaken leaves attrapt.
Spenger, F. Q., IV. iv. 39.
attrectation? (at-rek-tä'shgn), n. IKL. attrec-
tatio(n-), K attrectare, handle, pp. attrectatus, K
ad, to, 4. tractare, handle, freq. of trahere, pp.
tractus, draw. Cf. attract.] A touching; a han-
dling; frequent manipulation.
attributable (3-trib’ū-ta-bl.), a... [K attribute +
-able.] Capable of being or liable to be as-
cribed, imputed, or attributed; ascribable; im-
º: as, the fault is not attributable to the
all tººl OI’.
Hibernation, although a result of cold, is not its inime-
diate consequence, but is attributable to that deprivation
of food and other essentials which extreme cold occasions.
- Sir J. E. Tenment, Ceylon, ii. 4.
attribute (a-trib’ūt), v. t.& Fº and pp. attrib-
wted, ppr. attributing. [. attributus, pp. of
attribuere, assign, Kad, to, + tribuere, give, as-
sign, bestow: see tribute.] To ascribe; im-
pute; consider as belonging or as due; assign.
The merit of service is seldom attributed to the true
and exact performer. Shak., All's Well, iii. 6.
Narrow views of religion tend to attribute to God an ar-
bitrary and capricious action, not in harmony with either
Science or the Bible. Dawson, Nat. and the Bible, p. 12.
He does not hesitate to attribute the disease from which
they suffered to those depressing moral influences to which
they were subjected. O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 2.
The burning of New York was generally attributed to
New England incendiaries. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xiv.
=Syn. Attribute, Ascribe, Refer, Impute, Charge, have
two meanings in common: they may assign some attribute,
quality, or appurtenance to a person or thing, or they may
connect different things, as an effect with its cause. Refer
is the weakest. Attribute is stronger: as, to attribute on-
miscience to God; to attribute failure to incompetence.
AScribe, being most manifestly figurative, is the strongest
and most common; it is rarely used in a bad sense. That
which is imputed in the first sense named is generally but
not always bad: as, to impute folly to a man. To impute
anything good seems an archaic mode of expression. I'm-
pute is not very common in the second sense: as, to im–
pute one's troubles to one's follies. The theological mean-
ing of impute, that of laying to a person's account some-
thing good or bad that does not belong to him, has affected
but little the popular use of the word. That which is
charged, in either of the senses named, is bad : as, “His
angels he charged with folly,” Job iv. 18; I charged it to .
their youth and inexperience. ...The word is a strong one,
on account of its connection with legal processes, etc.
The singular excellence to which eloquence attained at
Athens is to be mainly attributed to the influence which
it exerted there. Macawlay, Athenian Orators.
I have never yet encountered that bitter spirit of big-
otry which is so frequently ascribed to Mohammedans.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 24.
The salts, predominant in quick lime, we refer rather
to lixiviate than acid. Boyle, Colours.
I desire that what I have said may not be imputed to
the colonies. I am a private person, and do not write by
their direction. Franklin, Life, p. 387.
What you have charg'd me with, that have I done,
And more, much more. Shak., Lear, v. 3.
attribute (at’ri-büt), n. [KL. attributum, pred-
icate, attribute, lit. what is ascribed, neut. of
attributus, pp. of attribuere, ascribe, attribute:
see attribute, v.] 1. In logic, that which is pred-
icated or affirmed of a subject; a predicate; an
accident.
A predicate, the exact limits of which are not deter-
mined, cannot be used to define and determine a subject.
It may be called an attribute, and conveys not the whole
nature of the subject, but some one quality belonging to it.
Abp. Thomsom, Laws of Thought, p. 120.
The term attribute simply directs the attention to the
fact that we attribute to, or affirm of, a being something
that we distinguish from itself.
N. Porter, Human Intellect, S 642.
2. A character inseparable from its subject.
By this word attribute is meant something which is im-
movable and inseparable from the essence of its subject,
as that which constitutes it, and which is thus opposed to
"mode. Descartes.
Some necessary marks belong to things as Teasons of
other marks of the same things, others as consequences
of other marks. . . . The latter are called attributes.
Rant.
3. A characteristic or distinguishing mark; es-
pecially, an excellent or lofty quality or trait:
as, wisdom and goodness are his attributes.
Serv. . . . with him the mortal Venus, the heart-blood
of beauty, love's invisible soul.
Paºm. o, my cousin Cressida?
Serv. No, sir, Helen: could you not find out that by her
attributes ? hak., T. and C., iii. l.
The term attribute is a word properly convertible with
wality, for every quality is an attribute, and every attri-
wte is a quality; but custom has introduced a certain
distinction in their application. Attribute is considered
as a word of loftier significance, and is, therefore, con-
ventionally limited to qualities of a higher application.
Thus, for example, it would be felt as indecorous to speak
of the qualities of God, and as ridiculous to talk of the
attributes of matter. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph, I. 151,
attribution (at-ri-bü'shgn), n.
attributive (a-trib’ū-tiv), a. and m.
attributively (a-trib’ī-tiv-li), adv.
attristi (a-trist’), v. t.
attrite (a-trit"), a.
attriteness? (a-tritºnes), n.
attrition (a-trish’gn), m.
attrition
4. In the fine arts, a symbol of office, character,
or personality: thus, the eagle is the attribute
of Jupiter.
The ladder is a striking attribute for the patriarch Jacob,
and the harp for King David. Fairholt.
Persephone is recognised by the lofty modius, or corn-
measure, on her head, the attribute of the Chthonian
deities. C. T. Newton, Art and Archaeol., p. 87.
5t. Reputation; honor.
Much attribute he hath; and much the reason
Why we ascribe it to him. Shak., T. and C., ii. 3.
6. In gram., an attributive word; a word de-
noting an attribute.—Symbolical attributes. See
8ymbolical. =Syn. 1–3. Property, Characteristic, etc. See
quality.
[= F. attribu-
tion, K. L. attributio(n-), K attribuere, attribute:
See attribute, v.] 1. The act of attributing, in
any sense; ascription.
His [God’s] relative personality is shadowed forth by the
attribution to him of love, anger, and other human feel-
ings and sentiments. Dawson, Orig. of World, p. 12.
2. That which is ascribed; attribute.
If speaking truth,
In this fine age, were not thought flattery,
Such attribution should the Douglas have,
As not a soldier of this season's stamp
Should go so general current through the world.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 1.
3. Authority or function granted, as to a ruler,
minister, or court.
It is not desirable that to the ever-growing attributions
of the government so delicate a function should be super-
added. J. S. Mill.
[= F.
attributif, K L. as if “attributivus, K attribuere:
See attribute.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to or hav-
ing the character of attribution: as, the attrib-
wtive use or relation of certain words; attrib-
wtive qualities or insignia; an attributive judg-
ment (in logic).-2. In gram., pertaining to or
expressing an attribute; used (as a word) in
direct description without predication: as, a
bad pen, a burning house, a ruined man. An at-
tributive word is to be distinguished from a predicative:
as, the pen is bad; the man is ruined ; and from an apposi-
tive : as, the pen, bad as it is, might be worse ; this man,
ruined by another's misconduct, is in misery. All adjective
Words, as proper adjectives, adjective pronouns, and
participles, may be used attributively; also nouns: as, a
pine table ; a gold ring ; my hunter friend ; the young sol-
dier-boy. The relation of an adverb to the adjective qual-
ified by it is also by some called attributive. .
II. n. In gram., a word expressing an at-
tribute; an adjective, or a phrase or clause
Fº the function of an adjective, which
escribes a noun without being part of the as-
sertion or predication made about it.
In an at-
tributive manner; specifically, in gram., as
attribute or attributive; in direct ascription of
Quality or circumstance without predication.
[K. F. attrister, sadden,
K & (K. L. ad, to) + triste, K L. tristis, sad..] To
grieve; sadden.
How then could I write when it was impossible hut to
attrist you ! when I could speak of nothing but unparal-
leled horrors. Walpole, Letters, IV. 525.
[K L. attritus, pp. of at-
terere, rub away, wear, K ad, to, + terere, rub:
see trite.] 1+. Worn by rubbing or friction.
Milton.— 2. In theol., imperfectly contrite or
repentant. See attrition, 3.
IIe that was attrite being, by virtue of this [the priest's]
absolution, made contrite and justified.
Abp. Ussher, Ans, to a Jesuit, v.
The state of being
attrite ; the state of being much worn.
[= F. attrition, K LL.
attritio(n-), a rubbing, K L. attritus, pp. of atte-
rere, rub: see attrite.] 1. The rubbing of one
thing against another; mutual friction: as, the
abrasion of coins by attrition.—2. The act of
wearing away by rubbing ; the state of being
worn down or smoothed by friction ; abrasion.
The change of the aliment is effected by the attrition of
the inward stomach and dissolvent liquor assisted with
heat. Arbuthnot, Aliments.
These were people trained by attrition with many influ-
CDCGS. E. S. Phelps, Beyond the Gates, p. 119.
3. In theol., imperfect contrition or repentance,
with real detestation of sin, and a true purpose
of amendment, arising from those supernatural
motives of faith which are lower than charity,
or the true love of God for his own infinite per-
fections. Such motives are a love of justice for its own
sake, the intrinsic shamefulness of sin, the fear of divine
punishment, etc. Attrition remits sin only when comple-
pmented by the grace conferred through sacramental abso-
lution. See contrition.
attrition
Attrition by virtue of the keys is made contrition.
Quoted in Abp. Ussher's Ans. to a Jesuit, v.
attrition-mill (a-trish’ Qn-mil), n. A mill,
usually centrifugal, in which grain is pulver-
ized by the mutuai attrition of its particles,
and by contact with the sides, or with loose
bodies such as steel balls within the grinding-
chamber.
attritus (a-tri’tus), n. [L., K attritus, pp. of at-
terere: see attrite.] Matter reduced to powder
by attrition.
attryt, a. See attery.
attune (a-tūn'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. attuned, ppr.
attuning. [K at-2 + tune, q.v.T 1. To tune or
put in tune; adjust to harmony of sound; make
accordant: as, to attune the voice to a harp.
And tongues, attwmed to curses, roar'd applause.
Crabbe, The Borough.
2. Figuratively, to arrange fitly; make accor-
dant; bring into harmony: as, to attume our
aims to the divine will.
The landscape around . . . was one to attwºme their
souls to holy musings. Longfellow, Hyperion, iv. 5.
Though my ear was attwmed, the songster was tardy,
The Century, XXVII. 776.
[Rare.]
Vernal airs,
Breathing the smell of field and grove, attwme
The trembling leaves. Milton, P. L., iv. 265.
attune (a-tūn'), m. [K attune, v.] Harmony of
sounds; accord. Mrs. Browning.
attunement (a-tūn' ment), n. [Kattune + -ment.]
The act of attuning. [Rare.]
atturnt, v. An obsolete spelling of attorn.
atturney?, m. An obsolete spelling of attorney.
Attus (atſus), m. [NL.; cf. Atta.] 1. A genus
of spiders, typical of the family Attidae.—2. A
genus of hemipterous insects.
attypic, attypical (a-tip'ik, -i-kal), a. [Kat-2
+ typic, -al.] In 206l., of the particular char-
acter acquired, or in process of acquisition, by
specialization, from a more generalized type,
as from a prototype or archetype : opposed to
etypical.
Attypical characters are those to the acquisition of
, which, as a matter of fact, we find that forms, in their
journey to a specialized condition, tend.
Gill, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XX. 293.
attypically (a-tip’i-kal-i), adv. In an attypic
TO 8,Illil GI’.
atumble (a-tum’bl), prep. phr. as adv. [Ka8 +
tumble.] In a tumbling condition.
—atus]. [L. -ātus, fem. -āta, neut. -ăţwºn : See
—atel..] A Latin termination, the original of
—atel, -ate2, -adel, -eel, etc., the suffix of perfect
participles of the Latin first conjugation, and
of adjectives similarly formed. It occurs fre-
quently in New Latin specific names in botany,
Zoëlogy, etc.
—atus?... [L. -atus (-atu-), in nouns of the 4th de-
clension, K -āt-, pp. stem (see -atus!), + stem
vowel -u-. The Eng. form of this suffix is -ate:
see -ate:3.] A termination of Latin nouns, many
of which have been adopted unaltered in Eng-
lish, as apparatus, afflatus, flatus, etc. Such
nouns, if they have a plural, retain the Latin form (L.
-ātūs), as apparatus, or, rarely, take an English plural, as
apparatuses.
atwaint (a-twān (), adv.
a-tweyne; K a 3 + twain.
In twain; asunder.
3. To make musical.
[K ME. atwayne,
Cf. atwin and atwo.]
A flokle maid full pale,
Tearing of papers, breaking rings a-twain,
Storming her world with sorrow's wind and rain.
Shak., Lover's Complaint, l. 6.
atweel (at-wel"). [Sc., appar. contr. from I
wat weel, I know well: wat = E. wot, weel = E.
well.] f woº well. [Scotch..]
Atweel I would fain tell him. Scott, Antiquary, xxxix.
atween (a-twān (), prep. and adv. [K ME.
atweene, atwene; Ka- + -tween, equiv. to between,
q. v.] Between; in or into an intervening
space. [Old English and Scotch. 1
But he, right well aware, his rage to ward
Did cast his shield at weene.
Spenger, F. Q., VI. xii. 30.
atwint, adv. [ME., also atWinne; K a” + twin.
Cf. atwain..] Apart; asunder.
Thy wif and thou most hangen fer a-twinne.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1.403.
atwirl (a-twérl’), prep. phr, as adv. or a. [Ka8
+ twirl.] In a twirl; twirling.
Goody Cole
Sat by her door with her wheel at wirl.
Whittier, The Wreck of Rivermouth.
atwist (a-twist’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K as
+ twist, n.] Awry; distorted; tangled...[Rare.]
atwitet, v. t. [Early mod. E. also attwite, K ME.
atwiten, KAS. astwitan, K at, at, + witan, blame:
376
see wite. Hence by apheresis mod. E. twit..]
To blame; reproach; twit.
atwitter (a-twit’ér), prep. phr. as adv, or a.
[K as + twitter.] In a twitter.
atwixt, at wixent, at wixth, prep. [ME. atwia,
atwicen, at wiaze, atwixt, etc.; Ka--F-twicen, twict;
equiv. to betwixen, betwixt, q.v.] Betwixt; be-
tWeen.
Atwiacem, sonne and see. Chawcer, Troilus, v. 886.
atwo?, adv. [ME., KAS. on twā, on tid: see as
and two.] In two.
An axe to Smite the cord at wo.
Chawcer, Miller's Tale, 1. 383.
Atwood's machine. See machine.
atypic (a-tip'ik), a. [K Gr, àrvirog, conforming
to no distinct type (of illness) (K &- priv. -F
TüTog, type), E -ic; see a-18 and typic.], 1.
Baving no distinct typical character; not º:
cal; not conformable to the type.—2. Produ-
cing a loss of typical
A characters. Dana.
atypical (a-tip’i-kal), a.
[Katypic + -al.] Same
as atypig. tº gº tº wº
atypically (a-tip’i-kal-i),
adv. In an atypic man-
In€I’. tº gº º ºs
Atypinae (at-i-pi'né), n.
pl. [NL., K. Atypus, 1, +
-imaº.] A subfamily of
Theraphosidae or Myga-
lidae distinguished by the
development of six spin-
ners, typified by the ge-
nus Atypus.
Aºus (at 'i-pus), n.
[NL., K. Gr. &tvirog, con- º * * * *
forming to no distinct "ºf...º"
type, K a- priv. -- titrog, §
type: see type.] 1. A genus of spiders, of the
family Theraphosidae or Mygalidae, having six
arachnidial mammillae or Spinnerets. A. piceus
is a European species which digs a hole in the ground and
lines it with silk. The genus with some authors gives
name to a subfamily Atypinge.
2. A genus of fishes, now called Atypichthys.
Günther, 1860.
aul. [K ME. au, aw, or a before a guttural, nasal,
or l (a4, ah, al (aul), etc.), of AS, or OF. or L.
origin..] A common English digraph repre-
senting generally the sound of “broad a ” (à),
|but often also Å. It occurs only exceptionally, and by
conformation with Romanic analogies, in Words of Anglo-
Saxon origin, as in aught, taught, daughter, hawlm =halm,
baulk=ballc (and formerly as a variant, medially, with aw,
as in bawl, hawk, etc., for bawl, hawk, etc.). In words of
Old French (and ultimately Latin) origin it represents an
original al, now sometimes awl as in fault, assault, etc.,
or a before a nasal, as in awmt, hawnch, lawnch, etc. (but
in most such words now usually simplified to a, as in
grand, grant, lance, etc.). It is frequently of Latin origin,
as in audit, cause, laud, etc., or of Greek origin, as in caus-
tic. In words from recent French it may have the present
lº. sound (Ö) as in hauteur, aw fait, etc. In words of Ger-
man and usually of other foreign origin, it has its analyti-
cal value (à + u), corresponding to English ow in 80w)', as
in sawerkraut, ablaut, wºmlawt. Formerly aw and aw were
used almost indifferently; but now aw is never final in
English words, while aw is rarely medial, except in a few
familiar words, as in hawk, bawl, but regularly final, as in
law", saw, claw, etc. See aw. tº
au2 (6). [F., K OF. au, o, ou, earlier al, contr.
of a le = Sp. Pg. al = It. all, allo, K L. ad illum
(m.) or ad illud (neut.): ad, to, with acc. of
ille, that, in Rom. the def. art. ‘the.” The cor-
resp. fem. is a la, q.v.] To the ; at the ; with
the: the dative of the French definite article,
occurring in some phiases frequently used in
English, as aw fait, aw fond, aw revoir, etc.
Au. The chemical symbol of gold (L., aurum).
aubade (ö-bād’), m. [F., Kaube, dawn & L. alba,
fem. of albus, white; cf. aube = alb1), after Sp.
albada, aubade, K alba, dawn: See alb1.] 1. In
troubadour and similar music, a song or piece
to be performed in the open air in the early
morning, usually addressed to some special
person; a musical announcement of dawn.
See Serenade.
There he lingered till the crowing cock,
The Alectryon of the farmyard and the flock,
Sang his awbade with lusty voice and clear.
Longfellow, Wayside Inn, Emma and Eginhard.
2. In modern music, a rarely used title for a
short instrumental composition in lyric style.
aubain (6-bān"; F. pron. Ö-bań"), n. [F., KML.
albanus, an alien, KL, alibi, elsewhere, F-anus:
See alibi..] Anon-naturalized foreigner, Subject
to the right of aubaine. N. E. D.
aubaine (ö-bān"), n. [F., Kawbain : See awbain.]
Succession to the goods of a stranger not nat-
uralized. The droit d'awbaine in France was a right of
the king to the goods of an alien dying within his realm,
auction
the king standing in the place of the heirs. This right
was abolished in 1819. -
aubet, n. [F., K.L. alba, alb: see alb1.] Obso-
lete form of albi. ler.
auberge (à'bërj; F. pron. Ö-bārzh"), n. [F., K
OF. alberge (= Pr: alberc = Sp. albergue – ft.
albergo, an inn), earlier helberge, orig, herberge,
a military station, KMHG. herberge, OHG. heri-
berga, a camp, lodging, G. herberge, an inn: see
harbinger and harbor!..] An inn. Beau. and Fl.
aubergine 'º. F. pron. Ö-bār-zhēn’), n.
F., dim. of auberge, alberge, a kind of peach, K
p. albérchigo, aibéréniga (= Pg. alperche), a
peach, K. Ar. al, the, H. Sp. persigo, prisco = Pg.
pecego = F. peche ($ E. peachl), K. L. persicum :
see peachl. The Sp. forms touch those of apri-
cot: see apricot.] The fruit of the egg-plant,
Solanum Melongena; the brinjal.
aubergist, aubergiste (à'bèr-jist; F. pron. 6;
bār-zhëst’), m. [K F. aubergiste, inn-keeper, K
awberge: see auberge.] The keeper of an au-
berge; an inn-keeper; a tavern-keeper; a land-
lord or landlady: as, “the aubergiste at Terni,”
Smollett.
aubin (Ö-bań"), m. [F., KOF. haubin, hobin, an
ambling mag: see hobby.] In the manège, a
kind of broken gait, between an amble and a
gallop, commonly called a “Canterbury gal-
lop,” and accounted a defect.
auburn (ā’běrn), a. and n. [Early mod. E. au-
born, abourne (also abrown, abrown, abrune,
simulating brown), KME. auburne, awburne (de-
fined “citrinus,” i.e., citron-colored, in Prompt.
Parv.), K OF. awborne, alborne = it. alburno,
auburn, K. M.L. alburnus, whitish, K L. albus,
white. Cf. alburn, alburnum.] I. a. Original-
ly, whitish or flaxen-colored; now, reddish-
brown: generally applied to hair.
That whitish colour of a woman's hair called an aburn.
colour. Florio.
II. m. An auburn color.
He's white-haired,
Not wanton white, but such a manly colour,
Next to an awbwºrm.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, iv. 2.
A. U. C. Abbreviation of Latin ab urbe condita,
or anno urbis conditae (which see).
Auchenia (ā-ké(ni-á), n. [NL. (Illiger, 1811),
K. Gr. abºv, neck: in allusion to the long neck
of the llama.] A genus of ruminants, of the
family Camelidae, representing in the new world
the camels of the old, but having no hump.
The genus includes four important and well-known quad-
rupeds indigenous to South America, namely, the llama
(A. llama), the guanaco (A. huamaco), the alpaca (A. pacos),
and the vicugna (A. vicugma). The second of these is by
some supposed to be the wild stock of the llama, which
is now known only in domestication. See cuts under
alpaca, gwamaco, llama, and vicugma.
auchenium (ā-kā’ni-um), m.; pl. awchemia (-à).
., K. Gr. aiyāv, neck.] In ornith., the lower
back part of the neck; the scruff of the neck,
just below the nape. Illiger; Sundevall. [Lit-
tle used.]
Auchenorhynchi (ā-ké-nó-ring/ki), m.pl. [NL.,
K. Gr. avºv, neck, H- bºyzog, snout..] A group of
hemipterousinsects: synonymous with Homop-
tera.
auchlet (äéh’let), m. [Sc., K aucht, - E. eight,
+ lot, part. Cf. firlot.] in Scotland, a mea-
sure equal to the eighth part of a boll.
auchtl (āčht), v. Same as aught?. [Scotch.]
aucht” (äéht), a. and n. Same as aught*.
[Scotch.]
au courant (6 kö-roñº). [F.: au, with the (see
au?); courant, current (see courant, current).]
Literally, in the current, that is, of events;
well informed in regard to any event or subject.
auctificialt, a. Same as auctive. Coles.
auction (āk'shgn), n. [K L. auctio(n-), an in-
creasing, a sale by auction, K augēre, pp. auctus,
increase, - E. eke, v., q.v.] 1+. The act of in-
creasing; increase; growth. Bailey.—2. A
public sale in which each bidder offers an in-
crease on the previous bid, the highest bidder
becoming the purchaser. Galled in Scotland a roup.
Goods may be said to be sold either at or by auction, the
former use prevailing in the United States and the latter
in Great Britain. -
The old books would have been worth nothing at an
auction. Hawthorne, Old Manse, I.
3+. The property or goods put up for sale at
auction.
Ask you why Phryne the whole awction buys?
Phryne foresees a general excise.
Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 119.
Auction by inch of candle, an old method of selling
y auction, still sometimes practised, in which a small
piece of candle is lighted at the beginning of a sale, and
the highest bid made before the wick falls is successful.—
Dutch auction, See Dutch,

auction
auction (āk'sh9m), v. t. [K auction, n.1 To
sell by auction: commonly used with off.
A catalogue deals with articles to be awctioned.
The Americam, VII. 134.
auctionary (ak(shgn-á-ri), a. ſ. L. auctiona:
ºrius, K auctio(n-), an auction. . Cf. auctioneer.]
jºining or relating to an auction or public
S8,10, -
With auctionary hammer in thy hand.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, vii.
auctioneer (āk-shgn-èr'), n. IK auction + -eer.
Cf. L. auctionarius, under auctionary..] One
whose business is to offer goods or property
for sale by auction; the crier who calls for
bids and strikes the bargain at an auction; a
person licensed to dispose of goods or property
by public sale to the highest bidder.
auctioneer (āk-shgn-èr"), v. t. [K auctioneer, n.]
To sell by auction.
Estates are landscapes, gaz'd upon awhile,
Then advertis'd, and aucti d away.
Cowper, Task, iii. 756.
auction-pitch (äk'shgn-pitch), n. See pitch1.
auction-pool (äk'shgn-pôl), n. In betting, a
*pool in which the highest bidder has the first
choice, the second, third, etc., choices being
then sold, and the remainder, comprising those
most unlikely to win, being “bunched” and
sold as “the field,” the winner taking the en-
tire pool thus formed.
auctivet (škºtiv), a. [K L. auctus, pp. of au-
gere, increase (see auction), + -ive..] Increas-
ing; serving to increase. Coles, 1717.
auctori, n. An obsolete form of author.
auctorial (āk-tó'ri-al), a. [K L. auctor (see
author) + -ial. Cf. authorial.] Of or pertaining
to an author. -
There is more than people think in the gratification of
the auctorial eye, and the reflection that good writing
will be handsomely placed before the public.
The Century.
auctouri, n. An obsolete form of author.
Chaucer.
aucuba (äſkü-bä), m. [NL., prob. K. Jap. aoki,
green, + ba = ha, a leaf.] I. A shrub of the
genus Aucuba.—2. [cap.] A genus of plants,
of the family Cornaceae, consisting of six spe-
cies from eastern Asia. They are branching shrubs,
with smooth opposite leaves and Small unisexual flowers.
A. Japonica has long been in cultivation, and is prized for
its mass of glossy leathery green leaves, mottled with yel-
low, and its coral-red berries.
aucupate (ā’kū-pât), v. t. ; pret. and pp. aucu-
pated, ppr. awcupating. [K L. awcupatus, pp. of
awcupari, go bird-catching, K auceps (aucup-),
3, bird-catcher, contr. of “aviceps, K avis, a bird
(see Aves), + capere, take: see capable.] Liter-
ally, to go bird-catching; hence, to lie in wait
for; hunt after; gain by craft.
To awcupate benefices by cajoling the Patrons.
Gentleman's Mag., CIV. 66. (N. E. D.)
aucupationſ (ā-kā-pâ’shgn), n. [K L. awcupa-
tio(n-), K awcupar; : see awcupate.] 1. The art
or practice of taking birds; fowling; bird-catch-
ing. Blownt.—2. Hunting in general. Bullokar.
ai (ād), a. [Cf. auld..] A dialectal form of
old. [North. Eng. and Scotch..]
audacious (ā-dà'shus), a. [= F. audacieux, K
audace, boldness, K L. audacia, boldness, K aw–
daa, (audac-), bold, K audère, be bold, dare.] 1. .
Boldor daring; spirited; adventurous; intrepid.
She that shall be my wife, must be accomplished with
courtly and audacious ornaments.
B. Jomsom, Epicoene, ii. 3.
Her sparkling eyes with manly vigour shone,
Big was her voice, awdacious was her tone.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Iphis and Ianthe.
Since the day when Martin Luther posted his awdacious
heresies on the church-door at Wittenberg, a great change
has come over men's minds. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 268.
2. Unrestrained by law, religion, or propriety;
characterized by contempt or defiance of the
principles of law or morality; presumptuously
wicked; shameless; insolent; impudent: as,
an audacious traitor; an audacious calumny;
“audacious cruelty,” Shak, 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3.
=Sym. 1. Intrepid, foolhardy, rash.—2. Shameless, um-
abashed, presumptuous. *
audaciously (à-dà'shus-li), adv. In an auda-
cious manner; with excess of boldness or in-
solence.
The strongest, the best, the most awdaciously indepen-
dent of us, will be conscious, as age assaults us, of our
weakness and helplessness.
R. T. Cooke, Somebody's Neighbors, p. 260.
audaciousness (ā-dā'shus-nes), m. The quality
of being audacious; boldness; reckless daring;
impudence; audacity.
audacity (à-das'iºti), n. ; pl. audacities (-tiz).
[K ME. audacite, K L. as if "audacita(t-)s, bold-
377
ness, K. audaa' (audac-), bold: see audacious.]
1. Boldness; daring; confidence; intrepidity.
The freedom and audacity necessary in the commerce
of men. - Tatler.
No Homer sang these Norse sea-kings; but Agamem-
non's was a small audacity, and of small fruit in the
world to some of them—to Rolf's of Normandy for in-
8tance. Carlyle.
2. Reckless daring; venturesomeness.
A touch of audacity, altogether short of effrontery, and
far less approaching to vulgarity, gave as it were a wild-
ness to all that she did. Scott, The Abbot, iv.
3. Audaciousness; presumptuous impudence;
effrontery: in a bad sense, and often implying
a contempt of law or moral restraint: as, “ar-
rogant audacity,” Joye, Expos. of Daniel, vii.-
4. An audacious person or act. [Rare.]=syn. 2.
Hardihood.—3. Presumption, coolness.
Audian (ā’di-an), n. A follower of Audius or
Audaeus, a Syrian layman in Mesopotamia, who
in the fourth century founded a sect holding
anthropomorphitic views, and was irregularly
ordained a bishop.
Audianism (ä’ di-an-izm), n. The peculiar
doctrinal system of Audius and the Audians.
In addition to strict asceticism, it consisted mainly in a
literal interpretation of Gen. i. 26, 27, reasoning from the
constitution of man to the nature of God.
audibility (à-di-bil’i-ti), m. [K audible: see
-bility.] The quality of being audible.
The note itself is possibly too feeble for audibility.
J. E. H. Gordon, Elect. and Mag., II. 92.
audible (ā’di-bl), a. and m. [K ML. audibilis,
that may be heard, K. L. audire, hear: see au-
dient.] I. a. Capable of being heard; perceiv-
able by the ear; loud enough to be heard: as,
an audible voice or whisper.
To man's eares not awaible. Sir T. More.
Even that stubborn church which has held its own
against so many governments, scarce dared to utter an
awdible murmur. Macawlay, Hist. Eng., i.
II.4 m. That which may be heard.
Visibles are swiftlier carried to the sense than audibles.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 273.
audibleness (ā’di-bl-nes), n. Audibility.
audibly (ā’di-bli), adv. In an audible manner;
so as to be heard.
audience (à'di-ens), n. [KME. audience, K OF.
audience (vernacularly Qiance), mod. F. audi- audiphone (à'di-fon), n.
ence = Sp. Pg. audiencia = It. audienza, au-
dienzia, K. L. audientia, attention, hearing, K
audien(t-)s, ppr. of audire, hear: see audient.]
1. The act or state of hearing or attending to
words or sounds; the act of listening.
His look
Drew awdience, and attention still as night.
audient º a. and n.
t
†ii." anaphora. See penitent.
all
audiometer (à-di-Om’e-tèr), n.
audiometric (à"di-Ö-met’rik), a.
audiometry (à-di-Om’e-tri), m.
audit
terminer, under oyer.] In law, a writ or com:
mission to certain persons for appeasing and
punishing any insurrection or great riot.
[K L. audien(t-)s,
ppr. of audire (> It. udire = Sp. oir = Pg. ouvir
= Pr. ausir = OF. odir, oir (AF. oyer, X E. oyer,
q. v.), mod. F. ouir), hear; cf. Gr. &ietv, hear:
see hear and earl.] I. a. Hearing; listening.
Mrs. Browning.
II. n. 1. A hearer.
The awdients of her sad story felt great motions both of
pity and admiration for her misfortune.
Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, iv. 2.
2. In the early church: (a) One not yet bap-
tized, but receiving instruction preparatory to
baptism; a catechumen of the first stage. Such
persons were permitted to hear the psalms, lessons, and
sermon, but were not present at the more sacred services
which followed. (b) In the Eastern Church, ac-
cording to the systematic classification of peni-
tents in force at the close of the third cen-
tury, but becoming obsolete early in the fifth,
one of the second class of public penitents,
occupying a station higher than that of the
weepers and lower than that of the prostrates.
The audients were not allowed to enter the body of the
church, but heard the opening prayers and sermon stand-
ing in the narthex, which was also the place of the cate-
chumens, and, like them, had to depart before the offer-
e Also called auditor.
le (à (dil), n. [Irreg. K L. audire, hear (see
audient), + -īle.] One in whose mind auditory
images are predominant, or especially distinct.
Stricker, a motile, declares that it is impossible to rep-
resent to ourselves other vowels while pronouncing any
particular one, say a he can only represent them as
motor images which clash with the motor presentation.
M. Paulhan, an awdile, declares he can easily do what
Stricker declares impossible, for he can represent the
auditory images of i and w while the motor presentation
of a is being presented. Mind, XI. 415.
[Irreg. K L. au-
dire, hear, + metrum, K. Gr. Auérpov, a measure.]
An instrument designed to gage the power of
hearing and record it upon an arbitrary scale.
Of or per-
taining to audiometry.
[As audiometer
+ -y.] The testing of the sense of hearing,
especially by means of the audiometer.
[Irreg. K L. audire,
hear, + Gr. pová, a sound.] An instrument for
counteracting deafness by collecting the sound-
waves and transmitting the vibrations to the
auditory nerves through the bony part of the
head. It consists of a diaphragm, or plate, which is held
in contact with the upper teeth, and is vibrated by sound-
W8.VeS
Milton, P. L., ii. 308. *udit (ā’dit), n. [ME. audite, K AF. audit, K
2. Liberty or opportunity of being heard; lib-
erty or opportunity of speaking with or before,
as before an assembly or a court of law; spe-
cifically, admission of an ambassador, envoy,
or other applicant to a formal interview with a
sovereign or other high officer of government.
Were it reason to give men awdience, pleading for the
overthrow of that which their own deed hath ratified?
Hooker.
That day Sir Lancelot at the palace craved
Awdience of Guinevere. -
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
3. A hearing; an interview or conference.
This conversation was not ended under five awdiences,
each of several hours. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 6.
4. An auditory; an assembly of hearers.
Still govern thou my song,
Urania, and fit awdience find, though few.
. Milton, P. L., vii. 31.
5. [Sp. audiencia, commonly used in English
writing without translation.] In Spain and
Spanish countries, a name given to certain
courts, also collectively to certain law-officers
appointed to institute a judicial inquiry.
Among those of the former class was the president,
Deza, with the members of the awdience, and the civil
authorities in Granada. Prescott.
6. In England, an abbreviation for awdience-
court (which see). =Syn, 4. See spectator.
audience-chamber (ā‘di-ens-chäm"bër), n. An
apartment for an audience or a formal meeting.
audience-court (ā’di-ens-kört), m. An ecclesi-
astical court, now disused, held by the arch-
bishops of Canterbury and York or by auditors
in their behalf. That held by the Archbishop of Can-
terbury had equal authority with the Court of Arches,
though of less dignity, and is now merged in it. [S I
K).
audiencia (Sp. pron. Ou-dé-en-thé’â), m.
See audience, 5.
audiendo et terminando (à-di-en’dó et tër-mi-
nanºdó). [ML., for hearing and deciding; dat.
ger, of L. audire, hear (see audient), and of termi-
mare, end, decide (see terminate). Cf. oyer and
L. auditus, a hearing, K audire, pp. auditus,
hear: see audient.] lit. Audience; hearing.
With his Orisons I meddle not, for hee appeals to a high
Awdit. Milton, Eikonoklastes, V.
Whoso seeks an awdit here
Propitious, pays his tribute, game or fish.
Cowper, Task, iv. 610.
2. Official examination and verification of ac-
counts or claims; an examination into ac-
counts or dealings with money or property; es-
pecially, an examination of accounts by proper
officers, or persons appointed for that pur-
pose, who compare the charges with the vouch-
ers, examine Witnesses, and state the result.
The rule of insisting on a proper awdit of account was a
corollary from the practice of appropriating the supplies
to particular purposes. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 694.
Hence—3. A calling to account; an exami-
nation into one’s actions.
You must prepare against to-morrow for your last suf-
fering here, and your great audit hereafter. Scott.
4. An account or a statement of account; a bal-
ance-sheet.
And, how his audit stands, who knows, save heaven 3
hak., Hamlet, iii. 3.
5t. A periodical auditing or settlement of ac-
counts; hence, receipts; revenues.
I knew a nobleman in England that had the greatest
awdits of any man in my time : a great grazier, a great
sheep-master, a great timber-man, &c. Bacon, Riches.
Commissioners of audit, formerly called auditors of
the Ea:chequer, in England, officers appointed to call on
all public accountants to account for money or stores in-
trusted to them, and to check the accounts of the ord-
nance, army, and navy, and the land-revenue. The es-
tablishment consists of a chairman and five commissioners,
a secretary, and numerous subordinates.
audit (ā’dit), v. [K audit, m.] I. trans. To make
audit of; examine and verify by reference to
Vouchers, as an account or accounts: as, to
audit the accounts of a treasurer.
In 1496 the commons, who objected to making a grant
until the accounts of the last grant were audited, were
told by Henry that kings do not render accounts.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 694,
audit &
The commission under the convention with the Repub-
lic of New Granada closed its session without having
audited and passed upon all the claims which were sub-
mitted to it. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 311.
II. intrans. To examine into the correctness
of an account; act as an auditor.
Let Hocus awdit, he knows how the money was dis-
bursed. Arbuthnot, John Bull, p. 89.
audit-ale (à'dit-āl), m. A specially excellent
kind of ale brewed at certain colleges in the
English universities, originally for use on audit-
day. It was formerly a custom in all the colleges to make
a great feast on the day on which the college accounts
were audited, and the very best ale was brought out for
the occasion. The audit-ale was first broached on that day
every year.
Observing from the goose on the table and the awdit-
ale which was circling in the loving-cup that it was a feast.
Farrar.
audita querela (à-diſtä kwe-ré’lā). [L. (N.L.),
the complaint having been heard: audita, fem.
of auditus, pp. of audire, hear; querela, com-
plaint: See audient and quarrell.] In law, a
form of action in which the judgment debtor
strives to recall or prevent execution on a judg-
ment to which he 3. a valid defenso; the
writ by which such action is begun. [Now
generally superseded.]
audit-house (à'dit-hous), n. A building or
room appended to an English cathedral, in
which the business belonging to the cathedral
*is transacted.
audition (ā-dish'gn), m. [K L. auditio(n-), a
hearing, listening, K audire, pp. auditus, hear:
See audient.] 1. The act of hearing; a hearing
or listening; the sensation from an impression
on the auditory merve by the vibrations of the
air produced by a sonorous body.
It is generally admitted that the audition of speech ih
the telephone is the result of repetitions, by the dia-
phragm in the receiving instrument, . . . of the vibra-
tions produced in the transmitter.
Quoted in G. B. Prescott's Dlect. Invent., p. 288.
2. The sense of hearing; hearing, as a physio-
logical function or faculty; one of the five spe-
cial senses.—3. Something heard. [Tare.]
I went to hear it [the Cock-Lane Ghost], for it is not an
apparition, but an awdition. Walpole, Letters, II. 333.
OSSicles of audition. See ossicle.
auditive (à'di-tiv), a.. [K F. auditif, K L. as if
*auditivus, K auditus, pp. of audire, hear: see
audient.] Of or pertaining to the sense of hear-
ing; concerned with the power of hearing;
auditory.
His heart is fixed and busily taken up in some object,
. . . and the ears, like faithful servants attending their
master, the heart, lose the act of that auditive organ by
some suspension, till the heart hath done with them.
Ičev. T. Adams, Works, I. 265.
audit-office (à'dit-of"is), m. An office where ac-
counts are audited: as, a railway audit-office;
specifically, in England, the office where the
commissioners for auditing the public accounts
of the United Kingdom transact their business.
The imperial audit-office is under the immedi-
ate control of the lords of the treasury.
auditor (à (di-tor), n. IK ME. auditowr (AF. au-
ditour, OF. auditeur—Roquefort), K. L. auditor,
a hearer, in ML., specifically, a judge, commis-
sioner, notary, examiner of accounts, etc., K
audire, hear: see audient and audit.] 1. A
hearer; one who listens to what is said; a
member of an auditory.
What, a play toward 7 I’ll be an auditor.;
An actor too, perhaps. Shak., M. N. D., iii. 1.
I was infinitely delighted with the station of a humble
auditor in such conversations.
Swift, Gulliver's Travels, iv. 10.
2. Same as audient, n., 2.-3. A person ap-
pointed and authorized to examine an account
or accounts, compare the charges with the
vouchers, examine parties and witnesses, allow
or reject charges, and state the result. It is
usual with courts to refer accounts involved in litigation
to auditors, in some jurisdictions called referee8 or com-
mnissioners, for adjustment, and their report, if I'eceived,
is the basis of the judgment. Sometimes an auditor is a
8tanding officer of political or corporate bodies. State or
municipal auditors are persons appointed or elected to
examine the public accounts as they accrue, or at such
intervals as may be designated. In the United States gov-
ernment there are six auditors, namely: the auditors for
the treasury department, the war department, the in-
terior department, the navy department, the state and
other departments, and the post-office department.
Al that myne auditour, or elles my stuwarde Conseilleth
me by her acounte,
Jangland, Pier8 Plowman, B. XIX. 458.
Call me before th' exactest auditors, Shak., Timon, ii. 2.
4. One of certain officers of high rank at the
papal court: so called from their connection
With business treated of in audiences with the
auft (āf), m.
au fait (6 fa).
378
pope; as, auditor of the apostolic chamber;
auditor of the pope; auditors of the Roman
rota (which see).-Auditor of the Court of ses-
Sion, in Scotland, a crown officer to whom suits in which
expenses are found due may be remitted in order that the
costs may be taxed.—Auditors of the Exchequer. See
commissioners of audit, under audit, -
auditoria. m. Plural of auditorium.
auditorial (ā-di-tºri-j), a ſofíL. auditori-
alis, pertaining to a school (auditorium), M.L.
auditorialis scholasticus, an advocate; K LL.
auditorius, auditory, K. L. auditor, a hearer:
see auditory..] 1. Auditory. Sir J. Stoddart.
[Rare.]–2. Of or pertaining to an auditor of
accounts, or to audits.
auditorium (ä-di-tó'ri-um), n. ; pl. auditoriums,
auditoria (-umz, -á). [L., a court of justice,
a hall of audience, a school, assembled hear-
ers, in ML, also a reception-room in a monas-
tery; neut. of L.L. auditorius, of or for hear-
ing: see auditory, a.] 1. In a church, theater,
public hall, or the like, the space allotted to
the hearers or audience.—2. In monasteries,
an apartment for receiving visitors; a parlor
or reception-room.
auditorship (ä’ di-tor-ship), n. The office of
auditory (à'di-tº-ri), a. [K L.L. auditorius, of
or for hearing, K. L. auditor, a hearer, K audire,
pp. auditus, hear: see audient.] 1. Pertaining
to hearing or to the sense or organs of hear-
ing: as, the auditory nerve.—2. Pertaining to
an auditorium; designed for an audience: as,
the auditory part of a theater. [Rare.]—Audi-
tory º a branch of the basilar artery which ac-
companies the auditory nerve and supplies the labyrinth
of the ear.—Auditory canal, the meatus auditorius ex-
ternus and internus. See meatws, and cut under ear.—
Auditory crest, auditory hairs, auditory plate, in
cephalopods. See extracts.
The terminations of the auditory nerves either form the
auditory plate, which is a thickened portion of the epi-
thelium, from which the cells send hair-like processes
(auditory hairs) (Sepia); or an auditory crest, which gen-
erally takes a curved direction, and which is likewise
covered by modified epithelium.
Gegenbawr, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 357.
Cells bearing or developed into long awditory hairs,
which are to be regarded as the peripheral end-organs of
the vestibular branches of the auditory nerve.
Encyc. Brit., VII. 592.
Auditory duct (ductus cochlearis or ductus auditorius),
a term applied to the interval between the membrana tec-
toria and the membrana basilaris of the human cochlea.—
Auditory nerve, the special nerve of hearing, which
enters the ear-parts by the meatus auditorius internus,
and is distributed to the membranous labyrinth. In
Willis's enumeration it was known as the portio mollis
of the seventh cranial nerve; now it is generally reckoned
as the eighth cranial nerve. Also called the acoustic nerve.
See cut under brain. — Auditory ossicles. See ossicle.
-Auditory process, or external auditory process,
the projecting border of the external auditory meatus to
which the cartilage of the ear is attached.— Auditory
vesicle, the vesicle formed in the embryo by the invo-
lution of the epiblast on either side of the head; the rudi-
ment of the membranous labyrinth of the ear.—Internal
auditory foramen. See foramen. tº gº q te
auditory (ā'di-tó-ri), m. ; pl. auditories (-riz).
[K L. auditorium : see auditorium.] 1. An
audience; an assembly of hearers, as in a
church, lecture-room, theater, etc.
IHe had not the popular way of preaching, nor is in any
measure fit for our plaine and vulgar awditorie, as his
predecessor was. I'velyn, Diary, Mar. 5, 1673.
Having entered his court, he [Bacon) addressed the
splendid awditory in a grave and dignified speech.
Yºr auditor.
Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
2. A place for hearing or for the accommoda-
tion of hearers; an auditorium; specifically,
in a church, the nave, in which the hearers or
congregation are assembled.
When Agrippa and Bernice entered into the awdºtory.
Wyclif, Acts xxv. 23.
3+. A bench on which a judge sits to hear
causes.—4}. A lecture-room; a philosophical
school. N. E. D.
auditress (ā'di-tres), n. [K auditor + -ess.]
A female hearer. -
Adam relating, she sole auditress.
Milton, P. L., viii. 51.
auditual (à-dit’ī-al), a. . [K L. auditus (audi-
tu-), hearing (see audit, m.), + -al.] Relating
to hearing; auditory. Coleridge. [Rare.]
The older form of oaf.
A meer changeling, a very monster, an awfimperfect.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 507.
[F.; lit., to the point, or fact:
au, to the (see aw?); fait, K.L. factum, fact: See
feat and fact.] - Up to the mark; fully skilled
or accomplished; expert; possessing or show-
ing the readiness or skill of an adept: followed
by at or in ; as, he is quite au fait at the game.
Augean (ā-jé'an), a.
auger (ā’gér), m.
t auger
au fond (6 fön). [F.: au, at the (see aw?); fººd,
bottom: see fund..] At bottom; essentially
Petrarch was timid. Laura was a woman of sense, and
yet, like all women, aw fond, a coquette.
C. :). Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 9.
auget, augest, auxi, n. [It. Sp. Pg. auge, acme
summit, #. auges, awa, K. Ar. Pers. aij, top,
Summit, altitude, zenith, ascendant of a plan-
et.] In old astron.: (a) Properly, the apogee
of a planet, or the longitude of the apogee.
(b) Either apsis of the orbit. (c) The ;:
nation or point of culmination.
s y [K L. Augeas, Augias, K
Gr. Aiyêaç, Aiyetaç, king of Elis (see def.), ac-
cording to one tradition, a son of the Sun and
Naupidame; prob. Kaiyh, splendor, sunlight.]
Qf or pertaining to Augeas or Augeias, one of
the Argonauts, and afterward king of Elis, or
resembling his stables; hence, very filthy.-
ſº stable, in Gr. ºnwyth, a stable in which this king
kept 3,000 oxen, and which had not been cleaned for thirty
years, so that the task of cleaning it had come to be
deemed impracticable. Hercules accomplished the task
in a single day, by turning the river Alpheus through
the stable. Hence, cleansing the Augean stable has be-
come a synonym for the removal of long-standing nui-
sances, abuses, and the like. §
[Initial n has been lost, as in
adder, umpire, etc.; early mod. E. also augre,
augor, etc., and, with orig. n, mauger, K, ME.
mauger, mailgor, earlier navegor, KAS. mafogăr,
wafegår (= D. avegaar, eveger, egger = LG. ma-
viger, máviger = OHG. mabagér, nabigér, trans-
}º magibër, M.H.G. nabeger, megeber, meg-
er, G, näber, neber = Icel. nafarr (for “naf-
geirrº), Sw.naſware (for *nafgare); cf. Finn.
mapakaira, K Teut.), K. mafu, nave, + går, a
borer, spear: see navel, garl, and gore”.] 1.
A boring tool, larger than the gimlet, used in
boring holes in wood. It is allied, in form and use, to
the metal-boring tool called the drill. It consists of a
steel stem called the shamk, a cross-head or handle placed
at the top of the shank, and a cutting and boring portion
called the bit, formed from the lower part of the stem.
This cutting part consists of a gimlet-point, which serves
as the guiding, entering, or advance boring tool, and an
upper portion, which is shaped in a great variety of
forms, and has º, edges designed to cut away and
enlarge the hole made by the gimlet-point.—Expansive
auger, one which has an adjustable cutting bar attached
to the bit and is designed to bore holes of different
diameters.—Hollow auger, an auger designed to make
an annular or ring-shaped cut and leave an uncut or
blank portion in the center; a tenon-maker for making
|
>2
d
*
The natives [of Maitea] seemed quite au Jatt in the
matter of monetary transactions and exchanges. * tº º
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. xiii.
Augers.
a, hollow auger; b, expansive auger-bit; c, handled auger-
bit ; d, hand-machine auger-bit ; e, framers' or carpenters’
auger.
tenons on wheel-spokes.—POd-auger, one in which the
stem is straight or of slightly spiral form, the channel
thus formed having a cutting edge at the side.—Post-
hole auger or earth-boring auger, a large tool with
a long stem for boring holes in soft earth.--Spoon-
auger or twist-auger, one in which the stem, above
the gimlet-point, is bent into a per-
fect spiral, and has a cutting edge
or lip at the lower end of the twist S-
or spiral. ſº
2. An instrument for boring
the soil. Such an instrument used
in setting posts is called a post-hole
auger, and one for ascertaining the
nature of the subsoil, the presence
or absence of water, etc., is called
specifically an earth-boring auger.
Augers for the latter use are of
various kinds, but they all consist
of three parts, namely: a handle by
which two or more men can Work
the instrument; the bit, mouth, or
cutting piece; and rods for connect-
ing the handle with the bit or cut-
ting piece.—Annular auger. See
(1707??!! (!!)".
auger-bit (ā’gér-bit), m. An auger used with
a brace or bit-stock. Auger-bits are usually de-
tached from the handles, and are used in boring-machines,
with a brace of some form and with adjustable handles,
and are often called simply bits. They are made in a great
variety of styles, each style having aspecial trade-name: as,
millwrights' bits, wiring-bits, car-builders' bits, etc. See
bit, brace, and boring-machine.--Auger-bit gage, an at-
tachment fitted to an auger for the purpose of measuring
and controlling the depth of the hole to be bered.—
Auger-bit de, an attachment to an auger-bit point,
..fºtº->
*
Post-hole Auger.


- auger-bit .
used to enlarge a
...; the attachment º hole and serving as a
guide for a second enlarging tool.
auger-faucet (à’gér-fá"set), n. A faucet with
8.D. *. attached. By means of the auger a hole is
bored t
and the auger left inside. In another form the auger may
be withdrawn through the faucet. A boring-faucet,
auger-gage (à’gér-gāj), n. A collar, sleeve, or
clamp attached to the shank of an auger, to
prevent it from penetrating beyond the de-
sired point.
auger-hole (à’gér-hôl), n. A hole made by an
auger.
Hid in an auger-hole. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 3.
A shell of the ge-
auger-shell (ā’gér-shel), n.
See cut
nus Terebra and family Terebrida.
under Terebra.
auger-stem (ä’gér-stem), n., The iron rod or bar
tº which the bit is a tačhed in rope-drilling.
auger-twister (ā’gér-twis’tér), n. A machine
for twisting the blanks for screw-augers.
augest, n. See auge.
auget (ā'iet; F. pron. Ö-zhā’), n. [F., dim. of
auge, a trough, K. L. alveu8, a trough, channel,
hollow: See alvews.] Milit., a small trough ex-
tending from the chamber of a mine to the ex-
tremity of a gallery, to protect from dampness
a saucisson or tube alſº with powder.
augh (ā; Sc. prom. Åéh), interj. [Cf. aw, ah
oh..] An exclamation of disgust. [U. S. and
Scotch.]
aughtl (At), m. or prom. [In two forms: (1)
aught, K ME. aught, aught, auht, aght, a3t, aht,
KAS. awāht, awuht, with vowel shortened from
Orig. long, àwiht; (2) ought, K ME. ought, owht,
oght, o&t, oht, KAS. āwīht, dwuht, contr. dht, with
labialized vowel, Öwiht, Öwuht (= OS. āowiht
= OFries. dwet, diet = D. iets = OHG. eowi.ht,
iowint, iewiht, MHG. ieht, iht, iewet, iet), K d,
ever, in comp. a generalizing prefix, -- wint,
* whit, thing: lit. “ever a whit”: see ayl
and whit, wight, and cf. the negative naught,
nought, “never a whit.” There is no essential
difference between the two spellings aught and
ought; the former is now preferred.] Any-
thing whatever; any part: used in interroga-
tive, negative, and conditional sentences.
Is there awght else, my friends, I can do for you?
Addison, Cato, iv.
Unfaith in awght is want of faith in all.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
aughtlf (Āt), adv. [K ME. aught, etc.; prop.
acc. of the noun..] In any respect; in anyway;
at all; by any chance.
Can he aught telle a mery tale or tweye?
Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, l. 44.
Thereon mused he
If that the childes moder were aught she
That was his wyf.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1.936.
aught?f, v. An obsolete form of ought?.
aught ºf (Āt), n. [Now only in Sc., written aucht
(āčht), K Mā. aught, aughte, auchte, aght, auhte,
ahte, etc., K. A.S. āht, pl. &hta (= OHG. &ht =
Goth. aihts, property, = Icel, att, family), with
formative -t, K &gam (pret. dihte), have, hold,
own: see ought? and owe.] Possession; prop-
erty.
The surest gear in their awght.
Scott, Quentin Durward, I. vii.
aught* (ät, fićht), a. and n. An obsolete or
dialectal form of eightl. *
aught wheref (ät/hwār), adv. [Kaughtl, adv., +
* where.]. Anywhere. Chaucer.
augite (à'jit), n. [= F. augite, K L. augites, a
precious stone, K. Gr. *āvyſtmg, K atyń, bright-
ness, sunlight.] The dark-green to black va-
riety of pyroxene characteristic of basic erup-
tive rocks like basalt. It differs from other varieties
of pyroxene in containing a considerable proportion of the
sesqui-bases, alumina and ferric oxid. The name is some-
times used to include the whole species. See pyroacene.
augitic (ā-jitſik), a. [K augite + -ic.] Pertain-
ing to augite; resembling augite, or partaking
of its nature and characters; composed of or
containing augite.—Augitic porphyry, a rock with
a dark-gray or greenish base, containing conspicuous crys-
tals of augite and Labrador feldspar.
auglettet, m. , An obsolete form of aglet.
augment (äg’ment), n. [K ME. augment, KOF.
augment = Pg. augmento – Sp. It, awmento, K
L. augmentum, increase, growth, K augere, in-
crease: see auction.] 1+. Increase; enlarge-
ment by addition; augmentation.
This augment of the tree. I. Walton, Complete Angler.
2. In gram., an addition at the beginning of
certain past indicative tenses of the verb in a
part of the Indo-European languages. In San-
hole that has been bored by a small
rough the cask, the faucet being fitted into place
379
skrit it is always à-; in Greek it is 8- (-) before a conso-
nant (syllabic *ś but an initial vowel is length-
ened (m-, º (temporal augment). The same name is
Sometimes given to other prefixed inflectional elements,
as to the ge- of the German perfect participle (gebracht,
brought).
Another form, which we may call the preterito-present,
unites the augment of the past and the ending of the
present tense. Amer. Jowr. Philol., VII. 354.
3. In pathol., the period of a fever between its
commencement and its height. [Rare.]
augment (äg-ment'), v. [K ME. augmenten, K
OF. augmenter, earlier awmenter = Sp. aumen-
tar = P2. augmentar = It. aumentare, K LL.
augmentare, increase, K L. augmehtum, an in-
crease: see augment, n.] I. trans. 1. To in-
crease; enlarge in size or extent; swell: as, to
augment an army by reinforcement; impatience
augments an evil.
Be it your care
To augment your heap of wealth.
I'letcher (and another), Elder Brother, i. 2.
Though fortune change, his constant spouse remains:
Augments his joys or mitº his pains.
ope, January and May, 1.42.
The general distress did but augment the piety and con-
firm the fortitude of the colonists.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 284.
2. In gram., to add an augment to.
Most [Greek] verbs beginning with a consonant augment
the imperfect and aorist by prefixing e.
- Goodwin, Greek Gram., § 101.
3. In her., to make an honorable addition to,
as a coat of arms.
Henry VIII. granted to the earl of Surrey to augment
his arms with a demi-lion, gules, pi
gº." through the
mouth with an arrow. 'ncyc. Brit., XI. 690.
Augmented interval. See interval.—Augmented sur-
face, a term first used by Rankine to denote an immersed
or wetted surface sufficiently greater than the actual sur-
face of a vessel to give, when substituted for the actual
quantity in estimations of the speed of a vessel, results
which conform to the actual performance. g º
II. intrans. To become greater in size,
amount, degree, etc.; increase; grow larger.
The winds redouble and the streams awgment.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, i. 466.
Her fears augmented as her comforts fled.
Crabbe, Tales of the Hall.
augmentable (äg-men'ta-bl), a. [K augment
+ -able.] Capable of being augmented or in-
creased.
augmentation (āg-men-tā‘shgn), n. [K ML.
augmentatio(m-), K. L.L. augmentare, pp. augmen-
tatus, augment: see augment, v.] 1. The act
of increasing or making larger by addition, ex-
pansion, or dilatation; the act of adding to or
enlarging; the state or condition of being made
1arger.
Bacon, holding that this method was insufficient and
futile for the augmentation of real and useful knowledge,
published his Novum Organon.
Whewell, Nov. Org. Renovatum, Pref.
2. That by which anything is augmented; an
addition: as, the augmentation amounted to
$500 a year. *
He does smile his face into more lines than are in the
new map with the augmentation of the Indies.
Shak., T. N., iii. 2.
Specifically—3. In music, where much repe-
tition and imitation of themes is required, the
modification of a theme
or subject by systemati-
cally increasing the origi-
nal time-value of all its
notes.—4. In her., an ad-
ditional charge to a coat-
armor, granted as a mark
of honor to an armiger.
It is borne on an ordinary or
subordinary in such a way as
to be evidently an addition to
the paternal coat, and in an-
cient times was more rarely
used as an addition to the bear-
ings on the field. Also called
addition.
5. In pathol., same as
augment, 3.—Augmenta-
tion Court, in England, a court established by Henry
VIII. to augment the revenues of the crown by the sup-
pression of monasteries. It was dissolved on the accession
of Queen Mary.—By augmentation, in England, a phrase
formerly used in the army-promotion lists to signify that
an officer's appointment had been conferred by the crea-
tion of a new patent, not by the purchase of an old one.—
Process of augmentation, in Scotland, a process in the
teind court, raised by the minister of a parish against the
titular and heritors, for the purpose of obtaining an aug-
mentation of his stipend. e-
augmentationer (äg-men-tä'shgn-èr), n. ... An
officer belonging to the Augmentation Court
(which see, under augmentation).
Here now I speak to you my masters, minters, augmen-
tationers. Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. I’dw, WI., 1550.
Arms of first Duke of Wel-
lington with the augmenta-
tion granted to him, viz., Azt
Iºtescratcheon Brigdazta'.
gº Boutell's “Herald-
ry.”
augur
augmentative (àg-men'ta-tiv), a. and n. [= F.
augmentatif, K LL. as if "augmentativus, K aug-
*entaré, pp., augmentatus: see augment, v.]
I. a. 1. Having the quality or power of aug-
menting.—2. In gram., expressing augmenta-
tion or increase in the force of the idea con-
veyed: applied both to words and to affixes
which effect this.
II. n. A word formed to express increased
intensity of the idea conveyed by it, or an affix
which serves this purpose.
Also augmentive.
augmentatively , (ag-men'ta-tiv-li), adv. So
as to augment or increase; in the manner of an
augment.
augmenter (äg-men’tér), n. One who or that
which a ents.
augmentive (äg-men'tiv), a. and n. [K aug-
ſment + -ive..] Same as augmentative.
augmentless (äg’ment-les), a. [K augment +
-less.] Without an augment. Amer. Jour,
Philol., VI. 276.
augoert, augret, n. Obsolete spellings of auger,
augratin (6 gra-tañ’). [F.] With the burnt
* part: done brown.
augrimt, n. A Middle English form of algorism.
augrim-stonest, m. pl. Stones used as counters
in arithmetical calculations, some standing for
units, others for tens, etc.
His awgrim-sto0mes, leyen faire apart.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale.
Augsburg Confession. See confession.
augur (à’gér), n. [K ME. augur, K. L. augur, ear-
lier auger, of uncertain origin, perhaps Kavis, a
bird (cf. aw-spea; and ant-cupation), + -gur, con-
nected with garrire, talk, chatter.] 1. Among
the ancient Romans, a functionary whose duty
it was to observe and to interpret, according to
traditional rules, the
auspices, or reputed
natural signs concern-
ing future events.
These auspices were stud-
ied, with a fixed ceremonial,
in the following classes of
phenomena: (1) signs from
the heavens, including
thunder and lightning, and
other meteorological mani-
festations; (2) signs from
the direction of flight or
the various cries of birds;
(3) signs from the manner
of eating of domestic hens
kept for this purpose ; (4)
signs from the movements
and attitudes of animals ;
(5) evil omens from various
fortuitous incidents, such
as the fall of any object,
the gnawing of a mouse,
the creaking of a chair,
etc., occurring during the
augural ceremonies, or
when these were about to begin. The official or public
augurs, who constituted a college, probably founded by
Numa, were originally three in number. By the time of
Tarquin they had been increased to six. After 300 B. C.
the number became nine, of whom five must be plebeians.
Sulla made the number fifteen ; Julius Caesar, sixteen, not
including his own official membership in his character of
perpetual chief priest and dictator; and toward the close
of the empire the number was still further increased.
The augurs wore the sacerdotal praetexta, or toga with a
broad purple border, and their distinctive emblem was
the curved rod called the lit ww.s, with which they marked
out the limits of the templum or boundary within which
the omens with which they had to do were to be observed.
Before any public business or ceremony was undertaken
the augurs decided whether the auspices were propitious,
or whether unfavorable omens demanded interruption or
delay; they conducted the inauguration or exauguration
of priests, temples, and places, such as new settlements,
and fixed the times of movable festivals. In the engrav-
ing, the figure holds the lituus in his right hand, while
One of the sacred fowls appears at his feet.
Hence—2. One who pretends to foretell future
events by omens; a soothsayer; a prophet;
one who bodes, forebodes, or portends.
Awqur of ill, whose tongue was never found
Without a priestly curse or boding sound,
Dryden, Iliad, i. 155.
augur (ā’gér), v. [= F. augurer = Sp. Pg. au-
gurar = It. augurare, K L. augurari; from the
noun..] I. trams. 1. To prognosticate from
signs, omens, or indications; predict; antici-
pate : with a personal subject.
I did augur all this to him beforehand.
B. Jomsom, Poetaster, i. 1.
I augur everything from the approbation the proposal
has met with. Sir J. Herschel.
2. To betoken; forebode: with a non-personal
Cr impersonal subject.
Sooth was my prophecy of fear;
Believe it when it awgurs cheer.
Scott, L. of the L., iv. 11.
=Syn. 2. To portend, presage, foreshadow, be ominous of.
Augur.
(From a Roman bas-relief.)


augur
II. Wntrans. 1. To conjecture from signs or
OOOleIlS.
My powei's a crescent, and my awgwring hope
Says it will come to the full. Shak., A. and C., ii. 1.
2. To be a sign; bode: with well or ill.
It awgwrs ill for an undertaking . . . to find such dis-
Sensions in headquarters. W. Belsham, Hist. Eng.
augural (à'gū-ral), a. [KL. auguralis, pertain-
ing to an augur, K augur, augur.], Pertaining
to an augur, or to the duties or profession of an
augur; of or pertaining to divination; ominous:
as, “portents augural,” Cowper.
auguratelt (à'gū-rät), v. t. or i.; pret, and pp.
augurated, ppr. augurating. [K L. augurătus,
pp. of augurari, augur: see augur, v., and -ate2.]
To conjecture or foretell by augury; predict;
act as an augur.
I augurated truly the improvement they would receive
this way. Warburton, To Hurd, Letters, cii.
augurate” (ä'gū-rät), n. [K L. auguratus, the
office of augur, K augur: see augur, n., and
—ateº.] . The office of augur; augurship.
auguration? (3-gū-rā‘shgn), n. [K L. augura-
tio(n-), K augurari, pp. auguratus, augur: see
augur, v.] The practice of augury, or the fore-
telling of events by signs or omens: as, “tri-
udiary augurations,” Sir T. Browne, Vulg.
., i. 11.
augure1+, m. [For *auger, for *algere, appar. K
D. aalgeer, aalger, elger, Kaal (= E. eel) + -ger
(= AS. gar), a spear: see garl, gore?..] An
eel-spear.
augure2+, n. [Also augur, K OF. augure, K L.
augurium : see augury.] Augury.
augurer: (a^gèr-èr), m. augur. Shak.
augurial (à-gū’ri-al), a. [K L. augurialis, col-
lateral form of auguralis: see augural.] Of or
pertaining to augurs or augury; augural.
As for the divination or decision from the staff, it is an
awgurial relic. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
augurism: (a^gèr-izm), n. IK augur + -ism.]
Augury.
augurist (Ā’gér-ist), n. IK augur + -ist. Cf.
augwrize.] augur.
augurizeł (ā’gér-iz), v. t. Or i.
To augur; act as an augur.
augurous? (ā’gér-us), a. [K augur + -ows.]
Predicting; foretelling; foreboding.
Presaging in their awgwrows hearts.
hapman, Iliad, xviii. 191.
augurship (ä’gér-ship), m. [K augur + -ship.]
The office or period of office of an augur.
augury (ā’gū-ri), m. ; pl. auguries (-riz). [K ME.
augury, KOF. augurie (ME. also augure, KOF.
augure) = Sp. Pg. It. augurio, K L. augurium,
divination, prognostication, Omen, K augur, au-
gur: see augur, n.] 1. The art or practice of
foretelling events by signs or omens.
She knew by augwry divine.
Swift, Cadenus and Vanessa.
The throne and sceptre of Ithaca were to be disposed
by augury, by the will of Jove, signified by some omen.
J. Adams, Works, IV. 571.
2. That which forebodes; that from which a
prediction is drawn; an omen or significant
token.
Sad augwries of winter thence she drew.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. 441.
I hail this interchange of sentiment . . . as an awgwry
that . . . the peace and friendship which now exist be-
tween the two nations will be . . . perpetual.
Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 462.
3. Figuratively, indication; presage; promise.
His diligence at school . . . gave awgwry of his future
accomplishments. Swmner, John Pickering.
=Syn. Portent, Sign, etc. See omen.
august1 (à-gust'), a. [= F. auguste = Sp. Pg.
It, augusto, K L. augustus, venerable, worthy of
honor (assumed as a title by Octavius Caesar
and his successors), perhaps orig. ‘consecrated
by augury,'K augur, augur (cf. robust, K.L. ro-
bustus, K robur); but usually associated with
augere, increase, extol: See auction.] 1. In-
spiring reverence and admiration; majestig;
solemnly grand or stately; sublime; magnifi-
cent; imposing.
There is on earth a yet awguster thing,
Veiled though it be, than parliament or *#º
º/lº)”.
[K augur + -ize.]
That august face of Truth. Whittier, Eve of Election.
This was an extensive and magnificent structure, the
creation of the prince's own eccentric yet august taste.
Poe, Tales, I. 339.
2. Venerable; worshipful; eminent. =Syn. State-
ly, etc. (8ee majestic), awful, imposing.
August” (à'gust), n. [KME. August, Augst, also
Aust, after OF. Aoust, mod. F. Août = Sp. Pg.
It. Agosto = D. Augustus =G. Dan. August–Sw.
Augusti = Russ. Avgusti: = Gr. Abyovotog, K L.
×(-lèz).
*burg Confession.
380
Augustus (se, mensis, month), August; so named
by the emperor Augustus Caesar É. august1) in
his own honor, following the example of Julius
Caesar, who gave his name to the preceding
month, July. The earlier name of August was
Sea:tilis (K_sea-tus = E. siath, it being the sixth
month in the old calendar).] The eighth month
of the year, containing thirty-one days, reckon-
ed the first month of autumn in Great Britain,
but the last of summer in the United States.
See month. -
august” (à'gust), v. t. [= F. aoûter, ripen, =
Sp. agostar, be parched, dial. plow land in
August, pasture cattle on stubble in sum-
mer (see ago.Stadero); from August?, m.] 1+.
To make brown or sunburnt. Evelyn.—2. To
ripen; bring to fruition. [Poetical.]
He for . . . dear nations toiled,
And awgwsted man's heavenly hopes,
Bailey, Mystic, l. 55. (N. E. D.)
augusta (à-gus’tā), n. [See august 1.] A name
given in Central America to a valuable timber-
tree, the botanical relations of which are un-
known. -
augustal (à-gus’tal), n. IKL. Augustalis, relat-
ing to Augustus, the title assumed by the em-
erors, K augustus, venerable: see august 1.] 1.
nder the ancient Roman empire: (a) A priest
of the lares at the cross-roads, an office first
established by Augustus. (b) A priest of a
college or brotherhood (sodales Augustales) of
members of the imperial house and some other
persons of high rank, whose duty it was to
maintain the religious rites of the Julian fam-
ily: instituted by Tiberius. (c) A member of a
private college or corporation, of which there
were many in Rome and throughout the prov-
inces, formed to do reverence, by religious
ceremonies and otherwise, to the memory of
Augustus, and, at a later date, to pay divine
honors to the reigning emperor also. The office
of augustal became hereditary, and carried with it the
assessment of certain public dues, and the giving to the
public of stated feasts and shows. The augustals wore dis-
tinctive ornaments, had places of honor in the theaters,
and enjoyed other privileges. (d) Under the early
empire, a general name for subaltern officers
of the legion.—2. The name of an Italian gold
º coin, weigh-
§ º ing, from 30
Éſ. to 40, grains,
§ issued IIl
㺠§ the thirteenth
century by
the emperor
Obverse. Reverse. Frederick II.
Augustal, in the British Museum. (Size of the as king of Si-
original.) g
cily. It bears
a resemblance to gold coins of the ancient Ro-
man empire.
augustalis (à-gus-tā’ lis), m. ; pl. augustales
Same as augustal, 2.
Augustan (ā-gus’tān), a. [K L. Augustanus,
pertaining to Augustus, or to cities named
Augusta ; see August?..] 1. Pertaining to the
Emperor Augustus (31 B. C. to A. D. 14): as,
the Augustan age. The Augustan age was the most
brilliant period in Roman literature; hence the phrase
has been applied by analogy to similar periods in the lit-
erary history of other countries. Thus the reign of Louis
XIV. has been called the Augustan age of French litera-
ture, while that of Queen Anne has received this distinc-
tion in English. º
2. Pertaining to the town Augusta Vindelico-
rum, now Augsburg, in Bavaria: as, the Aw-
gustam Confession, commonly called the Augs-
See confession.
Augustin, Augustine (à-gustin or à'gus-tin),
n. [K L. Augustimus, a proper name, K Augus-
tus, name of Roman emperors: see August?,
The name Austin is a contraction of Augustin.]
A name formerly given to a member of one of
the monastic fraternities following the rule
of St. Augustine. See Augustinian.—Augustine
disputation, a disputation formerly held at Oxford on
the feast of St. Augustine.
Augustinian (ā-gus-tin'i-àn), a. and ºn... [K L.
Augustinus, Augustine.] I. 4. Relating or
pertaining to St. Augustine or his doctrines, or
to the order of monks following his rule.
II. n. 1. A member of one of several reli-
ious orders deriving their name and rule from
t. Augustine. The regular canons of St. Augustine,
or Austin Canons, were introduced into Great Britain soon
after 1100, and had houses at Pontefract, Scone, Holyrood,
etc. The hermits of St. Augustine, or Austin Friars, now
known as Augustinians, form one of the four mendicant
orders of the Roman Catholic Church; they were gathered
into one body from several congregations in the middle of
the thirteenth century. A reformed branch of this order is
known as the barefooted Augustinians. There have also
aulacanthid
been various congregations of nuns called by this name;
and many others follow the rule of St. Augustine, as the
Hospital Sisters of the Hôtel-Dieu in France, Canada, etc.
2. In theol., one who adopts the views of St. Au-
gustine ; his doctrines of predestina-
tion anáirésistible grace. See grace.—3. One
of a sect of the sixteenth century, which main-
tained that the gates of heaven will not be open
till the general resurrection.
Augustinianism (ä-gus-tin'i-an-izm), n. [K
Augustinian + -ism.] 1. The doctrines of St.
Augustine.—2. The rules and practice of the
Augustinians.
augustly (à-gust'li), adv.
ner; majestically.
augustness (à-gust'nes), n. The quality of
being august; dignity of mien; grandeur;
magnificence.
He was daunted at the augustness of such an assembly.
Shaftesbury.
auk1 (āk), n. [Also written awk, E. dial. alk, K
Icel, alka, ālka = Sw. alka = Dan. Norw, alke;
X NL. Alca, q.v.] A diving bird belonging to
the family Alcidae and the order Pygopodes,
characterized by having 3 toes, webbed feet,
and short wings and tail. Originally the name was
specifically applied to the great auk, or garefowl, Alca.
impennis, which became extinct about 1844, notable as the
largest bird of the family and the only one deprived of the
power of flight by reason of the smallness of its wings,
though these were as perfectly formed as in other birds.
It was about 30 inches long, the length of the wing being
only about 6 inches. Its color was black above, white be-
low, with a white spot before the eye. It abounded on
both coasts of the North Atlantic, nearly or quite to the
arctic circle, and south on the American side to Massa-
chusetts. The name came to be also specifically applied
to the razor-billed auk, Alca or Utamania torda, a simi-
lar but much smaller species, about 15 inches long, with
a white line instead of a spot before the eye; and finally,
as a book-name, it was made synonymous with Alcidae.
Several North Pacific species still bear the name, as the
rhinoceros auk (Ceratorhina monocerata), the crested auk
(Simorhynchus cristatellus), etc.; but other special names
are usually found for most of the birds of this family, as
puffin, mºwrre, guillemot, dovekie, auklet, etc. There are
º 24 species belonging to the family. See Alca, Al-
In an august man-
Q2.
auk??, a. Same as awk1.
auklet (äk’let), n. [Kauk + dim. -let.] A lit—
tle auk, Specifically applied to several small species of
Crested Auklet (Simorhynchus cristatellies).
Alcidae, of the genera Simorhymchus, Ombria, and Pty-
chorhamphus, as the crested auklet, Simorhynchus cris-
tatellus; the parrakeet auklet, Ombria psittacula; the
Aleutian auklet, Ptychorhamphus aleuticus,
aul (āl), m. [E. dial., a reduction of alder1.]
The alder.
When the bud of the awl is as big as the trout's eye,
Then that fish is in season in the river Wye.
Local Eng. proverb.
aula (àſlâ), m.; pl. aula (-lé). . [L., a hall, a
court, K Gr, aiºff, a hall, a court, orig, an open
Court, prob. as being open to the air, K. Čižval,
blow; see airl, aura, and asthma; cf. ai A6, a
ipe, flute.j" i. A court or haii. 3. [Nij
n anat, the anterior portion of the third ven-
tricle of the brain, corresponding to the cavity
of the primitive prosencephalon; a mesal por-
tion of the common ventricular cavity of the
brain; in the amphibian brain, the ventricle of
the unpaired cerebral rudiment.—3. [NL.] In
206l., the cavity of a colony of infusorians, as
members of Volvoa or Eudorina. A. Hyatt.—
Aula. Regia or Regis (Royal or King's Court), a court
established by William the Conqueror in his own hall,
whence the name. It was composed of the great officers
of state resident in the palace, of the king's justiciars, and
the greater barons. It formed an advisory body consulted
by the king in matters of great innportance. Also called
Curia Regis. See curia, 2.
Aulacantha (à-la-kan'thä), n. [NL., K. Gr.
aižác, pipe, tube, H &Kavā, a spine.]. A genus
of radiolarians, representing a peculiar family,
the Aulacanthidae. Haeckel, 1860.
aulacanthid (à-la-kan'thid), n. A radiolarian
of the family Aulacanthidae.




*
Aulacanthidae
Aulacanthidae (à-la-kan'thi-dé), m.pl. [NL.,
KAulacantha + -idº..] A family of tripyleans
or acantharian radiolarians, with a .
consisting of a superficial pallium of five tan-
gential tubes and a number of strong radial
spicules, simple or branched, which pierce the
mantle. They are deep-sea organisms, and are divided
into a number of genera, as Aulacantha, Aulospathis,
4?!!ocaphis, Aulodendrum, etc. Haeckel.
aulacode (à'la-köd), n. [KAulacodus.] A spiny
ground-rat of the genus Aulacodus.
Aulacodus (à-la-kö’dus), n. [NL., K. Gr. at Aaš, a
ow, 4- 6600ſ, tooth.] 1. A genus of rodents,
- of the family
Octodontidae
tºd §:
y chimyi-
na, including
one African
species, 4.
8winderianus,
Swinder's au-
lacode. the
ground-pi . It
is a large bur-
rowing animal,
about 2 feet long, with a stout body, short limbs, ears, and
tail, flattened and channeled bristly hairs like spines, and
triply grooved teeth.
. A genus of coleopterous insects. Esch-
scholtz, 1822.
aulae, n. Plural of aula.
aularian (ā-lā‘ri-an), a. and m. [KML. aularis,
K L. aula, hall.] I. a. Relating to a hall.
II. n. At English universities, especially Ox-
ford, a member of a hall, as distinguished from
a collegian.
aulary (ā'la-ri), a. [KML. aularis: see aula-
4%an. ame as awlarian.
aulatela (à-la-té’lā), n. ; pl. aulatelae (-lè).
[N.L., irreg. Kaula (see awla) + L. tela, a web.]
In anat., the atrophied or membranous roof of
the aula. See aula, 2.
aulbet, m. An obsolete form of alb1.
auld (äld), a. [Sc., - E. old, q.v.] Old.
Yºr Take thine awld cloak about thee.
Quoted in Shak., Othello, ii. 3.
Auld birkie. See birkie.—Auld lang Syne. [Auld = E.
old; º = E. long; syne = E. since: see syne.] A Scotch
phrase denoting days or times long since past, especially
happy times.—Auld Wives' tongues, an old name of the
asp, Populus tremula. “This tree is the matter whereof
women's toongs were made, as the poets and some others
report, which seldom cease wagging.” Gerard.
Auldana (āl-dā’īnā), m. An Australian redwine.
auld-farand, auld-farrant (äld-fa'rand,-rant),
a. [Sc., K. auld + farand.] Having the ways
or thoughts of an old person; resembling an
old or at least a grown-up person; hence, saga-
cious; wily; knowing more than was expected:
most frequently applied to children. [Scotch..]
aulen (ā’len), a. [E. dial., a reduction of al-
dern. Cf. aul.] Aldern; of alder. [Prov. Eng.]
auletes (à-lèſtěz), m. ; pl. auletai (-ti). § º
ai/Amråg, K at Weiv, play on the flute, Kaiyāóg, a
flute, a pipe, tube, K &#val, blow. Cf. awla.] In
ancient Greece, a flute-player.
Before him on the right stands an awletes.
Cat. of Vases in Brit. Musewmv, II. 86.
auletic (à-let'ik), a. [KL. auleticus, KGr. atºm-
Turóg, of or for the flute (cf. awāmråg, a flute-
layer), Katºeiv, play on the flute: see awletes.]
#ºn. to instruments of the flute kind.
It is true that the ancients also had an instrumental
music separate from poetry; but while this in modern
times has been coming more and more to be the crown of
musical art, it was confined in antiquity to the kitharistic
and awletic nomes. J. Hadley, Essays, p. 90.
auletris (à-lé’tris), m.; pl. auletrides (-tri-déz).
[Gr. atºmrpic, fem. of atºmråc: see awletes.]
ancient Greece, a fe-
male flute-player.
In the centre an awletris,
looking to the right, playing
on the double flute.
Cat. of Vases in Brit.
[Museum, II. 15.
aulic (à'lik), a. and m.
[K L. aulicus, K. Gr. awāt-
kóg, of the court, Kaiºh,
court: see awla.] I. a.
1. Pertaining to a royal
court. In the old German
empire; the Aulic Council was
the personal council of the
emperor, and one of the two
supreme courts of the em-
pire which decided without
º It, . º:
about 1502, and Organize -
tº a finite constitution :"..."...º.º.º.
in 1559, modified in 1654. It century B. C.)
º
\\
º
N
|
Auletris.-- Performer on the
*-d
Aulostomus (à-los’tó-mus), m.
381
finally consisted of a president, a vice-president, and
eighteen councilors, six of whom were Protestants; the
unanimous vote of the latter could not be set aside by
the others. The Aulic Council ceased to exist on the ex-
tinction of the German empire in 1806. The title is now
º to the Council of State of the Emperor of Austria.
aulical.
2. [Kaula, 2.] In anat., of or pertaining to the
• aula. Wilder.
II. n. Formerly, in the University of Paris,
the ceremony of conferring the degree of doc-
tor in theology, including a harangue by the
chancellor and a disputation upon a thesis
written and defended by the candidate: so
called because it was held in the great hall of
the archbishopric.
aulical (ā‘li-kāl), a, Same as aulic, 1.
aulicism (ä'li-sizm), n. [Kaulic + -ism..] A.
courtly phrase or expression.
aulin (ā’lin), n. [Also written allin, allen, al-
lan; according to Edmonston (Shetland Gloss.)
K Icel. “alinn, a parasite” (cf. the specific name
parasiticus), prop. One fed, being pp. of ala,
bear, nourish, feed: see aliel and all.] The
arctic gull, Stercorarius parasiticus, also call-
ed dirty-allen, Scouty-aulin or aulin-scouty, and
skait bird. See Scowty-awlin and skait-bird.
aulin-scouty (äſlin-skou/ti), n. Same as aulin.
auliplexus (à-li-plek'sus), m.; pl. auliplexus or
auliple.cuses (-ez). [NL., K. aula, 2, -F plexus.]
In anat., the aulic portion of the diaplexus;
that part of the choroid plexus which is in the
aula. See aula, 2. Wilder and Gage, Anat.
Tech., p. 473.
aulmonieret, m. See awmónière.
aulni, n. See aune.
aulnaget, n. See almage.
*:::::#; m. See alnager.
aulophyte (à’ló-fit), n. IK Gr. at 26g, a pipe,
tube, F Øvrév, a plant..] A plant living within
another, but chiefly for shelter, not parasiti-
cally, as some minute algae.
Aulopora (à-lop’º-rä), n. [NL., K. Gr. awā6¢, a
pipe, + trópog, a pore.] A genus of fossil sclero-
dermatous corals, of the group Tabulata, giv-
ing name to a family Auloporidae.
aulorhynchid (à-ló-ring'kid), m. A fish of the
ūjāºši. nehidae.
Aulor jiàº. (à-ló-ring'ki-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Aulorhynchus + -idae.] A family of hemi-
branchiate fishes, with an elongated subcylin-
drical body, elongated tubiform snout, sides
with rows of bony shields, and subthoracic
ventral fins having a spine and four rays each.
Aulorhynchus (à-ló-ring'kus), m. [NL., K. Gr.
atºćg, a flute, pipe, -H bºyzog, snout..] A genus
of fishes, typical of the family Aulorhynchidae.
A. flavidus, the only known species, occurs on
the Pacific coast of the United States.
Aulosphaera (à-ló-sfé'râ), m. . [NL., K. Gr. av26g,
a pipe, + opaipa, sphere.] ... A genus of radio-
larians, typical of the family Aulosphaeridae.
Aulosphaeridae (à-ló-sfé'ri-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Aulosphaºra + -idae.] A family of tripylean
or acantharian radiolarians, with a fenestrated
shell composed in a peculiar fashion of hollow
tubes. It is a group of several deep-sea gen-
era, as Aulosphaera, Aulophlegma, etc. Haeckel.
Aulostoma (à-los’tó-mâ), m. [NL. (prop. fem.
of Aulostomus; cf. Aulostomus), K. Gr. awāóg, a
pipe, + atóua, mouth: see auletes and stoma.]
A genus of fishes, typical of the family Aulo-
stomidae. Also Aulostomus.
Aulostomatidae (à"ló-stš-mat’i-dé), m. pl.
Same as Aulostomidae.
aulostomid (à-losſtö-mid), n. A fish of the
[NL., K
family Aulostomidae.
Aulostomidae (à-ló-stö’mi-dé), m. pl.
Aulostoma + -idae.] A family of hemibranchi-
ate fishes, typified by the genus Aulostoma,
Antºos form its valentti ºtt.
with a long compressed body, elongated tubi-
form snout, imbricated ctenoid scales, numer-
ous dorsal spines, and abdominal spineless
ventral fins. Several species are known as
inhabitants of tropical and warm seas. Also
Awlostomatidae.
aulostomidan (ā-ló-stö’mi-dan), a. and n. I.
a. Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Aulostomidae.
II. m. A fish of the family Aulostomidae; an
aulostomid. Sir J. Richardson.
[NL., masc.:
see Aulostoma.] Same as Aulostoma.
2.T. Iſa,
agº. (ām), n. A dialectal form of elm. [North.
Ing.
aum” (äm), n. See aam.
aum3 (ām), n. A dialectal form of alum. [North.
J
Ing.
aum.4, n. See om.
aumailt, m. and v. An obsolete form of amel.
aumbryt, n. An obsolete form of ambry.
aumelet, n. An obsolete form of omelet.
aumenerif, m. An obsolete form of almonerl.
aumener?f, n. An obsolete form of almoner?.
aumery?, n. An obsolete form of ambry,
aumone (à’món), n. IK F. aumone, KOF. al-
mosne, K LL. eleemosyna, alms: see alms and
almoin..] In law, alms.-Tenure in aumone, a ten-
ure by which lands are given in alms to some church or
religious house.
aumónière, aulmonier (6-mö-ni-ār'), m. [F.
see almoner?..] A pouch or purse, often richly
embroidered, carried at the girdle by persons
of rank during the middle ages. The name is
also given to a bag or pouch similarly worn by
women at the present day.
aumuce, n. See amice”.
auncelt, n. [Early mod. E. also ancel, K ME.
auncel, auncelle, aunselle, also awmcere, awnsere,
KAF. auncelle, aunselle, appar. (by mistaking
the initial l for the article l’, la) for “launcelle,
K It. lancella, a little balance, dim. of lance, a
balance, K L. lama, acc. lancem, a plate, a scale
of a balance: see lance2, launce?, and balance.]
A kind of balance for weighing anciently used
in England, apparently that variety of the
steelyard commonly known as the Danish steel-
yard, which has a movable fulcrum and a fixed
weight, the forefinger often serving as the ful-
Crum. It was very inaccurate, and was therefore prohib-
ited by statute. In many parts of England the term awm-
cel-weight is still used to signify weight, as of meat, which
has been estinated by the hand without scales.
aundert, n. A dialectal form of underm.
aundiront, m. An obsolete form of amdiron.
aune (ön), m. [F., KOF. alme, ell: see almage
and ell.] A French cloth-measure, now super-
seded as a standard measure by the meter.
The use of the awme métrique, nowvelle, or usuelle, equal
to 1% meters or 47% English inches, established in 1812, was
forbidden after Jan. 1, 1840. The old measure of this name
varied at different places: at Rouen it was the same as the
English ell, 45 inches; at Paris, 46.8 inches; at Lyons, 473
inches; at Calais, 68% inches. Formerly awln.
aunget, aungeli, n. [ME., KOF. ange, angel:
see angel.] Obsolete forms of angel.
aunt (änt), n. [K ME. awmte, aunt, K OF. ante,
aunte (F. tante) = Pr. amda = It. dial. amida,
ameta, K. L. amita, aunt ; cf. Icel. amma, grand-
mother: see ammal. For the change of mt
to mt, cf. antl.] 1. The sister of one's father
or mother; also, in address or familiar use,
the wife of one’s uncle.—2#. Formerly used
by alumni of Oxford and Cambridge as a title
for the “sister university.” N. E. D.—3+. An
old woman; an old gossip.
The wisest awmt telling the saddest tale.
Shak., M. N. D., ii. 1.
4+. A procuress; a loose Woman.
Summer songs for me and my awmts,
While we lie tumbling in the hay.
Shak., W. T., iv. 2.
Aunt Sally. (a) In England, a favorite game at race-
courses and fairs. A wooden head is set on a pole, and a
clay pipe is placed in the mouth or nose. The game con-
sists in endeavoring to smash the pipe by throwing sticks
or other missiles at it. (b) The head so used. ..
auntert, n. The common Middle English form
of adventure, m.
auntert, auntre+, v. i. and t. The common
Middle English forms of adventure, v.
I wol arise and awntre it by my fay.
Chawcer, Reeve's Tale, l. 290.
auntie, n. See aunty.
auntroust, a. The common Middle English
form of adventurous. Chaucer.
aunty, auntie (än’ti), n. Familiar diminutive
A forms of aunt.
aural (ā’râ), m. [L., a breeze, a breath of air,
the air, K. Gr. aipa, air in motion, a breeze,
K Čižval, breathe, blow. Cf. aula, and see airl.]
1. A supposed influence, force, or imponder-
able matter proceeding from a body and sur-
rounding it as an atmosphere ; specifically, an
imponderable substance supposed to emanate
from all living things, to consist of the subtle
essence of the individual, and to be a means
of manifesting what is called animal mag-
netism, and also a medium for the operation
of alleged mesmeric, clairvoyant, and somnam-
bulic powers. Also called nerve-aura, or ner-
vaura. Hence—2. Figuratively, atmosphere;
air; character, etc.










aura
He [Rossetti] appreciated to a generous extent the
poetry of present younger writers, but failed to see in
nine-tenths of it any of that originality and individual
aura that characterize work that will stand the stress of
time. W. Sharp, D. G. Rossetti, p. 35.
The personal awra which surrounded him [S. Bowles]
in social intercourse was nowhere more potent than with
his young men in the office.
Charles G. Whiting, in Merriam's Life of Bowles, II. 69.
3. A peculiar sensation resembling that pro-
duced by a current of air. See epileptic aura,
below.—Electric aura, a supposed electric fluid ema-
nating from an electrifled body, and forming a sort of at-
mosphere around it. Also called electric atmosphere.—
Epileptic aura (aura epileptica), primarily, a sensation,
as of a current of air rising from some part of the body to
the head, preceding an attack of epilepsy; in a more gen-
eral sense, any disturbance of consciousness or local mo-
tol Symptoms immediately preceding an epileptic spasm.
– Hysteric aura, a similar sensation preceding an at-
tack of hysteria.
aura” (äſrā), m. [NL., appar. adapted (with ref.
to aural) from a S. Amer. native pame. The
form ouroua is given by Barrère as the native
name in Guiana.] An old native name of any
South American vulture excepting the condor;
an urubu, tzopilotl, gallinazo, turkey-buzzard,
Or CarT1On-CrOW. It was early Latinized in the form
2'egina awrarum, was adopted by Linnaeus as the specific
Iname of his Vultur awra, and is now used as the specific
name of the turkey-buzzard, Cathartes awra. See cut
under Cathartes.
aurall (ā’ral), a. [K L. aura (see aural) + -al.]
Pertaining to the air or to an aura.
aural” (äſral), a... [KL. auris, = E. earl, H.-al.]
1. Relating to the ear: as, the aural Orifice;
aural surgery.—2. Perceived by the ear;
learned by hearing; auricular.
That aural acquaintance with Latin phrases which the
unlearned might pick up from pulpit quotations con-
stantly interpreted by the preacher, could help them little
When they saw written Latin. George Eliot, Romola, lxiii.
auramine (à'ra-min), m. [Kaurum + amine.]
A coal-tar color used in dyeing. It is the hydro-
chlorid of tetra-methyl-diamido-benzo-phenon-imide. It
× yields a pure and brilliant yellow on cotton, wool, and silk.
aurantia (à-ran'shi-á), m. . [NL., K aurantium,
an orange: see Orange.] An acid coal-tar color,
used in dyeing. It is the ammonium salt of hexa-nitro-
diphenylamine, used largely in coloring leather an orange-
color, and to a limited extent in dyeing wool and silk.
It is said to cause skin-eruptions.
[NL., K
Aurantiaceae (à-ran-ti-ā'sé-é), m. pl.
aurantium, an Orange (see orange), + -aceae.]
See Aurantieae.
aurantiaceous (à-ran-ti-ā'shius), a. [K NL.
aurantiaceus : see above.] Of or belonging to
the Aurantiaceae. -
Aurantieae (à-ran-ti'é-é), m. pl. [NL., Kauran-
tium (see orange) + -eze.] A tribe of the fam-
ily Rutaceae, trees or shrubs, distinguished
from the rest of the family by their perfect
flowers and by their fruit, a large berry with
exalbuminous seeds. It has often been classed as a
distinct family, the A wrantiaceae. There are about a
dozen gonera, indigenous to tropical Asia, of which the
most familiar are Citrus, yielding the orange, etc.; Li-
momia (which see); and Below, the bhel-tree.
auratel (ā’rät), a. and m. [K L. auratus, over-
laid with gold, of gold, pp. of awrare, overlay
with gold, Kaurum, gold: see awrum and -ate1.]
I. a. Resembling gold; gold-colored; gilded.
[Rare.] 1.
II. m. 1. A kind of pear.—2. A combination
of auric acid with a base: as, potassium aurate.
aurate? (ā’rät), a. [K L. auris, = E. earl, -H
—atel. Equiv. to awrited, q.v.] Eared; having
ears, as the scallop-shell.
auratedl, aurated? (ā ‘rā-ted), a.
auratel, aurate2.
auré (Ö-rā’), a. [Heraldic F., = aurate1.] In
her., sprinkled with drops or spots of gold.
Otherwise termed gutté d'or. See gutté.
aureate (ā’ré-āt), a. [Early mod. E. aureat, K
LL. aureatus, adorned with gold, K. L. aureus,
golden, K aurum, gold: see aurum.] Golden;
gilded; golden-yellow, as a flower.
aurei, n. Plural of aureus.
aureity (à-ré’i-ti), n. [K. aure–ous + -ity.] The
peculiar properties of gold; goldenness. Cole-
ridge.
aurelia (à-ré’lyā), m. [NL., K.It. aurelia, chrys-
alis, K aurelia, fem. of aurelio, golden (Florio),
K L. *aurelius (only as a
proper name, Aurelius,
earlier Auselius, a Ro-
man family), 3. aurum,
gold: see aurum.] 1+. In
entom., the nymph, chrys-
alis, or pupa of a lepi-
dopterous insect. See
chrysalis.-2. [ cap.] A.
genus of pelagic disco-
phorous Hydromedusae,
Same as
º
ºft
ſº ſºft, -
ºft ºft.*, *.
º
º -.S..— . . .
Cy
A tº relia azerita.
Gº, genital chamber; L, pro-
longed angle of the inouth;
m. one of the lithocysts.
382
typical of the family Aureliidae, characterized
by having branched radial vessels and the edge
of the disk fringed with Small tentacles. A. qu.
Tita is the type-species, found in European seas, the old
Medusa awrita of Linnaeus. A. flavidula occurs on the
coast of North America. The name is synonymous with
Medusa regarded as a genus and in its most restricted
SCIlSČ.
In the study of the sunfish (Awrelia) we are able to see
plainly the prominent differences between jelly-fishes as
a group and polyps as a group.
Pop. Sci. Mo., July, 1878, p. 318.
3. The adult state of any medusa, or the per-
fected stage of a medusiform zoöid.
aurelian (ā-réſlyan), a. and n. IK aurelia, 1, +
-an.] I. a. In entom., like or pertaining to
the aurelia: as, the aurelian form of an insect.
II. n. An entomologist devoted to the study
of lepidopterous insects only.
With the exception of a few Awrelians, as the students
of Lepidoptera were then [1853] termed.
J. O. Westwood, 1883.
Aureliidae (à-ré-li’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Aurelia,
2, -H -idae.] A family of pelagic Discophora,
containing the genus Awrelia.
aureola (à-ré’ô-lâ), m. [L., fem. of awreolus, of
gold, dim, of aureus, of gold, K aurum, gold:
See awrum.] 1. in rep.
resentations of the
Deity, the Virgin Mary,
saints, martyrs, etc., a
radiance or luminous
cloud emanating from
and surrounding the
Whole figure. If the fig-
ure is represented in an erect
position, the aureola is usu-
ally oval, or of the form
known as the vesica piscis
(fish's bladder); if the figure
is sitting, the aureola often
approaches a circular form.
A wreola, mimbus, and glory
are frequently confounded,
though technically quite dis-
tinct. See nimbus and glory.
2. A circle, or system
of concentric circles,
more or less colored,
Surrounding a source
Sws …
º y
º it! ºt
ſº
Aureola.— Figure of Christ,
from t anum of portal of St. *
#. Aries. France; 12th of light, and due to fine
century.
dust or aqueous vapor,
or even to the larger particles of fog. The diam-
eters of the colored circles diminish as the sizes of the
#. increase, or as the spaces between the rays of
ight that penetrate between the particles increase. The
colors are due to interference of waves of light.
3. In Rom. Cath. theol., a higher reward added
to the essential bliss of heaven as a recompense
for a special spiritual victory gained by the
person to whom it is attributed: as, the au-
A reola of virgins, martyrs, doctors, etc.
aureole (ā’ré-ól), n. [KME. aureole (cf. F. au-
7:60le), K.L. aureola : see awreola. Cf. oriole.] A
luminous emanation or cloud Surrounding a
figure or an object; an aureola.
Fair shines the gilded awreole
In which our highest painters place
Some living woman's simple face.
D. G. Rossetti, Jenny.
And round the grisly fighter's hair the martyr's awreole
bent Whittier, Brown of Ossawatomie.
When the electric arc is produced between carbons in
vacuo a beautiful glow is obtained, the negative pole being
surrounded by a blue awreole, and the positive by a strat-
ified pale-blue light. A. Damiell, Prin. of Phy:ics, p. 583.
aureole (à’ré-61), v. t. ; pret. and pp. aureoled,
ppr. aureoling. [K aureole, m.] To surround or
invest with an aureole.
aureolin (ā-ré’ô-lin), m. [K L. aureolus, dim. of
aureus, golden, yellow (see aureous), H- -in?..]
A trade name for the pigment cobalt yellow
(which see, under yellow).
aureosin (à-ré'ê-sin), n. [K L. aurum, gold, +
eosin.] A coal-tar color used in dyeing. It is a
chlorinated ſluorescein (which see). It dyes light-rose
shades on silk, giving a greenish-yellow reflection.
aureous (ā’ré-us), a. [KL. aureus, of gold, gold-
en, Kaurum, gold: see awrum.] Of a golden-
yellow color.
aures, m. Plural of a wris, 1.
aureus (ā’ré-us), m. ; pl. aurel (-i). [L., prop.
adj. (sc. nummus, coin), of gold: See aureous.]
A Roman C a ſº a
gold coin
equivalent
to 100 Ses-
terces or 25
denarii, first
minted in
the first cen-
tury B. C.
and issue
Reverse.
Obverse.
Aureus of Augustus, British Museum. (Size
of the original.)
auricular
under the empire till the reign of Constantine
I., who substituted for it the gold solidus. In
the time of Augustus the aureus weighed about 120 grains
and was worth about $5.02. Its weight and standard were
afterward reduced.
au revoir (Ó ré-vwor'). [F. : aw (see au?); re-
voir, K. L. revidere, see again, K re-, again
videre, see: lit. to the reseeing (inf, used as
n.).] Until we meet again; good-by for the
present.
auri-argentiferous (à"ri-ār-jen-tif’º-rus), a.
[K L. avºwm, gold, + argentum, silver, -H, ferre =
E. bearl: sée aurum and argentiferous.] Bear-
ing or containing both gold and silver.
There are found in the lower levels pockets of auri-
argentiferous ore. L. Hamilton, Mex. Handbook, p. 128.
auricl (à’rik), a. [KL. aurum, gold (see aurum),
+ -ic.] Of or pertaining to É.A. oxid,
or gold trioxid, Aug03, is a blackish-brown powder, the
highest known oxid of gold.
auric2 (ā’rik), a. TK aural + -ic.] Of or per-
taining to the aura; aural. See aural.
aurichalc (ā’ri-kalk), m. See orighalc.
aurichalcite (à-ri-kal’sit), m, [K. L. aurichal-
cum (see orichalc) + -ite2.] A hydrous carbon-
ate of copper and zinc occurring in transpar-
ent verdigris-green to sky-blue needle-shaped
crystals, also in laminated or granular masses.
When reduced it yields a gold-colored alloy of copper and
zinc. Buratite is a variety which was supposed to be
singular in containing calcium.
aurichalcum (à-ri-kal’kum), n. See orichalc.
auricle (à’ri-kl), n. IKL. auricula, the external
*ear, the ear, dim. of auris = E. earl, q.v.] 1.
The pinna of the external ear; that part of the
organ of hearing which projects from the side
of the head. Šee pinna, and cut under ear.
Also auricula.-2. A chamber or one of the
chambers of the heart into which the blood
comes from the veins, and from which it passes
into the ventricle or one of the ventricles. In
the mammalian, avian, and reptilian heart there are two
auricles, the right and the left. The name is sometimes
used in a more special sense to designate an ear-like por-
tion or appendage (appendix auriculae) of each of these
chambers; the remainder is then distinguished as the
simus. The right auricle receives venous blood from the
venae cavae; the left auricle receives arterial blood from
the lungs through the pulmonary veins. See cuts under
heart and lºng. tº º
3. Something, or some part of a thing, like or
likened to an ear: variously applied, chiefly in
|botany, zoölogy, and comparative anatomy.
Specifically— (a) In entom., an appendage of the planta of
certain insects, as bees. (b) In echinoderms, an auricula.
See awricula, 4. (c) In bot., an ear-shaped or ear-like ap-
endage; the inflated lower lobe or appendage of the
eaves of some Hepaticae.
4. An instrument applied to the ears to assist
in hearing; a kind of ear-trumpet.
auricled (ā’ri-kld), a... [Kauricle + -ed?..] Hav-
ing ears or auricles; having appendages resem-
bling ears; in bot., same as auriculate.
auricomous (à-rik’ā-mus), a. [K L. auricomus,
with golden hair, Kaurum, gold, + coma, hair:
See aurum and coma2..] Having golden hair;
yellow-haired. -
auricula (à-rik’ī-lâ), m.; pl. auricula (-lé). [L.,
the external ear, the ear: see auricle.] 1. A
horticultural name for the garden forms of
Primula Auricula, a yellow primrose found
native in the Swiss Alps, and sometimes called
bear's-ear from the shape of its leaves. It has .
long been cultivated by florists, who have succeeded
in raising from seed a great number of varieties.
2. Same as auricle, 1.-3. [cap.] [NL.] In
206l., a genus of phytophagous or plant-eating
pulmonate gastropods, typical of
the family Auriculidae. A. juda,
and A. midae are examples. The
are known as ear-shells.-4. [NL.
In echinoderms, one of the perfo-
rated processes into which the
ambulacral and sometimes the
interambulacral plates are pro-
duced, and which arch over the
interior of the ambulacra, as in
the typical echini, or sea-urchins.
See cut under Echinoidea.
auricular (à-rik’ī-lär), a. and n.
[K ML. auricularis, K f. auricula,
the ear: see auricle.] I. a. 1. Per-
taining to the ear, or to the auri-
cle of the ear; aural: as, the auricular nerve.
–2. Used in connection with the ear: as, an
awricular tube (which see, below).—3. Ad-
dressed to the ear; privately confided to one's
ear, especially the ear of a priest: as, auricu-
lar confession,-4. Recognized or perceived
by the ear; audible.
You shall . . . by an awricular assurance have your
Satisfaction. ., Lear, i. 2.
Ear-shell (Attri-
c1éla Judae).









. auricular
5ł. Communicated or known by report; hear-
Say.
Awricular traditions and feigned testimonies,
- Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 326,
6. Known or obtained by the sense of hearing:
aS, auricular evidence.—7. Ear-shaped; auric-
ulate; auriform: as, the auricular articulating
Surface of the human ilium.—8. In echino-
derms, of or pertaining to the auriculae: as, an
internal auricular process.-9. Pertaining to
the auricle of the heart.—Anterior auricular ar-
teries, two or more branches of the temporal artery sup-
plying the external ear.—Anterior auricular veins,
small veins from the external ear emptying into the tem:
poral vein.—Auricular feathers, in ornith., the special
set of feathers, usually of peculiar structure, which overlie
and defend the outer opening of the ear.—Auricular fin-
ger, the little finger: so called from the fact that it is most
easily introduceſ into the ear.-Auricular foramen, the
mouth of the external auditory meatus of the ear.—Auric-
ular nerves, various small nerves derived from the great
auricular, the auriculotemporal, the facial, the second cer-
vical, the small or sometimes the large occipital, and the
vagus nerves, which supply the integument and other
parts of the external ear and its vicinity.—Auricular
oint, in craniom., the center of the meatus auditorius
§ anthropologists); the central point of the upper
rim of the outer ear (German anthropologists).-Auric-
ular radii, in craniom., radii drawn from the pro-
jection of the auricular point on the median plane to the
projections of other points of the skull. See crani-
ometry.— Auricular tube, a speaking-tube.—Auric-
ular witness, a witness who relates what he has heard.
—Deep auricular artery, a small branch from the inter-
mal maxillary artery, supplying the external meatus of the
ear.—Great auricular nerve, the auricularis magnus, a
nerve arising from the second and third cervical nerves,
and distributed to the external ear and adjacent parts.
—Posterior auricular artery, a branch of the external
carotid artery, supplying parts in the region of the ear.—
Posterior auricular vein, a vein which, descending be-
hind the pinna of the ear from the side of the head, joins
the external jugular vein.
II. m. 1. pl. In ornith., the auricular feath-
ers.-2. The auricular or little finger. See
auricular finger, above.
383
auriculoparotidean (á-rik’ī-lö-pa-rū-tid’é-an),
a. [Kauricula + parotid + -eam. ertaining
to the auricle of the ear and the parotid gland:
specifically applied to a nerve which supplies
those parts.
auric ºpºl (à-rik’i-lô-tem"pö-ral), a.
[Kauricula -F temporal.] Pertaining to the ear
and the temporal region: specifically applied to
a branch of the inferior maxillary nerve which
Supplies the external ear and adjacent regions.
auriculoventricular (à-rik/ii-lô-ven-trik’ī-
lār), a... [K auricula + ventricular.] Pertain-
ing both to the auricles and to the ventricles
of the heart: as, the auriculoventricular ori-
fice. See cut under heart.—Auriculoventricular
Valves. See valve.
auriferous (à-rif'e-rus), a. [K L. aurifer, gold-
bearing, K aurum, gold, H- ferre = E. bear 1.]
Yielding or producing gold; containing gold:
as, auriferous quartz; auriferous strata.
Mountains big with mines,
Whence many a bursting sº auriferous plays.
homsom, Summer, l. 648.
aurific (à-rif'ik), a. [K L. aurum, gold, +
Jacere, make.] Capable of transmuting sub-
stances into gold; gold-making.
Some experiments made with an awrific powder.
Southey, The Doctor, clxxxvi.
auriflamma, auriflamme (à-ri-flam' #, à (ri-
flam), n. fº ML, auriflamma, lit. golden flame,
K. L. aurum, gold, + flamma, flame.] The an-
cient royal banner of France. See oriflamme.
auriform (ä'ri-fôrm), a. [K. L. auris, the ear,
+ forma, form.] Ear-shaped; having the form
of the external human ear: as, an auriform
shell.
aurifrisia (à-ri-friz’i-á), n. Same as auriphry-
gia.
aurifrisiate (à-ri-friz’i-āt), a. Same as auri-
phrygiate.
aurochs
aurin, aurine (à'rin), n. IKL. aurum, gold, ºf
-in?..] The commercial name for impure roSolic
acid (which see, under rosolic), one of the coal-
tar colors. In its pure state it forms ruby-red crystals
with a blue fluorescence. Owing to its fugitiveness, it is
seldom used in dyeing, but it is still used in printing cali-
coes and woolens and for pigments. It produces orange-
red colors.
A wrime dyes shades more inclining to orange than coral-
line. orkshop Receipts, 2d ser., p. 228.
auriphrygia (à-ri-frij'i-á), n., [KML, *auriphry-
gia, aurifrigia, also spelled aurifrisia, auri-
fresia, also aw–
rifrygium, also
simply phry-
gium, frigium,
gold embroid-
ery, K L. aurum
Phrygium, lit.
Phrygian gold;
the Phrygians
were noted for
their skill in
embroidering
with gold :
º * Miter with Auriphrygia, or Auriphrygiate
See Q40%"?/ ??? § 12th century.
and Phrygian.
From the same
source, through the French, come ofrays, or-
fray, orphrey, q. v.] Properly, gold embroid-
ery; eccles., an ornamental band on various
vestments; an orphrey: used especially of the
orphrey of a miter, which is a richly adorned
band around its lower edge. Also aurifrisia.
auriphrygiate (à-ri-frij'i-āt), a. [K ML. *auri-
phrygiatus, auriphºrigiatus, aurifrisiatus, auri-
friceatus, etc., K*auriphrygia: see auriphrygia.]
Embroidered with gold; provided with an auri-
phrygia. Also awrifrisiate.
Nor wore he mitre here, precious or auriphrygiate.
Sowthey, Roderick, xviii.
(From “L’Art pour Tous.”)
auriculares, n. Plural of auricularis.
auricularia (à-rik-i-lā’ri-á), m. [NL., K auricu-
*la, 4, 4- -aria.] 1. [Pl. auriculariae (-É).] A
aurify (ā’ri-fi), v. t. and i.; pret. and pp. auri-
fied, ppr. aurifying. [K L. aurum, gold, + fa- auripigment, auripigmentum (à-ri-pig’ment,
à"ri-pig-men’tum), m. [L. auripigmentum, Kau-
term applied to an early stage of the develop-
ment of the embryo of certain echinoderms, as
those of the genera Holothuria, Symapta, etc.,
when it is ciliated. See Holothuridea. [It is a
generic name given by Müller through a mis-
take as to the nature of these larvae.]—2.
[cap.] In conch., a generic name variously
used; as, (a) by De Blainville for a genus of
acephalous mollusks; (b) by Fabricius for a
genus of gastropods.
auricularian (ā-rik-i-lā’ri-an), a. [K auricu-
laria + -an.] Of or pertaining to an auricula-
Aria; echinopædić.
auricularis (à-rik-i-lā’ris), m.; pl. auriculares
§. [NL. : see auricular.] The little finger.
ee auricular finger, under awricular.
auricularly (à-rik’ī-lär-li), adv. 1. In an au-
ricular manner; specifically, in a secret man-
ner; by whispers.
These will soon confess, and that not a wricularly, but in
a loud and audible voice. Decay of Christ. Piety, vii. § 4.
2. By means of auricles.
auriculate, auriculated (á-rik’ī-lāt, -lä-ted),
a. [K NL. auriculatus, K L. auricula: see au-
ºricle.] 1. Ear-shaped; like, or likened to an
auricle; auriform.–2. Having ears; provided
with ears, auricles, or ear-like parts: in bot.,
said of a leaf with a pair of small blunt projec-
tions or ears at the base.—Auriculate antennae,
in emtom., antennae in which one of the basal joints is ex-
F. laterally in a concave plate, as in certain aquatic
eetles.—Auriculate elytra, in entom., elytra produced
laterally at the humeral angles into a free lobe.
auriculid (à-rik’ī-lid), n. A gastropod of the
family Auriculidae.
Auriculidae (à-ri-kü’li-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Au-
ricula, 3, + -ida!..] A family of pulmonate gas-
tropods with non-retractile tentacles, eyes ses-
sile at the inner or hinder bases of the tenta-
cles, rugose teguments, and a spiral shell whose
partitions are generally absorbed, and whose
columella is plicated. The family is divided into sub-
families and many genera. Some of the species frequent
banks, generally within tide-limits, others marshes and
wet woods, and a few (of the genus Čarºchium) are almost
exclusively terrestrial, See cut under Pythia.
alſº (à-rik’ī-lö-breg-mat'ik), a.
[K awricula -H bregma(t-) + -ic.] In anat., per-
taining to the auricular point and the bregma.
—Auriculobregmatic line, a line drawn from the pro-
jection of the auricular points on the median plane of the
skull to the bregma, See craniometry.
auriculo-orbicularis (à-rik"i-lô-6r-bik-i-lā’-
ris), m. L., K auricula + orbicularis.] A
muscle of the hedgehog connecting the pinna
of the ear with the orbicularis panniculi, which
it antagonizes.
cere, make: see ify.] To turn into or become
old.
Aiga (à-ri’gã), m. [L., a charioteer ; as con-
stellation, the Wagoner; perhaps & aurea,
bridle (cf. oreae, the bit of a bridle, Kos (or-),
the mouth: see osl), + agere, drive; otherwise
K *aurus gº found, supposed to mean ‘a
horse,” = Gr. aipog, swift) + agere, drive: see
act, v.] 1. A northern constellation contain-
The Constellation Auriga.
ing the splendid star Capella; the Charioteer
OI’ Wagomer. It is supposed to represent a charioteer
kneeling in his vehicle. He is often represented with a kid
on his left shoulder, this being doubtless an ancient con-
stellation-figure coincident in position with the Charioteer.
2. [l. c.] [NL.] A name of the fourth lobe of
the liver. [Rare.]
aurigal (à-rigal), a. [K LL. aurigalis, K L.
auriga: see Airiga.] Pertaining to a chariot
or carriage. . [Rare.]
aurigation (ā-ri-gā’ shgn), n. IK L. auriga-
tio(n-), K aurigare, pp. aurigatus, be a driver, K
auriga, a driver: see Auriga.] The act or prac-
tice of driving a chariot or coach. [Rare.]
If a man indulges in the vicious habit of sleeping, all
the skillin awrigation of Apollo himself, with the horses
of Aurora to execute his notions, avail him nothing.
De Quincey, Eng. Mail-Coach.
aurigerous (à-rij'e-rus), a. [K L. aurum, gold,
+ gerere, bear.] Gold-bearing.
aurigraphy (à-rig'ra-fi), n. [K.M.L. aurigra-
phia, Kaurigraphus, one who writes in golden
characters, K L. aurum, gold, H. Gr. Ypápetv,
write.] the art or practice of writing in
golden characters. Blount.
aurilave (à'ri-lāv), n. [K L. auris, the ear, -H
lavare, wash: see awricle and iavº.j An ear-
brush. E. H. Knight.
ºrum, gold, + pigmentum, pigment: see awrum
and pigment. From the L., through F., comes
orpiment.] Same as orpiment.
auris (ā’ris), m.; pl. aures (ā’réz). ., = E.
earl, q.v.] 1. In 206l. and amat., an ear; the
outer ear or auricle.—2. [cap.] [NL.] In
conch., a genus of ear-shells: synonymous with
PIaliotis.
auriscalp (ä' ri-skalp), n. IK auriscalpium.]
An instrument for cleaning the ears; an ear-
pick; also, a similar instrument used in surgi–
cal operations on the ear.
auriscalpium (à-ri-skal'pi-um), m. ; pl. auri-
scalpia (-à). [NL., K. L. auris, = E. earl, -- scal-
pere, scrape, scratch: see Scalpel.] 1. Same
as auriscalp.–2. [cap.] In conch., a genus of
|bivalve mollusks.
auriscope (à'ri-sköp), m. [K L. auris, = E. earl,
Gr. akoteiv, view, look at..] An instrument
for examining and exploring the ear.
auriscopy (à-ris’kö-pi), m. [K L. auris, = E.
earl, + Gr. -akotta, Kokoſſeiv, view, look at..]
The use of the auriscope.
aurist (ā’rist), m. [K L. auris, = E. earl, + -ist.]
One who treats disorders of the ear; an otolo-
gist.
In England the medical profession is divided into phy-
sicians, Surgeons, apothecaries, accoucheurs, oculists, a w-
rists, dentists.
Sir G. C. Lewis, Authority in Matters of Opinion, v.
aurite (ā’rit), a. Same as a writed.
aurited (āºri-ted), a... [K L. auritus, = E. eared,
K. auris = E. earl. Cf. aurated?..] In bot. and
£oôl., eared ; auriculate; having lobes or ap-
pendages like an ear.
aurivorous (à-riv’ā-rus), a. [K L. aurum, gold,
+ vorare, devour.] Gold-devouring. Walpole.
allºphºlº (à-rö-sef’a-lus), a. [K L. aurum,
gold, + Gr. Repažň, head..] In 206l., character-
ized by a gold-colored head.
aurochs (ā’roks), m. [G., also aucrochse, KMHG.
irochsc, K OHG. Arohso, K ir, a wild ox (= AS.
ir = Icel. iirr; cf. L. urus = Gr. olpoc, from
Teut.), + ohso, G. Ochse, ochs = E. or ; see wroa:
and urus.] A species of wild ox or buffalo,
the bomasos of Aristotle, bison of Pliny, the Eu-
ropean bison, BOS or Bison bomasus of modern
naturalists. This animal was once abundant in many
parts of the continent of Europe, especially in the neigh-
borhood of large forests. The spread of population has
nearly exterminated it, and were it not for the protection
afforded by the emperor of Russia to a few herds which
inhabit the forests of Lithuania and of Kuban in the Cau-
casus, it would soon become extinct. Also called wrochs,
wroa, and, Wrongly, auroch and awrock. See wrºus.
The relationships of the awrochs to the American bison,
while very close, do not warrant that specific identity


aurochs
Aurochs (Besozu bootasies).
which some authors have assumed to exist. . . . The
awrochs is rather larger, with a smaller thorax, larger and
stronger pelvis, longer and thicker tail, and less shaggy
fore parts. Cowes, Encyc. Amer., I. 362.
Aurocores (ä-rok'é-réz), m. pl. [NL., K.L. aw-
Tum, gold, + Gr. Kópag, a bug..] Literally, the
gold-bugs; a group of heteropterous hemipter-
ous insects, the same as Geocores, the name
Aurocores being considered more appropriate
by Westwood, who proposed it as a substitute.
See Geocores.
.Aurocorisa (à"rö-kó-ri'zā), m. pl. [NL.] Same
as Aurocores.
aurocyanide (à-ró-si'a-mid or -nid), n. [K L.
awrum, gold, -H E. cyanide.] . In chem., a double
cyanide, one of the bases of which is gold: as,
Apotassium aurocyanide, KAu(CN)2.
aurora (à-rö’râ), m. [L., the dawn, the goddess
of the dawn, earlier “Ausosa, = Gr, à5%p (La-
conian), avág (AEolic), áðg (Doric), #69 (Ionic),
£og (Attic), the dawn, goddess of dawn (related
to aiptov, to-morrow), = Skt. ushas, “ushāsā,
dawn, K V ush, burn, = Gr. abetv = L. wrere, burn.
To the same source are referred L. aurum, gold,
auster, south wind, Gr. #2tog, the sun, E. east,
etc.: see cast.] 1. The rising light of the morn-
ing ; the dawn of day, or morning twilight.—
2. [cap.] In Rom. myth., the goddess of the
dawn: called Eos by the Greeks. The poets repre-
sented her as rising out of the ocean in a chariot, her rosy
fingers dropping gentle dew.
3. The aurora borealis or the aurora australis
(the polar lights).
The most probable theory of the awrora is that origi-
nally due to Franklin, namely, that it is due to electric dis-
charges in the upper air.
S. P. Thompson, Elem. Lessons in Elect. and Mag., p. 264.
4. A reddish color produced by dyeing with
armotto.—Aurora australis, the aurora of the south-
ern hemisphere, a phenomenon similar to the aurora of
the north. – Aurora, borealis, the boreal or northern
dawn; the northern lights or streamers; a luminous me-
teoric phenomenon appearing at night. It usually mani-
fests itself by streams of light ascending toward the
zenith from a dusky line of cloud or haze, a few degrees
above the horizon, and stretching from the north toward
the West and east, so as to form an arc, with its ends on the
horizon. Sometimes it appears in detached places; at other
times it covers almost the whole sky. As the streams of
light have a tremulous motion, they are called in many
places “the merry dancers.” They assume many shapes
and a variety of colors, from a pale red or yellow to a
deep red or blood-color ; and in the northern latitudes
they serve to illuminate the earth and cheer the gloom of
the long winter might. The appearance of the aurora bo-
realis so exactly resembles the effects of artificial electri-
city that there is every reason to believe that their causes
are identical. When electricity passes through rarefled
air it exhibits a diffused luminous stream which has all
the characteristic appearances of the aurora, and hence
it is highly probable that this natural phenomenon is oc-
casioned by the passage of ekectricity through the upper
regions of the atmosphere, although under conditions not
as yet entirely understood. Auroral displays are usually
accompanied by disturbances of the magnetic needle, and
by a great increase of the intensity of the electric earth
currents, to such an extent as to interfere with telegraphic
communication, and are most frequent and brilliant at
periods of great solar activity (sunspots). The aurora
borealis is said to be frequently accompanied by sound,
which is variously described as resembling the rustling
of pieces of silk against each other, or the sound of wind
against the flame of a candle. The spectrum of the aurora
is peculiar in consisting of a prominent line in the green-
ish-yellow (citron line), which has not been identified with
any known substance.
auroral (à-rö’ral), a. [K aurora + -al.] 1. Of
or pertaining to the dawn.
Those steady discharges of auroral light to the zenith
along innumerable conducting lines come, it is thought,
to equalize the electric conditions of the air.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, xiii.
2. Resembling the dawn in color, beauty, etc.;
hence, roseate.
Her cheeks suffused with an awroral blush.
Longfellow, Falcon of Federigo, l. 151.
3. Pertaining or relating to the polar aurora;
resembling an aurora.
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àurorium (ä-rö’ri-um), m.
auscultative (äs-kul’ta-tiv), a.
auscultator (äs’kul-tá-tgr), n.
384
4. In geol., appellative of the second of Pro- anº
fessor H. D. Rogers's fifteen divisions of the
Paleozoic strata in Pennsylvania. As applied by
him, it included all the divisions of the Lower Silurian
termed in the now generally adopted nomenclature of
the New York Geological Survey, Beekmantown (Calcifer-
ous) and Ghazy. . e
aurorally (à-ró'ral-i), adv. 1. As the dawn;
roseately: as, “to blush aurorally,” Browning, auset, adv.
auscultatory (äs-kul’ta-tº-ri), a.
auspicious
(às'kul-tá-tºr-ship), n. [Kaus-
cultator, 3,4--ship.] The office of or period of
service as auscultator. Carlyle, Sartor Resar-
tus, p. 86.
[K L. as if
*auscultatorius, K auscultator.] Pertaining to
auscultationò auscultative.
bsolete dialectal form of also.
Red Cotton Night-cap, l. 117-2. In the man ausier, n., A dialectal form of 9sier.
ner of the polar aurora.
aurora-shell (à-rö’rå-shel), m. The shell of the
Haliotidae; an ear-shell, sea-ear, ormer, or ab-
alone (which see). See also Haliotis.
aurorean (ā-rö’ré-an), a.
Belonging to or resembling the dawn.
At tender eyedawn of a wrorean love.
Keats, Ode to Psyche.
See the extract.
Still awaiting discovery by the fortunate spectro-
scopist are the unknown celestial elements awrorium, with
a characteristic line at 5,570.7, and nebulum, having two
bright lines at 5,007.05 and 4,959.02.
Sir W. Crookes, Address to the Brit. Assoc., 1898.
aurotellurite (à-rö-tel’ī-rit), n. [K L. aurum,
gold, + NL. tellwrium + -ite?: see aurum and
tellurite.] An ore of tellurium containing gold
and silver; sylvanite.
aurous (ā’rus), a. [K L. aurum, gold, + -ous.
Cf, L.L. aurosus, golden.] Of or pertaining to
gold: in chem., a term applied to an oxid of
gold (AugO) whose molecule contains two atoms
Aless of oxygen than auric oxid. See aurici.
àurum (ä'rum), n. [L. (= Sabine ausum), in
colloq. Speech orwm (> It. Sp. Oro = Pg. ouro =
F. or : see oré), gold; related to aurora, aure-
lia, auster, etc.: see aurora.] Gold. Its chemi-
çal symbolis Aur-Aurum fulminans, gold dissolved
in aqua regia or nitromuriatic acid, and precipitated by
ammonia; fulminating gold. . This precipitate is of a
dirty brown-olive color, and when exposed to a moderate
heat, or struck, detonates with considerable noise. It
iſ probably an ammonium aurate, 2AuN2H3.3H2O.-
Aurum graphicum, the mineral sylvanite.—Au-
rum mosaicum or musivum, mosaic gold, a yellow
gold-like alloy, containing about equal quantities of cop-
per and zinc, used both in the mass and as a bronzing
powder.—Aurum potabile, literally, “drinkable gold”;
a cordial or medicine formerly much esteemed. It was
said to consist of “Gold itself, totally reduced, without
Corrosive, into a blood-red, gummie or Honey-like sub-
stance.” Phillips (1678). “Gold made liquid, or fit to be
drunk; or some rich Cordial Liquor, with pieces of Leaf-
gold in it.” Kersey (1708).
Monsº. Roupel sent me a small phial of his awrum pota-
bile, with a letter shewing the way of administering it,
and yo stupendous cures it had don at Paris.
Evelyn, Diary, June 27, 1653.
auscult (äs-kult'), v. t. [K L. auscultare, lis-
ten: See auscultate.] Same as auscultate.
[Rare.]
auscultate (às'kul-tät), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
auscultated, ppr. auscultating. [K L. ausculta-
tus, pp. of auscultare, listen.] To listen to ;
give ear to; specifically, in pathol., to examine
by auscultation.
auscultation (ās-kul-tā'shgn), n. [K L. auscul-
tatio(n-), a listening, K auscultare, listen: see
auscultate.] 1. The act of listening or hark-
ening. [Rare.] F. Hicks, tr. of Lucian.
2. In pathol., a method of distinguishing the
state of the internal parts of the body, particu-
larly of the thorax and abdomen, by observing
the sounds arising in the part, either through
the direct application of the ear to the ad-
jacent external surface (immediate ausculta-
tion) or by applying the stethoscope over the
part and listening through it (mediate ausculta-
tion). See Stethoscope. Auscultation may be used
With more or less advantage in all cases where morbid
Sounds are produced, but its general applications are:
auscultation of respiration ; auscultation of the voice;
auscultation of the cough ; auscultation of sounds foreign
to all these, but sometimes accompanying them; auscul-
tation of the action of the heart; obstetric auscultation.
e [K auscultate
+ -ive..] Pertaining to or of the nature of aus-
cultation.
[L., a listener,
K. auscultare: see auscultate.] 1. A listener;
specifically, one who practises auscultation.—
2. An instrument used in listening to the sounds
within the thorax; a stethoscope.—3. In Ger-
many, a member of a college of officials who
attemás its sessions as a student but is not en-
titled to a vote; specifically, in Prussia, béfore
1869, one who had passed the first examination
and begun his judicial career at a college of
judges. See referendar.
His first Law-Examination he has come through tri-
umphantly; and can even boast that the Examen Rigoro-
sum need not have frightened him ; but though he is
hereby “an Auscultator of respectability,” what avails it?
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 85,
auslaut (ous"lout), m.
[K aurora + -ean.] Ausonian (ā-Sö'mi-àn), a.
[G., K_aus, denoting
completion or termination (= E. out), +, laut
a sound (= E. loud). Cf. inlaut, ablaut, umlaut.j
In philol., the final sound of a word.
IKL. Ausonia, poet.
name of Italy, prop. applied to middle and
lower Italy, y Ausomes (Gr. Aiyoovec), a name
given to the primitive inhabitants of middle
and lower Italy.] Of or pertaining to Italy or
the Italians. Longfellow. [Poetical.]
auspex (äs’peks), m.; pl. auspices (äs' pi-séz).
L. auspea, (auspic-), a diviner, contr. K “avi-
spea, Kavis, a bird, -- specere (spicere), view:
see species.] One who divines by observing
the motions, cries, etc., of birds; a diviner in
general; an augur.
auspicalf (Ās’pi-kal), a. [K L. auspicalis, K
auspea, a diviner: see awspea:..] Auspicatory;
pertaining to omens or auspices. Blownt.
auspicate (äs’pi-kāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. aus-
picated, ppr. auspicating. . [K. L. auspicatus,
#. of auspicari, make a beginning for the sake
of a good omen, begin, prop. take the auspices,
act as auspex, K auspea, a diviner: See auspea.
Cf. augurate.] 1. To be an augury of; fore-
show.
Long mayst thou live, and see me thus appear,
As ominous a comet, from my sphere,
|Unto thy reign, as that did auspicate
So lasting#. to Augustus' state.
B. Jonson, King James's Coronation Entertainment.
There are yet other special auguries of this great change,
awspicating, in the natural Progress of Man, the abandon-
ment of all international Preparations for War.
Swmvner, Orations, I. 111.
2. To initiate or inaugurate with ceremonies
calculated to insure good luck. This meaning of
the word was borrowed from the Roman practice of tak-
ing the auspices before undertaking any important busi-
TheSS.
If we are conscious of our situation, and glow with zeal
to fill our place as becomes our station and ourselves, we
ought to auspicate all our public proceedings on America
with the old warning of the Church, Surswim corda 1
Burke, Conciliation with America.
To aw8picate . . . the . . . concern and set it agoing
with a lustre. Lamb, Ellistoniana.
3. To begin or introduce in a favorable or aus-
picious manner. [Rare.]
The London company merits the praise of having aw8-
picated liberty in America. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 125.
auspicator (äs’pi-kā-tor), m. [K L. as if "auspi-
cator, K auspicari : see auspicate.] . An augur.
auspicatory (äs’pi-kā-tó-ri), a. [K auspicate.]
Of or belonging to auspices or omens..
auspice (äs’ pis), n. IK F. auspice, pl. auspices,
L. auspicium, divination from the flight of
birds, a sign, omen, K auspea, a diviner: see
auspex.] 1. An augury from birds; an omen
or a sign in general: as, to take the auspices;
an auspice of good fortune. -
The tribunes were at first elected in the curiae, where
the vote of the poorest citizen was equal to that of the
most wealthy. But, even here, the patricians, besides
their great influence, had a negative on all proceedings,
by holding the awspices. . Adams, Works, IV. 524.
We then strive, as far as our poor philosophy can do it,
to read the country's reverend awspices.
* #ºu, Orations, p. 12.
2. Protection or lead; favoring or propitious
influence; patronage : especially in the phrase
wnder the auspices (of).
Great father Mars, and greater Jove t
By whose high aw8pice Rome hath stood
So long. B. Jomsom, Catiline, ii. 1.
3. A circumstance or conjunction of circum-
stances betokening success: as, his career was
'begun under the fairest auspices. [In all senses
nearly always used in the plural.]
auspices, n. Plural of auspea, and of auspice.
auspicial (äs-pish'al), a. [K L. auspicium, aus-
pice, + -al.] 1. Belating to auspices or
omens: as, auspicial rites. [Rare.]–2. For-
tunate; auspicious. [Rare.]
auspicious (äs-pish’us), a. [K L. auspicium,
auspice, -H, -ows.] 1. Of good omen; betoken-
ing success, or a favorable issue; prognosticat-
ing good; favorable.
Auspicious omens from the past and the present cheer
us for the future. Summer, True Grandeur of Nations.
2. Prosperous; fortunate: applied to persons.

- auspicious
Auspicious chief thy race in times to come
Shall spread the conquests of imperial *},
8. Favorable; kind; propitious: applied to
persons or things.
l'ortuné play upon thy prosperous helm,
As thy auspicious mistress w
Shak., All's Well, iii. 3.
No day could be more auspicious to the undertaking.
Webster, Speech, Bunker Hill Monument.
4}. Showing joy; happy. [Rare.]
With one auspicious and one dropping eye.
- pictou.8 ſ. §§jet, i. 2.
=Syn, Bright, golden, lucky, promising. See propitious.
auspiciously (äs-pish'us-li), adv. In an auspi-
cious manner; with favorable omens; happily;
prosperously; favorably; propitiously.
I looked for ruin; and encrease of honour
Meets me auspiciously. Middleton, Witch, iv. 1.
auspiciousness (äs-pish'us-nes), n. The quali-
ty of being auspicious; a state of fair promise;
prosperity.
auster (äs’tēr), n.
to aurora, the dawn, and wrere, burn; see
aurora and aurum.] 1. The south wind (com-
monly with a capital, as a proper name): as,
“drizzly Auster,” Thomson, Castle of Indolence,
lxxvi. Hence—2+. The south.
austere (äs-têr’), a. [K ME. austere, K OF.
austere, K L. austerus, harsh, Sour, tart, severe,
K. Gr. awormpóg, dry, harsh, bitter, Kaijog, Attic
aiog, dry, withered sear; related to E. Sear,
sere, dry: see souri, serel.] 1. Sour; harsh;
rough to the taste: applied to things: as, aws-
tere fruit or wine; “sloes austere,” Cowper,
Task, i. 122.
An aw8tere grape
That hast no juice but what is verjuice in him
B. Jomson, Staple of News, v. 1.
2. Severe; harsh; rigid; rigorous; stern : ap-
plied to persons and things: as, an austere mas-
ter; an austere look.
A stern lady, and austere, not only in her manners,
which made most people dislike her, but also in the char-
acter of her understanding and morals.
De Quincey, Secret Societies, i.
But what chiefly distinguished the army of Cromwell
from other armies was the awstere morality and the fear
of God which pervaded all ranks. Macawlay.
3. Grave; sober; serious: as, austere deport-
ment.
There lived a Lady, wise, awstere, and nice,
Who show'd her virtue by her scorn of vice.
Crabbe, Parish Register,
Priest and sage, with solemn brows awstere.
Whittier, Last Walk in Autumn.
4. Sººy simple; unadorned. =Syn. 2. Aus.
tere, Severe, Stern, Hard, Harsh, Strict, Rigorows, Rigid,
stiff, uncompromising, relentless, may characterize a per-
son's dealings with himself or with others. Awstere is the
most individual word in the list ; it still suggests the ety-
mological sense of dryness and hardness of nature. As
applied to manner of life, it implies self-mortification, re-
fusal of pleasure, or the self-infliction of pain, for the
purpose of self-discipline. The austere man may treat
others as he treats himself; an awstere manner is of a cor-
responding sort. There is no suggestion of hypocrisy or
self-righteousness in the word, nor does it go so far as
asceticism (see Self-denial). Severe starts from the no-
tion of seriousness or freedom from levity, but extends
through a wide Tange, covering most of the meanings of
the other words. Stern, while primarily meaning fixed
in facial expression, applies to almost anything to which
severe can apply. Hard is of the same character, but starts
from the notion of physical hardness, proceeding thence
to mean difficult to endure, unfeeling, etc. Harsh pri-
marily expresses physical roughness, as a harsh touch, and
retains some figurative suggestion akin to that idea, Strict
is drawn close, tense, not relaxed, observing exact rules
for one's self or requiring such observance from others.
Rigorous means, literally, stiff, and hence allowing no
abatement or mitigation; inflexible; unsparing. Rigid is
the same as rigorows, but with somewhat more of the ori-
#. figurativeness than in rigorows ; both are opposed to
or indulgent. Rigid is more often used of unneces-
sary, overwrought, or narrow-minded strictness than
ºrigorous. We speak of austere morality; a severe aspect,
treatment, tone; a stern rebuke ; a hard master, voice,
judgment; harsh enforcement of laws; strict rules, disci-
#. repression of mischief; rigorous justice; rigid ad-
erence to petty restrictions. See acrimony.
He [Plutarch] was not so awstere as to despise riches,
but being in possession of a large fortune, he lived, though
not splendidly, yet plentifully. Dryden, Plutarch.
For in their looks divine
The image of their glorious Maker shone,
Truth, wisdom, sanctitude severe and pure,
Severe, but in true filial freedom placed.
Milton, P. L., iv. 293,
wº in his sad-colored cloak, the Day like a Puritan
SU311016
Stern in the joyless field, rebujº; the lingering color.
B. Taylor, Home Pastorals.
The common executioner, **
Whose heart the accustom'd sight of death makes hard.
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 5.
Be sometimes lovely like a bride,
And put thy harsher moods aside,
If thou wilt have me wise and good.
25 Tennyson, In Memorian), lix.
[L., the south wind; akin
Australasian (āS-tra-lä'shan or -zhan), a. an
*lation.
f 385
Strict statutes and most biting laws.
Shak., M. for M., i. 4.
I have heard
Your grace hath ta'en great pains to qualif
Tigorous course. Shak., M. of
Sternly he pronounced
The rigid interdiction. Milton, P. L., viii. 334.
austerely (äs-térºli), adv. In an austere man-
ner; severely; rigidly; harshly.
Whatever hypocrites aw8terely talk
Of purity.
In the wonder whether a door so grimly bolted and
austerely barred could possibly open into a hotel, with
cheerful overcharges for candles and service.
Howells, Venetian Life, ii.
austereness (äs-têr'nes), n. [ME. austernesse
Wyclif); K austere + -ness.J. The state or
quality of being austere; harshness in taste;
severity in manners; austerity.
For a subject
Towards his prince, in things indifferent
To use th' aw8tereness of a censuring Cato
Is arrogance, not freedom.
Fletcher (and others), Bloody Brother, v. 1.
austerity (äs-ter’i-ti), m.; pl. austerities (-tiz).
[K, ME. austerite, K OF. austerite, F. austērité,
KML. austerita(t-)s, K L. austerus, austere: see
austere.] 1+. Harshness or astringency of taste.
The Sweetness of the ripened fruit is not the less de-
licious for the awaterity of its crude state.
Horsley, Sermons, II. xxviii.
2. Severity of manner, life, etc.; rigor; strict-
ness; harshness of treatment or demeanor.
But the austerity of Dante will not condescend to the
conventional elegance which makes the charm of French.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 23.
There is no show of mercy in him. He carried his aws-
terity beyond the bounds of humanity.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 20.
3. Severe or rigorous simplicity; absence of
adornment or luxury.
The Baptist we know was a strict man, remarkable for
austerity and set order of life.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
4. Severe or ascetic practices: chiefly in the
plural: as, the austerities of the Flagellants.
..The austerities and the blameless purity of Ximenes's
life had given him a reputation for sanctity throughout
Spain. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 5.
= Syn. Self-8acrifice, Asceticism, etc. (see self-denial);
sternness, harshness. See comparison under aw8tere.
austerland (ás’tèr-land), n. [E. dial., K*auster
= astre, hearth (see astre), + land..] Landwhich
had a house upon it in ancient times. Elton,
Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 191. . [Local Eng.]
Austin (āstin), a... [K ME. Austyn, contr. of
Augustin, q. v.] Same as Augustinian: as,
., iv. 1.
+Austin friars. See Augustin.
austral (äsſtral), a. [K ME. austral = F. Sp.
Pg. austral = it. australe, K.L. australis, south-
ern, K auster, the south wind: see auster.]
Southern; lying in or pertaining to the south:
as, austral lands; the austral signs of the zo-
diac.—Austral pole, the name given by French authors
to that pole of a magnet which points to the north, and is
called the north pole by English and American writers. So,
also, what is termed the south pole by the latter is termed
the boreal pole by the former.—Austral signs, the last
six signs of the zodiac, or those south of the equator.
Australasia (äs-tra-lä’shā or -zhä), n. [NL., K
austral, southern (cf. Australian), -- Asia.] 1.
In geog., a general name for Australia, Papua,
Tasmania, and the neighboring islands.-2. In
Milton, P. L., iv. 744. australizeł (äsſtra-liz), v. i.
’ Austrasian (ás-trä’sian or -zian), a. and n.
Austrian] (as’ tri-an), a. and m.
austrian?t (äsſtri-an), a.
austrinet (äsſtrin), a.
austringer (ästrin-jër), m.
Austromalayan
Australioid (ás-trä'li-oid), a. and n. [K Aug-
tralia + -oid.] I. a. In ethnol., of the type of
the aborigines of Australia and of some of the
native races of the Deccan. The Australioid races
form a group of the Leiotrichi (which see), having dark
eyes and skin, wavy black hair, and long prognathous
skulls with well-developed superciliary ridges.
II. m. A member of the Australioid group
of men.
Also Australoid. -
[K austral + -ize.]
To point southward, or to the south magnetic
pole, as a magnet.
They [steel and iron] do septentrionate at one extreme,
and awatralize at the other.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 2.
Australoid (ás’tra-loid), a. and n. Australioid.
I.
a. Of or belonging to Austrasia, the eastern or
Teutonic portion of the Frankish empire under
the Merovingians.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Austrasia.
[K Austria, a
ML. form of OHG. Ostarrîhhi, G. Oesterreich, Aus.
tria, lit. eastern kingdom (so called relatively
to the western dominions of Charlemagne), K
OHG. Östar, eastern, + rihhi = AS. rice, king-
dom, E.-ric in bishopric, etc.: see east and -ric.]
I. a. Of or pertaining to the archduchy of Aus-
tria, or to the Cisleithan division of the dual
Austro-Hungarian monarchy, or to the collec-
tive dominions of the house of Hapsburg.
II. m. 1. A native or an inhabitant of the
archduchy of Austria, the nucleus of the Haps-
burg dominions, comprising the crown lands
of Upper and Lower Austria.-2. A native
or an inhabitant of the Cisleithan division
of Austria-Hungary, which comprises all the
crown lands of the dual empire except Hun-
gary, Croatia with Slavonia, and Fiume.—3.
A native or an inhabitant of any part of the
dominions of the house of Hapsburg, known
since 1867 as Austria-Hungary. -
tº & [K L. auster, the
south wind, south (see auster), + -iam..] South-
ern; austral.
[K L. austrinus, south-
ern, K auster, the south wind: see auster.]
South; southerly; southern. Bailey.
[Also written os-
tringer and astringer, early mod. E. ostreger,
K ME. ostreger, K OF. ostruchier, austruchier
(autrucier, autoursier—Roquefort) (ML. reflex
astorerius), K. M.L. *austrucarius, one whose
business it was to breed and fly goshawks, K
*austrucus, austwrcus, astruco, asturco, austurgo,
asturgo, asturgius, ostorius, etc., variations (per-
haps due in part to confusion with certain forms
of ostrich, q.v.) of austur, astur, astor, L.L. astur
(> It. astore = Pg. agor = OSp. aztor, Sp. azor
= Pr. austor = OF. austour, ostor, hostwr, mod.
F. autour), a goshawk: see Astur. The m is
inserted, as in porringer, passenger, messenger,
etc.] A keeper and trainer of goshawks.
Austrocolumbia (Ās” trö-kó -Tum ‘bi-á), n.
NL., K. L. auster, the south wind, south, + NL.
Columbia, applied to America.] In 200geog.,
a primary division of the earth's land-surface
with reference to its fauna, which consists of
all the American continent south of Mexico.
206géog., a division comprising the islands and Austrocolumbian (äs/trö-kö-lum' bi-an), a. [K
insular groups south of Asia: synonymous with
Austrogaea.
n. [K Australasia + -an.] I. a. 1. Relâting to
Australasia-2. In 206geog., of or pertaining
to that primary faunal area of the earth’s
land-surface which extends from Wallace's
line (which separates Celebes from Borneo
and Lombok from Bali) to Tasmania.
II. m. A native oran inhabitant of Australasia.
australene (às’tra-lèn), n. IK L. australis, in
Pinus australis, the American southern pine,
the chief source of the turpentine.] A liquid
#;". (C10H16), the chief constituent
of English and American oil of turpentine, ob-
tained by neutralizing turpentine-oil with an
alkaline carbonate, and by subsequent distil-
It is dextrogyrate.
Australian (ás-trä'liam), a. and n. [K Austra-
lia, the NL. term for the earlier Australis terra,
lit. Southern land: see austral.] I. a. Per-
taining to Australia, a large island, often class-
ed as a continent, south of Asia.—Australian bal-
lot. See ballot.—Australian beech. See beechl.
II, n. A native or an inhabitant of Australia; Austromalayan (ās" trö-mā-lā’yan), a.
specifically, a member of the aboriginal race of
Australia.
d Austrogaea (äs-trö-jē’â), m.
Austrogaean (ās-trö-jé'an), a.
Austromalaya (as "trö-mā-lā’īyā), m.
Austrocolumbia.] Of or pertaining to Austro-
columbia : as, the Austrocolumbian fauna.
[NL., K. L. auster,
the south wind, south, + Gr. Yala, the earth.]
In 200geog., that prime zoölogical division or
realm of the .# land-surface which com-
prises Australia and its immediately outlying
islands, and the Austromalayan archipelago.
It is bounded on the west by Wallace's line, and includes
Papua or New Guinea and the Solomon islands on the east
and Tasmania on the south.
[K Austrogaea
+ -am.] Of or pertaining to Austrogaea: as, the
Austrogaºan fauna.
Austro-Hungarian (ās’trö-hung-gā’ri-an), a.
40f or pertaining to Austria-Hungary.
- [NL., K
L. auster, the south wind, F NL. Malaya.]
In 200geog., the first subregion of the great
Australasian region, including Papua and the
islands zoölogically Pºiº thereto. On the
west the boundary passes between Borneo and Celebes,
and thence along Wallace's line between Lombok and Bali;
eastward it extends to include San Christoval. It lies en-
tirely north of Australia.
[K
Austromalaya + -an.] Of or pertaining to
Austromalaya.
austromancy
austromancy (äsſtrö-man-si), n. . [K L. auster,
the south wind, F Gr. Havreia, divination, Kaavº.
Tešegöal, divine, K Hävrig, a diviner: see Mantis.]
Divination from observation of the winds.
aut-. See awto-.
autacanthid (à-ta-kan'thid), a. [K Gr. airóg,
Self, H &Kavôa, spine, ---id.]. In 206l., having
the greater number of the intermediate spines
on Special plates or local modifications of the
integument: applied to a starfish: opposed to
typacanthid.
autasthesy, autesthesy (3-tes’the-si), n. IK
Gr. airtóg, self, H- aioffmaic, perception: see des-
thesia, esthetic.] Self-consciousness. N. E. D.
autamoeba (à-ta-mé’bà), n. [NL., K. Gr. at-
Tóg, self, -ī- NL. amoeba.] A term applied by
Haeckel, without exact zoölogical significa-
tion, to any simple amoeba form regarded as
the nearest living representative of a hypo-
thetical primitive amoeba or archamoeba.
autantitypy (à-tan-tit’i-pi), n. [K Gr. airóg,
self, + divtitutta, resistance: see antitypy.] Ab-
solute incompressibility: attributed by many
metaphysicians to matter.
Autarachnae (à-ta-rak’né), m. #. [NL., K. Gr.
airóg, self, + dipážvm, spider.] In Gegenbaur's
system of classification, a division of Arachnida,
the arachnids themselves, or Arachnida prop-
er, consisting of spiders, scorpions, mites,
etc., as distinguished from the Pseudarachna,
(Tardigrada, Pycnogonida). Gegenbaur divides the
Awtarachnoe into four groups: Arthrogastres, Aranea,
Acarima, and Lingatw!ima. See these words.
autarchyl (ā’tär-ki), n. ; pl. autarchies (-kiz).
IK Gr. airap2ia, absolute power, Kaitapºſog, ab-
solute, K airóg, self, + špxetv, rule.] Absolute
power; autocracy; self-government.
A certain government called an awtarchy, of which he
makes God the only judge.
J. Washington, tr. of Milton's Def. Pop.
autarchy?! (ā’tär-ki), n. [Prop. *autarcy, K. Gr.
airápketa, self-sufficiency, K airápkmg, self-suffi-
cient, K airóg, self, H- dpkeiv, suffice.] Self-suf-
ficiency; independence.
[Conscience is] in man the principal part of God's image,
and that by which man resembleth most the autarchy
and self-sufficiency of God. S. Ward, Sermons, p. 98.
autemi, n. [Obsolete slang.] A church.
auterf, n. Middle English form of altar. Chau-
C67°.
auter droit (Ö’tër drwo or droi). [OF. (mod.
F. autre droit): auter, autre, altre, etc., K L.
alter, other; droit, K ML. drictum, directum,
right, neut. of L. directus, straight, direct: see
alter and direct.] In law, another (another’s)
right: thus, one who acts not on his own behalf,
lbut as trustee or representative of another, is
said to act in awter droit.
auterfoits (6-têr-fwo" or -foiſ), adv. [OF. (mod.
F. autrefois), at another time, K auter, autre,
altre (see auter droit), H- foits, fois = Pr. fes
= It. vece, time, turn, K. L. vice, in place of, in
turn: see vice2, vicar.] In law, formerly: a term
introduced into the plea of former trial as a bar
to a second prosecution for the same offense.—
Auterfoits acquit (formerly acquitted), the plea of for-
mer acquittal.—Auterfoits attaint (formerly attainted),
the plea of former attaint.—Auterfoits convict (former-
ly convicted), the plea of former conviction.
auter vie (öſtér vé). [OF. : awter (see auter
droit); vie, K L. vita, life: see vital.] In law,
another (another's) life.—Tenant pour auter vie,
one who holds an estate by the life of another.
authentic (à-then’tik), a. and n. [Early mod.
E. also authentick, autentic, etc., K. M.E. auten-
tike, auctentyke, K OF. auténtique (mod. F. au-
thentique, being changed, like the E. word, to
suit the L. spelling) = Pg. authentico = Sp.
auténtico = #. awtentico, K LL. authenticus, K
Gr. aiffevrakóg, warranted, authentic, original,
Kaiffevría, original authority, K aiffévrmſ, contr.
K airroëvrmg (rare), one who does anything with
his own hand, the real author of any act, Kairóg,
self, + “évrmg (found also in ovvévrmc, equiv.
to avvepyóg, a fellow-workman), of uncertain
origin, Fºr aps K*oevt-, K*āoavr-, orig. form of
Ionic ēáv, Attic &v (= L. ens, “Sens), ppr. of
elval, be: see ens, bel. Cf. effendi, also ult. K. Gr.
ai,6évrmg.] I. a. 1+. Having authority; pos-
sessing inherent authority; duly authorized;
authoritative.
Men ought to fly all pedantisms, and not rashly to use
all words that are met with in every English writer,
whether authentic or not. E. Phillips.
2. Real; of genuine origin; being what it pur-
ports to be: opposed to pretended or imaginary,
fictitious, counterfeit, apocryphal, or unauthor-
ized: as, awthentic documents.
386
As there is but one God, but one hope, but one anchor-
age for man—so also there can be but one awthentic
faith, but one derivation of truth, but one perfect revela-
tion. De Qwincey, Essenes, iii.
3. In law, executed with all due formalities;
executed by the proper person and legally
attested before the proper authorities: as, an
authentic deed.—4. Entitled to acceptance or
belief; reliable; trustworthy ; of established
credit, credibility, or authority: as, an awthentic
tale, book, writer.
Origen, a most authentic author in this point.
Brevint, Saul and Samuel, p. 77.
Of the manner in which the ruin of Nineveh was
brought about we have nowhere any awthentic record.
Von Ranke, Univ. Hist. (trans.), p. 82.
That this mere dream is grown a stable truth
To-night's feast makes awthentic.
Browning, In a Balcony.
5#. Original; first-hand, as opposed to copied
or transcribed.—6. Own; proper; properly be-
longing to one's self. [Archaic.]
It were extreme partiality and injustice, the flat denial
and overthrow of herself [Justice], to put her own awthen-
tic sword into the hand of an unjust and wicked man.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxviii.
Men are ephemeral or evanescent, but whatever page
the awthentic soul of man has touched with her immortal-
izing finger, no matter how long ago, is still young and
fair as it was to the world's gray fathers.
Lowell, Oration, Harvard, Nov. 8, 1886.
7. In music, having an immediate relation to the
key-note or tonic: in distinction from plagal,
which has a corresponding relation to the fifth
or dominant in the octave below the key-note.
—Authentic act, in civil law, an act or deed performed
before and attested by a notary or other proper magis-
trate.—Authentic cadence, same as perfect cademce
(which see, under cadence).-Authentic melodies. See
amelody.—Authentic modes or tones. See mode. =S
2 and 4. Awthentic, Genwine, correct, trustworthy, relia-
ble, credible. When applied to a written document or a
book, authentic indicates that it is reliable as narrating
real facts; genuine, that we have it as it left its author's
hands: as, an authentic history; a genuine text. Aw-
thentic is thus equivalent to trustworthy, reliable; gen;
wine, to unadulterated. The “Memoirs of a Cavalier”
is a genuine work of Defoe's, for it was written by him,
but it is not an authentic work, although so plausibly as-
suming the tone of real biography that it “deceived even
the great Chatham into citing the volume as an authentic
narrative” (Backw8, Revision of Shaw's Eng. Lit., p. 250).
A gemwine book is that which was written by the person
whose name it bears; . . . an awthentic book is that
which relates matters of fact as they really happened.
A book may be authentic without being genuine, and
genuine without being awthentic. Bp. Watson.
II. n. [KLL, authenticum, ML, also authen-
tica, the original (of a document), neut. or fem.
of authenticus: see I.] 1. An authoritative or
genuine document or book.-2. An original,
as opposed to a copy or transcript.
Authentics and transcripts. Fuller, Church Hist., I. 42.
The Authentics, in civil law, a Latin translation from
the Greek of the novels or new constitutions of Justinian,
made by an anonymous author. ..So called as an un-
abridged translation of the novels, to distinguish it from
the epitome made by Julian.
authentical (à-then’ti-kal), a. Same as authen-
tic.
The hopes thou dost conceive
Of thy quick death, and of thy future life,
Are not authentical. B. Jomsom, Poetaster, iv. 6.
His testimony will be awthentical. Beaw. and Fl.
This, the squire confessed, with some little hesitation,
was a pheasant pie, though a peacock pie was certainly the
most awthentical. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 277.
authentically (à-thenti-kal-i), adv, . In an au-
thentic manner. (a) With the requisite or gen-
uine authority. (b) With certainty.
He [Coleridge] was the man of all his generation to
whom we should most unhesitatingly allow the distinc-
tion of genius, that is, of one awthentically possessed from
time to time by some influence that made him better and
greater than himself. I,0well, Coleridge.
(c) Actually; really.
Not yet awthentically decided. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
authenticalness (à-then’ti-kal-nes), n. 1. The
quality of being authentic or trustworthy; the
quality of being of good authority; authenticity.
They did not at all rely on the authenticalness thereof.
Barrow, Works, I. 357.
2. The quality of being genuine or what it pur-
ports to be; genuineness; authenticity.
Nothing can be more pleasant than to see virtuosos
about a cabinet of medals, descanting upon the value,
rarity, and awthenticalness of the several pieces.
daison, Ancient Medals.
º: both uses obsolete or obsolescent.]
authenticate (à-then’ti-kāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
authenticated, ppr. authenticating. [KML. ant-
thenticatus, pp. of authenticare, confirm, K LL.
authenticus, authentic: see authentic.] 1. To
render authentic; give authority to by the
roof, attestation, or formalities required by
aw or sufficient to entitle to credit.
authenticatet (š-then’ti-kāt), a.
authentication
authenticity (ś-then-tis’i-ti), n.
author ... •
The king serves only as anotary to authenticate the choice
of judges. Burke.
Precisely as our researches are fortunate, they authen-
t?cate themselves as privileged; and in such a chase all
success justifles itself. De Quincey, Essenes, i.
He [God] awthenticates this instinctive yearning in the
creature after selfhood, in order that the latter . . . may
º aspire to the knowledge and obedience of those
laws of Divine order which alone give him rest.
H. James, Subs, and Shad., p. 61.
2. To prove authentic; establish as correct or
genuine.
I have authenticated two portraits of that prince.
alpole, Anecdotes of Painting, I. ii.
There is little more left for Biblical research. The few
places which can be authenticated are now generally ac-
cepted. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 72.
On June 18, 1838, about 8,000 volumes, and in 1858, 265
other Volumes of non-parochial registers, were awthenti-
cated. N. and Q., 7th ser., III. 805.
3. To establish as true or worthy of belief: as,
to authenticate a statement. -
One of the best awthenticated ghost stories in existence.
Memº. of R. H. Barham, in Ingoldsby Legends.
- [K ML. aw-
thenticatus, pp.; see the verb.] Authenticated. .
- - º n. IK aw–
thenticate + -ion.] The act of authenticating,
verifying, or establishing the authoritative-
ness, genuineness, validity, credibility, or truth
of anything; specifically, in law, the official
attestation of a written instrument.
The authentication of every little detail in the text.
The American, VIII. 315.
e [K awthentic
+ -ity; = F. authenticité.] The quality of be-
ing authentic, or entitled to acceptance as au-
thoritative, genuine, true, or correct: as, the
authenticity of the Scriptures or of a document;
the authenticity of a portrait; the authenticity
of a statement.
We compare the narrative with the account of the times
when it was composed, and are left satisfied with the aw-
thenticity of its leading anecdotes.
Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 3.
authenticlyf (Ā-then "tik-li), adv. Authenti-
cally.
He could learn no way so awthenticly as from this testi-
Imony. Whistom, tr. of Josephus, Antiq., i.
authenticness (à-then 'tik-nes), n. Authen-
ticity. [Rare.]
The awthenticºness of that decree.
Hammond, Works, II. 106.
author (athgr), n. [Early mod. Ealso author,
auctour, auctor, and prop. autor, K.M.E. autour,
autor (later auctour or auctor, after the L.),
K AF. autour, OF. autor, later and mod. F.
awteur = Pr. awctor, actor = Sp. Pg. autor = It.
awtore, K L. auctor (in ML., and É. in E.,
corruptly awthor, prob. through the influence
of LL. authenticus and its derivatives; cf. M.L.
awthorisare, authorize, confirm, var. authori-
Care, synonymous with authenticare, confirm;
awthorabilis, synonymous with authenticus,
etc.), an originator, K augere, cause to grow,
increase: see auction.] 1. The beginner,
former, or first mover of anything; he to
whom something owes its origin; originator;
creator; efficient cause: as, God is the author
of the universe.
The law, the author . . . whereof is . . . God.
Hooker.
The serpent awtor was, Eve did proceed;
Adam not autor, awctor was indeed. Vicars.
He was become the Authowr of a Sect ever after to be
called Lutherans. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 33.
Thus King Latinus in the third degree
Bad Saturn awthor of his family.
2. Cause: applied to things. [Rare.]
That which is the strength of their amity shall prove
the immediate awthor of their variance.
Shak., A. and C., ii. 6.
3. The original composer of a book or writing
of any kind, as distinguished from a compiler,
translator, editor, or copyist. º
An awthor has the choice of his own thoughts, which a
translator has not. Dryden.
[Often used elliptically for the literary produc-
tion itself: as, the statement occurs in Plin
and other ancient authors.]—4t. An editor:
as, the awthor of the Gentleman’s Magazine.
[Rare.]—5+. A person who authorizes a state-
ment; an authority; an informant.
Look upon him;
Such holy men are awthors of no fables, -
Fletcher (and Massinger?), Lovers’ Progress, v. 2.
6. In Scots law, one from whom a title to prop-
erty is derived either by inheritance or other-
wise; especially, one from whom title is de-
Dryden.
author -
rived by purchase or otherwise than by way of
descent.
authort (ä'thgr), v, t. [K author, n.] 1. To
occasion; effect; do.
Execrable slaughter! what hand hath authored it?
Fletcher (and others), Bloody Brother, iii. 4.
Do you two think much
That he thus wisely and with need consents
To what I author for your country's good,
You being my tutor, you my chancellor?
Fletcher Čd others), Bloody Brother, iii. 1.
2. To be authority for; vouch for.
More of him I dare not author.
Massinger amd Field, Fatal Dowry, iv. 2.
authoress (ā’thqr-es), n. [Early mod. E. also
authowress, authºresse, auctresse, auctrice, K late
ME. auctorice: see awthor and -ess.] A female
author, in any sense of that word. [Author is
commonly used for both sexes, except in case
of special discrimination.]
authorhood (á’ th9r-hild), n. IK author +
-hood.] The state of being an author (of
books); the province of an author; author-
Sºlil),
authorial (à-thū’ri-al), a. [K author -- -ial.
Cf. auctorial.] Pertaining to an author (of
books). Also autorial.
Must we then bow to authorial dignity, and kiss hands
because they are inked?
I. D'Israeli, Lit. Char. Men of Genius, p. 145.
Testing the awtorial power. Poe, Marginalia, cvi.
authorisable, authorisation, etc. See author-
£20 ble, etc.
authorism (ä'th9r-izm), n. IK author + -ism.]
Authorship; the position or character of an au-
thor. [Rare.]
He [Burke] is a sensible man, but has not worn off his
awthorism yet, and thinks there is nothing so charming
as writers, aná to be one. Walpole, i.e. II. 90.
authoritarian (ā-thor-i-tä'ri-an), a. and n. [K
authority + -arian.] I. a. Favoring the prin-
ciple of authority, as opposed to that of indi-
vidual freedom.
The loyalists, who sympathized most strongly with . . .
his awthoritarian views. Athenaeum, No. 3068, p. 202.
II. m. One who supports the principle of
authority, as opposed to that of individual
freedom.
By looking only at the beginning and end of his career,
. . . an imaginary Napoleon has been obtained who is . . .
a lover of liberty, not an awthoritarian.
Encyc. Brit., XVII. 226.
authoritative (à-thor’i-tá-tiv), a. [K authority
+ -ative. Cf. M.L. auctoritativus.] 1. Having
due authority; having the sanction or weight
of authority; entitled to credence or obedience:
as, “awthoritative teaching,” Barrow.
The Law of Duty remains indeed awthoritative, but its
authority seems scarcely so awful and unique as formerly.
J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 112.
Anselm was compelled to publish an awthoritative edi-
tion of his Monologium, because so many copies of it were
already in circulation from notes of lectures.
C. H. Pearsom, Early and Mid. Ages of Eng., xxxv.
2. Having an air of authority; positive; per-
emptory; dictatorial.
The mock awthoritative manner of the one and the in-
sipid mirth of the other. wift, Examiner.
Dogmatic and authoritative by nature and education, he
hardly comprehended the meaning of toleration in mat-
ters of religion. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 90.
=Syn. 2. Awthoritative, Magisterial, etc. (see magisterial),
commanding. e tº sº e
authoritatively (à-thor’i-tá-tiv-li), adv. In an
authoritative manner. (a) With due authority.
I think it [the law of repetition] is even more awthorita-
tively present in the minds of most great composers than
the law of principality. Ruskin, Elem, of Drawing.
(b). With a show of authority. ..
authoritativeness (ā-thor’i-tá-tiv-nes), n. The
quality of being authoritative; an acting by
authority; authoritative appearance.
authority (à-thor’i-ti), n. ; pl. awthorities (-tiz).
[Early mod. E. also autoritie, awctoritie, etc., K
ME. autorite, auctorite, K OF. autoritet, F. au-
torité = Pr. auctoritat = Sp. autoridad = Pg.
autoridade = It. awtorità, K L. auctorita(t-)s,
counsel, will, decree, liberty, power, weight,
authority, K auctor, author, originator: see att-
thor.] 1. Power or admitted right to com-
mand or to act, whether original or delegated:
as, the authority of a prince over subjects and
of parents over children; the authority of an
agent to act for his principal. In law, an authority
is general when it extends to all acts, or all connected
with a particular employment, and special when confined
to a single act.
By what authority doest thou these thing and who
gave thee this awthority? ark xi. 28.
If law, awthority, and power deny not,
It will go hard with poor Antonio.
Shak., M. of W., iii. 2.
387
If his conscience were so narrow and peculiar to itselfe,
it was not fitt his Awtority should be so ample and Uni-
versall over others, Milton, Eikonoklastes, ii.
2. The power derived from opinion, respect,
or long-established reputation; influence con-
ferred by character, office, station, mental su-
periority, or the like; credit: as, the authority
of age or example; the awthority of Aristotle.
But the mortallest enemy unto knowledge, and that
which hath done the greatest execution upon truth, hath
beene a peremptory adhesion unto Authority, and espe-
cially the establishing of our beliefe upon the dictates of
Antiquities. For (as every capacity may observe), most
men of Ages Pº so superstitiously do look upon
Ages past, that the Authorities of the one exceed the rea-
sons of the other. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. (1646), i. 20.
Truth, wisdom, sanctitude severe and pure, . . .
Whence true awthority in men. Milton, P. L., iv. 295.
3+. Power in a general sense.
The . . . corrigible awthority of this lies in our wills.
Shak., Othello, i. 3.
4. A person or persons, or a body, exercising
power or command: generally in the plural:
as, the civil and military authorities.—5. The
outward marks of authority; especially, the
expression of authority in the countenance.
Kent. You have that in your countenance which I would
fain call master.
Lear. What's that?
Rent. Authority. Shak., Lear, i. 4.
6. That to which or one to whom an appeal or
reference may be made in support of any opin-
ion, action, or course of conduct. (a) Testimony;
witness; that which or one who testifies.
Something I have heard of this, which I would be glad to
find by so sweet an authority confirmed. Sir P. Sidney.
Had seen . . .
Jesus, Messiah, Son of God declared,
And on that high awthority had believed.
Milton, P. R., ii. 5.
(b) Weight of testimony; credibility: as, a historian of
no awthority; “authority of the Scriptures,” Hooker.
The registers of the English Peerage are of far higher
authority than any other statistical documents.
Macaulay, Sadler's Law of Population.
(c) One who possesses adequate knowledge of a subject, and
whose opinions or statements may be relied on ; an ex-
pert; a standard author or his writings: as, an awthority
in matters pertaining to geology.
This practice we may learn, from a better and more
ancient authority then any heathen writer hath to give
ll.S. Milton, Church-Government, Pref.
§ In law, a precedent; a judicial decision; an official
eclaration or opinion, such as ought to be followed in
similar cases. (e) Justification; countenance; warrant.
Thieves for their robbery have awthority,
When judges steal themselves.
Shak., M. for M., ii. 2.
Argument from authority. Same as argumentwm ad
verecundiam (which see, under argumentwm).—Consti-
tuted authorities, the magistrates or governors of a
nation, people, municipality, etc.— General authority
the authority of a general agent, intended to apply to gif
matters which arise in the course of business, as distin-
guished from special instances, though it may be limited
to a particular business and to a particular place. = Syn.
1. Rule, dominion, government; warrant, permission, au-
thorization.—2. Influence, Awthority, Ascendancy, Con-
trol, Sway, Domination, may all apply to persons or
things, but seem primarily to belong to persons. Influ-
ence and authority imply moral power; the others may
do so, and are considered to do so here. The words are
arranged in the order of their strength. Influence may
be small; it is wholly apart from the power of office; the
word expresses the extent to which one affects the con-
duct or character of others simply by their deference to
him on account of his station, wealth, ability, character,
etc. Awthority is, in this connection, influence amount-
ing to a recognized right to command : as, the authority
of age, wisdom, experience. It is presumably rightful,
while the other words often express undue or unwhole-
some weight or power. Ascendancy is overmastering in-
fluence, supremacy by influence; the word is often used
in a bad sense: as, the ascendancy of cunning over sim-
plicity. Control is complete or successful and continued
authority: as, his control over the convicts was main-
tained without resort to force. Sway is, by its deriva-
tion, control over that which may be viewed as a weighty
or massive object; hence, a solid or powerful or control:
ling influence. Domination, as it may be an absolute and
tyrannical rule, may also be an absolute and tyrannical in-
fluence or ascendancy: as, he was really under the domi-
nation of those whom he thought his servants or tools.
, Mourn for the man of amplest influence,
Yet clearest of ambitious crime.
Tennyson, Duke of Wellington, iv.
In the absolute awthority accorded [by the Romans] to
the father over the children we may trace the same habits
of discipline that proved so formidable in the field.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 181.
The application of gunpowder to the art of war has for
ever settled the long conflict for ascendancy between civ-
ilization and barbarism, in favor of the former.
Calhown, Works, I. 88.
Government . . . has a general superintending control
over all the actions and over all the publicly propagated
doctrines of men. Burke, Unitarians, May 11, 1792.
Horrible forms of worship that of old
Held, o'er the shuddering realms, unquestioned sway.
Bryant, The Ages, xxv.
They rose and took arms to resist Ordogno, son of Al-
fonsus III., whose domination was too severe for them.
J. Adams, Works, IV. 310.
authorizable (à'th9r-i-za-bl), a.
auto (ou’tö), n.
auto-.
autobiographer (à"tº-bi-ogºra-fér), n.
autobiographer
[Early mod.
E. auctorizable; K ML. authorisabilis, auctor:-
2abilis, etc., K auctorizare: see authorize and
-able.] Thät may be authorized: as, “a cen-
sure authorizable,” Hammond, Works, I. 242.
Also spelled authorisable.
authorization (à"th9r-i-zā’ shon), m. [= F. au-
torisation, KML.*auctorizatio(n-), Kawotorizare,
pp. auctorizatus: see authorize.]. The act of
authorizing; the act of giving authority or legal
power; establishment by authority: as, “the
authorization of laws,” Motley. Also spelled
awthorisation.
authorize (à'th9r-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. au-
thorized, ppr. authorizing. [Early mod. E. also
auctorize, KME. auctorisen, autorisen, KOF. auc-
toriser, later authoriser, mod. F. autoriser =
Pr. authorisar = Sp. autorizar = Pg. autorišar
= It. autorizzare, KML. auctorisare, auctorizare,
authorisare, etc., KL. auctor, author: see author
and -ize.] 1. To give authority, warrant, or
legal power to; empower (a person): as, to
authorize commissioners to settle the boundary
of a state.—2. To give authority for; approve
of and permit; formally sanction (an act or a
proceeding).
The report of the commission was taken into immediate
consideration by the estates. . They resolved, without one
dissentient voice, that the order signed by William did not
authorize the slaughter of Glencoe.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., XXi.
The money, then, is borrowed on the credit of the United
States—an act which Congress alone is competent to aw-
thorize. D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834.
3+. To make authoritative or valid; legalize;
validate.
She shall awthorize
Our undertakings to the ignorant people,
As if what we do were by her command.
Fletcher (and another), False One, v. 2.
4. To establish by authority or usage: as, an
authorized idiom.—5. To warrant; vouch for.
[Rare.]
A woman's story, at a winter's fire,
Authoris'd by her grandam.
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4.
% To support (one’s self) upon the authority
(of).
The Historian . . . authorizing himself, for the most
part, upon other histories.
Sir P. Sidney, Def. of Poesie (Arber), p. 31.
Also spelled authorise.
authorizer (ä'th9r-i-zēr), n. One who author-
izes. Also spelled authoriser.
aºlº (ä'th9r-let), n. IK author + dim.-let.]
€
autº: ſº
author. Blackwood's Mag. [Rare.]
g (à'th9r-ling), m. [K author + dim.
-ling.] A petty author. [Rare.]
Oh thou poor authorling 1 Reach a little deeper into the .
human heart I Longfellow, Hyperion, iv. 1.
authorly (ä'th9r-li), a. [K author + -lyi.] Be-
longing to an author; authorial.
[Rare.]
He keeps his own awthorly secrets.
Cowper, Letter to Unwin.
authorship (ä'thor-ship), n. IK author +-ship.]
The source or cause of anything that may
be said to have an author; origination; causa-
tion: as, the authorship of an invention or of
a political movement; a book whose author-
ship is unknown.—2. The state of being an
author; the occupation of writing books.
If the formalists of this sort were erected into patentees
with a sole commission of authorship, we should undoubt-
edly see such writing in our days as would either wholly
wean us from all books in general, or at least from all
such as were the product of our own nation.
Shaftesbury, Characters (ed. 1869), I. 347.
[Sp. Pg., K. L. actus, an act:
see act, n.] 1. In Spanish literature, a play.
The miracle-plays of the people attained a high degree
of excellence in the autos or sacred Christmas plays of
Gil Vicente (1470–1536). JEncyc. Brit., XIX. 556.
2. In Spanish law: (a) An order; a decree; a
sentence; a decision. (b) pl. The pleadings and
proceedings in a lawsuit.—3. An auto de fe.
[K Gr. atto- (before a vowel air-, which
before, a rough breathing becomes aiff-), stem
of airóg, self (myself, thyself, himself, etc.).]
An element in compoundwords of Greek origin,
meaning self, of itself (natural), of one's self
(independently), of nothing but . . . , etc.:
very common in English and other modern lan-
guages, especially in scientific terms.
[K Gr.
airóg, self, E biographer.] One who writes an
account of his own life.
“And yet, O man born of Woman,” cries the Autobiog-
rapher, with ºne of his sudden, whirls, “wherein is º
case peculiar? Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 58.
autobiographic
autobiographic (à-tº-bi-Ö-graf'ik), a.
nature of autobiography.
The Writings of Dante . . . are all . . . autobiographic.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 26.
autobiographical (à-tº-bi-Ö-graf’i-kal), a. 1.
Of or pertaining to autobiography; character-
ized by an autobiographic tendency.—2. Same
as autobiographic.
autobiographically (à-tº-bi-Ö-graf’i-kal-i),
adv, . In an autobiographic manner.
autobiographist (ā’tó-bi-og'ra-fist), n. [Kau-
tobiography + -ist.] Same as autobiographer.
[Rare.]
autobiography (à'tū-bi-ogºra-fi), n. ; pl. auto-
biographies (-fiz). [K Gr. airóc, self, + biogra-
phy.] A biography or memoir of a person writ-
ten by himself.
autocar (ā’tö-kār), m. [K auto(-mobile) + car.]
An automobile car; a car which contains in
itself a motor with its source of power. .
autocarpian, autocarpic (à-tº-kār'pi-an, -pik),
Aa. Same as autocarpous.
autocarpous (à-tó-kār'pus), a. [K Gr, airóg,
self (in comp. Sometimes, as here, meaning ‘of
nothing but . . . ,’ ‘of mere . . .'), + Kaptóg,
fruit. The Gr. airókapirog means only “self-
fructifying.’] In bot., consisting of pericarp
alone; having no adnate parts (Gray): applied
to fruits which are free from the perianth.
Same as superior.
autocephalic (à"tô-se-fal’ik or ā-tó-sef’a-lik),
a. [As autocephal-ows + -ic.] Autocephalous;
autonomous.
autocephalous (à-tó-sefa-lus), a...[KLGr, auto-
kéjažog, K. Gr. airTóg, self, H- Keſpañff, head.] 1.
Having a head or chief of its own; independent
of jurisdiction: applied to a church.
The Russian Church became autocephalows, and its pa-
triarch had immense power. Encyc. Brit., XI. 157.
2. Acting as an independent head; having
primary jurisdiction : as, an autocephalows
bishop or metropolitan.
We have seen Greece proclaim its Holy Governing Sy-
nod awtocephalows. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 10.
autochronograph (à-tá-kron’ī-gräf), m. [K Gr.
airóg, self, -H chronograph.] An instrument
for instantaneously and automatically record-
ing time.
autochthon (ā-tok’ thqn), n. ; pl. autochthons,
autochthones (-thgns, -th9-nēz). [K L. autoch-
thomes, pl., K. Gr. airóżflow, pl. airtó26ovec, abo-
rigines, primitive inhabitants, lit. sprung from
the land itself (it was the belief of the ancient
Athenians and some other Greeks that they
sprang originally from the soil on which they
lived), K airóg, self, -- 2:06v, land, earth.] 1.
Literally, one sprung from the land he inhabits;
hence, one of the primitive inhabitants of a
country; a member of the race found in a
country when first known; an aboriginal in-
habitant.
Whoever the artist may have been, it [a statue] is un-
doubtedly a very able conception, the figure seeming to
rise from the earth just as an awtochthom would be thought
to rise. A. S. Murray, Greek Sculpture, I. 224, note.
Their own traditions appear to have made them [the
Phrygians] awtochthones, or aboriginals, and it would seem
that they believed the re-peopling of the earth after the
flood to have begun in their country.
G. Rawlinsom, Origin of Nations, p. 67.
2. pl. The primitive animals or plants of a
country or region, especially in geological time.
[Rare.]
autochthonal (à-tok th9-mal), a. [Kautochthon
+ -al.] Autochthonic ; aboriginal: as, awtoch-
thomal peoples.
autochthones, n. Plural of autochthon.
autochthonic (à-tok-thon 'ik), a. [K autoch-
thon + -ic.] Of or pertaining to an autoch-
thon; native to or sprung from the soil; abo-
riginal; indigenous.
The aborigines of the country [were] driven, like the
Bheels and other awtochthonic Indians, into the eastern
and southeastern wilds bordering upon the ocean.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 20.
We may, however, venture the assertion that the Eskimo
is of autochthomic origin in Asia. &
Arc. Cruise of the Corwin, 1881, p. 30.
autochthonism (ä-tokºth9-nizm), n. IK autoch-
thon + -ism.] Birth from the soil.
According to the Scythians, Targitaus lived just a thou-
sand years before the year 513 B.C.—a legend which, taken
with the tradition of autochthonism, indicates a much
earlier date for the immigration of the Scythians than We
should deduce from other narratives.
jºr Encyc. Brit., XXI. 576.
autochthonous (à-tok’th9-nus), a. [K autoch-
thom + -ous.] 1. Pertaining to autochthons;
indigenous; sprung from the soil; aboriginal.
I speak here . . . of ancient religions only, of what are
sometimes called national or awtochthonous religions—
Of the
autoclave (à’tó-klāv), m.
388
not of those founded in later times by individual pro-
phets or reformers. Maa. Müller, India, p. 116.
One would almost be inclined to think from Herr Stahr's
account of the matter, that Lessing had been an awtoch-
thonous birth of the German soil, without intellectual an-
cestry or helpful kindred.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 301.
2. In pathol., not extraneous; originating at
the place where found. †
autochthonously (à-tok’th9-nus-li), adv. In an
autochthonous manner.
The larger number of maladies do not arise awtochtho-
mously or “under a whole skin.” Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 861.
autochthony (à-tok’th9-ni), n. IK autochthon
+-y.] The condition of being autochthonous.
The practice of describing legendary heroes and men of
ancient lineage as earth-born, ynyevets, strengthened great-
ly the doctrine of autochthony, and nowhere so much as
in Attica. Encyc, Brit., III. 141.
[F., self-regulating,
a digester, K. Gr. airóc, self, + L. clavis, a key
(or clavus, a nail?).] . A form of digester, in-
tended for chemical operations conducted
under pressure and at a high temperature.
These conditions can usually be obtained by heating wa-
ter in a steam-tight vessel. Also used for sterilizing.
autocracy (à-tok'ra-si), n. ; pl. autocracies (-siz).
K F. autocratie, K. Gr. airTokpáteta, absolute
power, K abrokpatág, absolute, ruling by one's
self: see autocrat.] 1+. The power of deter-
mining one's own actions; independent or self-
derived power; self-government; self-rule.
Man's will, that great seat of freedom, that, with a kind
of awtocracy and supremacy within itself, commands its
own actions. South, Sermons, VII. i.
It [the divine will] moves, not by the external impulse
or inclination of objects, but determines itself by an ab-
Solute autocracy. Sowth, Sermons, VIII. x.
2. Uncontrolled or unlimited authority over
others, invested in a single person; the govern-
ment or power of an absolute monarch.
At least from the days of Hildebrand the mind of Eu-
rope had become familiarized with the assertion of those
claims which in their latent significance amounted to an
absolute irresponsible autocracy.
Milman, Latin Christianity, ix. 1.
3+. In med., action of the vital powers toward
the preservation of the individual. =Syn. 2, Tyr-
anny, Absolutism, etc. See despotism.
autocrat (ā’tö-krat), m. [K F. autocrate, K. Gr.
autokpatág, ruling by one's self (cf. airTokpátop,
an autocrat: see autocrator), K at Tóg, self,
kpátoc, power, K. Kpatūg, strong, - Goth. hardus
= E. hard: see hard.]. 1. An absolute prince
or sovereign; a ruler or monarch who holds and
exercises the powers of government as by inher-
ent right, not subject to restrictions: as, “the
autocrat of all the Russias,” a title assumed
by the emperor of Russia.-2. One who is in-
vested with or assumes unlimited authority in
any relation: as, “The Autocrat of the Break-
fast-Table” (title of a book), O. W. Holmes.
autocratic (à-tó-kratſik), a. [Kawtocrat + -ic.]
Pertaining to or of the nature of autocracy;
absolute; holding independent and unlimited autogamy (à-tog'a-mi), n.
powers of government.
The Russian government is awtocratic, inasmuch as over
the larger part of the country it has simply succeeded to
the position of the Mongolian khans, who from the thir-
teenth to the fifteenth century held the Russian people in
subjection. J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 43.
autocratical (à-tö-krat’i-kal), a. Same as aw–
tocratic.
autocratically (à-tá-krat’i-kal-i), adv. In an
autocratic manner.
autocrator (à-tok'ra-tor), n. [K Gr, aitokpátop,
one's own master, an absolute ruler: see aw-
tocrat.] An autocrat; a dictator. [Rare.]
The picturesque spiked Macedonian helmet with a
goat's horn and cheek-piece which occupies the reverse
[of a coin], on which is written after “King Tryphon” the
strange title awtocrator.
autocratorical (ā’tö-kra-tor’i-kal), a. [K Gr.
airokpatopukóg, airokpárop: see autocrator.]
Pertaining to an autocrat or autocrator; su-
preme i absolute: as, awtocratorical power.
Rare. *
sºluice (à-tok'ra-tris), n. [F.] Same as
awtocratria.
autocratrix (à-tok'ra-triks), m.; pl. autocratrices
(à-tok-ra-tri’séz). "[NL. (cf. MGr, airokpató-
ptoga), fem. of autocrator.] A female Sovereign
who is independent and absolute: a title some-
times given to a reigning empress of Russia.
[Rare.] º
autocratship (ä'tū-krat-ship), n. IK autocrat
+ -ship.] The office of autocrat.
auto da fe (ou’tó dāfā); pl. autos da fe (ou’tös).
[Pg. auto da fé = Sp. auto de fe (Pg. dd, K de a,
where a is the fem. art., K.L. illa).] Same as
autodidact (ā’tó-di-dakt"), n.
autodidactic (ā’tó-di-dak’tik), a.
autodynamic (ā’tó-di-nam'ik), a.
autoecious (à-té'shus), a.
autogamous (à-tog'a-mus), a.
autogeneous (à-tū-jé'né-us), a.
autogenesis (à-tó-jen’e-sis), n.
Yºr tº * * * * -
autogenic (à-tó-jen 'ik), a.
autogenic
auto defe. [This Portuguese form, commonly written
awto da fé or auto-da-fé, was the first introduced, and has
been most used in English literature.]

auto defe (ou’tó dāfā); pl. autos de fe (ou’tös).
[Sp., lit. act. (judicial process, judgment) of
faith: auto, K L. actum, an act; de, K L. de,
from, of ; fe = Pg...f6, K. L. ſidem, acc. of fides,
faith: see act, n., dé”, ſay”, and faith... Cf. auto
da fe.] The public declaration of the judg-
ment passed on accused persons who had been
tried before the courts of the Spanish Inquisi-
tion, and by extension the infliction of such
penalties as had been prescribed in the sen-
tence. The declaration of judgment was usually made
with much solemnity, in an open place, and included the
acquittals, reception to retraction, official admonition, and
sentence of punishment for the crimes within the com-
petency of the court. These crimes were public profes-
sion of heresy, apostasy, witchcraft, seduction by ecclesi-
astics, bigamy, unnatural crimes, church-robbery, blas-
phemy, usury, and, in general, crimes of or against the
officers of the Inquisition itself. Those convicted were
brought from prison, dressed in the sambenito, or robe of
defamed criminals, which was worked with a cross and
other designs, sometimes with grotesque scenes of infernal
characters or torments, and varied in its color and pattern
in accordance with the severity of the sentence to be
passed. Each offender was called by name, his crime spe-
cified, and its punishment declared, after which all were
delivered up to the civil officials. Here the auto proper
finished; but as the execution of those penalties that were
of capital or corporal nature immediately followed, the
name was extended to this part, as applied to which it has
become popularly accepted. Such punishments were flog-
ging, the pillory, branding or maiming, and death by hang-
ing or burning, according to the prescriptions of the im-
perial or Caroline code.
[K Gr. airočíðak-
tog, self-taught, K airóg, self, H- 6tóakróg, verbal
adj. of Ötöðoketv, teach: see didactic..] A self-
taught person. [Rare.]
[K autodi-
dact + -ic.] Self-taught. [Rare.] -
He [Menzel] was from the beginning an auto-didactic
realist; he drew and painted as he saw—not as others
taught him how they had seen.
Contemporary Rev., XLIX. 293.
IK Gr. airo–
divauoc, powerful of itself, K airóg, self, -H diva-
pug, power: see dynamic.] Having power or
forge in itself.-Autodynamic elevator, a hydraulic
machine in which the weight of a falling column of water
is made to raise a smaller column to a height exceeding
that of the first.
[K Gr. airóg, self, +
olkog, dwelling.] In bryology, having both male
and female inflorescence on the same plant;
monoecious. Three modifications are cladau-
topcious, goniautoecious, and rhizautoecious.
Also written autoicous.
[K Gr. airóg,
self, Hº Yáplog, marriage; cf. airóyauoc, willingly
married.] Self-fertilized: applied to flowers
which are fertilized by their own pollen, in
distinction from anemophilousand entomophilous
flowers, in which one flower is fertilized by
pollen from another through the intervention
of the wind or of insects.
IK Gr. airóg, self
+ -yapuía, Kyáplog, marriage. Cf. autogamousj
In bot., close fertilization, or self-fertilization;
the fertilization of a flower by its own pollen.
See allogamy.
autogenealt (à-tū-jē’né-al), a. [K Gr. atroyevſhc:
see autogenous.j Self-bégotten; autogenous.
Waterhouse.
Same as awto-
[K Gr. airóg,
self. F. Yévegic, production.] Self-production;
production independent, (a) in organisms, of
parent organisms; (b) in tissues, of parent
tissues; and (c) in disease, of previous cases of
genous.
Azymotic disease.
Encyc. Brit., XVII. 649, autogenetic (ā’tó-jö-net'ik), a.
e [K autogenesis:
See genetic..] Self-producing; pertaining to au-
togenesis.
There was no doubt . .
. of the existence of awtogenetic
puerperal fever.
Brit. Med. Jour., No. 1319.
autogenetically (à'tū-jā-net’i-kal-i), adv. By
autogenesis, or autogenetic processes.
Some septic poison, either from without or autogeneti-
cally, might cause the same. Brit. Med. Jour., No. 1819.
[As autogen-ows.
: -ic.] Self-produced; independent of a me-
dium: specifically applied to a process of sol-
dering in which pieces of metal are united
by fusing the parts to be joined. See autoge-
%O?MS.
Platinum workers . . . have long learned to unite two
platinum seams by the autogenic process—the lo
fusing of the two contiguous parts in the oxyhydrogen
flame. t Encyc. Brit., XIX, 190.
autogenous
ăutogenous (º-toſe-mus), a K Gr. aircrew,
self-produced, K diróg, séïſ, + yévog, kind race,
offspring: see genus, -genous.] 1. Self-pro-
duced; self-generated; coming forth indepen-
dently. Specifically, in amat., endogenous: applied to
those processes or parts of a bone which arise from an
independent or separate center of ossification, as distin-
guished from mere exogenous outgrowths. Thus, the
epiphyses of a bone are autogenous; apophyses may be
either autogenous or eacogenous.
The centrum and several of the apophyses of a vertebra
are autogenous, while other apophyses are exogenous
s 20072,
389
auto-inoculable (ā’tó-in-ok'ſ-la-bl), a. [K Gr.
aúróc, self, F inoculable.] Possessing the power
of auto-inoculation; capable of being propa-
gated by auto-inoculation: as, an auto-inoculable
disease.
auto-inoculation (ā’tó-in-ok-j-lä'shon), n., [K
Gr, airóg, self, + inoculation.] The inoculation
of a healthy #. of the body with the virus
from a diseased part of the same person, as from
a chancroid.
auto-insuffiator (3-tū-insuf-lä-tor), n. IK Gr.
airóg, self, -H insufflator.] instrument used
for administering to one's self a medicinal
powder.
autokinesyt, n. [K LGr. airokamata, Gr. airoki.
vmotç, Self-movement, Kairokivmtog, self-moved:
See autokinetical.] Self-movement; spontane-
ous motion. Cudworth.
automobile
He went on rowing idly, half automatically. '
eorge Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vi. 13,
We know that a frequently repeated act of muscular
skill finally comes to be done almost awtomatically and
with little intervention of consciousness. Science, IV. 473.
2. By automatic means; by its own action.
An automatically working machine.
Sci. Amer., N. S., L.V. 55.
Automatically kºg its temperature uniform.
owr. Franklin Inst., CXXI., Supp. 7.
automaticity (ā’tó-ma-tisſi-ti), m. The state
of being automatic; automatic action. Martin,
* Human Body (3d ed.), p. 23.
automatism (à-tom'a-tizm), n., [Kautomaton +
-ism. Cf. Gr. airogaraguág, that which happens
of itself, a chance.] 1. Automatic or involun-
tary action: in pathol, sometimes specifically
applied to such purposeless actions as are often
exhibited by patients after an epileptic fit.
2. Same as autogenic.
Also autogeneous.
flºº soldering, the process of uniting pieces of
metal by the fusion of part of their own substance, with-
out the use of a special solder. It is performed by means
#. airohydrogen or oxyhydrogen blowpipe and by elec-
T1c1ty.
autogenously (à-toj'e-nus-li), adv. 1. In an
autogenous manner.
The anterior, or more properly inferior, bar of the trans-
verse process of the seventh, and occasionally of some of
is autogemously devel-
the other cervical vertebrae in Man
oped. W. H. flower, Osteology, p. 20.
2. By the autogenöus process of soldering.
This battery is constructed of a case of insulite, having
a lid of the same material autogenously soldered in.
J. W. Queen, Elect. Catalogue, 1883, p. 16.
autogeny'(à-toj'e-ni), n. IK Gr. airoyevſic (see
autogenous): see -geny..] Autogenesis; autog-
ony; spontaneous generation.
autogony (à-tog^{-ni), n.
produced, self-producing, Kairóg, self, H--yovog,
produced: see-gony.] The generation of simple
organisms from lifeless matter; abiogenesis.
àutograph (6'tó-gräf), a. and m.
ten with one's own hand, Kairóg, self, -- ypápetv,
write.] I. a. Written by one's self; in one's
own handwriting: as, an autograph letter.
II. n. IK F. autographe, K LL. autographum.]
1. A person's own handwriting; something
written by a person's own hand; an original
manuscript or signature.
Awtographs of famous names were to be seen in faded
ink on some of their fly leaves. Hawthorne, Old Manse, I.
2. An autographic press (which see, under
press).
*ºtº (ā’tó-gräf), v. t. [K autograph, n.]
1. To write with one’s own hand.—2. To write
one's autograph on or in.—3. To copy or pro-
duce in autograph, or by an autographic pro-
cess. See awtographic.
Announcements and notices of various kinds, whether
printed, engraved, lithographed, or awtographed.
U. S. Postal Gwide, July, 1879.
It contains 80 awtographed pages out of the 1,100 of
which the whole work will consist.
Trübner's American and Oriental Lit. Record, X. 4.
autographalt (à-togºra-fal), a. [K autograph
+ -al.] Autographic. Bennet.
autographic (à-tº-graf'ik), a. [K autograph +
-ic; . autographique.] 1. Pertaining to or
of the nature of an autograph; contained in
or furnished by one's own handwriting: as,
autographic authority; autographic evidence.
—2. Relating to or used in the process of au-
tography: as, autographic ink; autographic
paper.—3. Self-recording: applied to a form of
telegraph. See below.—Autographic press. See
press.-Autographic process...(a) In the fine arts, any
process by means of which an artist's work is exactly pre-
served in mechanical reproductions, as in an autotype or
a photo-engraving. (b) A general term applied to those
chemical and mechanical processes in which a writing or
drawing is made with a peculiar ink, and then transferred
to the stone, plate, or other matrix from which it is to
be printed.—Autographic telegraph, an instrument for
transmitting a telegraphic despatch written in insulating
ink upon a metallic paper, and reproducing it with abso-
lute exactness on another prepared paper. The instru-
ment may be used for transmitting portraits or other fig-
ures, diagrams, etc., , . e
autographical (à-tº-graf’i-kal), a. Same as aw-
tographic. tº º
autographically (à-tó-graf’i-kal-i), adv. In an
autographic manner; by means of autographic
writings; in autograph.
And had “shaken hands *###| || ” With him
across the Atlantic. D. Hill, Life of Irving, p. 150.
autography (à-togºra-fi), n. [Kautograph + y :
= F. autographie..] 1. The act of writing with
one's own hand; autographic writing.—2.
That department of diplomatics, or the study
and decipherment of old writings, which is
concerned with autographs.-3. A process in
lithography by which copies of a writing, draw-
ing, etc., are produced in facsimile.
autoigous (à-toiſkus), a. , Same as autºcious.
auto-inoculability (ā’tó-in-ok’ī-lä-bil’i-ti), n.
[K auto-inoculable : see -bility.] Capacity for
auto-inoculation.
[K Gr. airoyávoc, self-
IK F. auto-
graphe, K.L. autographus, K. Gr. airóypapog, writ-
Ataught.
autokinetic, autokinetical (ā’tö-ki-net'ik,
-i-kal), a. r, airokamrukóg, K airrokivmtoc,
self-moved, K. airóg, self, H- ktveiv, move: see
kinetic.] Self-moving; voluntary.
autolaryngoscope (à’tö-la-ring’ gº-sköp), n.
[K Gr. airtóg, self, -H laryngoscope.] An instru-
ment, consisting of a combination of mirrors,
by which one may inspect his own larynx. E.
BI. Knight.
alºgºy (à"tó-lar-ing-gos’kö-pi), n.
[K Gr. airóg, self, H- laryngoscopy.] Thé in-
spection of one’s own larynx by means of an
[K Gr. airóg,
autolaryngoscope.
autolatry (à-tol’a-tri), n. self, +
Żarpeta, worship.] Self-worship.
autology (à-tol’º-ji), n. [K Gr. airóg, self, +
-Aoyia, K Žéyetv, speak: see -ology.] The sci-
entific study of one's self.
Autolytus (à-tol’i-tus), n, . [NL., K. Gr. airóg,
self, -F Avrác, verbal adj. of Žíetv, loose.] A ge-
nus of chaºtopodous annelids, of the family Syl-
Azatolytics corztztérés.
lidae: a synonym of Syllis. A. prolifer is an asexual
form, the opposite sexual forms of which have been called
Polybostrichw8 and Saccomereis. e
automat, n. An erroneously assumed singular
of automata. See automaton.
It is an automa, runs under water,
With a snug nose, and has a nimble tail
Made like an augur.
B. Jonson, Staple of News, iii. 1.
automalite, m. See automolite.
automata, m. Plural of automaton.
automatai; (à-tom’a-tal), a. [K automaton +
—al.] Same as automatic. [Rare.]
automath, (äſtö-math), n., IK Gr. airouaffic,
self-taught, K airóg, self, -F pav6ávelv, plaffeiv,
learn: see mathematics.] One who is self-
[Rare.] s
automatic (à-tó-mat'ik), a. [K Gr. airóaarog,
self-moving (see automaton), + -ic.] 1. Acting
as an automaton. (a) Having the power of self-
motion; self-acting : as, automatic machinery. ) Done
unconsciously or from force of habit ; mechanical, as op-
posed to voluntary. & e
2. Conducted or carried on by self-acting ma-
chinery.
It is in our modern cotton and flax mills that automatic
operations are displayed to most advantage.
Ure, Dict., I. 274.
3. In physiol. : (a) Not voluntary; not under
the control of, or not effected by, volition: said
of certain muscular actions.
Let me briefly notice some of our other awtomatic ac-
tions. In the act of swallowing, which properly begins at
the back of the throat, the “swallow” lays hold of the
food or the drink brought to it by the muscles of the
mouth and carries this down into the stomach. We are
quite unconscious of its passage thither unless we have
taken a larger morsel or something hotter or colder than
ordinary. This is an instance of purely awtomatic action.
W. B. Carpenter.
In animals, too, to a far greater extent than in plants, is
the automatic activity which always resides in protoplasm
itself transmitted by the mechanism of the organization
to different parts of the organism or to the whole of it.
L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., I. 353.
(b) Not reflex: said, for example, of certain
activities of ganglion-cells.-Automatic brake.
See brake.—Automatic coupling. See cowpling.—Au-
tomatic mallet. Same as dental hammer (which see,
under hammer).-Automatic theory. Same as awtoma-
tism, 2.
automatical (à-tº-mat’i-kal), a.
automatic.—2. Having reference to or con-
nected with automatic things.
automatically (à-tó-mat’i-kal-i), adv.
an automatic manner; mechanically; uncon-
sciously.
nating action or motion.
automatist (à-tom'a-tist), n.
automatoust (Ā-tom'a-tus), a.
1. Same as autometry (à-tom’e-tri), m.
In considering the body as the instrument of the mind,
I shall show you, first, the large amount of automatism
in the human body. . . W. B. Carpenter.
2. The doctrine that animals, especially those
below man, are automata, in the sense that all
the phenomena exhibited by them are results
of physical laws; especially, the doctrine of
Descartes that animals are devoid of conscious-
ness.-3. The faculty of independently origi-
[From the original
sense of automaton.] N. E. D.
[K automaton +
–78t. Gr. airtoplattatág, one who refers all
things to chance.] 1. One who makes auto-
mata.—2. One who believes that animals
(sometimes including man) are automata. See
automatism, 2.
Though not a declared awtomatist, however, Mr. Spencer
is by virtue of his general philosophy a necessarian.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 768.
automatize (à-tom’a-tiz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
automatized, ppr. automatizing. [K automaton,
+ -ize. Cf. Gr. airoplattſetv, act of one's self,
introduce the agency of chance, happen by
chance.] To make an automaton or a self-
acting machine of.
A God-created man, all but abnegating the character of
man ; forced to exist, awtomatised, mummy-wise, . . . as
Gentleman or Gigman. Carlyle, Diamond Necklace, i.
automaton (ā-tom" a-ton), m.; pl. automata,
automatoms (-tá, -tonz). [Formerly also autom-
atum, K. L. automaton, automatum, K. Gr. airóga-
Tov, neut. of airóuaroc, acting of one's self, self-
moving, spontaneous, K airtóg, self, -F "gatóg
(> uatetetv, seek, strive to do), verbal adj. of
W*Aua (perf. Alëuaa), strive after, move..] 1. That
which is self-moving, or has the power of spon-
taneous movement, but is not conscious.
So great and admirable an awtomaton as the world.
Boyle, Works, V. 251.
Specifically—2. A self-acting machine, or one
which is actuated in such a manner as to carry
on for some time certain movements without
the aid of external impulse. In this respect clocks
and watches, with a vast number of other machines, may
be denominated automata; but the term more specifically
denotes an apparatus in which the purposely concealed
power is made to imitate the voluntary or mechanical mo-
tions of living beings, such as men, horses, birds, fishes, etc.
3. A living being acting mechanically or as a
mere machine, especially without conscious-
ness; a person or an animal whose actions are
purely involuntary or mechanical. See bestial
automaton, below.
Obedience,
Bane of all genius, virtue, freedom, truth,
Makes slaves of men, and of the human frame
A mechanized awtomatom. Shelley, Queen Mab, iii.
4. A person who acts in a monotonous routine
manner, without active intelligence, especially
without being fully aware of what he is doing.
—Automation ‘balance, a machine for weighing plan-
chets and coin, and sorting the pieces automatically, ac-
cording to their weight, as full, light, or heavy.—Bestial
automaton, in the Cartesian philosophy, a brute, as Sup-
posed to be dévoid of consciousness and sensibility.--Spir-
itual automaton, a mind not possessing free will, but
subject to necessity.
[K Gr. airóuatog,
automatic (see automatom), + -ows.] Auto-
matic.
Clocks or awtomatows organs, whereby we now distin-
guish of time, have found no mention in any ancient
writers. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 18.
autometric (à-tº-met’rik), a. Of or pertaining
to autometry.
* [K Gr. airóg, self,
+ -lletpia, K LéTpov, measure.] Self-measure.
ment; self-estimation. N. E. D.
1. In automobileºmºi). and ... [KGr. ºrd,
self, i. L. mobilis, mobile.] I. a. Self-moving,
or self-movable; changing its own place, or

automobile
able to effect change of its own place; as, an
automobile torpedo. .
II. m. A self-moving vehicle designed to
travel on common roads; specifically, a wheeled
vehicle for use on roads
without rails, which car-
ries in itself a mechanical
motor, with its source of
#. Automobiles are dis-
inguished from locomotives by
the fact that they do not travel
on a fixed track, and both from
locomotives and traction engines
by carrying loads instead of
drawing them in other vehicles.
The number of wheels may be
' two (bicycle), three (tricycle),
four, or more. Those with four
wheels (the commonest form) are built for nearly every
variety of purpose of ordinary vehicles, such as carriages
and cabs for two or more persons, omnibuses, merchants'
delivery-wagons, and drays. Automobiles are usually pro-
vided with pneumatic tires and ball bearings. The four-
wheel electric automobile may be taken as a type of these
vehicles. The front wheels are controlled by a steering-
‘handle or -wheel and the driving wheels connected With an
electric motor on the rear axle through the medium of a
balance or compensating gear, so that one Wheel may re-
volve slower than the other in turning the vehicle. The
motor derives its power from a battery of storage cells
within the body of the vehicle, which are coupled in par-
allel or in series for various speeds by means of a controlley
placed under the vehicle, and shifted from one position
to another by a hand-lever, to which it is connected by a
chain-and-sprocket gear. In certain positions of the con-
troller the automobile is made to run backward at differ-
ent speeds. A foot-lever is connected with band-brakes
which act on surfaces formed on the peripheries of the
internal gears which are attached to the driving-wheels.
The vehicle is provided with meters for measuring the
electric current, and with electric lights and an electric
gong. Automobiles are named according to the number
of wheels, when this is less than four, as automobile bicycle
and automobile tricycle; and according to the kind of motor
used, as compressed-air automobile, electric automobile,
|iºn. º
§ Sº,
ſº ::1: ...”
## .
; : ...
- tº."
, ,
fift
º
º
ºl:
#º
Automobile (Limousine).
24, change-speed lever; B, brakc-lever; C, foot-brake; D,
clutch ; E, spark; F, throttle-control;
ing-tube.
gasolene automobile.
autonomous (à-ton’ā-mus), a.
autonomy (à-ton ’3-mi), m. ;
autonym (ä’tó-nim), n.
autopathic (à-tó-path'ik), a.
390
+ -ic.] Relating to autonomy; having the
power of self-government; autonomous; self-
governing; independent.
autonomist (3-tonº-mist), n. [K autonomy +
-ist.] One who advocates or favors the prin-
ciple of autonomy; one who desires home rule,
or self-government of the community to which
he belongs, or of any community.
[K Gr, airóvouoc,
independent, of one's own free will, K airóg,
self, *H véuetv, holdsway, > vöuoç, law: see nome.]
1. Of or pertaining to autonomy or an auton-
omy.—2. Independent in government; having
the right of self-government.
The few brave men who seven years back first un-
sheathed their yataghans amid the hills of Herzegovina
did not carry with them a scheme for . . . an automomows
province of Eastern Roumelia.
D. A. Freeman, Amer. I.ects., p. 445.
3. Subject to its own laws; specifically, in biol.,
independent of any other organism; not a form
or stage of development of some other organ-
ISIOl.
autonomously (3-ton’ā-mus-li), adv. In an au-
tonomous manner; from one's own choice.
* 1. autom0mieS
(-miz). [K Gr, abrovouta, independence, Kairóvo-
plog, independent: see autonomous.] 1. The
power or right of self-government, whether in
a community which elects its own magistrates
and makes its own laws, or in an individual
who acts according to his own will.–2. A self-
governing community.— 3. An autonomous
condition; the condition of being subject only
to its own laws; especially, in biol., Organic
independence.— 4. In the philos. of kani, the
doctrine that the moral law is one which rea-
son imposes upon itself a priori, that is, inde-
pendently of sense and sense-experience, and
is therefore absolute and immutable: opposed
to heteronomy (which see).
[K Gr. airóg, self, +
ôvoua, dial. Óvvua, name.] 1. One's own name; a
real name: opposed to pseudonym and anonym.
—2. That which bears one's own name, as a
book published under the author's real name.
—3. The self-same name; one and the same
name for two or more things; a homonym.
[Rare.]
[K autopathy +
-ic.] In pathol., dependent on the original
G, wind-shield; II, speak- structure and developmental tendencies of the
individual; endopathic, as opposed to eacopath-
See the supplement—Com- ic: applied to certain forms of disease.
autopsy (à"top-si), n.
preSSed-air automobile, an automobile which is pro- A * wº
pelled by an air motorºžiectric automobile, an *: autopathy à-top'a-thi), n. . [K Gr. airoráðsia,
mobile which is propelled by an electric motor.—Gaso- one's own eeling or experience, K airotraffhº,
* º, {1\\ º is P. speaking from one's own feeling or experience
8. II). OUOI OI LI10 gaS-6 Ingine type that, USeS gaSOlene Or ? / * g
such derivatives of ...”. naphtha. g Variation K avroſ, self, + Tráffog, feeling, suffering.] Ego
of speed is obtained' by the use of a change gear be ‘istic sentiment or feeling; exclusive self-con-
tween the motor and the driving-wheels, by choking the sideration.
Supply of gases to or their exhaust from the engine, or b © a A tº me
the use together of two or more of º Autophagi (à-tof'a-ji), 7%. p l. [NL., pl. of aw–
automobile, an automobile which is propelled by a steam- tophagus, self-feeding: see autophagous.] In
engine. Steam-automobiles are also called steam-carriages ornith., a name of the precocial birds which
* ... ..., <- g are able to run about and feed themselves as
automobile (à:tºmó'bil), v. i. To ride in an soon as they are hatched: synonymous with
automobile vehicle. [Recent.] Cosmopolitan, Ptilopaedes or Dasypaedes.
XXV. 485. ess sº º * * * * * * autophagous (à-tof'8-gus), a. [KNL. autopha-
automobilism (à-tó-mö'bil-izm), n. The use of gus, self-feeding, K Gr, airopáyoc, self-devour-
automobile vehicles. [Recent.] ing, K airóg, self, -H payeiv, eat, devour.] 1.
A departure in automobilism which they believe to be of Self-devouring.—2. Self-feeding; capable of
the highest practical value from a commercial standpoint. feeding itself, 3.S 8, precocial bird: equivalent
tomobilist (à-tó ... * ** . in application (but not in meaning) to hestho-
allt, OIL100118 §. ist), *. One Who genous or pilopædie, and opposedliń meaning
uses an autºmobile vehicle. y to heterophagous (which see).
automolite (à-tom 6-lit), %. [K Gr. airópowoc, 8, autophagy (à-tofa-ji) m. [= F. autophagie;
deserter, prop. adjº, going of one's self (Kabré, ºaº iſ ºf 1" The act of fºſſ.
self, i /10/€tv, ** OI’ º f ;: ſº * upon one's self g
sometimes given to gahnite, from the fact that aut (aºto-fo-bi), n. Gr, airó +
it contains a large proportion of zinc oxid, º see º É. Of ; to
though it has no resemblance to an ore. See one's 'self, fear of being egotistical. Hare
#. ñº. *. Gr. airó [Rare.] 2 e
automorphic (à-tó-mór'fik), a. r. avTopop- /#5- * g {E}
poſ, self-formed, natural (taken as “formed upon ** % º *::: +% :::::::::
one's own self or pattern’), K airóg, self, + pop- y y 2 2 y &
ºff, form.] Framed or conceived after the pat-
torn or form of one's self. H. Spencer, Study
of Sociol., p. 114.
automorphically (à-tó-mór'fi-kal-i), adv. In
* an automorphic manner. H. Spencer.
automorphism (à-tó-mör'fizm), m. [As auto-
morph-ic + -ism...] The ascription of one's own
gharacteristics to another, or the habit of
judging others or explaining their acts by
means of analogies furnished by the knowledge
of one's self.
autonomic (à-tö-nom'ik), a.
y
board cut to correspond with the desired notes.
E. H. Knight.
autophony (à-tof'é-ni), n. [K NL. autophonia
(in form as if K. Gr. airtopovia, the voice itself),
K. Gr. airópovog, self-sounding: See autophon. T
In auscultation, the character of the sound of
the auscultator's own voice when his head is
placed against the chest of the patient. When
there is a large cavity this sound may be ren-
dered of greater intensity than is normal.
[As autonom-ous autophthalmoscope (à-tof-thal ‘mā-sköp), n,
autoschediastic (ā’tó-skē-di-as’tile), a.
autoscopy (à-tos'kö-pi), m.
* * * ***. . . . .” -- > *... ' ' '.” 3.
&s ºf . * • - . .*
** ...*.
-- » a -
* 3 . . • * * . . . . . . - - - - -
& - “, - " ". . . «.” -
', * x - . . . . -- -
autosiuarius
[K Gr. airóg, self, -- ophthalmoscope..] An in-
strument by which one may inspect the interior
of one's own eyes. tº *.
anºphyllºy (à'tó-fi-loj'e-ni), n. [K Gr. air-
tóg, self, Hºov, leaf, -F-yéveta, production:
see -geny..] A term proposed by Morren for
the abnormal growth of leaves from leaves.
autopisty (äſtöpiš-ti), n. IK Gr, airóttarog,
credible in itself, K airóg, self, '-H traorég, credi-
ble, worthy of belief, K Treiðelv, traffeiv, persuade.]
Worthiness of belief from internal evidence;
the quality of credibility existing in a state-
ment itself, independently of external evidence
or corroboration. [Rare.]
autoplast (ā‘tº-plast), n. [K Gr, airóTAaaroº,
self-formed, K airóg, self, H Tâaoróg, verbal adj.
of Tââooetv, form.] In embryol., an autogenous
cell, that is, a cell which appears to take form
;
*-
spontaneously in the yolk of an ovum, not by .
fission or the regular process of cleavage of the
vitellus.
autoplastic (à-tº-plastik), a. Pertaining to
autoplasty. à
autoplasty (à'tū-plas-ti), n. [As autoplast +
-y.] Insurg, an operation by which lesions ac-
companied with loss of substance are repaired
by means of healthy portions of tissue taken
from another part of the patient, and made to
supply the deficiency. See º:
autopolygraph (à-tó-pol’i-graf), n. [KGr. airóg,
self, -- polygraph..] An autographic printing
process. E. H. Knight.
autopsiał (à-top'si-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. airobia, a
seeing with one's own eyes, Kai Toirrog, seen by
one's self, K airóg, self, -H birtóg, seen (cf. Öpic,
sight): see optic.] Same as autopsy, 1.
It is no small undertaking for a man . . . to begin a
natural history from his own awtopsia. Gilbert White.
autopsic (à-top'sik), a... [K autopsia + -ī0.]
1. Same as autoptic.—2. In med., pertaining
to or obtained by means of an autopsy.
autopsical (à-top'si-kāl), a., Same as autopsic.
autopsically (à-top'si-kal-i), adv. Same as
autoptically.
[K autopsia, q.v.] 1.
A seeing for one's self; personal ocular obser-
vation, inspection, or examination. Specifi-
cally—2. In pathol, and anat., dissection and
inspection of a dead body to discover the cause
of death, or the site and character of the dis-
ease of which the person died; post-mortem
examination; a post-mortem.
autoptic (à-top' tik), a. [K Gr. airottukóg, Kai-
tortog, seen by one's self: see autopsia.] Seen
with one's own eyes; relating to or based on
autopsy or personal observation: as, autoptic
evidence. Also written awtopsic.
autoptical (à-top'ti-kal), a. Same as autoptic.
autoptically (à-top"ti-kal-i), adv. In an au-
toptic manner; by ocular view or one's own
observation. Also written autopsically.
autort, n. An obsolete form of author.
autorial+, a. An obsolete form of authorial.
autoritył, n. An obsolete form of authority.
autoschediasm (ä-tº-ské’ di-azm), n. [K Gr.
airooyediaopia, work done offhand (cf. airooye-
Öaguóg, extemporaneous speaking), K airtooze-
ôtáčetv: see autoschediaze.]" An offhand act or
performance; something hastily improvised.
K. Gr.
airodrečaorticóc, offhand, sº K
girogxeótagrãº, one who acts or speaks offhand,
Kairooyedudºety, do, act, or speak offhand: see
autoschediaze.] ... Slight; hasty; not fully con-
sidered; done hastily or on the spur of the
moment.
autoschediastical (à"tó-ské-di-as’ti-kal), a.
Same as autoschediastic. Dean Martin.
autoschediaze (à-tº-ské'di-āz), v. i.; pret. and
pp. autoschediazed, ppr; autoschediazing... [K Gr.
awtooxeduáčetv, do, act, or , speak offhand, K
airooyéðtog, offhand, K airóg, self, + aykótoc,
near, sudden, offhand: see schediastic.] To
[K Gr. airóg, self, +
A form of barrel-organ, of which the tunes are Aimprovise or extemporize.
determined by perforations in a sheet of mill- autoscope (à'tº-sköp), n.
okoteiv, view.
Coccius for the self-examination of the eye.
Syd. Soc. Leæ.
[K Gr. airóg, self,
+ -akotria, K, okoteiv, view.] In med., the ex-
amination of one's self, as by the autoscope or
the autolaryngoscope.
autositarius (à"tó-si-tä'ri-us), m.; pl. autositarii
(-i). [NL., as autosite, q. v., + -arius.]
teratol., either part of a double monster which
is formed by the junction of two equally de-
An instrument invented by .
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A Differential gear case, opened. C Selective speed gear and clutch case, opened. D Plan of chassis.
B Elevation of chassis. E Steering-gear case, opened.
(Letters /ollowing the figures reſer to the several drazvings so lettered.)
1 B, D Rear spring. 20 D Crank-case breather. 4o B, D Cylinders (rear pair). 5.9 C Reverse pinion.
2 B, D Gasolene tank. 21 D Hand-hole to crank-case. 41 B, D Foot button shank (to throttle). 60 C Low-speed gear on countershaft.
3 H, ID Rear axle tubing. 22 B, D Front spring. 42 B, D Brake pedal. . 61 C Second-speed gear on countershaft.
4 B, D External brake compensating axle. 23 B, D Frame. 43 B, D Clutch pedal. 62 C Reduction gear on countershaft.
5 B, D Internal brake compensating axle. 24 D Hood-fastener bracket. 44 B, D Brake hand-lever. 63 C Clutch spring carrier.
6 B, D Differential gear case. (Shown open 25 D Cylinder priming-cock. 45 B, D Selective speed hand-lever. 64. C Clutch spring.
at A.) 26 B, D Fan. 46 B, D Steering-wheel. 65 B, C Coupling to motor. * * &
7 B, D Universal joint, rear. 27 B, D Steering knuckle reach. - 47 B, D Spark advance. - 66 C Clutch spider carrying driving disks.
8 B, D Radius rod. 28 B, D Lamp-bracket. 48 B, D Throttle advance. 67 C Clutch spider carrying driven or
9 B, L, Torsion rod. 29 B, D Starting-crank socket. 49 D Muffler. # transmission disks.
Io D Air-pressure tank for starting. 3o B, D Radiator. 50 B,C,D Universal drive shaft. 68 C Clutch disks.
1 I C, D Universal joint, transmission end. 31 D Steering-arm. 51 B, D Pull rod from foot brake pedal to 69 C Clutch shaft. *
12 B, D Speed change gear case. (Shown open 32 D Front axle cap. rear axle. 70 C Internal and external direct driving-
at C.) 33 B, D Cam gear case. 52 B, D Internal brake pull rod. gear on clutch shaft.
13 B, D Clutch case. (Shown open at C.) 34 B, D Reach rod from steering-post. 53 B, D External brake-shoe. 71 C Second-speed gear on main shaft.
14 B. D Fly-wheel. 35 B, D Water-pump for cooling cylinders. 54: B Rear axle. 72 C Low-speed gear on main shaft.
15 D Push-button for priming carbureter. 36 B, D Magneto. 55 B, D Radiator filler piece. 73 C High-speed gear on main shaft.
16 D Rod to throttle. 37 B, D Spark advance bell-crank. 56 B Oil-outlet manifold. 74 C Speed-gear shifters. &
17 D Oil-tank. 38 B, D Water outlet manifold. 57 B Oil-pump, twin-cylinder. 75 B, D Water inlet from pump for cooling
18 B, D Aspiration manifold. 39 B, D Steering-gear case. (Shown open 58 C High-speed gear on countershaft. cylinders.
19 L Carbureter. at E.)


















































































autositarius
veloped individuals, as by means of the umbili-
Cl18. - -
autosite (à’tó-sit), n. IK Gr. airóctrog, bringin
one's own provisions, K airróg, self, -H dirog, food.
In teratol., that twin in an unequal double
monster which furnishes nutriment to the
other, the latter being called the parasite or
parasitic twin.
autostylic (à-tó-stilik), a. [K. Gr. airróorvºog,
resting on natural columns, K airóg, self,
orijāog, column: see style?..] In anat., having
no separate suspensorium or distinct suspen-
sory apparatus of the lower jaw.
autotemna, n. Plural of autotemnon.
autotemnic (à-tº-tem'nik), a. [Kautotemmon +
-ic.] Same as awtotemnous. Hyatt.
autotemnon (à-tó-tem/non), m.; pl. autotemºna
(-nā). [NL., irreg. (better “autotomon) KGr.
airóg, self, + réuvetv, rapeiv, cut.] biol., a
cell considered as an organism capable of self-
division. [Rare.] Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., 1884, p. 143.
[Irreg, K. Gr.
autotemnous (à-tà-tem’nus), a.
aúróg, self, H- tipſyciv, tapleiv, cut, + -ous.] Self-
dividing; capable of spontaneous fission: ap-
lied to a cell or autotemnon which propagates
itself by fission and not by impregnation. Com-
mon tissue-cells of all kinds are autotemnous, as are
spermatocysts, and spermatozoa, and also ova that divide
before the union of male and female nuclei.
subsequent to such union constitutes an, embryo. The
protozoans are autotemnous while growing by fission, but
are embryos or form-spores thereafter. Also awtotemmic.
autotheism (ā’tó-thé-izm), n. IK Gr. airröðeog,
very God, K airóg, self, + 6eóg, God..] 1. The
doctrine of the self-existence of God; specifi-
cally, the ascription of self-existence to the
second person of the Trinity. [Rare.]—2.
Assumption of divine powers; self-deification; auturgy (ā’tér-ji), n.
excessive self-esteem. Nineteenth Century.
* (ā’tó-thé-ist), n.
-čSt.
divine powers.
He begins to mistake more and more the voice of that
very flesh of his, which he fancies he has conquered, for
the voice of God, and to become without knowing it an
awtotheist. Fingsley, Alton Locke, Pref.
autotomic (à-tó-tom'ik), a. [K Gr. airóg, self,
+ touág, cutting, K Täuvetv, tapleiv, cut.] Self-
intersecting, as a line or trace. N. E. D.
autotype (à’tó-tip), n. . [K Gr. airóg, self, --
Tütrog, a stamp, type.] 1. The trade-name of a
certain photographic process for producing per-
manent prints in a carbon pigment. It is much
used for reproducing works of art.—2. A pic-
Division
- ... [K autothe-ism F with one's own hands; self-action.
1. One who believes in autotheism.—2. Auvergnat (F. pron. Ö-vār-nyā'), n.
One who ascribes to himself the possession of
all X+, n. A
auxanometer (āk-sa-nom’e-tér), n.
391
avail
Figuratively—2. Belonging to a period corre- auxiliarly (ag-zil’iár-li), adv. By means of aid
to autumn in the year; hence, past
STOOIl -
#. middle stage of life: as, “an autumnal ma- auxiliary (äg-zil’iá-ri), a. and n.
tron,” Hawthorne.—Autumnal equinox, the time
When the sun crosses the equator as he proceeds South-
ward. This happens about the 22d of September. See
equinoz.-Autumnal plumage, in ornith., the plumage
acquired by a bird after the first molt, when that in which
the bird leaves the nest is exchanged for another; the
plumage of an annotine; also, that subsequently acquired
each autumn by such birds as molt at that season as well
as in Spring, or have what is termed the double molt.—
Autumnal signs, the signs Libra, Scorpio, and Sagit-
tarius, through which the sun passes during the autumn,
astronomically considered. e
II. n. A plant that flowers in autumn. .
autumn-bells (ā’tum-belz), n. A name given
to a European gentian, Gentiana Pneumonanthe,
from its bell-shaped flowers and their season of
Opening.
autumnian (ā-tum ‘ni-an), a. [K autumn --
-ian.] Autumnal. [Rare.
Methinks already
I grasp best part of the autumnian blessing.
Middleton, Michaelmas Term, Ind.
autumnity (à-tumºni-ti), n. IKL. autumnitas,
the season of autumn, harvest, K autumnus, au-
tumn.] The season of autumn; quality or con-
dition characteristic of autumn. [Rare.]
Draughts of sweet awtummity. Bp. Hall, Satires, iii. 1.
autunite (à’tun-it), n. [K Autun, a city in Bur-
gundy, France, --, -ite?..] A native hydrous
phosphate of uranium and calcium, occurri
in tabular crystals, nearly square in form, ...;
of a citron or sulphur-yellow color. It is usually
found with other uranium minerals, often as a result of
the decomposition of uraninite or pitch-blende. It is
closely related to the phosphate of uranium and copper,
torbernite or copper uranite, in distinction from which it
is called lime wramite, and also simply wranite.
[K Gr. airtovpyía, K airóg,
self, H- pyov, work. Cf. chirurgeon.] Work
[Rare.]
[F., K
Auvergne.] 1. A native or an inhabitant of
Auvergne, a former province in the central
part of France, nearly corresponding to the
modern departments of Cantal and Puy-de-
Dôme.—2. A French wine of a deep-red color,
made near Orleans: so called from the name
of the variety of grape.
See auge.
[Irreg. K
Gr. airéâvetv, grow, Étpov, measure.] An in-
strument for measuring, or for measuring and
recording, the growth of plants. In the arc awara-
nometer this is done with the aid of an index moving over
a vertical arc of a circle.
ture made by this process.-3. A copy; a re- Auxerre (ö-zārſ), n. [F.] . A general name
production in facsimile.
autotype (à’tó-tip), v. t. ; Fº and pp. auto-
typed, ppr. autotyping. [K autotype, m.] To
reproduce by means of the autotype process,
*or in facsimile.
autotypic (à-tº-tip'ik), a. Pertaining to an
autotype, or produced by the autotype process.
autotypography (ā’tó-ti-pog'ra-fi), n. [K Gr.
airóg, self, F, typography..] Any process by
means of which drawings, manuscripts, etc.
can betransferred directly to a plate or materia
from which impressions can be taken; espe-
Ringsley.
cially, a process by which autographs executed
in a special ink are transferred to a plate of
zinc, which is then etched and prepared for
printing on an ordinary press. See zincography.
autrefois, adv. See awterfoits.
autumn (ā’tum), 11.
tome, KME. autumpme, KOF. autompne, mod. F.
automne = Sp. Otoño–Pg. owtono-It. awtunno,
K L. autumnus, less correctly auctumnus, au-
tumn, perhaps related to avere, be well, Skt.
v av, satisfy one's self. The old derivation
from awgere, increase, is not now accepted.]
1. The third season of the year, or the season
between summer and winter; often called fall,
as being the time of the falling of the leaves.
Astronomically it begins at the autumnal equinox, about
the 22d of September, when the sun enters Libra, and ends
at the winter solstice, about the 21st of December, when
the Sun enters Capricorn. In popular language autumn is
regarded in North America as comprising September, Oc-
tober, and November, but in Great Britain, August, Sep-
tember, and October.
Figuratively—2. A period of maturity, or of .
incipient decay, abatement, or decline: as, the
autumn of life.
Dr. Preston was now entering into the awtwmn of the
Aduke's favour. Fuller.
autumnal (à-tum’nal), a. and n. IKL. autum-
malis, auctumnalis, K autumnus: see autumn and
-al.] I. a. 1. Belonging to autumn; produced
or gathered in autumn: as, autumnal fruits.
[Early mod. E. also aw-
often given to the Burgundy wines produced
near the city of Auxerre, in the department of
Yonne.
auxesis (āk-sé’sis), m. [NL., K. Gr. at $70tg, in-
crease, amplification, Kaišetv, aii;óvelv (cf. L.
augerð), increase, = E. war: see auction and
waal.] 1. In rhet., amplification; exaggera-
tion; hyperbole; the use of a more unusual
and high-sounding word for the ordinary and
proper word.—2. In math., the ratio in which
the element of a figure has to be magnified to
make it conform to the corresponding element
of a conformable figure.
auxetic (āk-set'ik), a. [K Gr. atºmrukóc, Kaiš7-
Tóg, verbal adj. of avčávetv, increase: see auze-
sis.] Pertaining to auxesis; amplifying; in-
creasing.
This awa.etic power of the preposition.
Dr. Hutchinson, Sermon on Cerem. Law, p. 8, note.
auxetically (āk-set/i-kal-i), adv. By auxesis
or amplification.
auxiliant (§g-zil’iant), a. [K L. awailian(?-)s,
ppr. of awaziliari, help: see awailiate.] Auxil-
iary; affording help or assistance.
auxiliar (à º a. and m. [K L. awaziliaris,
helping, aiding, Kauailium, help, aid, K augere,
increase.] I. a. Helping; auxiliary.
Ostorius, though yet not strengthen'd with his Legions,
causes the awaziliar Bands, his Troops also allighting, to
assault the Tampart. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
There Athens sat, as in the foretime, on her citadel
rock, in sight of her awaziliar sea, crowned, garlanded,
Wanton. R. Choate, Addresses, p. 180.
II. m. An auxiliary: usually in the plural,
auxiliary troops.
My awaziliars and allies.
Sir H. Taylor, Ph. van Art., II., v. 1.
Mighty were the awaziliars which then stood
Upon our side, we who were strong in love 1
Eliss was it in that dawn to be alive,
But to be young was very heaven!
Wordsworth, French Revolution.
[Archaic in both uses.]
auxiliatef (Āg-zil’iāt), v. t.
auxiliatorył (äg-zil’ià-tó-ri), a. and m.
auxometer (āk-som’e-tér), m.
auxOSpore (
aval (ā’vä), n.
avā2 (ā’vâ), m.
ava’ (a-vā’), adv.
avadavat (av’a-da-Vat'), m.
Avahis (av’ā-his), m.
availl (a-Vål"), v.
or help. Co 6.
º [K L. auſci-
liarius, equiv. to auxiliaris, helping; see auxil-
far..] I. a. Helping; aiding; assisting; giv-
ing support or succor; hence, subsidiary; addi-
tional: as, augiliary troops; audiliary engines.
—Auxiliary bishop, a buffer-Spring, auxil-
iary chaplain, etc. See the mouns.—Auxiliary circle,
in comic 8ections, a circle having its center at the center
of a conic, which it touches at the extremities of the
transverse diameter.—A quantity, in math., a
Quantity introduced to simplify or facilitate an operation,
as may be done inequations or trigonometry.—A
scales, in music, the six keys or scales, consisting of any
key major, with its relative minor, and the attendant keys
of each.-Auxiliary screw. See 8Crew.—Auxiliary
gº? a verb that assists in the conjugation of other verbs.
ee II., 3.
II. m.; pl. awaziliaries (-riz). [K L. auſcilia-
rius, n.] 1. A helper; an assistant; a confed-
erate in some action, enterprise, or undertak-
ing; an aid of any kind.
Aquatint is seldom practiced by itself; it is rather an
awaziliary to line-etching. . P. G. Haynerton.
Specifically—2. pl. Foreign troops in the Ser-
vice of a nation at war.
The Eleians often engaged as awaziliaries in the wars of
other states, on pretence of asserting the cause of religion.
J. Adams, Works, IV. 512.
3. In gram., a verb used in forming, with the
infinitive and participles of other verbs, phrases
having the value of, or a value analogous to that
of, modes and tenses: thus, I do love, I have
loved, I shall love, I am loved.— 4. In math.,
an auxiliary quantity (which see, under I.).
[K L. awaziliatus,
pp. of auxiliari, help, K awazilium, help: see
auxiliar.] To aid or assist.
He [Day] then fell into a disputation with Crammer and
Goodrich, in which he repeated his former Scripture, and
awaziliated it with another.
W. Dizon, Hist. Church of Eng., xvii.
[K L.
as if *auxiliatorius, K auxiliator, a helper, K
aua`iliari, pp. auxiliatus, help, Kawazilium, help.]
I. a. Helping; aiding; auxiliary.
Masses both awaziliatory and expiatory.
ir E. Sandys, State of Religion.
II. m. A help; an aid; in the plural, auxilia-
IlêS.
There were no such awaziliatories within the walls.
R. Watson, Hist. Philip II.
[Irreg. K. Gr.
avčelv, increase, + plát pov, measure. Cf. awara-
mometer.] An instrument for measuring the
agnifying º of an optical instrument.
āk’sº-Spör), n. [Irreg. K Gr. aišev,
grow, -H atrópog, seed, offspring.] In the Diato-
maceæ, a spore, formed either asexually, by
the growth of the protoplasm attended by
renewal of the silicious envelop, or sexually,
by the union of the contents of two separate
cells.
auxotonic (āk-sº-ºdn'ik), a. [Irreg. K. Gr. aišeiv,
grow, H- Tóvoc, tension, tone..] Determined by
growth: in bot., applied to those movements of
plants which are the result of growth, in dis-
tinction from those of matured organs influ-
enced by stimulation. See allassotonic.
[Also called kara, kawa, a
native name.] A drink used in the South Sea
islands, made by infusion from the root of
Piper methysticum. See kava.
A name of the topaz humming-
bird, Topaza pella.
Scotch for of a”, that is, of
all, frequently used in the sense of at all.
Same as amada-
©at.
avahi (av’a-hi), n. [Native name.] The woolly
lemur, or long-tailed indri, of Madagascar, Ava-
his lamiger; the ampongue.
[NL., Kavahi..] A genus
of lemurs, containing the ampongue, avahi, or
woolly lemur of Madagascar, A. lamiger: a syn-
onym of Microrhynchus (which see).
[KME. availen, K OF. a- (for
L. ad-) + valer, valoir, be of value or use, K L.
walere, to be strong, to be worth: see value.]
I. intrams. 1. To have value or use; be of
service or advantage; give profit: as, wealth
avails little to a castaway.
The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth.
much. Jas. v. 16.
2. To have force or efficacy; serve for a pur-
pose; give aid toward an end: as, his cries
availed to bring relief.
The thing to be taught has availed to obscure or even
to annihilate for their eyes every anxiety as to the mode
of teaching. De Qwincey, Style, i.
avail
8t. To take or draw advantage; make use or
profit.
But how out of this can she avail?
Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
II. trans. 1. To be for the advantage of;
assist or profit: as, what will skill avail us
against numbers?
Yet all this availeth me nothing. Esther v. 13.
All the songs and newspapers and money-subscriptions
and vituperations of such as do not think with us, will
avail nothing against a fact.
Emerson, West Indian Emancipation.
“God save us!" cried the captain,
“For naught can man avail.”
Whittier, The Mantle of St. John De Matha,
2t. To promote; prosper; assist: said of things.
Meantime he voyaged to explore the will
Of Jove on high Dodona's holy hill,
What means might best his safe return avail. Pope.
3. To advantage; profit; give the benefit to:
used reflexively, with of: as, he availed himself
of the opportunity. [Often used colloquially
in the United States without the pronoun.]
Then shall they seek t' avail themselves of names,
Places and titles. Miltom, P. L., xii. 515.
The theatre avails itself of the best talent of poet, of
painter, and of amateur of taste, to make the ensemble of .
dramatic effect. JEmerson, Misc., p. 396.
To avail One's self byt, to avail one's self of.
And my peculiar profit persuaded me, sometimes, to
avail myself by their folly, anford.
avail! (avăl'), n. [K ME. availe, K availen; see
avail, v.] 1. Advantage, profit, or benefit, in
a general sense; also, value or estimation.
[Obsolete or archaic.]
The avail of a death-bed repentance. Jer. Taylor.
Thy pardon; I but speak for thine avail.
Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette.
2. Efficacy for a purpose; advantage to an
object or end: now used chiefly in negative
phrases, or sentences of negative import: as,
of little or no avail; I doubt whether it will be
of much avail.
But Cranstoun's lance, of more avail,
Pierced through, like silk, the Borderer's mail;
Through shield, and jack, and acton passed.
Scott, L. of L. M., iii. 6.
3., pl. Profits or proceeds: as, the avails of a
sale by auction.—Avail of marriage, in Scots law,
a sum payable to the superior by the heir of a deceased
ward-vassal on his becoming marriageable. =Syn, 1 and
2. Use, utility, service.—3. Returns.
avail??, v. -
availability (a-vā-la-bil’i-ti), n. [K available:
see -bility. The state of being available;
suitableness for the accomplishment of a given
purpose; capability of advantageous use or
employment: as, the availability of a candidate
for office, or of a proposed method.
available (a-vā'la-bl), a. [K ME. avaylable; K
avail1 + -able.] 1. Profitable; advantageous;
having efficacy.
Those who will consult him [Fourier] for no other rea-
son, might do so to see how the energies of Woman may
be made available in the pecuniary way.
Marg. I'uller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 124.
2. Having sufficient power, force, or efficacy
for the object; valid.
Laws human are available by consent. Hooker.
She knows no commendation is more available with
thee than that of proper virtue.
B. Jomsom, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.
3. Capable of being used or employed with
advantage; attainable; accessible; at one's
disposal: as, his resources were not available
at the time.
The whole army is called 700,000 men, but of these only
80,000 can be reckoned available. Brougham.
We do not choose our own candidate, no, nor any other
man's first choice,—but only the available candidate,
whom, perhaps, no man loves. JEmerson, Misc., p. 401.
Advailable is a rare and obsolete form.
availableness (a-vā'la-bl-nes), m. , 1. The state
of being available; capability of being used;
power or efficacy in promoting an end in view.
[Rare.]
The efficacy, or availableness, . .
these reductives to the end proposed.
Sir M. IIale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 225.
2. Competent power; legal force; validity:
as, the availableness of a title.
availably (a-vā'la-bli), adv. In an available
manner; so as to be used with efficacy; profit-
ably; advantageously; validly; efficaciously.
availingly (a-vā'ling-li), adv. In an availing
manner; successfully.
It [the Bible] is worshipped with a positive idolatry, in
extenuation of whose gross fanaticism its intrinsic beauty
pleads availingly with the man of letters and the scholar.
I’aber, in Dublin Rev., June, 1853,
See avale.
... or suitableness of
392
availment (a-văl’ment), n. [K availl, v., +
-ment.] Profit; efficacy; successful issue.
Bailey. [Rare.]
aval! (ā’yal), a. [K L, avus, grandfather, +
-al.] Relating to grandparents.
The rare opportunities of authentic verification of spe-
cial parental or aval recollections. Science, III, 345.
aval? $º 7. [F., an indorsement, guar-
anty, K & val, at the bottom: see avalé.] In
Canada, an indorsement guaranteeing pay-
A ment, as on a promissory note or the like.
avalanche (av’ā-lānch), m. [K F. avalanche
(also avalange), dial. form (Swiss evalanche) of
*avalance (ML, avalantia), lit, descent, Kavaler,
let fall down: see avale and -ance.] 1. Thé
fall or sliding down of a mass of snow or
ice from a mountain-slope. Winter avalanches or
snow-slides often recur year after year on the same path,
which is thus kept clear of trees. When a mountain
railroad must cross such a path, the road-bed is usually
cut beneath the path, and the track is covered with a
heavy shed, across which the avalanche may pass; but
the shed is sometimes swept away. In the summer ava-
lanches are less destructive, because they then mostly
take place high above habitations and forests. Partly
consolidated snow, or névé, is sometimes set in motion in .
large quantities, and such an occurrence may be produc-
tive of very serious injury, especially to the forests below.
The blast of air, brushed forward by the avalanche, often
has a destructive strength beyond the reach of the snow
itself. Small glaciers sometimes detach themselves from
their rocky beds and slide into the valley below ; such
events are rare, but have sometimes been attended by
very disastrous results. “Rock-avalanches” are more
properly denominated land-slips or land-slides. See land-
slip, land-slide.
Around his [Mont Blanc's] waist are forests braced,
The avalanche in his hand. Byrom, Manfred, i.
Hence—2. Anything resembling an avalanche
in Suddenness and destructiveness: as, an ava-
lanche of misfortunes.
avalet (a-väl'), v. [K ME. avalen, auwalen, KOF.
avaler, avaller (= Pr. avalar = OIt, avallare),
come down, let down, K a val, downward, K L.
ad vallem, lit. to the valley: ad, to ; vallem, acc.
of valles, valley, vale: see vale. Cf. amount, K
L. ad montem, to the hill; down, adown, KAS.
of diſme, from the hill.] I, intrans. 1. To come
down; fall.
A rayn from hevene gan avale.
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 626.
2. To descend; dismount.
They . . . from their sweaty Coursers did avale.
penser, F. Q., II. ix. 10.
II. trans. 1. To lower; uncover; take off, as
a wizor or hood. Chaucer.
Hodid men were cleped thanne the Lolardis, that wold
never avale here hood in presens of the Sacrament.
Capgrave's Chr0m., p. 245, an. 1387. Quoted in G. P.
[Marsh's Hist. Eng. Lang., p. 7.
2. To let down; lower, as a sail; cause to de-
scend: as, “hath his saile avaled,” Gower, Conf.
Amant., viii.
By that, the welked Phoebus gan availe
His Weary waine. Spemser, Shep. Cal., Jan.
Thou seest my lowly saile
That froward fortune doth ever avoie.
Spemsey, Shep. Cal., Sept.
3. To make low or abject; depress; degrade.
avalite (av’a-lit), n. [K Avala (see def.) + -ite2.]
silicate containing chromium, occurring in
emerald-green scales at the mercury-mines of
Mount Avala, near Belgrade.
Avallon (a-va-lôň'), m. [F.] A French wine
of good quality, named from the town of Aval-
lon in the department of Yonne. There are sev-
eral varieties, named locally from the various vineyards.
These wines are free from sweetness, and are often sold
under the name of Chablis.
avancelf, v. A Middle English form of advance.
avance2+, n. Obsolete form of avens.
avaneh (a-vā'ne), n. A light scarf or sash,
generally of silk, worn in Asia Minor and Syria
as a girdle, or twisted around the tarboosh to
form the turban. *
avania (à-vä-nē’ā), n. [Formerly also avarria,
avaria, also aveny, K F. avanie = It. Pg. avania,
K NGr. 3/3avia, Turk. Ar. awānī, also awari, also
‘awān, ‘awāmia; origin uncertain..] An imposi-
tion by the (Turkish) government; compulsory
tax; goyºnment exaction; “aid,” “benevo-
lence” (Marsh); specifically (as applied by
Christians), an extortionate exaction or tax
levied by the Turks. N. E. D.
avanious (a-vā'ni-us), a. [K avania + -ows.]
Extortionate.
avantt (a-vânt'), m. [Abbr. of avant-garde,
q. v.] The front of an army; the van.
avant-, [K F. avant = Pr. avant = It, avante,
avanti, before, K L.L. abante, i. e., ab ante, from
before: see ab- and ante-, and cf. avauntl, ad-
avaSt. . -
vance, advantage, etc.] A prefix of French ori-
gin, meaning before, fore. Also shortened to
vant-, van-.
avantaget, n.
wantage.
avant-bras (a-voň'brā)
armor, generally cañéâ’in English vambrace
(which see). See brassart.
avant-courier (a-vānt’kö"ri-èr; often, as F.,
a-voň'kö-riā'), n. ... [Formerly avant-courrier,
-currier, -cowréur, K.F. avant-coureur, avant-cour-
rier, m. (cf. avant-courrière, f.), Kavant, before,
+ coureur, cowrrier, courier: see cowrier.] 1.
One despatched in advance to give notice of
the approach of another or others.—2+. pl. The
scouts, skirmishers, or advance-guard of an
army. N. E. D.
avanterst, m. pl. [ME., also avancers, K. O.F.
avant, before: see avant-.] Portions of the
numbles of a deer which lie near the neck.
Ryueg hit vp radly, rigt to the by3t,
Woyde3 out the a-vamters, & verayly ther-after
Alle the rymeg by the rybbeg radly they lance,
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), l. 1342.
Then dresse the nombles, fyrste that ye recke,
Downe the awancers kerue, that clength to the neck.
- Boke of St. Albans, sig. d, iv.
avant-fossé (a-voň'fos-ā'), n. [F., Kavant, be-
fore, -- fossé, a ditch: see fosse.] In fort., the
ditch of the counterscarp next to the country,
dug at the foot of the glacis. Wilhelm, Mil. Dict.
avant-gardet (3-vānt'gård; F. pron. a-voň'-
gård), n. IK F. avant-garde, Kavant, before, --
garde, guard: see vangward.] Advance-guard.
avant plat (a-vohºplä), n. Same as vamplate.
avanturin, avanturine (3-van’til-rin), m. and
a. See aventurin.
avarice (av'a-ris), n. . [K ME. avarice, K OF.
avarice (F. avarice), K. L. avaritia, K avarus,
greedy (cf. avidus, avid: see avid), K avére,
wish, desire.] An inordinate desire of gaining
and possessing wealth; covetousness; cupidity;
greediness, or insatiable desire of gain.
So for a good old-gentlemanly vice
I think I must take up with a varice.
* Byron, Don Juan, i. 216.
=Syn. Avarice, Covetousness, Cupidity, penuriousness,
closeness, miserliness, all denote bad qualities, corruptions
of the natural instinct of possession. Avarice, literally
greediness, a strong desire to get objects of value, has be-
come limited, except in figurative uses, so as to express
only a sordid and mastering desire to get wealth. Covet-
owsness and cupidity are not limited to wealth, but may
have for their object anything that can be desired, cupidity
being directed especially toward material things. Covet-
ow8mess longs to possess that which belongs to another;
hence the prohibition in the tenth commandment (Ex. xx.
17). Cupidity is more active than the others, less grovel-
ing, and more ready to snatch from others that which
covetowsness may wish for without trying to get. See pe-
70?!/?"?07/8,
A Middle English form of ad-
7!, A piece of plate-
There grows,
In my most ill-compos'd affection, such
A stanchless avarice, that, were I king,
I should cut off the nobles for their lands.
Shalc., Macbeth, iv. 3.
I would not have you to think that my desire of having
is the sin of covetowsness. Shak., T. N., v. 1.
When this continent was first discovered, it became an
object of cupidity to the ambition of many of the nations
of Europe. Story, Speech, Salem, Sept. 18, 1828.
avaricious (av-a-rish’us), a... [K ME. awaricious,
K F. avaricieua, Kavarice. Cf. awarows.] Char-
acterized by avarice; greedy of gain; immoder-
ately desirous of accumulating property; eager
to acquire or possess.
Luxurious, a varicious, false, deceitful.
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3.
Liberal of everything else, he [Walpole] was avaricious
of power. acaulay, Horace Walpole.
avariciously (av-a-rish’us-li), adv. In an ava-
ricious manner; with inordinate desire of gain-
ing wealth; covetously.
Dach is contented with his own possessions, nor awari-
ciously endeavours to heap up more than is necessary for
his own subsistence. Goldsmith, Essays, xvi.
avariciousness (av-à-rish 'us-nes), n. The
quality of being avaricious; insatiable or inor-
dinate passion for property.
avaroust, a. [ME. awarous, averous, KOF. ave-
ros, averus (extended form as if K aver, posses-
sion: see aver2); cf. aver, avar, mod. F. avare,
K L. avarus, greedy: see avarice.] Covetous;
avaricious: as, “the erle avarous,” Piers Plow-
7720/70,
avast (a-väst’), interj. [Prob. K.D. how’ vast,
houd vast = E. hold fast, i. e., hold on, wait a
while. Cf. D. houvast = E. holdfast, a cramp-
iron.] Naut., stop! hold! cease! stay! [Some-
times used colloquially.]
A vast hailing ! Don't you know me, mother Partlett?
Cumberland.
avast
Ayast heaving (naut.), the cry to arrest the capstan
When nippers are jammed, or any other impediment oc-
curs in heaving the cable. *
avatar (av-à-tär’), n. [Hind, avatār, K Skt. ava-
tära, descent, Kava, down, + V tar, cross over,
pass through..] 1. In Hindu myth., the descent of
a deity to the earth in an incarnate form or
Some manifest shape; the incarnation of a god.
Three of the Avataras or incarnations of Vishnu are con-
nected with a deluge, . . . . Vishnu in each case rescuing
mankind from destruction by water. an
Maa. Müller, India, p. 144.
Hence—2. A remarkable appearance, mani-
festation, or embodiment of any kind; a de-
scent into a lower sphere; an adorable or won-
derful exhibition of an abstract idea, Fº
etc., in concrete form: as, “The Irish Avatar.”
# oem by Byron on a visit of George IV. to
reland); “the avatar of mathematics,” Mas-
son, Milton, I. 226.
[Carlyle is] the most shining avatar of whim the world
has ever seen. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 148.
avatara (av-a-tá’ră), m. , Same as avatar.
avauncef, n. An obsolete form of advance.
avauntl (a-vānt’ or -vânt'), adv. and interj.
§ • ? ... avant, forward, K LL. abante, lit.
om before: see avant-.] I.f adv. Forward.
And with that word came Drede avaunt.
Rom. of the Bose, 1.3958.
II. interj. Away! begone! depart 1 an ex-
clamation of contempt or abhorrence.
Avawnt, thou hateful villain, get thee gone !
Shak., K. John, iv. 3.
[K avauntl, interj.] Dismissal.
After this process
To give her the avawnt 1 It is a pity
Would move a monster.
Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 3.
avaunt?t, v. i. . [A modification of avance1 =
advance, due to influence of avauntl, adv.] To
advance.
Avawnting in great bravery. Spenser, F. Q., II. iii. 6.
avauntët, v. IME. avaunten, avanten, K OF.
avanter, avawmter, Ka- + vanter, vaunter, vaunt:
See vaunt, v.] I. trans. To praise highly;
vaunt ; make renowned.
Do you favour you to avaºwnte.
Chaucer, House of Fame, l. 1788.
II, intrans. or reflexive. To boast; brag;
speak or express vauntingly.
“Thanne,” quod she, “I dar me wel avaunte,
Thy lif is sauf.” Chawcer, Wife of Bath's Tale, l. 158.
Let now the papists avawnt themselves /
Cranmer, Ans, to Gardiner, p. 333.
avauntēt, m. [ME. avaunt; K avauntº, v.] A
boast; a Yaunt.--To make avaunt, to assert confl-
dently; declare positively. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 289.
avauntance?, m. [ME., Kavawn ten : see avauntº,
v., and-ance. Cf. OF. vantance, K vanter, vaunt.]
Boasting.
avauntert, avauntouri, n. [K ME. avauntour,
avaunter, K_OF. avantour, -eor, K avanter: see
avawntë, v.] A boaster.
He is not myce
Ne ava wntow?'. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 724.
avauntry?, m. [ME., also avawntarie, K OF.
*avanterie, found only as vanterie: see avauntº,
v.] Same as ava'untance.
avdp. An abbreviation of avoirdupois.
ave (ā’vé or ā’ve), interj. [L., hail! orig. impv.
of avere, be well, be of good cheer; esp. in LL.
hrase Ave Maria, hail Mary! in allusion to
uke i. 28: “Ave [Maria], gratia plena.”]
Hail! Also, farewell!
And “Ave, 4ve, Ave” said,
“Adieu, adieu" for evermore.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, lvii.
Ave Maria, the Hail Mary, a devotion or prayer used
in the Westérn Church. In the older form it consists of
the salutation of the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary
when he announced to her the incarnation (Luke i. #}
together with the words of Elizabeth to Mary (Luke i. 42
This form of the Hail Mary was used as an anthem in both
the Eastern and Western churches as early as the seventh
century. It came into wide use as a devotion in the eleventh
century. The concluding words, “Holy Mary, Mother of
God, pray for us,” etc., were first introduced in the fifteenth
century, and first authorized for daily use in the breviary
in 1568. Also called the angelic salutation. See angelus.
ave (ā’vé or ā’ve), n. [K ave, interj.] 1. An
Ave Maria (which see, under ave, interj.).
Nine hundred Pater nosters every day,
And thrise nine hundred Aves she was wont to say.
Spensur, F. Q., I. iii. 13.
2. A salutation, Shak., M. for M., i. 1.
Ave. A contraction of Avenue (in an address).
avel (av'el), m. [E. dial., appar. due to a con-
fusion of M.E. avene (Prompt. Parv.), for aweme,
awn (cf. Dan. avne, awn), with E. dial. ail2, ME.
aile, eile, KAS. egl, awn, beard of grain. Ailº
avauntlt, n.
393
and awm are from the same root, differing only
in the suffix.] The awn or beard of barley.
aveler (av’el-èr), n. A machine for removing
the avels or awns of barley from the grain; a
hummeler. E. H. Knight.
avelingest, adv. [Early mod. E., K awelong +
adv, gem. Suffix -es, the term. being assimilated
to -ſings, q.v.] In an oblong or oval shape.
ayell (a-vel'), v. t. [K L. avellere, pull away
Kab, away, + vellere, pluck, tear.j To pºli
away. Sir T. Browne.
avellan, a. See avellane.
avellanarious (av"el-a-nā’ri-us), a. [KL. Avel-
lanºs : See avellame.] "Relating to the filbert.
avellane, avellan (a-velſän, -an, or av’el-ān,
-an), a. [K OF. avelane, K L. Avellana (Sc. nua,
nut), earlier Abellana, the fil-
bert, lit. the nut of Avella, K
Abella, a town in Campania
abounding in fruit-trees and
nuts, now Avella. Cf. apple.]
In her., resembling a filbert:
specifically said of a cross each
of whose arms resembles the
filbert in its outer sheath,
sometimes blazoned as four
filberts conjoined in cross.
avelong?, a. [E. dial. avelang, oval, KME. ave-
longe, awelonge, K Icel. aflangr = Sw. aftáng =
Dam. aflang (the prefix being assimilated to af
= E. off), K L. oblongus, oblong: see oblong.]
Oblong or oval; drawn out of a square or circle.
Ave-Maryf (ā’vé-māºri), n. Same as Ave
Maria (which see, under ave, interj.).
He told of Saintes and Popes, and evermore
He strowd an Ave-Mary after and before.
- Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 35.
I could never hear the Ave-Mary bell without an eleva-
tion, or think it a sufficient warrant because they erred
in one circumstance for me to err in all—that is, in si-
lence and dumb contempt.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. § 3.
Avena (a-vé'nā), n. [L., oats.] An impor-
tant genus of grasses, the oats, characterized
by having large membranous outer glumes,
which inclose two or three perfect flowers,
each with a long, bent, and twisted awn on the
back of the lower palet. The species are natives of
temperate and cold regions. Some are useful pasture-
grasses, but by far the most important species is A. sativa,
the cultivated oat. See oat.
aVenaceous (av-É-nā’shius), a. [K L. avena-
ceus, K avena, oats.] Belonging to or resem-
bling oats.
avenage (av’é-nāj), m. [K OF. avenage, Kaveme,
Oats, gº avena, oats.] In old law, a certain
quantity of oats paid by a tenant to a landlord
in lieu of rent or other duty.
avenary: (av’é-nā-ri), m. [K L. avenarius, K
avema, oats.] Same as avener.
avenauntt, a. . [ME., also avenant, avenand,
etc., KOF. (and mod. F.) avenant, comely, con-
Venient, ppr. of avenir, come, suit, become, K
L. advenire, come: See advene, and cf. conve-
nient, comely, and becoming.] 1. Becoming;
well-looking.
Clere browne she was, and thereto bright
Of face, body avenaw.nt. Rom, of the Rose, l. 1263.
2. Convenient; suitable.
Dyghttes his dowblettez for dukes and erles,
Aketouns avenawnt for Arthure hym selfue.
Morte Arthure (ed. Perry, E. E. T. S.), 1.2627.
avener (av’é-nēr), n. [ME. avener, avenere, K
OF. avenier, K L. avenarius: see avenary.] In
Jeudal law, a chief officer of the stable, whose
duty it was to provide oats. Also spelled ave-
700)”.
avenge (a-Venj"), v. ; pret. and pp. avenged,
ppr. avenging. [KME. avengen, K §. avengier,
K. a- (K. L. ad, to) + vengier, revenge, take ven-
geance, K L. vindicare, lay claim to, punish:
see vindicate, and cf. revenge and vengeance.]
I. trams. 1. To vindicate by inflicting pain or
evil on the wrong-doer; execute justice or ven-
geance on behalf of: with a person as object.
Avenge me of mine adversary. Luke xviii. 3.
Avenge, O Lord, thy slaughter'd saints, whose bones
Lie scatter'd on the Alpine mountains cold.
Milton, Sonnets, xiii.
2. To take satisfaction for, by pain or punish-
ment inflicted on the injuring party; deal pun-
ishment on account of: with a thing as object.
He will avenge the blood of his servants.
Deut. xxxii. 43.
Never, till Caesar's three-and-thirty wounds
Be well aveng’d. Shak., J. C., v. 1.
I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from
their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her
with insult. But the age of chivalry is gone.
Burke, Rev. in France.
Cross Avellane.
From “Berry’s Dict.
( of Heraldry.”)
Aventine
3+. To take revenge on ; treat or deal with re-
vengefully.
If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seven-
ty and seven fold. Gen. iv. 24.
=S Avenge, Revenge. Until lately these words were
used with little or no difference of meaning (see quota-
tions under each). Avenge is now restricted to the taking of
just punishment or the vindication of justice, and revenge
to the infliction of pain or evil to gratify resentful feelings,
or the desire of retaliation for some real or fancied wrong.
Poetic use sometimes returns to the earlier freedom in the
meaning of avenge. See revenge, n.
I will avenge this insult, noble Queen.
Tennyson, Geraint.
If you poison us, do we not die? and if you wrong us,
shall we not revenge? Shak., M. of V., iii. 1.
II. intrams. To execute vengeance; inflict
retaliatory pain or injury on a wrong-doer.
Thou shalt not avenge nor bear any grudge against the
children of thy people. Lev. xix. 18.
The avenging horror of a conscious mind,
Whose deadly fear anticipates the blow,
And sees no end of punishment and woe.
Dryden, tr. of Lucretius, iii. 231.
avenge! (a-venj^), n. [K avenge, v.] 1. Re-
venge; retaliation.
That avenge by you decreed.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. vi. 8.
2. Punishment; vengeance taken.
Why doth mine hand from thine avenge abstaine?
Spenser, F. Q., IV. i. 52.
avengeancef (a-venºjans), m. [Kavenge + -ance,
after vengeance.] The act of avenging; ven-
geance: as, “fear signal avengeance,” J. Phil-
ips, Cyder, ii. 49.
avengeful (a-venj'fül), a. [K avenge, m., + +ful,
after revengeful..] Avenging; executing ven-
geance. [Rare.]
avengement (a-venjºment), m. [K avenge +
-ment.] The act of avenging; vengeance; pun-
ishment; satisfaction taken. [Rare.]
Nought may thee Save from heavens a vengement.
Spenser, Muiopotmos.
God's avengement of his repulse at Hull.
Milton, Eikonoklastes.
avenger (a-ven’jēr), m. One who avenges or
takes vengeance.
The Lord is the avenger of all such. 1 Thes. iv. 6.
Brutus, thou saint of the avenger's order.
Beddoes, Death's Jest-Book, i. 1.
avengeress (a-Ven’jēr-es), m. [Kavenger + -ess.]
A female avenger. [Rare.]
That cruell Queene avengeresse.
Spenser, F. Q., III. viii. 20.
aveniform (a-vé'ni-fôrm), a. [K L. arena, oats,
+ forma, form.] Resembling a grain of oats.
Thomas, Med. Dict.
avenin (a-vé'min), m. [K L. avena, oats, + -in 2.]
A nitrogenous proteid substance found in oats,
similar to legumin, and probably a mixture of
legumin and gluten.
avenious (a-vé'ni-us), a.
avenori, n. See avener.
avenous (a-vé'nus), a. [K Gr. 6- priv. -- L.
vena, vein.] In bot., wanting veins or nerves,
as the leaves of certain plants. Also avenious.
avens (av’enz), m. [K ME. avans, arance,
avaunce, avence, M.L. avancia, avencia, arantia,
avens, harefoot; origin obscure.] The popu-
lar English name of species of plants of the
genus Geum. The common or yellow avens, or herb-
bennet, is G. wrbanwm ; the purple or water avens, G.
rivale.—Mountain avens, Dryas octopetala.
aventaile, aventail (av’en-tāl), m. [K ME.
aventayle, K OF. esventail, air-hole, K esventer
(mod. F. &venter), K L. ea',
out, + ventus, wind.] In
medieval armor: (a) The
flap or adjustable part of
the hood of mail, which
when unfastened allowed
the hood to drop upon the
shoulders. (b) The mov-
able front of the helmet.
Aventine (av’ en-tin), a.
Same as avenous.
}º:
S
and m. [K L. Aventinus.] Xºlºſſº.
. a. Appellative of one of 2:#####: wn
the seven hills on which 21, Aventaile def. a ).
Rome was built. According ... ſºm. Viºleºle-Buc's
to a legend, it was called Mons º du Mobilier fran-
Aventinus, or the Aventine hill,
from an aboriginal king Aventinus who was buried there.
II.t m. A post of defense or safety; security;
defense. *
Into the castle's tower,
That only 4 ventime that now is left us.
Beau. and Fl.
º My strong Aventine is
That great Domitian . . . will once return,
Who can repair, with ease, the consul's ruins.
Massinger, Roman Actor, i. 1.






aVentre
aventre+, v. t. [K It, avventare, throw, shoot,
dart, K a § L. ad, to) + vento, wind; cf. Pr.
wentar = OF. venter, cast to the wind: see vent.]
To throw, as a spear or dart. *
Her mortall speare
She mightily aventred towards one,
And dowme him smot. Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 28.
aventure?, m... [The older form of adventure,
q. v.] Adventure; chance; accident; specifi-
cally, in old law, a mischance causing a per-
son’s death without felony, as drowning or fall-
ing from a house.
aventurin, aventurine (a-ven'tū-rin), m. and
a. [K F. aventurine, K It, avventurino, K avven-
tura, chance: see adventure, m.] I, n. 1. A
sort of opaque golden-brown glass filled with
minute crystals of a bright gold color and of
different sizes, used, under the name of gold-
stone, for various Ornaments. Its preparation was
discovered at Murano, near Venice, by the accident of
dropping a quantity of brass filings into a pot of melted
glass; hence the name.
2. A variety of feldspar, usually oligoclase,
spangled with scales of hematite, göthite, or
mica. It is often called Sunstone. The most
highly prized variety is obtained in Russia.—
3. A similar variety of quartz containing Span-
gles of mica or other mineral.—4. A kind of
sealing-wax, of a translucent brown color and
abounding in gold specks or particles.—Chrome
aventurin, a glass made by freely adding chromate of pot-
ash to the other materials used, thus separating Spangles
of oxid of chronium.
II. a. Having the appearance of aventurin:
as, aventurin lacquer, etc.—Aventurin, glaze, a
glaze for porcelain. It is brownish, with crystalline lami-
nae of a golden luster.
Also written avanturin, avantwrime.
aventurous? (a-ven'tii-rus), a. Obsolete form
Aof adventurous.
/ > -- ~~
àvenue (av’e-nā), m. [Formerly also advenue,
avenew, K F. avenue, orig. pp. fem. of avenir, K
L. advenire, come to, K ad, to, + venire, come.
Cf. adveme.] 1. A passage; a Way or an Open-
ing for entrance into a place; any opening or
º: by which a thing is or may be intro-
uced or approached.
Good guards were set up at all the avenues of the city,
to keep all people from going out. Clarendom.
2. A roadway of approach to a country-house,
articularly when straight, of considerable
ength, and shaded by a row of trees on each
side; a drive in a private country-place; a
walk in a garden or demain of Some preten-
sions as to style or size.
A long avenue wound and circled from the outermost
gate through an untrimmed woodland.
H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 45.
3. A street; properly, a wide street planted
with trees and often with turfed spaces on
either side, or a garden or shaded promenade
in the middle ; used in New York, Washington,
etc., in the names of the longest and general-
ly the widest streets, as Fifth or Pennsylvania
Avenue, but in some American cities without
special reference to the character of the street.
–4. Figuratively, means of access or attain-
ment.
There are no avenweg to the public service opened for
talent. Brougham.
averl (a-vér’), v. t. ; pret, and pp. averred #.
averring. [Early mod. E. also averr, 2 E.
averren, K OF. averrer, averer, mod. F. averer =
Pr. averar = It. avverare, KML. adverare, make
true, prove true, be true, K L. ad, to, + verus,
true: see verify, verity, etc.] 1+. To assert the
truth of.-2}. To confirm; verify; prove to be
true.—3. To affirm with confidence; declare
in a positive or peremptory manner.
And I aver that, to this day, I have done no official act
in mere deference to my abstract judgment and feeling
on slavery. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 481.
4. In law, to avouch or verify; offer to verify;
allege as a fact. See averment.—5. To assert
the existence of; offer in evidence. [Archaic.]
Averring notes
Of chamber-hangings, pictures, this her bracelet.
Shale., Cymbeline, v. 5.
=Syn. 3. Affirm, Declare, etc. (see assert), say, allege, pro-
test, insist, maintain.
aver2 (ā’věr), m. [Sc. aver, aiver (def. 3); K
ME. aver, avere, aveyr (later also avoir, havoir,
havor, havour, after later OF.), K OF. aver,
aveir, later avoir, mod. F. avoir = Sp. averes,
haveres, pl., now haber, - Pg. haveres, pl. , = It.
avere (M.L. (tverwm, averium, avere, aver), Sub-
stance, property, stock, lit. ‘having,” being the
noun use of the inf., O.F. aver, aveir, etc., K L
habere, have: see have. From its use as a col-
394
lective sing. arose its use in the #. in the
special sense of stock, cattle, whence a new
sing. (ML. averia, averius, as well as averum,
averium), a beast of burden.] 1+. Substance;
property; estate.
Marchaunt he was of gret avoir.
Sewyn Sages, l. 2205, in Weber's Metr. Rom., III.
2#. pl. Live stock; cattle; domestic animals.-
3. A beast of burden; a draft-ox or draft-
horse; an old horse. [North. Eng. and Scotch.]
An inch of a nag is Worth a span of an aver.
In Ray, Proverbs (1678), p. 36.
average1 (av’º-ráj), 'm. [= Sc. avarage, contr.
arrage, arage, now arriage, esp. in the combi-
nation arriage and carriage; K late M.E. ave-
page, earlier only in M.L. averagium or OF. ave-
page, appar, the same, with suffix -age, as M.L.
avera, a kind of service mentioned in Domes-
day Book: usually referred to aver, a beast
of burden, and defined accordingly; but this is
doubtful, avera being more prob. a reflex, simu-
lating aver, of OF. Ovre, oevre, mod. F. oeuvre, K
L. opera, work: see opera, wre?, manoeuver.] in
old law, a kind of service owed by tenants to
their superior. The nature of the service is not clear.
It is usually explained as service done with beasts of bur-
den, but this appears to rest on a doubtful etymology
(see above).
average? (av’e-rāj), m. and a... [Early mod. E. also
averige, averidge, avaridge, K late ME. average
the same, with s -age (found only in E. an
Anglo-L. averagium), as late M.E. averays (for
averys?), K F. avaris, “decay of wares or mer-
chandise, leaking of wines, also the charges of
the carriage or measuring thereon, also the fees
or veils of a cook, etc.” (Cotgrave), sing, prop.
avarie = Sp. averia = Pg. It, avaria, in ML, ava-
ria, averia; cf. M.D. avarij, D. haverij = G. hafe-
wei, haverie = Dan. havari = Sw. haveri, from
Rom.; prob. K. Ar. awār, 'iwār, 'wwār, defect,
damage, esp. to a ship's cargo; cf. 'awārīya,
goods damaged by sea-water. Perhaps ava-
mia, through its appar. more orig. form avaria, is
to be referred to the same source: see avania.]
I. m. 1. (a+) A duty or tax upon goods. (b) A
small charge payable by the shippers of goods
to the master of the ship, over and above the
freight, for his care of the goods. Hence the
clause, in bills of lading, “paying so much
freight, with primage and average accustomed.”
(c) A small charge paid by the master on account
of the ship and cargo, such as pilotage, towage,
etc.: called more specifically petty average.
(d) A loss, or the sum paid on account of a loss
(such as that of an anchor), when the general
safety is not in question, and which falls on
the owner of the particular property lost:
called more specifically particular average.
(e) A contribution made by the owners of a
ship's freight and cargo, in proportion to their
several interests, to make good a loss that has
been sustained or an expense incurred for the
general safety of the ship and cargo. Thus,
when for the safety of a ship in distress any destruction
of property is incurred, either by cutting away the masts,
throwing goods overboard, or in other Ways, all persons
who have goods on board or property in the ship (or the
insurers) contribute to the loss according to their aver-
age, that is, according to the proportionate value of the
goods of each on board. Average in this sense is also called
general average.
2. A sum or quantity intermediate to a num-
ber of different sums or quantities, obtained by
adding them together and dividing the result
by the number of quantities added; an arith-
metical mean. Thus, if four persons lose re-
spectively $10, $20, $30, and $40, the average
loss by the four is $25. Hence — 3. Any
medial amount, estimate, or general statement
based on a comparison of a number of diverse
specific cases; a medium.
A like number of men, through various kinds and de-
grees of ill-success, reveal a mental capacity that is more
or less below the average. J. Fiske, Dvolutionist, p. 177.
Yet I have no doubt that that people's rulers are as
wise as the average of civilized rulers.
Thoreaw, Walden, p. 39.
Average bond. See bond 1.-Upon or on an average,
taking the arithmetical mean of several unequal numbers
or quantities; taking the arithmetical mean deduced from
a great number of examples.
On an average the male and female births are tolerably
equal. Buckle, Civilization, I. iv.
= Syn, 2 and 3. Medium, etc. See mean, m.
II. a. 1. Equal in amount to the sum of all
the particular quantities of the same sort di-
vided by the number of them: as, the average
yield of wheat to the acre; the average price of
anything for a year. *
average3+ (av’º-ráj), n.
averagely (av’º-ráj-li), adv.
averano (av-e-rá'nö), n.
avercake, n.
avercornt, n.
averdant (a-vèr/dant), a.
averisht (av’º-rish), n.
averland (ā’vér-land), m.
averment (a-vèr’ment), n.
Avernian (a-Vérºni-an), a.
Avernian
I departed, . . . convinced that, . . . whatever the
ratio of population the average amount of human nature'
to the square mile is the same the world over.
- Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 93.
Hence—2. Of medium character, quality, etc.;
midway between extremes; ordinary.
They all [the Palaeocosmic skeletons] represent a race
of grand jº development, and of cranial capacity
equal to that of the average modern European:
Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 174.
: The average intellect of five hundred persons, taken as
they come, is not very high. O. W. Holmes, Autocrat, vi.
We mortals cross the ocean of this world
Each in his average cabin of a life—
The best's not big, the worst yields elbow-room.
Browning, Bishop Blougram's Apology.
3. Estimated in accordance with the rules of
average; as, the loss was made good by an
average contribution.—Average curvature. See
curvature.—Average standard, in copper-mining, the
market value of a tom of tough-cake copper. It formerly
served as a basis for estimating the amount to be paid b
the smelters to the miners for ores of copper purchased.
[Cornwall.]=Syn. See mean, m.
average? (av’e-rāj), v. t. ; pret, and pp. averaged
O
ppr. averaging. [K average?, m.] 1. T ānā
the arithmetical mean of, as unequal sums or
quantities; reduce to a mean.—2. To result
in, as an arithmetical mean term; amount to,
as a mean sum or quantity: as, wheat averages
56 pounds to the bushel. *
These spars average 10 feet in length. Belknap.
3. To divide among a number proportionally;
divide the total amount of by the number of
equal shares: as, to average a loss.
The permanent averaged price on all kinds of commodi-
ties. English Rev., VI. 261.
[Also averaige, averish,
prob. an expansion (in reverse imitation of Sc.
arriage, arrage, for averagel) of arrish, ersh:
see arrish, ersh, eddish.] The stubble and grass
left in corn-fields after harvest.
In these monthes after the cornne bee innede it is meete
to putt draughte horses and oxen into the averish.
Quoted in Archaeologia, xiii. 379.
average-adjuster (av’º-rāj-a-justēr), n. An
expert accountant who is employed in cases of
general average to ascertain and state the sum
which each of the parties interested has to pay
in order to make up the loss sustained by some
for the general good. Also called average-
stater, average-taker.
In an average or
medial manner; in the mean between two ex-
tremes.
Which tends to render living more difficult for every
averagely situated individual in the community.
J. S. Mill, Polit. Econ., I. xiii. § 4.
average-stater, average-taker (av’º-ráj-stãº-
têr, -tä/kēr), n. Same as average-adjuster.
& [Appar. S. Amer.]
A name of the birds of the genus Chasmorhyn-
clºus of Temminck, including several South
American fruit-crows of the family Cotingidae
and subfamily Gymnoderinae, as C. variegatus,
the averano of Buffon, and the arapunga. See
cut under arapunga.
See havercalce.
[Appar. K aver (repr. M.L. avera
(see average1), a kind of service) + corn.] In
old law, corn paid by a tenant to his superior
as rent or in lieu of service. This word, like aver-
land and averpenny, is not known in vernacular use, and
its technical sense is uncertain. See average1.
[Sce verdant.] In
her., covered with green herbage: chiefly ap-
plied to a mount in base.
Same as average3.
[See avercorn.] In
old law, land subject to the service called aver-
age. See average1.
[K aver1 + -ment.]
1. The act of averring; affirmation; positive
assertion. -
Publishing averments and innuendoes.
Burke, Powers of Juries.
2#. Verification; establishment by evidence.
Bacon.—3. In law, an allegation or statement
as a fact: commonly used of statements in a
E.; which the party thereby professes to
e ready to prove.
[KL. Avermus (se.
lacus), now (It.) Lagód'Averno; usually referred
to Gr. &opvoº, without birds (K &- priv. H. 6putſ,
bird); called āopvog Žuvm by Aristotle, 6 'Aopvog
by Strabo.] Pertaining to Avernus, a lake of
Campania in Italy, looked upon by the ancients
as an entrance to hell. From its waters me-
hitic vapors arose, which were supposed to
ill birds that attempted to fly over it.
|
* . - “...
averpenny
àyer enn â’ver-penºi), n. TSee avercorn.
In º: º, penºi), [ I
tº a ſº , money paid by a tenant to his lord
in lieu of the service called average.
ayerrable (3-vér'a-bl), a. [Kaveri ---able.] 1.
Capable of 'being verified or proved.—2. Capa-
ble of being averred, asserted, or declared.
Averrhoa (av-e-rö’ā), n. [NI. named from
Averrhoës, Averroès'; see Averroist.] A genus
of small trees, belonging, to the family Owa-
lidaceae, containing two East Indian species,
cultivated for their very acid fruit. The bilim-
bi, A. Bilimbi, is often pickled or candied, and its i.
lemoves the stain of iron-rust and other spots from linen.
The carambola, A. Carambola, is also used as food.
Averroism, Averrhoism (av-e-ró'izm), n. [K
Averrhoës -- -ism..] The doctrines held by
Averrhoës and his followers. See Averroist.
The patricians of Venice and the lecturers of Padua made
Averroism synonymous with doubt and criticism in theol-
ogy, and with sarcasm against the hierarchy.
#nºrit., III. 151.
Ayerroist, Averrhoist, (av-e-röſist), n., [K
Averrhoës or Averroës -H -ist. Averroës is a
Latinized form of Ar. Ibn-Roshd.] A follower
of Averrhoës, a celebrated Arabian philosopher
and commentator on Aristotle, who was born
at Cordova, about A. D. 1126, and died 1198.
The philosophy of the Averroists was little more than
an imperfect interpretation of Aristotle's doctrines; but
Averroism was particularly characterized by its effort to
separate philosophy and religion.
Averroistic (av’e-rö-istik), a. [K Averroist +
-ic.] Of or pertaining to the Averroists or their
doctrines.
The Averroistic school, mainly composed of physicists
and naturalists, was the most decided opponent of the
scholastic system in its relation to theology.
Prof. V. Botta, in Ueberweg's Hist. Phil., II. App. ii.
averruncatef (av-e-rungſkät), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. averruncated, ppr. averruncating. [K L.
averruncatus, pp. of averruncare, avert, re-
move, an ancient word peculiar to the lan-
guage of religion, K & for ab, from, -H verruncare,
turn. Hence erroneously averruncate, averum-
cate (Cockeram), aberuncate (Bailey and John-
son), “to weed,” “to pull up by the roots,” -
from an erroneously assumed L. *aberwmcare,
as if K ab, from, + eruncare, K e for ea, out, +
runcare, uproot, weed.] 1. To avert or ward
off. [Obsolete or rare.]
But sure some mischief will come of it,
Unless by providential wit,
Or force, we averruncate it.
- S. Butler, Hudibras, I. i. 758.
2. [Improp.: see etym.] To weed; pull up by
the roots. &
averruncation! (av’ e-rung-kā ‘shgn), n. [K
averruncate.] 1. The act of averting or ward-
ing off (evils). [Obsolete or rare.]
Averruncation of epidemical diseases by telesms.
- J. Robinson, Eudoxa (1658), p. 82.
2. [Improp.] A rooting up; extirpation; re-
moval. e
averruncator (av’e-rung-kā’tor), n. IK aver-
runcate + -or; also spelled åberuncator: see
aberuncate.] See aberuncator.
aversant (8-vèr'sant), a. [K L. aversan(?-)s,
ppr. of aversari, turn away, K & for ab, away, +
versari, turn. Cf. averse.] In her., A ſº
turned to show the back: said of a
right hand. Also called dorsed.
aversation (av-èr-să'shgn), n. IKL.
aversatio(n-), Kaversari, pp. aversatus:
See aversant..] Aversion; a turnin
away from. [Obsolete or rare.]
I had an aversation to this voyage
When first my brother moved it.
hapman, Revenge of Bussy d'Ambois, iii. 1.
Certainly for a king himself to charge his subjects with
high treason, and so vehemently to prosecute them in his
own cause as to do the office of a searcher, argued in
him no great aversation from shedding blood.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, ix.
Some men have a natural aversation to some vices or
virtues and a matural affection to others. Jer. Taylor.
averse (a-vèrs’), a. [K L. aversus, pp. of aver-
tere, turn away: see avert.] 1. Turned away
from anything; turned backward; averted.
Earth . . . with her part averse
From the sun's beam. Milton, P. L., viii. 138.
The tracks averse a lying notice gave,
And led the searcher backward from the cave.
I)ryden, AEmeid, viii.
Hence—2. Specifically: (a) In bot., turned
away from the central axis: opposed to adverse
(which see). (b) In ornith., set back or turned
away from: applied to pygopodous or rump-
footed birds, whose legs are set so far back
that the erect posture is necessitated, as in the
case of the loom, grebe, or auk.-3. fisliking;
unwilling; having reluctance.
A Hand
Aversant Or
Dorsed.
395
Averse alike to flatter, or offend.
Pope, išssay on Criticism, 1.748.
As Mr. Wilmot knew that I could make a very handsome
settlement on my son, he was not averse to the match.
Goldsmith, Vicar, ii.
4. Unfavorable; indisposed; adverse.
Some much averse I found and wondrous harsh,
Contemptuous, proud, set on revenge and spite.
Milton, S. A., l. 1461.
And Pallas now averse refused her aid. Dryden.
[This word and its derivatives are now regularly followed
by to, and not by from, although the latter is used by some
modern Writers. The word itself includes the idea of
from ; but the literal meaning is ignored, the affection of
the mind signified by the word being regarded as exerted
toward the object of dislike. Similarly, the kindred terms
contrary, *::::::::::: etc., are also followed by to..]=Syn.
3. Averge, Reluctant, disinclined, backward, slow, loath,
opposed. A verse implies habitual dislike or unwilling-
ness, though not of a very strong character, and is nearly
synonymous with disinclined: as, averse to study, to active
pursuits. Reluctant, literally, struggling back from, im-
plies, some degree of struggle either with others who are
inciting us on, or between our own inclination and some
strong motive, as sense of duty, whether it operates as an
impelling or as a restraining influence. See antipathy.
. Averse to pure democracy, yet firm in his regard for ex-
isting popular liberties. Bamcroft, Hist. U. S., I. 277.
I would force from the reluctant lips of the Secretary
of State his testimony to the real power of the masses.
W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 44.
4. Adverse, Inimical, etc. See hostile.
averset (a-vèrs’), v. t. and i. [K L. aversus :
see the adj.] To turn away; avert. B. Jon-
SO??,
- Wise Pallas' shield
(By which, my face aversed, in open field
I slew the Gorgon).
- B. Jomson, Masque of Queens.
aversely (a-vèrs’li), adv. 1. In the reverse or
opposite direction; backward:-2. With aver-
sion or repugnance; unwillingly. [Rare in
both senses.]
averseness (a-vèrs’ nes), n. [K averse + -mess.]
The state of being averse ; opposition of mind;
dislike; unwillingness; backwardness.
aversion (a-vèr’shgn), n. [K.L. aversio(n-), K
avertere: see averse, a., and avert.] lit. A
turning away; a change of application.
A figurative speech called apostrophe, which is an aver-
8ion of speech from one thing . . . to another.
Bp. Morton, Episcopacy Asserted, p. 101.
2}. The act of averting orwarding off.-3. An
averted state of the mind or feelings; opposi-
tion or repugnance of mind; fixed or habitual
dislike; antipathy: used absolutely or with to,
sometimes with from, for, or toward.
His aversion towards the house of York.
Adhesion to vice, and aversion from goodness.
Bp. Atterbury.
A state for which they have so great an aversion.
Addison.
An aversion to a standing army in time of peace had
long been one of the strongest of English sentiments.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., iii.
4t. Opposition or contrariety of nature: ap-
plied to inanimate substances.
Magnesia, notwithstanding this aversion to solution,
forms a kind of paste with water. Fourcroy (trans.).
5. A cause of dislike; an object of repugnance.
Had I no preference for any one else, the choice you
have made would be my aversion.
Sheridan, The Rivals, i. 2.
=Syn. 3. Hatred, Dislike, Antipathy (see antipathy);
unwillingness, shrinking, hesitation, disrelish, distaste,
detestation. &
aversive? (a-vèr'siv), a. [K L. aversus (see
averse, a.) + -ive..] Averse; turning away.
Those strong-bent humours, which aversive grew.
janiel, Civil Wars, vii. 78.
aversivelyi (a-vèr'siv-li), adv. With aversion;
backwardly. Chapman.
avert (a-vèrt’), v. [K L. avertere, turn away, K
a for ab, from, away, + vertere, turn: see verse,
version, averse, etc. Cf. advert, convert, divert,
evert, invert, pervert, revert, subvert, etc.] I.
trans. 1. To turn away; turn or cause to turn
off or away: as, to avert the eyes from an
object: now seldom with a personal object.
When atheists and profane persons do hear of so many
discordant and contrary opinions in religion, it doth avert
them from the church. Bacon.
To associate Himself with some persons and to avert
Himself from others. H. James, Subs, and Shad., p. 158.
2}. To give a turn or direction to ; direct.
Avert your liking a more worthier way,
Than on a wretch whom Nature is asham'd
Almost to acknowledge hers. Shak., Lear, i. 1.
3. To ward off; prevent the occurrence or hap-
pening of (evil or something threatened).
Believing in the divine goodness, we must necessarily
believe that the evils which exist are necessary to avert
greater evils. Macawlay, Sadler's Ref. Refuted.
Bacom.
avertebrated (a-vèr’té-bră-ted), a.
averted (a-vérted), p. a.
averter (a-vèr’tēr), m.
avertible (a-vér’ti-bl.), a.
avertiment, m.
Aves (ā’véz), m. pl.
Avesta
4+. To oppose; view with aversion.
The nature of mankind doth certainly avert both killing
and being kill’d.
Decay Christ. Piety (1667), vi. § 9, 251. (N. E. D.)
II. intrans. To turn away. [Rare.]
Averting from our neighbour's good.
homsom, Spring, I. 301.
[K Gr. &-
priv. (a-18) + vertebrated.] Evertebrated; in-
vertebrate.
The Linnaean classification of avertebrated animals.
G. Johnston (ed. of Cuvier, 1849), p. 335.
1. Turned away or
aside.
When food was brought to them, her share
To his averted lips the child did bear.
Shelley, Revolt of Islam, v. 30.
2. Specifically, in anat. drawing, having the
head of the object turned to the top of the fig-
ure. Wilder.
One who or that which
averts or turns away.
A verters and purgers must go together, as tending all to
the same purpose, to divert this rebellious humour [mel-
ancholy] and turn it another way.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 407.
[K avert + -ible.]
Capable of being averted; preventable : as,
“avertible evils,” Kinglake.
An erroneous form of adver-
tisement. Milton.
[L., pl. of avis, a bird; cf.
Skt. vi. = Zend vi, a bird. Cf. also ovum and
eggl.] Birds; feathered animals, considered as
a class of vertebrates, next after mammals:
sometimes united with Reptilia in a superclass
Sauropsida, distinguished on the one hand from
Mammalia, and on the other from Ichthyopsida,
or amphibians and fishes together. Aves are de-
fined by the following characteristics: a body covered
with feathers, a kind of exoskeleton no other animals
possess; hot blood; completely double circulation; per-
fectly 4-chambered heart; single and dextral aortic arch ;
fixed lungs; air-passages prolonged into various air-
sacs, even into the interior of sonle of the bones of the
skeleton; oviparous reproduction; eggs large and mero-
blastic, with copious food-yolk and albumen and a hard
calcareous shell ; limbs 4 in number, the ailterior pair of
which are modified as wings, and generally subserve flight
by means of their large feathers, the distal segment of the
limb being compressed and reduced, with not more than
3 digits, usually not unguiculate; the metacarpals more
or less ankylosed as a rule, and the free carpals normally
only 2 in adult life ; a large breast-bone, usually carinate,
and great pectoral muscles; numerous dorsolumbar, Sa-
cral, and urosacral vertebrae ankylosed into a sacrarium;
ilia greatly produced forward, and ilia and ischia back-
** normally without median symphyses; perforate
cotyloid cavity; the trochanter of the femur articulating
with an iliac antitrochanter, and the fibula incomplete
below; the astragalus ankylosed with the tibia, and assist-
ing in forming the tibial condyles; mediotarsal ankle-
joint; not more than 4 metatarsals, 3 ankylosed together,
and not more than 4 digits, the phalanges of which are
usually 2, 3, 4, or 5 in number ; the hind limb fitted as a
whole for bipedal locomotion; and no teeth in any recent
forms, the jaws being sheathed in horn. Birds have un-
dergone little modification since their first appearance in
the Jurassic age; their classification is consequently dif-
ficult, and no leading authors agree in detail. Linnaeus
(1766) divided them into 6 orders: Accipitres, Picas, An-
seres, Grallae, Gallince, and Passeres. Cuvier's arrange-
ment (1817) was similar, with the 6 orders Accipitres,
Passerinae, Scansores, Gallinoe, Grallce, and Palmipedes.
A system said to have been originally proposed by l(irby,
and formerly much in vogue annong English ornithologists,
recognized Natatores, Grallatores, Cursores, Rasores, Scam-
sores, Insessores, and Raptores as orders. The latest arti-
ficial system is that of Sundevall (1872–3), with the orders
Oscines, Volwcres, Accipitres, Gallinae, Grallatores, Nata-
tores, Proceres, and Saururce, 42 subordinate groups, and
1,229 genera. In 1867 Huxley divided birds into 3 orders:
Sawrwroe, Ratitoe, and Carimatae; the latter into 4 subor-
ders, Dromaeognathae, Schizogmathap, Desmogmathce, and
AEgithogmathce, and 16 superfamily groups—an arrange-
ment very different from any preceding one. The dis-
covery of Odontornithes, or toothed birds, led to another
primary division by Marsh into Odontolcae, Odontotormoe,
and Saururae; this author not extending his classification
to recent birds. In 1884 Coues divided all birds into 5
subclasses: (1) Sawrurae, with tcc th, amphicoelous verte-
brae, carinate sternum, separate metacarpals, and long,
lizard-like tail; (2) Odontotorince, with socketed teeth, bi-
concave vertebrae, carinate sternum, ankylosed metacar-
pals, and short tail; (3) Odontolcae, with teeth in grooves,
heterocoelous vertebrae, rudimentary wings, ratite ster-
num, and short tail; (4) Ratita', without teeth, with het-
erocoelous vertebrae, Tatite sternum, rudimentary wings,
ankylosed metacarpals, and short tail; (5) Carinatoe, with-
Qut teeth, with heterocoelous vertebrae, carinate sternum,
developed wings, ankylosed metacarpals, and short tail.
The Carimatae include all living birds, except the few stru-
thious or ratite birds. For the carimate subclass or order,
some 15 or 20 ordinal or subordinal groups are now usually
adopted. One of these, Passeres, includes a large majority
of all birds. The genera or subgenera of birds in use now
range from about 1,200 to about 2,900. The species are
usually estimated at about 12,000. See bird and Sawrop-
sida.
Avesta (a-Wes’tā), m. The sacred Writings at-
tributed to Zoroaster. See Zend-Avesta,

Avestan -
Avestan (a-ves’tan), a. and m. [KAvesta + -an.]
I. a. Belonging to the Avesta.
II. m. The language of the Avesta ; Zend.
avestruz (a-ves-tröz'), n. [Pg., also abestru2, -
Sp. avestruz, ostrich: see ostrich.] A name
of the South American ostrich, Rhea americana.
aviador (à-vé-ā-dór’), n.; pl. aviadores (-dó’rås).
[Amer. Sp., K. Sp. aviar, provide articles for a
journey, K d (K }. ad), to, + via, K. L. via ; see
via.] One who furnishes the proprietor of a
mine with money and supplies for working it.
Mineral aviadores, or providers of goods and provisions,
which they obtained on credit.
Quoted in Mowry's Arizona and Sonora, p. 126.
avian (ā’vi-an), a. and n. IK L. avis, a bird, -H
-an.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Aves, or birds;
ornithic.
The furculum is distinctly avian.
O. C. Marsh, Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 313.
Avian anatomy. See anatomy. -
II, m. A member of the class Aves; a bird.
aviary (ā’vi-à-ri), n. ; pl. aviaries (-riz)... [KL.
aviarium, an aviary, neut. of aviarius, of birds,
Kapis, bird: see Aves.]. A large cage, building,
Aor inclosure in which birds are reared or kept,
aviation (ā-vi-ā'shon), m. [K L. avis, a bird.]
*The art or act of flying.
aviator (ā’vi-ā-tor), n. A flying-machine em-
ploying the principle of the aéroplane.
aviatorium (ä”vi-à-tó’ri-um), n. A place for
aviation-meets.
avicula (a-vik’īī-lä), n. [L., dim. of avis, a
bird.] 1. A little bird; hence, any ungrown
bird; a nest-
ling, fledgling,
or chick.— 2.
[cap.] [NL. :
in allusion to
the wing-like
expansion of
the hinge.] In
conch., a genus of bivalve mollusks, typical of
the family Aviculidae, the wing-shells. A. hi-
rundo is the type.
avicular (a-vik'il-lär), a. [K L. avicularius, n.,
a bird-keeper, prop. adj., pertaining to birds, K
avicula, a little bird: see avicula.] Pertaining
to birds. Thomas, Med. Dict.
avicularia, n. Plural of avicularium.
avicularian (a-vik-i-lā’ri-an), a. Of or per-
taining to an avicularium.
avicularium (a-vik-i-lā’ri-um), m. ; pl. avicu-
laria (-á). [NL., neut. of L. avicularius, adj. :
see avicular.] In 206l., a singular Small pre-
hensile process, resembling a bird's head, with
a movable mandible, which Snaps incessantly,
found in many of the Polyzoa. Compare flabel-
larium, vibracularium.
aviculid (a-vik’ī-lid), n. A bivalve of the fam-
ily Aviculidae.
Aviculidae (av-i-kü’li-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAvicu-
la + -idae.] A family of lamellibranchs, with
oblique inequivalve shells, having an Outer
prismatic cellular layer and inner nacreous
layer, a small byssus-secreting foot, and com-
pletely open mantle. There are several genera be-
sides Avicula, the type, among them Meleagrina, which
contains the famous pearl-mussel, M. margaritifera, of
the Indian ocean and Persian gulf and the Gulf of Mexico.
See cut under avicula.
aviculoid (a-vik’ī-loid), a. [K Avicula + -oid.]
Resembling the Aviculidae: as, “an aviculoid
shell,” Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXI. 140.
Aviculopecten (a-vik’i-lô-pek’ ten), n. IKAvic-
wla + Pecten, genera of Pelecypoda.] A widely
distributed genus of Paleozoic pelecypods hav-
ing pectiniform shells with posterior and an-
terior ears and numerous shallow ligament
grooves along the hinge area.
aviculture (ā’vi-kul-Üür), n. IKL. avis, a bird,
+ cultura, culture.] The care of birds; the
rearing or keeping of birds in domestication or
captivity.
avid (avºid), a. [K L. avidus, greedy, eager,
K avere, wish. Cf. avarice.] Eager; greedy.
Avid of gold, yet greedier of renown. Southey.
The voluptuous soul of Mirabeau was not more avid of
pleasure than the vain, ambitious soul of Robespierre was
Wing-shell (Avicula Jezruztao).
of applause. G. H. Lewes, Robespierre, p. 124.
avidious? (a-vid’i-us), a. [Expanded form, for
*avidous, avidus : see avid.] Same as
avid : as, “avidious greedinesse,” By. Bale,
select works (1849), p. 418.
avidiously: (a-vid’i-us-li), adv. In an avid or
avidious manner; eagerly; with greediness.
Nothing is more avidiously desired than is the sweet
peace of God. Bp. Bale, Image of the Two Churches.
àvidity (a-vid’i-ti), n., [K F. avidité, K.L. avidi-
ta(t-)s, Kavidus, greedy, eager: See avid.] 1.
396
avoid
Greediness; strong appetite : applied to the Avize? (a-véz'), n. A sparkling wine named
senses.—2. Eagerness; intenseness of desire:
applied to the mind.
Avidity to know the causes of things is the
all philosophy.
=Syn, 2. Earnestness, Zeal, etc. See eagerness.
aviet (a-vi'), prep. phr., as adv. [Kaš + vie,
after F. & Wenvi, in emulation, emulously: see
vie..] Emulously.
They strive avie one with another in variety of colours.
Holland.
aview? (a-vii"), v. t. [Early mod. E. also ad-
view, advewe, K late . avewe, K a-, ad-, +
vewe, view. Cf. OF. avuer, aveuer, follow with
the eye (aveument, a view), Ka, to, + vue, view,
sight.] To view or inspect; survey; recon-
noiter.
avifauna (ā’vi-fä-nā)
[NL., K. L. avis, a #á
v.] 1. A collective name for the birds of any
given locality or geographical area; the fauna
of a region or district so far as concerns birds.
–2. A treatise upon the birds of a given re-
parent of
Reid.
*...; pl. avifaunaº (-nē).
glon.
avifaunal (ā’vi-fā-nal), a. [K avifauna.] Of or
pertaining to an avifauna.
aviform (ā’vi-fôrm), a. [K L. avis, a bird, +
Jorma, form.] Bird-shaped; having the struc-
ture characteristic of the class Aves; avian, in
a morphological sense.
Avignon berry. See berry1.
avilet (a-vil'), v. t. [ME. avilen, K OF. aviler,
F. avilir = Pr. Sp. avilar = It. avvilire, avvilare,
K. L. as if *advilare, “advilire, Kad, to, + vilis,
vile: see vile.] To make vile; treat as vile;
depreciate; debase. -
Want makes us know the price of what we avīle.
B. Jomson, Prince Henry's Barriers.
avilementt, n. [K OF. avilement (mod. F. avilis-
Sement): see avīle and -ment.] The act of ren-
dering vile, or of treating as vile.
avine (ā’vin), a. [K L. avis, a bird, + -ine1.1
Same as avian.
avireptilian (ā’vi-rep-til'i-an), a. [K L. avis,
bird, + reptilis, reptile, F -an.] Combining
avian and reptilian characters; sauropsidan,
as a bird. [Rare.]
The head is in a stage of avi-reptilian transition.
R. W. Shufeldt, in The Century, XXXI. 355.
avist, n. An obsolete form of advice.
avisandt, a. Advising; giving advice.
avisandum, n. See aviaamdum.
aviset, m. and v. An obsolete form of advice,
advise.
avised (a-vist'), a. [Sc., prop. “vised, K F. vis,
face, H--ed?, with unorig. a- developed in comp.]
Faced: only in composition: as, black-avised,
dark-complexioned; lang-avised, long-faced.
[Scotch.]
avisefulf (a-viz' fül), a. [Also avizefull; Kavise,
= advise, ++ful.] Circumspect. Spenser.
aviselyt, adv. Advisedly. Chaucer.
avisementſ (a-viz' ment), n. Obsolete form of
advisement. -
I think there never
Marriage was managed with a more avisement.
B. Jomson, Tale of a Tub, ii. 1.
avision!, n. [ME., also avisiun, -own, KOF. avi-
Sion, avisium (= Pr. avision), for vision; confused
with avis, advice, counsei: Vision. Chaucer.
avisof, n. IK Sp. aviso, advice, etc.: see advice.]
1. Advice; intelligence. -
I had yours, . . . and besides your avisos, I must thank
you for the rich flourishes wherewith your letter was em-
broidered. Howell, Letters, ii. 68.
I am no footpost,
No pedlar of avisos. Ford, Lady's Trial, i. 1.
2. An advice- or despatch-boat.
avital (av’i-tal), a.
(see Aves), -- fauna, q..
s p º
from the villagé of Avize, in the department of
Marne, France. See champagme.
*...º.º. m. TA popular corrup-
tion (as if Sp. ab(w)ogado, advocate) of Nahuatl
ahuacatl.]. The alliga: -*
tor-pear, the fruit of * * * *
Persea Persea, of the
family Lawraceae, a tree
common in tropical
America and the West
Indies. It is from 1 to 2
pounds in weight, is pear-
shaped, of a brownish-green º
or purple color, and is highly
esteemed, though rather as
a vegetable than as a fruit.
The pulp is firm and mar-
row-like, whence the fruit is
sometimes, known as vege-
table marrow or midship-
7m.am's butter. The tree is an
evergreen, growing to the
height of 30 feet.
avocat (av-Č-kā’), n.
., K. L. advocatus:
See advocate, n.] An advocate; a lawyer.
avocate (av’ā-kāt), v. t.; Fº and pp. awo-
Cated, ppr., avocating. [K L. avocatus, pp. of
avocare, call away, K a for ab, away, + vocare,
call: see voice and vocal.] 1+. To call off or
Avocado, or Alligator-pear
(Persea Persea).
away.
. One . . . who avocateth his mind from other occupa-
tions. Barrow, Works, III. xxii.
2. To remove authoritatively from an inferior
to a superior court. [Archaic.]
Seeing . . . the cause avocated to Rome.
Lord Herbert, Hen. VIII., p. 259.
avocation (av-3-kā'shgn), n. [KL. avocatio(n-),
a calling off, interruption, K avocare, call off:
see avocatej 1+. The act of calling aside or
diverting from some object or employment.
God does frequently inject into the soul blessed im-
pulses to duty, and powerful avocations from sin. South.
2. The authoritative removal of a case or pro-
cess from an inferior to a superior court.
The pope's avocation of the process to Rome, by which
his duplicity and alienation from the king's side were
made evident, and the disgrace of Wolsey, took place in
the summer of 1529. allam.
3t. The state of being called, or of wandering
aside or away; a diversion of the thoughts.
If not from virtue, from its gravest ways,
The Soul with pleasing avocation strays.
Parmell, To an Old Beauty.
Hence—4. That which calls one away from
one's proper business; a subordinate or occa-
sional occupation; a diversion or distraction.
Heaven is his vocation, and therefore he counts earthly
employments avocations. Fuller, Holy State, iv. 9.
Visits, business, cards, and I know not how many other
avocations . . . do succeed one another so thick, that in
the day there is no time left for the distracted person to
converse with his own thoughts.
Boyle, Occasional Reflections, ii. 6.
5. A person's regular business or occupation;
vocation; calling. [An improper though com-
mon use of the word.]
Does it not require time for an individual, thrust out of
one avocation, to gain admittance to another?
Godwin, The Enquirer, p. 196.
The ancient avocation of picking pockets.
Sydney Smith.
In a few hours, above thirty thousand men left his stan-
dard, and returned to their ordinary avocations.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
The wandering avocation of a shepherd.
Buckle, Civilization, II. i.
avocativet (a-yokºa-tiv), a. and n. [K avocate +
-īvé. Cf. vacative..] I. a. Calling off. Smollett.
II. m. That which calls aside; a dissuasive.
Incentives to virtue, and avocatives from vice.
arrow, The Creed.
[K.L. aviºus, pertaining to avocato (av-3-kā’tö), n. Same as avocado.
a grandfather (Kavus, a grandfather), -, -al.] avocatory (avok'a-tº-ri), a. [K avocate +-ory.]
Of or pertaining to a grandfather; ancestral.
I sneered just now at avital simplicity.
C. Reade, Love me Little, etc., xi.
avivage (a-vi-vāzh"), n. In dyeing, the process
of clearing a fabric of superfluous coloring
matter after it has left the vats, and of reviv-
ing and brightening the colors.
When the dyeing process is continued for more than six
hours the colours produced stand clearing (avivage) less
well than when the time has been shorter.
avocet. m. -
Avocetta (av-Č-setſä), m.
Callin off; .#. Letters avocatory, letters
by which the subjects of a sovereign are recalled from a
foreign state with which he is at war, or which bid them
abstain or desist from illegal acts.
See avoset.
[NL.: see avoset.]
1. A genus of birds, the avosets: a synon
of Recurvirostra (which see). Brisson, 1760.
See cut under avoset.—2. A genus of hum-
ming-birds. Agassiz. Also Avocettula.
Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 301. Avo adro's law. See law.
avizandum (av-i-Zan'dum), n. . [Law L., also
avisandum, gerund of avisare, K F. aviser, con-
sider, advise: see advise.] In Scots law, private
consideration. To make avizandum with a cause is to
remove it from the public court to the private considera-
tion of the judge. Also spelled a visandum,
avizelt, v. An obsolete form of advise,
a VOI
(8-void’), v. [K. M.E. avoiden, avoyden, K
AF. avoider, OF, esvuidier, esveudier, empty out,
Kes-(K.L. eaſ, out) + vuidier, veudier, K.L. viduare,
empty, Kviduºus, empty: see void, a., which has
influenced avoid in some of its senses.] I.
trams. 1. To make void; annul; make of no
effect: chiefly used in legal phraseology: as,


. . . . ' avoid * *
this grant cannot be avoided without injustice
to the grantee.—2}. To empty.
Avoyd thou thi trenchere. , Babees Book, p. 23.
8t. To eject; throw out; drive out.
And yf he avoyde hem [swine going at large] not, or put
hem in warde, aft' warning made, . . . he that is so in de-
fault to paye the peyne reherced. •
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 398.
A toad contains not those urinary parts . . . to avoid
that serous excretion. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
4t. To quit; evacuate; depart from.
And then the both maires to chaunge their places, then
to avoid the halle. Pnglish Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 418.
Avoid the gallery. Shak., Hen. VIII., v. 1.
That prince should command him to avoid the country.
Bacom.
5. To shun; keep away from; eschew: as, to
avoid expense, danger, or bad company.
The best way to avoid controversies about words is to
use words in their proper senses.
- Macaulay, Sadler's Ref. Refuted.
6}. To get rid of; get out or clear of.
I will no longer endure it, though yet I know no wise
remedy how to avoid it. Shak., As you Like it, i. 1.
= Sym. 5. To escape, elude, evade, keep clear of.
II.f intrans. 1. To become void, vacant, or
empty.
Bishopricks are not included under benefices: so that if
a person takes a bishoprick, it does not avoid by force of
that law of pluralities, but by the ancient common law.
gº ſº Ayliffe, Parergon.
2. To retire; withdraw.
David avoided out of his presence. 1 Sam. xviii. 11.
Avoid, my soul's vexation I Satan, henceſ -
B. Jonson, Case is Altered, iv. 4.
Let him avoid, then,
And leave our walk.
Fletcher and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, i. 1.
ayoidable (3-yoi'da-bl.), a. [K avoid + -able.]
1. Liable to be annulled or to become void;
voidable. [Rare.]—2. Capable of being avoid-
ed, shunned, escaped, or prevented.
avoidably (3-voi'da-bli), adv. In an avoidable
IOOla,Illſler. -
avoidance (a-voi"dans), n. [K ME, avoidaunce,
avoidans; K avoid + -ance.] 1. The act of an-
nulling or making void; annulment.
The obsequious clergy of France . . . pronounced at
Once the avoidance of the marriage.
Milman, Latin Christianity, ix. 4.
2. The act of becoming, or the state of being,
yacant; especially, the state of a benefice when
it becomes void by death, deprivation, resigna-
tion, or preferment of the incumbent; vacancy.
Wolsey, . . . on every avoidance of St. Peter's chair,
was sitting down thereon, when suddenly some one or
other clapped in before him. Pvºller.
8. The act of avoiding or shunning anything
disagreeable or unwelcome.—4+. A retiring
from or leaving a place.—5+. An emptying
out; that by which a fluid is carried off; an
outlet. -
Avoidances and drainings of water. Bacon.
Confession and avoidance. See confession.— Plea in
avoidance, in law, a plea which, without denying the
plaintiff's allegation, sets up some new fact evading its
effect, as where the plaintiff alleges a debt and the de-
fendant pleads a release in avoidance.
avoider (a-voi’dër), n. 1. One who avoids,
shuns, or escapes. -
Good sir, steal away : you were wont to be a curious
avoider of women's company.
- Beaw. and F., Honest Man's Fortune, iv. 1.
2#. That which empties.
avoidless (8-void’les), a. [K avoid +/-less.]
That cannot be avoided; inevitable: as, “avoid-
less ruin,” Dennis, Letters. [Rare.]
avoir. An abbreviation of avoirdupois.
avoirdupois (av"Qr-dû-poiz'), m. [Prop. aver-
depois, early mod. E. averdepois, averdupois,
häverdupois, -poise, KME. aver de poie, avoir de
pois, aver de peis (later also -paise, -pase), KOF.
aver de pes, aveir de peis (equiv. to ML. averia
ponderis), lit. goods of weight: aver, goods (see
aver?); de, K.L. de, of; pes, peis, later tº: (mod.
F. poids, by mistaken reference to L. pondus,
weight) = Pr, pes, pens = It. peso, K L. pen-
sum, weight, K pendere, weigh: see poise, pen-
dant.] 1. A system of weight in which one
§. contains 16 ounces. It was introduced into
gland from Bayonne about A. D. 1800, and is substantial-
ly the Spanish system. In avoirdupois weight 7,000 troy
grains (once approximately made but now exactly) make
a pound, while in troy weight the pound contains 5,760
grains, the grain being the same in both cases; hence, 175
pounds troy are equal to 144 pounds avoirdupois. (For
its use in the U. S. see below.) The pound avoirdupois
is the standard weight of Great Britain, and is equal to
453.6 grams in the French metric system. , Avoirdupois
weight is used in determining the weights of all commodi-
397
ties except gems and the precious metals. It is reckoned
as follows:
Cwt. Qrs. Pounds. Ounces. Drams.
1 ton = 20 = 80 = 2240 = 35840 = 573440
1 hundredweight = 4 = 112 = 1792 = 28672
1 quarter = 28 = 448 = 7168
1 pound : 16 = 256
1 Ounce := 16
In the United States the hundredweight is now commonly
100 pounds, and the ton 2,000 pounds, called the short ton
in distinction from the long ton of 2,240 pounds.
2. The weight of anything according to the
avoirdupois system: as, his avoirdupois was 150
pounds. [Colloq.]
Also written averdupois, and often abbrevi-
ated to avoir. and avdp.
avoket (3-vök"), v. t. TſK L. avocare, call away:
See avocate. Cf. convoke, evoke, invoke, provoke,
*evoke.] To call away or back. Bp. Burnet.
avolater (av’ā-lāt), v, i. [K L. avolatus, pp. of
avolare, fly away, K a for ab, away, + volare, fly:
See volant.]. To fly off; escape; exhale. Boyle.
avolationt (av-Č-lā‘shgn), n. [K L. as if *avola-
tio(n-), K avolare: see avolate.] The act of fly-
; away; flight; escape; exhalation; evapora-
1OIl.
The avolation of the favillous particles.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 22.
avoli (à-vö’lé), n. [It..] In glass-blowing, espe-
cially in Venetian work, the small circular piece
which covers the junction of the bowl and the
stem in a d -glass.
avoncet, v. Variant of avancel, obsolete form
of advance.
avoset, avocet (av’ā-set), n. [Also as NL.
avocetta, avosetta; K F. avocette = Sp. avoseta,
K It. avosetta, avocetta.] 1. A bird of the
genus Recurvirostra, family Recurvirostridae,
and order Limicolae, characterized by extreme
European Avoset (Recuerzyżrostra azocefta).
slenderness and upward curvature of the bill,
and by very long legs and webbed toes. In the
latter characteristic it differs from most wading birds. Its
length is from 15 to 18 inches from the tip of the bill to
the end of the tail, and its coloration is chiefly black and
White, the legs being blue. Several species are described.
The avoset of Europe is R. avocetta; that of the United
States is R. annericana, distinguished by the chestnut-
brown coloration of the head. The former is sometimes
called the scooper or scooping (tº)0Set.
2. A humming-bird of the genus Avocetta.
avouch (a-vouch"), v. [K ME. avowchen (rare),
AF. advoucher, OF. avochier, avocher, a part-
ly restored form, after the L., of avoer, avower,
affirm, declare, avow, orig. call upon to defend,
C. L. advocare: see advocate, avowl, and vouch..]
I. trans. 1. To affirm or acknowledge openly;
declare or assert with positiveness; proclaim.
Thou hast avouched the Lord this day to be thy God:
. . . And the Lord hath avowched thee this day to be his
peculiar people. Deut. xxvi. 17, 18.
Neither indeed would I have thought that any such an-
tiquities could have been avowched for the Irish.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
If this which he avowches does appear.
Shak., Macbeth, v. 5.
I speak what history avowches, that the mechanics, as a
class, were prime agents in all the measures of the revolu-
tion. Pºverett, Orations, I. 363.
2. To admit, confess, or avow.
The first time that I have heard one with a beard on his
lip avowch himself a coward. Scott, Betrothed, iii.
Milton in his prose works frequently avowches the pecu-
lººtion to the Italian literature and language which
6 OOre.
Trench, Eng. Past and Present, iii. 119. (N. E. D.)
3. To maintain, vindicate, or justify; make
good; answer for; establish; guarantee; sub-
stantiate.
avouchable (a-vouſ cha-bl), a.
avoucher (a-vouſ chér), n.
avouchment (2-vouch’ment), n.
avoué (a-vö-ā'), n.
avouret, m.
avoutert, avouterert, etc. See advowter, etc.
avowl (a-vou"), 'E
avow?} (a-vou"), v.
avow?! (a-vou"), m.
avowable (3-vou’a-bl), a.
avowably (a-vou’a-bli), adv.
avowal (a-vou’al), m.
avowal
What I have said .
I will avouch, in presence of the king.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 3.
We might be disposed to question its authenticity if it
were not avouched by the full evidence in its favour. .
Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 7.
4}. To appeal to, or cite as proof or warrant:
as, to avowch the authorities on any subject.
II. intrans. To give assurance or guaranty;
vouch: as, “I can avouch for her reputation,”
Defoe, Mrs. Veal.
avouchi (a-vouch"), n. [Kavouch, v.] Evidence;
testimony; assurance.
Without the sensible and true avowch.
Of mine own eyes. hak., Hamlet, i. 1.
[K avouch +
-able.] Capable of being avouched.
One who avouches.
[K avouch +
-ment.] The act of avouching; declaration;
avowal; acknowledgment.
By laying the foundation of his defence on the avouch-
Tnent of that which is so manifestly untrue, he hath given
a worse foil to his own cause than when his whole forces
were at any time overthrown. Milton, Eikonoklastes, i.
[F., K OF. avoue (pp. of
avower, avoer), K.L. advocatus, advocate, patron:
See avowee, advowee, and advocate.] In France,
originally, a protector of a church or religious
community; now, a ministerial officer whose
duty it is to represent parties before the tribu-
nals and to draw up acts of procedure.
See avower2.
g v. [Early mod. E. also advow,
after the L.; K ME. avowen, avouen, K.O.F. avower,
avoer = Pr. avoar, K. L. advocare, call to, call
upon, hence to call as a witness, defender,
patron, or advocate, own as such: see avouch.
(from iater OF.) and advoke and advocate (di-
rectly from L.), doublets of avowl. This verb,
in E. and F., was partly confused with the now
obsolete avow?; cf. the similar confusion of al-
lowl and allow2.j I. trans. 1+. To own or ac-
knowledge obligation or relation to, as a per-
Son: as, he avowed him for his son.— 2+. To
sanction; approve:-3. To declare openly, of
ten with a view to justify, maintain, or defend:
as, to avow one’s principles.
If there be one amongst the fair'st of Greece . . .
That loves his mistress more than in confession, . . .
And dare avow her beauty and her worth
In other arms than hers—to him this challenge.
Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
“Water, verdure, and a beautiful face,” says an old
Arab proverb, “are three things which delight the heart,”
and the Syrians avow that all three are to be found in
Damascus. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 126.
4. Specifically, in law, to acknowledge and
justify, as when the distrainer of goods de-
fends in an action of replewin, and avows the
taking, but insists that such taking was legal.
See avowry, 1.—5. To admit or confess open-
ly or frankly; acknowledge; own: as, to avow
one's self a convert.
Left to myself, I must avow, I strove
From public shame to screen my secret love. Dryden.
=Syn. 3. To affirm, assert, profess.-5. Admit, Confess,
etc. See acknowledge. & e
II. intrans. In law, to justify or maintain an
act done, specifically a distress for rent taken
in one’s own right. N. E. D.
avowl? (a-vou"), m. [K avowl, v.] An avowal;
a bold declaration. Dryden.
[Early mod. E., also advow
(after the L.); K ME. avowen, avouen, K OF.
avower, avoer, later advower, K. M.L. as if *advo-
tare, K. L. ad, to, + ML. votare, vow, X Pr. vodar
= OF. voer, vower, X E. vow, q.v. This verb was
partly confused with avowl, q.v.] I, trams. 1.
To bind with a vow.—2. To devote or dedicate
by a vow; vow.—3. To vow to do or keep;
promise; undertake.
II. intrans. To bind one's self by a vow;
make a vow; vow.
[ME. avowe, avow ; from
the verb.j A vow; a promise.
I make a vowe to my God here.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, l. 93.
I will make mine avow to do her as ill a turn.
Marriage of Sir Gawayme.
[K avowl + -able.]
Capable of being avowed or openly acknow-
ledged with confidence.
In an avowable
manner. Imp. Dict.
[K avowl + -al.] An
open declaration; a frank acknowledgment.
His . . . avowal of such . . . principles.
Hume, Hist. Eng., an. 1628.

a WOW ance
ayowance (8-you’ans), n. [K avowl + -ance.]
1. The act of avowing; avowal.—2#. Justifi-
cation; defense; vindication.
Can my avowance of king-murdering be collected from
anything here written by me? willer.
avowant (a-vou’ant), m. [K avowl + -antl.] In
law, the defendant in replevin, who avows the
distress of the goods, and justifies the taking.
avowed (a-Voud'), p. a. Declared; open.
I Was thine open, thine avowed enemy.
avowedly (a-vou’ed-li), adv. In an avowed or
Open manner; with frank acknowledgment.
avoweet, n. [Also advowee, q.v.; K ME. avowe,
K OF. avowe (see avoué) earlier avoe, K L. advo-
Catus: See advowee, advocate.] An advocate
or patron; in law, same as advowee.
avowerl (a-vou’ér), m. [Kavowl + -erl.] One
who avows, owns, or asserts.
avower?t, n. [Also advower, avoure; K OF.
avower, inf. used as a noun: see avowl.] Avowal.
He bad him stand tº abide the bitter stoure
Of his sore vengeaunce, or to make avowre.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. iii. 48.
avowry (a-vou’ri), m. [K. M.E. avowerie, avow-
erie, acknowledgment, authority, KOF. avowerie,
avoerie, K avower, avoer, avow: see avowl and
—ry.] 1. In old law, the act of the distrainer of
oods, who, in an action of replewin, avowed and
justified the taking by maintaining that he took
them in his own right: thus distinguished from
cognizance, which was the defense of one who
maintained that he took them in the right of
another as his bailiff or servant.—2+. A patron
saint chosen for one's advocacy in heaven:
often applied to a picture or representation of
the patron saint, and hence the cognizance by
which a knight was known, because the repre-
sentation of his patron saint borne on his pen-
non became such a cognizance.
Therefore away with these avowries; let God alone be
our avowry.
Latimer, Sermons before Edw. VI. (Arber), p. 198.
Within this circle and close to the corpse were carried
the four banners—two before, two behind—of the dead
person's avowries, which were small square vanes beaten
out of gilt metal, painted with the figures of his patron Saints
and fastened flag-wise upon staves.
Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 488.
avowtryt, etc. See advowtry, etc.
avoyt, interj. [K OF... avoi, avoy, interj.] An
exclamation of surprise or remonstrance.
Avoy, quod she, fy on yow herteless.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1.88.
avoyer (a-voi’ér), n. [Also advoyer; K F. avoyer,
prob. KML.*advocarius, equiv. to advocatus, pro-
tector, patron; cf. M.L. advocaria, tribute paid
for protection, the protection itself: see advo-
cate.] In French Switzerland, the early title of
the chief magistrates of the cantons. In Bern
the title was used until 1794.
avulsef (a-vuls"), v. t. [K L, avulsus, pp. of avel-
lere, pluck off: see avell.] To pluckºº pull off.
Shenstone.
avulsion (a-vul’shgn), n. [K L. avulsio(n-), K
avulsus, pp. of avellere, pluck off: see avell.]
1+. A pulling or tearing asunder or off; a rend-
ing or violent separation.
The thronging clusters thin
By kind avulsion. J. Philip8, Cyder, i. 24.
On condition of everlasting avulsion from Great Britain.
Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 151.
2#. A fragment torm off.-3. In law, the Sud-
den removal of soil from the land of one man
and its deposit upon the land of another by the
action of water.
avuncular (a-vung'kū-lär), a. . [KL. avunculus,
uncle, dim. of avus, grandfather: see uncle.]
Of or pertaining to an uncle.
In these rare instances the law of pedigree, whether di-
rect or avuncular, gives Way. Is. Taylor.
Clive had passed the avuncular banking-house in the
city, without caring to face his relations there.
Thackeray, Newcomes, II. ii.
awit, n. and v. See awel.
aw2, interj. [Cf. augh, ah, oh.] An exclama-
tion of surprise, disgust, or remonstrance.
[Colloq.]
aw. [(1) K ME. aw, au, ag, a3 (awe, etc.), KAS.
ag (aga, agu, etc.), that is, a followed by the
guttural g; (2) K ME. aw, aw (awe, etc.), KAS.
aw (awu, etc.) (or £w, edw), that is, a (or £, ed.)
followed by the iabiaiw ; (3) K ME. aw, au, av,
KAS. (etc.) af (av); (4) of other origin.]
common English digraph (pron. Å), formerly in-
terchangeable in most instances with aw (which
see), but now the regular form when final, and
when medial before k, l, and m. Historically it
represents, in older words, (1) a (à) with an absorbed gut-
tural, as in hawl, lawl, mawl, bawl, 8aw2, awm, dawm,
Massinger.
398
etc.; º , (3), a (ä) with an absorbed labial (w or v), as
in awl, claw, raw, awkl, hawki, crawl, etc.; (4) a, aw, or o
in other positions and of various origin, as in yawn, yawl,
lawn, pawn, pawl, bawl, etc. In later words often a meré
accident of spelling.
awa (a-wā’), adv. A Scotch form of away.
awabi (a-wā’bé), n. [Jap.] The Japanese
abalone, or sea-ear, Haliotis gigantea, a shell-
fish found in great quantity on the southern
shores of Japan and much used as food. The
shell is extensively used for inlaying in lacquer-work, and
in other ornamentation, See abalome.
awaitl (a-wāt"), v. [K ME. awaiten, awayten, K
OF. awaitier, awaiter, later aguaitier, agaiter,
watch for, lie in wait, K a, to, + waitier, later
guaitier, gaitier, gaiter (mod. F. guetter), watch,
wait: see a-11, wait, and ºff I. trams. 1+.
To watch for; lie in wait for.
* Your ill-meaning politician lords,
Under pretence of bridal friends and guests,
Appointed to await me thirty *};
Milton, S.A., l. 1196.
2. To wait for; look for or expect.
Betwixt these rocky pillars Gabriel sat,
Chief of the angelic guards, awaiting night.
Milton, P. L., iv. 550.
All through life I have awaited the fulfilment of a
prophecy. Hawthorne.
3. To be in store for; attend; be ready for:
as, a glorious reward awaits the good.
Let all good things await
Him who cares not to be great.
Tennyson, Duke of Wellington, viii.
II.; intrans. To watch; give heed.
Awaitymge on the reyn if he it heere.
Chawcer, Miller's Tale, 1. 456.
Ther is ful many an eye and many an ere
Awaitymg on a lord, and he noot where.
Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, l. 352.
awaitli (a-wāt'), m. [K ME. await, awayt, KOF.
await, later agwait, agait, etc., mod. F. aguets,
watch, ambush; from the verb.] A state of wait-
ing; watch; ambush.
The lyoum sit in his await alway
To slen the innocent, if that he may.
haucer, Friar's Tale, 1.359.
Themselves they set
There in await with thicke woods overgrowne.
Spenser, F. Q., III. v. 17.
To have in awaitt, to keep a watch on.
Fortune was first frend and sithen foo,
No man ne truste vp-on hir fauour longe,
But have hir in awayt for euer-moo.
Chawcer, Monk's Tale, l. 732.
awaitºt (a-wāt'), prep. phr, as adv. [K as +
wait, n.] In wait. Tyndale.
awaiter (a-wā’tēr), n. [K ME. awayter, awai-
tour (cf. 'OF. aguaiteor, aguetteur): see await
and -erl.] 1. One who awaits.—2+. One who
lies in wait.
Yef he be a prive awaitour yhid, and reioyseth hym to
rauysshe by wyles, thou shalt seyne him lyke to the fox
whelpes. Chaucer, Boëthius.
awake (a-wäk’), v.; pret. awoke, awaked, pp.
awoke, awaked, ppr. awaking. [In this verb are
merged two orig. different but closely related
forms: (1) ME. awaken (strongverb; pret. awoke,
awok, pp. awaken, awake), KAS. *āwacan, only
in pret. dwóc, pp. dwacen, the pres. being sup-
plied by äwa-cman with formative -n (whence
prop. mod. E. awaken, q.v.), earlier *onwacan
(pret. onwöc, pres. onwacman, etc.), K d-, orig.
on-, + "wacan, wacnam, wake; (2) M.E. awaken,
awakien (weak verb; pret. awaked, pp. awaked),
K AS. āwacian (pret. dwacode, pp. dwacod) (=
OHG. arwachen, MHG. G. erwachen), K d- +
wacian, wake, watch. The above were prop.
intrans., the trans. form being ME. awecchen, K
AS. āweccan (= OS. awekkian = OHG. arwec-
chan, irwecchen, MHG. G. erwecken), K Ö- +
weccan, trans., wake, arouse. The forms yary
as those of the simple verb: See a-2, a-1, and
wake.] I. intrans. 1. To cease to sleep; come
out of a state of natural sleep.
Jacob awaked out of his sleep. Gen. xxviii. 16.
2. To come into being or action as if from sleep.
Now with his wakening senses, hunger too
Must needs awake.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 178.
3. To bestir or rouse one's self from a state
resembling sleep; emerge from a state of inac-
tion; be invigorated with new life; become
alive: as, to awake from sloth; to awake to the
consciousness of a great loss.
Awake, O sword, against my shepherd. Zech. xiii. 7.
Awake to righteousness. 1 Cor. xv. 34.
And at his word the choral hymns awake.
Scott, Don Roderick, st. 82.
4. To be or remain awake; watch. [Obsolete
or poetical.]
awakening (a-wäk’ning), p. a.
awakenment (a-wā’kn-ment), n.
awald
- Such as you
Nourish the cause of his awaking.
4. * Shak., W. T., ii. 8.
The purple flowers droop : the golden bee
Is lily-cradled : I alone awake.
- Tennyson, CEnone.
II, trans. 1. To arouse from sleep.
I go that I may awake him out of sleep. John xi. 11.
2. To arouse from a state resembling sleep,
as from death, stupor, or inaction; put into
action or new life; as, to awake the dead; to
awake the dormant faculties.
My master is awak'd by great occasion
To call upon his own. Shak., T. of A., ii. 2.
Thou dost awake something that troubles me,
And says, I lov'd thee once.
Beau. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, v. 4.
=Syn. 2. To wake, excite, stir up, call forth, stimulate,
spur (up).
awake (a-wak'), a. [Formerly also awaken, K
. awake, awaken, KAS. āwacem, pp.: , see
the verb.] Roused from sleep; not sleeping;
in a state of vigilance or action.
It is my love that keeps mine §. awake.
Shak., Sonnets, lxi.
awakement (a-wäk’ment), n. [K awake, v., +
-ment.] The act of awakening, or the state of
being awake; revival, especially revival of re-
ligion. [Rare.] Imp. Dict.
awaken (a-wai’km), v. [K ME. awakenen, awak-
nen, KAS. āwaºchan, pres. used with strong
pret. dwóc (see awake, v.), also dwacmian (pret.
ăwabcnede, ºp. dwached), awake; orig. intrans.,
but in mod, use more commonly trans.: see
awake, v.] I. intrans. 1. To become awake;
cease to sleep; be roused from sleep or a state
resembling sleep: as, to awaken early.
A music of preparation, of awakening suspense—a mu-
sic like the opening of the coronation anthem.
De Quincey.
2. To come into being or action as if from
sleep: as, hope awakened in his breast.
#. trans. 1. To rouse from sleep or a state
resembling sleep; cause to revive from a state
of inaction.
Satan . . . his next subordinate
Awakening, thus to him in secret spake.
Milton, P. L., v. 672.
I offer'd to awaken his regard
For his private friends. ak., Cor., v. 1.
2. To call into being or action.
Such a reverse in a man's life awakens a better principle
than curiosity. Sterme, Sentimental Journey, p. 77.
[Awaken is chiefly used in figurative or transferred ap-
plications, awake being preferred in the sense of arousing
from actual sleep.]
awakenable (a-wai’kn-a-bl), a. [K awaken +
-able.] Capable of being awakened. Carlyle.
awakener (a-wak'nér), n. One who or that
which awakens or arouses from sleep or inac-
tion.
Though not the safest of guides in politics or practical
hilosophy, his [Carlyle's] value as an inspirer and awa-
cannot be overestimated.
Dowell, Study Windows, p. 149.
awakening (a-wak’ning), n. 1. The act of
awaking from sleep.
Some minute ere the time
Of her awakening.
Shak. (some editions), R. and J., v. 3.
2. An arousing from what is like º: a re-
vival of interest in, or attention to, what has
been neglected.
It was a sign of a great awakening of the human mind
when theologians thought it both their º their
privilege to philosophize. Stillé, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 384.
Especially—3. A revival of religion, either in
an individual or in a community: a use of
the word derived from the Scripture symbol
of sin as death or sleep, and conversion as
resurrection or awakening.—The great awaken-
ing, the great revival of religion in New England brought
about through the preaching of Whitefield in 1740.
Rousing;
alarming: as, an awakening sermon.
awakeningly (8-wäk’ning-li), adv. In a man-
ner to awakén. nº
[K awaken
+ -ment.] The act of awakening, or the state
of being awakened; specifically, a religious re-
vival. [Rare.]
awald, awalt (ā’wald, fi’walt), a. and n. [Sc.,
also written awelled, awart (and by simulation
awkward); origin uncertain. Cf. AS. wealtan,
waltan, roll, *āwaltan, pret, dwalte, roll: see
walter, walty, welter.]. I. a. Lying helplessly
on the back: said of a sheep §e. unable,
through sickness or fatness, to get up.
II. m. A sheep so lying.
awanting (ºwanºing), a.
awane
awane (ºwin'), prep pir, as adv. Kaº F.
wane..] On the wane; waning. . . .
Érop. a phrase,
a wanting; cf. amissing.] Wanting; deficient;
absent; missing: not used attributively.
In either case criticism was required, and criticism was
awanting. - Sir W. EIamilton.
a Wapet, v. See awhape.
awardſ (a-wärd'), v. t. TDK ME. awarden, KAF.
awarder, OF, eswarder, eswardeir, later esgard-
er, esguarder, esgardeir = Sp. egguardar (obs.)
= It sguardare, look at, consider, decide, ad-
judge, K ML, *čawardare, K L. eaſ, out, + M.L.
wardare, guardare, observe, regard, guard: see
ward, guard, and regard.] 1. To adjudge to
be due; assign or bestow as of right; £: by
judicial determination or deliberate judgment,
especially upon arbitration, or umpirage; as,
to award the prizes at a school examination;
the arbitrators awarded him heavy damages.
A pound of that same merchant's flesh is thine :
The court awards it, and the law doth give it.
. Shak., M. of W., iv. 1.
To the woman who could conquer, a triumph was
awarded. Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 47.
2}. To sentence; adjudge or determine the
doom of.
Lest. . . . the supreme King of kings . . .
Either of you to be the other's end.
Shak., Rich. III., ii. 1.
. The extremity of law
Awards you to be branded in the front.
! B. Jomson, Poetaster, v. 1.
3. In a general sense, to permit the possession
of; allow; allot; yield. -
The child had many more luxuries and indulgences
than had been awarded to his father. Thackeray.
award 1 (a-wärd'), n. IK ME. award, KAF. award,
F. eswärt, esguart; from the verb.] 1. A deci-
sion after examination and deliberation; a ju-
dicial sentence; especially, the decision of ar-
bitrators on points submitted to them, or the
document containing such a decision.
We cannot expect an equitable award where the judge
is made a party. Glanville.
2. That which is awarded or assigned by such
a decision, as a medal for merit, or a sum of
money as damages, etc.—Geneva award. See Ala-
bama claims, under claim.
guard.
award2t, v. t. [K. a-11 + ward.] 1. To
–2. To ward off. Evelyn.
awarder (A-wär"dēr), n. One who awards or as-
signs as of right; a judge, arbitrator, or umpire.
aware (a-wär"), a... [KME. aware, iwar, iware,
gwar, KAS. gewar (= OHG. givar, iMáč. gewar,
G. gewahr), K ge- + war, wary, cautious: see
a-6, ge-, and warel.] li. Watchful; vigilant;
on one's guard.
I have laid a snare for thee, and thou art also taken, O
IBabylon, and thou wast not aware. Jer. l. 24.
Are you all aware of . . . tale-bearing and evil-speak-
g? Wesley, Works (1872), XIII. 19. (N. E. D.)
2. Apprised; cognizant; in possession of in-
formation: as, he was aware of the enemy's
designs.
I was so distinctly made aware of the presence of some-
thing kindred to me . . . that I thought no place could
ever be strange to me again. Thoreaw, Walden, p. 143.
Specifically—3. Informed by sight or other
SOINS6,
Then Enid was aware of three tall knights
On horseback, wholly arm’d, behind a roc
In shadow, waiting. Tennyson, Geraint.
= Syn. 2. Aware, Conscious (see conscious), mindful, ac-
quainted (with), sensible, observant. wº
awareness (a-wär'nes), n. The state of being
8. W8F9,
Recognition of reality in our view is not awareness.
Mind, X. 525.
This consciousness I speak of is not a direct perception
of the Absolute, but a general awareness that it exists.
New Princeton Rev., II. 178.
awarni (a-wärn'), v. t. [Ka--F warm.] Towarm.
- Every bird and beast awarmed made
To shrowd themselves Spenser, F. Q., III. x. 46.
#wash (a-wosh'), prep. ºw... as a. or adv. [Ka8
wash...] Naut.: (a) Just level with or emerg-
ing from the surface of the water, so that the
waves break overit, as wreckage, or an anchor
when hove up to the surface, or rock, Spit, or
bank just appearing above the water.
The wrecks are floating almost awash, presenting little
surface for the wind to blow upon. cience, III. 863.
§ Covered with water; kept wet: as, the
ecks were constantly awash. (c) Washing
about; tossed about by the waves.
awastë (4-wast’), prep. phr. as adv. [K a 3 +
waste.] asting; going to waste or decay.
Awata ware, pottery. See ware,
award
399
awater (a-water), prep.phr. as adv. [K as +
water.] On the water.
wave (3-wav’), prep. phr, as adv. [K as -H
wave..] On the wave; waving.
away (8-wā'), prep. phr. as adv. [KME. *g.
awey, awei, oway, o wey, on way, etc., § AS:
aweg, earlier on weg, lit. on way: see aº and
way.] 1. On the way; onward; on; along:
as, come away. -
Mistress, you must come away to your father. &
hak., As you Like it, i. 2,
2. From this or that place; off: as, to go, run,
flee, or sail away. &
He rose and ran away. Shak., Pass. Pilgrim, iv. 14.
And we kiss'd the fringe of his beard and we pray'd as We
heard him pray, g
And the Holy man he assoil'dus, and sadly we sail'd away.
Tennyson, Voyage of Maeldune.
3. From one's own or accustomed place; ab-
sent: as, he is away from home; I found him
away on a vacation.
Thyself away art present still with me ;
For thou not farther than my thoughts canst move.
k., Sonnets, xlvii.
4. From contact or adherence; off: as, to
clear away obstructions; cut away the broken
spars. -
Before the golden tresses of the dead
. . . were shorn away. Shak., Sonnets, lxviii.
5. Removed; apart; remote: as, away from
the subject.
Quite away from aught vulgar and extern.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 122.
6. From one's possession or keeping: as, to
give away one's books or money; throw away
a worn-out or discarded thing. -
Othere, perchance, when all our wars are done,
The brand Excalibur will be cast away.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
7. From one's immediate presence, attention,
or use; aside: as, put or lay away your work;
put away your fears; the things were laid away
for the summer.
Put away
These dispositions, which of late transport you
From what you rightly are. Shak., Lear, i. 4.
8. From this or that direction; in another or
the other direction: as, turn your eyes away;
he turned away.
Often, where clear-stemm'd platans guard
The outlet, did I turn away
The boat-head down a broad canal
Tennyson, Arabian Nights.
9. At or to such a distance; distant; off: as,
the village is six miles away.
Mirthful sayings, children of the place,
That have no meaning half a league away.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
An hour away, I pulled up, and stood for Some time at
the edge of a meadow. - -
H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 136.
10. From one state or condition to another;
out of existence; to an end; to nothing: as,
to pass, wear, waste, fade, pine, or die away;
continual º; wears away stone; the im-
age soon faded away; the wind died away at
sunset; she pined away with consumption.
The new philosophy represented by Locke, in its confl-
dence and pride taking a parting look at the old philoso-
phy, represented by the scholastic discussions, passing
away in the midst of weakness and ridicule.
McCosh, Locke's Theory of Knowledge, p. 16.
Without adducing one fact, without taking the trouble
to perplex the question by one sophism, he [Mr. Mill]
lacidly dogmatises away the interest of one half of the
#. TàCe, Macawlay, Mill on Government.
11. Gone; vanished; departed: as, here’s a
health to them that's away. [Chiefly prov. Eng.
and Scotch..]–12. On; continuously; stead-
ily; without interruption: as, he worked away;
he kept pegging away; and hence often as an
intensive: as, to fire away, eat away, laugh
away, Snore away. -
As if all the chimneys in Great Britain had, by one
consent, caught fire and were blazing away to their dear
hearts' content. Dickens.
13. Often used elliptically, with a verb (as go,
get) suppressed, and simulating an imperative:
as, (go) away! (get) away! We must away;
whither away so fast 3
Away, oldman l give me thy hand, away!
$/, Shak, £ear, W. 2.
Love hath wings, and Will away. Waller.
Away, away, there is no danger in him.
Beaw. and Fl., Philaster, v. 4.
Away back, far back; long ago; as, away back in the
ears before the war; away back in 1844. [Colloq. often
way back.]—Away with. (a) Used as an imperative
phrase, commanding the removal of an object.
Away with this man, and release unto us Barabbas.
Luke xxiii. 18.
awbert, m.
awei
aweary (a-wär’i), a.
aweel (a-wel'), adv.
Away with you! . . . I'll put everybody under an ar-
rest that stays to listen to her. Sheridan, The Camp, i. 1.
(b) An elliptical expression for “get away with,” that is,
; on with ; accommodate one's self to ; endure. [Ar-
chaic.)
Some agayne affirme that he retorned into his countrey,
but partly for that he coulde not away with the fashions of
his countrey folk, and partly for that his minde and affec-
tion was altogether set and fixed upon Utopia, they say
that he hathe taken his voyage thetherwarde agayne.
Sir T. More, Utopia (Arber), p. 165.
Shal. She never could away with me.
Fal. Never, never; she would always say she could not
abide Master Shallow. Shak.,.2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
I could never away with that stiff-necked generation.
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, i. 1.
Far away, far and away. (a) At a great distance.
(b) By far. [Colloq.]
Of all the men whom she had ever seen, he was far away
the nicest and best. Trollope.
Right away, straightway; at once; immediately; forth-
with.-Say *yº. say on ; proceed with your remarks.
[U. S. and prov. Erig.]—To bear away, explain a Way,
fire away, make away, etc. See the verbs.—To make
a Way with see make.
away-going (a-wā'gö’ing), a. and n. I. a. Go-
ing away; departing; leaving: as, an away-
going tenant.—Away-going crops, crops sown during
the last year of a tenancy, but not º until after the ex-
piration of it. .
II. n. A going away; departure.
awaywardi (a-wā’ward), adv. IME., also awei-
ward, etc.; K away + -ward.] Turned aside.
Gower.
[K F. aubour, OF. aubour, also au-
bourt (Cotgrave), laburnum, appar. K. L. albur-
num: see alburnum and laburnum.] The la-
burnum-tree, Cytisus Laburnum. Increase Ma-
ther, Remark. Provid., p. 232. (N. E. D.)
(à), n. [Also, more prop., aw (like law,
haw, etc.), K ME. aw, awe, agh, aghe, a3e, KIcel.
agi = Dan. ave = AS. as if *aga, the same with
diff. formative as AS. ege, ME. e3e, eghe, eye,
aye, ay, = OHG. agi, egi, M.H.G. ege = Goth. agis,
fear, K*agan, fear (in ppr. *agands, with nega-
tive unagands, unfearing); perhaps akin to Gr.
ãxog, anguish. Cf. ; 1. Dread; fear, as of
something evil.
I had as lief not be as live to be
In awe of such a thing as I myself.
Shak., J. C., i. 2.
In every form of government, the rulers stand in some
awe of the people. Macaulay, Mill on Government.
2. Fear mingled with admiration or reverence;
reverential fear; feeling inspired by something
sublime, not necessarily partaking of the nature
of fear or dread.
Stand in awe, and sin not. Ps. iv. 4.
The [Egyptian] deities representing the great forces of
nature, and shrouded by mysterious symbols, excited a
degree of awe which no other ancient religion approached.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 345.
To feel once more, in placid awe,
The strong imagination roll
A sphere of stars about my soul,
In all her motion one with law.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, czzii.
3. Overawing influence.
By my sceptre's awe I make a vow.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 1.
=Syn. Reverence, Veneration, etc. See reverence, m.
awel (à), v. t. ; pret. and pp. awed, ppr. awing.
[Kawel, n.] 1. To inspire with fear or dread;
terrify; control or restrain by the influence of
fear.
Nor think thou with wind
Of aery threats to awe whom yet with deeds
Thou canst not. Milton, P. L., vi. 283.
Never be it said
That fate itself could awe the soul of Richard.
Cibber, Rich. III., v. 3.
2. To strike with awe, reverence, or respect;
influence by exciting profound respect or rev-
erential fear.
awe? (à), v. t. [Sc.,-E. owe.] To owe. [Scotch. I
awes (ä), m.
[Sc. also ave, early mod. E. also
aw, awe, ave, alve; origin obscure.] 1. One of
the float-boards of an undershot water-wheel,
on which the water acts.-2. One of the sails
of a windmill.
[K a- expletive + weary.]
Weary; tired. [Archaic or poetical.]
She said, “I am a weary, a weary,
I would that I were dead | *
Tennyson, Mariana.
And all his people told him that their horses were
a weary, and that they were aweary themselves.
Tickmor, Span. Lit., I. 66.
aweather (a-we'FH’ér), prep. phr. as adv. or a.
[K as + weather.] On the weather side, or to-
ward the wind: as, the helm is aweather: op-
posed to alee.
[Sc., K a for ah, oh, +
weel-E, well.] Oh well; véry well; weil then.
4 weel, if your honour thinks I’m safe—the story is just
this. Scott, Guy Mannering, II, 63.






aween
aweent, v. t. . [KME, awenen, Ka- + wenen, KAS.
wénam, think, ween: see a-1 and ween.] To
ween ; Suppose.
The Jewes out of Jurselem awenden he were wode [mad].
Bel. Ant., I. 144.
aweigh (8-wā’), prep.phr. as adv. or a. [K as
+. weigh..] Naut, atrip. The anchor is aweigh when
it is just drawn from its hold in the ground and hangs
perpendicularly. See atrip. -
aweless (ā’les), a. [K ME. awles, etc.; AS. ege-
leſs, Kege, awe (see awel), + -leds, -less.] 1.
Mºting awe or reverence; void of deferential
€3.I’.
Lordes bene lawles,
Chyldere bene, awles.
A Prophecy, etc., l. 16 (E. E. T. S., extra ser., VIII. i. 85).
The aweless lion could not wage the fight.
Shak., K. John, i. 1.
2. Wanting the power of inspiring reverence
OI a We. -
The innocent and awless throne. Shak., Rich. III., ii. 4.
Also spelled awless.
awesome (à'sum), a... [North. E. and Sc.; Kawel
+ -some.] 1. Inspiring awe; awful: as, an
awesome sight.
“An awsome place,” answered the blind woman, “as
ever living creature took refuge in.'
Scott, Old Mortality, xliii.
The Wizard, on his part, manfully stuck up for his
price, declaring that to raise the Devil was really no joke,
and insinuating that to do so was an awesome crime.
Ringlake, Eothen, p. 168.
2. Evidencing or expressive of terror.
He did gie an awesome glance up at the auld castle.
Scott, Guy Mannering, I. xi.
Also spelled awsome.
awe-strike (à'strik), v. t. To strike with awe.
[Rare.]
awe-struck (à'struk), p. a. Impressed or struck
with awe.
"awful (ā’fül), a. [K ME. awful, agheful, aghful;
AS. egeful, Kege, awe (see awe.1), + =ful.] 1.
, -Striking or inspiring with awe; filling with
dread, or dread mingled with profound rever-
ence : as, the awful majesty of Jehovah; the
awful approach of death.
Her fathers' God before her moved,
An awful guide in Smoke and flame.
Scott, When Israel, of the Lord beloved.
The awful mysteries of the world unseen. J. Caird.
2. Of a dreadful character; causing fear or
horror; terrible; appalling: as, an awful disas-
ter; I heard an awful shriek.
Or if she slept, she dream'd
An awful dream. Tennyson, Guinevere.
3+. Inspiring or commanding respect, rever-
ence, or obedience.
An awful rule and right supremacy.
Shak., T. of the S., v. 2.
A parish priest was of the pilgrim train;
An awful, reverend, and religious man.
Dryden, Char. of Good Parson, l. 2.
She would, upon occasions, treat them with freedom;
yet her demeanour was so awful, that they durst not fail
in the least point of respect. Swift, Death of Stella.
4. Expressive of or indicating deep awe, as
for the Deity.
Towards him they bend
With awful reverence prone. Milton, P. L., ii. 478.
Awful prostration, like Pascal's, before the divine idea.
De Quincey, Secret Societies, i.
5#. Impressed with or exhibiting respect or
reverence, as for authority; law-abiding; re-
spectful in the extreme.
Thrust from the company of awful men.
Shak., T. G. of V., iv. 1.
Bow dare thy joints forget
To pay their awful duty to our presence?
- e Shak., Rich. II., iii. 3.
6. Having some character in an extreme or
noticeable degree; excessive; very great; ex-
traordinary; preposterous: as, he is an awful
dandy; that is an awful bonnet. [Colloq. and
Vulgar.]
Pot-pie is the favorite dish, and Woodsmen, sharp-set,
are awful eaters.
Carleton, New Purchase, I. 182. (Bartlett.)
=Syn, 1 and 2. Awful, Dreadful, Fearful, Frightful, sol-
emn, imposing, majestic ; dread, dire, dreadful, terrible.
The first four of these words are often loosely or col-
loquially used to express dislike, detestation, or horror,
but should in the main retain the same distinctions
of meaning as the nouns from which they are derived.
us, awful is full of awe, full of that which inspires awe,
exciting a feeling of deep solemnity and reverence, often
with a certain admixture of fear, acting especially upon
the imagination (see reverence, m.); the suggestion may
shift in all degrees from awe to horror: as, an awful
steamboat explosion. Dreadful is applied to what in-
spires dread, that is, an oppressive fear of coming evil,
and loosely to what is very bad. Fearful, full of fear,
impressing, fear: as, “a certain fearful looking for of
judgment,” Heb. x. 27. Frightful, not full of fright, but
awhapet, v. t.
awheels (a-hwélz'), prep. phr, as adv.
awhile (a-hwil’), adv., prop. adv. phr.
400
inspiring fright or sudden and almost paralyzing fear. An
awful sight; a dreadful disaster; a fearful leap; a fright-
Jwl chasm.
Abash'd the Devil stood,
And felt how awful goodness is.
Milton, P. L., iv. 846.
The smoothness of flattery cannot save us in this *ś
and awful crisis Chatham, Speech on American *
O Lord! methought what pain it was to drown!
What dreadful noise of waters in mine ears l
What sights of ugly death within mine eyes!
Methought I saw a thousand fearful wracks.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 4.
There was a fearful, Sullen sound of rushing waves and
broken surges. Tving, Sketch-Book, p. 21.
Their music, frightful as the serpents' hiss.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
awfully (ā’fül-i), adv. In an awful manner.
(a) Dreadfully; terribly. (b) With solemn impressiveness;
sublimely; majestically. (c) With a feeling of awe or
reverential fear; reverently. (d) Excessively; extreme-
ly; very: as, an awfully jolly man; an awfully pretty girl.
[Slang.]
You'll be awfully glad to get rid of me.
W. Black, Green Pastures, ii.
awfulness (à'fül-nes), n, 1. The quality of
being awful, or of striking or inspiring with
awe, fear, or horror; impressive solemnity or
sublimity; dreadfulness; terribleness: as, the
awfulness of the sacred place, or of a casualty.
Contrasts which move, now our laughter at their incon-
gruity, and now our terror at their awfulness. J. Caird.
2+. The state of being full of or inspired with
awe; reverence; awe.
A help to prayer producing in us reverence and awful-
770SS. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living.
awgrimt, n. A Middle English form of algo-
7'2S772.
[Revived by Spenser from a
. verb found only in pp. awhaped, awaped,
terrified, confounded; a word of uncertain
origin. Cf. Goth. afhwapjan, choke, suffocate.]
To confound; terrify. Also awape.
Not fulliche alle awhaped,
Out of the temple alle esiliche he wente.
Chawcer, Troilus, i. 316.
A wilde and salvage man, . . .
All overgrowne with hair, that could awhape
An hardy hart.
[Ka8 +
[K ME.
awhile, one while; the adv. acc. of a2+ while.]
For a space of time; for sometime; for a short
time.
Counsel may stop a while what will not stay.
- Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 159.
The company were all SOITy to separate so Soon, . . .
and stood a-while looking back on the Water, upon which
the moonbeams played. Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poesy.
[Awhile is properly two words, as it has to be written
when an adjective is used, as a little while, and as it is
commonly and should be always written when preceded
by for.] -
awidef, prep. phr. as adv. [K as -H wide, after
afar, etc.] Wide; widely.
They opened their mouth a wide [wide in authorized ver-
wheels.] On wheels. B. Jomson.
sion] upon me. Ps. xxxiv. 21 (Douay version).
awing (a-wing'), prep. phr. as a. or adv. [Kaº
+ wing.] On the wing.
'Tis time his fortune be a-wing; high time, sir.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, i. 1.
Moving specks, which he thought might be ships inflight
or pursuit, or they might be white birds awing.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 161.
awk1 (āk), a. [K ME. awke, auke, K. ONorth.
*afuh (in afulic, perverse) (= Icel. Öfugr, Öfigr
for *afugr) = Sw. afwig = OS. abhuh, abhoh =
B.G. abuh, abah, abeh, MHG. ebich, ebech, G.
dial. abicht, abech, abách, dibich, ùbig = M.D.
avesch, aefsch, awkward, contrary, perverse,
D. aafsch, crafty, artful), lit. ‘offward,” K af,
AS. of, E. off, away, with a suffix of variable
form and obscure origin. Cf. Goth. ib.uks, back,
'backward, in which ib-, like the prefix in ib-
dalja, descent, declivity, is perhaps a var. of
*ab, af, thus making ibuks = OS. abhuh, etc., -
E. awk1.] 1+. Turned in the opposite direction;
directed the wrong way; backhanded: as, “an
awk stroke,” Palsgrave.—2}. Left; left-handed.
On the awk or left hand.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 717.
3+. Wrong; erroneous; perverse: as, the awk
end of a rod.
Confuting . . . the awk opinions of the Stoics.
Golding, tr. of De Mornay's Trueness of Christ. Religion.
4. Awkward to use; clumsy; as, an awk tool.
[Prov. Eng.]— 5t. Štrange; singular; distin-
guished.
Off elders of alde tyme and of theire awke dedys,
How they were lele in theire lawe, and lovede God Al-
myghty. Morte Arthure (ed. Perry, E. E. T. S.), l, 13.
awk1+ (āk), adv.
awk?, m.
awkerd, awkert (ā’kèrd, -kért), a. A dialec-
Spenser, F. Q., IV. vii. 5. .
awkwardly
IK awkſ, a.]. Awkwardly;
wrongly. s". - - :
Professors ringing as awk as the bells, -- -
Sir R. L'Estrange, Iſables, ccci.
See awk1.
tal form of awkward. [Prov. Eng.]
sº (äk'li), adv. [ME, awkely; K awk1 +
- 3/ e
In the wrong direction; left- or back-
' handedly. Hence— (a) Awkwardly; clumsily.
(b) Perversely. (c) Untowardly; unluckily.
awklyf (Āk'li), a... [K awkl + -gi. Cf. AS.
(ONorth.) afulic, perverse: see awkl.] Per-
verse; untoward.
awknessł (äk'nes), n. [K awki + -ness.] The
state of being awk or awkward.
awkward (ák"wārd), adv. [Early mod. E. or
dial. also awkward, awkwari, awkard, awkerd,
awkert, etc., M.E. awkwarde, aukward, etc.,
transversely, sidewise, perversely; K awk!...+
-ward.] 1+. In the wrong direction; in the
wrong way; backward.
The emperour thane egerly at Arthure he strykez,
Awkwarde on the umbrere [vizor) and egerly hym hittez.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), l. 2247.
2}. Asquint.—3. Awkwardly; clumsily. [Now
Only prov. Eng.]
awkward (ákºwfird), a. [Early mod. E. or dial.
also awkward, awkwart, awkard, awkerd, etc.;
K awkward, adv.] 1+. Turned the wrong way;
backhanded.—2t. Perverted; perverse.
They with awkward judgment put the chief point of
godliness in outward things. Udall, Mat. v.
'Tis no sinister nor no awkward claim. \
hak., Hen. V., ii. 4.
3t. Untoward; adverse.
Twice by awkward wind from England's bank
Drove back again unto my native clime.
hak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
4. Ill adapted for use or handling; unhandy in
operation; clumsy: as, awkward instruments
or contrivances.—5. Wanting dexterity or skill
in action or movement; clumsy in doing any-
thing, as in using tools or implements; bun-
gling. -
So true that he was awkward at a trick. Dryden.
6. Ungraceful in action or person; ungainly;
uncouth: as, awkward gestures; the mºré
gambols of the elephant.
Drop'd an awkward court’sy to the Knight.
Dryden, Wife of Bath's Tale.
7. Embarrassed; not at ease: used in relation
to persons: as, an awkward feeling.—8. Not
easily dealt with; troublesome; vexatious; re-
quiring caution: as, an awkward predicament.
[Colloq.]
Between the weir and the trees it is an awkward spot,
but difficulty is the charm of fly-fishing.
Frowde, Sketches, p. 241.
9ł. Unlucky.
The beast long struggled as being like to prove
An awkward sacrifice. Marlowe.
=Syn. 5 and 6. Awkward, Clwmsy, Ungainly, Uncowth,
Bwngling, unhandy, inexpert, unskilful, inapt, lubberly;
uncourtly, inelegant, constrained, clownish. Awkward is .
generally applied to want of ease and grace or skill in bodi-
ly movement, especially of the arms or legs: as, anawkward
gait; awkward in the use of a tool. Clwm.sy starts from
the notion of heaviness, and consequent unwieldiness or
awkwardness in use; it is applicable to the whole body or
to any part of it, even when still: as, a clumsy figure;
clumsy hands. This difference is also found in the figura-
tive use of the words: a clumsy excuse is one that is put
together badly; an awkward excuse is one that may be
good, but is not gracefully presented. Ungainly, literally
umhandsome, not pleasing to the eye, is applied generally
to awkwardness of appearance. Uncowth, literally un-
known, uncommon, and so, by a bit of human conceit,
uninstructed, untrained, unrefined, sometimes even rude,
barbarous : as, wr.cowth phrases, manners. º
awkward in doing, handling awkwardly, spoiling by awk-
Wardness, in either literal or figurative use: as, he made
bwngling work of it.
With ridiculous and awkward action . . .
He pageants us. Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
Besides Hepzibah's disadvantages of person, there was
an uncouthness pervading all her deeds; a clumsy some-
thing, that could but ill adapt itself for use, and not at all
for ornament. BIawthorne, Seven Gables, ix.
Who would have predicted that the prince of Grecian
eloquence should have been found in a stammering orphan,
of feeble lungs and wngainly carriage, deprived of educa-
tion by avaricious guardians? Everett, Orations, II. 213.
Many wºn cowth phrases and forgotten words seemed to
her no less available than common forms.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 126.
He must be a bungling gamester who cannot win.
Macawlay.
awkwardly (äk’wärd-li), adv. In an awkward
Imanner. (a) Clumsily; without dexterity or grace in
action; in a rude or bungling manner; inelegantly. (b)
Hºney; inconveniently: as, awkwardly fixed or
situate - -
awkwardness
awkwardness (āk"wārd-nes), n. The state or
quality of being awkward. (a) clumsiness; un-
wieldiness; unsuitableness; as, the awkwardness of a tool,
or of a plan of operations; the awkwardness of a bundle on
account of its size or shape. (b) Lack of skill or dexterity
in action. (c) Lack of ease in action; ungracefulness.
(d) An awkward circumstance or feeling; embarrassment;
unpleasantness; inconvenience.
awl § n. [Early mod. E. also aul, all, and by
misdivision (a nawl for an awl) nawl, maul, mall,
ME, mal. The earlier forms are of four types:
(1) ME. aule, eawle, owl, KAS. awel, awul; (2)
ME. Oule, ouel, owel, owitl, KAS. awei, dwul; (3)
ME, ei, ië, "As hi. (4) ME. aii, ºi, "Aş.
al, edia of G. actºoHé. ala, Mäg. ale, G.
ahle = Icel. alr, an awl; with added formative
OHG. alamsa, alunsa, “alagna (X ML. alegna,
It. lesina = Sp. lesna, alesna = Pr. alena = OF.
alesne, F. aléne) = OD. aelsene, elsene (mod. D.
els), 2 Sc. elsin, elson, Shetland alison, an awl.
Cf. Skt. drā, an awl.] 1.
A pointed instrument for
iercing small holes in 3.
eather, wood, etc., as the
bent-pointed awl of the S-E-sººk)
Shoemaker and saddler and a smajºn, , sºn.
the straight-pointed brad- " zºº, sewing
awl of the joiner.—2. The
popinjay or green woodpecker, Picus or Gecimus
viridis. . [Local, British.]
awl-bird (äl’bérd), n. Same as awl, 2. Montagu.
awl-clip (älſklip), n. A device for holdin
blanks, memoranda, etc., consisting of an aw
or pin fixed to a stand. The papers to be kept
On file are thrust upon the pin.
awless, a. See aweless.
awl-shaped (ál’shāpt), a. 1. Having the shape
of an awl.—2 bot., slender and tapering
toward the extremity from a broadish base, as
a leaf; subulate. e
awl-tree (ältré), n. [Kawl, repr. Hind. al (see
all, al-root), + tree.] Same as all.
awlwort (ālºwert), n. The popular name of the
Subularia aquatica: so called from its awl-
shaped leaves (Latin Subula, an awl). It is a very
small stemless aquatic plant, of the family Brassicaceae,
found in Europe, Siberia, and North America.
awm (ām), m. Same as aam.
awmbryf (Ām’bri), ri. Same as ambry.
awmous (ā’mus), n. A Scotch form of alms.
awn! (ān), n. [E. dial. also ang; K ME. awne,
awne, awene, earlier agun, KAS. *agum (not re-
corded; the ME. may be from the Scand.) =
OHG. agana, MHG, agene, agne, ane, G. ahme
(also agen), awn, - Icel. Ógn, pl. agnar, = Sw.
agm, only in pl. agnar, = Dan. avne = Goth.
ahama, chaff, - Gr. &xum, Doric àxva, chaff; cf.
(with diff, formative) Gr. &xupov, chaff, L. acus
(acer-), chaff, and AS. egl, E. ail2, awn, and AS.
edir (contr. of *ahur = ONorth, eher, dehher), E.
ear” (of corn) (see ail2, avel, acerose, and ear2);
ult. K “ak, be sharp. But it is possible that
two orig. different words, meaning ‘awn’ and
‘chaff’ respectively, have here run together.]
In bot., a bristle-shaped terminal or dorsal ap-
pendage, such as the beard of wheat, barley,
and many grasses.
awn”, a. and v. An obsolete or dialectal form
of own. *
awned (änd), a. [Kawn 1 + -ed?..] Having awns:
applied to leaves, leaf-stalks, etc., bearing a
long rigid spine, as in barley, etc.
awner (ā’něr), n. A machine for removing the
avels or awns from grain; an aveler; a hum-
meler. See hummeling-machine.
awning (ā’ning), m. [First recorded in the 17th
century, in naut. use; prob. a naut. reduction
of *awvening, from *auven for *auvent, K F. au-
vent, “a penthouse of cloth before a shop-
window” (Cotgrave), OF. awvent, awvant, ML.
awvanna (also spelled auwentus, appar. in simu-
lation of L. ventus, wind), a projecting roof
or cover: of uncertain origin..] A movable
roof-like covering of canvas or other cloth
spread over any place, or in front of a window,
door, etc., as a protection from the sun's rays.
A court
Compact with lucid marbles, boss'd with lengths
Of classic frieze, with ample awnings gay. tº º
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
It was very hot, and sitting under the awning turned
out to be the pleasantest occupation.
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, i. 1,
Backbone of an awning. See backbone.—To house
Wning
8, S. See house, v.
awnless (ān’les), a. [K awm 1 + -less.] With-
out awns or beard.
awny (ā’ni), a... [K awnl ---yl.] Having awns;
bearded; bristly.
401
awoke (3-wók'). Preterit and past participle
of awake.
awork; (3-werk’), prep. £. as adv. [K ME.
awerke; & a 2 + ###" twork; in a state of
labor or action. -
"Twere a good mirth now to set him a-work
To make her wedding-ring.
Y. Middleton, Chaste Maid, i. 1.
The bad will have but small matter whereon to set their
mischiefe a work. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
aWorking (à-wérºking), prep. phr. as adv. [Ka8
+ working...] At work; in or into a state of
Working or action.
Never met,
Adventure which might them a working set.
Spenger, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 224.
aywreakf, v. t. [K ME. awreken, KAS. āwrecan,
Kā- + wrecan, wreak: see a-1 and wreak.] Tó
Wreak; take vengeance on; avenge.
Me were lever than al this toun
Of this dispit awroken for to be.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, l. 566.
aWrong? (a-Tông'), prep. phr. as adv. [K ač --
wrong. Cf. aright, a much older word.] In a
Wrong manner; wrongly.
If I aim'd
Awrong, 'twas in an envy of thy goodness.
Ford, Lady's Trial, iii. 3.
awry (a-ri’), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [K ME.
awry, awrye, on wry; Ka8 + wry.] 1. Turned
or twisted toward one side; not in a straight :#&#º:
or true direction or position: asquint: as, to ax-form S” IOITO.). C.
p ; a Sq “ax-head (alsºhed), 'n.
glance or look awry; the lady's cap is awry.
If she steps, looks, or moves awry. Spectator, No. 66.
2. Figuratively, away from the line of truth
or right reason; perverse or perversely.
Much of the soul they talk, but all awry.
Milton, P. R., iv. 313.
The prince's counsels all awry do go.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal. of Soul, xxxii.
& f pe :
#######ºyº
badly or untowardly; go wrong. -
awsk (äsk), m. A dialectal form of ask2.
awsome, a. See awesome.
ax", axel (aks), n. [The reg. mod. spelling is
aw, K ME. a.c, also awe, ea, aca, KAS. aea, also
eaa, - ONorth. acasa, acase = OS. accus = OD.
akes, D. aks, aakse, aaks, = OHG. acchus, achus,
MHG. ackes, aart, G. aa, act = Icel. Óa, Özi =
SW. ya'a = Dan. Öze = L. ascia, ax, mattock,
akin to Gr. &#tvm, ax.] An instrument used
for hewing timber and chopping wood, and also
A, Broad-ax, for hewing; B, Ax for chopping.
as a Weapon of offense. The modern ax consists
of a head of iron, with an arching edge of steel, and a
helve or handle. The edge is in the plane of the sweep of
the tool, thus differing
from the adz, in which
the edge is at right angles
to the plane of the sweep.
As a weapon, the ax was
in very common use from
the earliest times until
firearms. It was used by
the Egyptians. By the
Greeks it was looked
upon as a Weapon of their
OWn ancestors and of the
Asiatic nations, and so
figured in works of Greek
art. The northern na-
tions who overthrew the
Roman empire used
many varieties of this
Weapon, and its use pre-
Vailed throughout the
middle ages in Europe.
A light ax was common
annong the Arabs and Moors. Axes of various kinds of
stone, or entirely of copper or bronze, are found among
prehistoric and ancient remains, and in use by barbarous
races. See celt2.- An ax to grind (in allusion to a story
told by Franklin), some private purpose to subserve; or
Selfish end to attain.-Bullhead ax, a pole-ax with a
Small hammer-head at the back, used in slaughter-houses.
—Sacred a X, a name given by col-
lectors of Chinese porcelain to an em-
blem or mark supposed to resemble
an ax, and found either alone or as
forming part of the decoration of cer-
tain pieces said, to be assigned to war-
riors.--To put the ax in the helve,
to solve a doubt; find out a puzzle.
axl, axel (aks), v. t.; pret, and
pp. aaled, ppr. daºing. [= Icel.
|#5
Ax of jadeite from New Ireland.
Sacred Ax. — Em-
blem on Chinese por-
celain.
the general adoption of axially (ak’si-al-i), adv.
axiform (ak'si-fôrm), a.
axifugal, (ak-sif'ī-gal), a.
#". flee, + -al.] _Centrifugal. [Rare.]
3,
pit, or axilla (which see).
axil
ëza, ax; from the noun..] To shape or trim
with an ax. ©
ax??, axe?! (aks), n. [K ME. aa, aa’e (in comp.),
ea, eace, also as, KAS. eaſº, asa: = OD. asse, D. as
= OHG. ahsa, M.H.G. ahse, G. achse = Dan. awe
= L. aaris = Gr. &#ov = OBulg. osì, Bulg. Serv.
os = Pol. os = Russ. osì = Lith. aszis = Skt.
aksha, axis, axle. Hence aarle, q.v.] An axle;
&Il 3XIS,
ax3, axe3 (aks), v. t. Obsolete or dialectalforms
of ask1.
For I wol aace if it hir wille be
To be my wyf.
axal (a.k'sal), a. Same as awial.
axel, n, and v. See aa 1.
axe?f, n. See ag2.
axe3, v. See aa:8.
axe4 (aks), n. An English name of a native
Species of Rapuntium, R. urems.
axed (akst), a. [K ax1 + -ed?..] In masonry,
dressed with a stone hammer to a smooth sur-
face.
Good effect is obtained by the contrast of azed and pol-
ished surfaces. Brºcyc. Brit., IV. 474.
axes, n. Plural of aa, and of azis.
axfitcht, n. [Also written aavitch, aafetch; K
aal -H fitch. This and the other names acseed,
aawort, hatchet-fitch, and NL. Securigera, refer
to the ax-shaped seed.] A leguminous plant,
Cotgrave.
Same as aa-shaped.
The head or iron of an
Ancient ax-heads, formed of stone and
Chaucer.
3.x.
* Sometimes of bronze, are called celts.
axial (ak'si-al), a. [K axis + -al.] 1. Pertain-
ing to or of the nature of an axis.
From central development we pass insensibly to that
higher kind of development for which aſcial seems the
most appropriate name. H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 50.
2. Situated in an axis or in the axis.-3. In
anat., pertaining to the somatic as distinguished
from the membral portions of the body; not
appendicular. Axial parts or organs are, in general,
divided into epazial, hypaacial, and paraacial, according
: are situated over, under, or alongside the spinal
COAUTIQIl-
4. In geol., forming the axis, central domi-
nating portion, or crest of a mountain-range.
Section of mountain showing anticlinal structure with axial mass
of eruptive or metamorphic rock.
The central or axial portions of many mountain-ranges
consist of crystalline, azoic, or archaean rocks; this is espe-
cially true of the Inumerous ranges of the North American
Cordilleras.
Sometimes aajal.
Axial in crinoids, the central canal within the
hard perisoma of the stem and arms, extending through-
out their length and filled with a soft solid substance.
— Axial cavity, in Actinozoa, the cavity common to
the gastric sac and intermesenteric chambers. See
Actinozoa.-Axial circle, a circle having its center on
the axis of a curve.— Axial line, Faraday's name for the
line marking the axis of a symmetrical magnetic field or
joining the poles of a horseshoe magnet.—Axial plane,
in crystal., a plane containing (1) two of the crystallo:
graphic axes, or (2) the optic axes in the case of a biaxial
crystal.-Axial rotation, rotation upon an axis.-Axial
skeleton, the skeleton of the trunk and head and tail, as
distinct from the skeleton of the limbs.
In a line with or in
the direction of the axis; with reference to the
axis.
There are many Transparent Objects, however, whose
peculiar features can only be made out when they are
viewed by light transmitted through them obliquely in-
stead of aacially. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 145.
axiferous (ak-sif'e-rus), a. [K L. aaris, axis, +
ferre = E. bearl.] In bot., consisting of an
axis only, without leaves or other appendages:
applied by Turpin to fungi and algae, consid-
ered as consisting essentially of an axis merely.
[K L. aaris, axis, -H
forma, shape.] In the form of an axis.
[K L. aris, axis, +
(ak'sil), m. [K L. azilla, dim. (cf. ala for
*aala, dim.) of avis, axis, armpit : see ala, aisle,
azis.l., and aale.] 1. The arm-
[Rare.]—2. In bot., the an-
gle formed between the up-
per side of a leaf and the
stem or branch to which it
is attached; in cryptogams,
the angle formed by the
branching of a frond.
d's
a, Axils.





26
axile
axile (ak'sil), @.. [KI. as if *acilis, Kawis: see
awisł.] 1: Of or belonging to an axis or the
axis; axial,—2. Situated in an axis or the axis,
as an embryo which lies in the axis of a seed.
A large sinus, which separates the aasile portion of the
stem of the proboscis from its investing coat.
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 555.
3. In 206l., axial, as opposed to peripheral.
This mass becomes differentiated into an aacile cord of .
protoplasmic substance,—the rhachis, - and peripheral
masses, . . . which are the developing ova.
Hwa'ley, Anat. Invert., p. 548.
Axile bodies, the touch corpuscles at the terminations
** the sensory nerves.
axilla (ak-sil’ā), n. ; pl. axilla, (-6).. [L.: see
aazil.] In anat., the armpit ; a region of the
body in the recess between the upper arm (or
in birds the upper part of the wing) and the
side of the chest beneath the shoulder. It is
pyramidal in shape, its apex corresponding to the inter-
val between the scaleni muscles opposite the first rib.-
Axilla, thermometer, a clinical thermometer; so named
because it is placed in the axilla in observing the temper-
ature of a person. -
axillant (ak-sil'ant), a. [Kaasil + -antl.] Form-
ing or subtending an axil: applicable to a leaf
or other organ issuing from the stem. [Rare.]
For him the tree is a colony of phytons, each being a
bud with its aſcillant leaf and fraction of the stem and
Toot. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 841.
axillar (ak’si-lär), a. and n. [K NL. aſcillaris,
K L. aſcilla, axil: see aail.] I. a. Same as aa:-
illary.
II. m. In ornith., one of the under wing-cov-
erts of a bird, growing from the axilla or arm-
pit, and distinguished from the under coverts
in general by being the innermost feathers lin-
ing the wing, lying close to the body, and al-
most always longer, stiffer, and narrower than
*the rest. Commonly used in the plural.
axillary (ak'si-lä-ri), a. and n. "[As aaillar:
see -aré, -ary?..] I. a. 1. In anat., pertaining
te the axilla; contained in the axilla: as, the
aacillary boundaries; the aarillary vessels.-2.
In the arthropod animals, pertaining to an
articulation or joint: said of parts which are
attached to the point of union of two joints
or other movable parts of the body.—3. In
bot., pertaining to or growing from the axil (of
plants). See cut under avil.-Axillary arches, in
amat., muscular slips which sometimes pass from the latis-
simus dorsi (broadest muscle of the back), near its inser-
tion, across the axilla, to terminate in the tendon of the
pectoralis major (greater pectoral muscle), in the coraco-
brachialis, or otherwise.— Axillary artery, the contin-
uation of the subclavian artery, after it has passed the
lower border of the first rib, as far as the lower border of
the axilla, where it takes the name of brachial artery.
It is divided into three portions, that above, that behind
and that below the pectoralis minor (smaller pectoral)
muscle, and gives off numerous branches, thoracic, sub-
scapular, and circumflex.-Axillary feathers, in ornith.,
the axillars. See azillar, n.-Axillary nerve, the cir-
cumflex nerve of the arm.—Axillary vein, in anat., the
continuation through the axilla of the basilic vein rein-
forced by the venae comites of the brachial artery and
other veins, and ending in the subclavian.
II. n. Same as aſcillar.
axine (ak'sin), a. and m. [Kaasis? ---imel.] I.
a. Of or pertaining to the group of deer of
which the axis, or spotted Indian hog-deer, is
the type. e
II. m. A deer of the axine group.
axinite (ak'si-nit), n., [K Gr. &#ivn, ax (see awl),
+ -ite2.] A mineral occurring commonly in
crystals, whose general form is that of a very
oblique rhomb, so flattened that some of its
edges become thin and sharp like the edge of
an ax (whence its name), also sometimes found
in lamellar masses. It is a silicate of aluminium,
iron, and manganese and calcium, with 5 per cent. of boron
trioxid, and is commonly of a clove-brown or plum-blue
color.
axinomancy (ak’sim- or ak-sin'3-man-si), 72.
K L. aasinomantia, K. Gr. *āštvouavteia, K. d:tv7,
ax, + pavreia, divination: see Mantis.] An
ancient kind of divination for the detection
of crime by means of an ax or axes. One form
consisted in poising an ax on a bar, and repeating the
names of persons suspected. If the ax moved at the name
of any one, he was pronounced guilty. For another form,
see extract.
[Jet] was moreover cmployed in the foºm of divination
called aacinomancy. Laid on a hatchet made hot, it was
stated not to consume if the desires of the consulting party
were destined to be fulfilled.
Archaeologia, XLIII. 517. (Davies' Sup. Gloss.) '
axinometry, n. See aſconometry.
axiolite (ak'si-Ö-lit), m. [KL. aais, axis, + Gr.
Affoc, stone..] A fibrous product of crystalli-
zation occurring in volcanic rocks, the fibers
being arranged normal to an axis. Axiolites
Axiolite.—Specimen of rhyolite from Virginia Range, Nevada,
magnified roo diameters.
(From Zirkel's “Microscopical Petrography.”)
axiolitic (ak'si-Ö-lit'ik), a. Of, pertaining to,
*or of the nature of axiólite.
axiom (ak'si-Qm), n. [KL. awāoma, KGr. &étoua,
that which is thought fit, a requisite, that which
axiopistyi (ak
axis
Many controversies arise touching the aziomatic charao-
ter of the law, Sir W. Hamilton, Logic, I. 88.
2. Full of axioms or maxims; aphoristic.
The most axiomatic of English poets.
Sowthey, Doctor, p. 381.
axiomatical (ak'si-Ö-mat’i-kal), a. 1. Of the
nature of an axiom; axiomatic.–2. Of or per-
taining to axioms or received first pºincip es:
as, “materials of axiomatical knowledge,” Bo-
lingbroke.—3+. In logic, of, pertaining to, or
of the nature of a proposition, whether true or
false. *
axiomatically (ak"si-Ö-mat’i-kal-i), adv. In
an axiomatic manner. (a) By the use of axioms;
as an axiom or axiomatic truth. (bt) In logic,
in theform of a simple proposition. See awłom, 3.
axiometer (ak-si-om’e-tër), n. [K L. aſcis, axis,
+ metrum, a measure.] Aninstrument for show-
ing the position of the tiller of a vessel which
llS6S 8, steering-wheel.
si-Ö-pis-ti), m, [K Gr. §§totrioria,
K Čštátriotoc, trustworthy, K Čštog, worthy, +
Toróg, verbal adj. of treiffeoffat, trust, believe.]
Worthiness to be believed; trustworthiness.
a pupil is required to know beforehand, a self-> Imp. Dict,
evident principle, Kāštov, think fit or worthy,
require, demand, Kāšioc, worthy, fit, lit. weigh-
ing as much as, of like value, K &yetv, drive,
lead, also weigh, - L. agere, drive, do, etc.: see
act, v., agent, etc..] ... 1. A self-evident, un-
demonstrable, theoretical, and general propo-
sition to which every one who apprehends its
meaning must assent. The Greek word was prob-
ably applied by Plato (though it does not occur in his
dialogues in this sense) to certain first premises of mathe-
matics; and this continues to be the ordinary use of the
term. It was extended by Aristotle to similar principles
Supposed to underlie other branches of knowledge. The
axioms or “common notions” of Euclid, as given in Eng-
lish translations, are twelve in number, viz.: (1) Things
which are equal to the same are equal to one another. %
If equals be added to equals, the wholes are equal. (3) If
equals be taken from equals, the remainders are equal. (4)
If equals be added to unequals, the wholes are unequal.
(5) If equals be taken from unequals, the remainders are
unequal. (6) Things which are double of the same are
equal to one another. (7) Things which are halves of the
same are equal to one another. (8) Magnitudes which
coincide with one another, that is, which exactly fill the
same space, are equal to one another. (9) The whole
is greater than its part. (10) Two straight lines cannot
inclose a space. (11) All right angles are equal to one
another. (12) If a straight line meets two straight lines,
so as to make the two interior angles on the same side of
it taken together less than two right angles, these straight
lines, being continually produced, shall at length meet
upon that side on which are the angles which are less
than two right angles. Only the first three of these are
universally acknowledged to be authentic, though the
latest editor, Heiberg, allows the eighth and ninth also.
Euclid gives besides a list of postwlates, which, as given
in English translations, are: (1) Let it be granted that a
straight line may be drawn from any one point to any
other point. (2) That a terminated straight line may be
produced to any length in a straight line. (3) And that a
circle may be described from any center, at any distance
from that center. What the English editions give as
the eleventh and twelfth axioms formed originally the
fourth and fifth postulates, and in the best MS. the tenth
axiom appears as the sixth postulate. It would thus
seem that he understood by “postulate” a geometrical
remise which was asked to be taken for granted, and
y “axiom" or “common notion,” a not specially geo-
metrical principle with the use of which the learner
would be already familiar. This agrees with Aristotle's
definition of an aacion as a principle which he who would
learn must bring of himself. The Leibnitzians distin-
guish a postulate as a self-evident practical principle
from an aaciom as a self-evident theoretical principle. Ac-
cording to Kant, an axiom is a necessary and general syn-
thetical proposition which declares a property of pure
space or time and rests directly on intuition, and is thus
self-evident. He refused the name to the genuine “com-
mon notions” of Euclid, holding these to be analytical
propositions. Modern mathematicians seem to regard the
axioms of geometry as an analysis of the independent
properties of space, so that the longer the list, provided
the propositions are really independent, the more per-
fectly has the design been fulfilled. Many eminent mathe-
maticians hold that there is no reason to think these
axioms to be exactly true, but that they must be assumed
to be slightly erroneous one way or the other; although
experience shows that they approximate so nearly to the
truth that it may be doubted whether it will ever be pos-
sible to measure the amount of their error. A similar
doctrine is lield by some thinkers concerning metaphysi-
cal axioms, such as the axiom that every event is deter-
mined by causes. © tº ©
2. Any higher proposition, obtained by gen-
eralization and induction from the observation
of individual instances; the enunciation of a
general fact; an empirical law. This use origi-
nated with Bacon, influenced probably by the employ-
ment of aaziom by the Stoics to mean any proposition.
3+. In logic, a proposition, whether true or false:
a use of the term which originated with Zeno
the Stoic. =Syn. 1. Mazim, Truism, etc. See aphorism.
axiomatic (ak"si-Ö-mat'ik), a. [KGr, à:toplattkóg,
K Čičíðua(T-), an axiom: see axiom.] 1. Of the
nature of an axiom, self-evident truth, or re-
ceived principle; self-evident.
axisl (ak’sis), m.; pl. awes (-sāz). [L., axle, axis,
ole of the earth; poet., the heavens; also, a
oard or plank (see ashler); = AS. eaſº, E. aa2,
axle: see aa 2, aſcle.] 1. The motionless, or rela-
tively motionless, imaginary line about which
a rotating body, such as the earth, turns: spe-
cificaily called in this sense the aa is of revolu-
tion or rotation (which see, below).
On their own aſcis as the planets run,
Yet make at once their circle round the sun. w
Pope, Dssay on Man, iii. 318.
2. The axle of a wheel; the cylindrical portion
of any mechanical piece intended to turn in
bearings: as, the axis of a transit instrument.
The weightines of the wheele doth settle it vpon his .
acts. Fotherby, Atheomastix, xi. § 1. . E. D.)
3. In anat.: (a) The second cervical vertebra:
so called, because the atlas turns upon; it as
about a pivot or axis, bearing the head with it.
Human Axis (upper figure, right side; lower figure, left side).
a, body; b, odontoid process; c, articulatory surface for atlas; d,
foramen for vertebral artery; e, superior articulating surface; f, spi.
nous process; £, inferior articulating surface; h, transverse process.
It is usually distinguished from the other vertebrae by hav-
ing an odontoid or tooth-like process, furnishing the pivot
about which the atlas turns: hence called the toothed ver-
tebra (vertebra dentata), or the odontoid vertebra (vertebra.
odontoidea), (b) Theodontoid process of the axis. :
(c) The entire vertebral column. (d) The
central or axial nervous system of a vertebrate:
as, the cerebrospinal aaris. (e) The columella,
or modiolus of the cochlea. (f) A short thick
artery which immediately divides into several
'branches: as, the celiac axis; the thyroid aais.
(g) The axis-cylinder of a nerve. (h) Same as
aa.on.—4. The central line of a solid of revo-
lution; the central line of any symmetrical, or
nearly symmetrical, body: as, the avis of a cyl-
inder, of the eye, etc.—5. Any line with refer-
ence to which the physical properties of a body,
especially its elasticity, are symmetrical.—6.
In Trilobita, the median convex portion of
a thoracic somite, intervening between the
pleura or flattened lateral portions of the
thorax. See cut under Trilobita.-7. In conch.,
the imaginary line or space around which the
whorls of a spiral shell turn.—8. In bot., the
stem; the central part or longitudinal support
on which organs or parts are arranged. The
root has sometimes been called the descending
azis. A. Gray.
In many cases the floral aaſis is prolonged beyond one or
resemble spherulites, except that their fibers diverge
from a line instead of from a point.
more circles of floral organs, and the stem again assumes
the ordinary leaf-bearing form. Science, III, 302.


9. In geog, and geol, the central or dominat-
ing region of a mountain-chain, or the liné
which follows the crest of a range and thus in-
dicates the position of the most conspicuous
portion of the uplift. In a folded region, or one in
Section of mountain showing position of axis of synclinally
folded strata.
which the strata have been bent into anticlinals and syn-
clinals, it is the axis of the cylindrical surface formed by
the bedding planes of the folded strata.
10. In analytical geom.; any fixed line of refer-
ence used to determine the position of a point or
series of points (line, surface) in space.—Anti-
clinal axis, in geol. See anticlinal.—Axes of an ellip-
soid, its maximum and minimum diameters and the diam-
eter perpendicular to these.—Axes of coördinates, or
coördinate axes, in analytical geom., fixed lines on
which or parallel to which an element (abscissa or ordi-
nate) of the position of a point is measured.—Axes of
light-elasticity, the three directions at right angles to
one another in a biaxial crystal in which the elasticity of
the light-ether has its maximum, minimum, and mean
value. ... In a trimetric (orthorhombic) crystal they coin-
cide with the crystallographic axes; in a monoclinic crys-
tal...one coincides with the orthodiagonal axis, the others
lie in the plane of symmetry. In a triclinic crystal there
is no necessary relation between the two sets of axes.—
Axis of a beam of light, the middle ray of the beam.
—Axis of a cone, a straight line drawn from the vertex
to the center of the base.—Axis of a conic, a diameter
perpendicular to the chords it bisects.--Axis of a crys-
tal, in crystal., one of three or four imaginary lines as-
Suried for convenience to define the position of the
planes of the crystal, and to exhibit its symmetry. See
crystallography.—Axis of a curve, a right line dividi
it into two symmetrical parts, so as to bisect every chor
perpendicular to it, as in a parabola, ellipse, or hyperbola.
—Axis Of a Cylinder, a straight line drawn from the
center of the one end to that of the other.—Axis of
affinity, the axis of homology of figures homological by
affinity.--Axis of a gun or piece, the middle line of the
bore of the gun.-Axis of a lens, a straight line drawn
through the optical center of the lens, and perpendicular
to both its surfaces.—Axis of a magnet, the imaginary
line which connects the north and south poles of the
magnet.—Axis of a sphere, any straight line drawn
through the center and terminated both ways by the sur-
face of the sphere.—Axis of a spherical, concave, or
convex mirror, a straight line which passes through the
geometrical and optical centers of the mirror.—Axis of
a telescope, a straight line passing through the centers
of all the glasses in the tube.—Axis of collineation, in
math., a line which corresponds to itself in a projective
transformation.—Axis of direct elasticity, a direction
in a solid body such that a longitudinal strain in that di-
rection produces a stress precisely opposed to the strain.
—Axis of elasticity, a direction in a solid body with
respect to which some kind of symmetry exists in the
relation of strains and stresses.— Axis of homology, the
line upon which corresponding lines of two figures in
homology intersect each other.—Axis Of Oscillation of
a pendulum, a right line passing through the center
about which it vibrates, and perpendicular to the plane
of vibration.—Axis of perspective, the line in which
the plane of a perspective representation cuts any plane
represented.— Axis of reflection, in the method of in-
version in geometry, any line considered as perpendicular
to and bisecting the distance between two inverse points.
—Axis of refraction, a straight line drawn perpendicular
to the surface of the refracting medium, through the point
of incidence of the refracted ray. Some crystals have two
axes of refraction.—Axis of rotation, the imaginary line
about which all the parts of a rotating body turn.—Axis
Of similitude Of three circles, a line passing through
two intersections of corresponding pairs of common
tangents of two pairs out of the three circles. The axis
of similitude also necessarily passes through a third such
point, but this fact is not essential to its definition.—
Axis of symmetry, a line on both or all sides of which
the parts of a body or magnitude are symmetrically dis-
osed.—Axis of the earth, the straight line connecting
ts two poles, and about which it performs its diurnal ro-
tation.—Axis of the eye, a straight line passing through
the centers of the pupil and crystalline lens; the optic
axis.-Axis of the Ionic capital, a line passing perpen-
dicularly through the middle of the eye of the volute.—
Axis of the world, the imaginary axis passing through
the celestial poles.—Axis Of Vision. See visual aaxis, be-
low.—Basicranial axis, a straight line drawn from a
point midway between the occipital condyles, in the
median plane of the skull, to the junction of the ethmoid
and presphenoid, in the floor of the cerebral cavity.
Hugley. See cut under craniofacial.—Basifacial axis,
or facial axis, a straight line drawn from the anterior
extremity of the premaxilla to the anterior extremity of
the basicranial axis (which see, above): not to be con-
founded with facial line. See craniometry, and cut under
ºracial:Celiac axis. (a) A short, thick branch of
the abdominal aorta, given off just below the diaphragm,
and immediately dividing into the gastric, hepatic, and
splenic arteries. (b) The sympathetic plexus which sur-
rounds this artery.—Cerebrospinal axis. See cerebro-
spinal.-Conjugate or minor axis, in geºmvº an axis,
especially of a hyperbola, perpendicular to the transverse
axis. The term was originally used in the plural for a pair
of conjugate diameters at right angles to each other. As
now used, it is an abbreviated expression for aºis cºnju,
gate to the transverse azis.-Facial axis. See baskfacial
403
gate, above.--Harmonic axis. See harmonic.—Instan-
taneous axis, the axis about which a body is rotating at
any instant: án, expression applicable when motion...is
considered in only two dimensions or when a point of the
body is fixed; in other cases it would be an inaccurate
abbreviation of the following: Instantaneous sliding
that line about which a body is rotating and along
which it is simultaneously sliding at any instant. Every
rigid body at every instant of its motion has such an in-
stantaneous sliding axis.—Macrodiagonal axis, mag-
netic axis. See the adjectives.—Neural axis, in anat.,
the cerebrospinal axis; the axis or central trunk of the
cerebrospinal system.--Neutral axis, in mech.: (a) Of a
beam, the plane in which the tensilé and compressing
forces terminate, and in which the stress is therefore no-
thing. (b) Of a deflected bar, the line along which there is
neither extension nor compression.—Optic axis, the axis
of the eye (which see, above).-Orthogonal or principal
Imetatatic axes, three axes in a body such that, if a cube
be cut out having its faces normal to these axes, and if
there be a linear elongation along one of them and.an
equal linear compression along a second, no tangential
stress will result round the third axis on planes normal
to the first two.—Radical axis of two circles, the line
joining their points of intersection. This line is real even
When the circles do not really intersect, the difference of
its distance from the two centers being proportional to the
difference of the areas of the two circles.—Spiral p
in arch., the axis of a twisted column spirally drawn in
order to trace the circumvolutions without.—Synclinal
axis, in geol. See synclinal.-Tectonic axes, in crys-
tal., the lines along which the minute crystals are ar-
ranged in the formation of a complex crystalline growth.
Thus, dendritic crystallizations of gold and copper often
branch at angles of 60°, their directions being parallel
to the sides of an octahedral face.—The principal axes
of inertia of a body, those lines passing through its cen-
ter of mass about which its moments of inertia are a maxi-
mum and a minimum, together with the third line per-
pendicular to these at their intersection.—The princi-
pal axes of stress in a body, the directions of the three
conjugate normal stresses.—Thyroid axis, a short, thick
branch from the subclavian artery, dividing almost im:
mediately into the inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and
transversalis colli...—Transverse axis, in conic 8ections,
the diameter whose straight passes through the foci. In the
ellipse it is the longest diameter and so is called the major
axis; in the hyperbola it mav be the shortest; in the parabola.
it is, like all the other diameters, infinite in length.-
Visual axis, in physiol., the straight line passing
through the center of the pupil and the middle of the
macula lutea. It does not coincide with the optic axis.
Also called visual line.-Zone axis. See zone.
axis” (a.k'sis), n. [L. aris (Pliny); perhaps of
E. Ind. origin..] 1. A kind of East Indian
deer, Cervus axis, of which there are several
varieties, perhaps species. The body is spotted
with white. Also called azis-deer, º: deer,
and hog-deer.—2. [cap.] [NL.] genus of
such deer. Ham. Smith, 1827.
axis-cylinder (akºsis-sil"in-dér), n. In anat.,
the central part of a nerve-fiber; the core of
white nerve-tissue in a nerve-fiber. It is the es-
sential part of the nerve, and is the only part found at
its origin and termination. In cross-section, a bundle of
nerve-fibers appears like a bunch of lead pencils, the axis-
cylinder corresponding to the lead. Also called band-aaris
and azis-band. e
axis-deer (ak'sis-dér), n. Same as aris?, 1.
axisymmetric (ak"si-si-metrik), a. Symmetri-
cal with reference to an axis.
axle (ak's]), n. [Early mod. E. also azel, axell,
azile, K ME. azel, azil (chiefly in comp. azel-
tree, q.v.; not in AS., where only the primitive
ax, eaſº occurs: See aa”) = Icel. Özull, m., -
Sw. Dan. aſcel, axle; not found in this sense in
the other lºgº, where its place is supplied
|by the primitive aw:3, but ult. = ME. azal, eacl, K
AS. earl, exel = OHG. ahsala, MHG, ahsel, G.
achsel = Icel. Óal, f. , = Sw. Dan. arel = Norw.
oksl, aksi, arel, the shoulder, as L. ala (for "ar-
la), shoulder-joint, wing (see ala, aisle, and cf.
aacilla); with formative -l, K aw? (L. acis, etc.),
axle (the shoulder-joint being the axle or axis
on which the arm turns): see ax?..] 1. The pin
or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which
forms the axis of the wheel and revolves with it.
Properly, the axle of a carriage-, cart-, or wagon-wheel is
the round arm of the axletree or axle-bar which is inserted
in the hub or nave, but the name is sometimes extended to
the whole axletree.
2+. An axis, as of the earth.
Whether . . .
He [the sun] from the east his flaming road begin,
Or she [the earth] from west her silent course advance,
With inoffensive pace that spinning sleeps
On her soft aſcle. Milton, P. L., viii. 165.
Axle stop-key, a plate upon the end of the axle of a rail-
road-car, intended to prevent excessive lateral motion and
to take the wear.—Blind axle, an axle that does not com-
municate power; a dead axle.—Collinge axle, in coach-
building, an axle the box of which is secured upon the
arm by two nuts screwed right and left.—Compound
axle, an axle having two parts connected by a sleeve or
some other locking arrangement.—Dead axle, one which
does not impart motion ; a blind axle : opposed to a live aale
or driving-aacle.—Dipping the axle, in coach-building,
bending the end of the axle so that the wheel shall strike
squarely upon the ground.— Driving-axle, in locomotive
engines, the axle which receives the power from the
steam-piston transmitted through the piston-rod and con-
necting-rod. The rear end of the latter is connected
either with cranks formed in this axle, or more generally
with crank-pins upon the driving-wheels at its ends.—
axle-tooth
Leading axle, in British locomotives, an axle of a wheel
in front ºf the driving wheels-Mafiaxle, in coach-build:
ing, an axle which is secured by a plate at its back instead
of a nut on the end.
The commonest kind of oil azle is called the mail, be-
cause the peculiar mode of fastening was first used in
the mail coaches. J. W. Burgess, Coach-Building, p. 72.
Telescopic axle, an extension-axle which permits the
running-wheels of a railroadcar to be slipped in or out,
thus making them adaptable to tracks of different gage.
axle, the rear axle of a locomotive. In Eng-
lish engines it is usually placed under the foot-plate.
axle-adjuster (ak’sl-a-jus’tēr), n. A machine
for *:::::::::: axles; a machine used in giv-
ing to the spindle its proper line of direction
relatively to the axletree.
axle-arm (ak'sl-ārm), n. The spindle on the
end of an axle on which the box of the wheel
slips, or one of the two pivots on which the
axle itself turns. See second cut under axle-
bow.
axle-bar (ak's]-bār), n. The bar of an axle-
The block placed
tree.
axle-block (ak's]-blok), n.
upon the axle of a vehicle to form a seat for
the spring when it is depressed.
axle-box (a.k'sl-boks), n. The box which con-
tains the bearings for the spindle of an axle, or
the journal of an axle,
as of a carriage-wheel, a
railroad-car wheel, etc.;
the bushing or metal
lining of the hub which
forms the rotatory bear-
ing of the axle of a ve-
hicle.—Axle-box guides,
the guides for the brasses of
an axle-box. — Radial axle-
box, in a railroad-car, a slid-
ing axle-box, so arranged that,
with its fellow, it maintains
the axle in a position radial to
the curve of the track, how-
ever its direction
Imay change.
Railroad-car Axle-box.
a, axle ; b, journal ; c, sad-
dle, by means of which the
weight of the car rests on the
journal ; d, chamber for a lu-
ricating substance, having its
lid at e.
axle-clip (ak’sl-
klip), 7?). A. ==
clevis or bow Égºš
which unites ſº-
some other part
of a vehicle to
the axle.—Axle-
Clip tie, the cross-
bar which joins
and secures the
ends of the bow-
clip (which see).
axle-collar
(ak’sl-kol” fir),
m. The collar
on an axle which receives the lateral pressure
from the wheel or bearing.
axled (ak’sld), a. Furnished with an axle or
with axles.
axle-gage (ak'sl-gāj), n. A wheelwright's in-
strument for giving to the spindle of an axle its
proper swing and gather.
axle-guard (ak's]-gård), n. Those parts of a
railroad-car in which the axle-box plays verti-
cally under the yield and reaction of the car-
Springs.-Axle-guard stays, the iron rods or straps
which are bolted to the frame and to all the ends of the
axle-guards, to strengthen them.
axle-hook (ak'sl-hūk), n. A hook in front of
the axle of a carriage, to which is attached the
stay-chain connecting the axle and the double-
tree.
axle-nut (ak's]-nut), n. A screw-nut fitted to
the end of the arm of an axle to keep the wheel
in place.
axle-packing (ak'sl-pak'ing), n. The guard
i. material placed about an axle to exclude
ust.
axle-pin (ak’s]-pin), n. Same as linch-pin.
axle-saddle (ak’sl-Sad"l), m. A saddle-shaped
clip, used in securing a spring to an axle.
axle-seat (ak’sl-sét), m. The hole in a rail-
road-car wheel which receives the arm of the
axle.
axle-skein (ak’s]-skän), n. A band, strip, or
thimble of metal placed on a wooden axle-arm
to prevent the wood from wearing rapidly.
axle-sleeve (ak’sl-slév), m. A sleeve placed
round a railroad-car axle in order to hold up
the ends should the axle be broken.
axle-tooth (ak's]-töth), n. [E. dial., also assle-,
aczle-, assal-tooth, early mod. E. azel-, agill.
tooth, Klate ME., aayltothe. (= Dan. azel-tand);
K *azel (Shetland yackle) (K Icel. jawl = Norw.
jaksle, jakle = SW. dial. jåkkel, jãks! = Dan.
awel), a jaw-tooth, grinder, F tooth.] A grind-
er; a molar. [Prov. Eng.]
Miller's Rubber-cushioned Axle-box.
A, hub ; B, axle-box ; C, axle-arm ; D,
rubber cushions; E, compression-nut ; , F,
cavities in compression-nut admitting points
of the wrench when compressing cushions;
G, slotted retaining-sleeve ; H, spur on axle-
box; 9, space between axle-box and hub.



axletree
axletree (ak'sl-tré), n. [K ME. awel-tree, aail-
tre, etc. (= Icel. Özul-tré), Kawel + tree. Čf a
tree.] 1. A bar or beam fixed crosswise under
the body of a carriage, having rounded axles at
the ends for a pair of wheels to revolve on.
Be hem turnethe alle the firmament, right as dothe a
wheel, that turneth be his aaille tree. -
w Mawndeville (ed. Halliwell), p. 182.
2+. An axis.
axle-yoke (ak'sl-yök), m. A plate beneath an
axle through which the ends of the saddle-clip
pass. It serves as a washer-plate for the nuts
upon the ends of the saddle-clip.
axman, axeman (aks’ man), m.; pl. aasmen, aaie-
*nen (-men). 1. One who wields an ax; one em-
ployed in chopping; a woodman.
42.6 mem. Were put to work getting out timber for bridges,
and cutting fuel for the locomotives when the road was
completed. U. S. Grant, in The Century, XXXI. 136.
2. Formerly, a soldier whose weapon was an ax.
We hear nothing of any prisoners being taken, nothing
of any of the aa’emen taking to flight.
E. A. Freeman, Old Eng. Hist., p. 336.
ax-master (aks/más’tēr), n. A name given in
Honduras to a tree with very hard wood. Its
genus is not known.
Axminster carpet. See carpet.
axoid (ak’soid), a. [K aa isl + -oid.] Of or
*pertaining to the axis: used in anatomical terms,
chiefly in composition: as, the occipito-aa.oid
ligament. See aa isl, 3.
Axolotes (ak-sº-lö’téz), n.
% a colotl, used as a generic name.
'O??.
axolotl (ak’s 3-lotl), m. [Nahuatl.] A urodele
or tailed amphibian found in Mexico, which is
Supposed not to undergo metamorphosis, but
A Latinized form
See Sire-
Axolotl (Amblystoma).
to retain its gills throughout life, breeding in
the larval state. From this circumstance the ani-
mal was made the type of a distinct genus, Siredom,
and was placed with Proteus, Siren, etc., in the family
Proteidae, under the name of Siredom pisciforme. An-
other species has been named Siredom lichemoides. Later
observations, however, have shown that the axolotl, or
siredon, is simply a prolonged, Sometimes permanent,
stage like that which all the species of Salamandrines
of the family Amblystomidae pass through, and that the
animal is referable to the genus Amblystoma. Axolotls
are common in lakes and lagoons in Mexico, like the vari-
ous species of Amblystoma known in the United States
as ºnwd-puppies, water-dogs, etc. They have the appear-
ance of gigantic tadpoles about to turn into frogs, being
from 6 to 9 inches long, with a large compressed tail, 4
legs, gill-tufts on each side of the neck, and obtuse flat-
tened head. They are marketable in Mexico, where they
are said to be deemed a luxury as an article of food.
axometer (ak-Som’e-tër), n. [K L. azis (Gr.
ășov), axis, + metrum (Gr. Alérpov), measure.]
An instrument used in adjusting the height of
the bridge of a pair of spectacles, to bring the
centers of the lenses in line horizontally with
*the centers of the pupils of the eyes.
z - w
axon (ak’son), n. ; pl. awomes (-Éz). [K Gr. Čičov,
axis: see axisl, aa 2.] In amat., the body-axis;
the mesal, longitudinal, skeletal axis of the
body, represented in Branchiostoma and em-
bryos by a membranogelatinous notochord, and
in most adult vertebrates by the cartilaginous
or osseous centra of the vertebræ and the base
of the skull. Wilder, N. Y. Med. Jour., Aug.
2, 1884, p. 113. Also called axis.
Axonia (a.k-Sö’ni-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. Čičav,
axis.] Organic forms, animal or vegetable,
having definite axes: the opposite of Amazonia.
The Aaconia are divided into Homazonia, having all axes
equal, as spherical and polyhedral forms, and Protaa.onia,
having one main axis about which other axes are arranged.
The latter are again subdivided into Monazomia and Stant-
Taaconia. See these words.
[Irreg. K. Gr.
axonometry (ak-sº-nom’e-tri), m.
âșov, axis, + gétpov, measure.] The art of
making a perspective representation of figures
when the coördinates of points in them are
given. Also written aacinometry.
axospermous (ak-sà-spèrºmus), a, IKL. aris,
axis, -ī- (#r. OTépſta, seed.] In bot., an epithet
descriptive of compound fruits which have an
axile placentation, the attachment of the seeds
being toward the axis.
axotomous (ak-sotº-mus), a. [K L. axis (Gr.
ășov), axis, + Gr. touáç, K tºplvety, tapleiv, cut.]
In mineral., cleavable in a direction perpendic-
ular to the axis.
axseedſ, m. [Kaal -H 8eed.] Same as aajitch.
404
ax-shaped (aks'shāpt), a. In bot., shaped like
an ax or a hatchet; dolabriform.
ax-stone (aks'stón), n. A mineral found chiefly
in New Zealand and the South Sea islands, and
used by the natives for axes and other cuttin
instruments, whence the name. Also j
nephrite and jade. -
axtree (aks’tré), m. [Sc., also aiaztree, extree, K
M.E. aztre, eatre, aztreo, KAS. *eaactreow, Keaw,
E. aa 2, -H tredw, E. tree, beam. Cf. aaletree.]
An axletree. [Obsolete, except in Scotland.]
A large pyn in maner of an eatre.
Chaucer, Astrolabe, p. 8.
Thunder and earthquakes raging, and the rocks
Tumbling from down their scyts like mighty blocks
Rowl'd from huge mountains, such a noise they make,
As though in sunder heav'ns huge &actree brake.
Drayton, Poems (ed. Halliwell), p. 219.
axunge (ak'sunj), n. [K F. awunge, now awonge,
K L. awungia, grease, fat, wagon-grease, Kazis,
axle, -ī- whgere, grease: see wºngwent.] The in-
ternal fat of the body, especially of pigs and
geese; fat; lard.
axungious (ak-Sun'ji-us), a. [Kawunge + -ious.]
Lard-like ; fat; greasy. Sir T. Browne.
axvitcht, axworth, n. Same as aajitch.
ayl, ayel (ā), adv. [K ME, ay, aye, ai, ei (in
rmulum a 33), prop. a northern form (K feel. 6?,
ey), the native form being ME, oo, o, earlier a,
KAS. à (orig. *āw, with added adv. formative
àwa, āwo) = OS. 60, io, gio = OFries. 3-, 3- (in
comp.), = OHG. i0, €o, #G. te, je, G. je = Icel.
ei, ey (as above) = Goth. aiw-Gr. dei, Ionic aist,
poet. or dial. atég, alév, &ég, até, éé, éév, aiff, Či,
alt, altv, div, #, orig. aifei, ever, always, prop.
acc. (in Gr. locative) of a noun, AS. ā, dew (orig.
*āw), existence, law, marriage, = OS. ào, law, -
OFries. d, Š, Čwe, éwa, law, = OHG. Šva, MHG.
ôwe, é, eternity, law, marriage, = G. ehe, mar-
riage, - Goth. aiws, an age, a long period, eter-
Inity, = L. a-vum, OL. aewom (whence ult. E. age,
etermal, q.v.); cf. Gr. ałóv, *atföv (with unorig.
formative v), an age, an eon (see com); orig.
appar. a going, a course, with formative -va,
K V “i, Skt. , Gr. -éval = L. i-re, go: see iter
and go. This adv. was much used as a general-
izing prefix (somewhat like the related suffix
ever in whoever, whatever, etc.), and, fused with
ge-, exists unrecognized in each, either. With
the negative it exists in may and mol, which are
related to each other as the simple ay and
(obs.) O. The spelling ay, like may, is histor-
ically and analogically the proper one..] 1.
Ever; always; for ever; continually; for an
indefinite time. [Now only poetical and North.
E. dial.]
Care for the Conscience, & kepe it ai clene.
The A B C of Aristotle (E. E. T. S., extra ser., VIII. i. 65).
Let this pernicious hour
Stand aye accursed in the calendar !
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1.
2}. Ever: indefinitely, after if.
Behold the man and tell me, Britomart,
If ay more goodly creature thou didst see? º
Spenser, F. Q., III. iii. 82.
Foray, for ever: sometimes strengthened by combination
—for ever and ay.
The soul, though made in time, survives for ay;
And though it hath beginning, sees no end.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal. of Soul, xxix.
ay” (à), interj. [Also aye, eigh (and, in this use,
ch), KME. ey, ei ; a mere interj., of no definite
history, but it may be regarded, formally, as a
variant of M.E. a, E. ah, oh. In the poetical
ay me, prob. in imitation of OF. aymi, Sp. ay
de mº, It. ahime; cf. F. ahi, ai, Sp. ay, It, ahi,
ah: see ah, O, oh, and cf. eh..] Ah! O! oh!
an exclamation expressing surprise, interest,
regret, etc., according to the manner of utter-
ance. [North. Eng. and Scotch..]—Ay me l ah
mel an expression of regret or sorrow. [Poetical.]
Ay me ! that thankes so much should faile of meed.
Spenser, Virgil's Gmat, l. 353.
ay8, adv. or º See ayes.
ay8, n. See ayes.
ay43, n. See eyl.
Ayº (ā), n., A Sparkling wine taking its name
from the town of Ay in the department of
Marne, France. See champagne.
ay6. [(1) KME. alſ, ai, ey, ei, e3, etc., KAS. aeg,
ag, àg, Čg, etc.; (2) of other origin: see under
ai.] A common English digraph (pron. 5),
formerly interchangeable in most instances
with ai, but now the regular form when final,
occurring medially only in certain positions.
Historically it represents, (1) in words of Anglo-Saxon ori-
gin, a (ce) or e with an absorbed guttural, as in clay, day 1,
lay1, mayl, say1, stay1, etc.; (2) in Words of Scandinavian,
Römanic, Latin, or other origin, various diphthongs, ai,
ei, etc., as in ayl, may, ray1, ray2, 8tay?, etc. In recent
ayen
words it is the ordinary representative of the sound a
when final. See further under ai.
ayah § '#), n. [Anglo-Ind., KBind., etc., dya,
dyā, aia (= Sp. a at it. aja), nurse, gov-
erness, fem, of aio (= Sp. ayo = It. djo), tutor;
of uncertain origin..] In the East Indies, a
native waiting-woman or lady's-maid; a nurse.
ayapana (ā-yā-pā’īnā), n. [Braz.] The native
name of Eupatorium triplinerve, a Brazilian
#. of the family Asteraceæ, at one time be-
ieved to be a panacea. It is still considered
to have some valuable medicinal properties.
*Y*Y* n. See aidia.
aye §: adv. See ay1.
aye? (ā), interj. See ay?.
ayes, ay8(#iori), adv. or interj. [Formerly also
ai, ey, but at its first appearance, in the Eliza-
bethan period, invariably printed I (often asso-
ciated in puns with the pronoun I). Earlier
history º ; possibly orig. a dial. form
of ay, ever, always, worn down to a mere parti-
cle of assent. ardly, as commonly supposed,
a corruption of yea. The spelling aye is pre-
ferred, as making a distinction like that in eye
from words in-ay, -eu with the reg. pron. 5, as in
bay, bey, gray, grey, etc.] 1. Yes; yea: a word
expressing assent, or an affirmative answer to
a question: opposed to no. It is common in dia-
lectal and nautical language, and is the regular word used
in voting “yes” in Congress, the House of Commons, and
other legislative bodies. In Congress the official terms,
as in the Constitution, are yea and may; but the more
Sonorous aye and no are preferred in making response.
2. Yes; yea; even so; truly: indicating as-
sent to what has been said, and introducing a
further or stronger statement.
What ann I not Yºr king?
º
If ay, then am I not to be obey'd
Beaw. and Fl., Philaster, iv. 2.
The champions, ay, and exemplars too, of classical
learning. Story, Speech, Cambridge, Aug. 31, 1826.
3. Indeed: suggesting slight surprise, interro-
gation, anger, or reproach, or simple atten-
tion, according to the mode of pronunciation.
—Aye, aye, mawt. : (a) The phrase by which comprehen-
sion of an order is expressed on board ship. (b) An answer
to a sentry's hail or to a call,
ayeº, ayº (āi ori), n. [Kaye, adv, or interj.]. An
affirmative answer or vote in deliberative bod-
leS.—The ayes and noes, the yeas and nays. (a) The
affirmative and negative votes. (b) Those who so vote.
Hence—The ayes have it, in deliberative bodies, the
phrase employed by the presiding officer in declaring
that the affirmative votes are in a majority.
Another was the late Speaker Trevor, who had, from the
chair, put the question, whether he was or was not a rogue,
and had been forced to pronounce that the Ayeg had it.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxiii.
ayeºt, n. See eyl.
aye-aye (i'i), n. . [KF. aye-aye, K.Malagasy aſſay,
also dial. ahay, haibay, prob. of imitative origin
(cf. ai and ai-ai). Reduplication is characteris-
tic of imitative names, particularly in native
languages.] A name of a remarkable lemurine
Aye-aye (Darebentortia madagascarieſtsis).
quadruped of Madagascar, of the suborder Pro-
Simiaº, family Dawbentoniidae (or Chiromyidae),
the Daubentonia (or Chiromys) madagascari-
ensis, which combines a rodent-like dentition
with the general characters of the lemurs.
It was originally referred to the Rodentia, and was de-
Scribed as a species of Sciurus, or squirrel. It is a small
Squirrel-like animal (so far as its long bushy tail, general
configuration, and arboreal habits may warrant the com-
arison), with large thin ears opening forward, great eyes
ooking forward, a very peculiar physiognomy, and an
attenuated middle finger, which seens as if withered.
The thumb is not apposable, in which respect it is unlike
the inner digit of the foot. The animal is nocturnal, arbo-
real, and peculiar to Madagascar. Its economy is still
imperfectly known. The meaningless name aye-aye was
in 1802 or 1803 made a barbarous generic name by Lacé-
pède. The genus is usually called by the name Chiromys,
#. by Cuvier in , 1800, but this is antedated by Daw-
entonia, applied by Etienne Geoffroy St. Hilaire in 1798.
See faubºnia. •
ayeint, adv, and prep. An old form of again.
ayelf, n. See ayle.
ayelp (2-yelp’), prep. phr, as adv. [Ka8+ yelp.]
n the yelp; gº.g. Browning.
ayent, adv, and prep. An old form of again.


|ayenbite
ayenbitet, n.,...[ME., K ayen, again, + bite (
anslation of LL. remorgus, remorse): see again
and bite.] Remorse. [The “Ayenbite of Inwyt”
morse of Conscience) is the title of a well-known old
nglish religious work adapted from the French..]
ayenee (ā-ye-nē’), n. 7 [E. Ind.] Angili-wood
which º
ayenst, ayenstt, prep.
against.
ayenwardt, adv. An obsolete form of again-
ward.
[ME., K ; again, back, “F
Obsolete forms of
ayenyeftet, n.
géfte, gift: see again and gift. recompense.
Ayembite of Inwyt.
ay-green, aye-green (ā'grén), n. [K ay! F
teen. Cf. evergreen and sempervivent.] The
ouseleek, Sempervivum tectorum.
aygulett, n. An obsolete form of aglet.
ayſet, ayelt, n., [K.M.E. aiel, ayel, KAF. ayle,
F. aiel, aiol, F. afteul = Pr. aviol = Sp. abue-
lo = It. avolo, K L.L. *aviolus, dim, of avius, for
L. avus, grandfather.] A grandfather. See
besayle.
I am thin ayel, ready at thy wille.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, l. 1619.
aylet (ā’let), n. [Cf. ailette.] In her., a bird
Tepresented as sable, beaked and legged gules.
so known as the Sea-Swallow and as the
Cornish chough.
aymantt, aymonth, n. IK OF. aymant, aimant
= Pr. ayman, aziman, adiman, KML. *adimas
(adimant-), var. of L. adamas (adamant-), ada-
mant, diamond: see adamant, diamond..] Ada-
mant; a diamond.
aymet, interj. See ay me ! under ay?.
Aymees and hearty heigh-hoes
Are Sallads fit for soldiers.
Fletcher, Bonduca, i. 2.
aymerst, n. pl. Obsolete form of embers.
aymonth, n. See aymant.
aymi-wood (iºni-wild), n. The timber of the
Terminalia tomentosa, a combretaceous tree of
southern India.
ayont (8-yont'), prep. [Sc., = E. beyond, with
prefix a- instead of be-: see beyond..] Beyond.
Some wee short hour ayont the twal.
- Burns, Death and Doctor Hornbook.
ayr (ār), n. [Sc., also air, K Icel. eyrr, mod.
eyri, the gravelly bank of a river, a small tongue
of land running into the sea (= Sw. Ör = Dan.
Öre, seen in place-names, as in Elsinore, Dan.
Helsingör, Icel, as if “Helsingja-eyrr), K aurr,
clay, mud, = Norw. aur = AS. edir, earth,
ground, used also as the name of the runic
character for ed..] Ani open sea-beach; a
sand-bank. Also spelled air. [Scotch.]
* (ar'ant), a. [Also eyrant, appr. form, K
E, “aire, eyre, etc., aery: see aery” and lanº.j
In her., seated on its nest or aery: said of a
bird of prey when thus represented as a bearing.
Ayr stone. See stone.
ayuntamiento (ā-yön’tä-mi-en’tó), n. [Sp., K
Sp. ayuntar, KML. *adjunctare, K ad, to, +
*junctare.(? Sp. juntar, join), K L. jungere, pp.
junctus, join ; see join. Cf. junta.] Špin
and Spanish America, a corporation or body of
magistrates in a city or town; a town council,
usually composed of alcaldes, regidors, and
other municipal officers.
ay-word: (a^wërd), n. [Aform, appar. an error,
appearing in some editions of Shakspere, spe-
cifically in “Twelfth Night,” ii. 3, where others
give mayword, q.v.] A byword.
az. In her., an abbreviation of azure.
azale (3-zāl'), n. [Appar. Kazalea. Cf. azalein.]
A coloring matter obtained by extracting
“madder-flowers” with wood-naphtha at a boil-
*ing temperature. It is no longer used.
Azalea (a-zā’lā-ā), n. [NL., K. Gr. Öğažéoc, dry
in allusion to the dry habitat of the plant), K
Četv, dry up, parch..] 1. A genus of erica-
ceous plants, related to Rhododendron.—2.
[l. c.] "A plant, or flower belonging to this
genus. See Rhododendron.—8. [l. c.] A name
of a species of plants of the genus Loiseleuria,
the Å. azalea, L. procumbens.
azalein (a-zā’lú-in), n. [K azalea + -in”.] An
old name for crude magenta.
azan (a-zān"), n. [Ar.] In Mohammedan coun-
tries, the call to public prayers, proclaimed by
the crier from the minaret of the mosque.
When their crier, a small wizen-faced man, began the
Azan, we received it with a shout of derision, and some,
hastily snatching up their weapons, offered him an oppor-
tunity of martyrdom. R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 133.
azarin (az'a-rin), n. A coal-tar color of the
azo-group used in dyeing. It is applied only to cot-
ton, and is fairly fast to light. It is a compound of naph-
405
thol-azo-dichlor-phenol and ammonium bisulphite. It dyes
a brilliant red inclining to crimson.
azarole (az'a-Töl), n. [Also azerole; K F. aza-
Tole, azerole= It...azzeruolo = Sp. acerolo, azarolo
= Pg. azarola (NL. azarolus), K. Ar. az-zu'rür, K
al, the, -º- 2u'rür, azarole.] The Neapolitan
medlar, a species of thorn, Crataegus Azarolus,
which bears a rather large, pleasant fruit.
azedarach (a-zed'a-rak), n. [K F. azédarac =
Sp. acedarague, prob. through Ar., K Pers. dzād
dirakht, lit. free (noble) tree: āzād, free; di-
ºrakht, tree.] 1. An ornamental East Indian
tree, Melia Azedarach, cultivated in southern
Europe and America, and also known as bead-
tree, pride of India, etc. See Melia.-2. A
; consisting of the bark of the root of the
azedarach. It is an emetic and a cathartic,
and is used as a vermifuge.
aziam (az'iam), n. [Russ. azyami..] A full
long outside garment, without plaits, made of
a coarse gray cloth; at Astrakhan, a sheep-
skin coat covered with cloth. [Russian.]
azimuth (az’i-muth), n. [KME. aeymuth, azimut,
KOF. azimut-Sp. azimuţ-Pg. azimuth =It. az-
2imutto, K. Ar. as-sumāt, Kal, the, + sumāt, pl. of
8amt, way or path, point or quarter of the horizon.
From the sameword is derived 2enith, q.v.] In
astron., an arc of the horizon intercepted be-
tween the meridian of a place and the vertical
circle passing through the center of a celestial
object. The azimuth and altitude of a star give
its exact posi-
tion in the sky. * , i
— Altitude and jº
azimuth Circle.
See circle.— Azi-
Imuth COmpa SS
a compass placed
in some convenient
part of a ship on the
midship line, and
provided with vanes,
screws, and other
apparatus for ob-
Serving the bearings
of heavenly and ter-
restrial objects.—
Azimuth dial, a
dial whose style or
gnomon is at right
angles to the plane of the horizon. The shadow marks
the Sun's azimuth.-Azimuth or vertical circles, great
circles intersecting one another in the zenith and nadir,
and cutting the horizon at right angles.—Magnetic azi-
muth, an arc of the horizon intercepted between the
azimuth or vertical circle passing through the center of
any heavenly body and the magnetic meridian. This is
found by observing the object with an azimuth compass.
azimuthal (az’i-muth-al), a. [Kazimuth + -al.]
Pertaining to the azimuth; used in taking azi-
muths.
azimuthally (az’i-muth-al-i), adv. In the man-
ner of an azimuth; in the direction of the azi-
muth.
#ift|||
º
sº
Azimuth Compass.
iſſºl.
-º-º:-Trºik, w
Tillili;||
| #|| |;
iſi iii ': |
; , ; ſ
#########, É.
|########|}} Hiſ;
| ####| ||
} !
w |
ſ:
i
º
Turning azimuthally in either direction.
Natwre, XXX. 525.
azo–. A curt form of azote in compounds.—
Azo—compound, a compound intermediate between a
nitro- and an amino-compound, made from the former
by partial reduction, or from the latter by partial oxida-
tion: as, azobenzene, C6H5–N = N –C6H5.—Azo-dyes,
a well-defined group § the coal-tar colors, all containing
the diatomic group — N = N —, bound on either side to
a benzene radical. They may be prepared by reduction of
the nitro-compounds in alkaline solutions or by acting on
diazo-compounds with phenols or amines of the aromatic
series. Simple azo-compounds are for the most part
brightly colored bodies; but they are not dyestuffs, since
they do not possess the property of combining with either
acids or bases. The azo-dyes are the amino- or hydroxyl-
derivatives of simple azo-compounds, and are distin-
guished as aminoazo-, and oxyazo-dyes. . In dyeing, the
aminoazo-dyes can either be used as such or in the form
of their sulphonic acids, while the oxyazo-dyes nearly
always contain sulpho-groups.
azobenzene (az-Ö-ben’zèn), n. [K azo(te) +
benzene.] A crystalline substance, (C6H5)2N2,
which is obtained by the action of reducing
agents upon nitrobenzene. Also called azo-
benzol.
azobenzol (az-Ś-ben’zól), n. IK azo(te) + ben-
20l.] Same as azobenzene.
azo-blue (az’ô-blö), m. A coal-tar color used for
dyeing cotton, and fast to soap and acids. It is
a dark-blue powder soluble in water, and is formed by the
action of tetrazo-ditolyl chlorid on alpha-naphthol-sulpho-
nate of potash.
azodiphenyl (az’ā-di-fen’il), n. Same as Cow-
pier's blue (which see, under blue).
azo-erythrin (az’ā-e-rith’rin), n. [Kazo(te) +
erythrin.] A coloring principle obtained from
*the tº: º P KS
àzogue (ä-thó'gã), m. p., = f'g. a 20ttgué, K Sp.
jº §Ar. azzā'ūg, Kal, the, -H 2ā'ūg, K
Syr. eiwag, zibag, K Pers. 2ābak, quicksilver.]
Quicksilver.
azotized
All the different kinds of silver are called [in Mexico
azogues, or quicksilvers. Sci. Amer. (N. S.), LVI. 260.
azoic (A-zó'ik), a. ſ. Gr. 3%0ſ, lifeless, S -
priv. F ſoft, life, K Čáew, ºffu. liye.] Destitute
of organic life: in geol, applied to rocks which
are destitute of any fossil remains, or other
evidence of the existence of life at the period
of their deposition. The “azoic system” or series of
Foster and Whitney includes the stratified rocks, together
with the associated unstratified or massive ones, which
underlie unconformably, or are otherwise shown to be
older than, the Potsdam sandstone, or the lowest group
of rocks which, up to the time the name was given, had
been proved to contain traces of a former Organic life.
The dredge was sent down at each successive station,
but with very poor result; and Dr. Carpenter was driven
to the conclusion that the bottom of the Mediterranean at
depths beyond a few hundred fathoms is nearly azoic.
Sir C. W. Thomson, Depths of the Sea, p. 192.
The enormously thick azoic slaty and other rocks, which
constitute the Laurentian and Cambrian formations, may
be to a great extent the metamorphosed products of Fora-
miniferal life. Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 82.
azolitmin (az-5-lit'min), n. [Kazo(te) + litmus
+ -īn2.] deep blood-red coloring matter ob-
tained from litmus.
azonic (a-zon'ik), a. . [K Gr. &vog, confined to
no zone or region, Kä- priv. -H Govā, a zone.]
Not confined to any particular zone or region;
not local. Emerson.
azoöspermatism (a-zó-Ö-spér’ma-tizm), n. [K
Gr. &@oç, lifeless (see azoic), + otéppa(T-), seed,
+ -ism..] Same as azoöspermia.
azoöspermia (a-zó-Ö-spér’mi-á), m. [NL. : See
azoöspermatism..] In pathol., loss or diminution
of vitality of the spermatozoa, or their absence
from the semen. -
azor (ā’zor), m. A kind of beaver cloth, made
in Styria, Austria.
Azorian (ā-zó'ri-an), a. and n. [K Sp. Azores,
Pg. Açores, so named from the abundance of
hawks or buzzards there, K Sp. azor, Pg. agor,
a hawk: see Astur and austringer.] I. a. Be-
longing or relating to the Azores, or to their
inhabitants.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of the Azores,
a group of islands situated in the Atlantic ocean
about 800 miles west of Portugal, to which
country they belong.
azorite (az’ó-rit), n. A mineral crystallizing
in minute tetragonal crystals, found in a gra-
nitic rock in the Azores. It has been identified
With gircom.
azotate? (az’6-tät), m. [K agot-ic + -atel..] A.
compound formed by the union of nitric or
azotic acid with a base; nitrate.
azote (az’ôt), m. [= F. azote, K NL. azotum, K
Gr. 6- priv. -H *@Tóg, assumed verbal adj. of
Čáetv, var. of Čáetv, ºv, live..] A name formerly
given to nitrogen, because it is unfit for respi-
ration.
Lavoisier suggested the propriety of giving to this foul
kind of air [air robbed of its oxygen] the name of Azote,
... a name which it still retains in France, but which
has been superseded elsewhere by the term Nitrogen.
Hwæley, Physiog., p. 79.
azoted (az’3–ted), a. [K azote + -ed?..] Nitro-
genized.
As animals are fed on animal diet or on azoted sub-
stances. Aitkin, Med. Dict. (6th ed.), II. 1061.
azothi (az’oth), n. [Also azot and azook; F.
and NL. azoth, a miswriting of azoch : see
azogue.] 1. In alchemy, mercury, as the as-
Sumed first principle of all metals.-2. The
universal specific or panacea of Paracelsus.
azotic (a-zot'ik), a. . [K azote + -ic.] Pertain-
ing to azote; fatal to animal life.—Azotic acid.
Same as mitric acid. See mitric.—Azotic gas, nitrogen,
or nitrogen gas.
azotide (az'3-tid or -tid), n. [K azote + -ide2.]
An azotized body. See acoticed.
azotin (a,z^@-tin), m. [K acote + -in?..] An ex-
plosive compound consisting of 15.23 parts of
carbon, 11.43 of sulphur, 69.05 of saltpeter, and
4.29 of petroleum.
azotise, azotised. See azotice, azoticed.
azotite (az’ī-tit), m. [K azote + -ite2.] A salt
formed by a combination of nitrous acid with a
base: symonymous with nitrite.
azotize (azº-tiz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. azotized,
ppr. acotizing. [K acote + -ice.] To nitro-
genize. Also spelled azotise.
azotized (az'º-tizd), p. a. Imbued with azote
or nitrogen. Also spelled azotised.
It has been maintained, on the basis of carefully-con-
ducted experiments, . . . that the amount of work done
by an animal may be greater than can be accounted for by
the ultimate metamorphosis of the azotized constituents
of its food.
W. B. Carpenter, in Corr, and Conserv. of Forces, p. 431.
Organic compounds which contain nitrogen are fre-
quently termed azotised substances. gen are fre
W. 4. Miller, Elem, of Chem., § 389.




azotometer
Yºr -
ãzotometer (az-º-tom’e-ter), n. [K azote + Gr.
Alèrpov, measure.] Same as nitrometer.
An azotometer containing a concentrated solution of po-
tassium hydroxide where the nitrogen was measured.
47mer. Jowr. Sci., 3d ser., XXX. 57.
azotous (a-zó’tus), a. [Kazote + -ows.] Nitrous:
as, azotous (= nitrous) acid.
azoturia (az-Ś-tū’ri-á), n. [NL., K azote + L.
wr-ina, urine: see wrea.] In pathol., a condition
in which there is an excess of urea excreted.
Azrael, Azrail (az'rā-el, -il), n. [Heb. Azrael,
lit. help of God..] In Mohammedanism, the an-
gel of death, whose function it is to separate
men’s souls from their bodies.
The second trumpet blast will be that of “Extermina-
tion,” at the sound of which the lives of all creatures . . .
Will in an instant be extinguished, the last to die being
Azrael, the angel of death. Religions of the World, p. 364,
Aztec (aztek), n. and a. [K Sp. Azteca, K
Nahuatl Azteca, KAztlan, the legendary region
from which the Aztecs came ; said to be
a2tatl, heron, + tian or titlam, place..] I. n. 1. A
member of one of the leading aboriginal tribes
of Mexico, dominant on the central table-land
at the time of the Spanish invasion under
Cortés. See Cyc. of Names (Vol. XI).—2. The
language of the Aztecs; Nahuatl: still spoken
by a considerable number of Mexican Indians.
II. a. Of or pertaining to the Aztecs or to
their language.
Aztecan (aztek-an), a. Aztec.
azulejo (ä-thó-lā’hô), n. [Sp., Dutch glazed
tile, Kazul, blue: see azure.] An earthenware'
tile, painted and enameled in rich colors
(originally blue), especially one having a me-
tallic luster. [This use of the word, which is general
among English collectors and writers on decoration, is
apparently founded on the assumption that the word in
the original Spanish means a tile of any kind.]
azulene (az’ū-lèn), m. [K Sp. Pg. azul, blue,
azure, -i- -eme.] A vegetable principle which
imparts a blue color to many of the volatile oils.
It is a volatile liquid, with an intensely blue vapor. The
formula C16H26O has been given to it. Also called ceru-
bet.
71.
azulin (az’ī-lin), n. IK Sp. Pg. azul, blue
azure, + -in?..] A coal-tar color formerly used
in dyeing. It was prepared by heating coralline and
aniline together, and produced blue colors.
azulmin (az-ul'min), n. [Ka2(wre) + ulm (ic) +
-im2.] A name given to the brown ulmic ni-
trogenous substance which is formed by the
ºneous decomposition of hydrocyanic
3,C1Cl.
azumbre (ä-thóm’bră), n. [Sp;]. A Spanish
liquid measure, equal in amount to about half
* a gallon.
azure (azh’īr or ā’zhūr), m. and a... [K ME.
azure, asure, asur, K OF. azur, asur, F. azur =
Pr. azur = OSp. azur, Sp. Pg. azul = It, a22urro,
a2zuolo, K MIA. azura, azurum, etc., also lazur,
lazurius, lazulus, an azure-colored stone, lapis
lazuli, also azure, MGr. Aaſoiptov, K. Ar. lázward,
K Pers. lazhward, lapis lazuli, azure: said to be
named from the mines of Lajwurd. The initial
lis supposed to have been lost in the Romanic
forms through confusion with the definite arti-
cle, F. le, l', etc.] I. m. 1+. Lapis lazuli.
But natheles this markis hath doon make
Of gemmes set in gold and in a8wre
Broches and ringes, for Grisildis sake.
Chawcer, Clerk's Tale, l. 254.
2. The fine blue color of the sky: as, “her
eyes a bashful azure,” Tennyson, The Brook.
If . . . the air were absolutely pure and devoid of mat-
ter foreign to it, the azure of the sky would no longer be
seen and the heaven would appear black.
Spottiswoode, Polarisation, p. 82.
A little speck of azwre has widened in the western heav-
6I18, Hawthorne, Twice-Told Tales, I.
* º * *
azurine (azhſil-rim), a. and m.
406
3. A name formerly applied to several sky-
colored or blue pigments, but now used for
cobalt blue (which see, under blue). It has been
applied to— (a) that made from lapis lazuli, called genu-
ine ultramarine; (b) that made by fusing glass with oxid
of cobalt, and reducing this to a powder: in grains the
size of sand, this is called Smalt ; (c) an artificially pre-
pared carbonate of copper.
4. The sky, or blue vault of heaven.
Not like those steps
On heaven's azure. Milton, P. L., i. 297.
5. In her, the tincture blue, which in uncol-
ored drawings or engravings is
represented by shading in hori-
zontal lines. Often abbreviated
to a 2.
II. a. Resembling the clear
blue color of the sky; sky-blue.
—Azure blue. See, blue.—Azure
copper ore. See azurite, 1.
azure (azh’ir or ā’zhūr), v. t.;
pret. and pp. azured, ppr. dºwr-
ing. [K azure, a.] To color blue.
Who azur'd the firmament? Gentleman Instructed, p. 394.
"Twixt the green sea and the azur'd vault.
- Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
azure-stone (azh’īr-stön), n. Same as a 2w-
Tite, 1.
Azure (heraldic
tincture).
[K ML. azuri-
nus, K azura, azure: see a2ure.] I. a. Azure.
Hakluyt.
II. m. 1. An English book-name of a fish
which is a variety of the rudd; the blue roach.
—2. A bird of the genus Malwrus (which see).
—3. A bluish-black shade produced in print-
ing with aniline black, formed by treating the
fabric with ammonia after the black is com-
pletely developed.
azurite (azh’i-rit), n. IK azure + -ite?..] 1.
A blue mineral, a hydrous carbonate of copper.
It has been used as a pigment, under the name of "nown-
tain-blue. Azurite occurs finely crystallized at Chessy,
near Lyons, France, whence it has been called chessylite
and Chessy copper; it is also obtained in fine crystals at
several mines in Arizona and Utah. Also called azure cop-
per ore, azure-stone, blue copper ore, and blue amalachite.
2. Same as lazulite.
azurnt (azh’īrn or ā’zhūrn), a. [Kazure + -en?.
Cf. golden.] Of a blue color.
The azunº, sheen of turkis blue.
Milton, Comus, 1.893.
azury (azh'il-ri or ā’zhū-ri), a. . [Kazure + -y1.]
Of an azure or bluish color; blue,
Azygobranchia (az’i-gº-brang’ki-á), n, pl.
NL., K. Gr. &vyog, not joined (see azygous), +
páy;&ta, gills.] A division of streptoneurous
gastropods, by which the Scwtibranchia, the Cte-
nobranchia, and the Heteropoda are collectively
contrasted with the Zygobranchia. See extract.
All the remaining Gasteropoda contrast with the Zygo-
branchia in the fact that the torsion of the body has
caused the obsolescence or abortion of one of the true
gills, and for this reason Dr. Lankester has arranged them
under one ordinal head, Azygobranchia.
Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 322.
azygobranchiate (azi-gö-brang'ki-āt), a., [K
Azygobranchia + -ate1.] Pertaining to or hav-
ing the characters of the A2ygobranchia.
azygomatous (az-i-gom’a-tus), a. [K Gr. &-
priv. (a-18) + 2ygomctic.] Having no zygo-
mata; destitute of zygomatic arches, as the
skull of a shrew. Cowes.
azygos (az’i-gos), n. IK Gr. 3; vyog, unpaired:
See a2Vgous.] An azygous part, as a muscle,
vein, etc.—Azygos pharyngis, a small muscle arising
from 'the pharyngeal spine of thé basilar process of the
occipital bone, and lying along the middle line of the
back of the pharynx and inserted into the raphe.—Azy-
os uvulae, the fleshy substance of the uvula, supposed
o be a single symmetrical muscle, but really composed
of paired halves.
azygospore (a-zi'gó-Spör), n. IK Gr. 3- priv.
º + 2ygospore.] A. spore exactly resem-
azygous (az’i-gus),
aZym, a zyme (az’im), n.
azymic (a-zim'ik), a.
azzy
bling a zygospore, but produced parthenoge-
netically by an isolated reproductive organ in
some members of the subclass Zygomycetes of
the lower fungi.
a. [K Gr. &vyog, unpaired,
Kö- priv. 4- ºvyóv = E. yoke.] Having no fel-
low; not being one of a pair; single : in anat.
applied to several parts, as muscles, veins,
bones, etc., that are , apparently single, or
have no symmetrical fellow.—Azygous artery,
an artery of the knee-joint, usually coming from the
opliteal, but sometimes from one of the superior articu-
ar arteries.—Azygous yeins, three veins of the trunk,
one on the right side and two on the left. The right or
large azygous vein arises in small branches from the up-
per lumbar vertebræ, passes up into the thorax to the
right of the aorta, and, receiving the eight inferior right
intercostal veins, the lesser azygous veins, the left Supe-
rior intercostal vein, the right bronchial vein, and some
esophageal and mediastinal branches, empties into the
superior vena cava just above the pericardium. The left
lower or small ºff. vein begins in the upper lumbar
veins, enters the thorax, receives the four or five lower
left intercostal veins and some esophageal and medias-
timal branches, and empties usually into the right azygous
vein, but sometimes into the left innominate vein. The
left wipper azygows vein is derived from the left intercostal
veins, which lie between those that empty into the left
superior intercostal trunk and those that empty into the
left lower azygos. They are usually two or three in num-
ber. It communicates above with the left superior inter-
costal vein and below with the right azygous vein.
[K. L.L. azymus, also
ažymon, unleavened bread, K. Gr. & vuog, neut.
ãºvuov, unleavened, K &- priv. 4- ºgm, leaven,
K Čeiv, boil, bubble, ferment.] Unleavened
bread, or a cake of unleavened bread; espe-
cially, the bread eaten among the Jews at the
time of the Passover, or that used in part of
the Christian church for consecration in the
eucharist: generally in the plural. In the West-
ern Church azyms seem to have been used as far back as
positive testimony goes, but the evidence either for or
inst their use in the earlier centuries is very scanty.
In the Eastern Church consecration of leavened bread
seems to have been the universal rule since the earliest
times, but some early Oriental sects used azyms. Thé :::
Latin Church does not hold that the use of leavened
bread invalidates consecration. The controversy between
the Eastern and Western churches as to azyms turns
mainly on the question whether the Last Supper was with-
in the period of unleavened bread, and whether therefore
the holy communion was instituted with azyms or not.
We have shunned the obscurity of the papists in their
azymes, tumick, &c. : -
The Translators of the Bible to the Reader.
Rome prescribes nothing to other nations on the point,
merely laying down that the blessed Sacrament may more
conveniently be consecrated in Azymes.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 1055.
[K a2/m + -ic.] Of or
pertaining to unleavened bread; unleavened;
aZymous.
Azymite (az’i-mit), n. IK ML. aeymita, KMGr.
ãºvuírºg, K Čvuoc, unleavened: see agym and
-ite?..] A member of a church which uses un-
leavened bread for consecration in the eucha-
rist ; especially, a designation applied by con-
troversialists of the Greek Church to a member
of the Latin or Western Church, or to an ad-
herent of the Armenian or of the Maronite
Church, which also use azyms. See azym. The
terms Fermentarians and Prozymites have sometimes
been applied in return to members of the Greek Church by
Latin controversialists.
azymous (az’i-mus), a. [K Gr. iſvuog, unleav-
ened: see azym.] Unleavened; unfermented:
as, sea-biscuit is azymous. [Rare.]
azzimina (āt-si-mê'nā), n. [It..] Decoration
by damaskeening of the finer sort, especially
in gold or silver and in elaborate designs. Also
called agemina. -
azzle-tooth (az’l-töth), n. [See aale-tooth.]
Same as azle-tooth. Halliwell ; Dunglison.
[Prov. Eng.]
azzy, n. [E. dial.] A wayward child, Halli-
well. [Prov, Eng. (Yorkshire).]
wrºſy Sºº'sºlºs * * "t-" i i < * * *
jºšščğ.
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§: §i) \; i
Tººl"º". Tºº lºº * * * * bºº e
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tº §§ § M i" ºš H
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t? Sºś
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S$. * *
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N
{{(2)}^Sº
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* * W - º
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•k.
jºr
1. The second letter in
order in the English al-
habet, as it was in the
# Phenician, and has been
ălți in most other alphabets
#| derived from the Pheni-
cian. (See A.) The name
of the Phemician character was
beth, meaning house; from this
comes the Greek name, beta.
The Phenician beth, with some
early Greek and Latin forms of b, and with the ancient
Egyptian characters, hieratic and hieroglyphic, from which
the others are by many authorities supposed to be ulti-
mately derived, are given below:
# 2, a
Pheni-
C13 II,
3 B
E tian. Earl
Hierogºść. Hieratic. Greek ...} Latin.
The value of the character is the same in all these alpha-
bets. It is a labial sonant (or voiced) mute (or stop, or
check); that is, it is made with the lips alone, by a com-
lete closure cutting off all exit of breath from the mouth,
ut with accompañºng sonant vibrations of the vocal
chords, the current ºf air necessary to produce this being
driven from the lungs into the closed cavity of the mouth.
The corresponding surd (or voiceless) mute is p. (See P.)
B has nothing of that variety of pronunciation shown by
most English letters; but it is sometimes silent, as when
final after m, in lamb, limb, tomb, thumb, and in a few
other cases, as debt, dowbt. in most of these cases bis a
modern graphic insertion, and was never pronounced (in
the English forms); e.g., limb, thwmb, debt, doubt. In the
fundamental or Germanic part of our language a b comes
from a more original aspirate found in Sanskrit as bh, in
Greek as @ (ph), in Latin usually as f. Examples are:
E. brother = Skt. bhrātar = Gr. pptårmp = L. frater; E.
bear 1 (v.) = Skt. V bhar = Gr. (bépetv = L. ferre. With the
English b corresponds that of most of the other Germanic
dialects. In the original Indo-European or Aryan lan-
guage b was nearly or altogether wanting.
2. As a numeral, B was used by the Hebrews
and Greeks, as now by the Arabians, for 2.-
3. As a symbol: (a) In music, the seventh tone,
or “leading tone,” of the model diatonic scale, .
or scale of C. B was the last tone to be adopted into
the modern major scale. It was the first note to be modi-
fied by lowering its pitch a semitone; its two forms, the
b rotundwm or B flat (b) and the b quadratwm or B natu-
ral (t) (see below), afterward became conventional signs
which were applied as accidentals to all the notes of the
scale. See accidental, n., 1. In Italian and French, the
same note is called si. In German use B denotes B flat,
while B natural is represented by H, and is called ha.
(b) In chem., the symbol of boron. (c) In ornith.,
the accessory femorocaudal muscle, one of the
chief classificatory muscles of the leg. A. H.
Garrod. (d) In math., see A, 2 (c). (e) In ab-
stract reasoning, suppositions, etc., the second Baalist (bā’al-ist
or other person’or thing mentioned: as, if A # º - - )
Baa
strike B. (f) In general, the second in any se-
ries: as, Company B (of a regiment), schedule
B, etc.; in the form b, or b, the second column
of a page, in a book printed in columns.—4. As
an abbreviation, B. stands for— (a) Bachelor
(or Middle Latin Baccalaureus), in B. A. or A.
B., B. C. E., B. D., B. L., B. M., etc. See these
abbreviations. (b) In dates, before, as in B. C.
or B. C., and born, as in b. 1813. (6) In a ship's
log-book, in the form b., blue sky. (d) In hy-
drometric measurements, Baumé: as, 8° B. See
IBaumé's hydrometer, under hydrometer. Also Bé.
—B, or B flat, an Eng humorous euphemism for bug
(Cimea lectularius),--Bcancellatum, in music, the sharp:
so called because it was originally indicated by Crossing or
canceling the symbol of B quadratum.—B quadratum
8,
in music, literally square B, a modified form (t) of the .
black-letter h used before the invention of accidentals
to denote B natural in distinction from B flat : now used
as the natural. See accidental, n., 1.-B rotundum, in
music, literally round B, a modified form (b) of the Roman
letterb first used to denote B flat, as distinguished from
B quadratum: it is now the conventional sign of the flat.
See accidental, n., 1.-Not to know B from a bull's
foot, or a broomstick, or a battledore, to be very il-
literate or very ignorañt: popular alliterative compari-
sons, the first dating from the Middle English period.
balt, v. t. [Perhaps a humorous imitation of a
smack; but cf. OF. baer, beer, open the mouth,
gape (see bayº), and bassº, kiss.] To kiss.
Let me bathy cheke.
Chaucer, Prol, to Wife of Bath's Tale, l. 488.
Baalism (bā’ al-izm), n.
Baanite (bā’an-it), n.
babl (bab), v. č.
ba? (ba), v. t. [Imitative of the sound.] To lull Baba 3 (bā’ībā), n. . . [Turk. and Ar. bābā,
asleep # a continuous, inarticulate, musical father. Cf. babu.]. An Oriental title of respect
C
hum. [Scotch.]
I'll ba the bairns wi' an unkenned tune.
W. Nicholson.
Ba. The chemical symbol of barium.
ba’ (bâ), n.
[Scotch.]
B. A. An abbreviation of— (a) Bachelor of Arts.
See A. B. and bachelor.
culture: same as B. Agr.
tion (for the Advancement of Science): used in
such phrases as B. A. unit. See unit.
baa (bâ), v. i. [Imitative of the sound. Cf. L.
bee, the sound made by a sheep (Varro), L.
balare, bleat, Gr. 32.72%, Doric BWaxá, a bleat-
ing; G. bā, bleating, Cat. be, a sheep, with simi-
lar forms in many languages.] To cry or bleat
as a sheep.
Like a lamb whose dam away is set
He treble baas for help. Sir P. Sidney.
baa (bâ), m. [K baa, v.] The cry or bleating of
a sheep or lamb. g
baag-nouk, n. A weapon for secret attack used
among the Mahrattas in India, consisting of
short, sharp, curving steel blades, secured to a
strap or plate passing across the palm of the
hand, and so arranged as not to wound the
user. An apparently friendly movement of
the hand inflicts a terrible wound.
Baal (bā'al), n. [LL. Bāal, Gr. Báaž, BaćA, K
Heb. Ba'al, orig. ‘lord,” or ‘owner,’ applied to
any deity, then to a particular deity; pl.
ba'alim.] The name of a Semitic solar deity
worshiped, especially by the Phenicians and
their descendants the Carthaginians, with much
license and sensuality. Baal was derived from the
Babylonian Bel, a deity of a much higher type, and was
merged in the Tyrian Melkarth. In its original generic
sense of ‘lord,” the name was applied to many different
divinities, or, with qualifying epithets, to the same divin-
ity regarded in different aspects and as exercising differ-
ent functions. Thus in Hos. ii. 16 it is applied to Jehovah
himself, while Baal-berith (the covenant-lord) was the god
of the Shechemites, and Baal-zebub (the fly-god) the idol of
the Philistines at Ekron. Baal-peor (lord of the opening)
Was a god of Moab and Midian, probably the same as Che-
mosh. The word enters into the composition of many He-
brew, Phenician, and Carthaginian names of persons and
places, as Jerwbbaal, Hasdrubal (help of Baal), Hannibal
(grace of Baal), Baal-Hammon, Baal-Thamar, etc.
[K Baal + -ism..] The
worship of Baal; gross idolatry of any kind.
His seven thousand whose knees were not suppled with
the Baalism of that age. Fuller.
m. [K Baal -H, -ist.] A wor-
Baal; a 'Baalite.
te (bā’al-it), n. [K Baal -H -ite2.] A wor-
shiper of Baal; hence, a worshiper of heathen
gods in general; an idolater, or idolatrous
worshiper.
These Baalites of pelf. Keats, Isabel.
[K Baanes + -ite2.] A
follower of Baanes, a Paulician of the eighth
century. -
baar, n. See bahar.
babl (bab), n. [Sc. and E. dial., - E. bob1, q.
v.] 1. A bunch; tassel; cockade. [Scotch.]
A cockit hat with a bab of blue ribbands at it. Scott.
2. A bob, as used in fishing.
Besides these eel-sets, however, the Norfolk Broadmen
also fish for eels with babs, which can hardly be called
sport in any sense of the term. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXIX. 258.
[E. dial., - bobl, v.] To fish
with a bob. See bobl.
bab? (bab), n. [E. dial., - babe, q.v.] A babe.
[Prov. Eng.]
Bab3 (bāb), . [Ar. Pers. bāb, a gate or door;
forming part of many eastern place-names, as
Bab-el-mandeb.] 1. The title assumed by the
founder of Babism.—2. A Babist; an adherent
of or a believer in Babism. -
babal (bā’bà’), n. A child's variant of papa,
baba? (ba-bā'), n. . [F.] A light kind of fruit-
cake, of Polish origin.
407
(c) British Associa-
Babbitt metal.
babblative (bab’la-tiv), a. [Formerly also bab-
babble (bab’1), n.
= S
babblement (bab’l-ment), n.
applied (a) by tributary Arabs to the Turks,
(b) to the ushers of the seraglio, and (c) to
the Patriarch of Alexandria.
babacoote, n.
[Sc., - E. balli. Cf. a6.] A ball. babakoto (bābā-kötö), it;
Same as babakoto.
[Also babacoote.
Malagasy..] A name of the indri or short-
tailed woolly lemur of Madagascar, Indris or
(b) Bachelor of Agri- . Lichanotus brevicaudatus.
babber (bab’ér), n.
[E. dial., - bobber1.] One
who fishes with a bob ; a bobber.
Norfolk babbers frequently catch four stone weight of
eels to a boat per night, especially in the Spawning-
grounds. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXIX. 259.
babbini, n. An obsolete form of bavin1.
babbitting (bab’it-ing), m.
[Verbal n. of *bab-
bitt, v., K. Babbitt (metal).] 1. The operation of
lining shells or bushings for a bearing with
Babbitt metal; hence, commonly, the similar
use of any antifriction alloy.—2. Babbitt metal.
—Babbitting jig, a tool used to hold bearing-boxes in
position about the journals of shafts, etc., while any box-
lining metal, as the Babbitt, is being poured in.--Bab-
bitting ladle, an iron ladle used to pour the Babbitt
metal or any antifriction alloy upon the bearings of ma-
chinery.
See metal.
lative; K babble + -ative.
to babbling.
Argumentative, babblative, and unpleasant to me.
3. Carijie, in Froude, i. 119.
Cf. talkative..] Given
babble (bab’1), v.; pret. and pp. babbled, ppr.
babbling. [K . babelen, bablen = D. babbe-
len = LG. babbelen = Icel. babbla = Dan. bable
= G. bappeln, bapperm, babble (cf. F. babiller,
chatter); all perhaps imitative, with freq. Suf-
fix -l, from the redupl. syllable ba: see ba?..] I.
intrans. 1. To utter words imperfectly or in-
distinctly, as children do; prattle; jabber.
I babbled for you, as babies for the moon,
Vague brightness. Tennyson, Princess, iv.
2. To talk idly, irrationally, or thoughtlessly;
chatter or prate heedlessly or mischievously.
A babbled of green fields. Shak., Hen. V., ii. 3.
The people, when they met, . . .
Began to scoff and jeer and babble of him.
Tennyson, Geraint.
3. To make a continuous murmuring sound,
as a stream; repeat a sound frequently and in-
distinctly.
The babbling echo mocks the hounds.
Shak., T. of A., ii. 3.
The babbling runnel crispeth. Tennyson, Claribel.
II. trams. 1. To utter incoherently or with
meaningless iteration; repeat ; prate.
These [words] he used to babble indifferently in all com-
panies. Arbuthnot.
2. To utter foolishly or thoughtlessly; let out
by babbling or prating: as, to babble a plot or
a secret.
[K babble, v.] Inarticulate
speech, such as that of an infant; idle talk;
senseless prattle; murmur, as of a stream.
Making merry in odd tones, and a babble of outlandish
Words. Hawthorne, Old Manse, II.
An extraordinary incessant babble of rapid prayer from
the priests in the stalls. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 54.
. See prattle, m.
º [K babble +
-ment.] . Idle talk; senseless prate; unmean-
ing words.
Deluded all this while with ragged notions and babble-
7ments. Milton, Education.
babbler (bab’lér), m. 1. One who babbles; an
idle talker; an irrational prater; one who says
things heedlessly or mischievously.
Cwmn. No blabbing, as you love me.
Sir Greg. None of our blood
Were ever babblers.
Beau. and Fl., Wit at Several Weapons, iv. 1.
Great babblers, or talkers, are not fit for trust.
Sir R. L'Estrange.
2. In ornith.: (a) A name of various old-world
dentirostral oscine passerine birds more or less
nearly related to thrushes. (b) pl. The family


babbler
Timaliidae or subfamily Timaliinae of Turdidae
an uncertain group of generally short-winged
and short-tailed birds, definable by no common
characters. It contains a great number of birds not
Satisfactorily located elsewhere, and has been called “the
Ornithological waste-basket.”
3. In hunting, a dog that yelps or gives tongue
too much when in the field.
After a fox has been found, the babbler announces the
fact for the next ten minutes, and repeats his refrain
Whenever the least opportunity presents itself.
B'ncyc. Brit., XII. 315.
babblerylt, n. [K.babble + -ry. Cf. F. babil-
lerie (Cotgrave), babble.] Babbling; chatter-
ing; idle talk. Stubbes.
babblery?t, m. [Early mod. E. babblerie, bab-
lerie, appar. for babery or baublery.] ODOle-
thing worthless; worthless things collectively.
lNares. -
Other toyes, fantasies, and bableries, whereof the world
is ful, are suffered to be printed. Stubbes, Anat. of Abuses.
babbling (bab'ling), n. erbal n. of babble
v.] Foolish Fº [V 5
Avoiding profane and vain babblings. 1 Tim. vi. 20.
babblingly (bab'ling-li), adv. In a babbling
manner; with babblement; pratingly.
babblishlyt (bab’lish-li), adv. Babblingly.
baññiy (ºbi), a tºbabie + yj Fáil of
babble; chattering.
babby (bab’i), m. [E. dial., - baby, q.v.] A
baby. [Prov. Eng.]
babe (bāb), n. [Also prov. bab; K ME. babe,
babbe, bab, also baban; a word taken up from
ba? of infant utterance. Compare ba2, dad,
daddy, papa, etc., also babble, etc. The Celtic
words (W. Gael. Ir. Corm. baban = Manx
babam, bab, a babe, child) are late, and are
from E. Hence the dim. baby.] 1. An in-
fant; a young child of either sex.-2+. A
child’s doll.
All as a poore pedler he did wend,
Bearing a trusse of tryſles at hys backe,
As bells, and babes, and glasses, in hys packe.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., May.
Or madly think a babe of clouts were he.
- Shak., K. John, iii. 4.
3. One who is like a babe in any respect; a
person of infantine or childish character or
ability: as, he is a mere babe in that man’s
hands.--Babe in arms. See arm1.-Babe in Christ,
a recent convert to Christianity (1 Cor. iii. 1).
babehood (bâb'hūd), m. [K babe + -hood.] Same
as babyhood. Udall.
Babel (bā’bel), m. [LL. Babel, KHeb. Bābel, re-
ferred in Genesis to the notion of ‘confusion”;
but perhaps K Assyrian bāb-ilu, lit. gate of God,
or bâb-ilī, gate of the gods, K báb, gate, -- ilw
= Heb. el, God: see Elohim and Allah..] 1.
The Semitic name of the city (Babylon) where,
according to Gen. xi., the construction of a tower
that would reach to heaven was attempted, and
where the confusion of tongues took place. See
Aabylonian. Hence—2. A lofty structure.—
3. A visionary scheme.—4. A scene of noise
and confusion, as a great city or a riotous as-
Semblage.
'Tis pleasant, through the loopholes of retreat,
To peep at such a world—to see the stir
Of the great Babel, and not feel the crowd.
Cowper, The Task, iv. 90.
5. [cap. or l.c.] A confused mixture of sounds;
confusion; disorder.
That babel of strange heathen languages.
Hammond, Sermons, p. 508.
Babel quartz. See quartz.
babery; (bā‘bér-i), m. [K ME. babery, earlier
babeurie, babeu wrie, etc., appar. corrupt forms
of babwynrie, baboonery (see baboomery); but
in later use K babe + -ery.] 1. Grotesque or-
namentation in art or architecture, as carved
human figures or other decorations.
Many subtile compassinges,
As babeuwryes and pynacles,
Ymageries and tabernacles,
I saugh. Chaucer, House of Fame, l. 1189.
2. Finery to please a child; any trifling toy for
children: as, “painted babery,” Sir P. Sidney,
Arcadia, x. 181.
'babiant, babiont, n. [Also baboyne, etc., vari-
ant forms of baboom, q. v.] A baboon. B.
Jonson; Massinger.
babillard (bab’i-lärd), n. [F., K babiller, chat-
ter: see babble.] The chatterer: a name bor-
rowed from the French by Rennie for the lesser
white-throat, Sylvia curruca of Europe, la fau-
vette babillarde of Buffon. [Rare.]
babingtonite (bab'ing-ton-it), n. [After the
mineralogist William Bäbington (1756–1833).]
A vitreous dark-green or black mineral of the
pyroxene group, occurring in small brilliant
babiont, n.
babirussa, babiroussa (bab-i-rö'sä), n.
4.08
triclinic crystals in beds of magnetic iron ore
and in veins of quartz and feldspar. It is a
silicate of iron, manganese, and calcium.
Babington’s-curse (bab'ing-tonz-kèrs), n. The
water-weed, Philotria Canadensis: so called in
England from the false supposition that it was
introduced there by the botanist Charles Bab-
ington (born about 1808).
See babian.
babir (bā‘bër), n. A Syrian name for the papy-
I’llS. -
[Also
formerly babirusa, barbirousa, etc. (NL. babirus-
sa), K. Malay bābī, hog, + rāsa, deer.] 1. The
East Indian wild hog or horned hog. The upper
East Indian Wild Hog (Bačernessa aftermes).
canines of the boar are sometimes 12inches in length, and
nearly reach the forehead; the lower pair partake of the
same unusual development and direction, but not to the
same extent, nor do they pierce the lips. The tusks of the
SOW are much smaller. The general appearance of the ami-
mal is that of a hog, but the legs are longer and the pelage
is less bristly. The babirussa is gregarious and herbivo-
rous, like the rest of the pig tribe, and its flesh is used for
food; it is sometimes domesticated.
2. [cap.]. A genus of setiferous pachyderma-
tous ungulate quadrupeds, of the order Artiodac-
tyla, or even-toed ungulates, and family Suidae,
containing only the babirussa.
Also spelled babyrussa, babyroussa.
babisht (bå'bish), a.. [K babe ---ishl.] Like a
babe; babyish.
If he be bashful and will soon blush, they call him a
babish and ill brought up thing.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, i.
babishly: (bā’bish-li), adv. In the manner of a
babe; babyishly.
babishness (bā' bish-nes), n. Babyishness;
childishness.
Babism (bâb'ism), n. [K Pers. Bābā, Babism (K
bāb, a gate, the name assumed by the founder
of the sect, who claimed that no one could come
to know God except through him: see Babà),
+ -ism.] A religious, political, and social sys-
tem founded in Persia about 1843 by Seyd Mo-
hammed Ali, a native of Shiraz, who pretended
to be descended from Mohammed. It is a pan-
theistic offshoot of Mohammedanism, tinctured with Gnos-
tic, Buddhistic, and Jewish ideas. It inculcates a high mo-
rality; discountenances polygamy; forbids concubinage,
asceticism, and mendicancy; recognizes the equality of
the sexes; and encourages the practice of charity, hospi-
tality, and abstinence from intoxicants of all kinds.
Babist (bâb'ist), n. [KPers. Bābā (see Babism)
+ -ist.] A believer in Babism.
bablah (bab’lā), m. . [See babul.] The pod of
several species of Acacia, especially of A. scor-
pioides, which comes from the East and from
Senegal under the name of neb-neb. It contains
allic acid and tannin, and has been used in dyeing cotton
or producing various shades of drab. The seeds are said
to contain a red coloring matter, and to be used in India
and Egypt for dyeing morocco. Also called babool, babwl,
and babulah. See cut under agacia.
bablative}, a. See babblative.
bablelt, bable2+, n. See bauble1, bauble2.
Bable3(bā’blă), n. A dialect of Spanish, spo-
ken in Asturias. Encyc. Brit., II. 824.
baboo, n. See babw.
babool, n. Same as bablah.
baboon (ba-bón"), n. [Early mod. E. also ba-
boome, baboune, babound (also babion, babian (K
Taboon (Cynocephaltas maimont).
B
babuina (bab-à-i'nā), n.
baby
F. babion), and bavian, after D. baviaan, LG.
bavian, X Dan. bavian, G. pavian), K ME. babe-
wyme, babwyn, babwen, baboyme, etc., K OF. ba-
buim, baboin, baboºn, babion, mod. F. babouin
= Sp. Pg. babwino = It. babbuimo, M.L. babe-
wynus, babervynus, babwymus, baboutnus. The
OF. forms appear to be the oldest. The origin
of the name is unknown. The Ar. maimiſm is
prob. from the European word.]. A quadruma-
nous animal of the old world, of the subfamily
Cynopithecinae, and especially of either of the
genera Cynocephalus (or Papio) and Mandvilla
(or Mormon). The baboon has a large prominent muz-
zle and a low facial angle, constituting a physiognomy
to which the term “dog-faced” has been applied. It
has cheek-pouches, large canine teeth, tail usually short
(whence the term “pig-tailed” applied to some), and large
bare ischial callosities, often gayly colored. Its fore and
hind limbs are proportionate, so that the animal can go
upon all-fours like ordinary quadrupeds, or sit upright like
most other monkeys. Baboons are generally large, heavy
animals, some equaling a mastiff in size and weight, and
are among the most sullen, intractable, ferocious, and filthy
brutes of the order to which they belong. Most of them
are African, and they are usually gregarious, going in large
troops, and feeding on fruits, roots, birds' eggs, insects,
etc. Among those which have special names are the anu-
bis, chacma, mandrill, drill, etc. Some of the Quadru-
mana which belong technically to the same group as the
baboons do not usually take the name, as the black ape
of Celebes, Cymopithecus miger, and the Barbary ape, Imw-
ws ecaudatus; while some monkeys of other groups are
occasionally called baboons.
baboonery (ba-bón’ e-ri), m.; pl. babooneries
(-riz). [K baboon ---ery.] 1+. Same as babery,
1.—2. A collection of baboons.—3. Baboonish
conduct or condition.
baboonish (ba-bön’ish), a. [K baboon + -ish 1.]
Like a baboon; characteristic of baboons.
A series of baboomish chuckles and grins.
Pop. Sct. Mo., XXIX. 660.
baboosh (ba-bösh'), n. [Also babouche, after F.
babouche (usually pl., babouches) = Sp. babucha
(pl. babuchas), K. Ar. bābūsh, K Pers. påpôsh, a
slipper, K på, = E. foot, + pºsh, covering; cf.
póshidam, cover.] A kind of slipper without
quarters or heel, worn in Turkey and the East.
abouvism (ba-bó(vizm), m. [K F. babouvisme,
K Babeuf (Baboeuf) + -isme.] The communistic
system promulgated by the French socialist
François Noël Babeuf during the revolution.
Its fundamental principles were summed up in the sen-
tence: “The aim of society is the happiness of all, and
happiness consists in equality.” By “equality” was meant
absolute uniformity in dress, food, elementary education,
etc. The property of corporations was to be seized at once,
and that of individuals at their death. Officers chosen by
the people were to have unlimited powers to divide the
product of the industry of all, according to the needs and
requirements of each. A great conspiracy was organized
by Babeuf and his followers for the establishment of a new
government based on these principles, but it was betrayed
to the Directory in May, 1796, and Babeuf was executed
in May, 1797. Also Bavowism.
Babouvist (ba-bó'vist), n. IK F. babouviste: see
Babowvism..] A follower of the French social-
ist Babeuf, or an adherent of Babouvism.
babu (bāſbö), n. [Also (as E.) baboo: K Hind.
bābu, a title of respect; in Canarese it means
father. Cf. baba.] A Hindu title of address,
equivalent to Sir or Mr., given to gentlemen,
clerks, etc.: formerly applied in some parts of
Hindustan to certain persons of distinction.
“In Bengal and elsewhere, among Anglo-Indians, it is of-
ten used with a slight savor of disparagement, as charac-
terizing a superficially cultivated but too often effemi-
nate Bengali; and from the extensive employment of the
class to which the term was applied as a title in the ca-
pacity of clerks in English offices, the word has come often
to signify ‘a native clerk who writes English.” Yule and
Burnell, Anglo-Ind. Gloss.
[NL., fem. of babwi-
nus: see baboon.] "A female baboon.
The depravity of an old babwina, or female Bhunder
baboon. Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 398.
babul (ba-ból'), n. [Also written babool, babw-
lah, repr. Hind. bābīl, a species of Acacia. I
*Same as bablah.
baby (bā’bi), m. and a. [Also dial. babby; early
mod. E. also babie, K ME. babee, babi, dim. of
babé.] I. m.; pl. babies (-biz). 1. An infant or
young child of either sex; a babe.
I knew them all as babies, and now they're elderly men.
Tennyson, The Grandmother.
2+. A doll.
The archduke saw that Perkin would prove a runagate;
and it was the part of children to fall out about babies.
Bacon.
These [boxes] are to have Folding-Doors, which being
open'd, you are to behold a Baby dress'd out in some
Fashion which has flourish'd, and standing upon a Pedes-
tal, where the Time of its Reign is mark'd down.
Spectator, No. 478.
3+. [Cf. E. pupil, K. L. pupilla, a girl, the pupil
of the eye.] The mińute reflection ... 8,
person sees of himself in the pupil of another's
eye. There are many allusions to this in our older poets;


Thalby
hence such Fº as to look babies in one's eyes, used with
regard to a lover.
No more fool,
To look gay babies in your eyes, young Roland,
And hang about your pretty neck.
Fletcher, Woman's Prize, v. 1.
But wee cannot so passe the centre of the Eye, which
wee call Pupilla, quasi Puppa, the babie in the eye, the
Sight. Purchas, Microcos. (1619), p. 90.
4. One who is like a baby; a childish person.
Though he be grave with years, he's a great baby.
Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, iii. 5.
Baby act, a colloquial name for the legal defense of in-
fancy. Hence–To plead the baby act. (a) To plead
that a contract is void because made during one's minor-
ity. (b) To attempt to excuse excessive or feigned igno-
range or stupidity on the ground of professed inexperience.
[Colloquial in both uses.]—Bartholomew baby, a kind
of doll sold originally at Bartholomew fair in fondon, and
celebrated as the best then known.
It also tells farmers what manner of wife they shall
choose; not one trickt up with ribbens and knots like a
Bartholomew baby. Poor Robin's Almamac, 1695.
II. a. 1. Babyish; infantine; pertaining to
an infant. -
Ye conscience-stricken cravens, rock to rest
Your baby hearts. Shelley, The Cenci, iv. 2.
Moulded thy baby thought. Tennyson, Eleánore,
2. Small, or comparatively small: as, a baby
engine. [Colloq.]
Thaby (bā’bi), v. t.; pret. and pp. babied, ppr.
babying. [K baby, n.] To treat like a young
child.
At best it babies us with endless toys,
And keeps us children till we drop to dust.
Young, Night Thoughts, vi. 521.
baby-farm (bā'bi-farm), n. A place where chil-
dren are received and cared for.
baby-farmer (bā‘bi-fér’mér), n. One who re-
ceives and contracts to care for the infants of
those who, for any reason, may be unable or
unwilling to bring up their own children.
baby-farming (bā’bi-fir/ming), n. The busi-
ness carried on by a baby-farmer.
babyhood (bâ'bi-hild), n. [K baby + -hood.]
The state of being a baby; infancy.
baby-house (bā‘bi-hous), n. A toy house for
#: dolls. h K
abyish (bā' bi-ish), a. [K baby + -ish 1.] Like
a baby; childish. 7 !/ I
babyishness (bā'bi-ish-nes), n. The quality of
being like a baby; extreme childishness.
babyism (bā' bi-izm), n. [K baby + -ism.] 1.
The state of being a baby; babyhood. Jeffrey.
–2. A childish mode of speech; childishness.
Babyism.8 and dear diminutives.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
The egotism, the babyism, and the inconsistency of this
transaction have no parallel. The Century, XXIV. 148.
baby-jumper (bā'bi-jum"pér), n. [K baby +
jumper.] A basket or sling in which a small
child may be fastened, having an adjustable
elastie cord which permits a dancing motion
# when the child’s feet touch the floor.
Babylonian (bab-i-lôni-an), a. and n. [K L.
Babylon, K. Gr. Bašvāóv (the city), or L. Baby-
lonia, K. Gr. Baśvāovía (the province), the Gr.
form of the Semitic name, #. Băbel, Baby-
lonian and Assyrian Bābilu. See Babel. The
original ‘Accadian’ name of the city was
written Ka-dingir-ra.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to
Babylon, the capital of the ancient kingdom
of Babylonia, or to the kingdom itself. Ruins
of the city, in the form of three large mounds, exist near
Hillah on the Euphrates, about 64 miles south of Bagdad.
2. Like the confusion of tongues at Babel (='
Babylon); mixed; confused.
This formal error [of applying the word “force” to all
kinds of power, living or dead] has become a Pandora's
box, whence has sprung a Babylonian confusion of tongues.
Quoted in W. R. Grove's Corr. of Forces, p. 333.
3t. [From a former common identification by
Protestants of the “scarlet woman,” “Baby-
lon the gº the mother of harlots and abomi-
nations” (Rev. xvii. 5), with the Papacy.] (a)
Popish, (b) Searlet.—Babylonian art, a subdivi.
sion of Mesopotamian art; the later developmént of Chal-
dean art as practised at Babylon, both prior to the Assyrian
domination, which began in the eleventh century B. C. and
culminated in the ninth century, and after the restoration
of the Babylonian kingdom, under Nabopolassar, about
600 B. C. The architecture of Babylon, like that of As-
Syria, of Which it was the model, employed as its chief
Imaterial of construction the sun-dried brick, and held in
general to the thick walls and massive forms which were
imposed by this friable material. Stone was much more
scarce in Babylonia than in Assyria; hence Babylonian
decoration adhered in the main to painting on a surface
of plaster for interiors, and to brilliantly enameled tiles,
often forming pictorial subjects of great size and variety,
for exteriors. In Babylonia, contrary to Assyrian prac-
tice, the temple, rising pyramidally in stages, each as-
cended by broad flights of steps, and each of a distinct
color, was the most important development of architec-
ture, the royal palace being subordinated to it. The scar-
city of stone rendered Sculpture scanty; but the gem-cut-
4.09
ter's art produced cylinders or seals in great plenty and of
much merit, and pottery, metal-work, and textile fabrics
attained great perfection. See Mesopotamian art, and com-
pare Chaldean art and Assyrian art, under the adjectives.
-Babylonian quartz, Same as Babel quartz (which
see, under quartz º Scale, the sexagesimal
scale of numeration, which originated in Babylonia.
Exº~~ º
ºf ººº;
iſſº
|iº
sº
ſº
*:º
tº sº
º
* =
f
jºini
º
| ºft| #|#
ºft
| ºr w
§§3/.4%;"|
ſº % º:
|ºlliſiºſºft º
º
ſ||Nº. 2 #|||}\}||#ſºft|#SA:#
ºº:
#, é ºf - º gº:
º SºftMºſſilſiläß
: "...º.º.º.º.º.º.º. Sº
ºſºft#3
sºft|[Jºſſ
---
esign in enameled brickwork, from a palace-
(From Clark-Reber’s “History of Ancient Art.”)
II. m. 1. An inhabitant of Babylonia; a
Chaldean.-2. An astrologer: so used from
the fact that the Chaldeans were remarkable
ſº the study of astrology.—3+. A Papist. See
3
• 2 * *
Babylonic (bab-i-lon'ik), a... [K L. Babylonicus,
& Babylon : see Babylonian.] 1. Pertaining to
Babylon, or made there: as, Babylonic gar-
ments, carpets, or hangings.-2. Tumultuous;
disorderly. Sir J. Harington.
Babylonicalf (bab-i-lon’i-kal), a.
abylonic.
Babylonish (bab-i-lô'nish), a. [K Babylon +
-ish..] 1. Belonging to or made at Babylon.—
2. Babel-like; confused.
Words which were a perfect Babylonish jargon to the
bewildered Van Winkle. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 59.
3t, Popish. See Babylonian, a., 3.
Babylonite (bab Zi-lon-it), n. [K Babylon +
-ite?..] The arrow-shaped Babylonish charac-
ter. See arrow-headed and cuneiform.
baby-pin (bā'bi-pin), n. A safety-pin.
babyrussa, babyroussa, n. See babirussa.
babyship (bā‘bi-ship), n. [K baby + -ship.]
The state of being a baby; babyhood.
baby-walker (bā' bi-wā’kēr), n. A frame, mov-
ing on easters, in which a child may be sup-
ported while learning to walk.
baclf, m. An obsolete spelling of back1.
bac2, n. See back 3.
bacaba-palm (ba-kā’bà-pâm), m. [K S. Amer.
bacaba + E. palm..] A palm of northern Bra-
zil, CEnocarpus distichus, with a tall trunk and
Widely spreading pinnate leaves. The drupaceous
fruits are used by the natives for making a pleasant drink,
and the kernels furnish an oil resembling that of the olive.
bacbakiri (bak-ba-ké'ri), n. [Native name.]
A name of an African shrike, Telephonus guttu-
*alis.
baccalaurean (bak-a-lā’ré-an), a. [K ML. bac-
calaureus: see baccalauréate.] Of, pertaining
to, or befitting a bachelor.
That quiet, comfortable, baccalawiriam habitation, over
against the entrance into Bishopsgate Street.
- Dr. J. Brown, Spare Hours, 3d ser., p. 52.
baccalaureate (bak-a-lā’ré-āt), m. and a. [K
ML. N.L. baccalaureatus, K baccalaureus, a cor-
ruption (simulating L. bacca, berry, and laurus,
laurel) of ML. baccalarius, a bachelor, one
who has attained the lowest degree in a uni-
versity: see bachelor.] I. m. 1. The university
degree of bachelor.—2. A baccalaureate ser-
mon (which see, below).
II. a. Pertaining to the university degree of
bachelor.—Baccalaureate sermon, a farewell sermon
delivered in some American colleges to a graduating class.
Baccamarist, n. See Paccamarist. *
baccara, baccarat (bak-a-rā'), n. . [F.; origin
unknown.] A variety of wingt-et-un played
by any number of persons from 3 to 11. The
privilege of being the banker is sold to the highest bidder
and the amount bid is placed on the table. The players
draw for positions, since the banker pays those nearest
him first, right and left alternately, as long as his capital
lasts. Three packs of cards are shuffled together and the
players stake on the right or left, as they choose. Banco
is a challenge to the banker to play for his entire capital,
and takes precedence of any other bets. The banker
gives a card to the player nearest him on his right, then
one on his left, and then one to himself. He repeats this
and then all three examine their two cards. Court cards
and tens count nothing, all others at their pip value, and
the object of the game is to secure cards which add up
nearest to 8 or 9. *. the pip value ends with a cypher
it is “baccara,” nothing. Eight made with two cards is
better than 9 made with three. If any of the three play-
ers holds a point of 8 or 9 he shows it immediately. If
the banker has 8 or 9 and neither adversary holds so many,
the banker wins everything on the table; right and left.
If either adversary has more than the banker, all bets on
that side of the table must be paid. If either ties the
Babylonian Art.—Desi
Same as
bacchante
banker, all bets on that side are a stand-off. If either
has less than the banker, all bets on that side, right or
left, are lost.
baccaret, interj. See backare.
baccarinine (ba-kar’i-min), n. [K Baccharis +
-ine?..] An alkaloid obtained from Baccharis
cordifolia.
baccate (bak’āt), a. [K L. baccatus, bacatus, set
with pearls, lit. berried, K bacca, bāca, a berry,
a pearl: see bay1.] In bot. : (a) ºpy and
berry-like: applied to fruits. See berry1. (b)
Bearing berries; berried.
baccated; (bak’ā-ted), a. [K baccate + -ed?..]
1. Set or adorned with pearls. Bailey.—2.
Having many berries. Bailey.
Baccha (bak’â), m. [NL.; cf. Gr. 34.2 m, a kind
of pear.] A genus of tetrachaetous brachyce-
rous dipterous insects, of the family Syrphidae.
bacchanal (bak'a-nal), a. and n. [K L. baccha-
malis, pertaining to Bacchus: see Bacchus.]
I. a. 1. Characterized by intemperate drink-
ing; riotous; noisy; as, “bacchanal feasts,”
Crowley, Deliberate Answer, fol. 26 (1587).-
2. Relating to or resembling a bacchanal or
the bacchanalia.
II. m. 1. One who celebrated the bacchanalia;
a votary of Bacchus. Hence—2. One who in-
dulges in drunken revels; one who is noisy and
riotous; a drunkard: as, “each bold baccha-
mal,” Byrom, Don Juan, iii. 86.
Each with the merry wink of a practiced bacchanal.
T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, x.
3. pl. Same as bacchanalia.
In this masquerade of nirth and love,
Mistook the bliss of heaven for bacchamals above.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, 1. 387.
Also bacchamalian.
bacchanalia (bak-a-nā’lia), m. pl. [L. (OL.
bacanalia), neut. pl. of bacchanalis, pertaining
to Bacchus: see bacchanal.] 1. [cap.] In Rom.
antiq., a festival in honor of Bacchus. These
festivals became the occasion of great excesses,
and were forbidden by the senate in 186 B. C.
–2. Any festivities characterized by jollity
and good-fellowship, particularly if somewhat
boisterous, and accompanied by much wine-
drinking.
The morning after the bacchamalia in the saloon of the
palace. L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 2S3.
3. Drunken orgies; riotous disorders; ruthless
and shameless excesses; unbounded license.
Plunging without restraint or shame into the Baccha-
malia of despotism, the king [John] continued to pillage,
to banish, and to slay. Sir E. Creasy, Eng. Const., p. 110.
bacchanalian (bak-a-nā ‘lian), a. and m. [K
bacchamalia + -am.] Same as bacchanal. [The
more common form of the adjective.]
Ev’n bacchanalian madness has its charms.
Cowper, Progress of Error, l. 56.
Sculptures of the bacchanalians. Stukeley.
bacchanalianism (bak-a-nā’lian-izm), m. [K
bacchanalian + -ism..] The practice of baecha-
malian rites; drunken revelry; riotous festivity.
bacchanalianly (bak-a-nā’lian-li), adv. 8,
bacchanalian manner.
bacchant (bak'ant), a. and n. [K L. baccham(t-)s,
ppr. of bacchari, celebrate the feast of Bacchus,
K. Bacchus, Bacchus. Cf. bacchante.] I. a.
Worshiping Bacchus; reveling.
Over his shoulder with a bacchant air
Presented the o'erflowing cup.
Byron, Don Juan, iii. 43.
II. m. 1. A priest, priestess, or votary of
Bacchus; a bacchanal.
They appear in a state of intoxication, and are the bac-
chants in a delirium. Rees, Cyc., under Almé.
2. One addicted to intemperance or riotous
revelry.—3. A name given in Germany, in the
fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries,
to wandering scholars who traveled from one
institution of learning to another. These bac-
chants frequently had younger students under their pro-
tection and instruction, who waited upon them, begged
for them, etc. t
bacchante (bak'ant, ba-kant", or ba-kan'te), m.;
pl. bacchantes (bak'antz; usually, as if L., ba-
kan'téz). [K. F. bacchante = Sp. bacante = Pg.
bacchante = It. baccante, K L. baccham(t-)s (acc.
bacchantem), pl. bacchantes, used, as a noun,
only in fem, (equiv. to Baccha), prop. ppr. of
bacchari, celebrate the feast of Bacchus. In
mod, use also mase.: see bacchant. The E. form,
prop. bacchant, usually follows the F. spelling,
and often the F. accent (ba-kant'). The pl.
is usually in the L. form, whence the irreg.
sing: in 3 syllables (ba-kan'te).] 1. In antiq.,
a priestess of Bacchus, or a woman who joined
in the celebration of the festivals of Bačchus;


bacchante
a woman inspired with the bacchic frenzy.
See maenad.
Guide the revel of frenzied Bacchantes.
Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. 2.
Bacchantes.—Mythological festival of Bacchus, from an ancient
sarcophagus in the Vatican Museum.
2. A woman addicted to intemperance or riot-
ous revelry; a female bacchanal.
bacchantic (ba-kan’tik), a. [K bacchant + -ic.]
Ofor resembling a bacchant or bacchanal; bac-
chanalian; riotous; jovial.
It is the feeblest band [of music]; and yet it is subject
to spurts of bacchantic fervor.
Warner, Winter on the Nile, p. 103.
I hardly know what of bacchantic joyousness I had not
attributed to them [the Italians] on their holidays.
IIowells, Venetian Life, xviii.
baccharict, n., A corrupt form of Bacharach.
Baccharis (bak'a-ris), n. [NL., K.L. bacchar, bet-
terspelled baccaris, baccar, K. Gr. 34kkapag (some-
times spelled 345 raptº, as if related to Bákyoc,
Bacchus), an unknown plant with an aromatic
root yielding
* -
an oil: said
to be a Lydi-
an word.]. A
very large ge-
mus of plants
belonging to
the family
Aster a ceae,
so me what
nearly allied
to Erigeron,
but with dioe-
cious whitish
or yellowish
flowers, and
the ieaves
often coated
with a resin-
oussecretion.
They are most-
ly shrubs, some-
times small
trees, chiefly
tropical and
South Ameri-
can. About 23
species occur
in the United
States. In the
Andes extensive plateaus are covered with them. Sudor-
ific and tonic properties are ascribed to several of the more
resinous species. A decoction from the groundsel-tree
of the West Indies and Atlantic coast of North America,
B. halimifolia, is occasionally used as a remedy in diseases
of the lungs and as a demulgent.
baccharoid (bak'a-roid), a. [K Baccharis +
-oid..] Resembling in some respect the group
of composite plants of which the genus Bac-
charis is the type.
bacchiac (ba-ki’ak), a. [K Gr. Baxxtakóc, also
Bakretakóg, K Bákytoc, Baxxeioc, a bacchius: see
bacchius.] Pertaining to or consisting of bac-
Groundsel-tree (Bacchart's hałłmżfolia).
on 11.
Bacchic (bak'ik), a. [K L. Bacchicus, K. Gr. Bak-
Žukóc, K Bákyoc, Bacchus: see Bacchus...] 1. Re-
lating to or in honor of Bacchus; connected
with bacchanalian rites or revelries. [Often
without a capital.]
The bacchic orgia were celebrated on the tops of hills
and desolate wild places.
Stukeley, Palaeographia Sacra, p. 39.
2. Jovial; drunken; mad with intoxication: as,
a Bacchic reveler.—3. [l. c.] Same as bacchiac.
– Bacchic amphora or vase, in archaeol., a Greek or
Roman amphora or vase decorated with scenes relating to
the myths or the festivals of Bacchus. Also called Diony-
siac amphora or vase. An example is shown in the cut of
a decorated amphora, under amphora.
Bacchical! (bak’i-kal), a. Same as Bacchic:
gar Prophecies, p. 78.
bacchius (ba-kiſus), m.; pl. bacchii (-i). [L.
(sc.pes = E. foot), (Gr. Bakxeioſ (sc. Totº = L.
- ºr
as, “bacchical enthusiasm,” J. Spencer, Vul- bachelor (bach'e-lºr), n.
410
pes), a metrical foot; so named, it is said, from
its use in hymns in honor of Bacchus.]
ros., a foot composed of one short and two
ong syllables, with the ictus on the first long,
as in fivāºri, Śbóve’bóard. See antibacchius
and hemiolic. [Before the Alexandrine period Baxxios
meant the 'lovakós (-- ~~ or ~ *--) (see Ionic) or the
xopiau Bos (- - --) (see choriamb). Beginning with that
period, the Baxxeſos was - - -, and mogákxedos (ºr-
Bºxxelos, taxºbºxxelos) ~ --. Hephæstion, Quintilian,
and other writers invert this, and make the Baxxstos ---,
and traxtubakxelos (etc.) --~.
Bacchus (bakus), n. [L., & Gr, Bāºog, an-
other name of Dionysus, the god of wine; also
one of his followers or priests. Also called
*Iakºoc, prob. related to taken, shout, with allu-
sion to the noisy manner in which the festival
of Dionysus was celebrated.] In classical myth.,
a name of Diony-
sus, the son of
Zeus (Jupiter) and
Semele, and the
god of wine, per-
sonifying both its
good and its bad
qualities. It was the
current name of this
god among the Ro-
mans. The orgiastic
worship of Bacchus
was especially charac-
teristic of Boeotia,
Where his festivals
were celebrated on the
slopes of Mount Cithae-
ron, and extended to
those of the neighbor-
ing Parnassus. In At-
tica the rural and
somewhat savage cult
of Bacchus underwent
a metamorphosis, and
reached its highest ex-
pression in the cho-
ragic literary contests
in which originated .
both tragedy and com-
edy, and for which were
written most of the
masterpieces of Greek
literature. Bacchus
was held to have taught
the cultivation of the grape and the preparation of wine.
In early art, and ſess commonly after the age of Phidias,
Bacchus is represented as a bearded man of full age, usu-
ally completely draped. After the time of Praxiteles he
appears almost universally, except in archaistic examples
in the type of a beardless youth, of graceful and Toºled
form, often entirely undraped or very lightly draped.
Among his usual attributes are the vine, the ivy, the thyr-
sus, the wine-cup, and the panther. See Dionysia, moenad,
and thiasus. -
bacciferous (bak-sifº-rus), a... [K L. baccifer,
bācifer, K bacca, bāca, berry (cf. baccate), +
ferre = E. bear!..] Bearing or producing ber-
I'les.
bacciform (bak'si-fôrm), a... [K L. bacca, bāca,
a berry, + forma, shape.] Shaped like a berry.
baccivorous (bak-siv’º-rus), d. [K L. bacca,
bäca, berry, + vorare, eat, devour.] Eating or
subsisting on berries: as, baccivorous birds.
bacet, n. An obsolete form of base, in various
SCI1868.
Bacharach (bak'a-rak), n. A brand of Rhine
wine made at Bacharach, a small town in Rhe-
mish Prussia, on the left bank of the Rhine, 23
miles south of Coblentz. Formerly also backa-
rach, backrack, backrag, baccharic, etc. [In the
old forms generally without a capital.]
I'm for no tongues but dry'd ones, such as will
Give a fine relish to my backrag.
Jasper Mayne, City Match.
Good backrack: . . . to drink down in healths to this
day. Fletcher, Beggar's Bush, v. 2.
bachel (bak'el), n. [See bacile.] A grain-mea-
sure used in parts of Greece, varying in capacity
from 4 of a %. to 14 bushels, according to
the locality. Also bacile.
bachelert, m. An obsolete form of bachelor.
bacheleriał, n. [ML., also bacelleria, etc.: see
bachelery.] In old records, the commonalty or
yeomanry, in contradistinction to the baron-
Lºſ - init --- ºtii iſ -
Bacchus and Eros (Love).-Museo
Nazionale, Naples. -
ºlºre.
bºhelery, m. [ME., also bachelerie, bachelry,
—rie, etc., KOF, bachelerie (M.L. bacheleria, !
bacheler: see bachelor and -/.] 1. The body
of young knights, or bachelors.
And of his retenue the bachelrye.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 214.
2. Knightly character; prowess.
This Phebus that was flour of bachjlre.
Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, 1. 21.
[Early mod. E. also
bacheler, batcheler, batchelor, -ar, -our, batchler,
etc., & M.E. inchºler, inchiier, hachiºr, etc. &
OF. bacheler, later bachelier, F. bachelier = Pr:
bachelorism
bacalar = It. baccalare (also Pr. bachallier, Sp.
bachiller, Pg. bacharel, It. baccalliere, from F.),
K ML, baccalarius, bacchalarius, bacalarius,
etc., the holder of a small farm, a rustic, a
bachelor, etc., connected with baconiº, º,
small farm; origin undetermined. The word
seems to have been at first a technical law
term, and may be explained as an artificial
translation of the equiv. OHG. hagustalt, the
holder of a small farm, an unmarried man, a
soldier, etc., from hag, hedge, inclosure (= E.
hawl), + stalt, connected with Goth, staldan,
AS. stealdan, possess, own. In this view, ML.
baccalarius, bacalarius, rests on L. bacalia, a
kind of laurel (used in hedges), from búca,
bacca, a berry: see baccate, bay". In later
times the word was supposed to be a com-
pound of bacca + laurus, laurel (see bacca-
laureate), or (as spelled bacularis) a derivate
of baculum, a staff.] 1. Formerly, a person
in the first or probationary stage of knight-
hood; a knight not powerful enough to display
his banner in the field, and who therefore fol-
lowed the banner of another; a knight of low
rank, See knight bachelor, under knight.
I seke after a segge [man] that I seigh ons,
A ful bolde bacheler I knew him by his blasen.
Piers Plowman (B), xvi. 179.
With him ther was his some, a yong Squyer,
A lovyere, and a lusty bacheler.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1.79.
“Community of the bachelors of England," that is, no
doubt, the body of knights—the tenants in chivalry, the
landowners below the rank of the baronage.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 176.
2. In universities and colleges: (a) Before the
fifteenth century, a young man in apprentice-
ship for the degree of master in one of the
higher faculties, that is, of theology, law, or
medicine. (b) in ºdºn use, a person who
has taken the first degree (baccalaureate) in the
liberal arts and sciences, or in divinity, law,
medicine, etc., at a college or university: as,
a bachelor of arts; a bachelor of science. See
baccalaureate. Originally, a bachelor had not neces.
sarily taken any degree whatever; but after the fourteenth
century the word, without ceasing to carry this significa-
tion, was also applied to a determinant, or young man who
had taken the lowest degree in the faculty of arts. This
degree seems to have been conferred not by the chancel-
lor nor by the faculty, but only by the “nation." It was
not accompanied by any regular diploma, but testimonial
letters were furnished if desired. In order to be admitted
to the degree, it was requisite for the candidate to be four-
teen years of age, to have followed a three years' course in
logic in the university, and also to sustain a disputation,
called the determinance. There were in the middle ages
three orders of bachelors of theology. The lower order
consisted of the ordinary biblics and cursors, the duty of
the former being to read and expound the Bible from be-
ginning to end, and that of the latter to give one course
of lectures upon a book of the Old and another upon a
book of the New Testament, which books they chose at
pleasure. Bachelors of the second order of theology were
called sententiary bachelors, because they publicly read
and expounded the Book of the Sentences of Peter the
Lombard. It was not, however, till late in the thirteenth
century that any bachelor was permitted to lecture on the
Sentences. According to the law, the lectures of the sen-
tentiary bachelors had to include the reading of the text of
the author, and the explanation of it phrase by phrase;
and they were forbidden to trench upon questions of logic
and metaphysics. They also made certain acts called
#."; See principium. As soon as the sententiary
ad completely finished the exposition of the Sentences
he became a formed bachelor (baccalarius formatus), an
had still to continue his theological studies for three years
longer before he could be licensed to preach and to teach
as a master. -
3. A man of any age who has not been married.
It was my turquoise : I had it of Leah when I was a
bachelor: I would not have given it for a wilderness of
monkeys. Shak., M. of W., iii. 1.
4t. A woman who has not been married.
He would keep you
A bachelor still, by keeping of your portion;
And keep you not alone without a husband,
But in a sickness. B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, ii. 1.
5. In London livery companies, a person not
et admitted to the livery.—6. A local name
in the United States of a fish, Pomowis annu-
laris, of the Mississippi valley; a crappie.
Sometimes incorrectly spelled batchelor.
Budge bachelors. See budge.2.-Knight bachelor.
See knight.
bachelorhood (bach'e-lgr-hild), n. [X bachelor
+ -hood.] The state or condition of being a
bachelor or unmarried man.
I can fancy nothing more cruel after a long easy life of
bachelorhood than to have to sit day after day with a dull
handsome woman opposite. Thackeray, Newcomes, II, ii.
Keeping in bachelorhood those least likely to be long-
lived. H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 95.
bachelorism (bach'e-lgr-izm), n. [K bachelor
+ -ism...], 1, The state of being a bachelor;
bachelorhood.—2. A trait or habit peculiar to
a bachelor.




. bachelor's-buttons
bachelor's-buttons (bach'e-lgrz-but'nz), n. pl.
[Said to be so named because country youths
used to carry the flower in their pockets to
divine their success with their sweethearts.]
1. The popular name of several plants, as the
double-flowered variety of Dychnis dioica (the
red campion), Centaurea nigra, and C. Cyanus,
but chiefly the double flowered varieties of
Ranunculus aconitifolius (white bachelor's-but-
tons) and Ranunculus acris (yellow bachelor's-
buttons). The name is also §. to the *:::::::::::
(Lychnis Floe-cuculi), to the globe-amaranth (Gomphrena
nited States to Polygala lutea and to other plants.
2. A name for the seeds of Strychno& Nua-
º formerly used for poisoningrats. Dum-
g!?807. -
'bachelorship (bach’e-lgr-ship), n. IK bachelor
-ship.] The state or condition of being a
bachelor i : the rank or degree of a *Bologna.
acnelor In any sense; gr bººk), m. [K ME. bak, KAS. baec = OS.
bachelor; the unmarried state of a man.
bachle1, n. See bauchlel.
bachle2+, v. t. An obsolete Scotch form of baffle.
bacile (bā-ché’le), n. ; pl. bacili (-lé). [It., K
ML. bacile, baccile, bachile, a basin, a dry mea-
sure; cf. bacinus, baccinus, bacchinus, bachinus,
a basin, a dry measure: see basin.] 1. In
ceram., a basin or deep dish: in use in English
for an ornamental vessel of Italian make and
of that shape, especially for a vessel of enam-
eled and lustered pottery.—2. In metrology,
same as bachel.
bacillar (basſi-lär), a. [K L. bacillum or NL. ba-
cillus, q.v., + -ār.] 1. Belonging or pertaining
to the genus Bacillus.—2. Resembling in form
a short rod or bacillus; bacilliform. As applied
to the valves of diatoms, it indicates that their greatest
dimension is in a direction parallel to the line of juncture
of the two valves; that is, they are longer than broad, and
therefore rod-like. See,cut under bacillus.
Bacillaria (bas-i-lāri-á), n. [NL.; K bacillus +
-aria.]. A genus of microscopic algae, belong-
ing to the class Bacillarieae. They consist of slen-
der rectangular segments, arranged in tabular or oblique
series. The compound segments of frustules are inces-
santly slipping backward and forward over each other.
They are frequent on the coasts of Great Britain.
[NL.,
Bacillariaceae (bas-i-lā-ri-ā'sé-é), m. pl.
K Bacillaria + -aceae.] Same as Diatomaceae.
bacillary (bas’i-lä-ri), a. [K bacillus + -ary.]
1. Pertaining to or consisting of bacilli; char-
acterized by the presence or agency of bacilli.
–2. Having the form of small rods.—Bacillary
layer, the layer of rods and cones of the retina. See retina.
bacilli, n. Plural of bacillus.
bacillian (ba-sil’i-an), a. [K bacillus + -ian.]
Pertaining to or of the nature of a bacillus:
as, “bacillian parasites,” B. W. Richardson.
bacillicide (ba-sil’i-sid), m. [K NL. bacillus +
L. -cida, K candere, kill.] A substance em-
ployed to kill bacilli or infectious germs; a
germicide.
A combination of lime with chlorine, perhaps the best
of all the bacillicides, is very generally employed.
Disinfectants, p. 19.
bacillicidic (ba-sil-i-sid’ik), a. [K bacillicide +
-ic.] Destructive to bacilli.
bacilliculture (ba-sil’i-kul-tir), n. [KNL. ba-
cillus + L. cultura, culture.] The cultivation
of bacteria in vegetable or animal infusions or
otherwise, for purposes of investigation.
bacilliform (ba-sil’i-fôrm), a. . [K NL. bacillus
+ L. forma, form.] Of the form of a small
rod; rod-shaped; bacillar in form.
facilius (ba-sil'us), n. ; pl. bacilli (-i). [NL.,
a particular use of L.L. bacillus, L. bacillum, a
little rod or staff, dim. of L. baculus, baculum,
a stick, staff; cf. Gr. 36 ktpov, a staff, perhaps
akin to 3aivetv, go,
L. venire = E. come.]
1. In anat., a little
rod or rod-like body,
as one of the rods
of the retina. – 2.
An individual of the
genus Bacillus. – 3.
[cap.] A genus of
motile, flagellate,
microscopic vege-
table organisms,
consisting of cy-
lindrical cells of
varying length, be-
longing to the family
Bacteriaceae. The
genus has recently, been
restricted by Migula as * -
łº defined. In many of Bacillus species, showing fla-
e motile species, how- gella (Com.) : a, peritrichic; b,
ever, the flagella have not lophotrichic; c, luonotrichic.
yet been demonstrated.
t-
t-
411
The species are numerous, widely distributed, and of
ſº economic importance. Some are active agents in
he production of chemical change in organic substances;
others are the cause of various diseases. B. subtilis is a
common and widely distributed non-pathogenic form.
B. Salmont is the cause of hog-cholera, B. typhosus of ty-
phoid *. and B. avium of epizootic among chickens,
piºns, and other fowls.
CCE68.
4. [cap.] In entom., a genus of orthopterous
gressorial insects, of the family Phasmidae; the
walking-sticks,—5+. Medicine made up into a
long round figure like a stick. Kersey (1708).
See Bacterium and Schizomy.
§§ to the Scabioga Succisa, and in some parts of the bacint, ºn. An obsolete form of basin.
An obsolete form of basinet.
bacinett, n.
bacino (b
à-ché'nº'), m.; pl. bacini (-nē). [It., a
basin: see basin.] In ceram., one of the dishes
of richly colored pottery which are found built
into the walls of certain medieval buildings in
Italy, especially at Pesaro, Pisa, Rome, and
bak = OFries. bek = MD. bak (D. bak- in
Comp.) = LG. bak (also in comp., bak-, X G.
back- in comp., also separately, back, fore-
castle) = Icel. Sw. bak = Dan. bag, back.
Cf. AS. hrycg, back, E. ridge.] 1. The whole
hinder part of the human body, opposite the
front and between the sides, or the upper part
of the body of most animals; technically,
the spinal, dorsal, or tergal portion, surface,
or aspect of the trunk, extending from the
scruff of the neck between the shoulders to the
buttocks, hams, or bifurcation of the body at
the legs; the tergum; the dorsum; the notae-
um.–2. The corresponding or related portion
of any part or organ of the body; the posterior
aspect of a thing; the part opposite to or fur-
thest from the front, or in any way correlated
with the back of the trunk: as, the back of the
head, neck, arm, leg; the back of the hand;
the back of the mouth.-3. Anything resem-
bling the back in position. (a) As being behind
or furthest from the face or front, like the back in man:
as, the back of a house.
Trees set upon the backs of chimneys do ripen fruits
SOOIlêI’. - Bacon, Nat. Hist.
(b) As being behind, or in the furthest distance, with ref-
erence to the spectator, speaker, scene of action, etc. : as,
the back of an island; the back of a wood; the back of a
village. (c) As being the part which comes behind in the
ordinary movements of a thing, or when it is used : as,
the back of a knife, saw, etc. (d) As forming the upper,
and especially the outer and upper, portion of a thing,
like the back of one of the lower animals: as, the back of
a hand-rail; the back of a rafter. (e) The ridge of a hill.
The mountains huge appear
Emergent, and their broad bare backs upheave.
Milton, P. L., vii. 286.
O'er the long backs of the bushless downs.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
(f) As being that which supports the ribs: as, the back of
a ship (namely, the keel and keelson). See broken-backed.
(g) The upright hind part of a chair, serving as a support
for the back. (h) In bot., the outer side of an organ, or
the side turned away from the axis: as, the back of a leaf
or of a carpel. º
4. By synecdoche, the whole body, with refer-
ence to clothing, because the back is usually
most fully covered: as, he has not clothes to
his back.
I bought you a dozen of shirts to your back.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3.
5t. Clothing; a garment to cover the back.
And owte bakkes that moth-eaten be.
Piers Plowman (B), x. 362.
6. pl. In the leather trade, the thickest and
best-tanned hides.—7+. The address of a let-
itself. Scott.—8t. A reserve or secondary re-
SOURTC6.
This project
Should have a back, or second, that might hold,
If this should blast in proof. Shak., Hamlet, iv. 7.
9. In ship-building, a timber bolted on the
after end of the rudder, to complete its form.
— 10. In metal-mining, the portion of the lode
which lies between any level or stope and the
one next above it, or the surface. Generally,
the backs are the unstoped portions of the lode,
as far as laid open, and ready to be mined or
stoped.-11. In coal-mining: (a) Same as face.
(b) The inner end of a heading where work is
oing on.-12. In foot-ball, a position behind
the line of rushers, or a player in this position:
called quarter-back, half-back, three-quarters-
back, or full-back, according to the distance
from the rushers.-Back and belly. (a) Before and
behind ; all over: 8s, to beat a person back and belly. (b)
With clothes and food: as, to keep a person back and belly
(to keep him in clothes and food). [Vulgar..]—Back and
breast, the usual term in the seventeenth century for
the body-armor of the period. It consisted of a solid
breastplate in one piece, generally considered bullet-
*
backl (bak), a.
Thack g
proof, and a lighter backpiece, the two secured together
under the arms, usually by straps and buckles.
Armed with back and breast, head piece and bracelets.
Scott, Legend of Montrose.
Back and edget, wholly; completely.
They have engaged themselves ours back and edge.
ady Alimony, iii.
Back of a book, that part of the cover to which the two
sides are attached and on which the title is usually printed.
—Back of a bow, in archery, the exterior side of a bow,
which is convex when the bow is bent. In modern Euro-
ean bows this part is flat. See belly, 8 (g). —Back of a
#: the upper surface: the under side is the breast.
—Back of a hip-rafter, the upper edge of the rafter
shaped to the angle which the adjoining sides make with
each other. See cut under hip.—Back of an arch or
vault, the extrados, or outer curve or face. See first
cut under arch.-Back of a roof-rafter, its upper Sur-
face.—Back of a slate, in roofing, the upper or weather
side.—Back of a window, the wainscoting below the
sash-frame, extending to the floor.—Backs and cutters,
a miners' name for jointed rock-structures, the backs run-
ning in lines more or less parallel to the strike of the
strata, and forming the “back” of the quarry, and the
cutters crossing them at right angles.—Behind One's
back, in secret, or when one is absent.
I confess, Mr. Surface, I cannot bear to hear people at-
tacked behind their backs; and when ugly circumstances
come out against our acquaintance, I own I always love
to think the best. Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.
Lazy-back, a high back-bar in a carriage-seat. It is some-
times made so as to be removable at will. E. H. Knight.
— Mitered back, in bookbinding, a back having lines,
usually in gold, connected and mitered in square panels
by means of cross-lines between the bands.- Run-up
back, in bookbinding, a back having two lines, usually in
gold, on its outer edges, running off at top and bottom.
Distinguished from the mitered back (which see).--Small
Of the back, the loins; the reins.—The back of beyond.
See beyond.—To be on another’s back, to be severe on
one for any fault or foolish act ; chide ; ridicule. [Colloq.]
—To be on one’s (own) back, to be at the end of one's
resources; be aground. [Colloq.]—To bow down the
lback, to submit to oppression. Rom. xi. 10.—TO break
the back. ... See break.--To gast behind the back, in
Scrip.: (a) To forget and forgive. Is. xxxviii. 17. (b) To
treat with contempt. Ezek. xxiii. 35 ; Neh. ix. 26.—To
get one’s back up, to resist; be obstinate. See to put
one's back wo, below. [Colloq.]—To give a back, to bend
the back and keep it firm so as to allow another to leap
Over one by placing his hands upon the back, or to mount
up to anything. [Colloq.]—TO make a back. Same as
to give a back.--To put or get one’s back up, to show
antipathy or aversion; resist ; be angry or indignant: a
metaphor probably taken from the habits of frightened or
angry cats. [Colloq.]—To see the back of, to get rid of.
—TO turn the back on One, to forsake or neglect him.
g [K backl, n., and backl, adv., the
attributive use of the noun, as in backbone,
mingling with that of the adv, as in back yard,
the yard which is back, back spring, a spring
backward, etc. As with fore, hind, after, etc.,
there is no definite dividing line between the
separate adj. use and the use in composition.]
1. Lying or being behind; opposite to the front;
hinder; rear: as, the back part of anything; a
back door or window; back stairs; the back side
of a field.
I will take away mine hand, and thou shalt see my back
parts: but my face shall not be seen. IX. XXXiii. 23.
Hence—2. Away from the front position or
rank; remote in place or condition; far in the
rear, literally or figuratively: as, the back set-
tlements of a country.
In December we had two insurrections of the back in-
habitants of our province. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 315.
3. In a backward direction; returning in the
direction whence it came: as, a back stroke;
back Water. . [In this sense properly with a
hyphen.]–4. In arrear; overdue’: as, back pay
or rents.-Back action. See action.— Back cylinder-
head, that head of a cylinder through which the piston-
rod passes in locomotives: the opposite head in stationary
X-engines.
ter, formerly written on the back of the letter backl (bak), adv.
[By apheresis for aback, K
ME. abak, KAS. on bac: see aback and back1,
n.] 1. To or toward the rear; backward; in
the reverse direction: as, to step or shrink
back; the tide flowed back.
All shrank back aghast, and left the denouncer of woe
standing alone in the centre of the hall.
Irving, Granada, p. 23.
2. From forward motion or progress; from ad-
Vanging or advancement; in a state of restraint,
hindrance, or retardation: with such verbs as
keep and hold : as, he was held back with diffi-
culty; the police kept back the crowd.
The Lord hath kept thee back from honour.
Num. xxiv. 11.
8. To or toward one's (its or their) original
starting-point, place, or condition: as, to go
back to the city, to one's old occupation, to
one's former belief.
I must bear answer back
How you excuse my brother. Shak., As you Like it, iv. 3.
Tach successive wave rushes forward, breaks, and rolls
back, , Macawlay, Sir J. Mackintosh.
4. From a present, usual, or natural position;
in a direction opposite to some other, expressed


back
or understood; backward: as, to bend back
one's finger; to force back the bolt of a door.
The angel of the Lord . .
stone from the door. Mat. xxviii. 2.
5. To or toward times or things past; back-
ward in time: as, to look back on former ages.
Oh, that constant Time
Would but go back a week I
Fletcher (and another), Love's Cure, v. 3.
Volumes of this form dated back two hundred years or
In Ore. Hawthorne, Old Manse.
The existence of this language[Singhalese] has been taken
back at least two thousand years by the inscriptions found
by Goldschmidt of the Archaeological Survey.
B. N. Cust, Mod. Lang. E. Indies, p. 62.
6. From the proper destination or purpose:
as, to keep back despatches.
A certain man named Ananias, with Sapphira his wife,
sold a possession, and kept back part of the price.
Acts v. 1, 2.
7. Away from an undertaking, engagement, or
promise.
I’ve been surprised in an unguarded hour,
But must not now go back. Addison.
8. In a position of retirement or withdrawal;
off; aloof: absolutely or with from ; as, the
house stands a little back from the road.
Somewhat back from the village street
Stands the old-fashioned country-seat.
Longfellow, Old Clock.
9. Behind in position, literally or figuratively,
or as regards progress made : absolutely or
with of: as, the hills back of the town; the feel-
ing back of his words; a few pages back.--
10. Past in time; ago; since: as, a little back.
[Colloq.]
This precaution, still more salutary than offensive, has
for some years back been omitted.
Quoted in N. and Q., 7th ser., II. 106.
11. Again; in return ; as, to answer back, to
pay back a loan.
“Ruth — daughter Ruth !” the outlaw shrieks,
But no sound comes back—he is standing alone.
Whittier, Mogg Megone, i.
To and backf, forward and backward; to and fro.
This common body,
Like to a vagabond flag upon the stream,
Goes to and back, lackeying the varying tide.
Shak., A. and C., i, 4.
*To beat, draw, fall, hang, etc., back. See the verbs.
backl (bak), v. [In senses I., 1–8, K back.1, n. ;
in senses I., 9–11, and II., K backl, adv.] I.
trams. 1. To furnish with a back or backing;
strengthen or support at the back: as, to back
a book; to back an electrotype-plate ; to back
the armor-plates of a war-vessel with teak.--
2}. To cover the back of; clothe.
To breke beggeris bred and bakken hem with clothis.
Piers Plowman (A), xi. 185.
3. To support or aid, as with practical assist-
ance, money, authority, influence, etc.; second
or strengthen; reinforce: often with up ; as,
in his efforts he was backed by many influen-
tial men; he backed up his argument with a bet.
Success still follows him and backs his crimes.
Addison.
The men of the northern Danelaw found themselves
backed, not only by their brethren from Ireland, but by
the mass of states around them.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 243.
Hence—4. In sporting, to recognize and Sup-
port by standing or dropping: Said of dogs
which follow the lead of a dog on point.
Both dogs went off finely; soon after being put down
Foreman pointed and was backed by Gath.
Forest and Stream, XXI. 418. backache (bak’āk), n.
5. To act or wager in favor of; express con-
fidence in the success or superiority of: as, to backache-brake (bak’āk-brāk), n.
back a horse in a race, or one of the parties in
an argument.
rhymer in the kingdom.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.
They [Bedouins] are fond of backing themselves with
wagers, and will shoot for a sheep, the loser inviting his
friends to a feast. R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 336.
6. To get upon the back of; mount: as, to
back a horse.
We both will back the winds,
And hunt the phoenix through the Arabian deserts.
Shirley, Grateful Servant, iv. 5.
And he has reached the northern plain,
And backed his fire-fly steed again.
J. R. Drake, Culprit Fay, p. 59.
7. To write something on the back of; address,
as a letter; indorse.-8. To lie at the back
of; adjoin in the rear; form a back or back-
ground to.
That length of cloistral roof,
Peering in air and backed by azure Sky.
Wordsworth, Near Aquapendente.
. came and rolled back the
back?!, n.
backé (bak), n.
backache-root (bak’āk-röt), n.
I back him at a rebus or a charade against the best *Snakeroot, Laciniaria º:
412
That snug and comfortable retreat which generally backs
the warerooms of an English tradesman. Bulwer.
9. To carry on the back. [Colloq.]
backbone
back-balance (bak'bal'ans), n. A weight used
as a counterbalance for an eccentric, or an ec-
centric pulley or gear.
If the men are expected to back the trapsfor any consid back-band. (bak/band), *, *, A broad strap or
erable distance, the only admissible articles are, etc. -
R. B. Roosevelt, Game-Fish, p. 306.
10. To cause to move backward; propel back- ºr
chain passing over the saddle of a cart- or car-
; and used to support the shafts.
Called in Scotland a rigwiddie.
ward: as, to back a horse; to back a boat.— back-bar (bak'bār), n., The horizontal bar in
11. To reverse the action of: as, to back
the old English open fireplace, on which the
a stationary engine.—12. In coal-mining, to heavy kettle was hung over the fire.
throw back into the gob or waste, as the small backbeart (bak'bār), n. In old Eng-forest º
slack made in holing or undercutting the
coal. Gresley. [Leicestershire, Eng.]—To back
a chain or rope, to attach a preventer to it so as to
reduce the strain upon it.—TO back an anchor. See
anchorl, m.—To back a sail, to brace the yards so
that the wind will press on the forward surface of the
sail.—To back a Warrant, to sign or indorse a warrant
issued in another county to apprehend an offender.— To
back (a spindle) off, in cotton-Spinning, to reverse the
motion of mule-spindles at the end of a stretch, in un-
winding the last few coils of the thread about the cop, in
order to prepare for its proper distribution upon the cop
when the mule-carriage returns.—To back the oars, to
row backward so as to check the boat's headway or to gain
sternway.--To back the worming, in rope-making, to
fill the interstices between the strands of a rope, thus mak-
ing the surface even.—To back up. (a) To lend support,
aid, or assistance to ; stand by ; give countenance to: as,
to back wºo one's friends. (b) To move or force backward:
as, to back wip a carriage. (c) To reverse, as an engine or
a press. (d) In electrotyping, to strengthen, as the thin
shell or electroplate obtained from a wax mold of a form
of type, an engraved plate, etc., by depositing upon its
back type-metal to a certain thickness. (e) In base-ball
and similar games, to stand behind, as another player, in
order to stop and return any balls that may pass him ; as,
the center-field backs wip the second-base.—To back
Water, to propel a boat in the opposite direction to that
in which the prow is pointed, by reversing the action of
the rowing in the case of a rowboat, or of the machinery
in the case of a steamboat.
II. intrans. [K backl, adv.] 1. To move or
go backward: as, the horse backed; the train
backed.—2. To move in the reverse direction:
said specifically of the wind, in contradistinc-
tion to haul (which see), when it changes in a
manner contrary to the usual circuit. In the
northern hemisphere, on the polar side of the trade-winds,
the usual circuit of changes in the wind is from east by
the south to west, and so on to the north. In the same
latitudes in the southern hemisphere the reverse usually
takes place. The backing of the wind is regarded as an
indication of bad weather.—To back and fill. (a) To get
a square-rigged vessel to windward in a narrow channel,
when the wind is against the tide and there is no room for
tacking, by alternately filling and backing the sails so as
to make the ship shoot from one side of the channel to
the other while being carried on by the tide. Hence —
(b) To be vacillating of irresolute; shilly-shally.—To back
astern. See asterm.—To back down, to recede from a
position; abandon an argument or opinion; give in.—TO
back out, to retreat from a difficulty or withdraw from
an engagement. &
The earlier form of bat?.
[K D. bak, a bowl, tray, , =
Dan. bakke, a tray, K F. bac, a trough, basin,
a brewer’s or distiller's back, also a ferry-
boat; cf. Bret. bak, bag, a boat, M.L. bacus,
baccus, a ferry-boat, bacca, a bowl (‘vas aqua-
rium’); origin uncertain. Cf. basin, from the
same source.] 1. A large flat-bottomed fer-
ry-boat, especially one adapted for carrying
vehicles, and worked by a chain or rope fas-
tened on each side of the stream.–2. A large
cistern or vat used by brewers, distillers, dyers,
etc., for holding liquids; a large tub or trough.
—3. A kind of wooden trough for holding or back-bond (bak/bond), n.
carrying fuel, ashes, etc.; a coal-scuttle: com-
monly in the diminutive form bakey. [Scotch..]
Narrowly escaping breaking my shins on a turf back.
Scott, Rob Roy, III. 13. backbone (bak’bón’), n.
Any dull or continuous
pain in the back.
A name of
the lady-ferm, Asplenium Filia;-foemina.
The button
back-action (bak'ak"shgn), a. In marine
engin., having the usual connections between
the cross-head and crank reversed: as, a back-
action steam-engine. See action.
backarack, n. See Bacharach.
backaret, interj. [Perhaps for back there. The
spelling baccare, orig. bacare, in the passage of
j has led to the fancy that the word
is dog-Latin, based on E. back.] Stand back!
go back! -
Ah, backare, quod Mortimer to his Sowe.
Udall, Roister Doister.
Backare, quoth Mortimer to his sow, see
Mortimer's sow speaketh as good Latyn as hee.
Heywood.
[A proverbial saying, derived apparently from some local
anecdote.]
Baccare / you are marvellous forward.
Shak, T, of the S., ii. 1.
backbite (bak’bit), v.;
backbiting (bak/biºting), n.
the act of carrying on the back venison kille
illegally. See backcarry.
ret. backbit, # back-
bitten, backbit, ppr. backbiting. . [K ME, bak-
biten, earlier bacbitem (= Icel, bakbita (Haldor-
sen), appar. from E.), K bac, bak, n., the back,
or, more prob., K. bak, adv. (though this, the
apheretic form of abak, aback, is not found in
E. except in comp. and deriv.), + biten, bite:
see backland bite.] I. trans. To injure moral-
ly in a manner comparable to biting from be-
hind; attack the character or reputation of Se-
cretly; censure, slander, or speak evil of in
absence: rarely with a thing as object.
And eke the verse of famous Poets Witt
He does backebite. Spenser, F. Q., I. iv. 32.
Most untruelye and maliciously doe these evill tonges,
backbite and slaunder the sacred ashes of that personage.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
II, intrans. To slander or speak evil of the
absent.
To be prynces in pryde and pouerte to dispise,
To bakbite, and to bosten and bere fals witnesse.
Piers Plowman (B), ii. 80.
He that backbiteth not with his tongue. PS. xv. 3.
They are arrant knaves, and will backbite.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. i.
backbiter (bak’bi"tér), n. One who slanders,
calumniates, or speaks ill of the absent.
Satirists describe the age, and backbiters assign their de-
Scriptions to private men. Steele, Tatler, No. 242.
Nine tithes of times
Face-flatterers and backbiters are the same.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
. bacbiting,
bacbitung; verbal n. of backbite.] The act of
slandering the absent; secret calumny.
Envyings, wraths, strifes, backbitings, whisperings.
2 Cor. xii. 20.
backbitingly (bak/biºting-li), adv. With back-
iting.
back block (bak/blok), n. In piano-making, see
wrest-block.
backboard (bak’bórd), n., [Kbackl, n., + board.
The AS. baechord (= D. L.G. bakboord (> G. back-
bord, F. babord) = Dan. bagbord = Icel. bak-
bordh, also bakbordhë) means ‘larboard.’] A.
board for the back; a board placed at the back
or serving as the back of something. Specifically—
(a) A board placed across the stern-sheets of a boat to sup-
port the backs of the occupants. (b) A small strip of wood
used to support the back and give erectness to the figure.
A careful and undeviating use of the backboard . . . is
recommended as necessary to the acquirement of that
dignified deportment and carriage so requisite for every
young lady of fashion. Thackeray.
(c) A board used in a lathe to sustain the pillars support-
ing the puppet-bar. (d) In English [Yorkshire] coal-mim-
ing, a thirl or cross-hole communicating with the return
air-course. Gresley.
In Scots law, a deed
attaching a qualification or condition to the
terms of a conveyance or other a
instrument. e
[ME.
bakbone, bakbon, bacbon; Kbackl
+ boneſ.j 1. The bone of the
middle line of the back; the
spine; the vertebral column;
the vertebrae collectively.—2.
Something resembling a back-
bone in appearance, position,
or office: as, the Apennines are
the backbone of Italy.
The plutocrats, shippers, merchants
and others who are the backbone of the
Conservative party.
B. J. Hinton, Eng. Rad. Leaders,
[p. 202.
3. Figuratively, firmness; sta-
bility of purpose; decision of
character; resolution; moral
principle.
The civilization is cheap and weak
which has not the backbone of con-
science in it.
Human Backbone.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 202. ...Qx.;_first, cervical
vertebra ; D.r, first
Backbone of an a , a rope dorsal vertebra; Lºr,
first lumbar vertebra;
sewed to the middle of a ship's awning,
and extending fore and aft, to strength-
en it and afford it support.—To the
S.r, first sacral ver-
tebra; Co.1, first coc-
cygeal vertebra.

413
one for º ashes or cinders; a hod or
coal-scuttle. [Scotch.]
backfall (bak'fäl), n. 1. In wrestling, a fall or
- “. . backbone
backbone, to the utmost extent of one's power or nature;
- out and out; thoroughly; entirely.
Jolly old Burbo, staunch to the backbone. * *
wlwer, Last Days of Pompeii, ii. 1.
A true-blue Tory to the backbone. T. Hughes.
Game to the backbone. Trollope.
thackboned (bak’bónd’), a. Vertebrated; fur-
nished with a backbone.
backcap (bak/kap), v. t.
parage. [U. S. slang.]
backcarry; (bak/kar’i), n.
law, the crime of having
deer unlawfully killed. See backbear.
back-casing (bak'kä'sing); n. In mining, a
wall or lining of dry bricks, used in sinking
through sand or gravel. Within it the permanent
wall of the shaft is built up, after the bed-rock or stone-
head has been reached.
[K backl, adv., +
A
back.-2. In music, an obsolete melodic deco-
ration, nearly like the modern long .
tura: called a double backfall when prolonged.
To depreciate or dis-
In old Eng. forest
ame on the back, as
Backfall.
Written. Played.
*
º
T
[\
TV. – | EEEss–E
É====EEE
Double Backfall.
—ſº-
º
back-cast (bak’käst), n.
cast, m.] 1. A cast or throw back.-2.
backward stroke, or a stroke driving one back;
hence, figuratively, any discouragement or
cause of relapse or failure. [Scotch.]
3. In organ-building, a lever whose front end
is raised by the motion of a digital or pedal
transmitted through a sticker (which see), its
A T-2 back end being correspondingly depressed: a
back-cast (båkſkäst), a. [S back", adu:, ; device for transforming upward motion into
Cast, #: Cast or thrown...back: as, “back- downward.
# cast thoughts,” Joanna Baillie. backfallert (bak'fä/lér), n. [K back.1, adv., +
back-center (bak'sen"tér), n. In a lathe, the faller. Cf. backslider.]" A backslider; a rene-
trip-up in which a wrestler is thrown upon his.
point of the back or dead spindle of the tail-
stock. It supports that end of the piece which is to be
turned. The front center is that part of the live spindle
which is in the headstock.-Back-center screw, in a
lathe, the screw which gives longitudinal motion to the
... back-center. ſy
back-chain (bak'chān), n. A chain that passes
over the saddle of a horse's harness to support
the shafts of a cart or wagon.
back-cloth (bak’klóth), n. 1. In calico-print-
ing, a reinforcing cloth used to support a fab-
Back-cloth.
ric which is being printed.—2. Nawt., a tri-
angular piece of canvas fastened in the middle
of a topsail-yard to facilitate the stowing of
the bunt of the topsail.
back-down (bak'doun), n. The act of backing
#down. See backl, v.
backed (bakt), p. a. [K back 1, n. or v., + -ed?..]
In composition, having a back (with the qual-
ity or characteristic noted in the first part
of the word): as, a high-backed chair; hump-
backed; broad-backed.
Oldrickety tables and chairs broken-back'd. Thackeray.
backen (bak’n), v. t. [K backl, adv., + -en 1.] To
hold back; retard. Halliwell. [Local in Eng.
and U. S.]
back-end (bak/end), n. The latter end or part;
especially (Scotch), the latter part of autumn.
The hedges will do, I clipped them wit my ain hands
last back-end. J. Wilson.
backerl (bak’ér), m. [K backl, v., + -erl.] 1.
me who backs or gets on the back: as, a backer
of untamed horses.—2. One who backs or sup-
ports, or who aids, and abets, another in an
undertaking, especially in any trial of skill,
agility, or strength; also, one who bets or
“lays” his money in favor of a particular per-
son, horse, etc., in a contest; one who indorses
the notes or sustains the credit of another.—
3. In arch., a narrow slate laid on the back of
a broad square-headed one, where the slates
begin to diminish in width.-4. Nawt., a strap
of rope or senmit fastened to a yard-arm to se-
cure the head-earings of a sail.
backer2t, adv. [K backl, adv., + -er?..] Same as
backermore.
backermoret, adv. [ME., a double compar., K
backer2 + -more. Cf. furthermore, hindermost,
etc.] More or further back..
With that anon I went me backin’more,
La Belle Dame sams Mercie, 1.85. (Halliwell.)
backermost?, a. Superl. [K backer2 + -most.]
Backmost.
backet (bak’et), n. [K F. baquet, trough, dim.
of bac: see back.8.] A trough or box, especially
#Teturn-game.
gade. Joye, Expos. of Daniel, xi.
backfill (bak-fil’), v. i. and t. In engin., to fill (a
depression) with material taken from a cutting.
back-fillet (bak'fil"et), n. The return of the
margin of a groin, or of a door- or window-jamb,
when it projects beyond the face of the wall.
Such margins are said to be back-filleted.
back-flap (bak'flap), n. That part of a window-
shutter which folds into a recess made for it
in the window-casing.
back-frame (bak'frām), n. An internally gear-
ed wheel supporting the twisting pinions or
whirlers of a rope-making machine.
back-friend (bak/frend), n. [K backl, a., +
friend..] 1+. A false or pretended friend; a
secret enemy.
Let him take heed I prove not his back-friend.
Massinger, Virgin-Martyr, ii. 1.
Far is our church from incroaching upon the civil pow-
ers, as some who are backfriends to both would mali-
ciously insinuate. Sowth.
2. A friend at one’s back; a backer. [Rare.]
back-game (bak/gām), n. [Kbackl, a., + game.]
1. A game at backgammon or chess.-2. A
backgammon (bak-gam' Q-, *. [Also formerly
baggammon ; K backl, a., + gammonl, game
(see gammonl and gamel); appar. So called be-
cause in certain circumstances the pieces are
obliged to go back and reënter. The reason of
the name is not certain, but the formation is
clear. Cf. back-game.] 1. A game played by
two persons upon a table or board made for
the purpose, with pieces or men, dice-boxes,
and dice. The board is in two parts, usually hinged to.
gether, on which twenty-four spaces, called points, are
marked. Each player has fifteen men, with which move-
ments are made in accordance with the numbers turned
up by the dice, the object of each player being to advance
his men to the last six points, and then “throw them off,”
or remove them entirely from the board.
2. A single bout at backgammon won by a
player before his opponent has thrown off any
of his men and still has at least one of his men
on the side of the board further from him.
backgammon (bak-gam’9n), v. t. To beat by
winning a backgammon.
backgammon-board (bak-gam’ Qn-bórd), n.
The board or table on which the game of back-
kgammon is played.
back-gear (bak/gér), m. The variable speed-
gear in the headstock of a power-lathe. \
background (bak/ground), n. 1. The ground
at the back or behind, as opposed to the front;
situation in the rear of those objects, considera-
tions, etc., which engage the attention; subordi-
nate or secondary position in contradistinction
to principal or important position; place out of
sight: used both literally (of physical objects)
and figuratively: as, there were mountains in
the background; the true reasons for this action
were kept in the background.
A husband somewhere in the backgrownd. Thackeray.
Forbearance and mercy to enemies are not unknown
to the Old Testament ; but they are in the backgrownd.
G. P. Fisher, Begin. of Christianity, p. 22.
Specifically—2. The part of a picture repre-
sented as furthest from the spectator's eye:
opposed to foreground. In pictures of which the
foreground possesses the chief interest, the background is
so designed as to enhance the effect of objects in the fore-
ground, to which it is kept subordinate in color, etc., often
serving no other purpose than that of a mere screen or
Setting behind the objects in which the interest is concen-
backhanded (bakſhan” ded), a.
backhandedl
backhandedness (bakſhan” ded-nes), n.
state of being backhanded; unfairness.
backhander (bakſhan"dēr), m.
backhead (bakſhed), n.
backhousel (bak'hous), n.
backh -
backing (bak'ing), m.
*l. Support, physical or moral; supporters or
backing-boards (bak'ing-bórdz), m. pl.
backing-boards
trated: as, a portrait with a landscape background; a
group of figures with buildings in the background. . In
landscapes, when no such evident opposition is intended,
or when the chief interest lies in the background, the term
distance is properly used to denote the more distant planes
in the picture, as distinguished from the foregrownd and
the middle distance.
Here we see the rude and simple expedient by which,
to atone for the want of aerial perspective, the vase-
painters indicated the background of their compositions.
Figures more distant from the eye are always represented
seated or standing on a higher level than figures in the
foreground. . T. Newton, Art and Archaeol., p. 388.
The leafless trees become spires of flame in the sunset,
with the blue east for their background.
- Emerson, Misc., p. 23.
3. In photog., the plain or decorated screens,
properties, etc., placed behind the subject in
taking portraits, especially in regular gallery-
work, in order to form an appropriate setting
+in the finished picture.
backhand (bak' *:::: and a. I. n. 1. Writ-
ing which slopes backward or to the left: as,
he writes backhand.—23. In tennis, the posi-
tion behind the principal player.
No, faith, that's odds at tennis, my lord; not but if
your ladyship pleases, I'll endeavour to keep your back-
hand a little, tho' upon my soul you may safely set me up
at the line. Cibber, Careless Husband, iv.
II. a. Backhanded; unfavorable; unfair: as,
a backhand influence. &
1. With the
back of the hand: as, a backhanded blow.—2.
Done or effected with the hand turned back-
ward, crosswise, or in any oblique direction;
marked by a backward slope, direction, or ef-
fect: as, backhanded writing; a backhanded
stroke in sword-play or lawn-tennis. In the lat-
ter game a backhanded stroke is one that causes the ball
to rotate so as to have a tendency on striking the ground
to bound backward in the direction of the striker.
Hence—3. Figuratively, oblique in meaning;
indirect; equivocal; ambiguous; sarcastic: as,
a backhanded compliment.—4. Twisted in the
opposite way from the usual method: said of a
rope.
One part plain-laid and the other backhanded rope.
Luce, Seamanship, p. 252.
(bakſhan"ded-li), adv. With the
backward: as, to strike back-
The
A blow with
the back of the hand: as, to strike one a back-
hander.
hand º
handedly.
1. The back part of
the head: opposed to forehead.—2#. False hair
worn on the back of the head.
[K backl, a., +
house..] A building behind or back from the
main or front building; hence, in country
places, especially in New England, a privy.
ouse2+, n. Same as bakehouse.
[Verbal n. of back 1, v.]
backers collectively.—2+. The address of a let-
ter.—3. Something placed at or attached to
the back of something else to support, strength-
en, or finish it; the act of providing anything
with such a support. Especially—(a) A layer or lay-
ers of timber, generally teak, on which the iron plates of
armor-clad ships are bolted. (b) A heavy plating of wood,
or wood and iron, supporting the armor-plates of fortifica-
tions or of targets from behind ; a thick bed of Tammed
sand or concrete placed behind armored works or targets.
The concrete might be faced with a comparatively thin
steel plate which would explode the shell, and so save the
backing. Londom Engineer.
(c) In bookbinding, the curving of the back of sewed sheets
intended for a book, with intent (1) to spread the thread
so that the book will not be thicker at the back than at the
fore edge; (2) to make a secure rest in the arched groove
at either side for the cover; (3) to make the back flexible,
so that the leaves of the book shall be flat when open.
Backing is done by beating with a hammer or rolling with
a machine. (d). In weaving, the web of coarser or stronger
material at the back of such piled fabrics as velvet, plush,
satin, Brussels carpet, etc. (e) In photog., a coating of a
dull, dark pigment, placed on the back of the sensitized
plate in some classes of work to absorb light that might
otherwise pass through the film, be reflected again upon
it from the back of the glass, and cause an effect of blur-
ring. Such a backing is useful in taking pictures in the
direction of the chief light, or those in which some por-
tions of the field are very highly illuminated while others
adjoining them are dark. (f) In printing, the printing of
the second side of a sheet. (g) In electrotyping, the metal
used to back up or strengthen an electrotype. (h) In
theat., that portion of a scene on a stage which is revealed
through an open door or window.—Backing of an arch
the course of masonry which rests upon the extrados of
an arch.
In
bookbinding, boards of hard wood, faced with
steel, which are used in pairs for the purpose
of clamping together the sewed sheets of an


backing-boards
unbound book while the back is being rounded
with a hammer.
backing-deals (bak'ing-délz), m. pl. In Eng-
lish coal-mining, boards or planks placed be-
hind the curbs of a shaft, to keep the earth
behind in place.
backing-hammer (bak'ing-ham’ér), n. A ham-
4.14
the backward flow of a fluid or gas when the pressure in
the normal direction falls below that in the reservoir or
chamber to which the fluid is supplied.
backrackt, backragł, n. See Bacharach.
back-rackett (bak’rak’et), n. The return of a
ball in tennis; hence, figuratively, a counter-
charge.
backstay
back-slang (bak'slang), n. IK back!, a. or adv.,
+ slang. . palindrome.] A species of slang
in which the words are pronounced or written
backward, or as nearly so as the skill of the
speaker or writer, or the possibility of pro-
nouncing the word, will permit: thus, penny
Hoa. Why, are not debts better than words, sir?
alſº S* not words promises, and are not promises
backing-iron (bak'ing-i'êrn), m. An iron block Hoa. He plays at back-rºcket with me.
having upon four sides longitudinal grooves of Middleton, Trick to Catch the Old One, iv. 4,
different widths and depths, suitable to different back-raking (bak’rå/king), n. In farriery, an
sizes of books, and used in º their backs. operation by which hardened faeces are with-
backing-metal (bak'ing-met"al), m. A compo- drawn from the rectum.
sition of type-metal, in which lead is the chief back-rent (bak’rent), n. 1. Arrears of rent.—
ingredient, which is poured into an electrotype- 2. In Scots law, a rent paid subsequently to
shell of copper to form the backing of the elec- reaping. Thus, when a tenant entering with a lease
trotype-plate. is allowed to reap and sell his first crop before paying his
backing-pan (bak'ing-pan), n. A pan in which enº.º.ºnt in his º is ºmed ºn ºf
electrotype-shells are placed face downward, º Jore-rent, a rent payable before the first
while the molten metal with which they are back-rest (bak’rest), m. A guide attached to
backed is poured over them. the slide-rest of a lathe and placed in contact
backings (bak'ingz), m. pl. The refuse of wool with the work to steady it in turnin
or flax after it is dressed; the tew thrown off y 9-
by the second hackling of flax.
back-joint (bak’joint), m. In masonry, a rebate
such as that made on the inner side of a chim-
neypiece to receive a slip.
backlash (bak’lash), m. 1. In mech., the jar-
ring reaction of the teeth of gear-wheels on one
another when they are unequally or incorrectly
spaced or are so worn that the velocity is not
uniformly transmitted.—2. In coal-mining, the
backward suction of the air-current after an ex-
plosion of fire-damp. —Backlash of a screw, the
play between a screw and its nut when the latter is loosely
fitted.—Backlash-spring, a spring fitted to a machine to
keep the moving parts in contact and prevent backlash.
backless (bak’les), a. [K backl, n., + -less.]
Without a back: as, backless benches.
backling, backlings (bak/ling, -lingz), adv.
[Sc. backlins, KAS. baccling, in adv. phrase on
batcling, back, behind; K bac, back, ---ling, adv.
suffix. Cf. darkling, headlongj Backward.
back-lining (bak/li"ning), m. In windows, a
piece of sash-frame parallel to the pulley-
piece and next to the jamb on each side.
back-link (bak'lingk), n. In engines, one of
the links in a parallel motion which connect
the air-pump rod to the beam. -
backlog (bak’log), n. A large log placed at the
back of an open wood-fire to sustain combus-
tion and concentrate the heat.
You want, first, a large backlog, which does not rest on
the and irons. . C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 6.
backlook (bak/lük), m.
mer used in beating into shape the backs of
books.
coming back; return.
Harry's back-return again to France.
Shak., Hen. V., v. (cho).
The back-return of Charon's boat. Marlowe.
a ship.
of the cat-block or fish-hook, to facilitate hook-
ing it on the anchor.—Martingale backropes.
See martingale.
back-saw (bak'sä), m. A saw the web of which
stance. Such saws have specific names ac-
cording to their use, as tenon-Saw, dovetail-
saw, carcass-Saw, etc.
scratcher.
back-scratcher (bak’skrach’ér), n. 1. An im-
made of bone or ivory, in the form o
hand fixed to a long slender handle.
A back-scratcher of which the hand was ivory and the
handle black. Southey, The Doctor, iv.
2. A toy of wood or bone having a thin tongue
which presses upon a toothed wheel, on the
principle of a watchman’s rattle: when it is
rubbed on the back of a person, it produces a
- º sound like the tearing of cloth.
Retrospective view: backset (bak'set), v. [K backi, adv., + set1,
as, to take a bººklook. º] … v.] If trans. To set upon in the rear.
lback-lye (bak li), º;. [ backl -- ly6 for lie ..] The Israelites . . . [were] backset with Pharaoh's whole
In †: &l, º Ol' *ś. under- power. Anderson, Expos of Benedictus, fol. 71 b (iš73).
o e 9.
ground railway. Gresley. . [Nor ng.] II. intrans. To plow again, in the autumn,
-mi k’mil). m. fulling-mill.
biºmim (bak’mil), m. A fulling-mill prairie-land which has been plowed for the
Thack-mold (bak’möld), º d ...; mold- .# * in the preceding spring. [Western
& art of the mold which confor © Nº º
#. § the jºr. or model. Conforms to backset (bak'set), n. [K back', a. or adv.: + Seti,
backmost (bak’möst), a. superl. [K backl, adv., *, * n.]. 1. A setting back or backward, as the
+ -most. Cf. backermore..] IHindmost. [Rare.j result of some untoward circumstance or op-
back-overman (bak’ó’vér-man), n. In coal- P9sing ºy: * check to progress; retarda-
mining, a man whose duty it is to see to the tion, or the losing of ground; a relapse: as, he
safety of a district of underground workings, suffered more than one serious backset; a back-
and of the men working in it, during the back. ** which appeared to be fatal.-2. An eddy
shift. Gresley. [North. Eng.] or counter-current in flowing water.
back-painting (bak'pān"ting), m. A method Of course much of this was slack Water, or the backset
of applying varnish colors to mezzotint prints caused by the overflow. Harper's Mag., LXV. 612.
affixed to glass, in such a manner that they back-settler (bak'set/lér), n. One inhabiting
appear as if painted on the glass. * the back settlements of a country.
backpedal (bak'ped'al), , ), i. In bicycling, to backsheesh, n., See bakshish.
press down upon the pedal as it rises, in order back-shift (bak'shift), m. [K backl, a., + shift.]
to check the movement of the wheel. In coal-mining, a second shift or relay of hewers
backpiece (bak'pës), n. ... A piece at the back who begin cutting the coal after another set
of something; specifically, a piece of armor have begun to draw it, at the same place.
Ure,
which covered the back and was connected backside (bak'sid’), n. [K ME. bakside; K backl, 3-
1. The back part or aspect of any- backstay (bak'stā), n.
with the breastplate by straps and buckles,
hooks, and the like. See back and breast, un-
*der backl, n.
backplate (bak'plat), n. Same as backpiece.
back-pressure (bak'presh"pr), m. Pressure
* backward or in the reverse of the normal direc-
tion; specifically,
the resistance of
the atmosphere or
of waste steam to
the action of the
piston of a steam-
engine. — Back-pres-
sure valve, in mach., a
valve placed within a
supply-pipe or over an
inlet-orifice, to prevent
a., + side.]
thing; the part opposite to the front, or behind
that which is º to a spectator. [Prop-
erly two words in this use. See back, a., 1.]
Specifically—2. The hind part of an animal;
the rump : often (vulgarly) in the plural.—3.
The back premises, backyard, or out-buildings
attached to a dwelling; also, the privy. [Obso-
#}% lete or dialectal.] N. E. D.
&A back-sight (bak'sit), n. 1. In surveying, the
% reading of a leveling-rod, taken when lookin
back to a station which has been passed. Al
other readings are called foresights.-2. The
rear sight of a gun.
back-skin (bak'skin), m. . A leather dress used
by miners when at work in wet places.
Back-pressure Valve.
backslider (bak-sli’dër), n.
backrope (bak’röp), n. Naut.: (a) The rope backslidingness (bak-sli' ding-nes), n.
or chain-stay extending from the lower end of state of backsliding.
the dolphin-striker to each side of the bows of back-spear, v. t. See º:
(b) A small rope attached to the hook back-speed (bak’spèd), n. mech., a second
is stiffened by a metallic back of greater sub- back-speer (bak’spèr), v. t.
plement for scratching the back, gº bº. upon the long-wall method.
a Small back-Sprin
back-stall (bak'stál), m.
backstandt (bak'stand), n.
becomes yennep, Woman, namow, and so on.
backslide (bak-slid'), v. i.; pret, backslid (some-
times backslided) }; backslid, backslidden
(sometimes tackslid: ), ppr. backsliding. [K
backl, adv., + slide.] To slide back, in a figu-
rative sense; apostatize; turn from the faith;
depart from or abandon religious principles or
practices.
I have fallen back to my carnal temper, from the holy
ways of God, and have again backslided.
Bp. Hopkins, Works, p. 585.
When persons have been professors of religion, and
have for various reasons backslidden and declined into 8.
carnal and secular life. H. W. Beecher.
One who back-
slides. (a) An apostate; one who falls from the faith
and practice of religion. Prov... xiv., 14. , (b) One who
neglects his religious vows and falls into habits of sin.
back-returnt (bakºré-term"), n. A going or backsliding (bak-sliding), n. A falling back
in principle or practice; a lapse in or abandon-
ment of religious obligation; apostasy.
Our backslidings are many: We have sinned against
thee, Jer. xiv. 7.
The
speed-gear of a lathe, which can be brought
into action on the fore-speed, so that second
series of speeds of the spindle are thereby
obtained.
[Sc., also written
back-spear, -speir, K. back!, adv., + speer, ask,
question.] o reëxamine or cross-examine.
[Scotch..]
back-scraper (bak'skrä"për), n. Same as back- back-splinting (bak’splin/ting), n. In coal-
mining, a system of working coal over the goaf
and across the packs of a lower one got in ad-
esley.
(bak’spring), n. 1. A spring
formed in the bolt of a lock by cutting a longi-
tudinal slit near its upper edge, thus leaving a
strip of unsupported metal which by elastic
pressure º the bolt into its place when it
is left by the key.—2. The ; at the rear
of the body of a vehicle; specifically, a C-spring
which rides up at the back of the carriage, the
body of the latter being suspended from the
forward end.—3. A spring backward.
back-staff (bak'stāf), n. An instrument for-
merly used for measuring the sun's altitude at
sea: so called because in using it the observer
turned his back to the sun.
backstair, backstairs (bak'står, -stārz), n.
and a. I. m. stair or stairs in the back
part of a house; private stairs. [Properly two
words. See backl, a., 1.]
II. a. 1. Of or pertaining to stairs in the back
#; of a house: as, a backstair entrance.—2.
direct; underhand; unfair; intriguing: as,
backstair influence.
He's like a backstair minister at court, who, whilst the
reputed favourites are sauntering in the bed-chamber, is
ruling the roast in the closet. Vanbrugh, Relapse, ii. 1.
Is he not a back-stairs favourite—one that can do what
he pleases with those that do what they please?
Goldsmith, Good-Natured Man, ii.
The thief who walks
behind the chief operator in a garrote-robbery
to conceal him when at work and make off with
the booty: [Thieves' slang.] See garrote.
Support; some-
g to fall back upon.
A sure staye and a stedfast backstamde at home.
Hall, Hen. VII.
1. In printing, a strap
of leather used to check the carriage of a
printing-press.-2. In coal-mining, a forked bar
of wrought-iron attached to the back of the
mine-car when ascending an inclined plane,
for the purpose of stopping the car in case of
accident. [Yorkshire, Eng.]—3. A rod extend-
ing from the perch to the outer end of the rear
axle of a carriage.—4. One of the flaps of a
carriage-top.–5. In purchase-shears, a power-
ful spring placed at the back of the moving
blade to keep the two cutting edges in contact.
—6. In metal-turning, an adjustable support for
any very long or slender article.—7. pl. Nawt.,
long ropes extending backward from the heads
of all masts above the lower mast and fastened

- ~ : . . . * * *
* *, *:
".
backstay -
on each side of the ship to the chain-plates,
Serving to support the masts.-Backstay-stools,
planking or pieces of iron projecting from the side of .
ship, to which the backstays are made fast. They serve the
same purpose for the backstays that the channels do for the
3.
* backstays, backstays fitted with
shrouds.-Traveling
a traveler which slides up and down with the topsail-yard.
The principal support for the mast is thus kept at that
*part which is just above the yard. [Not now in use.] ,
back-step (bak'step), n. Arearward movement
of a squad or body of troops, without change
of front. -
backsterlt, ºn. See baater.
backster? (bak'stër), n. [Etym. uncertain.]
A flat piece of wood or cork fastened on the
feet for walking over loose beach. N. E. D.
backstitch (bak'stich), n. A method of sewing
in which each stitch overlaps or doubles back
on the preceding one, the needle entering be-
hind the thread at the end of the stitch already
made and coming out in front of it.
backstitch (bak'stich), v. t. and i.
with stitches which overlap each other.
backstitch, n. ..
backstone (bak'stön), n. [E. dial., - bakestone,
K bake + stone.] The heated stone on which
#oat-cake is baked. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch..] .
back-stop (bak'stop), n. In base-ball, a fence
laced behind the catcher to stop the ball if
e fails to catch it; also the catcher himself.
back-strap (bak/strap), n. A broad strap pass-
ing along the middle of a horse's back from the
upper hame-strap to the crupper or a point of
junction with the hip-straps in a wagon-har-
ness, and in a carriage-harness from the gig-
saddle to the crupper. E. H. Knight.
hº (bak'strapt), p. a. Carried by
head-winds to the back of a cape or promontory:
said of a ship.
back-stream (bak'strém), n. A current run-
ning against the regular course of the stream;
an up-stream.
back-string º m. A leading-string
by which a child is supported or guided from
kbehind. Cowper, Task, iv. 228.
back-stroke (bak'strök), n. 1. A blow or
stroke in return.— 2. A backhanded stroke;
a backhander.
My uncle Toby never took this back-stroke of my father's
at his hobby-horse kindly.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vi. 31.
3. In teleg., the return-stroke of the lever in a
telegraph-sounder. ... Standard Elect. Dict.
back-swimmer (bak’ swim *ēr), n. Same as
boat-fly.
back-sword (bak'sórd), n. 1. A sword with
one sharp edge, used for cutting rather than
thrusting, sometimes curved, and frequently
straight. It usually had a basket-hilt, and was the
common weapon of citizens and country people when the
rapier and afterward the small-sword were worn by
gentlemen.
2. A cudgel fitted with a basket-hilt, used for
a particular kind of single-stick play.—3. A
cudgel-play in which the back-sword (in sense
2) is used, peculiar to certain counties of Eng-
land, and still kept up at festivals and the like
in the attempt to preserve old customs. The
guard is with the left arm, and the object of each player
is to break the skin of his adversary's forehead so as to
draw blood.
back-tack (bak'tak), n. In Scots law, a tack
or lease connected with wadsets or mortgages.
by which the possession of the land is returned
to the proprietor on payment of a rent corre-
sponding to the interest of the money advanced.
ee wadset.
back-tool (bak’töl), m. Any tool, either fillet
or roll, used by bookbinders in decorating the
curved surface of the back of a book.
back-trick? (bak’trik), n. A caper backward in
dancing.
I have the back-trick simply as strong as any man in
Illyria. Shak., T. N., i. 3.
backward, backwards (bak'ward, -wardz),
adv. [K ME. bakward, bacward, adv., by apher-
esis for abackward, K abak, adv., back, H-
-ward, -wards.] 1. in the direction ºf the back:
as, to throw the arms backward.—2. With the
back first in the direction of motion: as, to
walk backward; to fall backward.
He [Eli] fell from off the seat backward, ... . . and his
neck brake. 1 Sam. iv. 18.
Thou wilt fall backward. Shak., R. and J., i. 8.
3. In the direction from which one has come ;
toward that which is or has been left behind:
as, he glanced backward.—4. Toward bygone
times or events; toward that which is past in
time: as, to look backward to the last century.
The lights of memory backward stream,
Whittier, Memories.
To sew
See
backwardation (bak-wir-dā‘shqn), n.
415
5. In or by reflection; reflexively.
* - The mind can backward cast
Upon herself her understanding light.
Sir J. Davies, Introd. to Immortal. of Soul.
6. In time past; ago.
Some reigns backward,
7. In an opposite or contrary direction.
For every two steps they made forwards and upwards
they slipped one backwards.
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. ii.
8. In an opposite or reverse order; from the
end toward the beginning; in an order contrary
to the natural order: as, to read or spell back-
ward; hence, perversely; in a wrong or per-
VēI'80 Iſlan LlëI’.
Locke.
I never yet saw man,
How wise, how noble, young, how rarely featur'd,
But she would spell him backward.
Shak., Much Ado, iii. 1.
The gospel of Christ is read backwards, when that world
which he came to save is regarded as a world which it is
a merit to abandon.
C. E. Norton, Travel and Study in Italy, p. 47.
9. From a better to a worse state; retrogres-
sively.
The work went backward ; and the more he strove
T' advance the suit, the farther from her love. Dryden.
Backward and forward, to and fro.—To ring bells
backward, to give an alarm by ringing the bells of a
chime in the wrong order, beginning with the bass bell.
The bells they ring backward, the drums they are beat.
Scott, Bonnie Dundee.
backward (back/wird), a. [K backward, adv.]
1. Directed to the back or rear: as, “a back-
ward look,” Shak, Sonnets, lix.-2. Reversed;
returning; directed to or toward the original
starting-point: as, a backward movement or
journey.
And now they do re-stem
Their backward course. Shak., Othello, i. 3.
3. Done in reverse order; done in an order
contrary to the natural order, as in repeating
a sentence from the end to the beginning.
Without his rod reversed,
And backward mutters of dissevering power,
We cannot free the lady. Milton, Comus, 1.817.
4. Being in, or placed at, the back.
, Four legs and two voices. . . . His forward voice now
is to speak well of his friend; his backward voice is to
utter foul speeches, and to detract. Shak., Tempest, ii. 2.
5. Slow; sluggish; unprogressive; unadvanced;
behind in progress: as, a backward learner.
backwards, adv.
back-washed (bak'wosht), a.
back-water (bak'waſtër), n.
backwood (bak'wild), m.
backworm (bak/wérm), n.
backwort (bakºwert), n.
Baconian
wardness of the spring. (b) Unwillingness; reluctance;
dilatoriness or dullness in action.
Our backwardness to good works.
(c) Bashfulness; shyness.
See backward.
Cleansed from
1#. Water flow-
ing in from behind.—2. Water thrown back by
the ing of a water-wheel or the paddles of
steamboats, etc.—3. Water held or forced
back, as in a mill-race or in a tributary stream,
in consequence of some obstruction, as a dam
or flood.—4. An artificial accumulation of wa-
ter obtained at high tide and reserved in reser-
voirs, to be discharged at low tide for clearing
off deposits in channel-beds and tideways.-5.
A creek or arm of the sea which runs parallel
to the coast, having only a narrow slip of land
between it and the sea, and communicating
with the latter by barred entrances.
Entering the mouth of the Moredab, an extensive back-
water into which fall the Piri-Bazaar and other streams,
We come alongside a fairly constructed quay.
O'Donovan, Merv, viii.
That portion of a
carpenter's plane which is immediately behind
the plane-iron.—To drive the backwood up, to
drive the wedge of a plane too tightly. When this is done
the pressure of the plane-iron raises a bur or slight ridge
at the angle of the mouth and sole.
Bp. Atterbury.
oil, as wool after combing.
backwoods (bak'wudz'), m. pl. Wooded or par-
tially uncleared and unsettled districts in the
remote parts of a new country; hence, in the
United States and Canada, any rough or thin-
ly settled region far from the centers of popu-
lation.
The very ease with which books containing the world's
best literature were obtainable in the backwoods made our
early writers copyists. Stedman, Poets of America, p. 14.
He [Count Tolstoi) put into my hands a letter from some
man living in a village in the backwoods of Pennsylvania.
The Century, XXXIV. 261.
backwoodsman (bak' widz’man), m. ; pl. back-
woodsmen (-men). An inhabitant of the back-
Woods.
The General Boone, backwoodsman of Kentucky,
Was happiest among mortals anywhere.
Byron, Don Juan, viii. 61.
A small worm gen-
erally found in the thin skin about the reins of
hawks. See filanderl.
The comfrey, Sym-
Brigandage survives only in out-of-the-way corners of phytum officinale.
the most backward countries of . Christendom, such as bac
Spain and Sicily. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 229.
6. Late; behind in time; coming after some-
-wounding (bak'won'ding), a. Wounding
at the back or behind one's back; backbiting;
injuring surreptitiously: as, “backwounding
thing else, or after the usualtime; as, backward calumny,” Shak., M. for M., iii. 2.
fruits; the season is backward.
A dry, cold, backward spring, easterly winds.
Evelyn, Diary, April 15, 1688.
7. Holding back; averse; reluctant; hesitat-
Ing.
The mind is backward to undergo the fatigue of weigh-
ing every argument. Watts.
For Wiser brutes were backward to be slaves.
Pope, Windsor Forest, l. 50.
8. Timid; bashful; retiring in disposition;
modest.—9. Reaching back into the past;
already past.
Flies unconscious o'er each backward year.
Byron, Childe Harold, ii. 24.
backwardt (bak'ward), m. [K backward, a.]
The things or state behind or past.
What see'st thou else
In the dark backwałd and abysm of time?
- Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
backwardt (bak'ward), v. t. [K backward, adv.]
To obstruct; keep back; retard; delay.
Doth clog and backward us. Hammond, Sermons, xv.
[K back-
ward, v., + -ation.] On the London Stock Ex-
change, the premium paid by a seller of stock
for the privilege of postponing its delivery to
the buyer until the next fortnightly settling-
day. See contango.
backwardness (bak'ward-nes), m. The state
bacon (bā’kon or -kn), m.
bacon-beetle (bā’kon-bê%tl), m.
*color.
backwardly (bakºw:ird-li), adv. 1. In a back- Baconian (bā-kö’ni-
[Early mod. E. also
bakon, baken, K ME. bacon, bacoum, bakoum, K
OF. bacon = Pr. bacon, K. M.L. baco(n-), bacon,
side of bacon, shoulder, ham, also a swine, K
OHG. bahho, bacho, MHG. bache, side of bacon,
ham, G. bache, a wild sow (obs. or dial., a ham),
= M.D. bake, bacon, ham, a swine, KOHG. *bah,
etc., = AS. baec, E. backl: see back 1.] 1. Hog's
flesh, especially the back and sides, salted or
pickled and dried, usually in smoke.—2+. Pork.
—3+. A hog; hence, a grossly fat person.—4t.
A rustic ; a clown: in allusion to the fact that
swine's flesh was the meat chiefly eaten by the
rural population. N. E. D.
On, bacons, on 1 Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 2.
To save one's bacon, to preserve one's self from harm.
But here I say the Turks were much mistaken,
Who, hating hogs, yet wished to save their bacom.
Byron, Don Juan, vii. 42.
A species of
the genus Dermestes, D. lardarius, family Der-
mestidae, order Cole-
optera, whose larvae
are very destructive
to stuffed animals
in museums. The
larvae are hairy, and
Whitish-brown in
an), a. and m. [K
Francis Bacon, born
1561, died 1626.] I. a.
Pertaining to Fran-
cis Bacon, Baron
Verulam, commonly
called Lord Bacon:
as, the Baconian phi-
losophy. — Baconian
method, a term often,
ward direction.
The mandible is extremely massive and has a backwardly
produced angle. warley, Anat. Vert., p. 320.
2. Unwillingly; reluctantly; aversely; per-
versely; ill.
I was the first man
That e'er receiv'd gift from him;
And does he think so backwardly of me now,
That I'll requite it last? Shak., T. of A., iii. 3.
or quality of being backward. (a) Backward state
as regards progress; slowness; tardiness: as, the back-
though incorrectly, ap-
plied to the method of
Bacon-Beetle
(Dermes res la ra'arfus).
a, larva i ö, one of its barbed hairs:
c, beetle.
Sizes.)
(Hair-lines show natural

Baconian
induction (which see) as developed by modern science, on
the Supposition that Bacon was mainly instrumental in
* this method into general use.
II. m. 1. An adherent of the Baconian
416
stroyed the Bacillus twberculosis which is characteristic of
the disease.
bacteritic (bak-tê-rit'ik), a. [K bacteriwm + -it-
ic: see -itis.] Characterized or caused by the
philosophy.—2. One who holds the theory # presence of bacteria.
that, Bacon Wrote the plays usually attributed bacterium (bak-té'ri-um), m.; pl. bacteria (-à).
to Shakspere.
Baconism (bā’kgn-izm), n. [K Bacon + -ism.]
The philosophy of Francis Bacon, or the gem-
eral spirit of his writings.
These societies are schools of Baconism, designed to
embody all that was of value in the thought and spirit of
Bacon – namely, a protest against traditional authority
in Science, With, of course, a recommendation of induction
and of the inductive sciences for their value in the arts of
life. Wright.
baconize (bā’kgn-iz), v. t.; pret, and pp. bacon-
$264, ppr. baconizing. [K bacon + -ize.] To make
into or like bacon; smoke, as bacon.
baconweed (bâ’kon-wed), m. The pigweed,
Chemopodium album.
bacony (bā’kon-i), a. [K bacon + -y1.] Like
bacon; lardaceous.
bacteria (bak-té'ri-á), n. [NL.: see bacterium.]
1. Plural of bacterium, 1.-2. [cap.] A genus
of gressorial orthopterous insects, of the family
Phasmidae; the stick-insects or walking-sticks.
B. sarmentosa is about 10 inches long. See
Phasmidae.
Bacteriaceae (bak-té-ri-ā'sé-6), m. pl. [NL., K
Bacterium + -aceae.] A family of simple mi-
croscopic plants, without chromatophores and
with cylindrical cells and the chains of indi-
viduals without a sheath, belonging to the
class Schicomycetes. As defined by Migula it is di-
vided into the following genera : Bacterium, character-
ized by the absence of flagella; Bacillus, having flagella
arising from any part of the body; and Pseudomonas,
in which the flagella are located at one or both ends of the
body. The name Bacteriaceae has, however, been used
with different significations. Cohn used it to include the
3r whole class Schizomycetes of Migula.
bacterial (bak-té'ri-al), a. [K bacterium + -al.]
Pertaining to or resembling bacteria; of the
mature of or caused by bacteria: as, a bacterial
parasite in the blood; bacterial organisms; bac-
terial infusions.
The issue of a bacterial affection is either the death of
the patient, or the death and elimination of the bacteria.
Ziegler, Pathol. Anat. (trans.), I. 287.
bacterian (bak-té'ri-an), a. Same as bacterial.
bactericidal (bak-té'ri-si-dal), a. [K bacteri-
× cide + -al.] Destructive to bacteria.
bactericide (bak-té'ri-sid), m. [K NL. bacterium
+ L. -cida, K cacdere, kill.] A substance that
has the property of destroying bacteria.
A bactericide of great activity.
Therapeutic Gaz., VIII. 561.
Bacterides (bak-ter’i-déz), m. pl. [NL., prop.
*Bacteridae, K Bacterium + -ides, -idae.] A name
sometimes given indefinitely to a group of mi-
crobes referable to the genera Bacillus and Bac-
terium ;" see).
bacteriform (bak-té'ri-fôrm), a... [K NL. bac-
terium + L. forma, form.] Of the form of
* bacteria ; resembling bacteria.
|bacterioid (bak-té'ri-oid), a. [K bacterium +
-oid.] liesembling or closely allied to bac-
teria.
bacteriological (bak-té"ri-Ö-loj’i-kal), a. Of or
pertaining to bacteriology.
bacteriologist (bak-tê-ri-ol’ī-jist), m. [K bac-
teriology + -ist.] One skilled in bacteriology.
bacteriology (bak-tê-ri-ol’º-ji), m. [K NL. bacte-
rium + Gr. -Zoyfa, K Žéyetv, speak: see -ology.]
That department of biology which investigates
bacteria and other microbes, especially their
life-history and agency in disease; the Scien-
tific study of bacteria.
Bacteriology is now a natural science of sufficient inn-
portance and completeness to take its proper place in
hygiene, etiology, and pathological anatomy.
Science, WI. 77.
bacterioscopic (bak-té"ri-Ö-Skop'ik), a. [K bac-
terioscopy + -ic.] Relating or pertaining to the
discovery or observation of bacteria.
bacterioscopy (bak-té-ri-os’kö-pi), m. [K NL,
bacterium, p Gr. -alcotia, Kokoteiv, view.] Mi-
croscopic investigation of bacteria.
bacteriotherapeutic (bak-té"ri-Ö-ther-à-pii’-
tik), a. [K bacterium + therapeutic.] Pertain-
ing to bacteriotherapy.
Dr. Ballagi has carefully followed the bacteriotherapeutic
'details advised by Cantani in eight cases of advanced phthi-
sis with moderate fever. Medical News, XLIX. 41.
pacteriotherapy (bak-té"ri-à-ther’ā-pi), m. [K
NL. bacterium + Gr. 0epairčía, medical treat-
ment.] In med., the introduction of bacteria
into the system for the cure of disease. Thus in
hthisis inhalations containing Bactertwin termo have
#. employed, with the idea that the bacterium de-
[NL., K. Gr. 3akºptov, a little stick, dim, of Bak-
tmpia, a staff, stick, K. Böktpov, a staff, stick, akin
to L. baculum, a staff: see baculus.] 1. One
of the micro-organisms which are concerned in
the putrefactive processes, and are known as
Schizomycetes, or fission fungi, in distinction
from Saccharomycetes, or budding fungi, which
produce alcoholic fermentation. Their true charac.
ter was long in doubt, but they are now generally regarded
as the lowest forms of vegetable life, and are known to mul-
tiply, in some species at least, by the formation of spores.
They consist of exceedingly, minute spherical, oblong,
or cylindrical cells, without chlorophyl, multiply by
transverse division, and may be found anywhere. " Their
origin and the part they take in putrefaction, fermenta-
tion, and disease have been the subject in recent years
of much study and discussion. Very much remains in
doubt, but there is no question of the importance of
these investigations from a sanitary point of view. It
also appears to have been demonstrated that the bacteria
which exist in the soil are active in changing other-
wise inert substances into matter suitable for the food of
plants, converting the nitrogenous matter of organic ori-
gin into soluble nitrates. The genera and species have
been variously defined, and are necessarily based on
slight characters. Migula has divided the group into five
families: (1) Coccaceae, with spherical or subspherical
cells mostly without flagella and non-motile. (2) Bacteri-
aceæ, with flagellate or non-flagellate cylindrical cells.
(3) Špiritaceº, having variously curved or spirally
twisted cells with or without flagella. (4) Chlamydobac-
teriaceae, with cells forming threadlike colonies inclosed
in a sheath, (5) Beggiatoaceae, having the cells in fila-
ments, but the sheath lacking.
2. [cap.] A genus of the family Bacteriaceae,
consisting of minute cylindrical cells without
flagella. Some species are zymotic, producing fermen-
tations, as B. acidi-lactici, which produces lactic acid and
causes the curdling of milk; others are pathogenic, caus-
ing disease, as B. tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis,
B. diphtheriae, the cause of diphtheria, and B. anthracis,
the cause of anthrax or splenic fever in cattle. These
A species were formerly placed in the genus Bacillus.
Bactrian (bak' tri-an), a. and m. [K L. Bactri-
amus (Gr. Baktpavóg), K. Bactria, K. Gr. Bakrpia
(also BáicTpa, p Pers. Bākhtar), a province so
called.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Bactria or
Bactriana, an ancient country of central Asia,
with its capital, Bactra, on the site of the mod-
ern Baikh. It became a province of the Persian empire
under Cyrus, and from about 255 to about 126 B. O. was
a separate kingdom under a Greek dynasty.—Bactrian
Camel. See camel.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Bactria.
Bactris (bakºtris), m. [NL., K. Gr. 36xtpov, a
staff: see bacterium.] A genus of slender
palms, consisting of about 90 species, found
about rivers and in marshy places in America,
Within the tropics. The stems are generally covered
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Bactri's acant/tocarpa, with fruit, and nut deprived of its husk,
the dots upon the latter showing position of embryos.
with spines, and the leaves are pinnate, though occasion-
ally simple or 2-lobed. The fruit is small, with a thin
fibrous pulp inclosing a hard black nut. The kernel of B.
major is eaten in Cartagena. The stems of B. minor are
used for walking-sticks, under the name of Tobago canes.
baculi, n. Plural of baculus.
baculine (bak’ī-lin), a. . [K L. baculum, a rod,
+ -inel.] Of or pertaining to the rod, or to its
use in punishment by flogging.
baculite (bak’ī-lit), m. and a.. [K NL. Baculites,
q. v.] T. m. A fossil cephalopod of the genus
Baculites; staff-stone.
bad -
II. a. Pertaining to or containing baculites.
Also baculião, Baculite limestone, a name given to
the Chalk of Normandy, from the abundance of baculites
which it contains.
Baculites (bak-li-li’těz), º, . [NL., KL, baculum,
a staff, --, -ites: see -ite?..] "A genus of poly.
thalamous or many-chambered
cephalopods, belonging to the
order Ammonoidea. The species
are known º in a fossil state, having
become extinct at the close of the Cre-
taceous period. The shell is straight,
more or less compressed, conical, and
very much elongated. The partitions
are sinuous and pierced by a marginal
siphon. The external chamber is con-
siderably larger than the rest. There
are about 20 species, found from the
Neocomiam to, the Chalk formation.
baculitic (bak-li-lit'ik), a. Same
as baculite.
baculometry (bak-i-lom’e-tri),
m. [K L. baculum, a staff, H- Gr. -perpta, Kuérpov,
a measure.] The measurement of heights or
distances by means of staves. Phillips.
baculus (bak’ī-lus), m.; pl. baculi (-li). [L.,
more commonly neut. bäculum, a stick, staff,
scepter, etc.; cf. L.L. dim. bacillus (see bacil-
lus); akin to Gr. 86.1 pov, a rod, staff: see bac-
terium.] 1. A divining-rod.—2. A long staff
or crutch upon which worshipers were formerly
allowed to lean during long offices, such as the
psalms.—3. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of crusta-
CO3), Il Ss
badl (bad), a. and m. . [K ME. bad, badde, bad,
'worthless, wicked; without earlier forms or any
obvious cognates, and so perhaps of nursery
origin, arising as a dissimilated form (“ba-da,
*bad-da) of *ba-ba, mod. dial. babbah (G.
bābā), used as an exclamation to warn infants
not to touch or taste something thus indicated
as “bad”: see babe. Cf. na-na, ta-ta, twt-tut,
as used similarly in warning or remonstrance.
A former view makes M.E. badde a generalized
adj. use (with loss of -l, as in ME. muche for
muchel, KAS. mycel, much; M.E. lyte for lytel,
K AS. lytel, little; M.E. wenche for wenchel, K
AS. wencel: see much, mickle, lite, lyte, little, and
wench) of a noun, "baddel, KAS. baeddel (twice,
in glosses), with equiv. deriv. badling (suffix
-ings), an effeminate person, a hermaphrodite.
(Cf. the similar development of the adj. wicked,
ME. wicked, wikked, earlier wicke, wikke, from
the noun AS. wicca, m., a witch, wizard, hence
an evil person: see wickedl.) The word can
have no connection with Goth. bawths, deaf
and dumb, with G. bāse, bad, or with Corn.
bad, Ir. Gael. baodh, foolish, etc. , AS. baeddel,
ME. "baddel, is scarcely found in literature,
but, like other words of similar sense, it may
have flourished in vulgar speech as an indefi-
nite term of abuse, and at length, divested of
its original meaning, emerged in literary use
as a mere adj., badde, equiv. to the older evil.
The adj. first appears at the end of the 13th
century, and does not become common till the
15th century. In high literary use it is com-
paratively rare, as against evil, till the 18th cen-
tury. In the English Bible bad occurs but rarely,
and only in the familiar antithesis with good.]
I. a. ; compar. badder, superl. baddest (but
in literary use worse, worst, as used with evil).
1. Evil; ill; vicious; wicked; depraved:
applied to persons, conduct, character, influ-
ence, etc. : as, a bad man; bad conduct; a
bad life; a bad heart; bad influence, etc.
What will ensue hereof there's none can tell;
But by bad courses may be understood,
That their events can never fall out good.
- Shak., Rich. II, ii. 1.
, Wisest men
Have err'd, and by bad women been deceived.
Milton, S. A., l. 211.
2. Offensive; disagreeable; troublesome; pain-
ful; grievous: as, bad treatment; a bad tem-
per; it is too bad that you had to wait so long.
The old soldiers of James were generally in a very bad
temper. Macaulay.
3. Hurtful; noxious; having an injurious or
unfavorable tendency or effect: with for: as,
bad air or bad food; late hours are bad for the
health; this step would be bad for your reputa-
tion or prospects.
Reading was bad for his eyes; writing made his head
ache. ddison.
4. Ill; in ill health; sick; in unsound condi-
tion : as, to feel bad; to be bad with rheuma-
tism; a bad hand or leg. [Colloq.]
I have been, three days ago, bad again with a spitting
of blood. Sterne, Letters, cvi.
jaigasi














--
Tº:
§
.
bad
5. Not good; defective; worthless; poor; of
no value; as, bad coin; bad debts; a bad soil;
a bad crop; a bad piece of work; bad health.
Perjuries are common as bad pence.
º Cowper, Expostulation.
6., Incorrect; faulty: as, a bad aim; bad Eng-
lish; a bad pronunciation.
Call, if you will, bad rhyming a disease.
Fope, Imit. of Horace, II. ii. 182.
7. Not valid; not sound: as, a bad claim; a
bad plea.
“You had better get a porter's knot, and carry trunks.”
Nor was the advice bad; for a porter was likely to be as
plentifully fed, and as comfortably lodged, as a poet.
Macaulay, Samuel Johnson.
8. Unfavorable; unfortunate: as, bad news;
bad success.
Perplex'd and troubled at his bad success
The tempter stood, nor had what to º
Milton, P. R., iv. 1.
[Bad is the ordinary antithesis of good, in all its senses,
whether positively, “evil,” “harmful,” or negatively, “not
good,' ‘not satisfactory,’ and whether substantively, “being
evil,” or causally, “causing harm.’ The senses run into
one another, the precise application being determined by
the context.]—Bad blood, bad conscience, etc. See the
nouns.—Bad form, conduct not in accordance with good
taste or propriety, or not in keeping with the present
conventional usage ; slightly vulgar; not very refined.
[Slang.]
They are taught that to become emotional or enthusi-
astic over anything is bad form. N. A. Rev., CXLII. 621.
In bad odor. See odor-With a bad grace. See grace.
II. m. That which is bad. (a) A bad condi-
tion: as, to go to the bad (see below). (b) A
bad thing: as, there are bads and goods among
them.—To the bad. (a) To ruin, financial or moral: as,
he and his affairs soon went to the bad. (b) To the wron
side of the account; in arrear or deficit: as, I am now 81
to the bad.
bad? (bad). Preterit of bid.
badak-tapa (bad’ak-tap’ā), n. [Malay.] The
Malay name of the rhinoceros of Sumatra.
badam (bā-dām"), n. [Pers. bādām, almond.]
A species of bitter almond imported into some
parts of India from Persia, and used as money,
with a value of about half a cent,
badaneh (ba-dā’ne), n. The tunic worn by
the Egyptian califs, made of the very finest
quality of linen. The weight of the garment was only
2 ounces, and it is said to have cost 1,000 dinars.
tºº,gbadºer). a. Old comparative of bad.
NS00 000+.
Lewed peple . . . demen gladly to the badder ende.
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 216.
Were it badder, it is not the worst. Ilyly, Euphues.
badderlocks (bad’êr-loks), n. [Supposed, with-
out evidence, to stand for Balder's locks. . Cf.
balder-brae.] A name given in Scotland to
...the edible seaweed Alaria esculenta. The plant is
olive-green, belonging to the order Laminariaceae, and has
a lanceolate frond borne upon a stipe which is continued
into a midrib. The stipe bears ribless leaflets along its
sides. Also called henware, and in the Orkney Islands
h -ware; in parts of Ireland, murlins.
bºides: (bad’est), a. Old Superlative of bad.
See badl.
The baddest among the cardinals is chosen pope.
Sir E. Sandys, State of Religion.
baddish (bad(ish), a. [K badl ---ish.1.]. Some-
what bad; of inferior character or quality.
He wrote baddish verses. Jeffrey.
A snuffy, babbling, baddish fellow.
Carlyle, The Century, XXIV, 24.
baddock (bad’gk), n. . [E. dial. Cf. badock.] A
local English name of the coalfish.
bade (bad), Preterit of bid.
badelaire (ba-de-lär"), n. . [F., formerly bawde-
laire; see badelar.l. In her., a curved sword
or cutlas used as a *;
badelari, n. IK F. badelaire (ML. badelare,
badarellus). Cf. baselard, baslard.] A short
*curved sword. Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais.
badgel (baj), n. [K ME. badge, bagge, bage
(also bagy, early mod. Sc. bagie, badgie, bawgy),
later in ML. bagea, bagia, O.F. bage (rare).
Qrigin unknown; perhaps K.M.L. baga, a ring,
K OS. bāg, bāg = AS. bedig, bedh, a ring, orna-
ment, M.E. beg, beigh, etc., mod. E. bee?, q.v.]
1. A token or cognizance worn in allusion to
the wearer's occupation, position, preferences,
or achievements. The badge in the middle ages was
not necessarily heraldic, though in many cases it was se-
lected from one or more of the heraldic bearings, and it is
not bound by heralds' rules. Thus, the white hart of
Tichard II. is represented in different attitudes, and is not
described in the language of blazon. A figure for a badge
* also be chosen arbitrarily, as the boar of Richard
III. Badges selected as personal tokens have often become
heraldic bearings, as the three feathers of the Prince of
Wales.
His gorgeous collar hung adown
Wrought with the badge of Scotland's crown.
27 Scott, Marmion, v. 8,
badge1 (baj), v. t. ; pret.
4.17
2. A mark, token, or device worn by servants,
retainers, partizans, or followers, as a sign of
their allegiance, or a similar token worn by
members of an association to indicate their
membership.
On his breast a bloodie Crosse he bore,
The deare remembrance of his dying Lord;
For whose sweete sake that glorious badge he wore.
Spenger, F. Q., I. i. 2.
3. The mark or token of anything.
Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge.
Shak., Tit. And.., i. 2.
Zeal for Orthodoxy became a badge of Spanish patriot-
ism after the long º first with Arians, and then
with Moors. H.N. Ozenham, Short studies, p. 387.
4. Naut. : (a) A carved ornament formerly
placed on ships, near the stern, and often con-
taining the representa-
tion of a window. (b) A
mark of good conduct
awarded in the United
States naval service to
Seamen , distinguished
for sobriety and obedi-
ence;—Badge of Ulster, in
her, the ancient distinctive
ensign of the order of baro-
nets. (See baronet.) It is the
ancient badge of the Irish
kingdom of Ulster, and is thus
blazoned: arg., a sinister hand
appaumée, couped at the
Wrist, gules. This may be
borne upon a canton or an in-
escutcheon, and on that part
of the bearer's armorial shield
which is most convenient.
Sometimes called the bloody
hand of Ulster.— Corps
badges, tokens worn by the
different United States army-
corps during the civil war of
1861–65, to distinguish them
One from another.
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Good-conduct Badge, U. S.
Navy.—Pendant of silk : outer
edges, blue; second stripes,
white; center, red. Medal of
bronze. A clasp with name of
ship given for each succeeding
recommendation for good con-
duct, to be worn on the pendant
as in the cut.
and pp. badged, ppr.
badging. [K badgel, m.]
To mark or distinguish
with a badge or as with
a badge. [Rare.]
Their hands and faces were all badg’d with blood.
Shak., Macbeth, ii. 3.
badge” (baj), n. [ME. bagge (bāj), beside
bagge (båg), whence bagl.] 1+. A bag.—2.
An ill-shaped bundle, as of fagots. [Sc.]
badgeºt (baj), v. i. [A back-formation from
badgerº, as peddle from peddler or pedler. See
badger9.1. To hawk for sale; buy up, as pro-
.* for the purpose of selling again; re-
grate.
badgeer, n. See badgir.
badgeless (baj’les), a. [K badgel + -less.] EHav-
ing no badge.
Some badgeless blue upon his back.
Bp. Hall, Satires, iv. 5.
badgeman (baj’man), n. ; pl. badgemen (-men).
[K badgel-H man.] A man who wears a badge;
specifically, in England, an almshouseman: so
called because a special dress or badge is worn
to indicate that the wearer belongs to a par-
ticular foundation.
He quits the gay and rich, the young and free,
Among the badgemen with a badge to be. Crabbe.
badgerl (baj’ér), n. IK badge1, n., + -erl.] A
badgeman; one entitled or required by law to
wear a badge, as the police, licensed porters,
[Early mod. E. also bad-
*and others.
badger? (baj’ér), m.
gerd, lººd (mod. dial. also badget, q.v.), prob. bººed (baj’ér-legd.), a.
K badgel (in allusion to the white stripes on its
forehead) + -ard (reduced to -er) or -erl (ex-
... * '** { A, ºf
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. ºš
w º
European Badger (Meles vulgarfs).
tended to -ard, as in braggard, braggart, for
bragger, standard, a tree, for stander, etc.),
being thus identical with badgerl. Cf. F. blai-
reaw, a badger, OF. blariau, a badger, KOFlem.
badger? (baj’ér), v. t.
badgers (baj’ér), n.
badger-baiting (baj’ér-bā’ting), m.
*ś (baj’ér-ing), m.
In
badgerly (baj’ér-li), a.
badger-plane (baj’ér-plan), m.
badget (baj'et), m.
badget
OD. blaer, bald, blare, blaere, D. blaar, a white
spot on the forehead; cf. also the equiv. name
bauson.] 1. A fossorial plantigrade earnivo-
rous mammal, of the family Mustelidae and sub-
family Melindé. (For its technical characters, see Meli-
moe.) The common European species, to which the name
was first applied, is Meles vulgaris or Meles tazus ; it is
about 2 feet long, of heavy and clumsy shape, low on the
legs, with a short thick tail, a long snout, and long claws
fitted for digging. The general color is grizzled gray, with
dark limbs, and black and white stripes on the head. This
animal inhabits temperate and northerly portions of Eu-
rope and Asia. Its flesh is used as food, its pelt in furri-
ery, and its hair for making shaving-brushes and the kind
of artists' brushes called badgers. In a state of nature
the animal is less fetid than some of the other species.
The American badger, Tazidea americana, resembles the
foregoing, but differs in the dental formula and some other
technical characters; it is a common animal in the western
º
States and Territories, and in some º: as the Missouri
watershed, it is very abundant. The Indian badger is
Arctomya collaris; it is also called sand-bear and bear-pig.
The Javanese skunk (so called from its extreme fetidness),
the teledu or telego, Mydaws meliceps, is a true badger.
See cut under teledw. The ratel, honey-badger, or Cape
badger, Mellivora capensis, is nearly related, though be-
longing to a different subfamily, the Mellivorinae. The
wombat is often called badger in Australia. It is a wide-
spread vulgar error that the legs of the badger are shorter
on one side than on the other; hence, “the unevem-legg'd
badger,” Drayton.
We are not badgers,
For our legs are one as long as the other.
Lyly, Midas, i. 2.
2. (a) An artists' brush made of badgers' hair,
used for blending or causing the pigments to
melt or shade into one another and for impart-
ing smoothness. (b) A flat brush used for re-
moving dust from a polished surface in some
photographic and other chemical operations,
etc.—3. The Lutraria vulgaris, a common con-
chiferous or bivalve mollusk of northern Eu-
rope. It is especially used as bait for the cod.
—4. A sobriquet of a resident of Wisconsin,
called the Badger State, in allusion to the abun-
dance of badgers in it.—Drawing the badger.
Same as badger-baiting.
[K badger?, m.] 1. To
attack, as the badger is attacked when being
drawn or baited; bait; worry; pester.
Inconsistent professors, who seened to have badgered
him [Thomas Cooper] out of Methodism into scepticism.
Caroline Foa, Journal, p. 542.
When one has to be badgered like this, one wants a drop
of something more than ordinary. Trollope, Orley Farm.
2. To beat down in a bargain. [Prov. Eng.]
|Halliwell.–Syn. Pester, Worry, etc. See tease.
[Late M.E. bagger, baggere
(recorded as a surname), bager, prob. lit. (like
L. Saccarius), “who carries a bag,” K bagge,
mod. dial. badge, a dial. form (pron.) of bagge,
mod. E. bagl. Cf. pedder, pedler, peddler, K
ped, a basket, pannier. Hence badge?, v.]
One who buys corn and other provisions to
sell them elsewhere; a hawker; a huckster; a
cadger. Badgers were required to take out a license,
and were under certain legal restrictions as to regrating
or forestalling the market. The word occurs now only in
provincial English use.
A barba-
rous sport formerly common, and still practised
to some extent, generally as an attraction to
public houses of the lowest sort. A badger is put
into a barrel, and one or more dogs are put in to drag him
out. When this is effected he is returned to his barrel,
to be similarly assailed by a fresh set of dogs. The badger
usually makes a most determined and Savage resistance.
Also called drawing the badger.
[K badgerð -- -ingl.]
ngland, the practice of buying corn or vict-
uals in one place and selling them in another
for profit : once restricted by statute. -
[K badger2 +
leg -- -ed Having one leg shorter than the
other: in allusion to the common but erroneous
Supposition that the badger's legs on one side
are shorter than those on the other.
His body crooked all over, big-bellied, badger-legged, and
lmis complexion SWarthy. Sir R. L'Estrange.
[K badger? -- -lyl.]
Badger-like ; grizzled or gray in color.
[K badger? (ap-
par. in allusion to its snout) + plane.] In join-
ery, a hand-plane the mouth of which is cut
obliquely from side to side, so that it can work
close up to a corner in making a rabbet or
sinking.
badger's-bane (baj’èrz-bān), n. A variety of
Wolf's-bane, Acomitum lycoctonum.
[E. dial.; appar., like bad-
ger”, K badgel, in allusion to the white stripes
on the badger's forehead. The same allusion
holds for a cart-horse; cf. ball3.] 1. Same as
badger”, 1.-2. A common name for a cart-
horse. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]







badminton (bad’ min-tgm), m.
'badgir
badgir (bād’gér), n., [Pers. bādgir, K bad, wind,
+ gºr, seizing, catching.]. A wind-catcher or
wind-tower projecting above the roof of a
dwelling, used in Persia and northwestern In-
dia: The badgirs are built like large chimneys, of wicker.
Work and plaster, with openings toward the quarter of the
prevailing, wind ; they are sometimes also made movable
or adjustable. See wind-sail. Also written badgeer.
badiaga (bad-i-à'gã), n. [Russ. badyaga, also
bodyaga..] A small sponge (Spongillā) com-
Imon in the north of É. the powder of
which is used in removing the livid marks of
bruises.
badian, badiane (bā'di-an, -ān), n. IK F. ba-
diame, K. Pers. and Urdu bâdyān, fennel.] The
fruit of Illicium anisatum, º
the Chinese anise-tree. It ~ º
abounds in a volatile oil
which gives it an aromatic
flavor and odor. On account
of its flavor and odor it is
much used in China and India
as a condiment, and is imported
into France for use in flavor-
ing. Badian,
biºgeºn (ba-dijſ Qn), n. [F.; origin unknown.]
1. A mixture of plaster and freestone, ground
together and sifted, used by sculptors to fill the
small holes and repair the defects of the stones
used by them.—2. A mixture of sawdust and
lue, or of whiting and glue, used by joiners to
ll up defects in their work.-3. A prepara-
tion or wash for coloring houses, or for giving
plaster the appearance of stone, consisting of
powdered stone, sawdust, slaked lime, alum, b
and other ingredients.—4. A preparation of
tallow and chalk used by coopers.
badinage (bad-i-nāzh' or bad’i-nāj), m. [F.,
& badiner, jest, make merry, K badin, jesting,
frivolous, K Pr. badar (= F. bayer), gape, KML.
badare, gape : see bay4.] Light playful banter
or raillery.
He seems most to have indulged himself only in an ele-
gant bad image. Warburton.
=Syn. Raillery, banter.
badinerie (ba-dé'ne-ré), m. [F., Kbadiner, jest:
See badimage.] Light or playful discourse;
nonsense; badinage. [Rare.]
The fund of sensible discourse is limited ; that of jest
and badimerie is infinite. Shenstone, Works, II, 240,
badineurt (bad-i-nēr'), m. [F., K badimer, jest:
see badimage.] One who indulges in badinage;
a trifler.
Rebuke him for it, as a divine, if you like it, or as a
badlineur, if you think that more effectual.
Pope, To Swift (Ord M.S.).
badious (bā'di-us), a. [K L. badius, bay: see
bay6.] Of a bay color; reddish-brown; chest-
nut. [Rare.]
badling (bad’ ling), m. [E. dial., appar. K badl
+ -lingl, and not connected directly with AS.
bacdling : see badl..] It. An effeminate or wo-
manish man, N. E. D.—2. A worthless per-
son. Halliwell. [North. Eng.]
badly (bad (li), adv. [ME. badly, baddeliche;
K badl -- -ly?..] In a bad manner. (a) Wickedly;
wrongly; in an evil or an improper manner: as, the boys
behaved badly. (b) Grievously; dangerously; severely:
as, badly wounded. (c) In a manner which falls below a
recognized standard or fair average of excellence; unskil-
fully; imperfectly; defectively; poorly; not well: as, the
work was badly done. (d) Incorrectly; faultily: as, to
speak French badly. (e) Unfortunately; unsuccessfully:
as, the army fared badly.—Badly off. See off.
badmash, m. Same as budmash.
[K Badminton,
in Gloucestershire, England, a seat of the duke
of Beaufort.] 1. An outdoor (and also indoor)
game, similar to lawn-tennis, but played with
shuttle-cocks.-2. A Summer beverage, prop-
erly a claret-cup made with soda-water in-
stead of plain water and flavored with cucum-
ber. [Eng.]
Soothed or stimulated by fragrant cheroots or beakers
of Badminton. israeli, Lothair, xxx. (N. E. D.)
[With or without a capital in either sense.]
badness (bad'nes), n. [K bad 1 + -mess.] The
state of being bad, evil, vicious, depraved,
wrong, improper, erroneous, etc.; want or de-
ficiency of good qualities, physical or moral;
as, the badness of the heart, of the season, of
the roads, etc. See badl. &
“The badness of men,” a Jewish writer emphatically de-
clared, “is better than the goodness of women.”
Lecky, Europ. Morals, II, 357.
badoch (bad’očh), n. . [Sc. Cf. baddock.] A
Scotch and local English name of one of the
jaegers or skua gulls, Stercorarius parasitious, a
predatory marine bird of the family Larida,
bafflh, v. i.
418 -
bads (badz), n. pl. [E. dial.] The husks of
walnuts. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
bael, n. See bel8.
baeta (bā-ā’tā), n. [Pg. baeta, baieta = Sp. ba-
geta, baize: see baize.] A plain woolen stuff
manufactured in Spain and Portugal. Sim-
monds. * ,
Baetis (bé'tis), n. [NL., K.L. Baetis, Gr. Baltic,
a river in Spain, now called Guadalquivir.] A
genus of May-flies, belonging to the order
Ephemerida, typical of the family Baetidae,
containing numerous species with 4 wings
kand 2 sette.
bastyl (bé'til), n. Same as batylus.
baptylus (bé’ti-lus), m. [L., also batulus, betu-
lus, K. Gr. 3attv7.0g, also Battiºlov, a meteoric
stone..] In classical antiq., a stone, whether
meteoric or artificially shaped, which was
venerated as of divine origin, or honored as a
symbol of divinity. Such stones were preferably of
comical form, and sometimes bore certain natural symbols,
as at Emesa; but, especially when meteoric, the form was
not considered material. Thus, the stone preserved on the
omphalos at Delphi, reputed to be the one swallowed by
Kronos (Saturn) through Rhea's stratagem in place of the
infant Zeus (Jove), was of spherical shape. Among the
most celebrated of these sacred stones were those of £a.
phos in Cyprus, of Zeus Kasios at Seleucia, and of Zeus
Teleios at Tegea in Arcadia. See abadir. Also written
betylus, boºtyl, and baitylos. &
[KME. baffen–D. and LG. baffen –
MHö. baffen, beffem, G. baffen, bāfeen = Dan.
bjæffe = Sw, bjebba, bark; appar. imitative. Cf.
dial. buff, bark, and yaff.] To bark; yelp.–
To say neither baff nor bufft, to say nothing.
affº (baf), v. i. [Sc., also º: Cf. OF. baffe
a blow with the back of the hand: see bañej
To beat; strike; specifically, in golf, to hit
the ground with the club immediately before
striking the ball. [Scotch..]
baff? (baf), n. [Sc.: see the verb.] A blow;
a heavy thump.
baff-ends (baf'endz), m. pl. [K baff (dial.), per-
haps for baft, behind (see baft 1), + end.
coal-mining, long wooden wedges for adjusting
tubbing-plates, or cribs, in sinking shafts dur-
ing the operation of fixing the tubbing. Gres-
ley. [Eng.]
bafferi, n. [K baffl + -erl.] A barker.
Houndes for the hauk beth figters and grete baffers.
Bodl. MS., 546. (Halliwell.)
baffeta (baf'e-tā), n. Same as baft?.
baffle (baf'l), v.; pret, and pp. baffled, ppr.
baffling. [First in the 16th century, also written
bafful, baffol; origin uncertain. The senses
point to two or more independent sources: cf.
(1) Sc. bauchle, bachle, disgrace, treat with con-
tempt (see bauchle2); (2) F. bafouer, earlier baf-
fouer, disgrace, revile, scoff at, deceive, befler,
also beffer, deceive, mock, = Pr. bafar = Sp. be-
far = It. º mock, deride; cf. OF. befe,
beffe = Pr. bafa = OSp. bafa Šp. befa = It.
beffa, beffe, mockery; cf. Pr. łaj, an interj. of
disdain; cf. Sc. baffle, a trifle, nonsense, appar.
KOF. beffe, trifling, mockery (see above). Cf.
M.H.G. beffen, bark: see baffl.] I. trans. 1+.
To disgrace; treat with mockery or contumely;
hold up as an object of scorn or contempt;
insult; specifically, to subject to indignities,
as a recreant knight or traitor.
The whole kingdom took notice of me for a baffled,
whipped fellow. Beaw, and Fl., King and No King, iii. 2.
You on your knees have curs'd that virtuous maiden,
And me for loving her; yet do you now
Thus baffle me to my face.
Middleton and Dekker, Roaring Girl, i. 1.
Justice [in “Measure for Measure"] is not merely evad-
ed or ignored or even defied: she is both in the older and
the newer sense of the word directly and deliberately
baffled ; buffeted, outraged, insulted, struck in the face.
Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 203.
2}. To hoodwink; cheat.
Alas, poor fool! how have they baffled thee!
Shak., T. N., v. 1.
3. To circumvent by interposing obstacles or
difficulties; defeat the efforts, purpose, or suc-
cess of; frustrate; check; foil; thwart; dis-
concert; confound: as, the fox baffled his pur-
suers; to baffle curiosity or endeavor.
To paint lightning, and to give it no motion, is the
doom of the baffled artist.
I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., II. 239.
Calculations so difficult as to have baffled . . . the most
enlightened nations. Prescott.
I never watched Robert in my life but my scrutiny was
presently baffled by finding he was watching me.
Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, xv.
4. To beat about, as the wind or stray cattle
do standing grain or grass; twist irregularly
together. = Syn. 3. Foil, Thwart, etc. Seefrustrate.
baffling (baf'ling), p. a.
bafflingly (baf' ling-li), adv.
bag
II, intrans, 1}. To practise deceit; shuffle,
quibble.
Do we not palpably baffle when, in respect to God, we
E. to deny ourselves, yet, upon urgent occasion, al.
ow him nothing? Barrow, Works, I. 437.
2. To struggle ineffectually; strive in vain:
as, the ship º with the gale;—8. In coal-
mining, to brush out or mix fire-damp with air,
# to such an extent as to render it non-explosive.
baffle (baf']), n., [K baffle, v.], 1}. Disgrace;
affront.—2+. Defeat; discomfiture.
It is the skill of the disputant that keeps off a bag;
O?!,
3. Same as baffler, 2. -
bafflement (baf’l-ment), n. ſº baffle + -ment.]
The state of being baffle , frustrated, or
thwarted in one's endeavors; want of success
after repeated attempts. [Rare.]
Associated in his mind with bafflement and defeat.
. S. Blackie, Self-Culture, p. 99.
baffle-plate (baf'l-plat), m. A metal plate used
to direct the flames and gas of a furnace to
different parts of a steam-boiler, so that all
ortions of it will be evenly heated; a de-
th.
ector.
baffler (baf’lér), n. 1. One who or that which
baffles.—2. A partition in a furnace so placed
as to aid the convection of heat; a baffle-plate.
Rankine, Steam Engine, $ 304. Also baffle.—
3. In coal-mining, the lever with which the
throttle-valve of a winding-engine is worked.
[North Staffordshire, ;
f .* ; ;
certing; confusing; perplexing: as, a baffling
wind, that is, one #. frequently shifts from
one point to another.
In a baffling
In 8 DIOleI’.
bafflingness (baf'ling-nes), m. The quality of
baffling. e
baff-week (baf'wék), n
... [E. dial., K baff, per-
haps for baft, behind (see baft 1), + week.]". In
coal-mining, the week next after pay-week,
#. wages are paid once a fortnight. [Eng.]
al,
-Spoon (baf’i-spén), n. A wooden club
with a short shaft and very much lofted in the
face, used in golf for playing approaches.
W. Park, Jr.
baftl (bāft), adv, and prep. [KME. baft, bafte,
baftem, biºften, KAS. baeftam, beaftan, be aftan,
K be, by, + aftan, aft: see be-2 and aft, and cf.
abaft.] I. adv. Behind; in the rear; mawt.,
abaft. [Archaic.]
II.f prep. Behind.
baft2, bafta (baft, baf'tā)
baftáh, baffeta, boffeta; K Hind. Šáña, a kind of
cotton cloth, bāft, weaving, a web, K Pers. baft,
wrought, woven.] A fine cotton fabric of Ori-
ental manufacture; especially, a plain muslim,
of which the Surat manufacture is said to be
the best. The bafts of Dacca in British India are an
inferior quality of the muslins made in that district, and
are said to be manufactured from European thread. ...The
name is also given to similar fabrics made in Great Britain.
n... [Formerly also
*Also baffeta.
bag! (bag), n. [Also bagg, bagge; M.E. bagge,
connected with Icel. baggi, a bundle, a pack,
OF. bague, a bundle, pl. bagues, bundles, bag-
gage, Pr, baga (also bagua, from F.), baggage,
It. dial. baga, a skin bag for oil, etc., also the
belly; origin unknown. Some assume, against
phonetic conditions, a connection with Goth.
balgs, a wine-skin, - OHG. balg, M.H.G. balc,
G. balg, a skin, = D. balg, skin, belly, = AS.
balg, belg, baºlig, belig, a bag, X mod. E. belly
and bellows: see belly, where other forms are
given, and bellows.] 1. A portable receptacle
or repository of leather, cloth, paper, or other
flexible material, capable of being closed at
the mouth; a small sack; a wallet; a pouch:
as, a flour-bag; a carpet-bag or traveling-
bag; a mail-bag. Specifically –2. A purse or
money-bag. sº
He was a thief, and had the bag. John xii. 6.
3+. A small silken pouch in which the back hair
of the wig was curled away.
A bob wig and a black silken bag tied to it. Addisor.
4. What is contained in a bag; in hunting, the
animals bagged or obtained in an expedition
or a day's sport.
The bag is not the sole aim of a day afield.
w Forest and Stream, XXI. 2.
5. A sac or receptacle in animal bodies con-
taining some fluid or other substance as, the
honey-bag of a bee.—6. An udder.
The cow is sacrificed to her bag, the ox to his sirloin.
#: Eng. Traits, p. 99.

... * , '.. -- , . "
* + . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . bag
‘7. §. The stomach. [Scotch and north. Eng.]
—8, pl. Trousers. . [Vulgar..]—9. The middle
part of a º haul-seine: the two parts on the
sides are called wings.-10. A flue in a porce-
lain-oven which ascends on the inner side, and
enters the oven high up, so as to heat the upper
part.—11. A customary measure of capacity,
generally from 2 to 4 bushels.-12. coal-
"mining, a quantity of fire-damp suddenly given
off from the coal; also, the cavity from which
the gas is emitted: formerly used to include
cavities containing a large amount of water.
—Bag and baggage, all one's belongings or property:
originally a military phrase.
Come, shepherd, let us make an honourable retreat;
though not with bag and baggage, yet with scrip...and
Scrippage. ‘gſ: As you Like it, iii. 2.
Bag and spoon, an arrangement used in dredging for
river-sand, "It consists of a bag attached by the mouth
to an iron hoop which is fastened to a long pole, by means
of which it is sunk to the bottom of the river and dragged
along so that the bag is filled.—Bag of bones, a very
lean person or animal. [Humorous.]
Such a limping bag of bones as I was I)ickens.
Bag of foulness, in a coal-seam, a cavity filled with fire-
:#dff; bear the bag, to carry the purse; have com-
mand of the money.
These are court-admirers
And ever echo him that tears the §
Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, i. 2.
To bring to bag. See bring.—To give one the bag.
See to give one #. under back. º; To leave one with-
out warning. (b) To dismiss one from one's service. Bun-
yan. [Colloq. or dial.] (cf) To cheat. Webster.—To leave
OT º one the bag to hold, to leave one in the lurch.-
#To let the cat out of the bag. See cat.1.
bagl (bag), v.; pret. and pp. bagged, ppr. bag-
{*. [KME. baggen, intrans.; from the noun.
loosely like a bag. -
His frill and neck-cloth hung limp under his bagging
- waistcoat. Thackeray.
8t. To grow big with child.
Then Venus shortly bagged, and
Ere long was Cupid bred.
Warner, Albion's England, vi. 148.
II. trans. 1. To put into a bag; as, to bag
hops.-2. To distend like a bag; swell.
How doth an unwelcome dropsy *g up his eyes.
- Bp. Hall, Works, II. 408.
3. To secure as game; shoot, entrap, or other-
wise lay hold of: as, to bag thirty brace of
grouse.
The disputes of Italians are very droll things, and I will
accordingly bag the one which is now imminent as a
specimen. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 245.
4. To make off with; steal. [Colloq.]
bag? (bag), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bagged, ppr.
bagging. [E., dial. also badge; a particular
use of bagi, v.] To cut (pease, beans, grain, etc.)
with a reaping-hook or seythe. [Prov. Eng.]
The corn is either mown, or reaped, or bagged. In
"bagging,” as it is called, a heavy hook is used.
Gardener'8 and Farmer's Wade Mecum, II. 123. N. E. D.
bagana (ba-gā’īnā), n. [Abyssinian.] An
Abyssinian musical instrument resembling a
#. with ten strings, sounding five notes and
their octaves.
Bagariinae Gºś m. pl. [NL., K. Baga-
rius + -inae.] subfamily of Silurida, having
the head naked above, and the anterior anā
Fº nostrils close together with a barbel
etween them. It contains about 20 species of Asiatic
and East Indian catfishes, mostly of small size, some of
which are provided with a sucking-disk. Also written
Bagarina. * : * @
Bagarius (ba-gā’ri-us), n. [NL. Cf. Bagrus.]
Agenus of catfishes, typical of the subfamily
Pagariinae.
The first appearance of Siluroids is indicated by some
fossil remains in the tertiary deposits of the highlands
of Padang, in Sumatra, where Pseudotropius and Bagarius,
types well represented in the living fauna, have been found.
- Dr. A. Günther, Study of Fishes.
bagº (ba-gas"), n, [= F. bagasse, also bagace,
KSp. bagazo (= Pg. bagaço), the refuse of sugar-
cane, grapes, olives, etc., which have been
ressed, prob. a dial, var. of bagage, trash,
umber, baggage: see baggagel and ºl.
The sugar-cane after it has been crushed and
the juice extracted; came-trash. It is used as fuel
in heating the boilers and pans in the sugar-manufactory,
and sometimes as manure. Also called bagazo, megass,
and mega 886,
When they have finished grinding the cane, they form .
the refuse of the stalks (which they call bagasse) into great
piles and set fire to them.
¥ S. L. Clemens, Life on the Mississippi, p. 136.
bº. (bag-a-tel'), m. [Formerly also baga-
tel, baggatelle (also bagatello), K. F. bagatelle =
Sp. bagatela = Pg. bagatella, K ft. bagattella, dim.
of dial. bagatta, bagata, a trifle, prob. KML. baga
bagazo (bá-gā‘thé), n.
- 419
(It. dial. baga, OF. bague), a bundle: see bagl
and haggagºrj i. A trifle ; a thing of no im-
portance.
Heaps of hair rings and ºrd seals; *
Rich trifles, serious bagatelles. Prior.
There is a pleasure arising from the perusal of the very
bagatelles of men renowned for their knowledge and ge-
nius. ' Goldsmith, Criticisms,
The [cremation] furnace can not be erected in this coun-
try for less than from three to five thousand dollars—a
mere bagatelle compared with the cost of some of our
cemeteries. Pop. Sci, Mo., XXII. 862.
2. A game played on a table having at one
end nine holes, into which balls are to be
struck with a billiard-cue.
bagatelle-board (bag-a-tel’bórd), n. A porta-
ble board on which bagatelle is played.
bagatelle-table (bag-a-telſtä"bl), n. A table
on which bagatelle is played.
bagatinet, n. [K It. bagattino: see bagattino.]
Same as bagattino.
Expect no lower price, for by the banner of my front, I
will not bate a bagatine. B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1.
bagattino (båg-āt-té'nó), n. ; pl. baggatini (-nē).
[It., dim. of dial. bagatta, a trifle: see bagatelle.]
A copper coin of Venice, worth about half a
cent.
baggie
I. n. 1. A worthless person, especially a worth-
less woman; a strumpet.
A spark of indignation did rise in her not to suffer such
a baggage to win away anything of hers. Sir P. Sidney.
You are a baggage, and not worthy of a man.
Shirley, Love Tricks, i. 1.
2. A playful, saucy young woman; a flirt:
usually in conjunction with such qualifying
words as cunning, sly, 8aucy, etc. [Familiar.]
Tell them they are two arrant little baggages, and that
I am this moment in a most violent passion with them.
Goldsmith, Vicar, xxviii.
II. a. Worthless; vile: said of persons: as,
a baggage fellow.
baggage-car (bag' 3.j-kār), n. A railroad-car
built for heavy loads and high speed, and used
for carrying the baggage of the passengers on
a train. #. S. and Canada.]
baggage-check (bag’āj-chek), n. A tag or label
to be attached to each article of a traveler's
baggage, indicating its destination, and also
usually the point of departure and the company
which issues it. A duplicate is given to the traveler,
on the presentation of which the baggage can be reclaim-
ed. [U. S. and Canada.]
baggaged (bag’ājd), a. [E. dial., appar. K bºff-
gage1 + -ed 2.] Mać ; bewitched.” [Prov. Engj
bagaty º n. [Also baggety; origin not baggageman (bag’āj-man), n. ; pl. baggagement
ascertaine A name of the female lumpfish,
Cyclopterus lumpus.
[Sp., - Pg. bagaço :
see bagasse.] Same as bagasse.
bag-clasp (bagſkläsp), n. A clasp for closing
the mouth of a bag; a bag-fastener.
bag-fastener (bagſfäs/nér), m. A device made
f Wi ſº to... for closing th ths baggagert (bag’āj-er), n.
intrans. 1. To swell or bulge.—2. To *; twine, rope, etc., for closing the mouths baggagert (bag’āj-er),
bag-filler (bag'fil’ér), n. A funnel used in fill-
ing bags.
bag-filter (bag'fil’tér), n. A filter used in
sugar-refining to clear saccharine solutions of
feculencies and impurities suspended in them.
It consists of a series of sieves or strainers through which
the solutions pass into one or more cotton bags, whence
the juice drips into a receiver.
bag-fox (bag'foks), n. A fox kept in confine-
ment, and slipped from a bag when no other
game for a hunt can be had.
To have a sort of bag-foa: to turn out, when fresh game
cannot be had. Miss Ferrier, Inheritance, I. x.
bagful (bag'fül), n. [K bag1 + full.] As much
as a bag will hold, of whatever size: as, three
bagfuls of wool.
baggage1 (bag’āj), m. and a... [KME. baggage, bag-
age, KOF. bagage, baggage, esp. of an army, also
the baggage-train, including the attendants,
mod. F. bagage, baggage (= Pr. bagatge = Sp.
bagage, baggage, esp. of an army, a beast of
burden, formerly also refuse, lumber, trash, =
Pg. bagagem, baggage, carriage; cf. It. bagaglia,
bagaglie, baggage), KOF, baguer, tie up, pack
up, truss up (mod. F. baguer, baste), K bague, a
bundle, pack, usually in pl. bagues, baggage, be-
1ongings: see bagland-age. Cf. baggagº I. m.
1. The bags, trunks, valises, satchels, packages,
etc., and their contents, which a traveler re-
quires or takes with him on a journey: now usu-
ally called luggage in Great Britain. In law, bag-
gage includes whatever the passenger takes with him for
his personal use or convenience, according to the habits or
wants of the particular class to which he belongs, with
reference either to the immediate necessities or to the ulti-
mate purpose of the journey. (Chief Justice Cockburn.)
Mounting the baronet's baggage on the roof of the
coach. Thackeray.
Having dispatched my baggage by water to Altdorf,
Coace, b
We were told to get our baggage in order and embark
for quarantine. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 18.
Specifically—2. The portable equipment, in-
cluding the tents, clothing, utensils, and other
necessaries, of an army or other moving body
of men; impedimenta.—3+. Trash; rubbish;
refuse.
In the stomacke is engendered great abundance of
Inaughty baggage and hurtfull phlegme.
- Touchstome of Compleasions, p. 118.
*f; d ba ; See bagl.
.# a. Trashy; rubbishy; refuse; worthless.
baggage? (bag’āj), m. and a. [Prob. a particu-
lar use of baggagel in sense 3; but the form
and sense agree closely with F. bagasse, strum-
pet, also bajasse, baiasse = Pr. baguassa, prob.
K Sp. bagasa (obs.) = Pg. bagawa = It. bagascia,
a strumpet; of uncertain origin; associated
with, and perhaps a particular use of, OF, ba-
gasse, Sp. bagazo, etc., refuse, trash, which is,
again, prob, a var. (in Sp.) of bagage, baggage:
see baggagel and bagasse. But there are indi-
cations of two or more independent sources.]
baggage-master (bag’āj-mâs’tēr), n.
bagged (bagd), p. a.
bagger (bag’ér), n.
(-men). A man who handles baggage; espe-
cially, one who carries or throws it into a bag-
gage-car.
An offi-
cer of an express, railroad, or steamship com-
pany whose duty is to look after the baggage
intrusted to the company's care.
[K baggagel + -erl.]
me who carries baggage; specifically, one who
assists in carrying the baggage of an army.
The whole camp fled amain, the victuallers and bag-
gagers forsaking their camps.
Raleigh, Hist. of World, FII. x. § 3.
baggage-truck (bag’āj-truk), n. A hand-truck
for transferring baggage at a railroad Station,
passenger wharf, etc.
baggala (bag'a-lâ), m. [Marathi bagalà, bagld.]
A two-masted boat used for trading in the
Baggala.- From model in South Kensington Museum, London.
Indian ocean, between the Malabar coast and
the Red Sea. Large numbers of baggalas trade between
Muscat, the Red Sea, and India, making one voyage each
way annually with the monsoons. They are generally of
from 200 to 250 tons burden, are exceedingly weatherly,
and are remarkable for the elevation of the stern, which
is highly ornamented. Also bagla and buggalow.
agget, v. . [ME., found only twice, in the ap-
parent sense of “squint,’ or “look aside'; adv.
baggingly, q. v. Origin obscure.] A word of
doubtful meaning, probably, to squint or look
aside.
False fortune . . . that baggeth foule, and looketh faire.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, l. 621.
1. Hanging in bags or
slack folds.
In a robe of russet and white mixt, full and bagged.
B. Jomson, Masque of Beauty.
2. Provided with bags.-3. Retained in the
bags, after filtration: applied to crude sperm
or other matter remaining in the filtering-bags
after the process of bagging.
[K bagl, v., + -erl. Only
modern : see etym. of beggar, and cf. badgers.]
One who bags or incloses in a bag.
baggety (bagſe-ti), n. See bagaty.
baggie (bag’i), n. [Sc., dim. of bagi. Cf.belly.]
The belly.
A guid New-year I wish thee, Maggie
Hae, there's a ripp to thy auld baggie.
Burns, Farmer to his Auld Mare Maggie.


baggily
baggily (bag’i-li), adv. In a loose or baggy way.
bagginess (bag’i-nes), n. [K baggy + -ness.]
The state or quality of being baggy. -
There was a bagginess about the trousers which indi-
cated the Work-a-day costume of a man of might.
Yºr National Baptist, XVIII. 6.
baggingl (bag’ing), n. [Verbal n. of bagl.] 1.
The act of putting into bags.-2. Filtration
through canvas bags.
Separation of “brown paraffin scale” is effected by bag-
ging and pressing. Ure, Dict., III. 511.
The first operation needed to fit spermaceti for use is
technically termed bagging. The crude sperm oil, as
brought in by the whalers, is placed in a reservoir, at the
bottom of which are a number of pipes leading into long
bags lined with linem, and temporarily closed at the bot-
tom by tying cords round the mouths.
W. L. Carpenter, Soap and Candles, p. 241.
3. Any coarse woven fabric of hemp, etc., out
of which bags are made, or which is used for
covering cotton-bales and for similar purposes.
—4. In the northern counties of England, food
eaten between regular meals; now, especially
in Lancashire, an afternoon meal, “afternoon
tea’’ in a substantial form. N. E. D.
bagging? (bag’ing), m. [Verbal n. of bag?..] A
method of reaping corn or pulse by chopping
it with a hook.
bagginglyt, adv. [ME., K bagge, q.v.] With a
leering expression. Rom. of the Rose.
bagging-time (bag’ing-tim), n. [E. dial., K
bagging + time.] Lunch-time.
baggit (bag'it), m. [Sc., prop. p. a., - E.
bagged.] A female salmon after spawning.
baggy (bag’i), a. [K bagl + -y1.] Having the
appearance of a bag; bulging out loosely like a
bag; puffy: as, a baggy umbrella; a baggy face.
We untwisted our turbans, kicked off our baggy trow-
SeRS. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 106.
He looked like a Hindoo idol, with his heavy-lidded orbs
and baggy cheeks.
T. B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 204.
bag-holder (bagſhöl"dēr), m. A contrivance
for supporting a bag and holding it open dur-
ing the process of filling it.
Bagimont's Roll. See roll.
baglo, bagla, n. See baggala.
'bag-machine (bag"ma-shën"), m.
for making paper bags.
bagman (bag’man), m.; pl. bagmen (-men).
One who carries a bag; especially, one who
travels on horseback carrying samples orwares
in saddle-bags: a name formerly given to com-
mercial travelers, but now used only as a term
of moderate contempt.
[F.]
bagne (F. pron, bany), n.
bagmio, 3.
bag-net (bag'net), m. An interwoven net in
the form of a bag for catching or landing fish.
bagnet (bag'net), m. An obsolete or dialectal
form of bayonet.
bagnio (ban'yö), m. [Early mod. E. also bagno,
banio, K It. bagmo (> F. bagne in sense 3) = Sp.
baño = F. bain (see bain?), K. L. balneum, a bath:
see balneum.] 1. A bath; a house for bathing,
cupping, sweating, and otherwise cleansing the
A machine
Same as
body.—2. A brothel; a stew.—3. In the Turk-
ish empire, a prison in general; in France, for-
merly, one of the great prisons (bagnes) substi-
tuted for the galleys, now superseded by trans-
portation: perhaps so calledfrom theformeruse
of ancient baths in Constantinople as prisons.
Bagnolian (bag-nóſli-an), 77. [From Bagnols,
in the department of Gard, France, where the
heresy had its rise.] . One of a sect of French
heretics of the eighth century, who rejected
the whole of the Old and part of the New Tes-
tament, and generally held the doctrines of the
Manicheans.
the thirteenth century to some of the
They were also called
Bagnolenses.
bag-nut (bag'nut), m.
The bladder-nut of Eu-
rope, Staphylea pin-
ta.
athari.
7? (170.
'bagonet (bag’º-net), n.
[Cf. bagnet.] An ob-
solete or dialectal form
of bayonet.
bagpipe (bag' pip), n.
[ME. baggepipe; K bagi
+ pipe.] A musical
wind-instrument Con-
sisting of a leathern
bag, which receives the
air from the mouth, or
from bellows, and of
pipes, into which the
{\;==-
--->
Old English Bagpipe.
bagpiper (bagſpi"për), m.
bag-press (bag' pres), n. A press
The name was again º: in
420
air is pressed from the bag by the performer's
elbow. It originated in the East, was known to the
Greeks and Romans, was popular in Europe throughout
the middle ages, and is still used in Imany eastern coun-
tries, as well as among the country people of Poland,
Italy, the south of France, and in Scotland and Ireland.
Though now often regarded as the national instrument of
Scotland, especially Celtic Scotland, its origin and use
seem to belong to the Celtic race in general. In its best-
known form it has four pipes. One of these, called the
chanter, has a double reed and eight finger-holes, so that
melodies may be played upon it. Its compass may be ap-
proximately indicated thus:
ſ) I -- a fº
*=ºm ======
−z−s-p-r-ţ-p t- T
e/ l P-—l
There are three other pipes, called dromes, with a single
reed, which give a continuous sound, and are tumed in
various ways. There are several kinds of bagpipes, as
the Scotch (Highland and Lowland), which is the most
important, most characteristic, best known, and perhaps
the oldest; the English, or perhaps more properly North-
umbrian, a feeble instrument, no longer in use ; and the
Irish, which is the most elaborate and most in accordance
with modern ideas of musical accuracy. The word is now
used chiefly in the plural, especially in Scotland. -
bagpipe (bag' pip), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bagpiped,
ppr. bagpiping. [K bagpipe, n.] To cause to
resemble a bagpi
gplpe.—To bagpipe the mizzen
(mawt.), to lay it aback by bringing its sheet to (its weather
Tigging).
[ME. baggepipere; K
bagpipe -- -erl.] One who plays on a bagpipe.
Laugh, like parrots, at a bagpiper. Shak., M. of V., i. 1.
in which the materials to be
pressed are inclosed in sacks or
bags of limen or hair. It is used in
various manufacturing processes, as in
the expressing of oil from seeds.
bag-pudding (bag'pud'ing), m. A
pudding boiled in a bag.
bag-pump (bag'pump), n. A form
of bellows-pump in which there
is an elastic bag, distended at in-
tervals by rings, fastened at one
end to the bottom of the piston-
chamber, and at the other to the
valve-disk.
B.Agr. An abbreviation of Bach- T.
elor of Agriculture, a title conferred by agricul-
tural colleges. See bachelor.
bagrationite (ba-grä'shgn-it), n. [After P. R.
Bagration: see -ite2.] A mineral from the
Ural, resembling some forms of allanite, of
which it is probably a variety.
|bag-reef (bag’réf), n. The lowest reef of a
fore-and-aft sail, or the first reef of a topsail.
Bagrinae (ba-griſné), m. pl. . [NL., K. Bagrus +
-imaº.] A subfamily of catfishes, of the family
Silurida’. They have the anterior and posterior nos-
trils remote from one another, the latter being provided
with barbels; palatal teeth; gill-membranes free from the
isthmus; a short anal fin; a long adipose fin; and a short
dorsal fin in front of the ventral fins. There are many
species, mostly Asiatic and East Indian. -
bag-room (bag’röm), n. A room on a man-of-
war where the clothing-bags of the crew are
stored. Luce. * º
Bagrus (bagºrus), n. . [NL., K. Sp. Pg. bagre,
a fish, Silurus bagre.] The typical genus of
catfishes of the subfamily Bagrimaº. Two spe-
cies, attaining a length of 5 or 6 feet, are found
in the Nile.
Bagshot beds. See bed1.
bag-trousers (bag'trou’zērz), m. pl. The cover-
ing for the legs worn by men in the Levant, and
to a certain extent by all Mohammedan peoples.
It consists of an undivided bag with two holes in the bot-
tom, through which the feet are passed. It is drawn up
with a cord, and tied around the waist and around the
ankles, or above them, and is commonly so full as nearly
to reach the ground in falling over the feet. The trousers
of the women are more commonly made with two legs,
like European drawers or trousers. See getticoat-trowsers
Bag-pump.
a, valved disk
which takes the
lace of the
ucket.
a wand, rod, stick, K.It. bacchetta, a rod, stick,
dim. of bacchio, a rod, pole, K L. baculum, a
rod, stick: see jº
convex semicircular molding: usually called
when plain a bead, when enriched with foliage
a chaplet. -
bag-wig (bag"wig), n. A wig the back hair of
which was inclosed in a bag. See bagl, 3.
Expect at every turn to come upon intriguing spectres
in bag-wigs, immense hoops and patches.
Howells, Venetian Life, xxi.
bagwigged (bag"wigd), a. Wearing a bag-wig.
bag-worm (bag’wërm), n., . The larva of a
*lepidopterous insect, Thyridopterya, ephemera:-
formis (Harris), common throughout the more
inorthern part of the United States. The larva is
called bag-worm because it spins a silken bag for its pro-
[K F. baguette,
In arch., a small
bahut
tection, and moves with it hanging downward; it has
also received the names basket-worm, drop-worm, etc. The
male insect has well-developed Wings, but the female is
apterous, and lays her eggs within the puparium.
Bag-worm (Thyridopteryx ephemera/ormis), larva and moths,
€
natural size.
a, larva ; 8, male chrysalis; c, female moth; d, male moth ; e, fe-
male chrysalis in bag (sectional view); /, caterpillar and bag; £,
very young caterpillars in their bags.
bah (bā), interj. [K F. bah, interj. of contempt.]
An exclamation expressing contempt, disgust,
or incredulity.
. Twenty-five years ago the vile ejaculation bah 1 was ut- .
terly unknown to the English public. e Quincey.
bahadur (ba-hā’dör), m. [Hind. bahādur, brave,
gallant; as a noun, a hero, champion.] A
title of respect or honor given to distinguished
natives, commonly affixed to all Indian titles
as well as to the names of European officers in
Indian documents. It may be compared to the phrase
“gallant officer” of parliamentary courtesy, or the “illus-
trissimo, signore” of the Italians. The title ‘bahadur'
was conferred as a title of honor by the Great Mogul, and
also by other native princes. Yule and Burmell, Anglo-
Ind. Glossary.
Bahaism (bā-hā'izm), n. An outgrowth of
Babism. It lays stress on practical and ethi-
cal elements in preference to the refinements
of pantheistic or metaphysical Fº
It derives its name from Baha’u’llah (‘The Splendor of
God’), the title of Mirza Husayn Ali (d. at Acre 1892), who
in 1863 proclaimed himself to be the expected leader pre-
dicted in Babist writings. He was succeeded as leader by
his son Abdul Baha. -
Bahama grass, Sponge, etc. See the nouns.
bahar (ba-hār"), i. [Also baar, barr, barre; KAr.
bahār.] An Eastern measure of weight.
bahut1 (ba-höt'), n. [F., formerly also bahu,
bahus, bahuge (= Fr. baud = Pg. bahi,bahúl =
Sp. baúl-It. baule), a chest, trunk, with arched
top, prob. K MHG, behuot, behut, a keeping,
; a magazine, K behuoten, behiieten, G.
ehiiten, £ee , guard, K be- (=E. be-1) + OHG.
huoten, M.H.G. hitetem, G. hiten, keep, = E. heed,
q. v.] 1. A chest, often with an arched or con-
vex top, and frequently covered with leather,
richly carved, or otherwise ornamented. Such
fº
"Yº-.º
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S&ºtſ ºf Jºº Kºº. "...] ... I &
§º;
Sº §§ #º ſº. º
Sºº §§ º º gºs º
W >5ºgº lºº º
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º
- ,, ...A. º. S.ſ.º.º.º.º. - ..., S. Sºº, ºss Nºs., , (; . . . . . ." .
s 2.2 zººs'sRºssº, Sãº
Bahut.— French 16th century work. (From “L’Art pour Tous.”)
chests were a universal and very important article of fur-
niture during the medieval and Renaissance periods.
2. An ornamental cabinet, especially one hav-
ing doors. See cabinet.— 3 arch. : (a) The
convex crowning course of a wall or parapet.
Victor Gay. (b) In great medieval buildings,
a low wall supporting the roof behind the gut-


















































, - bahut -
ter, and balustrade or parapet crowning the
main Walls. This wall serves both to prevent infiltra-
tion of water from heavy storms and to protect the lower
part of the roof-covering from damage which the use of
§gutters as passages would be likely to cause. Viollet-
6- L'/C. - i.
bahut”, n. [K.F. bahutte. Cf. bahuti.] Adress
for masquerading; a domino. N. E. D.
Baianism (bā’yanizm), n., [From Michel Baius,
or de Bay, its inthoj A system of religious
opinions, regarded as an anticipation of Jan-
senism, found in part, or constructively in the
writings of Baius (Michel de Bay, 1513–1589)
of the University of Louvain. As condemned by
Pius V, and Gregory XIII., its chief points are: that ori-
ginal º: was an integral part of human nature
before the fall, not an additional gift of God; that Adam
could have merited eternal life as a matter of strict jus-
tice; that man as fallen was mutilated in nature and capa-
ble of sin only; and that all works are sinful unless done
from pure love of God. Baius submitted to the condem-
nation of his doctrines.
baidak (bi’dāk), n., [Russ. bałdak.]. A river-
boat used on the Dnieper and its affluents. It
is from 100 to 150 feet long, and will carry from 175 to 250
tons. It has generally one mast and one large sail.
baidar, bidar (bi’dār), n. [K Russ. baidara.
Cf. baidarka.] A canoe used in the Aleutian
and Kurile islands in the pursuit of otters and
whales. ..It is from 18 to 25feet long, covered with hides,
and propelled by from 6 to 12 paddles.
baidarka, bidarka, öß), m. [Russ.
g K
Kaniagmut paithak, paithalik.j" The seatskin
boat of the Alaskan Eskimo.
Amer. Ind.
baiet, n. and a.
etc.
baierine (bi’e-rin), n. IK G. Baiern, Bavaria,
+ -ine?..] A name given by Beudant to colum-
bite obtained in Bavaria.
baiest, n. An obsolete form of baize.
baignet, n. and v. See bain?.
baignoire (bā-nwor'), m. [F., a bath-tub, a box
in a theater, K baigner, bathe: see baim?..] . A
box in a theater on the same level as the stalls.
Sometimes written baignoir.
The twelve º and the thirty-six boxes of the
second tier are left at the disposal of the manager.
Harper's Mag., LXVII. 884.
baikalite (bi'kal-it), n. IK Baikal (Bačakhal,
said to mean “abundant water’), a lake in south-
ern Siberia, + -ite2.] A dark-green variety of
pyroxene, occurring in crystals with a lamellar
structure like that of salite near Lake Baikal
in southern Siberia. -
baill (bâl), n. [Sometimes improp. bale; earl
mod. E. bail, bayle, KME. bayle, beyl, prob. K º
*begel, *bygel (not recorded; cf. byge, a bend,
turn, bedh (>E. bee?), a ring) (=D. beugel, a hoop,
ring, bow, stirrup, handle, - MLG. bogel, bog-
gel, ić. bögel, a bow, ring, - G. biegel, bigel, a
bow, bent piece of wood or metal, stirrup, =
Dan, bějle, a bow, bar, boom-iron, = Sw. bāgel,
bygel, a bow, hoop, ring, stirrup, — Icel. bygill, a
stirrup); with formative -el, K bigan (pp. bogen)
(= G. biegen – Icel. bfüga, etc.), bow, bend, in
part from the causative jgan, higan, M.E. bei-
gem, beien, etc., mod. E. dial, bay (= G. beugen
= Icel. beygja, etc.: see bay8), bend: see bowl,
v., and cf. bow?, m.] 1. A hoop or ring; a piece
of wood, metal, or other material bent into the
form of a circle or half-circle, as a hoop for sup-
porting the tilt of a boat, the cover of a wagon
or cradle, etc. Specifically—2. The hoop form-
- ing the handle of a kettle or bucket.—3. One
of the iron yokes which serve to suspend a life-
car from the hawser on which it runs.—4. A
stout iron yoke placed over heavy guns and fit-
ting closely over the ends of the trunnions, to
which it is attached by pins in the axis of the
trunnions: used to raise the gun by means of
the gin. Farrow, Mil. Encyc.—5. An arched
support of a millstone,—6ł. A wooden canopy
formed of bows. Halliwell.
baill (bâl), v. t. [K baill, n.] To provide with
a bail; hoop.
.bail2 (bâl), v. t. [K ME. *baylen, K OF. bailler,
baillier, bailier = Pr: bailar, carry, conduct, con-
trol, receive, keep in custody, give, deliver, K
L. bajulare, bear a burden, carry, M.L. also
conduct, control, rule, K bajulus, a bearer, car-
rier, porter, in ML. (> It. bailo, balio = Pg. bailio
: $; fºr baileº of bail, with Miſſ reflex
baillus, balius, etc.) a governor, administrator,
tutor, guardian, fem. bajula (XOF. baille, etc.,
Mi. Heflex baila , a governess, nurse. In E. the
verb, in its customary senses, is rather from
the noun: see bail2, n.] 1. In law: (a) To de-
liver, as goods, without transference of owner-
ship, on an agreement, expressed or implied,
Handbook of
Obsolete form of bay1, bay2,
421
that they shall be returned or accounted for.
. See bailment,
If cloth be delivered (or in our legal dialect, bailed) to a
tailor to make a suit of clothes.
and imprisonment, upon security given that the
person bailed shai appear and answer in court
or satisfy the judgment given: applied to the
action of the magistrate or the surety. The ma-
gistrate is said to bail a person (or to admit him to bail)
when he liberates him from arrest or imprisonment, upon
bond given with sureties. The surety is also said to bail
the person whose release he procures by giving the bond.
Tit. Let me be their bail. . . .
Sat. Thou shalt not bail them.
Shak., Tit. And.., ii. 4.
When they [the judges] had bailed the twelve bishops,
the House of Commons, in great indignation, caused them
immediately to be recommitted. Clarendon.
2. Figuratively, to release; liberate.
Ne none there was to reskue her, ne none to baile.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. ix. 7.
3. To be security for; secure; protect.
We can bail him from the cruelty
Of misconstruction. Ford, Fancies, v. 2.
To ball out, to procure the release of (a person) by acting
as his bail.—To bail over to keep the peace, to require
#Becurity from (a person) that he will keep the peace.
tº: (bāl), n.
[Early mod. E. also bayle, bale,
ME. bayle, baill (ML. ballium, balium), KOF.
bail, power, control, custody, charge, jurisdic-
tion, also delivery, K bailler, bailier, conduct,
control, etc., deliver. The noun is thus his-
torically from the verb, though in E. the verb
in some of its senses depends on the noun: see
bail2, v.] 1+. Power; custody; jurisdiction.
So did Diana and her maydens all
Use silly Faunus, now within their baile.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vi. 49.
2. The keeping of a person in nominal custody
on security that he shall appear in court at a
Specified time. The person is said to be admitted to
bail, in which phrase, however, bail is now commonly
thought of as the security given. tº See 3.
3. Security given to obtain the release of a
prisoner from custody, pending final decision
in the action against him. In civil cases a person
arrested has always the right to give sufficient bail, and
thereupon be released from custody. In criminal cases
the defendant has also this right, as a rule, when the
crime charged is a mere misdemeanor. Whether to bail
one charged with treason or felony is usually in the dis-
cretion of the judge, and in some states bail is always de-
nied to one held for a crime punishable with death. The
security is in the form of a bond executed by responsible
sureties, providing that the defendant shall appear at the
order of the court under penalty of forfeiture of the sum
named in the bond. The person bailed is regarded as but
transferred from the custody of the law to that of his
sureties, who may therefore seize and surrender him at
any time. In civil cases there are several kinds of bail at
common law, the chief being common bail and special bail.
Common bail, or bail below, which is now disused, was given
to the sheriff on a bail-bond entered into by two persons,
on condition that the defendant appear at the day and in
such place as the arresting process commands. Special
bail, bail above, or bail to the action, is given by persons
who undertake generally, after appearance of a defen-
dant, that if he be condemned in the action he shall satisfy
the debt, costs, and damages, or render himself to the
roper person, or that they will do so for him. (Wharton.)
n Scotland, bail in civil cases is called caution (which see).
4. Figuratively, security; guaranty.
Doubtless this man hath bail enough to be no Adulterer.
Milton, Tetrachordon, Works (1738), I. 251.
5. Liberation on bail: as, to grant bail.–6.
The person or persons who provide bail, and
thus obtain the temporary release of a prisoner.
Persons who make a business of furnishing bail on pay-
ment of a fee often frequent law-courts. Formerly such
persons wore straws in their shoes as a sign of their occu-
pation; hence the term straw bail, used to designate fic-
titious or irresponsible professional bail.
The bail must be real substantial bondsmen.
Blackstone.
The attorney whispered to Mr. Pickwick that he was
only a bail. “A bail?” “Yes, my dear sir, half-a-dozen
of 'em here, Bail you to any amount and only charge
half-a-crown.” Dickens, Pickwick Papers.
Where those mysterious personages who were Wont in
the old times to perambulate the great saloon of the futile
footsteps, Westminster Hall, with straws in their shoes,
and whose occupation is not by any means gone now-a-
days, are always in attendance in a philanthropic eager-
ness to render service to suffering humanity—or in other
words, to become bail where bail is wanted, for a gratuity
of half-a-crown to twelve and sixpence. G. A. Sala.
[Bail, being an abstract noun applicable to persons only
by ellipsis, is not used in the plural.]—Bail a longues
années, in Canadian law, a lease for more than nine
years, térmed also an emphytewtic lease, whereby the les-
see enjoys for the term all the rights attached to the qual-
ity of proprietor, and can dispose of the property subject
to the rights of the lessor.—On bail, on guaranties duly
given for the appearance or production of a prisoner in
court at the proper time: as, he was liberated on bail.
His [Somerset's] friends attempted to obtain his release
on bail. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 672.
To admit to bail, or to take bail for, to release upon
security given. See above, 2.—To find bail, to procure
persons to act as bail.—To go bail. (a) To act as bail or
a bar (= D. Flem. balie, a bar, rail),
bail4+ (bâl), n.
bail4 (bāl), v.
bail-bond (bâl’ bond), m.
bailedt (båld), p. a.
bailed
surety. (b) To vouch (for a thing); as, I'll go bail. for
that.--To hold to bail, to oblige to find bail or go to jaii.
—To perfect or justify bail, to prove by the oath of the
person furnishing bail that, over and above his debts, he
Blackstone, Com., II. 452, #is worth the sum for which he is about to become security;
(b) To set free, deliver, or liberate from arrest bailº (bâl), n.
[Early mod. E. also bayle (still
sometimes used archaically in def. 6), K ME.
bayle, baile, bail, a barrier, palisade, prob. also
OF. bail,
baile, baille, a barrier, palisade, prob. also (as
in mod. F. dial. bail) a bar, cross-bar (cf. Icel.
bagall, an episcopal staff, crozier), prob. K. L.
baculum, baculus, a stick, rod, staff (see bacu-
lus, and cf. bail4, KML. *bacula): see bailé, v.,
... and cf. deriv. bailey 1. The noun bailº in some
senses may be from the verb, but all senses ap-
pear to depend ult. On that of a bar, or cross-
bar.] 1+. A bar; a cross-bar.
Set them tippon some pearche or bayle of wood that
they maye by that meanes the better keepe their feathers
unbroken and eschue the dragging of their traines upon
the ground.
Turberville, Booke of Falconrie, p. 358. (N. E. D.)
2. In cricket, one of the two little bars or sticks,
about 4 inches long, which are laid on the tops
of the stumps, one end resting in the groove of
one stump, and the other in that of the next.
Since they fall with the lightest blow, they serve to indi-
cate when the stumps have been struck.
Old Bailey gravely sets up the middle stump again, and
puts the bails on.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 8.
3. A bar or pole to separate horses in a stable.
—4. A framework for securing the head of a
cow while she is being milked. [Australia.]—
5. [The earliest use in E.] Milit.: (a) pl.
The outer wall or line of defenses, originally
often made of stakes; barriers; palisades. See
palisade. Hence—(b) The space inclosed by
the outer wall; the outer court of a castle or a
fortified post: in this sense usually called bailey.
See baileyl.—6. A certain limit in a forest.
bailº (bâl), v. t. [Early mod. E. also bale; appar.
K OF. baillier, inclose, shut in, bar, appar. K
baille, a bar, cross-bar, barrier; in the second
sense, directly K bailº, n., 5.] 1. To bar in ;
confine. [Rare.]–2. To provide with a bail.
— To bail up. (a) To secure the head (of a cow) in a bail
while she is being milked. Hence—(b) To disarm prepar-
atory to robbing; order to throw up the arms. [Australia.]
[K ME. beyle, “bayle = D. balie
= MLG. balge, ballige, baileie, LG. balje, a tub,
bucket, = G. Dan. balje = Sw. balja, a tub, -
It. baglia, a tub, bucket, K F. baille, naut. a tub,
bucket, pail, prob. K ML. “bacula, a bucket or
tub (cf. bacula, a small boat), dim. of baca,
bacca, a tub : see back.8. Cf. bailä, prob. K. L.
baculum.] A bucket; a pail; especially, a
bucket or other small vessel used to dip water
opt of a boat.
[Also less prop. bale ; early mod.
E. baile, bayle (= D. balien, wit-balien); from
the noun..] I. trams. To remove (water), or free
(a boat, etc.) from water, with a bail, bucket,
basin, or other small vessel: usually with out.
II. intrans. To remove water, as from a boat
or the like, with a bail or bucket.
bailºt, etc. Obsolete and less proper spelling
+of balel, etc.
bailable (bā'la-bl), a.
g Early mod. E. also
baleable, bailedble; K bail2, v. and m., + -able.]
1. Capable of being delivered; deliverable.—
2. Capable of being set free upon giving bond
with sureties; capable of being admitted to
bail: used of persons.—3. Admitting of bail:
as, a bailable offense.
bºilage (bā‘lāj), m.
[Also bailiage, balliage, as
AF. *bailiage, M.L. balliagium : see bail2,
w., and -age.] A duty imposed upon the de-
livery of goods; an ancient duty received by
the city of London for all goods and merchan-
dise brought into or carried out of the port.
Chambers.
A bond or obliga-
tion given by a prisoner and his surety to in-
sure the appearance of the former in court at
the return of the writ.
bail-docki (bål'dok), n. [Prob. K bailä -- dock3.j
IFormerly, at the Old Bailey in London, a small
room taken from one of the corners of the
court, and left open at the top, in which cer-
tain malefactors were placed during trial. Also
spelled bale-dock.
Penn and Mead, for their stout defence at their trial,
were dragged into the bale-dock, and the Recorder pro-
ceeded to charge the jury during their detention there,
urging for an excuse, that they were still within hearing
of the Court. N. and Q., 6th ser., XI. 87.
[K baill + -ed?..] Pro-
vided with a bail; hooped and covered, as a
Wagon.
bailee
bailee (bā-lè'), n., [K bail2, v., + -eel.] In law,
the person to whom goods are committed in
bailment. He has a temporary possession of
them and a qualified property in them for such
purpose only.
bailer1, n. [K bail2 + -erl.] See bailor.
bailer? (bā’lér), n. [K bail4 + -erl.] 1. One
Who bails out water, or frees a boat from water.
–2. A vessel used for bailing water.
For river or lake work a sponge and baler may be suf-
ficient, but for sea cruising an effective pump should be
fitted. Qualtrough, Boat Sailer's Manual, p. 194.
Also baler.
baileyl (bā'li), n. [Early mod. E. also baily,
bailie, KME. baily, bailie, baillie, bailly, baili, etc.,
an extended form (prob. after the ML. balium,
ballium, a reflex of the OF. bail) of bayle, bail,
mod. E. bail, a barrier, etc.: see bailº.] 1. The
external wall of defense about a feudal castle
(see bail}); by extension, any of the circuits of
wall other than a keep or donjon, that is, any
line of defense other than the innermost one.
—2. As used by later writers, the outer court
or base-court of a castle; by extension, any
court of a defensive post used with a distinctive
epithet. The inner bailey contained the stables and often
the chapel, etc., and communicated directly with the keep;
the owter bailey, when there were only two, more commonly
contained the chapel and sometimes a tilt-yard, exercise-
ground, or the like. The entranceway to a castle, after
passing the defenses of the barbican, led first into the outer
bailey and thence into the inner bailey; but it was usual
for the keep to have also a separate communication with
the exterior. [The word is still retained in some proper
names, as in the Old Bailey, the seat of the central crimi-
nal court of London, so called from the ancient bailey of
the city wall between Lud Gate and New Gate, within
which it was situated.]
Also ballium.
bailey?t, n. See bailié2.
bailiage, n. See bailage,
bailiage”, bailliage (bā‘li-āj), n., [Formerly
also baillage, baliage, and balliage (cf. M.L. bal-
liagium, baillagium, baliaticum), K. F. bailliage
(= Pr. bailiatge = Sp. bailiage), K bailli, a bailiff,
bailié, Flagºj. The jurisdiction or district of
a bailiff or bailli; a bailiwick; now used chiefly
(in the form bailliage), with reference to old
French or to Swiss bailiwicks.
At first four bailliages were created. Browgham.
The several orders [in France] met in their bailliages in
1789, to choose their representatives [in the Assembly]
and draw up their grievances and instructions.
John Morley, Burke, p. 161.
bailiary, 77. See bailiery.
bailieſt, n.,,. An obsolete spelling of baileyl.
bailie? (bā'li), m. [Now only as Sc., also spelled
baillie, baily, early mod. E. also baily, bailey, bay-
ley, etc., K.M.E. baylie, bayly, baillie, baili, bailli,
KOF. bailli, earlier baillif, X E. bailiff, of which
bailié2 is thus a doublet: see bailiff.j if A
bailiff.-2. In Scotland: (at) The chief magis-
trate of a barony or part of a county, having
functions equivalent to those of a sheriff. (b)
A municipal officer or magistrate, corresponding
to an alderman in England. He possesses a certain
jurisdiction by common law as well as by statute. The
criminal jurisdiction of the provost and bailies of royal
burghs extends to breaches of the peace, drunkenness,
adulteration of articles of diet, thefts not of an aggra-
vated character, and other offenses of a less serious na-
ture. Formerly, a person appointed by precept of Sasine to
give infeftment in land (a legal formality Inow abolished)
was also called a bailie.
bailiest, n. See baily?. g
bailiery, bailiary (bā‘li-e-ri, -á-ri), n. [Early
mod. E. also baillierie, etc., &F as if *baillerie,
K bailli : see bailie2 and -ery.] In Scots law, a
|bailie’s jurisdiction. Also bailliery, bailliary.--
Letter of bailiery, a commission by which a heritable
proprietor, entitled to grant such a commission, appoints
a baron bailie, with the usual powers, to hold courts, ap-
# point officers under him, etc. º
bailiff (bā'lif), n. [Early mod. E. also bayliff,
baliſe, bailive, etc., K. M.E. bailif., baillif, ballſ,
etc. (ML. ballivus), K OF. baillif (later bailli,
E. bailie2, q.v.), K.M.L., “bajulivus, prop. adj., K
bajulus, an administrator, manager, guardian,
tutor, étc., in L. a carrier, porter: see bail”, v.]
1. A subordinate civil officer or functionary.
There are in England several kinds of bailiffs, whose offices
differ widely, but all agree in this, that the keeping or pro-
tection of something belongs to them. The sheriff is the
sovereign's bailiff, and his county is a bailiwick. The
name is also applied to the chief magistrates of Some
towns, to keepers of royal castles, as of Dover, to persons
having the conservation of the peace in hundreds and in
Some special jurisdictions, as Westminster, and to the
returning-officers in the same. But the officials common-
ly designated by this name are the bailiffs of sheriffs, or
Sheriffs' officers, who execute processes, etc., and bailiffs
of liberties, appointed by the lords, in their respective
jurisdictions to perform similar functions.
2. An overseer or under-steward on an estate,
appointed to manage forests, direct husbandry
Operations, collect rents, etc. Also called a
baily&# (bā'li), n.
422
bailiff of forests, or bailiff in husbandry.—3. An
officer ºf the Khights of St. John of jºi.
—Bailiff of forests, or bailiff in husbandry. See
above, 2.—High b , in England: (a) The chief offi-
cer of certain corporations. (b) The officer of a county
court, (c) The officer who serves writs and the like in
certain franchises not subject to the ordinary jurisdiction
of the sheriff.-Special bailiff, a person named by a party
in a civil suit for the purpose oft executing some particular
process therein, and appointed by the sheriff on the appli-
cation of such party.—Water-bailiff, in England, an
officer employed in protecting a river from poachers and .
from being fished at other times or in other ways than
those permitted by law.
bailiffryf (bā'lif-ri), n. [Early mod. E., also
bailivery; K bailiff + -ry.] The office or juris-
*i;# º: ) [K
ailiffshi â’ lif-ship), m. bailiff + -ship.
ºśP), ºff ºp.]
bailiffwicki (bā'lif-wik), n. [Kbailiff---wick. Cf.
bailiwick.] The office of a bailiff or a sheriff, or
the district under his jurisdiction; a bailiwick.
bailing-machine (bâ’ ling-ma-shën”), n. A
form of bail-scoop (which see).
bailiwick (bā‘li-wik), n. . [K ME. bailie-, bayly-,
etc., + -wike, etc.; K bailie? ---wick.] The coun-
§ within which a sheriff exercises his office;
the precincts in which a bailiff has jurisdiction;
the limits of a bailiff's authority, as (in Eng-
land) a hundred, a liberty, or a forest over
which a bailiff is appointed.
There is a proper officer allreadye appoynted for these
turnes, to witt the sheriff of the shire, whose peculiar office
it is to walke continuallye up and downe his baly wick, as
ye would have a marshall. Spenser, State of Ireland.
#2.Ée, m. [F.] See bailiage?.
baillieſt, n. See baileyl.
baillie?t, n. See bailié2.
baillieś, n. See baily 3.
baillie-brushkie (bå"li-brush’ki), n. [Native
name in Alaska.] The parrakeet-auklet, Pha-
leris or Ombria psittacula, H. W. Elliott.
bailliery, bailliary, m. See bailiéry.
'baillon (F. pron. ba-lyāń"), n. IK F., baillom, a
ag, of uncertain origin; either (1) dim. (as if
g L. *baculo, “baculon-) of OF, baille, bail, a bar,
barrier (see bail3); or (2), written baillon, K bail-
ler, OF. baailler, baailer = Pr. badaillar = Cat.
badallar = It. sbadigliare, gape (cf. ML. badal-
lum, a gag), K. M.L. badare, gape, open the
mouth: see bay4.] A gag; specifically, a piece
of cork or other material used to keep the mouth Baines's act. See act.
open during operations, dental or surgical, in
the mouth.
bailloné (ba-lyo-nā’), a. [KF. bāillonné, pp. of
bóillommer, gag, K baillon, a gag: See baillon.
In her., holding a stick between the teeth: said
of an animal used as a bearing.
bailment (bål’ment), n. [Early mod. E. also
bailement, K OF. "baillement, K bailler, deliver,
bail: see bail2, v., and -ment.] 1. The contract
or legal relation which is constituted by the
delivery of goods without transference of own-
ership, on an agreement expressed or implied
that they be returned or accounted for, as a
loan, a consignment, a delivery to a carrier, a
pledge, a deposit for safe keeping, or a letting
on hire.—2. The act of bailing a prisoner or
an accused person; also, the record of or doc-
uments relating to such a bailing.
bailo (bā’i-lô), n. [It., KML. bajulus, a mana-
bairman *
liff, Kbajulus, an administrator, governor, bailiff:
see bail2 and bailiff, bailie2.] 1. The jurisdic-
tion, authority, or office of a bailiff or bailie;
hence, jurisdiction or authority, especially as
delegated; stewardship.–2. The district of a
bailiff or bailie; a bailiwick.
Baily's beads. See bead.
bainl (bān), a. [Now only E. dial, also written
bane, K ME, bayme, baym, beyn, K. Icel. beinn,
straight, direct, hospitable, , = Norw... bein,
straight, direct, easy to deal with..] 1. Direct;
near; short: as, that way's the bainest (banest).
[Prov. Eng.]—2t. Ready; willing. '
Be thou buxom and right º; º
Towneley Mysteries, p. 168.
3+. Limber; pliant; flexible.
bainl (bān), adv. [E. dial., also bane, K ME.
bayn, bain; from the adj.] 1:... Near by; at
hand. [Prov. Eng.]—2}. Readily; Willingly.
The berne besily and bane blemkit hem about.
Gawan and Gologras, i. 6 (in Pinkerton's Scottish Poems).
bain?t (bān), n. [Early mod. E. also bane, KME.
bayme, baine, K OF. and F. bain = Pr: banh = Sp.
baño = Pg. banho = It. bagmo (2 F. bagné, E.
bagnio, q.v.), K.L. balneum, a bath, bath-house:
see balmewm.] 1. A bath, in any of the Senses
of that word.—2. A bagmio or brothel.
bain? (bān), v. [KME. baymen, KOF. baigner=
Pr. Pg. bamhars=Sp. bañar = It. bagmare, KML.
balneare, bathe, K.L. balneum, a bath: see bain?,
n.T I. trams. To bathe; wash.
e He that in Eurotas' silver glide -
Doth baïm his tress. Greene, Palmer's Verses.
II, intrams. To bathe one's self; take a bath.
bainé+, etc. Obsolete spelling of bame, bone, etc.
bainbergt (bån’bërg), m... [Appar. F., K. G. “bein-
berg (not found) = AS. bānbeorg, bānberge,
bängebeorg, also called scam.cgebeorg, lit. ‘bone-
or leg-guard’ (cf. cimberge, ‘chin-guard’; heals-
beorh, “neck-guard,’ hauberk:
see hauberk), K bān, bone (=
G. bein, leg), or scanca, Shank,
leg, + bedrgan, protect.] A
name givento the plate-armor
of the leg below the knee, when
first introduced. It was worn
over the chain-mail, to pro-
tect the shin.
bainie (bā’ni), a. Scotch form
of bony.
bain-marie (F. pron. bań-
ma-ré'), n. [F., formerly bain
Marie, K ML, balneum
Mariae, lit. bath of Mary; a
fanciful name, perhaps in al- eljºš jº
lusion to the gentle” heat. (From violietº's
The second element is some: ;...?" *
times erroneously referred
to L. mare, sea..] A vessel of any kind contain-
ing heated water, in which another vessel is
placed in order to heat its contents gently, or
with more regularity and evenness than if the
heat were applied directly to the second vessel:
used in some operations of cooking, manufac-
ture, chemistry, etc. Also called water-bath.
bainst, m. pl. Another spelling of banes, obso-
lete form of banns. Spenser.
ger, administrator, guardian, etc.; see bail”, v.] baiocco, bajocco (bā-yok’kº), n. ; pl. baiocchi,
The title of the Venetian Resident at the Ot-
toman Porte. N. E. D. -
bailor, bailerl (bā'lgr, -lèr), n. ...[K bail”, v., +
-or, -erl.] In law, one who delivers goods to
another in bailment. See bailment, 1.
bail-piece (bålºpés), n. In law, a certificate
issued to a person by a court attesting his ac-
ceptance as a surety in a case before it.
biºp (bål’sköp), n. [K bail4 + scoop.] A
scoop pivoted at one end, fitted with valves,
and so arranged that a large quantity of Water
may be raised by it through a short distance:
used in draining and irrigating.
bailsman (bälz’man), m.; pl. bailsmen (-men).
[K bail's, poss. of bail2, n., + man.] One who
gives bail for another; a surety or bail.
baily 1+ (bā'li), n. Obsolete spelling of bailey.
baily2# (bâ(li), n. The regular English spell-
ing of the word now used only in the Scotch
spelling bailie. See bailie”.
Lausanne is under the canton of Berne, governed by a
baily, sent every three years from the Senate of Berne.
Addison, Travels in Italy.
[Also bailie, K ME. bailie,
bayly, baly, bailly, baillye, baillie...baili, K.O.F.
bailié, baillie = Pr. bailia = Sp. bailia = It. balia
(ML. balia, ballia, bailia, baillia, baſſlia, bayllia),
& M.L. bajulia, the jurisdiction or office of a bai-
Bairam (bi-rám’, bi’rām), n.
bairmant, m.
bajocchi (-ké). [Formerly in E. baiock, byok
after F. baï-
ocque, bai-
ogue), K It.
baiocco, ba-
#I focco, a small
coin, so call-
ed from its
color, K baio,
bajo, brown.
bay: See
bay6.] A.
small coin of the former Papal States, struck in
both silver and copper, worth about a cent.
[Formerly bay-
Yam, beyram, KTurk. bairām, bayrām, beivam, K
Pers. bairām.] The name of two festivals in the
Mohammedan year, distinguished as the lesser
and the greater. The lesser Bairam follows immedi-
ately after the fast strictly kept during the ninth month
Bamadan, in the first three days of the tenth month, and
is devoted to feasting, rejoicing, visiting, and gifts, very
much as our Christmas holiday season is spent. The
greater Bairam occurs on the tenth day of the twelfth
month, and is everywhere observed with the slaughter of
sheep and general festivity by those at home, simultane-
ously with the great sacrificial feast at Mecca concluding
the ceremonies of the annual pilgrimage by the hadjis,
Also spelled Beiraſm. -
See bareman.
Reverse. .
Baiocco of Pope Pius VI., British Museum.
(Size of the original.)
Obverse.


bairn
[Sc. form of the reg. E. barn.”
(now only dial.), K ME, barn, bern, KAS. bearn
(* oš. barn rºofries. Warhººd, baron º
HG. M.H.G. barn = Icel. Sw. Dan. barn = Goth.
barn), a child, K beran, E. bearl.] A child; a
Son or daughter. See barn?. [North. Eng.
and Scotch.]
Think, like good Christians, on your bairns and wives. *
bairn (bāra), n.
As she annunciated to her bairns the upshot of her
practical experience, she pulled from her pocket the por-
tions of tape which showed the length and breadth of the
Various rooms at the hospital house. Trollope.
Bairns' part of gear. In Scots law, same as legitim.
bairnliness (bärn'li-nes), n. [K*bairnly (Kbairn
+ -lyl) + -ness.] Childishness; the state of
being a child or like a child. [Scotch.]
bairnteam (bärn’tém), n. [K ME. barn-team,
barn-tem, etc., K_AS. bearn-team (= OFries.
barn-täm), a family, K bearn, child, bairn, F
team, family: see bairn and team.]. A family
of children. [Dial. Eng. and Scotch..]
Thae bonnie bairntime Heav'n has lent.
423 w
The chief bait which attracted a needy sycophant to th
court was the hope of obtaining, as the reward of servil-
ity and flattery, a royal letter to an heiress. Macaulay.
3. A portion of food and drink; a slight or
informal repast.
a journey, by man or beast. -
If you grow dry before you end your business, pray take
a bait here: I've a fresh hogshead for you.
B. Jonson, Scornful Lady.
(b) A luncheon; food eaten by a laborer dur-
ing his shift. [Prov. Eng.]—4. A halt for re-
freshment or rest in the course of a journey.
The tediousness of a two hours' bait at Petty France, in
which there was nothing to be dome but to eat without
being hungry, and loiter about without anything to see,
next followed." Jame Austem, Northanger Abbey, p. 123.
5+. A refreshment or refresher.
A pleasaunt companion is a bait in a journy.
Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 198.
6t. A hasty meal; a snack.
He rather took a bait than made a meal at the inns of
court, whilst he studied the laws therein.
Fuller, Worthies (ed. 1840),
7. Short for whitebait.
Burns, A Dream, bait;2t, etc. An obsolete form of bate1, etc.
bairnwort (bårn’wert), n. A name for the bait-box (bâtº boks), n.
common English daisy, Bellis perennis.
baisemaint (båz’män), n. ., K baiser, kiss
(K. L. basiare, kiss, K basium, a kiss), + main,
K.L. manus, hand.]. A kissing of the hands; in baiter (bā’tër), n.
the plural, compliments; respects.
baisement?, n. Same as baisemain.
baitl (båt), v. [K ME. baiten, beiten, bayten,
beyten (= ÖF. beter, bait, in comp. abeter, urge
on, abet, X E. abet, q.v.), KIcel. beita, feed, hunt,
as with hounds or hawks, bait, as a hook (=
Sw., beta = Dan. bede, bait, = AS. bātan, also
gebåtan, bridle, curb (cf. bātian, bait, K bât,
bait), = M.D. beeten = OHG. beizen, beizzen,
MHG. G. beizen, bait), lit. cause to bite, K bita
=AS. bitan, E. bite : see bite. In senses 5 and
6 the verb is from the noun. Cf. bateå.] I.
trams. 1+. To cause to bite; set on (a dog) to
bite or worry (another animal).-2. To pro-
voke and harass by setting on dogs; set a dog
or dogs to worry or fight with for sport, as an
animal that is hampered or confined: as, to bait
a bull or a bear.
Spenser.
We'll bait thy bears to death. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1. i€ (b à,’t]
8. To set upon, as a dog upon a captive animal; bai
hence, to harass in anyway; annoy; nag; bad- baſize (bāz), m.
ger; Worry.
As chaiued beare whom cruell dogs doe bait.
Spenser, F. Q., I. xii. 35.
How oft have I been baited by these peers,
And dare not be revenged.
Marlowe, Edward II., ii. 2.
Baited thus to vexation, I assum'd
A dulness of simplicity. Ford, Fancies, iv. 2. '
4. To feed; give a portion of food and drink to,
especially upon a journey: as, to bait horses.
The Sunne, that measures heaven all day long,
At night doth baite his steedes the Ocean waves emong.
Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 32.
5. To put a bait on or in: as, to bait a hook,
line, Snare, or trap.
Many sorts of fishes feed upon insects, as is well known
to anglers, who bait their hooks with them. dy.
6t. To allure by a bait; catch; captivate: as,
“to bait fish,” Shak., M. of V., iii. 1.
Do their gay vestments his affections bait?
Shak., C. of E., ii. 1.
Put this day she baited
A stranger, a grave knight, with her loose eyes.
B. Jomson, Volpone, iv. 2.
II. intrans. 1+. To act in a worrying or har-
assing manner.—2. To take food; feed.—3.
To stop at an inn, while on a journey, to feed
the horses, or for rest and refreshment.
Thence baiting at Newmarket, stepping in at Audley bajocco, 7?.
End to see that house againe, I slept at Bishops Strotford,
and the next day home. Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 13, 1677.
baiti (båt), m. [K ME. bait, bayte, beite, beyte,
K Icel, beita, f.; bait (cf. beft, neut, a pasture),
gº AS. bāt, bait, - MHG. beiz, beize, hunting),
beita, feed, bait: see the verb. the E. In OUDIl
is in part directly from the E. verb.] 1. Any
substance, as an attractive morsel of food,
placed on a hook or in a trap to allure fish or
other animals to swallow the hook or to enter
the trap, and thereby be caught; specifically,
worms, small fishes, etc., used in fishing. Hence
–2. An allurement; enticement; temptation.
I do not like that ring from him to her,
I mean to women of her way; such tokens
Rather appear as baits than royal bounties.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, ii. 2,
Their riper years were knowne to be unmov’d with the
baits of preferment. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus,
bajral (buj'râ), m.
bajra”, bajri (bāj'rá, -ré), m.
1. A small box in
which anglers carry worms or small bait for
fish.-2. A tank in which bait for fish is taken
to the fishing-ground.
One who baits or worries
(animals); hence, a tormentor; a tease.
bº, ºth) a., proń., or conj. A Scotch form
of both.
baiting (bā’ting), n. [K ME. baiting, bayting,
etc. : verbal n. of baitl.] 1. The act of worry-
ing a chained or confined animal with dogs.
Hence—2. The act of worrying and harassing;
persistent annoyance.—3. The act of halting
on a journey for rest and food for either man
or beast.—4. The act of furnishing a trap,
hook, etc., with bait.
bait-mill (bât'mil), n. A mill used by Ameri-
can fishermen for cutting mackerel, salted her-
rings, etc., into small pieces for bait. It consists
of a roller armed with knives and inclosed in an upright
wooden box, and is worked by a crank on the outside.
bait-poke (bâtºpók), n. In coal-mining, the
bag i
in which bait or luncheon is carried into
mine.
), a. A Scotch form of battle3.
Šee batylus.
[Early mod. E. also bays, bayes,
bease, baies, K.OF. baies (Godefroy), pl.; also
in sing. baye (Cotgrave), baize (whence also D.
baai, LG. baje (> G. boi) = Sw, boj = Dan. baj
= Russ. baika, baize; cf. dim. Sp. bayeta = Pg.
baeta = It. bajetta, baize), K bai (= Sp. bayo =
Pg. baio = It. bajo), bay-colored. The word is
thus prop. pl. of bay6, formerly used also in the
singular: see bayºl 1. A coarse woolen stuff
with a nap on One side, and dyed in plain colors,
usually red or green. Baize (or bay) was first manu-
factured in England in 1561, under letters patent issued
to certain refugees from the Netherlands, who had settled
at Sandwich and other places and were skilled in weaving.
Baize is now chiefly used for linings, table-covers, curtains,
etc.; but when first introduced it was a much thinner
and finer material, and was used for clothing. See bay6.
2. Any article, as a table-cover, a curtain, etc.,
made of baize; specifically, in theaters, the
plain curtain lowered at the end of a play.
tylos, n.
baize (bāz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. baized, ppr.
baizing. [K baize, m.] To cover or line with baker-kneed (bâ’kèr-nēd), a.
legged.
baker-legged (bâ’kèr-legd), a. Disfigured by
baize.
bajadere, n. See bayadere.
bajdarka, n.
Bajimont's Roll. See Bagimont's Roll, under at the knees.
oll.
º (baj’ér-kët), n.
Same as bidarkee.
[K Beng. bajrakit
unter), badjar-kita (Balfour).] The sealy
ant-eater, an edentate mammal of Africa.
See baiocco.
Same as budgero.
[Also written
bajree, bajeree, bajury, repr. Hind. bājra orbăjri,
also bajrā; bájri prop. denotes a smaller kind,
which ripens earlier.] The pearl millet, Pen-
misetum spicatum, a grass widely cultivated in
the East Indies and the southern United States.
(a) Refreshment taken on.
* * (***) base. (båk’bórd),
bakehouse (båk’hous), n.
bake-meatt, n.
bakeni (bā‘kn).
*bake.
baker (bā’kēr), n.
bakery (bā’kèr-i), m.; pl. bakeries (-iz).
[Hind. and Beng. bajrā.] bakestert, n.
bajulate?’ (baj’ī-lāt), v. t. *
of bajulare, bear a burden: see bail?..] To
carry to some other place, as in badgering baked.
bakey (bā’ki), m.
(which see).
bake (båk), v.; pret. and pp. baked, ppr. bak-
ing. [K ME. baken, KAS. bacam (pret, b06, pp.
bacen) = D. bakken = LG. bakken = Fries. backe
= OHG. baccham, MHG. bachen, G. backen =
Icel. baka = Sw. baka = Dan, bage, bake, prob.
= Gr, páyetv, roast, parch..] I, trams. 1. To
[K L. bajulatus, pp. bakestone (båk'stön), m.
bakey
cook by dry heat in a closed place, such as an
oven; primarily used of this manner of cooking
bread, but afterward applied to potatoes, ap-
ples, etc., and also flesh and fish: to be distin-
#nished from roast (which see).
I have baked bread upon the coals. Isa. xliv. 19.
2. To harden by heat, either in an oven, kiln,
or furnace, or by the sun's heat: as, to bake
bricks or pottery.—3t. To harden by cold.
They bake their sides upon the cold hard stone.
Spen&er.
The earth
When it is bak'd, with frost. .
Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
II. intrans. 1. To do the work of baking.
I keep his house; and I wash, wring, brew, bake, . . .
and do all myself. ak., M. W. of W., i. 4.
2. To undergo the process of bakin
bake (båk), n. [Kbake, v. Cf. ; A bak-
Ing.
After this Esau finished the oven, and accomplished a
bake of bread therein. Three in Norway, p. 126.
m. A board on which
dough is kneaded and rolled out in making
bread.
baked-apple (båkt’ap’l), n. A name given in
Labrador to the dried fruit of the Rubus Chamde-
morus, or cloudberry.
baked-meath, bake-meatt (båkt"-, bäk’mét), n.
[Prop. baked meat; K baked + meat.] - 1. Food
prepared by baking; a dish of baked meat or
food.
In the uppermost basket there was of all manner of
bake-meats for Pharaoh. Gen. xl. 17.
Thrift, thrift, Horatio ! the funeral bak'd meats
Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
2. A meat-pie.
You speak as if a man
Should know what fowl is coffin'd in a bak'd-meat
Afore you cut it up. Webster, White Devil, iv. 1.
[E. dial. also back-
house; K ME. bak-house, bachouse (= LG. back-
hus), KAS. baechiis, Kbacan, bake, + hits, house.]
A building or an apartment used for the pre-
paring and baking of bread, etc.
See baked-meat.
An obsolete past participle of
[K ME. baker, bakere, KAS.
bascere (= OS. bakkeri = D. bakker = G. bācker,
becker = Icel. bakari = Sw. bagare = Dan. ba-
ger), K bacan, bake: see bake and -erl. Hence
bakester, backsterl, bacter.] 1. One who bakes;
specifically, one whose business it is to make
'bread, biscuit, etc.—2. A smallportabletin oven
used in baking. [U. S.]—3. The popular name
of the flesh-fly, Sarcophaga Carmaria.-Bakers'
dozen, thirteen reckoned as a dozen. It was customary
for bakers, like some other tradesmen, to give 13 for 12,
the extra piece being called among bakers the in-bread or
to-bread. Brewer says the custom originated when heavy
penalties were inflicted for short weights, bakers giving
the extra bread to secure themselves.—Bakers’ itch, a
species of psoriasis, so called when it is confined to the
back of the hand. It often appears in bakers.-Bakers’
salt, subcarbonate of ammonia, or smelling-salts, so called
from its being used by bakers as a substitute for yeast in
the manufacture of some of the finer kinds of bread.
baker-foot (bå(kér-fút), m.; pl. baker-feet (-fêt).
[Cf. baker-legged.] An ill-shaped or distorted
foot: as, “bow-legs and baker-feet,” Jer. Tay-
lor (?), Artif. Handsomeness (1662), p. 79.
Same as baker-
having crooked legs, or legs that bend inward
[K bake
+ -ery.] 1. The trade of a baker. [Rare.]—
2. A place used for making bread, etc., or for
the sale of bakers’ goods; a bakehouse or ba-
ker's establishment; a baker's shop.
[Also backster, bacter (whence
the propername Baxter), KME. bakestere, bacster,
baacter, usually masc., & AS. baecesire (fem. in
form, but masc. in use), a baker, K bacan, bake,
+ -es-tre, E. -ster.] A baker; properly, a female
baker: as, “brewesteres and bakesteres,” Piers
Plowman. In Scotland commonly written bar-
ter: as, baarter wives.
[E. dial., also back-
Stone..] A flat stone or slate on which cakes are
[Prov. Eng.]
[Sc., also bakie and baikie,
dim. of backš, m.] A square wooden vessel,
narrower at the bottom than at the top, and
with a handle, on each of two opposite sides,
used for carrying coals, ashes, etc.; a wooden
Coal-scuttle. Also spelled bakie and bačkie. See
backë, 3. [Scotch.]
bakhshish
bakhshish, n. See bakshish.
baking (bā‘king), n. [Verbal n. of bake.] 1.
The act of baking.—2. The quantity baked at
Once: as, a baking of bread. Also called bake
# and batch.
baking-powder (bā’king-pou’dér), m. Any
powder used as a substitute for yeast in raising
bread, cakes, etc. Baking-powders are composed of
bicarbonate of sodium or potassium mixed with a dry
powder capable of setting carbonic acid free when the
mixture is moistened.
[Also
bakshish, bakhshish (bak'shësh), n.
backshish, backsheesh, bukshish, etc., KTurk. Ar.
Hind, bakhshish, K Pers. bakhshish, a present,
K bakhshidam, give..] In the East, a present or
gratuity in money.
We promised him backsheesh for a sight of the sacred
ook. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saračen, p. 94,
“Bakhshish,” says a modern writer, “is a fee or present
which the Arabs (he here means the Egyptians, who got
the word from the Persians through the Turks) claim on
all occasions for services you render them, as well as for
services they have rendered you. This bakhshish, in fact,
is a sort of alms or tribute, which the poor Arab believes
himself entitled to claim from every respectable-looking
person.” R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 23.
bakufu (bak’ū-fö), n. [K Jap. baku, curtain, +
fü, office.] Curtain-government, that is, the
º or council of the former shoguns of
apan: so called in allusion to the curtain used
in time of war to screen off that part of the
camp occupied by the general or shogun. See
Shogun.
On the 3rd of June the Shôgun had an audience of the
Mikado. His majesty's speech on the occasion was as
follows: “The duties of the bakufu are on the one hand
to govern the empire in peace, and on the other to subju-
gate the barbarians.” F. O. Adams, Japan, I. 384.
bal (bâl), n. [Formerly also ball, K Corn, bal, a
mine (Pryce), a cluster of mines (Borlase).] A
mine. [Cornwall.]
bal. An abbreviation of balance.
balaam (bā’lam), n. [In allusion to Balaam
and his “dumb ass speaking with man’s voice”
(Num. xxii. 28–30; 2 Pet. ii. 16).] 1. Matter
regarding marvelous and incredible events in-
serted in a newspaper to fill space. [English
printers' cant.]
Balaam is the cant name for asinine paragraphs about
monstrous productions of nature and the like, kept stand-
ing in type to be used whenever the real news of the day
leave an awkward space that must be filled up somehow.
Lockhart, Life of Scott, lxx.
2. Same as balaam-boa.
Bring in Balaam, and place him on the table.
J. Wilsom, Noctes Ambros., II. xxvi.
balaam-box, balaam-basket (bā ‘lām-boks,
-bās/ket), n. An editor's depository for worth-
less matter, rejected writings, etc.
Who can doubt that . . . an Essay for the Edinburgh
Review, in “the old unpolluted English language,” would
have been consigned, by the editor, to his balaam-basket?
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 17.
Balaamite? (bā’lam-it), n. [K Balaam (Num.
xxii.) + -ite?..] One who makes a profession of
religion for the sake of gain: in allusion to the
Biº Balaam. º
alaamiticalf (bā-lam-it'i-kal), a.
to or characteristic of a Balaamite.
Bala beds. See bed 1.
balachan, n. Same as Dalachong.
balachong (ba-lä'chong), n. [K Malay balā-
Pertaining
chán.] A substance composed of small fishes
or shrimps pounded up with salt and spices,
It is much used in the East
and then dried.
as a condiment
for rice. Also
balacham, bala-
choung, bala-
chaum.
baladine, n. See
balladine.
Balaena (ba-lèſ-
mâ), m. . [L., K
Gr. $6%atva,
more correctly
$á%atva, 8,
whale.] The
typical genus
of whalebone
whales, of the
family Balaemi-
da, having the
cervical verte-
bræ ankylosed,
the fore limbs
º
ead enormous,
with long black
elastic baleen,
the throat with-
Shoebill or Whalehead (Balaenrceps rex).
balaenid (bal’é-nid), n.
424
out furrows, and no dorsal fin. It contains the
Greenland or arctic whale, B. mysticetus, and one other
species, B. glacialis. See cuts under ankylosis and Ba-
lacnidae.
Balaeniceps (ba-lè'ni-seps), n. [NL., K.L. ba-
lºna, a whale; +-ceps, K caput, head.] A genus
of grallatorial altricial birds, of which the type
and only known, member is the shoebill or
whalehead of Africa, B. rea, comparatively
lately discovered on the upper part of the
White Nile. The genus is the type of a family Balae.
nicipidae, of somewhat uncertain position, probably near
the storks. The bird is remarkable for its enormous
vaulted beak, which is much longer than the head. Lit-
tle is known of its habits and economy. It is a large
species, standing upward of 3 feet high. The bill some-
what resembles that of the boat-billed heron, Cancroma
cochlearia. See cut in preceding column.
Balaenicipidae º m. pl. Pºi.
Balaeniceps (-cip-) + -idae.] A family of bir
of which the genus Balaeniceps is the type and
only known representative. It belongs to the altri-
cial or herodionine series of wading birds, and is probably
nearly related to the Ciconiidae, or storks.
n., Acetacean of the fam-
ily Balaºnidae; any right whale.
Balaenidae (ba-lé’ni-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Balaena +
-idae.] A family of right whales, or true whale-f
bone whales, typi-
fied by the genera
Balaema and Ba-
lasmoptera, having
baleen instead of
teeth. Teeth are,
however, present in
the fetus, though they
never cut the gum.
The Baloemidoe may be
divided into two sec-
tions, the smooth
whales, characterized
by smoothness of skin
and the absence of a
dorsal fin, as the
Greenland or right
whale, Baloema mysti-
cetw8 ; and the fur-
rowed whales, in which
the skin is furrowed
and the dorsal fin is
present, as the finners
*
º
ź. º
| º
§ - §
º
§§
ſ
§h
|\º
iº
#"º.
jºiº. ſº
§§
*:
(Physalus), hump- o "
*~ _so
%:3 $ºs N
tºº \\\\\\\ §§ §§
JPrm ae jº ||
§
º
- º
º
ºWºº
º: º * , .
º | | ||
Sºº'ſ "
& º: º
º
Eo, exoccipital ; Fr., frontal ; Gl, glenoid ; Met, mandible; Mºx,
maxilla; Ma, nasal ; Pa, parietal; Pºmar, premaxilla; Sq, squamo-
sal; So, Supra-occipital; Tºy, tympanic.
backed whales (Megaptera), and rorquals or piked whales
(Balaenoptera). The term is sometimes restricted to the
first of these sections, the other whalebone whales then
constituting a separatefamily, Balaenopteridae. See whale.
Balaeninae (bal-É-ni’né), m. pl. [NL., K. Balana
+ -ina..] A subfamily of Balaenidae, typified by
the genus Balaema, containing only the smooth
right whales. See Balaenidae.
Balaenoidea (bal-ā-moi"dē-ă), n. #. [NL., K
Balaena F -oidea.] Qne of the three primary
groups into which the Cetacea are divisible,
the other two being the Delphinoidea and the
Phocodontia. It embraces the right whales
(Balaena) and the fin-whales (Balaenoptera,
etc.).
Balaenoptera (bal-à-nopte-ră), n. . [NL., K.L.
balana, a whale, 4 Gr, trepôv, a wing.]. A ge-
nus of whalebone whales, containing the sev-
eral species of piked whales, rorquals, finners,
finbacks, or razor-backs, so called from their
long, sharp, falcate dorsal fin. They are found in
all seas. Some are very large, as B. Sibbaldi, which attains
a length of 80 feet. The flippers have 4 digits; the baleen
is short and coarse; the skin of the throat is folded; the
head is small, flat, and pointed; the body is long and slen-
der; and the cervical vertebrae are free. Common Atlan-
tic species are B. musculus and B. borealis. The whale-
bone is of comparatively little value.
balaenopterid (bal-à-nopºte-rid), n. A cetacean
of the family Balaenopteridae.
Balaenopteridae (bal” 3-nop-ter’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., p Balaenoptera + -idae.] The furrowed
whalebone whales; a family of mysticete ceta-
ceans, typified by the genus Balaenoptera, hay-
ing the throat plicated, the dorsal fin developed,
the cervical vertebræfree oringompletely anky-
losed, the flippers with only 4 digits, and the
baleen short and coarse. It contains the humpbacked
and the finner whales, sometimes #. made types
of the subfamilies Megapterinae and Balaemopterinae,
balafo (bal’a-fö), n.
Bala limestone.
balance (bal’ans), n.
balance
Balaenopterinae (bal-ā-nop-te-ri’né), m. pl.
NL., K. Balaenoptera + -inſp;] A subfamily of
whalebone whales, typified by the genus Balae-
7,0ptera. (a) A subfamily of Balaenidae, including the
furrowed as distinguished from the smooth right whales
or Baloenimoe. (b) A subfamily of Balaenopteridae, in-
cluding the finner whales as distinguished from the hump-
backed whales or Megapterinae, having a high, erect, fal-
cate dorsal fin, and 4 digits of not more than 6 phalanges.
[Native name.] A musi-
cal instrument of the Senegambian negroes,
consisting of graduated pieces of wood placed
over gourds to increase their resonance. Its
compass is two octaves.
balalaika (bal-a-li’kä), n. [=F. balaleika = G.
balalaika, repr. Russ. balalaika.] A musical
instrument of very ancient Slavic origin, com-
mon among the Russians and Tatars, and, ac-
cording to Niebuhr, also in Egypt aná Arabia.
It is of the guitar kind, and has two, three, or four strings,
giving a minor chord. (Mendel.) It is now most used by
the gipsies of eastern Europe.
The dances of the gipsies, *śnied by the music of
the balalaika, and clapping of hands.
A. J. C. Hare, Studies in Russia, vi.
See limestone.
[KME. balance, balaunce,
early mod. E. also ballance, belaunce, etc., KOF.
balance, F. balance = Pr. balansa = Šp. balanza,
balance = Pg. balança = It. bilancia, K LL. *bi-
lancia, a balance, K $º: (acc. bilancem), adj.,
in libra bilana, a balance having two scales,
& L. bi-, bis, twice, + lana, a dish, scale of a
balance. See bi-2, lance?, launce?, and auncel.]
1. An instrument for determining the weight
of bodies as compared with an assumed unit-
In 8 SS. In its simplest and most scientific form it con-
sists of a horizontal lever, having its fulcrum (which is a
knife-edge) just above the center of gravity of the whole
balance, and carrying two É. suspended as delicately as
possible (preferably from knife-edges) at equal distances
on the right and left of the fulcrum. It also carries a
tongue-pointer or index (a slender rod) rigidly attached to
the middle of the beam or lever, and extending vertically
up or down. Except in coarse balances, there is a divided
scale, over which the end of the tongue moves in the oscil-
lations of the balance. All delicate balances are protected
from currents of air by glass cases, and they have contri-
vances for steadying the pans, and often for removing the
knives from their bearings and for replacing them. Ex-
ceedingly delicate balances are sometimes inclosed in
vacuum-chambers, and have machinery for changing the
weights. In using the balance, the substance to be weighed
is placed in one pan or scale and the weights are put in
the other, and different combinations of weights are tried
until the pointer oscillates at equal distances to one side
and the other of the position it has when the scales are
empty. In chemical balances the last adjustment is ob-
tained by moving a minute weight, or rider, to different
points on the decimally graduated beam. The figure shows
the beam of a balance of precision. It is so formed as to
combine stiffness with lightness, and there are various ad-
justments for moving the center of gravity, the knife-edges
etc. Other things being equal, the greater the length o
Beam and neighboring parts of a Balance of Precision.
AA, beam ; B, knife-edge on which it turns; C, C, knife-edges fixed
to the beam on which the pans are hung; D, D, the bearing-pieces of
the pans; E, tongue, the lower extremity of which moves over a scale;
F, screw with a nut for raising and lowering the center of gravity:
this has no connection with the horizontal rod I I, G, screw with a
nut for carrying the center of gravity toward one or the other pan; A,
a rider, or little ...; whose value depends on its position on the
beam, which it straddles; II, rod sliding horizontally, with a hook to
take up and set down the rider; K K, piece which raises and lowers
the levers, L., L., L., L, levers to take the beam and pans simultane-
ously off their bearings when the weights are to be changed; M. M.,
knobs supporting the beam when the levers, L, L, are raised; W, W,
Y’s supporting the pans when the levers, L, L, are raised. Many bai.
ances have arrangements for adjusting the relative positions of the
three knives, but these are discarded in the larger balances.
the arms and the smaller the distance of the center of
gravity below the center of suspension, the greater will be
the sensibility of the balance or the angular annount of
the deviation produced with a given slight addition to
either scale. The degree of sensibility to be desired de-
pends upon the use to which the instrument is to be put.
Such a balance as is employed in accurate chemical analy-
sis will indicate a difference of weight of a tenth or hun-
dredth of a milligram,
I have in equal balance justly weigh'd :
What wrongs our arms may do, what wrongs we suffer.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 1.
2. Any apparatus for weighing, as a steel-
yard or a spring-balance.—3. One of the scales
of a balance; in the plural, scales.
And I beheld, and lo a black horse ; and he that flat on
him had a pair of balances in his hand. Fev. vi. 5.
Take a pinte of air; and weigh it against a pinte of wa-
ter, and you will see the ballance of the last go down a
main. Digby, Nat. Bodies, iii. 19. (N. E. D.)
4. The act of weighing mentally; the act of
comparing or estimating two things as in a bal-
8,1100, &










































balance
Upon a fair balance of the advantages on either side.
Bp. Atter
5. An equivalent or equalizing weight; that
which is put into one scale to offset the weight
in the other; the weight necessary to make up
the difference between two unequal *g. ; a
counterpoise, literally or figuratively. Specifi-
cally—6. In mining, a counterpoise or counter-
weight used in such a way as to assist the
engine in lifting the load.—7. The part of a
clock or watch which regulates the beats; for-
merly, a pin oscillating on its center, and thus
resembling the beam of a balance; now, a wheel.
See balance-wheel.—8. The arithmetical differ-
ence between the two sides of an account: as,
to strike a balance.—9. The sum or amount
necessary to balance the two sides of an ac-
count, usually spoken of as a debit or a credit
balance: as, I have still a balance at my bank-
er's; a balance still due.—10. A surplus; a re-
mainder; the rest; the residue; what remains.
or is left over: as, he bequeathed the balance
of his estate to A. B.; the balance of a meal.
[A colloquial use, of commercial origin.]–11.
A balanced condition; a state of equilibrium
or equipoise: as, to lose one's balance.
His credit now in doubtfull ballawnce hong.
Spenger, F. Q., II. i. 3.
12. Harmonious arrangement or adjustment;
just proportion, especially in the arts of design.
nº
called in Latin Libra, which the sun enters at
the equinox in September.—Aérostatic balance.
See aérostatic.— Automaton b ce. See awtomaton.
—Balance of power, in international law, a distribution
and an opposition of forces among nations forming part of
one system, such that no state shall be in a position, either
alone or united with others, to impose its own will on any
other state or interfere with its independence. (Ortolan.)
The leading rule by which it has been sought to effect this
in Europe has been to oppose every new arrangement
which threatens either materially to augment the strength
of one of the greater powers or to diminish that of another.
The meaning of the balance of power is this : that any
Duropean state may be restrained from pursuing plans of
acquisition, or making preparations looking towards fu-
ture acquisitions, which are judged to be hazardous to the
independence and national existence of its neighbors.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 43.
Balance of probabilities, the excess of reasons for be-
lieving one of two alternatives over the reasons for be-
lieving the other. It is measured by the logarithm of the
ratio of the chances in favor of a proposition to the chances
against it.—Balance of trade, the difference between
the amount or value of the commodities exported from
and imported into a country. The balance is said to be
Javorable for or in favor of a country when the value of
its exports exceeds that of its imports, and wºn favorable
when the value of its imports exceeds that of its exports.—
Bent-lever balange. See tangent-balance.—Compen-
sation balance. See compensation.—Danish balance,
a weighing apparatus somewhat resembling the steelyard,
but differing from it in hav-
ing the fulcrum movable
the weight being at one en
and the load at the other;
the loop by which it is sus-
F. is shifted along the
eam until equilibrium is es-
tablished. The weight of the
substance in the scale-pan is
indicated by the point at which the fulcrum is placed when
the instrument is in equilibrium.—Electric balance. See
absolute electrometer, under electrometer; differential galva-
nometer, under galvanometer; induction-balance; Wheat-
Stone's bridge, under resistance.—Expansive balance, a
compensation-balance in watches, consisting of a com-
pound rim whose outer and inner portions are made of
metals having different rates of expansion by heat. This
arrangement serves to counteract the effects of variations
of temperature upon the speed of the watch.-False bal-
ance, a balance having arms of unequal length, or of
equal length and unequal weight, so that its positions
when empty and when carrying equal weights in the two
pans are different.—Hydraulic balance. See hydraulic.
—Hydrostatic balance. See hydrostatic.—Hygromet-
ric balance. See hygrometric.—ROberval’s balance, a
balance having two horizontal beams one over the other,
connected at their extremities by joints to vertical pieces,
so that the whole forms a linked parallelogram. The scales
are at the top. The advantage of the contrivance is, that
it makes it a matter of indifference at what point on the
pan the object to be weighed, or the counterpoise, is
placed. An improved form of this balance is commonly
*sed to weigh articles sold by druggists.—ROman bal-
ance, a steelyard (which see).-S -balance, a con-
trivañce for determining the weight of any article by ob-
serving the amount of deflection or compression which it
roduces upon a helical steel spring properly adjusted and
#. with an index working against a graduated scale.
Another form of spring-balance is made in the shape of
the letter C, the upper end being suspended by a ring,
and the lower end affording attachment for the hook
whereby the object is suspended. As the bow opens a fin-
ger traverses a graduated arc and registers the weight.—
Thermic or actinic balance. Same as bolometer.—TO
cast the balance, to turn the scale; cause one scale to
preponderate: often used figuratively. Sowth; Dryden.—
To hold in balance, to keep in a state of uncertainty or
suspense.
Danish Balance.
She wolde not fonde
To holde no wight in balawnce
By halfe worde ne by countenaunce.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, l, 1020,
425
To lay in balance, to put up as a pledge or security.
Ye wolde mat forgon his aqueyntance
For mochel good, I dar leye in balawnce
Al that I have in my possessioun,
haucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1, 58.
To pay a balance, to pay the difference and make two
accounts equal.--Torsion-balance, an instrument for
measuring certain electrical forces and the intensity of
magnets. It consists of a magnetic needle suspended by
a silk thread or a very fine wire in a glass cylinder, of
which the circumference is graduated. The force or mag-
net to be measured is applied to one side of the cylinder,
either inside or outside, and its intensity is indicated by
the amount of deflection of the suspended needle, which
is caused to exert a force of torsion on the thread or wire
which ...}}. it. (See also alloy-balance, assay-bal-
ance, coin-balance, micrometer-balance, millstone-balance.)
yn. 10. See remainder. -
=S
balance (bal’ans), v.; pret. and P; balanced,
ppr. balancing. [= É.'balance frºmiansaſ.
= Sp. balanzar (obs.), balancear = Pg. balançar
= It. bilanciare, balance; from the noun.] I.
trang. 1. To weigh; especially, to weigh or con-
sider in the mind; ponder over.
In the mean while I will go for the said Instrument,
and 'till my Return you may ballance this Matter in your
own Discretion. Congreve, Way of the World, v. 6.
She balanced this a little,
And told me she would answer us to-day. *
Tennyson, Princess, iii. 149.
2. To estimate the relative weight or impor-
tance of, as two or more things; make a com-
arison between as to relative importance,
orce, value, etc.
Balance the good and evil of things. Sir R. L'Estrange.
3. To bring into a state of equipoise or equi-
librium; arrange or adjust (the several parts of
a thing) symmetrically: as, to balance the sev-
eral parts of a machine or a painting.—4.
To keep in equilibrium or equipoise; poise;
steady: as, to balance a pole on one's chin.
I cannot give due action to my words,
Except a sword or sceptre balance it.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1.
The maids of Nazareth, as they trooped to fill
Their balanced urns beside the mountain rill.
O. W. Holmes, The Mother's Secret.
5. To serve as a counterpoise to ; counter-
balance; offset: as, the ups and downs of
life-balance each other.
One expression in the letter must check and balance the
other. Rent.
In the case of a precision steel-yard, it is best so to dis-
tribute the mass of the beam that the right arm balances
the left one. Encyc. Brit., III. 262.
6. To bring into a state of equality; make
equal; offset (one thing with another).
To balance fortune by a just expense,
Join with economy, magnificence;
With splendour, charity; with plenty, health.
Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 223.
Like souls that balance joy and pain.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Guinevere.
Weariness was balanced with delight.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 246.
7. To use as a counterpoise or set-off.
Is it a rule of oratory to balance the style against the
subject, and to handle the most sublime truths in the dull-
est language and the driest manner?
Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, iii.
The . . . wisdom which balanced Egypt against Assyria.
Pusey, Minor Prophets, p. 47.
8. To sway up and down, like the arms of a
balance.
Henley stands,
Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands.
Pope, Dunciad, iii. 200.
9. To settle by paying what remains due on an
account; equalize or adjust.
Though I am very well satisfied that it is not in my
ower to balance accounts with my Maker, I am resolved,
owever, to turn all my endeavours that way.
Addison, Spectator.
10. To examine or compare by summations,
etc., so as to show how assets and liabilities or
debits and credits stand: as, let us balance our
accounts.-11. Naut, to steady (a ship in bad
weather) by reefing with a balance-reef.—Bal-
anced copula. See copula.-To balance books, to close
or adjust each personal or general account in a ledger.
II. intrans., 1...To have an equality or equiv-
alence in weight, parts, etc.; be in a state
of equipoise; be evenly adjusted: as, the two
things exactly balance; I cannot make the ac-
count balance.— 2. To oscillate like the beams
of a balance; waver; hesitate. [Rare.]
He would not balance nor err in the determination of
his choice. Locke,
3. In dancing, to move forward and backward,
or in opposite directions, like the arms of a
balance; especially, to set to a partner.—4. To
be employed in finding the balance or balances
of an account or accounts.
balance-book (bal' ans-bük), n.
balance-electrometer
balance-engine (bal’ans-en"jin), m.
balance-fish (balſans-fish), m.
balance-frame (balſans-främ), m.
balance-gate (balſans-gāt), m.
balance-level (bal’ans-lev"el), m.
balancement (bal’ans-ment), n.
balance-pit (balſans-pit), n.
balance-plow (bal’ans-plou), n.
balance-plow
Oh! who would cast and balance at a desk,
Perch'd like a crow upon a three-legg'd stool,
Till all his juice is dried? Tennyson, Audley Court,
balance-bar (bai'ans-bār), m. Same as balance-
eam, 2.
balance-barometer (bal’ans-ba-rom/e-tér), n.
A barometer consisting of a beam balanced on
a pivot, and, formed, on opposite sides of the
pivot, of materials differing greatly in specific
#. The bulks of the parts on either side of the
crum, and consequently the volumes of air displaced
by them, thus differ greatly. If the air increases in den-
sity, its effective buoyancy on the more bulky arm con-
siderably exceeds its effect upon the smaller; the former
therefore rises. ' If the air becomes lighter, the reverse
happens. The vibrations are noted upon a scale.
balance-beam (bal’ans-bêm), n. 1. The beam of
a balance.—2. Along beam attached to a draw-
bridge, the gate of a canal-lock,etc., serving par-
tially to counterbalance its weight, and used in
opening and closing it. Also called balance-bar.
balance-bob (balſans-bob), n. A beam, bent
lever, or bob, rocking or oscillating on an axis,
and having at one end a counterpoise, while
the other is attached to the rod of a Cornish
pumping-engine. It is designed to relieve the strain
on the engine and rod resulting from lifting a heavy load.
Also called 08cillating or rocking bob. See bob.1.
e In com., a
book in which the adjusted debtor and credi.
tor accounts have been posted from the ledger.
balance-bridge (bal’ans-brij), m. A bridge in
which the overhang beyond an abutment is
counterbalanced either by means of heavy
weights connected with it by chains running
over pulleys, or by a portion of the roadway
which extends backward from the abutment.
See bascule-bridge.
balance-chamber (bal’ans-chäm"bër), n. In a
Whitehead torpedo, a compartment just behind
the condensed-air chamber, containing the de-
vices which keep the torpedo at its proper depth
in the water.
balance-crane (bal’ans-krān), n. A crane in
which the load is counterbalanced in whole or
in part by a weight, swinging with the load, but
placed upon the opposite side of the pintle or
post.
balance-dynamometer (bal’ans-di-na-mom’e-
tēr), m. A form of dynamometer in which the
principle of the steelyard is used to estimate
the number of foot-pounds of power. The power
is transmitted through a toothed wheel (or a pair of them)
the axis of which is a fulcrum for the wheel considered
as a transmitting lever. The power required to hold up
this fulcrum, measured by the position of the counter-
poise on the steelyard which supports it, will give the
number of pounds of effort transmitted.
(balſans-É-lek-trom’e-
tēr), m. A form of absolute electrometer. See
electrometer.
A steam-
engine which has two pistons acting in oppo-
site directions in the same cylinder.
A name of the
hammerhead, orhammer-headed shark, Sphyrna
2ygaena: so called because the sides of the head
resemble the arms of a balance. Also called
hammer-fish. See cut under hammerhead.
One of two
frames of a ship which are of equal weight and
at equal distances from its center of gravity.
1. A gate either
so supported in the middle, or so counter-
weighted, that its weight may rest vertically
upon the gate-post instead of hanging upon one
side of it.—2. In hydraulics, a gate having equal
areas upon each side of the supporting post, so
that the action of a current may not impede its
movement.
A builders’
or surveyors’ instrument, consisting of a bar
exactly balanced and suspended by a cord, and
carrying two sights which show the line of
level. Sometimes the bar is placed at right angles to a
rod, the whole being allowed to hang like a pendulum. A
telescope is sometimes substituted for the bar and sights.
[K balance, v.,
+ -ment.] The act of balancing, or the state
of being balanced. [Rare.]
The law of compensation or balancement.
Darwin, Different Forms of Flowers, p. 262.
In mining, the
shaft or excavation in which the balance or
counterpoise moves.
e A plow in
which two sets of plow-bodies and coſters are
attached to an iron frame moving on a fulcrum,
gne set at either extremity, and pointing in
different directions. The balance plow is intended

balance-plow
to be used without turning, and is so arranged as to cast
all the furrows in the same direction, the one part of the
frame being raised out of the ground when moving in one
direction, and the other when moving in the opposite. It
is the front part of the frame, or that furthest from where
the driver sits, which is elevated, the plowing apparatus
Connected with the after part being always inserted in the
ground and doing the work. Balance-plows are used in
steam-plowing. Generally two, three, or four sets of plow-
bodies and colters are attached to either extremity; so
º: two, three, or four furrows are made at once. See
020.
balancer (bal’an-sèr), n. 1. One who balances
Or Weighs; a weigher of things in or as in a
balance.
The nicest of our modern critical balancers.
Dawsom, Orig. of World, p. 59.
2. An acrobat; one who balances himself.-
3. One who or that which keeps a thing or
things in equilibrium; that which maintains
or helps to maintain something in a state of
balance or equipoise.—4. Specifically, in entom.,
a halter (which see); a poiser; the small organ
Supposed to be useful in balancing the body;
one of a pair of slender processes with clubbe
ends placed near the insertion of the wings,
especially of dipterous insects.-5. In herpet.,
an elongate cylindrical rod protruding from
each side of the head of larval salamanders, in
front of the gills: permanently retained in cer-
tain forms, as the cacilias and some sala-
manders. E. D. Cope.
balance-reef (balſans-réf), n. Nawt., a reef-
band crossing a sail diagonally. A balance-reef
Balance-reef.
a, sail before reefing; b, balance-reefed sail.
is generally placed in all gaff-sails, the band running from
the throat to the clew. Either the upper or the lower half
+ of the sail may be reefed.
balance-rudder (bal’ans-rud’ér), m. A rudder
supported on a skeg
or projection from
the keel, about one
third of its surface
being forward of and
two thirds abaft its
vertical axis of mo-
tion. See rudder.
balance-rynd (balſ-
ans-rind), n. An iron
bar stretched across
the eye of a revolv-
ing millstone, to
support the stone
upon the top of its
spindle.
balance-sections (bal’ans-sek'shgnz), m. pl. In
ship-building, a pair of sections, one near each
end of the vessel, which are not designed till
after the midship section and the water-line
are determined. -
balance-sheet (balſans-shët), m. A statement
made by merchants and others to show the
true state of a particular business. A balance-
sheet should exhibit all the balances of debits and credits,
also the value of the merchandise, and the result of the
whole. (Bowvier.) A statement designed to show the as-
sets and liabilities and the profits and losses of a com-
pany. (Marsh, Bank Book-keeping.)
Many banks publish balance-sheets professing to show
the reserve of ready money.
Jevons, Money and Mech. of Exchange, p. 320.
Thalance-step (balſans-step), n. In milit. tactics,
an exercise in squad-drill intended to teach
the principles of marching.
Thalance-thermometer (bal’ans-thér-mom/e-
tēr), n. A device in which mercury inclosed in
a balanced tube is caused to make One or the
other of the ends preponderate, thereby open-
ing or closing a window or damper, or touch-
ing an alarm.
balance-valve (balſans-valv), n. A valve in
which the fluid is admitted to both sides, and
acts with nearly equal pressure in opposite
directions, but with an excess in the direction
of the seat sufficient to keep the valve in con-
tact with it when closed. It is a construction de-
:
|
;&ti
;
}*t
;
:
i
Balance-rudder.
balandra (ba-lan'drã), n.
ſºi
Balanoglossus (bal'a-nó-glosſus), n.
426
signed to permit the operation of a valve by a slight
force. The balance puppet-valve has two disks upon a
single stem, the fluid being admitted either between the
two disks or above the upper and below the lower. One
disk is made larger than the other, that there may be a
slight excess of pressure tending to close the valve, or to
keep it pressed to its seat. . e
balance-wise (bal’ans-vis), n. A small tail-
vise used by watchmakers.
balance-wheel (bal’ans-hwāl), n. 1. A wheel
in a watch or chronometer which by the regu-
larity of its motion determines the beat or
strike.—2. Figuratively, whatever serves for
the regulation or coördination of movements.
These are in themselves very objectionable; the true
regulators, the proper balance-wheels, are those which
have been described. Browgham.
Balance-wheel engine, a watchmakers' instrument,
used in the construction of the balance-wheel.—Bal-
ance-Wheel file, a Watchmakers' file with three sides,
one convex and cut, the others plane and smooth. It is
used in working in the sector openings of a balance-wheel.—
Compensation, balance-wheel, a balance-wheel whose .
rim is formed of two metals of different expansive powers,
so arranged that the change of size of the wheel, as the
temperature rises or falls, is compensated for by the
change in position of the parts of the rim.
º: Pg. balandra
=F. bālandre, K.D. bijlander, X E. bilander: see
bilander.] A small coasting vessel used in
South America.
balandrana (ba-lan'dra-nā), n. . [ML.; OF.
balandran, F. balandras = Sp. balandrán = It.
palandrano, palandrama; origin unknown.] A
wide cloak or mantle used as an additional gar-
ment by travelers and others in the twelfth
and thirteenth centuries. Also called Super-
totus.
balanid (bal'a-nid), m. A cirriped of the family
JBalanidae.
Balanidae (ba-lan'i-dé), n.#. [NL., K. Balamus
+ -idae.] A family of sessile thoracic cirripeds,
of which the genus Balamus is the type. The
peduncle is absent or rudimentary, the operculum is
present, and the Scuta and terga are movably articu-
lated. The species are commonly called acorn-shells or
Sea-acorms, and often share the name barnacle with the
species of Lepas. They are found all over the world, ad-
hering closely to submerged rocks, timber, etc. Also
Balamoidea. See cuts under Balamws.
balaniferous (bal-a-nif'e-rus), a. [K L. balamus
(K Gr. 36%avog), an acorn, + ferre = E. bearl.]
Bearing, yielding, or producing acorns.
IBalaninus (bal-a-ni’nus), n. [NL., K. L. balanus
K. Gr. ; an acorn, + -īnus.] A genus of
rhynchophorous
beetles, of the
family Curculi-
onidae or weevils;
the nut-weevils.
D. mucum is the
weevil of hazels
and filberts; B.
glamdium and B.
rectus, of acorns.
balanism (balſa-
nizm), n. [K Gr.
34%avoc, an acorn,
a suppository, +
-ism; cf. Gr. 6a7a-
viſelv, administer
a suppository.]
In med., the application of a suppository or
pessary.
balanite (bal'a-nit), n. [K L. balanites: see
Balamites.] li. A kind of precious stone.—2.
A fossil cirriped of the family Balanidae.
Balanites (bal-a-ni’těz), n. . [L., K. Gr. 8ahavirng,
a precious stone, prop. adj. (se. Withog), acorn-
shaped, K 36%avog, an acorn. Cf. Balamus.] 1.
[l. c.] A kind of precious stone; balanite.—2.
[NL.] The name given by Delile in 1813 to
the genus Agialid of Adamson (1763). They are
zygophyllaceous shrubs of the old world. The fruit is a
one-seeded drupe, the pulp of which is sometimes used in
India in cleaning silk. The oily seeds, as well as "the
bark and subacid leaves of the Indian species, A. Roa:-
burghii, are employed in native medicine, and the hard
woody nut is made into a kind of fireworks. The African
species is A. AEgyptiacwm.
3. [NL.] A genus of fossil cirripeds, of the
family Balanidae.
balanitis (bal-a-ni’tis), n. . [NL., K. Gr. 36%avoc,
acorn, glans penis, --, -ītis.] in pathol., in-
flammation of the glans penis.
balanoglossid (bal/a-ng-glos'id), n.
ber of the family Balanoglossidae.
Balanoglossidae (bal” 3-nó-glos’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., & Balanoglossus + -idae.] The family of
invertebrates represented by the genus Bala-
[NL., K
Gr. 36%avog, an acorn, -- yºóGoa, tongue.] 1. An
Nut-weevil (Bačanizetes rectics, Say).
a, dorsal view ; b, lateral view. (Verti-
cal line shows natural size, including pro-
boscis.)
A mem-
Balamus (bal'a-nus), n.
Balanus
extraordinary genus of invertebrate animals,
the type not only of a family, Balanoglossidae,
|but also of an order or even a distinct class of
animals, Enteropneusta (which see). It is related
in its mode of development to the echinoderms, in some
respects to the ascidians, and is usually classed with the
ſº
ſº
º
º §§ | f
| gº º - i.
º
% is
\\ } º
º
x .
&
*/
§ 20%
& 4
JSalazzoglossus.
I. The Tornazza larva, about 1-12 of an inch long, enlarged, side
view, a, anus; b, vessels leading to the dorsal pore, d, from sac of
the water-vascular system, w, w", prolongation of the sac; Ji, heart;
f, intestine; s, stomach ; o, esophagus; 7m, mouth ; ze, 1e", lobes of
alimentary canal; mê, muscular band from eye-speck, e, to water-vas-
cular sac. II. Young balanoglossus. Letters as before, except gº, the
first-formed branchial stigmata. III. Balanoglossus, more advanced.
c, collar; £, proboscis.
Vermes. The members of this genus are elongated, foot-
less, soft-bodied worms, with the mouth at one end of the
body and the amus at the other. The fore part of the body
presents a kind of collar surrounding a constriction from
which springs a long hollow proboscis-like organ, whence
the name Balanoglossus, this organ being like a tongue
somewhat acorn-shaped, proceeding from within the col-
lar like an acorn from its cup. On the portion of the body
from which the proboscis springs there is a flattened area
with a longitudinal series of branchial apertures, commu-
nicating with branchial sacs connected with the alimen-
tary canal; hence the term Bºmteropneusta. In consequence
of this relation of the respiratory to the alimentary canal,
Huxley associates Balamoglossus with Twnicata (or ascidi-
ans) as members of a pharyngopneustal series. The larval
form of Balanoglossus was formerly called Tornaria, and
regarded as an echinoderm from its great resemblance to
the larva of a starfish. .
2. [l. c.] A member of the genus Balamoglossus.
balanoid (bal'a-noid), a. and n. IK Gr. 3a*q-
voetófic, like an acorn, K 3áAavog, an acorn, +
eiðoç, form.] I. a. Resembling an acorn: spe-
cifically applied to the acorn-shells of the fam-
ily Balanidae. See cut under Balamus.
II. m. An acorn-shell; a cirriped of the fam-
ily Balamidae.
Balanoidea (bal-a-noi’dé-á), n. pl. [NL., K. Ba-
lanus + -oidea. Cf. balanoid.] Same as Bala-
*idae.
Balanophoraceae (bal'a-nó-förå'sé-6), n. pl.
., K. Gr. 36%avog, an acorn, +-pópog, bearing
(K pépetv = E. bearl), + -aceae.] A family of cu-
rious apetalous leafless plants, related to the
mistletoe, but parasitic upon the roots instead
of the branches of other plants. From their simple
structure, they were formerly thought to be allied to the
fungi. There are about 37 known species, grouped into 14
genera, natives of the tropics. They are generally of a
Balamophora yungosa (J. Hooker). a, plant, much reduced;
b, female flower; %, male flower.
Their small flowers, in most
bright yellow or red color.
The
cases unisexual, are aggregated into dense masses.
fruit is one-celled, with a single seed.
balantt (bā’lant), a. [K L. balan(?-)s, ppr. of
baire, beat,” & baaj Bieating.
The balant and latrant noises of that sort of people.
C. Mather, Mag. Christ. (ed. 1852), App., p. 620.
[L., K. Gr. 36%avog, an
acorn. Cf. L. glans, an acorn: see gland.] The
typical genus of sessile cir- " *.
ripeds of the family Bala- § 3. . . . . .
midae; the acorn-shells or
sea-acorns, called barna-
cles, except in Great Bri-
tain, where the peduncu-
lated Lepadidaº have that
Iname. B. timtimmabulwm is the
representative species... The shell
consists of 6 plates, with an oper- º
culum of 4 valves. Colonies are to be found on rocks left
dry at low water, on ships, on timber, on lobsters and other
Crustaceans, and on the shells of conchiſers and other mol-
lusks. They differ from the members of the genus Lepas
in having a symmetrical shell and in being destitute of a
flexible stalk, They pass through a larval stage of exis-
Balantas porcatus.








































Diagrammatic section of Acorn-shell (Balanus).
a, cavity of the sac lying over the labrum ; b, prosoma ; c, carina;
t!, carinoſateral compartment; l, lateral compartment; ºr, rostrum ;
s, Scutum; £, tergum ; f, penis; g, gut-formed gland ; h, duct con-
necting gº with 2, peduncular or ovarian tubules, and AE, cement-duct
and glands; 2", antennae; m, ovigerous fraenum; d, anus.
tence, at which period they are not fixed, but move about
by means of swimming-feet, and possess large stalked eyes,
both feet and eyes disappearing when they attach them-
selves to their final place of repose,
balas!, balass (bal’as, ba-las'), n. [Early mod.
E. also ballas, etc., K.M.E. balas, balace, balays,
etc., K_OF. balais, balai = Pr: balays, balach
= Sp. balaa: = Pg. balache – It. balascio, K
ML, balascius, balascus, K. Ar. balakhsh, a
kind of ruby, K Pers. Badakhshān, a country in
central Asia north of the Hindu Kush moun-
tains (called Balasian by Marco Polo), where
this ruby is found.] A variety of spinel ruby,
of a pale rose-red color, sometimes inclining to
orange. See spinel. Usually called balas-ruby.
William of Wykeham .”. . bequeathed to his successor
in the bishopric of Winchester . . . his larger gold pon-
tifical ring, with a sapphire stone, surrounded with four
balas-rubies, and two small diamonds and eleven pearls.
Quoted in Rock's Church of our Fathers, ii. 171.
balas? (bal’as), n. [Turk.] A long dagger in-
tended for thrusting rather than cutting, used
|by the Turks; a Turkish yataghan. R. Ž Bºr.
tor.
balaself, n. See balasl.
balase2+, n. See ballast.
balass, n. See balasl.
balata (bal'a-tá), n. Same as balata-gum.
balata-gum (bala-tá-gum), n. [Am. Sp. bal-
*ata, of native origin..] The inspissated juice
of a tree, Mimusops globosa, of tropical America,
It is intermediate in character between caoutchouc and
gutta-percha, and from its great strength is especially
suited for belting and similar uses.
balata-tree (bal'a-tá-tré), n. A large Sapota-
ceous tree of the West Indies, Bumelia retusa,
the wood of which is very hard. See bully-
#)'ée.
balatront (bal/a-tron), n. IKL. balatro(m-), a
babbler, jester, buffoon, prob. for “blatero(n-j, K
blaterare, babblej A buffoon. Cockeram.
balatronic (bal-a-tron'ik), a. Of or pertaining
to buffoons. Sala. [Rare.]
balausta (ba-läsſtä), n. [NL., K.L. balaustium:
see Balaustion.] A fruitlike the pomegranate,
succulent within and many-seeded, with a firm,
º and tipped with the persistent lobes of the
Calyx.
balaustine (ba-lästin), a. [K L. balaustium (K
Gr. 6ažaffortov, the flower of the wild pome-
granate) + -ine1.] Pertaining to the wild pome-
granate-tree.—Balaustine flowers, the dried flowers
of the pomegramate, used in medicine as an astringent.
Balaustion (ba-lästi-on), n. [NL.; cf. L.
balaustium, K. Gr. 3a/aúortov, the flower of the
wild pomegranate. Cf. baluster.] A genus of
myrtaceous plants, of a single species, B. pul-
cherrimum, a shrub inhabiting southwestern
Australia. It bears numerous flowers resembling in
shape and color those of the dwarf pomegranate.
Balaustyt (ba-läsſti), m. [K L. balaustium : see
Balawstion.] Same as balaustine flowers.
balayeuse (bal-ā-yéz'), m. [F., fem. of balayeur,
a sweeper, K balayer, sweep, K balai, OF. balei,
baleis, a Broom, dial. the º X ME.
baleis, a rod...] A strip of plaited muslin or lace
placed inside of the bottom of women's dresses
to protect them from the floor.
balayni, n. An obsolete form of baleen.
balaysł, n. An obsolete form of balasl.
bal-boy (bål’boi), m. A boy working in a mine.
Ure, Dict., I. 280. [Cornish.]
Balbriggan hosiery. See hostery.
balbusard (bal’bü-sård), m. [F., also balbu-
2ard.] A name of the osprey or bald buzzard,
Pandion haliaëtus. It was taken in 1828 by Fleming
as a genus name in the form Balbwsardws. [Not in use.]
try: as, a bald sermon; a bald truism.—5.
427
balbutiate? (bal-bü'shi-āt), v. i. [KL, as if
*balbutiare for balbutire, stammer, K balbus,
stammering.J. To stammer in speaking.
balbutient; (bal-bi'shi-ent), a... [K L. balbu-
tien(t-)8, ppr. of balbutire, stammer: see balbu-
tiate.]. Stammering.
balbuties (bal-bi'shi-āz), n. . [NL., KL. balbus,
stammering. Cf. balbutiate.]. 1. Stammering.
-2. A vicious and incomplète pronunciatio
in which almost all the consonants are replace
Toy b and l. Dunglison.
bal-captain (bälſkap"tān), n. A mine-captain.
[Cornish.] *
balcont, balconet, n. [KF. balcon, K.It. balcone,
a balcony: see balcony.] . A balcony or gallery.
Pepys.
balconet (bal-kő-net'), n. [Also balconette, K
balcon, balcony, + -et, -ette. Cf. It. dim. bal-
Comata.] A low F.
Ornamental rail- -
ing to a door
or window, pro-
jecting but
slightly beyond
the threshold or
sill.
balconied (balſ-
kó-nid), a. Hav-
ing a balcony or
balconies.
The house was
double-balcomied.
Roger North, Ex-
[amen, iii. 7.
balcony (balſ-
kó-ni, until re-
cently bal-kö’-
ni), n. ; pl. bal-
conies (-niz).
[Formerly also
balcone, balco-
nie, balcony, etc.
(sometimes bal-
con, after F.
balcon), K.It. bal-
come, K balco, a
beam, scaffold,
& OHG. balko,
balcho, a scaffold, = E. balk, a beam, etc.: see
balk!, n.] 1. A stage or platform projecting
from the wall of a building within or without,
supported by columns, pillars, or consoles, and
encompassed with a balustrade, railing, or
parapet. Outer balconies are common before
windows, and inner ones in ball-rooms, public
halls, etc.
The flourish of trumpets and kettledrums from a high
balcony, which overlooked the hall, announced the en-
trance of the maskers. Scott, Kenilworth, II. xviii.
2. In theaters, a gallery occupying various po-
sitions. In some theaters it is a raised tier of seats sur-
rounding the parquette; in others it takes the place of the
dress-circle; and in others still it is the gallery immedi-
ately behind or above the dress-circle.
baldl (bâld), a. and m. . [Early mod. E. also
balde, baulde, bal’d, ball’d, K ME. balde, belde,
earlier balled, ballid, ballede, bald; of uncertain
origin, (1) by some regarded as identical with
the rare early M.E. ballede, in the apparent
sense of rotund, corpulent, applied to the
body, lit. ‘balled,’ round like a ball (K ball1 +
-ed?), and hence, perhaps, of the head, smooth,
hairless; otherwise (2) perhaps K ball, a white
streak or spot (a word of Celtic origin not found
in ME., but prob. then existent: see ball3), +
-ede, an adj. suffix connected with -ed?..] I. a.
1. Wanting hair, as the head, in some part
A Venetian Balcony.
(usually the top, or front and top) where it
naturally grows; partly or wholly deprived of
hair on the head, as a person.
His heed was ballid and schon as eny glas.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1, 198.
aesar, . . . because his head was bald, covered that de-
fect with laurels. Addison.
2. Without the natural or usual covering of
the head or top; bareheaded: as, a bald oak; a
bald mountain.
No question asked him by any of the senators, but they
stand bald before him. Shak., Cor., iv. 5.
Thy bald, awful head, O sovran Blanc |
baldachin (bal/da-kin), n.
baldachino (bal-da-ké’nó), m.
baldaquin (bal'da-kin), m.
baldaret, n.
#; (bâld’köt), m.
2
º
Balder-brae
He [Milton] could stoop to a plain style, sometimes even
to a bald style; but false brilliancy was his utter aversion.
Macaulay, Milton.
Ghastly thro' the drizzling rain
On the bald street breaks the blank day.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, vii.
6. Bare; open; undisguised.
A bald egotism which is quite above and beyond selfish-
Iſles S, Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 314.
7. Having white on the face or head: specifi-
cally applied to several birds: as, the bald buz-
zard, eagle, etc.
II. m. A natural meadow or grassy plain oc-
curring on the rounded summit of a high moun-
tain: a term in use in the southern extension
of the Appalachian ranges, where a number of
the highest knobs have their dome-shaped tops
entirely bare of trees.
baldlf (bâld), v. t. [K baldi, a.] To make bald;
deprive of hair. -
bald?t, a. An obsolete and dialectal form of
bold. It is retained in this spelling as an element in
certain proper names of Anglo-Saxon or Old High German
origin: as, Baldwin, Archibald, Ethelbald, etc.
zº [In def. 1 also for-
merly baldakim, baldekin, and earlier baudekin,
q. v.; in def. 2 also baldaquin, and, as It. or
Sp., baldacchino, baldaquino; K F. baldaquin =
Sp. baldaquino = Pg. baldaquim, K It. baldac-
chimo (ML. baldakimus, etc.), a canopy, K
Baldacco, It. form of Bagdad (Ar. Baghdad),
where a rich cloth used for such canopies was
manufactured.] 1+. Same as baudekin.—2. A
canopy of various kinds. (a) A portable decorative
covering, borne in ceremonial processions as a sign of rank
or dignity; particularly, the dais-like canopy carried over
the pope, which is supported on eight poles and carried by
distinguished personages. (b) In the Romn. Cath. Ch., a
portable canopy borne over the eucharist carried proces-
sionally, as on the feast of Corpus Christi. (c) A stationary
covering, of baudekin, silk, or other rich stuff, stretched
above the seat of a dignitary ; in general, the canopy of a
dais; sometimes, that of a bed with curtains. (d) A fixed
Double Baldachin-Shrine of the Crown of Thorns, high altar of
the Sainte Chapelle, Paris; 13th century.
(From Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. de l'Architecture.")
canopy, often of metal or stone, above the isolated high altar
in many churches, especially in Italy and the East. From
its center, according to the old ritual, usually hung by a
chain the vessel containing the Host; but this usage has
now been superseded. Baldachins also occur in other po-
sitions than over altars, as over tombs, shrines, etc. Also
spelled baldaquin. Also called ciboriwm.
ge [K It. baldac-
chimo..] Same as baldachim.
* See baldachim.
[Origin obscure; some suppose an
allusion to the god Balder and his restoration
to life.] . An old name of the amaranth, Ama-
ranthus hybridus.
See baldicoot.
ekint, n. An obsolete form of baldachin.
hi
en (bålºden), v. t. and i. [Kbaldi +-emi.]
To make or become bald. [Rare.]
Coleridge, Chamouni. Balder-brae, Balder's-brae (bål’ dèr-, bâl’-
3. Destitute of beard or awn: as, bald wheat.
–4. Wanting force or meaning; meager; B.
€S-
titute of appropriate ornament; too barº, plain
or literal; unadorned; inelegant: as, “a baiã
translation,” Longfellow, Hyperion, iii. 6.
dèrz-bră), n. [North. E., K Icel. Baldrs-brå
(Cotula fetida) = Norw. baldur-braa, ballebraa
(Pyrethrum inodorum), that is, as also in E.,
Balder's brow; also corruptly bald eyebrow.
From Balder, a Norse divinity, son of Odin.]
An old name for the mayweed, Anthemis Cotula.



Thalderdash
balderdash (bål'dèr-dash), n. [First in sense 1;
of obscure origin, , appar. dial. or slang: ac-
cording to one conjecture, K Dan. balder, noise,
clatter (from a verb repr. by Sw, dial. ballra,
Norw. baldra, bellow, prattle, = Icel. refl. bal-
drast, ballrast, clatter; cf. D. LG. balderen, roar,
thunder), + dash, repr. Dan. daske, slap, flap:
see dash. But the word may be merely one of
the numerous popular formations, of no defi-
nite elements, so freely made in the Elizabethan
period.] 1+. A jumbled mixture of frothy li-
Quors.
To drink such balderdash or bonny-clabber.
B. Jomsom, New Inn, i. 2.
2. Senseless prate; an unmeaning or nonsen-
sical jumble of words; trashy talk or writing.
I heard him charge this publication with ribaldry, scur-
rility, billingsgate, and balderdash.
Horne Tooke, Trial, p. 25.
2. See prattle, m
= Syn. tº
baiderdash (bāī’dér-dash), v. t. [K balderdash,
m.] To jumble and adulterate (liquors); hence,
to mix with inferior ingredients; adulterate:
with with before the adulterant: as, to balder-
dash wine with cider. [Rare.]
The wine-merchants of Nice brew and balderdash and
even mix it. With pigeon's dung and quicklime.
Smollett, Travels, xix.
Balder's-brae, n. See Balder-brae.
bald-faced (bâld’fäst), a. Having a white face
or white on the face: said of animals: as, a
*bald-faced stag.
baldhead (bâld’hed), n. 1. A man bald on the
head. 2 Ki. ii. 23.−2. The name of a breed of
domestic pigeons.—3. A name of the fruit-
crows (Cotingidae) of South America, of the
genus Gymnocephalus. G. calves is the capu-
chin baldhead.
bald-headed (bâld'hedºed), a. Having a bald
head.-Bald-headed eagle. See eagle.
baldicoot (bålºdi-köt), m. [Also baldecoot, bald-
coot, K bald1 + coot; the syllable -i- is mean-
ingless.] 1. The common coot, Fulica atra.
Hence—2. Figuratively, a monk, on account
of his somber raiment and shaven crown.
Princesses that . . . demean themselves to hob and
nob with these black baldicoots.
Kingsley, Saint's Tragedy, iii. 4.
baldly (båld (li), adv. So as to be bald, in any
sense of that word. -
baldmoney (bâld'mun'i), n. [Early mod. E.
also baldimonie, bawdmoney, etc., K. M.E. bald-
nomy, baldemoym, baldemoyne, baldemoin, an
early name of gentian; origin unknown.] 1+.
A name of various species of gentian.—2. A
name for the mew or spigmel, an umbelliferous
plant of Europe, Meum athamanticum.
baldness (bâld’nes), m. [K ME. ballednesse; K
baldi + -ness.] The state or quality of being
bald. (a) Lack of hair or natural covering on the head
or top; absence or loss of hair. (b) Deficiency of appro-
priate ornament, as in writing; meanness or inelegance;
Want of ornament: as, baldness of style.
Baldme&8 of allusion and barbarity of versification.
T. Warton, Hist, Eng. Poetry, III. 74.
tºp: (bâld'pät), n. 1. A person with a
bald head. -
Come hither, goodman baldpate.
Shak., M. for M., v. i.
2. In ornith., a kind of duck with white on the
head; a widgeon, Mareca penelope and M. ameri-
cana. See cut under widgeon.
baldpate, bald-pated (bâld'pät, -pâ/ted), a.
Lacking hair on the pate; shorn of hair.
You bald-pated, lying rascal. Shak., M. for M., v. 1.
baldrib (båldºrib), n. 1. A joint of pork cut
from nearer the rump than the spare-rib, and
consisting of a rib from which the fat has been
removed.
Baldrib, griskin, chine, or chop.
Sowthey, To A. Cunningham.
Hence—2. Figuratively, a lean, lanky person.
[Rare.]
Faith, thou art such a spring baldrib, all the mistresses
in the town will never get thee up. Middleton.
baldric (bål’drik), m. [Formerly also baudrick,
etc., K ME. baudrik, bawdrik, bauderik, etc.,
earlier baudry, K OF. baudrei, baldrei, baiãrºt
(later baudroy and, with added suffix, baudrier)
= Pr, bawdrat (ML. baldringus), appar. K MHG.
balderich, a girdle, perhaps KOHG. bale = E.
belt, K L. balteus : see belt.] 1. A belt, or an
ornament resembling a belt.
A palmer's amice wrapt him round,
With a wrought Spanish baldrick bound.
Scott, L. of L. M., ii. 19.
In particular—(at) A belt worn round the waist, as the
Roman cingulum, or military belt. (b) A jeweled orna.
ment worn round the neck by both ladies and gentlemen
in the sixteenth century. R. Morris. (cf) Figuratively,
428
the zodiac. Spenser. (d) A belt worn over the right or
left shoulder, crossing the body diagonally to the waist or
below it, either simply as an ornament or to suspend a
sword, dagger, or horn. Such belts, in medieval and Re-
naissance times, were sometimes richly decorated and
garnished with bells, precious stones, etc.
Athwart his brest a bawldrick brave he ware
That shind, like twinkling stars, with stones most pretious
I’8 l'é. Spemser, F. Q., I. vii. 29.
And from his blazon'd baldric slung
A mighty silver bugle hung.
Tennyson, Lady of Shalott, iii.
2}. The leather thong or gearby which the clap-
per of a church-bell was formerly suspended.
In the earliest accounts the baldricks of the bells are
always referred to eo nomine, but later on they are called
“leathers.” N. and Q., 7th ser., II. 495.
Also spelled baldrick.
baldric-wise (bål’drik-wiz), adv. [K baldric +
wise?..] After the manner of a baldric; over
one shoulder and hanging down to the waist.
balductumi, n. [Also balducktum, KML. bal-
ducta, curd, hot milk curdled with ale or wine,
a posset.] Balderdash; trash.
Baldwin bit. See bitl.
baldy (bål’di), n., [K bald1 + dim. -y.] A nick-
name for a bald-headed person. [Colloq.]
balel (bâl), m. ... [KME. bale, balwe, balw, baluw,
balu, etc., KAS. balu, bealu, bealo (bealw-, bea-
low-)=OS. balu-OFries. balu-, bale- (in comp.)
= OHG. balo = Icel. bāl (not in mod. G. Sw.
Dan.), evil, calamity; prop. neut. of the adj.
found only in AS. balu, bealu (balw-, bealw-) =
MLG. bal- (in comp.), Goth, balws (in comp.
and deriv.), evil, dire.] Evil; woe; calamity;
misery; that which causes ruin, destruction, or
sorrow. [Long obsolete until recently revived
in poetry. It occurs especially in alliterative
antithesis to boot or bliss.]
For now this day thou art my bale,
My boote when thou shold bee.
Robin Hood, in Percy's Reliques.
Yett still he strove to cloke his inward bale.
Spemser, F. Q., I. ix. 16.
Brought hither from their homes to work our bale.
Southey.
A touch, and bliss is turned to bale.
C. Thaarter, The Pimpernel.
bale2 (bâl), n. . [Sc. also beal, bail; K ME. bale,
baile, belle (chiefly northern; the reg. southern
ME. would be *bele, *bel, giving mod. E. *beal or
*beel, like deall or eel), KAS. bāl = Icel. bāl =
Sw. bāl = Dan, baal, a great fire, a blazing pile,
funeral pyre; cf. Skt. bhālas, luster, Gr. ºpañóg,
shining, white: see ball3.J A large fire built
out of doors and burning freely; a bonfire. Spe-
cifically—(a) A funeral pile or pyre. [Obsolete and poet-
ical.] (b) A signal-fire; a beacon. See beacon and bale-fire.
On Penchryst glows a bale of fire,
And three are kindling on Priesthaughswire.
jºr Scott, L. of L. M., iii. 27.
bales (bâl), n. IK ME. bale, K OF. bale, balle =
Pr. Sp. Pg. bala = It. balla, KML. bala, balla, a
ball, a round bundle, a package, KOHG. balla,
palla, MHG. balle, a ball: see balll, of whi h
bale is a doublet.] 1. A large bundle or pack-
age of merchandise prepared for transporta-
tion, either in a cloth cover, corded or banded,
or without cover, but compressed and secured
by transverse bands, wires, or withes and lon-
gitudinal Slats. The chief articles of merchandise that
are baled are cotton, wool, and hay. The weight of a bale
of American cotton is between 400 and 500 pounds, vary-
ing with the season of production. A bale of cochineal is
1} hundredweight, a bale of Spanish wood 2% hundred-
Weight, a bale of caraway-seeds 3 hundredweight, a bale
of Mocha coffee 303 pounds, a bale of thread 100 bolts.
2#. A pair or set of dice.
It is a false die of the same bale, but not the same cut.
Sir T. Overbury, Characters.
I have a crew of angels prisoners in my pocket, and
none but a good bale of dice can fetch them out.
Middleton, Blurt, Master-Constable, ii.
bale3 (bāl), v. t.; pret, and pp. baled, ppr. baling.
bale3, n.] To make up into a bale or bales.
baleºt, baleºt, baleół, bale?. See bail1, bail2,
bail?, bail4.
Balearian (bal-ā-ā'ri-an), a. Same as Balearic.
Balearic (bal-É-ar’ik), a. [K L. Balearicus,
better Baliaricus (Gr. Bażlapukóg, also Bażeapukóc
and BaAAtapukág), K Baleares, better Baliares,
Gr. Baſhtapeiç, the ancient name of the islands
and of their inhabitants, lit., according to the
common tradition, the slingers, K. Gr, BáàAetv,
throw, sling.]. Pertaining to the islands Major-
ca, Minorca, Iviza, etc., in the Mediterranean
Sea, called the Balearic islands.—Balearic crane.
See Balearica.
Balearica (bal-É-ar’i-kä), n. [NL., fem. sing.
of L. Balearicus: see Balearic..] A genus of
cranes, family Gruidae, including the crowned
cranes, B. pavonima and B. regulorum. They
have a fastigiate fan-shaped erect crest of modified yei-
balestert, n.
balin.
lowish feathers resembling a miniature wisp-broom. The
head is also variegated with black feathers and red naked
spaces, and the throat is wattled; the general plumage is
blackish, with much white on the wings. The total length
is about 4 feet. These cranes occur in various parts of
Africa, as well as in the islands to which they owe their
name, and one species has occasionally been found in Eu-
rope. The genus has also been named Balearius (Rafi-
nesque, 1815) and Geramarchws (Gloger, 1842).
balearican (bal-à-ar’i-kan), n. IK Balearica.]
A crane of the genus Balearica.
baleen (º). n. [K ME. balene, baleyne, a
whale, K OF. balene, F., baleine, K. L. baldena, a
whale: see Balana.] 1+. A whale.—2}. The
sea-bream.—3. Whalebone in its natural state:
a name given by whale-fishers.
The horny “teeth” of the Lampreys, and of Ornithorhyn-
chus, appear to be ecderonic structures, homologous with
the baleen of the Cetacea, with the palatal plates of the
Sirenia, or the beaks of Birds and Reptiles, and not with
true teeth. Hwæley, Anat. Vert., p. 80.
baleen-knife (ba-lèn’nif), n. A double-handled
knife with a curved blade, used for splitting
whalebone.
bale-fire (bål’fir), n. IK M.E. balefyre, K AS.
bālfjr, K bail, bale, -- fyr, fire: see bale2 and
jire.] 1. A large fire in the open air; partic-
ularly, the fire of a funeral pile.
. The festival [of the death of the earth in winter] was
. . . kept by the lighting of great fires, called bale-fires.
Keary, Prim. Belief, p. 227.
2. A beacon- or signal-fire.
Sweet Teviot l on thy silver tide
The glaring bale-fires blaze no more.
Scott, L. of L. M., iv. 1.
baleful (bål’fül), a. [K ME. baleful, baluful, K
AS. bealwfull, bealofull, K bealu, bealo, bale, +
full, -ful: see balel and ful.] 1. Full of
hurtful or malign influence; destructive; per-
nicious; noxious; direful; deadly: as, “baleful
breath,” Dryden; “baleful drugs,” Milton, Co-
mus, 1.225.
And when he weeps, as you think for his vices,
'Tis but as killing drops from baleful yew-trees,
That rot their honest neighbour.
Fletcher, Valentinian, iii. 1.
This lustful, treacherous, and baleful woman.
‘Edinburgh Rev.
He reminded him that the baleful horoscope of Abdal-
lah had predicted the downfall of Granada. -
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., I. xiv.
2. Fraught with bale; full of calamity or mis-
fortune; disastrous; wretched; miserable.
Ah! lucklesse babe, borne under cruel starre,
And in dead parents balefull ashes bred.
Spenser, F. Q., II. ii. 2.
That baleful burning night,
When subtle Greeks surpris'd kiş Priam's Troy.
alc., Tit. And.., v. 3.
balefully (bā1'fül-i), adv. [ME. balfully, baill-
Jully; K baleful + -ly?..] In a baleful manner.
(a) Calamitously; perniciously; noxiously. (b)
Miserably; unhappily ; painfully.
balefulness (bål’ fül-nes), n. The state or
Quality of being baleful.
Their blisse he turn'd to balefulnesse,
Spenser, F. Q., II. xii. 83.
bale-hook (bål’hiik), n. 1. A large hook sus-
pended from the chain of a crane or winch, for
use in lifting bales.— 2. A smaller hand-hook
used in handling unwieldy bales, boxes, and
packages.
baleine (ba-lān"), n. [F., lit. a whale: see
baleen.] . A movable platform for the support
of dumping-wagons, used in France in building
railroad embankments.
baleist, n. [Early mod. E. balys, KME. baleys,
baleis, K. OF. baleis, balei, mod. F. balai, a
broom, besom, dial. also broom, genesta; cf.
Bret. haiaen, a broom, besom, balan, broom,
genesta..] A rod; a twig.
baleless (bål’les), a. [KME. baleles, KAS. bealw-
leds, bealoleds, K bealu, bealo, bale, + -leds, -less:
see balel and -less.] Harmless; innocent.
'baleri (bā’lér), n. [K bales, v., + -erl.]
who bales, or makes up bales or bundles.
baler?, n. See bailer2. 4
balest, n. A Middle English form of balasl.
See balister1. ©
bale-tie (bålºti), n. A contrivance for joining
the ends of the straps used in baling cotton,
hay, etc.
bajiki (ba-lé’kē), n. [Russ. balyk.] The back-
ieces of the sturgeon, salted and smoked in
ussia for home use and exportation.
balint, n. [Irreg. K L. balim, acc. of balis, K. Gr.
3áAAtſ, an unknown plant: see def.] An un-
known plant, supposed to have wonderful me-
dicinal virtues. N. E. D.
Having th' herbe balim in his wounds infus'd.
Great Britaines Troy (1609).
One
Thaline
Thaline (ba-lèn'), n. [F., packing-cloth; cf. ba-
lin, winnowing-cloth.] Å coarse ind'of can-
was used for packing. -
balingert (bai'in-jër), n. IK ME. balinger, bal-
enger, etc., KOF, balengier, ballenjer, baleinier,
Orig. a whale-ship (= Pg. baleeiro, a whaler, a
whale-ship, — It. baleniera, a pinnace), K baleine,
a whale: see baleen.] A small sea-going war-
vessel in use in the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries, and supposed to have been a kind balistraria (bal-is-trä’ri-á), n.
of sloop without forecastle.
In February, 1417, the king possessed six great ships,
eight barges, and ten balingers.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 650.
baling-press (băſling-pres), n. A power-press
employed for compressing soft or fibrous ma;
terials, as raw cotton, hay, and cotton and
woolen goods, into bales for transportation.
balisaur (bal’i-sār), n. -
hog, K bâlu (Beng. bāli), sand, + 8ür, a hog (cf.
Skt. Säkara, a hog).] The common Indian
'badger, Arctonya, collaris, of the family Muste-
lidae and subfamily Melinae. It resembles the com-
mon European badger of the genus Meles, but is larger,
and is, from its technical characteristics, placed in a
different genus. It is a true badger, one of several mem-
bers of the Melinoe. See badger?. Also Spelled balysaur.
balise, n. See balize.
balista, n. See ballista.
balisterl# (balis-tér), n. [K ME. balester, KOF.
balestier, K L.L. ballistarius, one who makes
crossbows, a crossbowman, K. L. ballista, a
crossbow. Cf. arcubalister.] A crossbowman.
balister21 (bal’is-tér), n. [K OF. balestre, KML.
balistra, a var. of L. ballista, a crossbow (cf.
ML. balistarius arcus, a crossbow): see ballista.]
An arbalist or crossbow. Also spelled ballister.
Balistes (ba-lis’těz), n. [NL., K. L. balista, bet-
ter ballista, the military engine; so called for
the same reason as they are called trigger-fish:
Trigger-fish (Balzster capriscies).
seedef.] A genus of plectognath fishes, typical
of the family Balistidae, containing such species
as B. Carolinensis. They are known as trigger-fish, be-
cause one large and sharp first ray of the dorsal fin cannot
be pressed down until the second ray is depressed, when
the first shuts down as does the hammer of a gun when the
trigger is pulled. ... ū
balistid (ba-lis’tid), n. A fish of the family
Balistidae.
Balistidae (ba-listi-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Balistes
+ -idae.] . A family of fishes, typified by the
genus Balistes, adopted by different authors
with various limits. (a) In Bonaparte's early system,
1832, a family embracing the Balistidae, Triacanthidae, and
Ostraciontidae, and thus equivalent to the Sclerodermes of
Cuvier. (b) In Bonaparte's later systems (1840, etc.), a fam-
ily embracing the Balistidae and Triacanthidae, thus equiv-
alent to the suborder Sclerodermi of Gill. (c) In Swain-
son's system, a family including all thei.º. fishes.
(d) In Gill's system, a family of scleroderm plectognaths
with reduced rhombiform or more or less spiniform der-
mal appendages; a compressed body; teeth few in number
and more or less compressed; a long pelvis, compressed
and arcuate, with the tip sometimes prominent and some-
times concealed ; and no paired ventral fins or spines.
The species are numerous in tropical and subtropical seas,
and are divided into three subfamilies, the Balistinae,
Monacanthimae, and Psilocephalinae. See these words. Spe.
cies are known as triggerfish, file-fish, etc.
Balistina (bal-is-ti'nā), n. pl... [NL., KBalistes
+ -ina.] In Günther's classification of fishes,
the second group of his family Sclerodermi, iden-
tical with the family Balistidae of recent authors.
Balistinae (bal-is-time), m. pl... [NL., & Balistes
+ -ina...] 1. A subfamily of balistoid fishes
having few vertebræ (17), an anterior dorsal fin
consisting of 3 (rarely 2) spines, of which the
first is enlarged and the second locks it in
erection, branchial apertures behind the eyes,
a compressed ovate form, and rhombiform
scales. The most common English names of the species
are file-fish and trigger, fish. The flesh is generally but
little esteemed, and may even be poisonous; but in some
laces, as in Bermuda, one of the species of the genus
alistes is highly esteemed and locally called twrbot. The
skin is used for filing and as a substitute for Sandpaper.
See cut under Balistes
2. In early syste
[K Hind. bālusiº, sand- balize, balise (ba-lázſ), n.
s of classification, a sub- balk!, baulk (båk), v.
429
thidae, and equivalent to the suborder Sclero-
dermi of Gill.–3. In some systems, a subfam-
ily equivalent to the family Balistidae of Gill.
balistine (ba-listin), n. A fish of the subfamily
Balistinae.
balistoid (ba-lis' toid), a. and n. IK Balistes +
-oid.] I. a. Pertaining to or having the char-
acters of the Bali8tidae.
II, n. A balistid.
• ? K balis-
tra, a form of ballista, a crossbow: see bal-
$8ter?..] In old fort.: (a) A loophole or aperture
in the wall of a fortification, or in a wood-
en hoarding temporarily put up for defense,
through which crossbowmen might dischargé
their bolts. See loophole, and compare archeria.
(b) A room in which balisters or crossbows
were kept.
[K F. balise = Sp.
Pg. baliza, Sp. also balisa, valiza, a beacon,
buoy, sea-mark; origin unknown.] A sea-mark
or beacon at the mouth of a river or the en-
trance to a harbor; a barrel-buoy, a pole sur-
#mounted by a peculiar flag or other object, etc.
balk!, baulk (båk), n. [K ME. balk, balke, KAS.
balca, a ridge, = OS. balco = OFries. balka =
of baike, iſ haikº MiG. baiãº, a beam, ball
ance, corn-loft, LG. balke, corn-loft, - OHG.
balcho, balko (> It. balco, a beam, X balcone, X E.
balcony, q.v.), M.H.G. balke, G. balke, balken, a
beam, bar; also, with diff. formative, AS. bale
(once), a ridge, – Icel. bālkr, bālkr = Sw. balk
= Norw. balk, bolk, beam, bar, partition, divi-
sion, - Dan. bai, ridge, partition; AS. bolca,
§ = Icel. biálki = Sw. biálke, bjelke =
an. bjalke, a beam; cf. AS. baelc, covering; per-
haps akinto Gr. 64%ayš, a beam, pole, log, trunk,
block: see phalana.] 1. A ridge; especially, a
ridge left unplowed in the body of a field, or
between fields; an uncultivated strip of land
serving as a boundary, often between pieces of balk2 (båk), v. i.
ground held by different tenants. The latter use
originated in the open-field system (which see, under field).
[Common in provincial English and Scotch.]
Dikeres and delueres digged vp the balkes.
Piers Plowman (B), vi. 109.
Green balks and furrow'd lands.
Cowper, Retirement.
The property consisted of 2,752 acres, which were di-
vided into 3,509 strips of land set at every possible angle,
from nine to thirty feet wide and about nine or ten chains
long, with a grass path called a balk between each,
Nineteenth Century, XIX. 902.
2. A piece missed in plowing. Hence—3t.
An omission; an exception.
The mad steele about doth fiercely fly,
Not sparing wight, he leaving any balke.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. xi. 16.
4. A blunder; a failure or miscarriage: as, to
make a balk; you have made a bad balk of it.
[Now chiefly colloq.] Hence—5. In base-ball,
a motion made by the pitcher as if to pitch the
ball, but without actually doing so.-6t. A
barrier in one's way; an obstacle or stumbling-
block,-7. A check or defeat; a disappoint-
ment.
A balk to the confidence of the bold undertaker. South.
8. In coal-miming, a more or less sudden thin-
ning out, for a certain distance, of a bed of
coal; a nip or want.—9. A beam or piece of
timber of considerable lº and thickness.
Specifically—(a) A cross-beam in the roof of a house which
unites and supports the rafters; a tie-beam. In old-fash- balker1. (bā’kēr), 7?.
Balkan (bâl-kän’ or bâl'kan), a.
ball
land * Kbalk, a ridge: see balk!, n. Cf.
Norw. balka, ão clumsy work.] I. trans, 13.
To make a balk or ridge in plowing; make a
ridge in by leaving a strip unplowed.
To tille a felde man must have diligence,
And balk it not.
Palladius; Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 8.
Hence — 2+. To leave untouched generally;
omit; pass over; neglect; shun.
Balk logic with acquaintance that you have.
Shak., T. of the S., i. 1.
By reason of y" contagion then in London, we baulked the
inns. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 10, 1641.
3. To place a balk in the way of; hence, to
hinder; thwart; frustrate; disappoint.
My Sport is always ballet, or cut short — I stumble over
the game I would pursue. Congreve, Old Batchelor, iv.5.
Alike to the citizen and to the legislator, home experi-
ences daily supply proofs that the conduct of human be-
ings balks calculation. H. Spencer, Sins of Legislators, ii.
4t. To miss by error or inadvertence.
You cannot bawlkyour Road without the hazard of drown-
ing. Feltham, Low Countries (1677), p. 46. (N. E. D.)
5}. To heap up so as to form a balk or ridge.
[Rare.]
Ten thousand bold Scots, two-and-twenty knights,
Balk'd in their own blood, did Sir Walter see
On Holmedon's plains. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 1.
[Some editors read bak'd in this passage.]=Syn.
3. Foil, Thwart, etc. See frustrate.
II. intrans. 1. To stop short in one's course,
as at a balk or obstacle: as, the horse balked;
he balked in his speech.
Ne ever for rebuke or blame of any balkt.
Spenser, F. Q., iv. x. 24.
2+. To quibble; bandy words.
To feed her humour with his pleasing style,
Her list in stryfull termes with him to balke.
Spenser, F. Q., III. ii. 12.
They do not divide and bawlk with God.
Manton, Works (1653), IV. 227. (N. E. D.)
[Prob. K ME. *balken (not
foundin this sense, but cf. balken, var. of belken,
belchen, belch, vociferate), KAS. baelcian, shout,
= Fries. balckien = Flem. and D. balken, bawl,
bray; cf. Flem. and D. bulken = LG. bālken,
low, bellow, = G. bālken, blóken, bleat, low,
'bellow. The AS. form, which occurs but once
in this sense, is by some identified with the
closely related bealcam, or, with an added form-
ative, bealcettan, belcettan, X ME. balken, belken,
belchen, E. belk, belch, used also, in AS. chiefly,
like L. eructare, as a transitive verb, and with-
out offensive implication, belch out, vociferate,
utter (words, hymns, etc.); so ME. bolken, mod.
dial. bouk, boke, bock, etc.: see belch, belk, bolk.
All these words are prob. based on the same
imitative root; cf. bawl, bellow, bleat.] To sig-
nify to fishing-boats the direction taken by the
shoals of herrings or pilchards, as seen from
heights overlooking the sea: done at first by
bawling or shouting, subsequently by signals.
N. E. D. [Local, Eng.]
[Formerly
also Balcan; = F. Balcam = G. Balkan, etc., a
name appar. of Slavic origin..] Of or pertain-
ing to the Balkans, a mountain-range crossing
Bulgaria from west to east, or to the peninsula
embracing European Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria,
Rumania, Servia, and the regions westward to
the Adriatic.
[K balkl, v., + -erl,] One
ioned one-story houses of Scotland, Ireland, and the North who balks, in any sense of the verb.
of England these tie-beams were often exposed, and boards
or peeled saplings called cabers were laid across them,
forming a kind of loft often called the balks. From these
exposed tie-beams or from the cabers articles were often
suspended. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
Tubbes hanging in the balkes.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 440.
The stiffest balk; bends more or less; all joists creak.
Carlyle, French Rev., II. i. 12.
(b) Milit., one of the beams connecting the successive sup-
ports of a trestle-bridge or bateau-bridge. (c) In carp., a
squared timber, long or short ; a large timber in a frame,
floor, etc.; a square log.
10. The beam of a balance.
in dialectal usage.]—11. In billiards, the space
between the cushion of the table and the balk-
balker2 (bā’kēr), n.
balkishf (bā’kish), a.
[K balk? -- -erl.] A man
stationed on a cliff or an eminence to look out
for shoals of herrings or pilchards, and signal
the direction taken by them. [Local, Eng.]
The pilchards are pursued by a bigger fish, called a
plusher, who leapeth above water and bewrayeth them to
the balker. R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
ſº [K balkl, n., + -ish.]
Furrowy; ridged; uneven.
That ºrg and balkish way.
*
tamihwrst, Ded, of Holinshed's Chronicles, II.
[Obsolete, except balk-line (båkºlin), n. In billiards, a diagonal
line cutting off a corner, or a straight line cut-
ting off a uniform space on each side (generally
line. A ball inside this space is said to be in - 14 inches), from the main field of the table.
balk.—12. A long wooden or iron table on balk-staff (båk'stāf), n. A quarter-staff.
which paper is laid in the press-room of a print-balky (bā’ki), a. [K balk", v., + -y.] Given to
ing-office.—13. A set of stout stakes sur-
rounded by netting or wickerwork for catching + refuse to move: as, a balky horse.
fish. N. E. D. [Prov. Eng.]–14. The stout balll (bâl), m.
rope at the top of fishing-nets by which they
are fastened one to another in a fleet. [In
[K ME. balken, make a
*Cornwall, balch.] N. E. D.
balking; apt to stop abruptly and obstinately
|U. S.
[Early mod. E. also º, ºne.
times baule, bawle, K ME. bal, ball, balle, either
from Icel. (see below) or K AS. *beallw or
*bealla (not found, but evidenced by the dim.
beallwc, E. ballock, lit. a little ball: see ballock)
family * the Balistidae and Triacan- balk in land, that is, leave a strip or ridge of = D. bal = Flem, bal, MLG. bal, LG. ball, a
\

ball
'ball, - QHG., “bal, m, ballo, pallo, m., balla,
alla, f., M.H.G. bal, balle, m., G. ball, m., a ball,
allen, m., a bale, package, = Icel. bāllr = Norw.
ball, ball, =Sw. boll, ball, bal, bale, = Dan, bal,
billiard-ball, balde, ball (in anat.), balle, bale,
bold, playing-ball; not found in Goth. Hence
(from OHG.) M.L., balla, palla, bala, a ball, a
bale, > It. balla, palla, a ball (now distinguished:
balla, a bale, palla, a ball), Sp. Pg. Pr. bala, a
ball, a bale, = F. balle, O.F. balle, bale, a ball, a
bale, X D. baal = OFlem. bale, Flém. bal, MLG.
bale = ME. bale, E. bale, prop. a round bundle:
see baleº., Appar, a native Teut. word, akin to
boll", bowll, q.v., and to L. follis, a wind-bag,
an inflated ball for playing, X ult. E. fool : see
fooll and follicle, etc. The Gr. Trá22a, a ball, is
º: a different word, but it may be the source
of ML. and It. palla. See balloon, ballot.] 1.
A spherical or approximately spherical body; a
sphere; a globe: as, a ball of snow, of thread,
of twine, etc. spécifically ſº. A round of
Inearly round body, of different materials and
sizes, for use in various games, as base-ball,
foot-ball, cricket, tennis, billiards, etc.—3. A
game played with a ball, especially base-ball
or any modification of it.—4. A toss or throw
of a ball in a game: as, a swift ball; a high or
low ball.—5. In base-ball, a pitch such that the
ball fails to pass over the home-plate not high-
er than the shoulder nor lower than the knees
of the striker: as, the pitcher is allowed four
balls by the rules of the game.—6. A small
spherical body of wood or ivory used in voting
by ballot. See ballotl and blackball.—7. The
missile or projectile thrown from a firearm or
other engine of war; a bullet or cannon-ball,
whether spherical (as originally) or conical or
cylindrical (as now commonly); in artillery, a
solid projectile, as distinguished from a hollow
one called a shell (which see).—8. Projectiles,
and more particularly bullets, collectively: as,
to supply a regiment with powder and ball; the
troops were ordered to load with ball.—9. In
printing, a rounded mass or cushion of hair or
wool, covered with soft leather or skin, and fas-
tened to a stock called a ball-stock, used (gen-
erally in pairs, one for each hand) before the
invention of the roller to ink type on the press:
still in use by wood-engravers, but made of
smaller size, and with a silk instead of a lea-
ther face. A similar ball is used in inking the blocks in
calico-printing. That used by engravers in Spreading an
etching-ground is called a dabber.
10. A clew or cop of thread, twine, or yarn.—
11+. A spherical piece of soap. -
Then she said to her maids, bring me oil and washing
balls, and shut the garden doors, that I may Wash me.
Susanma (Apocrypha), i. 17.
For my part, I'll go and get a sweet ball, and wash my
hands of it. Middleton, Blurt, Master-Constable, ii. 1.
12. A rounded package; a bale.—13. In
metal., one of the masses of iron, weighing
about 80 pounds, into which, in the process
of converting pig-iron into wrought-iron by
puddling, the iron in the reverberatory fur-
nace is made up as soon as it begins to as-
Sume a pasty condition. As fast as the iron is
balled it is taken out of the furnace, and is first ham-
mered or squeezed, and them rolled into bars of any
desired form.
14. In med., a bolus; a large pill: now only in
veterinary medicine.—15. In pyrotechnics, a
globular mass of combustible ingredients, or a
case filled with them, designed to set fire to
something or to give forth light, etc.; a fire-
loall.— 16. In cabinet-work, the composition of
shoemakers' wax used in waxing black-work.
—17. Any part of a thing, especially of the
human body, that is rounded or protuberant:
as, the ball of the eye; the ball of the thumb; 3.
the ball of a dumb-bell; the ball of a pendulum,
that is, the bob or weight at the bottom.
Is the ball of his sight much more dear to him 7
Lamb, My Relations.
18#. The central hollow of the palm of the
hand.—19. The central part of an animal's
foot.—20. A testicle: generally in the plural.
[Vulgar..]—21. A hand-tool with a rounded end
arranged for cutting hollow forms.-22.
round valve in an inclosed chamber, operated
by the flow of the liquid through the chamber;
a ball-valve.—23. In lapidary-work, a small
spherical grinder of lead used in hollowing out
the under side of certain stones, as carbuncles,
to make them thinner and thus more transpar-
ent.—24. The globe; the earth. [Now rare.]
Julius and Anthony, those lords of all,
Low at her feet present the conquered ball.
Granville.
430
Ye gods, what justice rules the ball f
Freedom and arts together fall.
Pope, Chorus to Brutus, l. 25.
[A globe representing the earth is a common symbol of
sovereignty; hence Bacon has the phrase to hold the ball
of a kingdom, in the sense of to bear sovereignty over it.]
—A ball fired, in her., a globe with fire issuing from the
top: as, a ball fired in four places.--Ball and socket, a
combination of a sphere, or spherical segment, with a
hollow spherical envelop, OT Socket, such that arod or stem
attached to the ball may be placed at any (limited)
angle with an axis through the socket: used in sur-
veying and astronomical instruments.—Ball-and-socket
coupling, a ball-and-socket joint used for a revolving
rod or shaft, principally to change the direction of the
line of transmission of motion, but sometimes to allow
for any yielding of the supports which would bring the
shafting out of line.--Ball-and-socket hanger, a hanger
in Which the box or bearing is attached to the bracket or
pendant by a spherical segment-joint, to allow for a spring
of the shaft or rod, or other cause which may bring the
shaft out of line and thus occasion excessive friction and
Wear.—Ball-and-socket joint, a natural or an artificial
joint formed by a ball or knob working in
a socket. In amat. it is a kind of articu-
lation technically called emanthrosis, ex-
emplified in the hip-joint and shoul-
der-joint. Also called cup-and-ball joint.
—Ball-and-socket, pillow-block, in
nech., a pillow-block which, within cer-
tain limits, can accommodate itself to the
line of the shafting.—Ball of a pendu-
lum, a bob. See bobl.—Ball of the eye. See eyeball.—
Ball of the foot, the protuberant part of the sole at
the base of the great toe, with the smaller eminences at
the bases of the other toes, upon which the body rests
When the heel is elevated.—Ball of the thumb, the
fleshy mass at the base of the thumb on the side of the
palm ; the volar or thenar eminence.— Soda, crude
soda.-Golden balls. See golden.—Venetian ball, in
lass-manuf., a filigree work inclosed in a transparent
all-Şyn, Sphere, etc., See globe.
balli (bâl), v. [K ball1, n.] I. trans. 1. To make
into a ball. Specifically—(a) In the manufacture of
cotton, to wind into balls. (b) In metal., to heat in a fur-
nace and then form into balls for rolling.
2. To surround in a compact cluster, as bees
when they surround the queen bee.
This is more apt to happen when a strange queen is
introduced to a colony, but sometimes a colony will ball
their own queen if unusually excited or disturbed. . . . If
not soon released, the queen dies and is thrown out of
the hive. Dzieron tells us that bees sometimes ball their
queen for the purpose of protecting her from the attacks
of strange bees. Phim, Dict. Apiculture, p. 10.
II. intrams. 1. To form or gather into a ball,
as snow on horses' hoofs, or mud on the feet.—
2. To remain in a solid mass instead of scat-
tering: said of shot discharged from a gun.—
To ball up, (a) In a puddling- or balling-furnace, to
form the ball preparatory to rolling. (b) To fail; mis-
carry. [Slang.]
ball? (bâl), m. [First in the 17th century,
D. Sw. Dan. bal = G. ball, K F. bal = Pr. bal
Sp. Pg. baile = It. ballo (M.L. ballus), dancing,
a dance; from the verb, F. baller, O.F. baler (>
M.E. balen, rare) = Pr. ballar = Šp. Pg. bailar
=It. ballare, KLL. ballare, dance,< & (in Sicily
and Italy) flaž%íſelv, dance, jump about, appar.
K 3ážāew, throw. Hence ballad, ballet2..] 1#. A
dance; dancing.
They had got a Calf of Gold and were Dancing about it.
But it was a Dismal Ball, and they paid dear for their
Junket. Penn, Add. to Prot., p. 19. (N. E. D.)
2. A social assembly of persons of both sexes
for the purpose of dancing.
In various talk th' instructive hours they pass'd,
Who gave the ball, or paid the visit last.
Pope, R. of the L., iii. 12.
She began, for the first time that evening, to feel her-
self at a ball: she longed to dance, but she had not an ac-
quaintance in the room.
Jame Awstem, Northanger Abbey, p. 8.
To open the ball, to begin the dancing; hence, figura-
tively, to begin opérations; lead off, as in a discussion or
a battle.
|ball? (bâl), v. i. [K ball2, n.1 To take part in
a ball; dance. [Rare.] .
It is the temperature that sets people dancing and ball-
ing. Harper's Mag., X. 821.
ball3+ (bâl), n. [Not found in ME., but per-
haps existent, as the possible source of the
adj. ballede, balled, balde, E. baldi, q, V., and of
ballardi, q.v.; K W. bal, having a white streak
on the forehead, as a horse, bali, a white streak,
= Bret. bal, a white mark on an animal's face,
= Ir. Gael. bal, a spot, mark, freckle. Cf. Gr.
ažág, shining, white, jažtóg, white, pažapóg, ºff-
poc, having a spot of white, as a dog, pažakpóg,
bald-headed, perhaps ult. connected with E.
bale2, a fire. Hence prob. baldi and ballardl.]
1. A white streak or spot.
The ii. propertyes of a bauson Ibadger]. The fyrste
is to haue a whyte rase or a ball in the foreheed; the
seconde, to haue a Whyte fote.
Fitzherbert, Husbandry, $ 73. (N. E. D.)
2. A horse or mag º white-faced):
used appellatively, like dum, bayard.
ball 4t, v. An obsolete form of bawl!.
º
S- “A Fº
ŠčS$
Ball-and-Socket
Joint.
balladry
ballºt, n., An obsolete form of bal. -
balla (bällä), n., [It., a bundle, package, bale:
see baleš.] fn lace-naking, a sort of cushion
used by the Maltese lace-makers.
ballace}, n. An obsolete form of ballast.
ballad (bal'ad), n. [Early mod. E. also ballade,
also (after #3 ballat, ballatt, ballet, ballette,
balette (with term, conformed to -et; cf. Salad,
formerly sallet), Sc. corruptly ballant ; K ME.
balade, KOF, balade, mod, ballade, a dancing-
song, K Pr. Pg. ballada = OSp. balada = It. bal-
lata, a dance, a dancing-song, K ballare, dance:
see ball2.1 lit. A song intended as an accom-
paniment to a dance.—2t. The tune to which
such a song is sung.—3. A short narrative
poem, especially one adapted for singing; a
poem partly epic and partly lyric. . As applied to
the minstrelsy of the borders of England and Scotland, and
of Scandinavia and Spain, the ballad is a sort of minor
epic, reciting in verse more or less rude the exploits of
warriors, the adventures of lovers, and the mysteries of
fairyland, designed to be rehearsed in musical recitative
accompanied by the harp.
Roundel, balades, and virelay. Gower, Conf. Amant.
The ballad . . . is the lyrically dramatic expression of
actions and events in the lives of others.
W. Sharp, D. G. Rossetti, p. 355.
4. In music, originally, a short and simple
vocal melody, often adapted to more than one
stanza of poetry and having a simple instru-
mental accompaniment. The term is sometimes
applied to instrumental melodies of a similar character,
and more loosely to more elaborate compositions in which
a narrative idea is intended to be expressed.
balladt (bal'ad), v. [Early mod. E. also ballat,
ballet; from the noun..] I, intrams. To make
or sing ballads. -
These envious libellers ballad against them.
Domine, Juvenilia, i.
II. trans. To celebrate in a ballad.
Rhymers ballad us out o' tune.
- Shak., A. and C., v. 2.
She has told all: I shall be ballated,
Sung up and downe by Minstrells.
t Heywood, A Challenge, iii. 1.
I make but repetition
Of what is ordinary and Ryalto talk, -
And ballated, and would be play'd o' the stage. .
Webster, White Devil.
3–
ballade (ba-lād’), n. [F.: see ballad, m.] 1. A
oem consisting of one or more triplets each
ormed of stanzas of seven or eight lines, the
last line being a refrain common to all the
stanzas.-2. A poem divided into stanzas hav-
ing the same number of lines, commonly seven
or eight.—Ballade royal, a ballade in which each line
consists of ten syllables. -
ballader (bal/ad-èr), n. [Early mod. E. also
ballater, balletter; Kballad, v., + -erl.] A writer
or singer of ballads; a balladist.
balladic (ba-lad'ik), a. [K ballad -- -ic.] Of,
pertaining to, or of the nature of ballads.
balladical (ba-lad’i-kal), a. Same as balladic.
balladieri, n. IK ballad -H, -ier: see -eer.] A
public ballad-singer. -
balladine (balſa-dén), m. [Formerly also bal-
ladim, recently also baladine; K F. balladin, now
baladim, m., baladimé, f., K ballade, a ballad: see
ballad..] 1+. A theatrical dancer.—2. A fe-
male public dancer. [Rare.]
The first breathing woman's cheek,
First dancer's, gipsy's, or street baladine's.
Browning, In a Balcony.
3+. A ballad-maker.
balladism (bal/ad-izm), n. [Kballad -- -ism.]
The characteristic quality of ballads. N. E. D.
balladist (bal’ad-ist), m. [K ballad -H, -ist.]
A writer or singer of ballads. f
balladize (bal’ad-iz), v.; pret. and pp. ballad-
ized, ppr. balladizing, [K ballad F-ize..] I.
trans. To convert into the form of a ballad;
make a ballad of or about. -
II. intrans. To make ballads.
balladling (bal'ad-ling); n. [K ballad -H, -ling.]
A little ballad. Southey.
ballad-maker (bal’ad-mă/kēr), n. A writer of
ballads. Shak. \
balladmonger (bal’ºd-mung"gēr), n. A dealer
in ballads; an inferior poet; a poetaster.
I had rather be a kitten and cry mew,
Than one of these same metre ballad-mongers.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 1.
To make herself the pipe and balladmonger of a circle !
to soothe her light heart with catches and glees -
Sheridan, The Rivals, ii. 1.
ballad-opera (bal’ad-op’īrā), n. An opera in
which ballads or popular ſongs are .."; al:
. 8,1SO
balladry (bal’ad-ri), n, arly mod.
balletry, ballatry; K ballad H. -ry.] Poetry of
the ballad kind; the style of ballads. . . . .



balladry 431 ballimong
What though th d P ſº wº l d. E. also If necessary, ball bearings can be placed upon the crank-
§§7 *Sº if ſº; º; ; Sci. Amer. (N.S.), LIV. 105.
§ # pp. idiased, sometimes bailast, § #iº. ball-block (bålſblok), n. In printing with
#ºfonson, Underwoods, xii. ballasse, ballace, balase, etc., -G. D. Flem. IG, ..bºl: the slab or plate which holds the ink.
ñailastºn Tian bailaste, hagiaste - šw bar. ball-blue (bål’blé), n. Same as soluble blue
lasta; from the noun..] 1. To place ballast (Which flee, ºdº blºº). &
in or on; furnish with ballast: as, to ballast a ball-caliber (bål'kal"i-bër), n. A ring-gage for
ship; to ballast a balloon; to ballast the bed of . determining the diameter of gun-shot. . .
a railroad. See the noun. ball-cartri ge (bål’kär". trij), n. A cartridge
The road was so perfectly ballasted with stone that we containing a ball, in contradistinction to a shot-
had no dust. C. '; Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 3. cartridge or a blank cartridge.
2. Figuratively: (a) To give steadiness to; ball-caster (bälſkäs’tēr), n. A caster for the
keep steady. legs of furniture, etc., having a ball instead of
'Tis charity must ballast the heart. an ordinary roller.
Hammond, Sermons, p. 611. ball-cock (bål’kok), n. A hollow sphere or ball
(b) To serve as a counterpoise to ; keep down of metal attached to the end of a lever, which
by counteraction. turns the stop-cock º, º f * tº -º
Now you have given me virtue for my guide, of a water-pipe and
And with true honour ballasted my pride. Dryden. regulates the supply
3}. To load; freight.—4. To load or weigh of water. The bali,
down. floating in the water of a
When his belly is well ballaced, and his brain rigged a #9.ºisterºs and
little, he sails away withal. y fallsº it, shutting off
B. Jonson, ind to Every Man in his Humour. the flow. When the Wºr
speck: see ball3.] A fish, the ballan-wrasse. These yellow rascals [coins] must serve to ballast my * ºft º
balland (bal’and), n. [Origin unknown.] In , purse a little longer. Scott, Old Mortality, ix. when it falls below this
mining, pulverized lead ore, after separation ballast? (balſast), pp. Ballasted. level.
from its gangue. [North. Eng.] . Who sent whole armadas of carracks to be ballast.
hºle. Q. #. gº
w º ak., C. of E., iii. 2. lete form of bald 1.
*º n. [Sc., a corruption of bal- Hulks of burden great,
e - - baller1 (bā’lér), n.
Which Brandimart rebated from his coast, [K ball1, v., + -erl.]
The villages also must have their visitors to inquire
what lectures the bagpipe and the rebec reads, even to the
ballatry and the gamut of every municipal fiddler.
Milton, Areopagitica.
ballad-singer (bal’ ad-sing” er), n. A person
whose employment consists in singing ballads
in public. g
ballahou (balſa-hö), n. ſº. balahiſ, K Carib
balahua, the sea (?).] 1. A fast-sailing two-
masted vessel, rigged with high fore-and-aft
sails, much used in the West Indies. The
foremast rakes forward, the mainmast aft.—
2. An ill-conditioned, slovenly ship.
ballam (bal'am), n. [Native name, prob. same
as Malayalam vallam, a large basket for storing
grain, a dam..] A sort of canoe hollowed out
of timber, in which Singhalese pearl-fishers
wash out the pearls from pearl-Oysters.
ballan (bal'an), n. [Appar. K. Gael. and Ir, bal-
lach, spotted, speckled, Gael. and Ir. bal, a spot,
Fig. 1, Cistern with ball-cock at-
tached. Fig. 2, Section of ball-cock
They're dying to rhyme ower prayers, and ballants, and - - - - - l le: a, valve show
char.& ying ym pray . Ścott. And sent them home **ºn OSO. On e who or that .... sº.; .#:
ballan; Wrasse (bal'ºnºras), n. The most gen- ballastage (bal'as-tāj), n. [K ballast + -age.] which forms, any- tº which being raised shuts the
eral thing into balls.
fish of the family Labrida. -
ballaragt, v. t. An obsolete form of bullyrag.
You vainly thought to ballarag us.
T. Warton, Newsman's Verses.
ballardlt, n.
+ -ard.]. A bald-headed person; a baldhead.
English name of the Labrus maculatus, a 1. An
[ME., also balard; prob. K. ball3 ba
old right of the admiralty in all the
royal rivers of Great Britain to levy a rate
for supplying ships with ballast.—2. The toll
paid for the privilege of taking ballast, as from
a gravel-bed, etc.
fºie (balſast-en"jin), n. A steam-
engine used for dredging a river or drawing
And scornede to hym saying, stye up, ballard / [“Go earth and ballast on a railroad.
up, thou baldhead,” in authorized version.]
Wyclif, 2 Ki. ii. 23.
ballardºt, n, [Origin unknown.]. A kind of
musical instrument.
Purchas, Pilgrims. (N.
JE. D.
ballast, ballaset, n. and v. See ballast.
ballast (bal’ast), n. [Early mod. E. also balast,
*balest, balist, and, with loss of t, ballas, ballass,
ballasse, ballace, ballesse, balase, etc. (not in
ë . balast = G. ballast (> Pol. balast=
Russ. balastā, ballastii), KOLG.LG. Fries. D. bal-
last, Flem...ballas, Dan. ballast, Sw, ballast, bar-
last, OSw. ODan. barlast, the last being appar. ballast-heaver (bal’ ast-hé”yèr), n.
the orig. form, K bar = E. bare, mere, + last= E
last, load or weight; but the first element is un-
certain. The Dan. baglast, ‘back-load,” D. obs.
balglast, ‘belly-load,” appear to be due to popu-
ballast-getter (bal’ast-get"ér), n.
* One who is
employed in procuring ballast for ships.
I now come to the nature of the ballast labour itself.
This is divisible into three classes: that performed by the
ballast-getters, or those who are engaged in raising it from
the bed of the Thames; by the ballast-lighters, or those
who are engaged in carrying it from the getters to the
ships requiring it; and by the ballast-heavers, or those
who are engaged in putting it on board of such ships.
Mayhew, London Labour, III. 278.
ballast-hammer (bal'ast-ham’ér), n. A double-
faced, long-handled hammer used in laying
railroad-tracks.
1. One
who is employed in putting ballast on board
ships. See extract under ballast-getter.—2.
A dredging-machine for raising ballast from a
river-bed; a ballast-lighter.
lar etymology. The explanation of ballast as K ballast-hole (bal'ast-hôl), m. Same as ballast-
MLG. bal-, += AS, balu, bad, evil (see balel), + port.
last, load, that is, unprofitable cargo, is not ballasting (bal'as-ting), n.
satisfactory.] 1. Weight carried by a ship or
boat for the purpose of insuring the proper sta-
bility, both to avoid risk of capsizing and to se-
cure the greatest effectiveness of the propel-
ling power. A usual modern form of ballast is water,
which is pumped in or out of compartments arranged to
receive it; lead is also much used, especially for craft of
moderate size, and is often run into a space left for it be-
tween the plates of the keel, or cast into plates of appro-
priate form and bolted to the exterior of the keel. Gravel,
stones, pig-iron, and other weighty materials are in com-
mon use as ballast, in cases where the requisite weight
cannot be found in the regular cargo itself.
So rich shall be the rubbish of our barks,
Ta'en here for ballass to the ports of France,
That Charles himself shall wonder at the sight.
Greene, Orlando Furioso.
2. Bags of sand placed in the car of a balloon
to steady it and to enable the aéronaut to light-
en the balloon, when necessary to effect a rise,
by throwing part of the sand out.—3. Gravel,
broken stones, slag, or similar material (usually
called road-metal), placed between the sleep-
ers or ties of a railroad, to prevent them from
road. The name is also given to the stones, burnt clay,
etc., used as a foundation in making new roads,
concrete floors, etc.
Depressions frequently occur in concrete flooring when
the ballast has been badly stamped down.
+ Thawsing, Beer (trans.), p. 298.
ballast-lighter (balſast-li’tēr), m.
ballast-port (bal'ast-pôrt), n.
ballast-trim (bal/ast-trim), m.
. and v.
shifting, and generally to give solidity to the #: º 72.
* ber, especially from Astrakhan to Moscow.
ballatorium (bal-a-tó'ri-um), m.à pl. ballatoria
-à d
º 1. The act of fur-
nishing with ballast, as a ship or railroad.—
2. Ballast; that which is used for ballast, as
gravel or broken stones, cinders, or other ma-
terial used for the covering of roads or to form.
the upper works or permanent way of a rail-
road.
[K ballast +
lighter?..] 1. A person employed in convey-
ing ballast for ships. See extract under bal-
last-getter.—2. A large flat-bottomed barge
for receiving and transporting ballast, or for
removing sand, silt, ashes, or other deposits
dredged from the beds of rivers and the bot-
toms of harbors, docks, etc.
A large square
port in the side of a merchant-ship serving for
the reception and discharge of ballast. Also
called ballast-hole.
The state of a
ship when she is merely in ballast or has no
cargo on board: as, she is in ballast-trim.
An obsolete form of ballad.
heavy boat em-
ployed in Russia in the transportation of tim-
§). [ML., K. “ballare, K. Gr. 36% Aetv, throw.
f. balista, ballista, etc.] The forecastle or
baller?? (bā’lér), n.
ballerina (bâl-lā-ré'nā), n. ;
balletl (bal’et), m.
ballet? (bal’ā), v. i.
ballet 3+, m. and v.
balletry#, m.
ball-flower (bål'flou’ér), m.
ball-grinder (bål'grin"dēr), m.
[K ball2, v., + -erl.] One
who takes part in a ball for dancing.
pl. ballerinas, bal-
lerine (-nāz, -nā). [It., fem, of ballerino (pl. bal-
lerine), a dancer, K ballare, dance: see ball2.] A
female ballet-dancer.
[K OF. balette, a little ball,
dim. of bale, balle, a ball: see balll and -et.]
A little ball: in her., a bearing in coats of arms,
denominated, according to the color, bezants,
# plates, hurts, etc.
ballet? (bal’ā, formerly and still sometimes
balſet), m. [First in the 17th century, also
ballat, ballette, balette, balet, K F. ballet (= It.
balletto), dim. of bal = It. ballo, a dance: see
ball2 and -et.] 1. A spectacular dance, more
or less elaborate in steps, poses, and costumes,
in which a number of performers, chiefly fe-
males, take part. It is led or conducted by one or
more chief dancers or coryphées, and is usually incidental
to an operatic or other dramatic representation.
2. A complete pantomime or theatrical repre-
sentation, in which a story is told, and actions,
characters, and passions are represented, by
gestures and grouping, accompanied by char-
acteristic or illustrative music, dancing, and
often rich scenery and decorations.—3. The
corps of dancers who perform ballets.
[K ballet?, m.] To express
by dancing or in a ballet. [Rare.]
He ballets to her: “Will you come down here and dance?”
Mayhew, London Labour, III. 155.
An obsolete form of ballad.
An obsolete form of balladry.
In arch., an orna-
ment resembling a ball placed in a circular
§ s N Sº N N N
Šſº %iº -
§§§
£º 2/4. º Bºz :* ºf 4./ .
e
*
Fº - * * * * - - - * **** * ...". - - --- * * *
- 2%22&2& º
º: 22 º Fº º
Ball-flowers.
flower, the three petals of which form a cup
round it. This ornament is usually found inserted in a
hollow molding, and is generally characteristic in Eng-
land of the decorated style of the thirteenth century.
Some variations of form occur, as four petals instead of
three (York cathedral), and balls of different sizes and
shapes.
e tº A pulverizer
or disintegrator formed by balls of metal in-
closed in a rotating cylinder. The material to
be crushed is broken by the attrition of the
4. Figuratively, that which gives stability or the stern-castle of a medieval ship of war: rolling balls.
steadiness, mental, moral, or political.
so called because it was a position of vantage ball-gudgeon (bál 'guj" Qn), m.
Those that are of solid and sober natures have more of from which missiles were discharged.
the ballast than of the sail.
Bacon, Vain Glory ballatry, n. An obsolete form of balladry.
* - - - A spherical
gudgeon, permitting a lateral deflection of the
arbor or shaft, while still remaining itself in
These men have notballast enough of humility and fear. ball-bearing (bål’bàr’ing), m. In mech., a the socket. E. H. Knight.
º t łºmmond, Sºrmons, p. 61% Amethod of lessèning friction by causing a shaft balliage, n. See bailage.
#º º: §...; #& to rest upon or to be surrounded by balls run- balliardst, m. pl. Billiards. Spenser.
p ge(l, † # ning in an annular track, each ball being ballimong (bälſi-mong), n, [Origin unknown.]
accidentally be brought with it.—In balla St, Without º *
cargo said of a ship faden with ballast only. " loose, and turning with the shaft. A dredge. Holland.













balling
Balling (bà’ling), n. . [Verbal n. of ball1, v.]
The act or process of making into balls; the
act of assuming the form of a ball; specifically,
in the process of puddling, the forming of the
iron into balls or rounded masses of a size con-
venient for handling.
balling? (bā'ling), m.
The frequenting of balls; dancing. [Raré.]
balling-furnace (bā'ling-férºnás), n. [K ball-
ing, verbal n., of ball1, v., + furnace.] 1. A
furnace in which piles or fagots of metal are
placed to be heated preparatory to rolling. It
resembles a puddling-furnace.—2. A reverbe-
ratory furnace used in alkali-works.
balling-gun (bā’ling-gun), n. An instrument
for administering to horses medicine rolled
into balls. It consists of a tube from which the air is
partially exhausted; the ball is held on the end of the
tube by atmospheric pressure, and is released by a piston
When fairly within the esophagus. E. H. Knight.
balling-iron (bā'ling-i'êrn), n. A hook-shaped
tool for removing snow from the feet of a horse.
balling-machine (bā'ling-ma-shën"), n. A ma-
chine for balling cotton thread.
balling-tool (bā’ling-tól), n. The tool used in
collecting into a mass the iron in a puddling-
furnace preparatory to taking it to the hammer
or squeezer; a rabble.
ball-ironstone (bål'i'êrn-stön), n. In English
Amining, nodular iron ore. Also called ball-mime
and ball-vein. t
ballisedt, a. [Appar. for "pallised, K F. palissé,
pp. of palisser, surround with pales: see pali-
Sade.] Inclosed with a railing or balustrade.
Wotton. (N. E. D.)
hallismus (ba-lis' mus), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3a7%to-
Auðg, a jumping about, dancing, K Ba%2ſſelv,
jump about, dance: see ball2.] In pathol., a
name which has been given to chorea, to pa-
Talysis agitans, and to other forms of tremor.
Thallist (bal’ist), m. [Early mod. E. also balist,
K M.E. balist, K L. ballista, balista: see ballista.]
Same as ballista. [Rare.]
ballista, balista (ba-listā), m.; pl. ballista, ba-
lista? (-té). [L., occasionally (in gloss.) ballistra,
appar. formed on a Greek model, K. Gr. 36% Aety,
throw.] 1. An ancient military engine used
for throwing missiles. The different references to
it are contradictory, as it is described as acting by means
of a bow, but also as throwing large stones rather than
darts. An attempt has been made to reconcile these
Statements by representing the engine as composed of a
strong shaft, rotating on one of its ends, and having at
the other end a receptacle for the missile; this shaft would
be thrown forward by the recoil of a steel bow, and stopped
Suddenly against a transom, thus releasing the missile.
Throughout the middle ages the term is used in Latin
Writings for military engines of different kinds. See tré-
buchet, mangonel, petromel, pierrier, and catapult. When
used as a bearing in heraldry, the ballista is represented
so simplified as to be hardly recognizable. It has gener-
ally two upright posts with a movable bar between them,
shown loaded at one end.
2. [NL.] In amat, the astragalus, a bone of
*the tarsus.
ballistic (ba-listik), a. [K ballista + -ic.] Per-
taining to ballistics, or the scientific construc-
tion and use of projectiles.—Ballistic curve, the
actual path of a projectile, as distinguished from the theo-
retical or parabolic path.- Stic galvanometer.
See galvanometer.—Ballistic pendulum, an apparatus
invented by Benjamin Robins for ascertaining the velocity
of military projectiles, and consequently the explosive
force of gunpowder. A piece of ordnance is fired against
a cast-iron case filled with bags of sand, which forms the
ball of a pendulum, and the percussion causes the pendu-
lum to vibrate. The distance through which it vibrates
is measured on a copper arc by an index carrying a ver-
nier, and the amount of vibration forms a measure of the
force or velocity of the ball. The ballistic pendulum is
now nearly superseded by various forms of apparatus for
measuring the time occupied by the passage of the shot
*from one screen or wire to another. See electroballistic.
432
KAS. bealluc, K*beallu or “bealla, a ball, H- dim.
-uc: see ball1, 20, and -ock.] A testicle. [Ob-
solete or vulgar.]
balloni, n.
ballot
and thus of blowing itself up into a nearly spherical shape
like a balloon. The ivory-like tips of the jawbones cleft
above and below, as in Tetraodon, give the fish the appear-
ance of having four teeth, two above and two below." See
IK F. ballon, balon, dim. of balle, 3-Gymnodontidae.
-bale, a bale; in def. 2, obs, form of balloon: see ballooning (ba-lö'ning), m. [K balloon! -H -ingl.]
balloon1.] 1. A bale of paper, etc.—2. Same
[Verbal m. of ball”, v.] &as balloon1, 1, 2.
balloon1 (ba-lön'), m. [In some senses also
ballon, after F.; early mod. E. baloon, baloune,
balone, ballone, K. It. ballone, pallone, a large
ball, a foot-ball (now distinguished: ballone, a
large bale, pallomé, a foot-ball, balloon) (= Šp.
balón, a foot-ball, a large bale, as Pg. balão, a
balloon, - F. ballon, a fardle or small pack,
balom, “a little ball or pack, also a foot-ball or
balloon” (Cotgrave), now ballon (after It.), a
foot-ball, balloon, swelling hill), aug. (in F.
Fº: dim.) of balla, etc., a bail, bale: see
balll, baleš.] 1}. A large inflated ball of leather
used in º certain games; a game playe
With such a ball. It was tossed to and fro by either
hand or foot, the hand being defended by a guard (bal-
loon-brasser). See foot-ball.
'Tis easier sport than the baloon. Heywood.
It was my envied lot to lead the winning party at that
wondrous match at ballom, made betwixt the divine As-
trophel (Our matchless Sidney) and the right honourable
my very good Lord of Oxford. Scott, Monastery, II. iii.
2. In chem., a round vessel with a short neck,
used as a receiver in distillation; a glass re-
ceiver of a spherical form.—3. In arch., a ball
or globe on the top of a pillar.—4. In pyro-
technics, a ball of pasteboard or a kind of bomb
stuffed with combustibles, which, bursting like
a bomb, exhibits sparks of fire like stars.-5.
In weaving, a cylindrical reel on which sized
woolen yarn for warp is wound in order to be
dried by rapid revolution in a heated chamber.
–6. A bag or hollow vessel filled with hydro-
#. gas or heated air, or any other gaseous
uid lighter than common air, and thus caused
to rise and float in the atmosphere. In balloons.
of considerable size, designed to carry the weight of one
or more persons (or of persons and propelling machinery,
or of photographic or meteorological apparatus), the bag
is made of silk or other light fabric, coated with a varnish
(caoutchouc dissolved in turpentine), and is provided with
a basket (suspended by cords from the bag) or other
means of carrying the weight. The common, non-dirigi-
ble balloon, which is spherical in shape, has a valve which
can be opened to allow gas to escape and is provided
with ballast. If the aéronaut wishes to ascend, he throws
out some of the ballast ºf to descend, he opens the valve.
Balloons of this typeºave been successfully used for
military purposes (see captive balloom, below). In the
dirigible balloon, which is provided with propelling and
steering machinery, the bag is made in various elongated
shapes. Balloons of this type have to a certain extent
solved the problem of ačrial navigation and are likely to
be very serviceable for military purposes. See A air-ship.
7. In comic engravings, a figure shaped like a
balloon and inclosing words which are repre-
sented as issuing from the mouth of a speaker.
– Captive balloon, an anchored balloon.—Dirigible
balloon. See def. 6, above. -balloon. See
Sounding
the supplement.—Steering balloon, a balloon capable
of being steered. One such was invénted by M. Dupuy
de Lôme during the siege of Paris in 1871.
balloon? (bal’6-on), n. [Also balloem, balon,
ballong; from the native name.] A state bargé
of Siam, made in fanciful imitation of a sea-
monster, and having 70 to 100 oars on a side.
balloon-ball? (ba-lön’bàl), n. Same as bal-
loon1, 1. Middleton, Game at Chess, ii. 2.
'balloon-boiler (ba-lön’boi"lér), n. A steam-
boiler having a form somewhat resembling that
of a balloon.
balloon-brassert, n. [K balloon1 + brasser, a
form of bracer, after F. brassard, also brassal
(Cotgrave): see def.] . A brace or guard of
wood, used by balloon-players (see balloon1, 1)
ballistics (ba-listiks), n. [Pl. of ballistic: see to protect the hand and arm.
-ics.] 1. The science or art of discharging ballooned (ba-lönd'), a. Swelled out like a
large missiles by the use of the ballista or other balloon.
engine.—2. The science of the motion of pro- ballooner (ba-ló'něr), n.
jectiles. & aéronaut.
ballistite (ba-lis’ tit), n. A smokeless powder balloon-fish (ba-lón’ fish), n.
containing a large percentage of nitroglycerin: fish of the order Plectognathi and
similar to cordite. - ** -— -
ballium (bal’i-um), n. . [ML.: see bail.9 and bai-
ley 1.] 1. Same as bail.9, 5.-2. Same as baileyl.
ball-joint (bål’joint), n. A jointed connection
in which one of the connected pieces has a ball-
shaped extremity, fitting a cup-shaped socket
in the other. -
ball lever (bâl’lev/ēr), n. The lever of a ball-
COCK.
ball-mine (bā1'min), n. Same as ball-ironstone.
ball-mounting (bål’moun"ting), m. A kind of
harness-mounting having a ball where a ring
is fastened to the base.
ballock (bal’gk), n. [KME. ballok, balluk, balok,
A balloonist; an
A globefish; a
suborder Gym-
nodontes, as
thetropical Te-
traodon linea-
tus, or striped
: spine-belly, or
a species of
One of the gen-
era Triodon
# and Diodon, so
called because it
has the power of
swallowing air
which is retained
in a dilatation of
the esophagus,
Balloon-fish (Tefzaodont lifted ties).
1. The art or practice of ascending in and of
managing balloons.—2. In political and stock-
exchange slang, the operation of booming a
candidate, or of inflating the money-market,
by means of ficti- -
tious favorable re-
ports.
Ballooming indeed &
goes On. l,
Jefferson, Correspon- | *
[dence, I. 323. -
balloonist (ba-lö’-
mist), n. IK bal-
looml + -ist.] One
who ascends in a
balloon; an aéro-
naut.
º
> * :
º
Y:
e 2 º,!!} * * >
balloon jib , (ba- 4% ſºlº
tº º tº tº º *Sº Sºs alſº hiº
lön’jib), n. A tri- sº
angular sail made ss=
of light canvas,
used only by yachts
and in light winds, set between the foretop-
mast-head and the end of the jib-boom.
balloon-net (ba-lön’net), n. A kind of woven
lace in which the weft-threads are twisted in a
peculiar mannerround the warps. E. H. Knight.
balloonry (ba-lön’ri), n. [K balloon1 + -ry.]
The art or practice of ascending in a balloon.
Quarterly Rev. -
balloon-sail (ba-lön’sāl), n. Light canvas used
in yachts, as the balloon-jib, the spinnaker,
balloon-topsails and -foresails, and the shadow-
sail and water-sail.
balloon-vine (ba-lön' win), m. A herbaceous
climbing plant, Cardiospermum Halicacabum,
a, Balloon-jib.
Balloon-vine (Cardiospermum. Halicacabum).
a, inflated capsule or pod, about one half natural size. (From Gray's
“Genera of the Plants of the United States.”)
of the family Sapindaceae, found in all tropical
countries. It bears a large, 3-celled, bladder-
#like pod. Also called heartseed.
ballotl (bal’9t), n. [First in the 16th century,
K It. ballotta = F. ballotte, balotte, a little ball,
esp. as used for voting, a vote, suffrage, – Sp.
balota, a ballot (ML. ballotta), dim. of balla, a
ball: see ball, and -ot.] 1. A little ball used
in voting. Hence—2. A ticket or slip of pa-
per, sometimes called a voting-paper, used for
the same purpose, on which is printed or writ-
ten an expression of the elector's choice as be-
tween candidates or propositions to be voted
for.—3. A method of secret voting by means
of small balls, or of printed or written ballots,
which are deposited in an urn or a box called
a ballot-box. In the former case, each person who is
entitled to vote, having the choice of two balls, one white
and one black, places a white ball in the box if he is in
favor of the resolution proposed, as the admission of a
person to membership in a club, or a black ball if he is op-
posed to it. Hence, to blackball a person is to vote against
his election. In the latter case, the ballots or voting-
papers are so folded as to prevent the voter's prefer-
ence from being disclosed, and are usually handed to
an authorized officer called an inspector of elections,
to be deposited in the box in the voter's presence. The
ballot is now employed in all popular elections in the
United States, throughout the United Kingdom and the
British colonies, and in the national or parliamentary
elections in Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, and most
other countries of continental Europe. See blanket-ballot
under ×ballotl in the supplement.
4. A casting of ballots; a vote by ballot; also,
the whole number of votes cast or recorded:









Thallot 433
as, a ballot was taken on the resolution; there ballow8, n. A word used only by Shakspere
was a large ballot.—5. A method of drawing in the passage cited, in the folio of 1623, where
lots by taking out small balls, or the like, from the quarto editions have battero and bat; 'it is,
a box; hence, lot-drawing. N. E. D.—Austra- like battero, apparently a misprint for batton,
ºn ballot, a system of balloting of which the principal battoon, or baitoun, a stick, cudgel. See bat-
featurº ºhe placing of the names of all the candidates ton, baſſoon, bºon, and bºi
on each ballot, the printing of the ballots by the gov- 2 ? 7. .
Keepe out, . . . or ice try whither your Costard or my
ernment, the arrangement and control of the polling- -
places, and devices for securing secrecy in º: ; Ballow be the harder. hak., Lear, iv. 6 (1623).
gasting the ballots. The system, with numerous varia- - * T /--- 2: istin
tions, has been extensively adopted in the United States. hºpF. ...) # ...; : i. g
-Tissue-ballots, ballots printed on thin tissue-paper z y p ºple by g
to the end that a large number of fraudulent votes?oided ball-rack (bål'rak), n. " In rinting, the rack
: º be#. #: #. º §. de- which held the balls formerly used in inking.
ection.--To cast a O eposit in a pallot-box, or - bál’rö e essly de-
#. for deposit, a baliot or .####. To cast, bº, º ºãº ... º #.
he ballot, to record, as if ascertained by ballot, the vote : gned - g p *.
of an assembly or meeting. The secretary is often in in which such entertainments are given.
structed to “cast the ballot” when for convenience the ball-screw (bål’skró), n. A screw which can
actual º, as required by rule, is dispensed with. be attached to the end of the ramrod of a gun,
Thallot" (balgº), º. [Early mod. E. also ballat, for the purpose of extracting a buliet from the
ballet; KIt. ballottare= F. ballotter, earlier balot- barrel.
ter, = s: balotar, Yote by ballot; from the ball-seater (bål'sé"tër), n.
noun..] I, intrans. 1. To decide upon a ques- fitting the ball of a cartridge accurately in line
tion, proposition, or candidacy by casting bal- with the axis of the shell.
lots; take a ballot or 3, vote by ballot: often ball-stock (bål'stok), n. In printing, formerly,
With for in the sense of “in relation to’: as, to "a stock somewhat Köllow at one end, to which
ballot for members of a club. See the noun. the ball was attached, and which served as a
The judges . . . would never, take their balls to ballot handle. See ball1, 9.
against him. - º North, tr. of Plutarch, P. 9% ball-train (bål’ trän), n. A set of rolls for roll-
The convention did not ballot until its third day. ing puddlers' balls or loops into bars.
G. S. Merriam, S. Bowles, II, 185. sº A 1/4-rººvy, ſ/A
2. To bound, as in the bore of a cannon; as, iº ēr), n. A lathe for fin-
spherical projectiles ballot in the bore of the ball-trolly (bāºroſhi), n. A small iron truck
piece-3. To select by lot; draw lots (for): "...”. conveying the balls of puddled iron
as, to ballot for places. e º
e f the puddling-furnace to the tilt-hamm
fit trans. 1. To vote for or against by bal- † € : E. H. Knight. €I’
lot; choose or elect by ballot.
None of the competitors arriving at a sufficient number
of balls, they fell to ballot some others.
Sir H. Wottom, Reliquiae, p. 262.
2. To choose by lot; select by drawing lots
for.
Peasants . .
A tool used in
#:
ball-valve (bål’valv), n. A valve formed by a
lobe º upon a concave circular seat.
t is lifted by the Wºº.h;”. of the fluid, *d §:
it. that, & º
... who will not be balloted for soldiers. tºy gravity when pressure is removed. See
bal
%9% ºenºn Rev. III. i. 1 ball-vein (bål’vān), n. Same as ball-ironstone.
ballot” (bal’9t), n., [K F. ballot, a bale, gº bally (bali), n. ÉÉepr, fr. Gaei baite, Manx
a small bale, dim, of balle, a bale; see bale3 and balley, a town, village.] A town: an element
-ot, and cf. the ult. identical ballotl.] A small in many place-names in Ireland: as, Bally wal-
|bale, weighing from 70 to 120 pounds. ter, upper town; Ballycastle, castle-town;
Ballota (ba-lºtá), ºn... [NL., (L. ballote), K. Gr. Bailymoney, town on the moss, etc.
*** * plant believed to be black hoar- The old tribaldivision of the ways into “quarters" and
ound, origin unknown.] A genus of labiate “tates”hasieſt distinct and numerous traces in the names
plants, of about 25 species, mostly natives of of the present townlands in Ireland. - - -
the Mediterranean region. The black hoarhound, ºr Seebohm, Eng. Will. Communities, p. 223.
. *::::::: º: * medicine, is found through balm (bâm), n. b l d. E. al
Ult EurOpe and Russian ASia. > L = J A 2s sº y to bring it nearer balsam ; early mod. E. also
ballotade, ballottade (bal-ū-täd’ or -täd’), n. bawlm, ñº. KME. baume, ãº, basme, bame,
ISF. b%llottage (Sp: balotadº), K ballotter, toss, XOF hausmé, basme, mod’F. baune-fºr bagmº
roº: K ballotte, a little, ball; see ballot; n.] =Sp. bāisamo-Pg. It balsamo, & L. balsamum,
the manège, a leap of a horse in which all & Grigáàgalov, balsam: see balsam.]. I. An oily,
four leg; are bent without jerking out the hind aromatic, resinous substance, exuding spontº
Ones. Also spelled balotade. neously from trees of the genus Balsamea ;
ballotantt (bålºgt-ant), n. ...[S. F. ballottant, pp. hence, by extension, any aromatic or odorifer.
9f ballotter, ballot; see ballot, v.] A voter by ous exudation from trees or shrubs, whether
biºtº lſº [K balloti + spontaneous or after incision; balsam.
-Q-Ua Snon), m. Cºllo * ºf a n vs.
-ation, after It. ballottazione..] A voting by bal- And Sweetest *ś, Winter.
lot; a balloting. Sir H. Wotton, Reliquiæ, p.260. 24. An aromatic preparation used in embalm-
[Rare.] ing the dead. See embalm.–3. Any aromatic
ballot-box (bal‘gt-boks), n. A box for receiv- or fragrant ointment, whether for ceremonial
ing ballots. or for medicinal use, as for healing wounds or
balloter (bal’9t-ér), n. 1. One who ballots or
votes by ballot.—2. A mechanical device for
receiving, counting, and recording ballots.
ballotini, n. IK ballotl -H -in, irreg. used.] The
carrier of the bailot-box ; the taker of the votes
by ballot. J. Harrington. [Rare.]
ba loinº m. [Verbal n. of ballotl,
v.] 1. The act of casting or taking a ballot:
as, the balloting began at 2 o’clock.-2. A spe-
cific instance in which a ballot is taken; a vote.
From the result of the ballotings yesterday, I deem it
highly improbable that I shall receive the nomination.
Buchaman, in Curtis, ii. 2.
ballotist (bal’ot-ist), n. [Kballotl -H -ist.] An
advocate of voting by ballot.
ballottade, m. See ballotade.
ballottement (ba-lot’ment), n. [F., a tossing
*K ballotter, toss: see ballotade.] A method .#
testing pregnancy, floating kidney, etc.
ballowlf, a. [Appar, KME, balowe, balwe, balge,
balgh, round, rounded, smooth, appar. KAS.
balg, baºlig, a bag; see bellows and belly..] An
epithet of uncertain meaning, in the following
assage: , the apparent etymology Suggests
round,’ ‘pot-bellied.”
The ballow nag outstrips the winds in chase.
Drayton, Polyolbion, iii. 40. (N. E. D.)
ballow? (bal'6), n. [Etym. unknown.] Ngwº,
deep water inside a shoal or bar. Smyth, Sail-
or's Word-Book. (N. E. D.)
soothing pain.
see balsam.)
Thy ; is fill'd, thy sceptre wrung from thee,
Thy balm wash'd off, wherewith thou wast anointed.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
4. Aromatic fragrance; sweet odor.—5. Any-
thing which heals, soothes, or mitigates pain.
Sleep, that knits up the ravell'd sleave of care,
The death of each day's life, sore labour's bath,
JBalm of hurt minds, great nature's second course.
Shak., Macbeth, ii. 2.
Real the wounded spirit with the balm.
Of pity. IBryant, Better Age.
(For the ecclesiastical use,
6. A tree that yields balm; especially, a tree
of the genus Balsamea.—7. One of several
aromatic plants of the family Memthaceae,
H. plants of the genus Melissa.
e garden- or lemon-balm, bee-balm, or balm-mint is Mſ.
officinalis. Plants of other genera so named are the bas-
tard balm, Melitti's melissophyllum ; the bee-balm of
American gardens, Monarda didyma : the horse-balm, Col-
linsomia Canadensis; the field-balm, Climopodium Nepeta ;
the Molucca balm, Moluccella laevis; and the sweet balm,
sometimes called balm of Gilead, Dracocephalwm Camari-
ense.—Balm of Gilead. (a) Balm or balsam of Mecca, or
of Syria, an oleo-resin, once of great repute and still es-
teemed in the East for its fragrance and medicinal proper-
ties. Mixed with oil, it constitutes the chrism of the
Roman Catholic Church. It is the product of a tree
or shrub, Balsamea Opobalsamum, which also yields
myrrh. it is now produced, so far as is known, only in
Arabia. (b) A fragrant resin from South America. See
carawna. (c) In North America, the balsam-poplar, Pop-
wlus balsamifera, the buds of which are coated in spring
balm (bâm), v. t.
balmaiden (bål"mă/dn), n.
balm-cricket (båm’krik’et), n.
- balmert (bā’měr), m.
ballustred? (bal’us-têrd), a. Same as balustered. embalms.
balmily (bā’mi-li), adv.
balminess (bā’mi-nes), n.
balm-mint (bām‘mint), n.
balnea. m.
balnealt (bal’né-al), a. [K L. balneum, a (warm)
balneary (bal’né-à-ri), a. and m.
balneary
with an odorous balsam; also occasionally the balsam-fir,
Abieg balsamea, which yields the Canada balsam. (d) The
sweet balm, acocephalum Canariense (see above).--
Balm of heaven, one of the many names given in Cali-
fornia to the Umbellularia Califormica, a lauraceous tree
with very strongly aromatic foliage.
K ME. bawmen, bamen, K
baumé, balm. Cf. OF. embaumer, embalm: See
embalm..] 1. To embalm.
Shrouded in cloth of state |
Balm'd and entreasur'd with full bags of Spices !
Shak., Pericles, iii. 2.
2. To anoint as with balm or with anything
fragrant or medicinal.
Balm his foul head in warm distilled waters.
Shak., T. of the S., Ind., i.
3. To soothe; mitigate; assuage; heal.
Oppressed nature sleeps:—
This rest might yet have balm'd thy broken senses.
Shak., Lear, iii. 6.
[Obsolete or archaic in all uses.]
[K bal + maiden.]
A girl or young woman employed in the mines
of Cornwall, England.
The smock-frock is a survival of a ploughman's dress,
and the Cornish miner and mine-girl (or balmaiden) have
a sort of peasant dress. N. and Q., 6th ser., IX. 508.
[Earlier baum-
cricket, appar. a half translation of G. baum-
grille, tree-cricket, K baum, a tree (= E. beam),
+ grille, a cricket: see Gryllus.] The field-
cricket, Gryllus campestris.
The balm-cricket carols clear
In the green that folds thy grave.
Tennyson, A Dirge.
One who or that which
Blood must be my body's only balmer,
No other balm will there be given.
Raleigh, The Pilgrimage.
balmify (bā’mi-fi), v. t. ; pret., and pp. balmi-
fied, ppr. balmifying. [K balm + -i-fy: see ify.]
To render balmy. [Rare.]
The fluids have been entirely sweetened and balmified.
G. Cheyne, Eng. Malady, p. 306.
In a balmy manner.
The state or quality
of being balmy.
Same as garden-
balm. See balm, 7.
balmony (bal/m3-mi), n. [Appar. a var. of bald-
money..] A name sometimes given in the United
[The spelling has been altered #: to the plant snakehead, Chelome glabra.
almoral (bal-morſal), a. or m. A name given
(usually with a capital as an adjective and with-
out as a noun) to various articles of dress pos-
sessing unusual strength and weight, in imi-
tation of the materials or style of those worn
out of doors by Queen Victoria, or the mem-
bers of her family, during visits to the royal
residence at Balmoral, in Aberdeenshire, Scot-
land.—Balmoral boots, shoes or ankle-boots that lace
up in front, worn by both men and women. Also called
balmorals.-Balmoral petticoat, a woolen petticoat,
originally red with black stripes, intended to be displayed
below the skirt of the dress, which was looped up.
balmy (bā‘mi), a. [K balm + -y1.] 1. Having
the qualities of balm; aromatic ; fragrant.
O balany breath, that doth almost persuade
Justice to break her sword | Shak., Othello, v. 2.
And I would be the necklace,
And all day long to fall and rise
• Upon her balmy bosom,
With her laughter or her sighs.
Tennyson, Miller's Daughter.
2. Producing balm; as, “the balmy tree,” Pope,
Windsor Forest, l. 30.-3. Soft; soothing; as-
Suaging; refreshing.
Now with the drops of this most balmy time
My love looks fresh. Shak., Sonnets, cvii.
Tired nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep.
Yowng, Night Thoughts, v. 1.
4. Of healing virtue; healing: as, balmy medi-
cines.
Plural of balneum.
bath (see balneum), + -al. The L. adj. is bal-
nearis or balnearius.] Of or pertaining to a
bath: as, “balneal heat,” Howell, Letters, I.
vi. 35. -
[K L. balnea-
Tius, pertaining to a bath (neut. pl. balnearia, a
bathing-room), K balneum, a bath: see balneum.]
I. a. Of or pertaining to baths or bathing.
The French do not treat their beaches as we do ours—
as places for a glance, a dip, or a trot, places animated
simply during the balneary hours.
H. James, Jr., Portraits of Places, p. 142.
II. m.; pl. balnearies (-riz). A room or pro-
vision of any kind for bathing.
The balnearies and bathing-places.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg, Err., vi. 7.
28
balneationt (bal-nā-ā'shqn), n.
balneatory (bal'né-a-tá-ri), a.
balneot, n.
balneography (bal-nē-og'ra-fi), m.
balneation
[KML. balne-
are, pp. balnearus, bathe, i. balneum, a bath:
see balneum.] The act of bathing.
Balneations, Washings, and formentations.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg, Err., ii. 6.
- [K L. balnea-
torius, K balneator, a bath-keeper, K balneum, a
bath: see balneum.] Of or pertaining to a bath
or bath-keeper.
All the refinements of the antique balneatory art.
L. Hearm, tr. of Gautier's Cleop. Nights, p. 45.
[For bagmio, after L. balneum.]
Same as bagnio, 1.
Then began Christian churches . . . to outshine . . .
the Balmeos and Theatres of free Cities.
Bp. Gawden, Tears of the Church, p. 351.
[K L. bal-
neum, a bath (see balneum), +, Gr. -ypaſſa, K
ypápetv, write.] A description of baths. Dum-
glison.
balneological (bal-nā-ā-loji-kal), a. Of or per-
balneology (bal-nē-ol’º-ji), n.
taining to balneology.
[K L. balneum,
a bath, + Gr. -Aoyta, KAéyetv, speak: see balneum
and -ology.] A treatise on baths or bathing ;
the use of baths and bathing as a department
of therapeutics.
Among our medical schools balneology as a subject of
systematic study is entirely neglected.
Harper's Mag., LXIX. 438.
balneotherapeutics (bal"nè-ó-ther-a-piſtiks),
7?.
L. balneum, bath (see balneum), + thera-
peutics.] Balneotherapy.
balneotherapia (bal"né-6-ther-a-pi'ā), n. [NL.,
balneotherapy (bal"né-Ö-ther'a-pi), m.
balneum (bal’né-um), m. ; pl. balnea (-ā).
K L. balneum, a bath (see balmewm), + Gr. 68pa-
Teta, medical treatment: see therapeutic.] Same
as balneotherapy.
[Eng-
lished from balneotherapia.] The treatment of
disease by baths; water-cure.
Balneotherapy, or bathing, and treatment by medica-
ments. * Sci. Aimer. (N. S.), LIV. 4.
[L.
fuller form balineum, K. Gr. 3a/avelov, a bath, &
Bażaveietv, bathe. From L. balmewm come bag-
mio and bain?, q.v.] In chem., a vessel filled
with water or sand, in which another vessel is
placed to be heated ; a bath. See bathl, 8.
balolo (ba-lö’lö), m. A sea-worm found in the
balont, balonet, n.
balonea (ba-ló’né-á), m. [See valonia.] A name
baloof, interj. and m.
balotade, m.
balowf, baloof, interj. and m.
bals.
South Pacific ocean. See palolo.
The balolo is a small sea-worm, long and thin as ordi-
nary vermicelli. Some are fully a yard long, others about
an inch. It has a jointed body and many legs, and lives
in the deep sea.
C. F. Gordon-Cwmming, At Home in Fiji, p. 66.
See balloon1.
for an oak, Quercus AEgilops, large quantities
of the cups of which are exported from the
Mediterranean basin for tanners' use. See
walonia.
See balow.
See ballotade.
[Nursery sylla-
bles.] I. interj. An utterance used in lulling
to sleep.
Hee balow 1 my sweet wee Donald. Burms, Song.
II. m. 1. A lullaby.— 2. A song containing
this word. N. E. D.
An abbreviation of the Latin balsamum,
*that is, balsam, used in medical prescriptions.
balsa (bål’sä), m.
balsam (bål’sam), n.
.*
[KSp. Pg. balsa, a raft, float,
or vat.] 1. The name applied in Spanish col-
onies to any raft or float of logs, bamboos, or
inflated skins used for ferrying passengers
and goods across rivers or lakes, for landing
through the surf, and by fishermen. On the
coasts of South America the name is applied to Catanna-
rans or Tafts of parallel logs of light Wood, such as have
been in use since prehistoric times, in which the natives
often performed long journeys along the shore either under
sail of by oars. In the United States the name had been
given to rafts consisting of two or more inflated cylinders
of india-rubber or long air-tight casks of metal or Wood
secured together in pairs by a framework, usually carried
by vessels for use as life-rafts, for landing through surf,
or in painting a vessel's hull near the water-line. See
life-raft and catamaran.
2. A bombacaceous tree, Ochroma Lagopus,
common in the forests of tropical America.
[Early mod. E. also bal-
sem, balsum, balsome (in M.E. only as balm, q.v.),
KAS. balsam, balzam, K.L. balsamum, KGr. 36%-
Capov, the resin, the tree; (3óAgapioc, a balsam-
tree; K Phen. *bašm, Heb. beșm, balsam; Ar.
bashám, the tree. See balm..] 1. An oily,
aromatic, resinous substance, exuding from
trees of the genus Balsamea ; hence, by ex-
tension, any aromatic or odoriferous exudation
balsam (bål'sam), v. t.
434
from trees or shrubs, whether spontaneous or
after incision; balm. A great variety of substances
pass under this name; but in chemistry the term is con-
fined to vegetable juices, whether they remain liquid or
spontaneously become solid; which consist of resins mixed
with gums or volatile oils, the resins being produced from
the oils by oxidation. A balsam is thus intermediate be:
tween a volatile oil and a resin. It is soluble in alcohol
and ether, and capable of yielding benzoic acid. The bal-
sams are either liquid or solid: of the former are the balm
of Gilead and the balsams of Copaiba, Peru, and Tolu (see
below); of the latter, benzoin, dragon's blood, and storax,
The balsam used in the Roman Catholic Church in the con-
fection of chrism is, by the rubrics, that of Syria or Mecca;
but, from difficulty in obtaining this, concessions have been
made by the popes for the use of the balsams of Brazil,
Tolu, Peru, etc.
Many of the resins occur in plants dissolved in ethereal
oils. Should the vessels which contain this solution be
injured, it flows out, and becomes thick, or even solid,
on exposure to the air, partly from evaporation of the
solvent oil, and partly by its oxidation. Such mixtures
of oils and resins are termed balsams.
Stricker, Organic Chemistry, p. 732.
2+. An aromatic preparation used for embalm-
ing the dead.—3. Any aromatic fragrant oint-
ment, whether for ceremonial or for medicinal
use, as for healing wounds or soothing pain.—
4. Figuratively, any healing or soothing agent
or agency.
Is this the balsam that the usuring senate
Pours into captains' wounds? Shak...T. of A., iii. 5.
Was not the people's blessing . . . a balsam to thy blood?
Tennyson, Becket, l. 24.
5t. In alchemy, a healthful preservative essence,
of oily penetrative nature, conceived by Para-
celsus to exist in all organic bodies. N. E. D.—
6. A tree yielding an aromatic, oily resin. In
the United States the name is often applied generally to
the firs (species of Abies), and sometimes ignorantly to the
spruces also. See balsam-tree. * * *
7. The Impatiensbalsamina, a familiarflowering
annual, of Eastern origin, cultivated in many
Flowering branch of Balsam (Impatients bºſora).
(From Gray's “Genera of the Plants of the United States.”)
varieties, often called garden-balsam, and in the
TJnited States lady's-slipper; also, the native Eu-
ropean species, I. Noli-me-tangere, and the Amer-
ican I. biflora. See Impatiens and jewel-weed.
In medical prescriptions abbreviated to bals.—
Balsam of Mecca, balm of Gilead. See balm.—Balsam
of Peru, the product of Toluifera Pereirae, a leguminous
tree of San Salvador. It is employed in perfumery and
the manufacture of soaps, and in medicine as a stimulat-
ing ointment and for the relief of asthma and coughs.-
Balsam of Saturn, a solution of lead acetate in turpen-
time, concentrated by evaporation and mixed with cam-
phor, formerly used to hasten the cicatrization of wounds.
—Balsam of Tolu (from Tolu, a seaport in the United
States of Colombia), a product of Tolwifera Balsamwm of
Venezuela and the United States of Colombia, a species
closely allied to T. Pereirae (see above). It has an agree-
able flavor, and is used in medicine as an expectorant and
stimulant, though its properties are not important.—
Brazilian balsam, the product of Tolwifera perwifera.
It closely resembles balsam of Peru.-Broad-leafed bal-
sam, of the West Indies, a small tree belonging to the
natural order Araliaceae, Oreopanaa: capitatus, yield-
ing an aromatic balsam, which is derived chiefly from the
berries.—Canada, balsam, a transparent liquid resin or
turpentime obtained by puncturing the vesicles which form
under the bark of the balsam-fir, Abies balSamea of North
America. It is much valued for mounting objects for the
microscope, as it remains permanently transparent, and
it is also used in making varnish. The principal supply is
from Canada. Other forms of turpentine from European
coniferous trees are sometimes called balsams.-Copalm
balsam, a balsam obtained from the Sweet-gum, Liquid-
ambaº' Štyracijlua, very similar to storax and used for
similar purposes.-Yellow balsam, of Jamaica, Croton
flavens, an aromatic euphorbiaceous shrub, covered with a
yellow wool. (For other kinds of balsam, see acouchi-resin,
copaiba, gwrjun, and lagam.)
[K balsam, n. Cf. M.L.
balsamare.] 1. To apply balsam or balm to;
anoint with balm or balsam.
The gifts of our young and flourishing age are very
sweet when they are balsamed with discretion.
Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, i. 57.
- balsamy
2. To embalm. [Rare.]
We had him balsanned and sent home. s -
Motley, Dutch Republic, i. 222.
balsam-apple (bál’sºm-ap"l), n. An annual
cucurbitaceous plant of tropical regions, Mo-
mordica Balsamina, bearing a small warty fruit
of a red or orange color. Both the fruit and the
root are actively purgative.—Wild balsam-apple, of the
United States, an annual vine, Micrampelis lobata, of the
same family, bearing numerous white flowers and having
a fibrous dehiscent fruit.
[KML. bal-
balsamation (bâl-sa-mă'shgn), m.
samatio(n-), K balsamare, pp. balsamatus, to
balsam, K f. balsamum, balsam.] The 'act or
process of embalming or preserving.
balsam-bog (bål'sam-bog), m. A. Curious um-
belliferous plant of the Falkland islands, form-
ing hard hemispherical hillocks often from 2
to 4 feet in height. It yields a gum which has
been used in medicine.
balsam-herb (bål’sam-èrb), m. A name given
in Jamaica to Dianthera reptans, an acantha-
ceous plant.
balsamic (bâl- or bal-sam'ik), a. and n. [K bal-
sam -- -ic.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to or of the na-
ture of balsam: as, balsamic juices.—2. Yield-
ing balsam: as, balsamic pine.—3. Having the
fragrance of balsam ; aromatic ; balmy.
The new-leaved butternut
And quivering poplar to the roving breeze
Gave a balsamic fragrance. -
Bryant, Old Man's Counsel.
4. Having the healing or soothing qualities of
balsam; healing; soothing; mild: as, balsamic
remedies.—5+. Of or pertaining to the balsam
of the alchemists. See balsam, 5. • .
II, n. Any warm, stimulating, demulcent
medicine, of a smooth and oily consistence.
balsamicalt (bål- or bal-sam’i-kal), a. Same as
balsamic. - 4.
The balsamical humour of my blood.
Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, i. 1.
balsamically (bâl- or bal-sam’i-kal-i), adv. In
a balsamic manner; as a balsam.
balsamiferous (bâl- or bal-sà-mif' e-rus), a.
[KL. balsamum, balsam, + ferre = É. bedr1.]
Producing balm or balsam: said of those trees
+and shrubs which yield balsam.
balsamina (bâl-sa-mi'nā), m. [NL.: see bal-
samine.] Same as balsamine.
balsamine (bål’sam-in), m. [K. F. balsamine =
Sp. Pg. It. balsamina, K NL. balsamina (K Gr.
Bażoap.ſvm), balsam-plant, prop, fem. of L. balsa-
minus, K. Gr. *Bażodulvog, pertaining to balsam,
K 3óżoapov, balsam.] A name given to the
garden-balsam and to some other species of
the genus Impatiens (which see).
balsamitic? (bâl-sa-mit'ik), a. . [K ML. “balsa-
miticus (cf. M.L. balsamaticus), K L. balsamum.]
Balsamic.
balsamito (bal-sa-mé’tö), 17. [In form Sp. or
IPg.; cf. Sp. balsamita (= Pg. balsamita), tansy,
K balsamo, balsam: see balm..] A liquid having
a bitter taste, the odor of the Tonquin bean, and
a light sherry-color, produced by digesting the
fruit of the balsam of Peru in rum. It is used as
a medicine, and also as an application to sloughing Sores,
especially to those caused by the chigoe.
balsamize (bål'sam-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bal-
samized, ppr. balsamizing. [K balsam -H -ize.]
To render balsamic.
balsamous (bål'sam-us), a. [K balsam + -ows.]
Having the qualities of balsam ; abounding in
'balsam; consisting of balsam.
Now the radical moisture is not the tallow or fat of ani-
mals, but an oily and balsamous substance.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, v. 36.
balsam-root (bål’sam-röt), n. A name given
in California to species of Balsamorrhiza, a ge-
nus of low, coarse, perennial composite plants,
allied to the Sunflower. They have deep thick roots
which contain a terebinthinate balsam. These roots are
eaten by the natives after being peeled and baked.
balsam-tree (bål'sam-tré), m. A name given
to many of the balsam-bearing trees of the
tropics (see balsam), and to the mastic-tree,
Pistacia Lentiscus. In North America it is applied
to Populus balsamifera, and on the western coast to P.
trichocarpa. It is also given especially to the balsam-
bearing conifers, Abies balsanned and A. Fraseri in the
east (the latter tree being distinguished as the she-balsam),
and in the Rocky Mountains and westward to A. concolor
and A. lasiocarpa. The balsam-tree or balsam-fig of Ja-
maica is Clusia rosea.
balsam-weed (bâl'sam-wéd), n. A name of the
common everlastings of the United States,
Gnaphalium decurrens and G. obtusifolium.
They are also called sweet balsam, on account
of their balsamic fragrance.
balsamy (bål'sam-i), a. [K balsam + -yl.]
Balsam-like; balmy.

- - - baltei.
baltei, n. Plural of balteus.
balteri (bål’ter), v. [Early mod. E. baulter,
ME. balteren, = Dan. baltre, boltre, roll, tum-
ble, gambol; prob, imitative.] fi. Čntrans.
To tumble; dance clumsily.
So blythe of his wodbyne he balteres ther vndeſr].
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 459.
II. trans. To tread down in a clumsy man-
ner. [Prov. Eng.]
balter? (bål’ter), v. [Also baulter, bolter; a
freq. verb, of obscure origin.]. I. intrang.
To become tangled or matted. [Prov. Eng.]
IIł. trans. To tangle; clot; mat, as the hair.
balteus (bal'té-us), n. ; pl. baltei (-i). [L., a
belt: according to Varro, a Tuscan word, but
perhaps of Celtic origin: see belt.] 1. In Ro-
man antiq., a belt: either a girdle, or a baldric
worn over the shoulder to support a sword,
shield, or quiver.—2. In arch.: (a) A band
perpendicular to the axis in the lateral part of
the volute of an Ionic pulvinated capital. (b)
One of the passages dividing the auditorium
of ancient Roman theaters and amphitheaters
horizontally into upper and lower zones, and
affording access to the different cunei, or wedge-
shaped divisions of the auditorium, without dis-
turbing persons occupying seats. Such a pas-
sage had usually the form of a wide step.
Baltic (bål'tik), a. [K NL. Balticus, prob. K
Lith. baltas, white, balti, be white.] Appella-
tive of or pertaining to the sea, which separates
Sweden from Denmark, Germany, and Russia;
situated on or bordering the Baltic sea: as, the
Baltic islands; the Baltic coasts.
Baltimore bird. Oriole. See oriole.
baltimorite (bål'ti-mör-it), n. [K Baltimore, the
chief city in Maryland, + -ite?..] A variety of
serpentine from Bare Hills, Maryland.
balu (bā’lö), n. [Native name.]_A kind of wild-
cat, Felis Sumatrana, native in Sumatra.
Baluchi (ba-ló’ché), m. [Pers. Baluchi, Belu-
chi.] 1. A native or an inhabitant of Balu-
chistan, a country lying to the east of Persia
and between Afghanistan and the Arabian Sea;
specifically, a member of one of the tribes of
Baluchistan, a distinct race from the present
dominant tribe, the Brahoes.—2. The language
spoken by the Baluchis and by over 300,000
British subjects inhabiting Sind and the Pan-
jāb. It belongs to the Iranic branch of the Aryan family
of languages. It has no literature and written characters
of its own, Arabic characters having been used for such
works in Baluchi as have recently appeared.
Also written Beloochee and Belooch.
baluster (bal’us-tér), m. [Also balluster, ballis-
ter (and corruptly bannister, banister, q.v.),
formerly also ballester; K F. balustre, K It. ba-
laustro (= Sp. Pg. balawstre), a baluster, small
pillar, so called from a fancied resemblance to
the flower of the wild pomegranate, K balausto,
balausta, balaustra = Sp. balaustra, balaustria
= Pg. balaustia = F. balauste, formerly also ba-
lustre, K L. balaustium, K. Gr. 3a7.aijottov, the
flower of the wild pomegranate-tree. Cf. Ba-
laustion.] 1. In arch. and building, a small
upright member made in a great variety of
l
Balusters.
4, from church of Santa Trinità del Monte, Rome; 8, from pulpit-
stairs, Duomo of Siena; C (bronze), from Casa de Pilatos, Seville.
forms, but typically strongly swelled outward bamalip (bam’a-lip), m.
at some point between the base and the top or
capital, and commonly vase- or urn-shaped,
used in series to support the rail of a railing or
balustrade. The baluster, as distinguished from a small
columm serving the same purpose, originated in the archi-
tecture of the Renaissance. Now often called banister.
2. In arch., the lateral part of the volute of the
Ionic capital. Also bolster.
balustered (bal'us-têrd), a. [K baluster + -ed?..]
Furnished with balusters.
bam (bam), m.
435
At the bottom is a parterre; the upper terrace neere
half a myle in length, with double declivities, arched and
baluster'd whetone, of vast and royal cost.
Evelyn, Diary, Feb. 27, 1644.
baluster-shaft (bal’us-têr-shāft), n. A form
of pillar occurring in so-called Anglo-Saxon
architecture, and
in work influenced
by it as late as the
twelfth century.
It serves especially as
a separation of win-
dow-lights and other
openings, and is named
from its rude resem-
blance in shape to a
baluster of the conven-
tional type.
baluster-stem
(balºus-têr-stem),
n. The stem of a
goblet, chalice, or
other similar vessel when of the bulging shape
characteristic of a baluster.
balustrade (bal-us-träd’), n. [KF. balustrade, K
It. balaustrata (= Sp. Pg. balaustrada), a balus-
trade, prop. adj. fem., furnished with balusters,
K balaustro, a baluster.] ... In arch., strictly, a
barrier or railing consisting of a horizontal
Baluster-shafts.
St. Albans Cathedral, England.
º
* Añº
º, tº R., º
§§
. Akº, º żº sº º º
sºliº ºr Zºº §§ , ºtº gºat . . . . "
§§§ºś%
Fº "ºk " : º żºłº", *, *.
Nº.; º ºzº tºº. S." - ". . . . .' "
Balustrade.— From the Villa d’Este, Tivoli, Italy.
member resting on a series of balusters; but,
commonly, an ornamental railing or pierced
parapet of any kind, whether serving as a bar-
rier or merely as a decorative feature, and
whether composed of balusters or not.
Broad-based flights of marble stairs
Ran up with golden balustrade.
Tennyson, Arabian Nights.
balustraded (bal-us-trä’ded), a. [K balustrade
+ -ed?..] Furnished with a balustrade or bal-
ustrades.
I like the balustraded terraces, the sun-proof laurel
walks, the vases and statues.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 321.
balustrading (bal-us-trä’ ding), n. IK balus-
trade + -ingl.] A balustrade or balustrades;
balustrade-work.
The upper [floor] was terraced and defended by strong
balustrading. L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 92.
balysaur, m. See balisaur.
balza, n. See balsa.
balzani, n. [F., K_It. balzano, white-footed,
white-spotted, = OF. bawsam, bausant : see bau-
sond, bauson.] A horse having four white feet.
balzarine (bal-za-rén'), m. [Origin obscure.]
A light mixed fabric of cotton and wool for
women’s dresses, commonly used for summer
gowns before the introduction of barege.
bam (bam), v.; pret. and pp. bammed, ppr.
bamming. [Formerly also bamb; a mere ab-
breviation of bamboozle, q.v.] I. trans. To
bamboozle; cheat; hoax; wheedle. [A slang
use.]
This is some conspiracy, I suppose, to bam, to chouse
me out of my money. Poote.
II, intrans. To practise hoaxing or imposi-
tion. [Slang.]
[K bam, v.] A cheat; a hoax;
an imposition. [Slang.]
It was all a bam, madam, a scene We thought proper to
act. A. Murphy.
To relieve the tedium he kept plying them with all
manner of bams. J. Wilsom.
[An artificial term.]
In logic, a mnemonic word denoting a mood of
the fourth figure, containing syllogisms, with
universal affirmative premises and a particular
affirmative conclusion: as, All greyhounds are
dogs; but all dogs are quadrupeds; therefore,
some quadrupeds are greyhounds. Six of the
seven letters composing the word are significant. B shows
that the mood is to be reduced to barbara (which see); a,
that the major premise is a universal affirmative ; m, that
the premises are to be transposed in reducing it to the
first figure; a, that the minor premise is a universal af-
bamalipton (bam-a-lip’tgn), n.
bambara (bam(ba-rá), n.
bambocciade (bam-boch-i-ād'), m.
bamboo (bam-bó"), v. t.
bamboo-brier
firmative; i, that the conclusion is a particular affirmative;
and p, that the conclusion of barbara has in the reduction
to be converted per accidens to give the conclusion of
bamalip. This mood was originally called baralipton by
Petrus Hispanus. English logicians more commonly call
the mood bramantip, in order to make the hexameter
Bramantip, camenes, dimaris, fesapo, fresison.
See mood. -
[An artificial
term.] A mood of syllogism, differing from
baralipton only in having the names of the ma—
jor and minor premises transposed. The name
was invented by Jodoc Trutfeder of Eisenach, a teacher of
Luther, who died in 1519.
[An artificial term.]
A mood of syllogism, differing from barbara,
only in having the names of the major and
minor premises transposed. The name was in-
vented by Jodoc Trutfeder. See bamalipton.
bambino (bam-bê'nā), n. ; pl. bambini (-nē).
[It, a child, dim. of bambo, childish, simple;
cf. bimbo, a child, Sp. bambarria, a child, a
foolish man, Austrian bams, child. Prob. of
imitative origin, and so far related to Gr. 3all-
Batvetv, chatter with the teeth, also stammer;
ſłapuſaki ſetv, Bagga?:üſelv, Bagga%iſelv, stammer.
Cf. babble.] A child or baby; specifically, a
figure of the Child Jesus. It is commonly repre-
Sented as in the manger at
Bethlehem, and is exposed
in many Roman Catholic
churches throughout the
world from Christmas to
Bpiphany, the effect being
often heightened by figures
of angels, of the shepherds,
of the Magi, etc. The whole
together is commonly call-
ed in English the crib. As
a subject of popular devo-
tion, it owes its origin to
St. Francis of Assisi in the
early part of the thirteenth
century. The famous bam-
bino in the church of Ara
Coeli at Rome is of olive-
wood, and was made in Pal-
estine by a Franciscan lay
brother some time before
the seventeenth century;
it is in repute for miracu-
lous healing, and has been
richly decorated by the
faithful. In the fine arts
this subject has been often
treated, notably in the
glazed terra-cotta reliefs of
Luca della Robbia.
Bainbino, Church of Ara Coeli,
Rome.
[Also bam-
bocciate, and bambocciata (after It.); K F. bam-
bochade, K It. bambocciata, grotesque painting,
caricature, K bamboccio, a little child, puppet,
simpleton (like bambino, a dim. of bambo, child-
ish, simple: see bambino); said to have been a
nickname given to Pieter van Laer (17th cen-
tury), a painter of such scenes.] In painting,
a grotesque scene from common life, as rustic
games, a village festival, rollicking peasants
drinking and smoking, and kindred subjects.
Teniers is the great master of this style, and in British art
+Wilkie is probably its best representative.
bamboo (bam-bó"), m.
[Also bambu, and for-
merly also bambou, bambow, bambo, and (after
D.) bambouse, bambus; = D. bamboes = G. Dan.
bambus = Sw. bambu = Pol. Bohem. bambus =
Russ. bambuku = F. bambow = Sp. bambú = Pg.
bambº (first recorded as mambu) = It. bambit
(NL. bambusa); from the native E. Ind. Iname,
Malay and Jav. ba mbu, Canarese banbu or bantu.
The orig. language is uncertain.] 1. (a) The
common name of the arborescent grasses be-
longing to the genus Bambos (see Bambusa)
and its allies. (b) In the West Indies, a tall
and woody elimbing grass, Panicum divarica-
tum. (c) In Queensland, a coarse grass, Stipa
micrantha.—2. A stick or cane from the stem
of the bamboo.—3. In ceram., a name given to
a cane-colored pottery made by Wedgwood.—
4. An Eastern measure of length, equal in
Pondicherry to 33 meters.—5. In Sumatra, a
measure of capacity: in Bencoolen, equal to the
United States (Winchester) gallon; in Achin,
to 4 pints.-Bamboo books, a collection of ancient
Chinese writings, chiefly historical, said to have been dis-
covered in the tomb of a prince of Wei, A. D. 279. The
writings were engraved on slips of bamboo, as was cus-
tomary in China before the invention of paper.—Sacred
bamboo, a handsome evergreen berberidaceous shrub,
Nandina domestica, bearing red berries, and extensively
cultivated in China and Japan. It is chiefly used for dec-
Oration.
tº [K bamboo, m.] To
beat with a bamboo ; punish by flogging with
ka Smooth lath of bamboo ; bastinado.
bamboo-brier (bam-bó'bri’ér), m.
e g The green-
brier of the United States, Smilaa rotundifolia,
a tall thorny climber.








bamboo-partridge
bamboo-partridge (bam-bó’ pār" trij), n. A
member of the genus Bambusicola.
bamboo-rat (bam-bö’rat), n. A species of ro-
dent animal of the size of a rabbit, belonging
to the genus Rhizomys, found in Malacca.
bamboozle (bam-böſzl), v.; pret. and pp. bam-
boozled, ppr. bamboozling. [Mentioned by Swift
in 1710 among “certain words invented by some
prettyfellows, such as banter, bamboozle, country
put, . . . Some of which are now struggling for
the yogue” (Tatler, No. 230); appar, a slang
Word, of no definite origin, connected with
(prob. abbreviated to) bamb, bam, which ap-
pears a little later: see bam. Cf. Še. bombaze,
bumbaze, confuse, stupefy, bazed, based, basit,
* confused, stupid. I, trams. 1. To hoax; de-
ceive; trick; impose upon.
All the people upon earth, excepting these two or three
Worthy gentlemen, are imposed upon, cheated, bubbled,
abused, bamboozled ! ddison, Drummer, i. 1.
Americans are neither to be dragooned nor bamboozled
out of their liberty, Franklin, Life, p. 514.
It's supposed by this trick
Eſe bamboozled Old Nick.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 203.
2. To perplex; mystify.
II. intrans. To usetrickery; practise cheating.
bamboozler (bam-bó'zlér), m. One who bam-
boozles; a cheat; one who plays tricks upon
another.
There are a set of fellows they call banterers and bam-
boozlers, that play such tricks.
Arbuthnot, John Bull (1755), p. 58.
bambosh (bam/bosh), m. [K bam + bosh, prob.
with ref. to bamboozle.] Humbug. [Slang.]
M. E. D.
bamboula (bam-bó’lā), n. [Creole F., K F.
bambou, bamboo.] iſ. A small drum consist-
ing of a section of bamboo covered at one end
with sheepskin, formerly in use among slaves
in Louisiana.-2. A dance performed to the
accompaniment of such a drum.
Bambusa (bam-bü'sä), n. [A modified spelling
of Bambos. NL., through D. bamboes, G. bambus,
etc., K.E. Ind. bambu : see bamboo.] A genus of
arborescent grasses, of the tribe Bambuseae
:::::::::
—Tºº
Sºss
(which see), of
about 30 species,
natives of south-
ern and eastern
Asia, one species
only being gos-
mopolitan. This
species, the com-
mon bamboo, Bambos
Bambusa) Bambos
§ JBambos of
Linnaeus), is nowhere
known as indige-
nous, but is natural-
ized in many places,
and is cultivated
extensively in the
old tworld, the West
Indies, and South
America. Some of
the species are spi-
nose at the joints,
others are climbers.
The stems attain a
height of 20, 50, or
even 120 feet, with
a diameter, in the
larger species, , of
from 4 to 8 inches.
The uses that are
* made of the stems
and leaves of the various species of bamboo in the East
Indies and eastern Asia are innumerable. Houses and
their furniture, the masts, sails, and rigging of ships, rafts,
bridges, fences, carts, palanquins, water-pipes, cordage,
paper, boxes, baskets, mats, pipe-stems, and in fact nearly
all articles of ordinary use, are made entirely or in part
from this material. The seeds and young shoots are used
as food.
bambusaceous (bam-bli-sā’ shius), a. [K Bam-
busa + -aceous.] Resembling the bamboo ;
belonging to the gramineous tribe Bambusea.
Bambuseae (bam-bü’sé-é), m.pl. [NL., KBambu-
3a –F -eae.] A tribe of grasses, of great economic
importance, including nearly 200 species in
23 genera, of which Bambos (see Bambusa)
may be considered the type. They are mostly con-
fined to the warmer regions of the globe, though some are
there found at an altitude of from 10,000 to 15,000 feet above
the sea. They are gregarious in habit, and have Woody,
tall, and often arborescent stems, hollow between the
joints, the taller species reaching an extreme height of 120
feet, with a diameter of 6 or 8 inches. Most of the Species
ſlower but rarely, but the flowering of any Species, when
it occurs, is usually general, and the consequent harvest
of seed has at times prevented famine in India. The
bamboos of tropical America belong to several genera
(chiefly Arthrostylidium, Chusquea, and Guadua), some
species attaining nearly the size of those of the old world,
the genus Guadua scarcely differing from Bambw8a. Sev-
eral of the Indian genera are berry-bearing, the species
most remarkable in this respect being Melocanna bambw-
§. 1.
. I, Bamboo (Bazzöos Bazzêos), show-
ing its mode of growth : 2, flowers,
leaves, and stem on a larger scale.
436
Clump of Giant Bamboo (Dendroca lametes gigazttents).
80ides, which produces an edible, fleshy, pear-shaped fruit
from 3 to 5 inches long. The same species, as also some
others, yields the tabasheer (which see), a secretion in the
joints, mainly silicious, which is used as a medicine.
Bambusicola (bam-bü-sik' 3-lâ), m. ., K
bambusa, bamboo, + L. colere, inhabit.] A ge-
nus of gallinaceous birds of Asia, the bamboo-
partridges. B. thoracica is a Chinese species;
JB. Sonorivoa is found in Formosa.
bambusicoline (bam-bü-sik'ê-lin), a. [K NL.
bambusicolimus, K bambusa, bamboo, + L. Colere,
inhabit: see -ine1.) Inhabiting cane-brakes;
living in bamboo-grass: said of sundry animals,
as certain partridges, rats, etc.
bamia (bā’mi-á), n. A fish of the family Silu-
Tidae, taken in the Red Sea. In a dried state
it is much used as food by sailors.
bamlite (bam’lit), n. [K Bamle + -itel..] A va-
riety of fibrolite from Bamle, Norway.
ban] (ban), v.; pret, and pp. banned, ppr. banning.
[K M.E. bannen, KAS. bannan, bonnan, summon,
in comp. abannam, summon, gebanºmam, Summon,
command, proclaim, = OFries. banna, bonna,
command, proclaim, = OD. bannen, prohibit,
mod. D. banish, exile, exorcise, trump, - OHG.
bannam, MHG. G. bannen, banish, expel, exor-
cise, - Icel. banma, forbid, curse, refl. Swear, -
Sw. banma, reprove, chide, refl. curse, swear, -
Dan, bande, curse, swear, - Goth. “bannan (not
recorded), orig. appar. ‘proclaim or announce,’
subsequently ‘command or forbid under a pen-
alty,’ prob. akin to L. fari, say, speak (>ult.
E. fable, fame, fate, etc.), - Gr. påval, speak, say
(X ult. E. aphasia, aphemia, euphemism, etc.);
cf. Skt. Vibhan, speak. Cf. also Gr, paivetv,
make appear, show, shine, Skt. V bhā, appear,
shine. The ML. verb bannire, summon, pro-
claim, banish, is formally from the noun: see
banish. The sense of ‘curse’ is appar. due to
Scand. use.] I. trams. 1+. To summon; call out.
Be . . . bammede his cnihtes. Layamom, I. 824.
Pharaon bammede vt his here. Gen. and Ea., l. 3213.
2. To anathematize; pronounce an ecclesias-
tical curse upon; place under a ban.
It is hard to admire the man [Henry VIII.] who was
burning and banning Lutherans at home, while he was
trying to ally himself with them abroad.
R. W. Diacom, Hist. Church of Eng., iii.
3. To curse; execrate.
Here upon my knees, striking the earth,
I ban their souls to everlasting pains.
Marlowe, Jew of Malta, i. 2.
He cursed and banned the Christians. JKnolles.
4. To prohibit; interdict; proscribe.
The religion of the immense majority . . . was banned
and proscribed.
Lecky, Rationalism (1878), II. 41. (N. E. D.)
Working his best with beads and cross to ban
The enemy that comes in like a flood.
Browning, Ring and Book, I, 46.
II. intrans. To curse; utter curses or male-
dictions.
And curst, and band, and blasphemies forth threw.
ºpenser, F. Q., W. xi. 12.
banl (ban), m. [K ME. ban, banne, bane; partly
identical with iban, KAS. gebanºn, proclamation,
decree, = (without prefix) OS. ban = OFries.
ban, bon = OD. ban = OHG. M.H.G. ban, bann,
G. banm, proclamation (of command or prohibi-
tion), = Icel. bann = Sw, bann = Dan. ban, band,
prohibition, interdict, excommunication; and
artly (in the form ban, bane) KOF. ban = Pr.
an = Sp. Pg. It. bando, K. M.L. bannum, bamnus,
also bandum, proclamation, Summons, edict,
proscription, banishment, excommunication,
etc., from the Teut. (ÖH.G.) form, which is from
banana
the verb.: see banl, v., and cf. banish.] 1. In
feudal times: (a) A public proclamation or
edict; especially, a proclamation summoning
to arms. (b) The array or body so summoned.
See arrière-ban, 2.
The ban was sometimes convoked, that is, the possessors
of the fiefs were called upon for military services in sub-
sequent ages. Hallam, Middle Ages, ii. 2.
(c) A proclamation made at the head of a body
of troops, or in the cantonments of an army, by
beat of drum or sound of trumpet, to announce
the appointment of an officer or the punishment
of a soldier, to enforce discipline, etc. In mod-
ern times these proclamations are published in the writ-
ten orders of the day.
2. A proclamation or notice given in a church
of an intended marriage: generally used in the
plural, bans, usually spelled banns (which see).
An edict of interdiction; a sentence of
Outlawry. Thus, to put a prince under the ban of the
empire was to divest him of his dignities, and to interdict
all intercourse and all offices of humanity with the Offend-
er. Sometimes whole cities have been put under the ban,
that is, deprived of their rights and privileges.
4. Interdiction; authoritative prohibition.—5.
A formal ecclesiastical denunciation; curse;
excommunication; amathema.-6. A maledic-
tion; expression of execration; curse.
Her fyrie eyes with furious sparkes did stare,
And with blasphemous bamnes high God in peeces tare.
- Spenger, F. Q., III. vii. 39.
7. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a
delinquent for offending against a ban,—8. A
mulet paid to the bishop, in addition to other
penalties, for certain crimes connected with Sa-
cred things, chiefly sacrilege and perjury.
ban? (ban), n. . [Croatian ban = Bulg. Serv. ban,
Hung. ban, K Pers. bān, a lord, master.] A
title formerly given to the military chiefs who
guarded the southern marches of Hungary (the
Banat), but now only to the governor of Croatia.
and Slavonia, who is appointed by the emperor
of Austria as king of Hungary, and is respon-
sible to the landtag of Croatia and Slavonia.
The Hungarian Bams . . . are Presidents or Governors.
Selden, Titles of Hon., p. 381. N. E. D.
banal1 (ban'al), a. [Formerly also bannal, K
F. bannal (Cotgrave), now banal = Pr. banal,
KML. bannalis, pertaining to compulsory feu-
dal service: applied especially to mills, wells,
ovens, etc., used in common by people of the
lower classes, upon the command of a feudal
superior; hence, common, commonplace; K ban-
num, command, proclamation: see bani, n.]
1. Subject to manorial rights; used in com-
mon: as, a banal mill or oven. See banal-
$ty.—2. Common; commonplace; hackneyed;
trite; stale.
Too much of what [England] gives us from her painters
of modern life is familiar, tawdry, bamal.
Fortnightly Rev. (N.S.), XXXIII. 76.
banal? (ban'al), a. [K ban? -H -al.] Of or per-
taining to a ban, or provincial governor; as,
the royal banal court at Agram. See ban2.
banality (ba-nal’i-ti), m.; pl. banalities (-tiz).
[K F. bamalité, K banal: see banal1.] In old
French and French-Canadian law, the right by
which a lord compelled his vassals to grind at
his mill, bake at his oven, etc.: applied also to
the regions within which this right was exer-
cised.—2. The state of being banal, trite, or
stale; commonplaceness; triviality.—3. Any-
thing common, trite, or trivial; a commonplace.
He has a good sense that enables him to see through
the banalities of English political life and to shrink from
involving his own existence in such littleness.
jºr Lanier, The English Novel, p. 253.
banana (ba-nam'É), n. [Also formerly banano
(tree); = F. banane, K Sp. Pg. bamama, the fruit
of the banana-tree, Sp. bandºmo (Pg. bananeira,
F. bananier), the tree itself; cited in the 16th
century as the
native name in
Guinea: poss.
Carib. The plant
is probably a
native of the
East Indies.] A
plant of the
genus Musa, of
which several
species are cul-
tivated for fruit
everywhere in
the tropics. The
stem-like trunk,
formed of the com-
pact sheathing leaf-
stalks, grows to a
height usually of 8
Banana (Matsa sapienzazm).



banana
or 10 feet, bearing its oblong fruit in a dense cluster 2 or 8.
€
feet long and sometimes weighing 70 or 80 pounds. Th
fruit is soft, sweetish, not highly flavored, and without
seeds. It is eaten either raw or cooked. Several varieties
are cultivated, differing in size, color, and flavor. After
fruiting the stem decays, or is cut down, and new shoots
spring from the root and produce a new crop in a few
months. The fiber of the stem and leaves is of little value.
The plantain, M. paradisiaca, is probably only a variety
of the 8ame species. See Muša and plantain.-Banana,
essence, an artificial fruit-essence used for flavoring jel:
lies, ices, and confectionery. It is a mixture of amyl
acetate and butyric ether.—Mexican banana, a name
Sometimes given to a species of Yucca, Y, baccata, of
northern Mexico and the adjacent United States, which
bears a large, juicy, edible fruit.
banana-bird (ba-nan’ā-bèrd), n. A name given
by º writers to several West Indian and
tropical American species of the large genus
Icterus, which contains the American orioles or
hangnests, more or less nearly related to the
Baltimore bird, Icterus galbula. Thus, under this
name, Edwards describes a species, afterward the Xan-
thornus meanicanus of Brisson º and the Oriolw8 ba-
anama of Linnaeus (1766). The Icterus leucopterya:of Jamaica
is also one of the species which have borne the name.
One section of the genus Icterwa has been named Bamami-
vorus from the implied habit (of banana-eating) of the
'birds composing it; the type of this is the common or-
chard-oriole of the United States, Icterus spurius.
banana-eater (ba-man’ā-ē’tēr), n. A plantain-
eater; a bird of the genus Musophaga.
banana-quit (ba-nan’ā-kwit), n. A name of the
black and yellow honey-creeper, Certhiola fla-
veola, and other species of birds of the same
genus.
bananist (ba-nanſist), n. [K banana + -ist.]
A banana-bird: a name given to various birds
besides those of the genus Icterus, as, for ex-
ample, to Certhiola bananivora of San Domingo.
bananivorous (ban-a-niv’º-rus), a. [K banana
L. vorare, eat..] Feeding upon bananas.
banat, banate (ban'at, -āt), n. [Also bannat;
& ºt -at, -ateş.] 1. In Hungary, a border
province ruled by a ban; the territory or juris-
diction of a ban; specifically, the Temesvar
banat in southeastern Hungary, distinctively
called the Banat, formally reunited to Hungary
#in 1860.-2. The office of a ban.
banatite (banſa-tit), n. [K Banat + -ite?..] ...A
name given by Von Cotta to a variety of dio-
rite occurring in the Banat, Hungary.
banausic (ba-nā’sik), a. [K Gr. 3avavotkóg, of
or for mechanics, K. 3avavota, the practice of a
mechanical art.] 1. Merely mechanical; char-
acteristic of mechanics or a mechanic. [Rare.]
By this term [Americanisms] he [Du Bois-Reymond]
designates materialistic and bama'usic tendencies in gen-
eral. G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 149.
2. Hence, vulgar; Philistine. -
The adult who seeks self-knowledge by introversion is
banawsic.
G. S. Hall, Adolescence, I. vii.
banc (bangk), n. [KAF. and F. banc (ML. ban-
437
And Pharaoh-nechoh put him in bands at Riblah.
2 Ki. xxiii. 33.
And suddenly there was a great earthquake, so that the
foundations of the prison were shaken: and immediately
all the doors were opened, and every one's bands were
loosed. Acts xvi. 26.
Dol. In chains of adamant?
Mam. Yes, the strongest bands.
B. Jongon, Alchemist, iv. 1.
2. That by which loose things of the same or a
similar kind are bound together. Specifically—(a)
The tie of straw used in binding sheaves of wheat or other
grain. (b) In bookbinding, one of the cords, tapes, or
strips of parchment which hold together the several sec-
tions of the Sewed book. The thread is drawn from with-
in each section around or over the bands.
3. That which connects; a connecting piece,
or means of connection; that which connects
or unites the several parts of a complex thing.
The body, by joints and bands . . . knit together, in-
creaseth with the increase of God. Col. ii. 19.
He [hope] is a flatterer,
A parasite, a keeper-back of death,
Who gently would dissolve the bands of life.
hak., Rich. II., ii. 2.
Specifically—(at) In logic, the copula. [Rare.]
A simple Axiome is that, the band whereof is a Verbe.
T. Spencer (1628), Logick, p. 160. (N. E. D.)
º The metallic sleeve which binds the barrel and stock
of a musket together. (c) One of two pieces of iron fas-
tened to the bows of a saddle to keep them in place. (d)
A. leaden came. See came2. (ef) A hyphen,
4. A binding or uniting power or influence: as,
a band of union. [Now usually bond.]
cus), bench: see bank!..] In law, a seat or bench *.in.
of justice.—A court in banc, a court in which the full
bench of judges is present : as, before the court in banc.—
A sitting in banc, a session of court held by all the judges
or by a quorum of them.—Days in banc. See dayl.
bancall (bang'kal), n. [F., prop. adj., bandy-
legged.] A saber more curved than usual, as
if in imitation of the simitar; specifically, the
saber of this form worn by officers of the first
French republic and empire, during 1792–1810.
banca.1% (bang'kal), n. [E. Ind.] An East
*Indian weight varying from 19 to 22 ouncestroy.
lbanco (bangſkö), n. [It., a bank, bench, coun-
ter, K ML. bancus: see bank1.] In com., the
money in which the banks of some countries
keep or kept their accounts, in contradistinction
to the current money of the place. The distinc-
tion was more necessary when the currency consisted, as
it often did, of clipped, worn, and foreign coins.—BancO
mark, See mark banco, under mark.
lband 1 (band), n. [K ME. band, bande, also
bond, bonde (X mod. E. bond, the same word,
now partly discriminated in use), KAS. *band
iós' bandioFies band-i)."bandº O'HG.
MHG. bant, G. band = Icel. Sw. band = Dan.
baand, a band, a tie, a neut. noun (in D. and G.
also masc.), developing in later use a great
variety of particular senses, and merged in ME.
with the synonymous bend, bende, bande, KAS.
bend, rarely band, in mod. E. prop. bend, and
with the slightly different bande, E. band?, a
strip, hoop, etc., derived through the F. from
the same it. source, namely, Teut. (AS., etc.)
bindan (pret. band), E. bind: see bind, bendi,
bend2, bends, and cf. bond.1, band?, bandº.] 1.
Anything which binds the person or the limbs,
and serves to restrain or to deprive of liberty;
a shackle, manacle, or fetter: usually in the
plural.
I drew them with cords of a man, with bands of love.
HoS. xi. 4.
Land of my sires! what mortal hand
Can e'er untie the filial band
That knits me to thy rugged strand?
Scott, L. of L. M., vi. 2.
5. An obligation *: reciprocal, legal, or
moral duties: as, the nuptial bands. [Now
usually bond.]
Here's eight that must take hands,
To join in Hymen's bands.
Shak., As you Like it, v. 4.
6+. A binding promise or agreement; a bond
or security given.
Adr. Tell me, was he arrested on a band?
Dro. S. Not on a band, but on a stronger thing.
Shak., C. of E., iv. 2.
You know my debts are many more than means,
My bands not taken in, my friends at home
Drawn dry with these expenses.
Fletcher (and another), Noble Gentleman, i. 1.
7+. A surety; a bondsman.
Since faith could get no credit at his hand,
I sent him word to come and Sue my band.
Churchyard, Challenge (ed. 1778), p. 152.
8t. A covenant or league. [Scotch..] – False
bands, in bookbinding, strips of leather or strands of
twisted cord, pasted across the inner side of the backs of
books, and afterward molded in high relief to give the
appearance of bands of unusual thickness or strength.-
Raised bands, in bookbinding, strips of leather or braided
cord of unusual thickness, fastened on the outside of the
sewed sheets of a book-back, making a noticeable projec-
tion on the back, and intended to give increased strength
band? (band), n. . [K ME. bande, K OF. bande,
earlier bende, mod. F. bande = Pr. benda = Sp.
banda, venda = Pg. banda = It. banda and
benda, dial. binda, a band, strip, side, etc.,
in various particular senses, K OHG. binda,
binta, MHG. G. binde, f., a band, fillet, tie,
cravat (cf. D. bind, neut., a crossbeam, joint,
= Dan. bind, neut., a band, tie, etc.), K. OHG.
bintan, MHG. G. binden, etc., f= AS. bindam, E.
bind. The word is thus ult. cognate with
bandl and with bendi, with which it has been
mixed, but it differs in its orig, formation: see
band.1, bendl, and the doublet bend?..] 1. A
flat strip of any material, but especially of a
flexible material, used to bind round anything;
a fillet: as, a rubber band; a band around the
head; a hat-band.
A single band of gold about her hair.
Tennyson, Princess, v.
2. Anything resembling a band in form or func-
tion. (a) A bandage; specifically, a swaddling-band.
Henry the Sixth, in infant bands crown'd king
Of France and England. Shak., Hen. W., v. 2.
(b) A border or strip on an article of dress serving to
strengthen it or to confine it, as at the waist, neck, or
wrist ; as, a waistband; a wristband; a neck-band, (c)
Nawt. : (i) A strip of canvas sewed across a sail to
strengthen it. (2) An iron hoop round, a spar. (d) In
mach., a belt, cord, or chain for transmitting power. Such
bands generally pass over two pulleys, wheels, or drums,
communicating motion from one to the other. (e) In
arch.: (1) Any flat member or molding, broad but of small
projection: also called fascia, face, or plinth. (2) A tab:
let or string-course carried around a tower or other part
of a building. (f) In decorative art, a horizontal strip of
decoration separated from the general wall-surface by
parallel lines. (g) A more or less broad space crossing a
surface, and distinguished from it by difference of color
or aspect: as, absorption-bands in the spectrum., (h) In
zoöl., a transverse stripe of any color. Also called fascia.
tal h
#iſſoitial băſă, etc.
band 3 (band), n.
band 3 (band), v.
band 4 (band), m.
band
3. The form of collar commonly worn by men
and women in the seventeenth century in West-
ern Europe. It was originally starched, and fixed in a
half-erect position, nearly like the ruff, which it Super-
seded, and was often of lace and of immense size. After-
ward it was turned down over the shoulders, and called a
Jalling-band.
This band
Shews not my neck enough.
B. Jonson, Volpone, iii. 2.
Rissing your finger that hath the ruby, or playing with
some string of your band. B. Jomson, Cynthia's Revels, ii. 1.
The next that mounted the Stage was an Under-Citizen
of the Bath, a Person remarkable among the inferior Peo-
ple of that Place for his great Wisdom and his Broad
Bamd. Steele, in Dobson, p. 452.
4. The linen ornament worn about the neck,
with the ends hanging down in front, by certain
Protestant clergymen. It was prescribed by Queen
Elizabeth as a part of the every-day dress of Anglican
ecclesiastics. [Now only in the plural.]
5. In mining, a layer of rock interstratified with
the coal; sometimes, as in Cumberland, Eng-
land, the coal itself.-Band of rock, a phrase some-
times used for bed of rock. See blackband.—Gastroparie-
band, hypopharyngeal band, ilioparietal band,
See the adjectives.
[Early mod. E. also bend, K
late ME. bande, also bende, K OF. and F. bande
= Pr. Sp. It. banda (ML. bandum, bandus; so
G. bande, D. bande, now bende, Dan. bande, Sw.
band, after Rom.), a band or company, KOHG.
bant, OS. OFries., etc., band, a band or tie,
the sense of ‘company’ being developed first
in Rom. : see bandl, band?, and cf. the doublet
bendë.] 1. A company of persons, especially
a body of armed men; a company of Soldiers,
or of persons united for any purpose.
We few, we happy few, we band of brothers.
Shak., Hen. V., iv. 3.
My lord of Somerset, unite
Your troops of horsemen with his bands of foot.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
Originally there were usually in each considerable society
[of Methodists] four bands, the members of which were
collected from the various society classes — one band
composed of married and another of unmarried men, one
of married and another of unmarried women. All the
members of society, however, were not of necessity mem-
bers of bamds. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 188.
Did not Señor Felipe tell you that he had positively en-
gaged the same band of shearers we had last autumn,
Alessandro's band from Temecula 2
Mrs. H. Jacksom, Ramona, i.
2. In music, a company of musicians playing
various instruments in combination, in the
manner of an orchestra: most frequently ap-
plied to a company of musicians playing such
instruments as may be used in marching.—3.
A collection of animals of any kind, as a drove
of cattle or horses, or a flock of sheep. [West-
ern U. S.]
In California every collection of animals of any sort is
called a band. A herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, a party
of Indians — anything and everything that walks – when
seen in numbers is known as a band, and it is regarded as
a sure sign of being a “tenderfoot ” to use any other term.
N. Y. Evening Post (letter), Dec., 1886.
Knights of the band. See knight.— Military band,
a body of musicians enlisted and attached to a regiment
or military post.
[K band 3, m.] I. trans. To
unite in a troop, company, or confederacy:
generally reflexive.
They band themselves with the prevalent things of this
world to overrun the weak things which Christ hath made
choice to work by. Milton, Church-Government, ii. 3.
Among the sons of morn, what multitudes
Were banded to oppose his high decree.
JIilton, P. L., v. 717.
Band them into pueblos ; make them Work ; and, above
all, keep peace with the Whites.
J1 rs. H. Jackson, Ramona, v.
II. intrans. To unite; associate; confederate
for Some common purpose.
With them great Ashur also bands,
And doth confirm the knot.
Milton, Ps. lxxxiii. 29.
The great lords
Banded, and so brake out in open war.
Tennyson, Coming of Arthur.
The weak will band against her when she becomes too
strong. R. H. Stoddard, Guests of State.
[Local E., perhaps a particu-
lar use of band?, a strip, or possibly of early
mod. E. bande, K ME. bande, var. of bonde, a
bound, limit: see bound.] A ridge of a hill:
commonly applied in the English lake district
to a long ridge-like hill of minor height, or to
a long narrow sloping offshoot from a higher
hill or mountain. N. E. D.
bandºt. An obsolete or Scotch preterit of bind.
bandºt (band), v. t.
[Same as banl, after M.L.
and It. bandire, a form of ML. bannire, banish,
band
ban: see banl, banish. Otherwise taken, in the
passage quoted, as band'7, for baniſij TO
interdict; banish.
Sweete love such lewdnes bands from his faire companee.
Spenser, F. Q., III.ii. 41.
band 7t, v. Same as bandy1.
bandº (band), m. [Native name.] A weight
equal to about 2 ounces troy, in use in western
*Africa for weighing gold-dust. Simmonds.
bandage (ban’dāj), n. [K F. bandage, K bande,
a band, strip: see band? and -age.]
Strip, band, or swathe of cotton cloth, or other
Soft woven material, used in dressing and bind-
ing up Wounds, stopping hemorrhages, joining
fractured and dislocated bones, etc.—2. A
band or ligature in general; that which is bound
over something else.
Zeal too had a place among the rest, with a bandage
over her eyes. ddison.
3. In arch., an iron ring or a chain bound
around the springing of a dome, the circum-
ference of a tower, or some similar part of a
building, to tie it together.
bandage (ban"dāj), v. t. ; pret, and pp. ban-
daged, ppr. bandaging. [. bandage, m.] To
bind up or dress, as a wound, a fractured limb,
etc., with a roſier or bandage; cover with a
bandage for the purpose of binding or con-
cealing: as, to bandage the eyes.
bandager (ban’dāj-er), m. One who bandages
or binds up wounds, etc.
bandagist (ban‘dāj-ist), n. [K F. bandagiste, K
bandage: see bandage and -ist.] A maker of
bandages, especially for hernia.
bandal, m. See bandle2.
bandala (ban-dā’lā), m. [Native name.] The
strong outer fiber of the abaca or Musa teactilis
of Manila, made into cordage, especially into
the well-known Manila, white rope.
bandalore, bandelore (ban'da-lór, -de-lôr), m.
[Origin obscure. Cf. bandorel.] 1. A kind of
toy very much used at the beginning of the
present century. See quiz. –2. Same as ban-
dorel.
bandana, bandanna (ban-dan’ā), n. [First in
form bandamo, later bandanna, prob, through
Pg., K Hind. bāndhnü, “a mode of dyeing in
which the cloth is tied in different places to
prevent the parts from receiving the dye.”
(Shakspear, Hind. Dict.), K bandh, or preferably
bändh, a cord, ligature, tie, band, ult. = E
bandl..] 1. A large handkerchief, dyed blue,
yellow, or red, with small spots left white,
where the stuff has been pressed to prevent
it from receiving the dye.—2. A style of
calico-printing in imitation of bandana hand-
kerchiefs, white spots being produced on a
red or dark-colored ground by discharging the
color.
band-axis (band’ak” sis), m.
cylinder.
'band-bird (band’bèrd), n. A name of the
African collared finch, Amadina fasciata.
'bandbox (band’boks), n. A light box made
of pasteboard or thin flexible pieces of wood
and paper, for holding caps, bonnets, or other
light articles of attire: so called because origi-
nally made to contain the starched bands com-
ºy worn in the seventeenth century. See
, 3.
Same as a vis-
band
She deposited by her side a capacious bandboa, in which,
as is the custom among travelers of her sex, she carried a
great deal of valuable property. Hawthorne.
bandboxical (band’bok'si-kal), a. [K bandbox:
+ -ical.] Of the size or appearance of a band-
box: as, bandboarical rooms. [Colloq.]
band-brake (band’brāk), n. A form of brake
used to prevent or to control the revolution of
a shaft. It consists of a pulley secured upon the shaft,
the circumference of which is embraced by a strap, or
band, usually of metal, which is capable of being adjusted
to any desired degree of tightness.
band-coupling (band’kup"ling), m. Any device
for uniting together the ends of a band.
band-driver (band’dri"vér), n. A tool used for
correcting irregularities in the bands of ma-
chinery. E. H. Knight.
bandé (bon-dā'), a. . [F., pp. of bander, band:
see band?, v.] In her., bendy dexter, as dis-
tinguished from bendy sinister. See barré.
bandeau (ban-dò’), n. ; pl. bandeaua (-dóz').
[F., KOF. bandel, m., dim. of bande, band: see
band?, and cf. bandore2.] 1. A fillet worn
round the head; a head-band; especially, a
ribbon worn by girls and women above the
forehead.—2. A horizontal band or ring form-
ing a part of the headpiece of armor.
bandelet, m.
4.38
Around the edge of this cap was a stiff bamdeaw of
leather. Scott, Ivanhoe.
banded 1 (ban’ded), p. a., [K, bandl -- -ed”.]
Bound or fastened with a band.
banded? (ban’ded), p. a. [K band? -- -ed?..]
Having bands; crossed or encircled by a band
or bands; specifically, in her., encircled with a
band, often of a different color from the sheaf
or bundle which it surrounds: as, a bundle of
lances proper, banded gules, orthelike.—Banded
column. See colwmºn.— Banded mail, a kind of mail-
armor shown in works of art of the thirteenth century, in
which the rings are arranged in bands running around the
arms, body, etc. Between the rows of rings there are
ridges like slender bars, having apparently the same thick-
ness as the rings. This mail is found represented not only
in the miniatures of manuscripts, but also in life-size
effigies in stone; but it is not definitely known how it
was made.—Banded
structure, (a) In
geol., the structure
of a rock which is
more or less dis-
tinctly divided into
‘layers of different
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color, texture, or §nii º:
composition. The Yºğ. jº
term implies, ordi- W. ºft f "f
narily, something -
different from true
Stratification, and is
applicable chiefly to
Volcanic masses. (b)
In mineral., the
structure of a min-
eral made up of a series of layers, usually parallel and dif-
fering in color or texture, as Onyx.
banded 3 (ban’ded), p. a. United as in a band.
Though banded Europe stood her foes—
The star of Brandenburg arose. -
Scott, Marmion, iii., Int.
bandelf, bandle1+, n. [K OF. bandel, m., ban-
dele, bandelle, f., dim. of bande, a strip: see
band?. Cf. bandeau.] A swaddling-band.
Same as bandlet.
bandelieri, n. See bandoleer.
bandelore, m. See bandalore.
bandert (ban’dër), m. One who bands or as-
sociates with others; a member of a band or
confederacy.
Yorke and his banders proudly pressed in
To challenge the crown by title of right.
Mir. for Mags., p. 352.
You are to watch every attempt which is made . . . to
open any communication with any of the lords Who may
have become banders in the west. Scott, Abbot, I. xx.
banderet (ban/de-ret), n. [Swiss F., - F. ban-
meret, E. banneret?, q.v.] A Swiss army com-
Iºla, Il Cl6I’.
banderilla (bān-de-rél’yā), n. [Sp., dim. of
bandera, banner: see bammer.] A small dart-
like javelin ornamented with a banderole, used
in bull-fights to goad and infuriate the bull.
banderillero (bān-de-rél-yā’rö), m. [Sp., Kiban-
derilla: see banderilla.] A bull-fighter who
uses banderillas.
banderole, banderol (ban 'de-röl, -rol), m.
[Early mod. E. also bandrol, bandroll, etc.,
bannerol, banerol, etc., K. F. banderole (OF.
banerolle), K It. banderwola, banderola (= Sp.
banderoiá), a little banner, dim. of bandiera
(= Sp. bandera = F. bannière), a banner: see
banner.] 1. A small flag or streamer. Specifi-
cally — (a) A small ornamental streamer carried on the
shaft of a lance, near the head.
Then take my banderol of red;
Mine, and mone but mine, shall honour thee,
And safe conduct thee. Greene, Orlando Furioso.
From the extremity . . . fluttered a small banderole or
streamer bearing a cross. Scott.
(b) In her., a streamer affixed immediately beneath the
crook on the top of the staff of a bishop, and folding over
the staff. (c) A long narrow streamer with cleft
ends, carried at the masthead of ships, as in
battle, etc.
2. A band of various form adapted to
receive an inscription, used in deco-
rative sculpture and other decorative
art, especially of the Renaissance pe-
riod.
Also written bannerol.
band-fish (band'fish), n. An English name of
(a) the Cepola rubescens, a species of the family
Cepolidae, more specifically called red band-fish;
(b) the oar-fish, Regalecus glesne. Also called
snake-fish.
bandful (band'fül; by miners, bon’tl), m. [K
band? ---ful2.] In coal-mining, a load of men
carried up or down in the mine by sitting on
chain-loops attached to the hoisting-rope, as
was customary before the introduction of the
cage and man-engine. . [S. Staffordshire, Eng.]
bandicoot (ban'di-köt), n. [G, bandikut, NL.
bandicota, from E.; a corruption of the Telugu
name pandi-kokku, lit. pig-rat.] 1. The Anglo-
i
:--~~ S
Heraldic
Banderole.
bandoleer
Indian name of the Mus giganteus of Hard.
wicke, a large Indian rat, upward of 2 feet
long including the tail, and weighing 2 or 3
pounds, It is very abundant in some regions, a great
*. the rice-fields and gardens, and is said to be good
08 Llllg.
. The Anglo-Australian name of any marsu-
pial animal of the family Peramelidae. Also
called bandicoot rat.
bandie (ban'di), n. [Local Sc.] The stickle-
back: a name current around Moray Frith,
Scotland.
bandikai (ban'di-kä), n. One of the names of
the Abelmoschus esculentus. See Abelmoschus.
bandileer (ban-di-lèr’), n. Same as bandoleer.
banding-machine (banding-ma-shën"), n. A
blocking-machine for forming the band of a
at.
banding-plane (ban/ding-plan), n., A plane
used for cutting out grooves and inlaying
strings and bands in straight and circular work.
It bears a general resemblance to the plane
called a plow.
banding-ring (ban’ding-ring), n., In hºt-mak-
ing, a ring which passes over the body of a hat,
keeping it pressed to the hat-block. Its lower
edge is at the band, or angle formed by the body
and the brim.
bandit (ban'dit), m.; pl. bandits, banditti (ban'-
dits, ban-dit’i). [Early mod. E. bandetto, later
banditto, bandito, bandīte, etc., pl. bandetti, ban-
ăţi, baiãº, bandii, and with added Épîian-
ditties, etc.; K It, bandito (pl. banditi), a bandit,
pp. of bandire, K ML. bandire, bannire, banish,
outlaw: see banl, banish.] 1+. An outlaw; one
who is proscribed. Hence—2. A lawless or
desperate fellow; a brigand; a robber; espe-
cially, one of an organized band of lawless ma-
rauders.
The Ripon men brought down the half-outlawed bandits
from the Archbishop's liberty of Tynedale.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 695.
=Syn, 2. Brigand, etc. See robber.
banditt (ban'dit), v. t. To outlaw; proscribe;
banish.
banditti, n. 1. Plural of bandit, banditto.—2t.
[Used as a singular.] A band or company of
bandits. Sometimes written banditty.
bandittof (ban-dit’ö), m.; pl. banditti (-i). [It.
bandito: see bandit.T A. bandit.
AIRomansworder and banditto [originally printed bamdetto]
slave
Murther'd sweet Tully. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
That ruthless hearse of her dear spouse,
Slain by bandittoes. Chapman, Widow's Tears, iv. 2.
band-lacing (band’lā” sing), n. Strips of
leather used in fastening together the ends of
a band or belt used in driving machinery.
bandlelt, n. See bandel.
bandle? (ban/dl), n. [Also sometimes bandal,
K Ir. and Gael. bannlamh, a cubit, K bann, a
measure, H- lamh, hand, arm.] A lineal mea-
sure or cloth-measure somewhat more than
half a yard in length, used in the southern and
western parts of Ireland.
bandle-linen (ban’dl-lin’en), n. A coarse home-
made Irish linen of narrow width.
bandlet (band’let), m. [K F. bandelette, dim. of
OF. bandel, a band. Cf. bandeau.] 1. In arch.,
any little band or flat molding, as that which
crowns the Doric architrave: a fillet or listel.
–2. A small band for encircling anything: as,
an india-rubber bandlet.
Also bandelet. * -
band-master (band’más’tèr), m. The leader or
director of a band of music. -
band-mounting (band'moun'ting), n. In har-
ness-making, a style of harness-mounting in
. the rings are broad and flat with square
edges.
band-nippers (band’nip’érz), m. sing. and pl.
An instrument used in bookbinding to draw the
leather on the back close to the sides of the
bands.
bandog (ban'dog), m. [ME. band dogge, etc.;
K band 1 + dog.] A large, fierce kind of dog,
in England generally a mastiff, usually kept
chained.
They pray us that it would please us to let them still
hale us, and worry us with their band-dogs, and Pursui-
Wants. Milton, Ref. in Eng., ii.
The keeper entered leading his bandog, a large blood-
hound, tied in a leam or band, from which he takes his
IłąIlle, Scott.
bandoleer (ban-dò-lèr’), n. [Early mod. E.
also bandaleer, bandeleer, bandileer, -ier, etc., K
F. bandouillere, now bandoulière, K.It. bandoliera
(= Sp. bandolera), a shoulder-belt, K “bandola.














bandoleer
‘(cf. bandolo, head of a skein), dim. of banda
= Sp. banda = F. bande), a band, sash: see
band?..] 1+. A broad belt or
'baldric worn over the shoulder
and across the breast, and
used for suspending a wallet
by the side.
I threw mine arms, like a scarf or
bandilee)", cross the lieutenant's mel-
ancholy bosom.
Middleton, The Black Book.
The Baillie now came bustling in,
dressed in his blue coat and bamda-
liers, and attended by two or three
halberdiers. Scott, Monastery, I. x.
Specifically—2. Such a belt
worn by soldiers; a shoulder-
'belt from which cartridges
are suspended.
The dagger is stuck in the sash, and
a bandoleer slung over the shoulders
carries their cartridge-case, powder-
flask, flint and steel, priming-horn,
, and other necessaries.
- R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 151.
Hence—3. A nearly cylindrical case of copper
or other material formerly used to contain a
charge of powder. A number of these were slung to
a baldric or shoulder-belt, and formed the common means
of charging the harquebuse, or in modern times the
musket.
t And, as Sym Hall stood by the fire
He lighted the match of his bandelier.
Scott, L. of L. M., iii. 21.
Also spelled bandolier, bandalier, bandelier.
bandoleer-fruit (ban-dò-lèr'fröt), n. The
fruit of Zanonia Indica, an Indian cucurbita-
ceous vine bearing capsules with winged
*seeds.
bandoline (ban'dø-lin), n. [Origin obscure;
appar, a trade-name, perhaps based on band?..]
A gummy perfumed Substance, originally ob-
tained mainly from quince-seeds, used to im-
part glossiness to the hair, or to fix it in any
particular form.
bandoline (ban'dº-lin), v.; pret. and pp. bando-
lined, ppr. bandolining. [K bandoline, n.] I.
trans. To apply bandoline to, as the hair; ren-
#. stiff, as the mustache, by applying bando-
€
Bandoleer.
II. intrans. To apply bandoline to the hair.
Dickens.
bandont, n. [Early mod. E., K ME. bandon,
bandown, bandum, etc., K OF. bandon, K ML.
.*bando(n-) for bandum, bannum, proclamation,
Command, edict, ban: see bani, n., and cf. aban-
dom.] Jurisdiction; power of disposal; dis-
Cretion.
bandont, v. t. [Early mod. E., Klate ME. ban-
done, by apheresis for abandon, q. v.] To
abandon. -
bandorel (ban-dòr’), n. [Also formerly bandora,
bandwrion, after Sp. or Pg.: Sp. bandwrria and
bandola, formerly pandurria, = Pg. bandurra =
It. mandora (X F. mandore) and mandola (dim.
"mandolimo, X E. mandoline), and pandora, pan-
dura ; Variously corrupted (as also E. banjo, q.
v.), K L.L. pandura, pandurium, K. Gr. Tavčoipa,
also pávôovpa, a musical instrument with three
strings.] An old variety of the zither. Also
called bandalore.
Sound lute, bandora, gittern,
Viol, Virginals, and cittern.
Middleton, Your Five Gallants, v. 2.
bandore?t, m. [For *bando, i.e., bandeau, K F.
bandeau, a band, in the particular sense of a
widow’s head-dress: see bandeau.] A widow’s
veil for covering the head and face. Prior.
band-pulley (band'púl'i), n.
A flat or slightly crown-faced
pulley. Also called band-
wheel.
band-robin (band’rob’in), n.
In hat-making, a piece of cloth
saturated with cement, bound
and ironed around the body
of a hat to hold the brim firm-
ly in its place.
bandrolt, m. An obsolete form
% of banderole.
band-saw (band'sä), m. An endless narrow
band or ribbon of steel with a serrated edge,
passing over two large wheels, which give a
continuous uniform motion instead of the re-
ciprocating action of the jig-saw. It was in-
vented by William Newberry of London. Also
called belt-saw and endless Saw.
band-setter (band'set’ér), n. A tool used for
shaving off the surface of a band-wheel so that
Two-part Band-
pulley.
the band-saw can be forced on. It has a broad
band-string (band'string), m.
Yºr
band-wheel (band’hwel), m. 1.
439
cutting edge like a plane-iron, which is held against the
Wheel While the latter is revolving, thus scraping off its
surface. A narrow upright cutter at the same time forms
a slight shoulder.
bandsman.1 (bandz’man), m.; pl. bandsmen
(-men). [K band's, poss. of band?, 4- man.] In
7mining, a miner who works in connection with
the band or flat rope by which the coal or other
mineral is hoisted.
bandsman? (bandz’man), m.; pl. bandsmen
(-men). [K band's, poss. of band 3, -º- man.] A.
musician who plays in a band.
band-spectrum (band’spek/trum), n. A spec-
trum consisting of a number of bands, bright
or dark. See spectrum.
bandster (band'stër), n. [K band 1, v., + -ster.]
In England, one who binds sheaves after reap-
ers. N. E. D.
One of the laces
used in securing the bands formerly worn
round the neck. They were usually tied in a large
bow in front, and often had rich tassels and even jewels
at the ends.
If he should go into Fleet street, and sit upon a Stall
and twirla Bandstring, . . . then all the Boys in the street
would laugh at him. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 86.
I went away, and with Mr. Creed to the Exchange, and
bought some things, as gloves, and bandströmgs, &c.
Pepys, Diary, I. 173.
In mach., same
as band-pulley.—2. A small wheel with a
grooved face or rim, driven by a round belt or
cord; also, a wheel round which a band-saw
turns.
band-work (band'wérk), n. Coöperation; work
in bands or companies.
The practice of band-work, or comradeship, the organic
action of society, has so moulded the nature of man as to
create in it two specially human faculties—the conscience
and the intellect. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 2S3.
bandyl (ban'di), v.; pret. and pp. bandied,
ppr. bandying. [First in Elizabethan E., also
written bandie, and less commonly but more
reg. band (the term. -ie, -y being irreg., and due
perhaps to the Sp. Pg. bande-ar), K F. bander,
bandy at tennis, refl. band together, join in a
league (= Sp. Pg. bandear, refl. band together,
form a party or side, = It. bandare, “to side or
bandy”—Florio), appar. the same as bander,
tie with a band, K bande (= Sp. Pg. It. banda), a
band, side, party, E. band?, mixed with bande =
Sp. It. banda, a band, company, troop, E. band 3.
The senses “throw from side to side” (from
band?) and ‘band together’ (from bandº) appear
to meet in the sense “contend, strive.’] I. trans.
1. To throw or strike to and fro, or from side
to side, as a ball in play.
Tennis balls bandied and struck upon us . . . by rackets
from without. Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 845.
To fly sublime
Thro' the courts, the camps, the schools,
Is to be the ball of Time,
Bandied by the hands of fools.
Tennyson, Vision of Sin.
2#. To toss aside; drive or send off.
If the Earth had been bandied out of one Vortex into
another. Dr. H. More, Div. Dial., i. 17. (M. E. D.)
3. To toss about, as from man to man; pass
from one to another, or back and forth.
Let not . . . known truth . . . be bandied in disputa-
tion. Watts.
But now her wary ears did hear
The new king's name bandied from mouth to mouth.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 275.
pane
4. To give and take; exchange, especially con-
tentiously: as, to bandy compliments; to bandy
words, reproaches, etc.
Do you bandy looks with me, you rascal?
Shak., Lear, i. 4.
º I'll not bandy
Words with your mightiness.
Massinger, Emperor of the East, iv. 3.
Mischief, spirit, and glee sparkled all over her face as
she thus bandied words with the old Cossack, who almost
equally enjoyed the tilt. Charlotte Bromté, Shirley, xii.
5t. To discuss; debate.
O, what a thing is man,
To bandy factions of distemper'd passions
Against the sacred Providence above him
Ford, Lover's Melancholy, v. 1.
6t. To band together; league: chiefly reflexive.
All the kings of the earth bandy themselves to fight with
im. Hughes, Saints Losse (1632), p. 38. (N. E. D.)
II. intrans. 1+. To bound, as a ball that is
struck.-2}. To form a band or league.—3.
To contend; strive, whether in emulation or
in enmity.
One fit to bandy with thy lawless sons.
Shak., Tit. And..., i. 2.
bandy1 (ban'di), n. [K bandy1, v.; appar. for
bandy-club, club used at bandy; but see bandy1,
a...] 1+. A particular manner of playing tennis,
the nature of which is not now known.—2#.
A stroke with a racket, or a ball so struck;
a return at tennis. . E. D.—3. A game
#. with a bent club, better known as
ockey, and, in the United States, shinny
(which see).—4. A club bent at the end, used
in the game of hockey or bandy-ball; a shinny
or shinty.
bandy! (ban/di), a. [Appar. attrib. use of
bandy1, m., a bent club, but some refer both to
F. bandé, pp. of bander, bend a bow, K bande, a
band. The second sense seems to rest on
bend 1.] 1. Having a bend or crook outward:
Said of a person’s legs: as, his legs are quite
bandy.
Nor make a scruple to expose
Your bandy leg, or crooked nose.
Swift, Furniture of a Woman’s Mind.
2#. Limp ; without sufficient substance: said
of bad cloth.
bandy? (ban'di), a. [K band? ---y; but cf. F.
bandé, pp. of bander, bend, and bendy.] Marked
with bands or stripes.
bandy?_(ban'di), m. [Anglo-Ind., K Telugu
bandi, Tamil vandi, vandil.] A kind of eart or
chaise much used in India. See the extracts.
A buggy being a one-horse vehicle . . . (at Madras they
call it a bandy).
Stocqueler, Handbook of Brit. India, p. 109. (N. E. D.)
The framework of bandies is made of light wood, but of
Wood as strong as possible. Above it is spread a semicir-
cular awning of bamboos supporting mats of cloth or can-
Vas. The bandy is a cross-country vehicle, and as a rule
possesses no springs of any kind. The conveyance is
dragged by oxen. Caldwell.
bandy-ball (ban’di-bāl), m. [K bandy1, m., +
balll.] 1. The ball used in the game of bandy
or hockey.—2. The game itself.
bandy-jig (ban’ di-jig), m. [K bandy1, a., + jig.1.]
A burlesque dance performed with the toes and
knees turned in. Mayhew.
bandy-legged (ban'di-legd or -leg'ed), a. [K
bandy1, a., + leg -F -ed?..] Having bandy or
crooked legs; bow-legged.
bandyman (ban’ di-man), n. ; pl. bandymen
(-men). [K bandy3 + man.]. In British India,
a man engaged in driving a bandy.
When also, as all over India, our white kinsmen speak
of bandymen and bandies, the word thus anglicized is
simply the old Tamilian one. Caldwell.
banel (bān), n. [Early mod. E. also, less prop.,
bain, baine; K ME. bame, KAS. bama, bona, a
slayer, murderer, = OS. bano = OFries. bona =
OHG. bamo, M.H.G. bame, ban = Icel. bani = Sw.
Dan. bame, death, murder (not in Goth); akin
to AS. benn = Icel... ben = Goth. banja, a wound,
Gr. 66voc, pová, killing, murder, poveig, a slayer,
murderer, Vºev (aor. Štějvov, Tejvéuev), slay;
cf. V. *pa, slay, patóg, verbai adj. in comp.,
slain.] 14. A slayer or murderer; a worker
of death, as a man or an animal.
IIe overcame this beeste and was his bane.
Chawcer, Good Women, 1. 2147.
Lest Rome herself be bame unto herself,
And she . . .
Do shameful execution on herself.
Shak., Tit. And.., v. 3.
2. That which causes death or destroys life;
especially, poison of a deadly quality.
A sword and a dagger he wore by his side,
Of manye a man the bane.
Robin Hood, in Percy's Reliques.



bane
Hence–8. Any fatal cause of mischief, injury,
or destruction: as, vice is the bane of society.
Bane of the poor it wounds their weaker-mindſ
To miss one favour which their neighbours find.
Crabbe, The Parish Register.
Thoughts with better thoughts at strife,
The most familiar bane of life.
Wordsworth, Sequel to Beggars.
4. Ruin; destruction.
The cup of deception spiced and tempered to their #.
ſºlto?...
5t. Death: usually with such verbs as catch,
get, take : as, to catch one's bane.
She catch'd her bane o' th' water.
Middleton, Chaste Maid, v. 2.
6. A disease in sheep, more commonly called
the rot. =Syn. 3. Pest, curse, scourge.
banelt (bān), v. t. [K banel, ºn.] 1. To kill;
poison.—2. To injure; ruin.
For minors have not only baned families but ruined
realms. Fuller.
bane? (bān), n. Scotch form of bonel.
bane&#, n. An obsolete form of banl, especially
in plural banes, now banns (which see).
bane&#, a. An obsolete form of baiml.
baneº, m. and v. An obsolete form of bain?.
baneberry (bān’ber’i), n. [K banel + berry1.]
The common name of plants of the genus
Actaea: so called because of their nauseous
gº. berries. Also called herb-christopher.
ee Actaea.
baneful (bān’fül), a.
440
'Twas over the head, he fell down for dead,
O, that was a damnable bang !
Robin Hood'amd the Ranger, in Child's Ballads, W. 209.
I heard several bangs or buffets . . . given to the eagle
that held the ring of my box in his beak,
Swift, Gulliver's Travels.
2. A loud, sudden, explosive noise, as the dis-
charge of a gun or cannon, the slamming of a
door, etc.
The steps of a fine-belozenged carriage were let down
with a bang. * Thackeray, Newcomes, II.
8. A sudden, impetuous movement; an ener-
getic dash or bounce: as, he got up with a bang.
–4. A Stick; a club. [North. Eng.]=Syn, 1.
See thwºmp.
bangl (bang), adv. [Adverbial use of bangl, v.
or m.] With a sudden or violent blow or clap;
all of a sudden; abruptly: especially with come
or go : as, bang went the guns.
A 321b. shot struck us bang on the quarter.
Tom Cringle's Log, Blackwood's Mag., XXXII. 31.
bang? (bang), v. t. [K bangl, adv.; to cut the
hair ‘bang off.’] To cut across: used of hair.
(a) To cut (the hair) so as to form a fringe over
the forehead: a common fashion with girls and
young women.
He was bareheaded, his hair banged even with his eye-
brows in front. The Century, XXV. 192.
(b) To dock (a horse's tail).
bang? (bang), m. [K º v.] The front hair
cut so as to hang evenly over the forehead:
often in the plural: as, to wear bangs.
[K banel + ful..] De- bang?, n. See bhang.
structive; permicious; poisonous: as, “baneful bang-beggar (bang"beg’ār), n., [K bangi, v., +
wrath,” Chapman, Iliad, i. 1; “baneful hem-
lock,” Garth, The Dispensary, ii.
Like baneful herbs the gazer's eye they seize,
Rush to the head, and poison where they please.
Crabbe, The Newspaper.
=Syn. Hurtful, harmful, mischievous, deadly.
banefully (bān’fül-i), adv. a baneful man-
ner; perniciously; destructively.
banefulness (bān’fül-nes), n. The quality of
being baneful or hurtful; poisonousness.
banewort (bån (wèrt), n. TA name applied to
two plants: (a) Atropa Belladonna, or deadly
nightshade; (b) Ranunculus Flammula, or lesser
Spearwort, from the supposition that it is a
bane to sheep.
bangl (bang), v. [Early mod. E. also bangue;
not found in ME., but prob. existent; of native
or Scand. Origin, = LG. bangen, freq. bangelm,
strike, beat (cf. D. bengel, a bell, bengelen, ring
a bell, M.H.G. bengel, a club, G. bengel, a club,
clown), = Icel. banga = OSw. bānga, hammer,
= Norw. banka = Dan. banke, beat. In popu-
lar apprehension the word is imitative..] I.
trans. 1. To beat, as with a club or cudgel;
thump; Cudgel.
He having got some iron out of the earth, put it into his
servants' hands to fence with, and bang one another.
Locke.
2. To beat or handle roughly in any way;
treat with violence; knock about; drub; de-
feat ; often with about: as, to bang the furni-
ture about.
The desperate tempest hath so bang'd the Turks
That their designment halts. Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
What galleys have we bang'd, and sunk, and taken,
Whose only fraughts were fire and stern defiance.
Fletcher, Double Marriage, ii. 1.
3. To produce a loud noise from or by, as in
slamming a door, and the like: as, he went out
and banged the door behind him.
Twa unlucky redcoats . . . bamged aff a gun at him.
Scott, Waverley, II. xxviii.
4. To beat in any quality or action; surpass;
excel. [Colloq.]
The practical denial of the common brotherhood of the
same family bangs heathenism. J. Mill.
That bangs Banagher, and Banagher bangs the world.
Irish saying.
II. intrans. 1. To strike violently or noisily;
thump: usually with against.
Now there are certain particles or small masses of mat-
ter which we know to bang against one another according
to certain laws. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 177.
2. To resound with clashing noises.
The maid and page renew'd their strife,
The palace bang'd and buzz'd and clackt.
Tennyson, Day-Dream.
3. To spring or move with sudden energy or
impetus; bounce: as, he banged up at once.
bangl (bang), n. [= Icel, bang = Sw, báng, a
hammering, +Norw. Dan, bank, a beating; from
the verb.] 1. A heavy, resounding blow; a
thump, as with a club.
The very first blow that the forester gave,
He made his broad weapon cry twang;
1. A strong staff.-2. A consta-
obj. beggar.]
[Scotch and prov. Eng.]
ble or beadle.
banger (bang’ér), n. One who or that which
bangs. Specifically—(a) Something very large; espe-
cially, a lie. [Slang.] (b) A large, heavy cane. [Slang, U.S.]
bangerts (ban'gèrts), n. [E. dial., possibly
connected with bank1.] In mining, a coarse
kind of stopping used to hold up the earth.
[Eng.] -
tº (bang'gi), m. [Hind. bahangi.] 1. In
the East Indies, a sort of bamboo pole or yoke
carried on a person's shoulder with a load sus-
pended at each end. Hence—2. A parcel-
post; a carrier.
banghy-post (bang'gi-póst), n. Same as
banghy, 2.
banghy-wallah (bang'gi-wal’É), n. [K Hind.
banghi (see banghy) + -wālā (in comp.), -man.]
In British India, one who carries a banghy.
banging (bang’ing), a. [Prop. ppr. of bangl.
Cf. thumping, º Huge; great; sur-
E.; in size. [Vulgar.]
bangle1+ (bang'gl), v. [Prob. freq. of bangl, v.]
I. trams. 1. To beat about or down, as corn by
the wind. [Prov. Eng.]—2. To waste by lit-
tle and little; squander carelessly; fritter.
If we bangle away the legacy of peace left us by Christ,
it is a sign of our want of regard for him.
Whole Duty of Man.
TI. intrans. 1. In falconry, to beat about in
the air; flutter: said of a hawk which does not
rise steadily and then swoop down upon its
rey.—2. To flap or hang down loosely, as a
at-brim or an animal's ear.
bangle” (bang'gl), m. [K Hind. bangri, a brace-
let of glass.] 1. An ornamental ring worn
upon the arms
and ankles in
India and Af-
rica. Hence—
2. A bracelet
without a clasp;
a ring-bracelet,
generally with
Small ornaments suspended from it.
We hear too often of Bertha's various dresses, and a
great deal too much of her bangles.
The American, VI. 124.
Sºº
C C
Bangles from East India Museum, London.
3. Naut, a hoop of a spar.
bangle-ear (bang'gl-ér), n. [K bangle1 + earl.]
A loose, hanging ear, as of a dog. It is re-
garded as an imperfection.
bangle-eared (bang'gl-èrd), a. [Also bangled-
eared; as bangle-ear + -ed?..] Flap-eared, like
a Spaniel.
bangling (bang'gling), m. [Verbal n. of ban-
glel, v.] Contention; squabbling.
Bangorian (bang-gö'ri-an), a. [K Bangor, a
bishop's see. The name is W., lit. ‘high peak,’
K ban, peak, prominence, F gor, high..] Relat-
ing to Bangor, a bishop's see in North Wales.—
Bangorian controversy, a controversy stirred up by a
sermon preached before George I. on March 31, 1717, by
Dr. Hoadly, bishop of Bangor, from the text “My kingdom
is not of this world,” from which the #;". that
Christ had not delegated judicial and disciplinary powers
banian", jºy. (ban’ian), n.
banian”, banyan? (banſian), n.
banie (bā’ni), a.
banish (ban(ish), v. t.
banish
to the Christian ministry. Convocation declared that;
Hoadly's teaching tended to subvert all government in
the church of Christ, reducing his kingdom to anarchy,
and it was about to proceed against him when the king
saved him by proroguing Convocation, and renewing the
prorogation as often as it had to be summoned again.
See convocation. e
bang-pitchert (bang'pich’ér), n.
+ obj. pitcher.] A drunkard.
bangsring (bangz'ring), n. Same as banaring.
bangster (bang'stēr), n. [K bang", v., + -ster.]
A violent fellow who carries everything before
him; hence, a victor or champion. . [Scotch.]
bang-straw (bang'stră), n. A thresher. [Prov.
En
[K bangl, v.,
9.
bangue, n. See bhang.
bang-up (bang'up), a. or adv. [K bangl, v. or
adv., implying º or dash, + up, implying
completeness.] In fine style; in the best man-
ner; complete; perfect: as, a bang-up enter-
tainment; “task bang-up,” Scott, Diary, Sept.
8, 1826 (in Lockhart's Life). [Slang.]
angy, n. See banghy.
[Formerly
annyam, baniane; = F. banian, K
Pg. bamian, prob., through Ar. banyān, K Hind.
bamya (also §, Beng, baniya, banya, benya,
a trader, merchant, Gujarati vaniyo, a man of
the trading caste, K Skt. vanij, a merchant,
possibly K V pan, buy, bargain.] 1. A Hindu
trader or merchant, especially of the province
of Guzerat; one engaged in commerce gener-
ally, but more particularly one of the great
traders of western India, as in the seaports of
Bombay, Kurrachee, etc., who carry on a large
trade with the interior of Asia by means of cara-
Vans, and with Africa by vessels. They form a
class of the caste Vaisya, wear a peculiar dress, and are
strict in the observance of fasts and in abstaining from
the use of flesh. -
The Bamiams would eat nothing that had life. Their
priests were called verteas, and wore white clothes, which
they never took off until worn to rags. They lived upon
charity, and kept nothing till the next day.
J. T. Wheeler, Hist. India, III, 421.
2. In British India, ºy. a cotton shirt.
worn by the Hindus. ence— (a) Any under-
garment, even of the elastic web made in Eng-
land. (b) Any loose or easy dress worn in the
house, especially one modeled on the native
dress of the Hindus.—Banian º: originally two
days in the week, and afterward one, in which sailors in the
British navy had no flesh-meat served out to them. Ban-
ian days are now abolished, but the term is still applied
to days of poor fare.
also bannian,
[For banian-
or banyam-tree, that is, banians' tree, tree of
the banians or Hindu merchants; orig. applied
to an individual tree of this species at Gom-
broon, a port of the Persian gulf, and then ex-
tended to all trees of the species, from their
frequent use as market-places. The native
Hind, name for the tree is bar, K Skt. vata,
(cerebral t), the banian-tree.] An East Indian
Banian (Fictes Bengalentsis).
fig-tree, Ficus Bengalensis (family Moraceae),
or a related species: the trees cover a large
area through the development of roots from
the branches, which descend to the ground
and become trunks for the support and
nourishment of the extending crown. It is ex-
tensively planted throughout India as a shade-tree, and is
of rapid growth, frequently covering a space 100 yards in
diameter and reaching a height of 80 or 100 feet. The
fruit is of the size of a cherry. As in some other tropical
species of the genus, the seeds rarely germinate in the
ground, but usually in the crowns of palms or other trees,
where they have been deposited by birds. Roots are sent
down to the ground, and they embrace and finally kill the
nurse-palm. The tree furnishes lac, the bark is made
into cordage, the milky juice yields a bird-lime, and the
leaves are fashioned into platters. The wood is soft and
Of little value.
A Scotch form of bony.
[K ME, banishen, ban-
gsen, KOF. bamir, bannir (baniss-), mod. F. bannir
= OSp. Pg. bandir = It. bandire, ML. bannire,


Thanish
, bandire, proclaim, ban, banish, K bannum, ban-
dum, ban: see band, n, and v.] 1#. To outlaw;
put under ban.
When he had in Lough-leven been
Many a month and many a day:
To the regent the lord warden sent,
That bammight earl for to betray.
Percy's Reliques, p. 150.
For I muste to the grene wode goo,
Alone, a banysshed man.
he Nutbrowne Maid, in Child's Ballads.
2. To condemn to exile by political or judicial
authority; expel from or relegate to a country
or a place, either permanently or for a time:
often with objectives of both person and place:
as, he was banished the kingdom; Ovid was
banished to Tomi.
We
From this instant, banish him our city. y
sº Shak., Cor., iii. 3.
Six years we banish him. Shak., Rich. II., i. 3.
Thou knowest what it is to be banished thy native
country, to be over-ruled, as well as to rule and sit upon
the throne. R. Barclay, Pref. to An Apology.
3. To send or drive away; expel; dismiss:
with a person or thing as object: as, to banish
sorrow; to banish an obnoxious person from
one's presence or thoughts.
These evils thou repeat'st upon thyself
Have bamish'd me from Scotland.
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3.
You have already banished slavery from this common-
wealth. Swimmer, Arg. against Sep. Colored Schools.
=S Banish, Ezile, Earpel, expatriate, put away, are all
used of removal by physical or moral compulsion; they
all have a figurative as well as a literal use. To banish is,
literally, to put out of a community or country by ban or
civil interdict, and indicates a complete removal out of
sight, perhaps to a distance. To eacile is simply to cause
to leave one's place or country, and is often used reflex-
ively; it emphasizes the idea of leaving home, while ban-
ish emphasizes rather that of being forced by some au-
thority to leave it: as, the bitterness of eacile; banished
to Siberia. . Ea:pel, literally, to drive out, means prima-
rily to cast out forcibly and violently, and secondarily
with disgrace: as, to ea:pel from the chamber, or from col-
lege; he was ea:pelled the country.
Banished from Rome ! what's banished but set free
From daily contact with the things I loathe?
Croly, Catiline.
The intrigues of Richelieu compelled her [Mary of Me-
dicis] to easile herself, and live an unhappy fugitive.
I. D'Israeli, Curios. of Lit., I. 256.
When the French Revolution of February, 1848, broke
out, Marx was eacpelled without circumstance from Brus-
sels. Pae, Contemp. Socialism, p. 132.
banisher (ban’ish-ér), n. One who banishes.
To be full quit of those my banishers
Stand I before thee here. Shak., Cor., iv. 5.
banishment (ban’ish-ment), n. . [K banish +
-ment, after F. bannissement.] 1. The act of
banishing or compelling a citizen to leave his
country or place of residence by political or
judicial authority.
He secured himself by the banishment of his enemies.
Of…??30??,
2. The state of being banished; enforced ab-
sence; expulsion; exile, in either a legal or a
general sense: as, banishment from thy presence
is worse than death.
Six frozen winters spent,
Return with Welcome home from bamishment.
Shak, Rich. II., i. 3.
Fields whose thrifty occupants abide
As in a dear and chosen banishment,
With every semblance of entire content.
Wordsworth, Sonnets, iii. 21.
3. The act of driving away or dispelling: as,
# the banishment of care from the mind.
banister, bannister (ban’is-tér), n.
forms of baluster.
He struggled to ascend the pulpit stairs, holding hard
on the banisters. Scott, Woodstock, I. i.
banister-cross (ban’is-têr-krös), n. In her., see
cross-banister.
banjeri (banjër), n. See banjo.
banjo (ban'jö), n. [Negro pron. Of banjore, a
× corruption (in another form banjer) of ban-
dorel, q.v.] 1. A musical instrument of the
guitar class, having a neck with or without
frets, and a circular body covered in front with
tightly stretched parchment, like a tambourine.
It has from five to nine strings, of which the melody-
string, the highest in pitch, but placed outside of the low-
est of the others, is played by the thumb. As in the gui-
tar, the ; of the strings is fixed by stopping them with
the left hand, while the right hand produces the tone by
plucking or striking. It is a favorite instrument among
the negroes of the southern United States, and is much
used by other persons. &
2. A banjo-frame (which see).
banjo-frame (banjó-frām), n. A rectangular
frame of metal, fitted in the stern of a ship,
for carrying and hoisting or lowering a two-
bladed screw-propeller. It works in guides in the
Corrupt
[K banjo + -ist...] One
% who Plºš the banjo.
bankſ (bangk), n. [K
441
stern-post and rudder-post, and enables the screw to be
lifted out of the water when it is desired to proceed under
sail, and to be lowered and
connected to the shaft when
steaming is resumed.
banjoist (ban'jö-ist), n.
ME. bank, bane, banke,
also bonk, bone, bonke,
KAS. *banca (found only
once, in a gloss, in comp.
hô-banca, a couch, lit.
‘heel-bench’: see hock1),
the ME. being perhaps
from the cognate Icel.
*banki, assimilated bak-
ki, a bank (of a river,
of a chasm, of clouds,
etc.), ridge or eminence,
Sw. backe = Dan.
bakke, a hill, hillock, ris-
ing ground, eminence;
With Weak suffix, cognate with AS. benc, etc.,
E. bench, with orig, strong suffix: see bench.
Some senses of bankl are due to the F. banc, a
bench, etc., from Teut.; so the distinct bank2,
ult. a doublet of bench.] 1. A mound, pile, or
ridge of earth raised above the surrounding
plain; an artificial embankment, especially for
military use.
They cast up a bank against the city.
2. The side of a river-channel, especially that
part which usually rises above the water-level;
also, any steep acclivity, as one forming the
side of a hillock on a plain. The two banks
of a river are called right and left, as seen
when looking down-stream.
Tiber trembled underneath her banks. Shak., J. C., i. 1.
3. An elevation or rising ground in the sea or
the bed of a river, composed of sand or other
loose materials, and partly above water or cow-
ered everywhere with shoal water; a shoal; a
shallow: as, the banks of Newfoundland; the
Dogger bankin the North Sea.—4+. A bench or
long seat; also, a stage or platform to Speak
from. See mountebank.
Per. Who be these, sir? . . .
Sir P. Fellows, to mount a bank. Did your instructor
In the dear tongues never discourse to you
Of the Italian mountebanks? B. Jomsom, Wolpone, ii. 1.
The heads of the couches were towards the walls; and
so far as one can gather from the vague descriptions which
have come down to us, the ends of them towards the fire
served as a bank to sit upon.
W. K. Sullivan, Int, to O’Curry's Anc. Irish, p. cccxlix.
5. A bench in a galley for Towers; hence, the
number of rowers seated on One bench. A galley
was double-banked when there were two tiers or rows of
benches, one above the other, triple-banked when there
were three tiers, and so on. In modern phraseology, a boat
is single-banked when the oars are pulled each by one man,
the men sitting one upon a seat and alternately on oppo-
site sides of a boat ; it is double-banked when two mensit
upon one seat, each man with an oar. An oar is single-
banked when worked by one man, and double-banked
when worked by two men.
Meantime the king with gifts a vessel stores,
Supplies the banks with twenty chosen oars. Dryden.
6}. In law, the bench or seat upon which the
judges sat. See banc.–7. A bench or row
of keys in an organ, or similar instrument.--
8. In carp., a long piece of timber, especially
of fir-wood unslit, from 4 to 10 inches square.
—9. In coal-mining: (a) The surface around the
mouth of a shaft: in this sense néarly synony-
mous with the Cornish grass, to bank being the
same as to grass. (b) In England, the whole or
one endorside of a working-place underground.
(c) In Pennsylvania, a coal-working opened by
water-level drifts. Penn. Geol. Surv. Glossary.
(d) In England (Cumberland), a large heap or
stack of coal on the surface. . Gresley.—10.
The support of the moving carriage of a print-
ing-press.-11. In the fire-chamber of a glass-
furnace, one of the banked-up parts which Sup-
ort the melting-pots.-12. In printing: (a)
he table used by a hand-pressman for his un-
Fº paper and his printed sheets, (b) A
ame, with sloping top, on which are placed
the galleys for use in collecting and proving the
type set: mainly used in newspaper compos-
ing-rooms.-13. In thread or yarn manufaç-
ture, a creel in which rows of bobbins are held.
—Bank of clouds, a mass of clouds appearing as if piled
up in the form of a bank.-Bank Oil, membaden-oil.—
Spoil bank, in civil engineering, the refuse or waste
from a tunnel, mine, etc., thrown out of the way, or
stored in heaps for future use in filling, etc.; also, loosely,
any dumping-place used in railroad-building.
Banjo-frame.
a, two-bladed screw; b, pur-
chase for raising screw ; , c,
coupling connecting screw with
main shaft; aſ, rudder; e, stern-
post.
mºmº
sº
2 Sam. xx. 15.
bank
jºr
bankl (bangk), v., [K banki, n.] I, trans. 1.
To raise a mound or dike about; inclose, de-
fend, or fortify with a bank; embank: as, to
bank a river.—2. To form into a bank or heap;
heap or pile: with up: as, to bank up the snow.
–3. To lie around or encircle, as a bank; con-
stitute a bank around; form a bank or border
to; hem in as a bank.
Burning sands that bank the shrubby vales.
Thomson, Summer, l, 660.
4}. To pass by the banks or fortifications of.-
5. To drive (an aéroplane) at a tilt or lateral
inclination, as in making a turn or a curve.—
To bank a fire, To cover up a fire with ashes, and use
other means, as closing the dampers and ash-pit door, to
make it burn low and at the same time to prevent its be-
coming extinguished. Lady Braggey, Voyage of Sun-
beam, I. i.—TO bank out, in coal-mining, to stack, as
#. on the surface, in default of means for removing it.
[Eng.]
II. intrans. 1+. To border upon.—2. To im-
pinge upon the banking-pins of a watch: said
of the escapement.—3. Of an aéroplane, to
'become tilted to one side, as in making a turn
+Or a curve.
lbank? (bangk), n.
[Early mod. E. also banke,
banque, K late ME. banke, K F. banque, K. It.
banca (= F. banche – Pr. Sp. Pg. banca, KML.
banca, f.), a bench, esp. (in It. and thence in
other languages) a money-changer's bench or
table, later a bank; cf. It. Sp. Pg. banco = Pr.
F. banc, K. M.L. bancus, m., a bank, bench, K
MHG. banc, G. bank = E. bankl, a bench: see
bankl.] 1+. A money-dealer's table, counter,
or shop.
Exchangers of Money made the temple to be the market
and the banke. Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, ii. 11.
These established their banks or tables in the forum,
like ordinary bankers.
Arnold, Hist. Rome, II. xxvii. 72. (N. E. D.)
2+. A sum of money, especially a sum to draw
upon, as in a loan-bank.-3. In games of
chance, the amount or pile which the proprie-
tor of the gaming-table, or the person who
plays against all the others, has before him;
the funds of a gaming establishment; a fund
in certain games at cards: as, a faro-bank.—4.
An institution for receiving and lending money.
The banking institutions of the United States may be
t
classed as mational and State banks, savings-banks, pri-
vate banks or bankers, and loam and trust companies.
National banks were first authorized by a law of the
|United States enacted in 1863, for a term of twenty years.
In 1864 another act was adopted (allowing the like term
of twenty years), which was thereafter known as the
National Bank Act. In 1883 they were authorized
to continue for equal periods. They receive, lend, and
transmit money, and issue notes which are used as money,
and buy, sell, and collect bills of exchange. Their circu-
lating notes are secured by United States bonds deposited
with the government, and their operations are subject to
the inspection and supervision of the Comptroller of the
Currency. State banks perform the same functions except
that of issuing notes. The notes of the State banks were
taxed 10 per cent. by Congress in 1865, in order to cause
their retirement, which was speedily accomplished. Pri-
vate banks and bankers carry on the same business as
State banks. Sometimes one person constitutes a private
bank, but generally several persons associate together and
form a partnership. Loan- and trust-companies (see #trust-
company, in Supplement) are incorporated institutions.
They do a general banking business and exercise other
financial functions, and receive deposits, subject to check
or for a fixed period, and loan them on the pledge of stocks,
bonds, and other sectirities, while national and State banks
lend largely on the promises of the borrowers; they have
also a capital which is subscribed and paid by the stock-
holders. Savings-banks receive money and lend it chiefly
on the security of real estate. See savings-bank. In Eu-
rope several great national banks are intimately associated
with the fiscal departments of the governments of their
respective countries, as the Bank of England and the Bank
of France. Banks of issue are such as issue notes that cir-
culate as currency.
5. The office in which the transactions of a
banking company are conducted.—Bank-charter
Act, an English statute of 1844 (7 and 8 Vict, c. 32) defining
the powers of the Bank of England in respect to the issue
of notes and the amount of bullion reserve. Its object
was to avoid the danger of the over-issue of circulating
notes, which it accomplished by fixing a limit to the
amount of bullion held by the bank. It also regulated
the issue of notes by other banks. Also known as the
Peel Act, and Sir Robert Peel's Act.—Bank discount.
See discowmt.—Bank men, in U. S. hist., supporters of
the second United States Bank in its contest with Presi-
dent Jackson. Two institutions have been chartered by
Congress under the title Bank of the United States, having
their seat in Philadelphia, and intimately connected with
the national finances. The charter of the first, granted
in 1791, expired in 1811, its renewal having been refused.
The second lasted from 1816 to 1836 under the national
charter, and was continued for a time as a State bank.
The opposition of President Jackson to the renewal of its
charter, and his removal of the government deposits from
it in 1833, led to a violent political contest, in which his
course was ultimately sustained.—Bank of issue, a bank
or banking company duly authorized by law to issue bank-
notes of its own.—Bank post-bill. See bill.3.—Days in
banc. See dayl.--National Bank Act, an act of Con-
gress of 1864, providing for the organization throughout the

bank
United States of banks whose circulating notes were re-
quired to be secured by a deposit of United States bonds,
which resulted, as was intended, in providing a market
for a very large government loan, and at the same time a
Secure currency equally acceptable in all parts of the coun-
try:--Penny-banks Act, an English statute of 1859 (22
and 23 Vict., c. 53) authorizing the investing of the funds
of penny SavingS-banks, charitable societies, etc., in the
money of established savings-banks.—To break the
bank, to win, as in faro, from the management a certain
sum which has been fixed upon as the limit which the
bank is Willing to lose in a single day.—To play against
the bank, to take the risks of a game, as rouge-et-noir or
faro, in opposition to its manager. -
bank” (bangk), v. [K bank2, n.] I, intrans.
l. To have an account with a banker; deposit
money in a bank; transact business with a
bank or as a bank; exercise the trade or pro-
fession of a banker.
Ibank with one of my sons' fathers-in-law, and the other
banks with me. Thackeray.
2. To form a “bank’ at a gaming-table; play
against all comers. N. E. D.
II. trans. To lay up on deposit in a bank:
as, he banked $500.
banka (bän’kä), n.
t
Iſle Ult.
bankable (bang'ka-bl), a. [K bank2, v., + -able.]
Receivable as cash by a bank, as bank-notes,
checks, and other securities for money.
bank-account (bangkºa-kount"), m. A sum de-
posited in a bank to be drawn out on the writ-
ten order of the depositor.
bank-bait (bangkºbāt), n. A name of May-flies.
A great many fall into the water a prey to fishes, and
at that time [May], especially at Dordrecht, the roach is
noted as being peculiarly fat and good. IHence the name
bank-bait (in some parts of France, la mamme).
E. P. Wright, Anim. Life, p. 485.
Bank-bill (bangk’bil), m. 1. A note or bill
drawn by one bank on another, and payable
either on demand or at some future specified
date.—2. In the United States and some parts
of England, a bank-note (which see).
bank-book (bangk’ bük), m. The pass-book in
which an officer of a bank enters the debits and
credits of a customer. The initials of the teller or
accountant of the bank affixed to the sums entered in the
bank-book to the credit of the customer constitute a valid
receipt.
bank-credit (bangkºkred/it), m. A credit with
a bank, by which, on proper security given to
the bank, a person receives liberty to draw to
a certain extent agreed upon: in Scotland also
called a cash-account. Such credits were long
# a distinctive feature of Scotch banking.
bankerl (bang’kèr), m. [K bankl, m. or v., in
various senses, + -erl.] 1. A vessel employed
in the cod-fishery on the banks of Newfound-
land. J. Q. Adams.—2. The bench or table upon
which bricklayers and stone-masons prepare
and shape their material; a banket.—3. In
sculp., a modeler's bench provided with a cir-
cular platform turning on wheels so that the
work can be revolved to expose any portion
to the light.—4. A covering for a bench or
seat, made of tapestry, rich stuff, or embroi-
dered cloth.—5. A hanging for a church wall
or screen; specifically, the curtains placed at
the ends of an altar.— 6. A ditcher; one en-
gaged in embanking.
The discovery was made by some bankers (men who
work in the fens) from Lincolnshire.
J. Freeman, Life of W. Kirby, p. 155.
7. In hunting, a horse which can jump on and
off field-banks too large to be cleared. N. E.
D.—8. In Australia, a river full to the brim.
N. E. D.
banker? (bang'kér), m. [K bank”, v., + -erl.]
1. One who keeps a bank; one, who traffics in
money, receives and remits money, negotiates
|bills of exchange, etc.—2. The holder of the
funds of a gaming establishment; in games of
chance, that player who deposits a certain sum
of money against which bets are made, or that
player who for the sake of convenience receives
.pays out bets won and lost.—Banker's note,
a promissory note given by a private banker or an unin-
corporated bank.
bankeress (bang'kér-es), m. [K banker” + -ess.]
A female banker; a banker's wife. Thackeray.
[Rare.]
The late Countess of Jersey was only received on Suſſer-
ance in some houses in Vienna, because she was a bank-
€/"628S. The American, W. 200.
bankerless (bang'kèr-les), a. [K banker” +
-less.] Without bankers. Quarterly Rev.
bankeroutt, n., a., and v. An obsolete form of
bankrupt.
banketlt, m. and v. An obsolete form of ban-
quet. -
See banca, in the supple-
• etc.
bank-plate (bangk"plát), n., . In coal-mining,
bankrupt (bangk’rupt), n, and a.
442
banket” (bang'ket), n. IK bank!, a bench, +
dim. -et.] A piece of wood on which brick-
layers cut their bricks to the size proper for
the place into which they are about to lay
them. [Eng.]
bank-fence (bangkºfens), n.
a bank of earth.
bank-game (bangk'gām), n. In billiards, a
game in which only bank-shots count.
bank-head (bangkſhed), m. In coal-mining, the
upper level end of an inclined plane next the
engine. ...[Eng.] ſº
bank-holiday (bangk’hol’i-dà), m. In Great
Britain, a secular ãay on which the law ex-
empts the parties to negotiable paper from the
obligation of presentment, payment, etc., and
consequently allows banks to be closed. Its
effect on such paper differs from that of Sunday in the
fact that the laws establishing such holidays usually, if
not always, provide that paper falling due on such day is
payable on the next following secular day, while paper
entitled by commercial usage to days of grace, and falling
due on Sunday, is payable on Saturday. By a statute of
1871, the bank-holidays in England and Ireland are Easter
Monday, Whit Monday, the first Monday in August, and
the 26th of December (boxing-day); in Scotland, New
Year's day, the first Monday in May, the first Monday in
August, and Christmas day. See holiday.
bank-hook (bangk’hūk), m. 1. A large form
of fish-hook for catching cod, used on the banks
of Newfoundland.—2. In coal-mining, the iron
hook with which the banksman draws the loaded
tubs off the cage. [Eng.]
bankingl (bangſking), m. [Verbal n. of bankl,
w.] 1. The act of raising a mound or bank, or
of inclosing with a bank.-2. The bank or
mound raised; anything piled up to serve as a
bank, as a raised edging of wax on a plate that
is to be treated with acids for etching.—3.
general term for fishing as practised on the
banks of Newfoundland.—4. In coal-mining,
the sorting or loading of coals “at bank,” or at
the mouth of the shaft. [Eng.]
banking? (bang"king), m. and a. I. T. [Verbal
n. of bank2, v.] The business or employment of
a banker; the business carried on by a bank.
The term banking was then [1742) applied only to the
issue of notes and the taking up of money on bills on de-
mand. W. Bagehot, Lombard Street, p. 98.
II. a. Pertaining to or conducted by a bank:
as, banking operations.
banking- i. (bang"king-fil), m. A file with
parallel edges and a triangular section.
banking-pin (bang'king-pin), n. In a watch,
one of two pins serving to confine the move-
ments of the escapement.
|banking-wax (bang'king-waks), m.
A fence made of
A compo-
bankruptcy
banqueroupt, and finally bankrupt (in imitation
of L. ruptus), K F. banquerowtie, now banque-
Toute (X banquérowttier, a bankrupt), orig. in E.
banke rota (def. 1), K.It. banca rotta (M.L. as if
*banca rupta), bankruptcy, lit. broken bank or
loench: banca, K. M.L. banca, K MHG. banc, a
bank (see bankl, bank?); rotta, fem. of rotto,
broken, wrecked, K L. ruptus, broken (in ML.
also as a noun, a bankrupt). It is said to have
been the custom in Italy to break the bench or
counter of a money-changer upon his failure;
but the allusion is prob. figurative, like break,
crash.1, smash, similarly used in English. See
bank1, bank2, rupture, rout?..]. I. m. 1+. The
breaking up of a trader's business due to his
inability to meet his obligations; bankruptcy.
–2. An insolvent person whose property is
administered for, and distributed among, his
creditors in accordance with the provisions of
a system of laws called bankrupt, bankruptcy, or
$nsolvent laws. See bankruptcy. In particular—(at)
In old law, a trader who secretes himself, or does certain
other acts tending to defraud his creditors. Blackstone.
(bf) A fugitive from his creditors; one who by extrava-
gamce and reckless expenditure had brought himself into
a state of insolvency and had absconded, or retired into
a place of sanctuary. (c) In mod, law, any person who
upon his own petition or that of his creditors is adjudged
insolvent by a bankruptcy court. His estate may be ad-
ministered by an assignee or trustee, under the direction
of the court, for the benefit of the creditors.
3. In popular language, a hopelessly insolvent
#. one who is notoriously unable to pay
is debts; hence, one who is unable to satisfy
just claims of any kind made upon him.
What a bankrupt I am made
Of a full stock of blessings.
Cessionary bankrupt. See cessionary.
II. a. 1. In the state of one who has committed
an act of bankruptcy, or is insolvent; subject
to or under legal process because of insolvency.
—2. Unable to pay just debts, or to meet one's
obligations; insolvent.
Willo. The king's grown bamkrupt, like a broken man. . . .
Ross. He hath not money for these Irish wars,
Bisburthenous taxations notwithstanding.
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 1.
The beggared, the bankrupt society, not only proved
able to meet all its obligations, but . . . grew richer and
richer. Macaulay, Hist, Eng., xix.
3. Figuratively, at the end of one's resources:
as, to be bankrupt in thanks.
Do you see? he has tears
To lend to him whom prodigal expence
Of sorrow has made bankrupt of such treasure.
Beaw. and Fl., Thierry and Theodoret, iv. 2.
Bankrupt laws. Same as bankruptcy laws (which see,
under bankruptcy).
Ford.
tº a g º )
sition of beeswax, common pitch, Burgundy bankrupt (bangk’rupt), v. [K bankrupt, n.] I.
pitch, and sweet oil, melted in a crucible and
poured into cold water, used in etching to form
a border around the plate, to prevent the over-
flow of the acid.
bankless (bangk’les), a. [K bankl -H -less.]
Without banks or limits: as, “the bankless
sea,” Davies.
bank-level (bangk’lev'el), m. In coal-miming,
the level heading from which the bankis worked.
[Yorkshire, Eng.]
bank-martin (bangk’mär"tin), n.
bank-swallow.
bank-note (bangk’nót), m. A promissory note
payable on demand, made and issued by a
bank authorized by law, and intended to cir-
culate as money. In the United States fre-
quently called bank-bill.—Bank-note paper, paper
used for bank-notes and government bonds. It is made
in such a way that it is very difficult to imitate it, and
one of the cast-iron plates with which the sur-
face at the mouth of the shaft or the bank is
floored. [Eng.]
bank-post (bangk'pëst), n. [K bank” + post?,
n.]. A large size of letter-paper, ranging in
weight from 5% to 10 pounds to the ream.
bankroutt (bangkºrout), n., a., and v. One of
the older forms of bankrupt.
Being bank-rout both of wealth and worth.
Chapman, Byron's Tragedy, v. 1,
For these modern languages will at one time or other
play the bank-rowtes with books; and since I have lost
much time with this age, I would be glad, as God shall
give me leave, to recover it with posterity.
Bacon, Letter, in Spedding, VII. 436,
[Early mod.
E. bankrout, bankerout, banqueroute, etc., later
trams. 1. To make insolvent; render unable to
meet just claims.
We cast off the care of all future thrift because we are
already bankrupted. Hammond.
Iron-clads, more than anything else, bamkrupted Turkey.
N. A. Rev., CXLIII. 214.
2+. To reduce to beggary; exhaust the re-
sources of.
II.t intrans. To become bankrupt; fail or
become insolvent. &
bankruptcy (bangk’rupt-si), m. [K bankrupt +
-cy.] I. The state of being bankrupt or in-
solvent; inability to pay all debts; failure in
such imitation is a felony.—Bank-note press, a machine
for pressing bank-notes and arranging them in packages.
banko-ware (bang'kö-wār), n. A, Japanese
ottery made near Kuwana and at other places.
it is very light, and is made in molds of irregular shapes
and decorated with enamel colors, thumb impressions,
Numanami was the original maker.
Same as
Fat paunches have lean pates; and dainty bits
Make rich the ribs, but bankerout the wits.
Shak., L. L. L., i. 1.
trade. In law, specifically, the status of a person or cor-
poration that by reason of insolvency has been adjudi-
cated a bankrupt.
2. Figuratively, utter wreck; ruin. —Act of
bankruptcy, in law, an act the commission of which by
a debtor renders him liable to be adjudged a bankrupt.
Among acts of bankruptcy are the assignment of his prop-
erty by a debtor to a trustee for the benefit of his cred-
itors; the making of a transfer of any of his property in
fraud of his creditors, or the concealment or removal of
it to evade legal process; departing from the country, or
remaining out of it, in order to defeat or delay creditors;
the filing in court of a declaration of inability to pay debts;
non-payment of debts under certain other circumstances
defined by the law as indicating insolvency.—ASS
in bankruptcy. See assignee.—Bankruptcy commis-
Sioner, or register in bankruptcy, a judicial officer
empowered, subject to the supervision of the court, to in-
vestigate and adjudicate upon the affairs of bankrupts.—
ptcy laws, the statutory regulations under which
the property of an insolvent may be distributed annong
his creditors, with the double object of enforcing a com-
plete discovery and an equitable distribution of the prop-
erty, and of discharging the debtor from his obligations
and from future molestation by his creditors. Formerly,
only a trader could be made a bankrupt under the bank-
ruptcy laws, other persons who were unable to meet their
obligations being insolvemts. The distinction was abolished
in the United States in 1841 and in Great Britain in 1869.
In the United States, Congress has the power of enacting
bankruptcy laws which shall be uniform throughout the
country. These laws are administered by the federal
*
bankruptcy
gourts. Laws having similar objects, but less efficacious
in respect of discharging the debtor, are maintained by
many of the States, but can operate to give a discharge
irrespective of creditors' assent only when there is no fed-
eral bankruptcy law. These are termed insolvent laws. In
England bankruptcy laws have existed from the time of
Henry VIII. The principal acts are: 84 and 35 Hen. VIII.,
c. 4, directed against fraudulent debtors, and empowering
the lord chancellor and other high officers to seize their
estates and divide them among the creditors; 13 Eliz., c.
7, Testricting bankruptcy to traders, and º: Cer-
tain acts by committing which a tiader became a bank-
Tupt; 4 Anne, c. 17, and 10 Anne, c. 15, 1emoving the crim;
inal character borne by bankruptcy proceedings up to that
time, and permitting a debtor to obtain a certificate of
having conformed to the requirements of the bankrupt
law; 6 Geo. IV., c. 16, allowing a debtor to procure his
OWI). . and introducing the º of private
settlements between debtors and creditors; 1 and 2 Wm.
IV., c. 56, establishing a court of bankruptcy, consisting of
six commissioners along with four judges, as a court of re-
view, and making provision for official assignees. By the
Bankrupt Consolidation Act of 1849, proceedings might be
begun by petition to the Court of Bankruptcy, and the com-
missioners were authorized to award certificates according
to the merit of the bankruptcy. The bankruptcy act of
1861 (24 and 25 Vict., c. 134) abolished special legislation
relating to insolvent debtors, and permitted persons other
than traders to avail themselves of the relief afforded by
the bankruptcy court. In 1869 (32 and 33 Vict., c. 71) the
commissionerships and official assignees were abolished,
a new Court of Bankruptcy was established, and provision
was made for the appointment of trustees who should
be creditors, . The Court of Bankruptcy was also stripped
of its criminal jurisdiction, and imprisonment for debt was
abolished except in certain cases. In 1883 (46 and 47 Vict.,
. c. 52) the English bankruptcy acts were amended and con-
solidated. Further amendments, in 1890 and 1897, gave
preference to the claims for all taxes and rates and for
wages. In the United States the subject has been, except
during the periods of the Óperation of the United states
bankruptcy acts, left to the imperfect regulation of diverse
State laws. Such a law in any particular State may, when
there is no United States act conflicting, provide for the
distribution of an insolvent's property, may discharge him
from imprisonment for debt, and may discharge him, if a
citizen of such State, from indebtedness to another citi-
Zen thereof contracted while such State law was in force,
so far as to make the §º a protection in the courts
of the same State. . The first United States bankrupt law,
known as the act of 1800 (2 Stat. at L., p. 19), was based on
a consolidation of then existing English statutes, and was
in force from June 2, 1800, till Dec. 19, 1803. The second,
the act of 1841 (5 Stat. at L., p. 440), was in force from Feb.
1, 1842, till March 3, 1843. The third, the act of 1867 (14
Stat. at L., p. 517), repeatedly amended, and finally re-
vised in the U.S. Rev. Stat., tit. LXI., and reënacted with
modifications in 1874, was in force from June 1, 1867, till
Sept. 1, 1878. A fourth bankrupt law was enacted in
1898, and was amended in 1903. In general, debts con-
tracted by fraud, or in a fiduciary capacity, are not dis-
charged by the bankruptcy laws.—Commission of bank-
ruptcy, a commission formerly issued by the English lord
chancellor, appointing and empowering certain persons to
examine into the facts relative to an alleged bankruptcy,
and to secure the bankrupt's property for the creditors.--
Discharge in bankruptcy. See discharge.—Fiat in
bankruptcy. See fiat.— Fraudulent bankruptcy.
See fraudulent.—Involuntary bankruptcy, bankruptcy
adjudged on the petition of creditors, showing cause why
the bankrupt should not be allowed to continue in posses-
sign of his assets.—Voluntary bankruptcy, bankruptcy
adjudged on the petition of the debtor, indicating his de-
sire to surrender his assets and be discharged. = Syn. In-
80lvency, etc. See failure.
[K bank-
bankruptism? (bangk’rup-tizm), n.
*upt + -ism..] Bankruptcy.
bankruptly? (bangk’rupt-li), adv. Like a bank-
rupt.
bankruptship? (bangk’rupt-ship), n. [K bank-
Tupt + -ship.] Bankruptcy.
bankrupture? (bangkºrup-tūr), m. [K bankrupt
+ -wre; after rupture.] Bankruptcy.
bankshall (bangk’shāl), m. [Anglo-Ind., for-
merly also banksall, -saul, -soll, repr. Mala
bangsäl, Beng. bankçál, banka ālā, lit. hall of
trade, K Skt. vanij (X Beng. Hind, etc., banik,
a trader: , see banian 1) + gåla, a hut, house
§: Gr. kažtá = E. hall: see hall); or perhaps K
kt. bhāndaçãla, a storehouse, K bhāhda, wares,
ware, a vessel, pot, + gåla, as above..] 1. In
the East Indies: (a) A warehouse. (b) The
office of harbor-master or other port author-
ity.—2. In Java, a large hall of audience in a
princely residence, without regular walls, but
supported by wooden pillars. Yule and Burnell.
bank-shot (bangk'shot), m. In billiards, a shot
which makes the cue-ball touch the cushion
before hitting any other ball.
Banksia (bangk'si-á), n. [NL., named after
Sir Joseph Banks º 1. A genus
of thymelaeaceous plants, the species of which
have been incorrectly referred to Pimelea by
most authors.-2. An untenable name for
Sirmuellera, a genus of shrubs or trees of the
family Proteaceae, natives of western extra-
tropical Australia, and Tasmania. The foliage is
hard and dry, and extremely variable in form, and the
flowers form cylindrical heads.
banksman (bangks’ man), m.; pl. banksmen
(-men). . [K banjº, poss. of banki, + man.] In
coal-mining, a man in attendance at the mouth
443
§
º
%Z2
§
*3
§
º
ºŠº"
º
Ş
%
º
.
º}
*
Flowering branch of Sirmwellera ericifolia.
of the shaft, who superintends the sorting and
º: of the coal. [Eng.] Gresley.
bank-stock (bangk'stok), m. The capital of a
bank. In England the term is applied chiefly to the
stock of the Bank of England. The stock of other Tºnglish
joint-stock banks is divided into shares.
bank-swallow (bangk’swol'6), n. Hirundo
or Cotile riparia, a very common bird of Eu-
rope, Asia,
and Ameri-
ca, of the
family Hi-
rumalimidae: so
called from
its habit of
burrowing in
bankstobuild
its nest. It is
a small swal-
low, mouse-gray
above and white
below, with a
gray collar. In
places whereit is
numerous, hun-
dreds or thou-
sands gather to
breed in com-
pany, and a sand-
bank may be riddled with their holes, which are exca-
vated to the depth of a foot or more. Also called sand-
swallow and bank-martin. See Cotile.
bank-work (bangkºwérk), m. In coal-mining,
a method of working coal in use in South
Yorkshire, England, and in some of the North
Welsh collieries, combining some of the pecu-
liarities of the pillar system with those of the
long-wall system.
ba. (bang'ki), a. [K bankl -H -y.] Full of
banks or ridges; ridgy; hilly. [Rare.]
banlieue (ban’lú), m. [F. (in ML. banleuca,
bannum leuca), K ban, command, jurisdiction,
+ lieue, league, also an indefinite extent of ter-
ritory. Cf. G. bann-meile in same sense: see
banl and league2.] The territory without the
walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or
city. Sometimes erroneously spelled banlieu,
as if from French lieu, a place.
bannatl (ban'at), n. Scotch form of bonnet.
bannat?, n. See banat.
banner (ban’ér), m. and a... [K ME. bamer, ban-
ere, KOF. banere, bamiere, F. bannière, bandière
= Pr. bandieira, bannieira = . Sp. bandera =
Pg. bandeira = It. bandiera, K ML. *bandaria
(banderia after Rom.), K bandum, a standard,
K Goth. bandwa, bandwo, a sign, token, prob.
akin to E. bind and bandl, q.v.] I. m. 1. The
piece of cloth, attached to the upper part of
a pole or staff, which in former times served
as the standard of a sovereign, lord, or knight,
after which he and his followers marched to
war, and which served as a rallying-point in
battle; hence, the flag or standard of a coun-
try, army, troop, etc.; a standard or ensign.
Terrible as an army with banners. Cant. vi. 4.
Hang out our banners on the outward Walls;
The cry is still, “They come !” Our castle's strength
Will laugh a siege to scorn. Shak., Macbeth, V. 5.
2. In her., a square flag which in the middle
ages was the ensign of a knight banneret.
Instances are related of a knight companion being made
a knight banneret on the field of battle, the mark of his
promotion being the tearing off of the points of his pennon,
leaving the flag square. In modern usage, any square flag
is termed a banner when it bears heraldic devices. The
most familiar instance is the royal banner of England,
commonly called the royal standard; but other heraldic
banners are used in the funeral ceremonies of knights of
the Garter and the higher nobility.
Bank-swallow (Cotile riparta).
bannerer (ban’ér-ēr), m.
banneretl (ban’ér-et), m.
banneret? (ban’ér-et), m.
bannerless (ban’ér-les), a.
bannerman (ban’êr-man), m. ;
banner-plant (ban’ér-plant), m.
banner-stone (ban’êr-stön), n.
banner-stone
3. An ensign or flag bearing a badge or em-
'blem, as of a society or order, and borne in
processions. , Banners were early used in the proces:
sions of the Christian church, usually of the form adopted
by Constantine. It consisted of a square cloth suspended
from a cross-bar near the top of a gilt pole, bearing or
surmounted by the sacred symbol {2. See labarum.
4. Figuratively, anything displayed as a pro-
fession of principles.
Thou hast given a banner to them that fear thee, that it
may be displayed because of the truth. P8. lx. 4.
See ensign, flag, pennon, and standard.
5. In bot., the vexillum or upper petal of a
papilionaceous flower. Also
called the standard.—6. One
of eight divisions into which
the Manchus are marshaled,
each with distinguishing flag
or banner. Four of the flags are
plain (red, yellow, white, or blue),
the other four having a margin of a
different color. Hence, the Man-
chus are known collectively as the
I?ight Bammers and as bannermen.
e Pea-blossom with ex-
I. a. Leading or foremost panded Banner, a ban.
ner; 6, ala ; c, keel.
in regard to some particular
cause or matter, such as giving the largest
majority to a political party, etc.
I am reminded that there is an Alleghany City as well
as an Alleghany County, the former the banner town,
and the latter the banner county, perhaps, of the world.
Lincolm, in Raymond, p. 84.
banneralf, n. A corrupt form of bannerol, 2.
bannered (ban’érd), a.
[K banner + -ed2.] 1.
Furnished with or bearing a banner; display-
ing banners.
A banner'd host
Under spread ensigns marching. .
Milton, P. L., ii. 885.
Bothwell's bannered hall. Scott, L. of the L., ii. 8.
2. Borne or blazoned on a banner.
A standard-bearer;
one who carries a banner.
[Also bannerette, K
M.E. banneret, banerett, K OF. baneret, banerette,
dim. of bamere, banner: see banner and -et.] A
little banner; a banderole.
The scarfs and the bannerets about thee did nanifoldly
dissuade me from believing thee a vessel of too great a
burthen. Shak., All's Well, ii. 3.
[KME. bameret, KOF.
baneret, banneret, K bamere, a banner (see ban-
mer), + -et, K.L. -atus (see -atel) = E. -ed?; lit.,
one bannered: see bammer and -ed?..] 1. One
who is bannered or entitled to a banner; spe-
cifically, a knight of a certain grade in the mili-
tary hierarchy of the middle ages. Originally the
right to display a banner (as distinguished from a pennon)
was limited to those who could bring a certain array of
followers into the field, and who had also been dubbed or
accoutred knight. As the military distinctions of earlier
feudalism became confused by the employment of paid
soldiers, the right of displaying a banner became more and
more a reward for distinguished prowess in battle. After
a victory or a notable achievement a banneret elect, carry-
ing his pennon in his hand, was, it is said, conducted be-
tween two knights of note, and presented to the king or
general, who cut off the point or ends of his pennon, making
it square. He was then called a knight of the square flag.
Also called knight banneret.
Sir Richard Croftes, who was made banneret at . . .
Stoke, was a wise man. Camden, Remains (ed. 1637), p. 271.
2. Formerly, the title of magistrates of the
second rank in some Swiss cantons, and also of
certain officers of some of the Italian republics.
Melchior Sturmthal, . . . Bamneret of Berne.
Scott, Anne of Geierstein, I. vii.
[In Solothurn] on the death of an avoyer, the banneret
succeeds to his place. J. Adamns, Works, IV. 335.
[K banner + -less.]
Having no banner. J. H. Jesse.
pl. bammermen
(-men). 1. A standard-bearer; a bannerer.—
2. A person belonging to one of the eight ban-
ners into which the Manchus are marshaled.
See banner, 6.
bannerol (ban'e-ról), m. [See banderole. This
is the usual spelling in sense 2.] 1. Same as
banderole.—2. In England, a banner, about a
yard square, borne at the funerals of prominent
men, and placed over the tomb. It bears the
arms of the ancestors and alliances of the de-
ceased, painted on silk. Also erroneously writ-
ten banner-roll and banneral.
A name given
to some cultivated species of Anthwriwm, fam-
ily Araceæ, in which the bright-scarlet spathe
is broadly expanded at right angles to the spadix.
banner-roll (ban’ér-ról), m. An erroneous form
of bannerol, 2.
† º A name some-
times, given, not very aptly, to certain stone
objects shaped like a small two-edged ax, which



444
Just in time to banquet
The illustrious company assembled there. Coleridge.
II. intrans. 1. To feast; regale one's self
with good eating and drinking; fare daintily.
The mind shall banquet, though º pine,
Shak., L. L. L
banner-stone
are supposed to have been worn as ornaments
in prehistoric times, or held in the hand as
badges of authority. They have an eye for
the insertion of a handle.
Some banner-stones of striped slate have been found in
Camillus, and one on Skaneateles Lake [New York].
Smithsonian Rep., 1881, p. 657.
banner-vane (ban’ér-vān), n. A weather-vane
having the shape of a banner, balanced by a
Weight on the other side of the staff.
bannet (ban'et), m. [Sc., - E. bonnet.] A bon-
net. Scott. -
bannimust, n. [K ML. bannimus, we banish,
1st pers. pl. pres. ind, of bammire, banish: See
banish.] Same as bamnition.
banning (ban'ing), n. [Verbal n. of bam!,
The act of uttering a ban or curse; an execra-
tion or cursing of another.
Especially when the names of the infernal fiends or un-
lucky soules are used in such bannings. - * *
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxvii. 2.
bannition? (ba-nish’on), n. [KML. bannitio(m-),
K bannire, banish: see banish, and cf. aban-
mition.] The act of banishing or the state of
., i. 1.
Were it a draught for Juno when she banquets,
I would not taste thy treasonous offer. -
Milton, Comus, l. 701.
2}. To take part in a light refection after a
feast. See banquet, n., 2.
Then was the banqueting-chamber in the tilt-yard at
Greenwich furnished for the entertainment of these
strangers, where they did both sup and banquet.
G. Cavendish.
v.] banquetantt (bang'kwet-ant), n. ... [K F., ban:
$º ppr. of banqueter: see banquet, v.]
ne who banquets; a banqueter.
Are there not beside
Other great banquetants?
Chapman, Odyssey, xx.
banqueter (bang'kwet-êr), n. 1. A guest at
a banquet; a feaster.
Great banqueters do seldom great exploits. Cotgrave.
banteng (ban'teng), n.
being banished; expulsion, especially from a
university.
You will take order, when he comes out of the castle,
to send him out of the university too by bannition.
Abp. Lawd, Remains, II. 191.
bannock (ban'gk), m. [ME. bamnok, K AS.
bannuc, a cake; with dim. -uc, E. -ock, from bún,
'bone: see bone, n. The Gael. bonnach, bannach,
Ir, bonnag, are from E.] A thick cake made
of oatmeal, barley-meal, or pease-meal, baked
on the embers or on an iron plate or griddle
over the fire. [North. Eng. and Sc.]
bannock-fluke (ban'gk-flök), m. [Sc., K ban-
mock + fluke?..] A Scotch name of the com-
mon turbot.
banns (banz), m. pl. [Formerly bannes, often
banes, mod, more correctly bans, pl. of bam!,
q. v. The spelling banns is now usual in this
sense.] 1. The proclamation of intended mar-
riage in order that those who know of any im-
pediment thereto may state it to the proper
authorities. Banns were made a part of ecclesiastical banquette (bong-ket’), n.
legislation by the fourth Council of the Lateran, A. D.
1215, whose decrees were confirmed by the Council of
Trent. In the Roman Catholic Church the celebration of
marriage without previous proclamation of the banns,
unless by special dispensation, is gravely illicit, but not
invalid. The proclamation is made by the parish priest
of each contracting party, on three consecutive festivals
during public mass. The proclamation of banns is no
longer required in order to a valid civil marriage in Eng-
land, Scotland, or the United States.
2+. The proclamation or prologue of a play.
Bames or Prologue [to] the Fall of Lucifer.
York Plays, Int., p. lxii.
To bid or ask the bannst, to publish the banns.
If all parties be pleased, ask their banns, 'tis a match.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 561.
To forbid the banns, to make formal objection to an
intended marriage.
A better fate did Maria deserve than to have her banns
forbid. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ix. 24.
bannut (ban’ut), n. [E. dial., also written ban-
met, K late M.E. bannemote (in comp. bannemote-
tre, glossed avetana, filbert); K ban, AS. bān,
bone, -H note, nut..] A walnut, the fruit of
Juglams regia (bannut-tree). [Obsolete or dia-
lectal.]
banquet (bang'kwet), n. [Earlier banket, K F.
banquet (= It. banchetto – Sp. banquete), a
feast, orig. a little bench or table, dim. of bang
(= It. Sp. banco), a bench or table: see bankl
and banquette.] 1. A feast; a rich entertain-
ment of food and drink.
A napkin of fine linen to be laid on the table at the
coronation banquet. Macaulay, Hist, Eng., xxiii.
2}. A light entertainment at the end of a feast;
a dessert; a refection at which wine is drunk.
We'll dine in the great room; but let the music
And banquet be prepared here.
Massinger, Unnatural Combat, iii. 1.
There were all the dainties, not only of the season, but
of what art could add, venison, plain solid meate, fowle,
bak'd and boil'd meats, banquet (desert) in exceeding
plenty, and exquisitely dress'd.
JEvelyn, Diary, Oct. 27, 1685.
3+. A slight repast between meals: sometimes
called running banquet. N. E. D.
The running banquet of two beadles. -
Shak., Henry VIII., v. 3.
4}. In fort, same as banquette, 1.-5. A small
rod-shaped part of a horse's bridle coming un-
der the eye. =Syn. 1. Feast, Festival, etc. See feast.
banquet (bang'kwet), v. [Earlier banket, K F.
banqueter; from the noun.J. I. trans. To treat
With a feast or rich entertainment.
You exceed in entertainment;
Banquet our eyes too? Shirley, The Traitor, iii. 2,
*table was set.
2+. One who provides feasts or rich entertain-
ments.
banquet-hall (bang'kwet-hāl), n. A hall in
which banquets are held. Also called banquet-
ing-hall.
The fair Peleian banquet-hall. Tennyson, CEnone.
banquet-house (bang'kwet-hous), n. A ban-
queting-house.
A banqwet-house salutes the southern sky. Dryden.
banqueting (bang'kwet-ing), n. The act of
feasting; luxurious living; rich entertainment;
a feast.
Excess of wine, revellings, banquetings, 1 Pet. iv. 3.
bºll (bang'kwet-ing-hăl), m. Same
as banquet-hall.
banqueting-house (bang'kwet-ing-hous), n. A
house where banquets are given.
In a banqueting-house, among certain pleasant º the
3/.
[F., fem. dim. of
band, a bench: see bank”, and cf. banquet.] 1.
(a) In fort., a raised way or foot-bank, run-
ning along the inside of a parapet breast-high
above it, on which riflemen stand to fire upon
the enemy. (b) In medieval fort., an advanced
earthwork or palisaded defense outside of the
ditch. The space between the ditch and the parapet
was wide enough for a line of soldiers, but too narrow to
allow of its being fortified if occupied by the besiegers.
Formerly sometimes written banquet, as English.
2. The footway of a bridge when raised above
the carriageway.—3. A bench for passengers,
or the space occupied by benches, on the top
of a French diligence, and hence of any public
vehicle.—4. A sidewalk. [Common in the
southern and southwestern United States.]
Standing outside on the banquette, he bowed—not to Dr.
Mossy, but to the balcony of the big red-brick front.
G. W. Cable, Old Creole Days, p. 144.
Banquette slope, in fort., an incline connecting the
banquette tread with the terreplein or interior of the
work. —Banquette tread, the level surface of the ban-
quette on which the soldiers stand while firing over the
crest of the parapet; the tread.
bans, m. pl. See banns.
banshee (ban'shé), n, [K Gael, ban-sith, Ir, bean-
sidhe, lit. woman of the fairies, K Gael. bam,
Ir, bean, woman, + síth, Ir. Sigh, sighe, sighidh
(the final consonant .# scarcely sounded),
fairy..] A type of female fairy believed in Ire-
land and some parts of Scotland to attach her-
self to a particular house, and to foretell by
each appearance the death of one of the family.
Also benshie, benshi.
The banshee is a species of aristocratic fairy, who, in the
shape of a little hideous old woman, has been known to
appear, and heard to sing in a mournful supernatural voice
under the windows of great houses, to warn the family
that some of them were soon to die. In the last century
every great family in Ireland had a banghee, who attended
regularly, but latterly their visits and songs have been dis-
continued. Miss Edgeworth.
banstickle (ban'stik-1), n. [Sc., KME. bamstickle,
ane, K AS. bān, bone, q.v., + stickle, KAS.
sticels, prickle. Cf. Stickleback.] A name of the
three-spined stickleback.
bant (bant), v. i. [Ludicrously formed from the
phrase “the Banting system,” the proper name
being taken as banting, ppr. and verbal noun
of an assumed verb bant..] To practise bant-
ingism (which see).
bantam (ban'tam), m. and a. [Sonamed, prob.,
from Bantam, in Java.] I. m. 1. A general name
for a number of varieties of the common hen
possessing the characteristic of very diminu-
Bantu (ban’tó), m.
Bantu
tive size. Many of these varieties are the exact counter-
parts, except in size, of the corresponding breeds of full
size, and were originally reduced in weight by careful
Selection and breeding of small specimens from these
full-sized breeds. There are other varieties, however, as
the Japanese and the Sebright bantams, which do not re-
semble any of the large breeds. The chief varieties are
the African, game (in the several colors), Japanese, Pekin,
Polish, and Sebright bantams,
2. Same as Bantam-work.
II. a. Pertaining to or resembling the ban-
tam; of the breed of the bantam; hence, dimin-
utive; puny; absurdly combative, or fussy and
consequential.
Bantam-work (ban'tam-wérk), n. An old name
for carved work, painted in party-colors, im-
ported from the East Indies; “a kind of Indian
painting and carving on wood, resembling Ja-
an-work, only more gay,” Chambers’s Cyc.,
upp., 1753.
[Malay and Javanese
banteng.] A species of ox, Bos banteng or B.
sondaicus, a local race in the Malay archipelago.
banter (ban’tér), v. t. . [Freq. of prov. bant,
manage, conquer, beat down, etc., K bant, bent,
force, tension: see bentl, n.] 1. To address
good-humored raillery to ; make fun of.
The magistrate took it that he bantered him, and bade
an officer take him into custody. Sir R. L’Estrange.
Not succeeding in bantering me out of my epistolary
proprieties. Blackwood's Mag., XXIII. 384.
So home we went, and all the livelong way
With solemn jibe did Eustace banter me.
Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter.
2. To impose upon or cheat, originally in a jest-
ing or bantering way; bamboozle. [Archaic.]
Somebody had been bantering him with an imposition.
Scott, Guy Mannering, li.
3. To challenge; invite to a contest. [South-
ern and western U. S.]=Syn. Banter, Rally, quiz,
tease, joke. We banter another in good humor chiefly for
something he or she has done or neglected to do, whether
the act or omission be faulty or ridiculous or not, if it
only affords a subject for a laugh or smile at his or her
expense, or causes a blush not altogether painful. Rally,
literally to rail, generally implies some degree of sarcasm
or pungency, and is aimed at some specific fault, offense,
Or Weakness.
The sort of mock-heroic gigantesque
With which we banter'd little Lilia first.
Tennyson, Princess, Conclusion.
Lest you think I rally more than teach,
Or praise malignly arts I cannot reach.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, i. 2.
banter (ban’tér), n. IK banter, v.] 1. A joking
or jesting; good-humored ridicule or raillery;
wit or humor; pleasantry.
When wit has any mixture of raillery, it is but calling
it banter and the work is done.
Swift, Tale of a Tub, Author's Apol.
Mr. Adams made his contribution to the service of the
table in the form of that good-humored, easy banter
which makes a dinner of herbs more digestible than a
stalled ox without it.
Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past, p. 62.
2. A challenge to a match or contest ; the
match or contest itself. [Southern and west-
ern U. S.]
banterer (ban’tér-ér), n. 1. One who banters
or assails with good-humored jests or pleas—
antry.—2. One who cheats or bamboozles.
[Archaic.]
His dress, his gait, his accent, . . . marked him out as
an excellent subject for the operations of swindlers and
banterers. Macawlay, Hist. Ing., iii.
bantery (ban’tér-i), a. Full of banter or good-
humored raillery. Carlyle.
banting 1, n. See banteng.
banting? (ban’ting), h. [Verbal n. of bant, v.]
The practice of bantingism (which see): as, to
go through a course of banting.
bantingism (ban'ting-izm), m. [Named after
William Banting.] A course of diet for re-
ducing corpulence, adopted and recommended
in 1863 by William Banting, a merchant of
London. The dietary recommended was the use of lean
meat principally, and abstinence from fats, starches, and
Sugars.
bantling (bant'ling), m. [Perhaps a corruption
of *bandling, meaning a child in swaddling-
clothes, Kband?, a wrapping, + -ling, dim. Suffix,
as in foundling, fondling, nurseling, etc.; more
prob. for “bankling, K. G. bānkling, a bastard, K
bank, bench, -H, -ling; cf. equiv. G. bankert,
ić, bankert, K bank, bench, +-ert-E, arāj
A young child; an infant: a term carrying
with it a shade of contempt.
It's a rickety sºrt of bantling, I'm told,
That'll die of old age when it's seven years old.
ames Smith, Rejected Addresses.
[A native name, lit. ‘peo-
ple.’] A name sometimes applied to the South
Bantu
African family of tongues. The most marked pe.
culiarity of these languages is their prevailing use of pre-
fixes instead of suffixes in derivation and inflection.
Those of them that border on the Hottentot employ
clicks or clucks as alphabetic elements. Also called Chu-
ana and Zingian. Also used as a racial name.
banxring (bangks’ring), n. [Native name.]
A name of a squirrel-like insectivorous mam-
mal of Java, the Tupaia javanica. Also called
bangsring and sinsring. See Tupaiidae.
banyan1, m. See banian 1. -
banyan?, banyan-tree, n. See banian”.
baobab (bā'ū-bab), n. [Formerly also baho-
bab, a native African name.] An African
tree, the Adamsonia digitata, belonging to the
family Bombacaceae, also called the Ethio-
pian sour-gourd, and in South Africa, the
cream-of-tartar tree. A native of tropical Africa,
and has been introduced and naturalized in various parts
of the East and West Indies. It is one of the largest
trees in the world, being often found 80 feet in diameter,
though it grows to a height of only from 40 to 70 feet. . The
branches shoot out from 60 to 70 feet, bearing a dense
<-v
Baobab of Madagascar (Adaztsonia. Madagascarterests).
mass of deciduous leaves, somewhat similar to those of
the horse-chestnut. The white flowers are from 4 to 6
inches broad, and the oblong gourd-like fruit, about a
foot in iength, is eaten by monkeys, and hence is called
amonkey-bread (which see). The juice of the fruit mixed
with sugar is much esteemed as a beverage; and the pulp,
which is pleasantly acid, is eaten, and is employed as a
remedy in Egyptian dysentery. The dried and powdered
mucilaginous bark and leaves are used by the negroes,
, under the name of lalo, on their food, like pepper, to dimin-
ish perspiration; and the strong fiber of the bark is made
into ropes and cloth. The only other known species of
this genus are the Australian sour-gourd or cream-of-tartar
tree, Adamsonia Gregorii, which differs chiefly in its
smaller fruit, and the Madagascar baobab, A. Madagas-
cariensis, which has red flowers.
bap (bap), n. . [LG. bopp, G. bamme, bemme, a
piece of bread and butter; nursery words.] A
roll of bread of various shapes.
The young baker who brings the baps in the mornings.
JBlackwood's Mag., XXV. 392.
baphe (bā'fé), n. IK Gr. 8aft, a dye, dyeing,
dipping in dye, a dipping, K 66ttetv, dip: see
baptize.] The brilliant red color used in illu-
minating ancient manuscripts."
Baphomet (baf'3-met), m. [F. Baphomet; Pr.
Bafomet, OSp. Mafomat, regarded as a corrup-
tion of Mahomet. Cf. Mahownd and Mammet.]
The imaginary idol or symbol which the Tem-
plars were accused of Worshiping. . By some mod-
ern writers the Templars are charged with a depraved
Gnosticism, and the word Baphomet has had given to it
the signification of baptism of wisdom (as if K. Gr. 8adº,
baptism, + piñrus, wisdom), baptism of fire; in other words,
the Gnostic baptism, a species of spiritual illumination.
But this and the other guesses are of no value. The word
may be a manipulated form of Mahomet, a name which
took strange shapes in the middle ageS.
Hºplºsiº (baf-3-met'ik), a., [K Baphomet.]
Of or pertaining to Baphomet, or to the rites
in which it was supposed to be employed.
It is from this hour that I incline to date my spiritual
new-birth or Baphometic Fire-baptism; perhaps I directly
thereupon began to be a man,
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 117.
Bapta (baptă), n. [NL., KGr, Bartóg, dipped,
jverbaij of '33rred, dipj"A genus of
geometrid moths. The white pinion-spotted moth
is B. bimaculata ; the clouded silver-moth is B. punctata.
baptise, v. t. See baptize. Af
Baptisia (bap-tiz’i-á), n. [NL., KGr. 34tttgtc., a
dipping (dyeing? cf. Barróg, dyed), K. Barriçew,
445
dip, dye.1. A genus of leguminous plants of
the United States east of the Mississippi.
They are herbaceous, and turn black in drying. The
wild indigo, B. tinctoria, has been used for dyeing, and its
Toot in medicine as a laxative, and in larger doses as a ca-
thartic and emetic. Some species, especially the blue-flow-
ered B. aw8tralis, are occasionally cultivated in gardens.
bºº (baptizm), n. [K ME. baptisme (usu-
ally and earlier baptiºn, baptym, baptem), KOF.
baptesme, bapteme, batesme, bateme (mod. F.
baptéme), K. L.L. baptisma, & Gr. Báttugua, also
garriouſ, K flairtigeu, dip or plunge in or under
water, sink (a ship), drench, soak, draw (wine)
by dipping with a cup; in N. T. and eccl.,
baptize.] 1. A sacrament or ordinance of the
Christian church, instituted by Christ as an ini-
tiatory rite, consisting in the immersion of the
person in water, or in the application of water
to the person by affusion or by sprinkling, byan
authorized administrator, “in the name of the
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.”
The proper signification of the rite, the proper subjects
of it, and the proper methods of administering it, are mat-
ters of dispute in the Christian church. In Protestant
churches it is generally regarded as a symbol of purifica-
tion, a rite of initiation into the visible church of Christ,
and a sign ratifying God's covenant with his people. In the
Roman Catholic Church baptism is the sacrament of initia-
tion into the church of Christ, consisting essentially in the
application of water to the person baptized by one having
the intention of conferring the sacrament, and who pro-
nounces at the same time the words, “N., I baptize thee
in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
Ghost.” The Greekformula, “The servant of God is baptized
inthename,” etc., is also recognized asvalid. Inmost branch-
esofthe church a layman may, in case of necessity, adminis-
ter baptism. In the Roman Catholic, Greek, and most Prot-
estant churches, infant children are admitted to baptism;
but among the various Baptist denominations only those
are admitted who give credible evidence of possessing a
Christian experience. Among them, also, it is generally per-
formed by immersion, which they regard as the Scriptural
mode. This is also the common mode in the Eastern
churches; in the Western churches sprinkling or pouring
is commonly substituted. The Friends reject all baptism
with water, regarding Christian baptism as spiritual only.
Baptism is not only a sign of profession, and mark of dif-
ference, whereby Christian men are discerned from others
that be not christened, but it is also a sign of Regenera-
tion or New-Birth, whereby, as by an instrument, they that
receive Baptism rightly are grafted into the Church; the
Fº of the forgiveness of sin, and of our adoption to
e the sons of God by the Holy Ghost, are visibly signed
and sealed; Faith is confirmed, and Grace increased by
virtue of prayer unto God.
": e8 of Religion of Ch. of Eng. and Prot. Epis. Ch.
We believe in . . . baptism, to be administered to be-
lievers and their children, as the sign of cleansing from
sin, of union to Christ, and of the impartation of the Holy
Spirit. Congregational Creed, 1883.
baptistic.
seal, or the seal of baptism. See baptism.—Baptismal
name, the personal or Christian name given at baptism.
—Baptismal regeneration, the doctrine of the remis-
sion of original and actual sin, and the new birth into the
life of Sanctifying grace, in and through the Sacrament
of baptism.—Baptismal shell, a real shell polished, or
a small metal vessel in the shape of a scallop-shell, used
to take water from the font and pour it upon the head of
the candidate in baptism.—Baptismal vows, the prom-
ises made at baptism by the person baptized, or by the
sponsors in his name.
baptismally (bap-tiz’mal-i), adv. In or through
+baptism;
baptist (baptist), n.
by means of baptism.
[K ME. baptist (only in
reference to John the Baptist), K. L.L. baptista,
K. Gr. Battlotág, one who baptizes, K_{3attíčetv,
paptize: see baptize.] 1. One who administers
baptism: the title (with a capital letter) of
John, the forerunner of Christ.
Him the Baptist soon descried. Milton, P. R., i. 25.
2. [cap.] A member or an adherent of one of
those Christian denominations which maintain
that baptism can be administered only upon a
personal profession of Christian faith. Gener-
ally, though not always, Baptists are immersionists. This
doctrine has been held from a very early age of the Chris-
tian church; but the Baptists as a distinct denomina-
tion date from the epoch of the Reformation, and were
originally called Anabaptist3 by their opponents. In the
United States the Baptists owe their origin to Roger
Williams, who was originally a minister of the Church of
England. The principal Baptist denominations are the
Baptists, sometimes called Calvinist Baptists, from their
Calvinistic theology; Freewill Baptists, who are Arminian
in theology and open communionists in practice; German
Baptists, popularly called Dumkers; General Baptists, a
party of English Baptists who are Arminian in theology
and hold to a general atonement (opposed to Particular
Baptists, who are Calvinistic); Old-School Baptists, some-
times called Amti-Mission or Hard-Shell Baptists, from
their extreme Calvinism, which leads them to oppose all
active measures for the conversion of the world (a sect
numbering 40,000); Seventh-Day Baptists, who keep the
seventh day, instead of the first, as the sabbath; Siz-
Principle Baptists, so called from the six principles which
constitute their creed (they practise “laying on of hands,”
and refuse communion to all who do not); Disciples of
Christ, also called Christians or Campbellites, an American
denomination growing out of the labors of Alexander
Campbell, and separately organized in 1827; Winebren-
merians, or Church of God (organized in 1830 by John
Winebrenner), who maintain the washing of feet as an
ordinance of perpetual obligation; and Christians, or the
Christian Connection, an American sect of Unitarian Bap-
tists founded about 1800. The Baptists are congregational
in polity, and generally Calvinistic or Semi-Calvinistic in
theology. Those of Great Britain do not generally regard
baptism by immersion as a prerequisite to communion, and
therefore commune with other churches; but the opposite
position is, with few exceptions, adopted by the Baptists
of the United States. The former are popularly called open-
communionists, the latter close-communionists.
2. Any ceremonial ablution intended as a sign baptistery, baptistry (baptis-têr-i, -tri), R.; pl.
of purification, dedication, etc.: as, the baptism
administered by John the Baptist, or that ad-
ministered to proselytes by the ancient Jews;
the baptism or christening of bells, ships, and
other objects in the Roman Catholic Church, etc.
The publicans justified God, being baptized with the
baptism of John. Luke vii. 29.
Baptism for the dead, the baptism of a living person
instead of and for the sake of one who has died unbaptized.
The performance of such a ceremony, although disapproved
by the church, is on record in a number of individual
cases among the early Christians, and is also said to have
been a custom of several ancient sects, the Ebionites, Mar-
cionites, and others. In modern times it has been revived
by the Mormons. This practice has been supposed by
many to be alluded to in 1 Cor. xv. 29, but other expla–
nations of the passage have been given.—Baptism of
blood, martyrdom for the sake of Christ, regarded as Sup-
plying the absence of the sacrament of baptism.—Baptism
of desire, the virtue or grace of baptism received by a
person who dies earnestly desiring that sacrament, but
unable to obtain it.—Baptism Of fire. (a) The gift or
gifts of the Holy Spirit; the grace of baptism considered
separately from the outer form. (b) Martyrdom.—Clinic
or clinical baptism, baptism on a sick-bed. In the early
church this was allowed only in case of impending death,
and was sometimes refused even then, except to perSons
already candidates. Such baptism was recognized, as
valid; but a person so baptized was not ordinarily eligible
to orders, perhaps because it was judged that fear had
induced the reception of the sacrament.—Conditional
baptism (also called hypothetical baptism), in the Roman
Catholic and Anglican churches, baptism administered to
persons in respect to whom it is doubtful whether they
have been baptized or not, or whose known baptism is of
doubtful validity. The condition is then regularly insert-
ed in the formula: “If thou art not baptized,” etc.— Pri-
vate baptism, baptism conferred in the home or else-
where, without the ceremonies prescribed for the rite of
solemn baptism in the church.-Seal of baptism. (a)
The rite of unction in baptism. (b) Same as baptismal
character (which see, under baptismal).
baptismal (bap-tiz’mal), a. [K baptism + -al; =
F. baptismal.] Pertaining to baptism: as, “the
baptismal vow,” Hammond.—Baptismal charac-
ter, a spiritual and indelible mark attaching to the souls
of baptized Christians from their reception of the sacra-
ment. This term is used officially by the Roman Cath-
olic Church, and also by theologians of the Greek, Ori-
ental, and Anglican churches, to express the doctrine of
those churches that a baptized person can for good or for
evil never be as one unbaptized, and that the sacrament
cannot be repeated without sacrilege. Also called the
baptisteries, baptistries (-iz, -triz). [K L. baptis-
terium, a place for bathing (LL. in eccl. sense),
K Gr, Battlotſ,ptov, K. Battiſelv, baptize: see bap-
~. *-ºs- * : - . . .
* >==Sºº-ººs::stº Sºssº -
~ *-* > :-jº-Tº-º-º-º:=::$ºss ===s==
--> -º > → ~ :º.º. - ºr----- - *~' -
**-r-w, -, -, ~~ +.
Baptistery of the Duomo, Pisa, Italy.
tige.] A building or a portion of a building in
which is administered the rite of baptism. In
the early Christian church the baptistery was distinct from
the church-building, and was situated near its west end;
it was generally circular or octagonal in form, and dome-
roofed. About the end of the sixth century the baptistery
began to be absorbed in the church, within which the font
was placed, not far from the western door. The detached
baptistery was, however, often preserved, especially in
Italy; and many such baptisteries still remain in use, as
that of St. John Lateran in Rome, and those of the cathe-
drals of Pisa, Florence, etc. As a separate building the
baptistery was often of considerable size and great archi-
tectural beauty ; that of Florence is 108 feet in external
diameter. In the West, baptisteries were in early times
commonly dedicated to St. John the Baptist. See fontl
and baptismal.
* tistic, baptistical (bap-tistik, -ti-kal), a.
Gr, Battlottkóc, K flattiorhº, baptist: see bap-


baptistic
tist.] Pertaining to baptism, or (with a capital)
to the doctrine of the Baptists. -
This baptistical Fº which he ignorantly laugheth
at, is attested by fa
thers, by councils, by liturgies.
4bp. Bramhall, Schism Guarded, p. 205.
Baptistically (bap-tisti-kali), adv. Accord-
ing to Baptist doctrine; in the manner of the
Baptists.
bº izable (bap-ti’za-bl.), a. [K baptize +
-able.] That may be baptized. [Rare.
. As for the condition limiting persons baptizable, which
is actual believing, this also the Church of Christ under-
stood in a limited and temporary sense.
Bp. Gawden, Tears of the Church, p. 284.
baptization? (bap-ti-ză'shgn), n. [KLL.bapti-
2atio(nº), K.baptizare, baptize: see baptize.] The
act of baptizing; baptism. [...?
If they had been lay persons, their baptizations were
null and invalid. Jer. Taylor, Clerus Domini, iv.
baptize (bap-tiz"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. baptized,
ppr. *pś, [K ME, baptizen, K LL. bap-
tizare, K. Gr. 3artiſetv, dip in or under water,
baptize, K 3áttreuv, dip in water. See etym. of
baptism.] ...1. To administer the rite of bap-
tism to. See baptism. {º
None [in Yucatan] might marry who had not been bap-
tised. Faiths of the World, p. 248.
2. To christen; name; denominate: with al-
lusion to the naming of infants at baptism.
Call me but love, and I'll be new baptiz'd :
Henceforth I never will be Romeo.
& Shak., R. and J., ii. 2.
Sometimes spelled baptise.
baptizement (bap-tiz’ment), n. IK baptize +
-ment.] The act of baptizing; baptism. [Rare.]
baptizer (bap-ti’zēr), m. One who baptizes.
On the part of the baptizer, baptism was a form of re-
ception to instruction. Rees, Cyc., Baptism.
baquet (ba-kā'), m. [F. : see backet.] A small
*tub or trough.
bar:1 (bār), m. [K ME. barr, barre, K OF. barre,
F. barre = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. barra, K. M.L. barra,
prob. K. Goth. “barwa-, a tree, prob. also a
branch, and hence also a pole, a bar, = Icel.
börr, a tree, - AS. bearu, bearo, a wood, a grove:
See barrow4, and compare barrow?. The simi-
lar Celtic and Teut. words are from the ML.,
Rom., or E. Hence barrier, barrister, barricade,
barrace, embar, embarrass, debar, debarrass,
etc.] 1. A piece of wood, metal, or other
Solid, long in proportion to its thickness, used
for some mechanical purpose; a piece long
in proportion to its width; a rod: as, a cap-
stan-bar; the bars of a grate; the splinter-bar
of a vehicle; especially, such a piece of wood
or metal used as an obstruction or guard: as,
the bars of a fence or gate; the bar of a door
or window.—2. Anything which obstructs,
hinders, or impedes; an obstruction; an ob-
stacle; a barrier.
Must I new bars to my own joy create 7 Dryden.
The incapacity to breed under confinement is one of the
commonest bars to domestication.
Darwin, War. of Animals and Plants, I. 21.
3. A barrier— (a) At the entrance to a city, or
between the city proper and its suburbs; hence,
the gate at which the barrier was placed in
former times, as Temple Bar in London, now
§
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...: /,”, ºe, 2- . . / 7. ----' , "... - *
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sº sº
Temple Bar, London.— Founded 1670, demolished 1878.
removed, and the existing medieval bars of
York. (b) At a toll-house; a toll-gate. Also
called toll-bar.—4. An accumulation forming
a bank obstructive to navigation or to the flow
of water. (a) A bank of sand, gravel, or earth forming
a Bhoal in any body of water; a bank or shoal at the
446
mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing entrance or ren-
dering it difficult. -
He rose at dawn, and, fired with hope,
Shot o'er the seething harbour bar. -
Tennyson, The Sailor Boy.
º A narrow point of land jutting out into the water. (c)
m placer-mining, an accumulation of sand or gravel in or
near the bed of a stream. ... ſº ſº
5. In law: (a) The railing inclosing the place
which counsel occupy in courts of justice.
[Hence the phrase at the bar of the court signi-
fies in open court.]
Some at the bar with subtlety defend,
Or on the bench the knotty laws untie. Dryden.
(b) The place in court where prisoners are sta-
tioned for arraignment, trial, or sentence.
The great duke
Came to the bar; where to his accusations
He pleaded still, not guilty. Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 1.
(c) Those who may plead as attorneys in
court. In the United States all lawyers are members of
the bar, having this right. In England the right and title
are confined to counsel or barristers (which see). The
European systems are akin to the English.
It is the bench, the magistracy, the bar—the profession
as a profession . . . — a class, a body, of which I mean
exclusively to speak. R. Choate, Addresses, p. 137.
The storm of invective which burst upon him from bar,
bench, and witness-box. Macawlay, Hist. Eng., iv.
(d) A stoppage or defeat in an action or suit
by countervailing the alleged right of action.—
6. In England, a railing or barrier which sep-
arates a space near the door from the body
of either house of Parliament, beyond which
none but members and clerks are admitted. At
these bars counsel stand when pleading before the house,
and to the same bar witnesses and such as have been
ordered into custody for breaches of privilege are brought.
In the houses of Congress, the bar, for the latter purpose,
is the area in front of the presiding officer.
7. Figuratively, any tribunal; as, the bar of
public opinion; the bar of God.—8. That por-
tion of a tavern, inn, coffee-house, or the like,
where liquors, etc., are set out; the counter
over which articles are served in such an es-
tablishment.
I was under some apprehension that they would appeal
to me ; and therefore laid down my penny at the bar, . . .
and made the best of my way to Cheapside.
Addison, Spectator, No. 403.
9. A band or stripe: as, a bar of light.
The long, slender bars of cloud float like fishes in the
sea of crimson light. Emerson, Nature.
10. In farriery, the upper part of the gums of
a horse between the grinders and tusks, which
bears no teeth, and to which the bit is fitted.—
11. In music, a line drawn perpendicularly
across the staff, dividing it into equal measures
of time and marking the place of the strong
6) Bar. g Bar. D’ble bar,
W. º L I I | I
-9. ITI H –LI |
Weak Strong Weak Strong
accent. Accent, accent. accent,
accent; hence, the space and notes included
between two such lines; the portion of music
represented by the included notes. See also
double bar, below.
Whistling a random bar of Bonny Doon.
- Tennyson, The Brook.
12. In com. : (a) An ingot, a lump, or a wedge,
as of gold or silver, from the mines, run in a
mold, and unwrought.
bar-iron about half a pound in weight, used as
a medium of traffic with African negroes.—13.
In printing: (a) The lever by which the pres-
sure is applied in a hand-press. (b) The middle
cross-piece of a printers' chase.—14. In her.
a horizontal stripe crossing the field, narrow' barºt.
er than the fesse, and occupying
usually one fifth or less of the
field: one of the nine ordinaries.
It is rare that one bar only is used ;
bars may be borne in any number, an
the blazon always names the number;
but when more than four, as they are
smaller, they are called barrulets. See
barry? and barwise. &
15. In a bridle, the mouthpiece
connecting the checks,—16. In a rifle-sight, a
plate in the form of a segment, with its upper
or chord edge horizontal, and Secured in a ring.
If the plate has a vertical slot in it, it is called a slit bar-
Miſſ
sight; if it has an annulus or smaller ring attached to it, it
is a bar-sight or open bead-sight. . tº
17. In saddlery, one of the side pieces connect-
ing the pommel and cantle of a Saddle.—Ac-
cented parts of a bar. See accent, v. t.—Bar of
ground, a term used in Cornwall, England, and else-
where to designate a stratum or mass of rock coming
near to or crossing the lode, and of a different character
from that adjacent to it. Bar Sinister, a phrase erro-
neously used for bend 8inister. See bend?.
(b) A short piece of bar2 (bār), n.
bar:8, a.
baraket (bar ’ al-ket), m.
barake
Thackeray falls into the common error of describing “a
bar-sinister” as a mark of bastardy. A bar in heraldry, be-
ing horizontal, cannot be dexter or sinister; a bend may
be either. N. and Q., 7th ser., III, 46.
Bar Super, in apiculture, a case or crate in which the
honeycomb is hung from bars, instead of being built in sec-
tions or boxes. Phin, Dict. Apiculture, p. 70.- Bastard
bar. Same as bastom, 1 (c).--Blank bar, in law, a plea
in bar which in an action of trespass is put in to compel
the plaintiff to assign the certain place where the trespass
was committed ; a common bar. It is most used by the
practisers in the Common Bench, for in the King's Bench
the place is commonly ascertained in the declaration.
Blownt.—Branchial bar. See branchial,—Double bar,
in music, two bars placed together at the conclusion of ā
movement or strain. If two or four dots are added to it,
the strain on that side should be *...*.*.*.*.*.
bar. (a) In a car-truck, a wrought-iron beam which bears
upon the top of the journal-boxes on the same side of the
truck. The springs which sustain the weight of the body
of the car upon that side rest upon the center of this bar
which distributes the weight upon the two journals. (b)
In a vehicle, a bar to each end of which a whippletree is
attached. It is pivoted at the middle, and is used to
equalize the draft of two horses harnessed abreast. Also
called evener and dowbletree.—Father of the bar. See
father.—Horizontal bar, a round bar placed horizontal-
ly at some distance above the ground, on which athletes
exercise.—Landing-bar, in lace-making, a shuttle-box;
a receptacle for the shuttle at the end of each cast.—
Loosening-bar, in molding, a pointed steel wire which is
driven into the pattern and struck lightly with a hammer
to loosen it from its mold, so that it can be withdrawn.
—Parallel bars, a pair of bars raised about 4 to 6 feet
above the ground and placed about a foot and a half apart,
used in gymnastics to develop the muscles of the arms,
chest, etc.— Plea, in bar, in law, a plea of matter of such
a nature that if sustained it would defeat not merely the
present action, but any other for the same cause. See
abatement.— Špinter-bar, in coach-building, the bar of
a carriage to which the traces are attached.—To call
to the bar. See call.—Trial at bar, a trial in one of
the superior courts before all the judgés of the court in
which the action is brought, or a quorum sufficient to
make a full court. =Syn, 2 and 3. Barricade, etc. See
0/??-?e?".
× b 4;
bari (bār), v. t. ; pret. and P}. barred, ppr.
fº (º)"
barring. M.E. barren, K OF. barrer = Pr. Sp.
Pg. barrar, KML. barrare, bar; from the noun.]
1. To fasten with a bar, or as with a bar.
Every door is barr'd with gold, and opens butto goldenkeys.
Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
Now to all hope her heart is barred and cold.
* Longfellow, Blind Girl of Castel-Cuillè, ii.
2. To hinder; obstruct; prevent; prohibit;
restrain.
If you cannot
Bar his access to the king, never attempt
Anything on him. Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
The houses of the country were all scattered, and yet
not so far off as that it barred mutual succour.
Sir P. Sidney.
3. To except; exclude by exception.
Nay, but I bar to-night; you shall not gage me
By what we do to-night. Shak., M. of V., ii. 2.
4. To provide with a bar or bars; mark with
bars; cross with one or more stripes or lines.
A Ceynt she wered, barred al of silke.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 49.
He bars his surfaces with horizontal lines of colour, the
expression of the level of the Desert. JRuskin.
5. To make into bars. [Rare.]–To bar a vein,
in farriery, to open the skin above a vein in a horse's leg,
disengaging it, tying it both above and below, and strik-
ing between the two ligatures: an operation intended
to stop malignant humors. Johnson.—To bar dOWer.
See dower2.—To bar an entail. See entail.
barl (bār), prep. [Prop. impv. of barl, v., 3; cf.
barring.] Except; omitting; but: as, to offer
to bet two to one against any horse bar one.
§ bar, “the fish called a
see base6.] An acanthopte-
K
base” &º :
lso
rygian European fish, Sciaena aquila.
called maigre.
An obsolete (Middle English) or dia-
ectal form of barel.
A Middle English preterit of bearl.
barð (bār), n. A dialectal form of bear?. [U.S.]
barół, n. A Middle English form of baron.
baracan, n. See barracan. -
barad (ba-rad’), n. IK Gr. Baptic, heavy. Cf. -adl
and farad.] The unit of pressure in the centi-
meter-gram-second system, equal to one dyne
per square centimeter.
Heral fle Bar baraesthesiometer, n., See baresthesiometer.
baragouin (ba-rá-gwaii’ or -gwin'), m.
[F.,
said to be K Bret. bara, bread, H- guin, wine, or
gwenn, white, “in reference to the astonish-
ment of Breton soldiers at the sight of white
bread”; but this reads like a popular etymol-
ogy, with the usual fictitious anecdote append-
§ The word may be merely imitative..] Un-
intelligible jargon; language so altered in sound
or sense as not to be generally understood.
eb.] In Jewish
antiq., the third jewel in the first row in the
breastplate of the high priest : it is thought to .
be the emerald. Gésenius,




- baralipton
baralipton (bar-a-lip’ton), n.
term.J. 1. In logic, a mnemonic name of an
indirect mood of the first figure of syllogism,
in which the two premises are universal affir-
matives and the conclusion is a particular
affirmative: as, Every animal is a substance;
every man is an animal; therefore, some sub-
stance is a man. The name was probably in-
vented by Petrus Hºs. See bamalip and
"mood?..—2. [cap.] [
Coleopterous insects.
baranco (ba-rang'kö), n. Same as barranca.
baranee (bar-à-fié'), n. [Anglo-Ind., , repr.
Hind. bārānī, fit. keeping off the rain, K barán,
rain..] A cloak made of felted woolen cloth,
used in India.
baraniline (ba-ran’i-lin), n. IK Gr. 3apóg,
heavy, + aniline.]. A name given by Reimann
to heavy aniline oil, to distinguish it from the
light aniline oil or kuphaniline.
barathea-cloth (bar-a-thé’ā-klóth), n. 1. A
woolen cloth made at Leeds, England.—2. A
silk, either plain or twilled, made in England.
Also spelled barrathed-cloth.
barathrum (bar'a-thrum), n. ; pl. barathra
(-thrá). [L., K. Gr. 3ápatpov, Ionic 3épetpov,
contr. Béðpov, a gulf, pit.] 1. A rocky place
or pit outside the walls of ancient Athens, into
º criminals were thrown.—2+. The abyss;
611,
He will eat a leg of mutton while I am in my porridge,
. . . his belly is like Barathrum.
- B. Jomson, Poetaster, iii. 1.
3t. Anything that swallows up or devours; the
loelly; an insatiable glutton or extortioner.
You come
To scour your dirty maw with the good cheer,
Which will be damn'd in your lean barathrum,
That kitchen-stuff devourer.
Shirley, The Wedding, ii. 3.
You bara thrw.on of the shambles
Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts, iii. 2.
barato (bā-räſtö), m. [Sp., as in def., lit. cheap-
mess, low price, bargain, barato, cheap : , see
barrat.] A portion of a gamester’s winnings
iven “for luck” to the bystanders. N. E. D.
barbl (bârb), n. [K ME. barbe, K OF. barbe, F.
barbe = Pr. Šp. Pg. It. barba, K. L. barba, beard:
see beard.] 1. A beard; anything which re.
sembles a beard or grows in the place of it.
The barbel, so called by reason of his barbs, or wattles
in his mouth. I. Walton, Complete Angler.
2. In bot., a terminal tuft of hairs; a beard;
more usually, a retrorse tooth or double tooth
terminating an awn or
prickle.—3. In ornith.,
one of the processes, of
the first order, given off
by the rachis of a feather.
The vane [of a feather] con-
sists of a series of appressed,
flat, narrowly linear or lance-
linear laminae or plates, set ob-
liquely on the rhachis by their
bases, diverging out from it at
a varying open angle, ending in
a free point; each such narrow
acute plate is called a barb.
Cowes, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 84.
4. One of the sharp points projecting backward
from the penetrating extremity of an arrow,
fish-hook, or other instrument for piercing, in-
tended to fix it in place; a beard.
IIaving two points or barbs.
A8cham, Toxophilus (Arber), p. 135.
5. A linen covering for the throat and breast,
sometimes also for the lower part of the face,
worn by women through- º
out the middle ages in
western Europe, it was
at times peculiar to nuns
or women in mourning.
Do wey your barbe and shew
youre face bare,
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 110.
6. A band or small scarf
of lace, or other fine ma-
terial, worn by women
at the neck or as a head-
dress.-7. Same as bar-
bel, 3.—8. In her., one of
the five leaves of the
calyx which project be-
yond and between the
petals of the heraldic * g
rose. Seebarbed, 3–9. §§aº;
A bur or roughness pro-
duced in the course of metal-working, as in
coining and engraving.—10. A military term
a, a, Barbs.
Barb, middle of rath_cen
L.] In 206l., a genus of
barbē (bârb), n.
barbacanţ, m.
barbacou (bār’ba-kö), n.
barbacue, n.
Barbadian (bār-bā'di-an), a. and m.
Barbados cherry, leg, nut, tar, etc.
Barbados-pride (bār-bā (döz-prid), n.
447
[An artificial used in the phrase to fire in barb, in barbette, Or
en barbe, that is, to fire cannon over the para-
pet instead of through the embrasures.
* Also spelled barbe.
barb1 (bärb), v. [K OF. barber, shave, K barbe,
beard. In E. the verb is now generally re-
garded as formed from barber, like peddle from
peddler, and is used only colloquially.] I.
trans. 1. To shave; dress the beard. [Now
only colloq.]—2+. To pare or shave close to the
surface; mow.
The stooping º that doth barb the field.
arston and Webster, Malcontent, iii. 2.
3}. To clip, as gold. B. Jonson.—4. To fur-
nish with barbs, as an arrow, fish-hook, spear,
or other instrument.
II.f intrams. To shave.
barbaresque (bār-ba-resk’), a. and n.
barbarianism
archs (Enoch, Elijah, etc.) are men; hence, all
patriarchs are mortal. It is the type of all syllo-
gism. This name is believed to have been invented by
Petrus Hispanus (Pope John XXI., died 1277), although
Prantl thinks the work of William of Shyrwode (died
1249) in which it is found is earlier. See mood2. [X F
barbaresque, of Barbary, Sp. Pg. barbaresco =
It. barbaresco (obs.), of Barbary, barbarous:
see barbar and -esque. Cf. barbary.] I. a. 1.
Characteristic of or appropriate to barbarians;
barbarous in style. LRare.]
Our European and East Indian coins are the basest of all
base products from rude barbaresque handicraft. . . .
De Quincey, Secret Societies, i.
2. [cap.] Of or pertaining to Barbary in north-
ern Africa.
II. m. [cap.] A native of Barbary. Jefferson.
To Sir G. Smith's, it being now night, and there up to *[Rare.]
his chamber, and sat talking, and I barbing against to-
In OITOW. Pepys, Diary, II. 329.
barb2+ (bärb), n. [A corruption of bard2, per-
haps by confusion with barb1, a beard, or §drãº,
a Barbary horse.] Same as bard2, n.
He left his loftie steed with golden sell
And goodly gorgeous barbeg.
Spenger, F. Q., II. ii. 11.
barbari (bār’ba-ri), m.
In logic, the mnemonic
name of a kind of syllogism the premises of
which are those of a syllogism in barbara,
(which see), while the conclusion is only a par-
ticular instead of a universal affirmative: as,
All men are mortal; all kings are men; hence,
Some kings are mortal. This kind of syllogism was
noticed by Occam, and the name was invented by one of
Their horses were naked, without any barbs, for albeit *his followers, Albért of Saxony. See mood2.
many brought barbs, few regarded to put them on.
- Sir J. Hayward, Edw. VI., p. 32.
barb2+ (bärb), v. t. [K barb2, n.] Same as
bard2, v.
A brave courser trapped and barbed.
Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 1179.
Barbed with frontlet of steel, I trow,
And with Jedwood-axe at saddle-bow.
Scott, L. of L. M., i. 5.
[K F. barbe, a Barbary horse
(ML. cavallus de barba, indicating a supposed
connection with L. barba, a beard), K. Barbarie,
Barbary: see barbary..] ... 1. A horse of the
|breed introduced by the Moors into Spain from
Barbary and Morocco, and remarkable for speed,
endurance, and docility. In Spain this noble race
has degenerated, and true barbs are rare even in their na-
tive country.
The importance of improving our studs by an infusion
of new blood was strongly felt; and with this view a con-
siderable number of barbs had lately been brought into
the country. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., iii.
2. A breed of domestic pigeons having a short
broad beak, classed by Darwin with the carriers
and runts. Also called barb-pigeon, Barbary
pigeon, and Barbary carrier.—3. A sciaenoid
fish, Menticirrus Americanus, better known as
kingfish. See kingfish.
See barbican 1.
[K F. barbacow, irreg.
barbu, a barbet, + (tur)acou or (cow)cow, cuckoo.]
A name given by Le Vaillant to the American
barbets of the family Bucconidae, to distinguish
them from the barbets proper of the family
Capitomidae. The South American barbacous
are the birds of the genera Momasa and Chelt-
doptera.
See barbecue.
wº [K Barba-
dos, the Barbados, a name said to be due to Pg.
as barbadas, the bearded, applied by the Portu-
uese to the Indian fig-trees growing there.]
... a. Of or pertaining to Barbados (also spell-
ed Barbadoes).
II. m. An inhabitant of Barbados, the most
eastern island of the West Indies, belonging to
Great Britain.
See the
1. A
prickly leguminous shrub, Poinciama pulcher-
rima, of tropical regions, planted for hedges as
well as for the beauty of its flowers. Also
called Barbados flower-fence.—2. In the West
Indies, a handsome flowering leguminous tree,
Ademanthera pavonima, introduced from the
East Indies.
barba, Hispanica (bär (bå his-pan’i-kä), m.
[NL., lit. Spanish beard.j A name given to
the plant Tillandsia usneoides. See long-moss.
barbaloin (bärb-al’é-in), n. A neutral sub-
stance (C16.H16O7) crystallizing in tufts of
. yellow prisms, extracted from Barbados
8, iOOS. .”
barbart (bår’bàr), a. and m. ... [Early mod. E.
also barbare, K ME. barbar, OF. barbare, K L.
barbarus : see barbarows.] I. G. Barbarous.
II. m. A barbarian.
barbara (bär’ba-rá), m. In logic, a mnemonic
name of a syllogism of the first figure, all
whose parts are universal affirmative proposi-
tions: as, All men are mortal; all the patri-
IlOllºlS.
barbarian (bār-bāºri-an), m. and a.
barbarianism (bār-bā’ri-an-izm), m.
[KF. bar-
barien, K barbarie, K L. barbaria, barbarousness
(see barbary), K barbarus, barbarous, a barba-
rian: see barbarous and -ian.] I. T. 1. A for-
eigner; one whose language and customs differ
from those of the speaker or writer. [This is
the uniform meaning of the word in the New
Testament.]
Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall
be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speak-
eth shall be a barbariam, unto me. 1 Cor. xiv. 11.
It is well known that many of the Roman Emperors
were barbarians who had been successful soldiers in the
Imperial army. Stillé, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 50.
[With the Greeks, one not a Greek was a barbarian ; with
the Romans, one outside the pale of the Roman empire
or its civilization, and especially a person belonging to
one of the northern nations who overthrew the empire;
with the Italians of the Renaissance period, one of a nation
outside of Italy. Among the Chinese, one who is not a
Chinaman, and especially a European or an American, is
commonly spoken of as a western barbarian. The treaties
with the Chinese government, however, stipulate that the
Chinese term (ye) thus translated shall not be used in
documents of any of the treaty powers, or of their sub-
jects or citizens.] tº º º tº gº º te
2. One outside the pale of Christian civiliza-
tion.—3. A man in a rude, Savage State; an
uncivilized person.
There were his young barbarians all at play,
There was their Dacian mother—he, their sire,
Butcher'd to make a Roman holiday !
Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 141.
4. An uncultured person; one who has no sym-
pathy with culture; a philistine.—5. A cruel,
savage, brutal person; one destitute of pity or
humanity: as, “thou fell barbarian,” Philips.—
6}. [cap.] A native of Barbary. =Syn. Heathen,
etc. See gentile, m.
. a. 1. Foreign; of another or outside na-
tion; hence, non-Hellenic, non-Roman, non-
Christian, non-Chinese, etc.
Thou art bought and sold among those of any wit, like
a barbarian slave. Shak., T. and C., ii. 1.
2. Of or pertaining to savages; rude; uncivil-
ized.— 8. Cruel; inhuman; barbarous.
The stormy rage and hate of a barbarian tyrant. - - -
JMacaulay, Hist. Eng., xxiii.
4+. [cap.] Of or belonging to Barbary. =Syn.
Barbarian, Barbarows, Barbaric, unlettered, uncultivated,
untutored, ignorant. Barbarian applies to whatever per-
tains to the life of an uncivilized people, Without special
reference to its moral aspects. arbarous properly ex-
presses the bad side of barbarian life and character, espe-
cially its inhumanity or cruelty: as, a barbarows act. Bar-
baric expresses the characteristic love of barbarians for
adornment, magnificence, noise, etc., but it is not com-
monly applied to persons; it implies the lack of culti-
vated taste: as, barbaric music; barbaric splendor. Bar-
barian and barbaric are now strictly confined to the
meanings named above.
This barbarian tongue raises him far above what he
could have become had he never learned to speak at all.
Whitney, Life and Growth of Lang., ii.
The boast of the barbarian freeman was that a true
equality, founded on the supposed common possession of
honor, courage, devotion, had always been recognized
among them as their most precious inheritance.
Stillé, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 47.
O barbarows and bloody spectacle !
His body will I bear unto the king.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
Something of indescribable barbaric magnificence.
Howells, Venetian Life, ii.
* * e & [K barba-
rian F -ism.] The state or condition of being
a barbarian.


barbarianize
barbarianize (bār-bā’ri-an-iz), v. t. ; pret, and
pp. barbarianized, ppr. barbarianizing. To make
barbarian; barbarize.
barbaric (bār-bar'ik), a... [K L. barbaricus, K
Gr. 3appaptkóç, foreign, barbaric, K 36pgapog,
barbarous: see barbarous.] 1+. foreign.
The gorgeous east with richest hand
Showers on her kings Barbaric pearl and gold.
Milton, P. L., ii. 4.
2. Uncivilized ; barbarian: as, “barbaric or
Gothic invaders,” T. Warton, On Milton's
Smaller Poems.-3. Of, pertaining to, or
characteristic of barbarians or their art;
hence, ornate without being in accordance with
cultivated taste; wildly rich or magnificent.
We are by no means insensible . . . to the wild and
barbaric melody. Macaulay.
His plans were bold and fiery, and his conceptions
glowed with barbaric lustre. Poe, Tales, I. 341.
= Sym. Barbarian, Barbarows, Barbaric. See barbarian.
barbarically (bār-bar’i-kal-i), adv. In a bar-
baric manner; after the fashion of barbarians
or uncivilized persons.
barbaris (bär’bà-ris), m. In logic, a mnemonic
name for the syllogistic mood baralipton: used
by some later nominalists. See mood?.
barbarisation, barbarise. See barbarization,
* barbarize.
barbarism (bär"ba-rizm), n. [= F. barbarisme,
K L. barbarismus, K. Gr. flippopº, the use of
a foreign, or misuse of one's native, tongue, K
Bapſ3apiſelv, speak like a foreigner or barbarian:
see barbarize.] 1. An offense against purity
of style or language; originally, the mixing of
foreign words and phrases in Latin or Greek;
hence, the use of words or forms not made ac-
cording to the accepted usages of a language:
limited by some modern writers on rhetoric to
an offense against the accepted rules of deri-
vation or inflection, as hism or herm for his or
her, gooses for geese, goodest for best, pled for
pleaded, proven for proved.—2. A word or form
so used; an expression not made in accordance
with the proper usages of a language.
The Greeks were the first that branded a foreign term
in any of their writers with the odious name of barbarism.
G. Campbell.
A barbarism may be in one word; a solecism must be
of Inore. Johnson.
3. An uncivilized state or condition; want of
civilization ; rudeness of life resulting from
ignorance or want of culture.
Times of barbarism and ignorance.
Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy's Art of Painting, Pref.
Divers great monarchies have risen from barbarism to
civility, and fallen again to ruin.
Sir J. Davies, State of Ireland.
4}. An act of barbarity; an outrage.
A heinous barbarism . . . against the honour of mar-
riage. Milton.
=Syn, 1. Barbarism, Solecism, etc. See impropriety.
barbarity (bār-bar’i-ti), m. ; pl. barbarities (-tiz).
[K barbarous.] 1. Brutal or inhuman conduct;
barbarousness; savageness; cruelty.
Another ground of violent outcry against the Indians is
their barbarity to the vanquished.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 348.
2. An act of cruelty or inhumanity; a barba-
rous deed: as, the barbarities of war or of Sav-
age life.—3+. Barbarism.
The barbarity and narrowness of modern tongues.
JDryden.
barbarization (bār-ba-ri-zā‘sh9m), m. [K bar-
barize + -ation.] The act of rendering bar-
barous; a reduction to barbarism, or to a
barbarous state: Said of language, and of per-
sons and communities. Also spelled barbarisa-
tion.
barbarize (bär’bà-riz), v.; pret. and pp. bar-
barized, ppr. barbarizing. [= F. barbariser, K
LL. barbaricare, K. Gr. 3apſ3apáčelv, speak like a
foreigner or barbarian, hold with the barbari-
ans, K * foreign, barbarian. See bar-
barous.] I. intrans. 1. To speak or write like
a barbarian or foreigner; use barbarisms in
speech or Writing.
The ill habit which they got of wretched barbarizing
against the Latin and Greek idiom. Milton, Education.
2. To become barbarous. [Rare.]
The Roman Empire was barbarizing rapidly.
De Quincey, Philos. of Roni. Hist.
II. trans. 1. To corrupt (language, art, etc.)
by introducing impurities, or by departing from
Tecognized classical standards.
He [Inigo Jones] barbarised the ancient cathedral of
St. Paul in London, by repairing it according to his motions
of Pointed architecture. JEncyc. Brit., II. 443.
2. To render barbarous.
448
Hideous changes have barbarized France. -
Purke, To a Noble Lord.
To habitual residents among the Alps this absence of
social duties and advantages may be barbarising, even
brutalising. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 301.
Also spelled barbarise.
barbarous (bär’bà-rus), a... [Earlier barbar,
q, V; ; K L. barbarits, K Gr. 36p3apoc, foreign, un-
civilized: applied orig, to one whose language
was unintelligible. Cf. Skt. barbara, stammer-
ing, in pl. foreigners; L. balbus, stammering:
see balbuties and booby; cf. babble.] 1. For-
eign; not classical or pure; abounding in bar-
barisms; of or pertaining to an illiterate peo-
ple: applied to language, originally to lan-
guages which were not Greek or Latin. See
barbarism.
A wholly barbarous use of the word.
Speak f l JRuskin, :*:: Art, ix.
2. Speaking a foreign language; foreign; out-
landish: applied to ... *i; See
barbarian, n., 1.
The island was called Melita. And the barbarous people
shewed us no little kindness: for they kindled a fire and
received us every one. Acts xxviii. 1, 2.
3. Characterized by or showing ignorance of
arts and civilization; uncivilized; rude; wild;
Savage: as, barbarous peoples, nations, or coun-
tries; barbarous habits or customs.
Thou art a Roman ; be not barbarows,
Shak., Tit. And..., i. 2.
What we most require is the actual examination by barbel, n.
barbe?t, n.
barbeş (bärb), m. [F., It., and Rumonsch barba,
trained observers of some barbarous or semi-barbarous
community, whose Aryan pedigree is reasonably pure.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 233.
4. Pertaining to or characteristic of barbari-
ans; adapted to the taste of barbarians; bar-
baric; of outlandish character.
Emetrius, king of Inde, a mighty name,
On a bay courser, goodly to behold
The trappings of his horse emboss'd with barbarous gold.
Dryden, Pal, and Arc., iii. 65.
Pyrrhus, seeing the Romans marshal their army with
some art and skill, said, with surprise, “These barbarians
have nothing barbarows in their discipline.”
Hume, Refinement in the Arts.
5. Cruel; ferocious; inhuman: as, barbarous
treatment.
By their barbarous usage he died within a few days, to
the grief of all that knew him. Clarendom.
6. Harsh-sounding, like the speech of barbari-
ans: as, wild and barbarous music.
A barbarous moise environs me. Milton, Sonnets, vii.
=Syn. Barbarian, Barbarous, Barbaric (see barbarian);
ruthless, brutal, fierce, bloody, savage, truculent.
barbarously (bär’bà-rus-li), adv. In a barba-
rous manner; as a barbarian. (a) Imperfectly;
without regard to purity of speech ; with admixture of
foreign or unclassical words and phrases.
How barbarously we yet speak and write, your lordship
knows, and I am sufficiently sensible in my own English.
Dryden, Ded. of Troilus and Cressida.
Modern French, the most polite of languages, is barba-
rowsly vulgar if compared with the Latin out of which it
has been corrupted, or even with Italian.
Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., Int.
(b) As an uncivilized, illiterate, or uncultured person. (c)
Savagely; cruelly; ferociously; inhumanly.
The English law touching forgery became, at a later
period, barbarously severe. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxiii.
barbarousness (bär"ba-rus-nes), m. The state
or quality of being barbarous. (a) Rudeness or
incivility of manners. (b) Impurity of language.
It is much degenerated, as touching the pureness of
speech; being overgrown with barbarowsness. Brerewood.
(c) Cruelty; inhumanity; barbarity.
barbaryt (bår’ba-ri), n. [K ME. barbary, bar-
bery, barbarie, KOF, barbarie = Sp. It. barbarie,
K L. barbaria, barbaries (MGr. 6apſ3apía), a
foreign country, barbarism, K barbarus, K. Gr.
Bápgapog, foreign, barbarous. Hence, specifi-
cally, Barbary, a collective name for the coun-
tries on the north and northwest coasts of
Africa, K F. Barbarie, KML. Barbaria; G. Ber-
berei; Ar. Barbariyan, K. Barbar, Berber, the
Berbers, people of Barbary in northern Af-
rica, ult. K. Gr. 3ápſ3apog, foreigner.] 1. For-
eign or barbarous nationality; paganism; hea-
thenism.—2. Barbarity; barbarism.—3. Bar-
barous *h- 4. A Barbary horse; a barb.
2 --
See barb
They are ill-built,
Pin-buttocked, like your dainty barbaries.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase.
Barbary ape, gum, etc. See the nouns.
Barbary horse, Same as barbë, 1.
barbastel, barbastelle (bär"bas-tel or bâr-bas-
tel'), m. tći. barbagelle - ſº barbastello, KTL.
arba, beard.] A common European species
of long-eared bat, Barbastellus communis, B.
daubentoni, or Plecotus barbastellus.
barbate (bär’bàt), a.
Barbatula (bār-bat’ī-lâ), m. [
barb-bolt (bårb’bölt), n.
barbecue (bär’bà-kü), m.
barbecue (bär (bé-kü), v. t.
barbed 1 (bârbd), p. a.
barbel º
barbel
Long-eared Bat (Barbastellies communis).
[K L. barbatus, bearded
K barba, beard: see barbl.l furnished
with barbs,-2. In bot, bearded; furnished
with long and weak hairs.-3. In 206l., bearded;
having a tuft of hair or feathers on the chin;
in entom., bordered by long hairs.
barbatedt (bår’bà-ted), a. Barbed or bºrº;
barbate: as, “a dart uncommonly barbated,
T. Warton, Hist, of Kiddington, p. 63.
., fem. of L.
barbatulus, dim, of barbatus, bearded: see bar-
bate.] A genus of African scansorial barbets,
the barbions, of the family Megalamidab or
Capitomidae.
A bolt whose edges
are jagged to prevent it from being withdrawn
from that into which it is driven; a rag-bolt.
See barb1.
Same as bard2.
L. barba, barbas, barbanus, uncle, lit. hav-
ing a beard, K. L. barba, beard: see barbl.]
A superior teacher or ecclesiastic among the
Vaudois.
[Also barbacue, and
formerly barbicue, barbecu, borbecu = Sp. barba-
coa, K Haytian barbacoa, a framework of sticks
set upon posts. In Cuba barbacoa designates
a platform or floor in the top story of countr
houses where fruits and grain are kept.] 1.
wooden framework used for supporting over a
fire meat or fish to be smoked or dried.—2. An
iron frame on which large joints are placed
for broiling, or on which whole animals are
roasted; a large gridiron.—3. The carcass of
an ox, hog, or other animal, roasted whole.
A kid that had been cooked in a hole in the ground, with
'embers upon it. . . . This is called a “barbacoa”—a bar-
becue. Tylor, Anahuac, iv. 95. (N. E. D.)
4. A large social or political entertainment in
the open air, at which animals are roasted
whole, and feasting on a generous scale is in-
dulged in. [U. S.]—5. An open floor or ter-
race smoothly covered with plaster or asphalt,
on which to dry coffee-beans, etc.
; P. and pp. bar-
becued, ppr. barbecuing. [K barbecue, n.] 1.
To cure by smoking or drying on a barbecue
(which see).-2. To dress and roast whole,
as an ox or a hog, by splitting it to the back-
bone, and roasting it on a gridiron.
Tich puddings and big, and a barbecued pig.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 228.
[K barb1, v. or n., +
-ed?..] 1+. Shaved; trimmed; having the beard
dressed.—2. Furnished with barbs, as an ar-
row, the point of a fish-hook, and the like: as,
“arrows barbed with fire,” Milton, P. L., vi.
546; “a barbed proboscis,” Sir E. Tenment, Cey-
lon, ii. 7.
And, with the same strong hand
That flung the barbed spear, he tilled the land.
Bryant, Christmas in 1875.
3. In her. : (a) Having barbs: said of the rose
used as a bearing. The barbs are commonly
colored green, and the blazon is a rose gules
barbed proper. (b) Having gills or wattles, as
a cock: as, a cock sable, barbed or (that is, a
black cock having golden gills). Also called
wattled. (c) Having the ends made with barbs
like those of an arrow-head: said especially of
a cross of this form. Also called }.”
Barbed bolt, See bolt1..—Barbed shot, a shot having
barbs or grapnels. It is fired from a mortar to carry a
life-line to a wreck,--Barbed wire, two or more wires
twisted together, with spikes, hooks, or points clinched or
woven into the strands, or a single wire furnished with
sharp points or barbs: used for fences, and so made for
the restraint of animals. -
barbed? (bârbd), p. a. [K barb2, v., +-ed2. Prop.
Same as barded.
m. [ME. barbelle, barbylle, K
OF. barbel (F. barbeau), KML. barbellus, dim.
of barbus, a barbel (fish), K barba, beard: see
barbl. In the sense of an appendage, barbel
is rather K NL. barbella: see barbella, and cf.
barded, q.v.]

barbel
barbule.] 1. The common English name of the
fish Barbus vulgaris, also extended to other .
cies of the genus Barbw8.—2. A small cyli
dricalvermiform process appended to the mouth
of certain fishes, serving as an organ of touch.
—3. A knot of superfluous flesh growing in the
channel of a horse's mouth. Also barble and barb.
barbella (bār-bel’ā), n.; F. barbellae (-5). [NL.,
dim, of L. barba, a beard. Cf. barbule and bar-
bel, 2,3.] A small barb or bristle.
barbellate $.”hº;;
KNL. barbella, q.v.] Having small bristles or
barbules: used chiefly in botany. Also barbu-
late.
barbellula (bār-bel’ī-lá), n. ; pl. barbellula?
(-lé). [NL., dim. of b%beiia. q. v.] A very
Small barb or bristle. .
barbellulate (bār-bel’īī-lāt), a. [K NL. barbel-
lulatus, K barbellula, q.v.] Having very small
#bristles or barbules.
barber (bär’bër), n. [Early mod. E. also bar-
bour, K (a) ME. barbour, barbor, barbur, K. AF,
barbour, OF. barbeor. (K.L. as if “barbator,K
*barbare, shave: see barb1, v.); mixed with (b)
ME. barber, K OF. barbier, F. barbier = It. bar-
biere, K.L. as if “barbarius, K.L. barba, a beard:
see barb1, n.] 1. One whose occupation is to
shave thé beard and cut and dress the hair.—
2. Same as 8wrgeon-fish.-Barber's basin, a basin
or bowl formerly used in shaving, having a broad rim
with a semicircular opening to fit the neck of the cus-
tomer, who held it, while the barber made the lather with
his hand and applied it directly: still in use in some parts
of Europe as a barber's sign.—Barber's pole, a pole
striped spirally with alternate bands of colors, generally
red or black and White, and often, in Europe, having a
brass basin at the end, placed as a sign at the door of a
barber's shop. The striping is in imitation of the ribbon
with which the arm of a person who has been bled is
bound up, and originally indicated that the barber com-
bined minor surgical operations with his other work.
barber (bärſbër), v. t. [K barber, n.] To shave
and dress the hair of.
Our courteous Antony, . . .
Being barber'd ten times o'er, goes to the feast.
Shak., A. and C., ii. 2.
[It..] An Italian red
barbera (bār-bā'īā), n.
barberyl (bär’bér-i), n.
barbery21, n. See barb
§
barbet2 (bär"bet), n.
449
barber-surgery (bär (bér-sèr/jér-i), n. The
occupation or practice of a barber-surgeon;
hence, bungling work, like that of a low prac-
titioner of surgery.
Slits it into four, that he may the better come at it with
his barber-8wrgery. ilton, Colasterion.
Early mod. E. also
barbary (ME. barborery), KOF. barberie, K bar-
bier, a barber: see barber and -ery.] 1+. A
barber's shop.–2. The occupation or craft of
a barber. [Rare.]
The union of surgery and barbery was partially dissolved
in 1540 (32 Henry VIII., c. 42), the barbers being confined
by that Act to their own business, plus blood-letting and
tooth-drawing. N. and Q., 7th ser., II. 196.
€7°?”/.
+ *:::::) %. #. barbette, O.F. bar-
bete, dim, of barbe, K L. barba, a beard: see
barb1.] 1. A small beard.—2. A part of the
helmet in use in the sixteenth century; either
(a) the fixed beaver or mentonnière, or (b) the
lower part of the vizor when made in two pieces,
so that either could be raised without the other.
Compare barbute. Also spelled barbett.
[K F. barbet (prob. for
barbé), K OF. barbet, K. L. barbatus, bearded.
Cf. barbute.] 1. A variety of dog having long
curly hair; a poodle.—2. In ornith., any bird
of the families Capitomidae (or Megalaemidae) and barbicel (bär"bi-sel), n.
Bucconidae. It is a book-name which has followed the
generic names Capito and Bucco in their various applica-
tions to numerous zygodactyl birds with large heads, stout
bills, and prominentrictal vibrissae, inhabiting both the old
and the new World, and has consequently no exact techni-
cal meaning.—Fissirostral barbets, the puff-birds; the
birds of the family Bucconidae (which see). They are con-
fined to America, belong to the three leading genera,
Bucco, Monasa, and Chelidoptera, and include the birds
known as barbacous, tamatias, or monases. (See these
words.) They are closely related to the jacamars or Gal-
bulidae, but have no special affinity with the scansorial
barbets.-Scansorial barbets, the barbets proper; the
birds of the family Capitomidae (which see). They are
chiefly birds of the old world, of the leading genera Po-
gonias (or Pogomorhynchus), Megaloema, Calorhamphus,
Trachyphonus, Psilopogon, etc., including the African
birds known as barbions and barbicans; but they also
include the South American genus Capito.
wine, made in Piedmont from a variety of barbetºt, n. See barbet'.2.
grapes so called.
barber-boat (bår’bèr-bót), n.
like a canoe, in use at Canton in the south of
China: probably so called because in the early
days of trade with China native barbers used
such boats in going about among the shipping.
barber-chirurgeonţ (bär"bèr-ki-rér"jgn), n. A
barber-surgeon.
He put himself into a barber-chirurgeon's hands, who, by
unfit applications, rarefled the tumour.
Wiseman, Surgery.
barberess (bär"bèr-es), n.
A female barber; a barber's wife.
barber-fish (bär’bér-fish), n. In ichth., Teuthis
coeruleus or some other fish of the family Tew-
thididae.
barbermongert (bår"bér-mung"gér), m. A man
who frequents the barber's shop, or prides him-
self on being dressed by a barber; a fop. Shak.,
*Lear, ii. 2.
barberry (bär’ber-i), m. ; pl. barberries (-iz).
[Also berberry, early mod. E. also barbery, bar-
bary, berbery (theterm. simulating berryl), KME.
barbere (cf. F. berberis, formerly berbere) = Sp.
berber's e It. berberi, KML. berberis, barbaris,
of uncertain origin. The Ar. barbāris, Pers.
barbārī, are from the ML.] 1. A shrub of the
genus Berberis, B. vulgaris, bearing racemes of
yellow ill-smelling flowers, which produce red
elongated berries of a pleasantly acid flavor, a
native of Europe and extensively naturalized
in New England. From the root of the barberry a yel-
low coloring matter is obtained, which when rendered
brown by alkalis is used in the manufacture of morocco
leather. In England also called pepperidge or piprage.
See Berberts.
2. The fruit of this shrub.
barberry-fungus (bärſber-i-fung"gus), n. A
fungus which attacks the leaves of the common
barberry, formerly known as Æcidium Ber-
beridis, but now proved to be the aecidiospore
stage of the red and black rust (Puccinia gra-
minis) which is found upon wheat, oats, other
kinds of grain, and various *. of grass.
Also called barberry-rust or barberry-cluster-
cups. See cut under Puccinia.
barber-surgeon (bär"bër-sèr"jqn), n. Formerly,
one who united the practice of surgery with
that of a barber; hence, an inferior practitioner
of surgery.
Those deep and public brands,
That the whole company of barber-8wrgeon 8
Should not take off with all their arts and plaisters.
B. Jomson, Poetaster, To the Reader,
29
barbette (bār-bet’), n.
A small boat "K L. barba, beard. Cf. barbet].] The platform
barbicanl (bär (bi-kan), m.
[F., fem. dim. of barbe,
or breastwork of a fortification, from which
cannon may be fired over the parapet instead
of through embrasures.—Barbette-carriage, a
carriage from which a gun can be fired over the para-
pet. If the gun after discharge is lowered behind the
parapet, it is a disappearing gum-carriage.—Barbette
gun, or battery, one gun, or several, mounted in bar-
bette. —Barbette ship, a war-vessel, generally an
ironclad, carrying heavy guns which are fired over the
turret or casemate, and not through port-holes.—To fire
in barbette. See barbl., 10.
[S.9°ºrt “...] barb-feathers (bårö’ferHzerz), n. pl. The
feathers under the beak of a hawk.
[Early mod. E.
also barbacan, etc., K. M.E. barbican, berbikan,
barbygan, etc., K OF. barbicane, barbaquemme,
mod. F. barbicame = Pr. Sp. barbicama = Pg.
barbicăo = It. barbicame, K ML. barbicama, bar-
bacana, "barbacanus, a barbican: supposed to be
Barbican.— Plan of Castle of Carcassonne, France; 12th and 13th
centuri
A, C, barbican protecting the approach on the side of the town ; 8,
sally-port; D, unain barbican without the walls; E, E', 2, F, H, forti-
fied way between the castle and the barbican ; I, postern-gate, de-
fended by machicolations, drawbridge, a berse, etc: ; L, interior court
of castle; M, secondary court; W.W. covered galleries affording ac:
commodations in case of siege ; O, O, chief gate of the castle and
ºlºgº over the moat; P, Q, Q, permanent lodgings, three stories º
R, R, double donjon, or keep; S, watch-tower ; T. guard-post be-
tween the double walls of the city; V, barriers carried across the
space intervening between the city walls; A. P. Y, towers connected
by curtains. (From Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. de l'Architecture.”)
\
t
t
t
barbican? (bār (bi-kan), n.
barbiers (bār"bérz), m.
* (bār-bij'e-rus), a.
barbion (bār (bi-Qn), m.
barble, m.
barbolet, m.
barbotine (bårſbó-tin), m.
barbulate (bärſbú-lāt), a.
barbule (bār’ bül), m.
Barbus (bār’bus), m.
Barbus
of Ar. or Pers. origin, introduced into Europe by
the crusaders; cf. Ar. Pers. bāb-khānah, a gate-
house, gateway with a tower.] 1. In medieval
..fort., an outwork of a castle or fortified place.
(a) Properly, a post in which a force could be sheltered so
as to be ready for a sortie to protect communications, etc.
Such a work frequently supplied an advantageous means
for taking an assailant in the flank, and, while communi-
cating with the main post, seldom contained the chief
entrance to it. (b) An outpost of any nature, as a bridge-
tower, or a defense outside of the moat protecting the ap-
proach to the drawbridge; also a gateway-tower through
which the main entrance was carried.
Within the Barbicam, a Porter sate,
Day and night duely keeping watch and ward.
Spenger, F. Q., II. ix. 25.
He leads a body of men close under the outer barrier of
the barbicam. Scott, Ivanhoe, II. vi.
2. A loophole. [Rare and obsolete.]
He caused certain barbacans or loop-holes to be pierced
through the walls. JHolland, tr. of Liyy, xxiv. 34.
3. A channel or scupper in a parapet for the
discharge of water.
[Appar. a made
word, based (like barbion, q.v.) on F. barbe,
a beard.] A scansorial barbet of the family
Capitonidae and subfamily º Op.
the genus Pogonias in a broad sense. The bar-
bicans are all African, like the barbions.
[K NL. “barbicella,
dim. of L. barba, a beard. Cf. barbel.] In
ornith., a fringing process of the third order of
a feather; a fringe of a barbule; one of the
processes with which a barbule is fringed, dif-
fering from a hamulus or hooklet in not being
recurved.
[See def.] A paralytic
disease formerly very common in India, and
believed to be identical with beriberi (which
see), or to be another form of that disease.
[K L. barbiger
barba, beard, + gerere, carry) -0us.]
Bearded; wearing a beard: in bot., applied to
petals that are hairy all over.
[K F. barbion (?), K
barbe, a beard. Cf. barbet2..] An African scan-
sorial barbet of the genus Barbatula, family
#;"; or Capitomidaº.
bar
iton, barbitos (bär"bi-ton, -tos), n. ; pl.
barbita (-tä). [K Gr. 34pgtrov, earlier Bappurog,
a word prob. of Eastern origin..] An ancient
Greek musical instrument of the lyre kind.
See barbel, 3.
A very heavy battle-ax.
[F., wormwood, se-
men-contra, K barboter, dabble.] 1. An East
Indian vegetable product, the chief constituents
of which are wax, gum, and bitter extract.
Simmonds.—2. Worm-seed. Simmonds.—3. In
ceram., same as slip.
barb-pigeon (bärb'pij'gn), n. Same as barbë, 2.
barbret, a.
barbu (bār’bü), m.
*1. A name, derived from Buffon and other
See barbar.
[F., K barbe : see barb1.]
French naturalists, equivalent to barbet in any
of the senses of the latter, as applied to birds
either of the family Buccomidae or family Capi-,
tomidae. See these words, and barbet2.—2. pl.
The birds of the family Capitomidae alone, as
distinguished from the Bucconidae.
barbula (bär’bū-lâ), m. ; pl. barbulae (-lè). [L., a
little beard, a small barb: see barbule.] 1.
Same as barbule, 1.—2. [cap.] [NL.] A large
genus of true mosses characterized by termi-
mal, erect fruit, and a peristome of long fili-
form segments spirally twisted to the left.—
3. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of bivalve mol-
lusks.
Same as barbellate.
[K L. barbula, dim. of
barba, beard.] 1. A small barb, as of a plant;
a little beard. Also barbula. ſ
—2. In ornith., one of a
series of pointed, barb-like
processes fringing the barbs
of a feather.
As the rhachis [of a feather]
bears its vane or series of barbs,
so does each barb bear its vanes of
the second order, or little vanes,
called barbules. &
Cowes, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 84. -
3. The part of a helmet a'é=T
which protects the cheeks a, a, Barbs; 8, b, Barbules.
and chin. (Highly magnified.)
[NL., K. L. barbus, a bar-
bel, K barba, beard; see barbel.] An extensive
genus of Cyprinoid fishes, containing the bar-
bels, typified by the common barbel of Europe,


Barbus
Barbel (Barbus barbus).
B. barbus : used with varying latitude by dif-
ferent writers. -
barbutet, n. [OF., orig. fem. of “barbut, barbu,
mod. F. barbu, bearded, K barbe, beard.] 1. A
Steel cap without vizor, but covering the cheeks
and ears, used in the fifteenth century and
later by foot-soldiers, archers, etc., and by the
Common people in times of danger.—2. A man-
at-arms: from the name of the helmet worn by
heavily armed men.
barcal (bärſká), m. A fish of the family Ophio-
cephalidae (Ophiocephalus barca), living in the
fresh waters of Bengal.
barca.? (bār"kä), n. [It., Sp., bark: see bark3.]
A. boat, skiff, or barge. ; E. D.—Barca longa,
(lit. long boat), a fishing-boat, common in the Mediterra-
nean. Fincham, Ship-building, iv. 11.
Barcan (bärſkan), a. Of or pertaining to Bar-
ca, a vilayet of the Turkish empire, in northern
Ağica, lying to the north of the Libyan desert,
and between Egypt and the gulf of Sidra.
Take the wings
Of morning, pierce the Barcam wilderness.
Bryant, Thanatopsis.
barcarole (bärſka—ról), n. [K It. barcarolo, bar-
earuolo, a boatman (fem. barcaruola, X F. bar-
carolle, X E. barcarole, a boatman's song), K
barca, a bark, barge : see bark3.] 1. º
ian boatman.—2. A simple song or melody
sung by Venetian gondoliers.-3. A piece of
instrumental music composed in imitation of
Such a song.
Also spelled barcarolle.
barce (bārs), n. [Another spelling of barse,
q. v.] An English (Yorkshire) mame of the
stickleback.
barcelonat (bår-sé-ló'nā), m. [Named from Bar-
:* a city in Spain.j A neck-cloth of soft
Sll K.
The author of Waverley entered ; . . . a double barcelona.
protected his neck. Scott, Peveril of the Peak, Pref.
barcenite (bär'se-nit), n. [After Prof. Mari-
ano Barcena, of Mexico.] A hydrous antimo-
niate of merc from Huitzuco, Mexico, de-
rived from the alteration of livingstonite.
B. Arch. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Archi-
tecture, a degree granted by some colleges and
schools in the United States.
Barclayite (bärſklä-it), m. Same as Beream, 2.
barcon, barcone (bär'kgn, bār-kö’ne), n. [KIt.
barcome, aug. of barca, a bark: see bark3.]. A
trading-vessel used in the Mediterranean.
bar-cutter (bär’kut/ēr), n. A shearing-machine
which cuts metallic bars into lengths. E. H.
I(night.
bard 1 (bård), m. [Formerly also barth, bardh
(K W.), and Sc. baird (K Gael.); = F., barde
= Sp. Pg. It. bardo, K LL. bardus, Gr. 36.pdog;
of Celtic origin: W. bardd = Ir, and Gael.
bard = Corn. bardh. = Bret. bar2, a poet.]
1. A poet and singer among the ancient Celts;
one whose occupation was to compose and sing
verses in honor of the heroic achievements
of princes and brave men, and on other Sub-
jects, generally to the accompaniment of the
harp. The Welsh bards formed a hereditary order regu-
lated by laws, and held stated festivals for competition,
called eisteddfods, which after a long suspension were re-
vived in the eighteenth century. (See eisteddfod.) There
was also a hereditary gild of bards in Ireland, many of
whom attained great skill.
There is amongest the Irish a certayne kind of people
called Bards, which are to them insteede of poetts, whose
profession is to sett foorth the prayses and disprayses of
men in theyr poems and Times. Spenser, State of Ireland.
2#. Formerly, in Scotland, a strolling musician;
a minstrel: classed with vagabonds, as an ob-
ject of penal laws.
All vagabundis, fulis (fools], bardis, scudlaris, and siclike
idill pepill, sall be brint in the cheek.
Kenneth's Stat., in Sir J. Balfour's Practick, 680. (N. E. D.)
3. In modern use, a poet: as, the bard of Avon
(Shakspere); the Ayrshire bard (Burns).
Bard, who with some diviner art
IIa8t touched the bard's true lyre, a nation's heart.
Lowell, To Lamartine.
4. [See def. 2 and bardy, and cf. skald, scald,
a poet, as related to scold.] A scold: applied
only to women. [Shetland.]
450
bard? (bård), n. [Also ºº º:
p. Pg. Darda), the
barde, K F. barde (= It.
trappings of a
horse, the de-
fensive armor
of a war-horse.
Cf. OF. bardelle
(see bardelle), F.
dial, awbarde,
Sp. Pg. albarda,
a pack-saddle, K
Ar. al-barda'ah,
Kal, the, -- bar-
da'ah, a pad of
wool placed un-
der a saddle,
a pack-saddle.
But the meaning
seems to have
been influenced
by Icel. bardh,
the beak or prow of a ºniº war, the brim of
a helmet, orig, a beard, = E. beard (see beard);
hence the variations of form, barde and barbe.
1. Any one of the pieces of defensive armor used
in medieval Europe to protect the horse. There is
no record of any general use of such armor in antiquity or
among Oriental peoples, or in the European middle ages
before the fifteenth century. Housings of different kinds
of stuff, sometimes quilted and Wadded in exposed parts,
the saddle with its appurtenances, and occasionally a
chamfron, were all the defense provided for horses until
that time. The piece of armor most commonly used after
the chamfron (which see) was the bard of the breast. See
pottrel. The croupière, or part covering the haunches, was
Horse-armor of Maximilian I. of Germany.
a, chamfron; b, crinière; c, poitrel; d.
croupière, or buttock-piece.
ſº bardism (bär"dizm), m.
j bards,(bårdz), n.
bare
Here, in the open air—in “the eye of light and the face
of the sun,” to use the bardic style—the decrees were pro-
nounced, and the Druids harangued the people.
I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., I. 20.
barding (bār' ding), m. [K bard2 + -ingl.]
Horse-armor in general: usually in the plural.
See bard?, 1.
bardish (bär'dish), a. . [K bardi + -ish 1.] Per-
taining to or characteristic of bards: as, “bard-
ish impostures,” Selden, Drayton's Polyolbion.
[Kbard1 + -ism.] The
science of bards; bardic principles or methods.
bardlet (bård’let), n. [Khardi + -let.] A bard-
IIløf.
bºiling (bård’ling), n., [K bardl + -ling1.1 An
inferior bard; a mediocre or inexperienced
poet.
The forte of bardlings is the foible of a bard.
Stedman, Poets of America, p. 169.
bardocucullus (bär"dē-kū-kul’us), n. ; pl. bar-
‘docuculli (-i). [NL.] A kind of cowled cloak
anciently worn by some Gallic peasants, and
adopted by Romans and monks. See cucullus.
[Sc.; cf. F. barbote, an eel-
pout..] A local name in Edinburgh of the eel-
pout, Zoarces viviparus.
bardship (bärd'ship), n. . [K bardi + -ship.]
º office of bard; position or standing as a
8.I'Ol, º
The Captain . .
... showed a particular respect for my
bardship. (N. E. D.)
Burms, Border Tour, p. 569.
bardy (bär'di), a. [K bardl, in the depreciative
senses (defs. 2 and 4), + -y1.] Bold-faced; de-
added at the close of the fifteenth century; but after the ºffiant; audacious. [Šcotch.j
wars of the Roses the bards reached their fullest develop-
ment, and the upper part of the body of the horse was
covered as completely with steel as the body of his rider.
See crowpière. e
Hence—2. pl. The housings of a horse, used
in tourneys, justs, and processions during the
later middle ages. They were most commonly
of stuff woven or embroidered with the arms
of the rider.
The bases and bardes of their horse were grene sattyn.
Hall, Henry VIII., am. 1 (1548).
3. pl. Armor of metal plates, worn in the six-
teenth century and later. See armor.
A compleat French man-at-armes with all his bards.
Florio, tr. of Montaigne, II. ix. 225. (N. E. D.)
bard2 (bård), v. t. [K bard?, m.]. To caparison
with bards, as a horse; to furnish or accoutre
with armor, as a man. •
Fifteen hundred men . . . barded and richly trapped.
Stow, Edw. IV., am. 1474.
Above the foaming tide, I ween,
Scarce half the charger's neck was seen;
For he was barded from counter to tail,
And the rider was armed complete in mail.
Scott, L. of L. M., i. 29.
bard 3 (bård), n. [K F. barde (= Pg. barda = Sp.
albarda), a strip of bacon; a particular use of
barde, trappings: see bard2.] A strip of bacon
placed on a fowl or meat in roasting.
bardº (bård), v. t... [K bardē, n.] To cover with
thin bacon, as a bird or meat to be roasted.
bardasht (bår’dash), n. IK F. bardache, K Sp.
bardawa = It, bardascia, K. Ar., bardaj, slave,
captive..] A boy kegſ for unnatural purposes.
bardel, barde?, m. See bardl, bard2.
barded (bârºded), p.a. ſ. bārā2 +-edº. Cf.
barbed2.j Furnished with or clad in armor:
said of a war-horse.
bardellet (bår-del'), m. [K OF. bardelle (= It.
bardella), dim. of barde: see bard?..] A pack-
saddle made of cloth, stuffed with straw, and
tied down tightly with pack-thread.
Bardesanism (bār-desa-nizm), n. . [K Barde-
sames + -ism.] The doctrinal system of the
Bardesanists.
Bardesanist (bår-des'a-nist), n. One of the
followers of Bardesanes, of Edessa, in Meso-
Fº in the second and third centuries.
e is said to have taught doctrines resembling those of
the Gnostic Valentinus, namely: a self-existent principle
of evil; that the soul is imprisoned in the body by way
of punishment; and that therefore a body was not assumed
by Christ in his incarnation, and is not to be raised at the
resurrection. Recent discussions have shown, however,
that the true nature of his doctrines remains an open
question. There are still extant Syriac hymns and prose
works ascribed to Bardesanes.
Bardesanite (bār-des'3-nit), n.
+ -ite2.] A Bardesanist.
He [Mani] looked upon what he considered to be Chris-
tianity proper, that is, Christianity as it had been devel-
oped among the sects of the Basilidians, Marcionites, and
perhaps Bardesanites, as a comparatively valuable and
sound religion. Encyc, Brit., XV. 485.
bardic (bār'dik), a... [K bardl + -ic.] Of, per-
taining to, or of the character of a bard or
bards.
[K Bardesames
OS. bar = OFries. ber = D. baar = OHG. M.H.G.
bar, G. bar, baar =Icel. berr– Sw. Dan. bar
= OBulg. bosiſ = Lith. basus, bosus, bare; orig.
meaning prob: ‘shining’; cf. Skt. V bhās,
shine.] 1. Naked; without covering: as, bare
arms; the trees are bare.
Thou wast naked and bare.
Invy finds
More food in cities than on mountains bare.
e Lowell, Dara.
2. With the head uncovered. In numismatic de-
scriptions, said of a head on a coin or medal when uncov-
ered or devoid of any adornment, such as a diadem or
laurel-wreath.
“When once thy foot enters the church, be bare.
Herbert, Church Porch.
Thou standest bare to him now, workest for him.
Burton, Amat. of Mel., p. 357.
3. Open to view; unconcealed; undisguised.
Bare in thy guilt, how foul must thou appear !
- Milton, S. A., l. 902.
4. Lacking in appropriate covering or equip-
ment; unfurnished: as, bare walls.— 5+. Plain;
simple; unadorned; without polish.
Yet was their manners then but bare and plain.
Spenser.
Ezek. xvi. 7.
6. Threadless; napless.
It appears, by their bare liveries,
That they live by your bare words.
Shak., T. G. of V., ii. 4.
7. Poor; destitute; indigent; empty; unfur-
nished; unprovided with what is necessary
or comfortable: absolutely or with of.
I have made Esau bare. Jer. xlix. 10.
Upon her death, when her nearest friends thought her
very bare, her executors found in her strong box about
£150 in gold. Swift, Death of Stella.
Tho' your violence should leave them bare
Of gold and silver, swords and darts remain.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires.
8. Empty; valueless; paltry; worthless.
Not what we give, but what we share—
Por the gift without the giver is bare.
Lowell, Sir Launfal.
9. Mere; scarcely or just sufficient: as, the
bare necessaries of life; a bare subsistence.
Pray you, cast off these fellows, as unfitting
For your bare knowledge, and far more your company.
Beaw, and Fl.; Scornful Lady, iv. 2.
º |Unaccompanied; without addition; sim-
ple.
It was a bare petition of a state. Shak., Cor., v. 1.
11. Unadorned; without literary or artistic ef-
fect; bald; meager.
Much has yet to be done to make even the bare annals
of the time coherent. Athenaeum, No. 8067, p. 170.
12. In beer-making, not completely covered by
the bubbles formed in fermentation: said of the
surface of beer.—13t. Raw; excoriated.
How many flyes in whottest sommers day
Do seize upon some beast, whose flesh is bare.
Spenger, F. Q., VI. xi, 48.
14t. Lean; spare.


- Thare s
Fal.; For their bareness, I am sure they never learned
tº:#:Jºh9, -
6. . . . Unless you call three fingers on the ribs bare.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 2.
Bare contract, in law, an unconditional promise or Sur-
render.—Bare df, naut., a wind that is scant, or too
much ahead to fill the sails.--The bare. (a) In art, the
nude. [Rare.] (bt) The uncovered or unhidden surface ;
the body; the substance. [Rare.]
You have touched the very bare of truth. Marston,
To lay bare, to uncover; expose to view or to know-
ledge, as something hidden or a secret of any kind.--
Under bare poles #"; said of a ship with no sail set,
in a gale of wind. =Syn. See mere.
ſharel (bār), v. t.; pret, and pp. bared, ppr.
baring. . [KME. irº, KAS. barian (in comp.
âbarian), also berian (= OHG. barón = Icel.
º make bare, K bar, bare: see barel, a.]
1. To make bare; uncover; divest of covering:
as, to bare one's head or one's breast.
He bared an ancient oak of all her boughs.
That cry . . . that seemed to bare
A wretched life of every softening veil.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 159.
2. Tó disclose; make manifest; lay bare: as,
to bare the secrets of the grave. [Archaic.]
bare2 (bār). Old preterit of bearl.
Barea (bā’ré-á), m. pl. , [Gr., neut. pl. of Baptic,
Bapéa, heavy.]" An Aristotelian group of birds,
corresponding to the Linnean Gallinae, includ-
ing the gallinaceous or rasorial birds.
bareback (bär"bak), a. and adv. I. a. Using
or performing on a barebacked horse: as, a
bareback rider. 4.
II. adv. On a barebacked horse: as, to ride
bareback. -
barebacked (bâr’bakt), a. Having the back
uncovered; unsaddled, as a horse.
barebind, m. See bearbine.
barebone (bār"bón), n. A very lean person.
[Rare.] †
Here comes lean Jack, here comes bare-bone.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
bareboned (bâr’bönd), a. Having the bones
bare or scantily covered with flesh; so lean
that the bones show their forms.
But now that fair fresh mirror, dim and old,
Shows me a bareboned death by time outworn.
Shak., Lucrece, l. 1761.
barefaced (bâr'fäst), a. 1. With the face un-
covered; not masked.
Then you will play bare-faced. Shak., M. N. D., i. 2.
2. Undisguised; unreserved; without conceal-
ment; open: in a good or an indifferent sense.
[Obsolete or archaic in this use.]
It [Christianity] did not peep in dark corners, . . . but
with a barefaced confidence it openly proclaimed itself.
Barrow, Works, II. 418.
3. Undisguised or open, in a bad sense; hence,
shameless; impudent; audacious: as, a bare-
Jaced falsehood.
See the barefaced villain, how he cheats, lies, perjures,
robs, murders Šterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 17.
A wretch, . . . guilty of . . . barefaced inconstancy.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xviii.
barefacedly (bär'fäst-li), adv. In a barefaced
manner; without disguise or reserve; openly;
shamelessly; impudently.
Some profligate wretches own it too barefacedly. Locke.
Barefacedly unjust. Carlyle, Fred. the Gt., IV. xii. 11.
barefacedness (bār'fäst-nes), m. 1. Openness.
—2. Effrontery; assurance; audaciousness.
barefit (bår'fit), a. Barefoot or barefooted.
*[Scotch.]
barefoot (bår'füt), a. and adv. [K ME. bare-
{*} barfot, K AS. baerfot (= OFries. berföt =
. barrevoet = Icel. berfaettr), K bar, bare, --
fot, foot.] I. a. Having the feet bare; with-
out shoes and stockings.
Going to find a barefoot brother out,
One of our order. Shak., R. and J., v. 2.
Blessings on thee, little man
Barefoot boy, with cheek of tant
Whittier, Barefoot Boy.
II. adv. With the feet bare.
I must dance barefoot. Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
barefooted (bâr'füt-ed), a. [K barefoot + -edl.]
Having the feet bare.—Barefooted Augustinians,
See Augustinian.—Barefooted Carmelites. See Car-
omelite,
barege (ba-rāzh"), n. [K F. barège, so called
from Barèges, a watering-place in the Pyrenees.
See def.] A thin gauze-like fabric for women's
dresses, usually made of silk and worsted, but,
in the inferior sorts, with cottom in place of silk.
In reality bareges were never made in the village from
which they have their name, the seat of the manufacture
being at Bagnères-de-Bigorre in the Pyrenees.
baregin, baregime (ba-rā'zhin), n. . [S. Barèges
(see barege), the springs of which yield the sub-
Dryden.
bargain (bär'gān), n.
451
stance,...+ -in?..] A transparent, gelatinous,
mucus-like substance, the product of certain
algæ, growing in thermal sulphur-springs, to
which they impart the flavor and odor of flesh-
broth., Baregin is itself odorless and tasteless. It con-
tains, when dry, from 30 to 80 per cent. of mineral matter
chiefly silica. e organic matter contains no sulphur and
from 9 to 12 per cent. of nitrogen.
bare-gnawn; (bär’mán), a. Gnawed or eaten
bare. Shak., Lear, v. 3.
barehanded (bâr (han” ded), a. 1. With un-
covered hands.—2. Destitute of means; with
no aid but one's own hands: as, he began life
ba/rehanded.
bareheaded (bâr'hedºed), a. Having the head
uncovered, especially as a token of respect.
First, you shall swear never to name my lord,
Or hear him nam'd hereafter, but bare- &
Fletcher (and another?), Queen of Corinth, iv. 1.
On being first brought before the court, Ridley stood
bareheaded. Froude, Hist. Eng., xxxiii.
bareheadedness (bār (hed” ed-nes), n. The
state of being bareheaded.
Bareheadedness was in Corinth, as also in all Greece and
Rome, a token of honour and superiority.
Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 237.
barely (bär"li), adv. [K barel + -ly?..] 1. Na-
kedly; openly; without disguise or conceal-
ment.—2. Scantily; poorly: as, a man barely
clad, or a room barely furnished.—3. Only
just; no more than; with nothing over or to
spare: as, she is barely sixteen.
In paying his debts a man barely does his duty.
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 3.
Fox himself barely succeeded in retaining his seat for
Westminster. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xv.
4. Merely; only. [Archaic.]
It is not barely a man's abridgment in his external ac-
commodations which makes hini miserable. Sowth.
baremant (bår’man), n. [Sc., also bairman; K
barel + man.] A bankrupt. [Scotch.]
bareness (bār'nes), n. The state of being bare.
(a) Want or deficiency of clothing or covering ; naked-
ness. (b) Deficiency of appropriate covering, equipment,
furniture, ornament, etc.: as, “old December's bareness,”
Shak., Sonnets, xcvii.
To make old bareness picturesque,
And tuft with grass a feudal tower.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, czzviii.
(c) Leanness. [Rare.] (a) Poverty; indigence.
Stript of . . . its Priveleges, and made like the primitive
Church for its Bareness. South, Sermons, I. 229.
bare-picked (bär (pikt), a.
stripped of all flesh, as a bone.
The bare-picked bone of majesty. Shak., K. John, iv. 3.
bare-pump (bår'pump), m. A pump for drawing
liquor from a cask: used in vinegar-works,
wine- and beer-cellars, in sampling, etc. Also
called bar-pump.
bare-ribbed (bâr’ribd), a. With bare ribs like
a skeleton: as, “bare-ribbed death,” Shak., K.
John, v. 2.
bares, n. Plural of baris, 1.
baresark (bār'särk), m. [K barel + Sark; a
lit. translation of berserker, Icel. berserkr, in
the supposed sense of ‘bare shirt”; but see
berserker.] A berserk or berserker.
Many of Harold's brothers in arms fell, and on his own
ship every man before the mast, except his band of Bare-
Sarks, was either wounded or slain. Edinburgh Rev.
baresark (bār'särk), adv. In a shirt only;
without armor.
I will go baresark to-morrow to the war.
Kingsley, Bereward, p. 169.
baresthesiometer (bar-es-thé-si-om’e-tër), m.
[K Gr. Bápoc, weight, + aioffmote, perception, +
plérpov, measure.] An instrument for testing
the sense of pressure. Also spelled baraºsthe-
Słometer.
baret, m. See barret?.
bare-worn (bär’wörn), a. Worn bare; naked:
*: “the bare-worn common,” Goldsmith, Des.
il.
barf (bärf), n. Same as bargh.
bar-fee (bär'fé), m. In English law, a fee of 20
pence, which every prisoner acquitted (at the
bar) of felony formerly paid to the jailer.
bar-fish (bär'fish), n. Same as calico-bass.
bar-frame (bär'frām), n. The frame support-
*ing the ends of the grate-bars in furnaces.
barful (bār'fül), a. [K barl + ful.] Full of
obstructions or impediments. [Rare.]
I'll do my best
To woo your lady: [Aside] yet, a barful strifel
Whoe'er I woo, myself would be his wife.
Shak., T. N., i. 4.
[K ME. bargain, bar-
ayne, bargeym, bargem, etc., K OF. bargaine,
argaigne = Pń bargamb, barganha = Pg bar-
Picked bare;
bargain-chop (bär"gân-chop), n.
loargain-chop
ganha =It. bargagna (Pr. also barganh = It.
bargagno), KML., “barcania, "barcanium, a bar-
gain, traffic; cf. bargain, v. Origin unknown ;
supposed by Diez and others to be from MI.
barca, a boat, bark, or barge, but evidence is
wanting.] 1+. The act of discussing the terms
of a proposed agreement; bargaining.
& I'll give thrice so much land
To any well-deserving friend ;
Put in the way of bargain, mark ye me,
I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair.
hak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 1.
2}. A contention or contest for the mastery or
upper hand; a struggle.
On Brudus side the better of that bloudie bargaine went.
Warner, Albion's Eng., XIV. xc. 365. (N. E. D.)
3. A contractor an agreement between two or
more parties; a compact settling that some-
thing shall be done; specifically, a contract by
which one party binds himself to transfer the
right to some property for a consideration, and
the other party binds himself to receive the
property and pay the consideration.
To clap this royal bargain up of peace.
Shak., K. John, iii. 1.
Ros. But if you do refuse to marry me,
You'll give yourself to this most faithful shepherd 7
Phe. So is the bargain. Shak., As you Like it, V. 4.
“Our fathers,” said one orator, “sold their king for
southern gold, and we still lie under the reproach of that
foul bargain.” Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
4. The outcome of an agreement as regards
one of the parties; that which is acquired by
bargaining; the thing purchased or stipulated
for: as, look at my bargain; a bad bargain, “a.
losing bargain,” Junius, Letters, v.
She was too fond of her most filthy bargain.
Shak., Othello, v. 2.
5. Something bought or sold at a low price ;
an advantageous purchase.
If you have a taste for paintings, egad, you shall have
'em a bargain. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 3.
Bargain and sale, or, more fully, deed of bargain and
sale, in law, the form of deed now in common use for the
conveyance of land: so called because it is expressed as a
sale for a pecuniary consideration agreed on, being thus
distinguished on the one hand from a quitclaim, which is
a release, and on the other hand from the old conveyance
by covenant to stand seized to uses.— Dutch or wet bar-
gain, a bargain sealed by the parties drinking over it.—
Into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated;
moreover ; besides.
Faith, Charles, this is the most convenient thing you
could have found for the business, for 'twill serve not only
as a hammer, but a catalogue into the bargain.
Sheridam, School for Scandal, iv. 1.
To beat a bargain, to bargain ; haggle.— To buy at a.
bargain, to buy cheaply.—To buy the bargain deart
to pay dearly for a thing.— To make the best of a bad
bargain, to do the best one can in untoward circum-
stances.
I am sorry for thy misfortune; however, we must make
the best of a bad bargain. Arbuthnot, Hist. of John Bull.
To sell a bargaint, to entrap one into asking innocent
questions, so as to give an unexpected answer, usually a
coarse or indelicate one.
The boy hath sold him a bargain. Shak., L. L. L., iii. 1.
I see him ogle still, and hear him chat;
Selling facetious bargains, and propounding
That witty recreation call’d dumfounding.
Dryden, Prol. to Prophetess, l. 46.
No maid at court is less asham'd,
Howe'er for selling bargains fam'd. Swift.
To strike a bargain, to complete or ratify a bargain
or an agreement, originally by striking or shaking hands.
=Syn. 3. Covenant, mutual engagement.
bargain (bär'gān), v. [KME. bargainen, bargay-
men, etc., KOF. bargaigner (F. barguigner) = Pr.
Pg. barganhar = It. bargagnare, KML. barca-
miare, traffic, trade, K. “barcania, traffic: see the
noun..] I. intrams. 1. To treat about a trans-
action; make terms.
The thrifty state will bargain cre they fight. Dryden.
2. To come to or make an agreement ; stipu-
late; make or strike a bargain: with a person,
for an object: as, he bargained with the pro-
ducers for a daily supply.
So worthless peasants bargain for their wives
As market-men for oxen, sheep, or horse.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 5.
I alighted, and having bargained with my host for 20
crownes a moneth, I caused a good fire to be made in my
chamber. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 4, 1644.
II. trams. 1. To arrange beforehand by nego-
tiation and agreement.
'Tis bargain'd . . .
That she shall still be curst in company.
..Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
2t. To agree to buy or sell.--To bargain away,
to part with or lose as the result of a bargain.
The heir . . . had somehow bargained away the estate.
George Eliot, Felix Holt, Int.
A kind of
gambling “option” on opium to arrive, formerly
common among foreign traders in China.
bargainee
bargainee (bār-gā-nēſ), n. [K bargain, v., + -ee;
OF. bargaigné, pp. of bargaigner.] In law, the
party to whom a bargain and sale is made.
Wharton.
bargainer (bär'gām-èr), n. [ME, bargamar;
K. bargain, v., + -erl,] . One who bargains or
stipulates; specifically, in law, the party in a
contract who stipulates to sell and convêy
property to another by bargain and sale. In
the latter sense also spelled bargainor.
Though a generous giver, she [Nature) is a hard bar-
gauner. W. Mathews, Getting on in the World, p. 339.
bargainman (bär"gân-mam), n. ; pl. bargainmen
(-men). In coal-mining, a man who does bar-
gain-work. . [North. Eng.]
bargainor (bär'gān-Qr), n.
bargainer.
bargain-work (bār'gām-wérk), n. In coal-min-
$ng, any underground work done by contract.
[North. Eng.]
A local (Norfolk,
452
ſº
SS
5.
º º
ºš.
Mºš
S. QNº AWA
aſº º
º º º
Barge-boards.
A, carved example from Warwick, England; B, cusped;
C, openwork, New York.
In law, same as
decorated, being cusped, feathered, paneled, pierced with
a series of trefoils, quatrefoils, etc., or carved with foliage.
After the medieval period barge-boards gradually become
less bold and rich in treatment. Also called gable-board.
barge-couple (bärj’kup"l), n. [Cf. barge-board.]
In arch., one of the rafters placed under the
* * * barge-course, which serve as grounds for the
pºe' (bärj), n. IK ME. barge, K Q.F. barge barge-boards, and carry the plastering or
(ML. reflex bargia) = Pr: barga, K. M.L. barga, boarding of the soffits. Also called barge-rafter.
appar, a var. of L.L. barca, a bark: see bark3.] barge-course (bärj^körs), m. [Cf. barge-board.]
1. A sailing vessel of any sort. In bricklaying: (a) A part of the tiling which
His barge yeleped was the Maudeleyne. projects beyond the principal rafters in build-
Chaucer, Gen. Prol to C. T., 1,410, ings where there is a gable. (b) The coping of
2. A flat-bottomed vessel of burden used in a wall formed by a course of bričks set on edge.
loading and unloading ships, and, on rivers and bargee (bār-jē’), n. [K bargel + -ee.] One of
canals, for conveying goods from one place to the crew of a barge or canal-boat.
another. bargeman (bârjºman), m. ; pl. bargemen (-men).
A man employed on a barge; an oarsman.
And backward yode, as Bargemen wont to fare.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vii. 35.
barge-master (bärj'mäs’tēr), m: The master
or owner of a barge conveying goods for hire.
bargander (bär'gan-dér), n.
England) form of bergander.
bargarett, n. A variant of bergeret.
By the margin, willow-veil'd
Slide the heavy barges trail'
By slow horses, Tennyson, Lady of Shalott.
3. A long, double-banked boat, spacious and
à º º tº; º use of flag-
officers of ships of war.—4. ractice-boat :* -- *-*
used by crews in training for a id: It is com- barger (bär’jēr), m. A bargeman. [Rare.]
monly along, narrow, lap-streak boat, somewhat The London lºgº. 9 R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
wider and stronger than a shell, and thus better barge-rafter (bärj'räf"tēr), n.
fitted for rough water. [U. S.]—5. A boat for .001/ple.
passengers or freight, two-decked, but without bargerett, ß, Seebergérêt, &
sails or power, and in service towed by a steam- bargh, (bårf); n... [E. dial; also written barſ, K
boat or tug: used for pleasure-excursions and ME, bergh, S A.S. begrg, bearh, 2 mod. E. bar-
for the transportation of hay and other bulky rowº, of which bargº is a dial. form:, see bar-
merchandise. [U.S.]–6. A pleasure-boat; rotºl 1. A low ridge or hill-2t. A road up
in former times, a vessel or boat of state, often a . *— 3+. A mine. [Prov. Eng. in all
SellSOS,
barghaist, barghist, bargast, bargas, bargiss,
bargus, etc.; a prov. word of modern record, but
of ancient origin, ME. *bergèst, *bergåst, AS.
*beorgåst, *beorg-gāst, lit. ‘barrow-ghost’ (=
G. berggeist, ‘mine-spirit”), K bedrg, , a hill,
mound (see barrowl), -H gåst, gāºst, a spirit (see
ghost). Compare barghmote, barmote. See
also bogus, n.] A goblin or specter of rural
superstition, usually imagined in the form of
a dog, bear, or other beast, and believed to
portend calamity. [North, Eng. and Sc.]
bar-gown (bār'goun), n. The gown or dress
of a lawyer.
barguest, n. See barghest.
barhal (bär'hal), n. [E. Ind.] Same as burrhel.
The barhal, or blue wild sheep [inhabits the Himalayas].
Encyc. Brit., XII. 742.
magnificently adorned, furnished with elegant bari” (bārē), n. [It] ...That part of a roofing-
apartments, éanopied and cushioned, decorated slate which is exposed to the Weather. Weald.
with banners and draperies, and propelled by Bariº (bā'ré), m. [It..] A wine grown near Bari,
a numerous body of oarsmen: used by sover-, on the Adriatic coast ºf Italy;
eigns, officers, magistrates, etc., and in various bariat (bāºri-á), n., [NL., K. Gr. 6apºg, heavy.
ageants, as the marriage of the Adriatic at . Cf. bºytſ, barytes.] Same as baryta. &
§. and the Lord Mayor's parade at London. baric (bar'ik), a... [In sensel, ŠGr. 36p2c, weight,
The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne, 8aptic, heavy; in sense 2, K barium + -ić.] 1.
Burnt on the water. Shak., A. and C., ii. 2. i. *:::::::::::::: Of or º;.
7. In New England, a large wagon, coach, or ; bººm; derº from parºuſ...}, 0% lºº.
omnibus for *:::::: # parties or convey barilla (ba-rilºš), n, [=F. bgrille, K Sp. barril;
ing passengers to and from hotels, etc. la = Pg. barrilha, . º the plant
Marcia watched him drive off toward the station in the from which it is derived.] e commercial
hotel barge. Howells, Modern Instance. . Of º º §. tº: §
1 (bārī), v. t. ; pret. and pp. barged, ppp. S90 a.mported from Spain and the 14evant, ºn
º } º, Žižj TO *; Or §: obtained from several fleshy plants growing
by means of barges. by the sea or in saline localities, mostly belong-
bº. (bärzh), m. [F.] A book-name of the º to the chenopodiaceous genera Salsola, Sali-
go
wit Cornia, and Chenopodium. The plants are dried and
barge boar d (bârj^bórd), n [Hardly, as has burned, and the incinerated ashes constitute barilla. This
- tº ; : ve 2
* was once the chief source of carbonate of soda, but is now
been suggested, a corruption of verge-board, used principally in the manufacture of soap and glass.
which is also used. Ct. ML barqus, a kind ºf ººº...º.º.º.º.º.” “”
gallows.] In arch., a board placed in ad- barillet (bar’i-let), n. [F., dim. of baril, a
vance of a gable and underneath the barge- barreii Yi. The barrel 5 ntaining th
inji, barrel.]. 1. The barrel or case containing the
course, where the roof extends over Yº... mainspring of a watch or spring-clock-2
either covering the rafter that would otherwise p * T ºf e
be visible, or occupying its place. The earliest
The funnel of a sucking-pump.
tº gº P.C.
barge-boards date from the fourteenth century; many baring (bår ing), n. [Verbal n. of barel, v.]
examples of this and the fifteenth century are beautifully
In mining, soil or surface detritus, which has
State Barge.
baritah (ba-riºtă), n.
barghest (bår'gest), n. [Also barguest, bargest, b
.
bark1 (bârk), v.
bark
been removed for the purpose of getting at the
underlying rock. -
bar-iron (bär'i'êrn), n. Wrought-iron rolled
tº: º * Of º, *:::::
aris (bar'is), m.; pl. bares (-6z). [K Gr. 3ápt:
a boat: see bark3.] 1. In * sº §
A flat-bottomed boat, used for transportin
merchandise, etc., on the Nile: the Gree
term for the Egyptian makhem. (b) The sacred
Baris.--Temple of Seti I., Abydos.
boat, represented in art as bearing an enthroned
deity or some symbolical or venerated object.
–2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of rhynchophorous
beetles, of the family Curculionidae, or weevils.
B. ligmarius feeds upon the elm.
Barita (ba-riºtă), n. [NL.] In ornith., a generic
name variously used. (a) In Cuvier's system of classi-
fication (1817), a genus of shrikes or Lamiidae: a synonym
of Cracticus vieiliot), of prior date, [Disused.] (b) Trans-
ferred by Temminck in 1820 to the Australian and Papuan
manucodes. See Mamwcodia. [Disused.] (c) Transferred
by Swainson in 1837 to, and used by Vigors and others for,
the Australian and Papuan cassicans, or corvine birds of
the modern genera Gymnorhina and Strepera, of which
the piping-crow of Australia (Gymnorhina, or Barita
tibicem) is the best-known species. This is the usual sense
of the word, and the above-noted transfers of the name
account for the common statement that the genus Barita
is sometimes classed with the Lamiidae, sometimes with
the Corvidae. [Not now in use.]
A name of the Austra-
lian birds of the genus Barita.
Same as barge- barite (bā'rit), n. [K bar(ium) + -ite?..] Native
barium sulphate: also called barytes and heavy-
Spar, because of its high specific gravity. It oc-
curs in orthorhombic crystals, commonly tabular, and
with perfect prismatic and basal cleavage. It is often
transparent, and varies in color from white to yellow, gray,
red, blue, or brown. There are also massive varieties,
columnar, granular, and compact, resembling marble. It
is a common mineral in metallic veins and beds. It is
Sometimes mined and ground in a mill, and used to adul-
terate white lead. Also baroselenite, barytime.
aritone, m. and a. See barytone.
barium (bā’ri-um), n. DNL., K bar(yta) or ba-
ºr(ytes) + -ium, as in other names of metals; so
named by Davy.] Chemical symbol, Ba; atomic
weight, 137.37. A chemical element belonging
to the group of metals whose oxids are the alka-
line earths. It is yellowish white, somewhat malleable,
of sp. gr. = 3.6, fusible at high temperature, burning
easily when heated in the air. It does not occur native,
but is found abundantly in combination in the min-
erals barite, barium sulphate, and Witherite or barium
carbonate, and less commonly in several other minerals.
Barium combines with most acids to form salts which
are more or less soluble in Water, and these soluble
salts, together with the carbonate, are active poisons.—
Barium chromate, a yellow, insoluble salt, BaCrO
formed by precipitating any soluble Salt of barium wit
chromate of potassium. It finds a limited use as a
pigment both for painting and for calico-printing, under
the name of yellow ultramarine.—Barium hydroxid,
Ba(OH)2, a caustic alkaline powder, soluble in water,
formerly used in sugar-refining to form an insoluble sac-
charine compound.—Barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, a sub-
stance used extensively in pyrotechny to produce green
fire, and to some extent in the manufacture of explosives.
—Barium. Oxid. See baryta.-Barium sulphate, or
heavy-spar, BaSO4, the commonest of the barium minerals
almost perfectly insoluble in water. Artificially prepare
barium sulphate is used as a pigment, under the name of
permanent white. See barytes.
[K ME. barken, berken, borken,
KAS. bedrcan (strong verb, ſ: borcen, X bor-
cian, bark, weak verb) = Icel, berkja (weak
verb), bark, bluster. Supposed by some to be
orig, another form of AS. brecan (pp. brocen),
break, snap. Cf. Icel. brakta, bleat, - Norw.
brakta, braska = Sw, bråka = Dan. brage, bleat.]
I. intrans. 1. To utter an abrupt explosive cry:
said of a dog, and hence of other animals.
No dog shall rouse thee, though a thousand bark.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, l, 240.
2. Figuratively, to clamor; pursue with un-
reasonable clamor or reproach: usually fol-
lowed by at.
Vile is the vengeaunce on the ashes cold,
And envy base to barke at sleeping fame.
Spen&er, F. Q., II. viii. 18.
The lank hungry belly barks for food.
B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, i. 1.
3. To cough... [Colloq.]—To bark at the moon,
to clamor or agitate to no purpose.—TO bark up the
Wrong tree, to mistake one's object; attack or pursue
another than the person or thing intended, as when a dog






bark
by barking brings the hunter to a tree other than that in
which the game has really taken refuge. [Colloq., U.S.]
II.f trans. 1. To utter or give forth with a
bark.-2. To break out with: as, to bark out
flame.
bark! (bârk), n. IK bark1, v.] The abrupt ex-
plosive cry of a dog; hence, a cry resembling
that of the dog, uttered by some other animals.
I. His bark is worse than his bite, little harm is por-
tended by his angry threats, faultfinding, etc., as by the
*threatening bark of a dog which rarely or never bites.
bark2 º n. [KME. barke, bark, barc, Klate
AS. bare, K Icel. bārkr (gen. barkar) = Sw. bark
= pan, barº MiGººg.º. (SG. borº,
bark. Possibly connected with Icel, bjarga =
AS. beorgan = G. bergen, etc., cover, protect:
Seeburys. The older E. word for ‘bark” is rind.]
1. Generally, the º of the woody stems
branches, and roots of plants, as distinct an
Separable from the wood itself. In its strictest
scientific sense it is limited to the dry and dead portion
of this covering, as found on exogenous plants, which
usually consists of parenchyma or soft cellular tissue, cork
and bast, in varying proportions. See basti, corki, an
epidermis. It is very diverse and often complicated in
structure, varying in these respects with the species upon
which it is found; but it is usually arranged in annular
concentric layers. As these become distended by the
thickening of the stem, the outer layers often crack and
are gradually cast off. In the bark the medicinal and
other peculiar properties of the plant are usually abun-
dant, especially tannin and many alkaloids. The younger
and softer layer lying next to the young wood is called
inner bark, liber, or bast. See cut under bast.
2. Specifically— (a) In phar, Peruvian, or
Jesuits’ bark (see Cinchona). (b) In tanning,
oak and hemlock barks.-Alstonia bark, a bitter
bark obtained from the Pala (Alstonia) scholaris, an
apocynaceous forest-tree of the tropics of the old world.
It is used in India as atomic and antiperiodic. The Alstonia
or Queensland fever-bark of Australia is the product of
Pala (Alstonia) constricta.-Angostura or Cusparia.
bark, the product of arutaceous shrub, Galipea trifoliata,
of the mountains of Venezuela, a valuable tonic in dys.
pepsia, dysentery, and chronic diarrhea. It was formerly
rized as a febrifuge, and is now much used in making a
ind of bitters. Its use in medicine was discontinued for
a time, because of the introduction into the markets of a
false Angostura bark, obtained from the nux-vomica tree,
which produced fatal effects. Also Angustura bark.--
Arica bark. Same as Cusco bark.-Ashy crown bark,
the bark of Cºmchona macrocalya.—Bebéeru or bibirti
bark. See bebeeru.—Bitter bark. See Georgia bark.-
Bogotá bark, the bark of Cinchona lancifolia.-Boldo
bark. See boldo.—Bolivian or calisaya bark, the bark
of Cinchona Calisaya.— Canella bark. See Camellal.—
Garabaya bark, the bark of Cinchoma elliptica.—Carib-
bean or West Indian bark, the bark of a rubiaceous
tree, . Eacostema Caribºewm, nearly allied to the genus
Cºnchona, used in making tonic bitters and in medicine
as a substitute forcinchona bark.--Carolina bark. See
Georgia bark.--Carthagena bark, a general name for
Varieties of cinchona bark brought from the northern ports
of South America, generally of inferior quality.—Cas-
Caraamarga or Honduras bark, a bitterbark, said to be
obtained from Tariri Antidesma, a simarubaceous tree
of tropical America.-Cascara sagrada bark, the bark
of Rhamnus Purshiana of California, used as atonic aperi-
ent-Gascarilla, sweetwood, or Eleuthera bark, the
bark of Croton Eleuteria, a euphorbaceous shrub of the
Bahamas. It is an aromatic, bitter tonic.—Cassia bark.
See Cassia.-China bark, Peruvian bark. (a) See Cin.
choma. (b) The bark of Ladenbergia heasandra, a ru-
biaceous tree of the western coast of South America,
which is used as a substitute for cinchona.—Clove-bark.
Same as clove-cassia (which see, under cassia).-Colom-
bian bark, the bark of Cinchona *:::::::: C. lancifolia,
and C. gordºfoliº Conessi bark, a bark obtained from
Holarrhena antidysenterica, an apocynaceous tree of In-
dia, where it is of considerable repute as a remedy for
dysentery and as a tonic febrifuge. Sometimes called
Telitcherry bark.-Coquetta bark, the bark of Cinchona
lancifolia.-Crown bark. Same as loava bark.-Culila-
Wan bark, a valuable aromatic, pungent bark, the pro-
duce of Ciminamomum Culilawan, a tree of the Moluccas,
useful in indigestion, diarrhea, etc.. Sometimes written
culilawang.--Cuprea bark, a bark obtained from the
Tubiaceous shrub Ladenbergia pedwmcwlata, of tropi-
cal South America, largely imported into England for the
manufacture of quinine.—Cusco bark, the bark of Cim-
chona pubescens. Also called Arica bark- Cusparia,
bark. See Angostwra bark.--Doom bark, the bark
of Erythrophlewm Gwineense.—Doundaké bark, the
name of several barks obtained from the west coast
of Africa, possessing tonic, febrifugal, and other medi-
cinal properties. The best-known kind is the product
of a, rubiaceous plant, Sarcocephalus sambwcinus-
Bleuthera bark. See cascarilla bark.-Elk bark, the
bark of Magnolia, Virginiana. Also called Indian bark.--
Essential salt of bark, an aqueous extract of cinchona
bark-False loxa bark, the bark of Cinchong Hwm-
boldtiana.-Florida bark. See Georgia bark.— French
Guiana bark, a bark obtained from Coutarea heasandra,
a rubiaceous tree of tropical South America, having feb.
rifugal properties.—Fusagasuga bark, a variety of Car-
thagena bark.- ºr; bitter, Carolina, or Florida.
bark, the bark of Pinckneya. *:::: a small rubia-
ceous tree of the southern United States, having the same
gº. as French Guiana bark.—Honduras bark,
ee cascara amarga bark-Huamilies bark, the bark
of Cºmchong purpurea.— Indian barberry bark, the
root-bark of several East Indian species of Berberis, used
as a tonic and in the treatment of fevers, diarrhea, etc.—
Indian bark, the bark of Magnolia Virginiana. , Also
called elk bark. — Iron bark, the bark of Eucalyptus
resinifera.-Jaen bark, the bark of Cinchona Humn-
boldtiana.-Jamaica bark. See Caribbean bark-Jes-
uits' bark, Peruvian bark.— Jesuits' Bark Act, an
bark? (bârk), v. t.
453
English statute of 1808 forbidding the exportation of
Jesuits' {º}. except to Ireland.-Lima bark,
the bark of Cºnchona Peruviana, C. mitida, and C. mi.
crantha, - Loxa bark, the bark of Cinchona officinalis.
Also called crown bark.-Malambo bark, an aromatic
bark obtained from Croton Malambo, a euphorbiaceous
shrub of Venezuela and New Granada. It is employed
as a remedy for diarrhea and as a vermifuge, and is said
to be largely used in the United States for the adulter-
ation of spices.— Mancona, bark, the bark of Erythro-
phlewm Gwineense.— Maracaibo bark, the bark of Cin-
choma tuculien8ig.— Margosa or Nim bark, the bark of
Azadirachta Azadirachta, used in India as a tonic and
antiperiodic.— Mezereon bark, the bark of Daphne
Mezerewm. It is acrid and irritant, and is used in liniments
and as a remedy in Venereal, rheumatic, and scrofulous
complaints.—Neem bark. See Margosa bark.--New
bark, the bark of Ladenbergia oblongifolia.-Nim bark.
See jargosa. bark.-Oak bark. See Quercw8 alba, under
werew8.—Ordeal bark, the bark of Erythrophlewm.
wineense.--Pale, bark, a name applied to the barks of
Cinchona officinalis, C. mitida, C. micrantha, C. purpurea,
and C. Humboldtiana.-Palton bark, the bark of Cin-
choma macrocalyz.—Peruvian bark. See chima bark.
-Pitaya, bark, the bark of Cinchoma pitayensis.--Que-
brachó bark, the bark of Macaglia Quebracho-blanco
Aspidosperma Quebracho-blanco of Schlechtendal) of
razil. It contains several peculiar oids, and is said
to be efficacious in the cure of dyspnoea.—Red bark,
the bark of Cinchona 8wcci rubra.-Red Cusco bark,
the bark of Cinchona Scrobiculata.—Rohun bark, a
bitter astringent bark, from Soymida, febrifuga, a me-
liaceous tree of India, where it is used as an astringent,
tonic, and antiperiodic.—Royal bark, the bark of
Cinchona cordifolia.-St. Lucia, bark, the bark of Ez-
08tema floribundum.—Samadera, 5ark, the inner bark
of a simarubaceous East Indian tree (Samadera Indica).
It is intensely bitter.—Santa Ana, bark, the bark of Cim-
chona 8Crobiculata.--Santa Martha bark, a cinchona
bark shipped from Santa Martha,-Sassy bark, the bark
of Erythrophleum, Gwineense.—Sweetwood bark. See
cascarilla bark.-West Indian bark. See Caribbean
bark.-Wild-cherry bark, the bark of Prunus sero-
tina.—Winter's bark, an astringent bark obtained from
a magnoliaceous tree, Drimy& Winteri, of the moun-
tains of western America from Mexico to Cape Horn.
Paratudo bark is a variety of it. Most of the so-called
Winter's bark of commerce is the product of Cinnamodem-
dron corticosum and Camella Winterama of the West Indies.
[= Sw. barka = Dan. barke,
tan; from the noun...] 1. To strip off the bark
of, or remove a circle of bark from, as a tree;
peel; specifically, to scrape off the outer or
dead bark of. See barking2, 1.
This pine is bark'd
That overtopp'd them all.
Shak., A. and C., iv. 10.
Hence—2. To strip or rub off the outer cov-
ering of (anything, as the skin): as, to bark
one's shins.
So after getting up [the tree) three or four feet, down
they came slithering to the ground, barking their arms
and faces. T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 4.
3. To cover or inclose with bark: as, to bark
a house.—4}. To cover, as the bark does a
tree; incrust.
A most instant tetter bark'd about,
Most lazar-like, with vile and loathsome crust,
All my smooth body. Shak., Hamlet, i. 5.
5. To apply bark to, as in the process of tan-
ning; tan.—6. To color with an infusion or a
decoction of bark: as, to bark sails or cordage.
—7. To kill (game) by the concussion of a
bullet which strikes the bark of a limb at the
spot on which the animal is crouched, or by
the flying bark.
Barking off squirrels is a delightful sport, and in my
opinion requires a greater degree of accuracy than any
other. I first witnessed this near Frankfort. The per-
former was the celebrated Daniel Boone.
J. J. Awdwbon, Ornith. Biog., I. 293.
bark3 (bâtk), n.
[Also barque, after F.; K late
ME. barke, barque, K F. barque-Pr. Sp. Pg. It.
barca = D. bark = MHG. G. barke = Dan.
bark. = Icel. barki, K.L.L. barca (ML. also barga,
X OF. barge, X E. bargel, q.v.), regarded by
some as a syncopated form of an assumed LL.
*barica, a quasi-adj. formation, K. L. baris, K
Gr. 36pig, KEgypt. (Coptic) bari, a flat-bottomed
boat used in Egypt; but more prob. of Celtic
or even of Teut. origin.] 1. Nawt., a three-
masted vessel, fore-and-aft rigged on the miz-
zenmast, the other two masts being Square-
rigged.—2. A vessel of any kind, especially a
sailing vessel of Small size.
O steer my bark to Erin's isle,
I'or Erin is my home. Moore.
barkantine, barkentine (bärſkan-tên, -ken-
tên), m. ić bark3, on type of brigantinel.] A
three-masted vessel, with the foremast square-
rigged, and the mainmast and mizzenmast fore-
and-aft rigged. Also barquantine, barquentime.
bark-bed (bârk’ bed), m.
of the spent bark that has been used by tan-
InêrS. The bark is placed in a brick pit in a glazed house
constructed for forcing or for the growth of tender plants.
Artificial warmth and dampness are produced by the
fermentation of the bark. Also called bark-stove.
bark-bound (bârk’ bound), a.
growth by having the bark too firm or close.
In hort., a bed formed
bark-mill
Barkantine.
barkeeper (bär'ké"pér), n. One who has charge
of the bar of an inn or other place of public
entertainment; a bartender. -
barkenl (bär’ken or-kn), v. [Sc.; K bark? ---enl,
as in harden, stiffen, etc.] I. intrans. To be-
come hard; form a crust.
The best way's to let the blood barken on the cut —
that saves plaisters. Scott, Guy Mannering, I. 171.
II. trans. To tan (or dye) with bark.
Effie used to help me tumblé the bundles o' barkened
leather up and down. Scott, Heart of Midlothian, v.
barken? (bárſken or -kn), a. [K bark? ---en?..]
Consisting or made of bark: as, “barken knots,”
Whittier. [Rare.]
barkentine, n. See barkantine.
barkeri (bār'kér), n. [K bark1, v., + -erl.] 1.
An animal that barks; a person who clamors
unreasonably.
They are rather enemies of my fame than me, these
barkers. B. Jonson, Discoveries.
2. The spotted redshank, Totamus fuscus. Al-
bin; Montagu. [Prov. Eng.]–3. A person sta-
tioned at the door of a house where auctions
of inferior goods are held, to invite strangers
to enter; a touter; a tout. [Cant.]–4. A pis-
tol. [Slang.]—5. A lower-deck gun in a ship.
barker2 (bär’kēr), n. [K bark2, v., + -erl.] 1.
One who strips trees of their bark. —2+. A tan-
In eI’.
Barker's mill. See milll.
barkery (bärſkér-i), n. ; pl. barkeries (-iz). [K
bark2 + -ery.] A tan-house, or a place where
bark is kept.
bark-feeder (bärk'fé"dēr), n.
insect or animal.
barkingl (bärſking), m. [Verbal n. of bark1, v.]
The uttering of an abrupt explosive cry, as that
of a dog.
barking? (bār’king), n. [Verbal n. of bark2, v.]
1. The process of stripping bark from trees, of
removing a ring of bark from a tree so as to
kill it, or of scraping dead bark from fruit-trees
to promote their growth.-2. The operation of
tanning leather with bark; also, the operation
of dyeing fabrics with an infusion of bark.
barking-ax (bärſking-aks), m. An ax used in
scraping bark from trees.
barking-bill (bärſking-bil), m. A sharp-point-
ed instrument used to make transverse cuts
through the bark of trees, preparatory to the
process of stripping them.
barking-bird (bâr’king-bêrd), m. [K barking,
ppr. of bark1, + bird 1.] The name of a rock-
wren, Pteroptochus or Hylactes tarmi, of the
island of Chiloé: also said to be applied to an-
other and smaller species, P. rubecula. The name
is due, in either case, to the similarity of the cry of the
birds to the yelping of a puppy. Darwin. Also called
guid-guid. e
barking-ironl (bärſking-i'êrn), n.
A bark-eating
[K barking,
ppr. of barkl, v., + iron.] A pistol. Marryat.
[Slang.]
barking-iron? (bār’king-i'êrn), m. [K barking?
+ iron..] An instrument for removing the bark
of oak and other trees, for use in tanning.
barking-mallet (bärſking-mal"et), n., A ham-
mer with a wedge-shaped edge, used in bark-
ing trees.
barklak (bår’klak), n. A myrtaceous tree of
Venezuela.
barkless (bārk’les), a. [K bark? ---less.] Des-
+titute of bark.
bark-louse (bärk^lous), n. An insect of the
family Coccidae that infests trees; a coccid.
bark-mill (bärk’mil), n. A mill for grinding
Hindered in bark for tanners' and dyers' uses, or for medi.
cinal purposes.


barkometer
barkometer (bār-kom’e-têr), n. [Irreg. Kbark2 barley-bree, barley-broo (bårºli-bré, -brö), n.
+ -0-meter, K. Gr. Mérpov, a measure.] A hy- Liquor made from malt, whether by brewing
drometer used by tanners in ascertaining the or distillation; ale or whisky. sº
strength of infusions of bark, or ooze. barley-broth (bär"li-bröth), n. 1. Broth made
bark-paper (bärk'pā'për), n. Paper made from b ºg jº and meat with vegetables.
bark; specifically, paper made from the bark É... . e or beer: used jocosely, and
of Broussonetia papyrifera, a tree common in also in contempt, as in the extract.
Southeastern Asia and Oceanica. Most of the Can sodden water
paper used in Japan is of this kind. A drench for sur-rein'd jades, their barley broth,
bark-pit (bårk’pit), n. A tan-pit, or pit for Decoct their cold blood to such valiant heat? ..
tanning or steeping leather. tº Shak., Hen. V., iii. 5,
barkstone (bärk'stón), n. The concrete musky barleycorn (bär"li-körn), n. 1. A grain of
secretion taken from the castor-glands of the barley.—2. A measure equal to the third part
beaver; castor; castoreum. of an inch; originally, the length of a grain of
bark-stove (bärk'stóv), n. Same as bark-bed, barley. A statute of Edward II. (A. D. 1324) makes
bark-tanne (bärk'tand), a. Tanned by the º barley-corns round and dry” the definition of an
slow action of oak, hemlock, or other barks, e
as leather, in contragistinction to that tanned 3. A º: º *: ºth of a fine
wholly or in part by chemicals. alm or parley, about U. IIl Ch. — John or Sir
3.5 -- f 1–5: º ohn BarleyCOrn, a humorou 'sonificati f th
barky (bärſki), a... [K bark2 + -y1.] Consist- y p S personIIlcation of the
454.
tº e * spirit of barley, or malt liquor: a usage of considerable
ing of bark; containing bark; covered with antiquity.
John Barleycorm was a hero bold
Of noble enterprise,
For, if you do but taste his blood,
"Twill make your courage rise.
bark.
The barky fingers of the elm. Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
bar-lathe (bär’lāTH), n. A lathe with a single
beam, usually having a triangular section, on
*which the heads or puppets slide.
barleyl (bär’li), m. "[Early mod. E. also barly,
barlye, Sc. barlick; K ME. barly, berley, bar-
lich, Klate AS. barlic, barley, appar. K. bere, E.
bearð, barley, + -lic, E. –lyl; the word appears a guard at the root of the tines, used for gath-
first as an attrib., being formally an adj. The
Icel. barlak, and W. barlys,
barley (as if K bara, bread, +
llysiau, llysau, plants, herbs),
Corn, barliz, are from E.]
The name of a grain, and of
the plant yielding it, belong-
ing to the genus Hordeum,
of the family Poaceae. This
grain has been cultivated from
the very earliest times, when it
formed an important article of
food, as it still does where other
cereals cannot be raised. It is
largely employed for feeding ani-
mals, but its chief use is in the
manufacture of fermented liquors,
as beer, ale, and porter, and of
whisky. No other grain can be
cultivated through so great a range
of climate, for it matures in Lap-
land, Norway, and Iceland, in 65°
and 70° north latitude, and at an
altitude of 11,000 feet in the Andes
and Himalaya. The only cultivated
form found wild is the two-rowed
or long-eared barley, H. sativum.
distichon, a native of western
Asia, but cultivated in prehistoric
times, as was also the six-rowed
species, winter barley, EI. sativum.
headastichon. Of later origin is
the common four-rowed species,
spring or summer barley, H. sativum vulgare. Fan-
shaped barley, also called battledore- or sprat-barley, is now
considered only a cultivated form of the two-rowed species.
Several varieties of these species are found in cultivation.
The grain differs generally from wheat in retaining closely
its husks; it is also somewhat less nutritious and palata-
ble as an article of food. See Hordeum.— Caustic bar-
ley, an early name for the seeds of Schoenocaulon offici:
male, called in medicine sabadilla, and used as a source of
veratrin.—Mouse, wall, way, or wild barley, Hor-
dewm mºwrinum, a grass of little value.—Patent barley,
the farina obtained by grinding pearl-barley.—Pearl-bar-
ley, the grain deprived of husk and pellicle and completely
rounded by grinding. It is used in making broths and
in soups.-Scotch, pot, or hulled barley, the grain de-
prived of the husk in a mill.
barley? (bār (li), m. [A corruption of parley,
q. v.] A cry used by children in certain games
when a truce or temporary stop is desired.
[Scotch..]
barley-bigg (bär’li-big), n. Same as bigg.
§ (bär’li-bérd), n. [K barley 1 + bird;
applied to various birds which appear about
the time of sowing barley.] 1. A name of the
European wryneck, Yuna torquilla.—2.
name of some small bird: said to be either
the siskin (Chrysomitris spinus) or the nightin-
gale (Daulias philomela). ng.]
barley-brake, barley-break (bär"li-brāk), m.
[Sc. barley-bracks, barla-breikis; K barley (un-
certain whether barley1 or barley?, or from some
other source) + break.] An old game played
by six persons, three of each sex, formed into
couples. Three contiguous plots of ground were chosen,
and one couple, placed in the middle plot, attempted to
catch the others as they passed through. The middle
plot was called hell, whence the allusions in old plays to
“the kast couple in hell.” &
She went abroad thereby
At barley-brake her sweet swift feet to try.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.
A thousand agues
Play at barley-break in my bones.
Magginger, Parliament of Love, iv. 5.
Barlev.
Spike of Hordeum sati-
vumt vulgare.
- barnaby
barm-clothi, n. An apron: Chaucer.
Bºidal (bär’mé-si-dal), a. Same as Bar-
7%66200.
Barmecide, Barmacide (bär’mé-sid, -ma-sid),
m. and a. [K one of the Barmecidae (a Latin.
ized form, with patronymic suffix -idae) or Bar-
mecides, a noble Persian family founded by
Barmek or Barmak, and having great power
under the Abbasside califs.] I. m. One who
offers imaginary food or illusory benefits: in al-
lusion to the story, told in the Arabian Nights,
of a member of the Barmecide family of #.
dad, who on one occasion placed a succession of
empty dishes before a beggar, pretending that
they contained a sumptuous repast, a fiction
which the beggar humorously accepted.
II. a. Like, or like the entertainment of,
the Barmecide of the story; hence, unreal,
sham, illusory, etc.: as, “my Barmecide friend,”
Thackera, ; a Barmecide feast or repast.
It is a Barmecide Feast ; a pleasant field for the innagi-
nation to Tove in. Dickens, Amer. Notes.
barmilian (bār-mil’yan), n. [Origin unknown.]
old name for alrind of fustian goods largely
Burns, John Barleycorn. exported from England. E. H. Knight.
barley-fever (bār’li-fé"vér), n.
a source of strong drink) + fever.]
caused by intemperance. [North. Eng.]
barley-fork (bār’li-fôrk), m. A hand-fork with
€SS
ering up stalks of barley.
barleyhood (bâr"li-hūd), n. A fit of drunken-
ness, or of ill humor brought on by drinking. barmkin (bärm’kin), n.
[Chiefly Scotch.]
barley-islandt (bår' li-i" land), n.
house.
barley-meal (bār 'li-mêl), m.
made from barley.
barley-milk (bār 'li-milk), n.
with barley or barley-meal.
barley-sick (bār’li-sik), a. [K barleyl (see bar-
ley—fever) + sick.] ...Intoxicated. [Scotch.]
barley-sugar (bär"li-shūg’ér), n. Sugar boiled
(formerly in a decoction of barley) till it be-
comes brittle and candied.
barley-water (bär"li-wā’tēr), n. A decoction
of barley used as a demulcent nutritious drink
in fevers, and in inflammations of the air-pas-
sages and of the alimentary canal.
bººm. (bär"li-win), n. Ale or beer.
bar-lift (bår’lift), n. A short metal bar fas-
tened to a heavy window as a convenience in
lifting it. -
barlingh, m. [North. E. and Sc., K Sw. bārling,
a pole, K bára = E. bearl, q.v.] A pole.
bar-loom (bär’löm), n. A ribbon-loom.
barml#, n. [ME. barme, barm, berm, K. AS.
bearm (ONorth. barm = OS. OFries. OHG.
barm = Icel. barmºr = Sw. Dan. barm = Goth.
barms), the bosom, with formative -m, K beran,
E. bearl, q.v.] The bosom ; the lap.
barm2 (bärm), n. [K ME. barme, berme, KAS.
beorma = Fries. berme, barm = MLG. berm,
barm, LG. borme, barme, barm (> G. bārme) =
Sw. bārma = Dan. barme; prob. akin to L. fer-
'mentum, yeast, K fervere, boil: see ferment, n.]
The scum or foam rising upon beer or other
malt liquors when fermenting; yeast. It is used
as leaven in bread to make it swell, causing it to become
softer, lighter, and more delicate. It mº be used in
liquors to make them ferment or work. It is a fungus,
Saccharomyces cerevisios. See yeast and fermentation.
barms (bärm), m. Same as berm.
Barmacide, m. and a. See Barmecide.
bar-magnet (bår"mag"net), m. An artificial
steel magnet made in the form of a straight
and rather slender bar.
barmaid (bâr’mād), n. A maid or woman who
attends the bar of an inn or other place of re-
freshment.
barman (bār’man), m.; pl. barmen (-men). 1+.
ºisier º. A barkeeper or bartender.
barmaster (bärſmäs’tēr), m. [Reduced from
earlier barghmaster, barge master, - G. berg-
meister, a surveyor of mines, K bar, bargh, a
hill, a mine (= G. berg), -H master, meister.
Cf. barmote.] In mining, the title of an officer
who acts as manager, agent, and Surveyor,
representing the interests of the proprietor or
‘lord,” and at the same time looking after those
of the miner. “He has charge of the stan-
dard dish or measure used in measuring the
ore.” Ure. Also called bailiff, bergmaster, and
burghmaster. [Derbyshire, Eng.]
barmbrack (bärm’brak), n. [A corruption of
Ir. bairigen breac, speckled cake: bairigen,
bairgheam, bairin, a cake; breac, speckled,
spotted.]. A currant-bun. [Anglo-Irish.]
An ale-
Meal or flour
Gruel made
[K ºr'. bar-mining (bār’mi'ning), n.
barmote (bär’möt), n.
barmy-brained (bâr’mi-bränd), a.
y.
barn! (bârn), n.
barn! (bårn), v. t.
barnabee (bär'na-bé), n.
Barnabite (bär’na-bit), n.
barnabyt (bår’ na-bi), n.
In placer-min-
$ng, the washing of the sand or gravel in the bed
of a stream, when laid bare by the diminution of
the stream at low water, or by building a flume,
and thus carrying the water to one side of the
channel. The latter method is more commonly
called fluming. [California.]
[Also spelled barm-
kyn, barnekin, barmkyn; KME. barmeken, barne-
kynch : origin uncertain; possibly K barmS =
berm, brim, border, edge (the forms in barn-
being then corruptions), + -kin; but more prob.
all corruptions of barbicam.] The rampart or
outerfortification of a castle. [Lowland Scotch
and North. Eng.]
And broad and bloody rose the sun,
And on the barmkyn shone.
Old ballad, in Boucher's Border Minstrelsy, ii. 341.
Lord Soulis he sat in Hermitage Castle,
And Redcap was not by ;
And he called on a page, who was witty and sage,
To go to the barmkin high.
J. Leyden, Lord Soulis, in N. and Q., 6th ser., XI. 386.
Battlements and barmkins and all the other appurte-
nances of Strength, as such places were called. Lever.
[A reduction of earlier
bargemote, also barghmote and berghmote, K. G.
berg, a hill, mine, + E. mote, meeting. Cf. bar-
"master.]. A court established in the reign of Ed-
ward III. and held twice a year in Derbyshire,
England, in which matters connected with
# mining are considered. Also written bergmote.
barmy (bär’mi), a... [K barm2 + -y1.] Contain-
ing or resembling barm or yeast; frothy.
Of windy cider and of barmy beer.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iii.
Why, thou bottle-ale,
Thou barmie frotii
Marston, Scourge of Villanie, vi.
Light-
[K ME. barn, bern, KAS. bern,
a contr. of berern, bere-ern, as in ONorth., K
bere, barley (E. bear3), + ern, a place.] A
covered building designed for the storage of
grain, hay, flax, or other farm-produce. In
America barns also usually contain stabling
for horses and cattle.
[K barml, m.] To store up
in a barn. Shak., Lucrece, 1.859.
headed; gidd
Men . . . often barn up the chaff, and burn up the
grain. Fuller, Good Thoughts, p. 110.
barn?t, n. [Early mod. and dial. E., K.Sc. bairn,
§ v., K ME. beerm, berm, K. A.S. bearm, a child.
ee bairn.] A child.
Mercy on's, a barm, a very pretty barn 1 A boy or a
child, I wonder? Shak., W. T., iii. 3.
[E. dial. (Suffolk);
prob. in allusion to Barnaby day. See Bar-
naby-bright.] The lady-bird.
[= F. Barmabite, K
LL. Barnabas, K. Gr. BapuáBag, a Hebrew name
translated “son of consolation” (Acts iv. 36),
more accurately “son of exhortation” or “son
of prophecy.”] In the Rom. Cath. Ch., a mem-
ber of a religious congregation properly styled
“Regular Clerks of the Congregation of St.
Paul,” but having their popular designation
from the church of St. Barnabasin Milan, which
was granted to them in 1545, soon after the
foundation of the congregation. Their princi-
pal house is now in Rome.
[Prob. connected
with the celebration of Barnaby day, K. Barna-

barnaby
, formerly also Barnabie, K F. Barnabe, K LL.
armabas, Barnabas: see Barnabite.] An old
dance to a quick movement.
Bounce cries the port-hole—out they fly,
And make the world dance #ſºft
Cottom, Virgil Travestie.
Barnaby-bright (bår’na-bi-brit), n. [Also
Barnaby bright, Barnaby the bright, and (Scott
L. of L. M., iv. 4) St. Barnabright; also calle
Dong Barnaby, in ref. to the coincidence of
Barnaby day with the summer solstice.] The
day of St. Barnabas the Apostle, the 11th of
June, which in old style was the day of the
Summer solstice.
Barnaby-bright, the longest day and the shortest night.
Old rime.
This day the sunne is in his chiefest hight,
With Barnaby the ºrg; º ©
penger, Epithalamion, 1. 266.
Barnaby day. Same as Barnaby-bright.
barnaclel §º.; m. [Also barnicle, ber-
nacle; K ME, barnakylle, bernakill, bernacle, ap-
par. a dim. of the earlier bermake, bermak, ber-
nack, bernekke; cf. OF. bernaque (Mí. bernaca,
berneka), later F. bernache, mod. barnache,
barnacle = Sp. bernache – Pg. bernaca, berna-
cha, bernicha = It. bernacla, later ML, or NL.
bernicla, bernecla, bernacula; G. bernikel-gans,
Dan. bermakel-gaas. Ultimate origin unknown.
The word seems to have arisen in England.
The oldest M.E. form, bernekke, could be simply
‘bare-neck,' with a possible allusion to the
large white patches on the bird’s neck and head.
If this were a popular designation, it could
easily, when taken into book-language and Lat-
inized, assume the above and the other numer-
ous corrupt forms (ML. bermicha, bernecha, ber-
mescha, bernesta, etc.) in which it appears. The
loss of a knowledge of its meaning would assist
the growth of the fables connected with the
word.] 1. A species of wild goose, Anser ber-
Barnacle-goose (Bernzcºa leucopsis).
micla or Bernicla leucopsis, also called barnacle-
bar-net (bår’net), m.
barney (bär’ni), m.
tº:
455
3. Anything resembling a barnacle (in sense 2).
baroco
a slope or plane into which the barney runs, .
(2) Any anomalous growth or extraneous adhering matter in order to allow the mine-car to run in over
Oral Tangement tend-
ing to impede pro-
gress.
Compulsory pilot-
age, the three
months' extra pay to
crew8 discharged in
foreign lands, and
the obligatory em-
ployment of govern-
Inent officials for the
shipment of sailors
in American ports,
are all barnacles . . .
which impede the
progress of our com-
mercial marine.
D.A. Wells, Merchant
[Marine, p. 181.
(b) A person holding
on tenaciously to a
place or position ;
one who is a useless or incompetent fixture in an office
or employment; a follower who will not be dismissed or
shaken off.
4}. [Cf. barnard.] A decoy swindler. [Cant.]
barnaclel (bär"na-kl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bar-
macled, ppr. barnacling. [K barnacle1, n.] To
fix or attach, as a barnacle upon the bottom
of a ship. [Rare.]
He barmacled himself to Gershon, now, and shipped with
him always. Mrs. Whitney, Gayworthys, xxiv.
barnacle? (bār’na-kl), n. [Also barnicle, ber-
nicle; K ME. barnakylle, byrnacle, bernacle (KOF.
bernicle, an instrument of torture), appar. a dim.
of the earlier bernake, bermak, bernac, KOF. ber-
7tac, a barnacle (def. 1); origin unknown. The
word branks, q.v., has a similar meaning, but
no connection can be made out. The sense
of ‘spectacles’ easily arises from the original
sense; but some connect barnacles in this sense
with OF. bericle, mod. F. besicle, eye-glass (K
ML. *bericulus, dim. of berillus, beryllus, beryl:
see beryl and brills), or with mod. F. dial. ber-
miques, spectacles.] 1. A kind of bit or muzzle
used to restrain an unruly horse or ass; now
(usually in the plural), an instrument consist-
ing of two branches joined at one end with a
hinge, placed on a horse's nose to restrain him
while being shod, bled, or dressed.
A scourge to an hors and a bernacle [bridle, A. V.] to an
3.SSé, Wyclif, Prov. xxvi. 3.
Bence—2. An instrument of torture applied in
a similar way to persons.— 3. pl. Spectacles.
[Colloq.]
What d'ye lack? What d'ye lack? Clocks, watches, bar-
macles? What d'ye lack, sir? What d'ye lack, madam?
Scott, Fortunes of Nigel.
barnacle? (bār'na-kl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bar-
macled, ppr. barnacling. [K barnacle?, m.] To
apply barnacles to: as, to barnacle a horse.
barnacle-goose (bār'na-kl-gös), m. [Formerly
also abbr. bargoose; K barnaclel, 1, + goose.]
Same as barnaclel, 1.
barnardt (bår'nārd), n.
haps for bermer, q. v.] One of a gang of swin-
dlers who acted as a decoy.
Barnburner (bärn’bèr"nér), m. [In reference
to the story of a farmer who burned his barn
to get rid of the rats.] A member of the more
rogressive of the two factions into which the
emocratic party in the State of New York
was long divided, the other faction being called
the Hunkers. The Barnburners opposed the extension
of the canal system, and after 1846 they opposed the ex-
tension of slavery in the Territories. In a few years most
of them joined the new Free-soil party.
The internal reform of a party cannot be carried out by
corrupt leaders. One of the main objects of the reform-
ers was to break the influence of the latter, and to this
they owed their appellation of barmburmers, their enemies
charging them with a readiness to burn the building with
the vermin, in default of a less radical means of purifica-
tion. H. von Holst, Const. Hist. (trans), III. 359.
barncock (bärn’kok), n. A local Scotch name
of the turbot: so called on account of its round
shape. Day.
barn-door (bärn’dór'), m.
—Barn-door fowl, a mongrel or cross-bred specimen of
the common hen; a dunghill or barn-yard fowl.
A net placed across a
stream to guide fish into a wing-pond.
[Perhaps from the proper
name Barney for Barnaby, formerly very com-
mon as a Christian name, and still common
among the Irish. But in 3d sense cf. blarney.]
1. In mining, a small car used in the anthracite
region of Pennsylvania on inclined planes and
slopes to push the mine-car up the slope.—2.
A prize-fight. [Slang.]—3. Humbug.
(bär’ni-pit), m. In the anthracite
Pennsylvania, a pit at the bottom of
Barnacle (Lepas amatifera).
barn-gallon (bärn'gal”gn), n.
barn-grass (bärnºgrás), n.
barnhardtite (bärn'hār-tit), n.
barn-owl (bårnfoul), n.
barns-breaking (bärnz’brā’king), m.
barn-stormer (bärn'stór’mér), n. &
[Also bernard; per- player; an actor who plays “in the provinces.”
barn-storming (bärn'stór"ming), n.
barn-Swallow (bârn’swol'6), m.
goose or bernacle-goose. It is one of several species
of the genus Bernicla, inhabiting the northern parts of
Europe, and occasionally appearing as a straggler in North
America. It is smaller than the various wild geese of the
genus Amser proper, has dark-brown or blackish upper
arts, and a black neck and head, with large white patches.
t is related to the common wild goose of North America,
B. canadensis, and still more closely to the brent- or brant-
goose, Bernicla brenta. This bird, which was known in the
British islands only as a visitor, became the subject of a
curious popular fable, not yet extinct, being believed to be
bred from a tree growing on the sea-shore, either from the
fruit of the tree or as itself the fruit (hence called tree-
goose), or from a shell-fish which grew on this tree (see
def. 2), or from rotting wood in the water.
So rotten planks of broken ships do change
To Barnacles. . . .
'Twas first a green tree, then a broken hull,
Lately a Mushroom, now a flying Gull.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas, i. 6.
2. A species of stalked º Lepas anati-
fera, of the family Lepadidae, found hanging in
clusters by the long peduncle to the bottoms of
ships, to floating timber, or to submerged wood
of any kind; the goose-mussel, fabled to fall
from its support and turn into a goose (see def.
1). The name is sometimes extended or transferred to
various other cirripeds, as the sessile acorn-shells or sea-
acorns of the family Balanidae, such as Balamus timtönna-
bulwm. See Balamus. This is the usual sense of the word,
except in Great Britain.
A barnacle may be said to be a crustacean fixed by its
head, and kicking the food into its mouth with its legs.
Hwæley, Anat. Invert., p. 256.
*.
mines o
+Europe.
The door of a barn. barn-yard (bârn'-
baro-.
barocol (ba-rö’kö), m.
it to the foot of the plane.
sº A measure con-
taining two imperial gallons of milk; a double
gallon.
The common cock-
spur-grass, Palmicwm Crus-galli.
[K Barnhardt,
name of the owner of land in North Carolina
where it is found, -H -ite?..] A sulphid of cop-
per and iron occurring massive and of a bronze-
yellow color in North Carolina and elsewhere.
barnman (bärn’man), n. ; pl. barnſmen (-men).
A laborer in a barn; a thresher.
Barnman, sower, hayward, and woodward were alike
serfs. J. R. Green, Short Hist. of Eng., p. 50.
1. The common white
owl, Stria, flammea or Aluco flammeus: so called
from being often found in barns, where it is
useful as a destroyer of mice. Its conspecies or
varieties inhabit nearly all temperate regions of the globe.
The variety found in the United States is Striz pratin-
cola. Also called church-rºr?.
Barn-owl (Alteco fam”zeus).
2. pl. The owls of the barn-owl type, genera.
Stria, or Aluco and Phodilus, which differ so
decidedly from all other owls that naturalists
now consider them types of a distinct family.
See owl and Aluconidae.
[Sc., in
allusion to the act of breaking open a barn to
steal grain..] Any mischievous or injurious
action; an idle frolic.
There is blood on your hand, and your clothes are torn.
What barns-breaking have you been at 7 You have been
drunk, Richard, and fighting. Scott.
A strolling
[In allu-
sion to “taking by storm” the barns in which
strolling actors often played.] The practice of
acting in barns, as strolling players; hence,
the practice of playing “upon the road” or “in
the provinces.”
The common
swallow of the United States, Hirundo horreo-
Tum or H. erythro-
gastra: so called
because it habit-
ually breeds in
barns. The upper
parts are dark steel-
blue, the lower parts
chestnut with an im-
perfect collar, and the
tail deeply forked and
spotted with white.
It is the American
representative of the
similar H. rustica of
yård), m. A yard
surrounding or ad-
oining a barn.—
arn-yard fowl, any Barn-swallow (Hirundo erythrogastra).
Specimen of the com-
mon domestic fowl, including hens, geese, ducks, guineas,
and turkeys; specifically, a mongrel or cross-bred speci-
men of these fowls; a barn-door fowl.
[K Gr. 36poc, weight, K,6apig, heavy,
L. gravis, heavy: see grave3.] An element
in certain compound scientific terms, implying
heaviness. $.
[An artificial name in-
vented by Petrus Hispanus.] In logic, the




baroco
mnemonic name of a mood of syllogism in the
second figure, having a universal affirmative
major premise, a particular negative minor,
and a particular, negative conclusion: as,
Every true patriot is a friend to religion; some
great statesmen are not friends to religion;
therefore, some great statesmen are not true
patriots. Five of the six letters that compose the word
are significant. B means that it is to be reduced to bar-
bara; a, that the major premise is universal affirmative;
o, that the minor premise is particular negative; c, that
the syllogism is to be reduced per impossibile (see reduc-
tion); and 0, that the conclusion is particular negative.
See mood?. Also spelled baroko,
baroco”, barocco (ba-rö’kö), a. [It. barocco.]
Same as baroque.
barogram (bar'é-gram), n.
by a barograph.
barograph (bar’ī-gräf), n. IK Gr. 36pog, weight,
+ ypápeºv, write.] A self-registering instrument
for recording variations in the pressure of the
atmosphere. It is made by attaching to the lever of a
counterpoised barometer an arm with a pencil in contact
with a sheet of paper, and moved uniformly by clockwork.
The result is a continuous trace, whose changes of form
correspond to the variations of pressure. In another form
a ray of light is made to traverse the upper part of the
barometer-tube and fall on a moving ribbon of sensitized
paper, the rising and falling of the mercury in the barome-
ter causing the beam of light to be increased or dimin-
ished in width, thus showing the changes in the barometer
by the continuous photographic record of the paper. In
still another form the movement of the mercury-column
is used to close an electric circuit and thus report its
movements. . Also called barometrograph,
barographic (bar-Š-graf'ik), a. [K barograph
+ -ic.] Of or pertaining to a barograph; fur-
nished by the barograph: as, barographic rec-
ords.
baroko, m. See barocol.
barolite (bar’º-lit), n. [K Gr. 36pog, weight, +
*%iffog, stone..] Barium carbonate. See witherite.
barology (ba-rol''}-ji), n. [K Gr. 36poç, weight,
+ -āoyia, K Aéyetv, speak: see -ology.] The sci-
ence of weight or of the gravity of
bodies. º
baromacrometer (bar"3-mak-rom-
e-tér), n. IK Gr. 36pog, weight, +
Hakpóg, long, + pièTpov, a measure.]
instrument invented by Pro-
fessor Stein for ascertaining the
weight and the length of new-born
*infants.
barometer (bg-rom ‘e-têr), n. [K
Gr. 36pog, weight, + puérpov, a mea-
sure.] An instrument for measur-
ing the weight or pressure of the
atmosphere, invented by Evange-
lista Torricelli, an Italian mathe-
matician and physicist, in 1643.
The simplest form of this instrument is a
glass tube over 30 inches long, sealed at one
end, and then filled with mercury. When
the tube is inverted, with the open end
dipping into a cup or cistern of mercury,
the column sinks, leaving a vacuum at the
top, till the pressure of the atmosphere on
each unit of surface of the mercury in the
cistern equals the weight of the column in
the tube over each unit of surface of the
horizontal section at the level of the mer-
cury outside, when the pressure of the
column of mercury just balances that of
the atmosphere.
The rise and fall
can be measured
on a graduated
scale. Barome-
ters of this form
are called cis- L-
The record traced
f
É
º
§
:
*-
º-s,
f
* * : * ~-rºr-->
term barometers. Fortin’s
They are the Barometer.
commonest of
rough mercurial barometers.
For scientific purposes, the most
frequently used is Fortin's ba-
rometer, in which the cistern is
adjustable, the zero of the scale
coinciding with the extremity
of an ivory pointer (a in second
figure) which projects down-
ward from the top of the cis-
term-box. The bottom of the
cistern is made of leather, and
by a screw working against
==
:
- # a wooden button the mer-
H ÉÉ cury can be raised or low-
#=#
ered until its surface just
touches the point of the index;
this operation must be per-
formed before each observa-
tion. The siphon barometer con-
sists of a bent tube, generally
of uniform bore, having two
unequal legs. The longer leg,
which must be more than 30
inches long, is closed, while the
shorter leg is open ; the differ-
ence of the levels in the two
legs represents the pressure of
the atmosphere. The wheel ba-
rometer usually consists of a si-
$º
ºr a
Cistern of Fortin's Barom-
eter.- a, º of ivory
t
pointer marking the zero of
the scale.
jºr the two legs of the tube. •- -
barometric (bar-3-met’rik),
456
phon barometer having a float resting on the surface of
the mercury in the open branch, and a thread attached to
the float passing over a pulley, and having a weight at its
extremity as a counterpoise to the float. As the mercury
rises and falls the thread turns the pulley which moves
the index of the dial. The barometer is used in many
physical and chemical determinations, but its most ordi-
mary applications are (1) to the prediction of changes in
the weather, and (2) to the determination of the elevation
of stations above the sea-level.-Aneroid barometer, a
portable instrument, invented by M. Vidi of Paris, for in-
dicating the pressure of the atmosphere without the use of
mercury or other fluid. It is a circular metallic box ex-
hausted of air, whose sides are corrugated diaphragms kept
apart by the action of powerful springs. ... The varying
pressure of the atmosphere causes a variation of the dis-
tance between the diaphragms, which variation, being mul-
tiplied by delicate levers and a fine chain wound around
a pinion, actuates an index-pointer which moves over a
graduated scale. Bourdon's metallic barometer is an ame-
roid barometer consisting of a flattened, curved tube, ex-
Bourdon's Metallic Barometer.
A, front view, showing hand or indicator, a, and the scale; b, c,
mercurial thermometers, B, back view : a, a, tube secured at its mid-
dle, e, and having its ends connected by links, f, ſ, to two short levers,
2, g, on the same axis as the hand, a , h, open plate.
hausted of air and having one end fixed and the other geared
to an index-pointer which traverses a graduated arc. The
curvature of the tube is affected by variations in the
atmospheric pressure, and the pointer is moved corre-
spondingly on the dial.—Marine barometer, a cistern
barometer adapted to the conditions of a ship's motion,
being suspended by gimbals, and having a stricture in
the tube to lessen the oscillations of the mercury.—
Pumping of the barometer, an unsteadiness in the
barometric column, due to a gusty wind.—Self-register-
ing barometer, a barograph (which see).-True height
of the barometer, the height of the barometer corrected
to the standard density of mercury (that is, its density at
the freezing-point of water), for variations of gravity, for
the effect of capillarity, index-error, expansion of the
scale, etc. The United States Signal Office also corrects
for the elevation of the station above the sea-level. See
atmosphere and symplesometer.
barometer-flowers (ba-rom'e-têr-flou’érz), n.
Artificial flowers colored with chlorid of
In dry air they are blue, and in moist
air they turn pink.
barometer-gage (ba-rom'e-têr-gāj), n. An appa-
ratus attached to the cylinder of a steam-engine,
to a condenser, or to some
other chamber in which a
more or less perfect vacuum
maybeformed, to indicate the
state of the vacuum. In one
form a reversed U-tube has one end
plunged in a basin of mercury and
the other connected with the vacu-
um-chamber. Another common
form is a U-tube partially filled
with mercury, and having one end
open to the air and the other con-
nected with the vacuum-chamber.
Any exhaustion in the chamber
causes the mercury to rise in the
leg connected with it and to fall in
the other. The fluctuations are .
noted upon a scale placed between
Two forms of Barome-
ter-gage.— a, bent glass
tube; b, mercury-cis-
tern; c, c, points at
which tubes connect with
condensers; a, bend of
tube containing mercury.
a. Pertaining to, made with,
or indicated by a barometer:
as, barometric errors; baro-
metric experiments or mea-
surements; barometric changes. Also baric.—
Barometric depression. See depression.—Barometric
trough, a long oval area of low barometer.
Tornadoes are more frequent when the major axes of
the barometric troughs trend north and south, or north-
east and southwest, than when they trend east and west.
Science, III. 767.
barometrical (bar-j-met/ri-kal), a. Pertain-
ing to or of the nature of a barometer; baro-
metric.—Barometrical ačrometer. See aérometer.
barometrically (bar-j-met’ri-kal-i), adv. By
means of a barometer.
barometrograph (bar-3-met’rö-gräf), n. [K
Gr. 36pog, weight, + ptérpov, a measure (see ba- baronet (bar'gn-et), n.
'rometer), + ypápetv, write.] Same as barograph.
barometrography (bar ’º-met-rog’rg-fi), n.
[As barometrograph + -y.] The science of the
'barometer; also, the art of making barometric
observations.
barometry (ba-rom'e-tri), n., [As barometer +
-y.] The art or operation of conducting baro-
barometz (bar'3-mets), n.
baromotor (bar''}-mó-tgr), n.
baron (bar'Qn), n.
baronage (bär'Qn-āj), n. [K
ÖF.
baron-court (bar'gn-kört), n.
baroness (bar'9n-es), n.
baronet
metric measurements, experiments, observa-
tions, or the like. -
A scrap of parchment hung by geometry,
A great refinement in barometry), y
an, like the stars, foretell the weather.
Swift, Grub Street Elegy, ,
g [Appar. an errome-
ous transliteration of Russ. barametsii, club-
moss, connected with baranºi, a ram, sheep.]
The decumbent caudex of the fern Dicksonia
Baromet2, also called Agnus Scythicus, the
Scythian or Tatarian lamb. See Agnus Scythi-
cus, under agnus. Also written borame2. . .
, is [K Gr. 36pog
weight, +. L. motor.] A portable hand- an
foot-power having two treadles connecting
with cranks on a fly-shaft. E. H. Knight.
[Early mod. E. also barron,
KME. baron, barun, baroun, K OF. baron, barun
(orig. acc. of ber) = Pr. bar, acc. baron, baro
= Sp. varón = Pg. varão = It. barone, prop.
a man (It. now a vagabond), then º
one who was a “man” or vassal of the king or
other superior, whence the later use of the
term as a title, F. baron, fem. baronne, whenge,
from F. or E., in other languages, Sp. barón,
Pg. barão, It. barone, G. Dan, Sw. baron, Icel.
barûn, Russ. baronii, etc.; KML. baro(m-), a man
(L. homo or vir), hence, in particular uses, vas-
sal, servant, freeman, husband. Origin un-
certain; by some connected through “servant”
with L. baro(n-), a simpleton, blockhead,
dunce.] 1. In Great Britain, the title of a no-
bleman holding the lowest rank in the peer-
age; a member of the baronage: as, Baron
Arundell of Wardour; a Scotch baron. The
children of barons have the title “Honorable.” Origi-
nally the barons, being the feudatories of princes, were
the proprietors of land held by honorable service. Hence
in ancient records the word barons comprehends all the
nobility. All such in England had in early times a right
to sit in Parliament. Anciently barons were greater,
such as held their lands of the king in capite, or lesser,
such as held their lands of the greater barons by military
service in capite. “The present barons are—(1) Barons
by prescription, for that they and their ancestors have
immemorially sat in the Upper House. (2) Barons by
patent, having obtained a patent of this dignity to them
and their heirs, male or otherwise. (3) Barons by ten wre,
holding the title as annexed to land.” (Wharton.) For-
merly, when all barons were not summoned to sit in Par-
liament, the name of barons by writ was given to those
who actually were so summoned. Barons in the peerages
of Scotland and Ireland have seats in the British Parlia-
ment only when elected by their order.
See peer. The word baron was not
known in the British isles till intro-
duced from the continent under the
Norman princes. The coronet of a
baron of England consists of a plain
gold circle, with six balls or large pearls
on its edge, and with the cap, etc., as
in a viscount's, º Coronet of an Eng-
2. A title of the judges or offi- ºff.”g
cers of the English Court of Ex-
chequer, hence called barons of the Exchequer,
the president of the court being called chief
baron.—3. In law and her., a husband: as, baron
and feme, husband and wife.—4. On the conti-
ment of Europe, especially in France and Ger-
many, a member of the lowest order of heredi-
tary mobility: in Germany, same as Freiherr.—
Baron of beef, in cookery, two sirloins not cut asunder.
—Barons of the Cinque Ports, members of the British
House of Commons formerly elected, two for each of the
seven (originally five) Cinque Ports—Dover, Sandwich,
Romney, Hastings, Hythe, Winchelsea, and Rye.
M.E. baromage,
barunage, barnage, K barnage, barnaige, F.
baronnage = Pr: barnatge = It. baronaggio, bar-
naggio (ML. reflex baromagium), KML. *barona-
ticum, K baro(n-): see baron and -age.] 1. The
whole body of British barons; formerly, the
nobility or peerage in general.
The baronage is divided so narrowly that the summons
or exclusion of half a dozen members changes the fate of
a ministry or of a dynasty. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 686.
2. The dignity or rank of a baron.—3+. The
land which gives title to a baron; a barony.
See court-baron.
e [K ME. baronesse,
baronys, K OF. barnesse, baronnesse = Pr. It.
baronessa (ML. baronissa): see baron and -ess.]
The wife of a baron,' or (in a few cases in Eng-
land) a lady holding a baronial title as a peer-
ess in her own right.
a 22
- º
Sºº-ºº-ºº:
[KME. baronet, baro-
ºnete (ML. baronettus, F. baronnet, G. baronet,
Russ. baronetii, after E.), K baron + -et.] 1+. A
lesser or inferior baron. In this use the word had
not the specific sense that it received in the time of James
I. “According to Spenser (‘State of Ireland'), originally
applied to gentlemen, not barons by tenure, summoned
to the House of Lords by Edward III.; perhaps to the
heirs of barons summoned by writ in their fathers' life-













baronet
time. Applied in Ireland to the holder of a small barony.
Often synonymous with bammeret.” W. E. D.
. He had soe many Barrons in his Parliament, as were
able to waigh downe the Cleargye and theyr frendes; the
which Barrons, they say, were not afterwardes Lordes, but
only Barronetts, as sundrye of them doe yet retayne the
Ilālī10, Spenger, State of Ireland.
2. A British title of hereditary rank or degree
of honor next below that of a baron, and thus
not conferringa peerage. Abaronetis designated Sir
So-and-80, Bart. (Christian name and surname being given),
and ranks above all knights except those of the Garter.
There is no ceremony of investiture, the title being given by
patent. The order was founded by James I. in 1611, pro-
fessedly to promote the English and Scotch colonization
of Ulster, for which each baronet paid £1,080. The ori-
ginal limitation of the order to 200 members was set aside
and the payment remitted at an early date. (For the
badge of the order, see badge of Ulster, under badge1.)
The title is abbreviated Bart. after a name.—Baronet's
hand, the bloody hand of Ulster. See badge of Ulster,
under badge1.—Baronets of Ireland, an order of knights
baronets founded by James I. of England, in the seven-
teenth year of his reigh (1619), for the same purpose and
With the same privileges in Ireland as had been conferred
on the Order created in England in 1611.—Baronets of
Scotland, an order instituted by Charles I. of England
in 1625. The nominal object was the settlement of Nova
Scotia, and patents were granted under the great seal of
Scotland, as those of the Ulster baronets had been granted
under the great seal of England. After the union of the
crowns in 1707 the baronets of Scotland charged their
arms with the badge of Ulster, and became baronets of
the United Kingdom. The baronets of Scotland are often
called Nova Scotia baronets. None have been created since
the union.
baronet (bar'gn-et), v. t. To raise to the rank
of baronet: generally in the passive: as, he
expects to be barometed.
baronetage (bar'Qm-et-āj), n. [K baronet +
-age, on type of baromage.] 1. The baronets
as a body.—2. The dignity or rank of a bar-
onet.
baronetcy (bar'gm-et-si), n. [K baronet + -cy.]
The title and #. of a baronet.
baronial (ba-rö’ni-al), a. [K baron + -ial. Cf.
ML. baronális.] Pertaining to a baron or a
barony, or to the order of barons: as, baronial
possessions; the baronial dignity.
baronism (bar'gn-izm), m. [K baron + -ism.]
Feudalism; the baronial system.
The spirit of Norman baronism on one side, and the
spirit of Anglo-Saxon freedom on the other.
Harper's Mag., LXIX. 422.
baronnette (bar-gn-et'), n. [F., dim, of baronne,
fem, of baron, baron.]. A little baroness; a
baron's daughter: sometimes used for the wife
of a baronet. N. E. D.
baronrył (bar’gn-ri), m.; pl. baronries (-riz).
[K ME. barunrie, K OF. baronnerie : see baron
and-ry.] 1. A barony; the domain of a baron.
–2. The rank or dignity of a baron.—3. Bar-
ons collectively. º
bºy (bar'Qn-i), m.; pl. baronies (-iz). [K
ME. baronie, K OF. baronie, barumie (F. baron-
nie), KML. baronia, K baro(n-), a baron.] 1.
The rank or dignity of a baron.—2. The do-
main of a baron; the territory or lordship of a
baron.—3. In Scotland, a large freehold estate,
even though the proprietor is not a baron.--4.
In Ireland, a territorial division corresponding
nearly to the English hundred, and supposed to
have been originally the district of a native
chief. There are 316 baronies in the island.
Whatever the regular troops spared was devoured by
bands of marauders who overran almost every barony in
the island. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xii.
5. Formerly, the tenure by which a baron held
of his superior, * military or other hom-
orable service.—6+. he body of barons and
other peers; the baronage.—Burgh of barony.
*See burgh.
baroque (ba-rök’), a. and n. [Also baroco; = G.
Dan, barok, K.F. baroque, barroque = It. barocco,
K Pg. barroco = Sp. barrueco, irregular, bizarre,
esp. in architecture, orig, irregular-shaped, as
applied to a pearl. Origin uncertain; perhaps,
with some confusion with other words, K L. ver-
Twca, a steep place, a height; hence, a wart, an
excrescence on precious stones.] I. a. 1. Odd;
bizarre; corrupt and fantastic in style.
The Oncidium leucochilum is by no means the most ec-
centric or baroque member of the family of orchids.
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 589.
Happy the artist whose women-friends or relatives are
able to help him avoid the baroque developments of female
attire which characterize so many of our native canvases,
especially in genre subjects. The Century, XXV. 575.
2. Specifically, in arch, º to a style of
decoration which prevaile in Europe during a
eat part of the eighteenth century, and may
e considered to have begun toward the close
of the seventeenth century. It is nearly equivalent
to the Louis XV. style, and is distinguished by its clumsy
457
forms, particularly in church architecture, and its con-
torted ornamentation, made up in great part of meaning-
less scrolls and inorganic shell-work. Also called, some-
times, the Jesuit style, from the many and remarkably
ugly examples supplied by churches founded by the
Jesuit order. This word is often used interchangeably
with rococo, but rococo is preferably reserved for ornamen
of the same period, particularly in France, which, though
overcharged and inorganic, still retains some beauty and
artistic quality; baroque implies the presence of ugly and
repellent qualities.
Sometimes written baroco, barocco, barock.
Baroque pearl, a rough pearl of irregular or contorted
form. ... Such pearls are frequently utilized to form bodies
of birds or the like, the extremities being made of gold, etc.
II. m. 1. An object of irregular and peculiar
form, especially in ornamental art.
On the scroll handle is a pearl baroque of Neptune rid-
ing on a dolphin. S. K. Loam Eachibition, 1861.
2. Ornament, design, etc., of the style and
eriod, called baroque. See I., 2. C. C. Per-
im8, Italian Sculpture, p. 364.
baroscope (bar’º-sköp), n. IK Gr. 36poç, weight,
+ oxotreiv, view. An arrangement showing
to the eye, at a glance, the variations in the
weight, or, more properly, the density, of the
alr. As made by Hooke (1715), it consisted essentially
of a large light sphere of glass hermetically sealed and
balanced at one end of the lever arm. It was essentially
a modification of the so-called ‘Cartesian diver.’
2. A piece of physical apparatus used to
demonstrate the upward pressure of the air.
It consists of a large body of small density attached to
the beam of a balance, and exactly balanced by a small barracet, n.
weight. When this is placed under the receiver of an
air-pump and the air is exhausted, the arm of the balance
to which the large body is attached. tips down, since the
upward pressure now taken from it is greater than that
removed from the small counterpoise.
baroscopic (bar-º-Skop'ik), a. [K baroscope -H
-ie..] Pertaining to or determined by the baro-
Scope.
baroscopical (bar-º-Skop’i-kal), a.
baroscopic.
baroselenite (bar-Š-sel’e-nit), n. [K. Gr. 36poc,
weight (or Baptic, heavy), + selenite, q. v.]
Same as barête.
Barosma (ba-ros'mă), n. . [NL. (Willdenow,
1809), K. Gr. 3apüç, heavy, + bauń, smell.] An
untenable name for Parapetaliſera, a genus of
plants of the family Rutaceae. They are heath-like
shrubs possessing a strong, heavy odor. There are about
15 species, natives of the Cape of Good Hope. The leaves
of several species, especially P. crenulata (Diosma cren-
wlata of Linnaeus), are largely used in medicine under the
name buchw. The Hottentots when smearing their bodies
with grease often add the powdered leaves of P. pulchella,
(Diosma pulchella of Linnaeus), which give them a smell
intolerable to Europeans. See buchu.
barouche (ba-rösh'), n. [Spelled as if F., but
taken directly K. G. dial. barutsche, K It. baroccio,
biroccio (with term. assimilated to that of car-
roccio, a chariot) = Sp. barrocho, orig. a two-
wheeled vehicle, K L.L. birota, a cabriolet, orig.
Same as
Barouche.
A, body; B. perch; C, C-spring; D, dummy; E, under-spring;
F, thorough-brace; G, rocker; H, hub, or nave; I, spoke; Sº, rim,
when the whole circumference is counposed of two pieces, and felly,
when it is composed of several pieces,
fem. Of the adj. birotus, two-wheeled, K. L. bis,
double, + rota, a wheel.] A large four-wheeled
carriage with a falling or folding top over the
back seat, and the seats arranged as in a coach.
barouchet (ba-rö-shā’), m. . [As if F.; dim. of
barouche.] A small kind of barouche.
baroxyton (ba-rok'si-ton), n. IK Gr. Baptic,
heavy, + 6%tovog, sharp-sounding.] I’8,SS
instrument of music invented in 1853, having a
compass of three and a half octaves, beginning
nearly three octaves below middle C: occasion-
ally used in military bands.
bar-post (bår"pöst), n. One of the posts driven
into the ground to form the sides of a field-
gate.
§§§e. m. See bark3. -
barrlt, m. , Obsolete spelling of barl.
barr? (bār), v. i. [Also bary; K F. barrir, K L.
barrire, cry as an elephant..] To cry as an ele-
phant.
barrè, n. See bahar.
barra-boat (barſá-bót), n.
barracan (barºa-kan), n.
barrack (bar’ak), n.
barrack-master (bar’ak-mâs"tér), m.
barraclade (bar’a-kläd), m.
barracoon (bar-a-kön’), n.
barracouta (bar-a-kö’tā), m.
bar-pump (bär'pump), n. Same as bare-pump. 3 of barracuda.
barquantine, barquentine, n. See barkantine, barracuda (bar-a-kö(dà), n.
Tharrad
barral; (bar’â), m. [ML., a bar: see barl.] A.
bar or tower placed at the end of a bridge.
Weale.
barra” (bar’ā), n. [Pg., a particular use of
barra, a bar (cf. E. yard, rod, perch, similarly
used): see barl..] A Portuguese linear measure,
; to 1.25 yards, used for cloths of various
Il
barrable (bär'a-bly, a [Kbari, v., +-able.] In
law, capable of being barred or stayed.
• ** [Named from the
island of Barra in the Hebrides.] A vessel car-
rying ten or twelve men, used in the Hebrides.
It is extremely sharp fore and aft, and has no floor, the
sides rising straight from the keel, so that a cross-section
represents the letter V.
[K F. barracam, bara-
can, now bouracan = Pr. barracan. = Sp. barra-
2."
gán (whence also E. barragan) = Pg. barregana
= It. baracane = D. barkan = MHG. barchant,
barchat, G. barchent, fustian, berkan, barracan,
=Pol. barchan, barakan (ML. barcanus), KTurk.
barrakan, K. Ar. barrakān, barkān, a kind of
black gown, K Pers. barak, a stuff made of
camel's hair.] A thick, strong stuff made in
the Levant, properly of camel's hair. The name
is used throughout the Mediterranean countries; the use
of it by Byron (“the striped white gauze baracam that
bound her,” Dom Jwan, iii. 70) and others to denote a del-
icate material is apparently an error. Also written bara-
can, barrakan, barragom, and barragan.
[ME., also barrais, barres, barras,
K OF. barras, a barrier, K barre, a bar: see barl,
and cf. embarrass, debarrass.] 1. A barrier or
outwork in front of a fortress.-2. The bar of
a tribunal. [Rare.]—3. A hindrance or ob-
struction. [Rare.]—4. The inclosure within
which knightly encounters took place. Hence
—5. Hostility; contention; strife. N. E. D.
[= D. barak = G. baracke,
barake = Dan. barakke, K F. baraque, K It. ba-
racca = Sp. Pg. barraca, a tent, soldier's hut;
of uncertain origin. Some compare Gael. an
Ir. barrachad, a hut or booth; Gael. barrach,
top branches of trees; Bret. barrek, full of
branches, K bar, a branch: see barl.] 1. A
building for lodging soldiers, especially in gar-
rison; a permanent building or range of build-
ings in which both officers and men are lodged
in fortified towns or other places.
He [Bishop Hall] lived to see his cathedral converted
into a barracic and his palace into an alehouse.
T. Warton, Hist, Eng. Poetry, IV. 2.
2. A large building, or a collection of huts or
cabins, especially within a common inclosure,
in which large numbers of men are lodged.
Most of the quarrymen are Bretons, and live in wooden
barracks. Amsted, Channel Islands, i. 6.
The railway has come close under the walls of the château,
while an ugly barrack has sprung up on the other side.
Contemporary Rev., L. 329.
[In both senses generally in the plural.]—3.
A straw-thatched roof supported by four posts,
under which hay is kept, and which is capa-
ble of being raised or lowered at pleasure.
In Maryland, and perhaps elsewhere, the word is used for
a building of any kind intended for the storage of straw
or hay. [U. S.]—Barrack allowance, a specific quan-
tity of bread, beef, wood, coal, etc., issued by authority to
British regiments stationed in barracks.—Barrack case-
mate, a bomb-proof casemate for shelter and supplies.
Also called store casemate.
The Of-
ficer who superintends the barracks of soldiers.
—Barrack-master general, an officer who superintends
the construction and repairs of barracks, and adapts the
accommodation to the requirements. [Eng.)
[K D. baar, = E.
barel, + kleed =le. cloth.] A home-made woolen
blanket without nap. [Peculiar to those parts
of New York originally settled by the Dutch,
and now little used, if at all.] Ar
[K Sp. barracón.
(used in the West Indies) = Pg. *barracāo, aug.
of Sp. Pg. barraca, barrack: see barrack.] A
barrack or an inclosure containing sheds in
which negro slaves were temporarily detained;
a slave-pen or slave-depot. Barracoons formerly
existed at various points on the west coast of Africa, also
in Cuba, Brazil, etc. African barracoons were composed
of large but low-roofed wooden sheds, and were sometimes
provided with defensive works, in order to resist attack
#. the British forces engaged in breaking up the slave-
trade.
A corrupt form
[Native name.]
large voracious fish, Sphyraena barracuda, of
the West Indian and neighboring seas. It is
from 3 to 4 feet in length. Also, some related
species of Sphyraenidae.
barrad, barraid (bar'ad, -ād), n. [KIr. bairread,
baireud, K E. barret?, q.v., or from the F. origi-

barrad
nal.] A conical cap of very ancient origin,
worn by the Irish till as late as the seventeenth
century.
barragant (bar'a-gan), n. Same as barracan.
barrage (bär’āj), 'm. [F., a bar, barrier, dam,
*K barrer, bar, obstruct, K barre, bar, obstruc-
tion: see barland-age.] 1. The act of barring;
Specifically, the formation of an artificial ob-
struction in a watercourse, in order to increase
the depth of the water, to facilitate irrigation,
and for other purposes.—2. The artificial bar
thus formed; especially, one of those on the
river Nile in Egypt.
barragoni (bar’ā-gon), n. Same as barracan.
Barragons—a genteel corded stuff much in vogue at that
time for summer wear. Gilbert White, Selborne, v. 14.
barragudo (bar-a-gó’dó), n. An error for bar-
rigudo, which see.
barraid, m. See barrad.
barrakant, m. See barracan.
barramunda (bar-a-mun'dā), n. [Also,
preferably, burramundi : native Australian.]
An Australian fish, Neoceratodus forsteri, of
the order Dipnoi, representative of a suborder
Monopneumona. It attains a length of 6 feet,
and its flesh is esteemed for food. See Cera-
todus.
barranco (bā-ränſkö), n. [Sp., also barranca
= Pg. barranco.] A deep ravine, mountain-
defile: d f tl iby ºsame as barry”.
gorge, or defile: a word frequently used by barrel (bar'el), m. [K ME. barel, barele, barayl,
writers on Mexican and South American geog-
raphy and travel.
Only in the valleys of erosion, true barancos, into which
the fire cannot penetrate. J. J. Reim, Japan (trans.), p. 83.
barrasli (bar’as), m. [Origin obscure.] A coarse
inen fabric originally imported from Holland.
The word was in use in the seventeenth century.
barras? (bar' as; F. pron. ba-rā'), m. [F., K
barre, a bar, in ref. to its appearance on the
tree.] The French name for the turpentine
obtained in the south of France from Pinus
Pimaster. Also called galipot.
barratt, m. [K ME. barrat, barret, barat, baret,
& Oñ."barat (= Pr. barat = Sp. barato (obs.) =
It. baratto), m., also barate = Pr. barata = Sp.
barata (obs.), f. (ML. baratus, baratum, and ba-
rata), of uncertain origin; orig. appar. traffic,
dealing (as in the E. deriv. barter, q.v.), then
fraudulent dealing, fraud, etc. In sense 3, cf.
Icel. barátta, fight, strife, trouble.] 1. Fraud;
deception.—2. Trouble; distress.
How he has in greate barett bene sithen he was borne.
York Plays, p. 179.
3. Contention; strife.
loarratt, v. i. [Also barret; K barrat, n.] To
quarrel; brawl.
barrathea-cloth, m. See barathea-cloth.
barrator (bar'a-tor), m. [KME. barator, baritor,
bareter, bara tour, baratur, etc., KAF. *baratour,
OF. barateor (= Pr. baratador = It. barattatore;
ML. barratator), K barater, barter, cheat, de-
ceive, K barat, etc., barter: see barrat.] 1+. In
old law, one who buys or sells ecclesiastical pre-
ferment; a simonist.—2. In Scots law, a judge
who takes a bribe.—3. One who buys or sells
offices of state.—4. One who commits barratry;
one who, being the master of a ship or one of its
officers or seamen, commits any fraud or frau-
dulent act in the management of the ship or
cargo, by which the owner, freighters, or in-
surers are injured, as by running away, with
the ship, sinking or deserting her, wilful devi-
ation from the fixed course, or embezzlement
of the cargo.—5+. A quarrelsome, brawling'
person; a rowdy. —6. One who frequently ex-
cites others to lawsuits or quarrels; a common
mover and maintainer of suits and controver-
sies; an encourager of litigation between other
ersons: chiefly in the phrase common barrator.
§. barratry, 4.
Will it not reflect as much on thy character, Nic, to turn
barrator in thy old days, a stirrer up of quarrels annongst
thy neighbours? Arbuthnot, Hist. of John Bull.
Also spelled barrater, and, especially in the
last sense, barreto)'.
barratous? (bar'a-tus), a. [K ME. baratous, K
OF. barateus, Kºbarat: see barrat.] Conten-
tious; quarrelsome.
The world is too full of litigious and barratow8 pennes.
G. IIarvey, Pierces Supererogation, p. 97. (N. E. D.)
barratrous (bar'a-trus), a. [Kbarratry + -ows.]
Of the nature of or characterized by barratry;
fraudulent. Also spelled barretrous.
barratrously (bar'a-trus-li), adv. In a barra-
trous or fraudulent manner; by barratry. Also
spelled barretrously.
barratry (bar'a-tri), n. [K ME. barratrie, K
OF. baraterie, barterie = Pr, barataria (ML.
barré (ba-rā'), a.
458
barataria), K barat: see barrat and -ry.] 1.
The purchase or sale of ecclesiastical prefer-
ments or of offices of state. See barrator, 1, 3.
–2. In old Scots law, the taking of bribes by a
judge.—3. The fraud or offense committed by
a barrator. See barrator, 4.—4. A vexatious
and persistent inciting of others to lawsuits
and litigation; a stirring up and maintaining
of controversies and litigation. This is a crim-
imal offense at common law.
Also barretry, especially in the last sense.
[F., pp. of barrer, bar, Kbarre
bar: see barl.] 1. #%. divided by a bend
sinister: the reverse of bendwise or bandé. [This
French term is used because Inglish heraldry has no single
term for bendwise in a sinister sense.]
2. In music for the guitar or lute, barred: con-
veying a direction to press with the forefinger
of the left hand across all the strings, in order
to raise their pitch, and thus facilitate a tempo-
and &rary change of key.
barred (bird), p. 3.
1. Secured with a bar or
bars: as, “the close-barred portal,” Scott, Ab-
bot, xix.-2. Furnished or made with bars:
as, a five-barred gate.—3. Obstructed by a bar,
as a harbor.—4. Striped; streaked: used espe-
cially of textile fabrics: as, “barred al of silk,”
Chaucer, Miller's Tale.—5. In music: (a) Mark-
ed off by bars. (b) Same as barré, 2.-6. In her.,
K OF. bareil, baril, mod. F. baril = Pr: Sp. Pg.
barril = It. barile = G. barel = OBulg. Serv.
Russ. barilo = Pol. baryla (barred l) = NGr.
3apé%t, KML. barile, barillus, barellus, bawrilis, barrel-bulk (bar'el-bulk), n.
a barrel. Origin uncertain; perhaps &omected
with barl. The Celtic words, W. baril = Gael.
baraill = Ir. bairile = Manx barrel = Corm. bal-
liar, are of E. Origin..] 1. A vessel or cask of barrel-curb (bar'el-kérb), n.
a cylindrical form, generally bulging in the mid-
dle, usually made of wooden staves bound toge-
ther with hoops, and having flat parallel heads.
barrel-bayonet (bar'el-bā'ū-net), m.
barrel-bolt (bar'el-bölt), m.
barrel-organ
which the sound is produced. (f) The cylindrical portion
of a boiler between the fire-box and the smoke-box, con-
taining the tubes, or flues. (g) The body or trunk of a
quadruped, especially of a horse, ox, etc.
Lofty is his neck,
And elegant his head, his barrel short,
Singleton, tr. of Virgil, I. 151.
(h) The cylindrical case in a watch, within, which the
mainspring is coiled, and round which the chain is wound.
i) The chamber of a pump, in which the piston works.
j) The tube in a lock into which the key enters. (k) The
vibrating portion of a bell between the lower thickened
art or sound-bow and the top or cannon, (l) The hard,
horny, hollow part of the stem of a feather, the calamus
proper, or quill. See cut under aftershaft. (m) That
part of the hilt of a sword which is grasped by the hand.
(m) The metal tube of a gun.— Barrel of the ear, the
tympanum or ear-drum. See tympanywm.–Rolling-bar-
rel, tumbling-barrel, a tumbling-box, or vessel mounted
on a shaft and made to revolve, for the purpose of polish-
ing or cleaning by attrition materials placed within it, and
for cutting shellac, etc.—Slack barrel, a coopered vessel
shaped like a cask, but not made Water-tight, being in-
tended for dry substances.
barrel 9.9% w. t. ; pret. and pp. barreled or
barrelled, ppr. barreling or barrelling. [Kbarrel,
m.] To put or pack in a barrel or barrels: as,
to barrel beef, pork, or fish.
Stale . . . butter, and such, I fear, it is by the being
barrelled up so long. B. Jomsom, Staple of News, ii. 1.
tº A bayo-
net, formerly used, fitted to a haft which was
inserted into the barrel of the gun. See plug-
bayonet.
barrel-bellied (bar' el-bel’id), a. Having a
round and protuberant or barrel-shaped belly.
A door-bolt mov-
ing in a cylindrical casing.
Nawt., a measure
of capacity for freight, equal to 5 cubic feet.
Eight barrel-bulks, or 40 cubic feet, are equiva-
lent to one ton by measurement.
An open cylin-
der, 3% or 4 feet in length, formed of strips of
wood nailed on horizontal circular ribs of elm,
used as a mold in well-sinking to keep the ex-
–2. As a measure of capacity, the quantity of cavation cylindrical.
anything, liquid or solid, which a barrel should barrel-drain (bar' el-drān), n.
In English metrology there were four prin-kdrain of masonr
A cylindrical
cipal kinds of barrels; the Wine-barrel of 313 winegallons; barreled, ºiled (bar'eld), p. a. 1. Packed,
In each state of Italy the barile for wine was a little barrel-lifter (bar' el-lif"—
barrelet. n.
barrel-filler (bar'el-fil’ér), n. An apparatus
barrel-fish (bar'el-fish), n.
barrel-gage (bar' el-gāj), n.
barrel-hooks (barſel-hikz), m. pl.
barrelled, p. a.
barrel-loom (bar'el-löm),
barrel-organ (bar' el-Ör”gan), n.
Stowed, or stored away in barrels: as, barreled
butter.—2. Inclosed in a cylinder or barrel:
as, barreled bolts.-3. Having a barrel or bar-
rels of a kind or number indicated: used chief-
ly in composition: as, a double-barreled gun.—
Barreled crossbow. See crossbow.
See barrulet.
for filling barrels, provided with an automatic
arrangement, generally in the nature of a float,
for cutting off the supply of liquid in time to
prevent overflow.
A name of the
log-fish or rudder-fish (which see), Palinurich-
thys perciformis, of the family Stromateidae.
They are almost always found in the vicinity of floating
barrels and spars, and sometimes inside of the barrels.
Hence the fishermen call them barrel-fish, though the most
usual name is rudder-fish. Stand. Nat. Hist., III. 191.
An automatic
device to indicate when a barrel is full, or to
shut off the supply and prevent overflow.
A pair of
iron hooks for lifting bar-
rels by the chines.
See bar-
Teled.
tēr), n. A hand-toolforlift-
ing a barrel by the chines.
n. 1. A loom in which
the pattern of the fabric
to be woven is determined
|by a chain of perforated
cards passing over a drum
or barrel. §. Jacquard
loom, under loom.—2. A
loom in which pins pro-
jecting from a revolving barrel determine the
elevation and depression of the warp-threads.
º An organ
with a cylinder or barrel turned by a crank
and furnished with pegs or staples, which,
when the barrel revolves, open a series of
valves admitting currents of air from a bellows
actuated by the same motion to a set of pipes,
thus producing a tune either in melody or in
harmony. In anotherform of the instrument wires like
those of the piano are acted on instead of pipes. . Many
large instruments have been made on this principle, but
contain.
the London ale-barrel of 32 beer gallons; the country ale
and beer-barrel of 34 beer gallons; and the London beer-
barrel of 36 beer gallons. The wine-barrel was legalized
in the reign of Richard III., the others under Henry VIII.
Under George III. the barrel of ale or beer for town and
country was made 36 gallons. Oil, spirits, tar, and pork
were measured by the wine-barrel ; vinegar, by the barrel
of 34 gallons. A barrel of eels or herrings contained 30
gallons by a statute of Henry VI., but by another of Ed-
ward IV. this was made 42 gallons. Salmon and spruce
beer were also measured by barrels of 42 gallons. A bar-
rel of beef, wet codfish, or honey contained 32 wine gal-
lons; but honey was sometimes sold by barrels of 42 gal-
lons of 12 pounds each. By a statute of George III., a
barrel of fish was made 38 wine gallons; but a barrel of
salt pilchards or mackerel measured 50 gallons. The bar-
rel of apples, coal, or nuts contained 3 Winchester bush-
els, each of 8 gallons, dry measure. The barrel of ancho-
vies contained 16 pounds; of gunpowdef, 100 pounds; of
raisins, 1 hundredweight; of candles, 120 pounds; of ba-
rilla, potash, or butter, 2 hundredweight (but only 106
pounds of Essex butter, and 156 of Sussex); the barrel of
soap, 256 pounds. A barrel of plates, by a statute of
Charles II., contained 300 pounds. There were besides a
great variety of other barrels in Scotland and Ireland. In
Dngland the barrel is no longer a legal measure. In the
United States the barrel in liquid measure is commonly
31% gallons, and for Solid substances it is generally a unit
of weight, a barrel of flour, for example, being 196 pounds,
and a barrel of beef or pork 200 pounds. In Maine a bar-
rel of fish is by law 200 pounds. In Louisiana a barrel in
dry measure is 3} bushels. The bushels vary in different
States. On the continent of Europe, previous to the in-
troduction of the metric system, there were many barrels.
smaller than that for oil; they were about 30 to 60 liters.
The barril of Normandy was about 60 Paris pintes. The
baral of Montpellier was 253 liters; the barrallon of Bar-
celona, 30% liters; the baril of Riga, 1373 liters. The bar-
orique was commonly larger than the baril. The abbrevi-
ation is bbl., pl. bbls. ſº º
3. The contents of a barrel: sometimes, like
bottle, used to signify intoxicating drink.-4.
The money (especially when the sum is large)
supplied by a candidate in a political cam-
paign, for campaign expenses, but especially
for corrupt purposes: hence, a barrel campaign
is one in which money is lavishly employed to
bribe voters: in this sense often written and
pronounced bar’l (bârl), in humorous imitation
of vulgar speech. [U. S. political slang.]—
5. Anything resembling a barrel; a drum or
cylinder. In particular—(a) The drum or roller in a
crane, about which the rope or chain winds. (b) The main
portion of a capstan, about which the rope winds, between
the drumhead at the top and the pawl-rim at the bottom.
See cut under capstan. (c). In the steering apparatus of
a ship, the cylinder on which the tiller-ropes or -chains
are wound. (d) The rim in a drum or pulley about which
the belt works. (e) The cylinder studded with pins which
in the barrel-organ opens the key-valves, and in the mu-
sical box sets in vibration the teeth of the steel comb by
it is chiefly applied to the hand-organs carried about by
street musicians.
Barrel-hooks.

barrel-pen º:
barrel-pen (bar'el-pen), n., A. pen with a cy:
lindrical shank adapting it to slip upon a round
holder.
barrel-pier. (barſel-pér), n. A º: for a
military bridge formed of empty casks or bar-
rels joined together in a raft, in the absence of
pontoons or boats. The rafts of barrels for the abut.
ments are made fast to the shore on each side of the
stream or body of water to be crossed, and those forming
the piers are anchored at proper intervals between the
two banks. These rafts are connected by sleepers or tim-
bers, which are lashed to them and support the planks
forming the roadway of the bridge.
barrel-plate (bar'el-plat), n. A plate employed
in machine-guns to assemble and hold the
barrels in place about the axis. The Gatling gun
has a front and a rear barrel-plate, the barrels passing
through both plates.
barrel-saw (bar'el-sà), n. A cylinder with a
Serrated edge, or a band-saw bent into a circle
and fitted to a cylindrical frame, used for cut-
ting barrel-staves, fellies, the curved work in
furniture, etc.
barrel-screw (bar'el-skrö), n. A powerful ap-
paratus consisting of two large poppets or
male screws, moved by levers inserted into
their heads upon a bank of plank, with a female
Screw at each end: of great use in starting a
launch. Also called bed-screw.
barrel-setter (bar'el-set/ēr), n. A cylindrical
‘mandrel used for straightening the barrel or
truing the bore of a firearm.
barrel-shaped (barſel-shāpt), a. , Having the
barrent (bar’en), v. t.
459
But it [Duomo of Florence] is impressive within from
its vast open spaces, and from the stately and simple,
thºgº barren, grandeur of its piers and vaults and walls.
. E. Norton, Church-building in Middle Ages, p. 229.
Barren flowers, such as for any reason produce no seed.
—Barren ground, unproductive beds of rock: used,
especially with regard to coal, for areas where there is no
coal-seam of sufficient thickness to be worked with profit.
—Barren measures, in geol., those portions of coal-
measures which contain no workable seams of coal.—
Barren signs, in astrol., Gemini, Leo, and Virgo.—Bar-
rºstamens, in bot., such as produce no pollen in the
an Uſher.
II. m. A tract or region of more or less un-
productive land, partly or entirely treeless.
The term is best known in the United States as the name
of a district in Kentucky, “the Barrens,” underlaid by
the subcarboniferous limestone, but possessing a fertile
soil, which was nearly or quite treeless when that State
began to be settled by the whites, but which at present,
where not cultivated, is partly covered with trees. In
northeastern Canada the name barrens is given to tree-
less, grass-covered areas, once the beds of lakes, but now
desiccated and in most cases the exact counterpart of va-
rious tracts existing in the western United States, and
there generally called prairies, but sometimes holes. The
pine-barrens of the southern Atlantic States are sandy
lains on which is a valuable growth of southern or long-
eafed pine, Pinw8 palustris.
The “pine barren” is traversed by several excellent
roads, and a morning ride or drive while the delicate haze
still lingers among the forest of stems, and the air is full
of the fresh scent of the Fº woods, is not easily for-
gotten. Fortnightly Rev. (N.S.), xxxix. 178.
To fertilize especially the barrens of Surrey and Berk-
shire. Ringsley, Life, II. I00.
[K barren, a.] To ren-
form of a barrel, that is, of a short cylinder .der barren or unproductive,
with bulging sides: used especially in describ- barrener (bar'en-èr), n.
ing the eggs of certain insects.
[K barren, a., 1 (d).]
cow not in calf for the year.
barrel-vault (bar' el-yālt), n. A plain, semi- barrenly (bar’en-li), adv. Unfruitfully.
cylindrical vault, much used by ancient archi-
tects, and employed generally by medieval
builders before the reappearance of groined
vaulting at the close of the eleventh century.
barrel-vise (bar'el-vis), n. Abench-vise whose
jaws are grooved longitudinally, adapted for
holding a gun-barrel or other similar object.
barrel-work (barſel-werk), n. In mining, pieces
of native copper large enough to be sorted out
by hand and shipped in barrels, but not large
enough to come under the head of mass copper.
The latter is sent to the smelting-works after being cut, if
necessary, into pieces of manageable size, and is shipped
without being barreled. [Lake Superior.]
barren (bar’en), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also
barraine, K ME. barein, barain, y OF. *barain,
brahain, brehaing, fem. baraine, baraigne, bre-
haigne, mod. F. brehaigme, barren: origin un-
known. The Bret. brechagm, sterile, is from F.]
I. a. 1. Incapable of producing or that does not
produce its kind: applied to animals and plants.
There shall not be male or female barren among you.
Deut. vii. 14.
In particular—(a) Sterile; castrated: said of male ani-
mals. (b) Without fruit or seed: said of trees or plants.
(c) Bearing no children; childless; without issue : said of
3, WOIſlan.
The name of Abram's wife was Sarai, . . . but Sarai was
barrem : she had no child. Gen. xi. 29, 30.
For aye to be in shady cloister mew'd,
To live a barren sister all your life.
Shak., M. N. D., i. 1.
d) Not bearing or pregnant at the usual season :
emale animals: as, barren heifers.
2. Producing little or no vegetation; unpro-
ductive; unfruitful; sterile: applied to land.
Another rocky Valley yawned beneath us, and another
barrem stony hill rose up beyond.
R. Curzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 144.
3. In mining, unproductive; unprofitable: ap-
plied to rocks,—4. Void of vital germs.
It is particularly difficult to protect a liquid from all
germs, or to destroy all those which have penetrated it;
however, it is possible, and the liquid is then said to be
barrem. Science, III. 128.
5. Mentally unproductive; unresponsive; dull;
stupid. [Rare.]
There be of them, that will themselves laugh, to set on
some quantity of barrem spectators to laugh too.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
6, Devoid; lacking; wanting: with gf; as,
hill barren of trees; a mind barren of ideas.
Our latest letters from America are of the middle of
April, and are extremely barren of news.
Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 242 barricade (bar-i-kād’), n.
It is impossible to look without amazement on a mind
so fertile in combinations, yet so barren of images. -
Macaulay, Petrarch.
7. Not producing or leading to anything; prof-
itless; fruitless: as, barren tears; a barren at-
tachment.—8. Destitute of interest or attrac-
tion; unsuggestive; uninstructive; bald; bare:
as, a barren list of names,
barrenness (barſen-nes), n.
said of -9
barret? (barſet), m.
barretēt, m.
barret-cap (bar'et-kap), n. Same as barret2, 2.
barretero (bar-e-tā’ró), n.
barretor, barretry, etc.
a barrette (bā-ret’), m. [F.:
[KME. bareynesse,
barynes, etc.; K barren + -ness.] The state
or quality of being barren... (a) Incapability of pro-
creation ; want of the power of conception.
I pray'd for children, and thought barrenness
In wedlock a reproach. Milton, S. A., l. 352.
(b) Want of fertility; total or partialsterility; infertility:
as, the barrenness of the land. (c) Want of the power of
producing anything; want of instructiveness, suggestive-
ness, interest, or the like; want of matter: as, “barren-
mess of invention,” Dryden.
And this leads me to wonder why Lisideius and many
others should cry up the barrenness of the French plots,
above the variety and copiousness of the English,
Dryden, Ess. on Dram. Poesy.
The barrenness of his fellow students forced him gener-
ally into other company at his hours of entertainment.
Johnson, Rambler, No. 19.
(d) Defect of emotion, sensibility, or fervency.
The greatest saints sometimes are fervent, and some-
times feel a barrenness of devotion. Jer. Taylor.
barren-spirited (bar'en-spir’i-ted), a. Of a
poor or mean spirit. Shak., J. C., iv. 1.
barrenwort (bar’en-Wert), m. [K barren +
wortl.] The common name of Epimedium, a
genus of low herbaceous plants, of the family
Berberidaceae, having creeping roots and many
stalks, each of which has three flowers. The
only European species is E. alpinwam. Species occur also
in central Asia and Japan.—American barrenwort,
Vancowveria heasandra, a nearly allied species found in
Oregon.
barret 13, n. IK F. barrette (= Sp. barreta), dim.
barré, a bar: see barl.] A little bar.
[Also baret, K F. barrette
= Pr. barreta, berreta = Sp. birreta = It. ber-
Tetta: see biretta and birrus.] 1. Same as bi-
retta.-2. A sort of ancient military cap or
headpiece. Scott. Also called barret-cap.
See barrat. -
Old England's sign, St. George's cross,
His barret-cap did grace.
Scott, L. of L. M., iii. 16.
[Sp., K barreta,
dim. of barra, a bar, crowbar: see barretl.]
A miner who wields a crowbar, wedge, or pick.
The ores . . . are so soft that a single barretero can
throw down many tons a day.
L. Hamilton, Mex. Handbook, p. 73.
See barrator, etc.
see barretl.] A
clasp for holding up a woman's hair, as when
drawn up from the back of the neck.
barricado (after Sp.), K F. barricade = It. bar-
ricata, K. Sp. Pg. barricada, a barricade, lit.
made of barrels, K barrica (= F. barrique), a
barrel, prob. K barra, a bar: see barl, and cf.
barrel.] 1. A hastily made fortification of
trees, earth, paving-stones, palisades, wagons,
or anything that can obstruct the progress of
an enemy or serve for defense or security.
barricader (bar-i-kā’dër), m.
barricadot (bar-i-kā’dó), m. and v.
barricot, n.
*see barricade.] A small barrel or keg.
barrier (bar’i-er), m.
barrier
Ev’n tho’ thrice again
. The red fool-fury of the Seine
Should pile her barricades with dead.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, cxxvii.
2. A temporary barrier of any kind designed
to obstruct passage into or through a space in-
tended to be kept free for a particular use.—
3. Any bar or obstruction; that which defends.
There must be such a barricade as would greatly annoy
or absolutely stop the currents of the atmosphere.
Derham.
4}. In naval arch., a strong wooden rail, sup-
ported by stanchions, extending across the fore-
most part of the quarter-deck, in ships of war,
and backed with ropes, mats, pieces of old cable,
and full hammocks, as a protection against
Small shot in time of action. =Syn. Bar, etc. See
barrier.
barricade (bar-i-kād’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bar-
ricaded, ppr. barricading. [K barricade, m.] 1.
To obstruct or block (a path or passage) with
a barricade.—2. To block or render impass-
able.
Now all the pavement sounds with trampling feet,
And the mix’d hurry barricades the street.
Gay, Trivia, iii.
3. To shut in and defend with a barricade;
hem in.
He is so barricado'd in his house,
And arm'd with guard still.
Chapman, Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois, i. 1.
Also formerly barricado.
One who barri-
cades.
Same as
barricade: the older form in English use.
Shall I have a barricado made against my friends, to be
barred of any pleasure they can bring in to me?
B. Jomson, Epicoene, iii. 2.
[K Sp. Pg. barrica, a cask, barrel:
[Early mod. E. also bar-
ter, baryer (with term. accom. to mod. F.),
ME. barrere, barere, KAF. barrere, OF. bar-
riere, F. barrière = Pr. It. barriera = Sp. bar-
rera = Pg. barreira (ML. reflex barrera), KML.
*barraria, a barrier, K barra, a bar: see barl.]
1. In fort., anything, as a palisade or stock-
ade, designed to obstruct entrance into a for-
tified place.—2. pl. The palisades or railing
surrounding the ground where tourneys and
justs were carried on ; hence, the sports them-
selves (formerly sometimes with the plural in a
singular sense).
Deny me not to stay
To see a barriers prepared to-night.
Webster, White Devil, iv. 4.
The young Earl of Essex and others among them enter-
tained her majesty with tiltings and tourneys, barriers,
mock fights, and such like arts. Oldys, Sir W. Raleigh.
3. Any obstruction; anything which hinders
approach, attack, or progress; anything stand-
ing in the way; an obstacle: as, to build a
wall as a barrier against trespassers; consti-
tutional barriers.
Constantly strengthening the barriers opposed to our
passions. Bp. Porteows, Works, II. iv.
A barrier to defend us from popery.
Bp. Burmet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1685.
4. A fortress or fortified town on the frontier
of a country.
The queen is guarantee of the Dutch, having possession
of the barrier, and the revenues thereof, before a peace.
- f Swift.
5. A limit or boundary of any kind; a line of
separation.
I was persuaded that when once that nice barrier which
marked the boundaries of what we owed to each other
should be thrown down, it might be propped again, but
could never be restored. A. Hamilton, Works, I. 213.
6. The gate, in towns on the continent of Eu-
rope, at which local evenue duties are collected.
—7. In China, a subordinate customs station
placed on an inland trade-route for the collec-
tion of duties on goods in transit.—8. In coal-
mining, a solid block of coal left unworked
between two collieries, for security against the
accidents which might occur in consequence of
communication between them. [Eng.]—Bar-
that no change can be made in the laws of the church
[First in the form .
rier Act, the name given to an act passed by the General
Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1697, providing
without first being submitted to all the presbyteries for
their judgment, and having received the approval of at
least a majority of them. The Barrier Act is held both
by the Established and by the Free Church as of high im-
portance, and analogous regulations have been adopted
by other Presbyterian churches.—Barrier reef. See
reef.-Barrier system, in North of England coal-mining,
a method of working a coal-mine by pillar and stall, when
Solid masses or barriers of coal are left between the work-
ing-places.—Barrier treaty, a treaty fixing the frontier
Qf a country; especially, the treaty signed at Antwerp,
Nov. 15, 1715, by Austria, Great Britain, and the Nether.
barrier
lands, determining the relations of the Dutch and the
Austrians in the strategic towns of the Low Countries.
=Syn. 3. Bar, Barrier, Barricade. Bar is the most gen-
eral, and takes almost all the many figurative meanings.
Barrier is also full in figurative meaning. Barricade is
confined strictly to obstructions set with the specific inten-
tion of stopping passage, as in streets and mārrow passes.
My spirit beats her mortal bars.
Tennyson, Sir Galahad.
The barriers which they builded from the soil
To keep the foe at bay. Bryant, The Prairies.
The Milanese threw up barricades at their leisure, and
still the Austrian government remained passive spectators
of this defiance of the Imperial authority.
E. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 77.
barrier (bari-ér), v. t. [K barrier, n.] To shut
in or off with a barrier.
barrier-gate (bar’i-ér-gāt), n. A gate which
closes the entrance through a stockade or bar-
T16I’.
barrigudo (bar-i-gö’dó), n. [Sp. Pg., big-bel-
lied, K barriga, belly; of uncertain origin..] The
Brazilian name for several monkeys of the ge-
nus Lagothria. They are the largest of South Amer-
ican monkeys, one measuring 53 inches in length, of which
jºr the tail constituted 26.
barring1 (bár'ing), n. [Verbal n. of barl.] . In
mining, timber used for supporting the roof or
sides of shafts. [Eng.]
barring” (bár'ing), pp.r. as prep. [Prop. ppr. of
barl.] Excepting; leaving out of the account;
apart from: as, barring accidents, I shall be
there. [Colloq.]
Little writing-desks, constructed after the fashion of
those used by the judges of the land, barring the French
polish. Dickens.
barring-out (bår'ing-out'), m. Exclusion from
a place by means of locks or bars; specifically,
the act of excluding a schoolmaster from school
by barricading the doors and windows: a boyish
sport indulged in at Christmas in Great Britain
now nearly obsolete, and sometimes practised
for mischief in parts of the United States.
Revolts, republics, revolutions, most
No graver than a schoolboys' barring-out.
T'ennyson, Princess, Conclusion.
barris (bar'is), n. A name given on the Guinea
coast to the chimpanzee, and also to the man-
#drill.
barrister (baris-tér), n. [First in the 16th
century, written barrester, barester, later bar-
Taster, barrister (NL. barrasterius), K barre, bar
(barl, n.) + -ster, the term. being appar. assim-
ilated to that of sophister, etc.] A counselor
or an advocate learned in the law, admitted to
plead at the bar in protection and defense of
clients: called in full a barrister at law. The term
is more especially used in England and Ireland, the cor-
responding term in Scotland being advocate and in the
lunited States counselor at law. In England barristers
alone are admitted to plead in the superior courts. They
must previously have belonged to one of the inns of court,
and are divided into witter or outer barristers, who plead
without the bar, and queen's (or king'8) counsel or ser-
jeants at law, who plead within the bar.
After applying himself to the study of the law Bacon
was admitted in his twenty-second year (1582) as an Utter
Barrister of Gray's Inn. E. A. Abbott, Bacon, p. 15.
Inner barrister. Same as bencher, 1.
loar-roll (bär’ról), m. A bookbinders' tool, of
circular form, that makes a broad, flat line on
the sides or backs of books.
bar-room (bår’röm), m. A room in a public
house, hotel, restaurant, or other place of re-
sort, containing a bar or counter where liquors
or other refreshments are served.
barrowl (bar’ö), m. [Early mod. E. also barow,
barrough (mod. dial. bargh, barf, q. V., also
berry2); K ME. berw, berug, berg, bergh, becruh
(also, with vowel appar. affected by association
with other words, borw, borgh, burgh, etc.,
whence the mod. form with differentiated
meaning burrow”, q. v.), K. A.S. bearg, bearh
= OS. berg = OFries. berg, berch. = D. berg =
OHG. berg, M.H.G. bere, G. berg (X E. berg in ice-
berg) = Sw. berg = Dam. Újarg = Goth. “bairgs
(in deriv. bairgahei, a mountainous district), a
hill, mountain, = Icel. berg, bjarg, a rock, preci-
pice, - OIr, brigh, Ir, bri = W. bre = Bret. bre, a
mountain, hill (cf. W. bry, high), - OBulg, brégiſ
= Serv. brijeg = Bohem. breh = Pol. brºeg =
Russ. beregà, shore, bank; cf. Zend berezamh, a
height, berezant, high, – Skt. brihant, strong,
mighty, lofty, ppr. of V brih, barh, be thick, be
strong. The orig. notion is that of a height,
and there is no connection with AS. bedrgan,
etc., cover: see bury1.] 1+. A hill or moun-
tain: originally applied to hills or mountains
of any height, even the greatest, but later re-
stricted to lower elevations. In this sense the
word survives only in provincial use or as a
part of local names in England.—2. A mound;
a heap. [Prov. Eng.] In particular—3. A
barrow? (bar'6), n.
barrow? (bar'6), v. t.
barrow8 (bar'6), m.
460
mound of earth or stones raised over a grave;
a sepulchral mound; a tumulus. , Barrows are
among the most important monuments of primitive an-
tiquity. They are found in Great Britain and other dis-
Bowl Barrow,
tricts of Europe, and in North America and Asia. They
are distinguished, according to their peculiarities of form
and construction, as long, broad, bowl, bell, come, etc., bar-
rows. In the more ancient barrows of England the bod-
ies are found lying extended, with implements and weap-
ons of stone or bone beside them. In barrows of later
date the implements are of bronze, and sometimes, though
Wºº as sº ---, -, - .
EºNº.:E
gº:
Long Barrow.
rarely, of iron, while the remains are often inclosed in a
stone or earthenware cist and doubled up. Where the
body was burned the ashes were usually deposited in an
urn. Barrow-burial is supposed not to have been aban-
doned in Great Britain until the eighth century. In Eng-
land, Wilts and Dorset are the counties in which barrows
most abound. Stone barrows in Scotland are called cairms.
The numerous barrows of North America are generally
classed along with other ancient earthworks as mownds,
or distinguished as burial-mownds.
Whilst the term tumulus is almost exclusively used in
speaking of the sepulchral mounds of the ancient Greeks,
and the conical mounds formed by the Romans, adjoining
their camps and stations, to serve as land-marks and
watching-stations, it is used indifferently with the word
barrow to designate the sepulchral mounds of the ancient
inhabitants of this and other northern countries.
Awdsley, III. 18.
A long street climbs to one tall-tower'd mill;
And high in heaven behind it a gray down
With Danish barrows. Tennysom, Enoch Arden.
4. A burrow or warren. See burrow?, berry2.
The coney-barrow of Lincoln's Inn is now covered by
smooth lawns. Blackwood's Mag., XXII. 587.
[K, ME. barrow, barow,
barowe, barewe, barve, KAS. bearwe, barwe,
bearwwe, bearewe = E. Fries. barve = M.D. berve,
berie, D. berrie = MHG. *bere, *ber (in comp.
M.H.G. rade-ber, G. radberge, radbürge, dial.
rade-berre, a wheelbarrow) = Icel.bórur; boror,
barar, pl. , = Dan. bār, a barrow, lit. ‘bars’ or
‘poles,’ being orig. a plur, of AS. bearu, etc.,
a wood, also prob, a tree, branch, or bar: see
barl and barrow4.] 1. A flat, rectangular
frame used by two or more men in carrying a
load; formerly, any such frame, as a stretcher or
bier; specifically, a flat rectangular frame of
bars or boards, with projecting shafts or han-
dles (in England called trams) at both ends, by
which it is carried: usually called a hand-bar-
Tow.—2. A similar frame, generally used in the
form of a shallow box with either flaring or up-
right sides, and supported in front formerly by
two wheels, now by a single small wheel in-
serted between the front shafts, and pushed by
one man, who supports the end opposite to the
wheel by means of the rear shafts: usually
called a wheelbarrow.—3. A frame or box of
larger size, resting on an axle between two
large wheels, and pushed or pulled by means
of shafts at one end; a hand-cart: as, a cos-
termonger's barrow. [Local Eng. (London) and
Scotch..]—4. A barrowful; the load carried in
or on a barrow.
Have I lived to be carried in a basket, like a barrow of
butcher's offal; and to be thrown in the Thames?
Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 5.
5. In salt-works, a wicker case in which the
salt is put to drain, -6. The egg-case of a
skate or a ray: so called from its resemblance
to a hand-barrow. &
[K barrow?, n.] To
wheel or convey in a barrow: as, to barrow
coal in a pit.
[K ME. barow, barowe,
baru, K AS. bearg, bearh = Fries. baerg = D.
barg, berg = OHG. barg, barug, MHG. barc, G.
barch = Icel. bārgr, a castrated boar. Not
connected, as sometimes suggested, with L.
verres, a boar, Skt. varāha, a boar. Cf. hog,
of the same orig. sense..] A castrated boar.
Also called barrow-pig or barrow-hog. [Now
chiefly prov. Eng.]
I say “gentle,” though this barrow grunt at the word.
Milton, Colasterion.
barrowman (bar’6-man), n. ; pl.
barrow-pig (bar’ó-pig), n.
barrow-pump (bar'6-pump), n.
barrow-truck (bar’ô-truk), n.
Barsac (bār'sak), n.
bars-gemel (bârz’jem"el), m. pl.
bars-gemel
barrow 4 (bar'6), n. IK ME. berwe, KAS. bearu,
a grove, - Icel, běrr, a tree, = Goth, “barwa-,
a tree, etc. (see barl), prob.ult. from AS. beran,
etc., E. bearl, v.]_A wood or grove: a word
surviving only in English local names, as Bar-
pow-in-Furness, Barrowfield. -
barrowf (bar'ö), n. [E. dial., also barry, bar-
rie. Origin obscure, perhaps ult. KAS. bear-
gan, cover, protect.] Same as barrow-coat.
barrow-coat (bar’ö-köt), n. [E. dial., also bar-
ricoat; K barrow8 + coat.] A square or oblong
§. of flannel, wrapped round an infant's
ody below the arms, the part extending be-
yond the feet being turned up and pinned.
Also called barrow and barry. A.
barrowmen
(-men). A man employed in wheeling a bar-
row; specifically, in coal-mining, one who con-
veys the coal in a wheelbarrow from the point
where it is mined to the trolleyway or tram-
way on which it is carried to the place where
it is raised to the surface.
Same as barrow8.
A barrow-pig, that is, one which has been gelded.
Dryden, Plutarch, II. 397.
A combined
suction- and force-pump mounted on a two-
wheeled barrow.
barrow-tram §.9% n. The tram or
€In GO
shaft of a wheelbarrow; , jocularly, a
raw-boned fellow.
Sit down there, and gather your wind and your senses,
ye black barrow-tram o' the kirk that ye are. , Are ye fou
or fasting 7 Scott, Guy Mannering, II. xiii.
A two-wheeled
hand-truck; especially, such a truck for use in
moving baggage or freight.
barrow way (bar'6-wä), n. In coal-mining, an
underground road on which coal is transported
from the place where it is mined to the tram-
way. [Eng.] -
barrulée (bar-à-lā’), a. In her., same as barruly.
barrulet (bar’ö-let), n. [Also barrulette, dim.
of AF. *barrule, dim. of OF. barre, a bar: see
bar:1.] In her., a diminutive of the bar, gen-
erally considered as being one fourth, of its
width. It is never used alone. Also written
barrelet. See barrulettu.
barruletty (bar’ö-let-i), a. [K barrulet.] In
her., divided into barrulets: said of the heral-
dic field. See barry? and barruly.
barruly (bar’ö-li), a. [KAF. barrulée, K “bar-
rule, dim. of OF. barre, a bar: see barl.]. In
her., divided into bars or barrulets: said of the
field when divided into not less than eight parts;
if the number is much greater, it is called bar-
vuletty. Also barrulée.
barryl (bar’i), n. Same as barrow-coat. [Prov-
Il Cº. - &
barry2 (bā'ri), a. [K F. barré, pp. of barrer,
bar: see barl, v.] In her., divided into bars:
said of the heraldic field. The
number of divisions is always even and
is always mentioned, as barry of four
pieces, barry of sia, etc.; if there are
not less than eight divisions, the words
barruly and barruletty may be em-
ployed. Also barred.—Barry bendy,
divided intolozenges by theintersection
of lines drawn barwise and bendwise.
This is always supposed to be bendy
dexter; when bendy sinister, it is writ-
B § º à. bendy
arry lvided both parwise and palewise,
§§ or billety. See these words.—
||||
-
Ululºly
Barry of six.
barry.—
and therefore eit
arry pily, divided both barwise and diagonally, the
division forming piles across the field. It is more prop-
erly blazoned as of piles barwise, the number being men-
tioned.—Barry wavy, divided into waving bands of gen-
erally horizontal direction: said of the field. This charge
is used to represent water in cases where a ship or the
like is to be depicted as afloat.
[F.] A general name for
the white wines made in Barsac, department
of Gironde, France. All the Barsac wines are sweet-
ish; but they have a certain bitterness, and sometimes a
tarry or resinous flavor, which prevents their being lus-
ClOUIS.
barse (bārs), n. [The original form of the word
now corrupted to bass (see bassl); KME. barse,
K AS. baers, bears, perch, = D. baars = MHG.
bars, G. barsch, OHG. (with added formative)
bersich, a perch; prob. akin to birse, bristle, q.v.
Cf. Sw, and Dan. aborre, perch.] The com—
IOOlOI). ; [Local Eng. (West- S-7
moreland).]
[K bars + gemel, q.v.] In her.,
two bars placed very near to-
gether, having more of the field
above and below them than be-
tween them.
Bars-gemel.






bar-shear
461
() barytone
bar-shear (bär'shër), n. A machine for cutting to Hungary, Poland, and Spain, but, under this zontally across the field: said of the divisions
metal bars. It consists of a very strong frame having
a fixed lower blade and a vertically reciprocating upper
- º which the bar is cut.
bar-shoe (bār'shô), n. A kind of horseshoe
having a bar across the usual opening at the
heel to protect a tender frog from injury.
bar-shooting (bär'shô/ting), n. The practice
of shooting wild fowl from the bars of rivers
and bays. *
bar-shot (bår'shot), n. 1. Double-headed shot,
consisting of a bar with a half-ball or round
head at each end, for-
merly used for destroy-
ingraasts and rigging in
naval warfare.—2.
her., two bullets or balls
connected by a short bar like a dumb-bell.
bar-sight (bår'sit), n. A form of rifle-sight.
See barl, 16.
barsowite (bär’so-wit), n. IK Barsow(skoi) +
-ite?..] A mineral occurring as the gangue of
lblue corundum at Barsowskoi or Barsovskoi in
the Ural. Its true nature is uncertain, but it
may be identical with anorthite.
Bart. The contraction of baronet appended to
a name: as, Sir John Doe, Bart.
bar-tailed (bâr’täld), a. Having the tail barred
crosswise with different colors: as, the bar-
tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica. See cut un-
der Limosa.
bartender (bär"ten"dēr), n. A barkeeper; a
Waiter in a bar-room who serves out drinks and
Bar-shot.
refreshments.
barter (bär’tēr), v. [K late ME. bartren for
*barten, “bareten (the inserted r being due
perhaps to the suffix of the OF. infinitive, or to
dependence on the noun barator, bareter, etc.:
see barrator), K OF. bareter, barater, barter,
truck, cheat, K barat, barate, barete, barter,
cheating: see barrat.] I. intrans. ño trañá
or trade by exchanging one commodity for an-
other, in distinction from buying and selling for
money.
II. trans. 1. To give (one thing or com-
modity) for another of equivalent or supposed
equivalent value: with a person, for (formerly
i.” thing: as, to barter one's jewels for
I'63,01,
As my faith has once been
iven to you, I never will
barter it with another.
heridan, The Rivals, v. 1.
Rude people who were willing to barter costly furs for
trifles. Bamcroft, Hist. U. S., I. 91.
2. To exchange, in general.--Tobarter away, to
dispose of by barter, especially in an unwise or dishonor-
able Way; bargain away: as, to barter away human rights
for the patronage of the great.
He also bartered away plums . . . for nuts. Locke.
barter (bār’tér), n. IK barter, v.] 1. The act
of exchanging; specifically, the act or practice
of trafficking by exchange of commodities.
All government, indeed every human benefit and enjoy-
ment, every virtue, and every prudent act, is founded on
compromise and barter.
Burke, Conciliation with America, 1775.
Article is exchanged for article without the use of money
or credit. This is simple barter.
D. Webster, Speech, Senate, March 18, 1834.
2. The thing given in exchange.—3. An arith-
metical rule by which the values of different
oods are ascertained and compared. =Syn. 1.
ealing, trade, traffic, truck, interchange.
barterer (bār’tèr-èr), n. One who barters or
traffics by exchanging commodities.
barteryt (bår’tèr-i), m. . [K barter + -y.] Ex-
change of commodities in trade; barter.
It is a received opinion that, in most ancient ages, there
was only bartery or exchange of . . . commodities amongst
most nations. Camden, Remains, Money.
barth (bårth), n. [A dial. form of “bargh, AS.
gebeorg, a defense, refuge, K beorgan, cover,
protect. Cf. berth?..] A warm inclosed place
of shelter for young cattle.
Bartholomew baby, day, etc. See the nouns.
fartholomew-tide (bar:tholº-multiá), n. The
season near St. Bartholomew's day (Aug. 24).
Like flies at Bartholomew-tide, blind. *
Shak., Hen. V., v. 2.
Bartholomite (bar-thol’ā-mit), n. [K Bartholo-
mew -H -ite2.] 1. A member of the community
of Basilian monks of the Armenian rite who
took refuge in the West and were assigned the
church of St. Bartholomew, in Genoa, in 1307.
The community was finally suppressed in 1650.
–2. One of a congregation of secular priests
following a rule drawn up by Bartholomew
Holzhausen, in Germany, in 1640. They spread
name, became extinct after 1700.
bartizan (bär’ti-zan), n. [Not found before
Sir W. Scott,
who uses the
wordfrequently;
rob. adapte
rom a corrupt
Sc. spelling (ber-
tisene) of bretti-
cing, bratticing:
see bratticing.]
In arch., a small
overhanging tur-
ret, pierced with
loopholes or em-
'brasures, or with
both, and pro-
ſº general-
y from an an-
gle at the top of
a tower, or from
the parapet of a
building or medieval fortification-wall.
On battlement and bartizan
Gleamed axe, and spear, and partisan.
Scott, L. of L. M., iv. 20.
He pass'd the court-gate, and he ope'd the tower-grate,
And he mounted the narrow stair
To the bartizam-seat, where, with maids that on her wait,
He found his lady fair. Scott, Eve of Saint John.
bartizaned (bâr’ti-zand), a. Furnished with
a bartizan or bartizans. Scott.
Bartolist (bår’tó-list), n. A student of Bar-
tolo, a famous Italian jurist (1314–57); one
skilled in the law.
bartont (bårºton), n. [KAS. (ONorth.) bere-tūn,
Courtyard, manor, threshing-floor, K bere, bar-
ey, + tilm, inclosure: see bear3, barleyl, and
town, and cf. barn 1.] 1. The demain lands of
a manor, not rented, but retained for the use
of the lord of the manor. Also called berwick.
–2. A farm-yard.
Spacious bartons, clean, well-wall'd around,
Where all the wealth of rural life was found.
Southey, Poet's Pilgrimage, iii. 41.
bartram, n.
See bertram.
Bartramia (bār-trä’mi-á), m. [NL., after the
naturalist William Bartram (1739–1823).] A.
genus of sandpipers the type of which is Tringa
bartramia of Wilson, now Bartramia longicau-
Bartizan.— Carcassonne, France.
A, merlon ; B, embrasure ; C, loophole;
P, machicolation. (From Viollet-le-Duc's
“Dict, de l'Architecture.”)
Bartram's Sandpiper, or Upland Plover (Bartramia longicauda).
da, a common species of North America, va-
riously called Bartram's sandpiper, upland
plover, prairie Fº and quailly. It belongs to
the family Scolopacidae and subfamily Totaminae, and is
peculiar for the length and graduation of its tail.
baru (ba-rö'), m. [Malay name.] A fine woolly
substance, used for calking ships, stuffing
cushions, etc., found at the base of the leaves
of Saguerus pinnatus, a sago-palm of the East
Indies. Also called ejū fiber.
baruria (ba-Tö’ri-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 8apüç,
heavy, + oipov, urine.] In pathol., a morbid
condition of the body characterized by the
passage of urine of a high specific gravity.
barutine (bar''}-tin), n. TProb. of Pers. origin.]
A kind of silk manufactured in Persia. Sim-
amonds.
barvel, barvell (bärvel), n. [E. dial., per-
haps a, corruption of "barm-ſell, Kbarml, lap,
+ fell3, a skin.] A kind of leather apron.
[Prov. Eng.]
barways (bär’waz), adv. In her., same as bar-
Qöº S63.
bar-weir (bär’wór), n. A weir which rises and
falls with the tide, placed in a stream to pre-
yent the return seaward of any fish which may
have passed it.
barwin (bär’win), n. [Cf. Ir. Gael. bar, the
sea..] A name applied in County Antrim,
Ireland, to the common sea-bream, Pagellus
Centrodontus.
barwise (bär'wiz), adv. [K barl + -wise2.j In
her., in the direction of the bar, that is, hori-
of the field, and also of any bearing; thus, a
sword barwise is a sword borne horizontally.
Also barways.
|barwood (bâr’wild), n. [Prob. so called be-
cause exported in bars; cf. logwood.] A reddye-
wood obtained from Sierra Leone and Angola,
Africa. It is the product of the tree Baphia nitida, and
is found in commerce as a rough red powder, produced
by rasping the logs. Its coloring matter is insoluble in
water, but yields about 23 per cent. to alcoholic infusion.
It is used for dyeing cotton yarns the brilliant orange-red
known as mock Turkey red or barwood red.—Barwood
spirits. Same as tin spirits (which see, under tin). .
bary-. [L., etc., K. Gr. 3apüç, heavy, = L. gravis,
heavy, > E. grave*, q, y.] An element in many
words of Greek origin, meaning heavy, dull,
hard, difficult, etc. º a
barycentric (bar-i-sen'trik), a. [K Gr. 3apiº,
heavy, + kévrpov, center.] Of or pertaining to
the center of gravity.—Barycentric calculus, an
application to geometry of the mechanical theory of the
center of gravity, executed in two distinct ways, according
as metrical or descriptive geometrical properties are to be
investigated.—Barycentric coördinates. See coördº-
7&te.
baryecoia (bar-i-e-koi'ā), n., [NL., K. Gr. 3apun:
Koża, hardness of hearing, K Bapwfikoog, hard of
hearing, K Baptic, hard, -H &Kočetv, hear: see
acoustic..] In pathol., dullness of hearing;
deafness.
baryglossia (bar-i-glos’i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
Bapig, heavy, + X260aa, tongue.] In pathol.,
difficulty of speech; bary phonia. Dunglison.
barylite (bar’i-lit), n., [K Gr. 3apüç, heavy, +
Žíðog, stone..] A silicate of aluminium and
barium occurring in white cleavable masses in
Sweden.
baryphonia (bar-i-fºni-á), n. [NL. (cf. Gr.
Bapwºovía, a deep voice, K Bapi povog, with a deep
voice), K. Gr. 3apüg, heavy, hard, -i- pová, voice.]
#In pathol., difficulty of speech.
baryta (ba-riºtă), n. [NL., formerly also ba-
rita, K barytes, q.v.] Barium oxid, BaO: also
called heavy earth, because it is the heaviest of
the earths, its specific gravity being 5.7. It is
a gray powder having a sharp, caustic, alkaline taste, and
a strong affinity for water, with which it combines to form
barium hydroxid. It forms salts with the acids, all of
which are poisonous, except the sulphate, which is quite
insoluble in the juices of the stomach. The carbonate
of baryta is much used in the preparation of beet-root
Sugar, and in the manufacture of plate-glass and of colors.
Formerly called baria.—Baryta-water, a solution of
the hydroxid of barium in water, used as a reagent in
chemical analysis.
barytes (ba-ri’téz), m. [NL., K. Gr. 3apütmg,
weight, heaviness, K Baptic, heavy; the term.
|being associated with that of minerals in -ites,
-ite2.] 1+. Baryta.—2. The native sulphate of
barium, BaSO4, a common name for the min-
eral barite or heavy-spar. It is sometimes mined
and ground in a mill, and used to adulterate white lead,
to weight paper, etc. See barite.
barytic (ba-rit'ik), a. Pertaining to, formed
of, or containing baryta.
barytine (bar’i-tin), n.
Same as barite.
barytocalcite (ba-Ti-tó-kal’sit), m. [K baryta
+ calcite.] A mineral consisting of the carbo-
nates of barium and calcium. It occurs in
monoclinic crystals, also massive, of a white,
grayish, greenish, or yellow color.
barytocelestite (ba-ri’tó-sé-les’ tit), n. [K ba-
ryta + celestite.]. A variety of celestite con-
taining some barium Sulphate.
barytone (bar’i-tón), a. and m. [Also baritone;
K It. baritomo, K. Gr. 8apirovog, deep-toned, with
grave accent, K Baptic, heavy, deep, grave, --
Tóvog, tone: see tome.] I. a. 1. Having the
quality of a voice or instrument intermediate
between a bass and a tenor: as, a barytome
voice. See II.
The voice [of the Hejazi] is strong and clear, but rather
barytome than bass: in anger it becomes a shrill chattering
like the cry of a wild animal.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 318.
2. In Gr. gram.: (a) Pronounced with the
(theoretical) grave accent on the last syllable
(see grave, a.); having the last syllable unac-
cented: as, a barytome word, such as Tóvoç. (b)
Causing a word to be without accent on the
final syllable: as, a barytome suffix.
II. m. 1. In music: (a) A male voice, the
compass of which partakes of the bass and the
tenor, but which does not descend so low as the
One nor rise so high as the other. Its range is
from the lower G of the bass Staff to the lower F of the
treble. The quality is that of a high bass rather than that
of a low tenor. Frequently applied to the person possess-
ing a voice of this quality: as, Signor S. is a great barytone.
Haunting harmonies hover around us, deep and eternal
like the undying barytome of the sea.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 240,
[K barytes + -ine2.]



barytone (?
(b) A stringed instrument played with a bow,
resembling the viola da gamba, called in Italian
viola di bardone or bordone. It had sometimes 6
usually 7, gut strings, stopped by the fingers of the lef
hand, and from 9 to 24 sympathetic strings of brass or
steel, running under the finger-board. These were some-
times plucked with the thumb of the left hand. The in-
strument was a great favorite in the eighteenth century,
and much music was composed especially for it. It is
now obsolete. (c) The name usually given to the
Smaller brass sax-horn in Bb or C.–2. In Gr.
gram., a word which has the last syllable un-
accented.
barytone (bar’i-töm), v. t.; pret. and pp. bary-
toned, ppr. barytoning. [K barytome, ...} In Gr.
gram., to pronounce or write without accent on
the last syllable: as, to barytome a word.
barytrope (bar’i-tróp), n. [K Gr. Baptic, heavy,
+ TpóTog, a turning: see trope.] A curve de-
fined by the condition that, if a heavy body
slides down an incline having this form, the
$pressure on the incline will follow a given law.
basal (bā‘sal), a. and m. . [K base2 + -al.] I. a.
1. Of or pertaining to the base; constituting
the base; fundamental.
The basal idea of Bishop Butler's profound treatise, The
Analogy of Religion.
G. D. Boardman, Creative Week, p. 28.
2. Pertaining to the base of a part or organ.
(a) On or near the base: as, a basal mark. (b
Nearest the base: as, the basal joint, or the four
basal joints of an insect's antenna.—3. In ichth.,
of or pertaining to the basalia. See basale.
The Elasmobranchii possess three basal cartilages, which
articulate with the pectoral arch.
Hwæley, Anat, Vert., p. 38.
Basal cell. (a) A cell at the base of the segmented ovum
of some embryos, as sponges: the opposite of apical cell.
(b) In the wings of Diptera, one of the elongate cells near
the base of the wing between the second and fifth or second
and sixth longitudinal veins; they are numbered, the first
being the one nearest the costal margin.—Basal Cleav-
age, in crystal., cleavage in the direction of a basal plane.
—Basal field, area, or Space, a portion of an insect's
wing lying at the base, but very diversely defined in the
different groups. In the Lepidoptera, it occupies the
whole width of the wing for about one fourth of its length,
and in the fore wings of the Noctuidae is limited exter-
nally by the anterior or extra-basilar cross-line. In the
dragon-flies it is a small space at the extreme base of the
wing, between the median and submedian veins, and
bounded exteriorly by the arc or arculus, a small cross-
vein. In other groups it is generally an indeterminate
portion occupying about one third of the wing.—Basal
#; See ganglion.—Basal half-line, in the noc-
uid moths, a line extending from the costal border of the
anterior wing, near the base, half way across the surface.
—Basal plane, in crystal., a plane parallel to the lateral
or horizontal axes.—Basal valve, that valve in bivalves
by which they adhere to other substances. .
II. n. 1. One of the basal joints of the
branches of a crinoid, bearing the radials.-2,
*In ichth., the basisphenoid. [Rare.]
basale (bå-så'lé), m. ; pl. basalia (-li-á). [NL.,
K. E. basal, q.v.] 1. In ichth., one of several
cartilages which may compose the basis of the
pectoral limb of a fish, and to which the series
of radialia, or radial cartilages, is attached : as,
the propterygial basale ; the mesopterygial and
metapterygial basalia. See pterygium, and cut
under scapulocoracoid.—2. One of the bones
which form the base for the pectoral fin; an
actinost.— 3. In crinoids, same as basal, 1.
A central piece, which probably represents the basalia
of other crinoids. Huacley, Amat. Invert., p. 500.
basal-nerved (bâ'sal-nērvd), a. In bot, de-
scriptive of leaves the nerves of which ail
*proceed from the base.
basalt (ba-Sält' or bas'âlt), n., [First in E.
as L., basaltes; = F. basalte, K L.L. basaltes,
a late script error for basanites: see basan-
ite.] A general name given to dark, basic,
volcanic rocks of wide distri-
bution and , exhibiting great
variation in composition.
* Basalt' is one of the oldest of rock
names, and was originally applied to
dark lavas homogeneous in appear-
ance, and regarded as simple sub-
stances until chemical and microscopi-
cal researches revealed their complex
character. Rocks of widely different
composition are still grouped under
this term, although many kinds have
received special names. The constitu- .
ents universally present are augite ºf
and magnetite or ilmenite. The most
common associated minerals are lime-
soda feldspar (plagioclase) and olivin,
this variety being often known as ba-
salt proper or common basalt. In place of plagioclase
may occur orthoclase, leucite, or other minerals, and oli-
vin may be absent. Ultra-basic lavas, consisting largely
of augite, olivin, and magnetite, are also included under
basalf by many petrographers. Basalts exhibit a great
variety of textures, the more coarsely crystalline being
called dolerite and the medium-grained amamesite. Ba-
salt displays columnar structure more frequently and in
greater perfectness than any other rock. Remarkable
Columnar Basalt,
basaltoid (ba-sălſtoid), a.
basan, basane (baz'an, ba-zān’), n.
basanite (basſa-nit), n.
bas-bleu (bā-blé'), m.
bas-chevalieri, n.
bascinet, n.
Bascuence?, m. The Basque language.
basculation (bas-kü-lä'shgn), n.
bascule (basſkül), n.
4.62
formations of columnar basalt occur at the Giant's Cause-
way on the northeast coast of Ireland, and at Fingal's
Cave in the island of Staffa, Scotland.—Basalt ware, a
kind of stoneware made by Josiah Wedgwood and his
successors. It is usually black, colored throughout the
paste, and has a dull gloss: hence also called black ware.
Articles made of it are much admired.
basaltic (ba-săl'tik), a. [K basalt -- -ic.] Per-
taining to basalt; formed of or containing
basalt; of the nature of or resembling basalt:
as, basaltic lava.
basaltiform (ba-săl'ti-fôrm), a. [K L. basal-
tes, basalt, + forma, shape.] Of the form of
prismatic basalt; columnar.
basalting (ba-sălting), n. [K basalt F -ing.]
A process of making paving- and building-
blocks from the scoriae of blast-furnaces,
[K basalt -- -oid.]
Allied in appearance or nature to basalt; re-
sembling basalt.
[Also
bazan, basin, bazim, and more corruptly basil,
bazil; K F. basane, bazane (Cotgrave), K. Sp. Pg.
badana (ML. bedane), a tanned sheepskin, K. Ar.
bitāmah, lining.] Sheepskin tanned in oak- or
larch-bark, and used for bookbinding, etc. It
is distinguished from roam, which is tanned in
SUlDOl3, C.
[K L. basanites (sc.
lapis, stone), K. Gr. "Bagavirng (sc. Aitoc, stone),
K 3écavog, a dark stone used as a touchstone
for gold; prob. so named from Bashan, Heb.
Bāshān.] A silicious rock or jasper, of a vel-
vety-black color, used as a touchstone for de-
termining the amount of alloy in gold. The
touchstone was formerly extensively used, but
is now much less common. See touchstone and
touch-needle.
[F., blue-stocking: bas,
abbr. of bas de chausses, nether-stock, stock-
ing (see base1); blew, blue: a translation of the
E. term.] Same as blue-stocking, 1.
[A fictitious term, based on
of bachelor; K F. bas, low,
inferior (see basel), + chevalier: see chevalier.]
one of a ciass of low or inferior knights, by
lbare tenure of a military fee, as distinguished
from bannerets and baronets. Phillips, 1706.
[A spurious term, without historical support.]
See basinet.
a false º
)
[K F. bascu-
ler, swing, see-saw, K bascule: see bascule.] In
pathol., the movement by which a retroverted
uterus is swung back into position.
[K F. bascule, swing,
poise, balance, see-saw, formerly bacule, appar.
K battre, beat, bump (or bas, low), H- cul, the
posteriors.] 1. An arrangement in bridges
by which one portion balances another.—2.
A form of bailing-scoop.
bascule-bridge (basſkül-brij), 'm. A drawbridge
arranged with a counterpoise, so that, as the
floor of the
bridge is raised,
the counter-
poise descends
into a pit pre-
pared for it:
the commonest
form of me-
dieval draw-
bridge. See bal-
ance-bridge.
Bascule-bridge at Brussels.
basel (bās), a.
and n. [Early mod. E. also bace; K ME. base,
bass, baas, K OF. (and F.) bas, masc., basse,
fem, = Pr, bas = Sp. bajo = Pg. baião = It. bas-
so, low, K L.L. bassus, low, short, thick; in clas-
sical L. found only as a cognomen, Bassus,
“Short.” Perhaps of Celtic origin; cf. W. bas, =
Corn, bas = Bret, baz, shallow; W. basu, make
shallow, lower; Corn. basse, fall, lower, abate;
but the Celtic terms may be from the L. In mu-
sic, now generally bass; see bass3. As a noun,
base of this origin (the lower part) is confused
with base2 (the supporting part).] I. a. 1. Low;
of small height: applied to things. [Archaic.]
The cedar stoops not to the base shrub's foot.
Shak., Lucrece, 1.664.
Hence—2. In bot., of low or lowly growth; as,
base broom; base rocket.—3. Low in place,
position, or degree. [Archaic.]
by that same hole an entraunce, darke and bace,
With smoake and sulphur hiding all the place,
Descends to hell. Spenser, F. Q., I. v. 31
Men acting gregariously are always in extremes; as
they are one moment capable of higher courage, so they
are liable, the next, to baser depression.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 151.
baself (bās), v. t.
base
4. Of little value; coarse in º worth-
less, absolutely or comparatively: as, the base
metals (so called in contrast with the noble or
precious metals).
The harvest white plumb is a base plumb.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 509.
Often has the vein of gold displayed itself amid the
baser ores. Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent, p, 15.
Hence—5. Fraudulently debased in value;
spurious; false: as, base coin. -
They were .." to accept base money in exchang
for those commodities they were forced to sell. w
Goldsmith, Hist, Eng., x.
6. Low in scale or rank; of humble origin,
grade, or station; wanting dignity or estima-
tion; mean; lowly: as, base menials.
Base things of the world, and things which are despised,
hath God chosen. 1 Cor. i.
'Tis the plague of great ones;
Prerogatived are they less than the base.
Shak., Othello, iii. 3.
7, Suitable to or characteristic of a low, con-
dition; depressed; abject: as, base servility.
I am fire and air; my other elements
I give to baser life. ak., A. and C., v. 2.
8. Of mean spirit; morally low; without dig-
nity of sentiment: said of persons.
Base is the slave that pays. Shak., Hen. V., ii. 1.
The base and abject multitude. Junius.
9. Showing or proceeding from a mean spirit:
said of things.
Rim that utter'd nothing base.
Tennyson, To the Queen.
The one base thing in the universe—to receive favors
and to render none. merson, Compensation.
10. Of illegitimate birth; born out of wedlock.
Why bastard? wherefore base? Shak., Lear, i. 2.
I din'd with S. Robº Paston, since Earle of Yarmouth,
and saw the Duke of Verneuille, base brother to the Q.
Mother. Evelyn, Diary, June 23, 1665.
11. Deep; grave: applied to sounds: as, the
base tones of a viol. See bass8.
The silver sounding instruments did meet
With the base murmure of the Waters fall.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xii. 71.
12. In old Eng. law, not held or holding by
honorable tenure: as, a base estate, that is, an
estate held by services not honorable nor in
capite, or by villeinage. Such a tenure is called
base or low, and the tenant a base tenant.--
13. Not classical or refined: as, “base Latin,”
Puller.
No Muses aide me needes heretoo to call;
Base is the style, and matter meane withall.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, l. 44.
Base bullion. See bullion.—Base Court. See base-
cowrt.—Base fee, infeftment, right, etc. See the nouns.
—Base metals. See metal. = Syn. ignoble, vulgar, ple-
beian, mean, contemptible, despicable, abject, Sordid,
groveling, servile, slavish, menial, rascally, villainous.
I. m. 1+. A plaited skirt, reaching from the
waist to the knee, worn during the first half of
the sixteenth
century. In civil
costume it was ap-
pended to the
doublet, or secur-
ed to the girdle;
it was also Worn
over armor.
2+. A skirt of
plate - armor,
corrugated or
ribbed vertical-
y
};
º
::
.---
º§ºt
§§§§&§§A:
§s:
ºiº§:
i:ºº
i§§
ºſºS.
§
s
s
Sºº
tation of the §
s
Nº
&
preceding. See
lamboys. – 3+.
The skirt of a
Woman’s outer
garment. The
word was used
throughout the seventeenth and part of the
eighteenth century.—4}. An apron.
With gauntlets blue and bases white.
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. ii. 769.
Bakers in their linen bases. Marstom.
5+. The housing of a horse: used in the six-
teenth and seventeenth centuries.
The bases and bardes of their horse were grene sattyn.
Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 1.
Or to describe races and games, . . .
JBases and tinsel trappings, gorgeous knights -
At joust and tournament. Milton, P. L., ix. 36.
6. In music, same as bass8.
[K basel, a., but in first
sense K F. baisser, lower, K bas, low, base. Cf.
abase.] 1. To let down; abase; lower.
The great warrior , , , based his arms and ensigns of
state. - - Holland,
:.
.
§
&
- tº
º yº.
§§§
3.
Base of rich stuff, the border embroidered;
eginning of 16th century.— From tomb of
Maximilian I. at Innspruck.























s - base r
2. To lower in character, condition, or rank;
degrade; debase.—3. To reduce the value of
#. ; mixture of meaner elements; debase.
8.10.
* Metals which we cannot base. JBacom.
base? (bās), n, IK, ME. ººse, ºgs, baas, K OF.
base, F. base, K L. basis, K. Gr. 34ozg, a going, a
stepping, a step, pedestal, foot, base, K V "3a,
in Baivetv, go, E. L. veniré, come, = £. come.]
1. The bottom of anything, considered as its
support, or the part of the thing itself, or a
separate feature, on which the thing stands or
rests: as, the base of a column; the base of a
mountain.
For want like thine—a bog without a bage —
Ingulfs all gains I gather for the place. Crabbe.
Against the bases of the southern hills.
Lowell, Under the Willows.
IHence—2. Afundamental principle orground-
work; foundation; basis.
Antonio never yet was thief, or pirate
Though, I confess, on base and ground *g,
Orsino's enemy. k., T. N., v. 1
Hereby he undermineth the bage of religion.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
3. In arch., specifically— (a) The lowest mem-
ber of a wall, either ...; beyond the
face of the portion of the wall above it, or dif-
fering otherwise from it in construction, and
often resting on a plinth, with or without in-
tervening moldings. (b) The member on which
§
º
4
Bases.
x, from nave of Lyons cathedral, 13th century; 2, from eastern porch
of Erechtheum, Athens, 5th century B. C.; 3, from nave of Orvieto
cathedral, 13th century. 4, Attic base: A, C, E, fillets; B,
torus; D, scotia; F, lower torus; G, plinth, or stylobate.
upper
the shaft rests in columns of nearly all styles.
It appears in most Egyptian forms, but is not present in
the Greek Doric column, of which the shaft rests directly
on the stylobate. In purely Hellenic examples of the
Ionic and Corinthian the base consists of various combina-
tions of moldings on a circular plan, without the awk-
ward square plinth which was universally adopted by the
Romans, and was generally retained in the elaborately
molded bases of Byzantine and medieval architecture.
See cut under column.
4. (a) In 206l. and bot., the extremity opposite
to the apex; the point of attachment, or the
part of an organ which is nearest its point of at-
tachment: as, the base of a leaf; the base of a
shell. The point of attachment of an anther,
however, is sometimes at the apex. (b) In 206l.,
also, that part or extremity of anything by
which it is attached to another of higher value
or significance.—5. In chem., a compound sub-
stance which unites with an acid to form a salt.
The term is more properly restricted to the hydroxids of
the metals or of electropositive compound radicals, but is
also applied to certain metallic oxids and to some other-
substances, such as ammonia. sº w
6. In phar., the principal ingredient of any
compound preparation.—7. In crystal., same
as basal plane (which see, under basal).-8. In
petrog., the amorphous or isotropic portion of
the ground-mass of a rock. This may possess a cer.
tain amount of structure, rendering it distinct from glass,
while not crystalline, when it is known as a microfelsitic
base. If a true glass, it may be, according to the amount
of devitrification products present, microlitic, globulitic, or
glassy. In some recent andesitic lavas it possesses a pe-
culiar appearance, so similar to felt that it is known as a
felt-like base. The term magma (which see) has also been
used by some writers as equivalent to base. . .
9. In dentistry, the setting for artificial teeth.
—10. In dyeing, a substance that has an affin-
ity for both the cloth and the coloring matter;
a mordant.—11. In fort, the exterior side of
the polygon, or that imaginary line which is
drawn from the point or salient angle of one
lastion to the point of the next.-12. In geom.,
the line or surface forming that part of a figure
463
on which it is supposed to stand; the side op-
posite to the apex. The base of a hyperbola or a
parabola is a line formed, by the common intersection of
the secant plane and the base of the cone.
3. In arith. and algebra, a number from the
different powers of which all numbers are con-
ceived as produced. The base of a system of arith-
metical notation is a number the multiples of whose
powers are added together to express any number; thus,
10 is the base of the decimal system of arithmetic. In
the theory of numbers, the base of an index is a number
which, being raised to the power represented by the in-
dex, gives a number congruent to the number whose index
is spoken of. The base of a system of logarithms is the
number which, raised to the power indicated by the log-
arithm, gives the number to which the logarithm belongs,
The Napierian base, or base of the Napierian system of
logarithms, is the number represented by the infinite
series,
1 1
1 + 1 + 3 + i + #4 +
It is 2.71828.1828459 --
14. In her., the lower part of the field, the
charges in which are said to be in base. It is
sometimes considered as divided into dexter, sinister, and
middle base, and the charges are blazoned accordingly.
See deacter and 8inister.
15. Milit.: (a) A tract of country protected by
fortifications, strong by natural advantages, or
for any other reason comparatively secure,
from which the operations of an army proceed,
or from which supplies are obtained: called
distinctively the base of operations or the base
of supply.
Base, in military operations, is simply a secure starting-
point, or rather tract of country behind, in which an
army is in comparative safety, and in which the stores and
reserves of men for the force are situated. Saturday Rev.
(b) The rounded hinder portion of a gun, gen-
erally called the base of the breech. (c) A small
light cannon used in the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries.—16. In surv., same as base-
line.—17. The place from which racers or tilt-
ers start; a starting-post.
To their appointed base they went.
Dryden, AEneid, v.
1.
5.I.E # etc.
t base-line
of the other side catches it before it reaches the ground,
the batter is out or retired, that is, retires from the bat,
and another takes his place. Should the ball be batted
outside the line from
home to first or from
home to third base con- eſ &
tinued indefinitely, it is a • gº
foul, and does not count
unless it is caught before
it touches the ground, in
which case the batter is
out. Should it strike in-
side these lines, the bat-
ter runs to first base, and
then or later to second,
third, and home base. If
he reaches home base he
scores a run. Should
the ball be thrown to and
caught by a player touch-
ing first base before the
runner succeeds in reach-
ing it, or should this
base-runner be touched
with the ball in the hands
of any of his adversaries
while running from One
base to another, he is out.
One player after another of the side which is “in” goes
to the bat until three men have been put out. This con-
stitutes half an inning. Nine innings make a game un-
less the score is tied, when extra innings are played until
one side wins.
#2. The ball with which this game is played.
base-board (bâs"bórd), n.
A line of boarding
around the interior walls of a room, next to
the floor.
base-born (bās’bórm), a. Of base or low birth;
born out of wedlock; of low or mean porentage
or origin; Spurious.
Thy base-born child, thy babe of shame. Gay.
It is justly expected that they should bring forth a base-
born issue of divinity. Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst.
base-bred (bâsſbred), a. Of low or base breed-
ing; mean; of discreditable origin.
As little souls their base-bred fancies feed. J. Baillie.
base-broom (bäsſbröm), n. A name given to
Genista tinctoria, with reference to its low
18. An old game, played in various ways, in stature.
some of which it is still practised, and in all of base-burner (bās’bér”nér), m.
which there are certain spaces marked out, be-
yond or off which any player is liable to be
touched with the hand or struck with a ball by
a player on the enemy's side. Forms of this game
are known under the names of prisoners' base, rowmders,
and base-ball, under which last name it has become the
national game of the United States.
After a course at Barley-break or Base.
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2.
19. One of the spaces marked off in the game of
base or prisoners’ base. See 18.—20: In base-
base-burning (bās’bër"ning), a.
base-court (bås’kört), m.
A stove or fur-
nace constructed on the base-burning principle.
Burning at
the base.—Base-burning furnace or stove, a fur-
nace or stove in which the fuel burns at the bottom, and
is renewed from a self-acting hopper or chamber above.
1. A secondary or
inferior court or yard, generally at the back of
a house, opposed to the chief court or main
Quadrangle; a farm-yard.—2. In Eng. law, an
inferior court of justice, but a court of record,
as a court—baron, court-leet, etc.
ball, one of the four corners of the diamond, basedt (båst), a. [K base1, n., + -ed?..] Wear-
See base-ball.—21. That part of an electro-
magnetic apparatus which contains the helix,
switch, and first and secondary binding-posts.
—Altern base, Attic base, etc. See the adjectives.—
Organic bases. See organic.—Prisoners’ base. See
prisoner.—To bid the or a baset, to challenge to a game
of base, and hence, from the popularity of the game, to
challenge to a trial of dexterity, skill, or strength, or to a
trial of any kind; challenge generally.
To bid the wind a base he now prepares.
Shalc., Venus and Adonis, l. 303.
We will find comfort, money, men, and friends,
Ere long to bid the English king a base.
Marlowe, Edw. II., ii.
base? (bās), v. t. ; pret. and pp. based, ppr. bas-
ing. [K base2, n.] 1. To form a foundation
for. [Rare.]–2. To use as a groundwork or
foundation for; ground; found; establish: with
on or upon : as, all sound paper currency must
be based on coin or bullion; he bases his argu-
ments wipon false premises.
It is on the understanding, and not on the sentiment, of
a nation that all safe legislation must be based.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 165.
base3 (bās), n. Another form of bass1 and barse.
[Local Eng. (Cumberland).]
base-bag (bās' bag), m. In base-ball, one of the
bags often used to mark first, second, and third
*base.
baseball (bās"băl'), m. 1. A game of ball
played by eighteen persons, nine on a side. A
square plot of ground called the diamond, with sides 90
feet long, is marked off, at the corners of which are the
bases, known as home or home base (B), first base (D), Sec-
ond base (E), and third base (F). The players on one side
take their positions in the field, the catcher (A) just behind
the home base, the pitcher § at a distance of 60 feet from
the home base on the line from home to second base, the
three basemen near first, second, and third base, the short-
stop (G) between second and third, and three fielders,
known as right (H), center (I), and left (J), at some dis-
tance behind and on each side of the second base. The
8. pitches the ball over the home plate to the catcher.
ne of the other side, which is said to be in, or at the bat,
takes a position by the home base, and tries to strike the
ball as it passes him. If he knocks it into the air, and one
t
base-dance (bās"dāns), m.
Basedow's disease.
base-hearted (bås' hir’ted), a. Having a base,
baselardt, m.
baseless (bäsſles), a.
baselessness (bäsſles-nes), n.
ing or clothed in a base or skirt.
Based in lawny velvet. Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 6.
A slow dance in #
time, resembling the minuet.
When the said Morris is doone, then the gentillmen to
com unto the women and make their obeisaunce, and
every of them to taike oon by thand, and daunce suche
base dawnces as is apointed they m.
Quoted in J. P. Collier's Eng. Dram. Poetry, I., notes.
See disease.
treacherous heart ; deceitful.
Same as baslard.
[K base2 + -less.] With-
out a base; having no foundation or support.
Like the baseless fabric of this vision,
The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces,
The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve ;
And, like this insubstantial pageant faded,
Leave not a rack behind. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1.
The quality of
being baseless, or without foundation; ground-
+lessness.
base-level (bās’lev-el), n.
* * In geol., the ideal
level surface with reference to which the ero-
*sive action of a stream is carried on.
base-line (bās’ lin), m.
1. A line adopted as a
base or foundation from which future opera-
tions are carried on, or on which they depend
or rest. (a) In perspect., the bottom line of a picture,
in which the foremost vertical plane of delineation cuts
the ground-plane, on which the objects represented in
the picture stand. (b) In surv., any measured line form-
ing a side of a triangle, the adjacent angles of which being
measured, the relative position of the third vertex is
determined; especially, in geodesy, a line measured with
the utmost precision to serve as the origin of a system of
triangles, and as the foundation for the computation of
the length of their sides. In the process of triangulation,
the angles of these triangles and the length of a single side
(the base or base-line) being known, the lengths of all can
be computed. In every great survey a number of base-lines
are measured, each being from 8 to 10 miles in length.







base-line
..Highlan.
* & Zºrºsville
+ §-/s/.
ſº OUI º § Atja, Sö Trenton,
& sº
S-4–4–S & * ,
:S *. Mascotcéah.
ºff/ongeruſe Pi—
..º
§/ ;--------4---º: Ž
Sca?6 Acf. Aſf{es
º
- Base-line.
(c) Milit., a line, as of frontier, sea-coast, or forts, taken
by an army as the base of operations, from which move-
- ments have their origin, and supplies of food, ammunition,
and men are sent to the front, and to which the army may
retreat in case of disaster. Also called base.
2. A line traced round a cannon behind the
vent.—3. In the game of lawn-tennis, the end
line of the court; the line from which the
player serves the ball.—4. In base-ball, the line
connecting one base with the next.
basely (bās’li), adv. 1. In a base manner;
meanly; dishonorably.
Warr'd he hath not,
But basely yielded upon compromise
That which his ancestors achiev'd with blows.
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 1.
2. In a base or mean condition; illegitimately;
in bastardy.
Two Mitylene brethren, basely born.
3+. At a low rate; cheaply.
Them that desire to look big, and to live º;
Venner, Via Recta, iii. 52. (N. E. D.)
baseman (bās'man), n. ; pl. basemen, (-men).
Any one of the three players who in the game
of base-ball are stationed at first, second, and
× third bases.
basement (bås'ment), n. [= MLG. basement,
basiment, basment, base, pedestal; cf. F. Sow-
bassement, formerly sous-bassement, K sous, un-
der (K.L. subtus, K sub, under), + “bassement (in
form after It. bassamento, abasement): see basel
and -ment.] 1. The lower or fundamental por-
tion; a base. [Rare.]
TJp from its deep reservoirs, from the mysterious base-
aments of the mountain, wells the silent stream.
J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 322.
2. In arch.: (a) The portion of the elevation
of a structure which performs the function in
the design of constituting a support to those
portions which come above it; especially, the
substructure of a columnar or arched construc-
tion, but also the lowest member in the design
of a wall, etc. Compáre base2, 3. (b) A floor
or story which is wholly or in part beneath the
surface of the ground, but is usually, as dis;
tinguished from a cellar, well lighted, and
fitted up and used for household or other usual
purposes.—3. The act of basing, or the state
of being based. [Rare.]—American basement
house, a house having its basement entirely or nearly be-
low ground, so that the entrance is at about the street-
level. The basement contains the cellars, and the ground
floor the entrance-hall and kitchen, the parlor and dining-
room being one flight above the entrance. [U. S.]—
Basement membrane, in amat., a delicate membrane,
formed of flattened cells, which underlies the epithelium
of mucous membranes, and covers that of secreting glands.
Also membrana propria.-English basement house, a
house having its basement and entrance situated as in the
American basement house, but in which the basement con-
tains the kitchen and cellar and the ground floor the en-
trance-hall and dining-room.—French basement house,
a house having its entrance-floor raised several feet abové
grade, allowing the basement to have windows opening
directly on the street, so that this entire story may be oc-
cupied with the kitchen and offices, the cellar, being be-
low. The other floors are arranged, with relation to the
entrance, as in the English basement house. (U. S.]
basement-story (bās'ment-stö%ri), n. Same
as basement, 2 (b).
base-minded (bâs"min"ded), a. Of a low Spirit
or mind; mean; dishonorably inclined.
base-mindedly (bās'min'ded-li), adv. In a
base-minded or dishonorable manner.
base-molding (bās'môl/ding), n. In arch., an
ornamental molding at the base of any archi-
tectural feature, as a column, pedestal, or espe-
cially a wall.
basent, a. [Appar. one of Spenser's made words.
Rºmolles.
Cf. Sc. bazed, stupefied; D. verbazen, astonish.] bashë (bash), v. t.
Extended as with astonishment.
basenett, n.
basedlogy (bå-så-ol’ô-
base-plate (bās' plat), n.
464
Stare on him with big lookes basem wide.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 670.
baseness (bās'nes), n. [...basel F -ness] 1.
The state or condition of being base or low in
scale; meanness of grade; lowliness, as of birth
or station.
Basemess of birth is a great disparagement to some men.
Bwrton, Anat. of Mel., p. 347.
He mixing with his proper sphere,
She finds the basemess of her lot.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, lx.
2. That which is base or low; anything of an
ignoble grade or quality; meanness, as of re-
lation or employment.
Some kinds of basemess
Are nobly undergone. Shak., Tempest, iii. 1.
I once did hold it a basemess to write fair.
- Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
3+. Illegitimacy of birth; bastardy.
Why brand they us
With base? with basemess, bastardy?
Shak., Lear, i. 2.
4. The state or quality of being morally mean
or vile; vileness; worthlessness.
Villains,
Whose basemess all disgraceful words made one
Cannot express!
Beaw. and Fl., Knight of Malta, iv. 4.
Equal basemess lived in sleeker times.
Tennyson, Princess, v.
5. Of metals: (a) Liability to rust: opposed
to nobleness. (b) Inferior or debased quality,
the result of having been alloyed with a cheaper
metal; spuriousness.
We alledged the fraudulent obtaining his patent, the base-
mess of his metal, and the prodigious sum to be coing;
6+. Deepness of sound.
The basemess or trebleness of tones.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 184.
§ , n. IK Gr. 360 tº, base,
+ -āoyia, K Wéyetv, speak: see -ology. Cf. phrase-
ology.] Fundamental philosophy. , Krauth.
1. The foundation-
plate of metal on which a heavy piece of ma-
chinery, as a steam-engine, stands; the bed-
plate.—2. In base-ball, one of the plates for-
merly often used to mark the bases; hence, by
extension, one of the bases.
See basinet.
base-ring (bās’ ring), n. A projecting band of
metal directly in front of the base of the breech
in old pieces of ordnance, connected with the
body of the gun by a concave molding.
base-rocket (bås’rok"et), n. A species of mi-
gnonette, Iºeseda lutea : so called from its
rocket-like leaves and low stature.
base-running (bās' run'ing), n. In base-ball,
the act of running from base to base.
ases, m. Plural of basis.
base-spirited (bâs’spir’i-ted), a. Having a
base or mean spirit; mean; cowardly.
bash.1 (bash), v. [E. dial. or colloq.; in popular
apprehension regarded as imitative (cf. bang,
dash, Smash, etc.), but prob. of Scand. Origin,
assibilated form of bask3 (now obs. ; cf. dial.
basking, a sound thrashing), K Dan. baske, slap,
drub, Sw. basa, whip, drub, beat..] I. trans.
To strike with a heavy blow; beat violently;
knock out of shape. [Colloq. and prov. Eng.]
A woman, a whelp, and a walnut-tree,
The more you bash 'em the better they be.
Proverbial saying.
[The above proverb refers to the practice of beating wal-
nut-trees when in bud with poles, or beating off the fruit,
a proceeding which was thought to increase their produc-
tiveness.]
II, intrans. To strike; knock. [Colloq. and
prov. Eng.]
'bash.1 (bash), n. [Cf. Dan. bask, a blow, Sw.
bas, whipping, beating; from the verb.]. A
blow that .# of shape, or leaves a dent.
[Colloq. and provº’Eng.]
bash2+ (bash), v. [K ME. basshen, baschen, bai-
sen, by apheresis for abashen, etc., abash: see
abash.] I, trans. To daunt; dismay; abash;
confound; confuse.
She that bash'd the sun-god with her eyes.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Lond. and Eng.
II. intrans. 1. To be daunted, dismayed, or
confounded.
His countenaunce was bold, and bashed not
For Guyons lookes, but scornefull eyeglaunce at him shot.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iv. 37.
Make Venus' leman, arm'd in all his pomp,
Bash at the brightness of your hardy looks.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Lond. and Eng.
2. To be abashed or ashamed ; be put out of
Countenance.
[E. dial.; perhaps another
use of bashl.] In coal-mining, to fill with rub-
bashful (bash'fül), a.
bashfulness (bash'fül-nes), n.
bashi-bazouk (bash’i-ba-zök’), n.
bashlyk

bish º from which coal has been taken).
8.10S.
k[S. I
bashaw (ba-shā’), n. • [Early mod. E. also bas-
saw, basha, bacha (F., bacha, It, bassa, bascia,
Mi, bassa), etc., & Turk. Washa ferº.º.
bādshāh), another form (perhaps after bâsh,
head, chief) of pāshā, K Pers: pādshāh; a gov-
ernor, prince, king: see pasha.] 1. Same as
pasha.-2. A grandee; an important person-
age; a bigwig. [Colloq.]—Bashaw of three
tails, a bashaw or pasha of the rank indicated by that
number of horse-tails borne upon his standard.
'Tis a very fine thing to be father-in-law
To a very magnificent three-tailed Bashaw /
G. Colman the Yownger, Blue Beard, ii. 5.
º [K bash2 + -ful.] 1+.
Wanting in self-possession; fearful; dismayed.
And bashful Henry depos'd, whose cowardice
Hath made us bywords to our enemies.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 1.
2. Easily put to confusion; modest to excess;
diffident; shy; sheepish. [Formerly used also
in the sense of modest, unassuming, as a term
of commendation.]
Come, you permicious ass [to the page], you bashful fool,
must you be blushing? wherefore blush you now
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 2.
3. Indicative of, accompanied with, or proceed-
ing from bashfulness.
The refusal which his cousin had steadfastly given him
would naturally flow from her bashful modesty and the
genuine delicacy of her character. •
Jane Awstem, Pride and Prejudice, p. 95.
4}. Exciting bashfulness or shame.
A woman yet must blush when bashful is the case.
ir. Jor Mags., p. 59.
bashfully (bash'fül-i), adv. 1: Without self-
possession; with misgivings.—2. In a bashful,
modest, or shy manner.
The quality of
being bashful; excessive or extreme modesty;
timorous shyness; want of confidence. . [For-
merly, like bashful, a term of commendation,
equivalent to modesty.
He full of bashfulness and truth.
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso's Godfrey of Bulloigne, ii.]
We have in England a particular bashfulness in every-
thing that regards religion. Addison, Spectator, No. 458.
=Syn. Bashfulness, Modesty, Diffidence, Shyness, Coy-
oness, timidity, sheep'ishness. º: iterañy'readi.
ness to be abashed, designates timidity and a disturbed
state of feeling at meeting with others, or being brought
into any prominence. It is natural and not unbecoming
to the young, but with advancing years seems a defect;
it is often a transient state of feeling. Modesty goes
deeper into the character; it is either a proper and be-
coming distrust of one's self and one's powers, or a high-
minded freedom from assurance and assumption; it is
always an excellence, unless explicitly said to be excessive.
Diffidence is a defect; it is an undue distrust of self, with
fear of being censured for failure, tending to unfit one for
duty. Shymess is simply a constitutional shrinking from
contact with others; it is the result of sensitiveness.
Coyness is shyness where advances are made by others; a
shrinking from familiarity, perhaps in a coquettish way.
Yet unask'd,
His bashfulness and tenderness at war,
He set himself beside her.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
It is to be noted that modesty in a man is never to be
allowed as a good quality, but a weakness, if it suppresses
his virtue, when he has at the same time a mind to exert
himself. Sir R. Steele, Tatler, No. 52.
As an actor, Mr. Cunningham obtained little reputa-
tion, for his diffidence was too great to be overcome.
Johnson.
For the very cause of shyness is an over-anxiety as to
what people are thinking of you; a morbid attention to
your OWI) appearance.
Whately, Bacon's Essay of Discourse.
The laugh that guides thee to the mark,
When the kind nymph would coyness feign,
And hides but to be found again.
Dryden, tr. of Horace, I. ix. 36.
e - [Turk.
bashi-bozug, one who is in no particular dress
or uniform, an irregular soldier or civilian,
K bashi, head, head-dress, dress and ºp;
ance, F bogug, spoilt, disorderly, bad, K boa,
spoil, damage, destroy..] A volunteer and ir-
regular auxiliary, serving in connection with
the Turkish army for maintenance, but with-
out pay or uniform. Bashi-bazouks are generally
mounted, and because unpaid frequently resort to pillage.
They are also at the command of municipal governors,
and when detailed to accompany travelers or expeditions
through the country they expect not only to be “found,”
but to be suitably rewarded with bakshish.
Cf.
bashless? (bash’les), a. [K bash2 + -less.
º Shameless; unblushing. Spenser.
bashlyk (bash"lik), n. [Also bashlik, repr. Russ.
bashlwikii, a Caucasian hood or cowl.] A sort
of hood or head-covering with long ends, usu-
ally made in one piece, worn in Russia. The
best qualities are of a fine light-brown camel's-hair cloth
bashlyk
ornamented with silver or silver-gilt galloon. A similar
article to which this name has
ºn in the United States as a light covering for the
€801,
Hanging between the shoulders, and knotted around the
neck [of the Daghestani] is the bashlik, or hood, worn dur-
ing bad weather, this hood.being of a crimson color. ..
- O'Donovan, Merv, ii.
I considered that a light fur and a bashlyk—a cloth
hood which protects the ears—would be quite sufficient
to keep out the cold. D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 21.
Bashmuric (bash-mê'rik), n. A dialect of Cop-
tic, named from the district Bashmur of Lower
Egypt, in the eastern part of the Delta: as, the
Pashmuric version of the New Testament. Also
Bašmuric.
basi-. The combining form, in various scien-
tific terms, of Latin basis (Gr. 3&otc), base. See
basis.
basia (bā’zi-á), n. pl. [Lit. kisses; pl. of L.
basium, a kiss.] name for erotic verses or
amorous writings of any kind; anacreonties;
sapphics: as, the basia of Bonnefons and Se-
cundus.
basial (bā’zi-al), a. [KL. basium, a kiss, + -al.]
Relating to or consisting of a kiss. [Rare.]
The innocent gaiety of his sister-in-law expressed itself
in the “funny answers” and the basial salutation.
Quarterly Rev.
basi-alveolar (bā"si-al-vé'ê-lär), a. [Kbasion +
alveolar.] In craniom., pertaining to the basion
and the alveolar point. Also basio-alveolar.—
Basi-alveolar length, the distance between the basion
and the alveolar point.—Basi-alveolar line, the line join-
ing the basion and the alveolar point. See cramiometry.
basiation (bā-zi-ā'shgn), n. IKL. basiatio(n-),
3 basiare, pp. basiatus, kiss, K basium, a kiss.]
Rissing. [Rare.]
basiator (bā’zi-ā-tgr), n. [NL., K.L. basiator, a
kisser, K basiare, kiss: see basiation.] The or-
bicular muscle of the mouth. Also called or-
bicularis oris and oscularis. twº tº
basibrachial (bā-si-brā’ki-al), º
m. In some mollusks, a piece
like an inverted T, which
forms a support to the base
of the “arms” of the fore foot.
basibracteolate (bā-si-brak'-
tê-3-lāt), a. [K L. basis, a
base, + NL. bracteola +
-atel.] In bot., having bracts
at the base: applied especially
to the involucre of a compo-
site flower when it is sur-
rounded at the base by a series
of bracts, as in the dandelion. ~.
basibranchial (bā-si-brang'ki-al), a. and n.
K L. basis, a base, H- branchiſe, gills, + -al.]
, a. Pertaining to the base or bony basis of
gills or branchiae, or to the corresponding vis-
ceral arches of abranchiate vertebrates.
II. m. A bone or cartilage forming the base
of a branchia, gill-arch, or visceral arch. In
birds, the basibranchial is the single median piece of the
hyoid apparatus usually called wrohyal. In typical fishes
there are three basibranchials in a longitudinal row, be-
neath the foremost of which is the urohyal, and in front
$the glossohyal,
basic (bāsik), a... [K base? -- -ic.] 1. Relat-
ing to a base; of the nature of a base; funda-
mental.
This basic principle runs through the literature of the
past from the days of the Zend Avesta.
M. A. Rev., CXLIII. 373.
2. In chem.: (a) Performing the office of a base
in a salt. (b) Having the base in excess; hav-
ing more than one equivalent of the base for
each equivalent of acid.—3. In geol., contain-
ing a relatively small amount of silica: ap-
plied to crystalline rocks, as basalt: opposed
to acidic.—4. In anat., basal; basilar.—Basic
alum, See alwm.—Basic blue. See blue.—Basic line,
in the spectrum, a name given by Lockyer to those lines in
the spectrum of an element which, as the spectrum changes
under increase of temperature, become continu D00I '8
conspicuous. Certain of these lines being apparently
common to the spectra of two substances (e.g., cadmium
and iron), it was inferred that they might belong to a
common element present in both and liberated at the
highest temperature.—Basic lining, a furnace lining
made of basic material, especially calcined lime, dolo-
mite, or magnesite.—Basic process, a metallurgical
process by which certain impurities are absorbed in a
basic slag. At present this term refers to the basic
Bessemer and basic open-hearth processes of making
steel. In addition to carbon, silicon, and manganese,
the basic steel-making process removes phosphorus from
the iron, while the acid process does not.—Basic Water,
water when, as in some cases, it appears to act as a base
(hydrogen hydroxid). - -
pasicerite (bå-sis’e-rit), n. IK Gr. 360tſ, base, +
képac, horn.] In Crustacea, the second joint of
the antenna, or long feeler, succeeding the coxo-
cerite. In the crawfish (Astacus) it bears the scaphocerite
Head of Dandelion,
showing basibracteo-
late involucre.
basidiomycetous (bå-sid’i-Ö-mi-sé’tus), a.
basidiospore (bå-sid’i-Ö-spör), n.
basidiosporous
465
considered to represent an exopodite) and ischiocerite.
een given is worn by ºr See Podophthalmia
basicity (bā-sis’i-ti), n.
chem. : (a
ing the part of a base in combination. (b) The
power of an acid to react with one or more
molecules of a base. -
Another way in which acids may be classified has refer-
ence to their basicity: they may be divided into mono-
basic, dibasic, and tribasic acids.
H. Watts, Dict. of Chem., I. 46.
basicranial (bā-si-krā’ni-al), a. [K L. basis, a
base, F NL. cranium + -al.] Pertaining to the
base of the skull.—Basicranial axis. See azis.l.
basidia, n. Plural of basidium.
basidigital (bā-si-dij’i-tal), a. [K L. basis, a
base, H. digitus, finger, 4- al.] In anat., of or
pertaining to the basés of the digits: applied
to the metacarpal and metatarsal bones.
[K basic ---ity.] In
The state of being a base, or of play-
basihyal (bā-si-hi'al), n. and a.
basihyoid (bā-si-hi'oid), a. and n.
Basilian
summit, as in plants of the genus Cleome. Also
called gº or more frequently gyno-
W.
phore See).
[K L. basis, a
base, -- hy(oid) + -al.] I. m. 1. In vertebrate
anat., the distallbony element of the second post-
Oral visceral arch, or hyoidean apparatus, rep-
resented in human anatomy by the so-called
body of the hyoid bone, bearing two pairs of
horns or cornua; in general, the basis or body
proper of the hyoid arch; the basihyoid. See
cut under skull.—2. In ichth., the segment of
the branchiostegal arch next to the basibran-
chial and urohyal. It is generally double, or
composed of two pieces on each side.
#. a. Relating to the basis or body of the
hyoid bone or hyoid arch.
[K L. basis,
Each digit has a proximal basi-digital . . . bone, upon & base, 4- E. hyoid.] I. a. Of or pertaining to
which follows a linear series of p IngeS.
Hwæley, Anat. Vert., p. 31.
basidigitale (bā'si-dij-i-tä'lé), n. ; pl. basidigi-
talia (-li-á). [NL.: see basidigital.] One of
the basidigital bones; a metacarpal or meta-
tarsal bone.
Basidiomycetes (bå-sid’i-Ö-mi-sé'těz), m. pl.
NL., K basidium + Gr. uſikfic, pl. uikmet, mush-
room.] The group of fungi in which the spores
are borne on basidia, including the Hymenomy-
cetes, Gasteromycetes, and most of the larger
fungi known as mushrooms and toadstools.
See cut under basidium.
[K
Basidiomycetes + -ous.] Belonging to or hav-
ing the characters of the Basidiomycetes.
IK NL. basi-
dium + Gr. atopä, seed.]. A spore borne on a
basidium.
(bā-sid-i-osºpä-
rus), a. [K ba-
sidiospore +
-ous.] Produ-
cing spores by
means of ba-
sidia.
basidium (bā- º “º &
sid’i-um), m.; basidium of Basidia. &
* * * * * * * , basidi C2a th. 2latzas , 8, of
pl. basidia (-ā). *::::::::::: 6, .# £º: %.”
[NL., dim. of
Gr. 340tg, a base..] In bot., an enlarged cell in
basidiomycetous fungi, arising from the hyme-
nium, and producing by abstriction spores borne
upon slender projections at its summit.
basifacial (bā-si-fa'shial), a. [K L. basis, base,
+ facies, face, -ī- -al.] Relating to the base of
the face, or of the facial, as distinguished from
the proper cranial, part of the whole skull: ap-
plied to an anterior evertebral region of the
base of the primordial skull, corresponding to
the situation of the trabeculae cranii, and con-
sequently in advance of the notochordal region
known as the basicranial. See cut under
craniofacial.
This section of the primordial skull may be conveniently
termed the basi-facial region, the trabeculae forming a
support for the forebrain.
Sutton, Proc. Zoël. Soc., 1885, p. 577.
Basifacial axis, See arist.
basification (bā"si-fi-kā‘shgn), m. [K basify:
see –ation.] . In chem., the act of basifying.
basifier (bâ’si-fi-ér), n. In chem., that which
basifies, or converts into a salifiable base.
basifixed (bâ'si-fikst), a. . [K L. basis, base, 4-
facus, fixed, + -ed?..] In bot., attached by the
base or lower end, as an
anther upon the filament.
basifugal (bā-sifºil-gal), a.
[K L. basis, a base, -H fu-
gere, flee.] Receding from
the base: in bot., said of
the growth of leaves which
are developed from the
base upward.
Two extreme cases may there-
fore be distinguished in leaves,
althoughcloselyconnected by in-
termediate forms: the predom-
inantly basifugal or apical, and
the predominantly basal growth.
Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 138.
Basifixed Anthers.
a, a, anthers; 5, 6, fila-
ments. (From Le Maout and
Decaisne’s “Traité général
de Botanique.”)
basify (bâ’si-fi), v. t. ; pret. and pp. basified,
ppr. basifying. [K L. basis, a base, -ī- facere,
make : see ºf y.] In chem., to convert into a
salifiable base.
basigynium (bā-si-jin’i-um), n. ; pl. basi-
gymia (-à), [NL., K. Gr. 33atc, a base, + Yvvá,
a female.] In bot., a stalk rising above the
base of the flower, and bearing the ovary at its
basill (baz’il), n.
basil??, n.
basilary (basſi-lä-ri), a.
basilateral (bā-si-lat’e-ral), a.
Basileuterus (bas-i-lüſte-rus), m.
basilä (baz’il), n.
basil4 (baz’il), m.
basilad (basſi-lad), adv.
*basilar) + -adº.] To or toward the base.
basilar (basſi-lär), a.
*basilaris, KL. basis, a base..] Relating to or sit-
the basihval.
II. m. Same as basihyal.
[Early mod. E. also bazil, bas-
sel, KME. basile, KOF. basile, mod. F. basilic =
It. basilico, KML. basilicum, basilicon (cf. L. ba-
silisca, a plant, also called regula, mentioned as
an antidote for the bite of the basilisk: see
basilisk), K. Gr. 3aot?aków (se. Aézavov, herb),
Basil, neut. of BaadAtkóg, royal, K 3aot?eig, king,
a word of unknown origin.]. A name of several
labiate plants, especially of the genus Ocimum.
O. Basilicum, a native of India, is much used in cookery,
especially in France, and is known as sweet or common
basil Bush or lesser basil is O. micranthwm. The holy
basil of India, O. 8amctum, is considered sacred to Vishnu,
and rosaries are made of its wood. For the wild, stone, or
field basil of Europe, see basil-weed. In the United States
the name is given to other aromatic labiates, especially
to species of Koellia.
The ancients had a curious notion relative to the plant
basil (O. basilicum), viz., that there is a property in basil
to propagate scorpions, and that by the Smell thereof
they are bred in the brains of men.
Quoted in N. and Q., 1st ser., VIII. 40.
He once called her his basil plant; and when she asked
for an explanation, said that basil was a plant which had
flourished wonderfully on a murdered man's brains.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, Finale.
Basil-oil, an aromatic oil obtained from the roots of the
basil. McElrath.
[Early mod. E. (def. 1) bassil, KOF.
basile, mod. F. basilic, a basilisk: see basilisk.]
1. A large cannon throwing a heavy shot. See
basilisk, 4.—2. [Perhaps in allusion to a can-
non-ball.] Aniron or fetterfastened round the
ankle of a prisoner.
A corruption of bezel.
A corruption of basan.
[K NL. basil(aris) (see
[= F. basilaire, K NL.
uated at the base, especially of the skull.—
Basilar angle. See craniometry.—Basilar artery, the
artery formed by the junction of the vertebral arteries,
and lying on the basilar process of the occipital bone.—
Basilar groove, a smooth depression on the upper side of
the basilar process.—Basilar membrane of the cochlea,
a delicate membrane stretching from the lamina spiralis
to the outer wall. It forms the floor of the canal of the
cochlea, and supports the organ
of Corti...—Basilar process
that portion of the occipital
bone which lies in front of the
foramen magnum.—Basilar
segment, the compound and
otherwise modified segment of
the body of a centiped immedi-
ately succeeding the cephalic
segment. It bears several pairs
of appendages, and has been
considered to be composed of
four morphological somites.—
Basilar sinus, or basilar
plexus, the transverse sinus.
fºasilar Suture, in amat.,
the suture between the basilar
process of the occipital bone
and the body of the sphenoid. – Basilar vein, a vein
ascending from the base of the brain on the outer side of
the crus cerebri and emptying into the vena Galeni.
Same as basilar.
g tº [K L. basis, a
base, + latus (later-), side, H- -al.] Situated
at the side of the base. Also basolateral.
[NL., K. Gr.
Baozheitspoc, more kingly, compar, adj., K. Baat-
Žeig, king.] A large genus of tropical and sub-
tropical American oscine passerine birds, of the
family Mniotiltidae and subfamily Setophaginae;
a group of pretty fly-catching warblers related
to the common American redstart. Several of the
Mexican species reach the lower Rio Grande, but most are
more southerly. ... B. rufifrom s is a characteristic example.
B, Basilar Segment of a
centiped (Scolopertara): a,
antenna borne upon cephalic
segment.
Basilian (ba-sil’i-an), a. and m. [KLL. Basilius,
Basil the Great (died A. D. 379), KGr. 8aqāstoc,
lit. kingly, K. 3aozheig, king.] I. a. Relating
to St. Basil the Great, a Greek father of the




30
basilical (ba-sil’i-kä), m.
basilic (ba-sil'ik), a. and n.
Basilian
Christian church in the fourth century, or to
the monastic rule given by him.—Basilian lit-
urgy, the liturgy of St. Basil. See liturgy. -
II. m. 1. A monk or nun belonging to one of
the religious congregations following the rule of
St. Basil. These Comprise nearly all the Greek and
Qriental monasteries, and are found in communion with
Rome in Sicily, and in the Greco-Ruthenian and Arme-
nian rites. . Several Basilian monasteries in Spain were
Suppressed in 1835.
2. One of a congregation of priests devoted
to the education of young men for the priest-
hood, founded in 1800 by the archbishop of
Vienne, France. Their name is derived from their
first house, in the parish of St. Basil in Vivarais. They
have establishments in France, England, and Africa.
* * * * [Formerly also
basilick, K F. basilique, K L. basilicus, K. Gr. 8a-
gººg, kingly, royal, K 8aathetic, king..] I. a.
1. Kingly; royal.–2. Of or pertaining to a
'basilica; basilican.—Basilic vein, the largest of the
veins of the arm, formed by the junction of two ulnar
Veins with the median basilic vein, piercing the deep fascia
a little above the elbow on the inner side of the arm, as-
cending in the course of the brachial artery, and ending
in the axillary vein, before or after receiving the venæ
comites of the brachial artery.—Median basilic vein,
a short venous trunk at the bend of the elbow, crossing
the track of the brachial artery, from which it is separat-
ed by the bicipital fascia, and terminating in the basilic.
Also basilical.
II. m. 1. A basilica (which see).—2. In
anat., the basilic vein. See I.
[L., K. Gr. 3ao (Atkh,
a basilica, prop. fem. (sc. oroá, stoa, or oikſa,
house) of 3aat?tkóg, royal: see basilic. In sense
5 for basilisk, 4, basil?..] 1. Originally, the
stoa in which the king-archon dispensed Jus-
tice in Athens; hence, in Gr. antiq., a frequent
distinctive name for a stoa or portico.—2. In
Rome, where such buildings were introduced
about two centuries before Christ, a portico or
hall recalling in plan or use the Athenian royal
portigo. Many of these halls of justice were appro-
priated for Christian churches, and new churches were
built upon a similar plan, whence basilica became a
usual name for a church. The typical plan of the basil-
ica is an oblong rectangle, with a broad central nave sep-
(2.
0. w :0
º X::::
- ... - . Wºº.”
‘. & ! t * e . : * g O O
X * >. ; : *
* * : i ,” * *s : A. \
* * f * G * - i. ſ G G
| *.*.**
; ; :
s s h
a 9 5 :
* * * A *
* J/ * J º is J."
J * J. º
* * | :
a * º º
i. s º s
s s | I.
k ſ e º
. s e s
* s
1
Basilicas.
1, S. Pietro in Vincoli, Rome: a typical plan with the addition of
a transept and of secondary apses. 2, S. Godehard, Hildesheim ; a
German form illustrating the western apse and other important varia-
tions from the typical plan. A.D, apse; B, Bt, secondary apses; C,
high altar; D, bishop's throne; G, transept; H, nave; I, I", towers;
Sº, &; aisles; M, western apse ; AV, aisle surrounding the chief apse;
O, O, apsidioles.
arated from two side-aisles by rows of columns. Over
the aisles are galleries. At the extremity of the building
furthest from the chief entrance is a raised tribune, where
8at originally the Roman pretor or judge and his assess-
ors, and Which naturally became the sanctuary of the
Christian church. This tribune usually constitutes an
apse of the width of the nave, projecting from the main
body of the building, and covered with a vault on a semi-
circular plan. The Christian high altar, which has re-
placed the throne of the Roman pretor, stands properly
in the center of the chord of this apse. Variations from
the typical plan are of very common occurrence, such as
the absence of an architectural apse ; the presence of an
apse at each end — a favorite arrangement, especially in
early German churches of basilican plan ; the duplication
of the side-aisles; the carrying of an aisle around the
apse ; the presence of a transept between aisles and apse
or of minor apses on each side of the chief apse; an
many others, often suggested either by accidents of posi-
tion or by the exigencies of the Christian ritual. e
3. Liturgically, in the Rom. Cath. Ch., a title
conferred by the pope on a church without ref-
erence to its architectural º and
carrying with it certain honors and privileges.
In addition to the five major or patriarchal basilicas and
the eight minor basilicas at Rome, the title is borne in
this sense by other churches in all parts of the world,
a8 the cathedrals of Paris and Rheims in France, and the
cathedral of Notre Dame at Quebec.
basilicanism (ba-sil’i-kan-izm), n.
basilicon (ba-sil’i-kon), m.
Basilics (ba-sil’iks), m. pl.
466
4t. In the middle ages, a name sometimes given
to the elaborate structures raised over impor-
tant tombs, as that over the tomb or shrine of
Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey:
so called, according to Ducange, because these
structures bore a resemblance to diminutive
churches.—5+. A large piece of ordnance:
probably same as basilisk, 4.
The breaching artillery consisted of sixty-three guns,
the smallest of which threw a ball of fifty-six pounds, and
some few, termed basilicas, carried marble bullets of a
hundred and twelve pounds weight. Prescott.
Basilica” (ba-Sil’i-kä), m. pl., also used as sing.
[ML., KLGr. 3aotAtká, neut. pl. of Gr. 6aot?ticóg,
royal (or, less prob., relating to Basil I.).] A
gode of laws of the Byzantine empire, adapted
from the laws of Justinian in the ninth century,
by order of the emperor Basil I. Also Basilics.
basilical (ba-Sil’i-kal), a. [K basilical + -al.]
Same as basilic.
basilican (ba-sili-kan), a. [KML. basilicanus,
K.L. basilica, basilica.] Pertaining to or resem-
bling a basilica; basilic.—Basilican ointment.
Sanne as basilicon.
Adherence
to the basilican type of church.
basilicoki, n. . [ME., also basiliscok, baselycoe, K
OF. basilicoo (with appar, aug. term., prob, con-
fused with cog, cock; cf. cockatrice), K basilic, a
basilisk. Cf. basilisk.] A basilisk. Chaucer.
[L., KGr. 3aotAtköv,
neut. (Sc. 36ppakov, remedy) of BaotAtkóg, royal:
See basill and basilic.] An ointment named
from its supposed “sovereign” virtues. It con-
sists of yellow wax, black pitch, and resin, of each one
part, and of olive-oil four parts. Also called basilican
ointment.
[E. pl., equiv. to
ML. basilica : see Basilica?..] Same as Basil-
ica?,
Basilidian (bas-i-lid’i-an), n. IK L. Basilides,
K
Gr. Bagſheiðng, a proper name, in form a
É.". K Bagweig, king.]. A follower of
asilides, a teacher of Gnostic doctrines at
Alexandria, Egypt, in the second century. The
Basilidians discouraged martyrdom, kept their doctrines
as secret as possible, were much given to magical prac-
tices, and soon declined from the asceticism of their
founder into gross immorality. See Basilidianism. &
Basilidianism (bas-i-lid’i-gn-izm), n...[K Basi-
lidian + -ism..] The doctrines of Basilides and
the Basilidians. Basilides taught that from a universal
Seed-mass containing the germs of all things and created
by non-existent Deity (that is, the Absolute) were sepa-
rated a subtile sonship mounting at once to the Deity, and
a coarse Sonship attaining a place near to but short of the
highest by aid of the Holy Spirit, which acts as the firma-
ment separating Supermundame things from mundane.
A third sonship, that needing purification, remained in the
mass, from which also emerged the archons of the ogdoad
and hebdomad. See archon. The gospel illumination came
first to the son of the great archon, who instructed his
father. From him it passed to the archon of the hebdo-
mad through his son, and from the hebdomad to Jesus, the
Son of Mary. The spirit of Jesus ascended at his death to
the highest God, leaving his soul in the hebdomad. When
the whole of the sonship that remains in this lower world
has mounted after Jesus to the highest place, the consum-
mation of all things will come, and an oblivion called the
. great ignorance will descend on the whole world, even
upon the two great archons, that all may remain in their
natural place and not aspire after the unattainable. The
gospel is the knowledge of these doctrines, and the spirit-
ual are those only who are capable of understanding them.
An exceedingly different system, known as spurious Basi-
lidianism, was developed among the followers of Basilides.
According to this there are 365 generations of angels occu-
pying 365 heavens, each with its own archon, the lowest
being the God of the Jews. Christ was the first-born, the
Nous or intellect of the º: God, the unbegotten
Father, All his work on earth is mere appearance or out-
Ward Show, a docetic feature found in many earlier here-
SICS.
basiliscine (basi-lisin), a... [K.L. basiliscus, a
|basilisk, -H -iñ61.]. Pertaining to a basilisk.
basiliscus (bas-i-lis'kus), n. [L., a basilisk:
See basilisk.] 1+. A basilisk.—C#. [NT.] In
Ornith., an old and disused name of the small
crested or golden-crowned wren of Europe,
Regulus cristatus. It is known in many languages
by names corresponding to “little king,” as kinglet,
voitelet, königlein, regillo, regaliolus, regillus, etc.; also
Tea, Senator, presbys, trochilus, orchillws, calendula, etc.
See Regulus. e º
3. [cap.]... [NL.]. A genus of saurian reptiles,
or Lacertilia, of the family Iguanidae (formerly
held to be of greater extent than now), charac-
terized essentially by the presence of a contin-
uous median dorsal crest along the back and
tail, erectile at Will. There are no femoral pores, and:
no gular sac, but a dilatable pouch on the head; the den-
tition is pleurodont. The mitered or hooded basilisk, B,
mitratus, is especially remarkable for a membranous bag
at the back of the head, of the size of a small hen's egg,
which can be inflated with air at pleasure, and the func.
tion of which is analogous to that of the air-bladder of
fishes. The other species have such hoods also, but of a
Smaller size. To this organ they owe their name, which
basilisk (basſi-lisk), n, and a.
Hooded or Mitered Basilisk (Basiliscus on ifra ºnes).
recalls the basilisk of fable, though in reality they are
harmless and exceedingly lively creatures. The species
are inhabitants chiefly of Central America and Mexico
and peculiar to America, although one of the Agamidae o
Amboyna has been erroneously referred to the genus.
[Also, until re-
cently, as L., basiliscus; K ME. basilisk (cf. also
basilicok and F. basilic), K. L. basiliscus, K. Gr.
BaotAtokoç, a little king, a kinglet (bird), also a
kind of serpent, so named from a white spot
resembling a crown on the head; dim. of Baat-
Žetic, a king.] I, n. 1. A fabulous creature
formerly believed to exist, variously regarded
as a kind of serpent, lizard, or dragon, and
sometimes identified with the cockatrice. It in-
habited the deserts of Africa, and its breath and even its
look were fatal. In heraldry it is represented as an ani-
mal resembling the cockatrice, with its tail terminating in
a dragon's head; hence formerly also called amphisien.
cockatrice, as having two heads. See amphisien.
Like as the Basiliske, of serpents seede,
From powrefull eyes close venim doth convay
Into the lookers hart, and killeth farre away.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. viii. 39.
There is not one that looketh upon his eyes but he dieth
presently. The like property has the basilisk. A white
spot or star it carieth on the head and settith it out like a
coronet or diadem. If he but hiss no other serpent dare
COrne near. Holland, tr. of Pliny; viii. 21.
2. In herpet., a lizard of the old genus Basilis-
cus (which see) in the widest sense.—3+. In
ormith., the golden-crested wren or kinglet.
See basiliscus, 2–4t. A large piece of ord-
nance: so called from its destructive power.
It varied greatly in size and style at different times. In
the fifteenth century, it is spoken of as throwing stone
balls of the weight of 200 pounds, and was therefore of
prodigious caliber. D'Aubigné in his History speaks of
them as carrying stone balls of 300 pounds, but it is not
certain which standard he has in view. In the seventeenth
century it was a smaller gun, but still one of the largest
then in use. See basilica, 5.
Awake, ye men of Memphis l—hear the clang
Of Scythian trumpets l—hear the basilisks,
That, Toaring, shake Damascus' turrets down
Marlowe, Tamburlaine, I., iv. 1-
A basilisco, bore in inches 5, weight in pounds 4000.
Capt, J. Smith, Seaman's Grammar-
II. a. Pertaining to or characteristic of the
basilisk; as, a basilisk eye or look § sharp,
penetrating, malignant eye or look, like that
attributed to the basilisk).
basilosaurid (basi-lô-sà'rid), n. A cetacean
of the family Basilosauridae.
Basilosauridae (basi-lô-sà'ri-dé), n. pl. [NL.,
K Basilosaurus + -idae.] A family of extinct
Zeuglodont cetaceans, typified by the genus
Basilosaurus (or Zeuglodon), having the parie-
tal, the frontal, and especially the nasal bones
elongated, and the anterior nares opening for-
Ward. [According to the rules of zoölogical nomencla-
ture, the operation of the law of priority requires reten-
tion of the name, though the creatures were not saurians.]
Basilosaurus (bas’i-lô-så(rus), n. F. K. Gr.
Baothetic, king, + oaipog, lizard.] genus of
large fossil cetaceans from the Eocene of the
Southern United States. The name was given under
the erroneous impression that the creatures were reptiles
and was afterward changed to Zeuglodom. Also Čailed
Polyptychodon and Hydrarchus. See Zeuglodontia.
basil-thyme (baz'il-tim), n. IK basill + thyme.]
A British mint, Clinopodium Acinos. It has
bluish-purple flowers and a fragrant aromatic smell, “so
fººt." Parkinson says, “that it is fit for a king's
ouse.”
basil-weed (baz'il-w6d), n. [K basill + weedl.]
Wild basil, or field-basil, the common name
for Clinopodium vulgare, a European labiate
*plant common in Woods and copses.
basin (bā'Sn), n.
Early mod. E. also bason,
asen, K. M.E. basin, bacin, K OF. baciºn, mod. F.
bassin = Pr. Sp. tacinºft. Šacino (ML. reflex.
bacinus, bassinus) = OHG. becohin, becchi, MHG.
becken, becke, G. becken (> Dan. baekken = Sw.
bäcken), K ML. bachinus, bacchinus, bacchinum,







basin
ºppar, for “baccinus, “baccinum, prop, an adj.
; K bacca, a bowl (‘vas aquarium”: see
backº), perhaps of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. bac,
a hollow, a hook, crook, = W. bach, a hook, #
4.67
basinerved (bâ si-nērvd), a.
base, + nervus, nerve, --, -ed?..] In bot., havin
the nerves all springing from the base: applie
to leaves.
basipoditic (bā-sip-3-ditſik), a.
basisylvian
[K L. basis, a Edwards; Huailey. See also cut under endopo-
dite.
Pertaining to
or of the nature of a basipodite. Huailey, Cray-
Bret, bººk, bag, a shallow boat: see back9, basinet, basnet (basſi-net, bas' net), n. [Also fish, p. 164.
Hence basinet.] 1. A circular dish or vessel
of greater width than depth, contracting to-
ward the bottom, and used chiefly to holdwater
or other liquid, especially for washing, but also
for various other purposes.
Let one attend him with a silver bason,
Full of rose-water, and bestrew'd with flowers, . . .
And say, Will't please your lordship cool your hands?
- Shale., T. of the S., Ind., i.
2. As much as a basin will hold; a basinful.—
8. In the arts and manuf. : (a) In hat-making, a
yessel filled with boiling water in which the
loose mat of felted fur formed on the cone for
a hat-body is dipped in the process of basining
(see basin, v. º in order to shrink it to the
proper size. Also called sizing-kettle. (b) A
concave piece of metal on which glass-grinders
form their convex glasses. (c) The scale or
scale-dish of a balance when concave.—4}. A
#. of hollow metal dishes clashed together
ike cymbals to produce sound: formerly beat-
en when infamous persons were exposed in a
cart as a punishment.—5. A basin-shaped ves-
sel hung by chains from the roof of a church,
with a pricket in the middle for the serges. See
Cerge. en of silver, such vessels usually had
a brass or latten basin within to catch the wax-
ºpings—e. The hollow part of a plate or
SIl.
Silver dishes and plates . . . in the edges and basing of
which was placed . . . gold medals.
Pepys, Diary, July 21, 1662. (N. E. D.)
7. A natural or artificial reservoir for water.
(a) A pond; a bay; a dock for ships. , (b) In a canal, a
'space which enables boats to turn, or to lie and unload,
without obstructing the passage of other boats. (c) The
space between the gates in a dock.
8. In geog.: (a) A depressed part of the earth's
surface, occupied by an ocean or lake. (b)
The area drained by a river. The term is or-
dinarily used only when speaking of a large
river, and then includes the entire area.
drained by the main stream and its tributaries.
(c) An area which has no outlet to the sea; a
closed basin. In the United States, the Great
Basin is that portion of the Cordilleran region
which has no such outlet, comprising an area
of about 225,000 square miles. (d) A basin-
shaped depression or hollow more or less in-
closed by higher land.—9. In geol., an area.
over which the stratified formations are so
disposed as to show that they were deposited
in succession within a basin-shaped depression
of the original surface, thus giving rise to a
series of beds which have a general dip toward
a common center, especially near the edges of
the area. In some instances the basin structure is very
marked, as in the case of the Forest of Dean and Inde
coal-fields. The geological basins of London and Paris
are especially known and interesting. The rocks of both
are chiefly Lower Tertiary, or Eocene and Oligocene, the
name sometimes given to that part of the series which is
intermediate in age between Eocene and Miocene. The
important member of the London basin—the “London
clay” — is absent from the Paris basin. Many geological
basins in the Rocky Mountain region are occupied by
fresh-water Tertiary deposits, containing interesting ver-
tebrate fossils, and formerly supposed to mark the sites
of extensive lakes: recently a larger proportion of the
strata has been regarded as of fluviatile origin. A syn-
climal fold of strată may be called a basin.
10. In anat. : (a) The third ventricle of the
brain. Q [Cf. F. bassin in same sense.] The
pelvis.-11. In entom., a large concavity in a
surface; specifically, a concave portion of the
metathoracic segment over the base of the
abdomen. The basin of the antenna is a concavity in
which the antenna is inserted, often limited on the inner
side by a carina, as in the ants.
Formerly also spelled bason.
Barber's basin. See barber.
basin (bā'Sn), v. t. [K basin, n.] In hat-making,
to harden or shrink to the proper size, as a hat- thºmiſe; See.e.
body in the process of felting, by dipping in the basipetal (bā-sipe-tal), a... [K
basin of hot water, wrapping in the basining-
cloth º see), and rolling on a table. Also
spelled bason.
The hat is basoned, or rendered tolerably firm.
Ure, Dict., II. 784.
* (bā-si-nā’zal), a. . [K basion + masion
-Qºb.
and the nasion.—Basinasal length, the distance be-
tween the basion and the nasion. See craniometry.
basined (bâ’snd), a. Inclosed in a basin.
[Rare.]
Thy bastaled rivers and imprisoned seas.
Young, Night Thoughts, ix. 918.
*Sion.
bassinet, bascinet, K
bacemett, bacynet, K OF. bacinet (#. bassinet = Pr.
baci.net = Sp. Pg. bacinete = It. bacinetto), dim.
of bacin, a basin, a helmet in the form of a
basin: see basin and -et.] A steel cap, original-
I, Basinet of 131o. 2, Italian Basinet of 1380.
(From Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. du Mobilier français.”)
ly of very simple form, named from its resem- basirostral (bā-si-rostral), a.
blance to a little basin. It was ordinarily worn
alone ; but in battle the heavy helmet or heaume was
placed over it, resting upon the armor of the neck and
shoulders. When the heaume came to be abandoned, on
account of its great weight, the basinet was furnished
with a vizor. It was the commonest form of headpiece
during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and so
continued until the introduction of the armet. See hel-
7met, vizor, aventaile, camail, and armor.
“So, youngster,” said he, looking at Glendinning, and
seeing his military dress, “thou hast ta'en the basmet at
last? it is a better cap to live in than die in.”
º Scott, Monastery, II. 213.
basinful (bâ’sn-fúl), n. As much as a basin
will hold.
basining-cloth (bāsºning-klóth), n. [K basin-
$ng, verbal n. of basin, v., + cloth.] In hat-
making, the cloth in which a hat-body as taken
from the cone is wrapped after dipping in the
basin, and rolled on a table, to complete the
process of felting.
basin-trap (bâ’sn-trap), n. A seal or trap
placed in the waste-pipe of a set basin to pre-
vent the escape of sewer-gas.
basin-wrench (bâ’sn-rench), n. A plumbers’
wrench, having the jaws presented on one side,
for working in contracted spaces.
basio-alveolar (bā"si-6-al-vé’ô-lär), a. [K ba-
+ alveolar.] Same as basi-alveolar.
basioccipital (bå"si-ok-sip’i-tal), a. and n. [K
L. basis, a base, + occiput (occipit-), occiput, +
—al.) I. a. Pertaining to the base of the occi-
put, or to the basilar process of the occipital
bone.—Basioccipital tooth, a tooth attached to a pro-
longation downward of the basioccipital bone, as in the
carp and tench.
... m. The centrum of the first (hindmost)
cranial segment, forming the basis of the com-
pound occipital bone, called in human anat-
omy the basilar process of the occipital, which
anteriorly articulates or ankyloses with the
basisphenoid, and posteriorly circumscribes in
part the foramen magnum. Its normal union with
two exoccipitals and a supraoccipital constitutes the thus
compound occipital bone. See cuts under craniofacial,
Crotalus, Esoa, and Gallinge.
[K L. basis,
basioglossus (bā"si-Ö-glosſus), m.
a base, + Gr. )2000a, tongue.] That portion of
the hyoglossus muscle which arises from the
body of the hyoid bone.
basion (bâ’si-on), n. [NL.] In amat., the mid-
dle of the anterior margin of the foramen
magnum. See cut under craniometry.
basiophthalmite(bā"si-of-thal‘mit), m. . [K Gr.
§: a base, + 646ažuág, eye.] The proximal or
assi joint of the movable two-jointed ophthal-
mite or peduncle of the eye of a stalk-eyed
crustacean, the other joint being the podoph-
See cut under stalk-eyed.
. basis, a base
petere, seek, + -āl.] Directed toward the
lbase; in bot., developing from the apex down-
ward: applied to growth in the leaf when the
rachis or midvein is developed first, then the
leaflets or lobes in succession from the top
downward.
In craniom., pertaining to the basion basipodite (bā-sip’º-dit), n. IK Gr. 33atc, a base,
toºg (trod-) = E. foot.] In crustaceans: (a)
The proximal joint of the limb of an arthropod
animal, by which the limb is articulated with
the body. Dunman. (b) The second joint of
a developed endopodite, between the coxopo-
dite (protopodite) and theischiopodite. Milne-
basi
L.
basiscopic (bā-si-skop'ik), a.
basisolute (bā-sis' 3-liit), a.
basisphenoidal (bā"si-Sfâ-moi" dal), a.
basistt (bå'sist), n.
basisylvian (bā-si-sil'vi-an), a.
ME. basinet, basenet, basnet, basipterygial (bā-sip-tº-rij'i-al), a. [KL. basis,
a base, 4 pterygial.] (Situated at the base of
the fin, as of a cephalopod.
In Sepia, along the whole base-line of each lateral fin of
the mantle, is a *::::::::: cartilage.”
E. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XVI. 675.
terygoid (bā-sip-ter’i-goid), a. and n. [K
asis, a base, + pterygoid.]. I. a. Pertain:
ing or related to the base of the pterygoid
bone, or the sphenoid.—Basipterygoid processes,
in the anatomy of birds, processes which are or may be
situated upon the body of beak of the sphenoid, and ar-
ticulate, or may articulate, with the pterygoid bones. See
cuts under desmognathows and dromoeograthow8.
II. n. A lateral bone or process of bone at
the base of the skull, developed in connection
or relation with sphenoidal and pterygoid ele-
ments.
basirhinal (bā-si-ri'nal), a... [K Gr. Bāqlº, a base,
+ big, biv, nose, ---al.] Situated at the base
of the rhinencephalon: applied to a fissure of
the brain called by Wilder postrhinal. Owen.
[K L. basis, a
base, + rostrum, beak, 4 -al.] Of, pertaining
to, or situated at the base of the beak or bill
[L., K. Gr.
Báatc, a going, step, foundation: see base”.]
1. The foundation of anything; that on which
a thing stands or on which anything is reared;
a foundation, groundwork, or supporting prin-
ciple: now most commonly used of immaterial
things.
Build me thy fortunes upon the basis of valour. Chal-
lenge me the Count's youth to fight with him; hurt him
in eleven places. Shak., T. N., iii. 2.
Who builds a monument, the basis jasper,
And the main body brick?
Fletcher, Mad Lover, iv. 4.
Good health is the basis of all physical, intellectual,
moral, and spiritual development.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, ii.
2. In arch., same as base2, 3.−3+. A pedestal.
Observing an English inscription upon the basis, We
read it over several times. Addison.
4. The principal constituent of a compound;
a fundamental ingredient.— 5. Milit., Same
as base2, 15 (a).-6. In crystal. and petrog.,
same as basal plane (which see, under basal).
–7. In bot, and conch., same as base2, 4.—8.
[NL.] In anat., the base; the fundamental or
basilar part of anything: as, basis cranii, the
base of the skull.—9. In pros., a trochee
or its substitute preceding the dactyls of a
logaO2dic Series. An apparent spondee or iambus,
a long syllable of three times, or even a pyrrhic, tri-
brach, or anapest, may be used as a basis, and an anacrusis
may be prefixed to it. The basis is sometimes double.
[This meaning of the word is of modern introduction
(Gottfried Hermann). In ancient Greek writers on met-
rics the meaning of 8&orts is : (a) That part of the foot
which takes the or mulaaria (ictus); the 660 vs. (b) A series of
syllables united under one principal ictus, whether con-
stituting a single foot or a dipody ; a measure.]—AEolic
basis, a basis at the beginning of a dactylic line.
[K Gr. 3&olç, a
base, -FokoTeiv, view, + -ic.] Looking toward
the base; on the side toward the base.
[K L. basis, a base,
+ Solutus, free, loosed: see Solution.] In bot.,
prolonged at the base below the point of origin:
+of a bird: as, basirostral bristles.
basis (bâ’sis), n. ; pl. bases (-Séz).
+said of leaves.
basisphenoid (bā-si-sfé'noid), a. and m.
[K ba-
ertaining
sis + sphenoid.] I. a. In anat.,
sphenoid
to the body or basis of the compoun
bone.
II. m. In anat., the centrum of the second
cranial segment, or basis, of the compound
sphenoid bone, represented in human anatomy
by the greater part of the body of the sphenoid
(all that part behind the sella turcica), as
distinguished from its wings and pterygoid
processes, situated in the basicranial axis of
the skull, between the basioccipital and the
presphenoid. It is always combined with other sphe-
noidal elements, and frequently ankyloses also with the
basioccipital. See cuts under Crotalus, Esoz, and sphenoid.
Same
as basisphenoid.
[K basel + -ist.] A singer
[K L. basis, a
base, -- Sylvius, an anatomist after whom the
aqueduct of Sylvius in the brain is named.]
§ºlative of one of the lateral fissures of the
l'8 lll,
of bass.

basitemporal
basitemporal (bā-si-tem'pë-ral), a. and n. [K
L., basis, a base, t tempora, temples.] I. a.
Situated at the base of the temporal region of
the skull.
468
of the backbone and connected by cross-bars.—Basket- •
handle arch. See arch 1.—Cartil Ous branchial basketwork
asket. See Mar-
Şsº ºpgºrºk? -The
> -º-º-º-º-º: ick of the bas-
Bašquish
(bås'ket-werk), n. Wickerwork;
anything made in the form or manner of a bas-
ket; specifically, in fort, work, composed of
withes and stakes interwoven, as in wicker con-
II. m. A membrane-bone developed at the 3-ºº! º #. § * of ºstructions of gabions, fascines, hurdles, etc.
base of the skull of many vertebrates, as birds, ººjº, iºſº º in.” T." ... basket-worm (bås'ket-werm), n. Same as
O te the t 'al g .* * * > ºf Sº Aº © § {}} § number. — To
pposite the temporal region, underlying the tº ºś left in the bas bag-worm.
true basis cranii (which is developed from car- *ºsº ket, to remain un- basking? (bās’king), n. . [E. dial., verbal n. of
tilage), and on the same plane as the parasphe-
noid. W. K. Parker.
basivertebral (bā-si-vér’té-bral), a. [K basis
+ vertebral.] Pertaining to the body or cen-
trum of a vertebra; central in a vertebra: as,
basivertebral veins.
bask1 (båsk), v. [KME. basken, KIcel. *badhask,
now badhast, bathe one's self, K badha, = E.
bathe, + sík = G. sich, reflex. pron., one's self;
less prob. K. Icel. *bakask, now bakast, warm
one's self at the fire, K baka, - E. bake, + sik,
as above. Cf. Sw, dial. basa sig i solen, bask in
the sun; badfisk, fishes basking in the sun; LG.
Sich baken, warm one's self in the sun, lit. bake
one’s self; North. E. and Sc. beak, bask, lit.
bake. For the form, cf. busk 1.] I. intrans. 1+.
To bathe, especially in warm water (and hence
in blood, etc.).
Basked and baththed in their wylde burblyng . . .
blode. Skelton, Works, I. 209. (N. E. D.)
2. To lie in or be exposed to a pleasant
warmth; luxuriate in the genial heat or rays
of anything: as, to bask in the Sunshine.
She desires no isles of the blest, no quiet seats of the just,
To rest in a golden grove, or to bask in a summer sky.
Tennyson, Wages.
3. Figuratively, to be at ease and thriving under
benign or gratifying influences: as, to bask in basket-button (bås’ket-butºn), n.
the favor of a king or of one’s lady-love.
Merely to bask and ripen is sometimes
The student's wiser business.
Lowell, Under the Willows.
II. trams. To expose to genial warmth; suf-
basket (bås’ket), v. t.
basket-ball (bās’ket-bāl), m.
basket-beagle (basket-bê'gl), n.
basket-carriage (bās’ket-kar’āj), n. A light
chosen or to the
last, like the worst
apples, etc.—To go
to the baskett, to
º go to prison, with
special reference to the alms-basket on which prisoners in
the public jails were formerly dependent for support.—
To pin the baskett, to conclude or settle the matter.
basks.] sound thrashing. [Prov. Eng.]
basking-shark (bås'king-shārk), n. A popular
name of the Cetorhinus maximus (or Selache maa-
ima), one of the largest of the sharks. It is an
inhabitant of the northern seas, and has been known to
reach the length of 40 feet. It frequently comes to the sur-
face and basks in the sunshine. Its food consists chiefly of
small animals, which are strained from the water by a pe-
Cartilaginous Branchial Basket of lam-
rey (Petromycort), depending from verte-
ral column.
1. To put in a basket.
All that come shall be basketed in time, and conveyed
to your door, Cowper, Correspondence, p. 259 (Ord M.S.).
2. To cover or protect with basketwork.
Basketed bottles of Zem Zem water appeared standing in
solid columns. B. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 454.
A game played
with a ball resembling a round foot-ball, in
which the object is to throw the ball into one
of two baskets (the goals) placed at opposite
ends of the field. It is played by any number of per-
sons (five or nine are preferred for championship games
upon a field (out of doors or within) of any convenien
size. The rules are designed to eliminate the roughness
of foot-ball. See supplement.
Basking- or Bone-shark (Cetorhinics maximus).
culiar devekopment of the gill-structures. The liver is very
large and yields a great quantity of oil, as much as twelve
barrels having been obtained from a single individual.
Other popular names are bone-shark (by which it is gen-
erally known along the American coast), homer or hoe-
another, sailfish, and swinfish. See Cetorhinidae,
baslard (basſlård), n. [KME. baselard, baslard,
baselarde, KAF. baselard, KOF. basalart (ML.
bassilardus, basalardus), appar. K base, a short
knife or saber; but cf. OF. baselaire, bazelaire,
badelaire, a short sword: see badelaire.] An
ornamental dagger worn in the fifteenth cen-
tury, hanging at the girdle in front. Baslards
were considered indispensable to all having claim to gem-
tility. In a satirical song of the reign of Henry W. We are
A beagle
used in hunting a hare that was slipped from
a basket to be coursed.
Gray-headed sportsmen, who had sunk from fox-hounds
to basket-beagles and coursing. Scott, St. Roman's Well, i.
A metal
button with a pattern resembling basketwork.
IDickens.
carriage made of wick-
erwork.
g & e told that
fuse with agr eeable heat. basket-couching(bås'- There is no man worth a leke,
As I do live by food, I met a fool, ket-kou"ching), n. A Be he sturdy, be he meke,
Yº º . bask'd him in the sun, raised embroidery in sº But he bere a baselard.
"*******.*, as you Like it, ii. 7, which threads of gold, gº, Basmuric, n. See Bashmuric.
Basics at the fire his hairy strength. silver, or silk are laid 㺠basnet, n., See basing:
Milton, fºllegro, i. 112. Over heavy cords. £ºy basolateral (bå-så-late-ral), a. Same as basi-
bask1 (båsk), n. [K bask1, v.] Emitted warmth; basket-fern (bås’ket- Sº lateral. e
a genial radiation or suffusion. [Rare.] fêrn), m. The common The Baso-lateral angle [of the scutum]. Darwin.
Milton and La Fontaine did not write in the bask of
court favor. I. D'Israeli, Calam. of Auth., I, 78.
bask?t, a. [Sc., prop. baisk, K ME. bask, baisk,
K Icel. beiskr = Sw. Dan. besk, bitter, acrid.]
Bitter. [Old Eng. and Scotch.]
baskół (bäsk), v. [E. dial., obs. : see bash.1.]
Same as bash.1.
basket (bås’ket), n. [K M.E. basket; of un-
known origin. The Celtic words, W. basged,
Corn. basced, Ir, basceid, Gael. bascaid (cf. W.
basg, a netting or piece of wickerwork), are
mod. and from Eng. The supposed original,
L. bascauda, which is mentioned by Martial as
directly of Celtic origin, is defined as a wash-
ing-tub or brazen vessel, and is prob. not con-
nected with basket.] 1. A vessel made of
twigs, rushes, thin strips of wood, or other flex-
ible materials, interwoven in a great variety of
forms, and used for many purposes.
Rude baskets . . .
Woven of the flexile willow. Dyer, The Fleece, ii.
2. The contents of a basket; as much as a bas-
ket will hold: as, a basket of fish.
Do ye not . . . remember the five loaves of the five thou-
sand, and how many baskets ye took up 7 Mat. xvi. 9.
3. A measure for fruit, equal in the United
States to three fifths of a bushel, and in Great
Britain to about two bushels.-4. Figuratively,
male fern, Dryopteris
Filia;-maS.
basket-fish (bās’ket-
fish), n. A kind of Me-
dusa's-head or ophiurian, Astrophyton agassizi;
a euryalean sand-star of the family Astrophy-
tidae, found on the coast of New England: so
named by Governor John Winthrop of Connec-
ticut, about 1670. The name is given to other species
T of the same genus, all alike remarkable for the extraordi-
nary subdivision of the rays into minute tendrils, which
have been estimated to number 80,000. Astrophytom, scu-
tatum is also called the Shetland ārgus. Also called bas-
ket-wrchīn and sea-basket.
basketful (bās’ket-fúl), n.
ket will hold.
basket-grate (bās’ket-grät), n. A grate with
bars at bottom, front, and sides.
basket-hare (bās’ket-hār), m. A captive hare
slipped from a basket to be coursed in the ab-
sence of other game.
basket-hilt (bås’ket-hilt), n. A hilt, as of a
sword, which covers the hand, and defends it
from injury.
basket-hilted (bâs’ket-hil/ted), a. Furnished
with a basket-hilt.
basket-hoop (bās’ket-höp), m. A name in Ja-
maica of Croton lucidus, an aromatic euphorbia-
ceous shrub.
ket-fish
Bas
(Astrophyton agrassizz).
As much as a bas-
that which is gathered or placed in a basket or basket-lizard (bâs’ket-liz’ārd), n. A book-
baskets; provision for sustenance or use.
Blessed shall be thy basket and thy store. Deut. xxviii. 5.
Making baby-clothes for a charitable basket. Dickens.
5. In old stage-coaches, the two outside seats
facing each other behind.
Its [London's] fopperies come down not only as inside
passengers, but in the very basket.
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, i. 1.
6. In hat-making, a wigkerwork or wire screen
of an oval shape, for receiving the filaments of
hair which are deposited on it in the operation
of bowing.—7. Milit., a gabion (which see).--
8. A protection of wickerwork for the handle
of a sword-stick.—9. In arch., the echinus or
bell of the Corinthian capital, denuded of its
acanthus-leaves.—10. In ichth., the gill-sup-
port in the º (Petromyzon). It consists of
cartilaginous arcs depending from the soft representative
name of lizards of the genus Gerrhosaurus, hav-
ing a coloration resembling wickerwork.
basket-of-gold (bâs’ket-ov-göld’), n. The yel-
low alyssum, Alyssum saa’atile.
basket-palm (bås’ket-pâm), n. The talipot-
palm of the East Indies, Corypha umbraculi-
*fera
basketry (basket-ri), n. IKbasket-tº-ry..] Bas-
ketwork or basketware; basket-making.
basket-urchin (bās’ket-ér"chin), n. Same as
basket-fish.
basket—withe (bās’ket-with), m. A twining
shrub of tropical America, Tournefortia volu-
bilis, of the family Boraginaceae.
'basket-wood (bâs’ket-wild), n. A tall woody
climber of the West Indies, Serjania polyphylla,
the slender, supple stems of which are used
for basketwork.
bason, m. and v. t.
Basquel (bäsk), n. and a.
basque
basqued (bâskt), a.
basquine (bas-kën'), m.
Basommatophora (bā-som-a-tof' 3-rä), m. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. 660tc, base, 4- 5ppa(T-), eye, 4--pópoc,
K pépetv = E. bear 1.] A division of pulmonate
gastropodous mollusks, including those which
have the eyes at the base of the tentacles, as
in the families Auriculidae, Limnaeidae, etc.: op-
posed to Stylommatophora. See cut under Lim-
macidae. &= *-*.
basommatophorous (bā-Som-a-tof (3-rus), a.
In conch., having eyes at the base of the ten-
tacles, as a pond-snail; specifically, pertaining
to the Basommatophora.
Same as basin.
[Also Bask; K F.
IBasque = Sp. Pg. Basco; ult. = F. Gascon (see
gasconade), K LL. Vasco(n-), one of the inhabi-
tants of Vasconia, Gascony. The Basques call
their language Euskara.] T. m. 1. One of a
race of unknown origin inhabiting the Basque
provinces and other parts of Spain in the neigh-
borhood of the Pyrenees, and part of the de-
artment of Basses-Pyrénées, France.—2. The
anguage of the Basques, supposed to represent
the tongue of the ancient Iberians, the primi-
tive inhabitants of Spain. No connection between
it and any other language has as yet been made out. Like
the tongues of America, it is highly polysynthetic. It is
supposed to represent the tongue of a race existing in
southwestern Europe before the immigration of the Indo-
European tribes.
II. a. Pertaining to the Basques or their
language.
(bäsk), n. IK F. basque, appar. with
ref, to the Basque people. Cf. basquime.] 1.
(a+) The short skirt of the body-garment worn
by both sexes. (b) A kind of short-skirted
jacket worn by women, forming the upper part
of a dress: probably so called because it was
worn by the Basques.—2+. A dish of minced
mutton, mixed with bread-crumbs, eggs, etc.,
seasoned and baked.
Furnished with or having
a basque, as a woman's dress.
[K F. basquine, K Sp.
basquiña, K. Basco, Basque..] An outer petti-
coat worn by Basque and Spanish women.
Basquisht (båskish), a. and m. ...[= G. Baskisch;
K Basque -- -ish 1.] Basque; the Basque lan-
guage.





















bas-relief
bas-relief (bā-ré-lèſ', bas-ré-lèſ'), n. [For-
merly base relief; K F. bas-relief, « It. basso-
rillevo (also used in E.), K basso, low, 4- rilievo,
relief: see basel and relief.] Low relief; in
sculp., a form of relief in which the figures or
º
|Hººf
º -
| º
º | -
º º
Bas-relief–Tombstone of Hegeso, daughter of Proxenos, from the
Sacred Way, Athens; 4th century B. C.
other objects represented project very slightly
from the ground. The most artistic examples of bas-
relief often present to the observer the illusion that their
carving has considerable projection. A bas-relief, or a
work in bas-relief, is a piece of sculpture in this form.
Compare alto-rilievo and mezzo-rilievo. Also bass-relief,
+basso-rilievo, and basso-relievo.
bassl (bás), n. [Early mod. E. bas, base, KME.
base, bace, a corruption of barse: see barse.]
Originally, the perch, but now restricted to
fishes more or less like the true perch. (a) In
Striped-bass, or Rockfish (Roccur lineatus).
(From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.)
England, Dicentrarchus labraz, an acanthopterygian fish
with a compressed fusiform contour, two dorsals, the first
with 9 spines, the second with from 12 to 14 rays, a general
grayish or greenish color, relieved by small blackspots, and
a whitish belly. It is an esteemed food-fish. (b) In other
English-speaking countries, the name of various fishes,
generally distinguished by a qualifying prefix, as black-
bass, brass-bass, calico-bass, channel-bass, grass-bass, Os-
wego bass, red-bass, rock-bass, sea-bass, striped-bass, and
white-bass. See the compounded words. Of these the
nearest American relation of the European bass is the
striped-bass or rockfish, Roccus lineatus. Also spelled
+basse. -
bass? (bās), n. [A corruption of basti, q. v.]
1. Same as basil.—2. The American linden
or lime-tree, Tilia Americana. See basswood.—
3. A mat made of bass or bast; a bass-mat;
hence, any thick mat or matting; formerly, a
straw hassock or cushion.
Targets consist of straw basses with painted canvas
*faces sewed on them. Encyc. Brit., II. 376.
bass3 (bās), a. and m. [Also and more prop.
base (the spelling bass being mod., after It. basso,
and the pron, being that of base), K M E. base,
bace, bas, KOF. bas, fem, basse, low: see base1.]
I. a. In music, low; deep; grave.—Bass clari-
net, clef, cornet. See the nouns.—Bass counter, the
lower or under bass; that part of a composition having
two bases which is taken by voices or instruments of the
lowest range, as the second-bass voices (bassi profundi.)
and the violoncellos.- Bass or Turkish ee
druml.-Bass horn, staff. See the nouns.—Bass
string, the name popularly given to the lowest string in
stringed instruments.-Bass viol. See viol.—Bass voice,
a voice adapted for singing bass; the lowest male voice,
the extreme compass of which is from D below the bass
staff to D or E above it, the ordinary compass being from
F below the bass staff to middle C, the note on the first
ledger-line above it.
i. n: 1. In music, the lowest part in the har-
mony of a musical composition, whether vocal or
instrumental. According to some it is the fundamen-
tal or most important part, while others regard the mel-
ody or highest part in that light. Next to the melody, the
bass part is the most striking, the freest and boldest in its
movements, and the righest in effect.
2. A male voice of the lowest or gravest kind,
having a compass of about two octaves from
the second F below middle C, or lower.—3. A
469
singer having such a voice.—4. A musical in-
strument of any class having a deep, grave
tone, excelled in gravity only by the contra-
bass.-5. Same as bass clef (which see, under
cleſ).-Alberti bass, a bass consisting of arpeggios or
broken chords: so called from its reputed inventor, Do-
menico Alberti of Venice, who died in 1739.
- - º I
- __ - I
|9–E: º -
Alberti Bass.
Double bass, See double-bass.-Drone bass. Seedrome-
bass.--Figured bass, a bass part having the accompany-
ing chords suggested by figures written above or below
the notes: the most successful sys-
tem of shorthand scoring at pres-
ent in use among organists and
ianists. Also called continued
ass !"...".") – Funda-
mental bass. See fundamental.
— Ground bass, a fundamental
bass consisting of 4 or 8 bars
which are continually repeated
during the whole movement. Also
called basso-ostinato. – Murky
bass. See murky.—Supposed
bags, in music, the lowest note in an inverted chord, as E
in the first inversion of the major common chord of C, in
contradistinction to C, which is considered the real bass,
root, or generator of the chord. (See also thorough-bass.)
bass3 (bās), v. [& bass3, n.1 I. trans. 1. To
sing or play the bass part of; accompany with
the bass. [Rare.]–2. To sound in a deep
tone. [Rare.]
The thunder,
That deep and dreadful organ-pipe, pronounc'd
The name of Prosper; it did bass my trespass.
Shak., Tempest, iii. 3.
II, intrans. To take the bass partin a concert-
ed piece of music: as, he basses very steadily.
bass4 (bās), n. [Origin uncertain; perhaps for
base (formerly also bas), coal.] In coal-mining,
black carbonaceous shale.
bassºt (bas), v. t. [K late ME. basse; cf. OF.
baisier, mod. F. baiser, K. L. basiare, kiss, K basi-
um, a kiss. Cf. bal and bussl.] To kiss.
bassºt (bas), n. [KME. basse, a kiss; prob. from
the verb; cf. L. basium, a kiss...] A kiss; a
buss. Court of Love.
Bassalia (ba-să'li-á), n. [NL., K. L.L. bassus,
low, deep (see baseſ),-- Gr. 37ta, an assemblage,
with an intended allusion to 3%g, sea..] In 206-
geog., the deep-sea realm; a zoölogical divi-
sion, in a vertical direction, of the waters of the
globe. The depthis not fixed, but depends upon temper-
ature and consequently upon latitude, Bassalia being deep-
est in tropical regions, and more shallow or even super-
ficial toward or at either pole.
Bassalian (ba-să'li-an), a. Pertaining to the
deep-sea realm called Bassalia.
The ichthyological peculiarities of the Bassalian realm,
as he has proposed to call the deep-sea region.
cience, III. 505.
Bassano ware, See majolica.
Bassaricyon (bas-a-ris’i-on), n. DNL., & Gr.
Baccapig, a fox (see Bassaris), + kilov, a dog.]
A genus of procyoniform quadrupeds, related
to Bassaris, resembling the kinkajou in exter-
nal form, but having the skull and teeth more
like those of the racoons and coatis. B. gabbi
of Costa Rica is the type. Another species
from Ecuador is B. alleni.
Bassaricyonidae (bas-à-ris-i-on’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Bassaricyon + -idae.] Another name of
the family Bassarididae. Coues.
Bassarididae (bas-a-rid’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., K. Bas-
sari(d-)s + -idae.] A family of American car-
mivorous quadrupeds, of the arctoid series of
the order Ferae, suborder Fissipedia, and section
Arctoidea procyoniformia, most nearly related
to the racoons (Procyonidae), having some su-
perficial resemblance to the civets and genets,
and therefore long supposed to represent in the
new world the numerous viverrine quadrupeds
of the old. It is constituted by the genera Bas-
saris (or Bassariscus) and {ſº
Bassaris (bas'a-ris), m. [NL., K. Gr. 3aggapic,
a Thracian bacchanal, lit, a fox, equiv. to Bao-
gåpa, a fox, a Thracian bacchanal.] 1. The
typical genus of the family Bassarididae (which
see). B. astuta is the *"... inhabiting the south-
western United States and Mexico, where it is called
mountain-cat and caconial. It is a pretty and intelli-
gent creature, about as large as a cat, resembling the ra-
coon in some respects, but slenderer, and with a long
furry tail marked with black and white rings, as in the
common lemur. It is frequently tamed, and makes an
interesting pet. Also called Bassariscus.
2. [l. c.] An animal of this genus: as, the
ring-tailed bassaris. Also called bassarisk.-3.
A genus of lepidopterous insects. [The use of
the word in entomology antedates that in mam-
malogy.]
Supposed Bass.
basset2 (basſet), v. i.
basset-horn (basſet-hôrn). m.
basseting (basſet-ing), p. a. and n.
Ring-tailed Bassaris (Bassariº astuta).
Bassariscus (bas-a-ris'kus), n. [NL. (Coues,
1887), K. Gr. 3aaaaffic, a fox (see Bassaris), with
dim. suffix.] Same as Bassaris, 1.
bassarisk (bas'a-risk), n. [& NL. Bassariscus.]
Same as bassaris, 2. Coues.
bass-bar (bäsſbär), n. In instruments of the
violin class, an oblong wooden bar, running
lengthwise within the instrument, designed to
strengthen it and enable it to resist the pres-
sure of the bridge and the tension of the strings.
basse, n. See bass1.
basseli, n. An obsolete form of basin.
basselºt, n. Same as basan.
basse-lisse (bas-lès'), a. [F., low warp, K basse,
fem. of bas, low (see basel), + lisse, also lice,
warp, & L. licium, the thrum or leash, a thread
of the web.] Wrought with the warp in the
usual horizontal position, as distinguished from
that which is wrought with the warp placed in
a perpendicular, and described as haute-lisse:
applied to tapestry.
bassenett, n. An obsolete form of basinet.
bassetl (basſet or ba-set"), n. [& F. bassette, K
It. bassetta, basset, orig. fem. of bassetto, some-
what low, dim. of basso, low: see base1.] A
game of cards resembling faro, invented in
Venice, and popular throughout Europe during
the eighteenth century and the latter part of
the seventeenth.
We went to the Chetto de San Felice, to see the noble-
men and their ladies at basset, a game at cards which is
much used, but they play not in public, and all that have
inclination to it are in masquerade, without speaking one
word. Evelyn, Diary, June, 1645.
Some dress, some dance, some play, not to forget
Your piquet parties, and your dear basset.
Rowe, Royal Convert, Prol., 1.8.
basset? (basſet), n. and a... [Origin obscure;
erhaps K OF. basset (=It. bassetto), somewhat
ow, dim. of bas, low: see basset1..] I. m. In
geol. and mining, an outcrop.
... a. In geol. and mining, outcropping.—Bas-
set edges, the outcrop, or outcropping edges, of a series
of stratified beds.
The inside [ridge in St. Helena] is much steeper, and is
almost precipitous; it is formed of the basset edges of the
strata, which gently decline outwards.
Darwin, Geol. Observations, i. 4.
[K basset2, n.] In geol.
and mining, to appear at the surface; crop
out: said of the edges of strata.
[K basset, for It.
bassetto, somewhat low (see basset1), + horn;
tr. It cormo di bassetto..] A musical instru-
ment of the clarinet class, having a single reed
and a long tube bent up at the lower end in a
bell; really the tenor clarinet, being interme-
diate between the clarinet proper and the bass
clarinet. Its compass is four octaves and two
tones from the second F below middle C.
[K basset?
+ -ing.] I. p. a. In geol. and mining, outcrop-
*#
... n. The cropping out or appearance of
rock on the surface of a stratum, or series of
strata.
bassetto, bassette (ba-setº, ba-set"), n., [KIt.
bassetto, somewhat low: see basset1...] A small
bass viol with three strings: now obsolete.
Bassia (bas’i-á), n. [NL., named in honor of Fer-
dimando Bassi (died 1774), an Italian physician
and writer on botany.] 1. A genus of che-
nopodiaceous shrubs or undershrubs, rarely
herbs, natives of Europe, Asia, Australia, and
North Africa. There are about 30 closely related spe-
cies, inhabitants of dry regions. They have small, pubes-
cent flowers and membranaceous pointed capsules.
2. The name given by Linnaeus to the genus
Madhuca, consisting of tropical trees belong-
ing to the family Sapotaceae.—Bassia oil, a semi-




Bassia
solid oil or butter obtained from the seeds of the Madhuca
longifolia, used in the manufacture of soap. Also known
as Illipe oil.
bassie (basſi), n. [Sc., prob. dim. var. of basin.]
# basin-shaped wooden vessel for holding meal.
009.
bassinet (basſi-net), n. [KOF, bacinet, a basinet;
also, as in defs. 2 and 3, mod. F. bassinet, dim.
of bassin, basin: see basin, basinet.] 1+. Same
as basinet.—2. A wicker basket with a covering
or hood over one end, serving as a cradle for
young children.—3. A name given to several
common European species of Ranunculus.—4+.
The pan of a harquebuse or musket. See pan.
bass-mat (bås'mat), n. A mat made of bass
or bast; specifically, a matting made of bast,
used for packing furniture, etc., and for sugar-
bags in sugar-producing countries: in the int-
¥ter sense, usually in the plural.
bassol (bås'6), a. or n. [It., = E. bass3.] 1.
In music, the Italian word for bass.—2. One who
sings bass.
bººt, n. An obsolete form of bgshaw. Mar-
()?!)6.
lbassock?, n. [Cf. “bass, bassock,” bracketed
as synonyms in Bailey, 1731 and later, where in
earlier editions, as also in Phillips and Kersey,
1706 and 1708, the second form is printed has-
sock. Bassock, though a possible dim. of bass?,
is prob. a mere misprint for hassock.] A has-
sock. See etymology.
basso-continuo (bås' 3-kon-té (né-Ö), m. [It. :
basso = E. bass3; continuo, K L. continuus, con-
; Same as figured bass (which see, un-
der bass
basso-di-camera (bås’ī-dé-kam’e-râ), m. ſº
basso = E. bass3; di, K. L. de, of; camera, K. L.
camera, chamber: see camera.] A double-bass
or contra-basso, reduced in size and power
lout not in compass, and thus adapted to smail
or private rooms. It has four strings, of the same
quality as those of the violomcello, but all proportionally
thicker.
basson (ba-sóñ'), m. The French form of bas-
800?. --Basson quinte (kant), a double-reed instrument
of which the pitch is one fifth higher than that of a bassoon.
bassoon (ba-sàn (), m. [K F. basson, K It. bas-
Some, a bassoon, aug. of basso, low: see basel,
bass8, bassol.] 1. A musical instrument of the
oboe class, having a double reed, a
long, curved metallic mouthpiece,
and a doubled wooden tube or body.
Its compass is about three octaves rising
from Bb below the bass staff. Its diameter
at the bottom is about 2 inches, and for con-
venience of carriage it is divided into two or
more parts, whence its Italian name fagotto
a bundle. It serves for the bass among wood
wind-instruments, as hautboys, flutes, etc.
2. A reed-pipe stop in an organ,
having a quality of tone resembling
that of the bassoon.
bassoonist (ba-Sönſist), m. [K. bas-
soon + -ist.] A performer on the
bassoon.
basso-ostinato (bås' 3-os-ti-nā’tó), n.
[It., lit. obstimate bass: basso = E.
bass3; ostinato = E. obstimate, q.v.]
Same as ground bass (which see,
under bass3).
basso-profondo (bås'6-pro-fon'd?),
70, : basso = E. bass8; profondo,
KL. profundus, deep, profound: see profound.]
In music: (a) The lowest bass voice, having a
compass of about two octaves rising from D
|below the bass-staff. (b) One possessing a
voice of this compaSS.
Bassora, gum. , See gum”. . . .
basso-rilievo (bås' 3-ré-lyā’vö), n. See bas-
relief.
bassorin (bas'é-rin), n. [K Bassora, also written
Bassorah, Bussorah, or Basra, a city in Asiatic
Turkey.] A gum (C6H10OB) insoluble in water
the essential constituent of gum tragacanth and
of cherry and plum gums. Also called tragan-
thin and adraganthin.
bass-relief (bås’ré-lèf'), m. , Same as bas-relief.
bass-rope (bās’róp), n. [K bass” + rope.] A
rope or cord made from bass or bast, used for
tying cigars and for other purposes.
basswood (bâs’ wild), n. [K bass? -F wood.]
The common name of the American linden or
lime-tree, Tilia Americana. The white bass-
# wood is T. heterophylla. Also called bass.
bast! (bast), n. [Also corruptly bass?, q.v.;
K ME, bast, KAS. bast = D. MHG. G. bast (m.)
= Icel. Sw, bast (neut.) = Dam. bast; origin un-
certain; perhaps connected with besom, q.v.]
1. The strong inner fibrous bark of various
basta? (bås’tā), n.
470
trees, especially of species of linden (Tilia), of
which the Russia matting of commerce is made.
Cuba bast, used for tying up cigars, etc., is the inner bark
of a malvaceous tree, Part? elatum.
2. In bot., a tissue, otherwise called the liber
or phloëm, formed of or containing very
narrow, long, and tough flexible cells, called
bast-cells or bast-fibers, and occurring most
abundantly in the inner bark of dicotyledons.
The younger and
softer portion ly-
ing hearest to
the cambium has
been called soft
bast. Bast-cells
are the essential
constituents of all
textile fibers that
are derived from
the bark of plants,
as, flax, hemp,
jute, ramie, etc. P f Bast-fiber, sl bl d
t ortions o st-fiber, showing oblique an
3. A. rope or transverse striation of the cell-walls. (From
cord made of
the inner bark
of the lime-tree, or the bark made into ropes
or mats. See bass?, 3. *
bast”, m. and a. [Early mod. E., K.M.E. bast,
baste, K OF. bast, mod. F. bāt (cf. baté, bat-
horse, etc.) = Pr. bast = Sp. It. basto, & ML,
bastum, a pack-saddle (see bastard), prob. K
MHG. bastºi. bastl, bass2. Cf. bass2, a cush-
ion..] I. M. Bastardy.—Son of basti, a bastard.
II. a. Bastard; illegitimate.
bastal (bås’tā), interj. [It., - Sp. basta, orig.
impv. of It. bastare, — Pr. Šp. Pg. bastar, suf-
fice, satisfy, K. Sp. Pg. basto, copious, thick,
oss.] Enoughl stop ! (a term not uncommon
in old dramatists).
Basta ; content thee; for I have it full.
Shak., T. of the S., i. 1.
[Appar. a fem, form of bas-
to, the ace of clubs: see basto.]. In the game
of solo, the queen of spades, which is always
the third trump.
bastantt, a. [K F. bastant, K It. bastante (=
Sp. Pg. bastante), ppr. of bastare, suffice: see
bastal.] Sufficient; able (to do something).
bastard (basſtärd), m. and a... [K M.E. bastard (=
OFries. basterd = G. bastard = Icel. bastardhºr),
K OF. bastard, bastart (F. bātard = Pr. bastard
= Sp. Pg. "It. bastardo; M.L. bastardus), a bas-
tard, prob. K bast (F. bāt = Pr. bast = Sp. It.
basto: see bast”), a pack-saddle, + -ard; equiv.
to OF. fils de bas, fils de bast, a bastard, lit.
son of a pack-saddlé. see bast” and -ard, and
cf. bantling. The first known application of
the word was to William the Conqueror, who
was called William the Bastard before the con-
quest, and, indeed, called himself so (“Ego
Wilhelmus cognomine bastardus”).] T. m. 1.
A natural child; a child begotten and born out
of wedlock; an illegitimate or spurious child.
By the civil and canon laws (a rule adopted also in many
of the United States), a bastard becomes a legitimate
child by the marriage of the parents at any future time.
But by the laws of England a child, to be legitimate,
must at least be born after the lawful marriage; it does
not require that the child shall be begotten in wed-
lock, but it is indispensable that, it should be born after
marriage, no matter how short the time, the law presum-
ing it to he the child of the husband. 'The only legal in-
capacity of a bastard is that he cannot be heir or next of
kin to any one save his own issue. Inheritance from the
mother is allowed in some jurisdictions. In England the
maintenance of a bastard in the first instance devolves on
the mother, while in Scotland it is a joint burden upon
both parents. The mother is entitled to the custody of
the child in preference to the father. In the United States
the father may be compelled to provide support.
2. In sugar-refining : (a) A large mold into
which sugar is drained. (b) An impure, coarse
brown sugar made from the refuse syrup of
previous boilings.—3+. An animal of inferior
breed; a mongrel.—4t. A kind of woolen
cloth, probably of inferior quality, or of unu-
sual width, or both.- 5+. A kind of war-vessel
used in the middle ages, probably of unusual
size.— 6+. In the seventeenth century, a small
cannon, otherwise known as a bastard culverin
(which see, under culverin).-7+. A sweet Span-
ish wine resembling muscadel; any kind of
sweetened wine.
We shall have all the world drink brown and white
bastard. Shak., M. for M., iii. 2.
Why, this now, which you account so choice, were
counted but as a cup of bastard at the Groyne, or at Port
St. Mary's, Scott, Kenilworth, I. i.
8. In falconry, a kind of hawk.--9. [Sp. bas-
tardo, a bastard, a short, thick-bodied, snake,
etc.]" A local, name of Kemp's gulf-turtle,
Thalassochelys (Colpochelys) kempi, of the Gulf
of Mexico.—Special bastard, a child born before the
marriage of its parents.
Sachs’s “Lehrbuch der Botanik.”)
baste - -
II. a. 1. Begotten and born out of wedlock;
illegitimate: as, a bastard child.—2}. *:::::::
hybrid; as, a bastard brood.—8t. Unauthor.
ized; unrecognized; as, “bastard officers be-
fore God,” Know, First Blast (Arber), p. 48.
(N. E. D.)—4. Spurious; not gºne e alse;
supposititious; adulterate:, as, *bastard hope,’
Shak., M. of V., iii. 5; “bastard honours,”
Tompie.
[They] at the best attain but to some, bastard piece of
fol'titude. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 25.
5. Having the appearance of *; genuine;
resembling in some degree: an epithet applied
especially in botany, zoölogy, medicine, etc.;
to things which resemble, but are not identical
with, the things named: as, bastard mahogany,
bastard pimpernel, bastard caddis, bastard mar-
ble, bastard measles, etc. See phrases below.
Also bastardly.—6. Of abnormal or irregular
shape or size; of unusual make or propor-
tions: applied to guns, ships, swords: as, bas-
tard culverin, bastard galley, etc. See phrases.
—Bastard Baltimoret, bastard oriolet, the orchard-
oriole, Icterus spurius.— Bastard bar, in her., same as
baston, 1 (c).-Bastard branch, a shoot or sucker Spring-
ing up of its own accord from the root of a tree, or where
it is not wanted.—Bastard breadnut. See breadnut.—
Bastard Cod. Same as green-cod, 2.- Bastard Culverint.
See culverin.— Bastard file, a file of a grade between ,
Smooth and rough Tºastará limestone, an impure sili-
cious limestone, incapable of being converted into quick-
line by burning.—Bastard manchineel. See man-
chimeel. — Bastard musket. See musket. — Bastard
lover, a name for the lapwing, Vamellus cristatus.-
astard saltie, a local Scotch name (about Aberdeen) of
the rough dab, Hippoglossoides limandoides.—Bastard
Senna, Same as bladder-8emma.— Bastard sole, (a) A
local English name of the smear-dab, a fish, Microsto-
onw8 Kitt. (b) A local English name (in Weymouth) of
the variegated sole, Solea variegata.- Bastard stucco,
in plastering. See stwcco.—Bastard Sugar, Same as
bastard, n., 2 (b).-Bastard title, in printing, an ab-
breviated title of a book on an otherwise blank page
preceding the full º turbot. the brill.
[Local Scotch (about Moray Frith).]—Bastard type
in printing, type with a face larger or smaller than that
Fºr to the size of the body, as bourgeois on a brevier
ody.—Bastard wheel, in mach., a flat bevel-wheel, or
one which is a near approach to a spur-wheel.—Bas-
tard winet, wine which is neither sweet nor sour.—Bas-
ard Wing. Same as alwla.
bastardt (bas’tärd), v. t. [K bastard, n.] To
declare to be a bastard; stigmatize as a bas-
tard; bastardize. [Rare.]
Have I ever cozened any friends of yours of their land?
bought their possessions? . . . bastarded their issue?
B. Jomsom, Epicoene, ii. 1.
To bastard our children. Bp. Burmet, Records, II. ii. 3.
bastardice? (basſtär-dis), n. [K. F. bastardise
(16th century), now batardise, K OF. bastard,
bastard.] Bastardy. Chapman.
bastardise, v. t. See bastardize.
bastardism? (basſtär-dizm), n.
-ism.] Bastardy. -
bastardize (bas’tär-diz), v.; pret, and pp. bas-
tardized, ppr. bastardizing. [K bastard -F -ize.]
I. trans. 1. To declare or prove to be a bas-
tard; stigmatize as a bastard.
The law is so indulgent as not to bastardize the child if
born, though not begotten, in lawful wedlock.
Blackstome, Com., I. xvi.
2}. To beget out of wedlock. Shak.—3. To
render mongrel or hybrid; make degenerate;
‘debase: as, “a bastardized race of the Ro-
mans,” I. D'Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 260.
II. intrams. To become degenerate.
Also spelled bastardise.
bastardlyt (basſtärd-li), a. [K bastard + -lyl.]
1. Bastard; base-born.
Thou bastardly rogue !
2. Spurious; counterfeit. -
A furtive simulation, and a bastardly kind of adoption.
Jer, Taylor (?), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 96.
3. Degenerate; debased.—4. Same as bas-
tard, a., 5. tº -
bastardy (basſtär-di), n. [K bastard + -y. Cf.
bastardice.] 1. The state of being a bastard,
or begotten and born out of lawful wedlock.
Born in bastardy. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
They blot my name with hateful bastardy.
Drayton, Rosamond to K. Henry.
2. The act of begétting, a bastard.—3. A ju-
dicial proceeding to determine the paternity
of a bastard child and compel its father to
Support it.—Declarator of bastardy, in Scots law, an
action instituted in the Court of Session by the donatory
in a gift of bastardy, for the purpose of having it declared
that the land or the effects which belonged to #. deceased
bastard belong to the donatory, in virtue of the gift from
the crown.—Gift of bastardy, in Scots law, a gift from
the crown of the heritable or movable effects of a bastard
who has died without lawful issue, and without having
disposed of his property in liege-poustie.
bastel (bäst), v. t. ; pret, and pp. basted, ppr.
...basting. first known in pret. Or pp. #.
[K bastard +
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 1.


baste
baigt, basit, perhaps with orig. inf. “base, K Sw.
basa, strike, beat, whip (cf. bash.1, baskē);
Some compare Icel. beysta, beyrsta = Sw. bāg-
ta = Dan, bäste, beat, drub, generally associat-
ed with bārste (= Sw. boršta), brush, K_börste,
a brush, bristle, - Sw, borste, a brush, borst, a
bristle. Others take bastel to be a fig, use of
baste”; cf. anoint in sense of bastel...] To beat
With a stick; thrash; cudgel.
Mine had struck down Creed's boy in the dirt, with his
new suit on, and the boy . . . was in a pitiful taking and
pickle, but fiasted my rogue soundly.
Pepys, Diary, I. 372.
Would now and then seize . . .
A stick, or stool, or anything that round did lie
And baste her lord and master most confoundedly.
- Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 100.
baste? (bāst), v. t. ; pret. and pp. basted, ppr.
basting. EME. “basten, KAF. bastir, prob, a
culinary use (“dress') of QF. bastir, build, also
rob. attend to: see basteð, v.] 1. To moisten
meat that is being roasted or baked) with
melted fat, gravy, etc.
The fat of roasted mutton falling on the birds will serve
to baste them. Swif
Down ran the wine into the road,
Most piteous to be seen,
Which made his horse's flanks to Smoke
As they had basted been. Cowper, John Gilpin.
2. To mark (sheep) with tar. [Prov. Eng.]
baste? (bāst), v. t. ; pret. and pp. basted, ppr.
basting. [K ME. basten, K OF. bastir, F. bātīr;
same as OF. bastir, build, construct (see bas-
tile), or else K. OHG. bestan, patch (MHG.
besten, lace, tie, OFries. besten, baste), K bast,
bast, the fibers of which were used for thread:
see basti.] To sew slightly; fasten together
with long stitches, as the parts of a garment,
for trying on or fitting, or for convenience in
handling during the process of making.
The .# of your discourse is sometime guarded [trim-
med] with fragments, and the guards [trimmings] are but
slightly basted on neither. Shak., Much Ado, i. 1.
baste” (bāst), n. [Another spelling of beast, re-
taining the former pronunciation of that word.]
In card-playing, same as beast, 7.
bastel-houset, n. IK ME. bastel, bastele, bastile
(see bastile) + house.] A fortified house, espe-
cially one built in an outlying and exposed po-
sition. See border-tower.
basterl (bās’tēr), n. [K bastel + -erl.] 1. One
who bastes or beats with a stick.—2. A blow
with a stick or other weapon. . [Colloq.]
baster? (bās’tēr), n. [K baste? -- -erl.] One
who bastes meat.
basterº (bās’tēr), n. [K bastes + -erl.] One
Who bastes or joins the parts of a garment
loosely with .#. also, an attachment
to a sewing-machine used for basting.
basterna (bas-tér'nā), n. [LL.] 1. A sort of
litter or sedan, borne by two mules, used by
the Romans.—2. An ox-cart or wagon used
|by the early French kings.
bastida (bas-té’dà), n. ºu, also bastita: see
bastide.] Same as bastide.
bastide (bas-têd’), n. [F., a farm-house, a
fortress, K Pr: bastida, KML. bastida, prop. bas-
tita, lit. a building, prop. fem. of bastitus, pp.
of bastire, build, X OF. bastir = Pr. bāsār,
lbuild: see bastile, bastion.J 14. A small forti-
fied building, often of timber, corresponding
nearly to a modern blockhouse.—2+. A tem-
porary or movable hut or tower erected for be-
sieging purposes. See bastile, 4.—3. A small
farm-house or country dwelling in the south of
France, especially in the neighborhood of Mar-
seilles.
bastile, bastille (bas-têl'), n. [In spelling and
on conformed to mod. F. K.M.E. bastile, bas-
tille, bastele, bastel, etc., K ÖF. (and mod. F.)
bastille, KML. bastile, pl. bastilia, a tower, for-
tress, K bastire (> OF. bastir, F. bātīr = Pr. OSp.
bastir = It. bastiré), build, of unknown origin;
referred by Diez to Gr. 3aoráčeiv, raise, support.j
1. A bridge-tower, gate-tower, outlying de-
fense, or citadel.
At veh brugge a berfray on basteles wyse,
That seuen sythe vch a day asayled the 5ates.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1187.
2. In French hist., a fortress used as a state
¥bleaching, d i. etc.
471
shortly afterward. There were delivered from the prison-
cells four º two lumatics, and a nobleman who had
been confined at the demand of his family.
In Paris la Bastile is, as our Tower, the chief prison of
the kingdom. otgrave.
That rock-fortress, Tyranny's stronghold, which they
name Bastille. Carlyle, French Rev., I, iv. 3.
Hence–3. By extension, any prison, espe-
cially one conducted in an arbitrary or op-
pressive way.
The modern hospital for the insane, especially the many
private and corporate homes, conducted as they are with
the utmost humanity and skål, are not bastiles or prisons,
furnishing only restraint behind the bars.
Alien. and Newrol., VII. 706.
4. A movable tower used by the besiegers of
a strong place, whether for approaching the
walls (see belfry) or as a defense and protec-
tion for the besiegers.
bastile, bastille º v. t. ; pret. and pp.
bastiled or bastilled, ppr. bastiling or bastilling.
[K. bastile, n.] To confine in a bastile; im-
prison.
bastillion? (bas-til'ygn), n. [K OF. bastillon,
dim. of bastille ; see bastile.] A small fortress
or castle.
bastiment? (basſti-ment), n. [K OF. bastiment
(F. bātiment = . Sp. bastimento), a building,
structure, ship, K bastir, build: see bastile..] 1.
Military supplies.—2. A rampart.—3. A ship
of war.
bastimentot (bas-ti-men’tö), n. [Sp.] Same
as bastiment, 3.
Then the bastimentos never
Had our foul dishonour seen,
Nor the sea the sad receiver
Of this gallant train had been.
Glover, Hosier's Ghost, st. 7.
bastinade (bas-ti-nād’), m. and v. Same as
bastinado.
bastinado (bas-ti-nā’dó), m. [Formerly also
bastomado (-ada, -ade) = F. bastonnade, K Sp.
bastomada, also bastomazo (= It. bastomata), a
beating with a stick, K. Sp. bastón = OF. baston
=It. bastone, a stick, cudgel: see baston, baton.]
1. A blow or beating with a stick or cudgel,
especially on the soles of the feet or on the
buttocks; a cudgeling.
He brags he will gi' me the bastimado, as I hear.— Bow?
he the bastinado? How came he by that word, trow 2–
Nay, indeed, he said cudgel me; I termed it so for my
more grace. B. Jomson.
2. A mode of punishment in some Oriental
countries, especially Turkey, Persia, and China,
in which blows with a stick or lath of bamboo
are inflicted on the soles of the feet or on the
buttocks.-3. A stick or cudgel; the imple-
ment used in administering the bastinado.
bastinado (bas-ti-nā’dó), v. t. [K bastinado, n.]
To beat with a stick or cudgel; specifically, to
beat on the buttocks or the soles of the feet,
as a judicial punishment.
The Sallee rover, who threatened to bastimado a Chris-
tian captive to death. Macaulay, Hist. Eng.
bastingl (bās’ting), m. [Verbal n. of bastel.]
A cudgeling; a beating.
A good basting . . . was a sovereign remedy for sea-sick-
IleSS. Marryat, Peter Simple, p. 64.
basting? (bās’ting), n. [Verbal n. of baste2.]
1. The moistening of meat that is being roasted
with its own fat, butter, etc.—2. The gravy,
melted fat, butter, etc., used in moistening
roasting beef, etc.—3. In candle-making, the
process of pouring melted wax over the wicks.
basting 3 (bāsting), m. [Verbal n. of basteð.]
1. The act of sewing together with long, loose
stitches.—2. The stitches themselves.
basting-machine (bās ‘ting-ma-shën"), n. A
sewing-machine used forbasting together pieces
of fabrics, to make a continuous piece for
ſº F. bastion, K It. bas-
bastire = OF. bastir,
etc., build: see
bastile.]
Jort., a mass
of earth, faced
with sods, brick,
or stones, stand-
ing out from
a rampart, of
# which it is a
# principal part.
A. i. consists
of two Jianks, each
commanding and
defending the adja-
cent curtain, or that
portion of the wall
extending from one
bastion to another, and two faces making with each other
an acute angle called the salient angle, and commanding
bastion (bas’tion), n.
tion6 (= Sp. bastión),
TiSOIl. Many French cities had bastiles of this kind in
eudal times, but the one especially known is that of
Paris, called specifically the Bastille. It commanded the
Porte St. Antoine, and its erection was begun by Charles
W. in 1869. This, being of peculiar strength, remained
after the other medieval fortifications of the city had
been removed, and its use as a prison for persons Con-
fined at the arbitrary will of the king or his ministers
gave it celebrity as a reputed stronghold of royal des-
potism and cruelty. It was stormed with much blood:
shed by the populace July 14, 1789, and was demolished
4, Bastion.
ar, a, curtain-angles; b, b, shoulder-an-
les; c, salient angle; a b, a b, flanks; & c.
c, faces; a a, gorge ; a d, a d, parts of
curtains.
basylous
the outworks and ground before the fortification. The
inner space between the two flanks is the gorge, or entrance
into the bastion. The use of the bastion is to bring every
point at the foot of the rampart as much as possible under
the guns of the place. Formerly called bulwark.
And topples round the dreary west,
A looming bastion fringed with fire.
- Tennyson, In Memoriam, xv.
To our right was a long embattled line, with many a
bastion square and round. O'Donovan, Merv, xviii.
Center of a bastion, a point at the middle of the gorge,
whence the capital line proceeds. It is in general at the
angle of the inner polygon.—Detached bastion, in fort.,
a bastion which is separated from the enceinte by a ditch.
Farrow, Mil. Encyc. ... º
bastionary (basſtigm-à-ri), a. . [K bastion +
-aryl.] Pertaining to or consisting of bastions:
as, systems of bastionary fortification.
bastioned (basſtignd), a. . [K bastion + -ed”.]
Provided with or defended by bastions.
His palace bright,
Bastion'd with pyramids of glowing gold.
Keats, Hyperion, i.
From the bastion'd walls,
Like threaded spiders, one by one, we dropt,
And flying reached the frontier: then we crost
To a livelier land; and so by tilth and grange,
And vines, and blowing bosks of wilderness,
We gained the mother-city thick with towers,
And in the imperial palace found the king.
TemmySom, Princess, i.
Bastioned fort, a fort having two or more bastions con-
nected by curtains: a term commonly restricted to field-
works,—Bastioned front. Seefront. -
bastionet (basſtign-et), n. . [K bastion -F -et.]
In fort., a small bomb-proof chamber placed in
a position flanking the ditch of a lunette or
redoubt. Bastionets are usually placed at the salient
angles of redoubts, and are furnished with loopholes for
small arms, and sometimes are pierced for one or two guns,
bastite (basſtit), n. [K Baste (see def.) + -ite”.]
A serpentinous mineral occurring embedded in
serpentine at Baste in the Harz and elsewhere,
and probably derived from the alteration of a
variety of enstatite (bronzite). It often shows a
metallic-pearly luster, or schiller, in the cleavage-face, and
is hence called schiller-spar. --
bastnaesite (bast'nā-sit), n. [K. Bastnäs (see
def.) + -ite2.] A fluocarbonate of cerium,
lanthanum, and didymium from the Bastnäs
mine, Sweden. It also occurs as an alteration
product of tysonite near Pike's Peak, Colorado.
basto (basſtö), m. [K It. Sp. Pg. basto, ace of
clubs; cf. It. bastone = Sp. baston = Pg. bastão,
a stick, club: see baston.] In card-playing, the
ace of clubs in quadrille and ombre.
In Spanish cards clubs are really represented by “clubs,”
for which basto is the Spanish word. In certain games,
e. g., Ombre, the ace of clubs plays an important part,
and is emplmatically called basto.
N. and Q., 7th ser., II, 115.
baston; (basſton), n. [K ME. baston, bastun, K
OF. baston, F. baton = Sp. baston = Pg. bastão
= It. bastone, K ML. *basto(m-), a stick, club,
cudgel. Origin unknown. The word appears in
E. also as baton, batoon, batton,
battem?: see these forms.] 1. A
stick, staff, or cudgel; a baton.
Specifically—(a) A mace of wood used in
a tourney, instead of the mace of metal
used in War. It was usually shaped into
a handle, and had a guard like a sword.
(b) A leading-staff or ensign of command.
See baton, 1. (c) In her., a bendlet sinis-
ter cut off at each end, so as not to
reach the edge of the field : it is generally considered in
Inglish heraldry a mark of illegitimacy. [Still used in
this sense.] Also batom and bastard bar.
2. In arch., a segmental molding used espe-
cially in the bases of columns; a torus.-3. A
servant of the warden of the Fleet, who attend-
ed the king's courts as an officer, carrying a
red truncheon. It was his duty to take to ward such
prisoners as had been committed by the court, and also to
attend those suffered to go at large by license. Hence, to
go out of prison by baston was to go at large in the custody
of a servant of the warden of Fleet prison. [London, Eng.)
bast-palm (bast"pām), m. Two species of Bra-
zilian palms which yield the piassaba fiber, a
coarse fiber from the sheathing-bases of the
leaf-stalks, used for cordage, brooms, etc. The
Bahia bast-palm is the Attalea funifera (see Attalea); that
of Pará is the Leopoldinia Piassabg.
bast-tree (bast/tré), n. . [ME. baste-tre; K basti
+ tree..] A tree furnishing bast, in Europe espe-
cially the linden, Tilia Europaea. See bastl.
basyl, basyle (bā‘sil), nº [K Gr. 860tc, a base,
It wºm, substance..] . In chem., a name given by
Graham to the electropositive constituent of a
salt.
basylous (bā‘si-lus), a. [K basyl + -ows.] In
chem., of the nature of or relating to a basyl,
or electropositive constituent of a salt.
The name of the electro-negative ingredient . . . being
that which is placed first as the generic term, whilst that
of the electro-positive.9r basylous element follows as indi.
cating the species. W. A. Miller, Elem, of Chem., § 3si.
Baston.

bat
Yºr
bat! (bat), n. [K ME. bat, batte, botte, AS. *bat,
batt (in one gloss.), connected with OF, batte,
F. batte, a rammer, a wand, appar. K battre,
beat: see batterl. Some of the noun senses
are from the verb (see batl, v.), while others
are perhaps from orig. diff, sources.] 1. A
heavy stick or club; any stick or club; form-
erly, a walking-stick, a staff for support and
defense.
A handsome bat he held,
On which he leaned, as one farre in elde.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 217.
He headed all the rabble of a town
And finish'd 'em with bats.
Dryden, Hind and Panth., iii. 631.
2. The wooden club with which the players in
base-ball, cricket, and similar games bat or
drive the ball. That used in base-ball is a round ta-
pering stick of varying size and weight to suit the strength
of the player; that used in cricket is shaped somewhat like
; ºad end of an oar, and is provided with a round
3.11(1162,
3. A batsman or batter.
W. is the best bat left.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown's School-Days, ii. 8.
4. A blow as with a bat or baton: as, he re-
ceived a bat in the face. [Colloq.]—5. A tool
made of beech, used by plumbers in dressin
and flatting sheet-lead.—6. A rammer use
by founders.—7. A blade used for beating or
scutching hemp or flax.-8. A piece of brick
having one end entire; hence, any portion of
a brick; a brickbat.—9. A kind of sun-dried
|brick. Southey.—10. Shale; hardened clay,
but not fire-clay: same as bind, 2. Penn. Surv.
Glossary. Also spelled batt.—11. In hat-mak-
ing, a felted mass of fur, or of hair and wool.
Two such masses are required to form the body
of a hat. Also spelled batt.
One half of the intended hat, called a bat, is bowed at a
time. J. Thomson, Hats and Felting, p. 39.
12. A continuous wad of cottom from the
|batting-machine, ready for carding; also, a
sheet of cotton wadding or batting. See bat-
ting.—13. In ceram. : (a) A flexible sheet of
gelatin used in transferring impressions to the
surface of the ware.
Batt or bat is . . . a plate of gelatine, used in printing
on pottery or porcelain, over the glaze. In bat-print-
ing, the impression is transferred from an engraved cop-
per plate to a bat of gelatine or glue, whence it is printed
on the glaze, in oil or tar. Enamel powder being then
dusted over the print, adheres to the oiled surface, and
the porcelain is then fired at a low temperature.
Ure, Dict., I. 298.
(b) A shelf or slab of baked clay used to sup-
port pieces of biscuit which have been painted,
and are being fired again. See enamel-kiln.—
bató (bat), v. t.
472
nocturnal and crepuscular, passing most of the daytime
in dusky retreats, where they gather sometimes in almost
incredible multitudes, and generally repose hanging head
downward by their hindfeet. In size they range from less
than the size of a mouse to large forms with some five feet
spread of wing. The body is usually softly furry; the
wings are membranous and naked. . The great majority
Hoary Bat (Lasturies prietnosus).
are insectivorous and carnivorous, and constitute the sub-
order Animalövora or Insectivora; of these, a few prey
upon other bats, and some, of the genera Desmodws and
Diphylla, suck the blood of large animals; but the great
bats of South America called vampires are chiefly fru-
givorous. See Desmodontes, Vampyri. The old-world
fruit-bats, flying-foxes, or roussettes are mostly large spe-
cies, constituting the family Pteropodidae and suborder
Frugivora. See cut under flying-for. The physiognomy
of many of the bats is grotesque, owing to the extraordi-
nary appendages of the snout, especially in the families
Rhinolophidae and Phyllostomatidae, or horseshoe bats
and leaf-nosed bats. The ears, too, are often of great size
and much complexity of detail, and, like the various ap-
pendages of the face, and the wing-membranes themselves,
serve as tactile organs of extreme delicacy, even to the ex-
tent of sensing objects without actual contact. The wings
of bats are commonly given to representations of evil ge-
nii and demons, as those of birds are attached to good
angels. The large bat represented on Egyptian monu-
ments is one of the fruit-bats, the Cynonycteris oegyptiaca.
The Hebrew name of the bat of the Old Testament, atal-
leph, is now used in the form Atalapha for a genus of
American bats. The commonest species of the United
States are the small brown bat, Vespertilio subulatus, and
the red bat, Lasiurus moveboracensis. Among European
species may be noted the serotime (Vespertilio serotimus),
the pipistrelle (V, pipistrellus), the barbastel (Barbastel-
lus communis), the Oreillard º; awritus), and the
horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus hipposideros and R. ferroe-
quinum). In heraldry the bat is always represented dis-
played, that is, with the wings opened, and is often called
by its older name reremouse.—Bat's wing, in anat. See
ala vespertilionis, under ala.-Bat's-wing burner. See
burner.—Bulldog bats, the molossoid chiropterans. See
Molºssus.--Harlequin bat. See harlequín.
[Variant of batel, prob. now
taken in allusion to the eyes of a bat.] To bate
or flutter, as in the phrase to bat the eyes, that batch2 (bach), v. t.
is, wink. [Prov. Eng. and U. S.]
You hol' your head high; don’t you bat your eyes to
please none of 'em. The Century, XXVII. 146.
baté (bat or bà), n.
Batavian (ba-tä'vi-an), a. and n.
bat-bolt (batſbólt), n.
batchl (bach), n.
batchi (bach), v. t.
IK F. bāt, K OF. bast, a batch.3t, n.
bate
[K L. Bata-
wia, the country of the Batavi, a people an-
ciently inhabiting an island (Batavorum In-
sula or Batavia) formed by the rivers Rhine,
Waal, and Maas, and the ocean.] I. a. 1.
Pertaining to the ancient Batavia, or by ex-
tension to the Netherlands or their #ji
tants, the Dutch.—2. Pertaining to Batavia,
the chief city of the island of Java, and the
capital of the Dutch possessions in the East.
II. n. 1. A native of the Netherlands; a
Dutchman.—2. A native of Batavia in Java.
[K batl + bolt1..] A.
bolt barbed or jagged at its butt or tang to
give it a firmer hold.
[K M.E. bacche, batche, KAS.
as if *bacce, K bacan, bake; cf. Dan. baegt, G.
gebäck, a batch: see inie. 1. A quantity
produced at one operation; specifically, the
quantity of bread made at one baking.—2. The
quantity of material prepared or required for
One operation. Specifically— (a) In glass-making, the
frit ready for the glass-pot. See frit. (b) The quantity of
flour or dough to be used at one baking. (c) The quantity
of grain sent at one time to the mill to be ground ; a grist.
3. An aggregation of individuals or articles
similar to each other; especially, a number or
aggregation received, despatched, etc., at one
time: as, a batch of letters; a batch of pris-
OL101’S. g
The Turkish troops are being hurried to the front in
batches of 40,000 at a time. Times (London).
When he had her all to himself, . . . he would pull out
his last batch of sonnets, and read them in avoice tremu.
lous with ennotion. Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, xxvii.
4t. Kind, sort, or lot.
One is a rimer, sir, of your own batch, your own leaven.
B. Jomson, Every Man in his Humour, i. 1.
[K batch.1, n.] To mass;
bring together in a batch or the quantity re-
quired.
The white calico is batched. Encyc. Brit., IV. 685.
batch? (bach), n. [Also baiche, and in comp.
betch-; K ME. bache, baecche, variant of beche,
K AS. bece, baece, the valley of a brook: see
beach and beckl. For the transfer of sense
from “stream” to ‘bank, mound, vale,” cf.
dike and ditch..] 1. A bank; a sand-bank.--
2. The valley in which a stream flows; a field
or patch of ground lying near a stream: es-
pecially in local English names. [Local, Eng.]
[E. dial., K batch2, n.] To
protect (the bank of a river) by facing it with
stones, so as to prevent the water from eating
into it. [Local, Eng.]
[Appar. an assibilated form of
pack-saddle: see bastº..] A pack-saddle: only back.8.] A vessel used in brewing. N. E. D.
See bachelor.
14. Rate; speed; style. [Scotch and prov. in composition, as bathorse, batman, etc.
Eng.]—At the bat, in the position of the batter or baté (bat), n. See bate.
striker in baseball and similar games; having the right bat6 (bat), m. [Hind. bāt, a weight, a measure
batchelor, n.
batel (båt), v.; pret. and pp. bated, ppr. bating,
[Also bait; K ME. batem (only intrans.), K OF.
to wield the bat. —To carry one's bat. See carry.—To ſº. f weigh e we d t, fl battre les aile
6 on a tº goº, jºi..."...arºus, ºspré. of Weight..] Same as tical. batre, mod. F. battre, beat, flap (battre les ailes,
§: g p bat'7, m. A measure of land formerly used in beatthewings, flutter; reflex.se battre, flutter),
'bat.1 (bat), v.; pret. and pp. batted, ppr. batting. South Wales; a perch of 11 feet square.
= Pr. batre = Sp. batir = º; bater = It. bat-
[K late M.E. batten, beat with a stick, K batte, a baté, n. Same as bath?. (I,
tere, beat, etc., K. M.L. (LL.) batere, battere, for
bat, stick: see bat!, n., and cf. batterl. In part
perhaps regarded as imitative of a heavy, dull
blow; cf. pat..] I. trans. To beat; hit; strike.
Especially— (a) In base-ball and similar games, to knock
or drive, as the ball. (b) In ceram., to flatten out to the
required thickness, as unbaked clay, preparatory to mold-
ing on the block or throwing on the wheel. .
II. intrans. In base-ball and similar games,
to strike the ball: as, he bats well.–To bat at
to attempt unsuccessfully to knock, as a ball ; strike at
but miss. ſº e
bat? (bat), n. [A corruption of earlier back,
bak, Sc. back, bak (also bakie-bird, bawkie-bird),
a bat, KME. báñe, backe, K Dan. bakke, in comp.
aftenbakke, evening-bat, =OSW. bakka, in comp.
matt-bakka, night-jar, Sw. dial. mattabatta, matt-
blacka, = feel. blaka, in comp. ledhºr-blaka, bat,
lit. leather-flapper, K blaka, flutter, flap. The
orig. form is uncertain. Cf. M.L. blatta, blacta,
batta, a bat, another application of L. blatta,
an insect that shuns the light, a cockroach: See
Iłlatta1. For the change of k to t, cf. E. make2 =
matel, and E. crame=Dan, trane, Sw, trana, Icel.
trani. The AS. name of the bat is hºrēremits,
> E. reremouse. The G. name is fledermaus; cf.
E. flittermouse..] A wing-handed, wing-footed
flying mammal, of the order Chiroptera (which
See). The species are upward of 450 in number, nearly
cosmopolitan, but largest, most varied in character, and
most abundant in individuals in tropical and subtropical
Countries. The species of temperate countries, as of the
United States and Europe, are comparatively few, small,
and of Such uniform characters that they give little idea
of the extent and diversity of the order in warmer re-
gions. Bats are the most aerial or volitant of all animals,
even more so than birds or insects, for they have scarcely
!, any other means of locomotion than flying. They are
batablet (bå'ta-bl.), a. [Also bateable; short for
debatable, as bate.8 for debate. See debatable.]
A shortened form of debatable, as in batable
ground, batable land. See debatable.
As we crossed the Batable land. Border ballad.
batailet, bataillert, etc. Obsolete forms of
battlel, battler1, etc.
batara (bā-tā‘rā), n. [S. Amer.]. A name of
sundry bush-shrikes or formicaroid passerine
birds of South America, of the subfamily Tham-
nophilinae and family Formicariidae; specifically,
the Thamnophilus cinereus (Vieillot). It was used
as a generic name by Lesson in 1831, and by Sclater in 1858,
to distinguish the last-named species generically from
other Thamnophilimoe, under the name Batara cinerea;
also by Temminck, 1820, as a generic name of species of
Thamnophilus proper.
batardeau (ba-tár-dó’), m.; pl. batardeaua,
(-dóz'). [F., dike, dam, coffer-dam, formerly
bastardeau, dim. of OF. bastard, dike, perhaps
connected with bastir, build.] 1. A coffer-dam;
a casing of piles made water-tight, fixed in the
bed of a river to exclude the water from the
site of the pier or other work while it is being
constructed.—2. In fort., a wall, generally fur-
nished with a sluice-gate, built across a moat
or ditch, to retain the water in those parts of
the ditch which require to be inundated.
batata (bā-tāſtā), n. [Sp. Pg.batata, K Haytian
batata, the native name of the Sweet potato;
Xult. E. potato, applied to a different plant: see
potato..] The sweet potato.
The products of both China and Japan are here [Loo-
chool cultivated, especially batatas and the sugar-cane.
J. J. Reim. Japan (trans.), p. 582.
L. batuere, battwere, beat, strike, whence also
ult. E. batterl, battle1, etc., and prob. in part
the simple batl, v.: see these words. The
orig. sense ‘beat’ is covered by bate?, for abate,
and batter1.j I. trams. To beat: in the phrase
to bate the wings, to flutter, fly. [In the passage
quoted, there is an allusion to bate2 for abate.]
Till the Soule by this meanes of overbodying herselfe
. . . bated her wing apace downeward.
Milton, Church Discipline. (N. E. D.)
II. intrans. 1. In falconry, to beat the wings
impatiently; flutter as º for flight, par-
ticularly at the sight of prey; flutter away.
I am like a hawk that bates but cannot fly, because I am
ty'd to another's fist. (ZCO72.
These kites
That bate and beat and will not be obedient.
Shale., T. of the S., iv. 1.
2}. To flutter; be eager or restless.—3+. To
flutter or fly down. [With allusion to bate2
# %; t. and pn. bated b
ate? (båt), v.; pret. and pp. bated, ppr. bating.
[Early mód É also bai; ; K ME. baten, by
apheresis for abatén, abate, which thus be-
comes in form and in some senses identical
with the orig. simple form represented by
bate1: see abate and bate1.] I. trans. 1+. To
beat down or away; remove by beating.
About autumn bate the earth from about the roots of
olives, and lay them bare. Holland, tr. of Pliny, II. 521.
2}. To beat back, or blunt.
Spite of cormorant devouring Time,
Th’ endeavour of this present breath may buy
That honour which shall bate his scythe's keen edge.
Shak., L. L. L., i. 1.

bate
8t. To weaken; impair the strength of.
These griefs and losses have so bated me
That I shall hardly spare a pound of flesh.
Shak., M. of W., iii. 8.
4.To lessen or decrease in amount, weight,
estimation, etc.; lower; reduce.
Who bates mine honour, shall not know my coin.
5. To strike off; deduct; abate.
There is twelve shillings to pay, and, as I am a true
knight, I will not bate a penny. *
Beaw. and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, iii. 2.
I would rather bate him a few strokes of his oar, than bateleur (bat'e-lér), n.
not employ an honest man that has been wounded in the
Queen's service. ddison, Sir Roger at Vauxhall.
Ibate no jot of trust that this noble trial of self-govern-
Iment Will succeed. W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 320.
6. To lessen in force or intensity; moderate;
diminish: as, to bate one's breath, or with bated
breath (see phrases, below); to bate one's or a
person's curiosity.—7+. To rob or deprive of.
When baseness is exalted, do not bate
The place its honour for the person's sake.
G. Herbert, Church Porch, xlv.
8#. To leave out; except; bar.
Bate me the king, and, be he flesh and blood,
He lies who said it.
Beau. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, i. 1.
To bate off, to make a reduction in or an abatement from ;
lessen or moderate,
Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., i.
Tobate one's breath, to check one's breathing; breathe
restrainedly, as from fear, humility, or deference.—With
bated breath, with subdued or restrained breathing, as
from fear or awe.
Shall I bend low, and in a bond-mans key,
with bated breath and Whispring humbleness,
Say this? Shak., M. of V., i. 3 (1623).
II.f intrans. To decrease or fall away in size,
amount, force, estimate, etc.
Bardolph, am I not fallen away vilely since this last
action?doi not bate? do iſ not dwindle?
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3.
I know 'twas this which made the envy and pride
Of the great Roman blood bate and give way
To my election. B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 1.
batest (båt), v. i. [K ME. baten, by apheresis for
debaten, debate: see debatel, v.] To contend;
strive; quarrel.
bate}} (båt), n.
for debate, debat, debate: see debate1, n.] Con-
tention; strife; debate.
Breeds no bate with telling. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
‘bate&# (båt), v. and m. Obsolete and less cor-
rect spelling of baitl.
batet (båt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bated, ppr. bat-
ing, [Prob. a particular use of bate!, properly
spelled bait; cf. Sw. beta, tan, bait, = G. bei-
2em, steep in lye, macerate, bait, lit. cause to
bite: see baiti.] 1. To steep, as a hide, in an
alkaline lye. See bateſ, m.—2. In jute-manuf.
to separate (the raw material) into layers, an
# then soften by sprinkling with oil and water.
bated (bât), n. [Kbate 5, v.] The solution of dung
or weak acid in which hides are steeped after
being limed, to remove or neutralize the lime.
bate&#. Obsolete or dialectal preterit of bite.
Yet there the steel stayd not, but inly bate
Deepe in his flesh, and opened wide a red floodgate.
Spenser, F. Q., II. v. 7,
bate? (båt), n. [Also bait; origin unknown.
Hence cross-bated.] The grain of wood or
stone. [Scotch.]
bate.8ł, n. [K L.L. batus, K. Gr. fºros, K Heb.
bath : see bath?..] Same as bath?.
batea (bat’ā-ā), n. [Sp. Pg.] A wooden ves-
sel in the form of a very flat hollow cone,
about 20 inches in diameter and 2 or 3 inches
deep, used by Mexican and Californian miners
for washing auriferous sands and pulverized
ores of various kinds.
In the rubbish which was thrown out of the old mine, a
comfortable subsistence is gained by Washing in bateas.
Mowry, Arizona and Sonora, p. 44.
bateau, batteau (ba-tó"), n. ; pl. bateaua, bat-
teawa (-tóz'). [K F. bateaw, KOF. batel = Pr.
batelh = Sp. Pg. batel = It. battello, KML. ba-
tellus, dim, of ML. batus, battus (> It. batto),
a boat, prob. KAS. bāt, a boat : see boat.] 1.
A light boat for river navigation, long in pro-
portion to its breadth, and wider in the middle
than at the ends.-2. A pontoon of a floating
bridge. - {}
bateau-bridge (ba-tö’brij), m. Milit., a floating
bridge supported by bateaux or boats.
bateaux, n. Plural of bateaw.
bate-breedingt (båt"bré"ding), a. [K bate.8 +
breeding, ppr. of breed.] Breeding strife.
473.
This sour informer, this bate-breeding spy,
This canker that eats up Love's tender spring,
This carry-tale, dissentious Jealousy.
Shak., W. and A., 1.655.
bºl (båtſfül), a. [K bate} + ful..] Con-
entious; given to strife; exciting contention.
It did bateful question frame. Sir P. Sidney.
Shak. T. of A., iii. 8, batelessł (bât'lés), a. [K bate2 + -less.] Not to
be abated; not to be dulled or blunted. [Rare.]
#º that name of “chaste” unhappily set
This bateless edge on his keen appetite.
Shak., Lucrece, 1.9.
[Appar. a particular
application of F., bateleur, a juggler, buffoon.]
A name of an African eagle, the Helotarsus
ecaudatus.
batellater, v. t. [K ML. as if *batellatus, pp.
of “batellare, assumed from OF. bataillier, or
‘E. battel, battle, fortify: see battle2.] Milit., to
fortify or make defensible, as a dwelling-house.
batement (båtſment), m. [By apheresis for
abatement : see bate2 and -ment.] Abatement;
diminution; lessening; specifically, among car-
penters, the portion to be cut off from a piece
of timber to bring it to a desired length.
batement-light (båt’ment-lit), n. In arch., a
vertical light in the upper part of a window of
the Perpendic-
ular style, of
which the nor-
mal rectangular
form at the bot-
tom is altered
; or abated so as
% to fit in the
arched head of
a light below.
Compare angel-
light.
batestone (båtſ-
stön), m. [Kbated
+ stone..] A
Head of Perpendicular Window. curved scour:
8, b, &, batement-lights; a, a, angel-lights. ing-stone used
in bating hides.
When the hides have been properly worked with the
batestone, they are placed in a wash-wheel and Worked
for about twenty minutes. C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 586.
[K ME. bate, bat, by apheresis bat-fish (bat'fish), n. [K bat? + fishl.] 1. A
fish of the family Ogcocephalidae (which see).
The best-known species is O. vespertilio. It has a heart-
Dorsal view.
Bat-fish (Ogcocephalus vesgertizio).
shaped trunk, produced anteriorly in a prolonged snout,
a short coniform tail, a small inferior mouth, and a rostral
tentacle under the snout. It inhabits the Atlantic along
the southern coast of the United States.
2. A name of the flying-fish or flying-robin,
Cephalacanthus volitans.
bat-fowler (bat'fou'lér), n. [K ME, battfowl-
ere, K battfowlem: see bat-fowling.j 1. One
#. * bat-fowling.—2+. A swindler.
[Slang.
bat-fowling (bat'fou'ling), m. [KME. battefowl-
Aynge, K battfowlem, Snare birds, K batte, by some
supposed to refer to the bat or stick on which
the nets were fastened, + fowlen, v., fowl. The
first element is now often associated with bat?..]
A mode of catching birds at night by holding
a torch or other light, and beating the bushes
or trees where they roost. The birds fly toward
the light, and are caught with nets or otherwise.
batſui (baºui), a tº bar in bailies, baitei,
etc., + ful; possibly, like batwell, a perversion
of battle or battel, fertile: see battle3, a..] Rich;
fertile, as land: as, “batful pastures,” Drayton,
Polyolbion, iii.
bath
fath! (båth, pl. bā‘pHz), n. IKME. bath, KAS.
bath, pl. bathu, - OS. bath = D. bad = OHG.
iſió.”G. bad, bath, = Icel. badh = Sw. Dan.
bad; prob., with formative -th (-d), from the
verb represented by OHG. bajan, MHG. bajen,
ban, G. bāhen = LG. bāen, foment, - M.E. ba’-
wen, cleanse, prob. = L. fowere, foment: see fo–
ment.] 1. A washing of the body in, or an ex-
posure of it to the action of, water or other
fluid agent, for cleansing, refreshment, medi-
cal treatment, etc. : as, to take a bath; to ad-
minister a bath to a patient.—2. A provision
or arrangement for bathing: as, to prepare a
bath; a hot or cold bath; a vapor-bath; an
electric bath. There are many kinds of baths, all of
which may be divided into four classes: (a) according to
the medium in which the body is immersed, as a water-, oil-,
or mud-bath, a compressed-air bath, a medicated or min-
eral bath, etc.; (b) according to manner of application or
use, as a plunge-, shower-, vapor-, dowche-, spray-, or Swim-
ming-bath, etc.; (c) according to the parts bathed, as a
foot-, sitz-, or eye-bath, etc.; (d) according to temperature,
as a hot, tepid, warm, or cold bath.
3. A vessel for holding water in which to
plunge, wash, or bathe the body.—4. More gen-
erally, an apartment or apparatus by means of
which the body, or a part of it, may be bathed
in any medium differing in nature or temper-
ature from its natural medium.—5. An edifice
containing apartments fitted up for bathing; a
bath-house; particularly, in the plural, one of
the elaborate bathing establishments of the
Plan of the Baths of Caracalla, Rome.
ancients, as the Baths of Caracalla at Rome.
See thermat.—6. In science and the arts, any
vessel containing a liquid for treating any ob-
ject by immersion. (a) In photog., the vessel in which
a collodionized plate is submitted to the action of a solu-
tion of nitrate of silver, or the tray in which an exposed
dry plate is immersed in the developing solution. (b) In
etching, the pan of acid into which the plate is plunged to
be bitten. & *
7. An arrangement or preparation for immers-
ing anything, as the silver-bath in photography.
—8. In chem., an apparatus for modifying and
regulating the heat in various chemical pro-
cesses, by interposing a quantity of sand, wa-
ter, or other substance between the fire and the
vessel intended to be heated. When a liquid bath
of a higher temperature than 212° is required, saturated
solutions are employed in which the boiling-point is
higher than that of water.—Companions of the Bath
the third or lowest class of the members of the order o:
the Bath.--Compressed-air bath, a bath consisting in
remaining for a longer or shorter time in a chamber filled
with compressed air. Such baths have been recommended
as useful in certain diseases, in which an increased expan-
sive force is required to cause the air to inflate the more
delicate air-passages of the lungs.--Dung-bath, a bath
used in calico-printing. See dwnging.—Knights of the
Bath, an order of knighthood supposed to have been insti-
tuted at the coronation of Henry IV. in 1399. It received
this name from the fact that the candidates for the honor
were put into a bath the preceding evening, to denote a
purification or absolution from all former stain, and that
they were now to begin a new life. The present order of
the Bath, however, was instituted by George I. in 1725, as
a military order, consisting, exclusive of the sovereign, of
a grand master and thirty-six companions. In 1815 the
order was greatly extended, and in 1847 it was opened to
civilians. It is now composed of three classes, viz.: mili-
tary and civil knights grand-crosses, G. C. B. ; knights
commanders, K. C. B.; and knights companions, C. B. The
1. Badge worn suspended from the collar of a knight of the Bath.
2. Star of the Grand Cross.
badge (fig. 1) is a golden Maltese cross of eight points,
With the lion of England in the four principal angles, and
having in a circle in the center the rose, thistle, and sham-
rock (representing respectively England, Scotland, and Ire-
land), between three imperial crowns; motto, Tria juncta





Bathymaster
In his fifth sonnet he [Petrarch] may, I think, be said
to have sounded the lowest chasm of the Bathog.
Macaulay, Petrarch.
aś 2. Fustian, Turgidness, etc. See bombast,
bath-room (bath'röm), n. A room for bathing
X-Ill.
bath-sponge (båth’spunj), 'm. A sponge used in
bath
£n wºno. Stars are also worn by the first two classes.
That of the knights grand-crosses (fig. 2) is of silver, with
eight points of rays wavy, on which is a gold cross bearing
three crowns, encircled by a ribbon displaying the motto
of the order, while beneath is a scroll inscribed Ich diem,
(I serve), the motto of the Prince of Wales. The star of
the knights commanders differs chiefly in lacking the
wavy rays.— Medicated bath, a bath of liquid or vapor
474
bathetic (bā-thet'ik), a. . [K bathos, on type of
pathetic, K_pathos.] . Relating to or character-
ized by bathos; sinking rhetorically, or in style.
Coleridge.
A fatal insensibility to the ludicrous and the bathetic.
The Academy, July 3, 1875, p. 5.
designed to produce a curative effect by virtue of some
medicine mixed in it.— Mercurial bath, a bath used in
the pneumatic trough to collect such gases as are readily
absorbed by water.— Metal-bath, in general, any mass
of molten metal contained in a furnace or other receptacle
for any purpose: in metal., the molten material under-
going treatment in the furnace is known as the bath. —Rus-
sian bath, a kind of bath employed in Russia, and in-
troduced thence in other countries. It resembles in prin-
ciple the ancient and the Turkish baths, but differs from
the latter in that the subject, after exposure to the in-
fluence of very hot vapor, with the attendant kneading,
lathering, etc., is suddenly and violently cooled by means
of a jet of ice-cold Water. It is said to be of service in
alleviating rheumatism.— Sour bath, in tamming, an acid
liquid made of bran and refuse malt. It is employed to
remove the lime used in a previous process, and also to
soften the skin to render it more absorbent of the tanning
materials.--Tin-bath, molten tin covered with melted
tallow to prevent the oxidation of the metal. It is used
in giving a coating of tin to other metals, as sheet-iron,
to form the so-called tin-plate.—Turkish bath, a kind of
bath introduced from the East, in which the subject, after
having undergone copious perspiration in a heated room,
is subjected to various processes, as soaping, Washing,
kneading (shampooing), etc., and ultimately proceeds to
an outer apartment, where he is placed on a couch to
cool. Turkish baths, or modifications of them, are pro-
vided in all hydrotherapeutic establishments, and are to
be found in most towns of considerable size.—White
bath, a bath used in dyeing; an emulsion formed by Gal-
lipoli oil and the carbonates of alkalis. tº
bathl (båth), v. t. [Later form for bathe, di-
rectly from the noun.] To put into a bath;
wash in a bath. [Rare.]
bath? (båth), m. [Earlier in E., as L.L., batus, or
else bat, bate, K L.L. batus, K. Gr. 3&tog, K #eb.
bath.] A Hebrew liquid measure = 72 logs =
6 hins = ºf cor, and corresponding to the dry
measure the ephah = 72 logs = 18 cabs = 3
Saths = 'o Cor. There were two measures of this
name, one equal to about two thirds of the other, as is seen
by comparing 1 Ki. vii. 26 with 2 Chron. iv. 5. The larger
bath seems to have contained about 36 liters = 9} United
States gallons = 8 British gallons. The smaller bath seems
to have contained about 28 liters = 73 United States gal-
lons = 6 British gallons. .
Bath brick, bun, chair. See the nouns.
bath-chops (båth’ chops), m. pl. The cheeks or
face of the hog cured or smoked.
loathe (bā'PH), v.; pret. and pp. bathed, ppr.
bathing. [Also in var. form (now only dial.)
beath, q.v.; K ME. bathien, KAS. bathian (= D.
baden = OHG. badón, M.H.G. G. baden = Icel.
badha = Sw. bada = Dan. bade), K bath, bath:
see bath1.] I. trams. 1. To place in a bath;
immerse in water or other fluid, for cleanli-
mess, health, or pleasure.
Chancing to bathe himself in the river Cydnus, . . . he
fell sick, near unto death, for three days. Sowth.
Others, on silver lakes and rivers, bathed
Their downy breast. Milton, P. L., vii. 437.
2. To apply water or other liquid to with a
sponge, cloth, or the like, generally for thera-
peutic purposes.—3. To Wash, moisten, or Suf-
fuse with any liquid.
Her bosom bathed in blood. Dryden.
4. To immerse in or surround with anything
analogous to water: as, bathed in Sunlight.
One sip of this
Will bathe the drooping spirits in delight.
Milton, Comus, l. 812.
Thy rosy shadows bathe me. Tennyson, Tithonus.
The sun was past the middle of the day,
But bathed in flood of light the world still lay.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 221.
5. In 206l., to tint; tinge in a uniform man-
ner, giving the appearance of One color seen
through another: as, black bathed with purple,
lorown bathed with rosy, etc.
II. intrams. 1. To take a bath; be in water
or other liquid; go into water to bathe one's
self.
They bathe in summer, and in winter slide. Waller.
2. To be immersed or surrounded as if with
Water.
bathe (bāpH), n. [K bathe, v.] The act of
bathing; the immersion of the body in water:
as, to take one's usual bathe. Edinburgh Rev.
[Confined almost entirely to Scotland, where a distinction
is inade between a bathe and a bath, the former being ap-
plied to an immersion in the sea, a river, or a lake, and
the later to a bath for which artificial conveniences are
used.
lbatherl (bā’‘pHér), m. 1. One who bathes; one
who immerses himself in water.—2. One who
bathes another.
bather? (ba'FEI’ér), v. i. [E. dial.] To scratch
and rub in the dust, as birds do. Halliwell.
[Prov. Eng.] *
bathorse (bat’- or bà’hôrs), n.
bathos (bā'thos), n.
bath-house (båth’hous), n. 1. A house fitted up
with conveniences for bathing, as bath-rooms,
tubs, sometimes a tank or swimming-bath, etc.
–2. A small house, or a house divided into a
number of Small rooms, at a bathing-place,
or place for open-air bathing, where bathers
change their dress;
bathing-box (bā'PHing-boks), n.
bathing, etc. Sponges suitable for this use all belon
to the genus Spongia, of which there are six commercia
species or varieties, deriving their value from the fineness
and elasticity of the skeletal fibers. The bath-sponge of
the Mediterranean is S. *:::::: resembling the wool-
sponge, S. gossypina, of the United States. Other species
are the zimocca, S. zimocca, the cup-sponge, S. adriatica,
of Turkey and the Levant; the American yellow sponge,
S. corlosia ; and the American hard-head, S. dura.
A govered Bath stone, See stone.
shed or bath-house in which open-air bathers bath-tub (bath/tub), n. A tub to bathe in; in
change their dress. [Eng.]
bathing-dress (bā'THing-dres), n. A partial
or loose costume used by open-air bathers, as
on a sea-beach.
bathing-house (bā'THing-hous), n. A bath-
house. [U.S.] -
bathing-machine (bā'THing-ma-shën"), n. A
covered vehicle used at the seaside resorts of
Great Britain, in which bathers dress and un-
dress. It is driven into the water to a sufficient
distance to suit the convenience of the bather.
bººing tub (bā‘THing-tub), n. Same as bath-
ū
200.
bath-kol (bath’kol), m. [Heb., K bath, daugh-
ter, -H kol, voice.] A kind of oracular voice
frequently referred to in the Talmud, the later
Targums, and rabbinical writers, as the fourth
grade of revelation, constituting an instrument
of divine communication throughout the early
history of the Israelites, and the sole prophetic
manifestation which they possessed during the
period of the second temple.
From the death of Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, the
Holy Spirit [which, according to the Jewish distinction,
is only the second degree of the prophetical gift] Was
withdrawn from Israel; but they nevertheless enjoyed
the use of the Bath Kol.
The treatise Sanhedriºn, quoted in Kitto's Bib. Cyc., I. 316.
Bath metal. See metal.
bathmic (bath’mik), a. [K Gr. 3afluêc (see bath-
*mism) + -ic.] Pertaining to or of the nature
of bathmism.
I compared the transmission of bathmic force to that of
the phenomenon of combustion, which is a force.conver-
sion transmitted from substance to substance by contact.
F. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 229.
bathmism (bath/mizm), n. [K Gr. 3affuág, also
Baopióg, a step, threshold (K 3aivetv (V “3a), go),
+ -ism..] See extract.
It is here left open whether there be any form of force
which may be especially designated as “vital.”
the animal functions are known to be physical and chem-
ical, and if there be any one which appears to be less ex-
plicable by reference to these forces than the others, it is
that of nutrition. Probably in this instance force has
been so metamorphosed through the influence of the origi-
native or conscious force in evolution, that it is a distinct
species in the category of forces. Assuming it to be such,
I have given it the name of Bath mism.
E. D. Cope, Meth. of Creation, p. 26.
Bathmodon (bath'mô-don), n.
phodon (which see).
bathmodont (bath’mó-dont), a.
together, and compressed and subcrescentic
in section, and the anterior outer tubercle is
connected with the anterior inner one by an
oblique crest forming a V. Such dentition is
characteristic of the genus Bathºmodon.
Bath note. See note.
bathometer (ba-thom’e-tér), n. [K Gr. 3660g,
depth, + ptárpov, a measure.] An apparatus,
consisting of a spring-balance of peculiar con-
struction, used for ascertaining the depth of
Water.
Bath oùlite. See Bath stone, under stone.
[K baté (F.
bát), a pack-saddle, -- horse.] In the British
army, a horse for carrying baggage belonging
to an officer or to the baggage-train. Also writ-
ten bawhorse.
[Gr. 6600g, depth, K 6affic,
deep. In def. 2, orig. an antithesis to inbog,
height, the sublime.]_1. Depth; lowest part
or stage; bottom.. [Rare.]-2. A ludicrous
descent from the elevated to the commonplace
or ridiculous in writing or speech; a sinking;
anticlimax.
bathukolpian, a.
bathvillite (båth’vil-it), n.
bathwort (båth'wért), n.
bathybial (ba-thib’i-al), a.
bathybian, (ba-thib’i-àn), a.
Many of Bathyerginae (bath'i-er-ji'né), m. pl.
bathyergue (bath'i-erg), m.
[NL., K. Gr. Ba6- #: of the genus Bathyergus.
uóg, a step, + 600íg = E. tooth.] A genus of
fossil hoofed quadrupeds named by Cope in
1872, subsequently identified by him with Cory-
[K Bathmo-
dom(t-).] In odontog., noting a pattern of denti-
tion in which the posterior pair of tubercles of
the upper molars are approximated, connected
Bathymaster (bath’i-mas-tér), n.
the usual form, approximately of the length of
the body, and often permanently fixed in a
bath-room. Also called bathing-tub.
See bathycolpian.
[K Bathville (see
def.) + -ite2.] A brown, dull, amorphous min-
eral resin, occurring in torbanite, or boghead
coal, on the estate of Bathville, near Bathgate,
Linlithgowshire, Scotland.
[Corruption of birth-
wort, after bath1.] Same as birthroot.
[Kbathybius + -al.]
Of or pertaining to bathybius or the depths
at which it is found; bathybian: as, “bathybial
fauna,” Encyc, Brit., XXI. 774.
[K bathybius +
-an.] Pertaining to bathybius; composed of
or resembling bathybius.
The use of the dredge resulted in finding the usual ba-
thybian forms that have been already described in Works
relating to Arctic voyages.
Arc. Crwise of the Corwin, 1881, p. 14.
bathybius (bathib’i-us), n. [NL., K. Gr. 8affic,
deep, + 8tog, life.] A name #. by Huxley
to masses of so-called animal matter said to
have been found covering the sea-bottom at
great depths (over 2,000 fathoms), and in such
abundance as to form in some places deposits
upward of 30 feet in thickness... It was described
as consisting of a tenacious, viscid, slimy substance, ex-
hibiting under the microscope a network of granular,
mucilaginous matter, which expands and contracts Spon-
taneously, forming a very simple organism, and corre-
sponding in all respects to protoplasm (which see). Em-
bedded in it were calcareous bodies with an organic
structure, called discoliths, coccoliths, and coccospheres,
which seemed to belong to bathybius as such. The exis-
tence of any such living substance is now generally denied.
bathycolpian (bath-i-kol’pi-an), a. [Also less
prop. bathukolpian; K. Gr. 3300ſ:0%toc, K 8a0%g,
deep, + kóAtrog, breast, bosom.] Deep-bosomed:
as, “bathycolpian Here,” O. W. *NL K
• ?
Bathyergus + -ina..] A subfamily of Ethi-
opian mole-like rodents, of the family Spala-
cidae, or mole-rats, differing from Spalacinae in
having the mandibular angle arising beside the
socket of the lower incisors. There are three
genera, Bathyergus, Georychus, and Heliopho-
bius.
A rodent quadru-
athyergus (bath-i-er'gus), m. DNL., after Gr.
Baffvépyeiv, plow deep, K. Baffic, deep, + špyov,
work.] Agenus of mole-rats, of the subfamily
Bathyerginae, having grooved upper incisors.
... maritimus is
a large species
burrowing in
the sand-dunes
of the Cape of
Good Hope, and
called coast-rat
and 20/ma- or
8amd-mole ; it is
very abundant,
and in some
places the sandy
- soil is honey-
combed with its extensive excavations. The fur is grayish-
brown, and might possess commercial value.
[NT., K. Gr.
ao Tho, a seeker.] A genus of
orth Pacific, found in rather
Coast-rat (Bathyergics meazztzmaus).
Ba60ſ, deep, +
fishes Of the
Ronquil (Bathymaster signatus).
deep water, type of the family Bathymasteridae,
the ronquil. The single species is B. signatus, the
other related species being referred to the allied genera
Ronquièws and Rathbwmella.


13athymasteridae
Bathymasteridae (bath’i-mas-ter’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Bathymaster + -idae.] A family of
acanthopterygian fishes, represented by the
genus Bathymaster: it is allied to the blen-
* IllèS.
bathymeter (ba-thim’e-tér), n. IK Gr. 3athºg,
eep, + ſlērpov, a measure.] instrument
for taking soundings at sea.
bathymetric (bath-i-met'rik), a. [K bathyme-
try + -ic.] Pertaining to bathymetry or the
measurement of depths, especially at sea.—
Bathymetric zone, in zoögeog., one of the horizontal
belts of the depths of the sea vertically separated by their
characteristic fauna and flora. Five such zones are reck-
oned: (1) the littoral, between tide-marks; (2) the lami-
7tarian, from low water to about 15 fathoms; (3) the
Corallime, from that to about 50 fathoms; (4) the deep-sea,
from that to about 300; (5) the abyssal, from that to the
lowest depths.
bathymetrical (bath-i-met/ri-kal), a. Same as
bathymetric.
bathymetrically (bath-i-met/ri-kal-i), adv. As
regards bathymetry; by deep-sea measurement
or sounding.
bathymetry (ba-thim'e-tri), n. IK Gr. 6affög,
deep, + -uerpía, K. pºrpov, a measure.] The art
of sounding or of measuring depths in the sea.
bathyphon (bath’i-fon), n. A musical instru-
ment of the clarinet class, having a single
reed and a wooden tube, and a compass of
nearly three octaves from the third D below
middle C. It was invented in 1829 in Berlin,
but was soon supplanted by the tuba.
Bathythrissa (bath-i-thris’ā), n. [NL., K. Gr.
Baffig, deep, + totoga, Attic flottra, a certain fish,
otherwise called Tptºftag, K 6píš (Tptº-), hair.]
A later name of Pterothrissus, the typical
genus of the family Pterothrissidae, containing
one known species (Pterothrissus gissu) of deep-
water fishes with some resemblance to a her-
ring or whitefish, found off the coast of Japan.
Hºnºli. (bath-i-thris’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Bathythrissa + -idae.] A family of
malacopterygian fishes, typified by the genus
Bathythrissa. They have an oblong body and rounded
abdomen, covered with cycloid scales; the margin of the
upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries mesially and by
the maxillaries laterally; complete opercular apparatus;
very elongate dorsal fin; a short anal fin; the stomach
with a blind sac ; numerous pyloric appendages; and
¥ductless ovaries. Properly Pterothris8idae.
batiator-root (batſi-ā-tgr-röt"), n. The root of
a West-African plant, Vermonia nigritiana,
used as an emetic and febrifuge.
Batides (batſi-déz), m.pl. [NL., pl. of Batis (a
genus of fishes), K. Gr. Barig, a flat fish, perhaps
the skate or ray.] The rays, as an order of
Selachians. L. Agassiz. See Raide.
lbatingl (bā’ting), n. [Verbal n. of bate1, v.]
The act of beating the wings; fluttering; flut-
tering away.
loating” (bā’ting), prep. [Orig. ppr. of bate?,
for abate; now regarded as a prep.] Abating;
taking away; deducting; excepting.
Bating the outward respect due to his birth, they treat-
ed him [the Prince of Condé] very hardly in all his preten-
sions. Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1677.
bating 3 (bā’ting), n. [Verbal n. of bate5, v.]
The process of steeping hides in a solution of
bird-dung or weak acid, to separate the lime,
oil, and glutinous matter, and render them
soft and pliable, and fit for tanning.
batiste (ba-têst’), n. [K F. batiste, K OF. bap-
tiste; so called, it is said, from its inventor,
One º a linen-weaver of Cambrai (see
batologist (ba-tol (5-jist), n.
baton (bat'gn), v. t.
batooni (ba-tón"), n. [An
475
the Pers. ºnan.]. An Eastern weight varying
in amount in different localities. The batman
formerly legal throughout the Turkish empire, now used
in Constantinople and Smyrna, is 17 pounds avoirdupois:
The great batman of Constantinople is 22.5 pounds; the
little batman is 5.6 pounds. The batman of Tabriz is 6.4
Pounds; the batman of Shiraz is 12.7 pounds; the batman-
rei of Teheran is 28.3 pounds.
bat-money, baw-money (bat’- or bà’-, bà’-
mun'i), n. [K bat} + money..] Money paid to
a batman.
batoid (batºoid), a. and n.
batrachian (ba-träſki-an), a. and n.
Batrachidae, n. pl.
IK Batis (a genus batrachite (bat/ra-kit), n.
batster
[K Batra-
chia + -an.]. I. a. Of or pertaining to the Ba-
trachia, especially frogs and toads.
The batrachian hymns from the neighboring swamp.
O. W. Holmes, Autocrat, ix.
II. n. One of the Batrachia.
batrachid (bat'ra-kid), n. A fish of the family
Bałrachidae.
See Batrachoididae.
[K L. batrachites, K
of fishes) + -oid.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the Gr. Batpaxitmº, a frog-green stone, KBárpaxoſ, a
I3atoidei.
II. m. One of the Batoidei.
Batoidei (ba-toi"dē-i), n. pl. [NL., K. Batis (a
genus of fishes) + -oideus, pl. -oidei.] In Gün-
ther's system of classification, a suborder of
plagiostomatous fishes having ventral gill-
openings: synonymous with Raiaº.
Batolites (bat-à-liſtèz), m. [NL., K F. bāton, a
staff (see baton), + Gr. Ziffog, a stone..] A genus
of straight cylindrical bivalve fossil shells, al-
lied to the hippurites. Some are of great length,
and form masses of rock in the high Alps. Also
written Batolithes and fºliº. K
[K*batolog
Gr. 3 ty (
frog.] 1. A fossil or stone in color resembling
a frog; toadstone.—2. A mineral identical
with the Vesuvian monticellite (which see),
belonging to the chrysolite group.
batrachoid (batºra-koid), a. [K Gr. 3atpaxóóng,
frog-like..] Pertaining to the Batrachia.
Batrachoididae (bat-ra-koi"di-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Batrachoides + -idae.] A family of acanthop-
terygian fishes, typified by the genus Batra-
choides, with unarmed cheeks, a dorsal fin de-
veloped and composed of a few sharp spines,
and jugular and imperfect ventral fins. The
species are mostly inhabitants of subtropical or temperate
seas, and are known in North America as toad-fishes.
ărog, a bramble-bush, H. Zoyſa, K2.ÉYew, batracholite (ba-trak'3-lit), n. IK Gr. 34tpaxoc,
*
Speak: See -ology) + -ist.] A botanist who has a frog, + Affog, a stone..] A fossil batrachian.
made a special study of the genus Rubus, or the batrachomyomachy (bat/ra-kö-mi-om’a-ki), n.
brambles, the numerous European species of
which are very variable and exceedingly diffi-
cult to determine.
baton (batºn, ba-ton', or, as F., bā-tóñº), n.
[This word appears in E. in various forms;
first as baston (K OF. baston = Sp. bastón =
[KL. Batrachomyomachia, KGr. Batpaxopºvopaxia,
name of a mock-heroic poem traditionally as-
cribed to Homer, Kf86tpaxog, a frog, + pig, =
E. mouse, + ptážn, a battle.] A battle between
the frogs and mice; specifically (cap.), the title
of an ancient Greek parody on the Iliad.
Pg. bastão = It. bastone, KML. basto(m-), a stick, batrachophagous (bat-ra-kof’a-gus), a. [K Gr.
staff, of unknown origin), then baton (K F. bā-
ton), with accent on
cent baton’, also spelled batoon, battoon (see
batoon), and recently, esp. in the musical use,
pronounced as F. : see baston, battoon, batten2.]
Bátpaxog, a frog, + payéiv, eat.] Feeding on
st syllable, also spelled frogs; frog-eating; ranivorous.
batton and batten (see battem?), and with F. ac- Bººji
dia (bat"ra-kó-fid’i-á), m. pl. [NL.,
K. Gr. 34tpaxoſ, a frog, + 6%tc, a serpent: see
Ophidian.] An order of Amphibia represented
by the family Caeciliidae: same as Ophiomorpha.
1. A staff or club; a truncheon: carried either . Also Batrachophidii.
(a) for use as a weapon, as a policeman's bat- batrachophobia (bat/ra-kö-fô'bi-á), m.
On; (b) as a mark of authority, as the baton of
a field-marshal; or (c) as a warrant to do
something, as the baton or staff carried in
[K Gr.
Bárpaxos, a frog, + -Øogia, K, Öošeiv, fear.]
Dread of batrachians; aversion to toads, frogs,
etc. [Rare.]
Great Britain by the engineer of a train on a Batrachopsida (bat-ra-kop'si-dà), m.pl. [NL.,
single-track railway, as his authority to pro-
ceed.—2. In music: (a) The stick or wand used
by the leader of a chorus or an orchestra in di-
recting the performance.
When I went home I made myself a baton, and went
about the fields conducting an orchestra. Dickens.
(b) A rest of two or more measures.—3. In
her., same as baston, 1 (c).
Aiso spelled batton.
To wield a good baton, to conduct a musical perform-
ance well.
with a baton; cudgel.
baton-cross (bat’ Qn-krös), m. In her., same as
cross potent (which see, under crossl).
t; older form of baton,
KF. bāton : see baton.] 1. A club or truncheon;
a baton.
Although his shoulders with batoom.
Be claw'd and cudgell'd to some tune.
S. Butler, Hudibras,
2. A staff of office. See baton, 1.-3. In her.,
same as baston, 1 (c).-4. In arch., same as
baston, 2
cambric) in French Flanders.] A fine linen bººk (batſprin’ting), m. In ceram., a
cloth made in Flanders and Picardy; also, a
variety of cotton muslim.
batlerl# (bat'lér), n. [Appar. for battler”, q.v.
Found only in Shakspere, with a var. batlet.] A
small bat or beetle for beating clothes in wash-
ing; a clothes-pounder. Also called batlet, bat-
tler, battril.
I remember the kissing of her batler [so in early edi-
tions, but in most modern editions batlet], and the cow's
dugs that her pretty chopped hands had milked.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 4.
batler?H. See batteler.
batlett (bat'let), n. [K batl -H dim. -let; but
pºps an error for batlerl, q.v.] Same as
batley’l.
batman.1 (bat’- or bà’man), n.; pl. batmen
(-men). [Formerly also bateman; K batá (F.
bát), a pack-saddle, + man.] A person al-
lowed by the government to every company of
a regiment on foreign service. His duty is to take
charge of the cooking utensils, etc., of the company.
There is in the charge of the batman a bathorse for each
company to convey the cooking utensils from place to
place. Imp. Dict. [Great Britain.]
batman? (batſman), n. [= Russ, batmanč, K
Turk, batman, bātmān, a weight, the same as
Batrachia (ba-träſki-á), m. pl.
mode of printing patterns in color upon glazed
Ware. An engraving on copper is made with fine lines,
from which an impression is taken in linseed-oil on a thin
slab of gelatin. This impression is transferred to the glazed
ware, and over it is then dusted a metallic color, which
clings to the oil, and is afterward melted and fixed by fir-
ing. See bati, 13.
[NL., prop.
Iłatrachia, K. Gr. 3atpážeta, neut. P. (SC. §§a,
animals) of 3atpáxelog, frog-like, K Götpaxoſ, a
frog, with numerous dialectic variants, Bápakoç,
£párayog, gp6taxog, 36TPaxos, 3ptſtyoc, 8tpóakoç,
ã6pakoç, etc., indicating an imitative origin.]
1. Generally, as in Cuvier's system of classifi-
cation, a division of reptiles, containing the
frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, etc., and co-
extensive with the modern class Amphibia;
the amphibians, or those vertebrates which
breathe at first by gills, and then, generally,
lose the gills and breathe by lungs.-2.
an order of Amphibia, synonymous with Anura?
(which see), containing the frogs and toads
only: but the term is rarely used in this
Sen Se. The leading families are the Pipidae, or Suri-
nam toads; the Ranidae, frogs; the Bufonidae, ordinary batster (batºstěr), n,
toads; and the Hylidae, tree-frogs. See cut under Anwrā.
bat-shell (bat'shel), m.
K. Gr. 36tpaxog, a frog, + 6 pag, appearance, +
eiðog, form.] A primary group or superclass of
Vertebrata, conterminous with the class Am-
#: contrasted with Sauropsida.
atrachospermeae (bat"ra-kā-spér’mé-É), m.pl.
[NL., K. Batrachospermum + -ea..] A small
group of fresh-water algae classed with the red
seaweeds, consisting of articulated filaments
with whorls of necklace-like branches. The
principal genus is Batrachospermum, abun-
dantly represented in the United States.
[K baton, n.] To strike Batrachospermum (bat/ra-kö-spér’mum), n.
[NL., K. Gr. 36tpaxog, a frog, + atéppia, seed.]
A genus of algae, belonging to the subclass of
red seaweeds, Florideae, and family Helmintho-
cladiaceae. Batrachospermum moniliforme is the com-
monest of the few red algae which are found in fresh
water. It consists of necklace-like branching filaments
tinged with some shade of red or sometimes only blue-
green, and grows in ditches and springs.
II. ii. 719 batrachostomous (bāt-ra-kos’tö-mus), a... [K
T. Bátpaxog, a frog, + otóua, mouth.] Frog-
mouthed; having a mouth like a frog : spe-
cifically applied to birds of the genus Ba-
trachoStomus,
Batrachostomus (bat-ra-kos’tö-mus), m. [NL.,
Gr. 867paroc, a frog, + orðua, mouth...] A.
genus of East Indian fissirostral picarian birds,
of the family Caprimulgidae, or goatsuckers,
sometimes combined with Podargus in a family
Podargidae, the frogmouths, or frog-mouthed
goatsuckers: so called from the enormous ex-
tent of the mouth. The genus includes a number of
Species of India, Java, Borneo, Ceylon, Malacca, etc., which
are among the very largest and most notable of the capri-
mulgine series. B. javamensis is a leading species. Bom-
bycistoma and Bombycistomus are synonyms.
K
Batrachus (batºra-kus), n. [L., KGr. 367paroc, a
frog: see Batrachia.] A genus of fishes con-
taining the toad-fish, B, taw, of the North At-
lantic, and several closely related species.
Now called Opsanus.
[K bat? -- shell.] A
mollusk, a species of Voluta, W. vespertilio, of a
Also, #dusky-brown color.
batsman (batsman), m.; pl. batsmen (-men).
[K bat's, poss. of bat!, -i- man.] One who wields
the bat in base-ball, cricket, and similar
games; a batter.
[K bat!, v., + -ster.] A
batsman or batter.
batt
batt, n. An obsolete spelling of bat!, still occa-
sionally used in some senses. See batl, 10, 11.
battal (bat'É), 3. [Anglo-Ind., formerly also
battee (cf. batty?), Pg. bata (later in Hind., etc.,
bhatā, bhātā, allowance for maintenance), per-
haps K Canarese bhatta, rice in the husk (see
batty?), generalized to ‘subsistence.’] In Brit-
ish India: (a) Subsistence-money given to
Soldiers, witnesses, prisoners, and others. (b)
An allowance in addition to their pay origi-
nally made to º serving in the field.
‘‘Military batta, originally an occasional allowance, as
defined, grew to be a constant addition to the pay of offi-
cers in India, and constituted the chief part of the excess
of Indian over English military emoluments.” (Pule and
Burmell.) It was reduced one half by the governor-gen-
eral Lord William Bentinck in 1828.
batta? (bat’ā), n. [Anglo-Ind. Hind, battá,
Beng. bāttā (cerebral t).] In British India,
agio; discount; difference of exchange.
battablet (bat'a-bl), a. [K bat-in battle3, bat-
ten”, etc., + -able; perhaps, like batful, a per-
version of battle3, a..] Fattening; serviceable
as pasture. Also spelled batable.
Masinissa made many inward parts of Barbary and Nu-
midia in Africk (before his time, incult and horrid) fruit-
ful and battable by this means.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., "To the Reader.
battage (ba-tázh"), n.
bate!..] 1. Beating; the operation of beating.
–2. In agri., threshing.—3. The operation of
pulverizing or incorporating the ingredients of
gunpowder by the old method of stamping with
pestles.
Also wrongly spelled batage.
battailant, a. and m. [Also batteilant, battel-
lant, K F. bataillant, ppr. of batailler, combat:
see battle1, v.] I. a. Combatant.
I saw an Elephant,
Adorn'd with bells and bosses gorgeouslie,
That on his backe did beare (as batteilant)
A gilden towre, which shone exceedinglie.
Spemser, World's Vanitie, st. 8.
II. m. A combatant.
battailous? (bat’ e-lus), a. [Early mod. E. also
battelous, battellous, battlous, etc., K. M.E. batai-
lous, batelouse, batellows, K OF. bataillous,
bateillous, warlike, K bataille, battle..] War-
like ; bellicose; ready for battle.
In sunbright armes, and battailous array.
Spemser, F. Q., I. v. 2.
The French came foremost, battailous and bold.
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, i. 37.
Thoughts and images like stately fleets, . . . some deep
with silk and spicery, some brooding over the silent thun-
ders of their battailows armaments.
Lowell, Among my Books, ii. 241.
battaliał (ba-tá’liá), n. [Early mod. E. also ba-
talia, batallia, battaglio, etc., K It. battaglia (=
Sp. batalla = Pg. Pr. batalha = OF. bataille, >
E. battle1), battle, squadron: see battle1.] 1.
Order of battle; battle array.
I have made all his troops and companies
Advance, and put themselves ranged in battalia.
Chapman, Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois, iii. 1.
2. Milit.: (a) A large body of men in order of
battle or on the march, whether a whole army
or one of the great divisions of it; a host; an
army.
R. Rich. Who hath descried the number of the traitors?
Nor. Six or seven thousand is their utmost power.
K. Rich. Why, our battalia trebles that account.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 3.
[This is the reading of the folios; the quarto editions read
battalion.]
In three battalias does the king dispose
His strength, which all in ready order stand,
And to each other's rescue near at hand.
May, Edward III.
(b) The main body or center of an army.
Wee quickly plac'd Jockey in the right wing, Sir John
in the left wing, and Old Nick in the Battalia.
Sacr. Decretal, 14. (N. E. D.)
battalion (ba-tal'ygn), n., [Formerly, also ba-
tallion, bataillon, etc., K F., bataillon, K It. bat-
tagliome, battalion, aug. of battaglia, a battle,
squadron: see battalia, battle!..] 1+. An army
in battle array.
He through the armed files
Darts his experienced eye, and soon trayerse
The whole battalion view8. Milton, P. L., i. 569.
2. In general, any distinct portion of an army
or minor body of troops acting together: as,
God is on the side of the largest battalions (a
saying attributed to Turenne); a battalion of
infantry, cavalry, grenadiers, voltigeurs, etc. In
the Unitää States two or more detached companies of in-
fantry, squadrons of cavalry, or batteries of artillery serv-
ing together are called a battalion, simply for convenience.
3. Technically, a body of infantry composed
of two or more companies forming part of a
regiment. In all modern armies a battalion
of infantry is composed of four companies, and
a battalion of artillery of four batteries. A
[F., K battre, beat : see” battel4 (bat'l)
battelert, m.
*all thy lifetime.
battement (bat’ ment; F. pron. bat-e-moi"), n.
battenl (batºn), v.
476
battalion is commanded by a major. Three
battalions constitute a regiment; but the num-
ber in a regiment varies in different countries
and at different periods.
battalioned (ba-tal’yond), a.
-ed?..] Formed into battalions.
batteau, n. See bateaw.
battelli, n. and v. See battle1.
battel?t, v. See battle?.
battel3+, a. and v. See battle8.
battel4 (bat'l), n. [Usually in pl. battels, also
battles, battells, first found in the 16th century,
Latinized batill?, batellaº; a peculiar college
use, of uncertain origin. The sense of ‘provi-
sions' appears much later than that of ‘charges
therefor,” but, if original, suggests a connection
with battel3, battle8, v., feed: see battle8.] 1. pl.
At the university of Oxford in England: (a) off.
lege accounts for board and provisions supplied
from the kitchen and buttery. (b) The whole
of the college accounts for board and lodgings,
rates, tuition, and contributions to various
funds.—2. At Eton college, a small allowance
of food which, in addition to the college allow-
ance, the collegers receive from their dames.
Ičichardson.
IK battalion +
v. i. ... [K battel4, n.] To stand
indebted in the college-books at Oxford for
provisions and drink from the buttery.
[Also batteller, battler, batler; K
battel4, battle4, -- -erl.] 1. A student at Oxford
indebted in the college-books for provisions
and drink at the buttery.—2. One of a rank or
order of students at Oxford below commoners;
a poor student.
Pierce Pennyless, exceeding poor scholar, that hathmade
clean shoes in both universities, and been a pitiful battler
Middleton, The Black Book.
[F., K battré, beat: see baiel, bat!, and -ment.]
1. A beating; striking; impulse.—2. In music,
a trill-like ornament, consisting of a slow shake
of a tone with the next tone below, beginning
with the latter: commonin old-fashioned music.
[Not found in ME., but
prob. existent dialectally; K. Icel. batna, grow
better, improve, recover, = Goth.ga-batman, be
bettered, profit, avail, a neut. passive form from
the pp. *batans of a lost strong verb, *batan
(pret. *bót), be useful, profit, boot, represented
secondarily by
h P. and in E. by the derived forms betl, bet-
terſ, and bootl: see betl, betterl, and bootl. A
noun, “bat, improvement, profit (cf. Icel. bati,
improvement, advantage, D. baat, MLG. LG.
bate, advantage, profit, gain), is implied as the
formal base of the adjectives batful, battable,
but these are appar. manipulated forms of the
orig. adj. battle3, from the verbal root.] I. in-
trans. 1. To become better; improve in condi-
tion (especially by feeding); grow fat; thrive.
It makes her fat, you see; she battems with it.
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, ii. 1.
2. To feed gluttonously; figuratively, gratify
a morbid appetite or craving; gloat: absolute-
ly, or with on or upon.
Have you eyes?
Could you on this fair mountain leave to feed,
And batten on this moor? Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
Her savage birds
O'er human carcasses do scream and batten. J. Baillie.
The moths, that were then battening upon its obsolete
ledgers and day-books, have rested from their depreda-
tions. Lamb, South-Sea House.
Melancholy sceptics . . . who batten on the hideous
facts in history. Emersom, Society and Solitude, x. 220.
3. Figuratively, to thrive; prosper; live in
ease and luxury, especially at the expense or
to the detriment of others: with on, formerly
also with : as, to batten on ill-gotten gains.
And with these thoughts so battens, as if fate
Would be as easily cheated on as he.
B. Jonson, Volpome, i. 1.
II. trans. 1. To improve by feeding; fat-
ten; make fat or cause to thrive with plenteous
feeding.
Battening our flocks with the fresh dews of night.
Milton, Lycidas, l. 29.
+2}. To fertilize or enrich (the soil).
batten” (batºn), n. [A, more English spelling
of batton, baton, prevailing in the non-litera.
uses of the word: see baton, batoon, baston.
1. A strip or .# of Wood. Specifically—
a) A bar nailed across parallel boards (as those forming a
oor, shutter, etc.) to keep them together. (b) One of the
strips used as supports for the laths of a plastered wall,
or for nailing over the cracks between boards. § One of
the narrow strips nailed to a mast or spar, at a place ex-
posed to friction, to prevent chafing. (d) A narrow strip
used to nail down the edges of a tarpaulin over a hatch-
batten? (bat’m), v. t.
battening (batºning), n.
tem?
batter 1 (bat’ér), v.
D. MLG. LG. baten, profit, avail,
batter? (bat’ér), v. i.
batter {
way, to prevent leaking in stormy weather, (e) A wooden
bar or cleat nailed to the beam of a ship, from which the
seamen's hammocks are slung. (f) One of the long slips
used in the molding-loft of a ship-yard in tracing lines
and setting fair the shear of a ship in molding.
2. In com., squared timber of 6 or more feet
in length, 7 inches in width, and 2% inches
in thickness, used in carpentry and house-
building for various purposes. Pieces less
than 6 feet long are known as batten-ends.--
3. In weaving, the beam for striking the weft
home; a lathe.—Louvered or loovered battens,
battens fitted in frames, or between stanchions, in parti-
tions, etc., at such an angle as to admit air, and yet to pre-
went 'dirt from entering.” Fincham, Ship-building, iv. 83.
See lowver.
[K batten?, n.] To form
or fastem with battens.—To batten down the
hatches of a ship, to cover them with tarpaulins and nail
battens over their edges, so as to prevent water from leak-
ing below during bad weather.
batten-door (batºn-dór), n. A door made of
narrow boards held together by means of cross-
battens mailed to them.
[He] stepped cautiously up to one of the batten doors
with an auger, and succeeded, without arousing any one,
in boring a hole. G. W. Cable, The Grandissimes, p. 407.
Verbal m. of bat-
..] 1. The operation of fixing to a wall bat-
tens, to which are to be nailed laths to receive
plastering.—2. The battens fixed to a wall for
this purpose.
[K ME. bateren, batren,
with freq. formative -er, K bat- (repr. in M.E. by
baten (only intrans.) in the sense of bate or
flutter as a hawk (see bate1); in later ME.
and mod. E. regarded as freq. of bat (late M.E.
battem), from the noun bat!, which may be of
the same ult, origin), KOF. batre, F. battre =
Pr. batre = Sp. batir = Pg. bater = It. battere,
KML. (LL.) batere, battere for L. batuere, bat-
tuere, beat, strike: see batel, battle1, etc. Not
connected with E. beat.1.] I. trans. 1. To beat
upon or against; strike with repeated blows;
#. violently, as with the fist, a hammer or
ludgeon, a battering-ram, cannon-shot, etc.:
as, to batter a door for admittance; to batter
the walls of a city (with or without effect).
The thunderer, whose bolt, you know,
Sky-planted, batters all rebellious coasts.
Shak., Cymbeline, v. 4.
[The] whole artillery of the western blast,
Battering the Temple's front, its long-drawn nave,
Smiting as if each noment were their last.
Wordsworth, Cave of Staffa.
2. To bruise, break, or shatter by beating; in-
jure the substance of by blows; pound out of
form or condition: as, to batter a person's
countenance; a battered wall or tower; to bat-
ter type (that is, bruise the face of it).
Now were the walls beaten with the rams, and many parts
thereof shaken and battered. Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 397.
3. In forging, to spread outwardly, as the ends
of a metal bar or rod, by hammering; upset.
JE. H. Knight.
II. intrans. To act by beating or striking;
use repeated blows; practise pounding: as, to
batter away at a door; to batter upon a wall;
battering cannon.
With all her battering engines bent to rase
Some capital city. Milton, P. L., ii. 923.
Besiegers break ground at a safe distance, and advance
gradually till near enough to batter.
Abp. Whately, Elem. of Rhetoric, I. iii. § 5.
To batter at, to make attacks upon; try to overthrow or
destroy.
The tyrant has not batter'd at their peace?
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3.
To batter in breach. (a) To direct a heavy cannonade
from a breaching battery against a selected part of the
wall or rampart inclosing an enemy's fortification, in
order to level or destroy it, and make an effective breach
or opening through which an assault in force may be
made. , (b) Specifically, to attempt to breach an enemy's
Works by means of a battery mounted in the third paral-
lel. To batter in breach, a sufficient number of guns
should be employed to maintain a practically continuous
fire, so as to prevent the enemy from repairing the dam-
age, and to obtain the cumulative effect due to heavy
firing against a single point. Breaching is sometimes ac-
complished by firing simultaneous or alternate volleys
from two or more batteries.
batterl (bat’ér), n. [K batterl, v.] 1. A heavy
blow.—2. In printing, a blur or defect in a
sheet produced by battered type; a spot show-
ing the broken state of the type.—3. In ceram.,
a mallet used to flatten out wet clay before
molding. See batting-block.
[Origin unknown; per-
haps connected in some way with batterſ, or
with F. abattre, beat down.] To incline from
the perpendicular: said of a wall whose face
recedes as it rises: opposed to overhang.
Retaining and breast walls batter towards the bank.
E. H. Knight, Amer. Mech. Dict., I, 247.
batter
batter? (bat’ér), m. [KME. bater, batere, batour,
bature, K OF. bature, a beating, metaſ beated
out thin, K batre, beat; cf. Sp. %. batter, K
batir, beat: see batter1. É. batture.] 1. A
mixture of several ingredients, as flour, eggs,
Salt, etc., beaten together with some liquid,
used in cookery.—2. Flour and water made
into paste; specifically, the paste used in sizing
cloth. . [Scotch.]
'batterê (bat’ér), v. t. [Sc., K batter3, n., 2.] To
paste together; cover with things pasted on:
as, to batter the walls with placards. [Scotch.]
batter4 (bat’ér), n., [K bail, v., + -erl.] . One
who bats; especially, in base-ball and cricket,
one who wields the bat; the batsman.
He [the bowler] bowls a ball almost wide to the off; the
batter steps out, and cuts it beautifully to where cover-
point is standing.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown's School-Days, ii. 8.
battered (bat'êrd), p. 4. [K batteri 4: -ed”.]
Beaten down or bruised; worn or impaired, as
'by beating or long service: as, a battered pave-
ment; battered type; a battered jade.
The Tory party, according to those perverted views of
Toryism unhappily too long prevalent in this country,
was held to be literally defunct, except by a few old bat-
tered crones of office. Disraeli.
Thatterer (bat’ér-ēr), n. One who batters or
beats.
batterfangt, v. t. [Appar. K batterl + fang.]
To assail with fists and nails; beat and beclaw.
[Obsolete or prov. Eng.] N. E. D.
patter-head (bat’ér-hed), n. That head of a
drum which is beaten.
batteriał (ba-té’ ri-á), n. . [ML.: see battery,
13.] Beaten metal, or metal prepared for beat-
ing: a term used from the fourteenth to the
seventeenth century for the thin plate-metal of
which vessels and utensils were made. See bat-
tery, 13.
batterie (bat’ér-i), m. [F., a beating, etc.: see
battery.] 1. A roll upon the side- or snare-
drum.—2. A method of playing the guitar by
striking the strings instead of plucking them.—
3. An obsolete designation for a staccato arpeg-
iation of the chords of an accompaniment.
ompare Alberti bass (under bass3) and arpeggio.
battering (bat’ér-ing), p. a. [Ppr. of batter?..]
iºns upward and inward, as a terrace or
&Ilk.
The system of its construction is that known as pyram-
idal or battering. hemoewm, No. 3067, p. 182.
battering-charge (bat’ &r-ing-chärj), 'm. The
maximum charge of powder prescribed for use
in heavy guns; a charge used in battering an
enemy’s works.
battering-gun (bat’ &r-ing-gun), n. Same as
battering-piece.
battering-piece (bat’ér-ing-pês), n. Milit.,.a.
cannon of heavy caliber adapted for demolish-
#ing defensive works.
battering-ram (bat’ér-ing-ram), n. 1. An an-
cient military engine consisting of a large beam
shod with metal, sometimes with a head some-
what resembling the head of a ram (whence the
name), used to batter or beat down the defenses
of besieged places. In its simplest form it was car-
ried and forcibly driven against the wall by the hands of
the soldiers, but more commonly it was suspended by ropes
from a beam which Was Supported by posts, and balanced
so as to swing backward and forward, being in this way
impelled against the Wall with much more ease and effect.
It was also often mounted on wheels and worked under
cover, the assailants being protected by a movable shed
from the missiles of the besieged.
2. A heavy blacksmiths' hammer, suspended,
and worked horizontally.
battering-rule, m. See batter-rule.
battering-train (bat'êr-ing-trän), m. Milit., a
train of heavy ordnance for siege operations.
batter-level (bat’ér-lev"el), m. An instrument
for measuring the inclination of a slope. See
clinometer.
batter-rule, battering-rule (bat'êr-röl, -ing-
röl), n. An instrument for regulating the bat-
ter or inclination in building a sloping wall.
It consists of a plumb-line attached to a triangular frame,
one side of which is fixed at the required angle with the
line, the plummet hanging vertically.
Battersea, enamel. See enamel.
battery (bat’ér-i), n. ; pl. batteries (-iz). [Early
*mod. E. also batery, batterie, K F. batterie (= Pr.
bataria = Sp. Pg. bateria = It. batteria; M.L.
batteria), a beating, battery, K battré, beat: see
batter1 and -ery.] 1+. The act of battering; at-
tack or assault, with the view of beating down,
as by a battering-ram or by ordnance.
At one place above the rest, by continual batterie there
was such a breach as the towne lay open and naked to the
enemie, Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 397.
477
Bring therefore all the forces that ye may,
And lay incessant battery to her heart. º
Spenger, Sonnets, xiv.
Long time you fought, redoubled battery bore,
But, after all, against yourself you swore.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, 1.626.
2. In law, the unlawful beating of another.
The least degree of violence, or even the touching or spit-
ting in the face of another, in anger or insolence, consti-
tutes a battery. Every battery includes an assault, though
an assault does not necessarily imply that it must be such
as to threaten a battery. See assault.
3. The instrument or agency employed in bat-
tering or attacking: as, a battery of guns; a
battery of abuse. Specifically—4. Milit.: (a)
A body of cannon for field operations, consist-
ing generally of from 4 to ; guns, with Com-
plement of wagons, artillerymen, etc., (b) The
armament of a ship of war: as, the Colorado's
battery consists of 46 nine-inch guns.—5. The
personnel or complement of officers and men
attached to a military battery.—6. In fort., a
parapet thrown up to cover the gunners and
others from the enemy’s shot, with the guns
employed; a fortified work mounting artillery.
Admiral Farragut had run the batteries at Port Hudson
with the flagship Hartford and one iron-clad and visited
me from below Vicksburg.
U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 464.
7. In base-ball, the pitcher and catcher together:
as, the work of the battery was excellent.—
8. (a) Infrictional elect., a number of Leyden
Leyden-jar Battery.
jars usually arranged with their inner coatings
connected together, and their outer coatings
also connected, so that they may all be charged
and discharged at the same time. If arranged so
that the inner coating of one is in connection with the
outer coating of the next, and so on, they are said to be
charged (or discharged) in cascade. (b) In voltaic
Fis
... ºf 'wº
Fºx,
Voltaic Plunge-battery.
elect., a voltaic cell, or more properly a num-
ber of voltaic cells (see cell) arranged together
so as to give a powerful current of electricity.
The way in which the cells are coupled
depends upon the nature of the cur-
rent which is desired and the relation
between the external and internal re-
sistance. (See resistance.) For example,
if the cells are arranged in series, the
copper of the first with the zinc of the
next, and so on, the result is to give
the maximum electromotive force; on
the other hand, if arranged abreast, all
the zincs being connected together,
and all the copper plates together, the
electromotive force is the same as for
a single cell, but the internal or bat-
tery resistance is diminished, and hence
the strength of the current or the quan-
tity of electricity may, under certain
conditions, be much increased. The ſ
first method is sometimes spoken of #Fºs
in popular language as the arrange-
ment for intensity, the second for
quantity. An early form of battery
was Volta's pile, and another his cow-
Tomme des tasses, or “crown of cups.”
The different kinds of battery are
named according to the materials or the form of the cells
of which they are composed, or the way in which the cells
are arranged. Some of the commoner kinds are the
Daniell, Grove, Bwnsen, Le Clanché, gravity, bichromate,
etc. For a description of these and others, see cell.
9. In optics, a series of lenses or of prisms,
as in the spectroscope, combined in use.—10.
i
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ſº ºt
ſº
**
Volta's Pile or Bat-
c -
2, positive wire; m,
negative wire.
battery
In mach., an assemblage of similar construc-
tions or parts: as, a battery of boilers; a battery
of stamps in a stamping-mill; a battery of
sugar-kettles.
The dark sugar-house; the battery of huge caldrons, with
their yellow juice boiling like a sea, half-hidden in clouds
of steam. G. W. Cable, Creoles of Louisiana, p. 112.
11. In the manufacture of nitric acid, a com-
bination of large bottles and carboys serving
as a condensing apparatus for the acid vapors.
—12. In hat-making, a large open boiler con-
taining water to which some sulphuric acid
has been added. It is surrounded by planks
which slope toward the center, and is used
in felting.—13. Metals, or articles of metal,
especially of brass or copper, wrought by ham-
mering; hammered metals or utensils; espe-
cially, apparatus for preparing or serving meals;
all metallic utensils of service for the kitchen.
Compare batteria.
Soon our tea battery came in, and she [the maid-servant]
was forced to surrender the table for our use. The first
instruments of the aforesaid battery looked like prepara-
tions for scrubbing the floor. Harper's Mag., LXVI. 695.
There are [in Middelburg Town-hall museum], among
other things, the grand old feasting batteries of the vari-
ous guilds and corporations. Harper's Mag., LXIX. 334.
14. An oblong box submerged to the rim in the
water, used as a boat, and for concealment, by
persons engaged in shooting wild fowl; a sink-
boat.
One of the commonest and most successful methods of
killing fowl along the seaboard is from batteries.
Forest and Stream, XXIII. 441.
15. In coal-mining: (a) A structure built of
timber, to keep the coal in the breast or pre-
vent it from sliding down the shute. (b) A
platform on which miners stand while work-
ing in thin and steeply pitching beds of coal.
ball.—Covered batte
[Pennsylvania.]—Ambulant battery, a battery of
heavy siege-guns provided with traveling-carriages to
transport them from point to point.— Anderson bat-
tery, a galvanic battery using zinc and carbon in baths
of muriate of ammonia, oxalate of chromium, and po-
tassium.—Barbette battery. See barbette.—Battery
amalgamation, in mining, amalgamation effected by
placing mercury in the battery or mortars while the
metalliferous rock is being stamped. —Blinded bat-
tery, a battery in which the guns are protected by an
armored parapet, by bomb-proof blinds or casemates, or
by embrasure-casings or mantelets.- Breaching-bat-
tery, a battery so placed that its fire is perpendicular, or
nearly so, to a line of wall or parapet to be breached. It
is used for making an opening in the enemy's works
through which an assaulting column may enter.—Cava-
lier battery, a battery mounted in the cavalier (which
see), and arranged to deliver a plunging fire into the
works of an assailant.—Clearing-battery, in breweries,
an arrangement for straining the wort from the vat. It
includes a device for cutting off the flow when the wort
has attained a sufficient depth.- Counter-battery. (a)
A battery intended to silence and overthrow guns of the
defense which bear upon the breaching-batteries. Its
guns are generally so placed as to fire along the ditches
of the works. (b) Any battery opposed to another. Tid-
, a battery concealed from the
enemy, and intended to deliver a vertical fire. Tidball.—
Cross-batteries, two or more batteries whose lines of
fire intersect.— Direct tº: a battery whose fire is
perpendicular to the line of works attacked.—Enfilading
battery, a battery which sweeps the length of an enemy's
line, or takes him on the flank.-Fascine battery, a
battery of which the parapet is wholly or partially made
of fascines: used where the earth is loose or sandy.—
Floating battery, a battery erected either on a simple
raft or on a ship's hull, for the defense of the coast or
for the bombardment of an enemy's ports. The name is
sometimes given to a type of ship which, though it may be
provided with independent propelling power, is designed
primarily not for navigation, but merely to afford support
and cover to heavy guns.— Gabion battery, a battery
with a parapet formed of gabions filled with earth or
sand.—Galvanic battery, a pile or series of plates of
copper and zinc, or of any materials susceptible of gal-
vanic action. See galvanic.— Grove’s gas-battery, a
battery in which the cell consists of two glass tubes partly
filled with water, and the remainder with oxygen and
hydrogen respectively: in these tubes two platinum elec-
trodes are immersed.— Horizontal battery, a battery
the interior or terreplein of which is on the natural
level of the ground. , Tidball. —Indented battery, or
battery a crémaillère, a battery constructed with sa-
lient and reëntrant angles for obtaining an oblique as well
as a direct fire, and to afford shelter from the enfilade fire
of the enemy. Tidball.—Joint batteries, batteries whose
fire is directed against the same object ºf atimer-Ciark
battery, an electric battery intended as a standard, the
electromotive force being constant. It is a combination of
zinc in Sulphate of zinc and mercury in sulphate of mercury.
E. H. Knight.—Light battery. (a) A mounted field-bat-
tery. (b) A battery composed of guns of small caliber.—
Magnetic battery. See amagnetic.—Masked battery, a
battery artificially concealed until required to open upón
the enemy. Tidball.–Mortar-battery, a battery having
an armament of mortars. Such batteries are constructed
With a parapet without embrasures, an interior slope not re-
yetted, but retaining the natural slope of the soil, and plat-
forms horizontal instead of inclining slightly toward the
front, as in gun-batteries. See cut on next page.—Moun-
tain battery, a battery of light guns, so fitted that the
pieces and their carriages may be transported upon the
backs of mules or pack-horses.—Obliqué battery, a bat-
tery whose line of fire makes an angle of 20° or more with the














battery
"batting-machine (bat'ing-ma-shēn"), n.
battish (bat’ish), a.
battle1 (bat'l), n.
478
insect, of the order Diptera and family Nycteri-
biidae (which see); so called because it infests
|bats. The name is given to all the species of
the family.
battilt, battillt, a. Variant spellings of battle8.
batting (bat’ing), n. IVerbal n. of bat!, v.] 1.
The act or process of washing or smoothing
limen with a bat.—2. The process of beating
raw cotton with hazel- or holly-twigs, on a frame
made of cords, for the purpose of opening the
matted locks, or of beating out impurities.—3.
Cotton or wool prepared in thick but light mat-
ted sheets for quilts or bed-covers, the quilting
of garments, etc. Also called bat, batts.-4,
The act or manner of using a bat in a game of
ball: as, their batting was good.
batting-block (bat'ing-blok), n. In ceram., a
block of wet plaster or wood upon which clay
is flattened out by a batter before it is shaped
on the potter's wheel or by a mold and tº:
See batterl, 3.
A
machine in which cotton taken from the wil-
lowing-machine is scutched, blown, and lapped
to prepare it for the carding-machine. [Eng.
bāţă 3. º
ing-staff (bat'ing-stäf), n. [Cf. battler
and batlet.] small mallet sometimes used
in laundries for beating linem; a beetle.
{º º [{bat? ---ish 1.] Of, per-
taining to, or resembling a bat. [Rare.]
She clasp'd his limbs, by impious labour tired,
With battish wings.
Wermon, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., viii.
[Early mod. E. also battel (a
spelling still often used archaically, as in wager
of battel), K ME. batel, batelle, batayle, bataile,
bataille, & Öf balasiiººr. Pg. batalha = Sp.
battulla = It. battaglia, KLL. battalia, battwalia,
the fighting and fencing exercises of soldiers and
#. K battere, L. battuere, batuere, beat,
ght, fence: see batterl and bate1.] 1. A fight,
hostile encounter, or engagement between op-
posing forces on land or sea; an important and
systematic engagement between independent
armies or fleets. Actions and affairs are engagements
of less magnitude than battles, and are often unpremedi-
tated, the result of surprises, or the meeting of armed re-
connoitering parties, though the latter is usually termed
a skirmish. Battles are classed as parallel or oblique, ac-
cording to the relative positions of the contending armies
in order of battle; strategic, when fought upon an objec-
tive point selected in planning a campaign, as were the
battles of Marengo and Nashville ; general, when the
whole or the greater part of both armies are engaged;
artial, when only brigades, divisions, or army corps are
Tought into action; offensive, when an army seeks the
enemy and attacks him wherever he is encountered; de-
Jensive, when a position is selected with the design of
awaiting and repelling the enemy; mixed or defensive-
offensive, when an army selects and occupies a position in
advance, awaits the approach of the enemy, and at the
proper moment moves out to engage him.
2. An encounter between two persons; a duel
or single combat.—3. A fight or encounter be:
tween animals, especially when pitted against
each other for the amusement of spectators.
If we draw lots, he [Caesar] speeds:
His cocks do win the battle still of mine,
When it is all to nought ; and his quails ever
Beat mime, inhoop'd, at odds.
Shak., A. and C., ii. 3.
4. Warfare; hostile action; actual conflict
with enemies: as, wounds received or honors
gained in battle.
Who is this King of glory? The Lordstrong and mighty,
the Lord mighty in battle. Ps. xxiv. 8.
5. Any contest or conflict; struggle for mas-
tery or victory: as, the battle of life.
Of the six genera, Drosera has been incomparably the
most successful in the battle for life; and a large part of
its success may be attributed to its manner of catching
insects. I)arwin, Insectiv. Plants, p. 357.
6+. An army prepared for or engaged in fight.
Fire answers fire, and through their paly flames
Each battle sees the other's umber'd face.
s Shak., Hen. W., iv. (cho.).
7+. A body of forces, or division of an army;
a battalion.
Then the Battels were staied, and set in such order as
they should fight.
J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, iii. 32.
8#. More specifically—(a) The main or middle
body of an army or fleet, as distinguished
from the van and rear.
Angus led the avant-guard, himself followed with the
battle a good distance behind, and after came the arrier.
Sir J. Hayward.
(b) That portion of the army, wherever placed
and of whatever consisting, which is regarded
as of main importance.
The cavalry, by way of distinction, was called the battle,
perpendicular to the interior crest of the enemy's works:
so called in contradistinction to a direct battery.— Open
battery, a battery entirely exposed, that is, unprotected
by a parapet.— Plunge-battery, an electric battery so
arranged that the metals can be removed from the liquid
when not in use.-Raised battery, a battery whose terre-
plein is elevated considerably above the ground. Tidball.
— Redan battery, a battery giving a cross or flanking
fire from a salient or reëntrant angle of a fortification. —
Reverse battery, a battery which fires directly or, ob-
liquely upon the rear of a work or line of troops.-RicO-
Chet battery, a battery which fires horizontally or at a low
angle of elevation, so that the projectiles graze and bound
along the surface of the ground or water. Smooth-bore
guns firing spherical projectiles are most effective for
ricochet fire.—Siege-battery, a battery for siege opera-
tions. Such batteries are either fiaced, comprising siege-
guns and mortars of the heaviest caliber and largest size,
or movable, consisting of field-guns and small mortars.-
Storage battery, or secondary battery, in elect.; a com-
bination of secondary cells or accumulators which When
once charged may be used for a considerable time after
as a source of an electrical current. The Planté type o
cell consists of lead plates, usually corrugated or perfor-
ated to offer a large surface, and immersed in dilute sul-
phuric acid. In the Faure type of cell the lead plates are
covered with oxid of lead and so the capacity of the cell
greatly increased. The cell is charged by sending an
electric current through it. By the chemical action of
this current the surface of the positive battery plate is
converted into brown peroxid of lead, the surface of the
negative into gray Spongy lead. The chemical energy
thus stored up is given back when discharging the cell,
in the form of a continuous current, and the surface of the
battery plates converted back into oxid of lead. When
improperly handled, the cell is destroyed by the forma-
tion of sulphate of lead. In the Edison battery the posi-
tive plate, a, is a perforated nickel-plated steel shell filled
with oxid of nickel, the negative, b, is a perforated nickel-
plated steel shell filled with oxid of iron, and the solution
is caustic potash. In charging, the materials are changed
Tespectively into peroxid of nickel and spongy iron. De-
structive secondary reactions, as the formation of sulphate
in the lead battery, do not occur in the Edison battery.
Edison Storage Battery.
a, positive plate ; b, negative plate.
—Sunken battery, a battery in which the sole of the
embrasure is on a level with the ground, and the platform
is consequently sunk below it. (Tidball.) The parapet is
formed from the earth excavated from the site constitut:
ing the platform.—Half-sunken battery, a battery of
which the parapet is formed partly from earth taken
from the inside or terreplein, and partly from a ditch
outside.—Urticating batteries, in zoöl., the nematocysts
or thread-cells of hydroid polyps.-Water-battery, an
electric battery in which the liquid employed is water. It
is useless as a source of a current, because of the high re-
sistance of the water, but, by having a large number of zinc-
copper couples, a high and constant difference of poten-
tials is obtained at the two poles; it is thus valuable in
many electrostatic experiments.
battery-box (bat’ér-i-boks), n. A square chest
or box, filled with earth, used for making para-
pets for batteries where gabions or sand-bags
are not to be had. Farrow, Mil. Encyc.
battery-gun (bat’ér-i-gun), n. A machine-gun
(which see).
battery-head (bat’ér-i-hed), n. The extreme
end of a railroad embankment over which
earth is tipped during the process of construc-
tion,
lattery-shooting (bat’ér-i-shö’ting), m. The
shooting of wildfowl from a battery. See bat-
tery, 14.
It would be far better, however, to decide upon Some
plan of action by which battery-shooting could be wholly
done away with. Forest and Stream, XXIII. 441.
battery-wagon (bat’ér-i-wag”gn), m. Milit., a
vehicle accompanying each field-battery to car-
ry tools, paints, oils, veterinary supplies, etc.,
to be used for repairs and the service of the
battery. -
Battey's operation. See operation. . . .
bat-tick (bat’tik), n. A small wingless tick-like
and on it alone depended the fate of every action.
Itobertson.
battle2+ (bat'l), v. t. ;
battle8 (bat'l), a.
battle
9t. A formidable array similar to an army in
battle order. * -
On his bow-back he [the boar] hath a battle set
Of bristly pikes, that ever threat his foes.
Shak, Venus and Adonis, l. 619.
Battle-range, the range best Suited to firing on an ene-
my's line of battle. Upon the rear sights of the latest
military rifles the elevation corresponding to that range
is designated by stamping the letter “B” opposite the
battle-range elevation. This range is 365 yards, corre-
sponding to a continuous dangerous space of 496 yards,
for the Ü. S. magazine-rifle, caliber .80, used against foot-
troops.-Battle royal, (a) A battle with fists or cudgels,
in which more than two combatants are engaged ; a free
fight. (b) A fight of game-cocks, in which more than two
are engaged.—Drawn battle, a battle in which neither
party gains the victory.- Ordér of battle. See' order.—
Pitched battle, a battle in which the armies are pre-
viously drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the
forces.—To give battle, to attack an enemy.--To join
battle, properly, to meet the attack; commonly, to begin
a battle-Trial by battle. Same as wager of battle.—
Wager of battle or battel, in law, a species of trial for
the decision of controversies used among the rude mili-
tary peoples of Europe. It was introduced into England
by William the Conqueror, and practised in three cases
only: in the court martial, or court of chivalry or honor;
in appeals of felony; and in issues joined upon a writ of
right. The contest was held before the judges on a piece
of ground inclosed, and the combatants were bound to
fight till the stars appeared, unless the death or defeat
of one party sooner decided the contest. The weapons
used were batons or staves an ell long. Women, priests,
men above sixty, and lame and blind persons might appear
by champions. Though long fallem into desuetude, it was
a valid and legal mode of trial in England down to 1818,
and was then formally abolished in consequence of the
demand by the defendant in a suit for this mode of ar-
bitrament, and of the fact that this demand could not
legally be denied him. =Syn, 1. Battle, Engagement, Con-
flict, Fight, Combat, Contest, Action. Battle is a general
term, and the most common. It is the appropriate word
for great engagements: as, the battle of Waterloo. A battle
may last merely a few hours or for days: as, the battle of
Gettysburg lasted three days. Engagement is in techni-
cal military usage practically equivalent to battle, but it is
a less forcible word. Conflict, literally, a clashing together,
is a strong word, implying fierce physical encounter. Fight
has the energy of a monosyllable ; it denotes actual conflict.
A man may take part in a battle without actually fighting.
A battle may include many fights ; as, the fight at the flag-
staff in the battle of the Alma; or it may itself be described
as a fight, Combat, like conflict, is a word of more dignity .
than fight ; it is by its history suggestive of a struggle be-
tween two, as persons, animals, squadrons, armies. Con-
test is a very general word, of uncertain strength, but often
joined with a strong adjective : as, a stubborn contest.
An action is a minor or incidental act of War, a single act
of fighting : as, the whole action lasted but an hour. All
these words apply equally to operations by land or by Sea.
See encounter and strife.
battlel (bat'l), v.; pret. and pp. º:
battling. [K ME. batailen, bataillen, KOF, ba-
tailler, K bataille, a battle: see battle1, n.] I.
intrans. 1. To join or engage in battle; Com-
tend in fight; fight: as, to battle with wolves.
'Tis ours by craft and by surprise to gain:
'Tis yours to meet in arms and battle in the plain. Prior.
2. To struggle; contend; strive for mastery:
either absolutely or with for, with, or against:
as, to battle with the winds; to battle for free-
dom, or against adversity; to battle with igno-
T8 D.C6).
Who battled for the True, the Just.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, lvi,
II, trans. 1+. To embattle; put into battle
array.—2+. To fight for.
Whom thei have seyn alwey batailen, and defenden
goode men. Chaucer, Boëthius, i. prose 4,
3. To give battle to; fight against; contend
with; fight. [Rare.]
He can battle theologians with weapons drawn from an
tique armories unknown to themselves.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 10.
Fº and pp. battled, ppr,
battling. [Early mod. E. also battel; K ME,
bataylen, batailen, K OF. bataillier, bateillier (=
Pr. batalhar), fortify with battlements, K ba-
taille, battlement, appar. identical with bataille,
.battle; but in later OF.. the verb was merged
in batillier, bastillier, K bastille, a fortress: see
bastile, battle1, and battlement, and cf. embattlel,
embattle2.] To furnish or strengthen with bat-
tlements; embattle.
Lest any tyme it were assayed
Fulwel aboute it was batajied. &
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 4161.
ſº. first in the 16th
century, in Scotch and North. E., also written
battel, battil, battill, baittle, bettle, batwell, etc.,
in form K “bat, a verbal root appearing in the
verb batten 1, improve, etc., +-el, -le, an adj.
formative suffixed to verbal roots, as in brittle,
fickle, etc.: see batten", and cf. the later adjec-
tives battable and batful, appar. modifications
of battle3.] In agri. : (a) Improving; nutri-
tious; fattening: as, battle grass; battle pas-
ture. (b) Fertile; fruitful: as, battle soil; battle
land. [Now only North. Eng. and Scotchi

battle
A battel soil for grain, for pastūre good. Fairfaz.
battle8# (bat'l), v... [Sc. and North. E., algo
Written battel, battil, etc., from the adj. Cf.
batten", v.]. I. trans, 1. To nourish; feed.—2.
To render fertile or fruitful, as the soil.
Ashes are marvellous improvements to battel barren
land. Ray's Proverbs.
II. intrans. 1. To grow fat; thrive.
Sleepe, they sayd, would make her battill better.
Spenger, F. Q., VI. viii. 88.
2. To become fertile or fruitful, as soil.
battle4+, m. and v. See battelA.
battle5 (bat'l), v. t. [Freq. of bati (cf. batterl),
or perhaps a var. of
beetle1, v., simulating
bat!, v. (cf. bat!, v.),
or perhaps from bat-
tledore, 1, q.v.] ... To
beat (clothes) with a
battler or beetle in
washing.
battle-ax (bat’ I-
aks), n. An ax used
as a weapon of war.
It was in almost universal
use before the introduc-
tion of firearms, and is
still employed among un-
civilized peoples. In her-
aldry it is always repre-
sented with a blade on one
(usually the dexter) side
and a point on the other,
the staff terminating in a
spear-head. - 0
battle-bolt (bat'l-bölt), n. A bolt or missile
of any kind used in battle.
The rushing battle-bolt sang from the three-decker.
Tennyson, Maud, i. 13.
battle-brand (bat'l-brand), n. A Sword used
in battle.
Thy father's battle-brand. Scott, L. of the L., ii. 15.
battle-club (bat'l-klub), n. A club used in
- º
º-º;
º
Persian Battle-ax, 18th century.
battle, especially by barbarians, as the South battlemented (bat'l-men-ted), a.
Sea islanders.
The cursed Malayan crease, and battle-clubs
From the isles of palm.
Tennyson, Prol. to Princess.
battle-cry (bat'l-kri), n.
troops engaged in battle.
pattled1 (bat'ld), p. a. 1. Ranged in battle
array; disposed in order of battle.—2. Con-
tested; fought.
Soldier, rest thy warfare o'er,
Dream of battled fields no more.
battler?? (bat'lér), m.
4.79
war, to light up the deck during an engagement
at night.
battle-mace (bat'l-mâs), n. A mace designed
for use in war; specifically, a name given to the
spiked heads for clubs, usually of bronze, which
are found among ancient remains in the British
[KME. batelment,
batylment, of uncertain origin; perhaps due to
an unrecorded OF. *bastillement, K bastiller,
fortify: see bastile and bagtiment. The word
was popularly associated with battle1 ; hence
ME. bataylynge, battlement, and battle2, q.v.]
1. In º: an indented parapet, formed by a
S01108 Of IIS
j - - A.,
islands and elsewhere.
'battlement (bat'l-ment), n.
cops or mer-
lons, separated
by openings -
called crenelles |→ * ... tº triº
or embrasures, ſº zºº#.#.
the soldier shel- # ** Kº
teri hi lf ºffi: #####, \m. -->
... iiº Hitº Pº
behind themer. Alºířiº ºftD
lon while he ºf: º
§2.E. （Lºiſ;
fires through ºptº-Bºi:
the embrasure TTE.T.: Tºſº...ſºſſ
or through a L ºf sºlº ºf
loophole in the Battlement—Fortified church of Roya
merlon. Battle- Puy-de-Dôme, France.
ments, although A, A, merlons; B, B, embrasures; C, C,
* - loopholes; D, D, hicolations. F
originally purely ºsºp.º.; tıºğ"
military, and used
from the earliest times in Egypt, Assyria, and Greece,
were also employed freely, generally in reduced size, dur-
ing the middle ages, especially in England, upon ecclesi-
g
astical and civil buildings by way of mere ornament, on battlet.wig (bat'l-twig), n.
both parapets and cornices, and on tabernacle-work, tran- Wig.
soms of windows, etc.
Hence—2. Any high wall for defense.
This was the valley of the pools of Gihon, where Solo-
mon was crowned, and the battlements which rose above
it were the long looked-for walls of Jerusalem.
R. Curzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 144.
with battlements, as the ramparts of a city or
castle.
battle-piece (bat'l-pés), n. A painting which
represents a battle.
A cry or shout of battler1 (bat'lér), n. [K battle1 + -erl; appar.
not descended from ME. batelur (K OF. batail-
leor), batailler, K OF. bataillier.] One who bat-
tles or fights; a warrior or contender.
[K battle5 + -erl.] 1.
ne who beats with a bat or battledore.—2.
A bat or beetle.—3. See batlerl.
Scott, L. of the L., i. 31. battler3+, 'm. See batteler.
battled? (bat'ld), a. 1. Furnished or strength- battle-scarred (bat'l-skärd), a. Scarred with
ened with battlements.
Batailled as it were a castel wal.
Yºr
Chauce, Nun’s Priest's Tale, 1.40. battle-ship (bat'l-ship), n. A ship of war;
The battled tower. Tennyson, Fair Women.
2. In her., broken in the form of battlements:
said (a) of any horizontal line dividing the
field; (b) of a bar or fesse, when one side only
is broken in this way. Also embattled. See
cut under embattled.—Battled arrondi, in her., hav-
ing the heads of the battlements curved or rounded.—
Battled counter, in her, same as counter-embattled:-
Battled embattled, in her., doubly battled, or battled
in steps. Also called grady and battled grady.
[K ME.
battledore, battledoor (bat'l-dór), n.,...[KM
batyldore, -doure, -dure; appar, a modification
(simulating "battle, as if dim, of batl; cf. battle?)
of Pr. batedor (= Sp. batidor, a beater, formerly
also batador, a bat for beating clothes–Min-
sheu), K batre = Sp. batir, beat: see batter".
For the term., cf. Stevedore. Cf. E. dial. battle-
ton, in sense 1.] 1. A bat or beetle used in
washing clothes, or for smoothing them out
while being laundered.—2. An instrument
shaped like a racket, but smaller, used in
playing the game of battledore aná shuttle-
cock.—3+. A paddle for a canoe;-4. In glass-
making, a flat square piece of polished iron with
a wooden handle, used for flattening the bot-
toms of tumblers, or for similar purposes.--
5. A kind of paddle with a long handle, used
for placing loaves in a baker's oven.-6t.
kind of horn-book: so called from its shape.—
Battledore-boyt, an abecedarian,—Battledore-bar-
ley, a form of the cultivated barley known as H. Sgtivum
zeocriton, with short, broad ears. Also called Sprat-barley.
battle-field (bat'l-föld), n.
battle. e
battle-flag (bat'l-flag), n. A military flag; a
flag carried in battle. - -
tle-ground (bat'l-ground), n. A battle-field.
§: :::::::: (bat'ſ-lan’tèrn), n. A lantern
placed at each gun on the gun-deck of a ship of
The scene of a
wounds received in battle.
specifically, a powerful war-ship designed to
fight in the line of battle; in recent use, a
heavily armored and armed sea-going war-ship
intended for the line of battle. The change from
the wooden war-ship propelled by sail-power to the mod-
ern armored iron and steel steam battle-ship dates from
about the middle of the nineteenth century. The first
war-ship propelled by a screw was the United States ship
Princeton, and the first ironclad (With the exception of a
number of floating batteries built by the French for use
in the Crimean war, and copied by the English) the
French armored wooden frigate La Gloire, launched in
1860. This was followed by the English Warrior, launched
in 1861. From this date the development of the war-ship,
largely influenced by the success of the monitor (which
see), has been very rapid, resulting in a great diversity
of types (as regards arrangement and weight of protective
armor, character of armanent, and adaptation of design to
special ends), and accompanied by an equally rapid prog-
ress in the perfection of ordnance (see Ordnance, gum),
armor-plate (which see), and explosives. The Warrior, an
iron vessel, was of 9,210 tons' displacement, had 43-inch
iron armor, carried 32 muzzle-loading guns, of which the
largest were of 8-inch caliber and of small power, and had
no torpedo-ejectors; the Arkansas of the United States
navy will be of 26,000 tons' displacement; will carry twelve
12-inch guns, twenty-one 5-inch (rapid-fire), guns, four
three-pounders, two one-pounders, two 3-inch guns, and
two 30-caliber guns; and will have heavy steel armor. See
#navy. Modern war-vessels are classified, according to
the service for which they are specially designed, as
battle-ships, coast-defense and harbor-defense ships,
cruisers (which are classed as armored, protected, or un-
armored, according to their degree of defensive power),
lookout ships, gunboats, despatch-vessels, Tams, torpedo-
boats, torpedo-boat destroyers, etc. . The development
of rapid-firing guns in recent years has resulted in in-
creasing the area on the side of the ship covered by armor
and the number of guns protected by armor. This involves
making the armor of less thickness and compensating for
this by improvements in manufacture by which its resist-
ing º is increased. See armor-plate. On the other
hand, it has resulted in placing armor on high-speed
cruisers, sacrificing something of the speed for this pur-
pose, accompanied by a great increase of size. The mod-
ern battle-ship is intended to combine in one vessel the
most powerful offensive and defensive Weapons of float-
ing warfare. To be effective it is necessarily of large
battleton (bat'1-ton), m.
battle-writhen (bat'l-riq'H’en), a.
Furnished battlingt (bat'ling), a. and m.
battological (bat-à-loj’i-kal), a.
§:
battologist (ba-tol’ī-jist), m.
battology (ba-tol’é-ji), m.
battOOnt, m.
battoryf (bat’º-ri), m. A factory or warehouse
battoule-board (ba-tól’bórd), m.
battrilt (batºril), m.
batts (bats), m. pl.
battue (ba-tū’), m.
battue
size, with a tendency toward continual increase, limited
only by the depth of water in the harbors which it must
necessarily frequent. The battle-ship may be divided
into three portions, namely, the part under water, that
in the vicinity of the water-line, and the upper works.
In the first are carried the propulsive machinery and
boilers, coal, the steering-gear, the submerged torpedo-
tubes, the ammunition, and the greater part of the stores.
Upon the integrity of this part depends the floating of
the ship. It is subject to attack by mines and torpedoes,
and the machinery within it is liable to destruction by
fragments of exploding shells or by mortar fire. To pro-
tect it from mines and torpedoes, the under-water body
is divided into a great number of compartments by an
outer and inner skin and a number of water-tight trans-
verse and longitudinal frames and bulkheads, so that the
space to which water can gain access by a single explosion
will be limited and will not seriously impair the floating
power. . This is, however, the most vulnerable part of a
battle-ship. Attempts to armor the bottom against ex-
plosions under water haye not yet been made to any ex-
tent, because the weight required is prohibitive. To
prevent the penetration of projectiles from above, there
is a protective or armored deck, usually from 2 to 4 inches
thick, the middle part of which is a little above the water-
line. This deck extends out to the side at the top of the
belt-armor, or, in the most recent ships, slopes down at
the sides to the bottom edge of the armor-belt from 4 to
6 feet under water. There is sometimes a second pro-
tective deck below the first one to catch fragments which
pass through the first, and this is sometimes called a splin-
ter-deck. The part of the ship immediately above the
protective deck is the raft-body. See supplement.
battle-shout (bat'l-shout), n. A shout raised
in battle.
t, battle-song (bat'l-sóng), n. A song sung on
the battle-field, or relating to battle; a martial
SOng.
[E. dial., appar. a.
var. of battledore.] Same as battledore, 1.
[Prov. Eng.]
[E. dial.] An ear-
[Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
[K battle1
+ writhen, old pp. of writhe..] Twisted or dis-
torted by stress of battle. [Poetic.]
His battle-writhen arms and mighty hands.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
[Also batteling;
ppr. and verbal n. of battle3, v.] I. a. 1. Nour-
ishing ; fattening.
The meads environ'd with the silver streams,
Whose battling pastures fatten all my flocks.
º Greene, Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay.
2. Fertile.
II. m. 1. A growing fat, or the process of
causing to grow fat; a fattening.—2. That
which nourishes or fattens, as food, or feed for
animals, or manure for soil.
[K battology
–ical.] Given to or of the nature of bat-
[K battology +
—ist.] One who talks idly; one who needlessly
repeats the same thing in speaking or writing.
A truly dull battologist.
Whitlock, Manners of Eng. People, p. 209.
battologize (ba-tol’ 3-jiz), v.; pret. and pp.
battologized, ppr. battologizing. [K battology +
-ize.] I, trams. To repeat needlessly; iterate.
Sir T. Herbert,
II. intrams. To repeat words or phrases with
needless iteration.
[K Gr. Batto%0yta, K
Battożóyoc, a stammerer, K 66ttoc, a stammerer
(used only as a proper name), F Zéyetv, speak:
see -ology.] Idle talk or babbling; a needless
repetition of words in speaking. [With refer-
ence to Mat. Vi. 7.]
That heathenish battology of multiplying Words.
Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst.
An obsolete form of baton and bat-
tem2. -
Same as batoom.
established abroad by the Hanse towns.
A spring-
board used for jumping— particularly, in cir-
cuses, for vaulting over horses, elephants, etc.
It consists of a few planks fastened at one end to a pole
supported by two uprights, the other end resting upon a
floor or other surface.
E. dial. Cf. battler?, bat-
ler1.] Same as batlerl.
Same as batting, 3.
[F. (= Pr. batwda = It.
battuta), prop. fem. pp. of battre, beat: see
batel, batterl.] 1. A method of hunting in
which the game is driven from cover by
beaters toward a point where the sportsmen
are in wait.
He has not a word to say against battwe shooting, though
for his own part he greatly prefers shooting over a well-
trained dog to having the game put up in droves by a ser-
Tied line of beaters. Westminster Rev., CXXV. 800.























Thattue
Hence-2. Any beat-up or thorough search,
, or undiscriminating slaughter, especially of de-
fenseless or unresisting crowds.—3. The game
driven from cover by the battue method.
batture (ba-tūr'), m. [F., a sand-bank, a shoal,
K battre, beat, beat as waves: see baseſ, batterl,
and cf. batters.] An alluvial elevation of the
bed of a river; in particular, one of those por-
tions of the bed of the Mississippi river which
are dry or submerged according to the season.
In September, 1807, occurred the “batture riots.” The
batture was the sandy deposits made by the Mississippi
in front of the Faubourg Ste. Marie [in New Orleans].
The noted jurist, Edward Livingston, representing private
claimants, took possession of this ground, and was opposed
by the public in two distinct outbreaks.
G. W. Cable, Creoles of Louisiana, xxiii.
battuta (båt-tö’tā), n. . [It, K battere, beat. Cf.
battue..] In music: (a) A beat in keeping time.
(b) A bar or measure. See a battuta and a
480
q.v.] Primarily, a sort of scepter or staff of
office, the attribute of Folly personified, car-
ried by the jesters of kings and
great lords in the middle ages,
and down to the seventeenth cen-
tury. It is generally represented as
crowned with the head of a fool or zany,
Wearing a party-colored hood with asses'
ears, and with a ring of little bells, like
sleigh-bells. At the other end there was
sometimes a ball or bladder inflated with
air, with which to belabor people. Also
spelled bawble.
bavardage
stretching from tree to tree like cables. The tough fibrous
bark of the Maloo climber, B. Wahlii, of India, is used for
making ropes and bridges, and is suitable for paper-mak-
ing. The wood of B
variegata is one of the
varieties of ebony, and
its bark is used in dye-
ing and tanning. Other
* are equally use-
ll!.
Bauhinian º:
hin'i-an), a. 6-
lating to the Swiss
anatomist and bot-
amist Gaspard Bau-
hin (1560–1624).—
uhinian valve,
Ba,
valvula. Bauhini, the
ileocaecal valve. See
The kynges foole
Sate by the fire upon a stoole,
As he that with his bawble plaide.
Gower, Conf. Amant., vii.
Eools, who Only wanted a party-col-
oured coat, a cap, and a bawble, to pass
for such amongst reasonable men.
Dryden, Post. to Hist. of League.
baublery?, n. [Early mod. E. also
%
%
ileocoecal.
bauk (båk), m. A
Scotch form of
Fool's Bauble.
tempo. (c) In medieval music, a forbidden pro- º whº tº e l •º" e - *- e. balk:1.
gression of the outer voice-parts of a harmony § #. jº + -ry.] Childish bauld (bâld), a. A
#º 8, º,” the up-beat to an Octave on baublingt (bå'bling), a. [K baublel, v., + -ing2.] iii; of 'gº
€ ClOWIO- ga © Contemptible; paltry. baul ric eł, n. See Bazeh tºtra.- Inflorescence.
battyl (bat’i), a... [K bat” + -y1.] Of or resem- baldric.
bling a bat; battish.
Till o'er their brows death-counterfeiting sleep
A baubling vessel was he captain of. Shak., T. N., v. 1. baulea (bà’lé-á), 7?. [Bengali bārī lia.] A
bauch, baugh (bāčh), a. [Sc., perhaps KIcel, round-bottomed passenger-boat, having a mast
With leaden legs and batty wings doth creep. bāgr, uneasy, poor, hard up; cf. bagr, awkward, and sail, but generally propelled by oars, used
Shak., M. N. D., iii. 2. clumsy..] Weak; pithless; *: [Scotch..] on the shallower parts of the Ganges.
Batty? (bat’i), n. ; pl. batties (-iz). [Anglo-Ind., bauchee-seed (bâ’ché-sèd), n. Same as baw- baulite (bā’lit), n. [K Baula, a mountain in
used in southern India for northern paddy, , chºseed. -s tº TL. A. * @ Iceland, + -ite?. The mountain prob. derives
rice; & Canarese batta, bhatta, rice: see battài bauchle", bachle" (bāčh 1), n. [Se: ; origin un- its name from Icel. baula, a cow, an imitative
and paddy?. Cf. baté, a weight.] 1. Rice while own. . Cf. Daugh..] 1. An old shoe worn name; cf. mod. Icel, baula, low as a cow: see
growing.—2. A measure for rice in India, down at the heel, or one with, the counter bawll.] A name given by Forchhammer (1843)
equal to 120 pounds. McElrath, Com. Dict. turned down, and worn, as a slipper.—2. A to white rhyolitic lava from the volcano of
baiweed (batºwād), n. The burdock, Arctium Slºvenly, pithless,or shiftless person; a sham- Baula, in Iceland, in the belief that it was a
Lappa. ling good-for-nothing. [Scotch.] variety of feldspar. Also krablite.
|batz, batzen (bats, bat'sen), n. He'll be but a bauchle in this world, and a backsitter in baulk, n. and v. See ballel.
[Formerly ºt
the neist. Hogg, Shep. Cal., II. 195. (N. E. D.) baulmet, m. See balm.
also bats, taken as plural, with an assumed
€
sing., bat, K MHG. batze, G. batzen, bazen, the bauchle?t, v. t. [Sc.: see baffle.] To maltreat; baulterf, v. See balter.
coin so called, K MHG. betz, G. bāte, petz, a baffle. e baumi, n. See balm.
bear, the bear being the arms of Bern, where bauchly (bāčh (li), adv. [Sc., K bauch, F -ly?..] baunscheidtism (boun' shit-izm), n. [From
the coin was first issued.] A small billon coin Weakly; indifferently; poorly. [Scotch.] the inventor, Karl Baumscheidt, a German
baudlt, n. See bawdl. - mechanician.] A form of acupuncture, in
£º 6% baud?f, v. t. ... See bawd?. which about 25 needles, set in a metal disk and
º ſº %gº& 3%; bauděř, n. See bawdā. - dipped in an irritant oil, are thrust into the skin
O ºf Aº’ſº %. sº ſº 22*22 baud4 (bâd), n. . [Origin obscure. Cf. bawdS.] by a spring. Its action seems to be accordant
& § % % & The fish otherwise called the rockling. [Local with that of ordinary counter-irritants. .
3. Žºlš Eng. (Cornish).] bausef, v. t. [Appar. a var. of bassº, q.v.] To
%
§: L º, º 'º -º
º
tº
KUIn §§
- Reverse.
Batz of St. Gall, Switzerland.— British Museum. (Size of original.)
worth four kreutzers, first issued toward the
end of the fifteenth century by the canton of
Bern, and afterward by other Swiss cantons,
which placed their respective arms upon it.
The current batz is equal to ten centimes.
Applied also to certain small German coins.
bā; 77. See bawbee.
baubie! (baºbi), n.anda. [Early mod. E. bable,
babel, K ME. bable, babylle, babulle, babel, KOF.
babel, baubel (with dim, baubelet, beubelet, Xearly
M.E. beaubelet), a child’s toy, plaything, trinket.
Origin doubtful; cf. mod. F. babiole, a toy
gewgaw, It. babbola, a toy, appar. connected
with It. babbeo, a fool, blockhead (babbano,
silly), = Pr. baban, a fool, KML. babulus, a bab-
bler, fool. Cf. babble.
same source, show imitative variation. Baublel
in this sense was early confused with bauble2,
plaything or toy.—2. A trifling piece of finery;
that which is gay or showy without real value;
a gewgaw.
O, trinkets, sir, trinkets—a bawble for Lydia |
Sheridam, The Rivals, v. 2.
Are all these worlds, that speed their circling flight,
Dumb, vacant, soulless—bawbles of the night?
O. W. Holmes, The Secret of the Stars.
3. A trifle; a thing of little or no value; a
childish or foolish matter or affair.
The sea being smooth,
How many shallow, bauble boats dare sail
Upon her patient breast ! Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
Also spelled bawble.
bauble1+, v. i. [K bauble1, n.] To trifle.
bauble? (bā’bl), n.
K M.E. bable, babulle, babel, a fool's mace, also
(appar. the same word) a stick with a heavy
weight at the end, used for weighing, & M.E.
babelen, bablen, waver, swing to and fro, appar.
a freq. form from same source as bab1, bob.1.
Bauble may thus be regarded as for “bobble.
But the word was early confused with bauble1,
baudet, a.
baudrons (bād’rgnz), n.
baudylf, baudy??, a.
II.f. a. Trifling; insignificant; contemptible. #, 70. yºt,
bºngº (bözh), n.
baugh, a.
[Early mod. E. bable, babel, Éauhihia (bā-hin'i-á), n. [NL., named in hon-
bold, lusty,
riotously gay.
-
-*
Rom. of the Rose.
baudekin, baudkin (bā'de-kin, bādſkin), m.
[Obsolete, except in historical use; early mod.
E. also irreg. bodkin ; K ME. baudkin, baudekin,
etc., KOF. baudekin, baudequin (ML. baldaki-
nus), K It. baldacchino, X also E. baldakin, bal-
dachin: see baldachin..] A rich embroidered
or brocaded silk fabric woven originally with a
warp of gold thread, and properly called cloth
of bawdekin. It was used for garments, sacred vest-
ments, altar-cloths, canopies, etc., and is first mentioned
in English history in connection with the knighting of
William of Valence in 1247 by Henry III. It was proba-
bly known on the continent before that date. Later the
name was applied to any rich brocade, and even to shot
silk. It is not found in use after the middle of the six-
teenth century. Also called baldachin.
There were no fewer than “Thirty albs of old cloth of
bawdkyn,” that is, cloth of gold, at Peterborough.
Quoted in Rock, Church of our Fathers, i. 431.
. See baudekin.
The forms, if from the §.*. €6 002/Q6AE?
baudkin, n.
l bād’ri), n. A variant form of baldric.
appar. of different origin..] I. m. 1+. A child's § reyf (bād’ri), n. A variant form 7°26
See badelaire.
See baudekin.
rickt, n. See baldric.
[Sc., also badrans,
bathrons; of unknown, perhaps Celtic, origin.]
A name for the cat (like reynard for the fox,
bruin for the bear, etc.). [Scotch..] -
Auld bawdrons by the ingle sits,
An' wi' her loof her face a washin'. '
Purns, Willie Wastle.
The neebor's auld bawdrons.
T. Martin, tr. of Heine's “Mein Kind, wir waren Kinder.”
See bawdy1, bawdy?.
[Origin obscure; perhaps a form
of belfry.] A beam.
[F.; of uncertain origin.]
. Akind of coarse drugget made in Burgundy
Erance.—2. Mortar made of clay and straw.
See bauch.
or of Jean and Gaspard Bauhin, eminent Swiss
lootanists (died in 1613 and 1624 respectively),
because the leaves generally consist of two
lobes or parts, and were thus taken as Sym-
bolic of the two brothers.] A genus of plants,
of the family Caesalpiniaceae. The species are
usually twining vines, found throughout the tropics, often
[ME., K OF., baud, K. OLG. bald, kiss.
E. bold. . See bawd!...] Joyous; bauson (bà’sn), n. and a.
bausond (bâ’snd), a.
2 bauteroll. n.
bauxite (bö’zit), n. [KBauw (see def.) + -ite2.]
bavardage (ba-vār-dàzh"), n.
Marston. [A doubtful sense.]
[Early mod. E. also
bawson, bauzon, etc., and corruptly boson, bore-
son, KME. bawson, bawson, baucym, , bausen, a
particular application of the adj. bawson,
white-spotted, in ME, bausand, mod. bawsond,
etc.: see bawsond. The adj. is rarely found in
M.E., but must have preceded the noun use.
The badger has received other names in allu-
sion to the white mark on its face: see bad-
ger2.] I. n. An old name of the badger: some-
times applied ludicrously or in contempt to a
fat or pertinacious person.
His mittens were of bawson's skin.
rayton, Dowsabell, st. 10 (1593).
II. a. Same as bauSond.
[Early mod. E. also baw-
Sonde, bawsand, mod. dial. bawson't, bawsand
also (erroneously written as if a. participiej
bawson'd, bassem’d, baws’nt, etc.; K ME. bausand
(also, as a noun, bawson, bawson, bausen, etc.), K
OF, bausant, baussant, bausent, bawzant, baugant,
balcent, bauchant, etc. (with appar. unorig. -t),
also bauzan, bausen, bausain (XML. bausendus,
bausennus) = Pr. balusam = It. balzano, white-
spotted; cf. mod. F. (from It.) balzan, a black
or bay horse with white feet. Origin un-
known; possibly connected with the equiv.
Celtic words mentioned as the source of E.
ball3, q.v.] Having white spots on a black or
bay ground; having a white strip down the
face, or a patch on the forehead : applied to
animals. [Scotch.]
His honest, sonsie, baws'mt face
Aye gat him friends in ilka place.
Burns, The Twa Dogs, 1. 31.
bauson-faced (bâ’sn-fast), a. Having a white
mark on the face, like a badger ; bausond.
See boterol.
A mineral found at Les Baux, near Arles, and
elsewhere, in concretionary grains or oëlitic.
It contains about one half of its Weight of alumina, with
iron and water, and silica as an impurity. It is used as
a source of alum, of the metal aluminium, and to some ex-
tent in the preparation of crucibles. Also spelled beaua'ite.
[F., K bawarder,
chatter, K bavard, talkative, K bavé, drivel, sa-
liva: see bawette.] Idle talk; chatter. [Rare.]








































bavardage
Replying only by monosyllables to the gay bavardage
p ht.. y by Bulwer, #: #ºg.
. f the knight.
bavarettet (bav-8-ret’), n. Same as havette.
Bayarian (bg-yā’ri-àn), a. and n., [K Bavaria,
NL. form of ML. Boiaria, the country of the Boii
(G. Baiern), whose name is also found in Bo: bawcock (báſkok), n. [KF. beau coq, fine cock:
hemia, the country of the Boiemi or Bohemi
(G. Böhnen).] I. a. Of or pertaining to Ba-
Varia, a kingdom of southern Germany.—Bava-
rian bronze, a bronze ranging in color from a bright
yellow to a copper-red. The yellow bronze contains about
82% per cent. of copper to 173 per cent. of tin; the red
about 97 per cent. of copper to 3 per cent. of tin.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Bavaria.
bavaroyt (bav'a-roi), n. [K F. Bavarois, Bava-
rian.] "A kind of cloak.
Let the loop'd bavaroy the fop embrace.
Gay, Trivia, i. 53.
Baveno twin. See twin.
bavert, n. An obsolete form of beaver”.
bavette (ba-vet'), 'm. [F., with dim. term. -ette,
K bave = Pr. It. bava = Sp. Pg. baba (ML.
bava), drivel, slaver, saliva.] 1. A bib.-2.
The upper part of a child's apron turned over
to serve as a bib.
baviant (bå'vi-an), n. A variant form of baboon.
baviert, n. An obsolete form of beaver2.
bavinl (bav'in), m. and a. [E., dial. bavin, baw-
en, also babbing of obscure origin; cf. OF. baffe,
a bundle.] I. m. 1. A fagot of brushwood;
light and combustible wood used for kindling
fires. [Now rare.]
The Bawin, though it burne bright, is but a blaze.
Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 73.
If he outlasts not a hundred such crackling bavins as
thou art, God and men neglect industry.
Marston, Jomson, and Chapman, Eastward Ho, i. 1.
About two in the morning they felt themselves almost
, choked with smoke, and rising, did find the fire coming
up stairs: so they rose to save themselves; but that, at
that time, the bavins were not on fire in the yard.
o Pepys, Diary, III. 73.
2#. Milit., a fascine.
II. a. Resembling bavin. [Poetic.]
Shallow jesters, and rash bavin wits,
Soon kindled and soon burn'd.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
Thavinlf 9.) w. t. [K bavin, n.] To make
up into fagots.
Rid or bavin them, and pitch them upon their ends to
preserve them from rotting. Evelyn, Sylva, p. 538.
bavin? (bav’in), n. [E. dial. ; origin obscure.]
ure limestone. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
bavinë (bav’in), n. [Origin obscure.] . A name
on the northeastern coast of Ireland of the bal-
lan-wrasse.
Bavouism (ba-vö'izm), n. Same as Babouvism.
Bavowism, as Baboeuf's system was called, was thus en-
abled to play a rôle in French history from 1830 to 1839.
R.T. Ely, Fr. and Ger. Socialism, p. 34.
bawl (bâ), m. . [E. dial. and Sc. (Sc. also ba'),
= balll.] A ball. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
baw? (bâ), v. i. [E. dial., = bawll. In def. 2,
cf. L. baubari, bark.] 1. To bawl. [Prov.
Eng.]—2+. To bark, Topsell.
baw8 (bā), interj. [KME, baw, bawe; a natural
exclamation of disgust, like bah.] An ejacu-
lation of disgust or contempt. Goldsmith.
bawbee, baubee (bā-bê'), n. [Sc., formerly
also bawbie, baubie, rarely babie: first mentioned
in pl. bawbeis. Of uncertain origin; prob. an
abbr. of the name of the laird of Sillebawby, a
mint-master mentioned at the date of the issu-
ance of the bawbee, in connection with Atchison,
another mint-master whose name was applied
to the coin called atchison; cf. also bodle, bod-
dle, said to be named from a mint-master Bod-
well or Bothwell.] 1. A Scotch billon coin,
weighing about 29 grains troy, first issued in
Reverse.
Bawbee of James V.-British Museum. (Size of the original.)
Obverse.
1542 by James V. of Scotland, and worth at
that time lºd. Scotch. A half-bawbee, worth $d.
Scotch, was coined at the same time and had similar
types. In Scotland the name is now given to the bronze
halfpenny current throughout the British islands.
2. pl. Money; cash. [Scotch.]
bºwiei, ºn "see baublei.
ibawble2, n. See bauble?.
31
t
º
bawdy-house (bâ’ di-hous), n.
bawhorse (bā’hôrs), n.
bawll (bâl), v.
481
bawchan-seed (bâ’chan-såd), n. [E. Ind.; also
written bauchee-seed.] The seed of Psoralea
Corylifolia, a leguminous plant of the East In-
dies, used by the natives as a tonic and in skin-
diseases, and exported as an oil-seed.
See beau and cock1.] A fine fellow." [Archaic.]
How now, my bawcock? Shak., T. N., iii. 4.
bawdl (bâd), n.
. bawde
varying with bawdstrot, of which bawd is prob.
an abbr., being thus (prob.) indirectly, and not,
as commonly supposed, directly, derived from
the OF. baud, bold, lively, gay. The OF. adj.
is not used as a noun, and does not have the
Sense of the E. word. See bawdstrot, and cf.
bawdyl, bawdy?..] A procurer or procuress; a
person who keeps a house of prostitution, and
conducts illicit intrigues: now usually applied bawl
bawla (băſlă), n.
only to women.
He [Pandarus] is named Troilus' bawd.
Skelton, Poems, p. 235.
[Early mod. E. also baud, K
, baude, in the earliest instance
bawll (bâl), n.
bay
ment or clamorous outcries, as in pain, exulta-
tion, etc.; shout.
That bawl for freedom in their senseless mood,
And still revolt when truth would set them free.
Milton, Sonnets, vii.
.# under Ludgate the other day, I heard a voice
bawling for charity. Steele, Spectator, No. 82.
II. trans. 1. To utter or proclaim by outcry;
shout out.
Still must I hear?—shall hoarse Fitzgerald bawl
His creaking couplets in a tavern hall?
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
2. To cry for sale, as a hawker.
I saw my labours, which had cost me so much thought
and watching, bawled about by the common hawkers of
Grub Street. Swift, Bickerstaff Papers.
[K bawll, v.] A shout at the
top of one's voice; an outcry: as, the children
Set }. a loud bawl.
ł, n. Obsolete spelling of ball1.
[Native term.] A name In
Fiji for the screw-pine, Pandanus tectorius.
From its leaves coarse mats are made.
bawd!? (bâd), v. i. [K bawdi, n.] To pander; bawler (bā’iér), m. One who bawls.
act as procurer or procuress.
for the whole court.
bawd?ł (bâd), v. t. [Also spelled baud; K bawdy?,
q. v.] To foul or dirty.
- Her shoone smered with tallow,
Gresed upon dyrt
That baudeth her skyrt.
Skelton, Poems, p. 126.
lbawdé (bâd), n. [Early mod. E. also baud, per-
#. abbr. from baudrons, or perhaps a var. of
: badde, a cat, the name being transferred
to the hare.] A hare. [In the extract there is
a play on bawd in this sense and bawdl.]
Mer. A bawd, a bawd 1 so hol
Rom. What hast thou found?
Mer. No hare, sir. Shak., R. and J., ii. 4.
bawd-born (bād’bôrn), a. Born of a bawd; a
bawd from birth. Shak., M. for M., iii. 2.
bawdekynt, n. See baudekin.
bawdily (bā'di-li), adv. In a bawdy manner; ######, (l,
5 w -
bawson, n. and a...S
bawtie, bawty (bā’ti), m.
obscenely; lewdly.
bawdiness (bā‘di-nes), n.
Obscenity; lewdness.
bawdmoney, n. See baldmoney.
bawdrick+ (bād’rik), n. See baldric.
bawdry (bād’ri), n. [K ME. bauderye, K baude,
bawd, + -ry. Cf. OF. bauderie, boldness,
gayety. See bawdl.] 1. The business of a
bawd or procuress.-2. Illicit intercourse;
fornication.
We must be married, or we must live in bawdry.
hak., As you Like it, iii. 3.
3. Obscenity; lewd language; Smuttiness.
It is most certain that barefaced bawdry is the poorest
pretence to wit imaginable. Lryden.
4}. Bawds collectively. Udall.
bawdship (bād’ship), n. [K bawdl + -ship.]
The office or employment of a bawd. Ford.
bawdstrott, m. [ME., also bawdstrot, baustrot,
baldestrot, baldystrot, K OF. “bawdestrot, “bal-
destrot, found only in later form baudetrot,
prob. a cant name, and as such of obscure ori-
[K bawdy1 + -ness.]
bawn (bān), v. t.
bawrelt, n.
baxa, baxea (bak'sä, -Sé-á), n.
baxter (bak'stér), m.
Baxterian (baks-té'ri-an), a.
bawmet, m. An obsolete form of balm. Chaucer.
Leucippe is agent for the king's lust, and bawds ... baw-money, n.
Spectator, No. 206. bawn (bān), 72.
See bat-money.
[K Ir. babhum = Gael. babhunn
(pron. nearly as bawn), an inclosure for cattle,
a fortification.]. 1. Formerly, an outer in-
closure of an Irish castle : nearly equivalent
to bailey and outer bailey. In the seventeenth cen-
tury grants of government land in Ireland were made on
the condition that the grantee should build a castle and
bawn, the latter for the protection of the cattle of the
tenants.
2. In modern times, in some parts of Ireland—
(a) The cattle-yard near a farm-house. (b) A
large house, including all its appurtenances,
as offices, courtyard, etc. Swift.
[K bawn, n.] In Ireland, to
surround or inclose with a bawn.
[A corresponding masc. bawret is
found; appar. of F. origin. Cf. bockerel, bock-
eret.] A kind of hawk. Phillips.
See bauson.
See bawsond.
See bauson.
[Sc. Cf. bawdā.] In
Scotland, a name for a dog, especially one of
large size, and also for a hare.
[L.] In Rom.
antiq., a sandal or low shoe of various forms,
often plaited from papyrus or palm-leaves;
generally, an inexpensive foot-covering worn
by the poorer classes, but also referred to as
occurring in rich materials and workmanship,
and specifically as the shoe of comic actors, as
distinguished from the cothurnus used by tra-
gedians.
[Also backster, K ME.
bacter, bacster, bakestre, KAS. baecestre, a baker:
see bakester. Hence the proper name Baxter,
equiv. to Baker.] A baker; properly, a female
baker. [Old Eng. and Scotch..]
Pertaining to or
propounded by Richard Baxter, a celebrated
English nonconformist divine (1615–1691): as,
Baarterian doctrines.
gin; possibly K OF... baud, balā, bold (K.O.L.G. Baxterianism (baks-té’ri-an-izm), m. The
bald = E. bold), + “strot, KOLG. strotten, “strut-
ten = Dan. strutte = MHG. G. Strotzen – E. Strut;
doctrines of Richard Baxter, who amalgamated
the Arminian doctrine of free grace with the
cf. LG. G. Strutt, stiff.] A bawd; a pander. A Calvinistic doctrine of election.
Piers Plowman.
bawdyl (bā'di), a. [K bawdl + -y1.] Obscene;
lewd; indecent; unchaste.
bawdy2+ (bā'di), a. [Early mod. E. also bawdy,
K ME. bawdy, bawdy, dirty, appar. from a sim-
le form *baud, which is not found till much
ater, and only as a verb (see bawdº); origin
unknown; cf. W. bawaidd, dirty, K baw, dirt,
mire; F. boue, mud. Not connected with
bawdyl, though the two words are commonly
associated.] Dirty; filthy.
His oversloppe . . . is al bawdy and to-tore also.
Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1.82.
Slovenly cooks, that . . . never wash their bawdy hands.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., II. 323.
A house of
lewdness and prostitution; a house of ill-fame.
Same as bathorse.
[Early mod. E. also ball, baul,
K ME, bawlen, bark, prob. K ML. baulare, bark
(cf. L. baubari, bark); cf. mod. Icel, baula =
Sw. böla, low as a cow (Icel. baula, a cow);
cf. also Sw. bāla; roar, G. bailen, bark, and see
bell?, bellow, balk2, etc., all prob. orig. imitative.]
I, intrans. 1+. To bark or howl, as a dog.—2.
To cry out with a loud full sound; make vehe-
bayl (bâ), m.
[Early mod. E. also baye, baie, K
M.E. bay, baie, a berry, esp. that of the laurel-
or bay-tree, perhaps KAS. beg, berry, occurring
only in pl. beger, begir, glossed baccinia, i. e.
vaccinia, ‘blueberries” (see Faccinium), and in
comp. begbedim, lit. ‘berry-tree,’ applied both to
the mulberry-tree (Gr. Alopéa) and to the bram-
ble or blackberry-bush (Gr. 36tog). But the
ME. form, like MD. beye, baeye, a berry, a lau-
rel-berry, agrees also with, and may have come
directly from, O.F. baie, baye, mod. F. baie = Pr.
baia = Sp. baya, OSp. baca = Pg. baga, baca =
It, bacca, a berry, KL. bāca, less correctly bacca,
a berry; cf. Lith. bapka, a laurel-berry..] 1+.
A berry, especially of the laurel-tree.
The bays or berries that it beareth.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xv. 30.
2. The laurel-tree, noble laurel, or sweet-bay,
Lawrus mobilis. See laurel. The name bay is also
given to a number of trees and shrubs more or less re-
Sembling the noble laurel. See phrases below. -
Hence (like laurel, and in reference to the an-
cient use of the laurel)—3. An honorary garland
or crown bestowed as a prize for victory or ex-
cellence; also, fame or renown due to achieve-
ment or merit: in this sense used chiefly in the

bay
plural, with reference to the leaves or branches
of laurel. Also called bay-leaf.
Yet as you hope hereafter to see plays,
Encourage us, and give our poet bays.
Beau, and Fl., Thierry and Théodoret, Epil.
I play'd to please myself, on rustick reed,
Nor sought for bay, the learned shepherd's meed.
W. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 1.
[In the following quotation, the office of poet laureate:
formerly a not uncommon use.
If you needs must write, write Caesar's praise.
You'll gain at least a knighthood, or the bays.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, Satire i. 22.
Bays was sometimes used as a singular (compare bays,
baize, as singular).
Do plant a sprig of cypress, not of bays.
Fobert Randolph.
A greener bays shall crown Ben Jonson's name.
I'eltham, Jonsonus Virbius.]
4. [Cf. bay?..] A piece of low, marshy ground
É. large numbers of bay-trees. [N.
arolina and Florida..] Bartlett.—Bull-bay, the
Magnolia foetida.—Cherry-bay, Prunus Lawro-Cerasus.
—DWarf bay, of Europe, Daphne Lawreola.—Indian
or royal bay, Machilus odoratissima.--Loblolly-bay,
or tan-bay, Tasianthus Lasianthus-Rei bay, Persed.
'Borbonia.— Rose-bay, a name given (a) to the willow-
herb, Chamaeneriom angustifolium. ; (b) in the United
States, to the great laurel, Rhododendron maſcimum.—
Sweet-bay. See above, 2.-Sweet-bay, or white bay,
% of the United States, Magnolia Virginidºria.
bayº (bâ), m. [Early mod. E. also baye, K ME.
baye, K. O.E. baie, baye, mod. F. baie = Pr. baia
=Sp. bahta, formerly also baia, baya (> Basque
baia, baiya), = Pg. bahia = It. baja (cf. G. bai, K
D. baai, M.D. baeye = Dan, bai, K.E. bay?), K LL.
baia, a bay, first mentioned by Isidore, and said
to have its gen, in -as, implying its existence at
a much earlier period; perhaps connected with
L. Baiae, pl., a noted watering-place on the
coast of Campania, hence applied also to any
Watering-place. Bay in this sense has been
confused in E. and Rom. with bay3.] 1. A re-
cess in the shore of a sea, or lake, differing from
a creek in being less long and narrow; the ex-
anse of water between two capes or head-
ands. Some bays are due to the erosive action of the
sea, but most to the partial invasion of valleys or low-
lands in regions where the land has been depressed.
2}. An anchorage or roadstead for ships; a
port; a harbor.
A bay or rode for ships. Cotgrave.
I prithee, good Iago,
Go to the bay, and disembark my coffers.
Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
3. A recess of land, as in a range of hills;
a level space partly surrounded by heights.
[Rare.]–4. An arm of a prairie extending
into woods and partly surrounded by them.
[U. S.] Bartlett.—5. A kind of mahogany
obtained from Campeachy Bay (whence the
*name).
bay3 (bâ), m. [Early mod. E. also baye, baie, K
ME. bay, baye, K OF. baee, an opening, gap,
mod. F. baie, a bay (KML. as if “badata), on
type of fem. pp., K baer, beer, bayer, mod. F.
bayer, K L.L. badare, gape (cf. E. gap, m., gape
v.). see bay4. This word has been confuse
with bay?..] 1. A principal compartment or di-
vision in the architectural arrangement of a
building, marked by buttresses or pilasters on
the walls, by the disposition of
the main ribs (arcs doubleaux)
of the interior vaulting, by
the placing of the main arches
and pillars or of the principals
of the roof, or by any other
leading features that separate
the design into corresponding
parts. Oxford Glossary.—2.
The part of a window included
between two mullions; a light. # %
Also called window-bay.—3. A º %
bay-window. É º # º
Some ladies walking with me, see- | |
l
|
:
i
º
ing my father sitting at his singular
writing establishment in the bay,
went in through his glorified win-
§
º
dows, and established themselves #
round his table.
Lady LIolland, Sydney Smith, vii. |ſ.
o º
4. A compartment in a barn |
for the storage of hay or º
grain.-5. In carp., a portion 5 #sº
of a compound or framed floor issºs
included between two girders,
or between a girder and the
wall.–6. In plastering, the
Space between two screeds.
ee screed.—7. Nawt., that
part of a ship between decks
which lies forward of the bitts,
Architectural Bays.
Notre
F.C, A, bays; F, F,
window-bays; C, tri-
forium; A, arch of
. (From Viollet-
le-Duc's “Dict. de
l'Architecture.”)
482
on either side; in a ship of war, the foremost
messing-place between decks. See sick-bay.—
8. In bridge-building, the portion between two
iers.-9. In coal-mining: (a) An open space
or the gob or waste in a long-wall working.
(b) The Space between two frames or sets in a
level: Synonymous with board. [Leicester-
Shire, Eng.]—Bay of joists, the joists between two .
binding-joists, or between two girders, in a framed floor.
-Bay of roofing, the small rafters and their supporting
purlins between two principal rafters.
ayºt (bå), v. i. [K OF. bayer, beer, baer, gape
K LL. baffare, mod. F. ban !. 'dial. ºš É.
badar = Cat, badar = It. badare, K LL. ba-
dare, gape, be open. . Cf. bay8 and bay5.] To
ºne mouth, as for food; seek with open
IſlO Últ, Il.
Bayer d la mamelle, to seeke or baye for the dugge.
Hollyband, Treasurie of the French Tongue.
bayº (bă), v. [Early mod. E. also baye, K ME.
bayen, KOF. bayer = It. bajare (also in comp.,
ME. abayen, K.O.F. abayer, abaier, abbayer, mod.
F. aboyer = It. abbajara), bark; of uncertain
origin, perhaps imitative (cf. E. bawll, bark,
L. baubari, M.L. baulare, G. bailen, bark, and E.
baw”, bow-wow), but prob. associated in earlier
use with OF. baer, beer, bayer = It. badare, K
LL, badare, gape : see bay4, and cf. bay5, n., in
which the two notions unite. In some senses
the verb is from the noun..] I. intrans. To
bark, as a dog; especially, to bark with a deep
prolonged sound, as hounds in the chase.
The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bayed.
Dryden, Theodore and Honoria, l. 279.
II. trans. 1. To bark at ; beset with deep
prolonged barking.
I had rather be a dog, and bay the moon,
Than such a Roman. k., J. C., iv. 3.
2. To express by barking.
'Tis sweet to hear the watch-dog's honest bark
Bay deep-mouthed welcome as we draw near home.
Byron, Don Juan, i. 123.
3. To drive or pursue so as to compel to stand
at bay; chase or hunt.
They bay'd the bear
With hounds of Sparta.
Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
4. To hold at bay.
For we are at the stake,
And bay'd about with many enemies.
Shak., J. C., iv. 1.
bayº (bâ), m. [Early mod. E. also baye, beye, K
. bay, baie, of different origin, according as
it stands (a) for bay, a barking, & bay, M.E. bay-
em, bark; (b) by apheresis for abay, Żói. abai,
abay, abbay, aboy, mod. F. aboi, a barking, K
abayer, bark (see bays, v.), esp. in the phrase
to be or stand at bay (or at a bay, which is per-
haps always to be read at abay), to bring to bay;
(c) in the phrase to hold at bay, repr. O.F. tenir
a bay, It, tenere a bada, hold in suspense or ex-
pectation, lit. on the gape: OF. bay (= It. bada),
Suspense, lit. gaping, Kbaer–It. badare, gape, a
verb prob, in part connected with bay5, bark:
See above.] 1. The deep-toned barking of a dog
in pursuit of game; especially, the barking of
a pack of hounds.-2. The state of being so
hard pressed, as a hunted animal by dogs and
hunters, as to be compelled, from impossibility
of escape, to turn and face the danger: with at
or to ; as, to be at bay, stand at bay, hold at
bay (formerly also at a boy), bring to bay, etc.:
often used figuratively, in these and other con-
structions, with reference to persons beset by
enemies or held at a disadvantage: strait;
distress.
Unhappy Squire I what hard ...; thee brought
Into this bay of perill and disgrace
Spenger, F. Q., VI. i. 12.
Nor flight was left, nor hopes to force his way:
Emboldened by despair, he stood at bay. Dryden.
3. The state of being kept off by the bold at-
titude of an opponent; the state of being pre-
vented by an enemy, or by any kind of resist-
ance, from making further advance: with at.
We have now, for ten years together, turned the whole
force and expense of the war where the enemy was best
able to hold us at bay. Swift.
The barriers which they builded from the soil
To keep the foe at bay, Bryant, The Prairies.
bayó (bå), a. and m. [I. a. Early mod. E. also
baye, baie, KME. bay, baye, KOF. bai, mod. F. bai
= Pr: baſſ = sº bayo = Pg. bajo = It. bajo, K L.
badius (X E. badīows), bay, in ref. to a color of
horses. II. m. 1. Rarely in sing. bay (= D.
baai = MLG. baie, LG. baje (X G. boi) = Dan.
bai = Sw, boi), usually in pl. bays, early mod.
E. bayes, baies, baize (whence the mod, sing.
b
bay7 (b5), n.
bay.9 (bā), v. t.
E
b
b
bayard?!, n.
bayard
baiee, q, v.), KOF, baies, pl. of baie, fem, of bai,
adj.] I. a. Reddish or brownish-red, inclining
to chestnut; rufous; badious; castaneous: ap-
plied most frequently to horses, but also to
other animals displaying the same color.
II, n. 1+. A light woolen fabric (originally
of a bay color), the manufacture of which was
introduced into England in 1561 by refugees
from France and the Netherlands: usually in
plural bays, now, as singular, baize (which see).
–2. A bay horse.
The ploughman stopped to gaze
Whene'er his chariot swept in view
Behind the shining bays.
O. W. Holmes, Agnes.
[Origin uncertain; the ME. “bay,
or withstondynge, obstaculum,” may possibly
be a use of bay5 in to stand at bay, etc.: see
bay7, v.]_A dam; a pond-head; an embank-
ment. [Eng.
| -
bay7 (bā), v. t. [Perhaps from the related noun
(bay7), or, as the source of that, K. Icel. bag-
ja, push back, hinder, K bágr., opposition, colli-
sion; cf: fara i bág, come athwart.] To dam:
as, to bay back the water. -
bay8 (bā), n. [Short for bay-antler.] The bay-
antler or bez-antler of a *šip
[E. dial., K ... beien, beighem,
beigen, bien, buyen, bugen, KAS. bāgam, biégan,
bigan, bjgan (= OFries. bāja = MD. $ognºn:
MLG. bogen = OHG. bougen, MHG. bāugen,
G. beugen = Icel. beygja = Sw.böja = Dan. bāje
= Goth. baugjam), trans. bend, causative of
bügan (= Goth, biwgan, etc.), E. bowl, intrans.
bend: see bowl, and cf. baiti. To bend. [Prov.
ng.]
ºft, w. [Only in Spenser, who also uses em-
bay for embathe, in most instances for the sake
of rime.] A poetical perversion of bathe.
Hee feedes upon the cooling shade, and bayes
His sweatie forehead in the breathing wynd.
Spen&er, F. Q., I. vii. 3.
#. (bā’yā), n. [Hind.] The weaver-bird,
Ploceus philippinus, an East Indian passerine
|bird, somewhat like the bulfinch, remarkable
;" extremely curious nest. See weaver-
20°
baya-bird, m. Same as baya.
bayadere, bayadeer (ba-ya-dér’), n.
*spelled bajadere (K F. bayadère); formerly bal-
[Also
liadere, balliadera, K Pg. bailadeira (fem. of bai-
lador = Sp. bailador), a dancer, K bailar = Sp.
bailar, dance: see ball2.] An East Indian dan-
CIOl
g_glrl.
bayal (bā'al), n. A fine kind of cotton. Sim-
'monds.
bayamon (bā-yā-món'), n. [Cuban.] Aviolent
blast of wind, accompanied by vivid lightning,
blowing from the land on the south coast of
Cuba, especially from the Bight of Bayamon.
[Early mod. E.
also bayerd, baiard, bayart, K ME. bayard, bay—
art, K OF. bayard, baiard, baiart (= Pr. baiart),
bay, a bay horse, K bai, bay: see bay6 and -ard.
The adj. came to be a general appellative of a.
bay horse, esp. of Renaud's (Rinaldo's) magic
steed in the Charlemagne romances; later of
any horse, esp. in alliterative proverbial use,
bold bayard, blind bayard, often with reference
to reckless or stupid persons, perhaps associated
in the latter sense with O.F. bayard, gaping,
staring, one who gapes or gazes, K bayer, baer,
gape, gaze; see bay4.] I.f. a. Bay; of a bay
color: applied to a horse.
II. m. 1. A bay horse; generally, any horse:
formerly frequent in proverbial use, especially
with the epithet blind or bold.
Blind bayard moves the mill. Philips.
Who so bold as blind bayard 9 Proverbial saying.
2. A person who is self-confident and ignorant:
usually with the epithet blind or bold.
The more we know, the more we know we want :
What Bayard boulder then the ignorant?
Marston, What you Will, Ind.
º the second, late king of Spain, perceiving that
many Blind Bayards were overbold to undertake the work-
ing of his mines of silver in the West Indies, etc.
Gerard Malynes, Lex Mercatoria (1622), p. 189.
What are most of our papists, but stupid, ignorant and
blind bayards? Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 609.
[Obsolete or archaic in all uses.]
[K OF. baiard, bayart, a basket
used for the carrying of earth aná fastened
about the neck; perhaps a fanciful application
of bayard, a horse: see bayard 1.] A kind of
hand-barrow used for carrying heavy loads,
especially of stones.
bay-antler, n. See bez-antler.
bayard 1 (bā'ārd), a. and n.





bayardly
bayardly; (bā'ārd-li), a. [K bayardi + -lyl.]
Blind; stupid.
A blind credulity, a º confidence, or an imperious
fnsolence. Jer. Taylor (?), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 143.
bayberry (bā‘ber’i), n. ; pl. bayberries (-iz). [K
bayl + berry1.] 1. ### fruit of the bay-tree,
or Laurus mobilis.—2. The wax-myrtle, Myrica.
Cerifera, and its fruit. The coating of wax upon the
berries is known as bayberry-tallow or myrtle-waz. See
Myrica. Also called camdleberry. -
3. In Jamaica, the Pimenta racemosa, from
which an oil is obtained which is used in the
manufacture of bay-rum.
bay-birds (bā'bèrdz), n. pl. A collective name
of numerous small wading birds or shore-birds,
chiefly of the snipe and plover families, which
frequent the muddy shores of the bays and es-
tuaries along the Atlantic coast of the United
States.
bay-bolt (bå'bölt), n. A kind of barbed bolt.
ee bolt1.
bay-breasted (bâ"bres’ted), a. Having the
breast bay in color: as, the bay-breasted warbler,
Dendroeca castamea, one of the commonest birds
of the United States.
bay-cod (bâ’kod), n. The name of a fish of the
family Ophidiidae, Genypterus blacodes, of New
Zealand, also cañed cloudy bay-cod and ling.
bayed (bâd), a. [K bay3+ -ed2.] 1. Having a
bay or bays, as a building: as, “the large bay'd
barn,” Drayton, Polyolbion, iii.-2. Formed as
a bay or recess.
A handsome and substantial mansion, the numerous ga-
ble-ends and bayed windows of which bespoke the owner
a man of worship. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 119.
bayesł, n. See baize.
bayeta (bā-yā’tā), n. [Sp., baize: see baize.]
A common kind of coarse baize manufactured
in Spain.
Bayeux tapestry. See tapestry.
bay-gall (bā'gāl), n. A watercourse covered
with spongy earth, mixed with matted fibers,
and impregnated with acids. See gall?, 5.
bay-leaf (bā’léf), n. ; pl. bay-leaves (-lèvz). 1.
The leaf of the sweet-bay or laurel-tree, Laurus
nobilis. Bay-leaves are aromatic, are reputed stimulant
and narcotic, and are used in medicine, cookery, and con-
fectionery.
2. Same as bagº, n., 3.
baylerbay (bā’lèr-bā), n.
Same as beylerbey.
bºlet (bā’let), n.
[K bay2 + -let.] A little
ay.
bay-mahogany (bā’ma-hog"a-ni), n. Same as
tºo ) l. b K
aymanl (bā’man), 77. ; pl. baymen (-men). [.
bay2 + man.] (1. oné % lives § a bay, or
who fishes, shoots, or pursues his occupation in
Or on a bay.
When the birds are traveling with the wind, or as bay-
amen call it, a “free wind.” Shore Birds, p. 43.
2. Specifically, in British Honduras, a mahog-
any-cutter of the coast.
bayman? (bā’man), n. ; pl. baymen (-men). [K
bay3+ man.] A sick-bay attendant; a nurse
kfor sick or wounded men on a vessel of war.
bay-oil (bā’oil), n. An oil manufactured from
the ripe berries of the bay-tree of Italy, used
in veterinary medicine. McElrath.
bayonet (bā’Q-net), n. [K F. baïonnette, for-
merly bayonnette, a small flat pocket-dagger,
or a knife hung at the girdle, like a dagger,
now a bayonet, - Sp. bayoneta = It. baiometta,
a bayonet, usually derived from Bayonne, in
France, because bayonets are said to have
been first made there (Bayonne, Sp. Bayona, is
said to mean “good harbor,” K. Basque baia,
harbor (see bay?), + ona, good); but cf. F.
“bayonnier, as arbalestier [see arbalister]; an
old word” (Cotgrave), K bayon, baïon, the arrow
or shaft of a crossbow.] 1+. A short flat dag-
ger.—2. A dagger or short stabbing instru-
ment of steel for infantry soldiers, made to be
attached to the muzzle of a gun. In its original
form it has a sharp
* 5:
point and three
iT) –
reºl as
2.
edges, but other
forms have been
r, Common Bayonet; 2, Sword-Bayonet.
introduced. (See
below.) It was at
first inserted in the
barrel of the gun,
after the Soldier
* had fired, by a
wooden handle fitted to the bore; but it was afterward
made with an iron socket and ring passing over the muz-
zle, and attached to the blade by a shoulder, so that the
soldier might fire with his bayonet fixed,
3. In mach., a pin which plays in and out of
holes made to receive it, and which thus serves
to connect and disconnect parts of the machin-
ery. See bayonet-clutch-Knife-bayonet, a com-
483
bined knife and bayonet arranged to fit the muzzle of a
rifle, carried when not in use in a sheath attached to the
Waist-belt.—Rod-bayonet, a long steel rod with triangu-
lar-shaped end, used as a bayonet. It is carried under
the barrel, being held in place by a catch-spring engagin
in a rest-groove. For use it is pulled out until the catc
engages in an action-groove.--Spanish bayonet, a com-
mon name given to plants belonging to several species of
Yucca, with narrow, rigid, spine-tipped leaves, especially
to Y. aloifolia, Y. gloriosa, and Y, baccata.-Sword-
bayonet, a short, sword with a cutting edge and sharp
point, made to fasten by a spring-catch to the barrel of a
rifle or carbine. It is carried in a scabbard when not
fixed to the piece. Many nations use it as their military
bayonet.--Trowel-bayonet, a form of bayonet with a
short and broad but s -pointed blade, intended to
serve in case of need, after the manner of a trowel, as an
intrenching tool. it was used for a short time by the
United States army, but has been discarded.
bayonet (bå'Q-net), v. t. [K bayonet, n.] To
stab with a bayonet; compel or drive by the
'bayonet.
You send troops to Sabre and to bayonet us into a sub-
mission. Burke, Rev. in France.
bayonet-clasp (bā'Q-net-kläsp), n. A movable
ring of metal about the socket of a bayonet,
which serves to strengthen it and to prevent
its disengagement.
bayonet-clutch (bā'Q-met-kluch), n. In mach.,
a form of clutch armed usually with two prongs
(a a), which when in gear act on the ends or
lugs of a friction-strap, (b),
fitted on a side-boss of the
wheel to be driven, the lat-
ter being loose on the same
shaft. The clutch is attached to
the shaft by a feather-key, and
when drawn back or out of gear
with the strap the wheel remains at
rest, and the clutch continues to re-
volve with the shaft. When it is
required to set the machinery again
in motion, the clutch is thrown for-
ward by the fork c, and its prongs, engaging with the
strap, gradually put the wheel in motion.
bayonet-joint (bā’Q-net-joint), n. A form of
& *: e. -
coupling or socket-joint resembling the mode
of attachment commonly adopted for fixing a
Bayonet-clutch.
#bayonet on a musket.
bayou (bi’ö), m. [Louisiana F. bayou, earlier
bayouc, bayouque, said in old records to be an
Indian name.] In the southern United States,
the outlet of a lake, or one of the several out-
lets of a river through its delta; a sluggish
Watercourse. º
For hours, in fall days, I watched the ducks cunningly
tack and veer and hold the middle of the pond, far from the
sportsman; tricks which they will have less need to prac-
tise in Louisiana bayous. Thoreau, Walden, p. 254.
Under the shore his boat was tied,
And all her listless crew
Watched the gray alligator slide
Into the still bayou. Longfellow, Quadroon Girl.
bay-porpoise (bā'pórºpus), m. A typical por-
poise, as of the 5. Phocaena; a puffing-pig:
so called from the frequent appearance of the
animals in bays or estuaries.
bay-rum (bā‘rum"), n. IK bay1 + rum1.] A.
fragrant spirit much used as a cosmetic, etc.,
especially by barbers, obtained by distilling
the leaves of the Pimenta racemosa (see bayberry,
3), of the natural order Myrtaceae, with rum, or
by mixing the volatile oil procured from the
leaves by distillation with alcohol, water, and
acetic ether. It is the spiritus myrcia of the
TJnited States Pharmacopoeia.
baysl (bāz), m. [Prop. pl. of bayl.] See bay1.
bays2}, n. [Prop. pl. of bay6.] See baize,
bay-salt (bâ’sält'), m. . [Formerly sometimes
bai salt, base-salt, Klate ME. baye salt; cf. Dan.
baisalt=G. baisale, after E.; appar. Kbay” (some
suppose orig. in ref. to the Bay of Biscay) +
salt1..] Coarse-grained salt: properly applied
and is usually on the first gº3%
floor. - &ºft
bay-winged ... (bā’- aftº
wingd), a. Having %
ZOIlºl.
bºgº (bā‘wild), n.
bay
bay-yarn (bā’īyārn), n.
baza (bā’zâ), m.
bazaar, bazar (ba-zăr"), n.
bazaar-maun
Bdella
however, also often applied to a bow-window, which prop-
erly forms in F. the segment of a circle, or to an oriel-
window, which is supported
on a console or corbeling,
º_ º
chestnut color on the
WingS. — Bay - winged
bunting, the grass-finch or
vesper-bird, Pooecetes gra-
mineus, one of the com-
monest sparrows of North
Ameriqa. — Bay - Winged
longspur, Rhynchophames
maccowmi, a common frin-
gilline bird of the western
rairies, related to the
apland longspur.—Bay-
winged summer-finch,
Peucaea carpalis of Ari-
O
º#
E-GEE
º#
fºr:
E
EEE
:
;
;
:
~:º
Dº
†c. wº-º%º~|
:;|
º
;à
:iw~ſ:
---|:
|->
º
#
É
E.
EEFE
2 + wood1.j The
[
º F-
lighter and coarser § #EE
kind of mahogany, º ‘ā
coming especially from ãº
ºº
:
g
#
British Honduras. See
mahogany.
E23
rº -:
Bay window; ºn Guildford,
In 2' 12 Il Cl,
bay6, a., + yarn.] g
Woolen yarn used in the manufacture of baize.
[E. Ind. ; cf. Ar. bāz, a
hawk.] In ornith., the name of an East Indian
kite. It is also used as a generic name.
[Formerly also
basar, buzzar, bussar, also bazarro (cf. It. baz-
zarro, traffic, OIt. bazarra, a market-place), K F.
bazar, K. Ar. bāzār, Turk. pāzār, Hind. bāzār, K
Pers. bāzār, a market.] 1. In the East, an ex-
change, market-place, or place where goods are
exposed for sale, consisting either of Small
shops or stalls in a narrow street or series of
streets, or of a certain section in a town under
one roof and divided by narrower passage-
ways, in which all or most of the merchants and
artisans in a certain material or metal, or any
single class of goods, are gathered both for
manufacture and traffic. These bazaar-streets are
frequently shaded by a light material laid from roof to
roof, and are sometimes arched over. Marts bearing the
name of bazaars, for the sale of miscellaneous articles,
chiefly fancy goods, are now to be found in most Euro-
pean and American cities; and the term has been ex-
tended to structures arranged as market-places for spe-
cific articles: as, a horse-bazaar.
The streets of the town are narrow, terribly rough, and
very dirty, but the bazaars are extensive and well stocked.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 40.
2. A sale of miscellaneous articles in further-
ance of some charitable or other purpose; a
fancy fair. The articles there sold are mostly
of fancy work, and contributed gratuitously.
ă (ba-zār’mänd'), n. [K bazaar +
maundº, m.] An East Indian weight, differing
in different localities: equal in Calcutta to 82%
pounds avoirdupois. So called in contradis-
tinction to factory-maund. See maund+.
bazan, n. Same as basan.
bazar, m. See bazaar.
bazaras (ba-zā‘ras), m.
[E. Ind.] A large flat-
bazet, v. t.
bottomed pleasure-boat used on the Ganges,
propelled with sails and oars.
[Also written baize, appar. K.D. ba-
2em, verbazen, astonish, stupefy (cf. abash); cf.
G. (obs.) basem, rave.] To stupefy ; frighten.
baziers (bā'zērz), m. sing. or pl. (corruption Of
bear’s ears..] The plant bear's-ears, Primula
Auricula : used in some parts of England.
The baziers are sweet in the morning of May. .
Book of Days, i. 547.
to salt obtained by spontaneous or natural bazil (baz’il), n. Same as basan.
evaporation of sea-water.
bay-stall (bāstāl), n. In arch., the bay of a
window; a window-seat.
bayth, v. and n. Obsolete spelling of baiti.
Spenser.
bay-tree (bā'tré), m.
8,
Yºr
B. B.
Tanned with bark, . . . [sheep-skins] constitute bazils,
and are used for making slippers and as bellows-leather.
C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 42.
A common abbreviation in mineralogi-
cal works for before the blowpipe : as, quartz
[K ME. baytre (whence is infusible B. B.
ppar. MD. baeytere); K bayl + tree.1 1. The bbl., bbls.
Abbreviations of barrel and barrels
laurel-tree, Laurus mobilis, a native of Italy # jº as, 1,000 bbls. flour.
and Greece, growing to the height of 30 feet.— B.
2. In the eastern United States, a name of the
Magnolia Virginiana, and in California of Um-
bellularia Californica.
Pterospermum Javamicum.
bay-window (bā'win'dó), m. [K bayº, a recess, + B.
window.] In arch., properly, a window forming Bdella (del’ā), n.
a recess or bay in a room, º: outward,
and rising from the ground or basement on a
plan rectangular, semi-octagonal, or semi-hex-
agonal, but always straight-sided. The term is,
*
An abbreviation of before Christ, used
in noting dates preceding the Christian era:
as, the battle of Thermopylae was fought 480
B. C. ; Julius Caesar invaded Britain 55 B. C.
bayur (bā-yôr'), m. Javanese name of the tree B.C. E. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Civil
Engineering. See bachelor.
... An abbreviation of Bachelor of Divinity.
[NL., K. Gr. BóēAAa, a leech..]
1. A genus of leeches, of the family Hirudi-
'midab or Gnathobdellidae. Also written Baellia.
[Not in use.]–2. The typical genus of the
family Bdellidae. B. longicornis is an example.

























bdellatomy
bdellatomy (de-latº-mi), n. [K Gr. 36éWWa, a
Beech, + topiń, a cutting.] 1. The act or oper-
ation of incising a leech while sucking, so that
the ingested blood may escape, and the leech
continue to suck,-2. The application of the
bdellometer.
Bdellia (del’i-á), n. [NL.: see Bdella.] Same
as Bdella, 1.
Bdellidae (del’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Bdella +
-idae.] A family of tracheate mites, of the or-
der Acarida, class Arachnida, having the head
distinct from the thorax and elongated into a
proboscis, chelate cheliceres, long thin rap-
torial pedipalps, cursorial legs of six or more
joints, stigmate near the rostrum, and skeleton
composed of sclerites embedded in soft skin.
The animals are found creeping in damp places. Besides
Bdella, the family contains the genus Scirws.
Bdellinae (de-li'né), m. pl. [NL., K. Bdella +
-inge.] A subfamily of tracheate Acarina. See
JBdellidae.
bdellium (del’i-um), n. [In ME. bāelyum, bidel-
lium, K. L.L. baellium, K. Gr. 368%tov, a plant, a
fragrant gum which exudes from it (Dioscori-
des, Pliny); used (also in the form {36é%a) to
translate Heb. bºdólakh, a precious article of
merchandise mentioned along with gold and
precious stones (Gen. ii. 12). The opinion of
the rabbins, which Bochart supports, is that
b'dólakh signifies orig. a pearl, and as a collec-
tive noum pearls, which may be compared to
grains of manna; hence its secondary sense of
a gum.] A name given to two aromatic gum-
resins, similar to myrrh, but weaker. Indian
bdellium is believed to be the product of Balsamea,
Mukul, and African bdellium of B. Kataf. They are
used for the same purposes as myrrh, but chiefly as an
ingredient in plasters and as a perfume. An Egyptian
resin also called baellium is obtained from the doum-palm,
Hyphoene Thebaica, of Upper Egypt.
Bdelloida (de-loiſdá), n. [NL., K. Gr. 36é%a, a
leech, + -oida.] A family of rotifers that swim
and creep like a leech, with the foot retractile,
jointed, telescopic, and forked at the end.
bdellometer.(de-lom'e-tér), n., [K Gr. 66%a,
a leech (K 366% cup, milk, suck), + puérpov, a
measure.] An instrument used as a substi-
tute for the leech. It consists of a cupping-glass, to
which a scarificator and an exhausting syringe are at-
tached. Dunglison.
Bdellostoma (de-los’tó-mâ), m. [NL., K. Gr.
Böé2%a, a leech, + otóua, mouth.] A genus of
cyclostomous or marsipobranchiate fishes, or
myzonts, referred to the family Myaimidae, or
made the type of a family Bdellostomidae : so
called from the comparison of the suctorial
mouth to that of a leech. There are 7 branchial
apertures or openings of the branchial sacs. B. heptatre-
'ma is found at the Cape of Good Hope. The genus is the
same as Heptat rema.
bdellostomid (de-los’tó-mid), n. A myzont of
the family Bdellostomidae.
Bdellostomidae (del-os-tom’i-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Bdellostoma + -idae.] A family of hypero-
tretous myzonts, represented by the genus
Bdellostoma : synonymous with Heptatremidae
(which see).
bds. An abbreviation of boards, in use among
bookbinders and booksellers.
bel (bě), v. i., substantive verb ; pres. am, art
(sometimes beest), is, are (sometimes be); pret.
was, wast, were ; subj. be, were, wert; impy. be,
É. been ; ppr. being. [Under the verb be are
classed, as identical in sense, the surviving
forms of three orig. independent verbs, which,
supplementing each other's defects, serve to-
gether to make up the substantive verb or cop-
ula; they are represented by the forms be, am,
and was. 1. Be, inf., early mod. E. also bee, K
ME. be, bee, been, ben, begn, KAS. begn, biºn;
pres. ind, sing. 1st pers, be, early mod. E. also
bee, K ME. be, bee, bed, K. A.S. bed, rarely begm,
biom (retaining the suffix -m, which appears
also in am) = OS. biwm = OFries. bem = OHG.
pim (bim), MHG. G. bin; 2d pers. beest, best,
dial. bist, K ME. beest, best, beast, bist, KAS. bist
= OS. bist = OHG. pis, pist, MHG. G. bist; 3d
pers. be, dial. also beeth, bes, K ME. beth, béoth,
north, bes, K AS. bith; pl. be, archaic and dial.
been, ben, bin, also beth, K ME. been, ben, bin,
etc., prop. (as ind.) beeth, beth, bedth, & Aš.
bedth (in all three persons) = OHG. 1st pers. pi-
rumes, 2dpirut (MHG. birnt, bint) (3d sint); with
similar forms in subj., etc.; all from a common
Teut. V “beu = L. fu- in perf. fuisse, have been
(ind. fui, I was, I have been), fut, part. fu-
turus, about to be (see future), fut inf. fore, be
about to be, F= Gr. ºffeoffat, be, become, grow
(act. 49ety, produce) (> ult. E. physic, physical,
etc.), - Skt. V bhū, become, come into being,
484
take place, exist, be; the sense ‘become’ being
Still evident in AS., and giving the present gen-
erally a future implication. 2. Am, etc., pres.
ind. (without inf.): 1st pers. amn (often contr.
'm in I'm), KME. am, amm, em, K.ONorth, eam,
am, A.S. eom-Icel, em (mod. usually er)= Goth.
im (orig, “ism) = L. sum (orig. *esum) = Gr, eiui,
dial. Šppli (orig. *ěopit), - OBulg. yesmi = Bohem.
jSem, etc., E. Lith. eSmi, etc., = Skt. asmā; 2d
pers, art, KME. art, ert, KAS. eart, ONorth, arth
= Icel, ert = Goth, is = L. es = Gr. el, dial. Égot,
= OBulg, yesi, etc., F. Skt. asi, 3d pers, is, KME.
is, es, KAS is: ÖS. is iſofºieślº'oï.
M.H.G. G. ist = Icel. er, earlier es, = Sw. Čr =
Dan, or (extended in Sw. Dam. also to 1st and
2d pers.) = Goth, ist = L. est– Gr, éori = OBulg.
gesti, etc., - Skt. astī; pl. are, K ME. are, aren
arme, ere, eren, erne, KONorth. arom, earon (in aii
three persons) = Icel. 1st erum, 2d eruth, 3d eru,
= Sw, 1st dro, 2d diren, 3d diro, = Dam. ere: a
new formation from the stem as seen in the
sing, art, etc., taking the place in Scand. and
ONorth., etc., of the older form, namely, AS.
sind, also in double pl. sindon (in all three per-
sons), = OS. sind, sindem = OFries. send = OHG.
MHG. 3d pl. Sint, G. sind = Goth. 3d pl. sind =
L. 1st Sumus, 2d estis, 3d sunt, = Gr. 1st éopuév, 2d
ëoré, 3d eiot, dial. Šaat, - Skt. 1st smas, 2d stha,
3d Santi; also in subj. (lost since early M.E.),
AS. 1st pers. s?, pl. sin, = OFries, så = OS. S. =
OHG. M.H.G. si, G. sei = Icel. sé, earlier Sjá,
Goth. Sijau, etc., - L. sim, OL. siem = Gr. eim =
Skt. Syām, etc., with similar (in AS. identical)
forms for the other persons; all from a com-
mon root represented by Skt. V as, be, exist. 3.
Was, pret. ind. (without inf. in mod. E.): sing.,
1st and 3d pers. was, KME. was, was, wes, KAS.
waºs = OS. was = OFries. was = D. was = OHG.
was, MHG. G. war = Icel. war, earliervas, = Sw.
Dan. var = Goth. was; 2d pers. wert, earlier
were, K ME. were, KAS. wiere; pl. were, K ME.
were, weren, KAS. wigron (so subj. were, K ME.
were, KAS. wałre, etc.; AS. impv. wes, of which
a relic remains in E. wassail, q.v.), with similar
forms in the other tongues; pp., A.S. gewesen
(usually bedn, E. been), etc.: prop. pret. (and
pp.) of the strong verb, A.S. inf. wesan = OS.
wesan = OFries. wesa = D. wezen = OHG. wesan,
MHG. wesen (G. wesen, n., being, a being) =
Icel. vera, earlier vesa, = Sw. vara = Dam. vacre
= Goth, wisan, be, - Skt. V was, dwell, abide,
live. To the same root are referred Gr. &otu, a
city, dwelling-place (see asteism), L. verma (for
*vesna), a household slave (see vernacular).—In
mod, literary E. the form be in the ind. is only
archaic or poetical, but it still flourishes in dial.
use.] 1. To exist; have existence or being;
possess reality; be the case; be true or real.
To be, or not to be, that is the question.
ak., Hamlet, iii. 1.
Creatures which only are, and have a dull kind of being
not yet privileged with life.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 34.
Time was, Time is, and Time shall be no more.
Sowthey.
2. To take place; occur; happen; come about:
as, the wedding will be to-morrow ; his birth-
day was last week; it was to be.—3. Usually,
be is a mere copula, or sign of predication, a
link between a subject and a predicate. As such
it asserts, or expresses as fact, the inclusion of the subject
among the things denoted by the predicate, or the posses-
sion by the subject of the characters signified by the pred-
icate ; and this it does with temporal and modal modifl-
cations, while the whole substance of the predication, or
all that is predicated, is expressed separately, in noun or
adjective form, or the equivalent of such : thus, I am
good, he was a hero, they will be there, we should have
been beloved. Hence, every other predicating word or
verb may be analyzed into a form of be, expressing the
predication, and an adjective or noun expressing what
is predicated: thus, he loves into he is loving, or he is a
lover, and so on. Such a copula is possessed by many
languages, being, as in English, reduced to that value by
gradual attenuation of an originally substantial meaning;
as in modern French, ētait, “was,’ from Latin stabat, or
nearly as exist, literally “stand forth.'
4. In metaph., to subsist in a state not neces-
sarily amounting to actual existence; have the
rudiments of existence. See being.—5. An
auxiliary verb denoting subsistence in or sub-
jection to the mode of action or being ex-
pressed by the principal verb. (a) Joined with a
present participle, it has the grammatical construction
of a predicate adjective qualifying the subject, to make
a continuous or progressive or imperfect present: thus,
I am loving, etc., beside I love, etc.—to match which
the language has rather recently acquired a correspond-
ing passive, I am being loved, beside I am loved. (b) It
is joined with a past participle (having the same con-
struction as º to make phrases equivalent with the
passive verb-forms or verb-phrases of other languages:
thus, he is loved, Latin amatur, German er wird geliebt.
be? (bě), n.
beach (béch), v.
beach-birds (běchºběrdz), m. pl.
beach birds
Hence such phrases are ordinarily viewed as making a
#: conjugation of the English verb. They are un-
istinguished in form from mere combinations of be
with a predicate participle; thus, he is beaten is passive
when it means ‘somebody is beating him,' but not when
it means “he is a beaten man,’ or ‘somebody has beaten
him.’, (c) Formerly, as still to a very limited extent (much
more in other related languages, as German and French),
be was the auxiliary used in making the past tenses of in.
transitive verbs, as have of transitives: thus, he is come,
they were gone (German er ist gekommen, French ils étaiené
allés), and so on. At present, have has come to be the
auxiliary almost universally used in this sense.
The heathen are perished out of his land [that is, have
perished and now no longer exist in the land). Ps. x. 16.
(d) An infinitive with to after be forms a sort of future,
often with a certain implication of obligation: thus, hē
ºs to conne, they were to º she would have been to
blame or to be blamed. . [Be, with to, in perfect tenses
(have been, had been, etc.), is used in the sense of go, yet
hardly except in colloquial style: thus, he has been to
Paris; we had been to see her.]—Been and, a common
vulgarism introduced pleonastically into the perfect and
}. tenses of other verbs: sometimes extended to
een and gone and.
Sir Pitt has been and proposed for to marry Miss Sharp.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, I. xv.
Let be, to omit or leave untouched; let alone; cease.
Let be, said he, my prey. Dryden.
Let be thy wail and help thy fellow-men.
Temmy&om, Ancient Sage.
See there.
[K ME. be, KAS. be = D. G. Dan.
Sw., etc., be = F. b3 = Sp. Pg. It. be, K L. be,
shortened from beta (K Gr. 37ta: see beta), or
formed from b + e, the usual assistant vowel
in the names of the letters.] The name of the
second letter of the alphabet, usually written
simply b or B. See B.
There is, etc.
best, prep. Obsolete form of by. Chaucer.
Be. In chem., the symbol for beryllium (the same
as glucinum).
be-l. . [ME. be-, in early M.E. commonly bi-, K
AS. be-, bi-, = OS. bi- = OFries. be-, bi-, = D.
bº, Mić. 'bi-, i.e., LG. be. Tošć, bi-, be,
MHG. G. be- = Goth. bi- (lengthened under
stress, as in comp. with a noun, AS. bi-, big-,
D. bij-, OHG. M.H.G. bi-, G. bei-), an insepa-
rable prefix, orig. the same as the prep., AS.
be, bi, E. by, meaning primarily ‘about,’ being
prob. = L. -bi, Gr. -ºpt, in L. ambi-, Gr. º
about (see ambi-, amphi-): see byl and be- j
An inseparable prefix of verbs, and of nouns
thence derived. It means primarily “about,’ ‘around,”
as in beset, begird, whence the more general sense
“around,’ ‘all over,’ leading to a merely intensive use
as in besmear, bespatter, besprinkle, etc. It is also use
to form transitive verbs from nouns, as begem, bedev, be-
jog, bemire, etc., or from intransitive verbs, as belie, be-
howl, besing, etc., verbs of either class often conveying
slight contempt, as bepraise, beplaster, bepowder, etc., and
are hence often made for the nonce. In a few verbs, all
obsolete except behead, be- assumed a privative force;
while in many verbs this prefix, through loss of the simple
verb, or a deflection of its sense, or by mere dilution, has
now no assignable force, as in begin, bequeath, become, be-
hold, etc.
be-2. [ME. and AS., be-, bi-, or separately be,
bi, being the prep. with ſº 3,01W, OI. In OUID. -
see be-1.] An inseparable prefix of adverbs,
which may also be used as prepositions or
conjunctions. It is properly the preposition by, Mid-
dle English be, bi, (a) used adverbially, as in before, behind,
between, betwixt, below, etc., contracted in above, about ;
or (b) merged with the governed moun, as in because, be-
side, that is, ‘by cause,’ ‘by side’: so also in behalf, origi-
nally a prepositional phrase, now taken as a noun. See
*the words cited.
beach (běch), m. [Formerly also beech, beatch,
baich, baiche, bache; first in early mod. E., ap-
par. dial, with the meaning first given. Origin
unknown.] 1. The loose pebbles of the sea- .
shore; shingle. ºl. . That part of the
shore of the sea, or of a lake which is washed
by the tide and waves; the strand. It may be
Sometimes used for the shore of large rivers. It usually
means the tract between high- and low-water mark.
Only the long waves as they broke
In ripples on the pebbly beach.
Dongfellow, Building of the Ship.
Raised beach, in geol., a shelf or terrace of shingle,
vel, and sand, elevated above the present level of
he lake or sea in which it was formed, and indicat-
ing a change in the relative level of land and water
surface.
[K beach, m.] I. trans. To
run or haul up (a ship or boat) on the beach.
We rowed ashore, dressed in our uniform, beached the
boat, and went } to the fandango.
. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 281.
II, intrans. To land upon a beach.
All that afternoon we drifted between sea and shore,
and beached at sunset in a new land.
C. W. Stoddard, South-Sea Idyls, p. 344.
tº A collective
name of sundry sandpipers or other small wad-
ing birds found in flocks on beaches.
beach-clam
beach-clam (böchſklam), n. A popular name
of the Mactra solidissima. [Local, U. S.]
beach-comber (běch’kö’měr), n. 1. A long
wave rolling in from the ocean. Bartlett.
[U. S.]–2. A seafaring man, generally of
Vagrant and drunken habits, who idles about
the wharves of seaports: used most frequently
in countries bordering on the Pacific ocean.
This is a specimen of the life of half of the Americans
and English who are adrift along the coasts of the Pacific
and its islands, commonly called beach-combers.
R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 291.
beached (bécht), p. a. 1. Having a beach;
bordered by a beach; formed by or consisting
of a beach. [Rare.] -
Timon hath made his everlasting mansion
Upon the beached verge of the salt flood.
Shale., T. of A., v. 2.
2. Run on a beach; stranded.
beach-flea (béch'flé), n. A name of sundry
small amphipod crustaceans. Also called sand-
hopper, shore jumper, and Sand-flea.
beach-grass (béch'grás), m. The sand-reed,
Ammophila arenaria, a coarse grass with stout
running root-stocks, growing on Sandy beaches
and protecting them from the winds.
beachman (béch’man), n. ; pl. beachmen (-men).
A person on the coast of Africa who acts as in-
terpreter to ship-masters, and assists in con-
ducting the trade. Imp. Dict.
beach-master (běch’mäs’tēr), n. 1. Naut., a
naval officer appointed to superintend the dis-
embarkation of an attacking force.—2. A name
used in some places for a male seal.
beach-wagon (běchºwag'Qn), n. A light open
wagon with two or more seats, used on beaches.
beachył (bě'chi), a. [K beach + -y1.] Covered
with beach or shingle; pebbly; shingly.
The beachy girdle of the ocean. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 1.
beacon (bé’kon or -kn), n. [KME. beken, bekene,
KAS. bedcen, becen, becn, a sign, signal-standard,
= OS. bākam = OFries. bāken, bāken = D. baak =
LG. bāke (> G. bake) = OHG. boulihan, MHG.
bouchen = Icel. bākm (after AS.), a sign. Hence
beckon and beck?..] 1. A guiding or warning
signal; anything fixed or set up as a token;
especially, a signal-fire, either in a cresset
and placed on a pole, or lighted on a tower or
an eminence. Such beacons were formerly much used
to signal the approach of an enemy or to spread a call or
Warning for any purpose, a chain of them often conveying
intelligence to great distances.
Modest doubt is call’d
The beacon of the wise. Shak., T. and C., ii. 2.
TUncertain, troubled, earnest wonderers beheld his intel-
lectual fire as a beacon burning on a hill-top.
Hawthorne, Old Manse, I.
2. A tower or hill formerly used for such pur-
OSèS. Various hills in Dngland and the older parts of
he United States have the name of Beacon, from the fact
that signal-fires were formerly lighted on them.
3. A structure of stone or iron (without
or With a light) placed over a rock or shoal
Beacons.
at Sea, or on the shore, as a warning or
guide for vessels:4. A painted staff about 9
feet long, carrying a small square flag at the
top, used in º to indicate an angle of the
quarters assigned to a regiment or company.
—5}. In England, formerly, a division of a
wapentake; probably a district throughout
which a beacon could be seen, or which was
bound to furnish one. N. E. D. -
beacon (běſkgn or -kn), v. [K beacon, n. Cf.
beckon.] I. trams. 1. To illumine or light up
as a beacon.
That beacons the darkness of heaven.
ampbell, Lochiel's Warning.
2. To afford light or aid to ; lead; guide as a
beacon.—3. To furnish or mark with beacons:
as, to beacon a coast or a boundary: sometimes
with off.-4}. To use as a beacon; make a bea-
con of.
No, if other things as great in the Church and in the
rule of life both economicall and politicall be not lookt
into and reform'd, we have lookt so long upon the blaze
that Zwinglius and Calvin hath beacom'd up to us, that we
are stark blind. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 44.
485
II. intrans. To serve or shine as a beacon.
The Soul of Adonais, like a star
Beacona from the abode where the Eternal are.
helley, Adomais, lv.
Where the lighthouse beacon's bright
Far in the bay. M. Arnold, A Southern Night.
beaconage (bě/kgn-āj), n. IK beacon + -age.]
Money paid for the maintenance of beacons.
beacon-blaze (bé'kon-bląz), n. A signal-light
or -fire. Tennyson.
beaconed (bé’kond), a. Having a beacon.
- The foss that skirts the beaconed hill.
- T. Warton, Odes, x.
beacon-fire (bé’kon-fir), n. A fire lighted up as
a beacon or signal; a signal-fire. º
beacon-tower (bé'kon-tou’ér), n. A tower on
which a beacon is raised.
A beacon-tower above the waves. Tennyson, Princess, iv.
bead (bâd), n. [K ME. bede, a prayer, also (in
peire of bedes, a pair of beads) a bead used in
counting prayers, K. A.S. bedu (rare, and the
Inom. is not found), in comp. bed- (= OS. beda
= OFries. bede = D. bede = OHG. beta, MHG.
bete, G. bitte = Goth. bida), fem. (also gebed
S. gibed = OHG. gabet, MHG. G. gebet,
neut.), a prayer, K biddan, etc., pray: see bid.
Beads are used by Roman Catholics to keep
them right as to the number of their prayers,
one bead of the rosary being dropped every
time a prayer is said; hence the transference
of the name from that which is counted (the
Fº) to that which is used to count with.
f. Sp. Cuentas, Pg. contas, the beads of a
rosary, K Sp. Pg. contar, count.] 1+. Prayer; a
prayer; specifically, a prayer of the list or
bead-roll, read at public church-services by the
preacher before his sermon, or by the curate
(see bead-roll): usually in the plural. Hence, in
this sense, to bid (one's) beads, to say (one's) prayers. See
phrases below.
When holy and devout religious men
Are at their beads, 'tis much to draw them thence;
So sweet is zealous contemplation.
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 7.
2. One of the little balls, of wood, cocoanut-
shell, pearl, glass, jewels, or other material,
strung in a prescribed order, which form the
chaplet or rosary in use in the devotions of
Roman Catholics, Buddhists, etc., to keep count
of the number of prayers said. See pair of
beads, below.
The commonest, though not the only, appliance for
reckoning these prayers was, and still is, a string of beads
so put together that every set of ten smaller ones for the
“Hail Marys” is parted by a larger bead, to tell when the
“Our Father ” must be recited.
- Pock, Church of our Fathers, III. i. 320.
3. Anything resembling a rosary-bead, strung
with others for ornament, as in necklaces or
beadwork: as, glass, amber, metal, coral, or
other beads.
With scarfs, and fans, and double change of bravery,
With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knavery.
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 3.
4. Any small globular, cylindrical, or annular
body, as the Small projecting piece of metal at
the end of a gun-barrel used as a sight, a drop
of liquid, etc.
Beads of sweat have stood %. thy brow.
hak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 3.
He raised his piece gradually, until the bead . . . of the
barrel was brought to a line with the spot which he in-
tended to hit. J. J. Awdwbom, Ornith. Biog., I. 293.
5. One of the circular markings of certain dia-
toms.—6. The bubble or mass of bubbles ris-
ing to the top or resting on the surface of a
liquid when shaken or decanted: as, the bead
of wines or spirits.
Give me the wine of thought whose bead
Sparkles along the page I read.
Whittier, Lines on a Fly-Leaf.
Pleasure, that immortal essence, the beauteous bead
sparkling in the cup, effervesces soon and subsides.
Alcott, Table-Talk, p. 75.
'7. A i. globule for trying the strength of
alcoholic spirits. Beads are numbered according to
their specific gravities, and the strength of the spirit is
denominated by the number of that one which remains
suspended in it, and neither sinks to the bottom nor floats
on the surface. Beads, in determining the strength of
spirits, are now for the most part superseded by the
hydrometer. tº º
8. In mineral., in the blowpipe examination of
minerals, a globule of borax or other flux which
is supported on a platinum wire, and in which
the substance under examination is dissolved
in the blowpipe flame.—9. In arch. and join-
ery, a small convex molding, in section a semi-
circle, or greater than a semicircle; properly,
a plain molding, but often synonymous with
astragal, which is better reserved for a small
convex molding cut into the form of a string of
bead (běd), v. t.
+with beads; raise beads upon.
beaded (bé’ded), p. a.
bead-furnace (běd'fèr"măs), n.
bead-furnace
beads. The bead is a very frequent ornament, used to
mark a junction or a separation, as between the shaft and
the capital of a
column, to dress
an angle, etc. It
is much used in
woodwork of all
kinds, from car-
penters' work to
the finest kinds of
joinery and cabi-
net-work. Among
joiners the bead
is variously in-
troduced ; as: (a)
bead and butt (fig.
1), framed work in
which the panel
is flush with the
framing and has
a bead run on two
edges in the di-
rection of the
grain only, while
the ends are left
plain ; (b) bead
and flush (fig. 2),
framed work in
which a bead is
run on the edge of
the framing; (c)
bead and quirk
; 3), the edge of a piece of stuff on which a bead is
ormed, or stuck, as it is called, flush with the surface;
(d) bead and dowble quirk, or return bead (fig. 4), the
angle of a lº
—vº v: of Stuff on which a
bead is stuck and
—D º: OT º
... — 7, 2 on both surfaces;
Fig.1. Fi/.2. (e) bead, butt, and
Square work, a
Fºg 3. Fig. 4. other side is plain.
* (f) bead, flush, and
Square, framing
which is beaded
On one side only.
10. In bookbinding, shoemaking, etc., any cord-
like prominence, as the roll on the head-band
of a book, the Seam of a shoe, etc.—Baily's
beads, appearances resembling a row of bright beads,
English astronomer Francis Baily, who observed these ob-
jects in the annular eclipse of May 15, 1836.— Druidical
bead. Same as adder-stone. — Pair of beads [ME. petre
of bedes), that is, “set of beads” (Shak., Rich. II., iii. 3),
a rosary; now, specifically, a chaplet of five decades, that
is, a third part of the rosary. A chaplet or pair of beads,
as thus restricted, is the form in common use under the .
name of the beads. The large beads between the decades
were formerly called gaudies (see gaud, gaudy); each
Chawcer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., i. 159.
The beads for saying the Tosary went by several names,
—“a pair of beads”; “a pair of Pater nosters”; “avé
beads”; but never were they called a rosary.
Quoted in Rock's Church of our Fathers, III. i. 327, note.
St. Cuthbert's beads, or f beads, the small perfo-
rated joints of the sténns of fossil encrimites, formerly
much used in Tosaries.—To bid (one's) beads (formerly
also in singular, to bid a bead) (M.E. bidden or beden a bede
The phrases to count and to number (one's) beads are merely
literary.
A peire of bedis eke she bere
Upon a lace, alle of white threde,
On which that she hir bedes bede.
Rom. of the Rose, 1, 7372,
To draw a bead on, to take deliberate aim at, with a
musket or other firearm. (See def. 4.)
[K bead, m.] To ornament
Bead as used beneath a capital.— Abbey-
church of Vézelay, Yonne, France; 11
century. (From Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. de
l’Architecture.”)
panel which has
beads on two of its
edges on one side
only, while the
seen at the moon's limb in a total solar eclipse about the
instant of internal contact ; thought to be due to diffrac-
tion and irradiation, and much exaggerated in case the
telescope is imperfect or out of focus: named from the
separate bead, or grain, as it is now termed, Tyndale calls
a stone.
Of smal coral aboute hir arm she bar
A petre of bedes gauded al with grene.
or bedes), literally, to offer (one's) prayers; hence the later
equivalent phrases to say or recite (one's) beads, now with
reference, as literally in the phrase to tell (one's) beads, to
counting off prayers by means of the beads on the rosary.
[K bead -H, -ed?..] 1. In
the form of a bead or of a collection of beads.
With beaded bubbles winking at the brina.
Keats, Ode to a Nightingale.
With woolly breasts and beaded eyes.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, xcv.
2. Provided with or formed of beads, or of
Small bodies having the appearance of beads:
as, a beaded necklace or bracelet.—3. In bot.,
moniliform: said of vessels, that are deeply
constricted so as to resemble strings of beads.
–4. Having a bead; as, beaded ale.—Beaded
lace, lace through which beads are woven in the pattern.-
*Beaded wire, wire ornamented with bead-like swellings.
Theader (bé’dër), n,
A tool for raising orna-
mental beadwork on metal boxes.
e * A furnace in
which the small glass cylinders from which
beads, are, made are rounded. The cylinders are
placed in a drum over a fire sufficiently hot to soften the
glass, and the rounding is effected by revolving the drum.


beadhook
beadhook? (běd'hūk), n. [Early mod. E. also
beedhook (naut.), corruptly bidhook; K bead (un-
certain) + hook.] A kind of boat-hook.
2d Le. Arm'd men? with drum and colours?
Se; , º No, my lord,
But bright in arms, yet bear half pikes or beadhooks.
Chapman, Caesar and Pompey, v. 1.
beadhouse (běd’ hous), n. [Also archaically
bedehouse, north. dial. beadus (not found in
ME.), KAS. bedhüs, K bedw, prayer, + his,
house: see bead and house..] Formerly, a hos-
pital or an almshouse for the founders and
benefactors of which prayers were required to
}. said by the beneficiaries. Also spelled bede-
&O'MS6.
beadiness (bé'di-nes), m.
beady.
beading (bé’ding), n. [K bead -H -ing1.] 1. In
arch. and joinery, a bead; collectively, the beads
used in ornamenting a given structure or sur-
face.—2. In bookbinding, see bead, m., 10.—3.
In com., a preparation added to weak spiritu-
ous liquors to cause them to carry a bead, and
to hang in pearly drops about the sides of the
bottle or glass when poured out or shaken, it
being a popular notion that spirit is strong in
proportion as it shows such globules. A very
small quantity of oil of vitriol or oil of almonds mixed
with rectified spirit is often used for this purpose.
beadle (bě/dl), m. [Early mod. E. also bedle,
beedle (Sc. beddal), KME. bedel, bidel, budel (with
accent on first syllable), KAS. bydel (= D. beul
= OHG. butil, M.H.G. biitel, G. bittel), a beadle,
K beddam, announce, command, bid.: see bid.
The word merged in ME. with bedel, bedell,
with accent on the last syllable (whence the
mod. forms bedel, bedell), K OF. bedel, mod. F.
bedeau = Pr, Sp. Pg. bedel = It. bidello (ML.
bedellus, bidellus), from Teut. The reg. mod.
form from ME. bidel, K. A.S. bydel, would be
mod. biddle ; it so exists in the proper name
Biddle.] 1+. One who makes proclamation;
a herald.—2. A crier or messenger of a court;
a servitor; one who cites persons to appear and
answer. [Rare.]—3. In universities, a sub-
altern official or servant, properly and usually
termed a bedel (which see).
It shall be the duty of the faculty to appoint a college
beadle, who shall direct the procession on Commencement
day, and preserve order during the exhibitions.
Laws of Yale College, 1837.
4. In England, a parish officer having various
subordinate duties, such as keeping order in
church, punishing petty offenders, waiting on
the clergyman, attending meetings of vestry or
session, etc.
And I, forsooth, in lovel I, that have been love's whip;
A very beadle to a humorous sigh,
A critic; nay, a night-Watch constable.
Shak., L. L. L., iii. 1.
Bread and a slavish ease, with some assurance
From the base beadle's whip, crown'd all thy hopes.
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, v. 3.
5. The apparitor of a trades guild or company.
Also spelled bedell and bedel, in senses 2
and 3.
beadledom (bé’dl-dum), m. [K beadle + -dom.]
Beadles collectively, and their characteristics
+as a class; stupid officiousness.
beadleism (bé’dl-izm), m. [K beadle + -ism.]
The character or peculiarities of beadles; bea-
dledom. Dickens. [Rare.]
beadlery (bé’dl-ri), m. . [K beadle + -ry.] The
office or jurisdiction of a beadle.
beadleship (bé'dl-ship), n. [K beadle + -ship.]
The office of beadle. ,
bead-loom (běd’löm), n. A gauze-loom for mak-
ing beadwork, the threads used being strung
with beads.
beadman (běd’man), m. ; pl. beadmen (-men).
[K ME. bedeman, K bede, bead, a prayer, + man.]
The original form of beadsman.
They lade the lips of their beadmen, or chaplains, with
so Inany ImaSSes. Tyndale.
Having thus owned the continuing sovereignty of the
king, before whom they presented themselyes as bedemen.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., W. 12.
bead-mold (běd’möld), n. A name given to
various species of mucedinous fungi, in which
the spores are in necklace-like chains. They
belong to Penicillium, Aspergillus, and similar genera
and are found on various vegetable kinds of food an
other substances, causing decay.
bead-molding (běd'môl/ding), n. In arch.,
same as bead, 9.
bead-plane (běd (plån), n. A form of plane used
for cutting a bead. The cutting edge of the plane-iron
is a semicircle with a diameter equal to the diameter of
the required molding.
bead-proof (běd (próf), a. 1. Of such a nature
or quality that a crown of bubbles formed by
The quality of being
486
shaking will stand for some time on the sur-
face: said of spirituous liquors, and errone-
ously supposed to indicate strength.—2. Of a
certain standard of strength as ascertained by
beads. See bead, m., 7.
bead-roll (běd’ról), n. [K bead, a prayer, H-
roll, a list.] 1. A ist of rayers; specifically,
before the Reformation, the list of the persons
and objects for which prayers were said, read
out by the preacher before the sermon. In “an
order [of Henry VIII., A. D. 1534] taken for preaching and .
bidding of the beads, in all sermons to be made within this
realm,” mention is made of the church catholic, especially
in England, of the king and royal family, of the bishops
and clergy, of the nobility and entire temporalty (laity) of
the kingdom, particularly of such as the preacher's devo-
tion may prompt him to name, and of the souls of the
faithful departed. The bead roll was prohibited by Ed-
ward VI. in 1548. It has often been supposed by later
writers to have had something to do with the recital of
the beads or rosary. te
2. Figuratively, any list or catalogue; a long
Sel'leS.
Dan Chaucer, well of English undefyled,
On Fames eternall bead roll worthie to be fyled,
Spenser, F. Q., IV. ii. 32.
Neither is the Scripture without a pitiful bead row of
miserable torments.
Bullinger's Decades, 1587 (trans. Parker Soc.).
The bead-roll of her vicious tricks. Prior, Alma, iii.
3. A rosary.-4. [K bead, a dot, + roll, a cyl-
inder.] In bookbinding, a brass roll with the
edge cut in dots or beads, used in gilding.
Älso called bead-row.
bead-sight (běd'sit), n. A sight on a firearm
consisting of a small round bead on a thin
beak
black globose seeds.— wº
º: U.::::::::::mack bead-tree, of Jamaica,
beadwork (běd (wèrk), n. 1. Ornamental work
formed of beads by embroidering, crocheting,
etc.—2. In joinery, beading (which see).
beady (bé'di), a. . [K bead-F-yl.] 1. Bead-like;
small, round, and glittering: applied especially
to eyes. -
Miss Crawley could not look without seeing Mr. Bute's
beady eyes eagerly fixed on her. -
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, I. xix.
The titmouse turns his beady eye
Upon me as I wander by.
Joel Benton, December Woods.
2. Covered with or full of beads; having a
bead, as ale or other liquor.
beagle (bé'gl), n., [Formerly begele, begle; K
late ME. begle; origin unknown. The F. bigle
is from the E.] 1. A small hound, formerly
kept to hunt hares, now almost superseded by
the harrier, which is sometimes called by this
Iname. The beagle is smaller than the harrier, compactly
built, smooth-haired, and has pendulous ears. The Small-
est beagles are little larger than lap-dogs.
To plains with well-breathed beagles we repair,
And trace the mazes of the circling hare.
Pope, Windsor Forest, l. 121.
Hence—2. Figuratively, one who makes a
business of scenting out or hunting down (a
person or thing); a spy; a bailiff or sheriff's
officer.
There beagles flew
To haud the souter lads in order. J. Mayme.
3. A local name for several species of the
stem, placed in the line of sight at the end of ºsmålle. sharks.
the barrel. Sometimes a small ring or perfo-
rated bead is used, forming an open bead-Sight.
beadsman (bědz’man), m. ; pl. beadsmen (-men).
[Also bedesman, earlier bedeman, K ME. bede-
man, K bede, a prayer (see head), + man.] 1. A
man employed in praying, especially, one who
prays for another. In this sense the word was used
in former times at the conclusion of petitions or letters to
great men, as we now use “servant” or “humble servant.”
Whereby ye shall bind me to be your poor beadsman
for ever unto almighty God. - Fuller.
We your most humble subjects, daily orators, and beads-
men, of your Clergy of England.
Quoted in R. W. Diazon's Hist. Church of Eng., ii.
2. In England, a man who resides in a bead-
house or almshouse, or is supported from its
funds.
In all our old Tºnglish foundations for the sick, the old,
and destitute, the beads—that is to say, prayers for bene-
factors living and dead — were said every day by the in-
mates, who were hence also called beadsmen.
Quoted in Rock's Church of our Fathers, III. i. 136, note.
3. Formerly, in Scotland, a public almsman;
one who received alms from the king, and was
expected in return to pray for the royal wel-
fare and that of the state; a privileged or li-
censed beggar. In this sense usually spelled
bedesman.
A long blue gown, with a pewter badge on the right
arm; two or three wallets for holding the different kinds
of meal, when he received his charity; . . . all these at
once marked a beggar by profession, and one of that privi-
leged class which are called in Scotland the King's bedes-
mem, or, vulgarly, Blue-gowns. Scott, Antiquary, I. iv.
4}. A petitioner. ſo tº
bead-snake (běd’snäk), m. . [K bead (in allusion
to its coloring) + snake.]. A name of the coral-
snake, Elaps fulvius, of the United States.
bead-stuff (béd'stuf), n. The thin wood out of
which are formed the beadings for cabinet-
work.
beadswoman (bědz'wum'an), n. ; pl. beads-
women (-wim"en). [Also bedeswoman, earlier
bedevoman, K ME. bede, a prayer, -F woman.
Cf. beadsman.] 1. A praying woman: some-
times used as an equivalent to “humble ser-
vant.” See beadsman.
Honour done to your poor beadswomam.
B. Jomsom, Sad Shepherd, ii. 6.
My humblest service to his grace,
I am his beads-woman.
Shirley, Grateful Servant, iii. 1.
2. In England, a woman who resides in an alms-
house.
bead-tool (běd’töl), n. 1. A turning-tool which’
has its cutting face ground to a concave curve,
so that it may produce a convex molding when
applied to the work.—2. In Seal-engraving, a
tool with an end adapted for cutting the balls
+and beads of coronets and other designs.
bead-tree (běd 'tré), m. 1. The pride-of-
India, Melia Azedarach. Its nuts are used for the
}; of rosaries, especially in Spain and Portugal. See
€ºº ſº,
2. The name in Jamaica of a leguminous tim-
ber-tree, Ormosia dasycarpa, with red and
*
beakl (běk), n. [Early mod. E. also beeke, and,
preserving the orig. short vowel, beck, becke, K
ME. beeke, beke, bek, bec = D. bek, KOF. bec, F.
bec = Pr, bec = Sp. Pg. bico = It. becoo, K LL.
beccus, a beak, of Old Celtic (Gaulish) origin;
but the mod. Celtic words, Gael, beic, Ir. bec,
Bret, bek, are from E. or F. The word is no-
tionally associated with E. peak, peck, pike, and
pick, q.v.] 1. In 200l., the rostrum, Snout,
muzzle, jaws, mandibles, or some similar part of
an animal. Dspecially—(a) In ornith., the horny bill
or neb of a bird. (b) In mammal., the horny jaws of the
duck-billed members of the genus Platypus, (c) In her-
pet., the horny jaws of a turtle or other chelonian. (d) In
*Chth., the prolonged snout of sundry fishes. (e) The horny
jaws of a cephalopod. (f) In entom.: (1) the rostrum or
snout of a rhynchophorous beetle, or weevil; (2) the ros-
trum or sucking mouth of a hemipterous insect; (3) the
piercing and suctorial mouth of a mosquito, or other
blood-sucking fly, consisting of lancet-like mandibles,
maxillae, and lingua inclosed in the elongated and grooved
labium. (See cut under mosquito.) This term is also ap-
plied to any unusual prolongation of the anterior part of
the head, such as that observed in many Coleoptera and
Diptera, (g) In conch. : (1) the umbo or *. of a bivalve
shell; (2) the prolonged lip of a univalve shell, containing
the canal., . º e d e
2. Anything ending in a point like a beak.
(a) Nawt., a powerful construction of metal, as steel,
iron, or brass, or of timber sheathed with metal, forming
Qº
Beaks of Ships.
r, French ironclad Magenta; 2, Amiral Duperré (French); 3,
H. i. iš Dreadnought; 4, H. M. S. Polyphemus (torpedo-ram). a,
Water-IIIºle,
a part of the bow of many war-ships, and extending be-
low the water-line, for the purpose of striking and break-
ing in the sides of an enemy's ship. Also called ram,
(which see). For a cut of the beak of an ancient war-
galley, see acrostoliwm. (b) The horn of an anvil, (c) In
Jarriery, a little shoe about an inch long, turned up and
fastened in upon the fore part of the hoof. (d) In arch.,
a little pendent fillet with a channel behind it left on the
edge of a larmier, to form a drip and thus prevent the
water from trickling down the faces of lower architectural
members. (e) In bot., a narrowed or prolonged tip. , (f)
In carp., the crooked end of the holdfast of a carpenter's
bench. (g) The lip or spout of a vessel, as a pitcher,
through which the contents are poured. (h) In chem., the
rostrum of an alembic, which conducts the vapor to the
worm. (i) The long point of the peculiar boot or shoe
worn from about 1475 to 1520; also, the point of the clog
worn at the same period, which was often longer than the
shoe itself. See solleret. .
3. A gas-burner having a round smooth hole
*s of an inch in diameter; a bird’s-mouth.-4.
*A beak-iron (which see).
beak' (běk), v. t. [K beakl, n.] In cock-fighting,
to seize or strike with the beak. g

, “"... *
* *
< * , " .
* * , ºr ' ' ' ". . . . . " * - . *. - - , -- ~ - * T ~ *
... . . . . . " * . . - * . - " . f*.
beak? º n. . [Same as beck.8; of obscure
origin..] A magistrate; a judge; a policeman.
}
[Slang.]
bj (běkt), a. [K beak1 + -ed?..] Having a
beak, or something resembling a beak; beak-
shaped. (a) Having a long beak-like mouth, as some in-
sects. (b) In bot., rostrate ; ending in a beak-like point.
(c) In her., applied to birds, and used º, when the beak is
of a different tincture from the rest of the bird; thus, an
eagle Sable, beaked or, means a black eagle having a gold
beak. When beaks and claws are of the same tincture, the
term armed (which see) is used. (d) Ending in a point,
like a beak.
Tach beaked promontory. Milton, Lycidas, 1.94.
Beaked helmet, a helmet of which the vizor was worked
to a sharp projecting point in front, in use about 1340–70.
The breathing-holes were in the beaked part, or only on
the right side of it. The extremely pointed form gave to
the lance of the assailant no hold and no opportunity of
entering the openings.
beaker (bé’ker), n. [= Sc. bicker, KME. biker,
ruption of bick-
beaking-joint (běſking-joint), n.
beak-iron(běk’-
beakmentt, n.
beak-sheath (běk'shôth), n.
beaky (bé’ki), a.
Theall (běl), n.
beall (běl), v. i.
byker, K. Icel. bikarr, a cup, = Sw. bāgare =
Dan. baeger = OS. bikeri = D. beker = OHG.
behhar, behhāri, M.H.G. G. becher, K ML. bicó-
Tium (also prob. *biccarium, X It. bicchiere,
ecchero = OF. picher, pichier, X ME. picher,
. pitcher, which is thus a doublet of beaker),
a wine-cup, K. Gr. as if *Bukáptov, dim. of 3ikog,
an earthen wine-vessel; of Eastern origin.]
1. A large drinking-vessel with a wide mouth.
O for a beaker full of the warm south,
IFull of the true, the blushful Hippocrene !
Keats, Ode to a Nightingale.
2. A glass vessel used by chemists, usually for
making solutions. It is made of thin glass to with-
stand heating, and has a flat bottom and perpendicular
sides, With a lip for pouring, and varies in capacity from
1 to 30 fluidounces.
He used a modification of Thomson's electrometer, and
connécted it, with Suitable precautions, with twelve jarge
beakers which were ...? With tinfoil and were filled
with ice. Science, III. 260.
beak-head (běkſhed), n. 1. An ornament re-
sembling the head and beak of a bird, or, often,
a grotesque human head terminating in a beak,
º - ºl-Mººr.º.
M § §§ Ş Sºº
T
g - AVſ., " ,"
ºft|||}}ºssº
{{\}%.º. º
zºº; 7/"nº,
§§ SºM WAtk º y
* fºilº
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§§ §§§ §§
*As ºf
Beak-heads.--From St. Ebbe's, Oxford, England.
used as an enrichment of moldings in Roman-
esque architecture.—2. That part of a ship
'before the forecastle which is fastened to the
stem and supported by the main knee.
[K beaking,
yerbal n. of beakl, -- joint.] A joint formed
by the junction of several heading-joints in a
continuous line,
as sometimes in
folding doors,
floors, etc.
3.
i’èrn), n. [A
further corrup-
tion, simulating
beak1 + iron, of
bickirom, a cor-
b
d -
Beak-irons.
a, tool with long beak used for roundi
sections of stove-pipe, , etc.; b, tool wi
shorter and cylindrical beak; c, tool with
two beaks which act as stakes or anvils in
the interior of ware; d, a coni in-
tended to be grasped in a vise.
erm, q. v.] An
anvil with a
long beak or
horn adapted to
reach the interior surfaces of sheet-metalware;
a bickern. Used in various forms by blacksmiths, cop-
persmiths, and Workers in sheet metal. Also called beak
and bickiron.
[E. dial. also erroneously beat-
ment; appar. K. F. becquer, peck, -i- -ment: see
peck, a measure.] A measure of about a quar-
ter of a peck. Halliwell.
beak-rush (běk’rush), n. A common name for
species of RhynchoSpora, a genus of cyperaceous
plants with conspicuously beaked a chemes or
seed-vessels. Also called beak-sedge.
In entom., the
rostral sheath or jointed extension of the la-
bium, inclosing the mouth-organs of a hemip-
terous insect.
[K beak + ºl Furnished
with or distinguished by a beak.
[K, ME. beel, bele, a variant of
bile, bule, > E. bile1, now corrupted into boill:
see bilel and boill.] A small inflammatory tu-
mor; a pustule. [Obsolete or dialectal.]
[K beall, m.] To gather mat-
ter; swell and come to a head, as a pimple;
beak
Yºr
beam (běm), n.
487
; suppurate. [An obsolete or dialectal
©Tººl,
beal” (běl), n. [Sc., also spelled biel, K Gael.
and Ir, beul, earlier beal, mouth, X Gael. and Ir.
bealach, a defile, a mountain-pass.] A mouth;
an opening, as between hills; a narrow pass.
[Scotch.]
Angus M'Aulay mumbled over a number of hard Gaelic
names descriptive of the different passes, precipices, cor-
Ties, and beals, through which he said the road lay to In-
verary. Scott, Legend of Montrose, viii.
Beale light. See lightl.
Beale's ganglion-cells. See cell.
bealingſ (běſling), n. [Verbal n. of beall.] A
'boil or gathering; a suppuration or suppūrat-
ing part.
ji (bě’āl), n. All that is to be; the whole
b
being.
• That but this blow
Might be the be-all and the end-all here.
Shak., Macbeth, i. 7.
IK ME. beem, beme, etc., KAS.
bedºm, a tree, a piece of timber, a ray of light,
=OS. bām = OFries, bām = D. boom (XF. boom?)
= MLG. bom, LG. boom = OHG. MHG. boum,
G. baum, and prob. = Icel. badhºmr = Goth.
bagms (the Icel. and Goth. presenting unex-
plained variations of form), a tree; perhaps
akin to Gr. ºffiga, a growth, and Skt. bhūman,
earth, K V bhū, grow, become: see bel, bower1,
boor, big3 = biggé, etc., and cf. the doublet
boom2. The sense of ‘ray of light’ is peculiar
to AS. and E., appar. tr. L. Columna (lucis), a
column or pillar of light: cf. L. radius, a spoke
of a wheel, a rod, a ray; G. Strahl, an arrow,
j 1. In arch., a long
a spoke, a ray or beam.
piece of stone, ---
wood, or metal, or
a construction of
wood or metal, or
combining wood
and metal, used in
a horizontal posi-
tion, usually in
combination with
others like it, all
being generally
laid parallel to
one another, and
at regular inter-
vals, to Support
weight, or, as a tie-beam or a collar-beam, to
resist two opposite forces either pulling or com-
pressing it in the direction of its length.—2.
A long piece fixed or movable in a structure,
machine, or tool: often equivalent to girder.
The word beam is used in a number of more or less specific
senses; as: (a) Any large piece of timber long in propor-
tion to its thickness, prepared for use. (b) One of the prin-
cipal horizontal timbers in a building, especially one con-
necting two opposite rafters; atimberserving to strengthen
any piece of wooden frame-work. (c) The part of a balance
from the ends of which the scales are suspended.
The doubtful beam long nods from side to side.
Pope, R. of the L., v. 73.
@ The pole of a carriage which runs between the horses.
e) A cylindrical piece of wood, making part of a loom,
on which weavers wind the warp before weaving; also,
the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled as it is woven.
The staff of his spear was like a weaver's beam.
1 Sam. xvii. 7.
(f) The shank (‘stock," Ad. Smyth) of an anchor. (g). One
of the strong transverse pieces of timber or iron stretching
across a ship from one side to the other, to support the
decks and re-
tain the sides at
their proper dis-
tance. (h) The
main piece of a
Medieval Floor-beams.
(From Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. de
l'Architecture.”)
plow, in which DP F
the plow-tails JB !
are fixed, and –4.
by which it is
drawn. (...) The
oscillating lever of a steam-engine recip-
rocating upon a center, and forming the
medium of communication between the
piston-rod and the crank-shaft. Also
called working-beam or walking-beam.
See cut under atmospheric.
3. The widest part of a ship's
hull; the extreme breadth of a .
ship: from the beams extending Shi astenings.
quite across the vessel where it z º.º.o.e.
is broadest: as, a steamer of fifty ºf
feet beam. ing; # desktºn;
Broad in the beam, but sloping aft, É. gº;
With graceful curve and slow” degrees, which the beam.
Longfellow, Building of Ship, end is coaked; H',
e thick waterway;
4. The main stem of a deer’s ºthin waterway;
, horns bearing the snags or ant- ; *...
lers. One of the snags themselves
is sometimes called the beam-
OP
's Beam and
Or letting-down
strake ; K, forked
iron knee. Dotted
linesshow the bolts.
¥
beam (běm), v.
beam-bird (běm’bèrd), m.
beam-board (běmſbórd), m.
beam-caliper (běm'kal’i-pèr), n.
beam-center (běm'sen’tér), m.
beam-compass (běm’kum"pas), m.
beamed (běmd), a.
beamed
antler. See antler.—5. A ray of light, or more
strictly a collection of parallel rays of light,
emitted from the sun or other luminous body.
The middle ray is the axis. In heraldry, beams of the Sun
are commonly represented as radiating from some other
charge, which is then said to be radiant or rayonnant.
The existence of an isolated ray of light is inconceivable.
. . . However small a portion of the wave surface may be
represented, it contains innumerable rays, which collec-
tively form a beam or fasciculus of rays.
Lonmel, Light, p. 232.
Yon silver beams,
Sleep they less sweetly on the cottage thatch
Than on the dome of kings? Shelley.
Hence—6. Figuratively, a ray or emanation
of splendor: as, “beams of majesty,” Tillotson,
Works, I. iii.-7. Same as rood-beam.—Abaft
the beam. See abaft.—Arched beam. See arched.—
Axis of a beam of light. See aa isl.—Beam and
Scales, a balance.—Beam-Center, the fulcrum or pin on
which a working-beam vibrates. Also called beam-gud-
geon.— Beam of a car-truck, a cross-beam carrying the
weight of the supported car.— Before the beam. See
before.—Built beam, any beam of wood or metal that
is formed of Smaller members.-Cellular beam, a
beam formed of wrought-iron plates riveted with angle-
irons in the form of longitudinal cells, with occasional
cross-struts.-Composite beam, a beam composed of
wood and metal, or of two different metals.-Curriers’
beam, an inclined post over which a hide is stretched
to be shaved.— Fished beam. See fish, v.– Kerfed
beam, a beam with slits sawed in one side to facilitate
bending in that direction.—On the beam, mawt., on a
line with the beams, or at right angles with the keel.—
On the beam-ends, in the position of a ship which in-
clines so much to one side that her beams approach a
vertical position; hence, figuratively, to be on one's beam-
ends, to be thrown or lying on the ground ; be in bad cir-
cumstances; be at one's last shift.— On the Weather-
beam, on the weather side of the ship.–To kick or
Strike the beam, to rise, as the lighter Scale of a bal-
ance, so as to strike against the beam ; hence, to be of
comparatively light weight or little consequence.
In these he put two weights,
The sequel each of parting and of fight:
The latter quick upflew and kick'd the beam.
Milton, P. L., iv. 1004.
[K ME. beemen, bemen, K AS.
*bed mian (Sommer), radiate; from the noun.]
I. trans. 1+. To shed rays of light upon ; ir-
radiate.—2. To shoot forth or emit, as or like
beams or rays: as, to beam love upon a person.
God beams this light into men's understandings.
Sowth, Sermons, I. 8.
3. To furnish or supply with beams; give the
appearance of beams to.
The bell-towers, again, are ribbed and beamed with black
lava. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 197.
4. In currying, to stretch on the beam, as a
hide.—5. weaving, to put on the beam, as a
chain or web.
II. intrams. To emit beams or rays of light;
shed or give out radiance, literally or figura-
tively; shine.
A mighty light flew beaming every way.
Chapman, Iliad, xv.
More bounteous aspects on me beam,
Me mightier transports move and thrill.
Tennysom, Sir Galahad.
1. A name some-
times given to the spotted flycatcher, Musci-
capa grisola, because it often builds its nest
on the projecting end of a beam or rafter in a
building.—2. A provincial name for the petty-
chaps or garden-warbler, Sylvia hortensis.
The platform of a
steelyard or balance. Also called beam-plat-
form. E. H. Knight.
- An instru-
ment similar in construction to a beam-com-
pass, but with the points turned in so as to be
used as calipers.
The pin upon
which the working-beam of a marine engine
reciprocates.
An instru-
ment consisting of a wooden or brass beam,
- E-
Beam-compass.
having sliding sockets that carry steel or pencil
points, used for describing large circles and
for laying off distances.
Having beams or horns;
having all its antlers put forth, as the head of
a stag.
There were many great beamed deer in it,
J. F. Campbell, Pop. Tales of West Highlands.















beam-engine
beam-engine (běm'en"jin), n. A steam-engine
in which the motion of the piston is i.
ted to the crank by means of an overhead- or
Working-beam and connecting-rod, as distinct
from a direct-action engine and a side-lever
engine, in which the motion is communicated
by two side-levers or beams below the level of
the piston cross-head.— Compound beam-engine,
a beam-engine with two or more cylinders, in which the
steam is received first in the smaller and continuously
expanded in the larger cylinders.
beamer (bé’mér), m. 1. In weaving, a person
Whose business it is to put warps on the beam.
–2. Same as beaming-machine.
beam-feather (běm'fe'PH/ēr), m. One of the
long feathers in a bird's wing, particularly that
of a hawk; one of the remiges or flight—feathers.
beam-filling (běm'fil’ing), n. 1. Brickwork
built in between and at the ends of floor-beams
to close the spaces between them.—2. Nawt.,
that portion of the cargo which is stowed be-
tween the beams.
beamful (běm'fül), a. [K beam -H ful.] Emit-
ting beams; beaming; bright: as, “beamful
lamps,” Drayton, Noah's Flood (Ord M.S.).
beam-gudgeon (běm'guj"9m), m. One of the
bearing-studs on the center of a working-beam,
or the central pivot upon which it oscillates.
beamily (bé’mi-li), adv. In a beamy or beam-
ing manner; radiantly.
Thou thy griefs dost dress
With a bright halo, shining beamily.
Keats, To Byron.
beaming (bě/ming), m. [Verbal n. of beam, v.]
1. In cloth-manuf., the operation of winding
the warp-yarn on the beam of a loom.— 2. In
leather-making, the operation of working hides
with a slicker over a beam, or with a beam-
ing-machine.
beaming (bé’ming), p. a.
diance; bright; cheerful.
beamingly (bé’ming-li), adv. In a beaming
manner; brightly; radiantly.
beaming-machine (bé'ming-ma-shën"), n. 1.
A machine for winding yarn upon the beams
of looms.-2. An apparatus for working hides
With a slicking-tool or slicker. It consists of a
table on which the hide is placed, and an oscillating beam
for moving the tool over it. *.
Also called beamer.
beam-knife (běm’nif), n. A double-edged knife
with a straight handle at one end of the blade,
and a cross-handle fixed in the plane of the
blade at the other. It is used in shaving off
the thick, fleshy parts of a hide and evening its
thickness.
beamless (běm’les), a. [K beam + -less.] Emit-
ting no rays of light; rayless.
The beamless eye
No more with ardour bright.
Thomsom, Summer, 1. 1045.
beamlet (běm (let), m. [K beam + -let.] A lit-
tle beam, as of light.
beam-light (běm’lit), m. The light formerly
kept burning in churches in front of the re-
served sacrament: so called because suspended
from the rood-beam. [Rare.]
beam-line (běm (lin), m. In ship-building, a
line showing where the tops of the beams and
the frames intersect.
beamlingt (běm’ling), n. IK beam + -ling1.] A
little beam, as of light. .x:
beam-platform (běm (plat'förm), n.
beam-board.
beam-roll (běm'ról), m. In cloth-manuf., the
spool-shaped roll upon which the warp-threads
are wound.
beam-room (běm'röm), m. The room or shed
in a currier's establishment where the beaming
or slicking of hides is carried on.
But for unsavory odors a beam-room might pass for a
laundry. Harper's Mag., LXX. 274.
beamsomet (běm'sum), a. [K beam F -some.]
Shedding beams; radiant. , N. E. D.
beamster (běm'stér), m. [K beam -H -ster.] A.
workman engaged in beaming or slicking hides.
The beamsters bending to their tasks.
Harper's Mag., LXX. 274.
beam-trawl (běm'trál), n. A trawl-net the
mouth of which is kept open by a beam.
beam-tree (běm'tré), n. TShort for whitebeam-
tree..] A pyraceous tree of the old world, Sor-
bus Aria and its varieties. It is of moderate size
bearing an abundance of white flowers and showy red
fruit. The wood is hard and tough, resembling that of
the apple and pear, and is used for axletrees. Also called
whitebeam.
beam-truss (běm'trus), n. A compound beam,
formed generally by two main parallel mem-
Characterized by ra–
Same as
§§§4% º
§§º
§ſº
Branch of Beam-tree (Sorbus Az-za).
bers which receive the stress of a load and re-
sist it, the one by compression and the other
§ tension. They are connected by braces and ties,
which serve to keep them apart, bind the whole firmly
together, and transmit the stress due to a load upon
any one part to the points of support. See truss.
beamy (bě/mi), a. [K ME, bemy; K beam +
-y1.] Resembling a beam in size and
weight; massy: as, “his . . . beamy spear,”
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., l. 1756. —2. Having
horns or antlers: as, “beamy stags,” Dryden,
tr. of Virgil.—3. Naut., having much beam or
breadth; broad in the beam: said of a ship
whose beam is more than one tenth of its
length.
The speed of beamy vessels has too often been demon-
strated. The Centwry, XXIV. 671.
4. Emitting rays of light; radiant; shining.
The sun . . .
Brightening the twilight with its beamy gold.
ſºckell, Royal Progress.
He bears
In a field azure a sun proper, beamy.
B. Jomsom, Staple of News, iv. 1.
5. Figuratively, radiant; joyous; gladsome.
* Read my pardon in one beamy smile. J. Baillie.
bean.1 (běn), m. [K ME. bene, ben, KAS. bedin
D. boon = MLG. bone = OHG. bāna, MHG.
bóme, G. bohme = Icel. bawn = Sw. böma = Dan.
bömme, bean. Cf. W. ffaen, pl. fa; L. faba =
OBulg. Russ. bobti = OPruss. babo, a bean.]
1. Originally and properly, a smooth kidney-
shaped seed, flattened at the sides, borne in
long pods by a leguminous plant, Vicia Faba;
now extended to include thé seed of the allied
genus Phaseolus, and, with a specific epithet,
of other genera. — 2. The plant producing
beans. The bean known to the ancients from prehistoric
times was the Vicia Faba (or Faba vulgaris), a native of
western Asia, and the same as the field-, horse-, or tick-
beam, and the broad or Windsor bean, still largely culti-
wated in the fields and gardens of the old world. It is
used when green as a table-vegetable, and when dry as
feed for horses and sheep. The numerous other kinds of
cultivated beans are of American origin, and belong chiefly
to the genus Phaseolus. To P. vulgaris belong the com-
mon kidney-bean, and the haricot and French beans, the
pole-beans and string-beans of the pole type; to P. lu-
natus, the Sieva or Civet bean, the Carolina and the
various Lima beams; and to P. manus, the dwarf, field-,
bush-, navy-, pea-, snap-, and six-weeks beans. To the
Same genus belong the Wild kidney-bean, P. polystachyus;
the scarlet-runner bean, P. multiflorus, cultivated for its
Scarlet flowers; and the prairie-bean of Texas, P. retusus.
The asparagus-bean, Dolichos sesquipedalis, with very long
cylindrical pods, frequently cultivated in Europe, is a
native of tropical America. Beans as an article of food
are very nutritious, containing much starch and a large
percentage of a nitrogenous compound called legumin,
analogous to the casein in cheese. The name beam is
also #ºn to many leguminous seeds which are not culti-
Wated or used as food, such as the algarroba, Calabar,
and coral beam.8, and to certain other plants and their
Seeds which are not leguminous at all, as the coffee-beam.
3. A small oval or roundish seed, berry, nut,
or lump : as, a coffee-bean.— 4. pl. In coal-min-
ing, small coals; specifically, coals which will
pass through a screen with half-inch meshes.
[North. Eng.]—5. pl. Money. [Slang.]—Algar-
roba, carob, or locust bean, the fruit of the carob-
tree, Ceratomia Siliqua.—Buck-, bog-, or brook-bean.
See bog-beam-Bražňan or Pichurim bean, the fruit of
a lauraceous tree, Acrodiclidium Puchºwry-major.—Cala-
bar or ordeal bean, the seed of an African leguminous
climber, Physostigma venenoswºm, a violent poison, used
as a remedy in diseases of the eye, tetanus, neuralgi
and other nervous affections. In some parts of Africa i
is administered to persons suspected of witchcraft; if
Vomiting results and the poison is thrown off, the inno-
cence of the suspected person is regarded as established.
— Castor-bean, the seed of a euphorbiaceous #:
Iöcinus communis, yielding castor-oil.–China bean,
Vigma. Simensis. The black-eyed bean is one of its varie-
ties.—Coffee-bean, a name given in commerce to the
coffee-berry.— Coral bean, of Jamaica, the seed of a
leguminous shrub, Erythrima glauca, but the large coral
bean is obtained from the bead- or necklace-tree, Ormo-
sia dasycarpa. The coral bean of Texas is Sophora secum-
diflora.--Cujumary beans, the seeds of a lauraceous
tree of Brazil, Ocotea Cujwmary, an esteemed tonic anti
stimulant.— tian, hyacinth, or black beans,
the seeds of Dolichos Lablab, cultivated in India.- Goa.
bean-shot
beans, the seeds of Psophocarpus tetragomolobus, culti-
wated for food in India. — Horse- or sword-bean, of
Jamaica, the Canaval?, ensiforme, a legume widely dis-
tributed through the tropics.-Indian bean, a name
iven in the United States to Catalpa Catalpä.—John
row or, Jequirity beans, of Jamaica, the seeds of
Abrus Abrus—Malacca bean, or marking-nut, the
mut of an East Indian tree, Semecarpus Amacardium.
-Mesquite bean, of Texas and southward, the fruit of
Prosopis juliflora.--Molucca, beans, or nicker-nuts,
the seeds of a tropical leguminous climber, Guilandina.
Crista.—Not to know beans, a colloquial American as-
Sertion of a person's ignorance, equivalent to “not to
know B from a bull's foot.”—Oily bean, or bene-plant,
Sesamum, orientale.— Ox-eye or horse-eye bean, the
seed of Stizolobiwm wrens, a leguminous climber of the
tropics.— Pythagorean or sacred bean, of the Egyp-
tians and Hindus, the fruit of the lotus, Nelumbo Ne-
lumbo. See Nelumbium.—Sahuca, or soy beans, the
seeds of Soia Soja, º cultivated in India and China,
from which the sauce known as soy is made.—St. Igna-
tius' beans, the seeds of Strychnos Ignatiº, containing
strychnine and highly poisonous.-Screw-bean, the
twisted pod of Prosopis odorata.—Seaside bean, aname
iven to some creeping leguminous plants of the tropics,
amavali obtusifolium and Wigma luteola, common, on
rocky or sandy sea-shores.--To find the bean in the
cake, to succeed in defeating one's adversaries: an allu-
sion to the old custom of concealing a bean in the Twelfth-
night cake and naming the person who found it as king of
the festival.—Tonquin or Tonka beans, the fragrant
seeds of Cowmarowma odorata, a leguminous tree of
Guiana, used in perfumery and for scenting snuff.-Va-
nilla bean, the fragrant pod of a climbing orchid of
tropical America, Vanilla planifolia, used for flavoring
confectionery, etc.—Wild bean, of the United States,
Glycine Apios;–Yam-bean, a leguminous twiner, Ca-
cara erosa, with large tuberous roots, cultivated through-
out the tropics.
bean? (běn), a. See bein.
bean-belly (běn’bel’i), n. A great eater of
beans: a vulgar nickname for a dweller in Lei-
cestershire, England. f
bean-brush (běn’brush), n. The stubble of
€8. In S.
beam-cake (běnſkäk), n. A large cheese-shaped
compressed cake of beans after the oil has been
expressed, used largely in northern China as
food for cattle, and in the sugar-plantations
of southern China as manure.
bean-caper (běnſkä'për), n. Zygophyllum Fa-
bago, a small tree, a native of the Levant. The
flower-buds are used as capers.
bean-cod (běnſkod), m. 1. A bean-pod.—2. A
small fishing-vessel or pilot-boat used in the
rivers of Portugal. It is sharp forward, and
has its stem bent above into a great curve and
plated with iron. Imp. Dict. .
beancrake (běnſkrāk), n. A bird, Crea, pra-
tensis; the corn-crake.
bean-curd (běnſkérd), n. A thick white jell
resembling blanc-mange, made of beans, muc
eaten by the natives of northern China, Corea,
and Japan. !
bean-dolphin (běn (dol'ſin), n. The aphis or
plant-louse which infests the bean.
bean-feast (běnſfést), n. 1. A feast given by an
employer to those whom he employs. Brewer.
—2. A social festival originally observed in
France, and afterward in Germany and Eng-
land, on the evening before Twelfth day, or, as
the Germans call it, Three Kings' day. Although
confounded with the Čhristian festival of the Epiphany,
which occurs on the same day, it is supposed that this
custom can be traced back to the Roman Saturnalia.
See beam-king and twelfth-cake.
Shak.
bean-fed (běn’fed), a. Fed on beans.
bean-fly (běn’fli), n. A beautiful fly of a pale-
purple color, produced from a maggot called
mida, and found on bean-flowers.
bean-goose (běn'gös), n. [So named from the
likeness of the upper nail of the bill to a horse-
bean.] A species of wild goose, the Amser
Segetum, which arrives in England in autumn
and retires to the north in the end of April.
Some consider it a mere variety of the Euro-
pean wild goose, A. ferus.
bean-king (běn’king), n. [So called because
the honor fell to him who, when the Twelfth-
night cake was distributed, got the bean buried
in it..] The person who presided as king over
the Twelfth-night festivities.
bean-meal (běn’mêl), n. Meal made from
beans, used in some parts of Europe as feed
for horses, and for fattening hogs, etc.
bean-mill (běn’mil), m. A mill for splitting
beans for cattle-feeding.
bean-sheller (běn’shel'èr), n. A machine for
removing beans from the pods.
bean-shooter (běn 'shö’tēr), n. A toy for
shooting beans, shot, or other small missiles;
a pea-shooter. *
bean-shot (běn'shot), n., Copper grains formed
by pouring melted metal through a perforated
ladle into warm water. If cold water is used,
flakes are formed, called feather-shot.

















- * • * ** . . . . . . -
* . *. * - . * . . . . . .
bean stalk
bean-stalk (běn'stäk), n. The stem of a bean,
or the whole
8talk. +
beam-tree (běn'tré), n. A name given to spe-
gies of Bauhinia; in Australia, to the Moreton
Bay. Chestnut, Castanospermum australe; in
the United States, sometimes, to Catalpa Ca-
talpa; and in Jamaica, to Erythrina Corrallo-
dendron.
bean-trefoil (běn'tré'foil), n. 1. The labur-
num, Laburnum Laburnum, a leguminous shrub
with trifoliate leaves. See laburnum.—2. The
Anagyris fetida, a similar shrub of southern
Europe, whose violet-colored seeds are said to
|be poisonous like those of the laburnum.—3.
#The buckbean, Menyanthes trifoliata... [Rare.]
bean-weevil, (běnſwä”vil), n. American
Species of the genus Bruchus, which attacks
beans. It has -
been described as
Bruchus fabae (Ri-
ley), but is held
by Horn to be
identical with the
B. obsoletus (Say).
The species aver-
ages 3 millimeters
in length, with the
general color dark
and piceous, the
whole body being
covered with rath-
er dense cinereous
pubescence, and
the elytra bein
indistinctly mottled by transverse bands of darker pubes-
cence. It infests stored beans, and there are usually sev-
eral, sometimes as many as 15, specimens in a single bean.
beany (bé’ni), a. [K bean:! -H -yl.] In good
condition (like a bean-fed horse); spirited;
#fresh... [Slang.] N. E. D.
bearl (bār), v.; pret. bore (formerly, and still in
the archaic style, bare), pp. borne, born (now only
in a single sense: see note at end), ppr. bearing.
[K ME. beren (pret. bar, bare, pl. bare, bere, be-
Ten, pp. boren, rarely born), KAS. beran (pret.
bar, pl. bāron, pp. boren) = OS. beran = OFries.
bera = D. baren = OHG. beran = Icel. bera =
Sw. bāra = Dan. bacre = Goth. bairam, bear
§ in comp. OS. giberan = AS. geberan =
HG. geberen, M.H.G. gebern, G. gebären = Goth.
tº: bear, in MHG. and G. bring forth), –
. ferre = Gr, pépetv = Skt. Vibhar, bear, carry.
A very prolific root in all the languages, both
in form and senses. From the AS. come bar-
Tow?, bier, barml, barn2, bairn, birth1, burthen1,
burden1, etc.; from the L. fertile, confer, defer,
differ, infer, etc., Lucifer, conifer, etc., a wrifer-
ows, vociferous, etc., and other words in fer,
ferous; from the Gr. Semaphore, hydrophore,
phosphorous, electrophorus, etc., and other words
in -phore, -phorous, etc.] I. trans. 1. To sup-
ort; hold up; sustain: as, a pillar or a girder
ears the superincumbent weight.
Sage he stood,
With Atlantean shoulders fit to bear
The weight of mightiest monarchies.
Milton, P. L., ii. 306.
2. To support in movement; carry; convey.
Whither do these bear the ephall ? Zech. v. 10.
From the unshaken rock the torrent hoarse
Bears off its broken waves, and seeks a devious course.
Scott, Vision of Don Roderick, Conclusion, st. 3.
And down a rocky pathway from the place .
There came a fair-hair'd youth, that in his hand
Bare victual for the mowers. Tennyson, Geraint.
8. To suffer; endure; undergo: as, to bear pun-
ishment, blame, etc.
Alas, how many bear such shameful blows,
Which not themselves but he that gives them knows
Shak., Lucrece, l. 832.
4. To endure the effects of; take the conse-
quences of; be answerable for.
He shall bear their iniquities. Isa. liii. 11.
Sir, let her bear her sins on her own head;
Wex not yourself.
Beau. and Fl., King and No King, i. 1.
5. To support, or sustain without sinking,
yielding, shrinking, or suffering injury.
A wounded spirit who can bear? Prov. xviii. 14.
Console if you will, I can bear it;
'Tis a well-meant alms of breath.
Lowell, After the Burial.
Anger and jealousy can no more bear to lose sight of
their objects than love. &
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 10.
6. To suffer or sustain without violence, in-
jury, or change; admit or be capable of.
In all criminal cases the most favourable interpreta-
tion should be put on words that they can possibly §
plant: as, Jack and the bean-
a, Bean-weevil (Bruchies fabae). b, Bean
from which the beetles have issued. (Small
figure shows natural size.)
The motives of the best actions will not bear too strict
an inquiry. Swift, Thoughts on Various Subjects.
489
7. To suffer without resentment or effort to
prevent; endure patiently.
It was not an enemy that reproached me; then I could
have borne it. Ps. lv. 12.
With your long-practis'd patience bear afflictions.
'letcher, Spanish Curate, i. 2.
8. To sustain, as expense; supply the means
of paying.
Somewhat that will bear your charges. . Dryden.
9. To have, or have a right to; be entitled to;
have the rightful use of, as a name, a title, a
coat of arms, and the like.
We are no enemies to what are commonly called con-
ceits, but authors bear,them, as heralds say, with a differ-
€IlC6, Lowell, Study Windows, p. 336.
Who in the Lord God’s likeness bears the keys
To bind or loose. Swinburne, Laus Veneris.
10. To carry, as in show; exhibit; show.
Bear welcome in your eye. Shak., Macbeth, i. 5.
Which, like a waxen image 'gainst a fire,
Bears no impression of the thing it was.
hak., T. G. of V., ii. 4.
11. To bring forward; render; give; afford:
as, to bear testimony. -
Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.
Ex. xx. 16.
12. To carry in the mind; entertain or cherish,
as love, hatred, envy, respect, etc.
If I can catch him once upon the hip,
I will feed fat the ancient *g. *:: * O
., M. of W., i. 3.
The reverent care I bear unto my lord
Made me collect these dangers in the duke.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1,
The great, and guilty love he bare the queen.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
13. To possess, as a property, attribute, or
characteristic ; have in or on ; contain: as, to
bear signs or traces; to bear an inscription;
the contents which the letter bears. º
What, think you much to pay two thousand crowns,
And bear the name and port of gentleman 2
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
14. To possess and use, as power; exercise;
be charged with ; administer: as, to bear sway.
Here's another letter to her: she bears the purse too;
she is a region in Guiana, all gold and bounty.
Shak., M. W. of W., i. 3.
Russia soon showed that she was resolved to bear a
part in the quarrels as well as the negotiations of her
neighbours. - Browgham.
15+. To carry on; deal with.
This can be no trick: The conference was sadly borne.
Shak., Much Ado, ii. 3.
Beware
Of entrance to a quarrel ; but, being in,
Bear 't, that the opposed may beware of thee.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 3.
16. To manage; direct; use (what is under the
immediate control of one's will).
Bear your body more seeming.
Shak., As you Like it, v. 4.
Hence, with a reflexive pronoun, to behave;
act in any character: as, he bore himself nobly.
—17. To sustain by vital connection; put forth
as an outgrowth or product; produce by natu-
ral growth: as, plants bear leaves, flowers, and
fruit; the heroes borne by ancient Greece.
Can the fig-tree . . . bear olive-berries? Jas. iii. 12.
Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore.
Dryden.
A
Life that bears immortal fruit.
Tennyson, Im Memoriam, xl.
18. To bring forth in parturition; give birth
to, as young; figuratively, give rise or origin
to. [The past participle born is now used only
in this sense. See remarks below.]
And she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have got-
ten a man from the Lord. en. iv. l.
I can tell thee where that saying was born.
Shak., T. N., i. 5.
19. To conduct; guide; take: as, he bore him
off to his quarters.
Bear me forthwith unto his creditor.
Shak., C. of E., iv. 4.
20. To press; thrust; push; drive; urge: with
some word to denote the direction in which the
object is driven: as, to bear down a scale; to
bear back the crowd.
The residue were so disordered as they could not con-
veniently fight or fly, and not only justled and bore down
one another, but, in their confused tumbling back, brake
a part of the avant-guard. Sir J. Hayward.
Confidence then bore thee on ; Secure
Either to meet no danger, or to find
Matter of glorious trial. Milton, P. L., ix. 1175.
How the rushing waves
Bear all before them.
Bryant, Flood of Years.
21. To gain or win: now commonly with away
or off; formerly, sometimes, with an indefinite
$t for the object.
bear
Some think to bear it by speaking a great word.
Bacon, Of Seeming Wise.
22. In the game of backgammon, to throw off or
remove, as the men from the board.—23. To
purport; imply; import; state.
The letters bore that succour was at hand. Scott.
[Bear, signifying to bring forth, when used passively, espe-
cially as an adjective, has the past participle born (bórn),
but when used after the verb have, or followed by by, borne
(börn), the latter having a more direct reference to the lit-
eral sense. Thus, a child was born ; but, she has borne a
child. In all the other senses both participles are spelled
borne: as, I have borne the expenses; the expenses must
be borne. The regular form, historically, is born (börn),
like torm, 8worn. The distinction is artificial and recent
#. the middle of the eighteenth century).]—To bear a
and, to lend a hand quickly; take hold; give aid or as-
sistance. [Naut, and colloq.]
All hands ahoy! bear a hand and make sail.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 69.
To bear arms. See arm2.—To bear away the bell.
See bell 1.—To bear (a person) company. See company.
—To bear date, to have the mark of time when written
or executed: as, the letter bears date Sept. 30, 1887.
A public letter which bears date just a month after the
admission of Francis Bacon [to Trinity College).
Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
To bear down, to force down; figuratively, to overcome;
vanquish: as, to bear dowm all opposition.— To bear in,
in coal-miming, to hole, undercut, or kirve. See hole, v. t.
[Pennsylvania anthracite region.]—To bear in handf,
to keep in hope or expectation; amuse with false pre-
tenses; deceive.
A rascally yea-forsooth knavel to bear a gentleman in
hand, and then stand upon security
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 2.
Still bearing then in hand,
Letting the cherry knock against their lips,
And draw it by their mouths, and back again.
B. Jomson, Volpone, i. 1.
What I take from her, I spend upon other wenches;
bear her im, hand still: she has wit enough to rob her
husband, and I ways enough to consume the money.
Middleton and Dekker, Roaring Girl, ii. 1.
To bear in mind, to keep in remembrance; have fixed
in the memory.
With reference to the effects of intercrossing and of
competition, it should be borne in mind that most animals
and plants keep to their proper homes, and do not need-
lessly wander about. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 94.
To bear off. (af) To sustain ; endure.
Do you suppose the state of this realm to be now So
feeble that it cannot bear off a greater blow than this?
Sir J. Hayward.
(b) Nawt., to remove to a distance; keep clear from rub-
bing against anything : as, to bear off a boat. (c) To gain
and carry off : as, he bore off the prize.—To bear one
hardt, to cherish a grudge toward a person.
Though he bear me hard,
I yet must do him right. B. Jomsom.
To bear out. (a) To give support or countenance to.
Company only can bear a man owt in an ill thing. Sowth.
(b) To defend ; support; uphold ; second : with a personal
object.
If I cannot once or twice in a quarter bear out a knave
against an homest man, I have but a very little credit
with your worship. Shak., 2 Hem. IV., v. 1.
I never suspected him to be a man of resolution or
courage sufficient to bear him out in so desperate an at-
tempt. Swift, Change in Queen's Ministry.
AEschines by no means bears him out ; and Plutarch
directly contradicts him.
Macaulay, Mitford's Hist. of Greece.
(c) To confirm ; corroborate; establish ; justify : with a
thing for the object.
That such oscillations [of climate) occurred during the
Tertiary period seems to be borne out by the facts of ge.
ology and palaeontology.
J. Croll, Climate and Cosmology, p. 160,
(d+) With a more or less indefinite it for the object: (1)
To last through ; endure.
Love alters not with his [Time's] brief hours and weeks,
But bears it out even to the edge of doom.
Shak., Sonnets, c\vi.
If that the Turkish fleet
Be not enshelter'd and embay'd, they are drown'd ;
It is impossible to bear it owt. Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
(2) To enable to endure; render supportable.
Many a good hanging prevents a bad marriage; and for
turning away, let summer bear it out. Shak., T. N., i. 5.
To bear the bag. See bagl.--To bear the bell. See belll.
--To bear the gree. See gree2.—To bear throught. (a)
To run through with a sword or rapier. (b) To conduct or
Idanage. .
My hope is,
So to bear through, and out, the consulship,
As spight shall ne'er Wound you, though it may me.
B. Jomsom, Catiline, iii. 1.
To bear up. (a) To support; keep from sinking.
A religious hope does not only bear up the mind under
her sufferings, but makes her rejoice in them. Addison.
(§t) To arrange ; contrive ; devise.
Isab. I have made him know
I have a servant comes with me along,
That stays upon me, whose persuasion is
I come about my brother.
Dwke. 'Tis well borne wo.
Shak., M. for M., iv. 1.
II. intrans. 1...To be capable of supporting
or carrying: as, the floor would not bear,


bear
Wyld roring Buls he would him make
To tame, and lyde their backes, inot made to beare.
Spemser, F. Q., I. vi. 24.
2. To lean; weigh; rest fixedly or burden-
somely: as, the sides of two inclining objects
bear upon or against one another.
In the important matter of taxation, the point in which
the pressure of every government bears the most con-
stantly upon the Whole people. Browgham.
3. To tend; be directed in a certain way,
whether with or without violence: as, to bear
away; to bear back; to bear in ; to bear out to
sea; to bear upon; to bear down upon; the
fleet bore down upon the enemy.
Spinola, with his shot, did bear upon those within, who
appeared upon the Walls. Sir. J. Hayward.
Who's there? bear back there ! Stand from the door
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.
The party soon set sail, and bore for England.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 89.
Down upon him bare the bandit three.
Tennyson, Geraint.
|Hence—4. To have reference (to); relate (to);
come into practical contact (with); have a bear-
ing: as, legislation bearing on the interests of
labor.
There was one broad principle which bore equally upon
every class, that the lands of England must provide for
the defense of England. I'rowde, Sketches, p. 144.
5. To be situated as to the point of the com-
ass, with respect to something else: as, the
and bore E. N. E. from the ship.–6. To suffer,
as with pain; endure.
They bore as heroes, but they felt as men.
I can not, can not bear. Dryden.
7. To be patient. [Rare.]—8. To produce
fruit; be fruitful, as opposed to being barren:
as, the tree still continues to bear.
Then Abraham fell upon his face, and laughed, and said
in his heart, Shall a child be born unto him that is an
hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety years
old, bear 3 Gen. xvii. 17.
9. To take effect; succeed.
Having pawned a full suit of clothes for a sum of money
which, my operator assured me, was the last he should
want to bring all our matters to bear. Guardian.
To bear against. See above, 2.--To bear away (mawt.),
to change the course of a ship more away from the wind.
–To bear in with, to run or tend toward: as, a ship
bears in with the land ; opposed to bear off or keep at a
greater distance.—TO bear On or upon. See above, 2, 3,
and 4.—To bear up. (a) Naut, to put the helm up so as
to bring the vessel into the wind. (b) To be firm; have
fortitude.
[If] we found evil fast as we find good
In our first years, or think that it is found,
How could the innocent heart bear w? and live |
Wordsworth, Prelude, viii.
To bear up for (mawt.), to sail or proceed toward : as, we
made all Sail and bore wp for Hong Kong.—To bear up
With or under, to sustain with courage; endure without
Succumbing ; be firm under: as, to bear wip wºnder affliction.
So long as nature
Will bear up with this exercise, so long
I daily vow to use it. Shak., W. T., iii. 2.
He's of a nature
Too bold and fierce to stoop so, but bears wip,
Presuming on his hopes.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i. 1.
To bear up withf, to keep up with ; be on the same foot-
ing as.
What shoulde he doe? Fain he would have the name
to be religious, fain he would bear wip with his neighbours
in that. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 39.
To bear with, to endure; be indulgent to ; forbear to
resent, oppose, or punish.
Reason would that I should bear with you. *
Acts xviii. 14.
If the matter be meane, and meanly handled, I pray you
beare both with me and it. -
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 22.
* To bring to bear. , See bring.
bear2 (bār), m. [K ME. bere, KAS. bera = D. beer
= LG. baar = OHG. bero, MHG. ber, G. bār, m.,
= Icel. bera, f., a bear. Cf. Icel. Sw. Dan. Ujörn,
a bear (appar. = AS. bearm, a man, a Warrior,
orig. a bear 2— see bern?), an extended form
Pope.
Grizzly Bear (Ursus horribalis).
4.90
of the same word. Perhaps ult. = L. ferus,
wild, fera, a wild beast: see fierce.] 1. A
largé plantigrade carnivorous or omnivorous
mammal, of the family Ursidae, especially of
the genus Ursus. The teeth of the true bears are 42,
and none of the molars are sectorial. The animals are less
truly carnivorous than most of the order to which they
belong, feeding largely upon roots, fruits, etc., as well as
honey and insects. The tail is rudinentary, and the muz-
zle is prominent, with mobile lips and a slender, some-
times very extensile, tongue. The best-known species is
the brown or black bear of Europe and Asia, Ursus arctos,
found chiefly in northerly regions, of which several varie-
ties are described, differing much in size and color, and
to some extent in shape; it is ordinarily about 4 feet long
and 23 feet high ; its flesh is eaten, its pelt is used for
robes, and its fat is in great demand as an unguent known
as bear's grease. The grizzly bear of North America, U.
horribilis, is as regards º classification hardly sepa-
rable from the last, and like it runs into several varieties,
as the cinnamom bear, etc. It is ordinarily larger than the
European, and is noted for its ferocity and tenacity of life.
It inhabits the mountainous portions of western North
America. The common black bear of North America is a
smaller and distinct species, U. americanus, usually black
with a tawny snout, but it also runs into a cinnamon Va-
riety. See cut under Ursus. The polar bear or White
bear, Ursus or Thalassarctos maritimws, is very distinct,
Polar Bear (Ursus 27tarizimus).
of great size, peculiar shape, and white or whitish color,
marine and maritime, and piscivorous to some extent,
though seals constitute much of its food. The Syrian
bear, U. Syriacus, and the Himalayan bear, U. himalaya-
'mus, respectively inhabit the regions whence they take
their names. The spectacled bear, Ursus or Tremarctos
ornatus, is the sole representative of the Ursidae in South
America: so called from the light-colored rings around the
eyes, which have exactly the appearance of a pair of spec-
tacles, the rest of the face and body being black. The
Malayan bear or bruang, U. malayanus, is a small, black,
close-haired species, with a white mark on the throat, with
protrusile lips and slender tongue, capable of being taught
a variety of amusing tricks in confinement. The sloth-bear
or aswail of India is distinct from the other bears, and is
usually placed in a different genus, Melursus labiatus. See
Ursidae, and cut under as wail. &
2. The Anglo-Australian name of a marsupial
uadruped, the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus.
ee koala.-3. [cap.] The name of two con-
stellations in the northern hemisphere, called
the Great and the Little Bear. Both these figures
have long tails. The principal stars of the Great Bear
compose the figure of Charles's Wain, or the Dipper. In
the aii of the fittie Bear is the pole-star. See Ursa.
4. A rude, gruff, or uncouth man.
You are a great bear, I'm sure, to abuse my relations.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 1.
5. [Prob. in allusion to the proverb “to sell a
bear's skin before one has caught the bear.”
There is a similar proverb about the lion’s skin.)
ne who sold stocks in this way was formerly
called a bearskin jobber, later simply a bear; now
usually explained, in connection with its cor-
relative bull, as in allusion to a bear, “which
pulls down with its paws,”
as opposed to a bull, “which
tosses with its horns.”] In
eacchanges: (a+) Stock which
one contracts to deliver at a
future date, though not in the
possession of the seller at the
time the contract is made : in
the phrases to buy or sell the
bear. (b) One who sells stocks,
grain, provisions, or other
commodities neither owned
mor possessed by him at the
time of selling them, but
which he expects to buy at a
lower price before the time
fixed for making delivery. (c)
One who endeavors to bring
down prices, in order that he
may buy cheap : opposed to a
bull, who tries to raise the
price, that he may sell dear.
Every one who draws a bill or is-
sues a note unconsciously acts as a
bear upon the gold market.
Jevons, Money and Mech. of Ex-
[change, p. 315.
Common Yellow Bear
(Spilosoma Virgrºwt-
ca), natural size.
bearbine
6. A popular name for certain common cater-
illars of the family Arctiidae, which are dense-
y covered with long hair resembling the fur
of a bear. They undergo their transformation under
old boards or other sheltered places, forming, a slight
cocoon composed chiefly of their own hair. Spilosomg
Virginica (Fabricius) is a common example; the moth is
white with a few black spots, the abdomen orange-colored
banded with white, and ornamented with three rows o
black dots, . See cut in preceding column. .
7. In metal., one of the names given to the
metallic mass, consisting of more or less mal;
leable iron, sometimes found in the bottom of
an iron furnace after it has gone out of blast.—
8. Naut, a square block of wood
weighted with iron, or a rough mat
filled with sand, dragged to and fro
on a ship's decks instead of a holy-
stone (which see).-9. In metal-
working, a portable punching-ma-
chine for iron plates. I. H. Knight.
— Bear's grease, the fat of bears, exten-
sively used to promote the growth of hair.
The unguents sold under this name, how-
ever, are in a great measure made of hog's
lard or veal-fat, or a mixture of both,
scented and slightly colored.—Order of
the Bear, an order of knights instituted by the emperor
Frederick II, of Germany, and centered at the abbey of
St. Gall, in what is now Świtzerland. It perished when
the cantons became independent of the house of Austria.
—Woolly bear. See woolly.
bear? (bār), v. t. [K bear?, n., 5.] In the stock
exchange, to attempt to lower the price of: as,
to bear stocks. See bear?, n., 5.
bearð, bere3 $º m. [Early mod. E. also beer,
& MI}. bere, K.A.S. bere, barley, = Icel, barrº-
North Fries. berre, bar, bār = Goth. “baris (in
adj. barizeins), barley, = L. far, corn. See bar-
leyi and farina.] Barley: a word now used
chiefly in the north of England and in Scotland
for the common four-rowed barley, Hordewm.
vulgare. The six-rowed kind, H. hea'astichon,
is called big.
Malt made from bere or bigg only, in Scotland and Ire-
land, for home consumption.
G. Scamell, Breweries and Malting, p. 136.
beará (běr), n. [Also written beer, and archai-
cally bere, KME. bere = LG. bire, X G. biihre, a
pillow-case..] A pillow-case: usually in com-
position, pillow-bear. [Now only dialectal.]
Many a pylowe and every bere
Of clothe of Reynes to slepe softe.
Chawcer, Death of Blanche, l. 254.
bearable (bår'a-bl.), a. [K bearl + -able.] Ca-
pable of being borne; tolerable; endurable;
supportable.
bearably (bār'a-bli), adv. In a bearable man-
IOleI’.
bearance (bār’ans), n., [K bearl + -ance. Cf.
forbearance.] 1. Endurance; patient suffer-
ing. [Archaic.]–2. In mach., a bearing.
bear-animalcule (bär'an-i-mal"kül), n. A gen-
eral name for one of the minute arachnidans of
the order Arctisca or Tardigrada, and family
Punching-Bear.
Macrobiotidae. Also called water-bear. See cut
under Arctisca.
bear-baiting (bär’bà’ting), m. The Sport of
setting dogs, usually mastiffs, to fight, with
captive bears. The practice was prohibited in
Great Britain by Parliament in 1835.
Let him alone: I see his vein lies only
For falling out at wakes and bear-battings,
That may express him sturdy.
Beau. and Fl., Captain, iv. 3.
Bear-baiting, then a favourite diversion of high and low,
was the abomination . . . of the austere sectaries. The
Puritans hated it, not because it gave pain to the bear,
but because it gave pleasure to the spectators.
Macaulay, Hist, Eng., ii.
loearbane (bär"bān), n. The wolf’s-bane, Aco-
mitum Lycoctonum.
bearberry (bär’ber’i), n. ; pl. bearberries (-iz).
1. A trailing evergreen ericaceous shrub, Arc-
tostaphylos wa-ursi, found throughout the arc-
tic and mountainous portions of, the north-
ern hemisphere, and bearing Small bright-red
drupes. The leaves are very astringent and slightly bit-
ter, and under the name wa-wrºi are used in medicine as
an astringent tonic, chiefly in affections of the bladder. It
is the kimºnikinic which the Indians of Western America
mix with their tobacco for smóking. Also called bear's-
bilberry, bear's grape, and forberry. .
2. In the Pacific States, a species of Rhamnus,
R. Purshiana, named from the fondness of bears
for its berries. Also called bearwood.—Al
pine
or black bearberry, a dwarf arctic-alpine ericaceous
shrub, Mairamia alpina.
bearbine, bearbind (bér’bin, -bind), n. [K bear8
bine, bind: see bimel.] The name in England
of several common species of Convolvulus, as C.
arvensis, C. sepium, and C. Soldanella, from their
twining about and binding together the stalks
of barley. Also incorrectly written barebind.




bearbine .
The bearbine with the lilac interlaced. -
Hood, Haunted House, i. 24.
bear-caterpillar (bär’kat’ér-pil-ār), n., A larva
of one of the bombycid moths: so called from
its hairiness. See cut under bear2.
bear-cloth (bår'klöth), n. Same as bearing-
+cloth.
beard (běrd), n. [K ME. berde, berd, KAS.
§eará iſ D. "bºard - ofiries, berä"º ÖH.G.
MHG. G. bart = Icel. -bardhr, in comp. (cf.
neut, bardi, brim, beak of a ship (see Wardº:
the *iº term for ‘beard” is skegg = E.
8hag) = O º; Serv. Bohem. brada = Pol.
broda = Russ. boroda = Lith. barzda, bar20 =
Lett. barda = OPruss. bordus, and prob. =
L. barba (> E. barb1), W. and Corn, barf, a
beard. The agreement in spelling between
mod. E. and AS. beard is merely accidental:
see ea.] 1. The close growth of hair on the
chin and parts of the face normally character-
istic of an adult man; more specifically, the
hair of the face and chin when allowed to re-
main wholly or in part unshaved, that on the
upper lip being distinguished as the mustache,
and the remainder as the whiskers, or the side-
whiskers, chin-whiskers or -beard, etc., according
as the beard is trimmed: as, to wear a beard,
or a full beard.—2. In 206l., some part or ap-
pendage likened to the human beard. ... (a) In
7nammal., long hairs about the head, as on a goat's Chin,
etc. (b) In ornith., a cluster of fine feathers at the base
of the beak, as in the bearded vulture and bearded tit.
In some breeds of the common hen, as the bearded Polish,
the Houdan, and the Russian, this appendage has been
made, by selection, very full. The feathers are supported
by a pendulous fold of skin, and often extend up to the
eyes. (c) In ichth., the barbels of a fish, as the loach and
catfish. (d) In conch. : (1) The byssus of some bivalves,
as the mussel. (2) The gills of some bivalves, as the oyster.
(e) In entom., one of a pair of small fleshy bodies of Some
lepidopterous and dipterous insects. (f) Whalebone.
3. In bot.: (a) A crest, tuft, or covering of
spreading hairs. (b) The awn or bristle like
appendage upon the chaff of grain and other
grasses. See cut under barley. (c) With some
authors, a name given to the lower lip of a
ringent corolla.-4: A barb or sharp process
of an arrow, a fish-hook, or other instrument,
lbent backward from the point, to prevent it
×
bearded (běr’ded), a.
491
to adapt them to the shape of the vessel.—5.
To remove the beard or fringe from, as from
oysters.
II. intrans. To grow a beard, or become
bearded. [Rare]. -
Nor laughing girl, nor bearding boy,
Nor full-pulsed manhood, lingering here,
Shall add, to life's abounding joy,
The charmed repose to suffering dear.
Whittier, Summer by Lakeside.
[K ME. berded; K beard
+ -ed?..] 1. Having a beard.
Then a soldier,
Full of Strange oaths, and bearded like the pard.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
It is good to steal away from the society of bearded men,
and even of gentler woman, and spend an hour or two with
children. IIawthorne, Twice-Told Tales, I.
2. In her; : (a) Same as barbed1, 3., (b) Having
a train like that of a comet or meteor (which
See).-3. In entom.: (a) Having a tuft of hairs
on the clypeus, overhanging the mouth. (b)
Covered on one side with short and thickly set
hairs: Said of antennae.-Bearded argali. See ar.
ali.-Bearded See griffin.— Bearded tit,
earded titmouse, the Panurus biarmicus.—Bearde
ture, the Gypaetus barbatus.
beard-grass (běrd'grás), n. The common name
of (a) some species of Polypogon, especially P.
Monspeliensis and P. littoralis, from the dense-
ly bearded appearance of the close panicles;
(b) some common species of Andropogon, as
A. Virginicus, A. Scopariw8, etc.—Woolly beard-
ass, a name given to species of Erianthus.-Naked
eard-grass, a name of several species of Gymºnopogom.
beardie (běr"di), n. Same as beardy, 2.
bearding (bér’ding), n. [K beard + -ing1.] 1.
The line of the intersection of the keel, dead-
wood, stem, and stern-post of a ship with the
outer surface of the frame-timbers. Also called
bearding-line and stepping-point.—2. The dimi-
nution of the edge or surface of a piece of tim-
ber from a given line, as in the stem, dead-
wood, etc., of a ship. Hamersly.
bearding-line (běr’ding-lin), n. Same as beard-
$ng, 1.
bearáiess (běrdſles), a. [K ME. berdles, KAS.
beardleds, K beard, beard, + leds, -less.] 1.
Without a beard; hence, of persons of the male
bearer-bar (bär’ér-bār), n.
bearing
banking and com., one who holds or presents
for payment a check or order for money, pay-
ment of which is not limited by the drawer
to a specified individual or firm. Checks pay-
able to bearer need no indorsement.—5. One
who wears anything, as a badge or sword; a
Weaper’. -
Thou [the crown], most fine, most honour’d, most re-
nown'd,
Hast eat thy bearer up. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
6. In old law, one who bears down or oppresses
others by vexatiously assisting a third party in
maintaining a suit against them; a maintainor.
–7. Any part of a structure or machine that
serves as a support to some other part (a) A
support for the fire-bars of a furnace. (b) The support of
the puppets in a lathe. (c) pl. In a rolling-mill, the hous-
ings or standards in which the roller-gudgeons turn. (
One of the strips which extend over a molding-trough an
serve to support the flask.
8. In printing : (a) A strip of wood or metal,
type-high, put in any exposed place in a form
of type or on a press, for the purpose of bearing
off impression and preventing injury to type or
Woodcuts. (b) pl. Type-high pieces of metal
#. in the very open spaces and over the
eads of pages to be stereotyped, and also type-
high strips of metal placed around pages or
forms to be electrotyped, to prevent injury to
the face of the type or the plates in the subse-
quent processes, and cut away from the plates
before printing.—9. In her., a supporter.-10+.
A roll of padding forming a kind of bustle, for-
merly worn by women to support and distend
their skirts “at their setting on at the bodies.”
Fairholt.—11. In an organ, one of the thin
pieces of wood attached to the upper side of a
sound-board, to form guides for the register-
slides which command the openings in the top
of a wind-chest leading to the pipes of the sepa-
rate systems of pi
gpº which form the §:
E. H. Knight.—12. A tree or plant that yields
fruit or flowers.
This way of procuring autumnal roses, in some that are
good bearers, will succeed. Boyle.
One of the bars
which support the grate-bars in a furnace.
from being easily drawn out.—5. The hook
for retaining the yarn at the extremity of the
needle in a knitting-machine.—6. In organ-
building, a projecting piece placed at the side
sex, immature; adolescent: as, a beardless bearer-pin (bār’ér-pin), ºt. A pin separating
youth.-2. In ornith., having no rictal vibris- the strings of a piano at the point where the
sae: as, the beardless flycatcher, Ornithium im- length is determined. Wor. Supp.
berbe.—3. In ichth., having no barbels.-4. In bear-garden (bār'går"dn), n. 1. A place where
of the mouth of a pipe, or below it, intended
to facilitate its speech.-7. The * of a
horse which bears the curb of a bridle, under-
neath the lower mandible and above the chin.--
8. The train of a comet when the comet is reced-
ing from the sun (in which case
the train precedes the head).-
9. In printing, the outward-slop-
ing part of a type which con-
nects the face with the shoulder
of the body. It is obsolete, type
being now made with high
square shoulders, to lighten the
work of the electrotyper.—10.
The sharp edge of a board.—
False beard, in Egypt, antiq., a singu-
lar artificial beard, often represented
On monuments and mummy-cases, held
under the chim by bands attached to
the wearer's casque or head-dress.--To
Imake One's beardt, literally, to dress
one's beard; hence, to play a trick up-
on ; deceive; cheat.
Yet can a miller make a clerkes berd,
For al his art.
Mo berdes in two houres
(Withoute rasour or sisoures)
'made, then greynes be of sondes.
Chawcer, House of Fame, l, 181.
To one's beard, to one's face; in defiance of one.
Rail'd at their covenant, and jeer'd
Their rev'rend persons to "g beard.
. Butler, Hudibras.
False Beard, as
represented upon a
rock-cut statüe of
Rameses II. at Abou-
Simbel.
# beard-moss (běrd’mós), n.
bot., without beard or awn.—Beardless drum, the
redfish or branded drum, Scioena ocellata, which has no
barbels. See cut under redfish.
beardlessness (běrd’les-nes), m. The state or
condition of being beardless.
beardleted (běrd’let-ed), a... [K*beardlet, dim.
of beard (cf. barbule), + -ed?..] In bot., having
little awns. Pawton.
One who wears a ka bear-garden.
bears are kept for the diversion of spectators.
The bear-garden in London in Elizabeth's reign
was also called Paris-garden and bear’s-college.
Hurrying me from the playhouse, and the scenes there,
to the bear-gardem, to the apes, and asses, and tigers.
Stillingfleet.
2. Figuratively, any place of tumult or disorder.
Those days when slavery turned the Senate-chamber into
N. A. Rev., CXXVI. 11.
beard; formerly, in contrast with shaveling, a bear-grass (bār'grás), n. A name given to the
layman. [Rare.]
A name of the
lichen Usnea barbata, which, often intermixed
with others, clothes forest-trees with the
shaggy gray fleece of its pendulous thread-like
branches; the “idlemoss” of Shakspere (C. of bearherd (bär'hérd), n.
., ii. 2).
bear-dog (bār'dog), n. A dog for baiting bears.
True. You fought high and fair. . . .
Dawp. Like an excellent bear-dog.
B. Jomsom, Epicoene, iv. 1.
beard-tongue (běrd’tung), m. A name given
to plants of the genus Pentstemon, with refer-
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, l, 175. 4-enge to the bearded sterile stamen.
beardy (běr'di), n.; pl. beardies (-diz). [Dim, of 4.
beard.] 1. A name of the white-throat, Sylvia bearing (bár'ing), m.
cinerea. Macgillivray. [Local, British.]—2.
Scotland, a name of the loach, Nemachilus bar-
batulus, a small fresh-water malaeopterygian
fish, family #. : so called from the six
barbules that hang from the mouth. Also spell-
beard (běrd), v. [K late M.E. berde; from the #ed beardie.
noun..] I. trans. 1. To take by the beard;
seize, pluck, or pull the beard of, in contempt
or anger. Hence—2. Figuratively, to oppose
to the face; set at defiance.
It is to them most disgracefull, to be bearded of such a
base Varlett. Špenser, State of Ireland.
Dar'st thou then
To beard the lion in his den,
The Douglas in his hall?
Scott, Marmion, vi. 14.
3. To furnish with a beard, in any sense of the
word.—4. In carp., to chip, plane, or otherwise
diminish from a given line or to a given curve:
as, to beard clamps, plank-sheers, etc.; in ship-
building, to round, as the adjacent parts of the
rudder and stern-post, or the dead-Wood, so as
bearer (bår’ér), m. [ME. berer, berere; K bearl +
-erl.] 1. One who bears, carries, or sustains;
a carrier; specifically, one who carries any-
thing as the attendant of another: as, St. Chris-
topher, or the Christ-bearer (the meaning of
the name); a sword-bearer, an armor-bearer, a
paianquin bearer, etc.
His armour-bearer said unto him, Do all that is in thine
heart. 1 Sam. Xiv. 7.
Forgive the bearer of unhappy news:
Your alter'd father openly pursues
Your ruin. Dryden.
2. One who carries a body to the grave; a
pall-bearer.—3. In India : (a) A palanquin-car-
rier. (b) A domestic servant who has charge
of his master's clothes, furniture, etc.— 4. In
camass, Quamasia Quamash, of Oregon; also,
in Texas, to Dasylirion Texanum, the young
pulpy stems of which are much eaten by bears;
and to species of the genus Yucca, for the same
Tea,SOEl
A man who tends
bears; a bearward.
Virtue is of so little regard in these costermonger times,
that true valour is turned bearherd.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 2.
bear-hound (bâr'hound), n. A hound for hunt-
ing or baiting the bear.
Few years more and the Wolf-hounds shall fall sup-
pressed, the Bear-hownds, the Falconry.
Carlyle, French Rev., I. iii. 1.
[K ME. bering, berymg;
verbal n. of bear 1.] 1+. Support, as of a prin-
ciple or an action; maintenance; defense.
I speak against the bearing of bloodshed : this bearing
must be looked upon.
Latimer, 5th Serm. bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
2. The act of enduring, especially of enduring
patiently or without complaining; endurance.
The two powers which constitute a wise woman are
those of bearing and forbearing. Epictetus (trans.).
3. The manner in which a person bears or
comports himself; carriage; mien; behavior.
A man of good repute, carriage, bearing, and estimation.
Shak., L. L. L., i. 1.
I had reason to dread a fair outside, to mistrust a pop-
ular bearing, to shudder before distinction, grace, and
courtesy. Charlotte Brontë, Shirley, xxiv.
4. The mutual relation of the parts of a whole;
mode of connection.
But of this frame the bearings and the ties,
The strong connections, nice dependencies,
Gradations just, has thy pervading soul
Look'd through? Pope, Essay on Man, i. 29.

bearing
Transactions which have . . . direct bearings on free-
dom, on health, on morals, on the permanent well-being
of the nation, can never be morally indifferent.
Rae, Contemp. Socialism, p. 213.
5. The º meaning or application of any-
thing said or written.
To change the bearing of a word.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, cKxviii.
6. The act or capability of producing or bring-
ing forth: as, a tree past bearing.
In travail of his bearing, his mother was first dead.
Robert of Gloucester.
7. In arch., the space between the two fixed
extremes of a beam or timber, or between one
extreme and a supporter: that is, its unsup-
ported span.—8. In mach., the part in con-
tact with which a journal moves; that part of
a shaft or an axle which is in contact with its
Supports; in general, the part of any piece
where it is supported, or the part of another
piece on which it rests.-9. Same as bearing-
note.—10. pl. In ship-building, the widest part
of a vessel below the plank-sheer; the line of
flotation which is formed by the water on her
sides when upright, with provisions, stores, etc.,
On board in proper trim.—11. In her., any sin-
gle charge of a coat of arms; any one of the
ordinaries, or any heraldic bird, beast, or other
figure (see charge); hence, in the plural, the
whole heraldic display to which a person is en-
titled. See arm2, 7–12. The direction or point
of the compass in which an object is seen, or soft mats.
the direction of one object, from another, with bear’s-bilberry (bârz’bil/ber-i), n.
reference to the points of the compass. In geol.
and mining, used in speaking either of the outcrop of the
Strata or of the direction of any metalliferous lode or de-
posit, whether under ground or at the surface: nearly sy-
nonymous With rºwn, course, and strike.
“Before the sun could go his own length, the little wa-
ter will be in the big.” . . .
“I thought as much,” returned the scout, . . . “from
the course it takes, and the bearings of the mountains.”
Cooper, Last of the Mohicans, xxxii.
Antifriction bearing. See antifriction.—Comical bear-
, an end-bearing for the spindle of a machine-tool,
formed by abutting the spindle-end against the end of a
screw. One of these ends is brought to a conical point,
and the other is correspondingly countersunk. The screw
serves to adjust the bearings for wear.—Continuous
bearings. See continuous.-Sand-bearings, in mold-
ing, the supports for the core in the sand of a mold,—
Side bearings of a car-truck, plates, blocks, or rollers
placed on each side of the center-pin to prevent a too great
rocking motion.—To bring a person to his bearings
º
*
to put him in his proper place; take him down.TTolosé bear's-grape (bârz'gräp), n.
One’s bearings, to become uncertain or confused in re-
gard to one's position ; become bewildered or puzzled.—
To take bearings, to ascertain on what point of the com-
pass an object lies. The term is also applied to ascertain-
ing the situation or direction of any object estimated with
reference to some part of a ship, as on the beam, before
the beam, abaft the beam, etc. Hence, to determine one's
position ; make one's self acquainted with the locality in
which one is; discover how matters stand; get rid of be-
Wilderment or misunderstanding.
The best use that we can now make of this occasion, it
seems to me, is to look about us, take our bearings, and
tell the fugitives . . . what course, in our opinion, they
should pursue. W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 76.
bearing (bár'ing), a. 1. Supporting; sustain-
ing: as, a bearing wall or partition (that is,
a wall or partition supporting another).—2+.
Solid; substantial: as, “a good bearing din-
ner,” Fletcher, Women Pleased, ii. 2.
bearing-cloth (bār'ing-klöth), m. The cloth
with which a child is covered when carried to
church to be baptized. Also called bear-cloth.
Thy scarlet robes, as a child's bearing-cloth,
I'll use to carry thee out of this place.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 3.
bearing-feeler (bār 'ing-fé"lér), n. An auto-
matic alarm for signaling the overheating of
a journal-bearing. A plug of fusible material con-
nected with the bearing melts at a given temperature,
and by suitable connections is made to sound an alarm.
bearing-neck (bár'ing-nek), m. The part which
turns within the brasses of the pedestal of a
car-truck, and sustains the strain; the journal
of a shaft.
bearing-note (bár'ing-nót), n. In tuning tem-
pered instruments, like the pianoforte, one of
the notes that are first carefully tunod as a ba-
sis in tuning the others. Also called bearing.
bearing-rein (bár'ing-rán), m. The rein by
which the head of a horse is held up in driving.
bearing-robe (bár'ing-röb), m. A garment an-
swering the same purpose as a bearing-cloth.
It was formerly customary for the sponsors to
present such a robe to the child.
bearish (bár'ish), a. [K bear2 + -ish.1.1 1. Par-
taking of the qualities of a bear; morose or un-
Couth in manner.
In our own language we seem to allude to this degen-
eracy of human nature when we call men, by way of re-
proach, Sheepish, bearish, etc.
LIarris, Three Treatises, Notes, p. 344.
bearnt (bårn), m.
bear-pig (bär"pig), n.
bear's-breech (bârz'brèch), m.
bºrº college (bârz’kol"ej), n.
} 5
492
2. Heavy and falling: applied on the stock-
exchange to prices.
bearishness (bår’ish-nes), n. The state or
quality of being bearish in nature, appearance,
Or, manner.
bear-leader (bār’lé"dēr), n. 1. A person who
leads about a trained bear for exhibition.
Hence—2. A tutor or governor in charge of a
youth of rank at the university or on his trav-
els, or one in a similar relation. [Humorous.]
Young gentleman, I am the bear-leader, being appointed
your tutor. Colman the Yownger.
They pounced upon the stray nobility, and seized young
lords travelling With their bear-leaders.
Thackeray, Book of Snobs, vii.
bear-moss (bärſmós), n. Same as bear’s-bed.
bear-mouse (bår’mous), n. A book-name of a
marmot or a woodchuck, translating the ge-
neric name Arctomys. See cut under Arctomys.
[=bairn = barm2, q.v.]
obsolete form of bairn.
The Indian badger or
sand-bear, Arctomya collaris. See badger?, 1.
bear-pit (bår'pit), n. A pit prepared for the
keeping of bears in a zoölogical garden. In the
center a stout pole, with cross-bars or steps at proper dis-
tances, is set up to enable the bear to indulge in his in-
stinctive habit of climbing.
bearsł, n. An obsolete spelling of barse.
bear's-bed (bârz’ bed), n.
The hair-cap moss,
a species of Polytrichum which grows in broad,
Also called bear-moss.
Same as
1. The English
See Acanthus.—
bearberry, 1.
name of Acanthus Spinosus.
so called on account of its roughness.
See bear-gar-
v. 1.
The students in bear's-college.
B. Jomson, Masque of Gypsies.
beasted (běs’ted), a.
2. The cow-parsnip, Heracleum Sphondylium : #4.
beasthood (běst'hid), n.
beast's-bane
One, deep cry -
Of great wild beasts. Tennyson, Palace of Art.
Beasts of chase are the buck, the doe, the fox, the mar.
ten, and the roe. Beasts of the Jorest are the hart, the
hind, the hare, the boar, and the wolf... Beasts of warren
are the hare and COny. Cowell, Law Dictionary.
3. Any irrational animal, as opposed to man,
as in the phrase man and beast, where beast
usually means horse.
O heaven l a beast, that Wants discourse of reason,
Would have mourn’d longer. Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
4. pl. In rural economy, originally all domestic
animals, but now only, cattle; especially, fat-
ting cattle as distinguished from other animals.
wº In a limited specific use, a horse: as, m
beast is tired out. [Local, Scotland and t;. §
Compare creature, critter, similarly used.]–6.
Piguratively, a brutal man; a person rude,
coarse, filthy, or acting in a manner unworthy
of a rational creature.
What an afflicted conscience do I live with,
And what a beast I am grown
Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 1.
7+. [In this use also spelled as orig, pron, būšte,
K F. beste, now bete, in same sense.] (a) An
old game of cards resembling loo. (b) A pen-
º or forfeit at this game, and also in Ombre
and quadrille.—Beast royal, the lion: used also of
the constellation Leo.
And yet ascending was the beste rotal,
The gentil Leon with his Aldiran.
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, l. 256.
Blatant beast. See blatamt.
[K beast, n., 7, -- -ed?..]
Beaten at ombre or quadrille.
See bheesty.
(běst'hid), n. Sole-leather which
has not been hammered. It is used for glaziers'
polishing-wheels. -
[K beast + -hood.]
The nature or condition of beasts. Carlyle.
bear’s-ear (bârz’ér), n.
*sion to the shape of its leaf.
A common name in
England of the auricula, Primula Auricula, from
its early Latin name, wrSi auricula, given in allu-
|. Eng.]
bear's-foot (bårz'füt), n. A plant of the genus
Helleborus, H. foetidus. See Helleborus.
bear's-garlic (bârz'går"lik), n. A species of
beastiel (běs’ti), n. [Dim. of beast.] A little
animal. fscotéh.j
beastie? (běs’ti), m. See bheesty.
beastily (běs’ti-li), adv. As a beast; bestially.
Shelley.
beastings, n. Sing, or pl. See beestings.
beastish (běstish), a. . [K ME, bestish; K beast
bearskin (bär'skin), m.
Onion, Allium ursinum.
Same as bear-
erry, 1.
—2. A coarse shaggy woolen cloth for over-
coats.-3. A tall cap made of black fur form-
ing part of the uniform of some military bodies,
as of the Guards in the British army and of
soldiers of various organizations elsewhere.
The bearsleims of the French grenadiers rose above the
crest of the hill. Yonge, Life of Wellington, xxxiii.
Bearskin jobber. See bear2, n., 5.
bear's-paw clam, root. See clam, root.
bear's-weed (bârz’ wéd), n. The yerba santa
of California, Eriodictyon Californicum,
'bearward (bâr’wärd), m. A keeper of bears.
We'll bait thy bears to death,
And manacle the bearward in their chains.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1.
Those who worke with them co’mand them as our beare-
wards do the beares, with a ring through the nose, and a
cord. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 21, 1644.
I entreated a bearward one day to come down with the
dogs of some four parishes that way.
B. Jomsom, Epicoene, i. 1.
bear-whelp (bär'hwelp), m. [K ME. bere-hwelp;
K bear2 + whelp.] The whelp of a bear.
An unlicked bear-whelp. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
bearwood (bâr’wild), n. The Rhamnus Pur-
shiana, a shrub or small tree of the Pacific
tates. See bearberry, 2.
bearwort (bår’wért), n. The mew or bald-
money, Meum athamanticum,
beast (běst), n. [Early mod. E. also beest, K
ME. beeste, beste, KOF. beste, F. bete = Sp. Pg.
It. bestia = D. L.G. beest, K L. bestia, an animal,
including all animals except man.] 1. A liv-
ing being; an animal: in this extended sense
now only in dialectal or colloquial use.
These ben the eyryssh [airish] bestes, lo.
Chawcer, House of Fame, l. 932.
To keepe this worlde bothe more and lesse
A skylfull bee8te [man] than Will }.}
ork Play8, p. 15.
2. Any four-footed animal, as distinguished
from fowls, insects, fishes, and man: as, beasts
of burden; beasts of the chase; beasts of the
forest. It is applied chiefly to large animals.
The beasts, the fishes, and the Winged fowls.
Shak., C. of E., ii. 1.
beastly (běstºli), a.
beastly? (běstºli), adv.
beastlyheadt (běst 'li-hed), m.
beast's-bane (běsts"bān), n.
+ -ish 1.] Like a beast; brutal.
It would be but a kind of animal or beastish meeting.
Milton, Divorce, xiii. (Ord M.S.).
1. The skin of a bear, beastliness (běst'li-nes), n. 1. The state or
quality of being beastly; brutality; coarseness;
vulgarity; filthiness.
Rank inundation of luxuriousness
Has tainted him with Such gross beastliness.
Marston, Scourge of Villainie, ii. 7.
2}. Absence of reason; stupidity.
Beastliness and lack of consideration. North.
[K, ME. beestely, bestely,
beastliche; K beast + -ly 1.] 1+. Natural; ani-
mal: the opposite of spiritual.
It is sowum a beestli bodi; it shal ryse a spiritual bodi.
yclif, 1 Cor. xv. 44.
2. Like a beast in form or nature; animal.
Beastly divinities and droves of gods. Prior.
3. Like a beast in conduct or instincts; brutal;
filthy; coarse. º
Thou art the beastliest, crossest baggage that ever man
met withall Middleton (and others), The Widow, i. 2.
4. Befitting a beast; unfit for human use; filthy;
abominable.
Lewd, profane, and beastly phrase. B. Jomson.
Thrown into beastly prisons. Dickens, Hist. of Eng., xvi.
5. Nasty; disagreeable: as, beastly weather.
[Slang.]
By laying the defeat to the account of “this beastly
English weather, you know.” American, VI. 245.
=Syn, Brutal, Bestial, etc. See brute,
[K beast + -ly?..] In
the manner of a beast; filthily; abominably.
Fie on her l see how beastly she doth court him.
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 2.
I have seen a handsome cause so foully lost, sir,
So beastly cast away, for want of witnesses.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iii. 1.
K beastly +
-head=-hood; one of Spenser's artificial words.]
The character or quality of a beast; beastli-
ness: used by Spenser as a greeting to a beast.
Sicke, sicke, alas! and little lack of dead,
futi be relieved by your beastlyhead.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., May.
A variety of the
wolf's-bane, Acomitum Lycoctonum,
beat;
beatl (bět), v.; pret, beat, pp, beaten, beat, ppr.
beating. fo ... betén, K º bedſtan (pret. ;
; bedten) = QHG. bāgam, MHG. bāzen = Icel.
auta, beat. The superficial resemblance to F.
battre, E. batl, batter1, is accidental, but has
erhaps influenced some of the meanings of
eatl. Hence beetle1.]
repeatedly; lay repeated blows upon.
H'as beat me twice, and beat me to a coward.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, ii. 4.
The eagles of Mexitli shall beat the air no more,
Whittier, The Crisis.
2. To strike in order to produce a sound; sound
by percussion: as, to beat a drum or a tam-
bourine.
Come, beat all the drums up,
And all the noble instruments of War.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, V. 5.
3. To play (a particular call or tattoo) upon
the drum: as, to beat a charge; to beat a re-
treat. [The last phrase often means simply
to retire or retreat.]
The enemy was driven back all day, as we had been the
day before, until finally he beat a precipitate retreat.
U. S. Gramt, Personal Memoirs, I. 350.
4. To break, bruise, comminute, or pulverize
'by beating or pounding, as any hard Substance.
Thou shalt beat some of it very small. Iºx. xxx. 36.
5. To extend by beating, as gold or other mal-
leable substance, or to hammer into any form;
forge.
They did beat the gold into thin plates. Ex. xxxix. 3.
The hammer which smote the Saracens at Tours was at
last successful in beating the Netherlands into Christianity.
Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 21.
6. To separate, by concussion; strike apart;
remove by striking or threshing: with out.
So she . . . beat owt that she had gleaned : and it was
about an ephah of barley. Ruth ii. 17.
7. To mix by a striking or beating motion;
whip into the desired condition: as, to beat or
beat up eggs or batter.—8. To dash or strike
against, as water or wind.
Beyond this flood a frozen continent
Lies, dark and wild, beat with perpetual storm.
Milton, P. L., ii. 588.
9. To strike with the feetin moving; tread upon.
Pass awful gulfs and beat my painful way.
Sir R. Blackmore.
Along the margin of the moonlight sea
We beat with thundering hoofs the level sand.
Wordsworth, Prelude, x.
Amid the sound of steps that beat
The murmuring walks like autumn rain.
Pryant, The Crowded Street.
10. To range (fields or woods) with loud blows
or other noise in search of game.
To beat the woods and rouse the bounding prey. Prior.
Together let us beat this simple field,
Try what the open, what the covert yield !
Pope, Essay on Man, i. 9.
11. To overcome in battle, contest, or strife;
vanquish or conquer: as, one beats another at
play.
Pyrrhus . . . beat the Carthaginians at sea. Arbuthnot.
12. To surpass; excel; go beyond: as, he beats
them all at swimming. [Colloq.]
Many ladies in Strasburg were beautiful, still
They were beat all to sticks by the lovely Odille.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 239.
There is something out of common here that beats any-
thing that ever came in my way. ickens.
13. To be too difficult for, whether intellectu-
ally or physically; baffle: as, it beats me to
make it out. Él. — 14. To harass; ex-
ercise severely; cudgel (one’s brains).
Sirrah, lay by your foolish study there,
And beat your brains about your own affairs.
Fletcher and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, ii. 1.
Why should any one . . . beat his head about the Latin
grammar who does not intend to be a critic? ocke.
15. To exhaust: as, the long and toilsome jour-
mey quite beat him. [Colloq.] -
They had been beaten out with the exposure and hard-
ship. F. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 365.
16. To flutter; flap; as, to beat the wings: said
of a bird. Seebatel.—17. In medieval embroi-
dery, to ornament with thin plates of gold o
silver. ,
Hur clothys weyth bestes and byrdes wer bete,
All abowte for pryde. -
Quoted in Rock's Textile Fabrics.
One coat for my lord's body beat with gold.
Dugdale, Baronage.
18. In printing: (a) To ink with beaters, (b)
To impress by repeatedly striking with a mal-
let a proof-planer pressed against the paper:
as, beat a proof of that form.–19. To obtain
I, trans. 1. To strike
493
an unfair advantage of; defraud: as, to beat a
hotel. [Slang, U. S.]—To beat a bargain. See
bargain.--To beat a parley, to notify the enemy by a
drum or trumpet signal that conference is desired under a
flag of truce.—To beat away, in mining, to excavate:
usually applied to hard ground. To beat back, to Com-
pel, to retire or return,-To beat cock-fighting. See
cock-fighting.--To beat down, (a) To break, destroy, or
throw down by beating or battering, as a wall. (b) To
press down or lay flat (grass, grain, etc.) by any prostrat-
ing action, as that of a violent wind, a current of water,
or the passage of persons or animals. (c) To cause to lower
(a price) by importunity or argument; sink or lessen the
price or value of; make lower, as price or value.
It [usury] beats down the price of land. Bacon, Usury.
§ To depress or crush: as, to beat down opposition.—To
beat into, to teach or instil by repetition of instruction.
—TO beat off, to repel or drive back.--To beat out, (a)
To extend by hammering; hence, figuratively, to work out
fully; amplify; expand.
A man thinking on his legs is obliged to beat out his
thought for his own sake, if not for the sake of his hearers.
Cornhill Mag.
@ To perform or execute, as a piece of music, by or as
by beats with the hands or feet.
The child's feet were busy beating out the tune.
Cornhill Mag.
Perplext in faith, but pure in deeds,
At last he beat his music out.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, xcvi.
(c) To drive out or away.
Intermediate varieties, from existing in lesser numbers ºr upon this cause.
beat!, (bět), n.
than the forms which they connect, will generally be
beaten out and exterminated during the course of further
modification and improvement.
Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 266.
To beat the air, to fight to no purpose, or against no an-
tagonist or opposition.
I therefore so run, not as uncertainly; so fight I, not as
one that beateth the air. Cor. ix. 26.
To beat the bounds. See bound 1.--To beat the dust,
in the manège: (a) To take in too little ground with the
fore legs, as a horse. (b) To curvet too precipitately or
too low, as a horse.—To beat the general, to sound
the roll of the drum which calls the troops together.—To
beat the tattoo, to sound the drum for evening roll-call,
when all soldiers except those absent with permission
are expected to be present in their quarters.--To beat
the wind, to make a few flourishes in the air, and thus
be entitled to all the advantages of a victor, as was done
under the medieval system of trial by battle when the
other combatant failed to appear.—To beat time, to
measure or regulate time in music by the motion of the
hand or foot.—To beat to a mummy. See mummy.—
To beat up. (a) To attack suddenly; alarm or disturb;
hence, to come to or upon unexpectedly: as, to beat up an
enemy's quarters.
A distant relation left him an estate in Ireland, where
he had resided ever since, making occasional visits to the
Continent and beating up his old quarters, but rarely com-
ing to England. Lawrence.
(b) To summon or bring together as by beat of drum; as,
to beat up recruits. (c) In hunting, to rouse and drive
(game) by ranging.
They beat wy a little game peradventure.
amb, Imperfect Sympathies.
§ In engraving, to remove (a dent or mark) from the
ace of a plate by striking the back with a punch while
the face rests on a sheet of tin-foil on an anvil or a stake.
In this way engravers can remove marks too deep to be
obliterated by the scraper or burnisher. =S 1. To
pound, bang, buffet, maul, drub, thump, thwack, baste,
thrash, pommel.—11. Discomfit, Rout, etc. See defeat.
II. intrans. 1. To strike repeatedly; knock,
as at a door.
The men of the city . . . beat at the door. Judges xix. 22.
2. To move with pulsation; throb: as, the
pulse beats.
A thousand hearts beat happily.
Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 21.
With unused thoughts and Sweet
And hurrying hopes, his heart began to beat.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 408.
3. To act, dash, or fall with force or violence,
as a storm, flood, passion, etc. : as, the tempest
beats against the house.
And the sum beat upon the head of Jonah, that he
fainted, and wished in himself to die. Jonah iv. 8.
Rolling tempests vainly beat below. Dryden.
For the moon is coming on, and the sunbeams fiercely beat.
- Bryant, Damsel of Peru.
4. To be tossed so as to strike the ground vio-
lently or frequently.
Floating corps lie beating on the shore. Addison.
5. To give notice by beating a drum; also, to
Sound on being beaten, as a drum.
But Linden saw another sight
When the drum beat at dead of night.
& Campbell, Hohenlinden.
6. To contain beats or pulsations of sound, as
a tone formed by sounding together two notes
which are nearly in unison. See beat, m., 7.—7.
To ponder; be incessantly engaged; be anx-
iously directed to something; be in agitation
or doubt.
If you be pleas'd, retire into my cell,
And there repose; a turn or two I'll walk,
To still my beating mind. Shak, Tempest, iv. 1.
beatl (bět), pp.
beat
Thy heaven is on earth; thine º: and thoughts
Beat on a crown, the treasure of thy heart.
hak., 2 Hen. VI., ii. 1.

8. Naut, to make progress against the wind
by alternate tacks in a zigzag line. A good
square-rigged vessel will make a direct gain to windward
of three tenths of the distance she has sailed while beat-
ing, while the gain to windward of an average fore-and-aft
rigged vessel will be equal to five or six tenths of the dis-
tance sailed.
We took a pilot on board, hove up our anchor, and be-
gan beating down the bay.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 3.
Many yachtsmen had pronounced it to be an impossi-
bility for our vessel to beat out in so light a breeze.
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. i.
To beat about, to search by various means or ways;
make efforts at discovery.
To find an honest man, I beat about.
Pope, Epil. to Satires, ii. 102.
To beat about the bush, to approach a matter in a
roundabout or circumlocutory way.—TO beat to quar-
ters, to summon the crew of a man-of-war by beat of drum
to their stations for battle.—To beat up and down, in
hunting, to run first one way and then another: Said of a
stag.—To beat up for recruits or soldiers, to go about
to enlist men into the army: a phrase originating in the
fact that a recruiting party was often preceded by a drum-
mer with his instrument.—To beat upont, to enforce by
repetition ; reiterate.
How frequently and fervently doth the Scripture beat
Hakewill.
[K beat.1, v.] 1. A stroke; a
striking; a blow, whether with the hand or
with a weapon. [Rare.]
The Smith Divine, as with a careless beat,
Struck out the mute creation at a heat.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, i. 253.
Thus we get but years and beats.
Fletcher, Valentinian, ii. 3.
2. A recurrent stroke; a pulsation; a throb:
as, the beat of the pulse ; the heart makes from
sixty to seventy beats a minute.—3. The sound
made by the foot in walking or running ; a
footfall.
The beat of her unseen feet,
Which only the angels hear.
Shelley, The Cloud,
4. A round or course which is frequently gone
over: as, a watchman’s beat; a milkman’s beat.
We had to descend from the sea-wall, and walk under
it, until we got beyond the Sentry's beat.
Howells, Venetian Life, xii.
Hence — 5. A course habitually traversed, or
a place to which one habitually or frequently
resorts.—6. In Alabama and Mississippi, the
principal subdivision of a county; a voting-pre-
cinct.—7. In music : (a) The beating or pul-
sation arising from the interference of two
musical notes differing but slightly in pitch.
See interference. The number of beats per second is
equal to the difference between the numbers of vibrations
of the two notes. Thus, two notes having 256 and 255
vibrations per second respectively, if sounded simultane-
ously, will give rise to one beat each second, because once
in each second the two wave-systems (see sound) will coin-
cide and produce a maximum sound, and once they will
be half a wave-length apart, and the sound will almost
disappear. Also called beating. (b) The motion of
the hand, foot, or baton in marking the divi-
sions of time during the performance of a piece
of music. (c) Used vaguely by various English
writer's to denote different kinds of ornamental
notes or graces.—8. The third operation in
aper-making, in which the pulp is still further
ivided and torm apart in the beating-engine.
—9. The blow struck by a valve when falling
into its seat.— 10. The bearing part or the
facing of a valve.
The inlet and outlet valves in the covers of the air-cyl-
inders are of brass provided with leather beats.
Ure, Dict., IV. 740.
11. A worthless, dishonest, shiftless fellow; a
knave. [Slang.]—Beat of a watch or clock, the
stroke made by the action of the escapement. A clock is
said to be in beat or out of beat according as the stroke is
at equal or unequal intervals.- Beat or tuck of drum
(milit.), a succession of strokes on a drum, varied in differ-
ent ways for particular purposes, as to regulate a march,
to call soldiers to their arms or quarters, to direct an at-
tack or a retreat, etc.—Dead beat. (a) Formerly, a person
without money or resources ; now, one who never pays,
but lives by evasions ; an utterly dishonest, worthless fel-
low: an intensified expression of beat, 11, above. [Slang.]
(b) A stroke or blow without recoil, as in the dead-beat
escapement. See escapement.—Double beat, in music, a
beat repeated.—Out of one's beat, not in one's sphere
or department. [Colloq.]
[Shorter form of beaten, which
is the only form used attributively.] Exhaust-
ed by exertion, mentally or bodily; fatigued;
worn out by toil. [Colloq.]
Quite beat and very much vexed. Dickens.
Dead beat, completely exhausted or worn out, so as to
be incapable of further exertion; utterly baffled, as by
the difficulty of a task; thoroughly defeated in a contest
or struggle. [Colloq.]
beat;
beat” (bět), n. [Also beet, bait, K ME. bete;
Origin unknown, perhaps K beati, w., or perhaps
connected with bait, bate, steep: see bate5.] A
bundle of flax or hemp made up ready for steep-
Ing.
beat 3 (bět), R. [Also bait, bate; origin un-
known. Cf. beet?, make a fire. Peat is appar.
a different word..] The rough sod of moorland,
or the matted growth of fallow land, which is
Sliced or pared off, and burned, when the land
is about to be plowed. See beat?, v. N. E. D.
[Prov. Eng.]
beat 3 (bět), v. t. and i. [See beatº, n.] To
slice off (the beat or rough sod) from unculti-
vated or fallow ground with a beat-ax or breast-
plow, in order to burn it, for the purpose at
once of destroying it and of converting it into
manure for the land. N. E. D. [Proy. Eng.]
beatae memoriae (bé-ā’të má-mö'ri-ê). [L.,
gen. of beata memoria, blessed memory: see
beatify and memory..] Of blessed memory: said
of the dead.
beat-ax (bět'aks), n. [E. dial., also bidaa,
bidia; ; K beat; + aa;1..] The ax or adz with
which the beat is pared off in hand-beating.
See beat?, v. N. E. D. [Prov. Eng.]
beaten (bé’tn), p. a. [K ME. betén, K AS.
beſitem, pp. of bedtan, beat: see beatl, v.] 1.
Wrought upon by beating; formed or affected
in any way by blows or percussion: as, beaten
work (which see, below).
This Work of the candlesticks was of beaten gold.
Num. Wiii. 4.
Specifically—2. Worn by beating or treading;
much trodden; hence, common from frequent
use or repetition; trite: as, to follow the beaten
course of reasoning.
A broad and beaten way. Milton, P. L., ii. 1026.
Truth they profess'd, yet often left the true
And beaten prospect, for the wild and new.
Crabbe, Tales.
3. Conquered; vanquished.
I Suppose everything is right, even to Wooler's being
conqueror and I the beaten man. Tytler
4. Exhausted; worn out.—5. Baffled, as by the
difficulty of a task, intellectual or physical.
— Beaten work, (a) Metal shaped by being hammered
On an anvil or a block of the requisite form, Hand-made
Vessels of metal, especially those of rounded form, are com-
monly shaped by this process. (b) Repoussé work. See
× repoussé.
beater (bé’tēr), n. 1. One who beats: as, a
Carpet-beater; a drum-beater.
Euen the wisest of your great beaters do as oft punishe
nature as they do correcte faultes.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 32.
2. In hunting, one who rouses or beats up game.
When the beaters came up we found that the bag con-
sisted of five red-deer—namely, one small stag and four
hinds. J. Baker, Turkey, p. 369.
3. That which beats or is used in beating.
Specifically — (a) In basket-making, a heavy iron used for
beating the work close, or compacting it. (b) In cotton.
7manuf., a machine for cleaning and opening the cotton
preparatory to carding. . This is accomplished by beat-
ing the cotton, as it is fed through rolls, by horizontal
blades attached to an axle revolving with great rapid-
ity. (c) The jack of a knitting-machine. (d) A mallet
used in hat-making. (e) A tool for packing powder in a
blast-hole. (f) A scutching-blade for breaking flax or
hemp. (g) In weaving, the lathe or batten of a loom:
so named because it drives the weft into the shed, and
makes the fabric more compact. to
beater-press (bé’tér-pres), n. A machine for
Compacting materials for baling, by beating
them down by a weight, and also by direct and
continued pressure.
beath (béºph), v. t. [Now only E. dial., KME.
bethen, KAS. bethian, a parallel form of bathi-
am, X E. bathe, q. v.] 1. To bathe; forment.
–2. To heat (unseasoned wood) for the pur-
pose of straightening (it).
A tall young oake . . . "
Beath'd in fire for steele to be in sted.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. vii. 7.
beatific (bé-a-tif'ik), a. [K L.L. beatificus, K bea-
tus, happy, + facere, make; cf. beatify.] 1.
Blessing or making happy; imparting bliss.
The greatness and strangeness of the beatific vision.
Sowth.
2. Blessed; blissful; exaltedly happy.
He arrived in the most beatific frame of mind.
* Three in Norway, p. 176.
Beatific vision, in theol., the direct vision of God, sup-
º: to constitute the essential bliss of saints and angels
III heaWen.
tººl (bě-a-tif’i-kal), a.
3.Te.
beatifically (bé-a-tif’i-kal-i), adv. In a beatific
DC13DI] eſ’.
beatificate? (bé-a-tif’i-kāt), v. t. To beatify.
beatification (bé-at’i-fi-kä'shgn), n. [= F. bā-
atification, K. L.L. beatificare: see beatify.] 1.
Same as beatific.
494
The act of beatifying or of rendering or pro-
nouncing happy; the state of being blessed;
'blessedness. *
The end of a Christian,... . . . the rest of a Christian, and
the beatification of his spirit. Jer. Taylor, Sermons, xx,
2. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., the act by which a
deceased person is declared to be beatified, or
one of the blessed, and therefore a proper sub-
ject of a certain degree or kind of public reli-
gious honor. This is now an exclusive prerogative of the
pope, but for several centuries it was also exercised by
local º or metropolitans. It is usually the second
step toward canonization, and cannot take place till fifty
years after the death of the person to be beatified, except
in the case of martyrs. The process is an elaborate one,
consisting of thirteen or fourteen stages, and extending
over many years, during which the claims of the reputed
Saint are carefully and strictly investigated. If the final,
result is favorable, the pope's decree is publicly read in
the pontifical church, the image and relics of the newly
beatified are incensed, etc. See canonization.
Ximenes has always been venerated in Spain. Philip
IV. endeavored to procure his beatification.
G. Tickmor, Span. Lit., I. 424.
beatify (bé-at’i-fi), v. t. ; pret. and }. beat:-
jied, ppr. beatifying. [K F. beatifier, K LL. beati-
jicare, º bless, K beatificus, making
happy, blessing, K.L. beatus, happy, blessed §:
of beare, make happy, akinto bemus, bonus, good,
bene, well), + facere, make.] To make su-
premely happy; bless with the completion of
celestial enjoyment: as, “beatified spirits,” Dry-
den.—2. To pronounce or regard as happy, or
as conferring happiness. [Rare.]
The common conceits and phrases which so beatify
Wealth. Barrow, Works (ed. 1686), III, 161.
Specifically—3. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., to de-
Cree beatification.
The right of beatifying, that is, declaring a holy person
a Saint, and decreeing that due honour might be paid him,
within a particular diocese, continued to be exercised in
England and everywhere else by the bishops of the church.
Rock, Church of our Fathers, III. i. 495.
beau (bö), v. t.
beaupere :
“blessed” (in the Latin, beati), with which
each declaration or ascription begins.—Formal
beatitude, the possession of the highest good.—Objec-
tive beatitude, the highest good.
beattle (bé-at'l), v. t. [E. dial. (Exmoor and
Scilly Gloss.) and U. S.; appar. K be-1 + attle for
addle.] To addle the brain of; make a fool of.
[Prov. U. S. (Massachusetts).
beau (bö), a. and n. [As an adj. long obsolete;
early mod. E. bew, KME. beu, bieu, beau, K OF.
beau, biau, earlier bel, beal, bial, mod, F, beau,
bei, fem. Weie, & L. bºilus, fair, b
see bell, bellº. The noun is mod., and follows
the F. in pron. ; the ME. adj. if still existent
would be pronounced as in its deriv. beauty, q.
v.] I.f. a. Good; fair: used especially in ad-
dress: as, “beau sir,” Chaucer, House of Fame,
1.643. See beausire, beanſpere, etc.
II. m.; pl. beaus or beaua (böz). 1. One who
is very neat and particular about his dress, and
fond of ornaments and jewelry; a fop; a dandy:
now most often said of a man of middle age or
older: as, he is an old beaw.
Besides thou art a beau : what's that, my child?
A fop, Well-dressed, extravagant, and wild. -
Dryden, tr. of Persius, Satires, iv. 42.
He is represented on his tomb by the figure of a beau,
dressed in a long periwig, and reposing himself upon vel-
vet cushions under a canopy of state.
Addison, Thoughts in Westminster Abbey.
2. A man who is suitor to or is attentive to a
lady; a lover; a Swain. [Now chiefly colloq. or
rustic.]
Her love was sought, I do aver,
By twenty beawa; and more.
Goldsmith, Elegy on Mrs. Mary Blaize.
The rural beawa: their best attire put on,
To win their nymphs, as other nymphs are won.
Crabbe, The Village.
=Syn. 1, Dandy, Eacquisite, etc. See coaccomb.
[K beau, m.] To act the beau
to ; attend or escort (a lady).
Hence—4. To ascribe extraordinary virtue or beaucéantt, n. See beauséant.
excellence to ; regard as saintly or exalted.
His heroine is so beatified with description, that she
loses all hold upon sympathy. &
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 128.
beating (bé’ting), m. [Verbal n. of beat.1, v.]
beauclerkt (bö’klērk or -klärk), n. [Early mod.
E. also beauclark, K ME, beauclerk, KOF. beau,
fine, + clerc, clerk, scholar.] A good scholar;
a learned man: known especially as a surname
of Henry I. of England (Henry Beauclerk).
1. The act of striking, or operating by blows; beaufet, n. An erroneous form of buffet2.
any process of working by percussion. Specifi- beaufin (bif'in), n.
cally-(a) A process in the dressing of flax and hemp by as if & F. beau, beautiful, + jin, fine.]
which they are made soft and pliable. , (b) The process of
hammering gold and silver into leaf. The sheets are
placed between pieces of parchment, and hammered on a
marble block. (c) In bookbinding, the process of flatting
Out With a hammer the leaves of a book which have been
badly pressed, or which have been buckled or twisted by
bad sewing or uneven dampening.
2. Punishment or chastisement by blows; a
flogging.—3. The state of being beaten or out-
done; a defeat.
Our American rifle-team has had its beating, but not a
bad beating. The American, VI. 245.
4. Regular pulsation or throbbing.
The beatings of my heart. Wordsworth, Tintern Abbey.
5. In music, same as beat, 7 (a): but in this
form more frequently applied to the beats of
the strings of a piano or the pipes of an organ.
—6. Nawt., the act of advancing in a zigzag
line against the wind.
beating-bracket (bé’ting-brak’et), n. The
batten of a loom.
beating-engine (bé’ting-en"jin), n. 1. A ma-
chine with rotating cutters for preparing rags
in paper-making.—2. Same as beating-machine.
beating-hammer (bé'ting-ham'êr), n. A ham-
mer having two slightly rounded faces, used in
shaping the backs of books.
beating-machine (běſting-ma-shën"), n. A ma-
chine for opening and beating cotton, to loosen
it and remove the dust. Also called willowing-
machine, opener, beating-engine, etc.
beatitude (bé-at’i-tūd), n. IK F. beatitude, K
L. beatitudo, K beatus, happy blessed: see be-
atify.] 1. Supreme blesséâness; felicity of
the highest kind; consummate bliss; hence, in
a less restricted sense, any extreme pleasure or
Satisfaction.
True beatitude groweth not on earth,
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 11.
About him all the sanctities of heaven
Stood thick as stars, and from his sight received
Beatitude past utterance. Milton, P. L., iii. 62.
Thousands of the Jews find a peculiar beatitude in hav-
ing themselves interred on the opposite slope of the Mount
of Olives. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 75.
2. One of the eight ascriptions of blessed-
ness to those who possess particular virtues,
pronounced by Christ in the Sermon on the
Mount, Mat. v. 3–11: so named from the word
[A forced spelling of biffin,
Same
as biffin.
beaufrey}, n. Same as baufrey. Weale.
beau-ideal (bö’i-dé'al or b6'é-dā-al'), n. [F.,
le beau idéal, the ideal beautiful: le beau, the
'beautiful; idéal, adj., ideal. Hence in E. often
taken as beau, adj., qualifying ideal, n., an ex-
cellent (one’s best) ideal: see beau and ideal.]
A mental conception or image of any object,
moral or physical, in its perfect typical form
free from all the deformities, defects, an
blemishes accompanying its actual existence;
a model of excellence in the mind or fancy;
ideal excellence.
My ambition is to give them a beau-ideal of a welcome.
Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre, xxxiv.
beauish (bö’ish), a. [K beau + -ish 1.] Like
a beau; foppish ; fine : as, “a beauish young
spark,” Byron, Beau and Bedlamite.
Beaujolais (bö-zho-lā’), n. [F. Beaujolais, a
former division of France, now chiefly com-
prised in the department of Rhône.] A kind
of red wine made in the department of Rhône,
in southeastern France.
beau monde (bö mónd). [F.: beau, K. L. bel-
lus, fine; monde, K L. mundus, world. See beau
and mundame.] The fashionable world; people
of fashion and gayety, collectively.
beaumontite (bö’ mon-tit), n. [After Prof.
Élie de Beaumont, of France..] In mineral., a
variety of heulandite from Jones's Falls near
Baltimore, Maryland.
beaumont-root (bó'mgnt-röt), n.
bowman’s-root. e
Beaune (bön), n. [F.] A red wine of Bur-
#. . The name is given to wines produced in a large
istrict around the city of Beaune, and varying greatly in
quality.
beauperet, beaupeert, n. [Early mod. E., also
bewpeer, etc. (in the sense of ‘companion,’
sometimes spelled beauphere, by confusion with
phere, an erroneous spelling of ME.jere, a com-
panion: see fere), KME. bewpere, beaupéré, bew-
pyr, etc., K (1) 6F, beau pere, ‘good father,’ a
olite form of pere, father (mod. F. beau père,
ather-in-law, or stepfather), K beau, fair, good,
+ pere, F. pere, K.L. pater = E. father; (2) QF.
beau, fair, good, + per, peer (mod. F. pair),
Same as
eautiful, fine: . .
beaupere
peer, equal.] 1. A term of courtesy for ‘father,’
used, especially in addressing or speaking of
priests.-2. A companion, compeer, or friend.
Now leading him into a secret shade
From his Beauperea, and from bright heavens vew.
Spenger, F. Q., III. i. 35.
beauperst, bewpersł, n. [Also bowpres; per-
haps, like many other fabrics, named from the
lace of its original manufacture, conjectured
in this case to be Beaupréau, a town in France
with manufactures of linen and woolen.] A.
fabric, º. of linen, used in the six-
teenth and seventeenth centuries. Flags were
made of it.
With my cozen Richard Pepys upon the 'Change, about
supplying us with bewpers from Norwich, which I should
be glad of, if cheap. Pepys, Diary, II. 136.
beau-peruket, n. A name given to ºº::
exaggerated length worn in the reign of Wil-
liam III.
beau-pot (bó (pot), n. [An erroneous form
(simulating F. beau, beautiful) of bowpot for
boughpot, q.v.] A large Ornamental vase for
cut flowers.
Theauseantt, beauceantt, n. [OF, bauceant, a
flag (see def.), perhaps K_ba t, baucent, etc.
(> E. bawsond, q.v.), orig. black-and-white spot-
ted, but later written beauséant, beaucéant, as if
K F. beau, fine, handsome, comely, + seant, suit-
able, lit. sitting, ppr. of Seoir, sit: see seance.]
The flag of the order of the Templars, half
black and half white, and bearing the inscrip-
tion, “Non nobis, Domine, non nobis, sed no-
mini tuo da gloriam.”
beau-semblantt, n. [F.: beau, fair; semblant,
appearance: see semblance.] Fair appearance.
Court of Love, l. 1085.
beauship (bó'ship), m. [K beau + -ship.] The
character and quality of a beau; the state of
being a beau: used sometimes, as in the ex-
tract, as a title.
You laugh not, gallants, as by proof appears,
At what his beawship says, but what he wears.
Congreve, Prol. to Dryden Jr.’s Husband his own Cuckold.
beausinet, m. [ME. also beausir, bewsher, etc.
F. beau sire, fair sir: see beaw, and sir, an
cf. beaupere. See also belsire.] Fair sir: an
ancient formal mode of address.
beauteous (bü’té-us), a. [Early mod. E. also
beautious, bewteous, bewtious, bewteus, K ME.
bewteous, etc., K bewte, beaute, beauty, *H -ows.]
Possessing beauty; sensuously beautiful.
[Chiefly poetical.]
I can, Petruchio, help thee to a wife,
With Wealth enough, and young, and beauteous.
Shak., T. of the S., i. 2.
= Sym. Handsome, Pretty, etc. See beautiful.
beauteously (bù’té-us-li), adv. [K ME. bewty-
osely, K bewtyose, bewteous, beauteous, + |
In a beauteous manner; in a manner pleasing
to the senses; beautifully.
495
a; is a beautiful necessity of our nature to love some-
g.
D. Jerrold.
We are clearly conscious of the propriety of applying
the epithet beautiful to virtues such as charity, reverence,
or devotion, but we cannot apply it with the same pro-
priety to duties of perfect obligation, such as veracity or
integrity. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 84.
The beautiful, that which possesses beauty; beauty in
the abstract; as, the beautiful in nature or art; the good,
the true, and the beautiful.
Can we conceive of a period of human development at
which religion is the worship of the beautiful? J. Caird.
It is very old, this architecture [Duomo at Murano];
but the eternal youth of the beautiful belongs to it, and
there is scarce a stone fallen from it that I would re-
place. Howells, Venetian Life, xii.
= Syn. Beautiful, Beawteous, Handsome, Pretty, Fair,
Lovely, Comely, charming, all apply to that which is highly
pleasing, especially to the eye. Beautiful, the most gen-
eral of these words, is also often the noblest and most
spiritual, expressing that which gives the highest satis-
faction to eye, ear, mind, or soul. Beauteow8 is chiefly
poetic, and covers the less spiritual part of beautiful.
Handsome is founded upon the motion of proportion, sym-
metry, as the result of cultivation or work; a handsome
figure is strictly one that has been developed by atten-
tion to physical laws into the right proportions. It is
less spiritual than beautiful ; a handsome face is not
necessarily a beautiful face. Handsome applies to larger
or more important things than pretty: as, a handsome
house; a pretty cottage. It is opposed to homely. Pretty
applies to that which has symmetry and delicacy, a dimin-
utive beauty, without the higher qualities of graceful-
ness, dignity, feeling, purpose, etc. A thing not small of
its kind may be called pretty if it is of little dignity or
consequence: as, a pretty dress or shade of color; but
pretty is not used of men or their belongings, except in
contempt. Fair starts from the notion of a brightness
that catches the eye; it notes that sort of beauty which
delights the eye by complexion and feature ; in this sense
it is now less common in prose. Lovely is a strong word
for that which is immediately pleasing to the eye ; it ap-
plies primarily to that which excites admiration and love.
Comely applies rather to the human figure, chiefly in its
proportions; it is used less commonly than handsome to
express the result of care or training. See elegant.
The moon was pallid, but not faint ;
And beautiful as some fair Saint.
Longfellow, Orion.
And there a vision caught my eye;
The reflex of a beauteows form.
Tennyson, Miller's Daughter.
A handsome house, to lodge a friend ;
A river at my garden's end.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, Satires, II. vi. 3.
Nothing more beautiful — nothing prettier, at least—
was ever made than Phoebe. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, ix.
The lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men.
Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 21.
Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain.
Goldsmith, Des. Vil., l. 1.
I doubt, indeed, if the shepherds and shepherdesses of
his day were any comwelter and any cleaner than these
their descendants.
C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 114.
beautifully (bù’ti-fúl-i), adv. In a beautiful
ICl2][l][10]I*.
Fine by degrees and beautifully less.
Prior, Henry and Emma, l. 323.
beautifulness (bū’ti-fúl-nes), m. The quality
of being beautiful; elegance of form; beauty.
Look upon pleasures not upon that side that is next beautify (bù’ti-fi), v.; pret. and pp. beautified,
the Sun, or where they look beauteously.
Jer. Taylor, #oly Living, ii. § 1.
beauteousness (bū’té-us-nes), n. The state or
quality of being beauteous; beauty.
beautification (bü"ti-fi-kä'shgn), n. IK beauti-
Jy: see -fication.] The act of beautifying or
rendering beautiful; decoration; adornment;
embellishment.
This thing and that necessary to the beawtification of
the room. Mº’s. Craik.
beautified (bü’ti-fid), p. a. Adorned; made
beautiful; in her., ornamented with jewels,
feathers, or the like : said of a crown, a cap, or
any garment used as a bearing. The blazon should
state in what way the bearing is beautified, as, for ex-
ample, with j ewels.
beautifier, (büti-fi-er), n.
which makes beautiful.
Semiramis, the founder of Babylon, according to Justin
and Strabo ; but the enlarger only and beautifier of it,
according to Herodotus.
Costard, Astron. of the Ancients, p. 102.
beautiful (bù’ti-fúl), a. [Early mod. E. also
bewtiful, bewtiful, butyful, etc.; K beauty + ful.]
Full of beauty; possessing qualities that de-
light the senses, especially the eye or the ear,
or awaken admiration or approval in the mind.
See beauty, 1.
It was moated round after the oldmanner, but it is now
dry, and turfed with a beautifull carpet.
Evelyn, Diary, July 14, 1675.
Idalian Aphrodite beawtiful,
Fresh as the foam, new-bathed in Paphiam wells.
Tennyson, CEnone.
One who or that
Silence, beautiful voice l
Be still, for you only trouble the mind
With a joy in which I cannot rejoice.
Tennyson, Maud, v. 3.
ppr. beautifying. [Early mod. E. also bewtify,
beutyfy, bewtify, -fie; K beauty -F ºff.] I, trans.
To make or render beautiful; adorn; deck;
grace; decorate; embellish.
The arts that beautify and polish life.
Mid creeping moss and ivy's darker green,
How much thy presence beautifies the ground !
Clare, The Primrose.
=Syn. Adorn, Ornament, etc. See adorn and decorate.
II. intrans. To become beautiful; advance in
beauty. [Rare.]
It must be a prospect pleasing to God himself, to see
his creation for ever beautiñºſ. in his eyes.
Addison, Spectator, No. 111.
[K beauty + -less.]
Burke,
beautiless (bū’ti-les), a.
Destitute of beauty.
Unamiable, . . . beautiless, reprobate.
Yºr Hammond, Works, IV. 7,
beauty (bù’ti), m.; pl. beauties (-tiz). [Early
mod. E. also bewty, bewty, K. M.E. bewty, bewte,
bewte, beaute, earliest form bealte, KOF. biawte,
bealtet, beltet, F. beauté, - Pr. beltat, bewtat =
Sp., beldad = Pg. beldade = It. beltà, KML.
bellita(t-)s, beauty, K. L. bellus, beautiful, fair:
see beau and bellº.] 1. That quality of an ob-
ject by virtue of which the contemplation of it
directly excites pleasurable emotions. The word
denotes, primarily that which pleases the eye or ear, but
it is applied also to that quality in any object of thought
which awakens admiration or approval : as, intellectual
beauty, moral beauty, the beauty of holiness, the beauty
of utility, and so on.
He hath a daily beawty in his life
That makes me ugly. Shak., Othello, v. 1.
A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.
Reats, Endymion, l. l.
of the good old cause is gone.
The homely *#).
ordsworth, National Independence, i.
beaver
If eyes were made for seeing, .
Then beauty is its own excuse for being.
Emerson, To the Rhodora.
Beauty results from adaptation to our faculties, and a
perfect state of health, physical, moral, and intellectual.
C. E. Norton.
The sense of beauty and the affection that follows it at-
tach themselves rather to modes of enthusiasm and feel-
ing than to the course of simple duty which constitutes a
merely truthful and upright man.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 84.
2. A particular grace or charm; an embellish-
ment or ornament.—3. Any particular thing
which is beautiful and pleasing; a part which
surpasses in pleasing qualities that with which
it is united: generally in the plural: as, the
beauties of an author; the beauties of nature.
Look in thy soul, and thou shalt beauties find,
Like those which drown'd Narcissus in the flood.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal. of Soul, xxxiv.
4. A beautiful person; specifically, a beauti-
ful woman; collectively, beautiful women: as,
all the beauty of the place was present.
This lady was not onely a greate beauty, but a most
virtuous and excellent creature. -
Evelyn, Diary, July 8, 1675.
And I have shadow'd many a group
Of beauties, that were born
In teacup-times of hood and hoop,
Or while the patch was worn.
Tennyson, The Talking Oak.
5+. Prevailing style or taste; rage; fashion.
She stained her hair yellow, which was then the beauty.
- Jer. Taylor.
Camberwell beauty, the Vamessa Antiopa, a beautiful
butterfly, rare in Great Britain, but often found in some
parts of the United States : so named from having been
found sometimes at Camberwell, a suburb of London. The
wings are deep, rich, velvety brown, with a band of black,
containing a row of large blue spots around the brown,
and an outer band or margin of pale yellow dappled with
black spots. The caterpillar feeds on the elm.— Curve
of beauty, line of beauty. See, curve.—Dependent
beauty, that beauty which does not appear when the ob-
ject is contemplated in itself, but only when it is consid-
ered in its adaptation to its end.
What has been distinguished as dependent or relative
beauty is nothing more than a beautified utility or utilized
beauty. Sir W. Hamilton.
Ideal beauty, the standard of esthetic perfection which
he mind forms and seeks to express in the fine arts and
in the rules which govern those arts.-Mixed beauty,
the character of an object which is beautiful and at the
same time affords pleasure of another kind. = Syn. 1.
Loveliness, fairness, comeliness, attractiveness; elegance,
gracefulness, adornment.
beautył (bü(ti), v. t. [K ME. bewtyen, K bewty,
etc., beauty: see beauty, m.] To render beau-
tiful; adorn, beautify, or embellish.
The harlot's cheek, beautied with plast’ring art.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1.
beauty-of-the-night (bü’ti-QV-thé-nit'), n. The
four-o'clock, Mirabilis Jalapa.
beauty-sleep (bü’ti-slép), m. The sleep taken
before midnight, popularly regarded as the
most refreshing portion of the night's rest.
beauty-spot (bù’ti-spot), m. 1. A patch or
spot placed on the face to heighten beauty,
as formerly practised by women; hence, some-
thing that heightens beauty by contrast; a
foil.
The filthiness of swine makes them the beauty-spot of
the animal creation. }*e?!).
The numberless absurdities into which this copyism
has led the people, from nose-rings to ear-rings, from
painted faces to beauty-spots.
H. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 90.
2. An especially beautiful feature or thing.
Bunyan.
beauty-washt (büſti-wosh), m.
beaux, n. Plural of beau.
beauxite, m. See bawaſite.
beaverl (bě’vér), m. and a.
A cosmetic.
[Early mod. E.
*also beavor, bever, K ME. bever, K AS. beafer,
befer = D. L.G. bever = OHG. bibar, MHG. G.
biber = Icel. biörr = Sw. bāfver = Dan. baever
= L. fiber, OL. biber (> It. bevero = Sp. bibaro
= Pr. vibre = F. bièvre) = Gael. beabhar = Corn.
befr = OBulg. bebrú, bibrü, bobrú, Bohem. Pol.
bobr = Russ. bobrú = Lith. bebrus = Lett. bebris,
OPruss. bebrus, a beaver, = Skt. babhru, a large
ichneumon; as adj., brown, tawny; perhaps a
redupl. of V*bhru, the ult, root of AS. briin,
E. brown : see brown.] I. m. 1. A rodent
quadruped, about two feet in length, of the
family Castorida and genus Castor, C. fiber, at
one time common in the northern regions of
both hemispheres, now found in considerable
numbers only in North America, but occurring
Solitary in central Europe and Asia. It has short
ears, a blunt nose, Small fore feet, large webbed hind
feet, with a flat ovate tail covered with scales on its upper
surface. It is valued for its fur (which used to be largely
employed in the manufacture of hats, but for which silk
is now for the most part substituted) and for an odorife-
rous secretion named castor or castoreum (which see).
beaver
Its food consists of the bark of trees, leaves, roots, and
berries. The favorite haunts of the beavers are rivers
and lakes which are bordered by forests. When they find
a stream not sufficiently deep for their purpose, they throw
across it a dam constructed with great ingenuity of wood,
stones, and mud, gnawing down small trees for the pur.
pose, and compacting the mud by blows of their power-
ful tails.
to 4 feet high, are built on the water's edge with subaque-
ous entrances, and afford them protection from wolves and
other Wild animals. They formerly abounded throughout
northern America, but are now found only in unsettled or
thinly populated regions. Several slightly different varie-
ties of the European beaver have received special names.
The North American beaver is somewhat larger than the
European, and exhibits some slight cranial peculiarities;
Beaver (Castor ſºber).
it is commonly rated as a distinct species or conspecies,
under the name of Castor canadensis. The so-called fossil
beaver, Castoroides ohioensis, belongs to a different family,
Castoroididae (which see). See also Castoridae,
2. The fur of the beaver.—3. (a) A hat made
of beaver fur.
This day I put on my half cloth black stockings and my
new coate of the fashion, which pleases me well, and with
my bever I was, after office was dome, ready to go to my
Lord Mayor's feast. Pepys, Diary, I. 230.
Hence—(b) A hat of the shape of a beaver hat,
|but made of silk or other material, in imitation
of the fur. The modern stiff silk hat was com-
monly called a beaver until recently.—4.
glove made of beaver's fur. Miss Austem.—5.
A thick woolen cloth used for garments by
both sexes. The thickest quality is used for
OVerCOats.
II. a. Made of beaver or of the fur of the bea-
ver: as, a beaver hat ; beaver gloves.
beaver? (bé’věr), M. [Early mod. E. also bever,
beevor, etc., altered, by confusion with beaverl,
in “beaver hat,” from earlier baver, bavier, K
late ME. baviere, KOF, baviere (= Sp. babera =
It. baviera), beaver of a helmet, prop. a bib, K
bave, foam, froth, saliva: see bavette.] In medi-
eval armor, originally a protection for the lower
2
rº
sº
Nº.3% sºº
º
§ſº
r, Beaver fixed to the corselet: 8, vizor; C, beaver. 2, Beaver
working on pivots and capable of .# raised to cover the face : B,
beaver. Both are examples of the middle of the 14th century. (From
Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. du Mobilier français.”)
part of the face and cheeks, fixed securely to
the armor of the neck and breast, and suffi-
ciently large to allow the head to turn behind it.
In this form it was worn throughout the fifteenth century
with headpieces other than the armet. In English armor
it was the movable protection for the lower part of the
face, while the vizor covered the upper part ; it is there-
fore nearly the same as the aventaile (which see). In the
sixteenth century the movable beaver was confounded
with the vizor.
So beene they both at one, and doen upreare
Their bevers bright each other for to greet.
Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 29.
He wore his beaver up. Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
Their armed staves in charge, their beavers down,
Their eyes of fire sparkling through sights of steel.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 1.
beaverół, m. and v. See beveró.
beavered (bě’vérd), a. [K beaver2 + -ed?..]
Provided with or wearing a beaver.
His beaver'd brow a birchen garland wears. -
- Pope, Dunciad, iv. 141.
beaver-poison (bé’vér-poi"zn), n. The water-
hemlock, Cicuta maculata.
beaver-rat (bé’vér-rat), n. 1. The name in
Australia of the murine rodents of the family
Muridae and genus Hydromys (which see). They
are aquatic animals of Australia and Tasmania, inhabiting
the banks bordering both salt and fresh water, swimming
and diving with ease, and in general economy resembling
In Winter they live in houses, which are from 3
Beaver-rat (Hydropzºys chrysogaster).
the water-vole of Europe, Arvicola amphibius, or the musk-
rat of America.
2. A name of the Ondatra, muskrat, or mus-
quash of North America, Fiber 2ibethicus.
beaver-root (bé’vér-röt), n. The yellow pond-
lily, Nymphaea advena.
beaverteen (bé’vér-tên), m. [K beaverl + -teen,
after velveteem.] 1. A cotton twilled fabric in
which the warp is drawn up into loops, form-
ing a pile, which is left uncut.-2. A strong
cottom twilled fabric for men's wear. It is a
kind of smooth fustian, shorn after being dyed. If shorn
before dyeing, it is called moleskin. E. H. Knight.
beaver-tongue (bé’vér-tung), m. Same as cost-
mary.
beaver-tree (bé’vér-tré), m. The sweet-bay of
the United States, Magnolia Virginiana.
beavorit, beavor??, m. Obsolete forms of bea-
verl, beaver2.
beballyt, a. [Late ME., a corruption of OF.
(AF.) *bipallé, K bi-, two, twice, -- “pallé,
Fº par-pale: a term of blazon” (Cotgrave).]
her., divided into two parts by a vertical
line ; party per pale: said of an escutcheon,
bebeast (bé-bêst’), v. t. [K be-1 + beast.] To
make a beast of ; consider as a beast; treat as
a beast.
bebeeric (bé-bê’rik), a. [K bebeeru + -ic.] Of
or derived from bebeerin. Also written bebiric.
—Bebeeric acid, a white, crystalline, volatile acid ex-
tracted from the seeds of Ocotea Rodioei,
bebeerine (bě-bé’rin), m. [K. bebeeru, q. v.]
The active principle of the bark of the be-
'beeru or greenheart-tree of Guiana. It is said
to be identical with buxine, Q18H21NO3, and is used as a
bitter tonic and febrifuge Čhiº; in the form of the crude
º: Aiso written betearine, biberine, bibirine, be:
eerva, etc.
bebeeru (bé-bê 'rö), m. [Native name, also
spelled bebearu, bibiru.] A tree of British Gui-
ana, Ocotea Rodioei, of the family Lauraceæ,
the timber of which is known to wood me.
Chants by the name of greenheart, and is large-
ly imported into England for the building of
ships and submarine structures, being remark-
ably hard and durable, and not subject to injury
from the ship-worm (Teredo mavalis). Its bark
contains bebeerin, and is used as a febrifuge.
bebization (bé-bi-zā‘shon), n. In music, the
system of indicating the tones of the scale, for
reference or practice, by the syllables la, be,
ce, de, me, fe, ge, proposed in 1628 by Daniel
Hitzler, and apparently applied not to the
Scale in the abstract, but to the scale beginning
on A. See bobization, solmization, etc.
bebleedi (bé-bléd'), v. t. [K ME. bebleden; K
be-1 + bleed.] To make bloody. Chaucer,
Knight's Tale, l. 1144.
beblott (bě-blot'), v. t. [K be-1 + blotl.] To
blot all over; stain.
Beblotte it with thi teeris eke a lyte.
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 1027.
beblubbered (bě-blub'êrd), a. [K be-1 + blub-
bered.] Befouled or bleared, as with weeping.
Her eyes all beblubbered with tears.
Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, I. iii. 13.
beblurt, v. t. [K be-1 + blur.] To blur all over.
bebung (bā'bung), m. . [G., a trembling, K be-
*ben, tremble.] A certain pulsation or trembling
effect given to a sustained note, in either vo-
cal or instrumental music, for the sake of ex-
pression. Grove.
beclf, n. An obsolete form of beck1.
bec2 (bek), m. [F., beak: see beckº, beak1.] A
beak; in music, a mouthpiece for a musical in-
strument.
becafico, becafigo (bek-a-fé/kö, -gó), n. Same
as becoafico.
becall (bě-kål"), v. t. [K, ME. bicallen, bikal-
len, K bi-, be-, + callen, call: see be-1 and call.]
1#. To accuse.—2+. To call upon; call forth;
challenge.—3t. To call; summon.—4. To call
names; miscall. ... N. E. D.
becalm (bé-kām"), v. t. [K be-1 + calm.] 1.
To make calm or still; make quiet; calm.
The moon shone clear on the becalmed flood. Dryden.
becarve (bé-kärv"), v. t.
becca fico
Banish his sorrows and becalm his soul with easy dreams.
2807.
2. Naut, to deprive (a ship) of wind; delay by
or subject to a calm.
A man becalmed at sea, out of sight of land, in a fair
day, may look on the sun, or sea, or ship, a whole hour,
and perceive no motion. Locke.
becalming (bé-kā’ming), n. The state of bein
becalmed; a calm at sea.. [Rare or obsolete.
Other unlucky accidents oftentimes happen in these
seas, especially in becalmings.
Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa, p. 6.
becalmment (bā-kām‘ment), n., [K becalm +
-ment.] The state of being becalmed. [Rare.]
became (bā-kām"). Preterit of become.
becap (bé-kap"), v. t.; Prºf. and pp. becapped,
ppr. becapping. [K be-1 + capl.] To cover
with a cap.
becard (bek’ārd), n. [K F. “becard, K bec, beak:
see beakl and -ard.] A name of sundry insec-
tivorous birds of Central and South America,
such as those of the genera Tityra and Psaris,
given on account of their large or hooked bill.
becarpeted (bé-kār'pet-ed), a. [K be-1 + car-
pet -F-ed?..] Furnished or covered with a car-
pet or carpets; carpeted. [Rare.]
Is there another country under the sun so becushioned,
becarpeted, and becurtained with grass?
The Century, XXVII. 110.
[KME. bekerven, KAS.
beceofan, cut off, K be-priv. 4- ceofan, cut. In
mod. use, K be-1 + carve.] 1+. To cut off.—2}.
To cut up or open (land).-3. To cut to pieces.
N. E. D.
becasse (be-kas'), m. [K F. bācasse, a woodcock,
K bec, a beak: see beak 1.] The European wood-
cock, Scolopaa; l'usticula.
becassine (be-ka-sén'), m. [K F. becassime, K be-
casse: see becasse.] The European snipe, Gal-
limago media.
because (bé-kāz'), adv. and conj., orig. prep. phr.
[Early mod. E. also by cause; K ME because, bi-
cause, bycause, also and prop. written apart, be
cause, bi cause, by cause, *Hºº prep. by with
the governed noun cause. The phrase by cause
of, or because of (cf. the similar phrase by reason
of), was used as equiv. to a prep., and the phrase
by cause that, or because that, afterward short-
ened to because (colloq. and dial. cause), as a
conj.] I. adv. 1. By reason (of); on account
(of): followed by of.
The spirit is life, because of righteousness. Rom. viii. 10.
Let no self-reproach weigh on you because of me.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vii. 3.
2#. For the sake (of); in order (to).
II. conj. 1. For the reason (that); since.
These wickets of the soule are plac'd on hie
Because all sounds doe lightly mount aloft.
Sir J. Davies, Nosce Teipsum.
Why is our food so very sweet?
Because we earn before we eat. Cottom, Fables, i.
Men who could never be taught to do what was right be-
cause it was right, soon learned to do right because it was
a becoming thing in them, as knights and nobles, to do so.
Stillé, Stud. Med. Hist., xii.
2+. To the end that; in order that.
And the multitude rebuked them, because they should
hold their peace. Mat. xx. 31.
[Because introduces a clause stating some particular cir-
cumstance, from which, (a) by virtue of a general truth
not usually mentioned, the truth of the preceding clause
necessarily follows, or (b) in consequence of a general
purpose, the agent is led to perform the act, or bring
about the state of things, mentioned in the previous clause.
Because is not properly used to introduce a general prin-
ciple or major premise.]=Syn. 1. See since.
becca (bek’â), m.; pl. becoat (-sé). [NL.: see becká,
beakl.] 1. The ióng point of a hood, especial-
ly in the fifteenth century, when such points
reached below the waist behind.—2. A lon
scarf or streamer attached to a turban-shape
cap in the fifteenth century. Fairholt.
beccabunga (bek-a-bungſgå), n. [NL. M.L., K
LG. beckebunge (= D. beekbunge=G. bachbungé),
brooklime, K becke (= D. beek = G. bach = E.
beckl), a brook, -F bunge = OHG. bungo, a bunch,
bulb, Cf. Icel. bingr, a bolster, a heap: see
bing 1.] The brooklime, Veronica Beccabunga.
becca. m. Plural of becca.
beccañco (bek-a-fé/kö), n. [Also written beca-
jico, becca fica, beccaſigue, etc. (cf. F. begfigue),
KIt. beccajico, Kbeccare =F. becquer (Cotgrave),
also becqueter, peck with the beak (K becoo =
F. bec, X E. beckº, beak.1); + fico, a fig, K.L. ficus
a fig: see fig and fico.] 1. An old and disuse
name of sundry small European birds, chiefly
of the family Sylviidae, or warblers, which peck
figs, or were supposed to do so. The application
of the word is indeterminate; but it has been, perhaps,
most frequently used in connection with the garden-war.
bler, Sylvia hortensis (Bechstein), Curruca hortensis of
some authors.







* .
• , Theccafico 4.
In extended use —2. One of sundry small
American birds, as some of those formerly in-
cluded in a genus Ficedula.-3. The European
golden oriole, Oriolus galbula.
beccot, n. [It., a goat..] A cuckold.
Duke, thou art a becco, a cornuto. . tº
Marston and Webster, The Malcontent, i. 8.
bec-de-corbint (bek’ dé-kór-bañ (), n. [F., lit.
crow's beak: see beakl, de?, and corbie.] 1.
A name given
in the middle
ages to the
pointed end
of the mar-
tel-de-fer, or
war - hammer.
Hence—2. The
whole weapon
having such
a point or
beak. — 3.
name given in
the eighteenth
century to the
head of a walk-
ing-cane hav-
ing somewhat
the form of a
bird’s beak.
bechamel
(besh' a mel),
e tº wooden handle sheathed with metal. (From
Hanºi : F * yº-be. “Dict, du §e.' fran-
definition.] In
cookery, a white sauce of elaborate composi-
tion, named from its inventor, Louis de Bécha-
mel or Béchameil, marquis of Nointel, steward
to Louis XIV.
bechancel (bé-cháns'), v. [K be-1 + chance, v.]
I. intrans. To happen; chance.
II. trams. To befall; happen to.
My sons—God knows what hath bechanced them.
- Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 4.
bechance2+ (bě-chäns'), adv. [For by chance;
cf. because..] Accidentally; by chance.
We bechance lost our sovereign lord.
Grafton, Hem. VIII., an. 14.
becharm (bě-chärm’), v. t. [K be-1 + charm.]
To charm; captivate; enchain.
The lethargy wherein my reason long
Hath been becharmed.
Beau. and Fl., Laws of Candy, v. 1.
Prithee, interrupt not
The paradise of my warming thoughts.
ord, Fancies, iv. 1.
béche-de-mer (bāsh'dè-mâr'), m. [F., lit. spade
of the sea (béche, K OF. besche (ML. besca; cf.
equiv, becca : see beck.8), spade; de, K L. de, of;
"mer, KL. mare, sea, -L. mere), a name explained
as having reference to the shape of the animals
when dried and pressed, but really an accom-
modation of the Pg. name bicho do mar, lit.
worm of the sea, sea-slug: bicho = Sp. bicho,
a Worm, grub, slug; do, of the ; mar, K L. mare,
sea..] The trepang, a species of the genus
Holothuria (H. argus), or sea-slugs, much es-
teemed by the Chinese as a culinary delicacy.
See .#.
bechic (bě’kik), a. and n. IK L. bechicus, K. Gr.
37%lkóg, pertaining to a cough, K 3% (372-), a
cough, K 3700 euv, cough.] #. a. Having the
property of curing Coughs.
#. n. A medicine for relieving coughs; a
ectoral. -
eckl (bek), n. [KME.bek, beco, KAS. *becc º:
worth) = Icel, bekkr = Sw. bāck = Dan. baek;
but the ME. form may be from the Scand., the
only authenticated AS. form being bece, bace,
dat. of bece (giving mod. E. *betch, which prob.
exists in the dial. batch : see batch2) = OS.
beki = OD. beke, D. beek = LG. beke, bák =
OHG. bah, M.H.G. bach, a brook.] 1. A brook;
a small stream; especially, a brook with a
stony bed or rugged course.
The brooks, the becks, the rills.
Drayton, Polyolbion, i.
The reflex of a beauteous form,
A glowing arm, a gleaming neck,
As Wi. a sunbeam wavers warm
Within the dark and dimpled beck.
Tennyson, The Miller's Daughter.
2. The valley of a beck; a field or patch of
ground adjacent to a brook. See batch”.
beck? (bek), v. [K ME, becken, bekken, short
for belonen, beckon: see beckon.]. I. intrans. 1.
To signal by a nod or other significant gesture;
beckº,
Becs-de-corbin, 15th century.
4, with handle of wrought-iron; B, with
i.
497
Who's he but bowed if this great prince but becked?
I}rayton, Queen Margaret.
Let us follow
The becking of our chance.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, i. 2.
2. To recognize a person by a slight bow or
nod. [Scotch.] *
II. trans. 1. To summon or intimate some
command or desire to by a nod or gesture;
'beckon to.
Bell, book, and candle shall not drive me back,
When gold and silver becks me to come on.
Shak., K. John, iii. 3.
2. To express by a gesture: as, to beck thanks.
[Rare.
beck? (bek), n., [K ME. bek, K beken, becken,
beck: see beck2, v.] 1. A nod of the head or
other significant gesture intended to be un-
derstood as expressive of a desire, or as a sign
of command.
Nods, and becks, and wreathed smiles.
Milton, L'Allegro, 1. 28.
My guiltiness had need of such a master,
That with a beck can suppress multitudes.
Middleton, The Witch, iv. 1.
I would wish myself a little more command and sove-
Fººty: that all the court were subject to my absolute
beck. B. Jomson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1.
2. A gesture of salutation or recognition; a
bow; a courtesy... [Scotch..]—At one's beck, at
one's beck and call, subject to one's slightest wish;
obliged or ready to obey all of one's orders or desires.
It was necessary for him to have always at his beck some
men of letters from Paris to point out the solecisms and
false rhymes of which, to the last, he was frequently
ilty. Macawlay, Frederic the Great.
We move, my friend,
At no mam's beck. Tennyson, Princess, iii.
lbeck.8 (bek), n. [E. dial., not foundin M.E., KAS.
becca, glossed ligo, a mattock; cf. ML. becca (cf.
ML. besca, XOF. besche, mod. F. bāche), a spade;
Pr. beca, a hook, Ir, bacc, a hook.] An agricul-
tural implement with two hooks, used in dress-
ing turnips, etc.; a form of mattock.
beckář (bek), n. IK ME. bek, bec, K OF. bec,
beak; the same word, retaining the orig. short
vowel, as the now more common beakl.] 1.
A beak.—2. Any pointed or projecting part of
the dress, especially of a head-dress, as of the
bycocket.
beckö (bek), n. [Prob. another form of back.8,
g. v.] A vat or vessel used in a dye-house; a
back.-Cle —beck, in calico-printing, a vat in which
cottons printed with certain colors are cleansed or scoured
with soap and water.
beckét, m. [Cf. beak2.1 Same as beck-harman.
becker (bek’ér), n. [E. dial. (also becketl, q.v.),
appar. K becká -- -erl. Cf. F. becCard, the
female salmon.] A name of the fish Pagrus
pagrus, otherwise called braize and king of the
sea-breams.
beckern (bek’érn), n.
beak-iron.
becketl (bek’et), n. [E. dial.; cf. OF. bequet,
bechet, a º or pickerel, dim. of bec, beak: see
+beak1, beckº.] Same as becker.
becket2 (bek’et), n. . [Origin obscure.] Naut. :
(a) A short piece of rope, with a knot at one
end and an eye
in the other,
for tempora-
rily confining
ropes or small
spars. (b) A
handle made
of a rope grom-
met or ring.
(c) A wooden
cleat or hook,
fastened OIl
the fore- or
main-rigging of
a ship, for
the tacks and
sheets to lie in
when not in use. (d) A rope grommet in the
bottom of a block for securing the standing end
of thefall. º Acant term for a trousers-pocket.
becket2 (bek’et), v. t. [K becket?, n.] To fas-
ten or provide with beckets. Cooper.
beck-hairmant, n. [Also harman-beck; old
slang, of obscure origin; with beck cf. equiv.
beak2.] In old slang, a constable. B. Jomson.
beckingh (bek’ing), m. [Verbal n. of beck?, v.]
The act of making a beck; the act of bowing
or nodding.
The Communion was altogether like a popish mass,
with the old apish tricks of Antichrist, bowings and beck-
£ngs, kneelings and knockings, the Lord's Death, after St.
Paul's doctrine, neither preached nor spoken of.
Bp. Bale, in R. W. Dixon's Hist. Ch. of Eng., xxi.
Same as bickern and
Beckets.
become
beck-iron (bek'i/ērn), n. IK beck.4 + iron. Cf.
beak-iron...] 1. A contrivance for holding a piece
of wood firmly while it is planed. It is made of
iron or steel rods fastened to a bench and bent parallel to
the surface of the wood.
2. A small anvil with a shallow groove, for
rounding the inside of the bows of scissors.
beckon (bek'n), v. [Early mod. E. also becken,
K. M.E. beknen, becnen, beknien, KAS. bācnian,
biécman, later also bedemian (OS. bāknian =
OHG. bouhnen = ON. bākna), K bedcen, a sign,
beacon: see beacon.] I. intrans. To make a
significant gesture with the head or hand, in-
tended as a hint or an intimation, especially of a
desire for approach or departure, or for silence.
Alexander beckoned with the hand, and would have made
...his defence unto the people. Acts xix. 33.
II. trans. To make a significant sign to ; sum-
mon or direct by making signs.
I See a hand you cannot see,
Which beckons me away.
Tickell, Colin and Lucy.
Beckoning the imagination with promises better than any
fulfilment. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 325.
loeckon (bek’n), n. IK beckon, v.] A signifi-
cant gesture: as, “at the first beckon,” Boling-
broke, Parties. . . [Rare.]
beckoner (bek’n-ér), n. One who beckons or
calls by signs.
beclapf (bé-klap’), v. t. [K ME. beclappen; K
be-1 + clap1..] To catch; grasp; insnare.
He that with his thousand cordes slye
Continuelly us waiteth to biclappe.
Chawcer, Second Num's Tale, 1.9.
beclipt (bé-klip'), v. t. [K ME. beclippen; K be-1
+ clip1..] To embrace; clasp.
And sodenly, ere she it wiste,
Beclipt in armes he her kiste.
Gower, Conf. Amant., i.
becloud (bé-kloud'), v. t. [K be-1 + cloud.] To
overcloud; obscure; dim.
Storms of tears beclowd his eyes.
P. Fletcher, Piscatory Eclogues, v. 15.
The subject has been beclouded by the mass of writings.
The American, VIII. 60.
become (bé-kum"), v.; pret. became, pp. become,
ppr. becoming. [Early mod. E. also becum, be-
cume, KME. becumen, bicumen, KAS. becuman,
bicuman, come, happen (= D. bekomenº offé.
biqueman, M.H.G. bekomen, G. bekommen, reach,
Suit, - Goth. bikwiman, come upon one, befall),
K be- + cumam, come: see be-1 and come. In
the sense of befit, suit, cf. AS. gecwóme, ME.
icweme, cureme, and OHG. biquámi, MHG. be-
guane, G. bequent, fit, suitable; also AS. cym-
lic, E. comely, and L. convenien(t-)s, E. conve-
mient.] I. intrans. 1+. To come; arrive; betake
One’s self; go.
But when they saw that they shoulde become vnder the
obedience of another prince, they suffred the Greekes to
meet Alexander. J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, v.
You shall have sonmetimes fair houses so full of glass
that one cannot tell where to becomme to be out of the sun
or cold. Bacon, Building.
I cannot joy, until I be resolv’d
Where our right valiant father is become.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
2. To come about; come into being; pass from
Inon-existence; arise. [Rare.]
The only reals for him [Hume] were certain irrelated sen-
sations, and out of these knowledge arises or becomes.
Mind, XI. 3.
3. To change or pass from one state of exis-
tence to another; come to be something differ-
ent; come or grow to be: as, the boy rapidly
becomes the man.
The Lord God . . . breathed into his nostrils the breath
of life; and man became a living soul. Gen. ii. 7.
I rue
That errour now, which is become my crime.
Milton, P. L., ix. 1181.
If the Bank be unconstitutional, when did it become so?
D. Webster, Speech, Sept. 30, 1834.
4. To be fit or proper; be decorous or praise-
worthy. [Rare.]
Set this diamond safe
In golden palaces, as it becomes.
Shak., 1 Hen. VT., v. 3.
TO become of. (at) To come out of ; result from. See 1.
(b) To be the fate of ; be the end of ; be the final or sub-
sequent condition: after what ; as, what will become of
our commerce? what will become of us? It applies to place
as well as condition: What has become of my friend? that
is, where is he? as well as, what is his condition?
What is then become of so huge a multitude? Raleigh.
Sneer. And pray what becomes of her?
Puff. She is gone to throw herself into the sea, to be sure.
Sheridan, The Čritic, iii. i.
II. trans. 1. To suit or be suitable to; be
congruous With; befit; accord with in charao-


become
ter or circumstances; be worthy of or proper
to : rarely said of persons.
If I become not a cart as well as another man, a plague
on my bringing up ! ... I hope I shall as soon be strangled
With a halter as another, Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
Nothing in his life
Became him like the leaving it.
Shak., Macbeth, i. 4.
I don't think so much learning becomes a young woman.
Sheridan, The Rivals, i. 2.
2. To befit in appearance; suit esthetically;
grace or adorn.
I have known persons so anxious to have their dress
become them, as to convert it at length into their proper
self, and thus actually to become the dress.
Coleridge, Aids to Reflection, p. 53.
[Formerly becomed was sometimes used as the
past participle.
A good rebuke,
Which might have well becom'd the best of men,
To taunt at slackness. Shak., A. and C., iii. 7.]
becomedt, p. a. [Irreg. and rare pp. of become.]
Becoming.
I met the youthful lord at Laurence' cell,
And gave him what becomed love I might,
Not stepping o'er the bounds of modesty.
Shak., R. and J., iv. 2.
becomeness?, n. [K become, pp., +-ness. Cf. for-
giveness, similarly formed.] Becomingness.
becoming (bé-kum'ing), p. a. and m. [Ppr. of
become, v.] I. p. a. I. Fit; suitable; congru-
Ous; proper; belonging to the character, or
adapted to the circumstances: formerly some-
times followed by of.
Such [discourses] as are becoming of them. Dryden.
This condescension, my Lord, is not only becoming of
your ancient family, but of your personal character in
the world. Dryden, Ded. of Love Triumphant.
2. Suitable to the appearance or style of; be-
fitting esthetically: as, a becoming dress. = Syn.
Meet, appropriate, fitting, seemly, comely, decent.
. m. 1+. Something worn as an ornament.
Sir, forgive me,
Since my becomings kill me, when they do not
Eye well to you. Shale., A. and C., i. 3.
2. That which is suitable, fit, or appropriate.
Burnet, among whose many good qualities self-com-
mand and a fine sense of the becoming cannot be reckoned.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ix.
3. In metaph., the transition from non-existence
into existence; an intermediate state between
being and not being; a state of flux; the state
of that which begins to be, but does not endure;
change ; development: opposed to being.
becomingly (bé-kum'ing-li), adv. After a be-
coming or proper manner.
becomingness (bé-kum'ing-nes), m. Suitable-
ness; congruity; propriety; decency; graceful-
ness arising from fitness: as, “becomingness of
virtue,” Delany, Christmas Sermon.
becqué (be-kā’), a. [F., K bec (becqu-), beak, -í-
-é = E. -ed?..] In her., same as beaked.
becripple (bé-krip'1), v. t. [K be-1 + Cripple.]
To make lame; cripple. [Tare.]
Those whom you bedwarf and becripple by your poison-
ous medicines. Dr. H. More, Mystery of Godliness, vi. 19.
becuiba-nut (be-kwá’bà-nut), n. IK Tupi bi-
cuiba, bicuhyba, bocuuba, vicuhyba, + E. mut.]
A nut produced by a Brazilian tree, Virola
Bicuhyba, from which a balsam is drawn that
is considered of value in rheumatism.
becuna (be-kü'nā), n. . [ML. becuna, F. becume;
origin unknown.] A European fish of the fam-
ily Sphyraenidae (Sphyraena sphyraema), called in
Becuna (Sphyranta sp/lyraena).
America barracuda.
is obtained a substance useful in the manufacture of arti-
From its scales and air-bladder
ficial pearls. The flesh is well flavored.
becurl (bā-kërl"), v. t. [K be-1 + curl.] To fur-
*nish or deck with curls: as, a becurled dandy.
bed1 (bed), n. [Early mod. E. also bedd, bedde,
K ME. bed, bedde, K. A.S. bedd, bed = OS. bed =
OFries. bed = D. bed = OHG. beti, betti, MEIG.
bette, bet, G. bett, beet = Icel. bedhr = Sw. bādd
= Dân bed is Goth. badi, a bed (the special
sense of a plat of ground in a garden occurs in
., M.H.G., etc., and is the only sense of Dan.
bed, and of the G. form beet); º Orig. a
place dug out, a lair, and thus akin to L. fodere,
dig. see foss, fossil, etc.] 1. That upon or
within which one reposes or sleeps. (a) A large
flat bag filled with feathers, down, hair, straw, or the like;
a mattress. (b) The mattress together with the coverings
498
intended for shelter and warmth, (c) The mattress and
bedclothes together with the bedstead, a permanent struc-
ture of wood or metal, upon which they are placed, (d)
The bedstead by itself.
The chest contrived a double debt to pay,
A bed by night, a chest of drawers by day.
Goldsmith, Des. Wil, l. 280.
Hence—2. By extension, the resting-place of
an animal.—3. Any sleeping-place; a lodging;
accommodation for the night.
On my knees I beg
That you’ll vouchsafe me raiment, bed, and food.
Shak., Lear, ii. 4.
4. Matrimonial connection; conjugal union;
matrimonial rights and duties.
George, the eldest son of his second bed.
Clarendon, Hist. Ref., I. i. 9.
5. Offspring; progeny.—6. Anything resem-
bling, or assumed to resemble, a bed in form
Or position. (a) A plat or piece of ground in a garden
in which plants, especially flowers, are grown, usually
raised a little above the adjoining ground.
Beds of hyacinths and roses. Milton, Comus, l. 998.
(b) The bottom of a river or other stream, or of any body
of water.
A narrow gully, apparently the dry bed of a mountain
torrent. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 53.
(c) A layer; a stratum; an extended mass of anything,
whether upon the earth or within it: as, a bed of sulphur; a
bed of Sand or clay. In geology, a bed is technically a
subdivision of a stratum.
sedimentary rock having another layer of the same kind
of rock on One or both sides of it, whereas a stratum lies
between rocks of a different character from itself. Beds
are of Varying thickness. They separate naturally from
one another. A lamina is a subdivision of a bed. Bed is
sometimes incorrectly or loosely used as a synonym of
Stratwm. Bed, as applied to mineral deposits, implies
Ordinarily that the masses of ore thus characterized lie
flat, and have more or less of the character of sedimentary
deposits, in distinction from those of true veins, or lodes.
A seam is a thin layer intercalated among the layers of
a rock, and differing from them in composition. Thus,
there are seams of coal, of quartz, of iron-ore. Seams be-
come beds, or are so called, when they are of considerable
thickness; as, for example, coal-beds.
J. D. Dama, Geol., p. 81.
7. Anything resembling a bed in function;
that on which anything lies, or in which
anything is embedded. Particularly— (a) In build-
ing: (1) Tither of the horizontal surfaces of a building-
stone in position. The surfaces are distinguished as the
wpper and the lower bed. (2) The under surface of a
brick, shingle, slate, or tile in position, (b) In gun.,
the carriage from which smooth-bore mortars, for-
merly in use, were fired; originally, a solid piece of hard
wood, hollowed out in the middle, to receive the breech
and half the trunnions. (c) In mach., the foundation-piece
on which the machine is constructed. (d) In a grinding-
mill, the lower grindstone. (e) In printing, the table of a
printing-press on which the form of types is laid. It is now
always of iron, but in old hand-presses it was made of wood
or stone. (f) In railway-construction, the superficial earth-
work with the ballasting. § Nawt., a thick, flat piece
of wood placed under the quarter of casks in a ship's hold,
to relieve the bilge or thickest part of the cask from pres-
sure. (h) The beams or shears which support the puppets
or stocks of a lathe. (i) In masonry, a layer of cement or
mortar in which a stone is embedded, or against which it
bears. (j) In a plane, the inclined face against which the
plane-ironbears. (k) The lower die in a punching-machine.
(l) In *ś the cradle of a ship when on the
stocks. (m) In bookbinding, the couch used in the process
of marbling the edges of books. It is a water-solution of
gum tragacanth. { } o
8. A flock or number of animals, as of wild
fowl on the water, closely packed together.—
9. A division of the ground in the game of .
hop-scotch, also called locally the game of
“beds.”—Aix beds, in geol, thick fresh-water Creta-
ceous strata, occurring in Provence, France, consist-
ing of calcareous marls, calcareo-silicious grits, and gyp-
sum, and full of fossil fishes, insects, and plants.-Apple-
ie bed. See apple-pie.—Bagshot beds, in geol., certain
eds of Eocene Tertiary age which form outliers near
London, England, and occupy a considerable area around
Bagshot in Surrey, and in the New Forest, Hampshire.
They are chiefly composed of sand, with occasional layers
of clay, as also of brick-earth and pebbles. The Bagshot
beds rest upon the London clay. They are usually desti-
tute of fossils. Also called Bagshot 8amd.—Bala beds,
in geol., certain beds of Lower Silurian age which are par-
ticularly well developed near the town and lake of Bala
in Merionethshire, Wales.—Bed of the bowsprit, a bear-
ing formed out of the head of the stem and the apron
to support the bowsprit.—Bed of justice (F. lit de jus-
tice). (a) A throne on which the king of France was seated
when he attended parliament. Hence, % a formal visit
of a king of France to his parliament. These visits had
several objects, but latterly, when the parliament became
a power in the state, beds of justice were held principally
for the purpose of compelling the parliament of Paris,
the chief of the French parliaments, to register edicts of
the king when it showed unwillingness to do so. They
were also held to try a peer, to create new taxes, to de-
clare the majority of the king, etc.—Bembridge beds,
in geol., a fossiliferous division of the Oligocene strata,
principally developed in the Isle of Wight, England,
consisting of marls and clays, resting on a compact
ale-yellow or cream-colored limestone called Bem-
#. limestone. They abound in the shells of Limnaea.
and Plamorbis, and remains of two species of Chara,
water-plants; but their most distinctive feature is the
mammalian remains of the Palaeotherium and Anoplo-
Shus it is a layer of one kind of k to
bed 1 (bed), v.; pret. and pp. bedded, P; bed-
ed
bedad (bě-dad’), interj.
bedaff (bě-dàf'), v. t.
bedaftt (bé-dàft’), p. a.
bedagt, v. t. [K §§
bedag
therium. One layer is composed almost entirely of the re-
mains of a minute globular species of Palwdina.—BrOra.
beds, in geol., a series of strata occurring near Brora in
Sutherlandshire, Scotland, of the age of the Lower Oölite
remarkable for containing a seam of good coal 3} feet
thick, which h; the thickest bed of true coal found in the
Mesozoic strata of Great Britain.—Frombed and board,
a law phrase applied to a separation of man and wife
without dissolving the bands of matrimony: now called
a judicial separation.—Ganister beds. See ganister.—
Hydrostatic bed. See water-bed.— Maestricht beds,
in geol., a member of the Cretaceous, forming the lower.
division of the uppermost subgroup of that series, and
interesting on account of the fossils it contains. It is
especially well developed at Maestricht in the Nether-
lands. These beds contain a mixture of true Cretaceous
forms with such as are characteristic of the older Ter-
tiary.—Parade bed, in some ceremonial funerals, par-
ticularly of great personages, a bed or bier on which a
corpse or effigy is laid out in state.
The effigy of the deceased with his hands crossed upon
a book, lying upon a parade bed, placed on the top of a
lion-footed sarcophagus.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 120.
Purbeck beds, in geol., a group of rocks named from the
Isle of Purbeck, Dorsetshire, England, resting on the Port-
landian, and forming the highest division of the Jurassic
series in England. The fossils of the Purbeck are fresh-
water and brackish, and there are in this formation dirt-
beds or layers of ancient soil containing stumps of trees
which grew in them. The same formation is also found im
the Jura, in the valley of the Doubs.—St. Helen's beds.
Same as Osborne series (which see, under series).—To be
brought to bed, to be confined in child-bed: followed by
of: as, to be brought to bed of a son.— To make a bed,
ut it in order after it has been used.
ding. ME. bedden, beddien, KAS. diam.
(OHG. bettón = Sw. bādda), prepare a bed, K
bed, a bed.] I. trans. 1. To place in or as in
a bed.
My son i' the ooze is bedded, Shak., Tempest, iii. 3.
:* go to bed with ; make partaker of one's
bed. -
They have married me :
I'll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her.
Shak., All's Well, ii. 3.
8. To provide a bed for; furnish with accom-
modations for sleeping.—4. To put to bed;
specifically, to put (a couple) to bed together,
as was formerly the custom at weddings.
The Dauphin and the Dauphiness were bedded.
London Gaz. (1680), No. 1494. (W. E. D.)
5. To make a bed of, or plant in beds, as a
mass of flowering plants or foliage-plants; also,
to transplant into a bed or beds, as from pots
or a hothouse: often with out.
Such [cuttings] as are too weak to be put in the nursery
rows . . . will require to be bedded out ; that is, set
closely in beds by themselves, where they can remain for
one or two years, until they are large and strong enough
for root grafting or for the nursery rows.
P. Barry, Fruit Garden, p. 139.
6. To embed; fix or set in a permanent posi-
tion ; furnish with a bed: as, to bed a stone.
Rites which attest that Man by nature lies
Bedded for good and evil in a gulf
Fearfully low. Wordsworth, Excursion, v.
7. To lay in a stratum; stratify; lay in order
or flat.
Your bedded hair . . .
Starts up and stands on end.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4-
8. To make a bed for, as a horse: commonly
used with down.
After bedding down the horse and fastening the barn,
he returned to the kitchen.
J. T. Trowbridge, Coupon Bonds, p. 24.
II, intrans. 1. To gº to bed; retire to sleep:
by extension applied to animals.-2. To co-
habit; use the same bed; sleep together.
If he be married and bed with his wife.
Wiseman, Surgery.
They [the Wasps] never molested me seriously, though.
they bedded with me. Thoreaw, Walden, p. 258,
3. To rest as in or on a bed: with on.
The rail, therefore, beds throughout on the ballast.
Ure, Dict., III. 692.
4. To flock closely together, as wild fowl on
the surface of the water.—5. To sleep; pass
the night, as game in cover.
bed?t. An occasional Middle English preterit
of bid.
bedabble (bé-dab"l), v. t. LK be-1 + dabble.] To
dabble with moisture; make wet: as, “bedab-
bled with the dew,” Shak, M. N. D., iii. 2.
Anirish minced oath,
a corruption of be gad, for by God!
Bedad, she'd come and marry some of 'em. Thackeray.
[ME. beda'ſfen (pp. by-
daffed), K be- + daffe, a fool: see beli .#
To befool; make a fool of. Chaucer, Clerk's
Tale, Envoye, 1.15.
Stupid; foolish.
bedaggen; K be-1 + dag.]
To bedaggle. 2

bedaggle
bedaggle (bé-dag'1), v. t. [K be-1 + daggle. Cf.
bedag. O Soll, as clot es, by §. the
ends in the mud, or spattering them with dirty
Water. J. Richardson, Notes on Milton.
bed-alet (bed’āl), n. Ale brewed for a confine-
ment or a christening.
bedaret (bå-dār’), v. t. [K be-1 + darel.] To
dare; defy
The eagle . . . is emboldened
With eyes intentive to bedare the sun.
g Peele, David and Bethsabe.
bedark? º, v. t. [K ME. bederken; K
be-1 + dark, v.] To darken.
Whan the blacke winter night . .
Bederked hath the water stronde,
Al prively they gone to londe.
- Gower, Conf. Amant., i. 81.
bedarken (bé-dār'kn), v. t. [K be-1 + darken.]
To cover with darkness; darken; obscure.
bedarkened (bādā’īnā), 19. 0.
–2. Figuratively, existing in mental or moral
darkness; sunk in ignorance: as, “this bedark-
ened race,” Southey.
bedash (bā-dash'), v. t. [Kbe-1,+ dash.] Towet
by throwing water or other liquid upon; be-
spatter with water or mud: as, “trees bedash'd
with rain,” Shak., Rich. III., i. 2.
So terribly bedash'd . . . that you would swear
He were lighted from a horse-race.
Middleton, Anything for a Quiet Life, i. 1.
bedaub (bě-dāb'), v. t. [K be-1 + daub.] To
daub over; besmear; soil.
Bedawb fair designs with a foul varnish.
- Barrow, Works, III. xv.
Bedawi (bed'a-w6), n. ; pl. Bedawin (-wen). See
Bedouin, 1.
bedazzle (bé-daz'1), v. t. [K be-1 + dazzle.] To
dazzle by too strong a light; blind or render
incapable of seeing clearly by excess of light.
My mistaking eyes
That have been so bedazzled with the sun,
That everything I look on seemeth green.
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 5.
Sunrise threw a golden beam into the study and laid it
right across the minister's bedazzled eyes.
Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, xx.
bedazzlingly (bě-dazºling-li), adv. So as to
edazzle.
bed-boardt (bed’börd), n. The head-board or
foot-board of a bedstead.
bed-bolt (bed "bălt), n. Naut., a horizontal bolt
passing through both the brackets of a gun-
carriage on which the forward end of the stool-
*bed rests. -
bedbug (bed' bug), n. The Cimea, lectularius or
Acanthia lectulária, infesting beds. See bug?.
bed-chair (bed'châr), n. An adjustable frame
designed to enable invalids to sit up in bed.
Also called chair-bed.
bedchamber (bedſchäm/bër), n. [K ME. bed-
chaumbre (= MHG. bettekammere); K bed1 +
chamber.] An apartment or chamber intended
or appropriated for a bed, or for sleep and re-
pose.—Lords of the bedchamber, officers of the Brit-
ish royal household under the groom of the stole. They
are twelve in number, and wait a week each in turn.
The groom of the stole does not take his turn of duty,
but attends the king on all state occasions. There are
thirteen grooms of the bedchamber, who wait likewise
in turn. In the case of a queen regnant these posts are
occupied by women, called ladies of the bedchamber. In
either case they are generally held by persons of the high-
est nobility.
bed-clip (bed’klip), n. In coach-building, a
band of iron designed to secure the wooden
bed to the axle.
bedclothes (bedſklög"Hz), m. pl. The coverings
used on beds; sheets, blankets, quilts, etc., col-
lectively.
bed-cover (bed’kuv'êr), n. A bedquilt or bed-
spread.
bedded (bed’ed), p. a. [PP. of bedl, v.] 1.
Provided with a bed.—2. Laid in a bed; em-
bedded.—3. Existing in beds, layers, or strata;
stratified, or included between stratified masses
of rock. Chiefly used in combination, as thin-bedded,
heavy-bedded, etc. Masses of igneous rock formed by suc-
cessive overflows of molten material are often said to be
bedded, but not ordinarily stratified. te
4. Growing in or transplanted into beds, as
plants.
Dost sit and hearken
The dreary melody of bedded reeds
In desolate places. Keats, Endymion, i. 239.
bedder (bed’ér), n. 1. One who puts to bed.
2. One who makes beds (mattresses); an
upholsterer. [Local, Eng.]–3. A bed-stone;
specifically, the nether stone of an oil-mill.
Phillips (1706). Also bedetter.—4. A bedding-
plant (which See).
... , bedding (bedſing), n., [K ME. bedding, KAS.
bedding (for “beddung) = G. bettung; K bedi +
499
-ing 1.] 1. The act
putting to bed, especially of a newly married
couple. See bed, v. t., 4.
A circumstantial description of the wedding, bedding,
and throwing the stocking. Scott, Nigel, xxxvii.
2. A bed and its furniture; the materials of a
bed, whether for man or beast.
Pray God he have not kept such open house,
That he hath sold my hangings, and my bedding/
B. Jonêon, Alchemist, v. 1.
3. In geol., as used by most geologists, the
exact equivalent of stratification, or occurrence
in strata or beds. See bed, bedded, and lamina-
tion.—4. In building, a foundation or bottom
layer of any kind.— 5. The seat in which a
steam-boiler rests.
bedding-molding (bed'ing-mö1%ding), n. Same
as bed-molding.
1. Obscured. bedding-plant (bed'ing-plant), n. An orna-
mental flowering plant or foliage-plant suited
'by habit for growing in beds or masses, and to
produce a desired effect, generally of color,
by combination with other plants.
bedding-stone (bed'ing-stön), n. In bricklay-
ing, a straight piece of marble applied to the
rubbed side of the brick to prove whether the
surface is straight or not.
beddy (bed'i), a. Bold; forward. [Scotch.]
• But if my puppies once were ready,
They'l be baith clever, keen, and beddy.
Watson's Collection, I. 70.
bedelt, n. An obsolete form of bead.
bede? (bâd), n. ...[Etym: unknown.] In English
mining, a peculiar kind of pickax.
bedeadt (bé-ded"), v. t. [K be-1 + dead..] To
deaden.
Others that are bedeaded and stupefied as to their
morals. Bally well, Melampronoea, p. 1.
bedeafen (bé-defºn), v. t. [K be-1 + deafen.]
To render deaf.
bedeck (bé-dek’), v. t. [K be-1 + deck.] To
deck out; adorn; grace: as, “bedecking orna-
ments,” Shak., L. L. L., ii. 1; “bedecked, or-
nate, and gay,” Milton, Š. A., i. 712.
Such wonderful and priceless gifts as these,
Fit to bedeck the limbs of goddesses
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 245.
bedeen (bé-dén'), adv. [North. E. and Sc., K
ME. bedeme, beden, bidene, biden; of uncertain
origin; appar. K bid-, which seems to be an un-
explained substitute for bi, E. by, prep. (less
prob, a corruption of mid, with, or of with), +
ene, KAS. āne, once, at once, K Čn, one: see once,
one, and cf. anon, of somewhat similar forma-
tion. Bedeen is often a mere expletive.] 1+. In
a body; together: as, all bedeen.—2+. In order;
one after another.—3. Forthwith; straight-
way.—4. Anon; by and by.
Read on our Bibles, pray bedeen.
Blackwood's Mag., XXVIII. 738.
bedegar, bedeguar (bed’é-gār), m.
gar, bedeguar, ult. K. Ar. Pers. bādāwar, a kind
of white thorn or this-
tle, lit. wind-brought,
K bad, wind, + dāwar,
K dwardan, bring.
Later, in the form bú-
dāward, appar. taken
as bâd, wind,
ward, rose.] A spon-
gy excrescenee or gall,
sometimes termed
Sweetbrier-sponge, or
robin-redbreast's pin-
cushion, found on va-
rious species of roses, ºf \º ºf
especially the sweet- ?” Nº
brier, produced by sev- a, a, Bedegars.
eral insects, as Rho-
dites rosae and R. bicolor, as the result of punc-
ture and the deposit of their eggs, and contain-
ing their larvae: once supposed to have medici-
mal properties.
bº, m. See beadhouse.
bedel, bedell(bé'dl, bé-del'), n. IKL.L. bedellus:
see beadle.] In the medieval universities, a ser-
vant of a “nation” or faculty (each of whic
companies elected two, an upper and a lower,
termed the esquire bedel and the yeoman bedel,
terms showing the classes from which they were
chosen), whose duties were to apportion the
“schools” or lecture-rooms and the chapters of
the colleges and halls, to cry the days and hours
of the lectures, to publish and carry out the de-
crees of the company, to march before the rec-
tor, dean, or proctor with a silvermace on occa-
Sions of ceremony, etc. See beadle.—Grand be-
del, the upper bedel of the faculty of theology,
of placing in a bed; a bedelvet, v. t.
bedevilment (bé-dev’l-ment), m.
bedev (bé-di'), v. t.
bedevyt (bé-dû'i), a.
bedfast (bed'fäst), a.
[K F. bāde- bedfellow (bed 'fel’6), n.
bedferet (bed’fér), m.
bed-gown (bed'goun), m.
bediamonded (bé-di'a-mgn-ded), a.
bedight
[ME. bedelven, K AS. bedelfan,
K be-, about, + delfan, dig : see be-1 and delve.]
1. To dig round or about.—2. To bury in the
earth.
A man dalf the erthe . . . and fond there a gobet of
golde bydolven. Chaucer, Boëthius, v. prose 1.
ºn. See beadsman.
(bě'den), n. [KAr. baden.] A kind of ibex.
adv. See bedeen.
, n. See bead-roll.
, n. See beadsman.
, n. Same as bedder, 3, of which it ap-
pears to be a corruption.
bedevil (bé-dev'1), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bedeviled
or bedevilled, ppr. bedeviling or bedevilling. [K
be-1 + devil.] 1. To treat with diabolical vio-
lence or abuse.
Bedevilled and used worse than St. Bartholomew.
Sterne, Sentimental Journey, I. 34.
2. To possess with or as with a devil.
One age, he is hagridden, bewitched; the next, priest-
ridden, befooled; in all ages, bedevilled.
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, iii. 3.
3. To “play the devil with"; transform or eon-
fuse as if by the aid or agency of evil spirits;
confound; muddle; corrupt ; spoil.
So bedevil a bottle of Geisenheim. . . . you wouldn't
know it from the greenest Tokay.
Disraeli, Vivian Grey, vi.
4. To bewilder with worry; torment; bother;
confuse.—5. To make a devil or devils of;
bring into the condition of a devil: as, to be-
devil mankind.
[K bedevil +
-ment...] The act of bedeviling, or the state of
lbeing bedeviled; especially, a state of bewil-
dering or vexatious disorder or confusion.
The lawyers have twisted it into such a state of bedevil-
onent that the original merits of the case have long disap-
peared. Dickens, Bleak House, viii.
[K ME. bedeven, bedea-
wen (= MHG. betouwen, G. bethauen); K be-1 +
dew.] To moisten with or as with dew; moisten
in a gentle manner with any liquid.
The most precious tears are those with which heaven
bedevs the unburied head of a Soldier.
Goldsmith, Vicar, xxi.
bedever (bé-dû’ér), n. One who or that which
bedevs.
[Erroneously formed
from bedev, v.; prop. dewy, K dew, n.] Moist
With dew.
Dark night from her bedevy wings
Drops sleepy silence to the eyes of all.
A. Brewer (?), Lingua, v. 16.
[K bed1 + fast.] Con-
fined to bed; bedridden.
My old woman is bedfast.
Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, ii.
[K ME. bedfelow,
—felawe; K bed1 + fellow.] One who shares a
bed with another.
Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows.
Shak., Tempest, ii. 2.
[Early mod. E. also,
erroneously, bedphere, K ME. bedſere, bedifere,
K bed -H, fere, companion: see ferel.] A bed-
fellow.
Her that I mean to choose for my bed-phere.
B. Jomson, Epicoene, ii. 3.
bed-frame (bed (främ), n. The frame of a bed;
a bedstead.
1. A night-gown or
night-dress.-2. A kind of jacket like a dressing-
sack, usually of printed calico, worn in Scotland
by women of the working-class, generally to-
gether with a drugget or colored flannel petti-
coat. Also called short-gown.
She had wooden shoes, a short red petticoat, a printed
cotton bed-gown; her face was broad, her physiognomy
eminently stupid. Charlotte Brontë, The Professor, vii.
bed-hangings (bed'hang’ingz), m. pl. The val-
ance and curtains of a bed.
[K be-1 +
diamond + -ed?..] Covered or ornamented with
diamonds.
Astarte's bediamonded crescent.
Poe, Ulalume, ii. 21.
bedight (bé-dit’), v. t. ; generally or always in
pret. and pp. bedight or lºgliº, [ME., only
in pp. bediht, bydyght; K be-l + dight.] To ar-
ray; equip; dress; trick out; bedeck; invest.
[Archaic and poetical.]
A troope of men the most in armes bedight.
Mſir, for Mags., p. 270.
His head and beard with sout were ill bedight.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vii. 8,




bedight
Many a rare and sumptuous tome .
In vellum bound, with gold bedight.
Lóngfellow, Wayside Inn, Prelude.
bedim (bé-dim"), v. t. ; pret. and #. bedimmed
ppr. bedimming. [K be-1 + dim.] To
obscure or darken; becloud.
I have bedimm'd the noontide sun. Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
Phoebe, coming so suddenly from the sunny daylight,
Was altogether bedimmed in such density of shadow as
lurked in most of the passages of the old house.
make dim; bºº
Il
bed
500
The Germans, on their part, calmly conscious of their
irresistible strength, proceeded to fasten ever more com-
pulsive bonds and sobering straps on the Bedlamised
country. owe, Bismarck, I. 599.
[KME. bedlawere (= G.
awer, appar. K. Icel. lag, a
lying; cf. lair.] A bedridden person. [Old
English and Scotch.
l
ess (bed 'les), a. [K bed1 + -less.] Without
a bed
yeri, º,
ettlager), K bed -H *l
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, xx. bed-linen (bed’lin'en), n. Sheets, pillow-cases,
bedimple (bé-dim(pl), v. t. [K be-1 + dimple.]
To cover over or mark with dimples.
bedirti (bé-dertº), ºt, [Koei Fării To defile bed-lounge (bed'lounj), n.
with dirt; figuratively, throw dirt at ; vilify.
bedismal (bě-diz’mal), v. t. ; pret. and pp. be-
dismaled or bedismalléâ, ppr. bedismaling or be-
etc., originally always of limen, now sometimes
of cotton
and lounge; a º or plain sofa made so as
to open and form a bed
A combined bed bedress (bé-dres'), v. t.
bedſmaker (bedºmāºker), n. IK ME. Wedmaker.]
bed-sore
son who is bedridden. Know. Also bed-thrall.
[Scotch.]
His father—who as Bedrel lay
Before his gate. Douglas, tr. of Virgil.
bedreint?... Obsolete past participle of bedrench.
bedrench (bé-drench'), v. t.
[K ME. bedrenchen
(pp. bedreint); K be-1, + drench..] To drench
thoroughly; soak; Saturate with moisture.
Receyve our billes with teres al bedreynt.
Court of Love, l. 577.
Such crimson tempest should bedrench
The fresh green lap of fair King Richard's land.
Shak., Rich. II., iii. 3.
[K be-1 + dress.] To
eSS up.
The Bride whose tonish inclination
Attended to the ruling fashion,
To make her entry had bedress'd
dismalling. [K be-1 + dismal.] To make dismal.
'bedizen (bé-diz’n or -di'Zn), v. t. [Also some-
times bed;22em; K be-1 + dizem.] To deck or
1. One who manufactures beds or bedsteads. Her upright form in all her best. º
—2. One who prepares beds for use; espe- W. Combe, Dr. Syntax II]. Search of a Wife, v.
cially, in English universities, a man or woman bedridden, bedrid (bed 'ridºn, -rid), a. [K ME.
dress out, especially in a tawdry manner or with
vulgar finery.
Remnants of tapestried hangings, window curtains, and
shreds of pictures, with which he had bedüzened his tatters.
Scott, Waverley, II. xxvii.
A colossal image of the Virgin, . . . bedüzened and efful-
gent, was borne aloft upon the shoulders of her adorers.
Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 556.
Like clouds which bedizem.
At sunset the Western horizon.
Browning, The Glove.
bedizenment (bé-diz’n- or -di’zn-ment), n. [K
bedizen + -ment.] The act of bedizening; the
state of being bedizened; that which bedizens.
The bedizemment of the great spirit's sanctuary with
. . . Skulls. ſ Ringsley, Westward Ho! p. 451.
Strong Dames of the Market, . . . with oak-branches,
tricolor bedizemºment. Carlyle, French Rev., III. iv. 4.
bed-key (bedſkē), m. Same as bed-wrench.
bedlam (bed’lam), n. and a. [Early mod. E.
also bedlem, bethlem, K ME. bedlem, bedleem,
bethlem, a corruption of Bethlehem (ME. Beth-
leem, Bedlem). See def. 1.] I., n. 1. [cap.]
The hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem in
London, originally a priory, founded about
1247, but afterward used as an asylum for lu-
Inatics. *
At my returne I stept into Bedlame, where I saw several
poore miserable creatures in chaines. -
Evelyn, Diary, April.21, 1657.
Hence—2. A madhouse; a lunatic asylum.
He's past
Recovery; a Bedlam cannot cure him.
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, v. 3.
3. A scene of wild uproar and confusion.
A general division of possessions would make the coun-
try a scene of profligate extravagance for one year and of
universal desolation the next —a bedlam for one short
season and a charnel-house ever after. Browgham.
4}. An inmate or a patient of Bethlehem Hos-
pital, or Bedlam; specifically, one discharged
as cured (though often only partially cured) and
licensed to beg. Such persons wore a tin plate as a
badge on their left arm, and were known as bedlam beggars,
bedlamites, or bedlammers.
Let's follow the old earl, and get the Bedlam,
To lead him where he would ; his roguish madness
Allows itself to anything. Shak., Lear, iii. 7.
the frieze.
bedotet (bé-dót"), v. t.
Bedouin (bed’6-in), m. and a.
bed-pan (bedſpan), m.
beds; a warming-pan.—2. A necessary utensil bedroom (bed’röm), n.
be
*of
bed-
whose duty it is to take care of the rooms and
make the beds in college. Female bedmakers
were forbidden in Cambridge in 1625, but are
now usual. -
The bed-makers are the women who take care of the
rooms; there is about one to each staircase, that is to
say, to every eight rooms.
C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 30.
bedmate (bed'māt), m. A bedfellow. Shak.
bed-molding (bed'môl/ding), n.
In arch., a
molding of the cornice of an entablature, situ-
ated beneath the corona and immediately above
Also called bedding-molding.
[ME., K be-1 + dote.]
To make to dote; befool; deceive.
For to bedote this queene was her entent.
Chaucer, Good Women, l. 1547.
[Early mod. E.
Bedwin, or as M.L. Baduini, Bedwini, pl. (ME.
rarely Bedoynes); mod. E. also freq. Bedoween,
and more exactly Bedawi, sing., Bedawin, pl.,
after Ar., the form Bedouin being K F. Bédowin
(OF. Bedwin = It, Beduino, ML. Beduinus, etc.),
K Ar., badawin, pl. of badawiy, a dweller in the
desert (cf. badāwī, rural, rustic), K badw, desert,
open country.] I, n. 1. An Arab of the desert;
one of the nomadic Arabs, divided into many
tribes, who live in tents, rear flocks and herds,
especially of camels, and are scattered over
Arabia, parts of Syria, and Egypt and other
parts of Africa. Also Bedawi, plural Beda win.
Professionally, and in the ordinary course of their lives,
Bedouins are only shepherds and herdsmen : their raids
on each other, or their exploits in despoiling travellers
and caravans, are but occasional, though welcome and
even exciting, exceptions to the common routine.
Encyc. Brit., II. 246.
2. A vagabond boy; a street Arab.
II. a. Relating to the Bedouins.
1. A pan for warming
for the use of 㺠confined to bed.
* bedphere?, m. Erroneous spellings
63(1767'63,
late, bed-piece (bed"plát, -pés), n. In
• ?
mech., the sole-plate or foundation-plate of an
*engine, etc.
Hence—5t. In general, a madman; a lunatic. bedpost (bedſpöst), n. 1+. Same as bedstaff.—
—Jack or Tom O'Bedlam, a madman.
II. a. Belonging to or fit for a bedlam or
madhouse; mad; mentally deranged.
The bedlam brain-sick duchess. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
This which followes is plaine bedlam stuffe, this is the
Demoniack legion indeed.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
Bedlam beggar. See I., 4.
bedlamer (bed’lam-èr), n. [K bedlam + -erl.]
1+. A bedlam beggar. See bedlam, n., 4.
This country [the Border] was then much troubled with
Bedlamer8. Iroger North, Lord Guilford, I. 271.
2. The name given by seal-hunters to the
bed-presser (bed'pres"ér), n.
2. A post forming an angle of a bedstead, in
old bedsteads often rising high enough to sup-
ort the .."; and rods for the curtain.—In
p
the twinkling of a bedpost, with the utmost rapidity.
See bedstaff.
A lazy fellow;
one who loves his bed.
This sanguine coward, this bed-presser, this horse-back
breaker, this huge hill of flesh. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
bedquilt (bed’kwilt), n., Awadded and quilted
covering for a
and comforter.
The king [in a Sicilian fairy-story] issues a proclamation
bed. Also used for bedspread
bed-rightt, bed-ritet (bed’rit), n.
bedript, n.
bed-riter, m.
bed-rock (bed’rok), n.
bedrop (bé-drop'
bedred, bedrede, bedreden, bedredden, adj. and
n., KAS. bedreda, bedrida, bedryda, beddredda,
n., one bedridden, lit. a bed-rider (K. bed, bed,
+ rida, ridda, a rider, a knight, Kºdan, ride).
Cf. LG. bedderede, bedderedig, bedridden; OHG.
pettiriso, G. bettrise, of same sense. The second
element came to be regarded as the pp. of ride;
hence the now usual form bedridden, M.E. bed-
reden.] Confined to bed by age, infirmity, or
sickness.
Is not your father grown incapable
Of reasonable affairs? . . .
Lies he not bed-rid £ Shak., W. T., iv. 3.
What an over-worne and bedrid Argument is this
Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
[K bed1 +
Tight, rite.] The privilege of the marriage-bed.
No bed-right [in some eds. bed-rite] shall be paid
Till Hymen's torch be lighted. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1.
[ME., also bedripe, bedrepe, etc.,
KAS. bedrip, K bedw, prayer, H- rip, a reaping:
see bead and reap. Also called in AS, běnrip,
Kbén, prayer, + rip..] Boon-work at harvest-
time: a service which some tenants had to per-
form at the bidding or request of their lord.
See bed-right.
[K bed1 + rock.] 1. In
mining, the older crystalline and slaty rocks
which underlie the unconsolidated gravelly and
volcanic beds of Tertiary and Post-tertiary
ages, along the flanks of the Sierra Nevada.
The term is commonly used elsewhere to designate solid
rock ging under loose detrital masses, such as sand and
IºWel.
#ºe –2. That which underlies anything else,
as a foundation; bottom layer; lowest stratum.
Everywhere life and energy, working on a gigantic scale,
have plowed furrows into the institutional bed rock of
Western Society.
C. H. Shinn, Land Laws of Mining Districts, p. 44.
1. Room in a bed;
[In this sense properly
Old bedridden palsy.
sleeping-room in bed.
with a hyphen.] -
Then by your side no bed-room me deny.
Shak., M. N. D., ii. 3.
2. A room or apartment containing or intended
to contain a bed ; a sleeping-apartment.
w. t. ; pret. and pp. bedropped
; v = v. 3 [KME.
(sometimes bedropt), ppr. bedropping.
1. To drop upon;
bedroppen; K be-1 + drop.]
fall upon in drops. -
As men seme the dew bedroppe
The leves and the flowers eke.
Gower, Conf. Amant., iii. 254.
2. To cover, strew, or sprinkle with drops, or
as if with drops; bespatter; bespangle.
The yellow carp, in scales bedropp'd with gold.
Pope, Windsor Forest, I. 144.
Rueful cheek,
Pale and bedropped with ever-flowing tears.
- Wordsworth, Prelude, ix.
hooded seal, Cystophora cristata, when a year promisin; a large rewará to whoever snail steai sãº.
old, from its frantic cries and actions when it quilt of a certain ogre. N. A. Rev., CXXIII. 34.
cannot escape its pursuers. bedrabble (bé-drab'1), v. t. [K be-1 + drabble.]
bedlamism (bed’lamizm), ºn... [K bedlam F. To make wet and dirty with rain and mud.
-ism..] A word or act which is characteristic Kingsley:
of madness or of mad people; a trait of mad-bedraggle (bé-drag']), v. t.
ness. Carlyle. -
bedlamite (bed’lam-it), n. [K bedlam -H -ite?..]
bed-sacking (bed'sak’ing), m. Canvas designed
to be stretched on the framework of a bed-
stead to support the mattresses and bedclothes.
bed-screw (bed'skrö), n. 1. A bed-key or bed-
wrench.—2. Same as barrel-screw.
bedside (bed'sid), n. [K ME. bedsyde, orig.
beddes side, i. e., bed's side.] The side of a
bed; position by a bed: usually with reference
to attendance on one confined to bed: as, she
watched by his bedside till dawn.
bedsister# (bed'sis’tēr), n. [K ME. bedsuster
(Robert of Gloucester), K bedl -- suster, sister.]
A concubine.
[K be-1 + draggle.]
To soil or wet by dragging in dirt, mud, moist
places, etc., as the bottom of a garment in
A madman. See bedlam, n., 4. walking; cause to appear Wet and limp, as a
What means the Bedlamite by this freak? flag when rained upon.
Hawthorne, Twice-Told Tales, II, bedral.1 (bed’ral), n. [Also bethral, betherel;
bedlamitish (bed "lam-it-ish), a. . [K bedlamite appar. a corruption of beadle, var. beddel, Sc.
+ -ish..] Resembling or characteristic of a beddal, etc.] A beadle. [Scotch.]
bedlamite or madman. I'll hae her before presbytery and Synod; I'm half a It is not much to be wondered at that we lost bed-sister
Their Bedlamitish creation of needless noises. minister mysel', now that I’m bedral in an inhabited par- for concubine. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 165, note.
Carlyle, in Froude, II. 236, ish. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor, xxxiv. bed-sore (bed'sór), n. A very troublesome kind
bedlamize (bed’lam-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bed- bedral?t (bed’ral), n. [Also bedrel, a corrup- of ulcer, liable to appear on patients long con-
lamized, ppr. bedlamizing. tid make mad. tion of bedred, for bedrid: see bedrid.] A per- fined in bed and either unable or not allowed
§
bed-sore
5O1
to change their position. Bed-sores occur at the bedung (bé-dung"), v. t. [K be-1 + dung.] To
parts pressed by the weight of the body, chiefly over the
Sacrum and trochanters, and on the ëlbows and heels.
Also called decubitus.
bedspread (bed’spred), n. The uppermost quilt
or covering of a bed, generally ornamental.
bed-spring (bed'spring), n., A spring, usually
Of ; orm, used in making spring-beds.
beds
bedusk (bé-dusk’), v. t.
cover or befoul with dung.
Bedwnged with calumny and filth.
T. Puller, Mod. of Church of Eng., p. 485.
[K be-1 + dusk.] To
Smutch. Cotgrave.
bedust, (bé-dust'), v. t. [K be-1 + dust.] To
aff (bed’stāf), n. A staff or stick former- . Sprinkle, soil, or cover with dust.
ly used in some way about a bed, and frequent- bed-yein (bed’yān), n., A. term occasionally
ly serving as
a weapon, In
which sense the
word most com-
monly occurs.
Specifically—(a) A
bed-slat. (b) The
stick or staff used
to spread out the
bedclothes in mak-
ing a bed placed in
2, I'êCêSS, º A bar
or post placed at
each side of a bed
fºLeffl|| ãº:
= E |Wººse::=== clothes from falling
ºf- *}{== off. (d) One .# the
rods used in form-
ing the “tent” in
old-fashioned tent-
beds.
Now do I feel the calf of my right leg
Tingle, and dwindle to th' smallness of a bed-8taff.
T. Tomkis (?), Albumazar, ii. 3.
He gives out -
He'll take a Bedstaff, or an holy Wand
And baste you lustily two or three hours
Before you go to Bed, to make you limber.
Cartwright, Love's Convert, iv. 1.
His [the bewitched boy's] bed cloathes would be pulled
from him, his bed shaken, and his bed-staff leap forward
and backward. C. Mather, Mag. Christ., vi. 7.
In her hand she grasped the bed-staff, a weapon of
mickle might, as her husband's bloody cox-comb could
now well testify. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 266.
[Used in the colloquial phrase in the twinkling of a bed-
staff, in which, when bedstaff became obsolete, bedpost was
substituted, depriving the phrase of its literal force in
modern use.
I'll do it instantly, in the twº, of a bed-staff.
adwell, Virtuoso, i. 1.]
bedstead (bed'sted), n.
L edste
Bedstaff.—From a French manuscript
of the 15th century.
[K ME. bedstede (= D.
G. b de = MHG. bettestat), K bed, bed, +
stede, place, stead..] A frame or framework,
more or less elaborate, for supporting a bed:
most commonly made of wood, but now often
of iron, and sometimes of brass.
bed-steps (bed/steps), m. pl. Steps for ascend-
"ºld-fashion d'high bed.
bedstock (bed'stok), n. One of the two side-
pieces or bars of a bedstead on which the rungs
or slats are laid. [Now chiefly used in Scot-
land, the north of England, and Ireland.]
bedstone (bed'stón), n. The lower or station-
ary millstone.
bedstraw (bed'stră), n. IK ME. beddestrawe,
bedstre (= OHG. bettistro, G. bettstroh), bed-
straw, bed; K bed 1 + straw.] 1. Straw used in
stuffing a mattress or bed. [In this literal sense
properly with a hyphen.]–2. (a) A popular
name of the different species of the genus Ga-
lium, from the old practice of using it in beds.
Our Lady's or yellow bedstraw is G. verum; white
bedstraw is G. Mollugo. See Galium. (b) A
name given to Meibomia uncinata.
bed-swervert (bed’swérºvér), n. One who is
false and unfaithful to the marriage-vow.
She's
A bed-swerver, even as bad as those
That vulgars give bold'st titles.
Shak., W. T., ii. 1.
bed-thrallt (bed’ thrâl), m. [A modification of
bedral?, as if K bedi + thrall.j Same as bedral?.
bedtick (bedſtik), n. A case of strong linen
or cotton cloth for containing the feathers or
other materials of a bed.
bedticking (bed (tik” ing), º.
from which bedticks are made.
bedtime (bedtim), m.
+ time.] The time to go to rest; the usual
hour of going to bed.
bed-tool (bed’töl), n. A block with openings
or holes corresponding to the shape of a die
or punch, in connection with which it is used.
bedub (bé-dub"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bedubbed,
ppr. bedübbing. [K be 1+ dubl.] 1+. To adorn.
–2. To designate; dub. . "
beduck (bé-duk’), v. t. [K be-1 + duck!..] To
duck or immerse thoroughly; Submerge.
To the flood he came, . . .
And deepe him selfe bedwcked in the same.
- Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 42.
duke (bé-dûk’), v. t. ; pret, and pp. beduked,
* T. #. [K be-1 + duke.] To make a duke
§. style or dub with the title of duke. Swift.
The material
[K ME. bedtime; K bed1.
used in geol. and mining (as the equivalent of the
German Lagergang) to denote a deposit of ore
which occurs in stratified rocks parallel with
the bedding, but of later introduction.
bedward (bed'wärd), adv. [K bed1 + -ward.]
Toward bed.
In heart
As merry as when our nuptial day was done,
And tapers burn'd to bedward. Shak., Cor., i. 6.
Meantime the two young. Glendinnings were each
wrapped up in his own reflections, and only interrupted
in them by the signal to move bedward.
Scott, Monastery, I. xiv.
bedwarf (bé-dwārf'), v. t. [K be-1 + dwarf.]
To make little; stunt or hinder the growth of.
bedway (bedºwa), m. A line of indistinct marks
of stratification or pseudo-stratification in the
granitie rocks.
bedwind (bed’ wind), n. [Cf. withwind.] An
English name for Convolvulus sepium.
bedwork (bed (wèrk), n. Work done in bed, or
as in bed, that is, without toil. [Rare.]
Bedwork, mappery, closet-war. Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
bed-wrench (bed’rench), n. A wrench, some-
times having sockets of different sizes, used in
setting up bedsteads and in taking them apart:
little used with modern bedsteads. Also called
bed-key.
bedye (bé-di'), v. t. [K be-1 + dye.] To dye;
stain.
Till I of warres and bloody Mars doe sing,
And Bryton fieldes with Sarazin blood bedyde.
X Spenser, F. Q., I. xi. 7.
beel (bé), n. [Early mod. E. also be, pl. bees
and been, KME. bee, pl. been, KAS. bed, also bi,
pl. bedn, = OD. bie, D. bij, bije, - LG. bigge =
OHG. bia, G. dial. beie, = Icel, by, generally in
comp. by-flygi, by-fºuga (‘bee-fly”), – Sw. Dan.
bi; in other forms, OHG. bina, MHG. bin, G.
dial. bein, f., OHG. bini, neut., M.H.G. bime, bin,
G. biene, f., Lith. bitis, Lett. and O.Pruss. bitte,
OIr. bech, Ir. Gael. beach ; prob. orig. ‘stinger,”
from the root (Teut. bi-, L. fi-, Gr. ºpt-) seen in
AS. bitan, E. bite, L. fibula, a pin, brooch,
Jigere, stick, pierce, etc., Gr. (Boeotian) Piktov
(‘Peak’), the name of a mountain, piš, the
sphinx, etc.] 1. An insect of the genus
Apis ; a hive-bee or honey-bee. See Apisl.
The common honey-bee, A. mellifica, has from the ear-
liest periods been kept in hives for its wax and honey.
It is also found Wild in great numbers (now especially
in North America, where the bee was introduced by the
European colonists), storing honey in hollow trees or in
other suitable situations. It lives
in Swarms or societies of from
10,000 to 50,000 individuals. These
swarms contain three classes of
bees—the perfect females or
queen bees, the males or drones,
and the imperfect or undeveloped
females, called neuters, constitut-
ing the working bees. In each
hive or swarm there is only one
female or queen, whose sole office
is to propagate the species. The
queen is much larger than the (2 ).
other bees. When she dies, a
young working bee three days old is selected, its cell is
enlarged by breaking down the partitions, its food is
changed to royal jelly or paste, and it grows into a queen.
The queen lays 2,000 eggs a day. The drones serve merely
for impregnating the queen, after
which they are destroyed by the
neuters. These last are the laborers
of the hive. They collect the honey,
form the cells, and feed the other
bees and the young. They are fur-
nished with a proboscis by Which
they suck the honey from flowers,
and a mouth by which they swallow
it, conveying it then to the hive in
their stomachs, whence they dis-
gorge it into the cells. The pollen of flowers settles on the
hairs with which their body is covered, whence it is col-
lected into pellets by a brush on their second pair of
legs, and deposited in a hollow in the third pair. It is
called bee-bread, and is the food
of the larvae or young. The
adult bees feed on honey. The
Wax was at one time supposed
to be formed from pollen by a
digestive process, but it is now
ascertained that it is formed
by Secretion from the homey.
The females and neuters have
a barbed sting attached to a
bag of poison, which flows into
the wound inflicted by the sting. When a hive becomes
overstocked a new colony is sent out under the direction
of a queen bee. This is called swarming. Besides the com-
Honey-bee (A2 is me?/t-
Jºca). Queen.
Neuter, or Worker.
Drone.
bee? (bé), n.
beebee (bé’bé), m.
bee-bird (bé’bèrd), n.
bee-bread
beech
mon bee, A. mellifica, there are the A. fascicata, domes:
ticated in Egypt; the A. ligustica, or Ligurian bee of Italy
and Greece, introduced generally into apiaries in other
lands; the A. unicolor of Madagascar; the A. indica, etc.
2. Any aculeate hymenopterous insect of the
division Mellifera or Anthophila, comprising
the families Apidae and Andrenidae, and in-
cluding, besides the hive-bees of the genus
Apis, the mason-bees, carpenter-bees, bumble-
bees, etc. See cuts under Anthophora, car-
penter-bee, and Hymenoptera.-3. An assem:
%lage of persons who meet to engage in united
labor for the benefit of an individual or a fam-
ily, or in some joint amusement: so called
from the combined labor of the bees of a hive:
as, a quilting-bee, a husking-bee, a spelling-bee,
etc. [U. S.]
Now were instituted “quilting bees,” and “husking bee8,"
and other rural assemblages, where, under the inspiring
influence of the fiddle, toil was enlivened by gayety and
followed up by the dance. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 405.
To have a bee in one's bonnet, to be a little crack-
brained or crazy; be flighty or full of whims or uneasy
notions. [Originally Scotch..] Sometimes used Specifically:
as, to have the presidential bee in one's bonnet, to cherish
the hope of becoming President... [U. S.]—To haye, a
bee (or bees) in one’s head. (a) To be choleric... (b) To be
restless or uneasy. B. Jomson. (c) To be somewhat Crazy.
She's whiles crack-brained and has a bee in her heg. ft
COZL.
[Prop. North. E. dial., for reg. E.
*by or “bigh (cf. high, nigh, of like phonetic re-
lations), KME. by, bye, bie, beghe, behā, beg, beh,
K AS. bedſh, bedg (= OS. bāg, bāg = OHG. bouc
= Icel. baugr), a ring, esp. as an ornament,
K bigan (pret. bedſh), E. bow, bend; cf. bow”, a
bend, an arch, and baill, a hoop, from the
same source: see bowl.] 1+. A ring of metal,
usually an ornament for the arm or neck; a
collar or brooch; sometimes, a finger-ring.
Bee or collar of gold or syluer, torques. Huloet.
2. Nawt., a ring or hoop of metal through
which to reeve stays. See bee-block.
[Anglo-Ind., K Hind. bābī,
K Pers., orig. Turk., bibi, a lady, a lawful wife.]
1. A lady.— 2. A Hindu mistress or concu-
bine. [India.]
The society of the station does interfere in such cases;
and though it does not mind beebees or their friends, it
rightly taboos him who entertains their rivals.
W. H. Russell.
The small spotted fly-
catcher, Muscicapa grisola, a European bird
of the family Muscicapidae : so called because
it catches bees. [Local, En
g.]
bee-block (bě"blok), n. [K bee2+ block.] Naut,
a piece of hard wood, bolted to each side of th
bowsprit, through º
which the fore- º
topmast-stays are
roVe.
(bě’-
bred), n. [Not
found in ME.; A.S.
bed-bredd, bibredd
= MEIG. bie brót,
G. bienen-brot=
Sw. bibrót, orig. (in
AS.) the honey-
comb with the
honey, K bed, bee,
+ bredd, bread.]
1. A bitter, usu-
ally brown sub-
stance derived
from the pollen of flowers, collected by bees as
food for their young.—2. A plant visited by
bees or cultivated for their use, as red clover,
0.
Bowsprit Bee-blocks.
a, a, bee-blocks; 5, 8, foretopmast-
stays.
*Trifolium pratense, or borage, Borago officinalis.
beechl (běch), m.
[K ME. beche, KAS. bāce, ear-
lier bâce, by umlaut for *böce (= OLG. bāke,
böke, LG. baike), a deriv. of bàc (> mod. E. buck
in comp. buckmast and buckwheat) = OD. boeke,
D. beuk = Flem. boek: = OHG. Icel. bok = Sw.
bok = Dan. bog = OHG. buohha, MHG. buoche,
G. buche (> OBulg. bukui, bukuve, Bulg. buk,
Serv. bukva, Pol. Bohem. buk, Russ. buki,
Lith. buka, Hung. biik, bik, beech) = Goth.
*bóka (not recorded), beech, – L. figus (see
Fagus), beech, – Gr. Ømyög, pāyóg, an esculent
oak, perhaps orig. a tree with esculent fruit,
from the root seen in Gr. ©ayeiv, eat, Skt.
v bhaj, share. For the connection with book,
see book.] A tree of the genus Fagus, of the
family Fagaceae. The common or European beech,
F. Sylvatica, grows to a large size, with branches forming
a beautiful head with thick foliage. The bark is smooth
and of a silvery cast. The nuts or mast are eaten by
swine, poultry, oxen, and other animals, and yield a good
oil for lamps. The timber is not much used in building,
as it soon rots in damp places, but it is used for piles in














beech
places where it is constantly wet. It is manufactured
into a great variety of tools, for which it is fitted on ac-
count of its great hardness, toughness, and close, uniform
texture, and is also used to some extent in making fur-
niture, taking a beautiful polish and varying much in
color. Several ornamental varieties are frequently seen,
as the red beech and copper beech with colored leaves,
and the fern-leafed beech with divided leaves. The Ameri-
can beech, F. Americana, is a very similar tree, sometimes
100 feet in height and 3 or 4 feet in diameter.—Austra-
lian beech, Gmelina Leichardtii, a species of teak.-
Beech-cherry. See cherry.—Blue beech, Same as wa-
ter-beech.-Seaside beech, of the West Indies, Eazostemma
Caribbāºwm, a tree belonging to the natural order Rubia-
ceae. It is allied to cinchona, and its bark is used as a
febrifuge.
beech2+, m. Obsolete spelling of beach.
beech-coal (běch’köl), n. Charcoal from
• *beechwood.
beech-drops (béch'drops), m. A low annual
plant, Leptamnium Virginianum, without green
foliage, parasitic upon the roots of the beech
in the United States. It belongs to the family
Orobanchaceae. Albany beech-drops, or pine-drops, Ptero-
8pora andromedea, and false beech-drops, or pine-Sap,
Hypopitys Hypopithys, are similar parasitic plants.
beechen (bé'chen), a. . [K ME. bechen, K. A.S.
becen (= D. beukemi = OHG. buochin, MHG. G.
buchen = L. faginus = Gr. phytvog), Kb6c, beech,
+ -en : see beech.1 and -en.] 1. Óf. pertaining
to, or derived from the beech: as, beechen
boughs; beechen shade.
His aged head, crowned with beechen wreath,
Seemed like a poll of ivy in the teeth
Of winter hoar. Reats.
2. Made of the wood of the beech: as, beechen
vessels.
A beechen, bowl,
A maple dish, my furniture should be ;
Crisp, yellow leaves my bed.
Yºr Wordsworth, Eccles. Sonnets, i. 22.
beech-fern (běch'fèrn), n. A ferm belonging
to the genus Phegopteris (which see).
beech-finch (běchºfinch), n. The chaffinch,
Iºringilla caelebs. Macgillivray.
beech-fungus (béch’ fung"gus), n. An edible
fungus, Cyttaria Darwinii, class Ascomycetes.
It is abundant in Terra del Fuego upon the branches of
evergreen beeches, and is at times the principal food of
the natives.
beech-gall (béch'gāl), n. A gall or excrescence
formed on beech-leaves by insects.
beech-hopper (béch’hop’ér), m. A coleopter-
ous insect, Orchestes fagi, family Curculionidae,
or weevils, injurious to beech-trees, between
the two surfaces of the leaves of which they
lay their eggs. -
beech-marten (béch’mär"ten), m. Mustela foima,
one of two species or varieties of the European
marten, usually distinguished from the common
pine-marten, M. martes, by the white throat
and some other external features, as well as by
some differences in habits. Also called Stom6–
7770.7°té??.
beech-mast (béch’mäst), n. [K beech 1 + mast?;
= buck-mast.] The mast or nuts of the beech-
tree, from which an oil is obtained. . The cake
which remains after the oil has been expressed is a good
fattening food for oxen, swine, and poultry, but is inju-
rious to horses. See beech-oil.
beechnut (běch’nut), m. One of the nuts or
fruits of the beech. The nuts are triangular,
and inclosed in a spiny capsule or husk.
beech-oil (béch’oil), m. A bland fixed oil ex-
pressed from the mast or nuts of the beech-
tree. . It is used in Picardy and in other parts of France
instead of butter; but it is said to occasion heaviness and
pains in the stomach.
beech-owl (běch’owl), m. A name of the tawny
owl or wood-owl of Europe, Syrmium aluco.
beech-wheatf
(běch’hwöt), m.
Same as buck-
wheat.
beechy (bé'chi),
a. [K beechl +
-y1.] Of, per-
taining to, Or
abounding in
beeches: as, “a
beechy garland,”
Fletcher, Purple
Island, vi.
bee-culture
(běſkul” tºr), n.
The rearing of
bees in a state
of domestica-
tion; apiculture.
bee-eater (bé'-
ë"tër), n. That
which eats bees,
as a bird; an
apiaster. Specifi-
a bee-feeder (bé'fé'dër), n.
# beefen (béf’en), n. --
§ beef-herd (béf'hérd), n. A drove of cattle in-
tº beefiness (befi-nes), n., º
*:: *Brawniness; muscularity; hardiness.
beefingl (běf'ing), n.
beefing? (béf’ing), n.
| beef-kid (bëf"kid), n.
502
cally—(a) The European Merops apiaster.
birds of the family Meropid
genera and numerous species, chiefly African. See Merops,
* Meropidae.
beef (béf), n. [Early mod. E. also beefe, beafe,
biefe, etc., KME. beef, befe, beaf, bouf, boef, KOF.
boef, buef, boeuf = Pr. bov = Sp. buey =
= It. bove (cf. Sw. ºft Dan. bāſ, beef, from E.;
and see beefsteak), K. L. bovem, acc. of bos (see
IBos and bovine), = Gr.
Gael, bo, a cow, <= W. buw = Skt. go, a cow,
= AS. cil, E. cowl: see cowl, which is thus
ult. identical with beef.] 1. An animal of the
bovine genus, whether ox, bull, or cow, in the
full-grown state. [In this, which is the original sense,
the Word has a plural, beeves, formerly sometimes beefs.
The singular is nearly obsolete.]
These are the beasts which ye shall eat : the beef, the
sheep, and the goat. Deut. xiv. 4 (ed. 1578).
A pound of man's flesh, taken from a man,
Is not so estimable, profitable neither,
As flesh of muttons, beefs, or goats.
Shak., M. of W., i. 3.
A herd of beeves, fair oxen, and fair kime.
Milton, P. L., xi. 647.
2. The flesh of an ox, bull, or cow when killed.
[In this sense the word has no plural.]–3. A
name given by quarrymen to certain beds of
fibrous carbonate of lime occurring in England
in the middle division of the Purbeck series,
the highest part of the Jurassic.—4. Brawn;
muscularity; weight and strength combined:
as, the crew is lacking in beef. [Colloq.]—Ala-
Imode beef. See alamode.--Baron of beef. See baron.
—Collared beef, beef rolled, boned, slightly salted or
corned, and seasoned with herbs and spices.—Hungbe
ef
beef cured by being hung up to dry; dried beef-Jerked
beef. See jerk.
beef-brained: (běf’bränd), a. Having the brain
or wit of an ox; beef-witted: as, “the most
beef-brained sensualist,” Turniers, Cure of Mis-
prision, p. 29 (Ord M.S.).
beef-cattle (běf’kat/l), m. pl. Bovine animals
adapted or intended for conversion into beef;
bovine animals for slaughter.
beef-eater (běf'é"tër), n. [K beef + eater. In
sense 2, merely a particular use of the same
word; cf. AS. hlāf-àta, a domestic servant, lit.
‘loaf-eater,” contrasting with hlāford, master,
lit. ‘loaf-keeper.” Servants are often thought
of as eaters; Ben Jonson uses eaters in the
sense of ‘servants” (“Epicoene,” iii. 2). The
oft-quoted etymology from a supposed *buffe-
tier, K buffet, a sideboard, is mere fiction.] 1.
One who eats beef; hence, a well-fed fellow;
a stout fleshy man.—2. One of the yeomen of
the English royal guard, who, since the acces-
sion of Henry VII. in 1485, have attended the
sovereign at state banquets and on other
ceremonial occasions. The name is also given
to the warders of the Tower of London, who
wear a similar uniform. [In this sense Com-
Imonly without a hyphen.]
Charles had begun to form a small standing army. He
felt that without some better protection than that of the
train-bands and beef-eaters his palace and person would
scarcely be secure in the vicinity of a great city swarming
with warlike Fifth Monarchy men who had been just dis-
banded. Macawlay, Hist. Eng., iii.
3. An African insessorial bird, of the genus Bu-
phaga, which feeds on the larvae that infest the
hides of oxen. It is a mere book-name, translating Bu-
phaga, the more frequent term is oacpecker. See Bwphaga.
4. Same as bluebottle, 2.
bee-feed (bé'féd), n. A name given in Cali-
fornia to an abundant free-flowering species of
fºgonum, L. fasciculatum, much visited by
€6S.
An arrangement
used for feeding bees in bad weather or very
long winters.
A form of biffin.
tended for slaughter. [Western U. S.]
Following the dusty trails made by the beef-herds that
had been driven toward one of the Montana shipping
to WinS. T. Roosevelt, Hunting Trips, p. 132.
1. Beefy quality.—2.
[K beef + -ingl.] A bul-
[Prov. Eng.]
The original but later
recorded and less usual form of biffin. [Eng.]
beefish (běf’ish), a. 1. Stupid; thick-headed;
having the brain or sense of an ox. —2. Obese;
solid; beefy.
This degeneracy has turned him into that “beefish, por-
terish,” bellowing sort of a John Bull, hardly endured by
his own kind. Andover Rev., VII. 32.
A mess utensil used by
the crew of a merchant ship for holding cooked
beef.
lock fit for slaughter.
- (b) pl. The
02, of which there are several
#g. boº
Boüç, an ox, = Ir. and beefsteak (běf'stäk’), m.
beehive
bee-flower (bě'flou’ér), n. Same as bee-orghis.
bee-fly (bā'īlī), n. A dipterous insect, Phora
*incrassata, which is a formidable pest of the bee-
hive, formerly considered * e of producing
the disease cºli iºuſ brood see Éhorida,
beef-measle (béf'mézl), n. The measle of beef;
the hydatid or cysticercus stage of the beef
tapeworm (Taenia saginata) of man in the ox.
[K beef + steak.
, Adopted in other languages, D. biéfstuk (assim-
ilated to º , G. beefsteak, Dan. º
Sw, biffstek, F. bifteek, Sp. (Cuban) bifieq, It.
biftecco, Russ. bifsteksii, etc.] A steak or slice
of beef, suitable for broiling or frying.
beefsteak-fungus (běf'stäk'fung”gus), n. An
edible hymenomycetous fungus, Fistulina he-
patica, º; to the family Boletaceae. It
sometimes attains a large size, and is thought to resemble
beefsteak somewhat in appearance.
beefsteak-plant (běf'stäk'plant), n. 1. A
species of Saxifraga, S. sarmentosa, with fleshy
purplish leaves.—2. A name applied to spe-
cies of Begonia. -
beefsuet-tree (béf'sū’et-tré), n. The buffalo-
berry, Lépargyrea argentea.
beef-tea (béf(té"), n. An aqueous extract of
beef obtained by soaking and heating chopped
beef in water, straining it, and seasoning to
taste. It contains salts and extractives, a little gelatin,
and fat. It is useful as a stimulant, and forms an appro-
priate introduction to a meal.
beef-witted (běfºwit'ed), a. Having the wit of
an ox; dull in intellect; heavy-headed; stupid.
Thou mongrel, beef-witted lord l Shale., T. and C., ii. 1.
beefwood (běf'wud), m. [K beef § allusion to
its grain and color) + wood.] 1. The timber of
some species of Australian trees belonging to
the genus Casuarina (which see). It is of a red-
dish color, hard and close-grained, with dark and whitish
streaks. It is used chiefly for fine ornamental work.
2. In the West Indies, a name given to Pisonia
longifolia, with soft coarse-grained wood.—Red
beef WOOd, of Jamaica, Icacorea coriacea, a myrsinaceous
shrub.--White beefwood, Schoepfia chrysophylloides,
of the family Olacaceae.
beefy (běf’i), a. [K beef + -y1.] 1. Ox-like;
hence, fleshy; obese; solid. -
He [Carlyle] was at dinner when a beefy Tory was de-
claiming to this effect. The American, VIII. 390.
2. Brawny; muscular; hardy. [Colloq.]
bee-garden (bé'går"dn), m. A garden or inclo-
sure to set beehives in; an apiary. Morti-
7726.7°. º
beegerite (bé’gér-it), n. [After H. Beeger of
Denver, Colorado.] A sulphid of bismuth,
lead, and silver occurring in dark-gray masses
with brilliant metallic luster, rarely crystal-
lized, found in Colorado.
bee-glue (bé'glö), n., A. resinous substance
with which bees cement the combs to the hives
and close up the cells. Also called propolis.
bee-gum (bě'gum), n. In the southern United
States, a hollowed section of a gum-tree used
as a beehive.
bee-hawk (bé'hāk), n. A name of the honey-
buzzard of Europe, Permis apivorus: so called
because it preys upon bees, wasps, and other
insectS.-Bee-hawk moth, a name of various lepidop-
terous insects of the families Sphingidae and Sesiidae, and
especially of the genera Macroglossa and Sesia.
beeheadł (běſhed), n. A crazy or flighty per-
SOIl.
beeheaded (běſhed/ed), a. [= Sc. bee-headit.]
Crazy; flighty.
bee-herd (bé'hèrd), n. A person who takes
care of bees; a bee-keeper. Phin, Dict. Api-
*Culture, p. 13.
beehive (bě'hiv), n. [K ME. beehyve; K beel +
hive.] 1. A case or box serving as a habitation
for bees. See hive.—2. The common name of
a species of medic, Medicago scutellata, from
the shape of its spirally coiled pod.—Beehive
house, the popular name of a class of very ancient coni-
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Beehive Houses at Cahernamacturech, County Kerry, Ireland.















- beehive
cal buildings in Ireland, of small size, formed of long
stones, so ſaid, on a circular plan, that each course is over-
iapped by that resting upon it. No cement is used, and
the stomes remain for the most part in their natural
state. These houses occur alone or in clusters, often be-
side oratories, in which case it is believed that they served
as dwellings of priests, or, when in groups, sometimes en-
£ircled by a stone wall, for defense. Occasionally they
contain more than one apartment, Houses of this kind
40ccur also in the Western Isles of Scotland; and the
“Picts' houses” on the east coast, though differing in be-
ing under ground, resemble them in their mode of con-
struction. They are referred to a period between the
seventh and twelfth centuries.—Beehive oven, a low,
round coke-oven with a dome-shaped top. It has a hole
at the top through which coal is charged and the gases
escape, and a door in the front to admit air and discharge
the coke. º
beehouse (bě'hous), n. A house or repository
or pees; an ºpiº: Goldsmith.
beekł (běk), v. [E. dial. (North.) and Sc., also
written beak, beik, beke, KME. º warm one’s
self, perhaps akin to bake. Cf. bask1.] I. trans.
To warm; bask.
Go home now, and . . . beek thy pampered limbs at the
fire Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 9.
II. intrans. To bask; apricate. [Scotch,
colloq.]
tºler (bě'kil/ēr), n. A kind of robber-fly,
Trupamea apivora, a dipterous insect of the
family Asilidae, which attacks honey-bees on
the wing and kills them.
bee-king (bé’king), n. A kind of drongo-shrike,
Dissemurus paradiseus, with deeply forked tail.
Also called Indian bee-king.
theeldt §). m. and v. See bield.
beelel (běl), m. [Prob. a form of bill, a mat-
tock (cf. E. dial. beal, the bill of a bird): see
bill2.] A kind of pickax used by miners for
, , ---------S
º2
Bee-moth (Galerza cereana), natural size.
a, larva: č, cocoon ; c, pupa ; d, moth with wings spread; e
p 3. . wings closed. ngs y &g
moth
beónt (bé'ent), a. [A forced translation by J.
H. Stirling of G. Seiend..] In metaph., having
being as opposed to existence. [Rare.]
If the Eleatics persist in the dilemma, the world is
either beent or non-beent, Heraclitus answers, It is neither
of them, because it is both of them.
J. H. Stirling, tr. of Schwegler's Hist. Philos., p. 20.
bee-orchis (bé’ôr"kis), m. A European orchid,
Ophrys apifera, with a bee-like flower. Also
called bee-flower and gnat-flower. See Ophrys.
bee-parasite (bé"par"a-sit), n. 1. A stylops;
an insect of the order Strepsiptera, the species
of which are jº upon bees. Bees so in-
fested are said to be stylopized. See Stylops.-
2. Some other insect parasitic upon bees, as a
separating the ores from the rocks in which &bee-louse or bee-wolf.
they lie.
beele?t, n. [Perhaps a var. of billê in sense of
billeti, q.v.l. A cross-bar; a yoke. N. E. D.
Bee-line (běſlin), n. The most direct or straight
way from one point to another, as that of bees
in returning loaded with honey to their hives.
Our footmarks, seen afterward, showed that we had
steered a bee-line for the brig.
ane, Sec. Grinn. Exp., I. 198.
pee-louse (bé'lous), n. A pupiparous dipterous
insect, of the family Brawlidae, parasitic upon
bees. Braula caeca is a parasite of the Italian
bee, Apis ligustica.
Beelzebub (bě-el’zé-bub), m. [Formerly also,
and still in popular speech, Belzebub, ME. Bel-
sebub, K. L. Beelzebub, K. Gr. Bee?!effoig, K Heb.
Ba'al-zebüb, a god of the Philistines, the avert-
er of insects, K ba'al, lord, + 2ebûb, 2'büb, a
fly; cf. Ar. dhubăb, X Pers. 2ubāb, a fly. See
JBeelzebul and Baal.] 1. A god of the Philis-
times, who had a famous temple at Ekron. He
was worshiped as the destroyer of flies.—2. A
name of the Mycetes wrsinus, a howling monkey
of South America. See cut under howler.
IBeelzebul (bé-el’zé-bul), n. [K L. Beelzebul, K
Gr. Bee?ſegoû2, K Heb. Ba'al-zebül, a name given
by the Jews to the prince of demons; com-
monly explaimed as either ‘lord of the (heaven-
ly), dwelling,” or “lord of dung’ (Heb. 2ebel
= Ar. 2ibl, dung), but prob. a mere variant of
Ba'al-zebüb, Beelzebub, the name of the Philis-
tine god, which came to be applied to the prince
of demons. The best Gr. manuscripts have
Bee?!egot?, in the Gospels. See Beelzebub.] A
name given by the Jews to the prince of demons,
being an opprobrious alteration of the name
Beelzebub.
beent, n. An obsolete form of beam.
Thee-martin (bé’mär"tin), m. A common name
in the timited States of the king-bird, Tyrannus
carolinensis. See cut under king-bird.
loee-master (bé’mäs’tēr), n. One who keeps
00S,
bee molt (bé mol), m. [For B mol, M.L. B molle,
that is, ‘B soft’: opposed to B durum, ‘B hard.”
See moll.] Same as bemol.
bee-moth (bě'môth), n. A pyralid moth of the
genus Galeria, G. cereana (Fabricius). It lays
its eggs in beehives, and the larvae when hatched feed
upon the wax. Also called war-moth (whence its specific
...} See cut in next column, tº e
Theen1 (běn or bin). Past participle, and ob-
solete present plural and infinitive, of bel.
theen?t, n. Obsolete plural of beel.
peens, a. See bein. *
loeen 4 (běn), n. . [Hind. bim, a lute, guitar, fid-
dle.] A fretted stringed instrument of music
beer.1 (běr), n. [K ME. bere, ber, KAS. bedr =
Fries. biar, bier = D. bier = LG. ber, beer =
OHG. bior, MHG. G. bier (> It. birra = F. bière);
cf. Icel. biörr, Ir. Gael. beqir, from AS. or E.
(the Scand. word is that cognate with E. ale).
Origin uncertain; some assume a loss of r from
orig. *bredr, KAS. bred wan, etc., brew: see brew.]
1. An alcoholic liquor made from any farina-
ceous grain, but generally from barley, which
is first malted and ground, and its fermentable
substance extracted by hot water. To this extract
or infusion hops or some other vegetable product of an
agreeable bitterness is added, and it is thereupon boiled
for some time, both to concentrate it and to extract the
useful matters from the hops. The cooled liquor, with
yeast added, is suffered to ferment in vats, the time of
fermentation depending upon the quality and kind of
beer, and after it has become clear it is stored away or sent
to the market. The beers of England and France, and for
the most part those of Germany, become gradually sour by
exposure to air. Ale and beer were formerly synonymous
terms, ale being the earlier in use; at present, beer is the
common name for all malt liquors, and ale is used specifi-
cally for a carefully made beer of a certain strength, and
rather Right than dark: thus, small beer, ginger beer, and
the like, are not ale, nor are stout and porter. A statement
made by Andrew Boorde, in 1542, that ale is made of malt
and water, and should contain no other ingredients, while
beer is made of malt, hops, and water, is not now true.
2. A fermented extract of the roots and other
parts or products of various plants, as ginger,
spruce, molasses, beet, etc.—Beer process, in
photog., a collodion dry-plate process in which the sensi-
tized plate, after being washed, is treated with an infu-
sion of malt or beer. The process is of no practical value,
and is disused.—Beer Vinegar, a vinegar prepared from
beerwort.—Bitter beer. See ale.—Black beer, a kind
of beer manufactured at Dantzic. It is of a black color
and a syrupy consistence. ... Also called Dantzic beer.—
Broken beer, remnants or leavings of beer: as, “a bunn-
bard of broken beer,” B. Jomson.—Condensed beer, beer
which has been reduced in a copper vacuum-pan to one
eighteenth its bulk in solids, added to an equal quantity
of alcohol.—Dantzic beer. Same as black beer.—Green
beer, beer which is just made.--Lager-beer, or stock-
beer, a light German beer so called because it is stored for
ripening before being used. It is extensively manufactured
in the United States.—Schenk, young, or Winter beer
a German beer brewed for immediate use. (See inger beer.)
It was formerly brewed only between October and April,
but now is manufactured at all seasons.—Small beer,
weak beer; hence, figuratively, a trifling matter; a small
or unimportant thing or person.—Stock-beer. See lager-
beer.—To think Small beer of, to have a low opinion of;
hold in slight esteem. [Colloq.]
She thinks small beer of painters, J. J.-well, well, we
don't think small beer of ourselves, my noble friend.
Thackeray, The Newcomes, xxxix.
Yeast-beer, new beer with which a small quantity of
fermenting wort has been mixed in the cask in order to
make it lively.
beerl (běr), v, i. [K beerl, n.] To drink beer;
tipple. fćolloq.]
beer? (bā’ér), m. [K ME. beere; K bel + -erl.
Cf. forebear.] One who is or exists. [Rare.]
beer&#, n. An obsolete form of bier.
beestings
beerół, n. An obsolete form of bear”.
beeregart, n. [Early mod. E. also beereager,
beareger, etc., Klbeer.1 + eager, sour. Cf. alegar,
vinegar..] Sour beer; vinegar formed by the
acetous fermentation of beer.
beer-engine (bér’en"jin), n. A hydraulic ma-
chine for raising beer and other liquors out of
a cask in a cellar.
beer-faucet (bér'fä/set), n. A faucet fitted
with a small air-pump, for mixing air with beer
as it is drawn.
beer-float (bér'flöt), n. In distilling, an areom-
eter or hydrometer designed to ascertain from
the observed density of a grain-mash the pos-
sible yield of spirit therefrom. The scale of the
instrument is graduated to indicate directly, at the stand-
ard temperature, the percentage by volume of proof spirits
that the mash will yield, provided the fermentation pro-
ceeds to a point where the density is equal to that of
water. E. H. Knight.
beer-garden (běr'går"dn), n. A garden at-
tached to a brewery, tavern, or saloon, in which
'beer is served.
beer-house (bér'hous), n. A house where malt
liquors are sold; an ale-house.
beeriness (bér’i-nes), n. [K beery +-ness.] The
state of being beery or partially intoxicated;
slight intoxication from beer.
beer-measure (bér’mezh’īr), m. An old Eng-
lish system of measures of capacity. The gallon
contained .282 cubic inches, being 10 pounds 3 ounces
avoirdupois of water, but was adopted as containing 8
pounds of wheat.
beer-money (bér’mun'i), m. An allowance of
1d. per day granted in 1800 to the British
soldier in addition to his pay, as a substitute
for an allowance of beer or spirits; also, an
allowance given to domestic servants in Eng-
land in lieu of beer, to save trouble in serving
it out, or waste by leaving the cask open.
beerocracy (bér-okºra-si), m. [K beer + -o-cracy,
as in aristocracy..] The brewing and beer-sell-
ing interest; brewers and beer-sellers collec-
tively. [Ludicrous.]
beer-preserver (běr'pré-zèr"vér), m. A device
for keeping the space above the beer in a cask
or barrel filled with carbonic-acid gas, which is
supplied from a reservoir.
beer-pull (běr'pill), n. The handle of a beer-
pump; also, the pump itself.
beer-pump (bér'pump), m. A pump for beer,
especially for raising beer from the cellar to
the bar in a saloon or public house.
beer-saloon (běr'sa-lón"), n. A place where
beer is sold and drunk.
beer-shop (bér'shop), n. A beer-saloon; an
ale-house.
beerstone (běr'stön), m. [K beer.1 + stome.] In
brewing, a hard incrustation like stone on the
interior of the wort-coolers.
In time a greenish, or brownish, shining, thin crust is
formed on the sides of the coolers—no matter what ma-
terial they may be constructed of—which adheres to them
like varnish, and cannot be removed by the usual wash-
ing. This substance is called beer-stone.
Thausing, Beer (trans.), p. 473.
Beer stone. See stone.
beer-swilling (bér’swil’ing), a. Drinking beer
immoderately.
In beer-swilling Copenhagen I have drunk your Danesman
blind. Theo. Martin, Dirge of the Drinker.
beery (bér’i), a. [K beer.1 + -y1.] 1. Pertaining
to or resembling beer.—2. Stained or soiled
With beer. *
The sloppy, beery tables. Thackeray.
3. Addicted to beer; affected by beer; partial-
ly intoxicated from drinking beer; maudlin.
There was a fair proportion of kindness in Raveloe, but
it was of a beery and bungling sort.
George Eliot, Silas Marner, ix.
Hathorn was not averse to ale, especially at another
man's expense, and, thought he, “Farmer is getting beery;
looks pretty red in the face.”
C. Reade, Clouds and Sunshine, p. 10.
bee-skep, bee-scalp (bé’skep, -skap), m. [K beel
+ skep, scap, a beehive, a basket : see skep.]
A beehive. [Scotch.]
beest (běst), m. [Found in M.E. only in deriv.
beestings, q. v.; K AS. bedst (also byst, after
bjsting, beestings) = D. biest = LG. best =
North. Fries. bjast, bjúst = OHG. biost, M.H.G.
G. biest, beest. Origin unknown; some sup-
pose, from the G. dial. (Swiss) briest, Icel.
d-brystwr, pl., beestings, a connection with AS.
bredst, etc., E. breast.] Same as beestings.
beestie, n. See bheesty.
of the guitar kind, having nineteen frets, used beerét, *... [K D. beer, a mole, pier.] A mole or beestings (běstingz), m. sing, or pl. [Also writ-
in India.
pier, N. E. D.
ten beastings, biestings, etc., dial. beastin, bistins,
pee-nettle (bé'net/l), n. A species of hemp-beerºt. Obsolete present and preterit of beari, biskins, etc., K ME beestynge, also bestninge,
nettle, Galeopsis versicolor. See Galeopsis.
Chaucer.
bestynge, KAS. bysting, K beóst, beest, + -ing:




beestings
see beest and -ing.] 1. The first milk given by
a cow after calving. -
So may the first of all our fells be thine
And both the beesting of our goats and kine.
B. Jomson, Pan's Anniversary.
21. A disease caused by drinking beestings.
JN. E. D
beeswax (béz'waks), n. [K bee's, poss, of bee,
+ waa..]. The wax secreted by bees, of which
their cells are constructed. See waa.
beeswing (béz'wing), n. IK bee's, poss. of bee,
+ wing; from its appearance.]. A gauzy film
in port and some other wines, indicative of age;
hence, sometimes, the wine itself. Also wri
ten bee's-wing.
Fetch'd .
His richest beeswing from a binn reserved
For banquets, praised the waning red, and told
The vintage. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
Scott, from under bushy eyebrows, winked at the ap-
parition of a bees-wing. Thackeray.
beeswinged (bězºwingd), a. So old as to be
covered with beeswing: said of wine, especial-
ly port.
His port is not presentable, unless bees'-ºwinged.
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 32.
beetl (bět), n. IK ME. bete, K AS. bāte (not
*béta) = OFries. bete = D. beet, biet = LG.
bete = OHG. bieza, MHG. bieze (G. beete, after
LG. or L.) = Sw, beta = Dan. bede = F. bette
= It. bieta, K. L. béta, beet.] A plant of the
genus Beta, of the family Chenopodiaceae. The
Various forms are generally referred to a single species,
IB. vulgaris, the slender-rooted variety of which, known
as the sea-beet, is found wild in Europe and western Asia,
and is occasionally used for greens. The common beet is
extensively cultivated in many varieties for the use of its
sweetish succulent root as a vegetable and as feed for cat-
tle. The mangel-Wurzel is a large coarse form raised ex-
clusively for cattle. The sugar-beet is a white and very
sweet variety, from the root of which sugar (called beet-
root sugar) is manufactured in France, Germany, and the
United States. The white or Sicilian beet and the chard-
beet are cultivated for their leaves only.
beet2 (bět), v. t. [E. dial. beet, beat, Sc. beet,
beit, K. M.E. beten, KAS. bātam (= OS. bātian =
OFries. béta = D. boetem = LG. bātem = OHG.
buo22em, MHG. bite22en, G. biissen = Icel. boeta
= Sw. bāta = Dan. bāde), mend, improve, make
good, K bot, improvement, reparation, boot :
see bootl, which is related to beet as food to
feed, brood to breed, etc. The word was par-
ticularly used in reference to mending, and
hence by extension to kindling, fires: M.E. betén
fyr, K AS. bātan fjr = D. boetem vuur = LG.
böten viier; cf. Sw, běta eld, etc. Cf. beaté.]
1+. To make better; improve; alleviate or re-
lieve (hunger, thirst, grief, the needs of a per-
son, etc.).
All his craft me coud his sorrow bete.
Chaucer, T. and C., i. 666.
2}. To mend; repair; put to rights.
Pipen he coude, and fishe, and nettes bete.
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, i. 7.
Daily wearing neids yearly betting. Scotch proverb.
3. To make or kindle (a fire); hence, to fire
Or I'OllS6.
Two fyres on the auter gan she beete.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1, 1434.
It warms me, it charms me,
To mention but her name;
It heats me, it beets me,
And sets me a’ on flame !
Burns, Ep. to Davie, i. 8.
And stiren folk to love and betem, fire
On Venus awter. Court of Love, 1. 323.
4. To mend or replenish (a fire); add fuel to.
Picking up peats to beet his ingle.
Allan Ramsay, To Robert Yarde of Devonshire.
[Obsolete or dialectal in all senses.]
beet:3, n. Same as beat?.
beet4, n. Same as beat6.
beet-fly (bét’fli), n. A two-winged insect, An-
thomyia betae, smaller than the house-fly, in-
festing crops of mangel-wurzel and other va-
rieties of beet, on whose leaves it deposits its
eggs, the larvae afterward devouring the soft
parts.
beetle1 (bé’tl), n. [= Sc. bittle, bittill, K. M.E.
betel, betylle, bitel, bittill, bytylle, K AS. biétel,
bétel, bitel, bytel (bjtl-) (= LG. betel, bětel =
MHG. bāzel), with formative -el, K bedtan, beat:
see beatl.] 1. A heavy wooden mallet, used to
drive wedges, consolidate earth, etc. It is made
either for swinging, with the handle set in the middle of
the iron-bound head, or for ramming, with the handle
§. in heavy beetles with projecting cross-pieces for
the hands) set in one end of the head. In the latter form,
as for the use of pavers, it is sometimes heavy enough to
require two or more men to operate it. Also called a
*mawl, and in the second form a rammer.
504
If I do, fillip me with a three-man beetle.
- Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 2.
2. A wooden pestle-shaped utensil used for
mashing potatoes, for beating linen, etc.
Aroint ye, ye limmer, out of an honest house, or shame
fa' me, but I'll take the bittle to you, Scott, Pirate.
3. Same as beetling-machine.—Between the beetle
and the block, in an awkward or dangerous position.
beetle1 㺠w. t.; pret, and pp. beetled, ppr.
beetling... [K beetle, n.] 1. To use a beetle on;
beat with a heavy wooden mallet, as linen or
cotton cloth, as a substitute for mangling.—2.
#To finish cloth by means of a beetling-machine.
t- beetle” (bětl), n., [The form seems to have been
influenced by that of beetlel; it would reg. be as
in mod, dial, bittle, early mod. E. also betel, bittle,
bittil, etc., KME. bitle, bityl, betylle, bytylle, KAS.
bitela, bitula (also “betel, once in pl. betlas), a
beetle, appar.Kºbitul, *bitol, ºbitel, M.E. bitel, bit-
ing (cf. etul, etol, eating: with suffix -ol, forming
adjectives from verbs), Kºbitan (pp. bifen), bite;
Seebite. Cf. bitter and beetle-browed.] Anyinsect
belonging to the order Coleoptera (which see).
Sometimes, however, the term is used in a more restricted
Sense, as equivalent in the plural to Scarabaeidae, a tribe of
this order embracing more than 3,000 species, characterized
by clavated antennae, fissile longitudinally, legs frequent-
ly dentated, and Wings which have hard cases or sheaths
called elytra. Beetles vary in size from that of a pin's head
to nearly that of a man's fist, the largest being the elephant-
beetle of South America, 4 inches long. The “blackbeetles”
of kitchens and cellars are cockroaches, and belong to
the order . Orthoptera. –Bloody—nose beetle, a large
species of beetle of the genus Timarcha, T. laevigata ; so
named because when disturbed it emits a red fluid from
the joints.—Colorado beetle, a coleopterous insect,
Doryphora or Leptimotarsa decemlineata, family Chry-
Colorado Beetle (Leptinotarsa (Doryphora) decemlineata, Say).
a, eggs; b, larva, advanced stage; c, pupa; d, beetle; e, wing-cover,
enlarged ; /, leg, enlarged.
somelidae, belonging to the tetramerous section of the or-
der. In size it is somewhat larger than a pea, nearly oval,
convex, of a yellowish or ocher-yellow color, marked with
black spots and blotches, and on the elytra with ten black
longitudinal stripes. The wings, which are folded under
the elytra, are of a blood-red color. This insect works
great havoc upon the leaves and flowers of the potato,
and is also destructive to the tomato and the egg-plant.
It was first observed in the Rocky Mountain region about
1855, and has since spread from Colorado over the whole
of the United States and Canada. Also called potato-bug.
–Elm-leaf beetle, a Buropean chrysomelid beetle, Gale-
*uca wanthomelaena. See Galeruca.-Harlequin beetle.
See harlequín.—Horned beetle, a lamellicorn beetle of
the genus Megalosoma and some related genera, belong-
ing to the cetonian group of Scarabaeidae.
beetle8 (bé'tl), a... [Separate use of beetle: in
beetle-browed.] Shaggy; prominent: used in
beetle brow (also written beetle-brow).
Here are the beetle brows shall blush for me.
Shak., R. and J., i. 4.
Bent hollow beetle browes, sharpe staring eyes,
That mad or foolish seemd. Spenser, F. Q., II. ix. 52.
beetle3 (bě’tl), v. i. § pret. and pp. beetled, ppr.
beetling. [K beetle3, a. First used by Shak-
spere.] To be prominent; extend out; over-
hang; jut.
What, if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord,
Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff,
That beetle8 o'er his base into the sea?
Shak., Hamlet, i. 4.
Each beetling rampart and each tower sublime.
Wordsworth,
beetle-brow (bě’tl-brou), n. See beetle3, a.
beetle-browed (bé’tl-broud), a. [K ME. bitel-
browed, bytelbrowed, etc. (used in “Piers Plow-
man” with variants bittur browed and bytter
browid), as if lit. ‘having biting eyebrows,’
that is, projecting eyebrows, KME. bitel, adj.,
sharp, biting, KAS. *bitel (see beetle2); but
more prob. “with eyebrows like a beetle's,” that
is, projecting like the tufted antennae of some
béetles. See beetle2 and brow.] 1. Having
befall
shaggy, bushy, prominent, or overhanging eye-
brows | hence, often, suilén; Scowling. y
A beetle-browed sullen face. Howell, Letters, ii. 25.
Its beetle-browed and gloomy front.
Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, i.
2. Figuratively, having an overhanging or pro-
*::::::::
beetle-head (bě’tl-hed), n. 1. The monkey or
weight of a pile-driver.—2. A beetle-headed
or stupid fellow.—3. A name of the Swiss or
black-bellied plover, Squatarola helvetica. [Lo-
cal, U. S.]
beetle-headed (bâ’tl-hed" ed), a. [Cf. beetle-
head.] Having a head like a beetle or mallet;
dull; stupid.
Beetle-headed, flap-ear'd knave. Shak., T. of the S., iv. 1.
beetle-mite (bé'tl-mit), n. [K beetle? F mite1.]
A mite of the family Gamasidae (which see).
beetle-stock (bě 'tl-stok), n. [K beetle1 +
stock.] The handle of a beetle.
beetle-stone (bé’tl-stön), n. [K beetle2 + stone.]
A nodule of coprolitic ironstone, so named from
the resemblance of the inclosed coprolite to
the body and limbs of a beetle.
beetling (bětling), n... [Verbal n. of beetleſ, v.]
A beating with a beetle.
When the desired shade is obtained, nothing remains
but to wash the silk, and give it two beetlings at the
river, in order to free it from the redundant arnatto.
Ure, Dict., I. 209.
beetling-machine (bět'ling-ma-shën"), n. A
machine for finishing linen or cotton cloth by
hammering it: for this purpose stamps are
used, which are raised in succession and per-
mitted to fall by their own weight. Also called
beetle.
beet-master (bět’mäs’tër), n.
form of beet-mister.
beet-mister (bět’mis’tér), n. [Sc., K beet, beit,
mend, supply, + mister, want; beet a mister,
supply a want: see beet? and mister2. Cf. E.
dial. (North.) beet-need, assistance in the hour
of distress.] Whatever supplies a want;
hence, a substitute. [Scotch.] -
Next she enlarged on the advantage of saving old
clothes to be what she called beet-masters to the ne, tº
C0ſ.
beet-press (bět'pres), n. A hydraulic or steam-
power machine for expressing the juice from
beet—roots in the process of making beet-root
SUlºf’.
bºadish (bět’rad’ish), n. A name some-
times given to red beets (Beta vulgaris) when
raised or used for salad. See beetl.
beet-rave. (bět’rāv), m. . [K beetl + rave, after
F. bette-rave, beet-root, K bette, beet (see beetl),
+ rave, K L. rapa, a turnip.] Same as beet-
radish. In Scotland also beetraw and beetrie.
bee-tree (bé'tré), n. 1. A name of the bass-
wood or American linden, Tilia Americana,
from the richness of its flowers in honey.—2.
An erroneous
#A hollow tree occupied by wild bees.
beet-root (bět’röt), m. The root of the beet-
plant. See beetl.-Beet-root sugar, sugar made
from beet-roots. The roots are rasped to a pulp, and the
juice is separated by pressure, maceration, or other means,
and is then filtered and concentrated by evaporation in a
vacuum-pan. See beetl.—Beet-root vinegar, vinegar
prepared from the juice of the sugar-beet.
beeve (běv), n. [A rare singular, erroneously
formed from beeves, pl. of beef.] An animal of
the bovine genus, as a cow, bull, or ox.
They would knock down the first beeve they met with.
Irving.
Each stately beeve bespeaks the hand
That fed him unrepining.
- Whittier, The Drovers.
beeves, n. Plural of beef.
beevort, m. An obsolete form of beaver2.
bee-wolf (bě'wulf), n. 1. An African bee-
eater, Mellitotheres mubicus, one of the Mero-
pidae.—2. A parasite of the bee, Trichodes api-
Q?"??/S.
bee-worm (bě/wërm), n. An old name for the
larva of the bee. Ray.
befall, befal (bé-fal’), v.; pret. befell, pp. be-
º, º bºiling” ſº ºff faiian, faii,
happen, belong, KAS. befeallan, fall (= Ös, bº
fallam = OFries. bifalla = D. bevallen, please, =
OHG. bifallan, MHG. G. befallen, please), K be-
+ feallan, fall: see be-1 and fall.] I. trans.
To fall or happen to; occur to.
But I beseech your grace that I may know
The worst that may befall me.
Shak., M. N. D., i. 1.
The worst that can befall thee, measured right,
Is a sound slumber, and a long good night.
Dryden, tr. of Lucretius, iii. 95.
|

befall
II, intrans. 1. To happen; come to pass.
I have reveal’d . . .
The discord which befell. Milton, P. L., vi. 897.
The ground in many a little dell
Was broken, up and down whose steeps befell
Alternate victory and defeat.
Shelley, Revolt of Islam, vi. 16.
2t. To fall in the way; come to hand.
His little Goats gan drive out of their stalls,
To feede abroad, where pasture best befalls.
Spenser, Virgil's Gnat, l. 72.
To befall off, to be the fate of; become of.
Do me the favour to dilate at full
What hath befall'n of them, and thee, till now.
hak., C. of E., i. 1.
befana (be-fänä), n., [It, K befania, epiphany,
IL. epiphania, epiphany: see Epiphany.], 1.
Primarily, in § an Epiphany present or
gift.—2...[cap.] he witéhº or fairy said to
bring children the sweetmeats and other re-
wards given them on the eve of Epiphany, or
to neglect and punish them.
In nursery parlance the Befana has two aspects; she
not only brings gifts to good children, but is the terror of
the naughty. N. and Q., 6th ser., IX. 422.
3. A large rag doll, representing the Befana,
#. on the chimneys of cottages, etc., or
isplayed in shops, in Italy, where £piphany
gifts are sold, for the terror or amusement of
children. [The above meanings and customs have ref-
erence to the gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh (Mat.
ii. ii) brought by the Magi to the chilájesus, which the
feast of the Epiphany commemorates. The grotesque
blackened figures often exhibited are explained by the
tradition that one of the three wise kings was an Ethi-
opian.]
befeather (bā-fe'PH'ér), v. t. [K be-1 + feather.]
To deck with feathers.
befell (bě-fel’). Preterit of befall.
befetter (bě-fet’ér), v. t. [K be-1 + fetter.] To
confine with fetters; restrain as if by fetters.
Tongue-tied, befettered, heavy-laden nations.
Carlyle, French Rev., II. i. 10.
beffroit, n.
[F.] See belfry.
beffroyi, n. her., same as vair.
befilef, v. t. [Early mod. E. also befyle, KME.
befylen, befilen (mixed with befulen, befoulen,
which rest directly upon ful, foul, foul), K AS.
befjlan, K be- + fjlan, file, foul, K.ful, foul: see
file?, fouli, and befoul, and cf. defile1.] To
make filthy; befoul; soil. -
befit (bå-fit'), v. t.; pret. and pp. befitted, ppr.
befitting. [ć be-1 + fit.] 1. To suit; be suit-
able to; become.
Dry up your tears, -
Which ill befit the beauty of that face.
Beau. and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, ii. 3.
Out of my sight, thou serpent l That name best
Befits thee. Milton, P. L., x. 868.
Robes befitting his degree. Drayton, Barons' Wars, iv.
2}. To fit; furnish with something fit. [Rare.]
He . . . . had seriously befitted him with just such a
bridle and such a saddle. Sterne, Tristram Shandy.
befitting (bě-fit'ing), p. a. Of a suitable kind
or character; fit; proper; becoming: as, befit-
timg words; a befitting dress or manner.
befittingly (bě-fit'ing-li), adv. In a befitting or
appropriate manner; becomingly.
beflatter (bě-flat’ér), v. t. [K be-1 + flatter.]
To flatter; cajole.
beflea (bě-flé'), v. t. [K be-1 + fleal.] To pes-
ter, as fleas do.
One of those bores
Who beflea'd with bad verses poor Louis Quatorze.
Lowell, Fable for Critics.
beflecked (bě-flekt’), a. [K be-1 + flecked.]
Flecked; spotted or streaked; variegated. Also
spelled befleckt.
Dark billows of an earthquake storm
Beflecked with clouds like foam.
Whittier, The Hill-top.
beflower (bě-flou’ér), v. t. [K be-1 + flower.]
To cover or besprinkle with flowers.
Beside a 'gº. and garlanded precipice.
- . L. Clemens, Life on the Mississippi, p. 274.
beflum (bé-flum"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. beflummed,
ppr. beflumming. . [Sc.; also in the appar. per-
verted forms bleftwm, blafium, blephum, v. and
m., perhaps K be-1 + “flum, as in flummery, or
a variant of flam. Words of this kind are very
unstable.] To befool by cajoling language;
flatter. Scott, [Scotch.]
befoam (bě-föm'), v. t. [K be-1 + foam.] To
cover with foam. Dryden. -
befog (bě-fog'), v. t. ; pºet, and pp. befogged,
pr. befogging. [K be-1 + fog.]. To involve in
og; hence, figuratively, to confuse; make ob-
scure or uncertain; bewilder: as, to befog the
mind with Sophistºry.
*
505
Intentional and persistent efforts have been . . . made
to befog the whole subject.
D. A. Wells, Merchant Marine, p. 120.
befool_(bā-föl'), v. t. [K ME. befolen; K be-1 +
Jool1.] 1. To make a fool of; delude; dupe.
I could burst with rage,
To think I have a brother so befool'd,
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, iv. 1.
2. To treat as a fool; call (a person) “fool.”
before (bé-fôr'), adv., prep., and conj. ME.
beforen, beforn, biforen, biforn, etc., adv. and
prep. & Aš. beforan, biforan, adv. and prep., be-
fore (in place or time: in the latter use rare,
the ordinary word bein
foran = D. bevoren = OHG. bifora, MHG. bevor,
bevorn, G. bevor), K be, by, about, + foram, adv.,
before, K for, for, lit. before: see fore and for,
and cf. afore.] I. adv. 1. In front; on the
anterior or fore side; on the side opposite the
back; in a position or at a point in advance;
ahead.
The battle was before and behind. 2 Chron. xiii. 14.
Beaching forth unto those things which arºº
hil. iii. 13.
Had he his hurts before ? Shak., Macbeth, v. 7.
I am sent with broom before,
To sweep the dust behind the door.
ak., M. N. D., v. 2.
If you will walk before, sir, I will overtake you in-
stantly. Beau. and Fl., Woman-Hater, i. 3.
2. In time preceding; previously; formerly;
already. *
You tell me what I knew before. Dryden.
A flatterer is a dunce to him, for he can tell him nothing
but what hee knowes before.
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A Selfe-conceited Man.
[The adverb is frequently used in self-explain-
ing compounds, as before-cited, before-going,
before-mentioned, etc.] -
II. prep. 1. In front of, in time or position;
on the anterior or fore side of; in a position or
at a point in advance of: as, a happy future lies
before you; before the house; before the fire.
The golden age, which a blind tradition has hitherto
placed in the Past, is before us.
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, iii. 5.
Before them went the priest reading the burial service.
Hawthorne, Twice-Told Tales, I.
2. In presence of; in sight of; under the cog-
nizance, jurisdiction, or consideration of.
Abraham bowed down himself before the people of the
land. Gen. xxiii. 12.
They tell me, if they might be brought before you,
They would reveal things of strange consequence.
Fletcher (and another), Sea Voyage, iv. 2.
If my lady die,
I'll be sworn before a jury, thou art the cause on 't.
Beaw. and Fl., Scornful Lady, v. 1.
3. In precedence of; in advance of, as regards
rank, condition, development, etc.
He that cometh after me is preferred before me.
John i. 15.
I can shew one almost of the same nature, but much be-
jore it. B. Jomson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1.
The eldest son is before the younger in succession.
Johnson.
4. In preference to ; rather than.
One joyous howre in blisfull happines,
I chose before a life of wretchednes.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1.984.
I love my friend before myself.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 6.
We think poverty to be infinitely desirable before the
torments of covetousness. Jer. Taylor.
5. Anterior to in time; previous to : as, I
shall return before six o'clock.
Temple spráng from a family which, though ancient and
honourable, had before his time been scarcely mentioned
in our history. Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
They arrived close to Alhama about two hours before
daybreak. Irving, Granada, p. 30.
6. Under the action, influence, or power of.
Mordecai, . . . before whom thou hast begun to fall.
Esther vi. 13.
Tower and town, as he advanced, went down before him.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 2.
Before all. See all.—Before the beam (mawt.), in a po-
sition or direction which lies before a line drawn at right
angles to the keel at the midship section of the ship.–Be-
fore (or afore) the mast, as a common sailor, the crew
of a ship being berthed in the forecastle or forward of the
foremast.— Refore the Wind, (a) Natut., in the direc-
tion of the wind: as, to sail before the wind, that is, in the
direction in which the wind blows: said of a ship.
We continued running dead before the wind, knowing
that we sailed better so.
R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 20.
(b) Figuratively and colloquially, in prosperous circum
stances; out of debt or difficulty. e
I, conj. 1. Previous to the time when:
formerly sometimes followed by that.
Before I was afflicted, I went astray. Ps. cxix. 67.
àr, ere) (= OS. bi-
beg . -
Jesus answered and said unto him, Before that Philip
called thee . . . I saw thee. John i, 48.
Before this treatise can be of use, two points are neces-
sary. Swift.
Seventy of the Moors made their way into the streets
before an alarm was given. Irving, Granada, p. 54.
2. Sooner than; rather than.
Then take my soul; my body, soul, and all,
Before that England give the French the foil.
hak., 1 Hen. VT., v. 3.
beforehand (bé-fôr' hand), adv. [K ME. before-
hond, bifornhand, bivorenhond, before, previous-
ly, K beforen, before, H- hand, hond, hand.] 1.
In anticipation; in advance.
So that they . . . may be taught beforehand the skill of
speaking. Hooker.
2+. Before there is time for anything to be
done; before anything is done.
What is a man's contending with insuperable difficul-
ties but the rolling of Sisyphus's stone up the hill, which
is soon beforehand to return upon him again?
Sir R. L’Estrange.
To be beforehand with, to anticipate ; be in advance
of; be prepared or ready for.
Agricola . . . resolves to be beforehand with the danger.
Milton.
The last-cited author has been beforehand with me.
Addison.
beforehand (bé-fôr' hand), a. [K beforehand,
adv. Cf. forehanded.] In good pecuniary cir-
cumstances; having enough to meet one's obli-
gations and something over; forehanded: as,
“rich and much beforehand,” Bacon. [Archaic.]
I now began to think of getting a little beforehand.
Franklin, Autobiog., p. 77.
beforesaid (bé-fôr'sed), a. Aforesaid. Chaucer.
beforetime (bé-fôr' tim), adv. [K ME. before-
tyme; K before + time. Cf. aforetime.] For-
merly; of old time; aforetime. [Obsolescent.]
Beforetime in Israel, when a man went to enquire of God,
thus he spake. 1 Sam. ix. 9.
befortune? (bé-fôr' tin), v. t. [K be-1 + fortune.]
To happen; betide.
I wish all good befortune you. Shak., T. G. of W., iv. 3.
befoul (bě-foul"), v. t. [K ME. befowlem, befitlen
(mixed with befylem, etc.: see befile), K be- +
foulen, foul: see be-1 and foull, v.] To make
foul; cover with filth; soil; tarnish.
Lawyers can live without befowling each other's names.
Trollope, Barchester Towers, xxi.
Birds of prey winged their way to the stately tree, be-
Jowling its purity. N. A. Rev., CXXVI. 263.
befreckle (bé-frek’l), v. t. [K be-1 + freckle.]
To freckle; spot; color with various spots; va-
riegate.
Her star-befreckled face. Drayton, Polyolbion, xxii. 910.
befret (bé-fret”), v. t. ; Prºf. and pp. befretted,
ppr. befretting. [K be-1 + fretl.] To fret or
gnaw away.
Accept this ring, wherein my heart is set,

A constant heart with burning flames befret.
Greene, James IV., iv.
befriend (bé-frend'), v. t. [K be-1 + friend..] To
act as a friend to; countenance, aid, or benefit;
assist; favor: as, fortune befriended me.
That you were once unkind, befriends me now.
Shak., Sonnets, cyx.
The climate [of Chaeronea] is not much befriended by the
heavens, for the air is thick and foggy.
Dryden, Life of Plutarch.
Every little pine needle expanded and swelled with sym-
pathy and befriended me. Thoreaw, Walden, p. 143.
befriendment (bé-frend’ ment), m. [K befriend
+ -ment.] The act of befriending. Foster.
[Rare.]
befrill (bé-fril'), v. t. [K be-1 + frill.] To fur-
nish or deck with a frill or frills.
The vicar's white-haired mother, befrilled . . . with dain-
ty cleanliness. George Eliot, Middlemarch, xvii.
befringe (bé-frinj"), v. t. [K be-1 + fringe.] To
furnish with a fringe; adorn as with fringe.
Let my dirty leaves . . . .
Befringe the rails of Bedlam and Soho.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 419.
befriz (bé-friz"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. befrizzed,
ppr. befrizzing. [K be-1 + friz.] To curl the
hair of; friz.
Befrizzed and bepowdered courtiers. Comtemporary Rev.
befuddle (bě-fudºl), v. t. [K be-1 + fuddle.] To
stupefy or muddle with intoxicants; make stu-
pidly drunk.
befur (bě-fér’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. befurred,
ppr. befurring. [K be-1 + fur.] 1. To cover or
supply with fur.—2+. To fur over; incrust.
tº: * D. )
egl (beg), v.; pret. and pp. begged, ppr. beg-
ging. [Early mod, E., also begg, jº §
beggem, first found in the early part of the 13th
century (in the “Ancren Riwle”); origin un-
beg
certain. Various explanations have been of-
fered: (1) K ME. bagge, a bag (because beggars
carry bags: see first quotation under beggar,
m.); but this is certainly wrong. It would im-
ply the forms “beggen, “begge, as variants of
baggen, bagge, but no such variants are found begad (bě-gad’), interj. [A minced oath, a cor-
Cf. egad, bedad.] A sort
a bag,” which might of exclamatory oath, employed to give weight
or are probable, and no such sense as ‘put
into a bag,” or ‘carry
connect the notion of ‘bag” with that of ‘beg,”
belongs to the M.E. verb baggen, which is
found only in the sense of “swell out like a
bag’; the sense of “put into a bag” is modern,
and that of ‘carry a bag” does not exist; bag-
ger, moreover, the supposed antecedent of beg-
gar, is only modern. (2) K AS. bedecian, beg
(connected with Goth. bidagwa, a beggar, ap-
par. K bidjan = AS. biddan, E. bid, ask; cf. D.
bedelen = OHG. betalón, MHG. betelen, G. bet-
teln, beg, freq. of D. bidden = G. bitten = AS.
biddan, E. bid, ask); but the AS. bedecian oc-
curs but once, in the 9th century, and there
are no intermediate forms to connect it with
ME. beggen. (3) K OFlem. *beggen, beg; but
there is no such word. (4) K OF. beg-, the com-
mon radical of begard, begart, beguard, begar
(ML. begardus, beggardus, beghardws, etc.), and
beguin (ML. beginus, begginus, beghinus, begui-
nus, etc.), names given to the members of a men-
dicant lay brotherhood (see Beghard and Be-
guin); also applied to any begging friar or other
beggar. Such mendicants were very numerous
at the time of the first appearance of the E.
verb, and the derived OF. verb begwiner, be-
guigner (K beguim), with AF. begger, is actually
found in the sense of ‘beg.” The E. verb may
|be a back formation from the noun beggar (ME.
begger, beggere, beggar, beggare), which is, in
this view, an adapted form (as if a noun of
agent in -arl, -erl) of the OF. begar, begard,
etc., a Beghard. Beghard is otherwise not found
in ME., though the precise form begger is found
in Wyclif and later as a designation of the
mendicant friars (Beghards), appar. without
direct reference to their begging.] I. trans. 1.
To ask for or supplicate in charity; ask as
alms. *
Yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed
begging bread. Ps, xxxvii. 25.
For all thy blessed youth
Becomes as aged, and doth beg the alms
Of palsied eld. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
2. To ask for earnestly; crave.
He [Joseph] . . . begged the body of Jesus.
Mat. xxvii. 58.
3. To ask as a favor; hence, to beseech; en-
treat or supplicate with humility or earnest-
ness: as, I begged him to use his influence in
favor of my friend.
And on our knees we beg
(As recompense of our dear services,
Past and to come) that you do change this purpose.
hak., W. T., ii. 3.
To beg a person for a foolf, to take him for, or regard
him as, a fool.
In the old common law was a writ . . . under which if
a man was legally proved an idiot, the profit of his lands
. might be granted by the king to any subject. . . .
Such a person, when this grant was asked, was said to be
begged for a fool. (!)"éS.
To beg the question, in logic, to assume or take as
granted that which is not more certain than the proposi-
tion to be proved, or which obviously involves the point
in question; assume as a premise what no one Who takes
the opposite view of the question Will admit.
The sophism of begging the question is, then, when any
thing is proved either by itself or something that is equal-
ly unknown with itself.
Burgersdicius, tr. by a Gentleman (1697).
The attempt to infer his [Shakspere's] classical educa-
tion from the internal evidence of his works is simply a
begging of the question.
G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., p. 82.
To maintain, as Sir Wyville Thomson does, that 32° is
the temperature of the floor on which the Antarctic ice-
sheet rests, is virtually to beg the question.
J. Croll, Climate and Cosmology, p. 226.
=Syn. Ask, Request, Beg, etc. (see ask1); to pray (for),
conjure, petition (for). ->
II. intrans. 1. To ask alms or charity; prac-
tise begging; live by asking alms.
I cannot dig; to beg I am ashamed. Luke xvi. 3.
2. In the game of all-fours, to ask of the dealer
a concession of one point to be added to one's
Count. The dealer must either concede the point or deal
out three additional cards to each player. Should the
suit originally turned as trump appear after this new deal
three, or fewer if so agreed, must be dealt to each unti
a different trump appears.—To beg off, to obtain release
from a penalty, obligation, etc., by entreaty or excuses.
beg” (beg), n. Same as beyi.
bega, biggah (bé'gä, big'à), n. [Also written
beega, beggah, beegha, etc., repr. Hind, bighâ,
beggar (beg’ār), v. t.
506
Marăthi bigha.] AIHindu land-measure, locally
. in extent, but usually regarded as equal
m one third to two thirds of an English
The bega of Calcutta is 1,600 square
to fr
3,OI’é,
yards, or about a third of an acre.
ruption of by God!
to a statement.
Begad, madam, . . . 'tis the véry same I met.
Fielding, Joseph Andrews.
begall (bě-gål’), v. t. [K be-1 + gall2.J. To gall;
fret; chafe; rub sore. Bp. Hall.
began (bě-gan'). Preterit of begin.
begat (bé-gat’). Old
sometimes used poetica y.
begaudt ºrgād , v. t.
gawd;
with gaudy things. North.
egaum, n. See begum”. -
begecki (bě-gekſ), v. t. [Sc., also begeek (= D.
begekken); K be-1 + geck. Cf. begunk.] To be-
fool; gull; jilt. N. E. D.
begem (bé-jem"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. begemmed,
ppr. begemming. [K be-1 + gem.] To adorn
with gems, or as with gems; stud with gems,
or anything Suggesting them.
The lawn
Begemºmed with dew-drops.
Scott, L. of the L., iii. 2.
beget (bé-get"), v. t. ; pret. begot, formerly be-
gat, pp. begotten, begot, ppr. *g [K ME.
begeten, begiten, bigitem, etc., K. A.S. begitan,
bigitan (= {}S. bigitan = OHG. bigezan), get, ac-
Quire, K be-, + gitan, getam, get : see be-1 and
geti.] 1. To procreate; generate: chiefly used
of the father alone, but sometimes of both
parents.
Abraham begat Isaac ; and Isaac begat Jacob ; and Jacob
begat Judas and his brethren. Mat. i. 2.
Yet they a beauteous offspring shall beget.
Milton, P. L., xi. 613.
Become stout Marses, and beget young Cupids.
. Jomsom, Alchemist, ii. 1.
2. To produce as an effect; cause to exist;
generate; occasion: as, luxury begets vice;
“love is begot by fancy,” Glanville.
Intellectual science has been observed to beget invaria-
bly a doubt of the existence of matter. Emerson, Nature.
Thought is essentially independent of language, an
speech could never have begotten reason. -
Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 167. beggar's-lice (beg'ārz-lis), n.
=Syn. To breed, engender.
begetter (bé-get'er), n. One who begets or pro-
creates; a father.
begetting (bé-get’ing), m. 1. The act of pro-
creating or producing.—2. That which is be-
gotten; progeny.
beggable (begºl), a. [K begi + -able.] Ca-
pable of being begged.
Things disposed of or not beggable. Butler, Characters.
beggar (beg’ār), n. [Early mod. E. more Com-
monly begger, K ME. begger, beggere, also beg-
gar, beggare, a j. for the etym., see begl.
The reg. mod, spelling is begger; the ME. vari-
ant spelling beggar, beggare, has not neces-
sarily a bearing upon the conjectured derivation
from OF. begard, the suffix -er being in ME.
often variable to -ar; cf. mod. E. liar..] 1.
One who begs or asks alms; especially, one
who lives by asking alms or makes it his busi-
ness to beg.
Bidderes and beggeres fast about yede,
With hire belies and here bagges of brede full yorammed.
Pier8 Plowman.
2. One who is in indigent circumstances; one
who has been beggared.—3+. One who asks a
favor; one who entreats; a petitioner.
Count. Wilt thou needs be a beggar?
Clo. I do beg your good-will in this case.
Shak., All's Well, i. 3.
What subjects will precarious kings regard?
A beggar speaks too softly to be heard. Dryden.
4. One who assumes in argument what he
does not prove.
These shameful beggars of principles. Tillotson.
5. A fellow; a rogue: used (a) in contempt
for a low fellow; (b) as a term of pla
familiarity: as, he is a good-hearted little beg-
gaſ".-Masterful beşşār; See masterful.—To go or
go home by beggar's bush, to go to ruin. Brewer.
[Early mod. E. also beg-
ger; K beggar, n.] 1. To make a beggar of;
reduce to beggary; impoverish.
Whose heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave,
And beggar'd yours for ever. Shak, Macbeth, iii. 1.
reterit of beget, still bººhºº, (beg’ fir-hild), n.
be-l + gaud: see gaud 1.] To bedeck bºº (beg'ār-izm), n.
beggarliness (beg’ār-li-nes), m.
beggarly (beg'ār-li), a.
beggarlyt (beg'ār-li), adv.
beggar's-basket (beg’ firz-bās” ket), m.
*European lungwort, Pulmonaria officinalis.
lºw: (beg'ār-wód), n.
beggary! (beg'ār-i), n.
beggary? (beg’ār-i), a.
beggary A. Tºy
Beggar'd by fools, whom still he found too late;
He had his jest, and they had his estate.
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., i. 561.
A rapacious government, and a beggared exchequer.
Buckle, Civilization, I. 653.
2. To exhaust the resources of; exceed the
means or capacity of; outdo. -
When the two heroes met, then began a scene of war-
like parade that beggars all description. -
- Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 828.
Shakespeare carries us to such a lofty strain of intel-
ligent activity as to suggest a wealth which beggars his
OWI). Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 262.
} beggardom (beg'ār-dum), n. The state of beg-
gary; the body or fraternity of beggars.
[K beggar +
-hood.] The character or state of being a beg-
[Also written be- gar; beggars collectively.
[K beggar + -ism.]
he state or condition of beggary.
[K beggarly
+ -ness.] The state of being beggarly; ex-
treme poverty; meanness.
[Early mod. E. also
beggerly; K beggar + -lyl.] 1. In the condition
of or becoming a beggar; extremely indigent;
poor; mean; contemptible: used of persons
and things.
A beggarly account of empty boxes.
Shak., R. and J., v. 1.
Beggarly sins, that is, those sins which idleness and
beggary usually betray men to, such as lying, flattery,
stealing, and dissimulation. Jer. Taylor.
He was an idle, beggarly fellow, and of no use to the
public. Addison, Trial of Punctilios.
2. Of or for beggars. [Rare.]
But moralists, sociologists, political economists, and taxes
have slowly convinced me that my beggarly sympathies
were a sin against society. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 59.
Meanly; indigent-
ly; despicably.
It is his delight to dwell beggarly.
ooker, Eccles. Pol., v. § 15.
tº: (beg’ fir-mi-nā (bor), n.
allusion to the continued loss of cards.]. A
children's game at cards. In one variety of it the
players hold the cards with the backs upward, and alter-
mately lay one down till an honor is turned up, which
has to be paid for at the rate of four cards for an ace,
three for a king, etc.; and the game goes on thus till one
has gained all the other's cards.
The
1. An English
name of Galium. Aparine, or goose-grass, given
to it because its burs stick to the clothes, and
somewhat resemble lice.—2. The name given
in the United States to species of Bidens and to
Lappwla Virginiana, the seeds of which have
|barbed awns which cling persistently to cloth-
ing. Also called beggar’s-ticks.
beggar's-needle (beg'ārzně/dl), n. An Eng-
ish popular name for the Scandia, Pecten-
Veneris, from its long-beaked fronds.
beggar’s-ticks (beg’ārz-tiks), n. Same as beg-
gar's-lice, 2. Also written beggarticks.
It [the garden] was over-run with Roman wormwood
and beggarticks, which last stuck to my clothes.
Thoreau, Walden, p. 282.
[Cf. beggary?,
A name sometimes given in England to
the common door-weed, Polygonum aviculare,
to Cuscuta Trifolii, and to some other plants.
[Early mod. E. also
beggery, K.M.E. beggerie, K beggere, beggar..] i.
The state of a beggar; a condition of extreme
indigence.
'Tis the narrowness of human nature,
Qur poverty and beggary of spirit,
To take exception at these things.
B. Jomson, The New Inn, iv. 3.
His vessel with an inestimable cargo has just gone
down, and he is reduced in a moment from opulence to
beggary. Macawlay, Lord Bacon.
2#. The act or practice of begging; the occu-
pation of a beggar; begging.
We must be careful that our charity do not minister to
idleness and the love of beggary.
Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar.
3. Beggars collectively; beggardom; beggar-
hood.
The Piazza is invaded by the legions of beggary, and
held in overpowering numbers against all comers.
Howells, Venetian Life, xviii.
4. A state of bareness or deficiency.
The freedom and the beggary of the old studio.'
Thackeray.
[K beggar + -yl.] 1.
Beggarly; poor; mean. IRaré.]—2. Full of
weeds. [Local, Eng.]
- begger
*::::::: beggeryt. Former and more regular
spellings of beggar, beggary.
begging (beg’ing), n. IK ME. beggynge; verbal
In of begl.] The act of asking or soliciting;
the occupation of a beggar.
beggyt (beg’i), n. Same as beyl.
There used to be a still more powerful personage at the
head of the Ourf, called the Divan Beggy. Brougham.
Beghard (beg’ārd), n. [K ML. Beghardus, be-
tº gº #!. begehardus, begihardus (cf.
t. Sp. Pg. begardo, MHG. §gº begehard, G.
beghart, Flem, beggaert, O.F. begard, begart,
begar, with a later equiv. ML. beghinus, begi-
mus, etc., O.F. beguin, etc., E. Beguin), formed,
with the suffix ºrius, ará (and later -īnus,
—in, after the fem. ML. beghina, begina, etc.,
OF. beguine, etc., E. Beguin, Beguine), from the
name of the founder of the sisterhood of Be-
guins, namely, Lambert Begue or le Begue: See
Beguin, Beguime.] One of a body of religious
enthusiasts which arose in Flanders in the thir-
teenth century; a Beguin (which see). Also
written Beguard. [Often without a capital.]
begild (bé-gild’), v. t.; pret, and P: begilded,
begilt, ppr. begilding. [K be-1 + gild.T.] To gild:
as, “bride-laces begilt,” B. Jonson, King's En-
tertainment. -
The lightning-flash from swords, casks, courtilaces,
With quiv'ring beams begiſlds the neighbour grasses.
Sylvester, Battaile of Yvry (trans.), p. 102.
begin (bé-gin’), v.; pret. began, sometimes be-
º* begun, #º. 5 [K ME. begin-
men, biginſmen (pret. began, begon, pl. begunme,
begwnnen, begonne, etc., pp. begunmen, begonºmen,
begunme, etc.), KAS. beginnam, bigimnan (pret. be-
gan, pl. begunmon, pp. begunnen) = OS. biginnan
Fries. beginna, bejenna = D. beginnen =
OHG. biginnam, MHG. G. beginnen, begin; AS.
more commonly omginnan, rarely āginnam, ME.
aginnen, and by apheresis gimmen, mod. E. obs.
or poet. gin ; also with still different prefixes,
OHG. inginnan, enginnen, and Goth. duginnan,
begin; K be- (E. be-1) or on-, 3- (E. a-2), + “gin-
man, not found in the simple form, prob. Orig.
‘open, open up” (a sense retained also by the
OHG. inginnam, MHG, enginnen), being prob.
507
one Who starts or first leads off; an author or Begonia (bā-gö’ni-á)
originator.
& Where are the vile beginners of this fray ?
Shak., R. and J., iii. 1.
2. One beginning to learn or practise; anovice;
a tyro: as, “a sermon of a new beginner,”
Swift.
There are noble passages in it, but they are for the adept
and not for the beginner.
O. W. Holmes, R. W. Emerson, xiv.
beginning (bé-gin'ing), n. [K ME. beginninge,
beginnunge (= MHG. beginnunge); verbal n. of
begin.] 1. The origin; source; first cause.
I am . . . the beginning and the ending. Rev. i. 8.
2. The point of time or epoch at which any-
thing begins; specifically, the time when the
universe began to be.
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
Gen. i. 1.
It was reserved for Hutton to declare for the first time
that the rocks around us reveal no trace of the beginni.
of things. Geikie, Geol. Sketches, ii.
3. The initial stage or first part of any pro-
cess or proceeding; the starting-point: as, a
small beginning.
He was come to that height of honour out of base be-
gimmings. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 564.
The beginning of writing is the hieroglyphic or symbol-
ical picture, the beginning of worship is fetishism or idol-
atry, the beginning of eloquence is pictorial, sensuous,
and metaphorical, the beginning of philosophy is the
myth. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 142.
beginningless (bě-gin'ing-les), a. [K beginning
+ -less.] Having no beginning: correlative to
endless... [Rare.]
begird (bé-gèrd’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. begirt,
begirded, ppr. begirding. [K ... begirden,
only in pret. or pp. begurt, K AS. begyrdan
(= OHG. bigwrtjan ; cf. Goth. bigairdan, strong
verb), K be--H gyrdam, gird: see be-1 and girdl..]
1. To bind with a band or girdle.—2. To sur-
round; inclose ; encompass.
e TJ ther's son
Begirt with British and Armoric knights.
Milton, P. L., i. 581.
begirdle (bé-gèr’dl), v. t. [K be-1 +
To surround or encircle as with a girdle.
begore (bé-gór'), v. t.
Beguard
3), n. [NL., named after
Michel Bégon º 10), a French promoter
of science.] very large genus of dicotyle-
donous archichlamydeous plants, type of the
family Begoniaceae. They are mostly herbaceous,
natives of the warmer regions of the globe, and are fre-
Begonia Zazzztosa.
a, branch with male flowers; 6, c, two forms of styles and stigmas;
d, fruit. (From Le Maout and Decaisne’s “Traité général de
Botanique.”)
quent in cultivation as foliage-plants and for their showy
or singular flowers. A very great diversity in the often
brilliant coloring of the leaves has been reached by skilful
crossing. From the shape of their large, oblique, fleshy
leaves some species are known by the name of elephant'8-
ear. The succulent acid stalks of several species are used
as pot-herbs.
Begoniaceae (bé-gö-ni-ā’sé-É), m. pl. [NL., KBe-
gonia + -aceae.] A family of dicotyledonous
archichlamydeous plants, allied to the Cacta-
Céâ8. It consists of four genera, Hillebrandia, Begomia,
Symbegonia, and Begomionella, of which Begonia is the
most important, including over 300 species. They have
monoecious flowers and asymmetrical leaves.
begoniaceous (bě-gö-ni-ā'shius), a. Belonging
to or resembling the Begoniaceae.
[K be-1 + gorel.] To be-
smear with gore. Spenser.
girdle.] bºgº (bě-got'). Preterit and past participle of
eq6t.
Past participle of beget.
gº Aſ
Like a ring of lightning they ... berale her from begotten (99-89%).
shore to shore. Carlyle, French Rev., III. vii. 3.
begirth (bě-gèrt'), v. t. [A form of begird, inf.,
due to the frequent pp. begirt, pret. and pp.
being the same as those of begird.] To be-
gird; encompaSS.
Begirt the wood, and fire it.
Massinger, Bashful Lover, iii. 5.
To begirt the almighty throne,
Beseeching or besieging. Milton, P. L., v. 868.
beglare (bé-glär"), v. t. [K be-1 + glare.] To
glare at or on. [A humorous coinage.]
So that a bystander, without beholding Mrs. Wilfer at
all, must have known at whom she was glaring by seeing
her refracted from the countenance of the beglared one.
connected with (a) AS. ginian = OHG. gimén,
MHG. gimen, genen, G. gåhmen, gape, yawn, (b)
AS. g'nan = Icel. gºma, gape, yawn, (c) AS.
gāniam, E. yawn = OHG. geinön, MHé. geinen,
gape, yawn (cf. Gr. 2 aively, gape, yawn); all
variously with m-formative from the root *gi,
seen also in OHG. gión and givén, gewön, MHG.
given, gewen = L. hiare = OBulg. 2ijati = Russ.
2ijati = Bohem. 2ivati = Lith. 2hioti, etc., gape,
yawn (cf. Gr. 260Retv, yawn, Žáog, chaos, zágua,
chasm, etc.: see chaos, chasm): see yawm and
hiatus. Cf. open as equiv. to begin, and close as
equiv. to end.]. I. trans. 1. To take the first
step in; set about the performance or accom-
plishment of; enter upon ; commence. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, I. xvi.
Yé nymphs of Solyma, begin the song. . beglerbeg (beg’lèr-beg'), n. Same as beylerbey.
Pope, Messiah, l. 1. §: *:::::::::::iii. 7%. §. *
2. To originate; be the originator of: as, to beylerbeylik.
begin a dynasty. begloom (bé-glöm'), v. t. [K be-1 + gloom..] To
Proud Nimrod first the savage chase began. make gloomy; darken. [Rare.]
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1.61, begnaw (bé-nā’), v. t. [ME. not found; K AS.
3. To trace from anything as the first ground; begmagam, gnaw, K be-, + gnagan, gnaw: see
date the beginning of. be-1 and gnaw.] To bite or gnaw; eat away;
The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures corrode; nibble at. [Rare.]
begrace (bé-gräs’), v. t. [K be-1 + grace.] To
say “your grace” to; address by the title of a
duke or bishop. Holinshed. [Rare.]
begravet (bé-gräv’), v. t. [KME. begraven, KAS.
begrafan, bury (= OS. bigrabham = D. begraven
= OHG. bigraban = Sw. begrafva = Dan. be-
grave, bury, = Goth. bigrabam, dig around), K be-
+ grafan, grave, dig. see be-1 and gravel, v.]
1. To bury. Gower.—2. To engrave.
With great sleight
Of workmanship it was begrave.
Gower, Conf. Amant., i.
begrease (bé-grés'), v. t. [K be-1 + grease.] To
soil or daub with grease or other oily matter.
begrime (bě-grim’), v. t. [K be-1 + grime.] To
make grimy; cover or impress as with dirt or
grime.
The justice-room begrimed with ashes.
Macaulay, Hist, Eng., x.
=Syn, Tarnish, etc. See soil.
begrudge (bé-gruj'), v. t. [Early mod. E. also
begrutch, K.M.E. begrucchen: see be-1 and grudge.]
To grudge; envy the possession of.
There wants no teacher to make a poor man begrudge
his powerful and wealthy neighbour both his actual share
which leads us to the knowledge of God. Locke. The worm of conscience still be-gnaw thy soul. in the government, and his disproportionate share of the
=Syn, 1. To set about, institute, undertake, originate, Shak., Rich. III., i. 3, good things of this life. Brougham.
initiate. begruntlet (bé-grun'tl), v. t. [K be-1 + gruntle.
begot (bě-gó"), v. t. ; A. bewent, pp. begome.
[K ME. begon, bigon, K_AS. begån (= D. begaan
= OHG. bigán, M.H.G. begån, begén, G. begehem),
II, intrans. 1. To come into existence; arise;
gº Cf. disgruntle.] To render uneasy: disconcert.
originate: as, the present German empire be- g | y; Cus
The Spaniards were begruntled with these scruples.
Bp. Hacket, Life of Abp. Williams, i. 131.
gan with William I.
Made a selfish war begin.
Tennyson, To F. D. Maurice.
2. To take a first step; commence in any course
or operation; make a start or commencement.
No change of disposition begins yet to show itself in
England. Jeffersom, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I, 436.
The contest raged from morning until night, when the
Moors, began to yield. Irving, Granada, p. 35.
To begin the board. See board.—To begin with. (a)
To enter upon first; use or employ first : as, to begin with
the Latin grammar; to begin with prayer. (b) At the out-
set; as the first thing to be considered; first of all: as, to
begin with, I do not like its color.
Animals can be trained to behave in a way in which, to
begin with, they are incapable of behaving. *
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, $ 113.
begint (bå-gin"), n. IK begin, v.] A beginning.
Let no whit thee dismay
The hard begimme that meetes thee in the dore.
Spenser, F. Q., III. iii. 21.
beginner (bā-gin’ér), m. [ME. begynner; K be-
º -erl.] 1. one who begins or originates;
K be-, by, about, H gain, go: see be-1 and go.]
1. To go about ; encompass; surround.—2.
To clothe; attire.—3. To surround or beset;
affect as a circumstance or influence: now
only in the perfect participle begome, in woebe-
gone, beset with woe (originally in the con-
struction him was wo begon, in which wo is the
subject and him the dative object, subsequent-
ly made the subject).
So was I glad and wel begon.
Chawcer, Parliament of Fowls, l, 171.
begodt (bě-god’), v. t.
fy: as, “begodded saints,” South, Sermons, V.
XCVIl.
begonel (bě-gón’). [Prop. two words, be gone
(be, inf. or impv.; gone, pp.), irreg. united, as
also in beware.] Be gone; go away; depart.
Begome! you are my brother; that's your safety.
Beau, and F., Maid's Tragedy, iv. 1. beguan (beg"wān), n.
“You must begome,” said Death; “these walks are mine.”
Tennyson, Love and Death.
begone?! (bé-gón’). Past participle of bego.
begrutcht, v. t.
begrutten (bé-grut'n), a.
begstert, n.
[Kbe-1 + god..] To dei- Begtashi (beg-tä'shē), m.
Obsolete form of begrudge.
[K be-1 + grutten,
pp. of greit, greet, cry: see greet2..] Showing
the effects of much weeping; marred or swollen
in face through sore or continued weeping.
[Scotch..] -
Poor things, . . . they are sae begrutten.
Scott, Monastery, viii.
A Middle English form of beggar.
[Turk.] A secret
religious order in Turkey resembling the order
of Freemasons, employing passwords and signs
of recognition very similar to, and in some
cases identical with, those of the latter order
and including many thousands of influential
members. Imp. Di
Chaucer.
}ct.
º, [Prob, a native name.]
bezoar or concretion found in the intestines
of the iguana.
Beguard, n. See Beghard.

beguile
beguile (bě-gil'), v. t. [K, ME. begilen, begylen
(= MD. ūgījién), K be-, + gilen, gien, ile,
deceive: see be-1 and guile.] 1. To delude with
guile; deceive; impose on by artifice or craft.
The serpent begwiled me, and I did eat. Gen. iii. 13.
By expectation every day begwil’d,
Dupe of to-morrow even from a child.
Cowper, My Mother's Picture.
2. To elude or check by artifice or craft; foil.
'Twas yet some comfort,
When misery could begwile the tyrant's rage,
And frustrate his proud will, Shak., Lear, iv. 6.
3. To deprive of irksomeness or unpleasant-
ness by diverting the mind; render unfelt;
cause to pass insensibly and pleasantly; while
away.
I would begwile
The tedious day with sleep. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
Chiefs of elder Art
Teachers of wisdom who could once begwile
My tedious hours. Roscoe, To my Books.
4. To transform as if by charm or guile; charm.
Till to a Smile
The goodwife's tearful face he did begwile.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II, 225.
5. To entertain as with pastimes; amuse.
- The tales
With which this day the children she begwiled
She glean'd from Breton grandames when a child.
M. Arnold, Tristram and Iseult, iii.
To beguile of, to deprive of by guile or pleasing artifice.
The writer who begwiles of their tediousness the dull
hours of life. Everett, Orations, I. 302.
=Syn. 1. Cheat, mislead, inveigle.—3-5. Amuse, Divert,
etc. (see amºuse); cheer, solace.
beguilement (bé-gil’ment), n. [K beguile +
-ment.] The act of beguiling; the state of be-
ing beguiled.
beguiler (bé-gi'lér), n.
beguiles or deceives.
beguilingly (bé-giſling-li), adv.
to beguile or deceive.
beguiltył (bé-gil’ti), v. t. [K be-1 + guilty.] To
render guilty; burden with a sense of guilt.
By easy commutations of public penance for a private
pecuniary mulct [thou] dost at once beguilty thine own
conscience with sordid bribery.
Bp. Sanderson, Sermons, p. 275.
Beguin, Beguine (beg’in; sometimes, as mod.
F., bā-gań', m., -gēn’, f.), m. [(1) Beguin, Be-
guine, fem. : early mod. E. also begin, begime,
beghine, beggin, bigin, biggayne, K ME. begyme,
bygynne, K OF. beguine, mod. F. beguime = Sp.
Pg. beguina = It. beghina, bighina (M.D. beghijne,
D. begijn, LG. and G. begine), K ML. beghina,
begina, beggina, beguina, bigina, etc. (cf. E. big-
gim!, from the same source). (2) Beguin, masc.,
K OF. beguin, mod. F. beguin = Sp. Pg. beguino
= It. beghino, bighino, KML. beghinus, beginus,
begginus, beguinus, biginus, etc.: formed, first as
fem., with suffix -in, M.L. -ìma, -īnus, from the
name of Lambert Begue or le Begue (i. e., the
stammerer: OF. begue, mod. F. begue, dial.
beique, biegue, stammering; of unknown origin),
a priest of Liège, who founded the sisterhood.
See also Beghard. The origin of the name was
not generally known, and the forms varied,
leading to many etymological conjectures.
The connection with E. beggar and begl is per-
haps real; in the sense of ‘hypocrite” and
“bigot' (as in It. beghino), the word was later
confused with bigot, q.v.] 1. A name given
to the members of various religious communi-
ties of women who, professing a life of poverty
and self-denial, went about in coarse gray
clothing (of undyed wool), reading the Scrip-
tures and exhorting the people. They originated
in the twelfth or thirteenth century, and formerly flour-
ished in Germany, the Netherlands, France, and Italy; and
communities of the name still exist in Belgium. See be-
guinage. [Now generally written Begwine.] -
And Dame Abstinence streyned,
Toke on a robe of kamelyne,
And gan her graithe [dress] as a bygynne.
Rom. of the Rose, 1.7366.
Wanton wenches and begwins. World of Wonders, 1608.
The wife of one of the ex-burgomasters and his daugh-
ter, who was a begwin, went by his side as he was led to
execution. Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 442.
2. [Only Beguin.] A member of a community
of men founded on the same general principle
of life as that of the Beguines (see 1). They be-
came infected with various heresies, especially with sys-
tems of illuminism, which were afterward propagated
among the communities of women. They were condemned
by Pope John XXII. in the early part of the fourteenth
century. The faithful Beguins joined themselves in num-
bers with the different orders of friars. The sect, gener-
ally obnoxious and the object of severe measures, had
greatly diminished by the following century, but con-
tinued to exist till about the middle of the sixteenth. Also
called Beghard. [These names have been frequently used
a8 common nouns, without capitals.]
One who or that which
In a manner
508
beguinage (beg’in-āj, or, as mod. F., bā-gé-
năzh"), m. [F. beguinage, OF, beguinage (>ML.
beghimagium), K beguine, a Beguine. See Be-
guin and -age.] A community of Beguines.
A beguinage usually consists of a largé walled inclosure,
containing a number of small detached houses, each in-
habited by one or two Beguines; there are also some com-
mon houses, especially for the novices and younger mem-
bers of the community. In the center is the church, where
Certain religious offices are performed in common. Each
Beguine keeps possession of her own property, and may
support herself from it, or from the work of her hands,
or by serving others in their houses. They are free to
leave at any time, and take only simple vows of chastity
and obedience during residence, Pious women may also,
under certain restrictions, rent houses and live inside thé
inclosure without formally joining the community. Such
establishments are now chiefly met with in Belgium; the
immense one near Ghent, built by the Duke of Aremberg
in 1874, is the finest example, and one of the most recent.
Beguine, n. See Begwin.
begum' (bě-gumſ), v. t. ; pret. and pp. begummed,
ppr. begumming. [K be-1 + gum?..] To daub
or cover with gum, Swift. -
begum” (bé'gum), n. [Anglo-Ind., also bee-
gum, begawm, K #nd. began (cf. Pers. baigim,
a lady), K Turki bigim, a princess, fem. of big,
bik = Turk, beg, bey, a prince: see beyl.] A
princess or lady of high rank.
begun (bé-gunſ). Past participle and some-
times preterit of begin.
begunk (bé-gungk’), v. t. [Also spelled be-
gink, perhaps a nasalized variation of equiv.
Sc. begeck, q.v. See also remarkunder beflum.]
To befool; deceive; balk; jilt. [Scotch.]
Whose sweetheart has begunked him.
Blackwood's Mag., VIII. 426.
begunk (bé-gungk’), n. IK begunk, v.] An
illusion; a trick; a cheat. [Scotch.]
If I havena'gien Inchgrabbit and Jamie Howie a bonnie
begwnk, they ken themsel’s. Scott, Waverley, II. xxxv.
behad (bé-hăd’), a. [Contr. of Sc. *behald =
E. beholden.] Beholden; indebted. [Scotch.]
behalf (bé-häf'), m. [KME. behalve, bihalve, in
the phrase on (or upon, or im) behalve, in be-
half, incorrectly used for on halve (KAS. on
healfe, on the side or part of), owing to confu-
sion with M.E. behalve, behalven, behalves, adv.
and prep., by the side of, near, KAS. be healfe,
by the side: see be-2, byl, and half, n. Cf. be-
hoof.] 1. Advantage, benefit, interest, or de-
fense (of somebody or something).
In the behalf of his mistress's beauty. Sir P. Sidney.
I Was moved to speak in behalf of the absent.
Swmmer, Prison Discipline.
2+. Affair; cause; matter.
In an unjust behalf. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 3.
[Always governed by the preposition im, on,
or upon. See note under behoof.]–In this or
thºsehalf in respect of, or with regard to, this or that
Iſlä, '. -
behapf (bé-hap’), v. i. [K be-1 + hap1..] To hap-
pen.
behappen? (bé-hap'n), v. i. [K be-1 + happen,
appar. suggested by befall.] To happen.
That is the greatest shame, and foulest scorne,
Which unto any knight behappen may.
Spenser, F. Q., W. xi. 52.
behatef, v. t. [ME.; K be-1 + hate.] To hate;
detest. Chaucer.
behave (bé-hāv’), v.; pret. and pp. behaved,
ppr. behaving. [K late ME. behaven, restrain,
refl. behave (see first quot.), K be-1 + have
(which thus compounded took the full inflec-
tions (pret. rarely behad and irreg. beheft) and
developed reg. into the mod. pron. hav). The
word is formally identical with AS. behabban,
hold, surround, restrain (= OS. bihebbian, hold,
surround, = OHG. bihabān, MHG, behaben, hold,
take possession of), K be, about, + habban, have,
hold: see be-1 and have.] I. trans. 1+. To gov-
ern; manage; conduct; regulate.
To Florence they can hur kenne,
To lerne hur to behave hur among men.
Le Bome Florence, 1.1567.
He did behave his anger ere 'twas spent.
Shak., T. of A., iii. 5.
[The old editions read behoove in this passage.].
–2. With a reflexive º conduct,
comport, acquit, or demean. (a) In some speci-
fied way.
Those that behaved themselves manfully. 2 Mac. ii. 21.
We behaved not owrselves disorderly among you.
2 Thes, iii. 7.
(b) Absolutely, in a commendable or proper
way; well or properly: as, behave yourself; they
will not behave themselves.—3+. To employ or
Occupy.
Where ease abownds yt's eath to doe amis :
But who his limbs with labours, and his mynd
Behaves with cares, cannot so easy mis.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iii, 40,
behavior
II, intrans. [The reflexive pronoun omitted.]
To act in any relation; have or exhibit a mode
of action or conduct: used of persons, and also
of things having motion or operation. (a) In
a particular manner, as specified: as, to behave
well or ill; the ship behaves well.
But he was wiser and well beheft,
B. Jonson, Love's Welcome at Welbeck,
Electricity behaves like an incompressible fluid.
- Atkinson, tr. of Mascart and Joubert, I. 110.
(b) Absolutely, in a proper manner: as; why
do you not behave?
behaved (bé-hāvd’), p. a. Mannered; conduct-
ed: usually with some qualifying adverb: aS,
a well-behaved person.
Gather by him, as he is behav'd,
If 't be the affliction of his love, or no,
That thus he suffers for. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1.
Why, I take the French-behaved gentleman,
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, V. 2.
A very pretty behaved gentleman.
Sheridan, The Rivals, v. 1.
behavior, behaviour (bá-hăv’ygr), n. [The
latter spélling is usual in England; early mod.
E. behavoure, behavior, behavier, behaviour, be-
haver, behavor, behavour, K behave + -oure, -iour,
—ior, appar. in simulation of havior, haviour,
havour, var. of haver for aver, possession, hav-
ing (see aver?), of F. origin. In poetry some-
times havior, which may be taken as formed
directly from have; cf. Sc. have, behave, hav-
àngs, behavior.] 1. Manner of behaving, whe-
ther good or bad; conduct; mode of acting;
manners; deportment: sometimes, when used
absolutely, implying good breeding or proper
deportment. p
Some men's behaviour is like a verse wherein every syl-
lable is measured. -
Bacon, Essays, Of Ceremonies and Respects.
A gentleman that is very singular in his behaviour.
Steele.
2. Figuratively, the manner in which anything
acts or operates.
The behaviour of the nitrous salts of the amines is
worthy of attention. Austem-Pinner, Org. Chem., p. 46.
The phenomena of electricity and magnetism were re-
duced to the same category; and the behaviour of the
magnetic needle was assimilated to that of a needle sub-
jected to the influence of artificial electric currents.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol.
3+. The act of representing another person;
the manner in which one personates the char-
acter of another; representative character.
[Very rare, possibly unique. Knight, however, believes
that the word is used here in its natural sense, that is,
the manner of having or conducting One's self.]
Ring §, Now, say, Chatillon, what would France .
With us
Chat. Thus, after greeting, speaks the king of France,
In my behaviour, to the majesty,
The borrow'd majesty, of England here.
- hak., K. John, i. 1-
Behavior as heir (law Latin, gestio § haerede), in Scots
law, a passive title, by which an heir, by intromission with
his ancestor's heritage, incurs a universal liability for his
debts and obligations.—During #º behavior, as long
as one remains blameless in the discharge of one's duties
or the conduct of one's life: as, an office held during good
behavior; a convict is given certain privileges during good
behavior.—On one’s behavior or good behavior. (a)
Behaving or bound to behave with a regard to conven-
tional decorum and propriety. [Colloq.] (b) In a state of
gº liable to be called to account in case of mis-
COI) (IllCU,
Tyrants themselves are upon their behaviowr to a su-
perior power. Sir R. L'Estrange, Fables.
=Sym. 1. Carriage, Behavior, Conduct, Deportment, De-
7meanor, bearing, manner, manners, all denote primarily
outward manner or conduct, but naturally are freely ex-
tended to internal states or activities. Carriage, the way
of carrying one's self, may be mere physical attitude, or it
may be personal manners, as expressing states of mind :
we speak of a haughty or noble carriage, but not ordi-
marily of an ignoble, cringing, or base carriage. Behavior
is the most general expression of one's mode of acting ; it
also refers particularly to comparatively conspicuous ac-
tions and conduct. Conduct is more applicable to actions
viewed as connected into a course of life, especially to ac-
tions considered with reference to morality. Deportment
is especially behavior in the line of the proprieties or duties
of life: as, Mr. Turveydrop was a model of deportment;
the scholars' rank depends partly upon their deportment.
Demeanor is most used for manners as expressing charac-
ter; it is a more delicate word than the others, and is
generally used in a good sense. We may speak of lofty
or gracious carriage; good, bad, wise, foolish, modest, con-
ceited behavior; exemplary conduct; grand, modest, cor-
rect deportment; quiet, refined demeanor.
Nothing can be more delicate without being fantasti-
cal, nothing more firm and based in mature and sentiment,
than the courtship and mutual carriage of the Sexes [in
England). Emerson, Eng. Traits, p. 112.
Men's behaviour should be like their apparel, not too
strait or point-device, but free for exercise or motion. ..
Bacon, Essays, liii.
It is both more satisfactory and more safe to trust to
the conduct of a party than their professions.
Ames, Works, II, 214.
behavior
Even at dancing parties, where it would seem that the
É. of motion might do something to soften the rigid
osom of Venetian deportment, the poor *tº
separate after each dance. Howells, Venetian Life,
An elderly gentleman, large and portly and of remark- .
ably dignified demeanor, Paºlº slowly along.
jºr awthorne, Seven Gables, iv.
behead (bâ-hed"), v. t. [K ME. beheden, bihef-
äen, bihººden, ČAš. behalftiºn (TMHé, i.e.
houbeten; cf. G. ent-hauptén = D. on-thoofden),
behead, K be-, here priv., + hedfod, head: see
isi and head..] 1. To cut off the head of; kill
or execute by decapitation. -
Russell and Sidney were beheaded in defiance of law
and justice. Macaulay, Hist, Eng., ii.
2. Figuratively, to deprive of the head, top, or
º part of: as, to behead a statue or a
WOTC1.
beheading (bé-hed’ing), n. [Verbal n, of be-
head..] The act of cutting off the head; spe-
cifically, execution by decapitation.
In Dahomey there are frequent beheadings that the vic-
tims, going to the other world to serve the dead king, may
carry messages from his living descendant.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 141.
beheld (bé-held"). Preterit and past participle
of behold.
behellf (bé-hel'), v. t. [K be-1 + hell.] To tor-
ture as with pains of hell.
Did behell and rack him. Hewyt.
behemoth (bé-hē’mgth), n., [K Heb. bºhemóth,
§pa. pl. of excellénce, ‘great beast,” sing.
b'hémah, a beast, but supposed to be an adap-
tation of Egypt. p-ehe-mau, lit. water-ox.] An
animal mentioned in Job xl. 15–24; probably,
from the details given, a hippopotamus, but
sometimes taken for some other animal, or for
a type of the largest land-animals generally.
Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee, he eat-
eth grass as an OX. Job xl. 15.
* Behold in plaited mail
Behemoth rears his head.
jºr Thomson, Summer, 1. 710.
behen, benº (bě'hen, ben), n. [Also written be-
ken, been, appar., a corruption of Ar. bahman,
behmen, a kind of root, also the flower Rosa ca-
mima.] An old name of the bladder-campion,
Silene vulgaris. The behen-root of old pharmacists
is said to have been the root of Centawrea. Behem and of Li-
monium, Limoniwm, distinguished as white and red behem.
behest (bě-hest"), n. [K ME. behest, bihest, be-
heste, etc., with excrescent t, earlier behese, K
late AS. behās, a promise, vow (equiv. to behāt
= OHG. biheiz, a promise; cf. behight, m.), K be-
hātam, promise: see behight, v., and hest.] 1+. A
vow; a promise. Chaucer; Gower; Holland.—
2. A command; precept; mandate.
Where I have learn'd me to repent the sin
Of disobedient opposition 's
To you and your behests. Shak., R. and J., iv. 2.
He did not pause to parley nor protest,
But hastened to obey the Lord's behest.
Longfellow, Torquemada.
behest (bé-hest’), v. t. [K ME. behesten, prom-
ise, K beheste, a promise: see behest, n.] To
promise; vow.
behetet, v. A Middle English form of behight.
behewt, v. t. . [KME. behewen, hew about, carve,
K AS. behedivan, hew off, K be- (in AS. priv.)
i lawan, cut, hew.] To carve; adorn; embel-
1Sil.
Al with gold behewe. Chawcer, House of Fame, l. 1306.
behightt (bé-hitſ), v. [The common spelling
in Spenser and his contemporaries of both
present and preterit of ME. pres, inf. beheten,
regularly behotem, earlier behaten (pret, behight,
behighte, earlier beheht, behet, pp. behoten, later
behight), KAS. behātam (pret, behét, pp. ūshāien)
(= OHG. bihaizan, MHG. iº promise,
K be- + hatam, command, call: see be-1 and
hight2. The forms in ME. were confused, like
those of the simple verb. The proper sense of
behight is ‘promise’; the other senses (found
only in Spenser and contemporary archaists)
are forced, being in part taken from hight?..] I.
trams. 1. To promise; vow.
The trayteresse fals and ful of gyle,
That al behoteth and nothing halt.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, l. 621.
Behight by vow unto the chaste Minerve.
Swºrrey, Æneid, ii.
2. To call; name.
That Geauntesse Argante is behight.
- Spenser, F. Q., III. vii. 47.
3. To address.
Whom soone as he beheld he knew, and thus behight.
Spenser, F. Q., W. iv. 25.
4. To pronounce; declare to be.
Why of late
Didst thou behight me borne of English blood?
Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 64.
509
5. To mean; intend.
Words sometimes mean more than the heart behiteth.
& ſº º Mir. for Magg., p. 461.
6. To commit; intrust.
The keies are to thy hand behight.
ſº Spenger, F. Q., I, x. 50.
7. To adjudge.
There was it judged, by those worthie wights,
That Satyrane the first day best had donne : . . .
The second was to Triamond behight.
Spenger, F. Q., IV. v. 7.
8. To command; ordain,
So, taking courteous congé, he behight
Those gates to be unbar'd, and forth he went.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xi. 17.
II. intrans. To address one's self.
And lowly to her lowting thus behight.
- Spenser, F. Q., IV. ii. 23.
behight} (bé-hit'), n. [K behight, v. Cf. M.E. be-
het, behot, behat, KAS. behāt, a promise. See
behest..]. A promise; vow; pledge. Surrey.
behind (bé-hind'), adv. and prep. [K ME. be-
hinde, behinden, KAS. behindan (= OS. bihindan),
ady, and prep., behind, K be, by, -H hindan, adv.,
'behind, from behind, at the back: see be-2 and
hind?..] I, adv. 1. At the back of some person
or thing; in the rear: opposed to before.
So runn'st thou after that which flies from thee,
Whilst I thy babe chase thee afar behind.
g Shak., Sonnets, czliii.
2. Toward the back part; backward: as, to
look behind.
She that could think, and ne'er disclose her mind,
See suitors following, and not look behind.
Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
worse things, unheard, unseen, remain behind.
Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, i. 1.
3. Out of sight; not produced or exhibited to
view; in abeyance or reserve.
And fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of
Christ in my flesh. Col. i. 24.
We cannot be sure that there is no evidence behind.
Locke.
4. Remaining after some occurrence, action,
or operation: as, he departed and left us be-
hind.
Thou shalt live in this fair world behind.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
Where the bee can suck no honey, she leaves her sting
behind. Beau. and Fl., Prol. to Knight of Burning Pestle.
5. Past in the progress of time.
Forgetting those things which are behind. Phil. iii. 13.
6. In arrear; behind hand: as, he is behind in
his rent. -
So that ye come behind in no gift. 1 Cor. i. 7.
II. prep. 1. At the back or in the rear of, as
regards either the actual or the assumed front:
the opposite of before ; as, the valet stood be-
hind his master; crouching behind a tree.
Behind yon hills where Lugar flows.
wrms, My Nannie, O.
A tall Brabanter behind whom I stood.
Bp. Hall, Account of Himself.
The lion walk'd along
Behind some hedge.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 1094.
2. Figuratively, in a position or at a point not
so far advanced as ; in the rear of, as regards
progress, knowledge, development, etc.; not on
an equality with: as, behind the age; he is
behind the others in mathematics.
For I suppose I was not a whit behind the very chiefest
apostles. Cor. xi. 5.
In my devotion to the Union I hope I am behind no man
in the nation. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 99.
3. In existence or remaining after the removal
or disappearance of: as, he left a large family
behind him.
What he gave me to publish was but a small part of
what he left behind him. Pope.
Behind one's back. See back;1.—Behind the curtain.
See curtain.— Behind the Scenes. See Scene.—Behind
the times, not well informed as to current events; hold-
ing to older ideas and ways.-Behind time, later than
the proper or appointed time in doing anything. =Sym. Be-
hind, After. Behind relates primarily to position; after,
to time. When after notes position, it is less close or ex-
act than behind, and it means position in motion. To say
that men stood one after another in a line was once cor-
rect (see Chaucer, Knight's Tale, l. 901, “kneeled . . .
each after other”), but is not so now. They may come one
after another, that is, somewhat irregularly and apart;
they came one behind another, that is, close together,
one covering another. The distinction is similar to that
between beneath and below.
Out bounced a splendidly spotted creature of the cat
kind. Immediately behind him crept out his mate ; and
there they stood. P. Robinsom, Under the Sun, p. 144.
J On him they laid the cross, that he might bear it after
€SUlS.
behind hand (bé-hind’ hand), prep. phr. as adv.
or a. [K behind + hand; cf. beforehand.]. 1.
In the rear; in a backward state; not sufficient-
behither+ (bě-hipH^ér), prep.
beholden (bé-höl’dn), p. a.
beholder (bé-hôl ‘ dér), m.
beholding 1 (bé-hôl ‘ding), m.
*** * beholding2+ (bā-hôl’ding), a.
beholding
ly advanced; not equally advanced with some
other person or thing: as, behindhand in studies
or work.
And these thy offices,
So rarely kind, are as interpreters
of my behind-handsiackness.
Shak., W. T., v. 1.
Up, and all the morning within doors, beginning to set
my accounts in order from before this fire, I being behind-
hand with them ever since. Pepys, Diary, II. 480.
Nothing can exceed the evils of this spring. All agri-
cultural operations are at least a month behindhand.
- Sydney Smith, To Lady Holland.
2. Late; delayed beyond the propertime; be-
hind the time set or expected.
Government expeditions are generally behindhand.
Cornhill Mag., March, 1862.
3. In a state in which expenditure has gone
beyond income ; in a state in which means are
not adequate to the supply of wants; in arrear:
as, to be behindhand in one's circumstances;
you are behindhand with your payments.
Having run something behindhand in the world, he ob-
tained the favour of a certain lord to receive him into his
house. Swift, Tale of a Tub, ii.
4. Underhand; secret; clandestine. [Rare.]
Those behindhand and paltry manoeuvres which destroy
confidence between human beings and degrade the char-
acter of the statesman and the man.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xv.
g [K be-2 as in be-
gond, behind, etc., + hither.] On this side of.
Two miles behither Clifden.
Evelyn, Diary, July 23, 1679.
jºr
behold (bé-höld’), v.; pret. and pp. beheld, ppr.
beholding. [K ME. beholden, biholdam, bihalden,
hold, bind by obligation (in this sense only in
pp. beholden, beholde: see beholden), commonly
observe, see, K. A.S. behealdan, hold, keep, ob-
serve, see (= OS. bihaldan = OFries. bihalda
= D. behoudem = OHG. bihaltan, M.H.G. G. be-
halten, keep), K be- + healdan, hold, keep : see
be-1 and hold1. Other words combining the
senses ‘keep’ and “ look at ' are observe and
Tegard.] I. trans. 1+. To hold by; keep ; re-
tain.—2+. To hold; keep ; observe (a com-
mand).-3. To hold in view ; fix the eyes
upon; look at ; see with attention; observe
with care.
When he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived.
Nunn. xxi. 9.
Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of
the world. John i. 29.
=Syn. Observe, Witness, etc. (see see); look upon, con-
sider, eye, view, survey, contemplate, regard,
II. intrans. 1. To look; direct the eyes to
an object; view; see: in a physical sense.
Virginius gan upon the cherl beholde.
Chaucer, Doctor's Tale, l. 191.
And I beheld, and lo, in the midst of the throne .
stood a Lamb as it had been slain. Rev. v. 6.
2. To fix the attention upon an object; at-
tend: direct or fix the mind: in this sense used
chiefly in the imperative, being frequently little
more than an exclamation calling attention, or
expressive of Wonder, admiration, and the like.
Behold, I stand at the door and knock. Rev. iii. 20.
Prithee, see there ! behold / look lo!
* Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4.
3+. To feel obliged or bound.
For who would behold to geue counsell, if in counselling
there should be any perill?
J. Bremde, tr. of Quintus Curtius, iii.
[Formerly often
erroneously beholding; K ME. beholden, beholde,
prop. ppr. of behold, v.] Obliged; bound in
gratitude; indebted; held by obligation.
Little are we beholden to your love.
Shak., Rich. II., iv. 1.
We had classics of our own, without being beholden to
“insolent Greece or haughty Rome.”
Lamb, Christ's Hospital.
[K ME. beholder,
biholder, -ere; K behold + -erl.] . One who be-
holds; a spectator; one who looks upon or
SeeS,
Was this the face
That, like the sun, did make beholders wink?
Shak., Rich. II., iv. ...
[K M.E. behold-
gmge, bihaldunge; K beholden, behold.] The act
of looking at; gaze; view; sight.
The revenges we are bound to take upon your traitor-
ous father are not fit for your beholding.
Shak., Lear, iii. 7.
sy- , a... [Corrupt form of
beholden.] 1. Under obligation; obliged.
The stage is more beholding to love than the life of man.
Bacon, Love.
beholding
Oh, I thank you, I am much beholding to you.
Chapman, Blind Beggar.
It is in the power of every hand to destroy us, and we
are beholding unto every one we meet, he doth not kill us.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 44.
2. Attractive; fascinating.
When he saw me, I assure you, my beauty was not more
beholding to him than my harmony.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i. 50.
beholdingness (bé-höl’ding-nes), n. The state
of being beholden or under obligation to any
OL16.
Thank me, ye gods, with much beholdingnesse.
marke, I doe not curse you. Marston, Sophonisba, v. 2.
behoney (bé-hun'i), v. t. [K be-1 + homey.] To
cover or smear with honey; sweeten with honey,
or with honeyed words.
behoof (bé-höf'), m. [K ME. behöf (chiefly in
the dat. behove, with prep. to, til, or for), KAS.
*behöf, advantage (in deriv. behöflic, advantage-
ous, behéfe, useful, necessary, behöfian, behoove:
see behoove) (= OFries. behöf, bihôf = D. be-
hoef = MLG. behöf = MHG. billwof, G. behuf,
advantage, = Sw. behof = Dan. behov, need,
necessity; cf. Icel. hof, moderation, measure,
Goth. ga-hôbains, self-restraint), K “behebban
(pret. *behöf) = MHG. beheben, take, hold, K
be- + hebban, heave, raise, orig. take up, take :
see be-1 and heave. In the phrase in or on be-
hoof of, the word is confused with behalf.]
That which is advantageous to a person; be-
half; interest; advantage; profit; benefit.
Accordeth nought to the behove
Of resonable mannes use.
For
No mean recompense it brings
To your behoof. Milton, P. L., ii. 982.
Who wants the finer politic sense
To mask, tho' but in his own behoof,
With a glassy Smile his brutal scorn.
Tennyson, Maud, vi.
Is not, indeed, every man a student, and do not all things
exist for the student's behoof? JEmerson, Misc., p. 73.
[This word is probably never used as a nominative, being
regularly governed by one of the prepositions to, for, im,
or on, and limited by a possessive word or phrase. Behalf
is used similarly.]
lbehooffult, a.
hooveful.
behoovable (bé-hö’va-bl.), a. [K behoove +
-able.] Useful; profitable; needful; fit. Also
spelled behovable and behoveable. [Rare.]
All spiritual graces behoveable for our soul.
Book of Homilies, ii.
behoove (bé-höv'), v.; pret. and pp. behooved,
pr. behooving. [Also spelled, against analogy,
#. ; K ME. behoven, behofen, AS. behöfian,
need, be necessary (= OFries. bihôvia = D. be-
hoeven = MLG. behoven, LG. behobem, behöben =
G. behufen (obs.) = Sw, behöfna = Dan. behöve);
from the moun: see behoof. Cf. Icel. hoºfa, aim
at, hit, behoove, = Sw. höfðas, beseem. The
pret. behooved is worn down in Sc. to bud, bid:
see bid.] I. trans. 1. To be fit or meet for,
with respect to necessity, duty, or convenience;
be necessary for; become: now used only in
the third person singular with it as subject.
It behoves the high,
For their own sakes, to do things worthily.
B. Jomsom, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.
Indeed, it behoved him to keep on good terms with his
pupils. Irving, Sketch-Book.
He is sure of himself, and never needs to ask another
what in any crisis it behooves him to do. Emerson, War.
2}. To relate to the advantage of; concern the
well-being of: formerly used with a regular
Inominative.
If you know aught which does behove my knowledge
Thereof to be inform’d, imprison it not
In ignorant concealment. Shak., W. T., i. 2.
II.t intrans. To be necessary, suitable, or fit.
Sometime behooveth it to be counselled,
Chaucer, Melibeus.
He had all those endowments mightily at command
which are behoved in a scholar.
Bp. IIacket, Life of Abp. Williams, I. 39.
Also spelled behove.
behoover, n. An obsolete form (properly da-
tiye) of behoof.
behoovefulf (bé-höv'fül), a. [Prop., as in early
mod. E., behooſful, K ME. behoveful, K behof, be-
hoof, ---ful..] Needful; useful; fit; profitable;
advantageous.
Madam, we have cull'd such necessaries
A8 are behovºrul for our state to-morrow.
Shak., R. and J., iv. 3.
It may be most behooveful for princes, in matters of
grace, to transact the same publicly. Claremaon.
behoovefullyt (bé-höv'fül-i), adv. Usefully;
profitably; necessarily. *
The more correct form of be-
behung (bé-hung'), p. a.
1 + ; ), p
beild, m. and v. t.
beildy, a.
Gower, Conf. Amant., i. 15. bell (běn), a.
bein (běn), adv.
*r
being (bé’ing), m.
510
behornt (bå-hörn’), v, t.
[K be-1 + horn.] To
put horns on§ cuckold.
behotet, v. Same as behight.
behourd, n. [OF., also written behourt, behour,
bihow'r, bohotird, etc., “a juste or tourney of
many together with launces and batleaxes;
also a bustling or blustering noise” (Cotgrave);
K behourder, behourdir, “to just together with
launces,” K behourt, a iance. A variety of the
just practised in the thirteenth century, or, in
some cases, a variety of the tourney.
behovable, behoveable, a. See behoovable.
behove, v. Less correct spelling of behoove.
behovely, Q. PP. (mod. as if *behoofly): see
behoof and -ly 1.] Necessary; advantageous.
Chaucer.
behowl (bé-houl'), v. t. [K be-1 + howl.] To
howl at.
The wolf behowls the moon. Shak., M. N. D., v. 2.
[Pp. of *behang, not
used, K be- tang.] Draped; ornamented
with something hanging: as, a horse behwng
with trappings. [Rare.
beid-el-sar (bād-el-sår"), n. [Ar.] A plant used
in Africa as a remedy for various cutaneous
affections. It is the Calotropis procera, an asclepiada.
ceous shrub of tropical Africa and southern Asia. The
× Egyptians use the down of its seeds as tinder,
beige (bāzh), a.
- e. [F., K.It. bigio, gray: see bice.]
Having its natural color: said of a woolen fab-
ric made of undyed wool.
See bield.
See bieldy.
[Also been, bene, Sc. also bien,
... been, beene, bene; origin unknown. The
Icel, beinn, hospitable, lit. straight, is a different
word, the source of E. bain.1, ready, willing,
etc.; see bain]..]. 1. Wealthy; well to do: as,
a bein farmer; a bein body.—2. Well provided;
comfortable; cozy.
This is a gey bein place, and it's a comfort to hae sic a
corner to sit in in a bad day. Scott, Antiquary, II. xxiv.
[Now only Scotch.]
[Also bien; K bein, a..] Com-
[Scotch..]
I grudge a wee the great folks' gift,
That live sae bien and Snug.
Burns, Ep. to Davie, i.
[KME, beynge, byinge, verbal
m. of been, be..] 1. Existence in its most com-
prehensive sense, as opposed to non-existence;
existence, whether real or only in thought.—2.
In metaph., subsistence in a state not necessa-
rily amounting to actual existence; rudimentary
existence... But the word is used in different senses by
different philosophers. Hegel defines it as immediacy,
that is, the abstract character of the present. In its most
proper acceptation, it is the name given by philosophical
Teflection to that which is revealed in immediate con-
Sciousness independently of the distinction of subject and
object. It may also be defined, but with less precision, as
the abstract noun corresponding to the concrete class em-
bracing every object. Being is also used in philosophy in-
fluenced by Aristotle to signify the rudiment or germ of
existence, consisting in a nature, or principle of growth,
before actual existence. It is also frequently used to mean
actual existence, the complete preparation to produce ef-
fects on the senses and on other objects. Psychologically,
being may be defined as the objectification of consciousness,
though the distinction of subject from object logically
presupposes being.
Wee may well reject a Liturgie which had no being that
Wee can know of, but from the corruptest times.
Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst.
First, Thou madest things which should have being with-
out life. Bp. Hall, Contemplations, The Creation.
... Consider everything as not yet in being ; then consider
if it must needs have been at all. Bentley.
Our noisy years seem moments in the being
Of the eternal Silence.
Wordsworth, Ode to Immortality.
3. That which exists; anything that is: as,
inanimate beings.
What a sweet being is an honest mind |
Middleton (and others), The Widow, v. 1.
4. Life; conscious existence.
I will sing praises unto my God while I have any being.
Ps. cxlvi. 2,
I fetch my life and being
From men of royal siege. Shak., Othello, i. 2.
I felt and feel, tho' left alone,
His being working in mine own.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, lxxxv.
5. Lifetime; mortal existence.
Claudius, thou
Wast follower of his fortunes in his being.
Webster.
It is, as far as it relates to our present being, the great
end of education to raise ourselves above the vulgar.
Steele, Tatler, No. 69.
6. That which has life; a livingexistence, in con-
tradistinction to what is without life; acreature.
–7. A living; livelihood; means of subsistence.
fortably.
Beiram, n.
beistings, n. Sing. or pl.
beit (bět), v. t.
bejadet (bé-jād’), v. t. [K be-1 + jade1.] To
bº, (bě'jan), n.
bejapet (bé-jāp’), v. t.
Fº
bekiss
Spectator, No. 544. [Obsolete or Prov.Eng.]—
Accidental being, the being of an accident, mark, or
quality.— Actual being, complete, being; being really
brought to pass; actuality.—Being in itself, being apart
from the sentient consciousness; being per se.—Be Of
existence, historical being; existence.— Being per acci-
dens, being through something extraneous.— Be er
se, essential and necessary being-Connotative being,
a mode of being relative to something else.—Diminutó
being. See diminute.-Intentional or Spiritual being,
the being of that which is in the mind.—
what belongs to material bodies.—Natural being, tha
which belongs to things and persons.— Objective being,
an expression formerly applied to the mode of being of an
immediate object of thought, but in a modern writing it
would be understood to mean the being of a real thing,
existing independently of the mind. . See objective.—Po-
tential being, that which belongs to something which
satisfies the prerequisite conditions of existence, but is
not yet complete or an actual fact.— Pure being, in
metaph., the conception of being as such, that is, devoid
of all predicates; being of which nothing can be affirmed
except that it is.-Quidditative being, or being of es-
sence, that being that belongs to things before they exist,
in the bosom of the eternal.— Substantial being, the
being of a substance.—To differ by the whole of be.
ing. See differ.
being-place; (bé'ing-plas), n. A place to exist
in ; a state of existence.
Before this worlds great frame, in which al things
Are now containd, found any being-place.
Spenser, Heavenly Love, l. 23.
beinly (běn (li), adv. [K bein + -ly.]. Comforta:
bly; abundantly; happily; well. Also spelled
bienly. [Scotch.]
The children were likewise being apparelled.
- . Gilhaize, iii. 104.
beinness (běn’nes), n. [Also spelled bienness.
K bein, bien, +-ness.] Plenty; affluence; pros-
perousness; the state of being well off or well
to do. [Scotch..]
There was a prevailing air of comfort and bienness
about the people and their houses.
W. Black, Primeess of Thule, ii.
See Bairam.
See beestings.
[Sc.] Same as beet2.
tire.
Lest you bejade the good galloway. *
Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst.
[Sc., K. F. bejaune, K OF.
eqjawme, a novice, lit. a yellow-beak, i. e., a .
young bird, K bec, beak, + jawme, yellow, a
yellow beak being characteristic of young birds.
See beak.1 and jawndice.] A student of the
first or lowest class in the universities of St.
Andrews and Aberdeen, Scotland.
[ME.; K be-1 + jape.]
o trick; deceive.
Thou . . . hast byjaped here duk Theseus.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 727.
2. To laugh at ; make a mock of.
I shal byjaped ben a thousand tyme
More than that fool of whos folye men ryme.
Chaucer, Troilus, i. 532.
bejaundice (bā-jān (dis), v. t. [K be-1 + jaun-
dice.] To infect with the jaundice.
bejesuit (bé-jez’ū-it), v. t. [K be-1 + Jesuit.]
To infect or influence with Jesuitry.
Who hath so bejesuited us that we should trouble that
man with asking license to doe so worthy a deed?
Milton, Areopagitica, p. 54.
bejewel (bé-jö'el), v. t. [K be-1 + jewel..] To
provide or adorn with jewels.
Her bejewelled hands lay sprawling in her annber satin
lap. - Thackeray, Vanity Fair, I. xxi.
jºr
bejuco (bā-hö(kö), n. [Sp., K Taino bejuco.]
The general Spanish name for various lianes
or tall climbing plants of the tropics, such as
Bippocratea scandens, species of Calamus, etc.
The serpent-like bejuco winds his spiral fold on fold
Round the tall and stately ceiba till it withers in his hold.
Whittier, Slaves of Martinique.
bejumble (bé-jum"bl), v. t. [K be-1 + jumble.]
To throw into confusion; jumble. Ash.
bekah (bé’kä), m. [Heb.] An ancient Hebrew
unit of weight, equal to half a shekel, 7.08
grams, or 109+ grains. Ex. xxxviii. 26.
bekenlf, v. t. [ME. bekennen, bikennen; K be-1
+ kenl.] 1. To make known.—2. To deliver.
–3. To commit or commend to the care of.
The devil I bykemme him. º
Chaucer, Prol. to Pardoner's Tale, l. 6 (Harleian MS.).
beken?t, n. Same as behem. -
bekiss (bé-kis'), v. t. [K be-1 + kiss.] To kiss
repeatedly; cover with kisses. [Rare.]
She's sick of the young shepherd that bekissed her.
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2.
bekko-ware
bekko-ware (bek’6-wār), n., [K Jap. bekko, tor-
toise-shell (K Chinese kwei, tortoise, H- kia, ar-
mor), + ware?..] A yellow, brown-splashed
pottery made at Tsuboya, Japan, imitating tor-
toise-shell. In Japanese, bºtsukara.
beknave (bé-nāv'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. be-
knaved, ppr. belonaving. [K be-1 + ...}} TO
call (one) a knave. [Rare.]
The lawyer belºnaves the divine. Gay, Beggar's Opera.
beknight (bå-nit'), v. t. [K be-1 + knight.] 1.
To make a knight of. [Rare.]
The last beknighted booby. T. Hook,
2. To address as a knight, or by the title Sir.
beknit (bé-nit"), v. t. # be-1 + knit.] To knit;
girdle or encircle. -
Her filthy arms belcnit with snakes about.
Golding, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph. (Ord M.S.).
beknotted (bé-not'ed), a. [K be-1 + knotted.]
Emotted again and again; covered with knots.
beknottedness (bé-not' ed-nes), n. In math.,
the degree of complication of a knot; the num-
ber of times that it is necessary to pass One
part of the curve of the knot projected upon
a plane through another in order to untie the
knot.
beknowf (bé-nóſ), v. t. [K ME. beknowen, bi-
knowen, K beenāwan, know, K be- + cnāw-
an, know: see be-1 and know.] 1. To know;
recognize.—2. To acknowledge; own; con-
fess. Ayembyte of Inwyt (1340, ed. Morris).
For I dare not beknowe min owen name.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, l. 698.
bellf, a. [Early mod. E. also bell; K ME. bele,
bel-, K OF. (and mod. F.) bel, beau, fem. belle, K
L. bellus, fair, fine, beautiful: see beau, beauty,
bellº, etc.] 1. Fair; fine; beautiful.—2. [Lit.
fair, good, as in beauSire, fair sir, beaupere, good
father, used in F. and ME. to indicate indirect
or adopted secondary relationship; so in mod.
F. beau- as a formative in relation-names,
‘step-', ‘-in-law’; M.E. bel-, “grand-', as in bel-
dame, grandmother, belsire, grandfather, also
with purely E. names, belmoder, belfader, and
later belchild. Cf. Sc. and North. E. goodmother,
goodfather, etc., mother-in-law, father-in-law,
etc.] Grand-: a formative in relation-names,
as belsire, grandfather, beldam, grandmother,
etc. See etymology.
Bel? (bel), n. Same as Belus.
bel3 (bel), n. [Also written, less prop., bhel,
bael, repr. Hind. bel.] The East Indian name
of the Bengal quince-tree, Ægle Marmelos. See
AEgle, 1.
bela (bě’lā), n. [Hind.] The Hindustani name
of a species of jasmin, Jasminum Sambac, which
is often cultivated for its very fragrant flowers.
belabor, belabour (bé-lā’bgr), v. t. [K be-l
+ labor.] 1+. To work hard upon; ply dili-º
gently.
If the earth is belaboured with culture, it yieldeth corn.
Barrow, Works, III. xviii.
2. To beat soundly; thump.
They so cudgelled and belabored him bodily that he
might perhaps have lost his life in the encounter had he
not been protected by the more respectable portion of the
assembly. Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 545.
bel-accoilf, bel-accoylet (bel-a-koil’), n. [KOF.
bel acoil, fair welcome; see beii aftā accoil.]
Kindly greeting or reception. Spenser. .
belacel (bě-lâs"), v. t. [K be-1 + lace.] 1. To
fasten as with a lace or cord.— 2. To adorn
with lace.
When thou in thy bravest
And most belaced servitude dost strut,
Some newer fashion doth usurp.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, xvi. 10.
3+. To beat; whip. Wright.
belace?t, v. t. An error (by misprint or con-
fusion with belacel) in Bailey and subsequent
dictionaries for belage or belay. See belage.
belacedness (bě-lä’sed-nes), m. In math., the
number of times one branch of a lacing must
be passed through another to undo it.
beladie (bě-lā’dl), v. t. [K be-1 + ladle.] To
pour out with a ladle; ladle out.
The honest masters of the roast beladling the dripping.
Thackeray.
bºdy (bě-lā'di), v. t. ; pret. and pp. beladied,
ppr. beladying. TK be 1+ lady; cf. belord, be-
grace, beknight.] To address by the title Lady,
or the phrase “my lady.” -
belaget, v. [Either a misprint for belaye, belay,
or less prob, a phonetic variant of that word
, (M.E. beleggen, etc.): see belay.] Naut, to be-
lay. Phillips (1678); Kersey.
belam (bě-lam'), v. t. [K be-1 + lam.] To beat;
bang. Sherwood. [North. Eng.]
511
belamourt (bel'a-mêr), n. [Also bellamour, K
F. bel amour, lit. fair love: see bell and amour.]
1. A gallant; a consort.
Loe, loe how brave she decks her bounteous boure
With silkin curtens and gold coverletts,
Therein to Shrowd her sumptuous Belamoure.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 16.
2. An old name for a flower which cannot now
be identified.
Her Snowy browes, lyke budded Bellamoures.
Spenger, Sonnets, lxiv.
belamy! (bel’a-mi), n. [Early mod. E., also
bellamy, K.M.E. belamy, belami, K OF. bel ami,
fair friend: see bell and amy..] Good friend;
fair friend: used principally in address.
Thou belamy, thou pardoner, he seyde.
Chaucer, Prol. to Pardoner's Tale, 1. 32.
Nay, bellamy, thou bus [must] be smytte.
York Plays, p. 391.
His dearest Belamy. Spenger, F. Q., II. vii. 52.
belandre (bé-lan'dèr; F. pron. bā-lofidr"), n.
[F., K.D. bijlander, whence also E. bilander, q.v.]
A small flat-bottomed craft, used principally on
the rivers, canals, and roadsteads of France.
belate (bé-lāt"), v. t. [K be-1 + late.] To re-
tard; make late; benight.
The morn is young, quoth he,
A little time to old remembrance given
Will not belate us. Sowthey, Madoc, i. 10.
belated (bé-lā’ted), p. a. Coming or staying
too late; overtaken by lateness, especially at
night; benighted; delayed.
Faery elves,
Whose midnight revels, by a forest side,
Or fountain, some belated peasant sees.
Milton, P. L., i. 783.
Who were the parties? who inspected? who contested
this belated account? Burke, Nabob of Arcot's Debts.
belatedness (bé-lā’ted-nes), n. . [K belated, pp.
of belate, +-mess.] The state of being belated,
or of being too late; slowness; backwardness.
That you may see I am sometimes suspicious of myself,
and do take notice of a certain belatedness in me, I am
the bolder to send you some of my nightward thoughts.
Milton, Letter in Birch's Life.
belaud (bé-lād’), v. t. [K be-1 + laud.] To
load with praise; laud highly.
[Volumes] which were commended by divines from pul-
pits, and belauded all Europe over.
Thackeray, Virginians, xxvi.
belave (bé-lāv’), v. t. [K ME. bilaven, bathe, K
bi-, be- + laven, lave: see be-1 and lavel.] To
lave about; wash all over; Wash.
belawgivet (bé-lā’giv), v. t. [A, forced word,
used only in the passage from Milton, K be-1 +
*lawgive, assumed from lawgiver.] To give a
to.
The Holy One of Israel hath belawgiven his own people
with this very allowance. Milton, Divorce.
belay (bé-lā’), v. t. [K ME. beleggem, bileggen, K
AS. belecgan, lay upon, cover, charge (= D. be-
leggen, cover, overlay; as a naut. term, belay;
= OHG. bilegen, MHG. G. belegen), K be-, about,
around, by, + lecgan, lay. The naut, use is
perhaps due to the D. In the sense of ‘sur-
round,’ cf. beleaguer.] 1+. To surround; en-
viron; inclose.—2+. To overlay; adorn.
All in a woodman's jacket he was clad
Of Lincolne greene, belcyd with silver lace.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. ii. 5.
3t. To besiege; invest; surround.
Gaynst such strong castles needeth greater might
Then those small forts which ye were wont belay.
Spenser, Sonnets, xiv.
So when Arabian thieves belayed us round.
Sandys, Hymn to God.
4}. To lie in wait for in order to attack; hence,
to block up or obstruct.
The speedy horse all passages belay.
Dryden, AEmeid, ix.
5. Nawt., to fasten, or make fast, by winding
round a belaying-
pin, cleat, or cavel:
applied chiefly to
running rigging.
When we belayed the
halyards, there, Was nº -- Wº%
thing left but the bolt- *@#
rope.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before
[the Mast, p. 256.
belaying-bitt (bé-
lā'ing-bit), n. Any
bitt to which a rope
can be belayed.
belaying-pin (bé-lā'ing-pin), m. , Naut, a
wooden or iron pin to which running rigging
may be belayed.
Belaying-pins in rail, with ropes be-
layed on them.
beleave
belch (belch), v. . [Early mod. E., also belche,
bache, K ME. belchen, assibilated form of early
mod. E. and E. dial. (north.) belk, K ME. belkém,
KAS. baelcian, bealcian, also with added forma-
tive, bealcettan, belch, ejaculate; allied to balk.”
and bolk, all prob. ult. imitative: see belk, balk”,
bolk.] I. intrans. 1. To eject wind noisily from
the stomach through the mouth; eructate.
All radishes breed wind, . . . and provoke a man that
eateth them to belch. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xix. 5.
2. To issue out, as with eructation: as, “belch-
ſing flames,” Dryden.
... trans. 1. To throw or eject from the
stomach with violence; eruetate.
Belching raw gobbets from his maw.
ddison, Æneid, iii.
2. To eject violently from within; cast forth.
The gates, that now
Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame.
Milton, P. L., x. 232.
Though heaven drop sulphur, and hell belch out fire.
B. Jonson, Sejanus, ii. 2.
3. To ejaculate ; vent with vehemence: often
with out: as, to beich out blasphemies; to belch
out one's fury.
belch (belch), n. [K belch, v.] 1. The act of
throwing out from the stomach or from within;
eructation.—2+. A cant name for malt liquor,
from its causing belching.
A sudden reformation would follow among all sorts of
people; porters would no longer be drunk with belch.
Dennis.
belcherl (bel’chér), n. One who belches.
belcher? (bel’chér), n. [So called from an
English pugilist named Jim Belcher.] A neck-
erchief with darkish-blue ground and large
white spots with a dark-blue spot in the center
of each. [Slang.]
belchildt (bel’child), m.; pl. belchildren (-chii”-
dren). [K bel-, grand-, as in beldam, belsire,
etc. (see bell), + child.] A grandchild. -
To Thomas Doubledaye and Katherine his wife, my
daughter, a cowe. To their children, my belchildren, etc.
Will of 1564, quoted in N. and Q., 7th ser., III. 77.
beldam, beldame (bel'dam, -dām), m. . [K ME.
beldam, beldame, only in sense of grandmother
(correlative to belsire, grandfather), K.M.E. bel-,
grand-, as in belsire, etc. (see bell), + dame,
mother. The word was thus in E. use lit. ‘good
mother,’ used distinctively, for grandmother,
not as in F. belle dame, lit. fair lady: see bell,
belle, and dame.] 1+. Grandmother: corre-
sponding to belsire, grandfather : sometimes
applied to a great-grandmother.
To show the belaame daughters of her daughter.
Shak., Lucrece, l. 953.
2. An old woman in general, especially an ugly
old Woman; a hag.
Around the beldam, all erect they hang.
Our witches are no longer old
And wrinkled belolames, Satan-sold.
- Whittier, New-England Legend.
3+. [A forced use of the F. belle dame.] Fair
dame or lady. Spenser.
beleadt, v. t. [KME. beleden, KAS. beliedan, K be-
+ lådan, lead: see be-1 and lead1.] 1. To lead
away.—2. To lead; conduct.
beleaguer (bé-lè'gér), v. t. [K D. belegeren, be-
siege (= G. belagerm = Sw. belágra = Dan. be-
lacgre, also belejre, perhaps K. D. belegerem), K
be- + leger, a camp, encamping army, place to
lie down, a bed (= E. lair and layer = G. lager,
a camp, — Sw. läger, a bed, etc.): see be-1 and
leaguer, ledger, lair, layer, lager.] To besiege;
surround with an army so as to preclude es-
cape; blockade.
The Trojan camp, then beleaguered by Turnus and the
Latins. Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy.
Akemside.
=Syn. To invest, lay siege to, beset.
beleaguerer (bé-lè'gèr-èr), n.
leaguers or besieges; a besieger.
O'er the Walls
The wild beleaguerers broke, and, one by one,
The strongholds of the plain were forced.
Bryant, The Prairies.
beleaguerment (bé-lé’ gèr-ment), n. [K be-
leaguer + -ment.] The act of beleaguering, or
the state of being beleaguered.
Fair, fickle, courtly France, . . .
Shattered by hard beleaguerment, and wild ire,
That sacked and set her palaces on fire.
R. H. Stoddard, Guests of State.
beleavet (bé-lèv’), v. [K, ME. beleven, bileven,
etc., also by Syncope bleven, leave, intrans.
remain, KAS. beliefan, leave, K be- + läfan
leave; prop. the causal of belivel, q.v. See bei
and leavel..] I. trans. To leave behind; aban-
don; let go.
There was nothynge belefte,
One who be-
Gower, Conf. Amant., ii.

beleave
II. intrans. To remain; continue; stay.
Bot the lettres bilewed ful large upon plaster.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1549.
belection (be-lek’shgn), n. Same as bolection.
belecture (bě-lek’tür), v. t. [K be-1 + lecture.]
To vex with lectures: admonish persistently.
She now had somebody, or rather something, to lecture
and belecture as before. Savage, Reuben Medlicott, I. xvi.
beleel (bé-lè'), v. t. [K be-1 + leel.] . To place
on the lee, or in a position unfavorable to the
wind. [Rare.]
I . . . must be belee'd and calm'd
By debitor and creditor. Shak., Othello, i. 1.
belee2f, v. t. An apocopated form of beleeve, now
written believe.
Fool. Belee me, sir.
Chi. I would I could, sir! Fletcher, Mad Lover, v. 4.
beleftf. Preterit and past participle of beleave,
belemnite (be-lemºnit), m." [= F. belemnite, K
NL. belemnites, K. Gr. 88%guvov, poet. for BéWog,
a dart, missile (K 36%tv,
throw, cast), + -ites.] 1. A
straight, solid, tapering, dart-
shaped fossil, the internal
bone or shell of a molluscous
animal of the extinct family
Pelemnitidae, common in the
Chalk and Jurassic limestone.
Belemnites are popularly known as
arrow-heads or finger-stones, from
their shape ; also as thunderbolts
and thunder-stomes, from a belief as
to their origin. See Belemnitidae.
2. The animal to which such
a bone belonged.
Also called cerawmite.
Telemnitella (be - lem -ni-
tel’â), m. [NL., dim. of Be-
lemmites.] A genus of the
family Belemnitidae, charac-
terized by having a straight
fissure at the upper end of
the guard, on the ventral side
of the alveolus. The species
are all Cretaceous. -
Belemnites (bel-em-ni’těz),
m. [NL.: see belemnite.] The
typical genus of the family
JBelemnitidae.
belemnitic (bel-em-nit'ik), a.
Of or pertaining to a belem-
nite, or to the family to which it belongs: as, a
belemnitic animal; a belemnitic shell; belemnitic
deposits.
belemnitid (be-lemºni-tid), m. A cephalopod
of the family Belemnitidae.
Belemnitidae (bel-em-nitſi-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Belemnites + -idae.] A family of extinct di-
|branchiate cephalopods, having 10 arms near-
Belemnite, with re-
mains of the animal.
a, arms with hooks;
b, head; c, ink-bag;
a', phragmacone; e,
guard, or rostrum.
Belemnitids.
r, Bezem noteut/ is azteizuus, ventral side. 2, Belezºtztites oweſt?
(restored): A, guard; C, phraginacone; Z2, muscular tissue of man-
tle; F, respiratory orifice; /, /, uncinated arms; K, K, tentacula;
M, ink-bag. 3, Belemnite, British Museum.
ly equally developed and provided with hooks,
an internal shell terminated behind by a ros-
trum of variable form, and a well-developed
straight phragma cone. The species are numerous
in the Mesozoic geological formations, and especially in
the Cretaceous, and their remains are the cigar-like shells
familiar to most persons living in regions where the Cre-
taceous seas once existed. The skeleton consists of a sub-
cylindrical fibrous body called the rostrum or guard, which
is hollowed into a conical excavation called the alveolus,
in which is lodged the phragmacome. This consists of
a series of chambers, separated by septa perforated by
apertures for the passage of the siphuncle or infundibu-
lum. The pen of the common squid is the modern rep-
resentative, though on an inferior scale, of the ancient
512
belemnite. Some specimens have been found exhibiting
other points of their anatomy. Thus we learn that the
organs were inclosed in a mantle; that there were 10 arm-
like processes, 8 of them hooked at the end, called the un-
cinated arms, and 2 not uncinated, called the tentacula :
that the animal was furnished with an ink-bag, and that
its mouth was armed with mandibles. Among the known
enera are Belemmites, Belemmotewthis, Belemºnitella, and
iphotewthis.
elemnoid (be-lem" noid), a. [K belemn-ite +
-oid.] Like a belemnite.
beleper (bé-lep’ér), v. t. [K be-1 + leper.] To
infect with or as with leprosy.
Belepered all the clergy with a worse infection than Ge-
hazi's. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xiv.
bel esprit (bel es-pré'); pl. beaua, esprits (böz
es-pré'). [F., a fine spirit: see bell and esprit.]
A fine genius or man of wit.
Men who look up to me as a man of letters and a bel
esprit. rvvm.g.
belfried (bel’frid), a. LK belfry + -ed?..] Hav-
ing a belfry: as, a belfried tower.
belfry (bel’fri), n. ; pl. belfries (-friz). [Early
mod. E. also belfrey, belfery, belfrie, etc., KME.
belfray, earlier befray, berfrey, berfreid, ber-
Yeit, & O. befrai, befray, berfrei, berefreit,
erfroi, later belfrei, belefreit, belefroi, belfroi,
befroi, baffray, etc., mod. F. beffroi = It. battifre-
do, K ML. berefredus, berefridus, befredus, with
numerous variations, bel-, bil-, bal-, berté-,
balte-, bati-, butifredus, KMHG. bercurit, bergfrit,
berchfrit, berhfride, MD. bergfert, bergfrede (in
sense 1), lit. ‘protecting shelter,’ KOHG. ber-
gan, MHG. G. bergen (=AS. beorgan), cover,
protect, + OHG. fridu, MHG. fride, G. friede
= AS. frithu, frith, E, obs, frith, peace, Secu-
rity, shelter. The origin of the word was no
known, or felt, in Rom., and the forms varied;
the It. battifredo (after M.L. batifredus) simu-
lates battere, beat, strike (as an alarm-bell or
a clock), and the É. form (after M.L. belfredus)
simulates bell, whence the restriction in mod.
E. to a bell-tower. The same first element
also occurs in baimberg and hawberk ; the
second, with ac-
cent, in affray.]
1+. A movable
Wooden tower
used in the mid-
dle ages in at-
tacking fortified -
places. It consist- ſº
ed of several stages, § ºf
was mounted on § §
j §
wheels, and was gen- º #
erally covered with º: };
raw hides to protect º %ft
those under it from #
fire, boiling oil, etc. §
The lowermost story º g
sometimes sheltered ºft
a battering-ram ; the jś - º t
stories intermediate . ºtill \
between it and the ºščazzº
uppermost were fill- * sº
ed with bowmen, *:::::::::::::::
arbalisters, etc., to
gall the defenders;
while the uppermost
story was furnished
with a drawbridge to let down on the wall, over which
the storming party rushed to the assault.
2#. A stationary tower near a fortified place,
in which were stationed sentinels to watch the
surrounding country and give notice of the
approach of an enemy. It was furnished with a
Belfry used in the assault of a medieval
fortress. (From Viollet-le-Duc's "Dict. de
l'Architecture.”)
in Pisa, Italy: commonly called th
eaning Tower.
t Belgian º
belie
bell to give the alarm to the garrison, and also to sum-
mon the vassals of a feudal lord to his defense. This
circumstance helped the belief that the word was con-
nected with bell. *
3. Abell-tower, generally attached to a church
or other building, but sometimes standing apart
as an independent structure.
The same dusky walls
Of cold, gray stone,
The same cloisters and belfry and spire,
Longfellow, Golden Legend, ii.
4. That part of a steeple or other structure in
which a bell is hung; particularly, the frame
of timberwork which sustains the bell. See
cut under bell-gable.—5. Naut, the ornamen-
tal frame in which the ship's bell is hung.
[Eng.]–6. A shed used as a shelter for cattle
or for farm implements or produce. [Local,
Eng.]
belfry-owl (bel’fri-owl), n. A name, of the
barn-owl (which see), from its frequently nest-
ing in a belfry.
belfry-turret (bel’fri-tur"et), n. A turret at-
tached to an angle of a tower or belfry, to re-
ceive the stairs which give access to its upper
stories. Belfry-turrets are polygonal, square, or round
in external plan, but always round within for convenient
adaptation to winding stairs.
belgardt (bel-gård'), n. [KIt. bel guardo, loyely
look: see beli and guard, regard.] A kind look
or glance.
Upon her eyelids many Graces sate,
lunder the shadow of her even browes,
Working belgardes, and amorous retrate.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iii. 25.
a. and m. [See Belgic.] T.
a. Belonging to Belgium, a small country of
Europe, between France and Germany, for-
merly part of the Netherlands, erected into
an independent kingdom in 1830–31.—Belgian
blocks, nearly cubical blocks of granite, trap, or other
suitablé stone used for pavements.-Belgian syllables,
syllables applied to the musical scale by the Belgian Wael-
rant about 1550. Soe bobization and bocedization.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of the king-
dom of Belgium.
IBelgic (bel’jik), a. [KL. Belgicus, KBelgae.] 1.
Pertaining to the Belgae, who in Caesar's time
possessed the country bounded by the Rhine,
the Seine, the North Sea, the Strait of Dover,
and the English Channel. They were probably of
mixed Teutonic and Celtic origin. At the time of Caesar's
invasion tribes of Belgae were found in southern Britain,
whose connection with the continental Belgae is disputed.
2. Pertaining to Belgium.
Belgravian (bel-grä'vi-an), a. and n. I. a. Be-
longing to Belgravia, an aristocratic district of
London around Pimlico; hence, aristocratic ;
fashionable. Thackeray.
II. m. An inhabitant of Belgravia; an aris-
tocrat; a member of the upper classes. Thack-
eray.
13elial (bé'lial), m. [Early mod. E. also Belyall,
† Beijai, ºff. (invulgate) Belial, & Grºße.
Ata), K Heb. b'liya'al, used in the Old Testament
usually in phrases translated, in the English
version, “man of Belial,” “son of Belial,” as if
Belial were a proper name equiv. to Satan;
hence once in New Testament (Gr. Bežíap) as
an appellative of Satan (2 Cor. vi. 15). But the
IHeb. b'liya'al is a common noun, meaning worth-
lessness or wickedness; K b'li, without, + ya'al,
use, profit.] The spirit of evil personified;
the devil; Satan; in Milton, one of the fallen
angels, distinct from Satan.
What concord hath Christ with Belial 2 2 Cor. vi. 15.
Belial came last, than whom a spirit more lewd
Fell not from heaven. Milton, P. L., i. 490.
belibel (bé-li’bel), v. t. [K be-1 + libel.] To
libel or traduce.
Belideus (bé-lid'é-us), n. [NL.]. A genus of
small flying phalangers, of the family Phalamgis-
tidae; the sugar-squirrels. These little marsupials
resemble flying-squirrels in superficial appearance, havin
a large parachute, large naked ears, long bushy tail, an
very soft fur. There are several species, such as B. Scºw-
rews, B. ariel, and B. flaviventer, inhabiting Australia,
New Guinea, and some of the neighboring islands.
belielf (bé-li'), v. t. ; pret. belay, pp. belain,
ppr. belying. [K ME, belyen, beliggen, KAS. be-
liegan, bilicºſan (= OHG. biligan, jiào. biligen,
G, beliegen), K be-, about, by, + licgan, lie: See
be-1 and lié1, and cf. belay.]. To lie around;
encompass; especially, to lie around, as an
army; beleaguer.
belie? (bé-liſ), v. t. ; pret. and pp. belied, ppr.
belying. [K ME. belyen, beleogen, KAS. beledgan
(= ğic. biliaga = OHG. biliugan, M.H.G. be-
liegen, G. beligen), K., be-, about, by, + ledgan,
lie: see be-1 and lie2.] 1. To tell lies concern-
ing; calumniate by false reports.









belie
Thou dost belie him, Percy, thou dost belie him :
He never did encounter with Glendower.
Shak, 1 Hen. IV., i. 3.
Who is he that belies the blood and libels the fame of
his own ancestors?
D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834.
The clamor of liars belied in the hubbub of lies,
Tennyson, Maud, iv. 9.
2. To give the lie to ; show to be false; con-
tradict.
Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues.
Dryden
Novels (witness ev'ry month's review)
Belie their name, and offer nothing new.
Cowper, Retirement.
3. To act unworthily of; fail to equal or come
up to; disappoint: as, to belie one's hopes or
expectations.
Shall Hector, born to war, his jº yield,
Belie his courage, and forsake the field 3
Dryden, Hector and Androm., l, 109.
Tuscan Valerius by force o'ercame,
And not bely'd his mighty father's name.
- Dryden, AEneid.
4. To give a false representation of ; conceal
the true character of.
Queen. For heaven's sake, speak comfortable words.
York. Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts,
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 2.
5+. To fill with lies. [? Poss. a use of beliel.]
- 'Tis slander, . . . whose breath
Rides on the posting winds, and doth belie
All corners of the world. Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 4.
6t. To counterfeit; mimic; feign resemblance
to.
With dust, with horses' hoofs, that beat the ground,
And martial brass, belie the thunder's sound.
Yºr Dryden, Astraea Redux.
belief (bé-lèf'), n. [Early mod. E. beleef, be-
leeve, K ME. beleve, beleaſe, with prefix be- (as
in believe, q.v.), parallel with the earlier leve,
by apheresis for ileve, K.A.S. geledifa = OS. gi-
löbho = D. geloof = MLG. gelöve, gelöf = OHG.
gilowbo, M.H.G. geloube, G. glaube, masc., - Goth.
galaubeins, fem., belief, K galaubs, dear, valu-
able: see believe..] 1. Confidence reposed in
any person or thing; faith; trust: as, a child’s
belief in his parents.
To make the worthy Leonatus mad,
By wounding his belief in her renown.
Shak., Cymbeline, v. 5.
2. A conviction of the truth of a given proposi-
tion or an alleged fact, resting upon grounds
insufficient to constitute positive knowledge.
Knowledge is a state of mind which necessarily implies a
corresponding state of things; belief is a state of mind
merely, and does not necessarily involve a corresponding
state of things. But belief is sometimes used to include
the absolute conviction or certainty which accompanies
knowledge.
Neither do I labor for a greater esteem than may in
some little measure draw a belief from you, to do yourself
good, and not to grace me. hak, As you Like it, v.2.
Belief admits of all degrees, from the slightest suspicion
to the fullest assurance. Reid.
He [James Mill] uses the word belief as the most gen-
eral term for every species of conviction or assurance; the
assurance of what is before our eyes, as well as of that
which we only remember or expect; of what we know by
direct perception, as well as of what we accept on the
evidence of testimony or of reasoning. J. S. Mill.
By a singular freak of language we use the word belief
to designate both the least persistent and the most per-
sistent coherence among our states of consciousness, to
describe our state of mind with reference both to those
propositions of the truth of which we are least certain,
and to those of the truth of which we are most certain.
J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I, 61.
3. Persuasion of the truth of a proposition,
but with the consciousness that the positive
evidence for it is insufficient or wanting; espe-
cially, assurance of the truth of what rests
chiefly or solely upon authority. (a) In this sense,
the word sometimes implies that the proposition is ad-
mitted as only probable, (b) It sometimes implies that
the proposition is admitted as being so reasonable that it
needs no proof. (c) Sometimes used for religious faith.
IXnowledge and belief differ not only in degree but in
kind. Knowledge is a certainty founded upon insight;
belief is a certainty founded upon feeling. The one is
erspicuous and objective: the other is obscure and sub-
ective. Sir W. Hamilton, Lectures on Logic, xxvii.
One in whom persuasion and belief
Had ripened into faith, and faith become
A passionate intuition. Wordsworth, Excursion, iv.
They [women] persuade rather than convince, and value
belief rather as a source of consolation than as a faithful
expression of the reality of things.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 881.
4. That which is believed; an object of belief.
Superstitious prophecies are the belief of fools. Bacom.
We have but to read the accounts of the early beliefs of
mankind, or the present beliefs of savages and semi-cul-
tivated nations, to see how º a field pure fiction occu-
pies. 3. ii. Łºwes, Probs of Life ana'Mind, ii. iii. §7.
6. A creed; a formula embodyi
513
In the cathedrals, the po ular beliefs, hopes, fears, fan-
cies, and aspirations found expression and were perpet-
uated in a language intelligible to all.
C. E. Norton, Travel and Study in Italy, p. 105.
5. The whole body of tenets held by the pro-
fessors of any faith.
In the heat of persecution, to which the Christian belief
was subject, upon its first promulgation. Hooker.
The belief of Christianity is a belief in the beauty of holi-
ness; the creed of Hellas was a belief in the beauty of the
world and of mankind. Reary, Prim. Belief, iv.
the essential
doctrines of a religion or a church.
Ye ought to see them have their belief, to know the com-
mandments of God, to keep their holy-days, and not to
lose their time in idleness. º
=Syn. 1 and 2, Opinion, Conviction, etc. (see persuasion);
cregence; trust, credit, confidence.—4. Doctrine.
beliefful (bé-lèf'fül), a. [K ME. bileſful, K bileſ,
beleve, belief, ---ful. Cf. AS. geleſſful.] Hav-
ing belief or faith. Udall. [Rare.
belieffulness (bé-lèf'fill-nes), n. ...[K beliefful +
-ness.] The state of being beliefful. [Rare.]
The godly belieffulness of the heathen.
Udall, On Luke iv.
There is a hopefulness and a belieffulness, so to say, on
your side, which is a great compensation. Clough.
belier (bé-li’ér), n. IK belie2, v., + -erl.] One
who belies.
Foul-mouthed belier8 of the Christian faith.
Coleridge, Aids to Reflection, i. 89.
believability (bé-lè-va-bil’i-ti), n. [K believ-
able: see -bility.] Credibility; capability of
being believed. J. S. Mill.
believable (bé-lè'va-bl), a. [K believe + -able.]
Capable of being believed; credible.
That he sinn'd, is not believable.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
lºyableness (bě-lé’va-bl-nes), m. Credi-
ty.
believe (bé-lèv’), v.; pret. and pp. believed, ppr.
believing... [Early mod. E. beleeve, KME, beleven,
bileven, bilefen, with prefix be- (as in belief, q.
v.), parallel with the earlier leven, by apheresis
for ileven, KAS. geliéfan, gelyfan, geléfan = OS.
gilóbhian = D. gelooven = MLG. gelöven = OHG.
gilouben, MHG. gelouben, glöuben, G. gleuben,
now glauben, - Goth. galaubjam, believe, lit.
hold dear or valuable or satisfactory, be pleased
with, K Goth. galaubs, dear, valuable (found only
in the special sense of ‘costly ’), K ga- (AS.,
etc., ge-), a generalizing prefix, + “laub, a form
(pret.) of the common Teut. root *lub, whence
also Goth. liwbs = AS. legf, E. lief, dear, AS.
lufu, E. love, etc.: see lief, leave2, love, liberal,
etc. I. intrams. 1. To have faith or confi-
dence. (a) As to a person, to have confidence in his
honesty, integrity, virtue, powers, ability, etc.; trust. (b)
As to a thing, to have faith in its existence, or in its genu-
ineness, efficacy, virtue, usefulness, soundness, and the
like ; credit its reality: as, to believe in ghosts; to believe
in the Bible, in manhood suffrage, in the ballot, in repub-
licanism, in education, etc.: usually with in or on (for-
merly also with to), rarely absolutely.
He saith unto the ruler of the synagogue, Be not afraid,
only believe. Mark v. 36.
2. To exercise trust or confidence; rely through
faith: generally with on.
And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and
thou shalt be saved, and thy house. Acts xvi. 31.
Amd many believed on him there. John x. 42.
To them gave he power to become the sons of God, even
to them that believe on his name. John i. 12.
3. To be persuaded of the truth of anything;
accept a doctrine, principle, system, etc., as
true, or as an object of faith: with in ; as, “I
believe in the Holy Ghost, the holy Catholic
Church, the communion of saints,” etc., Apos-
tles' Creed; to believe in Buddhism. See belief.
If you will consider the nature of man, you will find that
with him it always has been and still is true, that that
thing in all his inward or outward world which he sees
worthy of worship is essentially the thing in which he be-
lieves. Keary, Prim. Belief, i.
To make believe. See makel. t
II. trans. 1. To credit upon the ground of
authority, testimony, argument, or any other
ground than complete demonstration; accept
as true; give credence to. See belief.
We know what rests upon reason; we believe what rests
upon authority. Sir W. Hamilton.
Our senses are sceptics, and believe only the impression
of the moment. Emerson, Farming.
We may believe what goes beyond our experience, only
when it is inferred from that experience by the assump-
tion that what we do not know is like what we know.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 210.
Who knows not what to believe
Since he sees nothing clear.
M. Arnold, Empedocles,
believing (bé-lè'ving), p. a.
belight (bé-lit"), v. t.
ºft, up; illuminate.
beli
belime (bé-lim"), v. t.
Bo.
beli
belittlement (bé-lit’l-ment), m.
belive1+, v. i.
belive
2. To give credence to (a person making a
statement, anything said, etc.).
Lo, I come unto thee in a thick cloud, that the people
may hear wheni speak with thee, and believe theeforever.
Ex. xix. 9.
You are now bound to believe him. Shak., C. of E., v. 1.
3. To expect or hope with confidence ; trust.
[Archaic.]
I had fainted unless I had believed to see the goodness
of the Lord in the land of the living. Ps. xxvii. 13.
4. To be of opinion; think; understand : as,
I believe he has left the city.
They are, I believe, as high as most steeples in England.
Addisom, Travels in Italy.
Latimer, Sermons, p. 14, believer (bé-lè’vér), n. [Early mod. E. beleever,
belever (not in ME. or AS.); K believe + -erl.]
1. One who believes; one who gives credit to
other evidence than that of personal know-
ledge; one who is firmly persuaded in his own
mind of the truth or existence of something :
as, a believer in ghosts.
Johnson, incredulous on all other points, was a ready
believer in miracles and apparitions.
Macaulay, Von Ranke.
2. An adherent of a religious faith; in a more
restricted sense, a Christian; one who exercises
faith in Christ.
And believers were the more added to the Lord.
Acts V. 14.
3. In the early church, a baptized layman, in
contradistinction to the clergy on the one hand,
and to the catechumens, who were preparing
for baptism, on the other.
The name believer is here taken in a more strict sense
only for one order of Christians, the believing or bap-
tized laity. Bingham, Antiquities, I. iii. 1.
1. Having faith;
ready or disposed to believe or to exercise
faith.
Be not faithless, but believing. John xx. 27.
Now, God be prais'd that to believing souls
Gives light in darkness, comfort in despair.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
2. Of the number of those who are disciples.
And they that have believing masters, let them not de-
spise them, because they are brethren. 1 Tim. vi. 2.
believingly (bé-lèving-li), adv. In a believ-
ing manner; with belief: as, to receive a doc-
trine believingly.
[K be-1 + light 1.] To
Cowley. [Rare.]
e (bé-lik’), adv. [First in early mod. E.,
also written belyke, bylyke, also belikely, q.v.;
appar. of dial. Origin, K be, by, prep., + like,
likely, i. e., by what is likely; but perhaps a
reduction of an introductory phrase it may be
(or will be) like or likely. Cf. maybe and likely,
as similarly used.] Perhaps; probably. [Now
chiefly poetical.]
Then you, belike, suspect these noblemen
As guilty of Duke Humphrey's timeless death.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
Belike this is some new kind of subscription the gallants
U.SČ. B. Jomson, Every Man out of his Humour, iii. 2.
If he came in for a reckoning, belike it was for better
treat than mine. Scott.
belikely; (bé-lik’ li), adv. [See belike..] Prob-
ably.
Having belikely heard some better words of me than I
could deserve. Bp. IIall, Account of Himself.
[K be-1 + limel.] To
};"; or entangle with or as with bird-lime.
EHall.
kedness (bé-lingkt' nes), m. [K be-1 +
link1 + -ed.2 + -mess.] In math., the number of
times one branch of a link must be passed
through the other in order to undo it.
belittle (bé-lit'1), v. t. ; pret., and pp. belittled,
ppr. belittling. [First in U. S.; K be-1 + little.]
1. To make small or smaller; reduce in pro-
portion or extent. [Rare.]—2. To cause to
appear small; depreciate; lower in character or
importance; speak lightly or disparagingly of.
[K ºciet
-ment.] The act of belittling, or detracting
from the character or importance of a person
or thing.
A Systematic belittlement of the essential, and exaggera-
tion of the non-essential, in the story.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 370.
[ME. (rare), KAS. belifan (pret.
beläf, pl. belifon, pp. belifen) (= OS. bilibham =
QFries...bilita, bliga = D. blijven =OHG. biliban,
MHG. beliben, bliben, G. bleiben = Goth. bilei.
ban), remain, Kb6- + “lifan (pret. laf), remain.
Hence the causal beleave, q.v., now also obso-
lete : see leavel.] To remain.
33
belive
Thelive?}, adv., Orig. prep. phr.
dial, also written
beliff, K ME. belive, belyve, belife, bilife, blife,
blive, also bilifes, bilives, etc.; sometimes used
expletively; prop. , two words, be live, be life,
lit. by life, i.e., with life or activity; cf. alive
and lively.] 1. With speed; quickly; eagerly.
Rise, rise bylive,
And unto batteil doe your selves addresse.
Spenser, F. Q., II. viii. 18.
Thou schalte haue delyueraunce
Be-lywe at thi list. York Plays, p. 231.
2. Presently; ere long; by and by ; anon:
sometimes merely expletive.
Twenty swarm of bees,
Whilk all the summer hum about the hive,
And bring me wax and honey in bilive.
B. Jomson, Sad Shepherd, ii. 1.
Bely've the elder bairns come drapping im,
Bwrms, Cottar's Sat. Night,
[Obsolete in both senses, except in Scotch.]
belki (belk), v. t. [E. dial., K. M.E. belken, the
unassibilated form of belchen, belch : see belch,
and cf. balk”, bolk.] To belch; give vent to.
Till I might belke revenge upon his eyes.
Yºr Marston, Antonio and Mellida, II. i. 1.
bel11 (bel), m.
[Early mod. E. also bel, K ME.
bel, belle, KAS. belle (= D. bel = MLG. LG. belle;
cf. Icel, bjalla, KAS. belle), a bell. Perhaps con-
nected with bell?, v., roar.] 1. A hollow metal-
lic instrument, which gives forth a ringing
Sound, generally of a musical quality, when
struck with a clapper, hammer, or other appli-
ange. Its usual shape resembles that of an inverted cup
With a flaring rim. If the bell is sta-
tionary, it is often made saucer-
shaped, and in this case is commonly
termed a gong. Bells of this form are
generally used as call-bells or signal-
bells. Bells are made for many pur-
poses and in a great variety of forms
and sizes. They usually consist of an
alloy of copper and tin, called bell-
jº º Church-bells are
&nown to have been in use in Italy -
about A. D. 400, and in France in the 8 *::::::::
sixth century. The earlier bells were d’ºtoiº),
often four-sided, made of thin plates yoke; F, cannon, or
9f iron riveted together, The manu: ...dº?"º.
facture of the jargest and finest jºi....”
bells has been developed since the ' " " ' e
fifteenth century. The largest ever made is the great
bell of Moscow, called the Czar Kolokol, cast in 1733,
and computed to weigh about 440,000 pounds. It is about
19 feet in diameter and the same in height. It is sup-
posed never to have been hung, and is now used as a
chapel, having been raised in 1836 after lying half buried
since 1737, when a piece was broken out of its side in a ſire.
The largest bell in actual use weighs 128 tons, and is also
in Moscow. The bell of the Buddhist monastery Chi-on, in
Kioto, Japan, was cast in 1633, and weighs 125,000 catties
or Over 74 tons of 2,240 pounds each. Among the grea
[Now only E.
Bell called Czar Kolokol, in the Kremlin, Moscow.
French bells, the bourdom of Notre Dame, Paris, weighs
about 17 tons; the largest bell of Sens cathedral, 16 tons;
and that of Amiens cathedral, 11 tons. In England, the
“Big Ben " of Westminster weighs over 13 tons, but is
cracked ; the “Great Peter,” at York, 10 tons; and
the “Great Tom,” at Oxford, 7 tons. The new “Raiser-
glocke” of Cologne cathedral weighs 25 tons. For church-
bells made to be rung in unison, see chime. In heraldry,
the bells generally represented are hawks' bells, in shape
Iike a small sleigh-bell; a hawk represented with these
bells attached is said to be belled. When a bell of ordi-
nary form is used as a bearing, it is called church-bell for
distinction.
But what art thou that seyst this tale,
That werest on thyn hose a pale,
And on thy tipet such a belle?
Chaucer, House of Fame, l. 1841.
2. Anything in the form of a bell or compared
to a bell. Specifically—(a) A bell-shaped corolla of a
flower.
elyte, Sc. belife, belyve,
514
Where the bee sucks, there suck I;
In a cowslip's bell I lie. Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
(b) In arch., the plain echinus of a Corinthian or compo-
site capital, around which the foliage and volutes arear-
ranged. Also called basket, (c) The large end of a fun-
nel, or the end of a pipe, tube, or any musical instrument,
when its edge is turned out and enlarged so as to resem-
ble a bell. @ The strobile, cone, or catkin containing the
Seed of the hop. , (e) The pendulous dermal appendage
under the throat of the male moose, (f) In j
polyps, the umbrella or gelatinous disk,
... pl. A number of small bells in the form of
hawks' bells or sleigh-bells, fastened to a han-
dle and constituting a toy for amusing an in-
fant.—4. pl. Naut, the term employed on ship-
board, as o'clock is on shore, to denote the
divisions of daily time, from their being mark-
ed by bells, which are struck every half-hour.
The day, beginning at midnight, is divided into watches
of four hours each, except the watch from 4 to 8 P. M.
which is subdivided into two dog-watches. A full watc
thus consists of eight half-hours, and its progress is noted
by the number of strokes on the bell. For instance, 1
O'clock P. M. is equivalent to two bells in the afternoon
Watch; 3 o'clock, to six bells; 4 o'clock, to eight bells, etc.
=Angelus bell, Gabriel bellf, i.ady beii, a church.
bell rung to remind those within hearing to recite the
angelus. See angelus.-Ave bell, Aye Maria bell, or
Ave Mary bell. Same as angelus bell.
I could never hear the Ave Mary bell without an eleva-
tion, or think it a sufficient warrant because they erred
in one circumstance for me to err in all—that is, in si-
lence and dumb contempt. -
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 3.
Bell, book, and candle, a phrase popularly used in con-
nection with a mode of solemn excommunication for-
merly practised in the Roman Catholic Church. After
the formula had been read and the book closed, the assis-
tants cast the lighted candles they held in their hands
to the ground so as to extinguish them, and the bells
were rung together without order; the last two cere-
monies symbolized the disorder and going out of grace
in the souls of the persons excommunicated.— Blessed
or hallowed bell, in the Rom. Cath. Ch., a bell which has
received the solemn blessing of the church, in which the
bishop prays that its sound may avail to summon the
faithful, to excite their devotion, to drive away storms,
and that the powers of the air, hearing it, may tremble
and flee before the standard of the holy cross of the
Son of God engraved upon it, etc.— Elevation or Sanc-
tus bell, in the Rom. Cath. Ch., a bell rung during the
celebration of mass to give notification of the more solemn
portions: now usually a small hand-bell, but in pre-
Reformation English churches a large bell often hung
in a bell-gable erected over the nave, immediately above
the entrance of the chancel, from which it was rung by
one of the acolytes. Oa;ford Glossary, p. 74.—In the
bell. (a) In flower. [Scotch..] (b) In seed, or having the
seed-capsules formed, as hops.-Mass bell, Same as
sacring bell.— Recording bell, a bell attached to a hand-
unch, or to an instrument of similar purpose, with which
ares collected, as by a conductor, etc., or moneys taken
in, as at a bar, are recorded.—Sacring bell, a bell Tung
during the celebration of the Roman Catholic mass, at
the elevation of the host, at the Sanctus, and at other
solemn services. When rung at the consecration it is
also called the Agmws bell ; at the time of the Sanctus
the Sanctus bell, etc. Also called saints' bell.—Saints
bell. Same as sacring bell. The term is a corrupted form
of Sanctus bell, but is no longer specifically restricted to
the bell rung at the Sanctus. The saints' bell is now a
small hand-bell Tung within the church, but formerly it
was sometimes a small church-bell suspended in a turret
outside the church and rung by a rope from within.
And it is said that his people would let their plough
rest when George Herbert's saints'-bell rang to prayers.
Walcott, Sacred Archaeology, p. 527.
Sanctus bell. See elevation bell.—To bear away (or
gain, etc.) the bell, to win the prize at a race. In for-
mer times a bell was a usual prize at a horse-race.
Here lyes the man whose horse did gaine
The bell in race on Salisbury plaim.
Camden, Epitaphes.
To bear the bell, to be the first or leader: in allusion
to the bell-wether of a flock, or the leading horse of a , See 06. f : 1.5
bella citył (be-las’i-ti)
team or drove, that wears a bell or bells on its collar.
Lat se which of you shal bere the belle
To speke of love. C
All that I'rance saved from the fight whence England bore
the bell. Browning, Hervé Riel.
To clamor bellst. See clamor.—To lose the bell, to
be worsted in contest.
In single fight he lost the bell.
Fairfaa, tr. of Tasso, xvii. 69.
To ring the bells backward. See backward.—To
ring the hallowed bell, to ring a bell consecrated by a
§ as was formerly done in the belief that its sound
ad virtue to disperse storms, drive away a pestilence or
devils, and extinguish fire.—To shake the bellst, to
move, or give notice or alarm: in allusion to the bells on
a falcon's neck, which when sounded alarmed its prey.
Neither the king, nor he that loves him best,
The proudest he that holds up Lancaster,
Dares stir a wing, if Warwick shake his bells.
Shale., 3 Hen. VI., i. 1.
To take one's bells, to take one's departure : from the
custom in falconry of attaching bells to a hawk's leg be-
fore letting it fly.
If ever for the Spring you do but sigh,
I take my bells.
Dekker and Ford, Sun's Darling, iii. 2.
belli (bel), v, [K belli, n.]...I., intrans. To pro-
duce bells; be in bell: said of hops when the
seed-vessels are forming. See belli, n., 2 (d).
Hops in the beginning of August bell. Mortimer,
bel12 (bel), v.
bel13 (bel), n.
bell3+, v. i.
bellá (bel), n.
bellá (bel), v. i.
haucer, Troilus, iii. 198. A Tendency to war; warlikeness.
In memory of the man but for whom had gone to wrack belladonna,
belladonna
II. trans. 1. To put a bellon.—2. To swell
or puff out into the shape of a bell.
Devices for belling out dresses, Mrs. Riddell.
To bell the cat, to grapple or cope with an adversary of
greatly superior power: a phrase derived from a well-
known fable, according to which the mice at one time re-
solved to put a bell on the cat to warn them of its ap-
roach; but after the resolution was passed, on inquiry
eing made, “Who will undertake it?” none was found
daring enough to do so.
[Early mod. E. also bel (dial.
also beal), K ME, belle, KAS. bellan, roar, bellow,
unt, - OHG. bellan, MHG. G. bellen, bark, =
cel. belja, bellow; perhaps connected, as the
orig, verb (cf. D. bellen, ring, MI.G. belien, pro-
claim loudly), with AS. belle, E. belli, q.v. Cf.
bellow, a later form parallel to bell?, v., and
see belk, belch, balk2, bolk, etc., a series of verbs
of similar form, assumed to be ult, imitative.
IHence prob, bulli..] I, intrans, 1+. To bellow;
I'O3. I’.
As loud as belleth wind in hell.
Chaucer, House of Fame, l. 1803.
Specifically—2. To bellow like a deer in rut-
ting-time.
The wild buck bells from ferny brake.
- Scott, Marmion, iv. 15.
Enjoining perfect silence, we crept from tree to tree with
stealthy pace and occasionally sweeping the opposite
brow of Hangerton with a deer glass to discover some of
the numerous harts which were belling and calling.
º Forest and Stream, XXIV. 449.
II, trans. To bellow forth. [Rare.]
e [K bell2, v.] The bellow of th
wild deer in rutting-time. i
In Ireland the deer-stalker has to put aside his rifle in
October. The first bell of the hart is a notice for him to
quit, so that these wild denizens of the woods may carry
on their courting at their leisure.
Forest and Stream, XXIV. 449.
[K ME. bellen § p. bollen), perhaps
(with loss of orig, ſº K AS. belgan §:
bolgen) = OHG. belgan, MHG. belgen = Icel.
“belgja, in pp. bālginn, swell (in AS. and OHG.
and MHG. also be angry). Cf. bell? and bel-
low, repr. parallel forms without and with an
orig. guttural. See boln1.] To swell up, like a
boil or beal.
Jesus . . . was pricked both with nail and thorn. It
neither wealed nor belled, rankled nor boned.
epys, Diary, III. 96. (N. E. D.)
[K late M.E. belle = D. bel, a
bubble; cf. OD. (M.D.) bellen, bubble; origin
uncertain, perhaps connected with E. beiß. Or
with L. bulla, a bubble: see bell3.J A bubble
formed in a liquid.
The twinkling of a fin, the rising of an air-bell.
Scott, Guy Mannering, xxvi.
Certain qualities of coloured glass are cast by ladling
the molten metal from huge pots. . . . By this ladling
numerous air bells are enclosed in the glass, but the cir-
cumstance does not affect the durability and usefulness
of the glass. B'ncyc. Brit., X. 663.
[K bellA, n.] To bubble.
[Scotch.] •
bellºt, a, "[Early mod. E. also bel, KME. bel, bele,
Ś OF...(mod. F.) bel, beau, m., belle, f.; = Sp. Pg.
It. bello, K L. bellus, fair, beautiful, fine. This
adj., the nearest representative of the L., ob-
tained a hold in E. chiefly in its deriv. beauty
(X beautiful, etc.), and some half-French uses:
bell, belle, beau, etc.] Fair; beautiful.
m. [K L. as if “bellaci-
ta(t-)s, K bellaa. (baiãº, warlike, K #: war.]
8, I’8.
(bel-a-don (#), n. [NL., K bella
donna, lit. beautiful lady (the berries of the
plant having been used by the Italian ladies as
a cosmetic): bella, fem. of bello, beautiful (see
belle); donna, K. L. domina, lady, fem. of domi-
N
§ N
º
Nº ºn a ºn
§
N
Belladonna (A tropa Belladonna).
a, flowering branch, with fruit; b, fruit, on larger scale.
nus, lord. Ult, a doublet of beldam, q.v.] A
plant, Atropa Belladonna, or deadly nightshade,



w
belladonna,
515
of the family Solanaceae, a native of central bell-cote (bel’köt), n. . In arch, an ornamental
and southern Europe. Áll parts of the plant are
poisonous, and depend for their pharmacodynamic prop-
erties on the alkaloid atropin. The plant and its alkaloid
are largely used in medicine to relieve pain, to check spasm
and excessive perspiration, and especially in surgery to di-
late the pupil and paralyze the accommodation of the eye,
bell-and-hopper (bel’and-hop’ér), n. A charg-
ing device on top of a blast-furnace. The bot-
tom of the hopper is closed from beneath by a bell-shaped
piece, which, when lowered, permits the ore to fall into
the stack.
bellandine (bel’an-din), n. [Sc.; cf. ballan,
a fight, combat.] "A quarrel; a squabble. Hogg.
bell-animal (bel’an’i-mal), n. Same as bell-
animalcule.
bell-animalcule (bel’an-i-mal/kül), n. The
usual English name of a peritrichous ciliated
infusorian, of the family Vorticellidae (which
see). See cut under Vorticella. Also called
bell-polyp.
bellarmine (bel’ār-min), n. [See def.] A large
stoneware jug with a capacious belly and nar-
row neck, decorated with the face of a bearded
man, originally designed as a caricature of Car-
' dinal Bellarmine, who made himself obnoxious
to the Protestant party in the Netherlands as
an opponent of the Reformation, in the end of
the sixteenth century and the early part of the
seventeenth.
Or like a larger jug that some men call
A Bellarmine. W. Cartwright, The Ordinary.
Large globular jugs, stamped in relief with a grotesque
bearded face and other ornaments, were one of the favour-
ite forms [in stoneware]. Such were called “greybeards”
or bellarmines, from the unpopular cardinal of that name,
of whom the bearded face was supposed to be a caricature.
Encyc. Brit., XIX. 631.
bellasombra-tree (bel-a-som/brä-tré), n. [K
Sp. bella, beautiful, H- sombra, shade.] A South
American tree, Phytolacca dioica, cultivated as
a shade-tree in Spain, Malta, and some of the
cities of India.
Ibellatrix (be-lā’triks), n. [L., fem. of bellator,
a warrior, K bellare, wage war, K bellum, war:
see bellicose, belligerent. In l it is the trans-
lation by the authors of the Alphonsine Tables
of the Ar. name Alnādshid, the real meaning of
which is doubtful.] 1. A very white glittering
star of the second magnitude, in the left shoul-
der of Orion. It is y Orionis.—2. In ornith., a
genus of humming-birds. Boie, 1831.
bell-bind (bel’bind), n. Another name of the
hedge-bells or hedge-bindweed of Europe, Con-
×volvulus sepium.
bell-bird (bel’bérd), n. 1. The arapunga.—2.
An Australian bird of the family Meliphagidae,
the Manorhina (or Myzantha) melanophrys, whose
notes resemble the sound of a bell.—3. Aus-
tralian piping crow, of the genus Strepera, as S.
graculina. Also called bell-magpie.
bell-bloomi, n. [Early mod. E. belle-blome.] An
old name of the daffodil. -
bell-bottle (bel’bot/l), n. Another name of one
of the two European plants called bluebell,
Scilla mutans. See bluebell.
bell-boy (bel’boi), m. A boy who answers a
bell; specifically, an employee in a hotel who
attends to the wants of guests in their rooms
when summoned by bell.
bell-buoy (bel’boi), n. See buoy.
bell-cage (belſkāj), n. A belfry.
bell-call (belſkål), m. Same as call-bell.
bell-canopy (beiºkanºpi), 7. A canopy-like
construction of wood or stone, designed to pro-
tect a bell and its fittings
from the weather.
bell-chamber (bel’chäm”-
ēr), n. The portion of
a tower, usually near its
summit, in which bells
are hung. It is commonly
constructed with large open-
ings on all sides, to permit the
sound of the bells to diffuse
itself without impediment.
bell-chuck (bel’chuk), n.
A bell-shaped lathe-
chuck, which, by means
of set-screws, holds the
#piece to be turned.
bell-cord (bel’kórd), n. A
cord attached to a bell;
specifically, a cord at-
tached to a bell on a
locomotive and running
through the cars of a
train, used by conductors
or brakemen in the United States and Canada.
to signal the engineer, -
-
|
:s
š.|
Harvard Col-
lege, Cambridge, Mass.
Bell-canopy
construction designed to contain one or two
bells, and often
crowned by a
small spire. The
bell-cote rests upon
a wall, and is some-
times supported by
corbels; but no
change is made on
account of its pres-
ence in the archi-
tectural disposition
of the lower parts
of the building.
See bell-turret. Also
written bell-cot.
bell-crank(belſ-
krangk), n. In
: y * º:
gular lever
which the #.
rection of mo-
tion is changed
through an an-
gle, and by which its velocity-
ratio and range may be altered
at .#: by making the arms
of different lengths. It is much em-
ployed in machinery, and is named from
the fact that it is the form of crank em-
ployed in changing the direction of the
wires of house-bells. F in the cut is the
center of motion about which the arms oscillate. See
also cut under cramk.
belle (bel), a. and n. [K F. belle, fem. of beau,
bel, K. L. bellus, beautiful: see bell, bellà.]
I. a. Beautiful; charming; fair.—Belle cheret.
[ME., KOF. belle chere : see belle and cheer.] Good enter-
tainment; good cheer.
Bele chere
That he hath had ful ofte tymes here.
Chaucer, Shipman's Tale, 1.409.
II., n. A fair lady; a handsome woman of
Society; a recognized or reigning beauty.
Where none admire, ’tis useless to excel;
Where none are beaux, 'tis vain to be a belle.
Lord Eyttelton, Beauty in the Country.
Beauty alone will not make the belle; the beauty must
be lit up by esprit.
Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 148.
belled (beld), p. a. Hung with bells; in her.,
having hawk-bells attached: said of a hawk
when used as a bearing.
bellelettrist. m. See belletrist.
belieric (belier'ik), n. [F. belléric, ult. & Ar.
balilaj, K Pers. balilah..] The astringent fruit of
Terminalia Bellerica, one of the fruits imported
from India, under the name of myrobalans, for
the use of calico-printers.
Bellerophon (be-ler'6-fon), n. [L., K. Gr. Bež-
Žepopów, also Be2%8popóvrmſ, a local hero of Cor-
inth, in Greek myth. the
slayer of the monster
Chimaera; K “BéWAepoc,
supposed to mean ‘mon-
ster,’ + -pôv, -ºpóvrmg,
slayer, K “pav, kill, akin
to E. banel, q.v.] An
extinct genus of gastro-
pods, typical of the fam-
ily Bellerophontidae. It is
one of the genera whose shells are very abundant in the
limestone beds of the Silurian, Devonian, and Carbonifer-
ous epochs.
bellerophontid (be-ler-5-fon’tid), n. [KBellero-
phontidae.] A gastropod of the family Bellero-
phontidae.
ellerophontidae (be-ler-3-fon’ti-dé), m. pl.
[NL., p Bellerophon(t-) + -idae.] An extinct
family of gastropods, typified by the genus Bel-
lerophon. The shell was symmetrically involute and
nautiliform, with the periphery carinated, sulcated, or
perforated, and notched or incised at the lip. The species
were numerous in the Paleozoic age. Their affinities are
uncertain. Formerly they were associated by most au-
thors with the heteropod Atlantidae, but they are now
generally approximated to the Plewrotomariidae, of the
order Rhipidoglossa.
belles-lettres (bel'let'r), m. pl. [F., lit. ‘fine
letters’ (like beaux-arts, fine arts): belie, fine,
beautiful; lettre, letter, pl. lettres, literature:
see belle and letter.] Polite or elegant litera-
ture: a word of somewhat indefinite applica-
tion, including poetry, fiction, and other imagi-
native literature, and the studies and criticism
connected therewith; literature regarded as a
form of fine art.
belletrist, bellelettrist (be-let 'rist), m. ... [K
belles-lettres + -ist.] One devoted to belles-
lettres,
bellettristic (bel-et-ris(tik), a. [K belle(s)-
lettr(es) + -ist + -ic; G. belletristisch.] Of, per-
taining to, or of the nature of belles-lettres.
Bell-cote.
Darnétal, near Rouen, Normandy.
Bell-crank.
Belleroghort expansits, Upper
ilurian, Britain.
bellicosely (bel’i-kös-li), adv.
bellied
Reviews of publications not purely belletristic or ephem.
eral in their nature areº written by professors.
J. M. Hart, German Universities, p. 273.
bell-flower (bel'flou’ér), n. 1. A common name
for the species of Campanula, from the shape
of the flower, which resembles a bell. See cut
under Campanula.-2. In some parts of Eng-
land, the daffodil, Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus.
—Autumn bell-flower, a species of gentian, Gentiana.
Pneumomanthe.
bell-founder (bel'foun"dēr), n. A man whose
occupation is to found or cast bells.
bell-foundry (bel'foun"dri), n. A place where
bells are founded or cast.
bell-gable (bel'ga/bl), n. 1. The continuation
upward of a portion of a wall terminated by a
small gable, and pierced to receive one or more
bells. Such a feature sometimes surmounts the
Bell-gable, Church of S. S. Annunziata, Florence.
apex of a church-gable.—2. Any gable when
the wall composing it is pierced for bells.
[Bell-gables of both varieties are not uncom-
mon in medieval architecture.]
bell-gamba (bel'gam"bă), n.
gamba (which see).
bell-gastrula (bel'gas”trö-lâ), m. In biol., the
original, primary palingenetic form of gas-
trula, according to the views of Haeckel: same
as archigastrula. See cut under gastrula.
bell-glass (bel'glás), m. A bell-shaped glass
vessel used to cover objects which require pro-
tection from variations of the atmosphere, dust,
and influences of like character, as delicate
plants, bric-à-brac, small works of art, clocks,
etc., or to hold gases in chemical operations.
bell-hanger (bel’hang’ér), n. One who hangs
and repairs bells.
bell-harp (bel'hārp), n. An old stringed in-
strument, consisting of a wooden box about
two feet long, containing a harp or lyre with
eight or more steel strings. The player twanged the
strings with the thumbs of both hands inserted through
holes in the box, meanwhile swinging the box from side
to side, like a bell.
bellibonet, n. [One of Spenser's words, appar.
K F. belle et bomme, beautiful and good. See
belle, bomme, and boom?..] A bonny lass.
bellict, bellicalt (bel’ik, -i-kal), a. [Also bel-
lique, K F. bellique, K L. bellicus, warlike, K
bellum, war.] Pertaining to war; warlike: as,
“bellique Caesar,” Feltham, Resolves, ii. 52.
bellicose (bel’i-kós), a. [K L. bellicosus, K bel-
lum, OL. duellum, war, orig. a combat between
two, K duo = E. two. Cf. duel.] Inclined or
tending to war; warlike; pugnacious: as, bel-
licose sentiments.
Arnold was in a bellicose vein. Irving.
I saw the bull always alert and bellicose, charging the
footmen, who pricked and baited, and enraged him with
their scarlet mantles.
C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 271.
In a bellicose
or warlike manner; pugnaciously.
Anything like rallying the nore bellicosely inclined of
the pilgrims would, under the circumstances, be out of
the question. O'Donovan, Merv, x.
bellicoust (bel’i-kus), a. [As bellicose, K L. bel-
licosus; or K. L. bellicus : see bellicose, bellic.]
Bellicose: as, “bellicous nations,” Sir T. Smith,
Commonwealth of Eng.
bellied (belºid), a. [K belly +-ed?..] 1. Having
a belly (of the kind indicated in composition):
as, big-bellied; pot-bellied.—2. In bot., ventri-
Cose; Swelling out in the middle.—3. in anat.,
Same as come-








bellied.
having a swelling fleshy part, or belly, as a
muscle.—4. Rounded; bulging.
When a raised handle . . . is used, the most rounded
or bellied side of the file should be applied to the work.
J. Rose, Pract. Machinist, p. 270.
belligeratet (be-lij'e-rät), v. i. [K L. bellige-
ratus, pp. of belligerare, wage war, K belliger,
waging war, K bellum, war, -- gerere, carry:
see gest, jest. Cf. belligerent.] To make war.
Cockeram.
belligerence (be-lij'e-rens), m. [K belligerent:
see -ence.] The act of carrying on war; war-
fare.
Merely diplomatic peace, which is honeycombed with
suspicion, . . . bristles with the apparatus and establish-
ments of war on a scale far beyond What was formerly
required for actual belligerence.
Gladstone, Gleanings, I. 67.
belligerency (be-lij'e-ren-si), n. [K belligerent:
see -ency.] Position or status as a belligerent;
the state of being actually engaged in war.
They were acting for a Government whose belligerency
had been recognized. Soley, Blockade and Cruisers, p. 224.
I cannot conceive of the existence of any neutral duties
when no war exists. Neutrality ea: vi termini implies
belligerency; and a breach of neutrality can only occur
with regard to a matter arising during a war.
M. A. Rev., CXXVII. 39.
belligerent (be-lij'e-rent), a. and m. [Earlier
belligerant, K.F. belligérant, K L. belligeran(t-)s,
#P. of belligerare, wage war: see belligerate.]
. a. 1. Warlike; given to waging war; char-
acterized by a tendency to wage or carry on war.
History teaches that the nations possessing the greatest
armaments have always been the most belligerent.
Summer, Orations, I. 97.
2. Of warlike character; constituting or tend-
ing to an infraction of peace: as, a belligerent
tone of debate.
Justice requires that we should commit no belligerent
act not founded in strict, right as sanctioned by public
law. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 167.
3. Actually engaged in war: as, the belligerent
bell-mouth (bel’mouth), m.
belimouth (bel'mouth), 4). t.
bell-mouthed (bel’moutht), a.
bell-nosed (belºnózd), a.
516
I staid up till the bell-man came by with his bell just
under my window as I was writing of this very line, and
cried, “Past one of the clock, and a cold, frosty, windy
morning.” - Pepys, Diary, I. 8.
bell-mare (bel’mar), n., A mare used by mule-
herders as an aid in keeping their herds to-
gether. The mules follow the bell-mare wher-
ever she goes. Also called madrina in the
originally Spanish parts of the United States.
bell-metal (belºmet/al), n. A variety of bronze,
an alloy of copper and tin, of which bells are
made. The proportions in which the two metals are
employed are variable. In some very large English bells
there is from 22 to 24 per cent. of tin and from 76 to 78 of
copper. Four parts of the latter metal to one of the for-
mer is said to be the proportion used in many of the lar-
gest bells. See bronze.—Bell-metal ore, a name by which
the mineral stamnite, or sulphid of tim, copper, and iron,
found in Cornwall, is frequently known, owing to its re-
Semblance in appearance to bell-metal or bronze.
bell-metronome (belºmet/rö-nöm), n. A met-
ronome provided with a bell that may be set to
strike after a given number of oscillations of
the pendulum, thus marking the beginning of
measures as well as the pulses within measures.
A mouthpiece ex-
panding like a bell.
A bellmouth may also have the form of the contracted
t
Encyc. Brit., XII. 463.
[K bell-mouth, n.]
To provide with a lººd mouthpiece;
shape like the mouth of a bell.
It is often desirable to bellmowth the ends of pipes.
Encyc. Brit., XII. 463.
1. Gradually
expanded at the mouth in the form of a bell.
His bell-mouth'd goblet makes me feel quite Danish,
Or Dutch, with thirst. Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 72.
2. Having a clear, ringing voice: said of a
hound.
Expanded at the
muzzle in the shape of a bell: said of firearms.
In blunderbusses the barrels are generally bell-mosed.
. Greene , Gun and its Development, p. 77.
Je
powers.-4. Pertaining to war, or to those en- bellon (bel'gn), a. [Origin unknown.] Lead-
in war: as, belligerent rights, etc.
*#" e e > / – 25 N. :
. m. A nation, power, or state carrying on Bellona (be-ló'nā), n.
war; also, a person engaged in fighting.
The position of neutrals in relation to belligerents is ex-
actly ascertained." London Times.
The possibility of intercourse in war depends on the
confidence which the belligerents repose in each other's
good faith; and this confidence, on the unchangeable sa-
credness of truth. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 249.
The rebel Poles had never risen to the rank of bellige-
Tents. Lowe, Bismarck, I. 309.
belligeroust (be-lij'e-rus), a. [K L. belliger,
waging war, K bellum, war, -H gerere, carry on.]
Same as belligerent. Bailey.
belling1 (bel’ing), n. [Verbal n. of belli, v.] In
submarine operations, the use of the diving-
bell. -
belling2 (bel’ing), n. IK ME. bellynge; verbal
m. of bell?, v.] Formerly, bellowing; in modern
use, the noise made by a deer in rutting-time.
bellipotent (be-lip ( Ö-tent), a... [K L. bellipo-
tem(t-)s, K bellum, war, + poten(t-)s, powerful:
see potent.] Powerful or mighty in war. Blount.
Rare.]
Hii. (bel'is), n. [L., K bellus, beautiful: see
bellb.] A small genus of annual or perennial
herbs of the family Asteraceae, indigenous to
the temperate and cold regions of the north-
ern hemisphere. The daisy, B. perennis, is abundant
in pastures and meadows of Europe, and is very common
in cultivation. See daisy. . Only one species, B, integ-
rifolia, the western daisy, is indigenous to North America.
bellitudeţ (bel’i-tūd), n. IK L. bellitudo, K bel-
lus, beautiful: see bellº.] Beauty of person;
loveliness; elegance; neatness. Cockeram.
bell-jar (bel'jār), n. A bell-shaped glass jar,
used by chemists, in physical laboratories, etc.,
for receiving a gas lighter than the atmosphere
or other medium in which it is plunged, and
for similar uses. It is a form of bell-glass.
bell-less (bel’les), a. [K bell! -H -less.] Having
no bell. Scott.
bell-magnet (bel’mag"net), n.
which a clapper is made to strike a bell by the
completion of an electric circuit.
bell-magpie (bel’mag"pi), m.
bird, 3.
bellman (bel’man), m. ; pl. bellmen (-men).
[Also written belman ; K bell! -H man.] 1. A
man who rings a bell; specifically, one em-
ployed to cry public notices and call attention
by ringing a bell; a town crier.—2. Formerly,
a night-watchman, part of whose duty it was
to call out the hours, the state of the weather,
and other information, as he passed.
Same as bell-
An alarm in *colloquially, bellowses, a double plural;
colic, or painters' colic.
[L., O.L. Duelloma, K bel-
lum, OL. duellum, war.] 1. In Rom. myth., the
goddess of War. Her temple stood in the Campus
Martius, without the walls, and was held to symbolize
enemies' territory. In it the Senate received foreign am-
bassadors and victorious generals entitled to a triumph.
2. [NL.] In ornith., a genus of humming-birds.
Mulsant and Verreaua, 1865.—3. [l. c.] [NL.]
In herpet., the specific name of a Snake, Pityo-
phis belloma.
bellonion (be-ló’ni-Qn), m. A musical instru-
ment, invented at Dresden in 1812, consisting
of twenty-four trumpets and two drums, which
were played by machinery.
bellow (bel’ö), v. [K ME. belowen, bellewen,
bellows-camera (bel’-
bellows-pump (bel' 62-pump), m.
be
bell-roof
3. for producing the current of air by which
6 #9. and reeds are sounded. It consists es:
sentially of an air-chamber
which can be alternately
expanded and contracted,
and a nozle by which the
current of air can be
directed. When the air-
chamber is expanded, air is
admitted through a valve
opening inward. The pres-
sure produced by the con-
traction of the air-cham-
ber closes this valve, and
leaves the nozle the only
available avenue of escape
for the air in the chamber.
Bellows are made in many
different forms, a usual one
being the small hand-bel-
lows, an ornamented ex-
ample of which is shown in
the cut, used for promoting
the combustion of a house-
fire. Bellows of great pow-
er, are called blowing-ma-
chimes, and are operated by
machinery driven by steam.
- dman’s bellows.
See . . blindman. — Hydro-
static bellows. See hy-
drostatic.
Bellows.-French, 17th century.
(From “L’Art pour Tous.”)
Öz-kam”g-rä), n. In
photog., a form of ex-
tensible camera in which the front and after
bodies are connected, for the sake of lightness
and economy of space when the camera is not
in use, by a folding tube or chamber made of
leather, rubber, or a similar light-proof mate-
rial. The tube is made to fold upon itself in the same
Way as the air-chamber of an accordion or of bellows of
the usual form; that is, it is made in a series of small
folds, each carried entirely around it in a direction per-
pendicular to its axis, and having their edges turned alter-
nately inward and outward. The edges of those folds which
are turned outward are usually stiffened by a wire frame.
When the tube is pulled out to its full extent, its walls are
flat; when it is contracted, it requires merely the space
taken up by the folds of its material. In use, the back of
a camera of this form can be fixed, by a screw or other
device, at any distance from the front or lens end, within
the limits of the contracted or expanded tube, that the fo–
cus of the lens or the particular work in hand may require.
bellows-fish (bel’öz-fish), n. 1. A local name
of the trumpet-fish, Macrorhamphosus scolo-
paw.—2. A name of sundry plectognath
fishes, of the suborder Gymnodontes and family
Tetrodontidae.—3. A local name in Rhode Is-
land of the angler, Lophius piscatorius. See cut
under angler.
A sort of
atmospheric pump, in which the valve is in,
the lower side of a bellows-chamber, while the
upper side performs the function of the piston.
iſºl (belſöz-sound), n. In pathol.,
an abnormal sound of the heart, resembling
belwen, bellow, low, K AS. bylgean (occurring the puffing of a small bellows.
only once), béllow (as a bull), appar. with bell-pepper (bel"pep"ér), n.
added formative and umlaut from the same
root as bollan, low, bellow, E. bell: see bell”.] yºgetable; Guinea pepper.
I. intrans. 1. To roar; make a hollow, loud bell-polyp (bel’pol’ip), n.
noise, as a bull, cow, or deer.
Jupiter
Became a bull, and bellow'd. Shak., W. T., iv. 3.
2. Of persons, to make any violent outcry; vo-
bell-
The fruit of Cap-
sicum grossum, much used for pickling and as a
Same as bell-ani-
'malcule.
ºil (bel’pill), n. The handle or knob by
which a bell attached to a wire or rope is rung,
as a door-bell.
ciferate; clamor: used in ridicule or contempt. bell-pump (bel’pump), n. A bell-shaped pump
This gentleman . . .
3. To roar, as the sea in a tempest, or as the
wind when violent; make a loud, hollow, con-
tinued sound.
Ever overhead
Bellow'd the tempest.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
II. trans. To utter in a loud deep voice; vo-
ciferate: generally with owt or forth.
To bellow out “Green pease” under my window.
º Smollett, Humphrey Clinker.
bellow (bel'6), n. IK bellow, v, i.] A roar, as
of a bull; a loud outcry.
bellower (bel’ô-ár), m. One who bellows.
bellows (bel'čz or -us), m, sing, and pl. º;
belowes, belwes, also belies, a bellows, prop.
pl. of belowe, belu, also bely, beli, a bellows, a
bag, the belly (same word as belly), KAS. ba’lg,
ballig, belg, belig, a bag, a bellows (earlier spe-
cifically blastbelig-Icel.blåströelgr; cf.D. blaas-
balg = Dam. blasebalg = Sw, blåsbalg = OHG.
blasbalg, G. blasebalg, lit. blast-bag; see blast):
see belly, of which bellows is a differentiated
lural.] An instrument or machine for pro-
#. a current of air: principally used for
blowing fire, either in private dwellings or in
forges, furnaces, mines, etc.; also used in or-
be
bel’ring"ér), n.
bell-roof (bel’röf), n.
is accustomed to roar and beliow - used in 9 eºning gas- and service-pipes.
so terribly loud . . . that he frightensus, Tatler, No. 54. bell-punch (bel’punch), n.
A hand-punch con-
taining a signal-bell, used for punching a hole
in a ticket, trip- -zºº
slip, etc., in or-
der to record
and call atten-
tion to the num-
ber of fares
taken.
ll-ringer
ºx. º
ſº
rº Fº
Żºłºś.
One whose
business is to
; a bell, espe-
cially a church-
bell or one of a - -
chime of bells; also, a performer with musical
hand-bells.-2. An automatic device upon a
locomotive for ringing the bell.—3. Mechanism
for ringing chimes by hand, by means of lever-
handles which are connected by wires with the
clappers or the axes of the bells, or by water-
power, compressed air, or steam operating in
various ways to accomplish the same object.
A roof shaped some-
what like a bell. Its figure is generated by
the revolution of an ogee curve about the
apex. See cut on next page.
Bell-punch.
A, combination lock ; , B, aperture in
which trip-slip or ticket is inserted ; C, door
inclosing bell; D, receptacle for counters.







bell-rope
bell-rope (bel’röm
%. Fº A. (i. © %
ringing a bell.—2.
A bell-cord.
bell-rose (bel’röz),
* A name, some-
times, used for the
daffodil, Narcissus
Pseudo-Narcissus.
bell-screw , (bel’-
skrö), n. A rod or
bar of iron with an
internally threaded tº
'bell-shaped end, for :*
recovering broken
or lost tools in a
deep bore-hole.
Bell's disease, finch. See disease, finch.
bell-shaped Čbel’shāpt), a. Having the form
of a bell, or of a somewhat deep vessel whose
lip turns out and then begins to turn in again;
specifically, in bot, campanulate. See cu
under Campanula.-Bell-shaped pa-
rabola, a divergent parabola having nei-
ther crunode nor cusp. Some geometri-
cians, without sufficient reason or author-
ity, rcstrict the name to those divergent
parabolas to which from some points of
the plane six real tangents can be drawn.—
e.bell-shaped parabola, one which
constitutes the entire real part of a cubic
curve of the sixth class.
bell-sound (bel’sound), n. . In aus-
cultation, a peculiar sound indica-
tive of pneumothorax. It may be
observed by º a small piece of
metal, as a coin, to the affected part of the
chest, and striking it with a second piece
When a clear, bell-like sound is heard
through the stethoscope applied in the
vicinity.
bell-telegraph (bel'tel/ē-gräf), n.
1. A telegraphic apparatus in which two dif-
ferently toned bells take the place of a vibrat-
ing needle in giving the signals.-2. An an-
nunciator; a fire- or burglar-alarm.
bell-tower (bel'tou’ér), n. A tower of any
kind built to contain one or more bells. See cut
under campanile.
The unsurpassed bell-
tower of the Duomo,
known and admired by
all men as the Campa-
nile of Giotto, [is] the
most splendid memorial
of the arts of Florence.
C. E. Norton, Church-
[building in Middle
[Ages, p. 222.
bell-trap (bel'trap),
2. A small stench- *
trap, usually fixed
oyer the waste-pipe , sº
of a sink or otherin-
let to a drain. The ºilà
ſoul air is prevented #|| |
from rising by an invert- ºft
ed cup or bell, the lips of
which dip into a cham-
berfilled with water sur-
rounding the top of the
ºf:
bell-turret (bel’-
tur"et), n. A turret
containing a bell-
chamber, and usu-
ally crowned with
a spire or other ornamental feature. In medie-
val architecture the lower part of such turrets is often
used as a staircase. A bell-turret is distinguished from
a bell-cote in that the former always appears upon the
ground-plan of the building to which it belongs.
Belluae (bel’īī-6), m. pl. [NL., fem. pl. of L.
bellua, prop, belia, a beast, particularly a large
beast.] In the Linnean system of classification
(1766), the fifth of the six orders of the class
Mammalia, containing hoofed quadrupeds with
incisors in both jaws, and consisting of the four
genera Equus, Hippopotamus, Sus, and Rhino-
CéroS. It is occasionally used in a modified sense, cor-
responding to some extent with the Pachydermata of
Cuvier, for the perissodactyl as distinguished from the
artiodactyl ungulates, though the Linnean Bellwoe in-
gººd representatives of both these suborders of Ungw-
attſ.
belluine (bel’īī-in), a. [K L. belluinus, prop, be-
lwimus, K bellua, prop, belwa, a beast.] 1+. Beast-
ly; pertaining to or characteristic of beasts;
brutal: as, “animal and bellwine life,” Bp. At-
terbury.—2. In 206l., of or pertaining to the
Bellwº.
bellum internecinum (bel'um in-têr-nē-si'-
num). [L.: bellum, war; internecińum, interne-
cine.] A murderous war; a war of mutual ex-
termination; war to the death.
Bell-roof.
Contemporaneous American.
Bell-shaped
Parabola.
Bell-turret.—Abbaye-aux-Hommes,
Caen, Normandy.
517
bell-wether (bel’wepH/ēr), n. [K ME. bel-
wether, belleweder; K belli +wether.] A wether
or sheep which leads the flock, usually carry-
ing a bell on its neck.
[As) a bell-wether [will] form the flock's connection
By tinkling sounds, when they go forth to victual;
Such is the sway of our great men o'er little.
- Byron, Don Juan, vii. 48.
bell-work (belºwérk), n. In mining, a system
of Working flat ironstone-beds by underground
excavations in the form of a bell around the
pits or shafts; also used on a grand scale in
working the salt-mines of Transylvania.
bellwort (belºwért), n. 1. A general name for
plants belonging to the family Campanulaceae.
-2. In the United States, a common name
for species of the genus Uvularia, spring flow-
ers of the family Melanthiaceae.
belly (bel’i), n. ; pl. bellies (-iz). [Early mod.
E. and E. dial. also bally,K ME. bely, beli, belly,
stomach, womb (in early ME. the body), also
a bellows (see bellows), KAS. belg, baºlg, bielg,
bylg (also baclig, belig, bylig, with intrusive i).
also balge, bylge, a bag, bell, pouch, purse, hull,
bellows, a bag of any kind, esp. of skin (=
OFries, balga = D. balg, skin, belly, = OHG.
balg, MHG. balc, G. balg, skin, case, bellows,
paunch, – Icel. belgr (whence perhaps böggr, a
bag, baggi, a bag, whence perhaps E. bagl) =
Sw. bālg=Dan. baelg, skin, case, pod, belly, bel-
lows, - Goth. balgs, a wine-skin, orig. a bag,
esp. of skin), K belgan (pret. bealg) (= OHG.
belgan), swell, swell up, be inflated. Cf. bellá.
and boln. Doublet (orig. pl.) bellows, q. v.
Similar forms are Gael. balg, bolg. = Ir. balg,
bolg, bag, belly, = W. bol, bola, boly, belly,
appar. an old Celtic word, X Lí. bulga, bag: See
bulge, bougel, budge2, etc.] 1. That part of the
human body which extends from the breast to
the groin, and contains the bowels; the part
of the trunk between the diaphragm and the
pelvis, considered as to its front and side walls
belly-boards (bel’i-bórdz), m. pl.
belly-brace (bel’i-brås), n.
belly-button (bel’i-but "n), n.
belly-
belly-cheeringt (bel’i-chèr”ing), n.
belly-timber
To belly out, in mining, to increase rapidly in dimen-
ºrsions: said of a lode.
belly-ache (bel’i-āk), n. Pain in the bowels;
the colic.
The belly-ache,
Caused by an inundation of pease-porridge.
Peaw. and Fl., Mons. Thomas.
belly-band (bel’i-band), n. 1. A band that goes
round the belly; specifically, a saddle-girth;
also, a band fastened to the shafts of a vehicle,
and passing under the belly of the animal draw:
ing it.—2. Nawt., a band of canvas placed
across a sail to strengthen it.
A kind of
and pine boards produced in Switzerland,
used for the sounding-boards of musical instru-
DOleIl
ts.
belly-bound (bel’i-bound), a. Constipated;
costive. [Vulgar.]
A cross-brace be-
tween the frames of a locomotive, stayed to the
boiler.
The navel.
[Colloq.]
heat (bel’i-chêt), n. IK belly -- cheat,
also spelled chete, a thing: see cheats.] An
apron or covering for the front of the person.
Beau. and Fl. [Old slang.]
belly-cheert (bel’i-chèr), n. Good cheer; meat
and drink; food. Elyot, Dict., 1559.
Bald-pate friars, whose summum bonum is in belly-cheer.
Marlowe.
Loaves and belly-cheer. Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst.
belly-cheerf (bel’i-chèr), v. i. To indulge in
belly-cheer; feast; revel.
Let them assemble in consistory, . . . and not . . . by
themselves to belly-cheer . . . or to promote designs to
abuse and gull the simple laity.
Milton, Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (Ord M.S.).
Feasting;
revelry.
Riotous banqueting and belly-cheering.
Udall, Prol. to Ephesians.
and its cavity and contents; the abdomen. See belly-churlf (bel’i-chèrl), n. A rustic glutton.
cut under abdomen.—2. The part of any animal
which corresponds to the human belly; the ab-
domen in general.
Underneath the belly of their steeds.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 3.
; The stomach with its adjuncts: as, a hungry
elly.
He would fain have filled his belly with the husks.
Luke xv. 16.
4+. The womb.-5. The fleshy part of a muscle,
as distinguished from its tendinous portion: as,
the anterior belly of the digastricus muscle.—
6. The hollow or interior of an inclosed place.
Out of the belly of hell cried I. Jonah ii. 2.
7. The part of anything which resembles the
belly in protuberance or cavity, as of a bottle,
a tool, a sail filled by the wind, a blast-furnace,
etc.
If you were to fall from aloft and be caught in the belly
of a sail, and thus saved from instant death, it would not
do to look at all disturbed.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 35.
Neither hollow nor swelling, called a belly, is made on
the flat part of the brick. C. T. Davis, Bricks, etc., p. 124.
8. In technol., the inner, lower, or front sur-
face or edge of anything. (a) In engraving, the
lower edge of a graver. (b) In locks, the lower edge of a
tumbler against which the bit of the key plays. (c) In
masonry, the batter of a wall. (d) In saddlery, a piece of
leather sometimes attached to the cantle or hind pommel
of a saddle to serve as a point of attachment for valise-
straps. (e) In ship-carp., the inside or concave side of a
piece of curved timber, the outside being termed the back.
(f) In carriage-making, the central part of the bed of an
axle. (g) In archery, the interior side of a bow, which is
concave when the bow is bent. See back of a bow, under
backl. (h) The widest part of the shaft of a blast-furnace.
(i) The middle or bulging part of a cask. Also called the belly-rail (bel’i-rāl), m.
bulge. (j) The unburnt side of a slab of cork. (k) A swell
on the under side of an iron bearer or girder. (2) The
upper plate of that part of a musical instrument, as a
violin, which is designed to increase its resonance; the
belly-doublett (bel’i-dub"let), m.
belly-fretting (bel’i-fret” ing), n.
belly-guy (bel’i-gi
belly-piece (bel’i-pés), m.
belly-pinched (bel’i-pincht), a.
belly-pipe (bel’i-pip), m.
Drayton. -
A doublet
made very long in front, and stuffed or bom-
basted so as to project somewhat, as in the
representation of Punch in English puppet-
shows. This fashion prevailed about 1585 and
after. See doublet.
Your arms crossed on your thin begº,
Shak., L. L. L., iii. 1.
1. The
chafing of a horse's belly with a fore-girth.—2.
A violent pain in a horse's belly, caused by
WOIII].S.
bellyful (bel’i-fúl), n. As much as fills the belly
(stomach) or satisfies the appetite; hence, a
great abundance; more than enough.
Every jack-slave has his belly-full of fighting, and I must
go up and down like a cock that no body can match.
Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 1.
belly-god (bel’i-god), n. One who makes a god
of his belly, that is, whose great business or
pleasure is to gratify his appetite; a glutton;
an epicure: as, “Apicius, a famous belly-god,”
Hakewill, Apology, p. 378.
}, m. Nawt., a tackle or guy,
attached half-way up a sheer-leg or spar need-
ing support in the middle. See belly-stay.
1+. The flesh cover-
ing the belly; hence, an apron.— 2. The piece
forming the belly of a violin, etc.
Pinched with
hunger; starved: as, “the belly-pinched wolf,”
Shak., Lear, iii. 1.
A flaring nozle for a
last-pipe in a blast-furnace.
1. In a pianoforte, a
transverse rail forming a portion of the main
body of the framing.—2. In railway engin., a
rail with a fin or web descending between the
sounding-board of a piano. In instruments of the violin flanges which rest on the ties.
class the bridge rests upon the belly. (m) In mining
mass of ore swelling out and occupying a large part of the
breadth of the lode.—Back and belly. See backl;
belly (bel’i), v.; pret. and pp. bellied, ppr. belly-
ing. [K belly, m.] I, trans. To fill; swell out.
Your breath of full consent bellied his sails.
Shak., T. and C., ii. 2.
Nor were they [the Pilgrim fathers] so wanting to them-
selves in faith as to burn their ship, but could see the fair
west wind belly the homeward sail, and then turn unre-
pining to grapple with the terrible Unknown.
Lowell, Introd. to Biglow Papers, 1st ser.
II, intrans. To swell and become protuber-
ant, like the belly; bulge out.
The bellying canvas strutted with the gale.
Dryden, Iliad, i. 654.
* belly-roll (bol’i-ról), m.
belly-slave (bel’i-slāv), m.
+ and banqueting.
belly-stay (bel’i-stä), m. Nawt., a tackle ap-
belly-timber (bel’i-tim” ber), n.
A roller of greater
diameter in the middle than at the ends, used
for rolling land between ridges or in hollows.
A person who is a
slave to his appetite.
Beastly belly-slaves, which, . . . not once, but continu-
ally, day and night, give themselves, wholly to bibbing
Homily against Gluttony.
plied from above half-mast down when the
mast requires support, as the belly-guy is ap-
plied from below. See belly-guy.
* Food; that
which supports the belly. [Formerly in serious
use, but now only humorous.]



belly-timber
Through deserts vast
And regions desolate they pass'd,
Where belly-timber, above ground
Or under, was not to be found.
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. i. 331.
belly-vengeance (bel’i-ven"jens), m. A name
º in Some parts of England to weak or sour
€6. I’.
belly-wash (bel’i-wosh), n. Any kind of drink
iſ: quality. [Vulgar.]
belly-worm (bel’i-werm), m. A worm that
breeds in the belly or stomach. Ray.
belock (bé-lok"), v. t. [K be-1 + lockl; not di-
rectly K ME. belowken, pp. beloken, K AS. beli-
can, pp. belocen, K be- + lucan, lock.] To lock,
or fasten as with a lock.
This is the hand which, with a vow’d contract,
Was fast belock'd, in thine. Shak., M. for M., v. 1.
Belodon (bel’º-don), m. [NL., KGr. 68%0ç, a dart,
+ 6óoig (böovt-) = E. tooth.] The typical genus
of crocodiles of the family Belodontidae, belong-
ing to the Triassic age, and including the oldest
known crocodilians, remains of which occur
|both in European and American formations. B.
lepturus, the largest species, attained a length
Of 10 feet.
belodontid (bel-5-don’tid), m. [K Belodontidae.]
A crocodilian reptile of the family Belodontidae.
Belodontidae (bel-º-don'ti-dé), m. pl... [NL., K
Belodon(t-) + -ida;,] A family of fossil pre-Cre-
taceous crocodiles, order Crocodilia. They have
amphicoelous vertebrae, pterygoids separate below, pos-
terior mares bounded by the palatimes, and external nos-
trils near the orbits on the upper part of the base of the
Snout.
belomancy (bel'3-man-si), n. . [K LGr. 3:30pav-
tia, K. Gr. 38%0ç, dart, arrow, -H pavreia, divina-
tion.] Akind of divination by means of arrows,
practised by the Scythians, Babylonians, Ara-
bians, and other ancient peoples. A number of
pointless arrows were variously marked and put into a bag
or quiver, and then drawn out at random; the marks or
words on the arrow drawn were taken as indications of
what was to happen. Thus, Ezek. xxi. 21 (revised version):
“For the king of Babylon stood at the parting of the way,
at the head of the two ways, to use divination : he shook
the arrows to and fro.”
The arrow-divination or belomancy here mentioned
[Ezek. xxi. 21) was done with pointless arrows marked
and drawn as lots. Encyc. Brit., XV. 201.
Belone (bel'é-nē), n. [L., & Gr. Beºwn, any
sharp point, a needle, K 3éWog, an arrow, dart,
any missile, K 36%Welv, throw.] A genus of
fishes remarkable for their slender and elon-
gated jaws, representing in some systems a
family Belonidas, in others referred to the Scom-
beresocidae; the garfishes.
belong (bé-lông'), v. i. [K ME. belongen (= D.
belangen, concern, = OHG. belangén, M.H.G. G.
belangen, reach to, attain, concern, affect; 3.SSO-
ciated with the adj., early ME. belong (= OS.
bilang = M.D. belamgh), equiv. to AS. gelang,
ME. ylong, ilong, along, long, mod. E. along?,
long3, belonging, along), K be-1 + longen, be-
long (there is no AS. belangian or “belang):
see along?, long?, long3.J 1. To go along with
anything, or accompany it as an adjunct Or at-
tribute; pertain; appertain; be a property (of);
be in the power or at the disposal (of). [In a
senses except 7 followed by to, or in the older
English by unto.] - -
Her hap was to light on a part of the field belonging
unto Boaz. Ruth ii. 3.
And David said unto him, To whom belongest thou?
g 1 Sam. XXX. 13.
To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgivenesses.
- Dan. ix. 9.
. careth for, the things that belong to the Lord.
1 Cor. vii. 32.
Most of the males, subject to him [the father of the
family] are really his children, but, even if they have not
sprung from him, they are subject to him, they form part
of his household, they (if a word coloured by later notions
be used) belong to him.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 87.
2. To be the concern or proper business (of);
appertain (to): as, it belongs to John Doe to
prove the title. -
To you it doth belong
Yourself to pardon of self-doing crime.
º Shak., Sonnets, lviii.
3. To be appendant (to); be connected (with);
be a special relation (to): as, a beam or rafter
belongs to such a frame, or to such a place in
the building.
He took them, and went aside privately into a desert
place belonging to the city called Bethsaida. Luke ix. 10.
4. To be suitable; be due.
Strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age.
Heb. W. 14
He . .
Hearing . . . thy beauty sounded,
º et not so deeply as to thee belongs,)
yself am mov'd to woo thee for my wife.
Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
belonging (bé-lóngºing), n.
belonid (bel’º-rid), n.
belord (bé-lórd’), v. t.
I
Belostoma (be-los’tó-mâ), m.
518
Sir, monuments and eulogy belong to the dead.
D. Webster, Speech, Bunker Hill.
5. To have a settled residence (in); be domi-
ciled (in); specifically, have a legal residence,
settlement, or inhabitancy (in), whether by
birth or operation of law, so as to be charge-
able upon the parish or town: said of a pau-
per, or one likely to become such.
Pastards also are settled in the parishes to which the
mothers belong. Blackstone, Com., I. xvi.
6. To be a native (of); have original residence
(in). -
There is no other country in the world to which the
gipsies could belong. - M. Raper.
7. To have its (or one's) proper place; be resi-
dent: as, this book belongs on the top shelf; I
belong here (in this house or town). . [U. S.]
[K belong + -īng1.]
That which belongs to one: used generally, if
not always, in the plural. (a) Qualities; endow.
ments; faculties.
Thyself and thy belongings
Are not thine own so proper, as to waste
Thyself upon thy virtues, they on thee.
hak., M. for M., i. 1.
(b) Property; possessions: as, “I carry all my belongings
with me,” Trollope. (c) Members of one's family or house-
hold; relations or dependants. [Humorous.]
When Lady Kew said, “sic volo, sic jubeo,” I promise
you few persons of her ladyship's belongings stopped, be-
fore they did her biddings, to ask her reasons.
Thackeray, Newcomes, xxxiii.
I have been trouble enough to my belongings in my day.
ickens, Bleak House, II. 103.
(d) Appendages.
The belongings to this Indian-looking robe.
Cornhill Mag.
[K Belonidae.] A fish
of the family Belonidae.
Belonidae (be-lon’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KBelone -F
-idae.] A family of fishes, represented by the
genus Belone, containing Symentognathi with an
Silver Garfish (Zylosurus zolariztus).
elongate stout body, oblong wide head flat-
tened above and terminating in long Stout
jaws, the upper of which is composed of the
coalesced intermaxillaries, supramaxillaries,
and facial bones, while the lower has an addi-
tional bone behind. The vertebrae have zygapophyses,
and the bones are generally green. The species are called
garpikes, garfish, or gars. The English species is a mem-
ber of the genus Belone, B. belone, but those of the
United States belong to the genus Tylosurus, of which
there are numerous species, as T. marimus, T. crassus,
T. eacilis, etc. -
belonite (bel'3-nit), n. IK Gr. 3e)óvn, any *
point, a needle (see Belone), + -ite?..] . A kin
of minute imperfect crystals, usually acicularin
form, sometimes dendritic, observed in glassy
volcanic rocks. The term is now limited to
such as exert no action on polarized light. . .
belonoid (bel' 3-noid), a. [K. Gr. 3620poetó%g,
needle-shaped, K fležávn, a needle (see Belone),
+ eiðog, form.] Resembling a bodkin or nee-
dle; styloid: applied to processes of bone.
Beloochee (be-lö’ché), n. Same as Baluchi.
Beloptera (be-lop"te-ră), n. [NL., K. Gr. BéWoç,
dart, + Trépov, wing.] 1. A genus of dibranchi-
ate cephalopods, with a wing-like expansion of
the sides of the shells.—2. [l. c.] Plural of
belopteron.
belopterid (be-lop’te-rid), n. [K Belopteridae.]
A cephalopod of the family Belopteridae.
Belopteridae (bel-op-ter’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Beloptera + -idae.] A family of dibranchiate
cephalopods, typified by the genus Beloptera,
closely related to the Belemnitidae, and by some
authors combined in the same family. The
species are extinct. -
biºteron (be-lop 'te-ron), n. ; pl. beloptera
(-rä). [NL., K. Gr. 86%0¢, a dart (see Belone),
+ Trépov, a wing.] The fossil s º – ... " ..."
internal bone of an extinct
cephalopod, somewhat like a
belemnite, but blunter and
having a wing-like projection
on each side.
[K be-1
+ lord.] 1. To apply the title
Lord to; address by the phrase
“my lord.”—2. To domineer
over. [Rare.
[NL., K. Gr. 3éWoç, a dart, +
otóua, mouth.] The typical sº
genus of heteropterous insects ( A:...Yaº;
of the family Belostomidae, for- #. &
Belostomidae (bel-os-tom’i-dé), m. pl.
beloutt (bé-lout'),
belovet (bé-luv'), v.
beloved (bé-luv'ed or -luvd’), p. a. and n.
below (bě-lö’), adv. and prep.
below
merly referred to the Nepidae. The º species
is B. grandis of South America, the great water-bug, at-
taining a length of 4 inches. B. americana inhabits the
Atlantic States of North America. A Chinese and Indian
species is B. indica.
[NL., K
Belostoma + -idae.] A family of heteropterous
insects, containing the largest living members
of the order Heteroptera. They are large, broad,
flat-bodied aquatic insects, with powerful swimming-legs
and curved fore tibiae, able to prey upon fish and other
aquatic animals of considerable size. There are about 12
genera, generally distributed in temperate and torrid re-
gions. The head is much narrower than the prothora
with prominent eyes, short 3-jointed rostrum, and shor
4-jointed antennae ; the prothorax is wide and trapezoi-
dal; the scutellum is large and triangular; the elytra are
distinguished into corium and membrane; and the body
ends in a pair of ligulate extensile appendages.
v. t. [K be-1 + lout..] To
call (a person) a “lout”; address or speak of
with contemptuous language.
Sieur Gaulard, when he heard a gentleman report that
at supper they had not only good cheer but also savoury
epigrams and fine anagrams, returning home, rated and
belowted his cook as an ignorant scullion, that never
dressed . . . him either epigrams or anagrams.
Camden, Remains.
[K ME. beloven, biluven (=
D, believen, please, gratify, = G. belieben, like,
wish, impers. please), love, K be-, bi-, + loven,
luven: see be-1 and love..] I. intrans. To please.
[Early Middle English.]
II. trans. 1. To be pleased with; - like.—2.
To love. [Little used except in the past parti-
ciple.]
If beauty were a string of silke, I would wear it about
my neck for a certain testimony that I belove it much.
Wodroephe, French and Eng. Grammar, p. 322.
K
ME. beloved, belwved, bilwved, pp.: see love.] ſ
p. a. Loved; greatly loved; dear to the heart.
This is my beloved Son. Mat. iii. 17.
Beloved of all, and dying ne'er forgot.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 307.
d II. m. One who is greatly loved; one very
€8.1°.
He giveth his beloved sleep. PS. cxxvii. 2.
[K ME. bilooghe
(found only once), adv., Kºbi, be, prep., by, +
loogh, logh, adv., low: see be-2 and low2. The
older form was alow ; cf. afore, before, ahind,
behind.] I. adv. 1. In or to a lower place or
level; beneath; downward from a higher point:
as, look below ; in the valley below.
Hear the rattling thunder far below. Wordsworth.
2. On the earth, as opposed to in the heavens.
The blessed spirits above rejoice at our happiness below.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 5.
3. In hell, or the regions of the dead: as, “the
realms below,” Dryden.—4. On a lower floor;
downstairs. -
Sir Anthony Absolute is below, inquiring for the captain.
heridan, The Rivals, iv. 1.
Hence—5. Naut, off duty: as, the watch below,
in contradistinction to the watch on deck.-6.
At a later point in a page or writing; further
on in the same part or division: as, particulars
are given below; see the statistics below.—7.
Lower down in a course or direction, as toward
the mouth of a river or harbor, etc.; as, the
vessel has just arrived from below.—8. In a
lower rank or grade: as, at the trial below, or
in the court below. *
II. £". 1. Under in place; beneath; not
so high as: as, below the knee.
The . . . dust below thy feet. . . Shak, Lear, v. 3.
All the abhorred births below crisp heaven
Whereon Hyperion's quickening fire doth shine.
- Shak., T. of A., iv. 3.
2. Lower than in position or direction; lower
down: as, he lives a little below our house, that
is, a little lower down the street, road, hill, etc.
The castle was now taken ; but the town below it was in
8TIlS. Irving, Granada, p. 32.
3. Lower thanin degree, amount, weight, price,
value, etc.—4. Later in time than. [Rare.]
The more eminent scholars which England produced be-
fore and even below the twelfth century, were educated in
our religious houses. T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, I. iii.
5. Inferior in rank, excellence, or dignity: as,
“one degree below kings,” Addison, Remarks
on Italy, Venice.—6. Too low to be worthy of ;
inferior to.
They beheld, with a just loathing and disdain, . . . how
below all history the persons and their actions were.
Milton.
The works of Petrarch were below both his genius and
his celebrity. Macawlay, Dante.
Below the salt. See salt. =Syn. Below, Under, Beneath.
Below, lower than the plane of ; whder, iower in the per-





below
endicular line of; beneath, close under: as, the sun sinks
elow the horizon; a *}. wnder a chair or tree, be-
neath a pile of rubbish. Under has often the sense of
beneath: as, “under whose wings,” Ruth it. 12. Compare
the º usé, of beneath in Ex. xxxii. 19– “Beneath the
mount.”
[A sail] that sinks with all we love below the verge.
Tennyson, Princess, iv.
Whereon a hundred stately beeches grew,
And here and there great hollies wºnder them.
Tennyson, Pelleas and Ettare.
Beneath the milk-white thorn that scents the ev'ning gale.
Burns, Cottar's Sat. Night.
Thelsire? (bel’sir), n. IK ME. belsire, lit. good
belswaggert (bel’swag'ér), n.
#8wag, sway.] A bully;
teſt (bei), i. 7
sire, K bel, fair, good, as a prefix, grand- (as in
icidam, q. v.), -- sire, & beaugire.] 1. A
grandfather: "correlative to beldam, grand-
mother.—2. An ancestor. Drayton.
[Perhaps for
belly-swagger, a form given by Ash, K belly +
* a pimp.
[K ME. belt, KAS. belt = OHG.
balz = Icel. belti = Sw. bälte = Dan. balte =
Ir, and Gael. balt, a
belt, a border; prob.
< L. balteus, a belt.]
1. A broad flat strip
or strap of leather or
other flexible mate-
rial, used to encircle
the waist; a gir-
dle; cincture; zone;
loand. Ordinarily it is
worn buckled Or hooked
tight to the waist, and in
allages it has been a com-
mon article of apparel,
both to keep the gar-
ments in place and to
support weapons, or a
purse, a writing-case, or
the like: it may be made
of any material. The mil-
itary belt of the middle
ages was sometimes com-
posed of small plates of
metal held to each other
by rings, was attached to
the armor, and, accord-
ing to the fashion of the
latter, was worn more
or less low, sometimes
resting below the hips
upon the skirt of plate-
armor. Sometimes the
sword was not secured
to the belt, which was
then rather a mark of
rank and dignity than a
necessary part of the
dress. (See 8word-belt and
baldric.) The broad bands supporting the bayonet-sheath
and cartridge-box, worn by infantry in Europe during the
century ending about 1850, were also called belts or cross-
belts. See girdle.
The shining belt with gold inlaid.
2. Any broad band or strip of leather or other
flexible material, designed to pass round any-
thing, with its ends joined. (a) In mach., a flexible
cord or band passing about the periphery of wheels, drums,
or pulleys, for the purpose of transmitting motion from
one to another. Belts are usually made of leather, but
india-rubber and gutta-percha are occasionally used; also
hempen cord, wire rope, and cords for small pulleys. See
belting. (b) In surg., a bandage or band used by surgeons
for various purposes. . . .
3. Any broad band or stripe or continuous
Military Belt, end of 14th century.
A, the belt, consisting of plates of
metal held together by .# or links
and supporting the sword by chains
secured to the scabbard: the .#.
is secured to the right side an sº
hind the hip in a similar way; B,
leather, girdle buckling around the
channel-shaped steel belt, to which
the braconnière is attached; C, brig-
antine, buckled at the left side; D,
braconnière of plates sliding one over
another; , E, a ring secured to the
brigantine from which a chain passes
to the barrel of the sword-hilt to pre-
vent it from falling if the hand lets it
o during combat. (From Viollet-le-
uc's “Dict. du Mobilier français.”)
broad line distinguished in color or otherwise
from adjacent objects, and encircling or ap-
pº, to encircle something. Specifically—(a)
n astrom., one of certain girdles or rings which surround
the planet Jupiter. (b) A broad band or stripe on the
earth's surface extending over or along a surface or re-
gion, and distinguished from it by difference of color, as-
pect, etc.; a tract or district long in proportion to its
breadth, and characterized by the presence, occurrence,
or absence of some marked physical or other peculiarity
or phenomenon: as, the oil belt; a belt of vegetation; the
corm belt, wheat belt, etc.; a belt of trees.
Pinks were gleaming in every direction through the
clumps and belts of the plantation. Lawrence.
You see green trees rising above the belt of sand.
×ities.
519
a belt connecting two pulleys and crossed between them,
, so as to cause them to revolve in opposite directions. Roll-
ers are placed between the belts, |
if necessary, to prevent rubbing.— §
Endless belt. See endless.—Hy- -tre+=f:
draulic belt. See hydraulic.— . . ºva |
Quarter-turn belt, a belt having Wº
a twist of 90°, used to transmit sº
motion between pulleys on shafts Quarter-turn Belt.
laced at right angles to each other; a quartering-belt.—
o hold the belt, to hold the championship in pugilism belt-shipper (belt'ship’ér), n.
belt-speeder (belt’spé"dēr), m.
or some other athletic exercise.
belt (belt), v. t. [K belt, n.] 1. To gird with a
belt; specifically, to invest with a distinctive
belt, as in knighting some one.—2. To fasten
or secure with a belt; gird: as, to belt on a
sword.—3. To encircle; surround as if with a
belt or girdle.
Belted with young children. Pe Quincey.
The general college of civilization that now belted the
Mediterranean. De Quincey, Herodotus.
Come from the woods that belt the gray hill-side.
Tennyson, Ode to Memory.
4. To strike with or as with a belt; strap; flog.
[Colloq.]
Beltane (bel’tán), n. [Also written Beltein and
Belten : K Gael. Bealltainm, Beilteine = Ir. Beal-
teine, Bealltaine, OIr. Belltaine, Beltene; usual-
ly explained as Beal's fire, K. “Beal, *Bial, an
alleged Celtic deity (by some writers patrioti-
cally identified with the Oriental Belus or Baal),
+ teine, fire. But the origin is quite unknown.]
1. The first day of May (old style); old May-
day, one of the four quarter-days (the others
being Lammas, Hallow-mass, and Candlemas)
anciently observed in Scotland.—2. An ancient
Celtic festival or anniversary formerly observed
on Beltane or May-day in Scotland, and in Ire-
land on June 21st. Bonfires were kindled on the hills,
all domestic fires having been previously extinguished, only
to be relighted from the embers of the Beltane fires. This
custom is supposed to derive its origin from the worship
of the Sun, or fire in general, which was formerly in vogue
among the Celts as well as among many other heathen
nations. The practice still survives in some remote local-
[Sometimes without a capital.]
belt-armor (belt’ār"mor), n. In a war-ship,
armor placed upon the sides along the water-
line.
belt-clamp (belt’klamp), n. An apparatus for
bringing together and holding in position the
ends of belts while they are being cemented,
laced, or coupled.
belt-clasp (belt’kläspy, n. A clasp for a belt;
lº º in mach., a device for connecting
the gºds of belting so as to make a continuous
'band.
belt-coupling (belt’kup"ling), n. In mach., a
device for connecting the ends of a belt. It is
a substitute for the ordinary method of lacing
them together with thongs of leather.
belt-cutter (belt’kut’ér), n. A tool or machine
Dryden. A for slitting tanned hides into strips for ºf
belted (belſted), p. a... [K, belt + -ed”.] ..
Wearing a belt; specifically, wearing a dis-
tinctive belt, as a knight.
A prince can mak a belted knight,
A marquis, duke, and a' that.
Burns, For A'That.
The melodramatic attitude of a general, belted and
plumed, with a glittering staff of officers at his orders.
De Quincey, Essenes, ii.
With puff’d cheek the belted hunter blew.
Tennyson, Palace of Art.
2. Marked or adorned with a band or circle:
as, a belted stalk; the belted kingfisher.—3.
Worn in the belt, or hanging from the belt:
said especially of a sword the sheath of which
is secured permanently to the belt.
Three men with belted brands. Scott.
He was dressed in his pontifical robes, with a belted
sword at his side. Prescott, Ferd, and Isa., ii. 21.
Belted plaid, the plaid worn by the Highlanders of Scot:
land in full military dress: so called from being kept tight
to the body by a belt: as, “wi' belted plaids and glittering
blades,” Alea’. Laing.
Beltein, Belten, n. See Beltané. .
belting (bel'ting), m. [K belt -H, -ing.], Belts
W. H. Russell. A colléctively oringeneral; the material of which
The proposed Nicaragua Canal has proved to lie within
the earthquake belt. Sci. Amer., N. S., LV. 64.
The manufacturers of this favored region have decidedly
the advantage of their less fortunate competitors away
from the gas belt. Jour. Franklin Inst., CXXI. 810.
(6) In masonry, a band or string-course, wn ©
4. That which restrains or confines like a gir-
dle.
He cannot buckle his distemper'd cause
Within the belt of rule. Shak., Macbeth, v. 2.
5. A disease among sheep.–Angular chain-
belt. See angular-Belt of Orion. See Orion and ell-
wand.— Black belt. See black.-Chain-belt, a chain
forming a bandor belt forconveying or transmitting power.
It is sometimes covered with piping, or overlaid with strips
of various materials to form around belt.—Crossed belt,
belts are made. See belt.— ar belting. See
angular.—Round belting, belting, usually made from a
#, which is rolled into a tubular form.—Scandi-
navian belting, a cotton cloth. Woven solid and treated
bei. Stockholm tar. E. H. Knight.
elt-lacing (belt’lā/sing), n. Leather, thongs
for lacing together the ends of a machine-belt
to make it continuous.
belt-pipe (belt’pip), m. In a steam-engine, a
steam-pipe surrounding the cylinder.
belt-rail (belt’rāl), m. A longitudinal strip or
guard of wood along the outside of a street-
car, beneath the Windows.-Belt-rail cap, a strip
of wood fastened to the top of a belt-rail and forming the
seat of the window-sill.
belt-saw (belt’sä), n. Same as band-saw.
belt-tool (belt’töl), n.
beluga (be-lô"gâ), m.
Belus (běſlus), m.
belvedered (bel-ve-dérd’), a.
belvedered
belt-screw (belt'skrö), n. A double clamping-
screw with broad, flat heads, used for joining
the ends of a belt.
belt-shifter (belt'shif'tër), n. A contrivance
for shifting a machine-belt from one pulley
to another, in order to stop or set in motion
certain parts of the machine, or to change the
motion. E. H. Knight.
A belt-shifter.
A contrivance
in a machine for transmitting varying rates
cf motion by means of a belt. It is much used
in spinning-machines to vary the rate of rotation of the
An idle or
independent pulley resting on a machine-belt,
and .# by its weight to keep the belt
stretched, thus securing better adhesion.
A combined cutter,
punch, awl, and nippers, used in making belts.
[K Russ. bieluga, K bieluń,
white; cf. Lith. balti, be white.] 1. The large
white sturgeon, Acipenser huso, from the roe of
which, sometimes weighing 800 pounds, caviar
or botargo is prepared. The fish is from 12 to 15 feet
in length, weighing in some cases 2,000 pounds or more.
Isinglass is prepared from its swim-bladder. tº
2. [cap.] [NL.] A generic name of the white
whales: a synonym of Delphinapterus. The only
species found in northern seas is B. arctica, leucas, or
albicans, which from its color is commonly called white
whale or whitefish. It is from 12 to 18 feet in length.
The tail is divided into two lobes, lying horizontally, and
there is no dorsal fin. In swimming, the animal bends its
tail under its body like a lobster, and thrusts itself along
with the rapidity of an arrow. It is found in the arctic
seas and rivers, and is caught for its oil and its skin. º
[L., K. Gr. Bºog, the tradi-
tional founder of Babylon; the Greek form of
Baal, q.v.] 1. The chief deity of the Baby-
lonians and Assyrians; Baal (which see). Also
Bel.—2. [NL.] A genus of weevils, of the
family Curculionidae.
3rspool as the cop increases in size.
belt-tightener (belt’tit’nér), n.
belute (bé-lüt"), v. t. ; pret, and pp. beluted, ppt.
[K be-1 + lute?, K. L. lutum, mud.]
beluting. [Rare.]
3.I'ê.
1. To cover or bespatter with mud.
Never was a Dr. Slop so belitted.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 9.
2. To coat with lute or cement of any kind.
belvedere (bel-ve-dérº, It. pron. bel-ve-dā’re),
m. [Also less correctly belvidere, K.It. belvedere,
lit. a, beautiful view, K bel, bello, beautiful, +
vedere, a view, K L. videre, see: see vision, view.]
1. In Italian arch., an upper story of a build-
ing, or a portion of such a story, open to the
Belvedere.— Palazzo Durazzo, Via Balbi, Genoa, Italy.
air, at least on one side, and frequently on all,
for the purpose of affording a view of the coun-
try and providing a place for enjoying the cool
evening breeze. The belvedere is sometimes a
sort of lantern or kiosk erected on the roof.
Here and there among the low roofs a lofty one with
round-topped dormer windows and a breezy, belvidere
looking out upon the plantations of coffee and indigo be-
yond the town. G. W. Cable, The Grandissimes, p. 220.
2. In France, a summer-house on an eminence
in a park or garden.
They build their palaces and belvederes
With musical water-works,
Webster, Devil's Law-Case, i. 1,
Provided with a
belvedere.
Gardened and belvedered villas.
G. W. Cable, The Grandissimes, p. 14.



Belvoisia
Belvoisia (bel-voi'si-á), n. [NL., named after
M. Beauvois, a French scientist.] A genus of
two-winged flies, of the
family Tachinidae, com-
prising numerous gen-
era, parasitic on other
insects. They are most diffi-
cult to distinguish on account
of the uniformity of their
somber colors and the simi-
larity of their structural
characters. The only ;
Of Belvoisia in the United
States is exceptional by the
beauty of its coloration, the third and fourth abdominal
joints being bright golden yellow, with only the hind bor-
ders black. It has been described as B. trifasciata (Fa-
bricius), and is parasitic on the green-striped maple-worm,
Anisota rubicwnda, and allied species,
belyet, v. t. An old spelling of beliel.
belyvet, adv. An old spelling of belivel.
Belzebub (bel’zé-bub), m. See Beelzebub.
bema (bé’mâ), m.; pl. bemata (-ma-tá). . [Gr.
Ajjua, a step, a stage, platform, K 3aivety (V*3a),
go, - E. come, g. v.] 1. In Gr. antiq., a stage
or kind of pulpit on which speakers stood when
addressing an assembly.
If a man could be admitted as an orator, as a regular
demagogus, from the popular bema, or hustings, in that
case he obtained a hearing. De Quincey, Style, iv.
2. In the Gr. Church, the sanctuary or chan-
cel; the inclosed space surrounding the altar.
It is the part of an Oriental church furthest from the front
or main entrance, originally and usually raised above the
level of the nave. The holy table (the altar) stands in its
center, and behind this, near or skirting the rear wall of the
apse, is the synthromws, or seat for the bishop and clergy.
Belvoisia trifasciata, natu-
ral size.
-
*
Bema.--Typical plan of Byzantine Church, St. Theodore, Athens.
A D, bema; B E and B" E", parabemata (B E, prothesis; B' B',
diaconicon); C, altar; D, apse ; E, AE , secondary apses; A F, icono-
stasis; G, dome and choir; //, nave ; / I’, antiparabemata ; 9.5, 9
narthex ; K, chief entrance; L., South porch; M, holy doors, or dwar
folding doors, with amphithyra.
An architectural screen (iconostasis) with a curtain (amphi-
thyra) at its doors, or, as was the case especially in early
times, a curtain only, separates the bema from the bódy
of the church. On either side of the bema are the para-
bemata, called respectively the prothesis and the diacomi-
com. These regularly communicate with the bema, and
in poor churches often have little more than an indication
of separation from it. Rubrically they are often counted
as part of the bema.
The Jewish type, which, if anywhere, prevails in the
Eastern Church, requires a fourfold division ; the Holy
of Holies answering to the bema, the Holy Place to the
choir, the Court of the Jews to the nave, and that of the
Gentiles to the narthex.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 177.
3. A step; a rough measure of length employed
|by the Greeks and Macedonians when stadia
were paced off, and not merely estimated by
shouting. It was considered to be 2 feet, which for this
purpose are practically identical with English feet. In a
late form of the Philetaereian (i. e., Pergamenian) system
it became as exact measure 24 feet; but these feet were
of the Babylonian cubit, so that the bema was 0.888 meter,
according to Lepsius. In the later Jewish system, "the
bema appears as two royal cubits, or 1,054 meters,
bemadf (bě-mad'), v. t. [K be-1 + mad.] To
make mad.
The patriarch herein did bewitch and bemad Godfrey.
Fuller, Holy War, ii. 5.
bemangle (bé-mang'gl), v. t. [Kb6-1 + mangle!..]
To mangle; tear asunder. Beaumont. [Rare.]
bemartyr (bé-mâr’tēr), v. t. [K be-1 + martyr.]
To put to death as a martyr. Fuller.
bemask (bé-mäsk’), v. t. [K be-1 + mask.] To
mask; conceal. Shelton.
bemata, m. Plural of bema.
bematist (bé'ma-tist), n. [K Gr. 37/lattorff,
one who measures by paces, K 67Haríčew, mea-
sure by paces, K Bijua(T-), a step, pace.]
official road-measurer under Alexander the
Great and the Ptolemies. See bema, 3.
bematter (bé-mat’ér), v. t. ... [K be-1 + matter.]
To smear or cover with matter. Swift.
bemaul (bé-mâl’), v. t. [K be-1 + maul.] To
maul or beat severely. Sterne.
bemaze (bā-mâz'), v. t. [ME. bemasen; K be-1
+ maze.] To bewilder. See maze.
Bembex (bem’beks); m.
Bembicidae (bem-bis’i-
Bembidiidae (bem-bi-di’i-dé), m. pl.
bemeanlf, v. t.
520
With intellects bemaz'd in endless doubt,
Cowper, The Task, v.
Bembecidae (bem-bes’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., prop. bemitered, bemitred (bé-mi’tèrd), a.
Bembicidae, K Bember, §. Bembia, (Bembic-) +
-idae.] A family of so
wasps or bees, and, along with the Sphegidae
and other kindred families, known as sand-
400 Sp8. The female excavates cells in the sand, in which
she deposits, together with her eggs, various larvae or per-
fect insects stung into insensibility, as support for her
progeny when hatched. They are very active, fond of the
nectar of flowers, inhabitants of warm countries, and de-
light in Sunshine. Some species emit an odor like that
of roses. Bembea; is the typical genus. See cut under
Bembez. Also Bembicidae
Bembecinae (bem-be-si'nā), n. pl. [NL., KBem-
ber (Bembed ) + -inge.]. A subfamily of digger-
wasps, of the family Sphegidae, typified by the
genus Bembéº, in which the body is large and bemoanable
long, the head large, the labrum long, triangu-
lar, and exserted, and the legs are short.
[NL., prop. Bembia, K
Gr. 88/13t: (Beuguſt-), a spinning-top, a whirl-
pool, a buzzing insect;
prob. imitative.] The
typical genus of digger-
wasps of the subfamily
Bembecinae. B. rostrata
and the American B.
Jasciata (Fabricius) are
examples. Also Bembia.
Digger-wasp (Bemzöex fasci-
ata), natural size.
dé), m. pl. Same as Bem-
becidae.
[NL., K
Bembidium + -idae.] A family of adephagous
bemoaner (bě-mö'něr), n.
bemock (bé-mok'), v. t.
i
ben
‘How can that judge walk right that is beinisted in his
way? Felthamu, Resolves, ii. 4.
e [K be-1
Crowned with or wearing a
[K ME. (with change
of vowel; cf. moan) bemémen, bimenen, K. A.S.
bemānan, bemoan, K be- + mānan, moan: see
be-1 and moan.] 1. To lament; bewail; ex-
press sorrow for: as, to bemoan the loss of a
son.—2. Reflexively, to bewail one's lot.
People grieve and bemoan themselves, but it is not half
so bad with them as they say. Emerson, Experience.
3}. To pity; feel or express sympathy with or
+ miter + -ed?..]
itary, aculeate or sting- miter. Carlyle.
bearing hymenopterous insects, resembling bemoan (bě-món"), v, f.
pity for.
Bastards, . . . . if proving eminent, are much bemoaned,
because merely passive in the blemish of their birth.
Fuller.
(bě-mö'na-bl), a. [K beinoan -H
-able.] Capable or worthy of being lamented.
Sherwood.
One who bemoans.
[K be-1 + mock.] 1.
To mock repeatedly; flout.
Have we not seen him disappointed, bemocked of Des-
tiny, through long years? •
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 111.
2. To cause to appear mock or unreal; excel
or surpass, as e genuine surpasses the
counterfeit.
Her beams bemocked the sultry main
Like April hoar-frost spread.
Coleridge, Anc. Mariner, iv.
A laugh which in the woodland rang,
Bemocking § gladdest bird.
Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook, iii.
|beetles, typified by the genus Bembidium: now bemoilt (bé-moil"), v. t. .[K be-1 + moi!!..] To
usually merged in Carabidae.
Bembidium (bem-bid’i-um), n. [NL., K. Bem-
bea; + dim. -idium.] A genus of minute preda-
tory caraboid beetles, sometimes forming the
mire an
bedraggle; bemire; soil or encumber with
à dirt.
Thou shouldst have heard . . . how she was bemoiled.
- Shak., T. of the S., iv. 1.
type of a family Bembidiidae, sometimes placed bemoisten (bé-moi"Sn), v. t. [Kbe-1 + moisten.]
in Carabidae.
by an ovate body and large eyes.
bidiom.
Bembix (bem’ biks), m. . [NL.] 1. Same as
Bembox. —2. A genus of gastropods. Watson,
The species are characterized
1876.
Bembridge beds. . See bed1.
bemet, m. [ME., KAS. bāme, bjme, a trumpet;
supposed to be ult, imitative. Cf. boom.1, bum-
ble, bombl, Bembea, etc.] A trumpet.
Of brass they broughten bemes.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, l. 577.
bemet, v. [K ME. bemen, KAS. bymian, K byme,
a trumpet: see beme, n.] I. intrans. To sound
a trumpet.
II. trans. To summon with a trumpet.
[Early mod. E. bemene, K ME.
bemenen (= OHG. bimeinan, MHG. bemeinen),
mean; K be-1 + meani.] To mean; signify;
inform.
The croune of thorne that garte me blede,
Itt be-memes my dignite. , York Plays, p. 424.
bemean? (bě-mên"), v. t. [K be-1 + mean?..] To
make mean; debase; lower: as, to bemean
one’s self by low associations; to bemean hu-
man nature. [Demean is commonly but incor-
rectly used in this sense. See demean2.]
It is a pity that men should . . . bemean themselves by
defending themselves against charges of which the grand-
jury of their own heart finds them innocent.
Max Müller, Biograph. Essays, p. 67.
I felt quite ashamed that a pal of mine should have
so be meaned himself for a few ounces of silver.
James Paym, Canon's Ward.
bemercy! (bě-mêr'si), v. t. [K be-1 + mercy.]
To treat with mercy.
bemetet (bě-mêt’), v. t. [ME. wanting; K AS.
bemetan, measure, compare, consider; K be-1 +
mete.] To measure. Shak. ſº
bemingle (bě-ming'gl), v. t. [K be-1 + mingle.]
To mingle; mix. Mir...for Mags. [Rare.]
bemire (bé-mir'), v. t. [K be-1 + mire.] 1.
To soil or befoul with mire, as in passing
through muddy or miry places.
His clothes were somewhat torn and much bemired.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 149.
2. [Chiefly in the passive.] To sink or stick
in the mire; be or become bogged.
Bemired and benighted in the bog.
Burke, A Regicide Peace.
Bemired in the deeply rutted roads.
The Century, XXV. 877.
bemirement (bå-mir’ment), n. [K bemire +
ſº The state of being defiled with mud.
[Rare.
bemist (bě-mist’), v. t. [K be-1 + mist.] To
cover or involve in or as in mist.
Also Bem- bemol (bā'mol), n.
bemonster (bé-mon'stër), v. t.
bemoralize (bé-mor’al-iz), v. t.
bemourn (bě-mörn"), v. t.
T
bemuddle (bě-mud'1), v. t.
bemuse (bé-müz'), v. t.
Yºr
ben! (ben), prep. and adv.
To moisten; wet.
[K F. bemol, K. M.L. B molle,
soft B.] In music, B flat, a half step below B
natural: the general term in French for a flat
on any note.
[K be-1 + mon-
ster.] To make monströus. [Rare.]
Thou changed and self-cover'd thing, for shame,
Be-monster not thy feature. Shak., Lear, iv. 2.
[K be-1 +
Tö apply to a moral purpose.
[Rare.]
moralize.]
Eclectic Rev.
[K ME. bemormen,
bemurmen, KAS. bemurman (= OS. bemornian),
K be- + murman, mourn: see be-1 and mourn.]
To weep or mourn over: as, “women that
. . . bemourned him,” Wyclif, Luke xxiii. 27.
[Rare.
[K be-1 + muddle.]
To confuse; stupefy.
The whole subject of the statistics of pauperism is in a
hopelessly bemuddled condition. N. A. Rev., CXX. 320.
bemuffle (bé-muf'l), v. t. [K be-1 + muffle.] To
wrap up as with a muffler.
Bemuffled with the externals of religion.
Sterne, Sermons, xvii.
[K be-1 + muse2; in
sense perhaps affected by bemaze. Cf. amuse.]
To put into a muse or reverie; confuse; mud-
dle; stupefy.
We almost despair of convincing a Cabinet bemused with
the notion that danger can only come from France.
Spectator.
The archdeacon must have been slightly bemused when
he defined aristarchy as we have seen.
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 143, note.
[K ME. ben, bene,
var. of bin, binne, K AS. binman, within: see
bin”.] In, into, or toward the inner apartment
of a house; in or into the parlor. See bemi, n.
[Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
Wi’ kindly welcome Jenny brings him ben.
Burns, Cottar's Sat. Night.
Ben the house, into the inner apartment, or into the
apartment or dwelling on the opposite side of the hall or
passage.
That she might run ben the howse.
Scott, Guy Mannering, I. xxiii.
To be far ben with one, to be on terms of intimacy or
familiarity with one; be in great honor with one.—To
+bring far ben, to treat with great respect and hospitality.
benl (ben), m.
[K ben 1, adv.] The inner apart-
ment of a house; the parlor or “room” of a
dwelling consisting of a but or outer room,
used as a kitchen, and a ben or inner room,
used as a parlor or chamber, access to the ben
being originally through the but or kitchen.



ben
Sometimes from the ben another apartment, called the
far-ben, is reached. The terms but and ben are now fre-
quently º: to kitchen and parlor (or bedroom) of a
two-rooméd dwelling, even when they are on opposite sides
of a little hall or passage. Hence, to live but and ben with
any one is to . an apartment or series of apartments
on º: ºte side of the hall or passage from that occu-
pled by º
ben’t, benelt, n. [ME., also bene, KAS.bén, a
º; = Icel. baen, a prayer, parallel with bán,
E. boon1, q.v.] rayer; a petition.
benSt. Obsolete or dialectal form of been 1.
benº (ben), n., [K Gael, and Ir, beinn, peak, sum:
mit, mountain, = W. pen, top, summit, head.]
A mountain-peak: a word occurring chiefly in
the names of many of the highest summits of the
mountain-ranges which trayerse Scotland north
of the friths of Clyde and Forth: as, Ben Nevis,
Ben Mac-Dhui, Ben Lawers, etc.
Sweet was the red-blooming heather
And the river that flowed from the Ben.
Jacobite Song.
bent (ben), n. [Early mod. E. also benn, K. Ar.
bān, the tree which produces the ben-nut : see
ben-nut.] The ben-nut, properly the ben-nut
tree.
bené, n. See behen.
benamef, v. t. ; pret. and pp. benamed, benempt,
ppr. benaming. [KME. benemnen, KAS, benem-
nam (= G. benennen = Sw, benămna), K be-1 +
memnan, name: see be-1 and name, v.1 1. To
name; denominate.
He that is so oft bynempt. Spenger, Shep. Cal., July.
521
or to stop, as the work requires.—Free bench. See free-
bench.-Front bench, in British parliamentary usage, the
leaders of a party: so called because they occupy the front
benches on their respective sides of the House of Com-
In OIAS,
It is an old and honourable practice that in any changes
affecting the House itself, an understanding should be
come to between the two front benches.
Fortnightly Rev., XXXIX. 260.
Ministerial benches, opposition benches, in the Brit-
ish Parliament, the beinches occupied respectively by the
Supporters and the opponents of the administration.
bench (bench), v. [K bench, n.] I. trans. 1.
To furnish with benches.— 3. To bank up.
'Twas benched with turf. Dryden.
3f. To seat on a bench; place on a seat of
honor.
His cup-bearer, whom I from meaner form
Have bench'd, and rear'd to worship.
., W. T., i. 2.
4. To place on a show-bench for exhibition, as
a dog.—5. In mining : (a) To undercut, kirve,
or hole (the coal). [Eng.] (b) To wedge up
the bottoms below the holing when this is done
#. º middle of the seam. [Leicestershire,
119ſ.
II. intrans. To sit on a seat of justice.
[Rare.] •
Thou robed man of justice, take thy place;
And thou, his yoke-fellow of equity,
Bench by his side. ak., Lear, iii. 6.
bench-clamp (bench’klamp), n. A clamp at-
tached to a work-bench for holding firm an
bench-master (bench/más’tër)
bench-show (bench'shô), n.
bench-strip (bench'strip), m.
bend
They [places of the stars] are the reference-points and
bench-marks of the universe. Science, IV. 202.
-> 'n. In England,
a governor of an inn of court ; an alderman.
Imp. Dict.
bench-plane (bench"plán), n. Any form of plane
used on flat surfaces, as the block-plane, the
compass-plane, the jack-plane, the jointer, the
long plane, the Smoothing-plane, and the try-
ing-plane.
bench-reel (bench’rél), n. A spinning-wheel
on the pirn or bobbin of which a sailmaker
winds the yarn. E. H. Knight.
bench-screw (bench'skró), n. The screw which
secures the vise-jaw of a carpenter's bench.
bench-shears (bench'shērz), m. pl. Large hand-
shears for cutting metal.
An exhibition of
animals, as of dogs or cats, which are arranged
on benches for a comparison of their physical
merits according to a fixed scale of points: in
contradistinction to a field-show, or field-trial,
where awards are made for performance.
Bench-show8 and field trials in America . . . have be-
come permanent institutions. Forest and Stream, XXI.3.
bench-stop (bench'stop), n. Abench-hook made
to be fastened down on a piece of work, some-
times by means of a screw.
A strip of wood
or metal capable of being fixed on a work-
bench at any
And therefore he a courtier was benamed. Sir P. Sidney. article on which the mechanic is working. i. #. • : # | | º
2. To promise; give. bench-drill (bench/dril), n. A hand- or ma- . rom the rº º .º.
Much greater º for guerdon thou shalt gayne chine-drill so made that it can be attached to sº O i. § º § ãº
Than Kidde oftosset, which ſtilee bynempt.” a bench. Aſ th ; l § "#. º f *
Yºr Spenger, Shep. Cal., November. bencher (ben’chèr), n. [K bench, n., + -erl.] 1. e, aſ º e, or * . . --...- * †
bench (bench), n. [E. dial. and Sc. also benk, England, one of the senior members of an ; being ~x. *sº:
bink, KME. bench, benk, bynk, KAS. benc 8. inn of court, who have the government of the bºt i º
*banki) = OS. bank, benki = D. bank = #. Society. Benchers have been readers, and, being ad- €1C itab º fº
banch, MHG. G. bank = Icel, bekkr = Sw. bānk mitted to plead within the bar, are called immer barristers. (bench’tā/bl), # † ſ
= Dan. baenk, a bench: see banki, bank2.] 1. . These were followed by a great crowd ºf superannuated . A low stone #F#1
A long seat 'usuali of board or' lank, or of benchers of the inns of court, senior fellows of colleges, Seat carried !!! N
g seat,. y ºr p. y and defunct statesmen. around the in- ====
stone, differing from a stool in its greater Addison, Trial of the Dead in Reason. terior walls of ===#..…
length.
He took his place once more on the bench at the inn door.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 64.
2. The seat where judges sit in court; the seat
of justice.
To pluck down justice from your awful bench.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 2.
Hence—3. The body of persons who sit as
judges; the court; as, the case is to go before
the full bench.-4. A strong table on which
carpenters or other mechanics do their work;
a work-bench. In this sense bench forms an element
in a number of compound words denoting tools used on
a bench, such as bench-drill, bench-hammer, bench-plane.
5. The floor or ledge which supports muffles
and retorts.-6. A platform or a series of ele-
vated stalls or boxes on which animals are
placed for exhibition, as at a dog-show.
Excellence on the bench and excellence in the field may
be two utterly diverse thing t and St XXII. 361
07°68' 0. ream, e ºv. --
7. In engin., a ledge left on the edge of a cuttin
in earthwork to strengthen it.—8. In geol. an
Imining: $º A natural terrace, marking the
outcrop of a harder seam or stratum, and thus
indicating a change in the character of the rock.
On this rest argillaceous, splendent, siliceous talc schists,
sometimes containing chiastolite; and on these, three
benches of conglomerates, tuffs, and argillaceous schists
and lime-stones, which he refers to the Potsdam sand-
stones. Science, III. 729.
(b) In coal-mining, a division of a coal-seam
separated from the remainder of the bed by a
parting of shale or any other kind of rock or
mineral. [Pennsylvania.]–9. A small area
of nearly level or gently sloping land, rising
above the adjacent lower region, and forming
a part of a terrace or wash. Also bench-land.
Sometimes, though rarely, used as synony-
mous with terrace.
After a few smooth, grassy benches and rounded hills,
here come precipitous ranges of real mountains, scarcely
less imposing than those of the central mass.
Science, VII. 243.
The wide level benches that lay between the foot-hills
and the prairies . . . were neglected.
Harper's Mag., LXIX. 502.
10. The driver's seat on a coach.—Bench of
bishops, or episcopal bench, a collective designation of
the bishops who have seats in the English House of Lords.-
Court of King’s or Queen’s Bench. See court.—E *
and-dividing bench, a machine forcutting wooden blocks
into voussoir shapes, such as are used in making a certain
kind of car-wheels. It consists of a circular saw with a
traveling bed which is moved by a screw, and by means of
a system of levers actuated by projecting and adjustable
pins throws the belt automatically from one to another of
three pulleys, causing the action to be direct or reversed,
bench-forge (bench'förj), 'm.
2. One who occupies an official bench ; a judge;
sometimes, specifically, a municipal or local
many medie-
val churches.
Bench-table.— Church of Notre Dame, Chà-
lons-sur-Marne, France.
magistrate; an alderman or justice. [Rare.] bench-vise (bench’vis), n. A vise which may
You are well understood to be a perfecter giber for the
table, than a necessary bencher in the Capitol.
Shak., Cor., ii. 1.
This corporation [New Windsor] consists of a mayor,
two bailiffs, and twenty-eight other persons, . . . thirteen
of which are called fellows, and ten of them aldermen or
chief benchers. Ashmole, Berkshire, iii. 58.
bench-warrant (bench'wor"ant), n.
be attached to a bench.
In law,
a warrant issued by a judge or court, or by order
of a judge or court, for the apprehension of an
offender: so called in opposition to a justice's
warrant, issued by an ordinary justice of the
Each town [of colonial virginia] was to be a free bor- ºr peace or policemagistrate. Mozley and Whiteley.
ough with markets and an annual fair. For their § bendl (bend), n.
ernment, whenever the number of inhabitants shoul
have become thirty families, they were, upon summons
from the Governor, to elect eight benchers of the guild
hall, who should annually elect one of their number di-
rector. Johns Hopkins Hist. Studies, 3d ser., p. 106.
3+. One who frequents the benches of a tav-
ern; an idler.
benchership (ben’chêr-ship), m. . [K bencher +
-ship.] The office or condition of a bencher.
They [two benchers of the Inner Temple] were coevals,
and had nothing but that and their benchership in com-
Ill OIl. Lamb, Old Benchers.
A small hearth
and blower adapted for use on a workman's
bench.
bench-hammer (bench’ham’ér), n. A finish-
ers' or blacksmiths' hammer.
bench-hook (bench’hūk), m. A hook with pro-
jecting teeth used on a carpenter's bench to
eep the work from moving sidewise. It is fitted
in a mortise, so that it can be placed at any required height.
º is also made in various clasp-shapes, and called a bench-
C&Gºº),
benching (ben’ching), m. [Kbench + -ingl.] 1.
Benches; seats generally.—2. In coal-mining,
one of the many names given to the process of
getting the coal after it has been holed. See
holel and kirve.
bench-lathe (bench’lāq'H), n. A small lathe
which can be mounted on a post placed in a
#socket in a bench.
bench-level (bench’lev/el), n. A level used in
setting up a machine, to bring its bed into an
exactly horizontal position.
bench-mark (bench’märk), m. . [K bench +
mark 1: in reference to the angle-iron which in
taking a reading is inserted in the horizontal
cut so as to form a support or bench for the
leveling-staff.] In surv., a mark cut in stone
or some durable material as a starting-point in
a line of levels for the determination of alti-
tudes over any region, or one of a number of
similar marks made at suitable distances as
the survey advances. -
[K ME. bend, K AS. bend,
rarely band, fem. and masc. (= OS. bendi =
OFries. bende = OD. bende = Goth. bandi), a
band, bond, fetter; cognate with *band, E.
ūanāi, K bindam (pret. band), bind: see band 1.
Bendl is practically identical with bandl, the
two being partly merged in use with the closely
related pair band?, bend2. In senses 4–11 bend
is modern, from the corresponding verb: see
bendi, v.] 1+. A band; a bond; a fetter; in
plural, bands; bonds; confinement.—2+. A
band or clamp of metal or other material used
to strengthen or hold together a box or frame.
In all that rowme was nothing to be seene
But huge greatyron chests, and coffers strong,
All bard with double bends.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vii. 30.
3. Naut, : (a) That part of a rope which is
fastened to another or to an anchor. (b) A
knot by which a rope is fastened to another
rope or to something else. The different sorts
are distinguished as fisherman's bend, carrick-
bend, etc. See cut under carrick-bend. (c) One
of the small ropes used to confine the clinch of
a cable. (d) pl. The thick planks in a ship's
side below the waterways or the gun-deck port-
Sills. More properly called wales. They are reck-
oned from the water as first, second, or third bend. They
have the beams, knees, and foot-hooks bolted to them,
and are the chief strength of the ship's sides.
4. [See etym.] The action of bending, or state
of being bent or curved; incurvation; flexure:
as, to give a bend to anything; to have a bend
of the back.-5. An inclination of the body; a
bow.—6t. An inclination of the eye; a turn
or glance of the eye.
And that same eye, whose bend doth awe the World,
Did lose his lustre. hak., J. C., i. 2.
7t. Inclination of the mind; disposition; bent.
Farewell, poor Swain; thou art not for my bend,
I must have quicker souls.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, i. 3.
8. A part that is bent; a curve or flexure; a
Crook; a turn in a road or river, etc.; as, the
bend of a bow, or of a range of hills.



















bend
Just ahead of us is a great bend in the river, beyond
which the wind drops dead and the current hurls us up un-
der a beetling crag, C. W. Stoddard, Mashallah, p. 137.
9. A curved, or elbow-shaped pipe used to
change direction, as in a drain.—10. A spring;
a leap; a bound. Jamieson. [Scotch..]—11.
A “pull” of liquor. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
Come, gie's the other bend,
We'll drink their health, whatever way it end.
Allam Ramsay, Gentle Shepherd, iii. 2.
12. In mining, indurated clay, or any indurated
argillaceous substance. —Close-return bend, a
short U-shaped tube joining the extremities of two
Wrought-iron pipes.—Grecian bend, a mode of walking
with a slight stoop forward, at one time affected by some
WOInnen.
bendl (bend), v.; pret. and pp. bent, rarely bend-
ed., ppr. bending. [K ME. benden, KAS. bendan,
Bind, fetter, restrain, bend a bow (= MHG.
benden, fetter, - Icel. benda =Sw. bānda = Dan.
bande, bend; cf. OF. bender, mod. F. bander,
tie, bind, bend, hoodwink, - Pr. bendar = Sp.
Pg. vender, bind, hoodwink, = It. bendare, hood-
wink), prop. fasten with a bend or band, K bend,
E. bend.1, a band, the noun being practically
identical with bandl, m. , The nouns and verbs
of these groups (band 1, bend.1, band?, bend?,
etc.) reacted on each other both in Teut. and
Rom., developing a variety of senses which
have a double reference.] I, trans. 1. To
bring or strain into a state of tension by cur-
vature, as a bow preparatory to launching an
3.TI’OW.
What, are the hounds before and all the woodmen,
Our horses ready and our bows bent?
Beaw. and Fl., Philaster, iv. 1.
Our English archers bent their bowes,
Their harts were good and trew ;
Att the first flight of arrowes sent,
Full four-score Scots they slew.
Percy's Reliques, p. 142.
Hence —2. Figuratively, to brace up or bring
into tension, like a strong bow: generally with
wp. [Obsolete or archaic.]
Now set the teeth, and stretch the nostril wide;
Hold hard the breath, and bend wo every spirit
To his full heightl Shak., Hen. W., iii. 1.
Her whole mind apparently bent up to the solemn in-
terview. Scott, Old Mortality, vii.
3. To curve, or make crooked; deflect from a
Inormal condition of straightness; flex: as, to
bend a stick; to bend the arm.
In duty bend thy knee to me. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1.
A kindly old man, . . , somewhat bent by his legal eru-
dition, as a shelf is by the weight of the books upon it.
Longfellow, Kavanagh, xvi.
4. To direct to a certain point: as, to bend one's
course, way, or steps; to bend one's looks or
€YéS.
y Towards Coventry bend we our course.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 8.
Southwards, you may be sure, they bent their flight,
And harbour'd in a hollow rock at night.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, l. 1747.
EIow sweet are looks that ladies bend
On whom their favors fall !
Tennyson, Sir Galahad.
5. Figuratively, to apply closely: said of the
mind.
It must needs be they should bend all their intentions
and services to no other ends but to his.
Milton, Church-Government, ii.
To bend his mind to any public business.
Sir W. Temple.
6. To incline; determine: said of a person
or of his disposition: as, to be bent on mis-
chief.
Where will inclineth to goodnes, the mynde is bent to
troth. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 79.
One great design on which the king's whole Soul was
bent. Macawlay, Hist, Eng., vi.
Still bent to make some port he knows not where.
M. Arnold, A Summer Night.
7. To cause to bow or yield; subdue; make
submissive: as, to bend a man to One's Will.
Except she bend her humour.
ak., Cymbeline, i. 6.
Oh there are words and looks -
To bend the sternest purpose !
Shelley, The Cenci, v. 4.
8. Naut., to fasten by means of a bend or knot,
as one rope to another, or to an anchor; to
shackle, as a chain-cable to an anchor.—Bent
lever, trimmer, graver, etc. See the mouns.—To bend
a saiſ (naut.), to make it fast to its proper yard, gaff, or
stay, ready for setting.—To bend the brow or brows,
to knit the brow ; Scowl ; frown.
II. introns, 1. To be or become curved or
crooked.
Then was I as a tree
Whose boughs did bend with fruit.
Shak, Cymbeline, iii. 8. Bendigo ware.
bend2 (bend), n.
522
2. To incline; lean or turn; be directed: as,
the road bends to the west.
To whom our vows and wishes bend.
Milton, Arcades, l. 6.
Our states daily
Bending to bad, our hº to worse.
. Jonson, Catiline, i. 1.
Descend where alleys bend
Into the Sparry hollows of the world.
3. To jut over; overhang.
There is a cliff whose high and bending head
Looks fearfully in the confined deep,
Shak., Lear, iv. 1.
4. To bow or be submissive: as, to bend to
fate.
Most humbly therefore bending to your state.
Keats.
beneath
bendingl (ben’ding), n. [Verbal n, of bendl,
v.] 1. The act of causing to bend, or the
state of being bent or deflected; a deflection.
If matter that will not yield at each bend is deposited
while the bendings are continually taking place, the bend-
ings will maintain certain places of discontinuity in the
deposit. BI. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 257.
2. The place or part where such curving
occurs; a curve, angle, corner; a bend; the
spring of an arch or vault. N. E. D.—3.
Naul., the fastening with a ‘bend’ or knot.
N. E. D.
bending?!, n. [K bend?, n., + -ing.] Decoration
(of clothes) with stripes or horizontal bands.
Chaucer. w
bendingly (ben’ding-li), adv. In a curving
Shak, Othello, i. 3. A direction or attitude; obliquely. N. E. D.
Must we bend to the artist, who considers us as nothing
unless We are canvas or marble under his hands?
I. D'Israeli, Lit. Char. Men of Genius, p. 145.
5. To spring; bound. Jamieson. [Scotch..]— bend-leather
To drink hard. Jamieson. [Scotch..]—To
bend to the oars, to row vigorously.
K ME. bend, bende, partly
KAS. bend, a band used as an ornament (a
sense of bend, E. bendl); partly K OF. bende,
mod. F. bande = Pr. benda = Sp. Pg. venda
and banda = It. benda, banda, KML. benda,
binda, ohG. binda, a band, fillet, tie, mixed
with ML, (etc.) banda, K. OHG. bend, etc.; see
band?. Bend? is thus in part historically iden-
tical with bendl, but in part with band2. The
separation is now merely formal.] 1+. A band
or strip used to bind around anything; a strip,
whether as a fastening or as an ornament; a
fillet, strap, bandage, etc.; specifically, a rib- bendsome (bend/sum), a.
bon or bandeau for the head, used by ladies in . Cf. buſcom.] Flexible; pliable.
bendways (bend"wāz), adv. Same as bendwise.
bendwise (bend"wiz), adv.
the fifteenth century.
And on her legs she painted buskins wore,
Basted with bends of gold on every side.
Spenser, F. Q., W. v. 3.
2. Amamein the leather tradefora buttorround-
ed crop cut in two; the half of a hide of sole-
leather that was trimmed and divided before
tanning.—3. In her., one of the nine ordinaries,
consisting of a diagonal band drawn from the
dexter chief to the sinister base: when charged,
it occupies a third of the field; when uncharged,
a fifth. Bearings are said to be in
bend when they are placed upon the
field obliquely in the direction of the
bend ; the field is said to be divided per
bend when divided diagonally in that
direction, usually by a straight line, but
sometimes a broken line, battled, un-
dé, or the like, or by a still more com-
plicated mark of division. See bend-
wise. Also applied to a row of charges
arranged in bend. In bend sinister
and per bend sinister are used in a
similar way.—Bend archy, in her., a band differing from
the bend in that it is curved toward the sinister chief.
Also called bend enarched or bowed.— Bend archy, cor-
Onetty on the top, in her., a bend archy having the
points or ornaments of a crown on the upper side. This
is the well-known bearing of Saxony, which occurs in some
English Toyal arms, notably in those of the present Prince
of Wales.—Bend arrondi, in her., a bend having one or
both sides broken into concave curves. See gored.—
Bend cottised, in her., a bend having on each side a
cottise, separated from the bend by its own width. A
bend may be double cottised or treble cottised; that is
it may have two or three cottises on each side.— Ben
Sinister, in her. Same as bend, 3, except that it is drawn
from the sinister chief to the dexter base.
bend&# (bend), n. [K late ME. bende, K OF.
bende, var. of bande, a band: see bandº.] An
obsolete form of band 3.
A fayre flocke of faeries, and a fresh bend
A Bend azure.
Of lovely Nymphs. Spenser, Shep. Cal., May.
The Duke of Gloucester . . . . and other Lords, the chief
of his bend. Speed, Hist. Gt. Brit., IX. xviii. 15.
bendable (ben'da-bl), a... [K bendl + -able.]
Capable of being bent; flexible. Sherwood.
bende (bend), n. [Origin unknown.] A variety
of the ābelmoschus, used in cookery. McElrath.
bendelf, m. [ME., K OF. bendel, bandel, dim.
Of bºnde, bande, a band; doublet of bandel,
bandeau.] 1. A little band or fillet.—2. In
*her., a little bend.
bender (ben’dér), n. 1. One who or that
which bends.-2. A sixpence. [Eng. Slang.]
—3. A leg. [U. S. slamg.]
The prospectus [of a new fashionable boarding-school]
has been sent to our house. One of the regulations is,
“Young ladies are not allowed to cross their benders in
School l’’ Longfellow, Kavanagh, xii.
4. A spree; a frolic. . [U. S. slang.]—5. [Cf.
bend.1, n., 11.] A hard drinker. [Scotch.]
Now lend your lungs, ye benders fine,
Wha ken the benefit of Wine.
Allan Ramsay, Poems, III. 162 (1848).
See pottery.
bendwithi, n.
bendy (ben’di), a.
bending-machine (ben’ding-ma-shën"), n. An
apparatus for bending to shape timber, rails,
iron beams for ships, plates for boilers, etc.
(bend’lepH'êr), n., [K, bendl 4-
leather.] The strongest kind of sole-leather
for shoes. See bend?, 2.
bendlet (bend’let), n. . [Early mod. E. also
bendelet, appar. K bendel + -et; but cf. OF.
bendelette, dim. of bende, band.
- Doublet bandlet.] 1. In her.,
a bearing of the nature of the
bend, but half as wide. Also
called garter.—2. A name of
the common British sea-ane-
mone, Actinia mesembryanthe-
7???!?!?.—Bendlet sinister, in her., a
bendlet drawn from the sinister chief
to the dexter base.
[K bendi + -some.
[Rare.]
S㺠#:
º
A Bend between two
Bendlets gules.
[K bend2 + wise2.j
In her., lying in the direction of the bend:
said of any bearing: as, a sword
bendwise.
[ME. benwyt-tre
(later var. benewith tre—Prompt.
Parv.); perhaps K bendi + with?
(cf. bindwith); but cf. Sw. ben-
wed, dogberry-tree, Icel. bein-
vidhr, beinvidhi, ebony (lit. bone- e
wood); also Icel. beinvidhir, a * Sword Bendwise.
willow (Salix arbuscula), lit. bone-withy.] An
old name of a shrub not identified. Its twigs
were used to tie up fagots.
P;
IK OF. bende, F. bandé,
of bander, cross with bands: see bend2.j
her, divided into four or more diagonal parts
in the direction of the bend: said of the field.
This word is used, no matter how great the number of
the divisions, as bendlety and cottisy, which would be the
regular forms, are awkward in use.—Bendy barry, in
her. See barry bendy, under barry?..—Bendy paly, in
her., divided by lines bendwise an palewise, and #.
fore divided into lozenges. •
bendy-tree (ben’di-tré), m. The Thespesia po-
pulnea, an ornamental tree of rapid growth,
often planted in gardens and avenues in India.
benelt, n. See ben2. {
bene2+, a. See bein.
beneº, n. See benne. , - .
ene-.. [L. bene-, sometimes beni-, combining
form of bene, adv., well, K bonus, good: see
boon?, bonus.] An element of some words of
Latin origin, meaning well, good, as in bene-
diction, benefit, benevolence, etc.: opposed to
"male-, mal-. -
[K be-1 + meap + -ed?..]
beneaped (bé-nēpt'), a.
Nawt., same as meaped.
beneath (bé-nēth'), adv. and prep. [K ME. be-
nethe, bimethe, bimethen, adv. and prep., KAS.
beneotham, binitham, prep. (= OFries. bimetha =
i), beneden ºf G. benedien–G. benieden), K be,
|by, H- neotham, nitham, neothane (= OS. mithama,
= OHG. nidana, MHG. nidene, niden, G. mieden),
below, orig., like nithe, below, from compar.
wither, nether: see mether. , Hence by apheresis
neath, 'neath.] I, adv. 1. In a lower place,
position, or state, literally or figuratively.
Thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt not be beneath.
Deut. xxviii. 13.
Every brain
That looks so many fathoms to the sea,
And hears it roar beneath. Shak., Hamlet, i. 4.
The general's disdain'd
By him one step below; he, by the next;
That mext, by him beneath. Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
2. Below, as opposed to on high, or in heaven
or other superior region.
Thou shalt not make . . . any likeness of anything that
is in heaven above, or that is in the earth benea;
X. XX, 4.


• . beneath
, II, prep. 1. Below; under: with reference
to what is overhead or towers aloft: as, beneath
the same roof.
For all beneath the moon
Would I not leap upright. Shak., Lear, iv. 6.
As I lay beneath the woodland tree.
Whittier, Mogg Megone.
They sat
Beneath a world-old yew-tree, darkening half
The cloisters. Tennyson, Holy Grail.
2. Underneath, whether in immediate contact
with the under side of, or further down than;
lower in place than: as, to place a cushion be-
neath one; beneath one's feet; beneath the sur-
face: sometimes with verbs of motion: as,
he sank beneath the wave.
. As he was raising his arm to make a blow, an arrow
pierced him, just beneath the shoulder, at the open part
of the corselet. Irving, Granada, p. 69.
3. Under the weight or pressure of; under the
action or influence of: as, to sink beneath a
'burden. - - -
our country sinks beneath the yoke.
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3.
It is my fate
To bear and bow beneath a thousand griefs.
4 - JBeaw. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, iii. 1.
Wherever lights appeared, the flashing scimetar was at
its deadly work, and all who attempted resistance fell
beneath its edge. Irving, Granada, p. 21.
4. Lower than, in rank, dignity, degree, or ex-
cellence; below: as, brutes are beneath man;
man is beneath the angels.
Maintain
Thy father's soul: thou hast no blood to mix
With any beneath prince. Shirley, Bird in a Cage, i. 1.
Beyond the limits of a vulgar fate,
Beneath the Good how far—but far above the Great.
Gray, Prog. of Poetry, iii. 3.
5. Unworthy of; unbecoming; not equal to;
below the level of: as, beneath contempt.
He will do nothing that is beneath his high station.
Atterbury.
He had never sullied himself with business, but had
chosen to starve like a man of honour, than do anything
beneath his quality. Addison, Trial of Punctilios.
Beneath the saltt, in a subordinate or inferior position.
- º My proud lady
Admits him to her table ; marry, ever
Beneath the salt, and there he sits the subject
Of her contempt and scorn.
Massinger, The City Madam, i. 1.
=Syn. Under, etc... See below. -
beneathi (bé-nēth'), a. Lower.
This beneath. World. Shak., T. of A., i. 1.
Benedic (ben’é-dik), n. LL.L., prop. 2d pers.
sing, pres. impv. of benedicere, bless: see bene-
dict.] -1. The canticle beginning in Latin
“Benedic, anima mea,” and in English “Praise
the Lord, O my soul,” from Psalm ciii. In the
American Prayer-Book it is an alternative of the Dews
misereatwr (as ordered in 1886, either of the Nunc dimit-
tis or Deus misereatur) at Evening Prayer.
2. A musical setting of this canticle.
Benedicite (ben-à-dis’i-tê), n. [LL., prop. 2d
pers...pl. pres... impv. of benedicere, bless: see
benedict.]. 1. The canticle or hymn beginning
in Latin “Benedicite omnia opera Domini,” and
in English “O allye works of the Lord, bless ye
the Lord,” taken from “The Song of the Three
Holy Children” forming part of the Apocrypha
in the English Bible. It is essentially an expansion
of Psalm cºlviii., and has been used from a very early
period in the Christian church. In the Anglican service
it is used as an alternate to the Te Dewan.
2. A musical setting of this canticle.—3.
[l. c.] An invocation of a blessing, especially a
blessing before a repast, as said in religious
communities, etc., answering to the grace or
thanksgiving after it.—4t. [A common use in
ME., where the word was often contracted ben-
dicite, benste.] Used interjectionally: (a) Bless
you! expressing a wish. (b) Bless us! bless me!
expressing surprise.
benedick (ben’é-dik), n. See benedict.
benedict (ben’é-dikt), a. and n. . [In ME. bene-
dight, K LL. benedictus, blessed (in ML. often as
a proper name Benedictus, whence in E. Bene-
dict, Benedick, and º F.) Bennet, Ben-
nett; cf. also beneº, bennet
bless, use words of good omen, in class. L. al-
ways as two words, bene dicere: bene, well;
dicere, say, speak..] I. a. Blessed; benign;
salutary; especially, in med., having mild and
salubrious qualities: as, “medicines that are
benedict,” Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 19.
II. m. [In allusion to Benedick, one of the
characters in Shakspere's play of “Much Ado
about Nothing”; esp. to the phrase, “Benedick,
the married man” (i. 1.). Tenedick is an easy
form of Benedict.] A sportive name for a
Benedictine (ben-3-dik’tin), a. and n.
benediction (ben-É-dik'shgn), n.
523
benefic
newly married man, especially one who has benedictionary (ben-É-dik 'sh9n-à-ri), n.
been long a bachelor, or who has been in the
habit of ridiculing marriage.
Having abandoned all his old misogyny, and his pro-
fessions of single independence, Coelebs has become a
benedick. G. P. R. James, Henry Masterton.
[K ML.
Bénédictimus, K. Benedictus : see benedict.] I. a.
Pertaining to St. Benedict, or to the order of
iº or the monastic rule originating from
1Iſl.
II. n. 1. A member of an order of monks
founded at Monte Cassino, between Rome and
Sºlº, by St. Benedict of Nursia, about A. D.
30. The rules of the order (which was open to persons
of all ages, conditions, and callings) enjoined silence and
Some useful employment when not engaged in divine ser-
vice. Every monastery had a library, every monk a pen
and tablets, and study and the copying of manuscripts
were encouraged...The monasteries became centers of
learning and the liberal arts, and the name of the order
synonymous with scholarship and erudition. The order
was introduced into England about A. D. 600, by St. Au-
gustine of Canterbury. The oldest establishment in the
United States is that of St. Vincent's Abbey in Westmore-
land county, Pennsylvania, founded by a colony of monks
from Bavaria in 1846. There are also different congrega-
tions of nuns known as Benedictines, and following the
rule of St. Benedict; they date from the same time, owing
their foundation to his sister, St. Scholastica.
2. A cordial or liqueur, resembling chartreuse,
distilled at Fécamp in Normandy. . It was ori.
ginally prepared by the Benedictine monks, but since the
French revolution has been made by a secular company.
- - - • * [K L.L. bene-
dictio(n-), blessing, K benedicere, bless, use words
of good omen: see benedict. Bénison is a shorter
form of the same word.]. 1. The act of speak-
ing well to or of; blessing.—2. (a) An invo-
çation of divine blessing, either by a private
individual or a church official; specifically, in
the Christian church generally, the form of
blessing pronounced by the person officiating,
at the close of divine service and on several
other occasions, as marriages, the visitation of
the sick, etc. -
The benedictions of the good Franciscans accompanied
us as We rode away from the convent.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 103.
The bemediction . . . is given in a different manner by
the Oriental Church from that used by the Latins. The
Priest joins his thumb and third finger, and erects and
joins the other three: and is thus supposed to symbolise
the procession of the Holy Ghost from the Father alone;
and, according to others, to form the sacred letters I H C
by the position of his fingers.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 352, note.
When the benediction is pronounced officially by a priest
or clergyman, he usually stands with hands uplifted, and
the congregation receive it with bowed heads. Illustra-
tions of ancient benedictions are afforded by Gen. xxiv. 60
(a nuptial blessing); Gen. xxvii. 27–29 (a death-bed bless-
ing); Num. vi. 24–27 (a priestly blessing). The apostolic
benediction is that proceeding from the pope, and is either
given personally, as at Rome, or by delegation in other
parts of the world. See blessing. (b) The rite of in-
stituting an abbot or an abbess, and of receiving
the profession of a nun or of a religious knight.
The action of the archbishops was excluded, and the
abbots elect sought confirmation, if not benediction also,
at Ronne. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 710.
(c) An additional ceremony performed by a
priest after the regular celebration of matri-
mony: called the nuptial bemediction. (d) The
ceremony by which things are set aside for
sacred uses, as a church or vestments, bells,
etc., or things for ordinary use are hallowed,
as houses, etc.—3. The advantage conferred
by blessing or the invocation of blessings.
Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament; adver-
sity is the blessing of the New, which carried the greater
bemediction, and the clearer revelation of God's favour.
- Bacon, Of Adversity.
Over and above this [sense for light and shade] we have
received yet one more gift, something not quite necessary,
a benediction, as it were, in our sense for and enjoyment
of colour. O. N. Rood, Modern Chromatics, p. 304.
Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, one of the
more common religious services of the Roman Catholic
Church, in which, after the solemn exposition, incensing,
and adoration of the eucharist, which is inclosed in a
monstrance and placed under a canopy on the altar, the
officiating priest, taking the monstrance in his hands,
makes the sign of the cross with it in blessing over the
kneeling faithful.-The apostolic benediction, a bene-
), pp. of benedicere, * diction in the words of 2 Cor.,xiii. 14. - *- :-
benedictional, benedictionale (ben-á-dik’-
shgn-al, ben-É-dik-sh9-nā’lé), m. [K ML. bene-
dictionalis (sc. liber, book), K L.L. benedictio(n-):
see benediction.] In the Rom. Cath. Ch., a book
containing a collection of benedictions or bless-
ings used in its religious services.
Psalters, books of Gospels, Benedictionals, Canons, and
other treatises relating to the discipline and ceremonial
of the Church. Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 53.
The Sarum, like the Anglo-Saxon Benedictional, con-
tained the forms for blessing the people, by the bishop, at
high mass. Rock, Church of our Fathers, III. ii. 213.
Yºr
benedictive (ben-3-dikºtiv), a.
benedictory (ben-É-dik’tó-ri), a.
Benedictus (ben-É-dik’tus), n.
benedightt (ben’é-dit), a.
bene discessit (bé (né di-sesſit).
benefaction (ben-É-fak’shgn), m.
factio(m-), K benefactus, pp. of benefacere, in
benefactress (ben-É-fak’tres), m.
benefic (bé-nef'ik), a. and m.
K
L. asif *benedictionarium, K LL. ãº
see benediction.] A collection of benedictions
or blessings; a benedictional.
The benedictionary of Bishop Athelwood. Bp. Still.
[K L.L. bene-
dictus (see benedict) + -īve.] Tending to bless;
giving a blessing.
His paternal prayers and benedictive comprecations.
Bp. Gawden, Mem. of Bp. Brownrigg, p. 201.
[K L.L. as
if “benedictorius, K benedictus : see benedict.]
Blessing; expressing a benediction or wishes
for good: as, “a benedictory prayer,” Thack-
eray.
[LL., blessed:
see benedict.] 1. The short canticle or hymn,
also distinctively called the Benedictus qui ve-
nit, beginning in Latin “Benedictus qui venit
in nomine Domini,” and in English “Blessed
is He that cometh in the name of the Lord,”
preceded and followed by “Hosanna in Excel-
sis,” that is, “Hosanna in the highest,” which
is usually appended in the Roman Catholic
mass to the Sanctus, from Psalm czviii. 26,
Luke xix. 38, etc. The Benedictus qui venit was re-
tained in the Prayer-Book of 1549, and is sung in some
Anglican churches at choral or solemn celebrations of the
holy communion, just before the prayer of consecration.
2. A musical setting of this canticle, forming
a separate movement in a mass.-3. The can-
ticle or hymn beginning in Latin “Benedictus
Dominus Deus Israel,” and in English “Blessed
be the Lord God of Israel”; the song of Zach-
arias, Luke i. 68–71. In the English Prayer-Book it
is the canticle following the second lesson with the Jubi-
late as its alternate. In the American Prayer-Book only .
the first four verses are given; alterations made in 1886
direct the use of the whole canticle on Sundays in Advent,
but permit the omission at other times of the portion fol-
lowing the fourth verse. & e
4. A musical setting of this canticle.
e [ME. benedyght, ben-
edight, KLL. benedictus: see benedict.] Blessed.
And soul more white
Never through martyrdom of fire was led
To its repose ; nor can in books be read
The legend of a life more benedight.
Longfellow, The Cross of Snow.
[L., he has de-
parted honorably.] In English universities,
a permission by the master and fellows of a
college to a student to leave that college and
enter another.
Mr. Pope, being about to remove from Trinity to Em-
manuel by bene discessit, was desirous of taking my rooms.
- Alma Mater, i. 167.
bene exeat (bé'néek'sé-at). [L., let him depart
honorably..] A certificate of good character
given by a bishop to one of his clergy removing
to another diocese : as, he brought a bene eaceat
from his last bishop.
[K LL. bene-
class. L. always written as two words, bene
facere, do good to, benefit: bene, well; facere,
do. Cf. benefit.] 1. The act of conferring a
benefit; a doing of good; beneficence.
Worshipping God and the Lamb in the temple: God, for
his benefaction in creating all things, and the Lamb, for
his benefaction in redeeming us with his blood. Newton.
2. A benefit conferred; especially, a charitable
donation.
A man of true generosity will study in what manner to
render his benefaction most advantageous.
Melmoth, tr. of Pliny, vii. 18.
=Syn. 1. Kindness.-2. Gift, contribution, alms, charity.
benefactor (ben-É-fak’tor), m. [K L.L. benefactor,
K benefacere, do good to: see benefaction.] 1.
Literally, a well-doer; one who does good.
[Rare.] -
Benefactors f Well; what benefactors are they? are they
not nalefactors 2 Shak., M. for M., ii. 1.
2. One who confers a benefit; a kindly helper:
as, “the great benefactor of mankind,” Milton,
P. R., iii. 82.
He is the true benefactor and alone worthy of Honor
who brings comfort where before was wretchedness, who
dries the tear of sorrow.
Summer, True Grandeur of Nations.
3. One who makes a benefaction to or endows
a charitable or other institution; one who
makes a bequest.
[K benefactor
+ -ess.] female benefactor.
[Formerly bene-
ſº ; K L. beneficus, K bene, well, -- facere, do.]
. a. 1. Beneficent. [Rare.]
penefic
He being equally neere to his whole Creation of Man-
kind, and of free power to turn his benefick and fatherly
regard to what Region or Kingdome he pleases, hath yet
ever had this Iland under the speciall indulgent eye of
his providence. Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst.
2. In astrol., of good or favorable influence. .
The kind and truly benefique Eucolos.
B. Jomson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.
II. m. In astrol., a favorable planet; Jupiter
or Venus.
benefice (ben’é-fis), n. [K ME. benefice, bene-
fise, KOF, benefice, F. benéfice, KLL. beneficium,
estate granted, L. beneficium, a favor, kind-
ness, K beneficus, kind, liberal: see benefic.] 1.
In feudal law, originally, a fee or an estate in
lands granted for life only, and held ea; mero
beneficio (on the mere good pleasure) of the
donor. Such estates afterward becoming hereditary,
the word feud was used for grants to individuals, and
benefice became restricted to church livings.
The Beneficium, or Benefice, an assignment of land by a
conquering Teutonic king as the reward or price of mili-
tary service, is allowed on all sides to have had much to
do with this great change [from allodial to feudal] in the
legal point of view. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 345.
The kings gave their leading chiefs portions of con-
quered land or of the royal domains, under the name of
benefices. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 286.
2. An ecclesiastical living; a church office
endowed with a revenue for its proper fulfil-
ment; the revenue itself. The following terms
of canon law are frequently found associated with this
word, which is of historical importance: A benefice in-
volving no other obligation than service in the public
offices of the church is simple ; if the cure of souls is at-
tached to it, dowble; if with a certain Tank attached, dig-
nitary or major; the two former without rank, minor.
Thus, a chantry was a simple benefice; a prebend gives
the right to only a part of the income of a canonry at-
tached to a collegiate or cathedral church ; while the bene-
fice is perpetual and has a charge, though there are some
(called namwal, from their being in the hands of the one
conferring them) revocable. The benefice is said to be regw-
lar if held by one qualified to fulfil the duties of the office;
8ecular if held by a layman ; and in commendam, when
in the charge of one commended by the proper authori-
ties until one duly qualified to fulfil its duties is appoint-
ed. In the last-named case the discharge of the office is
provided for at the expense of the holder. (See abbé.) A
benefice is received by election, for example, by a chapter,
or from a patrom, who is properly said to present to it,
or is conferred by the proper ecclesiastical superior; these
nominations, in the Roman Catholic Church, regularly
need confirmation from the pope. His action may cause
a benefice to be reserved or affected (which see); or the
collation is made alternative, that is, to the pope and
regular patron or superior, according to the months in
which the benefice falls vacant, by definite system.
Ful thredbare was his overeste courtepy,
For he hadde geten him yet no benefice.
Chaucer, Gem. Prol. to C. T., 1. 291.
The estates of a bishop or abbot came now to be looked
on as a fief, a benefice, held personally of the King.
. A. Freeman, Norm. Conq., W. 87.
One priest, being little learned, would hold ten or
twelve benefices, and reside on none.
R. W. Diacom, Hist. Church of Eng., i.
3+. Benefit.
Verely, this thyng by the benefice of philosophie was
roted in hym, that he stode in drede of no man liuying.
Udall, tr. of Erasmus's Apophthegmes, p. 70.
Bénéfice de discussion, in French law, the legal right
of a debtor who is secondarily liable to demand that the
creditor should be required first to reach and compel
application of the property of the principal debtor before
discussing his property.
beneficed (ben’é-fist), a. [K benefice + -ed2.]
Possessed of a benefice or church preferment.
All manner persons of holy church . . . beneficed in the
realm of France. Hall, Hen. V., an. 8.
My Father sent me thither to one Mr. George Bradshaw
(nomen invisum ! yet the son of an excellent father, bene-
ficed in Surrey).
Beneficed men, instead of residing, were found lying at
the Court in lords' houses ; they took all from their parish-
ioners, and did nothing for them.
R. W. Diacom, Hist. Church of Eng., i.
beneficeless (ben’é-fis-les), a. [K, benefice +
-less.] Having no benefice: as, “beneficeless
precisians,” Sheldon, Miracles, p. 190.
beneficence (bé-nef’i-sens), n. [K L. beneficem-
tia, K “beneficenſt-)s, beneficent: see beneficent.]
The practice of doing good; active good-
ness, kindness, or charity.
To spread abundance in the land, he [Stuyvesant] obliged
the bakers to give thirteen loaves to the dozen — a golden
rule which remnains a monument of his beneficence.
Irvingſ, Knickerbocker, p. 403.
True beneficence is that which helps a man to do the
work which he is most fitted for, not that which keeps and
encourages him in idleness.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 202.
2. A benefaction; a beneficent act or gift.
=Syn. Benevolence, Beneficence, Bounty, Liberality,
Generosity, Munificence, Charity. Benevolence, literally
Well-wishing, is expressive of the disposition to do good;
hence it easily came to be applied to charitable gifts.
Beneficence, literally well-doing, is the outcome and visi-
ble expression of benevolence. It is a strong though
general word for active and abundant helpfulness to those .
beneficent (bé-nef’i-sent), a.
524
who are in need. Benevolence may exist without the
means or opportunity for beneficence, but beneficence al-
ways presupposes benevolence. Bownty is expressive of
kind feeling, but more expressive of abundant giving.
Liberality is giving which is large in proportion to the
means of the giver. Generosity adds to the notion of
liberality that of largeness or nobleness of spirit in con-
mection with the gift, Munificence is giving on a large
scale, not restricting itself to necessary things, but giving
invishly, it is the one of these words most likely to be
applied to ostentatious or self-seeking liberality, but not
necessarily so. Charity, while having the best original
meaning, has come to be a general word; as to gifts, it is
what is bestowed upon the poor or needy, but not always
with warm or kindly feelings: as, official charity.
With a bow to Hepzibah, and a degree of paternal benev-
olence in his parting nod to Phoebe, the Judge left the
shop, and Went Smiling along the street.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, ix.
Few men have used the influence of a grand seigneur
with such enlightened *::::::::::: with such lasting re-
Sults on human culture and civilization, with such genu-
ine simplicity and cordial loyalty [as Maecenas].
Encyc. Brit., XV. 195.
Deserted at his utmost need
By those his former bownty fed.
Dryden, Alexander's Feast, st. 4.
Over and beside
Signior Baptista's liberality,
I'll mend it with a largess.
Shak., T. of the S., i. 2.
With disinterested generosity, [Byron] resolved to de-
vote his fortune, his pen, and his sword to the [Greek]
C3 USe, Godwin's Biog. Cyc.
Such were his temperance and moderation, such the
excellence of his breeding, the purity of his life, his lib-
erality and munificence, and such the sweetness of his
demeanor, that no one thing seemed wanting in him
which belongs to a true and perfect prince.
Quoted by Prescott, in Ferd. and Isa., i. 2.
Charity finds an extended scope for action only where
there exists a large class of men at once independent and
impoverished. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 78.
beneficency (bé-nef’i-sen-si), n. The quality of
eing beneficent.
[K L. *beneft-
cen(t-)s, compar. beneficentior, assumed from the
noun beneficentia, but the L. adj. is beneficus:
see benefic and beneficence.] Doing or effecting
good; performing acts of kindness and charity;
marked by or resulting from good will.
The beneficent truths of Christianity. Prescott.
She longed for work which would be directly beneficent,
like the Sunshine and the rain.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, II. 55.
The worship of the beneficent powers of nature so per-
vades Teutonic and Scandinavian religion, that it may
almost be said to constitute that religion.
Faiths of the World, p. 232.
=Syn. Beneficent, Beneficial, bountiful, bounteous, liberal,
munificent, generous, kind. Beneficent always implies a
kind and worthy purpose back of that to which the adjec-
tive applies; beneficial does not.
Power of any kind readily appears in the manners; and
beneficent power . . . gives a majesty which cannot be
concealed or resisted. Emerson, Eng. Traits, p. 187.
That such a beech can with his very bulk
Take up the rays o' the beneficial sun.
Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 1.
Iodide of potassium has been tried in large doses [in
chyluria], and in some cases appears to have been bene-
jicial. Qwain, Med. Dict., p. 253.
beneficential (bé-nef-i-sen’shal), a. . [K L. be-
neficentia (see beneficence) + -al.] Of or per-
taining to beneficence; concerned with what
is most beneficial to mankind. N. E. D.
beneficently (bé-nef’i-sent-li), adv. In a be-
neficent manner.
beneficia, n. Plural of beneficium.
beneficial (ben-É-fish'al), a. and n. [K LL.
Evelyn, Diary, May 10, 1637. *beneficialis, K L. beneficium, a benefit: see bene-
Jice.] I. a. 1. Contributing to a valuable end;
conferring benefit; advantageous; profitable;
useful; helpful.
The war which would have been most beneficial to us.
Swift.
That which is beneficial to the community as a whole, it
will become the private interest of some part of the com-
munity to accomplish. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 443.
2. Having or conferring the right to the use or *
benefit
[A license for the sake of the rhyme, benefice
being also used several times in the same pas-
sage of the poem.]
beneficially (ben-É-fish'al-i), adv. 1+. Liber-
ally; bountifully; with open hand. Cotgrave.
—2. In a beneficial manner; advantageously;
profitably; helpfully.
beneficialness (ben-É-fish'al-nes), n. [K bene-
ficial + -ness.] 1+. Beneficence.—2. The qual-
ity of being beneficial; usefulness; profitable-
Iſle SS,
Usefulness and ºngº;
- ir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 5.
For the eternal and inevitable law in this matter is, that
the beneficialness of the inequality depends, first, on the
methods by which it was accompº e
wskin, Unto this Last, ii.
beneficiary (ben-É-fish’i-à-ri), a. and m. [K L.
beneficiarius, K beneficium : see benefice.] I. a. 1.
Arising from feudal tenure; feudatory; hold-
ing under a feudal or other superior; subor-
dinate: as, “beneficiary services,” Spelman,
Feuds and Tenures, xxv.; “a feudatory or
beneficiary king,” Bacon.—2. Connected with
the receipt of benefits, profits, or advantages;
freely bestowed: as, beneficiary gifts or privi-
leges.
There is no reason whatever to .#. that Beneficiary
grants and Commendation arose suddenly in the World at
the disruption of the Roman Empire.
. Maine, Early Hist. of Insts., p. 158.
II. m. ; pl. beneficiaries (ben-à-fish’i-à-riz).
1. One who holds a benefice. -
The beneficiary is obliged to serve the parish church in
his own proper person. Ayliffe, Parergon, p. 112.
2. In feudal law, a feudatory or vassal.-3.
One who is in the receipt of benefits, profits,
or advantages; one who receives something as
a free gift. Specifically — (a) In American colleges, a
student supported from a fund or by a religious or edu-
cational society. (b) One in receipt of the profits arising
from an estate held in trust; one for whose benefit a trust
exists.
The fathers and the children, the benefactors and the
beneficiary, shall . . . bind each other in the eternal in-
closures and circlings of immortality.
Jer. Taylor, Works, II. xiii.
beneficiate (ben-É-fish’i-āt), v. t.; pret, and pp.
beneficiated, ppr. beneficiating. [K NL. “bene-
ficiatus, pp. of beneficiare, after Sp. beneficiar,
benefit, improve, cultivate, the ground, work
and improve mines, K.L. beneficium (>Sp. bene-
ficio), benefit, improvement (in Sp. of ground,
mines, etc.).] 1. To work and improve, as a
mine; turn to good account; utilize.-2. To
reduce (ores); treat metallurgically. Also
called benefit. [Little used except by writers
on Mexican mining and metallurgy.]
There are a great number of mines located and owned
by natives, some of whom have arrastras, and others not
even those, to beneficiate their minerals extracted.
Quoted in Hamilton's Mex. Handbook, p. 230.
beneficiation (ben-É-fish-i-ā‘shgn), n. IK bene:
ficiate + -ion.] The reduction or metallurgical
treatment of the metalliferous ores.
beneficience, beneficient. Erroneous forms of
beneficence, beneficent.
beneficious? (ben-É-fish'us), a. [KL. beneficium,
benefit (see benefice), + -ows.] Beneficent.
beneficium (ben-á-fish’i-um), n. ; pl. beneficia
-á)... [K LL., L.: see benefice.]. 1. A right or
privilege: a term more especially of the civil
law: as, beneficium abstinendi, that is, right of
abstaining, the power of an heir to abstain from
accepting the inheritance.—2. In feudal law, a
benefice. …”
The beneficium originated partly in gifts of land made
by the kings out of their own estates to their own kins-
men and servants, with a special undertaking to be faith-
ful; partly in the surrender by landowners of their es-
tates to churches or powerful men, to be received back
again and held by them as tenants for rent or service. By
the latter arrangement the weaker man obtained the pro-
tection of the stronger, and he who felt himself insecure
placed his title under the defence of the church.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., I. 275.
benefit, as of property;, pertaining or entitled benefit (ben’é-fit), n. [Early mod. E. also beni-
to the usufruct: as, a beneficial owner (which
see, below, ; a beneficial interest in an estate.—
3+. Pertaining to or having a benefice; bene-
ficed.
An engagement was tendered to all civil officers and
beneficial clergy. w Hallam.
4t. Kind; generous: as, a “beneficial foe,” B.
Jonson.— Beneficial owner, one who, though not hav-
ing apparent legal title, is in equity entitled to enjoy the
advantage of ownership. =Syn. 1. Beneficent, Beneficial
(see beneficent), good, salutary. -
.# n. A benefice; a church living.
For that the ground-worke is, and end of all,
How to obtaine a Beneficiall. -
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 486.
fit, benyfit, etc. (also benefact, after L.); KME.
benefet, benfeet, benfet, benfait, benfeyte, etc., K
AF. benfet, biénfet, OF. bienfait, F. bienfait =
It. benefatto, K LL. benefactum, a kindness,
benefit, neut. of benefactus, #. of benefacere, do
good to: see benefaction. e same terminal
element occurs in counterfeit, forfeit, and Sur-
Jeit.] 14. A thing well done; a good deed.—
2. An act of kindness; a favor conferred; good
done to a person.
Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.
JPS. ciii. 2.
3. Advantage; profit; concretely, anything
that is for the good or advantage of a person
benefit
or thing; a particular kind of good receivable
or received.
Men have no right to what is not for their tenº, ke
74.7’ſºč.
The benefits of affection are immense. .
Emerson, Society and Solitude.
Certain benefits arise [to herbivorous animals] from liv-
ing together. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 503.
4. Bestowal, as of property, office, etc., out of
good will, grace, or favor; liberality; gene-
rosity.
Either accept the title thou usurp'st,
Of benefit proceeding from our king,
And not of any challenge of desert,
Or we will plague thee with incessant wars.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 4.
5. A performance at a theater or other place
of public entertainment, the proceeds of which
goto one or more of the actors, some indigent
Or *...; º some charitable institu;
tion, or the like. In Great Britain also called
a bespeak.—6. A natural advantage; endow-
ment; accomplishment. [Rare.]
Look you lisp and wear strange suits; disable [under-
value] all the benefits of your own country.
Shak., As you Like it, iv. 1.
When these so noble benefits shall prove
Not well dispos'd, the mind growing once corrupt,
They turn to vicious forms. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 2.
Benefit of clergy, in law. See clergy.--Benefit of dis-
cussion. See discussion.— Benefit of inventory. See
inventory.—Benefit play, a play acted for some one's
benefit or advantage.—Benefit society, a friendly so-
ciety. See friendly.—Benefit ticket, a winning ticket
at a lottery.—By the benefit oft, by the kindness or
favor of; by the help of. = Syn, 2 and 3. Advantage,
Benefit, etc. (see advantage), service, gain, good, avail, use.
benefit (ben’É-fit), v. [K benefit, n.] I. trans.
1. To do good to; be of service to; advantage:
as, exercise benefits health; trade benefits a na-
tion.
What course I mean to hold
Shall nothing benefit your knowledge.
Shak., W. T., iv. 3.
2. Same as beneficiate, 2.
These ores [silver] on account of the scarcity of water
cannot be benefited in Catorce.
U. S. Cons. Rep., No. lxvii. (1886), p. 519.
II. intrams. To gain advantage; make im-
provement: as, he has benefited by good ad-
"W1Ge.
, To tell you what I have benefited herein.
º Milton, Education.
Each, therefore, benefits egoistically by such altruism
as aids in raising the average intelligence.
H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $78.
benegrot (bå-nē’gró), v. t. [K be-1 + negro.]
1. #. dark; blacken.
The sun shall be benegroed in darkness.
Hewyt, Sermons, p. 79.
2. To people with negroes. Sir T. Browne.
benempt. Obsolete preterit and past partici-
ple of bename.
beneplacitt, a. and n. IKL.L. beneplacitus, pleas-
ing, acceptable, pp. of beneplacere, please, K
bene, well, H. placere, please: see please.] I. a.
Well pleased; satisfied.
God's Beneplacite wil, commonly stiled his wil of good
pleasure, . . . is that whereby he decrees, effects or per-
mits al events & effects. Gale, Works, III. 18. (N. E. D.)
II. m. [K L.L. beneplacitum, good pleasure,
will, decree, neut. of beneplacitus, pleasing, ac-
ceptable: see I. Cf. placitum, pleasure, what is
decreed, neut. of placitus, pp. of placere, please.]
Good pleasure; will; choice. Sir T. Browne.
bene placito (bā‘me plâ’ché-tó). [It.: bene, K
L. bene (see bene-); placito, K L. placitum : see
beneplacit..] In music, at pleasure.
beneplaciture?, m. [K beneplacit + -ure.] Same
as beneplacit.
Hath he by his holy penmen told us, that either of the
other ways was more suitable to his bemeplaciture?
Glanville, Prečxistence of Souls, iv.
benetit (bé-net’), v. t. [K be-1 + netl.] To
catch in a net; insnare.
Being thus benetted round with villains.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
benet2+ (ben’et), n. IK ME. benet, K OF. beneit,
mod. F. beni, K L.L. benedictus, blessed: see
benedict.] In the Rom. Cath. Ch., an exorcist,
the third of the four lesser orders. -
benevolence (bé-nev’º-lens), n. [K ME. benev-
olence, benivolence, KOF benivolence (vernacu-
larly bienvoillance, bienwouillance, mod. F. bien-
veillance), K. L. benevolentia, K benevolen (t-)s,
well-wishing: see benevolent.] 1. The disposi-
tion to do good; the love of mankind, accom-
panied with a desire to promote their happi-
ness; good will; kindness; charitableness.
dº
y
525
The man whom benevolence warms
Is an angel who lives but to bless.
Bloomfield, Banks of Wye.
Of another saint it is recorded that his benevolence was
such that he was never known to be hard or inhuman to
any one except his relations. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 144.
2. An act of kindness; good done; charity
given.
The Courtier needes must recompenced bee
With a Benevolence.
Spenger, Mother Hub. Tale, l. 516.
That which we distribute to the poor, St. Paul calleth a
blessing or a benevolence.
Owtred, tr. of Cope on Proverbs, fol. 151 b.
3. In England, an arbitrary contribution or tax
illegally exacted in the guise of a gratuity to
the sovereign, from the time of Edward IV.,
and forbidden by act of Parliament under Wil-
liam and Mary: sometimes used of similar ex-
actions elsewhere.
The same year (1473] Edward began to collect the con-
tributions which were so long and painfully familiar un-
der the inappropriate name of Benevolences: a method of
extortion worse than even the forced loans and black
charters of Richard II.
Love of benevolence, in New England theol, that af.
fection or propensity of the heart to any being which
causes it to incline to its well-being, or disposes it to
desire and take pleasure in its happiness: distinguished
from the love of complacency, or the disposition to take de-
light in a person for his moral excellence. =Syn, 1. Bown-
ty, Charity, etc. (see beneficence), benignity, humanity.
benevolency (bé-nev’ā-len-si), n. The quality
of being benevolent; benevolence.
benevolent (bé-nev’º-lent), a. [K late ME.
benevolent, benyvolent, KOF. benivolent, K L. be-
nevolen (t+)3 (usually benevolus), well-wishing, K
bene, well, -i- volens, ppr. of velle, wish, = E.
will.] 1. Having or manifesting a desire to
do good; possessing or characterized by love
toward mankind, and a desire to promote their
prosperity and happiness; kind: as, a benevo-
lent disposition or action.
Beloved old man benevolent as wise.
Pope, Odyssey, iii. 456.
The benevolent affections are independent springs of ac-
tion equally with the self-regarding affections.
Fowler, Shaftesbury and Hutcheson, p. 77.
2. Intended for the conferring of benefits, as
distinguished from the making of profit; as, a
benevolent enterprise; a benevolent institution.
*=Syn. Kind-hearted, humane, charitable, generous.
benevolently (bé-nev’ 3-lent-li), adv. In a
benevolent manner; with good will; kindly.
benevolentness (bé-nev’6-lent-nes), m. Benev-
olence. [Rare.]
benevoloust (bé-nev’º-lus), a. [K L. benevolus,
well-wishing: see benevolent.] Kind; benevo-
lent.
A benevolows inclination is implanted into the very franme
and temper of our church's constitution.
T. Puller, Mod. of Church of Eng., p. 509.
beng (beng), n. Same as bhang.
bengal (ben-gål'), m. [From the province of
Bengal, Hind. and Beng. Bangäl: said to be
named from a city called Bângălă; in Skt.,
Banga.] 1. A thin stuff made of silk and hair,
used for women's apparel: formerly made in
Bengal.—2. An imitation of striped muslin.
Also called Bengal stripe.
Bengalee, a. and m. See Bengali.
Bengalese (ben-ga-lès' or -lèz’), a. and n. [K
Bengal + -ese.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Ben-
gal, a province of British India, and also a lieu-
tenant-governorship comprising several other
provinces.
II. m. sing. and pl. A native or natives of
Bengal; a Bengali or the Bengalis.
Bengal grass, light, quince, root, etc. See the
IlOllllS.
Bengali, Bengalee (ben-gā’lé or -gā’lé), a. and
ºn tº Hiná and Bèng. Rangăii.] I a. of or
pertaining to Bengal, its inhabitants, or their
language; Bengalese.
II. m. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Ben-
gal; a Bengalese.
The wretched Bengalis fled in shoals across the Ganges.
J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 267.
2. The language of the Bengalis.
benic (benik), a. [K benº -- -ic.] Obtained
from oil of ben: as, benic acid.
Beni Carlos (bā'ni kär’lös), n. [Formerly beni-
carlo, benecarlo, K. Benicarlo, a seaport in the
province of Castellon, Spain.] A red wine of
dark color and considerable strength, made on
the shores of the Mediterranean, in eastern
Spain. Much of it is exported to France, where
it is mixed with lighter wine for table use.
benight (be-nit"), v. t. [K_be-1 + might.] 1.
To overtake with night. [Rare in this sense,
except in the past participie.]
*
benighten (bě-ni’tn), v. t.
benighter (bé-niſtèr), n.
benightment (bé-nit’ment), n.
Stubbs, Const. Hist, $682 benign (bā-nin’), a.
benignancy (bé-nig'man-si), n.
benignant (bé-nig'nant), a.
benignantly (bé-nig'nant-li), adv.
benignity
Some virgin, sure, . . .
Benighted in these woods. Milton, Comus, 1, 150.
2. To involve in darkness, as with the shades
of night; shroud in gloom; . overshadow;
eclipse; figuratively, to involve in moral dark-
ness or 1911orance.
And let ourselves benight our hº day.
onne, The Expiration.
Her visage was benighted with a taffeta-mask, to fray
away the naughty wind from her face.
Middleton, Father Hubbard's Tales.
But oh alas! what sudden cloud is spread
About this glorious king's eclipsed head?
It all his fame benights. Cowley, Davideis, ii.
Shall we to men benighted
The lamp of life deny?
Bp. Heber, Missionary Hymn.
[K benight + -enl,
after enlighten, etc.] To benight. [Rare.]
[K benight + -erl.]
One who benights or keeps others in darkness.
º [K benight +
-ment.] The state or condition of being be-
nighted.
[K ME. benigme, KOF. be-
migme, benin, F. benim = Sp. Pg. It. benigno, K L.
benignus, kind, K bemus, old form of bonus, good,
+ -genus, born, K gigmere, OL. genere, beget: see
-genous, etc. Cf. malign.] 1. Of a kind disposi-
tion; gracious; kind; benignant; favorable.
Thou hast fulfill'd
Thy words, Creator bounteous and benign,
Giver of all things fair : Milton, P. L., viii. 492.
2. Proceeding from or expressive of gentle-
ness, kindness, or benignity.
To whom thus Michael, with regard benigm.
Milton, P. L., xi. 334.
What did the benign lips seem to say?
Hawthorne, Great Stone Face.
3. Favorable; propitious: as, benign planets.
Godlike exercise
Of influence benign on planets pale.
Keats, Hyperion, i.
4. Genial; mild; salubrious: applied to weather,
etc.—5. Mild; not severe; not violent; not ma-
lignant: used especially in medicine: as, a be-
nign medicine; a benigm disease. =Syn. Gracious,
etc. See benigmant.
[K benignant:
see -ancy..] Benignant quality or manner.
º [In sense like
benign; in form K LL. benignan(t-)s, ppr. of
benigmari, rejoice, ML. benigmare, appease, K L.
benignus, benign, kind: see benign. Cf. malig-
mant, malign.] 1. Kind; gracious; favorable:
as, a benigmant sovereign.
And thank benignant nature most for thee.
Lowell, Cathedral.
2. Exerting a good, kindly, or softening influ-
ence; salutary; beneficial: as, the benigmant
influences of Christianity on the mind.—3. In
med., not malignant; Inot dangerous: said of
diseases. =Syn. 1. Benigmant, Gracious, Benigm, Kind,
Good-natured. Benigmant and gracious are generally ap-
plied to superiors, and imply especially a certain manner
of kindness or favor. Benigmant is more tender or gentle;
gracious is more civil or condescending; both are winning.
Benign has largely given up to benigmamt the associations
with activity or manner, and is applied especially to looks
and influences: as, a benigm. Smile. Kind often implies
some superiority of circumstances on the part of the per-
son acting : thus, we do not speak of a servant as being kind
to his master, unless the latter is ill or otherwise made de-
pendent on his servant for aid. A good-natured person is
one who is not only willing to oblige, but will put up with
a good deal of annoyance. Kind implies discrimination
in benevolence; good-natured does not, but often implies
a weakness for indiscriminate giving to those who solicit
help or favors.
Stern lawgiver ! yet thou dost wear
The Godhead's most benigmant grace;
Not know we anything so fair
As is the Smile upon thy face.
Wordsworth, Ode to Duty.
She, having the truth of honour in her, hath made him
that gracious denial which he is most glad to receive.
Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
There she lost a noble and renowned brother, in his love
toward her ever most kind and natural.
Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
An entertainment throughout with which everybody was
pleased, and the good-natured fathers seemed to be moved
with a delight no less hearty than that of the boys them-
Selves. Howells, Venetian Life, xiii.
In a be-
nignant manner; with kindly or gracious
manner or intent.
benignity (bé-nig'ni-ti), n. ; pl. benignities (-tiz).
[K L. benignita(t-)s, K benigmus, benign: see be-
nigm.] 1. The state or quality of being benign;
goodness of disposition; kindness of nature;
graciousness; beneficence.
The benignity of Providence is nowhere more clearly to
be seen than in its compensations.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 349.
benignity
2. Mildness; want of severity.
Like the mildness, the serenity, the continuing benignity
of a summer's day. D. Webster, Adams and Jefferson.
8. A benign or beneficent deed; a kindness.
benignly (bé-ninſli), adv. In a benign manner;
favorably; kindly; graciously.
benimt, v. t. [K ME. benimen, binimen, KAS.
béniman (= OS. bimiman = OFries. bimima = D.
benemen = OHG. bineman, MHG. benemen, G.
benehmen = Goth, bimiman), take away, K be- +
ºffman, take: see be-1 and nim, and cf. pp. and
deriv. verb benum, benumb.] To take away;
deprive.
All togider he is benome
The power both of honde and fote.
Gower, Conf. Amant., iii. 2.
Ire . . . benimeth the man from God.
hawcer, Parson's Tale.
Benincasa (ben-in-kā’sä), n. [NL., named af-
ter Giuseppe Benincasa, an early patron of bot-
any, and founder of the garden at Pisa.] 1.
Agenus of cucurbitaceous plants consisting of
two species, the best-known being the white
gourd-melon, B. hispida, cultivatedin the trop-
ics.--2. [l. c.] A plant or fruit of this genus.
benish (be-nēsh ’), n. [Turki, K binmek, to ride.]
A horseman's cloak.
A bemeesh, or bemish; which is a robe of cloth, with
long sleeves. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 34.
benison (ben’i-Zn), n. [K ME. benisoun, bene-
son, benesun, beneysum, KOF. beneison, beneiçun,
beneiçon, K L.L. benedictio(n-), a blessing: see
benediction, and cf. malediction, malison.] Bless-
ing; benediction. [Chiefly in poetry.]
God's benison go with you. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 4.
More precious than the benison of friends.
Talfowrd, Ion, i. 2.
Ben-Israel (ben'iz"rā-el), n. An Abyssinian
pygmy antelope of the genus Neotragus.
bénitier (F. pron. bā-nē’tiã), m. [F., K ML.
benedictarium, holy-water font, K LL. benedic-
tus, blessed: see
bemedict.] Afont
or vase for holy
water, placed in
a niche in the
chief porch or
entrance of a
Roman Catholic
church, or, com-
monly, against
one of the in-
terior pillars
close to the
door, into which
the members of
the congrega-
tion on entering
dip the fingers of
the right hand,
blessing them-
selves by mak-
ing the sign of
the cross. Also
called asperso-
Tiwm, Stoup, and
holy-water font
(which see, un- Bénitier.— Villeneuve-le-Roi, France;
*der font). #3% century. (From Violet-le-Duc's
benjamin1 (ben '- Dict. de iºchiº. )
ja-min), n. [Appar. from the proper name Ben-
..jamin.] A kind of top coat or overcoat for-
merly worn by men.
Sir Telegraph proceeded to peel, and emerge from his
four benjamins, like a butterfly from its chrysalis.
Peacock, Melincourt, xxi.
benjamin2 (ben’ja-min), n. [= G. benjamin ;
a corruption of benjoin, an earlier form of ben-
zoin, q.v.] 1. Gum benjamin. See benzoin.
—2. An essence made from benzoin.
Pure benjamin, the only spirited scent that ever awaked
a Neapolitan nostril. B. Jomsom, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.
benjamin-bush (ben’ja-min-büsh), n. An aro-
matic shrub of North America, Benzoin Ben-
20in, of the family Lauraceae. Also called
spice-bush.
benjamin-tree (ben’ja-min-tré), n. A popu-
lar name (a) of the tree Styraa, Benzoin, of
Sumatra (see benzoin), and (b) of Ficus Ben-
jamina, an East Indian tree.
benjoint (ben’jö-in), n. An earlier form of ben-
2017.
benjy (ben’ji), n. . [Origin obscure; perhaps
from Benjy, dim. of Benjamin, a proper name.]
A low-crowned straw hat having a very broad
:º-*g
i;
sºt
%
ka*—.
§
sº
§tº º/ tº-
#ºlº
º
# §§ -
****
º
*º-sº
*º-
|brim. -
ben-kit (ben'kit), n. A large wooden vessel
with a cover to it. Thoresby. [Local, Eng.]
bennetl (ben’et), n.
bennet” (ben’et), n.
bennick, binnick (ben’ik, bin'ik), n.
ben-nut (ben’ nut), n.
Yºr
bent 1 (bent), n.
526
benmost (ben’möst), a... [K beni + -most. Cf.
inmost..] Innermost. Seebenl. [Scotch.]
benne, beneš (ben'e), n. [Of Malay origin..] An
annual plant, Sesamum orientale, of the family
Pedaliaceae, a native of India, but largely cul-
tivated in most tropi-
cal and subtropical
countries for the sake
of the seed and the
oil expressed from it.
The leaves are very muci-
laginous, and readily im-
art this quality to water.
he seeds have from an-
cient times been classed
with the most nutritious
grains, and are still exten-
sively used for food in Asia
and Africa. They yield -
about half their weight ſº
of oil (known as benne-, " tº
gingili-, teel-, or sesame-
oil), which is inodorous,
not readily turned .rancid Benne-plant (Sesamum orientale).
by exposure, and in uni-
versal use in India in cooking and anointing, for soaps,
etc. Large quantities of both oil and seeds are imported
into France, England, and the United States, and are used
chiefly in the manufacture of soap and for the adultera-
tion of olive-oil, or as a substitute for it.
[Var. of bent?, ult. KAS.
*beomet: see bent?..] A grass-stalk; an old stalk
of grass. [Prov. Eng.]
[K ME. benet, beneit, in
herbe beneit, K OF. *herbe beneite (mod. F. be-
motte) = It... erba benedetta, K. M.L. herba bene-
dicta, i. e., “blessed herb’: see herb and bene-
dict.] The herb-bennet, or common avens,
Geum wrbanum.
[E. dial.
(Somerset); origin obscure.] A local English
name of the minnow.
[K benă -- nut.] The
winged seed of the horseradish-tree, Moringa
Moringa, yielding oil of ben, or ben-oil. See
horseradish-tree.
ben-oil (ben’oil), n. [K bent -- oil.] The ex-
pressed oil of the ben-nut, bland and inodor-
ous, remaining many years without becoming
rancid. At a temperature near the freezing-point it
deposits its solid fats, and the remaining liquid portion is
used in extracting the perfumes of flowers, and by watch-
makers for the lubrication of delicate machinery. An-
other ben-oil, however, is said to be derived from the
seeds of Moringa Arabica of Abyssinia and Arabia. Also
called oil of bem or behem.
benomelt, p. a. See benumb.
benome?t, benoment. [See benumb, benim.]
Earlier forms of benum, past participle of benim.
benorth (bé-nórth'), prep. [K ME. be (bi, by)
northe, K AS. be-northan (= MLG. benorden)
K be, prep., + northam, from the north: see 5.3
and north, and cf. besowth, etc.] North of: as,
benorth the Tweed. [Scotch.]
benote (bé-nót'), v. t. [K be-1 + note.] To
annotate or make notes upon.
benothing (bé-nuth (ing), v. t. [K be-1 + no-
thing.] To reduce to nothing; annihilate.
bensel (ben'sel), n. . [Also bensall, bensil, ben-
sail, and bentsail (simulating bent + Sail), K
Icel. benzl, bending, tension, K benda, bend:
see bendl..] 1. Force; violence; impetus.—2.
A severe stroke or blow, properly that re-
ceived from a push or shove. [Scotch and
prov. Eng.]
bensel (ben'sel), v. t. [K bensel, n.] To beat ;
bang. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
benshie (ben’shē), n. Same as banshee.
bentl (bent), a. [Pret. and pp. of bend 1.] 1.
* Curved; deflected; crooked: as, a bent stick.
—2+. Determined; set.
The bent enemie against God and good order.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 87.
[Var. of bend.1, n., perhaps
after bentl, pret. and pp.; but cf. descent, K de-
scend; ascent, K ascend, etc.] 1. The state of
being bent; curved form or position; flexure;
curvature. [Now rare.]
With reverence and lowly bent of knee.
Greene, Menaphon's Eclogue.
Hold your rod at a bent a little.
I. Walton, Complete Angler.
2+. A curved part; a crook or bend.—3. De-
gree of flexure or curvature; tension; strain-
ing; utmost force or power: an archery expres-
sion, but used figuratively of mental disposi-
tion.
Her affections have their full bent,
Shak., Much Ado, ii. 3.
Then let thy love be younger than thyself,
Or thy affection cannot hold the bent.
* Shak., T. N., ii. 4.
There are divers subtle inquiries concerning the strength
required to the bending of bows; the force they have in
ben-teak
the discharge according to the several bents, and the
strength required to be in the string of them. Bp. Wilkins.
4. Declivity; slope. [Rare.]
And downward on an hill under a bente
Ther stood the temple of Marz armipotent,
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, l. 1123.
The free hours that we have spent,
Together, on the brown hill's bent.
Scott, Marmion, Int., ii.
5. Inclination; disposition; a leaning or bias
of mind; propensity: as, the bent of the mind
or will; the bent of a people toward an object.
It is his [the legislator's] best policy to comply with the
common bent of mankind. wºme, Tºssays, Commerce.
My smiling at this observation gave her spirits to pur-
sue the bent of her inclination. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 2.
The strong bent of nature is seen in the proportion
which this topic of personal relations usurps in the con-
versation of society. "mer80m, Love.
6. Direction taken; turn or winding.
For souls already warp'd receive an easy bent.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. 399.
If your thoughts should assume so unhappy a bent, you
will the more want some mild and affectionate spirit to
watch over and console you. Sheridan, The Rivals, v. 1.
7. In carp., a segment or section of a framed
building, as of a long barn or warehouse.—
8. A framed portion of a wooden scaffolding
or trestlework, usually put together on the
ground and then raised to its place.—9. A
large piece of timber.—10t. A cast, as of th
eye; direction. . - - \
Who neither looks on heaven, nor on earth,
But gives all gaze and bent of amorous view
On the fair Cressid. Shak., T. and C., iv. 5.
=Syn. 5. Bent, Propensity, Bias, Inclination, Tendency,
Promeness, Disposition, all keep more or less of their ori-
ginal figurativeness. Bent is the general and natural state
of the mind as disposed toward something; a decided and
fixed turning of the mind toward a particular object or
mode of action. Propensity is less deep than bent, less a
matter of the whole nature, and is often applied to a strong
appetency toward that which is evil. Bias has often the
same meaning as bent, but tends specially to denote a
sort of external and continued action upon the mind:
as, “morality influences men's minds and gives a bias to
all their actions,” Locke. Bias is often little more than
prejudice. Inclination is a sort of bent; a leaning, more
or less decided, in some direction. Tendency is a little
more than inclination, stronger and more permanent.
Promeness is by derivation a downward tendency, a strong
natural inclination toward that which is in some degree
evil: as, proneness to err, to self-justification, to vice;
but it is also used in a good sense. Disposition is often a
matter of character, with more of choice in it than in the
others, but it is used with freedom in lighter senses: as,
the disposition to work; the disposition of a plant to climb.
They fool me to the top of my bent.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
Without the least propensity to jeer.
Byrom, Don Juan, x. 42.
The bias of human nature to be slow in correspondence
triumphs even over the present quickening in the general
pace of things. George Eliot, Middlemarch, II. 263.
It is so much your inclimation to do good, that you stay
not to be asked; which is an approach so nigh to the
Deity, that human nature is not capable of a nearer.
Dryden, Ded. to Indian Emperor.
Everywhere the history of religion betrays a tendency to
enthusiasm. Bºmerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 256.
Actions that promote society and mutual fellowship
seem reducible to a promeness to do good to others and a
ready sense of any good done by others. South.
It cannot be denied that there is now a greater disposi-
tion amongst men toward the assertion of individual lib-
erty than existed during the feudal ages.
Yºr H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 187.
bent? (bent), n. [Also dial. bennet; K ME. bent,
KAS. “beonet (found only in comp., in local
names, as in Beometledh, X E. Bentley) = OS.
*binet (not authenticated) = LG. behind (Brem.
Wörterb.) = OHG. binua, binea, MHG. bina, G.
binge, a bent, rush; origin unknown.] 1. Any
stiff or wiry grass, such as grows on commons
or neglected ground. The name is given to many spe-
cies, as Agrost's alba, Agropyrom jumcewºm, species of
Aira, etc.; in America it is applied primarily to Agrostis
alba and A. cančna. Also bent-grass. *
2. The culm or stalk of bent; a stalk of coarse
withered grass; a dead stem of grass which
has borne seed. - r
His spear a bent both stiff and strong.
Brayton, Nymphidia.
3. A place covered with grass; a field; unin-
closed pasture-land; a heath.
WChe beste to the bent that that bytes on erbeg.
- Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 532.
Black bent, Alopecurw8 agrestis.—Dog or brown bent,
Agrostis canina.— Marsh, greeping, fine, or, White
bént, Agrostis alba.-- Réed bent, Ammophºla are:
marig.-Wire bent, Nardus stricta.--To take the
bent, to take to the bent; run away. [Scotch.]
Take the bent, Mr. Rashleigh. Make ae pair o' legs
worth twa pair o' hands. Scott, Rob Roy, II. 4.
ben-teak (benſtäk), n. A close-grained, infe-
rior kind of teak, used in India for buildings







ben-teak
527
bequeath
4. Yºr
and other ordinary purposes. It is the wood of benumbedness (bé-numdºnes), n. IK benumbed, benzyl (ben’zil), n. [K benz(oic) + -yl.J. An
pp. of benumb, + -ness.] The state of being organic radical (C6H5CH2) which does not ex-
Lagerstraºmia microcarpa.
bent-grafis (bent'grás), n. Same as bent?, 1.
benthal (benſthal), a... [K Gr. 36V60ſ, the depths
of the sea, + -al.] Of or pertaining to depths
of the Sea of a thousand fathoms and more.
See extract. - -
In his presidential address to the biological section of
the British Association at Plymouth in 1877, Mr. Gwyn
Jeffreys suggested the use of the name “benthal . . . for
depths of one thousand fathoms and more,” while retain-
ing the term “abyssal” for depths down to one thousand
fathoms. P. H. Carpenter, in Science, IV. 223.
Benthamic (ben-tham'ik), a. Of or pertaining
to Jeremy Bentham or to his system. See Ben-
thamism.
The Benthamic standard of the greatest happiness was
that which I had always been taught to apply.
J. S. Mill, Autobiog., p. 64.
Benthamism (ben'thamizm), n., [K Bentham
+ -ism.] The political and ethical system
taught by Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), who
held that the greatest happiness of the great-
est number is the rational end of moral rules
and ought to be the aim of governments and
individuals alike; utilitarianism (which see).
My previous education [that is, before 1821–2] had been,
in a certain sense, already a course of Benthamism.
J. S. Mill, Autobiog., p. 64.
Is Benthamism, so absolutely the truth, that the Pope is
... to be denounced because he has not yet become a convert
to it? . J. H. Newman, Letters (1875), p. 114.
Benthamite (ben'tham-it), n. [K Bentham -H
-ite?..] A follower of Bentham; a believer in
Benthamism; an adherent of the Benthamic
philosophy.
A faithful Benthamite traversing an age still dimmed by
the mists of transcendentalism.
M. Arnold, Essays in Criticism, p. 13.
bentinck (ben’tingk), n. [From Captain Ben-
tinck (1737–75), the inventor.] Naut., a trian-
gular course, used as a trysail: now generally
superseded by the storm-staysail. —Bentinck
boom, a small boom on the foot of a square foresail.—
Bentinck shrouds, ropes extending from the weather
futtock-staff to the lee-channels, to support the mast when
the ship is rolling heavily. [No longer used.] e
bentiness (ben’ti-nes), n. The state of being
enty.
benting (ben’ting), n. IK bent? -H -ing.] The
act of seeking or collecting bents or bent-stalks.
The pigeon never knoweth woe
Until she doth a benting go. Ray's Proverbs.
benting-time (ben’ting-tim), m. The time when
pigeon; feed on bents before peas are ripe: as,
“rare benting-times,” Dryden, Hind and Pan-
ther, iii. 1283.
bentivi, bentiveo (ben-té’vé, -tê-vâ’ 3), n.
[Said to be Braz.] A name, said to be used in
Brazil, of a clamatorial passerine bird of the
family Tyrannidae, the Pitangus sulphuratus of
authors in general, Tyrannus sulphuratus (Vieil-
lot), Lanius Sulphuratus (Linnaeus), originally
described in 1760 by Brisson as la pie-griesche
jaune de Cayenne, and hence long supposed to
be a shrike.
ben trovato (bān trö-vā’tó). [It.: ben, K. L. bene,
well; trovato (pl. trovati), pp. of trovare, find,
invent: see trove..] Well feigned; well in-
vented: a part of a familiar Italian saying, Se
non è vero, e ben trovato (If it is not true, it
is well imagined), sometimes introduced, in
various relations, in English.
Various anecdotes of him [Dante] are related by Boccac-
cio, Sacchetti, and others, none of them verisimilar, and
some of them at least fifteen centuries old when revamped.
Most of them are meither veri nor ben trovati.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 19.
benty (benſti), a, IK bent” + -iſºl 1. Of, per-
taining to, or of the nature of bent or bent-
grass.-2. Covered with or abounding in bent.
benum!, p. a. and v. t. An earlier form of be-
numb.
benumbt, benomelf, p. a. [Early mod. E., K
... benome, benomen, KAS. benumen, pp. of be-
niman, deprive: see benim.] Benumbed.
benumb (bé-num"), v. t. [Early mod. E. benum,
benombe, benome, K benumb, benwm, benome, p. a...:
see benwmb, p. a.] 1. To make torpid; deprive
of sensation: as, a hand or foot bemumbed by
cold.—2. To stupefy; render inactive.
. It seizes upon the vitals, and benwmbs the senses. Sowth.
My mind revolts at the reverence for foreign authors, treat, impregnate, or ºuse, to combine with bepuzzlement (bé-puz’l-ment), m.
which stifles inquiry, restrains investigation, bemºwmbs the
Yigor of, the intellectual faculties, subdues and debases benzoyl (ben’zö-il or -zoil), n. [K, benzo(ic) + bequeath (bé-kwäTH'), v. t.
the mind. N. Webster, in Scudder, p. 230.
benumbed (bě-numd’), p. a. Numb or torpid,
benumbed; absence of sensation or feeling.
benumbment (bé-num/ment), n. IK benumb +
-ment.]
being benumbed; torpor.
benweed (ben’wéd), n.
weed; K ben (uncertain) + weed1. Cf. bendwith,
bindweed.] Ragwort. [Scotland and North.
Ireland.]
benzaldehyde (ben-zal’dé-hid), n. IK benz(oic)
+ aldehyde.] . The oil of bitter almonds, C6 & -č -
H5COH, a colorless liquid having. a pleasant bepaint (bé-pântſ), v. t.
odor and agreeable taste. It is prepared artificially
on a large Scale, and used in making benzoic acid as well
as in various dyes and perfumes.
benzamide (ben’za-mid or -mid), n. [K ben-
2(oic) + amide.] A white crystalline sub-
stance, C6H5.C.O.NH2, formed by the action
of ammonia on benzoyl chlorid. The amide of
#benzoic acid.
benzene (ben’zèn), n. [K benz(oic) + -ene.]
A hydrocarbon (C6H6) formed whenever or-
ganic bodies are subjected to destructive dis-
tillation at a high temperature, and obtained
commercially from coal-tar. It is a clear, colorless
liquid, of a peculiar ethereal, agreeable odor, used in the
arts as a solvent for gums, resins, fats, etc., and as the
material from which aniline and the aniline colors are
derived. Also called benzol.
benzil (ben’zil), n., [K benz(oin) + -il.] A com-
pound (C14H10O2) obtained by the oxidation
of benzoin, and also by heating stilbene-bro-
Amide with water at 150° C.
benzilic (ben-zil'ik), a. [K benzil + -ic.] Of,
pertaining to, or formed from benzil: as, ben-
2ilic acid, or diphenylglycolic acid, C14H12O3.
benzimide (ben’zi-mid or -mid), n. [K ben-
zi (me) + (a) mide.] A compound (C23H18N2O2)
formed by the action of hydrocyanic acid on
benzaldehyde.
benzin, benzine (ben’zin, ben-zén'), n. IK ben-
The act of beniimbing; the state of benzylation (ben-zi-lä'sh9n), n.
ist in the free state, but in combination forms
a considerable number of compounds. -
[K benzyl +
-ation.] The act of adding benzene to rosani-
[Also bin-, bind-, bun- line or some similar substance.
The tendency of the benzylation being to give the colour
a bluer shade.
Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico-prinjing, p. 399.
benzylic (ben-zil'ik), a... [K benzyl + -ic..] Re-
lated to or containing the radical benzyl.
[Kibe-1 + paint.] To
paint; cover with paint, or as with paint.
Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek.
Shak., R. and J., ii. 2.
bepale (bé-pâl'), v. t. [K be-1 + pale?..] To
make pale.
Those perjur'd lips of thine, bepaled with blasting sighs.
Carew, To an Inconstant Servant.
bepat (bé-pat"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bepatted,
ppr. bepatting. [K be-1 + pat.] To beat upon:
patter upon.
As timing well the equal sound
Thy clutching feet bepat the ground.
J. Baillie, The Kitten.
bepearl (bé-pèrl’), v. t. [K be-1 + pearl.] To
cover with pearls, or with shining drops like
pearls.
This primrose all bepearled with dew.
Carew, The Primrose.
bepelt (bé-pelt"), v. t. [K be-1 + pelt1..] To pelt
soundly.
bepepper (bé-pep'ér), v. t. [K be-1 + pepper.]
To pepper; pelt with thickly falling blows.
bepester (bé-pesºtér), v. t. [K be-1 + pester.]
To pester greatly; plague; harass.
bepinch (bé-pinch'), v. t. [K be-1 + pinch..] To
pinch or bruise all over.
In their sides, arms, shoulders, all bepincht,
Ran'thick the weals. Chapman, Iliad, xxiii.
bepinki (bé-pingk’), v. t. . [K be-1 + pink.] To
2(oic) + -in2, -inë2.] A &olorless limpid liquid , pink; cut in scallops or pierce with small holes.
consisting of a mixture of volatile hydrocarbons bepiss (bé-pis'), v. t. [K be-1 + piss.] To piss
and having a specific gravity of between 62° , upon;, wet with urine. -
and 65°B. It is obtained by the fractional distillation of bepitchf (bě-pich'), v. t. [K be-1 + pitch2.] To
petroleum. It is essentially different from benzene, being cover or stain with pitch; hence, to blacken or
a mixture of hydrocarbons, while benzene is a single hy-
drocarbon of constant composition. Its chief use in the
arts is as a solvent for fats, resins, caoutchouc, and certain
alkaloids. Also improperly written 70%.
benzoate (ben’zö-āt), n. IK benzo(ic) + -atel.]
A salt of benzoic acid.
benzoated (ben’zô-á-ted), a. Mixed with ben-
×zoin or benzoic acid. -
benzoic (ben-zó'ik), a. [K benzo(in) + -ic.]
Pertaining to or obtained from benzoin.—Ben-
zoic acid, C6H5COOH, a peculiar vegetable acid, ob-
tained from benzoin and other balsams by Sublimation or
decoction. It forms light feathery needles; its taste is
pungent and bitterish, and its odor slightly aromatic; it
is used in making incense and pastils.-Benzoic ether, a
substance obtained by distilling together 4 parts of alco-
hol, 2 parts of crystallized benzoic acid, and 1 part of con-
centrated hydrochloric acid. It is a colorless oily liquid,
having a feeble aromatic smell like that of fruits, and a
pungent aromatic taste.—Benzoic fermentation. See
*fermentation. e - º e
benzoin (ben’zó-in or -zoin), n. [First in 16th
century; also written benjoin, bengewyne, ben-
gwin, later benzion, etc. (also corruptly benja-
'min”, q.v.), = D. benjwin = G. benzoe, benzoin =
Dan. benzoe, K F. benjoin, K Pg., beijoim = Sp.
benjuá, menjuá = It. benzoi, K. Ar. lubän jäwa,
lit. ‘incense of Java’ (Sumatra). The omission
in Rom. of the syllable lu- was prob. due to its
being mistaken for the def. art.1. Gum benja-
min; the concrete resinous juice of Styraa,
Benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, Java, and the Ma-
lay peninsula, obtained by incisions into the
bark. The benzoin of commerce is obtained from both
Sumatra and Siam, that from Siam being much superior
to the other in quality. When rubbed or heated, it has
a fragrant and agreeable odor. It is chiefly used in cos-
metics and perfunnes, and in incense in Roman Catholic
and Greek churches, and is the base of the tincture called
jºriars' or Turlington's balsam, long famous as a remedy
for bronchitis and an effective application to indolent
sores, etc. It forms the medicinal ingredient of court-
3-plaster. See Styraat. '
benzol (ben’zol), n. [Less prop. benzole; K bem-
2(oic) + -ol.] Same as benzene, 1.
benzolin (ben’ző-lin), n. IK benzol + -īn?..]
Same as benzene, 1.
benzolize (ben’zó-liz), v. t.; pret. and pp. ben-
20liged, ppr. benzolizing. [K benzol + -ize.] To
% benzene or a benzene derivative.
-yl.] The radical (C7H5O) of benzoic acid, of oil
darken. Sylvester.
bepity (bé-pit’i), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bepitied,
ppr. bepitying. [K be-1 + pity.] To pity ex-
ceedingly.
Mercy on him, poor heart |
beplait (bé-plat’), v. t.
plait.
beplaster (bě-plas’tēr), v. t. [K be-1 + plaster.]
To cover with plaster; cover or smear over
thickly; bedaub.
Beplaster'd with rouge. Goldsmith, Retaliation.
beplume (bé-plôm"), v. t. [K be-1 + plume.]
To furnish or adorn with feathers; plume.
bepommel (bé-pum'el), v. t. [K be-1 + pom-
'mel.] To pommel soundly; drub.
bepowder (bé-pou’dér), v. t. [Kbe-1 + powder.]
To powder; sprinkle or cover all over with
powder, as the hair.
Is the beau compelled against his will to . . . employ
... all the thought withinside his noddle to bepowder
and becurl the outside?
A. Tucker, Freewill, Foreknowledge, etc., p. 98.
bepraise (bé-prāz'), v. t. [K be-1 + praise.] To
praise greatly or extravagantly; puff
Bepraised by newspapers and magazines.
Goldsmith, Essays, viii.
Hardly any man, and certainly no politician, has been
so be praised as Burke. Contemporary Rev., L. 27.
bepray (bé-prā'), v. t. [K be-1 + pray.] To
pray; beseech. Shak.
beprose (bé-préz'), v. t. [K be-1 + prose.] To
reduce to prose.
To beprose all rhyme.
bepucker (bé-puk’ér), v. t.
To pucker.
I bepitied him, so I did.
Fielding, Tom Jones, x. 9.
[K be-1 + plait..] To
Mallet, Verbal Criticism.
[K be-1 + pucker.]
bepuff (bé-puf'), v. t. [K be-1 + puff..] To puff;
bepraise.
Doggeries never so diplomaed, bepwffed, gaslighted, con-
tinue doggeries. Carlyle, Past and Present, p. 392.
bepurple (bě-pèr'pl), v. t. [K be-1 + purple.]
To tinge or dye with a purple color. Digges.
bepuzzle (bé-puz'l), v. t. [K be-1 + puzzle.] To
puzzle greatly; perplex. --
[K bepuzzle
[K ME. bequethen,
K. A.S. becwethan,
+ -ment.] Perplexity.
biquethem, earlier bicuethen,
of bitter almonds, and of an extensive series of declare, affirm, give by will, K be- + cwethan,
compounds derived from this oil, or connected Say. The simple verb became obsolete in the
either physically, or morally: as, benumbed
- º with it by certain relations. ME. period, except in the pret. quoth, which
limbs; benumbed faith.
bequeath
remains archaically in an idiomatic construc-
tion (see quoth).
served through its technical use in wills.] 1+.
sign as a gift.
Wilt thou forsake thy fortune,
Bequeath thy land to him, and follow me?
Shak., K. John, i. 1.
2. To give or leave by will; assign as a legacy:
more commonly, but not necessarily, used of
personal property, in contradistinction to real
property, which is said to be devised.
Mine heritage,
Which my dead father did bequeath to me.
e halc., Pericles, ii. 1.
3. To hand down; transmit.
One generation has bequeathed its religious gloom and
the counterfeit of its religious ardor to the next.
Hawthorne, Main Street.
Greece has bequeathed to us her ever living tongue, and
the immortal productions of her intellect.
Gladstome, Might of Right, p. 16.
4t. To commit; commend; intrust.
We to flames our slaughtered friends bequeath.
Pope, Iliad, vii. 399.
5t. To give or yield; furnish; impart.
A niggards purse shall scarce bequeath his master a
good dinner.
Pennyless Parl., in Harl. Misc. (Malh.), III. 72. (W. E. D.)
That which bequeaths it this slow pace.
N. Fairfax, Bulk and Selv., p. 122. (N. E. D.)
6t. Reflexively, to commit; dedicate; devote.
Orpheus . . . bequeaths himself to a solitary life in the
deserts. K. Digby, Broad Stone of Honour, I. 166. (N.E.D.)
bequeathf (bé-kwéq'H'), n. [K bequeath, v.] A
bequest.
bequeathable (bé-kwé'PHa-bl), a. [K bequeath
+-able.] Capable of beingbéqueathed.
bequeathal (bé-kwā’THal), n. [K bequeath +
—al.] The act of bequeathing; bequest.
The bequeathal of their savings may be a means of giv-
ing unalloyed happiness. The American, VI. 324.
bequeather (bé-kwé'THèr), n. One who be-
queaths.
bequeathment (bé-kwéq'H' ment), n. IK be-
queath + -ment.] The act of bequeathing; a
bequest.
bequest (bé-kwest’), m. [K ME. bequeste, by-
quyste, prob. (with excrescent -t, as in be-
hest, and shifted accent, after the verb) KAS.
*bicwis (equiv. to bicuide, M.E. bequide, after
becwetham, ME. bequethen), K bi-, accented form,
in nouns, of bi-, be-, + cwis (cwiss-), saying, K
cwetham, say: see bequeath.] 1. The act of
bequeathing or leaving by will.
He claimed the crown to himself, pretending an adop-
tion, or bequest of the kingdom unto him, by the Confes-
8OT. Sir M. Hale.
Possession, with the right of bequest and inheritance, is
the stimulant which raises property to its highest value.
* N. A. Rev., CXLIII. 58.
2. That which is left by will; a legacy.—3.
That which is or has been handed down or
transmitted.
Our cathedrals, our creeds, our liturgies, our varied
ministries of compassion for every form of human suffer-
ing, are a bequest from the age of faith.
H. N. Oacenham, Short Studies, p. 263.
bequest} (bé-kwest"), v. t. [K bequest, n.] To
give as a bequest; bequeath.
bequethef, v. t. An obsolete form of bequeath.
Chaucer.
bequia-sweet (bā-kā'ā-swät), n. [See quot.]
An oscine passerine bird, of the family Icteridae
and subfamily Quiscalina: ; the Quiscalus lumi-
mosus, a grakle found in the Caribbees: so named
from its note.
In Bequia [in the Caribbees), and extending through-
out the chain [of islands], is a blackbird, a new species
named the Quiscalus lºwminosw8, which makes the air re-
sound with its joyous cry: “Bequia sweet, 8weet, Bequia.
8weet.” Ober, Camps in the Caribbees, p. 246.
bequote (bö-kwót"), v. t. [K be-1 + quote.] To
quote frequently or much. gº &
beraft?, pp., A Middle English past participle
of bereave. *
loeraint (bå-rān"), v. t. [K ME. beraymen, berei-
men (= OHG. bireganón, G. beregnen), K be- +
reinen, rain : see be-1 and rain.1.] To rain upon.
With his teris salt hire breest byreymed.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 1172.
Berardius (be-rār'di-us), n. [NL., named after
M. Bérard..] A genus of odontocete whales,
of the family Physeteridae and subfamily Ziphii-
na, having two functional teeth on each side of
the mandibular symphysis. It is related in general
characters to Ziphius and Mesoplodon. The type species,
B. armouzi, attaining a length of about 80 feet, is found in
New Zealand waters,
Berard steel. See steel.
528
berat (be-rat"), n.
ental monarch.
vehemently; scold.
Zopyrus berated Socrates as if he had caught a F.
pocket. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXII. 65.
berattlef (bé-rat'l), v. t. [K be-1 + rattle.] To
cry down; abuse j ºn down. Shak. [Rare.]
beraunite (be-rā’nit), n. IK Beraun (see def.)
+ -ite?..] A hydrous phosphate of iron of a
reddish-brown color, found at St. Benigma near
Beraun in Bohemia.
berayt (bå-rā'), v. t. [K be-1 + ray8.] 1. To
make foul; defile ; soil.
Beraying the font and water while the bishop was bap-
tizing him. Milton, Hist. Eng., vi.
2. To scent.
How comes your handkercher
So sweetly thus beray'd?
[Armen.] A warrant or berdasht, n. 4.
he compound has been pre- patent of dignity or privilege given by an Ori- berdet, n. An obsolete form of beard.
e bereºf, v., here?!, n., etc. An obsolete form of
To give away; transfer the possession of; as-berate (bā-rät'), v. t. [K be-1 + rate2.] To chide beari, bear?, etc., berry4, etc.
& Berean (bě-ré'an), a. and n.
Berea sandstone.
g berg
See burdash.
Also written Be-
ºrdean, K.L. Beroews, K. Beroea, K. Gr. Bépota, Bép-
pota.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the ancient town
of Berea (Beroea, now Verria) in Macedonia;
in religious use, resembling the people of Berea,
as described in the Acts. See II., 2.
II. n. 1. An inhabitant of ancient Berea.—
2. One of a sect of dissenters from the Church
of Scotland, who took their name from and
profess to follow the ancient Bereans men-
tioned in Acts xvii. 11, in building their sys-
tem of faith and practice upon the Scriptures
alone, without regard to human authority.
Also called Barclayites, from their founder,
John Barclay (1734–98), of Muthill, Perthshire.
See sandstone.
Middleton, The Witch, i. 2. bereave (bě-rév’), v.; pret, and }. be)'eaved or
berbe (bèrb), n. [Cf. barbë, Berber.] The name
of an African genet, Genetta pardina.
Berber (běr’bér), m. and a. [K Ar, Berber, Bar-
bar, the Berbers: see barbary and barbS.] I, n.
1. A person belonging to any one of a group
of tribes inhabiting the mountainous parts of
Barbary and portions of the Sahara, descended
from the primitive race of those regions.—2.
The language spoken by the Berbers. It is
one of the Hamitic languages.
II. a. Of or pertaining to the Berbers or
their language.
Berberidaceae (běr"be-ri-dā'sé-é), m. pl. [NL.,
K Berberis (Berberid-) + -aceae.] A family of
dicotyledonous archichlamydeous plants, dis-
tinguished from allied families by having the
few stamens in two or three whorls and the
anthers opening by valves. The genera are widely
distributed, but are small, with the exception of Berberis.
Of the smaller genera, the blue cohosh (Caulophyllum),
the mandrake (Podophyllum), and the twin-leaf (Jeffer.
807?a) are of more or less repute in medicine. See cut
under Berberis.
berberidaceous (bér"be-ri-dā’shius), a., Of or
pertaining to the Berberidaceae.
berberine (bér’be-rin), m. [K NL. berberina :
See Berberis and -ine?..] An alkaloid (C20H17-
NO4) widely distributed in the vegetable king-
dom, being found in the barberry and a con-
siderable number of plants, or parts of plants,
whose extracts combine a yellow color and bit-
ter taste. It forms fine yellow acicular crystals, spar-
ingly soluble in water, having a bitter taste. The sul-
phate and hydrochlorate are soluble, but with difficulty.
Berberis (bér’be-ris), n. [NL. : see barberry.]
The type and principal genus of the family
Berberidaceae, including the common barberry.
It contains aboat 75
species of shrubby
plants, mostly Ameri-
can, and Tanging from
Oregon to Tierra del
Fuego. The common
barberry, B. vulgaris,
the only European spe-
cies and extensively na-
turalized in the United
States, is well known
for its red acid berries,
which make a pleasant
preserve. The , leaves (t
also are acid, and the
bark and root, as in
many other species, are
astringent and yield 8.
yellow dye. The bark
of the root of this and
of several Asiatic spe-
cies, as B. Lycium, B.
Asiatica, and B. aris-
tata, is used as a bitter tonic and for the extraction of
berberine (which see). Some of the Mahonia group of
Species, distinguished by pinnate evergreen leaves, and
including the Oregon grape of the Pacific coast, B. Aqui-
Jolium, are frequently cultivated for ornament. The
stamens in this genus are curiously irritable, springing
forward upon the pistil when the inner side of the fila.
ment is touched. de
berberry (běr’ber-i), n.
'berbine (bér’bin), m.
Barberry (Berbert's vulgaris), with
fruit, flower, and anther (a a) in the
act of dehiscence.
Same as barberry.
[K Berb(eris) + -ine2.]
bereavement (bé-rév' ment), n.
bereaver (bé-ré’vér), n.
bereft (bå-reft').
Berengarian (ber-en-gā’ri-an), m. and a.
Berengarianism (ber-en-gā'ri-an-izm), n.
Berenice's hair.
beresite (ber'e-sit), n. [K Beres(ovsk) + -ite2.]
beret, berret 1 (ber’et), n.
bereft, ppr. bereaving. [K ME. bereven, bireven
(pret. berevede, berefte, bereft, berafte, &#, be-
reved, bereft, beraft), KAS. bered fian (= OFries.
biráva = OS. biróbhön = D. berooven = OHG.
biroubôn, M.H.G. berouben, G. berauben = Goth.
birawbón), rob, bereave, K be- + redfian, plun-
der, rob : see be-1 and reave..] I. trans. 1. To
deprive by or as if by violence; rob; strip:
with of before the thing taken away. *
Me have ye bereaved of my children. Gen. xlii. 36.
Fate had weaven
The twist of life, and her of life bereaven.
Ford, Fame's Memorial.
Wilt thou die e'en thus,
Ruined 'midst ruin, ruining, béreft
Of name and honor?
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II, 18.
[It is sometimes used without of, more especially in the
passive, the subject of the verb being either the person
deprived or the thing taken away.
And 'tis your fault I am bereft him so.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, l. 381.
All your interest in those territories
Is utterly bereft you. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.]
2t. To take away by destroying, impairing, or
spoiling; take away by violence.
Shall move you to bereave my life.
I think his understanding is bereft.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 6.
3+. To deprive of power; prevent.
No thing may bireve
A man to love, til that him list to leve.
Chaucer, Troilus, i. 685.
II. intrans. To destroy life; cut off. ſº
[K bereave
-ment.] 1. The act of bereaving.—2. The state
of being bereaved; grievous loss; particularly,
the loss of a relative or friend by death.
He bore his bereavement with stoical fortitude.
H. Smith, Tor Hill.
One who bereaves or
deprives another of something valued.
Preterit and past participle
K
ML. Bérengarius, Berengar, a theologian, bº
about A. D. 998, died about 1088.] I. m. One of
a sect which followed Berengarius or Berengar
of Tours, archdeacon of Angers in the eleventh
century, who denied the doctrine of transub-
stantiation. e
II. a. Of or pertaining to the Berengarians
or their opinions.
[K
Bérengarian ---ism.] The opinions or doctrines
of Berengarius and his followers. See Beren-
garian.
Marlowe.
of bereave.
See Coma Berenices.
A granite rich in quartz and muscovite and
poor in feldspar, first found at Berezofsk in
the Urals.
[F. beret, KML. be-
Yetta, biretta, a cap: see barret2 and biretta.]
1. A round flat woolen cap worn by the Basque
An alkaloid extracted from the root and inner peasantry. N. E. D.—2. Same as biretta.
bark of the barberry. It is an amorphous beretta, m.
berettina, n.
berceuse (bār-séz'), n. [F., a rocker, a lullaby. berewicki, n.
border, rock, lull to bergl (bérg), n., [K Icel. Sw, Norw, berg = Dan.
white powder, bitter to the taste.
Cf. berceau, a cradle, K
sleep.] A cradle-song; especially, a vocal or
instrumental composition of a tender, quiet,
and soothing character.
bercheroot (ber 'che-röt), n. The Russian
pound, the unit of weight in Russia. The
present standard equals 409.5124 grams, or
0.9028202 of a pound avoirdupois.
bercowetz, n. See berkovets.
berg? (běrg), n.
See biretta.
See berrettina.
See berwick.
bjerg, a rock, G. berg = E. barrowl, a hill.] A
rock. [Shetland.]
[From -berg in iceberg, K. G.
eisberg: see iceberg. Not from AS. bearg, a hill,
which gives E. barrowl, amound (but cf. bergh) :
see barrowl..] A large floating mass or moun-
tain of ice; an iceberg.
Like glittering bergs of ice. Tennyson, Princess, iv

bergall
bºrº, (běr'gāl), n. [Also written burgall, var.
of bergell, bergle, q.v.] :The cunner or blue.
perch, a very common New England fish, Tau-
togolabrus adspersus. See burgall, and cut
under Cumner.
Bergamask (bér'ga-mäsk), a. and n. IK It.
Bergamasco, adj., K. Bergamo, a town in Italy.
Cf. bergamotl.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the
city or province of Bergamo in northern Italy,
or the district of Bergamasca : as, Bergamask
traditions; the Bergamask Alps; “a Bergo-
mask dance,” Shak., M. N. D., v. 1.
II. n. 1. An inhabitant of Bergamo or Ber-
gamasca.
A gibe at the poverty of the †. among whom,
moreover, the extremes of stupidity and cunning are
most usually found, according to the popular notion in
Italy. Howells, Venetian Life, v.
2. [= F. bergamasque.] A rustic dance in imi-
tation of the people of Bergamasca, who were
ridiculed as clownish in manners and speech.
bergamotl (bér'ga-mot), n. [Formerly also
burgamot, burgemott, bourgamot, º: K Ber-
gamo, a town in Italy. Cf. bergamot?..] 1. Citrus
Bergamia, a fruit related to the orange, with
a very aromatic rind, from which, either by me:
chanical means or by distillation, the volatile oil
of bergamot (known in trade as essence of ber-
gamot) is obtained. The essence is a product
chiefly of southern º and is much em-
ployed in perfumery.-2. The popular name
of several labiate Pº as in England of
Mentha citrata, and in the United States of
lMonarda fistulosa and M. didyma.-3. A kind
of snuff perfumed with bergamot.
Gives the nose its bergamot. Cowper, Task, ii.
4. A coarse tapestry manufactured from flocks
of wool, silk, cotton, hemp, and from the hair
of oxen and goats, said to have been made origi-
nally at Bergamo.
bergamot? (bér'ga-mot), n. [K F. bergamote, K
It. bergamotto, appar. a perversion, simulating
a connection with Bergamo, a town in Italy (cf.
bergamotl), of Turk. begarmūdī, lit. (like the G.
name firstenbirne) prince's pear, K beg, a prince
(see bey?), + armūd, a pear.] A variety of pear.
bergander (běr'gan-dér), n. ſº mod. E. also
birgamder, burgander, appar. K ME. berge, a bur-
row (see berry?, burrow?), + gander (i.e., burrow-
gander; cf. its other name, burrow-duck). Cf. D.
berdeend = NFries. barqaand = MLG. berchant
= G. bergente, lit. ‘hill-duck,” G. erdgans, lit.
‘earth-goose.”]. A name of the sheldrake or
burrow-duck, Tadorna vulpanser. Seesheldrake.
bergell, n. See bergle.
bergert, n. [Appar. K.F. bergère, a négligé style
of dressing the hair.] A lock of hair worn
long, and with the end curled, by ladies in the
time of Charles II.
Bergerac (bèr'je-rak; F. pron. berzh-rak’), n.
1. A red wine of good quality, made in the
department of Dordogne in southwestern
France, in the vicinity of the town of Bergerac.
It is seldom in the market under its own name, but is ex-
ported from Bordeaux, and confounded with claret. It is
very popular throughout central France.
2. A white wine from the same district, gen-
erally very sweet and of a high flavor.—3. A
dry wine not unlike Barsac.
hº m. [OF., K berger, a shepherd, KML.
berbicarius, a shepherd, K berbea, L. vervez, a
wether.] A pastoral or rustic song or dance.
Also bargeret, bargaret.
There began anon
A lady for to singe right womanly
A bargaret in praising the daisie.
Flower and Leaf, l. 348.
berghi, n., [Cf. bargh; obsolete form (after
Scand.) of barrowl, a hill.] A hill.
berglax (běrgiaks), n. [Norw. berglaa, berg-
laks, lit, rock-salmon (= Dan, bjerglaa, the
common hake), K berg = Sw. berg, Dan. bjerg,
a hill, rock, -- Norw. Sw. Dan, laa: = AS. lead =
G. lachs, salmon.] The Norwegian name of a
gadoid fish, Macrourus berglax, of the family
Macrowridae.
bergle (běr'gl), n. [Also written bergell, ber-
#. (and bergall, burgall, q.v.), appar. a var. of
ergylt, q.v.] A name in the Shetland islands
of the ballan-wrasse, Labrus maculatus.
bergmanite (běrg'man-it), n. [KT. O. Bergman,
a Swedish mineralogist (1735–84), + -ite2.] A
variety of the zeolite matrolite. It occurs massive
and fibrous in the zirconsyenite of Brevig in Norway. Its
colors are greenish, grayish-white, and red,
bergmaster (běrg’màs’tēr), m. [After G. berg-
meister: see barmaster.] Same as barmaster.
bergmehl (běrgſmål), n. . [G, K berg = E. bar-
rowſ1, a mountain, + mehl = E. meal?..] Moun-
*Russ. berkovetsü.
529
tain-meal or fossil farina, a geological deposit
in the form of an extremely fine powder, con-
sisting almost entirely of the silicious frustules berlin”, berli
isting almost entirely of the silicious ‘’’ ºn 'blue, iron, etc. See the nouns.
berloque (ber-lok’), n. [F.] Milit., the tattoo
×upon a g
|berm (běrm), n.
or cell-walls of diatoms. It has been eaten in Lap-
ºi. guon, of great scarcity, mixed with ground corn
àI101 08:I’K.
Bergmote (bºrg'môt), n. Same as barmºte;
loergy (bér
gi), a. [K *g. + -y1.] 1. Full of
bergs or icebergs.-2. Resembling or of the
nature of a berg.
A considerable very mass of ice. §
. F. Hall, Polar Expedition, p. 266.
bergylt (bér'gilt), n. [Also written berguylt
(see also bergle, bergall, burgall); K Norw. berg-
gylta, dial. berggalt, appar, K berg, cliff, preci-
pice, hill, H- gylta = Icel, gylta and gyltr, a sow.]
A name in Shetland of the rose-fish, Sebastes
"marinus, a fish of the family Scorpaenidae. Also
called Norwegian haddock. See cut under Se-
bastes.
berhyme, v. t. Seeberime.
beriberi (beri-ber-i), n. [Singhalese; an in-
tensive redupl. of beri, weakness.] A disease
characterized by anemia, muscular and sen-
Bernicia,
A fat man in black tights and cloudy Berling.
Dickens, Tuggses at Ramsgate.
berling, n. See birlin. e
drum announcing a meal-time.
[Also written berme, rarely
birm, barm; cf. F. berme, = Russ. berma, etc.,
K ... berme, D. berm, berme, = MLG. berme,
barm, = G. berme, a berm, prob. = Icel. barmr,
edge, border, brim, as of a river or the sea, etc.:
see brim.1.] 1. A narrow ledge; specifically,
infort, a space of ground or a terrace from 3 to
5 feet in width, left between the rampart and
the moat or foss, designed to receive the ruins
of the rampart in the event of a bombardment,
and to prevent the earth from filling the foss.
Sometimes it is palisaded, and in the Netherlands it is
generally planted with a quickset hedge.
If we accept the Hindu Kush as our mountain fortress,
then, to use a technical phrase, Afghan Turkistan is our
berm, and the Oxus our ditch.
J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 668.
2. The bank or side of a canal which is oppo-
site to the towing-path. Also called berm-bank.
sory paralysis, more or less pain, general drop- bermelt, n. A Middle English form of barm”.
sical §. effusion into the serous cavi- berme2, n.
ties, and dyspnoea on exertion. Hydropic and dry
forms are distinguished by the presence or absence of
dropsy. It may be acute, or subacute, or chronic. It
is a form of multiple neutritis which is not contagious,
See berm.
bermiiſians (bér-mil’yanz), m. pt. [Origin un-
known.] Pieces of linen or fustian.
Bermuda grass, fan-palm, etc. See the nouns.
though it infects localities. Beriberi occurs in India and Bermudian (běr-mü’ di-an), a. and m. I. a.
adjacent countries, is frequent in Japan under the name
of kakke, and often attacks members of the crews of sail-
ing-vessels on long voyages. It occurs also in parts of
#: America.
eridae (ber’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Beri(d-)3 +
-idae.] A family’of tetracherous or tanysto-
matous brachycerous Diptera, represented by
Pertaining or relating to the Bermudas or to
their inhabitants.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Bermuda.
or the Bermudas, a group of islands in the At-
lantic, about 600 miles east of Cape Hatteras in
North Carolina, belonging to Great Britain.
such genera as Beris, Xylophagus, etc. Also bermºt, ºt. A Middle English form of barni.
called Xylophagidae.
beridelt, m." [Origin obscure.] A ent of
linen, worn in Ireland in the reign of Henry
VIII. Planché.
berigora (ber-i-gö’ră), n. [Aboriginal name.]
A name of an Australian falcon, the berigora
hawk, Hieracidea (or Ieracidea) berigora.
berime (bé-rim’), v. t. [K be-1 + rimel.] To
celebrate in rime or verse. Also berhyme.
She had a better love to berime [as in old editions] her.
Shak., R. and J., ii. 4.
beringed (bé-ringd’), a. [K be-1 + ringed.]
Supplied or surrounded with rings.
A curiously beringed disc [Saturn].
E. F. Burr, Ecce Coelum, p. 99.
Beris (ber’is), m. [NL.] The typical genus of
the family Beridae, or Xylophagidae. B. clavipes
is an example.
Berkeleian (běrk'lé-an), a. and n. I. a. Per-
taining or relating to George Berkeley, bishop
of Cloyne, Ireland (born 1685, died 1753), or to
Berkeleianism.
The Berkeleian idealism is little more than the easy
demonstration that this view [that the world of reality
exists quite independently of being known by any know-
ing beings in it], from a philosophical standing point, is
untenable. J. C. Shairp, Culture and Religion, p. 185.
II. m. One who holds Bishop Berkeley's sys-
tem of idealism; one who denies the existence
of a material world.
Iłerkeleianism (bërkºlā-ān-izm), n. The phi-
losophy of Bishop Berkeley. See Berkeleian.
He holds that material things exist only in so far as
they are perceived; their esse is percipi. It is by think-
ing them, and making us think them, that the Divine
Being creates the material universe. išut Berkeley gives
to souls a substantive existence, so they must be created
otherwise. The Berkeleian idealism is intimately inter-
woven with an extreme nominalism, which denies the exis-
tence of general conceptions. Berkeley's theory of vision,
which in a modified form is now generally adopted by
scientific men, is that while we see two dimensions of
space, the third is recognized by touch (that is, by the mus-
cular sense), until the eyes become educated to associat-
ing certain appearances with certain feelings of touch.
Berkeley's Act. See act.
berkovets (bër’kö-vets), m. [Russ. berkovetsä.]
A Russian weight, legally equal to 400 Russian
ounds, or 361 pounds 2 ounces avoirdupois.
n other parts of Russia, where older pounds
have not gone out of use, the value of this unit
is somewhat greater. Also bercowet?.
berkowitz (bér’kö-vitz), n. [G. berkowitz, repr.
Same as berkovets.
berlinl (běr’lin orbór-lin’), n. [In first sense,
= Sp. Pg. It. berlina = G. berline, K F. berline;
K Berlin, the capital of Prussia.] 1. A large
four-wheeled carriage with a suspended body,
two interior seats, and a top or hood that can
be raised or lowered: so called because first
made in Berlin, in the seventeenth century,
from the designs of an architect of the elector
of Brandenburg.—2. A knitted glove.
bern?t, bernet, n.
bernaclel (bër’na-kl), n.
b
Bernardine (bér'nār-din), m. and a.
Bernard's canal.
bernet, n.
berneri, n. [K ME. bermer, KOF. bermer, bernier,
Bernese (bér-nēs' or -néz'), a. and n.
bernesque (bér-nesk’), a.
Bernicla (ber'mi-klä), n.
[Early mod. E. (Sc.), KME.
berne, berm, burne, burn, etc., KAS. bedrº, biorn,
a warrior hero, a word used only in poetry, and
prob. = Icel. biörn, a bear, appar. a deriv. of
*beri, m. (bera, f.), := AS. bera, a bear, E. bear?.
It was a common poetical practice to give the
names of fierce animals to warriors; cf. AS.
eofor, a boar, - Icel. jôfurr, a warrior, hero.]
A warrior; a hero; a man of valor; in later
use, a poetic term for man.
Same as barnacle}.
[F. Ber-
nardin, K. M.L. Bernardinus, K Bernardus, Ber-
nard.]. I. m. The name given in France to the
members of the Cistercian order of monks. It
is derived from St. Bernard (1091–1153), who was the most
distinguished member of the order and was regarded as its
second founder. See Cistercian.
II. a. Pertaining to St. Bernard or the Ber-
nardines.
ernacle?t, m. Same as barnacle?.
See canal.
See berm2.
bremier (ML. bermarius), a feeder of hounds, K
bren, bran, bran: see bran.] An attendant in
charge of a pack of hounds. N. E. D.
K. G.,
Bern, F. Berne, in Switzerland, -H -ese.] i. Q.
Pertaining to Bern or its inhabitants.
II. m. sing. and pl. A citizen or citizens of
Bern, the capital of Switzerland, or of the can-
ton of the same name.
[K It. Bernesco, K
Berni : see -esque.] In the humorous and bur-
lesque style of the writings of Francesco Berni,
an Italian poet, who died in 1536.
Bermesque poetry is the clearest reflexion of that reli-
gious and moral scepticism which was one of the charac-
teristics of Italian social life in the 16th century, and
which showed itself more or less in all the works of that
period, that scepticism which stopped the religious Refor-
mation in Italy, and which in its turn was an effect of his-
torical conditions. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 510.
* [NL. (adopted as a
genus name by Stephens, 1824), KML. bernicla,
Canada Goose (Bernicla canadensis),

34
Bernicla.
the barnacle: see barnaclel.] Agenus of geese,
containing the barnacle-goose, brent-goose, and
related species, which have black bills, black
head and neck with white markings, and the
general color dark, with white or light tail-cov-
erts. The type-species is Anserbernicla, now B. lewcopsis;
the brent-goose, is B. brenta; the black brent of North
America is B. nigricans; the common wild goose of North
America, or Canada goose, is B. canadensis; Hutchins's
goose is a similar but smaller species, B. hutchinsi; there
2.Te others also. See cuts under barnacle. and brent-goose.
bernicle, bernicle-goose (bèrºni-ki, -gös), n,
[A form of barnaclel, historically obsolete, but
now occasionally used with ref. to the NL.
generic name Bernicla.] The barnacle or bar-
Inacle-goose. See barmaclel, 1.
Bernissartia (běr-ni-sār’ti-á), n. [NL., K. Ber-
missart, name of a quarry in Belgium.]. A ge-
nus of extinct Wealden crocodiles, typical of
the family Bernissartiidae, whose remains have
'been found in a quarry in Bernissart, Belgium.
Bernissartiidae (bèr"ni-sār-ti’i-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Bernissartia + -idae.] A family of extinct
Crocodilians. The technical characteristics are: the
choanae comparatively approximated; the supratemporal
fossae smaller than the orbits; a well-defined orbitolatero-
temporal sinus; the dorsal plates imbricated and forming
more than two longitudinal rows; and the ventral arma-
ture reduced to one buckler of imbricated plates. The
family occurs in the Wealden and Purbeck formations.
Bernoullian (bér-nó'lian), a. Pertaining to
or discovered by one of several famous mathe-
maticians belonging to the Basle family Ber-
noulli, which originated in Antwerp.–Bernoul-
lian function, a function defined by an equation of the
form A F (a) = a ".--Bernoullian numbers, a certain
series of numbers discovered by Jacob Bernoulli (1654–
1705). The values of the first five are:
B1 = 3 B2 = 3, B3 = ** B4 = 3; BB = $s.
Bernoullian series, in math., the series fo = fa. — af'a:
a;: Af Q: fy r
+ 2Fſ z – if a; +, etc.
bernouse, m. See burnoose.
berob (bé-rob’), v. t. [K ME. berobben ; K be-1
+ rob.] To rob; plunder.
What evill starre
On you hath frownd, and pourd his influence bad,
That of your selfe ye thus berobbed arre?
Spemser, F. Q., I. viii. 42.
Beroë (ber''}-6), m. [L., K. Gr. Bépôm, one of the
ocean nymphs.] The typical genus of cteno-
phorans of the family Beroidae. B. forskali is an
example. The species are of the size and shape of a small
lemon. The genus was formerly of much greater extent
than now, including species now referred to other fami-
lies, as Cydippe, etc.
beroid (ber’ā-id), m. A ctenophoran of the
family Beroidae. º
Beroidae (be-rö’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Beroë --
-idae.] . A family of the class Ctenophora, sub-
kingdom Coelenterata, having the body globular
or oval, without oral lobes or tentacles, and
with fringed appendages of the periphery of
the polar SpaceS. They are transparent jelly-like ma-
rine organisms, differing from most of the ctenophorans
in having a large mouth and digestive cavity. Represen-
tative genera are Beroë, Idyia, and Pandora.
beroon (bě-rón'), m. [Pers. birüm, without, ex-
terior.] The chief court of a Persian dwelling-
house. S. G. W. Benjamin, Persia and the Per-
sians.
berretl, n. See beret.
berret2 (ber’et), m. A kind of opal bead of the
size of a marble. --
It was most amusing to witness his [the chief of Latoo-
ka's] delight at a string of fifty little berrets . . . which
I had bropight into the country for the first time.
º Sir S. W. Baker, Heart of Africa, xvi.
berretta, n. See biretta.
berrettina (ber-e-té'nā), m. . [It, dim. of ber-
retta : see biretta.] A scarlet skull-cap worn
by cardinals. Also berettina.
berri (be’ri), n. A measure of length equal,
in Turkey, to 1828 yards.
berried (ber’id), a. [K berryl -H -ed?..] 1.
Furnished with berries: as, “the berried holly,”
Reats.-2. Of the form or nature of a berry;
baccate.—3. Having eggs or spawn, as a fe-
*male lobster or other crustacean.
berryl (ber’i), m.; pl. berries (-iz). [Early mod.
E. also berrie, K. M.E. bery, berie, K AS. berie,
berige = OS. beri (in winbéri, §º = MD.
bere, also beze, D. begie, bes - MLG. bere = OHG.
beri, M.H.G. bere, ber, G. beere = Ieel. ber = Sw.
bār = Dan. baer = Goth. basi (in weinabas? =
OS. winberi = AS. winberie, ‘wine-berry,’ grape)
(neut. and fem. forms mixed), a berry. Origin
unknown; by some referred to the root of baré,
as if the 'bare or 'uncovered’ fruit.] 1. In
bot. : (a) In ordinary use, any small pulpy
fruit, as the huckleberry, strawberry, black-
berry, mulberry, checkerberry, etc., of which
530
only the first is a berry in the technical sense.
(b) Technically, a simple fruit in which the
entire pericarp is fleshy, excepting the outer
skin or epicarp, as the banana, tomato, grape,
currant, etc.
kinds of grain, etc., as the ber
barley, or the coffee-berry. ee out under
wheat.—2. Something resembling a berry, as
one of the ova or eggs of lobsters, crabs, or
other crustaceans, or the drupe of Rhamnus
infectorius, used in dyeing.—Avignon berry, the
drupe of Rhamnus alaternus, used in dyeing yellow.
bº gº º berry. t d b d
err er’i), v. i.; pret. an ... berried, ppr.
; [K. berryl, m.] 1. § b ; P
duce berries.—2. To gather berries: as, to go
berrying.
bº. (ber’i), n. ; pl. berries (-iz). [Early mod.
E. also berye, berie, K ME. berghe, berge (prop.
dat.), a barrow: see barrowl.]
barrow. [Obsolete or dialectal.]
This little berry some yeleep
An hillock.
W. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, 2.
The theatres are berries for the fair:
Like ants on mole-hills thither they repair.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love, i. 103.
berry3+ (ber’i), n. [E. dial., K. late ME. bery:
see burrow?..] 1. A burrow, especially a rab-
bit's burrow.—2. An excavation; a military
tº dº aw tº
erry4 (ber’i), v. t. ; pret, and pp. berried, ppr.
berrying. [E. dial. and Sc., K.M.E. beryem, berien,
K AS. *berian (only in pp. gebered) = OHG.
berja, M.H.G. berren, beren = Icel. berja = L.
ferire (> ult. E. ferule, interfere), strike..] 1.
To beat; give a beating to.
Here this boy is, 3e bade vs go bary
With battis.
We are combered his corpus for to carry.
York Plays, p. 334.
2. To thresh (grain, etc.).
I'll berry your crap by the light o' the moon.
W. Nicholsom.
berryöf, n. [Also berrie; a corrupt form of
perrie, pirrie: see pirrie..] A gust of wind.
bersaglieri (bār-sà-lyā’ri), m. pl. [It., pl. of ber-
A mound; a
sagliere, a sharpshooter, Kbersaglio (= OF. ber- berthe (bèrth), n.
sail, berseil), a mark, butt, K “berciare, in in- berthierite (bér’thi-er it), n.
berciare, aim at (= OF. bercer, berser); cf. M.L.
bersare, shoot with the bow, hunt. Cf. M.L. ber-
cellum (var. barbizellum), a battering-ram; per-
haps K berbea, L. vervez, a wether, ram.] The
name for riflemen or sharpshooters in the Ital-
ian army.
berserk (bèr'sèrk), m. [K Icel. berserkr (omit-
ting, as usual, the nom. Suffix -r): see berser-
ker.] Same as berserker.
berserker (bér'sér-kër), m. [Also berserkir and
berserk, KIcel. berserkr (the E. retaining the
nom. suffix -y), pl. berserkir; commonly ex-
plained as ‘bare-sark,' K. berr, - E. barel, --
serkr, X E. sark, coat, shirt; but prob, rather
‘bear-sark,’ K *beri, m. (only in comp.) (bera, f.),
= AS. bera, E. bear?, H- serkr. “In olden ages
athletes and champions used to wear hides of
'bears, wolves, and reindeer” º The
“berserker's rage" is expressed by Icel. bor-
serksgangr, K. berserkr + gangr, a going, esp. a
rapid going, furious rush: see gang.] 1. A wild
warrior or champion of heathen times in Scan-
dinavia. In battle the berserkers are said to have been
subject to fits of fury, when they howled like wild beasts,
foamed at the mouth, gnawed the Tim of their shields,
etc.; and on such occasions they were popularly believed
(c) The dry kernel of certain
of wheat and
berthage (běr"thāj), n.
berth-brace (bèrth
berth-deck (bèrth’dek), m.
berthing
berwick
§ keep clear of, keep well away from). , (b)
oom for a vessel to turn around or to ride at
anchor. (c) A station in which a ship lies or
can lie, whether at anchor or at a wharf. (d)
A room or an apartment in a ship where a
number of officers or men mess and reside.
(e) The shelf-like space allotted to a passen-
ger in a vessel º hence in a railroad sleep-
ing-car) as a sleeping-place; a sailor's bun
on board º a place for a hammock, or
a repository for chests.-2. A post or an
appointment; situation; employment: as, he
has got a good berth at last.—Berth and space, in
ship-building, the distance between the molding-edgé of
ear Or pro- +one timber and the molding-edge of the one next to it.
berth? (běrth), v. t. [K. berth?, n.1 Naut.: (a)
To assign or allot anchoring-ground to ; give
space to lie in, as a ship in a dock. (b) 'Tö al.
lot a berth or berths to: as, to berth a ship's
Company. -
The special object of these [changes on the approach of
winter] was the economy of fuel and the berthing of the
whole crew below deck. C. F. Hall, Polar Exp., p. 122.
berth3 (běrth), v. t. [Early mod. E. byrth, per-
haps K "berth, n. (not found), K. Icel. byrdhi,
board or side of a ship, K bordh, board: , see
board.] To board; cover with boards: chiefly
in ship-building.
bertha (bér’thä), n. [Also berthe, after F.; from
the proper name Bertha.] 1. A small cape worn
by women over the shoulders, usually crossed
in front and open at the throat.—2. A trim-
ming of lace or of other material in the shape
of a small cape worn round the upper edge of a
low-necked waist, or in a corresponding posi-
tion on the body in the case of a high-necked
waist.
[K berth? ---age.] 1.
The dues paid by a vessel anchored in a harbor.
Or dock, or berthed at a wharf.-2. Accommo-
dation for anºhoring; harborage.
brås), m. A metal rod,
rope, or chain for supporting the upper berths
of a sleeping-car.
In a man-of-war,
the deck next below the gun-deck. See deck.
[F.] Same as bertha.
[After Pierre
Berthier, a French mineralogist, died 1861.] A.
sulphid of antimony and iron occurring in dark
steel-gray prismatic crystals or fibrous masses.
(běr'thing), n. [K berth? -- -ingl.]
The arrangement of berths in a ship; the
berths collectively.
Berthing requires the earliest attention, and the opera-
tion may be facilitated by having a plan of the decks.
Luce, Seamanship, p. 294.
berthing? (bér’thing), n. [K berth9 + -ing 1.]
1. A continuous box-like structure built on
the side of a man-of-war above the sheer-strake
or plank-sheer, in which hammocks are stowed
away when not in use.—2. The rising or
working up of the planks of a ship's side.
Hamersly. .
berthing-rail (bër’thing-rāl), n. In ship-build-
ing. See extract. [Obsolete.]
The berthing-rail, which was the uppermost rail in the
ship, was let into the lace piece, and had an iron knee at
the fore end embracing the rails on each side. It also
abutted against the cathead, and an iron knee connected
it with the cathead and ship's side.
Thearle, Naval Arch., § 232.
berth-latch (běrth’lach), n. A spring-catch
for keeping the upper berth of a sleeping-gar
to be proof against fire and steel. [Commonly written in place when closed.
with a capital.] -
Out of unhandseled savage nature, out of terrible Druids
and Berserkirs, come at last Alfred and Shakspere.
Emerson, Misc., p. 85.
The wild pirates of the North Sea have become con-
verted into warriors of order and champions of peaceful
freedom, exhausting what still remains of the old Ber-
serk spirit in Subduing nature, and turning the wilderness
into a garden. Huailey, Amer. Addresses, p. 124.
Hence — 2. A person of extreme violence and
fury.
hºle, 7. A variant of bristle. Chaucer.
berthlf, m. An obsolete spelling of birth1.
berth? (běrth), m. [First found at the end of
the 16th century; also written byrth, birth (the
latter spelling being but recently obsolete); ori-
gin unknown (the E. dial: birth, a place, sta-
tion, is but a later use of the same word); per-
hapsult. derived (like the earlier berthl=birth1)
from beari.j 1. Naut.: (a) Sea-room; space
kept or to be kept for safety or convenience
between a vessel under sail and other vessels
or the shore, rocks, etc. : especially in the
phrases, also used figuratively, to give a good,
clear, or wide berth to, keep a wide berth of
bertrandite (běr"trand-it.), n.
berwick, berewick, m.
Bertholletia (bér-tho-lè'shi-á), n. [NL., named
after Claude Louis Berthollet, a French chem-
ist, 1748–1822.] A genus of plants of the
family Lecythidaceae, consisting of two species,
B. eacelsa and B. mobilis. They are South American
trees of large dimensions, forming vast forests in the
interior of §razil. The fruit of B. ea:celsa contains nu-
merous seeds known as Brazil-huts. See Brazil-mwt.
bertram, bartram (bér’-, bār’tram), n. [A cor-
ruption of L. pyrethrum : see Pyrethrum.] An
old name of the plant Chrysanthemum Parthe-
nium, the bastard pellitory or feverfew.
[After E. Ber-
trand, a French crystallographer.] . A hydrous
silicate of glucinum, occurring in minute ortho-
rhombic crystals in pegmatite near Nantes, in
France, and elsewhere.
[Used only as a his-
torical term, K. M.E. berewike, KAS. berewic, K
bere, barley, + wic, dwelling, village: see bear?
and wick;2, and cf. barton.] Same as barton, 1.
In the courts of the Forest of Knaresborough each of
the townships or berewics which form the manor of the
forest is represented by the constable and four men; from
berwick
these the jurors of the leet are chosen; and by them the
praepositus or grave, and the bedel.
Stubbs, Comst. Hist., I, 120.
berycid (ber’i-sid), n. Afish of the family Bery-
º . Also berygºid. * y Bery
Berycidae (be-ris’i-dé), n. pl.
;: + -idd).] A family of acanthopterygian
hes, of which Berya is the typical genus. Vary.
ing liniits have been assigned to it. T(a) In Günther's sys-
Catelolepas long talents.
tem it is the only family of the Beryciformes. , (b) In Gill's
system it is limited to Berycoidea, with a single dorsal fin
having few spines in front, and ventral fins with many soft
rays and moderate spines. It includes the genera Berya,
Anoplogaster, Cawlolepig, and others.
beryciform (be-ris’i-fôrm), a. Having the
characters of or pertaining to the Beryciformes.
Beryciformes (be-ris-i-fôr'méz), n. pl. [NL.,
& Berya (Beryc-) + L. forma, shape.J. In ichth.;
in Günther's system of classification, the second
division of the order Acanthopterygii, character-
ized by a compressed oblong body, a head with
large muciferous cavities covered with thin
skin only, and the ventral fins thoracic with
one spine and more than five soft rays (in Mo-
nocentris with only two).
berycoid (ber’i-koid), a. and n. I. a. Pertain-
ing to the superfamily Berycoidea or family
JBerycidae.
II. m. Same as berycid.
Berycoidea (ber-i-koi"dē-ă), m. pl. [NL., K. Be-
#. (Beryc-) + -oidea..] A superfamily of acan-
thopterygian fishes having nearly the same
limits as the group Beryciformes, and including
the families Berycidae, Monocentridae, Stephano-
berycidae, Holocentridae, and Polymiariidae.
#sºft (ber’il), n. [Early mod. E. beril, berel, ber-
tel, etc., K ME. beryl, beril, berel, K OF. beril, K
L. beryllus, berillus, K. Gr. 8%pº, beryl, per-
haps K Skt. vaidūrya (with lingual d), beryl. Cf.
Ar. Pers. ballär, bellaur, crystal.] A colorless,
bluish, pinkish, yellow, or more commonly
#. mineral, occurring in hexagonal prisms.
The precious emerald is a variety which owes its beauty
of color to the presence of a small amount of chromium.
See emerald. Aquamarine is a pale-green transparent va-
riety, also used as a gen, though not highly prized. Beryl
is a silicate of aluminium and beryllium (glucinum). The
best beryls are found in Brazil and Ceylon, and in Transbai-
kalia and elsewhere in Siberia. Beryls occur also in many
arts of the United States, especially in the New Eng-
and States and North Carolina; the latter State has af-
forded some good emeralds.
Theryllia (be-ril’i-á), m. [NL., Kberyllium.] Same
as glucina.
Beryllian (be-ril’ian), n. One of a sect found-
ed in the third century by Beryllus, bishop of
Bostra in Arabia, who taught that Christ was
non-existent previous to his incarnation, and
that at his birth a portion of the divine nature
entered into him.
berylline (ber’i-lin), a. [K beryl + -ine1.1 Like
*a beryl; of a light- or bluish-green color.
beryllium (be-ril’i-um), n. [NL., KGr. 3mpiºtov,
dim, of 8%pv%20c, beryl.] Same as glucinum.
berylloid (ber’i-loid), n., [K beryl + -oid.]. A
solid consisting of two twelve-sided pyramids
placed base to base: so called , because the
Fº of this form are common in crystals of
eryl.
Berytidae (be-rit’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Berytus
+ -idae.] family of heteropterous insects,
containing the most aberrant bugs of the series
Coreoidea.
Berytus (be-ri’tus), n. [NL.] A genus of he-
mipterous insects, typical of the family Be-
7”/tidae.
Beryx (ber’iks), n. . [NL.] . A genus of bright-
red, spiny-rayed fishes of the family Berycidae.
berzelianite (bèr-zé'lian-it), n. [K Berzelian (K
Berzelius, a celebrated Swedish chemist, 1779–
1848) + -ite?..] A rare selenide of copper, found
in thin incrustations of a silver-white color.
berzeliite (bèr-zé'li-it), ºv. [K Berzelius (see
berzelianite) + -ite?..] An arsemiate of calci-
um, magnesium, and manganese occurring in
[NL., K. Berya,
531
honey-yellow masses, also less frequently in
isometric crystals.
berzeline (bér’ze-lin), n. [K Berzelius (see ber-
2elianite) + -ine?..] 1. The copper selenide
usually called berzelianite.—2. A name early
given to the mineral haüyne.
'bes (bes), n. [L., rarely bessis (bess-), K bi-, two-,
+ as (ass-), as, unit: see agá.] Jºom. metro
ogy, two thirds of a unit or eight twelfths of an
as; especially, eight cyathi or two thirds of
a sextarius; also, the name of a small copper
coin. Also beggis.
besa, beza (bé'sä, bā’tsä), n. [Heb.] Ameasure
of capacity mentioned in rabbinical writings,
equal to one sixth of a United States pint.
besabol (bes'a-bol), n. [Ar.] A fragrant res-
inous balsam obtained from a burseraceous
tree, Balsamea Kataf, of the Somali country
in eastern Africa. It was formerly called East Indian
7myrrh, and differs from true myrrh chiefly in its odor.
Also biggabol.
besagne (be-sān"), n. [OF. besange (Roque-
fort), a piece, bit; perhaps same as OF. besant,
bezant: see bezant.] medieval armor, a
round plate protecting the interval between
two pieces of plate-armor, as at the knee-joint
or elbow-joint. During the period from the first in-
troduction of plate in the earliest rerebrace to the com-
plete suit of steel (nearly a century and a half), the protec-
tion of these joints was one of the most difficult problems,
and the use of the roundel of steel (easy to forge and to
attach), to protect the outer side of the elbow or knee, was
almost universal; if it disappeared #.ºw years, it was
only to come into use again. See row -
besague (bes’ā-gū), n. [OF., also bisaiguë, F.
besaigué = Pr. bezagudo, K L. bis, double, +
acuta, acutus,
pointed, sharp:
see bis- and
acute, and cf.
E. twibill.] In
medieval antig.:
(a) A two-
edged or two-
pointed wea-
on, especial-
y a sort of
pick having
one short point
and one blunt
or four-pointed head; a variety of the martel-
de-fer (which see). (b) A carpenter’s tool with
perhaps an ax-blade on One side and an adz-
blade on the other.
besaint (bå-sånt'), v. t. [K be-1 + saint..] To
make a saint of.
Their canonizing . . .
Besagues. (From Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. du
Mobilier français.”)
and besainting themselves.
Hammond, Works, IV. ix.
besant, n. See begant.
bes-antler, n. See bez-antler.
besaylet, m. [ME., K_OF. besayel, besaiol (F.
bisaïeul), a great-grandfather, K bes-, bis-(K L.
bis, twice) + ayel, aiol, afteul, grandfather. See
bis- and ayle.] A great-grandfather.—Writ of
besayle, in old law, a writ by which a great-grandchild,
wrongfull ; excluded from an ancestor's property, vindi-
cated his or her claim to it.
bescatter (bé-skat’ér), v. t. [K be-1 + scatter.]
To scatter over.
With flowres bescattered. Spenser, F. Q., IV. xi. 46.
The battlemented pine-bescattered ridges on the further
side. The Century, XXVII. 39.
treat with scorn; mock at.
Then was he bescorned that onely should have been hon-
oured in all things. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
bescratch (bé-skrach'), v. t. [K be-1 + scratch..]
To scratch; tear with the nails. Spenser, F.
Q., III. v. 3.
bescrawl (bé-skräl’), v. t. [K be-1 + scrawl.]
To scrawl; scribble over.
So far is it from the kenne of these wretched projectors
of ours that bescrawll their Pamflets every day with new
formes of government for our Church.
* Milton, Church-Government, i. 1.
bescreen (bé-skrén'), v. t. [K be-1, + screen.]
To cover with a screen, or as with a screen;
shelter; conceal.
Bescreened in night. Shak., R. and J., ii. 2.
bescribble (bé-skrib’1), v. t. [K be-1 + scribble.]
To scribble over.
Bescribbled with a thousand trifling impertinences.
Milton, Divorce, ii. 12.
bescumbert (bå-skum’bër), v. t. [Also bescum-
mer, K be-1 + scumber or scwmmer.] To dis-
charge ordure upon; befoul; besmear. Mar-
Sł0%,
Did Block bescwmber
Statute's white suit with the parchment lace there?
B. Jomsom, Staple of News, v. 2.
beset
A critic that all the world begewmbers
With satirical humours and lyrical numbers,
B. Jomson, Poetaster, v. 1.
bescutcheon (bé-skuch’on), v. t. [K be-1 +
8cutcheon.] o ornament with a scutcheon:
as, “bescutcheoned and betagged,” Churchill,
The Ghost, iv.
beseef (bé-sé"), v. [K ME. besen, beseon, biseon,
K AS. besedn, jook, look about (= OS. bisehan,
OFries. bisia = Goth. bisaihwan), K be- + sedn,
see: see be-1 and see 1.] I. trans. 1. To look
at; see.—2. To look to; see to; attend to; ar-
range.—3. Reflexively, to look about one's self;
look to one's self.
II. intrans. To look about; look.
beseech (bé-séch"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. besought,
ppr. beseeching. [Early mod. E. (north.) also
beseek, K. M.E. besechen, bisechen, also beseken
(not in AS.) (=OFries. biséka = D. bezoeken =
OHG. bisuocham, MHG. beswochen, G. besuchen
= Sw. besòka = Dan. besóge, visit, go to see), K
be- + 8eken, seek: see be-1 and seek.] 1. To
entreat; supplicate; implore; ask or pray with
urgency: followed by a personal object.
I Paul myself beseech you by the meekness and gentle-
ness of Christ. 2 Cor. X. 1.
I do beseech you
(Chiefly, that I might set it in my prayers), ...
What is your name? Shak., Tempest, iii. 1.
2. To beg eagerly for; solicit: followed by
the thing solicited.
But Eve . . . at his feet
Fell humble ; and, embracing them, besowght
His peace. Milton, P. L., x. 912.
His sad eyes did beseech
Some look from hers, so blind to him, so blind |
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 297.
=Syn. Ask, Request, Beg, etc. (see ask), plead for or with,
petition, conjure, appeal to.
beseecht (bé-séch'), m. [K beseech, v.] A re-
quest: as, “such submiss beseeches,” Fletcher
(and others), Bloody Brother, iv. 2.
beseecher (bé-sé'chèr), n. One who beseeches.
beseechingly (bé-sé'ching-li), adv. In a be-
seeching manner.
beseechingness (bé-sé'ching-nes), n. The state
or quality of being beseeching or earnestly so-
licitous. George Eliot.
beseechment (bé-séch’ment), n. [K beseech +
-ment.] The act of beseeching. Goodwin.
beseeki (bé-sék’), v. t. Obsolete variant of be-
Seech. Chaucer.
There with prayers meeke
And myld entreaty lodging did for her beseeke.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. iii. 37.
beseem (bé-sém’), v. [K ME. besemen, bisemen,
K be- + semen, seem : see be-1 and seem.] I.f
intrams. 1. To seem.
As beseemed right. Spenser, F. Q., II. ix. 26.
2. To be seemly; be meet.
II. trans. 1. To become; be fit for or wor-
thy of.
Grave, beseeming ornament. Shak., R. and J., i. 1.
In general, it has a quiet, didactic tone, such as beseems
its subject and its age. Tickmor, Span. Lit., L. 91.
2+. To seem fit for.
But foure of them the battell best beseemed.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. ix. 20.
beseeming; (bé-sé’ming), m. Comeliness.
beseemingly (bé-sé’ming-li), adv. In a be-
seeming manner.
bescorn (bå-skörn’), v. t. [K be-1 + scorn.] To beseemingness (bé-Sé'ming-nes), m. The qual-
ity of being beseeming.
beseemlyt (bé-sém’li), a. [K beseem, confused
with seemly.] Seemly; fit; suitable : as, “be-
seemly order,” Shenstone, Schoolmistress.
beseen! (bé-sén'), pp. [K ME. beseyn, besein,
beseye, byseyn, etc., provided, arrayed, having
a certain appearance, pp. of besem, beseon, be-
see: see besee..] 1. Seen ; viewed; with refer-
ence to appearance, looking: as, a well-beseen
ICl8 Il.
Arayd in . . . sad habiliments right well beseeme.
Spenser, F. Q., I. xii. 5.
Hence—2. Clad; arrayed; equipped.
The Curate in his best beseeme solemnly received him at
the Churchyard stile.
R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall, p. 137 b.
3. Provided with as accomplishments; fur-
nished.
beseket, v. t.
seech.
besenna (be-sen'ā), n. Same as mesenna.
beset (bå-setſ), tº t. ; pret, and pp. beset, ppr.
besetting. [K ME. besetten, bisetten, K. A.S. be-
Settam (= OFries. bisetta = D. begetten = LG.
besetten = OHG. bisecan, MHG. G. besetzen =
SW. besòtta = D. besgtte = Goth, bisatjan), sur-
round, K be-, about, + settam, set: see-bei and
A Middle English spelling of be-


beset
set.] lit. To set or place.—2. To set or place
upon; distribute over; bestud; besprinkle: now
only in the perfect participle.
The garden is so beset with all manner of sweete shrubbs,
that it perfumes the aire. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 22, 1685.
A robe of azure beset with drops of gold.
Spectator, No. 425.
Beset on its external surface with spines.
. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 532.
3. To come upon or against; set upon in at-
tack, or so as to perplex, endanger, or hem in;
press upon severely, vigorously, or from all
sides: as, to beset one with blows or with en-
treaties.
Let us lay aside . . . the sin which doth so easily beset us.
Heb. xii. 1.
We are beset with thieves. Shak, T. of the S., iii. 2.
Adam sore beset replied. Milton, P. L., x. 124.
Let thy troops beset our gates. Addison, Cato.
We had been beset [with ice] fifteen days, and had
drifted twenty-two miles to the southward.
A. W. Greely, Arctic Service, xxxviii.
The main difficulty besetting the theory of the excava-
tion of the rock basins by ice is to explaim how the ice
after entering the basin manages to get out again.
J. Croll, Climate and Cosmology, p. 254.
4}. To employ; spend; use up. Chaucer.—5t.
To become; suit; look well on.—To be beset ont,
to be occupied with ; have one's mind fixed on.
- God wolde,
Syn thou most love thurgh thy destenee
That thou beset were on swich on that sholde
Know althi wo, al lakkede here pitee.
Chaucer, Troilus, i. 521.
besetment (bé-set/mºnt), n., [K beset + -ment.]
1. The state or condition of being beset.
The breeze freshened off shore, breaking up and send-
ing out the floes, the leads rapidly closing. Fearing a be-
setment, I determined to fasten to an iceberg. -
Rame, Sec. Grinn. Exp., I. 33.
2. The sin or failing to which one is most li-
able; a besetting sin or tendency. [From the
expression in Heb. xii. 1.]
It's my besetment to forget where I am, and everything
around me. George Eliot.
besetting (bé-set/ing), p. a. Habitually at-
tacking or waylaying.
We have all of us our besetting sins, our special moral
danger, and our special moral strength.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, ix.
besewf (bé-só'), v. t. [K ME. besewen, K be--H sew-
en, sew: see be-1 and sew1.l.. To sew. Gower.
beseyet, pp. A Middle English form of beseen.
'besha (bé'shä), n. An ancient Egyptian mea-
sure of capacity, said to be equal to 4.5 liters,
or one imperial gallon.
beshett, pp. A past participlo of beshwt. Chau-
(362]”.
beshinet (bé-shin'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. beshome,
ppr. beshining. [K ME. beshinen, bischimen, K
AS. bescinan (= OFries. bischina = D. beschijnen.
= OHG. bisceinam, MHG. beschinen, G. bescheinen
= Goth. biskeiman), shine upon, K be- + scinam,
shine: see be-1 and shine.] To shine about or
upon. Chaucer.
[She] was as fair a creature as the sum might beshime.
Berym, l. 381.
beshlik (besh"lik), m. A Turkish silver coin, of
the value of 21 United States cents. Also beslik.
beshmet (besh' met), m. [Native term.] An
article of food consisting of grapes made into
the consistence of honey, used among the tribes
of the mountainous districts of Asia Minor.
beshoneţ (bé-shön"). Preterit and past partici-
ple of beshine.
beshow (bé-shö’), m. A name given by the In-
dians of the strait of Juan de Fuca to the can-
dle-fish, Anoplopoma fimbria. See cut under
candle-fish.
beshrew (bě-shröſ), v. t. [K ME. beshrewen
beshroud (bé-shroud'), v. t.
beshutt (bé-shut"), v. t.
besiclometer (bes-i-klom’e-tér), m.
532
It was an idle bolt I sent, against the villain crow;
Fair sir, I fear it harmed thy hand; beshrew my erring bowl
Bryant, Strange Lady.
[K be-1 + shroud.]
To cover with or as with a shroud; hide in
darkness, as with a cloak.
[K ME. beshwtten, bi-
shetten, Kºbe- + Shutten, shut : see be-1 and shut.]
To shut in or inclose; shut up or confine.
[K F. besi-
cles, spectacles (modified (as if K bes, L. bis,
twice, H- L. oculus, eye) K OF. bericle, crystal
spectacles, dim, K. L. beryllus; see beryl and
brills), + Gr, plátpov, a measure.] An instru-
ment for measuring the distance between the
hinges of a pair of spectacles; a forehead-mea-
SUli”6.
beside (bé-sid’), adv. and prep., prop. prep. phr.
[K ME. j } prép.p
beside, biside, byside, besiden, bisiden,
etc., also (with adv. gen. suffix -es) besides, bi-
sides, adv. and prep., KAS. be sidan (= MHG.
besitem, besite), by (the) side: be, prep., E. by;
Sidan, dat. of side, side.] I. adv. Same as be-
Sides, which is now the common form.
II. prep. 1. At the side of; near: as, sit down
beside me, or beside the stream.
Beside him hung his bow.
I walking to and fro beside a stream.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
2. Over and above; distinct from. [In this
sense now rare, besides being used instead.]
A woollen shirt is generally the only article of dress
worn by the monks, beside the turban.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 316.
3+. Out of; away from.
One of them taking displeasure with his father . . . step-
ped to him, and plucking her [a falcon) beside [out of] his
fist, Wrong her neck.
º tº-e - z
#ºd, chron, scotland (ed. 1806), II, 60 besieged, º'), p. 4.
Neleus, Son of Codrus, being put beside [out of] the King-
dom of Athens by his younger Brother Medon.
Stanley, Hist. Philos. (ed. 1701). (N. E. D.)
4. Apart from; not connected with; not ac-
cording to.
It is beside my present business to enlarge upon this
speculation.
5+. Contrary to.
At Durham, beside all expectation, I met an old friend.
Johnson, Letters (ed. 1788), I. lxxiii. 106.
6. Out of; in a state deviating from.
Enough
To put him quite beside his patience.
7+. Without.
Execut was al byside hire leve.
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 622.
Beside the mark, away from the mark aimed at ; not to
the point; irrelevant or irrelevantly: as, to shoot or to
argue beside the mark.
To reason with such a writer is like talking to a deaf besitt (bé-sit"), v. t.
man who catches at a stray word, makes answer beside the
mark, and is led further and further into error by every
attempt to explain.
Macaulay, Utilitarian Theory of Government.
To be beside one’s self, to be out of one's wits or senses;
be in a high state of mental exaltation or excitement; lose
one's self-command through strong feeling.
Paul, thou art beside thyself; much learning doth make
thee mad. Acts xxvi. 24.
He came down with a huge long naked weapon in both
his hands, and looked so dreadfully sure he's beside him-
self. B. Jomsom, Epicoene, iv. 2.
To go besidet, to pass by ; pass over.—To look besidet,
to overlook; fail to see; miss seeing.
Let vs but open our eyes, We cannot looke beside a lesson.
Bp. Hall (1627), Epistles, iv. 341.
= Syn. Beside, Besides. Beside, by the side of; besides, in
addition to.
Then went Sir Bedivere the second time
Across the ridge, and paced beside the mere.
Tennyson, Passing of Arthur.
His [Muley Abul Hassan's] kingdom now contained four-
Milton, P. L., vi. 763.
besiegement (bé-séjºment), n.
besieging (bé-sé'jing), p. a.
besilver (bě-silºvěr), v. t.
beslabbert (bå-slab’ér), v. t.
beslave (bé-slåv’), v. t.
beslaver (bé-slav’ér), v. t.
besmear
3. Not included in that mentioned; otherwise;
else.
She does write to me
As if her heart were mines of adamant
To all the world besides,
- Beaw. and Fl., Philaster, iii. 1.
4t. On one side; aside.
To gon besydes in the weye.
haucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 405.
Thou canst not fight: the blows thou mak'st at me
Are quite besides, Beaw. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, v. 4.
Sometimes beside. *
II. prep. 1+. By the side of; near. Spenser.—
Over and above; separate or distinct from;
in addition to: as, besides these honors he re-
ceived much money.—3. Other than; except;
bating. - -
No living creature ever walks in it besides the chaplain.
Addison, Spectator, No. 110.
4+. Beyond; away from: as, quite besides the
subject.—Besides himselft, beside himself. Holland,
tr. of Livy, p. 456. = Sym. Beside, Besides. See beside, II.
besiege (bé-séj'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. besieged,
ppr. besieging. [K ME, besegem, bisegem, K be- +
segen, besiege: see be-1 and siege, v.] 1. To la
siege to; beleaguer; beset or surround wit
armed forces for the purpose of compelling to
surrender, either by famine or by violent at-
tacks: as, to besiege a castle or city.
Till Paris was besieg'd, famish'd, and lost. -
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 3.
2. To beset; throng around; harass.
All frailties that besiege all kinds of blood.
hak., Sonnets, cir.
The arras, rich with horseman, hawk, and hound,
Flutter'd in the besieging wind's uproar,
And the long carpets rose along the gusty floor.
Keats, Eve of St. Agnes, xl.
=Syn. 1, T2 beset, hem in, invest, blockade. ,
tº * * * In astrol., said of a
planet which is between two others.
[K besiege +
-ment.] 1. The act of besieging.—2. A state
of siege; beleaguerment.
It is not probable, however, that Pemberton would have
permitted a close ºgº;
U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 495.
ocke. besieger (bé-sé’jēr), n. One who besieges.
On the 27th of November, the besiegers made a despe-
rate though ineffectual assault on the city.
Prescott, Ferd, and Isa., ii. 23.
Surrounding in a
hostile manner; employed in a siege: as, a
besieging army.
* * * y
hak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 1. besiegingly (bé-sé'jing-li), adv. In a besieging
manner. [Rare.
[K be-1 + silver.]
To cover with or as with silver. G. Fletcher.
besing (bé-sing'), v. t. [K be-1 + sing.] To sing
about; celebrate in song. Carlyle.
[K ME. besitten, KAS. be-
sittan, sit about, K be-, about, H. Sittan, sit: see
be-1 and sit, and cf. the causal form beset.] 1.
To sit about ; besiege.—2. To sit upon.—3.
To sit properly upon, as clothes; suit; be-
CODOlò,
That which is for Ladies most besitting.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. ii. 19.
[K ME. beslaber-
en, also besloberen (= LG. beslabbern), K be- +
slaberen, slabber, slobber: see be-1 and slabber,
slobber.] To besiawer; beslobber. Piers Plow-
%20%2.
[K be-1 + slave.] To
make a slave of; enslave.
[Covetousness] beslaves the affections.
Quarles, Judgment and Mercy.
[K be-1 + slaverl.
Cf, beslabber.] To cover with slaver, or any-
thing suggesting slaver; hence, to cover with
lsome flattery.
Same as beshlik.
curse, pervert, K be- + shrew : see be-1 an
shrew1.j 1+. To wish a curse to ; execrate.
Alle suche freendis I beshrewe. Rom. of the Rose.
See, a blossom from the bough.;
But beshrew his heart that pull'd it.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 2.
Nay, quoth the cock; but I beshrew us both,
If I believe a saint upon his oath.
Dryden, Cock and Fox.
2. In modern use, a mildly imprecatory or
merely expletive introductory exclamation, in
the form of the imperative.
Beshrew your heart,
Fair daughter I you do draw my spirits from me.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 3.
Beshrew me, but it was an absolute good jest. ..
B. Jomson, Every Man in his Humour, iii. 2.
Beghrew the sombre pencil said I vauntingly.
Sterne, Sentimental Journey.
teen cities, inety-seventortifiejºice, eºnmºus beslik (bes lik), º: -
unwalled towns and villages defended by formidable cas: beslime (bé-slim"), v. t. [K be-, + slime.] To
tles. - Irving, Granada, p. 13, daub with or as with slime; soil.
besideryt (bå-side-ri), n. [Origin unknown.] Our fry of writers may beslime his fame.
A species of pear. Johnson. B. Jonson, Prol. to Poetaster.
besides (bå-sidz'), adv. and prep. [K ME. be-beslobber (bé-slob’ér), v. t. [KME, besloberen,
sides, bisides, K beside + adv. gen, suffix -es: see same as beslaberen: , see beslabber.] To besmear
beside..] I, adv. 1. Moreover; more than that; or befoul with spittle or anything running from
further. the mouth; slobber over with effusive kisses;
Were rich and h ble : besid Tº: . hence, to Hatter in a fulsome manner or to a
ere rich and nonourable ; ides, the gentleman º
Is full of virtue, bounty, worth, and qualities fulsome degree
- Af
Beseeming such a wife as your fair daughter. beslubber (bé-slub’ér), v. t.
jià, T. & of v., iii. 1. To besmear or befoul.
2. In addition; over and above; as well. Beslubber our garments with it [blood].
id unto Lot, H. hou h - Shale., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
The men said un ot, Hast thou here any besides? 5- /.3 -1 º
y gº.º. 1, beslurry (bé-sluri), v, t, [Kºei. E. dial, slurry,
e soil: see slur.] To soil. Drayton. [Rare.]
There are besides many pompous volumes, some emboss'd - -> te -
with gold, and intaglias on achats, medailes, etc. besmear (bé-Smér’), v. t. [Early mod. E. also
Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 2, 1680. besmeer, besmere, besmire, etc., K ME. bismeor-
[Var. of besiobber.]
. . " Thesmear -
wen, KAS. *bismerwian, besmyrian (= MHG, be-
Smirwen), besmear, K be- + 8myrwan, &mierwan,
smear: see be-1 and smear.] To smear over or
about; bedaub ; overspread with any viscous
matter, or with any soft substance that adheres;
hence, to foul; soil; sully.
My honour would not let ingratitude
So much besmear it. halt., M. of W., v. i.
His dear friends Acates and Acanthes
Lie in the field begmired in their bloods.
Chapman, Blind Beggar.
Her gushing blood the pavement all besmear'd.
Dryden.
besmearer (bé-smér’ér), n. One who besmears.
besmirch (bå-smèrch’), v. t. [K be-1 + 8mirch.]
To soil; discolor, as with soot or mud; hence,
to sully; obscure. [The figurative use is now
the more common one.]
Our gayness, and our gilt, are all besmirch'd
With rainy marching in the painful field.
hak., Hen. V., iv. 3.
The dishonor that bestmirches the husband of a faithless
WOInáIl, Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, p. 87.
besmoke (bé-smók’), v. t. [K ME. besmoken, K
be-1 + smoken, smoke: see be-1 and smoke.]
1. To befoul or fill with smoke.—2. To harden
or dry in smoke. Johnson.—3. To fumigate.
[Rare.]
besmooth (bé-smöTH'), v. t.
[K be-1 + smooth.]
To make smooth. Chapman.
besmotered?, pp. [ME., pp. of *besmoteren;
appar.
not appear in ME.] Smutted; spotted; made
dirty.
A gepoun
Al by&motered with his habergeoun.
haucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., I. 76.
besmut (bå-smut"), v. t. ; pºt and pp. besmut-
ted, ppr. beSmutting. t be-1 + smut.] To
blacken with smut; foul with soot.
besmutch (bé-Smuch"), v. t. [K be-1 + 8mutch.]
To besmirch. Carlyle.
besnow (bé-snö’), v. t. [With altered vowel
gº snow), for earlier besnew, KME. besnewen,
AS. besnßwan (= MHG. besnien, G. beschneien),
K be- + snivan, snow: see be-1 and snow..] To
cover with or as with snow; whiten.
A third thy white and small hand shall besnow.
Carew, To Lady Anne Hay.
besnuff (bé-snuf'), v. t. [K be-1 + snuff.] To
befoul with snuff.
[Rare.]
Unwashed her hands, and much besnuffed her face.
owng, Satires, vi.
besogniot, m. See bisognio.
besoil (bé-soil’), v. t. [K ME. besoylen, K be-1 +
soilem, soil: see be-1 and soil.] To soil; stain;
Sully.
Venerable too is the rugged face, all weather-tanned,
besoiled, with its rude intelligence.
4. Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, iii. 4.
besom (bé’zum), n., [KME. besum, besem, besme,
a broom, a rod, KAS. besema, besma, a rod, in pl.
a bundle of twigs or rods used as a broom, also
as an instrument of punishment, = OFries.
besma = OD. bessem, D. bezem = LG. bessen =
OHG, besamo, MHG. beseme, G. besen, a broom,
a rod; orig. perhaps a twig, hence a bundle
of twigs, a broom.]. 1. A brush of twigs for
sweeping; hence, a broom of any kind.
I will sweep it with the besom, of destruction, saith the
Lord of hosts. Is, Xiv. 23.
The Lord Bacon was wont to commend the advice of
the plain old man at Buxton, that sold besoms.
Bacom's Apophthegms, p. 190.
There is little to the rake to get after the bissome.
Scotch proverb, in Ray (1678), p. 390.
2. A name given to the common broom of Eu-
rope, Cytºsus scoparius, and to the heather, Cal-
luna vulgaris, because both are used for besoms.
—3. [Pron. biz'um.] A contemptuous epithet
for a low, worthless woman. [Scotch.]
besom (bě'zum), v. t. [K besom, n.] To sweep
as with a besom. Cowper. [Rare.]
besomer (bě’zum-èr), n. One who uses a besom.
besoothment (bě-söTH'ment), n. [K*besoothe
(not in use) (K be-1 + soothe) + -ment.] That
which yields consolation; solace ; comfort.
Quarterly Rev. [Rare.]
besortf §º v. t. [K be-1 + sort.] To
suit; fit; become.
Such men as may besort your age. Shak., Lear, i. 4.
besortt (bé-sört'), m. [K besort, v.] Something
fitting or appropriate; suitable company.
I crave fit disposition for my wife, . . .
With such accommodation and besort
As levels with her breeding. Shak., Othello, i. 3.
besot (bé-sot'), v. t. ; pret. and º: besotted,
ppr. besotting. ... [K be-1 + Sot..] 1. To infat-
uate; make a dotard of.
• 533
A fellow sincerely besotted on his own wife.
B. Jomson, Every Man out of his Humour, Pref.
2. To stupefy; affect with mental or moral
stupidity or blindness. . -
A weak and begotted prince—who had . . . produced
a revolt in which six thousand lives were lost—is per-
mitted, unmolested and in safety, to leave the city.
Everett, Orations, I. 517.
8. To make sottish, as with drink; make a
sot of.
Permitted . . . to begot themselves in the company of
their favourite revellers. Macawlay, Hist. Eng., ii.
besotment (bé-sot’ment), n., [K besot + -ment.]
The act of making one's self sottish by drink;
the state of being besotted.
The debasing habit of unsocial begotment is not brought
under the eyes of his superior. 'ulºwer.
besotted (bé-sotºed), p.a. 1. Characterized by
or indicative of stupidity; stupid; infatuated.
Begotted, base ingratitude. Milton, Comus, l. 778.
Historical painting had sunk . . . on the north into the
patient devotion of besotted lives to delineations of bricks
and fogs, fat cattle and ditch water. Ruskin.
2. Made sottish by drink; stupefied by habit-
ual intoxication.
besottedly (bé-sot’ed-li), adv. In a besotted
or foolish manner.
besottedness (bé-sot’ed-nes), n. The state of
being besotted; stupidity; arrant folly; infat-
uation.
freq. of besmut, which, however, does besottingly (bé-sot'ing-li), adv. In a besotting
IOOla, Illſler.
besought (bé-sót'). Preterit and past participle
of beseech.
besour (bé-sour’), v. t. [K be-1 + sour.] To
[K ME. be-sowth; K
make sour. Hammond.
besouth (bé-south'), prep.
be-2 + south. Cf. benorth.] To the south of.
[Scotch.]
bespangle (bě-spang'gl), v. t. [K be-1 + span-
gle.] To adorn with spangles; dot or sprinkle
with small glittering objects.
Not Berenice's lock first rose so bright,
The heav'ns bespangling with dishevell'd light.
Pope, R. of the L., v. 130.
bespat (bé-spat”). Preterit of bespit.
bespatter (bě-spat’ér), v. t. [K be-1 + spatter.]
1. To soil by spattering; sprinkle with any-
thing liquid, or with any wet or adhesive
Substance.—2. Figuratively, to asperse with bºº (bě-spred’), v. t.
calumny or reproach.
Whom never faction could bespatter. Swift, On Poetry.
bespattlet (bé-spat’l), v. t. [K be-1 + spattle.]
le
o spit on. Bp. Balé.
bespawl? (bé-späl"), v. t. [K be-1 + spawl.]
To soil or make foul with or as with spittle.
Bespawls
The conscious time with humorous foam and brawls.
B. Jomson, Poetaster, v. 1.
This remonstrant would invest himself conditionally
with all the rheum of the town, that he might have suffi-
cient to bespawl his brethren.
Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst.
bespeak (bé-spék’), v.; pret. bespoke (formerly
bespake), pp. bespoken, bespoke, ppr. bespeak-
ing. [K ME. bespeken, bispeken, speak, agree
upon, complain, S.A.S. besprecan, complain (=
OS. bisprekam = OFries. º: D. bespreken
= OHG. bisprehhan, MHG. G. besprechen, be-
speak), K_be- + Sprecan, speak: see be-1 and
speak.] I. trans. 1. To speak for beforehand;
engage in advance; make arrangements for:
as, to bespeak a place in a theater.
Staying in Paul's Churchyard, to bespeak Ogilby's Æsop's
Fables and Tully's Officys to be bound for me.
Pepys, Diary, I. 138.
'Tis very true, ma'am ; everything is fixed, and the wed-
ding liveries bespoke. Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.
2. To stipulate, solicit, or ask for, as a favor:
as, to bespeak a calm hearing.
This is a sinister and politic kind of charity, whereby Sprink gº
bespurt, bespirth (bě-spèrt'), "... t.
we seem to bespeak the pities of men in the like occasions.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 2.
3+. To forebode; foretell.
They started fears, bespoke dangers, and formed omi-
nous prognosticks, to scare the allies, Swift.
4. To speak to; address. [In this sense mostly
poetical.]
He thus the queen bespoke. Dryden.
5. To"betoken; show; indicate, as by signs.
When the abbot of St. Martin was born, he had so little
the figure of a man that it bespoke him rather a mº,
0CKSČ.
His face bespeaks
A deep and simple meekness.
Wordsworth, The Borderers, i.
The object, alike paltry and impossible, of this ambi-
tion, bespoke the narrow mind.
bespeckle (bé-spek’l), v. t.
bespendt (bé-spend'), v. t.
bespett, v. t.
bespew (bé-spiiſ), v. t.
bespice (bé-spis"), v. t.
bespirtt, v. t.
bespit (bé-spit’), v. t.; pret. bespit, bespat, pp.
bespot (bé-spot'), v. t.
besprent (bé-Sprent'), p. a.
besprinkle (bé-spring' kl), v. t.
besprinkler (bé-spring’klēr), n.
bespurtlet (bé-spèr’tl), v. t.
besputter (bé-sput’ér), v. t.
Bessel's function
II.f intrans. To speak up or out; exclaim;
speak.
Until their Lord himself bespake, and bid them go.
Milton, Nativity, vi.
And thus the chief bespake. Cowper, Iliad, ii. 201.
bespeak (bé-spék’), n. [K bespeak, v., 1.] Among
actors in Great Britain, a benefit : so called
from the bespeaking of patronage by the actors,
or of the play by the patrons. See benefit, 5.
bespeaker (bé-spé’kēr), n. One who bespeaks.
bººkiº.º.º.º. m. [Verbal n. of be-
T
8peak. e act of speaking for or soliciting;
solicitation. &
A preface, therefore, which is but a bespeaking of favour,
is altogether useless. Dryden, Hind and Panther, Pref.
[K be-1 + speckle.]
To mark with speckles, spots, or bright patches.
Bespeckled her with . . . gaudy allurements.
Milton, Reformation in Eng., i.
[K be-1 + spend.]
To expend; bestow; employ.
All his craft
Bespent about the bed.
Chapman, Odyssey, viii.
[ME. bespeten (weak verb, pp.
bespet, bespat), K be-1 + speten, KAS. Spätan,
spit: see Spit, and cf. bespit.] To bespit.
[K be-1 + spew.] To
spew or vomit on.
[K be-1 + spice.] To
season with spices or drugs; hence, to drug;
poison. *
Ay, and thou,
His cup-bearer, . . . mightst bespice a cup,
To give mine enemy a lasting wink.
tº Shak., W. T., i. 2.
See bespurt.
bespit, bespitten, bespitted, ppr. bespitting. [K
ME. bispitten, K biº spitten, spit: see be-1 and
Spit, ºd cf. bespet.] To spit upon; soil with
ittle
bespoke (bě-spök"). Preterit and past partici-
ple of bespeak.
[K ME. bispotten, K bi-
+ spotten, spot: see be-1 and spot.] To make
spots on ; mark with spots; cover with or as
with blots or blemishes.
Bespotted so with sin. Drayton, Matilda to K. John.
[K be-1 + spread.]
o spread over; cover with.
His nuptial bed,
With curious needles wrought, and painted flowers be-
spread. Dryden.
bespreng (bé-Spreng'), v. t. [K ME. besprengen,
bisprengen (pp. besprenged, bespreymt, etc.), K
AS. besprengam (= D. and G. besprengen), be-
Sprinkle, K be-, + sprengam, sprinkle: see be-1
and Spreng, and cf. besprinkle..] 1. To sprinkle
over; besprinkle: as, “besprent with teares,”
Mir. for Mags., p. 26.
The floor with tassels of fir was besprent.
Longfellow, Wayside Inn, King Olaf, iv.
2. To spread; scatter.
His silver tresses thin besprent.
Warton, Grave of King Arthur.
[Obsolete except in the perfect participle be-
Sprent.] *
[Pp. of bespreng.]
Besprinkled.
In the flower-besprent meadows his genius we trace.
Wordsworth, At Vallombrosa.
[K be-1 +
sprinkle. Cf. bespreng.] To sprinkle over;
scatter over: as, to besprinkle with dust.
Herodotus . . . hath besprinkled his work with many
fabulosities. Sir T. Browne.
Besprinkles with Cimmerian dew. Pope, Dunciad, iii. 4.
One who be-
[K be-1 +
spurt.] To spurt out or over; throw out in a
stream or streams.
Well bespurted with his own holy water.
Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst.
[K be-l + spurtle.]
To bespatter, as with contumely; asperse.
I give thy dogged sullennes free libertie : trot about, and
bespurtle whom thou pleasest.
- Marston and Webster, The Malcontent, i. 2.
[K be-1 + sputter.]
les.
To sputter over.
Besselian (be-sel’yan), a. Pertaining to or ori-
ginated by the German astronomer Friedrich
Wilhelm Bessel (1784–1846).-Besselian function
Same as Bºssel's function (which see, under Junction). *
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 513. Bessel's function. See function.
Bessemer converter
Bessemer converter, iron, process, steel, etc.
See the nouns.
Bessera (bes'º-rä), n. [NL., named after the
Russian naturalist Besser.] A genus of Mexi-
can bulbous liliaceous plants, consisting of a
Single species, B. elegans, frequently cultivated.
Its showy crimson flowers are borne in a termi-
nal umbel.
bessis (bes'is), n. Same as bes.
bessognet, n. See bisogno.
best (best), a. and n. (superlative of good).
*[See better, a., and good.]. I. a. 1. Of the highest
quality, excellence, or standing: said of both
persons and things in regard to mental, moral,
or physical qualities, whether inherent or ac-
quired; as, the best writers and speakers; the
best families; the best judgment; the best years
of one's life; a house built of the best materials.
When he is best, he is a little worse than a man; and
When he is worst, he is little better than a beast.
• Shak., M. of W., i. 2.
What she wills to do or say
Seems wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best.
Milton, P. L., viii. 550.
2.9f greatest advantage, usefulness, or suita-
bility for the purpose intended; most advan-
tageous, suitable, appropriate, or desirable:
as, the best man for the place; the best way to
do anything.
His best companions, innocence and health,
And his best riches, ignorance of wealth.
Goldsmith, Des. Wil., 1.61.
3. Most kind, beneficent, or good: applied to
persons: as, the best husband imaginable; which
of your brothers is best to you?–4. Largest;
greatest; most : as, we spent the best part of
three days in gº there.—Best man, the
groomsman or chief attendant on the bridegroom at a
wedding.
I acted in the capacity of backer or best man to the
bridegroom. z
In our own marriages the best man seems originally
to have been the chief abettor of the bridegroom in the
act of capture. Darwin, Des. of Man, II. xx.
Best work, in mining, the richest class of ore.—To put
One’s best foot foremost. See foot.
II. m. 1. The highest possible state of ex-
cellence; the best quality or property of a
person or thing.
Yf thou wylte leve in peas & Reste,
Here, & see, & sey the beste.
Prov. of Good Counsel, 52.
But you, O you,
So perfect, and so peerless, are created
Of every creature's best. Shak., Tempest, iii. 1.
2. All that one can do, or show in one's self:
often used in this sense with the possessive
pronouns 'my, thy, his, their, etc. : as, I will do
my best to advance your interests; she is bent
on looking her best, he did all he could to ap-
pear at his best in that performance.
Then gan I him to comfort all my best.
Spenser, Daphnaida, l. 190.
Win shall I not, but do my best to win.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
At best, in the utmost degree or extent applicable to the
case: as, life is at best very short.
The Law of England is at best but the reason of Parlia-
ment. Milton, Eikonoklastes, x.
For bestf, finally; for good and all.
Those constitutions . . . are now established for best,
and not to be mended. Milton.
For the best, so as to secure the most advantageous re-
sult; with the best intentions,—The best, (a) The best
people collectively; those of the highest standing in any
respect, but especially socially or intellectually.
e Throng, their rags and they,
The basest, far into that council-hall
Where sit the best and stateliest of the land.
Temºny&om, Lucretius.
(b) The best things, or a thing of the best quality: as, he
always buys the best; dressed in one's best.
The lads and lassies in their best
Were dressed from top to toe.
E. Ransford, Gypsying.
The best of, the advantage in (a contest or proceeding)
or over (a person): as, from the start A. B. had the best of it.
As far as dignity is concerned, Steele has certainly the
best of the quarrel. A. Dobson, Introd. to Steele, p. XXXiX.
To make the best of, to use to the best advantage; get
all that one can out of.
Let there be freedom to carry their commodities where
they may make the best of them. Bacon.
Often used in speaking of things or events that are not.
80 good or favorable as was expected or was to be wished :
as, to make the best of ill fortune or a bad bargain.—To
make the best of one's way, to travel or proceed with
all possible speed.
best (best), adv. (superlative of well).
better, adv.] In the most excellent or most
suitable manner; with most advantage, or suc-
Cess: as, he who runs best gets the prize; the
534 .
best-behaved boy in the school ; the best-culti- bestial (bes’tial), a. and n:
wated fields.
Speak ye, who best can tell.
• Milton, P. L., v. 160.
Most solicitous how best
He may compensate for a day of sloth.
Cowper, Task, iv.
He prayeth best who loveth best
All things both great and small. !
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, vii. 23.
2. In or to the highest degree; to the fullest
extent; most fully: as, those who know him
best speak highly of him; those best informed
Say so; the best-abused man in town.
Old fashions please me best. Shak., T. of the S., iii. 1.
Tell whom thou lovest best. Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
I relish best the free gifts of Providence.
Hawthorne, Old Manse, I
best (best), v. t.
the better of; outdo; surpass.
I cannot stand quiet and see the dissenters best the es-
tablishment. Trafford, World in Ch., ii. 77. (N. E. D.)
2. To overreach or outwit: as, to best a client.
–3. To defeat in a contest; do better than;
beat; hence, in pugilism, to thrash soundly;
drub; defeat at fisticuffs.
bestadt. An obsolete preterit corresponding to
the past participle bestead3.
bestain (bé-stānſ), v. t. [K be-1 + stain..] To
mark with stains; discolor; spot.
All with blood bestain his cheeks.
Percy's Reliques, p. 184, bestially (bes’tial-i), adv.
bestand (bé-stand"), v. t. [K be-1 + stand.] To
serve; be of service to; be ready to serve or
aid. [Rare.]
To such practical lessons as would always bestand them
well. D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together.
best-best (best"best), a. The very best: some-
ti
imes used in trade to indicate the very best
quality.
ty
Dickens, bestead1 (bé-sted’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bestead-
[K be-1,+ stead, v.,
ed, bested, ppr. besteading.
support, help.] 1. To help; assist.—2. To
profit; benefit; serve; avail.
Remember this, Gil Blas, . . . pay your court to Signior
Rodriguez, . . . his friendship will bestead you much.
- Smollett, tr. of Gil Blas, iii. 3.
In this ship was great store of dry Newfoundland fish,
. . . the same being so new and good as it did very greatly
bestead us in the whole course of our voyage.
Sir F. Drake, West India Voyage.
Hence, vain deluding Joys,
The brood of Folly without father bred
How little you bested
Or fill the fixed mind with all your toys |
e ºiſ:
[K best, a. or n.] 1. To get bestiality
bestialize (bes’tial-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp
bestiani (bestian), a.
bestiarian (bes-ti-ā'ri-an), n.
bestiary (bes’ti-à-ri), m.
bestorm
[K L. bestialis, K
bestia, beast; see beast.] I. a. 1. Belonging.
to a beast or to the class of beasts; animal.
Of shape part human, part bestial. Tatler, No. 49.
2. Having the qualities of a beast; brutal; be-
low the dignity of reason or humanity; carnal: .
as, a bestial appetite.
I have lost the immortal part of *g. and what re-
mains is bestial. hak., Othello, ii. 8.
Bestial automaton. See awtomaton. — Bestial s
in astrol, a zodiacal sign denoted by a quadruped, Aries,
Taurus, Leo, Sagittarius, or Capricorngs. =Syn, Brutish,
Bestial, etc. (see brute); vile, depraved, sensual. . .
II. m. [K L.L. bestiale, cattle, neut. of L. bes-
tialis; see above..] ...1. In Scots law, the cattle
on a farm taken collectively.—2}. A work on
JBrewer. -
(bestial’i-ti), n. ...[KLL. bestialitas, K
bestialis: see bestial.] "1. The qualities or na-
ture of a beast; conduct or mental condition
unworthy of human nature; beastliness.
What can be a greater absurdity than to affirm bestial-
ity to be the essence of humanity, and darkness the centre
of light? Martimus Scrºblerw8.
2. Unnatural connection with a beast.
... bes-
tialized, ppr. bestializing. [K bestial, a., + -ize.]
To make like a beast; bring or reduce to the
State or condition of a beast.
The process of bestializing humanity. FIare.
In a bestial man-
brutally; as a brute beast.
Of or belonging to the
beast spoken of in the Apocalypse (Rev. xiii.
Iler .
XX.). -
bestianismſ (bestian-izm), n. IK bestian +
See bestian.
[K L. bestia, a
'beast, + -arian ; suggested by humanitarian.]
One who is an advocate of the kind treatment
of animals; specifically, in Great Britain, an
antivivisectionist.
-ism.] The power of the beast.
[K ML. bestiarium,
neut. of L. bestiarius, pertaining to wild beasts
(as a n., a beast-fighter), K bestia, a wild beast.]
1+. A fighter with wiá beasts in the ancient
Roman amphitheater.—2. A name formerly
Sometimes given to a book treating of animals.
Mr. Watkins has, however, gone further back, and com-
mences with Homer and Hesiod. . His opening chapter,
“A Homeric Bestiary,” is one of the most characteristic
and satisfactory portions of his work.
- M. and Q., 6th ser., XI. 260.
Milton, Il Penseroso, l. 3. bestiate (bes’ti-āt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. besti-
bestead?? (bé-sted’), v. t. [Kbe-1 + stead, place.]
To take the place of.
Hys missing of the Vniuersitie Oratorship, wherein Doc-
tor Perne besteaded him.
Nash, Haue with you to Saffronwalden. bestick (b ë-stik’),
bestead3, p. a. See bested.
bested, bestead (bé-sted’), p. a. [Prop. only
as a pp. or p. a. ; but Spenser uses a pret.
bestad and pp. bestedded, and other authors
have adopted present forms; K ME. bested,
bisted, commonly bestad, bistad, earliest forms
bistathed, bisteathet, pp., without pres. or pret.
(= Dan. bestedt), K be- + stad, stadd, later
sted, etc., K. Icel. staddr = Sw. stadd, circum-
stanced, pp. of Stedhja, fix, appoint, - AS. stath-
than, set, set fast, plant, K starth, a place, re-
lated to Stede, a place, stead: see stead and
steady..] 1. Placed; situated: of things.-2.
Placed or circumstanced as to condition, con-
venience, benefit, and the like; situated: of
persons.
She saith that she shall not be glad,
Till that she se hym so bestad.
Gower, Conf. Amant., i.
Many far worse bestead than ourselves. JBarrow.
In old Bassora's schools I seemed
Hermit vowed to books and gloom,
Ill bested for gay bridegroom.
Emerson, Hermione.
3. Disposed mentally; affected; as, “sorrow-
fully bestad,” Chaucer.—4+. Provided; fur-
nished. -
The Ladie, ill of friends bestedded.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. i. 3.
[This word is scarcely if at all used now, ex-
cept in such phrases as ill or Sore bested.]
Bestiae (bes’ti-é), m. pl. [NL., pl. of L. bestia,
a beast : see beast.] A suborder of the mam-
malian order Insectivora, including the true in-
sectivores as distinguished from the frugivo-
rous Galeopithecidae, having the limbs fitted for
[See
walking, but not for flying (being devoid of a
parachute), and the lower incisors not pecti-
nate. The #. contains the whole of the or-
der, excepting the family just named.
bestill (bā-stil'), v. t.
bestir (bé-stèr'), v. t.; pret. and
bestness (bestºnes), m.
bestorm (bé-störm’), v. t.
ated, pp., bestiating. [KL, bestia, a beast, +
lº.j To make beastly; bestialize. [Rare.]
Drunkenness bestiates the heart.
R. Jwniw8, Sinne Stigmatized, p. 235.
v. t. ; P. and p. bestuck,
ppr. besticking. [K be-1 + stickl.] T. To stick
on the surface of; cover over.—2. To pierce
in various places; pierce through and through.
Truth shall retire,
Bestwck with slanderous darts.
Milton, P. L., xii. 536.
In these little visual interpretations [valentines] no
emblem is so common as the heart, . . . the bestuck and
bleeding heart. Lamb, Valentine's Day.
[K be-1 + still1.] To
make quiet or still. -
Commerce bestilled her many-mationed tongue.
J. Cwmmingham, Elegiac Ode.
[In the following passage uncertain:
They, bestill'd
Almost to jelly with the act of fear,
Stand dumb, and speak not to him.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
This is the reading of the folios; the quartos and mod-
ern editions read distilled.]
P; bestirred,
ppr. bestirring. . [K ME. bestyriem, bestirien, be-
Sterien, bestir, KAS. bestyrian, heap up, pile up,
K be-i-H. Styrian, stir: see be-1 and stir.] To put
into brisk or vigorous action; reflexively, move
with life and vigor: as, bestir yourself.
You have . . . bestirred your valour.
Shak., Lear, ii. 2.
Come on, clowns, forsake your dumps,
And bestir your hobnailed stumps.
B. Jonson, The Satyr.
Touse and bestir themselves ere well awake.
Milton, P. L., i. 334.
g [K best + -ness.] The
quality of being best. [Rare.]
The bestness of a thing.
Bp. Morton, Episcopacy Asserted, § 4.
[K be- + storm ; not
descended from AS. bestyrman = G. bestiirmen
= SW. bestorma = Dan. bestorme, attack with
thestorm
storm, agitate.]
assail with storms: as, “boats bestormed,” Sir
W. Davenant, Gondibert, iii. 6.
All is sea besides,
Sinks under us, bestorms, and then devours.
owng, Night Thoughts, iv.
bestow (bā-stö’), v. t. [K ME. bestowen, bistow-
en; K be-1 + stow, place: see stow.] 1. To lay
.# in store; deposit for safe keeping; stow;
place.
I have no room where to bestow my fruits. Iuke xii. 17.
He bestowed"it in a pouch lined with perfumed legº;
C0!?.
To all appearance I must be [engaged] for many months
to come in turning out, examining, sorting, and bestowing
these materials.
Dr. J. A. H. Murray, 8th Ann. Add. to Philol. Soc.
2. To . or find quarters for; provide with
accommodation.
Well, my masters, I'll leave him with you; now I see
him bestowed, I'll go look for my goods.
B. Jomsom, Bartholomew Fair, iv. 1.
3. To dispose of.
Give me but the name and nature of your malefactor,
and I'll bestow him according to his merits.
bestrode (bé-ströd").
bestrow, v. t.
bestrutt (bå-strut'), v. t. [K be-1 + strut..] To
bestuck (bé-stuk').
535
To overtake with a storm; bestride (bā-strid’), v. t.; pret. bestrode or be-
strid, pp. bestriddén, bestrid, improperly be-
8trided? (Sterne), ppr. bestriding. g ME. be-
striden (pret, bestrood, bestrode, pp. wanting),
K AS. bestridan (hors bestridan–Lye), K be- +
stridan, stride.] 1. To straddle over; mount
astride of; stretch the legs or corresponding
#. across so as to embrace : as, to bestride a
orse; spectacles bestriding the nose.
Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus. Shak., J. C., i. 2.
The animal he bestrode was a broken-down plough-horse.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 436.
2. To step over; cross by stepping.
When I first my wedded mistress saw
Bestride my threshold. Shak., Cor., iv. 5.
Preterit of bestride.
See bestrew.
distend.
Her paps bestrut with milk.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 519.
Preterit and past parti-
ciple of bestick.
Middleton &nd others), The widow, i. 1. bestud (bé-stud’), v. t. ; pºet. and pp. bestudded,
4. To give; confer; impart gratuitously: fol-
lowed by on or upon before the recipient: as,
to bestow praise or blame impartially.
Consecrateyourselves . . . to the Lord, . . . that he may
bestow upon you a blessing. Ex. xxxii. 29.
Though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor . . . and
have not charity, it profiteth me nothing. 1 Cor. xiii. 3.
Around its entry nodding poppies grow,
And all cool simples that sweet rest bestow.
Dryden, Ceyx and Alcyone,
Did you bestow your fortune, or did you only lend it?
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, lxvi.
5. To give in marriage.
I could have bestowed her upon a fine gentleman. Tatler.
6. To apply; make use of; use; employ.
I determine to bestow
Some time in learning languages abroad.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, i. 1.
Otherwise the whole force of the war would have been
infallibly bestowed there. Swift.
7t. To behave or deport.
The boy . . . bestows himself -
Like a ripe sister.
=Syn, 4. Confer, Grant, etc. See give.
beswaddle (bé-swod’l), v. t.
I. 287. beswiket, v. t.
beswinge? (bé-swinj"), v. t.
Shak. As you Like it, iv. 3, beswink!, v. t.
ppr. bestudding. [K be-1 + stud2.] To set with
or as with studs; adorn with bosses.
The unsought diamonds
Would so imblaze the forehead of the deep,
And so bestwd with stars, that they below
Would grow inured to light. Milton, Comus, 1.734.
[K be-1 + 8wad-
dle.] To envelop in swaddling-clothes. W.
Whitehead.
[ME. beswiken, KAS. beswican
(= OS. biswika
han = Sw. besvika = Dan. besvige), deceive, be-
tray, K be- + swican (= OS. Swikan = OFries.
swika = OHG. swihhan = Icel. Svikja = Sw.
svíka = Dan. Sväge), deceive, weaken.] To al-
lure. Gower.
[ME. not found;
AS. beswingam, only in pp. beswungen, Scourge,
beat, K be-, + swingam, scourge, swinge.] To
scourge; beat.
You had best to use your sword better, lest I beswinge
you. eene, Orlando Furioso.
[K ME. beswinken, KAS. beswin-
can, earn by toil, K be-, + swincan, Swink, toil:
betacism (bé'ta-sizm), n
betail (bé-täl’), v. t.
n = D. º = OHG. beswāh- betain (bé’ ta-in), 70.
see be-1 and swink.] To earn.
That of a poison which they drunke
They hadden that they have besww.mke.
Gower, Conf. Amant., i. 131.
A Middle English form of busy.
bestowable (bé-stö’a-bl), a. [K bestow + -able.]
Capable of being bestowed.
bestowaget, n. [K bestow H_-age.] Stowage.
bestowal (bě-stö'al), n. [K bestow + -al.] Be-
Stowment.
The one did himself honour in the bestowal, the other
in the acceptance, of such a gratuity.
Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 3.
bestower (bā-stö’ér), n. One who bestows;
a giver; a disposer.
bestowment (bé-stö’ment), n. IK bestow +
-ment.] 1. The act of giving gratuitously; a
conferring.—2. That which is conferred or
given; a donation.
They almost refuse to give due praise and credit to
God's own bestowments. Is. Taylor.
bestraddle (bå-strad’l), v. t. [Kbe-1 + straddle.]
To bestride. See straddle.
bestraught? (bě-stråtſ), pp. [A modification of
distraught, with prefix be-, for dis-: see dis-
traught.] Distracted; mad: as, “I am not
bestraught,” Shak., T. of the S., Ind., ii.
bestraughtedt (bé-strā’ted), a. [Irreg. K be-
straught.] Distracted. Norden... [Rare.]
bestrawf (bé-strā'), v. t. [K be-1 + straw for
strew.] An obsolete form of bestrew.
bestreak (bé-strök"), v. t. [K be-1 + streak.]
To mark or cover with streaks.
bestrew, bestrow (bé-strö’; -ströſ), v. t. ; pret.
bestrewed, bestrowed, pp. bestrewed, bestrewn, be-
strowed, besiroun, pr. bestrewing, bestrowing.
[K ME. bistrewen, P AS. bestredwian (= D. be-
strooijen = MHG. beströuwen, G. bestreuen =Sw.
beströ = Dan. beströ), K be- + stredwian, strew:
see be-1 and strew, strow.] 1. To strew or scat-
ter about; throw or drop here and there.
Those blossoms also, and those dropping gums,
That lie bestrown. Milton, P. L., iv. 681.
2. To strew anything upon; cover or partially
cover with things strewn or scattered.
Discord shall bestrew
The union of your bed with weeds so loathly,
That you shall hate it both. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1.
Strip the bough whose mellow fruit bestrews
The ripening corn beneath it.
Wordsworth, Between Namur and Liege.
bestrid (bé-strid’). Preterit and past participle
of bestr; -
A
besy, a.
;
# (bet), adv. [K ME. bet, KAS. bet = OFries.
bet = OS. bat, bet = OD. bat, bet = OHG. M.H.G.
baz, G. bass = Icel. betr = Goth. *batis (in adj.
batiza), better, orig. adj. in the neut. acc. with
reg. compar. suffix (lost in AS., etc.; hence the
later form betere, betre, E. better, adv., prop.
neut. of the inflected adj. betera: see betterl),
K*bat, a positive not used, from the root which
appears also in Icel, batna, E. batten 1, become
or make better, improve, AS. bāt, E. bootl, ad-
vantage, improvement, AS. betan, E. beet”, im-
prove, etc.: see batten 1, battle3, bootl, beet”,
etc.] Obsolete and earlier Middle English form
of better1.
“Go bet,” quod he, “and axe redily
What cors is this that passeth heer forby.”
Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, l. 205.
It had been bet for me still to have kept my quiet chair.
& Gascoigne.
bet2 (bet), v.; pret. and pp. bet or betted, ppr.
betting.' [First in early mod. E.; prob. short
for abet (cf. bate2, short for abate); if so, prob.
first as a noun, instigation, encouragement,
support, backing, whence the verb, to give Sup-
port, etc.] I. trans. To pledge as a forfeit to
another who makes a similar pledge in return,
on a future contingency, in support of an affir-
mation or opinion; stake; Wager.
John of Gaunt loved him well, and betted much money
On his head. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
II, intrans. To lay a wager; stake money or
anything of value upon a contingency.-You
i. certainly; of course, [U. S., originally California,
Slang.]
“Friend,” said I to a Jehu, whose breath suggested gin,
“Can thee convey me straightway to a reputable inn?”
His answer's gross irrelevance I shall not soon forget—
Instead of simply yea or may, he gruffly said, “You bet !”
The Century, XI. 142.
Yºr
bet2 (bet), n. [See the verb.] 1. The pledging
of some valuable thing, as money (or of the do-
ing of some onerous act), to be forfeited, in case
some future event happens contrary to the as-
sertion or belief of the one-making the pledge,
betalk (bé-täk’), v. i.
betallow (bě-tal’ö), v. t.
betelt, v., bete?t, m., beteºf, v., etc.
bète (båt), m.
beteach
to another who pledges a forfeit in return on
the opposite contingency.—2. That which is
wagered; also, that about which a wager is
made.
But, on : Six Barbary horses against six French swords,
their assigns, and three liberal conceited carriages: that's
the French bet against the Danish. Shak., Hamlet, V. 2.
bet&#. An obsolete preterit of beat.1.
Beta1 (bé’tā), n.
[L., a beet: see beet1..] A.
genus of chenopodiaceous plants including the
beet, which see. See the supplement.
beta” (bé’tā), n. [L., repr. Gr. 37ta, name of the
character B, 3.] 1. The second letter of the
Greek alphabet, corresponding to English B or
b.—2. As a classifier in astronomy, chemistry,
etc., the second in any series. See alpha, 3.
... [K NL. betacismus,
Čf beia, the Öreekjietter'8, 5. cf. iotacism,
rhotacism.] Conversion of other sounds to, or
their confusion with, a b-sound.
Even these forms were threatened with destruction by
the spread of Betacism w8, whereby amavit was pronounced
like annabit, and vice versa. Amer. Jowr. Philol., VI. 501.
betag (bé-tag'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. betagged,
ppr. betagging. [K be-1 + tag.] To furnish with
a tag; deck with tags.
Betagged with verse. Chwrchill, The Ghost, iv.
[K be-1 + tail1.] 1. To
furnish with a tail: as, “betailed and bepow-
dered,” Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, iii.-
2. To take the tail off: a word jocularly form-
ed on the analogy of behead.
[The sportsman] puts his heavy boot on the beast's body,
and there both beheads and betails him. Trollope.
[Irreg. K L. beta + -in?..]
A chemical base found in the common beet and
mangel-Wurzel.
betakel (bé-täk’), v. [K be-1 + take. The corre-
sponding ME. form betaken, bitaken (pret. betok,
pp. betaken) seems to have been used only in
the senses of betake? or beteach, with which it
was confused. There is no AS. *betacam ; but
cf. Sw. betaka = Dan. betage, take, deprive,
cut off.] I. trams. 1+. To seize; take hold of;
take.
Then to his handes that writt he did betake.
Spemser, F. Q., I. xii. 25.
2. Reflexively, to take one's self (to); repair;
resort; have recourse.
The rest, in imitation, to like arms
Betook them. Milton, P. L., vi. 663.
Betake you to your silence, and your sleep.
B. Jomson, Volpone, i. 1.
They betook themselves to treaty and submission.
Bwrke, Abridg. of Eng. Hist., i. 1.
II.f intrans. To take one’s self.
But here ly downe, and to thy rest betake.
Spenser, F. Q., I. ix. 44.
betake?t, v. t.; pret. betook, betaught, pp. betaught,
ppr. betaking. [ME. betaken, etc., with forms
prop. belonging to betakel, q.v., but with va-
rious senses of beta-cen, betechem, beteach: see
beteach.] Same as beteach.
[K be-1 + talk.] To talk
Drayton.
[K be-1 + tallow.] To
repeatedly.
cover with tallow. Ford.
betaught? (bě-tät'). Preterit of betake2 and be-
teach.
Obsolete
form of beatl, beetl, beet2, etc.
[F., KOF. beste, a beast: see
beast.] In the game of solo, a forfeit.—Béte
In Oire (F. pron. bāt nWor). [F., literally black beast.] A
bugbear ; a person or thing regarded with special dislike
Or aversion. a
The newspapers have some words of this sort dear to
them, but the bêtes moires of all lovers of straightforward
English, such as “peruse” and “replete.”
The Atlantic, LVII. 425.
beteacht (bé-têch'), v. t. [K ME. betechen, bitech-
em, beta-cen (pret. betauhte, betahte, pp. betauht,
betaht), KAS. betăcan (pret. betähte, pp. betäht),
show, assign, give over, deliver, commit, K be-
+ tiecam, show, teach: see be-1 and teach. Ow-
ing to a similarity of form, the M.E. betaken
(pret, betook, betok, pp. betaken), K be- + taken,
take (see betake!), was confused with betechen,
and used in the same senses.] 1. To give;
hand over; deliver up.
Judas Iscariot wente forth to the princis of prestis, and
Said to hem, What Wolen ye give to me and I schal bºtake
him to you? Wyclif, Mat. xxvi. 14, 15.
2. To intrust; commit; recommend to the
care of.
Such a rym the devel I byteche.
Chaucer, Prol, to Tale of Melibeus, l, 6.
beteach
And hem she yaf hire moebles and hire thing,
And to the pope Urban bitook hem tho.
Chaucer, Second Nun's Tale, l. 541.
Dame Phoebe to a Nymphe her babe betooke. .
e Spenser, F. Q., III. vi. 28.
3. To impart or teach.
Whereof that he was fully taught
Of wisdom which was him betaught.
Gower, Conf. Amant., vii.
betear (bé-térº), v. t.
with tears. Sir P. Sidney.
j w. t. Same as beteach.
eteemit (bé-têmſ), v. t.
bring forth; produce; shed.
Lys. Why is your cheek so pale?
How chance the roses there do fade so fast?
Her. Belike for want of rain ; which I could well
Beteem them from the tempest of mine eyes.
ak., M. N. D., i. 1.
beteem?t (bé-têm’), v. t. [Appar. K be-1 +
teem?..] 1. To allow; permit; suffer.
So loving to my mother,
That he might not beteem the winds of heaven
Visit her face too roughly. Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
2. To vouchsafe; accord; give.
“So would I,” said the Enchanter, “glad and faine
Beteeme to you this sword.” Spenser, F. Q., II. viii. 19.
Although hee could have well beteem'd to have thankt -
him of the ease hee profer'd, yet loving his owne handi bethought (bé-thét’).
worke, modestly refus'd him.
Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst.
betel (bé’tl), m. [Also written betle, and for-
merly also betele, bettel, etc.; = F. betel = Sp.
betel, betle, K Pg. betel, bethel, betelhe, formerly
also betle, vitele, K Malayalam vettila = Tamil
vettilei (cerebralt), betel; cf. Hind. birá or biri, bethroot (beth’röt), n.
K Skt. vitika (cerebral t), betel.] 1. A species
of pepper, Piper betle, a creeping or climbing
plant, a native of the East Indies, of the family
Piperaceae. The leaves are used as a wrapper for the
little pellets of areca-nut and lime which are extensively
chewed in the East. The pellet is hot and acrid, but has
aromatic and astringent properties. It tinges the saliva
red and blackens the teeth. Also called betel-pepper.
2. A piece of betel-nut.
betel-box (bé’tl-boks), n. A box for carryin
pellets prepared of betel-leaves, lime, an
areca-nuts. Such boxes are commonly made
of silver filigree.
betel-nut (bé’tl-nut),
m. [K betel + mut.]
The nut of the areca-
palm, Areca Cathecu,
Of the East Indies,
highly esteemed
among the Asiatics
as a masticatory. º, Sy Nº.
See areca-nut. §§§
betel-pepper. (bé'tl- Yºº
ep’ér), m. Same as
etel, 1.
betht, v. i. impv.
[ME., K. A.S. bedth, 2d
pers. pl. of bedºm, be:
see be.] Be ye. Chaw– its fruit, the Betel-nut.
C67°.
bethankit (bé-thang'kit), n. [Sc., humorously
adapted from the formula God be thankit, where
thankit = E. thanked, pp.] Grace after meat.
Burns.
bethel (beth'el), m. [Heb. bāth-él, house of
God, K beth, house, -- él, God; hence Bethel
(Beth-el), name of a place : see Elohim.] 1.
A hallowed spot.—2. A name sometimes ap-
plied to a place of worship in England, espe-
cially to a dissenting chapel.—3. A church or
chapel for seamen, whether located on shore
or, as is often the case, afloat in a harbor.
Bethell process. See process.
bethink" (bé-thingk’), v. ; pret. and pp. be-
thought, ppr. bethinking. [K ME. bethenken, bi-
thinken, commonly bethenchen, KAS. bethencan,
bithencan (= D. bedenken = OHG. bidenchan,
MHG. G. bedemken = Sw. betänka = Dan. be-
tanke), consider, think about, K be- + thencan,
think: see be-1 and think.] I. trans. 1+. To
think; imagine.
He spak more harm than herte may bethinke.
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, l. 772.
2}. To think about; reflect upon; consider.
With patience calm the storm,
While we bethink a means to break it off.
Shak, 3 Hen. VI., iii. 8.
3. Reflexively: (a) To call to mind; take into
consideration; remind one's self: with of (for-
merly also on or upon) before the name of the
object of thought.
Bethink yourselves beforehand what mercies you want.
Bp. Beveridge, Sermons, II. cxlv.
[K be-1 + tear?..] To wet
[K be-1 + teem.1.] To
Bethylus (beth’i-lus), n.
Areca-palm (Areca Cathecu), with
betimet (bå-tim'), adv., orig. prep, phr. [
betimes (bé-timz'), adv.
536
Bethink thee of thy Lord
Who healed again the smitten 6ar,
And sheathed his follower's sword.
Whittier, The Exiles.
(b) To reflect; deliberate; commune with one's
self.
Rip bethowght himself a moment and inquired.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 60.
II. intrans. To deliberate; consider.
Bethink ere thou dismiss us. Byron, Manfred, i. 1,
Bethlehem (beth’lé-em), n. See bedlam. .
Bethlehemite (beth’lé-Ém-it), n. [K Bethle-
hem + -itel. See bedlam.] 1. An inhabitant
of Bethlehem of Judea (2 Sam. xxi. 19).-2,
An inmate of Bethlehem hospital or other luna-
tic asylum; a bedlamite. See bedlam and bed-
lamite.—3. Eccles.: (a) One of an order of
monks introduced into England in the year
1257, who were habited like the Dominicans,
except that they wore a star with five rays,
in memory of the comet or star which appeared
over Bethlehem at the birth of Christ. (b) One
of an order founded in the seventeenth cen-
tury for the service of the hospitals in Spanish
America.
Bethlemitet (beth’lem-it), n. Same as Beth-
ehemite.
Preterit and past parti-
ciple of bethink.
bethrall (bé-thrål’), v. t. [K be-1 + thrall.]
To enslave; reduce to bondage; bring into
subjection.
She it is that did my Lord bethrall.
Spenser, F. Q., I. viii. 28.
Same as birthroot.
bethule (beth’ūl), m. [K Bethylus.] A bird of
i. genus Bethylus (Cuvier), or Cissopis (Vieil-
Ot, ).
bethump (bé-thump'), v. t. [K be-1 + thump.]
To beat soundly.
I was never so bethwmp'd with words
Since I first call'd my brother's father dad.
Shak., K. John, ii. 2.
bethwack (bé-thwak'), v. t. [K be-1 + thwack.]
To thrash soundly.
[NL.] 1. A genus
of pupivorous hymenopterous insects, of the
family Proctotrypidae, having an elongated and
somewhat triangular prothorax, a flattened
head, and 13-jointed antennae.—2. In ornith.,
a genus of South American tanagroid Passeres,
based on the Lamius leverianus of Shaw, sup-
$º to be a shrike. Antedated by Cissopis of
iefllot, 1816, based upon the same bird, and also in en-
tomology. Also spelled Bethyllus. [Not in use.]
betide (bé-tid’), v. [KME. bitidem, K bi-, be-, +
tiden, happen: see be-1 and tide, v.] I. trams.
1. To happen; befall; come to.
What will bettàe the few 7 Milton, P. L., xii. 480.
“Ill luck betide them all”—he cried.
Whittier, The Exiles.
2. To betoken; signify. [Rare.]
How could I but muse
At what such a dream should bettae £
Cowper, The Morning Dream.
II, intrans. To come to pass; happen.—To
betide ont, to become of.
If he were dead, what would betide on me?
hak., Rich. III., i. 3.
betide; (bě-tid’), n. IK betide, v.] Hap; fortune.
—Bad betidef, ill hap; misfortune: a forced use.
My wretched heart wounded with bad betide.
Greene, Francesco's Sonnet.
betight? (bě-tit’). An erroneously formed past
participle of betide: one of Spenser's forced
forms.
beton
betongue’ (bé-tung"), v. t.
betrap
Having engaged our guide and horses the night before,
we set out bettmes this morning for Orlevano.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 240.
2. Soon ; in a short time.
He tires bett mes, that spurs too fast betimes.
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 1.
8. Occasionally; at times. [Scotch..]= Sym.
Early, Soon, Betimes. See early.
betinet, v. t. [K be-1 + time for tind, kindle.]
To set fire to.
betitt, v. Obsolete shortened form of betideth.
Chaucer.
betitle (bě-titl), v. t. [K be 1 + title..] ...To
give a title or titles to; entitle; as, a betitled
man; a “picture . . . betitled, Glorious Revo-
lution,” Carlyle, Misc., III. 82.
betle, m. See betel.
betoilf (bâtoil’), v. t. [K be-1 + toill.] To
worry with toil.
betokh. Middle English preterit of betake?.
betoken (bě-tö’kn), v. t. [K ME. betokemen, bi-
tocnen, KAS. *betáenian (not found; equiv. to
getăcnian, with diff. prefix; cf. believe) (=
OFries. bitekna = D. beteekenen = I.G. beteåk-
en = OHG. bizeichanón, G. bezeichnen = Sw.
beteckna = Dan. betegne), K be- + tacn, tácen,
token: see be-1 and token.] 1+. To signify;
mean; denote in words.—2. To be a token of ;
be a visible sign of; give promise of.
A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow, . . .
Betokening peace from God. Milton, †. L., xi. 867.
3. To foreshow by signs; be or furnish a pre-
monition of ; indicate the probability of: as,
this fact betokens a good result.
The morning betokened foul weather.
Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 261.
4. To give evidence of; show.
This doth betoken.
The corse they follow did with desperate hand
Fordo its own life. k., Hamlet, v. 1.
=Syn. To signify; presage, portend, augur, bode. .
º; F. pron. bā-tóñ’), n. [K F.
béton, K. O.F. betun, rubble, of disputed origin,
but prob. K. Pr. beton = Sp. betún, K.L. bitumen,
bitumen: see bitwmen. šº compare F. be-
ton, beestings, curded milk, K OF. beter, co-
agulate.] A mixture of cement, sand, and
gravel, forming a kind of concrete. It is much
used as a hydraulic cement in submarine Works, and
whole buildings have been constructed of it.
[K be-1 + tongue.]
To scold; attack with the tongue; rail at.
How Ben Jonson and Shakspere betongued each other.
North British Rev.
betonica (be-ton’i-kä), n. Same as betomy.
betony (bet'g-ni), m.
[Early mod. E. also
betomie, bettony, etc., K. M.E. betony, betany,
earlier betone, betan (cf. M.L. betonia), K OF.
beteine, F. betoine = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. betonica =
G. betonie = AS. betonica, K. L. betonica, a cor-
rupt form of vettonica, so named, according to
Pliny, from the Vettones, otherwise Vectones, a
eople of Lusitania in the Spanish peninsu-
a..] The popular name of Betonica officinalis
(Stachys Betonica), a European labiate plant,
grOWing in WOOds. It is sometimes used to dye wool
roducing a dark-yellow color. It is usually distinguished
rom water-betony (an aquatic plant, Scrophularia aquati-
ca) as wood-betony, which name is also given in the United
States to Pedicularis Canadensis, and sometimes to Ly-
copus Virginicus. The Veronica serpyllifolia is called
Paul's betomy, because described as a betony by an old
herbalist, Paulus AEgineta.
betook (bě-tük'). Preterit of betakel and be-
take2
64.
betornt (bě-törn'), p. a. . [Pp. of verb “betear?
(not used), K be-1 + tearl.] 1. Torn.
Whose heart betorm out of his panting breast.
Norton and Sackville, Gorboduc, iv. 1.
Why wayle we then? why weary we the Gods with playnts, 2. Torn in pieces.
As if some evill were to her bettght?
Spenser, Shep. Cal., November.
K ME.
betyme, bitime, prop. separate, bi time, by time.]
Older form of betimes.
Loke thou go to bede by tyme.
How the Goode Wyſe Taught hyr Doughter, l, 165.
All in the morning bettme. Shak., Hamlet, iv. 5 (song).
I went one day myself betime in the morning to a great
man's house to speak with him.
Latimer, Serm. bef. Edw. VI., 1550.
[K ME. betymes, bi-
tymes, K betime + adv. gen, suffix -s.] 1. Sea-
sonably; in good season or time; before it is
too late; early.
Not to be a-bed after midnight is to be ; betimes.
Shak., T. N., ii. 8,
To measure life learn thou betimes.
Milton, Sonnets, xvi.
Partake we their blithe cheer
Who gathered in betimes the unshorn flock
Towash the fleece. Wordsworth, River Duddon, xxiii.
betoss (bé-tos’)
betrapli (bě-trap"), v. t. ;
betrap2i (bě-trap"), v. t.
v. t. [K be-1,+ toss.]. To toss;
agitate; distufb ; put in violent motion.
The miserable betossed squire.
Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, I. iii. 3.
My betossed soul. Shak., R. and J., v. 3.
betraiset, betrasht, v. t. [ME. betraisen, betray-
sen, bitraisshen, bitrasshen, K be- + O.F. traiss-,
stem of certain parts of trair, F. trahir, betray:
see betray and -ish?..] To betray.
They have betraised thee. Robert of Brumme.
*::: and pp. be-
trapped, ppr. betrapping. [K ME. ºpm, K
AS. betraeppan, betreppan, insnare, Kºbe- +
trappan, treppan, trap; see be-1 and trap1.]
To entrap; insnare. Gower.
; ºf and §p. be-
trapped, ppr. betrapping. [K be-1 + traps...] To
put trappings on; clothe; deck.
After them followed two other chariots covered with
red Satin, and the horses betrapped with the same.
tow, Queen Mary, an. 1558.

betrash
betrasht, v. t. See betraise. &
betray (bâtrā'), v, i.”[KME, betrayen, betrain,
& be- + traien, betray, KOF, trair, F. trahir, K
L. tradere, deliver, give over : see traitor, trea-
son, tradition. The form of betray was influ-
enced by that of bewray, a quite different word.]
1. To deliver to, or expose to the power of, an
enemy by treachery or disloyalty: as, an officer
betrayed the city.
The Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of
Iſled, Mat. xvii. 22.
2. To violate by fraud or unfaithfulness; be
unfaithful in keeping or upholding: as, to be-
tray a trust.
Betray'd her cause and mine. Tennyson, Princess, v.
3. To act treacherously to; be. lºyal to;
disappoint the hopes or expectations of.
Do not betray me, sir, I fear 3. love Mistress Page.
hak., M. W. of W., iii. 3.
I will betray
Tawny-finn'd fishes; my bended hook shall pierce.
Their slimy jaws. Shak., A. and C., ii. 5.
But when I rise, I shall find my legs betraying me.
Boswell.
Men of unquiet minds and violent ambition followed a
fearfully eccentric course, . . . served and betrayed all
parties in turn. acaulay, Sir William Temple.
4. To deceive; beguile; mislead; seduce.
Far, far beneath the shallow maid
Heieft believing and betrayed.
Byron, The Giaour.
Our impatience betrays us into rash and foolish alli-
ances which no God attends.
Bmerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 195.
5. To reveal or disclose in violation of confi-
dence; make known through breach of faith or
obligation: as, to betray a person’s secrets or
designs.
Secrets are rarely betrayed or discovered according to
any programme our fear has sketched out.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, v. 5.
6. To show in true character; allow to be seen;
permit to appear in spite of will or desire.
Be swift to hear, but cautious of your tongue, lest you
betray your ignorance. Wattg.
And scarcely look or tone betrays
How the heart strives beneath its chain.
Whittier, Mogg Megone, i.
My own too-fearful guilt,
Simpler than any child, betrays itself.
Tennyson, Guinevere.
7. To indicate; give indication or evidence of:
said of something not obvious at first view, or
that would otherwise be concealed.
Yom azure smoke betrays the lurking town.
Wordsworth, Prelude, iv.
All the names in the country betray great antiquity.
Bryant.
A turned leaf, a broken twig, the faintest film of smoke
against the sky, betrayed to him the passage or presence of
an enemy. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, v.
betrayal (bé-trä'al), n. IK betray + -al.] The
act of betraying.
Gained his freedom by the betrayal of his country's
CºllS0, S. Sharpe, Hist. of Egypt, xii.
He seldom lost his self-control, and shrank with the
most sensitive pride from any noticeable betrayal of emo-
tion. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vi. 7.
betrayer (bě-trā’ér), n. One who betrays; a
traitor; a seducer.
betraymentt (bě-trā’ment), n. [K betray +
-ment.] Betrayal; the state of being betrayed.
Confessing him to be innocent whose betrayment they
had sought. all, Com. On Mat. xxvii.
betrendt (bě-trend'), v. t. [ME. betrenden ; K
be-1 + trend.] To wind about; twist; turn
round.
Aboute a tre with many a twiste
Bytrent and wrythe the soote wodebynde.
- hawcer, Troilus, iii. 1231.
betrim (bě-trim’), v. t.; pret, and pp. betrimmed,
ppr. betrimming. [K be-1 + trim...] To trim;
set in order; decorate; beautify.
Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims,
Which spongy April at thy hest betrim8.
Shak., Tempest, iv. 1.
betroth (bě-tröth' or -tröth'), v. t. . [Early mod.
E. also betrothe, betroath, betrowth, K ... be-
trouthen, betreuthen, bitreuthien, betroth, K bi-,
be-, + trewthe, treowthe, K AS, tredwth, troth,
truth: see be-1 and troth, truth.J. 1. To con-
tract to give in marriage to another; promise
or pledge one's troth for the marriage of; affi-
8.100,
You, to remove that siege of grief from her,
Betroth'd and would have married her perforce
To County Paris. Shak., R. and J., v. 3.
2. To engage to take in marriage; pledge one's
troth to marry.
537
What man is there that hath betrothed a wife and hath
not taken her? Deut. xx. 7.
To her, my lord,
Was I betroth'd ere I saw Hermia.
- Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
3t. To nominate to a bishopric in order to con-
secration.
If any person be consecrated a bishop to that church
whereuntohe was not before betrothed. Ayliffe, Parergon.
betrothal (bé-tröth'- or bà-tröth (al), n., [K be-
troth + -al.] The act of betrothing; betroth-
ment. º
The feast of betrothal. Longfellow, Evangeline, iv.
betrothment (bå-tröth'- or bà-tröth'ment), n.
[K betroth + -ment.] A mutual and "formal
promise or contract made for or by a man and
a woman with a view to their marriage; be-
trothal; the act or state of being betrothed, or
promised in marriage.
How the strange betrothment was to end.
Tennyson, Princess.
betrust (bě-trust’), v. t. [K be-1 + trust.] 1.
To intrust; commit to another in confidence
of fidelity.
Whatsoever you would betrust to
be disposed in a proper method.
2. To confide in.
To esteem themselves Maisters, both of that great trust
which they serve, and of the People that betrusted them.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xiii.
your memory, let it
Watts.
[Rare in both senses.]
betrustment (bé-trust’ment), n. IK betrust +
-ment.] The act of intrusting; the thing in-
trusted. [Rare.]
betsof, betsaf (bet'só, -să), n. [KIt. bezzo (pron.
bet’so), farthing, piece of money; appar. same
as It. pezzo, a piece, bit (see piece); but cf. G.
bet2, bátz, also batzen, a small Swiss coin: see
batz.] A small copper coin of Venice, current
in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In
the system established in 1750 it was equal to a quarter
of a United States cent, being the fortieth part of a lira
piccola; a bagattino.
The last and least [coin] is the betsa, which is half a sol;
that is, almost a farthing.
Coryat, Crudities (ed. 1776), II. 69.
betti, bettet, adv. Middle Englishforms of betl.
better1 (bet’ér), a. and n. [K ME. bettere, be-
tere, KAS. betera, betra = OFries. betere, betre =
OS. betara, betera = D. beter = OHG. bezziro,
MHG. bezzer, G. besser = Icel. betri = Sw. bāt-
tre = Dan. bedre = Goth. batiza; compar. with
weak inflection; with superl. best, KME. beste,
K AS. betst, betest = OFries, beste = OS. betsto
= D. best = OHG. bezzisto, M.H.G. bezzist, best,
G. best = Icel. bezir, older baztr, - Sw. bāst =
Dan. bedst = Goth. batists; with regular com-
par. and superl. suffixes from a positive not in
use, Teut. *bat, of which the compar., with loss
of the suffix, appears in the AS., M.E., and
early mod. E. adv. bet: see betl.] I. a. 1. As
comparative of good: (a) Of superior quality or
excellence, whether personal, physical, mental,
moral, or social, essential or acquired: as, he
is a better man than his brother; better times
are at hand; a better position.
Man's better nature triumphed then.
ryant, The Prairies.
Our institutions had been so good that they had edu-
cated us into a capacity for better institutions.
Macaulay, Mirabeau.
(b) Of superior value, use, fitness, acceptable-
ness, etc.; more profitable or suitable for a
purpose; more useful, eligible, or desirable:
as, copper is a better conductor than iron.
Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled
ox and hatred therewith. Prov. xv. 17.
Sleep
Wordsworth, Excursion, iii. ſº
Doth, in my estimate of good, appear
A better state than waking ; death than sleep.
* * *
(c) Larger; greater: as, the better part of a
day was spent in shopping.
You are as a candle, the better part burnt out.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 2.
How have we wander'd, that the better part
Of this good night is perish'd :
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, ii. 4.
2. As comparative of well: (a) More in accor-
dance with one's wish or desire ; more satis-
factory. , (b). More healthy; having sounder
health. (c) More just, right, or proper.—Better
arm. See arml.—Better half, a wife. [Colloq.]—To be
better. (a) To be improved, as in health, estate, etc.:
as, the patient is better. (b) To be quite well again; be
fully recovered. [Scotland.] ſº
II. n. 1. That which has superior excellence;
that which is better.
That ideal better, towards which both men and institu-
tions must progress, if they would not retrograde.
Huacley, Universities,
gº betterment
2. A superior; one who has a claim to preee-
dence on account of rank, age, merit, skill,
power, or office: as, give place to your betters.
[In this sense generally used in the plural, and
with a possessive pronoun.]
In al Ynglelond was non hys beter.
Rich. C. de L.
Their betters would hardly be found. Hooker.
Thou poor shadow of a soldier, I will make thee know
my master keeps servants thy betters in quality and per-
formance. Ford, 'Tis Pity, i. 2.
The better. (a) Improvement: generally in the adver-
bial phrase for the better, that is, in the direction of im-
provement.
If I have altered him anywhere for the better.
Dryden, Preface to Fables.
(b) Advantage; superiority; victory: chiefly in the phrases
to get, gain, or have the better of (a person or thing).
Dionysius, his countryman, in an epistle to Pompey,
after an express comparison, affords him the better of
Thucydides. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
She took her leave, charmed with the prospect of finally
getting the better of the only woman in London whom she
acknowledged assher equal in subtlety and intrigue.
J. Hawthorne, Dust, p. 334.
jºr
better1 (bet’ér), adv. (comparative of well, adv.).
[K ME. better, beter, betre, K AS., betere, betre;
with superl. ãest, KME. best, KAS. betst, betóst;
prop. neut. acc. of the adj. : see betterl, a. The
older adv. was bet: see bet1.J 1. In a more
excellent way or manner: as, to behave better;
the land is better cultivated and the govern-
ment better administered.
The plays of Shakspeare were better acted, better edited,
and better known than they had ever been.
Macaulay, Moore's Byron.
2. In a superior degree: as, to know a man
better than some one else knows him.
Which is the better able to defend himself: astrong man
with nothing but his fists, or a paralytic cripple encum-
bered with a sword which he cannot lift 2
Macaulay, Utilitarian Theory of Government.
3. More, without any idea of superior excel-
lence: as, it is better than a mile to the town.
[Colloq.]
Dorleote Mill has been in our family a hundred year and
etter. eorge Eliot, Mill on the Floss.
To be better off, to be in improved circumstances.
The mechanic teaches us how we may in a small degree
be better off than we were. The Utilitarian advises us with
great pomp to be as well off as we can.
Macawlay, West. Reviewer's Def. of Mill.
Men had become Romans ; they were proud of the Ro-
man name ; . . . they felt that they were better off as mem-
bers of a civilized community ordered by law than they
could be under the dominion of any barbarian.
JE. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 126.
To go one better. See go, v. t.
better1 (bet’ér), v. [K ME. bettrem, betren, KAS.
beterian, betrian, intr., be better, ge-beterian,
ge—betrian, trans., make better (= OFries. be-
teria = Icel. betra = Sw. bāttra = Dan. bedre
= OHG. bezgirón, MHG. G. besserm ; cf. OS.
betian, K bet, the older compar. adv.), K betera,
better: see betterl, a.] I. trans. 1. To make
better; improve; ameliorate; increase the
good qualities of: as, manure betters land; dis-
cipline may better the morals.
The cause of his taking upon him our nature was to bet-
ter the quality, and to advance the condition thereof.
Hooker.
2. To improve upon; surpass; exceed; outdo.
He hath borne himself beyond the promise of his age;
. . . he hath, indeed, better bettered expectation than you
must expect of me to tell you how. Shak., Much Ado, i. 1-
What you do
Still betters what is done. Shak., W. T., iv. 3.
3. To advance the interest of ; support; give
advantage to.
Weapons more violent, when next we meet,
May serve to better us and worse our foes.
Milton, P. L., vi. 440.
=Syn. 1. Amend, Improve, Better, etc. (see amend), meli-
OTate, promote.
II. intrans. To grow better; become better;
improve: as, his condition is bettering. [Rare.]
better2 (bet’ér), m. [K bet2 + -erl.] One who
lays bets or wagers. Also bettor. \
Be able to give them the character of every bowler or
better on the green. B. Jomson, Epicoene, i. 1.
bettering-housef (bet’ér-ing-hous), m. A refor-
matory.
Soldiers buried in this ground, from the hospital and
the bettering-house. Ammals of Phil. and Penn., I. 406.
betterment (bet'êr-ment), n. [K betterl, v., +
-ment.] 1. A making better; improvement.—
2. In American law, an improvement of real
property which adds to its value otherwise
than by mere repairs: generally used in the
plural.
bettermost
Thettermost (bet'êr-möst), a. and n. [K betteri
+ -most.] I. a. Best; highest in any respect,
as in social rank or mental qualities.
It first became operative in the diffusion of knowledge
among the people, at least among the bettermost classes.
Browgham.
II. m. That which is best; especially, one's
best clothes. [Local in England and United
States.]
So Hepzibah and her brother made themselves ready
. . . in their faded bettermost, to go to church.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, xi.
betterness (bet'êr-nes), n. IK ME. betternes; K
better + -mess.] 1. The quality of being better;
superiority. Sir P. Sidney.—2. In minting, the
amount by which a precious metal exceeds the
standard of fineness.
bettet (bet’et), m. [Native name.] A name
of an Indian parrot, Palaeornis pondicerianus.
bettong (bet’ong), m. [Native name.] A spe-
cies of the genus Bettongia, a group of Small
brush-tailed kangaroos.
bettor (bet'gr), n. Another form of better?.
betty (bet’i), m. ; pl. betties (-iz). [From the fem.
name Betty, dim. of Bet (cf. equiv. OF. Beti,
Betie, also Betiaine, Betion, Betionette), abbr. of
Elizabet, Elizabeth.] 1. A man who interferes
with the domestic duties of women, or engages
in female occupations. Also called cot–betty.
[Used in contempt.]—2+. A short bar used
by thieves to wrench doors open. Also called
a bess, a jenny, and now a jimmy or jemmy.
[Thieves' slang.]
The powerful betty or the artful picklock.
Arbuthnot, Hist. John Bull.
3. A pear-shaped bottle, covered with maize-
leaves or the like, in which olive-oil is exported
from Italy.—Brown betty, a baked pudding of sliced
apples, bread crumbs, and molasses or blown sugar.
Betula (bet’ī-lâ), m. [L., the birch, also spelled
betwlla (> It, betula, betulla, also bedello, - Pg.
betwlla = Sp. abedul =
F. dim. bouleau); cf.
Corn. betho, bego = Bret.
bezo = W. bedw = Gael.
beth Ir, beth, beit,
the birch..] A genus of .
hardy trees or shrubs, Nº.
natives of the north
temperate and arctic
regions; the birches.
It is the type of the family
Betwlaceae, and is distin-
guished from the accom-
panying genus Almws by a
difference of habit and by its
winged nutlet. There are
about 35 species of Betwla,
of which 10 are North Amer-
IC3I).
Betulaceae (bet-ii-lā’-
sé-é), m. pl. [NL., K
Betula + -aceae.] A fam-
ily of dicotyledonous
archichlamydeous trees
and shrubs, of which
Betula is the typical
genus, and containing
besides this Almus, Carpinus, Ostrya, Corylus,
and Ostryopsis. See cut under alder.
betulin (bet’ī-lin), m. [š Betula, birch, +
-in?..] A substance (C36H6003) obtained
from the bark of the white birch. It crystal-
lizes in the form of long needles, which are
fusible and volatile.
betumble (bě-tum’bl), v. t. [K be-1 + tumble.]
To tumble; disarrange the parts of.
From her be-twmbled couch she starteth.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1037
betutor (bě-tū’tor), v. t. [K be-1 + tutor.] To
instruct; tutor. Coleridge. #
between (bě-twén’), prep. and adv. [K (1) ME.
betweme, bitwenen, etc., KAS. betwegnum, be-
twjnum, betwānum, betwednan, betwānan, bitwegn-
ſum, etc. (orig. separate, as in be Sãºm tweónwm,
between the seas, lit. ‘by seas twain’), K be
prep., by, + twed num, dat. pl. of *tweón; (3)
ME. betwen, betwene, bitwene, etc. (mixed with
receding) & As. (ONorth) beneºn, beingn,
itwän, etc., K be, prep., by, + “tweón, acc. of
*tweón, pl. *twäne (= OS. OFries. twäne =
OHG. M.H.G. 2wene, G. 2ween), two, twain, orig.
distrib. (= Goth. tweihnai = L. bini, OL. “duini),
two each, K twä (twi-), two : see two, and cf.
twin, twain. The forms of between have always
interchanged with those of betwixt (which see).]
I. prep. 1. In the space which separates (two
points, places, objects, or lines); at any point
of the distance from one to the other of as, be-
º
:
;:
i
:
3!
%
jº
%
;
Aetrada.
a, branch of B. Auzztila, with
male and female aments: b, a
single scale of fertile ament,
with fruit. (From Le Maout and
Decaisne’s “Traité général de
Botanique.”)
538
tween the eyes; between Washington and Phila-
delphia; the prisoner was placed between two
policemen. - *
The sea
Swallows him with his host, but them lets pass
As on dry land, between two crystal walls.
Milton, P. L., xii. 197.
2. In intermediate relation to, as regards time,
quantity, or degree: as, it occurred between his
incoming and outgoing; a baronet is between
a knight and a baron; they cost between $5 and
$6 each; between 12 and 1 o'clock.
Bolus arrived, and gave a doubtful tap,
Between a single and a double rap.
Colman, Broad Grins.
Her lips to mine how often hath she joined,
Petween each kiss her oaths of true love swearing !
Shak., Pass. Pilgrim, vii.
3. In the mutual relations of: as, discord ex-
ists between the two families.
Friendship requires that it be between two at least.
Sowth.
An intestine struggle, open or secret, between authority
and liberty. g Hume, Essays, v.
The War between Castile and Portugal had come to a
close; the factions of the Spanish nobles were for the
most part quelled. Irving, Granada, p. 26.
Differences of relative position can be known only
through differences between the states of consciousness
accompanying the disclosure of the positions.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 93.
4. From one to another of, as in the exchange
of actions or intercourse.
If things should go so between them.
Bacon, Hist. of Hen. VII.
Thus graceless holds he disputation -
'Tween frozen conscience and hot-burning will.
Shak., Lucrece, l. 247.
France has been the interpreter between England and
mankind. Macaulay, Horace Walpole.
5. In the joint interest or possession of: as,
they own the property between them.
There is between us one common name and appellation.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 3.
Castor and Pollux with only one soul between them.
Locke.
6. By the action, power, or effort of one or
both of.
Unless you send some present help,
Between them they will kill the conjurer.
Shak., C. of E., v. 1.
7. In regard to the respective natures or qual-
ities of: as, to distinguish between right and
wrong.
There is an essential difference between a land of which
we can trace the gradual formation from the sixth century
onwards and a land whose name is not heard of till the
eleventh century. IE. A. Freeman, Eng. Towns, p. 120.
8. In regard to one or the other of: as, to
choose between two things.
Between two dogs, which hath the deeper mouth?
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 4.
[Between is literally applicable only to two objects; but it
may be and commonly is used of more than two where
they are spoken of distributively, or so that they can be
thought of as divided into two parts or categories, or with
reference to the action or being of each individually as
compared with that of any other or all the others. When
more than two objects are spoken of collectively or in-
divisibly, among is the proper word.]—Between our-
selves, not to be communicated to others; in confidence.
—Between the beetle and the block. See beetle1.—
To go between. See go. =Syn. Amidst, In the midst of,
etc. See among. -
II. adv. In the intermediate space; in inter-
mediate relation as regards time, etc.: with an
object understood.
Your lady seeks my life;—come you between,
And save poor me. Shak., Pericles, iv. 1.
lbetween (bě-twän’), n. [K between, prep.] One
of a grade of needles between sharps and blunts.
between-decks (bé-twén'deks), adv. and n. I.
adv. In the space between two decks of a ship;
On any deck but the upper one.
II. n. The space between two decks of a ship,
or the whole space between the upper and the
lowest deck.
betweenity (bě-twän’i-ti), n. [K between + -ity,
as in eatremity.] The state or quality of being
between; intermediate condition; anything in-
termediate. [Colloq.] &
To rejoin heads, tails, and betweenities.
Southey, Letters, III. 448.
The house is not Gothic, but of that betweenity that in-
tervened when Gothic declined and Palladian was creep-
ing in. H. Walpole, Letters (ed. 1820), II. 174.
betweenwhiles (bé-twén (hwilz), adv., prop.
prep, phr. At intervals,
betwit (bå-twit"), v. t. [K be-1 + twitl.] To twit.
Strange how these men, who at other times are all wise
men, do now, in their drink, betwitt and reproach one an-
betwixt (bå-twikst’), prep. and adv.
betylus, n.
bendantite (bü'dan-tit), n. [After the French
beuk (bük), n.
×
bevel (bev'el), m. and a.
bevel.
betwixet, betwixent, prep. [Now only dial
or archaic; K ... betwiae, betwixen, beiweven,
bitww.wen, etc., bitwice, bitwicem, etc., KAS. *be.
tweoman (occurs once spelled betweean), prob.
for earlier betweowum (=OFries, bitwiskum, bi-
twischa), K be, prep., by, + “tweowum for "twin-
Sum, “twiscum, dat. pl. of “twisc = OS. twisk =
OHG., 2wisk, ewiski, MEIG. 2wisc, twofold, K
twä (twi-), two, + -sc, -isc, E. -ish 1. Forms
with other prepositions appear in OS. undar
twisk, OFries. entwiska, on twiska, atwiska, abbr.
twiska, twisk, twischa, NFries. twissche, i), nº.
schen, OHG. in 2wiskén, whicrawisken, M.H.G. in
2wischen, wrºter 2wischen, G. abbr. 2wischen, be-
tween. "This form was early mixed with betwia,
betwiat.] Betwixt; between.
[Also by
apheresis twict, 'twixt, Sc. betwisht, betweesht, K
late ME. betwixt, bytwyate, earlier betwix, betuat,
betwiate, betwea, betwix, bitwia, etc., K. A.S. be-
twyast, betwwat (with excrescent -t), betwya, be-
tweoa, betweohs, betwwa, betua, appar. shortened
from the dat. form (or perhaps repr. an orig.
acc. form) *betweqawm, X ME. betwiſten, betwiae,
q. v. In ME, the words were mixed.] I. prep.
Between; in the space that separates; in inter-
mediate relation to as regards time, quantity,
or degree; passing between; from one to an-
other, etc., in most of the uses of between
(which see).
Betwixt two aged oaks. Milton, L'Allegro, l. 82.
The morning light, however, soon stole into the aper-
ture at the foot of the bed, betwixt those faded curtains.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, v.
There was some speech of marriage
Betwixt myself and her. Shak., M. for M., v. 1-
=Syn. See comparison under among.
II, adv. Between, in either space or time.
—BetWixt and between, in an intermediate position;
neither the one nor the other: a colloquial intensive of
betwiact or of between.
See batylus.
mineralogist Beudant (1787–1850).] A hydrous
phosphate and arseniate of iron, occurring in
small, closely aggregated crystals in Nassau,
Prussia, and also near Cork, Ireland.
A Scotch form of book.
My grannie she bought me a bewk,
And I held awa’ to the school.
Burns, The Jolly Beggars.
[Formerly also bevell,
as a term of heraldry bevil, bevile, K OF. *bevel
or *buvel (not recorded), mod. F. biveau, also
spelled beveaw, buweau, beuveau, beauveau, etc.
º Sp. baivel), bevel; origin unknown.] T. n.
. The obliquity or inclination of a particular
surface of a solid body to another surface of
the same body; the angle contained by two
adjacent sides of anything, as of a timber used
in ship-building. When this angle is acute it
is called an under bevel (or beveling), and when
obtuse a standing
bevel.—2. An in-
strument used by
mechanics for
drawing angles and
for adjusting the
abutting surfaces
of work to the
same inclination.
It consists of two limbs
jointed together, one
called the stock or
handle and the other
the blade; the latter is
movable on a pivot at
the joint, and can be
adjusted so as to include
any angle between it,
and the stock. The blade is often curved on the edge to
suit the sweep of an arch or vault, See bevel-square.
3. A piece of type-metal nearly type-high, with
a beveled edge, used by stereo-
typers to form the flange on the
sides of the plates. Worcester.
—4. Same as bevel-angle.—5.
In her., an angular break in any
right line.
§ a. Having the form of a
bevel; aslant; sloping; out of
the perpendicular; not upright:
used figuratively by Shakspere.
I may be straight though they themselves be bevel.
Shak., Sonnets, cxxi.
Their houses are very ill built, the walls bevel, without
one right angle in any apartment. *
- Swift, Gulliver's Travels, iii. 2,
Mechanics' Bevels.
Heraldic Bevel.
(See bezeled, 3.)
other with their former conditions. Pepys, Diary, I. 164, bevel (bev'el), v.; pret. and Pſ), beveled or bev-
betwixt, prep, and adv. See betwixt,
elled, ppr. beveling or bevelling. IK bevel, n.] I.









bewest
bevel 539 -
4. A small collection of objects; an assem-
trans. To cut to a bevel-angle: as, to bevel a bevel-ways (bev’el-wāz), adv. Same as bevel.
piece of wood. #10786. In h blage of tºº, [Rare or obsolete.]=Syn. 1.
"mach.,
II, intrans. To incline toward a point or bevel-wheel (bev'el-hwāl), n. a .900elºt; Seºk. - -
from a direct line; slant or incline *...; to a cogwheel of which the working-face is oblique bº, (bě-wälſ), v. [K ME. bewailen, beweilen
bevel-angle. to the axis, such a wheel is commonly used in on biwgile", etc., K bººt wallen, Wail; see be-" an
bevel-angle (bev’el-ang'gl), n. Any angle ex-
cept a right angle, whether it be acute or ob-
nection with another revolving with a shaft at right
angles to that of the first. These wheels are often called
conical wheels, as their general form is that of frusta of
tuse. Also called bevel. & comes. See bevel-gear.
beveled, bevelled (bev’eld), p. a. 1. Having bevel-wise (bev’el-wiz), adv. In her., in the
8, beveſ; formed with a bevel-angle.—2. In form or direction of a bevel: said of a ribbon
ºmineral., replaced by two planes inclining equal- or pennon charged thus upon the field. Also
wail.] ...I. trans. To mourn aloud for; bemoan;
lament; express deep sorrow for: as, to bewail
the loss of a child.
Go, give your tears to those that lose their worths.
Bewail their miseries. Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 4.
The nightingale
ly upon the adjacent planes, as an edge; hav-
its edges replace
angle: thus, in the cut under bevel, the blazon
would be a chief vert, beveled.—Beveled bushing,
a bushing in which the sides are inclined to the ends.-
Beveled double, in her, beveled on either side.—Bey-
eled furniture, in printing: (a) The tapering side-sticks
and foot-sticks used in imposing forms or locking i. gal-
leys. º: pieces of wood less than type-hig
Beveled gearing. See gearing.—Beyeled washer, a
washer having its two faces not parallel to each other,
used to give a proper bearing to a head or nut when the
.# as above, as a cube, or beverl#, n. An obsolete form of beaver1.
other solid.—3. In her., broken by an acute bever?!, n. An obsolete form of beaver2.
beverół (bé’vér), n. [Now chiefly E. dial.; also
Her ancient, hapless sorrow must bewail.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 394.
II. intrans. To express grief.
Mourning and bewailing exceedingly,
Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 70.
bewailable (bé-wā'la-bl), a. . [K bewail + -able.]
Capable or worthy of being bewailed.
bewailer (bé-wā’lér), n. One who bewails or
laments.
bewailing (bé-wā‘ling), n. Lamentation.
bewailingly (bé-wā‘ling-li), adv. In a bewail-
bevel-ways.
written beaver, KME. bever, later also bevoir,
boever, KOF. bevre, boivre, mod. F. boire = It.
bevere, bere (ML. biber), a drink, prop. inf.,
drink, K L. bibere, drink: see bibl., bibber.
Hence beverage.] 1. A collation or slight re-
past between meals.
Are. What, at your bever, gallants?
Mor. Will 't please your ladyship to drink?
B. Jomson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1.
Some twenty mark a-year ! will that maintain
Scarlet and gold lace, play at th' ordinary,
And bevers at the tavern?
Middleton, Anything for a Quiet Life, i. 1.
2. Formerly, at some colleges and schools, a
slight meal which the students received at the
buttery-hatch and took to their rooms.
rod or bolt is not perpendicular to the surface against
*which the washer presses.
bevel-gear (bey'el-gēr), n. In mach., a species
of wheelwork in which the axis or shaft of the
leader or driver
forms an angle
with the axis or
shaft of the fol-
lower or the wheel No Scholar shall be absent above an hour at morning
driven. bever and half an hour * .#: ; Univ., I. 517
º bev’el- wincy, Hist. Harv. Univ., I. 517.
lº hºb ( A hub When I was at Eton—now more than thirty years ago
5 * v- —the boys on the foundation were supplied in the dining-
or short connect-
ing-pipe having a
nd.
O
beveling, , bevel-
ling (bev’el-ing),
m. Same as bew-
el, 1.
It is evident from
the preceding, that by applying the bevel in the work-
man's usual manner, viz., with the stock against the left-
hand side of the board and directed towards his body, all
the bevelings will be under, that is, less than a right angle.
. . . We thus find that when the first futtock frames are
on the amidship side of the joint, their bevelings are always
standing, or greater than a right angle.
Thearle, Naval Architecture, p. 53.
beveling-board (bev’el-ing-bórd), n. 1: A
board cut to any required bevel. It is used in
adjusting frames or the parts of an angular
construction, as in a ship.–2. A flat board Of wine and honey mixed.
upon which the bevelings of the various por- . Dryden, Pal, and Arc., ii.
tions of a construction, as the framework of a 2. A name given specifically to various kinds
ship, are marked. of refreshing drinks. (a) In Devonshire, England,
beveling-frame (bev’el-ing-främ), n. A wooden water-cider; a drink made by passing water through, the
frame in which a beveling-board is placed to crushed apples from which cider has been made; (b) A
- * liquor made by passing water through the pressed grapes
§: º: * º #. 8. yº board, on one ...; after the wine has been expressed.
Which is placed a fixed, and on the opposite a movable, • - - - -
batten. Across both battens parallel lines are marked. Touching price and quality of a liquor or drink called
* e * - I - - in England “bevaradge" and in France “pimpeene.
beveling-machine (bev’el-ing-ma-shën"), n. A Record Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire, xi. 117.
machine for beveling or angling the outer edges (c) In the West Indies, a drink made of sugar-cane juice
of a book-cover, or of an electrotyped plate. and Water.
bevel-jack (bev’el-jak), n. A short piece of
3. In Great Britain, drink-money, or a treat
heavy transmission-shafting, carrying a bevel- provided with drink-money, as on wearing a
gear and receiving the motion from a water-
new suit of clothes, or on receiving a suit from
wheel. The motor carries a complementary bevel-gear. the tailor; a treat on first coming into prison;
See kjack-shaft.
a garnish. [Obsolete or dialectal.]
tº e / > 1 ... - 5 º bevewt, n. See bevue.
bevel-joint (bev'el-jºint), º. A miter or slop- bevil, bevile, n. In her., same as bevel, 5.
ing joint having its faces dressed to an angle, bewort, n. "See beaver2.
generally of 45°. e bevue (be-vii"), n. . [Formerly also bevew, K F.
bevelled, bevelling. See beveled, beveling. bévue, OF. besvue, K be-, bes- (K. L. bis-, double),
Thevelment (bev’el-ment), n. . . ~~
[Kbevel + -ment.] In mineral.,
+ vue, view: see view.] An error of inadver-
the replacement of an edge by
tence i a slip. º Earl d. E
z - e º º Xies —i º e g
two similar planes, equally bevy (bevºi), n. ; pl. bevies (-iz). [Early mo
inclined to the including faces
also beavy, beavie, KME. bevy, bevey, beve, KOF.
* beveye (“beueye [printed deveyel des heronez,”
or adjacent planes.
bevel-plater (bey'el-pla/tér),
hall with an intermediate meal (if meal it could be called),
which went under the name of beaver. According to my
recollection it consisted of beer only, and the hour was
4 P. M. M. and Q., 7th ser., II. 454.
beverół (bě’vér), v. i. [K beveró, n.] To take a
bever or slight repast between meals.
Your gallants never sup, breakfast, nor bever without
Iſle. A. Brewer (?), Lingua, ii. 1.
beverage (bev/e-rāj), n. [Early mod. E. also
beveridge, beuvrage, etc., K ME. beverage, bev-
erege, beverache, beurage, etc. (cf. M.L. bevera-
gium), K OF. bevrage, beuvrage, breuvraige, mod.
F. brewvage (= Pr. beurage = Sp. bebrage =
Pg. beberagem = It. beveraggio; ML, as if *bi-
beraticum), K bevre, boivre = It. bevere, K L. bi-
bere, drink: see beveró, n., and -age.] 1. Drink
of any kind; liquor for drinking: as, water is
the common beverage; intoxicating beverages.
A pleasant beverage he prepared before
Bevel-gear.
i
Usºs.
in a poem cited by Leo, Rect. Sing. Perso-
narum, p.40); cf. It, “beva, a beavie,” Florio:
ºt. A machine for rolling the Bºgºsages applied to a flock of birds and th t
• Velmen ges applied esp. to a flock of piras and Unenge to a
bevel-edged plates of shin- *::::: *** company of ladies; orig, perhaps, a drinking
gling and veneering saws.
bevel-protractor (beveſ-pré-trakºtor), n. A
drafting instrument with a pivoted arm sliding
upon a graduated sector,
used in laying off angles.
bevel-rest (bev’el-rest), n.
A clamp for holding wood ºf
to a saw in making a bevel- *
ed cut.
bevel-square (bev’el-skwār), n. A try-square
the blade of which can be adjusted to any
angle with the stock, and held at such an angle
company, or a number of animals at a Water-
ing-place, being thus a particular use of OF.
bevee, buwee, drink, drinking (cf. It. beva, a
drink), K bevre = It. bevere, drink: see bever?,
m., and beverage.] 1. A flock of birds, espe-
cially of larks or quails.—2. A small company
or troop, as of roebucks, heifers, etc.—3. A
group or small company of persons, especially
of girls or women, but also used of the male
sex: as, “a bevy of powdered coxcombs,” Gold-
Bevel-protractor.
by a Set-SoreW. It is an artisan's instrument for try-
ing his work to see if it has been made with the proper
angle, . Alsó called angle-bevel. ' .
3.
A lovely bevy of faire Ladies sate,
Courted of many a jolly Paramoure.
Spenser, F. Q., II. ix. 34.
bewailment (bé-wäl’ment), n.
bewash (bé-wosh'), v. t.
Ing manner.
[K bewail +
—ment.] The act of bewailing; a lamentation.
bewakef (bé-wäk’), v. t. [KME. bewaken, watch,
“wake” a dead body, watch through (= D. be-
waken = G. bewachen = Sw. bevaka), K be- +
waken, wake: see be-1 and wakel, and cf. bi-
vouac.] To watch, especially a dead body; ob-
serve funeral rites for. Gower.
beware (bé-wär"), v., prop. phr. [Formerly and
prop. written separately, be ware, a phrase com-
posed of the impv. or inf. of the verb be and the
adj. ware; as in AS. bed war (bed, 2d pers. Sing.
impv. of bedn), bed thé war (thé, thee, reflexive
dative), be ware, just like E. be careful. So
ME. “be war therfor” (Chaucer); “A haſ fel-
awes! beth war of such a Tape!” (Chaucer), where
beth is 2d pers. pl. impv., KAS. bedth. (See
other M.E. examples below.) Like be gone, now
begome, be ware came to be written as one word,
beware, and then was classed by some authors
with the numerous verbs in be-1, and inflected
accordingly; hence the erroneous forms be-
wares in Ben Jonson, and bewared in Dryden.
This confusion may have been promoted by the
existence of a M.E. verb bewaren, show, exhibit,
descended, with some change of sense, from
AS. bewarian, guard, keep, preserve (= OFries.
biwaria = D. bewaren = OHG. biwarón, MHG.
bewaren, G. bewahren = Sw. bevara = Dan. be-
vare, keep, guard), K be--H wariam, guard, K war,
cautious, observant, E. warel, as in be ware
above. In the quotation from Chaucer, below,
both forms appear. See ware 1.] To be wary
or cautious; be on one's guard; exercise care
or vigilance: properly two words, be ware, con-
sisting of the infinitive or imperative of be with
the adjective ware: followed by of, expressed
or understood, with the force of ‘against,’ ‘in.
regard to’: as, beware of evil associations; be-
ware how you step; “beware the bear,” Scott.
Thus oughte wise men bem ware of folis;
If thou do so thi witte is Wele bywared [shown].
Chawcer, Troilus, I. 635.
Be ye war of false prophets. Wyclif, Mat. vii. 15.
That no man no scholde . . . war of him bed.
Life of Thomas Beket (ed. Black), 1150.
Beware of all, but most beware of man.
Pope, R. of the L., i. 114.
Every one ought to be very careful to beware what he
admits for a principle. Locke-
Beware the pine-tree's withered branch,
Beware the awful avalanche. Longfellow, Excelsior-
[K be-1 + wash.] To
drench with water. [Rare.] .
Let the maids bewash the men.
Herrick, St. Distaff's Day.
beweep (bé-wép’), v.; pret. and pp. bewept, ppr.
beweeping. [K ME. bewepem, biwepen, KAS. be-
wépan (= OFries. biwápa = OS. biwópian), K be-
+ w8pan, weep : see be-1 and weep.] I. trans.
1. To weep over; deplore.
Old fond eyes,
Beweep this cause again, I’ll pluck ye out.
Shak., Lear, i. 4.
2. To bedev or wet with tears; disfigure or
mark with the signs of weeping.
Fast by her syde doth wery labour stand,
Pale fere also, and sorrow all bewept.
Sir T. More, To Them that Trust in Fortune.
II.t intrams. To weep ; make lamentation.
gº “a bevy of renegades,” Macaulay, Hist, bewest (bě-west’), prep. [K ME. be west, bi-
westen, KAS. be westan : be, prep., by ; westan,
adv., west, from the west. Cf. be-east, benorth,
besowth.] To the west of. [Scotch..]





bewet
bewetl (bé-wet’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bewetted,
bewet, ppr. bewetting. [K ME. beweien, K be- +
weten, wet: see be-1 and wet.] To wet; moisten.
His napkin with his true tears all bewet.
ak., Tit. And.., iii. 1.
bewet?, bewit (bū’et, -it), n. [K late ME. bew-
ette, dim, of OF. beue, bue, earlier buie, boie, a
collar, chain, fetter, K L. boia, a collar for the
neck, whence also ult. E. buoy, q.v.] In fal-
Conry, the leather with which the bell was at-
tached to a hawk's leg. [Commonly in the
plural.]
bewhisper (bé-hwis'për), v. t. [K be-1 + whis-
per.] To whisper. Fairfaa.. [Rare.]
be whoret (bé-hör’), v. t. TK be-T + whore.] 1.
To make a whore of. Beau. and Fl.—2. To
Call or pronounce a whore. Shak.
bewiel
be- + welden, wield: see be-1 and wield.] To
wield, handle, or control; manage. J. Harri-
Som. [Rare.]
bewigged (bé-wigd’), p. a. [K be-1 + wigged.]
Wearing a wig.
Ancient ladies and bewigged gentlemen seemed hurry-
ing to enjoy a social cup of tea.
L. M. Alcott, Hospital Sketches, p. 20.
bewilder (bé-wil’dër), v. t. [K be-1 + wilder:
see wilder.] 1. To confuse as to direction or
situation; cause to lose the proper road or
course: as, the intricacy of the streets bewil-
dered him; to be bewildered in the woods.
Can this be the bird, to man so good,
That, after their bewildering,
Covered with leaves the little children,
So painfully in the wood?
Wordsworth, Redbreast Chasing the Butterfly.
2. To lead into perplexity or confusion; per-
plex; puzzle; confuse.
Bewildering odors floating, dulled her sense,
And killed her fear.
Willian Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 259.
We have elementary disturbances of consciousness in
diseases of the mind, such as epileptic states, ecstacy,
. and the bewildered state of the mind in paralytic de-
mentia. E. C. Mamm, Psychol. Med., p. 35.
= Syn. To confound, confuse, mystify, nonplus.
bewilderedness (bé-wil’ dérd-nes), n. The
state of being bewildered; bewilderment.
bewilderingly (bé-wil’dèr-ing-li), adv. In a
bewildering manner; so as to bewilder.
bewilderment (bé-wil’dèr-ment), m. [K bewil-
der + -ment.] The state of being bewildered.
Thought was arrested by utter bewilderment.
George Eliot, Silas Marner, ii.
bewimple (bé-wim’pl), v. t. [K ME. bewimplem
(= D. bewimpelen), K be- + win pelen, wimple:
see be-1 and wimple.] To cover with a wimple;
veil. Gower.
bewinter (bé-win’tér), v. t.
To make like winter.
Tears that be winter all my year.
Cowley, Sleep.
bewit, n. See bewet2.
bewitch (bé-wich"), v. t. [KME. bewicchen, bi-
wicchen, K be- + wicchen, witch: see be-1 and
witch, v.] 1. To subject to the influence of
witchcraft; affect by witchcraft or sorcery;
throw a charm or spell over.
Look how I am bewitch'd; behold, mine arm
Is, like a blasted sapling, wither'd up.
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 4.
2. To charm; fascinate; please to such a de-
gree as to take away the power of resistance.
Love doth bewitch and strangely change us.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 468,
The charms of poetry our souls bewitch.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires.
His [Tennyson's] verses still bewitch youths and artists
by their sentiments and beauty, but their thought takes
hold of thinkers and men of the world.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 160.
bewitchedness (bé-wicht'nes), n. IK bewitched,
pp. of bewitch, + -mess.] The state of being be-
witched.
bewitcher (bé-wich’ér), n.
or fascinates.
bewitchery (bé-wich’ér-i), n. [K, bewitch, in
imitation of witchery.] Witchery; fascination;
charm. [Rare.]
There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words.
South, Works, II. ix.
bewitchful (bé-wich'fül), a. [K bewitch -H, -ful
(irregularly suffixed to a verb).] Alluring;
fascinating. [Rare.]
Ill, more bewitchful to entice away. Milton, Letters.
bewitching (bě-wich’ing), a. [Ppr. of bewitch.]
Having power to bewiſéh or fascinate; fasci-
[K be-1 + winter.]
One who bewitches
nating; charming: as, “bewitching tenderness,” bewroughtt (bå-rót'). Obsolete past participle b
Addison, Spectator, No. 223.
bewitchment (bě-wich’ment), m.
bewith (bě'wipH), m.
bewpers, n.
bewrap (bě-rap"), v. t.; pret. and pp. bewrapped,
bewrecki (bé-rek’), v. t.
540
The more he considered it, the more bewitching the
scene appeared to him. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 5.
bewitchingly (bě-wich'ing-li), adv. In a be-
witching manner, -
bewitchingness (bé-wich’ing-nes), n. The
quality which makes a person or thing be-
witching.
[K bewitch +
-ment.] Fascination; power of charming; the
effects of witchcraft.
I will counterfeit the bewitchment of some popular man,
and give it bountifully to the desirers. §. Cor., ii. 3.
To wash in May dew guards against bewitchment.
Keary, Prim. Belief, p. 378.
[K bel + with 1: what one
can be with or do with..] A makeshift; a sub-
stitute. [Scotch.]
(bé-wäld’), v. t. [K ME, bewelden, K bewonder (bº-wun'dèr), v. t. [K be-1,+ wonder;
= D., bewonderen = G. bewundern, admire.] 1.
To fill with wonder; amaze.
Seeing his astonishment,
How he bewomaered was.
Fairfaa, tr. of Tasso, x. 17.
2. To wonder at ; admire.
bework? (bé-werk’), v. t. [K ME. bewurchen, K
AS. bewyrcan (= D. bewerkem = G. bewirken =
Dan. bevirke), work, work in, adorn, K be- +
wyrcan, work: see be-1 and work.] To work,
as with thread; embroider.
The mantelle and the gyrdylle both
That rychely was bewroght. Sir Eglamowr, l. 1152.
Smocks all be wrought. B. Jomson, Masque of Owls.
See beaupers. -
bewrapt, ppr. bewrapping. [K ME. bewrappen,
also bewrabben (with var. bewlappen), K be- +
wrappen, wrap: see be-1 and wrap.] To wrap
up; clothe; envelop.
His sword, . . .
Bewrapt with flowers, hung idlie by his side.
Fairfaac, tr. of Tasso, xvi. 30.
bewrayt (bé-rā'), v. t. [KME. bewraien, biwreyen,
disclose, reveal (= OFries. biwrógia = OHG
biruogan, MHG. berägen), K be- + wraien, wrey-
en, obs. E. wray, disclose, reveal, K. A.S. wré-
gan, accuse (= OFries. wrögia, wreia = OS. wro-
gian = D. wroegen, accuse, = OHG. ruogen,
MHG. ruegem, G. rigen, censure, = Icel. ragja,
slander, = Sw. rāja, betray, = Goth. wrohjan,
accuse), from a noun repr. by Goth. wrohs, an
accusation, = Icel. rög, a slander. Somewhat
affected in sense by betray, a quite different
word.] 1. To accuse; malign.—2. To re-
veal; divulge; make known; declare.
Write down thy mind, bewray thy meaning.
Shak., T. of A., ii. 5.
Whoso is partner with a thief hateth his own soul: he
heareth cursing and be wrayeth it not. Prov. xxix. 24.
3. To disclose or reveal (the identity or the
secrets of a person) perfidiously or prejudi-
cially; betray; expose.
Thou bewreiest alle secrenesse.
Chawcer, Man of Law's Tale, 1.675.
For feare to be enforced by torments to be wray his con-
federates. Knolles, Hist. Turks, p. 7. (W. E. D.)
Like slaves you sold your souls for golden dross,
Bewraying her to death.
Massinger, Virgin-Martyr, ii. 3.
Hide the outcast, bewray not him that wandereth, is
the simplest lesson of common humanity.
W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 97.
4. To reveal or disclose unintentionally or in-
cidentally; show the presence or true character
of; show or make visible.
The ointment of his right hand which bewrayeth itself.
Jºrov. xxvii. 16.
Thy speech bewrayeth thee. Mat. xxvi. 73.
[Bewray is still sometimes used, especially in
poetry, as an archaic word.]
bewrayert (bě-rā’ér), n. A betrayer or di-
ger. -
A bewrayer of secrets. Addison, Spectator, No. 225.
bewrayingly; (bé-rā'ing-li), adv. In a manner
to bewray.
bewrayment (bě-rā’ment), n.
—ment.] The act of bewraying.
bewreakł (bě-rék’), v. t. [K ME. bewreken, K
be- + wreken, wreak. Cf. AS. bewrecan, exile,
send forth: see be-1 and wreak.] To avenge;
revenge.
*
-
[K bewray +
Thus much am I bewreke.
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale (ed. Speght), l. 809.
[K be-1 + wreck. Cf.
, bewrecan, drive or bring to, of ships: see
be-1 and wreck.] To ruin; destroy.
Yet was I, or I parted thence, bewreckt. Mir. for Mags.
of bework.
beyl (bâ), m.
beyond
[= F. Sp. bey K Turk, b bea =
Pers. baig, a lord: see beft, bººk..".
gum.] 1. The governor of a minor province
or sanjak of the Turkish empire.—2. A title
of respect given in Turkey to members of
princely families, sons of pashas, military offi-
cers above the rank of major, the wealthy gen-
try, and, by courtesy, to eminent foreigners.
We therefore rode out of Beyrout as a § of Syrian
Beys. . Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 33.
3. The title usually given by foreigners to the
former Mohammedan rulers of Tunis.
Prequently written beg.
bey2+, v. A Middle English form of buy.
beyetet, v. t. A Middle English form of beget.
beylerbey (bā'lér-bā'), n. [K Turk, beylerbey,
beglerbeg, prince of princes, lit. ‘bey of beys.’]
The title of the governor-general of a province
of the Turkish empire, ranking next to the
grand vizir, and so called because he has under
him the beys at the head of the several san-
jaks or districts composing his province. Also
written beglerbeg.
beylerbeylik (bā’lèr-bā'lik), n. . [Turk, K bey-
lerbey + -lik, a common noun formative; cf.
beylik.] The territory governed by a beyler-
bey. Also beglerbeglik or beglerbeglic.
bºy; (bā'lik), n. [Turk., K bey, a bey, + -lik;
cf. beylerbeylik.] The district ruled by a }%
beyond (bě-yond’), prep. and adv. [KME. be-
gonde, beyende, etc., KAS. begeondam, K be, by,
+ geomdan, from the further side, K geomd,
prep., across, over, beyond (= Goth. jäins,
yonder), + -an, adv. suffix: see be-2 and yon,
yonder.] I. prep. 1. On or to the other side of:
as, beyond the river; beyond the horizon; “be-
Ayond that flaming hill,” G. Fletcher, Christ's
Victory and Triumph. -
We send our best commodities beyond the seas.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 59.
2. Further on than; more distant than: as, a
mile beyond the river; a hundred miles be-
Ayond Omaha; he never could get beyond simple
equations.
So far your knowledge all their power transcends,
As what should be beyond what is extends.
Dryden, Prol. to Univ. of Oxford, 1.39.
It is not necessary to look beyond Nature or beyond ex-
perience in order to find that unique Object of which the-
ology speaks. J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion; p. 52.
3. Past in time; later than: as, a day beyond
the proper time.—4. At a place or time not
yet reached by; before; ahead or in advance of.
What's fame? A fancied life in others' breath;
A thing beyond us, even before our death.
- t Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 238.
5. Out of reach of ; outside of the capacity,
limits, or sphere of; past: as, beyond our power;
beyond comprehension; that is beyond me.
We bring a welcome to the highest lessons of religion
and of poetry out of all proportion beyond our skill to
teach. Emerson, Success.
That the Antarctic continent has a flat and even sur-
face, the character of the icebergs shows beyond dispute.
J. Croll, Climate and Cosmology, p. 74.
6. Above; superior to; in or to a degree
which rivais, exceeds, or surpasses, as in dig-
nity, excellence, or quality of any kind.
Beyond any of the great men of my country.
Sir P. Sidney.
Dangle. Egad, we were just speaking of your tragedy.—
Admirable, Sir Fretful, admirable !
Sneer. You never did anything beyond it, Sir Fretful—
never in your life. Sheridam, The Critic, i. 1.
She is beautiful beyond the race of women.
Steele, Spectator, No. 113.
7. More than; in excess of; over and above.
- O, I've been vexed
And tortured with him beyond forty fevers.
* B. Jomsom, Poetaster, iii. 1.
He [Pitt] refused to accept one farthing beyond the sal-
ary which the law had annexed to his office.
Macawlay, William Pitt.
Beyond all. See all.—Beyond seas, out of the country;
abroad.—To go beyond, to exceed in operation, ability,
attainment, or the like ; hence, in a bad sense, to deceive
or circumvent.
That no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any
matter. 1 TheS. iv. 6.
The king has gone beyond me; all my glories
In that one Woman I have lost for ever,
Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
To go º one's self, to be much excited by any-
thing; be beside one's self. Nares.
II. adv. At a distance; yonder.
Beyond he lyeth, languishing. Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 38.
º (bě-yond’), n. That place or state
which lies on the other side; an experience or
T
lbeyond
life beyond our present life or experience: as,
the great beyond.
They are the All, with no beyond.
J. Martineau, Eth. Theory, I. 281. (N. E. D.)
The back of beyond, a very distant or out-of-the-way
place. [Colloq.]
beyond-sea (bā-yond’sé), a. From beyond the
Sea; foreign; outlandish: as, beyond-sea words.
Nay, my beyond-sea sir, we will proclaim you:
You'would be king I beau, and F., Philaster, v. 4.
hº (bā'ship), n. IK beyl + -ship.] The
office of a bey; incumbency of such office.
Those small political offences, which in the days of the
Mamelukes would have led to a beyship or a bowstring,
receive four-fold punishment by deportation to Faizoghli,
the local Cayenne. R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 31.
bezan (bez'an), n. [= F. bezan, prob. of E. Ind.
; A white or striped cotton cloth from
engal.
b: (bez’ant or bú-zant'), n. [KME. bezant,
besant, began, K OF. begant, bezam, besan = Pr.
bezan = Sp. begante = Pg. besante = It. bisante,
KML. Bezantius, L. Byzantius (se. nummus), a
Byzantine coin, K Byzantium, K. Gr. Buſávttov,
older name of Constantinople. Cf. florin.] 1.
A gold coin (the proper name of which was
aſylºlilº,
sº
•º §§ º
O
?
§
ſº
:
ſº
.
5-W
i
:
:
º
(#
O
:Lº
#.
ºº:|:
2
.
§
§
|
º#
º
3.
Reverse.
Bezant (Solidus) of Romanus III.—British Museum.
(Size of the original.)
Obverse.
solidus) issued by the emperors at Constanti-
nople in the middle ages. Bezants had a wide
circulation in Europe till the fall of the Eastern Empire,
more especially during the period from about A. D. 800 to
541
Bhutanese
3. In jewelry : (a) That part of the setting of bezoutoid (be-zá'toid), n., [K. Bezout (see Be-
a precious stone which incloses it and by which
it is held in place. (b) A flat surface of gold
engraved with any device to serve as a seal,
When a stone is not used. See chaton. [Rare.]
–4. In watch-making, the grooved flange or rim
in which the crystal of a watch is set.
bezel (bez'el), v. t.; pret. and pp. bezeled or
bezelled, ppr. beeling or bezelling. [Also basil;
& bezel, n.] To grind to an edge; cut to a slop-
ing edge; bevel.
bezesteen (bez’es-tên), n. [Also written bezes-
tein, bezestan, K. Turk. bazistān, orig. Pers., a
clothes-market.] An exchange, bazaar, or mar-
ket-place in the East. N. E. D
bezetta (bé-zet'É), n. [A corruption of It.
pe22etta, red paint, prop. a piece of cloth dyed
red used for rouging, lit. a little piece, dim. of
€22a, a piece, esp. of cloth: see piece.] Coarse
nen rags or sacking soaked in certain pig-
ments, which are prepared thus for exporta-
tion; the pigment itself. Red bezetta is colored
With cochineal, and the pigment is used as a cosmetic.
Blue bezetta is prepared from the juice of some euphor-
biaceous plants, treated with dung and urine, and is used
to color the rind of Dutch cheese.
Béziers (bā-ziä"), n. A sweet wine, named
from the town of Béziers in the department of
Hérault, France.
bezique (be-zék’), n. [Also bezique, bazique,
bésique, bězigue; K F. besigue, bězigue; also
formerly besit, bési, bésy, bézy of obscure
origin.] 1. A game of cards played by
two, three, or four persons, with two packs
from which the cards having from two to
six spots have been removed. The object of
the game is to win the aces and tens, and to secure
various combinations of cards, which when shown or
“declared " entitle the player to score a certain number
of points.
2. The queen of spades and knave of diamonds,
One of the counting combinations in the game
of bezique.—Double bezique, the two queens of
Spades and two knaves of diamonds, the highest counting
the middle of the thirteenth century, when European Arcombination in bezique.
countries, except Spain, had no gold currencies of their bezoar
own. Also called byzant, byzantime.
And who that did best should have a rich circlet of gold
worth a thousand bezants. Sir T. Malory, Morte d'Arthur.
2. In her., a small circle or; a gold roundel. It
is a common bearing, and is supposed to have Originated
from the coins of Constantinople, assumed as bearings by
crusaders.
Also spelled besant.
White bezant, a silver coin of Byzantium, worth about
70 centS.
bezanté, bezantée,
bezanted (bez-an-
tä', bě-zan'ted), a.
In her., same as be-
2amty.
bezantée (bez-an-tā’),
m. [OF., prop. fem.
of bezanté, besanté:
see bezanty.] A mold-
ing ornamented with ſº
roundels or small ‘’. º
disks resembling be-
zants, of frequent oc- 'til
|Hºlſºm mil fºllº
#THT |ºll
HTHºff;
:^ºzzº
º º
$
currence in Norman gº 4.
architecture. Encyc. |},{}
Brit., II. 461. RI º
|
bez-antler (bez-ant'-
lèr), n. [Also bes-ant-
ler and bay-antler; K
OF. bez-, bes-, secon-
dary, inferior (prob. K
Bezantée.—Tower of Church of La
Charité-sur-Loire, France.
(From Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. de
l'Architecture.”)
L. bis, twice), H- E. antler.] The branch of a bezoar-goat (bé’zór-göt), n.
deer's horn next above the brow-antler; the
bay-antler. See antler.
bezanty (bé-Zan’ti), a.
K F. besanté, K besant, begant.] In her., strewn
or studded with bezants: said of the field, or of
any charge. Also beganted.
bezel (bez’el), n. [Also bezil, basil, and for-
merly beazel, bazil, begle, etc., KOF. “besel, bisel bezonian (bé-zó'ni-àn), n.
(F. biseau), sloping edge, a bevel, = Sp. Pg.
bisel; origin unknown; perhaps (a) KL. bis, dou-
ble, -- dim. suffix -el, or (b) KML, bisalus, a stone
with two angles or slopes, K L. bis, twice, +
ala, a wing. Cf. azil and aisle.] 1. The slope
at the edge of a cutting-tool, as a chisel or Bezoutian
plane. It is generally single, but sometimes
double. [In this sense commonly basil.]–2.
The oblique side or face of a gem; specifically,
one of four similarly situated four-sided facets
on the top or crown of a brilliant, which are
sometimes called templets. See cut under bril-
liant. Bezel is also sometimes used to denote the space
between the table and the girdle, that is, the “crown,"
with the exception of the table.
bezoardic (bez-Ö-ār'dik), a. and n.
bezoutiant (be-zö’ti-ant), m.
(bě’zór), n. [Also bezoard, early mod.
E. bezor, beazor, beazer, bezar, bezer–F. bezoard,
formerly bezar, bezahar, = Sp. bezoar, bezaar,
bezar, = Pg. bezoar = NL. bezoar, bezaar, be-
zahar, K. Ar. bāzahr, bādizahr, K Pers. bādzahr,
pādzahr, the bezoar-stone, K påd, expelling, +
zahr, poison: so called because it was consid-
ered an antidote to poison.] A name for certain
calculi or concretions found in the stomach or
intestines of some animals (especially rumi-
nants), formerly supposed to be efficacious in
Fº the fatal effects of poison, and still
eld in estimation in some eastern countries.
They are used in China both as a pigment and as a drug.
Such calculi are generally formed around some foreign
Substance, as a bit of wood, straw, hair, etc. Many vari-
eties have been mentioned, but most value was put on the
bezoar from the East Indies and that from Peru.—Be-
Zoar mineral, an oxid of antimony, or antimonic acid,
especially that prepared from butter of antimony by the
action of nitric acid.—Fossil bezoar, a formation like
animal bezoar, consisting of several layers around some
extraneous body which serves as a nucleus.-Vegetable
bezoar. Same as calapitte.
[K F. bézo-
ardique (NL. begoardicus, bezoarticus), K beco-
ard, bezoar.] I. a. Of the nature of or per-
taining to bezoar; compounded of or possess-
ing the supposed antidotal properties of bezoar;
Serving as an antidote.—Bezoardic acid. Same as
ellagic acid (which see, under ellagic).
II. m. A medicine having the properties of
bezoar; an antidote.
A name given to
the wild goat, Capra aegagrus, from the fact
that it produces the bezoar. See agagrus.
[Also bezanté, begantée, bezoartict, bezoarticalt (bez-Ö-ärſtik, -ti-kal),
a. [K NL. bezoarticus: see bezoardic.] Same as
bezoardic.
The healing bezoartical virtue of grace.
[Also besonian, bi-
Somian, K besonio, besognio, bisogno, etc., a beg-
gar: see bisogno.] An indigent Wretch; a
beggar or scoundrel.
lunder which king, Bezonian? Speak or die.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 3.
(be-zö’ti-an), a, Belonging to the
French mathematician Étienne Bezout (1730–
83).-Bezoutian method of elimination,
published by Bezout in 1765.
Bezoutian) + -i-ant..] In math. : (a) The ho-
mogeneous quadratic function of n variables,
whose discriminant is the resultant of two
equations, each of the nth degree. (b) Incor-
rectly used for becoutoid.
bezzle (bez'1), v.; pret. and pp. bezzled, P;
bhainsa (bin'sä), n.
bhang, bang? (bang), n.
bharadar (bar'a-dār), m.
bharsiah (bär'sé-ä), n.
bhat (båt), n.
Bheel. m.
bheesty, bheestie (běs’ti), m. [Anglo-Ind., also
bhel (bel), m.
Chillingworth, Works, p. 378. Bhil (běl), m.
a method blºg. (bó'gi), n.
Bhutanese (bö-ta-nēs’ or -nēz'), a. and m.
20tutian) + -oid.] In math., the bezoutiant to
two homogeneous functions obtained by differ-
entiation from one homogeneous function of
two variables.
bez-
2ling. [Now only E. dial. ; early mod. E. also
bezzel, bezel, bizle, bissel, K late ME. besile, K OF.
besiler, beziller, besillier, by apheresis for embe-
sillier, waste, embezzle: see embezzle.] I. trans.
1. To purloin or make away with; embezzle.
I must be shut up and my substance bezel'd.
Fletcher, Woman's Prize, iv. 1.
2. To consume a large quantity of, as food or
drink; waste or squander, as money. [Prov.
Eng.]
#. intrams. To drink to excess. Dekker.
bezzlef (bez’l), n. [K bezzle, v.] A debauchee;
a sot. Nash.
bezzlert (bez’lér), n. Same as bezzle, n.
bezzlingt (bez'ling), n. [K bezzle, v.] Dissipa-
tion; excessive drinking.
From haughty Spayne, what brought'st thou els beside
But lofty lookes and their Lucifrian pride?
From Belgia, what but their deep bezeling,
Their boote-carouse, and their beere-buttering?
Marston, Satyres, ii.
I have proposed and determined with myself to leave
the bezelings of these knights and return to my village.
Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, fol. 158.
bhadoee (bā'dø-á), n. IK Hind. bhādui or bha-
dowwl, adj., relative to the month Bhādou, the
fifth month of the Hindu year, answering to
the last half of August and the first of Septem-
per.] The earliest of the three annual crops
in Hindustan, consisting of rice, maize, etc. It
is laid down during the rainfall in April and May, and is
reaped in August and September. It furnishes about one
fourth of the food-supply in a normal year.
[Hind. bhaimsā (masc.),
bhains (fem.).] A name of the domestic Indian
buffalo, Bos bubalis.
[Also bhung, and
formerly bangue, also (after Ar.) benj; K Hind.
etc. bhang, bhāng, bhung (= Pers. bang, X Ar.
banj, benj), bhang, K Skt. bhangă, hemp.] The
dried leaves of the hemp-plant, Cannabis Indica,
which as grown in India contain a powerfully
narcotic resin and a volatile oil. In India bhang is
used for smoking, either with or without tobacco, and is
also made up with flour, sugar, etc., into a kind of sweet-
meat called majwn (majūn). An intoxicating drink is
prepared by infusing the pounded leaves in cold water.
As prepared and used by the Arabs, it is known as hashish.
(See hempl.) It is also employed in medicine for its ano-
dyne, hypnotic, and antispasmodic qualities.
[Hind. bharadãr.]
One of the Gorkha &hiefs who invaded Nepāl in
1768, and parceled out the land among them-
Selves. The bharadars form a kind of feudal aristoc-
racy, and in times of emergency act as a council of state.
[E. Ind.] The native
name of an East Indian badger-like quadruped,
Ursita.cus imawritus of Hodgson.
[Hind. bhāt, also bhārata.] In
dia, a man of a tribe of mixed descent, the
members of which are professed genealogists
and poets; a bard. These men in Rajputana and
Guzerat had also extraordinary privileges as the guaran-
tors of travelers, whom they accompanied, against attack
or robbery. Yule and Burmell, Gloss.
See Bhil.
written beesty, beestie, beasty, beastie, K Hind.
bhisti, bihisti, Pers. bihisti, a water-carrier, lit.
heavenly, K bihist (> Hind. bihist), paradise,
heaven.] An Indian water-carrier, who sup-
plies domestic establishments with water from
the nearest river or reservoir, carrying it in a
sheepskin bucket or bag.
In particular there is a queer creature, like what I fancy
a brownie should be, called a beestie or bhestie, whose
special calling is to fill the baths in that refreshing apart-
ment . . . attached to every Indian bedroom. N. Macleod.
See bel3.
[Also spelled Bheel, repr. Hind.
Bhil.] 1. A member of the aboriginal tribes
of India which occupy the valleys of the Ner-
budda and Tapti, and the slopes of the Vind-
hya and Satpura mountains.
The language of the Bhils in the Bombay province,
Rajpootana, and Central India, is understood to be a dia-
lect of Hindi. IV. N. Cust, Mod. Langs. E. Ind., p. 49.
2. The language of the Bhils.
[E. Ind.] An inferior cot-
on made in India.
[K Bežout (see Bhotanese (bó-tº-nés' or -néz'), a. and n. See
Bhutanese.
- [K
Bhutan, the country (Bhwtiã, a native of Bhu-
tan), H -ese: ) .I. a. Pertaining to Bhutan, its
people, or their language.
























Bhutanese 542
In reality the Bhutanese authorities did not want to re-
ceive a mission at all.
J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 674.
II. m. 1. sing, or pl. A native or the na-
tives of Bhutan, a mountainous state in the
town in the department of Basses-Pyrénées,
France.] A thin corded woolen cloth.
biarticulate (bi-ār-tikºil-lāt), a. [K bi-2 + ar-
ticulate.] Having two joints, as the antennae
Himalayas, having Tibet on the north, Bengal
and Assam on the south, and Sikhim on the
West. The Bhutanese have flat faces, high cheek-bones,
brown complexion, almond eyes, and black hair. They
profess a corrupt form of Buddhism, and are subjects of
a dual government under a pontiff and a prince.
2. The language of Bhutan.
Also written Bhotanese and Bootanese (Bho-
tam, Bootam).
bhyree (biºré), m. [E. Ind.] A kind of falcon
Also behree.
used in hawking in India.
bit, prep. [ME., KAS. be, in comp. with nouns
bī: see byl, bei.j A common Middle English
of some insects.
bias (bi’as), n., a., and adv.; pl. biases, improp.
biasses (-ez), [Early mod, E. also biass, byas,
biace, biais, KF. (and OF.) biais, a slant, a slope,
= Pr. biais = OCat. biais, Cat. biaa’ = It...s-biescio,
dial. biasciw, sbias, bias (cf. also It. bieco, squint-
ing, oblique, bias); origin unknown; hardly K
biaxal (bi-ak"sal), a.
bibble
biarritz (biár'its), n. [Named from Biarrite, a biauriculate (bi-à-rik’īī-lāt), a. [K bi-” + aurio-
wlate.] 1. In 206!, and amat., having two au-
ricles, in any sense of that word: especially
applied to the heart of the higher vertebrates.
–2. In bot., having two ear-like projections,
as a leaf.
Also bia write.
Same as biaxial.
The great majority of non-isotropic substances are doub-
ly refracting, and in general are biaa’al, i. e., have two
equally important optic axes, whose mutual inclination
may have any value from 0° to 90°. Tait, Light, § 290,
biaxial (bi-ak"si-al), a. [K bi-2 + qaial.] Hay-
ing two axes: as, a biaxial crystal. See optic.
biaxiality (bi-ak-si-al’i-ti), n., [Kbia.cial + -ity.]
The quality of being biaxial; biaxial character.
biaxially (bi-ak"si-al-i), adv. With two axes.
biaz (bé’az), n. [Native name.] A cotton
LL. bifacem, acc. of bifax, squinting (cf. ML.
bifacius, two-faced), K. L. bi-, two-, + facies,
face.] I. m. 1. An oblique or diagonal line;
especially, a cut which is oblique to the tex-
ture of a fabric; hence, in dressmaking, a seam
form of the preposition by.
Bi. The chemical symbol of bismuth.
bi-lt. A Middle English and Anglo-Saxon form
formed by bringing together two pieces thus
cut; specifically, one of the front seams of a
close-fitting waist : sometimes called a dart.—
of be-1 or be-2.
bi-2. [L. bi-, combining form of bis (= Gr. 6tg-,
6t- = Skt. dwi- = OHG. MEIG. 2wi-, G. 2wie- =
AS. twi-, E. twi-), orig. *duis, twice, doubly,
two-, K duo = E. two : see two, twi-, di-2.] A
prefix of Latin origin, cognate with di- and
twi-, meaning two, two-, twice, double, twofold,
as in biazial, bicormous, bimanous, biped, bifur-
cate, etc.: especially in chemical terms, where
it denotes two parts or equivalents of the in-
gredient referred to, as in bicarbonate, bichro-
7mate, etc. Such words are properly adjectives, to be
analyzed as bi- + noun + adjective suffix (for example,
bi-aa-i-al, biºfurc-ate, two-fork-ed, bi-man-ows, two-hand-
ed, etc.), but may also be briefly treated as bi- + adjective
(bi-aacial, bi-furcate, etc.). Words in bi- rest actually or
theoretically upon Latin or New Latin forms, *biaacialis,
*biacuminatus, *biangulatus, *biarticulatus, etc.; but it
is often convenient to refer them to English elements.
biacid (bi-as'id), a. [K bi-2 + acid.] In chem.,
capable of combining with an acid in two dif-
ferent proportions: said of a base.
biacuminate (bi-a-kü'mi-nāt), a. [K bi-2 + acu-
minate.] In bot., having two diverging points,
as the hairs on the leaves of some Malpighiaceae,
which are attached by the middle and taper to-
ward the ends.
bialar (bi-ā’lār), a. [K bi-2 + alar.] Having
tWo WingS.–Bialar determinant, in math., one in
which the constituents of the principal diagonal are all
ZePOS.
bialate (bi-ā’lāt), a. [K bi-2 + alate?..] Having
two alae or wings; two-winged.
bianco secco (biáng'kö Sek’ó). [It., lit. dry
white: bianco = F. blanc, white, KOHG. blanch,
shining (see blank); Secco, K L. siccus, dry: see
sec, sack9.] A white pigment used in fresco-
painting. It consists of lime and pulverized marble,
the former before mixing being macerated in water un-
til its causticity is removed.
Lomazzo observes (Trattato, p. 194) that Perino del
Vaga invented a colour formed of Verdetto and bianco
secco, that is, limewhite in powder.
Mrs. Merrifield, Art of Fresco Painting, lii.
biangular (bi-ang'gū-lär), a. [K bi-” + angu-
lar..] Having two angles, or corners. [Rare.]
biangulate, biangulated (bi-ang'gū-lāt, -lä-
ted), a. [ć bi-2 + angulate.] Same as biangu-
lar
biangulous (bi-ang'gū-lus), a. [K bi-” + angu-
lous...] Same as biangular.
biannual (bi-an’īī-al), a. [K bi-2 + annual. Cf.
biennial.] Occurring twice a year: arbitrarily
distinguished from biennial (which see).
biannually (bi-anti-al-i), adv. Twice a year.
Not even an aspiration toward a change in the fashion
of her clothes bi-annually, at least.
The Century, XXIII. 647.
biannulate (bi-an’īī-lāt), a... [K bi-2 + annulate.]
In 206l., having two encircling rings, generally
of color.
biantheriferous (bi-an-the-rif'e-rus), a. [K bi-2
+ antheriferous.] In bot., having two anthers.
biarchy (biſãr-ki), m.; pl. biarchies (-kiz). [K
bi-2 + Gr. &pxia, K. Čipzh, rule; after monarchy,
etc. Cf. diarchy.] Dual government or sover-
eignty.
biarcuate, biarcuated (bi-ār'kü-āt, -ă-ted), a.
K bi-2 + arcuate.] Twice curved: as, a biarcu-
ate margin, one having a convex curve passing
into a concave One. -
Biar glass. See glass.
Biarmian (biár/mi-an), m. and a... [K Biarmia,
Latinized from Icel. Bjarmaland, the land of
the Bjarmar, = AS. Beormas, now called Per-
mians: see Permian.] I, m. One of the Fin-
nish inhabitants of Perm in Russia; a Per- is not coal-black, but colored or blackening, bibblet, v.
mian (which see).
2. In bowling, a bulge or greaterweight on one
side of a bowl; a difference in the shape and
weight of the two sides or poles of a bowl,
causing it to curve in its course toward the
lighter and less bulged side; hence, the curved
course of such a bowl.—3. A one-sided ten-
dency of the mind; undue propensity toward
an object; a particular leaning or inclination;
bent; specifically, in law, prejudice, as of a
witness: used most frequently to denote preju-
dice and habits of thought which prevent the
fair or dispassionate consideration of any sub-
ject or question.
Morality influences men's lives, and gives a bias to all
their actions. Locke.
Alas! what years you thus consume in vain,
IRuled by this wretched bias of the brain
Crabbe, The Newspaper.
One cannot mistake the prevailing bias of her mind.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 202.
The bias of education, the bias of class-relationships,
the bias of nationality, the political bias, the theological
bias—these, added to the constitutional sympathies and
antipathies, have much more influence in determining
beliefs on social questions than has the small amount of
evidence collected. H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 11.
On the bias, diagonally; slantingly. =Syn. 3. Propensity,
Imclimation, etc. (see bentl), prepossession, predisposition,
predilection, partiality.
II. a. 1. Oblique; slanting; diagonal to the
outline or to the texture: now used only or
chiefly of fabrics or dress: as, a bias line (in
former use) in a drawing; a bias piece in a gar-
ment.—2+. Loaded or swelled on one side,
like a biased bowl.
Blow, villain, till thy sphered bias cheek
Out-swell the colic of puff'd Aquilon.
Shak., T. and C., iv. 5.
III. adv. [K bias, a.] In a slanting man-
ner; obliquely.
Trial did draw
Bias and thwart, not answering the aim.
Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
bias (bi’as), v. t. ; pret. and pp. biased or biassed,
pr. biasing or biassing. [Early mod. E. also
iass, biace, byas (cf. F. biaiser = Pr. biaisar);
from the noun.]. 1. To give a bias to, as a
bowl; furnish with a bias. See bias, n., 2.
To giue you the Morall of it [game of bowls]: It is the
Embleme of the world or the world's ambition ; where
most are short, or over, or wide, or wrong Byas’t, and
some few justle in to the Mistris Fortune.
Bp. Earle, Micro-Cosmographie, xli.
2. To incline to one side; give a particular
direction to the mind of; prejudice; warp;
prepossess: as, the judgment is often biased
by interest.
My judgment of desert hath not been biassed by per-
sons being of my own particular judgment, in matters of
disputation, among the Churches of God. -
C. Mather, Mag. Chris., Int.
No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause; be-
cause his interest will certainly bias his judgment, and,
not improbably, corrupt his integrity.
Madison, Federalist, No. 10.
bias-drawing (bi' as-drā’ing), n. A turning
awry; hence, partiality; prepossession. Shak.
biasness (bi' as-nes), n. IK bias + -mess.] The
state of being biased; inclination to a particu-
lar side; partiality. Sherwood.
Biatora (bi-a-tó’râ), m. [NL.] An extensive
genus of lichens which have a crustaceous thal-
lus adhering closely to the substance on which
it grows, and sessile apothecia, of which the ex-
ciple is colored or blackening.
biatorine (bi-a-tó’rin), a. [K Biatora + -ine1.]
In lichens, pertaining to or resembling the ge-
nus Biatora ; having a proper exciple, which
as in many species of the tribe Lecideacei.
biblf (bib), v. t. and i.;
* four hours than I did.
bib’ (bib), n.
cloth resembling linen, manufactured in cen-
tral Asia for home use and for export to Rus-
sia. McElrath, Com. Dict.
ret. and pp. bibbed,
ppr. bibbing. [= North. E. beb, K. M.E. bibben,
tipple, drink; cf. freq. bibble, nearly – OD. bib-
erem, drink frequently. ME. bibben “must have
been borrowed directly from L. bibere, to drink,
and may be imagined to have been . . . used
jocularly by those familiar with a little monkish
atin” (Skeat); but perhaps of natural origin.
See imbibe, bibulous, beverb, and beverage.] To
sip; tipple; drink frequently.
This meller [miller] hath so wysly bibbed ale.
- Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 242.
He was constantly bibbing, and drank more in twenty-
Locke, Education, § 18.
[Supposed to be derived from
the verb bibl, because it absorbs moisture.
Cf. bavette and beaver2.] 1. A cloth worn by
children under the chin to keep the front of
the dress clean, especially when eating.—2.
A similar article worn by adults, especially as
forming the upper part of an apron.
We'll have a bib, for spoiling of thy doublet.
Beau. and I'l., Captain, iii. 5.
3. A curved vent or nozle used to alter the
direction of the flow of liquids.-4. Naut.,
same as bibb, the usual spelling in this sense.
bibº (bib), n. [So called from a membrane
which covers the eyes and other parts about
the head, and which, when inflated, may be
compared to a bib; K bib?..] The most com-
mon name of the whiting-pout, Gadus luscus, a
fish of the family Gadidae. See blems, 2.
bibacious (bi-bā‘shus), a. . [KL. bibaa, (bibaci-),
iven to drink (K bibere, drink), + -ous.] Ad-
#. to drinking; disposed to imbibe. [Rare.]
bibacity (bi-bas’i-ti), m. [Formerly bibacitie,
K L. as if “bibacitas, K bibaa: ; see bibacious.]
The quality of being bibacious, or addicted to
drink. Blount. [Rare.]
bibasic (bi-bā'sik), a. [K bi-2 + basic.] Liter-
ally, having two bases: in chem., applied to acids
(such as sulphuric acid, H2SO4) which have two
hydrogen atoms replaceable by a base or bases.
See monobasic, tribasic, dibasic, and polybasic.
bibation (bi-bā'shgn), n. [Irreg. for “bibition
K. M.L. bibitio(n-). Cf. imbibition, and see bišij
The act of drinking; a drink or draught.
Royal cheer and deep bibation.
S. Nayler, Reynard the Fox, 4.
bibativeness (bib'a-tiv-nes), n. IK bibl. H--ative
+ -ness.] Fondness for liquor; tendency to
drink: a term used in phrenology.
bibb (bib), n. [A particular use of bib2. A
somewhat similar comparison appears in the
case of beaver?, ºnally a bib.] Nawt., a
bracket of timber bolt-
ed to the hound of a |
lower mast for the pur- |
pose of supporting the Tº -
trestletree.
bibber (bib’ér), n. [K
bibl + -erl. Cf. OD.
biberer, a bibber. See
bibl.] A tippler; a
person given to drink-
ing: chiefly used in
composition: as, a
wine-bibber.
Ah Zephyrus ! art here,
and Flora too? - |R-
Ye tender bibbers of the Bibb on starboard side of mast.
rain and dew. º
º jºymion, iv, *, mast; *..bibb; c, restletree.
º, -
[Early mod. E. also bible, bibil (cf.
OD, biberén), freq. of bibl.] I, trans. To
equiv.
II. a. Of or pertaining to the Biarmians or biatoroid (bi-a-tó'roid), a. [K Biatora + -oid.] drink; drink of or from.
Permians.
Same as biatorine.
II, intrans. 1. To drink often,-2. To sip.

bibliolatrous
or to the sacred writings: as, biblical learning;
biblical criticism.—2. accord with the teach-
ings of the Bible; scriptural. Hence—3. Au-
thoritative; true.
First and last, eloquence must still be at bottom a bibli-
cal statement of fact. Emergom, Eloquence.
[Often written with a capital, as a proper
543
and the major part of the New Testament, probably pre-
pared in the second century A. D. Translations were early
made into the principal languages of Christendom... The
first complete translation into English was that of Wyclif
and Nicholas Hereford, about 1382; and the first printed
English versions were those of Tyndale and Coverdale, 1524–
1585. Other important versions are the Lutheran, in the Ger-
man, by Martin Luther, 1521-34—the basis of the Swedish,
Danish, Icelandic, Dutch, and Finnish versions; the Author-
-- bibble-babble
bibble-babble (bib'l-bab/1), n. [Early mod.
E. also bible-bable, a varied redupl. of babble.
Cf. tittle-tattle, shilly-shally, etc.j Idle talk;
prating to no purpose. -
Thy wits the heavens restore! endeavour thyself to sleep,
and leave thy vain bibble-babble, Shak, T. N., iv. 2.
hºler (bib'lér), n. One who bibbles; a bib-
©I’. : i. #%; pre º by * sº tºº, of adjective.]
* - scholars in England under James I., 1604–11; the Douay, g . S hu.— º
Fare ye well, bibbler. Udall, Roister Doister, iii. 5. a popular name given to a translation into English pre- ;º.º.º. gºer
ared by Roman Catholic divines—the Old Testament at
ouay (1609–10), the New Testament at Reims (1582); and
the Revised, a recension of the King James Bible prepared
by a committee of British and American Protestant di-
bib-cock (bib'kok), n. [K bib2 (in reference to
the bent-down nozle) + cock1, 3.] A cock or
faucet having a bent-down nozle. E. H.
biblicality (bib-li-kal’i-ti), n. [K biblical +
-ity.] 1. The quality of being biblical,—2.
That which has the quality of being biblical.
Knight.
bibelot (bib’lö), n.
Curiosity, beauty, or rarity; especially, an ob-
ject of this kind which can be kept in a cabinet
or on a shelf. See curio.
biberon (bib'ron), n. [F., artificially formed,
K L. bibere, drink, and F. suffix -on..] 1. A ves-
sel having a spout
through which to
drink, designed for
the use of sick per-
sons and children.-
2. An infant's nurs-
ing-bottle. *
Bibio (bib’i-6), n.
[NL., K. L.L. bibio, a
smaï insect said to
begenerated in wine,
KL.bibere, drink.] A
genus of dipterous
insects, typical of
the family Bibioni-
. The sexes are col-
ored differently. B. hor-
twlanw8 is an example;
the male is black, the
female brick-red with a
black head.
Bibionidae(bib-i-on’-
i-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
& Bibiotij -- ide.j
A family of nemo-
cerous dipterous in-
sects, typified by the genus Bibio, having the
prothorax much developed, no transverse tho-
racic suture, 7 abdominal segments, 6 to 11
antennal joints, 3 ocelli, wings without a discal
Cell, and the coxæ not prolonged. There are
about 300 described species. The family formerly in-
Biberon.— Oiron faience (France),
in South Kensington Museum, Lon-
don. (From “L’Art pour Tous.”)
cluded the genus Simuliwm, now separated as the type
of another family.
bibiru (bi-bê'rö), n. See bebeeru.
bibitory (bib’i-tº-ri), a. [KNL. bibitorius, KLL.
bibitor, a drinker, toper, K.L. bibere, drink.] Per-
*taining to drinking or tippling. [Rare.]
Bible (bi’bl), n. IK ME. bible, bibel, K OF. bi-
ble (F. bible = Pr. bibla = Sp. Pg. biblia = It.
bibbia = D. bijbel = MHG. and G. bibel = Icel.
biblia, old form bibla = Sw. Dan. bibel), K LL.
biblia (usually biblia sacra) (prop. neut. pl.,
but in ML. taken also as fem, sing.), K. Gr.
§ (tà 343%ia Tă ăyta, i. e., biblia sacra, the
oly books), pl. of 34.3%tov, often spelled 3v-
Aíov, a little book, a book as a division of a
arge work, dim. of 3:3%og, also flû9%og, a book,
writing, scroll, lit. paper, same as 399%og, the
Egyptian papyrus, of the inner bark of which
paper was made. Cf. L. liber, a book, K liber,
the inner bark of a tree; E. book, KAS. bāc, a
book, as related to bøc, a beech-tree; and cf.
paper. The orig. sense of LL.biblia, the books,
is made prominent in ML. bibliotheca, the Bi-
ble, lit. a library: see bibliotheea.] 1. The
Book, or rather the Books (see etym.), by wa
of eminence; the Scriptures of the Old and
New Testaments. The word bible is not found in the
English version, but the Greek word occurs frequently,
being always translated “book” or “books,” sometimes in-
dicating the books of the Old Testament. The Bible con-
sists of two parts: the Old Testament, written in Hebrew,
containing the Law, the Prophets, and the sacred writings,
or Hagiographa; and the New Testament, written in Greek,
consisting of the four Gospels, the Book of Acts, the
Epistles of Paul and other apostolic writers, and the Apoc-
alypse or Book of Revelation, the only strictly prophetic
book which it contains. Roman Catholic writers accept,
in addition to these, most of the books contained in the
Apocrypha of the King James version, which occur in the
Septuagint (see below) and Vulgate, distributed among
the other books of the Old Testament. . The principal an-
cient versions of the Bible, or of portions of it, are the
Targums, a Chaldee or Aramaic paraphrase or interpreta-
tion of the more ancient Hebrew Scriptures; the Samar-
itan Pentatewch, a Hebrew version of the first five books
of the Old Testament, amcient in its character, and pre-
served with jealous care among the Samaritans; the Sep-
twagint, a Greek version of the Old Testament prepared
by Jewish scholars at Alexandria under the Ptolemies,
principally in the third century B. C.; the Vulgate, a Latin
version of both Old Testament and New Testament, pre-
pared by Jerome at the close of the fourth century A. D. ;
and the Peshito, a Syriac version of the Old Testament
[F.] A small object of
vines, the New Testament appearing in 1881, and the Old
Testament in 1885. The number of minor versions is
indicated by the fact, that, since 1804, translations of the
Bible or portions of it have been published in upward of
225 languages. Roman Catholics and Protestants differ
in the degree of authority which they attach to the Bible.
The Roman Catholic Church “receives with piety and
reverence all the books of the Old and New Testaments,
Since one God is the Author of each” (Council of Trent);
but “at the same time it maintains that there is an un-
written word of God over and above Scripture” (Cath.
Dict.). Protestants generally hold that “the Supreme
Judge, by which all controversies of religion are to be de-
termined, and all decrees of councils, opinions of ancient
writers, and private spirits are to be examined, and in
whose sentence we are to rest, can be no other but the
Holy Spirit speaking in Scripture” (Westminster Conf.
of Faith).
Hence—2. Any book or collection of religious
writings received by its adherents as a divine
revelation: as, the
Koran is the Bible of
the Mohammedans;
the Mormon Bible.—
3t. [l. c..] Any great
book.
To tellen all wold passen
any bible,
That owher (anywhere] is.
Chawcer, Prol. to Canon's
[Yeoman's Tale, 1.354.
4. [l. c.] A medie-
val military engine
for throwing large
stones. Grose.—Bible
Christian, one of a re-
ligious sect in England
and Wales, sometimes
called Bryanites from
their founder, William
Bryan, a Wesleyan local
preacher, who separated
from the Wesleyans in 1815. In doctrines and forms of
worship they do not differ widely from the Arminian
Methodists.—Bible Communist. Same as Perfectionist
(which see).-Bible Society, an association for the pur-
pose of printing and circulating the Bible.—Breeches
Bible. See Geneva Bible.—Bug Bible, a name given to
“Matthew's Bible” (published in the sixteenth century),
because Psalms xci. 5 reads, “Thou shalt not be afraid
of the bugges [bogies] by night.”—Geneva Bible, an Eng-
lish translation of the Bible issued from Geneva in 1560 by
several English divines who had fled thither to escape the
persecution of the reign of Mary. It was the first complete
Bible to appear in Roman type, the first to onlit the Apoc-
rypha, and the first to recognize the division into verses.
This translation was in common use in England till the
version made by order of King James was introduced in
1611. The Geneva Bible has also been called the Breeches
Bible, because Gen. iii. 7 is translated, “Then the eyes of
them both were opened, and they knew that they were
naked, and they sewed fig leaves together and made them-
selves breeches.” “Breeches” occurs in previous transla-
tions, though the name is given especially to this one.— Ma-
zarin Bible, an edition of the Bible printed by Gutenberg
at Mentz in 1450–55, being the first book ever printed with
movable types. It was so called because the first known
copy of it was discovered in the Mazarin library at Paris
in 1760.-Vine Bible, an edition printed at the Claren-
don press, Oxford, in 1717, with the heading to Luke xx. as
the “Parable of the Vinegar,” instead of the “Parable of
the Vineyard."—Wicked Bible, an edition printed in 1631
in which the Word mot is omitted from the seventh com-
mandment.
Bible for hurling missiles.
(From a drawing dated rá72.)
# Bible-clerk (bibl-klerk), n. 1. In English uni-
versities, a student whose duty it originally
was to read the Bible during meals: now often
required to note absences from chapel.–2.
The holder of a certain scholarship in Corpus
Christi College, Cambridge, established in 1473.
Bible-oath (bi’bl-öth), m. An oath on the Bible;
a sacred obligation.
So long as it was not a Bible-Oath, we may break it with
a safe conscience. Congreve, Way of the World, v. 2.
bible-press (bibl-pres), n. . [K bible, appar.
with thought of ‘a large book bound in heavy
boards,’ + press.] Nawt., a hand-rolling board
for cartridges, and for rocket- and port-fire
C8,SeS. ng.]
biblic (bib'lik), n. [KML. biblicus, K L.L. biblia,
Bible.] In the medievalumiversities, the lowest
ade of bachelor of theology. The ordinary bib.
ic read and expounded the Bible on the days of the ordi-
nary lectures; the cursory biblic did so in extraordinary
courses. See bachelor. 2.
biblical (bib’i-kal), a. [K ML. biblicus, K LL.
biblia, Bible, + -āl.] 1. Pertaining to the Bible
bibliochresis (bib'li-Ö-kré'sis), n.
bibliognost (bib'li-og-nost), m.
bibliognostic (bib’ſi-og-nostik), a.
bibliogony (bib-li-og^{-ni), n.
bibliograph (bib'li-Ö-gräf), m.
bibliographer (bib-li-Og 'ra-fér), m.
bibliography (bib-li-ogºra-fi), m.
y
biblioklept (bib'li-Ö-klept), m.
bibli
bibliolatrist (bio-ii-ol'a-trist), m.
bibliolatrous (bib-li-ol'a-trus), a.
Rare.]
biblically (bib'li-kal-i), adv. In a biblical man-
ner; according to the Bible.
IBiblicism (bib'li-sizm), n. [K ML. biblicus, bib-
lical, + -ism.] 1. Adherence to the letter of
the Bible.—2. Biblical doctrine, learning, or
literature. Eclectic Rev.
Biblicist (bib'li-sist), n. IK ML. biblicus, bibli-
cal, -- -ist.] 1. A professed adherent of the
letter of the Bible; specifically, in the twelfth
century, one who adhered to the Bible as the
sole rule of faith and practice, as opposed to a
scholastic, who professed to bring all the doc-
trines of faith to the test of philosophy.—2.
A biblical scholar.
Also Biblist.
[NL., K. Gr.
pup%tov, a book, + Aſp70 ag, use, K 2:pāoffat, use.]
The use of books.
The public librarian may soon deserve the additional
title of Master of Bibliochresis. The Nation, XXXVI. 297.
[K F. biblio-
gnoste, K. Gr. 343%tov, a book, + Yvoot%g, one who
knows: see gnosis, gnostic.] One versed in
bibliography or the history of books. I. D'Is-
raeli, Curios. of Lit., IV. 251.
[K bibli–
ogmost + -ic.] Of or pertaining to a bibliog-
nost, or to a knowledge of bibliography.
[K Gr. 343%tov,
book, + -yovía, production: see -gony.] The
roduction of books. Southey.
[K Gr. 343%to-
ypáðog: see bibliographer.] Same as bibliog-
rapher.
A thorough librarian must be a combination of the trio,
—bibliographe, bibliognoste, and bibliophile.
J. C. Van Dyke, Books and How to Use Them, p. 132.
[K Gr.
{{t}%toypéºpog: see bibliography.] 1+. One who
writes or copies books.—2. One who writes
about books, especially in regard to their au-
thorship, date, typography, editions, etc.; one
skilled in bibliography.
bibliographic, bibliographical (bibºli-à-graf’-
ik, -i-kal), a. [As bibliography + -ic, -ical.] Per-
taining to bibliography.
y
Dibliographically (bib'li-Ö-graf’i-kal-i), adv.
In a bibliographical manner.
[= F. biblio-
graphie, K. Gr. 343%toypaſpia, the act or habit of
writing books, KB48%toypáčoç, a writer of books,
K 343%tov, a book, +, Ypépetv, write: see Bible.]
1#. The writing of books.-2. The science
which treats of books, their materials, authors,
typography, editions, dates, subjects, classifica-
tion, history, etc.
Bibliography . . . being the knowledge of books, which
now is not confined to an “erudition of title-pages,” but
embraces the subject-division of all the branches of hu-
man learning.
J. C. Van Dyke, Books and How to Use Them, p. 113.
3. A classified list of authorities or books on
any theme: as, the bibliography of political
6G.O.D.O.I.O.Y.
[K Gr. 34.3%tov,
book, -- KAértmg, a thief.] A book-thief; one
who purloins or steals books. [Rare.]
dºmania. (bib "li-Ö-klep” to -mâ’-
ni-ak), m. [K Gr. Bºžíov, book, -H kleptoma-
niac.] One affected by a mania for stealing
books. [Rare.]
bibliolater (bib-li-ol’a-tér), n. [See bibliolatry;
cf. idolater.] 1. A book-worshiper; one who
pays undue regard to books. Specifically—2.
One who is supposed to regard the mere letter
of the Bible with undue or extravagant respect;
a worshiper of the Bible. De Quincey.
The mistaken zeal of Bibliolaters.
Huazley, Lay Sermons, p. 278.
[K bibliola-
* UK bibliola-
try + -ows.] Given to or characterized by bib.
liolatry.
try + -ist.] Same as bibliolater.


bibliolatry
bibliolatry (bib-li-ola-tri), n., [K Gr. 6:32ſov,
book,+ Warpeia, worship. Cf. idolatry.] 1. Wor:
ship or homage paid to books,—2. Specifi-
cally, excessive reverence for the letter of the
Bible.
It was on account of this exclusive reference to Scrip-
ture that the Protestant divines laid more stress on the in-
Spiration of the holy writings than the theologians of the
Church of Rome; and that the Protestants were accused
of bibliolatry. -
Sir G. C. Lewis, Authority in Matters of Opinion, v.
bibliolite (bib'li-Ö-lit), n. [K Gr. 3:32tov, book,
+ Affog, stone..] A name sometimes given to
certain laminated schistose rocks, otherwise
called book-stones.
bibliological (bib'li-à-loji-kal), a. [K bibliol-
#. -it-al.] ... Relating to bibliology.
bibliologist (bib-li-ol’ô-jist), n. [K bibliology +
-ist.] One versed in bibliology.
After so much careful investigation by the most emi-
nent bibliologists.
Southey, The Doctor, Interchapter xviii.
bibliology (bib-li-ol’ ‘,-ji), n. [K Gr. 343%tov,
book, -F-Aoyia, K Aéyetv, speak: see -ology.] 1.
Biblical literature, doctrine, or theology.—2.
A treatise on books; bibliography.
bibliomancy (bib'li-Ö-man-si), n. [K Gr. 343%tov,
book, -- uavreia, divination.] A kind of divi-
nation performed by means of a book; specifi-
cally, divination by means of the Bible, con-
sisting in selecting passages of Scripture at
hazard and drawing from them indications
concerning the future.
Another kind of bibliomancy . . . consisted in appeal-
ing to the very first words heard from any one when read-
ing the Scriptures. JEncyc. Metropolitana.
bibliomane (bib'li-Ö-mân), n. Same as biblio-
maniac. I. D'Israeli; Dé'Quincey.
bibliomania (bib'li-Ö-mă'ni-á), n. [NL. (> F.
bibliomanie), K. Gr. 313%tov, book, -- uavia, mad-
ness, mania.] Book-madness; a rage for col-
lecting and possessing books, especially rare
and curious ones. Also bibliomamy.
bibliomaniac (bib'li-Ö-mâ’ni-ak), m. and a.. [K
bibliomania, after maniac.] I. m. One affected
with bibliomania.
I found, in the owner of a choice collection of books, a
Well-bred gentleman and a most hearty bibliomaniac.
Dibdin, Bibliographical Tour, i. 155.
II. a. Affected by or pertaining to biblio-
mania ; book-mad.
Also bibliomamiam.
bibliomaniacal (bib"li-Ö-mā-ni'a-kal), a. [K
bibliomania, after maniacal.] Of or pertain-
ing to bibliomania or bibliomaniacs.
bibliomanian (bib"li-Ö-mă'ni-an), n, and a... [K
bibliomania + -an.] Same as bibliomaniac.
|Rare.] &
bibliomanianism (bib'li-Ö-mă'ni-an-izm), n. [K
bibliomanian + -ism.] Book-madness; biblio-
mania. [Rare.]
bibliomanist (bib-li-om'a-nist), n. [As bibliom-
any + -ist.] A bibliomaniac.
Not bibliomanist enough to like black-letter.
Lamb, Letter to Ainsworth.
bibliomany (bib-li-om'a-ni), n. [K F. biblio-
manie, K NL. bibliomania: see bibliomania.]
Same as bibliomania. Imp. Dict.
bibliopegic (bib%li-Ö-pej'ik), a. [K bibliopegy +
-ic.] Of or pertaining to bookbinding. [Rare.]
A magnificent specimen of bibliopegic art.
N. Y. Tribune, April 21, 1884.
bibliopegist (bib-li-op’e-jist), n. [K bibliopégy
+ -ist.] A bookbinder. [Rare.]
bibliopegistic (bib'li-Ö-pē-jistik), a. [K. bib-
liopegist + -ic.] Of or pertaining to a bibliope-
gist or to bibliopegy; as, bibliopegistic skill.
bibliopegy (bib-li-op’e-ji), n. [K. Gr. 343%iov,
book, +-Tmyia, K Trºyvival, fasten, fix, bind: see
pact.] The art of binding books. [Rare.]
During the 16th and 17th centuries bindings were pro-
duced in England which suffer no disgrace by comparison
with contemporary masterpieces of French, Italian, and
German bibliopegy. B'ncyc. Brit., IV. 42.
bibliophile (bib'li-Ö-fil), n. IK F. bibliophile, K
Gr. 3.8%iov, book, -- piāog, loving.] A lover of
books. Sometimes written bibliophil.
Thibliophilic (bib'li-Ö-fil’ik), a. [K bibliophile +
-ic. I Of or pertaining to a bibliophile or book-
fancier.
A bibliophilic curiosity is a copy of the first American
play, “The Contrast,” from the library of George Washing-
ton. Art Age, III. 200.
bibliophilism (bib-li-of"i-lizm), n. [K biblio-
phile + -ism..] Love of books.
bibliophilist (bib-li-of"i-list), n. [K bibliophile
+ -ī8t.] ...A lover of books; a bibliophile.
bibliophily. (bib-li-of"i-li), n. [= F. bibliophi- bibulous (bibiºlus), a. . [K L. bibulus, Kūbere, bice
lie ; as bibliophile + -y. I Love of books.
544
bibliophobia (bib'li-à-fö’ bi-á), n. [K. Gr.
34%tov, book, H- º; fear: see -phobia.] A
dread or hatred of books.
bibliopoesy (bib'li-Ö-pô'e-zi), n. [K Gr. 643%tov,
a book, -F Trotmata, making: see poesy..]' Thé
making of books. Carlyle.
bibliopolar (bib-li-Ö-pô'lār), a. [K bibliopole +
-ar.] Bibliopolic. [Rare.]
bibliopole º n... [K L. bibliopôla, K
Gr. %. a bookseller, K 343%iov, book,
+ Toàeiv, sell.] A bookseller; now, especially,
a dealer in rare and curious books.
bibliopolic, bibliopolical (bib "li-Ö-pol’ik,
º a. [K bibliopole + -ie, -ical.] Relating
to bookselling or booksellers.
bibliopolically (bib'li-Ö-pol’i-kal-i), adv. By
bibliopoles; as a bibliopole.
bibliopolism (bib-li-op’º-lizm), n. IK bibliopole
+ -ism.] Bookselling; the business of a bibli-
opolist. Dibdin. [Rare.]
bibiºlist (bib-li-op’º-list), n. [K bibliopole
+ -ist.] A bookseller; a bibliopole.
If civility, quickness, and intelligence be the chief requi-
sites of a bibliopolist, the young Frere stands not in need
of parental aid for the prosperity of his business.
Dibdin, Bibliographical Tour, i. 149.
bibliopolistic (bib-li-op-5-lis’tik), a. [K bibli-
opolist + -ic.] Relating to a bookseller or to
bookselling. [Rare.]
bibliotaph (bib'li-Ö-taf), n. [K F. bibliotaphe, K
Gr. 8t;3%tov, a book, -- tapog, a tomb (cf. tapetº,
a burier), K 64ttetv, bury.] One who hides or
buries books, or keeps them under lock and key.
A bibliotaphe buries his books by keeping them under
lock, or framing them in glass cases.
I. D'Israeli, Curios. of Lit., IV. 252.
bibliotaphistt (bib-li-otſa-fist), n. [As biblio-
taph + -ist.]. A bibliotaph. Crabbe.
bibliothec (bib'li-Ö-thek), n. IKL. bibliotheca :
see bibliotheke, bibliotheca.] . A library.
bibliotheca (bib'li-Ö-thé’kä), n. . [Cf. AS. bib-
liothece, the Bible; = F. bibliothèque = Pg. bib-
liotheca = Sp. It. biblioteca = G. Dan. bibliothek,
a library, K.L. bibliotheca, a library, collection
of books, in L.L. and ML. esp. the Bible, K Gr.
313%toffff:cm, a library, a bookcase, K 343%tov, book,
+ flâkm, case, place to put things, K tufféval, put :
see Bible and theca.] 1. A library; a place to
keep books; a collection of books.
Cairo was once celebrated for its magnificent collection
of books. Besides private libraries, each large mosque
had its bibliotheca. R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 79.
2+. The Bible.
From the circumstance of the Bible filling many rolls it
acquired such titles as pandectes and bibliotheca, the lat-
ter of which remained in use down to the 14th century.
JEncyc. Brit., XVIII. 144.
It is a bibliotheca, or a copy of the Bible of the large
folio size, and mow bound up into several large volumes.
Bock, Church of our Fathers, i. 284.
bibliothecal (bib'li-Ö-thé'kal), a. [K L. biblio-
thecalis, K bibliotheca : see bibliotheca.] Belong-
ing to a library.
bibliothecarian (bib'li-Ö-thé-kā’ri-an), a. [K
bibliothecary + -an.] Of or pertaining to a bib-
liothecary or librarian.
We confess a bibliothecarian avarice that gives all books
a value in our eyes. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 292.
bibliothecary (bib-li-oth’é-kā-ri), m. and a. . [K
L. bibliothecarius, a librarian, prop. adj., K. L.
bibliotheca : see bibliotheca, and cf. apothecary.]
T. n. 1. A librarian.—2. [K L.L. *bibliothecari-
wºm..] A library.
II. a. Of or pertaining to a library or libra-
T18, Il.
bibliotheke? (bib'li-Ö-thék), n
bibliothek, -thec, -theque, K
bibliotheca : see bibliotheca.] A place for books.
The king asked him how many thousand volumes he
had gotten together in his bibliotheke. Domme.
Biblist (bib'list), n. [= F. bibliste, KML. bib-
lista: see Bible and -ist.] Same as Biblicist.
biblus (bib’lus), m. [L., KGr. 3:3%0ç, also 30-
Žog, papyrus: see Bible.] Same as papyrus.
ibos (bi’bos), n. [NL., K bi- (either for bi-2,
twice, here in sense of secondary, or short for
bison), H Bos, q.v.] A genus or subgenus of
bovine ruminants, of the family Bovidae and
subfamily Bovima, with prominent front and
depressed horns directed outward. It contains
the Indian egº; or gaur and the banteng or
Sondaic ox. See cut under gayal. -
bibracteate (bi-brak’té-āt), a. [K bi-2 + brac-
teate.] In bot., having two bracts.
[Also written
bibracteolate (bi-brak’té-Ö-lāt), a. [K, bi-2 +
bracteolate.] In bot., having two bractlets.
bibulose (bib’ī-lós), a. Same as bibulous, 1.
drink:
see bibl.] 1. Having the quality of
#. bibliothèque, Xi.
bice
absorbing or imbibing fluids or moisture; ab-
sorbent; spongy. -
The soul that ascends to worship the great God is plain
and true,. . . . having become porous to thought and bib-
wious of the sea of light. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 264.
The carbon is replaced by bibulous paper.
G. B. Prescott, Elect. Invent., p. 527.
2. Fond of drinking intoxicating liquors; ad-
dicted to drink; proceeding from or character-
ized by suchtendency; as, bibulous propensities.
–3. Relating to drink or drinking: as, bibulous
lore. [Rare.
bibulously (bib’ī-lus-li), adv. In a bibulous
manner; by drinking in or ºbsºng
bicalcarate (bi-kalſka-rät), a. . [K bi-2 + calca-
rate.] Armed with or having two spurs, as the
limbs of some animals and the anthers of some
plants.
bicallose (bi-kal’ós), a... [K bi-2 + callose.] In
bot., having two cáñosities or hard protuber-
8,IlC6S.
bicallous (bi-kal’us), a. Same as bicallose.
bicameral (bi-kam’e-ral), a. bi-2 + L. ca-
mera, a chamber: see camera.] Two-cham-
bered; pertaining to or consisting of two cham-
bers: as, a bicameral legislature.
An increase of the number of Houses beyond two gives
no advantage which the bicameral plan does not afford.
Sir E. Creasy, Eng. Const., p. 179.
bicamerist (bi-kam’e-rist), n. [As bicamer-al
+ -ist.] One who advocates the bicameral
system of legislation.
Not only as to the mode in which their senate is to be
elected are the Bicamerists at fault.
Contemporary Rev., XLVII. 323.
bicapitate (bi-kap’i-tät), a. [K bi-2 + capitate.]
Having two heads; two-headed.
bicapitated (bi-kap (i-tá-ted), a. Furnished
×with two heads.
bicapsular (bi-kap'sſi-lar), a. [K bi-2 + cap-
sular.] In bot., having two capsules.
bicarbonate (bi-kär"bó-nāt), n. [K bi-2 + car-
bonate.] A carbonate in which one half of the
hydrogen of carbonic acid is replaced by a
|basic element or radical.
bicarbureted, bicarburetted (bi-kär’bū-ret-
-ed.), a. [K bi-2 + carbureted, carburetted.] Com-
bined with or containing two atoms of carbon:
as, bicarbureted hydrogen, C2H4.
bicarinate (bi-kar’i-nāt), a. [K #2 + carinate.]
1. In bot, and 206l., two-keeled; doubly cari-
nate; having two keel-like projections, as the
upper palea of grasses.—2. In entom., having
two carinae or sharp longitudinal raised lines.
bºar.º.º.º.º. a. [K bi-2 + car-
pellary.] bot., formed of two carpels or
seed-vessels, whether distinct or united; di-
carpellary (the more common word).
bicaudal (bi-kā’dal), a. [K bi-2 + caudal. Cf.
LL. bicodulus, having two tails.] Double-tailed;
terminating in two tails or prolonged extremi-
ties.
bicaudate (bi-kā‘dāt), a. [K bi-2 + caudate.]
In entom., having two cerci or jointed appen-
dages at the end of the abdomen, or two tail-
like posterior processes, as the posterior wings
of some insects.
bicavitary (bi-kav’i-tá-ri), a. [K bi-2 + cav-
$ty + -ary.] Consisting of or possessing two
cavities. -
bicchedt, a. (M.E., also written bicchid, byched,
becched, bicche, a word of uncertain meaning
applied to the basilisk, to a body, to dice, aná
later to the conscience, a burden, etc., in a
Vaguely opprobrious sense, appar. ‘cursed,’ and
hence taken by some to be a contraction of ME.
biwicched, bewitched; but biwicched is not found
in such a sense, and the contraction is improba-
ble. Prob. at first bicche, being, in this view, an
attrib. use (and hence soon with added pp. adj.
formative -ed?: both readings occur in differ-
ent MSS. in the first instance quoted) of bicche,
a bitch, used opprobriously. Cf. Shrewd, earlier
shrewed, in sense of ‘cursed,’ ‘curst,” similarly
formed (but supported by a verb) from the
earlier attrib. shrewe : see shrew. In the allit-
erative phrase bicched bones, dice, the word has
evidently the same sense (the ‘cursed bones’);
there is no connection with D. bikkel = G.
bickel, astragalus, ankle, ankle-bone, a die.]
Cursed: an opprobrious word of uncertain
meaning.
This fruyt cometh of the bicched bones two,
Forswering, ire, falsnesse, and homicide.
Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, 1.194.
(bis), n. [Also written bise, K ME. bise,
bys, bis, K OF. (and F.) bis, fem. bise, brown,
formerly dusky, dark (cf. Q.F. azur bis, dark
blue, vert bis, ðar. green, F. big blane, whity
'brown), =JPr. bis =It, º prob:=Pg.
buzio, brown, dusky; cf. . “busius, fealu,”
i.e., fallow, in an AS. glossary. The origin
of the word is unknown. To a dial. form of k.
545
the most interesting features in connection with the fish
is that, in the young, external gills are present. . Two
other species, P. senegalensis and P. endlicheri, are
known. All live in the deeper Fº and apparently
bury themselves in the slime and ooze on the bottom,
where they feed on fishes and other aquatic animals.
Stand. Nat. Hist., III. 95.
the OF. word is due F. beige, E. beige.]. A bichlorid, bichloride (bi-klö'rid, -ridor-rid), n.
name given to two colors used in painting,
one blue, the other green, both native car-
bonates of copper. Inferior kinds of them.
are also prepared artificially. The former is
often called mountain-blue, the latter moun-
tain-green, malachite-green, etc. Used with-
out qualification the name denotes blue color.
Also called biadetto.
Ground smalts, blue verditer, and other pigments have
passed under the name of bice; which has therefore be-
Come a very equivocal pigment, and its name nearly obso-
lete: nor is it at present to be found in the shops, although ºr other instruments of the lute or
much commended by old writers on the art.
Field's Grammar of Colouring (Davidson's ed., 1877), p. 63.
Bicellaria (bi-se-lā’ri-á), n. [NL., K. L. bi-,
two-, + cella, cell, + -āria.] A genus of chilo-
stomatous gymnolaematous polyzoans, typical
of the family Bicellariidae.
Bicellariidae (bi'sel-a-ri'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Bicellaria + -idae.] A family of Chilostomata.
bicellular (bi-sel’ī-lär), a. [K bi-2 + cellular.]
Having two cells; consisting of two cells.
Bicelluli (bi-sel’ī-lì), m. pl. [NL., KL. bi-, two-,
+ NL. cellula, dim. of L. cella, cell.] A group
of heteropterous hemipterous insects contain-
bichromatic (bi-krô-mat'ik), a.
A compound in which two equivalents of chlo-
rine are combined with a base: as, a bichlorid
of mercury.
bicho-do-mar (bé'chö-dó-mâr’), n. [Pg., lit.
worm of the sea, sea-slug.] Same as beche-
de-mer.
bichord (bi’kórd), a. and n. [K bi-2 + chord.]
I. a. Having two chords.
I. m. In music, a general name for an in-
strument having two strings tuned in unison
for each note, as the mandolin and several
itar class.
bichromate (bi-kró’māt), n. [K bi-2 + chro-
mate.]. A compound containing twice as much
chromic acid, combined with the same amount
of base, as the normal chromate contains.—
Bighromate or bichromic battery. See cell, 8.
bichromate (bi-kró’māt), v. t.; pret. and pp.
bichromated, ppr. bichromating. [K bichromate,
*..] Same as bichromatize.
The gelatine mass may be bichromated after it is set by
soaking it in a solution of bichromate of potassium or
ammonium. Sci. Amer. (N.S.), LVI. 161.
[K bi-2 +
chromatic..] Same as dichromatic.
ing bugs of the division Geocorisa or Auro- bichromatize (bi-kró'ma-tiz), v. t.; pret. and
Corisa, which have two basal cells of the mem-
branous hemielytra. [Not in use.]
bicensal (bi-sen'sal), a... [K bi-2 + census + -al.]
In geom., consisting of two ovals, real or imagi-
nary, finite or infinite.
bicentenary (bi-sen'te-nā-ri), a. and n. [K bi-2
+ centenary.] . I. a. Relating to or consisting
of two hundred, especially two hundred years;
bicentennial: as, a bicentenary celebration.
II. n. 1. That which consists of or compre-
Thends two hundred (commonly the space of
two hundred years).-2. A two hundredth an-
niversary.
Part of the enthusiasm of a bi-centenary.
The American, WI. 23.
bicentennial (bi-sen-ten'i-al), a. and m. [K bi-2
+ centennial.] I. a. 1. Consisting of or last-
ing two hundred years: as, a bicentennial pe-
riod.—2. Occurring every two hundred years.
II. n. The two hundredth anniversary of
an event; a bicentenary. . -
bicephalic (bi-se-falſik or bi-sef’a-lik), a. [K
L. bi-, two-, + Gr. Kepažh, head: see cephalic.]
Having two heads; bicephalous; specifically,
ornamented with two heads or busts, as an
§§ gem or the like. Jour. Archaeol.,
. 311.
bicephalous (bi-sef’a-lus), a. [As bicephalic
+ -ows.] Having two heads.
biceps (bi'seps), a. and n. [KL. biceps (bicipit-),
bi-, two-, + caput, head.]. I. a. Two-headed,
or having two distinct origins: specifically, in
amat., applied to certain muscles.
... n. 1. In anat., a muscle having two heads
or origins; specifically, the biceps brachii.-2.
Figuratively, strength or muscular develop-
ment. Tă.” Museular strength of the arm;
ability to use the arm effectively: from such
strength or ability depending on the devel-
opment of the biceps muscle.—Biceps brachii
y
or biceps humeri, the two-headed muscle of the arm,
arising by its long head from the glenoid fossa, and by its
short head from the coracoid process of the scapula, and
inserted into the tuberosity of the radius. It is a strong
flexor and Supinator of the forearm, and a guide to the
, brachial artery in surgical operations upon that vessel.
See cut under muscle.— Biceps femoris, the two-headed
muscle of the thigh, arising by its long head from the tube-
rosity of the ischium, and by its short head from the shaft
of the femur, and inserted into the head of the fibula, its
tendon forming the outer hamstring. Its action is to flex
the leg upon the thigh.
bicessis (bi-sesſis), n. [L., K bic-, a reduced
form of viginti, = E. twenty, + as (ass-), an as, a
unit: see ask.] In Rom. metrology, twenty asses.
bicheł, n. IK F. biche, OF. also bisse = Wal-
loon bih = mod. Pr. bicho = It. dial. becia, a
hind or roe; of uncertain origin..] A kind of
fur; the skin of the female deer.
bichir (bich’ér), n. [Native name.] A re-
markable living ganoid fish, Polypterus bichir,
of the family Polypteridae and order Crosso-
pterygii, inhabiting the Nile and other African
rivers, attaining a length of 18 inches, and
esteemed as food. See"Polypterus.
In the system of Cuvier, the bichir was placed among
the bony fishes, in the vicinity of the herrings. One of
bichromic (bi-kró'mik), a.
pp. bichromatized, ppr. bichromatizing. [K bi-
chromate, n., + -ize.] To treat with a bichro-
mate, especially bichromate of potassium.
Also bichromate.
The film of a bichromatised gelatine, used as a photo-
graphic negative. Ure, Dict., II. 299.
[K bichrom(ate) +
-ic.] Pertaining to or using a bichromate.
In the construction of the induction balance a bichro-
amic battery is used. Science, IX, 190.
bichy (bich’i), n. [Said to be from a personal
name. Int. Dict.] A name given in the British
West Indies to Bichea acuminata, a tree of
the family Sterculiaceae. See cola-nut.
biciliate (bi-sil’i-āt), a. [K bi-2+ ciliate.] Hav-
ing two cilia.
The biciliate swarmspores that escaped were observed
for some hours under the microscope.
Trams. Roy. Soc. of Edinburgh, XXXII. 597.
bicipital (bi-sip’i-tal), a. [K L. biceps (bicipit-),
two-headed (see biceps), + -al.] aVing
two heads; two-headed. [Rare.]—2. In anat.:
gº Having two heads or origins, as a muscle.
ee biceps. (b) Pertaining to the biceps mus-
cles.—3. In bot., dividing into two parts at the
top or bottom.
Also bicipitous.
Bicipital fascia, an expansion of the tendon of the bi-
ceps brachii into the deep fascia of the forearm.—Bicipi-
tal groove, a furrow along the upper part of the humerus,
in which the tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle
lies. See cut under humerus.—Bicipital ridges, the lips
of the bicipital groove.
bicipitosus (bi-sip-i-tö'sus), m. ; pl. bicipitosi
(-si). [NL., K. L. biceps Öicipiº), two-headed:
see biceps.] The bicipital muscle of the thigh;
the biceps femoris. -
bicipitous (bi-sip’i-tus), a. Same as bicipital.
Bicipitous serpents. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 15.
bicircloid (bi-sér’kloid), m. [K bi-2 + circle +
-oid.]. A curve generated by the uniform mo-
tion of a point around the circumference of a
circle the center of which itself uniformly de-
scribes a circle.
bicircular (bi-sér’kū-lär), a. [K bi-2 + circu-
lar..] Composed of or similar to two circles.
—Bicircular oval, a real branch of a bicircular quartic.
—Bicircular quartic, a quartic curve which passes twice
through each of the circular points at infinity, having thus
Fig. r.
Bicircular Quartic.
Curve of first genus, first division; two real ovals with focal circle
and central hyperbola.
an essential analytical similarity to a pair of circles, which
it also somewhat resembles to the eye. For the purpose
of tracing it, it may be defined as the envelop of all the
circles having their centers on a fixed ellipse or hyper-
bickerl (bik’ér), m.
bicker2 (bik’ér), n.
bickerer
bola, and cutting a fixed circle orthogonally. This circle is
called the focal circle, because its intersections with the
fixed conic are foci of the quartic.
The latter has, besides, two double
foci, which are the foci of the conic.
The perpendiculars from the center
of the focal circle to the asymptotes
of the conic are bitangents of the
quartic. (See fig. 1.) The intersec-
g tions of the focal circle with the
. . Fig. 2. quartic are cyclic points of the lat-
aß.”.”. ter. There are three genera of bi-
j."' circular quartics. The first embraces
all the bicursal forms, and these are
curves of the eighth class. For these there are two real
focal circles and two imaginary ones. The two real conics
of centers are an ellipse and a confocal hyperbola. There
are four real foci and four real cyclic points. This genus
has two divisions. In the first, the four real foci are con-
clic, and the real curve consists of two ovals, one of which
lies without or within the other, accord-
ing as the four real foci are on a central
ellipse or hyperbola. Fig. 1 shows the
latter case, and fig. 2, modified so as to
make the upper part like the lower,
would show the former. Bicircular
quartics of this division have the prop-
erty that three points can be taken so Fig. 3.
that the distances r1, r2, r3, of any point secºnd genus, no-
all CUIrVē.
of the curve therefrom shall be express-
able by an equation ari + bro + crg = 0.
The second division of the first genus embraces curves
whose four real foci lie in two pairs or two focal circles.
These real curves consist of single ovals, as in fig. 2. The
second genus comprises unicursal curves with one node
- (besides those at the circular points).
They are of the sixth class. There is
One real and one imaginary focal circle.
The node may be a crunode with an
outloop (shown by slightly modifying
& fig. 2 in the upper part) or with an in-
loop, as in fig. 3; or it may be an ac-
node without or within the Oval. The
third genus contains curves with an
Fig. 4. &
- ; Ordinary cusp. These are of the fourth
**.*P* class. There is but one focal circle and
but one focus. The cusp may point out-
Ward, as in fig. 4, or inward, as in a modification of fig. 3.
bickerl (bik’ér), v. [Early mod. E. also becker,
KME. bicheren, bikkeren, bekeren, bikeren, appar.
a freq. in -er; origin unknown. The W. bicra,
fight, is appar. from the E.] I. intrams. 1+.
To exchange blows; skirmish; fight off and on:
said particularly of the skirmishing of archers
and slingers.
Two eagles had a conflict and bickered together.
Holland, tr. of Suetonius, p. 243.
2. To quarrel; contend in words; engage in
petulant altercation; wrangle.
Those petty things about which men cark and bicker.
Barrow.
Tho' men may bicker with the things they love.
Temºnyson, Geraint.
Hence—3. To make a brawling sound; make
any repeated noisy action; clatter.
Meantime unnumber'd glittering streamlets played, . . .
That, as they bickered through the sunny shade,
Though restless, still themselves a lulling murmur made.
Thomsom, Castle of Indolence, iii. 26.
4. To run rapidly; move quickly; quiver; be
tremulous, like flame or water.
I make a sudden sally
And sparkle out among the fern,
To bicker down a valley.
Tennyson, The Brook.
There is a keen relish of contrast about the bickering
flame as it gives an emphasis beyond Gherardo della Notte
to loved faces. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 38.
5. To make a short rapid run. [Middle Eng.
and Scotch..]
II. trans. To strike repeatedly.
[K ME. biker, beker: see
bickerl, v.] 1. A fight, especially a confused
fight.
Bickers were held on the Calton Hill. Campbell.
2. A quarrel; an angry dispute; an alterca-
tion.
If thou say nay, we two shal make a bycker.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2660.
3. A confused or rapid succession of sounds;
a rattling or clattering noise.
A bicker of musketry-fire rattled down in the valley, in-
termingled with the wild yells and defiances of the hill-
men, who were making a chapao or night attack on the
camp. Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 194.
4. A short rapid run or race; a staggering run,
as from loss of equilibrium. [Middle Eng. and
Scotch.]
. Leeward whiles, against my will,
I took a bicker.
Burns, Death and Dr. Hornbook.
& [Var. of beaker, q.v.] A
bowl or dish for containing liquor, properly one
made of wood; a drinking-cup; also, specifi-
cally, in many parts of Scotland, a wooden dish
made of staves and hoops, like a tub, for hold-
ing food. ... [Prov. Eng. and Scotch..]
bickerer (bik'êr-èr), n., One who bickers, or
engages in petty quarrels.

35
bickering 54.6 - bid. .
bickering (bik’êr-ing), n: , [K ME., bikering, bicornuous (bi-kör'nï-us), a... [KL. bi-, two-, + clus (see cycle) + -ic.], Consisting of or having
verbal n. of bikeren: see bickeri, v.] 1+. A skir- cornu = E. horn, F -ous.] Same as bicornous. two circles; specifically, in bot., in two whorls,
mish. bicornute (bi-kör’nſit), a... [K bi-2 + cornute. as the stamens of a flower.—Bicyclic chuck. See
Then was the war shivered, as it were, into small frays Cf. bicorn.] Two-horned; bicornous; specifi- chuck: * * * ſº wº (º
and bickerings, Milton, Hist, Eng (ed. 1851), ii. 55 cally, in bot., having two horn-like processes, bicyclic” (bi-sik'lik), @.. [S bºycle + -ī0.] Re-
2. Petulant contention; altercation. as the fruit of Trapa bicornis. lating to or 99nnected with bicycles. e
There remained bickerings, not always carried on with bicorporal (bi-körpºral), a... [K. L. bicorpor, bicycling (bi’ si-'kling), n. [K bicycle + -ing.]
the best taste or with the best temper, between the man later bicorporeus, double-bodied, K bi-, two-, + , The art or practice of riding 9m a bicycle.
agers of the impeachment and the cºunsel for the defence, corpus (corpor-), body.] In her., same as biéor- bicyclism (bi'si-klizm), n., [K, bicycle + -ism.]
º Macaulay, Warren Hastings, porate.-Bicorporal sign, in astroi, a zodiacal sign The habit or art of riding the bicycle. N. and
: I. W 3 - 9 • ? ey
bickermentt (bik’ér-ment), m, [K bickerl, v., + whose figure represents two animals, namely, Fisces, gem. Q., 7th ser., I, 290.
-ment.] Contention; conflict. Spenser. ini, or Šºlºriº, A., a bicyclist (bi'si-klist), n. [K bicycle + -ist.] One
bickern (bik’érn), n. [Also by popular etym. bicorporate (bi-kör'pë-rät), a. *who rides on a bicycle. The Century, XXVIII.44.
bickhorn, and bickiron, beak-iron, q.v., also pil. [K bi-4 tº corporate, a..] In her., bid (bid), v.; pret, bade, bad, or bid, pp. bidden
iron; prop. bicorn, early mod. E. byckorne, by having two, bodies: said of a or bid, ppr. bidding. . . [Under this form two
corne, K F. bigorne, a bičkern (cf. Oš. bicorne, K beast or bird used as a *f; verbs, orig. distinct in form and sense, have
ML. bicorna, bicornus, a two-handled cup), -Sp. Bicosoeca (bi-kā-sé'kä), n. [NL., been confounded from the 12th century or ear-
Pg. bigornia = It. bicornia, a bickern, K. L. bi- ºrreg. K Gr. |3:Rog, a wine-jar, a lier: (1) Bidl, ask, pray, K ME. bidden (pret.
cornia, neut. pl. of bicornis, two-horned: see bi- bowl, F oikoç, a house..] Same bad, pl. beden, baden, pp. bedem, biden), ask,
corn.] 1. An anvil with two projecting, taper-, * *, *, *, * º pray, invite, wish, and also (by confusion with
ing ends; hence, one such end; a beak iron.— bicrenate (bi-krš'nāt), a, , [K bi-” - § command, KAS. biddan (pret. baed, pl.
2. Medieval milit., a name for the martel-de- tººl_In 89%, dºubly cremate; applied to bądón, pp. beden), ask, pray, invite, in some
fer, in allusion to its double head, of which one erenate leaves when the crematures are them cases” ediv to 60mmand, H. OS. biddian -
side was made pointed and the other blunt; , §elves Crématº; . f 4.5 - OFries, bidda = D. bidden = OHG. bittan, MHG.
any similar double-headed weapon or tool.— bicrescentic (bi-kre-sen (tik), a. [K bi-” + (4 ºn tº Icel. bidhja = Sw. bedja = Dan, bede
3. Amy iron implement ending in 8, beak: 8,S crescentic.] Having the form Of 8, double CI’éS- – Goth. bidjan (pret. bath, pl. bedum, e bi-
if a contracted form of beak-iron (which see). gent. : T--.25 / s dans) (cf. Goth, bidagwa, a beggar, and Aś.
Also beckerm. biºrural (bi-krººrgl), , a, [Š bi-º,+ crural.] can, beg, see begi), perhaps: G#. Vºrd (orig.
bickiron (bik'i/ērn), n. Same as bickern, beak- Having two legs, or two elongations resem- *@16) in treiffew, Tiffeiv, persuade, move by en-
treaty, mid. Teiffeoffat, trufféoffat, be persuaded,
* *h, bling le
2?'O72. 9.3 °35. ..., , e
Thiclavate (bi-klä’vät), a. [K bi-2 + clavate.] bicuspid (bi-kus’pid), a. and m. [K NL. bicus- obey, trust, = L. fidere, trust. Hence, from the
Bicorporate.
Doubly clavate; consisting of two club-shaped
bodies. -
Bicoeca (bi-sé’kä), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3ikoç, a drink-
ing-bowl (see beaker), + oikoç, house.] A genus
of infusorians, typical of the family Bicoecidae.
Previously written Bicosaeca. f
Bicoecidae (bi-sé'si-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Bicoeca
+ -idae.] A family of sedentary animalcules.
bicollateral (bi-kg-lat’e-ral), a. [K bi-2 + col-
lateral.] bot., having the two sides alike:
applied to a fibrovascular bundle in which the
woody portion lies between two layers of li-
ber, or vice versa.
In Cucurbita, Solanum, and others the bundles are bi-
collateral. Encyc. Brit., XII. 18.
pis (-pid-), K. L. bi-, two-, + cuspis (cuspid-), a
point..] I. a. Having two points, fangs, or
GüSpS. Specifically applied—(a) In geom., to a curve
having two cusps. (b) In human amat., (1) to the premo-
lar teeth or false molars, of which there are two on each
side above and below, replacing the milk-molars; (2) to the
mitral valve guarding the left auriculoventricular orifice
of the heart, the corresponding right orifice being guarded
by the tricuspid valve. (c) In entom., to a claw or mandible
having two pointed processes or teeth. Also bicuspidal,
bicuspidate.—Bicuspid forceps, dentists' forceps with
curved beaks for extracting bicuspid teeth.
II. n. One of the premolars or false molars
in man, of which there are in the adult two on
each side, above and below, between the canines
and the true molars. They are the teeth which suc-
ceed and replace the milk-molars of the child. Also bi-
AS., E. bead; from the L., E. faith, fidelity,
affy, affidavit, confide, confident, infidel, perfidy,
etc. (2) Bid?, command, order, direct, pro-
pose, offer, etc., K. M.E. beden, bedden (which
would regularly give E. *beed or “bead), com-
mand, order, offer, announce, also invite (pret.
bead, bed, bead, pl. beden, boden, pp. boden),
KAS. beddan (pret. bedd, pl. budon, pp. boden),
command, order, offer, announce, threaten,
etc., = OS. biodan = OFries. biada = D. bieden
= OHG. biotan, MHG. G. bieten = Icel. biödha
= Sw. Üjuda = Dam. byde = Goth. biudan (pret.
bawth, pl. budum, #. budams; only in comp.
anabiudan, command, fawrbiwdam = E. forbid),
command, offer, announce, etc., f= Gr. V “Tv6
(orig. *@v6), in Tvy6ávegflat, tv6éoffat, learn by
asking, ask, = Skt. V budh (orig. *bhudh), be
awake, understand (see Buddha); cf. OBulg.
budetà, be awake. From AS. begdan come boda,
E. bode, a messenger, bodian, E. bode, announce,
portend, AS. bydel, E. beadle, etc.: see bodel,
bode2, beadle. While some, senses of bid are
CMSp?.S.
bicuspidal (bi-kus’pi-dal), a. Same as bicus-
id: the usual form of the word in geometry.
bicuspidate (bi-kus' pi-dāt), a. [K bi-2 + cus-
idate. Cf. bicuspid.] Same as bicuspid.
, bicuspis (bi-kus’pis), n. ; pl. bicuspides (-pi-déz).
+[NL.: see bicuspid.] Same as bicuspid.
bicycle (bi'si-kl), n. IKL. bi-, two-, + cyclus, K
bicolligate (bi-kol’i-gāt), a. [KL. bi-, two-, + col-
ligatus, bound togeth- *
er: see bi-2 and colli- --
gate, v.] In ornith.,
palmate, but not toti-
palmate; having the
three front toes unit-
ed by two webs.
bicolor (bi’kul-Qr), a.
[K L. bicolor, of two
colors, K bi-, two-, + color, color.] Same as bi-
colored.
Bicolligate.—Foot of Duck.
r. Kūkāog, a circle, a wheel: see cycle.] A
modification of the two-wheeled velocipede
(which see). The velocipede of 1869 was worked by
treadles operating cranks on the axle of the front wheel.
This was modified in the earliest form of the bicycle by
obviously those of AS. biddan, and others ob-
viously those of AS. beddan, no formal sepa-
ration can conveniently be made. The mod.
forms correspond to those of AS. biddan, the
senses chiefly to those of AS. beddan.] I. trans.
bicolored (bi’kul-Qrd), a. [K bi-2 + colored.
Cf. L. bicolor, of two colors.] Of two colors, as
a flower.
bicolorous (bi-kul’9-rus), a. Same as bicolored.
biconcave (bi-konſkāv), a. [K bi-2 + concave.]
1. To ask; request; invite.
Go ye therefore into the highways, and as many as ye
shall find bid to the marriage. Mat. xxii. 9.
Provide the feast, father, and bid the guests.
Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
Hollow or concave on both sides; doubly con-
cave, as a lens. See lens.
biconic, biconical (bi-kon'ik, -i-kal), a. [S bi-”
+conic, comical.] Doubly conical; resembling
two cones placed base to base.
[The] eggs of the Grebes, . . . which also have both
ends nearly alike but pointed, are so wide in the middle
as to present a biconical appearance.
Encyc. Brit., III. 775.
biconjugate (bi-kon'jö-gāt), a. [K bi-* + Con-
jugate.] 1. In pairs; placed side by side-
2. In bot., twice paired, as when each of the
divisions of a forked petiole bears a pair of
leaflets.
biconsonantal (bi-kon-sº-nan’tál), a.
posed of or containing two consonants.
biconvex (bi-kon'veks), a. [K bi-2 + convew.]
Convex on both sides; doubly convex, as a
lens. See lens.
Of the various forms of lenses we need only consider
the bi-convez and bi-concave. Lommel, Light, p. 89.
bicoquett, n. Same as bycocket. Fairholt.
ibicorn (bi’körn), a. [KL. bicornis, two-horned,
< bi-, two-, + cornu = E. horn. Cf. bickern.]
Having two horns; bicornous. t
bicorned (bi’kôrnd), a. [K bicorn + -ed”.] Bi-
Cornute.
bicornous (bi-kör'nus), a. [K bicorn + -ows.]
Having two horns or antlers; crescent-shaped;
especially, in anat., having two prolongations
likened to horns.
The letter Y, or bicorng #le ent of Pythagoras.
77° 1'.
bicornuate (bi-kör'nā-āt), a... [K L. bi-, two-, +
cornu = E. horn, + -ater.] Same as bicormous.
Com-
bicyclici (bi-sik'lik), a.
4. *º- #Sºi
= zººlºgº
º *ITSS3 -
Sg.Nºs. ººr.
º W-A ſº f ſº |Z
NºS
A, man's chainless bicycle; B, motor bicycle; C, woman's bicycle,
chain-driven ; a, chainless transmission ; c, crank-hanger and
sprocket for chain-drive.
greatly increasing the relative size of the driving-wheel
and bringing the rider directly over it. Later the “safety”
bicycle was introduced, in which the wheels were made of
equalor nearly equal size, and for the direct action uponthe
front wheel was substituted indirect action upon the rear
wheel, by means of a chain and sprocket-wheels, the diam-
eters of the sprocket-wheels being so proportioned as to
compensate the decrease in size of the driving-wheel. Bicy-
cles having seats and driving-gear for several riders placed
one behind the other are called tandems—a name often
restricted to such a bicycle for two riders. A bicycle for
three riders is called a triplet, one for four a quadruplet,
etc.—Chainless bicycle, a bicycle in which the power
is transmitted to the rear wheel by beveled gears or other
devices, instead of by a chain and sprocket-wheels.—Du-
plex bicycle, a bicycle, designed for two riders sitting
side by side.— Motor bicycle, one containing a motor
(as well as pedals).
bicycle (bi'si-ki), v.i.; pret, and pp. bicycled, p
bicycling. [K bicycle, n.]_To ride on a §.
... vºjº. v. 19. bicycler (bi'si-klēr), n. [K bicycle + -er.] One
who rides a bicycle.
[K L. bi-, two-, + cy-
2. To pray; wish earnestly or devoutly; hence,
to say by way of greeting or benediction: as,
to bid good-day, farewell, etc.
Neither bid him God speed. 2 John 10,
3. To command; order or direct; enjoin.
And Peter answered him and said, Lord, if it be thou,
bid me come unto thee on the water. Mat. xiv. 28.
I was bid to come for you. Shaky As you Like it, i. 2,
Because God his Father had not bidden him to do it,
and therefore He would not tempt the Lord his God.
* Ringsley.
[Occasionally a simple infinitive follows: as, “the lady
bade take away the fool,” Shale., T N., i. 5.
4. To offer; propose: as, to bid a price at an
auction.
The king will bid you battle presently.
Shak, 1 Hen. IV., v. 2.
Four guineas Gad's life, you don't bid me the price of
his wig. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 1.
In buying Books or other Commodities, ’tis not always
the best way to bid half so much as the seller asks.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 30.
5. To raise the price of in bidding; increase
the amount offered for: with up ; as, to bid up
a thing beyond its value.—6. To proclaim;
make known by a public announcement; de-
clare: as, “our bans thrice bid,” Gay, What
º Call it?—To bid beads, to pray with beads. See
€0.0.
All night she spent in bidding of her bedes.
Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 3.
To bid defiance to. See defiance.—To bid the banns.
See banns.—To bid the or a baset. See base2. =Syn.
1. Invite, Summon, etc. See call. *
II. intrans. To make an offer; offer a price"
as, to bid at an auction.








bid
Antagonisms between different powers in the State, or
different factions, have caused one or other of them to bid
for popular support, with the result of increasing popular
power. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 498.
To bid fair, to open or offer a good prospect; seem likely.
bid (bid), n. An offer of a price; specifically,
an offer made or the price offered at an auction:
as, to increase another's bid. -
bidactyl (bi-dak’til), a. [K L. bi-, two-, + Gr.
dákrvãog, finger, toe.] Same as didactyl.
bidagova (bid-a-gó’vá), n. A name said to be
given in Brazil to a substitute for coffee pre-
ared from the seeds of the Cassia occidentalis.
McIlrath. &
bidale (bid’āl), n. É bid, invite, 4- ale..] An
entertainment to which persons were invited
for the purpose of contributing to the relief of
some one in distress. [Prov. Eng.] Also writ-
ten bidall.
There was an antient Custom called a Bid-Ale or Bid-
der-Ale, from the Saxon Bidden [biddam], to pray or sup-
plicate, when any homest Man decayed in his Estate, was
set up again by the liberal Benevolence and Contributions
of Friends at a Feast, to which those Friends were bid or
invited. It was most used in the West of England, and
in some Counties called a Help Ale.
Brand's Pop. Antiq. (1777), p. 339, note.
loidar
m. Seebaidar.
tidarka, m. See baidarka.
bidarkee, n.
Same as baidarka.
There are three miles to traverse to reach the nearest
river, and here I trusted myself to one of the far-famed
bidarletes. Fortnightly Rev., XLI. 399.
biddable (bid'a-bl), a. [K bid + -able.] Obe-
dient to a bidding or command; willing to do
what is bidden; complying; docile.
She is exceedingly attentive and useful; . . .
I never saw a more biddable woman.
Dickens, Dombey and Son, viii.
A more gentle, biddable invalid than the poor fellow
made can hardly be conceived.
H. Kingsley, Ravenshoe, xliv.
biddance (bid'ans), m. [K bid + -ance.] Bid-
ding; invitation. [Rare.] -
bidder (bid’ér), n. [K ME. bidder, biddere;
K bid, ask, offer, 4-, -erl.] One who bids; spe-
cifically, (a) one who begs; (b) one who com-
mands or orders; (c) one who asks or invites;
(d) one who offers to pay a specified price for
an article, as at a public auction.
Bidders at the auction of popularity. Burke.
biddery-ware (bid/e-ri-war), n. Same as bidri.
bidding (bidſing), m. [ME. bidding, biddinge;
verbal n. of bid in both the original senses.]
1. Invitation; command; order; a proclama-
tion or notifying. -
At his second bidding darkness fled.
Milton, P. L., iii. 712.
They had chalked upon a slate the psalmes that were to
be sung, so that all the congregation might see it without
the bidding of a Cleark. Fvelyn, Diary, Aug. 19, 1641.
Henry . . . nominated Richard Henry Lee and Gray-
son for the two senators from Virginia, and they were
chosen at his bidding. Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 354.
2. The act of making an offer at an auction:
as, the bidding, was lively.
[See be-
idding-prayer (bid 'ing-prār), n.
low.] England, the prayer before the ser–
In OI). As directed in the 55th canon of the Church of
England, this is a form in which the preacher calls on the
congregation to pray for the church catholic, the sover-
eign, and different estates of men. A similar form of
prayer preceding the sermon has been in use since long
before the Reformation. At first it was called bidding of
the beads (literally, praying of the prayers), after the
Reformation bidding of the common prayers, bidding (of)
prayers or prayer (the last word being object of the first);
but after the sixteenth century, the word bidding came
to be popularly regarded as an adjective, or the phrase bid-
ding §§. as a quasi-compound, a prayer which bids or
directs what is to be prayed for. A collect is now generally
substituted for the bidding-prayer (and sometimes called
by the same name), but on special occasions, and in
cathedrals and at university sermons, the bidding-prayer
is always used. Liturgiologists often designate the dea-
con's litanies of the primitive and the Greek Church as
bidding-prayers. See ectene and litany.
Our people, as of yore, may all join their priest and
say along with him, before he begins his sermon, the
truly Catholic petitions of the bidding-prayer.
Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 354.
biddy1 (bid’i), n.; pl. biddies (-iz). [E. dial. and
U. S., perhaps of imitative origin. Cf. chicka-
biddy..] A familiar name for a hen.
Biddy? (bid’i), n. [Dim. of Bridget, a fem.
roper name, usually given in honor of St.
ridget (Ir. and Gael. Brighid (gen, Brighide,
Bride, whence the form St. Bride), K brigh,
strength), who lived in Ireland in the 5th and
6th centuries.] . An Irish female domestic; a
servant-girl. [Colloq., U. S.]
bide (bid), v.; pret. and pp. bode, ppr. biding.
[XME. biden, KAS. bādan (pret. bād, pl. bidon,
pp. biden) = OS. bidan =OFries, bida = D. bei-
indeed,
b
547
den – OHG. bitan, MHG. biten, G. dial, beiten–
Icel. bidha = Sw, bida = Dan. bie = Goth. bei-
dam, wait. Cf. Ir, feithim, I wait, = Gael...feith,
wait. See abidel and abode..] I. intrans. 1+.
To remain in expectation; wait.—2. To be or
remain in a place or state; wait.
In whose cold blood no spark of honour bides.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 1.
Safe in a ditch he bides,
With twenty trenched gashes on his head.
ſº hak., Macbeth, iii. 4.
3. To dwell; reside.
All knees to thee shall bow, of them that bide
In heaven, or earth, or under earth in hell.
Milton, P. L., iii. 321.
And Lancelot saw that she withheld her wish,
And bode among them yet a little space
Till he should learn it.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
II. trans. 1. To wait for; await.
He has the elements of greatness within him, and he
patiently bides his time. Prescott.
I will bide you at King Tryggve's hill
Outside the city gates.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 9.
2. To endure; suffer; bear.
Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are,
That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm.
hak., Lear, iii. 4.
Oh, humble me ! I cannot bide the joy
That in my Saviour's presence ever flows.
Jones Very, Poems, p. 58.
two teeth: see bident.] 1. A genus of herba-
ceous composite plants, closely related to Dah-
lia and to Coreopsis, having achenes armed
with two or more rigid, persistent, retrorsely
barbed awns. They are coarse, useless weeds, but
Some of the Species have conspicuous yellow flowers and
are known as bur-marigolds. The persistency with which
the achenes adhere to clothing and the coats of animals
has given rise to the common name of beggar'8-ticks or
beggar's-lice. The root and seeds of B. bipinnata, known
as Spanish needles, have had an ill-founded reputation as
emmenagogues and as a remedy for acute bronchial affec-
tions.
2. In zoöl., a genus of hawks with two-toothed
beak; same as Diodom or Harpagus (which see).
Spia, 1834.
bident (bi’dent), n. [K L. biden(t-)s, OL. dui-
den(t-)s, with two teeth, K bi-, dui-, - E. twi-,
two-, + den(t-)s = E. tooth. Cf. trident.] 1.
In archaeol., an instrument or a weapon with
two prongs. Hence—2. Any two-pronged in-
strument.
The conversion of the bident into a trident, by which,
instead of two, you chalk three for one.
Foote, in Jon Bee's Samuel Foote, cv.
bidental (bi-den’tal), a. [K L. biden(t-)s, with
two teeth (see bident), + -al.] Same as bidentate.
bidental (bi-dental), n... [L., so called from
the animal sacrificed at its consecration (K bi-
dem(t-)s, an animal for sacrifice whose two rows
of teeth are complete), or from the forked light-
ning (a sense of bidental in ML.), K biden(t-)s,
with two teeth or prongs: see bident.] In Rom.
antiq., a monument marking a place that had
been struck by lightning. It consisted of a wall, not
roofed, carried around the site, which was considered
to be sacred and neither to be trodden nor looked upon,
and often resembled a raised well-curb. Such monuments
Were consecrated by the pontiffs, or, later, by the harus-
pices, by the sacrifice of a sheep or other victim, and
Were probably given in charge of guardians, themselves
* called bidentales.
bidentate (bi-den’tät), a... [KL. biden(3-)s, hav-
ing two teeth (see bident), + -atel..] Having
two teeth or processes like teeth; two-toothed.
Other forms are bidentated, bidental, bidential,
and (rarely) bidented.
bidential (bi-den’shal), a. Same as bidentate.
bidenticulate (bi-den-tik/i-lāt), a. [K bi-2 +
denticulate. Cf. bidentate.] Having two mi-
nute teeth.
bidery (bid’e-ri), n. See bidri.
bidet (bi-det’; F. pron, bě-dā'), n. IK F. bi-
det (X prob. It. bidetto), a small horse; of un-
known origin.] 1. A small horse; formerly,
in the British army, a horse allowed to each
trooper or dragoon for carrying his baggage.
For joy of which I will . . . mount my bidet in a dance,
and curvet upon my curtal. B. Jonson, Chloridia.
2. The basin of a water-closet so made that,
in addition to the ordinary places of entrance
of water- and discharge-pipe, there is a contri-
vance for washing or administering injections:
sometimes made as a separate article of bed-
room furniture.
bid-hook (bidſhūk), no. [A variant of bead-
hook.] Nawt., a small kind of boat-hook.
bidigitate (bi-dij’i-tät), a. [K bi-2 + digitate.]
Having two digits, or two finger-like processes.
#der bodkin..] In Celtic antiq., a da
‘bidri, bidry, bidree (bidºri, bid-ré’
bienséance
biding (biºding), n. KME. biding, bydung; ver-
bal n. of bide.] 1. An awaiting; expectation.
—2. Residence; habitation.
At Antwerp has my constant biding been
e, Jane Shore, i. 2.
bidiri, n. See bidri.
|bidogyn (bi-dó’gin), m. [W., a dagger: see un-
gger.
sº ſº ), 70. [An:
glo-Ind., also bidery, bidiri, K Hind. bidrā, K
Bidar, a town in the state of Hyderabad, In-
dia..] A kind of ornamental metal-work of In-
dia, consisting essentially of damascening of
silver upon some metal ground which is made
black by coating it with certain chemicals. The
alloy used as the basis of the damascene work varies in
composition in different localities; it may be either bronze
or brass, in the latter case sometimes containing a very
large percentage of zinc. See the supplement.
bidri-ware, bidri-work, n. Same as bidri.
bid-standt (bid'stand), n. A cant term for a
highwayman.
Why, I tell you, sir: he has been the only Bid-8tand
that ever kept Newmarket, Salisbury-plain, Hockley iſ
the Hole, Gads-hill, and all the high places of any request.
B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, iv. 4.
biduous (bid’ī-us), a. [K L. biduus, K bi-, two-,
+ dies, day.] Lasting two days only, as Some
flowers.
bieberite (bé’bér-it), n. [K Bieber (see def.) +
-ite2.] Native cobalt sulphate or cobalt vitriol:
a decomposition-product of other cobalt min-
§: found at Bieber, near Frankfort-on-the-
3,111.
bielaga, n. The Russian Sturgeon, Acipenser huso.
bield (běld), m. [Now only North. E. and Sc.,
in Sc. also written beild, biel ; early mod. E.
bield, beeld, etc., K.M.E. beeld, beld, belde, KAS.
byldo (= OHG. baldi, MHG. belde = Goth. bal-
thei), boldness, courage, K beald, bold: see bold.]
1+. Boldness; courage; confidence; feeling of
security.—2+. Resource; help; relief; means
of help or relief; support; sustenance.
For fuid thou gettis name uther beild,
But eit the herbis upon the field.
Sir D. Lyndsay, The Monarchie, l. 1087.
3. Shelter; refuge; protection.
This bosom soft shall be thy beeld.
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, xvi. 49.
The random beild o' clod or stane. Burns.
Folk maun bow to the bush that they seek beild frae.
Hogg, Brownie, ii. 197.
4. A place of shelter.
These evil showers make the low bush better than no
beild. Scott, Monastery, I. iii.
bield (běld), v. [Now only North. E. and Sc.,
in Sc. also written beild, biel, etc.; early mod.
E. bield, beeld, etc., K.M.E. beelden, belden, KAS.
bieldan, byldan (= OS. beldjan = OHG. baldén,
MHG. beldem = Goth. balthjan, intr.), make
bold, K beald, bold: see bold, a., and cf. bold,
v.] I. trans. 1+. To make bold; give courage
or confidence to.—2. To defend; protect; shel-
ter.
Scorn not the bush that beilds you.
Scott, Monastery, I. xiv.
II.f intrans. To be bold or confident; grow
bold or strong.
bieldy (bél' di), a. [Sc., also written beildy, K
bield + -y.] Sheltered from the weather; af-
fording shelter.
His honour being under hiding lies a' day, and whiles
a’ night, in the cove in the dern hag ; . . . it's a beildy
enough bit. Scott, Waverley, II. xxviii.
biemarginate (bi-É-mâr'ji-nāt), a. [K bi-3 +
emarginate.] In entom., having two emargina-
tions or concavities in the margin.
bien, bienly, bienness. See bein, etc.
biennial (bi-en’i-al), as and n. IKL. biennium,
a space of two years, K biennis, lasting two years
(> biennalis, adj.), K bi- + annus, year: see bi-2
and annual.] T. a. 1. Happening or taking
place once in two years: as, biennial games.
I consider biennial elections as a security that the sober
second thought of the people shall be law. A mes (17SS).
2. Continuing or lasting for two years; changed
or renewed every two years: said especially of
plants.
II. m. 1. A plant which requires two seasons
of growth to produce its flowers and fruit,
growing one year and flowering, fruiting, and
dying the next.—2. An exercise, as a college
examination, occurring once in two years.
Sometimes also bisannual.
biennially (bi-en’i-al-i), adv. Once in two
years; at the return of two years.
bienséance (F. pron. byañ-sā-oñs'), m. [F., K
bienséant, becoming, seemly, K bien (K.L. bene),
Well, F seant, becoming, seemly, lit. sitting,
bienséance
#. of Seoir, sit, befit, K L. Sedere = E. sit.]
ecency; decorum; propriety; seemliness.
The rule of observing what the French call the bien-
Seance in an allusion has been found out of later years,
and in the colder regions of the world,
Addison, Spectator, No. 160.
. He [Sir Robert. Peel] scarcely ever offended against
either the conventional or the essential bienseances of so-
ciety. W. R. Greg, Misc. Essays, 2d ser., p. 219.
bienvenuet (F. pron. byań-vè-nii’), n. [Early
mod. E. also benvenue, M.E. bienvenu, K OF.
(and F.) bienvenue, K bien, well, -- venu, com-
ing, pp. of venir, K. L. venire, come.] 1. Wel-
COD16,
They by this have met him,
And given him the bienvenw.
Massinger, The Picture, ii. 2.
2. A fee exacted from a new workman by his
fellows, especially in printing-offices.
A new bien venw, or sum for drink, was demanded of
me by the compositors. I thought it an imposition, as I
had paid it below [to the pressmen].
Yºr Franklin, Autobiography.
bier (běr), n. [The present spelling is perhaps
in imitation of the F. bière ; early mod. E. reg.
beer, K ME. beere, beer, bere, K AS. bār (=
OFries. bāre = OS. bāra = D. baay = OHG.
bāra, MHG. bāre, G. bahre (> Pr. bera = F.
bière) = Icel. barar, mod. bārur, pl., - Sw.
bār = Dan. baare), a bier, K beran (pret. bar,
pl. bāron), bear. Cf. L. feretrum, K. Gr. pépétpov,
and E. barrow?, from the same ult. root. See
bearl.] 1+. A frame, usually of wood, on which
to carry a load; a barrow; a litter; a stretch-
er. Specifically—2. A framework on which a
corpse, or the coffin containing it, is laid be-
fore burial; also, one on which it is carried to
the grave by hand.
After Mass was done, the priest walked down and stood
by the bier whereon lay stretched the corpse.
Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 306.
3. A count of forty threads in the warp or
chain of cloth.
bier-balkſ (bér’bàk), n. [K bier + balk:1, a
ridge, a path.] A balk left in a field for th
passage of funerals. -
A broad and sufficient bier-balk.
Homvily for Rogation Week, iv.
bier-right (bér'rit), m. An ancient ordeal, in
which those who were suspected or accused of
murder were required to approach and touch
the corpse of the murdered person as it lay on
the bier. If when touched the corpse bled, this was
supposed to indicate the guilt of the person touching it.
bifidity (bi-fid’i-ti), m.
#Quality or state of being bifid.
548
biferous (bif'e-rus), a. [KL. bifer, bearing twice
(K bi-, twice, -i- ferre = E. bearl), + -ows.] In
bot., bearing flowers or fruit twice a year, as
some plants in warm climates.
biffin (bif'in), n. [Also spelled beefin, beefen
(and, by a false etym, beaufim, as if K F. beau,
beautiful, -- fin, fine); a dial, corruption of
beefing, K beef + -īng: so called from the red
color of the apple..] _1. An excellent cooking-
apple cultivated in England, especially in the
county of Norfolk. It is often sold in a dried
and flattened condition. Hence—2. A baked
#. crushed into a flat round cake.
bifid (biºfid), a., [KL. bifidus, forked, <bi-, two-
+ findere (fid-), cleave, divide, = E. bite, q.v.
Cleft or divided into two parts; forked, as
the tongue of a Snake; specifically, in bot.,
divided half-way down into two parts; open-
ing with a cleft; divided by a linear sinus, with
Straight margins.
It will be observed that each of the simple cells has
a bifid wart-like projection of the cellulose wall on either
side. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 263.
Bifid circle, a circle cut at the extremities of a diameter
by another circle; in regard to which it is said to be bifid.
– Bifid substitution, in math., a substitution relating
to pairs of 8 letters as elements, and proceeding by the
rule that the whole 8 are to be distinguished into 2 sets
of 4, and that, every pair both members of which belong
to the same set of 4 is to be replaced by the other pair
of the same set of 4, while the rest of the pairs remain
unchanged.
bifidate, bifidated (bif/i-dāt, -dā-ted), a. [K L.
bifidatus, equiv. to bifidus: see bifid.] Same
as bifid. [Rare.]
[K bifid + -ity.] The
bifilar (bi-fi’lār), a. and n. [K bi-2 + filar, K
L. filwm, thread: see fileš.] I. a. Two-thread-
ed; having two threads.-Bifilar magnetometer,
an instrument invented in 1837 by the mathematician
Gauss, depending on the use of the bifilar suspension.—
Bifilar suspension, an important contrivance for mea-
Suring horizontal couples or forces of rotation, first used
in the bifilar magnetometer. The needle, bar, disk, or
other body which the couple to be measured is to turn is
suspended at equal distances from and on opposite sides biforous (bi-fö’rus), a.
of its center of gravity by two equally long threads from
two fixed points on one higher level. Thus, under the
influence of gravity alone, the suspended body comes to
equilibrium with the two threads in a vertical plane.
When it is turned through any angle about a vertical
axis through its center, its weight tends to restore it to
its original position ; and the moment of this force of
restitution can be accurately calculated from the lengths
of the threads, the distances of their attachments, and
the weight of the suspended body. This moment in-
creases with the angle of displacement up to 90° ; conse-
Biforipalla (bi-fô-ri-pal’â), m.
biforked (bi'förkt), a.
biformity (bi-fôr'mi-ti), m.
bifrons (biºfronz), a.
bifront (bi’frunt), a.
biest, biestings, n. See beestings. -
bietle (bé’tl), m. [Amer. Ind.] A kind of
quently, if the force to be measured is not too great, it
Will, when it is applied, bring the suspended body to equi-
big
, O madness of discourse,
That cause sets * with and against thyself
Bi-fold authority Shak., T. and C., v. 2.
bifolia, n. Plural of bifolium.
bifoliate (bi-fºliºt), a. ſ. bi-2 + foliate.] In
bot, having two leaves.
bifoliolate (bi-fô'li-Ö-lāt), a. [K bi-2 + folio-
late.] In bot., having two leaflets: applied to
a compound leaf.
bifolium (bi-fö'li-um), n.; pl. bifolia (-ā). "[NL.,
L. bi-, two-, + folium, leaf.] In math., a plane
curve having twofolia or depressions. See cut
under bitangent.
bifollicular (bi-fo-lik’ī-lär), a. . [K bi-2. -- fol-
licular..] In bot., having a double follicle, as
apocynaceous plants.
biforate (bi-fö’rät), a. [K L. bi- + foratus, per-
forated, pp. of forare = E. bore!..] In bot.,
having two pores or perforations, as the an-
thers of a rhododendron. Also biforous.
biforine (bif' 3-rin), n. IK L. biforis, two-
doored, K bi-, two-, + foris = E. door.] in bot.,
a minute oval sac found in the interior of the
green pulpy part of the leaves of some a race-
ous plants, with an aperture at each end through
which raphides are expelled.
[NL., K. L. bi-,
two-, T-H foris = E. door, H- palla, mantle.]
An order of bivalve mollusks, supposed to be
distinguished by having two openings in the
mantle, one for the foot, and the other for ex-
crement. It was thus based on a misconception.
Its constituents were the Mytilacea and Naya-
des. Latreille.
[K bi-2 + forked. Cf.
bifurcate.] Having two forks or prongs; two-
forked: as, “a biforked beam,” Southey.
biform, biformed (bi'förm, -fôrmd), a... [K L.
biformis, K bi-, two-, + forma, shape.] Having
two forms, bodies, or shapes; double-bodied.
[K biform + -ity.]
The state of being biform; a doubleness of
form.
Same as biforate.
bifoveolate, bifoveolated (bi-fô’vé-Ö-lāt, -lā-
ted), a. [& bi-2 + foweolate.] In entom., hav-
ing two round shallow pits or foveae on the
surface.
[L. : see bifront.] Same
[K L. bifron(t-)s, having
two foreheads (an epithet of Janus), K bi-, two-,
+ fron(t-)s, forehead, front.] Having two
fronts or faces, as the god Janus.
as bifront.
jacket, made of an entire deer-skin, worn by
the women of the Apaches. L. Hamilton, Mex.
× Handbook, p. 49.
bifacial (bi-fa'shial), a. [K bi-2 + facial.] 1.
Having the opposité surfaces alike.-2. In bot.,
having the opposite faces unlike: as, the bi-
facial arrangement of the parenchyma or green
pulp upon the two faces of a leaf. Also dorsi-
ventral.—3. Having two fronts or principal
faces; specifically, having two human faces
turned in opposite directions, as a medal or an
IDOla,962.
biº. (bif/a-rá), m. [It., also biffara, pifara,
piffero, a pipe: see pipe.] In organ-building, a
stop the pipes of which are either two-mouthed
or sounded in pairs, and are so tuned that the
two tones emitted differ slightly in pitch, thus
producing a wavy tone. Also called piffero,
wnda maris, celestima, etc.
bifarious (bi-fa'ri-us), a. [K L. bifarius (=
bifronted (bi-frun'ted), a. [As bifront + -ed.2.]
librium in a new position, the inclination of which from
the old position being observed affords the means of calcu-
lating the magnitude of the force.
II. m. A micrometer fitted with two threads.
bifilarly (bi-fi’lār-li), adv. In a bifilar man-
ner; by means of two threads: as, “supported
§aru." S. P. Thompson, Elect. and Mag., p.
98. •
bifistular, bifistulous (bi-fis’tli-lär, -lus), a.
[K bi-2 + fistular, fistulous.] Having two tubes
or channels.
biflabellate (bi-flā-bel’āt), a. [K bi-2 + flabel-
late.] In entom., having short joints, as an
antenna, each provided on two opposite sides
with a very long, somewhat flattened process,
the processes lying close together, so that the
whole organ is somewhat fan-like. It is an
extreme modification of the bipectinate type.
biflagellate (bi-flā-jel’āt), a. TK bi-2 + flagel-
lum + -atel.] aving two whip-like appen-
dages or flagella : as, a biflagellate infusorian.
Gr. Japáotog), twofold, K bi- + -farius, K.fa-ri
(= Gr. pá-val), speak. Cf. multifarious.] Di-
vided into two parts; double; twofold. Specifi-
cally—(a) In bot., pointing in two ways, or arranged in two
opposite rows, as leaves that grow only on opposite sides
of a pranch. (b) In 206l., two-rowed; two-ranked ; dis-
tichous or dichotomous, as the hairs of a Squirrel's tail,
or the webs of a feather. e
bifariously (bi-fa'ri-us-li), adv.
Iſla, Il D.62I’. & & &
bifasciate (bi-fas’i-āt), a. [K bi-2 + fasciate.]
In 206l., having two transverse or encircling
bands of color.
The “hooked Monad” is another bi-flagellate form.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 420.
biflecnode (bi-flekſnöd), n. [Irreg, KL, bi-, twice,
+ flec(tere), bend, H- modus, node.] In math., a
node or point at which a curve crosses itself,
and which is at the same
time a point of inflection, or
a point where the direction
of the bending changes.
This is a singularity found
among quartic and higher
GUITVOS.
Bifaxaria (bi-fak-så'ri-á), n. [NL., KLIA. bifaw, biflorate (bi-flö’rät), a. [K
two-faced, K bi-, two-, + Jacies, face..] Agenus bi-2 + florate.] In bot., bearing two flowers.
of polyzoans with two rows of cells facing in biflorous (bi-flö'rus), a. [KNL. biflorus, KL. bi-,
opposite directions, typical of the family Bifaa- two-, + flos (flor-), flower..] Same as biflorate.
ariida. g "... sas bifocal (bi-fö’kal), a. [K bi-2 + focal.] Having
Bifaxariidae (bi-fak-sa-ri'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K two foci.
Biſazaria + -idae.]. A family of chilostomatous bifoil (biºfoil), n. [K bi-2 + foil3, leaf.] An
polyzoans, typified by the genus Bifaqaria. The old and synonymous name of the British plant
cilary or zoarium is rigid, biserial, and variously branched; twayblade, Listera ovata.
In a bifarious
Biflecnode.
the cells or zooecia are alternate, closely connate back to 1 : tº A F º 'º -º * tº
back, and facing in opposite directions. Eleven existing bifold (bi'föld), 4. [K bi-2 + -fold.] Twofold;
double; of two kinds, degrees, etc.
8pecies are known.
biºus (bi-fér’kus), a.
Same as bifront.
bifurcate (bi-fér'kāt), v. i.3 pret. and pp. bifur-
cated, ppr. bifurcating. [K ML. bifurcatus, pp.
adj., two-forked (cf. L. bifurcus, two-forked)
K. L. bi-, two-, + furcatus, forked: see furcatej
To divide into two forks or branches.
The central trunk which runs up the foot-stalk bifur-
cates near the centre of the leaf.
e Darwin, Insectiv. Plants, p. 247.
bifurcate, bifurcated (bi-fér’kāt, -kā-ted), a.
[KML. bifurcatus; see the verb.] Two-forked;
divided into two branches.
bifurcately (bi-fér’kāt-li), adv. In a bifurcate
3'-Iſlanner.
bifurcation (bi-fér-kā’shon), n. [K bifurcate
-ion.] 1. A forking or division into two
branches; separation into two parts or things;
in optics, same as double refraction. See refrac-
tion.—2. A point at which forking occurs; one
or both of the bifurcating parts.-3. Specifi-
cally, in geog., the division of a stream into two
parts, each of which connects with a different
river system: as, the bifurcation of the upper
Orinoco.
[K L. bifurcus, two-
orked, K bi-, two-, + furca, a fork.] Same as
bifurcate.
*
bigl (big), a. [K ME. big, byg, bigge, bygge,
prob. K. Icel. *byggr, habitable, roomy, ample,
with derivate byggiligr (whence M.E. bigly,
bygly), habitable, K byggja, dwell, inhabit,
build, whence E. big?, v.] 1. Great in extent,
bulk, or amount; ample; large: now the com-
mon colloquial use.
Methinks he seems no bigger than his head.
Shak., Lear, iv. 6.
The world wagged on in its accustomed way, bringing
all manner of changes big and little. 'W., ii.
2. Great in power or strength; strong; vigor-
ous; stout.—3. Great or considerable in repu-
tation, influence, standing, wealth. [Colloq.]
–4. Great with young; pregnant; ready to
big
give birth; hence, figuratively, full of some-
thing important; ready to produce; teeming.
At length the momentous hour arrives, as big with con-
sequences to man as any that ever struck in his history.
Everett, Orations, p. 81.
5. Distended; full, as of grief, passion, cour-
age, determination, goodness, etc.
Thy heart is big ; get thee apart and weep.
Shak., J. C., iii. 1.
6. Tumid; inflated, as with pride; hence,
haughty in air or mien, or indicating haughti-
ness; pompous; proud; boastful: as, big looks;
big words.-Big game. See game1.—Big tree, the
mammoth tree, Sequoia Washingtoniana, found on the
slopes of the Sierra Nevada, California, particularly in the
“big tree grove” in Calaveras county. = Syn. 1. Large,
etc. (see great), bulky, huge, massive.—6. Lofty, pomp-
ous, arrogant, important.
big?, bigg? (big), v. [K ME. biggen, byggen, K
Icel. byggja, older form byggva (= Sw, bygga
= Dan. bygge = AS. bilian), build, dwell in, in-
habit, a secondary form of bila (pret. pl. bioggu)
S. bilan, dwell: see bel, bower, boor.] I.
trans. 1+. To inhabit; occupy.—2}. Reflex-
ively, to locate one's self.-3. To build; erect;
fashion. [Scotch and North. Eng.]
O bigged hae they a bigly bour
Fast by the roaring strond.
Rose the Red, and White Lilly, in Child's Ballads, W. 174.
IIł. intrans. To dwell; have a dwelling.
big 8, biggs (big), n. [Sc. and North. E., more
commonly bigg, early mod. E. also bygg, bygge,
late ME. byge, K Icel. bygg = Sw.bjugg = Dan.
byg, barley, = AS. bedw, grain, ult., like the
remotely related big?, bigg2, K V bu, grow, be,
Skt. Vibhu, be, Gr. ºffeoffat, grow: see bel.] A
kind of winter barley cultivated in northern
Europe, especially in Scotland; properly, four-
rowed barſey, Hordeum sativum vulgare, infe-
rior to but hardier than the six-rowed, H.
sativum hea'astichon. See bearð.
biga (biºgă), n. [L., sing. from earlier pl.
bigae, a pair of horses, a chariot or car drawn
by them, contr. of bijugaº, fem. pl. of bijugus,
yoked two together, K bi-, two-, + jugum = E.
yoke..] In Rom. antiq., a chariot or car drawn
by two horses abreast. -
bigami (big'am), n. [K ME. bigam, KOF. big-
ame, K LL. bigamus, twice married: see big-
amy..] A bigamist. -
Some parts thereof teach us ordinances of some apostle,
as the law of bigamy, or St. Paul's ordaining that a bigam.
should not be a deacon or priest.
Bp. Pecock, in his Life by J. Lewis, p. 286.
bigamist (big'a-mist), m. [K bigamy -H -ist.]
One who has committed bigamy, or had two
or more wives or husbands at once.
Lamech the prime bigamist and corrupter of marriage.
Donne, Hist. of the Septuagint, p. 202.
bigamous (big'3-mus), a... [K L.L. bigamus:
see bigamy.] f or pertaining to bigamy;
guilty of bigamy; involving bigamy: as, a big-
amous marriage.
And very good reading they [the novels of our grand-
mothers] were too in their way, though it was not the
way of the bigamous and murderous school that has come
after them. N. A. Rev., CXXIII. 223.
bigamy (big'a-mi), n. [K ME. bigamie, KOF.
bigamie, KML. bigamia, bigamy, K.L.L. bigamus,
twice married, a bigamist (equiv. to Gr. 6iyahog,
> 0tyapita, bigamy), K.L. bi- (= Gr. 64-), twice, --
Yáuog, marriage.] 1. Literally, double mar-
riage; remarriage, during the existence of a
former marriage; in law, the offense of having
two or more wives or husbands at the same
time. To constitute the offense, which by statute law
is a felony, it is necessary, by the law of many jurisdic-
tions, that the accused should have actual or constructive
knowledge that the first wife or husband was still living
when the second one was taken, and that the second nar-
riage should have been one solemnized under the forms of
law, and not merely an informal marriage resting on the
contract of the parties, or their holding out each other to
the world as husband and wife. Where these elements of
knowledge and of formality are wanting, the second mar-
riage is still generally invalid, but not bigamous in the
criminal sense. o e •
2#. Second marriage; remarriage of a widow
or widower. In the early church, before the establish-
ment of clerical celibacy, such remarriage on the part of
a man was generally regarded as an impediment to holy
orders. Marriage with a widow is called bigamy by Shak-
spere in Richard III., iii, 7. º
bigarade (big'a-råd), n. . [F.l.. The bitter or
Seville orange, Citrus Aurantium amara, by
some called C. Bigaradia. º
bigaroon (big-a-rón"), n. [With term, altered
in E., F. bigarreau, K bigarrer, streak,
checker, variegate; of disputed origin..] . One
of the four classes into which Prunus avčwn is
biglandular
biggins (big’in), n. [Named from the inventor
# Biggin, abºut 1800.] A kind of coffee pot
containing a strainer for the infusion of the
549
divided; a heart-shaped, firm-fleshed, sweet
cherry like the Napoleon and Windsor.
bigaster (bi-gas’tër), n. [K L. bi-, two-, + Gr.
yaothp, belly..] . Same as biventer. coffee, without allowing the grounds to mix
big-bellied (bigſbel'id), a. 1. Having a large 3 with the infusion. N. B. D. -
or protuberant belly. bigging (biging), n. [Also biggin, K.M.E., big-
biggen, build: see big?..] A.
He [William Rufus] was in stature somewhat below the ging, a building, K
ied [Scotch and
usual size, and big-bellied. Swift, Hist. Eng. building; a habitation; a home.
2. Advanced in pregnancy. [Vulgar.] North. Eng.] & - *
big-boned (big'bönd), a. Having large bones; biggont,”. An obsolete spelling of biggin".
stout; very strong. biggonet (big'Q-net), n. [Also bigomet, after
Big-boned, and large of limb, with sinews strong. equiv, OF. beguinet; dim. of biggon, biggin!, q.
Bryaen, Pai and Arc., iii. 45. v.] A cap or head-dress; a biggin. [Scote
big-cornedt (big'kôrnd), a. Having large grains. and North. Eng.]
The strength of big-corn'd powder. And gi'e to me my biggonet,
Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, ii. 149. My bishop's satin gown, .
º ſº e * ºf $º For I maun tell the bailie's wife
13igelovia (big-e-ló(vi-á), n. [NL., named That Colin's come to town.
after Dr. Jacob Bigelow (1787–1879), a physi- Jean Adams, There's nae Luck.
cian and botanist of Boston, U. S. A.] A bigha (big’ā), n. Same as bega.
name which was given by De Candolle to a bighead (big'hed), n. A local name of a Cali-
group of composite plants of western North *fornian species of sculpin, Scorpaenichthys mar-
America, the various species of which are now moratus, a fish of the family Cottidae. Also call-
placed in the genera Chrysothamnus, Chondro-
phora, and Isoconia (which see in suppl.).
bigemina, n. Plural of bigeminum.
bigeminate, bigeminated (bi-jem’i-nāt, -nā-
ted), a. f3 bi-2 + geminate. Cf. L. bigeminus,
doubled.] Twin-forked; doubly paired; bi-
conjugate: in bot., said of a decompound leaf
having a forked petiole, with a pair of leaflets
at the end of each division.
bigeminum (bi-jem 'i-num), n. ; pl. bigemina
(-nā). . [NL., neut. of L. bigeminus, doubled, K
bi-, twice, -- geminus, twin.] One of the cor-
pora bigemina or twin bodies of the brain; one
of the anterior pair (nates eerebri) of the cor-
pora quadrigemina; one of the optic lobes,
when there are only two, instead of four as in
the higher mammals. Wilder.
big-endian (big-en’di-an), m. and a. I. m. A
member of the Lilliputian party in Swift's
“Gulliver's Travels” who maintained, in op-
position to the little-endians, that boiled eggs
should be cracked at the big end; hence, one of
any corresponding set of disputers about trifles.
. a. Pertaining or relating to the big end
of an egg, or any equally foolish matter, as a
subject of controversy.
bigener (bi’jē-nēr), n. [L., hybrid, mongrel, K
bi-, two-, + genus (gener-), kind: see genus.] A.
cross between two species of different genera;
a mule.
bigeneric (bi-jé-ner'ik), a. [As bigener + -ic:
see bi-2 and generic..] Having the characters
of two different genera; having the character
of a bigener.
bigential (bi-jen’shal), a. . [KML. bigen (t-)s, of
two nations, K bi-, two-, + gen(t-)s, a nation.]
Comprising two tribes or peoples.
big-eye (big’i), m. A fish of the genus Priacan-
thus and family Priacanthidae: so called from
its very large round eyes.
big-foot (big'füt), n. [Tr. of the generic name
Megapodius.] A book-name of a mound-bird
of the genus Megapodius.
bigglf, a. An obsolete spelling of big.1.
bigg?, v. See big”.
biggs, m. See big3.
biggah, m. See bega.
biggen (big’n), v. [K big1 + -en 1.] I.t trans.
To make big; increase.
II, intrans. 1. To grow big; become larger.
[Dialectal.]—2. To gain strength after con-
finement. [North. Eng.]
The gossips regularly wish the lady a good biggening.
Brockett, North Country Words, p. 16.
bigger (big'ér), n., [K big”, bigg”, + -erl.] A
builder. [Scotch.]
bigginl (big’in), n. [Also written biggem, big-
gon, early mod. E. also byggen, begin, KOF. be-
guin, mod. F. beguin = It. beghino, a cap, so
named from that worn by the nuns called Be-
guines, M.E. begime, beggim (early mod. E. bigin,
biggayne, etc.): see Begwin.] 1. A child’s cap.
–2. A nightcap.
Brow with homely biggin bound.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
An old woman's biggin for a nightcap.
Massinger, The Picture, iv. 2.
3. In England, the coif of a serjeant at law.—
4. A ij worn in the later middle ages,
and throughout the seventeenth century, by
both men and women. That worn by women
Dighorn (big’hôrn), n.
bight (bit), n.
ed cabezon.
1. The Rocky Moun-
tain sheep, Ovis montana: so called from the
immense size of the horns, which resemble those
of the argali, but are shorter and comparatively
stouter and not so spiral. The animal in other re-
spects resembles and is closely related to the argali, of
Bighorn of the Rocky Mountains (Ovis 2/roſt fanta ).
which it is the American representative. In color it is
grayish-brown, with whitish buttocks, like the other wild
sheep. It stands about 33 feet high at the withers, and
is very stoutly built. It inhabits the higher mountain
ranges of the western United States from New Mexico
and Southern California northward, down nearly or quite
to sea-level in the higher latitudes, and is abundant in
suitable localities in Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho,
etc. It is much hunted for its flesh, which makes excel-
lent mutton. Like other wild sheep, it is gregarious.
2. The great fossil Irish elk of the peat-bogs,
Cervus giganteus. [Rare.] -
[K M.E. bycht, by&t, KAS. by ht,
a bend, a corner (= D. bocht = G. bucht, a bay,
bight, — Sw. Dan. bugt, bend, bight of a rope,
a bay); cf. byge, a bend, angle, K biºgan (pp.
bogen), bend, bow: see bowl, and cf. the ult.
identical E. bought 1, bout 1, and the related baill,
a ring, hoop: see bout 1.] 1+. A bend or bend-
ing; an angle, especially in a living body, as
of the elbow, or the inward bend of a horse's
chambrel, or the bend of the fore knees.—2.
A loop of a rope, in distinction from the ends;
any bent part or turn of a rope between the
ends
They put the bight of a rope round Ben's neck and slung
him right up to the yard-arm.
S. O. Jewett, Deephaven, p. 95.
3. A narrow bay or recess in a sea-coast be-
tween comparatively distant headlands; a long
and gradual bend of a coast-line: used especial-
ly in the names Bight of Benin and of Biafra,
in Africa, and the Great Australian Bight (on
the south coast).
The Spangle dances in bight and bay.
Tennyson, Sea-Fairies.
On the warm bights of the Florida shores.
D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, iii.
4. A similar bend in the shore of a river or a
bay, or recess in a mountain; a bay-like inden-
tation. [Rare.]
In the very bite or nook of the bay there was a great
inlet of Water.
De Foe, Voyage around the World. (N. E. D.)
Bowline On a bight. See bowlime.
was broad at the top, with projecting corners, bight (bit), v. t. [K bight, m.] To fold or double
tº º
iggin” (big’in), n.
q. v.] A small 'wooden vessel; a can.
so as to make one or more bights.
[Another form of piggin, biglandular (bi-glan” dil-lär), a. [ć bi-2 +
glandular.] Having two glands.

biglot
biglot (biºglot), a. [KL. bi-, two-, + Gr. )Aérra,
tongue.] Intwo languages; bilingual. W. E. D.
#d
iglyt (bigſli), adv. [K, ME. bigl Owerfull
travely; ºffi : -ºj”. #. .#.
blustering manner; haughtily; arrogantly.
* He brawleth bigly. Sir T. More, Works, p. 701.
bigmouth (big'mouth), n. A fish of the family
Centrarchidae, Chaºnobryttus gulosus. Also called
warmouth. See cut under Centrarchidae.
bigness (big'nes), n. IK big ---ness.] The state
or quality of being big; largeness of propor-
tions; size, whether large or small; bulk, ab-
solute or relative. *
Hayle of Suche bygmesse that it slewe both men and
beestys. Fabyan, I. 238.
Their legs are both of a bigmess. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
The bigmess and uncouth deformity of the camel.
Sir R. L'Estrange.
Large oak, Walnut, hickory, ash, beech, poplar, and
many other sorts of timber, of surprising bigmess.
Beverley, Virginia, ii. T 2.
Bignonia (big-nó'ni-á), n. [NL., named after
Bignon, librarian to Louis XV.] A large ge-
nus of plants, type of the family Bignoniaceae,
natives of the warmer portions of the new
World. The species are characterized by a twining
or climbing stem, frequently in the tropics reaching the
tops of the highest trees, with divided leaves and often
magnificent trumpet-shaped flowers. In the stems of
some species the Wood is so arranged as to have a cross-
like appearance in section. The most northern species,
B. crucigera, of the southern United States, is frequently
cultivated in gardens, and others are ornaments of green-
houses. B. Chica of South America yields an orange-red
coloring matter called chico (which see).
Bignoniaceae (big-nó-ni-ā'sé-é), m. pl. [NL.,
K Bignonia + -aceae.] A large family of di-
cotyledonous sympetalous plants withirregular
8,
Azgzuozziaceae.
Flowering Branch of Trumpet-creeper (Campsis radicans). a,
opened follicle of same, showing seeds; b, seed of Catalºa
Catalza. (From Le Maout and Decaisne's “Traité général de
Botanique.”)
flowers, a pod-like fruit, and winged seeds
without albumen. They are trees or shrubby climb-
ers or twiners, natives chiefly of warm regions, and are
especially abundant in South America. Of the many
genera, the best known are Bigmonia, Campsis (the trum-
pet-creeper), including some trees that furnish hard and
close-grained woods, Crescentia (the calabash-tree), and
Catalpa of the United States.
pignoniaceous (big-nó-ni-ā'shius), a. In bot.,
pertaining to or having the characters of the
Bignoniaceae.
bigoldf (biºgöld), n. The yellow oxeye or corn-
marigold, Chrysanthemum Segetum. Gérard.
bigot (big’9t), n. and a. [First at end of 16th
century, K F. bigot, a bigot, a hypocrite, KQF.
bigot; of disputed origin. Under this form two
or more independent, words appear to have
been confused, involving the etym, in a mass
of fable and conjecture. Whatever its origin,
bigot, as a vague term of contempt, came to be
confused with Beguin and Beghard. ... This con-
fusion appears in ML. Bigutti, Bigutta, used in
the 15th century as equivalents of Beghardi and
Beguinae. See Beghard and Beguin.] I. º. 1+.
A hypocritical professor of religion; a hypo-
crité; also, a superstitious adherent of reli-
gion. N. E. D.—2. A person who is obstinate-
bigoticalf (bi-got'i-kal), a.
bigotry (big (Qt-ri), m. ; pl. bigotries (-riz).
bihydroguret (bi-hi-drog’īī-ret), n.
bijou (bé-zhö’), n, sº t &
1. A jewel; specifically, a jewel of gold richly bilandt, n.
wrought in the metal itself without the aid of bilander ğ. orbi’lān-dér), n.
550
ly and unreasonably wedded to a particular
religious or other creed, opinion, practice, or
ritual; a person who is illiberally attached to
any opinion, system of belief, or party organi-
zation; an intolerant dogmatist.
In philosophy and religion the bigots of all parties are
generally the most positive. Watts.
The bigots of the iron time
Had called his harmless art a crime.
Scott, L. of L. M., Int.
The existence of genuine piety amid serious errors is
forgotten, or rather rejected, by certain illiberal minds,
the bigots of exclusive ecclesiastical hypotheses, who, in
maintaining that “out of the church there can be no salva-
tion,” would have us believe that there is none out of their
OWI1, IS. Taylor, Spiritual Despotism, § 10.
II. a. Same as bigoted.
In a country more bigot than ours.
Dryden, Ded. of Limberham.
the character of a bigot; obstinately and blind-
bijouterie (bé-zhö’tré), n.
bijoutry (bé-zhö'tri), n.
bijugate (bi-jö'gāt), a.
bijugous (bi-jö'gus), a.
bijugue (bi'jög), n.
bilander
An object of beauty of small size; something
delicately pretty; any relatively small charm-
ing object.
[F., K bijou.] Jew-
elry; Small ornaments for personal decoration;
specifically, º, of gold richly adorned in
the metal itself, with little or no use of precious
stones.
Same as bijouterie.
[K bi-2 + jugate.] 1.
In mumis., bearing two profile heads, one of
them overlapping the other. See cut under ac-
colated.—2. In bot., having two pairs of leaf-
lets or pinnae: used of pinnated leaves.
[K L. bijugus, yoked
two together: see biga.] Same as bijugate.
[K L. bijugus, yoked two to-
gether: see bijugous.] A double bottle consist-
bigoted (big’9t-ed), a. [K bigot-H-ed2.] Having ing of two complete vessels attached to each
other by strips of the same material, so that
ly Wedded to a particular creed, opinion, prac- they form one piece.
tice, or ritual; unreasonably and intolerantly bikel (bik), m.
devoted to a system of belief, an opinion, or a
party. Also rarely spelled bigotted.
A more abject, slavish, and bigoted generation.
So nursed and bigoted to strife.
A bigoted Tory and High Churchman.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xvii.
Steele.
manner; with irrational zeal.
[K bigot + -ical.]
igoted.
Some bigotical religionists.
Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 18.
[KF.
bigoterie, K bigot.] The character or mode of
thought of a bigot; obstinate and unreasona-
ble attachment to a particular creed, opinion,
practice, ritual, or party organization; exces-
Byron, bike2 (bik), m. and v.
bikos (biſkos), n.& 1. bikoi (-koi).
[Sc., also written byke, KME.
bike, byke, a hive..] A nest of wild bees, hor-
nets, or wasps.
A feld with flouris, or hony byke.
Towneley Mysteries, p. 43.
A corruption of bicycle.
bikh (bik), n. [Also bish, bik: Hindi bikh,
Bengali bish, poison : Skt. visha, poison.] The
bigotedly (big'. Qt-ed-li), adv. In a bigoted name given by the natives of Nepal to a
poison derived from the roots of Aconitum
feroa and probably other species of aconite,
and to the roots themselves; Nepal agonite.
[Gr. Bikog :
see beaker.] In antiq., a form of earthen-
ware vase, usually of large size, used, like other ,
large vases of similar character, for storing pro-
visions, liquids, etc. It was shaped like a stamnos
with handles, and is mentioned also as made of small
size, sometimes in glass, to serve as a drinking-vessel or
a perfume-ja.
* tº T.
sive zeal or Warmth in favºr ºf a party, sect, bikshu (bik'shô), n. [Skt. bhikshu.] A Bud-
or opinion; intolerance of the opinions o
others.
Those bigotries which all good and sensible men despise.
** bil (bil), n.
Were it not for a bigotry to our own tenets, we could
hardly imagine that so many absurd, wicked, and bloody
principles should pretend to support themselves by the
gospel. Watts.
dhist mendicant monk.
bikshuni (bik'shö-nē), n. [Skt. bhikshuni.] A
Buddhist num.
[Also called billard and billet; ori-
gin obscure; perhaps connected with billet”, a
stick or club.] A local English name of the
coal-fish, Pollachius virens.
James was now a Roman Catholic. Religious bigotry bilabe (bi’lāb), n. [KL. bi-, two-, + labium, lip.]
had become the dominant sentiment of his narrow and
stubborn mind. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ii.
=Syn. Credwlity, Famaticism, etc. (see superstition), nar-
row-mindedness, prejudice, intolerance.
big root (big’röt), n. The name in California.
for various species of Micrampelis, a genus of
cucurbitaceous vines having immense roots.
big-sounding (big' soun” ding), a. Having a
pompous sound. -
Big-sownding sentences and words of state.
p. Hall, Satires, i. 3.
big-swollen, big-swoln (big’swó"len, -Swöln),
a. Greatly inflated; swelled to great bulk;
turgid; ready to burst.
My big-swoln heart. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 2.
biguttate (bi-gut’ fit), a. [K bi-2 + guttate.]
In 206l., marked with two small spots.
bigwig (big"wig), n., [K big1 + wig, in refer-
ence to the large wigs worn in Great Britain
by judges and others in authority.] . A great
man; a person of consequence; one high in au-
thority or rank. [Slang.]
Her husband was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, bilalo (bi-lä’lö), ??.
a Conseiller d'Etat, or other French big-wig.
hackeray, Newcomes, xlvi.
bigwigged (big"wigd), a. Pompous; Solemnly
authoritative.
Towards nightfall comes the chariot of a physician and
deposits its bigwigged and solemn burden.
Hawthorne, Twice-Told Tales, I.
bihamate (bi-hā‘māt), a. [K bi-2 + hamate.]
Doubly hooked; having two hooks.
The bihamate “spicules of the sarcode” so character-
istic of the genus Esperia and its allies.
Sir C. W. Thomson, Depths of the Sea, p. 113.
bihourly (bi-our 'li), a. and adv.
}º Every two hours; once every two
hours: as, bihourly observations.
bilabiate (bi-lā' bi-āt), a.
bilabiation (bi-lā-bi-ā'shgn),
bilaciniate (bi-lä-sin'i-āt), a.
bilamellate (bi-lam'e-lāt), a.
bilamellated (bi-lam"e-lä-ted), a.
[K bi-2 + bilaminate (bi-lam’i-nāt), a.
In surg., an instrument for removing small for-
eign bodies from the bladder through the ure-
thra.
[K bi-2 + labiate.]
appearance of
1. Possessing, or having the
possessing, two lips: in bot.,
applied to an irregular corolla.
or calyx whose lobes are so
arranged as to form an upper
and a lower lip. This character
prevails in the family Menthaceae,
and is frequent in other families.
2. In conch., having the outer
lip doubled by a thickening
behind the margin or true lip.
m. [K bilabiate + -ion.] The
quality or condition of being
two-lipped, or having two lips;
a bilabiate formation. Amer.
Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXIX. 319.
Bilabiate Calyx and
Corolla of Salzza.
(Sage).
[K bi-2 + lacin-
date.] In bot., doubly laciniate.
[Also written guilala ; a
native name.] A two-masted passenger-boat,
about 65 feet long and 10 feet broad, peculiar
to Manila bay. It carries an outrigger for use when
the wind blows fresh, and has a large cabin behind the
mainmast.
[K bi-2 + lamel-
late.]. Doubly lamellate; having two lamellae;
Specifically, in bot., composed of two plates and
as many stigmas and placentas, or bearing two
plates, as the lip of some orchids.
Same as bi-
lamellate.
[K bi-2 + bilaminar (bi-lam’i-nār), a. [Kbi-2 + laminar.]
Consisting of two thin plates or laminae; two-
lavered.
[K bi-2 + lami-
hydrog(en) + -uret.] A compound of hydrogen mate.] _Having two plates or laminae.
with a non-metallic or negative element or bilan (F. pron, bě-loh"), n.
radical, in the proportion of two atoms of hy-
drogen to one atom or group of the other mem-
ber of the compound.
precious stones. See bijouterie. Hence—2.
[F., K. L.L. bilana:
(Sc. libra), a balance: see balance.] A balance-
sheet: the name given in Louisiana to a book
in which merchants keep account of their assets
[F.; of unknown origin..] ... and liabilities.
See byland.
[Also by-
lander (cf. F."bélandre), K D. bijlander, K bij, is


- bilander
E. by 1, + land = E. land.] A small merchant
vessel with two masts, and the mainsail bent
& to the whole
º of 8,
ard, hanging
#. and aft,
and inclined
to the horizon
at an angle
of about 45
degrees, the
foremost low-
er corner,
called the
tack, being
secured to a
ring-bolt in
the deck, and
the after-
most, or sheet,
to the taffrail. Few vessels are now rigged in this
manner. The bilander is a kind of hoy, manageable by
four or five men, and used chiefly in the canals of the Low
Countries.
Why choose we, then, like bilanders to creep
Along the coast, and iand in view to keep?
* Dryden, Hind and Panther, i. 128.
bilateral (bi-lat’º-ral), a... [K NL. bilateralis, K
L. bi- + "latus (later.), side: see lateral.] (1.
Having two sides; of or pertaining to two
sides; two-sided.
The bilateral movements escape in cases of hemiplegia
in spite of destruction of some of the nervous arrange-
ments representing them. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 175.
2. In bot., having the sides different.
The vegetation in all Hepaticae is bilateral, that is, dif-
ferently developed on the upper and under sides.
- Bull. of Ill. State Laboratory, II. 6.
3. In biol., with two sides. In 206logy, bilateral
animals are to be distinguished from radial animals and
spherical animals. A bilateral animal may or may not
be symmetrical.—Bilateral Contract, in law, a contract
which binds the parties to perform reciprocal obligations
each toward the other. Rapalje and Lawrence.—Bilat-
eral restriction, in logic, the restriction of a proposi-
tion at once in its subject and in its predicate, as in the
following example: All triangle is all trilateral; some
triangle is some trilateral.-Pilateral symmetry, the
symmetry of right and left halves or other parts of the
body; sinistrodextral symmetry; transverse antitypy.
Also called lateritypy.
[NL., neut.
Bilateralia (bi-lat-e-rā‘li-á), n. pl.
pl. of bilateralis : see bilateral.] 1. A collec-
tive name of those animals which exhibit bilat-
erality or bilateral symmetry, as of right and
left sides. J. A. Ryder.—2. A division of Am-
bulacraria represented by Balanoglossus alone,
contrasted with other echinoderms which are
called Radiata. Metschnikoff. -
bilateralism (bi-lat’e-ral-izm), n. [K bilateral
+ -ism.] The state or quality of being bilate-
ral; bilateral symmetry.
bilaterality (bi-lat-e-ral’i-ti), n. [K bilateral
+ -ity.] Same as bilateralism.
bilaterally (bi-lat’º-ral-i), adv. In a bilateral
manner; on both sides: as, a bilaterally sym-
metrical larva. -
bilateralness (bi-lat’e-ral-nes), n. [K bilateral
+ -mess.] The state or quality of being bilat-
eral; bilateralism; in 206l., bilateral symmetry.
In the Sycamore and the Vine we have a cleft type of
leaf in which a decided bilateralness of form co-exists
with a decided bilateralness of conditions.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 229.
bilberry (bil’ber *i); m.; pl. bilberries (-iz).
[Formerly also spelled bill-berry and bull-berry.
The last form, if not simulated, is prob. right
K bulll + berryl. Another species, the re
whortleberry, is named cowberry, and the NL.
name of the genus, Vaccinium, means “cow-
Berry.” The word bull enters into the names
of several other plants, as bullweed, bullwort,
bulrush. Cf. hartberry, another name for bil-
berry. But the relation of the equiv. Dan. bālle-
bar, also simply bølle, whortleberry, to Dan.
böll, a castrated bull (cf. Icel. boli = Norw. bol
= E. bulll), is not clear. The usual Dan. term
Bilander.
ſ
551 bilifulvin
Spain, such swords being, like those of Toledo bilevelt, v. See beleave.
(see Toledo), held in high esteem for their tem-bileve2f, v. See believe.
#: 1. Formerly, a sword or sword-blade, bilge (bilj), n. [In 17th century also bildge
º for extreme elasticity, made in Bilbao and billagel; var. of bulge: see bulge.] 1. The
In Spain.
º: like a good bilbo in the circumference of a
peck, hilt to point, heel to head.
- Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 5.
Hence—2. Any sword. [Poetical.]
At Poitiers bath'd their bilboeg in French blood.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. 72.
bilbo” (bil’bó), n. ; pl. bilboes or -bos (-bóz).
[Early mod. E. also bilbow, bilboe, usually in
pl.; prob. So named, like bilbol, from Bilbao
in Špain; but direct evidence is lacking.] A
wider part or belly of a cask, which is usually
in the middle.—2. That part of a ship which
:
~!
bile1+ (bil), n.
Bilboes, from the Tower of London.
long bar or bolt of iron having sliding shackles
and a lock, formerly used to confine the feet
of prisoners or offenders, especially on board
ship: usually in the plural.
Methought I lay
Worse than the mutines in the bilboes.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
bilbo-man? (bil’bó-man), n. A swordsman.
You are much bound to your bilbo-men ;
I am glad you are straight again, captain.
Beau. and Fl., King and No King, v. 3.
bilboquet (bil-bó-ket’), n. [Also dial., in def.
2, bilboketch, bilbocatch, bilverketcho, etc., K F.
bilboquet, OF. billeboquet, billebauquet; origin
obscure.] If. A gardener's measuring-cord or
-line. Cotgrave.—2. The toy called cup-and-
loall.—3+. An 8-inch mortar for throwing shells.
—4. An implement for curling hair. Fairholt.
bilcock (bil’kok), n. [Also called bidcock, K
bil- or bid- (origin unknown) + cock1.] The
water-rail of Europe, Rallus aquaticus.
bildt, bildert. Old spellings of build, builder.
bildstein (bild’stin), n. [G., K bild, image, fig-
ure (KMHG. bilde, K OHG. bilidi (= OS. bilithi
= OFries. *bilethe, byld = D. beeld = Sw, be-
läte (also bild, prob. borrowed) = Dan. billede,
billed), prob. K bi-- E. A.S. bi-, by-, + lid = OS.
lith = Goth. lithus = E. lith, a limb, member:
see by-, be-1, and lith), + stein = E. Stone..] Same
as agalmatolite.
[Early mod. E. also byle, K ME.
bile, byle (occasionally biel, beel, X E. beal, prop.
a dial. form: see beall), KAS. bijle = OFries.
beil, bel = M.D. bule, D. buil = LG. bule,
MHG. biwle, G. beule, bile, = Icel, beyla = Sw.
bula = Dan. bule, bugle, a Swelling; cf. Icel.
bóla = Sw. bøld = Dan. byld, a blain, a blister;
KTeut. V*bul, seen in causal form in the Goth.
wfbauljan, puff up: cf. boll1. Bile is the true E.
form, still retained in the vernacular speech;
but, owing to a confusion with the verb joiá
(or perhaps with the D. form buil, pron, nearly
as E. boil), the word has taken in mod. literary
E. the corrupt form boil. See boill.] An in-
*flamed tumor; a boil. See boill.
bile? (bil), m.
[K F. bile, K L. bilis, bile, anger;
atra (or migra) bilis, equiv. to Gr. ple?ayzožía,
black bile: see atrabile, melancholy.] 1.
yellow bitter liquid secreted by the liver and
collected by the biliary ducts to be conveyed
into the duodenum. Its most important constituents
are the bile-salts, sodium glycocholate and sodium tauro-
cholate, and the bile-pigments, bilirubin and biliverdin,
with cholesterin. The bile renders the contents of the
duodenum alkaline. It aids the emulsionizing of the
fats, apparently by increasing the solubility of soaps,
assists the passage of the fats through the intestinal
walls, and stimulates peristalsis. Also called gall. . .
2. Figuratively, ill nature; peeyishness; bit-
terness offeeling: because the bile was fancied
to be the seat of ill humor.
Yuste as the proceedings of some members of the board
of trade at Seville. Prescott.
Black bile. See atrabile.
bilge-board (biljºbórd), n.
bilge-coad (biljſkód), n.
bilge-free (biljºfré), a. Nawt., so stowed on
bilge-keel (biljºkél), n.
bilge-keelson (biljſkel”-
bilge-piece (biljºpés), m.
bie º bilge-plank (biljº plangk), m.
bilge-water (bilj"wā’tēr), n.
bilgeways (bilj"wāz), m. pl.
bilgy (bil’ji), a.
Bilharzia (bil-hăr’zi-á), n.
for bull is tyr = Sw, tur = Icel, stjörr = E. bile3H, n. An obsolete form of bill.i.
steer. The name blaeberry is of different origin: bilection (bi-lek'shgn), n. Same as bolection.
see blaeberry..] 1. A shrub and its fruit, Wac- bile-cyst (bil’sist), ii. In anat., the gall-bladder.
cinium Myrtillus. In Scotland the bilberry is usually bile-duct (bil’dukt), n. A duct or canal con-
E
Hard Bilge. Easy Bilge.
extends from the floor or flat bottom outward
and upward to the point where the side be-
comes nearly vertical. The turn of the bilge is the
lower outer part where the curvature is greatest.
bilge (bilj), v.; pret. and pp. bilged, ppr. bilg-
ing. [K bilge, n.] I. intrans. 1. Naut., to suf-
fer a fracture in the bilge; spring a leak by a
racture in the bilge.—2. To bulge or swell out.
II. trans. To break or stave in (the bilge).
In ship-building,
one of the boards used to cover the timbers
where the bilge-water collects.
Same as bilgeways.
beds that no weight rests on the bilge: said of
a cask
[bilge + keell.] In
ship-building, a projection from the outside
surface of a ship, ex-
tending longitudinally
along the turn of the
|bilge, fitted to diminish
the intensity of rolling
at sea.
Sqn), n. A timber ex-
tending fore and aft in a
ship, inside the bilge, to
strengthen the frame.
A, A, Bilge-keels.
Same as bilge-keel.
Nawt., one of
the thick planks which run round the bilge of
a ship, both inside and outside.
bilge-pump (bilj'pump), n. Naut, a pump for
removing bilge-water from a ship.
JNawt., Water
which enters a ship and lies upon her bilge or
bottom. If allowed to remain, it acquires an
offensive penetrating Smell.—Bilge-water dis-
ºge. a device for discharging bilge-Water automati-
Cally.
Nawt., a series of
timbers placed on each side of a vessel on the
launching-ways, to assist in supporting her
hull in launching. Also called bulgeways and
bilge-coad. See cut under launching-ways.
[K bilge + -y1.] Having the
properties (as the smell, etc.) of bilge-water.
[NL., named after
Theodor Bilharz, an old helminthologist.] A.
genus of the order Trematoidea, or fluke-worms,
endoparasitic in the blood-vessels of mam, espe-
cially in the urinary organs, the ova escaping
through an ulceration which the presence of
the parent causes. The animal is dioecious, the male
being the larger and retaining the female in a gynaeco-
phore or canal formed by an involution of the edges of
[= F. biliaire, K NL.
biliaris, K L. bilis, bile.] 1. Belonging to the
bile; conveying the bile: as, a biliary duct.—
2. Bilious. [Rare.]—Biliary calculus, a concre-
tion which forms in the gall-bladder or bile-ducts; gall-
stone. These calculi are usually composed for the most
part of cholesterin.— Biliary colic. See colic.— Biliary
duct. See duct.
* the concave side of the body.
Nothing appears to have stirred his bile so much at biliary (bil’ i-à-ri), a.
called blaeberry, from its blae or dark-blue color. See
Waccinium and whortleberry. & g
2. A name sometimes given in the United
States to the fruit of the shad-bush, Amelan-
chier Canadensis.—Bog-bilberry, Vaccinium uligi-
bile-pigment (bil’pig"ment), n.
GO
biliation (bil-i-ā'shgn), m. [K NL. *biliatio(m-),
One of the K L. bilis, bile.] The excretion of bile. Duri-
glison.
bilicyanin (bil-i-si'a-nin), m. [K L. bilis, bile,
veying bile; a gall-duct.
loring matters in the bile. Bilirubin is the chief
coloring matter in the bile of carnivorous animals and of
man; biliverdim is the greenish pigment in the bile of
posum of the United States and Europe.—Dwarf bil-
berry, V. caespitos.wm.—Jamaica, bilberry, V. meridio-
ably mixtures of pigments, and others oxidation or reduc-
male.
bilbol (bil’bó), n, ; pl. bilboes or -bos (-bóz). , tion products not existing in the living body.
[Early mod. E. also bilbow, bilboe, bilboa, prop. bilestone (bil'stön), n. A biliary calculus or
a sword of Bilbao (in E. formerly Bilboa) in gallstone.
herbivorous animals. A considerable number of other
bile-pigments have been described, some of which are prob-
bilifulvin (bil-i-ful’vin), n.
+ E. cyanin.] A product of the oxidation of
bilirubin which appears blue in an acid and
violet in a neutral solution. See bilirubim.
[K L. bilis, bile, +
Julvus, fulvous.] An old name for more or less
impure bilirubin.




bilifuscin
bilifuscin (bil-i-fusin), n. [K L. bilis, bile, +
fuscus, fuscous, + inºj A substance described
as existing in very small quantities in gall-
Stones. It is of a dark-green color, insoluble in water,
chloroform, and ether, soluble in alcohol and alkalis,
and reacts with nitric acid like bilirubin. Its formula is
C 6H2ON2O4.
bilihuminºl-i-hu'min), n. KL bilis, bile, +
humus, ground, + -in”.] The insoluble black-
ish residue left after bile or gallstones have
been exhausted by ether, water, chloroform,
alcohol, and dilute acids.
bilimbi, bilimbing (bi-lim'bi, -bing), n. [Also
bilimby, blimbing, repr. Tamil bilimbi, Malay bi-
limbing, Singhalese bilim.] The native name of
the fruit of an East Indian tree-sorrel, Aver-
Thoa Bilimbi. It is very acid, but is much
esteemed when made into syrup, candied, or
pickled. See Averrhoa.
bilimentt, n. [Also billiment, belliment, etc., by
apheresis for habiliment.] An ornamental part
of a woman's dress; especially, the attire of
the head or neck.
Then beganne alle the gentylwomen of Yngland to were
Frenche whoodes with bellementtes of golde.
Chron. of Grey Friars (1556), ed. Camden Soc.
Biliment lace, an ornamental lace used in the sixteenth
century for trimming.
bilin (bil’in), m. [K L. bilis, bile, ---im2.] The
mixture of sodium glycocholate and taurocho-
late isolated from the bile, constituting a gum-
# my mass of a pale-yellow color.
bilinear (bi-lin’é-ār), a... [K bi-2 + linea, line, --
-ar.] Consisting of or having reference to two
lines: as, bilinear coördinates.
bilineate (bi-lin’É-āt), a. [K L. bi-, two-, +
linea, line, + -ateſ.] in 206l., marked with two
lines, generally parallel.
bilineated (bi-lin’é-à-ted), a. Same as bilineate.
bilingual (bi-ling'gwal), a. [K L. bilinguis,
speaking two languages, K bi-, two-, + lingua
= E. tongue, language.] 1. Containing or ex-
pressed in two languages; recorded in two ver-
sions of different language.
I endeavored by the help of a bilingwal inscription to
determine the values of certain of the Hittite characters.
A. II. Sayce, Pref. to Schliemann's Troja, p. xxiii.
2. Speaking two languages or a mixture of two.
Rare.]
Large numbers of Chinese, Arabs, and Africans, who
come to India for a short or long time, and become prac-
tically bilingwal. R. N. Cust, Mod. Langs. E. Ind., p. 16.
bilinguar (bi-ling'gwār), a. Same as bilingual.
bilinguist (bi-ling'gwist), m. [K L. bilinguis
(see bilingual), after linguist.] One who speaks
two languages. Hamilton.
bilinguous (bi-ling'gwus), a. [K L. bilinguis:
see bilingual.] Having two tongues, or speak-
ing two languages. Johnsom.
bilious (bil’yus), a. [K L. biliosus, full of bile, K
bilis, bile: see bile?..] 1. Of or pertaining to, or
partaking of the nature of, bile.—2. In pathol.,
noting, subject to, or characterized by a dis-
ordered condition of the system, once supposed
to depend on a derangement of the secretion of
bile, marked by anorexia, furred tongue, a bad
taste in the mouth, dull headache, drowsiness,
disturbed sleep, with general malaise and de-
preS$1On. It is peculiarly amenable to mercurial ca-
thartics. This state seems to depend on a subacute dys-
pepsia, with possibly a derangement of the elaborative
functions of the liver. , , e
3. Suffering from biliousness.—4. Tigurative-
ly, choleric ; testy; cross.
Controversy seems altogether to have been the very
breath of his nostrils; he was called, and not without rea-
son, “bilious Bale.” A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 105.
At constant quarrel with the angry and bilious island
legislature. I'merson, West Indian Emancipation.
Bargain struck,
They straight grew bilious, wished their money back,
Repented them, no doubt.
Browning Ring and Book, I. 216.
biliousness (bil’yus-nes), n. [K bilious + -mess.]
The condition of being bilious.
biliphaein (bil-i-fé'in), n... [Also written bili-
phein, biliphain, K. L. bilis, bile, F Gr. patóg,
dusky, dun-gray, + -in”.] A name formerly
given to an impure bilirubin. Also cholophasin.
biliprasin (bil-i-prä'sin), n. [KL, bilis; bile, F
präsum, a leek (see prase), * -in?..] A green
pigment normally found in bladder bile, now
regarded as a product of oxidation, interme-
diate between bilirubin and biliverdin. º
hilipurpin (bil-i-pèr’pin), n, [K.L. bilis, bile,
+ purpora), purple color, E -in?..] A purple
compound obtained from iliverdin. See bile-
pigment. - - º
bilirubin (bil-i-rö’bin), n. [K L. bilis, bile, -F
rub(er), red, + -in2.] A red bile-pigment, the
552
chief coloring matter of human bile and that
of carnivorous animals, to which the formula
C16H18N2O3 has been glverl. When isolated it
forms an orange-red powder or red rhombic prisms. It is
insoluble in water, little soluble in alcohol and ether, but
readily soluble in chloroform or alkalis.
biliteral (bi-lit'e-ral), a. and n. [K L. bi-, two-,
+ litera, littera, letter: see literal.] I. a. Con-
sisting of two letters: as, a biliteral root in
language. Sir W. Jones.
Although we may call all these verbal bases roots, they
stand to the first class in about the same relation as the
triliteral Semitic roots to the more primitive biliteral.
Maa. Müller, Sci. of Lang., p. 263.
II. m. A word, root, or syllable formed of
two letters.
-bility. [F. -bilité = Sp. -bilidad = Pg. -bilidade
= It. -bilità, also in older form F. -bleté, OF.
-blete (> ME. -blete), etc., K. L. -bilita(t-)s (acc.
-bilitatem), K -bili-s (E. -ble) + -ta(t)s (E.-ty),
being the termination of nouns from adjectives
in -bilis; see -ble.] . A termination of English
nouns from adjectives in -ble, as in mobility,
capability, credibility, etc., from noble, capable,
credible, etc. See -able. -
bilive1+, bilive2+. See belive1, belive2.
biiiverdin (bi-ilver’āin), n, t{f biiis, bile,4-
F. verd (see vert), green, + -in?..] . The green
pigment found in the bile of herbivorous ami-
mals, to which the formula C16H18N2O4 has
been given. It is produced artificially by the
oxidation of bilirubin. See biliprasin.
bilk (bilk), v. t. [Origin obscure; appar. º;;
by some supposed to be a minced form of balkl.
Cf. the senses of bilk, m.] 1. In cribbage, to
balk or spoil any one's score in his crib.—2.
To frustrate or disappoint.—3. To deceive or
defraud; leave in the lurch; cheat: often with
of: as, to bilk, one of his due; to bilk a credi-
tor; “don’t you bilk me,” Spectator.—4. To
evade or escape from ; dodge; elude.
I don't intend to bilk my lodgings. Fielding.
He cannot drink five bottles, bilk the score,
Then kill a constable, and drink five more.
Cowper, Progress of Error, l, 193.
bilk (bilk), n. [See the verb.] 1. In cribbage,
the spoiling of one’s score in the crib.—2+.
Nothing; vain words.
f *. He will have the last word, though he talk bilk
Ol' U.
Hugh. Bilk / what's that?
Tub. Why, nothing; a word signifying nothing, and
borrowed here to express nothing. .
B. Jomson, Tale of a Tub, i. 1.
Bilk is said to be an Arabick word, and signifies no-
thing; cribbidge players understand it best.
Blownt, Glossographia (ed. 1681), p. 85.
[To call a word “Arabic” or “Hebrew " was and still is
a Way of dignifying slang or jargon.]
3. A trick; a fraud, [Rare.]–4. A cheat; a
swindler.
bilk (billº), a. [See the verb.] Fallacious; un-
reliable.
To that [Oates's plot] and the author's bille account of it
** am approaching. oger North, Examén, p. 129.
bill 1 (bil), n. [K ME. bill, bil, bille, bile, K AS.
bile, beak, also used of an elephant's proboscis;
not found in other
Teut. languages; prob.
connected with bill2.
The Ir. Gael. bil, beak,
mouth, is º of E.
origin.] 1. The beak or
neb of a bird. It consists
of the upper and lower man-
dibles, so far as these are
sheathed in horn. The ap-
posed edges of the mandibles
are the tomia ; the line of
apposition, the commissure;
the highest middle length-
wise line of the upper mandi-
Birds' Bills.
a, conirostral; b, dentirostral; c, tenuirostral; d, fissirostral; e, longi-
rostral; J, pressirostral; g, cultrirostral ; h, lamellirostral.
2. The beak, snout, rostrum, or jaws of Sundry
other animals, as turtles, cephalopods, many
fishes, etc.
billl (bil), v. i. [K ME. billen, peck as birds, K
bil, bile, beak: see billl, m.] 1. To join bills or
beaks, as doves; caress in fondness.
Doves, they say, will bill,
After their pecking and their murmuring,
B. Jomsom, Catiline, ii. 1.
2+. To rub the bill. [Rare.]
Thanne geth he [the eagle] to a ston,
And he billeth ther on,
Billeth til his bec biforn
Haveth the wrengthe [crookedness] forloren. -
Bestiary, in Old Eng. Misc. (ed. Morris), p. 82.
Bill and coo, to kiss and caress and talk nonsense, as
lovers: a phrase derived from the habits of doves.
Come, we must interrupt your billing and cooing awhile.
heridan, The Rivals, iv. 2.
bill2 (bil), n. [K ME. bill, bille, bil, a pick or
mattock, poet. a sword, K AS. bil, bill (only
oet.) = OS. bil, a sword, = M.D. bille = OHG.
ill, fem., M.H.G. bil, neut., G. bille, a pick to
sharpen millstones, = Sw. bill, a
lowshare; prob. connected with
illl, a beak, and perhaps ult. with
Skt. V bhid, split, cleave. Associ-
ated in sense with these words and
somewhat confused with them, but
etymol. distinct, are OHG. bihal, bi-
al, bil, M.H.G. bihel, bil, G. beil =
. bijl, an ax, hatchet, = Dan. bil
= Sw.bila; prob. = Icel. bildr, bilda,
an ax; cf. Ir. Gael. bia'il, ax, hatchet.
In sense 5, bill? may be an applica-
tion of bińij 1+. In the earliest
use, a kind of broadsword.—2. An
obsolete º weapon, consist-
ing of a broad hook-shaped blade,
having a short pike at the back
and another at the summit, fixed
to a long handle. It was used until the
fifteenth century by the English infantry, especially in
defending themselves against cavalry, and to the end of
the seventeenth century by civic guards or watchmen, etc.
They were formerly sometimes called brown-bills or black-
bills, probably because not brightened, but colored like
the modern rifle-barrel.
I cannot see how sleeping should offend, only have a
care that your bills be not stolen, Shak., Much Ado, iii. 3.
Make us a round ring with your bills, my Hectors,
And let us see what this trim man dares do.
Beau, and Fl., Philaster, v. 4.
3. A cutting instrument with a blade hook-
shaped toward the point, or having a concave
cutting edge, used by plumbers, basket-mak-
ers, gardeners, and others. Such instruments, when
used by gardeners for pruning hedges, trees, etc., are called
hedge-bills or bill-hooks. See bill-hook. -
The Shomaker must not goe aboue his latchet, nor the
hedger meddle with any thing but his bil.
Lyly, Duphues, Anat, of Wit, p. 203.
4. A pickax; a mattock.--5. Naut. : (a) The
point or extremity of the fluke of an anchor.
(b) The end of compass- or knee-timber.— Bows
Old English
Bill, time of
Elizabeth.
ble, the culmen or ridge; and ºrand billā, See bow?.
bill.3 (bil), m. [K ME. bille, a letter, writing,
KAF. bille, KML. (Anglo-L.) billa, a writing,
also a seal, another form of bulla, a writing, an
edict, prop. a sealed writing, a particular use
of bulla, a seal, stamp, same as L. bulla, a boss
knob, stud, bºbbie; hence bui3, of which bilić
is a doublet.] 1+. A writing of any kind, as a
will, a medical prescription, etc.; a billet.
His bill
In which that he iwriten had his will.
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1.693.
Diagram of Bill.
a, upper mandible; b, culmen;
c, nasal fossa ; d, nostril; e, com-
the corresponding line of the
lower mandible, the gonys or
keel. The masal fossa is a
pit, usually close to the base
of the upper mandible, in
Which the nostrils open; a
sheath at the base of the
bill is the cere. The leading shapes of the bill among
birds are technically expressed by derivatives and com-
pounds of rostrum (which see), as conirostral, dentiros-
tral, tenuirostral, ſissirostral, curvirostral, pressirostral,
longirostral, cultrirostral, lamellirostral, etc.; and many
other descriptive terms are equally technical in this ap-
plication.
The bill is hand and mouth in one; the instrument of
prehension. As hand, it takes, holds, and carries food or
other substances, and in many instances feels; as mouth, it
tears, cuts, or crushes, according to the nature of the sub-
Stances taken; assuming the functions of both lips and
teeth, neither of which do any recent birds possess,
Cowes, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 100.
missural point; y, upper tomi-
um ; ºr, rictus; h, forehead; 1,
ramus; 7, lower tomium ; Æ,
gonys; 2, lower mandible.
The Patient sendeth for a Physician, who feeleth his
Pulse and . . . then prescribeth a Receipt in a Bill.
Comenius, Visible World, p. 183.
2+. A written petition; a prayer.
And thanne come Pees into parlement and put forth a bille,
How Wronge ageines his wille had his wyf taken.
Piers Plowman (B), iv, 47.


bill
3. In law, a name given to several papers in
lawsuits; particularly, when used alone, to the
bill im, 4. or bill of indictment (see §elow).
It is a statement of complaint, and contains the fact com-
plained of, the damage sustained, and a petition or process
against the defendant for redress. It is used both in equity
and in criminal cases. In Scots law, every summary appli-
cation in writing, by way of petition to the Court of Šes-
sion, is called a bill. s
4. In com., a written statement of the names,
quantities, and prices of articles sold by one
person to another, with the date of sale, or a
statement of work done, with the amount
charged; an account of money claimed for
goods supplied or services rendered.
Why, please, ma'am, it is only thy little bill, a very
small account, I wanted thee to settle.
Quoted in Lady Holland's Sydney Smith, vii.
5. An acknowledgment of debt; a promissory
note: now obsolete except as sometimes used,
especially in the United States, for bank-note.
See 10.—6. A bill of exchange (which see,
below).—7. Any written paper containing a
statement of particulars: as, a bill of charges
or expenditures; a bill of fare or provisions,
etc.—8. A form or draft of a proposed statute
presented to a legislature, but not yet enacted
OT º and made law. In some cases statutes are
called bills, but: usually, they are qualified by some de-
scription: as, a bill of attainder.
9. A paper written or printed, and intended
to give public notice of something, especiall
by being exhibited in some public place; an ad-
vertisement posted; a placard.—10. A bank.
note: usually with its amount: as, a five-dollar
bill. [U. S.]—Accommodation bill. See accommo-
;Iºlº, bill. See appropriation.—Ap-
proved bill or note. See approve 1.-Bank post-b
a bill for a sum not less than £10 issued by the Bank
of England without charge, payable at seven days' sight
and accepted at time of drawing, for convenience in re-
mitting by post. Bills of this kind originated in 1738,
when mail-robberies were frequent in England, and are
not now in use.— Bill in equity, in an equity suit, the
pleading in which the plaintiff sets forth the circum-
stances on which he bases his claim for relief. It corre-
sponds to the complaint or declaration at common law.
—Bill of adventure, a writing signed by a merchant,
ship-owner, or master to show that goods shipped on board
a certain vessel are at the venture of another person, he
himself being answerable only for their delivery.—Bill of
Credit, (a) A letter sent by an agent or other person to
a merchant requesting him to give credit to the bearer for
goods or money. (b) Paper issued by the authority and
on the faith of a State to be circulated as money. The
Constitution of the United States (Art. I. § 10) provides
that no State shall emit bills of credit, or make anything
but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts.
Mr. Bancroft shows by a careful upturning of the colo-
nial records that bills of credit were nothing else than
Government legal-tender motes. The Century, XXXII. 160.
Bill of debt, an old term including promissory notes and
bonds for the payment of money.—Bill of entry, a writ-
ten account of goods entered at the custom-house, whether
imported or intended for export.—Bill of exceptions,
See eacception.— Bill of exchange, an order in writing,
addressed by one person to another, to pay on demand or
at a fixed or determinable future time a certain sum in
money to a specified person or to his order. Every com-
pleted bill of exchange should bear on its face the follow-
ing : (a) three names, namely, those of the drawer, th:
drawee, and the payee; (b) the sum to be paid; (c) two
dates, namely, the date of drawing and a time for pay-
ment or the means of determining the time, as where the
bill is payable at sight or a certain time after sight, that
is, presentment; (d) the place where it is drawn. if the
drawer and drawee are the same person, even in legal
effect of name, as Where a corporation by one officer
draws on itself by naming another officer, as such, as the
#. the paper is not a bill of exchange, but a mere
raft or promissory note. The drawer and the payee,
however, may be the same, as where one draws to his own
order and indorses to a third person. If the paper is not
§º absolutely, as where it is expressed to be paya-
le only out of a particular fund, it is not a bill of ex-
change; but a payment absolutely ordered may be di-
rected to be charged to a particular account of the drawer.
The words “value received" are usually inserted, but are
not essential to validity. The drawee of a bill becomes
liable by accepting it, usually done by writing his name
across its face, and he is thereafter called the accepter; but
a bill is negotiable before acceptance. In a foreign bill
of exchange, the drawer and drawee are residents of differ-
ent countries. In this respect, in the United States, the
residents of the different States are foreign to one another.
— Bills of exchange acts, a short name by Which are
known several British statutes (1871, 1878, and 1882), the
last of which codifles the whole body of British law re-
lating to negotiable paper.—Bill of fare, in a hotel or
restaurant, a list of dishes to be served in due course at a
regular meal, or which may be ordered.—Bill of health,
a certificate signed by a consul or other authority as to
the health of a ship's company at the time of her clear-
ing any port or place. A clean bill imports that the .
sailed at a time when no infectious disorder Was suppose
to exist; a suspected or towched bill imports that there
were rumors of such a disorder, but that it had not ap-
peared; a foul bill, or the absence of a clean bill, imports
that the place of departure was infected when the vessel
i."#. of indictment. See indictment.— Bill of
lading, a receipt for goods delivered to a carrier for
transportation. It is usually of goods shipped on board
of a vessel and signed by the master of the vessel, ac-
knowledging the receipt of the goods, and usually prom-
ising to .#. them in good condition at the place di-
553
billet
and attorney, the jurisdiction of the courts, the impanel-
ing of juries, appeals, etc.—Private bill, an act of a legis:
lature which deals with the rights of a single individual
or association, or of a group of individuals, as distinguish-
ed from one affecting the community #. or all per-
sons of a specified class or locality. It is regarded rather
as in the nature of a judicial award or decree than as a
statute or law.—To enter a bill short. See enter.—TO
note a bill of exchange. See note, v. t... [For other
noted bills on particular subjects, such as Reform Bill, see
the word characterizing the bill. For others better known
bought and of their prices; an invoice.—Bill of particu- ¥ by the term act, 8tatute, etc., see those words.]
rected, dangers of the sea, the act of God, perils of war,
etc. *::::::: In foreign trade they are usually drawn
up in triplicates, one of which goes to the shipper, one to
the consignee, and one is retained by the master. Often
abbreviated B. L.-Bills of L Act, a British stat-
ute of 1855, vesting rights under ölſº of lading in the
consignee or indorsee, but reserving right of stoppage in
transitu and claims for freight. Similar statutes in other
jurisdictions are variously known.— Bill of mortality.
See mortality.—Bill of parcels, an account given by the
seller to the buyer, containing particulars of the goods
lars, a writing setting forth in detail the particulars of a
matter stated in a more general form in a pleading.— Bill
of Right8. (a) An English statute of 1689 (1 Wm. and
Mary, Sess. 2, c. 2) declaring the rights and liberties of the
subject, and settling the succession of the crown in William
of Orange and Mary, and to the rightful heirs of the lat-
ter, but excluding any being Roman Catholics; it also
provided that Protestants might have in their possession
arms for defense suitable to their conditions. (b) A simi-
lar statement or declaration of personal rights in the
constitution of a State of the American Union, and incor-
Orated in the amendments to the Constitution of the
nited States.—Bill of sale, a formal instrument for
the conveyance or transfer of personal chattels, as house-
hold furniture, stock in a shop, shares of a ship, or the like.
It is often given to a creditor in security for money bor-
rowed, or an obligation otherwise incurred. When it ex-
pressly empowers the receiver to sell the goods if the
money is not repaid with interest at the appointed time,
or the obligation not otherwise discharged, the contract
is commonly called in the United States a chattel mort-
gage, not a bill of sale.— Bills of sale acts, a name given
to Several English statutes (1878, 1879, 1882, and 1883), regu-
lating bills of sale, especially when given without trans-
ferring possession of the property, and requiring a schedule
and 1.egistration, for the prevention of fraud on creditors.
—Bill of sight, a form of entry at a custom-house by
which goods respecting which the importer has not the
full particulars may be provisionally landed for examina-
tion.— Bill of stores, a license granted at a custom-house
to merchant-ships to carry stores and provisions for their
voyage duty-free.— Bill of sufferance, a coasting license
to trade from port to port without paying customs duty,
the dutiable goods being loaded and landed at sufferance
wharfs.— Bill payable, bill receivable, a bill of ex-
change, promissory note, or other commercial paper. It
is called a bill payable by the person who is to pay it, and
a bill receivable by the person who holds it. Separate ac-
counts under these names are usually kept in mercantile
books.—Blackstone's Hard-labor Bill, an English stat-
ute of 1779 (19 Geo. III., c. 74) relating to the transporta-
tion, imprisonment and punishment of convicts. It es-
tablished “ penitentiary houses,” required that prisoners
should be put to severe work according to their ability
and be separately confined when at rest, and prescribed
minute regulations for their care and control.—
Silver Bill, a United States statute of 1878 (20 Stat., 25):
so called from its author, Richard P. Bland, a member of
the House from Missouri. It reëstablished the silver dol-
lar containing 4123 grainstroy of standard silver as a legal
tender; but its special feature was a clause requiring the
Treasury to purchase every month not less than two mil-
lion nor more than four million dollars' worth of silver
bullion and to coin it into dollars.--Boston Port Bill, an
English statute of 1774 (14 Geo. III., c. 19) incited by the
destruction of tea in Boston harbor. It closed the port of
Boston to trade, allowing the admission only of food and
fuel brought from other parts of America.-Creditor's
bill. See creditor.—Deceased Wife's Sister Bill, a bill
repeatedly introduced into the British Parliament to ab-
rogate the rule of English law which forbids a widower to
marry the sister of his deceased wife. The bill was
passed in 1907, receiving the royal assent on August 28.-
Deficiency bill. (a) A short loan or advance made to the
British government by the Bank of England whenever the
taxes recºived are insufficient to pay the dividends due on
government stocks. (b) A legislative bill appropriating
an amount of money required to make up a deficiency.—
Exchequer bill. See eacchequer.— General Deficiency
Bill, a bill which covers the deficiencies of previous appro-
priation bills.--Home-Rule Bill, (a) A bill introduced
into the British Parliament by Mr. Gladstone, in 1886, to
provide a separate parliament for Ireland. It was defeated
in its second reading, June 7, 1886. (b) A similar bill in-
troduced by Mr. Gladstone on Feb. 13, 1893, and de-
feated in the House of Lords on Sept. 8. (c) A similar bill
introduced by Mr. Asquith on April 11, 1912.-Jew Bill, an
English statute of 1753(repealed in 1754) enabling Jews who
wereforeigners to be naturalized without first partaking of
the sacrament.— Kansas-Nebraska. Bill, an act of the
United States Congress of 1854 for the organization of the
Territories of Kansas and Nebraska. It abrogated that pro-
vision of the Missouri compromise of 1820 which forbade
slavery north of latitude 36°30' (the southern boundary of
Missouri), left the decision of all questions as to slavery
in the Territories or States formed from them to the rep-
resentatives of the people residing there, extended the
fugitive-slave law to these Territories, and allowed appeal
in cases affecting the title to slaves from the local courts
to the United States Supreme Court. The political conse-
quences of the bill were most important, causing the de-
struction of the Whig party and the struggle between the
proslavery and antislavery parties for the control of the
Territories, which culminated in the war of secession and
the total abolition of slavery.— Original bill in equity,
in law, a bill of complaint originating a litigation; one
not connected with a previous bill, as distinguished from
one growing out of a matter before litigated in the court
by the same person standing in the same interests.—Pen-
dleton Bill, a United States statute of 1883 (22 Stat., 403)
regulating and improving the civil service : So called after
its promoter, Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio. It
provides for the competitive examination of applicants for
office, and their appointment to vacancies according to
their grade as established by the examining commission.
—Poland Bill, a United States statute of 1874 (18 Stat.,
253), so called after its author, Iuke P. Poland, a member of
the House of Representatives from Vermont, the design of
which was to render effective the authority of the officers
and courts of the United States in the Territory of Utah,
by prescribing the duties of the United States marshal
bill.3 (bil), w. t.
bill.4 (bil), n.
billaget, n. and v.
billard (bil’ārd), m.
billardst,
Billbergia (bil-bér'ji-á), m.
bill-board 1 (bil’bórd), m.
kanchor-liming.
bill-board?
bill-book (bil’ bük),
bill-broker (bil’bró*kēr), m.
bill-chamber (bil’chām"bér), m.
billed (bild), a.
billementt, m.
billet 1 (bil’et), m.
[K billé, n.1 1. To enter in a
bill; make a bill or list of; charge or enter in
an account for future payment: as, to bill goods
or freight to a consignee; to bill passengers in a
stage-coach; to bill a customer's purchases.
See book, v. t.
Parties in the United States having goods to ship to
Corea may, as heretofore, have them billed to Yokohama
by American or other lines and then rebilled to Corea.
U. S. Cong. Rep., No. 73, p. cxii.
2. To advertise by bill or public notice; an-
nounce on a play-bill: as, he was billed to
appear as Othello.
[Var. of E. dial. beel, beal, K beal,
v., var. of bell?..] A bellow or roar: applied to
the boom of the bittern.
The sun at morning, and the stars of night,
Alike, when heard the bittern's hollow bill,
Or the first Woodcocks roamed the moonlight hill.
Wordsworth, Evening Walk.
A corruption of bilge.
[Origin unknown.] 1.
A local English name of the coalfish.-2+. An
imperfect capon. Itay. . [Eng. dial., Sussex.]
m. pl. An obsolete form of billiards.
[NL., named after
J. G. Billberg, a Swedish botanist.] A genus
of epiphytic plants of the family Bromeliaceae.
There are 40 species, with crowded spinosely serrate leaves
and panicled or racemose flowers. They grow on trees in
tropical America, and have been introduced into hothouses
for the sake of their beautiful and fragrant flowers.
[K bill2 + board.]
Naut., a projection sheathed with iron placed
abaft the cathead,
for the bill of the an-
chor to rest on. See
(bil’-
börd), n. [K bill3 +
board.] A board or
tablet on which ad-
vertising bills or pla-
cards may be posted.
--~~~
vºº
Dºt- º Ž
º =ºft
r tº 4ſ.
m. A book in which
a merchant keeps a
record of the details of his bills of exchange,
promissory notes, etc., payable and receivable.
One whose busi-
ness it is to negotiate the discount of bills of
exchange, either simply as agent or by buying
and selling again, with or without a guaranty.
[British.]
[X bill3 +
chamber.] A department of the Court of Ses-
sion in Scotland in which one of the judges
officiates at all times during session and vaca,
tion. All proceedings for summary remedies or for pro-
tection against some threatened action, as, for example,
interdicts, begin in the bill-chamber. The process of se-
questration or bankruptcy issues from this department of
the court.
[ME. billid; K billl + -ed?..]
Furnished with or having a bill or beak: used
chiefly in composition : as, a short-billed bird.
See biliment.
[K ME. billette, KAF. billette
(ML. billeta, F. billet, billette), dim. of bille, a
writing: see bill:8..] 1. A small paper or note in
writing; a short letter or document.
I got your melancholy billet before we sat down to dim-
IlêI’. Sterme, Letters, lxxxiv.
2. A ticket given by a billet-master or other
officer directing the person to whom it is ad-
dressed to provide board and lodging for the
soldier bearing it.
The soldiers distributed themselves among the houses
of the most opulent citizens, no one escaping a billet who
was rich enough to receive such company.
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 547.
Hence—3. The place where a soldier is lodged;
lodging; accommodation.—4. The place (mark-
ed by a numbered hammock-hook) assigned to
each of the crew of a man-of-war for slinging
his hammock. Hence—5. A place, situation,
osition, or appointment: as, he is looking
or a billet. [Vulgar..]—6+. A ballot or vot.
ing-paper.—Act of Billets (Scotch Parliament, 1662),
a measure by which the twelve persons exempted from
I, Bill-board ; 2, Bill-port.






billet
the King's Indemnity were to be chosen by secret voting.
N. E. D.—Billet de change. [F.] In law, a contract #,
furnish a bill of exchange; a contract to pay the value of
a bill of exchange already furnished. Bouvier.—Every
bullet has its billet, every bullet has its destination as-
signed ; that is, only those are killed in battle whose death
has been ordained by Providence: a saying attributed to
King William III. of England.
illet' (bil’et), v, [K billet1, n.] I. trans. To
direct (a soldier) by a ticket or note where to
lodge; hence, to quarter or place in lodgings,
as Soldiers in private houses.
Retire thee; go where thou art billeted,
Shak., Othello, ii. 3.
If at home any peace were intended us, what meant
those billeted Soldiers in all parts of the Kingdom, and
the design of German Horse, to subdue us in our peace-
full Houses? Milton, Eikonoklastes, ix.
The rude, insolent, unpaid and therefore insubordinate
soldiery were billeted in every house in the city.
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 289.
II., intrans. To be quartered; lodge: spe-
cifically applied to soldiers.
He billets in my lodgings. Dr. Prideawa, To Abp. Ussher.
billet2 (bil’et), n. [Also billot, K ME. billette,
bylet, K OF. billete, F. billette, also billot, a block
or log of wood, diminutives of bille, KML. billus,
a log, a stock of a tree; origin unknown. Cf.
billiards.] 1. A small stick of wood; especial-
ly, a stick of wood cut for fuel. A billet of fire-
Wood must, by a statute of Elizabeth, measure 3 feet 4
inches in length. Bundles of billets are called billet-wood.
What shall these billets do? be pil'd in my wood-yard?
Beau. and Fl., King and No King, v. 3.
He slept on the ground, or on the hard floor, with a bil-
Čet of wood for his pillow. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 5.
2. In her., a bearing in the form of a small
rectangle, usually set with the long sides verti-
cal. The number, position, and tincture must always be
specified : thus, the illustration shows
three billets azure in chief. Billets
should always be represented flat, with-
out shadow or relief. See brick2, 4.
3. In arch. : (a) An ornament
much used in early medieval
work, consisting of an imitation
of a wooden billet, or a small
section of a rod, of which a se-
ries are placed at regular inter-
vals in or upon a molding, usu-
ally a concave molding. See cut under billet-
molding. (b) A checker.—4. A short strap
used for connecting various straps and portions
of a harness.-5. A pocket or loop into which
the end of a strap is inserted after passing
through a buckle.—6. A small bloom; a short
bar of iron or steel, with a square section, and
of smaller size than an ordinary “pile.” A billet
is rolled of the size and weight required for the finished
article which is to be produced from it.— Billet and zig-
zag, a frequent molding in medieval architecture, consist-
ing of a torus ornamented by alternate checkers. — Cast
billet, a moderate-sized billet, formerly, by law, 10 inches
in circumference.—Single billet, a small billet, former-
ly, by law, 7% inches in circumference.—Two-cast billet,
a large billet, formerly, by law, 14 inches in circumfer-
b
Three Billets azure
in chief.
billiard-ball (bil’yard-bāl), m.
billiard-cloth (bil’yard-klöth), m. A
554.
field. Also called billety counter-billety. , (b)
Strewed all over with billets. It is usual to
arrange the billets alternately, each coming
under a space, and the reverse.
bill-fish (bil’fish), m. [K bill 1 (cf. its L. name,
belone, K. Gr. Bežávm, a sharp point) + fish.] 1.
The long-nosed gar, or common garpike, Lepi-
sosteus osseus, a fish of the family Lepidosteidae.
See garºpike.—2. The skipper, Scombresoa, saw-
ºrus, a synentognathous fish of the family
Scombresocidae. Also called sawry.—3. The
spear-fish, Tetrapturus albidus, of the family
Istiophoridae. It has a prolonged beak like a sword-
fish, and occurs along the eastern coast of the United
States and in the Caribbean sea.
4. One of the garfishes, Tylosurus marinus,
of the family Belomidae. See garfish, and cut
under Belomidae.
bill-hawk (bil’hāk), n. A form of saw-tooth,
so calledfrom a certain resemblance to a hawk's
bill.
bill-head (bil’hed), n. [K bills -- head.]. A
printed paper containing the name, address,
and business of a person or firm, etc., with
Space below for adding an account in writing.
bill-hook (bil’hiik), n. [K bill2 + hook.] A
form of small hatchet curved inward
at the point of the cutting edge, used
for pruning trees, hedges, and the
like, and by sappers and miners to cut
ickets, rods, and withes for gabions,
ascines, hurdles, saprollers, etc.
billiard, m. See billiards. A.
small round ivory ball used in play-
ing billiards.
Bill-hook.
fine green woolen cloth, piece-dyed,
from 72 to 81 inches wide, manufactured to
cover billiard-tables.
billiard-cue (bil’yard-kü), n. The tapering
stick with which "billiard-players strike the
balls.
billiardist (bil’yar-dist), n. [K billiard-s + -ist.]
One skilled in the game of billiards; a profes-
sional billiard-player.
billiard-marker (bil’yard-măr"kēr), n. 1. One
who attends on players at billiards and records
the progress of the game.—2. An apparatus
for registering the points and games scored at
billiards.
billiards (bil’yardz), m. [Formerly also spelled
billiard, billyards (-lli-, -lly-, to indicate the for-
mer pronunciation of F. -ll-), billards, etc.; K F.
billard, billiards, billiard-table, formerly a bil-
liard-cue, orig. a stick with a curved end, K bille,
a log of wood, a young stock of a tree (see bil-
let2); a different word from bille, a ball, a bil-
liard-ball,—Sp. billa = It. bilia, biglia; M.L. billa,
a ball, same as billa, a seal, a writing, a bill: see
bills.] A game played by two or more persons,
billion (bil’yon), n.
billowy
billingsgate (bil’ingz-gāt), n. [Formerly also
Billinsgate, Beelingsgate, K ME. Bellinges gate,
i. e., Billing's gate (cf. AS. Billing, a patro-
nymic name), the name of one of the ancient
gates of the city of London, and of a fish-
market near it, noted for the foulness of the
language used there.] Profane or scurrilous
language or abuse; blackguardism. *
Satire is nothing but ribaldry and billingsgate.
Addison, Papers.
[F., contracted from *bi-
million, K.L. bi-, twice (second power), + F. mil-
lion, million.] 1. In Great Britain, a million
of millions; as many millions as there are units
in a million (1,000,000,000,000).-2. In France
and the United Štates, a thousand millions
- gº [The word billion was introduced into
rench in the sixteenth century, in the sense of a million
to the second power, as a trillion was a million to the third
power. At that time numbers were usually pointed off
in periods of six figures. In the seventeenth century the
custom prevailed of pointing off numbers in periods of
three, and this led to the change in the meaning of the
word billion in French. The words billion, trillion, etc.,
did not apparently come into use in English until a later
date, for Locke (“I’ssay on the Human Understanding,”
ii. 16, § 6, 1690) speaks of the use of billion as a novelty.
The English meaning of the word is thus the original and
most systematic. The word billion is not used in the
French of every-day life, one thousand millions being
called 8. milliard.]
billionaire (bil’yon-ár), n. IK billion + -aire,
as in millionaire.] One who possesses property
worth a billion reckoned in standard coin of
the country. [Rare.]
One Would like to give a party now and then, if one
could be a billionaire. O. W. Holmes, Elsie Venner, vii.
billman (bil’man), m.; pl. billmen (-men). [K bill?
+ man.] 1. A soldier or civic guardsman of
former times armed with a bill.
In rushed his bill-mem. Mir. for Mags., p. 427.
A billman of the guard. Saville, tr. of Tacitus, i. 24.
When the bill-men saw that the fire was overaw'd, and
could not doe the deed [burn the martyr], one of them
steps to him, and stabs him with a sword.
Milton, Prelatical Episcopacy.
2. A laborer who uses a bill for cutting.
[Rare.]
billon (bil’on), n. . [E., copper coin, base coin,
a mint for such coin (= Pr. billo = Sp. vellón =
Pg. bilhão = It. biglione; M.L. billio(n-), bil-
lon), Orig. a “mass’ of metal, K bille, a log: see
billet2, billot. In older E. form (by confusion)
bullion : see bullion?..] 1. Gold or silver alloyed
with copper in large proportions, so as to make
a base metal.
In many continental countries the smaller currency has
been made of a very low alloy of silver and copper, called
billon. . . . According to an analysis performed at the
Owen's College chemical laboratory, one part of silver and
three of copper. Billon is still being coined in Austria.
Jevons, Money and Mech. of Exchange, p. 125.
2. Coin struck from an alloy over half copper.
billot (bil’ot), n. [F., dim. of bille ; see billet2.]
#" me as billet2.
blulow (bil’ô), n. [Early mod. E. also bellow ;
on a rectangular table of special construction
(see billiard-table), with ivory balls, which the
players, by means of cues, cause to strike
€I) Cé.
billet.8 (bil’et), n. [Cf. billard and bil.] A.
local English name of the coal-fish, especially
when one year old.
loillet-cable (bil’et-kā’bl), m. [K billet2 + cable.]
A molding occurring in early medieval archi-
tecture, consisting of a torus or cable orna-
mented with billets.
billet-doux (bil-e-dó’), m.; pl. billets-doua. [F.;
lit., sweet letter: billet, see billetl, m.; doua, K.L.
dulcis, sweet.] A love-note or short love-letter.
Valentine's Day kept courting pretty May, who sate next
him, slipping amorous billets-dowa, under the table.
Lamb, New Year's Coming of Age.
Thilletée (bil-e-tā’), a. [F. billeté, -ée, K billette:
see billet2..] In her., same as billety.
Thillet-head (bil’et-hed), m. [K billet2 + head.]
1. Naut. : (a) A cylindrical piece of timber fixed
in the bow or stern of a whaling-boat, round
which theine is run out when the whale darts
off after being harpooned. Also called bollard.
(b) Same as scroll-head.—2. A loggerhead.
'billeting-roll (bil’et-ing-ról), m. [K billeting
(K billet2, a stick, + -ing 1) + roll.] A set of
rollers having flattening and edging grooves,
used in rolling iron into merchantable bars.
billet-master (bil’et-mâs’tēr), n. One whose
duty is to issue billets to soldiers.
billet-molding (bil’et-möl/ding), n. In arch.,
any molding ornamented
with billets.
Plural
billets-doux, n.
of billet-douac.
billety (bile-ti), a... [See
billetée.] In her. : (a) Di-
vided into billets: same
as barry paly: Said of the
". …] * li'it',
% |% sº
Billet-molding.
# bińcock, n.
against each other. Formerly in the United States
the game was played with four balls on a table having six
pockets, the players scoring both for caroms and for driv-
ing the balls into the pockets. (See carom.) This is nearly
the present English game. Since, however, expert players
could continue an inning at the game thus played almost
without limit, the pockets were dispensed with and count-
ing was made to dependentirely upon caroms. Later, pro-
fessional players adopted what is known as the French
game, in which only three balls are used, and this was mod-
ified to the champions' game, in which a line, called a balk-
lime, is drawn crossing each corner of the table diagonally,
within which two counts only can be made. Experts now
play also cushion-caroms, in which the cue-ball must touch
the cushion before hitting the second object-ball, or hit the
second ball again on a return from the cushion ; the balk-
line game, which is the same as the champions' game, but
with balk-lines 14 inclies from the cushion all round the
table ; and the bank-game, in which the cue-ball must hit
the cushion before touching any other ball. [The singular
form, billiard, is occasionally used, and is always employed
in composition.
With aching heart, and discontented looks,
Returns at noon to billiard or to books.
Cowper, Retirement.]
billiard-table (bil’yard-tà"bl), n. A table on
which the game of billiards is played. It is made
of mahogany or other hard Wood, of strong and heavy
construction, and has a raised cushioned ledge all round,
the area thus formed consisting of a bed of slate or marble
covered with fine green cloth. The size varies, the smallest
common size being 10 by 5 feet, and the largest 12 by 6 feet.
Some tables are provided with six pockets, one at each cor-
ner and one in the middle of each of the long sides; others
have four pockets; but billiard-tables are now, except in
England, commonly made without pockets.
See billycock.
billing (biling), n. [Ppr. of billi, v.1 A caress-
ing after the fashion of doves; love-making:
as, “your billings and cooings,” Leigh Hunt.
prob. K. Icel. bylgja (through an unrecorded
ME. *bylge) = Sw. bālja = Dan. bālge, a billow,
= OD. bolghe, bulghe - LG. bulge = OHG.
*bulga, MHG. G. bulge, a billow, prob. related
to OHG. bulgă, MHG. G. bulge, a bag; ult. K
AS. (etc.) belgan, Swell, swell up, whence also
bellows, belly, etc. Cf. bulge.] A great wave
or surge of the sea, occasioned usually by a
violent wind: much used in figurative applica-
tions, and often, especially in the plural, as
merely equivalent to wave ; as, the billows of
sorrow rolled over him.
You stand upon the rivage and behold
A city on the inconstant billows dancing.
Shak., Hen. V., iii. (cho.).
Strongly it bears us along, in swelling and limitless bil-
lows. Coleridge, tr. of Schiller, Homeric Hexameter.
==Syn. See wave.
billow (bil’ô), v. [K billow, n.] I. intrans. To
Swell; rise and roll in large waves or surges.
The black-browed Marseillese . . . do billow on towards
the Tuileries, where their errand is.
Carlyle, French Rev., II. iv. 7.
II. trans. To raise in waves or billows.
Owng.
billowed (bil’öd), p. a. [Pp. of billow, v.]
Swelled like a billow.
billowy (bil'éi), a. [K billow + -y).], Swell-
ing or swelled into large waves; full of bil-
lows or surges; having an appearance or effect
as of billows: as, “the billowie ocean,” Chap-
man, Odyssey, v.; billowy flames.
We had glimpses of the billowy Campagna, with the
great dome bulging from its rim.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 205.




bill-poster
pill-poster (bil’pós’tér), n. One whose busi-bilocular (bi-lok’ī-lär), a.
ness it is to post up bills and advertisements.
Also called bill-sticker.
bill-scale (bil’skāl), n. . The hard scale or nib
on the tip of the beak of a chick, aiding it to
peck the shell in order to make its escape from cular pericarp.
biloculate (bi-lok’īī-
the egg.
billºsticker (bil'stik'êr), n., Same as bill-poster.
Billyl (bil’i), n. ; pl. billies (-iz).
billie ; of unknown origin. The sense is rather
too definite to be considered an application bilophodont (bi-lof’-
(like “Jack,” “Jill,” “Tom, Dick, and Harry”)
of the familiar proper name Billy, dim. of Bill, a
corruption of Will, which is short for William.]
A comrade; a companion; a brother in arms,
trade, and the like; a fellow; a young man.
[Scotch and North. Eng.] -
When chapman billies leave the street.
Burns, Tam o'Shanter.
Thilly? (bil’i), n. ; pl. billies (-iz). [A slang word,
perhaps a particular application of the familiar
propername Billy : see billyl, and cf. betty and
§. Cf. also F. bille, a stick or stock, under
billet2 and billiards.] 1. Stolen metal of any
kind. [Slang.] – 2. A small metal bludgeon
that may be carried in the pocket; hence,
policeman’s club. [Slang.]–3. A slubbing-
machine. See slubber.
billy-biter (bil’i-bi"tér), n. [K Billy, a familiar
name, -- biter.] A name for the blue titmouse,
Parus coºruleus. Macgillivray. [Local, Brit-
ish.]
Pilly-blind (bil’i-blind), n. 1. In ballads, the
name of a benevolent household demon or fa-
miliar spirit. Also written Billy Blind.— 2.
[l. c.] The game of blind-man’s buff. N. E. D.
billyboy (bil’i-boi), n. [Appar. a humorous
application of Billy boy (K billyl + boy), a fa-
miliar phrase of address; but prob. an accom.
to this form
of SOHOle
other name.]
A flat-bot-
tomed, bluff-
bowed barge,
of very light
draft, espe-
cially built
for the navi-
gation of the
river Humber
in England
and its tribu-
taries. Sea-go-
ing billyboys are
generally clincher-built and sloop-rigged, but some are
carvel-built and schooner-rigged. Many carry a square
topsail and lee-boards. The mast is fitted to the deck by
a hinge, so that it can be lowered when passing under
a bridge.
You look at the clustered houses, and at the wharves
with the black old billyboys squattering alongside.
W. C. Russell, Sailor's Sweetheart, ii.
biº. (bil’i-kok), n. [Origin obscure.] A
stiff, round, low-crowned felt hat: often called
Billyboy.
a billycock hat. Also spelled billicock. [Colloq.] bimanual (bi-man’īī-al), a.
billy-gate (bil’i-gāt), m.
in a slubbing-machine.
billy-goat (bil’i-göt), m.
a he-goat, as mammy-goat is for a she-goat.
billy-piecer (bil’i-pé’sér), n. In woolen-manuf.,
a child who pieces or joins together roving on
a carding-engine called a billy or slubbing-
billy. [Not used in U. S.]
billy-roller (bil’i-rö"lér), n. In woolen-manuf.,
a wooden roller in the slubbing-machine, under
which cardings are passed, and by which they
are slightly compressed.
billy-web (bil’i-web), m. ... A name given in
Honduras to the wood of a little-known timber-
tree.
bilobate (bi-lô'bāt), a [K bi-” + lobate.] Hav-
ing or divided into two lobes: as, a bilobate
leaf.
bilobed (biºlóbd), a. Same as bilobate.
bilobular (bi-lob’īī-lär), a. Same as bilobate.
Round or bilobvlar structures of very variable size.
Frey, Histol. and Histo-chem. (trans.), p. 29.
bilocation (bi-lô-kā’shon), n., [K bi-2 + loca-
The moving carriage
[Also spelled + -ate1.]
biloquial (bi-lô"kwi-al), a.
biloquist (bil’ā-kwist), n.
* bilsah (bil’sg), n.
biltong, biltongue (bilºtong, -tung), n.
B
bimanet (biſmän), a.
bimanous (bi’ må-nus), a.
A familiar name for bimarginate (bi-mâr (ji-nāt), a.
bimedial (bi-mé'di-al), n.
bimembral (bi-mem’bral), a.
555
loculus, a cell (K locus, a place), + -arð..] Divid-
ed into two cells, or
containing two cells
internally: as, a bilo-
lāt), a. [As bilocul-dr
Same as
bilocular.
Ö-dont), a.. [K L. bi-,
two-, + Gr. 26 pog, a
crest, + 6600g (bóovt-)
= E. tooth.] Having
two transverse crests on a molar tooth, as the
tapirs, dinotheriids, and kangaroos.
The bilophodont sub-type becomes more marked in Di-
notherium and in the anterior small molar of Mastodon.
Owen, Anat. Vert., III. 343.
[K L. bi-, two-, +
loqui, speak; after colloquial.] Speaking with
two different voices. N. E. D.
[As biloquial + -ist.]
One who can speak with two different voices.
F}
[E. Ind.] A fine kind of
tobacco grown in the district of Malwa in cen-
tral India
ed section of
Bilocellate.— Enl
a bilocellate anther, in which each
of the two cells is also bilocellate.
|bilsted (bil'sted), n. [Appar. a native name.]
Another name of the American sweet-gum tree,
Liquidambar Styraciflua. S
[S.
African D. biltong, K. D. bil, buttock, pl. rump,
+ tong = E. tongue.] A South African name
for lean meat cut into thin strips and dried in
the sun.
bimaculate, bimaculated (bi-mak’īī-lāt, -lā-
ted), a. [K bi-2 + maculate.] Having two
spots; marked with two spots.-Bimaculated
duck, Anas glocitans or Querquedula bimaculata, a Euro-
pean species of teal.
imana (bim'a-nā), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. (se.
animalia) of bimanus, two-handed: see bima-
mous.] An order of Mammalia, including man
alone, established by Blumenbach, and retained
by Cuvier and most naturalists until quite re-
cently. The order is now practically abolished, since it
has been shown that, zoölogically and morphologically,
man differs less from the anthropoid apes than these apes
do from most monkeys. The custom is now to revert in
this particular to the classification of Linnaeus, who in-
cluded man with the apes, monkeys, and lemurs in One
order, Primates. The zoölogical rank now usually assigned
to the genus Homo is that of the type of a family Homi-
midae or Anthropidae, the term Bimama being used, if at
all, as the name of a superfamily or suborder, by means of
which man alone is thus contrasted With Simiae.
[K F. bimane, K NL. bi-
manus : see bimanows.] Same as bimanows.
- [K NL. bimanus,
two-handed, K L. bi-, two-, + manus, hand.
Cf. Bimana.] 1. Having two hands.
Two-handed and two-footed, or bimanows and biped.
Lawrence, Lectures, p. 159 (Ord MIS.).
Specifically—2. In 206l., belonging to or hav-
ing the characters of the Bimama.
º [K L. bi-, two-, +
manus (manu-), hand, + -al. Cf. manual.] In-
volving the employment of both hands.
[K bi-2 +
marginate.] In conch., furnished with a dou-
ble margin as far as the tip.
bimbo (bim’bó), m. A kind of punch, drunk as
a liqueur, made with six lemons and a pound
of sugar to a quart of brandy and a quart of
water.
[K bi-2 + medial;
tr. of Gr. Šk Čto pºoov, from two medials.] In
anc. math., a line compounded of two medials.
If these latter make a rational rectangle, the compound
is called a first bimedial ; if they make a medial rec-
tangle, the compound is termed a second bimedial. In
modern language this would be expressed by saying that
a bimedial is a quantity of the form (Ya + 1/b) Vc, where
a, b, and c are commensurable. It is a first or a second
bimedial according as a b c is or is not a perfect square.
[K L. bimembris,
bi-, two-, + membrum, member.] Consisting
of two members, as a sentence. Gibbs.
bimenet, v. t. A Middle English form of bemoan.
bimensal (bi-men'sal), a.
[K L. bi-, two-, +
mensis, a month. Cf. bimestrial.] Occurring
tion.] The power of being in two places at once in two months; bimonthly.
the same time. See extract.
The word bilocation has been invented to express the
miraculous faculty possessed by certain Saints of the
Roman Church, of being in two places at once.
Ş. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, I, 404. Bimeriidaº (bi-me-ri'i-dé), m. pl.
bilocellate (bi-lô-sel’āt), a... [K bi-2 + locellus
+ -atel..] In bot., divided into two locelli or
secondary cells. See cut in next column.
Bimeria (bi-mé’ri-á), n.
[NL., K. L. bi-, two-,
+ Gr. Alépog, part.] A genus of hydrozoans,
typical of the family Bimeriidae.
[NL., K. Bi-
meria + -idae.]. A family of tubularian hydro-
zoans, typified by the genus Bimeria. The polyp-
stock is covered with a perisare, the generative buds are
sessile, and the tentacles of the polyps are simple,
[K L. bi-, two-, + bimestrial (bi-mes' tri-al), a.
- *H: (bi-me-tal'ik), a. [K F. binºgu,
bimetallism, (bi-metal-izm), n.
bimetallist (bi-met/al-ist), n.
bimetallistic (bi-met-a-listik), a.
bimodular (bi-mod’ū-lär), a.
bimucronate (bi-mü’krô-nāt), a.
Bimusculosa (bi-mus-kü-ló'sä), m. pl.
bini (bin), n.
bin2+ (bin), adv. and prep.
bin
[K. L. bimestris,
of two months’ duration, & bi two-, + mensis, a
month.], Happening every two months; eon-
tinuing two months.
Dante became one of the six priors (June, 1300), an
office which the Florentines had made biºmestrial in its
tenure, in order apparently to secure at least six constitu-
tional chances of revolution in the year.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 11.
y
bi- (K. L. bi-, two-) + métallique; or K bi-2 +
'metallic. This word and its derivatives are of
recent origin, M. Cernuschi having been the
first to use bimétallique in 1869, and bimetallic in
1876. N. E. D.] Of or pertaining to two met-
als; specifically, pertaining to the use of a
double metallic standard in currency. See bi-
"metallism.
The fallacy that prices depend directly on the volume
of currency, that a bi-metallic standard is practicable, etc.
N. A. Rev., CXXVII. 352.
[K bimetall-ic
+ -ism..] The use of two metals as money at
relative values set by legislative enactment;
the union of two metals in circulation as money
at a fixed rate. Specifically, a monetary system which
permits the unlimited coinage, at a fixed relative value,
of both silver and gold, and which recognizes coins of
both metals as legal tender to any amount.
This coinage was superseded by the bimetallic (gold and
silver) coinage of Croesus, and bimetallism was the rule in
Asia down to Alexander's time in the fixed ratio of one to
thirteen and a half between the two metals. Academy.
[K bimetall-ic +
—ist. Cf. bimetallism.] One who advocates tho
use of a double metallic monetary standard.
[K bimetal-
list + -ic.j Pertaining or relating to bimetal-
lism. Contemporary Rev.
[K bimodulus +
-ar3.J 1. Pertaining to the bimodulus.—2.
Having two moduli.
bimodulus (bi-mod’īī-lus), n. ; pl. bimoduli (-li).
[NL., K bi-2 + modulus.] In math., the double
of the modulus of a system of logarithms.
bimonthly (bi-munthºli), a. [K bi-2 + monthly.]
Oe
curring every two months. Sometimes errone.
ously used for semi-monthly, as applied to periodicals ap-
pearing twice a month.
[K bi-2 + mu-
cromate.] In 206l., having two mucros Or angu-
lar projections: as, bimucromate elytra.
bimuscular (bi-mus’kū-lär), a. [K bi-2 + muscu-
lar.] In conch., having two adductor muscles,
as some bivalves; dimyarian.
[NL.,
L. bi-, two-, + musculosus, muscular, K mus-
culus, muscle.] In conch., an order of bivalve
mollusks: synonymous with Dimyaria. Gould,
1841.
[K ME. bimme, bynne, byn, a re-
pository for grain or bread, usually a manger,
KAS. bimm, a manger. Origin uncertain; per-
haps, like D. benne, bem, = G. benne, a basket-
wagon, = It. benna, a sleigh, cart, = F. banne,
benne, a basket, creel, pannier, basket-wagon, K
ML. benna, a basket, a hamper, appar. the same
as L. benna, quoted as an old Gaulish name for
a kind of vehicle; cf. W. ben, a cart, wagon.]
1. A box or inclosed place used as a repository
for any commodity: as, a corn-bin; a coal-bin.
—2. One of the open subdivisions of a cellar
for the reception of wine-bottles.
Also spelled binn.
binl (bin), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bimmed, ppr. bim-
ning. [K bin1, m.] To put into or store in a bin:
as, to bin liquor.
[= E. dial. and Sc.
ben (see ben1), K ME. bimme, bimmen, binnom, K
AS. bimmam, ONorth. bimma (= OS. *binman =
OFries. binma = D. bimmen = MHG. G. bimmen),
within, K be-, by, + innan, within: see be-2 and
in1; cf. but 1.] I. adv. Within ; inside.
II. prep. 1. Of place, within; inside of; in.
—2. Of time, within ; during.
binet, v. A shortened form of been, past partici-
ple, and obsolete infinitive and present indica-
tive plural, of be... Bin is the ordinary pronun-
ciation in the United States of the past partici-
ple been.
Out of whom [Beda} cheifly hath bin gatherd since the
Saxons arrival, such as hath bin deliverd, a scatterd story
pickt out heer and there. Milton, Hist. Eng., iv.
With ev'rything that pretty bin
My lady sweet arise.
Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 3 (song).
Blushes that bim.
The burnish of no sin.
Crashaw, Wishes to his supposed Mistress.
As fresh as bin the flowers in May. Peele.


bina,
..[K Hind. bin. Cf. been4.1, An
guitar with seven strings. Also
bina (bé'nā), n. [K
East Indian
called vina.
binagle, n. See binnacle.
binal (bi'nal), a. [KML. binalis, double, K L.
bâni, two by two; see binary..] Twofold;
double; binary: as, “binal revenge,” Ford,
Witch of Edmonton, iii. 2.
The attempt of the French to compel the use of the .
decimal system shows the difficulty of such an undertak.
ing. . Popular necessities compelled the introduction of
bimal divisions. Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 423.
binariant (bi-nā’ri-ant), n. A solution of the
* differential equation, §h. --2D, i. etc., = 0.
binary (bi'nā-ri), a. and n. [K L. binarius,
consisting of two things, K bini, pl. (rarely
sing, binus), two by two, two, K bis, double:
see bi-2. Cf. between.] I. &. 1. Twofold;
dual; double; twain; twin; paired: said of
anything which is composed of two things or
considered as divided into two things.—2. In
bot., having the organs in twos : applied to
flowers: equivalent to dimerous.-Binary arith-
Inetic, that system, invented by Leibnitz, in which two
figures only, 0 and 1, are used in lieu of ten, the cipher
being placed as in common arithmetic, but dénoting mul-
tiplication by 2 instead of by 10. Thus, 1 is one; 10 is
two ; 11 is three ; 100 is four ; 101 is five; 110 is six; 111 is
Seven ; 1000 is eight ; 1001 is nine ; 1010 is ten.— Bina,
classification, binary system, in zoöl., one which di.
Wides a group of objects into two series, as the class of
birds into two subclasses, Altrices and Proecoces; a dichot-
Onous arrangement : opposed to § etc.— Binary
Compound, in chem., a compound of two elements, or of
an element and a compound performing the function of
an element, or of two compounds performing the functions
of elements, according to the laws of combination. Fara-
day assigns, as the distinctive character of a binary com-
pound that it admits of electrolysis.—Binary cubic. See
cubic.— Binary engine, an engine having the piston of
one cylinder impelled by steam which, being exhausted
into another part of the apparatus, communicates its un-
utilized heat to some volatile liquid at a lower tempera-
ture ; the vapor of this second liquid, by its expansion in a
Second cylinder, yields additional force.—Binary enun-
Ciation, in logic, a categorical proposition whose verb is
not to be as, Socrates dies. Usually called a proposition
9f second adjacent.— Binary form, or binary quantic,
in alg., a homogeneous function of two variables; as:
aa. -- by,
aac2 + bacy + cy2,
a28 + ba:2y + czy2 + dyB, etc. .
So binary cubic, quartic, etc.— Bin form, in music,
a movement based upon two subjects or dividéd into two
distinct or contrasted sections.—Binary logarithms, a
System of logarithms contrived and calculated by Euler
for facilitating musical calculations. In this system 1 is
the logarithm of 2, 2 of 4, etc., and the modulus is 1.442-
695 ; whereas in the kind commonly used 1 is the loga-
rithm of 10, 2 of 100, etc., and the modulus is .43429448.
—Binary measure, in music, the measure or rhythm
consisting of two beats OT pulses, one of which is accented.
See measure and rhythm.–Binary nomenclature, bi-
Inary name, in 200l. and bot., a binomial nomenclature
or binomial name. See binomial.— Binary number, a
number which is composed of two units.-Binary scale,
the Scale of notation used in binary arithmetic.— Bin
Star, a double star whose members have a revolution
around their common center of gravity.—Binary theory
of salts, the theory which regards salts as consisting of
two elements, a basic or electropositive, which may be a
metal or a radical, and an acid or electronegative element
or radical : as, potassium nitrate, K-NO3; potassium ace-
tate, K-C2H3O2.
II. m. ; pl. binaries (-riz). A
whole composed of two; a dyad.
To make two, or a binary, . . . add
but one unto one.
I'otherby, Atheomastix, p. 307.
binate (bi'nāt), a. [K NIL. bima-
tus, K L. bini, two and two: see Bill... of
binary ..] In bot., being double OI’Jefferson ia alia/ey//a.
in couples; having only two leaflets to a peti-
Ole ; growing in pairs.
binaural (bin-ā'ral), a. [K L. bini, two and
two, + auris = E. earl.] 1. Having two ears.
—2. Pertaining to or involving the use of both
ears; fitted for being simultaneously used b
two ears: as, a binaural stethoscope, whic
has two connected tubes capped by small ear-
pieces.
There is even a kind of binaural audition, by means of
which we judge imperfectly of direction of sound.
Le Comte, Sight, p. 265.
binching (binºching), m. [Appar. a dial. form
of benching. Cf. dial. bink, benk = bench..] In
coal-mining, the bed or rock on which a layer of
*coal rests. [Somersetshire, Eng.]
bind (bind), v. ; pret. bound, pp. bound (for-
merly bounden, now only attrib.), ppr. binding.
[K ME. binden (pret. band, bond, later bounde,
pl. bounden, bounde, pp. bounden), KAS. bindan
(pret. band, pl. bundon, pp. bunden) = QS. bim-
dam = OFries. binda = D. bindem = OHG. bin-
tan, MHG. G. binden = Icel. binda = Sw, binda
= Dan. binde = Goth. bindan, bind, tie, - Skt.
Wbandh, orig. *bhandh, bind, tie. The same root
prob. appears in L. offend-ia, offend-imentum,
556
the knot of a band, Gr. º (for “Trevöua,
*pevtua), a rope. See bandl, band?, bendi,
bend?, etc., bond.1, bundle, etc.] I, trams. 1. Tó
make fast (to, On, or upon) with a band or bond
of any kind.
Thou shalt bind them for a sign won thine hand.
7 Deut. vi. 8.
Bind the chariot to the swift beast. Micah i. 13.
2. To unite by any legal or moral tie; attach by
considerations of love, duty, interest, obliga-
tion, etc.; as, bound in the bonds of matrimony;
bound by gratitude, duty, debt, etc.
Distrust and grief
Will bind to us each Western chief.
Scott, L. of the L., ii. 30.
3. To put in bonds or fetters; deprive of lib-
erty or of the use of the limbs by making fast
physically.
Bind him hand and foot, and take him away.
Mat. xxii. 13.
He took Paul's girdle, and bownd his own hands and
feet, and said, . . . So shall the Jews at Jerusalem bind
the man that owneth this girdle. Acts xxi. 11.
4. To restrain; hold to a particular state,
place, employment, etc.
He bindeth the floods from overflowing. Job xxviii. 11.
I have no official business to bind me. e
Macaulay, in Trevelyan, II. vii.
5. To hinder or restrain (the bowels) from
their natural operations; make costive; con-
stipate.—6. To fasten around anything; fix in
place by girding or tying: as, to bind a cord
round the arm.
I, maiden, round thee, maiden, bind my belt.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
7. To encircle with a band or ligature; gird;
confine or restrain by girding: as, “bind up
those tresses,” Shak., K. John, iii. 4.
A fillet binds her hair. Pope, Windsor Forest, l. 178.
8. To swathe or bandage; cover and swathe
with dressings: with up.
He healeth the broken in heart, and bindeth wip their
Wounds. Ps. clxvii. 3.
Give me another horse, bimd wip my wounds.
Shak., Rich III., v. 3.
9. To form a border or edge on, for the pur-
pose of strengthening or ornamenting ; edge:
as, to bind a wheel with a tire; to bind a gar-
ment or a carpet.
Her mantle rich, whose borders round
A deep and fretted broidery bowmd.
Scott, Marmion, vi. 3.
Black cliffs and high,
With green grass growing on the tops of them,
Binding them round as gold a garment's hem.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 172.
10. To tie or fasten (loose things) together
with a band, cord, or tie; tie up into one bun-
dle or mass: as, to bind sheaves of grain.—11.
To fasten or secure within a cover, as a book
or pamphlet. See bookbinding.—12. In fem-
cing, to secure (the sword of an adversary).
See binding, m., 3.− 13. To cause to cohere;
cement; knit; unite firmly: as, to bind the
loose sand.
The sooner to effect,
And surer bind, this knot of amity,+
The Earl of Armagnac . . .
Proffers his only daughter to your grace
Tn marriage. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 1.
God has so bowmd society together that if one member
suffer, all suffer. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 60.
Have enough oil in the colours to bind them.
Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 423.
Bimding the ink to prevent its smearing.
Workshop Receipts, 2d ser., p. 343.
14. To place under obligation or compulsion:
as, all are bound to obey the laws.
This ring I gave him, when he parted from me,
To bind him to remember my good-will.
Shak., T. G. of V., iv. 4.
'Tis true, by my father's will, I am for a short period
bowmd to regard you as his substitute.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 1.
15. To put under legal obligation: often with
over: as, to bind a man over to keep the peace.
Specifically—16. To indenture as an appren-
tice: often with out.
My mother she wanted to bind me owt to a blacksmith.
Mrs. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 83.
To bind hand and foot. See hand.--To bind in, to
inclose; surround. -
Bound in with the triumphant sea.
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 1.
A costly jewel . . . bowmd in with diamonds.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
To bind up in, to cause to be wholly engrossed with ; ab-
sorb in ; connect intimately with : chiefly in the passive.
Seeing that his life is bowmd up in the lad's life.
Gen, xliv, 30.
Y *
binder (bin/dér), m.
bindery (bin’dér-i), n.; pl. binderies (-iz).
binding
II, intrans. 1. To cohere; stick together.—
2. To become indurated, hard, or stiff', as,
clay binds by heat.—3. To be obligatory or of
force. -
Those canons or imperial constitutions which have not
been received here do not bind. Sir M. Hale.
4. To tie-up anything; specifically, to tie up
sheaves. {}
They that reap must sheaf and bind.
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2.
5. In falconry, to seize a bird in the air and
cling to it: said of a hawk.
bind (bind), n. [K bind, v. In third sense, cf.
bundle, and see tie, m. In the botanical sense,
K ME. bynde, a climbing stem, esp. woodbine,
ivy; chiefly in comp. as wwdebinde, woodbind.
The word, by its use in comp., has suffered cor-
ruption to bine, Sc. bim-, ben-: see bimel, woodbine,
bearbine, etc., and the compounds of bind be-
low.] 1. A tie or band; anything that binds.
Specifically— (a) A connecting timber in a
ship. (b) In music, a tie, slur, or brace.—2.
In coal-mining, indurated, argillaceous shale
or clay, such as frequently forms the roof of
a coal-seam: same as bend.1, 12, and batl, 10.
[Eng.]—3. A unit of tale. A bind of eels is
250. A bind of skins is 32, or of some kinds 40.
[Eng.]—4. Bounds; limit; stint: as, I am at
my bind. [Scotch.]
Their bind was just a Scots pint overhead, and a tappit-
hen to the bill, and mo man ever saw them the wauro't.
Scott, St. Ronan's Well, I. i.
5. A climbing stem; a bine; specifically, a
stalk of hops. See bimel.
The whyle God of his grace ded growe of that soyle
The fayrest bymde hym [Jonah] abof that ever burne wyste.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 444.
[K ME. byndere, KAS. bim-
dere, K bindan, bind: see bind, v., and -erl.] 1.
A person who binds. Specifically— (a) One
who binds books; a bookbinder. (b) One who
binds sheaves.—2. Anything that binds, in any
sense of that verb.-3. In bricklaying, a header
which extends partly through a wall; a bonder.
–4. In carp., a tie-beam; a binding-joist serv-
ing as a transverse support for the bridging-
joists above and the ceiling-joists below.—5.
An attachment to a sewing-machine for folding
an edge or a binding.—6. In agri. : (a) An at-
tachment to a reaper for tying the bundles of
grain. (b) A cord or wire used to tie a bundle
of wheat or corn; binder-twine.—7. An arrester
or stop for the shuttle of a loom.—8. A tem-
porary cover for loose sheets of music, papers,
etc.—9. pl. Same as biºding, 4.—Binders'
board, thick, smooth, calendered pasteboard used for the
covers of books.
binder-frame (bin’dèr-fråm), n. In mach., a
hanger supporting shafting and guide-pulleys,
and having adjustable bearings by which the
position of the pulleys can be regulated to
suit the direction of the motion of the belts.
[K
bind, v., + -ery.] A place where books are
bound.
bindheimite (bind’him-it), n. [K J. J. Bind-
heim (a German chemist).]. An amorphousan-
.timoniate of lead produced by the decomposi-
tion of antimonial minerals, especially jame-
sonite.
binding (bin/ding), p. a. [Ppr. of bind, v.] 1.
Serving to bind, fasten, or connect; making
fast.—2. Having power to bind or oblige; obli-
gatory: as, a binding engagement.
Civil contracts may be held binding although made by
lunatics. E. C. Mamm, Psychol. Med., p. 87.
3. Astringent.—4. Causing constipation; con-
* Stipating. [Colloq.]
binding (bin/ding), m. [Verbal n. of bind, v.] 1.
The act or action of making fast, securing, unit-
ing, etc., in any sense of the verb bind: as, the
binding of prisoners; wire that serves for bind-
ing.—2. Anything that binds; a bandage; the
cover of a book, with the sewing and accom-
panying work; something that secures the edges
of cloth or of a garment.—3. In fencing, a
method of securing the adversary's sword, con-
sisting in crossing it with a pressure, accom-
panied with a spring of the wrist.—4. pl. In
ship-building, the beams, transoms, knees, wales,
keelson, and other chief timbers used for con-
necting and sº the various parts of
a vessel. Also called binders.—5. The condi-
tion assumed by adhesive soils in hot dry sea-
sons; a similar condition in the soil of flower-
pots in which plants have been kept too long or
too dry; closeness, dryness, or hardness of tex-
ture.—6. In mach., the prevention of free mo–

*
binding 557
tion in one part of a machine by the sagging or by fusing bend and cringe.]_1. To make a low
any deviation from a straight line of another obeisance; courtesy.—2. To cringe; fawn.
portion.—7. A projection of a part of a struc- bing-ore (bing'àr), n. Lead ore in small lumps.
ture or machine by which parts intended to . [Eng.
gº from coming into perfect bingstead (bing'sted), n. In mining, the place
. Naut., a wrought-iron ring around where bing-ore is stored ready to go to the
-cloth, a dyed and stamped smelter. [North. Eng.]
for the binding of books: Binding bink (bingk), n. [Sc. and North. E.; K ME.
touch are
contact.—
a dead-eye.—Bin
fabric use -joists,
*on both eyes.
beams in flooring which support the bridging-joists above
and the ceiling-joists below.—Bin -piece, a piece
nailed between two opposite beams or joists, to prevent
lateral deflection; a strutting- or straining-piece.—Bind-
—rafter, a longitudinal timber which supports the roof:
rafters between the ridge and the eaves or the comb and
the cave. See purlin.—Binding-strake, in 8hip-build-
ing, a £hick straking-wale, placed where it can be bolted
to knees, etc.—Binding-wire, a wire made of very soft
iron, used to connect pieces which are to be soldered to-
gether.—Extra, bin . See bound eatra, under bowmdž.
—Half binding, in bookbinding, a leather back and pa-
pered board sides—quarter binding, in bookbinding,
a cheap leather or cloth back with board sides cut flush
with the leaves.—Three-quarter bin , in bookbind-
img, a leather back of extra width with leather corners
an papered board sides. º * * *
bindingly (bin/ding-li), adv. In a binding man-
ner; so as to bind.
bindingness (bin/ding-nes), n. [S binding, p.a.,
-ness.] The quality of being binding or ob-
ligatory.
The unconditional bindingness of the practical reason.
Coleridge.
binding-post º m. In an elec-
trical apparatus, a small metallic post on which
an electric conductor may be clamped by
means of a screw.
binding-screw (bin/ding-skrö), n. 1. A screw
designed to bind and fasten two parts of any
adjustable tool or apparatus, as the blade of
a bevel; a set-screw; espe-
cially, a screw set in at right
angles to another, either
abutting against it or tight-
ening the female, so as to
prevent the male from turn-
ing.—2. In elect., a simple
arrangement by which two
electrical conductors may be
brought into metallic con-
nection. (See cut.) A sim-
ilar stationary arrangement
is called a binding-post.
binding-strake (bin/ding-stråk), n. In ship-
building, one of two strakes of deck-planking
worked next to the waterways or alongside
the hatches of wooden ships. They are about an
inch or an inch and a half thicker than the remainder of
the deck, but are lowered between the beams and ledges
to make the upper side even with the rest. They make a
more complete tie between the deck-frame and deck-plank.
bind-rail (bind’rāl), m. A timber cap or tie
placed on top of a group of piles, to hold them
together and make a support for floor-beams.
bindweb (bind' web), n. In anat., neuroglia.
bindweed (bindºwed), n. [Also bimeweed; early
*mod. E. byndeweed; K bind + weedi.] The com-
mon name for plants of the genus Convolvulus,
especially of C. arvensis, C. (or Calystegia) se-
#4. and C. (or Calystegia) Soldamella.—Black
indweed. (a) Polygonwm, Convolvulus. , (b) Tamws
communis of Europe.—Blue bindweed, the bittersweet,
Solanum. Dulcamara.— Rough bindweed, a species of
smilax, Smila:c aspera.
bindwith (bind’ with), n. [K bind + with?..] A
name given to the plant Clematis Vitalba (the
traveler's joy), from its stems being used to
bind up fagots.
bindwood (bind’ wild), n. [K bind + wood1.j
A Scotch name for ivy, from its entwining or
binding itself around stronger plants, etc.
binel (bin), n. [A dial. form of bind, n., as in
woodbine.] The stem of a climbing plant.
bine? (bin), m. See boym.
binervate (bi-nēr’vät), a. [K bi-2 + nervate.]
1. Two-nerved; especially, in bot., having two
longitudinal ribs: applied to certain leaves.—
2. in entom. , having two nervures or veins, as
an insect's Wing.
Binet's function. See function.
bingl (bing), n. [K ME. bing, binge, benge, K
Icel. bingr-Sw. binge, a heap; also, with trans-
ferred sense, Dan. bing, a bin. Cf. biml, with
which bing has prob. been confused.] 1. Aheap
or pile of anything: as, a bing of corn, potatoes,
coal, ore, etc.—2. A definite quantity of lead
ore, equal to 8 hundredweight, [North. Eng.]
bing? (bing), v. i. To go. [Old Slang.]
Bing out and tour, ye auld devil.
Scott, Guy Mannering, I. xxviii.
binge (binj), v. 3.; pret, and pp. binged, ppr.
bingeing. iše., also beenge, beenje, appar. formed
bink, binke, var. of benk, benke, unassibilated
form of bench, q. v. Cf. bank1, bank2.] 1. A
bench; a seat.—2. A wooden frame, fixed to
the wall of a house, for holding dishes.—3.
A bank; an acclivity.—4. In cotton-manuf., a
stock of cotton composed of successive layers
from different bales; a bunker. . In supplying
cotton to the machinery, the stock is raked down in such
a manner as to mix the material thoroughly.
binn, n. See bin1.
binna (bin’ā). [Sc., - be na, be not: na = E.
mol, adv. Cf. dinna, do not, winna, will not.]
Be not.
binnacle (bin'a-kl), n. [Also written binacle, a
corruption of earlier bittacle, bitticle, K Pg. bita-
cola = Sp. bitácora = F. habita-
cle, a binnacle, Orig. an abode,
K.L. habitaculum, a little dwell-
ing, Khabitare, dwell: see habi-
tation.] A framework or case
on the deck of a ship, in front
of the steersman, and also in
various other positions, con-
taining a nautical compass,
and fitted with lights by which
the compass can be read at
night. In sailing-vessels steered by
large hand-wheels there are usually
two binnacles, one at each side of the
wheel, placed so that the helmsman
can readily look into the binnacle
on the weather side of the wheel.
ſ” binnacle-list (bin’ a-kl-list),
m. A list of the sick men on
board a man-of-war, placed in
the binnacle for the information of the officer
of the deck.
Binneya (bine-yā), n. [NL., after Binney, an
American naturalist.] A genus of land-snails,
family Helicidae, peculiar to Mexico and Cali-
fornia. The shell is too small to contain the whole body,
So that when the animals retreat, as they do at the ap-
proach of the dry season, the parts of the body which
would otherwise be exposed are covered and protected by
the greatly enlarged epiphragm.
binnick, m. See bennick.
binnite (bin'it), m. [K Binn (see def.) + -ite2.]
A sulphid of arsenic and copper occurring in
isometric crystals in the dolomite of the Bin-
nenthal, or valley of Binn, in the canton of
Valais, Switzerland. gº
binnogue (bin’nóg), m. A head-dress formerly
worn by the women of the Irish peasantry,
described as a kind of kerchief. Planché.
binny (bin’i), m.; pl. bimºnies (-iz). [Appar. of
native origin..] A fish (Barbus bymni) of the
family Cyprinidae, related to the barbel. It in-
habits the Nile.
binocle (bin’ā-kl), n. [= F. bimocle = Sp. bimo-
colo, K L. bini, two and two, double, + oculus,
eye : see ocular.] A dioptric telescope, fitted
with two tubes for the use of both eyes at once:
*also used for opera-glass.
binocular (bi-mok'- or bin-ok’ī-lär), a. [K L.
bini, double, 4- oculus, eye, -H, -ar?. Cf. binocle.]
1. Having two eyes: as, “most animals are
binocular,” Derham. Also binoculate. [Rare.]
—2. Referring to both eyes; suited for the
simultaneous use of both eyes: as, a binocular
telescope or microscope.
The want of binocular perspective in paintings interferes
seriously with the completeness of the illusion.
Le Conte, Sight, p. 144.
Binocular microscope. See microscope.
binocularity (bi-mok- or bin-ok-j-lar’i-ti), n.
[K binocular + -ity.] Binocular quality or con-
dition; the simultaneous employment of both
eyes. Le Comte.
inocularly (bi-mok'- or bin-ok’ī-lär-li), adv.
y means of two eyes; in such a manner as to
be viewed by both eyes.
The reticulation presents itself in clear relief, when
viewed binocularly with a sufficiently high power.
* W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 276.
If these two photographs be binocularly combined, ... .
they ought to and must produce a visual effect exactly like
an actual object or scene. Le Conte, Sight, p. 127.
binoculate (bi-mok'- or bin-ok'il-lāt), a... [K L.
bini, double, + oculus, eye, -H -atel..] Same as
binocular, 1. *
Binoculus (bi-mok'ī-lus), n. [NL., K.L. bini,
two and two, + oculus, eye.] 1. A genus of
branchiopod crustaceans. See Apus, 2.-2. A
Binnacle.
b
binomialism
genus of neuropterous insects, of the family
£º. Latreille, 1802.-3. [l. c.]
-shaped bandage for maintaining dressings
Also called diophthalmus.
binodal (bi-nó’dal), a... [KL. bi-, two-, + nodus,
knot, node, + -al.j Having two nodes or joints.
binode (bi'nād), n. IKL. bi-, two-, + nodus,
knot..] 1. In math., a singularity of a surface
§ ... sº ź . . .”.- . .”.” ‘’’:
Fig. 2. Fig. 3.
Binode and Neighboring Parts of the Surface 23 = xy.
. View in the direction of the axis of 2. Fig. 2. Sections
to the axis of z. Fig. 3. Sections inclined 45° to the axes of
à.
ſº.
consisting of a point at which there are two
tangent planes. In the surface shown in fig.
1 each of these planes is tangent
along the whole length of a line; but
this circumstance is not a necessary
concomitant of the singularity.—2.
A crunode formed by the crossing of
two branches of a curve.
binodose, binodous (bi-nó’dós, dus),
a. [K L. bi-, two-, + modus, knot,
+ -ose, -ows.] In 206l., having two knot-like
binomial (bi-nó’mi-al), a. and n. . [K ML. bi-
momius, tr. of Gr. ŠK Öto Övouátov, having two
names (K. L. bi-, two-, + momen, name), + -al;
the fuller form would be binominal, q.v.] I. a.
1. In alg., consisting of two terms connected
by the sign + or —; pertaining to binomials.
—2. In 206l. and bot. : (a) Using or having two
names: applied to the system of nomencla-
ture introduced by Linnaeus, in which every
plant and animal receives two names, one in-
dicating the genus, the other the species: as,
Felis leo, the lion; Bellis perennis, the daisy.
The generic word is always written first, and with a capital
initial letter; it is, or is taken as, a noun. The specific
word follows, and is usually an adjective, or used adjec-
tively, though it may be a moun. In zoölogy the practice
is now to write all specific words with a lower-case (or
small) initial, though substantive and personal and geo-
graphical words are often written with a capital, which
is the common practice in botany. Hence—(b) Con-
sisting of two names: as, binomial terms. Also
binominal.—Binomial coefficient, the numerical co-
efficient of any term in the development of (x + y)", where
n is any whole number.— Binomial development
a development by the binomial theorem.—Bino
equation, an algebraical equation consisting of two
terms; as, aa." -- ba" =0.—Binomial theorem, the the:
orem invented by Sir Isaac Newton for raising a binomial
to any power, or for extracting any root of it by an ap-
proximating infinite series. According to this theoreum,
We have :
(ac-i-y)2=ac2+2acy--y2
(a;+y)3 =acº-H.33:2y+3acy2+y3
(z+y)4=a:4+4.08w-i-63:2y2+4a:y3+y4; or, in º
??–1 in (n-1) (??–2
a"- 3 y% +, etc.
II. m. 1. In alg., an expression or quantity
consisting of two terms connected by the sign
+ or —, denoting the sum or the difference of
the two terms: as, a + b, 3a —2c, a2 + b, a 2–
2 V y.—2. In 206l. and bot., a name consisting
of two terms, generic and specific, as the proper
name of a species, the generic always preced-
ing the specific word: as, Felis leo, the lion.
binomialism (bi-nó’mi-al-izm), n. [K binomial +
-ism.] 1. The binomial method of nomencla-
ture, especially in zoölogy and botany.—2.
The doctrine or use of that method.
Also binomiality.
Binode of a
+Swellings.



binomialist 558
binomialist (bi-nó'mi-alist), n. IK binomial, n., biodynamical (biº-di-nam’i-kal), a.
+ -ist.], One who uses the binomial system of biodynamic.
nomenclature in zoölogy and botany. See bi- The biostatical and the biodynamical—i.e., the consid.
nomial, a., 2. i.º. º ºly to act, and the considera-
gº tº tº ge i-nº-mi-al’i-fi tion of the structure acting.
* º .."; %. ! G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. 119.
e - ge t © tº- <=º * f :
binomially (bi-nó’mi-al-i), adv. In a binomial biodynamics (biº-di-nam'iks), n. . [K Gr. 8toc,
manner; after the piñoſſai methodºn ºf dynamics.] The doctrine of vital forcé
clature in zoölo gy and botany or energy, or the action of living organisms:
binominal (bi-mom’i-nal), a. [K L. binominis *Qpposed tº biostatics. a . . * *
having two names (< ū, two-, + momen, name), biogen (bi ºrien), m. [K Gr. 8toc, life, +,-yevåg,
+ -al.] Same as binomial, 2. producing: see -gen.] A hypothetical, soul-
binominated (bi-mom’i-nā-ted), a. [K L. bi-, stuff; * º of # supposed Spiritual
tWQ-, + nominatus, named (see nominate), + body; the o º rganº ille. Coues, , ,
-ed.”.] Having two personal names biogenation (biº-je-nā’shgn), n., [K biogen +
binominous? (bi-nom’i-nus), a. I XL. binomi- -ation.] The state or quality of being affected
mis: see binominal.] Having or bearing two by biogen; animation; vitalization. g e
Ila, Iſle S. All animals are probably also susceptible of biogenation,
binormal (bi nôr' mal), m [K bi-2 + normal.] which is the affection resulting from the influence of bio-
tº- *** /; ve { }
In math., a normal to two consecutive elements
of a curve in space; a nor-
mal perpendicular to the
Sºl
N
osculating plane.
binotate, binotated (bi-
bi-, two, + nota, mark, -í-
-qtel, -ated.] In coöl., mark-
ed with two dots.
binotonous (bi-not'é-nus),
Binormal.—The full lines
show a cylinder with a helix
drawn upon it and two bi-
normals. The dotted lines
show the tangents and prin-
cipal normals at the same
two points of the helix and
0. bini, two by
the axis of the cylinder.
Same as
[K binomia
gen. Cowes, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 192.
biogenesis (bi-Ö-jen’e-sis), n. [K Gr. 8toç, life,
+ yévêqug, generation: , see genesis.] 1. The
genesis or production of living beings from liv-
ing beings; generation in an ordinary sense:
the converse of spontaneous generation, or abio-
genesis. Various methods in which biogenesis is known
to occur give rise to special terms, as gamogenesis, parthe-
7,0gemesis, etc.
2. The doctrine which holds that the genesis
of living beings from living beings is the onl
One of which we have any knowledge, and
which investigates or speculates upon the facts
in the case upon such premises: the opposite
of abiogenesis.-3. Same as biogeny, 1.
biogenesist (bi-Ö-jen’e-sist), m. [K biogenesis
+ -ist.] One who favors the theory of biogen-
esis. Also called biogenist.
biogenetic (biº-jé-net'ik), a. [K biogenesis (i
sense 2, K biogen), after genetic.] 1. Of or per-
taining to biogenesis or biogeny in any way:
as, a biogenetic process; a biogenetic law or
principle.
This fundamental biogenetic law. Haeckel (trans.).
2. Consisting of biogen; done by means of bio-
gen; relating to the theory of biogen. Cowes.
biogenetically (biº-jë-net’i-kal-i), adv. In a
biogenetic manner; by means of or according
to the principles of biogenesis or biogeny.
biogenist (bi-oj'e-nist), m. [K biogeny + -ist.]
Same as biogenesist.
biogeny (bi-oj^e-ni), n. IK Gr. 3ſog, life, +
-yéveta, generation: see -geny. Cf. biogenesis.]
1. The genesis or evolution of the forms of
matter which manifest the phenomena of life.
It is divided into two main branches: ontogeny, or the
genesis of the individual organism, and phylogeny, or the
genesis of the species, race, stock, or tribe to which the
individual belongs. Also biogenesis. . . º
2. The science or doctrine of biogenesis; the
history of organic evolution. As in the preced-
ing sense, it is divided into Ontogeny, or germ-history, or
the history of the embryological development of the indi-
vidual organism, and phylogeny, or tribal history, or the
history of the paleontological evolution of organic species.
The first of these studies [biology] gives rise to the
Sciences of anatomy and physiology, as well as to the sub-
two (see binary), + tonus,
note, tone (see tone); after
monºtonous.] Consisting
of two tones or notes: as,
a bimotomous sound.
binous (bi'nus), a. [K L.
binus, usually in pl. bini,
two and two, double: see binary and between.]
Double; in a pair; binate.
binoxalate (bi-mok'sa-lāt), m. [K L. bini, two
and two (see binary), + oxalate.] In chem.,
an oxalate in which only one of the hydrogen
atoms of the acid is replaced by a metal.
binoxid, binoxide (bi-mok'sid, -sid or -sid), m.
[K L. bini, two and two (see binary), + oacid.]
In chem., same as dioacid.
binoxyde, n. See binoa;id.
binth. A Middle English and Anglo-Saxon con-
tracted form of bindeth, the third person singu-
lar of bind.
binturong (bin'tū-rong), m. The native name,
and now the usual book-name, of Arctictis bin-
turong, an Indian prehensile-tailed carnivorous
mammal of the family Viverridae and subfamily
Arctictidimaº. Also called Ictides ater or I. al-
bifrons, and formerly Viverra bintwrong. See
Arctictis.
binuclear (bi-mü(klē-ăr), a. [K bi-2 + nuclear.]
aving two nuclei or central points.
binucleate (bi-mü’klē-ăt), a. [K bi-2 + nucle-
ate.] Having two nuclei, as a cell.
binucleolate (bi-mü’klē-Ö-lāt), a. [K bi-2 +
nucleolate.] In biol., having two nucleoli: ap-
plied to cells. g • (24 & e comprises embryology, morphology, and questions relating
bio-. [NL. etc. bio-, K Gr. 3toç, life, akin to L. At the origin of species. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 221.
º ºg (?,*.*.*.*.*.*.*, *). biograph (biº-graf), n., [Gr. 8toc, life,4-xpánew,
Goth, kwºus = AS, ºpiou, I. quick, living; see write. A mechaſſical "device”for projecting
quick...] An element in many compoundwords, upon a screen the series of photographs used
chiefly scientific, meaning life.... . f : in making a moving picture.
bio-bibliographical, (biº-bib'liº-grafikºl), biographer (bi-ografér), n. [K ML. biogra-
a. [K Gr. Biog, life, -- bibliographical.] Treat- g Cf. philosopher.]
* g e * * * hus (see biography) + -órl.
ing, of or dealing, with both the life and the Öne who writes a biography, or an account of
*writings of an author. z " a the life and actions of a particular person; a
bioblast (bi’ 3-blast), n. [K Gr. 3ſog, life, +
* * gº writer of lives.
#.". a germ, $9%agrávell, bud, Sprout, grow..] biographic (bi-Ö-graf'ik), a. [Kbiography +-ic.]
biol., a formative cell of any kind; a minute Pertaining to or of the nature of biography.
mass of bioplasm or protoplasm about to be-
To all which questions, not unessential in a biographic
come a definite cell of any kind. Thus, osteoblasts, work, mere conjecture must for most part return answer.
white blood-corpuscles or leucocytes, lymph-corpuscles,
& sº Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 99.
ctc., are all bioblasts. biographical (bi-Ö-grafºi-kºl) a. Relating or
bioblastic (bi-Ö-blastik), a. [K bioblast + -ic.] à
pertaining to the life of an individual; dealing
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of bioblasts. With or gontaining biographies: as, biographi-
biocellate (bi-Ö-sel’āt), a. [K bi-2 + ocellate.]
cal details; a biographical dictionary.
Marked with two eye-like spots, as the wings
of some insects.
biocentric (bi-Ö-sen'trik), a. [K Gr. 3iog, life,
+ kévrpov, center.] Treating life as a central
fact.
biochemic (bi-Ö-kem'ik), a. [K Gr. 3íog, life, +
chemic.] Of or pertaining to the chemistry of
life.
biod (bi’od), n. [K Gr. 6ioc, life, -- od, q. v.]
The od of animal life; biogen; animal mag-
netism, so called. Von Reichenbach.
biodynamic (biº-di-nam'ik), a. [K Gr. 3ioc,
life, H dynamic.] Of or pertaining to the dog-
trine of vital force or energy; biophysiological.
**
biographical sense or manner; wit
to biography,
biographist (bi-ogºra-fist), n.
—ist.] A biographer. [Rare.]
Want of honest heart in the Biographists of these Saints
. . . betrayed their pens to such abominable untruths.
Fuller, Worthies, iii.
biographize (bi-ogra-fiz), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
biographized, ppr. biographizing. [K biography
+ -ize.] To write the biography or a history of
the life of. [Rare.]
Now do I bless the man who undertook
These monks and martyrs to biographize.
Southey, St. Gualberto, st. 25.
[K biography +
biologian (bi-Ö-ló’jian), n.
biologist .(bi-ol’ô-jist), n.
biolytic (bi-Ö-lit'ik), a.
biomagnetic (bi”0-mag-net'ik), a.
biomagnetic
biography (bi-Og'ra-fi), n.; pl. biographies (-fiz),
|[= #º K #. Bºngº, § K
*3toypápoc () M.I. biographus, > F. biographe, a
biographer), K Gr, 8tog, life, + Ypáðelv, write.]
1. The history of the life of a particular person.
There is no heroic poem in the world but is at bottom
a biography, the life of a man. Carlyle, Essays.
2. Biographical writing in general, or as a de-
partment of literature.
This, then, was the first great merit of Montesquieu,
that he effected a complete separation between biography
and history, and taught historians to study, not the pecu-
liarities of individual character, but the general aspect of
the society in which the peculiarities appeared.
Buckle, Civilization, I. xiii.
3. In mat. hist., the life-history of an animal or
a plant. = Syn. 1. Biography, Memoir. When there is
a difference between these words, it may be that memoir
indicates a less complete or minute account of a person's
life, or it may be that the person himself records his own
recollections of the past, especially as connected with his
own life; in the latter case memoir should be in the plural.
biokinetics (biº 6-ki-net’iks), n. IK Gr. 3ioc,
life, H kinetics.]...That part of biological science
which treats of the successive changes through
which organisms pass during the different
stages of their development.
tº tº [K biology + -ian.]
A biologist.
Those great classes into which systematists and biolo-
gians have divided existing vertebrate forms.
The Century, XXXI. 352.

*
biologic (bi-Ö-loj'ik), a. [K biology + -ic.] Same
as biological.
The interpretation of structure . . . is aided by two
subsidiary divisions of biologic inquiry, named Compara-
tive Anatomy (properly Comparative Morphology) and
Comparative Embryology. FI. §.
biological (bi-Ö-loj’i-kal), a. 1. Pertaining to
biology or the science of life.
They [the discoveries of Cuvier] contain a far larger por-
tion of important anatomical and biological truth than it
ever before fell to the lot of one man to contribute.
Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, I. 629.
The prick of a needle will yield, in a drop of one's blood,
material for microscopic observation of phenomena which
lie at the foundation of all biological conceptions.
Huazley, Pop. Sci. Mo., XI. 670.
2. In 2007., illustrating the whole life-history
of a group or species of animals: as, a biologi-
cal collection of insects.
biologically (bi-Ö-loj’i-kal-i), adv. In a biologi-
cal manner; according to the doctrines or prin-
ciples of biology.
That which was physically defined as a moving equilib-
Tium We define ; as a balance of functions.
. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $ 39.
Ethics, if positive, must rest on some empirical data.
These data are furnished partly by history, partly by hu-
man nature, either biologically or psycholºgically consid-
ered. N. A. Rev., CXX. 255.
[K biology + -ist.]
One skilled in, or a student of, biology.
g
biologizet (bi-ol’ā-jiz), v. t. [K biology + -ize.]
To mesmerize.
biologizert (bi-ol’ū-ji-zēr), n. One who prac-
sidiary science of pathology. On the other hand, Biogeny ºtises mesmerism.
biology (bi-ol’º-ji), n. [=F. biologie, K. Gr. 810ſ,
life, F-Aoyia, K Žéyetv, speak (see-ology); cf. Gr.
Bto%óyog, a player, one who represents to the
life.] 1. The science of life and living things
in the widest sense; the body of doctrine re-
; living beings; the knowledge of vital
prlenomena.
It is remarkable that each of these writers [Treviranus
and Lamarck] seems to have been led, independently and
contemporaneously, to invent the same name of Biology
for the science of the phenomena of life. . . . And it is
hard to say whether Lamarck or Treviranus has the pri-
ority. . . . Though the first volume of Treviramus’ “Bio-
logie" appeared only in 1802, he says . . . that he wrote
the first volume . . . about 1796. The “Recherches,”
etc., in which the outlines of Lamarck's doctrines are
given, was published in 1802.
Huayley, Science and Culture (Am. ed., 1882), p. 302.
2. In a more special sense, physiology; bio-
physiology; biotics.-3. In a technical sense,
the life-history, of an animal: especially used
biographically (bi-3-graffi-kāl-i), adº. In a 4 in entomology—4}. Animal magnetism.
hreſerence tº sº.
[NL., K. Gr. 8tog, life,
+ Aſog, loosening, solution, K Wüew, loose, dis-
solve.] Dissolution of a living being; death,
as the resolution of an organism into its constit-
uent parts, and consequently the destruction
of the phenomena of life.
[K Gr. 8toc, life, 4.
Avrikóg, able to loose, K Wvróg, verbal adj. of
Affety, loose..] In med., tending to the destruc-
tion of life: as, a biolytic agent.
[K Gr. 3ioc,
life, + magnetic.] Pertaining or relating to
biomagnetism.
- biomagnetism. .
biomagnetism (bi-Ö-mag'ne-tizm), n. [K. Gr.
3ſog, life, + magnetism.
*See magnetism. Krauth.
biometry (bi-om’e-tri), n. [K Gr. 3iog, life, 4-
-pierpia, K plárpov, a measure.] The measure-
ment of life; specifically, the calculation of
the probable duration of human life.
biomorphotic (biº-mör-fot'ik), a. [K NL. bio-
norphoticus, K. Gr. 3iog, life, H- MGr. popport-
Icóg, fit for shaping, KGr. *uopporóg, verbal adj. of
poppoin', º poppſ, form, shape.] In en-
tom., having an active pupa. Westwood.
Biomorphotica (biº-mör-fot'i-kä), n. pl. [NL.
neut. pl. of biomorphoticus : see biomorphotic.
In entom., a name proposed by Westwood for
those insects of the old order Neuroptera hav-
ing an active pupa. They are now divided
into several orders. º
bionomy (bi-on’ô-mi), n. [NL., KGr. 3iog, life,
+ vöuog, law: see nome.] 1. The science of the
laws of life, or of living functions; dynamic
biology. *
He [Comte] also employs the term biomomy as embra-
cing the general science of the laws of living functions, or
dynamic biology. L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., I. 120.
2. In anthropology, the third and final or deduc-
tive and predictive stage of anthropobiology.
O. T. Mason. -
biophagous (bi-off a-gus), a. [K Gr. 3ſog, life, +
payeiv, eat..] Feeding on living organisms: ap-
plied especially to insectivorous plants.
biophysiography (bi’ó-fiz-i-ogºra-fi), n. IK Gr.
Biog, life, + physiography..] The physical mat-
biotome (bi’ô-töm), n.
559
morphological characters; a biological system;
Animal magnetism. #taxonomy.
biotic (bi-ot'ik), a. , Same as biotical.
biotical (bi-ot'i-kal), a. [K Gr. 8worth.6c, relat-
ing to life (K Barróg, verbal adj. of 8toiv, live,
K Biog, life), + -al.] Of or pertaining to life,
or to biotics; biophysiological.
The biotical activities of matter. T. Sterry Hunt.
Organization and biotical functions arise from the mat-
ural Operations of forces inherent in elemental matter.
W. B. Carpenter, Cyc. of Anat, and Phys., III. 151.
biotics (bi-off'iks), n. [K Gr. 8worticóg, pertaining
to life: see biotical.] The science of vital func-
tions and manifestations; the powers, proper-
ties, and qualities peculiar to living organisms;
vital activities proper, as distinguished from the
chemical and physical attributes of vitality.
These activities are often designated as vital; but since biped (bi'ped), 4. and n.
this Word is generally made to include at the same time
other manifestations which are simply dynamical or
chemical, I have . ... proposed for the activities charac-
teristic of the organism the term biotics. T. Sterry Hunt.
biotite (biº-fit), n., [K J. B. Biot (1774–1862), a
French physicist, + -ite?..] An important mem-
ber of the mica group of minerals. See mica.
It occurs in hexagonal prisms, sometimes tabular, of a bipedal (biſped-al), (t.
black or dark-green color. It is a silicate of aluminium
and iron with magnesium and potassium, and is often
called magnesia mica, in distinction from onwscovite or
potash mica. It is sometimes divided into two varieties,
called amomite and merozene, which are distinguished by
Optical characteristics.
[K Gr. 3iog, life, + touff,
a cutting, section: See amatomy.] A term ap-
plied by Čorboid to a life-epoch in the develop-
ural history of organized beings; descriptive ment of some of the lower animals, as Entozoa.
and systematic zoölogy and botany, as distin- biovulate (bi-6(vil-lāt), a.
guished from physiological zoölogy and botany,
or biotics; organography: distinguished from bipaleolate (bi-pā’lé-3-lāt), a.
biophysiology.
[K bi-2 + ovulate.]
[K bi-2 + paleo-
Having two paleolae or diminutive scales
In bot., having two ovules.
late.]
biophysiological (bi’ö-fiz'i-Ö-loj’i-kal), a. [K - (lodicules), as the flowers of Some grasses.
biophysiology + -ical.] Of or pertaining to bio- bipalmate (bi-pal‘māt), a.
#: * ## = 4 tº º “I dº as * *
biophysiologist (bi’6-fiz-i-ol'é-jist), n.
physiology F-ist.] A student of biophysiology;
a student of biology, or an expert in the science
of biotics. Pop. Sci., Mo., XXII. 169.
biophysiology (biº-fiz-i-ol’ā-ji), n. [K Gr. 6ioc,
life, H- physiology.] The science of organized
beings, embracing organogeny, morphology,
and physiological zoölogy and botany: distin-
ished from biophysiography.
bioplasm (biº-plazm), n. IK Gr. 3:og, life, +
TAdopla, anything formed, K, Tââooetv, form.]
Living and germinal matter; formative, as dis-
tinguished from formed, matter. The term was
introduced by Prof. L. S. Beale, about 1872, for the state
or condition of protoplasm in which it is living and ger-
minating.
Bioplasm. . . . moves and grows. . . . It may be cor-
rectly called living or forming matter, for by its agency
every kind of living thing is made, and without it, as far
as is known, no living thing ever has been made; . . . but
the most convenient and least objectionable name for it is
living plasma or bioplasm (8tos, life, tradiopia, plasm, that
which is capable of being fashioned).
Beale, Bioplasm, $14.
bioplasmic (bi-Ö-plaz’mik), a... [K bioplasm +
biparous (bip'a-rus), a.
biparte
biparti
[K bi-2 + palmate.]
bot., doubly or subordinately palmate.
Pertaining to both parietal bones.—Biparietal
diameter, the diameter of the skull from one parietal
eminence to the other.
[K L. bi-, two-, + pa-
rere, bring forth.] 1. Bringing forth two at
a birth.-2. In bot., having two branches or
axes: applied to a cyme.
(bi-pār’ted), a. [K bi-2 + parted. Cf.
bipartite.] 1. In her., bipartite: applied to amy-
thing cut off in the form of an indent, showing
two projecting pieces.—2. In 206l., divided in-
to two parts; bipartite.
#. (bi-pār’ti-bl), a.
ivisible into two parts. Also bipartile.
bipartient (bi-pār’ti-ent), a. and n. [K L. bipar-
tien(t-)s, ppr. of bipartire: see bipartite.] I. a.
Dividing into two parts; serving to divide into
tWo.—Bipartient factor, a number whose square di-
vides a given number without remainder.
I. m. In math., a number that divides an-
other into two equal parts without remainder:
thus, 2 is the bipartient of 4.
jºr
bipectinate (bi-pek’ti-nāt), a.
Bipeltata (bi-pel-tā’tā), m. pl.
bipennatifi
bipennis (bi-penſis), m. ; pl. bipennes (-ez).
[K bi-2 + partible.].
bipartile (bi-pâr’til), a. [K L. bi-, two-, + LL.
partilis, K. L. partire, part : see part, v.] Same
+as bipartible.
bipartite (bi-pâr’ tit), a. [K L. bipartitus, pp.
-îc.] Consisting of or pertaining to bioplasm.
bioplast (biº-plast), n. . [K Gr. Biog, life, +
7%aotóg, verbal adj. of Tržágoeuv, mold, form.]
A particle of bioplasm; a living germinal cell,
such as a white blood-corpuscle or a lymph-
corpuscle; an amoeboid; a plastidule.
In many diseases, these bioplasts of the capillary walls
are much altered, and in cholera. I have found that num-
bers of them have been completely destroyed.
Beale, Bioplasm, § 298.
bioplastic (bi-Ö-plastik), a... [K Gr. Bioc, life,
+ Thaotikóg: see plastic..] Pertaining to or of
the nature of a bioplast.
biordinal (bi-Ör' di-nal), a. and n. [K bi-2 +
ordinal.] I. a. Of the second order.
II. m. In math., a differential equation of
the second order.
biostatical (bi-Ö-stat’i-kal), a. [K Gr. 3ſog,
life, + gratikóg, causing to stand: see static.]
Of or pertaining to biostatics.
No philosophic biologist now tries to reach and modify
a vital force, but only to reach and modify those bio-
statical conditions which, when considering them as causes,
and condensing them all into a single expression, he calls
Vitality, or the Vital Torces.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. ii. § 2.
biostatics (bi-Ö-statºiks), m.
see -ics.]
with the statical and coexistent relations of
structure and function: opposed to biodynam-
Čcs and biokinetics.
biotaxy (bi’ū-tak-si), n. IK Gr. 3iog, life, H
-rašía, K rāšić, arrangement: see tactic.], The
classification, arrangement, or Goðrdination of
living organisms, according to the sum of their
Bipartiti (bi-pār-tiſti), m.
[Pl. of biostatic: bipartition (bi-pār-tish’on), n.
That branch of biology which deals (see bipartite), after partition.] The act of di-
biºlº, (bi-pas’ kal), a.
LL.
of bipartire, divide into two parts, K bi-, two-,
+ partire, divide: see
part, v.] 1. In two
parts ; having two
correspondent parts,
as a legal contract or
writing, one for each
party; duplicate.
The divine fate is also
bipartite.
Cudworth, Intellectual
[System, Pref., p. 1.
O
into two parts near-
ly to the base, as
e the leaves of many
passion-flowers.-Bipartite curve, in geom., a curve
consisting of two distinct continuous series of points.
# [NL., pl. of L.
bipartitus: see bipartite.] In Latreille's system
of classification, a group of carnivorous Coleop-
tera containing fossorial caraboid beetles.
[K L. bipartire
Bipartite Curve.
32 = x (3 – 1) (x — 2).
viding into two parts, or of making two cor-
respondent parts. -
[K L. bi-, two-, +
pascha, passover: see paschal.] Including
or relating to two consecutive passover feasts:
applied by theologians to the scheme of chro-
nology which limits Christ's public ministry to
Bipes (bi'pěz), m.
2. In bot., divided Biſhops (biºfº-ră), m. pl. [NL.,
biphore (bi'för), m. [K Biphora.]
Bipinnaria (bi-pi-mâ’ri-á), m.
gº 3
Bipinnaria
a period containing only two passover anni-
VerS3, PIeS.
About the length . . . [of Christ's public ministry] there
are (besides the isolated and decidedly erroneous view of
Irenaeus) three theories, allowing respectively one, two, or
three years and a few months, and designated as the bi-
paschal, tripaschal, and quadripaschal schemes, accord-
ing to the number of Passovers.
Schaff. Hist. Christ. Church, I. § 16, iv.
[K bi-2 + pec-
timate.] Having two margins toothed like a
comb: used especially in botany and zoölogy.—
Bipectinate antenna?, in entom., antennae in which the
bodies of the joints are short, but with both sides pro-
longed into more or less slender processes, which are
turned obliquely outward, giving the whole organ a
feather-like appearance, as in many moths. This form is
often called pectinate ; but this word is properly used
3rwhere the processes are on one side of the joint only.
[K L. bipes (biped-) (=
r. Ötzrovg (Öttroë-): see dipody), two-footed, K bi-,
two-, + pes (ped-) = E. foot. Cf. quadruped,
centiped, milliped.] I. a. 1. Having two feet.
An helpless, naked, biped beast. Byrom, An Epistle.
2. In herpet., having hind limbs only.
II. m. An animal having two feet, as man.
[K L. bipedalis, measur-
ing two feet, K bi-, two-, + pes (ped-), foot. Cf.
biped.] 1. Of or pertaining to a biped; hav-
ing or walking upon two feet.
The erect or bipedal mode of progression.
E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 335.
2#. Measuring two feet in length.
bipedality (bi-pé-dal’i-ti), m. [K bipedal + -ity.]
The quality of being two-footed.
[NT., neut. pl.
of bipeltatus: see bipeltate.] A term adopted
by Cuvier from Latreille as a family name for
Sundry organisms known as glass-crabs, of a
certain genus called Phyllosoma by Leach.
The forms in question are larvae of scyllaroid crustaceans.
See glass-crab, Phyllosomata. [Not in use.]
bipeltate (bi-pelºtät), a. [K NL. bipeltatus, K L.
[K bio- biparietal (bi-pā-riſe-tal), a. [K bi-2 + parietal.] bi-, two-, + pelta, shield: see bi-2 and peltate.]
1. In 200l., having a defense like a double
# shield.—2. Of or pertaining to the Bipeltata.
bipennate, bipennated (bi-pen'āt, -ă-ted), a.
[K L. bipennis, bipinnis, two-winged, K bi- +
penna, pinna, wing: see pen1.] 1. Having
two wings: as, “bipennated insects,” Derham,
Phys. Theol., viii. 4, note.—2. In bot., same
as bipinnate, (a).
, a. See bipinnatifid.
[L., prop. adj. (se. Securis, ax), two-edged;
confused with bipen-
mis, bipinnis, two-
winged, but accord-
ing to Quintilian
and other Latin
writers a different,
word, K bi-, two-, +
*pennus or *pinnus,
sharp. Cf. pinl and
pen1.] An ancient
ax with two blades,
one on each side of
the handle. In artitis
a characteristic weapon
often depicted in the
hands of the Amazons,
and also attributed to Hephaestus or Vulcan.
[NL., K. L. bipes, two-foot-
ed: see biped.] 1. A genus of lizards, of the
family Anguidae or Gerrhomotidae : by some
united with Ophisaurus. Oppel, 1811.-2. A
Bipennis.
(From a Greek red-figured vase.)
genus of lizards, of the family Scincidae: now
The species are African; the
Merrem, 1820.
called Scelotes.
S. bipes inhabits South Africa.
bipetalous (bi-pet’a-lus), a. [K
bi-2 + petalous.] aving two
flower-leaves or petals.
K bi-, two-, + Gr. -Øópog, K
pépelv = E. bearl.] A group of
ascidians, such as the Salpidae.
The term is sometimes used as the
name of an order of the class T'unica-
to or Ascidia, containing the families
Salpidae and Doliolidae, characterized
by their single ribbon-like branchia.
They are free-swimming forms with
the sexes distinct.
One of the Biphora.
[ L. bi-, two-, + pinna,
penna, wing: see pen1.] A.
generic name given to the bi-
lateral larval form of some
echinoderms, as a starfish,
under the impression that it
Stages of develop-
inent of a larval aste-
rid termed Bipinna-
*fa. Upper figure,
later P2uretts; lower,
earlier Eck??topard’t.
16???,


Bipinnaria
was a distinct animal: nearly the same as
Brachiolaria. The term is retained to designate
such larvae or stage of development. See also
cut under Asteroidea.
bipinnate, bipinnated (bi-pin'āt, -ā-ted), a.
[K bi-2 + pinnate. Cf. bipenmate.] Doubly pin-
nate. (a) In bot., applied to a pinnate leaf when its divi.
sions are themselves again pin-
nate. Also bipennate and bipen-
nated. (b) In 200l., having op-
posite pinnae; feathered on two
opposite sides of a main or axial
line : in entom., specifically ap-
plied to certain feathery forms
of antennae. See antemma. (c) In
amat., having the fleshy fibers
inserted on opposite sides of a
tendinous intersection : said of
a muscle. The rectus femoris
muscle is an example. º
bipinnately (bi-pin'āt-li),
adv. In a bipinmate man-
Bipinnate Leaf.
In 6P.
bipinnatifid, bipennatifid (bi-pi-, bi-pe-nat’i-
d), a. [K bi-2 + pinnatifid, pennatifid.] In
bot., doubly pinnatifid; having the primary and
secondary divisions of the leaves pinnatifid.
bipinnatiform (bi-pi-nat’i-fôrm), a. [As bi-
inmate + -form.] Doubly pinnate in form ;
ipinnate: as, a bipinnatiform muscle.
bipinnatipartite (bi-pi-nat-i-pār’ tit), a. [As
bipinmate + L. partitus, divided: see partition.]
Bipinnatifid, but having the divisions extend-
ing to near the midrib.
bipinnatisect, bipinnatisected (bi-pi-nat’i-
Sekt, -sek-ted), a. [As bipinnate + L. Sectus,
cut: see section.] In bot., twice divided pin-
Imately.
The leaf is said to be bipinnatifid, bipinnatipartite, or
bipinnatisected. Bentley, Botany, p. 153.
biplanar (bi-pla'nār), a. [K L. bi-, two-, +
× plants, plane.] Lying or situated in two planes.
biplane (biºplan), m. In math., the pair of co-
incident planes to which the tangent cone of a
node reduces, when that node is a binode.
biplicate º a. [K bi-2 + plicate.]
Doubly folded; twice folded together, trans-
versely, as the cotyledons of some plants.
Ełemslow.
biplicity (bi-plis’i-ti), n. [K L. biplew (biplic-)
(equiv. to duplex, in a glossary) (K bi-, twice, +
plicare, fold) + -ity. Cf. duplicity.] The state
of being biplicate or twice folded; the quality
+of being twofold; doubling. Roget. [Rare.]
Bipolar (bi-pô’lār), a. [K bi-2 + polar.] 1.
Doubly polar; having two poles.
The best modern metaphysicians, with rare exceptions,
are now agreed that, whatever may be the case with ulti-
mate existences, the phenomena we deal with are bipolar
on the one side objective and on the other subjective; and
these are the twofold aspects of reality.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. ii. § 29.
Specifically—2. In anat., having two process-
es from opposite poles: said of certain nerve-
+cells.
biºlº (bi-pô-lar’i-ti), n. [K bipolar + -ity.]
The state of being bipolar; double polarity.
Bºº Bipontine (biſpont, bi-pon’tin), a.
L. Bipontinus, K. Bipontium (a tr. of German
Zweibrücken, F. Dewa:-Ponts, lit. two bridges),
K L. bi-, two-, + pon(t-)s, bridge.] Of or per-
taining to Bipontium (the Latin name of Zwei-
brücken or Deux-Ponts) in Rhenish Bavaria :
applied to editions of the classics the printing
of which was begun there in 1779.
biporose (bi-pô'rös), a.
orus, a pore.] Having two pores; opening
y two pores, as the anthers in the genus Cas-
sia and most Ericaceae.
Bipositores (bi-poz-i-tó' réz), m. pl. [NL., K
L. bi-, two-, + positor, layer.] In ornith., an-
other name for the Columbaº, an order of birds
including all the pigeons and doves: so called
because these birds for the most part lay only
# two eggs. [Not in use.]
biprism (biſprizm), n., [K bi-2 + prism..] A.
prism with two refractive edges each of small
angle, its cross-section being an obtuse-angled
isosceles triangle.
bipulmonary (bi-pul’mö-nā-ri), a. [K bi-” +
pulmonary.] Arachnida, having only one
pair of pulmonary sacs: opposed to quadripul-
7monary.
thipunctate (bi-pungk’tät), a. [K bi-2 + punc-
tate.] . Having two punctures or spots. . .
bipunctual (bi-pungk'tū-al), a. [K bi-” +
punctual, in the literal sense..] Having two
points.-Bipunctual coördinates. See coördinate.
bipupillate (bi-pâ(pi-lāt), a... [K bi-2 + pupil-
* Having a double pupil: in entom., said
of an eye-like spot on the wing of a butterfly
[K L. bi-, two-, + +the limbs of cirripeds.
560
when it has within it two dots or pupils of a
different color.
bipyramidal (bi-pi-ram’i-dal), a. [K bi-2 +
pyramidal.] Crystal., having the form of
two pyramids joined base to base, as quartz
crystals.
biquadrate (bi-kwod’rät), n. [K bi-2 + quad-
[K bi-2
Tate.], Same as biquadratic,
biquadratic (bi-kwod-rat'ik), a. and n.
+ quadratic..] I. a. Containing or referring
to a fourth power, or the square of a square;
quartie. The word quartic has now completely super-
seded biquadratic, except in the following phrases.— Bi-
quadratic equation, an equation with one unknown
quantity the highest power of which contained in the
equation is the fourth. Biquadratic equations are always
Susceptible of algebraic solution; equations of higher
degrees are generally capable only of numerical solution.
—Biquadratic function, involution. See the nouns.
-Biquadratic parabola, in geom., a curve line of the
third order, having two inflnite legs tending the same
Way.— Biquadratic root of a number, the square root
of the square root of that number. Thus, the square root
of 81 is 9, and the square root of 9 is 3, which is the bi-
quadratic root of 81. e -
II. m. In math., the fourth power, arising
from the multiplication of a square number
or quantity by itself. Thus, 4 x 4 = 16, which is the
square of 4, and 16 x 16 = 256, the biquadratic of 4.
biquarterly (bi-kwār (tér-li), a. [K bi-2,4-
quarterly.] Properly, happening or appearing
Once every two quarters, or semi-annually,
but sometimes used in the sense of semi-quar-
terly, twice in each quarter. [Rare.]
biquartz (bi’kwärtz), m. [K bi-2 + quartz.] A
double quartz plate used in a form of saccha-
rimeter (which see). It consists of two semicircular
plates of quartz joined in a vertical line; the two halves
are so taken that they respectively deviate the plane of
polarization of incident plane-polarized light through 90°
in opposite directions, t -
biquaternion (bi’kwā-tèr’ni-Qn), n. [K bi (see
def.) + quatermion.] 1. In math., an expres-
sion of the form q’ + VHig", where q’ and q”
are real quaternions, that is, do not involve
v-I; a quantity expressible in the form a+
bi-Fei-H dk, where i, j, k are three mutually per-
pendicular vectors, and a, b, c, d are complex
numbers. This is the sense in which Sir W. R. Ham-
ilton used the word. He distinguished such a quantity
from a real quaternion, because the Whole algebraic pro-
- bird
North America, B. papyrifera, is a large tree with a very
tough, durable bark, which is largely used by the Indians
in the manufacture of canoes and tents. The timber is
valuable. The yellow or gray birch, B. lutea, is one of
the most important deciduous trees of the northern At-
lantic forests, growing to a very large size: its wood is
heavy, very strong, and hard. The black, sweet, cherry-,
or mahogany-birch, B, lenta, has a yely spicy, aromatio
bark, yielding a voiatile oil’identicai with oil of winter.
green, and its heavy, dark-colored wood is largely used
for making furniture and in ship-building. Other promi-
ment species are the red or river-birch, B. migra, of the
Southern States, and the black birch, Å. occidentaiis, of
the Rocky Mountains and westward. Several shrubby
species are widely distributed in mountainous and arctic
regions, reaching a higher latitude than any other decidu-
ous tree, as the alpine birch (B. mana), the low or dwarf
birch (B. pumila), and the scrub birch (B. glandulosa).
2. A birch rod, or a number of birch-twigs
bound together, sometimes used for punishing
children.—3. A birch-bark canoe. Lowell.—
Jamaica, or West Indian birch, or gumbo-limbo, a
species of Bursera, B. gummifera, a small tree with ex-
ceedingly soft, light, and spongy wood, yielding"a kind of
gum elemi, which is used as a remedy for gout and as the
chief ingredient of a valuable yarnish.
birch (bèrch), v. t. [K birch, n.] To beat or
punish with a birch rod; flog.
From the child sentenced to be birched, to the assassim
doomed to lose his life. Higginson, Eng. Statesmen, p.270.
There I was birched, there I was bred,
There like a little Adam fed
|From Learning's woeful tree |
Hood, Clapham Academy.
birch-broom (bèrch/bröm'), m. A coarse broom
made of the twigs and small branches of the
birch-tree, used for sweeping stables, streets,
€TC.
birch-camphor (bèrch’kam”for), n. A resin-
ous substance obtained from the bark of the
black birch.
birchen (bèr'chen), a. . [= Sc. birken, birkin, K
ME. birchen, birkin, KAS. *bircen (Sommer) (=
D. LG. berken = OHG. birchin, MHG. G. birken),
K birce, birch: see birch..] Of or pertaining to
birch; consisting or made of birch; as, “birchen
brooms,” Beau. and Fl., Loyal Subject.
We say of a wanton child, . . . he must be annoynted
with byrchim salve.
Tyndale, Works (1573), p. 166. (N. E. D.)
His beaver'd brow a birchen garland wears.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 141,
cedure with complex quaternions is different from and birch-oil (bèrch’oil), n. An oil extracted from
more difficult than that with real quaternions.
2. The ratio of two rotors. This meaning was given
to the word by W. K. Clifford, who conceived that Hamil-
ton's biquaternions did not deserve a separate name. In
this sense a biquaternion is the sum of two quaternions
belonging to different systems, so that their product van-
ishes.
biquintile (bi-kwin’til), m. [K bi-2 + quintile.]
In astrol., an aspect of the planets when they
are distant from each other by twice the fifth
part of a great circle, that is, 144° or twice 72°.
biradiate, biradiated (bi-rá'di-āt, -ā-ted), a.
[K bi-2 + radiate.] Having two rays: as, a bi-
radiate fin.
birambi (bi-ram"bi), n. [Native name.] The
fruit of the Averrhoa Bilimbi, a plant of British
Guiana, from which an excellent preserve is
IOl º
biramose (bi-rá’mös), a. Same as biramous.
Six pairs of powerful biramose natatory feet.
Encyc. Brit., VI, 652.
biramous (bi-rá'mus), a. [K L. bi-, two-, +
Tamus, a branch..] . Possessing or consisting of
two branches; dividing into, two branches, as
H. A. Nicholsom.
birch (běrch), m. [= Sc. and North. E. birk, K
. birch, birche, birke, K AS, birce, bierce,
byrce (= OHG. bircha, piricha, MHG. G. birke),
weak fem., parallel with bere, bedrc (= MD.
berck, D. berk (berken-boom) = Icel. Ujörk (in
comp. birki-) = Sw. björk = Dan. birk), strong
fem., = OBulg. breza = Russ. bereza = Lith.
berghas, birch, = Skt. bhūrja, a kind of birch.
Root unknown; connected by some with AS.
beorht, OHG. beraht, etc., bright, white, shin-
ing, in allusion to the color of the bark. Not
connected with L. betula, birch: see Betula.]
1. A tree or shrub belonging to the genus Be-
tula (which See). The birches have smooth, lami-
nated outer bark and close-grained wood, which in some
Species is hard and tough, taking a fine polish, and is used
in the manufacture of furniture and for many other pur-
poses. The white, gray, or poplar birch, Betwda alba, the
principal European species, is a small tree, but is put
to many uses, especially in the old world. The bark is
used for tanning and thatching, and yields an oil which
is said to be used to give Russia leather its peculiar odor;
spruce-oil is also used for this purpose. The leaves, as
well as the sap and oil, are used in the treatment of vari-
ous chronic diseases, and the wood is used for fuel and
many other purposes. Several varieties of this species, as
the weeping, cut-leafed, and purple birches, are much
cultivated for ornament. The canoe- or paper-birch of
birch-bark, said to be used in preparing Russia
leather. -
birch-water (bérch'wā’tēr), n. The sap of the
A fermented li-
irch. See birch-wine.
birch-wine (bérch (win), m.
quor made from the sap of the birch-tree, which
is collected in the spring throughout the moun-
tainous and wooded districts of Germany and
Scandinavia. It is called by names which signify birch-
water or birch-wine in the different languages. It is said
*to be possessed of diuretic and antiscorbutic properties.
bird 1 (běrd), n., [K, ME. bird, berd, byrde
(ONorth. bird, pl. birdas), a metathesis of the
usual form, M.E. brid, bred, bryd, pl. briddes, a
bird, also, as orig., the young of any bird,
KAS. brid, pl. briddas, the young of any bird
(birds being known as fuglas, “fowls’), and
prob. also applied to any young animals; con-
nected by a regular vowel-gradation (as in E.
dial. fit, fetlock, foot) with AS. bråd, a brood,
both from the root of brēowan, E. brew, orig.
to warm, cherish : see brood and brew.l. For
the development of sense, cf. the history of
pullet and pigeon.] 1+. A young animal; a
young one: applied to young wolves, foxes,
fish, bees, etc.—2+. The young of any fowl.
Being fed by us, you used us so
As that ungentle gull the cuckoo's bird º
TJseth the sparrow. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. L.
3. A feathered vertebrate animal of the class
Aves, frequently included with reptiles in a su-
perclass Sauropsida, but distinguished by hav-
ing warm blood, by being covered with fea-
thers, and by having the fore limbs so modified
as to form wings. See Aves.—4. Any small
feathered game, as a partridge, quail, Snipe, or
woodcock, as distinguished from water-fowl,
etc.—Aërial birds. See aérial,—A little bird told
me, I heard in a way I will not reveal.
Imagine any one explaining the trivial saying, “A little
bird told me,” without knowing of the old beief in the
language of birds and beasts.
E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, I. i.
Aquatic birds. See aguatic.-Arabian bird, the fab-
ulous phenix. See Arabian.—Baltimore bird. See ori-
ole.—Bird-conjurer. See conjurer.—Bird of freedo
the American bald eagle. [An Americanism.]—Bird O
Jove, the eagle.—Bird of Juno, the peacock.-Bird of
Minerya, the owl-Bird of night, the owl.—Bird of
paradisé. (a) One of the Paradiseidae, oscine passerine
birds, related to the corvine and .#. passerines.
confined to the Papuan region, and long famous for m
nificence of plumage and for the extraordinary devels

bird 561
4&*-* *.*, * ... 0 7 8 S thets bright, comely, etc.: see bride1.]
45 \ $º ---------------.”:-”. I.---------...--> Jºy 3. e y
$º @^ a & ºrtº :::::::::::::=~ A maiden; a girl; a young woman.
: º; § sº- -" --~~~~ ...” Ther nis no buyrde so briht in boure . . .
#2% & sº …” ---. -- to That hed [she] he schal fade as a flour.
:2% / __--~~#:... ---T Early Eng. Poems (ed. Furnivall), p. 134.
38 %2% ...” _^ ~~~~...~ “--> *— Hire cheere was º: 8.8 §in *;
27°7' 2", --~"." *~ Iº---T_ 11 om, oft 8e, l. 1014.
12" / gº \, .*.*.* sº T*~~~ & e
36 % §§ <> SS ...~" ~~~~ And by my word the bonnie bird
35' Šºs- S _-T T: 12 In danger shall not tarry.
s: ſ-----º- ... S&S S SNez ...” erº" čampbell, Lord Ullin's Daughter.
33 22 _>" Ş IºW T:----------. >'l:3 [In this, as in other modern instances, the
3.2 ....”7 º' * >S. sº …:----------" word is archaic, and is probably associated
...~. AºSºgº...”s NT-------, with bird; as a term of endearment.]
…? …”. Sºśg N ~-1, bird-baiting (bèrd’bà’ting), n. The
*~...~1.---ºšs=~ S.--T catching of birds with clap-nets.
* ...A .2 *~ £º 2, T---, i. ### £ tº : gº -
27 A-. V &tº #" bird-bolt1 (bérd’bölt), n. [K bird 1 +
... sººº Xº ſix N/ \ / &N ; bolt1..] A blunt-headed arrow for the
25'ſ 2. …~2% A ; : N \ N longbow or crossbow, formerly used bir
21. 2° 22′ ! S \, for shooting birds. It was intended
23 22 21 20 19 18 17 IB to stun without piercing.
Topography of a Bird. (From Coues’s “Key to North American Birds.") bird-bolt? (běrd’bölt), 7?. [A. corrup-
1, forehead Cyroms); 2, lore; 3, circumocular region; 4, crown (vertex); 5, eye; tion of burbot. A local English
6, hind head #}; 7, nape (zerécha) ; 8, jºneck (cervix); 9, side of neck; I Ing S
IO, .# #. j ack proper, *::::::: IO : 12, :*:::: ºf # name of the bulbot, Molva lota.
upper part O. roper, including ro, Ir, and 13; 13, rump (terogygitem); I4, up- hird- º * *
# tº: ; % #. 16, .# Šíº. I7, *::::::: 18, #. bird Cage (běrd kāj) ; 72. A. D ortable
men"; 19, hind toe (halliez); 20, gastrazezzº, including 18 and 24; 21, outer or fourth inclosure for birds.
bird-call (běrd’kāl), n. An instru-
toe; 22, middle or third toe; 23, side of body; 24, breast (£ectus); 25, primaries;
26, secondaries; 27, tertiaries (Nos. 25, 26, and 27 are all ...}: 28, primary cov- & ſº º tº
ment for imitating the cry of birds
in order to attract or decoy them.
erts; 29, altela, or bastard wing ; 30, greater coverts; 31, Inedian coverts; 32, lesser
coverts; 33, the throat, including 34, 37, and 38; 34, jugulum, or lower throat;
35, auriculars; 36, malar region; 37, grida, or middle throat; 38, mentum, or chin; * & s
It is generally a short metal pipe, having a
circular plate at each end pierced with a
Small hole.
§ ; of commissure, or corner of mouth; 40, ramus of under mandible; 41, side
Ot t|It
bird-catcher (bèrd’kach/ēr), n. One
er, mandible; 42, goºys, 43, apex, or tip of bill; 44, tomia, or cutting edges
of the bill; 45, c.162ntent, or ridge of upper mandible, corresponding to gonys; 46, side
of upper mandible; 47, nostril; 48 passes across the bill a little in front of its *
who or that which catches birds, as a person, a
g & bird, or an insect
most beautiful of which, Paradisea apoda, is also the best tº 2 * -a, Af:
known; it was called apode from the fable that it was bird-catching (běrd kach ing), m. The act of
always on the wing and had no feet, a motion which was catching birds or wildfowls, either for food or
* * pleasure, or for their destruction when permi-
opment of some of the feathers in most species. There
are about forty species of birds of paradise, one of the
s \ cious to the husbandman.
\ bird-dog (běrd'dog), n. A dog used by sports-
men in the field in hunting game-birds.
bird-duffer (bérd’duf’ér), m. A dishonest deal-
er in birds, who “makes up ’’ his wares, either
by painting the plumage of live birds, or by
fabricating bird-skins, affixing false labels,
etc.
§ birdet, n. A Middle English form of bird.
§ birder (bèrºdër), n. [Klate ME. byrder; Kbirdl,
§.2.-
#--
-
.
v. i., + -erl.] 1+. A bird-catcher; a fowler.
As the byrder beguyleth the byrdes. Vives.
2. One who breeds birds.-3. A local English
name of the wild cat. N. E. D.
bird-eye (bèrd’i), a. See bird’s-eye.
bird-eyed (bèrd'id), a. Having eyes like those
of a bird; quick-sighted; catching a glimpse as
One goes.
|
|
Where was your dear sight,
When it did so, forsooth ! what now ! bird-eyed?
B. Jonson, Volpone, iii. 2.
bird-fancier (bèrd'fan'si-ér), m. 1. One who
takes pleasure in rearing or collecting birds,
especially such as are rare or curious.-2. A
dealer in the various kinds of birds which are
kept in cages.
bird-fauna (bèrd'fā'nā), n. Same as avifauna.
bird-foot (běrd'füt), a. Divided like a bird’s
Bird of Paradise (Paradisea apoda).
strengthened by the fact that the specimens which used
to reach naturalists were without feet, these having been
removed in preparing the skins. The packets of beautiful
orange and yellow plumes worn as ornaments are from
this species and a near relative, P. minor. P. sanguinea
is a still more gorgeous bird. The king bird of paradise,
Cincinnurus regius, is one of the most magnificent. Schle.
%; wilsoni, Diphyllodes speciosa, Parotia sexpennis, and
ophorhina atra, are other leading species. The name is
also given to a few species which are excluded from the
technical definition of Paradiseidae (which see). (b) In
bird-louse (běrd’lous), n.
birdnest (bérd’nest), v. i.
bird’s-bread (bèrdz"bred), n.
Third-seed (bérd’séd), n.
bird’s-mouth (běrdz’mouth), m.
- bird's-nest
When the heart is thus bird-limed, then it cleaves to
everything it meets with.
Goodwin, A Christian's Growth, ii. 3.
* * tº One of a kind of lice
which infest the plumage of birds. The genera
and species are numerous. They are mostly degraded
parasitic insects of the order Mallophaga, and constitute
most of that order.
birdman (běrd’man), n. ; pl. birdmen (-men).
[K bird 1 + man.]. 1. A bird-catcher; a fowl-
er.—2. An Ornithologist.—3. One who stuffs
birds.
To hunt or search
for the nests of birds
bird-net (bèrd’net), ń. A net used for catch-
ing birds.
bird-organ (běrd’ór"gan), n. A small barrel-
organ used in teaching birds to whistle tunes.
-plant (bérd' plant), n. A lobeliaceous
plant, Heterotoma lobelioides, from Mexico, with
yellow irregular flowers somewhat resembling
a bird. Also called canary-bird flower.
A name of the
common stonecrop, Sedum acre.
Small seeds used for
feeding birds, as those of hemp or millet; more
specifically, the seed of Phalaris Canariensis, or
I. n. 1. In bot. :
(a) The pheasant's-eye, Adonis autumnalis. (b)
The speedwell, Veronica Chamaedrys : so named
from its bright-blue flower. (c) A species of
primrose, Primula farinosa,—2. An English
style of cut tobacco, so named from the ringed
appearance of the included sections of the
midrib. The leaf, imported from the United
States, is bright, smooth, thin, and clean, with
little gum and oil. Cf. Stemmed * tobacco.-Red
bird’s-eye, the herb-robert, Geranium Robertianum.
II. a. i. Seen from above, as if by a flying
bird; embraced at a glance; hence, general;
not minute or entering into details: as, a.
lºve landscape; a bird’s-eye view of a sub-
Ject.
*Canary-graSS.
bird’s-eye (bérdz’ī), m. and a.
Thereupon she took
A bird’s-eye view of all the ungracious past.
Temnyson, Princess, ii.
2. Resembling a bird's eye; having spots or
markings somewhat resembling birds' eyes.
He wore a blue bird's-eye handkerchief round his neck.
Hughes, Tom Brown at Oxford, xviii.
Bird’s-eye crape, diaper, limestone, maple, etc. See
the mouns.—Bird’s-eye view, a mode of perspective
representation in which portions of country, towns, etc.,
appear as they would if viewed from a considerable ele-
*vation.
bird's-foot (bérdz'füt), n.
1. A common name
for several plants, especially papilionaceous
plants of the genus Ornithopus, their legumes
being articulated, cylindrical, and bent in like
claws.—2. The name of a spurge, Euphorbia
Ornithopus, of the Cape of Good Hope.—Bird's-
foot trefoil, the popular name of Lotus corm iculatus : so
º: because its legumes spread like a crow's foot. See
Ot?!.S.
In carp., an
interior angle or notch cut across the grain at
astron, a southern constellation.—Bird of passage,
a migratory bird ; a migrant; a bird which regu-
Iarly passes in the spring from a warmer to a colder cli-
mate, and back in the fall. See migration and isepipteses.
—Bird of peace, the dove, with reference to the story of
Noah.—Bird of Fº any member of the order Raptores
or Accipitres, as the hawk, eagle, owl, etc.—Bird of the
year, a bird less than a year old.—Bird of wonder, the
phenix, —Birds of a feather, persons of similar tastes and
habits: chiefly in the saying, “Birds of a feather flock
together,” indicating the usual association with one an-
other of persons of like proclivities.—Early bird, an early
riser; one who gets up betimes in the morning: in allusion
to the proverb, “The earlybird catches the worm.”—Man-
of-war bird. Same as frigate-bird.—Sea-cow bird, the
treble-collared plover of Africa, AEgèalites tricollaris: so
called by Chapman, a traveler in southern Africa.--To
hear a bird sing, to receive private communication; be
informed privately or secretly.
I heard a bird so sing. Shak., 2 Hem. IV., v. 5.
I heard a bird sing, they mean him no good office.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iv. 2.
birdl (běrd), v. 3. [K birdl, m.] 1. To catch
birds; go bird-shooting or fowling.
I do invite you to-morrow morning to my house to break-
fast: after, we'll a-birding together.
Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 3.
Hence—2+. To look for plunder; thieve.
Mam. These day owls —
Sur. That are birding in men's purses.
B. Jomson, Alchemist, v. 3.
bird2 (běrd), n. . [Sc. bird, burd, etc.; K ME.
bird berd, burd, byrd, etc., a transposition of
the somewhat less common brid, bride, etc.,
prop a bride, but much used in poetry in the
general sense of ‘maiden,” “girl,” with the epi-
birdgazer (běrd'gā’zēr), n.
foot; pedate, as the leaves of the bird-foot the extremity of a piece of timber, for its re-
violet, Viola pedata. º +ception on the edge of another piece.
[K bird" + gazer; bird's-nest (běrdzºnest), n. 1. A name popu-
a tr. Of L. auspea:: See auspear.] An augur or
haruspex.
Accius Navius, the great birdgazer of Rome.
Trewnesse of the Christian Religion, p. 401.
bird-house (bèrd’hous), m. A box, pen, or small
house for birds; a place in which birds are
housed.
birdiel (běr'di), m. [K birdl + dim. -ie.] 1. A
childish diminutive of birdl.—2. A term of
endearment for a child or a young woman.
birdie? (bèr'di), n. A name about Aberdeen,
Scotland, of the young halibut. -
birding-piecet (bér (ding-pês), m. A fowling-
piece. Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 2.
My Lord Hinchingbroke, I am told, hath had a mis-
chance to kill his boy by his birding-piece going off as he
was a-fowling. Pepys, Diary, I. 420.
bird-lime (bèrdſlim), m. A viscous substance
prepared from the inner bark of the holly, Ilea:
Aquifolium, used for entangling small birds in
Order to capture them, twigs being smeared
with it at places where birds resort or are like-
ly to alight.
Holly is of so viscous a juice, as they make birdlime of
the bark of it. Bacom, Nat. Hist., § 592.
Not bird-lime or Idean pitch produce
A more tenacious mass of clammy juice.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iv. 57.
billime (běrd’lim), v. t. To smear with bird-
6,
larly given to several plants, from some sug-
gestion of a bird’s nest in their form or manner
of growth. (a) Neottia Nidus-avis, a British orchid
found in beech woods: so called because of the mass of stout
interlaced fibers which form its roots. (b) Hypopitys Hypo-
pithys, a parasitic ericaceous plant growing on the roots of
trees in fir woods, the leafless stalks of which resenble a
nest of Stieks. (c) As-
plenium. Nidus, from
the manner in which
the fronds grow, leav-
ing a nest-like hollow
in the center. (d) The
wild carrot, Daucus
Carota, from the form
of the unbel in fruit.
2. Same as crow's-
7test.— 3. pl. An
article of com-
InêI'GO between
Java and China,
consisting of the
gelatinous brack-
ets which the
Swifts of the fam-
ily Cypselida and
genus Collocalia.
attach to cliffs,
and on which they
build their nests.
These so-called bird's-
nests consist principal-
ly of the inspissated
Bird-spider (Avicularia avºcularia).









36 -
bird's-nest
saliva of the birds, and are much esteemed by the Chinese,
who use them in making the well-known bird's-nest soup.
—Bird's-nest fungus, any species of fungus belonging
to the group Nidulariaceae, which resemble small nests
containing eggs. Also called bird's-nest peziza.
bird-spider (bèrd’spi"dēr), n. A large hairy
spider of the family Theraphosidae and genus
Avicularia (often called Mygale). A. avicularia,
a native of tropical America, is able to capture
and kill small birds. See cut on preceding page.
bird's-tares, bird’s-tongue (bèrdz'tärz, -tung),
n. Names of the species of Ornithoglossum, a
genus of bulbous plants from the Cape of Good
Hope. The name bird's-tongue is also applied to the
door-weed, Polygonwm aviculare, from the shape of its
leaves, and sometimes to the keys of the European ash,
Fraximus excelsior.
562
II. m. 1. A lively young fellow; a self-as-
sertive fellow.
Ye see yon birkie ca'd a lord,
Wha struts, an’ stares, an' a' that.
Burns, For A'That.
2. Beggar-my-neighbor: a game at cards.-Auld
birkie, old boy. [Colloq.]
birll (běrl), v. . [Sc. and E. dial, also burl, K
ME. birlem, byrlen, KAS. by relian, byrliam, bir-
lian (> Icel. byrla), pour out drink, K by rele (>
Icel. byrlì), a cupbearer, butler (perhaps con-
nected with oš'birii T'oïč, biºi, a basket)
rop, a carrier, bearer, K beran, bear: see bearl.
#. trans. 1. To pour out (wine, etc.) for.
Dame Elymour entrete
To byrle them of the best.
birse (bèrs), n.
bird-tick (bèrd’tik), n. A name of some pupip- Skelton, Elynour Rummyng, l. 269.
arous dipterous insects which infest the plu- 2. To supply or ply with drink.
Image of birds, creeping quickly about among II. intrans. To drink in company; carouse.
the feathers. A good example is Olfersia améri- A LA modern forced use.]
cama, which is found on many #. of birds. birl? (běrl), v. [Appar. imitative; cf. birrº,
bird-witted (bèrd’wit'ed), a. Having only the bur2, whiri, whir, firl, etc..] I. intrans. Tó
wit of a bird; passing rapidly from one subject move or rotate rapidly; make a noise like that
to another; ñighty. made by wheels moving rapidly over stones or
If a child be bird-witted, that is, hath not the faculty of gravel.
attention, the mathematicks giveth *remedy ſhºreºntº, II. trans. To cause to rotate; twirl or spin
e * * Woº.” (as a coin) in the air or on a table, as in pitch-
birectangular (biºrek-tang'gū-lär), a. . [K bi-” and—toss; hence, to toss out (a coin or coins)
+ rectangular.] Having two right angles: as, on the table as one's contribution; contributé
a birectangular spherical triangle. as one's share in paying for drinks: as, “I’ll
birefractive, (bi-ré-fraktiy), a. [K bi-2 + re- birl my bawbee,” Scotch song.
fractive..] Same as birefringent. º birlaw, birley, birlie, n. See byrlaw.
birefringent (biº-frin'jênt), a. [K bi-” + re-birlawman, birlieman, birlymān, n. See byr-
..fringent.] Doubly refractive ; possessing the lawman.
property of separating a ray of light into two birlin (bérºlin), n.
rays by double refraction. See refraction.
bireme (bi'rém), m. [K L. biremis, K bi-, two-,
+ remus, an oar.] An ancient galley having
two banks or tiers of oars.
A few were biremes, the rest stout triremes.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 149.
biretta (bi-ret’ī), m. [Also birretta, berretta;
K It. berretta = Sp. birreta = Pr. berreta, bar-
reta = F. barette (> E. barret2), fem.; in masc.
form, Pr. birret =
Cat. baret = F. beret
(see beret), KML.bir-
rettum, birretum, al-
sc bereta, etc., dim.
of birrus, a hood or
Cape, if, a cloak.
see birrus.] 1. Origi-
nally, any Small cap
worn as distinctive
of a trade or pro-
fession; afterward,
a scholastic cap, or
such as was worn
indoors by mem-
bers of the learned
[Also birlinn, birling, berlin,
berling; K Gael. birlinn, bioirlinn, a barge or
leasure-boat.] A kind of boat used in the
ebrides, rowed with from four to eight long
oars, but seldom furnished with sails.
There's a place where their berlims and gallies, as they
ca'd them, used to lie in lang syne.
Scott, Guy Mannering, xl.
Sailing from Ireland in a birlinn or galley.
Quoted in N. and Q., 6th ser., XII. 79.
birling1 (bér’ling), n. [Verbal n. of birll, v.]
A. drinking match.
The Tod's-hole, an house of entertainment where there
has been mony a blithe birling. Scott.
birling? (bér’ling), n. Same as birlin.
birni (běrn), m. "[Sc. : see burn 1.] A stem of
dry heather; specifically, one of the stems of
burnt heath which remain after the smaller
º have been consumed, as in moor-burning.
birn? (běrn), n. [K G. birne, a pear, dial. bir, K
MHG. bir, pl. birn, KOHG. bira = L. pirum, pl.
pira, whence also ult. E. pear, q.v.] That part
of an instrument of the clarinet class into which
the mouthpiece fits: so called from its shape.
birny (bér’ni), a. [K birn 1 + -y1.] Abounding
Biretta.
birt (bèrt), m.
birt-fish (běrt'fish), m.
birthl (běrth), n.
professions; now, in the Rom. Cath. Ch.,
ecclesiastical cap. This last is square, and has three
and sometimes four horns or projections on top, Crossing
it at equal angles, and frequently having a tuft or tassel
where the horns meet in the middle. For priests and the
lower orders its color is black, and for bishops also, at
least in Rome, though elsewhere they commonly wear
one of violet, corresponding with the color of the cassock;
for cardinals it is red. It seems to have been introduced
in offices of the church when the amice ceased to be worn
over the head in proceeding to and from the altar at mass.
2. By extension, a Tunis cap; a Smoking-Cap.
#; m. See bergamder.
birhomboidai (birom-boi'dai), a. [K bi-2 +
rhomboidal.] Having a surface composed of
twelve rhombic faces, which, being taken six
and six, and prolonged in idea till they intercept
each other, would form two rhombohedrons.
birimose (bi-riſmós), a. [K L. bi-, two-, + rima,
a chink.] Opening by two slits, as the anthers
of most plants.
birkl (bérk), m.
form of birch.
Shadows of the silver birk
Sweep the green that folds thy grave.
Tennyson, A Dirge, i.
birk2 (běrk), v. i. [Sc.; origin obscure; cf.
Icel. berkja, bark, bluster.] To give a tart an-
swer; converse in a sharp and cutting way.
Jamieson.
birken (běr’ken), a.
Scotch form of birchen.
birken? (bér'ken), v. t. [K birken, a., or birk"
+ -en 1.] To beat with a birch or rod.
They ran up and down like furies, and birkened those
they met with.
Northern English and Scotch
Northern English and
Christian Religion's Appeal, p. 91.
birkie (bé • e ſº º
ky; cf. birk2.j I. a. Lively; spirited; tart in
speech. A
birns. [Scotch.]
IIl
the birostrate, birostrated (bi-rostråt, -trä-ted),
a. [K bi-2 + rostrate.] Having a double beak,
or process resembling a beak.
birotation (bi-rö-tă'shgn), m. [K bi-2 + rota-
tion.] Double rotation or rotatory power. The
name was given by Dubrunfaut to a phenomenon exhibited
by some sugar, which possesses a rotatory power that is at
first nearly equal to twice the normal annount, but gradu-
ally diminishes and remains constant when the normal
power is reached. The sugar having this property is called
birotatory deactrose.
birotatory (bi-rö’tă-tº-ri), a. [K bi-2 + rota-
tory..] Possessing double rotatory power. See
birotation.
birotine (bir’â-tin), m. [Origin uncertain..] A
kind of silk from the Levant.
birotulate (bi-rö’tli-lāt), a. [K L. bi-, two-, +
rotula, a little wheel: see roll.] Having two
wheels or disks connected by a common axis.
birrl (bér; Sc. pron. ber), n. ISc., also bir, ber,
beir, bere, bur, burr, etc., K.M.E. bir, byr, byrre,
burre, bur, K Icel. byrr (= Sw, Dan, běr), a fa-
voring wind, K bera (= AS. beran), bear: see
bearl.] 1+. A strong wind.—2. The force of
the wind; impetus; momentum.–3. A thrust
or push.-4. Force; vigor; energy. [Scotch
and North. Eng.]
birrº (běr), v. i. [Sc., also bir, ber, etc., appar.
imitative, like bur2, burrº, and birl?, q.v.] To
make a whirring noise; make a noise like that
of revolving wheels, or of millstones at work.
[Scotch.]
birr? (běr), n. [K birr?, v.] 1. A whirring noise.
—2. Strong trilling pronunciation. See bur2.
Scotch.]
birretta, n. See biretta.
of a reddish color, worn to
wool or silk, orig.
y #. burrus, red (?), KGr, Trvppóg,
keep off rain, KO
birthday (berth’īā)
birthdomſ (bèrth'dum), n.
º - bé th’ e
r’ki), a. and n. [Sc., also spelled bir- birrus (birus), m.; pl.: birri (-i). [LL., a cloak of bººtlºon),
birth-hour
older trupgåc, red, flame-colored; cf. trupgåc, a
fire-brand, usually referred to trip = E. fire.
Hence ult, biretta, berretta, etc. (sº biretta),
burrel, bureau, etc. 1. Under the Roman em.
pire, and later, a cloak with a hood worn as
an outer garment for protection from the wea-
ther. It was strictly a heavy and rough garment, woven
of coarse wool in its natural color; but after a time cloaks
; º sºme form and name came to be made of fine qual-
1Uy g
2. A species of coarse thick woolen cloth used
lby the poorer classes in the middle ages for
cloaks and external clothing.
[Sc., also birs, K ME. brust, K
AS. byrst = OHG. burst, bursta, MHG. borst,
birst, borste, G. borste = Icel. burst = Sw.
borst = Dam. bārste, bristle; the primitive of
bristle, q.v.] A bristle; collectively, bristles.
[Scotch..]—To set up one's birse, to put one on his
mettle; put one in a towering passion.
birsle (bèr'sl), v. t. ; pret, and pp. birsled, ppr.
birsling. [Sc., also brissle, brusle = E. brustle,
make a crackling noise: see brustle1.] 1. To
scorch or toast, as before a fire: as, to birsle
one's self or one's shanks before the fire.—2.
To parch or broil: as, to birsle peas or potatoes.
[Scotch..]
[Also written burt, and formerly
bert, byrt; also brit, bret, q.v.] A local Eng-
lish name of the turbot, Psetta maxima.
Same as birt.
[Early mod. E. also berth,
KME. birth, berth, byrth, birthe, burthe, byrthe
º: assimilated to Icel. *byrdhr, later burdhr
= OSw. byrth, Sw. börd = Dan. byrd), reg. ME.
byrde, burde, & Ås. gebyrd (=OFries. berà, berth,
= OS. giburd= D. geboorte= OHG. giburt, MHG.
G. geburt = Goth. gabaurths, birth, nativity;
cf. Ir, brith = Gael. breith, birth; Skt. bhriti),
with formative -d (and prefix ge-), K beran,
bear: see bearl.] 1. The fact of being born;
nativity.
Had our prince
(Jewel of children) seen this hour, he had pair'd
Well with this lord; there was not full a month
Between their births. Shak., W. T., v. 1.
2. By extension, any act or fact of coming into
existence; beginning; origination: as, the birth
of Protestantism.
After an hour's strict search we discover the cause of
the reports. They announce the birth of a crevasse.
Tyndall, Forms of Water, p. 98.
3. The act of bearing or bringing forth; par-
turition: as, “at her next birth,” Milton, Ep.
M. of Win., i. G7 T4. The condition into which
a person is born; lineage; extraction; descent:
as, Grecian birth ; noble birth : sometimes, ab-
solutely, descent from noble or honorable pa-
rents and ancestors: as, a man of birth.
He [James] had an obvious interest in inculcating the
superstitious notion that birth confers rights anterior to
law and unalterable by law. Macaulay.
5. That which is born; that which is produced.
Poets are far rarer births than kings.
B. Jomsom, Epigrams.
Others hatch their eggs and tend the birth till it is able
to shift for itself. Addison, Spectator, No. 120.
Lines, the birth of some chance morning or evening at
an Ionian festival, or among the Sabine hills, have lasted
generation after generation.
J. H. Newman, Gram. of Assent, p. 75.
6+. Nature; kind; sex; natural character.
N. E. D.—7+. In astrol., nativity; fortune.
A cunning man did calculate my birth,
And told me that by water I should die.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
New birth, regeneration (which see).
irth 2, n. See berth 2.
birth-child (běrth'child), n. Achildby birthin
a given place; a native: “Thetis' birth-child”
(Shak., Pericles, iv. 4), that is, one born on
the sea, the domain of Thetis.
m. and a. . [ME. birthdai,
birtheday (cf. AS. gébjrding); K birth1 + day.]
I. m. The day on which a person is born, or the
anniversary of the day; hence, day or time of
Origin or commencement.
This is my birth-day, as this very day
Was Cassius born. Shak., J. C., v. 1.
Those barbarous ages past, succeeded next
The birth-day of invention. Cowper, Task, i.
II. a. Relating or pertaining to the day of
a person's birth, or to its anniversary: as, a
birthday ode or gift; birthday festivities.
[K birth1 + -dom.]
Privilege of birth; that which belongs to one
by birth; birthright. Shai.
The hour at which
Worse than a slavish wipe or a birth-hour's blot.
Shak, Lucrece, l. 537.

* *
&
łł.
#
birt;
birthland (běrth’land), ‘.
Thirthless (běrth’les), a.
birth-mar
Thirth-sin (běrth'sin), n.
birth-song (bèrth’söng), m.
birth-strangled (bèrth'strang"gld), a.
bºyº (běrth'wért), n.
bis (bis), adv.
bisa, biza (bě'zā), m.
bisaccate (bi-sak’āt), a.
bisaccia (bé-zäch’â), m.
biscacha (bis-kach'É), n.
biscalloped (bi-skol’upt), a.
birthing
irthing, n. See berthing.
The land of one's
|birth, or where one was born.
In the direction of their birthland.
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 104.
So may the dead return to their birthland,
The Century, XXVI. 47.
[K birth1 + -less.]
Not of good or honorable birth; of low or com-
mon lineage. Scott.
(běrth’märk), n. Some congenital
mark or blemish on a person's body; a straw-
berry-mark; a mole; a naevus.
Most part of this noble lineage carried upon their body
even for a naturall birth-mark, from their mother's womb,
a Snake. North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 917.
563
of the three Basque provinces of Spain, or to its
Pºłº,
II, n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Biscay.
–2. [l. c.] Milit.: (a) A long and heavy mus-
ket, usually carried on a permanent pivot, for
use on fortifications or the like. idjº.
(b) A heavy bullet, usually of the size of an
egg; one of the separate balls of grape- or
case-shot.
biscoctiform (bis-kok’ti-fôrm), a. [K L. as if
*biscoctus, biscuit (Kbis, twice, 4-coctus, cooked:
see biscuit), H- forma, form.] In bot., biscuit-
shaped : as, biscoctiform spores. Tuckerman.
biscornet, n. Same as bickern.
biscotin (bis'kº-tin), m. [F., K It. biscottino,
dim. of biscotto — fi. biscuit: see biscuit..] "A
birthnight (běrth’nit), n. The night of the day confection made of flour, sugar, marmaïade,
on which a person is born; the anniversary of
that night.
birthplace (běrth'plas), n. The place of one's
birth; the town, city, or country where a per- A semiquaver; a sixteenth-note.
son is born; more generally, place of origin.
birth-rate (bérth/rāt), n. The proportion of
births to the number of inhabitants of a town,
district, country, etc., generally stated as so
many per thousand of the population.
An increase in prosperity, as measured by the birth-
Tate, is accompanied by a decrease in the ratio of boy-
births, and vice versa. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 327.
birthright (bèrth'rit), n. . Any right or privi-
lege to which a person is entitled by birth,
such as an estate descendible by law to an
heir, or civil liberty under a free constitution;
Specifically, the right of primogeniture.
...And they sat before him, the first-born according to his
birthright, and the youngest according to his youth.
Gen. xliii. 33.
For Titan (as ye all acknowledge must)
Was Saturnes elder brother by birthright.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vi. 27.
We were very nearly dead, . . . and my idea of happi-
mess was an English beefsteak and a bottle of pale ale;
for such a luxury I would most willingly have sold my
birthright at that hungry moment.
Sir S. W. Baker, Heart of Africa, p. 264.
Thirthroot (běrth’röt), n. In bot., a name given
to various species of Trillium, especially T.
erectum, the roots of which are reputed to be
astringent, tonic, and alterative, and to have
a special effect upon the uterus and connected
organs. Also called birthwort, and corruptly
beth root and bathwort.
Sin from birth; origi-
nal sin. [Rare.]
Original or birth sin. Book of Common Prayer.
A Song Sung at a
birth, or in celebration of a birth or birthday.
A joyful birth-song, Fitz-Geoffry, Blessed Birthday, p. 45.
Stran-
gled or suffocated at birth.
Finger of birth-strangled babe. Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1.
[K birth1 + wortl.]
bot. : (a) The common name of the European
species of Aristolochia, A. Clematitis, from its
supposed remedial powers in parturition, and
from it transferred to some American species,
which are more usually known as snakeroot.
(b) Same as birthroot.
[L., twice, for “duis, K duo = E.
two ; in compounds, bi-; see bi-2.] Twice. (a)
In accounts, tabular-statements, books, etc., used to de-
note a duplicate or repetition of an item or number or
page: as, p. 10 bis. (b) In music, a term indicating that a
passage or section is to be repeated, (c) An exclamation,
used like encore, as a request for the repetition of a mu-
sical performance, etc., (d) As a prefix, twofold, twice, two :
in this sense it generally becomes bi-. See bi-2.
[Native name.] A coin
used in Pegu in British Burma, worth about
273 cents.
[K bi-2 + saccate; cf.
biscuit-root (bis"kit-röt), n.
and eggs; sweet biscuit.
biscroma (bis'kró-mă), n. [It., K bis-, twice-,
+ Croma, a quaver: see croma.] In music, a
biscuit (bis(kit), n. [Early mod. E. also bisket;
K ME. bysket, biscute, º besquite (= D.
beschwit, X Dan, beskējt), KOF, bescoit, bescuit,
later biscut, F. biscuit = Pr. bescueit = Sp. biz-
cocho = Pg. biscouto = It. biscotto, lit. twice
cooked, K. L. bis, twice, + Coctus, pp. of coquere,
cook.] 1. A kind of hard, dry bread, consist-
ing of flour, water or milk, and salt, and baked
in thin flat cakes. The name is also extended
to similar articles very variously made and fla-
vored. See cracker.
As dry as the remainder biscuit
After a voyage. hak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
2. A small, round, soft cake made from dough
raised with yeast or soda, sometimes shortened
with lard, etc. [U. S.]—3. In ceram., porce-
lain, stoneware, or pottery after the first bak-
ing, and before the application of the glaze.
Formerly bisque.—Meat biscuit, a preparation con-
sisting of the matter extracted from meat by boiling, com-
bined with flour, and baked in the form of biscuits.
biscuit-oven (bis' kit-uv/n), n. In ceram., the
oven used for the first baking of porcelain,
bringing it to the state known as biscuit.
A name given to
several kinds of wild esculent roots which are
extensively used for food by the Indians of the
Columbia river region, especially to species of
Quamasia and Lomatium.
biscutate (bi-skii’tät), a. [K bi-2 + scutate.]
bot., resembling two shields or bucklers
placed side by side; having parts
of such a character.
bisdiapason (bis"di-à-pâ’zon), n.
[K bis + diapason.] "In music, an
interval of two octaves, or a fif-
teenth.
bise (běz), n. [F. bise = Pr. bise
= It. bisa.] A dry cold north and
northeast wind, prevailing espe-
cially in Provence and the Rhône
valley, and very destructive to
vegetation, so that “to be struck
by the bise” has become a prov-
erb, meaning to be overtaken by
misfortune: analogous to the
bisa of Italy. (Diortaa musci-
bisect (bi-sekt’), v. t. [K L. bi-, Aula).
two-, + sectus, pp. of secare, cut:
see section.] . To cut or divide into two parts;
specifically, in geom., to cut or divide into two
equal parts. One line bisects another when it crosses
it, leaving an equal part of the line on each side of the
point of intersection.
He exactly bisects the effect of our proposal. Gladstone.
An inevitable dualism bisects nature, so that each thing
is a half, and suggests another thing to make it whole : as,
spirit, naatter; man, Woman. Emerson, Compensation.
Bisecting dividers. See divider.— Bisecting gage.
Biscutate Leaf
L. bisaccium, a saddle-bag; see bisaccia.] Hav- 'See gºe.
ing two little bags or pouches attached : used bisection (bi-sek'shgn); ºt.
especially in botany. -
[It. bisaccia, a saddle-
bag, K L. bisaccium, pl. bisaccia, saddle-bag,
K bi-, two-, + saccus, a bag; see Sackl.] A
Sicilian measure of capacity, equal to 1.94
bushels.
bisannualf (bis-an’ī-al), a... [= F. bisanmuel; K
L. bis, twice, + E. annual, F. annuel.] Same as
biennial.
Same as viscacha.
[K bi-2 + scal-
loped.] Finished in or ornamented with two
scallops; bilobate.
Biscayan (bis(kā-an), a. and n. . [Formerly
also Biscan, Biskaine; K Biscay, Sp. Vizcaya.
See Basqueſ.] I. a. Pertaining to Biscay, one
bisectional (bi-sek'shgn-al), a.
[K bisect, after sec-
tion.] 1. The act of bisecting, or cutting or
dividing into two parts; specifically, the act of ºffirm.
bisexual (bi-sek's]-al), a.
cutting into two equal parts; the division of
any line, angle, figure, or quantity into two equal
parts.—2. One of two sections composing any-
thing, or into which it may be divided : as,
“one whole bisection of literature,” De Quincey,
Herodotus.-Bisection of the eccentricity, in as-
trom., a contrivance of the Ptolemaic system of astronomy
by which the center of the orbit of every superior planet
and of Venus is placed midway between the earth and the
center of the equant.
Pertaining to
or of the nature of bisection.
bisectionally (bi-sek'shgn-al-i), adv. By bisec-
tion; so as to bisect, or divide into two parts,
especially equal parts.
bisector (bi-sek’tgr), n.
bisegment (bi-seg’ment), n.
bisegmental (bi-seg-men’tal), a.
bisºtate (bi-sep’tät), a.
+-atel..] Having two septa or partitions.
biserial (bi-sé'ri-al), a.
biserially (bi-sé'ri-al-i), adv.
biseriate (bi-sé’ri-āt), a.
biseriately (bi-sé'ri-āt-li), adv.
biserrate (bi-ser’āt), a.
bisetigerous (bi-sé-tij'e-rus), a.
bisetose (bi-sé’tós), a.
bisetous (bi-sétus), a.
bisette (bi-zet'), m. LF. (cf. masc. biset, a rock-
bisexed (biºsekst), a.
bisexoust (bi-sek'sus), a.
bishop
[NL., K. L. bi-, two-
+ sector (see sector); E. as if K bisect + -or:
A line drawn through the vertex of a triangle
so as to bisect
either the oppo-
site side (me-
dian) or the an-
gle (or internal
angle bisector),
or to bisect the
external angle
formed by pro-
ducing a side
(eaſternal bisec-
tor). Thus, in the
figure, Al3C being
the triangle, AD is
the median to the
side BC; AE is the internal bisector, and AF the external
bisector, of the angle A.
Bisector.
bisectrix (bi-sek’triks), n. ; pl. bisectrices (bi-
sek-tri’séz). [NL., fem. of bisector: see bisec-
tor.] 1. crystal., the line which bisects the
angle of the optic axes. That bisecting the acute
angle is called the acute bisectriz, the other is the obtuse
bisectriz. These are also called the first mean lime (or me-
dian line) and the second mean line respectively. The
bisectrix, or mean line, is said to be positive or negative,
according to the character of the double refraction. See
refraction.
2. In geom., Same as bisector.—Dispersion of
the bisectrices, See dispersion. &
[K bi-2 + seg-
ment.] One of the parts of a line which has
been bisected, or divided into two equal parts.
[K bi-2 +
segment + -al.] Consisting of two segments.
The bisegmental constitution of the region in g";
& Wilder.
[K bi-2 + septum +
& [K bi-2 + serial.] Con-
sisting of or arranged in two series or rows; bi-
farious; distichous. Also biseriate.
Thus we are led to the biserial arrangement of the
chambers, which is characteristic of the Textularian group.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 457.
Biserial perianth, in bot., a perianth consisting of both
calyx and corolla.
In a biserial
manner or order; in a double row. Also bi-
seriately.
The chambers are arranged biserially along a straight
axis. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 482.
[K bi-2 + seriate.]
Same as biserial.
Same as bi-
serially.
The anterior tarsi of the males are dilated and biseri-
ately squamulose. Horm.
[K bi-2 + serrate.] 1.
In bot., doubly serrate: said of leaves the ser-
ratures of which are themselves serrate.—2.
In entom., having two small triangular teeth
placed close together, like the teeth of a saw.
[Rare.]—Biserrate antennae, antennae in which the
joints are compressed and triangular, each attached to the
center of the base of the preceding one by one of its points,
so that both sides of the organ present a serrate outline.
tº tº [K bi-2 + se-
tigerous.] In entom., having two terminal setae
or bristles; bisetose.
[K bi-2 + setose..] In
zoöl. and bot., furnished with two setae or bris-
tle-like appendages.
Same as bisetose.
dove), coarse brown stuff, dim. of OF. bise,
dark-brown or gray.] A narrow French lace.
[K bi-2 + see + -ed?..]
Same as bisexual.
K L. bi-, two-, +
Sexus, sex. Cf. biscaſual.] Same as bisexual.
Thus may we also concede that hares have been of both
sexes, and some have ocularly confirmed it, but that the
whole species or kind should be bisearows we cannot af-
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 17.
[K bi-2 + sexual.]
aving the organs of both sexes in one indi-
vidual; of two sexes; hermaphrodite. In bot.,
said of flowers which contain both stanen and pistil with-
in the same perianth, and of mosses having antheridia
and archegonia in the same involucre ; synoecious. Also
biseaced.
bish, bishma (bish, bish’mâ), m. Same as bikh.
º (bish’up), n.
r [K ME. bishop, bisshop,
bischop, bishup, byshop, etc., K. AS. biscop, bis-
Ceop = OFries, biskop = OS. biskop = D. bis-
Schop = OHG. biscof, MHG. G. bischof – Icel.
biskup = Sw, biskop = Dan. biskop, bisp = It.
vescowo = Sp. obispo = Pg. bispo = Pr. veskes =
OF. evesque, vesque, F. Évéque = Gael. easbuig


bishop
= Ir, easbog. = W. GSgob = Bret, eskop = (prob.
K Teut.) OBulg. biskupić = Serv. Bohem. Pol.
biskup = Sloven. Shkof- Lith. viskupas = Lett.
biskaps = Alb. wipeshk = Finn. piispa, K LL.
episcopus, corruptly *biscopus, = Goth, aipiskau-
pus = Russ. Cpiskopi, K. Gr. Štíokotrog, a bishop,
an overseer, K.,&Té, upon (see epi-), -- okotreiv,
look at, view (> Grotóg, a watcher), K V “oker
= L. Specere, look at: see scope, species, specta-
cle, Spy, etc.] 1. An overseer: once applied
to Christ in the New Testament.
Tor ye were as sheep going astray; but are now return-
ed unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls.
1 Pet. ii. 25.
2. In the earliest usage of the Christian church,
a spiritual overseer, whether of a local church
or of a number of churches; a ruler or director
in the church. See elder and presbyter.
IPaul and Timotheus . . . to all the saints in Christ
Jesus which are at Philippi, with the bishops and deacons.
Philip. i. 1.
The English version has hardly dealt fairly in this case
with the sacred text, in rendering étraorkówovs, verse 28
(Acts xx.), “overseers”; whereas it ought there, as in
all other places, to have been “bishops”; that the fact
of elders and bishops having been originally and apostoli-
cally synonymous might be apparent to the ordinary Eng-
lish reader, which mow it is not.
Deam Alford, Greek Test., Acts xx. 17.
Bishops and Presbyters, literally overseers and elders,
are universally admitted to be terms equivalent to a con-
siderable extent, and often, at least, applied to the same
Officers. Smith, Student's Dccles. Hist., p. 176.
3. From an early time, an overseer over a
number of local churches; particularly, in the
Greek, Oriental, Roman Catholic, and Angli-
can churches, the title of the highest order in
the ministry. See episcopacy. The origin of the
office of bishop in the Christian church is a matter of
dispute. The terms bishop and presbyter appear to be
used interchangeably in the New Testament; but those
who support the episcopal form of government maintain
that while these terms were not yet limited to their later
meanings a difference of rank was indicated by them, that
the office of the apostles, as overseers over the local
churches and their pastors, was episcopal in its nature, and
that the term bishop is appropriately used to designate
those whom they ordained as their successors in an office
which was intended to be permanent; while those who
reject the episcopal form of government hold that the
apostolic office was purely personal, and that the apostles
had not and could not have successors. The Roman Cath-
olic Church, the Greek and other Oriental churches, and
the Anglican Church claim an unbroken succession of
bishops from apostolic times. Moravian bishops also claim
an unbroken episcopal succession, but exercise jurisdic-
tion not as diocesans, but jointly. The first Methodist
superintendent, the title afterward superseded by bishop,
was ordained by Wesley in 1784. (See itimerant bishop.)
In the Greek, Oriental, and Roman Catholic churches, the
different grades of the office, besides simple or ordinary
bishop, are archbishop, metropolitan, primate, eacarch, and
patriarch; these were ecclesiastically instituted for conve-
nience of government. (See pope.) The Anglican Church
also has archbishops and metropolitans. By virtue of con-
cordats, the nomination of Roman Catholic bishops is some-
times made by the temporal power; the former election
by the clergy remains in some cathedral chapters, but
more commonly names are proposed by the fellow-suffra-
gans and metropolitan, and by the clergy of the diocese
to be provided for, to the Pope, who directly appoints and
in any case confirms the new bishop. In England bish-
ops are nominated by the sovereign, who, upon request
of the dean and chapter for leave to elect a bishop,
sends a congé d'élire, or license to elect, with a letter
missive, nominating the person whom he would have
chosen. The election, by the chapter, must be made with-
in twelve days, or the sovereign has a right to appoint
whom he pleases. In the Protestant Episcopal Church in
the United States the bishops are elected by the clergy
and laity. Bishops are said to be comSecrated rather than
ordained. Enthronization is the solemn installation fol-
lowing the consecration. A bishop changed from one See
to another is said to be translated ; the church contain-
ing his cathedra or episcopal throne is called cathedral,
and the local jurisdiction indicated by this throne, and
the city or locality in which this stands, together with the
diocese or territory attached to it, his see, to which he is
said to be wedded, and which is widowed when deprived
of him. This relation is symbolized by the bishop's ring,
which in the Western Church is a part of the insignia of
his office, together with the miter, staff, and cross. To
this office also are applied the term pontiff and its deriva-
tives. Twenty-four of the English bishops and the two
archbishops are peers of the realm, with seats in the House
of Lords, and certain political and judicial or quasi-judi-
cial functions. In the Mormon Church the bishop is an
officer of the Aaronic or lesser priesthood, presides over it,
ministers in outward ordinances, conducts the temporal
business of the church, and acts as judge on transgress-
ors. Often abbreviated Bp. See chorepiscopus and vicar
apostolic. g e º
4}. A name formerly given to a chief priest of
any religion.—5. A name given in the United
States about 1850 to a woman's bustle.—6. A
hot drink made with bitter oranges, cloves, and
port wine.
He and the landlord were drinking a bowl of bishop to-
gether. Dickens.
7. In entom. : (a) A name of various heterop-
terous hemipterous insects, also called bishop'8-
g
miters. They injure fruit by piercing it, and bishop-bird (bish'up-bêrd), º,
emit an intolerable odor. (b) A name of the
* Seven bishops
564.
lady-birds, the small beetles of the family Coc-
cinellidae.—8. One of the pieces or men in chess,
having its upper part carved into the shape of
a miter. Formerly called archer. See chess.—
Assistant bishop, a bishop who assists a diocesan bishop.
—Bench of bishops. Seebench.—Bishop's court, a name
sometimes given in England to an ecclesiastical court held
in the cathedral of each diocese, the judge whereof is the
bishop's chancellor, who judges by the civil canon law.
The proper name is the consistory cowrt.— Bishop's,
cross. Same as pastoral staff (which see, under staff).-
Bishop's cross-staff, a staff bearing a simple cross. See
episcopal staff, under Staff.— Bishop's lawn, a variety of
fine lawn, uséâfor the sleeves of the vestments of Anglican
bishops (whence the name), and also by women for many
purposes.— Bishop's ring, a part of the pontificals or in-
signia of office of a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.
It is a massive ring of gold, set with a sapphire, emerald,
Or Auby, worn on the third finger of the right hand.—
Bishop's Staff. See crozier. —Bishop's throne, the offi-
cial or ceremonial seat of the bishop in the chancelor choir
&
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Bishop's Throne and Synthronus.—Basilica of Torcello, near Venice.
of the principal or cathedral church of his diocese. In the
early church, as still in the Greek Church and in some
Roman Catholic churches, it stood behind the altar in the
apse, and formed the central and highest seat of the Syn-
thronus (which see). According to a later arrangement,
which continues to be the general rule in Roman Catholic
and Anglican cathedrals, it is placed at the extreme east
end of the stalls on either (preferably the northern or gos-
pel) side, and is generally separate, but sometimes forms
part of the stalls. It is usually of wood, but often of mar-
ble or bronze. Also called cathedra.-Boy-bishop. See
boy1.—Cardinal bishop. See cardinal.—Case of the
a famous English trial, in 1688, of the pri-
mate and six bishops on a charge of libel in protesting, in a
petition to James II., against his order that his “declara-
tions for liberty of conscience” be read in the churches.
—Chancellor of a bishop. See chancellor.—Coadju-
tor bishop, a bishop who assists the bishop of the dio-
cese in discharging the duties of his bishopric.—Dio-
cesan bishop, a bishop having jurisdiction over the
churches and clergy in a regularly organized diocese, and
having his canonical place of residence and his cathedral
church in a city (called his see-city or cathedral city), from
which he usually takes his title, and from which he governs
and visits his diocese: opposed to an assistant, coadjutor,
missionary, or itinerant bishop.–Ecumenical bishop.
See ecumenical.-Itinerant bishop, a bishop not having
a separate territorial jurisdiction, but possessing joint
authority with others over all the churches of the same
organization.— Missionary bishop, in the Methodist
Ch., a bishop whose functions are limited to a defined
territory outside of the United States. . [U.S.]— Suffra-
gan bishop, (a) A bishop consecrated to assist another
bishop who is disabled by age, illness, or other cause; an
auxiliary bishop. He differs from a coadjutor bishop in
having no power to exercise jurisdiction. º A bishop
in relation to his comprovincial bishops and their arch-
bishop or metropolitan. .
.bishop (bish’up), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bishoped or
bishopped, ppr. bishoping or bishopping... [K ME.
bischopen, KAS. biscopian, K biscop; from the
noun. In the last two senses, from the proper
name Bishop.] 1. To administer the rite
of confirmation to; admit solemnly into the
church, confirm. [Archaic.]
They are prophane, imperfect, oh I too bad . . .
Dxcept confirm'd and bishopped by thee,
Donne, Poems, p. 172.
2. To confirm (anything) formally. [Jocular.]
And chose to bear
The name of fool confirmed and bishoped by the fair.
Dryden, Cym. and Iphig., l. 243.
3}. To appoint to the office of bishop.
This tradition of Bishoping Timothy over Ephesus was
but taken for granted out of that place in St. Paul, which
was only an intreating him to tarry at Ephesus, to do
something left him in charge.
Milton, Prelatical Episcopacy.
4. To let (milk, etc.) burn while cooking: in
allusion to the proverb, “The bishop has put
his foot in it.” Brockett. [North. Eng. dial.]
—5. [Supposed to be from Bishop, the name
of a horse-dealer.] In farriery, to make (an
old horse) look like a young one, or to give a
good appearance to (a bad 'horse) in order to
deceive purchasers.-6. [From a man named
Bishop, who in 1831 drowned a boy in order to
sell his body for dissection. Cf. burke.] To
murder by drowning.
A name of sun-
dry African weaver-birds of the family Plocei-
bishop's-weed
dae, especially of the restricted genus Eupled-
tes (Swainson) or Pyromelana (Bonaparte).
bishopdom (bish’ up-dum), n. § bishop +
-dom; not found in ME.; cf. AS. bisceopačm =
OHG. biscoftuom, biscetwom, MHG. bischtuom,
G. bistum = D. bispáom = Icel. biskups-dómr =
Dan. bispedºmine = Sw, bishopdome.] 1. The
jurisdiction of a bishop; episcopate; episco-
pacy. Also bishopship.
He would persuade us that the succession and divine
right of bishopdom hath been *Tºº through all
ageS. - Milton, Def, of Humb. Remonst.
2. Bishops collectively.
bishopess (bish'up-es), n. IK bishop + -ess.]
The wife of a bishop. Thackeray. ... [Rare.]
bishophood (bish'up-hild), m. [K ME. bischop-
hood, K AS. bisceophád, 3 bisceop, bishop, +
hād, condition: see bishop and -hood.] The of
fice, dignity, or rank of #
bishoplyf (bish'up-li), a... [KME. bisshoply, etc.,
K AS. bisceoplic: see bishop and -ly 1.] Bishop-
like; episcopal. -
If he preach . . . before a bishop, then let him treat
of bishoply duties and orders.
Latimer, 1st Sermon bef. Edw. VI. (1549).
Episcopal, which has supplanted bishoply, is only a Latin
word in an English dress. Tremeh, Study of Words, p. 164.
bishoplyi (bish'up-li), adv. [K bishop + -ly”.]
In the manner of a bishop.
bishop-ray (bish'up-rā), m. 1. A raioid Sela-
chian of the family Myliobatidas, AEtobatis (or
Stoasodom) marinari, of tropical and subtropical
seas, sometimes wandering in summer north-
ward along the coast of the United States to
Virginia. Its disk is twice as wide as long, and is
brownish diversified with small round pale spots.
2. Any fish of the genus AEtobatis.
bishopric (bish'up-rik), m. [Early mod. E. also
bishopriche, bishoprick ; K ME. bisshoprike, bis-
schopriche, also contracted bispriche, KAS. bis-
ceoprice (= Icel. biskupsråki), K bisceop, bishop,
+ rice, jurisdiction, kingdom, = Icel. riki = G.
reich, kingdom; connected with AS. rice, pow-
erful, rich: see -ric, rich.] 1. The office or
dignity of a bishop.
A virtuous woman should reject marriage as a good
man does a bishoprick ; but I would advise neither to per-
sist in refusing. Addison, Spectator, No. 89.
2. The district over which the jurisdiction of a
bishop extends; a diocese.
On the 17th of April, 1429, a question was raised in
council which involved his right to retain the bishopric of
Winchester. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 657.
3+. The charge of instructing and governing
in spiritual concerns; overseership.
His bishopric let another take. Acts i. 20.
bishº m. A name of two
species of Mitella (M. diphylla and M. nuda),
of the family Saarifragaceae, both being natives
of the United States: so called from the form
of the pod. Also called miterwort.
And bishop's-caps have golden rings.
gº Longfellow, Prel. to Voices of the Night.
bishop's-elder (bish’ups-el"dēr), n. Same as
bishop's-weed, 1.
bishop's-hat (bish’ups-hat), m. Another name
of the barrenwort, Epimedium alpinum.
biºhip (bish’ up-ship), m. [K bishop +
-ship.] Same as bishopdom, 1. Milton.
bishop's-leaves (bish’ups-lèvz), n. A species
of figwort, Scrophularia aquatica.
bishop-sleeve (bish’ up-slév), n. A peculiar
wide form of sleeve formerly worn by women:
so named from its resemblance to the full
sleeve, drawn in at the wrist, worn by Angli-
can bishops.
bishop's-length (bish’ups-length), m. In paint-
ing, canvas measuring 58 inches |by 94. The
half-bishop measures 45 inches by 56.
bishop's-miter (bish’ups-mi"tēr), m. ... 1. Same
as bishop, 7 (a).-2. A name of the miter-
shell, Mitra episcopalis, of the family Mitrida.
bishop-stoolt (bish'up-stöl), n. [K ME. bisscop-
stol, KAS. bisceopstól (= Icel, biskupsstöll = Sw.
biskopstol = Dan. bispestol), K bisceop, bishop, +
stól, seat, stool.] A bishop's see or seat.
According to a custom in which we differed from con-
tinental churches and strangely agreed with our Celtic
neighbours, . . . the temporal capital was not in early
times the seat of the bishop-stool. I}. A. Freeman.
bishop's-weed, bishop-weed (bish’ups-, bish’-
up-wed), n. 1. AEgopodium Podagraria. See
goatwort. In Scotland it is popularly believed to have
received this name from the º difficulty of extirpat-
ing it. Also called bishop'8-elder.
2. A name given to the plants of the genus
Ammi, and in the United States to a somewhat
similar umbelliferous plant, Ptilimnium capil.
lacewm.—True bishop's-weed, the ajowan, Carum Cop-
£ºcum.






bishop's-wort
bishop's-wort (bish’ ups-wórt), n. A name
given to the devil-in-a-bush, Nigella Damascena,
and to betony, Stachys Betonica.
bishop-weed, n. See bishop's-weed.
bisilicate (bi-sil’i-kāt), n. [K bi-2 + silicate.]
1. A salt formed by the union of a base and a
silicic acid containing two atoms of silicon. It
may be a bibasic or a polybasic acid.-2. A
salt of metasilicic acid, H2SiO3, in which the
ratio of oxygen atoms combined with the base
and silicon respectively is as 1:2: for example,
calcium metasilicate gº mineral wollaston-
ite), CaSiO3 or CaO.SiO2. &
'bisiliquous (bi-sil’i-kwus), a. [K bi-2 + 8ili-
wouş.] In bot., having two pods,
bisinuate (bi-sin'il-āt), a. [K bi-2 + sinuate.]
In 206l., having two concave curves meeting in
a convex curve: as, a bisinuate margin.
bisinuation (bi-sin-à-ā'shgn), n. [K bisinuate,
after sinuation.] In entom., the state of being
bisinuate; a double curve on a margin.
biski, n. See bisque”. -
bisk?, bisque.3 (bisk), n. [S. F. bisqué, odds at
*play, a fault at tennis; cf. It. bisca, a gaming-
ouse; origin unknown.] Odds at tennis-play;
specifically, a stroke allowed to the weaker
player to equalize the parties.
biskº (bisk), m. , Same as bikh.
biskett (bis’ket), n. A former spelling of bis-
Cuit. .
Biskra bouton, Biskra, button. Same as Alep-
o ulcer (which see, under ulcer).
bismar, n. See bismer”.
Bismarck brown. See brown.
bismet, n. An apheretic form of abisme.
bismerlt, n. [ME., also bismar, bisemer, etc.; K
AS. bismer, bismor (= OS. bismer = OHG. bi-
smer, reproach, opprobrium, derision, abuse),
K bi- (accented), by, + -smer, perhaps con-
nected with MHG. smieren, smile, AS. Smercian,
E. Smirk, and ult. with E. Smile, hence orig. a
laughing at, ridicule. Hence the verb bismeri-
an, bismrian, reproach, deride, abuse..] 1. Abu-
sive speech: as, “bakbitynge and bismer,”
Piers Plowman (B), v. 89.
Ful of hoker, and of bissemare.
Chawcer, Reeve's Tale, 1.45.
2. A person worthy of Scorn.
bismer?, bismar (bis(měr, -mār), n. [Also writ-
ten bysmer, bismore, sometimes bissimar; K Icel:
bismari = OSw. bismare, Sw. besman = Dan. bis-
mer = M.D. besemer = MLG. besemer, bisemer, a
steelyard, balance; K Lett. besmens, besmers,
Lith. begmenas, Russ. bezmenii, Pol. bezmian, a
balance.] A balance or steelyard used in the
northeast of Scotland, and in the Orkney and bismuthite, m.
Shetland islands.
bismers (bis(měr), m. [Origin uncertain.]. The
name in the Orkney islands of the sea-stickle-
back, Spimachia spinachia.
bismerpund (bis(měr-pónd), n. [Dan., K. bis-
mer, a steelyard, -- pund = E. pound.]. A
bismuthal (biz'muth-al), a.
bismuthic (biz'muth-ik), a.
bismuthiferous (biz-muth-if"g-rus), a.
bismuthous (biz'muth-us), a.
565
one prepared by Lipowitzremains perfectly fluid at 63°C.
These alloys have been used to some extent for clichés and
for stereotyping, but are now of little practical impor-
tance. The chiefuses of bismuth areas a medicine and as a
cosmetic. For these purposes it is prepared in the form of
the submitrate called in the old pharmaceutical language
magisterium bismuthi. The cosmetic, in preparing which
the basic chlorid has also been employed, is known as
pearl-powder or blanc d'Espagne. Bismuth has of late
years been much experimented with as a possible compo-
ment of useful alloys, for several of which patents. have
been issued; but no one of these alloys is known to have
come into general use. Bismuth has also been used to a
limited extent in the manufacture of highly refractive
glass, and of strass (which see). It is used with antimony
in the thermo-electric pile or battery, (See thermo-elec-
tricity.) It has also begun to be used to some extent in
the manufacture of porcelain, for the purpose of # to
its surface a peculiar colorless, irised luster, which can
also be had of various colors when other metals are used
in combination with the bismuth. This metal is one for
which the demand is extremely fluctuating, but on the
whole increasing; and, as its ores have nowhere been dis-
covered in large quantity, its price has been more variable
than that of any other metal, with the possible exception
of nickel, running between 55 cents and $5 a pound. The
total consumption of the metal is probably between 25
and 50 tons a year, and it comes chiefly from the Erz-
gebirge (between Saxony and Bohemia), France, South
America, and New South Wales. It was called by the al-
chemists, while in their uncertain condition of knowledge
as to its nature, by various names, as marca 8tta argemtea,
plumbum, cimerewm, 8tannºtºn, cºmereum, etc.; also called
formerly in French étain de glace, corrupted in English
into tin-glosse.—Bismuth-blende, the mineral eulytite
(which see).--Bismuth-glance, an ore of bismuth. Pris-
matic bismuth-glamee is a sulphid of bismuth or bismuth-
inite, and acicular bismuth-glance is the same as needle-
ore or aikinite.—Bismuth ocher, the mineral bismite.—
Bismuth silver. See argentobi&mwtite.—Butter of bis-
muth, an old name for the chlorid of bismuth.—Flowers
of bismuth, a yellow-colored oxid formed by the subli-
mation of bismuth.-Magistery of bismuth, the submi-
trate or basic nitrate of bismuth.—Telluric bismuth,
the mineral tetradymite.
[K bismuth + -al.]
Pertaining to or composed of bismuth.
[K bismuth + -ic.]
Of bismuth: as, bismuthic oxid and bismuthic
id
a CICl.
bismuthid (biz'muth-id), n. [K bismuth + -id”.]
An alloy of bismuth with another metal.
muth + -i-ferous.] Containing bismuth.
Bismuthiferous calcium carbonate yields only a violet
fluorescence, differing little from that produced without
the bismuth. Sci. Amer. Swpp., XXII. 9121.
bismuthin, bismuthine (biz'muth-in), m. [K
bismuth + -in?, -ine2.] See bismuthimite.
bismuthinite (biz-muth’i-nit), m. [K bismuth-
in + -ite2.] Native bismuth sulphid, a mine-
ral of a lead-gray color and metallic luster oc-
curring in acicular crystals, also massive, with
a foliated or fibrous structure. It resembles
stibnite, with which it is isomorphous.
See bismutite.
[K bismuth +
-ows.] In chem., combined with bismuth as a
triad: as, bismuthous oxid, Big O3.
bismutite, bismuthite (biz' mut-it, -muth-it),
m. [K bismuth + -ite?..] A hydrous carbonate
of bismuth.
weight used in Denmark, equal to 6 kilograms bismutosphaerite (biz'mut-à-sfé'rit), n. [K bis-
precisely, or 13 pounds 33 ounces avoirdu-
ois. It was formerly one three-hundredth part
€SS.
bismillah (bis-milº à), interj. [Turk. Ar. bi-
'sm-illah, in the name of Allah: see Allah..] . In
God’s name : an adjuration or exclamation
common among Moslems. Sometimes written
biºmellah.
bismite (biz’mit), n. IK bism (wth) + -ite?..]
Native oxid of bismuth, or bismuth ocher.
bismore (bis'môr), n. Same as bismer”.
bismuth (biz'muth), m. [= F. bismuth, K. G.
*bismuth, now commonly wismut, wismuth, orig.
wissmuth; of mod: (16th century) but unknown
origin..] Chemical symbol, Bi; atomic weight,
208; specific gravity, 9.6 to 9.8. A metal of a
peculiar light-reddish color, highly º
and so brittle that it can be pulverized. Its crys-
talline form is rhombohedral, closely approximating that
of the cube. It occurs native in imperfect crystallizations,
filiform shapes, and disseminated particles, in the crystal-
line rocks; also as a sulphuret, and in combination with
tellurium and some other metals, and in various oxidized
combinations. The native metal and the carbonate (bis-
mutite) are the chief important sources of the bismuth of
commerce. Until recently, almost the entire Supply of
the metal came from Schmeeberg in Saxony, where it oc-
curs in combination with ores of cobalt, arsenic, and Sil-
ver. Nearly all the bismuth of commerce contains at
least a trace of silver. Bismuth is a remarkable metal in
that its specific gravity is diminished, instead of being in-
creased, by pressure. It is the most diamagnetic of the
metals. It fuses at a º low temperature
(269.2° º and is volatilized at a white heat. Alloys of bis-
muth with tin and lead fuse at a temperature considerably
less than that of boiling Water. º: Newton's and Rose's
metals, under metal.) Alloys of the same metals with
the addition of cadmium fuse at still lower temperatures;
*
muth + Gr. opalpa, sphere, + -ite?..] Anhydrous
bismuth carbonate (BioCO3), sometimes occur-
ring in spherical forms with radiated structure.
bisogniof, bisognot (bi-Sö’nyó), n. [Also writ-
ten besognio, bessogne, bessogno, bezonian, etc.;
K It. bisogno, need, a needy fellow, beggar.] A.
bisonant (bi’sº-nant), a.
[K bis- bispinose (bi-spinós), a.
bispinous (bi-spi’nus), a.
bispiral (bi-spiral), a.
bisporous (bi-spó'rus), a.
bissextile
two, leaving a southern or Texan herd, chiefly in the re-
gion of the Staked Plains, and a northern or Yellowstone
or Saskatchewan herd, in the region of the upper Missouri
and northward. The animal resembles the aurochs (which
see), but is considerably smaller; the hump is very high
and large; the hind quarters are light; the tail is about
* ~ *.
American Bison (Bison america?tags).
20 inches long, ending in a wisp of hairs of about 6 inches
additional; the horns, especially in the male, are short,
thick, and much curved; the head is carried very low; the
long shaggy hair of the fore parts sometimes sweeps the
ground; the color is blackish in fresh pelages, more brown
or gray in worn ones and in aged individuals; the calves
are reddish. Formerly the hair-covered skins were much
used as robes, but only the cows were killed for them,
the hides of the bulls being not easily manageable. In
summer, after shedding its hair, the animal is nearly
naked.
3. [cap.] [NL.] A genus or subgenus of the
family Bovidae, including the aurochs, B. bona-
sus (see cut under aurochs), the American bi-
son, B. americanus, and several related fossil
species, as B. latifrons.
[K bi-2 + sonant. Cf.
LL. bisomus, sounding twice.] Having two
sounds, as an alphabetical letter.
bisontine (bi’son-tin), a. [K NL. bisontinus, K L.
bison(t-), bison.] Bison-like ; related to or re-
sembling a bison; belonging to the genus Bison.
bispherical (bi-sfer’i-kal), a. [K bi-2 + spheri-
cal.] Composed of two spheres.
The second form [of Schizophytoe} is bispherical : the
spherical cell has grown and become contracted, or in-
dented in the middle, forming two united granules.
Science, III. 157.
e - [K bi-2 + spinose.]
In 206!. and bot, having two spines.-Bispinose
elytra, in emtom., those having each two apical, spine-like
processes.
[K bi-2 + spinous.]
Same as bispinose.
[K bi-2 + spiral.] Con-
taining two spiral fibers; doubly spiral: ap-
*plied to the elaters of some Hepatica.
bispore (bi’spôr), n.
[K bi-2 + spore.] One of
a pair of spores formed by the division of a
vegetative cell in red algae, Florideae. It is the
same as a tetraspore, except as regards num-
ber. See tetraspore.
[K bi-2 + sporous.]
Containing or bearing two spores.
bisquel (bisk), n. [See biscuit.] In ceram. : (a)
Formerly, same as biscuit, 3. (b) A variety of
unglazed white porcelain used for statuettes
*and other small figures.
bisque? (bisk), m.
[F., crawfish soup; origin
unknown.] In cookery, a soup made of meat or
fish slowly stewed until all the strength is ex-
tracted, and thickened with finely minced or
shredded forcemeat; specifically, such a soup
made from crabs, crawfish, shrimps, and the
like. Also spelled bisk.
See oisk?.
bisque.3, n.
bissaboi (bisa-poi), n. Same as besabol.
bissel (bis), m. [K OF. bisse, an adder.] In
her., a snake borne as a charge.
bisse? (bis), m. [E. Ind.] A weight used in
Pondicherry, a French possession in India. It
is exactly 2% French pounds, or about 3 pounds
2 ounces avoirdupois.
person of low rank; a beggar.
Spurn'd out by grooms like a base bisogmo.
Chapman, Widow's Tears, i. 4.
Beat the bessognes that lie hid in the carriages. Brome.
He that would refuse to swallow a dozen healths on
such an evening, is a base besogmio, and a puckfoist, and
shall swallow six inches of my dagger.
Scott, Kenilworth, I. xviii.
Yºr
bison (bi’son), n. [= D. bison = G. bison = Sw. bisselt, v. A variant of be::le.
bison = Dan. bison (-oire), K F. bison = Pr. bicom bi 7?.
= Sp. bisomte = Pg. bisão = It. bisSomte, K L. biº.
bison(t-) º in Pliny and Seneca), X Gr, bissett, n. Same as bisette.
fligow (in Pausanias); prob, from OTeut.: cf. bissex'(bis'seks), ºn.
OHG. wisunt, wisant, wisint, MHG. G. wisent
= Icel. (perhaps borrowed) visumdr, bison, -
AS. wesend, a wild ox; origin uncertain.] 1.
The aurochs, or bomasus, a European wild ox:
hence applied to several similar animals, re-
cent and extinct.—2. Bison or Bos americanus,
improperly called the buffalo, an animal which
formerly ranged over most of the United States
and much of British America in countless num-
bers, now reduced to probably a few hundreds,
and apparently soon to become extinct as a wild
animal. It formerly extended into some of the Atlantic
States, as Virginia; the contraction of the area of its habi-
An unusual Middle English
[Scotch.]
[K L. bis, twice, -- Sea’ =
E. sia..] A musical instrument of the guitar
kind having twelve strings, the pitch of the up-
per six of which could be altered by stopping
on frets. It was invented in 1770, but never
extensively used.
bisSextt, m. [K ME. bisert, K L. bisea-tus, bissea:-
tus (Sc. dies, day), an intercalary day, K bi-, bis,
twice, + sextus = B. sia:th : so called because
the sixth day before the calends of March was
reckoned twice in every fourth year. See bis-
Sextus.]. The intercalary day in leap-year.
bissextile (bi-sekstil), a. and n. IK ML. bis-
tat and the reduction of its numbers have gone on steadily sea:tilis, biseactilis (Sc. ammus, year), leap-year, K
with the advance of European occupation ; the construc- L. bisextus, bissectus : see bissert.] I. a. Con-
tion of the Union Pacific railroad cut the great herd in taining the bissextus or intercalary day: ap-

bissextile
plied to those years which have 366 days, the
extra day being inserted in the month of Febru-
ary. See bissertus. This occurs every fourth year,
taken as each year of which the number is divisible by 4
Without remainder. Inasmuch, however, as a year of 365}
days exceeds the true length of a solar astronomical year
by 11 minutes and 14 seconds, amounting to an error of a
day in 128 years, it was provided in the Gregorian calendar
that the intercalary day should be omitted in all cente-
many years except those which are multiples of 400.
... II. n. A leap-year (which see).
bissextus (bi-seks’tus), n. [L.; see bissert, and
cf. bissertile.] The extra or intercalary day in-
Serted by the Julian calendar in the month of
February every fourth year, in order to make
up the six hours by which (it was reckoned) the
Inatural or solar year exceeds the common year
of 365 days. This extra day was provided for by reckon-
ing twice the sixth day before the calends (or first) of March
(or the sixth day from the calends of March, both days in-
cluded, reckoning backward from the succeeding month,
as was the custom of the Romans), the “sixth" (or first
sixth) day proper thus corresponding to February 25th,
according to our reckoning, and the extra sixth, or “second
sixth,” to our February 24th. Since 1662, when the Angli-
can liturgy was revised, the 29th day of February has been,
more conveniently, regarded as the intercalated day in all
English-speaking countries. In the ecclesiastical calen-
dars of the countries of continental Europe, however, the
24th day of February is still reckoned as the bissextus or
intercalary day.
bissont (bis'gn), a. [Also E. dial. beesen, bee-
26m ; K ME. bisen, bisme, ONorth. bisene, blind, of
uncertain origin; perhaps KAS. bi, be, by, +
*Sène, *sjme, as in gesſme, adj., seen, visible, K
Seón, see. Cf. D. bijziend, short-sighted, K bij,
= E. by, + ciend, ppr. of cien, - E. see; G. bei-
sichtig, short-sighted, K bei, = E. by, + sicht =
E. sight.] Blind or purblind; blinding: as,
“bisson rheum,” Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
What harm can your bisson conspectuities glean out of
this character 2 Shak., Cor., ii. 1.
bistephanic (bi-ste-fan'ik), a. [K bi-2 + Stepha-
miom -H -ic.] In craniom., pertaining to both
# Stephanions: as, bistephanic diameter.
bister, bistre (bis’tér), m. and a. [= G. biester
= Sw. bister, bister, K F. bistre, a dark-brown
color. Origin uncertain; prob. not connected
with G. dial. biester, dark, gloomy, = D. bijster,
confused, troubled, = Icel. bistr = Sw. bister
= Dam. bister, angry, fierce.] I. m. In paint-
ing, a brown pigment extracted from the soot
of wood. To prepare it, soot (that of beech is the best)
is put into water in the proportion of two pounds to a gal-
lon, and boiled half an hour ; after standing to settle, and
while hot, the clearer part of the fluid must be poured off
to remove the salts, and the sediment (which is bister)
evaporated to dryness. It has been much used as a Water-
color, particularly by the old masters, for tinting drawings
and shading sketches, before India ink came into general
use for such work. In oil it dries very slowly.
II. a. Of the color of bister; blackish-brown.
loistered, bistred (bis’tèrd), a. [K bister, bis-
tre, + -ed?..] Of the color of bister; swarthy;
browned.
The beak that crowned the bistred face
13etrayed the mould of Abraham's race.
O. W. IIolanes, At the Pantomime.
bistipulate (bi-stip’ī-lāt), a. [K bi-9 -H stipw-
late.] Same as bistipuled.
bistipuled (bi-stip/tild), a. [K bi-2 + stipuled.]
In bot., having two stipules.
bistort (bis(tôrt), m. [= F. bistorte = It. bis-
torta, K NL. bistorta, K. L. bis, twice, + torta,
fem. of tortus, pp. of torquere, twist: see tort.]
A plant, Polygonum Bistorta, so called because
of its twisted roots: popularly called snakeweed
and adder's-wort. Alpine bistort is a dwarf allied spe-
cies, alpine and arctic, P. viviparum.
bistournage (bis(tór-nāj), 'm. [F., K. bistourner
(= It. bistornare), twist, deform by twisting, K
bis-, bes-, a pejorative prefix (prob. ult. K i.
bis, twice), + tourner, turn..] In vet. Surg., an
operation which consists in twisting the testi-
cles of bulls and other male animals round the
cord, so as to produce atrophy, but leave the
scrotum intact: a form of castration or gelding.
bistoury (bis’tó-ri), m.; pl. bistouries (-riz). [K
F. bistouri, a bistoury, KOF. bistorie, a dagger, a
bistoury. Origin uncertain ; commonly conjec-
tured to be so called from Pistorium, It. Pistoja,
a town in Tuscany, whence also the E. words
pistol and pistole..] A small, narrow surgical
knife, with a straight, convex, or concave edge,
and a sharp or blunt point, used for making
incisions and for other purposes.
bistre, bistred. See bister, bistered. -
bistriate (bi-stri’āt), a. [K bi-2 + striate.] In
bot, and entom., marked with two parallel striae
or grooves.
bisturris (bis, tur 'is), m.; pl. bisturres (-Éz).
[ML., K. L. bis, twice, -- turris, a tower: see tur-
Tet, tower.] One of a series of small towers
bisulci (biºsulk), a.
bisulcate (bi-sul’kāt), a.
bisulcoust (bi-Sul’kus), a.
bisulphuret (bi-sul’fü-ret), n.
phuret.] In chem., a compound of sulphur and
bisyl
bisymmetrical (bi-si-met’ri-kal), a.
bisymmetry (bi-sim’e-tri), m.
§e 5
566
upon a medieval fortification-wall; a bartizan:
sometimes equivalent to barbicam.1. See cut
under bartizan.
[K. L. bisulcus, two-fur-
rowed: see bisulcows.] Same as bisulcate.
[K bi-2 + sulcate.]
1. Having two furrows or grooves.—2. In
206l., cloven-footed, as oxen, or having two
hoofed digits, as Swine.—Bisulcate antennae, an-
tennae in which the joints are longitudinally grooved on
each side.
[K L. bisulcus, two-
furrowed, K bi-, two-, + sulcus, furrow.] Same
as bisulcate.
Swine, . . . being bisulcows, . . . are farrowed with
open eyes, as other bisulcows animals.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vi. 6.
bisulphate (bi-sulfät), n. [K bi-2 + sulphate.]
In chem., a salt of sulphuric acid, in which one
half ºne hydrogen of the acid is replaced by
a metal.
bisulphid (bi-sul' fid), n. [K bi-2 + sulphid.]. A
compound of sulphur with another element or
radical, forming a sulphid which contains two
atoms of sulphur to one atom of the other mem-
ber of the compound: as, carbon bisulphid, CS2.
—Bisulphid of carbon (ds; a compound of carbon and
sulphur which forms a colorless mobile liquid, having usu-
ally a fetid odor, due to impurities, and a sharp aromatic
taste. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and
ether. It is used in the arts as a solvent for vegetable
oils and for caoutchouc. Taken internally, it is a violent
poison. Externally it is used as a counter-irritant and
local anesthetic.—Bisulphid prism, a prism filled with
[K bi-2 + sulphite.]
chem., a salt of sulphurous acid, in which
one half of the hydrogen of the acid is replaced
by a metal.
[K bi-2 + sul-
*çarbon bisulphid.
bisulphite (bi-sul’fit), n.
another element, containing two atoms of sul-
hur
Bºunique (bis-î-nēk’), n. [K bis + whique.] A.
name given about 1850 to a reversible jacket,
coat, or the like, made with two faces.
labic (biºsilabii), a ſºilº syllabic.]
Composed of two syllables; dissyllabic.
The verbal stems exhibit bisyllabism with such re-
markable uniformity that it would lead to the impression
that the roots also must have been bisyllabic.
Smith's Bible Dict,, art. Confusion of Tongues.
bisyllabism (bi-sil’a-bizm), n. [K bisyllab-ic --
-ism.] The state or quality of being bisyllabic,
or of having two syllables.
[K bi-2 +
symmetrical.] Bilaterally symmetrical; having
bisymmetry.
[K bi-2 + sym-
state of being bilaterally sym-
correspondence of right and left
metry.]
metrical;
#parts, or of the two equal sections of anything.
bit 1 (bit), m.
[Also in some senses occasionally
bitt; early mod. E. bit, bitt, bitte, bytte, K ME.
byt, byte, bite, KAS. bite (= OFries. biti, bite, bit
= OS. biti = MD. bete, D. beet = LG. bet = OHG.
MHG. biz, G. biss, strong masc., = Icel. bit =
Sw. bett = Dam. bid, neut.), a bite, act of biting,
Kbitan (pp. bitem), bite: see bite. In ME. and
mod. E. (as well as in some other languages)
confused in spelling and sense with bit?, which
is from the same verb, but with an orig. differ-
ent formative. In the general sense, now rep-
resented by bite, n., directly from the mod.
verb: see bite, m. The concrete senses are
later, and are expressed in part by forms with
other suffixes: cf. M.E. bitte, bytte, bytt = MLG.
bete, bet, bitte, bit, LG. bit, neut., = Sw., bett,
neut., bridle-bit, - G. gebiss, neut., bridle-bit
(= AS. gebit, biting); cf. Icel. bitill, bridle-bit;
AS. gebåtel, bridle-bit, K AS. bātam, gebåtan,
bit, curb: see baitl, and
cf. bitt. The other con-
crete senses are recent.]
S-2 1+. The act of biting; a
|bite.
You may, if you stand close,
be sure of a bit, but not sure
to catch him.
I. Walton, Complete Angler,
fº
[p. 55.
a, Countersink Bit; b, Expanding
Center-bit.
Spiral Bits.
bit;
2t. The action of biting food; eating; grazing. --
8t. The biting, cutting, or penetrating action of
an edged weapon or tool.—4. The biting, catch-
ing, holding, cutting, or boring part of a tool.
Specifically — (a) The cutting blade of an ax, hatchet,
plane, drill, etc. (b), pl. The blades of the cutter-head of a
molding-machine. (c) pl. The jaws of a º of tongs. (d)
The part of a key which enters the lock and acts on the
bolts and tumblers. º
5. A boring-tool used in a º lbrace.
Bits are of various kinds, and are applied in a variety of
ways. The similar tool used for metal, and applied by
the drill-bow, ratchet, brace, lathe, or drilling-machine, is
termed a drill, or drill-bit, See auger, borer, drill, center-
bit, gouge-bit, quill-bit, rose-bit, shell-bit, spoonbit, and
phrases below. tº t tº tº
6. The metal part of a bridle which is inserted
in the mouth of a horse, with the appendages
(rings, etc.) to which the reins are fastened.
Those that tame wild horses . . .
Stop their mouths with stubborn bits, and spur them
Till they obey the manage. Shak., Hen. VIII., v. 2.
7. The joint of an umbrella.—8. Ahammerused
by masons for dressing granite and for rough
picking-9. In music, a short piece of tube
used to alter slightly the pitch of such wind-in-
struments as the trumpet, cornet-à-pistons, etc.
–Annular bit. See annular.—Baldwin bit, a bit hav-
ing two mouthpieces, used for controlling vicious horses.
-Brace-bit, a bit intended to be used with a brace.—
ey bit, a curb-bit having a short movable arm con-
nected with the cheek-piece, just above the mouthpiece,
for receiving the check-straps of the bridle, while thé
strap or gag-rein is attached to the short arm of the
cheek-piece. E. H. Knight.— Coal-boring bit, a boring-
bit having an entering point and a succession of cutting
edges of increasing radius.—Copper bit or bolt, a name
given to a soldering-iron.-- Cornish bit, a lathé-drill in
which the cutter is inserted diametrically in a mortise at
the end of the drill-stock.-Ducknose bit, a boring-bit
the end of which is bent horizontally into a semicircular
form.—Duck’s-bill bit, a wood-boring tool which has
no lip, the screw cylinder forming the barrel of the tool
ending in a sharp-edged rounding part which forms the
cutter: used in a brace.—Expanding bit, a boring-tool
of which the cutting, diameter is ad-
justable.-German bit, a wood-boring
tool with a long elliptical pod and a
Screw-point. It is used in a brace, and
makes a taper toward the end of the hole
When not driven entirely through the
Wood.—Half-round bit, or cylinder-
bit, a drill used for hard woods and met-
als. Its section is a semicircle, the cut-
ting edges at end and side making an
angle of 85 or 86°.—Hanoverian bit, a
cheek-bit for horses having on the long
or lower arm two or more loops for reins,
and at the extremity of the short cheek
- " a loop which receives the leather cheek;
there...is a rein-ring at the cheek-piece.—Hessian bit, a
peculiar kind of jointed bit for bridles.—Plug-center .
bit, a boring-tool having a cylinder of metal in the center
instead of a point. The cylinder ſits a hole ready made,
and the bit countersinks or removes the metal above it.—
Slit-nose bit. Same as nose-bit.—To take the bit in
the teeth, to hold the bit between the teeth, so that it
cannot hurt the mouth when pulled upon, and run; be-
come unmanageable ; said of a horse, and, figuratively, of
persons.--Twisted bit, a boring-tool formed of a bar bent
into a spiral, as in the auger,
. Expansive Bit.
bitl (bit), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bitted, ppr. bitting.
[K bitl, n.] To put a bridle upon; put the bit
in the mouth of (a horse); accustom to the bit;
*hence, to curb ; restrain.
bit? (bit), n.
[K ME. bite, a bit, morsel, KAS.
bita, a bit, piece bitten off (= OFries. bita =
D. beet, a morsel, beetje, a small portion,
MLG. bete, bet, LG. beten = OHG. bizzo, MHG.
bizze, G. bisse, bissen = Icel. biti = Sw. bit =
Dan, bid, a morsel), weak masc., K, bºtan (pp.
bitem), bite: see bite, v., bite, n., and bitl, with
which bit? has been in º confused.] 1+. A
portion of food bitten off; a mouthful; a bite.
–2. A morsel or a little piece of food.
Follow your function, go l and batten on cold bits.
Shak., Cor., iv. 5.
Dainty bits
Make rich the ribs, but bankerout the wits.
º Shak., L. L. L., i. 1.
Hence—3. A small quantity of food; a modi-
cum or moderate supply of provisions: as, to
take a bit and a sup. [Dialectal.]
He desires no more in this world but a bit and a brat;
that is, only as much food and rainment as nature craves.
Scotch Presbyteriam Eloquence, p. 36.
4. A small piece or fragment of anything; a
small portion or quantity; a little: as, a bit of
glass; a bit of land; a bit of one's mind. The
word is often used in certain phrases expressive of ex-
tent or degree ; thus, “a bit older” means somewhat old-
er, older to some extent; “not a bit,” not a whit, not in
any degree; “a good bit older,” a good deal older; “a bit
of a humorist,” somewhat of a humorist, etc. It is used
depreciatingly or compassionately ; as, a little bit of a
man; bits of children, that is, poor little children.
His majesty has power to grant a patent for stamping
round bits of copper. Swift.
There are several bits at Valmontome to delight an artist,
especially at the entrance of the town, where a magnifi-
cent fragment of the ancient wall forms the foreground
to some picturesque houses, A. G. C. Hare.
*



: bit º
Your case is not a bit clearer than it was seven years
Ag0. Arbuthnot.
My young companion was a bit of a poet, a Uit of an ar-
tist, a bit of a musician, and . . . a bit of an actor.
T'. Hook, Gilbert Gurney, I. i.
5. Crisis; nick of time. [Scotch..]—6. A small
piece of ground; a spot, [Scotch.]
It's a bieldy enough bit, Scott, Waverley, II. xxiii.
7. Any small coin: as, a fourpenny-bit; a six-
º Specifically, the name of a small West In-
coin worth about 10 cents; also, in parts of the
United States, of a silver coin formerly current (in some
States called a Mearican shilling), of the value of 12% cents;
now, chiefly in the West, the sum of 124 cents.
With six bits in his pocket and an axe upon his shoul-
der. The Century, XXVII. 29.
A bit of blood. See blood.—A long bit, fifteen cents.
[Western U.S.]—A short bit, ten cents... [Western U.S.]
—Bit by bit, little by little; imperceptibly.
And, bit by bit,
The cunning years steal all from us but woe.
Dowell, Comm. Ode.
To give a bit of one's mind, to speak out frankly what
one thinks of a person or a transaction ; express one's can-
did conviction unrestrained by reserve or delicacy: gener-
ally to the person himself, and in unflattering terms.
He had given the house what was called a bit of his mind
on the subject, and he wished very much that he would
give them the whole. ſº
Lord Campbell, London Times, April 12, 1864.
= Syn. 4, Scrap, fragment, morsel, particle, atom.
bité (bit)., Preterit and occasional past partici-
ple of bite,
bit;4+. A Middle English and Anglo-Saxon con-
traction of biddeth, third person singular indi-
cative present of bid.
bitºt, n. An obsolete spelling of bitt.
bitºt, n. A Middle English form of buttº.
bitangent (bi-tan’jent), n. [K bi-2 + tangent.]
In math., a double tangent; a straight line
which touches a given curve at
tWO points. If m denotes the degree
and m the class of a curve, then (n-m)
(n + m —9) is the excess of the number
of its bitangents over the number of its ...
double points.--Isolated bitangent, a Bitangent to Qas-
real line tangent to a curve at two ima- sinian Oval.
ginary points. e g
bitangential (bi-tan-jen’shal), a. [bitangent
+ -ial.] In math., pertaining to a bitangent.
—Bitangential curve, a curve which passes through the
points of contact of the bitangents of a given curve.
bitart rate (bi-tärſträt), n. [K bi-2 + tartrate.]
A tartrate which contains one hydrogen atom
replaceable by a base.—Potassium bitartrate.
Same as cream of tartar, or argol (which see).
bit-brace (bit/brås), m. A tool for holding
and turning a boring-bit; a brace; a bit-stock.
—Bit-brace die, a small screw-cutting die used with a
×brace.
bitch (bich), m. [K ME. bicche, biche, K AS.
bicce, also bicge, = Icel. bikkja = Norw. bikkje,
a bitch. Cf. G. betze, petze, a bitch, and F. biche,
a bitch, also a fawn. The relations of these
forms are undetermined.] 1. The female of
the dog; also, by extension, the female of other
canine animals, as of the wolf and fox.-2. A
coarse name of reproach for a woman.
John had not run a-madding so long had it not been
for an extravagant bitch of a wife.
Arbuthnot, John Bull, p. 9.
bitcheryt (bich’e-ri), n. [K bitch + -ery.] Vile-
ness or coarseness in a woman; unchastity or
lewdness in general.
bitch-wood (bich'wud), m. The wood of a le-
guminous tree, Lonchocarpus latifolius, of the
West Indies and tropical South America.
bite (bit), v.; pret. bit, pp. bitten, sometimes bit,
ppr. biting. #8ME. bitem (pret. bot, boot, pl. bitem,
pp. bitem), KAS. bitan (pret. bāt, pl. bitom, pp.
biten) = OS. bitan = OFries, bita = D. bijtem =
MLG, biten, LG. bitem = OHG. bizan, MHG. bi-
2en, G. beissen = Icel. bita = Sw. bita = Dan.
bide = Goth, beitan, bite, - L. findere (V*fid),
cleave, = Skt. Vibhid, divide. From the AS.
come bite, n., bitl, bit?, bitterl, beetle2, beetle8;
to the Icel, are due baiti, and prob. bitt; from
L. findere come fissile, fissure, bifid, etc.] I.
trans. 1. To cut, pierce, or divide with the
teeth: as, to bite an apple.
The fish that once was caught new bait wil hardly byte.
# Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 4.
2. To remove with the teeth; cut away by bit-
ing: with off, owt, etc. : as, to bite off a piece of
an apple, or bite a piece out of it; to bite off
one's nose to spite one's face.
I'll bite my tongue owt, ere it prove a traitor.
Beaw, and Fl., Wit at Séveral Weapons, iv. 1.
3. To grasp or grip with the teeth; press the
teeth strongly upon: as, to bite the thumb or
lip. (See phrases below.)
There Faction roar, Rebellion bite her chain.
Pope, Windsor Forest, l, 421.
bite (bit), m.
- 567 -
4. To sting, as an insect: as, to be bitten by a
flea.—5. To cause a sharp or smarting pain in;
cause to Smart: as, pepper bites the mouth.--
6. To nip, as with frost; $ii. blight, or injure.
g Like an envious sneaping frost,
That bites the first-born infants of the *g.
Shak., L. L. L., i
All three of them are desperate; their great guilt,
Like poison given to work a great time after,
Now 'gins to bite the spirits. Shak, Tempest, iii. 3.
7. To take fast hold of; grip or catch into or
on, so as to act with effect; get purchase from,
as by friction; as, the anchor bites the ground;
the file bites the iron; the wheels bite the rails.
The last screw of the rack having been turned so often
that its purchase crumbled, and it now turned and turned
with nothing to bite.
fortis or other mordant, as a metal surface
that has been laid bare with an etching-needle:
often with in ; as, the plate is now bitten in.—
9. To cheat; trick; deceive; overreach: now
only in the past participle: as, the biter was bit.
The rogue was bit. Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 364.
At last she played for her left eye; . . . this too she lost;
however, she had the consolation of biting the sharper,
for he never perceived that it was made of glass till it be-
came his own. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, cii.
To bite the dust or the ground, to fall; be thrown or
struck down ; be vanquished or humbled.
His vanquished rival was to bite the dust before him.
Disraeli.
To bite the glove. See glove.—To bite the lip, to press
the lip between the teeth in order to repress signs of an-
ger, mirth, or other emotion. (Compare to bite the tongue.)
—To bite the thumb att, to insult or defy by putting
the thumb-mail into the mouth, and with a jerk making
it knack.
I will bite my thwmb at them, which is a disgrace to
them, if they bear it. Shak., R. and J., i. 1.
To bite the tongue, to hold one's tongue; repress (an-
gry) speech; maintain fixed silence. (Compare to bite the
lip, and to hold one's tongue.)
So York must sit, and fret, and bite his tongue,
While his own lands are bargain’d for and sold.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 1.
See eat.
=S
#";. 1. To have a habit of biting or
snapping at persons or things: as, a dog that
bites; a biting horse.—2. To pierce, sting, or
inflict injury by biting, literally or figuratively.
It [wine] biteth like a serpent and stingeth like an adder.
Prov. xxiii. 32.
Look, when he fawns he bites; and when he bites,
His venom tooth will rankle to the death.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 3.
Smiling and careless, casting words that bit
Like poisoned darts.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 327.
3. To take a bait, as a fish: either literally or
figuratively.
Bait the hook well: this fish will bite.
Shak., Much Ado, ii. 3.
We'll bait that men may bite fair.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase.
4. To take and keep hold; grip or catch into
another object, so as to act on it with effect,
obtain purchase or leverage-power from it, and
the like: as, the anchor bites; cog-wheels bite
when the teeth of one enter into the notches
of the other and cause it to revolve.
In dry weather the roads require to be watered before
being swept, so that the brushes may bite. Mayhew.
To bite at, to snap at with the teeth; hence, figuratively,
to snarl or carp at ; inveigh against.
No marvel, though you bite so sharp at reasons,
You are so empty of them. Shak., T. and C., ii. 2.
To bite in. (a) To corrode, as the acid used in etching.
b) To repress one's thoughts, or restrain one's feelings.
[K late M.E. byte, bite (bite), tak-
ing the place of earlier bite (bite), in mod. E.
bit (see bitl); from the verb.] 1. The act of
cutting, piercing, or wounding with the teeth
or as with the teeth: as, the bite of a dog; the
bite of a crab.-2. The seizing of bait by a
fish: as, waiting for a bite.
I have known a very good fisher angle diligently four
or six hours for a river carp, and not have a bite.
bitentaculate (bi-ten-tak’i-lāt), a.
biternate (bi-tér'nāt), a.
bite-sheepf (bit/shép), m.
bitheism (biºthé-izm), m.
biting ſº , 71.
biting-dragon (bi’ ting-drag" Qn), n.
name for tarragon, Artemisia Dracumculus.
bitingly (biºting-li), adv.
bitnoben.
roughness or power of abrasion: as, the bite of
an anchor on the ground; the bite of the wheels
of a locomotive on the rails.
The shorter the bite of a crowbar, the greater is the
power gained.
W. Matthews, Getting on in the World, p. 119.
7. In etching, the corrosion effected by the acid.
—8. In printing, an imperfection in a printed
sheet caused by part of the impression being
received on the frisket or paper mask.--9t. A
cheat; a trick; a fraud.
I'll teach you a way to outwit Mrs. Johnson; it is a
new-fangled way of being witty, and they call it a bite.
Swift, To a Friend of Mrs. Johnson, 1703.
10F. A sharper; one who cheats. Johnson.-
His bark is worse than his bite. See bark1.
* Pºckens, biteless (bit/les), a... [K bite, n., + -less.] With-
8. In etching, to corrode or eat into with aqua- "dºe; wantáginability or desire to bite;
harmless.
Chilled them [midges] speechless and biteless.
The Century, XXVII. 780.
[K bi-2 +
tentaculate.] Having two tentacles, or a pair
of organs likened to tentacles.
The gonophore contained in a gonangium, somewhat
like that of Laomedea, is set free as a ciliated bitentacu-
tate body. Huazley, Anat. Invert., p. 120.
|biter (bi’tér), n. [ME. biter, bitere; K bite +
-er1.] 1. One who or that which bites; an
animal given to biting; a fish apt to take bait.
Great barkers are no biters. Camden.
A bold biter. I. Walton, Complete Angler.
2. One who cheats or defrauds; also, formerly,
one who deceives by way of joke.
A biter is one who tells you a thing you have no reason
to disbelieve in itself, and, if you give him credit, laughs
in your face, and triumphs that he has deceived you.
Spectator, No. 504.
biterminal (bi-ter’mi-mal), n. [Tr. of Gr. Kºto
ôvouátov..] A binomial line; a line that is the
sum of two incommensurable lines. -
[K bi-2 + ternate.]
In bot., doubly ternate, as when each of the
partial petioles of a ternate leaf bears three
leaflets.
[So MLG. biteschäp,
G. biss-schaf, with the same allusion.] A once
favorite pun upon bishop, as if one who bites
the sheep which he ought to feed. N. E. D.
[K bi-2 + theism.]
Belief in two gods, specifically a good and an
evil one; dualism. [Rare.]
biti (bé’té), m. [E. Ind.] An East Indian name
for species of Dalbergia, especially D. latifolia,
one of the East Indian rosewoods.
[K ME. biting ; verbal n. of
bite, v.] 1. The action of cutting, piercing, etc.,
in any sense of bite.—2. The corroding action
of a mordant upon a metal plate, wherever
the lines of a design, drawn upon a prepared
ground, have been laid bare with a needle, as
in etching, or the surface is alternately stopped
out and exposed, as in aquatint.
biting (biºting), p.a. [Por of bite, v.] 1. Nip-
keen: as, biting cold; biting weather.
The western breeze,
And years of biting frost and biting rain,
Had made the carver's labor wellnigh vain.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 325.
2. Severe; sharp; bitter; painful: as, a “bit-
ing affliction,” Shak., M. W. of W., v. 5.—3.
Acrid; hot; pungent: as, a biting taste. Hence
—4. Sharp; severe; cutting; sarcastic : as, a
biting remark.
This was a nipping sermon, a pinching sermon, a biting
S6 I’Ill OI!. Latimer, Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1550.
Pope's provocation was too often the mere opportunity
to say a biting thing, where he could do it safely.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 70.
An old
ping;
In a biting manner;
sarcastically ; sneeringly.
I. Walton, Complete Angler, bitingness (biºting-nes), n. Pungency; acridity.
3. A wound made by the teeth of an animal or
by any of the biting, piercing, or stinging or—
gans of the lower animals: as, a dog's bite; a
mosquito-bite; a flea-bite.
Their venom'd bite. Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics.
4. As much as is taken at once by biting; a
mouthful: as, a bite of bread.
Better one bite at forty, of Truth's bitter rind,
Than the hot wine that gushed from the vintage of twenty
Lowell, Life of Blondel.
5. Food; victuals: as, three days without bitnoben (bit-nó ‘ben), n.
either bite or sup.–6. The catch or hold that
one object or one part of a mechanical appa-
ratus has on another; specifically, in a file, the
bit-key (bit/ké), m.
permutation-lock, the steps of which are form-
bitless (bit/les), a.
out bit or bridle.
bitmouthf (bit/mouth), m.
A key designed to fit a
ed by movable bits. See lock.
[K bitl, n., + -less.] With-
Bitless Nunnidian horse. Famshawe, AEmeid, iv.
bitlingt (bit/ling), m. [K bit? -- dim. -ling.] A
very small bit or piece.
The bit or iron put
into a horse's mouth. Bailey.
[A corruption of
the Hind, name bit lavan, or bid lavanº bit, bid
(cerebral t or d) is of uncertain meaning; lavan,
dial, labam, lom, lum, etc., K Skt. lavana, salt.] A.
bitnoben
white Saline substance obtained from India, a
chlorid of sodium or common salt fused with
myrobalan and a portion of iron. Bitnoben has
been used in India from times of high antiquity, and is
applied to an infinite variety of purposes. It is regarded
there as a Specific for almost every disorder,
bito-tree (bé’tó-tré), n. Same as hajilij.
biºre, n. A Middle English form of bit-
(27°77 l.
bit-pincers (bit'pin'sèrz), m. pl.
Pineers with curved jaws, used
by locksmiths.
bit-stock (bit/stok), n. The ham-
dle or stock by which a boring-
bit is held and rotated; a car- *
enter's brace.
bit-strap (bit/strap), m. A short
Strap connecting the bit to a short
check-bridle or to a halter. E. H.
Rnight.
bitt (bit), m. [Formerly, and still
occasionally, written bit, but usu-
ally in pl. bitts, bits, early mod. E.
beetes; hence F. bittes, formerly
bites, pl., - Sp. bitas, pl. , =
abitas, pl., - It. bitte, pl., bitts.
Bit and Bit-
stock.
Origin uncer-
mod. E. spelling beetes, in form, with Sw, be-
ting = Dan. beding, a bitt, bitts, X D. beting =
G. bāting, a bitt; with compounds, Sw. beting-
bult = Dan. bedingsbolt, a bitt-bolt; D. beting-
howten, pl., - G. bātinghól:er, pl., bitts (D. hout
= G. hole, wood). Sw. beting, - Dan. beding,
means lit. ‘baiting, pasturing,’ as a horse, by
tethering it (= AS. bāºting, béting, a rope, a
cable), K. Sw. beta = Dan. bede = Icel. beita,
bait, pasture, = AS. bātam, bridle, rein in, curb,
orig. causal of Sw, bita = Dan. bide = Icel. bita
= AS. bitan, bite: see baitl, bite, bitl. The ML.
bitus, a whipping-post, and Icel. biti, a cross-
beam in a house, a thwart in a boat, are, for
different reasons, prob. neither of them the
source of the E. word.] Naut., a strong post
of wood or iron to which cables are made fast.
Bitts are fastened to the deck, generally in pairs, and are
named according to their uses: as, riding-bitts, towing-
bitts, windlass-bütts, etc.
bitt (bit), v. t. [K bitt, m.] Naut., to put roun
the bitts: as, to bitt the cable, in order to fasten
it or to let it out gradually. The latter process
is called veering away.
The chain is then påssed through the hawse-hole and
round the windlass, and bitted.
I. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 73.
bittaclef (bit/a-kl), m. The earlier form of bin-
7tacle.
bitterl (bit/ēr), a. and m. [K ME. bitter, biter,
KAS. biter, bitor (= OS. bittar = D. MLG. LG.
bitter = OHG. bittar, M.H.G. G. bitter = Icel.
bitr = Sw. Dam. bitter = Goth. (with irreg. ai
for i) baitrs), bitter, K bitam, bite: see bite.] I.
a. 1. Having a harsh taste, like that of worm-
Wood or quinine. Formerly the word was applied to
pungent and to salt things, as well as to those to which it
is now nearly always restricted.
All men are agreed to call vinegar sour, honey sweet,
and aloes bitter. Burke, Sublime and Beautiful.
Hence—2. Unpalatable; hard to swallow, lit-
erally or figuratively: as, a bitter pill; a bitter
lesson.
But thou art man, and canst abide a truth,
Tho' bitter. T'ennyson, Balin and Balan.
3. Hard to be borne; grievous; distressful;
calamitous: as, a bitter moment ; bitter fate.
Nailed
For our advantage on the bitter cross.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 1.
4. Causing pain or smart to the sense of feel-
ing; piercing; painful; biting: as, bitter cold;
“the bitter blast,” Dryden.—5. Harsh, as words;
reproachful; sarcastic; cutting; sharp; as, “bit-
ter taunts,” Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 6.
Hastings complained in bitter terms of the way in which
he was treated. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
6. Cherishing or exhibiting animosity, hate,
anger, or severity; cruel; severe; harsh ;
stern: as, “bitterest enmity,” Shak, Cor., iv. 4;
“bitter enemies,” Watts, Logic.—7. Evincing
or betokening intense pain or suffering: as, a
bitter cry.
When, o'er the buds of youth, the death-wind blows
And blights the fairest, when our bitter tears
Stream, as the eyes of those that love us close,
We think on what they were, with many fears
Lest goodness die with them, and leave the coming years.
Bryant, The Ages, i.
Bitter ale, bitter beer. See ale.—Bitter-almond oil.
ãºmond oil: Bitter ash, bark, cucumber, etc. See
the nouns.— Bitter principles, natural organic com-
pounds, mostly of vegetable origin, which contain only
bitter? (bit/ēr), n.
bitterº (bit/ēr), n.
tain ; connected in sense, and, in the early bitter-blain (bit/ēr-blan), m.
bitter-bloom (bit’ér-blöm), m.
bitter-bush (bit’ér-būsh), m.
bitter-earth (bit/ēr-èrth), m.
bitter-end (bit/ēr-end), m.
bitter-grass (bit/ēr-grâs), n.
568
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and which are not gluco-
sides or acids. To this class belong absinthin, aloin, ane-
monide, cascarin, picrotoxin, and more than one hundred
others. It has been proposed to call such substances
amaroids.--To the bitter end, to the last and direst ex-
tremity; to death itself. =Syn, 3. Grievous, distressing,
afflictive, poignant.
II. m. 1. That which is bitter; bitterness.
Hi no comme deme [judge] betuene zuete [sweet] and
byter. Ayembite of Inwit, p. 82.
The sick man hath been offended at the wholesome bit-
ter of the medicine. Scott, Abbot, I. 55.
Some bitter o'er the flowers its bubbling venom ſlings.
Byron, Childe Harold, i. 82.
Specifically—2. A bitter medicine, as a bitter
bark or root, or an infusion made from it. See
bitters. *
bitter! (bit/ēr), v. t. [K ME. biteren, KAS. bi-
terian (= OHG. bittarém, MHG. G. bittern), K
biter, bitter: see bitterl, a.] To make bitter;
give a bitter taste to ; embitter. [Rare.]
Would not horse-aloes bitter it [beer] as well?
Wolcot (P. Pindar).
[K bitt + -erl.] Nawt., a
turn of a cable round the bitts.
An old form of bittern 1.
A name given in
Guiana to a Scrophulariaceous herb, Lindernia
diffusa, which is used as a remedy in fever and
liver-complaints.
The American
centaury, Sabbatia angularis, a gentianaceous
herb, used as a simple bitter in the treatment
of fevers, etc.
The name in Ja-
maica for Eupatorium nervosum, which is em-
ployed as a remedy in cholera, smallpox, and
other diseases.
[K bitter + earth;
= G. bitter-erde.] Calcimed magnesia.
[K bitter2 + end.]
Nawt., that part of a cable which is abaft the
bitts, and therefore within board, when the ship
rides at anchor.
The colic-root of
the United States, Aletris farinosa.
d bitter-head (bit/ēr-hed), n., A local name in
parts of Ohio for the calico-bass, Pomoa;is spa-
7°oides. -
bitter-herb (bit/ēr-èrb), n. 1. The Europeam
centaury, Centaurion Centaurium.–2. The
balmony of the United States, Chelome glabra.
bittering (bit/ēr-ing), m. . [Verbal n. of bitter!,
v.] 1. Same as bitterm2, 2.— 2. The acquiring
by wine of a bitter flavor, due to the formation
of brown aldehyde resin or other bitter sub-
stance, from age or high temperature.
bitterish (bit’ér-ish), a. [K bitterl + -ish 1.]
Somewhat bitter; moderately bitter.
bitter-king (bit/ēr-king), n. [K bitter1 + king.]
A shrub or small tree of the Moluccas, Soula-
mea amara, of the family Polygalaceæ, al
parts of which are intensely bitter and are re-
uted to possess antiperiodic properties.
bitterling (bit/ēr-ling), m. [K bitter + -ling1.]
A cyprinoid fish, Rhodeus amarus, of the fresh
Waters of central Europe. It resembles a bream in
form, but the anal fin is comparatively short º 12 Tays),
the lateral line is imperfect, and the female has a long ex-
ternal urogenital tube.
bitterly (bit/ēr-li), adv. [KME. bitterly, bitter-
liche, KAS. biterlice, adv. (K “biterlic, adj., =
D. bitterlijk = Icel. birliğr = Dan. bitterlig =
G. bitterlich, adj.), K biter + -lice: see bitterl, a.,
and -ly?..] In a bitter manner. (a) Mournfully;
sorrowfully; in a manner expressing poignant grief or re-
Ill Ol'SG.
And he went out and wept bitterly. Mat. xxvi. 75.
Dverybody knows how bitterly Louis the IFourteenth,
towards the close of his life, lamented his former ex-
travagance. Macaulay, Mill on Government.
(b) In a severe or harsh manner ; Sharply; severely; an-
grily : as, to censure bitterly.
The Almighty hath dealt very bitterly with me.
Ruth i. 20.
bittern1 (bit/ērm), n. [Early mod. E. also bit-
torn, bitturn, with irreg. suffixed -n, earlier
bitter, bittor, bittour, bytter, bitoure, buttour,
bewter, boter, buture, etc. (E. dial. bitter-bump,
butter-bump, Sc. buter, butter); K ME. bitter,
bitoure, Uyttoure, butturre, butor, botor, botore,
etc., f= D. Flem. butoor, formerly also putoor, K
OF. butor, mod. F. butor, as It. bittore (Florio),
a bittern, - Sp. bitor, a bittern, also a rail
(bird), K ML. butorius, a bittern: (1) errone-
ously supposed by some to be a corruption of
a L. “botaurus (whence the NL. Botaurus, as-
sumed as the name of the genus), as if K bos, ox,
+ taurus, a bull, applied by Pliny to a bird that
bittern? (bit/ērn), m.
bitterness (bit/ēr-nes), m.
bitternut (bit’ér-nut), n.
bitters
bellows like a bull; (2) also erroneously iden-
tified by some with M.L. bitorius, biturius,
which, with a var. pintorus, is explained in
AS. glosses by
wrenna, wraºn-
ma (> E. wren),
and once b
erdling (X E.
arling); but
(3) prob. a var.
of L. butio(m-)
(> Pg. butio),
a bittern—a
word supposed
to be of imita-
tive origin, re-
lated to bubere,
cry like a bit-
tern, bubo, an
owl, etc. Cf.
the equiv. E.
dial. butter-
bump, Sc. mire-
drum, E. dial.
bog-bull, F. taw-
reau d'étang,
‘ bull ºf b ;
SWamp, Daºw
de marais, G.
*moosochse, ‘ox
of the marsh,” etc.; and see boom.1, bump.2, bulll,
bawll, bellow, etc.] 1. A European wading bird,
of the family Ardeidae and subfamily Botauri-
maº ; the Botaurus Stellaris, a kind of heron. It
is about 2 feet long, is speckled, mottled, and freckled
with several shades of blackish-brown, buff, etc., lives
solitary in bogs and morasses, has a hollow guttural cry,
and nests usually on the ground.
As a bitore bumbleth in the mire.
Chawcer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 116.
Where hawks, sea-owls, and long-tongued bittours bred.
Chapman.
2. Any heron of the subfamily Botaurina. The
American bittern is Botawºws mugitans or B. lemtigimo-
sus. The very small rail-like herons of the genera Ar-
detta, Ardeola, etc., are called little or least bitterms; the
Duropean species is Ardetta minuta ; the North American,
A. eacilis ; and there are others. The tiger bitterms are
beautifully striped species of the genus Tigrisoma, as T.
brasiliensis.
Common Bittern (JSota terté stellaris).
[Appar. a dial. form
(through “bitterim) of bittering, K bitterl +
-ingl.] 1. In salt-works, the brine remaining
after the salt is concreted. This, after being ladled
off and the salt taken out of the pam, is returned, and,
being again boiled, yields more salt. It is used in the
preparation of Epsom salt (the sulphate of magnesia) and
Glauber salt (the sulphate of soda), and contains also
chlorid of magnesium, and iodine and bromine.
2. A very bitter compound of quassia, cocculus
indicus, licorice, tobacco, etc., used for adul-
terating beer. Also called bittering.
[K ME. bitternesse,
bitermesse, KAS. bitermys, K biter + -nys: see bit-
terl, a., and -ness.] . The state or quality of be-
ing bitter, in any of the senses of that word.
She was in bitterness of soul. 1 Sam. i. 10.
Shall we be thus afflicted in his wreaks,
His fits, his frenzy, and his bitterness 2
- Shak., Tit. And.., iv. 4.
The bitterness and animosity between the commanders
was such that a great part of the army was marched.
Claremdom.
The bitterness of anger. Longfellow.
In the gall of bitterness, in a state of extreme impiety
or enmity to God. Acts viii.23. Root of bitterness,
a dangerous error or schism tending to draw persons to
apostasy. Heb. xii. 15. =Syn. Acrimony, Asperity, Harsh-
7tess, etc. (See acrimony), spite, ill will, malignity, heart-
burning; grief, distress, heaviness.
º The swamp-hickory
of the United States, Hicoria minima. Its
nuts are very thin-shelled, with an intensely
×bitter kernel.
bitter-root (bit/ēr-röt), n, 1. The big-root,
Micrampelis Californica.-2. The plant Lewisia
Tedivīva, which gives its name to the Bitter
Root mountains, between Idaho and Montana.
*-3. Dogbane, Apocynum androsaemifolium.
bitters (bit/ērz), n. pl.
wº [Pl. of bitter1, m.] 1.
Bitter medicines generally, as cinchona, qui-
nine, etc.–2. Specifically, a liquor (general-
ly a spirituous liquor) in which bitter herbs
or roots are steeped. Bitters are employed
as stomachics, anthelminthics, and in vari-
ous other ways.--Angostura bitters, a bitter tonic,
much used in the West Indies as a preventive against ma-
larial fevers and the like. Originally made at Ångostura
or Ciudad Bolivar, a city in Venezuela, it is now made
also at Port of Spain, Trinidad.— Prairie bitters, a
beverage common among the hunters and mountaineers
of western America, made with a pint of water and a
quarter of a gill of buffalo-gall. It is considered by them
an excellent medicine.

- bitter-salt -
bitter-salt (bit/ēr-sält), n. IK bitter1 + salt, m.;
... bittersale = D. bitterzout..] Epsom salt;
magnesium sulphate.
bittersgall (bit/ērz-gāl), n. An old English
name for the fruit of the wild crab, Pyrus
Amalus.
*:::::pº (bit/ēr-spår), n. Rhomb-spar, a
mineral crystallizing in rhombohedrons. It is
the same as dolomite, or carbonate of calcium
and magnesium.
bitter-stem, bitter-stick (bit/ēr-stem, -stick),
n. The chiretta of India, Ophelia Chirata, a
gentianaceous plant furnishing a valuable bit-
ter tonic.
bitter-sweet (bit’ &r-swät), a. and n. I. a.
Uniting bitterness and sweetness; pleasant
and painful at the same time.
One by one the fresh-stirred memories,
So bitter-sweet, flickered and died away.
illiam Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 139.
II. m. That which is both bitter and sweet:
as, the bitter-sweet of life.
º I have known some few,
And read of more, who have had their dose, and deep,
Of those sharp bitter-8weets.
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2.
bittersweet (bit/ēr-swät), n. 1. The woody
nightshade, Solanum Dulcamara, a trailing
plant, native of Europe and Asia, and natural-
ized in the United States. Its root and branches
Bittersweet (Solanum Dulcamara).
when chewed produce first a bitter, then a sweet taste;
they have long been used as a remedy in various skin-dis-
eases. Its small scarlet berries, resembling red currants,
though not absolutely poisonous, are not wholesome. The
shrubby, false, or climbing bittersweet of the United States
is the Celastrus scandems, also known as the staff-tree.
2. Same as bitter-sweeting.
bitter-sweetingt (bit/ēr-swe’ting), m. Avariety
of apple.
Thy wit is a very bitter sweeting. Shak., R. and J., ii. 4.
bitter-vetch (bit/ēr-vech), m. A name popu-
larly applied to two kinds of leguminous plants:
(a) to Vicia Ervilia, a lentil cultivated for
fodder; and (b) to all the species of the genus
Orobus, included by some in the genus Lathy-
Tws. Common bitter-vetch is O. tuberosus.
bitter-weed (bit’ér-wed), n. A name given to
American species of ragweed, Ambrosia arte-
misiaefolia and A. trifida.
bitter-wood (bit/ēr-wild), n. 1. The timber of
Ayiopia glabra, and other species of the same
genus. All of them are noted for the extreme
bitterness of their wood.—2. A name applied to
the quassia woods of commerce, the West Indian
Picrasma eſcCelsa and the Surinam Quassia ama-
ºra. See quassiq.--White bitter-wood, of Jamaica,
a meliaceous tree, Trichilia spondioides.
bitterwort (bit/ēr-wért), m. Yellow gentian,
Gentiana lutea, and some other species: so
called from their remarkably bitter taste.
bitt-head (bit/hed), m. Nawt., the upper part
of a bitt. -
bitting-harness (bit'ing-hār"nes), m. A har-
ness used in training colts.
bitting-rigging (bit'ing-rigºing), m. A bridle,
surcingle, back-strap, and crupper placed on
young horses to give them a good carriage.
bittle (bit/l), m. A Scotch and English dia-
lectal form of beetle1.
bittlin (bit/lin), n. [E. dial.; perhaps for *bit-
tling, K’ bitt, bità (= buttº) + dim. -ling.] A
milk-bowl. Grose.
bittock (bit/Qk), n., [K bit? -H, dim. -ock.] A
little bit; a short distance. Scott; Mrs. Gore.
[Scotch.
bittorf, bittourt, n. Obsolete forms of bittern!.
bitt-pin (bit/pin), n. Nawt., a large iron pin
placed in the head of the cable-bitts to pre-
569
vent the chain from jumping off whileveering.
See cut under bitt-stopper.
bitt-stopper (bit/stop’ér), n. Naut, a rope or
Bitt and Bitt-stopper on Chain-cable.
a, bitt-pin.
chain stopper made fast to the bitts, and used
to hold a cable while bitting or unbitting it.
bituberculate, bituberculated (bi-tū-bër’kū-
lāt, -lä-ted), a. [K bi-2 + tuberculate.] In en-
tom., having two tubercles or small blunt ele-
vations.
bitumef (bi-tūm'), m. [K F. bitume, K L. bi-
tumen ; see bitumen.] Bitumen: as, “hellebore
and black bitume,” May.
bitume (bi-tūm'), v. t. ; pret, and pp. bitumed,
ppr. bituming. [K bitume, n.] To cover or be-
smear with bitumen; bituminate.
We have a chest beneath the hatches, caulked and bi-
twmed. Shak., Pericles, iii. 1.
The basket of bulrushes for the infant Moses, when
thoroughly bitwaned, was well adapted to the P.": for
which it was made. W. M. Thomson, Land and Book.
bitumen (bi-tū’men), n. [Early mod. E. also
bittumen, betumen (also bitume, betwme, betune:
see bitume) = F. bitume = Pr. betwm = Sp. betum
= Pg. betume = It. bitume, K L. bitumen.] The
name given by Latin writers, especially by
Pliny, to various forms of hydrocarbons now
included under the names of asphaltum, maltha,
and petroleum (see these words). Bitumen, as used
by artists, is a mixture of asphaltum with a drying-oil. It
produces a rich brown transparent surface, but is liable to
crack and blacken.—Bitumen process, in photog., an
early method of producing pictures resting upon the prop-
erty of sensitiveness to light possessed by asphaltunn or
bitumen of Judaea. The process has received a modern
application in some systems of photo-engraving. See
photography, and Gillet process, under photo-engraving.
–Elastic bitumen. See elaterite.
bituminate (bi-tii"mi-nāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
bituminated, ppr. bituminating. [K L. bitumi-
natus, P} of bituminare, impregnate with bitu-
men, K bitumen (bitumin-), bitumen.] 1. To
cement with bitumen.
Bituminated walls of Babylon. Feltham, Resolves, i. 46.
2. To impregnate with bitumen.
bituminiferous (bi-tū-mi-nif'e-rus), a. [K L.
bitumen, bitumen, + ferre = E. bearl.] Pro-
ducing bitumen.
The bituminiferous substance known as boghead Can-
nel [coal). W. A. Miller, Elem. of Chem., § 1537.
bituminization (bi-tū’mi-ni-zā‘shgn), 7t. [K bi-
tuminize + -ation.] The transformation of or-
ganic matters into bitumen, as the conversion
of wood by matural processes into several va-
rieties of coal. Also spelled bituminisation.
bituminize (bi-tū’mi-miz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
bituminized, ppr. bituminizing. [K bitumen (bi-
tumin-) + -ize.] To form into or impregnate
with bitumen. Also spelled bituminise.
bituminous (bi-tū’mi-nus), a. [= F. bitumi-
neux, K L. bituminosus, K bitumen (bitumin-), bitu-
men.] 1. Of the nature of or resembling bitu-
men.—2. Containing bitumen, or made up in.
part of the hydrocarbons which form asphal-
tum, maltha, and petroleum. See petroleum.
Near that bituminous lake where Sodon flamed.
Milton, P. L., x. 562.
Bituminous cement, or bituminous mastig, a cement
or mastic in which bitunnell, especially in the form of as-
phalt, is the most importantingredient: it is used for roofs,
pavements, cisterns, etc.—Bituminous Coal, Soft coal, or
coal which burns with a bright-yellow flame. Soft coal,
semibituminous coal, and hard coal, or anthracite, are the
three most important varieties of coal. See coal.— Bitu-
minous limestone, limestone containing bituminous
matter. It is of a brown or black color, and when rubbed
emits an unpleasant odor. That of Dalmatia is so charged
with bitumen that it may be cut like soap.–Bituminous
Shale, or bituminous schist, an argillaceous shale much
impregnated with bitumen, and very common in various
geological formations, especially in the Devonian and
Lower Silurian. Before the discovery of petroleum in
Pennsylvania it was worked to some extent for the pro-
duction of paraffin and other useful products.— Bitumi-
nous springs, springs impregnated with petroleum,
naphtha, etc. º -
biunguiculate (bi-ung-gwik’ū-lāt), a. [K bi-2
+ unguiculate.] Having two claws, or two
arts likened to claws; doubl § hooked.
biunity (bi-li’ni-ti), n. [K bi-2 + whity.] The
state or mode of being two in one, as trinity
is the state of being three in one.
bivious *
n. [K bi-2 + wrea : see -wret.]
A compound º: + H2O) formed by
exposing urea to a high temperature for a long
time. It forms crystals readily soluble in water
and alcohol.
bivalence (bi’vå- or biv'a-lens), n. In chem,
a valence or saturating power which is double
# that of the hydrogen atom.
bivalency (bi’vå- or biv'a-len-si), m.
# as bivalence.
bivalent (bi’vå- or biv'a-lent), a... [K L. bi-, two-
+ valen (t-)s, having power. Cf. equivalent.j
In chem., applied to an element an atom of
which can replace two atoms of hydrogen or
other univalent element, or to a radical which
has the same valence as a bivalent atom. Thus,
calcium in its chlorid, CaCl2, replaces two atoms of hydro-
gen in hydrochloric acid, HCl ; the bivalent radical methy-
len, CH2, in its chlorid, CH2Cl2, shows the same valence.
bivalve (bi’valv), a. and n. [= F. bivalve, K L.
bi-, two-, + valva, door, in mod. sense “valve.’]
I. a. 1. Having two leaves or folding parts:
as, a bivalve speculum.—2. In 200l., having
two shells united by a hinge.—3. In bot., hav-
ing two valves, as a seed-case. --
II. n. 1+. pl. Folding doors.—2. In 206l., a
headless lamellibranch mollusk whose shell has
two hinged valves, which are opened and shut
by appropri-
ate muscles:
opposed to
wnivalve. In
l'al'e cases, as
Pholas, there are
also accessory
valves besides
the two principal
Ones. See cut
under accessory.
Familiar exam-
ples are the
oyster, scallop,
Inussel, ... etc.
These belong to
the asiphonate
division of bi-
valves; the clam,
cob, cockle, ra-
zor-shell, and
naany others are
siphonate. The
piddock belongs to the genus Pholas. The ship-worm,
Teredo, is also technically a bivalve. See la mellibra ach.
3. In bot., a pericarp in which the seed-case
opens or splits into two parts.-Equilateral bi-
valve. See equilateral.
bivalved (bi’valvd), a. [K bi-2 + valved. Cf.
bivalve.] Having two valves. Also biral rous.
Bivalvia (bi-val’vi-á), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of
bivalvius, K L. bi-, two-, + valva, door, in mod.
sense “valve.” Cf. bivalve.] A term formerly
used for all the bivalve shells or lamellibran-
chiate mollusks, but now superseded by the
class names Acephala, Comchifera, and Lamelli-
branchiata.
bivalvous (bi-val’vus), a.
Same as bivalved. *
bivalvular (bi-val' vil-lär), a. [K bivalve, after
valvular.] Having two valves: said especial-
ly of the shells of certain mollusks and of the
seed-vessels of certain plants. See bivalve.
bivascular (bi-vasſkü-lär), a. [K L. bi-, two-,
+ vasculum, a small vessel; after vascular.]
Having two cells, compartments, or vessels.
bivaillted (bi’vål-ted), a. [K bi-2 + vaulted.]
Having fºwo vaults or arches.
biventer (bi-ven’tér), n. [NL., K. L. bi-, two-,
+ venter, belly..] A muscle of the back of the
neck, so called from having two fleshy bellies,
with an intervening tendinous portion. It is com-
monly distinguished from other biventral or digastric mus-
cles as the biventer cervicis. It occurs in man, various
mammals, birds, etc. Also called bigaster,
biventral (bi-ven’tral), a. [K bi-2 + ventral.]
Digastric ; having two bellies, as a muscle.
See biventer.
biverb (bi’vérb), m. [K L. bi-, two-, + verbum,
word.] A name composed of two words.
biverbal (bi-vér’bal), a. [K bi-2 + verbal. Cf.
biverb.] Relating to two words; punning.
As some stories are said to be too good to be true, it may
With equal truth be asserted of this biverbal allusion, that
it is too good to be matural. Lamb, Popular Fallacies.
bivial (biyi-al), @., [K L. birius (see bitious)
+ -al. Cf. trivial.] 1. Going in two direc-
tions.—2. In echinoderms, of or pertaining to
the bivium: as, the bivial (posterior) ambu-
lacra. Huacley.
bivioust (biv'i-us), @.. [K L. bivius, having two
ways, K bi-, two-, + via = E. way.] Having
two ways, or ieading two ways.
Bivious theorems, and Janus-faced doctrines.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor, ii. 3.
jºr
biuret (bi’i-ret)
(6.
Same
Bivalve Shell of Cytherea ch zozie.
A, right valve; B, left valve; C, dorsal mar-
gin ; D, ventral margin ; B, anterior side or
front margin; F, posterior side or hinder mar-
gin ; G, umbo ; H, hinge and hinge-teeth ; o,
cardinal tooth; ar, x, lateral teeth ; /, ligainent,
ligament pit or groove; 3, lunule; K, anterior
muscular impression ; L, posterior muscular inn-
pression; M, pallial impression; AV, abdoininal
impression; O, pallial sinus.
[K bivalve + -ows.]



bivittate
bivittate (bi-vit’āt), a. [K bi-2 + vitta + -atel.]
1. In bot., having two vittae or oil-tubes: ap-
plied to the fruit of some Apiaceae.—2. In
206l., marked with two longitudinal stripes.
bivium (biv'i-um), n. [NL., neut. of L. bivius:
See bivious.] In echinoderms, the ambulacra of
the two posterior arms or rays taken together
and distinguished from the three anterior rays
collectively. See trivium, and cut under Spa-
tangoida.
In the fossil genus Dysaster this separation of the am-
bulacra into trivium and bivium exists naturally.
IIwazley, Anat. Invert., p. 488.
bivocalized (bi-vö’kal-izd), a. Placed between
two VOWels.
bivouac (biv'ö-ak), m. [Also bivouack, in 18th
century occasionally biouac, biovac, bihovac, K
F. bivouac, formerly biouac, orig. bivac, prob. K
G. dial. (Swiss) beiwacht, a patrol of citizens
added in time of alarm or commotion to the
regular town watch (cf. G. beiwache, a keep-
ing watch), K bei, = E. by, + "wacht, G. wache –
E. watch, m.] An encampment of soldiers in the
open air without tents, each soldier remaining
dressed and with his weapons by him; hence,
figuratively, a position or situation of readi-
ness for emergencies, or a situation demanding
extreme watchfulness.
We followed up our victory until night overtook us
about two miles from Port Gibson; then the troops went
into bivowac for the night.
U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 484.
In the world's broad field of battle,
In the bivouac of Life,
Be not like dumb, driven cattle !
Be a hero in the strife
Longfellow, Psalm of Life.
Toivouac (biv'é-ak), v. i. ; pret. and pp. bivou-
acked, ppr. bivouacking. [K bivouac, n.] To en-
camp in the open air without tents or cover-
ing, as soldiers on a march or in expectation
of an engagement.
We passed on for about half a mile in advance, and
bivouacked on some rising ground.
Sir S. W. Baker, Heart of Africa, p. 180.
The Chasseurs Normandie arrive dusty, thirsty, after a
Thard day's ride, but can find no billet-master. . . . Nor-
mandie must even bivouac there in its dust and thirst.
Carlyle, French Rev.
biwal (bé'wä), m. [Jap., - Chinese pi-pa, the
Chinese medlar.] The loquat; the fruit of the
Photinia Japonica.
biwa,2 (bé" wa), m. [Jap., - Chinese pi-pa, a
guitar.] A Japanese musical instrument with
A four strings, resembling a flat mandolin.
biweekly (bi-wek (li), a. and adv. [K bi-2 +
weekly.] I. a. Occurring or appearing every
two weeks: as, a biweekly magazine. Sometimes
erroneously used in place of semiweekly, for or occurring
twice in a week.
II. adv. Fortnightly.
biwepet, v. An obsolete form of beweep.
Bixaceae (bik-sā’sé-6), m. pl. TNL., K. Biza, the
typical genus, + -aceae.] A family of dicoty-
ledonous archichlamydeous plants, nearly re-
lated to the Violaceae. The family has undergone
several reductions in recent revisions and is now regarded
as consisting of the genus Biaca only. The most promi-
nent species is Biaca, Orellama, yielding arnotto. See
*Biaca and cut under armotto.
bixin (bik'sin), m. [K Bia:a + -īn?..] 1. The or-
ange-coloring principle (C16H26O2) of armotto,
a vermilion-red powder, išišić in water or
ether, but soluble in alcohol and benzol.-2.
A variety of armotto, having from six to ten
times the coloring power of common armotto,
from quicker extraction.
biza, n. See bisa.
bizardt (biz’ārd), n. Same as bizarre.
bizarre (bi-zăr"), a. and n. [F. (formerly also
bigearre, bijarre), strange, capricious, formerly
headlong, angry, orig. valiant, - It. bizzarro,
irascible, choleric, K Sp. Pºg. bizarro, gallant,
brave, valiant, perhaps K. Basque bizarra, a
beard; cf. Sp. hombre de bigote, a man of spirit
(bigoté, mustache)..] I. a. Odd; fanciful; fan-
tastical; whimsical; grotesque.
Although he was very grave in his own person, he loved
the most bizarr and irregular wits.
Iłoger North, Life of Lord Guilford, i. 117.
Matter and Motions are bizarr things, humoursome and
capricious to excess. Gentleman Instructed, p. 559.
These paintings . . . depended from the walls not only
in their main surfaces, but in very many nooks which the
bizarre architecture of the chateau remiered necessary.
Poe, Tales, I. 866.
II. n. A variety of carnation in which the
white ground-color is striped with two colors,
one darker than the other.
pizarrerie (bi-zā’re-ri), n.
bizarre.] Bizarre quality.
[K F, bizarrerie, K
bizygomatic (bi-Zi-gó-mat'ik), a.
570
bizcacha (bith-kä'châ), m. Same as viscacha.
bizeli, n. An obsolete form of bezel.
Bizen ware. See pottery.
bizlet, v. Same as bezzle.
bizmellahf (biz-mel'É), interj. Same as bismil-
lah.
[K bi-2 +
2ygomatic.] Pertaining to the two zygomatic
arches: as, the bizygomatic breadth.
bjelkite (biel (kit), n., [K Bjelke (see def.) +
-ite?..] A variety of the mineral cosalite from
the Bjelke mine, Nordmark, Sweden.
bk., bks. Abbreviations of book, books.
#. f. An abbreviation (a) of Bachelor of Law ;
º in com., of bill of lading.
blabl (blab), v.; pret. and pp. blabbed, ppr.
blabbing. [In M.E. only in the freq. form
(which is preferred for such words; cf. babble
gabble, gabber, jabber, etc.), but the derive
noun blabbe, a blab, telltale, occurs: see blab1,
n., and iiabberi, v.] I, trans. To utter or tell
in a thoughtless or unnecessary manner (what
ought to be kept secret); let out (secrets).
Oh, that delightful engine of her thoughts,
That blabb'd them with such pleasing eloquence.
Shak., Tit. And.., iii. 1.
Yonder a vile physician, blabbing
The case of his patient.
Tennyson, Maud, xxvii. 3.
II. intrans. To talk indiscreetly; tattle ; tell
tales.
You're sure the little milliner won’t blab 2
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 3.
But letters, however carefully drilled to be circumspect,
are sure to blab, and those of Pope leave in the reader's
mind an unpleasant feeling of circumspection.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 427.
blabl (blab), m. [K ME. blabbe : see blabi, v.]
A babbler; a telltale; one who betrays secrets,
or tells things which ought to be kept secret.
Good merchant, lay your fingers on your mouth ;
Be not a blab. Greene, James IV. v.
Iºxcluded
All friendship, and avoided as a blab,
The mark of fool set on llis front
Milton, S. A., l. 495.
Show me a very inquisitive body, I'll show you a blab.
Sir R. L'Estrange.
blab2+ (blab), m. [Another form of bleb, blob.]
A bubble; a blister; a swelling.
blab2+ (blab), v. i. or t. [K blab2, m.] To swell
out or up ; make swollen, as the cheeks.
blabberl# (blab’ér), v. i. [K ME. blaberen, stam-
mer, talk without reason, blabber, blab, = LG.
blabberm = G. play)perm, blab, babble, = Dan.
blabbre, blabber, gabble: imitative words, prob.
in part of independent origin. Similar forms
of imitative origin are Sw. dial. bladdra, blaf-
jra, prattle, D. LG. G. blaffen (> E. §3.
yelp; OHG. blabbizön, MHG. blepzen, babble;
ML. blaberare, for L. blaterare, babble; Gael.
blabaran, a stammerer, blabhdach, babbling,
plabair, a babbler; E. blather, bletherl, ãº
ble, etc.] 1. To speak inarticulately; babble;
mumble.
Now you may see how easie it is to speak right, and not
to blabber like boors in any speech.
Wodroephe, Fr. and Eng. Gram. (1623), p. 126.
2. To tell tales; blab; talk idly.—3. To fib;
falter. Skimmer.— 4. To whistle to a horse.
Skinner.
blabberl (blab’ér), n. IK blabber1, v.] A tat-
tler; a telltale.
'Tis fairies' treasure,
Which but reveal’d, brings on the blabber's ruin.
Massinger and Field, Fatal Dowry, iv. 1.
blabber2 (blab’ér), a. [K ME. blaber, blabyr.
Cf. blab2, bleb, blob, blobber, blubber, etc.]
Swollen; protruding: as, blabber-lipped; blab-
ber cheeks.
blabberingt (blab’ &r-ing), a. Inarticulate;
babbling.
biabberiipped; };}}... º.
byrlypped, also blabberlipped: see blabber2 and
blubber-lipped.] Having swollen or protruding
lips; blubber-lipped.
blabbing (blab’ing), p. a. [Ppr. of blabl, v.]
Having the character of a blab; talking indis-
creetly; tattling: as, “the blabbing eastern
*scout,” Milton, Comus, 1.138.
black (blak), a. and n. [KME, blak, blek, bleke,
KAS. blac (in def. inflection blaca, blace, some-
times with long vowel blåca, blåce, and thus
confused with blác, blåc, ME, blake, etc., shin-
ing, white (see bleaki), = OHG. (in comp.) blah,
blach), black, - (with appar, diff, orig, suffix)
Icel, blakkr, dark, dusky, = Sw, black, grayish,
dark, - Dan, blak, dark (whence the noun,
AS. blacc = MLG. black, LG. blak = MHG. black
black
= Icel. blek = Sw, blåck = Dan, blask, ink: see
bleck); prob, from a verb repr., secondarily by
D. blaken, burn, scorch, freq. blakeren, scorch,
ML6 (56.jötaken, burn with much smoke.i.d.
verblekken, scorch as the sun scorches grain;
perhaps akim to L. flagrare, Gr. 9%)etv, burn: see
flagrant, flame, phlegm. Hence blatch, bleck,
bletch, bleach”; but not connected, unless re-
motely, with biºi, bleachl, q. v.] I. a. 1.
Possessing in the highest degree the property
of absorbing light; reflecting and transmitting
little or no #. of the color of soot or coal;
of the darkest possible hue; sable; º
wholly destitute of color, or absolutely dark,
whether from the absence or from the total ab-
sorption of light: opposed to white.
I spy a black, suspicious, threat'ning cloud.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 3.
On either hand, as far as eye could see,
A great black swamp and of an evil Smell.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
A black body is one which absorbs every ray which falls
on it. It can, therefore, neither reflect nor transmit. A
mass of coke suggests the conception of such a body,
Tait, Light, $ 307.
Hence—2. Characterized by the absence of
light; involved or enveloped in darkness.
In the twilight, in the evening, in the black and dark
night. Prov. vii. 9.
And, beauty dead, black chaos comes again.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, l. 1020.
3. Dismal; gloomy; sullen and forbidding: as,
a black prospect.—4. Destitute of moral light
3. gººdness; evil; wicked; atrocious: as, black
60CIS.
“Thou art,” quoth she, “a sea, a sovereign king,
And, lo, there falls into thy boundless flood
Black lust, dishonour, shame, misgoverning.”
Shak, Lucrece, 1.654.
During stages in which maintenance of authority is
most imperative, direct disloyalty is considered the black-
est of crimes. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 532.
5. Calamitous; disastrous; bringing ruin or
desolation: as, black tidings; black Friday.
Black tidings these, . . . blacker never came to New
England. Hawthorne, Twice-Told Tales, II.
6. Deadly; malignant; baneful: as, a black
augury.
Taking thy part, hath rush'd aside the law,
And turned that black word death to banishment.
Shak., R. and J., iii. 3.
7. Clouded with anger; frowning; threaten-
ing; boding ill: as, ālack looks."
She hath abated me of half my train ;
Look'd black upon me; struck me with her tongue.
Shak., Lear, ii. 4.
8. Y.; black or dark clothing, armor, etc.:
as, Edward the Black Prince; black friars.—
9. Stained with dirt; soiled; dirty: as, black
hands. [Colloq.]—Black Act, Black acts. See act.
—Black amber. Same as jet.—Black and blue, having
the dark livid color of a bruise in the flesh, which is ac-
companied with a mixture of blue. See blue and blae.
Mistress Ford . . . is beaten black and blue, that you
cannot see a white spot about her.
Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 5.
Black and tan, having black hair upon the back, and
tan Or yellowish-brown upon the face, flanks, and legs, as
some dogs: said specifically of a kind of terrier dog, and
sometimes used elliptically as a substantive.
Consider the St. Bernards and the mastiffs, the pugs
and the bull-dogs, the black-and-tams and the King Char-
lies. JPop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 599.
Black antimony, art, assembly, bead-tree, bear-
berry, etc. See under the nouns.—Black belt, that region
of the Southern United States, comprising portions of
South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Loui-
siana, in which the ratio of the colored population to the
White is greatest.—Black bile. See Tatrabile.—Black
bindWeed, book, canker, chalk, death, etc. See the
mouns.— Black drink, a decoction of the leaves of Ilea:
'womitaria, used by the Indians of the southern United
States as a medicine and as a drink of ceremony.—Black
earth. See earth.-Black Flags, bands of irregular sol-
diers infesting the upper valley of the Red River in Ton-
quin. They were originally, survivors of the Taiping
rebellion in China; increased by the accession of various
adventurers, they fought against the French in their wars
with Annam, about 1873–85.-Black Friday, frost, etc.
See the nouns.—Black glass, a glass made in Venice, of
Sand, sulphur, and peroxid of imanganese. It is of a deep-
black color.—Blackhagden. See hagden.—Black Hand,
an anarchistic Society in Spain composed of members of the
laboring classes. Many of its members in southern Spain
were arrested and imprisoned in 1883.— Black Harry,
Black Will, local names in the United States of the sea-bass,
Centropriates striatus.-Black herring. See herring.—
Blackin the flesh, and waxed and blackin the grain,
terms applied to skins curried on the inner and outer sides
respectively. The former is applied to the uppers of
men's shoes, and the latter of women's.—Black º:
See japan.—Black Maria, a closely covered vehicle, usu;
ally painted black, used in conveying prisoners to and
from jail.—Black martin, Monday, naphtha, ocher,
etc. See the nouns.—Black rent, exactions formerly
levied by native chieftains in Ireland, particularly upon
districts where English were settled,
lolack
Besides the payment of black rent, the commons of Ire-
land were oppressed % innumerable exactions.
agwell, Ireland under the Tudors.
Black rot, rust. See the nouns.—Black silver, See
8tephanite.— Hººpº, a disease of rose-bushes, charac-
terized by diffuse, dark-colored spots on the upper surface
of the leaves. It is caused by a parasitic fungus, Asteroma
Ro802.-Black sugar, Spanish licorice. [Scotch..]—Black
tin, See tim.—Black ware. Same as basalt ware (which
see, under basalt). —Black witch. See ami. [IFor a num-
ber of compounds with black as their first member, see
below; in many of these cases it is generally printed as a
“H” word.]
I. m. 1. Black color; the darkest color,
properly the negation of ail color: the opposite
of white. The darkness of this color arises from the
circumstance that the substances composing or producing
it, as in a pigment or dye, absorb all the rays of light and
* none. In heraldry this hue or tincture is termed
800/€.
2. A black, dye or pigment: as, blacks and
grays.-3. A black part of something, as that
of the eye; specifically, the opening in the iris;
the pupil: in opposition to the white.
The black or sight of the eye. Sir K. Digby.
4. Black clothing, especially when worn as a
sign of mourning; as, to be in black: sometimes
used in the plural.
He has now put off
The funeral black your rich heir wears with joy,
When he pretends to weep for his dead father.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i. 1.
Should I not put on blacks when each one here
Comes with his cypress and devotes a tear?
IIerrick, Death of H. Lawes.
5. pl. Funeral drapery, consisting of ;
of black cloth. –63. A mute; one of the hired
mourners at a funeral.
I do pray ye
To give me leave to live a little longer.
You stand about me like my Blacks.
Fletcher, Mons. Thomas, iii. 1.
7. A member of one of the dark-colored races;
a negro or other dark-skinned person.—8#. One
with the face blacked or disguised; specifi-
cally, a deer-stealer; a poacher.
The Waltham blacks at length committed such enormi-
ties, that government was forced to interfere, with that
severe and sanguinary act, called the “Black Act.”
Gilbert White, Hist. of Selborne, vii.
9. A small flake of soot ; Smut: usually plural.
A fog out of doors that tastes of blacks and smells of de-
composed frost. ir C. Young.
Can I help it if the blacks will fly, and the things must
be rinsed again? D. Jerrold, Caudle Lectures, xvii.
10. A dark stain or smear.—11. pl. Ink used
in copperplate printing, prepared from the
charred husks of the grape and the residue of
the wine-press.—12. In printing, any mark on
the paper between the lines or letters caused
by the rising of the leads, etc., to the level of
the type: commonly in the plural.—Aniline
lblack, a color produced by dyers directly upon the fiber
itself, by the oxidation of the hydrochlorid of aniline with
bichromate of potash. It is a very permanent dye.—
Animal black. Same as bone-black.—Brunswick black.
Same as japam lacquer (Which see, under japam).—Chem-
ical black, a color formerly obtained in dyeing cotton by
boiling gallnuts in pyroligneous acid, adding “nitrate of
iron” and flour.— Chrome-black, a color produced in
dyeing cotton or wool by mordanting with bichromate of
potash and dyeing with logwood.—Common black, a
color produced by dyeing with logwood, sumac, fustic,
and a mixture of green and blue vitriol.—Copperas-
black, a color produced in dyeing inferior carpets, etc.,
by mordanting with a mixture of ferrous sulphate and
copper sulphate and dyeing with logwood.—Cork-black,
a black obtained by burning cork in closed vessels.--
Drop-black, a better grade of bone-black ground in wa-
ter, and in this pasty state formed into drops and dried.
—Frankfort black, a pigment formerly made by burn-
ing the lees of wine, but now merely a better grade of
bone-black. Also called German black.—Gas—black, a
species of lampblack obtained by burning natural gas in
small jets against a revolving iron cylinder.—German
black. Same as Frankfort black.--Hart's black, a
black made from harts' horns.— Hydrocarbon black.
Same as gas-black.- In black and White. (a) In writ-
ing or print: as, to put a statement in black and white.
(b) In the fine arts, with no colors but black and white.’
The term is often extended to include (as in exhibitions
of “works in black and white ”) monochrones of any
sort, as sepia drawings.--Iron-black, a powder consist-
ing of finely divided antimony obtained by precipitating
it from its solution in an acid by means of metallic zinc.
—Logwood-black, in dyeing, a black obtained by mor-
danting the cotton with a salt of iron and then dyeing
with a decoction of logwood.— Mineral black. See
amineral.-Plate-black, a combination of lampblack and
bone-black in various proportions, used in plate-printing.
—Sedan black, an intense black color produced by first
dyeing cloth blue with woad, then washing it in water
containing logwood and sumac, and boiling it for several
hours in a liquor to which a solution of iron Sulphate is
added.—Spanish black, a black pigment obtained from
burnt cork.-Vine-black. Same as blue-black, n., 2. (See
bone-black, ivory-black, lampblack, peach-black, and platt-
num-black.
black (blåk), v. [KME, blacken, blaken; K black,
a.] I. trans. 1. To make black; blacken or put
a black color . soil; stain; as, to black one's
hands.—2. To clean and polish (shoes, etc.) by
blackballing (blak/bâl-ing), n.
blackband (blak/band), n.
black-bass (blak/bâs"), n.
black-beetle (blak/bé"tl), n.
blackbelly (blak/bel’i), m.
571
Yºr
blacking and brushing them.–3. To blacken; blackbe
[Rare.]
stain; sully; defame.
Thou blacked'st no man's character, devoured'stnoman's
bread. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iii. 34.
To black down (mawt.), to tar and black (a ship's rigging).
II. intrans. 1. To become black; take on a
black color.—2}. To poach. See black, n., 8.
'blackamoor (blak/a-mâr), n. [Also formerly
blackmoor, blackamore, blackemore, -moor, etc.,
Sc. blackymore; orig. and prop. blackmoor,
black Moor, K black + Moor. The inserted a
is meaningless; cf. blackavised.] A negro; a
black man or woman.
I care not an she were a black-a-moor.
Shak., T. and C., i. 1.
I am sure I hated your poor dear uncle before marriage
as if he'd been a black-a-moor. Sheridan, The Rivals, i. 2.
blackavised (blak/a-visd), a. [Sc., also black-
aviced, blackavized; K black + F. vis, face, vis-
age, + -ed?. The inserted a is meaningless;
cf. blackamoor.] Dark-complexioned.
I would advise her blackaviced suitor to look out; if
another comes with a longer or clearer rent-roll, he's
dished. Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre, xix.
blackback (blak/bak), n. 1. The great black-
backed gull, Larus marinus. Kingsley. Also
called saddle-back, coffin-carrier, and cob.-2.
A local Irish name (about Belfast) of the com-
1. A blacking com-
position used by shoemakers, etc. Also called
heel-ball.—2. A name applied to both the Smut
and the bunt of wheat.—3. An adverse vote.
‘See blackball, v. t.
*mon flounder.
blackball (blak/bâl), n.
blackball (blak/bal), v. t. To reject (as a cam-
didate for election to membership or office in
any club, society, etc.) by placing black balls
in the ballot-box; exclude ..or defeat by ad-
verse vote; also, simply to vote against. See
ballot:1, n., 3
If you do not tell me who she is directly, you shall never
get into White's. I will blackball you regularly.
Disraeli, Young Duke, II. ii.
[Verbal n. of
blackball, v.] The act of rejecting or voting
against a candidate by the use of black balls.
Your story of the usuading amused me.
amb, Letter to B. Barton.
In mining and
metal., a kind of iron ore, which consists essen-
tially of carbonate of iron intimately mixed
With coal. It is a very important ore of iron, especially
in Scotland, where its true nature was discovered about
the beginning of the present century. Often called black-
band iromstone. º
1. A centrarchoid
American fish of the genus Micropterus. The body
is oblong; the dorsal fin is low, especially the spinous por-
tion of it, which is separated from the soft part by an emar-
gination; the anal fin is shorter than the soft part of the
dorsal, with three small spines; and the caudal fin is emar-
ginate. The color is dark, and the cheeks and opercules
are crossed by three dark oblique stripes. Two species are
known, the large-mouthed black-bass, Micropterus salmo-
ides, extending from Canada and the great lakes south-
west into Texas and southeast into Florida, and the small-
mouthed black-bass, Micropterus dolomiew, ranging from
Small-mouthed Black-bass (Mſzcz-opterus dołopºttent).
the greatlakes southward to South Carolina and Arkansas, blackbonnet (blak/bon"et), n.
Both are highly esteemed for their game qualities, but the
small-mouthed is regarded by most anglers as Superior.
The sexes during the breeding season consort in pairs,
clear a subcircular spot near the shore for a nest, and
guard the eggs till hatched. Both species, but especially
the small-mouthed, have received the attention of pisci-
culturists and been introduced into foreign countries. In
some parts of the State of New York the small-mouthed is
specifically called the black-bass and the large-mouthed
the Oswego or green bass. Other names given to one or
both species are trout, in the South, and, locally, chub,
jumper, mast-bass, and Welshman. e
2. A local name, along portions of the Pacific
coast of the United States, of a scorpaenoid
fish, Sebastichthys melanops, or black rock-fish.
An English name
of the common cockroach of Great Britain,
Blatta (Periplaneta) orientalis, a large black
orthopterous insect, of the family Blattida. See
cut under Blattidae.
A local name in
Massachusetts of a variety of the alewife,
Clupea vernalis.
ii.; for “go to hell.”)
b
blackbo
blackbreast (blak/brest), m.
black-browed (blak/broud), a.
black-brush (blak/brush), a.
black-brush
(blak/ber’i), n.; pl. blackberries
(-iz). [K blakberye, blakeberie, K AS. blac-
berie, prop. written apart, blac berie, pl. blace
berian: see black and berryl.] 1. The fruit of
those species of Rubus in which the recepta-
cle becomes juicy and falls off with the drupe-
lets, in distinction from the raspberry. The
rincipal European species is R. fruticosus. In the
nited States there are several kinds, as the high black-
berry, R. nigrobaccus, some varieties of which are exten-
sively cultiyated; the low blackberry or dewberry, R. pro-
cumbeng , the bush-blackberry, R. trivialis, of the Southern
States; the running Swamp-blackberry, R. hispidus; and
the sand-blackberry, R. cuneifolius. In Scotland generally
called bramble, and in the west of Scotland black-boyd or
black-bide. See the supplement.
2. In some parts of England, the black currant,
I?ibes migrum.
blackberrying (blak/ber’i-ing), n. [K blackberry
+ -īngl; as if from a verb blackberry. See the
quot. from Chaucer, below.] The gathering of
blackberries.—Go a blakeberyedt, a doubtful phrase
occurring once in Chaucer in the Pardoner's Tale:
I rekke never, whan that ben beryed,
Though that her soules gom a blakeberyed.
[Skeat explains blakeberyed, apparently a past participle,
as a verbal substantive, and the whole phrase as meaning
“go a blackberrying,” that is, go where they please. The
grammatical explanation is doubtless correct ; but the
context seems to show that the phrase is a humorous eu-
ackbird (blak/bérd), n. 1. The English
name of a species of thrush, Merula merula,
Turdus merula, or Merula vulgaris, common
throughout Europe. It is larger than the common or
European Blackbird (J/cru la 77teriala ).
song thrush ; the male is wholly black, except the bill and
the orbits of the eyes, which are yellow ; the female is dark
rusty-brown. The male has a fine, rich, mellow note, but
its song has little compass or variety. Also called merle
and ouzel.
2. In America, a bird of the family Icteridae
(which see). These birds have no relation to the Euro-
pean blackbird, but are nearer the old-world starlings.
There are very many species of the family, to several of
which, as the bobolimk, the oriole, and the meadow-lark,
the term blackbird is not specifically applied. The lead-
ing species are the several crow-blackbirds, of the genera
Quiscalus and Scolecophagus, and the marsh-blackbirds,
Agelaeus and Y anthocephalus. The common crow-black-
bird is Q. purpureus ; the common red-winged marsh-
blackbird, A. phoeniceus; the yellow-headed blackbird, Y.
icterocephalus. See cut under Aſſelaeinae.
3. In the West Indies, the ani, Crotophaga ami,
of the family Cuculida, or cuekoos; the sa-
vanna-blackbird. See cut under ani.-4. A
cant term on the coast of Africa for a slave.
blackboard (blak’ bord), n. 1. A board painted
black, used in schools, lecture-rooms, ete.,
for writing, drawing, or ciphering with chalk.
Hence—2. Amy prepared surface, as of plaster
or slate, used for the same purpose.
One of the
names of the reed-bunting. [Local, Scotland.]
(blak/boi), m. The common name
of the Australian grass-tree, Xanthorrha’a ar-
borea, etc., a juncaceous plant with a thick
blackened trunk and a terminal tuft of wiry,
grass-like leaves. The different species yield an
abundance of fragrant resin, either red, known as black-
boy (runn, or yellow, called acaroid gum.
1. A name of the
red-backed sandpiper, Tringa alpina, variety
americana.—2. A loeal name in the United
States of the black-bellied plover, Squatarola
helvetica.
Having black
eyebrows; gloomy; dismal; threatening: as,
“a black-browed gust,” Dryden.
- A term used only
in the phrase black-brush iron ore, a brown
hematite or limonite, found in the Forest of
Dean, England, and used chiefly for making
tin-plate.


blackbur
blackbur (blak/bër), m. A local name in the
United States of the plant Geum strictum.
black-burning (blak/bèr"ning), a. Scandal-
ous: used only in the phrase black-burning
shame. [Scotch..]
blackcap (blak/kap), n. 1. One who wears a
black cap.–2. A name given to various birds
having the top of the head black. % The
European black-capped warbler, Sylvia atricapilla. (b)
.."...º.º.º.º.;
* - ſº : -catchling Warbler, 1 x & -
.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*; Burke, Rev. in France.
atricapillus. (e) The black-headed gull, Larus ridibundus, blackener (blak’nér), n. One who blackens.
3. The cattail reed, Typha latifolia.—4. A pop- blackening (blak’ning), m. . . Any preparation
ular name of the plant and fruit of the black- used to render the surface of iron, leather, etc.,
fruited raspberry, Rubus occidentalis, occurring black. See blacking.
wild in many portions of the United Štates, and blackening (blak’ning), a. Blackish; approach-
also cultivated in several varieties. Also called ing black: as, in lichens, a biatorine exciple is
thimbleberry.—5. An apple roasted until it is colored or blackening, but not coal-black.
black. blacker (blak’ér), m. One who blacks or
black-capped (blak/kapt), a. Having black blackens.
on the top of the head: applied to Sundry birds. black-extract (blak/eks/trakt), m.
See blackcap, 2. tion from cocculus indicus, used in adulterat-
black-cat (blak/kat), n. A name of the fisher, ing beer.
pekan, or Pennant's marten, Mustela pennanti, a blackey, m. See blacky.
large blackish marten peculiar to the northerly blackfin (blak/fin), m.
arts of North America. Also called black-foa.
See cut under fisher.
572
Air blackened, rolled the thunder. Dryden.
II. trans. 1. To make black; darken.
The little cloud . . . grew and spread, and blackened
the face of the whole heaven. Sowth.
2. Figuratively, to Sully; make infamous; de-
fame; cause to appear immoral or vile: as,
vice blackens the character.
To this system of literary monopoly was joined an un-
remitting industry to blacken and discredit in every way
... all those who did not hold to their faction.
A prepara-
1. A local name of the
smolt or young salmon of the first year.—2. A
local English name of the little weever.—3. A
black-cattle (blak’kat (1), n. Cattle reared whitefish, Coregonus nigripinnis, of the deep.
for slaughter, in distinction from dairy-cattle: waters of Lake Michigan, conspicuous by its
used without reference to color, [Great Britain.] ºblackish fins, but otherwise resembling a cisco.
blackcoat (blak/köt), ºv. 1. One who wears a blackfish (blak/fish), m. [K black + fish. Cf.
black coat: a common and familiar name for a
MLG. blackvisch, LG. blakfish, X.G. blackfisch, blackguardism (blag'ārd-izm), m.
clergyman, as redcoat is, in England, for a sol-
dier.—2. pl. A name given to the German
reiters, or mercenary troops, in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries, from their black
inkfish.] 1. A name of several fishes. (a) A
local English name of the female salmon about the time of,
spawning. (b) A name of the tautog, Tawtoga omitis. See
cut under tawtog. (c) A local Alaskan name of Dallia
pectoralis, a fish which alone represents the suborder
Memonvi. See Dallia. (d) A local name in New England of
armor and dress.
blackcock (blak’kok), m. The male black-
grouse or black-game; the heath-cock; a
grouse, Tetrao tetria, or Lyrurus tetria, of the
the common sea-bass, Centropristes striatus: also applied
to other species of the same genus. (e) A name of a Euro-
pean scombroid fish, Centrolophus §§ (f) A lo-
cal name in the Frith of Forth, Scotland, of the tadpole-
* Raniceps trifurcatus. Parnell, Mag. Zoël and Bot.,
. 104.
especially of the genus Globicephalus. Also
called black-whale.
black-fisher (blak/fish"ér), n.
in close time. [Scotch.]
By recruiting one or two latitudinarian poachers and
black-fishers, Mr. H. completed the quota of men which
fell to the share of Lady B. Scott.
black-flea (blak/flé), m. A coleopterous insect
injurious to turnips; the Haltica memorum of
#naturalists. Also called turnip-flea.
black-fly (blak/fli), n. 1. A small dipterous in-
blackguardly (blag'ārd-li), a.
2. A name of several delphinoid cetaceans, blackguardry (blag’ārd-ri), m.
Blackcock (Lyrieries tetrix).
family Tetraonidae, found in many parts of Eu-
rope. It is mostly black, with a lyrate tail. The female
is called a gray hem, and the young are called poults.
black-damp (blak’damp), m. Carbon dioxid
gas, which is found in greater or less quantity
in all collieries, being given off by many goals,
either mixed with fire-damp, or separately, or
roduced in various other ways, as by the ex-
j of the men, by fires, and by explo-
+sions of fire-damp. Also called choke-damp.
black-dog (blak/dog), m. 1+. A bad shilling or
other base silver coin.—2. Hypochondria; the
|blues. [Slang in both senses.]
black-draught (blak/drāft), n. A popular pur-
gative medicine, consisting of an infusion of
senna with Epsom Salts.
black-drop (blak/drop), m. A liquid prepara-
tion of opium in vinegar or verjuice. Also
called vinegar of opium.—Lancaster black-drop,
a solution of opium in verjuice with sugar and nutmeg.
Also called Quaker black-drop. The black-drop of the
United States Pharmacopoeia, Acetwmv opii, is similar, ex-
cept that dilute acetic acid is used.
black-duck (blak/duk), n. 1. The black Sco-
ter, (Edemia migra, one of the sea-ducks or
IFuligulinae. See cut under Scoter.—2. The
dusky duck of North America, Anas obscura,
one of the Anatinae, or river-ducks, and a near
relative of the mallard. The male is mostly black-
ish, with white lining of the wings and a violet speculum;
the female is not so dark. -
black-dye (blak (di), n. A compound of oxid
Aof iron with gallic or tannig acid.
cken (blak/n), v. Fº blakmen, blackonen; K
º: º + ...}} intrans. To grow black
or dark,
blackfoot (blak/füt), m.
black-fox (blak/folks), n.
sect, Simulium Venustum, with a black body
aird transparent wings, abounding in moun-
tainous and wooded parts of New York, New
England, and northward, and exceedingly an-
noying to both man and beast. It is closely
related to the buffalo-gnat. See Simulium.—
2. The beam-plant louse, Aphis fabad.
1. A kind of matri-
monial go-between, who in a friendly way acts
as introducer, and generally facilitates the ear-
lier stages of courtship. [Scotch..]–2. [cap.]
One of a certain tribe of North American In-
dians, the most western division of the Algon-
kin stock. [In this sense the plural is properly
Blackfoots, but commonly Blackfeet.]
Same as black-cat.
black-friar (blak/fri’ār), m... [So called from the
distinctive black gown. Cf. gray-friar, white-
friar.] A friar of the Dominican order. Also
called a predicant or preaching friar, and in France Jaco-
bim. See Dominicam. [Properly written as two words.]
black-game (blak/gām), n. See blackcock and
grouse. -
black-grass (blak/grás), m. 1. A dark-colored
rush (Juncus Gerardi) of salt-marshes. [U.S.]
—2. A species of foxtail grass, Alopecurus
agrestis. [Eng.]
blackguard (blag'ārd), m. and a... [K black +
guard. See def.] T. m. 1+. In collective senses
(properly as two words): (a) The Scullions and
lowest menials connected with a great house-
hold, who attended to the pots, coals, etc., and
looked after them when the household moved
from one place to another.
A lousy slave, that within this twenty years, rode with
the black guard in the duke's carriage 'mongst Spits and
dripping-pans ! Webster, White Devil, i. 2.
(b) A guard of attendants, black in color of
the skin or dress, or in character. -
Pelagius, Celestius, and other like heretics of the devils
black guard. IFulke, Defence (1583), x, 386. (N. E. D.)
(c) The idle criminal class; vagabonds gener-
ally.
black-hole (biak’hôi), n.
blacking (blak(ing), n.
blacking
Hºwevent your sons from consorting with the black-
716.7"
A. Tucker, Light of Nature (1768), II, 148. (N. E. D.)
(d) The vagabond children of great towns;
“city Arabs,” who run errands, black shoes,
or do odd jobs.—2. A man of coarse and offen-
sive manners and speech; a fellow of low char-
acter; a scamp; a scoundrel.
The troops which he commanded were the greatest
blackgwards on the face of the earth. .
C. D. Yonge, Life of Wellington, xxvi.
II. a. 1+. Belonging to the menials of a
household; serving; Waiting.
Let a blackgward boy be always about the house to send
on your errands, and go to market for you on rainy days.
Swift, Directions to Servants, Cook.
2. Of bad character; vicious; vile; low; worth-
less: said of persons and things.
Marking certain things as low and blackguard, and cer-
tain others as lawful and right. T. Hughes.
3. Scurrilous; abusive; befitting a blackguard:
as, blackguard language.
blackguard (blag'ārd), v. ...[K blackguard, n.]
I. trams. To revile in scurrilous language.
I have been called names and blackguarded quite suffi-
ciently for one sitting. Thackeray, Newcomes, xxix.
II.; intrans. To be, act, or talk like a black-
guard; behave riotously.
And there a batch o' wabster lads,
Blackgwarding frae Kilmarnock,
Tor fun this day. Burms, Holy Fair.
- [K black-
guard + -ism..] The conduct or language of a
blackguard; ruffianism.
This ignominious dissoluteness, or rather, if we may
venture to designate it by the only proper word, black-
guardism, of feeling and manners, could not but spread
from public to private life.
Macaulay, Hallan's Comst. Hist.
- [K blackguard
+ -ly 1.] Characteristic of a blackguard; ras-
cally; villainous: as, a blackguardly business.
[K blackguard
+ -ry.] Blackguards or scoundrels collectively.
9
* [Rare.]
[K, blackfish, 1 black-gum (blak/gum), n. A North American
(a), F -er!..] A poacher; one who kills salmon tree, Nyssasylvatica, 40 to 70 feet high, bearing
a dark-blue berry. The wood is strong, tough, and
unwedgeable, and is largely used for the hubs of wheels,
×for yokes, etc. . Also called pepperidge and sour-gwm.
blackhead (blakſhed), n. 1. A popular name
of the scaups or sea-ducks of the genus Aithyia :
as, the greater and lesser blackheads, A. marila
and A. affinis. See scattp.–2. A local name
in the United States of the black-headed min-
now, or fathead, Pimephales promelas.
blackheart (blakſhärt), n. 1. A species of
cherry of many varieties: so called from the
fruit being somewhat heart-shaped and havin
a skin nearly black.-2. A wood obtaine
from British Guiana, suitable for use in build-
ing and in furniture-making.—3. A condition
frequently found in young nursery trees, par-
ticularly the apple: a result of severe freez-
ing. Trees affected with blackheart are of
little value for orchard planting.
black-hearted (blakſhār"ted), a.
black or malignant heart.
black-helmet (blakſhel"met), n. A shell ob-
tained from a species of mollusk, and used by
cameo-cutters. McElrath, Com. Dict.
A dungeon or dark
cell in a prison; a place of confinement for sol-
diers; any dismal place for confinement by
way of punishment.
There grew up . . . [an academic] discipline of unlim-
ited autocracy uplield by rods, and ferules, and the black-
hole. H. Spencer, Education, p. 98.
The black-hole of Calcutta, the garrison strong-room
or black-hole at Calcutta, measuring about 18 feet Square,
into which 146 British prisoners were thrust at the point
of the sword, by the Nawab Sirâj-ud-Daulā, on June 20,
1756. The next morning all but 23 were dead from Suffo-
cation. *
black-horse (blak/hörs), m. A local name of
the Missouri sucker, Cycleptus elongatus, of the
family Catostomidae.
[Verbal n. of black, v.]
1. A preparation for blacking boots and shoes,
usually made of powdered bone-black, sperm-
or linseed-oil, molasses, sour beer or vinegar,
oil of vitriol, and copperas. Throughout the mid-
dle ages boots were worn of the brown color natural to.
the leather, or of a dark-red color, not unlike the modern
Russia leather. There is mention of blacking as early as.
the beginning of the seventeenth century.
2. In leather-working, any one of a number of
Hºnº used in dyeing or staining leather
lack.—3. The name given by founders to a.
black wash, composed of clay, water, and pow-
Having a

blacking
dered charcoal, with which cores and loam-
molds are coated, to give the requisite smooth-
ness to the surfaces which come into contact
With the melted metal.—Brass blacking, a dead-
black ornamental surface formed on brass-work. It is
made by plunging the brass into a mixture of a strong so-
lution of nitrate of silver with a solution of nitrate of cop-
er, and heating it, after withdrawal, until the desired
epth of color is obtained.
blackish (blak'ish), a. [K black + -ish.1.1 Some-
what black; moderately black or dark.
573
II. a. Written or printed in black-letter:
as, a black-letter manuscript or book.-Black-
ietter day, any day inscribed in the ancient calendars in
black-letter type, as distinguished from the more impor-
tant, which were entered in red-letter; hence, a holy day
of an inferior character and dignity; an inauspicious day,
as opposed to a red-letter or auspicious day.
black-liquor (blak'lik'or), n. A crude acetate
of iron prepared from scrap-iron and crude
acetic acid, very generally used in dyeing as a
mordant instead of green copperas.
black-peopled (blak/pé/pld), a.
black-pigment (blak’ pig" ment), m.
black-snake
Reports were submitted from the various works, which
showed that all the men employed by the iron companies
were on strike, with the exception of six black-nob8.
Scotsman (newspaper).
Inhabited by
black persons: as, “black-peopled empire,” San-
dys, Christ's Passion.
A fine,
light, carbonaceous substance, or lampblack,
prepared chiefly for the manufacture of printers'
ink. It is obtained by burning common coal-tar.
* Begin to be blackish. Holland, tr. of Pliny, vi. 19. black-list (blak/list), n. 1. A list of default- black-plate (blak/plat), n. Sheet-iron plate
black-jack (blak/jak), n. 1. A capacious drink- erºspecifically applied to printed lists of in-
ing-cup or canformerly : " " . . .
made of waxed leather,
but now of thin metal,
the outside being ja-
panned black, except
the edge, which is left
Bright, in imitation of
the ancient leathern
'black-jacks with silver
rims.
There's a Dead-sea of
drink in the cellar, in which
goodly vessels lie wrecked;
and in the middle of this
deluge appear the tops of
flagons and black-jackg, like churches drowned in the
marshes. Beaw. and Fl., Scornful Lady, ii. 2.
2. The ensign of a pirate.—3. A Cornish miners'
term for the common ferruginous zinc sulphid,
of which the mineralogical name is sphalerite,
and the common name blende. Also called false
galena.—4. Caramel or burnt sugar used for
coloring spirits, vinegar, coffee, etc.— 5.
*º-ºº:
Leathern Black-jacks,
trade-name for adulterated butter—6. A local blackmail (blak’māl), m.
English mame of the coalfish, Pollachius virens.
7. A common name in the United States for
a species of oak, Quercus Marylandica, and, in
the Gulf States, for Q. Catesbaei, small trees of
little value except for fuel.— 8. The larva of
a saw-fly, Athalia centifolia or A. Spinarum, one
of the Tenth redinidae, destructive to turnips.
Also called migger. J. O. Westwood. [Local
British. J–9. A kind of hand-weapon consist-
ing of a short elastic shaft having at one end a
#heavy metal head cased in netting, leather, etc.
black-knot (blak’not), ºv. 1. A fast knot: op-
posed to running-knot.—2. A species of pyre-
nomycetous fungus, Plowrightia morbosa, which
attacks plum-trees and some varieties of cherry,
forming large, black, knot-like masses upon
blacklist (blak/list), v. t.
solvents, and bankrupts, published officially.
Private lists, however, of a more searching character, are
furnished by certain societies and private individuals to
Subscribers, with the view of affording protection against
bad debts, frauds, etc.
2. Any list of persons who are for any reason
deemed objectionable by the makers or users
of the list, as for political or social miscon-
duct, for joining in or assisting a strike, etc.—
3. Naut., a list kept on board a man-of-war of
delinquents to whom extra duty is assigned as
a punishment.
[K black-list, n.] To
biº. on a black-list.
ackly (blak(li), adv. With a black or dark
appearance; darkly; atrociously.
Lastly stood Warre, in glittering arms yelad,
With visage grim, sterne looks, and blackely hewed.
Sackville, Ind. to Mir. for Mags.
Deeds so blackly grim and horrid.
- Feltham, Resolves, ii. 31.
black-macki, n. [Early mod. E.; K black +
mack (uncertain).] A blackbird.
[Lit. black rent (cf.
black rent, under black); K black + mail, rent:
see mail 3.] 1. A tribute of money, corn, cat-
tle, or the like, anciently paid, in the north of
England and in Scotland, to men who were al-
lied with robbers, to secure protection from
pillage. Blackmail was levied in the districts bordering
the Highlands of Scotland till the middle of the eighteenth
century.
Hence—2. Extortion in any mode by means
of intimidation, as the extortion of money by
threats of accusation or exposure, or of unfa-
vorable criticism in the press. It usually implies
that the payment is involuntary, and the ground for de-
manding it unlawful or pretended and fraudulent.
3+. Rent paid in produce, or in baser money,
in opposition to rent paid in silver.
black-pot (blak (pot), n.
black-pudding (blak/pid’ing), m.
black-quarter (blak’kwär"tér), m.
black-root (blak/röt), m.
black-salts (blak’sälts), m.
black-sampson (blak/samp"Sqn), n.
blackmail (blakſmål), v. t. [K blackmail, ?..]
To extort money or goods from, by means of
intimidation or threats of injury of any kind,
the branches.
black-lead (blak’led'), m. 1. Amorphous gra-
before it is tinned.
1+. A beer-mug;
hence, a toper.—2. The name given in Eng-
lish to a variety of crockery made in Denmark.
It is exposed while burning to a very strong and dense
smoke, which penetrates its substance and answers the
purpose of glazing. Such pots are cheap and wholesome
cooking-vessels, having none of the inconveniences of
lead-glazed ware. -
A kind of
sausage made of blood and suet, seasoned with
salt, pepper, onions, etc., sometimes with the
addition of a little oatmeal. Also called blood-
pudding.
[X black +
quarter, the shoulder.] A disease in animals;
symptomatic anthrax. See anthraa.
black-rod (blak/rod), m. In England, the usher
belonging to the order of the Garter, more
fully styled gentleman usher of the black rod :
so called from the black rod which he carries.
He is of the king's chamber and usher of Parliament. His
deputy is styled the yeoman usher. They are the official
messengers of the House of Lords; and either the gentle-
man or the yeoman usher summons the Commons to the
House of Lords when the royal assent is given to bills,
and also executes orders for the commitment of persons
guilty of breach of privilege and contempt. The name is
also given to similar functionaries in the legislatures of
the Dominion of Canada and other British colonies.
1. Culver's root or
Culver's physic, Leptandra Virginica.-2. Ptero-
caulon undulatum, a perennial herbaceous
composite plant of the pine-barrens of the
southern United States.
black-salter (blak’säl"tér), m. One who makes
black-salts.
pl. Wood-ashes
after they have been lixiviated and the so-
lution has been evaporated until the mass has
become black. [U.S.]
A popu-
lar name in the United States for Brauneria.
purpurea, the thick black roots of which
were formerly supposed to have powerful me-
phite; plumbago. See graphite. [Black-lead is a
misnomer, as the mineral contains no lead.]
2. A pencil made of graphite.
Sir, I have ben bold to note places with my black-leade,
. . . and peradventure some expressions may be advan-
black-match (blak/mach), m. Same as amadou.
blackmoort (blak (měr), m.
dicinal virtues.
blackseed (blak’séd), n. The nonesuch, Medi-
cago lupulina ; so called from its black, seed-
like pods.
black-shell (blak’ shel), m. A univalve shell
as exposure of actual or supposed Wrong-doing,
etc. See the noun.
Same as blacka–
moor. Beau. and Fl.
tageously altered at your leasure.
Evelyn, Letter to Mr. E. Thurland.
blacklead (blak/led’), v. t. [K black-lead, m.]
To cover with plumbago or black-lead; apply
|black-lead to.
The deposit would not spread over a black-leaded surface
in the liquid. G. Gore, Electro-Metall., p. 112.
Blackleading-machine, an apparatus for applying pow-
dered graphite to the surface of wax-molds previous
xcoating them with copper.
blackleg §. m. [K black + leg. The
black-moss (blak/mós), n. The Spanish moss,
Dendropogon usneoides, of the southern United
States: so called from the black fiber that re-
mains after the outer covering of the stem is
removed. It is used as a substitute for horse-
hair in mattresses, etc.
blackmouth (blak’mouth), n. A foul-mouthed
erson ; a slanderer. [Rare.]
bºmbushed (blak/moutht), a. Slanderous;
allusion in def. 3 is not clear; some suppose
the term was orig. applied to racing men who
wore black top-boots. The term black is now
understood in an opprobrious sense; cf. black-
guard.] 1. A disease in cattle and sheep which
affects the legs; symptomatic anthrax. See
anthrax.—2. A severe form of purpura.-3.
One who systematically tries to gain money
fraudulently in connection with races, or with
cards, billiards, or other games; a rook; a
Swindler. The term implies the habitual frequenting
of places where wagers are made and games of chance are
played, and the seeking of subsistence by dishonorable bet-
ting, but does not always imply direct cheating. Some-
times contracted to leg.
4. Same as black-mob.
The police were used to watch the strikers or to protect
the black-legs, as those are called who work outside the
TJnion movement. R. J. Hinton, Eng. Rad. Leaders, p. 333.
blacklegism (blak(leg-izm), n. IK blackleg -H
-ism..] The profession or practices of a black-
leg; cheating; swindling. Bentley's Mag.
black-letter (blak'let"ér), m. and a. I. m. A
name now given to the éothic or öld IEnglish
letter, which was introduced into England about
the middle of the fourteenth century, and was
the character generally used in manuscripts and
in the first printed books. It is still, with vari-
ous modifications, in common use in Germany.
(Tbig ig fiſatà-ſetter.
black-mullet (blak/mul’et), m.
black-neb (blak/neb), m.
blackness (blak’nes), m.
calumnious; foul-mouthed.
Whatever else the most black-mouth'd atheists charged
it with. Rillingbeck, Sermons, p. 118.
A local name
about Chesapeake Bay of a sciaenoid fish, Men-
ticirrus mebwiosus. See cut under kingfish.
1. A name of the
carrion-crow.—2+. A person accused of sympa-
thy with the principles of the French Revolu-
tion; a democrat. [Scotch..]
Little did I imagine that I was giving cause for many to
think me an enemy to the king and government. But so
it, was. Many of the heritors considered me a black-neb,
though I knew it not, Galt, Annals of the Parish, p. 269.
[K black + -ness.]
1. The quality of being black; black color;
darkness.
His faults, in him, seem as the spots of heaven,
More fiery by night's blackness. Shak., A. and C., i. 4.
Blackmess as a solid wall. Tennyson, Palace of Art.
2. Moral darkness; atrocity or enormity in
wickedness.
O'er a world of light and beauty
Fell the blackmess of his crime.
Whittier, Slave Ship.
black-nob (blak/nob), n. An opprobrious name
& ſº
given in England by trades-unionists to a work-
man who is not a member of a trades-union; a
knobstick. Also called blackleg,
blackSmithing (blak’smith'ing), m.
black-snake (blak’smäk’), m.
of the family Haliotidae, inhabiting the Pacific
ocean. See extract.
The black-shell . . . is so called because, when polished,
it throws out a very dark shade, full, however, of beauti-
ful rainbow tints exquisitely blended.
M. S. Lowell, British Edible Mollusca, p. 182.
blacksize (blak/siz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. black-
sized, ppr. blacksizing. In leather-working, to
cover with a coat of stiff size and tallow. The
size is laid on with a soft brush or sponge, and the leather
is then well rubbed with a glass slicker, after which it
receives a final gloss from a little thin size applied with a
Sponge.
ge
blackSmith (blak’smith), m. [K late M.E. black-
smith, K black (in ref. to iron or black metal)
+ Smith. Cf. whitesmith..] 1. A smith who
works in iron and makes iron utensils; an
ironsmith; especially, in the United States, one
who makes horseshoes and shoes horses.—2.
[A translation of a native name.] In ornith.,
a name of the bare-necked beli-bird of Bra-
zil, Chasmorhynchus mudicollis.—3. In ichth., a
pomacentroid fish, Chromis punctipinnis, hav-
ing conical teeth in two or more rows in each
jaw, a blackish color with violet luster above
relieved by greenish edgings of some of the
scales, and bluish-black fins with small brown
spots. It is not uncommon along the southern
coast of California.
[K black-
smith + -ingl.] The trade or process of work-
ing in iron.
1. A name of
various serpents of a more or less black color.
The most noteworthy are : (a) A serpent, Bascanion con-
strictor, of the family Colubridae, of black color, not ven-
omous, but attaining a large size, and possessing great
strength and agility, so that it is capable of exerting much
constrictive force. It climbs trees easily, is often 6 feet
in length, and is common in the United States east of the
Mississippi. Some other related species receive the same
name. (b) A colubroid snake, Coluber obsoletus, differing



black-snake
from the former by having keeled instead of smooth
scales, and preferring highlands: also known as the mown-
tain black-smake and racer. (c) A colubroid snake, Ocyo-
phis ater, of active habits, peculiar to the island of Jamai-
tº _**
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£-Sº.S. º * * -
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S-3% Fº: lº *...A. **:
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Black-snake (Bascazu fort constructor).
ca. It reaches a length of about 5 feet. (d) A poisonous
snake of the family Najidae, Pseudechis porphyriacus,
inhabiting low marshy places in nearly every part of Aus-
tralia. It is black above, with each scale of the outer
lateral series mostly red, and with ventral shields mar-
gined with black. (e) In Tasmania, any dark-colored
Variety of Hoplocephalus curtws; in Australia, a name
given to Pseudechis porphyriacus, common in the warmer
parts of the country.
2. A kind of cowhide or horsewhip made with-
out distinction of stock and lash, braided and
tapering from the butt to the long slender end,
and pliant and flexible throughout. It is a terribly
effective instrument of torture, used by drivers in parts o
the United States, especially by the class who are known
as ‘‘mule-skinners ” from their use of the instrument.
black-Spaul (blak/spál), m. Symptomatic an-
thrax. See anthraac.
Blackstone's Hard-labor Bill, See bills. .
black-strap (blak/strap), n. A name of vari-
ous beverages. (a) In the United States, a mixture of
spirituous liquor, generally rum or whisky, with molasses
and vinegar.
A mug of the right black-strap goes round from lip to
lip. Hawthorme, Twice-Told Tales, II.
(b) A sailors' term for any strong, dark-colored liquor:
hence applied to the dark-red Wines of the Mediterra-
× nean coasts.
black-stripe (blak’ strip), m.
Strap.
blacktail (blak’tăl), n. 1. A percoid fish, the
Acerina cermua. More generally called ruff or
Oope. See ruff.—2. A common name among
unters (a) of the black-tailed deer or mule-
deer, Cariacus macrotis (see mule-deer); (b) of
the Columbian deer, C. columbianus: in both
cases in distinction from the common or
white-tailed deer, C. virginianus.—3. In India,
a name of the chikara or ravine-deer, Tragops
bemmetti.
blackthorn (blak/thórn), m. 1. The sloe, Pru-
nus Spinosa. See sloe.—2. A walking-stick
made of the stem of this shrub.
black-tongue (blak’tung), m. A form of an-
thrax exhibiting dark bloody vesicles and ul-
cerating spots on the tongue, affecting horses
and cattle. See anthraaj.
black-turpeth (blak’tèr"peth), m. Mercury
suboxid, Big2O: commonly called the gray,
ash, or black oacid.
black-varnish tree. Melamorrhoea usitata. See
Molſtmorrhoea.
black-wad (blak/wod), m. An ore of manga-
nese used as a drying ingredient in paints.
Blackwall hitch. See hitch.
black-Ward (blak/ward), n. Under the feudal
system, a subvassal who held ward of the
king's vassal.
black-wash (blak'wosh), m. 1. A lotion com-
posed of calomel and lime-water.—2. Any
wash that blackens.
Remove . . . the modern layers of black-wush, and let
the unan himself . . . be seen. Ringsley.
3. In molding, a clay wash to which powdered
charcoal has been added. See blacking, 3.
black-water (blak/wā’tër), n. A disease of
sheep, characterized by blood-colored urine.
black-whale (blak/hwāl), n. A delphinoid ce-
tacean, Globigophalus Svineval, more generally
called blackfish.
blackwood (blak/wild), n. 1. The wood of a
large leguminous tree of the East Indies, Dal-
bergia latifolia. It is extremely hard, mostly of a dark-
purple color, and is very valuable for furniture and carv-
ing, as well as for cart-wheels, gun-carriages, etc. Also
called East Indian rosewood.
3. The wood of the Acacia Melanoacylon, the
Same as black-
most valuable timber of Australia, noted for kekengi : so called from its in-
its hardness and durability.—3. In the West
Indies, the name given to the black mangrove,
Avicennianitida, a small tree of sea-coast marsh-
es, with very heavy, hard, and dark-brown or
nearly black wood. The tree is also found in
Southern Florida.
574
black-work (blak/wérk), n. Iron wrought by
blacksmiths: so called in distinction from that
wrought by whitesmiths.
blackwort (blak'wért), n. 1. The comfrey,
Symphytum officinale.—2. An English name of
; whortleberry, the fruit of Vaccinium Myr-
tillus.
blacky (blak'i), m. ; pl. blackies (-iz). [Also less
prop. blackey; dim. of black. Cf. darky.] 1.
blade
bladder-ketmia (blad’êr-ket/mi-á), n. A cul-
tivated annual species of plants, of the genus
Hibiscus, H. Triomum, with a bladdery calyx.
bladder-nose (blad’ér-nóz), n. A name of the
hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Encyc. Brit.,
XXI. 582.
bladder-nosed (blad’êr-nózd), a. Having an
inflatable bladdery º on the snout:
applied to the so-called hooded seal, Cystophora
A black person; a negro.—2. A name used ¥cristata.
ºquially for any black bird or animal, as a
I’OOK.
I Wonder if the old blackies do talk. T. Hughes.
blacky-top (blak’i-top), n. A name of the
stonechat, Saaricola or Pratincola rubicola. Mac-
gillivray. [Local British.]
bladl (blad), v. t. ; pret, and pp. bladded, ppr.
bladding. [Also blawd; perhaps imitative. É.
dad?, beat, thump.] _1. To slap; strike with
violence; beat.—2. To maltreat. [Scotch..]
bladl (blad), n. [K bladl, v.] A slap; a flat
low. [Scotch..]
blad? (blad), n. [Also blaud; prob. K bladl, v.;
cf. dad?, a large piece, with dad, beat, thump.]
A piece; a fragment; a large piece or lump.
[Scotch.]
bladá (blad), m. . [Appar. = E. blade = Sw. Dan.
blad, a leaf.] A portfolio; a blotting-book or
*blotting-pad. [Scotch..]
bladder (blad’ér), n. [Sc. also blather, blether;
K ME. bladder, blader, bledder, bleder, bladdre,
bleddre, bledre, KAS. bladdre, prop. with long
vowel and single d, blådre, blédre, a blister, a
bladder (= MD. blader, D. blaar = MLG. blå-
dere, LG. bladere, bledder, blare = OHG. blåtara,
blattara, blátra, MHG. blåtere, blatter, G. blatter
= Icel, bladhra = Sw, blåddra = Dam, blare,
bladder), with suffix –dre, K blåwan, blow: see
blowl.] 1. A thin, elastic, highly distensible
and contractile muscular and membranous Sac
forming that portion of the urinary passages in
which urine, constantly secreted by the kid-
neys, is retained until it is discharged from the
body. Such a vesicle is specially characteristic of mam-
mals, its size and shape varying with the species. Its cavity
is primitively that of the allantois. It is lined with mu-
cous membrane, is more or less invested with peritoneum,
and is supplied with vessels and nerves.
2. Any similar receptacle, sac, or vesicle, com-
monly distinguished by a qualifying prefix. See
air-bladder, brain-bladder, gall-bladder, swim-
bladder.—3. Any vesicle, blister, bleb, blain,
or pustule containing fluid or air.—4. In bot. :
(a) A hollow membranous appendage on the
leaves of Utricularia, filled with air and float-
ing the plant. (b) A cellular expansion of the
substance of many algæ filled with air. See
cut under air-cell.—5. Anything inflated, emp-
ty, or unsound: as, “bladders of philosophy,”
Ičochester, Sat, against Mankind.—Atony of the
bladder. See atomy.
bladder (blad’ér), v. t. [K bladder, n.] 1. To
put up in a bladder: as, bladdered lard.—2. To
puff up; fill, as with wind. [Rare.]
A hollow globe of glass that long before
She full of emptiness had bladdered.
G. Fletcher, Christ's Victory and Triumph.
bladder-blight (blad’ér-blit), n. See blight.
bladder-brand (blad’êr-brand), n. Same as
bunt%, 1.
bladder-campion (blad’ér-kam"pi-Qn), n. The
popular name of the plant Silene vulgaris: so
called from its inflated calyx.
bladdered (blad’êrd), p. 6. 'Swelled like a blad-
der; puffed up; vain.
A bladdered greatness. Dryden, Epic Poetry.
bladder-fern (blad’ér-férn), n. The common
name of Filia, a genus of ferns: so called
from the bladder-like indusium.
Iſive species are known ; Great Britain
and North America have three each,
and of these two are common to both
countries. The variable I'', fragilis
is practically cosmopolitan.
bladder-gastrula (blad’ér-
gas/trö-lä), n. Same as peri-
gastrula.
bladder-green (blad’ér-grén),
m. Same as Sap-green.
bladder-herb (blad’ér-èrb), n.
The winter-Cherry, Physalis Al-
Bladder-fern.—Pin-
nule of Fflix fra-
gilis, with hood-
shaped indusia.
flated calyx.
bladder-kelp (blad’ér-kelp), n. 1. Same as
bladder-wrack.—2. A seaweed of the California
coast, of the genus Nereocystis, having an ex-
ceedingly long stem which dilates above into
a bladder several feet in length.
bladder-nut (blad’êr-nut), n. 1. The popular
name of plants of the genus Staphylea, fam-
Bladder-nut.— Flowering node of Staphylea trifolia.
a, fruit; b, section of same. (From Gray's “Genera of the Plants
of the United States.”)
ily Staphyleaceae, given on account of their
inflated fruit-capsule. The European S. pinnata and
the S. trifolia of the Atlantic States are occasionally cul-
tivated as ornamental shrubs. Central Asia, Japan, and
California have also each a peculiar species.
2. The pistachio, Pistacia vera. -
bladder-pod (blad’êr-pod), n. 1. An Austra-
lian leguminous plant of the genus Kennedia,
section Physolobium, with j pods.—2.
In the United States, Lesquerella Shortii, a
cruciferous plant with globose capsules.
bladder-senna (blad’ er-sen "fi), m. A species
of Colutea, C. arborescens, of the family Fa-
baceae, frequently cultivated. It is a shrub with
yellow flowers and bladder-like pods, a native of southern
Europe. It derives its name of senna from its popular
use as a purgative. Also called bastard Semma.
bladder-snout (blad’ér-snout), m. The common
'bladderwort, Utricularia vulgaris: so named
#from the shape of the corolla.
bladder-worm (blad’ér-wérm), m. A tape-
worm in its cystic stage; a hydatid or scolex.
See cystic, and cut under Tania.
bladderwort (blad’ér-wért), n. The common
name of members of the genus Utricularia,
slender aquatic plants, the leaves of which are
furnished with floating-bladders. See Utricu-
laria.
bladder-wrack (blad’ér-rak), m. A seaweed,
Fucus vesiculosus: so named from the floating-
vesicles in its fronds. Also called bladder-kelp,
sea-oak, and sea-wrack. See Fucus.
bladdery (blad’ér-i), a. [K bladder + -yl.]
Thin, membranous, and inflated or distended,
like a bladder; vesicular; blistered; pustular.
*—Bladdery fever. Same as pemphigus.
blade (blåd), m. [K ME. blad, blade, bladde, a
leaf of Fº or corn (not found in the general
sense of ‘leaf”), commonly the cutting part of
a knife or sword, the sword itself, K AS. blad
(pl. bladu, blado), a leaf, broad part of a thing,
as of an oar (= OS. blad = OFries. bled = #
blad = MLG. blat, LG. blad = OHG. M.H.G. blat,
G. blatt = Icel. bladh = Sw. Dan. blad, a leaf),
perhaps, with orig. pp. suffix -d (as in Sad, cold,
àid, iguà, etc.), X. Šišipan (yºla, ºbio), 'blow,
bloom, whence also E. bloom.1, blossom, akin
to L. flos (flor-), X E. flower. To the same ult.
root belongs perhaps L. folium = Gr. #.
leaf; see folio, foill. The reg. mod. E. form
would be blad (like sad, glad, etc.); the long
vowel is due to the ME. inflected forms, blade,
etc.] 1. The leaf of a plant, particularly (now
perhaps exclusively) of gramineous plants; also,
the young stalk or spire of gramineous plants.
But when the blade was sprung up and brought forth
fruit, then appeared the tares also. Mat. xiii. 26.
Whoever could make . . . two blades of grass to grow
... where only one grew before, would deserve better of
mankind . . . than the whole race of politicians.
Swift, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 7.
The varying year with blade and sheaf.
Tennyson, Day-Dream.
2. In bot., the lamina or broad part of a leaf,
petal, sepal, etc., as distinguished from the
º or footstalk. See cut under leaf-3.
ything resembling a blade. (a) A sword; also,
the flat, thin, cutting part of a knife or other cutting-tool.







blade
If ere your blades
Had point or prowess, prove them now.
Moore, Lalla Rookh.
The famous Damascus blades, so renowned in the time
of the Crusaders, are made heré no longer.
575
of blades; jº. with blades or leaves:
as, “ ge blady grass,” Drayton, Polyolbion,
xix. 7
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 130. blae (bia or blé), a. and n. [Sc. and North. E.;
%; broad, flattened part of certain instruments and
utensils, as of an oar, a paddle, a spade, etc.
The blade of her light oar threw off its shower of spray.
Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook.
(c) A broad flattened part of a bone: as, a jaw-blade;
specifically, the scapula or shoulder-blade.
Atrides’ lance did gore
Pylaemen's shoulder in the blade.
Chapman, Iliad, V.
(d) The front flat part of the tongue. H. Sweet, Hand-
book of Phonetics, T (e) A commercial name for the four
large plates on the sides, and the five large plates in the
middle, of the upper shell of the sea-turtle, which yield
the best tortoise-shell. (f) That limb of a level which is
movable on a pivot at the joint, in order that it may be
adjusted to include any angle between it and the stock,
{} The float or vane of a propeller or paddle-wheel. (h)
e web or plate of a saw. , (i) The edge of a sectorial
tooth. (j) In entom., one of the flat, two-edged plates
forming the sword-like ovipositor of certain Orthoptera.
and Homoptera; in a wider sense, the ovipositor itself.
4. A swordsman.
The short man I felt quite confident Hugh could handle,
and was surprised, seeing his build, that Pike should have
declared him a good blade.
S. Weir Mitchell, Hugh Wynne, I. 214.
5. A dashing or rollicking fellow; a swaggerer;
a rakish fellow; strictly, perhaps, one who is
sharp and wide awake: as, “jolly blades,” Eve-
lyn, Memoirs, i.
A brisk young fellow, with his hat cocked like a fool
behind, as the present fashion among the blades is.
epys, Diary, III. 142.
6. One of the principalrafters of a roof. Gwilt.
blade (blåd), v.; pret. and pp. bladed, ppr.
blading. [K ME. bladen (= G. bladen = Sw.
blåda, thin out plants); from the noun..] I.
trans. 1. To take off the blades of (herbs).
[Now only prov, Eng.]–2. To furnish with a blaesitas (blé'si-tas), n.
blade; fit a blade to.—To blade itt, to fight with
blades or swords. º
II, intrans. To come into blade; produce
blades.
As sweet a plant, as fair a flower is faded,
As ever in the Muse's garden bladed.
P. Fletcher, Eliza, an Elegy.
blade-bone (blåd"bón), n. The scapula or shoul-
der-blade.
bladed (blå"ded), p. a. [K blade + -ed?..] 1.
Having a blade or blades, as a plant, a knife
etc.: as, “bladed grass,” Shak., M. N. D.,
1; “bladed field,” Thomson, Summer, l. 57.—
2. Stripped of blades or leaves.—3. In mineral.,
composed of long and narrow plates like the
Bladed Structure, Cyanite.
lblade of a knife: as, bladed structure.—4. In
her., used when the stalk or the blade of any
Rind of grain is borne of a color different from
the ear or fruit: as, an ear of corn or, bladed
blae-linen (blå" lin’ en), m.
blaff, v. i.
D. : blaffert (blaf’ért), n.
phart, plappert = MLG. blaffert = MD. blaf-
blaflum (blaf’lum), n.
blague (blag), n.
blain
also written blea, bley, blay; K ME. bla, blaa,
the north. dial. form (after Icel. blår, dark-
blue, livid, = Sw. blá = Dan. blaa, blue) corre-
sponding to the reg. southern blo, bloo, bloe,
blowe, mod. E. dial. blow, KAS. *blăw (in deriv.
blåwen, bluish) = OFries. blåw, blåu = MD. blå,
blåw, later blaeuw, D. blaauw = MLG. blåw, LG.
blau = OHG. bláo (blåw-), M.H.G. blå (blåw-),
G. blau (whence (from OHG.) M.L. blåvus, > It.
biavo = OSp. blavo = Pr. blau, fem. blava, = OF.
and mod. F. blew, X ME. blew, blewe (perhaps in
art KAS. *blăw (as in blåwen) for “blaw), mod.
. blue, q.v.), blue, prob. = L. flāvus, yellow
(color-names are unstable in application): see
blue.] I. a. 1. Blue; blackish-blue; livid;
also, bluish-gray; lead-colored: a color-name
applied to various shades of blue.—2. Livid;
pale-blue : applied to a person’s complexion, as
affected by cold, terror, or contusion.
Oh! sil's, some of you will stand with a blae countenance
before the tribunal of God. . M. Bruce.
II. m. [Commonly in pl. blaes; also written
blaize, blaze.] In coal-miming, indurated argil-
laceous shale or clay, sometimes containing
nodules of iron ore. The same term is also
applied to beds of hard sandstone.
blaeberry (blå’ber’i), n. ; pl. blaeberries (-iz).
[Sc.; also spelled bleaberry, blayberry; K blae
+ berry, after Icel. blåber = Sw. blåbär = Dan.
blaabaer: see bilberry..] The Scotch name of the
bilberry.
A slate-colored
linen beetled in the manufacture. Also blay-
limen.
[NL., K. L. blacs.us,
lisping, stammering; cf. Gr. 3%atoćg, crooked,
bandy-legged.] 1. Štuttering or stammering.
—2. An imperfection of speech consisting in
the substitution of d for t, b for p, etc. See psel-
lismus. [Rare.]
[Prob. K. D. blaffen = MLG. LG.
blaffen, bark; cf. M.E. widºffen, and baffen, E.
baffl, bark: all appar. imitative.] To bark.
Seals which would rise out of the water, and blaff like a
Og. Capt. Cowley, Voy. (1729), p. 6. (N. E. D.)
[K MHG. blaphart, pla–
ferd, blaffaert (ML. blaffardus), a silver coin
with a blank face, K blaffaert, having a blank
or plane face, K blaf, having a blank or broad
face: see bluff 1.] An old silver coin of Cologne,
worth about 4 cents.
[Also bleſlum. Cf. be-
flum.] Deception; imposition; hoax. [Scotch..]
[F.] Humbug; vain boast-
ing; pretentious falsehood.
blague (blag), v. i. ; pret. and pp. blagued, ppr.
blaguing. [K F. blaguer, humbug, hoax; from
the noun..] To humbug; boast; lie jestingly.
She [a Belgian shopkeeper] laughed, and said Iblagued.
The Bread-Winners, vi.
gº m. [K ME. blame, blayn, bleyn,
blein, K. A.S. blegen (= D. blein = LG. bleien =
Dan. blegn), perhaps, like bladder, ult, from the
root of blåwan, blow, puff: see blowl.] 1. A
blamable
blamably, blameably (blå"ma-bli), adv.
blame (blåm), n.
blamelessly
blady (bkā’di), a... [K blade + -y1.] Consisting blakeling º n. [E. dial., K blake, yel-
low, + -ling1.] e yellow bunting. Halli-
[North. Eng.]
blameable (blå"ma-bl), a. [K blame
+ j Deserving of blame or censure;
faulty; culpable; reprehensible; censurable.
Such feelings, though blamable, were natural and mot
wholly inexcusable. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ii.
well.
blamableness, blameableness (blå (ma-bl-
nes), n. The state or quality of being blama-
ble; culpability; faultiness.
If we are to measure degrees of blameableness, one
wrong must be set off against the other.
Edinburgh Rev., CLXIV. 450.
In
a blamable manner; culpably.
I . . . took occasion to observe, that the world in gen-
eral began to be blameably indifferent as to doctrinal
matters. Goldsmith, Vicar, xiv.
blame (blåm), v. t. ; pret. and pp. blamed, ppr.
blaming. [K ME. blamen = M.D. blamen (also
blameren, D. blameren), KOF. blasmer, blamer,
F. blåmer = Pr. blasmar = OSp. blasmar =
It. biasimare, K LL. blasphemare, speak ill of,
blame, also blaspheme, K. Gr. 3%aogºmpleiv, speak
ill, whence the full E. form blaspheme, q.v.] 1.
To express disapprobation of ; find fault with;
censure: opposed to praise or commend.
No lesse is to be blam'd their odd pronouncing of Latine,
so that out of England none were able to understand or
endure it. Evelyn, Diary, May 13, 1661.
We blamed him, and with perfect justice and propriety,
for saying what he did not mean.
Macaulay, Sadler's Ref. Refuted.
Formerly it might be followed by of.
Tomoreus he blam'd of inconsiderate rashness.
Knolles, Hist. Turks.
2. To charge; impute as a fault; lay the re-
sponsibility of: as, he blames the failure on
you. [Colloq.]—3+. To bring reproach upon;
blemish; injure.
This ill state in which she stood ;
To which she for his sake had weetingly
Now brought herselfe, and blam'd her noble blood.
Spemser, F. Q., VI. iii. 11.
[In such phrases as he is to blame, to blame, by an old
and common construction, has the passive meaning ‘to
be blamed, blamaple.’ Compare a house to let, hire, build;
grain ready to cut, etc.
You were to blame, I must be plain with you.
Shak., M. of V., v. 1.
I was to blame to be so rash ; I am sorry.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iii. 4.
In writers of the Elizabethan period it was often written
too blame, blame apparently being mistaken for an adjec-
tive.]=Syn. 1. To reprove, reproach, chide, upbraid,
reprehend. See decry.
[K ME. blame = MD. blame,
D. blaam, K OF. blasme, F. blame (= Pr. blasme
= OSp. Pg. blasmo = It. biasimo), K blasmer, v.,
blame: see blame, v.] 1. An expression of dis-
approval of something deemed to be wrong;
imputation of a fault; censure; reprehension.
Let me bear the blame for ever. Gen. xliii. 9.
2. That which is deserving of censure or dis-
approbation; fault; crime; sin.
That we should be holy and without blame before him.
Eph. i. 4.
3. Culpability; responsibility for something
that is wrong: as, the blame is yours.-4f.
Hurt ; injury.
And [the blow] glauncing downe his shield from blame him
fairly blest. Spenser, F. Q., I. ii. 1S.
blameable, blameableness, blameably. See
blamable, blamableness, blamably.
blameful (blåm'fül), a. [K blame, n., + =ful.]
pustule; a blotch ; a blister.
IBotches and blaims must all his flesh emboss.
Milton, P. L., xii. 180.
2. A bubble of water.—3. In farriery, a blad-
der growing on the root of the tongue against
the windpipe, and tending to cause suffocation.
vert.
blade-fish (blåd'fish), n. A name in England
of the hairtail, Trichiurus lepturus.
blade-metal (blåd"met"al), m. Metalforsword-
blades. Milton.
e * *- a tº º * * * laize, m. pl. See blae, n.
blade-mill (blåd’mil), m. A mill for grinding (i. º ol; .*
Of the rough surfacés of tools preparatory to #. § . ¥º º
n y º tº • ? º y y
olishing them.
blade-ore (blåd’ôr), n. A general name for
the species of seaweed belonging to the genus
Laminaria (which see).
blader (blå" dèr), n. 1+. One who makes
swords.—2+. A swordsman.—3. In composi-
tion with numerals, a tool having the number
of blades indicated by the prefix: as, three-bla-
der. [Colloq.]
bladesmithf (blåd’smith), n. [KME. bladsmyth,
K blad, blade, + Smith..] A sword-cutler. York
Plaus.
the northern form corresponding to the reg.
blåc, X ME. bleche, mod. E. bleach 1, adj., also
prob. without assibilation M.E. *bleke, mod. E.
bleakl: see bleach 1, a., and bleak:1) (= OS. blék
G. bleich. = Icel. bleikr), shining, white, pale, K
blican (pret. blåc), shine, gleam: see blickl.] 1.
Pale; pallid; wan; of a sickly hue, as the com-
plexion; of a pale-green or yellow hue, as vege-
tation.—2. Yellow, as butter, cheese, etc.—3.
blade-sprin# (blåd’spring), n., Aform of spring Bleak; cold; bare; naked. Halliwell. [North.
º & Ing.
* to hol : ºtº- nnecting blaket, v. 3. [ME. blaken, the northern form
our arms, which serve a douple p , COnnectin din wº
the boss with the top and bottom of the piston, and carry- corresponding to the reg. southern early ME.
ing at their extremities the blade-springs.
Campin, Mech, Engineering, p. 142. See blake, a.] To become pale.
blamefulness (blåm'fül-nes), n.
= P. bleek = MLG. blék = QHG. bleih, MHG; blameless (blåm’les), a.
1. Meriting, blame; reprehensible; faulty;
guilty; criminal: as, “blameful thinges,” Chau-
cer, Melibeus.
Thy mother took into her blameful bed
Some stern untutor'd churl.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
2. Faultfinding; blaming: as, a blameful look
or word. Ruskin.
southern early M.E. bloke, bloc, KAS. blåc (var. blamefully (blåm'fül-i), adv. In a blameful
Iſlä, Lllſle I’.
[K blameful
+ -mess.] The state of being blameful.
[ME. blameles ; K
blame + -less.] Not meriting blame or censure;
without fault; undeserving of reproof; inno-
cent; guiltless: as, “the blameless Indians,”
Thomson, Memory of Lord Talbot.
We will be blameless of this thine oath. Josh, ii. 17.
Wearing the white flower of a blameless life.
Tennyson, Ded. of Idylls.
=Syn. Faultless, irreproachable, unimpeachable, unsul-
lied, spotless, stainless, unblemished.
bloken, KAS. blåcian, become pale, K blåc, pale: blamelessly (blåm’les-li), adv. In a blameless
manner; without fault or crime; innocently.

blamelessness
blamelessness (blåm’les-nes), m. The state or
quality of being blameless; innocence; purity.
Thy white blamelessness accounted blame.
Tennysom, Merlin and Vivien.
blamer (blå"měr), n. One who blames, finds
fault, or censures: as, “blamers of the times,”
Donne, To Countess of Bedford, iii.
blameworthiness (blåm (wér” #Hi-nes), n. [K
blameworthy + -ness.] The quality of being
blameworthy; blamableness.
Praise and blame express what actually are, praisewor-
thiness and blameworthiness what naturally ought to be,
the sentiments of other people with regard to our charac.
ter and conduct.
Adam Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, iii. 3.
Blame I can bear, though not blameworthiness.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 140.
blameworthy (blåm (wér” pHi), a. [K ME.
blameworthy, K blame + worthy.] Deserving
blame; censurable; culpable; reprehensible.
That the sending of a divorce to her husband was not
blameworthy, he affirms, because the man was heinously
VICIOUIS. Milton, Divorce, ii. 22.
blanc (blangk; F. prom. bloń), m. [OF. blanc,
a silver coin (see def. 2), K blanc, a., white: see
blank.] 1. A silver coin, weighing about 47
*(* § º º §§ --
:..;& & º Sº # §§
#ſº ś
§ § %. tºº ſº s # §
jº & º
Reverse.
(Size of the original.)
grains, struck by Henry VI. of England (1422–
Obverse.
Blanc of Henry VI., British Museum.
1461) for his French dominions. Sometimes
spelled blank or blanck.
Have you any money 2 he answered, Not a blanck.
B. Jomsom, Gayton's Fest. Night.
2. A French silver coin, first issued by Philip of
Valois (1328–1350) at the value of 10 deniers,
or ºf livre. Under King John the Good (1850–1864)
the blanc was coined at 5 deniers. Under Charles VI. and
g
%. 2%2S3,
S EP º º
Śāºš
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à ¥2. º % ya º: º º 3 W.
33.7 & & 3. “sºyº $3% & *
Wºº/*@38.*& &Xīšº
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Revcrse.
Obverse.
Blanc of Charles VI. of France, British Museum. (Size of the original.)
his successors the blanc was worth 10 deniers, and the
demi-blanc 5 deniers. From Louis XI. to l'rancis I. a
grand blanc was issued worth 12 deniers, or go livre, and
a petit blanc of one half that value. After the time of
Francis I. the grand blanc was no longer coined; but the
petit blanc was retained as a money of account, and was
reckoned at 5 deniers, or 3's livre; it was commonly called
simply blanc. The blanc was coined according to both the
tournois and the parisis systems, the latter coins, like
others of the same system, being worth one quarter more
than those of the same name in the former system.
3. A white paint, especially for the face.—4.
A piece of ware such as is generally decorated,
sold or delivered without its decoration. At the
Sèvres and other porcelain-factories pieces not quite per-
fect in shape are sold undecorated, but bearing a mark
scratched through, which distinguishes them from those
finished in the factory. - º - e
5. A rich stock or gravy in which made dishes
or entrées are sometimes served.—Blanc d'ar-
gent, a pigment, the carbonate of lead, or white lead, usu-
ally found in commerce in small drops.-Blanc fixe, an
artificially prepared sulphate of barium, made by dissolv-
ing witherite (carbonate of barium) in hydrochloric acid,
and precipitating this solution with sulphuric acid. It is
met with in commerce in a pulpy state in water, and is used
as an adulterant of paper, pigments, etc. e
blancard (blang’kård), m. [F., K blanc, white
(see blank), + -ard.] A kind of linem cloth
manufactured in Normandy: so called because
*the thread is half blanched before it is woven.
blanchl (blånch), a. and m. [Also written
blench; K ME. blanche, blaunche, K OF. blanche,
fem, of blanc, white: see blank, a.] I. a. 1+.
White; pale.—2#. Same as blench2.—Blanch
farm. See blanch-farm.—Blanch fevert (F. “fievres
blanches, the agues where with maidens that have the
green-sickness be troubled,” Cotgrave], literally, pale
fever; hence, to have the blanch fever is either to be in
love or to be sick with wantonness.
And som, thouseydest hadde a blanche fevere,
And preyedest God he sholde nevere kevere.
Chawcer, Troilus, i. 916.
blanch2+ (blånch), v.
576
Blanch lion, anciently, the title of one of the pursuivants
of arms.
II. m. 1+. Same as blanc, 3.—2+. A white
spot on the skin.-3. In mining, a piece of ore
found isolated in the hard rock, I8. Hunt,
# e
blanchl (blånch), v. [Early mod. E. also
blaunch; K ME. blaunchen, blanchen, KOF. blan-
chir (F. blanchir), Kblanc (> ME, blank, blanch),
white: see blank.] I. trams. 1. To make white;
whiten by depriving of color; render colorless:
as, to blanch linen.—2. In hort., to whiten or
revent from becoming green by excluding the
ight: a process applied to the stems or leaves
of plants, such as celery, lettuce, sea-kale, etc.
It is done by banking up earth about the stems of the
plants, tying the leaves together to keep the inner ones
from the light, or covering with pots, boxes, or the like.
3. To make pale, as with sickness, fear, cold,
etc.
Keep the natural ruby of your cheeks,
When mine are blanch'd with fear.
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4.
4t. Figuratively, to give a fair appearance to,
as an immoral act; palliate; slur; pass over.
They extoll Constantine because he extol'd them; as
our homebred Monks in their Histories blanch the Kings
their Benefactors, and brand those that went about to be
their Correctors. Milton, Ref. in Eng., i.
Blanch over the blackest and most absurd things.
Tillotson, Works, I. 30.
5. In cookery, to soak (as meat or vegetables)
in hot water, or to scald by a short, rapid boil-
ing, for the purpose of producing firmness or
whiteness.—6. In the arts, to whiten or Imake
lustrous (as metals) by acids or other means;
also, to cover with a thin coating of tin.—To
blanch almonds, to deprive them of their skins by im,
mersion in hot water and a little friction, after their shells
have been removed.
One word more, and I'll blamch thee like an almond.
I'letcher, Wife for a Month, i. 2.
=S 1 and 2. Etiolate, etc. See whiten,
#. intrans. To become white; turn pale.
The ripple would hardly blanch into spray
At the feet of the cliff. Tennyson, The Wreck.
Drew his toil-worn sleeve across
To brush the manly tear
I'rom cheeks that never changed in woe,
And never blanched in fear.
O. W. Holmes, Pilgrim's Vision.
[A corruption of blench:1,
simulating blanchl, turn pale: see blench 1.]
I. trams. To shum or avoid, as from fear; evade.
The judges . . . thought it . . . dangerous . . . to ad-
mit ifs and ands to qualifle the words of treason, whereby
every man might expresse his malice and blanch his dan-
gel'. Bacom, Hen. VII., p. 134.
By whose importunitie was the saile slacken'd in the
first encounter with the Dutch, or whether I am to blanch
this particular? Bwelyn, To my Lord Treasurer.
II. intrams. To shrink; shift ; equivocate.
Books will speak plain when counsellors blanch.
Bacom, Of Counsel.
blanched (blåncht), p. a. Whitened; deprived
of color; bleached. -
And still she slept an azure-lidded sleep,
In blanched linen, smooth, and lavender'd.
Keats, Eve of St. Agnes, xxx.
Specifically applied to coins and silver articles contain-
ing copper which have been submitted to the action of hot
dilute sulphuric acid, to dissolve a part of the copper of the
alloy on the surface, and leave a film or coating richer in
silver.—Blanched copper, an alloy of copper and arse-
nic, in about the proportion of 10 of the former to 1 of the
latter. It is used for clock-dials and thermometer- and
barometer-scales. It is prepared by heating copper clip-
pings with white arsenic (arsenious acid), arranged in al-
ternate layers and covered with common salt, in an earth-
en crucible.
blancherl (blån'chèr), n. [Early mod. E. also
blauncher, K ME. blancher; K blanch1 + -erl.]
One who blanches or whitens, in any sense of
the verb blanch1.
blancher?f (blån’chèr), n. [Early mod. E. also
blauncher, blaunsher, etc.; K blanch? (= blench:1)
+ -erl.] One who turns aside or causes
to turn aside; a perverter.
These blanchers will be ready to whisper the king in the
ear, and to tell him that this abuse is but a small matter.
Latimer, Sermon of the Plough.
2. One stationed for the purpose of turning
game in some direction; a sewel (which see).
Zelmane was like one that stood in a tree waiting a
good occasion to shoot, and Gynecia a blancher which
kept the dearest deer from her. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.
And there we found one Mr. Greenfield, a gentleman of
Buckinghamshire, gathering up part of the said books'
leaves (as he said), therewith to make him sewels or
blawnshere.8 to keep the deer within the Wood, thereby
to have the better cry with his hounds. &
Layton, in R. W. Dixon's Hist. Ch. of Eng., iv.
3. One who starts or balks at anything. N. E. D.
blanch-farm, blanch-ferm, n., [KQF, blanché
ferme, lit. white rent: see blanchl, a., and
blanch-holding
blanchimeter (blån-chim’ e-tér), m.
blanching (blån'ching), m.
blanching-liquor (blån'ching-lik'Qr), n.
blanco (blang"kö), n.
bland1+, v. t.
blandl (bland), m.
bland2 (bland), a.
blandation; (blan-dà'shgn), n.
blandiloquence (blan-dil'č-kwens), n.
blandiloquence
farm.] Rent paid in silver instead of in ser-
vice or produce; also, a kind of nominal quit-
rent, paid with a small piece of silver or other-
wise. Also written blench-farm, blench-ferm,
and blench-firm.
(blånch (höl” ding), n. A
Scotch tenure by which the tenant is bound to
ay only a nominal or trifling yearly duty to
is superior, as an acknowledgment of his
right, and only if demanded. Also written
blench-holding.
[Irreg.
K blanch -- meter. Cf. altimeter.] An instru-
ment for measuring the bleaching power of
oxymuriate (chlorid) of lime and potash.
The act of render-
ing blanched or white; specifically, any pro-
cess applied to silver or other metals to impart
whiteness and luster. Th
€)
solution of chlorid of lime used for bleaching.
blanc-mange (bla-monzh"), n. [Also written
blamange, blom.ange, blumange, bluemange. A
modern reduction of blancmanger, early mod.
E. also blawemanger, blowmanger, etc., K ME.
blamanger, blawmanger, blam manger, blammam-
ger, blankmänger, blancmanger, etc., a prepa-
ration of different kinds; KOF. (and F.) blamc-
manger (= Sp. manjar blanco), lit. white food,
K blanc, white, + manger, eating, prop. inf.,
eat: see blank and manger.] In cookery, a
name of different preparations of the consis-
tency of jelly, variously composed of dissolved
isinglass, arrowroot, corn-starch, etc., with
milk and flavoring substances. It is frequently
mada from a marine alga, Chondrus crispus, called Irish
moss, which is common on the coasts of Europe and North
America. The blanc-manger mentioned by Chaucer in
the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, l, 387, was
apparently a compound made of capon minced With flour,
sugar, and cream.
blancmanger (bla-monzh", formerly bla-monº-
zhër, blangk-mon’zhër), n. Same as blanc-
7)?ange.
[Sp., K blanco, a., white:
see blamlº.] A grade of cochineal-bugs, often
called silver-whites, from their peculiar lus-
trous appearance, in distinction from the black
bugs or Zacatillas. They are picked into bags and
immediately dried in a stove, while the others are first
thrown into lot water.
[Early mod. E. (Sc.), KME. blan-
den, blondem, K AS. blamdan (pret. bledºnd, pp.
blamden) =OS. blandam = OHG. blantan = Icel.
blamda = Sw. blamda = Dan. blande = Goth, blam-
dan (redupl. verb, pret. baibland, pp. blamdans),
mix; rare in AS., and in later use superseded
by blendl, q.v.] To mix; blend.
[(1) M.E., K. A.S. bland (=
Icel. bland), mixture (Icel. 7 bland, in union, to-
gether), K blamdan, mix; (2) K Icel, blamda, a
mixture of liquids, esp. of hot whey with water,
K blanda = AS. blamdan, mix, blend: see blandl,
w.] 1+. Mixture ; union.—2. An agreeable
summer beverage prepared from the whey of
churned milk, common among the inhabitants
of the Shetland islands.-In blandf, together;
blended.
[K L. blandus, caressing,
soft, agreeable, flattering, perhaps orig. *mlan-
dus, akin to mollis, mild, Skt. mridu, Gr. pſet?t-
20g, E. mild, etc.: see mild, moll.] 1. Mild;
soft ; gentle; balmy.
Dxhilarating vapour bland. Milton, P. L., ix. 1047.
The weather . . . being for the most part of a bland and
equal temperature. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 14.
2. Affable; suave; soothing; kindly: as, “bland
words,” Milton, P. L., ix. 855.
His manners were gentle, complying, and bland.
Goldsmith, Retaliation, l. 140.
Bland the smile that like a wrinkling wind
On glassy water drove his cheek in lines.
Tennyson, Princess, i.
3. Mild; free from irritating qualities: said
of certain medicines: as, bland oils.—4. Not
stimulating: Said of food. =Syn. Mild, etc. See
gentle.
bland?t, v. t. [Early mod. E. (Sc.), K ME.
blamden, blondem, blaunden = M.D., blamden, K
OF. blandir (X also E. blandish, q.v.), K L. blan-
diri, flatter, caress: see blandish.] To flatter;
blandish.
[K. L. as if
*blandatio(m-), equiv. to blanditiq, K blandiri,
pp. blanditus, flatter: see blandish.] A piece
of flattery; blandishment. Camden. K L
[K L.
blandiloquentia, K blandiloquen(t-)s, speaking


















































blandiloquence
flatteringly, blandus, flattering, floquen(º)e,
pr. of loqui, speak.] Fair, mild, or flatter-
# * courteous language; compliment.
8. I'ê,
*ient (blan (di-ment), n. [= Sp. blan-
dimiento - It. blandimento, KL. blandimentum, K
blandiri, flatter: see iianáishj Blandishment;
allurement; enticement.
Allure no man with suasions and blamdiments.
Bp. Burmet, Injunctions to the Monasteries,
[temp. Hen. VIII., I., App.
blandiset, v. A Middle English form of blandish.
blandish (blan"dish), v. [K ME. blaundishen,
blandisen, KOF. blandiss-, stem of certain parts
of blandir = Pr. Sp. blandir = It. blandire, K L.
blandiri, flatter, caress, K blandus, caressing,
#. bland: see bland?, a.] I. trans. 1. To
atter; caress; coax or cajole with complai-
sant speech or caressing act.–2. To render
pleasing, alluring, or enticing.
In former days a country-life,
. For so time-honoured poets sing,
Free from anxiety and strife,
Was blandish’d by perpetual spring.
J. G. Cooper, Retreat of Aristippus, Ep. i.
3. To offer or bestow blandly or caressingly:
as, to blandish words or favors. [Rare and
archaic in all uses.]
II.f intrans. To assume a caressing or blan-
dishing manner.
How she blamdighing
By Dunsmore drives along.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. 318.
blandished (blan’ disht), p. a. Invested with
flattery, cajolery, or blandishment.
Mustering all her wiles,
With blandish'd parlies, feminine assaults.
Milton, S. A., l. 403.
blandisher (blan"dish-er), n. One who blan-
dishes; a flatterer.
blandishing (blan"dish-ing), n. [K ME. blan-
disinge; verbal m. of blandish.] Blandishment.
Double-hearted friends, whose blandishings
Tickle our ears, but sting our bosoms.
J. Beawmont, Psyche, vi. 3.
blandishing (blan'dish-ing), a... [K ME, blaun-
dyshing; ppr. of blandish..] Mild; soothing.
The see hath eke his ‘ryght to be somtime calm and
blawmdyshing with smothe water.
Chawcer, Boëthius, ii., prose 2.
blandishment (blan” dish-ment), n. IK OF. blan-
dissement, K blandir: see blandish and -ment.]
1. Speech or action expressive of affection or
kindness, and tending to win the heart; an art-
ful caress; flattering attention; cajolery; en-
dearment.
As thus he spake, each bird and beast behold
§§ two and two ; these cowering low
ith blandishment : each bird stoop'd on his wing.
Milton, P. L., viii. 351.
Blandishments will not fascinate us.
D. Webster, Speech, Bunker Hill.
2. Something bland or pleasing; that which
pleases or allures.
The rose yields her sweete blandishment.
Habington, Castara, ii.
The blandishments of early friendships.
Longfellow, Hyperion, iv. 5.
blandly (blandſli), adv. In a bland manner;
with suavity; mildly; gently.
blandness (blandºnes), n., [K bland + -mess.]
The state or quality of being bland; mildness;
gentleness; soothingness.
Envy was disarmed by the blandmess of Albemarle's
temper. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxiii.
blandurilla (blån-dò-rél’yā), n. [Sp., dim. of
blandura, softness, a *; used by women
K blando, soft, bland, K. L. blandus: see blandº,
*a.] A fine soft pomatum made in Spain.
blank (blangk), a. and m. [Early mod. E. also
blanc, blanck; K ME, blank, fem, blanche (see
blanchl, a.), K OF. blanc, fem. blanche, white
(= Pr. blanc = Sp. blanco = Pg. branco = It.
bianco; M.L. blancus), K. OHG. blanch, MHG.
blanc, G. blank, shining, bright (= MLG. blank
ºf jian. Tsw. Dan. blank, shining, = AS.
*blanc, only in poet. deriv, blanca, a white or
... gray horse, ME. blanke, blomke, Sc. blonk; cf.
#. blakkr, poet, a horse, steed); usually re-
ferred to a Teut. verb “blinkan (pret. “blank),
shine, which, however, is not found in the
older tongues: see blink. In the sense of a
coin (II., 7, 8), OF. blanc, MLG, blank, MD.
blancke (M
blanc moon,” Milton, P. L., x. 656.
Blank as death in marble. Tennyson, Princess, i.
2. Pale from fear or terror; hence, dispirited;
dºes; ; confounded; confused.
L. blanca), orig. with ref. to the color & 11+. A weight, equal to gºsºrºro of a
of silver.] I. a. 1. White or pale ; as, “the blank (blangk), v. t. [K blank, a.] li. To make
57.7
Adam, soon as he heard
The fatal trespass done by Eve, amazed
Astonied stood and blamk. Milton, P. i., ix. 890.
Th' old woman wox half blanck those wordes to heare.
Spenger, F. Q., III. iii. 17.
8. Empty or unoccupied; void; bare.
So blacken'd all her world in secret, blank
And waste it seem'd and vain.
Tennyson, Princess, vii.
Now slowly falls the dull blank night.
Bryant, Rain-Dream.
Specifically—(a) Free from written or printed characters;
not Written upon ; as, a blamk book; blank paper; blank
Spaces., (b) Not filled up : applied to legal, banking, com-
mercial, or other forms: as, a blank check or order; a
blank ballot; a blank bond. (c) Of uniform surface; un-
relieved or unbroken by ornament or opening: as, a blank
wall. (d) Empty of results, of interest, etc. : as, a blank
Outlook for the future.
4. Without contents; especially, wanting some
part necessary to completeness: as, blank car-
tridges, that is, cartridges containing powder
but no ball.—5. Vacant in expression; exhib-
iting perplexity, real or feigned; nonplussed;
disconcerted.
Never be blank, Alonzo,
Because this fellow has outstript thy fortune.
Fletcher, Rule a Wife, ii. 2.
The Damsell of Burgundie, at sight of her own letter,
was soon blank, and more ingenuous then to stand out-
facing. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxi.
6. Complete; utter; unmitigated: as, “blank
stupidity,” Percival.
All but the suffering heart was dead
For him abandoned to blank awe,
To vacancy, and horror strong.
Wordsworth, White Doe of Rylstone, vi.
7. Unrimed: applied to verse, particularly to
the heroic verse of five feet without rime, such
as that commonly adopted in English dramatic
and epie poetry.—Blank bar, bond, cartridge,
:*. door, flange, indorsement, wheel, etc. See
€ Il OlinS.
II. n. 1. Any void space or vacant surface;
a space from which something is absent
omitted; a void; a vacancy: as, a blank in
one's memory; to leave blanks in writing.
I cannot write a paper full as I used to do, and yet I
will not forgive a blank of half an inch from you. Swift.
From the cheerful ways of men
Cut off, and for the book of knowledge fair
Presented with a universal blank
Of nature's works, to me expunged and rased.
Milton, P. L., iii. 48.
2. A piece of paper prepared for some spe-
cial use, but without writing or printed matter
On it.
The freemen signified their approbation by an inscribed
vote, and their dissent by a blamk. Palfrey.
8. A form or document containing blankspaces;
a document, remaining, incomplete till some-
thing essential is filled in.
And daily new exactions are devis’d—
As blanks, benevolences, and I wot not what.
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 1.
4. In parliamentary usage, provisional words
printed in italics in a bill, the final form of
which is to be settled in committee.—5. A
ticket in a lottery on which no prize is indi-
cated; a lot by which nothing is gained.
In a lottery where there are (at the lowest computation)
ten thousand blanks to a prize, it is the most prudent
choice not to venture.
Lady M. W. Montagu, Letters, Jan. 28, 1753.
6. In archery, the white mark in the center of
a butt or target at which an arrow is aimed;
hence (archaically), the object toward which
anything is directed; aim; target.
As level as the cannon to his blank.
Shak., Hamlet, iv. 1.
Let me still remain
The true blank of thine eye.
Shak., Lear, i. 1.
Quite beyond my arm, out of the blank
And level of my brain. Shalt., W. T., ii. 3.
7. Same as blanc, 1.-8. A small copper coin
formerly current in France.
Refuse not a marvedi, a blank.
Middleton and Rowley, Spanish Gypsy, ii. 1.
9. A piece of metal prepared to be formed into
some finished object by a further operation:
as, a blank for a file or a screw; specifically, in
coining, a plate or piece of gold or silver, cut
and shaped, but not stamped.— 10. A blank
WerS6, •
Five lines of that number,
Such pretty, begging blanks.
Beau. and Fl., Philaster, ii. 2.
grain.
blank; make white or pale; blanch.
Blount arose and left the hall, while Raleigh looked
after him with an expression that blanked for a moment
his bold and animated countenance.
- Scott, Kenilworth, I. xvii.
blank-book (blangk’ bük), n.
blanket-deposit (blang’ket-dé-pozºit), m.
blanketeer (blang-ket-êr’), n.
blanketeer (blang-ket-êr’), v. i.
blanketing (blang' ket-ing), m.
blanketing
2}. To confuse; put out of countenance; dis-
concert; nonplus.
Despoil him, . . .
And with confusion blank his worshippers.
Milton, S. A., I. 471.
3+. To frustrate; make void; bring to naught.
All former purposes were blancked.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
4. A common euphemistic substitute for damn,
referring to the blank or dash which is common-
ly substituted in printing for that word when it
is used as a profane expression. [Slang.]
A book of ruled
or unruled writing-paper for accounts, memo-
[K ME. blanket, blon-
ket, K OF. blanket (F. blanchet, M.L. blamketus,
blanchetus), also fem. blankete, blanquette, dim.
of blanc, white: see blank, a.] 1+. A coarse
woolen fabric, white or undyed, used for cloth-
ing.—2. A large oblong piece of soft, loosely
woven woolen cloth, used for the sake of its
warmth as a bed-covering, or (usually made
of coarser material and closer texture) as a
covering for a horse when standing or exposed
to cold, and sometimes worn as a garment, es-
pecially among rude or uncivilized people.—
3. In printing, a sheet of woolen cloth, white
baize, or rubber, laid between the outer and
inner tympans of a hand-press, or on a ma-
chine-cylinder, to moderate and equalize the
pressure on the type.—4. In cloth-printing, a
thick woolen cloth placed back of the fabric
to be printed.— 5. Same as blanquette, 4.—6.
In paper-making, an endless felt upon which
the § is laid.-A wet blanket, one who or that
which damps, depresses, or disappoints. -
“But,” said the chairman, and that “but" was the
usual wet blanket. Dickens.
Born on the wrong side of the blanket, of illegiti-
[K blanket, n.] 1.
To cover with a blanket or as with a blanket :
as, to blanket a horse.
I'll . . . blamket my loins. Shak., Lear, ii. 3.
Blanketted like a dog,
And like a cut-purse whipt.
Massinger, Parliament of Love, iv. 5.
The importance of the blanketing action of our atmo-
spheric constituents has been in no way over-stated.
Science, V. 450.
2. To toss in a blanket by way of punishment
or practical joke.
We'll have our men blanket ’em i' the hall.
B. Jomson, Epicoene, v. 4.
3. To take the wind out of the sails of, as the
sails of one vessel when it is passing close to
windward of another.
+randa, etc.
blanket (blang’ket), n.
Or knlate birth.
blanket (blang’ket), v. t.
Yºr
blanket-ballot (blang’ket-bal’9t), n. An official
ballot in which the names of all the candidates
for each office are arranged alphabetically in
one column, instead of being arranged in groups
according to the parties nominating them.
blanket-bar (blang’ket-bār), n. An ironbar used
to keep the blanket of a printing-press in place.
blanket-clause (blang’ket-klāz), m. A general
or indefinite clause framed so as to provide for
a number of contingencies.
Suitable annual appropriations . .
ket-clawse to justify or cover them. -
Report of Sec. U. S. Treasury, 1886, I. xli.
A.
flat deposit of ore of which the length and
breadth are relatively great as compared with
the thickness. The term is current among miners,
but it has no very exact scientific meaning. More or less
synonymous are the terms flat sheets, bedded rems, beds,
or flat masses. Such deposits are frequently intercalated
between rocks of different lithological character and
origin, and may have been deposited in a regular sedi-
mentary series, or subsequently introduced between the
beds or impregnating them.
[K blanket +
-eer.] 1+. One who tosses in a blanket.—2.
One of the radical reformers of Lancashire
who, on March 10th, 1817, at a meeting in St.
Peter's Fields, Manchester, decided to march
to London with a petition for parliamentary re-
form, eachman having a rug or blanket strapped
on his shoulder, so that he might bivouac on the
road if necessary.
... require no blam-
[K blanketeer,
m.] To act as a blanketeer.
This epistle awaited her at Beamish's inn on returning
from her blanketeering adventure.
The Husband Hunter (1830), iii. 230. (N. and Q.,
[7th ser., II. S.)
1. Coarse
Woolen cloth of which blankets are made.—
2. A Supply or quantity of blankets.—3. The
blanketing
process of obtaining gold by collecting it as
it comes from the stamps on a blanket or in a
blanket-sluice.—4. pl. The gold so obtained.—
5. The operation of tossing in a blanket as a
punishment or a joke.
That affair of the blanketing happened to thee for the
fault thou wast guilty of.
Smollett, tr. of Don Quixote, iii. 5.
blanket-leaf (blang’ket-lèf), n. The common
mullen, Verbascum Thapsus.
blanket-mortgage (blang’ket-mör”gāj), n. A
mortgage intended to cover an aggregation of
property, or secure or provide for indebtedness
reviously existing in various forms.
blanket-sheet (blang’ ket-shët), n. A large
newspaper in folio form. Amer. Bookmaker.
blanket-sluice (blang’ket-slös), m. In mining
and metal., a long trough or sluice in which
blankets are laid for the purpose of collecting
the particles of gold or amalgam which pass
over them as the material flows from under the
Stamps.
blankillo (blang-kil’6), n. Same as blanquillo, 1.
blanking-press (blang’king-pres), n. A stamp-
ing-press used to cut out blanks. -
bºy (blangkºli), adv. 1. In a blank or va-
cant manner; vacuously; aimlessly.—2. Di-
rectly; point-blank; flatly; utterly.
We in short blankly deny the possibility of loss.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL. 540.
blankness (blangk’nes), m. [K blank + -mess.]
The state or quality of being blank.
There was nothing external by which he [Casaubon]
could account for a certain blankness of sensibility which
came over him just when his expected gladness should
have been most lively. George Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 94.
Blanquefort (blonk'fört), m. [F. Blanquefort,
a town in Gironde, France.] A red wine grown
in the department of Gironde in France.
blanquette (bloß-ket’), m. [F., dim. of blanc,
white. Cf. blanket.] 1. In cookery, a white
fricassee; also, a minced dish, as of cold veal.
—2. A kind of crude soda, obtained at Aigues-
Mortes, in France, by the incineration of Sal-
sola Tragus and S. Kali.-3. A kind of white
sparkling wine made in southern France, often
called blanquette de Limowa.—4. A large va-
riety of pear. Also written blanket.
blanquil (blång-kël’), m. Same as blanquillo.
blanquillo (blång-ké’ lyö), m. [Sp., a small
coin, K blanquillo, whitish, dim. of blanco, white:
see blamk, a.] 1. A small copper coin equiva-
lent to about 6 centimes, or a little over 1 cent,
current in Morocco and on the Barbary coast.
Also blankillo.— 2. A name of a fish of the
Blanquillo (Cazzlolazzlies mezcrops).
genus Caulolatilus and family Latilidae, such
as C. chrysops, C. microps, or C. princeps. C. mi.
crops is of moderately elongate form, and has 7 dorsal
spines and 25 rays, is of a reddish color marked with yellow,
and has a yellow band below the eyes and a dark axillary
plotch. It inhabits the Caribbean sea and the Southern
coasts of Florida, and is esteemed for the table. C. prin-
ceps is a closely related species, olivaceous with bluish re-
fléctions, occurring along the southern Californian coast,
where it is known as blanquillo and whitefish.
Blaps (blaps), m. [NL.] A genus of beetles,
generally referred to the family Tenebrionidae,
but by some taken as the type of a family
Blapsidae. Blaps mortisaga is a common European spe-
cies, called churchyard beetle in
Great Britain ; B. mucromata is
found in kitchens and cellars; B.
sulcata is dressed with butter and
eaten by Egyptian women to make
them grow fat. * - sº
Blapsidae (blap'si-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Blays -H -idae.] A
family of atracheliate hete-
romerous beetles, generally
merged in Tenebrionidae,
comprising nocturnal black-
beetles of moderate size, the
wings of which are gener-
ally obsolete and the elytra fused together.
They frequent damp places, and when seized discharge in
self-defense a liquid of a peculiar and penetrating Odor.
blarel (blår), v.; pret. blared, pp.r. blaring. [Sc.
also blair, early mod. E. blear (Sc. bleir); K late
ME. bleren, earlier bloren (see blore1), and prob.
“blaren, cry, weep, = MD. blaren, blaeren, low,
bleat, - MiG. blarren, LG. blarren, blaren =
Churchyard
Beetle
(Blažs 2ntort 2 saga),
about natural size.
578
MHG. blåren, blerren, cry aloud, bleat, G. blar-
ren, blårren, plárren, roar, below, bleat, blare;
prob. an imitative word.] ...I. intrans. 1. To
roar; bellow; cry; low. [Now chiefly prov.
Eng.]—2. To give forth a loud sound like a
trumpet; give out a brazen sound; bellow.
Warble, O bugle, and trumpet blare.
Tennyson, Welcome to Alexandra.
II. trans. To sound loudly; proclaim noisily.
And such a tongue
To blare its own interpretation.
× - Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
blarel (blår), n. [K blarel, v.] 1. A roaring;
loud or bellowing noise.
Whitman . . . sang the blare and brawn that he found
in the streets. Stedman, Poets of America, p. 355.
2. Sound like that of a trumpet.
And his ears are stunned with the thunder's blare.
J. R. Drake, Culprit Fay.
With blare of bugle, clamor of men,
Roll of cannon and clash of arms.
Tennyson, Duke of Wellington.
3. The bleat of a sheep, the bellowing of a
calf, or the weeping of a child. [Prov. Eng.]
blare? (blår), m. [Origin unknown.] Nawt., a
paste of hair and tar used for calking the seams
of boats.
blareš (blår), n. [Swiss.] A petty copper
coin, of about the value of 2 cents, struck at
Bern, Switzerland.
Blarina (bla-ri'nā), n. [NL.; a coined name.]
genus of American shrews, with 32
or 30 colored teeth, concealed ears, and short
tail. It is the short-tailed mole-shrew of North America,
of which there are several species, of two subgenera, Bla-
rina proper, with 32 teeth, and Soriciscus, with 30 teeth.
The best-known is B. brevicauda, the common mole-
shrew of the United States, one of the largest of the fam-
ily Soricidae. e
blarney (blår’ni), n. [Popularly referred to
Castle Blarney, near Cork in Ireland, in the
wall of which is a stone (the “Blarney stone”)
said to endow those who kiss it with unusual
facility and unscrupulousness in the use of flat-
tery and compliment.] Exceedingly compli-
mentary language; flattery; smooth, wheedling
talk; pleasing cajolery.
The blarney's so great a deceiver. S. Lover.
Madame de Staël was regretting to Lord Castlereagh
that there was no word in the English language which
answered to their “Sentiment.” “No,” he said, “there
is no English word, but the Irish have one that corre-
sponds exactly,–blarney !” Caroline Foz, Journal, p. 121.
blarney (blår’ni), v. t. [K blarney, m.] To talk
over or beguile by wheedling speeches; flatter;
humbug with agreeable talk.
The General has yet to learn that my father's country-
men (I have ever felt proud of my descent from an Irish-
man), though they sometimes do blarney others, are yet
hard to be blarneyed themselves.
J. Buchamam, in Curtis, II. 63.
blast
[Invented by Van Helmont (1577–
fö44). Cf. gas.] A subtle kind of matter sup-
posed by Van Helmont, a Dutch mystic philos-
opher, to be radiated from the stars and to
produce effects opposite to those of heat.
blasé (bla-Zā’), a. [F., pp. of blaser, cloy, satiate,
blunt, of uncertain origin..] Exhausted by en-
joyment, especially by sensuous pleasures;
having the healthy energies exhausted; Weary
and disgusted with life.
blash (blash), v. t. [An imitative word, assimi-
lated to plash, Splash, dash, flash, etc.] 1. To
dash or splash with a quantity of liquid; drench.
—2. To pourin suddenly and in great quantity.
[Scotch and North, Eng.]
blash (blash), n., [K bla
plash, as of rain falling in sheets.
A smaw storm came down frae the mountains, . . . noo
a whirl, and noo a blash. J. Wilson, Noctes Ambros.
2. A quantity of thin, watéry stuff, especially
an excessive quantity: as, a blash of tea.—8. A
broad blaze or flare. -
[Prov. Eng. and Scotch..]
Blash-boggart, a goblin who appears and disappears in
a flash. See boggardl. [Scotch.]
blashy (blash'i), a. [K blash + y!..] 1. Char-
acterized by sudden drenching showers; delug-
7%.
[K blash, v.] 1. A dash or
blasphemy
ing; wet: as, blashy weather; blashy walking.
—2. Thin; weak; watery; of poor quality: ap-
plied to food or drink. -
[Prov. Eng. and Scotch..]
blasphematoryt (blås-fé'må-tó-ri), a.
phene + -atory. . Cf. LL. blasphemator,
hemer.] Blasphemous.
bººie: (blås'föm), a. and n.1 [ME., also
blašfeme, K OF. blasfeme (mod. F. blasphème),
K ML. blasfemus, L.L. blasphemus, K ë. . (3%-
of muoc, evil-speaking, K. 8%ao-, prob, for 8%all-
(cf. 8% pig, damage, injury, harm) (K 3%ttetv,
damage, harm, injure), F ºffilm, speech (= L.
fama, fame), & pával = L. fari, speak.] I. a.
Blasphemous.
II, n. A blasphemer. Wyclif. .
blaspheme: (blås'fém), m.” [ME. blaspheme,
blasfeme, blafeme, K OF. blafeme, blaspheme,
mod. F. blasphème = Pr. blaspheme, K. L.L. blas-
phemia (ML. also blasfemia), K. Gr. 33aopmuía, ,
evil-speaking, K 3%0 p.muog, evil-speaking : See
blaspheme, a. From the same source, through
the vernacular O.F. blasme, comes E. blame, n.,
q. v.] Blasphemy.
In blasfeme of this goddis.
Chaucer, Envoy to Scogan, 1. 15.
blaspheme (blås-fém’), v.; pret, and pp., blas-
phemed, ppr. blaspheming. [K ME. blasfemen,
K OF. blasfemer, mod. F. blasphémer = Pr. Sp.
blasfemar = Pg. blasphemar = OIt. blasfemare
(mod. It. blastemiare, bestemmiare), K L.L. blas-
phemare, K. Gr. 3%aopmueiv, speak evil of, K_3%á-
opmuog, evil-speaking: see blaspheme, a. From
the same verb, through the vernacular OF. blas-
mer, comes E. blame, v., q.v.] I. trans, 1. To
speak impiously or irreverently of (God or sa-
cred things). See blasphemy.
Thou didst blaspheme God and the king. 1 Ki. xxi. 10.
O God, how long shall the adversary reproach? shall the
enemy blaspheme thy name for ever? Ps. lxxiv. 10.
So should thy goodness and thy greatness both
Be question'd and blasphemed without defence.
Milton, P. L., iii. 166.
2. To speak evil of ; utter abuse or calumn
against; speak reproachfully of. -
You do blaspheme the good, in mocking me.
- * Shak., M. for M., i. 5.
II. intrans. 1. To utter blasphemy; use pro-
fame or impious words; talk profanely or dis-
respectfully of God or of sacred things: follow-
ed by against.
He that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath
never forgiveness. * Mark iii. 29.
2}. To rail; utter abusive words. Greene.
Rare.]
bººmer (blås-fé'mér), n. [K ME. blasfe-
mere, K blasfemen, blaspheme.] One who blas-
phemes; one who speaks of God or of religion
in impious and irreverent terms.
Must . . . each blasphemer quite escape the rod,
Because the insult’s not on man but God?
Pope, Epil. to Satires, ii. 195.
blasphemeress (blås-fé’mér-es), m. [K blas-
phemer + -ess.] A female blasphemer. [Rare.]
A diabolical blasphemeresse of God. -
Hall, Hen. VI., an. 9.
blasphemous (blås'fé-mus), a. [KLL. blasphé-
mus (ML. also blasfömus, > ME. blasfeme, blas-
pheming, a blasphemer), K. Gr. 3%apmuog, evil-
speaking: see blaspheme, a.] 1. Uttering, con-
taining, or exhibiting blasphemy; impiously
irreverent toward God or sacred things: as,
“blasphemous publications,” Bp. Porteus, Lec-
tures, I. i.
We have heard him speak blasphemows words against
Moses and against God. - Acts vi. 11.
Mythologies ill understood at first, then perverted into
feeble sensualities, take the place of representations of
Christian subjects, which had become blasphemous under
the treatment of men like the Caracci. Ruskin.
[Formerly accented on the second syllable, as below.
Oh argument blasphemous, false, and proud
Milton, P. L., v. 809.]
2#. Abusive; defamatory; railing.
blasphemously (blås (fé-mus-li), adv.
ously; profanely. -
Terribly curseth and blasphemously sweareth he never
committed any such act. Stow, Queen Mary, an. 1557.
blasphemy, (blås (fº-mi), n, ; pl. blasphemies
(-miz). [X ME, blasfemie = Sp. blasfemia = Pg.
blasphemia = OIt. blasfemia, *LL. blasphemia, K
Gr. 8%aoqºmuła, K9%0 pmuog: see blaspheme, a., blas-
pheme, n.2] 1. In Old Testament usage, an
attempt to diminish the reverence with whic
Jehovah's name was invested as the Soverei
Ring of the Jews, or to turn the hearts of the
people from their complete allegiance to him
[K blas-
8, blas-
Impi-



* . . . -blasphemy
It was a crime answering to treason in our own time, and
was Caref defined and rigorously punished by the Mo-
saic laws. It was of this crime that Jesus was accused,
and for it condemned, because he assumed the divine
character and accepted divine honors.
For a good work we stone thee not, but for blasphemy:
and because that thou, being a man, makest tº: º:
OſłIl X, 33.
Hence—2. Any impious or profane speaking
of God or of sacred things; reproachful, con-
temptuous, or irreverent words uttered impi-
ously against God or religion.
Blasphemy is an injury offered to God, by denying that
which is due and belonging to him, or attributing to him
that which is not agreeable to his nature. Linwood.
Blasphemy cognizable by common, law is described by
Blackstone to be “denying the being or providence of
God, contumelious reproaches of our Saviour Christ, pro-
fane scoffing at the Holy Scripture, or exposing it to con-
tempt or ridicule”; by Kent, as “maliciously reviling
God or religion”; and by Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw as
“speaking evil of the Deity with an impious purpose to
derogate from the Divine Majesty, and to alienate the
minds of others from the love and reverence of God.”
Elasphemy is punished as a crime or a misdemeanor by
the laws of many nations. In the Roman Catholic Church,
language irreverent toward the Virgin Mary and the
saints is also held to be blasphemy. -
3. Evil *: or abusive language against
anything held sacred: as, “blasphemy against
learning,” Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i.
(Latham).-4. An indecent or scurrilous ut-
terance, as distinguished from fair and respect-
ful discussion; grossly irreverent or outrage-
ous language.
That in the captain's but a choleric word,
Which in the soldier is flat blasphemy.
Shak., M. for M., ii. 2.
5+. A blasphemer; a blasphemous person.
[Rare.]
Now, blasphemy,
That swear'st grace o'erboard, not an oath on shore.
Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
=Syn. Blasphemy, Profanity, agree in expressing the ir-
reverent use of words, but the former is the stronger, and
the latter the wider. Profanity is language irreverent to-
ward God or holy things, covering especially all oaths that,
literally interpreted, treat lightly the attributes or acts of
God. Blasphemy is generally more direct, intentional, and
defiant in its impiety, and is directed toward the most sa-
cred things in religion.
And he [the dragon] opened his mouth in blasphemy
against God, to blaspheme his name, and his tabernacle,
and them that dwell in heaven. Rev. xiii. 6.
If indecency and profanity, inspired by “potations pot-
tle-deep,” were heard anywhere with peculiar emphasis
and shameless vociferation, it was at the board of Eng-
land's prime minister [Sir Robert Walpole].
ºr Whipple, H. Fielding.
blast (blåst), n. IK ME. blast, blest, KAS. blåst
HG. blåst, MHG. G. blast=Icel, blåstr=Sw.
blåst = Dan. blast), a gust of wind, a blºg
K*blāsan (= D. blazen = MLG. blasen = OHG.
blåsan, MHG. blåsen, G. blasen = Icel. blåsa =
Sw. blåsa = Dan. blase= Goth. blésan (in comp.),
blow, breathe, X E. blaze?, q.v.), akin to blå-
wan, blow; see blowl, v. Perhaps ult, connect-
ed with AS. blast, a flame, blase, a flame, X E.
blazel, q.v.] 1. A blowing; a gust or puff of
wind; especially, a strong and sudden gust.
Rede that boweth downe at every blast.
Chawcer, Troilus, ii.
Blasts that blow the poplar white.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, lxxii.
2. A forcible stream of air from the mouth,
from bellows, or the like.
At the blast of his mouth were the rest of the creatures
made, and at his bare word they started out of nothing.
* * Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 36.
Hence—3. A jet of exhaust-steam thrown into
a smoke-stack to assist the draft.—4. In metal.,
the air forced into a furnace for the purpose of
accelerating combustion. A furnace is said to be in
blast when it is in operation, owt of blast when stopped,
either temporarily or permanently. º º
5. The sound made by blowing a wind-instru-
ment, as a horn or trumpet; strictly, the Sound
579
As in all gardeins, some flowers, some weedes, and as in
al tree8, some blossoms, some blasts. -
Lyly, Euphues, Anat, of Wit, p. 196.
9. The charge of gunpowder or other explosive blastaeid (blas-té'id),
used at one firing in blasting operations.—
10. The explosion of inflammable air in a
mine.—11. A flatulent disease in sheep.–12.
A smoke of tobacco. [Scotch..]—At one blast, at
once.—For a blastt, for once.—Hotblast, air raised to a
high temperature and forced into a blast furnace in smelt-
ing, and especially in the manufacture of pig-iron. The
plan of heating the blast originated with Mr. James Beau-
mont Neilson of Glasgow, and a patent was issued to him
in 1828. The introduction of the hot blast has had an im-
portant influence on the development of the iron busi-
ness, since by this method the amount of fuel required is
considerably lessened.—In full blast, in full operation:
referring to a blast-furnace when worked to its fullest ex-
tent or capacity.
The business of the day was in full blast.
C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 155.
=Syn. Gust, etc. See wind, m.
blast (blåst), v. [K ME. blasten, blow, breathe
hard; trans., blow, as a trumpet; K blast, a blow-
ing: see blast, n.] I. intrans. 1. To blow; puff;
º hard; pant. [Scotch and Middle Eng-
Dragouns . . .
That grisely whistleden and blasten
And of her mouthe fyre outcasten.
King Alisaunder, l. 5348.
To puffen and to blaste.
Chaucer, House of Fame, l. 1866.
2. To smoke tobacco. [Scotch..]—3. To boast;
brag; speak ostentatiously. Scott. [Scotch..]—
4. To wither; be blighted.
Blasting in the bud,
Losing his verdure, even in the prime.
hak, T. G. of V., i. 1.
5. To burst as by an explosion; blow up.
This project
Should have a back, or second, that might hold,
If this should blast in proof. Shak., Hamlet, iv. 7.
II. trans. 1+. To blow forth or abroad;
hence, to utter loudly; proclaim.—2. To break
or tear to pieces (rocks or similar materials) by
the agency of gunpowder or other explosive.
In the ordinary operations of mining the rocks are at-
tacked, or broken into fragments of manageable size, by
blasting.
He spoke ; and, high above, I heard them blast
The steep slate-quarry. Tennyson, Golden Year.
3. To confound or stun by a loud blast or din;
split; burst. [Rare.]
Trumpeters,
With brazen din blast you the city's ear.
Shak., A. and C., iv. 8.
I have seen you stand
As you were blasted 'midst of all your mirth.
Beau. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, iii. 2.
4. To blow or breathe on so as to injure, as
a sudden gust or destructive wind; cause to
fade, shrivel, or wither; check the growth of
and prevent from coming to maturity and pro-
ducing fruit; blight, as trees or plants.
Seven thin ears, and blasted with the east wind.
- Gen. xli. 6.
Say . . . why
Upon this blasted heath you stop our way?
Shak., Macbeth, i. 3.
Since this I live to see,
Some bitter north wind blast my flocks and me !
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, iii. 1.
5. To blight or cause to come to nothing, as by
some pernicious influence; bring destruction,
calamity, or infamy upon; ruin: as, to blast
pride, hopes, reputation, happiness.
With Hecate's ban thrice blasted. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
The prosecutor urged that this might blast her reputa-
tion, and that it was in effect a boasting of favours which blast-hearth
he had never received. Addison, Cases of False Delicacy.
He shows himself . . . malicious if he knows I deserve
credit and yet goes about to blast it. Stillingfleet.
6. To curse; strike with the wrath of heaven.
His name be ever blasted 1
For his accursed shadow has betray'd
Blastasidae (blas-té’i-dé), m. pl.
blast-box (blåst’boks), m.
blasted (blåsted), p. a.
blastematic (blas-te-mat'ik), a.
blastemic (blas-tem'ik), a. [K blastema + -ic.]
blast-engine (blåst’en’jin), n.
blaster (blåstér), n.
Blasteroidea (blas-te-roiſ dé-á), m. pl.
blastful (blåst’fül), a.
+of blasts; exposed to blasts; windy.
blast-furnace (blåst/fér"näs), m.
blast-gate (blåst'gāt), n.
blast-hole (blåst’hôl), m.
blasting -
tent animals, as the Norwegian flimmer-ball,
which permanently resemble a blastula or pla-
ula. -
n. One of the hypotheti-
!. [NL., K. blas-
taca -H -idae.] A hypothetical group of animals
having permanently the form of a blastula,
planula, or vesicular morula. Less correctly
written Blastaeadac.
cal Blastocidae.
A chamber into
or through which the air of a blowing-engine
passes.
These bearers may connect at their front ends in any
desired manner with the blast-pipe, and at their rear ends
with a blast-boat. Ure, Dict., IV. 458.
1. Confounded; exe-
crable; detestable: used as a milder form of
imprecation than damned.
Some of her own blasted gypsies.
Scott, Guy Mannering, II. 13.
2. In her., deprived of leaves: said of a tree
or a branch.
blastelasma º pl. blastelas-
mata (-ma-tá). [NL., K. Gr. 3%aotóg, a germ (see
blastus), H- #2 agua, a (metal) plate, K #20 invetv
(ś%a-), drive, strike, beat out..] In embryol., a
secondary germ-layer; a germ-layer, as the
mesoderm, appearing, if at all, after the for-
mation of the two primary layers called en-
doderm and ectoderm, or blastophylla.
blastema (blas-té’mâ), m.; pl. blastemata (-ma-
tà). [NL., K. Gr. 8%athua, a shoot, sprout,
K 3%aateiv, 3%aatávezv, sprout, bud, shoot.] 1.
In bot. : (a) Originally, the axis of an embryo,
consisting of the radicle and the growing-
point at its summit. (b) In later use, the ini-
tial point of growth from which any organ or
part of an organ is developed. (c) Sometimes,
the thallus of cryptogamous plants.—2. In
anat. and phys., the bioplasm or protoplasm of
a germinating ovum; the substance of the
blastomeres, blastoderm, etc.; granular forma-
tive material. [The term is now being super-
seded by more special names of substances
and stages of germination.]
blastemal (blas-té'mal), a. [K blastema + -al.]
Of or pertaining to blastema; rudimentary: as,
blastemal formations.
Blastemic.
Pertaining to blastema; consisting of blas-
tema; bioplasmic ; bioplastic.
1. A ventilat-
ing-machine used, especially on shipboard, to
draw off foul air.—2. A machine for producing
a blast by compressing air for use in urging
the fire of a furnace.
One who or that which
blasts, in any sense of the verb.
I am no blaster of a lady's beauty,
Nor bold intruder on her special favours.
Fletcher, Rule a Wife, i. I.
[NL.]
[K blast + -ful..] Full
Same as Blastoidea.
A furnace,
usually vertical, or a so-called shaft-furnace,
in which ores are smelted by the aid of a blast
of air. See furnace.
The valved nozle or
stop-cock of a blast-pipe. -
(blåst'hārth), m. The Scotch ore-
hearth for reducing lead ores.
1. In mining, the
hole through which water enters the bottom or
wind-bore of a pump.–2. The hole into which
a cartridge is inserted in blasting.
blasti, n. Plural of blastus.
blastide (blas’ tid or -tid), m. [K Gr. 3%acTóg,
The sweetness of all youth.
produced by one breath.
One blast upon his bugle-horn
Were worth a thousand men.
Scott, L. of the L., vi. 18.
6. Any sudden, pernicious, or destructive in-
of anything pestilential; a blight.
Blasts and fogs upon thee! Shak., Lear, i. 4.
Of no distemper, of no blast he died,
But fell like autumn fruit that mellowed long.
Dryden, CEdipus,
Hence—7. Any withering or destructive in-
fluence; a curse.
By the blast of God they perish. Job iv. 9.
8. The product of a blast or blight; a bud which blastaead (blas-té'ad), m.
never blossoms.
iv. 1 blastaºa (blas-tê'â), m.
Fletcher, Double Marriage, v. 2.
Calling on their Maker to curse them, . . . blast them,
and damn them. Macawlay, Hist. Eng., iii.
º ... [NL.,
r. (3%aoTóg, a germ (see blastus), + aktuvaytóg,
furnished with rays: see actinote.] A class of
radiate animals: same as Blastoidea. Bronn,
1860. .
[NL., K. Gr. 33aoróg, a
germ: see blastus.] The hypothetical parent
form of the Blastasidae. º
We call this the Planaea or Blastoea.
Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), II. 61.
[K blastawa -- -adl.]
1. Same as blasta'id.—2. One of certain exis-
blastº, -blast. See blºstº-
fluence upon animals or plants; the infection Blºº (blas-tak-ti-nó’tā), m. pl.
blastie (blåsti), m.
a germ, -H -ide?..] In biol., a minute clear
space on the segments of the fecundated ovum
of an organism, which is the primary indica-
tion of the cytoblast or nucleus.
[K blast + dim. -ie.] A
blasted or shriveled dwarf; a wicked or trouble-
some creature. Burns. [Scotch..]
blasting º , n. [KME. blastymge; verbal
n. of blast, v.] A blast; destruction by a
pernicious cause; blight.
I have smitten you with blasting and mildew.
Amos iv. 9.
2. The operation of splitting rocks by gun-
powder or other explosive.--Blasting-compounds,
substances used in blasting. The more important aré

blasting
guncotton, blasting-gelatin, blasting-powder, dualin, dyna-
mite, gunpowder, haloxylin, and lithofracteur. See these
words.
blasting (blåsting), p. a. [Ppr. of blast, v.]
Affecting with injury or blight; destructive.
A blasting and a Scandalous breath.
Shak., M. for M., v. 1.
blasting-cartridge (blåsting-kär"trij), n. A
cartridge containing a substance to be used in
blasting. Such cartridges are made with various de-
vices to prevent premature explosion, and are commonly
exploded by means of electricity.
blasting-fuse (blåsting-füz), n. A fuse con-
sisting of a cord the axis of which has been
filled with fine powder during the manufacture.
This burns slowly and gives the workmen time
to get to a safe distance before the explosion.
blasting-gelatin (blås ‘ting-jel” a-tin), n. A
blasting-compound consisting of nitroglycerin
in which a sufficient amount of guncotton has
been dissolved to form a jelly. Also called
mitrogelatim and explosive gelatin.
blasting-needle (blåsting-nē/dl), n. A slen-
er, tapering rod which is inserted into the
charge of powder in a blast-hole, around which
the tamping is rammed. Its object is to preserve a
channel through which the match may reach the powder
or other explosive. The needle is often replaced by a
slender iron tube. The blasting-needle is also called, in
Iºngland, a stemmey.
blasting-oil (blås’ting-oil), m.
glycerin.
blasting-tube (blåsting-tūb), m. India-rubber
tubing employed to hold a charge of nitro-
lycerin.
blast-lamp (blåst’lamp), m. A lamp in which
combustion is assisted by an artificially pro-
duced draft of air.
blastmentt (blåst’ment), m. [K blast, v., +
-ment.] Blast; a sudden stroke of some de-
structive cause.
In the morn and liquid dew of youth
Contagious blastmvents are most imminent.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 3.
blast-meter (blåst’mé"tër), n. An anemome-
ter placed at the nozle of a blowing-engine.
blast-nozle, blast-orifice (blåst' noz"l, -or’i-
fis), n. The fixed or variable orifice in the
delivery end of a blast-pipe.
Same as mitro-
blasto-, [K Gr, 8%agróc, a germ, sprout, shoot: blastoid (blastoid), a. and n. [See Blastoidea.] blastosty
see blastus.] An element in technical terms
meaning germ: written before a vowel blast-,
also terminally -blast.
blastocarpous (blas-tó-kār'pus), a. [K Gr. 3%a-
otóg, a germ, sprout, shoot, sucker, equiv. to
£3%áo Tmua (see blastema), + Raptrög, fruit.]
bot., germinating inside the pericarp: applied
to certain fruits, such as the mangrove.
blastocheme (blas’tó-kém), m. [K Gr. 3%aotóg,
germ, + oxy", a, vehicle, K Öysiv, carry, hold,
sustain, freq. of éxetv, hold, have..] In 200l.,
one of the special generative buds of the Me-
dusae; a medusiform planoblast which gives
origin to the generative elements, not directly,
but through the medium of special sexual buds
which are developed from it. Allman.
blastocoele (blas’tó-sél), m. [K Gr. 3%aotóg, a
germ, + Koizog, hollow.] In cmbryol., the cavity
A, the blastula stage in the development of the frog's egg,
bisected vertically. B, the frog's egg at the close of segmenta-
tion, bisected vertically. , a, a, segmentation cavity or blastocoele,
(From Marshall's “Vertebrate Embryology.'')
of a vesicular morula; the hollow interior of
a blastula or blastosphere. See gastrulation.
Also blastocablom, blastocaloma.
The ovum, after impregnation, becomes a morula, with
a central cleavage-cavity, or blastocoele.
IIwazley, Amat. Invert., p. 106.
blastocoelic (blas-tº-sé'lik), a. [K blastocoele +
-ic.] In embryol., pertaining to a blastocoele;
contained in a blastocoele: as, a blastocalic fluid.
blastocoelom, blastocoeloma (blas-tó-sé'lom,
blas” tº -sé-ló ‘mā), m. [NL. blastocaloma, as
blastocoele + -oma.] Same as blastocable.
blastocolla (blas-tº-kol 'fi), n. [NL., K. Gr.
3%aoróſ, a germ, -- kó%a, glue.] The balsam
covering the leaf-buds of some plants, as of
Populus balsamifera.
blastoderm (blastī-dèrm), n.
blastodermal (blas-tº-dèr'mal), a.
blastodermata, m.
blastodermatic (blas’tó-dèr-mat'ik), a. [Kblas-
blastodermic (blas-tº-dèr’mik), a.
$º
blastophore (blas’tó-fôr), n.
580
(blas’tó-sist), n.
blastocyst IK Gr. 33aoróg, a
germ, H- Küotic, bladder º The germinal
vesicle, N. E. D. See blastoderm.
* IK Gr. 33aoróg,
a germ, + déppia, skin: see derm.] In embryol.,
the primitive membrane or layer of cells re-
Sulting from the subdivision of the germ (the
Segmentation of the Vitellus or yolk). It is further
differentiated in all Metazoa into at least two membranes
or cell-layers, an inner and an outer, the endoderm and
the ectoderm; and still further modified in most Metazoa,
by the production of a third layer, the mesoderm, between
the other two. The outer layer is also called epiblast; the
inner, hypoblast ; the middle, mesoblast. See extract un-
der Metazoa, and cut under cyathozoöid.
blastoderma (blas-tó-dèr’mâ), m.; pl. blastoder-
mata (-ma-tä). [NL.] Same as blastoderm.
[K blasto-
derm + -al.] Same as blastodermic. -
Plural of blastoderma.
toderma(t-) + -ic.] Same as blastodermic.
[K blasto-
derm-H -ic.] Of or pertaining to the blastoderm.
Also blastodermal, blastodermatic.—Blastodermic
disk, in embryol., the germ-disk of an impregnated mero-
blastic egg which has undergone segmentation of the vitel-
lus; a flattened morula capping a portion of the food-yolk.
—Blastodermic membrane, the blastoderm.—Blasto-
dermic vesicle, the vesicular blastoderm in mammalian
embryos. * * * * *
blastodisc (blas’ tº-disk), n. IK Gr. 3%aotóg, a
germ, -- Ötokoç, a disk: see disk.] An aggrega-
tion of formative protoplasm at one pole of the
fertilized ovum.
The fertilised ovum . . . consists of a . . . yolk, at
one pole of which is a mass of protoplasm forming the
blastodisc.
J. T. Cwmmişgham, Microscopical Science, No. ci. 5.
blastogenesis (blas-tū-jen” e-sis), n. ... [K Gr.
8%agrác, a germ, -H Yéveog, generation.] In biol.,
reproduction by gemmation or budding.
blastogeny (blas-toj'e-mi), n. [K Gr. 3/aotóg, a
germ, + -yéveta, generation: see -geny..] The
germ-history of an individual living organism;
the history of the evolution of a body as a
whole, as distinguished from histogeny and or-
ganogeny, which relate to the special germ-his-
tory of the tissues and Organs. It is a term used
by Haeckel for one of the subdivisions of morphogeny, it-
self a division of ontogeny.
I. a. Having the characters of or pertaining
to the Blastoidea: as, a blastoid crinoid.
n. An echinoderm of the group Blas-
toidea.
Blastoidea (blas-toi"dē-ă), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
3%aotóg, a germ, + eiðog, form.] A group of
fossil pelmatozoan echinoderms without arms,
with ambulacra fringed on each side by pointed
º in close, relation with side-plates,
which rest on or against a subambulacral lah-
cet-plate pierced by a canal which lodges a
water-vessel, and with hydrospires arranged in
10 or 8 groups limited to the radial and inter-
radial plates. The group was (a) §. proposed
by Say in 1820 as a family; (b) accepted by Leuckart in 1848
as an order; (c) by Roemer in 1852 as a suborder; (d) by
Brown in 1860 as a class; (e) by others as a subclass; and
(f) modified by Etheridge and Carpenter in 1886 as a
class divided into two orders, Regulares and Irregulares.
The species range from the Upper Silurian to the Car-
boniferous. Also Blasteroidea.
[K Gr. 3% coróg,
blastomere (blas’tó-měr), n.
a germ, + piépog, a part.] In embryol., a gen-
eral term applied to any one of the cells pro-
duced by the early cleavage of the egg.
The blastomeres of the yelk.
EIwazley, Anat. Inv., p. 16 (Introd.).
blastomeric (blas-tū-mer'ik), a. [K blastomere
+ -ic.] Pertaining to or of the nature of a
blastomere; characterized by segmentation of
the yolk or vitellus.
blastoneuropore (blas-tó-mü’rö-pôr), m. [K
blasto (pore) + meuropore.] A transient ori-
• fice in the embryo of some animals, resulting
from the fusion of a neuropore with the blasto-
See neuropore.
[K Gr. 3%aotóg, a
germ, -H -$6pog, -bearing, K pépetv = E. bearl.]
The passive §. of a sperm-cell or spermo-
Spore which does not give rise to spermatozoa.
blastophyllum (blas-tº-fil’um), n. ; pl. blasto-
phylld (#). [NL., K. Gr. 33agróc, a germ, --
Žižov– f. folium, a leaf.] In embryol, either
one of the two primary germ-layers of a gas-
. of the Metazoa, an endoderm or an ecto-
01 Iſl.
blastophyly (blas-tofi-li), n. [K Gr. 33aoróg,
a germ, -F ºväff, tribe.] The tribal history of
}. or of individual living organisms.
0.60/€6/, w
#Size.
mere; of the other, from a micromere.
- blastus.
Blastopolypidae (blas "tº-pê-lip’i-dé), m. pl.
NL., %. Cºf
Trožūtrovg, ; + -idae.] A family of Hydro-
polypinae, forming colonies of zoöids, which at-
tain different shapes, adapting themselves to
different parts of the work that has to be per-
formed by the whole. There are always alimentary
zoöids or trophosomes and generative zoöids or polypo-
styles in one colony. The alimentary zoöids never mature
the genital products, this duty devolving exclusively on
the polypostyles.
blastoporal (blas-tº-pô'rgl), a. [K blastopore
+ -al.] Of or pertaining to a blastopore; blas-
toporic.
blastopore (blas’tó-pôr), m. [K Gr. 33aotóg,
germ,"-H trópog, passage, pore.] In embryol.,
the aperture of invagination of a blastula or
vesicular morula, which has become a gastrula;
, the orifice of an archenteron; the primitive
combined mouth and anus of a gastraea-form;
an archaeostoma. See cut under gastrulation.
As this infolding, or invagination of the blastoderm,
goes on; the pouch thus produced increases, while its ex-
ternal opening, termed the blastopore, . . . diminishes in
Huacley, Crayfish, p. 209.
blastoporic (blas-tū-por’ik), a. [K blastopore
–ic..] Pertaining to a blastopore: as, a blas-
toporic area. A. Hyatt,
blast-orifice, n. See blast-mozle.
blastosphaera (blas-tó-sfé ‘rā), ºn. ; pl. blasto-
sphaerae (-ré). [NL.] Same as blastosphere.
blastosphere (blas’tó-sfér), n. IK NL. blasto-
sphaera, K. Gr. 3%aotóg, germ, + opaipa, sphere.]
n embryol. : (a) A hollow sphere (vesicular
morula) composed of a single layer of blasto-
meres or derivative cells, inclosing a central
cavity or blastocoele. The blastomeres of one hemi-
sphere of the vesicle may have proceeded from the macro-
See these words.
The blastomeres arrange themselves into a hollow
sphere, the blastosphere. Hwa'ley, Amat. Invert., p. 415.
(b) By Haeckel restricted to the germ-vesicle,
vesicular embryo, or blastodermic vesicle of
the Mammalia, which follows after gastrula-
tion, and is called by him a gastrocystis, or in-
testinal germ-vesicle. Also called blastula.
blastospheric (blas-tū-sfer’ik), a. [K blasto-
sphere + -ic.] Pertaining to a blastosphere:
as, blastospheric cells.
ar (blas-tó-sti’lār), a. [K blastostyle
+ -ar.] Pertaining to a blastostyle.
blastostyle (blas’tö-stil), n. IK Gr. 33aoróg, a
germ, -H grü%og, a pillar: see style?..] In 206l.,
a columniform zoöid destined to give origin to
generative buds; a long simple zoöid, without
mouth ortentacles. Also called gonoblastidium.
In some blastostyles, during the development of the
buds of the gonophores, the ectoderm splits into two
layers. . . . Into the interspace between these two, the
budding gonophores project, and may emerge from the
summit of the gonangium thus formed.
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 119.
blast-pipe (blåst'pip), n. The exhaust-pipe of
a steam-engine. In locomotives and in some station-
ary steam-engines it is directed into the Smoke-stack,
with the effect of inducing a strong draft.
'blast-recorder (blåst’ré-kör"dēr), n. A con-
trivance for recording automatically the time
during which a hot-blast stove is in blast or
out of blast. It is operated by clockwork, and is de-
signed to give an uninterrupted record of the work and
rest of a number of stoves for a week.
blast-regulator (blåst 'reg "il-lā-tor), n. In
milling, a governor for controlling the blast of
a grain-separator.
blastula (blas’ti-lâ), m.; pl. blastulae (-lé).
[NL., dim. of Gr. 8%aoré, a germ: see blas-
tus.] In embryol.: (a) Am embryo of one of the
Metazoa, in the stage in which it consists of
a sac formed of a single layer of cells. (b) In
Haeckel’s vocabulary of embryology, same as
blastosphere, (b).
blastulapore (blas’tli-la-pôr), m. [Prop. “blas-
tulopore, KNL. blastula, q.v., + L. porus, pore.]
The pore or orifice of a blastula.
blastulation (blas-til-lä'shon), n. [K blastula +
-ation.] In embryol., the process by which a
germ becomes a blastula; the conversion of a
germ into a blastula. See blastula. . In most ani-
mals it precedes the process of gastrulation (which see),
and consists in the conversion of a solid mulberry-mass of
cleavage-cells (morula proper) into a hollow sphere or
blastosphere (vesicular morula). In case it follows gas-
trulation, as in a mammal, it consists in the conversion of
what is called a kimogenetic metagastrula (which see) into
a physiologically similar but morphologically different
hollow ball, commonly known as the blastodernmic vesicle.
blastus (blas’tus), m.; pl. blasti (-ti). [NL., K
Gr. 3%aoróg, a germ, bud, sprout, shoot, K 3%a-
orávelv (3%aot-), bud, sprout, grow, pºp. Of
plants, but also of animals.] In bot, the
plumule of grasses.

* * *- : * *- : *... . "
• *, ºf : '.…..:
“. . .” - R - , , ,
blastyºsº,
blateration (blat-e-rá'shgn), n.
blasty -
a. [K blast + -y1.] 1. Stormy;
ty; as, a blasty day. ſº. Eng. an
cotch..]–2. Causing a blast or blight upon
#ºn: as, “a blasty noon,” Boyle, Works,
154,
blatancy (blåſtan-si), n. IK blatant: see-ancy.]
Blatant quality. -
blatant (blå"tânt), a. [Also written blattant;
one of Spenser's words, in blatant beast, per-
haps a mere alliterative invention; otherwise
intended for “blatand, Sc. blaitand, archaic
ppr. of blateº, var. of bleat.] ; bawl-
ing; noisy; loud-talking or loud-sounding.
Glory, that blatant word, which haunts some military
minds like the bray of the trumpet. Irving.
Blatant (or blattant) beast, calumny; scandal: sym-
bolized by Spenser as a dreadful fiend, with a thousand
$º, ºten of Cerberus and Chimaera. Spenser,
The Isle of Dogges where the blatant beast doth rule
and raigne. Retwrn from Parnassus (1606), v. 4.
blatantly (blå"tant-li), adv. In a blatant man-
IlòI’.
blatchi, n. [KME. blacche, appar. KAS. *blacce
(not found), K blac, black: see black, and cf.
bletch..] Blacking.
blatcht, v. t...[KME. “blacchen, blacchen; from
the noun. Cf. black, v., and bletch, v. Not con-
nected with blotch, q.v.] To smear with black-
ing; black.
No man can like to be smutted and blatched in his face.
Harmar, tr. of Beza's Sermons, p. 195.
blatel (blåt), a. [Formerly also written blait,
bleat; appar. K ME. (Sc.) blate, K AS. blåt,
pale, ghastly; cf. OHG. bleizza, lividness.]
1+. Pale; ghastly.—2#. Dull; spiritless; stu-
pid.—3+. Blunt; curt.—4. Bashful; diffident.
[North. Eng. and Scotch.]
The youngster's artless heart o'erflows wi' joy,
But blate and laithfu'. scarce can weel behave.
Burns, Cottar's Saturday Night.
Says Lord Mark Car, “Ye are na blate
To bring us the news o' your ain defeat—
Get out o' my sight this morning.”
Jacobite Ballad, Johnnie Cope.
blate? (blåt), a. [Also written blait; appar.
KME. blete, naked, bare, KAS. bled t, miserable
(naked?), = OFries. blåt, NFries. bleat, naked,
miserable, = MD, blót, D. bloot, naked, bare, =
MLG. blót, naked, bare, miserable, mere,
OHG. MEIG, bló2, G. bloss, naked, bare, mere.
Cf. blot?..] . Naked; bare. [Scotch.]
blates (blåt), v.; pret. and pp. blated, ppr. blat-
$ng. [Appar., a dial. var. of bleat (formerly
#. as blate). Cf. blatant.] I. intrans. To
abble; prate.
II. trans. To babble or prate about.
He blates to me what has passed between other people
and him. Pepys, Diary (ed. 1879), IV. 46.
blateratef, v. i. [K L. blateratus, pp. of blate-
Tare, babble. Cf. blatter.] To babble.
[K L.L. blate-
zatio(n-), K L. blaterare, babble: see blaterate.]
Senseless babble. [Rare.]
blather (bla pH’ér), v. i. [Sc. also blether, =
Icel. bladhra, talk imarticulately, talk nonsense
(bladhr, nonsense), – G. dial. bladderm, talk non-
sense; partly imitative, and the same as blat-
ter, q.v.] To talk nonsense.
blather (blaq H’ér), n. [Sc. also blether; cf.
Icel, bladhr, nonsense; from the verb.] 1.
Nonsense; foolish talk.-2. A person who
talks nonsense.
blatherskite (blaſph’ér-skit), n. [Also in Sc.
bletherskite, bletherskate; K §lather, blether, +
skate, a term of contempt.] 1. One who talks
nonsense in a blustering way; a blusterer.
Eience—2. good-for-nothing fellow; a
“beat.” [Scotch and Amer.]
blathery (bla pH'e-ri), a. and m. [Sc., K blather
+ -yl.] I. a. Unsubstantial; trashy.
II. m. That which is unsubstantial, trashy,
or deceptive. -
Blattal (blat’ī), m. [L., an insect that shuns the
light, a cockroach, etc.] 1. The typical genus
of the family Blattidae: formerly coextensive
with the family, but now greatly restricted.
Thus, the cockroach or common black-beetle, introduced
from the East into Europe and America, is Blatta (Peri-
planeta) orientalis. See cut under Blattidae.
2. [l. c.] A member of this genus.
blatta? (blat'É), m. [ML.] A purple silk inter-
woven with gold, used in the early middle ages.
Rock, Textile Fabrics.
blatteant (blat'é-an), a. [K blatta? -F -eam.]
ple; of a p e color.
Thlatter (blat’ér), v. i. [= G. dial, blattern,
bladdern, prate; cf. L. blaterare, blacterare, talk
nonsense, blatire, babble (cf. blaterate); cf.
blather, blate&, bleat, blab, blabber, babble, brab-
... •
581
ble, prattle, etc., all more or less imitative..] 1.
To give forth or produce a quick succession of
slight sounds; patter: as, “the rain blattered,”
Jeffrey.—2. †o speak or prate volubly; rail or
rage. [Rare.]
However envy list to blatter
against him.
Spenger, State of Ireland.
blatter (blat’ér), n. [K blat-
ter, v.] 1. ^ºf or clat-
tering noise (as of boards
falling). —2. A volley of
clattering words.
blatterer (blat 'er-er), n.
One who blatters; a noisy
'blustering boaster.
blattering (blat’ér-ing), n.
§. n. of blatter, v.]
enseless blustering.
blatteroon; (blat-e-rón"), n.
L. blatero(n-), a babbler,
K blaterare, babble: see blat-
ter.] A senseless babbler.
I trusted T. P. with a weighty se-
cret, conjuring him that it should
not take air and go abroad, . . .
but it went out of him the very
next day. . . . I hate such blat-
terOOms. Howell, Letters, ii. 75.
Blattidae (blat’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Blatta1 + -idae.] TA
family of cursorial orthop-
terous insects, the cock-
roaches, coextensive with
the division Blattina or sub-
order Cursoria, or even the
order Dictyoptera. They have a
flattened, lengthened, ovate body,
with head retracted into the large
shield-like prothorax; long, fila-
mentous, many-jointed antennae;
long, strong cursorial legs, with
setose tibiae; 5-jointed tarsi, with
an accessory joint or plantula be-
tween the claws; large coriaceous
fore wings which overlap, and
longitudinal folded hind wings,
both sometimes undeveloped in
females. The genera, species, and individuals are numer-
ous, and are found in all parts of the world. Some attain
a very large size in the tropics. They are mostly noc-
turnal, or live in dark places, and most of them are
omnivorous. When numerous they cause much annoy-
ance and injury, as in bakeries, granaries, etc. See also
cut under Insecta.
blattiform (blat’i-fôrm), a. [K L. blatta, a
cockroach, + forma, form.] Having the form
of a blatta, or cockroach.
Blattina (bla-tiºnä), n. pl. DNL., K. Blatta1 +
-ima2..] A #. of cursorial orthopterous in-
sects, including only the family Blattidae: same
as Cursoria, 2.
blattoid (blat’oid), a. [K Blatta1 + -oid.] Per-
taining to or having the characteristics of the
Dlattidae, like a cockroach.
laubok, n. See blauwbok.
blaud (blåd), n. [Sc., also blad, perhaps same
as blade (see bladS and blade); but cf. Gael.
bladh = Ir. bladh, a part.] 1. ‘Ā large piece of
anything; a considerable portion; a flat piece
of anything.—2. A slap; a blow or stroke.
blaufish (blå'fish), n. [K*blaw, prob. same as
Sc. bla, blae, dark, livid (see blae), + fish..] Ac-
cording to Pennant, a name of the blackfish,
Centrolophus pompilus. See cut under Centro-
lophus.
blauncht, a. An obsolete form of blanchl.
blauwbok (blou’bok), n. [D., lit. blue buck,
K blauw (blaauw), = E. blue, -H bok = E. buckl.]
1. The Dutch colonial name of a South African
antelope, Hippotragus (or Ægoceros) leucophaeus,
given on account of its bluish appearance,
caused by the dark hide showing through light
hair. It is related to the oryx, addax, etc., and has
rather large horns curving backward. Also called blue-
buck, blue antelope, and etaac.
2. A small South African antelope with very
short straight horns and heavy hind quarters.
Also spelled blaubok.
blaver, blavert (blå"vèr, -vèrt), n.
forms of blawort. [Scotch.]
Your gloves shall be o' the green clover
Come lockerin’ to your hand,
Well dropper o'er wi' blue blavers,
That grow amang white land.
Gardemer Lad (Anon.).
blaw (blå), v.; pret. blew, pp. blawm, ppr. blaw-
ing. [Sc., = E. blowl.] I. intrans. To blow;
breathe; publish; brag ; boast; magnify in nar-
rative.—To blaw in one's lug, to cajole; flatter a
gºn. Hence, blaw-in-my-lwg, a flatterer; a wheedler.
II, trans. To flatter; coax.
#},N--
of the Cock-
roach (Blatza (Perteza-
Anatom
zzeta) orzezzzazzi's).-Fe-
male, in longitudinal sec-
tion. I-A X, somites of the
body; I-Ir, abdominal so-
mites; A, antenna; A1, po-
sition of heart; M, thoracic
ganglia ; a. mouth ; b, eso-
phagus; c, ingluvies or
crop ; d, proventriculus;
e, pyloric caeca ; f, chylific
ventricle; g, insertion of
Malpighian caeca ; Je, in-
testine; 2, recturn 5 &, Sali-
vary receptacle ; , l, sali-
vary gland ; 26, labrum ;
m, cerebral ganglia; v,
vulva; *, cerci.
Corrupt
blaze
blawort (blå'wért), n. [Sc., also blavert, bla-
ver, q.v., K bla, blae, blue, -- wortl: see blae
and wort1..] 1. The blue corn-flower; the
bluebottle.—2. The round-leafed bell-flower.
Jamieson.
lblay1 (blå), n. [Also written bley; KME. *blaye
*bleye, KAS. blåge = D. blei = G. bleihe, a blay.
A local English name of the bleak.
play?, a. and m. Same as blae.
blayberry, n. Same as blaeberry.
blay-linen, n. Same as blae-linen.
blazel (blåz), n. [Early mod. E. also blase (Sc.
*bleeze, earlier blese); KME. blase, a flame, KAS.
blase, blase, a ſlame, torch, = MLG. L.G. blas =
MHG. blas, a torch (cf. AS. blast, a flame); akin
to blaze.8, q.v., but only remotely, if at all, to
blaze?, q.v. The AS. forms blysa, blysige, a torch,
etc., belong to another root: see blush.] 1+. A
torch; a fire-brand.—2. A flame; a flaming
fire; a conflagration.
To heaven the blaze uprolled. Croly.
What heaps of books and pamphlets now we shall
have a glorious blaze. Hawthorne, Old Manse, I.
3. Figuratively, brilliant sunlight; effulgence;
brilliance: as, the blaze of day.
As thy beautie hath made thee the blaze of Italy, so wil
thy lightnesse make thee the bye word of the worlde.
Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 102.
O, dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon |
Milton, S. A., 1.80.
4. A sudden kindling up or bursting out, as of
fire, passion, etc.; an active or violent display;
wide diffusion.
In his blaze of wrath. Shak., T. and C., iv. 5.
The main blaze of it is past, but a small thing would
make it flame again. Shak., Cor., iv. 3.
5. In the game of poker, a hand (now seldom
or never used) consisting of five court-cards,
ranking between two pairs and three of a kind:
so called in allusion to the blaze of color dis-
played.—In a blaze, on fire; in flames.—Like blazes,
furiously; in or to an excessive degree. [Low.]
The other little ones used to cry like blazes.
The horse was so maddened by the wound, and the
road so steep, that he went like blazes. -
De Quincey, Spanish Nun, p. 24.
The blazes, hell; perdition. Hence, to go to blazes, to
go to perdition, or to the deuce. [Slang.]=Syn. 2. Glare,
etc. See flaine, m.
blazel (blåz), v.; pret. blazed, ppr. blazing.
[Early mod. E. also blase (= Sc. bleeze, blese);
K ME. blasen, blaze; from the noun..] I. in-
trams. 1. To burst into flame; burn with a
bright flame or fervent heat; flame: either
literally or figuratively.
Two red fires in both their faces blazed.
Shak., Lucrece, l. 1353.
Starry lamps and blazing cressets. Jiilton, P. L., i. 728.
2. To send forth a bright light; shine like
flame or fire: as, a blazing diamond.
I lift mine eyes, and all the windows blaze
With forms of saints and holy men who died.
Longfellow, Sonnets on the Divina Commedia, iv.
The cupola blazes with gigantic archangels, stationed
in a ring beneath the supreme figure and face of Christ.
J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 169.
3. To be conspicuous; shine brightly with the
brilliancy of talents, heroic deeds, etc. [Poetic.]
Mighty names
Have blazed upon the world and passed away.
Bryant, Fifty Years.
To blaze away, to fire away; keep on firing (with guns
or artillery); work vigorously or with enthusiasm. See
away, 12.—To blaze out. (a) To throw out flame or
light; shine forth. (b) To go out with a flare. (c) To
break out with passion or excitement; speak or act vio-
lently.—To blaze up, to burst into flame, and hence into
passion, anger, etc. º
II. trams. 1. To set in a blaze. [Rare.]
Take him in and blaze the oak. Hood.
2. To temper (steel) by covering it while hot
with tallow or oil, which is then burned off.—
3. To cause to shine forth ; exhibit vividly.
Fiery eyes blaze forth her wrong.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, l. 219.
So spake the Father; and, unfolding bright
Toward the right hand his glory, on the Son
Blazed forth unclouded deity. Milton, P. L., x. 65.
To blaze outt, to burn out; figuratively, exhaust in a
blaze of passion or excess.
Jſayhew.
blaze” (blåz), v. t. ; pret, and pp. blazed, ppp.
blazing. [K ME. blasen, blow, as a trumpet, K
AS. *bläsan, blow (= M.D. blaesen, D. blazen,
blow, sound a trumpet, = MLG. blasen = OHG.
blåsan, M.H.G. blåsen, G. blasen = Icel. blåsa =
Sw, blåsa = Dan. blºse, blow, H Goth, blåsan,
in comp. ºf blésan, puff up); proo., with forma-
ive -8, from the root *blä of blåwan, blow,
breathe: see blowl, and cf. blast. In the later


blaze
senses confused with blazon, q.v.] 1+. To
blow, as from a trumpet.
With his blake clarioun
He gan to blasen out a soun
As lowde as beloweth Wynde in helle.
Chawcer, House of Fame, l. 1802.
Hence—2. To publish; make well known;
announce in a public manner.
Till we can find a time
To blaze your marriage. Shak., R. and J., iii. 3.
To tell you truth, lady, his conceit was far better than
I have blazed it yet.
Beaw. and Fl., Wit at Several Weapons, ii. 2.
Such musick worthiest were to blaze
The peerless highth of her immortal praise.
Milton, Arcades, i. 74.
3}. To disclose; betray; defame.
To cover shame, I took thee; never fear
That I would blaze myself.
Beau. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, ii. 1.
4. In her., to blazon. See blazom, n., 1 and 2.
You should have blazed it thus: he bears a tierce Sable
between two tierces or. Peacham.
Braggadochio . . . did shew his shield,
Which bore the Sunne brode blazed in a golden field.
Spemser, F. Q., W. iii. 14.
lolaze? (blåz), n. [K blaze?, v.] Publication; the
act of spreading widely by report. [Poetic.]
Por what is glory but the blaze of fame?
Milton, P. R., iii. 47.
blaześ (blåz), m. [= D. bles = MLG. blesse =
M.H.G. blasse, G. blåsse = Icel. blesi = Sw, blås
and blåsa = Dan. blis, a white spot or streak on
the forehead (G. blåsse also paleness); from the
adj. represented by OHG. blas, whitish, M.H.G.
blas, bald, pale, weak, G. blass, pale, wan, orig.
‘shining’; connected with blazel, a torch, flame:
see blazel; cf. Icel, blasa, lie open to view.] 1.
A white spot on the face of a horse, cow, ox,
etc. See cut under blesbok.
A square blaze in his [a sacred ox's] forehead.
Cowley, I’lagues of Egypt, note to st. 16.
2. A white mark made on a tree, as by remov-
ing a piece of the bark, to indicate a boundary,
or a path or trail in a forest. [Orig. American.]
—3. A local English name of the bleak.
Blaze.8 (blåz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. blazed, ppr.
blazing. [= MLG. blesset, pp.; K blaze.8, n.]
1. To mark with a white spot on the face, as
a horse: only in the perfect participle blazed.—
2. To set a mark on, as a tree, usually by cut-
ting off a piece of its bark, so as to show a
white spot.
As for me, the son and the father of Uncas, I am a blazed
pine in the clearing of the pale-faces.
Cooper, Last of Mohicans, xxxiii.
3. To indicate or mark out, as by cutting off
pieces of the bark of a number of trees in suc-
cession: as, to blaze a path through a forest.
Champollion died in 1832, having done little more than
blaze out the road to be traveled by others. Nott.
blaze? (blåz), m. [E. dial. (not found in ME.
or AS.), = MLG. blase, a bladder. = OHG. blå-
sa, MHG. blase, G. blasen, a bladder, bubble,
blister, pimple; from the verb blaze? (= OHG.
blåsam, MHG. G. blasen), blow: see blaze?, and
cf. blast and blister.] A pimple. [Prov. Eng.]
blazeb (blåz), m. [Origin uncertain..] Same as
brash.1, 4 (a).
'blazed (blåz), m. pl. Irregular spelling of blaes,
lural of blae. See blae, m.
blazerl (blå"zēr), m. [K blazel + -erl.] 1. Any-
thing that blazes, or is intensely luminous or
hot: as, the day was a blazer.—2. A dish under
which there is a receptacle for coals to keep it
hot.—3. A bright-colored loose coat, usually of
flannel, worn by tennis- and cricket-players.
The origin of the word is as follows: The uniform of
the Lady Margaret Boat Club of St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, is bright red, and the Johnian jackets have for
many years been called blazers. Up to a few years ago
the inaccurate modern use of blazer for a jacket of any
other colour than red was unknown.
Nº Q., 7th ser, III. 486, blazonment (blå"Zn-mºnt), n.
and Q., 7th ser The act of º; emblazonment.
blazonry (blå"Zn-ri), n. la
Thlazer2 (blå'zēr), m. [K blaze? -- -erl.] 1. One
who blazes; one who publishes and spreads re-
ports: as, “blazers of cryme,” Spenser, F. Q.,
II. ix. 25.—2+. A blazoner.
blazerš (blå'zēr), m. [K blaze? -H -erl.] One
who blazes a tree.
blazingly (blå"zing-li), adv. In a blazing man-
jºr Ile I’.
blazing-star (blå"zing-stär"), n. 1. In her., a
comet used as a bearing. It is represented bend-
wise as a star of six points with a tail streaming from it.
2. A name in the United States for several
very different plants. (a) Aletris farinosa, a low
herbaceous plant, of the family Liliaceae, with whitish
mealy flowers. The roots are bitter, and have some re-
pute in medicine. Also called colic-root, (b) The star-
blazon (blå"Zn), v. t.
582
bleach-field

Wort (Chamaelirium hºteum) of the family Melanthiaceae, blazy (blå'zi), a. [K blazel. Hº -yl.] Burning
the roots of which yield a bitter tonic.
popular remedies for rattlesnake-bites.
3. A stampede of pack-mules or other animals
from a central point. [Western U. S. slang.]
blazon (blå"Zn), n. IK ME. blason, blasoum, a
shield, = MD. blasoen, D. blazoen, KQF. blason,
blazon (= Pr. blezo, blizo = Sp. blasön = Pg. bla-
São, brasāo = It. blasone), a shield with a coat of
arms painted on it, the coat of arms itself (the
Pr. and Sp. terms mean also honor, glory, fame);
usually referred to M.H.G. blåsen, Ö#6. blåsam,
blow, hence sound a trumpet, proclaim, blaze
(see blaze?); by some to blazel; but the orig.
sense “shield,’ with other facts, is against suc
derivation. In ME. and mod. E. blaze2 and
blazon are of course associated in thought.] 1.
In her., a shield with arms on it; armorial bear-
ings; a coat of arms; a banner bearing arms.
The chief functionaries of city and province, . . . all
marching under emblematical standards or time-honored
blazoms. Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 533.
2. A description in technical language of ar-
morial bearings. Peculiar and fantastic changes in-
troduced by certain heralds are chiefly in the blazon, and
not in the graphic representation: thus, when the arms of
nobles are described by precious stones º: instead
of azure, topaz instead of or, and the like), or when the
arms of sovereigns are described by the planets, the
description only is peculiar, the drawing and coloring of
the achievement being of the same character as those of
ordinary bearings. g
3+. Interpretation; explanation.
I think your blazon to be true. Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1.
4. Publication; show; celebration; pompous
display, either by words or by other means.
but this eternal blazon must not be
To ears of flesh and blood. Shak., Hamlet, i. 5.
[= MD. blasoenen = G.
blasoniren, K F. blasonmer, blazon, – Sp. blaso-
mar, blazon, brag, boast, = It. blasomare, blazon
(ML. blazomare); from the noun. Cf. blaze? in
similar senses.] 1. To explain in proper her-
aldic terms (the arms or bearings on a shield).
King Edward gave to them the coat of arms which I am
not herald enough to blazon into English. Addison.
2. To depict (armorial bearings) according to
the rules of heraldry. [An incorrect use of
the word, not recognized by heralds.]—3. To
inscribe with arms, or some ornament; adorn
with blazonry.
The blood-red flag of the Sacred Office . . . blazoned
upon either side with the portraits of Alexander and of
Ferdinand. Motley, Dutch Republic, II. iii. 166.
What matter whose the hillside grave,
Or whose the blazoned stone?
Whittier, The Countess.
4. To deck; embellish; adorn as with bla-
Zonry.
Then blazoms in dread smiles her hideous form.
Garth, The Dispensary, ii.
The bottom of the valley was a bed of glorious grass,
blazomed with flowers.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 280.
5. To display; exhibit conspicuously; make
known; publish.
For better farre it were to hide their names,
Than telling them to blazon out their blames.
Spenser, Teares of the Muses.
Blazoning our injustice everywhere.
Shak., Tit. And..., iv. 4.
And blazon, o'er the door their names in brass.
gyrom, Don Juan, xi. 31.
6. To proclaim or publish boastingly; boast of.
My friend Lancelot is not a man to blazon anything.
Irving, Salmagundi, p. 124.
blazoner (blå"zn-èr), n. 1. One who blazons;
a herald,—2. One who publishes or proclaims
with strong or extravagant praise.
blazoning (blå"Zn-ing), n. her., the art of
describing armorial bearings. See blazon, n.
[K blazon +
-ment.]
[K blazon + -ry.] 1.
The art of describing or explaining coats of
arms in proper heraldic terms and method.
Bob has done more to set the public right on this im-
portant point of blazonry than the whole College of Her-
alds. Lamb, Newspapers Thirty-five Years ago.
2. Emblazonry; decoration in color, as with
heraldic devices; brilliant decoration; splen-
dor.
The gorgeous building and wild blazonry of that shrine
of St. Mark's. w8kim.
So much subtler is a human mind than the Yutside
tissues which make a sort of blazomºry or clockface for it.
º g (c) A composite.
plant, Lacinaria squarrosa, constituting one of the many
blet, m.
-ble.
bleak, a. and n.
bº. (blé), m.
bleabe 7%.
#. êch), v.
bleach1+, a.
blºº. (bléch), n.
*tillin
bleacher
brightly; blazing: as, a blazy fire. [Rare.]
A Middle English form of blee.
[ME. -ble (-bel, -bil, -byl, -bul), KOF. -ble,
mod. F. -ble = Pr: Sp. -ble = Pg.-vel = It, -bile,
K L. -bilis, acc. -bilem, a suffix (K-bi- + -li-8),
forming adjectives, usually with a passive sig-
nification, from verbs ending with one of the
vowels -á, -é, -á, -á, -ó, -ü, being the root- or
stem-vowel or (as usually -?) a mere insertion
as in admirã-bilis, delē-bilis, Sepel?-bilis, cre
bilis, ignä-bilis, mā-bilis, volū-bilis, etc.; rarely
from perfect gº; as in flea-i-bilis, plaus-
i-bilis, etc. See further under -able. Adjec-
tives in -ble are accompanied by adverbs in
-bly, contr. from ble-ly, and nouns in -ble-ness
or, according to the L., in -bil-ity, as credi-ble,
credi-bleness, credi-bility. In many words the
term. -ble is of different origin, as in mimble,
hamble, humble, marble, parable, Syllable, etc.,
divided etymologically nimb-le, humb-le, etc.
the real term; being -le, of various origin.j
A suffix of Latin origin, occurring in adjectives
having originally a passive signification, which
is retained more or less fully in adjectives ac-
companied by verbs derived from the infinitive
or perfect participle (English -ate or -īt) of the
same Latin verb, as in commendable, admirable,
dissoluble, etc., habitable, imitable, tolerable, navī-
gable, etc., credible, etc., but is not obvious in
adjectives not accompanied by such verbs, as
in equable, delectable, horrible, terrible, ignoble
voluble, feeble, etc. In English it is felt and used
as a suffix only with the preceding vowel, -ab
or -ible. See -able, -ible.
See blae.
[Origin uncertain; perhaps K
leal = blae, pale (see blae). Cf. Sc. blae, blay
rough parts of wood left in sawing or toringi
The part of a tree immediately under the bark;
the alburnum or white wood. [Rare.]
Same as blaeberry.
[KME. blechen, KAS. blåcan
(= D. bleeken = OHG. bleichén, MHG. G. blei-
chen = Icel. bleikja = Sw. bleka = Dan. blege),
make white, cause to fade (cf. blåcian, become
white or pale), K blåc, pale, bleak: see bleak1,
blake.] 1. trans. To make white or whiter by
removing color; whiten; blanch; make pale;
specifically, to whiten (as linen, etc.) by wash-
ing and exposure to the action of the air and
sunlight, or by chemical preparations. See
bleaching.
Immortal liberty, whose look sublime
Hath bleached the tyrant's cheek in every varying clime.
Smollett, Ode to Independence.
The bones of mén,
In some forgotten battle slain,
And bleached by drifting wind and rain.
Scott, L. of the L., iii. 5.
The robed and mitred apostles, bleached and rain-washed
by the ages, rose into the blue air like huge snow figures.
H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 210.
=Syn. Blanch, etc. See whitem. -
II. intrans. 1. To become white in any man-
ner; become pale or colorless.
Along the snows a stiffened corse,
Stretched out and bleaching in the northern blast.
Thomsom, Winter, 1. 321.
2. To become morally pure. [Rare.]
... [K ME. bleche (bléche), KAS. blåc,
var. of blåc, pale: see bleakl, blake, and cf.
*bleachl, v.] 1. Pale.—2. Bleak.
bleachl (bléch), n.
[K ME. bleche, KAS. blåco,
paleness, K blåc, pale: see bleak1.] 1+. A. dis-
ease of the skin. Holland, tr. of Pliny.—2.
[K bleach!, v.] An act of bleaching; exposure
to the Sun or other bleaching agency or influ-
€IlC6.
What is known as “the three-quarter bleach" with flax.
Sci. Amer., N. S., LVI. 249.
[A var. of bletch, q.v.]
lacking; any substance used for blacking.
*Cotgrave.
bleacher (bló’chèr), n.
1. One who bleaches;
One whose occupation is to whiten cloth.—2.
A vessel used in bleaching.—3. A large shal-
low wooden tub, lined with metal, used in dis-
petroleum; a settling-tub.
(blé'chèr-i), n. ; pl. bleacheries (-iz).
[K bleachl, v., + -ery..] A place for bleaching;
an establishment where the bleaching of tex-
tile fabrics, etc., is carried on.
Young reprobates dyed in the wool with perversity are
taken into a kind of moral bleachery and come out white
as lambs. O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 354.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 12, bleach-field (blåch'föld), n. A field where cloth
3. Figuratively, display.
or yarn is bleached.
bleaching (biºching), n. Verbain. ::::::::: .
The art or process of freeing textile fibers and
fabrics, and various other substances (such as
materials for paper, ivory, wax, oils), from
their natural color, and rendering them white,
or nearly so. The ancient method of bleaching by
exposure to the sun's rays, and wetting, has been Super-
seded by the use of chemical preparations, the chief of
which are chlorin and sulphurous acid, the latter being
used especially for animal (silk and wool) and the former
for vegetable fibers (cotton, flax, etc.).. Sodium peroxid
is employed for both vegetable and animal fibers, hydro-
gen peroxid for animal fibers, and potassium perman-
anate sometimes for textile materials. Electrolytic
É.i. processes also have been introduced. The
bleaching of glass is effected by the use of chemical
agents, usually braunite, saltpeter, arsenious acid, and
minium or red lead. º º &
bleaching-liquid (blé’ ching-lik’ wid), n. A
liquid for bleaching; specifically, blanching-
liquor.
bleaching-powder (blé' º ou’dér), n. A
powder made by exposing slaked lime to the
action of chlorin; chlorid of lime. It may be
regarded as a mixture of slaked lime and a double Salt of
calcium chlorid and calcium hypochlorite. It is the prin-
cipal agent used in bleaching textile fabrics, and is also a
owerful disinfectant.
biº (blék), a. [Also assibilated bleach
(obs.), dial. blake, q.v.; K ME. bleke (assibilated
bleche) (also bleike, prob. due to Icel.), earlier
blake, blak (i.e., blåk, different from blák, black,
though to some extent confused with º;
wan, KAS. blåc (var. blåc, whence prob. ult. E.
bleachi, a., q.v.), pale, wan, also bright, Shining
(= OS. blék, pale, shining, = D. bleek = MLG.
blék, LG. blek = OHG. bleih, MHG. G. bleich =
Icel. bleikr = Sw. blek = Dan. bleg, pale, wan), K
blican (pret. blác, pp. blicem), shine, - OS. blikan
= OFries. blika, shine, = D. blijken (pret. bleek),
appear, = Icel, blikja, blika, shine, - OHG. blih-
han, shine (MHG. blican, G. bleichen, grow pale,
mixed with weak verb bleichen, bleach: see
bleach 1, v.), akin to Skt. V bhrāj, Shine, and
Fº to Gr. 9%)etv, burn, blaze, phóē, flame,
..flamma, flame, fulgere, shine, etc.: see flame,
Julgent, phlegm, phlox, etc. Related E. words
are blank, blink, bleach1, perhaps black, and
brightl.] 1+. Pale; pallid; wan; of a sickly hue.
With a face dedly, bleyk, and pale. Lydgate.
She looked as pale and as bleak as one laid out dead.
Foace, Martyrs (Agnes Wardall).
2. Exposed to cold and winds; desolate; bare
of vegetation.
Say, will ye bless the bleak Atlantic shore?
Pope, Cho. to Brutus.
Wastes too bleak to rear the common growth of earth.
Word&ºp
It is rich land, but upon a clay, and in a very bleak, blear”; (blér), v.
high, exposed situation.
3. Cheerless; dreary.
Her desolation presents us with nothing but bleak and
barren prospects. daison.
4. Cold; chill; piercing; desolating.
Entreat the north
To make his bleak winds kiss my parched lips.
Shak., K. John, v. 7.
The night was bleak ; the rain fell; the wind roared.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng.,
bleakl}, v. [K bleakl, a.; var. of bleach 1.] I.
trans. To make white or pale; bleach.
II. intrans. To become white or pale.
bleak2 (blék), n. [Early mod. E. bleke, dial.
blick; = Icel. bleikja = OHG. bleicha, MHG.
blicke; from the adj. bleak (Icel. bleikr, OHG.
bleih), from the pale color of its scales (see
bioaſſ). The synonymous term blay1, K AS.
blåge = D. blei = G. bleihe, is not directly con-
Gray, Letters, I. 258.
ix blearedness (blér’ed-nes), m.
blear-eye (blér’i), m.
. . . 583
blearl (blér), v. [K ME, blóren, blórien, K blère,
bléri, E. blear, a. This same verb, with a short
vowel arising in the preterit, became bler,
blinre, blurre, now blur, q. v. Connected re-
motely with Dan. blire, also plire, blink, = Sw.
Pira, dial bira, and bură, bling (cf. dial.
blin'ra fojr augu, quiver before the eyes, of
summer heat), - LG. pliren, plyren, ſpliren,
blink.] I. intrans. To have watery or in-
flamed eyes; be blear-eyed.
II. trans. 1. To affect (the eyes) with flow-
ing tears or rheum so that the sight is dimmed
and indistinct; make rheumy and dim: as,
“blered her eyes,” Piers Plowman.
To his bleared and offended sense
There seems a hideous fault blazed in the obj ect.
B. Jomson, Poetaster, v. 1.
Tease the lungs and blear the sight. Cowper, Task, iii.
2. To blur, as the face with weeping; obscure;
obfuscate.
Stern faces bleared with immemorial watch.
Lowell, Cathedral.
To blear one's eyesi, figuratively, to deceive ; hood-
wink; blin
They wenen that no man may hem bigile,
But by my thrift, yet shal Iblere her eye.
Chawcer, Reeve's Tale, l. 129.
Entising dames my patience still did proue,
And blear'd mine eyes.
Gascoigne, The Fruits of Fetters.
blearl (blér), a. and m. [ME. blåre, bléri, bléry,
in comp. also blér-, bleer-, AS. blere, weak nom.
sing. bleria (M.L. blurus), orig, ‘having a blaze
or white spot,” hence “white-headed or bald”
(blere, n., an onyx), = MD. blaer, bald, bare,
= LG. bleer, having a blaze on the face, etc.;
from the stem of blaześ, a white spot: see
blaze:8. From its frequent use with eye, eyed,
the word lost its orig. meaning (already dis-
appearing from AS.) and acquired a deflected
sense, which developed further in the verb,
leading finally to blur, v.] I. a. 1. Dim from
a watery discharge or other superficial affec-
tion: applied only to the eyes.
A wit that can make your perfections so transparent,
that every blear eye may look through them.
B. Jomsom, Every Man in his Humour, iv. 1.
2. Producing dimness of vision; blinding.
[Obsolete or poetical.]
Power to cheat the eye with blear illusion.
Milton, Comus, l. 155.
3. Dim; indistinct; confused in outlines.
II. m. Something that obscures the sight.
Nor is the blear drawn easy o'er her e'e.
A. Ross, Helenore, p. 91.
[K ME. bleren; origin ob-
scure.] I. trans. To thrust (out); protrude.
[They] stood staring and gaping upon Him, wagging
their heads, writhing their mouths, yea blearing out their
tongues. JBp. Andrews, Sermons, ii. 173.
II. intrans. To thrust out the tongue in mock-
ery.
He baltyrde, he bleryde, he braundyschte ther-after.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), l. 782.
[K bleared, pp.
of blearl, ---ness.] The state of being bleared
or blurred with rheum. Holland.
a., than from blearl, a., + eye. Cf. LG. bleer-oge,
blebby (bleb’i), a.
bleck (blek), m.
[Rather from blear-eyed, tººk
bleed
bleary1 (blår’i), a. [K blearl+-y1.] 1. Bleared;
rheumy; dim: as, bleary red eyes.—2. Blurred;
confused; cloudy; misty.
Oh give me back my native hills,
If bleak or bleary, grim or gray.
ry Cumberland Ballad.
bleary2, n. See bleery.
bleat (blót), v. i. [K ME. bleten, K AS. blåtan
= D. blaten, bleeten = MLG. LG. bleten = OHG.
blåzan, MHG. blåzen, G. dial. blåssen, blátzen,
bleat; cf. G. blóken, bleat, bellow (see balk?,
bolk), L. balare, bleat (see balant), Gr. 327-
2.doffat, bleat, 3%m2%, Dor. £3%ažá, a bleating: all
perhaps ult. of imitative origin, like baa, q. V.]
To cry as a sheep, goat, or calf; also, as a snipe.
Then suddenly was heard along the main
To low the ox, to bleat the woolly train.
Pope, Odyssey, xii.
bleat (blét), n. [K bleat, v.] The cry of a
sheep, goat, or calf; also, of a Snipe.
The bleat of flocks, the breath of flowers.
Moir, Harebell.
And got a calf . . .
Much like to you, for you have just his bleat.
Shak., Much Ado, v. 4.
bleater (blé’tēr), n. An animal that bleats;
specifically, a sheep.
In cold, stiff soils the bleaters oft complain
Of gouty ails. - John Dyer, Fleece, i.
bleauntſ, n. [ME., also written bleeaunt, ble-
hand, bliand, blihand; = MLG. bliant (with term.
varied from orig.) = MHG. blialt, bliat, KOF.
bliaut, bliaud, bliat, earlier blialt (mod. F. dial.
blaude, biaude: see blouse) = Pr. blial, bliau,
bliaut, blizawt = Sp. Pg. brial; ML. blialdus,
bliaudus, blisaudus, a kind of tunic; origin un-
known.] garment common to both sexes
in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth cen-
turies. As worn by women, it was a tunic placed over
the chemise, usually with long and loose sleeves, and held
by a girdle, except perhaps when a garment was worn
above it. That for men was worn as an outer garment,
and especially over the armor, in which case it is hard
to distinguish it from the tabard, which afterward re-
placed it. For mounted men it was divided nearly to the
girdle, to enable the rider to sit in the saddle.
A blewe bleaunt obofe brade him al ovir.
Ring Alisawmder, p. 167.
Blysnande whyt watG hyr bleaumt.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), i. 163.
bleb (bleb), n. [Another form of blob, q.v.]
1. A blister or pustule.—2. A bubble, as in
water or other fluid, or in a substance that has
been fluid, as glass.
Arsenic abounds with air blebs. Rirwan.
[K bleb + -y1.] Full of
blebs, blisters, or bubbles.
[Meionite] fuses . . . to a white blebby glass.
Dana, System of Mineral. (1868), p. 318.
[Also (in def. 1) assibilated
bletch ; K ME. blek, bleke, appar. K. A.S. blac (=
Icel. blek = Sw. blåck = Dan. black, ink), prop.
neut. of the adj. blacc, black: see black, m.] 1.
Any black fluid substance, as black ink, black-
ing for leather, or black grease.—2. Soot;
smut.—3+. A black man.—4. A local English
name of the coalfish, Pollachius virens.
[Now only prov. Eng. or Scotch.]
(blek’bok), n. Same as bleekbok.
(bled). Preterit and past participle of
bleed
* - ſº '60.
plür:gge, blear-eye, from the dj. Sºº bleſ”- bleet (blå), n. [& ME. blee, ble, bleo, KAS. bleoh,
eyed.] In med., a disease of the eyelids, con-
sisting in chronic inflammation of the margins,
with a gummy secretion from the Meibomian
glands; lippitude. Also called blear-eyedness.
nected with bleak2.] An English name of a blear-eyed (blérºid), a. [K ME. bleereyed, blér-
small cyprinoid fish, Alburnus alburnus. Other
forms of the name are bleik, blick. Also called
blaw.
biº, v. t. [Var. of bleach? and black, v.]
To blacken; darken. Cotgrave.
bleakish (blé (kish), a. . [K bleakl + -ish.1.1
Moderately bleak; somewhat bleak.
A northerly or bleakish easterly wind.
- Dr. G. Cheyne, Ess. on Health.
bleakly (blékºli), adv. In a bleak manner or
situation: as, the wind howls bleakly.
Neere the sea-coast they bleakely seated are. t
- May, tr. of Lucan, ix.
bleakness (blék’ mes), n. [K
The quality of being bleak; coldness; desola-
tion: as, “the bleakness of the air,” Addison.
The landscape will lose its melancholy bleakness and
acquire a beauty of its own.
Hawthorne, Twice-Told Tales, II.
bleaky (blé'ki), a... [Extended form of bleak!, a.] blear-witted (blér’wit/ed), a.
Bleak; open; unsheltered; cold; chill. [Rare.]
The bleaky top of Tugged hills.
4. Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iii.
bleariness (blér’i-nes), n.
blearnessł (blérºnes), n.
eyed, bler-eighed, blåre-iyed, etc., = LG. bleer-
oged, blarr-oged, also pliir-oged (Dan. plir-àjet):
S60 bicar, a., and eye, m. The term orig. re-
ferred to the white film often seen in the eyes
of horses and cows, and then to any watery
condition of the eyes.] 1. Having the eyes
dimmed or inflamed by flowing tears or rheum;
dim-sighted.
Crook-back'd he was, tooth-shaken, and blear-ey'd.
Sackville, Ind. to Mir. for Mags.
2. Wanting in perception or understanding;
short-sighted.
bleak1 + -ness.] blear-eyedness (blérºid-nes), n. Same as blear-
eye.
[K bleary + -ness.]
Blearedness.
[K blearl, a., + -mess.]
The state of being blear. Udall, Mark x.
Dull; stupid.
They were very blear-witted, i' faith, that could not dis-
cern the gentleman in him.
B. Jomson, Every Man out of his Humour, v. 2.
Yºr
bleed (bléd), v.
blioh, usually contr. bled, blio, color, hue, com-
lexion, = OS. blº = OFries. bli, blie, North
T-5 - - -:
ries. blåy, color.] Color; hue ; complexiom.
Thou art bryght of blee. JEglamour, l. 933.
I have a lemman
As bright of blee as is the silver moon.
Greene, George-a-Green.
White of blee with waiting for me
Is the corse in the next chambere.
Mrs. Browning, Romaunt of the Page.
; pret. and pp. bled, ppr. bleed-
??g. ME. bleden, K AS. blådan, bleed (=
OFries. bléda = D. bloedem = LG. blódem =
OHG. bluotan, M.H.G. G. blutem, = Icel, bladha
= Sw. blóda = Dam. blóde), K blód, blood: see
blood, and cf. bless1.] I. intrams. 1. To void or
emit blood; drop, or run with, blood: as, the
wound bled profusely; his nose bleeds.
Many upon the seeing of others bleed . . . themselves
are ready to faint, as if they bled. Bacon.
2. Figuratively, to feel pity, sorrow, or an-
guish; be filled with sympathy or grief: with
for: as, my heart bleeds for him.
Take your own will; my very heart bleeds for thee.
. Fletcher (and another), Queen of Corinth, ii. 3,
I bleed inwardly for my lord. Shak., T. of A., i. 2.
8t. To come to light: in allusion to the old
superstitious belief that the body of a murdered


bleed
person would begin to bleed if the murderer
approached it.
The murdering of her Marquis of Ancre will yet bleed,
as some fear. Howell, Letters, I. i. 19.
4. To shed one's blood; be severely wounded
or die, as in battle or the like.
Caesar must bleed for it. Shak., J. C., ii. 1.
5. To lose sap, gum, or juice, as a tree or a vine.
For me the balm shall bleed, and amber flow.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1.393.
6. To pay or lose money freely; be subjected
to extortion of money: as, they made him bleed
freely for that whim. [Slang.]—7. In dyeing,
to run from one portion of a fabric to another
lighter in shade: said of a color. Direct cot-
ton colors generally bleed badly.—8. To leak;
become leaky. -
The defects in the plates, whose presence may not even
be suspected, become exposed, and being attacked anew
by the acids in the water used for washing out the boiler,
Which are not neutralized by the soda, are caused to
bleed. It. Wilsom, Steam Boilers, p. 174.
9. To yield; produce: applied to grain.
[Scotch.]
II. trans. 1. To cause to lose blood, as by
wounding; take blood from by opening a vein,
as in phlebotomy.—2. To lose, as blood; emit
or distil, as juice, sap, or gum.
A decaying pine of stately size bleeding amber. Miller.
3. To extort or exact money from; sponge
on: as, the sharpers bled him freely. [Slang.]
He [Shaykh Masud) returned in a depressed state, hav-
ing been bled by the soldiery at the well to the extent of
forty piastres, or about eight shillings.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 350.
4. In dyeing, to extract the coloring matter
from (a dye-drug). Napier.—5. In bookbind-
ing, to trim the margin of (a book) so closely
as to mutilate the print.—To bleed a buoy
(naut.), to let out of a buoy water which has leaked into
it.—To bleed the brakes, in railway service, to relieve
the pressure on the brake-shoes by opening the bleeding-
×valve or release-cock of the brake-cylinder.
bleeder (blé'dër), n. 1. One who lets blood.
–2. A person who is naturally predisposed to
bleed. See hemophilºa. -
bleed-hearts (bléd’härts), m. The scarlet lych-
nis, Lychnis Chalcedonica.
bleeding (blé’ding), m. [Verbal n. of bleed, v.]
1. A running or issuing of blood, as from the
nose; a hemorrhage; the operation of letting
blood, as in surgery.— 2. The flowing of sap
from a tree or plant.—3. In bookbinding, an
excessive trimming down of the margins of a
*book, which cuts into and mutilates the print.
bleeding-heart (blé'ding-härt), m. 1. In Eng-
land, a name of the wallflower, Cheiranthus
Cheiri.—2. A common name of some species
of Bikukulla (Dicentra), especially B. spectabilis
from China, from the shape of the flowers.— 3.
A name sometimes applied to cultivated forms
of Caladium with colored leaves.
bleeding-tooth (blé’ding-töth), m. A common
name of a shell of the family Neritidae, Nerita
peloronta, the toothed columella of which has
a red blotch suggesting the name. See Nerita.
bleekbok (blék’bok), n. [D., K bleek, - E.
bleakl, pale, + bok = E. buckl, a goat.] . The
Dutch colonial name of the ourebi, Scopophorus
ourebi, a small pale-colored antelope of South
Africa, related to the steinboks. Another form
is bleckbok.
'bleery (blér’i), m. A burning brand; a fagot.
Also spelled bleary. [Scotch.]
Scowder their harigals de'ils wi'a bleary. Hogg.
pleezel (bléz), m. and v. A. Scotch form of blazel.
bleeze?, v. i.; pret. and pp. bleezed, ppr. blee:-
ing. Tó become slightly sour, as milk. [Scotch.]
bleiklt, a. See bleakl.
bleik2+, n. See bleak2.
bleint, n. A Middle English form of blain.
bleis, m. pl. , See blae, m.
bleitl, bleit? (blåt), a.
º
lolellum (blel’um), m.
senseless babble. Cf. bletherl.] An idle, sense-
less, talking, or noisy fellow. [Scotch..]
A blethering, blustering, drunken blellum.
Burns, Tam o'Shanter.
blemish (blem’ish), v. t. [K ME. blemisshem,
blemissem (see -ish?), wound, injure, spoil, KOF.
blemiss-, stem of certain parts of blemir, bleSmir
(F. blémir, grow pale, =Pr. blesmar, strike, soil),
K bleme, hism, pale, wan; origin uncertain.]
1. To damage or impair (especially something
that is well formed, or in other respects excel-
Same as blate1, blate2.
584
lent); mar or make defective; destroy the per-
fection of; deface; Sully.
Vanish ; or I shall give thee thy deserving,
And blemish Caesar's triumph, Shak., A. and C., iv. 10.
Sin is a soil which blem?sheth the beauty of thy soul.
. Brathwaite.
2. To impair morally; tarnish, as reputation
or character; defame; stain: as, to blemish
one's fair fame.
On a general review of the long administration of Has-
tings, it is impossible to deny that, against the great crimes
by which it is blemished, we have to set off great public
services. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
blemish (blem’ish), n. [K blemish, v.] 1. A
defect, flaw, or imperfection; something that
mars beauty, completeness, or perfection.
As he hath caused a blemish in a man, so shall it be done
to him again. Lev. xxiv. 20.
Naught had blemish there or spot,
For in that place decay was not.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 358.
2. A moral defect or injury; reproach; dis-
grace; that which impairs reputation; imputa-
tion. -
That cleare she dide from blemish criminall.
Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 37.
That you have been earnest should be no blemish or
discredit at all unto you. Hooker.
blemished (blem’isht), p. a. Having a fault or
|blemish; specifically, in her., broken or cut
short: said of a cross, weapon, or the like,
used as a bearing.
blemishless (blem’ish-les), a. [K blemish, n.,
+ -less.] Without blemish; spotless; perfect;
without defect.
A life in all so blemishless. feltham, Lusoria, XXXVii.
blemishment (blem’ish-ment), m. [K blemish,
m., + -ment.] Damage; flaw; impairment.
For dread of blame and honours blemishment.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. ii. 36.
blemmatrope (blem'a-tróp), n. [K Gr. 3%upia,
ook, glance, eye (K 3%tretv, look), + Tpéretv,
turn.] An apparatus for illustrating the va-
rious positions of the eye.
blenchl (blench), v. [In early mod. E. some-
times spelled blanch by confusion with blanch,
make white (see blanch1 and blanch2); K ME.
blenchen, also blenken, occasionally $iinchen,
turn aside, evade, disconcert, usually intrans.,
shrink back, give way, K. A.S. blencam (= Icel.
blekkja), deceive, supposed to be a causal form
of “blincan, blink (cf. drenchl, causal of drink),
but the latter verb does not occur in the older
language: see blink. For the sense ‘deceive,’ &keep them separate.
cf. blear one's eyes, deceive, under blearl.] I.
intrams. 1. To shrink; start back; give way;
flinch; turn aside or fly off.
Though sometimes you do blench from this to that.
Shale., M. for M., iv. 5.
I'll tent him to the quick; if he but blench,
I know my course. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
I know his people
Are of his own choice, men that will not totter
Nor blench much at a bullet.
Fletcher, The Pilgrim, v. 3.
2. To quail: said of the eye.
II.4 trans. 1. To deceive ; cheat.—2. To
draw back from; shirk; avoid; elude; deny
from fear.
He now blemched what before . . . he affirmed. Evelyn.
3. To hinder or obstruct; disconcert; foil.
The rebels besieged them, winning the even ground on
the top, by carrying up great trusses of hay before them
to blench the defendants' sight and dead their *c
. UQ//'070.
blench1+ (blench), m. [K blench:1, v.] 1. A deceit;
a trick.—2. A sidelong glance.
* These blemches gave my heart another youth.
Shak., Sommets, cz.
blench2 (blench), a. or adv. [A variant form
of blanchl, a.: see blanchl and blank.] . Upon
or based upon the payment of a nominal or
trifling yearly duty: applied to a sort of tenure
of land: as, the estate is held blench of the crown.
See blanch-holding.
blench2 (blench), v. [Var. of blanchl, º
phonetic and partly by notional confusion wit
II. trams. To make white; blanch,
blencher (blen'chèr), m. [K blench:1, v. : see
blancher?..] 1+. A scarecrow, or whatever
frightens or turns aside or away. Sir T. Elyot.
–2#. In hunting, one placed where he can turn
the deer from going in a particular direction; a
blancher.
I feel the old man's master'd by much passion,
And too high-rack'd, which makes him overshoot all
His valour should direct at, and hurt those
That stand but by as blenchers.
Fletcher (and another), Love's Pilgrimage, ii. 1.
blend-water
3. One who blenches or flinches. -
blench-firmſ (blench'fèrm), n. Same as blanch-
(1)”)?, -
blench-holding (blench’hôl/ding), n. Same as
#’;
blendl (blend), v.; pret. blended, pp. blended
or blent, ppr. blending. [K ME. blenden, mix,
sometimes intrans., a secondary form of bian
den, KAS. blamdan, a strong verb (= OS. blamdam.
= Icel. blanda = Sw, blamda = Dan. blande =
OHG. blamtam, MHG. blandem = Goth, blamdan),
mix: see blandl..] I. trams. 1. To mix to-
gether in such a way that the things mixed be-
come inseparable, or cannot easily be separated,
In particular: (a) To mix (different sorts or qualities of
a commodity) in order to produce a particular brand, kind,
or quality: as, to blend teas; to blend tobacco. (b) To mix
so intimately or harmoniously that the identity or individ-
uality of the things mixed is lost or obscured in a new
roduct: as, many races are blended in the modern Eng-
shman.
Rider and horse, friend, foe, in one red burial blent.
yron, Childe Harold, iii. 29.
JBlended and intertwisted in this life are the sources of
joys and tears. De Quincey.
I blend in song thy flowers and thee.
Whittier, First Flowers.
(c) To cause to pass imperceptibly into, one another;
unite so that there shall be no perceptible line of division:
as, to blend the colors of a painting.
2#. To mix up in the mind; confound (one
thing with another).-3+. To stir up (a liquid);
hence, to render turbid; figuratively, disturb.
—4t. To pollute by mixture; spoil or corrupt.
And all these stormes, which now his beauty blend.
ºpenser, Sonnets, lxii.
And thy throne royall with dishonour blent.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, l. 1330.
=Syn. Mia!, etc. See mingle.
II. intrans. 1. To mix or mingle; unite in-
timately so as to form a harmonious whole;
unite so as to be indistinguishable.
And Rupert's oath, and Cromwell's prayer,
With battle thunder blended. Whittier, The Exiles.
Changed seemed all the fashion of the world,
And past and future into one did blend.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 349.
2. To pass imperceptibly into each other: as,
sea and sky seemed to blend.
The distant peaks gradually blended with the white at-
mosphere above them. Tyndall, Glaciers, p. 196.
It would clearly be advantageous to two varieties or
incipient species if they could be kept from blending, on
the same principle that, when man is selecting at the
same time two varieties, it is necessary that he should
Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 246.
blendl (blend), n., [K blendi, v.] 1. A mixing
or mixture, as of liquids, colors, etc. : as, tea,
of our own blend.—2. The brand, kind, or
quality produced by mixing together different
sorts or qualities of a commodity: as, a fine
blend of tea; the finest blend of whisky.
blend?f, v. t.; # and pp. blended, blent, ppr.
blending... [K.M.E. blenden, KAS. blendan (=
OFries. blenda, blinda = Dam. blande = LG.
blennen = OHG. blentjan, blenden, MHG. G. blen-
den), make blind; factitive verb of blind, blind:
see blindl, a. and v.] To blind; deceive.
This multiplying blent [blindeth] so many oon.
Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale, l. 380.
Reason blent through passion. Spenser, F. Q., II. iv. 7.
blendcorn (blendſkörn), n., [K blendi + corn.
Cf. Dan, dial. blandekorn.] Wheat and rye
*Sown and grown together. N. E. D.
blende (blend), m. TAlso blend, blind, blinde, K
G. blende, blende, Kºblenden, blind, dazzle: see
blend?..] An ore of zinc.; a native sulphid of zinc,
but commonly containing more or less iron,
also a little cadmium, and sometimes rarer ele-
ments (gallium, indium). Its color is mostly brown
and black, but when pure it is yellow or even white. The
word blende is also employed in such compound terms as
manganese-blende, zinc-blende, ruby-blende, to designate
certain minerals (sulphids of the metals) characterized by a
brilliant non-metallic luster. Also called sphalerite, false
×galena, and by English miners mock lead and black-jack.
blender (blen/dér), n. One who or that which
blends; specifically, a brush made of badgers'
hair, used by grainers and artists in blending.
[Appar. imitative of blench1.] I. intrans. To become pale; blanch. 4 See blending.
blending (blen’ding), m. [Verbal n. of blendi,
v.] The act or process of combining or min-
gling. Specifically, in painting: (a) A method of laying
on different tints so that they may mingle together while
wet and fuse into each other insensibly. (b) The process
of causing pigments to melt or blend together by passing a
soft brush of fitch or badgers' hair, called a blender or soft-
emer, over them with a delicate, feathery touch.
blendous (blen’dus), a. [K blende + -ows.] In
'mineral., E."; to or consisting of blende.
blend-water (blendºwā’tēr), n. A distemper
of cattle. Also called more-hough.
Blenheim (blenºm), m. [From Blenheim House,
erected by the English Parliament for the Duke' K. G.
of Marlborough in recognition of his military
585.
blennometritis (blenº-me-triºtis), n. [NL,
r. 6%vvoc, mucus, + metritis, q.v.] In pa-
thol., mucous flow accompanying metritis.
r. Bºévvoc, mucus, + NL. ophthalmia...] In
services, and especially of his great victory at *:::::: (blen-of-thal/mi-á), n. [NL.,
Blenheim, G. Blindheim, in Bavaria, Aug. 13,
1704.] One of a breed of dogs of the spaniel
Kind, preserved in
pathol, inflammation of the mucous membrane
erfection at Blenheim of the eye; conjunctivitis.
House, near Oxford, England, since the begin- blennorrhagia (blen-º-ra'ji-á), n. [NL., & Gr.
_ning of the eighteenth century.
Blenheim orange, wig. See the mouns.
blenkº, ö, i. [A vär. of blink, q.v.; partly con-
fused with blench1.] 1. To shine; gleam; glit-
ter.—2. To glance; give a look.
Scarslie . . . having the leisure to blenk upon any
paper. James I., in D'Israeli's Amen. of Lit., II. 147.
blennadenitis (blen/ad-e-ni’tis), n. [NL., K
Gr. 32.Évvoc, BAévva, mucus, + æðv, a gland, +
-itis. Cf. adenitis.] In pathol., inflammation
of the mucous glands.... . . .
blennelytria (blen-e-lit'ri-á), n. ... [NL.; K Gr,
Aévvog, mucus, + šAvrpov, sheath (vagina).]
Same as leucorrhea.
blennenteria (blen-en-té'ri-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
{3%vvog, mucus, H- évrepov, intestine.] In pathol.,
a mucous flow from the intestines.
blennentery (blen'em-tº-ri), n. Same as blen-
7tenteria. -
blenniid (blen’i-id), n. A fish of the family
Blenniidae.
Blenniidae (ble-ni’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Blennius
+ -idae.] A family of fishes, typified by the
genus Blennius, adopted by various authors
with different limits. In Günther's system of classi-
Blenny (Blenzettes grafforzegºte).
fication it is a family of Acanthopterygii blenniiformes,
having the ventral fins jugular and composed of a few
rays (sometimes absent), a prominent anal papilla, and
few or no anal spines. -
blenniiform (blen’i-i-fôrm), a. Pertaining to
or having the characters of the Blenniiformes;
having the form of a blenny.
Blenniiformes (blen’i-i-fôr' méz), m. pl. [NL.,
K. L. blennius, blenny, + forma, form.] In
Günther's classification of fishes, a division
of Acanthopterygii, having the body low, sub-
cylindrical or compressed, and elongate (rare-
ly oblong); the dorsal fin long; the spinous
portion of the dorsal, if distinct, very long, as
well developed as the soft portion, or more so;
the whole fin sometimes composed of spines
only; the anal more or less lengthened; the
caudal subtruncate or rounded, and the ven-
trals thoracic or jugular, if present.
Blenniinae (blen-i-iſné), m. pl. [NL., K. Blennius
+ -ina..] A subfamily of Blenniidae, typified by
the genus Blennius, to which various limits have
been assigned.
blennioid (blen’i-oid), a. and n. [K L. blennius,
blenny, H- -oid.] I. a. Like a blenny; blennii-
form. Also blennoid.
II. m. A fish of the family Blenniidae; a blen-
niid. Sir J. Richardson.
Blennioidea (blen-i-oi"dē-ă), m. pl. [NL., K
Blennius + -oidea.] A superfamily of acanthop-
terygian fishes, nearly equivalent to Blenniidae.
The principal families are the Blemmiidae, Clini-
dae, Muranoididaº, Stichaeidae, and Anarrhicha-
didae.
Blennioidei (blen-i-oi’dé-i), m. pl. [NL.] A
family of acanthopterygian fishes: synony-
mous with Blenniidae. Agassiz.
Blennius (blen’i-us), n. [L., also blendius and
blendea, K. Gr. 3%évvog, a blenny, K 32.Évvog, also
62.Évva, mucus, slime: in reference to the mucous
coating of its skin..] The typical genus of the
family Blenniidae, originally containing numer-
ous species now dispersed in many different
genera: the term is at present restricted to
those species which are closely related to the
common blenny of Europe. See cut under
Blenniidae.
blennogenic (blen-j-jen’ik), a. [As blennogen-
ous + -ic.] Generating mucus; muciparous.
blennogenous (ble-noj'e-nus), a. [K Gr. 32.Évvog,
mucus, +-yevng, producing: see -genous.] In
med., producing or generating mucus.
blennoid (blen’oid), a. . [K Gr. 32.Évvoc, mucus,
+ elóog, form.] Resembling mucus.
2.Évvog, mucus, H- -payia, at, burst,
break.] In pathoi, a discharge of mucus; spe-
cifically, gonorrhea.
blennorrhagic (blen-Ö-raj'ik), a. [K blennor-
rhagia + -ic.] Pertaining to, characterized by,
or suffering from blennorrhagia.
blennorrhea (blen-Ö-ré'â), m. [NL., KGr. 32.Év-
voc, mucus, + bota, a flow, K beiv, flow.] In
pathol, a flow of mucus. The term is applicable to
an increased discharge from any of the mucous surfaces,
but is usually restricted to that from the urethra and va-
gina, gonoiThea. Also spelled blenmorrhoea.
blennorrheal (blen-Ö-ré'al), a. [K blennorhea
+ -al.] Pertaining to or characterized by
blennorrhea. Also spelled blonnorrhoeal.
blenny (blen'i), n. ; pl. blennies (-iz). [K L. blen-
nius: see Blennius.] A fish of the genus Blen-
nius, of the family Blenniidae, and especially of
the subfamily Blenniinae.
blennymenitis (blen’i-me-niſtis), n. [NL., K
Gr. 3%vvoc, mucus, + iyuffv, membrane, H--itis.]
In pathol., inflammation of a mucous mem-
brane.
blens (blenz), m. [E. dial., also blinds: see
def. 2..] 1. A local English name of the com-
mon cod.—2. A Cornish name of the bib, a
fish of the cod family. The fish is said to have been
so named from a sort of loose bag capable of inflation and
resembling a bleb or blain, which is formed of an outer
layer passing from the cheeks over the eye, and a second
layer passing over the eyeball. Day.
blentl (blent). Past participle of blend1.
blent:2H. Preterit and past participle of blend2.
Chaucer.
blepharadenitis (blef-a-rad-e-niſtis), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. 32.Épapov, eyelid, H- déâv (ādev-), gland, +
-itis.] In pathol., inflammation of the Meibo-
mian glands. Also written blepharoadenitis.
blepharal (blefºa-ral), a. [K Gr. 32.Égapov, eye-
lid, + -al.] Pertaining to the eyelids.
blepharedema (blef-a-ré-dé’mâ), m. [NL., K
Gr. 32.Égapov, eyelid, + oiómua, swelling: see
edema..] In pathol., edema of the eyelids.
blepharitis (blef-a-riºtis), n. [NL., K. Gr. 32.É.-
papov, eyelid, + -itis. Cf. Gr. 32.8%apitag, adj., of
or on the eyelids.] In pathol., inflammation of
the eyelids.
blepharoadenitis (blef" a-rö-ad-e-ni ’tis), m.
[NL.] Same as blepharademitis.
ble harophimosis (blef" a-rū-fi-mö' sis), n.
[NL., K. Gr. 3%épapov, eyelid, + piplogic, a muz-
zling, shutting up of an Orifice, Kºtpoin', muz-
zle, shut up, K pluóg, a muzzle.] In pathol.,
congenital diminution of the space between the
eyelids. Dunglison.
blepharophthalmia (blef"a-rof-thal‘mi-á), n.
[NL., K. Gr. 8%épapov, eyelid, + 600ažuia, oph-
thalmia...] In pathol., conjunctivitis accom-
anied by blepharitis.
blepharophthalmic (blef"a-rof-thal’mik), a.
Pertaining to blepharophthalmia.
blepharoplastic (blef"a-rö-plastik), a. Per-
taining to blepharoplasty.
blepharoplasty, (blefºa-rö-plas’ti), n. [K. Gr.
§%épapov, eyelid, + Thaaróg, verbal, adj. of
Tââooetv, form, mold.] In surg., the operation
of making a new eyelid from a piece of skin
transplanted from an adjacent part.
blepharoplegia (blefa-rá-pléji-á), n. . [NL.;
r. 3% popov, eyelid, H Tâm)}, a stroke.]
Same as ptosis.
blepharoptosis (blef"a-rop-tó'sis), n. [NL., K
Gr. 3%papov, eyelid, H- Trôoug, a fall.] Same
as ptosis.
blepharorhaphy (blefºa-rö-raf’i), m. [NL., K
Gr. 32.Épapov, eyelid, + haſh, a sewing, seam, K
báttetv, sew.] The surgical operation of unit-
ing the edges of the eyelids to each other, as
after enucleation.
blººp. (blefºa-rö-spazm), m. [K Gr.
{3%épapov, eyelid, -- attaogóg, a spasm.] Spasm
of the orbicular muscle of the eyelid.
blºhºl. (blef /a: rö-ste-nó’ sis), n.
[NL., K. Gr. 32.Épapov, eyelid, -- orévootſ, a nar-
rowing, K at evoiv, contract, narrow, K otévôg,
narrow.] ... In pathol., a diminution of the space
between the eyelids, not of congenital origin.
See blepharophimosis.
blesbok, blessbok (bles’bok), n. [Also ;
isºlejº Djºsº, Çüies, ºf biaº,
bless
Blesbok (Alcelaphies a 262/rons).
+ bok = E. buckl.] A large bubaline or alcela-
phine antelope of South Africa, Damalis or
Alcelaphus albifrons, with a white face or blaze.
bleschef, v. t. See blesh.
blesht, v. t. [ME. blesshen, bleschen, blessen,
blissen, prob. of LG. origin: MD. blesschen,
blusschen, D. blusschen = LG. bluschen, quench,
extinguish, appar. contr. of *beleschen, K be- +
MLG. leschen = M.D. lesschen = OHG. leskén,
M.H.G. leschem, G. läschen, put out, causal of
OHG. leskan, MHG. leschen (G. läschen), go out,
as fire; prob., with present-formative -sk (=
AS. -sc, E. -sh, as in thresh, wash, etc.), from
the root of ÁŠ. lecgan, OHG. legem, etc., lay:
#. lay1.] To quench ; extinguish; put out (a
re).
Bleschym [var. blesshym], or qvenchyn, extinguo.
Prompt. Parv., p. 39.
blessl (bles), v. ‘. ; pret. and pp. blessed or blest,
ppr. blessing. M.E. blessen, blessien, blescen,
bletsien (also blissen, etc.), KAS. blétsiam, blédsian
= ONorth. bloºdsia, gi-bloºdsia, bless (X Icel.
bletza, ble2a, mod. blessa, bless), originally
*blödison, which may have meant ‘consecrate
the altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the
sacrifice” (Sweet), lit. make bloody, K blód,
blood, with verb-formative -s, as in clāmsian,
cleanse, mimsian, grow small (see cleanse and
mince). Confused in ME. and since with the
unrelated bliss ; hence the ME. parallel forms
blissen, blissien, bliscem ; and see blessfully, bless-
fulness.] : 1. To consecrate or set apart to
holy or sacred purposes; make or pronounce
holy: formerly occasionally used of persons.
And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it.
Gen. ii. 3.
2. To consecrate (a thing) by a religious rite,
as with prayer and thanksgiving; consecrate
or hallow by asking God’s blessing on ; as, to
bless food.
Where the master is too resty or too rich . . . to bless
his own table. Milton, Eikonoklastes.
And now the bishop had blest the meat.
Southey, Bishop Bruno.
3. To sanctify (one’s self) by making the sign
of the cross, especially as a defense against
evil influences or agencies: used reflexively.
Aryse be tyme oute of thi bedde,
And blysse thi brest & thi forhede.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 17.
When they heard these words, some . . . blest them-
selves with both hands, thinking . . . that he had been a
devil disguised. Urquhart, Rabelais, i. 35. W. E. D.)
I fancy I see you bless yourself at this terrible relation.
Lady M. JJT. Montagu, Letters, II. 47. (N. E. D.)
4t. To defend; preserve; protect or guard
from evil; reflexively, to guard one's self from ;
avoid; eschew.
And, were not hevenly grace that did him blesse,
He had beene pouldred all, as thin as flowre.
Spemser, F. Q., I. vii. 12.
Bless me from this woman I would stand the cannon,
Refore ten words of hers.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, i. 3.
And therefore God bless us from that [separation by
death], and I will hope well of the rest.
Arabella Stuart, in D'Israeli's Curios. of Lit., II. 277.
5. To invoke or pronounce a blessing upon
(another or others); commend to God's favor
or protection.
And Isaac called Jacob, and blessed him. Gen. xxviii. 1.
A thousand times I blest him, as he knelt beside my bed.
Tennyson, May Queen.
6. To confer well-being upon; bestow happi-
ness, prosperity, or good of any kind upon;
make happy, prosperous, or fortunate; prosper
with temporal or spiritual benefits: as, a nation
blessed with peace and plenty.
The Lord thy God shall bless thee in all that thou doest.
Deut. XV. 18.
Heaven bless your expedition. Shak, 2 Hem. IV., i. 2.



bless
If I do well I shall be blessed, whether any bless me or
not. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 17.
7. To favor (with); make happy or fortunate
by some specified means: as, blessed with a
good constitution; blessed with filial children.
You Will to your lute, I heard you could touch it cun-
ningly; pray bless my ears a little.
Shirley, Witty Fair One, i. 3.
Mrs. Bull . . . blessed John with three daughters.
Arbuthnot, John Bull (1755), p. 30. (N. E. D.)
8. To praise or extol (a) as holy or worthy of
reverence, or (b) as the giver of benefits; ex-
tol or glorify with thankful acknowledgment
of benefits received.
Bless the Lord, O my soul : and all that is within me,
bless EHis holy name. Ps. ciii. 1.
I am content with this, and bless my fortune.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iii. 1.
9. To esteem or account happy; congratulate;
felicitate: used reflexively.
The nations shall bless themselves in him. Jer. iv. 2.
Bless not thyself only that thou wert born in Athens.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., i. 35.
[Often used in exclamations with various shades of mean-
ing departing more or less widely from the literal sense:
as, God bless me ! bless you! bless the mark etc.]—God
bless the mark. See mark.—Not to have a penny to
bless one’s self with, to be penniless : in allusion to the
cross on the silver penny (cf. Ger. Kreuzer), or to the prac-
tice of crossing the palm with a piece of silver. N. E. D.
—To be blessed, a euphemism for to be dammed: as, I'm
blessed if he didn't run away; I'm blessed if I know. [Slang.]
I'm blessed if I don't expect the cur back to-morrow
morning. Marryat, Snarleyyow, II. xi.
An emphatic and earnest desire to be blessed if she
Would. Dickens, Oliver Twist, xiii.
To bless one's self. (a) To felicitate one's self; exult.
(b) To ejaculate “Bless me,” “God bless me,” or the like.
—To bless one's stars, to congratulate or felicitate one's
self.
bless2} (bles), v. t. and i. [KME. blessen, blyssen,
blechen, strike, wound, K OF. blecier, blechier,
F. blesser, wound, injure; of uncertain origin,
erhaps KMHG. 26-bletzen, cut to pieces, K_2e-,
É. zer- (=AS. to-, E. to-2), apart, -H bletz, ble2,
OHG. blet?, a patch, a piece.] 1. To wound;
hurt; beat; thump. Skelton.—2. [Appar, a de-
flection of sense 1. Some fancy that it refers
blessed-herb (bles’ ed-örb), m.
blessedly (blesſed-li), adv.
blessedness (bles’ed-nes), m.
blesser (bles’ér), m.
blessfully (bles'fül-i), adv.
586
8. By euphemism: Cursed; damned; con-
founded: a term of mitigated objurgation, and
often merely emphatic without objurgation:
as, the blessed thing gave way; our blessed sys-
tem of caucusing; he lost every blessed cent he
had.—Blessed bell. See belli.-Blessed thistle. See
tº:-The blessed, the saints in heaven; the beatified
Salill S. -
The state also of the blessed in Paradise, though never
so perfect, is not therefore left without discipline.
Milton, Church-Government, i. 1.
[A. tr. of ML.
herba benedicta, X E. herb-bennet.] The com-
mon European avens, Geum wrbanum.
In a blessed man-
mer; happily; in a fortunate manner; joyfully.
One day We shall blessedly meet again never to depart.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
[Kblessed -H, -mess.]
The state of being blessed ; happiness; felicity;
heavenly joys; the favor of §. #
His [Wolsey's] overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
For them, and not till then, he felt himself,
And found the blessedness of being º
Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 2.
Nor lily, nor no glorious hyacinth,
Are of that sweetness, whiteness, tenderness,
Softness, and satisfying blessedness,
As my Evanthe. Fletcher, Wife for a Month, i. 1.
It is such an one as, being begun in grace, passes into
glory, blessedness, and immortality.
Single blessedness, the unmarried state; celibacy.
Grows, lives, and dies, in single blessedness.
- Shak., M. N. D., i. 1.
==Syn. Felicity, Bliss, etc. (see happiness), joy, beatitude.
* One who bestows a bless-
ing; one who blesses or causes to prosper.
God, the giver of the gift, or blesser of the action.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, $4.
e [For blissfully, by
confusion of blessl with bliss; so ME. blesful,
and even blessedful, as yariations of blissful, blevel, o, .
See blessl and bliss.] Blissfully. [Rare.]
Of these many are blessfully incognizant of the opinion, blewl, blew? (blö).
its import, its history, and even its name.
Sir W. Hamviltom.
to “the old rite of blessing a field by directing blessfulness (blesſfül-nes), n. [For blissfulness.
the hands to all parts of it” (see blessl).] To
wave; brandish.
He priked in formest
& blessed so with his brigt bront aboute in eche side
That what rink so he rauðt he ros never after.
William of Palerne, 1. 1191.
His sparkling blade about his head he blest.
Spenser, F. Q., I. viii. 22.
blessbok, m. See blesbok.
blessed (blesſed or blest; as pret. and pp. com-
*monly pronounced blest, and often so written),
p. a. [Pp. of blessl.] 1. Consecrated; holy: as,
the blessed sacrament.
I . . . dipped my finger in the blessed water.
Marryat, Phantom Ship, i. (N. E. D.)
2. Worthy of adoration: as, the blessed Trinity.
O run, prevent them with thy humble ode,
And lay it lowly at his blessed feet.
Milton, Nativity, l. 25.
Jesus, the Christ of God,
The Father's blessed Son.
Bomar, Hymns of Faith and Hope.
3. Enjoying supreme happiness or felicity;
favored with blessings; highly favored; happy;
fortunate: as, “England's blessed shore,” Shak.,
2 Hen. VI., iii. 2; the blessedest of mortals.
The days are coming in the which they shall say, Blessed
are the barren. Luke xxiii. 29.
Farewell, lady;
Happy and blessed lady, goodness keep you!
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iv. 1.
Man never Is, but always To be, blest.
Pope, Essay on Man, i. 96.
Specifically—4. Enjoying spiritual blessings
and the favor of God; enjoying heavenly feli-
city; beatified.
Blessed are the merciful : for they shall obtain hº
at. W. 7.
Reverenc'd like a blessed saint. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii. 3.
5. Fraught with or imparting blessings; be-
stowing happiness, health, or prosperity.
The quality of mercy . . . is twice bless'd;
It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes.
Shak., M. of W., iv. 1.
Thou blessed star, I thank thee for thy light.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, ii. 2.
blessing (bles(ing), m.
b
blest (blest), pret., pp., and p. a.
Cf. blessfully..] Blissfulness. Dramt.
[K ME. blessinge, bles-
Sumge, etc., KAS. blétsung, blédswmg, verbal n. of
blåtsian, bless: see blessl.] 1. The act of in-
voking or pronouncing happiness upon another
or others; benediction. Specifically, in the Latin
and Greek churches, the act of pronouncing a benediction
on the laity or inferior clergy, performed by a bishop or
other priest. In the Roman Čátholic Church, the blessing
is now given with all the fingers joined and extended, but
formerly with
the thumb and
the first two fin-
gers of the right
hand extended
and the two
remaining fin-
gets turned
down. In the
Greek Church,
the thumb and
the third finger
of the same hand
are joined, the
other fingers be-
ing extended.
Some Eastern
writers see in
this position a
symbol of the Greek sacred monogram of the name of
Christ. In either case the three fingers (or two fingers
and thumb) extended symbolize the Trinity. In the An-
glican Church, either the former or the present Latin ges-
ture is used. ſº tº ſº e
2. The form of words used in this invocation
or declaration; a (or the) benediction.—3. The
bestowal of divine favor, or of hallowing, pro-
tecting, or prospering influences: as, to ask
God’s blessing on any undertaking.—4. A tem-
i. or spiritual benefit; anything which makes
appy or prosperous; something to be thank-
ful for; a boon or mercy; as, the blessings of
life, of health, or of civilization; it is a bless-
ing we fared so well.
Nature's full blessings would be well dispensed.
Milton, Comus, l. 772.
5. Euphemistically, a curse; a scolding; a cas-
tigation with Words.--To askablessing, to say grace
efore a meal.
Latin Church (old use). Greek Church.
Position of Hand in Blessing.
South, ulty of bletonism.
bletting (blet'ing), n.
bleu-de-roi (blé'dè-rwo'), n.
blewart (blé'wärt), n.
bleymet, n.
bleynt, m.
bleyntet.
bliandt, m. See bleaunt.
bliaust, bliautt, n.
blick1
blickl (blik), n.
blight
grave), also blesse, blosse, blot (Roquefort). The
relations of these forms, and their origin, are
uncertain.] To become “sleepy” or internally
decayed, as a pear which ripens after being
picked.
Its [the medlar's] fruit is hard, acid, and unfit for eating
till it loses its green colour and becomes bletted.
Encyc. Brit., XII. 271.
bletcht, v. t. [The assibilated form of bleck,
w. Cf. blatch, black.] To black; make black.
Levins. - *
bletchi, n. [The assibilated form of bleck, n.
Cf. bletch, v.] Blacking. Levins. -
bletherl (blepH’ér), v. i. Same as blather.
bletherl (bleTH'èr), n. Same as blather.
Stringin' blethers up in rhyme. Burns, The Vision.
blether? (blepH’ér), n. A Scotch form of blad-
der.
bletherskate (bleTH' ér-skāt), n.
blatherskite.
bletonism (blet'gn-izm), n. [So called from M.
léton, a Frenchman living at the end of the
18th century, who was said to have this fac-
ulty.] The pretended faculty of perceiving
and indicating subterraneous springs and cur-
rents by peculiar sensations.
bletonist (blet’gn-ist), n. [See bletonism.] One
who possesses or pretends to possess the fac-
[Verbal n. of blet, v.]
The slow, internal decay or “sleepiness” that
takes place in some fruits, as apples and pears,
after they are gathered. Lindley.
[F., king's blue:
blew (see blue); de, K L. de, of; roi, king: see
Toy.] In ceram., the name given to the cobalt-
blue color, in European porcelain, first pro-
duced in Sèvres. It is sometimes uniform, and some-
times mottled or marbled. It was one of the first colors
used in European porcelain decoration.
A Middle English contraction of
Preterit of blowl, blow2.
[Sc. Cf. blawort.] In
the germander speedwell, Veronica
Same as
beleave.
lew8t, a. See blue.
Scotland,
[Rare.] Chamaedrys.
blewits (blö’its), m.
[Prob. same as bluets, pl.
of bluet, a name applied to several different
flowers.] A popular name of Tricholoma perso-
natum, an edible purplish mushroom common
in meadows in autumn.
IK F. bleime, of same sense, re-
ferred by some to bléme, formerly blaime, OF.
bleme, blesme, pale: see blemish.] An inflam-
mation in the foot of a horse, between the sole
and the bone. Bradley.
An obsolete spelling of blaim.
An obsolete preterit of blench:1.
Therwithal he bleymte and cryede, Al
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 220.
See bleaunt.
f, v. 7. [In mod. E. appar. only in dial.
blickent, Shining, bright, orig. (as in 26 extract
|below).ppr. of blick; (a) K ME. blikken, blikien,
bliken, KAS.*blician = MD. blicken, shiné, gleam,
D., blikken, twinkle, turn pale, = MLG. blicken,
Shine, gleam, = G. blicken, glance, look, = Icel.
blika, shine, gleam, = Sw, blicka, glance, look;
a weak verb, in ME. mixed with the orig. strong
verb (b) bliken, KAS. blican (pret. blåc, pp. bli-
Cem) = OS. blikan, shine, gleam, = OFries, blika
(pp. bliken), appear, = M.D. bliken, D. blijken,
look, appear, = HG. viiian (in comp.), M.H.G.
bliclien, shine, gleam ; perhaps = O'Bulg. blis-
katº, Sparkle, = L. fulgere, shine, lighten
Gr. ºëyetv, burn: see fulgent, phlegm prior.
Hence ult. (from AS. blican) E. bleaki, bišachi,
q. v. Cf. blink, blank.] To shine; gleam.
Brygt blykked the bem of the brode heuen.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 603.
The blykkande belt he bere theraboute.
Sir Gawayme and the Green Knight (ed. Morris), 1. 2485.
[K G. blick = D. Dan. blik, a
look, glance, twinkle, flash, = MLG. blick,
leam, sheen; from the verb: see blicki, v.]
he brightening or iridescence appearing on
ſº tº * gº • 4 ſº A contracted silver or gold at the end of the cupeling or re-
* º:é: Pººl; #" # º t. and pn. bletted b # Fº #º Mining º
y ... [... ºn 11-iv; s et (blet), v. i.; pret. and pp. bletted, ppr. blet- blick2 (blik), n. ... dial. var. of bleak2.] Same
º Pºpus, Diary, ; 1860.7. Endowed “...º. iś ºp blette, as ; y *
with or possessing healing virtues. ‘sleepy,” applied to a pear (wne #". blette); blickey, blickie (blik'i), n. A small pail or
I have . . . made familiar fem. of a disused masc. *blet, K OF. blet, fem. A bucket. [New Jersey.]
To me and to my aid the ble88'd infusions
That dwell in vegetives, in metals, stones.
Shak., Pericles, iii. 2.
blight (blit), n. [First certain instances in Cot-
blette, soft, mellow, overripe; cf. equiv. bioche,
grave and Sherwood, 17th century; later also
blegue, applied also to an overripe apple (Cot-

spelled blite. Origin unknown; the various ex-
planations offered all fail for lack of evidence.]
1. Some influence, usually hidden or not con-
spicuous, that nips, blasts, or destroys plants;
a diseased state of plants caused by the condi-
tion of the soil, atmospheric influences, insects,
arasitic plants, etc.; Smut, mildew, or the like.
In botany it is sometimes restricted to a class of minute
parasitic fungi, the Erysiphaceae, which grow upon the
surface of leaves or stems without entering the tissues, and
#. a Whitish appearance, but is frequently a pied also
those of other groups which are destructive to crops.
The garden fears no blight, and needs no fence.
Cowper, Task, vi. 772.
2. Figuratively, any malignant or mysterious
influence that nips, blasts, destroys, or brings
to naught; anything which withers hope, blasts
one's prospects, or checks prosperity.
A blight seemed to have fallen over our fortunes.
Disraeli.
The biting presence of a petty degrading care, such as
casts the blight of irony over all higher effort.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, II. 178.
3. In med. : (a) A slight facial paralysis in-
duced by sudden cold or damp, k; See blights.
—Bladder-blight, a disease of peach-trees caused by the
parasitic fungus Eacoascus deformans, now known as
peach leaf-curl. See blight and Eazoascus, in the sup-
plement.—Pear-blight, an epidemic disease attacking
pear-trees, also known as fire-blight, and when affecting
the apple and quince as twig-blight, caused by a micro-
scopic fungus, Bacillus amylovorus, one of the bacteria.
Also called anthraa, and 8wn-8cald.
blight (blit), v. t. [K blight, n.] 1. To affect
with blight; cause to wither or decay; nip,
|blast, or destroy.
A cold and wet summer blighted the corn.
- Emerson, Misc., p. 58.
2. To exert a malignant or baleful influence
on; blast or mar the beauty, hopes, or pros-
pects of; frustrate.
The standard of police is the measure of political justice.
The atmosphere will blight it, it cannot live here.
Lamb, Artificial Comedy of Last Century.
blight-bird (blit’bèrd), n. A bird, as a species
of Zosterops, useful in clearing trees of blight
and of insects.
blighted (bliſted), p. a. Smitten with blight;
biº d. (bli’ting) Prod h
lightin i’ting), p. a. Producing the ef-
fects #. y
I found it [Tintoretto's house] had nothing to offer me
but the usual number of commonplace rooms in the usual
blighting state of restoration. Howells, Venetian Life, xv.
blightingly (bliſting-li), adv. By blighting;
with blighting influence or effect.
blights (blits), n. pl. [See blight, m.]. A name
given in some parts of the United States to cer-
tain forms of urticaria or nettle-rash.
bliket, v. i. [ME. bliken and bliken : see blick1.]
To shine; gleam.
blikent, v. . [ME. bliknen (= Icel, blikna), K
bliken, shine: see blike, blick!..] 1. To become
ale.—2. To shine.
blimbing (blim’bing), m. Same as bilimbi.
blin.1+ (blin), v. [KME. blimmen, rarely bilinnen,
usually intrans., KAS. blinnam, intrans., cease,
contr. of “belinnan (= OHG. bilinnan), K be- +
linnan, M.E. linnen, mod. dial. lin, Sc. lin, linn,
leem, cease, – Icel. limina = Dan. linne, linde =
OHG. *linnam, in bi-linnam above, and MEIG.
ge-linnen = Goth. *linnam, in af-linnan, leave
off.] I. intrans. To cease; leave off.
I'gan cry ere I blin,
0, her eyes are paths to sin!
Greene, Penitent Palmer's Ode.
II. trams. To put a stop to.
For mathemore for that spectacle bad
Did th' other two their cruell vengeaunce blin,
But both attonce on both sides him besta
d.
Spenser, F. Q., III. v. 22.
blin.1# (blin), n. [K ME. blin, KAS. blinn, cessa-
tion, K blinnan, cease: see the verb.] End;
cessation. B. Jonson.
blin? (blin), a. A Scotch form of blind.
blindl (blind), a. [K ME. blind, blymd, KAS.
×blind = OS. blind = OFries. blind = D. blind =
OHG. M.H.G. blint, G. blind = Icel. blindr = Sw.
blind = Dam. blind = Goth. blinds, blind; cf.
Lith. blendzas, blind, Lett. blenst, see dimly,
OBulg. bledit, pale, dim;, with factitive verb
AS. blendan, etc., make blind (see blend?). The
supposed connection with AS. blamdan, etc., E.
bland.1, as if ‘with confused sight,’ is doubtful.]
1. Destitute of the sense of sight, whether by
natural defect or by deprivation, permanently
or temporarily; not having sight.
They be blind leaders of the blind. Mat. xv. 14.
Hence—2. Figuratively, lacking in the faç-
ulty of discernment; destitute of intellectual,
587
or judge.
I am full blynde in Poets Arte,
thereof I can no skill:
All elloquence I put apart,
following myne owne wyll.
Rhodes, Boke of Nurture (E. E. T. S.), p. 71.
At a solemn Fº I have wept abundantly, while
my consorts, blind with opposition and prejudice, have
fallen into an access of scorn and laughter.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 3.
He fought his doubts and gather'd strength,
He would not make his judgment blind.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, xcvi.
3. Not directed or governed by sight, physical
or mental; not proceeding from or controlled
by reason: as, blind groping; blind tenacity.
. That which is thought to have done the Bishops hurt,
is their going about to bring men to a blind obedience.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 23.
Specifically—4. Undiscriminating; heedless;
inconsiderate; unreflecting; headlong.
His feare of God may be as faulty as a blind zeale.
- Milton, Eikonoklastes, ix.
This plan is recommended neither to blind approbation
nor to blind reprobation. Jay.
5. Not possessing or proceeding from intelli-
gence or consciousness; without direction or
control; irrational; fortuitous: as, a blind force
or agency; blind chance.—6. Filled with or en-
veloped in darkness; dark; obscure; not easily
discernible: as, a blind corner. [Archaic.]
The blind cave of eternal night. Shak., Rich. III., v. 3.
The blind mazes of this tangled wood.
- Milton, Comus, l. 181.
Mr. Pierce hath let his wife's closet, and the little blind
bedchamber, and a garret, to a silk-man for 50l. fine, and
30l. per annum. Pepys, Diary, II. 459.
Hence—7. Difficult to see, literally or figura-
tively; hard to understand; hard to make out;
unintelligible: as, blind outlines; blind writing;
blind reasoning.
Written in such a queer blind . . . .hand.
Hawthorne, Grandfather's Chair.
8#. Unlighted: as, blind candles.—9. Covered;
concealed from sight; hidden.
On the blind rocks are lost. Dryden.
10%. Out of sight or public view; out of the
way; private ; secret.
A blind place where Mr. Goldsborough was to meet me.
Pepys, Diary, Oct. 15, 1661.
I was forced to go to a blind chophouse, and dine for
tenpence. Swift, Journal to Stella, Letter 5.
11. Without openings for admitting light or
seeing through: as, a blind window; “blind
walls,” Tennyson, Godiva-12. Not serving
any apparent purpose; wanting something or-
dinarily essential to completeness; not fulfil-
ling its purpose : as, a blind shell, one that
from a bad fuse or other reason has fallen with-
out exploding.—13. Closed at one end; having
no outlet; caecal: as, a blind alley.
Blind processes . . . from both the sides and ends of
the air-bladder. Owen, Anat. Vert.
Offenders were supposed to be incarcerated behind an
iron-plated door, closing up a second prison, consisting of
a strong cell or two and a blind alley some yard and a
Half wide. Dickens, Little Dorrit, vi.
Blind arcade. See arcade.—Blind arch. See arch 1.
—Blind area, a space about the basement of a house
designed to prevent moisture from reaching the walls of
the building; an ambit.—Blind axle. See aarle.—Blind
beetle, a name given to two insects: (a) the cockchafer
(Melolontha vulgaris), so called because it flies against
hersons as if it were blind; (b) a small chestnut-colored
beetle destitute of eyes, found in rice.—Blind blocking.
See blocking.—Blind buckler, the stopper of a hawse-
hole.—Blind bud, an abortive bud; a bud that bears
no bloom or fruit. Hence plants are said by florists to
go blind when they fail to form flower-buds.-Blind
coal, coal altered by the passage of a trap dike through
or néar it. [Eng.]—Blind copy, in printing, obscurely
written copy; any copy hard to read.—Blind door. See
blind window, below.—Blind fire, fuel arranged on the
grate or fireplace in such a manner as to be easily ignited
on the application of a lighted match.-Blind holes,
holes, as in plates to be riveted, which are not coincident.
—Blind lantern, a dark or unlighted lantern.-Blind
level, in mining, a level or drainage gallery Which has a
vertical shaft at each end and acts as an inverted siphon.—
Blind plants, abortive plants; plants, as of the cabbage
and other members of the genus Brassica, which have
failed to 3. central buds.-Blind side, the weak
or unguarded side of a person or thing.
All people have their blind side—their superstitions.
Damb, Opinions on Whist.
Blind spot, the point in the retina, not sensitive to light,
at which the optic nerve enters the eye.—Blind Stitch.
(a) A stitch taken on the under side of any fabric in such a
way that it is not seen. (b) Ornamental sewing on leather,
designed to be seen on only one side of the material.—
Blind story, (a) A pointless tale. (b). Same as blind-
story.—Blind tooling. See tooling.—Blind Vessel, in
chem., a vessel with an opening on one side only.—Blind blind-ball (blind/bâl), m.
dow, door, in arch., a feature of design introduced
for the sake of symmetry or harmony, identical in treat-
ment and ornament with a true window or door, but
closed with a wall. -
blindl (blind), n.
blind? (blind), m.
blindage (blin’ daj), n.
Blind-born
moral, or spiritual sight; unable to understand blindl (blind), v. [KME. blinden, become blind,
make blind, deceive (= D. blindem = OFries.
binda Tołłó. blinden, become blind, = Dall.
blinde = Goth. ga-blindjan, make blind), K blind,
a., blind. The more common ME. verb is that
represented by blend?, q.v.] I, trans. 1. To
make blind; deprive of sight; render incapable
of seeing, wholly or partially.
The curtain drawn, his eyes begun
To wink, being blinded with a greater light.
Shak., Lucrece, l. 375.
2. To dim the perception or discernment of;
make morally or intellectually blind.
And thou shalt take no gift : for the gift blindeth the
wise, and perverteth the words of the righteous.
- Ex. xxiii. 8.
Superstition hath blinded the hearts of men.
Bwrton, Anat. of Mel., p. 599,
Whom passion hath not blinded.
Tennyson, Ode to Memory, v.
3. To render dark, literally or figuratively;
obscure to the eye or to the mind; conceal.
Such darkness blinds the sky. Dryden.
The state of the controversy oetween us he endeavoured,
with all his art, to blind and confound. Stillingfleet.
4. To dim or obscure by excess of light; out-
shine; eclipse. [Rare.]
Thirsil, her beauty all the rest did blind,
That she alone seem'd worthy of my love.
P. Fletcher, Piscatory Eclogues, vi.
Thy sweet eyes brighten slowly close to mine,
Ere yet they blind the stars. Tennyson, Tithonus.
5. In road-making, to fill with gravel, as inter-
stices between stones; cover with gravel or
earth: as, to blind road-metal.—6. In gunnery,
to provide with blindages.—Blinded battery.
See battery.
II. intrans. To become blind or dim.
That ho [she, a pearl] blyndes of ble in bour ther holygges,
No-bot wasch hir wyth woul-chyp in wyn as ho askes.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1126.
[K blindl., v.] 1. Anything
which obstructs the sight, intercepts the view,
or keeps out light.
If I have an ancient window overlooking my neighbour's
ground, he may not erect any blind to obstruct the light.
Blackstone, Com., II. 26.
Specifically—(a) A screen of some sort to prevent too
strong a light from shuning in at a window, or to keep
people from seeing in ; a sun-screen or shade for a win-
dow, made of cloth, laths, etc., and used either inside or
outside. (b) One of a pair of pieces of leather, generally
square, attached to a horse's bridle on either side of his
head to prevent him from seeing sidewise or backward; a
blinder or blinker. (c) A strong plank shutter placed in
front of a port-hole as soon as the gun has been discharged.
2. Something intended to mislead the eye or
the understanding by concealing, or diverting
attention from, the principal object or true de-
sign; a pretense or pretext.
Making the one a blind for the execution of the other.
Decay of Christ. Piety.
3. A hiding-place ; an ambush or covert, es-
pecially one prepared for concealing a hunter
or fowler from his game.
So when the watchful shepherd, from the blind,
Wounds with a random shaft the careless hind.
Dryden, AEneid, iv.
4. Milit., a kind of bomb-proof shelter for men
or material; a blindage. A single blind is commonly
made of three strong perpendicular posts with planks be-
tween them, covered with plates of iron on the outside,
rendering them shot-proof. It is used as a protection to
laborers in the trenches. A double blind is made by filling
large wooden chests with earth or bags of sand. . .
5. In poker, a compulsory bet placed in tho
pool by the age before the cards are dealt,
which must be doubled by any player wishing
to draw cards.-Stamped in the blind, in bookbind-
ing, said of ornaments to be printed in ink when the pat-
term is first stamped with a heated die.— Venetian
blinds, window-blinds or -shades of thin light laths or
strips of wood fixed on strips of webbing.
Same as blende.
[K blindl -- -age.] 1.
Milit., a blind; a screen made of timber and
earth, used to protect men in a trench or cov-
ered way; also, a mantelet.
When a trench has to be pushed forward . . . where
... it cannot be sheltered . . . by traverses, it is cow-
ered on the top and on the sides by fascines and earth
supported by a framework, and is termed a blindage.
Farrow, Mil. Encyc.
2. A hood so arranged that it can be made
to cover the eyes of a horse if he essays to run
àWay.
blindage-frame (blin’ daj-frām), m. A wooden
frame used in the construction of a blindage
to support fascines, earth, etc.
b Same as blindman's-
20,
2.
blind-born (blind’bórn), a. Born blind; con-
genitally blind. [Rare. I

blind-born
A person . . . is apt to attribute to the blind-born . . .
such habits of thought . . . as his own.
Whately, Rhetoric,
blinde (blind), n., Same as blende.
blinded (blin'ded), a. 1. Provided with blinds,
*blinders, or blindages: as, a blinded house;
blinded batteries.—2. Having the window-
shades drawn down; with the blinds closed.
I found the windows were blinded. -
Addison, Tatler, No. 120.
He paced under the blinded houses and along the vacant
StreetS. IR. L. Stevensom, The Dynamiter, p. 13.
#º. (blin’ ded-li), adv. As if blinded.
blinder (blin’dër), n. 1. one who or that which
blinds.—2. A blind or blinker on a horse's bri-
dle.
blind-fast (blindſfäst), m.
*tening of a blind or shutter.
blind-fish (blind’ fish), m. 1. A cave-fish, one of
the Amblyopsidae, having eyes rudimentary and
useless for vision. The best-known is the Amblyopsis
spelaews, or blind-fish of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky;
another is Typhlichthys subterramews. Amblyopsis spe-
locus attains occasionally a length of 3 to 5 inches; it has
rudimentary and functionless eyes, and ventral fins small
and of 4 rays each. The color is pale as if bleached. It
inhabits the subterranean streams of Kentucky and Indi-
ana, especially those in the Mammoth Cave. Typhlichthys
subterramews is a much smaller species and destitute of
ventral fins. It is an occasional associate of the Ambly-
opsis. See cut under Amblyopsis.
2. A myzont of the family Myasinidae, Myaine
glutinosa; the hag. [Local, Eng.]
blindfold (blind'föld), a. [Early mod. E. blind-
fold, blindfeld, blymdfield, etc., K ME. blind-
felled, <feld, fuld, pp. of blindfellen, blindfold:
see blindfold, v.] 1. Having the eyes covered
or bandaged, so as to be unable to see.
To be spit in the face and be bofet and blymdfuld, alas !
Audelay, p. 60.
2. Having the mental eye darkened; hence,
rash; inconsiderate; without foresight: as,
“blindfold fury,” Shak., W. and A., l. 554.
Fate's blindfold reign the atheist loudly owns.
Dryden, Suum Cuique.
3+. Obscure; dark.
If execution be remisse or blindfold now and in this par-
ticular, what will it be hereafter and in other books?
Milton, Areopagitica, p. 27.
blindfold (blind'föld), v. t. [Early mod. E. blind-
fold, blindfeld, blindfield, blindfell (the second
element being altered by confusion with fold,
wrap up), KME. blindfellen, blinfellen, blymdfellen
(pret. blindfelde, pp. blindfelled, feld, folde), K
blind, blind, + fellen, fell, strike: see blind and
fell1.] 1+. To strike blind; to blind.—2. To
The catch or fas-
atte
cover the eyes of; hinder from seeing by cov- blinds, m.
blind-snake (blind’snäk), m.
ering the eyes.
Thauh thu thin eien vor his luv . . .
eorthe.
When they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the
face. Luke xxii. 64.
blindfold (blind'föld), m. [K blindfold, v.] A
disguise; a ruse; a blind. See blindl, m., 2.
The egotism of a Roman is a blindfold, innpenetrable as
his breastplate. L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 106.
blindfolded (blind'föl/ded), p.a. [Pp. of blind-
fold, v.] Having the eyes covered; hindered
from seeing.
blind-Harry (blind'har’i), m. 1. A name for
blindman's-buff.—2. A name for a puff-ball.
blinding (blin'ding), m. [Verbal n. of blindl., v.]
1. The act of making blind.— 2. A layer of
sand and fine gravel iaid over a road which
has been recently paved, to fill the interstices
'between the stones. -
blinding (blin/ding), p. a. [Ppr. of blindl., v.]
Making blind; depriving of sight or of under-
standing: as, a blinding storm of rain.
Sorrow's eye glazed with blinding tears.
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 2.
blindingly (blin/ding-li), adv. In a blinding
manner; so as to blind.
blind-i (blind (ink), m. A writing-ink de-
signed for the use of blind persons. On being
applied to the paper, it swells, forming raised characters
which can be read by the touch.
blindless (blind’les), a. [K blind!, n., + -less.]
Without a blind or shade.
blindfellie on
The new Sun
Beat thro' the blindless casement of the Toom.
Tennyson, Geraint."
blind-lift (blind’ lift), n. A metal hook or catch
on a sliding window-blind, by means of which it
can be raised or lowered. Also called blind-pull.
blindly (blind (li), adv. [K ME. blyndly, KAS.
blindlice, K blind, blind.] 1. In a blind manner;
as a blind person; without sight.—2. Without
reasoning; without discernment; without re-
quiring reasons; without examination; reck-
lessly; as, to be led blindly by another.
the slats.
blindstitch
blind-story
588
England hath long been mad and scarr'd herself;
The brother blindly shed the brother's blood,
The father rashly slaughter'd his own son.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 4.
How ready zeal for interest and party is to º
atheism on those who will not, without examining, sub-
mit, and blindly swallow their monsense. focke.
blindman (blind’man), m.; pl. blindmen (-men).
1. A clerk in a post-office whose duty it is to
decipher obscure or illegible addresses on let-
ters. [Eng.], Called blind-reader in the United
States.—2. A blind or blinded person: used as
a single word in certain phrases and names.—
Blindman's ball, blindman’s bellows. See blindman's-
buff, 2.—Blindman’s holiday, the time, just before the
lamps are lighted, when it is too dark to work, and one is
obliged to rest ; twilight; gloaming.
What will not blind Cupid doe in the night, which is
his blindman's hº -
Nashe, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Misc., VI. 167).
Indeed, madam, it is blindman's holiday; we shall soon
be all of a colour. Swift, Polite Conversation, iii.
blindman's-buff (blind/manz-buf'), n. [Kblind-
man’s + buff, a buffet, blow.] 1. A game in
which one person is blindfolded and tries to
catch and identify some one of the company.
Sometimes called blindman-buff.
My light's out,
And I grope up and down like blind-man-buff.
Fletcher and Shirley, Night-Walker, ii. 2.
As once I play’d at Blind-man's Buff, it hapt
About my Eyes the Towel thick was wrapt;
I miss'd the Swains, and seiz'd on Blouzalind,
True speaks that ancient Proverb, “Love is Blind.”
Gay, Shepherd's Week, i. 95.
2. A name of certain puff-balls of the genera
Iłovista and Lycoperdom. Also blindman's ball
+ or bellows, and blind-ball.
blindness (blindºnes), n.
[ME. blindnes, -messe,
KAS. blindnysse; K blind + -mess.] 1. The state
of being blind. (a) Want of sight. (b) Want
of intellectual discernment; mental darkness;
ignorance; heedlessness.
Whensoever we would proceed beyond these simple
ideas, we fall presently into darkness and difficulties, and
can discover nothing farther but our own blindmess and
ignorance. Locke.
2+. Concealment.
Muffle your false love with some show of blindness.
Shak., C. of E., iii. 2.
blind-officer (blind'of"i-sér), n. Same as blind-
man, 1. [En
9.
blind-pull (blindſpill), n. Same as blind-lift.
blind-reader (blind’ré"dēr), m.
In the United
States postal service, a clerk whose duty it is to
decipher obscure or illegible addresses on mail-
IOCl3, UT, CT,
See blems.
A snake of the
family Typhlopidae.
4***, p. 10% blind-stiić (blind'stil), n. The stile of a blind.
— Blind-stile machine, a machine for making the mor-
tises and temons in
blinds, and for bor-
ing the holes for
(blind'stich), v.
t. To sew Or
take stitches in
(anything) in
such a way that
they will show
only on one side
of the thing
sewed or stitch-
ed, or not at all.
-
;& sº~-
|E.
*
(blind 'stö ºri),
1. In medieval
church - arch.,
the triforium:
properly re-
stricted to such
examples 8,S
possess no ex-
terior windows,
as opposed to 8–4
the clerestory,
from which the
chief lighting of the interior is derived.
º
sº (ſ
Blind-story.—Triforium of Lincoln
athedral.
blindworm (blindºwérm), m. [MIL. blymdworme,
-wurme (= Sw. Dam. blindorm); K blind + worm.]
A small European lizard, Anguis fragilis, of the
family Anguidae, having a slender limbless body
and tail, like a snake, rudimentary shoulder-
girdle, breast-bone, and pelvis, a scaly skin,
concealed ears, and small eyes furnished with
movable lids: so called because supposed to be
a sightless worm, a notion as erroneous as is the
supposition that it is poisonous. Also called
orvet and slow-worm.
blink (blingk), v.
biºlº.
--> * - ſº -
* ºf . º-º
zºº º
& Yºkº
zºº
Blindworm (Angiers fragilis).
[= Sc. blink, blenk; K ME.
blynken, rare and appar. Only as var. of blenk-
en (see blenk, blench); not found earlier (though
an AS. *blincan appears to be indicated by the
causalverb blencan, deceive, X E. blemchl); = D.
blinkem = G. blinkem = Sw, blinka = Dan. blinke,
shine, twinkle, blink, nasalized forms parallel
with D. blikken = G. blicken = Sw. blicka =
Dam. blikke, look, glance, from a strong verb
repr, by AS. blican, shine : see blick!, blike,
bleakl; and cf. blenchl and blink, n.] I. in-
trans. 1. To wink rapidly and repeatedly;
nictitate.
A snake's small eye blinks dull and sly.
Coleridge, Christabel, ii.
He blinked with his yellow eyes, that seemed
All sightless and blank to be.
C. Thaacter, Great White Owl.
2. To see with the eyes half shut or with fre-
quent winking, as a person with weak eyes;
hence, to get a glimpse; peep.
Show me thy chink, to blink through with mine eyne.
Shak., M. N. D., v. 1.
3. Figuratively, to look askance or indiffer-
ently. - -
Why them ignore or blink at moral purpose?
Mag. of Art, March, 1884.
4. To intermit light; glimmer: as “a blinking
lamp,” Cottom, An Epigram.—5. To gleam tran-
siently but cheerfully; Smile ; look kindly.
[Scotch and prov. Eng.]—6. To become a lit-
tle stale or sour: said of milk or beer. [Prov.
Eng. and Scotch..]
#. trans. 1+. To deceive; elude; shun.—2.
To see or catch sight of with half-shut eyes;
dimly see; wink at.
I heard the imp brushing over the dry leaves like a
black snake, and, blinking a glimpse of him, just over
aginyon big pine, I pulled as it might be on the scent.
Cooper, Last of the Mohicans, v.
3. Figuratively, to shut one's eyes to; avoid
or purposely evade; shirk: as, to blink a ques-
tion.
How can I blink; the fact, 7
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 214.
We blink no fair issue. . . . We have
W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 34.
Understand us.
counted the cost.
4. To balk at ; pass by ; shirk: as, a dog that
never blinked a bird.
In fear he comes there, and consequently “blinks his
birds.” ogs of Great Brit. and America, p. 240.
5}. To blindfold; hoodwink. Landor.
[K ME. blink, a glance, — Sw.
blink = Dam. blink; from the verb.] 1. A glance
of the eye; a glimpse.
Lo, this is the first blinke that ever I had of him.
, Bp. Hall, Works, II. 108.
2. A gleam ; a glimmer; specifically, the gleam
or glimmer reflected from ice in the polar re-
gions: hence the term ice-blink (which see).
Notablink of light was there.
After breakfast this morning, I ascended to the crow's
nest, and saw to my sorrow the onlinous blink of ice
ahead. Rame, Sec. Grinn. Exp., I. 49.
And where north and south the coast-lines run,
The blimic of the sea in breeze and sun.
Whittier, Prophecy of Samuel Sewall.
3. A very short time; a twinkling: as, bide a
blink. [Scotch..]—4}. A trick; a scheme.—5.
pl. Boughs thrown to turn aside deer from their
course; also, feathers, etc., on a thread to scare
birds. N. E. D.—6. A fishermen's name for
the mackerel when about a year old. See spike
and tinker.
blinkardt (bling’kård), n. [K blink + -ard, as
in drunkard, dotard.] 1. A person who blinks
or sees imperfectly; one who squints.
Among the blind the one-eyed blinkard reigns,
Char. of Holland, in Harl. Misc. (ed. 1810), V. 613.
For I was of Christ's choosing, I God's knight,
No blinkard heathem stumbling for scant light.
Swinburne, Laus Veneris.
2. That which twinkles or glances, as a dim
star which appears and disappears.
Wordsworth, Sonnets, vii.




blinkard
In some parts we see many glorious and eminent stars,
in others few of any remarkable greatness, and, in some,
none but blinkards and obscure ones.
- Hakewill, Apology, p. 237.
3. One who lacks intellectual perception. Skel-
ton.—4. One who wilfully shuts his eyes to
what is happening; one who blinks facts.
[Sometimes used attributively.]
Thlink-beer (blingk’bër), n. [K blink, v., I., 6, +
# beer.] Beer kept unbroached till it is sharp.
blinker (bling'kër), n. 1. One who blinks.-2,
One of two leather flaps placed on the sides of
a horse's head to prevent him from seeing
sidewise or backward; a blind or blinder;
hence, figuratively, any obstruction to sight or
discernment.
Nor bigots who but one way see,
Through blinkers of authority.
M. Green, The Grotto.
Horses splashed to their very blinker8. Dickens.
blink-eyed (blingk'id), a. Having blinking or
winking eyes.
The foolish blink-eyed boy. Gascoigne, Hearbes.
blinking (bling'king), n. In sporting, the fault
in dogs of leaving the game as soon as it is
found. e -
The vice of blinking has been caused by over-severity in
punishment for chasing poultry, etc.
Dogs of Great Britain and America, p. 240.
blinking-chickweed (bling’king-chik(wèd), n.
A small marsh-herb, Montia fontana, belonging
to the family Portulacaceae: so called from its
small half-closed flowers looking out from the
axils of the leaves. Also called blinks.
blinkingly (bling’king-li), adv. In a blinking
or winking manner; evasively.
Death, that fatal necessity which so many would over-
look, or blinkingly survey, the old Egyptians held con-
tinually before §: eyes. Sir T. Browne, Mummies.
blinks (blingks), m. [K blink, m.; a quasi-plural
form.] Same as blinking-chickweed.
blinky (bling'ki), a. [K blink + -y1.] Prone to
lblink. -
We were just within range, and one's eyes became quite
blinky watching for the flash from the bow.
W. H. Russell, London Times, June 11, 1861.
blint (blért), n. [A war. of blurt.] An outburst
of wind, rain, or tears; specifically, mawt., a
st of wind and rain. [Scotch.]
blinty, blirtie (blérºti), a. [K blirt + -y1.]
Characterized by blirts or gusts of wind and
rain: as, a blirty day. [Scotch.]
bliss (blis), n. [KME, blis, blisse, KAS, blis, bliss,
contr. of the unusual blids, bliths (= OS. blidsea,
blitzea, blizza), joy, K blithe, joyful, blithe: see
blithe, and cf. blessl, with which the word has
been notionally associated.] 1. Blitheness;
gladness; lightness of heart.—2. The highest
degree of happiness, especially spiritual joy;
perfect felicity; supreme delight; blessedness:
often, specifically, the joy of heaven.
How sweet a thing it is to wear a crown,
Within whose circuit is Elysium,
And all that poets feign of bliss and joy.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 2.
All my redeem'd may dwell in joy and bliss.
filton, P. L., xi. 43.
=Syn. Felicity, Blessedness, etc. (see happiness), trans-
port, **. ecstasy, blissfulness.
lolissful (blis’fül), a. [K ME. blisful; K bliss +
+ful.] 1. Full of, abounding in, enjoying, or
conferring bliss; full of felicity: as, “blissful
jº. Spenser, F. Q.; “blissful solitude,” Milton,
. L., iii. 69.
The blissful shore of rural ease.
homson, Liberty, v.
Ever as those blissful creatures do I fare.
Wordsworth.
2}. [Cf. blessful.] Blessed; holy.
blissfully (blisſful-i), adv, [K ME. blissfuliche,
etc., K blisful + -liche, -ly?..] In a blissful man-
ner; happily.
blissfulness (blis’ fül-nes), m. [K ME. blisful-
mes, -nesse, K blisful -H -mes, -ness.] . The state
or quality of being blissful; exalted happiness;
supreme felicity; fullness of joy.
God is all-sufficient and incapable of admitting any ac-
cession to his perfect blissfulness. Barrow, Works, I. viii.
Blissinae (bli-siºné), m. pl. [NL., K. Blissus +
-ina..] A subfamily of heteropterous insects,
of the family Lygaeidae, typified by the genus
Blissus. See cut under chinch-bug.
blissless (blis’les), a. [K bliss + -less.] Desti-
tute of bliss; wretched; hapless: as, “my bliss-
less lot,” Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
blissom (blis’um), a. [S Icel, blasma, in
(said of a ewe or jº, = OD. blesme.]
heat, as a ewe. [Prov. Eng.]
blissom (blis’um), v. [K blissom, a.] I, trans,
To couple with a ewe: said of a ram.
heat
In
589
II. intrans. To be in heat, as a ewe. [Prov.
Eng.]
Blissus (blis’us), n. [NL.] A genus of het-
eropterous insects, the type of the subfamily
Blissina'. B. leucopterus is the common chinch-
bug. See cut under chinch-bug.
blistt. Obsolete preterit of blessl and bless2.
And with his club him all about so blist,
That he which way to turne him scarcély wist.
jºr Spenger, F. Q., VI. viii. 13.
blister (blis’tér), n. [Early mod. E. also blys-
ter, bluster; K ME. blister, and perhaps *blyster,
& AS.-bijster - Miſſinister, bister (bºthé
AS. form is not found, and the ME. may be
taken from OF. blestre, blostre, a swelling (cf.
blowstre, blowtre, blotte, a clod, ilosse, a swelling
due to a bruise), of MD. or Scand. origin); cf.
Icel. blåstr, a swelling (in the medical sense),
lit. a blast, a blowing, - AS. blåst, a blowing,
blast; cf. blådre, a blister, bladder, etc., D.
blaas, G. blase, a blister, etc., E. dial. blaze?,
m., a pimple, etc.; ult. from the root of AS.
blåwan, etc., blow: see bladder, blast, blaze?,
blowl.] 1. A thin vesicle on the skin, con-
taining watery matter or serum, whether oc-
casioned by a burn or other injury, by a vesi-
eatory, or by disease; a pustule. . It is formed (a)
by disintegration and effusion of serum into some of the
Softer epidermal layers, or (b) by an effusion of serum be-
tween the epidermis and corium.
2. An elevation made by the lifting up of an
external film or skin by confined air or fluid,
as on plants, or by the swelling of the sub-
stance at the surface, as on steel.—3. Some-
thing applied to the skin to raise a blister, as
a plaster of Spanish flies, mustard, etc., as a
means of counter-irritation; a vesicatory.—4.
In castings of different materials, an effect
caused by the presence of confined bubbles of
air or gas.-5. A distortion of peach-leaves
caused by the fungus Exoascus deformans; blad-
der-blight. See Exoascus. Also called blister-
$ng.—Flying blister, a blister applied for a time too
short to cause vesication.
blister (blis’tér), v. [K blister, m.] I. trans. 1.
To raise a blister or blisters on, as by a burn,
medical application, or friction: as, to blister
one's hands.—2. To raise filmy vesicles on by
heat: as, too high a temperature will blister
paint; blistered steel. See blister-steel.—3. Fig-
uratively, to cause to suffer as if from blisters;
subject to burning shame or disgrace.
Look, here comes one : a gentlewoman of mine,
Who, falling in the flaws of her own youth,
Hath blister'd her report. Shak., M. for M., ii. 3.
II. intrans. To rise in blisters, or become
blistered.
If I prove honey-mouth'd, let my tongue blister.
Shak., W. T., ii. 2.
The house walls seemed
Blistering in the sun, without a tree or vine
To cast the tremulous shadow of its leaves.
Yºr Whittier, Prel. to Among the Hills.
blister-beetle (blis’ ter-bé’tl), m. A popular
name of beetles of the family Meloidae, de-
rived from the pecu- -
liar poison (canthar-
idin) which is con-
tained in their tis-
SueS. This poison, when
brought into contact with
the skin, produces blis-
ters, and on account of
this vesicatory property
the dried beetles are
largely used in medicine.
In their earlier states the
blister-beetles are para-
sitic on grasshopper-eggs
Or in the cells of mason-
bees. The imagos of many
American species are of-
ten very injurious to field-
and garden-crops. The
development of the larva,
which assumes successively several forms, is very remark-
able. See hypermetamorphosis and Epicauta. *
blistered (blis’tèrd), p. a. Having the disease
called blister. See blister, m., 5.
blister-fly (blis’tèr-fli), n. A beetle, also known
as the Spanish fly, used in blistering; one of
the blister-beetles. See Cantharis.
blistering (blistèr-ing), a. and n. I. a. Caus-
ing or tending to cause blisterS.—Blistering fly.
Same as blister-fly.
II. n. Same as blister, 5.
blister-plaster (blistèr-plas’tēr), n., A plaster
of Spanish flies, designed to raise a blister.
blister-steel (blistèr-stèl), n., Steel made by
the carburization of bar-iron in a converting-
furnace, the iron being heated in contact with
charcoal. See cementation. After the conversion
into steel, the bars become covered with blisters, some not
Ash-gray Blister-beetle (Macroba-
st's cinerea). (Vertical line shows
natural size.) a, b, male and female
antennae, enlarged.
blithesome
larger than peas, others as much as an inch in diameter.
According to Percy, these blisters are probably due to the
reduction of a part of the protoxid of iron existing in
the mass in the form of a silicate of the protoxid, and the
consequent evolution of carbonic oxid. The process is a
very old one.
blistery (blis’tér-i), a. [K blister + -y1.J Full
of blisters. Hooker.
blitt, n. See blite?.
blitelt, n. See blight.
blite? (blit), n. [Also blit and early mod. E.
blitte, bleit, blete; K F. blette = Pr. bleda = Cat.
blet–Sp. bledo, K L. blitum : see Blitum.] A com-
mon name of several succulent-leaved plants,
chiefly of the genera Chenopodium and Blitum,
Sometimes used as pot-herbs. The name is spe-
cifically given to good-King-Henry (C. Bonus-Henricus)
and to Amarantus Blitwin. The strawberry-blite, B.
capitatum, is so called from its red fleshy clusters of
fruit. The coast-blite, C. rubrum, is found in saline
localities. The sea-blite, Dondia maritima, is a cheno-
podiaceous coast-plant with nearly terete or cylindrical
fleshy leaves.
blithe (bliq H or blith), a. and n. [K ME. blithe,
blythe, K AS. blithe, joyful, glad, kind, gentle,
peaceful, - OS. blithi = OFries. ºblide (in
composition blid-skip, joy), North Fries. blid
= D. blijde, blij = OHG. blidi, MHG. blide =
Icel. blidhr = Sw. blid = Dan. blid = Goth.
bleiths, merciful, kind; root uncertain : see
bliss.] I. a. 1+. Kind; kindly. Levins (1570).
–2. Glad; merry; joyous; sprightly; mirth-
ful; gay: in colloquial use only in Scotland:
as, “I’m blithe to see you.”
Ful blithe . . . was every wight.
Chawcer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., l. 846.
No lark more blithe than he.
Bickerstaff, Love in a Village, i. 2.
Hail to thee, blithe spirit !
Bird thou never wert.
Shelley, Ode to a Skylark.
3. Characterized by or full of enjoyment;
gladsome: said of things.
O ! how changed since yon blithe night !
Blüthe would her brother's acceptance be.
Tennyson, Maud, x. 2.
In June 'tis good to lie beneath a tree
While the blithe season comforts every sense.
Lowell, Under the Willows.
=Syn. Cheerful, light-hearted, elated, buoyant.
II.4 m. 1. A blithe one.—2. Kindness;
ood will; favor.—3. ‘Gladness; delight.
biºe (bliq’H or blith), v. [ME. blithen (=
OHG. blidem, rejoice, be blithe, = Goth. bleith-
jan, gableithjan, be merciful, pity); from the
adj.] I. intrans. To be blithe or merry.
II. trams. To make blithe ; gladden.
The prince of planetis that proudely is pight
Sall brace furth his bemes that Oure belde blithes.
York Plays, p. 123.
blithe (bliq’H or blith), adv. [K ME. blithe,
blythe, K AS. blithe, adv., K blithe, a. : see
blithe, a.] 1+. Kindly.—2. Gladly; blithely.
blitheful (bliºpB’- or blith'fül), a. [K MIE.
blitheful, blithful, K blithe, n., kindness, favor (=
Icel. blidha), + =ful.] 1+. Kindly.—2. Glad;
joyous; joyful. [Poetic.]
The seas with blitheful western blasts
We sail'd amain.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Lond. and Eng.
[Samuel] Lover, a versatile artist, blitheful humorist
and poet. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 258.
blithely (bliºph’- or blith/li), adv. [K ME.
blitheliche, blethely, -liche, etc., K. A.S. blithelice
(= OHG. blidlicho), K blithe + -lice: see blithe,
a., and -ly?..] 1+. Kindly.—2. Gladly; joyful—
ly ; gaily.
blithemeat (bliq'B'- or blith’mět), n. [Sc., K
blithe, glad, + meat..] The entertainment or
refreshment provided at the birth or christen-
ing of a child. [Scotch.]
blithen (bli’THen or -them), v. t. [K blithe, a.,
+-en1. Cf. blithe, v.] To make blithe.. [Rare.j
blitheness (bliºph’- or blith'nes), m. [K ME.
blithenesse, K AS. blithnes, K blithe + -mes : see
blithe, a., and –mcss.] The state of being blithe;
gaiety; Sprightliness.
The delightfulness and blithemess of their [poets'] com-
positions. Sir IV. Digby, On the Soul, iii.
Legend told of his [Eadward's] pious simplicity, his
blitheness and gentleness of mood.
J. H. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 467.
blithesome (bliq'H'- or blith'sum), a. [K blithe
+ -some.] Full of blitheness or gaiety; gay;
merry; cheerful; causing joy or gladness.
On blithesome frolics bent. Thomson, Winter.
The rising Sun, emerging from amidst golden and pur-
ple clouds, shed his blithesome rays on the tin weather-
cocks of Communipaw. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 109.
Charmed by the Spirit, alternately tender and blithe-
Some, of Procter's songs, Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 110.
Scott.

blithesomeness
blithesomeness (bliq'H'- or blith'sum-nes), n.
[S. blithesome + -ness.] The quality of being
blithesome; gaiety.
A glad blithesomeness belonged to her, potent to conquer
even ill health and suffering. New Princeton Rev., II, 78.
Blitum (bli’tum), n. [L., K. Gr. 3%irov, a cer-
tain plant used as a salad..] A genus of plants
of the family Chenopodiaceae, nearly related to
Chenopodium. See blite2.
blivet, adv. A Middle English contraction of
belive2. Chaucer.
blizzard (bliz’ārd), n. [A dial. var. of blizzer
(as gizzard for earlier gizzer, dizzard for dizzer,
disour, vizard for vizzer, visor, etc.), which is a
dial. form of bleezer (with ee or & shortened to
i, as in breeches, been, obs, brizze for breezel, an
insect, etc.), bleezer being from bleezel (with a
dial. var. blizz), as blazer is from the ult, iden-
tical blazel. The word existed almost unrec-
ognized in E. prov. use, whence it passed into
Amer. use. First used and noticed locally on
the Atlantic coast, it was carried thence to
the West, where, in a special application, it
came into general notice and use in the winter
of 1880–81. As now used, the word rests on
what to the popular consciousness is the com-
mon root of blaze, blast, blow.] 1. A sudden
and vehement storm of wind, rain, or snow; a
blast. [Prov. Eng., in a limited use not re-
corded in the dialect glossaries. See N. and
Q., 7th ser., V. 217.]—2. Specifically, a gale
or hurricane accompanied by intense cold and
dry, driving snow, common in winter on the
great plains of the States and Territories of
bloat? (blót), v.
bloated (bló’ted), p. a.
bloatedness (blótted-nes), n.
bloater (bló’tēr), n.
590
[K bloat?, a.] I, trans. To
make turgid or swollen, as with air, water, etc.;
cause to swell, as with a dropsical humor; in-
flate; puff up; hence, make vain, conceited, etc.
His rude essays
Encourage him, and bloat him up with praise.
Dryden, Prol. to Circe.
And then began to bloat himself, and ooze
All over with the fat affectionate Smile
That makes the widow lean. Tennyson, Sea Dreams.
II, intrans. To become swollen; be puffed
out or dilated; dilate.
If a person of firm constitution begins to bloat.
Arbuthnot.
[Pp. of bloat?, v.] 1.
Swollen; puffed up; inflated; overgrown, so
as to be unwieldy, especially from over-indul-
gence in eating and drinking; pampered: as,
“a bloated mass,” Goldsmith.
Grotesque monsters, half bestial, half human, dropping
with wine, bloated with gluttony, and reeling in obscene
dances. Macaulay, Milton.
2. Connected with or arising from self-indul-
gence: as, “bloated slumber,” Mickle, A Sonnet.
—3. Inordinately swollen in amount, posses-
sions, self-esteem, etc.; puffed up with pride
or wealth: as, a bloated estate; bloated capi-
talists; a bloated pretender.
[K bloated --
-ness.] The state of being bloated; turgidity;
an inflated state of the tissues of the body;
dilatation from any morbid cause. Arbuthnot.
[K bloat.1 + -erl.] An
English name for a herring which has been
steeped for a short time, slightly salted, and
the northwestern United States east of the #partially Smoke-dried, but not split open.
Rocky Mountains, especially Dakota, and in blob (blob), m.
Manitoba in British America. It is described in
the “American Meteorological Journal” as “a mad rush-
ing combination of wind and snow which neither man nor
beast could face.”
Whew how the wind howls; there must be a terrible
blizzard west of us, and how ill-prepared are most frontier
homes for such severe cold. Chicago Advance, Jan. 8, 1880.
3. A general discharge of guns; a rattling
volley; a general “blazing away”; also, fig.,
a sudden (oratorical) attack; an overwhelming
retOrt. -
A gentleman at dinner asked me for a toast; and sup-
posing he meant to have some fun at my expense, I con-
cluded to go ahead, and give him and his likes a blizzard.
David Crockett, Tour Down East, p. 16.
I overtook four of our boys in blue, under a corporal,
tenderly carrying to the rear a stretcher on which lay a
wounded rebel. . . . He had ridden right in on top of the
6th Conn. Tegiment, and our boys had given him what we
called “a blizzard.”
Craven (1866), Prison Life of Jeſterson Davis, p. 13.
Along the Atlantic coast, among the gunners who often
hunt in parties stationed near together behind blinds,
waiting for the flocks of migratory birds, the word bliz-
zard means a general discharge of all the guns, nearly but
not quite together—a rattling volley, differing from a
broadside in not being quite simultaneous. This use of
#. word is familiar to every 'longshore man from Sandy
ook to Currituck, and goes back at least forty years, as
my own memory attests.
N. Y. Evening Post, March 24, 1887.
blizzardly (bliz’ārd-li), a. Blizzard-like; re-
sembling a blizzard. [Rare.]
bloak, m. See bloke.
bloatl (blót), a. [Formerly also blote, K, ME.
*blote, a parallel form of blout (see bloat? and
bloutl), K Icel. blautr = Norw. blaut = Sw. blót
= Dam. blód, soft; cf. Icel. blautr fiskr, fresh
(soft) fish, opposed to hardhr fiskr, dried (hard)
fish, = Sw. blótfisk, soaked fish, = Norw. blot-
fisk; Icel. blotna = Sw, blótna = Norw. blotna,
to soften. See bloater.] 1+. Soft; moist;
sodden: applied to hides.
Hail be ze sutlers [read swtters or 8wters] with 3our
mani lesteş
With zour blote hides of selcup bestis.
c. 1300. Of men lif pat wonip in lond (Early Eng. Lives
[of Saints, 1862, p. 154).
2. Cured by smoking: as, a bloat merring.
See bloater.
Lay you an old courtier on the coals like a sausage, or a
bloat herring. B. Jomson, Mercury Vindicated.
bloatl (blót), v. f. [Appar. Kbloatl, a.] To cure
by smoking, as herrings. Formerly spelled blote.
I have more smoke in my mouth than would blote
A hundred herrings. Fletcher, Island Princess, ii. 6.
bloat? (blót), a. [A particular use of bloatl,
in allusion to the resemblance of a puffed
or sodden face to a bloat herring. This
sense appears first in the parallel form blout,
which occurs spelled blowt in the orig. of the
Shakspere passage, Hamlet, iii. 4, but was
changed by an 18th-century editor to bloat.]
Swollen; puffed, sodden, unwholesome in
appearance.
blobber (blob’ér), m.
blobber-lip (blob’ér-lip), m. Same as blubber-lip.
blobby (blob’i), a.
blob-lipped (blob"lipt), a.
blob-talet (blobſtāl), m.
+tongues in motion.
block1 (blok), n. [KME. blok, a block (of wood);
[Also bleb, Sc. bleb, bleib, blab,
blob ; cf. blobber, blubber.] 1. A small globe of
liquid; a drop; a blister; a bubble; a lump,
splotch, or daub. -
Flawed rubies and emeralds, which have no value as
precious stones, but only as barbaric blobs of colour.
Pirdwood, Indian Arts, II. 9.
2. The bag of a honey-bee. [Prov, Eng.]–3+.
The underlip. Halliwell. [Rare.]—4. A cot-
toid fish, Cottus ictalops, a kind of miller's-
thumb.-On the blob, by word of mouth. (Slang.]
Same as blubber.
His blobber-lips and beetle-brows commend.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, iii.
blobber-lipped (blob’ér-lipt), a. Same as blub-
ber-lipped.
[K blob + -y1.] Like a
blob ; abounding in blobs.
biob-kite (biobºit), n. A local English name
of the burbot.
[See blob.] Same
A telltale; a blabber.
These blob-tales could find no other news to keep their
Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, ii. 67.
as blubber-lipped.
not in AS., but borrowed from LG. or OF. : MD.
bloc, block, D. blok = MLG. block, LG. blok =
OHG. bloh, M.H.G. bioch, G. block = Sw, block =
Norw. blokk = Dan. blok (= Icel. blokk, Haldor-
sen), X ML. blocus, O.F. and F. bloc, all in the
general sense of “block, log, lump, mass,’ but
confused more or less with the forms cited un-
der block2. There are similar Celtic forms: W.
ploc, a block, = Gael, ploc, a round mass, blud-
geom, block, stump of a tree, - Ir, ploc, a plug,
bung, blocan, a little block, perhaps akin to Ir,
blogh, OIr. blog, a fragment, from same root as
E. break and fragment (see plug); but the rela-
tion of these to the Teut. forms is uncertain.
The senses of block1 and block2 run into each
other, and some identify the words.] 1. Any
solid mass of matter, usually with one or more
plane or approximately plane faces: as, a block
of wood, stone, or ice; sometimes, specifically,
a log of wood. º
Now all our neighbours' chimneys smoke,
And Christmas blocks are burning. Wither.
What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to
an human soul. Spectator, No. 215.
2. A solid mass of wood the upper surface of
which is used for some specific purpose. In
particular— (a) The large piece of wood on which a butcher
chops meat, or on which fire-wood is split.
Hard by, a flesher on a block had laid his whittle down.
Macaulay, Virginia.
(b) The piece of wood on which is placed the neck of a per-
son condemned to be decapitated.
The noble heads which have been brought to the block.
JEverett.
Slave to the block 1–or I, or they,
Shall face the judgment-seat this day !
Scott, Rokeby, vi. 31.
block
(c) A piece of hard wood º for cutting by an en-
graver. º The stand on which a slave was placed when
being sold by auction. (e) In falconry, the perch whereon
a bird of prey is kept. & t
3. A mass of wood or stone used in mountin
and dismounting; a horse-block.-4. A mol
or piece on which something is shaped, or placed
to make it keep in shape. In particular—(a) The
wooden mold on which a hat is formed ; hence, some.
times, the shape or style of a hat, or the hat itself.
He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat; it ever
changes with the next block. Shak., Much Ado, i. 1.
The blocke for his heade alters faster than the Feltmaker
can fitte him, and thereupon we are called in scorne Block-
heades. Dekker, Seven Deadly Sims, p. 37.
(b) A wooden head for a wig ; a barber's block; hence,
sometimes, the wig itself.
A beautiful golden wig (the Duchess never liked me to
play with her hair) was on a block close by.
Bulwer, Pelham, xxiii.
5. A person with no more sense or life than a
block; a blockhead; a stupid fellow.
What tongueless blocks were they !
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 7.
6. In ship-building, one of the pieces of timber,
or supports constructed from such pieces, upon
which the keel is laid.
“Thus,” said he, “will we build this ship !
Lay square the blocks upon the slip.”
Longfellow, Building of the Ship.
7. The solid metal stamp used by bookbinders
for impressing a design on a book-cover.—8.
A piece of wood fitted into the angle formed by
the meeting edges of two other pieces.-9. A
wooden rubber covered with thick felt, used
in polishing marble.—10. A piece of wood or
metal Serving as a Support. (a) In a sawmill, one
of the frames supporting and feeding the log to the saw.
(b) In vehicles, a piece, generally carved or ornamented,
placed over or under the springs of a carriage. (c) In
printing, the piece on which a stereotype plate is fastened
to make it type-high. tº - tº
11. A mechanical contrivance consisting of
one or more grooved pulleys mounted in a cas-
ing or shell, which is furnished with a hook,
eye, or strap by which it may be attached: it is
1, 2, single and double blocks with rope strap ; 3, 4, double and
single blocks with iron strap ; 5, metallic block; 6, snatch-block; 7,
secret block; 8, clump-block; 9, tail-block; Io, fiddle-block.
used to transmit power, or change the direction
of motion, by means of a rope or emain passing
round the movable P. Blocks are single,
double, treble, or fourfold, according as the number of
sheaves or pulleys is one, two, three, or four. A rumming
block is attached to the object to be raised or moved ; a.
standing block is fixed to some permanent support. Blocks
also receive different names from their shape, purpose,
or mode of application. Those to which the name dead-
eyes has been given are not pulleys, being unprovided with
sheaves. Many of the blocks used in ships are named after
the ropes or chains which are rove through them : as, bow-
line blocks, clue-line and clue-garmet blocks. They are made
of either wood or metal. See clue-garnet, and cut under
cat-block. * * * * *
12. A connected mass of buildings; as, a block
of houses.—13. A portion of a city, inclosed
by streets, whether occupied by buildings or
consisting of vacant lots.
The new city was laid out in rectangular blocks, each
block containing thirty building lots. Such an average
block, comprising 282 houses and covering 9 acres of
ground, exists in Oxford Street. It forms a compact
square mass. Quarterly Rev.
14. On the stock-earchange, a large number of
shares massed together and bought or sold in
a lump.—Antifriction block. See antifriction.—Be-
tween the beetle and the block. See beetle1.—Block.
and block, the position of two blocks of a tackle when
drawn close to each other. Also called two blocks. The
act of drawing the blocks apart is called fleeting the
purchase.—Block-and-cross bond. See bondl.-Block
and tackle, the pulley-blocks and ropes used for hoist-
ing.—Block brake. See brake3.-Block cornices and
entablatures, ornamental features, corresponding in
position to classical cornices and entablatures, in archi-
tectural elevations not composed of the regular orders.—

- block
Center-plate block, a piece of wood Fº beneath the
center-plate of a car-truck to bring it to the required
height.-Chip, of the old block. See chip1.—Dead
block, one of the pair of blocks placed, one on each side
of the draw-bar of a railroad-car, to lessen the concussion,
when two cars come together after the buffer-springs are
compressed.— Differential block, a double block hay-
ing sheaves of different sizes. E. H. Knight.—Erratic
block. See erratic.—Fly-block, naut., a movable block
in a purchase or compound tackle like a Spanish burton.—
Hydraulic block. See hydraulic.—Long-tackle block,
a pulley-block having two sheaves in the same plane, oné
'above the other.—Made block, a pulley-block formed of
several pieces.-Ninepin block, a block shaped some-
what like a ninepin, with a single sheave pivoted at the
top and bottom that it may accommodate itself to the
motion of the rope for which it serves as a guide. . It
is placed under the cross-pieces of the bitts on a vessel.—
Purchase block, a double-strapped block with two scores
in the shell, used for moving heavyweights on shipboard.
—Rouse—about block, a large snatch-block.-Thick-
# and-thin block, a fiddle-block.
block1 ſº v. t. [K block1, n. Cf. block?,
v. t.] 1. To strengthen or support by blocks;
make firm, as two boards at their inferior angle
of intersection, by pieces of wood glued to-
gether.—2. To form into blocks.-3. To mold,
* or stretch on a block: as, to block a hat.
—4. In bookbinding, to ornament by means of
brass stamps; stamp; as, to block the boards
of a book. [Eng.]—5. In calico-printing, to
press up or apply to the blocks containing the
colors.-6. To straighten and toughen by lay-
ing on a block of wood and .# ng with a
narrow, flat-faced hammer; planish: said of
saw-blades.—To block down, to force sheet-metal,
without breaking it, into a die, in cases where the irregu-
larities of the mold are so great that the metal is likely to
be torn, by covering it with a block of lead, which is then
carefully hammered. The yielding of the lead gives a
slow drawing action to the metal beneath it, enabling it
to be gradually brought to its bed.--To block in, in 8tat-
wary or painting, to outline roughly or bring approxi-
mately to the desired shape; form the outlines, founda-
tion, or general plan of any work, disregarding the details;
execute roughly.—To block out, to form the plan or out-
lines of ; sketch.
But Washington had some hand in blocking out this re-
public. S. Lanier, The English Novel, p. 50.
block” (blok), n. [In this sense the noun, in
E., is in most senses due rather to the verb:
see block?, v. The orig. noun is found once in
ME. blok, an inclosed space; cf. QF. bloc, bar-
rier, post, wall (> OF. bloquer, F. bloquer, stop,
block: see the verb; the mod. F. bloc goes with
block'); MD. block, post, stocks (cf. blocklands,
an inéiosed piece of ground, ditch, swamp,
MLG. block, post, stocks, LG. blokland, an in-
closed swamp), = OFries. *blokk, in comp.
block-Syl, a sluice; OHG. biloh, confinement
(MHG, bloch, a kind of trap, G. block, stocks,
#9. K bi-, AS. bi-, be-, E. be-1, + loh,
HG. G. loch, a confined space, hole, dun-
geon, - AS, loc, E. lock, a place shut in, etc.:
see lock". Confused more or less with the forms
cited under block!, with which it is by some
identified. See the verb following.] 1. Any
obstruction or cause of obstruction; a stop;
a hindrance; an obstacle.
... The good gods assuage thy wrath, and turn the dregs of
it upon this varlet here ; this, who, like a block, hath de-
nied my access to thee. Shak., Cor., v. 2.
Hence—2. The state of being blocked or
stopped up; a stoppage, as of carriages: as, a
block on a railway; a block in the street.— Block
System, a system of working railway traffic, according to
which the line is divided into sections of a mile or more,
with a signal and telegraphic connection at the end of
each section; the principle of the system being that no
train is allowed to leave any one section till the next
Succeeding Section is entirely clear, so that between two
successive trains there is preserved not merely a definite
interval of time, but also a definite interval of space. The
system thus defined is called the “absolute.” In the so-
called “permissive” system, a second train is allowed to
enter a section that is not clear with orders to proceed
k cautiously.
block? (blok), v. t. [Associated with the noun
block?, but orig. (as an E. word) K OF. bloquer,
F. bloquer (X also Pr. blocar = Sp. Pg. bloguear
= It. bloccare), block, blockade, stop up, g OF.
bloc, block, barrier, obstruction: see block?, n.
Čí. D. biolºrenº Šw, blookera T. Dan bioi.
kere = G. blockierem, blockade; D. blokken =
G. blocken, study hard, plod, = LG. blokken,
stay at home and study or work, orig., it seems,
lock one's self in; MLG. blocken, put into the
stocks.] 1. To 'hinder passage from or to ;
prevent ingress or egress; stop up; obstruct
by placing obstacles in the way: often follow-
ed by up ; as, to block up a town or a road.
With moles would block the port.
owe, tr. of Lucan's Pharsalia, ii.
There is no small despair, sir, of their safety,
Whose ears are blocked wip against the truth.
Fletcher (and others), Bloody Brother, iv, 1.
-
*-
591
Weak saints .# as formidable impediments as the
strong sinners, both blocking the ways of amendment.
Alcott, Tablets, p. 143.
2. In base-ball and cricket, to stop (a ball) with
the bat without knocking it to a distance.—3.
In foot-ball, to stop (a player) when running
with the ball.
blockade (blo-kād’), n. [Cf. D. blokkade = G.
biogºnie Sw, biodkai — fan. blokkade, from
the E.; from the verb block2(F. bloguer)+-ade1;
cf. 8tockade, barricade, palisade, etc. Cf. Sp.
blogueo, Pg. blogueio, It. blocco, also bloccatura,
|blockade, from the verbs corresponding to
block?, g. v.] 1. The sº of a place,
#. a port, harbor, or line of coast, by
ostile ships or troops, so as to stop all ingress
or egress, and to hinder the entrance of sup-
plies of provisions, ammunition, or reinforce-
ments.
The word blockade properly denotes obstructing the pas-
sage into or from a place on either element, but is more
especially applied to naval forces preventing communi-
cation by water. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 186.
Hence—2. A hindrance to progress or action
caused by obstructions of any kind.— Paper
lolockade, a constructive blockade; a blockade estab-
lished by proclamation, Without the actual presence of a
force adequate to make it effectual.—To break a block-
ade. See break.--To raise a blockade, to remove or
break up a blockade, either by withdrawing the ships or
troops that keep the place blocked up, or by driving
them away from their respective stations.—To run a
blockade, to º: through a blockading Squadron and
enter the port blockaded by it.
blockade (blo-kād’), v. t. ; pret. and pp. block-
aded, ppr. blockading. #3 blockade, m.] 1.
To subject to a blockade; prevent ingress or
egress from by warlike means.
The building . . . was on every side blockaded by the
insurgents. Macawlay, Warren Hastings.
Hence—2. To shut in by obstacles of any kind;
|block; obstruct.
Every avenue to the hall was blockaded.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 19.
blockader (blo-kā’dér), n. One who or that
which blockades; especially, a vessel employed
in blockading.
Having a good pilot and little depth, she could general-
ly run well inside of the blockaders.
J. R. Soley, Blockade and Cruisers, p. 160.
blockade-runner (blo-kād’run”ér), n. A per-
son or a vessel engaged in the business of Fun-
ning a blockade.
blºg. (blok’āj), n. [K block2 + -age.] Ob-
struction; the state of being blocked up or ob-
structed.
blockan (blok'an), m. [Appar., due to E. black.
Cf. bleck. Ir. blocan means ‘a little lump.’] A
local Irish (County Down) name of the young
coalfish.
block-and-block (blokſand-blok’), a. See block
and block, under blocki, n.
block-bond (blok’ bond), n. In bricklaying, an
arrangement in which headers and stretchers,
or bricks laid lengthwise and across, succeed
each other alternately. Also called garden-
bond.
block-book (blok’ bük), m. A book printed from
blocks of wood having the letters or figures cut
on them in relief. Specifically, a kind of small book
so printed in Europe before the invention of movable
types, consisting generally of coarsely cut religious or
historical pictures, with illustrative texts or descriptions
in Gothic letters.
The next step in the progress of wood engraving, subse-
quent to the production of single cuts, . . . was the appli-
cation of the art to the production of those works which
are known to bibliographers by the name of block-books.
Chatto, Wood Engraving, p. 58.
block-coal (blok’köl), m. A peculiar kind of
coal, found in the Indiana coal-fields, which
breaks readily into large square blocks, and is
used raw, or without coking, in the smelting of
II*OIls
block-colors (blok’kul”grz), m. pl. Colors laid
on with blocks, as in block-printing.
blocker (blok’ér), m. 1. One who blocks: used
specifically in hat-making, shoemaking, book-
binding, etc.— 2. A blocking-tool or -machine.
blockheaded (blok’hed-ed), a.
blockheadly (blok’hed-li), a.
blocking (blok’ing), n.
blocking-course
blocking-hammer (blok’ing-ham" er), n.
blocking-kettle (blok ‘ing-ket” 1), n.
blockish
That I could not think of this as well as he
O, I could beat my infinite blockhead. w is º
* B. Jomson, The Devil is an Ass, iii. 1.
3. A person possessing such a head; a stupid
fellow; a dolt; a person deficient in under-
standing.
Madam, 'twere dulness past the ignorance
Of common blockheads not to understand
Whereto this favour tends. &
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, i. 2.
The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,
With loads of learned lumber in his head.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1.612.
[K block1 +
head ---ed2.] Stupid; dull: as, “a blockheaded
boy,” Sir R. L’Estrange. [Rare.]
blockheadism (blokſhed-izm), m. [K blockhead
+ -ism..] The character of a blockhead; stu-
pidity. [Rare.]
Reduced to that state of blockheadigm, which is so con-
spicuous in his master. C. Smart.
[K blockhead --
-ly 1.] Acting like a blockhead; densely stupid:
as, “some blockheadly hero,” Dryden, Amphi-
tryon, i. 2. [Rare.]
blockhouse (blok’hous), n. [K block2 + house;
= D. blokhuis, OD. blockhuys = MLG. blockhūs
= G. blockhaus (X F. blockhaus) = Dan. blokhus
= Sw. blockhus, blockhouse, older form blocus;
orig. a house that blocks a passage, though
later taken as a house made of logs (K block1
+ house).] Originally, a detached fort block-
ing the access to a landing, a mountain
pass, narrow channel, etc.; in later use, an edi-
fice of one or more stories, constructed chiefly
of hewn timber, and supplied with loopholes
for musketry
and sometimes
with embra-
sures for can-
In OIl. When of
more than one
story, the upper is
made to overhang
the lower, and is
furnished with
machicolations or
loopholes in the
overhung floor, so
that a lunging fire
can be directed
against the enemy
in close attack. When a blockhouse stands alone, it con-
stitutes an independent fort, a form which is often very
useful in a rough country; when it is erected in the in-
terior of a fieldwork, it becomes a retrenchment or re-
doubt. Stockades are sometimes called blockhouses.
a, a, loopholes for musketry.
blockiness (blok’i-nes), m. In photog., the state
of being blocky; indistinctness and uneven-
ness of shading.
[Verbalm. of blocki, "..]
1. The act of blocking, or the state of being
blocked, in any sense of the verb block1. Specifi-
cally—(a) The impressing, either in gold or ink, or with-
out color, of a design on the covers of a book: in the
United States usually called stamping. (b) The process of
bending leather into shapes for the fronts or soles of boots.
2. Blocks used to support anything temporarily.
—3. A small rough piece of wood fitted in
and glued to the interior angle formed by two
boards, in order to strengthen the joint be-
tween them.–Blind blocking,
in bookbinding, blind stamping; the
process of decorating a book by pres-
sure, usually with heat, but without
the use of ink or gold-leaf. º
(blok’ing-
körs), m. In arch., a plain
member of square profile,
either a single course of stone,
or built up of bricks or the
like to the required height,
surmounting a cornice in the
Roman and Renaissance styles. Its vertical
face is usually in the plane of the wall or frieze
below the cornice.
a , blocking-course;
b, cornice ; c, face of
wall.
4:
A.
hammer used in straightening saw-blades.
In hat-
making, the hot bath in which felts are soften-
ed before being blocked.
block-furnace (blok’ fer" nás), n. Same as blocking-machine (blok'ing-ma-shën"), n. An
bloomery.
blockhead (blok'hed), n. [K block1 + head; cf.
blockl, n., 5.] 1+. A head-shaped piece of wood
used as a block for hats or wigs. Hence—2+.
A head containing no more intelligence or
sense than a block; a blockish head.
Your wit . . . is strongly wedged up in a block head.
Shak., Cor., ii. 3.
Are not you a Portuguese born, descended o' the Moors,
and came hither into Seville with your master, an arrant
tailor, in your red bonnet and your blue jacket, lousy;
though now your block-head be covered with the Spanish
block? Fletcher (and another), Love's Cure, ii. 1.
blocking-press (blok'ing-pres), m.
apparatus for pulling, forming, pressing, and
blocking the bodies of hats; a blocker.
A press
used for stamping designs on book-covers:
known in the United States as a stamping-press.
blockish (blokish), a. [K block1 + -ishl.] Like
a block; stupid; dull; deficient in understand-
ing: as, “blockish Ajax,” Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
Beauty, Say We, is the maintainer of valour. Who is so
blunt as knows it not? Who is so blockish as will not—and
may with justice — defend it?
Ford, Honour Triumphant, ii.


blockish t
Destitute of Beda: left only to obscure and blockish
Chronicles. Milton, Hist. Eng., iv.
blockishly (blok’ish-li), adv. In a blockish or
stupid manner: as, “so blockishly ignorant,”
Bakluyt, Voyages, II. ii. 174. -
blockishness (blok’ish-nes), n. Stupidity;
dullness: as, “incurable blockishness,” Whit.
lock, Manners of English People, p. 140.
block-like (blok'lik), a. Like a block; stupid.
Am I sand-blind? twice so mear the blessing
I would arrive at, and blocklike never know it.
& Fletcher, Pilgrim, iv. 1.
block-machine (blokºma-shën"), n. A machine,
or an assemblage of machines, for making the
shells and sheaves of the wood blocks used for
ship-tackle.
block-plane (blok"plán), n. A plane the iron
of which is set very obliquely to the direction
in which it is moved, so that it can plane across
the grain of the wood.
block-printed (blok'prin/ted), a. Printed from
+blocks. See block-printing.
block-printing (blok’ prin’ting), m. 1. The
act, process, or art of printing from blocks of
wood on which the letters or characters have
been carved in relief; specifically, the Chinese
method of printing books, and that employed
to some extent in Europe before the invention
of movable types. See block-book.-2. The pro-
cess of impressing patterns on textile fabrics,
especially calicos, by means of wooden blocks
having the pattern cut in relief on their sur-
ſº and º:* color. A i. method
is frequently used in printing paper-hangings.
block-ship (blok’ship), n. 1. A ship used to
block the entrance to a harbor or port.—2. An
old man-of-war, unfit for operations in the open
Sea, used as a store-ship or receiving-vessel,
etc.; a hulk.
'block-tin (blok’tin), n. IK block1 + tin; = D.
bloktin. = Sw. blocktenn.] Metallic tin after
being refined and cast in molds.
block-trail (blokºtrāl), m. The solid trail of a
gun-carriage. The stock is made either of a single
piece of timber or of two longitudinal pieces properly
secured together. [Eng.]
block-truck (blokºtruk), n. A three- or four-
wheeled hand-truck for moving heavy boxes,
without handles or shafts.
blocky (blok’i), a. [K
block1 + -y1.] In photog.,
having the appearance of
being printed in blocks,
from an unequal distribu-
tion of light and shade.
blodbendet, n. In phlebotomy, a tape or narrow
bandage, usually of silk, used to bind the arm
before or after blood-letting.
blödite (bléd'it), n. [K Blöde (name of a chem-
ist) + -ite?..] A hydrous sulphate of magne-
sium and sodium, found in the salt-mines of
Ischl in Upper Austria, and elsewhere.
bloke (blók), m. [Also spelled bloak ; a word
of obscure origin..] Man; fellow: a term of
disrespect or contumely. [Slang.]
blomary, m. Same as bloomery.
hionäſ (blond), a. and n. [-f. G. Dan. blond
(MHG. blunt), KOF. F. blond, fem. blonde, light,
fair, = Pr. blon = Sp. blondo = It. biomdo, K
ML. blondws, blundus (glossed flavus), yellow.
Origin unknown. The supposed connection
with AS. blonden-feaw, gray-haired, lit. having
mixed hair, K blonden, blamden, pp. of blandan,
mix (see blendl), + feaſº, hair, is hardly prob-
able.] I. a. Of a light golden-brown or golden
color: applied to hair; hence, light-colored;
fair: applied to complexion, and by extension
to persons having light hair or a fair complex-
ion: as, “Godfrey’s blond countenance,” George
JEliot, Silas Marner, iii. =Syn. Fair, etc. See white.
II. m. 1. A person with blond hair and fair
complexion.—2. Blond-lace (which see).
Lydia. Heigh-ho !—What are those books by the glass?
Lucy. The great one is only “The Whole Duty of Man,”
where I press a few blonds, ma'am.
Sheridan, The Rivals, i. 2.
blonde (blond), a. and m. The feminine of blond.
She was a fine and somewhat full-blown blonde.
yrom, Don Juan, xiv. 42.
blonde-cendrée (blond-Son-drā’), a. [F., K
blond, fem. blonde, blond, F cendré, fem, cem-
drée, ash-colored, ashy, K Cendre...K.L. Ginis
(ciner-), ashes.] Ash-colored: applied to hair
which is light-brown in color, and without red
or yellow tints. g
lolond-lace º n. Lace made of silk,
originally of unbleached silk (from the yellow-
tº Block-truck.
ish color of which the name arose), now of
blond-metal (blond’ met” al), n.
blondness (blond’nes), n.
blonkett
blood (blud), ??,
*blood, bloud, blud, blod, KAS. blód (= OS, blód
592 .
white, black, or colored silk, manufactured at
Chantilly and other places in Frahce. The
* has also been given to a kind of thread-
8,00. , -
A peculiar
variety of clay-ironstone of the coal-measures
occurring near Wednesbury in Staffordshire,
England.
[K blond + -mess.]
The state of being blond; fairness of com-
plexion.
With this infantine blondness showing so much ready,
self-possessed grace. George Eliot, Middlemarch, xvi.
a. and m. A variant of blunket.
[= Sc. bluid, blude; K ME.
Tofiries hija ºf bloedº MiG. big fö.
blood = OHG. bluot, MHG. bluot, G. blut = Icel.
blódh = Sw, blod = Dan. blod = Goth. blóth),
blood; perhaps, with formative -d (-th), from
the root of blówan, E. blow?, bloom, flourish,
with reference to either life or color.] 1. The
fluid which circulates in the arteries and veins.
From it the solid tissues take their food and oxygen, and
into it they discharge their waste products. The blood
is red in vertebrates, except amphioxus, and colorless,
red, bluish, greenish, or milky in other animals. In pass-
ing through the lungs (see circulation) it is oxygenated
and gives up carbon dioxid; then, after passing through
the heart, it is carried as arterial blood by the arteries
to the tissues; from the tissues it is returned to the heart
through the veins, deprived of its nutrient properties, as
venows blood. The venous blood of the Cramiota is dark-
red, the arterial bright-scarlet. The ;"; gravity of
human blood in health is iO50. The blood coiſsists of a
fluid pale-yellow plasma and semi-solid corpuscles;
the latter constitute between one
third and one half of it; they are
of two kinds, red and white. In
a cubic millimeter of healthy hu-
lman blood there are about 4,500,-
000 corpuscles, the red being to the
White on the average about as 560
to 1. The red corpuscles are flat bi-
Concave disks, non-nucleated and
almost always round in mammals,
and nucleated and almost always
Oval in other Cramiota. Their di-
ameter averages in man about 7.0
micromillimeters § inch), while in Amphiuma tridac-
tylwin the longer diameter is 67.2 micromillimeters (3.3
inch). Their color is due to hemoglobin, which constitutes
about 90 per cent, of their dried substance. The white
corpuscles are nucleated, slightly larger than the red in
man, and exhibit active amoeboid movements. Animal
blood is used in clarifying sugar, in making animal char-
coal, and in many other ways. See the supplement.
2. Blood that is shed; bloodshed; slaughter;
murder.
I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of
Jehu. Hos. i. 4.
cles (showing excessive
leucocytosis), magnified
225 diameters.
So wills the fierce avenging sprite,
Till blood for blood atones.
Hood, Dream of Eugene Aram.
3. The responsibility or guilt of shedding the
blood of others.
His blood be on us, and on our children. Mat. xxvii. 25.
4. From being popularly regarded as the fluid
in which more especially the life resides, as
the seat of feelings, passions, hereditary quali-
ties, etc., the word blood has come to be used
typically, or with certain associated ideas, in a
number of different ways. Thus—(at) The vital
principle ; life.
Romeo slew him, he slew Mercutio ;
Who now the price of his dear blood doth owe ?
Shak., R. and J., iii. 1.
(b) Fleshly nature; the carnal part of man, as opposed to
the spiritual nature or divine life.
All frailties that besiege all kinds of blood.
Shak., Sonnets, ciz.
For beauty is a witch,
Against whose charms faith melteth into blood.
Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1.
(c) Temper of mind; natural disposition; high spirit;
mettle; passion; anger : in this sense often accompanied
with cold or warm, or other qualifying word. . Thus, to
commit an act in cold blood is to do it deliberately and
without sudden passion. Hot or warm blood denotes a
temper inflamed or irritated; to warm or heat the blood
is to excite the passions.
Our bloods
No more obey the heavens.
Shak., Cymbeline, i, 1.
Strange, unusual blood,
When man's worst sin is, he does too much good 1
Shak., T. of A., iv. 2.
Blest gods,
Make all their actions answer to their bloods.
B. Jonson, Sejanus, iii. 1.
The words “coercion” and “invasion ” are much used
in these days, and often with some temper and hot blood.
Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 80.
(d) A man of fire or spirit; a hot spark; a rake.
The gallants of these times pretty much resembled the
bloods of ours. Goldsmith, Reverie at Boar's Head Tavern.
(e) Persons of any specified race, nationality, or family,
considered collectively.
blood . . .
Indian blood, thus far in the history of this country, has
tended decidedly toward extinction. - - -
. Quoted in Pop. Sci, Mo., XXVI. 233.
(f) Birth; extraction; parentage; breed; absolutely, high
birth; good extraction; often qualified by such adjectives
as good, base, etc.
A prince of blood, a son of Priam.
Shak., T. and C., iii. 3.
Good blood was indeed held in high respect, but be-
tween good blood and the privileges of peerage there was
no necessary connection. Pedigrees as long, and scutch-
eons as old, were to be found out of the House of Lords
as in it. Macawlay.
[In this sense the word is often used of the pedigree of
horses.
She's a fine mare, and a thing of shape and blood.
Colman, Jealous Wife, ii. 1.]
(g) One who inherits the blood of another; child; col-
lectively, offspring ; progeny.
The world will say—Be is not Talbot's blood
That basely fled, when noble Talbot stood.
- Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 5.
(h) Relationship by descent from a common ancestor;
consanguinity; lineage; kindred ; family.
I hope I do not break the fifth commandment, if I con-
ceive I may love my friend before the nearest of my
blood. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 5.
And politicians have ever, with great reason, considered
the ties of blood as feeble and precarious links of political
connection. A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. 24.
Nearer in blood to the Spanish throme than his grand-
father the Emperor. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxiii.
It is a maxim that none shall claim as heir who is not
of the blood (i. e., kindred) of the purchaser.
Wharton, Law Lex.
5. That which resembles blood } the juice of
anything, especially if red: as, “the blood of
grapes,” Gen. xlix. 11.-6}. A disease in cattle.
–7. A commercial name for red coral.-A bit
Of blood, an animal of good pedigree; a thoroughbred.
—Bad blood, ill blood, disagreement; disunion; strife;
angry feeling; unfriendliness. -
Partly to make bad blood, . . . they instituted a method
of petitioning the king that the parliament might meet
and sit. Roger North, Life of Lord Guilford, ii. 25.
Hot words passed on both sides, and ill blood was plen-
tifully bred. ' Swift, Battle of Books.
Baptism of blood. See baptism.—Blood On bread.
See bloody bread, under bloody.—Blue blood, aristocratic
blood; blood flowing in the veins of old and aristocratic
families. The phrase is said to have originated in Spain
from a notion that the blood of some of the oldest and
proudest families, having never been tainted by intermix-
ture with that of the Moorish invaders, was of a bluer
tint than that of the common people.
The very anxiety shown by the modern Spaniard to
prove that only the sangre azul, blue-blood, flows through
his veins, uncontaminated by any Moorish or Jewish
taint, may be thought to afford some evidence of the in-
timacy which once existed between his forefathers and
the tribes of eastern origin. Prescott.
Corruption of blood. See attainder, 1.-Dissolution
of the bloodf. See dissolution.—Doctrine of blood-
atonement. See atomement.—Flesh and blood. (a) The
body as the seat of human passions and desires; human
nature: as, it was too much for flesh and blood to endure.
(b) Offspring; progeny; child or children: as, one's own
flesh and blood should be preferred to strangers.—Flower
of blood, froth of blood, names used in commerce to
denote coral of certain degrees of hardness and brilliancy
of color.—For the blood of himt, for the life of him.—
Fresh blood, blood of another strain; hence, new mem-
bers, or new elements of vigor or strength; persons of new
or fresh ideas and ways of thinking: as, fresh blood is
needed in the management of the party.—Half blood,
relationship through one parent only, as that of half
brothers or sisters, or of persons of the same race on one
side and different races on the other.—In blood, in a
º of perfect health and vigor: properly a term of the
CIla SC.
But When they shall see, sir, his crest up again, and the
man in blood, they will out of their burrows like conies
after rain. Shak., Cor., iv. 5,
In cold blood, in hot blood. See 4 (c), above.—Man
of blood, a murderous or bloodthirsty man; a murderer.
The secret'st man of blood. Shak, Macbeth, iii. 4.
Out of blood, in bad condition; without vigor ; lifeless:
said of hounds.--The blood, royal family or lineage: as,
princes of the blood.—To be let bloodt. (a) To have a
vein opened for the withdrawal of blood as a remedy in
sickness. -
You look as you were not well, sir, and would be
Shortly let blood. Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, v. 2.
(b) To be put to death.
Commend me to Lord William : tell him . .
His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries
To-morrow are let blood at Pomfret-castle. -
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 1.
To let blood, in surg., to draw blood from (any one) by
Openlng a Vein. -
He is feverish, and hath sent for Mr. Pearce to let him
blood. Pepys, Diary, I. 374,
To restore to or in blood, to free from the conse-
quences of attainder; readmit to the privileges of one's
birth and rank.--To run in the blood, to be hereditary
in the family, nationality, or race.—To the bloodt, to
the quick; through the skin.
I could not get on my boots, which vexed me to the
blood. - Pepys, Diary, I. 332.
Whole blood, relationship through both father and
mother. See half blood, above.—Young blood, young
º gºmerally: the younger members of a community,
party, etc. -


# blood
blood (blud), v. t. [K blood, n.1 1+. To let
blood from; bleed by opening a vein. John-
80m.-2}. To stain with blood. '
tº Reach out their spears afar,
And blood their points to prove their partnership in war.
Dryden, Fables.
Hence –3. To give a taste of blood; inure to
the sight of blood.
It was most important too that his troops should be
blooded. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ix.
He [the deerhound] must be made steady from all
“riot," and, if possible, should be taken up in couples
to the death of a deer once or twice and blooded, so as to
make him understand the nature of the scent. -
Dogs of Great Britain and America, p. 221.
4t. To heat the blood of; excite; exasperate.
The auxiliary forces of French and English were much
blooded one against another. Bacom, Hist. Hen. VII.
5#. To victimize; extract money from (a per-
son); bleed. ſº
blood-baptism (bludºbaptizm), n. A term
applied by the early Christians to the martyr-
dom of those converts who had not been bap-
tized. See baptism of blood, under baptism.
blººd (blud’bà-spot/ed), a. Spot-
ted with blood.
O blood-bespotted Neapolitan. Shale., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1.
lolood-boltered: (blud’böl"tèrd), a. [K blood +
boltered, pp. of bolter, a rare word: see bolter4.]
Clotted or clogged with blood.
The blood-bolter'd Banquo smiles upon me.
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1.
In Warwickshire, when a horse, sheep, or other animal
perspires much, and any of the hair or wool becomes
matted into tufts with grime and sweat, he is said to be
boltered; and whenever the blood issues out and coagu-
lates, forming the locks into hard clotted bunches, the
beast is said to be blood-boltered.
H. N. Hudson, note on Macbeth, iv. 1, 123.
blood-bought (bludºbót), a. Bought or ob-
tained at the expense of life, or by the shed-
ding of blood, as in the crucifixion of Christ.
blood-cell (blud'sel), n. A blood-corpuscle,
especially an oval nucleated one. See blood.
In many Nemertina the blood-cells have a red colour
(Borlasia). Gegenbawr, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 172.
blood-consuming (blud’kon-Sü"ming), a. Life-
wasting; deathly: as, “blood-consuming sighs,”
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
blood-corpuscle (blud’kôr'pus-l), n. One of
the corpuscles of the blood; a blood-cell or
blood-disk. See blood.
blood-cups (blud’kups), m. pl. A name given
to the discomycetous fungus Peziza coccinea, in
reference to the bright-red color of its cup-like
forms, and also to some allied species of Peziza.
blood-disk (blud'disk), n. A red, disk-shaped,
non-nucleated blood-corpuscle, such as the
mammalia possess.
blood-drier (blud' dri” er), n. One who pre-
pares blood for use in sugar-refining and for
other purposes.
tiºn. (blud’dring/king), a. Drink-
1ng blood. Specifically, in Shakspere— (a) Taking in
or soaked with blood: as, “this detested, dark, blood-
drinking pit,” Tit. And.., ii. 3. (b) Bloodthirsty: as, “my
blood-drinking hate,” 1 Hen. VI., ii., 4, (c) Preying on the
blood or life; wasting: as, “blood-drinking sighs,” 2 Hen.
WI., iii. 2.
blooded (blud’ed), a. [K blood, n., + -ed?..]
1. Of pure blood, or good breed; thorough-
|bred; derived from ancestors of good blood;
having a good pedigree: said of horses and
other stock.-2. Having blood of a kind noted
or specified: used in composition: as, warm-
blooded animals.—3. Figuratively, character-
ized by a temper or state of mind noted in the
prefix: used in composition: as, a cold-blooded
murder; a hot-blooded answer.
blood-finch (blud’ finch), n. A name of the
small finch-like birds of the genus Lagenosticta,
as L. minima, known to bird-dealers as the lit-
tle Senegal.
blood-fine (blud'fin), n. Same as blood-wite.
blood-flower (blud'flou’ér), n. 1. The popular
name of some of the red-flowered species of
Haºmanthus, a genus of bulbous plants, natives
bloodlet (blud’ let), v. i.
593 bloodshedding -
blood-guiltless (blud'gilt/les), a. , Free from blood-mare (blud'mār), n. A mare of blooded
the guilt or crime of shedding blood; not guilty ºbreed; a female blood-horse.
of murder. Walpole. [Rare.] blood-money (blud'mun'i), n. Money paid as
blood-guilty (blud'gilºti), a. Guilty of murder;
responsible for the death of another.
- This blood-guiltie life.
the price of blood. (a) Compensation or reward for
bringing about the death of another, either by bringing a
º i.e., again†. º, %.giving . º
º - - WHII 1622, COITV1CLIOIl.
Fairfax, tr. of Godfrey of Bullogne, xii. 66. and still in some fººt
blood-heat (blud'hét), n. A degree, of heat , ºf kin for the killing of a relative.
equal to that of human blood, that is, about blood-orange (blud'or'ānj), n. See orange.
99°F. (though commonly marked on thermom- blood-pheasant (bludºfez’ant), n. A bird of
eters as 98°). the genus Ithaginis (which see).
blood-horse (blud’hôrs), n. [K blood, 4 (f), + blood-plaque (bludºplak), n. A blood-plate.
horse.]. 1. A horse of a breed derived origi-blood-plate (bludºplat), n. One of the minute
nally from a cross with the Arabian horse, discoidal bodies found in large numbers in the
combining in a remarkable degree lightness, blood of mammals. They are from one fourth to one
strength, swiftness, and endurance.—2. A half thesize of thered corpuscles, and are nºmy times more
blooded horse. numerous than the white corpuscles. See blood and blood-
corpuscle. Also called hematoblasts of Hayem, and cor-
blood-hot (blud’hot), a. As warm as blood at puscles or elementary particles of Zimmermann.
its natural temperature. blood-poisoning (blud’ poi” Zn-ing), n. See
bloodhound (blud'hound), n. [K ME. blod- º: g ( p £),
hound, -hond (= D. bloedhond = MLG. blóthunt blood-pudding (blud’pid’ing), n. Same as
= G. bluthund = Dan. Sw, blodhund); K blood black-pudding.
+ hound.]. 1. A variety of dog with long,
smooth, and pendulous ears, remarkable for the
acuteness of its smell, and employed to recover
game or prey which has escaped, tracing a
wounded animal by the blood it has spilled
(whence its name), or by any other effluvium
or halitus left on a trail which it follows by
Šćent. There are several varieties of this animal, as
the English, the Cuban, and the African bloodhound.
Bloodhounds are often trained not only to the pursuit of
game, but also of man, as of fugitive criminals; in the
United States they were formerly employed in hunting
fugitive slaves.
2. Figuratively, a man who hunts for blood;
a relentless persecutor.
Wide was the ruin occasioned by the indefatigable zeal
with which the bloodhounds of the tribunal followed up
the scent. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 12.
bloodily (blud’i-li), adv. In a bloody manner;
cruelly; with a disposition to shed blood.
O proud death !
What feast is toward in thine eternal cell,
That thou so many princes, at a shoot,
So bloodily hast struck? Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
bloodiness (blud’i-nes), m. [K bloody + -ness.]
1. The state of being bloody.—2. Disposition
to shed blood.
This bloodine88 of Saul's intention.
Delany, Life of David, i. 8.
bloodingt (bludºing), n. A blood-pudding.
§. (blud'I’landz), m.pl. In embryol.,
the isolated red patches in the vascular area.
of the embryo, in which red blood-corpuscles
are in process of development.
blood-leech (blud’léch), n. One of the Hiru-
dimea which sucks blood, as the common medi-
cinal leech.
bloodless (blud’les), a. [K ME. blodles, KAS. it is used in medicine as a stimu.
blådledis (= D. bloedeloos = G., blutlos = Icel. , lant, expectorant, and emetic.
blódhlaus = Sw, Dan, blodlös), K blód, blood, + blood-sacrifice (bludºsakº-
-leds, -less.] 1. Without blood; drained of ri-fis), n. A sacrifice made
blood; dead from loss of blood. with shedding of blood;
The bloodless carcass of my Hector. Dryden, AEneid. the sacrifice of a living
2. Pale or colorless from defect of blood; pal- *g. -
lid; as, bloodless lips.—3. Free from blood- Cannºt my body, nor blood-sacri.
shed; unattended by blood: as, a bloodless vic-
tory; “with bloodless stroke,” Shak., T. N., ii. 5.
Carrying the bloodless conquests of fancy over regions
laid down upon no map.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 243.
4. Without spirit or energy.
Thou bloodless, brainless fool.
Fletcher, Double Marriage.
5. Cold-hearted: as, bloodless charity or cere-
mony.
bloodlessness (blud’les-nes), m. [K bloodless
+ -mess.] The state or condition of being
without blood, or of being deficient in blood;
anemia.
If a man were placed on a revolving table, with his feet
toward the centre, the blood in his body would be urged
towards his head ; and this has actually been proposed as
treatment in bloodlessness of the brain.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 143.
[K ME. blodleten, K
AS. blódlātam (cf. Icel. blódhlātinn, pp.), K, blód,
blood-red (blud’red), a. [KME. blodrede, KAS.
blödredd (= D. bloedrood = G. blutroth = Icel.
blódhraudhr = Sw. Dan. blodröd), K blód, blood,
+ redd, red.] Blood-colored; red with blood.
He wrapped his colours round his breast,
On a blood-red field of Spain. Hennans.
Blood-red hand, in her., the badge of Ulster. See badge1
and baromet.
The event which was to place the blood-red hand of the
Newcome baronetcy on his own brougham.
Thackeray, Newcomes.
Blood-red heat, the temperature which a body has when
it radiates light of a blood-red color. For iron this corre-
sponds to a temperature of about 570° C. For other sub-
stances it will vary slightly from this temperature, de-
pending on the light-emissive power of the substance.
blood-relation (blud’ré-lä"shgn), n. One re-
lated by blood or descent ; a kinsman.
blood-relationship (blud’ré-lä"sh9n-ship), n.
Consanguinity; kinship.
The hypothesis of differing gradations of blood-relation-
ship. Claws, Zoëlogy (trans.), p. 157.
bloodroot (blud’röt), n. 1. The tormentil (Po-
tentilla Tormentilla) of Europe and northern
Asia: named from the color of its root, which
is rich in a red coloring
matter. It is also rich in
tannin, and has been used
as an astringent.—2. The
common name in the Unit-
ed States of a papavera-
ceous herb, Samguinaria
Canadensis, one of the earli-
est spring flowers. Its fleshy
roots yield a dark-red juice, are
bitter and acrid, and contain a
peculiar alkaloid, sanguinarin.
S.A..a 2.
§§§
ºff ¥
£º §
º
Jice, . . \ . .
Lntreat you to your wonted fur- Blood root (Sangºtaria.
therance 2 Cartaaeztst's).
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 3.
blood-shakent (blud'shā/km), a. Having the
blood set in commotion. B. Jomson.
bloodshed (blud’shed), n. [Due partly to
bloodshedding, and partly to the phrase blood
shed as used in such sentences as “I feared
there would be blood shed,” “there was much
blood shed,” etc., where shed is the pp. agreeing
with blood. See blood and shed 1.] 1. The shed-
ding or spilling of blood; slaughter; destruc-
tion of life: as, “deadly bloodshed,” Shak., K.
John, v. 3.
In my view of the present aspect of affairs, there need
be no bloodshed or War. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 105.
2+. The shedding of one’s own blood; specifi-
cally, the death of Christ.—3+. A bloodshot
condition or appearance; an effusion of blood
of the Cape of Good Hope-2. The name in blood, H. lätan, let; see, let.] To bleed; let
the West indies of Asclepias Curassavica, a spe: , bloo; phlebºoººº... [Rare:
cies with crimson flowers, common in tropical bloodletter (bludºlet’ér), n...[KME. blodletter,
latitudes. -leter, K AS. blódlätere, K blódlåtan, bloodlet.]
blood-frozen (blud'frö/zn), a. Having the blood One who lets blood, as in diseases; a phlebot-
º º O
frozen: chilled. Spenser, F. Q., I. ix. 25. mist. ... ** - d. J/3
blood-guiſtiness Öğ. n. Tº blood-bloodletting (blud'let'ing); nº, IK ME, blod-
guilty + -ness.] The guilt or crime of shed- leting, -letunge, K blodletem, bloodlet. Cf. G. blut-
lassen, bloodletting.] In med., the act of letting
|blood or bleeding by opening a vein, as a reme-
ding blood. Ps. li. 14.
He hath confessed both to God and man the bloodguilt- dial measure in the treatment of disease; phle-
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xix, botomy. -
iness of all this war to lie upon his own head.
in the eye.
bloodshedder (blud’ shed" €r), m.
sheds blood; a murderer. [Rare.]
He that defraudeth the laborer of his hire is a blood-
Shedder. Ecclus. Xxxiv. 22.
bloodshedding (blud' shed” ing), m. [K ME.
blodeshedynge, K blod + shedynge, shedding.]
1. The shedding of blood; the crime of shed-
ding blood or taking human life.
In feight and blodeshedymges
Vs used gladly clarionynges.
hawcer, House of Fame.
One who

38
bloodshedding
These hands are free from guiltless bloodshedding.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 7.
2+. The act of shedding one's own blood.
bloodshot (blud'shot), a.
by a turgid state of the blood-vessels, as in cer-
tain weak or excited states: said of the eye.
Retiring late, at early hour to rise,
With shrunken features, and with bloodshot eyes.
Crabbe, Works, W. 21.
bloodshottent (blud’ shot” n), a. Bloodshot.
Johnson.
bloodshottenness? (blud'shot/n-nes), n. The
state of being bloodshot.
The enemies of the church's peace could vex the eyes
of the poor people . . . to bloodshottenness and fury.
I. Walton, Life of Hooker.
blood-sized (blud'sizd), a.
with blood: as, “the blood-sized field,” Fletcher
and another), Two Noble Kinsmen. [Rare.]
blood-spavin (blud’spav"in), n. A dilatation
of the vein that runs along the inside of the
hock of a horse, forming a soft swelling.
Red and inflamed bloodthirsty (blud' thers "ti), a.
594
He governed with a cruelty and bloodthirstiness that
have obtained for him the name of the northern Nero.
Browgham.
[K blood +
thirsty; = D. bloeddorstig-G. blutdiirstigs—Dan.
Sw, blodtórstig.] Eager to shed blood; mur-
derous: as, “his bloodthirstie blade,” Spenser,
f. Q. I. viii. 16; ºbloodthirstyliord,” Shak, i
#en vi., ii. 3.
Even the most bloodthirsty monsters may have a sincere
partiality for their own belongings, paramour or friend or
child. H. N. Ozenham, Short Studies, p. 60.
blood-tree (blud’tré), m. In the West Indies, a
native arborescent species of Croton, C. gossypi-
..folius, which yields a kind of kino sometimes
called dragon’s-blood.
Sized or stiffened blood-vascular (bludºvas"kū-lär), a...Vascular
with blood-vessels; permeated with blood-ves-
sels; pertaining to the circulation of blood.—
Blood-vascular gland. See gland.—Blood-vascular
system, the system of blood-vessels; the circulatory sys-
tem of vessels containing blood: distinguished from water-
vascular system.
blood-spiller (blud’spil’ér), n. One who spills blood-vessel (bludºves'el), n. Any vessel in
or sheds blood; a bloodshedder. Quarterly Rev.
º:
blood-spilling (blud' spil’ing), m.
[X ME. blood-warm (bludºwarm), a.
which blood circulates in an animal body,
whether artery, vein, or capillary.
Warm as blood;
blodespylling; K blood + spilling.] The act of .lukewarm. a º 5
spilling or shedding blood; bloodshedding, blood-warmed (bludºwarmd), a. Having one's
[Rare.]
blººdstain (blud'stān), ºv. A spot or trace of
OOCl.
bloodstain (blud'stān), v. t. [K blood-stain, m.;
but due rather to blood-stained.] To stain with
blood. Byron. [Rare.]
blood-stained (blud'ständ), a. Stained with
blood; guilty of bloodshed or slaughter.
The beast of prey, blood-stain'd, deserves to bleed.
Thomsom, Spring, l. 358.
blood-stanch (blud'stànch), m. One of the
various names given to the common fleabane,
Leptilon Canadense, from its use in arresting
hemorrhages.
blood-stick (blud’stik), m.
blood-wite? (bludºwit), m.
blood warmed by excitement, as by a bloody
contest. [Rare.]
He meets the blood-warmed soldier in his mail,
J. Baillie.
[K ME. blodwite, K
AS. blódwite, K blód, blood, -i- wite, fine, pen-
alty: see blood and wite. Used only histori-
cally; sometimes improp. bloodwit..] In anc.
law: (a) A wite, fine, or amercement paid as a
composition for the shedding of blood.
The bloodwite, or compensation in money for personal
wrong, was the first effort of the tribe as a whole to regu-
late private revenge.
Quoted in H. O. Forbes's Eastern Archipelago, p. 474.
(b) The right to such compensation. (c) A riot
A stick weighted at ¥in which blood was shed.
one end with lead, used for striking the fleam, bloodwood (blud'wild), m. 1. A name given to
or veterinary lancet, into a vein.
bloodstone (blud'stón), m. [K blood + stone;
= D. blocăsteem = G. blutstein = Dan. Sw, blod-
stem.] 1. A variety of hematite, having a finely
fibrous structure and a reniform surface. The
color varies from dark steel-gray to blood-red. It was
extensively employed in ancient times, many of the Baby-
lonian and Egyptian intaglios being in this material; now
it is much less used, except for signet-rings, and as a polish
for other stones and metals.
2. A variety of quartz having a greenish base,
with small spots of red jasper, looking like
drops of blood, scattered through it. This kind
of bloodstone is also called heliotrope.
blood-stranget, n. [A compound having no ob-
vious meaning, as to its second element, in E.
and hence (being appar. Only a book name)
rob. an adaptation of some foreign name, per-
#. s of an unrecorded G. *blutstrenge, K blut,
= E. blood, + strenge, tightness, strictness, K
streng, tight, strict, strong, - E. Strong: see
strong and string. The name would have refer-
ence to the $º styptic qualities of the
plant. See N. E. D.] The mousetail, MyoSurus
777; mimºs. -
lolood-stroke (blud'strök), m. Apoplexy from
encephalic hemorrhage or congestion.
bloodsucker (blud'suk’ér), n. [K ME. blood-
soukere = D. bloodzwiger = MHG. bluotsäger =
Dan. blodsuger = Sw. blodsugare; K blood +
sucker.] 1. Any animal that sucks blood, as a
leech, a mosquito, etc.—2. A name of a com-
mon agamoid East Indian lizard, Calotes versi-
color, perhaps so called from the reddish hue
of the throat, as it does not suck blood.—
3. A cruel or bloodthirsty man; hence, one
who sucks the blood of or preys upon another;
an extortioner; a sponger.
God keep the prince from all the pack of you !
A knot you are of damned bloodsuckers.
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 3.
Thou art a villain and a forger,
A blood-8wcker of innocence, an hypocrite.
Beau. and I'l., Knight of Malta, i. 3.
blºg (blud'suk"ing), a. Sucking or
drawing bloo ; preying on the blood: as, “blood-
sucking sighs,” Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 4.
blood-swelling (blud’swel’ing), n. Same as
hematocele.
blood-swollen (blud’swöln), a. Swelled or suf-
fused with blood: as, “their blood-swoln eyes,”
May, tr. of Lucan's Pharsalia, vi.
bloodthirstiness (blud’ thers’ ti-nes), n. [K
bloodthirsty + -ness.] Thirst for blood; a pro-
pensity for shedding blood; a desire to slay.
logwood, from its color.—2. In Jamaica, a tree
of the family Theaceae, Haemocharis Haema-
toxylom, with dark-red wood.—3. In Aus-
tralia, a name of species of Eucalyptus, espe-
cially E. corymbosa, yielding the Australian
kino.—4. A large timber-tree of India, Lager-
stroemia Flos-Reginae, of the family Lythraceae,
with soft but durable blood-red wood, which is
largely used for boat-building and ship-knees.
Also called jarool-tree. -
blood-worm (bludºwerm), n. The active blood-
colored or scarlet larva of the species of Chi-
romomus, found in the rain-water of tanks and
cisterns.
bloodwort (blud'wért), n. [K ME. blodwurt,
blodwerte (applied to several plants), K_AS.
*blöd-wyrt (= Sw. blodórt), K blód, blood, +
wyrt, wort.] A name applied to various plants,
as (a) the bloody dock, Rwmea, Sangwinews, a spe-
cies of dock with the stem and veins of the
leaves of a blood-red color; (b) the dwarf elder,
Sambucus Ebulus; (c) in the United States, the
Hieracium venosum, the leaves of which are
#veined with red.
bloody (blud'i), a... [Early mod, E, alsº gudy;
K ME. blody, bludy, blodi, etc., KAS. blódig (=
OS. blódag = OFries, blódich. = D. bloedig =
OHG. bluotac, M.H.G. bluotec, G. blutig = Icel.
blödhigr = Sw, Dan. blodig), K blód, blood: see
blood and -y1.] 1. Of, of the nature of, or per-
taining to blood; containing or composed of
blood: as, a bloody, stream; “bloody drops,”
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 5.-2}. Existing in
the blood.
Lust is but a bloody fire. Shak., M.W. of W., v. 5 (song).
3. Stained with blood; exhibiting signs or
traces of blood: as, a bloody knife.—4. Of the
color of blood; blood-red.
Unwind your bloody flag. Shak., Hen. V., i. 2.
5. Cruel; murderous; given to the shedding of
blood, or having a cruel, savage disposition.
The boar, that bloody beast.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, l. 999.
He was a blowdye man, and regarded not the life of her
subjectes moe more then dogges. Spenser, State of Ireland.
6. Attended with or committing bloodshed;
marked by cruelty: as, a bloody battle.
This Ireton was a stout rebell, and had ben very blowdy
to the King's party. Evelyn, Diary, March 6, 1652.
7. Concerned with or portending bloodshed;
Sanguinary.
No magicke arts hereof had any might,
Nor bloody wordes of bold Enchaunters call.
- Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 35.
bloody (blud’i), adv.
bloody-bones (blud’i-bónz), n.
bloody-fluxed (blud’i-flukst), a.
bloody-minded (blud’i-min/ded), a.
bloody-nose beetle.
bloody-red (blud’i-red), a. Red with or as with
bloom
8. In low language: (a) Excessive; atrocious;
heinous: as, he's a bloody fool, or a bloody ras-
cal., (b) Used as an intensive expletive, espe-
cially in negative expressions: as, there wasn’t
a bloody soul there.—Bloody bill. Same as force.
bill (which see, under force).-Bloody bread, blood on
bread, blood of the host, an appearance resemblin
drops of blood which sometimes occurs upon bread .#
other starchy substances. The Ted, pigment is a product
of either of two microscopic fungi growing in the sub-
stance discolored. One of them is Bacillus prodigiosus,
belonging to the bacteria, and the other Saccharomyces
glutimws, one of the yeast fungi.-Bloody chasm. See
chasm.—Bloody flux, dysentery.—Bloody hand, (a) A
hand stained with the blood of a deer, which, in the old
forest laws of England, was sufficient evidence of a man's
trespass against venison in the forest, (b) Same as badge
of Ulster. See badgel.-Bloody murrain. Same as Symp-
tomatic anthraa, (which see, under anthraq). —Bloo
Shirt. See shirt.—Bloody statute, a name by which the
Inglish statute of 1539, the Act of the Six Articles, is
sometimes referred to. See the Sia: Articles, under article.
=Syn. 6. See Sangwinary.
bloody (blud’i), v. t. ; pret. and, pp. bloodied,
ppr. bloodying. . [K bloody, a Cf. AS, geblóde-
gian (= OHG. bluotagón, bluotegón), K blódig,
bloody..] To stain with blood.
With my own wounds I’ll bloody my own sword.
Beau. and Fl., Philaster, iv. 4.
[K bloody, a.] Very; ex-
ceedingly; desperately: as, “bloody drunk,”
Dryden, Prol. to Southerne's Disappointment.
[Vulgar.] &
“Are you not sick, my dear?” . . . “Bloody sick.”
Swift, Poisoning of Curll.
A nursery
name of a bugbear.
Why does the Nurse tell the Child of Raw-head and
Blowdy-bones, to keep it in awe? Selden, Table-Talk, p. 99.
Are you Milan's general, that
Great bugbear Bloody-bones, at whose very name
All women, from the lady to the laundress,
Shake like a cold fit?
Beaw. and Fl., Woman-Hater, iii. 1.
bloody-eyed (blud’i-id), a. Having bloody or
cruel eyes. Lord Brooke.
bloody-faced (blud’i-fäst)i. a. Having a bloody
face or appearance. Sha
Having a
bloody flux; afflicted with dysentery.
The bloody-fluºred woman fingered but the hem of his
garment. 'p. Hall, Remains, p. 90.
bloody-man's-finger (blud’i-manz-fing'gèr), n,
The cuckoo-pint, Arum maculatum : so called
from its lurid purple spadix or flower-spike.
See cut under Arum.
Having
a cruel, ferocious disposition; barbarous; in-
clined to shed blood.
She is bloody-minded,
And turns the justice of the law to rigour. -
Beau. and Fl., Laws of Candy, v. 1.
See beetle2.
blood; blood-red.
Housing and saddle bloody-red,
Lord Marmion’s steed rush’d by.
Scott, Marmion, vi. 27.
bloody-sceptered, bloody-sceptred (blud (i-
sep’térd), a. Having a scepter obtained by
blood or slaughter. [Rare.]
An untitled tyrant, bloody-sceptºr'd. Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3.
bloody-warrior (blud’i-wor/i-ér), m. A dark-
colored variety of the wall-flower, Cheiranthus
Cheiri. -
bloom1 (blóm), n. [= Sc. blume; early mod. E.
bloome, blome, blowme; K ME. blom, blome, KAS.
*blóma, a blossom (not found in this sense, for
which reg. blóstma, blóstm (see blossom), but
prob. the original of which blóma, a mass of
iron (> E. bloom?), is a deflected sense; the ME.
may be in part from the Scand.) (= Ös, biomo:
late OFries. blasm, blam, NFries, blomme = MD.
bloeme, D. bloem, f., = MLG. blóme = OHG.
bluomo, m., bluoma, f., M.H.G. bluome, m., f., G.
blume, f., = Icel. blómi, m., blóm, neut., =Nörw.
blom = Sw. blomma, f., = Dan. blomme = Goth.
blöma, m., a flower), with formative -m (orig.
*-man), K biowan, etc., E. blow?, bloom, whence
also blåd, blåd, X ME. blede (= MLG. blót = OHG.
MHG. bluot, MHG. pl. blüete, G. blite), a flower,
blossom, fruit, and AS., blóstma, blóstm, X E.
blossom, and perhaps AS. blód, E. blood; also
from the same ult. root, L. flös (flór-), X ult. E.
flower, flour: see these words.] 1. A blossom;
the flower of a plant, especially of an orna-
mental plant; an expanded bud.
While opening blooms diffuse their sweets around.
Pope, Spring, l. 100.
Now sleeps the humming-bird, that, in the sun,
Wandered from bloom to bloom. Bryant, May Evening,
bloom
2. The state of blossoming; the opening of the loose trousers, now commonly buttoned be-blossom (blos”um), n.
flowers in general; flowers collectively: as, the
plant is in bloom, or covered with bloom.
Ancient pear-trees that with spring-time burst
Into such breadth of bloom.
Bryant, Among the Trees.
3. A state of health and & ſº
higher perfection; a flourishing condition; a
palmy time: as, the bloom of youth.
He look'd, and saw a creature heavenly fair,
In bloom of youth, and of a charming air.
Dryden, Wife of Bath, 1. 531.
In our sad world's best bloom. Tennyson, The Brook.
4. The rosy hue on the cheek indicative of
youth and health; a glow; a flush.
And such a lovely bloom,
Disdaining all adulterated aids of art,
Kept a perpetual spring upon her face.
- Magginger, Unnatural Combat, ii. 3.
5. A name sometimes given to minerals having
a bright color: as, the rose-red cobalt bloom, or
erythrite, etc.—6. A powdery deposit or coat-
ing of various kinds. ... (a) The delicate, powdery,
waxy coating upon certain fruits, as grapes, plums, etc.,
and leaves, as of the cabbage.
The finest qualities of our nature, like the bloom on
fruits, can be preserved only by the most delicate han-
dling. t Thoreau, Walden, p. 9.
(b) The powdery appearance on coins, medals, and the
like, when newly struck. Ø In painting, a cloudy ap-
pearance on the surface of varnish. (d) The yellowish
fawn-colored deposit from the tanning-liquor on the sur-
face of leather, and penetrating it to a slight depth.
In tanning it [rock chestnut-oak bark] is used unmixed,
and gives a beautiful bloom. C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 119.
7. A fine variety of raisin.
These raisins [dried on the vines] are muscatels or
blooms. Ure, Dict., III. 692.
bloom1 (blöm), v. [K ME. blomen (= MLG.
blomen = Norw. bloma, blóma), bloom; from the
noun..] I, intrans. 1. To produce or yield blos-
soms; flower, literally or figuratively.
The first time a tree bloometh. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
The Lotos blooms below the barren peak.
Tennysom, Choric Song, viii.
2. To glow with a warm color.—3. To be in a
state of healthful beauty and vigor; show the
beauty of youth; flourish; glow.
Hearts are warm'd and faces bloom.
* Tennyson, In Memoriam, Epil.
A better country blooms to view,
Beneath a brighter sky. Logan, A Tale.
II. trans. 1. To put forth, as blossoms.
Behold, the rod of Aaron . . . bloomed blossoms, and
yielded almonds. Nunn. xvii. 8.
2. To impart a bloom to; invest with luster or
beauty.
Rites and customs, now superstitious, when . . . chari-
table affection bloomed them, no man could justly have
condemned as evil. Hooker, Eccles. Pol.
bloom? (blöm), n. [Not found in ME., but in
late AS.; KAS. blóma, a bloom of metal (glossed
massa or metallum ; cf. blóma oth the döh, ‘bloom
or dough ' (of metal); isenes blóma, a bloom of
iron; gold-bloma, lit. ‘gold-bloom,’ applied once
(as elsewhere gold-hord, ‘gold-hoard,” “trea-
sure’) figuratively to Christ as incarnated);
not found in other languages in this sense,
and Fº a particular use of “bloma, a flower,
which is not found in AS. in that sense: see
bloom:1. The reference may have been to the
glowing mass of metal as taken from the fur-
nace; but this sense as recorded is only re-
cent.] A roughly prepared mass of iron, nearly
square in section, and short in proportion to
its thickness, intended to be drawn out under
the hammer or between the rolls into bars.
Some blooms are made directly from the ore in bloom-
eries, but most of them by shingling the puddled balls
from the puddling-furnace. See bloomery, blooming-mill,
Jorge, and puddle, v.
bloomary, m. See bloomery.
bloomed (blömd), a. Covered with blooms or
blossoms.
bloomerl §. m. [K blooml, v., + -erl.]
A plant which blooms.
This “lily” of Scripture [Nymphoea lotus] was a prolific
bloome?'. N. and Q., 7th ser., III, 25.
bloomer? (blö’měr), a. and n. [After Mrs.
Bloomer: see def.] I. a. Having the charac-
ter of the style of female dress introduced by
Mrs. Bloomer of New York in 1849–50: as, a
bloomer costume; a bloomer hat.
II. m. 1. A dress or costume for women,
the distinctive features of which are a short
595
low the knee.—4. A woman who wears them.
bloomerism (bló'mér-izm), n. [K bloomer2 +
-ism..] The wearing or adoption of a dress sim-
ilar to that recommended by Mrs. Bloomer.
See bloomer2, n., 1. ‘
tºº. promising bloomer-pit (bló'mér-pit), n. Atan-pit in which
hides are placed to be acted upon by strong
ooze, a process which produces a bloom upon
the skin.
bloomery (bló’mér-i), m.; pl. bloomeries (-iz).
[Less prop. bloomary, blomary, early mod. E.
blomarie; K bloom? F-ery.] An establishment
in which wrought-iron is made by the direct
process, that is, from the ore directly, or with-
out having been first produced in the form of
cast-iron. The direct process was the original one by
which wrought-iron was made wherever that metal was
employed, and is still in use among nations where modern
metallurgical methods are not yet introduced, especially
in Burma, Borneo, and Africa; it is also employed, though
to a very limited extent, in Europe and in the United States,
especially in the Champlain district of New York. The
iron made in bloomeries is obtained in the form of blooms
See bloom?). Also called block-furnace.
bloom-hook (blóm/hūk), n. A tool for han-
dling metal blooms. Also called bloom-tongs.
bloomingl (bló’ming), n. [Verbal n. of bloom.1,
w.] 1. A clouded or smoked appearance on the
surface of varnish; bloom.—2. In dyeing, the
addition of an agent, usually stannous chlorid,
to the dye-bath, toward the end of the operation,
for the purpose of rendering the color lighter
and brighter. Also called brightening.
bloomingl (bló’ming), p. a. [Ppr. of bloom:1, v.]
1. Blossoming; flowering; showing blooms.
And, ere one flowery season fades and dies,
Designs the blooming wonders of the next.
Cowper, Task, vi. 197.
Now May with life and music
The blooming valley fills.
Bryant, The Serenade.
2. Glowing as with youthful vigor; showing
the freshness and beauty of youth.
The lovely Thais, by his side,
Sate like a blooming Eastern bride.
Dryden, Alexander's Feast, l. 10.
3. Flourishing; showing high or the highest
perfection or prosperity.
The modern (arabesque] rose again in the blooming
period of modern art. Fairholt, Dict. of Art, p. 37.
4. Great; full-blown; ‘blessed,’ ‘blamed,’
‘darmed,” etc.: as, he talked like a blooming
idiot. [Slang.]
blooming? (bló’ming), m. [K bloom? -H -ing 1.]
In metal., same as shingling.
bloomingly (bló’ming-li), adv. In a blooming
IOla, Illſlel”.
blooming-mill (bló’ming-mil), n. A mill in
which balls or ingots of iron or steel are
squeezed, rolled, or hammered into blooms or
rough bars, and thus prepared for further
treatment in the rolling-mill proper.
bloomingness (bló’ming-nes), m. The state of
being blooming; a blooming condition.
blooming-sally (bló’ming-sal’i), m. The wil-
low-herb, Epilobium angustifolium.
bloomless (blöm’les), a. [K bloom1 + -less; =
Norw. blomlaws.] Having no bloom or blossom.
bloom-tongs (blóm’tóngz), m. pl. Same as
bloom-hook.
bloomy (bló’mi), a. [= D. bloemig = G. blumig
= Sw, blommig; K bloom1 + -yl.] 1. Full of
bloom or blossoms; flowery.
We wandered up the bloomy land,
To talk with shepherds on the lea.
Bryant, Day-Dream.
2. Having a bloom, or delicate powdery ap-
pearance, as fresh fruit.
What though for him no Hybla sweets distill,
Nor bloomy vines wave purple on the hill? Campbell.
3. Having freshness or vigor as of youth.
What if, in both, life's bloomy flush was lost,
And their full autumn felt the mellowing frost?
Crabbe, Works, I. 89.
blooth (blóth), n. An English dialectal varia-
tion of blowth.
blorel (blór), v. i.; pret, and pp. blored, ppr.
bloring. [K ME. bloren, weep, a var. of blarem,
blare: see blarel..] To cry; cry out; weep;
bray; bellow. [Prov. Eng.]
biore?: (blór), m." [Prob. a var. of blarel (after
blorel), affected by blowl.] The act of blow-
ing; a roaring wind; a blast.
Like rude and raging waves roused with the fervent blore
Of th’ east and south winds. Chapman, Iliad, ii. 122.
blossom (blosſum), v. i.
blossomless (blos' um-les), a.
blossom-pecker (blosſum-pek’ér), m.
blossom-rifler (blosſum-ri"flér), m.
blossomy (blosſum-i), a.
blot
[Early mod. E. also
blossum, KME. blossome, blossum, usually blo&me,
earlier blostme, K AS. blóstma, blósthma, some-
times contr. blósma (once blósan, glossed by L.
flos, appar. an error for blóSma), weak mase.,
blöstm, strong masc., flower, blossom (= OD.
blosem, D. bloesem = MLG. blosem, blossem), a
|blossom, flower, with suffixes -8t-H -ma, K V “blo,
in AS. blówan, blow, bloom (see blow2); less
prob. K "blös- (= L. florere, "flosere), extended
stem of blówan, blow. The first suffix ap-
pears in MHG. bluost, a blossom, the second
in ME. blome, E. bloom.1, etc., and both, trans-
posed, in Icel. blómstr = Sw. blomster = Dan.
blomst, a flower; cf. L. flos (flor-), a flower:
see blow2 and flower.] 1. The flower of a
plant, usually more or less conspicuous from
the colored leaflets which form it and which
are generally of more delicate texture than the
leaves of the plant. It is a general term, applicable
to the essential organs of reproduction, with their appen-
dages, of every species of tree or plant.
2. The state of flowering or bearing flowers;
bloom: as, the apple-tree is in blossom.—3.
Any person, thing, state, or eondition likened
to a blossom or to the bloom of a plant.
And there died,
My Icarus, my blogsom, in his pride.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 7.
This beauty in the blossom of my youth . . .
I sued and served.
Fletcher and Massinger, Very Woman, iv. 3.
4. A color consisting of a white ground
mingled evenly with sorrel and bay, occurring
in the coats of some horses.—5. The outcrop of
a coal-seam, usually consisting of decomposed
shale mixed with coaly matter; also, some-
times, the appearance about the outcrop of any
mineral lode in which oxidizable ores occur.—
To nip in the blossom. See mip. *
[K ME. blossomen, blos-
men, KAS. blóstmian (= D. bloesemen), K blóst-
na, blossom : see blossom, n.] To put forth
blossoms or flowers; bloom; blow; flower:
often used figuratively.
Fruits that blossom first will first be ripe.
Shak., Othello, ii. 3.
They make the dark and dreary hours
Open and blossom into flowers
Longfellow, Golden Legend, i.
blossomed (blosſumd), a. Covered with blos-
soms; in bloom.
Blossomed furze, unprofitably gay.
Goldsmith, Des. Vil.
Not Ariel lived more merrily
Under the blossom'd bough, than we.
Scott, Marmion, iv., Int.
[K blossom +
-less.] Without blossoms.
A book-
name of sundry small parine birds of Africa, of
the restricted genus Anthoscopus: as, the dwarf
blossom-pecker, A. minutus.
A name of
species of sun-birds or honey-suckers of the
genus Cinnyris, as C. australis of Australia.
[ME. blossemy, blos-
my; K blossom + -y1.] Full of or covered with
blossoms. -
A blossemy tre is neither drye ne deed.
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 219.
The flavor and picturesque detail of Shakespeare's blos-
Somy descriptions. Stedman, Vict. Poets p. 105.
blotl (blot), n., [K ME. biot, blotte, a blot; prob.
KMF. blotte, OF. blote, clot, clod. Some com.
pare Icelandic blettr, blot, spot, Danish plet,
a blot, speck, plette, v., speck, spot, Swed-
ish plotter, a scrawl, plottra, scribble; but
these forms have appar. no phonetic relation
to the E.] 1. A spot or stain, as of ink on
aper; a blur; a disfiguring stain or mark: as,
‘one universal blot,” Thomsom, Autumn, 1. 1143.
—2. A scoring out; an erasure or oblitera-
tion, as in a Writing.—3. A spot upon charac-
ter or reputation; a moral stain; a disgrace; a
reproach; a blemish.
A lie is a ſoul blot in a man. Feelus. Xx. 24.
If there has been a blot in my family for these ten gen-
erations, it hath been discovered by some or other of my
correspondents. Steele, Tatler, No. 164.
4. Imputed disgrace or stain; defamation: as,
to cast a blot upon one's character.
He that rebuketh a wicked man getteth himself a blot.
Prov. ix. 7.
skirt, loose trousers buttoned round the ankle, blosmet, n. and v. A Middle English form of blotl (blot), v.; pret, and pp. blotted, ppr. blot-
and a broad-brimmed, low-crowned hat. Spe-
cifically—2. A bloomer hat.—3. pl. The arti-bloSmyt, a.
cles composing a bloomer costume; specifically,
blossom. - -
A Middle English form of blos-
Somy.
ting. [K ME, blotten; from the moun.] &
trams. 1: To spot, stain, or bespatter, as with
ink, mud, or any discoloring matter,
blot
Qh ! never may the purple stain
Of combat blot these fields again.
Bryant, Battle of Bennington.
2. Figuratively, to stain as with disgrace or
infamy; tarnish; disgrace; disfigure.
Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood.
'Take him farewell ; henceforth I am thy foe;
And What disgraces I can blot thee with look for.
Beaw. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, iii. 1.
3. To obliterate so as to render invisible or
not distinguishable, as writing or letters with
ink: generally with out ; as, to blot out a word
OT a Sentence.
To blot old books and alter their contents.
tak., Lucrece, l. 948.
Hence—4. To efface; cause to be unseen or
forgotten; destroy; annihilato: followed by
out: as, to blot owt a crime, or the remembrance
of anything.
Will not a tiny speck very close to our vision blot out
Rowe.
the glory of the world, and leave only a margin by which
we see the blot? . George Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 458.
Blotting out the far-away blue sky,
The hard and close-packed clouds spread silently.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 336.
5. To darken or obscure; eclipse. [Rare.]
He sung how earth blots the moon's gilded wane.
Cowley.
The moon, in all her brother's beams array'd,
Was blotted by the earth's approaching shade.
Rowe, tr. of Lucan's Pharsalia, i.
6. To dry by means of blotting-paper or the
like.
The ship-chandler clutched the paper, hastily blotted it,
and thrust, it into his boson.
G. A. Sala, The Ship-Chandler.
II, intrams. 1. To obliterate something writ-
ten.
E'en copious Dryden wanted or forgot
The last and greatest art, the art to blot.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 280.
2. To become blotted or stained: as, this paper
blots easily.
blot2 (blot), m. [First at the end of the 16th
century; origin unknown. Plausibly referred
to Dam. blot =Sw. blott, bare, exposed; cf. Dan.
blotte = Sw. blotta, lay bare, expose one's
self; Sw. blottställa = D. blootstellen, expose
(the Scand. forms are prob. of LG. origin, K
D. bloot, bare, naked, exposed); but there is
no historical evidence for the connection.]
In backgammon : (a) A single exposed piece
which is liable to be forfeited or taken up.
(b) The exposure of a piece in this way.—To
hit the blot, to take a single exposed piece in the game
of backgammon : often used figuratively.
Mr. Ellis hits the blot when he says that “absolute cer-
tainty and a mechanical mode of procedure, such that all
men should be capable of employing it, are the two great
features of the Baconian system.”
jºr The Nation, April 24, 1884, p. 369.
blotch (bloch), n. [Prob. ME. *bloche, K OF.
bloche, bloste, connected with blote, a clot, a
clod, whence E. blotl, m. The sense ‘pustule”
is perhaps to botch1.] 1. A pustule upon the
skin.
Blotches and tumours that break out in the body.
Spectator, No. 16.
2. A spot of any kind, especially a large irregu-
lar spot or blot; hence, anything likened to a
mere spot or blot, as a poor painting; a daub.
Green leaves, frequently marked with dark blotches.
- Treasury of Botany.
3. A disease of dogs.
Thlotch (bloch), v. t. [K blotch, m.] To mark
with blotches; blot, spot, or blur.
blotchy (bloch'i), a. [K blotch + -y1.] Having
blotches; dis ed with blotches: as, “his
big, bloated, blotchy face,” Warren.
blotet, a. and v. Obsolete spelling of bloat.1.
|blotter (blot’ér), n. 1. A piece of blotting-
paper or other device for absorbing an excess
of ink or other fluid, used especially in writing.
—2. In com., a waste-book in which are record-
ed all transactions in the order of their occur-
rence.—3. The current record of arrests and
charges in a police office: called in Great
Britain a charge-sheet.
blottesque (blot-esk’), a. and n. [K, blot +
-esque.] I. a. In painting, executed with heavy
blot-like touches.
II. m. A painting executed in this style.
blottesquely (blot-eskºli), adv. In a blottesque
manner; with blot-like touches: as, to paint
blottesquely.
blotting-book (blot'ing-bük), n. 1. A book
formed of leaves of blotting-paper.—2. In
com., a blotter. See blotter, 2.
blottingly (blot'ing-li), adv. By blotting.
#." by wind.
b
596
blotting-pad (blot'ing-pad), n. A pad consist-
ing of several layers of blotting-paper, which
can be successively removed as they become
soiled or saturated with ink.
blotting-paper (blot º: "pèr), n. A bibu-
lous, unsized paper, used to absorb an excess of
ink from freshly written paper without blur-
ring.
blotty (blot'i), a. [K blotl -H, -y1.] Full of
blots
blouse (blouz), n. [Also less prop. blowse; K
T. blouse, of uncertain origin, by some identified
with F. dial. blaude, biaude, a smock-frock, KOF.
bliaut, bliaud, pl. bliaus, bliauz, an upper gar-
ment: see bleaunt. But the connection is pho-
metically improbable.] 1. A light loose upper
garment, made of linen or cotton, worn by men
as a protection from dust or in place of a coat.
A blue linen blouse is the common dress of
French workingmen.—2. A loosely fitting
dress-body worn by women and children.
bloused (blouzd), a. [K blouse + -ed?..] Wear-
ing a biouse.
There was a blowsed and bearded Frenchman or two.
Ringsley, Alton Locke, xxxiii.
bloutli (blout), a. [Also blowght. K. Icel.
blaw.tr = Norw. blaut, soft and wet, etc. : see
the parallel form bloat, a.] Soft; sodden :
same as bloatl, a. ; hence, also, swollen;
puffed; fat: same as bloat?, a.
The blowt king. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4, 182.
[Here the 1623 folio has blunt; Warburton
(1747) and later editors substitute bloat.]
blout” (blout), n. [Appar. imitative, after blowl,
blast, etc.] The sudden breaking of a storm;
a sudden downpour of rain, hail, etc., accom-
Jamieson. [scotch.
owl º v.; pret. blew, pp. blown (also dial.
and colloq. pret. and pp. blowed), ppr. blowing.
[= Sc. blaw, K ME. blowen, blawen (pret. blew,
blewe, bleu, blue, blu, pp. blown, blowen, bloum,
blawen), KAS. blåwan (strong verb, pret. bledºw,
pp. blåwen), blow, = OHG. blåham ºn; verb,
pp. blåham, blán), blow, also bláen, blåjam,
MHG. blacwen, blajen, G. blåhem (weak verb),
blow, puff up, swell, = L. fláre, blow. From
the same root, with various formatives, come
E. blaze?, blast, bladder, perhaps blister, and,
from the L., flatus, afflatus, flatulent, inflate,
etc.] I. intrams. 1. To produce a current of
air, as with the mouth, a bellows, etc.—2. To
constitute or form a current of air, as the wind.
A keen north wind that, blowing dry,
Wrinkled the face of deluge. Milton, P. L., xi. 842.
3}. To make a blowing sound; whistle.—4. To
pant; puff; breathe hard or quickly.
Here's Mistress Page at the door, sweating and blowing.
º Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 3.
5. To give out sound by being blown, as a horn
or trumpet.
There let the pealing organ blow.
Milton, Il Penseroso, l. 161.
6. To spout as a whale.
A porpoise comes to the surface to blow. . .
Huacley, Anat. Vert., p. 348.
7. To explode, as gunpowder or dynamite; be
torn to pieces by an explosion: with up ; as, the
* blew up.–8. To boast; brag. [Col-
OQ.
You blow behind my back, but dare not say anything to
my face. Bartlett, Dict. of Americanisms, p. 48.
9. In founding, to throw masses of fluid metal
from the mold, as a casting, when, insufficient
vent having been provided, the gases and
steam are unable to pass off quietly.—Blowin
off, in engin., the process of ejecting water or sediment kplice.
blowl (bló), n. IK blowl, v.1 1. A blowing; a
from a boiler by means of a current of steam passing
through the blow-off pipe.—Blowing through, in engin.,
the act of removing the air from the cylinders, valves,
etc., of a steam-engine by a jet of steam previous to set-
ting the engine in motion. Blow-through valves are fit-
ted for this purpose.—To blow down, to discharge the
contents of a steam-boiler.—To blow hot and cold, to
be favorable and then unfavorable; be irresolute. — To
blow in, to start up a blast-furnace, or put it in blast.—
To blow off, to escape with violence and noise: said of
steam, gas, etc.—To blow out, to be out of breath, or
blown.— To blow over, to pass over; pass away after the
force is expended ; cease, subside, or be dissipated: as,
the present disturbances will soon blow over.
A man conscious of acting so infamous a part, would
have undertaken no defence, but let the accusations,
which could not materially affect him, blow over.
Goldsmith, Bolingbroke.
To blow short, to be broken-winded : said of a horse.-
To blow the buck's hornt. See buckl.—To blow up.
(a) See 7, above, (b) To arise, come into existence, or in-
crease in intensity: said of the wind, a storm, etc.
II, trams. 1. To throw or drive a current of
air upon; fan: as, to blow the fire.
blow
I with blowing the fire shall warm myself.
Shak, T. of the S., iv. 1.
2. To drive or impel by means of a current of
air: as, the tempest blew the ship ashore.
North-east winds blow
Sabaean odours from the spicy shore.
Milton, P.
Along the § ass sweet airs are blown.
, G. Rossetti, A New Year's Burden,
3. To force air into or through, in order—(a)
To clear of obstructing matter, as the nose.
(b) To cause to sound, as a wind-instrument.
Hath she no husband
That will take pains to blow a horn before her? .
Shak., K. John, i. 1.
The bells she jingled and the whistle blew,
Pope, R. of the L., v. 94.
4. To form by inflation; inflate; swell by in-
jecting air into: as, to blow bubbles; to blow
glass.-5. To empty (an egg) of its contents
by blowing air or water into the shell.—6. To
ut out of breath by fatigue: as, to blow a
orse by hard riding.
Blowing himself in his exertions to get to close quarters.
T. Hughes.
7. To inflate, as with pride; puff up. [Poetic
when up is omitted.]
Look, how imagination blows him. Shak., T. N., ii. 4.
8. To spread by report, as if “on the wings of
the wind.”
She's afraid it will be blown abroad,
And hurt her marriage. B. Jomsom, Alchemist, ii. 1.
Through the court his courtesy was blown. Dryden.
9. To drive away, scatter, or shatter by fire-
arms or explosives: now always with modifying
words (up, away, to pieces, etc.): as, to blow the
walls up or to pieces with cannon or gunpowder;
but formerly sometimes used absolutely.
And 't shall go hard,
But I will delve one yard below their mines,
And blow them at the moon. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
10. To deposit eggs in ; cause to putrefy and
ºm with maggots; make fly-blown: said of
16S.
L., iv. 161.
Rather on Nilus' mud
Lay me stark naked, and let the water-flies
Blow me into abhorring ! Shak., A. and C., v. 2.
To blow a coal. See coal.—To blow one's own trum-
pet, to sound one's own praises.—TO blow out. (a) To
extinguish by a current of air, as a candle. , (b) To destroy
by firearms: as, to blow owt one's brains ; to blow an ene-
my's ship out of the water.—To blow up. (a) To fill with
air; swell ; as, to blow wip a bladder or a bubble.
In summe, he is a bladder blown vp with wind, which
the least flaw crushes to nothing.
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A Selfe-conceited Man.
(b) To inflate; puff up : as, to blow up one with flattery.
Blown wo with high conceits ingendering pride.
Milton, P. L., iv. 809.
(c) To fan or kindle: as, to blow wy a contention.
His presence soon blows tºp the unkindly fight.
Dryden.
(d) To burst in pieces by explosion : as, to blow up a ship
by setting fire to the magazine. (e) Figuratively, to scat-
ter or bring to naught suddenly: as, to blow up a scheme.
(f) To scold; abuse; find fault with. [Colloq.]
He rails at his cousin, and blows wºo his mother.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 295.
... was blowing up the waiters in the
wlwer, Pelham, iv.
Lord Gravelton . .
coffee-room. «
(g) To raise or produce by blowing.
This windy tempest, till it blow wo rain,
Held back his sorrow's tide, to make it more.
Shak., Lucrece, l. 1788.
TO blow upon. (a) To bring into disfavor or discredit;
render stale, unsavory, or worthless.
Since that time, . . . many of the topics, which were
first started here, have been hunted down, and many of
the thoughts blown wipon. Goldsmith, Issays, Preface.
Till the credit of the false witnesses had been blown
'upon. - Macaulay, Hist. Dng.
(b) To turn informer against : as, to blow wºon an accom-
[Slang.]
blast; hence, a gale of wind: as, there came a
blow from the northeast.—2. The breathing or
spouting of a whale—3. In metal. : (a) The
time during which a blast is continued. (b) That
portion of time occupied by a certain stage of a
metallurgical process in which the blastisused.
Thus, the operation of converting cast-iron into steel b
the Bessémèr process is often spoken of as “the blow,”
and this first portion is sometimes called the “Bessemer
blow” or the blow proper, the second stage being denomi-
nated the “boil,” and the third the “fining.”
4. An egg deposited by a fly on flesh or other
substance; a flyblow.
blow2 (bló), i. pret. blew, pp. blown, ppr.
M.E. blowen,
blowing. [K
%. blowe),
º *blewe, bleow,
}. blown, AS. blówan (pret.
eów % geblówen), blossom, flower, flourish,
Tós löjam = OFries, blóia = D. bioejon -:
OHG. bluojan, MHG, blüejen, blüen, G. blühen,
blow, bloom, = L. florere (a secondary form),
bloom, flourish; cf.ſos (for), a flower. From
the same root, with various formatives, come
blooml (and prob. bloom?), blogsom, blown,
blood, and, from the L., flower, ſº flourish,
effloresce, etc.] I, intrans. 1. To blossom or
#. forth flowers, as a plant; open out, as a
OWer: as, a new-blown rose.
How blows the citron grove. Milton, P. L., v. 22.
To me the meanest flower that blows can give
Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears.
Wordsworth, Ode to Immortality.
2. Figuratively, to flourish; bloom; become
perfected. -
II. trams. To make to blow or blossom; cause
to produce, as flowers or blossoms. [Poetic.]
The odorous banks, that blow
Flowers of more mingled hew.
Milton, Comus, 1, 993.
For these Favonius here shall blow
New flowers. B. Jongon, Masque at Highgate.
blow2 (bló), n. [K blow2, v.] 1. Blossoms in
eneral; a mass or bed of blossoms: as, the
low is good this season.
He believed he could show me such a blow of tulips as
was not to be matched in the whole country.
Addison, Tatler, No. 218.
2. The state or condition of blossoming or
flowering; hence, the highest state or perfec-
tion of anything; bloom: as, a tree in full blow.
Her beauty hardly yet in its full blow.
Yºr Richardson, Sir Charles Grandison, I. ii.
blow8 (bló), n. . [Early mod. E. also blowe, bloe,
K late M.E. (Sc.) blaw; origin uncertain. Plau-
sibly explained as from an unrecorded verb,
ME. *blewen, KAS. *bledºwan (strong verb, pret.
*bledºw. pp. *blowen) = MD. blouwen, blaeuwen,
strike, beat, D. blowwén, beat, esp. beat or
break flax or hemp, = MLG. bluwen, LG. blåuen
= OHG. bliuwan, # an, MHG. bliuwen, bliwen,
G. blåuen, beat, drub (in G. and LG. modified
under association with blau, blue, as in ‘beat
black and blue'), = Goth. bliggwan, strike, beat;
not related to L. fligere, strike, beat (X ult. E.
afflict, inflict, etc.), flagellum, a flail (> ult. E.
flail, flagellate, etc.). The absence of the verb
from ME. and AS. records is remarkable (the
ordinary A.S. word for “strike” was sledºn, X E.
slay), but the cognate forms favor its exis-
tence.] 1. A stroke with the hand or fist or a
weapon; a thump; a bang; a thwack; a knock;
hence, an act of hostility: as, to give one a
blow; to strike a blow.
He struck so plainly, I could too well feel his blows;
and withal so doubtfully that I could scarce understand
them. 4 Shak., C. of E., ii. 1.
2. A sudden shock or calamity; mischief or
damage suddenly inflicted: as, the conflagra-
tion was a severe blow to the prosperity of the
town.
It was a dreadful blow to many in the days of the Re-
formation to find that they had been misled.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 243.
597
sudden and of short duration; but they occasionally con-
tinue for Weeks and sometimes for years.
4. A man employed in a mine in blasting.—5.
A machine for forcing air into a furnace, mine,
cistern, hold of a ship, public building, etc., to
assist in drying, evaporating, and the like; a
blowing-machine. See blowing-engine, blowing-
"machine.—6. A marine animal, as a whale,
which spouts up water.—7.
One who brags; a boaster.
[Slang.]—Blower and spread-
beaters and blowers in forming cot-
ton into a lap.–Hydraulig blow-
€r.
blower, a blower having one or
more blades hinged or pivoted at
One edge, and vibrating through an
arc of a circle.—Rotary blower, a
blower similar in construction to a
Rotary Blower.
A, B, cams; C, box.
Totary pump. It has vanes the mo- .
tions of which are governed by cam-faces, or which are
shaped in various ways to interlock, inclosing between
themselves and the casing volumes of air, which they car-
ry forward.
blower? (bló’ér), n. [K blow2, v., + -erl.] A
lant that blows. N. E. D.
blowessł (bló’es), n. [A form of blowze, per-
haps in simulation of blowl, with fem. suffix.]
Same as blowen.
blow-fly (bló'fli), n. The common name of
Musca (Calliphora) vomitoria, Sarcophaga car-
Maria, and other species of dipterous insects,
which deposit their eggs or larvae (flyblow) on
flesh. Also called flesh-fly. See cut under
• flesh-fly.
blow-gun (bló'gun), n. A pipe or tube through
which missiles are biown by the breath. Those
used by certain Indians of South America are of Wood,
from 7 to 10 feet long, with a bore not larger than the
little finger; through them are blown poisoned arrows
made of split cane or other light material, from a foot to
15 inches in length, and wound at the butt with some
ſibrous material so as to fit the bore of the blow-gun. A
similar blow-gun is in use among the Dyaks of Borneo.
*Also called blow-tube and blowpipe. º
blow-hole (bló’hôl), m. 1. The nostril of a
cetacean, generally situated on the highest part
of the head. In the whalebone whales the blow-holes
form two longitudinal slits, placed side by side. In por-
poises, grampuses, etc., they are reduced to a single cres-
cent-shaped opening. •º
2. A hole in the ice to which whales and seals
come to breathe.—3. Same as air-hole, 2-4.
In metal., a defect in a casting, caused by the
imprisonment of a gas bubble in the metal
during its solidification.
The following experiments were made in order to pre-
pare solid steel without blow-holes by the crucible process,
1gnited.—8. In coal-mining, an escape, under
pressure and with high velocity, of gas or fire-
amp from the coal. Such escapes are sometimes
er, a machine uniting the action of
See hydraulic.— Oscillating
blow-milk (bló’milk), n.
blown? (blón), p. a.
blow-off (bló’ôf), a.
blowpipe
ventilating, urging fires in boilers or furnaces
in glass-making, cold storage, removing dust,
etc. See blower, 5.—Piston blo —machine, a
form of blowing-machine in which the air is expeſſed
from a cylinder by a reciprocating piston. E. H. Knight.
blowing-pipe (bló'ing-pip), n. Aglass-blower's
ipe; a pontee.
blowing-pot (bló'ing-pot), n. In the manufac-
ture of pottery, an apparatus for distributing
color over the ware before burning.
blowing-snake (bló'ing-snäk), n. A non-ven-
omous snake of the family Colubridae and genus
Heterodon, notable for the noise it makes by
the depression of its anterior parts and the ex-
pulsion of air. . The best-known species is H.
platyrrhinus of the eastern United States, which
is also called buckwheat-nose snake, spreading-
adder, etc. -
blowing-tube (bló'ing-tūb), n. In glass-work-
£ng, a tube 5 or 6 feet long, with a bore varying
in size according to the character of the work,
used in blowing glass. Same as blow-tube.
Milk from which the
cream is blown off; skimmed milk. [Eng.]
blownl (blón), p. a. [KME. blowen, blawen, KAS.
blåwen, pp. of blåwan : see blow 1.] 1. Swelled;
inflated.
No blown ambition doth our arms incite.
Shahr., Lear, iv. 4.
I come with no blown spirit to abuse you.
Beau. and Fl., Little French Lawyer, iii. 2.
2. Spongy or porous from the presence of bub-
bles of air or gas: said of metal castings.-3.
Stale from exposure, as to air or flies; hence,
tainted; unsavory: as, blown drink (obsolete);
blown meat; a blown reputation. See flyblown.—
4. Out of breath; tired; exhausted: as, “their
horses much blown,” Scott.
'Zounds! I am quite out of breath—Sir. I am come to-
Whew I beg pardon—but, as you perceive, I am devilish-
ly blown. Čolmºn the Yownger, Poor Gentleman, iii. 3.
5. In farriery, having the stomach distended
|by gorging green food: said of cattle.—6.
Emptied by blowing, as an egg.
[K ME. blowen, K AS.
*blöwen, geblówen, pp. of blówan : see blow2.]
Fully expanded or opened, as a flower: as,
“the blown rose,” Shak., A. and C., iii. 11.
Pertaining to or used in
blowing off (which see, under blowl, v., I.).
The blow-off apparatus consists, in fresh-water boilers,
simply of a large cock at the bottom of the boiler.
Ramkine, Steam Engine, § 305.
Blow-off cock, a faucet in the blow-off pipe of a steam-
boiler.—Blow-off pipe, a pipe at the lowest point of the
boiler of a steam-engine, furnished with a cock the open-
ing of which causes the water and the sediment from the
feed-water to be forced out by the steam. It opens into
which would give a good resistance and a proper elonga- ¥the drains or (in marine boilers) overboard.
tion.
blowingl (bló’ing), n. [Verbal n. of blowl, v.]
A defect in china, caused by the development
of gas, by the reaction upon each other of the
Ure, Dict, IV. 835 blow-out (bló'out), n.
A feast; an entertain.
ment; a great demonstration; a spree. [Colloq.]
The Russian [sailors] . . . had celebrated their Christ-
mas eleven days before, when they had a grand blow-out.
R. II. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 269.
At a blow, by one single action; at one effort; suddenly. Constituents of the glaze, or by a too strong
Every year they gain a victory, and a town; but if they
are once defeated they lose a province at a blow. Dryden.
Opposed or solid blow, in metal-working, a blow which
stretches, or thins, the metal; unopposed or hollow
lblow, a blow which tends to thicken and bend it.—To
Catch one a blow. See catch.--To come to blows, to
engage in combat, whether the combatants be individuals,
armies, fleets, or nations.
In 1756 Georgia and South Carolina actually came to
blows over the navigation of the Savannah river.
J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 95.
blow-ball (bló'bāl), n. The downy head of the
dandelion, Salsify, etc., formed by the pappus
after the blossom has fallen.
Her treading would not bend a blade of grass,
Or shake the downy blow-ball from his stalk!
B. Jomson, Sad Shepherd, i. 1.
blow-cock (bló’kok), m. A cock in a steam-
boiler by means of which the water may be
artly or entirely blown out when desired.
blowen (bló’en), m. [Also blowing; equiv. to
blowess, a form of blowze, q.v.] A showy, flaunt-
ing woman; a courtezan ; a prostitute. For-
merly also blowess and blowing. [Low slang.]
blowerl (bló’ér), n. IK ME. blower, blawere, K
AS. blåwere, K blåwan, blow: see blowl.] 1.
One who blows. Specifically—(a) One who is em-
ployed in a blowing-house for smelting tin. Cornwall. (b
In a glass-factory, the workman who blows the melte
glass into shape. *
2. A screen or cover of metal fitted to an open
fireplace in such a way that when it is placed
in position access of air to the chimney is
closed except from the bottom, or through the
fire itself: used to promote combustion, espe- blowing-iron, m.
cially when the fire is first kindled, by concen- blowing-mac
blow-over (blóſó"vér), m. In glass-making, the
surplus glass, which, when a vessel is blown in
+a mold, is forced out above the lip of the mold.
blowpipe (bló’pip), m. and a. T. n. 1. An in-
firing. -
blºwing: (bló’ing), p. a. [Ppr. of blowl, r.] 1.
Causing a current of wind; breathing strongly.
—2. In the following phrase, liable to be
blown about.—Blowing lands, lands whose surface-
soil is so light as to be liable, when dry, to be blown away
by the wind. * - -
blowing2+ (bló’ing), m. Same as blowen.
On a lark with black-eyed Sal (his blowing).
Byrom, Don Juan, xi. 19.
blowing-charge (bló'ing-chärj), m. In gunnery,
a small charge of powder in a shell, sufficient to
blow out the fuse-plug but not to burst the shell.
It is used in firing for practice, or for testing time-fuses
when it is desired to recover the shells and use them
again. If it is desired to fill the cavity of the shell, coal-
dust is added to the charge to increase its volume.
blowing-cylinder (bló'ing-sil"in-dér), n. The
air-cylinder of a blowing-engine or other form
of blast-machine.
blowing-engine (bló'ing-en"jin), m. 1. A mo-
tor used for driving a blower or blowing-ma-
chine.—2. A combined motor and blower.
blowing-fan (bló ‘ing-fan), m. A revolving
wheel with vanes, used to produce a blast.
blowing-furnace (bló'ing-fér"näs), m. A fur-
nace in which partially formed glassware may
be placed to be softened when it becomes cooled
and stiff in working; sometimes, the secondary
furnace following the melting-furnace.
blowing-house (bló'ing-hous), m. A house in
which the process of smelting tin ore is car-
ried on.
Same as blowpipe, 1.
e (bló'ing-ma-shën"), n. Any
trating the draft upon the substance to be *apparatus for creating a blast of air, as for
strument by which a current of air or gas is
driven through
the flame of a
lamp, candle, or
gas-jet, to di-
rect the flame
upon a sub-
stance, in order to fuse it, an intense heat be-
ing created by the rapid supply of oxygen and
the concentration of the flame upon a small
area. In its simplest form, as used, for example, by gas-
fitters, it is merely a conical tube of brass, glass, or other
substance, usually about 7 inches long, 3 inch in diameter
at one end, and tapering so as to have a very small aper-
ture at the other, within 2 inches or so of which it is
bent nearly at a right angle. The blowpipe of the min-
eralogist is provided with a small chamber near the jet,
in which the moisture from the mouth collects. The
current of air is often formed by a pair of bellows in-
stead of the human breath, the instrument being fixed
in a proper frame for the purpose. The most powerful
blowpipe is the oxyhydrogen or compound blowpipe, an
instrument in which oxygen and hydrogen (in the propor-
tions necessary for their combination), propelled by hydro-
static or other pressure, and coming from separate reser-
voirs, are made to form a united current in a capillary
orifice at the moment when they are kindled. The heat
produced is such as to consume the diamond and to fuse
or vaporize many substances refractory at lower tempera-
tures, . The blowpipe is used by goldsmiths and jewelers
in soldering, by glass-blowers in softening and shaping
glass, and extensively by chemists and mineralogists intest.
ing the nature and composition of substances. Also called
by workmen a blowing-iron.
2. Same as blow-gun.--Airohydro
• Sºº--> te gen blo 8, 3.
modification of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe. Wpipe,
Blowpipes.
a, common blowpipe; b, Gahn's blowpipe,
made with chamber near the jet.



blowpipe
II. a. Relating in any way to a blowpipe, or
to blowpiping; as, blowpipe analysis.
blowpipe (bič'pip), v. 3.; pret, and pp. blow-
piped, ppr. blowpiping. . [K blowpipe, n.] To use
the blowpipe; conduct chemical experiments
or perform mechanical operations by means of
the blowpipe.
blow-pointſ (bló'point), n. A game supposed
to have consisted in blowing small pins or ar-
rows through a tube at certain numbers.
Shortly boys shall not play
At Span-counter or blow-point, but shall pay
Toll to some courtier. Domme, Satires iv.
blowsel, m. See blouse.
blowse2, n. See blowze.
blowser (blou’zēr), n. [E. dial.] In pilchard-
fishing, on the south coast of England, one of
the men engaged in landing and carrying the
fish to the curing-houses. Encyc. Prit., IX.254.
blowth (blóth), m. [K blow2 + -th, after growth,
K grow.] Bloom or blossom; blossoms in a col-
lective sense; the state of blossoming. [Now
only dialectal in S. W. England (in the form
blooth) and in New England.]
The seeds and effects . . . were as yet but potential, and
in the blowth and bud. JRaleigh, Hist. World, I. ix. § 3.
With us a single blossom is a blow, while blowth means
the blossoming in general. A farmer Would say that there
was a good blowth on his fruit-trees. -
Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., Int.
blow-through (bló'thrö), a. Pertaining to or
used in the process of blowing through (which
see, under blow", p., I.). -Blow-through cock, a
faucet through which the air that may be contained in a
steam-chamber is blown out when steam is admitted.—
Blow-through Valve, a valve in the opening through
which steam enters a condensing steam-engine, used in
blowing through.
blow-tube (bló'tūb), m. 1. A hollow iron rod,
from 5 to 6 feet long, by blowing through which
a glass-blower expands the semi-fluid metal
gathered on its further end while shaping it on blubbered (blub’érd), p.a. [Pp. of blubber, v.]
&
the marver.—2. Same as blow-gun.
blow-up (bló’up), m. [From the phrase to blow
wp: see blowl, v., II.] 1. A scolding; a quarrel.
[Colloq.]
The Captain . . .
nautical style. R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 22.
2. One of the rooms in a sugar-refinery, usu-
ally on the top floor, where the raw sugar is
first melted.—Blow-up pan, in sugar-refining, the
pan in which the raw sugar, after being sifted, is placed
with water to be dissolved. At the bottom of the pam is
a perforated steam-pipe through which steam blows up
through the solution ; hence the name of the pan and of
the room in which the operation is carried 9.
blow-valve (bló’valv); m. The snifting-valve
of a condensing-engine.
blow-well (bló’ wel), m. In some parts of Eng-
land, a popular name for an artesian well.
At Merton in Surrey, at Brighton, at Southampton, all
along the east coast of Lincolnshire, and in the low dis-
trict between the chalk wolds near Louth and the Wash,
Artesian borings have long been known, and go by the
name of blow-wells among the people of the district.
Encyc. Brit., II. 646.
blowy (bló’i), a. [K blowl + -y1.] Windy;
blowing; breezy.
blowze (blouz), ºn. [Also spelled blowse, blouse,
blowze, E. dial. blawse; cf. blowess. Origin un-
certain.] 1+. A beggar's trull; a beggarwench;
a wench.
Wed without my advice, my love, my knowledge,
Ay, and a beggar, too, a trull, a blow8e /
- Chapman, All Fools, iv. 1.
Venus herself, the queen of Cytheron, . . . is but a
blowze. - Shirley, Love Tricks, iii. 5.
2. A ruddy, fat-faced wench; a blowzy wo-
man: applied in Shakspere to an infant. -
Sweet blowse, you are a beauteous blossom sure.
Shak., Tit. And.., iv. 2.
blowzed (blouzd), a. [K blowze + -ed?..] Blowzy;
made ruddy and coarse-complexioned, as by ex-
posure to the weather; fat and high-colored.
I don't like to see my daughters trudging up to their
pew all blowzed and red with walking.
Goldsmith, Vicar, x. *invader.
liuge women blowzed with health and wind and rain.
Tennyson, Princess, iv.
blowzing (blou’zing), a. [K blowze + -ing2.]
Blowzy; flaunting; fluffy: as, “that blowzing
wig of his,” J. Baillie. -
blowzy (blou'zi), a. [K blowze + -y1.] 1. Ruddy-
faced; fat and ruddy; high-colored.
A face made blowzy by cold and damp.
George Jºliot, Silas Marner, xi.
2. Disheveled; unkempt: as, blowzy hair.
B. L. R. An abbreviation of breech-loading
rifle or breech-loading rifled: used in the tech-
nical description of guns.
In naval service B. L. R. guns of cast-iron, strengthened
by rings, have been employed, ranging from 70 to 300-
pounder8. I'm cyc. Brit., II. 665.
blubberer (blub’ér-ēr), n.
gave him a grand blow-up, in true blubber-lip (blub’ér-lip), 7?.
blubber-lipped (blub’ér-lipt), a.
598
blubf (blub), v. ...[War. of blob; cf. blubber.]
I. trans. To swell; puff out.
My face was blown and blub'd with dropsy wan.
- Mir. for Mags., p. 112.
II. intrans. To swell; protrude.
blubber (blub’ér), v. [Also blobber; K ME, blub-
ren, bloberen, weep, earlier bubble, boil, as wa-
ter in agitation. Cf. G. dial, blubbern, cast up
bubbles, as water, LG. herwt blubbern, bab-
ble, chatter. Appar. an imitative word, hav-
ing, like many such, a freq. form. The short
forms blub and blob are modern. Cf. blub, blob,
blab, bleb.] I, intrams. 1. To weep, especially
in such a manner as to swell the cheeks or dis-
figure the face; burst into a fit of weeping: used
chiefly in sarcasm or ridicule.
Even so lies she,
Blubbering and weeping, weeping and blubbering.
Shak., R. and J., iii. 3.
Hector's infant blubber'd at a plume. Mrs. Browning.
2}. To bubble; foam.
Ther faure citees wern set, now is a see called,
That ay is drouy & dym, & ded in hit kynde,
IBlo, blubrande, & blak, vnbly the to nege.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1017.
II. trans. To disfigure with weeping.
blubber (blub’ér), n. [Also blobber; K ME. blub-
ber, a bubble, bluber, blober, surge, agitation of
water, bubble: see the verb.] 1+. A bubble.
At his mouth a blubber stode of fome.
Henryson, Test. of Creseide, l. 192.
2. The fat of whales and other cetaceans, from
which train-oil is obtained. The blubber lies under
the skin and over the muscles. The whole quantity yield-
ed by a large whale ordinarily amounts to 40 or 50 hun-
dredweight, but sometimes to 80 or more.
3. A gelatinous substance; hence, an acaleph
or sea-nettle; a medusa.-4. [K blubber, v.]
The act or state of blubbering: as, to be in a
blubber.—5. One who blubs. Carlyle.
Swollen; big; turgid: as, a blubbered lip; “her
blubbered cheeks,” Dryden, Ceyx and Alcyone,
l. 392.
One who blubbers.
[K blubber + lip.]
A swollen lip; a thick lip, such as that of a
negro. Also written blobber-lip.
His blobber-lips and beetle-brows commend.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, iii.
[ME. blaber-
lipped; K blubber + lip + -ed?..] Having blub-
ber-lips. Also written blobber-lipped: as, “a
blobber-lipped shell,” N. Grew. t
blºº (blub’ér-spåd), n. [K blubber
(whale's blubber) + spade.] A keen-edged
spade used to remove the layer of blubber which
envelops a whale's body.
blubbery (blub’ér-i), a. [K blubber + -y1.]
Resembling blubber; fat, as a cetacean.
blucher (bló’chèr), m. A strong leather half-
boot or high shoe, named after Field-marshal
von Blücher, commander of the Prussian army
in the later campaigns against Napoleon.
He was, altogether, as Toystering and swaggering a
young gentleman as ever stood four feet six, or something
less, in his bluchers. Dickens, Oliver Twist.
bludgeon (bluj'gn), m. [Not found before
1730 (Bailey); origin unknown. A plausible
conjecture connects it with D. bludsen, blutsen,
bruise, beat (parallel with butsen with same
meaning: see botch2). The E. word, if from
this source, may have been introduced as a
cant term in the Elizabethan period, along
with many other cant terms from the D. which
mever, or not until much later, emerged in
literary use.] A heavy stick, particularly one
with one end loaded or thicker and heavier
than the other, used as an offensive weapon.
Arms were costly, and the greater part of the fyrd
came equipped with bludgeons and hedge-stakes, which
could do little to meet the spear and battle-axe of the
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 127.
blue (bló), a. and n. [Early mod. E. reg. blew,
blewe, rarely blue; K ME. blew, blewe, occasion-
ally bluwe, blue, blve, blu, blew, possibly K AS.
*blåw (in deriv. blåwen, bluish) for "blöw
(whence the reg. ME. blo, bloo, mod. E. dial.
blow, north. ME. bla, blaa, mod. north. E. and
Sc. bias, blea, after the Scand.: see blae) (cf.
E. mew, KAS. mièw, a gull); but more prob.
from, and in any case merged with, O.F. bleu,
bleſ, mod. F. bleu = Pr. blau, fem. blava = OSp.
blavo, Sp. Pg. blao = It. biavo (obs. or dial.)
(cf. mod. It. blå, K F. or E.), KML. blåvus, blåvius,
K OHG. blåo (blåw-), MHG. blå (blåw-), G. blaw
= MD. blaeuv, D. blaauw = OFries. blaw =
MLG. blå, blåw, blauwe, LG, blaw, blaag, blue,
blaa, blue,
blue
AS. *blåw º = Icel. blår = Sw, bló = Dan.
ivid (see blae); perhaps = L. flāvus,
yellow (color-names being variable in applica-
tion). Some of the uses of blue originally be-
longed to the parallel form blae in the sense of
‘livid,” as in black and blue.] I. a. 1. Of the
color of the clear sky; of the color of the
spectrum between wave-lengths, .505 and .415
micron, and more especially .487 to .460, or of
such light mixed with white; , azure; cerulean.
–2. Livid; lead-colored: said of the skin or
complexion as affected by cold, contusion, or
fear (see blae): hence the phrase black and blue.
See black.-3. Figuratively, afflicted with low
spirits; despondent; depressed; hypochondria-
cal; having the blues.
E'en I or you,
If we'd nothing to do,
Should find ourselves looking remarkably blue.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 10.
Sir Lucius looked blue, but he had hedged.
Disraeli, Young Duke, ii. 5.
4. Dismal; unpromising: applied to things: as,
a blue lookout." [Colloq.]—5. Inflexible; rigid;
strict in morals or religion; puritanic: as, a blue
Presbyterian: often in the form true blue (which
see, below).—6. [With ref. to blue-stocking, q.
v.] Learned; pedantic: applied to women.
Some of the ladies were very blue and well informed.
hackeray.
7. Indecent; obscene: as, blue stories. [Colloq.]
"Black and blue see iºiue antelope. Same
as blaw wbok.-Blue asbestos. See crocidolite.— Blue
ashes, a hydrated basic copper carbonate, prepared arti-
ficially. It is found native (“mountain blue") in Cum-
berland, England.—Blue beech. Same as water-beech.
—Blue bindweed, blood, bream, carmine, clay, etc.
See the nouns. Blue Copperas. Same as bluestone.—
Blue flesh-fly. Same as bluebottle, 2.- Blue funk, ex-
treme nervousness or nervous agitation; nervous appre-
hension or dread.— Blue glass, glass colored With cobalt
manganese.—Blue ground. Same as blue rock (b or c).
—Blue lake, a pigment similar to Antwerp blue.—Blue
magnetism, that which characterizes the south pole of
a magnet.—Blue malachite. See malachite.—Blue met-
al, copper at a certain stage in the process of refining.
—Blue milk, Monday, etc. See the mouns.— Blue
ocher. See ocher.—Blue pole, the south pole of a mag- .
net—Blue pulp, a name of various mixtures known to
calico-printers and -dyers, made up of yellow prussiate of .
potash and protochlorid or bichlorid of tin and water.—
Blue ribbon. See ribbon. — Blue rock, §
in parts of Ireland of an are naceous shale. (b) In Austra-
The name :
lia, the volcanic (basaltic) material in places overlying the
Tertiary auriferous gravels. (c) The bluish-colored matrix
in which the South African diamonds are often found en-
bedded. It is a kind of breccia.--Blue sand, a cobalt
smalt used by potters for painting blue figures on §.
—Blue Shark. See shark.- Blue Verditer. Sanne as
Bremen blue (see below). —Blue Vitriol. See vitriol.—
To burn blue, to burn with a bluish flame like that of
brimstone.—True blue [that is, genuine, lasting blue: .
blue being taken as a type of Constancy, and used in this
and other phrases often with an added allusion to some
other sense of blue], constant ; unwavering ; stanch ; ster-
ling; unflinching; upright and downright: specifically
applied to the Scotch Presbyterians or Whig party in the
seventeenth century, from the color (blue) adopted by the
Covenanters in contradistinction to the royal red.
II. m. 1. The color of the clear sky or of
natural ultramarine, or a shade or a tint re-
sembling it; azure. See I., 1.-2. A dye or pig-
ment of this hue.
ments are of very different matures, and derived from va-
rious sources; they are all compound bodies, some being
natural and others artificial. See phrases below.
3. Bluing.—4. The sky; the atmosphere. [Po-
etic.]
I came and sat
Below the chestnuts, when their buds
Were glistening in the breezy blue.
Tennyson, Miller's Daughter.
5. The sea; the deep sea. [Poetic.]—6. A
member of a party, or of any company of per-
Sons, which has adopted blue as its distinctive
color.—7. The heavy winter coat of the deer.
See phrase in the blue, below.—8. A butterfly
of the family Lycaenida, found in Great Britain
and other parts of Europe.—9. [Short for blue-
Stocking.] A pedantic woman.
Next to a lady I must bid adieu —
Whom some in mirth or malice call a blue.
Crabbe.
Alexandria, blue, a pigment used by the ancient Egyp.
tians, composed of the silicates of copper and lime. Also
called Egyptian blue.—Alizarin blue, C17H9NQ4, a coal-
tar color used for dyeing, prepared by heating nitro-aliza-
rin with glycerin and sulphuric acid, and afterward wash-
ing with water. It occurs in commerce as a dark-violet
paste containing about 10 per cent. of dry substance, and is
used in wool-dyeing and calico-printing in place of indigo.
under certain conditions. Also called anthraceme blue.
all blue, in dyeing, a coal-tar color used for bright-
blue shades on silk and wool, but unsuited for cotton,
because it will not combine with acid mordants. It con:
sists essentially of the sodium salt of monosulphonic acid
of rosaniline blue, and is applied in a slightly alkaline
bath (hence the name). Also called fast blue and Guern-
sey blue.—Aniline, blue, a generic name for spirit-blue,
soluble blue, and alkali blue.” See these terms.-: Anthra:
-
The substances used as blue pig-
. . . . blue
gene blue, Same as alizarin blue.—Antwerp blue, a
Prussian blue made somewhat lighter in color by the ºd.
dition of alumina. It is more greenish than Prussian blue.
Also called Haarlem blue, mineral blue.—Armenian
blue, a pigment used by the ancients, probably a native
ultramarine.—Azure blue, a name given to various pig-
ments, such as cobalt blue, ultramarine, and carbonate of
Copper-Basic blue, a more carefully Å. spirit-
blue of the first kind. See spirit-blue. Also called opal-
blue.--Berlin blue. Same as Prussian blue, but usually a
Iittle lighter in color. Also called jºy
blue. Same as 80tuble blue (a),—Bremen blue, a hydra
ed copper oxid formed by precipitating nitrate of copper
With lime. It is mostly used for fresco-painting, and re-
tains its blue color under artificial light. Also called blue
verditer-Cerulean, blue, a pigment composed of the
oxids of tin and cobalt. It retains its blue color by artifi- ¥
cial light.—Chemic blue, a term used by dyers for a very
acid solution of indigo in sulphuric acid which resembles
Saxony blue.—China, blue, a coal-tar color similar to
soluble blue, used in dyeing.—Chinese blue, a pigment
Similar to Prussian blue, but when dry and in a lump form
having a peculiar reddish-bronze cast. Its tints are purer
than those of Prussian blue.—Cobalt blue, a º blue
tending toward cyan-blue and of high luminosity. Also
called Hungary blue, Leithner's blue, and Paris blue.—
§º, a coal-tar color used in dyeing. It is a
spirit-induline, and is the hydrochlorid of some color-base,
such as triphenyl-violaniline. It yields a dark-blue color
not unlike indigo, and can be #. on Wool, silk, and cot-
ton. Also called azodiphenyl, Elberfeld blue, Roubaia, blue.
—Cyanine blue. Same as Leitch's blue.—Distilled blue,
a purified solution of sulphate of indigo. —Dumont's blue,
a carefully prepared Smalt used by decorators of china.
Egyptian blue. Same as Alezandria blue.—Elberfeld
blue. , Same as Cowpier's blue.—Electric blue, a trade-
name for a light, greenish blue.—ESChel blue. Same as
8malt.—Fast blue. Same as alkali blue.—Fluorescent
resorcinal blue, a coal-tar color used in dyeing, #.
pared by dissolving azo-resorufin in potash, adding bro-
mine, and precipitating with hydrochloric acid the hex-
abrom-diazo-resorufinate, and converting this into the so-
dium salt. It dyes wool and silk a fast blue with a red
fluorescence, especially in artificial light. Also called re-
Sorcin blue.—French blue. Same as artificial ultrama-
rine (which see, under wiltramarine).-Gentiana, blue.
Same as spirit-blue-Gold blue, a color similar to purple
of Cassius. See purple.—Guernsey blue. Same as alkali
blue.—Guimet blue. Same as artificial witramarine
(which see, under witramarine).—Haarlem blue. Same
as Antwerp blue.—Humboldt blue. Same as 8pirit-blue.
—Hungary blue, Sanne as cobalt blue.—Imperial blue.
Same as Spirit-blue.—Indian blue. Same as indigo.—
Intense blue, a pigment made by refining indigo.—In
the blue, wearing the blue coat, as a deer.
Frontiersmen and hunters . . . say the deer is in the
...” the blue, as he may be in the summer or the winter
CO8.U,
J. D. Catom, Antelope and Deer of America, p. 149.
Leitch's blue, a compound of cobalt blue and Prussian
blue. Also called cyanine blue.—Leithner's blue. Same
as cobalt blue.—Lyons blue, one of the commercial
names of spirit-blue. Minerai blue. Same as Antwerp
blue.— Monthier's blue, a special kind of Prussian blue,
in the making of which ammonia is used.—Mountain
blue. See azwrite.—Napoleon blue, a blue color dyed
on silk by means of basic ferric suiphate and yellow prus-
siate of potash, forming a Prussian blue. Also called Ray-
7mond's blue.—Native Prussian blue. Same as blue ocher
º see, under ocher).-Navy blue. Same as soluble
lwe (b).—Nemours blue, a color produced in dyeing, by
first dyeing with sandal-wood and afterward with indigo,
giving a purple hue by reflected light.—Neutral blue,
a coal-tar color used in dyeing, the hydrochlorid of the
color-base Safranine. It is useful only in dyeing cotton.—
New blue. Same as artificial ultramarine, or, in coal-tar
Colors, Same as newtral blue.—Night blue. (a) Same as
Victoria blue, but of a purer shade. (b) Soluble blue.
(c) Any blue that is free from violet, and retains a true
blue color in artificial light.— Paris blue. (a) Same as
cobalt blue. (b) A somewhat light shade of Prussian blue.
−Parma blue, a spirit-blue of the first kind, with a de-
cided violet tone.-Paste blue. (a) Sulphate of indigo.
(b) Prussian blue in a pasty state.-Peacock blue, a deep,
reenish blue. See, peacock-blue-Permanent blue.
ame as artificial witramarine (which see, under witna-
7marine).— Prussian blue, a pigment made by precipi-
tating ferric Sulphate with yellow prussiate of potash,
forming a ferrocyanide of iron. It is a cyan-blue like that
of the spectrum of wave-length .420 micron; its chroma is
strong, but its luminosity is low. Sometimes called royal
blue.—Raymond's blue. Same as Napoleon blue.—Re-
bOulleau’s blue, Same as Schweinfurth blue.—Resorcin
blue, Same as fluorescent resorcinal blue.— Roubaix
blue. Same as Cowpier's blue.—Royal blue. Same as
smalt. In dyeing, Prussian blue is sometimes so named.
—Sanders or Saunders blue, a corrupt name for the
French cendres blewes(ultramarine ashes).-Saxony blue,
the sulphindigotic acid of commerce, prepared by dissolv.
ing indigo in concentrated sulphuric acid, and used for
dyeing on wool and silk. It is brighter in color than that
obtained from the indigo-vat, but is not so fast either to
light or to the action of soap.–Schweinfurth blue, a
pigment made by fusing together copper arseniate, potas-
sium arseniate, and miter. The product soon turns blue
When mixed with oil. Also called Rebowlleau's blue.—
Soluble blue. (a) A coal-tar color used in dyeing, ob-
tained by heating a spirit-blue with sulphuric acid, and
the product with oxalic acid. Such blues are soluble in
water, in distinction from the spirit-blues, which are solu-
ble only in alcohol, . Also called Blackley blue. , (b) A
Prussian blue to which has been added an excess of prus-
siate of potash. Also called ball-blue, *Hºº
blues. , (a) [Contraction for blue-devils.] Low spirits;
melancholy; despondency; hypochondria. See blue-dev-
ils. , (b) [cap.] The name popularly given to the English
regiment properly called the Royal Horse Guards, or Ox-
ford Blues, first mustered in 1661, and so called from their
blue uniforms.--To be a blue, to have won one's blue
(which see, below). [Eng.]—To win one's blue, to be
chosen to represent a university (Oxford or Cambridge) or
school (Harrow or Eton) in athletic contests: from the
blueblowt, m.
bluebonnet (blö’bon"et), m.
599
distinctive colors (dark blue for Oxford and Harrow, and
light blue for º: and Eton) adopted by students
at those institutions. [Eng.]— Ultr e blue. See
wltramarine.—Wat-blue, Same as indigo-blue.—Vic-
toria, blue, a coal-tar color used in dyeing. It is a dark-
blue powder soluble in water, and can be dyed on wool
silk, or cotton.—Violet–blue, a blue tending towar
violet, the color of the spectrum between wave-lengths
.460 to .415 micron, or of such light mixed with white.—
Wine-blue, oenocyan, used as a coloring matter for red
wines.
blue (bló), v.; pret. and pp. blued, ppr. bluing.
[K blue, a.] ? ... tra/m3. 1. make blue; dye a
|blue color; color with bluing; make blue by
heating, as metals, etc.
II.4 intrans. To blush. .
blueback (bló'bak), n. 1. A local English
Iname (current in Yorkshire) of the coal-fish, in
allusion to the bluish color of the back.-2.
The salmon of Alaska, Oncorhynchus merka,
known in Idaho as the redfish.-3. In Mary-
land and Virginia, the glut-herring; a herring-
like fish, Pomolobus aestivalis, without vomerine
or palatine teeth, with the lower jaw project-
ing but little, and the peritoneum blackish.
It is much like the alewife, but of less value.
—4. A local name in Maine of the blue-
×backed trout, Salvelinus ogwassa.
toluebell (bló’bel), n. The popular name of
several different plants: (a) Of Campanula
Totundifolia, a plant bearing a loose panicle of
blue bell-shaped flowers. See harebell. [Scot.]
(b) In England, of Scilla nonscripta, the wild
hyacinth, from the shape of its drooping flow-
ers. (c) Of the grape-hyacinth, Muscari botry-
oides. (d) Occasionally, of other plants with
# blue bell-shaped flowers.
blueberry (blöſber’i), n. ; pl. blueberries (-iz).
[K blue-F berry1. Cf. blaeberry.] In America:
(a) The fruit of several species of Vaccinium,
ordinarily distinguished from the various kinds
of huckleberry by its blue color and smaller
seeds. The swamp or tall blueberry is the Pac-
cinium corymbosum ; the low blueberry, V. vacil-
lans; and the dwarf blueberry, V. Pennsyl-
wanicum. See bilberry. (b) Another name of
the cohosh, Caulophyllum thalictroides.
bluebill (bló’bil), n. A scaup duck; the black-
head (which see).
blue-billy (bló’bil’i), m. [K blue -- billy, per-
haps the proper name Billy used familiarly, as
in other instances: see billyl, billy?..] In metal.,
the residuum from pyrites, roasted for the man-
ufacture of sulphuric acid, or for the extrac-
tion in the moist way of the copper which it
contains. This residuum, consisting mainly of peroxid
of iron, is largely used as fettling in the puddling-fur-
naces in parts of England.
bluebird (blö’bèrd), n. [In 17th century, blew-
bird.] 1. An American oscine passerine bird,
of the genus Sialia, of which blue is the chief
color. There are several species. The common or Wil-
son's bluebird, Sialia sialis, inhabits eastern North Amer-
ica. It is about 6% inches long, blue above and dull-red-
dish and white below. In most parts of the United States
it is a harbinger of spring, coming with a melodious song.
It nests in holes, and lays plain pale-bluish eggs. The
westerm or Mexican bluebird, S. mezicama, is very similar,
but has a reddish patch on the back, and the throat blue.
The arctic or Rocky Mountain bluebird, S. arctica, is a
larger species, of a paler blue than the others, fading into
white below, without any red.
2. Some other bird of a blue color: as, the
I. a. Of a
#fairy bluebird of Java, Irene turcosa.
blue-black (bló ‘blak), a. and n.
bluish-black color.
II. m. 1. A name of ivory-black, from its
bluish hue; a color resembling ivory-black-
2. A well-burnt and levigated charcoal pre-
ared from vine-twigs. Also called vine-black.
blueblawł (bló’blă), n. [Also written blue-
blow, early mod. E. blewblaw, K blew, blue, --
*blaw, appar. a varied form of blue or blae (ME.
bla, etc.), later modified to blow.] An old name
of the bluebottle, Centaurea Cyanus.
blue-blazer (blö’blå"zēr), m. A sweetened and
flavored drink made of Scotch whisky and
water mixed, after being set on fire, by pour-
ing back and forth between two mugs.
blue-blind (blö’blind), a. Unable to distin-
guish the color blue from other colors.
From the rarity and, in many cases, the entire absence
of reference to blue in ancient literature, Geiger . . .
has maintained that, even as recently as the time of Ho-
mer, our ancestors were blue-blind.
Sir J. Lubbock, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXI. 200.
See blueblaw.
1. A name for
the blue titmouse, Parus coºruleus. Also called
bluecap. Macgillivray.—2. In bot, same as
bluebottle, 1.—3. A name given to the soldiery
of Scotland when it was a separate kingdom,
Yºr
bluebottle (bló(bot/l), m.
bluebreast (bló'brest), m.
bluebuck (bló'buk), n. [Tr. of D. blauwbok.]
#Same as blauwbok. r
bluebush (bló’ büsh), m. A Mexican shrub, Ce-
bluebuttons (bló’but"Qnz), n.
blueca
bluecoat (blö’köt), m.
blue-cod (bló’kod), m.
blue-curls (bló’kèrlz), m.
blue-devils (blö’dev’lz), m. pl.
bluefin (blö’ fin), m.
bluefish
from the color of their bonnets; also, any Scotch-
man: generally as two words. Also bluecap.
England shall many a day
Tell of the bloody fray
When the Blue Bonnets came over the Border.
Scott, Ballad, Monastery, xxv.
[In def. 1 with ref.
to the blue funnel-shaped florets arranged in a
bottle-shaped involucre or whorl.] 1. In bot.,
Centaurea Cyanus, a composite plant, a weed in
Europe, cultivated for ornament in America.
Also called bluebonnet and bluecap.–2. In 206l.,
a dipterous insect with a blue abdomen, of the
family Muscidae and genus Musca, or Calliphora.
Also popularly called beef-eater and blue flesh-fly.
Under the term bluebottle at least two species are in-
cluded [in England], namely, Musca vomitoria and M.
erythrocephala. They both have the under surface of the
head red. Stand. Nat. Hist., VI. 95.
3. A policeman, a beadle, or other officer wear-
ing a blue dress. [Slang.]
Same as bluethroat.
anothus azureus, with abundant blue flowers.
Same as blue-
cap, 3 (a). *
(bló’kap), n. 1. A fish said to be of
the salmon kind, with blue spots on its head.
Imp. Dict.—2. Same as bluebonnet, 1.-3. In
bot. : (a) Some blue-flowered species of Scabi-
osa, as S. succisa and S. arvensis. (b) The blue-
bottle, Centaurea Cyanus.—4. Same as blue-
bonnet, 3.
A thousand blue-caps more. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
5. In coal-mining, a blue or brownish halo
around the flame of the safety-lamp, indicat-
ing the presence of a dangerous quantity of
fire-damp.
A person who wears a
blue coat, especially as a uniform or livery.
Specifically— (a) A serving-man, especially in the house
of an English country gentleman. The blue coat and
badge were formerly the common livery of all the male ser-
vants and attendants in a large establishment. (b) A sol-
dier in the army of the United States.—Bluecoat boy, a
pupil of Christ's Hospital, London, a foundation dating
from the time of Edward VI., the beneficiaries of which,
Who are young boys, still wear the dress connmon to boys
at that time, or a slight modification of it, consisting of a
long blue coat girded with a leather belt, knee-breeches,
yellow stockings, and low shoes. Their head-dress is what
is called a muffin-cap (which see), but generally they wear
no caps, even in the coldest weather.
A chiroid fish, Ophio-
dom elongatus, of the Pacific coast of the United
States, better known as cultus-cod.
blue-creeper (bló’kré'për), n. A graceful twin-
ing plant of Tasmania, Comesperma volubile,
of the family Polygalaceae, bearing an abun-
dance of bright-blue flowers.
A low labiate plant
of the United States, Trichostema dichotomum,
with blue flowers and very long coiled fila-
ments.
[See blue, a.,
3, 4.] 1. Low spirits; depression of mind.—
2. [With allusion to the apparitions of such
delirium.] Delirium tremens.
blue-disease (bló’ di-zéz"), m. Same as cyanosis.
blue-eyed (bló’īd), a.
Having blue eyes: as,
“the blue-eyed Norseman,” Longfellow, Tales
of a Wayside Inn.—Blue-eyed grass, in bot., the
name in the United States of species of Sisyrimchium.—
Blue-eyed Mary, the name of a boraginaceous plant,
Omphalodes verſia, of Europe, with Small blue flowers,
resembling the forget-me-not. -
A local name in the
United States of the lake-herring or whitefish
of Lake Michigan, Argyrosomus migripinnis.
*See cisco.
bluefish (bló'fish), m.
1. The usual name of a
fish of the family Pomatomidae, the Pomatomus
Saltatria, also called tailor, Skipjack, blue-snap-
per, and green-fish. It is of compressed subfusiform
shape, greenish or bluish above and silvery below. It
swº
*ś.º §§ § § Nºt N
ºš
º …ãº* §
Wig. gº
\'º'; §§
*. ', '',
... ."
Bluefish (Porn a rom tas sa 'ta trix).
(From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.)
Sometimes attains a length of about 3 feet, though it is
usually much smaller, . It is common in many seas, but is
best known along the Atlantic coast of the United States.
Its teeth are small but trenchant, and the fish is exceed-
ingly Tavenous and destructive to other fishes. It affords
excellent sport, and its flesh is esteemed for the table.














bluefish
2. An occasional (New England) name of the
Common Cunner, Tºš. adspersus. See
cunner.—3. A Californian sciaenoid fish, Cyno-
Scion parvīpīmme, related to the weakfish of the
eastern United States.—4. A pimelepteroid
fish of the Pacific coast of the United States,
Girella nigricans, of a bluish-brown color, with
tricuspid incisors in an outer row, and a band
of smaller teeth within.— 5. A West Indian
and Floridian labroid fish, Halichoeres radiatus,
with 9 dorsal spines, cheeks and operclesnaked,
andwell-developed posterior canines. The adult
is azure-blue, with a longitudinal band on the anal fin and
a blue margin on the dorsal.
blue-glede (bló'gléd), n.
the ring-tailed harrier, Circus cyaneus.
called blue-kite and blue-hawk.
blue-gown (bló'goum), n. One of a former order
- e y
of paupers in Scotland, also called the king's
beadsmen, to whom the king annually distrib-
uted certain alms on condition of their praying
for his Welfare. Their number was equal to the mum-
ber of years the king had lived. The alms consisted of a
blue gown or cloak, a purse containing as many shillings
Scots (pennies sterling) as the years of the king's age, and
a badge bearing the words “Pass and repass,” which pro-
tected them from all laws against memdicity. Edie Ochil-
tree, in Sir W. Scott's novel “The Antiquary,” is a type of
the class. The practice of appointing beadsmen was dis-
× continued in 1833.
blue-grass (blóſgräs), m. [K blue -- grass. . Cf.
Icel. blå-gras (Geranium pratense).] In bot.,
the name of several species of Poa. The blue-
grass of England is P. compressa ; of Kentucky, P. pra-
tensis, highly valued in the United States for pasturage
and hay ; and of Texas, P. arachnifera. The red-topped
blue-grass of Montana and westward is P. Buckleyama.—
Blue-grass region. See grass.
blue-gum (bló'gum), m. 1. In pathol., a blue
coloration of the free edge of the gums, fre-
quent in cases of lead-poisoning.—2. The blue-
gum tree.—Blue-gum tree, the Eucalyptus globulus,
an important tree of Australia, of extremely rapid growth,
and known to have attained a height of 350 feet. It is
reputed to be a preventive of malaria, and is now largely
planted in California and other countries. Its leaves are
odoriferous when bruised, and are used as a febrifuge.
blue-hafit (bló’ haf'it), m. A local Scotch
name of the bird better known as the hedge-
chanter, Accentor modularis. See cut under
Accentor.
blue-hawk (bló'hāk), m. 1. Same as blue-glede.
–2. The adult peregrine falcon, Ifalco perc-
grinus.-3. The American goshawk, Astur atri-
capillus.
blue-hearts (blö’härts), m. The common name
of Buchnera Americana, natural order Scrophu-
lariaceae, a perennial herb with deep-purple
flowers.
|blue-hot (blóſhot), a. Blue with heat; more
than white-hot : a fanciful and inexact term to
express the excessive temperature of a very hot
body. Incandescent bodies tend to appear yellow rather
than blue as the light they emit increases in intensity.
blueing, m. See bluing.
blue-jack (bló’jak), m. A species of oak, Qwer-
cus cinerea, a small tree with hard, strong, and
heavy wood, found on the coasts of the south-
ern United States.
blue-jacket (bló’jak’et), m. 1. In the naval ser-
wice, a sailor as distinguished from a marine:
so called from the color of his jacket.—2. A
name given in the United States to hymenop-
terous insects of the family Sphegida. The pre-
dominant color is blue. The best-known are the Pelopoews
coerulews, a northern species, and the Chlorion cyaneum,
whose range is more to the south. Both are known un-
der the collective name of mºwd-daubers. See cuts under
A mmophila, digger-wasp, and mud-dauber.
blue-john (blóſjon), n. The local name in Der-
byshire, England, of a blue variety of fluor-
Spar.
Blue John was a name given by the miners who first
discovered it to a variety of fluor spar, in order to distin-
guish it from Black Jack, which is an ore of zinc.
- N. and Q., 6th ser., XII. 506.
bluejoint-grass º: m. A common
name in the United States of two stout bluish-
stemmed grasses, Deyeuaria (Calamagrostis) Ca-
madensis, and, west of the Rocky Mountains,
Agropyrum glaucum.
biºſº (bló(kit), m. , Same as blue-glede.
blue-laid (bló’lād), a. In paper-making, having
a blue tinge: said of a class of laid papers.
blue-laws (bló ‘lāz), m. pl. A supposititious
code of severe laws for the regulation of re-
ligious and personal conduct in the colonies of
Connecticut and New Haven; hence, any rigid
Sunday laws or religious regulations. The asser-
tion by some writers of the existence of the blue laws has
no other basis than the adoption by the first authorities of
the New Haven colony of the Scriptures as their code of
law and government, and their strict application of Mosaic
principleB.
An English name of
Also
blue-pike (bló’pik), n.
600
blue-leg (bló'leg), n., [A sportive adaptation
of blue-stocking, m.] A blue-stocking; a literary
person.
When Madame de Staël resided at Coppet, it was her
custom to collect around her in the evening a circle of
literati, the illwe legs of Geneva, by some one of whom an
essay, a disquisition, or a portion of a work in progress,
was frequently read aloud to entertain the Test.
Sowthey, The Doctor, i. 84.
blueling (bló'ling), n. IK blue-H -ling1.] A small
butterfly of the genus Polyommatus or Lycaena,
notable for its blue color.
bluely (bló(li), adv. With a blue color. Swift.
blue-mantle (bló'man'tl), n. The title of one
of the English pursuivants-at-arms. The office
was instituted either by Edward III. or by Henry V., and
named in allusion to the robes of the order of the Garter,
gr, as some suppose, to the color of the arms of France.
blue-mass (bló(màs), n. A drug made by rub-
bing up metallic mercury with confection of
roses until all the globules disappear. Of this
blue-pills are made. -
blue-metal (bló’met/al), n. See blue metal, un-
der metal.
blue-mold (bló'möld), n., A common minute
fungus, Penicilliwm crustaceum, of bluish or
greenish color,
found on moldy
bread and a
large number
of foods and
other substan-
CeS. The myceli-
um or spawn sends
up numerous slen-
der filaments or hy-
phae, which branch
at the top and bear
chains of repro-
ductive cells or co-
nidia. In rare cases
spores are pro-
duced in asci.
blueness (bló’-
nes), n. [K blue
+ -mess.] The
2–2.
Quality of be- Blue-mold (Perticillium criéstaceum),
- º th detach h f dia, highl
ing blue in any *:::mà. ºned chains of comala, highly
SeIlSe.
blue-nose (bló’nöz), m. 1. A native of Nova
Scotia: a colloquial designation, in allusion
either to the hue given to the noses of its in-
habitants by its severe winter, or to a kind of
potato so named which is largely produced
there. Haliburton.—2. A Nova Scotian vessel.
blue-ointment (bló’oint/ment), n. Mercurial
ointment. -
blue-paidle (bló'pā/dl), n.
the lumpsucker.
blue-paper (bló’ på"për), m. Paper sensitive to
light, prepared by floating white paper on a
Solution of alkaline ferrocyanide and ferric
Citrate. It is used for copying maps and plans, print-
ing photographic negatives, etc. After exposure to light
during a proper interval beneath the subject to be repro-
duced, the print is finished by immersion in several
changes of clean water, which dissolves from the paper
that part of the ferroprussiate which has not been acted
upon by light, and brings out a fine blue color in place of
the original dull gray or greenish color in those portions
of the surface Which have been affected. Called in the
trade blue-process paper.
A Scotch name of
blue-perch (bló'përch), n. 1. A local name of
the common New England cunner, Tautogola-
brus adspersus. See cut under cwmmer.—2. A
Californian embiotocoid fish, Taemiotoca later-
alis, a kind of surf-fish.
blue-peter (bló'pé’tēr), n.
orig. repeater : º
see peter, re-
peater.] Nawt., a
blue flag having
a white square
in the center,
hoisted by mer-
chant vessels of
all kinds as
a signal that the
ship is ready to
sail, to recall
boats, etc.
A large brand-new red ensign pulling in rich color at
the halliards at the peak, and blue Peter lazily fluttering
above the fore-royal-yard.
W. C. Russell, A Strange Voyage, iv.
blue-pie (blö’pi), n. One of the species of
[K blue -- peter,
§º wº
Blue-peter.
*Asiatic jays of the genus Urocissa.
blue-pigeon (bló ‘pij' Qn), n. A name for a
sounding-lead.
A local name in the
United States of the wall-eyed pike-perch, Sti-
zostedion (or Lucioperca) vitrewm. . .
× ventris.
blue-rock
- bluet .
blue-pill (blö’pil'), n. A pill made from blue-
Iſla SS.
blue-pipe (bló’pip), n.
IRay. -
blue-pod (bló'pod), n. The name in California
of species of Godetia, of the family Onagraceae,
noxious weeds, with showy purple flowers.
blue-poker (bló'pó"kēr), n. The pochard, Fu-
ligula (or Aythya) ferina. See pochard. [Lo-
cal in Great Britain.]
blue-pot (bló'pot), n. A black-lead crucible
made of a mixture of coarse i. and clay.
blue-pox (bló'poks), n. Malignant pustule.
blue-print (bló'print), n. An impression pro-
A method of
The common lilac.
*duced by blue-printing.
g
blue-printing (bló'prin"ting), m.
*photo-printing by the agency of paper sensi-
tized with ferroprussiate of potash. See blue-
paper. -
biºacer (blö’ră'sèr), n. A local name in the
western United States of a variety of the com-
mon black-snake, Bascanion constrictor flavi-
(bló'rok), n. A popular name of the
commonest variety of domestic pigeon, Colum-
ba livia, of a bluish color, with two black bands
on the wings.
blue-ruin (bló’rö’in), n. A cant name for gin,
rum, etc., especially when bad.
bluesides (bló'sidz), m. A half-grown harp-
seal, Phoca groºmlandica.
blue-snapper (blö’snap'ér), m. A local name
in Massachusetts of the bluefish, Pomatomus
Saltatria;.
blue-spar (blö’spār), n. Azure-spar; lazulite.
bluestart (bló'stårt), n. [K blue H- start?, tail;
= G. blausterg. Cf. redstart = G. mothster.j
A name of the blue-tailed warbler, Ianthia cy-
× 0.7220'Q.
blue-stem (bló'stem), n. The name of some ,
coarse but useful grasses in the United States,
chiefly Andropogon furcatus east of the Rocky
Mountains, and Agropyrwm glaucum further
westward.
blue-stocking (bló'stok”ing), a. and n. I. a.
Wearing blue stockings; specifically, wearing
lolue or gray worsted stockings, as opposed to
those of black silk worn in court or ceremonial
dress; hence, not in full dress; in plain dress.
(a) Applied to the Little Parliament of 1653.
That Blew-stocking Parliament, Barebone Parliament, a
companie of fellowes called togeather by Cromwell.
Sir J. Bramston, Autobiog. (ed. 1845), p. 89. (N. E. D.)
(b) Applied to assemblies held in London about 1750 at
the houses of Mrs. Montague and other ladies, in which
literary conversation and other intellectual enjoyments
were substituted for cards and gossip, and which were
characterized by a studied plainness of dress on the part
of some of the guests. Among these was Mr. Benjamin
Stillingfleet, who always wore blue stockings, and in ref-
erence to whom, especially, the coterie was called in de-
rision the “Blue-stocking Society” or the “Blue-stocking
Club,” and the members, especially, the ladies, “blue-
stockingers,” “blue-stocking ladies,” and later simply
“blue-stockings” or “blues.”
II. m. 1. A member of the “Blue-stocking
Club,” especially a woman (see above); by ex-
tension, any woman with a taste for learning or
literature; a literary woman: originally used
in derision or contempt, and º: a neglect
on the part of such women of their domestic
duties or a departure from their “proper
sphere”; now hardly used except historically or
humorously.—2. A name of the American avo-
set, Recurvirostra americana. See avoset. [Lo-
cal, U. S.] -
blue-stockingism (bló ‘stok” ing-izm), m. [K
blue-stocking + -ism.]. The character, manner,
or habits of a blue-stocking ; female learning
or pedantry.
blue-stone (bló'stön), n. 1. Sulphate of cop-
per, or blue vitriol. Also called blue copperas.
A name given to a more or less argilla-
ceous sandstone of bluish color, extensively
quarried at various points along the Hudson
river and elsewhere, and used for building
purposes and for flagging. The most exten-
sive quarries are in the Middle and Upper
Devonian.
bluet (bló’et), n. [(1) K ME. bluett, blouet, K F.
(OF.) bluette, a kind of woolen cloth, prop, fem.
dim. of bleu, blue. (2). Also blewet, blewit, K F.
bluet, “blew-blaw, blew-bottle, corn-flower,
hurt-sickle” (Cotgrave), masc. dim. of blew,
blue: see blue and -et.] 1+. A kind of woolen
cloth of a bluish color.—2. In bot., a name
given to several plants with blue flowers: (a)
to the bluebottle, Centaurea Cyanus; (b) in the
United States, to Houstonia (formerly Olden-
landia) coºrulea, (c) to a species of bilberry.—



bluet
3. In ornith., a humming-bird of the subgenus
Basilinna, as the Mexican B. leucotis, or the Cali-
fornian B. ſcantusi, one of the queen-hummers.
bluetail (bló’tăl), n. An American lizard of
the family Scincidae, Eumeces quinque-lineatus
or fasciatus, with a blue tail, inhabiting the
southern and middle United States. It is the
most northern species of the genus.
bluetangle (blöſtang'gl), n. The blue huckle-
berry of the United States, Gaylussacia from-
dosa. Also called dangleberry.
bluethroat (bló'thröt), n. A small Sylviine
bird of the genus Cyanecula, inhabiting north-
ern Europe and Asia, and occasionally found
Bluethroat (Cyaneczéla steecica).
also in Alaska; a kind of redstart or red-
tailed warbler, having a spot of rich blue on
the throat. There are two species or varieties,
C. Suecica and C. wolfi. Also called bluebreast
*and blue-throated redstart.
blueweed (bló'wéd), m. The viper's bugloss,
Echium vulgare, a foreign weed with showy
blue flowers which has been introduced into
the United States.
bluewing (bló'wing), n. The blue-winged teal
of North America, Querquedula discors, a very
common small duck with blue wing-coverts,
much esteemed for the table; also, the shov-
eler duck. See cut under teal.
bluewood (bló'wild), n. A small tree or shrub,
Condaliopsis mucronata, of the family Rhamma-
ceae, found in Texas and westward, often form-
ing dense ghºº. or thickets. It makes an
effective hedge. The wood is hard and very heavy, of a
light-red color, and the berries are edible.
bluey (bló'i), a. [K blue -- -yl.] Somewhat
#blue; bluish. Sowthey.
bluffl (bluf), a. and m. [Origin unknown; per-
haps connected with MD. blaf (Kilian), flat,
broad, as in blaf aensicht, a broad flat face, blaf-
Jaert, one who has a flat broad face, a coin with
a blank face (see blaſfert) (also a boaster, but
in this sense prob. a different word, equiv. to
mod. D. blaffer, K blaffen, bark, yelp: see blaff).
The suggested D. origin is favored by the nau-
tical associations of the word. There is prob.
no connection with bluff?..] I. a. 1. Having or
presenting a broad, flattened front, as a ship
with broad bows and nearly vertical stem.—2.
Rising abruptly and boldly, as a high bank on
the shore of a sea, lake, or river; presenting a
bold and nearly perpendicular front, as a coast-
line or a range of low hills.
The rock Tabra, a bluff, peninsular prominence that juts
out from the bottom of the cliff.
Atkins, Voyage to Guinea, p. 102.
3. Broad and full: specially applied to a full
countenance, indicative of frankness and good
humor. -
His broad, bright eye, and bluff face, . . . like the sun
on frost-work, melted down displeasure. H. S. Riddell.
Hence—4. Rough and hearty; plain andfrank;
somewhat abrupt and unconventional in man-
Ile I’. -
Bluff Harry broke into the spence,
And turn'd the cowls adrift.
Tennyson, Talking Oak.
In ripeness of mind and bluff heartiness of expression,
he [Dryden] takes rank with the best.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st Ser., p. 79.
5. Blustering; pompous; surly; churlish. [Ob-
solete or provincial.]
A pert or bluff important wight. Armstrong, Taste.
To stand blufft, to stand firm or stiff. , N. E. D.
II. m. [First used in the American colonies
in the 18th century.] A hill, bank, or headland
601
with a steep, broad face; a high bank present-
ing a steep or nearly perpendicular front,
especially one on the shore of a sea, lake, or
river; also, a steep rise between bottom-land
and a higher table-land.
Beach, bluff, and wave, adieu !
Round the hills from bluff to bluff.
Tennyson, Golden Year.
bluff2 (bluf), v. [E. dial. also bluft, blindfold;
Origin uncertain, perhaps from two or more
Whittie).
sources. The sense of ‘deceive or impose up-
on’ may come from that of “blindfold, hood-
wink,’ but cf. Sc. “get the bluff,” be taken in ;
prob. of LG. origin: LG. bluffen, verbluffen, D.
verbluffen, X G. verbliiffen = Dan. forblóife, %af.
fle, confound, stupefy. In popular apprehen-
sion prob, often associated with bluff.1, a., as if
‘assume a bluff or bold front.'] I. trans. 14.
To blindfold or hoodwink. Bailey.—2. In the
game of poker, to deceive or impose upon (an
opponent) by betting heavily on a worthless
hand, or by acting in such a way as to cause
the other players to believe that one's hand
is stronger than it really is, in order to make
them throw up their cards or stay out of the
betting. Hence—3. To daunt or deter from
the accomplishment of some design by boast-
ful language or demeanor; repulse or frighten
off by assuming a bold front, or by a make-
believe show of resources, strength, etc.: fre-
quently followed by off: as, to bluff off a dun.
[Chiefly U. S.]
II. intrans. 1. In the game of poker, to bet
heavily and with an air of confident assurance
on a poor hand, in order to deceive an oppo-
ment and cause him to throw up his cards.
Hence—2. To assume a bold, boastful front,
so as to hoodwink an opponent as to one's
real resources, strength, etc.
bluff2 (bluf), n. [E. dial. also blufter, a blinker:
see the verb.] 1. A blinker for a horse.—2.
A variation of the game of poker, in which
there is no draw to improve the hand. Usu-
ally called straight poker.—3. The act of
deceiving or influencing, as in the game o
poker, by a show of confident assurance and
boastful betting or language; hence, language
or demeanor intended to blind, frighten, or
daunt an opponent.
bluffer (bluf'ér), n. One who bluffs.
bluff-headed (bluf'hedºed), a. Nawt., having
an upright stem, or one with but little rake
forward.
bluffly (bluf'li), adv. In a bluffmanner; blunt-
ly; in an unconventional or offhand way.
bluffness (bluffnes), n. The quality of being
|bluff; bluntness; frankness; abruptness.
No such bluffness of meaning is implied in the Greek.
Bushnell, Sermons on Living Subjects.
bluffy (bluf'i), a. [K bluff.1, n., +-y1.] 1. Hav-
ing the character of a bluff; precipitous or steep.
We could see the syenites we had just left again crop-
ping out much less bluffy, and terminating the table-land
to the eastward by a continuous line, trending generally
northwest and southeast. Kane, Sec. Grinn. Exp., II. 343.
2. Inclining to bluffness in appearance or man-
Il GT.
bluft (bluft), v. t. [E. dial.: see bluff?..] To
blindfold. [Prov. Eng.]
blufter (bluf'tër), n. [K bluft + -erl.] A blink-
er. [Prov. Eng.
A Scotch form of blood.
bluid (bliid), m.
[Verbal n. of blue, v.] 1.
bluing (bló’ing), m.
*The act of making blue; specifically, the pro-
cess of giving a blue color to iron and other
metals by heating.—2. A blue tint given to
iron by boiling in a bath of hyposulphite of soda
and acetate of lead.—3. The indigo, soluble
Prussian blue, or other material, used in the
laundry to neutralize a yellowish tint in linen.
Also spelled blueing.
bluish (bló’ish), a. [K blue ---ish.1.1 Blue in
a small degree; somewhat blue.
bluishly (bló’ish-li), adv. In a bluish manner.
bluishness (blö’ish-mes), m. The quality of be-
ing bluish; a small degree of blue color.
bluism (blö’izm), m. [K blue, a., 6, n., 9, +
-ism..] Blue-stockingism.
A wife so well known in the gay and learned world,
without one bit of . . . bluism about herself.
T. Hook, Gilbert Gurney, II. iv.
blumanget, m. See blanc-mange.
blunder (blun’dër), v. [K ME. blondrem, blun-
deren, a freq. form of uncertain origin, perhaps
of double origin: (1) prop. blondren, freq. of
blonden, blamden, mix (see blandl., v.); (2) prop.
blundrem, freq. of blunden, which occurs once in
blunder (blun’dér), 7.
blunderbuss (blun’ dér-bus), m.
blunderbuSS
the doubtful sense of ‘stagger, stumble, KIcel.
blunda, doze, = Sw, blunda = Dan, blunde, doze,
slumber; cf. Icel. blundhr = Sw. Dan. blund, a
doze, nap. Cf. blunt..] I. intrans. 1. To move
or act blindly, stupidly, or without direction or
steady guidance; flounder; stumble: frequent-
ly with on or along.
Bayard the blinde,
That blundreth forth.
Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale, l. 403.
It is one thing to forget matter of fact, and another to
blunder upon the reason of it. Sir R. L'Estrange.
Here he delights the weekly news to com,
And mingle comments as he blunders on.
Crabbe, The Newspaper.
2. To make a gross mistake, especially through
mental confusion; err widely or stupidly.
Was there a man dismay’d?
Not tho’ the soldier knew
Some one had blunder'd.
Tennyson, Charge of the Light Brigade.
II. trans. 1+. To mix (things) confusedly;
confuse.
He blunders and confounds all these together.
Stillingfleet.
2#. To confound; confuse; distract; cause to
make blunders: as, “to blunder an adversary,”
Ditton, On the Besurrection, p. 63.−3+. To in-
jure or destroy by blundering; mismanage:
as, “to darken or blunder the cause,” Ditton,
On the Resurrection, p. 211.-4. To do or
make faultily or erroneously; make mistakes
in through ignorance or stupidity; bungle.
[Rare.]
[Inscriptions] usually of very barbarous work and blun-
red. JB. V. IIead, Historia Nunnorum, p. 687.
Some fine pilgrim-flasks of blue and greem have blun-
dered copies of hieroglyphs and representations of Egyp-
tian deities incised in the moist clay.
Encyc. Brit., XIX. 606.
The banker's clerk who was directed to sum my cash-
account, blundered it three times. Scott, Antiquary, Vi.
5. To utter thoughtlessly or in a blundering
manner; blurt out: generally with out: as, to
blunder out an excuse.
[KME. blunder, blonder,
error, misfortune, K blunderem, blondren, blun-
der, v.] A mistake made through precipitance
or mental confusion; a gross or stupid mistake.
It is worse than a crime ; it is a blunder.
Memoirs of Fouché (trans.).
The “Magmalia” has great merits; it has, also, fatal
defects. In its mighty chaos of fables and blunders and
misrepresentations are of course lodged many single facts
of the utmost value. M. C. Tyler, Hist. Amer. Lit., II. S3.
=S Error, Mistake, Blunder, Bull. An error is a wan-
dering from truth, primarily in impression, judgment, or
calculation, and, by extension of the idea, in conduct; it
may be a state. A mistake is a false judgment or choice;
it does not, as error sometimes does, innply moral obliquity,
the defect being placed wholly in the wisdom of the actor,
and in its treatment of this defect the word is altogether
gentle. Blunder is a strong word for a mistake which is
stupid, a gross error in action or speech. A bull is a blun-
der in language, involving generally a very obvious and
comical contradiction ; but the word is sometimes applied
to any particularly inapt or ludicrously inappropriate re-
mark.
Speculative errors, which have no influence on the life
and conversation, cannot be near so dangerous as those
errors which lead men out of the way of their duty.
J. Blair, Sermon, in Tyler's Amer. Lit., II. 262.
In general, pride is at the bottom of all great mistakes.
Ruskin, True and Beautiful.
It was the advice of Schomberg to an historian, that he
should avoid being particular in the drawing up of an
army . . . ; for that he had observed notorious blunders
and absurdities committed by writers not conversant in
the art of War. Addison.
Lord Orford pronounced this to be the best bull he had
ever heard: “I hate that woman,” said a gentleman, look-
ing at one who had been his nurse, “I hate that woman,
for she changed me at nurse.”
Miss Edgeworth, Essay on Irish Bulls.
[In 17th cen-
tury also blunderbus and blunderbush : appar. a
modification, prob. with humorous allusion to
its blundering or random action, of D, donder-
bus (= G. domnerbüchse), a blunderbuss, K don-
der (= G. donner = E. thunder) + bus, a box,
urn, barrel of a gun, same as buis, a tube, pipe,
G. bichse, a box, pot, barrel of a gun, pipe,
etc., - E. boa 2. Cf. the equiv. G. blunderbüchse,
in imitation of the E., but prob. With a thought
of plunder, baggage, lumber (E. plunder), in al-
lusion to its heaviness. A charter of James I.
(1617) mentions “plantier-busse, alias blanter-
busse,” as equiv. to harquebuse, but the first ele-
ment here is different, ult, K L. plantare, plant
(fix). Cf. Sc. blunyierd, an old gun, any old
rusty weapon.] 1. A short gun or firearm
with a large bore and funnel-shaped muzzle,
eapable of holding a number of balls or slugs,
and intended to §. used at a limited rangé

blunderbuss
Blunderbuss.-Armory, Tower of London.
without exact aim. It has been long obsolete
in civilized countries.—2. A stupid, blunder-
ling person.
blunderer (blun’dèr-èr), m. [K ME. “blunderer,
or blunt warkere [worker].” (Prompt. Parv.),
K, blunderen, blondren, blunder, v.] One who
blunders. (a) One who flounders about blindly or
bunglingly in his work: as, “meer Blunderers in that
Atomick Physiology,” Cudworth. (N. E. D.) (b) One
Who, through carelessness or want of capacity, makes
×gross mistakes.
blunderhead (blun’dér-hed), m. [K blunder +
head. Cf. dunderhead..] A stupid fellow; one
who blunders.
This thick-skulled blunderhead. Sir R. L’Estrange.
blunderingly (blun’dèr-ing-li), adv. In a blun-
dering manner; by mistake.
The tyro who had so blunderingly botched the business.
T. Hook, Gilbert Gurney, I. iii.
Reckless perversions of meaning, whether intentionally
or blunderingly made. N. A. Rev., CXXIII. 205.
blunge (blunj), v. t. ; pret. and pp. blunged, ppr.
blunging. [Appar, a popular formation, after
plunge, with ref. to the plunging action of the
instrument used.] To mix (clay) with a blun-
ger.
blunger (blun’jēr), n. IK blunge + -erl. Cf.
plunger.] An instrument used for mixing clay
in potteries. It is shaped like a shovel, but has a
larger blade, and a cross-handle by which it is wielded.
The name is also sometimes given to different varieties of
the pug-mill. - -
blunging (blun'jing), m. [Verbal m. of blunge,
v.] The process of mixing clay in potteries.
The proper amount of the clay and the necessary quantity
of water are placed in a trough, and mixed with a blun-
ger, until reduced to a homogeneous mass. In large pot-
teries this work is sometimes done by the machine called
a pug-mill. º º
blunklt, v. [Origin uncertain; appar. a corrup-
tion of blenk or blink.] I. intrans. To blench;
blink; turn aside.
II. trams. To spoil; mismanage.
[Scotch..]
blunk2 (blungk), n. [Cf. blunket.] In plural,
linem or cottom cloths for printing; calicos.
[Scotch..]
blunkeri (blungſkēr), n. [K blunkl, v., II.; +
-erl. J A bungler; one who spoils everything
he meddles with. [Scotch..]
Dunbog is nae mair a gentleman than the blunker that's
biggit the bonnie house doun in the hown.
Scott, Guy Mannering, iii.
blunker2 (blung’kēr), m.
calico-printer. [Scotch..]
blunkett, a. and m. [Early mod. E. also blon-
ket, bloncket, blancket, K ME. blanket (a.), blun-
ket, also plunket, plomkete (m.), appar. K. O.F.
blanquet, var. of blanchet, dim. of blanc, white:
see blanket, which is thus a doublet of blunket.]
I. a. Gray; grayish or light-blue.
Our bloncket liveryes bene all to sadde.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., May.
II. m. A kind of cloth; apparently the same
as blanket, 1.
blunt (blunt), a. and m. [K ME. blunt, blont, of
an edge or point, dull, not sharp; of manner,
rude; of mind, dull, stupid, blind; prob. KAS.
*blunt, found in the deriv. Blunta, a man’s name
(cf. the mod. E. surnames Blunt, Blownt). The
sense of “dull, stupid,” appears to be the Orig.
one (see the quotation from the Ormulum),
pointing to a connection with Icel, blunda =
Sw. blunda = Dan. blunde, doze, slumber. Cf.
blunder, and the sense of blunt in the quotation
from the Prompt. Parv. under blunderer.] I.
a. 1. Obtuse, thick, or dull, as an angle, edge,
or point; having an obtuse, thick, or dull edge
or point, as a foil, Sword, pencil, etc.; not
sharp or acute.
No doubt the murtherous knife was dull and blunt,
Till it was whetted on thy stone-hard heart.
Shak., Richard III., iv. 4.
An individual act of wrong sometimes gives a sharp
point to a blunt dagger. O. W. Holmes, Emerson, xiii.
2. Dull in understanding; slow of discernment.
Unnwis mann iss blun nt and blind
Off herrtess eghe sihhthe [of heart's eyesight.]
Ormulwm, l. 16954.
His wits are not so blunt. Shak., Much Ado, iii. 5.
3. Obtuse; free from sharp angularities, pro-
jections, or corners.
Jamieson.
[K blunk2 + -erl.] A.
602
From the back the shore of Sicily curves with delicately
indented bays toward Messina : then come the straits,
and the blunt mass of the Calabrian mountains terminat-
ing Italy at Spartivento.
J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 204.
4. Rough in manner or speech; rude; unpol-
ished; hence, abrupt in address or manner;
plain-spoken ; unceremonious: applied to per-
SOIlS.
I am no orator, as Brutus is ;
But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man.
Shak., J. C., iii. 2.
Thou'rt homest, blunt, and rude enough, o' conscience.
ord, Lover's Melancholy, iv. 2.
5. Plain; plain-spoken; unceremonious or un-
conventional; direct; free from circumlocu-
tion: as, blunt truths; a blunt bearing.
In blunt terms, can you play the sorcerer? Coleridge.
To his blunt manner and to his want of consideration
for the feelings of others he owed a much higher reputa-
tion for sincerity than he at all deserved.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
6. Hard to penetrate. [Rare.]
I find my heart hardened and blunt to new impressions.
- Ope.
7+. Faint.
Such a burre myst make myn herte blunt.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), i. 176.
=Syn. 4, Brusk, bluff, uncivil, rude, uncourteous,
#. m. 1+. A blunt sword for fencing; a foil.—
2. A needle of a grade shorter and less sharply
pointed than a sharp. See needle.— 3. [Slang,
and perhaps of different origin..] Money; ready
money.
“Well, how goes it?” said one.
“I have been the
Tounds. 3 y
The blunt's going like the ward-pump.
Disraeli, Coningsby, ix.
blunt (blunt), v. [K blunt, a.] I. trams. 1.
To make blunt, as an edge or point; dull the
edge or point of, as a knife or bodkin, by making
it thicker.
A less deadly sword, of which he carefully blunted the
point and edge. Macaulay, Addison.
Knowledge neither blunts the point of the lance, nor
weakens the arm that wields a knightly sword.
Tickmor, Span. Lit., I. 334.
2. To weaken or deaden, as appetite, desire,
or power of the mind; impair the force, keen-
mess, or susceptibility of.
Blunt not his love. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
To blunt or break her passion.
Temnyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
II. intrans. To become blunt: as, the blade
blunts easily.
blunthead (blunt'hed), n. An East Indian ser-
pent, Amblycephalus boa, of the family Colu-
bridie and subfamily Leptognathinae, of Java,
Borneo, etc.
blunting (blun’ting), m. . [Verbal n. of blunt,
v.] 1. The act of dulling.—2. Something
that dulls or blunts. [Rare.]
Not impediments or bluntings, but rather as whetstones,
to set an edge on our desires.
Jer. Taylor (?), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 73.
bluntish (blun’tish), a. [K blunt + -ish 1.]
Somewhat blunt.
bluntishness (blun’tish-nes), m. [K bluntish +
-ness.] A slight degree of bluntness.
Tempered with an honest bluntishmess.
Wood, Athenae Oxon. (ed. 1815), II. 582.
bluntly (blunt'li), adv. 1+. Stupidly.—2. With-
out sharpness or tenuity; obtusely: as, bluntly
serrate.—3. In a blunt manner; abruptly;
without delicacy, or the usual forms of civil-
ity; in -in abrupt, offhand, or curt manner;
without circumlocution: as, to tell a man some-
thing bluntly.
Fathers are
Won by degrees, not bluntly as our masters
Or wronged friends are.
Dekker and Ford, Witch of Edmonton, i. 1.
bluntness (blunt'nes), n. [K blunt + -mess.]
The state or quality of being blunt. (a) Want of
sharpness; dullness; obtuseness. (b), Plainness, direct-
ness, or abruptness of address; Want of ceremony in man-
ners; rudeness of manner or address: as, “honest blunt-
mess,” Dryden; “bluntness of speech,” Boyle.
To keep up Friendship, there must be little Addresses
and Applications, whereas Bluntness spoils it quickly.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 23.
blunt-witted (blunt’wit/ed), a. [K blunt +
wit ---ed2. Cf. ME. “blunt of wytte,” Prompt.
Parv.] Dull; stupid.
Blunt-witted lord, ignoble in demeanour !
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
blur Gº v.; pret. and pp. blurred, ppr. blur-
ring. [=Sc. blore; first in early mod. E. blurre;
perhaps a deflected form of blear, early mod. E.
blere (see blearl), but it may be an independent
formation. Cf. blotl, blotch..] I. trans. 1. To ob-
blush
scure or sully (a thing) with something which
detracts from its fairness or beauty.
The usually mirrored surface of the river was blurred
by an infinity of raindrops. Hawthorne, Old Manse, I.
2. To sully; stain; blemish: as, to blur one's
reputation. º
Never yet did base dishonour blur our name,
But with our sword we wip'd away the blot.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
3. To obscure without, quite effacing; render
indistinct; confuse and bedim, as the outlines
of a figure.
One low light betwixt them burn'd,
Blwºr'd by the creeping mist. º
Tennyson, Guinevere.
4. To dim the perception or susceptibility of;
make dull or insensible to impression: as, blur-
red eyesight; to blur the judgment.
Her eyes are blurred with the lightning's glare. N. Drake.
To blur out, to efface.
We saw forked flashes once and again . . . lighting up
the valleys for a moment, and leaving the darkness blacker
. . . as the storm blurred out the landscape forty miles
aWay. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 228.
To blur over, to obscure by a blur; put out of sight.
II. intrams. To make blurs in writing.
blur (blér), m. [K blur, v.] 1. A smudge or
smear, such as that made by brushing writing
or painting before it is dry; a blot which par-
tially defaces or obscures.—2. Figuratively,
a blot, stain, or injury affecting character, rep-
utation, and the like.
Her raillyng sette a greate blurre on myme homestie and
good name. Udall, tr. of Erasmus, Luke xviii.
These blurs are too apparent in his Life.
ſilton, Reformation in Eng., i.
3. A blurred condition; a dim, confused ap-
pearance; indistinctness.
The eye learns to discriminate colors, and shades of
color, where at first there was only a vague blur of feeling.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. ii. § 10.
blurry (blér’i), a. [K blur, n., + -y1.] Full of
blurs; confused and indistinct.
blurt (blért), v. [= Sc. blirt (see blirt); appar.
imitative, with the initial sound as in blowl
blast, blash, bluster, etc., and the final soun
as in spurt, spirt, squirt, etc.] I. trans. 1. To
utter suddenly or inadvertently; divulge un-
advisedly: commonly with out.
Others . . . cannot hold, but blurt out those words
which afterwards they are forced to eat. Hakewill.
And yet the truth may lose its grace,
If blurted to a person's face.
Lloyd, The Nightingale.
At last to blurt out the broad, staring question of,
“Madam, will you marry me?”
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, ii.
2+. To treat contemptuously.
And, I confess, I never was so blurted,
Nor never so abus’d.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, ii. 2.
To blurt att, to speak contemptuously of; ridicule.
None would look on her,
But cast their gazes on Marina's face;
Whilst ours was blurted at. Shak., Pericles, iv. 4.
II. intrams. 1. To puff or emit the breath ex-
plosively as in sleep, or contemptuously as in
saying “pooh”; puff in scorn or with a con-
temptuous expression of the lips.—2. To burst
out weeping.
blurt (blért), m. [K blurt, v.] A sudden puff or
emission of the breath, especially in contempt,
as when saying “pooh.”
blush (blush), v. [K ME. blushen, bluschen,
blyschem, glow, rarely blush, usually look,
glance, prob. K. A.S. blyscan, bliscam (glossed
ºrutilare), glow, = MLG. bloschen, LG. bliisken,
blush; cf. AS. *blysian, in comp. ablisian for
*āblysian, blush (verbal n, dblysung, àblysguing,
blushing), = M.D. blosen, D. blozen = MLG.
blosen, blush; connected with AS. blysa, blisa
also blysige, a torch, *blys (in comp. bālblys), a
flame, - 'Mić. blus, LG. blüse, a flame, = Sw.
bloss = Dan. blus, a torch; LG. blüsen, set on
fire, inflame, = Sw. blossa, blaze, = Dan. blusse,
blaze, flame, blush in the face; from the noun.
Not phonetically connected, though prob. no-
tionally associated, with blazel: see blazel, n.]
I. intrans. 1+. To shine, as the sun.—2}. To
glance; look. [In these senses only in Middle
English; but see blush, n., 1, 2.]
Tyl on a hyl that I asspyed
& blusched on the burghe, as I forth dreued.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), i. 979.
3. To become red in the face; redden all over
the face: especially from modesty, embarrass-
ment, confusion, or shame.
Ask him a question,
He blushes like a girl, and answers little.
Fletcher, Rule a Wife, i. 1.

gº blush
In the presence of the shameless and unblushing
young offender is ashamed to blush. †
4. To appear as if blushing; exhibit a red or
roseate hue; bloom freshly or modestly.
th
©
Buckminster.
603 TOOar
bluster (blus/ter), v. [Origin obscure. Hardly ambi-, amphi-), - (with an added element) Ieel.
connected with ME. blusteren, wander about bädhir, etc., ME. bathe, bothe, mod. E. both :
aimlessly, = LG. blustern, blistern, flutter about see both.] The earlier word for both.
anxiously; but prob. one of the imitative words bo” (bó), interj. [Also written boh and formerly
The sun of heaven, methought, was loth to set,
But stay’d, and made the western welkin blugh.
hak., K. John, V. 5.
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen.
Gray, Elegy.
5. To be ashamed: with at or for.
He blushes for the “disingenuousness of the most de-
voted worshipper of speculative truth.”
Whipple, Ess, and Rev., I. 19.
II. trans. 1. To make red. [Rare.]
Which [blood] . . . ne'er returneth
To blush and beautify th;cheek again.
hak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
2. To express, show, or make known by blush-
ing, or by a change of color similar to a blush.
[Rare and poetical.]
Pass the happy news,
Blush it, thro’ the West.
Tennyson, Maud, xvii.
'blush (blush), n. [KME. blusch, gleam, glimpse;
from the verb.] 1+. A gleam.
attached loosely to what is felt to be the com-
mon root of blowl, blast. The E. Fries. blistern,
Bluster, freq. of blüssen, var. of blasen (= E.
blaze?), blow, is appar. a parallel formation.]
I. intrans. 1. To roar and be tumultuous, as
wind; blow boisterously: as, the storm blu3-
ters without.
Bluster the winds and tides.
Tennyson, Fair Women.
2. To be loud, noisy, or swaggering’; swagger,
as a turbulent or boasting person; utter loud
empty menaces or protests.
Your ministerial directors blustered like tragic tyrants
here. Burke, American Taxation.
Let your demagogues lead crowds, lest they lead armies;
let them bluster, lest they massacre.
Macaulay, Čonversation between Cowley and Milton.
3+. [Only in ME.; perhaps a different word.
Cf. LG. blustern, blistern, flutter in alarm.] . To
wander or run about aimlessly.
b. o.
boa (bö’â), m.
also boe; a mere exclamation. Cf. D. “hijkam
boe noch ba zeggen,” equiv. to E. “he cannot
say bo to a goose.” Cf. bool.] An exclamation
used to inspire surprise or fright; especially, a
% ºd |by children to frighten their fellows.
O 000.
I'll rather put on my flashing red nose and my flaming
face, and come wrapped in a calf's skin, and cry bo, boſ
I'll fray the scholar, I warrant thee.
Old Play, Wily Beguiled.
Not able to say bo! to a goose, very foolish or timid.
common abbreviation in stock-ex-
change reports and documents of buyer's op-
tion : as, b. o. 3 (that is, at the buyer's option
within 3 days).
[NL. boa, K. Tupi boya, also
'moya, serpent ; cf. Guarani mboi, adder; W.
Ind. (Boriquen) boba, serpent.] 1. [cap.] In
herpet., a genus of very large non-venomous
serpents, of the family Boidae, notable for
To bide a blisful blusch of the brygt sunne.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (ed. Morris), l. 520.
2. A glance; glimpse; look; view: obsolete
except in the phrase at first blush.
At the first blush we thought they had beene shippes
come from France. Hakluyt's Voyages, III. 336.
This sounds, at first blush, very neat, if not even very
profound ; but a closer examination dissolves it into
nothing. Bibliotheca Sacra, XLIII. 618.
3. Look; resemblance: as, she has a blush of
her father. [North. Eng.] [Hence, collective-
ly, an assembly, company, in the isolated ex-
That thay blustered as blynde as bayard wat; euer.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 886.
II. trans. 1. To compel or force by mere
their power of constriction. It was formerly
nearly coextensive with the modern family, and included
all the boas, anacondas, etc., but is now restricted to
certain South American species congeneric with Boa
bluster. [Rare.]
He meant to bluster all princes into a perfect obedi-
€1) Ce. Fuller.
2. To utter with bluster, or with noise and vio-
lence : generally with out or forth.
Bloweth and blustereth owt . . . blasphemy.
Sir T. More, Works, p. 374.
To bluster downt, to blow down with violence, as of
the wind.
ample, a blush of boyes = a company of boys
(“Book of St. Albans”).]—4. The suffusion of
the cheeks or the face with a red color through
confusion, shame, diffidence, or the like.
If impious acts
Have left thee blood enough to make a blush,
I’ll paint it on thy cheeks. -
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iii. 3.
Her blush of maiden shame. Bryant, Autumn Woods.
5. A red or reddish color; a rosy tint.
And light's last blushes tinged the distant hills.
Lord Lyttelton, Uncertainty, i.
To put to the blush, to cause to blush or be ashamed.
blusher (blush’ér), n. One who blushes, or is
given to blushing.
Mulattoes are often great blushers, blush succeeding
blush over their faces.
Darwin, Express. of Emotions, p. 320.
blushett (blush/et), m. [K blush + -et.] A little
blusher; a modest young girl. -
Go to, little blushet. B. Jomsom, Entertainments.
blushful (blush’fül), a. [K blush H- ful..] Full
of blushes.
From his [the sun's] ardent look the turning Spring
Averts her blushful face. Thomsom, Summer, l. 7.
The true, the blushful Hippocrene.
Reats, Ode to Nightingale.
blushfully (blush ’fül=i), adv. With many
blushes.
blushing (blush’ing), m. [Verbaln. of blush, v.]
The act of becoming red in the face through
modesty, confusion, or shame; suffusion with
a roseate tint.
The blushings of the evenly.
Py a tempestuous gust bluster down the house.
Seasonable Sermons, p. 26.
bluster (blus’tēr), n. [K bluster, v.] 1. The
noise of a storm or of violent wind; a blast ; a
gust.
The skies look grimly
And threaten present blusters.
Shak., W. T., iii. 3.
2. A boisterous blast, or loud tumultuous noise.
The brazen trumpet’s bluster. Swift, Prometheus.
3. Noisy but empty talk or menace; Swagger;
boisterous self-assertion.
A coward makes a great deal more bluster than a man
of honour. Sir R. L’Estrange.
The real weather gods are free from brag and bluster.
The Century, XXV. 674.
=Syn. 3. Turbulence, boasting, bragging, bullying.
blusteration (blus-te-rā‘shgn), m. . [K bluster +
-ation.] Noisy boasting; blustering; boister-
ous conduct. [Prov. Eng. and Amer.]
blusterer (blus’tér-ēr), m. One who or that
which blusters; especially, a Swaggerer; a
bully; a noisy, boastful, or boisterous fellow.
Sometime a blusterer, that the ruffle knew
Of court, of city. Shak., Lover's Complaint, l. 58.
blustering (blus’tèr-ing), p. a. [Ppr. of blus-
ter, v.] 1. Stormy; windy; tempestuous; as,
blustering weather; “a blustering day,” Shak.,
1 Hen. IV., v. 1.-2. Noisy; violent; self-as-
serting; swaggering: as, a blustering fellow.
A policy of blustering menace and arrogant interference.
N. A. Rev., XXXIX. 410.
blusteringly (blus’tèr-ing-li), adv. In a blus-
′ Spencer, Prodigies, p. 146. .tering manneſ. Z
Blushing is the most peculiar and the most human of blusterous, blustrous (blustèr-us, -trus), a.
all expressions. Monkeys redden from passion, but it [K bluster + -ows.] 1. Noisy; tempestuous;
would require an overwhelming amount of evidence to rough; stormy.
make us believe that any animal could blush.
Now, mild may be thy life
Darwin, Express. of Emotions, p. 310. y y y
For a more blust'rows birth had never babe, & sº *
blushing (blush'ing), p. a. [Ppr. of blush, v.] Shak., Pericles, iii. 1.
1. Modest; bashful; given to blushing or suf- 2. Violent; truculent; swaggering.
fused with blushes: as, a blushing maiden.—2. blustery (blus’tér-i), a. [K bluster + -y1.] Blus-
Freshly blooming; roseate, literally or figura- tering; blusterous; raging; noisy.
tively. A hollow, blustery, pusillanimous, and unsound [char-
acter]. Carlyle, Life of Sterling.
blustrous, a. . See blusterous.
The tender leaves of hope, to-morrow blossoms, -bly. A termination of adverbs. See the ety-
And bears his blushing honours thick upon him. mology of -ble.
Shak, Heii. VIII., iii. 2, blype (blip), n., [Origin, uncertain...] 1. A
blushingly (blush'ing-li), adv. ... In a blushing shred; a piece of skin rubbed off. Burns.—2.
manner; with blushes; modestly. stroke or blow. [Scotch..]. e
blushless (blush’les), a. [K blush + -less.], blythet, a. . An obsolete spelling of bºthé. .
Without a blush; unblushing; past blushing:*B. M. An abbreviation of Baghelor of Medicine.
impudent; barefaced; shameless: as, “blush. B. M.E. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Min-
less crimes,” Sandys. *ing Engineering. . . . º
blushwort" (blush’wert), n. A name given to B.Mus. An abbreviation of Rachelor of Mušić.
cultivated species of Æschymanthus. bolt, a., prom, and conj. [ME., also boo, KAS.
blushy § a. [K blush + -y1.] Like a 9% fem. (in ME. common and neut.), with begen
º, having the color of a blush. "[Rarei (ME. º º *.º º beye, º).
tº * maSc., bu, neut., = Gotn. 007, m., Oa, neut. , =
Blossoms of apples , , , are *;, Nat. Hist., § 507. (with a prefix) L. am-bo = Gr. Öpi-bo, both (see
The dappled pink and blushing rose.
Prior, The Garland.
To-day he puts forth
boa-constrictor (bö’ā-kon-strik’ tor), m.
boalee (bö’a-lé), i.
Boanerges (bö-a-nēr’jēz), m. pl.
Boa (Boa constrictor).
constrictor. The genus includes some of the largest
known serpents (sometimes more than 20 feet long), ca-
º of enveloping and crushing mammals as large as a
eelſ.
2. In ordinary language, some large Serpent,
as a boa-constrictor, anaconda, or python; any
member of the family Boidae or Pythonidae.—3.
A long wrap of fur, feathers, frilled silk, or
ribbons, worn by women round the neck.
A
name popularly applied to any large serpent
of the family Boida or Pythonidae: same as
boa, 2.
[K boyari, the Bengalese
native name.] A fish of the family Siluridae,
Wallago attu, which has been also named Silu-
pus boalis, inhabiting the fresh waters of India
and Burma. It has a long body, deeply cleft mouth,
forked caudal, very long anal, and small dorsal. It attains
a length of about 6 feet, and is edible.
In India the jawbone of the boalee fish (Silurus boalis)
is employed by the natives about Docca. The teeth,
being small, recurved, and closely set, act as a fine comb
for carding cotton.
Simmonds, Com. Products of the Sea, p. 255.
[LL., K. Gr. Bo-
avepyég, from an Aramaic form equiv. to Heb.
bné hargem, sons of thunder (K brºë, pl. of ben,
son, + ha, the, + ra'am, thunder), or to the
synonymous Heb. bmé regesh.I 1. Sons of thun-
der: a name given by Christ to two of his dis-
ciples, James and John, sons of Zebedee.
And he surnamed them Boanerges, which is, The sons
of thunder. Mark iii. 17.
Hence—2. sing. A name sometimes given to a
vociferous preacher or orator.
boarl (bör), n. and a. [Early mod. E. also bore :
K ME. boor, bore, bor, KAS. bār = OS. bār (-suin,
swine) = D. beer = MLG. ber, LG. ber = OHG.
bër, MHG. ber, a boar, G. bār, a young boar.
Cf. Russ. borović, a boar.] I. m. 1. The male
of swine (not castrated).-2. A military engine
used in the middle ages. Grose.—Ethiopian wild
boar. Same as hallwºf.—Wild boar (Sus scrofa or aper),
an ungulate or hoofed mammal, family Suidoe, the origi-
nal of the tame hog. Wild boars are found in most parts
of Europe, excepting the British islands (where, however,
they formerly abounded), and also in the greater part of
Asia, and on the Barbary coast of Africa. The wild boar
differs in several respects from the tame species; its body
is smaller, its snout longer, and its ears (which are always
black) rounder and shorter; its color is iron-gray, inclin-
ing to black. The tusks, formed by the enlarged canine
teeth, are larger than those of the tame boar, being some-
times nearly a foot in length. The chase of the wild boar
is one of the most exciting sports of Europe and India.

Wild Boar (Szes scrofa).
In heraldry the wild boar is represented with large tusks
and open mouth.
II. a. Male: as, a boar squirrel.
boarºt, boaré+, Obsolete spelling of borel,
*bore?.
board (bórd), n. [Under this form and the cog-
nate forms in the other languages are merged
two different words: (1) ME. bord, boord, borde,
KAS. bord, a board, plank, table, shield, = OS.
bord = OFries. bord = D. bord = MLG. bort,
LG. boord = Icel. bordh = OHG. M.H.G. bort, G.
bord, bort = Sw. and Dan. bord = Goth. baurd
(in fötu-bawrd, ‘footboard,” footstool), neut., a
board, plank, table (in AS. also shield); (2)
ME. bord, boord, borde, KAS. bord (= OS. bord
= D. boord = MLG. bort, LG. boord = OHG.
MHG. bort, G. bord = Icel. bordh = Sw. Dam.
bord), masc. (and, by confusion with the pre-
ceding, neut.), border, brim, rim, side, esp.
side of a ship. From the Teut. comes F. bord
= OSp. borda, Sp. bordo = Pg. bordo = It.
bordo, side, edge, esp. in the nautical use,
whence in E. some uses of board, m. and v.,
after the F. Hence border, etc. Connection of
the two original words is uncertain. Another
form of AS. bord, a plank, appears transposed
in AS. bred, a board, flat surface, E. dial. brede,
a board, = OD. Ured, D. berd, a floor, = OHG.
MHG. bret, G. brett, a board, plank, - Sw.
brāde = Dan. bracdt, board. Not connected with
broad, as is usually supposed. Cf. Ir. Gael.
Corn. bord = W. bord and bwrdd, a board,
table.] 1. A piece of timber sawed thin, and
of considerable length and breadth compared
With the thickness. The name is usually given to
pieces of timber (in this and similar forms called lumber
in the United States) more than 4% inches wide and less
than 2 inches thick. Thicker pieces of the same form
are called planks, and narrower ones battems. When
boards are thinner on one edge than on the other, they
are called feather-edged boards; and to riven pieces of
this kind, not more than 3 feet long, used for roofing, the
§. board is exclusively applied in the southern United
tates.
But ships are but boards, sailors but men,
Shak., M. of V., i. 3.
2. A table, especially as being used to place
food on. -
Fruit of all kinds . . .
She gathers, tribute large, and on the board
Heaps with unsparing hand. Milton, P. L., v. 343.
Hence —3. (a) That which is served on a
board or table; entertainment; food; diet.
Sometimes white lilies did their leaves afford,
With wholesome poppy-flowers, to mend his homely board.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iv.
They . . . suffer from cold and hunger in their fireless
houses and at their meagre boards.
Howells, Venetian Life, xxi.
(b) Provision for a person's daily meals, or
food and lodging, especially as furnished by
agreement or for a price: applied also to the
like provision for horses and other animals.
Board without lodging is often distinguished either as
day-board or table-board. º -
4. A table at which a council or the session
of a tribunal is held.
I wish the king would be pleased sometimes to be pres-
ent at that board ; it adds a majesty to it. Bacom.
Better acquainted with affairs than any other who sat
then at that board. laremdon.
Hence, by metonymy—5. A number of per-
sons having the management, direction, or
superintendence of some public or private of:
fice or trust: as, a board of directors; the board
of trade; the board of health; a school-board.
The honourable board of council. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 1.
Boards partake of a part of the inconveniences of larger
assemblies. Their decisions are slower, their energy less,
their responsibility more diffused. They will not have the
Same abilities and knowledge as an administration by sin-
gle men. A. Hamilton, Works, I. 154.
6. A flat slab of wood used for some specific
purpose: as, an ironing-board; a bake-board;
*
604
a knife-board.-7. A tablet; especially, a tab-
let upon which public notices are written, or
to which they are affixed: as, a notice-board;
a bulletin-board.—8. A table, tablet, or frame
on which games are played: as, a chess- or
backgammon-board; a bagatelle-board.—9. pl.
The stage of a theater: as, to go upon the
boards, to leave the boards (that is, to enter
upon or leave the theatrical profession).
Our place on the boards may be taken by better and
younger mimes. Thackeray.
There is not —never was — any evidence that Lodge, who
Was a Very meagre dramatist, ever trod the boards.
N. and Q., 6th ser., XI. 107.
10. A kind of thick stiff paper; a sheet form-
ed by layers of paper pasted together; paste-
board: usually, employed in compounds: as,
cardboard, millboard, Bristol-board. Hence —
11. In bookbinding, one of the two stiff covers
on the sides of a book. By a book in boards is usually
to be understood a book that has the boards covered only
With paper, in distinction from one which is covered with
cloth or leather. The boards were at first made of wood,
but are now made of hard-pressed rough paper-stock and
Shredded rope. Often abbreviated to Üds.
The boards used in bookbinding are formed of the pulp
obtained from refuse, brown paper, old rope, straw, or
other vegetable material more or less fibrous.
Ure, Dict., I, 421.
12. pl. In printing, thin sheets of very hard
paper-stock placed between printed sheets in
a press to remove the indentation of impres-
sion : distinctively called press-boards.-13.
Naut. : (a) The deck and interior of a ship or
boat: used in the phrase on board, aboard. (b)
The side of a ship.
Now board to board the rival vessels row. Dryden.
(c) The line over which a ship runs between
tack and tack.-14. In mining, as generally
used in England: (a) Nearly equivalent to
breast, as used among Pennsylvania miners.
See breast. (b) An equivalent of cleat. In York-
shire, when the coal is worked parallel to the cleat, it is
said to be worked board or bord, the more usual term else-
Where being face on ; when worked at right angles to the
cleat, the term used is end on.—Academy board. See
academy.— Binders’ board. See binder.—Board and
Pillº, in coal-mining, a method of winning coal. See pil-
ar and breast, under pillar.—Board of control, direc-
tors, equalization, health, ordnance, trade, étc. See
the nouns.—Board on board, board and board (mawt.),
side by side.—By the board, over the ship's side.—
From bed and board. See bed 1.—London board, a
variety of sized cardboard.—On board, on or in a ship
or conveyance.—Police board. See police.—To begin
the boardt, to take a seat at the head of the table; take
precedence at table.
Ful ofte tyme he hadde the bord bygonne
Aboven alle naciouns in Pruce.
Chawcer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., l. 52.
To go by the board. (a) Nawt., said of a mast which is
broken off a short distance above the deck. Hence—(b)
To be completely destroyed or carried away.—To keep
One’s name on the boards, at Cambridge University,
to remain a member of a college: in allusion to the custom
there of inscribing the names of members on a board or
tablet.—To make a board, to make a stretch on any
tack when a ship is working to windward.—To make a,
good board, to get well on in a stretch to windward.—
To make a half board (mawt.), to luff into the wind till
the headway ceases, and then to fill away on the same
tack.—To make a stern board, to force a ship astern
by the sails.—To make short boards, to tack frequent-
ly.--To sweep the board, in gaming, to take everything;
board (börd), v. [K board, n. In sense 8,
after F. aborder, come to, accost: see aboard?,
abordl., v.] I. trans. 1. To cover with boards;
inclose or close up with boards; lay or spread
with boards: often with up, in, or over.—2. In
leather-manuf., to rub (leather) with a pommel
or graining-board, in Order to give it a granu-
lar appearance, and make it supple. -
If after “stoning out” the leather should require soften-
ing, it is boarded. C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 431.
3. To place at board: as, he boarded his son
with Mrs. So-and-so.-4. To furnish with food,
or food and lodging, for a compensation: as,
his landlady boards him at a reasonable price.
He was . . . boarded and lodged at the houses of the
farmers whose children he instructed.
3-pocket all the stakes.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 421, board-school (börd’sköl),
5. To come up alongside of (in order to at-
tack); fall aboard of.-6. To go on board of
(a vessel). Specifically—(a) To embark. (b) To hail
and enter officially, as a custom-house or other officer.
(c) To enter by force, or in a hostile manner.
You board an enemy to capture her, and a stranger to
receive news or make communications.
7+. To put on board; stow away.
The seamen call; shall we board your trunks?
Middleton and Rowley, Changeling, i. 1.
8#. To approach; accost; make advances to.
Him the Prince with gentle court did bord.
Spenser, F, Q., II. ix. 2.
board-clip (bördſklip), n.
boardin
boarding-clerk (bör'ding-klērk), n.
boarding-machine (bör'ding-ma-shën"), n.
boarding-nettin
boarding-pike (bör'ding-pik), n.
boarding-school (bör'ding-sköl), n.
board-rack (börd’rak), n.
board-wages
In his next pithy symbol I dare not board him, for he
passes all the seven wise Masters of Greece.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
9}. To border on ; approach.
The stubborne Newre whose waters gray
By fair Kilkenny and Rosseponté boord. -
emser, F. Q., IV, xi. 43.
To board Out. , (a) To exclude with boards or by board-
ing. (b) To send out to board; hire or procure the board
of elsewhere: as, to board out a child or a horse.—To
board up. (a) To stop or close by putting up boards: as,
to board wip a road, , (b) To shut in with boards: as, to
board wip a flock of chickens. (c) To case with boards: as,
to board wºo a room or a house.
II., intrams. 1. To take one's meals, or be
supplied with both food and lodging, in the
house of another, at a fixed price. -
We are several of us, gentlemen and ladies, who board
in the same house. Spectator, No. 296.
2. Nawt., to tack.
boardable (bör'da-bl), a. [K board, v., + -able.]
Capable of being boarded, as a ship.
A spring-clasp for
holding sheets of paper upon a board, desk, or
printer’s case.
board-cutter (börd’kut/ēr), n. A bookbinders'
machine for cutting millboards for the covers
of books. -
boarder (bör’dér), n. One who boards. (a) One
who gets his meals, or both meals and lodging, in the
house of another for a price agreed upon.
There's a boarder in the floor above me; and, to my tor-
ture, he practises music. Shnollett, Humphrey Clinker.
(b) pl. On a man-of-war, the officers and men detailed to
attack an enemy by boarding. They are armed with cut-
lases and pistols.
(bör'ding), m. [Verbal n. of board,
v.] 1. Wooden boards collectively.
The supply of material, wood, and boarding for build-
ing, repairing, or constructing public and sacred build-
ings. Seebohm, Eng. Vil. Communities, p. 299.
2. Boards put together, as in a fence or a floor.
—3. The operation of rubbing leather with a
pommel or graining-board to make it granular
and supple, after it has been shaved, daubed,
and dried.—4. The act of entering a ship, es-
pecially by assault.—5. The practice of obtain-
ing one's food, or both food and lodging, in the
home of another, for a stipulated charge.—
Luffer boarding, in carp., a style of boarding in which
one board projects and partly covers another, and in its
turn is partly covered by still another, as in clapboarding.
The em-
#. of a custom-house agent or shipping
whose duty is to communicate with ships
on their arrival in port. [Eng.]
boarding-house (bör’ding-hous), n. A house of
entertainment, more home-like than a hotel or
restaurant, where persons are furnished with
board for a fixed price.
boarding-joist (börding-joist), n. One of the
joists in naked flooring to which the boards are
fastened. -
A.
machine for rubbing the surface of leather to
raise the grain. &
s (bör'ding-net'ingz), n. pl.
Nettings of small rope or wire fixed around the
bulwarks of a ship to prevent her from being
boarded. See metting.
boarding-officer (bör’ding-of"i-sér), n. An offi-
cer of the custom-house who boards ships on
their arrival in port in order to examine their
papers and to prevent smuggling.
A short pike
used in naval warfare in boarding or in repel-
ling boarders. See half-pike.
A school
which provides board for its pupils; a school
at which the pupils are fed and lodged.
In printing, a rack
for sliding shelves (called letter-boards) on
which to lay away composed type.
board-rule (börd’röl), ºn. A figured scale for
finding the number of square feet in a board,
without calculation. º
n. Formerly in
Great Britain, an elementary public school
under , the management of a school-board
elected by the rate-payers of a district. By the
Education Act of 1902 the school-board was abolished and
the management transferred to local educational authori-
ties. The board-schools (numbering about 6,000) were
termed by this act provided schools.
* board-wages (börüºwä/gez), m. sing. and pl. A
fixed payment made to domestic servants in
lieu of board, especially when it is necessary
for them to live out during the temporary ab-
sence from home of their employers.
Not enough is left him to supply
Board-wages, or a footman's livery,
Dryden.

boar-fish
boar-fish (bºr'fish), n. A name applied to vari-
ous dissimilar fishes which have a projecting
Snout. (a) In England, the Caprog aper, a fish of the
family Caproidae. It has the power of extending and
contracting its mouth at will. When extended the mouth
takes the form of a hog's snout, whence the name. It is
Boar-fish (Capros after).
6 inches long, and inhabits, the Mediterranean and At-
lantic northward to the British coasts. (b) In New Zea-
land, the Cyttus australig, a species of the family Zenidae.
It is related to the john-dory, but has a rough skin and is
destitute of large plates and the black lateral spots. (c) boastf böst’fül), a.
In southern Australia (Melbourne, etc.), the ...” ul ( ),
1S
recurvirostris, a species of the family Pentacerotidae.
esteemed as a food-fish.
boarish (bör’ish), a.
ish; sensual; cruel.
In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs.
Shak., Lear, iii.
r 7.
boar-spear (bör’spér), n. [K ME. boresper, K
AS. bārspere, K bár, boar, H- spere, spear.] A.
spear used in hunting boars.
boar-stag (bór'stag), m. A gelded boar.
boar's-tusk (börz’tusk), n. A common name
given to shells of the genus Dentalium. J. B.
Sowerby, Jr.
boart (bört), n. Same as bort.
boastl (böst), v. [K ME. bosten, boosten, K bost,
boast: origin unknown. The W. bostio, bos-
tiar = Corn. bostye = Gael. bosd, boast, are
from the E.] I. intrams. 1+. To threaten; ut-
ter a threat.—2. To brag; vaunt; speak vain-
gloriously or exaggeratedly, as of one's own
worth, property, deeds, etc.
Booste mot myche, it is but was st;
Bi boostynge, men mowe foolis knowe.
Bºbees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 52.
By grace are ye saved through faith; . . . not of works,
lest any man should boast. Eph. ii. 8, 9.
3. To glory or exult on account (of); speak
with laudable pride.
I boast of you to them of Macedonia. 2 Cor. ix. 2.
4. To be possessed, as of something remarka-
ble or admirable: often used jocosely.
It [the cathedral] does not appear so rich as the small-
est church, but boasts of a little organ, which sent forth
singularly inharmonious cries. -
Darwin, Voyage of Beagle, I. 4.
=Syn. To bluster (about), vapor, crow (about a thing, or
over a person), swell, talk big, put on airs. *
II. trans. 1. To brag of; speak of with
pride, vanity, or exultation: as, to boast what
arms can do.
But let him boast
His knowledge of good lost, and evil got.
Milton, P. L., xi. 86.
He boasts his life as purer than thine own.
Tennyson, Balin and Balan.
2. To glory or exult in possessing; have as a
source of pride: often in a jocose sense: as, the
village boasts a public pump.
God be thanked, the meanest of His creatures
Boasts two soul-sides, one to face the world with,
One to show a woman when he loves her.
Browning, One Word More.
3. To magnify or exalt; make over-confident;
vaunt: with a reflexive pronoun.
They that trust in their wealth, and boast themselves in
the multitude of their riches. Ps. xlix. 6.
Boast not thyself of to-morrow. Prov. xxvii. 1.
. Many there be that boast themselves that they have
faith. Latimer, 4th Serm. bef, Edw. VI. (1549).
boastl (böst), m. [K M.E. boost, bost: see the
verb. The W. bost (= Corn. bost = Ir. and
Gael. bosd), a boast, is from the E.] li.
Clamor; outcry.
He crakkede bost and swor it was nat so.
hawcer, Reeve's Tale, l. 81.
2}. Threatening; menace.—3. Brag; vaunt-
ing; language expressive of ostentation, pride,
or vanity.
Reason and morals? and where live they most,
In Christian comfort or in Stoic boast 2
Byrom, Enthusiasm.
4. A cause of boasting; occasion of pride,
vanity, or laudable exultation: as, Shakspere,
the boast of English literature.
His Candle is alwayes a longer sitter vp then himselfe,
and the boast of his Window at Midnight. *
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A Pretenderto Learning.
=Syn. Vaunt, brag. See boastingl.
[K boar + -ish.1.] Of or
pertaining to a boar; resembling a boar; swin-
605
boast” (böst), v. t. IOrigin unknown; perhaps
a corruption of bosh.1, q.v.] 1. In masonry
to dress off the surface of a stone with a broad
chisel and mallet.—2. In 8culp., to reduce or-
naments or otherwork to their general contour
or form, preparatory to working out the details.
boast” (böst), n. [Appar. in allusion to the
ball's rubbing or scraping the wall; K boast2,
v.] In tennis, a stroke by which the ball is
driven against the wall of a court at an acute
angle. The rubbing against the wall makes
the ball spin.
boastancer, n.
haucer.
boaster1 (bös’tēr), n. [K ME. boster, bostour,
K bosten, boast.] One who boasts, glories, or
yaunts with exaggeration, or ostentatiously; a
bragger.
boaster? (bös’tēr), n. [K boast2 + -erl.] A.
broad chisel used in rough-hewing and dressing
off the surface of a stone; a boasting-chisel.
[K ME. bostful, K bost,
boast, + ·ful.] Given to boasting; vaunting;
bragging.
Boastful and rough, your first son is a squire.
Pope, Moral Essays, l. 151.
Let boastful eloquence declaim
Of honor, liberty, and fame.
whittier, Prisoner for Debt.
boastfully (böst’fül-i), adv. In a boastful
Iſland 6'1'.
boastfulness (böst’ fül-nes), n. IK boastful +
-ness.] The state or quality of being boastful.
boastingl (bösting), n. [KME. bosting; verbal
m. of boastl, v.] A glorying or vaunting; boast-
ful or ostentatious words; bragging language.
When boasting ends, then dignity begins. Young.
=Syn. Brag, bravado, bluster, swagger, swaggering, vain-
glory, Todomontade, parade, vaporing, rant.
boasting? (bösting), m. [Verbal n. of boast2,
w.] 1. In masonry, the process of dressing the
surface of a stone with a broad
chisel and mallet.—2. In sculp.
and carving, the act of cutting
a stone roughly with a boasting-
chisel, so as to give it the general
contour of a statue or an orna-
ment. Also called scabbling.
boastingly (bös’ting-li), adv. In an ostenta-
tious manner; with boasting.
|boastive (bös’tiv), a. [K boastl + -īve.] Pre-
sumptuous; boastful. Shenstone. [Rare.]
boastless (böst’les), a. [K boastl + -less.]
Without boasting or ostentation. [Rare.]
Diffusing kind beneficence around,
Boastless, as now descends the silent dew.
jºr Thomsom, Summer, l. 1644.
boat (böt), m. [K ME. boot, bote, bot, KAS. bāt =
Icel. beit (rare), a boat; appar. not found as an
orig. word elsewhere, being in the later lan-
guages appar. borrowed from ME. or AS.;
[K boast1 + -ance.] Boasting.
Boasting-chisels.
namely (from M.E.), M.D. and D. boot = MLG.
bót, LG. boot (X G. boot), and (from AS.) Icel.
bâtr = Sw. bāt = Dam. baad, also W. bad = Ir.
bad = Gael. bata, and ML. batus, battus, It.
batto = OF. bat; with dim. It, battello = Sp.
batel = Pr. batelh = OF. batel, F. bateau : see
bateau.] 1. A small vessel or water-craft; espe-
cially, a small open vessel moved by oars. The
forms, dimensions, and uses of boats are very various. The
boats in use in the United States naval service are steam-
launches, launches, steam-cutters, cutters, barges, gigs,
whale-boats, and dinghies. -
2. Any vessel for navigation: usually described
by anotherword or by a prefix denoting its use
or mode of propulsion: as, a packet-boat, pas-
sage-boat, steamboat, etc. The term is frequent-
ly applied colloquially to vessels even of the
largest size.—3. Any open dish or vessel re-.
sembling a boat: as, a gravy-boat; a butter-
boat.
The crude red [in the decomposition of aniline] has left
a violet deposit in the bottom of the boats in which it was
cooled. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 207.
4. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., the vessel contain-
ing the incense to be placed in the thurible
When needed.—All in the same boat, all engaged
in the same enterprise ; all in the same condition, espe-
cially unfortunate condition ; all to have the same fate
or fortune.—BOat-compass. See compass.-High boat.
See high.--Paper boat, a light boat, used especially for
racing and sporting purposes, made of sheets of manila
paper, or of paper made from superior unbleached linen
stock. The first sheet is fastened to a model which cor-
responds to the interior of the boat, and coated with ad-
hesive varnish; another sheet is then put over the first;
and so on until a sufficient thickness is obtained.
boat (bót), v. [K boat, n.] I. trans. 1. To trans-
port in a boat: as, to boat goods across a lake.
–2. To provide with boats. [Rare.]
*ably provided.
boat's-gripes
Our little Arno is not boated like the Thames.
Walpole, Letters, i. 39.
To boat the oars, to take them out of the rowlocks
and place them fore and aft on the thwarts.
#. intrans. To go in a boat; row.
I boated over, ran
My craft aground.
Tennyson, Edwin Morris.
boatable (bö'ta-bl.), a... [K boat + -able.] Navi-
gable by boats or small river-craft.
boatage (bó’tāj), n., [K boat + -age.] 1. Car-
riage by boat, or the charge for carrying by
'boat.—2+. Boats collectively.—3. The aggre-
gate carrying capacity of the boats belonging
to a ship.
It is generally assumed that sufficient boatage is invari-
JEdinburgh Rev., CXV. 166.
boatbill (böt’bil), n. A South American bird,
Cochlearia (or Cancroma) cochlearia, related to
the true herons: so named from the shape and
Boatbill (Cazz crozzza cochlearºa).
size of the bill, which is very broad and much
vaulted. The boatbill is about the size of and somewhat
resembles a night-heron (apart from the bill), but is the .
type of a distinct subfamily, Camerominoe (which see).
Also called boat-billed heron and savacow.
boat-builder (böt’bil"dēr), n. One who makes
boats; a boatwright.
boat-fly (bót"fli), m. An aquatic heteropterous
hemipterous insect of the family Notonectidae,
which swims upon its back. See Notomecta.
Also called back-swimmer and boat-insect.
boat-hook (bótſhūk), m. A brass or iron hook
and spike fixed to a staff or pole, used for pull-
ing or pushing a boat. Also called gaff-setter,
setting-pole, pole-hook, and hitcher.
boat-house (böt’ hous), m. A house or shed for
storing boats and protecting them from the
weather.
boating (bö’ting), m. [Verbal n. of boat, v.]
1. The act or practice of rowing or sailing a
boat, especially as a means of exercise or
amusement.—2. Transportation by boats.—3.
A punishment in ancient Persia, consisting in
fastening an offender on his back in a boat and
leaving him to perish or be eaten by vermin.
boat-insect (böt'in’sekt), m. Same as boat-fly.
boationi (bº-ā'shon), m. [KL. as if “boatio(n-),
equiv. to boatus, a crying out, K boare, earlier
bovare, — Gr. 30av, cry out, roar, bellow.] A
reverberation; a roar; loud noise. [Rare.]
The guns were heard . . . about a hundred Italian
miles, in loud boations. Derham, Physico-Theology.
boat-keeper (böt’ké'për), m. 1. One of the
crew of a ship's boat left in charge of it during
the absence of the others.-2. One who keeps
boats for hire.
boatman (böt’man), m.; pl. boatmen (-men). 1.
A man who manages or is employed on a boat;
a rower of a boat.
The boatman plied the oar, the boat
Went light along the stream. Southey.
2. A hemipterous insect of the family Coria’idae
and genus Notonecta.
boat-racing (böt’ră'sing), n. A trial of speed
between boats; racing with boats.
boat-rope (böt’röp), m. A rope to fasten a
boat, usually called a painter.
Boat's-gripes.
boat's-gripes (bºts'grips), m. pl. Lashings used
to secure boats hoisted at the davits.



boat-shaped
boat-shaped (böt'shāpt), a. Having the shape
of a boat; navicular; cymbiform; hollow like
a boat, as (in bot.) the valves of some pericarps.
Specifically, in ornith., applied to the tail of certain birds,
Boat-shaped.—Tail of a Grackle.
as the boat-tailed grackle, Quiscalus major, in which the
plane of the feathers of each half meets that of the other
half obliquely, slanting downward and toward the me-
dian line, and thus induces a reëntrance or hollow of the
3rupper surface and a salience or keel below.
boat-shell (böt'shel), m. The English name of
the shells of the genus Cymbium or Cymba, be-
longing to the family Volutidae. See cut under
Cymbium.
boat-skid (böt'skid), n. Nawt., a piece of wood
fastened to a ship's side to prevent chafing
when a boat is hoisted or lowered.
boatsmani (böts'man), m. [K boat's, poss. of
boat, + man; = D. bootsman = Sw. bātsman =
Dan. baadsman, boatswain.] 1. A boatswain.
–2. A boatman.
boat-song (böt'sóng), n. A vocal, or occasion-
ally an instrumental, musical composition,
either intended actually to be sung while row-
ing or sailing or written in imitation of a song
*thus used. ee barcarole.
boatswain (böt’swān; colloq. and in naut.
use, bū’sm), m. [Also colloq. and naut. boson
(formerly in good literary use); early mod, E.
boatswain, boatson, boteswayme, K late M.E. bot-
swayne, AS. bātswegm, K. bāt, boat, + Swegm,
swain.] 1. A subordinate officer of a ship,
who has charge of the rigging, anchors,
cables, and cordage. It is his duty also to summon
the crew for any evolution, and to assist the executive
officer in the necessary business of the ship. His station
is always on the forecastle, and a silver call or whistle is
the badge of his office.
2. A jäger or skua ; any bird of the genus
Lestris Or Stercorarius.
Dr. Bessels killed three fork-tailed gulls, and two boat-
Swains. C. It'. Hall, Polar Expedition, p. 388.
3. A name of birds of the genus Phaëthom. See
tropic-bird.—Boatswain's mate, an assistant of a boat-
swain. Boatswain's mates inflicted corporal punishment
before it was abolished.
boat-tailed (böt’täld), a. Having the tailboat-
shaped. See boat-shaped.
boattails (böt’tälz), m. pl. In ornith., a name
sometimes given to the American grackles,
subfamily Quiscalinae, family Icteridae, from the
fact that their tails are boat-shaped. See cut
under boat-shaped.
boatwright (böt’rit), n. A boat-builder.
bobi (bob), m. [Under the form bob are in-
*cluded several words of obscure origin, mostly
colloquial and without a definite literary his-
tory, and in consequence now more or less con-
fused in sense as well as in form. The differ-
ent senses, in their noun and verb uses, have
reacted on each other, and cannot now be en-
tirely disentangled. Bob.1, m., a cluster, etc.,
= Sc. bob, bab, a cluster, bunch, nosegay, K
M.E. bob, bobbe, a cluster; cf. Icel. bobbi, a knot
(modus, Haldorsen), and Gael. babag, a cluster,
babam, a tassel, fringe. In senses 5, 6, 7, rather
from bobl, v. t., 1; in senses 10, 11, 13, bob is
short for bob-wig, bob-stick, bob-sled, q.v.] 1.
A bunch; a cluster; a nosegay. [Now chiefly
Scotch..]
Wynes . . . with wondere grete bobbis of grapes.
MS. im Halliwell.
The rose an' hawthorn Sweet I’ll twine
To make a bob for thee. Hogg, The Hay-makcrs,
2#. The seed-vessel of flax, hops, etc.—3. Any
small round object swinging or playing loosely
at the end of a cord, line, flexible chain, wire,
rod, or the like. Specifically—(a) A little pendant or
ornament so attached ; an ear-drop.
In jewels dressed, and at each ear a bob.
I}ryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, vi.
Those Indians who are found to wear all the gold they
have in the world in a bob at the nose.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, lii.
(b) The ball or weight at the end of a pendulum, plumb-
line, and the like. (c) The movable weight on the graduat-
ed arm of a steelyard. (d) A knot of worms, rags, or other
Iures, fixed to a string, with or without a hook, and used
in angling. (e) Formerly, a grub or larva of a bectle used
for bait.
Yellow bobs turned up before the plough
Are chiefest bait with cork and lead enough.
J. Dennys, Secrets of Angling, ii. (1613).
(f) A gang of fish-hooks.
The bob . . . is formed by tying three hooks together,
back to back, and covering their shanks with a portion of
606
a deer's tail; . . . strips of red flannel or red feathers are
sometimes added, . . . forming a kind of tassel, with the
points of the hooks projecting at equal distances.
The Century, XXVI, 383.
(g) A float or cork for a fish-line.
4. A smallwheel made entirely of a thick piece
of bull-neck or sea-cow leather, perforated for
the reception of the spindle, used for polishing
the inside of the bowls of spoons and the con-
cave portions of other articles.—5+. The words
repeated at the end of a stanza; the burden of
8, SOIloſ,
“To bed, to bed,” will be the bob of the song.
Sir R. L’Estrange, Fables.
6. A short jerking action or motion: as, a bob
of the head.—7. In
changes which may be rung on 6, 8, 10, or 12
bells. That rung on 6 bells is called a bob minor ; on 8
bells, a bob major; on 10 bells, a bob royal ; and on 12
bells, a bob maazimus.
8. A triangular or four-sided frame of iron or
wood, vibrating on an axis, by the aid of which
the motion of the connecting-rod of an engine
is communicated to a pump-rod, the former
being usually horizontal, the latter vertical or
considerably inclined.—9. A dance. [Scotch.]
O what'n a bob was the bob o' Dumblane.
Jacobite Song.
10. A particular kind of wig; a bob-wig.
A plain brown bob he wore.
Shenstome, Extent of Cookery.
He had seem flaxen bobs succeeded by majors, which in
their turn gave way to negligents, which were at last total-
ly routed by bags and ramilies. &oldsmith, Richard Nash.
11. A shilling. Formerly bobstick. [Slang.]
“Well, please yourself,” quoth the timker; “you shall
have the books for four bob.” . . . “Four bobs—four shil-
lings: it is a great Sum,” said Lenny.
Bulwer, My Novel, iv. 5.
12. An infantry soldier: as, the light bobs: pos:
sibly so called because soldiers were enlisted
in England with a shilling. [Slang.]—13. A
seat mounted on short runners, used either for
leasure coasting or for the conveyance of
oads over ice or snow; a sled. [American.]—
Bob at the bolster. Same as cushion-dance.—Dry bob,
at Eton College, England, a boy who devotes himself to
cricket or foot-ball: in opposition to wet bob, one who
makes boating his principal recreation.— Oscillating or
krocking bob. Same as balance-bob.
bobl (bob), v.; pret. and pp. bobbed, ppr. bob-
bing. [K bobl, n., 3, from the vibrating move-
ment; cf. Icel. boppa, wave up and down. In
sense I., 2, there is reference to the short, cut-
off appearance of bobs. In sense II., 4, K bobl,
m., 3 (d) (e). This verb is probably in part
vaguely imitative, and not directly connected
with the moun..] I. trans. 1. To cause a short
jerky motion of; effect by a short jerking move-
ment: as, “he bobbed his head,” Irving; to bob
a courtesy.
When Ionian shoals
Of dolphins bob their noses through the brine.
I(eats, Endymion, i.
2. To cut short; dock: often with off: as, to
bob or bob off a horse's tail.
II. intrams. 1. To act jerkily, or by short
quick motions; move or play loosely, in a sway-
ing or vibrating manner: as, to bob against a
person; to bob up and down, or back and forth,
as a pith-ball or other object, or a person.
A birthday jewel bobbing at their ear. Dryden.
2. To make a jerky bow or obeisance.
Pſe rolled in upon two little turned legs, and having
bobbed gravely to the bar, who bobbed gravely to him, put
his little legs under his table. Dickems, Pickwick, xxxiv.
3. To dance. [Scotch..]—4. To angle or fish
with a bob, as for eels, or by giving the hook a
jerking motion in the water.
I'll bob for no more eels. Shirley, Hyde Park, v. 2.
These are the baits they bob with.
Beaw. and Fl., Captain, iii. 4.
bob” (bob), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bobbed, ppr. bob-
bing. [K ME. bobben, strike. Origin obscure,
perhaps in part imitative; cf. bobº, v. Cf. Sc.
bob, a mark or butt.] 1. To strike; beat.
With the bit of his blade he bobbit him so . . .
He clefe him to the coler.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), l. 7316.
I'll not be bob'd in th' nose.
Fletcher, Mons. Thomas, ii. 2.
2. To jog; shake; nudge.
Mr. Harley bobbed me at every line to take notice of
the beauties. Swift, Journal to Stella, Letter 6.
bob2+ (bob), m. [K bob.2, v.] A shake or jog;
a blow: as, “pinches, nips, and bobs,” Ascham,
The Scholemaster.
He that a fool doth very wisely hit
Doth very foolishly, although he smart,
Not to seem senseless of the bob.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
Bobadilian (bob-a-dil’ian), a.
bobberl (bob’ér), n.
bobber??, m.
bobbin
boběř (bob), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bobbed, ppr. bob-
bing. ( [K ki. ão ben, K §P , pp
& ... bober, mock, de-
ceive, cheat.] 1. To mock; deride; imsuit.
So by siche feynyd myraclis men by gylenhemsilf and
dispisen God, as the tormentours that bobbiden Crist.
e Rel. Antiq., ii. 47.
2. To deceive; delude; cheat.
Play her pranks and bob the foole.
T'wrberville, A Pretie Epigram.
You're bobb'd; 'twas but a deed in trust.
Middleton (and others), The Widow, v. 1.
3. To gain by fraud or cheating.
Gold, and jewels, that I bobb'd from him.
Shak, Othello, v. 1.
change-ringing, a set of bobs (bob), n. [K bobº, v. Cf. OF. bobe, mocking,
deception.] A taunt; a jeer or flout; a trick.
Let her leave her bobs;
I have had too many of them; and her quillets.
Fletcher, Tamer Tamed.
I am beholding to you
For all your merry tricks you put upon me,
Your bobs, and base accounts.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iii. 1.
To give the bob tot, to make a fool of ; impose upon.
It can be no other [business]
But to give me the bob.
Massinger, Maid of Honour, iv. 5.
bob.4 (bob), n. [K M.E. bobbe, an insect men-
tioned in connection with spiders and lice; =
Sw, bobba, a certain insect, buprestis. Perhaps
the same word as bobl, a bunch, of which a dial.
sense is ‘ball’; cf. attercop, a spider, lit. ‘poi-
son-head’ or ‘poison-bunch”; cf. also pill-beetle.
Cf. Icel. bobbi, a snail-shell; komast & bobba,
get into a puzzle.] A louse; any Small insect.
Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
bobac, bobak (bob’ak), n. [Pol. bobak.] The
Polish marmot, Arctomys bobac. *
Bobadil (bob'3-dil), n. [The name of a boast-
ful character in Bén Jonson’s “Every Man in
his Humour.”]. A blustering brºgº
ſº ertaining to
or resembling a Bobadil, or a blustering fellow
who makes pretenses to prowess.
Bobadilism (bob'a-dil-izm), n. [K Bobadil +
-ism..] Blustering conduct or braggadocio.
bobak, n. See bobac. .
bobancet, m. [ME., also bobaunce, KOF, bobance
(F. bombance) = Pr. bobansa, ostentation, dis-
play, = It. bombanza, exultation, Cf. M.L. bom-
bicus, proud, ostentatious, K L. bombus, a buz-
zing sound: see bomb?..] Boasting. Chaucer.
[K bobi + -erl.] 1. One
who or that which bobs.-2. One who fishes
with a bob.—3. One of the artificial flies of an
angler's cast.
[K bobº + -erl.] 1. One who scoffs.
Bitter taunters, dry bobbers, myppinge gybers, and
skorneful mockers of others.
Towchstone of Compleasions (1575).
2. A deceiver. -
bobbery (bob’ér-i), m.; pl. bobberies (-iz). [Pop-
ularly regarded as a native E. term, K bob!, v.,
bob.2, v., + -ery, but really of Anglo-Indian ori-
gin, being an accom. of Hind. bāp re, O father!
a common exclamation of Surprise: bāp, father;
re, a vocative particle expressing surprise.] A.
squabble; a row; a disturbance: as, to kick up
a bobbery. [Colloq. and vulgar.]
I heard something yesterday of his kicking up a bobbery
in the kitchen. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 36.
bobbin (bob’in), m. [Formerly bobin; = D. bobijn
= It. dial. bobina, K F. bobine, a bobbin; of un-
known origin, perhaps Celtic; cf. Gael, babam,
a tassel, fringe, babag, a cluster, tassel. This
would bring bobine into connection with E. dial,
bobbin, a small fagot (unless this is a var. Of
babbin =bavin1), and bobbin, a little knob hang-
ing by a string attached to a latch. See bobl.]
1. A reel or spool for holding thread. Specifi-
cally—(a) One of the weights used to steady the threads
in pillow-lace making, each bobbin having a slender neck
around which a part of the thread is wound; formerly made
of bone, but now commonly of wood... (b) A spool with a
head at one or both ends, intended to have thread or yarn
wound on it, and used in spinning, in weaving, and in
sewing-machines.
Hence—2. Either of the two spool-shaped parts
of an electromagnet, consisting of a central core
of soft iron wound around with a considerable
length of fine insulated copper wire.—3.
narrow tape or small cord of cotton or linen.
—4. A hank of Russian flax, consisting of 6,
9, or 12 heads, according to the quality.—Bob-
bin and fly-frame, (a) A machine used in cotton-man-
ufacture for taking the sliver as received from the draw-
ing-frame and converting it into rowing or slubbing; this
is the first or coarse frame. , (b) A machine which takes
the slubbing from the first frame and converts it into a
coarse yarn.

bobbin
bobbin (bob’in), v. t. [K bobbin, n.] To wind
on bobbins or spools, as thread.
bobbinet (bob-in-et' or bob'in-et), n. A com-
mon contracted form of bobbin-met, 4,
bobbing (bob’ing), n. [E. dial. also babbing;
verbal n. of bobl, v., II.,4.] The act or opera-
tion of fishing with a bob.
bobbin-net (bob-in-net'), n. A machine-made
Cotton netting, consisting of parallel threads
which form the warp, upon which two systems
of oblique threads are ſaid in such a way that
each of the oblique threads makes a turn around
each of the warp-threads, producing a nearly
hexagonal mesh. See nºiſe often contracteå
to bobbinet.
In 1808, Mr. John Heathcoat obtained a patent for a
bobbim-net machine, being the first successful attempt to
produce by machinery an imitation of pillow lace.
A. Barlow, Weaving, p. 360.
bobbin-winder (bob (in-win” dér), n. A ma-
chine for winding thread or yarn upon a bob-
bin, spool, or shuttle, having a device for dis-
tributing the thread in such a manner as to
form in winding any desired shape.
bobbin-work (bob'in-werk), n. Work woven
with bobbins.
bobbish (bob'ish), a. [Cf. bobl, v.] Hearty;
#in good spirits and condition. º:
bobble (bob’1), v. i. ; pret. andſº bobbled, ppr.
bobbling. [Freq. of bob1, v. ... bubble1.) To
bob up and down; move with continual bob-
bing. [Colloq., Eng.]
bobble (bob’1), n. [K bobble, v.] The move-
[Colloq., Eng.]
ment of agitated water. q
bobby (bob’i), m.; pl. bobbies § [A slang
term, from Bobby, dim. of Bob, familiar form of
Itobert, in allusion to Sir Robert Peel. Also
called peeler, from his surname.] A policeman:
a nickname first given to the members of the
police force established under Sir Robert Peel's
act (passed in 1829) for improving the police in
and near London. -
bob-cherry (bob'cher’i), n. [K bob.1 + cherry.]
A child’s play consisting in catching with the
teeth a cherry or other fruit hung from the ceil-
ing, lintel of a door, or other high place, as it
Swings to and fro.
bººing (bob 'fish” ing), n. Same as clod-
Jish?ng.
bobization; (bö-bi-ză'shgn), n. [K_bo + bi, syl-
lables used in singing, + -2-ation.] In music,
in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a
general term for the various methods of naming
the tones of the scale (for convenience of refer-
ence and accuracy of singing) by syllables. See
Solmization, bebization, bocedization, dameniza-
tion, labecedization.
bob-lincoln (bob-ling’kon), n. [Also boblincon,
bob-0-lincoln, as if it were Bob o’ Lincoln, and
hence still further expanded to Robert of Lin-
coln, in allusion to the proper names Robert
(see bobby) and Lincoln; a fanciful imitation of
the bird's note. Now usually bobolink, q.v.]
The bobolink.
The luxurious little boblincom revels among the clover
blossoms of the meadows. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 147.
Over the mountain-side or mead,
Robert of Lincoln is telling his name.
Bryant, Robert of Lincoln.
bobolink (bob'Q-lingk’), n. [Also boblink, and
earlier boblincoln, boblincon (see above); an
imitation of the bird’s note.] An American
oscine passerine bird, of the family Icteridae
and subfamily Agela'ima, the Dolichomya oryzi-
vorus, named from its hearty voluble song in
Bobolink (Dolichonyx orye ivorus).
spring. The male is about 7% inches long, black, with a
buff nape, and much white or pale ash on the back and
wings; the tail-feathers are very acute. The female is
smaller, yellowish, darker above, and streaked. The
bocaget, n.
607
male wears the black livery only in the breeding sea-
son, and is only then in song. He molts in midsummer
or in August, acquiring a plumage like that of the female.
Both sexes are then known as reed-birds in the Middle
States, as rice-birds in the Southern States, and as butter-
irds in jamaica, in the spring the male acquires his
black and buff suit as the result of a somewhat complex
molt, the statement that the bobolink changes color
Without º incorrect. The bird is abundant
in most of the United States, and is a regular migrant,
breeding on the ground in meadows in the Northern
States and Canada. In the fall, when fat and flocking in
the marshes to feed upon wild oats (Zizania), it is much
esteemed for the table. Also called bob-lincoln, face-
tiously Robert of Lincoln (see bob-lincoln), skunk-black-
bird, from its coloring, which resembles that of the
skunk, and meadowink.
The crack-brained bobolink courts his crazy mate,
Poised on a bulrush tipsy with his weight.
O. W. Holmes, Spring.
bob-sled (bob'sled), n. . A sled consisting of a
body resting on two short sleds called bobs,
placed one behind the other. Bob-sleds are used
for the transportation of timber, etc., and, when of lighter
build for coasting, are also called double-runners or simply
b0b3. [American.]
bob-sleigh (bob'slā), n. A sleigh constructed
º: the same principle as a bob-sled. [U. S.]
bobstay (bob'stā), n. [K bob1 + stay1.] TNaut,
one of two or three ropes or chains extending
from the outer end of the bowsprit to the cut-
a, Bowsprit; b, Bobstay.
water. Their function is to hold the bowsprit
down in its place, and counteract the upward
Strain exerted by the headstays.-Bobstay holes,
holes in the fore part of the knee of the head in a ship,
formerly serving to secure the bobstay. Weale.—Bob-
stay piece, a timber fastened to the main piece of the
head in a ship, to which the bobstay is secured.— Bob-
stay plates, iron plates by which the lower ends of the
bobstays are secured to the stem.
bobsticki (bob'stik), n. [K bobl + stick; the
application is not clear.] A shilling; a bob.
#
bobtail (bob’tăl), n., [K bob.1, n., or bobl, v., I.,
2, + tail1.] 1. A short tail, or a tail cut short.
—23. A contemptible fellow ; a cur. N. E. D.—
3. Collectively, the rabble: used in contempt,
most frequently in the phrase rag-tag and bob-
*tail.—4. A kind of short arrow-head. Planché.
bobtailed (bob’täld), a. [K bobtail +-ed?..] Hav-
ing the tail cut short: as, “a bobtailed cur,” Sir
R. L'Estrange.—Bobtailed car, a small street-car de-
signed to be used without a conductor or guard, and drawn
usually by one horse. [Local, U. S.]
bobtail-wig (bob’tāl-wig'), m. A wig with a
short cue, worn in the seventeenth century.
bob-white (bob’hwit’), n. [So called from its
note.] A name of the bird Colimus virgini-
anus, commonly known in America as the quail
or partridge. See cut under quail.
In the North and East, he is called Quail ; in the South
and West, he is Partridge; while everywhere he is known
as Bob White.
A. M. Mayer, Sport with Gun and Rod, p. 663.
bob-wig (bob'wig), n. [Short for bobtail-wig.]
A bobtail-wig.
A bob-wig and a black silken bag tied to it.
Addison, Spectator, No. 129.
A by-form of boscage.
boca, (bó. al), m. [= D. bokaal = G. pokal, K
F. bocal = Sp. Pg. bocal = It. boccale; cf. M.L.
bwcalis, baucalis, K. Gr. Baikahug, also Kaūkažug, a
Vessel in which wine or water is cooled; cf.
LGr. 3avkáàtov, also Kavkážtov, a narrow-necked
Vessel that gurgles when water is poured in or
Out: said to be imitative; cf. Gr. 3avKažāv, lull,
sing a lullaby.] 1. A cylindrical glass vessel
with a short, wide neck and large mouth, used
to contain anatomical specimens and the like,
É. in spirits.—2. The mouthpiece of a
rass musical instrument, as a horn, a trumpet,
or a trombone.
bocan. m. Same as bucai.
bocarão (bā-kār’āş), n."[An artificial term.]
1. In logic, the mnemonic name of that mood
of the third figure of syllogism in which thema-
bocasine (bok'a-sin), n.
bocca (bokſá), n.
|boccaccio (bo-kā’chió), n.
boccarelt, m.
boccarella (bok-a-rel’ā), n.
boccarett, m.
#. light. See lightl.
bocet, n.
bocedization? (bö-sé-di-zā’ shon), m.
bochet, m.
bochka (boch’kä), m.
bock (bok), v. i.
bock-beer (bok’bër), m.
bock-beer
jor premise is a particular negative, the minor
a universal affirmative, and the conclusion a
particular negative proposition: as, Some par
triarchs (Enoch, Elijah) are not mortal; but
all patriarchs are men; hence, some men are
not mortal. Of the seven letters which compose the
word, five are significant. The three vowels, o, a, o, indi-
cate the quality of the premises and conclusion; b shows
that the mood is to be reduced to barbara of the first fig-
ure; c, that the reduction is per impossibile. The word
was probably invented by Petrus Hispanus. See mood 2.
2. A prison: so called from the old north gate
of Oxford, which had this name and was at one
time used as a prison. Nares.
Was not this [Achan] a seditious fellow 2–Was he not
worthy to be cast in bocardo or little-ease ?
- Latimer, Sermons, fol. 105 C.
[Early mod. E. also
boccasine, boccasin (late ME. bokesy), K F. boc-
casin, now boucassin = It. boccaccino = Sp. bo-
cacín, bocacá = Pg. bocacim, buckram, K Turk.
bóhási, bāghāsī, cotton cloth.] 1+. A linen stuff
woven so fine as to look like silk.—2. At the
present day, in the Levant, a kind of cotton
cloth. Schuyler.
[It., = Sp. Pg. boca = F.
bouche, K L. bucca, cheek, esp. as puffed out:
see bucca.] The round hole in a glass-furnace
by which the fused glass is taken out.
[It., one having a
large mouth, boccaccia, f., a large ugly mouth,
K bocca, mouth (K. L. bucca, cheek: see bucca),
+ aug. -accio : see -ace. Hence the surname
Boccaccio..] A name given by the Italians
about San Francisco to the Sebastodes pauci-
Spinis, a Scorpaenoid fish of California. It has very
Small scales and a projecting lower jaw, attains a length
of 30 inches, and is a good food-fish, abundant in rather
deep water along the coast.
boccale (bo-kā’le), m. [It. : see bocal.] A liquid
measure used in most parts of Italy, before the
introduction of the metric system, for wine and
oil. Its capacity in different cities is shown in
the following table:
Liters. * * *
Bologma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.255 1.10 1.33
Florence — for wine . . . . . . 1.140 1.00 1.20
“ oil . . . . . . . . 044 0.92 1.10
Leghorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.064 0.94 1.12
Modena—for wine. . . . . . . 1.697 1.49 1.79
Nice — for wine . . . . . . . . . . 0.684 0.60 0.72
Rome — for wine, old . . . . 1.493 1.31 1.58
& 4 new . . . . 1.823 1.60 1.92
for oil, old . . . . . . 1.992 1.75 2.10
“ new . . . . . . 2.053 1.S1 2.17
Trieste — for wine, old . . . 1.847 1.63 1.95
{ { new . . 1.415 1.25 1.49
Turin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.684 0.60 0.72
Venice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.012 0.89 1.07
boccamela (bok-a-mé’lā), m. [NL.] A kind of
weasel found in southern Europe, Putorius boc-
camela.
See bockerel.
[It., K bocca, q.v.]
A small aperture in a glass-furnace, made on
each side of the bocca; a nose-hole.
See bockerel.
occonia, (bo-kö’ni-á), m. [NL.; named after
a Sicilian botanist, Paolo Boccone, 1633–1704.]
A genus of tall, coarse, herbaceous plants, nat-
ural order Papaveraceae, with large lobed leaves
and large panicles of flowers. Some species are
cultivated, as B. Japonica and B. cordata from China, but
rather for their ornamental habit than for their flowers,
Same as bogue?.
[K bo +
ce + di (see def.) + -3-ation.] In music, the
application of the syllables bo, ce, di, ga, lo,
ma, mi to the tones of the scale: a system in-
troduced about 1550 by the Belgian musician
Waelrant.
A Middle English form of botch1.
[Russ.] A Russian li-
quid measure, containing 40 vedros, or about
130 gallons.
[Sc., - boke?, q.v.; K ME.
bocken, boken, belch, vomit, also croak; var. of
bolk, M.E. bolken, belch : see bolk.] 1. To retch;
vomit.—2. To gush intermittingly, as liquid
from a bottle. Burms.
[Also, as G., bockbier,
G. also simply bock, popularly associated with
bock, a goat, = E. buckl, but in fact shortened
from Eimbockbier, now Einbecker bier, from
Dimbock, Eimbeck, now Einbeck, a town in Prus-
sia formerly famous for its beer.] A double-
strong variety of German beer, darker in color
than the ordinary kinds, less bitter in taste, and
considerably more intoxicating. It is brewed
in December and January, and is drunk in May.


bockelet
bockelett, n. See bockerel.
bockerelt (bok'Q-rel), n. [Also written boc-
carel, with fem, forms bockeret and boccaret,
also bockelet, dim. forms of unknown origin;
possibly from the same source (OF. boe) as
butcher, OF, bokier, boukier, F. boucher; cf. E.
butcher-bird, the great gray shrike.] The male
of a kind of falcon, the female being designated
bockeret or boccaret.
bockerett, n. See bockerel.
bockey (bok'i), n. [Prob. K. D. bakje, a small
bowl or vessel, dim. of bak: see back.8.] A bowl
or vessel made from a gourd. [New York.]
bockingl (bok'ing), n. A coarse woolen drug-
get or baize, named from Bocking, in Essex,
England, where it was first made.
bocking? (bok'ing), m. [K D. bokking (= MHG.
bicking, G. bicking), a smoked herring, appar.
K bok (= E. buckl), a goat, + -ing.] A red her-
ring. Crabb.
bocklandt, n. See bocland.
bockmant, n. See bocman.
bock-pot (bok'pot), n. Same as buck8.
boclandt, n. [That is, bácland, the oarly ME.
and AS. form of bookland.] Same as bookland.
boclet, m. An obsolete form of buckle2.
bocmant, n. [That is, būcman, the early M.E.
and A.S. form (recorded only in legal (ML.)
documents) of bookman.] A holder of book-
land (which see).
boco-wood (bó'kö-Wüd), m. The wood of a le-
guminous tree, Bocoa Provacensis, of Guiana.
It is very hard and dark-colored, and is much
used for furniture, and for carving and turning.
Thodach (bö’daćh), n. [Gael., a churlish old
man, a rustic, = Ir. bodach, a rustic, clown.]
1. An old man. Scott.—2. A local British
name of the small ringed seal, Phoca foetida.
loodark (bö’därk), m. [Corruption of F. bois
d’arc, lit. bow-wood: see bois, bush.1, and arc.1,
archi.j A local name for the Osage orange, or
|bow-wood. Also spelled bowdark. See Maclura.
poddice, m. See bodice.
boddle1, n. See bodle.
looddle”, n. [E. dial.; origin obscure.] A small
iron instrument used by woodmen for peeling
oaks and other trees. Halliwell. [North. Eng.]
boddum (bod’um), n. E. dial. and Sc.] A
dialectal form of bottoml.
'bodel (böd), m. [In mod. E. archaic, early ME.
bode, KAS. boda (= OFries. boda = OS. bodo =
D. bode = OHG. boto, MHG. G. bote = Icel. bodhi
= Sw. Dan. bud), a messenger, K begdan (pp.
boden), announce: see bid, and cf. beadle, also a
noun of agent from the same verb.] A mes-
senger; a herald; one who announces or con-
Veys a message.
bodel (böd), v. ; pret. and pp. boded, ppr. bod-
Äng. [K ME. boden, bodien, K AS. bodian (=
OFries: bodia = Icel. bodha = SW. bāda == Dan.
be-bude), tell, announce, K boda, a messenger:
see bode1, n., and cf. bode2, n. Hence forebode,
q. v.] I, trams. 1+. To announce; proclaim;
preach.—2+. To decree; command; bid.—3.
ºfo announce beforehaná ; prognosticate; pre-
dict; presage. [Archaic.]
Prophet of plagues, for ever boding ill.
Pope, Iliad, i. 132.
4. To portend; augur; be an omen or indica-
tion of; betoken: with a non-personal subject.
In the gross and scope of my opinion,
This bodes some strange eruption to our state. ,
Shak., Hamlet, i. 1.
I pray God, his bad voice bode no mischief
Shak., Much Ado, ii. 3.
Upon which he mounted, and his horse wept ; and then
he saw clearly how this should bode his death.
De Quincey, tr. of Cretan Ballad.
5. To forebode or have a presentiment of (ill,
or coming disaster).
And my soul, dark-stirred with the prophet's mood,
Bodes nothing good. -
J. S. Blackie, tr. of Æschylus, ii. 229.
=Syn. 4. To augur, betoken, portend. .
II, intrans. 1. To promise; portend: with
well or ill: as, this bodes well for your success.-
2. To presage something evil; be of evil Omen.
I would croak like a raven; I would bode, I would bode.
Shak., T. and C., v. 2.
Fear for ages had boded and mowed and gibbered over
government and property. JEmerson, Compensation.
bode? (böd), m. [K ME. bode, bod, a command,
an announcement, a bid, price offered, KAS.
bod, usually gebod (or bebod) (= OFries. bod =
OS. gibod = D. gebod, a command, bod, a bid,
offer, - OHG. gabot, M.H.G. G. gebot, bot=Icel.
bodh = Sw. Dan. bud, a command, etc.), K bed-
dan (pp. boden), announce, command, bid.: see
608
bid, and cf., bodel, v.] 1+. A command; an
order.—2+. announcement; a message.
The owle eke, that of deth the bode bringeth.
Chawcer, Parliament of Fowls, l. 343.
3+. Omen; premonition; augury.
If no fate
Have an unlucky bode. Shirley, Love in a Māze, v. 5.
4+. A foreboding; presentiment.—5. A bid;
the price offered by a buyer or asked by a sel-
ler, [Scotch.]
Ye should never tak' a fish-wife's first bode.
* Scott, Antiquary, xxxix.
bode” (böd), v. t. ; pret. bode, pp. boden, ppr. bod-
Čng. [K bode2, n., 5.] To bid ;: ...;. offer
for; buy. . [Scotch..]
bodes (böd). Preterit and past participle of bide.
bode4+ (böd), n. [KME, bode, bade, a stop, delay,
K bidén (pret. bode, bod, bad), bide. Cf. abodel,
n., of similar formation.] A stop; delay.
Withouten bode his heste she obeyed.
Chawcer, Anelida and Arc., l. 119.
bodeºt, bodent, pp.. [ME. forms of the pp. of
beden, bid, command: see bid.] Bidden; com-
manded.
bodeful (bödſfül), a. [K bode?, n., ++ful..] Omi-
nous; threatening; foreboding.
Uttering the dismal bodeful sounds of death. J. Baillie.
Poor Weber almost swooned at the sound of these
cracked Voices, with their bodeful raven-note.
- Carlyle, French Rev., I. iii. 8.
Lady Macbeth hears not so much the voice of the bode-
Jul bird as of her own premeditated murder, and we are
thus made her shuddering accomplices before the fact.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 186.
bodega (bó-dā'gã), n. [Sp., K. M.L. apotheca :
see apothec.] A wine-cellar, or a shop where
wine is sold from the wood; a wine-vault.
A wine bodega near the Grand Theatre caught fire.
Mew York. Herald.
bodement? (bödſment), m. [K bodel, v., +
-ment.] An omen; portent; prognostic; a
foreshowing: as, “sweet bodements /* Shak.,
Macbeth, iv. 1.
bodent, pp., See bodeº, e
boden (bö’den), a. [Sc., also written bodin,
and formerly boddin, KME. (Sc.) bodym, bodin,
appar. a particular use of boden, pp. of
beden, bid (see bid); but the sense suggests
some confusion with boun, ready: see boun,
bound4.] Accoutred; armed; fitted out; pro-
vided; prepared. -
The Baron of Avenel never rides with fewer than ten
jack-men at his back, and oftener with fifty, bodim in all
that effeirs to war, as if they were to do battle for a king-
dom. Scott, Monastery, II. 181.
Bodenheimer (bö’ den-hi-mér), n. [K Boden-
heim, a village near Mainz.] A white wine
grown near Mainz in Germany.
Bode's law. See law. &
bode-wash (böd'wosh), n. [Corruption of F.
bois de vache, lit. cow's wood, or idiomatically
“buffalo-chip.”] . The dried dung of the Amer-
ican bison or buffalo, used for fuel. Bartlett.
See buffalo-chip.
bodge1 (boj), v.i. [Anotherform of botch?, v.] To
boggle; botch; patch. [Obsolete or dialecial.j
All the actions of his life are like so many things bodg'd
in without any naturall cadence or connexion at all.
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, An Affected Man.
bodge1+ (boj), m. [Another form of botch?..] A
botch; a patch.
Taking revenge on Thomas Nash, Gabriell Harvey taxes
him with having forged “a misshapen rabblement of ab-
surd and ridiculous words, the proper bodges of his new-
fangled figure, called foolrisme.”
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 110.
bodge?! (boj), v. i. [Appar, a var. of budge1.]
TO ºdge ; give way: used only in the passage
cited.
With this, we charg’d again : but out, alas !
We bodg'd again. Shak., 3 Hem. VI., i. 4.
bodgerl# (boj’ér), n. [K bodge + -erl; var. of
botcherl.] A botcher.
bodger? (boj’ér), n. [Appar. a var. of badgerö,
q. v.] A peddler; a hawker... [Prov. Eng.]
bodhisat (bö'di-sat), n. Same as bodhisattva.
The beings who will in due course become Buddhas are
called Bødhisat. They are numberless.
S. Hardy, Manual of Buddhism.
bodhisatship (bö’di-sat-ship), n. In Buddhism,
the highest degree of saintship. See bodhisatt-
va. Also spelled bodisatship.
The leaders of the Great Vehicle ſthat is, the Mahayana
development of Buddhism] urged, their followers to seek
to attain, not so much to Arhatship, which would involve
only their own salvation, but to Bodigatship, by the at-
tainment of which they would be conferring the blessings'
of the Dhamma [law of Buddha] upon countless multi-
tudes in the long ages of the future. -
Encyc. Brit., XIV. 226.
- * : * ~ * : * : - - - ~~~
* bodily
ghalese bodhisat, bodisat, Jáp. bosatsii, Chin.
oosah), K bodhi, intelligence, wisdom (K V
wdh, know: see Buddha), + sattva, being, es-
sence, K Sant (= L. ens), being, ppr. of Vas, be:
see bel.] In Buddhism of the northern school,
or the later development called the Mahayana,
one of a numerous class of beings who, having
arrived at supreme wisdom (bodhi), have to pass
through human existence only once more be-
fore attaining to Buddhahood, or complete en-
lightenment, and entrance into Nirvana. Among
Singhalese Buddhists called bodhisat and bodisat, among
the Chinese poosah, and among the Japanese bosatsià.
bodhi-tree (bö’di-tré), m. Same as bo-tree.
bodice (bod’is), n. [Sometimes spelled boddice,
formerly bodies, being orig.pl. of lody. Cf. cor-
set.] 1+. A sort of inner stays or corset, laced
in front, worn by women, and sometimes by
men: also called a pair of bodies, or a bodies.—
2. An outer laced garment, covering the waist
and bust, worn by women in some European
styles of costume, often as an ornament.—3.
More generally, the close-fitting waist or body
of a gown.
bodiced (bod’ist), a. [K bodice + -ed2.] Clothed
in a bodice; furnished with a bodice.
Slim her little waist,
Comfortably bodiced.
Thackeray, Peg of Limavaddy.
They appear habited in bodiced gowns.
Archaeol. Jowr., XXXV. 256.
bodied (bod’id), a. [K body + -ed?..] 1. Hav-
ing body, or a body, of the kind indicated by
the context: used chiefly in composition : as,
an able-bodied man.
I was told by a very good judge who tasted it [wine
made from Wild grapes], that it was a pleasant, strong,
and full-bodied wine, Beverley, Virginia, ii. ſ. 15.
2. Endowed with material form or being;
made corporeal or material; embodied. N. E. D.
Like the bodied heaven in clearness
Shone the stone.
Browning, Men and Women, ii. 240.
bodikini (bod’i-kin), n. [K body + dim. -kin.]
A diminutive of body, forming part of the ex-
clamatory phrase “odd's bodikin,” a corruption
of God's body. Also spelled bodykin.
Pol. My lord, I will use them according to their desert.
Ham. Odd's bodikin, man, better. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
bodiless (bod’i-les), a. [K body + -less.] Hay-
ing no body or material form; incorporeal:
as, “phantoms bodiless and vain,” Swift.
Man is a concrete whole. He is neither a soulless body
nor a bodiless soul. .N. A. Rev., CXX. 259.
bodiliness (bod’i-li-nes), n. IK bodily + -mess.]
Corporeality. Minshew.
bodily (bod’i-li), a. [K ME. bodily, bodili, bodi-
liche, etc.; K body + -lyl.] 1. Pertaining to or
concerning the body; of or belonging to the
body or to the physical constitution; not men-
tal; corporeal: as, bodily dimensions; bodily
exertions; bodily pain.
You are a mere spirit, and have no knowledge of the
bodily part of us. - Tatler, No. 15.
Since we are creatures with bodies, if we desire to ex-
press a real sentiment of reverence for anyone, we must
use some bodily act—some form of words or gestures.
Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 233.
2}. Having a material body.
There are three bodily inhabitants of heaven; Henoch,
Ilijah, our Saviour Christ.
Bp. Hall, Rapture of Elijah (Ord M.S.).
= Syn, 1. Bodily, Physical, Corporal, Corporeal. Bodily
generally means connected with the body or a body, and
is frequently opposed to mental: as, bodily pains, bodily
strength. Physical in this connection is often the same as
bodily, but may cover everything that is material, as op-
posed to mental or spiritual : as, physical distress. Cor-
poral relates to the body in its outward bearings: as, cor-
ſporal punishment ; corporeal, to its substance, being op-
posed to spiritual or immaterial: as, corporeal existence.
We speak of Shakspeare's mind, but Jonson starts up al-
ways in bodily proportions. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 26.
Dr. Beddoe . . . believes that wherever a race attains
its maximum of physical development it rises highest in
energy and moral vigour. Darwin, Descent of Man, I. 111.
The poor beetle, that we tread upon,
In corporal sufferance finds a pang as great
As when a giant dies. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
When [the soul] is freed from all corporeal alliance,
then it truly exists. Xenophom (trans), Cyrus the Elder.
bodily (bodi-li), adv. [ME. bodily, -li, -lich; K
body + -ly?..] 1. Corporeally; in connection
with a body or matter; in the flesh; in person.
It is his human nature, in which the Godhead dwells
bodily. Watts.
2.In respect to the entire body or mass; en-
tirely; completely: as, to carry a thing away
bodily. -
. . . . boding (bö’ding), n.
bodin (bó'din), a. sº 8,8 º; b . . . .
ME. bodynge, hodunge,
omen, preaching, KAS. bodung, preaching, ver-
bal n. of bodian, announce, bºšč see bodel, v.]
1. An omen; a prognostic; a foreboding pre-
monition; presentiment.
Ominous bodings, and fearful expectations.
- . Bp. Ward, Sermon, Jan. 30, 1674.
The minds of men were filled with dismal bodings of
some inevitable evil. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 8.
2. Prediction; prophecy of evil. Coleridge.
boding (bö’ding), p. d. [Ppr. of bode", v.]
Foreboding; ominous.
So Joseph, yet a youth, expounded well
The boding dream, and did th' event foretell. . *
Dryden, To J. Northleigh.
Nor knew what signify'd the boding sign,
But found the powers displeas'd, and fear'd the wrath
divine. Dryden, Pal. and Arc., iii.
You might have heard . . . . cricket sing,
An owlet flap his boding wing. Scott, Marmion, V. 20.
bodingly (bö’ding-li), adv. Ominously; por-
tentously.
All is so bodingly still. Lowell, Summer Storm.
bodisaſt, n. Same as bodhisattva.
bodisatship, n. See bodhisatship.
bodkinl (bod’kin), n. [Early mod: E. also bod-
kine, boilbin, boidken (cf. Sc. bodkin), K ME.
bodekyn, earlier boydekyn, boidekyn; origin un-
known. The Celtic forms, W. bidogyn, bidogan
(with accent on second syllable), dim. of bidog
= Gael. biodag = Ir. bideog, a dagger (cf. W.
pid = Gael. biod, a point), are not near enough
to be regarded as the source of the E. word.]
1+. A small dagger; a stiletto.
Who would bear the whips and scorns of time, . . .
When he himself might his quietus make tº tº
With a bare bodkin 2 Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1.
Out with your bodkin,
Your pocket-dagger, your stiletto ; out with it.
Beau. and Fl., Custom of the Country, ii. 3.
2. A small pointed instrument of steel, bone,
or ivory, used for piercing holes in cloth, etc.
With knyf or boydekin. Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 40.
3. A similar but blunt instrument, with an eye,
for drawing thread, º: or ribbon through a
loop, hem, etc.—4. A long pin-shaped instru-
ment used by women to fasten up the hair.
The bodkin, comb, and essence. Pope, R. of the L., iv. 98.
5. A thick needle or straight awl of steel, used
by bookbinders to make holes in boards and
to trace lines for cutting.—6. A printers' tool
for picking letters out of a column or page in
correcting.—To be, sit, ride, or travel bodkin, to
sit as a third person between two others on the seat of a
carriage suited for two only.
He's too big to travel bodkin between you and me.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair.
bodkin?t, n. A corruption of baudekin.
bodkin-work (bod’kin-werk), n. A rich trim-
ming formerly used for garments: probably a
corruption of bawdekin.
bodle (bod’l), n. [Sc., also written boddle; said
to be derived from the name of a mint-master
named Both-
well. Cf. atch-
ŽSom. and
bawbee.] A.
Scotch cop-
per coin first
issued under
Charles II.,
and worth at
that time. 2d.
Scotch, or
one sixth of an English penny; hence, a very
small coin. The name turner was also applied
to it.
I care not a brass boddle for the feud.
Scott, Abbot, II. xiii.
Bodleian (bod-lè'an or bod’lé-an), a. Of or
pertaining to Sir Thomas Bodley, who began
in 1597 the restoration of the public library of
Oxford University, hence since called the Bod-
leian Library; also, belonging to that library:
as, Bodleian manuscripts. -
bodragł, bodraget, n. [Also written bordrag
(and bordraging), simulating E. border; appar.
a corruption of some Ir. word; cf. Ir. budidh-
readh, #ºn. buadre, tumult..] An in-
cursion; a raid. -
No wayling there nor wretchednesse is heard, . . .
No mightly bodrags, nor no hue and cries.
Spenser, Colin Clout, 1.315.
[In some editions printed bordrags.],
Reverse.
Bodle of Charles II., British Museum. (Size
of the original.)
Obverse.
Yºr
|body (bod’i), n.; pl. bodies (-iz). [K ME. body
tº As iodiº, body, ºbić, botan, iotach,
9
- -, , , -, * * * * * " … .
609
MHG. botech, botich, body; º: akin to
OHG. botahha, MHG. boteche, botech, G. bottich,
a large vessel, tub, vat ; but this may come
from another source, that of boot?... The Gael.
bodhaig, body, is from E.] 1. The physical
structure of an animal; the material organized
substance of an animal, whether living or dead,
in distinction from the soul, spirit, or vital
principle.
For of the soule the bodie forme doth take,
For soule is forme, and doth the bodie make.
Spenger, Hymne in Honour of Beautie, 1.132.
2. The main portion of an animal, tree, etc.;
the trunk, as distinct from the head and limbs
or branches; in ichth., often used for the whole
fish exclusive of the fins.—3. The part of a
dress which covers the body, as distinct from
the parts which cover the arms or extremities;
in female dress, a bodice; a waist.
Their bodies were of carnation cloth of silver, richly
Wrought. B. Jomsom, Masque of Hymen.
4. The main, central, or principal part of any-
thing, as of an army, country, building, etc.,
as distinguished from subordinate or less im-
portant parts. -
Learn to make a body of a limb. Shak., Rich. II., iii. 2.
The van of the king's army was led by the general . . .;
in the body was the king and the prince. Clarendon.
§; (bod’i-bag), m.
body-bolster (bod’i-böl'stér), n. A cross-beam
body-cavity (bod’i-kav"i-ti), n.
body-color
Body of a column, the part between the base and the capi.
Fº shaft.—Body of a gun, that part of the gun º;
is situated behind the trunnions.—Body of a place, in
Jort. : (a) The works next to and surrounding a town, in
the form of a polygon, regular or irregular. (b) The Space
inclosed within the interior works of a fortification.—
Body of the fornix. See formiz.—Body politic, the
whole body of people living under an organized political
government: used in contradistinction to body corporate,
an association of persons legally incorporated for the pro-
motion of some specific object. A body politic and cor-
porate is a municipality governed according to a legisla-
tive act of incorporation, and thus possessing corporate
political powers.
We may fairly conclude that the body politic cannot sub-
sist, any more than the animal body, without a head.
J. Adams, Works, IV. 379.
Cavernous bodies, centrobaric body, ciliary body.
See the adjectives.—Descent of bodies. See descent.—
Deviation of a falling body. See deviation.—Diplo-
matic body. See diplomatic.—Elementary body. See
element.—Fifth body, the ether or fifth element, the sub-
stance of the heavenly bodies, according to the Aristo-
telians.—Fixed bodies, geniculate bodies, hetero-
geneous body, main body, etc. See the adjectives.—
Mathematical body, a body in sense 10.— Mystical
body of the church, the aggregate of believers as con-
stituting the bride of Christ.—Okemian body, olivary
body. See the adjectives.—Re body, a polyhedron
in which the relations of any one face, edge, or summit are
the same as those of any other. Pythagoras enumerated
the five regular bodies (the sphere is not included among
them): the tetrahedron, the cube, the octahedron, the dode-
cahedron, and the icosahedron. These are often called
the five bodies simply; also the cosmical bodies, because
Timaeus of Locri held that the tetrahedron is the shape
of fire, the octahedron of air, the icosahedron of water,
the cube of earth, and the dodecahedron of God; also
the Platonic bodies, because mentioned by Plato in his
dialogue “Timaeus.” Four other regular bodies which
envelop the center more than once were discovered by
Kepler and by Poinsot. These are named by Cayley the
reat icosahedron, the great dodecahedrom, the great stel-
ated dodecahedron, and the small stellated dodecahedron.
For illustrations of all these bodies, see solid.—Irregu-
lar bodies, such as are not bounded by equal and like
surfaces.—The bodies seven, in alchemy, the metals
corresponding to the planets. -
The bodies seven, eek, lo hem heer anon:
Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe [call],
Mars yren, Mercurie quiksilver we clepe,
Saturnus leed, and Jupiter is tin,
And Venus coper.
Chawcer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 272.
body (bod’i), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bodied, ppr.
bodying. [K body, n.] 1. To provide with a
body; embody.—2. To form into a body or
Company.
A new exotick way of bodying, that is, formally cove-
nanting and verbally engaging with them and to them
beyond the baptismall bond and vow.
Bp. Gawden, Tears of the Church, p. 37.
3. To represent in bodily form; exhibit in
tangible form or outward reality: with forth.
As innagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing
A local habitation and a name. Shak., M. N. D., v. 1.
Bodied forth the tourney high,
Held for the hand of Emily
Scott, Rokeby, vi. 26.
A bag to sleep in.
of wood, iron, or the two in combination, on
the under side of a railroad-car, which supports
it and transmits its weight to the truck. The
upper end of the king-bolt, which forms the pivot for the
truck, is fastened to a body-bolster.
In zoöl., the
general or common cavity of the body, as dis-
tinguished from special cavities, or those of
particular organs; the coelom or coeloma. In
vertebrates the body-cavity is formed by the splitting of
the mesoblast into its somatopleural and splanchnopleu-
ral layers, and consists of the cavities of the thorax, ab-
domen (divided or not by a diaphragm), and pelvis.
body-cloth (bod’i-klóth), m. A cloth for the
body; specifically, a large rug or cloth for cov-
ering a horse. See body-clothes, 2.
Before the window were several horses in body-cloths.
Bulwer, Pelham, lxi.
Goiâsmith, Pref. to Brookes's Nat. Hist, body-clothes (bod’i-klöTHz), m.pl. 1. Garments
body-coat (bod’i-köt), n.
for the body, intended to be worn by day, as
distinguished from bedclothes. [This use of the
word appears to be confined in recent times to
Scotland.]–2. Coverings for a horse or other
animal: properly, body-cloths. See body-cloth.
I am informed that several asses are kept in body-clothes
and sweated every morning upon the heath. Addison.
1. A close-fitting
coat.—2. In coach-painting, a coat of paint
made opaque by the admixture of white lead,
laid on before the transparent coats.
13. In music, the resonance of a tone, whether body-color (bodi-kul’gº), n. In painting, a
Specifically— (a) In a blast-furnace, the core or main por-
tion between the top, or opening at the throat, and the
boshes. (b) In music: (1) The whole of the hollow part of
a string-instrument, designed to increase its resonance.
(2) All that part of a wind-instrument that remains after
removing its appendages, mouthpiece, crooks, and bell.
(3) The part of an organ-pipe above the mouth, which
gives resonance: its length fixes the pitch of the tone. (c)
The shank of a type, as determining its size: as, minion
on nonpareil body. (d) The main part of a tool; the main
part of a blade, as of a sword, as distinguished from the
heel and point, etc. (e) That part of a wagon, railroad-
car, etc., which contains the load. -
5. The main portion; the bulk of anything;
the larger part; the majority: as, the body of
the people are opposed to the measure.—6.
The person; an individual as recognized by
law: as, body execution; held in body and
goods. [Chiefly legal.]—7. A person ; a hu-
man being: now generally combined with any,
every, some, or no ; as, somebody, nobody.
There cannot a poor body buy a sack of coals, but it
must come through their hands.
Latimer, 2d Serm. bef. Edw. VI., 1550.
A body would think so, at these years.
B. Jomsom, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1.
Gin a body meet a body,
Comin' thro’ the rye.
But human bodies are sic fools,
For a’ their colleges an’ schools. -
Burns, The Twa Dogs.
A dry, shrewd kind of a body. Irving.
8. A number of individuals spoken of collec-
tively, usually associated for a common pur-
pose, joined in a certain cause, or united by
some common tie or occupation; an incorpo-
rated or other aggregate: as, a legislative body;
the body of the clergy; a body corporate.
So please you, my lord, it is a body of horse—and . . .
there is a still larger body of foot behind it.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 86.
The trading body may be a single individual in one case;
it may be the whole inhabitants of a continent in another;
it may be the individuals of a trade diffused through a
country in a third. Jevons, Pol. Econ., p. 96.
9. A material thing; anything having inertia.
See matter.—10. In geom., any solid having the
three dimensions, length, bréadth, and thick-
ness.-11. A united mass; a number of things
or particulars taken together; a general collec-
tion; a code; a system: as, a body of laws.
I have, with much pains and reading, collected out of
ancient authors this short Summary of a body of philoso-
phy and divinity. Swift, Tale of a Tub, ii.
He was furnished with every requisite for making an
extensive body of natural history.
Burns, Song.
The mind unequal to a complete analysis of the motives
which carry it onto a particular conclusion . . . is swayed
and determined by a body of proof, which it recognizes
only as a body, and not in its constituent parts.
J. H. Newman, Gram. Of Assent, p. 281.
12. A certain consistency, or density; sub-
stance; strength, as opposed to thinness, weak-
ness, transparency, or flimsiness: as, Wine, pa-
er, etc., of good body. As applied to paints, body
emotes opacity or density, as opposed to transparency.
It was a fragrant Port, with plenty of body and a large
proportion of soul. T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, xiii.
instrumental or vocal.-Adipose body, astral
body. See the adjectives.—Bodies of Arantius. See
corpora Arantú, under corpus.-Body center-plate, a
metal plate on the body-bolster of a car. It rests upon a
similar plate on the center of a truck. The center-bolt or
king-bolt passes through these plates.—Body corporate.
See body politic.—Body hand-rail. See hand-rail.-
pigment possessing body or a high degree of
consistence, substance, and covering power.
In water-color painting, works are said to be executed in
body-colors when, in contradistinction to the more com-
mon mode of proceeding by transparent tints and washes
the pigments are mixed with white and thus render
Opaque.


body-guard
body-guard (bod’i-gård), n. One who protects
or defends the person; a life-guard; collec-
tively, the guard charged with the protection of
Some person, as a prince or an officer; hence,
retinue; attendance; following.
It might possibly be convenient that, when the Parlia-
ment assembled, the King should repair to Westminster
with a body-gward. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ix.
body-hoop (bod’i-höp), n. A band securing the
arris pieces of a built mast.
body-horse (bod’i-hörs), n. A shaft-horse.
[Prov. Eng.]
body-loop (bod’i-1öp), n. An iron arm connect-
ing a vehicle-body with the spring-bar or spring.
body-louse (bod’i-lous), m. A kind of louse,
the Pediculus corporis or P. vestimenti, which
is parasitic on man. It is generally found on the
body, or concealed in the clothing, while the Pediculus
capitis, or head-louse, infests the head.
body-plan (bod’i-plan), n. In ship-building,
a plan upon which are projected the intersec-
tions of the sides of the vessel with transverse
|
C
Body-plan.
4, after-body; B, foreigig C, C, center-line; D, D, load-line;
3. s a Sę- &
vertical planes passing through certain fixed
points, the intersections with the fore-body
'being shown upon one side and those with the
after-body on the other.
body-post (bod’i-póst), n. 1. An upright tim-
ber in the sill and plate of a freight-car, form-
ing one of the vertical members of the frame
of the body. It corresponds to the window-
posts in a passenger-car.—2. A post at the
forward end of the opening in the deadwood
of a steamship, within which the screw turns.
body-servant (bod’i-sér”vant), m. A servant
who waits upon or accompanies his employer;
a valet ; a personal attendant.
body-snatcher (bod’i-snach’ér), m. One who
secretly disinters the bodies of the dead as sub-
jects for dissection, or for the purpose of exact-
ing a ransom; a resurrectionist.
body-snatching (bod’i-snach'ing), n. The act
of robbing a grave to obtain a subject for dis-
section.
body-varnish (bod’i-vär"nish), n. A thick and
quick-drying copal varnish, used for carriages
and other objects that are to be polished.
body-wall (bod’i-Wà1), n. . In 206l., the general
envelop or parietes of a body, especially of a
low organism ; a cell-wall.
body-whorl (bod’i-hwérl), n. The last-formed
ºy generally largest whorl of a univalve shell.
See univalve.
Boéâromia (bö-à-dró'mi-á), n. pl.
7???0%.
Boédromion (bö-É-dró’mi-Qn), n. [Gr. Bomópo-
puðv, the month in which were celebrated the
Bonºpónia, K 3076póputog, 307606/log, ſº SULCGOI’
(ſ3076popeiv, to run to a cry for aid), K Boff, Dor.
É0á, a shout, cry (K Boöv, to cry: see boation),
+ -ópouoc, K Öpaſſeiv, run.] The third month of
the Athenian year, corresponding to the latter
part of September and the early part of Octo-
ber. During this month the festival, called Boédromia
was celebrated, in commemoration of the Succor given by
Theseus against the Amazons.
boefit, n. An obsolete form of beef.
boef?f, interj. See buf.
Boehm flute. See flutel, 1.
Boehmeria (bé-mê'ri-á), n. [NL., after G. R.
Boehmer or Böhmer, a German botanist of the
18th century; cf. G. Böhme, a Bohemian, Böh-
men, Bohemia..] A genus of dicotyledonous
plants of the family Urticaceae, allied to the
nettle, but without its stinging hairs. A number
See Boëdro-
*Gael. bogan, a
610
of species yield tenacious fibers, used for making ropes,
twine, net, and sewing-thread. The most important spe-
cies is B. nivea, a shrubby plant of China and the East In-
dies, which affords the valuable rhea-fiber or grass-cloth
{{
Sº
sº §
Sº § Wºź -
-...s as , , sº 22:Sºº
- º Nº.3 º
FAA;& 5. sº
º tº
The Ramie-plant (Baehrneria ºtivea).
fiber, also known under its Malay name of ramie. It has
been long in cultivation in China and India, and success-
ful attempts have been made to cultivate it in the United
States: , The species B. Pwya, from which the Puya-fiber
is obtained, is now referred to the genus Maowtia. See
grass-cloth.
boeotarch (bě-öſtärk), n. [K L. Boeotarches, K
Gr. Bototáp2ng, K Botoria, Boeotia, + dipzóg, ruler:
See arch-.] One of the chief magistrates of the
Boeotian confederacy. Two were chosen by
Thebes, and one by each of the other members
of the league.
Pelopidas and two others of the liberators were elected
boeotarchs, or chief magistrates of Boeotia.
Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 479.
Boeotian (bé-6'shian), a. and n. [K. L. Boeotia,
Gr. Bototia, Boeotia, Bogotáot, the Boeotians.]
I. a. 1. Pertaining to Boeotia, a division of
central Greece, noted for its thick atmosphere,
which was supposed to communicate its dull-
ness to the intellect of the inhabitants. Hence
–2. Dull; stupid; ignorant; obtuse.
II. m. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Boeotia.
Hence—2. A dull, ignorant, stupid person.
Boeotic (bé-ot'ik), a. Belonging to or charac-
teristic of Boeotia or the Boeotians; Boeotian:
as, the Boeotic dialect.
Boer (bör), n. [Also written Boor, K. D. boer, a
farmer, a peasant: see boor.] The name given
to the Dutch colonists of South Africa, who
are principally engaged in agriculture or cattle- b
breeding.
boffle (bofºl), v.
A dialectal form of baffle.
bogl (bog), m.
[Formerly bogge, K Ir. bogach =
bog, morass, Kir. Gael. bog, 'soft,
moist, tender, in comp. bog-.] 1. Wet, soft
and spongy ground, where the soil is compose
mainly of decayed and decaying vegetable mat-
ter; a quagmire covered with grass or other
plants; a piece of mossy or peaty ground; a
IſloSS.
All the infections that the sun sucks up
From bogs, fems, flats, on Prosper fall, and make him
By inch-meal a disease ! Shak., Tempest, ii. 2.
2. A little elevated piece of earth in a marsh
or swamp, filled with roots and grass. Web-
ster. [Local, U.S.]-Bog-asphodel. See asphodel. .
—Bog-bilberry. See bilberry.—Bog-iron ore, an im-
pure ore of iron, essentially a hydrous oxid, of which the
mineralogical name is limonite : found frequently at the
bottom of lakes and in swampy localities, and usually of
very recent origin. = Syn, 1. Quagmire, etc. See marsh.
bogl (bog) v.; pret. and pp. bogged, ppr. bog-
ging. # bogi, m.] I. trams. To sińki or sub-
merge in a bog, or in mud and mire: used
chiefly in the passive, to be bogged.
Bid him to be gone
As far as he can fly, or follow day,
Rather than here so bogged in vices stay.
B. Jomson, Underwoods, xxxii.
'Twas time; his invention had been bogged else.
. Jomson, Every Man out of his Humour, iii. 3.
Of Middleton's horse three hundred men were taken, .
and one hundred were bogged.
hitelock, Memoirs (1682), p. 580.
II. intrans. To sink or stickin a bog; hence,
to flounder among obstacles; be stopped. -
bog” (bog), n. [Early mod. E. bogge, appar, a var.
of the equiv. bugl, M.E. bugge, connecting the
latter with the equiv. bogglel, bogle, bogy, bog-
gardl: see these words.] A specter; a bugbear.
—To take bogi, to boggle: Shy; shrink,
bog 3 (bog), a. and m. [E. dial., formerly also
bogge, earlier in deriv. form boggish”, q.v. Cf.
- - boggle
bug”, big'.] I. a. Bold; sturdy; self-sufficient;
petulant; º º
º Brag ; boastfulness. Halliwell. [Prov.
Il
bº (bog), v.; pret, and pp. bogged, ppr. bog-
ging. [K bogë, a. or m.] I. intrams. To boast.
[Prov. Eng.]
II.t. trans. [Perhaps of other origin..] To
provoke.
bog+(bog), v. i. [E. dial.; origin unknown.] To
ease the body by stool. -
boga (bó'gã), n. Same as bogue?.
bog-bean (bog"bén), n. The common name of
Menyanthes trifoliata, a bog-plant of the family
Menyanthaceae, native of north temperate re-
gions. It is a bitter tonic. The fringed bog-beam is an
aquatic plant of the same family, Limnanthemum nymph-
oides, with large yellow fringed flowers. Also called
buck-beam.
bogberry (bog’ber’i), n. ; pl. bogberries (-iz).
The cranberry, Oxycoccus Oxycoccus. -
bog-blitter (bog"blit’ér), n. [See bog-bluiter.]
Same as bog-bumper. [Scotch..]
bog-bluiter gºgº m. [Also bog-bluter,
bog-blitter; K bog -H Sc. bluiter, bluter, make a
rumbling noise, blurt, also speak foolishly (in
last sense cf. blatter, blather, blethel 1).] Same
as bog-bumper. [Scotch..]
bog-bull (bog"bül), n. [Cf. Botaurus and bit-
terml.] name of the bittern, Botaurus stel-
laris, from its habitual resorts and its hollow,
booming cry. See cut under bittern.
bog-bumper (bog"bum"pér), m. A name of the
bitterns or heron-like birds of the genus Botaw-
TuS (especially B. lentiginosus), in allusion to
the sound made by the male in the breeding
SeaSOn. This sound seems “to be uttered in a deep
choking tone,” and has been compared by Nuttall to the
syllables “pomp-àu-gür.” Also bog-jwmper, and in Scot-
land bog-blitter, bog-bluiter. -
bog-butter (bog’ but’ér), n. - A fatty sperma-
ceti-like mineral resin, composed of carbon;
oxygen, and hydrogen, found in masses in peat-
bogs.
A large copper basin consisting of small pieces riveted
together and several wooden kegs containing bog-butter
were recently found at a depth of 7 feet in a peat-moss,
Rylealsin, Skye. Nature, XXX. 181.
bog-earth (bog'êrth), m. An earth or soil com-
posed of light silicious sand and a considerable
portion of vegetable fiberin a half-decomposed
state. It is employed by gardeners for pro-
moting the growth of flowers.
boger (bö’gér), n. [Origin obscure.] A name
in Cornwall, England, for the half-grown sea-
'bream, Pagellus centrodontus.
bogeyl, bogeyism. See bogy, bogyism.
ogey2, n. See bogie2.
bogga (bog'à), .m. [E. Ind.] An East Indian
measure of land, equal to three fifths of an
I’6.
boggardl, boggart (bog'ārd, -árt), n. [E. dial.
and Sc., also written bogart, and formerly bug-
gard, lºgº; appar. a var., with term. -ard,
of bogglel, bogle; in form as if K bog2 + -ard:
see bogglel, bogle, bog”, bugl.] 1. A specter,
goblin, or bogy, especially one supposed to
haunt a particular spot. .. *
The belief in elves and bogarts which once was universal.
- J. Fiske, Idea of God, p. 60.
2t. Any object, real or imaginary, at which a
horse shies. N. E. D.—3. Figuratively, a bug-
bear; a thing of fear. .
boggard?t, n. ſº: bog4 + -ard.] A privy.
boggifyi, v. t. IK bogl-F -i-ſy..] To make boggy.
bogging? (bogſing), n. [Early mod. E., per-
haps a var. of “bagging for badging, verbal n.
of badge2; cf. bodger2.1 Peddling; hawking.
isiºn). Kvitºl B
OgglS og’ish), a. ogl-H -ishl. Oggy.
#3; a. . [ME., written boggis.she, bog-
ºie, & bogg (not found in Mā) + -ishij
Bold; puffed up; boastful.
boggle1, n. A dialectal form of bogle.
boggle” (bog(l), v. 3.; § et, and pp. boggled, ppr.
boggling. [Early mod. E. also bogle, buggel, K
boggle1 = bogle, a specter, with ref. to the shy-
ing of a horse at unusual objects; cf. ME. boge-
len, occurring but once, in the sense of “deny,”
i. e., scare off.] 1. To take alarm; start wit
fright; shy, as a horse.
When a sinner is first tempted to the commission of a
more gross and notorious sin, his conscience is apt to
boggle and start at it, he doth it with great difficulty and
regret. Tillotson, Works, I. x.
We start and boggle at every unusual appearance. -
3. se * * Granville.
2. To hesitate; stop, as if afraid to proceed, or
as if impeded by unforeseen difficulties; wavef;


"... 's . .” -- ~~~… g . . . . . * * * > - : * : * > . - “… "
boggle
shrink–8. To playfast and loose; dissemble;
quibble; equivocate,
When summoned to his last end it was no time for
him to boggle with the world. Howell.
: ; bungle; be awkward; make clumsy at-
000 OUS, - sº -
boggle? (bog’l), n. 1. The act of shying or tak-
ing alarm.–2}. Objection; scruple; demur.
The Dutch do make a furthcrbogle with us about two
or three things. Pepys, Diary, 1667.
3. A bungle; a botch. [Colloq.]—Boggle-de-
, botch, boggledy-botch, a complete botch or bungle.
boggle3 (bog'1), n. IOrigin uncertain; perhaps
$8,1016 $l,S joinići, bogle, a scarecrow.] A pitcher
or jug wrought in the figure of a man, not un-
like a toby or toby-pitcher.
bog-glede (bog'gléd), n. A Scotch name of the
moor-buzzard, Circus ærugin.08ws.
boggler (bog’lér), n. [K boggle” + -erl.] 1. A
. 61.1
Bogoda (bö-gö'dà), n. [NL.] A genus of East
Indian fishes, considered by some as typical of
3, : Bogodoidei or Bogodidaº.
Bogodidae (bö-god’i-dé), n. pl. [NL., K. Bogoda
+ -idae.] A family of percoideous fishes: sy-
nonymous with Ambassidae.
Bogomile (bog(3-mil), n. [Cf. Russ. bogii, God;
"milosţī, grace.] One of a medieval Catharist
sect, having its principal seat in Bulgaria, anti-
clerical in its polity, dualistic in its doctrine,
and in general similar to the Docetae and the
. Manichaeans. The views and practices of the Bogo-
miles were very fanatical. They were little known, and
by Sonne are supposed to have become extinct soon after
the execution of their leader, Basil of Philippopolis, at
Constantinople, in 1118.
Bogomilian (bog-3-mil’i-an), a. Pertaining to
the Bogomiles or their doctrines.
bog-orchis (bog'àr"kis), n. A low orchid of
foggy places. See Malazis.
doubter; a timorous man,—2t. A jilt; one false bog-ore (bog'ór), n. Same as bog-iron ore.
in love.
You have been a boggler ever. Shak., A. and C., iii. 11.
3. One who bungles or is clumsy in doing
things. •
bjih (bog'lish), a. [K boggle2 + -ish.]
Poubtful; wavering.
Nothing is more sly, touchy, and bogglish . . . than that
opinion . . . of the many or common people.
Jer. Taylor (?), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 172.
bo (bog’i), a. [K bogi, n., + -y1.1 Contain-
#. *f; of bogs; like or having the char-
acter of a bog.
Quench'd in a ºft Syrtis,
Nor good dry land. Milton, P. L., ii. 939.
bºº (bog’i-bó), n. [North. E. dial.] A
dialectal form of bugaboo.
Boghead coal. See coal.
boghouse (bog'hous), n. IK bogi -- house..] A.
privy. Johnson.
bogiel, n. See bogy.
bogie? (bó'gi), n. [Also bogy, bogey. A par-
*ticular application, in prov. use, of bogie,
bogy1, a goblin, , an imp, a devil. Various
contrivances of indefinite character get the
name devil and the like, in allusion to their
quick action or other qualities. The same
word, applied to a light vehicle, appears as
buggy?, q v. See also bogus, m.] 1. In Eng-
land, a coal-wagon or truck so constructed as
to turn easily in moving about the quays; a
trolley.— 2. In England, a four-wheeled truck
supporting the front part of a locomotive en-
gine, or placed one under each end of a rail-
way-carriage, and turning beneath it by means
of a central pin or pivot, to facilitate the
passing of sudden curves.— 3. In a sawmill,
a small carriage running on a transverse track
on a log-carriage, used to change the position
of the log in relation to the saw.
neither Sea,
bogie-engine (bö'gi-en’jin), n. A locomotive
used in moving cars and making up trains at
a railroad station. The driving-wheels and cyl-
inders are on a truck which turns freely on a
center-pin.
bog-jumper (bog'jum'për), n. Same as bog-
bumper.
bºnd (bog’land), m. and a. I. m. Boggy or
marshy land: as, to reclaim a piece of bog-land.
II. a. Living in or pertaining to a marshy
country. [Rare.]
Each brings his love a bogland captive home.
Dryden, Prol. to Prophetess, l. 31.
bogle (bó'gl), n. *
bogill, bugil, a specter, hobgoblin; prob. of Cel-
tic origin; cf. W. buygwl, bygwl, a threat, men-
ace, bygel, a bugbear, Scarecrow, hobgoblin,
bwg, a specter, X i. bugl: see bugl and bugbear.
Cf bogº, boggardl, and G. bāgge, běggel-mann,
a bogy, bogle.] A phantom; a specter; a hob-
goblin; a bogy; a bugbear.
boglet (bog’let), n. IK bogl H--let.] A little
bog; a boggy place or spot of Small extent.
And of this tufty, flaggy ground, pocked with bogs and
boglets. R i5. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, p. 432.
bog-manganese (bog'mang"ga-nēz), m.
as wad.
bog-moss (bog'mós), n. Peat-moss. See Sphag-
72.70%, -
bog-oak (bog ' 6k), n. Trunks and large
branches of wood, not necessarily oak, found
embedded in bogs and preserved by the anti-
septie properties of peat. It is of a shining black
or ebony color, or of a deep greenish-gray, mottled and
shading into black, derived from its impregnation with
iron, and is frequently converted into pieces of furniture
and ornaments, as brooches, etc. Also bog-wood.
Same
[Also dial. boggle, Sc. bogle,
Bogotá, bark. See bark2.
bog-rush (bog’rush), n. 1. The common rush,
Juncus effusus.—2. The plant Schoenus nigri-
cans.—3. Some small undetermined species
of warbler. [Local, Great Britain.]
bog-spavin (bog’spav’in), n. A fluctuating
tumor on the inside of the hock of a horse,
due to a dilated synovial sac.
lbog-sucker (bog 'suk” er), m. A name of the
woodcock of North America, Philohela minor.
bog-trotter (bog'trot"ér), m. One who trots
over bogs, or lives among bogs; especially, a
contemptuous appellation given to the Irish
peasantry, probably from the skill shown by
many of them in crossing the extensive bogs
of the country by leaping from tussock to tus-
sock, where a stranger would find no footing,
and from the frequent use they make of this
skill to escape from the soldiery, the police, etc.
bog-trotting (bog'trot'ing), a. Trotting among
bogs, or, more usually, living among bogs: as,
a bog-trotting Irishman.
Beware of bog-trotting quacks.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, lxviii.
With his inherited Irish poverty . . . not to rise in this
world, he nor his posterity, till their wading webbed bog-
trotting feet get talaria to their heels.
Thoreau, Walden, p. 225.
boguelf (bög), v. i. [Prob. K. Sp. bogar, row (cf.
bogar dº sotavento, row to leeward), – Pg. Pr.
vogar = It. vogare = F. voguer, row, sail, X
wogue, E. vogue, q.v.] Nawt., to drop off from
the wind; edge away to leeward with the wind,
as some vessels of inferior sailing qualities do.
—To bogue in, to “sail in"; take a hand; engage in a
work. [Local, New England.]
[A farmer says: “I don't git much done 'thout I bogue
right in along 'th my men.”
Quoted by Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., Int.
bogue2 (bög), n. [K OF. bogue, formerly also
bocque, = Pr. buga = Sp. Pg. boga = It. boca,
boghe (Florio), now boga, KML. boca, for L. box:
(boc-), K. Gr. 363, contr. of 86aš, a certain sea-
fish, so named from the sound it makes.] An
acanthopterygian fish, Boa, boops, of the fam-
ily Sparidae, found in the Mediterranean, on the
west coast of Africa, and in rare cases on the
coasts of Britain. The body is oblong and com-
pressed, the head and mouth are small, the teeth notched,
the eyes large, and the general coloring is brilliant. Also
called boce and boga.
bogues (bög), n. . [OF., - F. bouche : see em-
bogue.] Amouth; an embouchure. Used specifi-
cally in the name the Bogue, the principal mouth of the
Canton river in China (also called Boca Tigris, the Tiger's
Mouth).
boguest (bö’gest), m. [K bol + ghest, gest : see
ghost. ence ult, bogus, 7..] A specter; a
ghost. [Prov. Eng.]
bogusl (bö’gus), m. and a. [A dial. reduction
of a prov. word, existent before the middle of
the 18th century, but first recorded in a very
special application, misunderstood, and hence
the complete obscuration of the etymology.
The word is a dial. form, bogus, *bogis, *bo-
gess, of *bogest, boghest, boguest, a goblin:
see boguest and cf. barghest, of which similar
reduced forms are amply recorded (Eng. Dial.
Dict.). The word as used in America became
generally known only as applied to counter-
feit money, its actual meaning in the first use
recorded (1827), def. 1, not being perceived.
Hence bogy1 = bogiel, bogy? = bogic?, buggy”.]
I. m. 1. A phantom; a specter; a goblin; a
bogy. See boguest. [This is the real sense
in the following passage. It soon gave rise to
the next sense, which arose out of the circum-
stances recorded in the book quoted.]
$.
Bohemian
They dug down some two feet deep and unearthéd and
brought to light a solid piece of cast iron, nearly square,
with a hole four inches square in the center, and a screw
running from the top down to the hole. . . . The thin
was a great wonderment for some time among the crow
that had collected around. . . . Finally some one called
it a “Bogus.”
E. D. Howe, Autobiography and Recollections of a
& [Pioneer Printer (1878), p. 34.
2. An apparatus for coining counterfeit
money. ... •
If the fellow will now ‘pledge himself in the most
Solemn manner,’ that he never procured the casting of a
bogus, at one of our furnaces . . . I will no longer sub-
Scribe myself EXPOSITOR.
Painesville Telegraph (Ohio), July 6, 1827.
II. a. Counterfeit; spurious; sham : origi-
nally applied to counterfeit money.
bogus? (bó'gus), n. [Apparently a reduction
of calibogus. Some refer it to bagasse, sugar-
cane refuse..] A liquor made of rum and mo–
lasses. Bartlett. [U. S.]
bog-violet (bog (viº-let), n. The butterwort.
[Prov. Eng. (Yorkshire).]
bog-wood (bog"wild), n. Same as bog-oak.
bogwort (bogſwert), n. [K bogl-F wort1..] Same
as cranberry, 2.
bogy (bó'gi), m. ; pl. bogies (-giz). [Also bogie,
bogey; a word of rustic orig., an assumed
sing. of “bogis (taken as “bogies), "bogess, bo-
gus, for orig. boguest: see bogus and boguest.]
1. A phantom ; a goblin; a hobgoblin; a
bugbear.
The humble Northumbrian bogie who “fitted" with the
farmer when he removed his furniture.
Encyc. Brit., II. 204.
There is no reasoning . . . with men to whom party
considerations are of the first moment, and who feel bound
to discover bogies in every measure adopted by the party
in power. Sir G. Wolseley, N. A. Rev., CXXVIII. 135.
2. The devil: as, Old Bogy.
I am bogey, and frighten everybody away.
Thackeray, Newcomes.
3. [cap.] See Colonel Bogie.
bogyism, bogeyism (bó'gi-izm), n. IK bogy,
bogeyl, ---ism.] 1. That which pertains to or
is characteristic of a bogy.— 2. Belief in or
dread of sprites or goblins. Thackeray.
bo-hacky (bö-hak'i), n. [E. dial.] A donkey.
Halliwell. [Prov. Eng. (Yorkshire).]
bohea (bö-hé"), n. IK Chinese Woo-yé or Woo-
gé, the name of two ranges of hills in the prov-
ince of Fuhkien, China, where the tea-shrub is
largely grown, and whence tea was first im-
ported into England in 1666. In the dialects
of Fuhkien b is used for w and v.] 1. A gen-
eral name for tea.
To part her time 'twixt reading and bohea,
To muse, and spill her solitary tea.
Pope, Ep. to Miss Blount, ii. 15.
For if my pure libations exceed three,
I feel my heart become so sympathetic, #
That I must have recourse to black Bohea. Byron.
By way of entertainment in the evening, to make a party
with the sergeant's wife to drink bohea, tea, and play at
all-fours on a drum-head. Sheridan, St. Patrick's Day, i. 2.
2. An inferior China black tea made generally
of old leaf, retaining in manufacture a brown-
ish or greenish-yellow hue and having little
strength or flavor.
Bohemian (bö-hē’mi-an), n. and a. [= F. Bo-
hémiem, a Bohemian, and in a secondary signi-
fication a gipsy, K Bohème, M.L. Bohemia, the
country of the Bohemi, Boihemi, or Boiemi,
Latinized form repr. by G. Böhmen, Bohemia,
K L. Boii, a people of ancient Gaul, of whom a
portion settled in what is now Bohemia, +
*-hem, OHG. heim = E. home.] I. m. 1. A na-
tive or an inhabitant of Bohemia, a crownland
and kingdom of the Austrian empire.—2. A
follower of John Huss; a Hussite.—3. [F. bo-
h6mien, because the first of that wandering race
that entered France were believed to be Bo-
hemians or Hussites, driven from their native
country.] A gipsy.
“How I of no country?” repeated the Scot. “No,"
answered the Bohemiam, “ of none. I am a Zingaro, a
Bohemiam, an Egyptian, or whatever the Europeans, in
their different languages, may choose to call our people,
but I have no country.” Scott, Q. Durward, xvi.
4. A person, especially an artist or a literary
man, who leads a free and often somewhat dissi-
pated life, having little regard to what society
he frequents, and despising conventionalities
generally. [Sometimes without a capital.]
By Bohemian I do not mean to be uncomplimentary. I
mean mercly a class of persons who prefer adventure and
speculation to settled industry, and who do not work well
in the harness of ordinary life. Frowde, Sketches, p. 217.
5. The ancient tongue of Bohemia, a member
of the Slavic branch of the Aryan family.

Bohemian
II. a. 1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia or its
language.-3. Of or pertaining to, or charac-
teristic of, the so-called Bohemians; uncon-
ventional; free from social restraints: as, a
Bohemian life;—3. In ornith., erratic; wander-
*::: irregularly migratory; of unsettled habits.
T-Bohemian bole, . See bole2.— Bohemian Brethren,
the popular name of a religious denomination which de-
veloped from the followers of l’eter Chelczicky in the fif-
teenth century. It reached its greatest influence in the
Sixteenth century, and was suppressed by Ferdinand II. in
the seventeenth century in Bohemia and Moravia, but
lingered in Poland and Hungary. It was revived in the
eighteenth century as the Moravian Church. The mem-
bers of the denomination called themselves the Unity
of Brethren (Unitas Fratrum).-Bohemian glass. See
gla&s.—Bohê pheasant. See pheasant.—Bohe-
mian, Waxwing, Bohemian chatterer, a bird, the
Ampelis garrulus, so called from the extent and irregu-
larity of its wanderings. See wazwing.
[K Bohe-
Bohemianism (bö-hé'mi-an-izm), m.
Qian, m.; 4, + -ism.] The life or habits of a
Bohemian, in the figurative sense. See Bohe-
*nian, n., 4.
'bohor (bö’hôr), m.
A variety of reedbuck of
western Afri-
ca, the Cervi- Aº.
capra bohor, a ºğ Nºſ.
kind of ante ºftº:
lope. ºś
bofar, n. See §§
boyar. lºº
boid (bó'id), n.
A snake of the Siſ, §§
family Boidaº; º;
a bºa or ana- \º º º
conda. ޺š º
Bºile (bö’i- is ſº *
ē), 22. pl * & # ºf . º.º.
ñi, º H., ſº Tºº
—H. -idae.] A. Bohor (Cervicapra bohor).
family of non-
612
lent agitation by heat or other cause of effervescence;
hence, figuratively, to be unable, on account of excite-
ment, indignation, or the like, to refrain from speaking;
to break out into the language of strong feeling, especial-
ly of indignation.--To boil up, to rise or be increased in
volume by ebullition: as, paste is ready for use as soon as
it has once boiled wy, let it. boil wo two or three times.
II. trans. 1. To put into a state of ebullition;
cause to be agitated or to bubble by the ap-
plication of heat. Hence—2. To collect, form,
or separate by the application of heat, as sugar,
salt, etc.-3. To subject to the action of heat
in a liquid raised to its point of ebullition, so
as to produce some specific effect; cook or
seethe in a boiling liquid: as, to boil meat,
potatoes, etc.; to boil silk, thread, etc.—To boil
clear, in soap-manuf., to remove the excess of water from
soft soap by boiling it. A concentrated lye is employed
to shorten the time of evaporation.—To boil down, to
reduce in bulk by boiling; hence, to reduce to smaller
compass by removal of what can best be spared; con-
dense by elimination.
After a while he [Bowles] developed a talent for con-
densing into brief and readable form the long and heavy
articles in which the great political papers of the day dis-
charged their thunder. On these he began to practice
that great art of boiling dowm which his paper afterward
carried to such perfection. G. S. Merriam, S. Bowles, I. 23.
To boil dry, in sugar-manwf., to reduce the thin juice
to thick juice by boiling it until it reaches the point of
× crystallization.
boil? (boil), n., [K boil?, v.] 1. The state or act
of boiling; boiling-point: as, to bring water to
a boil. [Colloq.]—2. That which is boiled; a
boiling preparation. N. E. D. [Rare.]—At the
boil, boiling; at the boiling-point: as, the solution should
be kept at the boil for at least half an hour.
bdilary, m. See boilery.
boiled (boild), p. a. 1. Raised to the boiling-
point.—2. Prepared by being subjected to
the heat of boiling water: sometimes substan-
tively (from its use as a heading on bills of
fare) for meat dressed or cooked by boiling:
as, “a great piece of cold boiled,” Dickens,
yenomous ophidian reptiles, with two mobile a Christmas Caröl.
hooks or spurs, the rudiments of hind legs, near
the anus. The name has been adopted with varying
limits, and latterly generally restricted to American spe-
cies: (1) Colubrine snakes with the belly covered with
narrow, elongate shields or scales, nearly resembling
those of the back, and with spur-like rudimentary legs on
each side of the vent. It included the Boidae as well as
Pythomiidae, Charinidoe, and Tortricidae of recent ophi-
ologists. (2) Eurystomatous serpents with rudiments of
posterior extremities. It included the Boidae, Pythomidae,
and Charinidae. (3) Eurystomatous serpents with rudi-
mentary posterior appendages, coronoid bone in lower
jaw, no supraorbital, but postorbital, bones in cranium,
and with teeth developed in the premaxillary. In this
limited sense there are still many species peculiar to the
warmer regions of America, and among them are some of
gigantic size, such as the boa-constrictor and anaconda,
JEunectes murimus. They sometimes attack animals of a
large size and kill them by constriction round the body.
*See ºuts under boa and python. g
boill (boil), n. [Early mod. E. also boile, boyle,
a corrupt form of bilel, due to a supposed con-
nection with boil2: see bilel.] A furuncle
(which see).
boil? (boil), v. . [Early mod. E. also boyl, boyle,
K ME, boilen, boylen, K.OF., boillir, F. bouillir
= Pr. bulhir, buillir, boil, - Sp. bullir, boil, also
as Pg. bulir, move, stir, be active (see budge1),
= It. bollire, boil, K. L. bullire, also bullare, bub-
ble, boil, K bulla, a bubble, any smail round
object (see bulla), X E. bull2, bill3, bullet, bul-
letin, etc. Cf. ebullition.] I. intrans. 1. To
bubble up or be in a state of ebullition, espe-
cially through the action of heat, the bubbles
of gaseous vapor which have been formed in
the lower portion rising to the surface and es-
caping: said of a liquid, and sometimes of the
containing vessel: as, the water boils; the pot
boils. The same action is induced by diminished pres-
Sure, as when water boils under the exhausted receiver
of an air-pump, or when carbon dioxid liquefied under
high pressure boils upon the removal of the pressure. See
boiling-point and ebullition. g
2. To be in an agitated state like that of boil-
ing, through any other cause than heat or dimin-
ished pressure; exhibit a swirling or swelling
motion; seethe: as, the waves boil.
He maketh the deep to boil. Job xli. 31.
3. To be agitated by vehement or angry feel-
ing, be hot or excited: as, my blood boils at
this injustice.
Then boiled my breast with flame and burning wrath.
Surrey, Æneid, ii.
The plain truth is that Hastings had committed some
great crimes, and that the thought of those crimes made
the blood of Burke boil in his veins.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
4. To undergo or be subjected to the action of
water, or other liquid when at the point of
ebullition: as, the meat is now boiling.—To boil
a Way, to evaporate in boiling.—To boil over, to run
over the top of a vessel, as liquor when thrown into vio.
boiler (boi'lér), n. 1. A person who boils.-2.
A vessel in which anything is boiled. Specifi-
cally— (a) A large pan or vessel of iron, copper, or brass,
used in distilleries, potash-works, etc., for boiling large
quantities of liquor at once. , (b) A large vessel of meta
in which soiled clothes are boiled to cleanse them ; a
wash-boiler.
3. A strong metallic structure in which steam
is generated for driving engines or for other
purposes. See steam-boiler.—4. Fowl, meat, or
a vegetable, that is suitable for boiling. [IRare.]
boiler-alarm (boi’lér-a-lärm"), n. A device
for showing when the water in a steam-boiler
is too low or too high for safety.
boiler-clamp (boi'lér-klamp), m. A clamp used
for holding the plates and parts of boilers to-
gether, so that they can be drilled or riveted.
boiler-feeder (boiſièr-fé/dër), m. An appara-
tus for Supplying water to a steam-boiler.
boiler-float (boiſièr-flöt), n. A float connected
with the water-feeding mechanism of a steam-
boiler. It opens a supply-valve when the water falls to
a certain point, and closes the valve when the water has
attained the proper height. Applied only to low pressures.
boiler-iron º, ěrn), m. Iron rolled into
the form of a flat plate, from *s to $ inch in
thickness, used for making boilers, tanks, ves-
sels, etc. Also boiler-plate.
boiler-meter (boi'lér-mê"tér), n. A meter for
measuring the quantity of water used in a
steam-boiler.
boiler-plate (boi'lér-plat), n. See boiler-iron.
A more general term, including steel also.
boiler-protector (boi’lér-prº-tek’tor), n. A
non-conducting covering or jacket for a steam-
boiler, designed to prevent loss by radiation.
boiler-shell (boi’lér-shel), n. The main or
outside portion of a steam-boiler.
A steel boiler-shell may therefore be made of plates at
least one-third less in thickness than a similar shell of
wrought iron. Wilsom, Steam Boilers, p. 49.
boiler-shop (boi'lér-shop), m. A workshop
where boilers are made.
boilery (boi'lér-i), m.; pl. boileries (-iz). [K
boill + -ery.] 1. A place or an apparatus for
|boiling.—2. A salt-house or place for evapo-
rating brine.—3. In law, water arising from a
salt-well belonging to one who is not the owner
of the soil. -
Also boilary.
boiling (boiſling), p. a. 1. At the temperature
at which any specified liquid passes into a
gaseous state; bubbling up under the action
of heat: as, boiling water; boiling springs.—
2. Figuratively— (a) Fiercely agitated; i.
ing: as, the boiling seas. (b) Heated; inflamed;
bursting with passion: as, boiling indignation.
—BO Spring, a ; or fountain which gives out
water at the boiling-point or at a high temperature. The
Yºr
; bois (F, pron, bº), n,
boist
most remarkable boiling springs are the geysers, which
throw up columns of water and steam ;
many others in various parts of the world, often associ-
ated with geysers, characterized only by ebullition and
emission of steam. Some of the latter, as in California
and New Zealand, are strongly impregnated with mineral
matters and variously colored, while others are charged
with liquid mud. See geyser. º, º g
boilingly (boi'ling-li), adv. In a boiling man-
IlGI’. t
- The lakes of bitumen
Rise boilingly higher. Byrom, Manfred, i. 1.
boiling-point º , n. The tempera-
ture at which a liquid is converted into vapor
with ebullition; more strictly, the tempera-
ture at which the tension of the vapor is equal
to the pressure of the atmosphere... This point
varies for different liquids, and for the same liquid at dif-
ferent pressures, being higher when the pressure is in-
creased, and lower when it is diminished. Under the
normal atmospheric pressure (see atmosphere) water boils
at 212° F. (100° C., 80° R.), and it is found that the boiling-
point varies .88 of a degree F. for a variation in the ba-
rometer of half an inch. Hence water will boil at a lower
temperature at the top of a mountain than at the bottom,
owing to diminution in the pressure; a fact which leads
to a method of measuring the height of a mountain by
observing the temperature at which water boils at the
bottom of the mountain and at the top. At the top of
Mont Blanc water boils at 185° F. Under a pressure of
about r}x of an atmosphere water would boil at 40° F.,
while under a pressure of 10 atmospheres the boiling-point
would be raised to 356° F. A. liquid may be heated much
above its true boiling-point without boiling; but the
superheated vapor immediately expands until its temper-
ature is reduced to the boiling-point. Hence, in deter-
minations of the boiling-point, the thermometer is never
immersed in the liquid, but in the vapor just above it.—
Kopp's law of boiling-points, the proposition that in
certain homologous series of chemical substances each ad-
dition of CH2 is accompanied by a rise in the boiling-
point of about 19°.5 C.
boin (boin), n. Another form of boym.
boine (boin), n. [E. dial. Cf. boim, boym.] A.
swelling. [Prov. Eng. (Essex).]
This Iuan Vasilowich wich performing of the same cere-
monie causeth his forehead to be ful of boºmes and swell-
ings, and sometimes to be black and blew. .
e * Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 224.
boiobi, n. See bojobi.
wood, forest, KOF. bois, bos = Pr. bosc = Sp.
but there are:
[F., wood, timber, a
Pg. bosque = It. bosco, KML. boscus, buschus, a
bush, wood, forest: see bush.1, boscage, etc.]
Wood: a French word occurring in several
phrases occasionally found in English; it also
occurs as the terminal element in hautboy.— . .
Bois d’arc (F. }. bwo dark). [F. : bois, wood; de, of ;
arc, bow.] See bodark, bow-wood, and Maclura.
boisbrúlé (F. pron. bywo-brö-lā’), n. [Canadian
F., K F. bois, wood, -H brillé, pp. of brûler, burn,
scorch..] Literally, burnt-wood: a name for-
merly given to a Canadian half-breed.
bois-chène (F. pron. bywo-shān"), n.
wood: bois, wood (see bois); chéne, oak, KOF.
chesne §. adj.), quesne (cf. M.L. casmus),
oak, K LL. quercinus, prop. adj., of the oak (cf.
It. guercia, the oak, K.L. guercea, fem. adj.), K
L. guercus, Oak.] Oak-wood: the name of a
timber obtained from San Domingo, used in
ship-building. McElrath.
bois-durci (F. pron. bywo-diir-sé'), m. [F.: bois,
wood (see bois); durci, hardened, pp. of durcir,
K L. durescere, harden, K durus, hard.] In com.,
an artificial hard wºod made of a paste of
blood and the sawdust of mahogany, ebony,
and other fine-grained woods, molded into was
ºrms. When hardened it takes a high
poll.Sh.
boisseau (F. pron, byo-só'), m.;
(-Söz'). [F.: see bushell.] An old French dry
measure, corresponding in name to the English
bushel, but much smaller in capacity. The Paris
boisseau is now reckoned at 12} liters (one eighth of a hec-
toliter), or about 2% gallons, which is a slight reduction
from its capacity before the introduction of the metric
system; but in small trade the name is used for the de-
caliter (one tenth of a hectoliter). In other parts of France
the boisseau in old reckoning was generally much less
than that of Paris. *
boistlt, n, [Early mod, E. also boost, Sc. buist,
, boist, boiste, also buist, bust, buste, bouste,
bost (= Bret. boest), K OF. boiste, F. boîte = .
Pr. bostia, KML. bustia, a form of burida, prop.
acc., corrupted form of pyarida, acc. of buois,
pyaxis, a box: See boa;1, boa;2, and bushell.] A
box; especially, a box for holding ointment.
Every boist full of thy letuarie.
Chaucer, Prol. to Pardoner's Tale, 1. 21.
boist” (boist), n. [E. dial., perhaps a survival
in a particular use of boist1, or a var. of boost
for boose, prop. a cow-stall: see boosel.] A rude
hut, such as those erected along the line of a
railway for the temporary use of laborers:
called in the United States a shanty. [Eng.]
:
[F., oak-
i.
l. boisseaua,




-rºº . . . " - - * * * - w - * . . t • * +
* …, t. “ - - - 3. “. . ." . . . . • , . . . r’ 2 ” - ºf . * ,
boisterous
. - - -. 613 bole
. is'för- 3 (hº º - * * . To make bold, to take the liberty; use the freedom: ağ,
Thoisterous (bois’tèr-ous), a. [Early mod. E. bokeº (bök), n., in mining, a small run in pipes, I have ****. .# =Syn. 1. Dauntless,
through the jºia."mºnſ. ...ułºśnºrepid, anda:
also ºº:: bowstrous, bowstrous, boistrous; found connecting the oré running:
o - cious, adventurous.-4. Saucy, impertinent, assuming, bra-
K late boistrous, .."; coarse, a develop- vein, R. Hunt.
ment, through the forms boisteous, boystuous, bokeº, n. An obsolete spelling of book. - zen-faced. -
of the earlier form boistous, which it has now bokeli, n. A Middle English form of buckle?. boldt (böld), v. [K, ME, bolden, balden, tººd
superseded: see boistous.] 14. Rough; coarse; bokelert, n. A Middle English form of buckler, intrº, K.A.S. bealdian, intr; be bold,(= OHG.
stout; stiff.
The leathern outside, boisterows as it was,
Gäve way, and bent beneath her strict embrace.
Dryden, Sigismonda and Guiscardo, l. 159.
2}. Rough and massive; bulky; cumbrous;
clumsy.
His boystrous club, so buried in the grownd,
He could not rearen up againe so light.
- Spenger, F. Q., I. viii. 10.
3f. Rough in operation or action; violent;
vehement. [Rare.]
The heat becomes too powerful and boisterous for them.
Woodward, Ess, towards a Nat. Hist. of the Earth.
4. Rough and stormy: applied to the weather,
the waves, etc.— 5. osed to the turbulence
of the elements: as, a boisterous headland; a
boisterous passage.—6t. Fierce; savage; true-
ulent; # of violence: as, boisterous war.
Boist'rows Clifford, thou hast slain
The flower of Europe for his chivalry.
hale., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
7. Turbulent; rough and noisy; clamorous:
applied to persons or their actions: as, a bois-
terous man; boisterous merriment; a boisterous
game.
They love a captain to obey,
Boisterows as March, yet fresh as May.
Scott, Marmion, iii. 4.
In the vigour of his physique, and an almost boisterous
capacity for enjoyment, he was an English counterpart of
the Scotch Christopher North. Edinburgh Rev.
boisterously (bois’tér-us-li), adv. [KME. boys-
trously; K boisterous + -ly2, Cf. boistously.] In
a boisterous manner; roughly; with noisy
energy or activity.
When you come next to Woo, pray you, come not boister-
ously,
And furnish'd like a bear-ward.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iv. 2.
Halloo'd it as boisterously as the rest.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iii. 20.
boisterousness (bois’tèr-us-nes), n. [K bois-
terous + -ness.] . The state or quality of being
boisterous; rough, noisy behavior; turbulence.
Behaved with the boisterowsness of men elated by recent
authority. Johnson, Life of Prior.
boist oust, a. [Early mod. E., also written boys-
tous, boisteous, boysteous, boistious, boystuous,
etc., Sc. bowsteous, busteous, etc.; K ME. bois-
tous, boystows, buystows, etc.; cf. mod. E. dial.
(Cornwall) boustous, boostis, boustis, bustious,
fat, corpulent, boist, corpulence (perhaps a
back-formation, from the adj.); origin un-
known. The ME. agrees in form with AF.
boistous, O.F. boistews, mod. F. boîteua, lame,
but no connection of sense is apparent. The
W. buystus, wild, ferocious, is perhaps from E.]
1. Rude; rough; churlish; Trustic; coarse:
applied to persons. [The earliest recorded
sense.]
I am a boystows man, right thus say I.
Chawcer, Manciple's Tale, l. 107.
2. Rough; fierce; savage.
Mysº i. blonkes [horses] theme bere, thos bustows
- Churlies,
Bot coverde camellez of toures, enclosyde in maylez.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), l. 615.
3. Rough and massive; bulky; clumsy. [Still
in dial. use.]–4. Coarse in texture; rough;
stout; thick. —5. Loud; violent; boisterous.
boistouslyt, adv. [KME. boistously, etc.; K bois-
tº tº
ously.
boistousnessł, n.
boistows -H -mess.]
terousness..
bojobi, boiobi (boi-ºbi), n., [Pg. bojob; ; from
a native name.] The dog-headed boa, or Xi-
phosoma caninum, a South American snake,
family Boidae: notable for the beautiful green color
of its skin. It is distinguished by having smooth scales,
the marginal scales of the mouth pitted, and regular
shields on the snout. Also called araramboya.
hokark (bö’kärk), n. [Amer. Ind.]. A basket
of birch-bark, used by Lake Superior Indians
to hold maple-Sugar.
bokel (bók), v.; pret, and pp. boked, ppr. bok-
ing. [E. dial, also buck; in part a Yar. of
poke: see buck+and* I, trans. To thrust;
ush: poke. Iløſ.
p if: ÖmbranS. §§ust; push; butt. Holland.
boke2, v. A dialectal form of bock, bolk,
[K ME. boistowsnesse, etc.; K
Roughness; violence; bois-
..] Roughly; violently; boister-
bolar (bö’lār), a. [K bole2 + -ar.] Pertaining
to or of the nature of bole: as, bolar earths.
boiary; (bö’iaº), a foieşi-Tarj Pertain-
ing to bole or clay, or partaking of its nature
and qualities. -
Consisting of a bolary and clammy substance.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 3.
bolas14, n., A Middle English form of bullace.
bolas” (bó'lás), m. sing. or pl. [Sp., pl. of bola,
a ball, K. L. bulla, a bubble, any round object:
see bull?, bill.3.]. A weapon of war and the
chase, consisting of two or three balls of stone
or metal attached to the ends of strong lines,
which are knotted together, used by the Gau-
chos and Indians of western and southern South
America. It is used by throwing it in such a way that
the line winds around the object aimed at, as the legs of
an animal. A smaller weapon of the same sort is in use
among the Eskimos for killing birds.
The bolag, or balls, are of two kinds: the simplest,
which is used chiefly for catching ostriches, consists of .
two round stones, covered with leather, and united by a
thin, plaited thong, about eight feet long. The other kind
differs only in having three balls united by thongs to a
Common centre. The Gaucho holds the smallest of the
three in his hand, and whirls the other two around his
head; then, taking aim, sends them like chain shot revoly-
ing through the air. The balls no sooner strike any ob-
ject, than, winding round it, they cross each other and
become firmly hitched. Darwin, Voyage of Beagle, iii. 50.
bolbonacł, n. The satin-flower, Lunaria biennis.
bold (böld), a. [K ME. bold, bald, K AS. beald,
bald = OS. bald = D. boud, bold (= MLG. balde,
bolde, adv., quickly, at once), – OHG. bald,
MHG. balt, bold (G. bald, adv., soon), – Icel.
ballr = ODan. bold = Goth. “balths, bold (in
deriv. balthaba, boldly, balthei= E. bield, bold-
ness, etc.). Hence bold, v., bield, m. and v.,
and (from OHG.) It. baldo, O.F. bald, baud,
bold, gay: see bawdl.] 1. Daring; courageous;
brave; intrepid; fearless: applied to men or
animals: as, bold as a lion.
He has called him forty Marchmen bawld.
Kinmont Willie, in Child's Ballads, WI. 61.
Our speech at best is half alive and cold,
And save that tenderer moments make us bold,
Our whitening lips would close, their truest truth untold.
O. W. Holmes, To H. W. Longfellow.
2. Requiring or exhibiting courage; planned
or executed with courage and spirit: as, a bold
enterprise.
The bold design
Pleased highly those infernal States.
Milton, P. L., ii. 386.
3ł. Confident; trusting; assured.
I am bold her honour
Will remain hers. Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 4.
4. Forward; impudent; audacious: as, a bold
huzzy.
Men can cover crimes with bold, stern looks.
Shak., Lucrece, l. 1252.
5. Overstepping usual bounds; presuming up-
on sympathy or forbearance; showing liberty
or license, as in style or expression: as, a bold
metaphor.
Which no bold tales of gods or monsters swell,
But human passions, such as with us dwell. Waller.
It is hardly too bold to claim the whole Netherlands as
in the widest sense Old England.
P. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 31.
6. Standing out to view; striking to the eye;
markedly conspicuous; prominent : as, a bold
headland; a bold handwriting.
Catachreses and hyperboles are to be used judiciously,
and placed in poetry, as heightenings and shadows in
painting, to make the figure bolder, and cause it to stand
off to sight. Dryden.
7. Steep; abrupt: as, a bold shore (one that
enters the water almost perpendicularly).
Her dominions have bold accessible coasts. Howell.
T e coast [Virginia] is a bold and even coast, with regu-
lar soundings, and is open all the year round.
Beverley, Virginia, ii. "I 2.
8. Deep, as water, close to the shore; navi-
gable very near to the land.
The line [of soundings] was extended to Jacmel, showing A Dict.
bold water to the cape. Science, III. 591.
To be bold or so bold, to venture; presume so far (as to
do something).
Sir, let me be so bold as to ask you,
i`id you yet ever see Baptista's daughter?
Shak., T. of the S., i. 2.
I will be bold, since you will have it so,
To ask a noble favour of you.
Beaw, and Fl., King and No King, iv. 1.
boldheadt, n.
baldén, MHG. belden, trans. make bold, = Goth.
balthjan, intr. be bold, dare), K beald, bold. Cf.
bield, v., a parallel form (K.A.S. byldan), and em-
bolden. f trans. To make bold; embolden;
encourage.
For this business, ,
It toucheth us, as France invades our land, , ,
Not bolds the king. - hałc., Lear, V. 1-
II. intrans. To become bold.
For with that on encresede my fere, -
And with that othirgan myn herte bolde. . . .
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1.144.
bold-beating# (böld’bà’ting), a. Browbeating:
as, “ bold-beating oaths,” Shak., M. W. of W.,
ii. 2.
boldenţ (böl’dn), v. t. [K bold + -en 1. Cf. em-
bolden.] To make bold; give confidence; en-
courage.
- I am much too venturous -
In tempting of your patience; but am bolden'd . .
Under your promis'd pardon. Shak, Hen. VIII., i. 2.
bold-face (böld'fās), n. 1. One who has a
bold face; an impudent person. , .
A sauce-box, and a bold-face, and a pert.
Pichardson, Pamela, xix.
2. In printing, same as full-face. * -
bold-faced (böld'fäst), a. Having a bold face;
impudent: t * , ,
The bold-faced atheists of this age. 4 • . "
Bp. Bramhall, Against Hobbes.
[ME. boldhede; K bold + head.]
Boldness; courage. w .
Ifallen is al his boldhede. Owl and Nightingale, 1.514.
boldine (böl’din), m. [K boldo + -ine2.] A
glucoside extracted from the leaves of Boldu
Boldus. See boldo.
boldly (böld’li), adv. [K ME. boldly, boldliche,
etc., K AS. bealdlice, baldlice (= OS. baldlico =
OHG. baldlicho), K beald, bold.] In a bold man-
Iner. (a) Courageously; intrepidly; fearlessly; bravely.
(b) With confident assurance; without hesitation or doubt.
(c) Vigorously; strongly; strikingly. (d) Impudently;
insolently; with effrontery or shamelessness. (e) Steeply ;
abruptly; conspicuously.
boldness (böld’nes), n. [K bold + -ness. For
the earlier noun, see bield.] The quality of
being bold, in any of the senses of the word.
Great is my boldness of speech toward you. 2 Cor. vii. 4.
Bold mess is the power to speak, or do what we intend,
before others, without fear or disorder.
Locke, Human Understanding.
The boldness of the figures is to be hidden sometimes by
the address of the poet, that they may work their effect
upon the mind. Dryden.
I cannot, with Johnson, interpret this word by fortitude
or magnanimity. Boldness does not, I think, imply the
firmness of mind which constitutes fortitude, nor the ele-
vation and generosity of magnanimity. N. Webster.
boldo (bölſdó), m. [Chilian.] An aromatic ever-
green shrub of Chile, Boldu Boldus, belonging
to the family Momimiacea. The fruit of the plant
is sweet and edible, and the bark is used for tanning.
The leaves and bark are also used in medicine. See
boldime.
bold-spirited (böld’spir’i-ted), a. Having a
bold spirit or courage.
bolel (böl), m. [Early mod. E. also boal, boll;
K ME. bole, K Icel. bolr, bulr, trunk of a tree,
= OSw. bol, bul, Sw. bāl, a trunk, body, = Dan.
bul, trunk, stump, log, = MHG. bole, G. bohle, a
thick plank; prob. akin, through the notion of
roundness, to boll1, bowll, ball1, etc. Bole is
the first element of bulwark and of its perver-
sion boulevard, q.v.] 1. The body or stem of
a tree.
Huge trees, a thousand rings of Spring
In every bole. Tennyson, Princess, v.
The nerves of hearing clasp the roots of the brain as a
creeping vine clings to the bole of an elm.
O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 271.
2. Anything of cylindrical shape; a roll; a pil-
lar: as, boles of stone. [Rare.]
Make it up into little long boles or roules.
True Gentlewoman's Delight (1676).
3. A sº boat suited for a rough sea. Imp.
[Eng.]
bole? (böl), n. [K ME. bol (in bol armoniak,
Armenian bole), KOF. bol, F. bol = Pr. Sp. bol
= Pg. It. bolo, K L. bolus, clay, a lump, choice
bit, nice morsel, K. Gr. 36% og, a clod of lump Of
earth.] 1. A general term including certain
compact, amorphous, soft, more or less brittle,
unctuous clays, having a conchoidal fracture
and greasy luster, and varying in color from
bole
yellow, red, or brown to nearly black. They
are hydrous silicates of aluminium, with more or less
iron, to which they owe their color, and are used as pig-
ments, The red letters in old manuscripts were painted
with bole. Armenian bole is a native clay, or silicate of
aluminium, containing considerable oxid of iron, formerly
brought from Armenia, but more recently obtained in
Various parts of Europe. It is pale-red, soft and unc-
tuous to the touch, and has been used as an astringent
and absorbent, and also as a pigment. Bole of Blois is
yellow, lighter than the other kinds, and effervesces with
acids. Bohemian bole is of a yellow color with a cast of
red, and of a flaky texture. French bole is of a pale-red
Color, Variegated with specks of white and yellow. Lem-
nian bole is of a pale-red color. Silesian bole is of a pale-
yellow color. These earths were formerly employed as
astringent, absorbent, and tonic medicines, and they are
still in repute in the East ; they are also used occasionally
as veterinary medicines in Burope.
[Rare.]
2t. A bolus; a dose. Coleridge.
bole3, n. Another spelling of boll2.
bolek (böl), m. [Also spelled boal; of uncertain
Origin..] 1. A small square recess or cavity in
a wall; also, a window or opening in the wall
of a house, usually with a wooden shutter in-
stead of glass. Scott. [Scotch..]—2. A name
given in the north of England to a place where
lead was anciently smelted. These boles, which are
identified by the piles of slag left by the ancient smelters,
are supposed to have been built by simply placing stones
around a central fire, and in situations where there would
be likely to be a good draft, since no artificial blast was
used. Also called bayle hills.
Close to the spot . . . there was a bole, by which is
meant a place where in ancient times . . . miners used
to Smelt their lead ores. Archaeologia, vii. 170 (1785).
bolection (bö-lek'shqn), n. [Also written balec-
tion, belection, bilection, boleaxiom, belleasion (in p.
a.); a Latin-seeming form, appar. a corruption
of some undiscovered origi-
nal.] In joinery, a kind of
molding which projects be-
yond the surface of the work
Bolection-molding. which it, decorates. It is used
chiefly for surrounding panels in
doors, and in like positions. The word is generally used
attributively or in composition, as bolection-molding.
bolectioned (bù-lek’shgnd), a. Having bolec-
*tion-moldings.
bolero (bö-lā’rö), n. [Sp.] 1. A Spanish dance
in # time, accompanied by the voice and casta-
nets, intended to represent the course of love
from extreme shyness to extreme passion.
Fandango's wriggle or bolero's bound.
Byrom, The Waltz.
2. A musical composition for such a dance.
Tholetic (bö-let'ik), a. [K Boletus + -ic.] Per-
taining to or obtained from the genus Boletus.
Boletus (bö- Fº Wºlſ:
lé’tus), m. [L., ". . . . Jº c
a kind of mush-
room, K. Gr.
£30%T7g, a kind
of mushroom, K
Bóñog, a lump
of earth, a
cłod: see bole?..] e
An extensive genus of hymenomycetous fungi,
generally found growing on the ground in Woods
and meadows, especially in pine woods. In Bole-
tw8 the pores are easily separable from the cap and from
each other, while in the related genus Polyporus they are
adherent to the cap, and are bound to each other by all
interstitial tissue, the trama. A few species are edible.
boleyt (bö(li), n. See booly.
bolide (böſlid or -lid), n., [K. L. polis (bolid-),
a fiery meteor, K. Gr. 30%ig (ſ30%uð-), a missile,
dart, K BáAWelv, throw.] A brilliant meteor.
bolint, n. An obsolete spelling of bowline.
Slack the bolims there. Shak., Pericles, iii. 1.
Bolina (bù-li'nā), n. ...[NL.]. A genus of cteno-
phorans, typical of the family Bolinidae.
Bolina is one of the most transparent of the comb-bear-
ing medusae. The body is very gelatinous and highly
phosphorescent. The sides of the body are developed
into two larger lappets or lobes, which are carried or hang
vertically instead of horizontally. On account of the con-
tractile powers of the body walls, Bolima can vary its out-
lines very considerably; as a rule, however, when the
body is seen from the side, it has an oval or elongated
form. Stamd. Nat. Hist., I. 110.
Bolinidae (bö-lin’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Bolina --
-ida!..] A family of lobate ctenophorans.
bolita (bö-ló’tā), n. [Dim. of Sp. bola, a ball.]
A three-bandéd armadillo, family Dasypodidae
and genus Tolypeutes, which can roll itself up
into a ball. It is also called ball armadillo,
matico, and apar. See cut under apar.
bolivar (bol’i-vár), n. [Named after General
Bolivar.] The monetary unit of Venezuela,
equivalent to 19.3 United States cents. The
. 6-bolivar piece is the Venezuelan dollar. Gold
3. of the value of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 bolivars are
coined.
fi
§§
§ - *
º
S §§
Boletus, entirc and cut longitudinally.
b
614
Bolivian (bö-liv'i-an), a. and n. [K Bolivia, so
called from General Bolivar.] I. a. Pertain-
ing or relating to Bolivia, or to the people of
Bolivia, a republic of South America, between
Brazil, Peru, Chili, and the Argentine Repub-
lic, now entirely inland, having lost its only port
(on the Pacific) by war with Chili (1879–83).—
BOlivian bark. See bark?. -
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Bolivia.
boliviano (bö-liv-i-ā'nö), n. [Bolivian Sp.]
A coin and the monetary unit of Bolivia,
equal to 38.9 cents. Proclamation of the Sec-
retary of the Treasury, October 1, 1912.
bolk (bók), v. [= E. dial, boke, bock, Sc. boak,
boke, bock, bouk, bowk, early mod. E. bolk, bolck,
bulke, K ME. bolken, a var. of earlier baiken, E.
balk?: see balk?, belk, belch, and the forms there
cited, all appar, imitative variations of one ori-
ginal type..] I. intrams. 1. To belch.-2. To
vomit; retch.-3. To heave.—4. To gush out.
II. trams. To belch out; give vent to; ejacu-
late. [Obsolete or provincial in all uses.]
boll! (böl), n. [Early mod. E. also bol, bole,
also bowl (which is now the prevalent spellin
in the first sense); K AS. bolla, a bowl, a roun
vessel (also in comp., hedfodbolla, head-boll,
skull, throtbolla, throat-boll), - M.D. bolle, D.
bol, m., - OHG. pollä, MHG. bolle, f., a round
vessel, bud, = Icel. bolli, m., - Dan. bolle, a
bowl, K. Teut. V “bul, swell, in causal form
Goth. wibauljan, puff up, cf. OHG. bolón, MHG.
bolm, roll; not directly, but perhaps remotely,
connected with bollè, bolm, swell: see bollè,
bolm.] 1+. A round vessel for containing li-
quids; a bowl. See bowll, of which bolll is the
earlier spelling.
His bolle of a galun.
We
King Horn, l. 1123. tº
bolster
bolling (bö'ling), n. [Appar, from bole", but
the form º a confusion with poll1. See
polll and pollard.] A tree the tops and branches
of which are cut off; a pollard. [Rare.]
bollito (bö-ló’tö), n. [It., K. bollito, boiled, done,
fermented, pp. of boiliré, K L. bullire, boil: see
boil?..] A name given in Italian glass-works to
an artificial crystal of a sea-green color.
bollman (bö’man), n. [K Icel. bāl, an abode, +
E. man.] In the Orkney and Shetland islands,
a cottager. N. E. D.
bollock-block (bol'Qk-blok), n. Naut, one of
two blocks formerly fastened on either side of
a topmast-head to reeve a topsail-tie.
boll-rot (böl’rot), n. A disease to which the
boll of the cotton-plant is liable, manifesting
itself at first by a slight discoloration resem-
bling a spot of grease, and culminating in tho
rupture of the boll and the discharge of a ps.
trid mass. Attributed to various causes.
boll-worm (böl’wërm), n. The larva or cater-
pillar of a ;º. insect of the family
Noctuidae, Heliothis armigera, very destructive
in some seasons to the cotton-crop on account
of its attacks on the bolls. It also molests other
plants, and is known, under varying circumstances, as the
bod-worm, corn-worm, ear-worm, tassel-worm, and tomato-
Jrw?t worm. See cut under Heliothès.
bolni (böln), v. i. [K ME. bolmen (also bollen:
see bollº), K. Icel. bālgma (= Sw, bulna = Dan.
bolme), swell, be swollen, K. bālginn, prop. *bol-
gimm, = AS. bolgen (angry), pp. of belgan, swell
(be angry), a strong verb represented in Scand.
by weak forms, and the prob, ult, source of bel-
ly, ºws bag, etc.; cf. bell'8 and bollen.] To
S tº
böln), p. a. See bollen.
jö’lö), n. [Bisaya bolo.] See the sup-
2+. A vesicle or bubble.—3. A rounded pod or *plement.
capsule of a plant, as of flax or cotton. See
cut under cottom-plant.—4. A round knob.
boll.1 (böl), v. v. 7 [K boll1, m.] To form into or
produce bolls or rounded seed-vessels.
The barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled.
Dx. ix. 31.
boll2 (böl), m. [Sc. also bow; earlier bole, boule,
K ME. (Sc.) bolle, appar. K. Icel. bolli, a bowl,
also used for a measure; same word as E.
bolll and bowl]..] An old Scotch dry measure,
also used in Durham, Northumberland, West.
moreland, and the Isle of Man. In Scotland it
was by statute 5.9626 Winchester bushels. The usual
boll for grain varied in different shires from 6 to 64 Win-
chester bushels, or even more, the standard sent from
Linlithgow being purposely made too large. See firlot.
The wheat-boll, also used for peas and beans, was gen-
erally 4 to 4} Winchester bushels. The boll for potatoes
was 8% to 9 Winchester bushels. But there was much va-
riation, with the substance measured, the locality, and
even the time of the year. Thus, in Kintyre the boll o
grain was 9 Winchester bushels and 1 quart before Patrick-
mas, but 16 Scotch pecks after that date. The statute
boll contained 4 firlots. A boll of meal is now reckoned
140 pounds avoirdupois.—Boll of canvas, 35 yards.—
Boll of land, about a Scotch acre.
bollêt, v. i. [Early mod. E., KME. bollen, appar.
an assimilated form of the equiv. bolmen, mod.
E. bolm : see bolm.] 1. Same as bolm.—2. To
increase.
Bollandist (bol’an-dist), n. [From Bolland
(1596–1665), who first undertook the systematic
arrangement and publication of material, al-
; collected by his fellow-Jesuit Rosweyd,
for the lives of the saints.] One of a series of
Jesuit writers who published, under the title
“Acta Sanctorum,” the well-known collection
of the traditions of the saints of the Roman
Catholic Church. See acta.
bollard (bolſård), m, [Perhaps K bole1 + -ard.
Cf. pollard.] 1. Nawt., a strong post fixed ver-
tically alongside of a dock, on which to fasten
hawsers for securing or hauling ships.—2.
Same as billet-head, 1 (a).
bollard-timber (bol’ārd-tim"bër), n. In ship-
building, a knighthead; one of two timbers or
stanchions rising just within the stem, one on
each side of the bowsprit, to secure its end.
bolle1+, bolle2+, etc. Obsolete form of boll1,
boll2, etc.
bollent, p. a. [Early mod. E. also bolm, bowlne,
Sc. bolden, bowden; K ME. bollen, bollum, bolle,
pp. of bellen, swell (cf. Swollen, Swolm, pp. of
Swell): see bellº, and cf. bolm.] Swollen; in-
flated.
His mantle of sea-green or Water-colour, thin, and bolme
out like a sail.
B. Jomson, King James's Coronation Entertainment.
llert, n. Same as bowler1.
letrie, n. See bullytree.
limony, n. See bullimong.
.
Bologna phosphorus, sausage, stone, Vial.
See the noums.
Bolognese (bö-lö-nyés' or -nyéz'), a... [K It. Bo-
lognese (L. Bonomiensis), K Bologna, L. Bomonia,
orig, an Etruscan town called Felsina.] Per-
taining to Bologna, a city of northern central
Italy, famous during the middle ages for its
university, or to a school of painting founded
there by Lodovico Carracci (1555–1619), and
also called the Eclectic School, from its de-
clared intent (in the fulfilment of which it fell
very far short) to combine the excellences of
all other schools.
Bolognian (bö-lö’nyan), a. [K It. Bologna.]
Same as *:::::::::::::: *. phosphorus. See
phosphorw8.—Bolognian Stone. See stone.
boloman (bö’lö-man), n. A soldier armed
with a bolo. [Philippine Islands.]
bolometer (bö-lom’e-tér), m. [K Gr. 30%, a
throw, a glance, a ray (K 36AWelv, throw), + gé-
Tpov, a measure.] An instrument devised by
Professor S. P. Langley of the United States
for measuring very small amounts of radiant
heat. Its action is based upon the variation of electrical
resistance produced by changes of temperature in a metal-
lic conductor, as a minute strip of platinum. This strip
forms one arm of an electric balance, and the change in
the strength of the electric current passing through it be-
cause of this change of resistance is registered by a deli-
cate galvanometer. It indicates accurately changes of
temperature of much less than .0001° F. It has been used
in the study of the distribution of heat-energy in the solar
lunar, and other spectra. Also called thermic balance an
bolometric (bö-ló-met’rik), a. Of or indicated
by the bolometer: as, bolometric measures.
bolongaro (bö-long-gā’ró), n. [Origin un-
known.] A kind of snuff made of various
grades of leaves and stalks of tobacco, ground
bolster (böl'stēr), n. [Early mod. E. also boul-
ster, Sc. bowster; K ME. bolstre, KAS. bolster =
D. bolster– OHG. bolstar, M.H.G. bolster, G. pol-
ster = Icel. bølstr = Sw. bolster, bed, = Dan.
bolster, bed-ticking; with suffix -ster, K. Teut.
v *ini, swell (in Goth. uſ bauljan, puff up),
whence also boll1, etc.] 1. Something on
which to rest the head while reclining; specifi-
cally, a long cylindrical cushion stified with
feathers, hair, straw, or other materials, and
generally laid under the pillows.
Perhaps some cold bank is her bolster now.
ilton, Comus, l. 353.
2. Something resembling a bolster in form or
uSe. Specifically— (a) Any kind of padding about a
dress, such as the cylindrical rolls or cushions, called
bearers, formerly worn by women to support and puff out
their skirts at the hips.
A gown of green cloth made with bolsters stuffed with
wool. Quoted in N. and Q., 7th ser., IIl. 818.
(b) A pad or quilt used to i. pressure, support any
part of the body, or make abandage sit easy upon a wound-
Yºractimic balance.
# to powder and sifted.






* -
bolster -
ed part; a compress. (c) A cushioned or padded part of a
saddle. (d) Nawt., pl., pieces of soft wood covered with
tarred canvas, placed under the eyes of the rigging to pre-
vent chaſing from the sharp edge of the trestlétrées. (e)
A part of a bridge intervening between the truss and the
masonry, (f) In cutlery, the part of such instruments and
tools as knives, chisels, etc., which adjoins the end of the
handle ; also, a metailſo plate on the end of a pocket-knife
handle. (g) in gun., a block of wood on the carriage of
a siege-gun, upon which the breech of the gun rests when
it is moved. º In arch, same as baluster, 2... (1) In music,
the raised ridge which holds the tuning-pins of a piano.
(j) A cap-piece or short timber placed at the top of a post
as a bearing for a string-piece. (k) A perforated wooden
block upon which sheet-metal is placed to be punched.
(!) A sleeve-bearing through which a ºnal passes. (m)
n 8tone-8awing,
one of the loose
Wooden blocks
against which the
b ends of the pole of
the saw rest. (m)
A bar placed trans-
versely over the
axle of a wagon or
§
ſ § ŞS$$
º:- & "
N3
sº
§ss
Wagon-bolster.
2, ºiler. in the middle of a
g car-truck to Sup-
port the body, (o) One of the transverse pieces of an arch-
centering, extending between the ribs and sustaining the
youssoirs during construction.—Bob at the bolster.
Same as cushion-dance.—Compound bolster, in car-
building, a bolster formed of timbers stiffened by vertical
iron plates. -
bolster (böl'stër), v. t. [K bolster, n.1 1. To
support with a bolster. -
Suppose I bolster him up in bed
And fix the crown again on his brow?
- R. H. Stoddard, The King is Cold.
2. To prop; support; uphold; maintain: gen-
erally implying support of a weak, falling, or
unworthy cause or object, or support based on
insufficient grounds: now usually with up: as,
to bolster up his pretensions with lies.
O Lord, what bearing, what bolstering of naughty mat-
ters is this in a Christian realm |
Latimer, 5th Serm. bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
Persuasions used to further the truth, not to bolster
©ITOI’, Hooker, Eccles. Pol., iii. § 4.
Still farther to appropriate and confirm the exciting
narrative of this forgery, he had artfully bolstered it wo
by an accompanying anecdote.
I. D'Israeli, Amen. of Lit., II. 416.
8. To furnish with a bolster in dress; pad;
stuff out with padding.
Three pair of stays bolstered below the left shoulder.
Tatler, No. 245.
One who bolsters;
bolstering (böl'stèr-ing), n. [Verbal n. of bol-
8ter, v.] A prop or support; padding.
bolster-plate (böl'stér-plat), n. An iron plate
placed on the under side of the bolster of a
Wagon, to serve as a wearing surface.
bolster-spring (böl'stèr-spring), n. A spring
placed on the beam of a car-truck, to support
the bolster and the body of the car.
bolster-work (böl’ stêr-wérk), n. Architec-
tural features, or courses of masonry, which
are curved or bowed outward like the sides of
#a cushion.
boltl (bölt), n. gº bolt (in most of the
mod. senses), KAS. bolt (only in the first sense:
twice in glosses, “catapultas, speru, boltas,”
to which is due, perhaps, the erroneous sug-
gestion that AS. bolt is a reduced form of L.
catapulta, catapult) = M.D. bolt, an arrow, later
bout, D. bout, a pin, - MLG. bolte, bolten, LG.
bolte, an arrow, pin, round stick, fetter, roll of
linem, = OHG. M.H.G. bole, G. bole, boleen, an ar-
row, a pin, - Icel. bolti, a pin, a roll of linen
Haldorsen), - Dan. bolt, a pin, band (the
cand. forms prob. from E. or IG.); appar. an
orig. Teut. word with the primary meaning of
“arrow’ or ‘missile.’] 1. An arrow; especially,
in archery, the arrow of a crossbow, which was
short and thick as compared with a shaft.
A fool's bolt is soon shot. Shak., Hen. V., iii. 7.
The infidel has shot his bolts away,
Till, his exhausted quiver yielding none,
He gleans the blunted shafts that have recoil'd,
And aims them at the shield of truth again.
Cowper, Task, vi. 873.
2. A thunderbolt; a stream of lightning: so
named from its apparently darting #. a bolt.
The bolts that spare the mountain side
His cloud-capt eminence divide,
And spread the ruin round.
Cowper, tr. of Horace, Odes, ii. 10.
Harmless as summer lightning plays
From a low, hidden cloud by night,
A light to set the hills ablaze,
But not a bolt to smite. Whittier, Kenoza Lake.
3. An elongated bullet for a rifled cannon.—
4. A cylindrical jet, as of water or molten
bolsterer (böl'stèr-èr), n.
a supporter.
615
ſº-
*
x, Double-headed bolt. 2, Eye-bolt. 3, Lewis bolt. a, head; b,
shank; º; washer; d, nut; e, e, pieces secured by the nut to the object
J', 4', collar; 2, barbed shank surrounded by lead, k.
lass.-: 5. A metallic pin , or rod, used to
old objects together. It generally has screw-
* =3 threads cut at one end, and
sometimes at both, to receive
a nut.—6. A movable bar
for fastening a door, gate,
Door-bolt.
a. carriage-bolt; 3, tire-
§: , wagon-skein window-sash, or the like;
specifically, that portion of
a lock which is protruded from or drawn back
within the case by the action of the key, and
makes a fastening by being shot into a socket
or keeper.—7. An iron to fasten the legs of a
prisoner; a shackle.
Away with him to prison, lay bolts enough upon him.
hak., M. for M., v. 1.
8. In firearms: (a) In military arms, the slid-
ing piece that thrusts the cartridge forward
into the chamber and carries the firing-pin. It
has a motion of rotation about its longer axis for the
purpose of locking the breech-mechanism before firing.
(b) In a snap-gun, the part that holds the barrel
to the breech-mechanism.—9. A roll or defi-
nite length of silk, canvas, tape, or other tex-
tile fabric, and also of wall-paper, as it comes
from the maker ready for sale or use.
Face. Where be the French petticoats,
*g,girdles and hangers?
º Here, in the trunk,
And the bolts of lawn. B. Jomson, Alchemist, v.2.
10. A bundle. (a) Of straw, a quantity loosely
tied up. Also bolting or bolton. (b) Of osierrods,
a quantity bound up for market, 3% feet around
the lower band. (c) Ofreeds, one of 3 feet in cir-
cumference. [Eng.]–11. The closed ends of
leaves of an uncut book which present a double
or quadruple fold.—12. The comb of a bobbin-
net machine on which the carriages move.—
13. In wood-working : (a) A mass of wood
from which anything may be cut or formed.
§ Boards held together, after being sawed
om the log, by an uncut end or stub-shot.—
14+. A name for certain plants, as the globe-
flower and marsh-marigold.— 15. [In this and
the next sense from the verb.] The act of
running off suddenly; a sudden spring or start:
as, the horse made a bolt.
The Egyptian soldiers, as usual, made an immediate
bolt, throwing away their arms and even their clothes.
E. Sartorius, In the Soudan, p. 65.
16. In politics, the act of withdrawing from a
nominating convention as a manifestation of
disapproval of its acts; hence, refusal to sup-
port a candidate, or the ticket presented by
or in the name of the party to which one has
hitherto been attached; a partial or temporary
desertion of one's party. [U.S.]—17. The act
of bolting food.—Barbed bolt, a bolt with points pro-
jecting outward, which bear against or enter into the sur-
rounding material, and thus prevent its withdrawal.—
Bolt and shutter, in clock-making, an adjustment of a
spiral i. in a turret clock, such that while the clock
is winding there may be another spring in action to pre-
vent a stoppage of the works.-Bolt and tun, in her., a
term applied to a bird-bolt in pale piercing through a tun.
—Bri -to bolt, a bolt with an eye at one end and a
Screw-thread and nut at the other, used in drawing parts
toward each other.—Chain-plate bolt. Same as chain-
bolt.—Copper bolt. See copper bit, under bitl.—Coun-
tersunk bolt, a bolt having its head beveled and set into
a corresponding cavity in one of the parts which it con-
nects.--Dormant bolt, a door-bolt operated by a special
key or knob.—Key-head bolt, a bolt with a projection
from the chamfer of its head to hold it so that it will not
revolve with the nut.—Liphead bolt, a bolt of which
the head projects sidewise.—Roller bolts, in coach-
building, the bolts on the splinter-bar to which the traces
are attached.
boltl (bölt), adv.
bolt2 (bölt), v. t.
bolt
Yºr
bolti (bölt), v. [= Sc. boult, bout, bowt, KME. bol-
ten, bulten (in the latter form varying in one in-
stance with pulten, mod. E. pelt', q.v.), spring,
start, also fetter, shackle (= MHö. bulzen, go
offiike an arrow); the other senses are modern,
all being derived from bolti, n., in its two main
senses of ‘missile” and ‘pin for fastening’: see
bolt1, n.] I. intrans. 1. To go off like a bolt or
arrow; shoot forth suddenly; spring out with
speed and suddenness: commonly followed by
out ; as, to bolt out of the house.
Angry Cupid, bolting from her eyes,
Hath shot himself into me like a flame.
B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 2.
This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt, . . .
And oft out of a bush doth bolt.
Drayton, Nymphidia.
2. To spring aside or away suddenly; start and
run off; make a bolt.
Stage-coaches were upsetting in all directions, horses
were bolting, boats were overturning, and boilers were
bursting. Dickens.
The gun, absolutely the most useless weapon among us,
could do nothing, even if the gunners did not bolt at the
first sight of the enemy. O'Donovan, Merv, x.
3. In politics, to withdraw from a nominating
convention as a means of showing disapproval
of its acts; hence, to cease to act in full accord
with one's party; refuse to support a measure
or candidate adopted by a majority of one's col-
leagues or party associates. [U.S.]
Mr. Raymond agreed, . . . after sonne hesitation, but
with the understanding that, if it [the Philadelphia Con-
vention of 1868] fell under the control of the Copperheads,
he would bolt. The Nation, VL 2.
4+. To fall suddenly, like a thunderbolt.
As an eagle
His cloudless thunder bolted on their heads.
Milton, S. A., l. 1696.
5. To run to seed prematurely, as early-sown
root-crops (turnips, etc.), without the usual
thickening of the root, or after it.
II. trans. 1. To send off like a bolt or ar-
row; shoot; discharge.—2. To start or spring
(game); cause to bolt up or out, as hares, rab-
bits, and the like.
Jack Ferret, welcome. . .
What canst thou bolt us now 2 a coney or two
B. Jomson, New Inn, iii. 1.
8. To expel; drive out suddenly.
To have been bolted forth,
Thrust out abruptly into Fortune's way,
Among the conflicts of substantial life.
Wordsworth, Prelude, iii. 77.
4. To blurt out; ejaculate or utter hastily.—
5. To swallow hurriedly or without chewing:
as, to bolt one’s food.
These treacherous pellets are thrown to the bear, who
bolts them whole. N. A. Rev., CXX. 39.
6. [After I., 3.] In politics, to break away from
and refuse to support (the candidate, the ticket,
or the platform presented by or in the name of
the party to which one has hitherto adhered);
leave or abandon: as, to bolt the presidential
candidate.
A man does not bolt his party, but the candidate or can-
didates his party has put up. Sometimes, though less
properly, he is said to bolt the platform of principles it
has enunciated. The essential point is, that the bolter
does not necessarily, in fact does not usually, abandon
the political organization with which he is connected.
He not infrequently votes for some men upon its ticket,
and at the same time bolts others by “scratching" their
ll&l IllèS. N. Y. Evening Post, Aug. 20, 1887.
7. To fastem or secure with a bolt or an iron pin,
as a door, a plank, fetters, or anything else.—
8. To fasten as with bolts; shackle; restrain.
It is great
To do that thing that ends all other deeds;
Which shackles accidents, and bolts up change.
Shak., A. and C., v. 2.
That I could reach the axle, where the pins are
Which bolt this frame; that I might pull them out.
B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 1.
To bolt a fox, in fox-hunting, when a fox has run to
earth, to put a terrier into the hole, and, when he is
heard barking, to dig over the spot from which the sound
proceeds, and so get at the fox. -
[K bolt1, m. or v.] 1. Like a
bolt or arrow: as, “rising bolt from his seat,”
G. P. R. James.
There she sat bolt upright !
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 266.
2. Suddenly; with sudden meeting or collision.
[He] came bolt up against the heavy dragoon.
Thackeray.
[Early mod. E. also boult,
bowlt, boolt, Sc. bout, bowt; K ME. bulten, KOF.
bulter, earlier buleter (mod. F. bluter; M.L. re-
flex buletare) for “bureter (= It. burattare),
sift, K “buret, burete, burate, a coarse woolen
cloth (cf. dim. buretel, burtel, mod. F bluteau
= It. burattello, a bolter, meal-sieve: see bowl-

















Tholt;
tel”) (= It...buratto, a meal-sieve, a fine trans-
parent cloth), dim, of bure, mod. F. bure, a
coarse Woolen cloth, K. M.L. burra, a coarse
woolen cloth (whence also ult. E. borel, burrel,
bureau), K. L., burrus, reddish: see burrel, bu'.
regu, birrus, biretta, etc. Cf. bunts.] 1. To
sift or pass through a sieve or bolter so as to
separate the coarser from the finer particles,
as bran from flour; sift out: as, to bolt meal;
to bolt out the bran.
This hand,
As soft as dove's down, and as white as it;
. . . or the fann'd snow,
That's bolted by the northern blasts twice o’er.
Shak., W. T., iv. 3.
2. To examine or search into, as if by sifting;
sift; examine thoroughly: sometimes with out,
and often in an old proverbial expression, to
bolt to the bran.
For I ne can not bolt it to the bran,
As can the holy Doctor Augustin -
Or Boece or the Bishop frådwardin.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1.420.
Time and nature will bolt out the truth of things.
Sir R. L’Estrange.
The report of the committee was examined and sifted
and bolted to the bram. Burke, A Regicide Peace, iii.
3. To moot, or bring forward for discussion,
as in a moot-court. See bolting2, 2.
I hate when Vice can bolt her arguments,
And Virtue has no tongue to check her pride,
Milton, Comus, l. 760.
bolt2 (bölt), m. [Early mod. E. also boult, Sc.
bout, bowt; K ME. bult, K bulten, bolt.] 1. A
sieve; a machine for sifting flour.—2. In the
English inns of court, a hypothetical point or
case discussed for the sake of practice.
The Temple and Gray's Inn have lately established lec-
tures, and moots and bowlts may again be propounded
and argued in these venerable buildings.
N. and Q., 7th ser., III. 84.
boltant (bólſtant), a. [K bolt1, v., + -ant.] In
her., springing forward: applied to hares and
Tabbits when represented in this attitude.
bolt-auger (bölt’ā’gér), m. A large auger used
in ship-building to bore holes for bolts, etc.
bolt-boat (böltſ böt), m. A strong boat that
will endure a rough sea.
bolt-chisel (böltſchiz"el), n. A deep, narrow-
edged cross-cut chisel.
Tholt-clipper (bölt’klip’ér), m. A hand-tool fit-
ted to different sizes of bolts, and used to cut
off the end of a bolt projecting beyond a nut.
bolt-cutter (bölt ’kut’ er), m. One who
makes bolts.-2. A machine for making the
threads on a screw-bolt; a bolt-threader or
bolt-screwing machine.—3. A tool for cutting
off the ends of bolts.
boltel (böl’ tel), m. [Also written boultel, early
mod. E. (and mod. archaic) bowtel, bowieh, also
corruptly bottle; K late M.E. boltell, bowtell; ori-
gin uncertain; perhaps K bolt!, an arrow, shaft,
roll (with ref. to its shape; cf. shaft, in its
architectural sense), + -el. Formations with
the F. dim. suffix -el on native words were
not usual in the ME. period, but this may be
an artificial book-name. The 18th century boul-
tim, boultime, seems to be an arbitrary varia-
tion. Cotgrave has F. “bozel, a thick or great
boultel (commonly) in or near unto the basis
of a pillar.”] 1. In arch., a convex molding
of which the section is an arc of a circle; a
medieval term for the torus or roundel.—2. A
rounded ridge or border used for stiffening a
cover, dish, tray, or other utensil.
Boltenia (böl-tê’ni-á), m. [NL., after Dr.
Boltem, of Hamburg.] A genus of tunicates,
by most recent authors referred to the family
Cynthiidae, but by a few made type of a family
JBolteniidae.
bolteniid (böl-té’ni-id), m. A tunicate of the
family Bolteniidae.
Bolteniidae (böl-té-ni’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Bol-
tenia + -idae.] A family of simple ascidians,
typified by the genus Boltemia, having a pyri-
form body supported upon a long peduncle or
stalk. By most recent systematists it is de-
*graded to the rank of a subfamily of Cynthiidae.
bolter1 (böl’tér), n. [K bolt1, v., + -erl.] ‘ One
who bolts, in any sense of the verb. Specifically—
(a) One who bolts or turns aside; a horse that bolts. (b)
In politics, one who leaves the party, or refuses to sup-
port the candidate, ticket, or platform of the party, to
which he has been attached. [U. S.]
Mr. Converse . . . had the indecency to denounce the
twenty-seven as bolters from their party.
The American, VIII. 100.
bolter? (böl’tér), n. [Early mod, E., also boul-
ter, KME. bulter, bulture, K bulten, bolt, sift: see
bolt2 and -erl.
616
Bombacaceae
sift. Cf. boulte!?..] . A sieve; an instrument or Massachusetts. It is a silicate of magnesium,
machine for separating bran from flour, or the
coarser part of meal from the finer.
Host. I bought you a dozen of shirts to your back.
F. Dowlas, filthy dowlas: I have given them away to
bakers' wives, and they have made bolters of them.
Shak., 1 Hen, IV., iii. 3.
bolters (böl’tër), n. [Also boulter, bulter: same
as bultow.] A kind of fishing-line.
These hakes, 9nd divers others of the fore-cited, are
taken with threads, and some of them with the bolter,
which is a spiller of a bigger size,
R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
bolter4t, v. č, and t. [A variant of balter, clot,
known chiefly in the compound ülood-boitered,
in Shakspere. See blood-boltered and balter.j
To clot. -
bolter-cloth (böltér-klöth), n. Cloth used for
making bolters; bolting-cloth.
bolt-feeder (bölt'fé"dēr), n. ... An apparatus for
controlling the supply of flour in a bolting-
mill.
bolt-head, bolt's-head (bölt’-, bolts' hed), m. A
long straight-necked glass vessel for chemical
distillations. Also called matrass and receiver.
He
Will close you so much gold, in a bolt's-head,
d, on a turn, convey in the stead another
With Sublimed mercury, that shall burst in the heat.
B. Jomsom, Alchemist, iv. 4.
bolt-hole (bölt’hôl), n. In coal-mining, a short,
narrow opening made to connect the main
workings with the air-head or ventilating drift:
used in the working of the Dudley thick seam,
#. the South Staffordshire (England) coal-
eld. e
bolt-hook (bölt’hiik), n. A check-rein hook
bolted to the plates of a saddletree.
bolti (böl'ti), m. [K Ar. boltwiy.] A fish of the
family Cichlidae (or Chromididae), Tilapia (or
Chromis) milotica, found in Egypt and Palestine.
It is an oblong fish, with 15 to 18 spines and 12 to 14 rays
in the dorsal fin. The color is greenish olive, darker in
the center of each scale, and the vertical fins are spotted
with white. It is highly esteemed for its flesh, and re-
garded as one of the best of the Nile fish. Also called
bolty and bult.
boltingl (böl'ting), n. [Also written boltin, bol-
tom; K bolt1, n., + -īngl.] A bundle or bolt of
straw: in Gloucestershire, 24 pounds. Also
called bolt. [Eng.] .
bolting? (bölting), n. [Also written boulting;
K ME, bultinge; verbal n. of bolt?, v.] 1. The
act of sifting.
Bakers in their linnen bases and mealy vizards, new
come from bowltimg.
Marston and Barksted, Insatiate Countess, ii.
2#. In the English inns of court, a private argu-
ing of cases for practice.—Bolting-millstone, a
lower stone having metallic boxes alternating with the fur-
rows. These boxes contain wire screens, through which
the meal escapes before it reaches the skirt.
bolting-chest (böl'ting-chest), n. The case in
which a bolt in a flour-mill is inclosed.
bolting-cloth (böl'ting-klóth), n. [K ME. bul-
ting-cloth.] A cloth for bolting or sifting; a
linen, silk, or hair cloth, of which bolters are
made for sifting meal, etc.
The finest and most expensive silk fabric made is bolting-
cloth, for the use of millers, woven almost altogether in
Switzerland, Harper's Mag., LXXI. 256.
bolting-cord (bölting-kórd), m. A stiff piece
of rope having the strands unraveled at one
extremity, used as a probang to remove any-
thing sticking in an animal’s throat.
bolting-house (böl'ting-hous), n. A house
where meal or flour is sifted.
The jade is returned as white and as powdered as if she
had been at work in a bolting-house. Dennis, Letters.
bolting-hutchi (böl'ting-huch), n. A tub or
wooden trough for bolted flour.
Take all my cushions down and thwack them soundly,
After my feast of millers; . . . beat them carefully
Over a bolting-hwtch, there will be enough
For a pan-pudding.
Middleton (and amother), Mayor of Queenborough, v. 1.
bolting-mill (böl'ting-mil), n. A mill or ma-
chine for sifting meal or flour.
bolting-tub (böl'ting-tub), n. A tub to sift
meal in.
The larders have been searched,
The bakehouses and bowlting tub, the ovens.
B. Jomsom, Magnetick Lady, v. 5.
bolt-knife (bölt’nif), m. A knife used by book-
binders for cutting through a bolt or the folded
leaves of a section.
boltless (bölt’les), a. [K bolt1 + -less.] With-
out a bolt.
bolton, n. ...A. ºorruption of bolting!.
boltonite (böl’tgn-it), n. [K Bolton, in Massa-
chusetts, H--ite?..] A mineral of the chrysolite
*the chamber beneath.
bomb2+ (bom or bum), v. t.
containing also a little iron protoxid.
bolt-rope (bölt’röp), n. A superior kind of
hemp Gordage sewed on the edges of sails to
strengthen them. . That part of it on the perpendicu-
lar side is called the leech-rope; that at the É. the
Joot-rope ; that at the top, the head-rope. To the bolt-
rope is attached all the gear used in clewing up the sail
and setting it.
We heard a sound like the short, quick rattling of
thunder, and the jib was blown to atoms out of the bolt-
rope. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 254.
bolt's-head, n., See bolt-head.
boltsprit (bölt’sprit), n. A corruption of bow-
Sprit.
bolt-strake (bölt'stråk), n. Nawt., the strake
or wale through which the fastenings of the
beams pass. -
bolty, n. See bolti.
bolus (bölus), n, [K L. bolus, 2 E. bole”, q.v.]
1. A soft round mass of anything medicinal, .
larger than an ordinary pill, to be swallowed
at once.—2. Figuratively, anything disagree-
able, as an unpalatable doctrine or argument,
that has to be accepted or tolerated.
There is no help for it, the faithful proselytizer, if she
cannot convince by argument, bursts into tears, and the re-
cusant finds himself, at the end of the contest, taking down
the bolus, saying, “Well, well, Bodgers be it.” Thackeray.
bolyet, n. See booly.
bom (bom), n. [Also boma, bomma, aboma;
orig, a native name in Congo, subsequently ap-
plied to a Brazilian serpent.] Same as aboma.
bomah-nut (bö’mä-nut), n. IK bomah (native
name) + nut..] The seed of a euphorbiaceous
shrub, Wetriaria macrophylla, of southern
Africa, used for tanning.
Bomarea (bö-mā‘rā-ā), n. [NL., K Walmont de
Bomare, a French naturalist of the 18th cen-
tury.] A genus of amaryllidaceous plants, na-
tives of South America and Mexico. The roots
are tuberiferous, the leafy stems frequently twining, and
the flowers, which are often showy, in simple or compound
umbels. There are over 50 species. See Salsilla.
bomblf, v. i. [K ME. bombem, bumben, variant
forms of bommen, bummen, X bum.1, later booml:
see bum1, boom.1, and cf. $omº, w.] A variant
of boom.1.
What overcharged piece of melancholie
Is this, breakes in betweene my wishes thus,
With bombing sighs?
B. Jomsom, The Fortunate Isles.
bomblf, n. [Var. of bum1, the earlier form of
boom:1. Cf. bombi, v.] . A great noise; a loud
hollow sound; the stroke of a bell. *
A pillar of iron, . . . which if you had struck would
make a little flat noise in the room, but a great bomb in
Bacon.
bomb? (bom or bum), m. [Early mod. E. also
bome, also bombe, bombo, and (simulating booml
= bomb.1) boomb; = G. bombe, K F. bombe = Sp.
It. bomba, a bomb, K.L. bombus, K Gr. 86960ſ, a
deep hollow sound; prob. imitative, like bombl,
boom.1, bum.1, bumble, bump?, etc. The histori-
cal pron. is bum.] An explosive projec-
tile, consisting of a hollow ball or spherical
shell, generally of cast-iron, filled with a burst-
ing charge, fired from a mortar, and
usually exploded by means of a fuse
or tube filled with a slow-burning
compound, which is ignited by the
exploding powder when the mortar
is discharged. Bombs may be thrown in
such a direction as to fall into a fort, a city,
Or an enemy's camp, where they burst with
great violence, and often with terrible effect.
The length and composition of the fuse must
be calculated in such a way that the bomb
shall burst the moment it arrives at the des-
tined place. Bombs are now commonly termed shells,
though shell in the sense of a projectile has a wider mean-
ing. See shell. Also called bombshell.
Hence—2. Any missile constructed upon sim-
ilar principles: as, a dynamite bomb.-3. In
geol., a block of scoria, ejected from the crater
of a volcano.
This deposit answers to the heaps of dust, sand, stones,
and bombs which are shot out of modern volcanoes; it is
a true ash. 4. Geikie.
4t. A small war-vessel carrying mortars for
throwing bombs; a bomb-ketch.
[K bomb2, n.] To
attack with bombs; bombard.
Villeroy, who ne'er afraid is,
To Bruxelles marches on secure,
To bomb the monks and scare the ladies.
Prior, On taking Nanaur.
Bombacaceae (bom-ba-kā’sé-6), n. pl. [NL., K
Bombaa, -aceae.] A family of dicotyle-
donous archichlamydeous trees, related to
the Malvaceae, but distinguished by the cleft
Bomb.
a, a, walls of
shell; b, fuse-
hole; c, cavity
for powder.
62
Cf. OF. buieteor, sifter, K buleter, group, occurring in granular form at Bolton, stamineal column and palmate leaves. There

Bombacaceae
are about 20 small genera, principally tropical, including
the baobab (Adamsonia) and the silk-cotton trees (Ceiba
and Bombaa).
bombacaceous (bom-ba-kāºshius), a. In bot,
relating or pertaining to plants of the family
Bombacaceae.
bombacet, n. [Early mod. E. also bombase,
bombage; K OF. bombace, K_ML. bombaa, (ace.
bombacem), cotton: see Bombaw. The form bom-
bace subsequently gave way to bombast, q.v.]
1. The down of the cotton-plant, raw cotton.
—2. Cotton-wool, or wadding.—3. Padding.
bombard (bom’- or bum’bàrd), n. [Early mod.
E. also bumbard, K. M.E. bumbarde, bombarde
(in sense 4), K OF. bombarde, a cannon, a mu-
sical instrument, F. bombarde (= Sp. Pg. It.
bombarda, a cannon, It. bombardo, a musical
instrument), K. M.L. bombarda, orig. an engine
for throwing large stones, prob. (with suffix
-arda. E. ºš, K L. bombus, a loud noise, in ML.
a firebai, a bomb: see bomb?, n.1 1. The name
generally given in Europe to the cannon dur-
ing the first century of its use. The earliest bom-
bards were more like mortars than modern cannon, throw-
ing their shot (originally stone balls) at a great elevation;
... many were open at both ends, the shot being introduced
at the breech, which was afterward stopped by a piece
wedged or bolted into place. &
Which with our bombards' shot, and basilisk,
We rent in sunder. Marlowe, Jew of Malta, v. 3.
2. See bombardelle.-3. A small vessel with
two masts, like the English ketch, used in the
Mediterranean; a bomb-ketch.-4. A large
leathern jug or bottle for holding liquor. See
black-jack, 1.
That swoln parcel of dropsies, that huge bombard of
sack. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
Yond’ same black cloud . . . looks like a foul bombard
that would shed his liquor. hak., Tempest, ii. 2.
They’d ha’ beat out
His brains with bombards.
Middleton, Inner-Temple Masque.
5+. Figuratively, a toper.—6}. A medieval mu-
sical instrument of the oboe family, having a
reed mouthpiece and a wooden tube. The name
was properly applied to a large and low-pitched instru- .
ment (whence the name bombardon for a heavy reed-stop
in organ-building); but it was also used for small instru-
ments of the same class, which were known as basset-bom-
bards and bombardi P.
7. pl. A style of breeches worn in the seven-
teenth century, before the introduction of
tight-fitting knee-breeches. They reached to the
knee, and were probably so named because they hung
loose and resembled the leathern drinking-vessels called
bombards.
8. [From the verb.] An attack with bombs;
a bombardment. [Rare.]
bombard (bom- or bum-bärd'), v. [K F. bom-
barder, batter with a bombard or cannon, K
bombarde, X E. bombard, a cannon: see bom-
bard, n. The relation to bomb? is thus only
indirect.] I. intrans. To fire off bombards or
C8,1111OIl.
II, trans. 1. To cannonade; attack with
bombs; fire shot and shell at or into ; batter
with shot and shell.
Next she [France] intends to bombard Naples.
Burke, Present State of Affairs.
2. To attack with missiles of any kind; figura-
tively, assail vigorously: as, to bombard one
with questions.
bombardellet (bom-bār-del'), n. [Dim. of F.
bombarde.] A portable bombard, or hand-bom-
bard; the primitive portable firearm of Europe,
consisting simply of a hollow cylinder with a
touch-hole for firing with a match, and attach-
ed to a long staff for handling.
The first portable firearm of which we have any repre-
sentation . . . was called the bombard or bombardelle.
Am. Cyc., XII. 96.
The Man on Foot, clad in light armor, held the bom-
bardelle up. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 490.
bombardier (bom- or bum-bār-dér'), m. [For-
merly also bumbardier, bombardeer; K F. bom-
bardier (= Sp. bombardero = Pg. bombardeiro
= It. bombardiero), K bombarde, bombard.] 1.
Properly, a soldier in charge of a bombard or
cannon; specifically, in the British army, a
non-commissioned officer of the Royal Artil-
lery, º next below a corporal, whose
duty it is to load shells, grenades, etc., and to
fix the fuses, and who is particularly appointed
to the service of mortars and howitzers.—2.
A bombardier-beetle.—3. A name of a Euro-
pean frog, Bombinator igneus.
bombardier-beetle (bom-bār-dër’bé’tl), n. The
common name of many Coleopterous insects,
family Carabidae and genera Brachinus and Ap-
jºr
bombardment
617
bombinate
tinus, found understones, when irritated, they are bombasti (bomº- or bum’bàst), v. t. [K*,
apt to expel violently from the anus apungent, acrid fluid,
accompanied by a slight sound. -
bombard-man? I, (bom’-
'bārd-man),. n. One who
delivered liquor in bom-
|bards to customers. -
They made room for a bom-
bard-man that brought bouge
for a countrey lady.
B. Jonson, Masques, Love
Stored.
(bom- or
bombard + -ment; = F.
bombardement.] A con-
tinuous attack with shot
and shell upon a town,
fort, or other position; the
act of throwing shot and shell into an enemy's
town in order to destroy the buildings.
Genoa is not yet secure from a bombardment, though it
is not so exposed as formerly. Addison, Travels in Italy.
bombardot, n. Same as bombardon.
bombardon, bombardone (bom-bär’dgn, bom-
bār-dó ‘ne), n. IK It. bombardone, aug. of
bombardo : see bom-
bard, n.] 1. A large-
sized musical instru-
ment of the trumpet
kind, in tone not un-
like the ophicleide. Its
compass generally is from
F on the fourth ledger-line
below the bass staff to the
lower D of the treble staff.
It is not capable of rapid
execution.
2. The lowest of the
sax-horns. – 3. For-
merly, a bass reed-stop
of the organ.
bombard-phrase?
(bom/bârd-fråz), m. A
boasting, loud-sound-
ing, bombastic phrase.
Their bombard-phrase, their foot and half-foot words.
B. Jonson, tr. of Horace's Art of Poetry.
bomba.set, n. See bombace.
bombasin, bomba.sine, n. See bombazine.
bombast (bom/- or bum’bàst, formerly bum-
bäst’), m. and a. [Early mod. E. also bumbast;
a var., with excrescent -t, of bombase, bombace :
see bombace.] I. m. 1+. Cotton; the cotton-plant.
Clothes made of cotton or bombstt.
Hakluyt's Poyages, I. 93.
Bombast, the cotton plant growing in Asia.
E. Phillips, World of Words.
2+. Cotton or other stuff of soft, loose texture,
used to stuff garments; padding.
Thy body's bolstered out with bombast and with bags.
Gascoigne, Challenge to Beautie.
Hence—3. Figuratively, high-sounding words;
inflated or extravagant language; fustian;
speech too big and high-sounding for the oc-
casion.
Bombardier-beetle §:
chanzasséygicornets). { erti-
cal line shows nat size.)
Bombardon.
*highest of all.
Bombax (bom/baks), n. [ML., Cotton, a corrup-
bombazine
bast, n.] 1. To pad out; stuff, as a doublet
with cotton; hence, to inflate; swell out with
high-sounding or bombastic language.
Let them pretend what zeal they will, counterfeit re-
ligion, blear the world's eyes, bombast themselves.
wrton, Anat. of Mel., p. 195.
Then strives he to bombast his feeble lines.
With far-fetch'd phrase. Bp. Hall, Satires, i. 4.
2. To beat; baste.
I will so codgell and bombaste thee that thou shalt not
be able to sturre thyself. Palace of Pleasure (1579).
bombastic, bombastical (bom- or bum-bastik,
-ti-kal), a... [K bombast, n., + -ie, -ical.] Char-
acterized by bombast; high-sounding; inflat-
ed; extravagant.
A theatrical, bombastic, and windy phraseology.
Burke, A Regicide Peace.
He indulges without measure in vague, bombastic dec-
lamation. acawlay, Sadler's Law of Population.
=Syn. Swelling, tumid, stilted, pompous, lofty, grandilo-
quent, high-flown.
bombastically (bom- or bum-basti-kal-i), adv.
In a bombastic or inflated manner or style.
bombastry (bom'- or bum’bàs-tri), n. [K bom-
bast + -ry.] Bombastic words; fustian.
Bombastry and buffoonery, by nature lofty and light, soar
Swift, Tale of a Tub, Int.
tion of L. bombya; ; see Bombyx.] 1. A genus of
trees, of the family Bombacaceae, chiefly na-
tives of tropical America. The seeds are covered
with a silky fiber, but this is too short for textile uses.
The wood is soft and light. The fibrous bark of some
species is used for making ropes. .
2}. [l. c.] Same as bombazine.
| Bombay duck. See bummalo.
Mººſ Bombay shell. See shell.
Lº/- bombazeen (bom- or bum-ba-zén'), n.
Same
as bombazine.
s bombazet, bombazette (bom- or bum-ba-zet’),
n. [K bombaz(ine) + dim
of thin woolen cloth.
bomba.sine (bom-or bum-ba-zén'),
m. [Also bombazin, bombasin, bombazeem, for-
merly bumbazine, bumbasine; K F. bombasin
(obs.) = Sp. bombasſ = Pg. bombazima (prob.
K.E.) = It. bambagino, KML. bombasinum, prop.
bombycinum, a silk texture, neut. of bombasi-
mus, bombacinus, prop. (as L.) bombycimus (see
bombycine), made of silk or cotton, K bombaa,
prop. (as L.) bombya, silk, Cotton : see bombace,
bombast, Bombaa, Bombya..] 1+. Raw cotton.
N. E. D.—2. Originally, a stuff woven of silk
and wool, made in England as early as the reign
of Elizabeth; afterward, a stuff made of silk
alone, but apparently always of one color, and
inexpensive.—3. In modern usage, a stuff of
which the warp is silk and the weft worsted. An
imitation of it is made of cotton and worsted.
Also spelled bombazeen, bombasin.
. -et, -ette.] A sort
bomb-chest (bom’chest), n. Milit., a chest fill-
ed with bombs or gunpowder, buried to serve
as an explosible mine.
Bombast is commonly the delight of that audience which bombernickel (bom (bér-nik” 1), m. Same as
loves poetry, but understands it not.
pumpermickel. Imp. Dict.
Dryden, Criticism in Tragedy. bombiate (bom’bi-āt), m. [K bombi(c) + -ate1.]
=Syn, 3. Bombast, Fustian, Bathos, Turgidness, Twmid-
mess, Rant. “Bombast was originally applied to a stuff
of soft, loose texture, used to swell the garment. Fustian
was also a kind of cloth of stiff, expansive character.
These terms are applied to a high, swelling style of writing,
full of extravagant sentiments and expressions. Bathos is
a word which has the same application, meaning generally
the mock-heroic — that “depth' into which one falls who
overleaps the sublime : the step which one makes in pass-
ing from the sublime to the ridiculous.” (De Mille, Ele-
ments of Rhetoric, p. 225.) Bombastis rather stronger than
fustian. Twrgidness and tumidness are words drawn
bombic (bom/bik), a.
A salt formed by bombic acid and a base.
[K L. bomb(ya), a silk-
worm, + -ic.] Of or pertaining to the silkworm.
—Bombic acid, acid of the silkworm, obtained from an
acid liquor contained in a reservoir placed near the anus.
The liquor is especially abundant in the chrysalis.
Bombidaº (bom’ bi-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Bombus +
-idae.] A family of bees, typified by the genus
Bombus; the bumblebees. [Scarcely used, the
bumblebees having been merged in Apidae.]
from the swelling of the body, and express mere infla- bombilate (bom/bi-lāt), v. i.; pret. and pp. bom-
tion of style without reference to sentiment. Ramt is ex-
travagant or violent language, proceeding from enthusiasm
or fanaticism, generally in support of extreme opinions or
against those holding opinions of a milder or different sort.
The first victory of good taste is over the bombast and
conceits which deform such times as these.
Macaulay, Dryden.
And he, whose fustian's so sublimely bad,
It is not poetry, but prose run mad.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 187.
In his fifth sonnet he [Petrarch] may, I think, be said to
have sounded the lowest chasm of the Bathos.
Macaulay, Petrarch.
The critics of that day, the most flattering equally with
the severest, concurred in objecting to them obscurity, a
general †. of diction, and a profusion of new-
coined double epitacts. Coleridge, Biog. Lit., i.
All rant about the rights of man, all whining and whim-
pering about the clashing interests of body and soul, are
treated with haughty scorn, or made the butt of contemp-
tuous ridicule. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 26.
II. a. High-sounding; inflated; big with-
out meaning.
A tall metaphor in bombast way, Cowley, Ode, Of Wit.
bombilioust, a.
bombilla (böm-bêl’yā), m.
bilated, ppr. bombilating. [K ML. bombilare (pp.
bombilatus), an erroneous form of L.L. bombi-
tare, freq. of “bombare, ML. also bombire, buzz,
K L. bombus, a humming, buzzing sound. Cf.
bombl, bomb.2, buml, bumble, etc.] To make a
buzzing or humming, like a bee, or a top when
spinning. N. A. Rev. [Rare.]
p
bombilation (born-bi-lä’shqn), n. [K bombilate:
see –ation.] A buzzing or droning sound; re-
port; noise. Also bombulation. [Rare.]
To abate the vigour thereof or silence its [powder's] bom-
bulation. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 5.
See bombylious.
[S. Amer. Sp., dim.
of Sp. bomba, a pump; see pump!..] A tube used
in Paraguay for drinking maté. It is 6 or 7 inches
long, formed of metal or a reed, with a perforated bulb at
one end, to prevent the tea-leaves from being drawn up
into the mouth.
bombinate (bom'bi-nāt), v, i.; pret. and pp.
bombinated, ppr. bombinating, [K ML. *...;


bombinate
natus, pp. of “bombinare, erroneous form of LL.
bombitare: see bombilate.] To buzz; make a
buzzing sound; bombilate. [Rare.]
As easy and as profitable a problem to solve the Rabe-
laisian riddle of the bombinating chimaera with its poten-
tial or hypothetical faculty of deriving sustenance from a
course of diet on second intentions.
Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 199.
bombination (bom-bi-nā’shqn), n. [K bombi-
Tate. Cf. bombilation.] Buzz; humming noise.
Bombinator (bom/bi-nā-tor), n. [NL. (Mer-
rem, 1820), KML. “bombinare, buzz: see bombi-
nate.] A genus of European frogs, made typi-
cal of a family Bombinatoridae, now referred to
the family Discoglossidae. B. igneus is the typi-
cal species, called bombardier.
Bombinatoridae (bom” bi-mă-tor’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K Bombinator + -idae.] A family of anu-
rous batrachians, having a tongue, maxillary
teeth, and toes not dilated, typified by the genus
Bombinator. It is a heterogeneous group, the species of
which belong to the families Discoglossidae, Pelobatidoe,
and Cystognathidae.
bomb-ketch (bom'kech), n. A small, strongly
built, ketch-rigged vessel, carrying one mortar
or more, for service in a bombardment. Also
called bomb-vessel.
Swartwout and Ogden . . . were them confined on one
of the bomb-ketches in the harbor.
G. W. Cable, Creoles of Louisiana, p. 153.
bomb-lance (bom’lāns), n. A lance or harpoon
aving a hollow head charged with gunpowder,
which is automatically fired when thrust into a
whale.
bombolo (born (bö-lô), m.
pitcher, bottle, K bomba : see bomb?..] A sphe-
bombyciform (bom-bis’i-fôrm), a.
Bombycilla (bom-bi-sil’ā), n.
bombycine (bom’ bi-sin), a.
bombycinous (bom-bis’i-mus), a.
618
Bombya commonly referred to this family are Saturnia
Attacus, Odomestis, Lasiocampa, and Elisiocampa. Seecu
under Bombya.
[K L. bom-
bya; (bombyc-), a silkworm, -H forma, form.]
Having the characters of a bombycid moth.
[NL., K. L. bom-
bya; (bombyc-), silk, -H, -cilla, taken from Mota-
cilla, in the assumed sense of “tail.’] A genus
of birds, the silktails or waxwings: same as Am-
elis in the most restricted sense. See Ampelis.
ombycillidae (bom-bi-sil’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., K
Bombycilla + -idae.] A family of birds, repre-
sented by the genus Bombycilla: same as Am-
elidae in the most restricted sense. [Disused.]
ombycina (born-bi-siºnä), m. pl. [NL., K Bom-
bya, (Bombyc-) + -ina.] A tribe or superfamily
of moths containing the bombycids, as distin-
guished from the sphinxes on the one hand and
the Microlepidoptera in general on the other.
[KL. bombycinus,
K bombya, silk: see Bombya). Cf. bombazine.]
1. Silken; silk.-2. Of cotton, or of paper
made of cotton. N. E. D.
[K L. bomby-
cimus: see bombycine.] 1. Silken; made of silk.
—2. Silky; feeling like silk.-3. Of the color
of the silkworm-moth; of a pale-yellow color.
J. Darwin.
Bombycistoma, Bombycistomus (bom-bi-sis'-
tº-mă, -mus), n. ... [NL., K. Gr. 36p13vč, silk, +
otóga, mouth.] Synonyms of Batrachostomus
(which see).
[K It, bombola, a bºy; (bom’bi-koid), a. Of or relating to
the Bombycidae.
roidal vessel of flint-glass, used in subliming bombylii, ºw. Plural of bombylius.
crude camphor. . It is usually about 12 inches Bombyliidae (bom-bi-li (i-dé), m. pl.
in diameter. Also bumbelo, bumbolo.
bombous (bom’- or bum' bus), a. [K L. bombus,
n., taken as adj. : see bomb?..] 1+. Booming;
humming.—2. [K bomb? -H -ows.] Convexly
round, like a segment of a bomb; spherical.
In some parts [of the integument of the Selachii], as for
example on the head, they [the dermal denticles] often
have a bombous surface, and are set irregularly.
Gegenbaur, Comp. Anat, (trans.), p. 423.
bomb-proof (bom (próf), a. and m. I. a. Strong
enough to resist the impact and explosive force
of bombs or shells striking on the outside.
II. m. In fort., a structure of such design
and strength as to resist the penetration and
Bomb-proof.
the shattering force of shells. Such structures are
made in a variety of ways, but are usually, at least in part,
beneath the level of the ground. They may be entirely of
metal, so shaped that shot and shell will glance from the
surface without piercing them, or they may be of vaulted
masonry, or even of timber covered and faced with mas-
sive embankments of earth, the latter forming the most
effective shield against modern projectiles. Bomb-proofs
are provided in permanent and often in temporary forti-
fications to place the magazine and stores in safety during
a bombardment, and also to afford shelter to the garrison
Or to non-combatants.
We entered a lofty bomb-proof which was the bedroom
of the commanding officer.
W. H. Russell, London Times, June 11, 1861.
Bombshell (bom'shel), n, Same as bomb?, 1.
bombus (bom/bus), m. [L.,
buzzing noise: see bomb?..] 1. In pathol. : (a)
A humming or buzzing noise in the ears. (b)
A rumbling noise in the intestines; borboryg-
mus.—2. [cap.] A genus of bees, family Api-
dae, containing the honey-producing aculeate
or sting-possessing hymenopterous insects com-
monly called bumblebees. See bumblebee, and
cut under Hymenoptera.
bomb-vessel (bom’ves'el), n.
ketch.
bombycid (bom (bi-sid), a. and n.
bycidae.
Scent-organs in some bombycid moths. Science, VII. 505.
II. n. One of the Bombycidae.
13ombycidae (bom-bis(i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Bom-
bya (Bombyc-) + -idae.] A family of nocturnal
heterocerous ſºft. or moths, important
as containing the silkworm-moth, having the
antennae bipectinate, the palpi small, and the
[NL., K
Bombylius + -idae.] A family of brachycerous
dipterous insects, of the section Tetrachaºtaº
or Tanystomata; the humbleflies. They have a
long proboscis, the third antennal joint not annulate,
Bomolochus (bö-mol’ā-kus), m.
bonail
Yº
º
tº: |
º wº *
. . …
ºś
&\º
* §§
§§§
ty
gº, ; ;
* Aſ hºmºſº º
g º: º s: - ſº Sº º
& § tº . Sº
* R ºf Nºrts
Silkworm (Bombyx mort), about natural size.
Juliana Berners, lady-prioress of the nunnery of Sopwell
in the fifteenth century, informs us that in her time “a
bomynable syght of monkes” was elegant English for “a
large company of friars.”
G. P. Marsh, Lects, on Eng. Lang., viii.
Bomolochidae (bö-mö-lok’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., &
Bomolochus + -idae.] A family of copepod crus-
taceans, of the group Siphonostomata, typified
by the genus Bomolochus. The species are few
in number, and parasitic on fishes.
[NL., KGr. 30–
połóżog, a beggar, low jester, buffoon, prop. one
who waited about the altars to beg or steal
some of the meat offered thereon, K 8togóg, an
altar, H- Aozáv, lie in wait, K Žázog, ambush, lying
in wait, K Žáyetv, lay asleep, in pass. lie asleep,
lie: see lay1, liel..] A genus of crustaceans,
typical of the family Bomolochidae.
K. Gr. 86430g, a
three prolonged basal cells, and usually four posterior
cells. The family is large, 'containing upward of i,400 §§ m. Obsolete form of º:
species, found in ºil parts of the world. They usually have bonº, n. Obsolete form of boom!.
hairy bodies, are very swift in flight, and are sometimes bon3+, a. Obsolete form of boom3.
called flower-flies, from their feeding upon pollen and
honey extracted by means of the long proboscis. The typi-
cal genus is Bombylius; other genera are Anthraa, Loma-
tia, and Nemestrina.
bombylious? (bom-bil’i-us), a... [K Gr. 3ouffv-
Atóg, a bumblebee (see bombylius), + -ows.] Buz-
zing; humming like a bee.
Wexatious, . . . not by stinging, . . . but only by their
bombylious noise. Derham, Physico-Theol., iv. 14.
bombylius (bom-bil’i-us), m.; pl. bombyli (-i). [.
Gr. (a) Bouffvåtóg or 3opuff0%toç, a narrow-necked
vessel that gurgles in pour-
ing; (b) (30p13v%tóg, a bumble-
bee; K 36p130g, a humming,
buzzing: see bombus, bomb2.]
1. In archaeol., a form of
Greek vase, of moderate
size, varying between the
types of the lekythos and
the aryballus. It was used
for containing perfumes, and
also for pouring liquids, etc.
–2. [cap.] [NL.] The typi-
cal genus of the family Bom-
+byliidae.
Bombyx (bom’ biks), m. [L.
bombya, (in ML. corruptly
bombaa; ; see bombace, bom-
bast, bombazine), K. Gr. 36p-
8vš, a silkworm, silk, cot-
ton; origin uncertain.] 1.
A Linnean genus of lepidopterous insects, now
the type of the family Bombycidae. The caterpillar
of the Bombya, mori is well known by the name of silk-
worm. When full-grown it is 3 inches long, whitish-gray,
smooth, with a horn on the penultimate segment of the
body. It feeds on the leaves of the mulberry (in the
bon4 (F. pron. böm), a. [F., K.O.F. bom, X ME.
bone, mod. E. boom3, q. v.] , Good: a French
word occurring in several phrases familiar in
English, but not Anglicized, as bon mot, bon ton,
bon vivant, etc.
bona (bö'nā), m. pl. [L., property, goods, pl. of
bonum, a good thing, neut. of bonus, good. Cf.
E. goods, a translation of bona.] Literally,
goods; in civil law, all sorts of property, mova-
ble and immovable.
bon accord (bon a-körd'). [F. : see bon4 and
accord, m.] 1. Agreement; good will.—2. An
expression or token of good will.—The city of
bon accord, Aberdeen, Scotland, Bom accord being the
motto of the town's arms.
bonace-tree º n. IK bonace (uncer-
tain) + tree..] A small tree of Jamaica, Daph-
nopsis timifolia, of the family Daphnaceae, the
inner bark of which is very fibrous and is used
for cordage, etc. Also called burn-mose tree.
A bona fide (bö'nā fi’dé). [L., abl. of boma fides,
| good faith: see bona fides.] In or with good
aith; without fraud or deception; with sincer-
ity; genuinely: frequently used as a compound
adjective in the sense of honest; genuine; not
make-believe. An act done bona fide, in law, is one done
without fraud, or without knowledge or notice of any de-
ceit or impropriety, in contradistinction to an act done
deceitfully, with bad faith, fraudulently, or with know-
ledge of previous facts rendering the act to be set up in-
valid.—Bona-fide possessor, in law, a person who not
only possesses a subject upon a title which he homestly be-
lieves to be good, but is ignorant of any attempt to contest
his title by some other person claiming a better right.—
Bona-fide purchaser, in law, one who has bought prop-
erty without notice of an adverse claim, and has paid a
full price for it before having such notice, or who has been
unaware of any circumstances making it prudent to in-
Black-figured Bomby-
lius.
Same as bomb-
I. a. Per-
taining to or having the characters of the Bom-
United States also on those of the Osage orange), and
spins an oval cocoon of the size of a pigeon's egg, of a
close tissue, with very fine silk, usually of a yellow color,
but sometimes white. Each silk-fiber is double, and is
spun from a viscid substance contained in two tubular or-
gams ending in a spinneret at the mouth. A single fiber
is often 1,100 feet long. It requires 1,600 worms to pro-
duce 1 pound of silk. Greek missionaries first brought
the eggs of the silkworm from China to Constantinople in
the reign of Justinian (A. D. 527–565). In the twelfth cen-
tury the cultivation of silk was introduced into the kingdom
of Naples from the Morea, and several centuries afterward
into France. The silkworm undergoes a variety of changes
during the short period of its life. When hatched it ap-
ears as a black worm ; after it has finished its cocoon it
ecomes a chrysalis, and finally a perfect cream-colored
insect or moth, with four wings. For other silk-spinning
bombycids, see silkworm. See cut in next column. .
2. In conch., a genus of pulmonate gastropods.
Humphreys, 1797. [Not in use.]
bominablet, a. An abbreviated form of abom-
maxillae ru imentary. The limits of the family and
consequently its definition vary much. Genera besides
inable.
bona fides (bö'nā fiſdéz).
bonaght, n.
bonaght!, n.
quire whether an adverse claim existed.
[L.: boma, fem. of
bonus (> ult. E. boom3), good; fides, X ult. E.
faith..] Good faith; fair dealing. See bona
fide.
bonaget, bonnaget (bon’āj), n. . [Sc., appar. a
var. (simulating bondage) of boomage, q. v.]
Services rendered by a tenant to his landlord
as part payment of rent.
[Early mod. E., also written bo-
nogh, bonough, repr. Ir. budna, a billeted soldier,
buanadh, a soldier.] A permanent soldier.
N. E. D.
[Early mod. E., also bonnaght,
bonaught, etc., repr. Ir, budnacht, quartering of
soldiers.j A tax or tribute formerly levied by
Irish chiefs for the maintenance of soldiers.
JN. E. D.
bonailf, bonailliet, n. [Sc.] Same as bonally.



















bonail
On the brave vessel's gunwale I drank his bonail
And farewell to Mackenzie, High Chief of Kintail.
Scott, Farewell to Mackenzie.
bonairt (bo-nār’), a. [K ME. bonair, bonaire,
bomére; short for debonair, q.v.] Complaisant;
courteous; kind; yielding.
Bonair and buxom to the Bishop of Rome.
Bp. Jewell, Def. of Apol. for Church of Tºng., p. 538.
bonairtet, m. [ME., also bonairete, bonerte; short
for debonairte, q.v.] Complaisance; courtesy.
Chaucer.
bonallyt (bo-nal’i), n. [Sc., also written bonail-
lie, bonnaillie, bonnaille, bonail, bonnail; K F. bon,
good, + aller,
speed; farewell: as, to drink one's bonally.
bonang (bö-nang'), n. A Jºvanese musical in-
strument, consisting of gongs mounted on a
frame.
bona notabilia (bö'nā, nô-ta-bil’i-á). [Law
L. : L. bona, goods; notabilia, neut. pl. of nota-
'bilis, to be noted: see bona and notable.]. In
taw, assets situated in a jurisdiction other than
that in which the owner died. Formerly in Eng-
land, when the goods, amounting to at least £5, were in
another diocese than that in which their owner died, his
%r will had to be proved before the archbishop of the province.
bonanza (bö-nan'zā), m. [K Sp. bonanza (=
Pg. bonança), fair weather at sea, prosperity,
success (ir en bonanza, sail with fair wind and
weather, go on prosperously) (cf. It. bonaccia
= Pr. bomassa, º F. bonace, a calm at sea), K
L. bonus (> Sp. bueno = Pg. bom = It. buomo =
IF. bon), º: cf. OSp. malina, stormy weather
at sea, K. L. malus, ...] 1. A term in common
use in the Pacific States, signifying a rich mass
of ore : opposed to borrasca. Hence—2. A
mine of wealth; a profitable thing; good luck:
as, to strike a bonanza. [Colloq., U. S.]—The
Bonanza mines, specifically, those silver-mines on the
Comstock lode in Nevada, which yielded enormously for a
few years. -
Bonapartean (bó'na-pār-té-an), a. [K Bona-
parte, It. Buonaparte, family name of Napo-
leon.] Pertaining to Bonaparte or the Bona-
partes: as, “Bonapartean dynasty,” Craig.
Bonapartism (bö’na-pār-tizm), m. [K F. Boma–
partisme, K Bonaparte + -isme, -ism.] 1. The
policy or political system of Napoleon Bona-
parte and his dynasty.—2. Devotion to the
Bonaparte family; adherence to the cause or
the dynastic claims of the Bonapartes.
Bonapartist (bo'na-pār-tist), m. and a... [K F.
Bonapartiste, K Bonaparte + -iste, -ist.] I. m.
1. An adherent of the Bonapartes, or of the
policy of Napoleon Bonaparte and his dynasty.
—2. One who favors the claims of the Bona-
parte family to the imperial throne of France.
II. a. Adhering to or favoring the dynasty,
policy, or claims of the Bonapartes.
bona peritura (bö'nā per-i-tū’rä). . [Law L. :
. boma, goods; peritstra, neut. pl. of periturus,
fut. part. of perire, perish: see boma and per-
ish.] In law, perishable goods.
bona-robat (bö'nā-rö’bà), m. [It. buonarobba,
“a good wholesome plum-cheeked wench"
(Florio), lit. a fine gown, Kibwoma, fem. of buono,
good, fine, -- Tobba, roba, gown: see bonanza,
boom3, and robe.] A showy wanton; a wench
of the town; a courtezan.
A bouncing boma-roba.
B. Jomson, New Inn.
Some prefer the French,
For their conceited dressings; some the plump
Italian boma-robas. Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i. 1.
, Bonasa, Bonasia (bö-nāsā, -si-á), n. [NL.
Cf. bomasus.] A genus of gallinaceous birds,
of the family Tetraonidae, containing especially
B. betulina, the hazel-grouse of Europe, and B.
wºmbella, the ruffed grouse, pheasant, or par-
tridge of North America. They have a ruffle of
Ruffed Grouse (Bomasa 1477tbella).
feathers on each side of the neck, a broad fan-shaped
tail, partly feathered shanks, and a small Crest. They
are woodland birds, moted for their habit of drumming,
whence probably their name, the noise being likened to
the bellowing of a bull. -
bonbatzen (bon-bat'sen), n.
bombon (bon (bon; F. pron. bêh’bóñ), n.
bonbonnière (boſſ-bon-iār’), n.
O : S00 boon; and alleyl.] Good- for holding bonbons or confections.
bonce (bons), n. . [Origin obscure.] 1. A large
619
bonasus, bonassus (bö-nā’ sus, -nas (us), n.
[L. bomásus, K. Gr.d’. or 36Vagoog, the wild
ox.] 1. The wild bison of Europe; the au-
rochs (which see).-2. [cap.] [NL.] A ge-
neric name of the bisons, and thus a synonym
of Bison (which see).
Same as batz.
a reduplication of bon, good: see bon4, boom3.
Cf. equiv. E. goodies.] A sugar-plum; in the
plural, Sugar-confectionery.
[F.] A box
marble for playing with.-2. A game played
with such marbles. N. E. D. [Eng.]
bonchieft, n. IK ME. bonchef, bonechief, boom-
chief, K bone, good (see too.3), + chef, chief,
head, end, issue, prob. after analogy of mischief,
q. v.] Good fortune; prosperity.
bon-chrétien (F. pron. báñ-krā’tiań), n. [F.,
good Christian: see boon? and Christian.]. A
*highly esteemed kind of pear.
bond1 (bond), n. [K ME. bond, a variant of
band, as homd of hand, etc.: see band 1.] 1.
Anything that binds, fastens, confines, or holds
together, as a cord, chain, rope, band, or ban-
dage; a ligament.
I tore them [hairs] from their bonds.
Shak., K. John, iii. 4.
Specifically—2. pl. Fetters; chains for re-
straint; hence, imprisonment; captivity.
This man doeth nothing worthy of death, or of bonds.
Acts xxvi. 31.
3. A binding or uniting power or influence;
cause of union; link of connection; a uniting
tie: as, the bonds of affection.
Farewell, thou worthy man There were two bonds
That tied our loves, a brother and a king.
Beau. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, v. 2.
There is a strong bond of affection between us and our
parents. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 14.
I have struggled through much discouragement . . .
for a people with whom I have no tie but the common
bond of mankind. Burke, To Sir H. Langrishe.
4. Something that constrains the mind or will;
obligation; duty. -
I love your majesty
According to my bond, nor more nor less.
Shak., Lear, i. 1.
Sir Aylmer, reddening from the storm within,
Then broke all bonds of courtesy.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
5. An agreement or engagement; a covenant
between two or more persons.
I will bring you into the bond of the covenant.
Ezek. xx. 37.
A bond offensive and defensive.
Sir J. Melvil (1610), Mem., p. 12.
6. [K D. bond, league.] A league or confed-
eration: used of the Dutch-speaking popula-
tions of southern Africa.-7. In law, an in-
strument under seal by which the maker binds
himself, and usually also his heirs, executors,
and administrators (or, if a corporation, their
successors), to do or not to do a specified act.
If it is merely a promise to pay a certain sum on or before
a future day appointed, it is called a single bond. But
the usual form is for the obligor to bind himself, his exec-
utors, etc., in a specified sum or penalty, with a condition
added, on performance of which it is declared the obliga-
tion shall be vold. When such a condition is added, the
bond is called a penal bond or obligation. The person to
whom the bond is granted is called the obligee.
8. The state of being in a bonded warehouse
or store in charge of custom-house or excise offi-
cers: said of goods or merchandise: as, tea and
wine still in bond.—9}. A surety; a bondsman;
bail. Pepys, Diary.—10. A certificate of owner-
ship of a specified portion of a capital debt due
by a government, a city, a railroad, or other
corporation to individual holders, and usually
bearin§ a fixed rate of interest. The bonds of the
TInited States are of two classes: (1) cowpon bonds, both
principal and interest of which are payable to bearer,
and which pass by delivery, usually without indorsement;
(2) registered bonds, which are payable only to the parties
whose names are inscribed upon them, and can be trans-
ferred only by indorsed assignment. tº e
1. In chem., a unit of combining or satu-
rating power equivalent to that of one hydro-
#. atom. The valence of an element or group is in-
icated by the number of its bonds. Thus, the carbon
atom is said to have four bonds, that is, it may combine
directly with four hydrogen atoms or their equivalents.
Bonds are usually represented graphically by short dashes.
For instance, the valence of a carbon atom may be repre-
sented thus: CE.
One or more pairs of bonds belonging to one and the same
atom of an element can unite, and, having saturated each
other, become as it were latent. Frankland, Chemistry.
12. In building: (a) The connection of one
stone or brick with another made by lapping
bond
one over the other as the work is carried up, so
that a homogeneous and coherent mass may
pe formed, which could not be the case if every
vertical joint were over that below it. See
chain-bond, cross-bond, heart-bond, and phrases
|below. (b) pl. The whole of the timbers dis-
poséd in the walls of a house, as bond-timbers,
wall-plates, lintels, and templets.-13. The
distance between the nail of one slate in a roof
and the lower edge of the slate above it.—Active
bonds. See active.—Arbitration bond. See arbitra-
tion.—Average bond, in marine insurance, an under-
taking in the form of a bond, given to the captain of a
ship by consignees of cargo subject to general average,
guaranteeing payment of their contribution when ascer-
tained, provided delivery of their goods be made at once.
See average2.— Blank bond, a bond formerly used in
which the space for the creditor's name was left blank.--
Block-and-cross bond, a method of building in which
the outer face of the wall is built in cross-bond and the
inner face in block-bond.— Bond for land, bond for a
deed, a bond given by the seller of land to one agreeing
to buy it, binding him to convey on 1eceiving the agreed
price.—Bond of caution, in Scots law, an obligation by
one person as surety for another either that he shall pay
a certain sum or perform a certain act.—Bond of cor-
roboration, an additional obligation granted by the
debtor in a bond, by which he corroborates the original
obligation.— Bond of indemnity, a bond conditioned to
indemnify the obligee against some loss or liability.—
Bond of presentation, in Scots law, a bond to present a
debtor so that he may be subjected to the diligence of his
creditor.— Bond of relief, in Scots law, a bond by the
principal debtor granted in favor of a cautioner, by which
the debtor binds himself to relieve the cautioner front
the consequences of his obligation.— Collateral trust—
bonds, bonds issued by a corporation and secured, not,
as is usual, by a mortgage on its own property, but by
pledging or depositing in trust, on behalf of the bondhold-
ers to be secured, mortgage-bonds of other companies held
by it as security. The interest paid on these collateral
trust-bonds is usually less than that received on the bonds
pledged, the surplus being used to form a sinking-fund for
the redemption of the former.—Consolidated bonds,
the name commonly given to railroad bonds secured by
mortgage on the entire line formed by several consoli-
dated roads, in contradistinction to divisional bonds,
which are obligations of the consolidated company se-
cured by mortgage on some particular division of the rail-
road.—Convertible bonds, evidences of debt issued by
a stock company which contain a provision that they may
be converted at the holder's will into an equivalent amount
of stock. — Di-
agonal bond, in
bricklaying, the
simplest form of
raking bond, in
which the courses
are all parallel to
each other.— Di-
Visional bonds.
See under con-
solidated bonds,
above. º
bond, that dispo-
sition of bricks in
a wall in which
the courses are
alternately conn-
posed entirely of
headers, or bricks
laid with their heads or ends toward the face of the wall,
4
IITTTT
||||||||||
3
1, face of wall; 2, end of wall ; 3, first-
course bed ; 4, second-course bed.
and of stretchers, or bricks with their length parallel
to the face of the
wall. — Flemish
bond, that dis-
position of bricks
in a wall in
which each course
is composed of
headers and
stretchers alter-
nately.
What is in Eng-
land called Flem-
ish bond is un-
known in Flan-
ders, and is prac-
tised in the Brit-
ish Isles alone.
Encyc. Brit., IV.
[461.
Forthcoming bond, a bond given by some one guaran-
teeing that something shall be produced or forthcoming
at a particular time, or when called for.—Garden-bond.
Same as block-bond.—General mortgage-bonds, the
name commonly given to a corporate mortgage, which,
though nominally covering all property of the company, is
of inferior security because subject to prior mortgages of
various kinds.—Good bond, an expression used by car-
penters to denote the firm fastening of two or more pieces
together, by tenoning, mortising, or dovetailing.—Herit-
able bond, in Scots law, a bond for a sum of money, to
which is joined for the creditor's further security a con-
veyance of land or of heritage, to be held by the creditor
in security of the debt —Herring-bone bond, in brick-
laying, a kind of raking bond in which the courses lie al-
ternately at right angles to each other, so that every two
courses, taken together, present an appearance similar to
the backbone of a fish.-Income-bonds, bonds of a cor-
poration secured by a pledge of or lien üpon the net in-
come, after payment of interest upon senior mortgages.
Cumulative income-bonds are those so expressed that, if
the met surplus income of any year is not sufficient to pay
full interest on the income-bond, the deficit is carried for-
ward as a lien upon such income in following years, until
paid in full.—Lloyd’s bond, a form of legal instrument
devised by an English barrister named Lloyd, to enable
railway and other corporate companies in England to in-
crease their indebtedness without infringing the statutes
Flemish Bond.
I, face of wall; 2, end of wall ; 3, first-
course bed ; 4, Second-course bed.




- bond
under which they were incorporated and which prohibited
borrowing. This end was accomplished by issuing bonds
bearing interest for work done or for goods delivered.—
Passive bonds. See active bonds, under active.—Quarry-
stone bond, rubble masonry.-- bond, a method
of bricklaying in which the bricks are laid at an angle in
the face of the wall. There are two kinds, diagonal and
herring-bone,—Registered bond, an obligation, usually
of a State or corporation, for the pāyment of money, regis-
tered in the holder's mame on the books of the debtor, and
represented by a single certificate delivered to the credi-
tor.—R. bond, in bricklaying, same as English
bond.—Straw bond, a bond upon which either fictitious
names or the names of persons unable to pay the sum
Yºrguaranteed are written as names of sureties.
bondl (bond), v. [K bond.1, m.] I. trans. 1. To
put in bond or into a bonded warehouse, as
goods liable for customs or excise duties, the
duties remaining unpaid till the goods are taken
out, but bonds being given for their payment:
as, to bond 1,000 pounds of tobacco.—2. To
grant a bond or bond and mortgage on ; as, to
bond property.—3. To convert into bonds: as,
to bond a debt.—4. To place a bonded debt up-
on : as, to bond a railroad.—5. In building, to
bind or hold together (bricks or stones in a wall)
by a proper disposition of headers and stretch-
ers, or by cement, mortar, etc. See bond.1, n.,12.
The lower parts of the palace-walls, which are preserved
to a height of eighteen inches to three feet, consist of quar-
ry-stones bonded with clay. N. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 526.
Town-bonding acts or laws, laws enacted by several of
the United States, authorizing towns, counties, and other
municipal corporations to issue their corporate bonds for
the purpose of aiding the construction of railroads.
II, intrans. To hold together from being
bonded, as bricks in a wall.
The imperfectly shaped and variously sized stone as
dressed rubble can neither bed nor bond truly.
Encyc. Brit., IV. 448.
Toond2 (bond), m. and a... [K ME. bonde, peasant,
servant, bondman. . bonde occurs in. its
proper sense of ‘man of inferior rank,’ also
as adj., unfree, bond (> ML. bondus, AF. bond,
bonde), K AS. bonda, bunda, a householder,
head of a family, husband (see husband), K
Icel. bondi, contr. of bàamdi, būandi, a husband-
man, householder (= OSw, boamdi, bondi, Sw.
Dan. bonde, a farmer, husbandman, peasant),
prop. ppr. (= AS. biºende) of bila = AS. bilan,
dwell, trans. occupy, till. From the same root
come boor, Boer, bowerl, boweró, boun, bound4,
big2, and ult, bel. The same element bond oc-
curs unfelt in husband, earlier husbond : see hus-
band. The word bond, prop. a noun, acquired
an adjective use from its frequent occurrence
as the antithesis of free. The motion of servi-
tude is not original, but is due partly to the
inferior nature of the tenure held by the bond
(def. 2), and partly to a confusion with the un-
related bondl and bound, pp. of bind.]. I.4 m.
1. A peasant; a churl.–2. A vassal; a serf;
one held in bondage to a superior.
II. a. 1+. Subject to the tenure called bond-
age.—2. In a state of servitude or slavery;
not free.
Whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond
or free. or. xii. 13.
Riche & pore, free & bonde, that Wol axe grace.
Hymns to the Virgin, p. 53.
Lered men & lay, fre & bond of toune.
Robert of Brunne, tr. by Langtoft, p. 171.
Makyng them selues bonde to vanitie and vice at home,
they are content to beare the yoke of Seruyng Straungers
abroad. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 72.
3+. Servile; slavish; pertaining to or befitting
a slave : as, bond fear.
Thond2+ (bond), v. t. [K bond?, m. or a.] To
subject to bondage.
bondage (bon’dāj), n. [Early mod. E. also
boundage; K ME. bondage, AF, bondage, ML.
bondagium, an inferior tenure held by a bond
or husbandman: see bond?, n., 2. In mod, use
associated with bond1 and bound 1.] 1. In old
Eng., law, villeinage; tenure of land by per-
forming the meanest services for a Superior.
Syche bondage shalle I to theym beyde,
To dyke and delf, bere and draw,
And to do alle unhonest deyde.
Towneley Mysteries, p. 57.
2. In Scot, agri., the state of, or services due
by, a bondager. See bondager.
Another set of payments consisted in services called
bondage. These were exacted either in seed-time in plough-
ing and harrowing the proprietor's land, or in Summer in
the carriage of his coals or other fuel, and in harvest in
cutting down his crop. Agric. Survey, Kincardineshire.
[From the foregoing extract it will be seen that formerly
the system had place not only, as now, between farmer
and laborer, but also between proprietor and farmer.]
3t. Obligation; tie of duty; binding power or
influence.
. He must resolve by no means to be enslaved and to be
brought under the bondage of observing oaths. Sowth.
620.
4. Slavery or involuntary servitude; serfdom.
Dragging the slowly length i..."º, ºn
r th € S1OWIW, Ien €Illing CI18 lin. Of th9 € UO ÚII6
º, y *; Cassandra §.
5. Captivity; imprisonment; restraint of a
person's liberty by compulsion.
A day, an hour, of virtuous liberty
Is worth a whole eternity in bondage.
Addison, Cato, ii. 1.
6. Figuratively, subjection to some power or
influence: as, he is in bondage to his appetites.
=Syn. 4. Slavery, etc. (see servitude), thraldom, serfdom.
bondage (bon’dāj), v. t.; pret. and pp. bondaged,
ppr. bondaging. [K bondage, n.] To reduce to
bondage or slavery; enslave. [Obsolete or rare.]
bondager (bon(dā-jër), n. IK bondage, n., +
-erl.] In Scotland and the north of England,
one who rents a cottage on a farm and is
bound, as a condition of his tenancy, to work
for the farmer at certain seasons, such as tur-
mip-hoeing or harvest-time, or to supply a work-
er from his own family, at current wages. See
bondage, n., 2.
bond-cooper (bond'kūp’ér), n., Qne who has
charge of casks of wine and spirits held in bond.
bond-creditor (bondſkred’i-tor), n. A creditor
who is secured by a bond.
bond-debt (bondſ det), m. A debt contracted
under the obligation of a bond.
bonded (bon’ded), p. a. [K bondl., v., +-ed?..] 1.
Secured by bonds, as duties.—2. Put or placed
in bond: as, bonded goods.-3. Encumbered;
mortgaged: as, heavily bonded property.—4.
Secured by or consisting of bonds: as, bonded
debt.—Bonded debt, that part of the entire indebted-
ness of a corporation, state, etc., which is represented
by the bonds it has issued, as distinguished from floating
debt.—Bonded Warehouse, or bonded store, a build-
ing or warehouse in which imported goods subject to duty
or goods chargeable withinternal-revenue taxes, are store
until the importer or bonder withdraws them for exporta-
tion without payment of duty or tax, or makes payment
of the duties or taxes and takes delivery of his goods.
bonderl (bon"dēr), n. . bond.1, v., + -erl.] 1.
One who bonds; one who deposits goods in a
'bonded warehouse.—2. In masonry, a stone
which reaches a considerable distance into or
entirely through a wall for the purpose of bind-
ing it together: principally used when the wall bone". (bon), n.
is faced with ashler for the purpose of º;
the facing to the rough backing. Also calle
bond-stone. See cut under ashler.
bonder? (bon’dér), n. . . [Erroneously K Dan.
Sw. Norw. bonde (pl. bānder): see bond2, n.]
A yeoman of Norway, Sweden, or Denmark.
The bonders gathered to the thing as the ceorls to the
moot. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 55.
Gradually arms were taken from the hands of the free-
men and the bonders, and they sank to the condition of
serfs. Feary, Prim. Belief, p. 458.
bºngerman (bon’dér-man), n. Same as bon-
der2.
bondfolk (bond'fök), m. [K ME. bondefolk (=
Sw. bondfolk = Dan. bondefollº); K bond2+ folk.]
Persons held in bondage. Chaucer.
bondholder (bond'hôl"dēr), n. One who holds
or owns a bond or bonds issued by a govern-
ment, a corporation, or an individual.
The South had bonds and bondholders as well as the
North, and their bomdholders have memories as well as
OUITS. N. A. Rev., CXXVI. 498.
bondland (bond’land), n. [K bond2 + land.]
Land held by bondage tenure. See bondage,
*., 1.
bondless (bond’les), a. [K bond1 + -less.]
Without bonds or fetters; unfettered.
bondlyt, adv. [K bond2 + -ly?..] As a serf or
slave; servilely. -
bondmaid (bond'mād), m. [K bond? -- maid.]
A female slave, or a female bound to service
without wages.
Thy bondmen and thy bondmaids. Lev. xxv. 44.
bondman (bond’man), m.; pl. bondmen (-men.)
[ME. bondeman = Dan, bondemand; K bond2 +
man.] 1. In old Eng. law, a villein, or tenant
in villeinage.
Sometimes a farmer when seed-time was over mustered
his bondmen for a harvest of pillage ere the time came
for harvesting his fields. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 56.
2. A man slave, or a man bound to service
without wages. Also improperly written bonds-
77.0%.—Bondman blindf. Same as blindman's-buff, 1.
bond-paper (bond"pā-pèr), n. [K bond1 + pa-
per.] A strong paper, of a special quality, used
for bonds, bank-notes, etc.
bond-servant (bond'sér”vant), n. A slave; one
who is subjected to the authority of another,
and who must give his service without hire.
ºvant.
bond-service (bond'sèrºvis), n.
bond-stone (bond'stön), n.
bond-timber (bond’tim"bér), n.
bonduc (bon’duk), 7.
If thy brother . . . be waxen poor, and be sold unto
thee, thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond-8er-
- - Lev. xxv. 39.
& Service with-
out hire, as of a bond-servant; slavery.
Upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bond-service.
1 ICi. ix. 21.
bond-slave (bond'slāv), n. A person in a state
of slavery; one whose person and liberty are
subjected to the authority of a master; a jº ;
a bondman.
bondsman! (bondz’man), m.; pl. bondsmen
-men). [K bond's, poss. of bond.1, -- man.]
law, a surety; one who is bound or who
by bond becomes surety for another.
bondsman? (bondz’man), m.; pl. bondsmen
Same as bondman, 2.
(-men).
[K bond.1, 12 (a), +
stone..] Same as bonderl, 2.
bondswoman (bondzºwtim'an), m.; pl. bonds-
See bondwoman.
- The Senators
Are sold for slaves, and their wives for bondswomen.
B. Jomsom, Catiline.
women (-wim’en).
bond-tenant (bond"ten"ant), n. [K bond” +
tenant.] law, a name sometimes given to
copyholders and customary tenants. -
[K bond.1, 12
(b), + timber.] One of the timbers placed in
horizontal tiers at certain intervals in the walls
of buildings, for fixing battens, laths, and other
finishings of wood, and for strengthening tºle
wall longitudinally. Also called chain-timber.
[F. bonduc, K. Ar. bon-
duq, also funduq, - Hind. Jinduq, K Pers.
Jundug, findwg, a hazelnut, a bullet, a ball,
OPers. pendak, a filbert, perhaps = Skt. pin-
daka, dim. of pinda, a ball, lump, cake.] A
thorny leguminous shrub of the genus Guilan-
dina, G. Crista, of tropical shores; the nicker-
tree. The seeds of the bonduc are of a clear slate-color,
and are used for necklaces, rosaries, etc. They are called
2nºcker-mwts.
bondwoman (bondſwum'an), m.; pl. bondwomen
(-wim"en). M.E. bond-wommam, K bonde (see
bond2) + womman, woman.] A female slave.
*Also improperly written bondswoman.
[= Sc. bane, bain; K ME. boon,
bon, ban, bane, KAS. bān, a bone, - OS. bān =
OFries. bān = D. been = MLG. bān, LG. been =
OHG. M.H.G. G. bein, a bone, - feel.ºein-Sw.
ben = Dan. ben, been (D. G. Icel. Sw. and
Dan. also in sense of ‘leg’); perhaps akin
to Icel. beinn, straight.] 1. An animal tissue,
A.
lº º º - s tº
§ sºº" º #" ... " º º ſº §
§§
A 8
º
f
{ºll flºº.
4 * * iſ º '..ſº as wr
* #&#, ſº : : §
jº ſº 5. ſº Wº
a § iſ º. º.º. §
ºf #Pºli º
Microscopical Structure of Bone.
A, cross-section showing two Haversian canals, a, a, and numerous
corpuscles, b, b. , longitudinal section showing a, a, a, Haversian
canals, and b, many corpuscles.
ſº
ſº º
5A: ºyº
º
consisting of branching cells lying in an in-
tercellular substance made hard with earth
salts (consisting of calcium phosphate wit
small amounts of calcium carbonate and mag-
nesium phosphate, etc.), and forming the sub-
stance of the skeleton or hard framework of
the body of most vertebrate animals. When the
earthy salts are removed, the remaining intercellular
substance is of cartilaginous consistency, and is called
OSsein or bone-cartilage. *
Through the substance of bone are scattered minute
cavities—the lacunae, which send out multitudinous
ramifications, the canaliculi. The canaliculi of different
lacunae unite together, and thus establish a communi-
cation between the different lacunae. If the earthy
matter be extracted by dilute acids, a nucleus may be
found in each lacuna; and, . . . not unfrequently, the
intermediate substance appears minutely fibrillated. . . .
In a dry bone, the lacunae are usually filled with air.
When a thin section of such a bone is . . . covered with
water and a thin glass, and placed under the microscope,
the air in the lacunae refracts the light which passes
through them in such a manner as to prevent its reach-
ing the eye, and they appear black. . . . All bones, ex-
cept the smallest, are traversed by small canals, con-
verted by side branches into a met-work, and containing
vessels supported by more or less connective tissue and
fatty matter. These are called Haversian canals.
Huailey and Yowmans, Physiol., § 350.
2. One of the parts which make up the skele-
ton or framework of vertebrate animals: as, a
bone of the leg or head. Bones of cattle and other
animals are extensively used in the arts in forming knife-
handles, buttons, combs, etc., in making size, gelatin,
lampblack, and animal charcoal, and for various other
purposes. They are also extensively employed as a ma-







bone
nure for dry soils, with the very best effect, bein und
to dust, bruised, or broken into small #...}}.
or dissolved in sulphuric acid. The great utility of bones
as a manure arises from the phosphate of lime they sup-
§ to the soil.
... pl. The bones of the body taken collectively;
the skeleton; hence, the bodily frame; a body.
Night hangs upon mine eyes: my bones would rest
That have but labour'd to attain this hour.
Shak., J. C., v. 5.
4. pl. Mortal remains: the skeleton or bony
structure being the most permanent part of a
dead body.
And Moses took the bones of Joseph with him : for he
had straitly sworn the children of Israel, saying, God will
surely visit yoh; and ye shall carry up my boneg away
hence with you. Ex. xiii.
19.
5. The internal shell of cuttlefishes of the fam-
ily Sepiidae, having the consistency of bone.
Generally called cuttle-bone or cuttlefish-bone.—
6. Something made of bone, or of a substance
resembling bone, as ivory, whalebone, etc.
(a) pl. Dice. [Slang or colloq.]
He felt a little odd when he first rattled the bones.
Disraeli, Young Duke, ii. 6.
{} pl. A name formerly given to the bobbins used in mak-
ng lace, because made of bone.
The spinsters and the knitters in the sun,
And the free maids, that weave their thread with bones.
ak., T. N., ii. 4.
(c) pl. Pieces of bone, ivory, or wood, used in pairs, held
between the fingers, and rattled together to produce a
kind of music, or to #eep time to music.
I have a reasonable good ear in music; let us have the
tongs and the bones. Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
Peter rolling about in the chair like a serenader play-
ing the bones. Mayhew.
(d) A strip of whalebone used to stiffen stays, etc.
... pl. A person who performs with the bones.
There were five of them — Pell was bones. Mayhew.
8}. Half of the stake in the game of bone-ace
(which see).-9. In coal-mining, slaty or clayey
portions or partings in coal.-A bone to pick,
something to occupy one ; a difficulty, dispute, etc., to
solve or settle ; a cause of contention.— ar bone.
See angwlar.—Articular. bone. Same as articulare.—
Bag of bones. See bagl.—Bone of contention, a sub-
ject of dispute or rivalry: probably from the manner in
Which dogs quarrel over a bone. .'
While any flesh remains on a bone, it continues a bone
of contention. . . . . . . Brooke, Fool of Quality, I. 249.
Sardinia was one of the chief bomes of contention between
Genoa and Pi . . . - Brougham.
BOne porcelain, a name given to fine pottery in the com-
position of which bone-dust has been used. Bones of
Bertin, in amat., two small, triangular, turbinated bones,
often found beneath the small opening of the sphenoidal
sinus; the sphenoidal spongy bones, or sphenoturbinals.
—Canaliculi, of bone. See canaliculus-Coracoid,
coronary, cotyloid, cranial bone. See the adjectives.
—Crazy bone, Same as funny-bome.—Cuneifo Cy-
lindri etc., bone. See the adjectives.—Earth of
bone. See earth.-Epactal bone, in anat., the Wormian
bone at the Superior angle of the occipital bone.—Eth-
moid bone. See ethmoid.—Funny bone. See funny-
bone.—Hyoid bone. Same as 'gº 7.—Hyomandibu-
lar, marsupial, etc., bone. See the adjectives.—Na-
Vicular, occipital, etc., bone. See the adjectives.—The
ten bones, the ten fingers.
By these ten bones, my lords, he did speak them to me
in the garret One night. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 3.
To be upon the bones of, to attack. [Rare and vulgar.]
Puss had a month's mind to be upon the bones of him,
but was not willing to pick a quarrel. Sir R. L’Estrange.
TO a bone in the mouth, to throw up a foam or
spray under the bows: said of a ship.
See how she leaps, as the blasts o'ertake her,
And speeds away with a bone in her mouth 1 *
Longfellow, Golden Legend, v.
To find bones in, to be unable to swallow: in allusion to
the occurrence of fish-bones in soup.—To have a bone
in one's leg, throat, etc., to be unable to go, talk, etc.:
a feigned excuse.—To make no bones of, to make or
have no scruples about, or in regard to. [Now only
colloq.]
Perjury will easily downe with him that hath made no
bones of murther. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience.
TO ºut a bone in any one's hoodt, to break a person's
head, or cut it off-Without more bones, without
further objection or scruple.—Wormian bones, small
or irregular bones frequently found in the course of the
sutures of the skull. They occur chiefly in the sutures
between the parietals and other bones, and are of no de-
terminate size, shape, or number. Sometimes there are
*none, sometimes several hundred.
bonel (bön), v.; pret. and pp. boned, ppr. bom-
ing. [K bonel, m.] I. trans. 1. To take out
the bones of: as, to bone a turkey, a ham, etc.
–2. To put whalebone into.—3. To manure
with bone-dust.—4. To seize; make off with,
as a dog makes off with a bone; get possession
of; appropriate; steal. [Slang.] -
Why you were living here, and what you had boned, and
who you boned it from, wasn't it? Dickens.
II. intrans. [Appar. K bonel, m., in allusion
to the knuckle; cf. the equiv. phrase knuckle
down (to a task).] To apply one's self dili-
gently; set one's self determinedly to work:
621
as, to bone down to hard work; he boned hard.
[Slang.]
bone?, born?, bournº (bön, būrn), v. t. [A
word of uncertain form and origin, commonly
bone (chiefly in the verbal n. boming), but prob.
orig. bourn, being appar. a particular (trade)
use of bourn?, bourne?, as a verb, limit: see
bourn?, bourne2.] To take the level of (a piece
of land, a wall, carpentry-work, and the like)
by means of an instrument. See boning.
A few weeks ago a mason said to me, “Take a squint,
}. and see if the ridge-piece is square and level;
ourne it by the wall-plate.” Bourne is in common use
in this neighbourhood—twenty miles from Stratford-on-
Avon. N. and Q., 7th ser., III. 95.
bonest (bón), n. A Middle English form of
oom.1. Chaucer.
boneºt (bón), a. A Middle English form of
OO%23.
bone-acet (bön’ās), n.
which the third card dealt to each person is boneless (bön (les), a.
turned up, and the player who has the highest
card wins the bone, that is, half the stake.—
bone-flower (bön"flou%ér), n.
bone-spirit
ly Teuthididae and genus Teuthis or Acanthuruś,
a surgeon- or doctor-fish.-3. A name of the
common dogfish, Squalus acanthias, in southern
New England. See cut under dogfish.
In the north of
England, the daisy, Bellis perennis.
bone-glass (bön'glás), n. A glass made by
adding to white glass from 10 to 20 per cent. of
white bone-earth, or a corresponding quantity
of mineral phosphates. It is of a milk-white
color, semi-opaque, and is used for lamp-shades,
etc.
bone-glue (bön'glö), n. An inferior kind of
glue obtained from bones.
bone-lace (bón’lās), n. Lace, usually of limen
thread, made on a cushion with bobbins, and
taking its sole or chief decorative character
from the pattern woven into it, as distinguished
from point-lace: so named from the fact that
1. A game at cards, in the bobbins were originally made of bone.
[K ME. bamles, K AS.
bānleas, K ban, bone, + -leds, -less.] Without
bones; wanting bones: as, “his boneless gums,”
2. The ace of diamonds, the highest cardin this Shak., Macbeth, i. 7.
game.
bone-ache (bón’āk), n. Pain in the bones.
bone-ash (bön (ash), n. Same as bone-earth.
bone-bed (bón’bed), n. In geol., any stratum
of rock which is largely made up of fragments
of bones, or in which bones and teeth occur in
such quantity as to be conspicuous. There are
two especially well-known bone-beds in Europe. One,
called the Ludlow, in England, is near the top of the Up-
per Silurian ; although only a few inches in thickness, it
is continuous over an area of at least a thousand square
miles: it is full of fragments of fish-bones, crustaceans, and
shells. The other is on the Rhaetic, at the top of the
Trias; it is found both in England and in Germany. A
similar bone-bed occurs in the Onondaga limestone of
New York.
bone-binder (bön’bin"dēr), n.
teocolla (which see).
bone-black (bön’blak), n. The black carbo-
naceous substance into which bones are con-
verted by calcination in closed vessels. This
kind of charcoal is employed to deprive various solutions,
particularly syrups, of their coloring matters, and to fur-
nish a black pigment. Artificial bone-black consists of
woody matters impregnated before charring with cal-
cium phosphate dissolved in acid, thus resembling the
real bone-black in composition. Also called animal
black, animal charcoal.—Bone-black furnace, a fur-
nace used in removing from bone-black, by charring,
impurities collected in it during its use in filtration, etc.
bone-breaker (bön’brå/kēr), n.
A name for os-
the giant fulmar petrel, Ossifraga gigantea.—
2. A book-name of the osprey, fish-hawk, or
ossifrage, Pandion haliaëtus.
bone-breccia (bón’brech’i-á), n. In geol., a con-
glomerate of fragments of bones and limestone
cemented into a rock by calcareous matter.
Such deposits are of frequent occurrence in caverns which
bonelet (bönſlet), n.
Bonellia (bö-nel’i-á), m.
bone-manure (bón’ma-nir"), m.
[K bonel + dim. -let.] A
small bone; an ossicle: as, bonelets of the ear.
[NL., named after
Francesco Andrea Bonelli, an Italian naturalist
(died in 1830).] 1. A genus of chaetophorous
gephyreans, related to Echiurus, and having,
like it, a pair of tubular ciliated organs opening
communication between the rectum and the
perivisceral cavity. It is provided with a single
long tentacular appendage upon the head.—2.
A. gº of dipterous insects. Desvoidy, 1830.
–3. A genus of gastropodous mollusks. Des-
hayes, 1838.
Bonelliidae (bö-ne-li’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Bonel-
lia + -idae.] A family of gephyreans, typified
by the genus Bonellia (which see).
Manure con-
sisting of bones ground to dust, broken in Small
pieces, or dissolved in sulphuric acid. See
bonel, n., 2.
bone-mill (bön’mil), n. A mill for grinding or
bruising bones, used in the preparation of fer-
tilizers, bone-black, etc.
bone-naphtha (bón’naf"thä), n. A volatile li–
quid, boiling at 150° C., obtained by the repeat-
ed rectification of the more volatile portion of
1. A name of . Dippel's oil. -
bone-nippers (bón’nip’érz), m. pl.
A strong
forceps with cutting edges touching each other,
used in cutting off splinters of bone and car-
*tilages.
bone-oil (bön’oil), n.,. A fetid, tarry liquid ob-
tained in the dry distillation of bone. See
Dippel's oil, under oil.
in prehistoric times, were resorted to by man and wild bone-phosphate (bön' fos”fāt), n. A commercial
beasts.
bone-brown (bön’broun), m. A brown pigment
produced by roasting bones or ivory till they
become brown throughout.
name for tricalcium phosphate, Ca2(PO4)2; the
phosphate which forms bone-tissue, and which
makes up the larger part of the phosphatic
rock of South Carolina and other localities.
bone-cartilage (bón’kär"ti-lāj), 'm. In physiol., bone-pot (bón’pot), m. 1. A cast-iron pot in
same as OSSéin.
bone-cave (bönſkāv), n. A cave in which are
found bones of animals of living or extinct
species, or species living only in far distant lo-
calities or a different climate within historic
times, sometimes with the bones of man or other
traces of his contemporaneous existence.
The brick-earths also contain the remains of a species
of lion (Felis spelaea), no longer living, but which is like-
wise found in some of the bome-caves of this country.
Huacley, Physiography, p. 283.
boned (bönd), p. a. [K bonel + -ed.].] 1. Hav-
ing bones (of the kind indicated in composi-
tion): as, high-boned; strong-boned.— 2.
cookery, freed from bones: as, a boned fowl.
bone-dog (bön' dog), m. A local English name
of the common dogfish, Squalus acanthias. See
cut under dogfish.
bone-dust (bön’dust), n. Bones ground to dust
for use as manure. See bonel, n., 2.
bone-earth (bön’èrth), n. . The earthy or min-
eral residue of bones which have been calcined
*setting of broken bones.
boneset (bón'set), n.
bone-setter (bön'set’ér), m.
bone-setting (bön'set/ing), m.
which bones are carbonized: used in the man-
ufacture of animal charcoal.–2. A common
name of the ancient British funeral urns often
+found under ground in England.
bonery (bö’ne-ri), m. [K bonel.] A place where
human bones are deposited.
boneset (bön'set), v. i.; pret. and pp. bomeset,
ppr. bonesetting. To set bones; practise the
Wiseman. [Rare.]
[K boneset, v.; from its
supposed properties.] 1. The thoroughwort,
Eupatorium perfoliatum. See Eupatorium.—2.
In England, an old name for the comfrey, Sym-
phytum officinale.
One whose occu-
pation is to set broken and dislocated bones;
one who has a knack at Setting bones: gen-
erally applied to one who is not a regularly
qualified surgeon.
[Verbal n. of
boneset, v.] The art or practice of setting
bones.
or burned with free access of air so as to destroy bone-shark (bón’shärk), n. A common name
the animal matter and carbon. It is a white, po-
rous, and friable substance, composed chiefly of calcium
phosphate, and is used by assayers as the material for
cupels and in making china, and for other purposes." Also
called bone-ash.
bone-eater (bön’ê%tēr), n.
tion of bonito.
bonefiret (bón’fir), n. See bonfire.
bone-fish (bön’fish), n. 1. A name of the lady-
fish, macabé, or French mullet, Albula vulpes.
See cut under ladyfish.-2. A fish of the fami-
- bone-shawi, n. . g
A sailors' corrup- bone-spavin (bón’spaw’in), n. An osseous de-
bone-spirit (bón’spir'it), n.
along the New England coast of Cetorhinus
maaximus, the basking-shark. See cut under
basking-shark. -
Sciatica or hip-gout. N. E. D.
posit on or ankylosis of the bones of the hock.
Crude ammonia-
cal liquor, containing various substances, ob-
tained in the process of manufacturing charcoal
from bones.
wº
bone-turquoise
bone-turquoise (bón’tèr-koiz"), n. A fossil
bone or tooth colored bright-blue, probably by
phosphate of iron: early used as an imitation
of true turquoise. Sometimes called odontolito.
bone-waste (bön' wast), m. The dust or refuse
of bones after the gelatin has been extracted
from them.
bone-yard (bón'yārd), m. 1. A knacker's yard.
–2. A graveyard. [Slang.]—3. In the game
of dominoes, the pieces reserved to draw from.
bonfire (bon' fir), n. [Early mod. E. boomfire,
bondfire, bounfire, later burmfire, but reg. bon-
fire or bonefire, Sc. banefire; Klate M.E. bonefyre,
Sc. banefyre (the earliest known instance is
“banefyre, ignis ossium,” in the “Catholicon
Anglicum,” A. D. 1483); K bonel (Sc. bane, ME.
bone, bon, bame, etc.) + fire. The vowel is short-
ened before two consonants, as in collier, etc.
The W. banjagl, also spelled bonjagl, a bonfire,
as if K ban, lofty, + (jagl, flame, blaze, appears
to have been formed in imitation of the IE.
word.] 1+. A fire of bones.—2+. A funeral
pile; a pyre.—3. A fire for the burning of here-
ties, proscribed books, etc. Hence—4. Any
great blazing fire made in the open air for
amusement, or for the burning of brushwood,
weeds, rubbish, etc. Specifically—5. A fire
kindled, usually in some open and conspicu-
ous place, such as a hill-top or public square,
as an expression of public joy or exultation, or
as a beacon.
Ring ye the bels, to make it weare a Way,
And boneſiers make all day.
Spenser, Epithalamion, l. 275.
The Citizens and Subjects of Bohemia, . . . ioyfull that
there was an Heyre apparant to the Ringdome, made Bone-
fires and shewes throughout all the Cittie.
Greene, Pandosto.
There was however order given for bomfires and bells;
but God knows it was rather a deliverance than a tri-
umph. B'velyn, Diary, June 6, 1666.
bongar (bon’gār), n. [Native name.] A large
venomous East Indian serpent : also called
rock-snake. See Bungarus.
Bongarus, n. See Bungarus.
bongracet (bon'gräs), n. [Early mod. E. also
bone-, bond-, bowm-, bun-, boomgrace, K F. bonne-
grace, “the uppermost flap of the down-hang-
ing tail of a French hood, whence belike our
Boomgrace” (Cotgrave); K bonne, fem. of bon
good, + grace (now grace), grace: see boon?
and grace.] A shade formerly worn by women
on the front of a bonnet to protect the com-
lexion from the sun; also, a large bonnet or
road-brimmed hat serving the same purpose.
[My face] was spoiled for want of a bomgrace when I was
yOllng. Beau. and I'l., The Captain, ii. 1.
Ye wad laugh well to see my round face at the far end
of a strae bomgrace, that looks as muckle and round as
the middle aisle in Libberton Kirk.
Scott, Heart of Midlothian.
bongret, adv. and prep., orig.&# [Early mod.
E. boun gree, K ME. bongre, K OF. (de) bon gre,
(of) good will: see boné, boom3, and gree?, and
cf. maugre.] I, adv. With good will: now used
only as French bon gré, in the phrase bon gré
mal grâ, willingly or unwillingly; willy-milly.
II. prep. Agreeably to.
bonhomie (bon-o-mê'), m. [F., K bonhomme, a
simple, easy man, K bom, good (see boon?), --
homme, K L. homo, man. Cf. goodman.] Frank
and simple good-heartedness; a good-natured
Iſla, Ill].OI’.
The other redeeming qualities of the Meccan are his
courage, his bonhomie, his manly suavity of manners,
. and his general knowledge.
It. I'. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 461.
IBoniface (bon’i-fäs), m. [From the name of the
landlord in Farquhar’s “Beaux’ Stratagem.”
It is the F. form of M.L. Bonifacius, a frequent
proper name, meaning ‘beneficent,” K L., bo-
mus, good, + facere, do..] A landlord or inn-
keeper.
bonification (bon’i-fi-kä'shon), m. [K ML. as
if *bonificatio(n-), K bonificare : see bonify.] 1+.
Amelioration; betterment.
Mr. Necker, in his discourse, proposes, among his bomi-
fications of revenue, the suppression of our two free ports
of Bayonne and L'Orient.
Jefferson, Correspondence, II. 402.
2. The paying of a bonus. N. E. D.
boniform (bon’i-fôrm), a. [K L. bonus, good,
+ forma, form.] Having the nature of good-
ness; akin to what is good or to the chief good.
[Rare.]
Knowledge and truth may likewise both be said to be
boniform things, Cudworth, Intellectual System.
bonify (bon’i-fi), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bonified,
ppr. homiſſing. [K F. idnifier, K ML. bonificare,
make good or better, K.L. bonus, good, F -ficare,
622
K facere, make. Cf. benefit.]. To convert into
good; make good; ameliorate; as, “to bonifié
evils,” Cudworth, Intellectual System. [Rare.]
boniness (böni-nes), n. IK bony + -ness.] The
state or quality of being bony.
A painful reminder of the exceeding bominess of Orem-
nitz's knuckles. The Century, XXVIII. 89.
boning, borning (bö’ning, bor’ming), n. [Yerbal
m. of bone?, born?, and thus prob, orig. *bourn-
ing: see bone?..] The act or art of determin-
ing a level or plane surface or a straight level
line by the guidance of the eye. Joiners and ma-
sons “try up" their work by boning with two straight-
edges, a process Which determines whether the surface is
uneven or is a true plane. Surveyors and architects per-
form, the operation by means of poles, called boming- or
borning-rods, set up at certain distances. These are ad-
justed to the required line by looking along their vertical
surfaces. Gardeners also employ a similar simple device
in laying out grounds, to guide them in making the sur-
face level or of regular slope.
boning-rod (bö’ming-rod), n. The rod used in
boning. See boming.
bonitarian (bon-i-tä'ri-àn), a... [K L. bonitas,
goodness, bounty (see bounty), + -arian.] Equi-
table: used to characterize a class or form of
rights recognized by Roman law, in contra-
distinction to quiritarian, which corresponds to
legal in modern law.—Bonitarian ownership or
title, the title or ownership recognized in Roman law by
the pretors in a person not having absolute legal (or quiri-
tarian) title, because claiming by an informal transfer, or
claiming, under some circumstances, by a formal transfer
made by one not the true owner. It corresponded some-
What to the equitable ownership recognized by courts of
equity, as distinguished from legal title at common law.
bonitary (bon’i-tá-ri), a. Same as bonitarian.
honito (bö-nē’tö), n. [Formerly also boneto,
*bonita, boneta, bonuto, etc.; = F. %. former-
ly bonito = G. bonit, bonitfisch, K Sp. (Pg.) bo-
ºnito, said to be K Ar, baimith, bainis, a bonito,
but perhaps K. Sp. (Pg.) bonito, pretty good,
good, pretty, dim. of bueno (= Pg. bom), good:
see boom3.]. A name applied primarily to pela-
gic fishes of the family Scombridae, of a robust
fusiform shape, and secondarily to others sup-
posed to resemble them or be related to them.
(a) A scombrid, Gymnnosarda pelamis, having a bluish
back and 4 longitudinal brownish bands on the belly. It is
an inhabitant of the warmer parts of the Atlantic and In-
dian oceans. (b) A scombrid, Sarda Sarda, distinguished
Bonito (Sarda sarda).
(From Report of U. S. Fish Commission.)
by the oblique stripes on the bluish back and the silvery
belly. It is the bonito of the American fishermen and
markets, and the belted bonito of books. (c) A scombrid,
Sarda chilensis, closely related to the S. sarda, but
occurring in the Pacific ocean. It is everywhere known
as bonito along the Californian coast, but also miscalled
Spanish mackerel, º: and twma. (d) A scombrid,
Awazis thazard, with a blue back and silvery belly. The
second dorsal fin is widely separated from the first, and
the body is more slender than in Sarda chilensis. It is
the plain bonito of the English, but called along the New
Ingland coast frigate mackerel. (e) A carangid, Seriola,
Jasciata ; the madregal. [Bernuda.] (f). A fish of the
family Elacatidae, Elacate camada, so called about Chesa-
peake Bay; the cobia. [U. S. (Chesapeake Bay).] See cut
under cobia.
bonity#, n. IK L. bonitas, goodness: see bounty,
an older form from the same source..] Good-
mess. Hacket.
Bonjean's ergotine. See ergotine.
'bon jour (F. pron. bāń zhör). [F. : bom, good;
jour, day: see bon4 and journal.] Good day;
good morning.
bon mot (F. pron, báñ mó); pl. bons mots (bóñ
mö, or, as E., māz). [F. : bom, good; mot, word:
see bon4 and mot.] A witticism; a clever or
witty saying; a witty repartee.
Some of us have written down several of her sayings, or
what the French call bons mots, wherein she excelled be-
yond belief. Swift, Death of Stella.
You need not hurry when the object is only . to prevent
my saying a bon-mot, for there is not the least wit in my
nature. Jame Austem, Mansfield Park, ix.
bonnage, n. See bonage,
bonnaile?, m. Same as bonally.
bonne (bon), m. [F., fem. of bom, good: See
bon4.] A child's nursemaid, especially a French
nursè. - -
bonne bouche (bon bāsh); pl. bonnes bouches
(bon bāsh). [F.: see bonne and bouche.] A
choice mouthful of food; a dainty morsel: said
especially of something very excellent reserved
to the end of a repast. [In French use, as an idiom-
atic phrase, bonne bouche signifies an agreeable taste in
the mouth.] .
bonnet
jºr
bonnet (bon’et), n. [Early mod. E. also bonet,
KME. bonet, bonette, bonat, KOF, bonet, bonnet,
bowmet, mod. F. bonnet (= Pr. ionº sº.”
mete; cf. D. bonnet = MHG. bonāt = Gael. bo-
haid; ML. bometus, bonetum, also boneta, bonneta),
bonnet, cap (hence the naut. Sense, M.E. bonet,
K OF. bonette, F. bonnette, bonnet); prop. the
name of a stuff (M.L. bometus, bonnetus, bonetum,
bonnetum) of which the thing (chapel de bonet,
hat or cap of bonet) was made. Perhaps of
Eastern origin; cf. Hind. bānāt, woolen cloth,
'broadcloth.] 1. A covering for the head, worn
by men and boys, and differing from a hat
chiefly in having no brim; a cap, usually of
Some soft material. In Scotland the term is applied
to any kind of cap worn by men, but specifically to the
distinctively Scotch closely woven and seamless caps of
wool, usually of a dark-blue color, known as glengarrys
(worn by the Highland regiments in undress uniform), bal-
morals, braid bonnets, kilmarnocks, etc.
Off goes his bom/met to an oyster-Wench.
Shale., Rich. II., i. 4.
2. A form of hat or head-covering worn by
women out of doors. It incloses the head more or
less at the sides and generally the back, and is usually
trimmed with some elaborateness, and tied on the head
with ribbons. It differs from a hat of ordinary form
especially in having no brim.
A sudden scud of rain . . . fixed all her thoughts on the
Welfare of her new straw bomºnet. -
Jane clustem, Northanger Abbey, p. 128.
3. The cap, usually of velvet, within the me-
tallic part of a crown, covering the head when
the crown is worn.—4. In fort., a small work
with two faces, having only a parapet with two
rows of palisades, about 10 or 12, feet apart.
Generally it is raised above the salient angle of the coun-
terscarp, and communicates with the covered way. Its
object is to retard -
a lodgment by be- N
siegers, or to pre-
vent one from being
made.
5. Nawt., an ad-
dition to a sail,
or an additional
art laced to the
oot of a sail.
A storm jib, with
the bonnet off, was
bent and furled to
the boom.
. H. Dana, Jr., d
[Before the Mast,
[p. 260.
6. A cast-iron
plate covering
the openings in
the vive chambers of a É. 7. A frame
of wire netting over the chimney of a locomo-
tive engine to prevent the escape of sparks:
used chiefly in engines which burn wood. [U.
S.]—8. In mining, a shield or cover over the
cage to protect the miners in case anything
should fall down the shaft.—9. cowl or
wind-cap for a chimney; a hood for ventila-
tion.—10. The hood over the platform of a
railroad-car.—11. A sliding lid or cover for a
hole in an iron pipe.—12. A protuberance oc-
curring chiefly on the snout of one of the right
whales. It appears to be primitively smooth,
but becomes honeycombed by the barnacles
which attach themselves to it.—13. A decoy;
a player at a gaming-table, or bidder at an auc-
tion, whose business it is to lure others to play or
buy: so called because such a person figurative-
ly bonnets or blinds the eyes of the victims.
When a stranger appears, the bonnet generally wins.
London Times.
14. A local name in Florida of the yellow
T-
Water-lily, Nymphaea advena.-Bonnetàprêtre, or
priest's bonnet, in Jort, an outwork having at the head
three salient and two reëntrant angles. Also called swal-
lowtail.—Braid bonnet, a thick, closely woven Scotch
cap of wool, usually of a dark-blue color, and surmounted
by a bob or stumpy tassel f a different color. It is round
in shape, the upper part being much wider than the band,
or part which fits the head.— Coal-scuttle bonnet, See
coal-scuttle.—Kilmarnock bonnet, a cap of similar make
to the braid bonnet, but less wide at the top, and furnished
with a peak of the same material : so called because made
extensively at Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. — To have a bee
in One's bonnet. See beel.—To have a green bon-
nett, to have failed in trade.—To Vail (or vale) the
bonnett, to doff the bonnet in respect.
O bonny Ewe tree,
Needes to thy boughs will bow this knee and vaile my
× Onºmet. Nash, Strange Newes (1592), sig. D 2:
bonnet (bon’et), v. [K bonnet, n.] I. trans. To
force the bonnet or'hat over the eyes of, with
the view of mobbing or hustling. w
Bonnet him by knocking his hat over his eyes, and he is
at the mercy of his opponent. -
l O. W. Holmes, Elsie Wenner, xxiii:
*
º *
*-i-i-i i ;
* * * * is
i
a, Bonnet.







bonnet
II.4 intrans. To pull off the bonnet; make
obeisance. Shak., Cor., ii. 2. '
tonnet-block (bon’et-blok), n. A wooden shape
on which a bonnet is put to be pressed.
bonneted (bon/et-ed), a. Wearing, a bonnet,
or furnished with a bonnet, in any of the senses
of that word.
bonneter (bon’et-ér), n. [K bonnet, n., 13, +
..-erl.] One who induces another to gamble; a
bonnet. [Slang.]
Onnet-fleuk, n. Same as bonnet-fluke.
onnet-fluke (bon’et-flök), n. A Scotch name
of the brill, Ithombus laevis. See brill.
bonnet-grass (bon’et-grás), n. White bent-
grass, Agrostis alba.
bonnet-laird (bon’et-lärd), n. One who farms
his own property; a yeoman; a freeholder.
[Scotch.]
A lang word or bit o' learning that our farmers and
bom/net-lairds canna' sae weel follow. Scott.
bonnet-limpet (bon’et-lim"pet), n. A mollusk
of the family Calyptraeidae. The Hungarian
bonnet-limpet is Pileopsis hungarica.
bonnet-macaque (bon' et-ma-kak"), n. A
monkey (Macacus sinicus), a native of Bengal
Bonnet-macaque (Macacies sinicass).
and Ceylon, and well known in confinement,
which its hardy constitution enables it to en-
dure in any climate. It receives its name from the
Fºllº arrangement of the hairs on the crown of its
ead, which seem to form a kind of cap or bonnet. Its
general color is a somewhat bright olive-gray, and the
skin of the face is of a leathery flesh-color. Also called
munga.
bonnet-monkey (bon’et-mung"ki), n. Same as
bonnet-macaque.
bonnet-piece (bon’et-pês), m. [From the rep-
resentation of a bonnet on the king's head.]
A Scotch gold coin first issued in 1539 by James
Reverse.
(Size of the original.)
Bonnet-piece of James V., British Museum.
V. of Scotland, weighing about 88% grains, and
worth at the time of issue 40s. Scotch. Also
called braid-bonnet.
There is a high price upon thy head, and Julian Avenel
loves the glance of gold bonnet-pieces,
Scott, Monastery, II. v.
bonnet-rouge (F. pron. bon-ā-rözh'), m.
lit. red cap: see bonnet and rouge.] 1. The
cap of liberty of the French revolutionists of
1793. See liberty-cap. Hence—2. A wearer
of such a cap; a sans-culotte.—3. A red re-
ublican; an anarchist or communist.
onnet's capsule. See capsule.
bonnet-shark (bon’et-shārk), n. A kind of
hammer-headed shark, Sphyrna tiburo; a shov-
elhead. It is smaller than S. 2/gaena, but may
attain a length of 6 feet. It is a widely dis-
tributed species.
bonnet-shell (bon’et-shel), n. The shell of the
bonnet-limpet.
bonnet-worm (bon’et-werm), n. A worm or
[F.,
623
bonnibelt (bon’i-bel), n. [K bonnyl + bel5, belle;
or K. F. bonne et belle, good and beautiful. Cf.
bellibone..] A handsome girl; a fair maid; a
bonny lass. Spenger.
Well, look to him, dame ; beshrew me, were I
'Mongst these bomnibells, you should need a good eye.
B. Jomsom, The Penates.
bonnilasset, n. [For bonny lass.] A beautiful
girl; a sweetheart.
As the bonila 38e passed by, . . .
She rovde at mee with glauncing eye.
Spen&er, Shep. Cal, August.
bonnily (boni-li), adv. In a bonny manner;
beautifully; finely; pleasantly.
His wee bit ingle, blinkin’ bonnily.
Burns, Cottar's Sat. Night.
bonniness (bon/i-nes), n. [K bonnyl + -ness.]
1. The quality of being bonny; beauty.—2#.
Gaiety; blitheness.
bonnyl (bon’i), a. [Also written bonnie, for-
merly also bony, bomie, K ME. bonie, appar. ex-
tended, as if dim., from the reg. ME. bon, bone,
ood of. bon, fem. bonne, good: see bon4,
oon}.j 1. Beautiful; fair or pleasant to look
upon; pretty; fine.
He wolde, after fyght,
Bonie landes to hedm dyght.
Ring Alisawnder, in Weber's Metr. Rom., 1.3902.
Till bonny Susan sped across the plain.
Gay, Shepherd's Week, Friday, l. 160.
2. Gay; merry; frolicsome; cheerful; blithe.
Then sigh not so,
But let them go,
And be you blithe and bonny.
Shak., Much Ado, ii. 3.
[Bonny and its derivatives are now chiefly Scotch. The
booby-hut
neut., a good thing: see bona and boom”.]
. Something of the nature of an honorarium or
voluntary additional compensation for a ser-
vice or advantage; a sum given or paid over
and above what is required to be paid or is
regularly payable. (a) A premium given for a loan,
or for a charter or other privilege granted to a company.
(b) An extra dividend or allowance to the shareholders of
a joint-stock company, holders of insurance policies, etc.,
out of accumulated profits. &
The banks which now hold the deposits pay nothing to
the public; they give no bonus, they pay no annuity.
Webster, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834.
(c) A sum paid to the agent of a company or the captain
of a vessel, over and above his stated pay, in proportion
to the success of his labors, and as a stimulus to extra ex-
ertion; a boon. (d) Euphemistically, a bribe.
bonus (bö’nus), v. t. [K bonus, m.] To give or
add a bonus to; promote by the payment of
bonuses.
bon vivant (F. pron, báñ' vé-voi"). [F.: bon,
; vivant, ppr. of vivre, K L. vivere, live: see
on4 and vital,vive..] A generous liver; a jovial
companion.
bonxie (bonk'si), n. [E. dial. ; perhaps con-
nected with dial. boma, beat up batter for pud-
dings; origin unknown.] A name for the skua,
Stercorarius catarrhacies. Montagu. [Local,
British.]
bony (bö’ni), a. [K bome1 + -y1.] 1. Consist-
ing of bone or bones; full of bones; pertaining
to or of the nature of bone.—2. Having large
or prominent bones; stout; strong.
Burning for blood, bomy, and gaunt, and grim,
Assembling wolves in raging troops descend.
Thomson, Winter, l. 394.
3. Reduced to bones; thin; attenuated.—4.
Hard and tough like bone, as the fruit and
Scotch often use bonny ironically, in the same way as the A-seeds of some plants.
English fine or pretty: as, a bommy penny to pay; a bonny
state of things.
Ye'll see the toun intill a bonny steer [stir, hubbub].
A. Ro88, Heienore, p. 90.]
bonny?f (bon’i), n. [Also written bonney,
wnny. Origin unknown.] In mining, a mass
of ore adjacent to a vein, but not distinctly
connected with it; “a great collection of ore,
without any vein coming into or going from it,”
Pryce. [Cornwall. Rare.] See carbona.
bonnyclabber (bon’i-klab-êr), n. [Also former-
ly written bonny clabber, bonniclapper, bony-
clabo, etc.; K Ir. bainme, milk (cf. baine, com-
par. of ban, white), + claba, thick.] 1. Milk
that is turned or has become thick in the pro-
cess of souring.—2. A drink made of beer and
buttermilk or soured cream.
To drink such balderdash or bonny-clabber.
B. Jomsom, New Inn, i. 1.
The feasts, the manly stomachs,
The healths in usquebaugh and bonny-clabber.
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, iii. 2.
bonny-dame (bon’i-dām), n. The garden-
orache, Atriplew hortensis.
bonsilate (bon'si-lāt), n. [Irreg. K bonel +
sil(ic)ate.] A composition of finely ground
bones and sodium silicate, used as a substitute
for ivory and hard wood in the manufacture of
clock-cases, canes, dominoes, etc. Haldeman.
bon soir (F. pron. bāń swor). [F.: bon, good;
soir, evening: see bon4 and soirée.] Good even-
ing; good night.
bººpiº, (bon’spèl), n. [Sc., also written bon-
speel, bonspel; origin unknown; referred by
some to an assumed Dam. *bondespil, a rustic
game, K bonde (AS. bonda, ME. bonde, a farmer,
rustic: see bond?) + spil = G. Spiel, a game;
by others to an assumed D. *bondspel, K bond,
verbond, covenant, alliance, + spel, a game.] A
match between two opposite parties, as two
parishes, at archery, golf, curling, etc.: now
generally restricted to the last-mentioned game.
Curling is the Scotchman's bonspiel, but the toboggan
belongs exclusively to Canada.
Montreal Daily Star, Carnival Number, 1884.
bontebok (bon’té-bok), n. [D., K bont (= G.
burst), spotted, + bok = E. buckl.] Alcelaphus
pygargus, a large bubaline antelope of South
Africa, closely allied to the blesbok, and having
8, imilar blaze on the face. Also written bunt-
bok.
bonte-quagga (bon’té-kwag'à), n. [K D. bont,
spotted (see above), + quagga.] The dauw
(which see).
bon-ton (F. pron. bāń’tóñ(), m. [F., lit. good
tone: see bom4, boom3, ton2, and tone.] 1. The
bony-fish (bö’mi-fish), n. A local (Connecticut)
name of the menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus.
bonzary (bon'za-ri), m. [K bonza (see bonze) +
—ry, after monastery.] A Buddhist monastery.
bonze (bonz), n. [Also bomza, - F. bonze =
Sp. Pg. It. bonzo (NL. bomzus, bonzius), K Jap.
bonzo, the Jap. way of pronouncing the Chinese
fan sing, an ordinary (member) of the assem-
bly, i.e., the monastery, or monks collectively:
fan, ordinary, common; Sāng, repr. Skt. San-
gha (Samgha), an assembly, K Sam, together, +
v han, strike..] A Buddhist monk, especially
of China and Japan.
A priest in England is not the same mortified creature
with a bonze.in China.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xxvii.
bonzian (bon’zi-an), a. [K bomże -H, -ian.] Of
or pertaining to the bonzes or Buddhist monks
of China and Japan; monkish: as, bomzian max-
ims; bonzian mysteries.
bool (bö), interj. Same as bo”.
boo? (bö), n. Same as bu.
booby (bö’bi), m. and a. [Formerly also boobie,
boobee (the E. word as applied to the bird is
the source of F. boubie, the bird called booby);
prob. K. Sp. bobo, a fool, dunce, dolt, buffoon,
also a bää so called from its apparent stupid-
ity; = Pg. bobo, a buffoom, = OF. baube, a stam-
merer, K. L. balbus, stammering, lisping, imar-
ticulate, akinto Gr. 36ppapog, orig. inarticulate:
see balbuties and barbarous.] I. m. ; pl. boobies
(-biz). 1. A stupid fellow; a dull or foolish
person; a lubber.
When blows ensue that break the arm of toil,
And rustic battle ends the boobies' broil. Crabbe.
An awkward booby, reared up and spoiled at his mother's
apron-string. Goldsmnith, She Stoops to Conquer, i. 2.
2. The pupil at the foot of a class; the dunce
of the class or of the school.—3. In progressive
euchre, the player who has failed most conspic-
uously in the game.—4. The name of various
species of brown and white gannets, birds of
the family Sulidae, genus Sula. The common booby
of the United States is Sula leucogastra, a well-known
species of the South Atlantic coast. Others are the red-
footed booby, Sula piscator, and the blue-faced booly, S.
cyanops, found on many coasts and is...ands of the warmer
parts of the world.
5. In New England, a hack on runners; a
sleigh kept for hire.
II. a. Of or pertaining to a booby or boobies;
foolish; stupid.
IIe burned his fingers, and to cool them he applied them
in his booby fashion to his mouth. Lamb, Roast Pig.
booby-hatch (bö’bi-hach), m. Nawt., a wooden
framework with sashes and a sliding cover,
insect-larva occurring in Florida in the bonnet style of persons in high life; good breeding.— used in merchant vessels to cover the after-
or yellow water-lily (Nymphaea advena), and
used as bait for the black-bass.
bonney, n. See bonny”.
2. Polite or fashionable society.
bonus (bö’nus), n. [Appar, a trade word, K L.
bonus, masc., good, erroneously put for bonum,
hatch.
booby-hut (bö’bi-hut), n.
A kind of hooded
sleigh. [Local, U. S.] -


booby-hutch
booby-hutch (bö'bi-huch), n. A clumsy, ill-
contrived Govered carriage used in the eastern
part of England.
boobyish (bö'bi-ish), a. [K booby + -ish 1.] Re-
sembling a booby; silly; stupid.
boobyism (bö"bi-izm), m. , [K booby + -ism.]
The character or actions of a booby; stupid-
ity; foolishness.
The donkeys who are prevailed upon to pay for permis-
sion to exhibit their lamentable ignorance and boobyism on
the stage of a private theatre. Dickens, Sketches by Boz.
bood (bùd). A Scotch contraction of behooved.
Also written buid.
Boodha, Boodhism, Boodhist, etc. See Bud-
Adha, Buddhism, Buddhist, etc.
boodlel (bö’dl), m. [An Amer. word, taken up
from D. colonial use in New York; K D. boedel,
also boel (whence LG. budel, boel, boll, etc.),
estate, possession, inheritance, household
goods, stuff, lumber, a parallel form of D.
buidel, buil = LG. biidel = G. bewtel, a bag,
purse, money.] 1. Estate ; stock; property:
used especially in the emphatic phrase, the
whole boodle, sometimes varied to the whole
kit and boodle or the whole caboodle, meaning
‘the whole stock,” “the whole lot,’ and, as
applied to persons, ‘the whole crowd,” “the
whole pack.” [U. S.]
He would like to have the whole boodle of them (I re-
monstrated against this word, but the professor said it
was a diabolish good word . . . ) with their wives and chil-
dren shipwrecked on a remote island.
O. W. Holmes, The Autocrat, p. 139.
2. Money fraudulently obtained in public ser-
vice; especially, money given to or received by
officials in bribery, or gained by collusive con-
tracts, appointments, etc.; by extension, gain
from public cheating of any kind: often used
attributively. [Recent, U. S.]
Some years ago, Dr. McDonald, then superintendent of
Blackwell's Island Asylum, attempted to introduce the
[Turkish] bath there, but ignorance, politics and boodle
had more influence with the New York aldermen than
science or the claims of humanity, and the attempt was
ultimately abandoned. Alien, and Newrol., VIII. 239.
3. Counterfeit money.
boodle? (bö’dl), n. [Appar. a slang variation of
moodle.] A blockhead; a noodle.
boodle3 (bö’dl), n. An old English name for
the corn-marigold, Chrysanthemum segetum.
Also written buddle.
boodler (böd’lér), n. [K boodlel + -erl.] One
who accepts or acquires boodle; one who sells
his vote or influence for a bribe, or acquires
money fraudulently from the public. [U. S.]
boody (bö'di), v. i.; pret. and pp. boodied, ppr.
boodying. [Cf. F. bouder, sulk, pout: see bow-
doir.] To look angry or gruff. [Colloq.]
Come, don't boody with me; don't be angry.
Trollope, Barchester Towers, xxvii.
poof (böf), m. Peach-brandy: a word in use
among the Pennsylvania Germans.
boohool (bö’hö’), interj. A word imitating the
sound of noisy weeping.
boohool (bö’hö’), v. i. [K boohoo, interj.] To
cry noisily; blubber outright.
boohoo.2 (bö-hö’), n. A sailors' name of the His-
tiophorus americanus, or sail-fish. Also called
woohoo.
loodid1 (bö’oid), a. [K boa + -oid.] Of or per-
taining to the Boidae, or family of the boas.
bodid2 (bö’oid), a. and m. [K Boöidea.] I. a.
Of or pertaining to the Boöidea; bovine, in a
Toroad sense.
II. m. One of the Boöidea. d
Boöidea (bö-oi’dé-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. 3oig,
an ox, + eiðog, appearance, form.] A Super-
family of typical ruminants, the bovine, Ovine,
antilopine, and cervine ruminants collectively,
as contrasted with other ruminants. The Boöi-
dea typica contain the families Bovidoe (with the goats,
sheep, and antelopes, as well as the oxen), Saigidae, and
Amtilocapridae. The Boöidea cerviformia consist of the
¥ single family Cervidae.
book (bük), n. [Early mod. E. also boock, bock;
K ME. book, booke, boke, bok (north. buk, buke,
X Sc. buik, beuk, buke), KAS. bāc (pl. béc), f., a
writing, record, charter, book, = OS. bök =
OFries. bøk = . boeck, D. boek = OLG. bāk,
LG. book = OHG. buoh, MHG. buoch, G. buch,
neut., = Icel. bāk, f. , = Sw. bok = Dam. Dog,
book, - Goth. bāka, f., b0k, neut., a letter of the
alphabet, pl. a writing, document, book (cf.
§. bukui, letter, in pl. writing, bukvari,
abecedarium, Bulg. Russ. bukva, letter; from
the Teut.), orig. Teut. *bóks, a leaf, sheet, or
tablet for writing; usually referred, in spite of
philological difficulties, to A.Ş. (etc.) bāg (usually
in deriv. form béce, beech), cf. AS. bācstaf, early
624 -
mod.E.bokstaf(mod. E. as if “bookstaff or “buck-
staff) (= OS. bākstaf = MD. boeckstaf, D. boek-
staaf = OHG. buohstab, MHG. buochstap, G.
buchstabe = Icel. bākstafre Sw. bokstaf-Dam.
bogstav), a letter of the alphabet, lit. appar.
“beech-staff' (K AS. bāc, beech, + staf, staff),
an interpretation resting on the fact, taken in
connection with the similarity of form between
AS. (etc.) bāc, book, and bâc, beech, that in-
scriptions were made on tablets of Wood or
bark, presumably often of beech (Venantius
Fortunatus, about A. D. 600, refers to the writ-
ing of runes on tablets of ash; cf. L. liber, book,
liber, bark, Gr. 34.3%tov, book, 3:330g, book, papy-
rus: see liber, Bible, paper); but AS. bācstaf, if
lit. ‘beech-staff,’ would hardly come to be ap-
plied to a single character inscribed thereon; it
is rather ‘book-staff,” i.e., a character employed
in writing, K bác, a writing, + staf, a letter (cf.
Yūn-staff, a runic character, staf-craft, gram-
mar). The connection with beechl remains un-
certain: see beech, buck?..] 1+. A writing; a
written instrument or document, especially one
granting land; a deed. The use of books or written
charters was introduced in Anglo-Saxon times by the ec-
clesiastics, as affording more permanent and satisfactory
evidence of a grant or conveyance of land than the sym-
bolical or actual delivery of possession before witnesses,
which was the method then in vogue.
By that time will our book, I think, be drawn. . . .
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 1.
Come, let's seal the book first,
Eor my daughter's jointure. -
Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, iii. 3.
Mr. Kemble divides a book, as distinguished from a will,
contract, or synodal decree, into six parts, I. The Invo-
cation; II. The Proem; III. The Grant; IV. The Samc-
tion; V. The Date; VI. The Teste. The first, second and
fourth of these divisions are purely religious, and require
no detailed examination. Five and six are merely formal,
useful only in questions of chronology and genuineness,
or as proof of the presence of a Witan. The third divi-
sion is the grant, which contains all the important legal
matter of the charter. H. Cabot Lodge.
Lastly, there was bocland, or bookland, the land held in
several property under the express terms of a Written in-
strument, or book as it was then called.
F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 22.
2. A treatise, written or printed on any mate-
rial, and put together in any convenient form,
as in the long parchment rolls of the Jews, in
the bundles of bamboo tablets in use among
the Chinese before the invention of paper, or
in leaves of paper bound together, as is usual
in modern times; a literary composition, espe-
cially one of considerable length, whetherwrit-
ten or printed.
A good book is the precious life-blood of a master-spirit
embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond
life. Milton, Areopagitica.
3. Specifically, the Bible.
Who can give an oath? where is a book?
Shak., L. L. L., iv. 3.
4. A collection of written or printed sheets
fastened or bound together, especially one
larger than a pamphlet; a volume: as, this
book is one of a set or series.—5. A particular
subdivision of a literary composition; one of
the larger divisions used in classifying topics,
periods, etc.—6. Figuratively, anything that
serves for the recording of facts or events: as,
the book of Nature.
I have been
The book of his good acts, whence men have read
His fame unparallel’d. Shak., Cor., v. 2.
7. A number of sheets of blank writing-paper
bound together and used for making entries:
as, a note- or memorandum-book; specifically,
such a book used for recording commercial or
other transactions: as, a day-book, a cash-book,
a minute-book, etc.—8. The words of an opera;
a libretto (which see).-9. In betting, an ar-
rangement of bets recorded in a book; a list of
'bets made against a specific result in a contest
of any kind: as, to make a book; a thousand-
dollar book. See book-maker, 3.−10. In whist,
six tricks taken by either side.—11. A pile or
package of tobacco-leaves, arranged with all
the stems in the same direction.—12.
package of gold-leaf, consisting of twenty-five
leaves laid between sheets of folded paper
stitched at the back. The leaves are usually
3# inches square.
Often abbreviated to bk.
Back of a book. See backl.—Bamboo books. See
bamboo.—Bell, book, and candle. See, bell.—Black
book, one of several books, mostly of a political character,
so called either from the nature of their contents of
from the color of their binding. ;Niğ A book
of the Exchequer in England composed by Nigel, Bishop
of Ely (died 1169), and wrongly attributed to Gervase of
Tilbury. It contains a description of the Court of Exche-
quer as it existed in the reign of Henry II., its offi-
cers, their rank and privileges, wages, perquisites, and
book
jurisdiction, with the revenues of the crown in money,
grain, and cattle. (b) A book compiled by order of the
visitors of monasteries under Henry VIII., containing a
detailed account of the alleged abuses in religious houses,
to blacken them and to hasten their dissolution. This
book disappeared not long after the accomplishment of
its purpose. (c) A book kept at some universities as a regis-
ter of faults and misdemeanors; hence, to be im one's black
books, to be in disfavor with one. (d) An ancient book of
admiralty law, always held to be of very high authority,
compiled in the fourteenth century. (e) A book treating of
necromancy, or the black art.—Blue book, (a) A name
popularly applied to the reports and other papers printed
by order of the British Parliament or issued by the privy
councilor other departments of government, because their
covers are usually blue. The corresponding books of offi-
cial reports are yellow and blue in France, green in Italy,
and red and white in various other countries.
At home he gave himself up to the perusal of blue-
books. 'hackeray.
(b) In the United States, a book containing the names and
salaries of all the persons in the employment of the govern-
ment. (c) The book containing the regulations for the
government of the United States navy. [Often written
with a hyphen.]—Book of adjournal, concord, disci-
pline, etc. See the nouns.—Book of Books, the Bible.
—Boök of Homilies. See homily.—Book of ties, an
old name for a weaver's memorandum-book of patterns.
Formerly . . . the weaver was expected to tie-up or ar-
range his loom to produce satins, twills, spots, and Small
figures, . . . and if he was a careful man he would have a
number of the most prevailing patterns drawn in his
Book of T'ies. A. Barlow, Weaving, p. 314.
Books of Council and Session. See cowmcil.—By
book, by the book, by line and rule; accurately: as, to
speak by the 'book.
There are so many circumstances to piece up one good
action, that it is a lesson to be good, and we are forced to
be virtuous by the book.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 55.
Canonical books. See canonical.—Christ's Book, the
Gospels.
A Latin copy of the $ººls, Or, as the Anglo-Saxons
well called it, a Christ's Book.
Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 357.
Fleet books. See fleet 3.—In one's books, in kind re-
membrance; in favor; in mind with reference to future
favors, gifts, or bequests.
I must have him wise as well as proper. He comes not
in my books else. Middleton (and others), The Widow, i. 1.
I was so much in his books that at his decease he left me
his lamp. is0n.
Orderly book. See orderly.—Symbolical books. See
symbolical.--The Book Annexed. , See annex, v.–The
devil’s books or picture-books, playing-cards.
They sip the scandal potion pretty;
Or lee-lang nights wi' crabbit leuks
Pore owne the devil's pictur'd bewks.
Burms, The Twa Dogs, 1. 224.
To balance books. See balance.—To bring to book,
to bring to account.—To close the books, to cease
making entries for a time, as is done by corporations and
business concerns when about to declare a dividend, etc.
—To hear a bookt, in the old universities, to attend a
course of lectures in which the book was read and ex-
pounded.—To Speak like a book, to speak accurately,
or as if from a book; speak with faii and precise informa-
tion; hence the similar phrase to lemow like a book (that
is, know thoroughly).--To suit one's book, to accord
with one's arrangements or wishes.—To take a leaf Out
of one's book, to follow one's example.—Without book.
(a) By memory; without reading; without notes: as, a
sermon delivered without book.
His writing is more then his reading; for hee reades
onely what hee gets without booke.
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A Young Rawe Preacher.
(b) Without authority: as, something asserted without
book.
book (bük), v. [K M.E. boken, K book, n. ; cf.
AS. bācian, give by charter (= OFries. bākia =
Icel. bāka), K bøc, book, charter: see book, n.]
I. trans. 1+. To convey by book or charter.
It was an infringement of the law to book family or
hereditary lands. II. Cabot Lodge.
2. To enter, write, or register in a book; re-
cord.
Let it be booked with the rest of this day's deeds.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 3.
I always from my youth have endeavoured to get the
rarest secrets, and book them. B. Jomson, Wolpone, ii. 1.
3. To enter in a list; enroll; enlist for service.
This indeede (Eudoxus) hath bene hitherto, and yet is,
a common order amongest them, to have all the people
booked by the lordes and gentellmen, but yet it is the
Woorst order that ever was devised.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
4. To engage or secure beforehand by regis-
try or payment, as a seat in a stage-coach or a
box at the opera.-5. To deliver, and pay for
the transmission of, as a parcel or merchan-
dise: as, the luggage was booked through to
London.—6. To reserve accommodation for;
receive, and undertake to forward: as, at that
office passengers (or parcels) were booked to
all parts of the world. . [In senses 4, 5, and 6,
confined to the British islands.]—7. ño make
into a book, as gold-leaf, tobacco-leaves, etc.
—Booked at last, caught and disposed of.
II. intrams. 1. ii., register one's name for
the purpose of securing something in advance;
put one's name down for something: as, to book
º
§
REPRESENTATIVE BOOKBINDINGS, FROM THE LIBRARY OF ROBERT HOE.
I. By LE GASCON. LEONE EBREo. Léon Hébrieu de l'Amour. Octavo. Lyon, 1551. Old French brown
morocco, gilt paneled sides, fleurons in the corners, center ornaments with crowned L’s and crowned interlaced
A’s, gilt back and edges. Bound for King Louis XIII. and Queen Anne of Austria by Le Gascon; initials
HD in the center of the covers, probably added at a later date. From the library of H. Bordes.
II. By CLOVIS EVE. STRADA (IAcoBUS DE). Epitome du Thresor des Antiquitez, traduit par Iean Louveau
d'Orléans. Quarto. Lyon, 1553. Old French brown morocco, the sides tooled and gilt in compartments formed
by interlacings, the spaces occupied by leaf sprays and arabesques, gilt edges. By Clovis Eve. Fine speci-
men from the Beckford Library. **
III. A GROLIER BINDING. Pont ANUs (JoANNEs Jovi ANUs). Amorum libri II., etc. Octavo. Venetiis,
1518. From the library of Grolier. Bound in contemporary brown morocco, the sides elegantly tooled and gilt in a
geometrical interlaced pattern with arabesques; on the center of the front cover the title of the book printed
in gold capitals, and on the lower part the name “Io. Grolierii et Amicorum”; on the lower cover there
have been added, probably by another owner, two crescents painted in white and red.
IV. By ROGER-PAYNE. ANACREON. Sexto-decimo. Parmae, 1791. Old English red straight-grain
morocco, large grape-vine wreaths exquisitely tooled and gilt on the sides, corner ornaments of pointillé, etc.,
gilt tooled back, morocco joints, gilt edges. By Roger-Payne. -
V. By PADELOUP. HEUREs. Duodecimo. Paris, 1761. Old French green morocco, the sides with
mosaic ornaments in red and citron morocco elaborately tooled and gilt, pointillé ground; on the center of the
front cover an oval miniature painting representing St. Peter. By Padeloup. Remarkable specimen.
VI. By MONNIER. KEMPIs (THOMAS A). L’Imitation de Jésus-Christ. Octavo. Paris, 1690. Old French
citron morocco, the sides and back worked in a mosaic in red, green, ivory, and dark brown morocco with gilt
toolings. One of the finest bindings executed by Monnier, and one of the most remarkable for its curious effects.
The mosaic designs represent personages in Chinese costume among pagodas, flowers, and animals, including
a parrot, a dog, and a camel led by a negro.
VII. Probably by CHARLES MEARNE. LITURGIE (La). Duodecimo. Londres, 1678. Contemporary
English red morocco, the sides entirely tooled and gilt with pointillé in the manner of Le Gascon, central and
lateral inlays of olive, green, and citron morocco, outlined in gold, gilt tooled back, gilt edges. Probably by
Charles Mearne. - -
VIII. By COBDEN-SANDERSON. TENNyson (ALFRED, Lord). Maud. Duodecimo. London, 1855.
Crimson levant morocco, sides and back covered with rich tooling of roses and leaves, foliage inside borders;
foliage gauffred edges. By Cobden-Sanderson, signed “18 C. S. 90.” An early and exquisite specimen.
IX. By TRAUTZ-BAUZONNET. RECUEIL GfèNÉRAL DES CAQUETs DE L’Accouch fee. Octavo. Paris, 1623.
Orange levant morocco, the sides and back covered with mosaic compartments in red and blue, exquisitely
tooled and gilt doublure of blue levant, wide gilt tooled dentelle borders, gilt edges. By Trautz-Bauzonnet. This
is No. 18 of the twenty-two mosaic bindings by Trautz-Bauzonnet, and especially interesting on account of the
design, which was never repeated. It was executed in 1876. From the library of Eugène Paillet, with his
autograph signature. ... . --
X. XVII. CENTURY DUTCH BINDING. TESTAMENT (Het Nieuwe) onses Heeren Iesu Christi. Octavo.
Middelburch, 1617. Seventeenth century Dutch binding in purple silk, borders of flowers embroidered in colored
silks and gold thread on the sides, corner pieces of gold thread and pearls, with a medallion containing a
representation of Faith on the front cover in fine needlework; large fleurons on the back in gold thread and
pearls; gauffred gilt edges. - - -
XI. A MAIOLI BINDING. PRocoPIUs. De Bello Persico. Small folio. Romae, 1509. From the
Maioli Library. Bound in old Italian calf, the sides in compartments formed by bands painted black
and silver and outlined in gold, filled in with gilt scrolls and arabesques, some painted red and silver,
the ground of the central compartment covered by a thick pointillé of gold, the title of the work in the center
of the front cover, and the inscription “Tho. Maioli et Amicorum” at the bottom. One of the most beautiful
specimens executed for Maioli. - • . . . . .
XII. CONTEMPORARY GERMAN BINDING. HERRMANN (M. K.). Unterhaltungen eines Christen mit
Gott und seinen Heiligen. Duodecimo. Augsburg, eighteenth century. Contemporary German binding in red
straight-grain morocco, ornamental silver frames of openwork on both sides, and center ornaments, the one
on the front cover representing the Crucifixion; ornamental silver piece on the back, Abraham ready to sacrifice
his son; silver clasps, gilt edges.
*.
º
|
|
|

^s, , ‘‘‘, • rº *... ',
...' . • . . . .
book -
º for the play; I booked through to London.
[Great Britain.]—2. In Scotland, to register
in the Session record as a preliminary to the
proclamation of the banns of marriage.
book-account (bük’ al-kount"), n. I.
count or register of debt or credit in a book.
–2. Specifically, in bookkeeping by double en-
try, an account showing the transactions of a
merchant in regard to some particular com-
modity or branch of trade placed under a head-
; such as “stock,” “cotton,” etc., and not
referred to a person with whom they may have
Theen effected.
bookbinder (bük’ bin "dēr), n.
or preserving loose printed sheets, etc. See
binder, 8.-Bookbinders' cloth. See cloth.
bookbindery (bük’bin/dér-i), m.; pl. bookbind-
eries (-iz). A place where books are bound.
bookbinding (bük’bin/ding), m. The opera-
tion of binding books; the process of securing
the sheets of a book within a permanent casing
of bookbinders' board and leather or cloth, or
other suitable materials, covering the sides and
back, and jointed at their junction.
for hº books.
book-case?} (bükſkäs), n. In law, a case stated
a precedent.
book-clamp (bük’klamp), n. 1. A book-
binding.—2. A device for carrying books, con-
sisting generally of two narrow pieces of wood
dle. The books are placed between the pieces, and when
the handle is turned the cords are tightened and the books
book-debt (bük'det), n.
against a person in an account-book. K
[
book + -ery.] 1. A collection of books.
The Abbé Morellet . . . has a bookery in such elegant
Mme. D'Arblay, Diary, VI. 346.
2. Study of or passion for books.
To earn their bread, or hopen to profess
Their hard got skill, let them alone, for me,
- Bp. Hall, §es, II. ii. 28.
[Rare in both uses.]
books. The most noted book-fairs are those of Leipsic
in Saxony, which occur at Easter and Michaelmas, and at
sides books.
book-fold (bùk'föld), n. A piece of muslin
book-formed (bük'förmd),... a. Having the
mind trained or formed by the study of books;
With every table-wit and book formed sage. J. Baillie.
bookfulf (bük'fül), a. [K book + ful, 1.] Full
from books.
The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,
Pope, Essay on Criticism, l. 612.
bookful (bük'fül), n. IK book + -ful, 2.] As
book-holder (bùk’hôl"dēr), n. 1+. The prompt-
er at a theater. -
book-holder's fault ; I'll go see.
Fletcher and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, ii. 2.
ing a book while open.
book-hunter (bùk’hun’tër), m. An eager col-
and rare books and editions; a bibliophile.
booking-clerk (bük'ing-klèrk), m. The clerk or
entry; specifically, in Great Britain, a ticket-
clerk at a railway-station, theater, etc. A
Il
apparatus for making tobacco-leaves into pack-
ages called books.
In Great
Britain, an office where applications, etc., are
received and entered in a book; specifically,
bookcasel (bükſkäs), n. case with shelves
or mentioned in legal works; a recorded case;
binder's vise for holding books in the process of
or iron, connected by cords attached to a han-
secured.
A debt standing
bookery (bük’ér-i), m. ; pl. bookeries (-iz).
Order that people beg to go and see it.
Let them that mean by bookish business
Busy their brains with deeper bookery.
book-fair (bük'fār), n. A fair or market for
which many other objects of commerce are disposed of be-
containing 24 yards.
imbued with learning. [Rare.j
of book-knowledge; stuffed with ideas gleaned
With loads of learned lumber in his head.
much as a book contains. Cowper.
They are out of their parts, sure: it may be 'tis the
2. A reading-desk or other device for support-
lector of books; especially, one who seeks old
official who has charge of a register or book of
booking-machine (bùk'ing-ma-shën"), n.
booking-office (bùk'ing-of"is), n.
the office in connection with a railway, theater,
etc., where tickets are sold, or applications for
them registered.
bookish (būk’ish), a. . [K book + -īshl.] 1.
Of Or º to books; literary: as, “book-
y
ish skill,” Bp. Hall, Satires, II.ii. 19.-2. Given
to reading; fond of study; hence, more ac-
An ac-
[K ME. book-
bynder; K book + binder.] 1. One whose occu-
ation is the binding of books.-2. A binder
625
quainted with books than with men; familiar bookless (bük'les), a.
with books, but not with practical life: as, “a
bookish man,” Addison, Spectator, No. 482.-
3. Learned; stilted; pedantic : Pº. either booklet (bük'let), n.
8,
to individuals or to diction: as, a bookish ex-
pression.
bookishly (bük’ish-li), adv. In a bookish man-
ner or way; studiously; pedantically.
She [Christina of Sweden] was bookighly given.
Lord Thurlow, State Papers, ii. 104.
bookishness (bük'ish-nes), n. The state or
quality of being bookish.
The language of high life has always tended to simpli-
city and the vernacular ideal, recoiling from every mode
of bookishmegs. De Quincey, Style, i.
bookkeeper (bük'ké'për), n. One who keeps
accounts; one whose occupation is to make a
formal balanced record of pecuniary transac-
tions in account-books.
bookkeeping (bük (ké” ping), n. The art of
recording pecuniary transactions in a regular
and systematic manner; the art of keeping ac-
counts in such a manner as to give a permanent
record of business transactions from which the
true state or history of one's pecuniary affairs
or mercantile dealings may at any time be as-
certained. Properly kept books show what a merchant
has, what he owes, and what is owing to him, as well as
what sums he has received and paid, the losses he has in-
curred, etc. Books are kept according to one of two chief
methods, viz., by single or by double entry. The former
is more simple and less perfect than the latter, and is now
in use chiefly in retail business. In bookkeeping by single
entry, three books, a day-book, a cash-book, and a ledger,
are commonly used, but the essential book is the ledger,
containing accounts under the names of the persons with
whom a trader deals, goods or money received from any
one of them being entered on one side of the account,
called the credit side, and goods sold or money paid to
that person being entered on the opposite or debit side of
the account. In bookkeeping by dowble entry, the ledger
accounts are of two kinds, personal accounts such as those
just described, and book-accounts, in which the commod-
ities dealt in are made the subjects of separate accounts,
and have a debit and a credit side, as in personal accounts.
Thus, if a trader purchase 100 bales of cotton from A. B.,
the account in the ledger headed A. B. is credited with 100
bales of cotton, so much, while the account headed Cotton
is debited with the same quantity and amount; should the
trader sell 10 bales to C. D., the account headed C. D. is
debited with 10 bales at so much, and the account headed
Cotton is credited with 10 bales; and so on. These book-
accounts are based on the principle that all money and ar-
ticles received become debtors to him from whom or to
that for which they are received, and, on the other hand, all
those who receive money or goods from us become debtors
to cash or to the goods. In this way every transaction is
entered in the ledger on the creditor side of one account
and on the debtor side of another. The books used in
double entry vary in number and arrangement according
to the nature of the business and the manner of recording
the facts. Transactions as they take place from day to
day are generally recorded in such books as the stock-
book, cash-book, bill-book, invoice-book, and sales-book, or
they may all be recorded in order in a waste-book or day-
book. Upon these books or additional documents are
based the journal and ledger. The former contains a
periodical abstract of all the transactions recorded in
the subordinate books or in documents not entered in
these, classified into debits and credits, while the latter
contains an abstract of all the entries made in the former,
classified under the heads of their respective accounts.
book-knowledge (bük'nol’ej), 'm. Knowledge
gained by reading books, in distinction from
that obtained through observation and expe-
rience.
bookland (bük’land), m. [Also bockland, often
cited in the old legal form bocland, KAS. bāc-
land, K boc, charter, book, -i- land, land.] In
old Eng. law, charter land, held by deed under
certain rents and free services; free socage
land. This species of tenure has given rise to
the modern freeholds.
The title to boc-land was based upon the possession of a
boc, or written grant.
D. W. Ross, German Land-holding, Notes, p. 170.
This process of turning public property into private
went on largely in later times. The alienation was now
commonly made by a document in writing, under the sig-
natures of the King and his Witan; land so granted was
therefore said to be booked to the grantee, and was known
as bookland. E. A. Freeman, Norm. Conq., I, 64.
book-learned (bùk’lér”ned), a. [K book +
learned; cf. M.E. bok-ilered, book-taught: see
learl..] Versed in books; acquainted with
books and literature; hence, better acquainted
with books than with men and the common
concerns of life; bookish.
Whate'er these book-learned blockheads say,
Solon's the veriest fool in all the play. Dryden.
book-learning (bük’lér” ning), n. Learning
acquired by reading; acquaintance with books
and literature: generally opposed to knowledge
gained from experience of men and things.
Neither does it so much require book-learning and schol-
arship as good natural sense, to distinguish true and false.
T. Burmet, Theory of the Earth.
book-lore (bük'lór), m.
book-madness (bük"mad"nes), n.
book-maker (bük’mā"kēr), m.
book-making (bük’må"king), m.
book-mark (bük’märk), m.
bookmate? (bük’māt), m.
hºnonger (bük’mung’gér), m.
book-muslin (bük’ muz"lin), m.
book-name (bük'nām), n.
book-notice (bük'nö%tis), m.
book-oath (bük'óth), m.
book-plate (bùk'plat), m.
book-post (bük'pëst), m.
book-post
[K book + -less.] With-
out books or book-knowledge; unlearned.
The bookless, sauntering youth. Somerville, The Chace, i.
[K book + dim. -let.] A
little book.
Little paper-covered booklets. The Centwry, XXV. 244.
Book-learning; know-
ledge gained from books.
book-louse (bùk/lous), n. A minute corroden-
tian insect of the family Psocidae, distinguished
py having the tarsi composed of only two or
hree joints, and the posterior wings smaller
than the anterior. Atropus pulsatorius is destitute of
wings, and is very destructive to old books, especially in
damp places, and to collections of dried plants, etc.
A rage for
possessing books; bibliomania.
1+. A printer
and binder of books.—2. One who writes and
publishes books; especially, a mere compiler.
An outsider whose knowledge of Dai Nippon is derived
from our old text-books and cyclopaedias, or from non-
resident book-makers, may be so far dazed as to imagine
the Japanese demigods in statecraft, even as the Ameri-
can newspapers make them all princes.
W. E. Griffis, in N. A. Rev., CXX. 283.
3. One who makes a book (see book, n., 9) on
a race or other doubtful event; a professional
betting man. See extract.
In betting there are two parties—one called “layers,” as
the book-makers are termed, and the others “backers,” in
which class may be included owners of horses as well as
the public. The backer takes the odds which the book-
'maker lays against a horse, the former speculating upon the
success of the animal, the latter upon its defeat ; and tak-
ing the case of Cremorne for the Derby of 1872, just before
the race, the book-maker would have laid 3 to 1, or perhaps
#1000 to £300 against him, by which transaction, if the
horse won, as he did, the backer would win £1000 for
risking £300, and the book maker lose the £1000 which he
risked to win the smaller sum. At first sight this may ap-
pear an act of very questionable policy on the part of the
book-maker; but really it is not so; because, so far from
running a greater risk than the backer, he runs less, inas-
much as it is his plan to lay the sanne amount (£1000)
against every horse in the race, and as there can be but
one winner, he would in all probability receive more than
enough money from the many losers to pay the stated sum
of £1000 which the chances are he has laid against the one
winner, whichever it is. Eng. Encyc.
- 1. The busi-
ness of printing and binding books.—2. The
writing and publishing of books; the act of
compiling books.-3. The act or practice of
making a book on a race or other doubtful
event. See extract under book-maker, 3.
bookman (bük’man), n.d pl. bookmen (-men).
[AS. *bócman in def. 1; K boc, book, charter, +
man, man.] 1+. In old Eng. law, one who held
bookland.—2. A studious or learned man; a
scholar; a student; hence, one who is more
familiar with books than with men and things.
You two are bookmen : can you tell by your wit
What was a month old at Cain's birth that's not five weeks
old yet? Shak., L. L. L., iv. 2.
There be some clergymen who are mere book-mem.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 3.
A ribbon or other
device placed between the pages of a book, to
mark a place where reading is to begin, or to
which reference is to be made.
A schoolfellow ; a
fellow-student: as, “the prince and his book-
mates,” Shak., L. L. L., iv. 1.
A dealer in
A fine kind of
transparent muslim having a stiff or elastie fin-
ish: so called from being folded in book form.
In 206l. and bot., a
name (other than the technical name) of an
animal or plant found only in scientific trea-
tises—that is, not in use as a vernacular name.
It is often a mere adaptation of the Latin or technical
term, as paradorure for an animal of the genus Para-
dozurus.
ooks.
A short notice or
review of a book in a magazine or newspaper.
An oath made on the
Bible; a Bible-oath.
I put thee now to thy book-oath ; deny it, if thou canst.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 1.
A label, bearing a
name, crest, monogram, or other design, pasted
in or on a book to indicate its ownership, its
position in a library, etc. -
The book-plates described by W. M. M. are those of the
libraries founded by Dr. Bray in his lifetime and by the
“Associates of Dr. Bray ” since his death.
N. and Q., 6th ser., XII. 152.
An arrangement in
the British postal service by which books and
printed matter other than newspapers, as well
as manuscripts intended for publication, are

40
book-post
conveyed at reduced rates of postage, when the
Wrappers are left open at the ends.
book-rack (būkºrak), n. A rack or frame for
Supporting an open book, or for holding a num-
ber of books.
book-Scorpion (bük'skör/pi-gn), n. A small
arachnidan of the genus Chelīfer; a little false
Scorpion, found in old books and dark musty
places. Chelifer cancroides, scarcely a twelfth of an
inch long, and dark-reddish in appearance, is an example.
bookseller (bük'sel'èr), n. A person who car-
ries on the business of selling books.
bookselling (bük'sel'ing), n. The business of
selling books.
book-shop (bük'shop), n. A book-store.
book-slide (bük'slid), n. Same as book-tray.
book-stall (bük'stăl), n. A stand or stall on
Which books, generally second-hand, are dis-
played for sale.
book-stand (bük'stand), n. 1. A stand or sup-
port to hold books for reading or reference.—
2. A stand or frame for containing books of:
fered for sale on the streets, etc.—3. A set of
shelves for books.
book-stone (bùk'stön), n. Same as bibliolite.
book-store (bük'stór), m. A store or shop where
books are sold. [U. S.]
book-trade (bük’träd), n. 1. The buying and
selling of books; the business of printing and
publishing books.—2. Those, collectively, who
are engaged in this business.
book-tray (bükſtră), n. A board for holding
books, made generally of some cabinet-wood,
with sliding ends, often richly ornamented.
Also called book-slide.
book-trimmer (bükºtrim’ér), m. A machine
for squaring the edges of unbound books.
book-work (bük'wérk), m. 1. The study of
text-books, as distinguished from experimental
studies, or from instruction imparted by lec-
tures.—2. In printing, work on books and
pamphlets, as distinguished from newspaper-
work and job-work.
book-worm (bùk(wèrm), n. 1. A name given
to the larvae of various insects, which gnaw and
injure books, but particularly to those of two
species of small beetles, Anobium (Sitodrepa)
paniceum and Ptinus brunneus, belonging to the
family Ptinidae. They infest old, unused books, work. *deep no tide.
(?
º§Rºs
Book-worm Beetles.
a, Sztoarepa partz cea, Ö, enlarged antenna of same; c, Pºt?tter
&rienziezes. (Vertical lines show natural sizes.)
ing chiefly in the leather binding, but also riddling the
leaves with small holes. The larvae of both species are
closely similar, being cylindrical and curved like those of
snout-beetles, but furnished with well-developed legs, and
with rather long, sparse pubescence. In the imago state,
however, the species are readily distinguished, P. brwm-
news being much more slender in every respect than 4.
panicewan. ©
2. A person closely addicted to study; one de-
voted to the reading of or to research in books:
as, “these poring book-worms,” Tatler, No. 278.
[In this sense more commonly as one word.]
Though I be no book-worm, nor one that deals by art, to
give you rhetoric. B. Jomson, Cynthia's Revels, V. 2.
Instead of Man Thinking, we have the bookworm.
Emerson, Misc., p. 77.
bookwright (bük’rit), m. A writer of books;
an author: a term expressive of slight dispar-
agement.
In London, at this moment, any young man of real
power will find friends enough and too many among his
fellow bookwrights. Kingsley, Two Years Ago, xi.
bool.1 (böl), m. [Sc. form of bowl2.] 1. A bowl
used in bowling.—2. A marble used by boys
in play.—3. pl. The game of bowls.
bool.2, n. See boul.
Boole's canon. See canon.
booleyt, m. ...See booly.
Boolian (bó'li-an), a. and n. I. a. Relating to
the mathematician George Boole (1815–64), the
author of a system of algebraic notation for
626
the solution of logical problems.—Boolian alge-
bra. See algebra.
II, n. An expression of logical algebra, sub-
ject to the rules of Boole's system, with modi-
fied addition, and stating a relation between
certain individual objects, without indicating
how those objects are to be chosen.
boolyt, n. [Also written boley, boly, KIr, budile
= Gael, budile, a fold, place for milking cows.
Cf. Ir, budilidh = Gael, buglaidh, a cow-house,.
ox-stall (cf. equiv. L. bovile), K Ir. Gael. bo =
E. cowl..] Formerly, in Ireland: (a) A place of
shelter for cattle, (b) A company of people
and their cattle that wandered from place to
place in search of pasture.
This keeping of cowes is of it selfe a verye idle life, and
a fitt nurserye for a theefe. For which cause ye remem-
ber that I disliked the Irish manner of keeping Bolyes
in Sommer upon the mountaynes and living after that
savadge sorte. Spenger, State of Ireland.
boom! (böm), v. i. [An imitative word, a re-
vival of ME. bummen, mod. E. bum!, in its orig.
sound (ME. M. usually represented the sound
now indicated by oo long or short): see buml,
bombi, bomb?, bump!, bumble, etc., and cf.
boom3.] To make a deep, hollow, continued
sound. (a) To buzz, hum, or drone, as a bee or beetle.
At eve the beetle boometh
Athwart the thicket lone.
Tennyson, Claribel.
(b) To drum or cry, as a bittern.
And the bittern sound his drum,
Booming from the sedgy shallow.
Scott, L. of the L., i. 31.
(c) To roar, rumble, or reverberate, as distant guns.
The sound of the musket-volleying booms into the far
dining rooms of the Chaussée d'Antin.
Carlyle, French Rev., I. iv. 3.
(d) To roar, as waves when they rush with violence upon
the shore, or as a river during a freshet, or as a ship when
rushing along before a fair wind under a press of sail.
She comes booming down before the wind. Totten.
boom! (böm), n. [K boom:1, v.] A deep, hollow,
continued sound. (a) A buzzing, humming, or dron-
ing, as of a bee or beetle. (b) The cry of the bittern. (c)
A roaring, rumbling, or reverberation, as of distant guns.
Meantime came up the boom of cannon, slowly receding
in the same direction. J. K. Hosmer, The Color Guard, vi.
(d) A roaring, implying also a rushing with violence, as of
WaWes.
There is one in the chamber, as in the grave, for whom
the boom of the wave has no sound, and the march of the
Bulwer.
boom? (böm), m. . [A naut. word of D. origin,
K. D. boom = LG. boom, a tree, beam, bar, pole,
= Sw. Dam. bom, a bar, rail, perch, boom, =
Norw. bomm, bumm, bumb (according to Aasen
from LG. or D.), a bar, boom, = G. baum,
tree, beam, bar, boom, = E. beam, q. v.] 1.
A long pole or spar used to extend the foot of
certain sails of a ship: as, the main-boom, jib-
boom, studdingsail-boom.–2. A strong barrier,
as of beams, or an iron chain or cable fastened
to spars, extended across a river or the mouth
of a harbor, to prevent an enemy's ships from
passing.—3. A chain of floating logs fastened
together at the ends and stretched across a
river, etc., to stop floating timber. [U. S.]—
4. A pole set up as a mark to direct seamen
how to keep the channel in shallow water.—5.
pl. A space in a vessel's waist used for stowing
boats and spare spars.-Bentinck boom. See ben-
timek.-FOre-boom, an old name for the jib-boom; the
boom of afore-and-aft foresail.—Guess-W bOOm. See
guess-warp.–Ringtail boom. See ringtail.
boom? (böm), v. t. [= D. boomen, push with a
pole, K boom, a pole, boom: see boom”, n.
beam, v.] 1. To shove with a boom or spar.—
2. To drive or guide (logs) down a stream with
a boom or pole.—3. To pen or confine (logs)
with a boom.—To boom off, to shove (a vessel or boat)
away with spars.
boom3 (böm), v. [A recent American use, ori-
ginating in the West, and first made familiar in
1878; a particular application of boom:1, v. i.,
(d) (with ref. also to boom.1, n., (d)), from the
thought of sudden and rapid motion with a
roaring and increasing sound. In later use
some assume also an allusion to boom”, n., 3.
When a boom of logs breaks, the logs rush
with violence down the stream, and are then
said to be “booming”; but this appears to be
the ordinary ppr. adj. booming, roaring, rush-
ing with violence, and to have no connection
with boom:2, n. or v.] I. intrans. To go on with
a rush; become suddenly active; be “lively,”
as business; be prosperous or flourishing. [The
earliest instance of the Word in this sense appears to be in
the following passage:
“The Republicans of every other State are of the same
way of thinking. The fact is, the Grant movement [for a
third term of the presidency] is booming.”
J. B. McCullagh, in St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 18, 1878.
* boomerang (bö'me-rang), n.
Cf.
booming
Mr. McCullagh, in a letter to one of the editors of this
Dictionary, says: “I cannot explain how I came to use it,
except that, while on the gunboats on the Mississippi river
during the war, I used to hear the pilots say of the river,
when rising rapidly and overflowing its banks, that it (the
river) was “booming.” The idea I wished to convey was
that the Grant movement was rising —swelling, etc. The
word seemed to be a good one to the ear, and I kept it up.
It was generally adopted about a year afterward. I used
it as a noun after a while, and spoke of ‘the Grant boom.’"]
They all say that one railroad spoils a town, two bring
it to par again, and three make it boom.
E. Marston, Frank's Ranche, p. 36.
II. trans. To ...; into prominence or public
notice by calculated means; push with vigor
or spirit: as, to boom a commercial venture, or
the candidacy of an aspirant for office.
boom3 (böm), n., [K boomº, v.] A sudden in-
crease of activity; a rush. Specifically—(a) In
politics, a movement seeming, or meant to seem, spon-
taneous in favor of a candidate for office, or in behalf of
some cause. (b) In com., a sudden and great increase of
business; a rapid advance of prices: as, a boom in real
estate; a boom in petroleum. [U. S.]
Capital was enticed thither [to New Mexico) for invest-
ment, and a great number of enterprises sprang up in al-
most every direction. The boom, however, fell almost as
rapidly as it arose.
boomage (bö’māj), n. [K boom” + -age.] 1.
Mawt., a duty levied as a composition for harbor-
dues, anchorage, and soundage.—2. Compensa-
tion or toll for the use of a boom, or for the
service rendered by the owner of a boom in
receiving, handling, driving, and assorting logs
floating in a stream. IU. S.] -
boom-boat (böm’bót), n. One of the boats
stowed in the booms. See boom2, n., 5.
boom-cover (böm’kuv'êr), n. Nawt., the large
tarpaulin used to cover over the space where
the boom-boats and booms are stowed.
boomeri (bö’měr), n. . [Appar. in ref. to the
sound made by the animal; K boom1 + -erl.]
1. In Australia, a name of the male of a species
of kangaroo.—2. A name of the showt’l or
mountain beaver, Haplodon rufus or Aplodontia
leporina. See cut under Haplodon.—Mountain
boomer, the common red squirrel. [Local, U. S.]
boomer? (bö’mér), n. IK boom3 + -erl.] One
who booms; one who starts and keeps up an
agitation in favor of any project or person;
one who assists in the organization or further-
ance of a boom. [U. S.]
The Federal Government holds them [the reservations
in the Indian Territory] as a trustee for the Indians; and
it will be a hundred fold better to let some acres remain
uncultivated and unoccupied rather than that all shall be
given over to the rapacity of white boomers.
The Nation, Jan. 7, 1886.
[Recently also
boomering, bomerang, bomarang; from a native
name in New South Wales; wo-mur-ráng and
bwmarin are
cited as abo-
riginal names
of clubs.]
1. A mis-
sile weapon
of war and
the chase,
Boomerangs. used by the
º & ſº tº aborigines of
Australia, consisting of a rather flat piece of
hard wood bent or curved in its own plane, and
from 16 inches to 2 feet long. Generally, but not
always, it is flatter on one side than on the other. In
some cases the curve from end to end is nearly an arc of a
circle, in others it is rather an obtuse angle than a curve,
and in a few examples there is a slight reverse curvé
toward each end. In the hands of a skilful thrower the
boomerang can be projected to great distances, and can be
made to ricochet almost at will ; it can be thrown in a
curved path, somewhat as a bowl can be “screwed” or
“twisted,” and it can be made to return to the thrower,
and strike the ground behind him. It is capable of in.
flicting serious wounds.
Hence—2. Figuratively, any plan, measure,
or project the consequences of which recoil
upon the projector, and are therefore the oppo-
site of those intended or expected. .
boomingl (bö’ming), n. [Verbal n. of boom.1,
w.] The act of making a deep, hollow, contin-
ued sound, or the Sound itself. (a) A buzzing or
droning, as of a bee or beetle. (b) The crying of a bittern.
The marsh-bittern's weird booming, the drumming of
the capercailzie. . Robinson, Under the Sun, p. 55.
(c) A roaring or reverberating, as of distant guns. (d) A
roaring, implying also avushing with violence, as of waves.
boomingl (bö’ming), p. a. [Ppr. of boom!, v.]
Making a deep, hollow, continued sound (in
any of the senses of the verb).
All night the booming minute gun
Had pealed along the deep. Hemams, The Wreck.
Still darker grows the spreading cloud
From which the booming thunders sound.
Bryant, Legend of the Delawares.
The Nation, Jan. 28, 1886.



r . ," " - *-- ~ *. • * : *- . . * * *
* * : *. ,< * * * . . ..., ". . ; ;
,-,
* * * * * booming
booming” (bö(ming), p. a.
Af Active; lively; advancing; buoyant: as, a
booming market.
boom-iron (böm’-
i’êrn), n. Naut,
a metal ring on
a yard, through
which a studding-
Sail-boom is run
in and out.
bgom jigger -
(böm jig’ér), n.
Boom-iron on yard-arm.
by shifting the tackle, in rigging it in.
called in-and-out jigger. . .
boomkin (böm’kin), n. Same as bumkin.
boom-mainsail (böm’mān'säl), n. A fore-and-
aft mainsail, the foot of which is extended by
a boom.
boomslang (böm'slang), n. [D. (in S. Af-
rica), K boom, tree, + slamg (= OHG. slango,
M.H.G. slange, G. Schlange), a snake, K “slingen,
only in freq. slingerem, turn, toss, sling, = OHG.
slingan, M.H.G. slingen, G. schlingen, wind, twist,
sling, = E. Sling, q.v.] An African tree-snake,
Bucephalus capensis.
poomster (böm'stēr), n. [K boom3 + -ster.]
One engaged in booming the market or a polit-
ical candidate for office; one who works up a
boom. [Rare, U. S.]
Moreover, he [the Secretary of the Interior] dismissed
him “when under fire”—that is, while the Board's en-
quiry was still in progress—an act which every boom 8ter
must regard with loathing. The Nation, Feb. 12, 1880.
boom-tackle (böm'tak/l), n. A tackle consist-
ing of a double and a single block and fall,
used in guying out the main-boom of a fore-
and-aft rigged vessel.
boon! (bön), n. [K ME. boon, bone, also boyn,
boyme, K Icel. bān, a prayer, petition, with a
parallel umlauted form baen for “boºn = Sw.
Dan, běn = AS. bān, M.E. ben, bene, a prayer:
see ben2. In the sense of ğavor, privilege,’
there is confusion with boon?..] 1+. A prayer;
a petition.
Our king unto God made his boom.
The wofull husbandman doth lowd complaine
To see his whole yeares labor lost so soone,
For which to God he made so many an idle boome.
Spenser, F. Q., III. vii. 34.
2. That which is asked; a favor; a thing de-
sired; a benefaction.
Vouchsafe me, for my meed, but one fair look;
A smaller boom than this I cannot beg.
Shak., T. G. of V., v. 4.
All our trade with the West Indies was a boon, granted
to us by the indulgence of England.
Webster, Speech, Jan. 24, 1832.
Hence—3. A good; a benefit enjoyed; a bless-
ing; a great privilege; a thing to be thankful
OI’.
The boom of religious freedom.
Sydney Smith, Peter Plymley's Letters, ii.
Is this the duty of rulers? Are men in such stations to
give all that may be asked . . . without regarding wheth-
er it be a boom or a bane? Browgham, Lord North.
4. An unpaid service due by a tenant to his
lord. [Now only prov. Eng.]
boon! (bön), v. t. [K boom1, m., 4.] To do gra-
tuitous service to another, as a tenant to a land-
lord. Ray; Grose. [Prov. Eng.]
boon? (bön), n. [Also E. dial. bun (see bun?), K
ME, bone, later also bunne; cf. Gael. and Ir. bu-
mach, coarse tow, the refuse of flax, K Gael. and
Ir, bun, stump, stock, root: see bun?..] The
refuse stalk of hemp or flax after the fiber has
been removed by retting and breaking.
boon? (bön), a. [K ME. boom, bone, K Norm. F.
boom, OF. bom, F. bon, K. L. bonus, good: see
bonus, bonne, bonnyl, etc.] 1+. Good: as, boon
cheer.—2}. Favorable; fortunate; prosperous:
as, a boonvoyage.—3. Kind; bounteous; yield-
ing abundance: as, “nature boom,” Milton, P.
L., iv. 242.
To a boom southern country he is fled.
M. Arnold, Thyrsis.
4. Gay; merry; jolly; jovial; convivial: as, a
boom. †: *ś and boom,” Milton,
P. L., ix. 793.
Fled all the boom companions of the Earl.
Tennyson, Geraint.
poonaget, n. [Also bonage; K boom!, 4, + -age.]
Boon-work.
boon-dayt (bön’dă), n. A day on which boon-
work was performed by a tenant for his lord,
as in harvesting his crops, -
Minot.
boonk (böngk), n.
boordlf, m. and v.
boord?t, n.
627
r. of boom.8, v.] boongary (bóngºga-ri), n. [Native Australian
bangaray, red kangaroo.] "A tree-kangaroo,
Dendrolagus lumholtzi, of Queensland.
#. like bump1 and
bumble, n., q.v.] The little bittern of Europe,
Ardetta minuta. Montaqu
gºl.
boon-loaff (bön’löf), n. A loaf allowed to a
tenant when working on a boon-day.
boon-work (bón’wërk), n. 1. Unpaid work or
service formerly rendered by a tenant to his
lord; boon.—2. Work or service given gratu-
itously to a farmer by his neighbors on some
Nawt., the small purchase special occasion.
used in rigging out a studdingsail-boom, and, boopic (bó-op'ik), a.
Also see bočps.]
boðps (bö’ops), n.
[K Gr. 30ātrug, ox-eyed:
Having eyes like those of an ox.
[NL., K. Gr. 306trug, ox-eyed,
K Boüç, ox (see Bos), + &rip, eye.] An old book-
name of the Boa; boðps, a sparoid fish of the
Mediterranean and the adjoining ocean. It is
peculiar in the development of only one row of
notched trenchant teeth in the jaws.
boor (bór), n. [Early mod. E. also boore, bour
(also improp. bore, boar), possibly, in the form
bour (mod. E. prop. “bower, bou’ér) (cf. E. dial.
bor, neighbor, as a form of address), K ME.
*bour, K AS. gebür, a dweller, husbandman,
farmer, countryman (a word surviving without
distinctive meaning in the compound neighbour,
neighbor, K AS. medih-gebür); but in the ordi-
nary form and pronunciation, boor, K LG. biºr,
bwur, MLG. bir, gebür, a husbandman, farmer,
= D. buwr, MD. ghebure, ghebuer, neighbor, D.
boer, MD. geboer (a later form, prob. borrowed
from LG.), a husbandman, farmer, rustic, knave
at cards, = OHG. gibür, gibüro, MHG. gebür, ge-
büre, G. bauer, a husbandman, peasant, rustic,
= AS. gebir, as above; lit. One who occupies
the same dwelling (house, village, farm) with
another, one who dwells with or near another
(a sense more definitely expressed by the AS.
nedh-gebür, ‘nigh-dweller,’ neighbor: see neigh-
bor), K ge-, together, a generalizing or coördi-
nating prefix (see ge-), + bur, X E. bower, a
dwelling: see bower1. The forms, as those of
others from the same root (AS. bilan, dwell,
etc.), are somewhat confused in the several
languages. See bower1, bowerb, boweró, etc.,
and neighbor.] 1. A countryman; a peasant ;
a rustic; a clown; particularly, a Dutch or
German peasant.
Knave meant once no more than lad ; . . . villain than
peasant ; a boor was only a farmer ; a varlet was but a
serving-man; . . . a churl but a strong fellow.
Abp. Trench, Study of Words, p. 56.
There were others, the boors, who seem to have had no
land of their own, but worked on the lord's private land
like the laborers of to-day.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 316.
Hence—2. One who is rude in manners, or il-
literate; a clown; a clownish person.
3. [cap.] Same as Boer.
An obsolete form of board.
A variant form of bourdl.
boorish (bör’ish), a. [K boor + -īshl; = D.
boersch = G. bāverisch, clownish, rustic.] 1.
Resembling a boor; clownish; rustic ; awk-
ward in manners; illiterate.
The profoundest philosopher differs in degree only, not
in kind, from the most uncultivated boor.
Chamming, Perfect Life, p. 172.
The habits and cunning of a boor. Thackeray.
Tramped down by that Northern boor, Peter the Great.
D. G. JHitchell, Wet Days.
No lusty neatherd thither drove his kine,
No boorish hogherd fed his rooting swine.
W. Browne, Brit. Past., ii. 1.
2. Pertaining to or fit for a boor.
A gross and boorish opinion. Milton, On Divorce, i. 9.
=Syn. Boorish, Churlish, Clonomish, Lowtish. He who is
boorish is so low-bred in habits and ways as to be posi-
tively offensive. He who is churlish offends by his lan-
guage and manners, they being such as would naturally be
found in one who is coarse and selfish, and therefore gener-
ally insolent or crusty and rough ; the opposite of kind and
courteous: as, it is churlish to refuse to answer a civil ques-
tion. The opposite of boorish is refined or polite; the op-
posite of clownish is elegant. Clownish is a somewhat
weaker word than boorish, implying less that is disgusting
in mammer and speech; it often notes mere lack of refine-
ment. The difference between clownish and lowtish is
that he who is clownish is generally stupid and some-
times ludicrous, while he who is lowtish is perhaps slow-
enly and worthy of blame.
In some countries the large cities absorb the wealth and
fashion of the nation, . . . and the country is inhabited
almost entirely by boorish peasantry.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 80.
My master is of churlish disposition,
And little recks to find the way to heaven
By doing deeds of hospitality.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 4.
'Tis clownish to insist on doing all with one's own hands,
as if every man should build his own clumsy house, forge
his hammer, and balke his dough. Bmerson, Success.
boorishness (bör’ish-nes), n.
boose?, v. and m.
booser, n. See boozer.
boostl (böst), v. t.
# to power.
boostl (böst), n. 1. An upward shove or push;
boost2+, n. tº
boost3t, n. [Early mod. E., KME. bost; a variant
boost4 (böst), m. and v.
Hºyº, 0.
bootl (bö
bootl (böt), v. t.
boot
He [Lord Chesterfield] labored for years to mould his
dull, heavy, lowtish son, Stanhope, into a graceful man of
fashion. W. Mathew8, Getting on in the World, p. 42.
boorishly (bör’ish-li), adv. In a boorish man-
Ile I’. -
Limbs . . . neither weak nor boorighly robust.
Fenton, tr. of Martial’s Epigrams, x. 47.
[K boorish +
-ness.] The state of being boorish; clownish-
ness; rusticity; coarseness of manners.
boormouse (bór-nós"), n. Same as burnoose.
boosł, n.
boosel (böz), m. [= Sc. boose, buise, buse; K ME.
An obsolete form of boss.1. Chaucer.
boose, bose, KAS. *bós (represented only by the
ONorth. bāsig, X boosyl, q.v.) = Icel. bāss =
Sw, bás = Dan. baas, a cow-stall; cf. G. banse,
= Goth. bamsts, a barn.] A stall or inclosure
for cattle. Also boosy, bouse. [Prov. Eng.]
See booze.
[Etym. unknown.] To lift
or raise by pushing from behind, as a person
climbing a tree; push up: often used figura-
tively: as, to boost a person over a fence, or in-
[North. U. S.] º
the act of boosting; the result of boosting; a
lift, either literally or figuratively: as, to give
one a boost. [North. U. S.]
A Middle English form of boast1.
of boist1, q.v.] Same as boist1.
Same as buist.
boosyl (bö’zi), n. [Also boosey, bousie, bowzey, K
ME. *bósy, bási, KAS. (ONorth.) bāsig, bosih,
K *bös, a stall: see boosel. Henee bossy 3, boss'7.]
Same as boose".
See boozy.
t), n. [K ME. boote, bote, bot, KAS. bāt,
advantage, amendment, reparation (esp. in the
phrase to bote (lit. ‘for reparation,” E. to boot),
frequent in the AS. laws), = OS. bota = OFries.
bôte = D. boete = LG. bote = OHG. buoza, MHG.
buoze, G. busse = Ieel. bāt = Sw. bot = Dan.
bod = Goth. Löt, (, boot, advantage, profit, re-
pair, reparation, etc.; KTeut. *batan (pret. *bót),
be good, be useful, profit, avail, whence ult. E.
beti, betterl, batten l, battle3, etc., and (as a deriv.
of boot), beet?, mend, repair: see these words.]
1+. Profit; gain; advantage.
If then the reward bee to bee measured by thy merites,
what boote camst thou seeke for, but etermall paine.
Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 181.
O ! spare thy happy daies, and them apply
To better boot. Spenser, F. Q., III. xi. 19.
2. Something which is thrown in by one of the
parties to a bargain as an additional considera-
tion, or to make the exchange equal.
I'll give you boot, I'll give you three for one.
Shak., T. and C., iv. 5.
3+. Help or deliverance; assistance; relief;
remedy: as, boot for every bale.
She is . . . the rote of bountee . . . and soules bote.
Chaucer, Prioress's Take, l. 14.
Amon he yaf the Syke man his bote.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T. l. 424.
Next her son, our soul's best boot. Wordsworth.
4}. Resource; alternative.
There was none other boote for him, but to arm him.
Lord Berners, tr. of Froissart, I. 674.
It is no boot, it is useless or of no avail.
Whereupon we thought it no boot to sit longer, since we
could escape unobserved.
R. Know, Arber's Eng. Garner. I. 418.
To boot, [AS. to bøte], to the advantage; into the bargain ;
in addition; over and above; besides: as, I will give my
house for yours with $500 to boot.
Helen to change would give an eye to boof.
Shak., T. and C., i. 2.
We are a people of prayer and good works to boot.
Hawthorme, Old Manse, I.
To make boot of, to make profit of ; gain by.
Give him no breath, but now
Make boot of his distraction.
Shak., A. and C., iv. 1.
[K ME. bāten, profit, K bote,
boot, profit. The earlier verb was AS. bātan,
> M.E. beten, mod. E. bcet : see beet2..] 1. To
profit; advantage; avail: now only used im-
personally: as, it boots us little.
What bootes it al to have, and nothing use?
Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 17.
For what I have, I need not to repeat;
And what I want, it boots not to complain.
Shak., Rich. II., iii. 4.
; To present into the bargain; enrich; ben-
efit.
I will boot thee with what gift beside
Thy modesty can beg. Shak., A. and C., ii. 5.


boot
Yºr f
boot.” (böt), m. [K ME, boote, bote, K OF. bote,
a boot, F, botte = Pr: Sp. Pg. bota (ML, bota,
bottº) (compare Gaelic bot, from English), a
boot; prob, orig, a popular application of
OF. bote, bowte, mod, F. botte, – It. botta,
botte (ML. butta, bota), a butt, cask, leathern
vessel; see buttº.] 1. A covering (usually
* of leather) for the foot
and lower part of the leg,
reaching as far up as the
middle of the calf, and
Sometimes to the knee.
In most styles the leg part
keeps its place by its stiffness
alone, although in certain fash-
ions it has been laced around
the calf. Boots seem to have
appeared in Europe about the
middle of the fifteenth century.
They were not much worn at
first, because persons of the
wealthier classes, when abroad,
Were generally clad in armor.
At the time of the gradual dis-
appearance of armor very high
boots of thick leather came into
favor as covering for the legs,
and by the sixteenth century
they were already in common
use. (See jack-boot.) Late in
the eighteenth century boots
became a usual part of elegant
costume, and were made lighter
and more close-fitting. In Eng-
land boots ceased to be common
in elegant costume as early as
1855, and about fifteen years
later they began to disappear in
the United States; but they are
still worn for special purposes
and occupations, as by horse-
men, seamen, etc.
Hence — 2. In modern
usage, also, any shoe or
outer foot-covering which
reaches above the ankle,
whether for men or women: more properly
called half-boot or ankle-boot.—3. An instru-
ment of torture made of
iron, or a combination
of iron and wood, fas-
tened on the leg, be-
tween which and the
boot wedges were in-
troduced and driven in
by repeated blows of a
mallet, with such vio-
lence as to crush both
muscles and bones. The
boots and thumb-screw were
the special Scotch instru-
ments for “putting to the
question.” A much milder
Variety consisted of a boot
or buskin, made wet and
drawn upon the legs and
then dried by heat, so as to contract and squeeze the legs.
The Scottish Privy Council had power to put state pris-
Oners to the question. But the sight was so dreadful that,
as soon as the boots appeared, even the most servile and
hard-hearted courtiers hastened out of the chamber.
Macawlay.
4. A protective covering for a horse's foot.
–5#. In the seventeenth century, a drinking-
vessel: from the use of leathern jacks to drink
from.
To charge whole boots full to their friend's welfare.
Bp. Hall, Satires, VI. i. 82.
6. In ornith., a continuous or entire tarsal en-
velop, formed by fusion of the tarsal scutella.
It occurs chiefly in birds of the thrush and war-
bler groups. See cut under booted.— 7+. The
fixed step on each side of a coach.—8#. An un-
covered space on or by the steps on each side
of a coach, allotted to the servants and atten-
dants; later, a low outside compartment, either
between the coachman’s box and the body of
the coach or at the rear.
The Infanta sat in the boot with a blue ribbon about
her arm, of purpose that the Prince might distinguish her.
Howell, Letters, I. iii. 15.
His coach being come; he causeth him to be laid softly,
and so, he in one boot and the two chirurgeons in the
* other, they drive away to the very next country-house.
J. Reynolds.
9. A receptacle for baggage in a coach, either
under the seat of the coachman or under that
of the guard, or, as in American stage-coaches,
behind the body of the coach, covered by a flap
of leather.—10. A leather apron attached to
the dashboard of an open carriage and designed
to be used as a protection from rain or mud.—
Balmoral boots. See Balmoral.—Boots and Saddles.
[An adaptation of F. bowte-8elle, the signal to horse, K bowter
8elle, put the saddle on : bowter, put; 8elle, Saddle: see
butti and gel!2.] Milit., the first trumpet-call for mounted
drill or other formations mounted; also, a signal for the
4. Š
§§3%3&
SSSSSSSSSSSSS
Boot.
4. a, front; b, side-seam ;
c, back; a, strap; e, instep ;
J, vamp, or front; g, quar-
ter, or counter; h, rand ; f,
heel, of which the front is the
breast and the bottom the
face; 7, lifts of the heel; Æ,
Shank; 2, welt; 2n, sole; ºt,
toe : o, ball of sole. B (sec-
tion): a, upper; 6, insole; c,
outsole; d, welt; e, stitching of
the sole to the welt; f, stitch-
ing of the upper to the welt;
2, Channeling, or depression
for the bights of the stitches,
º
|
Torture with the Boot.
628
assembly of trumpeters.--Clumsy-boots, an awkward,
careless person. [Colloq.] -
You're the most-creasing and tumbling clumsy boots of
a packer. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, iv.
Congress boots or gaiters, high shoes with elastic sides,
by stretching which they are drawn on to the feet.—Hes-
sian boots, a kind of long boots, originally introduced in
the uniform of Hessian troops.-Salisbury boot, a car-
riage-boot of rounded form, used chiefly in court vehicles.
[Eng.]—Skeleton boot, a carriage-boot framed with thin
pieces of iron instead of wood, and supporting the driver's
Seat.—Sly-boots, a cunning, artful person.—To put the
boot on the Wrong leg, to give credit or blame to the
Wrong party; make a mistake in attribution.
boot” (böt), v. t. [K boot?, n.]. 1. To put boots
on.—2. To torture with the boot.—3. To
kick; drive by kicking: as, boot him out of the
room, [Slang.]—4. To beat, formerly with a
long jack-boot, now with a leather surcingle or
waist-belt: an irregular conventional punish-
ment inflicted by soldiers on a comrade guilty
of dishonesty or shirking duty. N. E. D. [Eng.
military slang.]
boot3t (böt), n. [Appar. same as bootl, used
for booty; or merely short for booty.] Booty;
spoil; plunder.
Heavy laden with the spoyle
Of harvest's riches, which he made his boot.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vii. 38
Like Soldiers, [bees] armed in their stings,
Make boot upon the summer's velvet buds.
Shak., Hen. V., i. 2,
A true Attic bee, he [Milton] made boot on every lip
where there was a trace of truly classic honey.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 271.
bootář. Obsolete preterit of bite.
Bootanese, a. and m. See Bhutanese.
boot-black (böt"blak), n. One whose occupa-
tion is to clean and black boots and shoes.
Also called shoe-black.
boot-catchert (böt’kach’ér), n. The person at
an inn whose business was to pull off boots and
clean them; a boots.
The ostler and the boot-catcher ought to partake.
'wift, Advice to Servants.
boot-clamp (böt’klamp), n. A device for hold-
ing a boot so that it can be sewed.
boot-closer (böt’kló"zēr), n. One who sews to-
gether the upper leathers of boots or shoes.
boot-crimp (böt’krimp), m. A frame or last
used by bootmakers for drawing and shaping
the body of a boot.
boot-cuff (böt’kuf), n. A form of cuff worn in
England in the eighteenth century. See cuff.
booted (bö 'ted), a. [K boot?,
v., + -ed?..] 1. Having boots on;
equipped with boots; especially,
equipped for riding: as, booted
and spurred; “a booted judge,”
Dryden.—2. In ornith. : (a) Hav-
ing the tarsi covered with fea-
thers; braccate: as, the booted
eagle. See cut under braccate.
(b) Having the tarsi enveloped
in a boot, that is, not divided
along the acrotarsium, or having
only a few scales or scutella near
the toes; holothecal; ocreate :
as, a booted tarsus. See boot?, 6.
booteel (bö-têſ), n. [K boot? --
dim. -ee.] A trade-name for a
half or short boot for women.
Thootee? (bö’té), m. [E. Ind.]. A
white, spotted Dacca muslin.
Boötes (bö-ö’téz), m.
given to the constellation containing Arcturus,
Booted Tarsus
(Robin).
acrotarsium,
or front of the tar-
sus; 6, planta, or
sides and back o
the tarsus.
&,
lit. an ox-driver, plowman, K Boüç, an ox.] A
northern constellation
containing the bright ſ
star Arcturus, and situ- ſº
ated behind the Great
Bear. It is supposed to
represent a man holding a
crook and driving the Bear.
In modern times the constel-
lation of the Hounds has been
interposed between Boötes
and the Bear.
[= Sc.
booth (böth), m.
buith, early mod. North.
E. bowthe, buthe, K ME.
bothe, K ODan. *bodh,
Dan. bod = Sw. bod,
booth, stall,— Icel, būdh,
dwelling,<=MHG. buode,
hut, tent, G. bude, booth,
stall (cf. Bohem. bouda.
= Pol. buda = Sorbian
buda = Russ. budka, etc.,
from G.; Gael, buth = Ir.
both, boith = W. buth,
:
Mughridſ
© ~ *
The Constellation Boötes.
bootholder (böt’hôl"dēr), m.
[L., K. Gr. 306tmg, a name
bootlessness
Fº from º with formative -th (-d), K
cel, bda, būa = . Š. būan, etc., dwell, whence
also AS, bir, E. bowerl, etc.; see boweri, boor,
etc.] 1: A temporary structure or dwelling
made of boards, boughs of trees, or other slight
materials, or of canvas, as a tent.
The ruder tribes. ... follow the herd, living through the
summer in booths on the higher pasture-grounds, and only
returning to the valleys to find shelter from the winter-
Storms. C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 241.
Specifically—2. A stall for the sale of goods
or refreshments at a fair or market, for show-
men's and jugglers' exhibitions, etc.—Polling-
booth, a temporary structure of boards, used at elections
in Great Britain for receiving votes, and in the Unite
States as a stand from which to distribute ballots.
boothage º m. [K booth + -age.] Cus-
for leave to "erect booths in
tomary dues pai
fairs and markets.
[K boot3, for booty, +
Peaw. and Fl.
boothalef (böt'hāl), v. t.
hales.]. To plunder; pillage.
boothaleri (böt'hā/lér), n. A robber; a free-
|booter.
My own father laid these London boothalers, the catch-
polls, in ambush to set upon me.
Middleton and Dekker, Roaring Girl, v. 1.
A jack or other
device for holding a boot while it is being made
or cleaned.
boot-hook (böt'hāk), m. 1. A sort of holdfast
with which long boots are pulled on the legs.
–2. A button-hook for buttoning shoes.
boot-hose (bötſhöz), m. pl. 1. Stocking-hose
or spatterdashes, worn instead of boots.
Let the waistcoat I have last wrought
Be made up for my father: I will have
A cap and boot-hose suitable to it.
Fletcher (and another), Love's Cure, i. 2.
2. Extra stockings or leggings formerly worn
with boots, and covering the upper part of tho
leg and a part of the thigh, but not the ankles
and feet.
bootied (bö’tid), a. [K booty + -ed?..] Laden
with booty; carrying off booty.
Charged
The bootied spoilers, conquer'd and released
The wretched prey. J. Baillie.
bootikin (bö’ti-kin), m. [K bootl -H dim. -i-kin.
Cf. manikin..] 1. A little boot.—2. A soft
boot or glove made of oiled skin, formerly
worn by persons affected with gout. That for the
hand was a kind of mitten with a partition for the thumb,
but none for the fingers.
I desire no more of my bootikims than to curtail my fits
[of the gout]. Walpole.
3. Same as boot?, n., 3.
bootinglt (bö’ting), n., [K ME. boting, increase,
gain, K bote (see bootl); partly confused with
booty, boot3.] 1. Advantage; service; avail.
PIarrington.—2. Payment in addition or into
the bargain. -
booting? (bö’ting), n. [K boot?, v., 2, 4- -ingl.]
Torture by means of the boot. See boot?, n., 3.
booting&# (bö’ting), n. [Appar. K boot3 + -ing;
but in sense 1 prob. an adaptation of bºwtin,
booty: see booty, butin.] 1. Booty; plunder.
–2. The taking of booty.
I'll tell you of a brave booting
That befell Robin Hood. Old Ballad.
booting-cornt (bö 'ting-körn), n. [Formerly
spelled boting-corn ; K booting 1 + corn 1.] Rent-
corn; compensation paid in corn. Blount.
bootjack (böt'jak), n. 1. An implement of
wood or iron used to hold a boot while the foot
is drawn out of it.—2. An actor of utility parts.
[Theat. Slang.]
boot-lace (böt’lās), n. The string or cord for
fastening a boot or half-boot; a shoe-string.
boot-last (böt’lāst), n. See boot-tree.
boot-leg (böt’leg), n. The part of a boot above
** upper; leather cut out for the leg of a
Oot.
bootless (böt’les), a. [K ME. botles, KAS. bāt-
leds (= OFries. bātelås = Icel. bātalauss), K bot,
|boot, + leds, -less.] Without boot or advan-
tage; unavailing; unprofitable; useless; with-
Out profit or success.
It is booteless to thinke to restrayne them by any penal-
tyes or feare of punishment. Spenser, State of Ireland.
Till the foiled King, from pathless glen,
Shall bootless turn him home again.
Scott, L. of the L., ii. 30.
He certainly had ample leisure to repent the haste with
which he had got out of his warm bed in Vienna to take
his bootless journey to Brussels.
Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 518.
bootlessly (böt’les-li), adv. Without use, profit,
OF SUICC6SS.
bootlessness (böt’les-nes), n. IK bootless +
-ness.] The state of being unavailing or use-
less.






bootmaker
bootmaker (böt’mā'kēr), n.
boots. . *
boot-pattern (böt'pat’êrn), n. A templet con-
sisting of plates which can be adjusted to dif-
ferent sizes, used in marking out patterns of
boots for the cutter.
boot-powder (böt'pou"dēr), n. Massive tale
or soapstone reduced to powder, used to dust
the inside of a new or tightly fitting shoe, to
facilitate drawing it on.
boot-rack (böt'rak), n. A frame or stand to
hold boots, especially with their tops turned
downward,
lbootsi (böts), n. [Pl. of boot?..] 1. The por-
ter or servant in a hotel who blacks the boots
of guests and in some cases attends to the bag-
gage. Formerly called a boot-catcher.
He began life as a boots, he will probably end as a}.
* 000.
One who makes
To gain but your smiles, were I Sardanapalus,
I'd descend from my throne, and be boots at an alehouse.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 39.
2. In tales of Norse mythology, the youngest
son of a family, always fººd as espe-
cially clever and successful.—3. A name ap-
plied to the youngest officer in a British regi-
ment, or to the youngest member of a club, etc.
[Eng. Slang.]
boots?, bouts (böts), n. The marsh-marigold,
Caltha palustris.
boot-stocking (böt'stok”ing), n. A large stock-
ing of stout and thick material, made to wear
over the ordinary shoes and other leg-covering
in cold weather or at times of great exposure.
His boot-stockings coming high above the knees.
Southey, The Doctor, lvii.
boot-stretcher (böt'strech”ér), n. An appa-
i. for stretching the uppers of boots and
SElO6S. ſº
boot-top (böt’top), n. 1. The upper part of
the leg of a boot.—2. (a) In boots of the sev-
enteenth and eighteenth centuries, the large
flaring upper part of the boot-leg, capable of
being turned over. Hence—(b) A lace ruffle
worn around the leg, and covering the inside
of the leather boot-top.–3. In some modern
boots, a reverse of light-colored leather, as if
a part of the lining, turned over the top of the
boot-leg. See top-boot.
boot-topping (bötſtop”ing), n. Naut. : (a) The
º of painting that part of a ship's copper
which is above the water-line. (b) The pro-
cess of removing grass, slime, etc., from the
side of a ship, and daubing it over with a mix-
ture of tallow, sulphur, and resin.
Thoot-tree (böt’tré), n. An instrument consist-
ing of two wooden blocks, constituting a front
and a rear portion, which together form the
shape of the leg and foot, and are inserted into
a boot and then forced apart by a wedge for
the purpose of stretching it.
booty (bö’ti), n. ; pl. booties (-tiz). [Early mod.
JE. also bootie, boty, botie, Klate ME. botye, buty,
MD. buet = buyt, D. buit, booty, = MLG.
bute, buite, LG. biite, booty, also exchange, bar-
ter, = MHG. biute, G. bewte, booty, plunder, =
Icel. bijti, exchange, barter, = Sw.byte = Dan.
bytte, exchange, barter, share, booty; connected
with MLG. butem, exchange, distribute, make
booty, LG. bitten, exchange, barter, = Icel.
bjta, give out, distribute, exchange, – Sw.byta,
exchange, - Dan. bytte, exchange, barter, D.
buiten = G. bewtem, make booty; the same,
without the suffixal -n, as OF. *botin, butin
(whence M.E. butin), #.butin - Sp. botón =
It. bottino (ML. botinum, butinum, with adj.
term.), booty; prob. orig. “bag,” “what is
bagged,” a popular use (prob. first in Italy) of
the orig. of It. bottino, OHG. butin, AS. byden,
a vessel for water, a butt (It. bottºmo, Sp. botin,
also a boot : see bottine), orig. a leather bag
or bottle: see buttº, bottle2, boot?. From the
same uit.source is derived boodlel.] 1. Spoil
taken from an enemy in war; collective plun-
der; pillage.
When he reckons that he has gotten a booty, he has
only caught a Tartar. Sir R. L'Estrange.
#. That which is seized by violence and rob-
ery.
So triumph thieves upon their conquer'd booty.
Shak, 3 Hen. VI., i. 4.
3. A prize; gain: without reference to its being
taken by force.
I have spread the nets o' the law, to catch rich booties,
And they come fluttering in.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iii. 4.
Flowers growing in large numbers afford a rich booty to
the bees, and are conspićuous from a distance,
I)arwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 434.
. 629
To play booty, to join with confederates in order to vic-
timize another player, and thus share in the plunder;
hence, to play dishonestly; give an opponent the advan-
tage at first in order to induce him to play for higher
stakes, which he will lose.
One thing alone remained to be lost—what he called
his honour—which was already on the scent to play booty.
~ Disraeli, Young Duke.
=Syn. 1. Plunder, etc. See pillage, n. w
Booze, boose? (böz), v. i.; pret. and pp. boozed,
boosed, ppr. boozing, boosing. ... [A var., prob.
Orig. digi. of bouse, retaining the ME. pronun-
ciation (M.E. ou, pron. Ö, now ou): see bouse,
which is historically the normal form.] To
drink deeply, especially with a boon companion
and to partial intoxication; guzzle liquor; tip-
ple. Also bowse, bouze, bowse.
He was a wild and roving lad,
For ever in the alehouse boozing.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 162.
booze, boose? (böz), n. [K booze, v. Cf. bouse,
m.] 1. Liquor; drink.-2. A drinking-bout;
a Spree.
boozed (bözd), a. Fuddled; intoxicated.
boozer (bö’zēr), n. [K booze + -erl. Cf. bouser.]
A tippler. Also booser.
boozy, boosy” (bö’zi), a. [Also bousy, bowsy;
K booze, v., + -y.
merry or foolish with liquor. [Colloq.]
bo-peep (bö-pêp’), n. [Early mod. E. also boh-
eepe, boo-peep, b0-pipe, etc.; K bo + peep. Cf.
Sc. bokeik, keekbo.] An alternate withdrawing
or concealing of the face or person and sudden
peeping out again in a playful manner or in
some unexpected place, often resorted to as an
amusement for very small children, and gen-
erally accompanied by drawling out the word
“bo” when concealed, while “peep” is abrupt-
ly enunciated on reappearing: as, to play bo-
peep. In the United States more generally
known as peek-a-boo.
I for sorrow sung,
That such a king should play bo-peep,
And go the fools among. Shak., Lear, i. 4 (song).
bopyrid_(bop’i-rid), n. A crustacean of the
family Bopyridae.
Bopyridae (bö-pir’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., KBopyrus
+ -idae.] A family of edriophthalmous crus-
taceans, of the order Isopoda, the species of
which are parasitic on the gills of other crus-
taceans. They undergo metamorphosis, and the sexes
are distinct. The female is discoidal and asymmetrical,
without eyes, while the much smaller male is elongated,
segmented distinctly, and furnished with eyes. There are
several genera besides Bopyrus, the typical genus, as Iome,
Liriope, Gyge, Phryzus.
Bopyrus (bù-pirus), n. . [NL.] A genus of
isopods, typical of the family Bopyridae. B.
squillarum, a parasite of other crustaceans, is
an example.
bora (bö’râ), m. [It., etc., prob. dial. (Venetian,
Milanese, etc.) form of borea, north wind,
Boreas, confused with Illyrian and Dalmatian
bura, Turk. bora, Serv. Bulg. bura, OBulg. Russ.
burya, Pol. burza, a storm, tempest, Lith. bāris,
a shower. Cf. borasco.] The name given on
the coasts of the Adriatic sea to a violent dry
wind blowing from a northeasterly direction.
borable (bör’a-bl.), a. [K borel, v., + -able.]
Capable of being bored. [Rare.]
borachioi (bö-rach’ió), n. [Also written borra-
chio, borracho, borraccio, boraccio, etc., from
Sp. or It.: Sp. borracha (= It. borraccia, later
also borraccio), a leathern wine-bottle, borracho,
a drunkard, drunken, prob. K. borra, borro, a
lamb, K borra (= Pr. It. borra, F. bourre), short
hair or wool, K. M.L. burra, rough hair, L.L. a.
shaggy garment: see burrel.] 1. A large lea-
thern bottle or bag, used in Spain and through-
out the Levant for holding wine or other li-
quor; a wine-skin (now the current name in
English). It is made of the skin of a beast, most com-
monly that of a goat or hog, from which the carcass has
been removed piecemeal, leaving the hide whole, except
at the neck and the places where the limbs were. These
openings are strongly sewed up, that at the neck being
furnished with a leather tube. When used for carrying
water, the borachio is hung with the mouth downward, so
that the tube can be untied whenever necessary, and any
desired quantity be withdrawn. See cut under bottle.
Two hundred loaves and two bottles (that is, two skins
or borachios) of wine. Delany, Life of David.
Dead wine, that stinks of the borrachio, sup
From a foul jack, or greasy maplecup 2
dem, tr. of Persius's Satires, v. 216.
Hence—2. A drunkard, as if a mere wine-
|bottle.
How you stink of wine !
; endure such a borachio & You're an absolute bora-
Cfºº(),
boracite (bó'ra-sit), n.
boracium (bù-ras (i-um), n.
Cf. bousy..] Showing the boracous (bö'ra-kus), a.
effects of a booze; somewhat intoxicated; *-ow8.]
borage (bur’āj), 'm.
Boraginaceae (bù-Taj-i-nā’sé-É), m. pl.
boraginaceous (bù-raj-i-nā’shius), a.
Borago (bù-rā'gó), m.
boramez, n.
borast, m. An obsolete form of borax. Chaucer.
borasco (bö-rasſkó), n. [Also borasca, burrasca
*ś". Borassus (bºras'us), n.
Congreve, Way of the world, iv.io, the palm-fruit (Dioscorides).] A genus of dioe:
Borassus
boracic (bö-ras'ík), a., [K boraa (borac-) + -ic.]
Pertaining to or produced from borax. SO
boric.—Boracic acid, boric acid, H2BO3, a compound
of boron with oxygen and hydrogen, having the properties
of a weak acid. It is a white, nearly tasteless, crystalline
solid, slightly soluble in cold water, and, when the solution
is boiled, volatile with the water-vapor. It is obtained in
the free state from the water of the Tuscan lagoons and
in the volcanic formations of the Lipari islands. In the
TJnited States it is made from the borax of Borax lake
in California, by decomposing it with hydrochloric acid.
Like borax, it is an efficient antiseptic.
boraciferous (bö-ra-sif'e-rus), a. [K ML. boraa,
(borac-), borax, + L. ferre = E. beari.] Con-
taining or yielding borax.
The boraciferow8 basin of the Sultan Chair, near the
Simaov River. Sci. Amer. Supp., XXII. 9093.
[K boraa, (borac-) +
-ite2.] A mineral consisting of borate and
chlorid of magnesium. It crystallizes in the isomet-
ric system with tetrahedral hemihedrism, and is remark-
able for its pyro-electrical properties. It usually exhibits
to a marked degree anomalous double refraction, on which
account some authors doubt its isometric character.
[NL., K boraa,
(borac-), borax.] The name originally given
by Sir Humphry Davy to boron, which was
supposed to be a metal.
[K boraa (borac-) +
Consisting of or derived from borax.
[Until recently also writ-
ten borrage, burrage, burridge, early mod. E.
burrage, bourrage, bowrage, borage, K ME. bo-
page, burage, KAF. burage, OF. bowrrace, bour-
rache, mod. F. bourrache – Pr. borrage = Sp.
borraja (cf. D. boraadje, G. boretsch, borretsch,
Dan. borasurt) = Pg. borragem = It. borraggime,
borrace, bor-
Tana, K
borrago, bora-
go, NL. bora-
go (boragin-),
Gr. troupó-
Klov, borage,
prob. K ML.
borra, burra,
rough hair,
short wool,
in ref. to the
roughness of
the foliage;
cf. borachio,
burrel, etc.
The histori-
cal pron., in-
dicated by the
spelling bur-
rage, rimes
with courage;
the present spelling borage is in imitation of
the ML. and NL. borago.] A European plant,
Porago officinalis, the principal representative
of the genus, occasionally cultivated for its
blue flowers. It is sometimes used as a salad, occa-
sionally in medicine in acute fevers, etc., and also in mak-
ing claret-cup, cool-tankard, etc.
If you have no bottle-ale, command some claret wine
and bowrrage. Marston, What You Will, iv. 1.
[NL.,
K Borago (Boragin-) + -aceae.] A large fam-
ily of dicotyledonous gamopetalous plants,
herbs or shrubs, natives mostly of northern
temperate regions, distinguished by regular
flowers and by a fruit consisting of four dis-
tinct nutlets or of a two-seeded or four-seeded
drupe. The leaves are often rough and hairy. Some
tropical species, as of Cordia, are timber-trees, others
yield dyes, but the order generally is of little economic
value. It includes the heliotrope (Heliotropium), forget-
me-not (Myosotis), alkanet (Alkamma), comfrey (Sym-
phytum), bugloss (Lycopsis), gromwell (Lithospermum),
borage (which see), etc. Often spelled Borraginaceae.
Called Asperifolize by Linnaeus.
IK NL.
Boraginace(a) + -ous.] Having the charac-
ters of the Boraginaceae; of or pertaining to
the Boraginaceae.
Flowering branch of Borage (Borago offici-
zza2z's). (From Le Maout and Decaisne's
“Traité général de Botanique.”)
[NL., M.L.: see borage.]
A genus of plants, of the family Boraginaceae.
See borage. Also spelled Borrago.
See baromet2.
(and borasque, borrasque, K F. bourrasque); =
Sp. Pg. borrasca, K.It. burasca, now burrasca,
prob. aug. of bora (bura): see bora.] A violent
squall of wind; a storm accompanied with thun-
der and lightning.
[NL., K. Gr. 36pagoog,

Borassus
cious pº containing a single species, a na-
tive of Africa and extensively cultivated in the
*East Indies. See palmyra.
borate (bö’rät), n., [K bor(ax) + -ate 1.] A salt
formed by a combination of boracic acid with
any base.
boratto (bö-rat’ó), n. [Also borato, boratta (cf.
D. borat, a kind of wool or woolen thread); K It.
bºratto, a thin fabric: see bolt2..] A stuff woven
of silk and wool, used in the time of Elizabeth:
*perhaps identical with bombazine. Fairholt.
borax (bö'raks), n. [In this form KML. boraa: ;
early mod. E. boras, borras, borace, borrace, K
M.E. boras, K OF. boras, borras, bourras, mod.
F. boraw = Sp. borraj, earlier borraa, -Pg. bo-
Yaa’ = It. borrace = G. Dan. Sw. boraa, KML.
borac (borac-), borac, boracum, bawrach, K. Ar.
bôraq, būraq, bauraq, borax, prop. natron, K
Pers, būrah, borax; by some referred to Ar.
baraqa, shine, glisten..] Sodium tetraborate
or pyroborate, Na2H4O7-H 10H2O, a salt formed
by the union of boracic acid and soda. It is
a white crystalline solid, slightly soluble in cold water,
having a sweetish alkaline taste. It occurs in nature in
solution in the water of lakes in Tibet, Tatary, China, and
California, and is obtained from these waters by evapora-
tion and crystallization. The United States is now almost
wholly supplied with borax from California. Borax is
also prepared artificially from Soda and boracic acid. It is
much used as a flux in assaying operations, and for clean-
ing the surfaces of difficultly fusible metals previous to
soldering, since when melted it dissolves the metallic oxids
Which form on their surfaces when heated. It is also used
in glass and enamel manufacture; as an antiseptic, par-
ticularly in foods, because its action on the system is fee-
ble even in comparatively large doses; and as a detergent.
Crude borax is also called tâncal.—Glass of borax.
See glass.-Honey of borax. See homey,
Borborite (bór’bö-rit), n. [K LL. Borborita, K
Gr. 300,30pital, pl., K. Gr. 36pſ3000c, mud, mire,
filth..] A nickname for certain Ophitic Gnos-
ties, and also in general for one who holds or
is supposed to hold filthy or immoral doctrines:
in modern times specifically applied to a branch
of the Mennonites.
borborygm (bór’bà-rim), m.
/)} {{S.
borborygmus (bór-bö-rig'mus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
floppopvyuág, K Bopſ opičev, have a rumbling in
the bowels; cf. Kopkopvy/lóg and Kopkopvyń, of
same sense; imitative words.]' The rumbling
noise caused by wind within the intestines.
Borchardt's functions, modulus. See the
Il ()ll IlS.
bordlf, m.
board.
bord?t, n. Same as bourdl.
bordà (bórd), n. A striped material for gar-
ments, made in the Levant.
bordagel (bór’dāj), m. [K F. bordage, K bord, a
ship's side, -H -age: see board and -age.] The
planking on a ship's side.
bordage? (bór’dāj), 'm. [Law F. (L.L. borda–
gium), K OF. borde, a hut, cot (see bordar), +
-age.] Under the Norman kings of England,
the tenure by which a bordar held his cot; the
services due by a bordar to his lord.
bordalisaundert, ‘m. [ME., also boord, borde,
burd alisaundre, bourde de Alisaundre, etc., i.e.,
“border (embroidery) of Alexandria,’ Alexan-
drian work, so named from Alexandria in
Egypt.] A stuff used in the middle ages, prob-
ably of silk, or silk and wool, and striped. Also
burdalisaunder.
bordar, n. [Also border; K ML. bordarius, cot-
tager, K borda (X OF. borde = Pr. Cat. borda =
Sp. It. borda), a cottage, hut, perhaps K Teut.
(AS. etc.) bord, a board: see board.] In Nor-
man times, in England, a villein who held a
cot at his lord's pleasure, usually with a small
holding of land in the open field, for which he
rendered menial service; a cottar.
bordet, n. A Middle English form of board.
Bordeaux (bör-dóſ), n. 1. A general term for
* the wines, both red and white, produced in
the region about Bordeaux, France, including
several departments, among which Gironde is
prečminent; specifically, any of the red wines
of this region, commonly known in English as
clarets.—2. A general name applied to many
dyestuffs which produce a vinous red color.
They are chiefly azo-dyes.
bordelī (bór’del), n. IK ME. bordel, KOF. bor-
del = Pr. Pg. bordel = Sp. burdel = ft. bordello,
K ML. bordellum, a brothel, orig. a little hut,
dim. of borda, X OF. borde: see bordar. Bor-
del has been displaced by brothel?, q.v.] A
brothel; a bawdy-house; a house devoted to
Same as borboryg-
An obsolete or dialectal form of
prostitution.
Making even his own house a stew, a bordel, and a school
of lewdness. South.
630
bordeler; (bór’del-àr), n. . [ME., also bordiller,
K OF. bordeler, bordelier, K bordel: see bordel.]
The keeper of a brothel. Gower.
bordello (bór-del’ô), n. [It..] Same as bordel.
B. Jomson; , Milton.
border (bór'dèr), m. and a... [Early mod. E.
also bordure, Sc. bordour; K ME. border, bor-
dure, bordeure, earliest form bordure, K OF.
bordure, earlier bordelire, mod. F. bordure = Pr.
Sp. Pg. bordadura = It. bordatura, K ML. bor-
datura, border, edging, K “bordare (pp. borda-
tus) (> It. bordare = Šp. Pg. Pr. bordar = F.
border), edge, border, K bordus (> It. Sp. bordo-
Pg. borda = F. bord), edge, side, K Teut. (AS.
etc.) bord, edge, side, mixed with bord, a board:
see board, where the two º; forms are dis-
tinguished. In termination, border is parallel
phonetically with armor, the earlier accented
suffix -ure having weakened under loss of ac-
cent to -er, -or.] T. n. 1. A side, edge, brink,
or margin; a limit or boundary.
Take heed to yourselves, that ye go not up into the
mount, or touch the border of it. Ex. xix. 12.
. The li s º 'a k
2. The line which separates one country, state, bordered (bór’dérd), p. a. [K border + -ed?..]
or province from another; a frontier line or
march.
In bringing his border into contact with that of the
Danelaw, Eadward announced that the time of rest was
Over, and that a time of action had begun.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Dng., p. 188.
3. The district or territory which lies along the
edge or boundary-line of a country; the fron-
tier; specifically, in the plural, the marches or
border districts: hence, in English and Scot-
tish history, “the borders,” the districts ad-
joining the line separating the two countries.
These outlaws, as I may call them, who robbed upon the
borders. Bp. Patrick, Com. on Genesis, xlvi. 34.
4. Territory; domam.
The Lord thy God shall enlarge thy border. Deut. xii. 20.
5. Figuratively, a limit, boundary, or verge;
brink; as, he is on the border of threescore;
driven by disaster to the border of despair;
“in the borders of death,” Barrow, Works, III.
xvii.-6. A strip, band, or edging Surrounding
any general area or plane surface, or placed
along its margin, and differing from it by some
well-defined character, as in material, color,
design, or purpose. (a) A narrow bed or strip of
ground in a garden inclosing a portion of it, and gen-
erally divided from it by a path or walk. (b) Ornamental
work surrounding a printed page, a handbill, a drawing,
etc., the black band around mourning stationery, or the
like. (c) A piece of ornamental trimming about the edge
of a garment, a cap, etc. In the seventeenth century, and
perhaps earlier, borders of garments were made detach-
able, similar to the apparels of the alb, and could be trans-
ferred from one garment to another; they were then rich-
ly embroidered, and are especially mentioned in wills and
inventories.
And beneath the cap's border gray mingles with brown.
Whittier, The Quaker Alumni.
(d) In her., the outer edge of the field when of different
tincture from the center. Its width is uniform,
should be one fifth the width of the
field. French heralds consider the bor-
der as one of the ordinaries; in English
heraldry it is sometimes a mark of dif-
ference. The border always covers the
end of any ordinary, as the chevron, fess
etc. When a coat of arms is in pale
with another, if either of them has a
border, it is not carried along the pale
but surrounds the outside of the fiel
only. The border when charged with
an ordinary shows only so much of the ordinary as comes
naturally upon that part of the field occupied by the bor-
der; thus, the cut represents a border paly of six pieces,
azure and argent. . -
7+. A plait or braid of hair worn round the fore-
head.
I did try two or three borders and periwigs, meaning to
Wężll Oil C. Pepys, Diary, May 9, 1663.
8. In milling, a hoop, rim, or curb about a bed-
stone or bed-plate, which prevents the meal
from falling off except at the proper opening.
—9. pl. The portions of scenery in a theater
which hang from above and represent foliage,
clouds, beams, etc.—Alveolar border. See alveo.
irºmētered 'border, in a hearth, the edging about the
slab-stone. =Syn. Bowmals, Confines, etc. See bowndary.
II. a. Of or pertaining to the border of a
Country. Specifically—(a) In England and Scotland, of
or pertaining to “the borders” of those countries: as, the
border barons; border thieves. (b) In the United States
of or pertaining to the frontier-line between the settled
and unsettled parts of the country: as, a border quarrel.
—BOrder an, in U. S. hist., one of the proslavery
party in Missouri, who in 1854–58 habitually crossed the
border into Kansas for the purpose of voting illegally and
of intimidating free-State colonists.
border (bór’dér), v. [Early mod. E. also bor-
dure, Sc. bordour; K . borduren, bourduren,
border; from the noun. Cf. broider, brouder.]
I. trams. 1. To make a border about; adorn
*=.
sº-
A Border Paly.
bordering (bór’dér-ing), n.
border-knife (bór’dér-nif), m.
border-plane (bór’ dér-plan), n.
border-tower (bór’ dér-tou" er), n.
bord-lodet, n.
tº
bordelode
with a border: as, to border a garment or a
garden.
Rivulets bordered with the softest grass.
- T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry.
2. To form a border or boundary to.—3. To
lie on the border of; be contiguous to; ad-
join; lie next.
Sheba and Raamah border the Persian Gulf. Raleigh,
4t. To confine or keep within bounds; limit.
That nature, which contemns its origin,
Cannot be border'd certain in itself.
Shak., Lear, iv. 2.
II, intrans. To have a contiguous boundary
or dividing line; abut exteriorly: with on or
wpon: as, the United States border on the two
great oceans.
Virtue and Honour had their temples bordering on
each other and are sometimes both on the same coin.
Addison, Dialogues on Medals, ii.
To border on or upon, figuratively, to approach closely
in character; verge on ; resemble closely: as, his conduct
borders wºom vulgarity.
Wit which borders wyom profaneness . . . deserves to
be branded as folly. Tillotson, Works (ed. 172S), I. 33.
Having a border: specifically, in math., applied
to a determinantformed from another by adding
One or more rows and Columns. Thus, a bordered
symmetrical determinant is a determinant formed by add-
ing a row and column to a symmetrical determinant.
borderer (bör'dèr-ér), n.
[Early mod. E. (Sc.)
also bordurer, bourdurer; K late ME. borderer;
K border + -erl.] 1. One who dwells on a bor-
der, or at the extreme part or confines of a
country, region, or tract of land; one who
dwells near to a place.—2. One who approach-
es near to another in any relation. [Rare.]
The poet is the nearest borderer upon the orator.
* B. Jonson, Discoveries.
3. One who makes borders or bordering.
[Verbal n. of bor-
der, v.] 1. The act of making a border, or of
surrounding with a border.—2. Material for
a border; a border of any kind; particularly,
an ornamental band of paper placed around the
upper part of the walls of a room.
bordering-wax (bór’ dér-ing-waks), n. Wax
by etchers and aquatint engravers for .
forming a bordering about plates which are to
used
|be etched, to retain the agid. It is made of 3 parts
of Burgundy pitch to 1 part of yellow beeswax. To these
ingredients, when melted, sweet oil is added, and, after
cooling, the mixture is poured into water. s -
A knife with a
convex blade fixed at the end of a long handle,
used to trim, the edges of sods; an edging-
knife or sod-cutter.
border-land (bór’dér-land), n. Land forming a
border or frontier; an uncertain intermediate
district or space: often used figuratively.
The indefinite border-lónd between the animal and vege-
table kingdoms. H. Spencer, First Principles.
* border-lights (bör’der-litz), n. pl... The row of
gaslights behind the borders in a theater.
A joiner's
A small
fortified post, consisting usually of a high square
tower with a flat roof and battlements, and one
or more machicolated protections for the gate,
drawbridge, and the like, and surrounded by a
strong wall ñº; a court. Such dwellings, for-
merly occupied by petty landowners in exposed positions,
are frequent along the border between Scotland and Eng-
land: hence the name.
edging-plane.
border-warrant (bór'dèr-wor/ant), n. In Scots
law, a warrant issued by the judge ordinary,
on the borders between Scotland and England,
on the application of a creditor, for arresting
the effects of a debtor residing on the English
side of the border, and detaining him until he
finds caution that he shall sist himself in judg-
ment in any action which may be brought for
the debt within six months.
bord-halfpennyi, n. Same as burgh-halfpenny.
bord-landt, n. [A
M.E. law term, appar. K bord,
a table, board (but prob. with ref. to bordage?,
q. v.), + land.] In feudal law, a term of un-
certain meaning, defined, from the apparent
etymology, as the demain land which a lord
kept in his hands for the maintenance of his
board or table, but more probably land held
by a tenant in bordage.
[A. M.E. law term, appar. K bord,
a table, board (but prob. with ref. to bordage?
q.v.), + lode, a leading, conveyance.] In joiâai
law, some service due by a tenant to his lord,
involving the carrying of wood, etc., to the
lord’s house.


bordman
bordman, n. in ML.
[ME. *bordman (onl •
bordmanivus), K bord, a table, board (but prob.
with ref. to $orãage, q. v.), :-F man.] In law, a
tenant of bord-land; a bordar.
bordont, n. A form of bourdon.
bordraget, n. See bodrag.
bord-service (bórd'sér”vis), n. [K bord-, as in
bordage, bordman, etc., + service..] In feudal
iaw, the tenure of bord-lands; bordage.
bordure (bör'dir), n. [Early mod. E., K ME.
bordure, K OF. (and F.) bordure: see border.]
An obsolete or archaic form of border, retained
in heraldry,
The netherest hem or bordwre of these clothes.
Chaucer, Boëthius, i. prose 1.
Instead of railes and balusters, there is a bordure of
capital letters. Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 31, 1654.
Bordure componé. See componé.
borel (bór), v.; pret. and pp. bored, ppr. boring.
[Early mod. E. also sometimes boar; K ME. bo-
wen, borien, KAS. borian = D. boren = OHG.
ãorón, MHG. born, G. bohren = Icel. bora = Sw.
borra = Dan. bore, bore, = L. forãre, bore, per-
forate (see foramen, perforate), = Gr. papāv,
gapoin, plow: a secondary verb, from, or from
the same root as, the formally more primitive
noun, AS. bor (= D. boor = MLG. bor = G. bohr
= Icel. borr = Sw, borr = Dan. bor), an auger,
gimlet; cf. Gr. ºpépoc, a plow, connécted with
*ápayá, a ravine, pápvyč, pharynx: See pharynx.
See bore1, n.] I, trans. 1. To pierce or per-
forate with a rotatory cutting instrument;
make a circular hole in by turning an auger,
gimlet, drill, or anything that will produce the
same effect: as, to bore a plank or a cannon;
to bore the ground for water, or with a stick.
I'll believe as soon,
This whole earth may be bored, and that the moon
May through the centre creep. Shak., M. N. D., iii. 2.
2. To form or produce by rotatory perforation:
as, to bore a hole or a well.
Where wells are completely drained by some excavations
situated lower down, several holes are bored in the bottom
of the well, and a fresh supply of water is obtained by
means of explosives.
Eissler, Modern High Explosives, p. 311.
3. To penetrate, make, or gain as if by boring;
push or drive through or into by any pene-
trating action: as, to bore a plank, or a hole in
a plank, with a rifle-ball.
Bustling crowds I bored. Gay, Trivia, iii. 395.
With great difficulty we bored our way through the
moving [ice] pack. A. W. Greely, Arctic Service, p. 103.
4t. To befool; trick; overreach.
At this instant
He bores me with some trick.
Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 1.
I am abused, betrayed, I am laughed at, scorned, baf-
fled, and bored, it seems. Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iv. 5.
II. intrans. 1. To pierce or penetrate, as a
imlet or similar instrument; make a hole or
oles; as, the auger bores well.—2. To sink a
bore-hole, as in searching for water, coal, etc.
—3. To be suited for piercing with an auger or
other boring-tool: as, wood that bores well or
ill.—4. To push forward or through toward a
certain point: as, “boring to the west,” Dryden.
The elder streets [of Florence] go boring away into the
heart of the city in narrow dusky vistas of a fascinating
picturesqueness. H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 271.
5. In the manège, to thrust the head forward
as far as possible: said of a horse.’-syn. 1. Per-
jorate, etc. See penetrate.
borel (bör), n. [In sense 1, K. M.E. bore, KAS.
bor (= D. boor, fem., f= MLG. bor, m., as OHG.
bora, f., G. bohr = Icel. borr = Sw. borr, m.,
Dan bor, neut.), an auger, a gimlet; in sense 3,
K ME bore = Icel. bora, a hole; in other senses
directly from the verb: see borel, v.] 1+. Any
instrument for making holes by boring or turn-
ing, as an auger or gimlet.
A hole fit for the file or square bore. Jos. Moſcom.
2. A hollow hand-tool used in nail-making to
hold a nail while its head is being formed.—
3. A hole made by boring, or as if by boring:
as, “an auger's bore,” Shak., Cor., iv. 6. Specifi-
cally—(a) A deep vertical perforation made in the earth
in search of water, or to ascertain the nature of the un-
derlying strata, as in searching for coal or other minerals;
a bore-hole. (b) The cylindrical cavity or perforation of
a tube, rifle, cannon, etc. g º
Hence—4. The caliber or internal diameter
of a hole or perforation, whether made by bor-
ing or not, especially of the cavity of a gun or
tube.
Beside th' Artillery
Of fourscore pieces of a mighty Boare,
Drayton, Noah's Floud (ed. 1680), p. 108.
The bores of wind instruments. Bacon.
5t. A wound or thrusts—Blue bore, an opening in
#he clouds showing the blue sky. [Scotch..]—To Wick a
~ * * * • * - - - - - : x * * * * . . .” - * * r. * *.*.
... * * * * . . . . . * . . . . .* - . . .” - . *...* u, ,
- - - * - & - , - ?
bore? (bór), n.
g " 631
bore, in the game of curling, to drive a stone dexterously
through an opening between two guards.
[Early mod. E. also boar, boer;
appar. KME. bare, a wave, billow (once, in doubt-
use) (cf. F. barre, a bore); prob. KIcel. bāra
= Norw, baara, a biowcaused by wind; cf. Sw.
dial. bār, a hill, mound;
Icel. bera = E. bear!..] An abrupt tidal wave
which breaks in an estuary, the water thenrush:
ing up the channel with great violence and
T10189. The tidal wave being a wave of translation, the
Shoaling and narrowing of channels where the tide rises
very rapidly produce a great increase in the height of the
Wave. The forward parts of the wave, too, in shoaling
Water advance less rapidly than the backward parts, and
80 Cause a great accumulation in front. The most cele-
brated bores in the old world are those of the Ganges, In-
dus, and Brahmaputra. The last is said to rise to a height
of 12 feet. In the Amazon and other rivers in Brazil the
bore reaches a height of from 12 to 16 feet. In England
the bore is observed more especially in the Severn, Trent,
and Wye, and in the Solway Frith. The bores in some
estuaries at the head of the Bay of Fundy are remarkable.
In some parts of England it is called eager (which see); on
the Amazon, the prororoca : on the Seine, the barre ; and
on the Garonne and Dordogne in France, the mascaret.
When the rise of the tide begins, the surface of the water
is disturbed in mid-channel; but the water is not broken,
it is merely like a common wave. But as this rapid rise
elevates the surface suddenly above the level of the flat
sands, the water immediately rushes over them with great
Velocity, and with a broken front, making a great noise.
And this is the whole of the bore.
Airy, Encyc. Metrop., Tides and Waves, p. 514.
bore* (bór), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bored, ppr. bor-
£ng. [This word, verb and noun (the noun in
senses 1 and 2 appar. preceding the verb), came
into use about the middle of the 18th century;
usually considered a particular use of borel,
and compared with G. drillcm, bore, drill, also
bore, weary; but an immediate derivation from
iorel is philologically improbabie, though it
may be explaimed as a twist of fashionable
slang (to which, indeed, the word has always
belonged), perhaps resting on some forgotten
anecdote. At any rate, the word is now inde-
pendent of borel.] 1. To weary by tedious
iteration or repetition; tire, especially in con-
versation, by insufferable dullness; tease; an-
noy; pester.
“I will tell him to come,” said Buckhurst. “Oh no,
no; don't tell him to come,” said Millbank. “Don’t bore
him.” Disraeli, Coningsby, i. 10.
Bolting away to a chamber remote,
Inconceivably bored by his Witen-gemote,
Edwy left them all joking,
And drinking, and Smoking.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 215.
2. In racing, to annoy or impede by crowding
against or out of the way.
bores (bör), n. [See bores, v.] 1+. Ennui; a fit
of ennui or listless disgust or weariness.-2+.
One who suffers from ennui.-3. One who or
that which bores one, or causes ennui or annoy-
ance; anything which by dullness taxes the
patience, or otherwise causes trouble or an-
noyance; specifically, a dull, tiresome, or un-
congenial person who tires or annoys by forcing
his company or conversation on others, or who
persists in uninteresting talk or undesired at-
tentions.
Society is now one polished horde,
Formed of two mighty tribes, the bores and bored.
Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 95.
Learned folk
Who drench you with aesthetics till you feel
As if all beauty were a ghastly bore,
The faucet to let loose a wash of words.
Lowell, Cathedral.
A sort of good-natured persistency, which induced the
impression that he was nothing worse than a well-mean-
ing bore, who was to be endured at all times for the sake
of his occasional usefulness and universal cheerfulness.
Towrgée, Fool's Errand, p. 32.
bore4 (bör). Preterit of bearl.
boreši, n. An obsolete spelling of boar.
bored (bór), n. [E. dial., short for borecole, q.v.]
A kind of cabbage; borecole. Tusser.
rob. connected with borean (bó'ré-an), a.
Boreas (böré-as), n.
borecole (börſkól), m.
boredom (bör'dum), m.
boreet (bö’ré), n.
boregat (bor’e-gat), n.
bore-hole (bör’hôl), m.
boreism (bör’izm), n.
borer
Boreal pole, in French terminology, the pole of the mag-
netic needle which points to the south. See austral pole,
under austral.—Boreal province, in zoögeog., one of the
provinces established with reference to the distribution
of marine animals. It embraces the North Atlantic south
of the arctic province to a line passing through the maze
of Norway and Cape Cod.
[K Boreas + -an.] Same
[L., also Borras, K. Gr.
Bopéaç, Attic Boppäg, north wind, the god of the
north wind; cf. Russ. burya, storm, buranti, a
tempest with snow : see bora.] 1. In Gr. myth.,
the god of the north wind.—2. The north wind
personified; a cold, northerly wind.
[Also formerly boorcole;
D. boerenkool, borecole, lit. peasant's cab-
page, K. boer, peasant, + kool, cabbage: see
boor and cole..] A variety of Brassica oleracea,
a cabbage with curled or wrinkled leaves which
have no tendency to form into a hard head. It
is valued chiefly for winter use.
[K boreč, n., + -dom.]
1. The state of being a bore, or the tendency
to become tiresome and uninteresting.
I presently found that here too the male could assert
his superiority and show a more vigorous boredom.
George Eliot, Theophrastus Such, xv.
2. The state of being bored; tedium ; ennui.
Some, stretching their legs, presented symptoms of an
escape from boredom. Disraeli, Young Duke.
Our “sea-anemone,” a creature with which everybody,
since the great aquarium mania, must have become famil-
iar, even to the limits of boredom. -
Hwacley, Critiques and Addresses, p. 113.
3. Bores collectively.
[Also written bory, bourrée :
K F. bourrée, a rustic dance.] A dance or move-
ment in common time.
Dick could neatly dance a jig,
But Tom was best at borees.
Swift, Tom and Dick.
as boreal.
boreen (bö-rén'), n. [KIr, bothar (pron. bā'hér),
a road, + dim. -in.] A lane or narrow road.
[Anglo-Irish.]
A chiroid fish of the
genus Hearagram mus: better known as bodieron
and rock-trout. See cut under Hearagrammus.
A hole made in boring
for minerals, water, etc.; specifically, the hole
in which a blasting-charge is placed. See bor-
Čng, 2.
[Also written borism ; K
boreš + -ism..] The action of a bore; the con-
dition of being a bore. [Rare.]
borellf, borrellt, n. [Early mod. E., prop. burel,
burrel, burrell, K. M.E. borel, burel, KTOF. burel,
later bureau, a coarse woolen stuff (mod. F.
bureau, a desk, writing-table, bureau, X E. bu-
Teau, q.v.): see burrel, and cf. birrus.] 1. A
coarse woolen stuff, or garments made of it;
hence, clothing in general.
I Wol renne out my bored for to shewe.
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1.356.
2. A kind of light stuff the warp of which was
silk and the woof wool; a kind of serge.
borel?t, borrel?t, a. [ME., also burel, supposed
to be a particular use of borell, n., q.v. Some–
times used archaically in mod. E.] 1. Belong-
ing to the laity, as opposed to the clergy.
And more we se of Christes secre thinges
Than borel folk, although that they ben kinges,
We live in povert and in abstinence,
And borel folk in richesse and dispense.
Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1, 164,
2. Rude; unlearned.
But, sires, because I am a burel man . . .
Haveth me excused of my rude speche.
Chawcer, Prol, to Franklin's Tale, 1. 44.
I am but rude and borrel. Spenser, Shep. Cal., July.
Thou Wert, ever of a tender conscience, son Wilkin,
though thou hast but a rough and borrel bearing.
Scott, Betrothed, vii.
borelyt, a. An obsolete form of burly.
Boread (bö’ré-ad), n, and a. [K Gr, Bopsáðng, a borent. Obsolete form of born, borne, pp. of
son of Boreas, Bopedig (Bopead-), a daughter of A.bearl.
Oreas.] borer (bör’ér), m.
Boreas, adj. (fem.), boreal; K Bopéag,
I. n. Achild of Boréas,
II. a. [l. c.] Pertaining or relating to north-
ern regions; boreal. [Rare.]
boreal (bö’ré-al), a. [K ME. boriall, K LL.bo-
Tealis, K L. Boreas, Boreas.] Pertaining to, situ-
ated in, or issuing from the north; relating or
pertaining to the north or to the north wind;
northern.
Above the Siberian snows
We'll sport amid the boreal morning.
Wordsworth, Peter Bell.
In boreal Dakota, whose capital bears his name, Ger-
many and Bismarck are connected conceptions of the
, mind. N. A. Rev., CLXIII. 105.
Chaucer.
[K borel, v., + -erl; = G.
bohrer.] 1. One who bores or pierces.— 2. A
tool or instrument used for boring; an auger;
Specifically, in Great Britain, a drill, an imple:
ment used in boring holes in rock.-3. A name
Common to many minute coleopterous insects
of the group Xylophaga, whose larvae eat their
way into old wood, forming at the bottom of
the holes a little cocoon, whence they emerge
as Small beetles.—4. Some other insect which
bores, either in the larval or adult state.—5.
A local English name of the glutinous hag, Mya:-
ine glutinosa. See, cut under hag.—6. A bi-
valve mollusk which bores into wood or stone,

borer
especially one of the family Pholadidae.—7. In
entom., the terebra or ovipositor when it is used
for boring, as in many beetles, flies, etc.—Annu-
lar borer. See annular.—Clover-root borer, a small
Scolytid beetle, Hylesinus trifolii (Müller), imported from
Europe into America, and very injurious to clover. The
larva is cylindrical, of slightly curved form, whitish, with
a yellowish head. The perfect beetle is a little over 2 mil-
limeters in length, T.
elongate-oval inform,
and of a brownish-
black color, the ely-
tra being reddish and
Somewhat shining.—
Grape-root borer,
the larva of Ægeria.
polistiformis, a moth
of the family AEgeri-
idae, which lays its
eggs in July or Au-
gust at the base of
the grape-vine, close
to the ground. They
are white fleshy grubs
which eat the bark
and sap-wood of the
grape-root, and trans-
form to the pupa state
within a pod-like co-
coon of gummy silk,
to which bits of
wood and bark are
attached.
An
boresont, n.
obsolete variant
of bawsom.
bore-tree, n. See
bour-tree.
bore-worm (bór'-
Wérm), m.
name for the É -
ship-worm, - Te- Clover-root Borer (Hºyleszzures tryozº).
Tedo mavalis : so
a, a, a, burrows made by the insect;
3, larva, lateral view; c, pupa, ventral
view ; d, beetle, dorsal view. All en-
larged.
called on account
of its boring into
submerged tim-
ber, as the bottoms of vessels, piles, and the like.
Thorhame (bór'am), n. [E. dial.; origin ob-
Scure.] A local English name, in Northum-
berland, of the lemon or sand-sole.
boric (bó'rik), a. [K bor(aa) + -ic, ] Same as
boracic.
boride (bö'rid or -rid), n. [K bor(on) + -ide.]
A primary compound of boron with a metallic
element.
boring (bör’ing), n. [Verbal n. of borel, v.]
1. The act of piercing or perforating; specifi-
cally, in mining and similar operations, the act
of making a hole in rock or earth by means b
of a borer or drill. This is often executed on a large
Scale by the aid of machinery. Wells and shafts several
feet in diameter are now bored without blasting, as has
been done in Paris in sinking artesian Wells, in the great
northern coal-flelds of I'rance and Belgium, and elsewhere.
2. The hole made by boring. Holes of small depth
bored with the drill for blasting are called bore-holes.
Deep holes bored for any purpose are called borings, and
if of large diameter shafts or wells, according as they
are intended for use in mining or for supplying water.
3. pl. The chips, fragments, or dust produced
in boring. Also called boring-dust.—Three-
handed boring, in mining, boring in which a hand-drill
is operated by three men, one of whom holds the drill
and turns it as the work proceeds, while the others alter-
nately strike upon or beat it with a heavy hammer or
sledge. When one man holds the drill and another beats
it, the boring is two-handed; when the same person holds
the drill with one hand, and beats it with the other, it is
single-handed. [Eng.]
boring-anchor (bór'ing-ang"kgr), m.
Screw-pile.
boring-bar (bör'ing-bār), n. A bar to which
the cutters in a drilling- or boring-machine are
secured. See cutter-bar.
looring-bit (börſing-bit), m. 1. A tool or instru-
ment of various shapes and sizes, used for
making holes in wood and other solid sub-
stances. See bitl.—2. A tool much like a
priming-wire, but more highly tempered and
with an end somewhat like an auger, used for
cleaning out the vent of a gun when it is closed
'by some metallic obstruction; a vent-gimlet.
boring-block (börſing-blok), n. In mech., a
strong cylindrical piece fitted on the boring-
'bar of a boring-machine, and having the cut-
ters fixed in it.
boring-collar (bör'ing-kol’ār), n. A circular
disk in a lathe, which can be turned about its
center in a vertical plane, so as to bring any one
of a number of taper holes of different sizes con-
tained in it in line with the piece to be bored.
The end of the piece is exposed at the hole to
a boring-tool which is held against it.
boring-dust (bör'ing-dust), n. Same as boring, 3.
boring-gage (börſing-gāj), n. A clamp or sto
fixed to the shank of a bit or other boring-too
to regulate the depth of the work.
632
boring-head (bör'ing-hed), n. 1. The cutter-
head of a diamond drill.—2. A short cylinder
Acarrying cutting-tools, fitted upon a boring-bar.
boring-machine (bör'ing-ma-shën”), n. Any ap-
paratus employing bor-
ing-tools, such as the
bit, auger, or drill. Such
machines are used for boring
both metal and Wood. In
the first case if the perforat-
ing tool revolves the machine
is essentially a drill. In
the metal-boring machine
proper the work revolves
while the fixed cutter-head
advances as the cut is
made. In all there are
appliances for securing a
variable speed and for
adjusting one tool to many
kinds of work. They are
used to bore out heavy
castings, guns, cylinders,
wheel-hubs, etc. The wood-
boring machines are essen-
tially machine-augers. The
auger or bit may be fixed,
Or may have a slight journal
movement as the work pro-
ceeds. The block-boring
machine is an apparatus
consisting of two augers driven by hand and a vise for
holding the bolt of wood from which a block is to be made.
The carpenters'
boring-machine is
an auger supported
on a movable frame
in such a way that,
holes can be bored
With it at any an-
gle. It is operated
by two handles and
bevel gearing, the
operator sitting
astride themachine
while at work.
boring-mill -
(bór 'ing-mil),
m. Same as
boring-machine.
boring-rod
(bör" ing-rod)
}. A jointed
rod to which the tools used in earth-boring and
rock-drilling are attached. -
boring-sponge (bör'ing-spunj), n. A salt-water
; of the genus Cliona, which bores into
shells and limestone.
boring-table (bór'ing-tā"bl), n. The platform
supporting the work in a boring-machine.
orism, n. See boreism.
boritht, n. [K LL. borith, K Heb. bārīth (Jer. ii.
22), tr. in the English version “soap.’] A plant
roducing an alkali used in cleansing.
orja (bór'jā; Sp. pron, būrſhā), m. A sweet
white wine grown near Saragossa in Spain.
borley (bór’li), n. [E. dial.] A boat used by
trawlers about the estuary of the Thames.
borling (bör’ling), n. [E. dial.] A local Eng-
lish name of the river-lamprey.
born 1 (bórn), p. a. [K ME. born, boren (often
shortened bore), K AS. boren, pp. of b
bear, carry, bring forth. The distinction be-
tween born 1 and bornel is recent : see bearl.]
1. Possessing from birth the quality or char-
acter stated: as, a born poet; a born fool.
Dunstan resumed Ælfred's task, not, indeed, in the wide
and generous spirit of the king, but with the activity of a
born administrator. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 325.
2. Innate; inherited; produced with a person
at birth: as, born wit; born dignity: in both
senses opposed to acquired after birth or from
ea perience.
Often abbreviated to b.
Born in or with, inherited by birth; received or im-
planted at birth.
Wit and wisdom are born with a man.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 66.
a, b, cone-pulleys; c, hori-
zontal face-plate ; d, boring-
shaft; g, hand-wheel; h, au-
tomatic feed arrangement;
Æ, handle which acts upon a
pinion and rack to raise or
lower the
belt-shifter.
face-plate; zn,
#
Carpenters' Boring-machine.
Born of, sprung from.
None of woman born shall harm Macbeth.
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1.
Born On the Wrong Side of the blanket, See blanket.
—Born to, destined to from birth, or by right of birth.
I was born to a good estate.
Swift, Story of an Injured Lady.
In one's born days, in one's lifetime. [Colloq.]
There was one Miss Byron, a Northamptonshire lady,
whom I never saw before im, my born days.
Richardson, Grandison, I. 103.
In all his born days he never hearn such screeches and
yells as the wind give over that chimbley.
Mrs. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 18.
To be born again, to become regenerate in spirit and
character; be converted.
Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom
of God. Jo º
borne2+ (börn), n.
borné (bór-nā’), a.
bornedt, p. a.
bornečne (bór’né-én), n.
Borneo çamphor;
borneol (bór
bornine (bör'min), n.
bornous, bornouse, n.
ë borocalºite ºk
boroglyceride (bö-rö-glis’é-rid or -rid), m.
* @” borosilicate
boroughl (bur'6), n.
Same as
hn iii. 8. ,
borough
To be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth, to
inherit a fortune by birth; be born to good luck.
rn?, v. t. See bone?.
Q),
bornei (börn). [See born 1.] Past participle of
bear 1.
Same as bourn?.
[F., P; of borner, bound
limit, K borne, boundary, limit; see bourn”.
Bounded; limited; marrow-minded;
stricted intelligence.
He [Sir Robert Peel] began life as the underling of Lord
Sidmouth—the shallowest, narrowest, most borné, and
most benighted of the old Tory crew. " .
W. R. Greg, Misc. Issays, 2d ser., p. 234.
of re-
Bornean (běrné-an), a. and n. IK Borneo +
-am.] I. a. Pertaining to Borneo, the largest
island of the Malay archipelago.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Borneo.
An obsolete form of burned.
[K borne(ol) + -ene.]
A liquid hydrocarbon (C10H16) secreted by
Dryobalanops camphora, and holding in solu-
tion a solid substance, borneol (CºHigo), Or
camphor of Borneo. See Dryobalanops.
See camphor.
në-ol), n. [K Borneo + -ol.] Same
as Borneo camphor (which see, under camphor).
[Appar. as born-ite +
-ine?..] Telluric bismuth: same as tetradymite.
Chaucer.
lborning, borning-rod. See boming, boning-rod.
bornite (bör’mit), n.
[After Dr. Ignatius von
Born, an Austrian mineralogist (1742–91), +
-ite?..] A valuable copper ore, consisting of
about 60 parts of copper, 14 of iron, and 26 of
sulphur, found mostly massive, also in iso-
metric crystals. It has a peculiar bronze-color on
the fresh fracture (hence called by Cornish miners horse-
flesh ore), but soon tarnishes; and from the bright colors
it then assumes it is often named purple or variegated
copper and erubescite,
Same as burnoose.
al’sit), n. IK boron + cal-
cite.] 1. A hydrous calcium borate, occurring
in Tuscany and in Chile.— 2. Same as *
boron + glycer(in) + -ide.]" An antiseptic sub-
stance containing about 25 per cent. of glyceryl
borate, or propenyl borate (C3H5BO3), and 75
per cent. of free boric acid and glycerin in
×equivalent proportions.
boron (bö'ron), 7.
[NL., K bor(aa) + -on.]
Chemical symbol, B; atomic weight, 11.0. A
chemical element belonging to the group of
non-metals. Two allotropic forms of this element are
known, one a brown, amorphous powder, slightly soluble
in water, the other (adamantine boron) crystalline, and
with a luster and hardness inferior only to that of the
diamond. In all its compounds boron appears to be triva-
lent. It does not occur in mature in the free state, but
some of its compounds are well-known articles of com-
merce. It is prepared by heating boric acid at a high
temperature with some powerful reducing agent, such as
potassium or aluminium. Its oxygen acid, boracic acid,
and the soda salt, borax, are extensively used in the arts.
boronatrocalcite (bö-rö -nā-trö-kal' sit), n.
[K boron + matron + calcite.] A hydrous borate
of sodium and calcium: the mineral ulexite.
(bö-rö-sil’i-kāt), m. . [K bor(ic) +
silic(ic) + -atel.] A double salt, in which both
boric and silicic acids are combined with a
basic radical, as datolite, which is a borosili-
cate of calcium. Also called silicoborate.
[Early mod. E. also bor-
rough, burrough, borrow, burrow, borow, burow,
etc.; sometimes, esp. in comp., Written boro or
boro’; K ME. borwe, º borgh, burgh, boru 3,
buruh, etc., burie, buri, bery, etc., KAS. burh,
buruh, burg (gen. and dat. byrig, whence the sec-
ond set of ME. forms above, burie, etc., E. buryl,
q. v.), a town, a fortified place (= OS. burug,
burg =OFries. burich, burch = M.D. burch, borch,
D. burg, burgt = MLG. borch = OHG. burug,
buruc, bure, M.H.G. bure, G. burg = Icel. borg =
Sw. Dan. borg = Goth. baurgs; hence, from
OHG. etc., ML. burgus, X OF. bure, borg, F.
bourg = Pr. borc = Sp. Pg. burgo = It. borgo);
prob. KAS. bedrgan (pp. borgen) = Goth, bair-
gan = G. bergen, etc., protect: see bury1, bur-
rowl, burgl, burgh, bourgl (all ult, identical with
borough), burgess, bourgeois, etc. The word ap-
}. in various forms in many names of towns:
eterborough, Edinburgh or Edinboro, Canter-
bury, Hamburg, Burgos, etc.] 1. Formerly, a
fortified town, or a town possessing municipal
organization; also, a town or city in general.
—2. In England: (a) A town possessing a
regularly organized municipal corporation and
special privileges conferred by royal charter:
.. called a muhicipal borough. (b) A
town having the right to send one or more



. borough
representatives to
8, £º borough. It often differs interrito-
rial extent from the municipal borough of the same name.
The corresponding term in Scotland is burgh.
A borough' is properly a town or city represented in
arliament, although the term has occasionally (as in the
Municipal Corporation Act) a wider º;
e * . Stephen, Laws Eng., II, 357.
3. In Connecticut, Minnesota, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania, an incorporated municipality
less populous than a city and differently goy-
erned: in general, corresponding to town in
other States. In Minnesota and º: its
boundaries are identical with those of one of the primary
divisions of the county; in Connecticut and New Jersey
they include only the space occupied by houses adjoining
or nearly adjoining. Also, one of the five administrative
subdivisions of the enlarged city of New York.
4t. A shelter or place of security.
The flat, levell, and plaine fields not able to afford us
. . . any borough to shelter us.
Hollamd, tr. of Ammianus, p. 114.
5+. At Richmond in Yorkshire, England, and
perhaps other northern old corporate towns, a
roperty held by burgage, and formerly quali-
#; for a vote for members of Parliament.
N. E. D.—Close borough, a pocket borough.
Lansmere is neither a rotten borough, to be bought, nor
a close borough, under one man's nomination. w!ºwer.
Pocket borough, in England. before the passage of the
Reform Bill of 1832 and the subsequent legislation deal-
ing with the elective franchise, a borough the parliamen-
tary representation of which was practically in the hands
of some individual or family.— Rotten borough, a name
given before the passing of the Reform Bill of 1832 to cer-
tain boroughs in England which had fallen into decay and
had a mere handful of voters, but which still retained the
privilege of sending members to Parliament. At the head
of the list of these stood Old Sarum, the abandoned site of
an old town, which returned two representatives though
without a single inhabitant, the proprietors nominating
whom they pleased.— To buy a borough, to purchase
the power of controlling the election of a member of Par-
liament for a borough. Under recent British legislation
this is no longer possible.
borough??, n. An obsolete form of burrow?.
boroughºf, n., An obsolete form of borrowl.
borough-court (burſó-kört), n. The court of
record for an English borough, generally pre-
sided over by the recorder. . .
borough-English (bur’6-ing'glish), n. [Irreg.
translation of AF. tenure en burgh engloys,
tenure in an English borough..] In law, a cus-
tomary descent of some estates in England to
the youngest son instead of the eldest, or, if the
owner leaves no son, to the youngest brother.
It is a remarkable circumstance that an institution
closely resembling Borough English is found in the Laws
of Wales, giving the rule of descent for all cultivating
villeins. . Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 223.
borough-head, n. See borrow-head.
borough-holdër (bur’6-hôl"dēr), n. 1. In Eng-
land, a headborough; a borsholder. [Rare or
obsolete.]–2. In some parts of northern Eng-
land, a person who holds property by burgage
tenure.
The Bofough-holders [Gateshead] are qualified by ten-
ure of burgage tenements, which are particular freehold
houses, about 150 in number. They have an estate in fee.
Mwnicip. Corp. Reports (1835), p. 1526.
borough-master (bur’6-mâs’tér), n. [K bor-
oughl + master. Cf. ºl 1. A
Dutch or Flemish burgomaster.—2. The head
of certain Irish boroughs. N. E. D.
boroughmonger (bur’o-mung" gèr), n. For-
merly, one who bought or solā the parliamen-
tary representation of an English borough.
These were called rotten boroughs, and those who owned
and supported them borough-mongers.
A. Fonblanque, Jr., How we are Governed, v.
boroughmongering (bur'6-mung"gèr-ing), n.
Trafficking in the parliamentary representa-
tion of a borough, a practice at one time com-
mon in England.
We owe the English peerage to three sources: the spo-
liation of the church ; the open and flagrant sale of its
honours by the elder Stuarts; and the boroughmongering
of our own times. Disraeli, Coningsby, iv. 4.
borough-reeve (bur’6-rêv), n. [K boroughl +
weevel, after M.E. burh reve, K AS. burh-geräfa.]
1. Before the Norman conquest, the governor
of an English town or city.
They . . . also freely chose their own borough-reeve, or
port-reeve, as their head of the civic community was
termed. Sir E. Creasy, Eng. Const., p. 50.
2. The chief municipal officer in certain unin-
corporated English towns before the passage,
in 1835, of the Municipal Corporations Act,
borough-sessions (bur’ô-Sesh"Qnz), m. pl. The
sessions held quarterly, or oftener, in an Eng-
lish borough before the recorder, on a day ap-
pointed by him. -
Parliament: usually called borou
bº ship? (bur'6-ship), n.
borough-town (bur’ö-toun), n.
* * - 633
hship.1 (bur’ö-ship), n.
º A township; the ła
borough or township. N. E. D.
-8hip.
the goºd behavior of neighbors; frank-pledge. borrower (bor'ā-er), n.
M. E. D.
[K ME. burg-
town, borowton, a town which is a borough, KAS.
bºrhtſin, an inclosure surrounding a castle, K
burh, a castle, borough, + tilm, inclosure, town.
Hence the place-name Burton.] A town which
is a borough.
bºrowe, etc. Obsolete forms of
borrowl, boroughl, etc.
borrachiof, borrachot, n. Same as borachio.
Borraginaceae, etc. See Boraginaceae, etc.
borrasca (bö-rås'kä), n. [K Sp. borrasca, storm,
tempest, obstruction (see borasco); dar or caer
en borrasca, in mining, strike or light upon an
unprofitable lead; antithetical to bonanza, lit.
fair weather.] In mining, barren rock; an
unproductive or undeveloped mine.
borrellt, borrelºt. See borell, borel2.
Borrelist (bor'el-ist), n. [KAdam Borrel, their
founder, -H -ist.] In eccles. hist., one of a sect
of Mennonites founded in the Netherlands in
the seventeenth century, who rejected the use
of the Sacraments, public prayer, and all ex-
¥ternal worship, and led a very austere life.
borrowl? (bor’ö), n. [Early mod. E. also borowe,
borough, etc.; K Šiš. borowe, borwe, etc., KAS.
borh, borg, , a security, pledge, also a surety,
bondsman (= OFries. borh, borch = D. borg ==
MHG. borg, G. borg, pledge, security), K bear-
gan (pp. borgen) = D. and G. bergen, protect,
secure: see borough 1. The verb borrowl is from
the noun.] 1. A pledge or surety; bail; secu-
rity: applied both to the thing given as secu-
rity and to the person giving it: as, “with baile
nor borrowe,” Spenser, Shep. Cal., May.
Ye may retain as borrow my two priests.
2. A borrowing; the act of borrowing.
Yet of your royal presence I'll adventure
The borrow of a week. Shak., W. T., i. 2.
3. Cost; expense.
That great Pan bought with deare borrow.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., Sept.
Scott.
#4. A tithing; a frank-pledge.
borrowl (bor’ô), v. [K, ME. borowen, borwen,
etc., K. A.S. borgian (= OFries. borga = D. bor-
gen (> prob. Icel. borga = Sw. borga = Dan. Award, a petty constable.
bort (bört), m.
borge) = OHG. borgēn, MHG. G. borgen), borrow,
lit. give a pledge, K borh, borg, a pledge, se-
curity: see borrowl, m.] I. trans. 1. To take or
obtain (a thing) on pledge given for its return,
or without pledge, but on the understanding
that the thing obtained is to be returned, or an
equivalent of the same kind is to be substituted
for it; hence, to obtain the temporary use of:
with of or from (formerly at): as, to borrow
a book from a friend; to borrow money of a
stranger.
We have borrowed money for the king's tribute, and
that upon our lands and vineyards. Neh. v. 4.
2. To take or receive gratuitously from another
or from a foreign source and apply to one’s own
use; adopt ; appropriate; by euphemism, to
steal or plagiarize: as, to borrow aid; English
has many borrowed words; to borrow an author's
style, ideas, or language.
These verbal signs they sometimes borrow from others,
and'sometimes make themselves. Locke.
It is not hard for any man who hath a Bible in his
hands to borrow good words and holy sayings in abun-
dance. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxv.
That is the way we are strong by borrowing the might
of the elements. Bºmerson, Civilization.
3. To assume or usurp, as something counter-
pretense.
Those borrow'd tears that Simon sheds.
Shak., Lucrece, l. 1549.
Each part, depriv'd of supple government,
Shall, stiff and stark and cold, appear like death:
And in this borrow'd likeness of shrunk death
Thou shalt continue two-and-forty hours.
Shak., R. and J., iv. 1.
4}. To be surety for; hence, to redeem; ransom.
I pray you, let me borrow my arms again.
Shak., L. L. L., v. 2.
II. intrans. 1. To practise borrowing; take
or receive loans; appropriate to one's self what
belongs to another or others: as, I neither bor-
row nor lend; he borrows freely from other au-
thors.—2. In golf, when putting across sloping
ground, to play the ball a little up the slope to
counteract its effect.
[K borough1 + borrow? (bor'6), 9. i.
ct of constituting a orig. “take shelter’; cf. burrow”, shelter.]
[K borough.3 + , closely.
The condition of being security for borrow8ł, n. An obsolete form of borough1.
borrow-headt, n.
borrowing (bor'3-ing), n.
'borrowing-days (bor’6-ing-dāz), m. pl.
borsholder (börs’hôl-dér), n.
boruret (bó'rö-ret), n.
borweł, n.
B
feit, feigned, or not real; assume out of some §:
boscage
[Origin uncertain; prob.

Naut, to approach either land or the wind
Smyth.
1. One who borrows:
opposed to lender.
Neither a borrower nor a lender be :
For loan oft loseth both itself and friend;
And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.
s ſº hak., Hamlet, i. 3.
2. One who takes what belongs to another,
and uses it as his own; specifically, in literature,
a plagiarist.
Some say I am a great borrower. Pope.
[Also written borough-head;
orig. (AS.) *frithborhhedfod, written frithborh-
heved in the (Latin) laws of Edward the Com-
fessor; K frithborh, a tithing (K frith, peace, --
borh, pledge, security: see i;#. m.), + hed-
fod, head..] The head of a tithing; a headbor-
ough or borsholder.
[Verbal n. of bor-
rowl, v.] 1. The act of taking or obtaining
anything on loan or at second-hand.—2. The
act of taking and using as one's own.
Such kind of borrowing as this, if it be not better'd by
the Borrower, among good Authors is accounted Pla-
giarie. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxiii.
3. The thing borrowed.
Yet are not these thefts but borrowings ; not impious
falsities, but elegant flowers of speech.
Jer. Taylor (?), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 165.
The
last three days of March, old style: said to
have been borrowed from April, and supposed
to be especially stormy. [Scotch.]
borrow-pit (bor’ó-pit), n. In civil engin., an ex-
cavation made by the removal of material for
use in filling.
borsella (bór-sel’ā), n. [It. *borsella, fem., cor-
responding to borsello, masc., a bag, purse, pock-
et, dim. of borsa, a purse: see burse and purse.]
In glass-making, an instrument for extending
or contracting glass.
[Early mod. E.
bosholder, borsolder, burseholder, K AF. bori-
salder, borghisaldre, repr. ME. borghes alder:
borghes, gen. of borgh, a tithing, frank-pledge;
alder, chief: see borrowl, m., 4, and elderl, n.]
Originally, in England, the head or chief of a
tithing or frank-pledge; a headborough; after-
[Now only local.]
[Formerly also boart, bourt; cf.
F. bort, bord, bastard. Origin unknown.] 1. A
collective name for imºi. of inferior quality,
especially such as have a radiating crystalliza-
tion, so that they will not take a polish. These
are crushed to form diamond-powder or diamond-dust,
which is used for cutting and polishing diamonds and other
precious stones.
2. An amorphous variety of diamond, brown,
gray, or black in color, and known also as black
diamond or carbonado, found massive in Brazil
in association with pure diamonds. This is exten-
sively used as the cutting material in diamond drills and
stone-saws, for which ordinary diamonds are unsuited
from their crumbling and cleaving.
IK bor(on) + -uret.]
The older form for boride.
A Middle English form of borrowl.
os (bos), m. [L., acc. bovem, = Gr. 3oug, an
ox, = E. cow, q. v. See bovine, beef, bucolic,
etc.] A genus of hollow-horned ruminants,
having simple horns in both sexes, typical of
the family Bovida and subfamily Bovina, con-
taining the oxen, or cattle. Its limits vary; it is
now commonly restricted to the B. tawrus, the domestic
ox, bull, or cow, and closely related species. Formerly it
was about equivalent to the subfamily Bovince, as that term
is now used. See cut under oat.
See boca
osardt, m. A Middle English form of buccard.
Boscades (bos’ka-déz), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. Bookág
(pl. pookáðeg), a small kind of duck, lit. feed-
ing, K 360ketv, feed.] In Merrem's classification
(1813), a group of anserine birds nearly coex-
tensive with the modern family Amatidae.
boscage, boskage (bos’kāj), n. [KME. boskage,
buscage, K OF. boscage, mod. F. bocage = Pr.
boscatge = Sp. boscaje = It. boscaggio, K ML.
*boscatioum (found only in sense of “a tax on
firewood brought to town’), K boscus, buschus,
a thicket, wood, K. OHG. buse, a thicket, = E.
bushl: see bush!, bosk, bosket, bouquet.] 1. A
mass of growing trees or shrubs; woods, groves,
or thickets; sylvan scenery.
The rest of the ground is made into severall inclosures
Ş. hedge-worke or Towes of trees) of whole fields, mea-
OWes, b08cages, some of them containing divers ackers.
Evelyn, Diary, April 1, 1644.
Y
bOScage
2. In old law, probably, food or sustenance for
cattle which is yielded by bushes and trees.
bosch, n. See bosh4.
boschbok, boshbok (bosh'bok; D. pron. boskº-
bok), n. [D. boschbok, Kibosch, wood, = E. bushl,
+ bok = E. buckl.] A name given by the Dutch
colonists to an antelope of the genus Tragela-
phus, as T. sylvaticus. Also written bushbok.
boschwark, boshvark (bosh’värk; D. pron.
bosk'färk), n. . [D. boschwark, K bosch, wood, =
E. bush.1, -H vark, used only in dim. varken, hog,
= E. farrow, q.v.] The name given by the
Dutch colonists to the African bush-hog, bush-
pig, river-pig, or guinea-pig, as the species of
aquatic swine of the genus Potamochoerus are
Variously &alled. P. africanus, or P. pictus, is a mid-
dle-sized swine with large, strong, protrusive camine teeth
and penciled ears.
Boselaphus (bos-el’a-fus), n. [NL., irreg. K L.
bos (Gr. Boüç), ox (or rather NL. Bos as a ge-
nerie name), + Gr. 8%apog, stag.] A genus of
large bubaline antelopes, including thenylghau
(B. tragocamelus), etc.
boshlt (bosh), n. [Prob. K.F. 6bauche (cf. debosh
and debauch), a sketch, K OF. *esboche – Sp.
esbozo = Pg. esbogo = It. sbozzo (also, with dif-
ferent prefix, abbozzo), a sketch; with verb, F.
ébaucher, KOF. esbaucher, esbocher = Pg. esbo-
çar = It. SbO22are (also abbozzare, sketch), K pre-
fix 8-, 68-, L. ex:-, out, + boºza, a rough draft, a
blotch, Swelling, = F. bosse, X E. bossl, q.v. Cf.
OD. boetse, bootse, a sketch, D. boetseren, mold,
emboss, of same ult, origin..] A rough sketch;
an outline; a figure.
The bosh of an argument, . . . the shadow of a syllo-
gism. - The Student, II. 287.
To cut a bosh, to make a display; cut a figure.
boshli (bosh), v. i. [Kbosh.1, m.] To cut a figure;
make a show. Tatler.
bosh? (bosh), m. , [K Turk. bosh, empty, vain,
useless, futile, void of meaning: a word adopt-
ed into E. use from Morier's novel “Ayesha.”
(1834), in which it frequently occurs in its Turk.
sense: as, “this firman is bosh—nothing.”]
Utter nonsense; absurd or foolish talk or opin-
ions; stuff; trash. [Colloq.]
This is what Turks and Englishmen call bosh.
W. H. Russell.
I always like to read old Darwin's Loves of the Plants,
bosh as it is in a scientific point of view.
Kingsley, Two Years Ago, x.
bosh? (bosh), v. t. [K bosh?, m.] To make bosh
or nonsense of; treat as bosh; spoil; humbug.
[Slang.]
boshº (bosh), n. [See boshes.] 1. See boshes.
–2. A trough in which bloomery tools (or, in
copper-smelting, hot ingots) are cooled. Ray-
mond, Mining Glossary.
bosh4, bosch (bosh), n. [Short for Bosch butter,
i. e., imitation butter made at 's Hertogenbosch
or den Bosch (F. Bois-le-Duc), lit. ‘the duke's
wood,” a city of the Netherlands: D. bosch =
E. bush1.] A kind of imitation butter; butter-
ine: a trade-name in England.
boshah (bosh’ā), n. [Turk.] A silk handker-
chief made in Turkey.
boshes (bosh'ez), m. pl. ... [Cf. G. bāschung, a
slope, K boschen, slope, K. G. dial. (Swiss) bāsch,
turf, sod.]. The lower part of a blast-furnace,
extending from the widest part to the top of the
hearth. In the older forms of blast-furnace there was a
marked division into specific zones. In many of the more
approved modern forms there are no such definite limits,
but a gradual curvature from top to bottom. In such
cases it is difficult to say where the boshes begin or end.
Bosjesman (bosh'ez-man), n. [S. African D.]
ame as bushman, 2.
bosk (bosk), m. [K ME. boske, also buske, unas-
sibilated forms of bush.1, q.v. Cf. boscage, bosky.]
A thicket; a small close natural wood, espe-
cially of bushes. [Old and poetical.]
Blowing bosks of wilderness. Tennyson, Princess, i.
The wondrous elm that seemed
To my young fancy like an airy bosk,
Poised by a single stem upon the earth.
J. G. Holland, Kathrina, i.
boskage, n. See boscage.
bosket, bosquet (bos’ket), n. IK F. bosquet (=
Sp. bosquete = It. boschetto), dim. of OF. bos, a
thicket: see bois, bosk, bush.1, and cf. bouquet
and boScage.] A grove; a thicket or small plan-
tation in a garden, park, etc., formed of trees,
shrubs, or tall plants. Älso written busket.
boskiness (bos’ki-nes), n. [K bosky + -mess.]
The quality of being bosky, or covered with
thickets.
Boskoi (bosſkoi), m. pl. [Gr. 300 koi, pl. of 30-
okác, a herdsman, K. Böcketu, feed, graze.]. An
ancient body of monks in #alestine and Meso-
634
potamia, who dwelt upon the mountains, never
occupied a house, lived entirely on herbs, and
devoted their whole time to the worship of
God in prayers and hymns. Sometimes called
Grazers.
bosky (bosſki), a. [K, bosk + -y1. Cf. busky,
bushy.] Woody; consisting of or covered with
bushes; full of thickets.
This is Britain: a little island with little lakes, little
rivers, quiet bosky fields, but mighty interests and power
that reach round the world. The Century, XXVII, 102.
In lowliest depths of bosky dells
The hermit Contemplation dwells.
Whittier, Questions of Life.
Bosniac (bos'mi-ak), a. and m. [K Bosnia + -ac.]
Same as Bosnian.
All this petty persecution has made Austrian rule odious
among the Bosniacs.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 146.
Bosnian (bosºni-an), a. and m. [K Bosnia + -am.]
I. a. Of Or pertaining to Bosnia, a nominal
province of Turkey, lying west of Servia, the
administration of which was transferred to Aus-
tria-Hungary by the Berlin Congress of 1878.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Bosnia.
bosom (büz'um or b6'zum), n. and a. [Early
mod. E. also bosome, boosome; K M.E. bosom,
bosum, bosem, KAS. bāsum, běsm (= OS. bosom =
OFries. bāsm = D. boezem = MLG. busem, bāsem,
bossen, LG. bussem = OHG. buosum, buosam,
MHG. buosem, buosen, G. busen), bosom; per-
haps orig., like fathom, the space between the
two arms; with formative -sm, K bâh, bog, arm:
see boughl.] I. m. 1. The breast; the subcla:
vian and mammary regions of the thorax of a
human being; the upper part of the chest.
And she turn'd — her bosom, shaken with a sudden storm
of sighs. Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
2. That part of one's clothing which covers the
breast; especially, that portion of a shirt which
covers the bosom, generally made of finer ma-
terial than the rest.
And he put his hand into his bosom again; and plucked
it out of his bosom, and, behold, it was turned again as
his other flesh. Bx. iv. 7.
3. The inclosure formed by the breast and the
arms; hence, embrace; compass; inclosure: as,
to lie in one's bosom.
They which live within the bosom of that church.
Hooker.
And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was car-
ried by the angels into Abraham's bosom. Luke xvi. 22.
4. The breast as the supposed abode of tender
affections, desires, and passions.
Their soul was poured out into their mothers’ bosom.
am. ii. 12.
Anger resteth in the bosom of fools. Eccl. vii. 9.
Hence the weighing of motives must always be confined
to the bosom of the individual. Jevons, Polit. Econ., p. 16.
5+. Inclination; desire.
You shall have your bosom, on this wretch.
Shak., M. for M., iv. 3.
6. Something regarded as resembling or repre-
senting in some respect the human bosom as a
sustaining surface, an inclosed place, the inte-
rior, the inmost recess, etc. : as, the bosom of
the earth or of the deep.
Upon the bosom of the ground. Shak., K. John, iv. 1.
Slips into the bosom of the lake. Tennyson, Princess, vii.
7. A recess or shelving depression around the
eye of a millstone.—In Abraham's bosom, in the
abode of the blessed: in allusion to the parable of Dives
and Lazarus, Luke xvi. 19–31.-In the bosom of one’s
family, in the privacy of one's home, and in the enjoy-
ment of family affection and confidence.—To take to
One’s bosom, to marry. º o
II. a. [The noun used attributively..] Of
or pertaining to the bosom, either literally or
figuratively. In P...? Worn or carried on or
in the bosom : as, a bosom brooch. (b) Cherished in the
bosom ; as, a bosom sin; a bosom secret, (c) Intimate ;
familiar; confidential: as, a bosom friend.
I know you are his bosom-counsellor.
Fletcher and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, ii. 2.
The bosome admonition of a Friend is a Presbytery and
a Consistory to them. Milton, Ref. in Eng., i.
'bosom (bùz’um or b6'Zum), v. t. [K bosom, n.]
1. To inclose, harbor, or cherish in the bosom;
embrace; keep with care; cherish intimately.
Bosom up my counsel
You'll find it wholesome. Shak. , Hen. VIII., i. 1.
Pull from the lion's hug his bosom'd whelp. J. Baillie
2. To conceal; hide from view; embosom.
To happy convents, bosom'd deep in vines.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 301.
bosom-board (büz'um-bêrd), n., A board upon
which the bosom of a shirt or other garment is
ironed.
boss
bosomer (būz’um-èr orbó'zum-èr), n. One who
or that which embosoms. [Rare.]
Blue ! 'Tis the life of heaven—the domain
Of Cynthia . . . the bosomer of clouds.
Keats, Sonnet.
A spring
bosom-Spring ‘...º.º. ‘. t-spri
; heart-spring;
rising in the bosom or
heart-joy. [Rare.]
From thee that bosom-Spring of rapture flows -
Which only Virtue, tranquil Virtue, knows.
Rogers, Pleasures of Memory, ii.
bosom-staff (büz’um-stāf), n. An instrument
for testing the symmetry of the bosom or cen-
tral concavity of a millstone.
bosomy (bùz’um-i or b6'zum-i), a. [. bosom
+ -y1.] Full of sheltered recesses or hollows.
M. E. D.
Sinueux; m. euse: f. Bosomie, intricate, crooked, full of
hollow turnings, windings, or crinkle crankles. Cotgrave.
One of thy green hills gleam bright and town;
. Hwnt.
boson (bö’sm), n. A corruption of boatswain,
representing its common pronunciation.
The merry boson from his side
Elis whistle takes.
Dryden, Albion and Albanius, ii. 3.
bosporian (bos-pô’ ri-an), a. [K bosporus +
-i-an.] Pertaining to a bosporus, particularly
(with a capital) to the Thracian or the Cim-
merian Bosporus, or to the Greek kingdom of
Bosporus named from the latter (about 500
B. C. to A. D. 259).
The Alans forced the Bosporian kings to pay them
tribute, and exterminated the Taurians. Tooke.
bosporus (bosſpø-rus), m. [L., sometimes in
erroneous form bosphorus, K. Gr. 360 tropog, a
Iname applied to several straits, for 806; trópog,
lit. ox's ford (cf. E. Oaford, K AS. Owenaford,
oxen's ford): Boéc, gen. of Boüç, an ox (see Bos);
Tópoç, passage, ford (akin to E.ford) (> E. pore),
K Tepāv, pass over, cross, = E. fare, go : see
fare, pore?..] A strait or channel between two
SeaS, or between a Sea and a lake. More particu-
larly applied as a proper name to the strait between the
sea of Marmora and the Black Sea, formerly the Thracian
Bosporus, and to the strait of Yenikale, or Cimmerian Bos-
porus, which connects the sea of Azov with the Black Sea.
bosquet, n. See bosket.
bossl (bos), n. [K ME. bos, bose, boce, a boss, K
*OF, boce, the boss of a buckler, a botch or boil,
F. bosse, boss, hump, swelling, = Pr. bossa =
It. bozza, a blotch, swelling (also OF. (Norm.)
boche, 2 ME. bocche, E. botch1, q.v.); prob. K
OHG. bā20, a bundle (of flax), bā2, a blow, K
bó2am, MHG. bā2en, G. bossen, strike, beat, - E.
beatl: see beatl. Cf. emboss.] 1 A protuber-
ant part; a round, swelling process or excres-
cence on the body or upon some organ of an
animal or plant. Hence—21. (a) A hump or
hunch on the back; a humpback. (b) A bulky
animal. (c) A fat woman.
Be she neuer so straight, thinke her croked. And wrest
all parts of hir body to the worst, be she neuer so worthy.
If shee be well sette, then call hir a Bosse, if slender, a
Hasill twygge. yly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 115.
Disdainful Turkess and unreverend boss 1
- Marlowe, Tamburlaine, I., iii. 3.
3. A stud or knob. Specifically, a knob or protuberant
ornament of silver, ivory, or other material, used on bri-
dles, harness, the centers of ancient shields, etc., Or af-
fixed to any object, Bosses are placed at regular inter-
vals on the sides of some book-covers, for the purpose of
preserving the gilding or the leather of the cover from
abrasion.
He runneth . . . upon the thick bosses of his bucklers.
Ob XV. 26.
On the high altar is placed the Statue of the B. Virgin
and our Saviour in white marble, which has a bosse in the
girdle consisting of a very faire and rich sapphire, with
divers other stones of price. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 4, 1641.
A number of prominent crags and bosses of rock project
beyond the general surface of the ground.
Geikie, Ice Age, p. 17.
4. In sculp., a projecting mass to be after-
ward cut or carved.— 5. In arch., an ornament
º § c
º
| º R.
Architectural Bosses.— French, 13th century.
A, from sanctuary of the collegiate church of Semur-en-Auxois. B.
from the refectory of the Abbey of St. Martin des Champs, Paris.
(From Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict, de l'Architecture.”)
placed at the intersection of the ribs or groins
in vaulted or flat roofs, sometimes richly sculp-

boss
tured with armorial bearings or other devices;
also, any projecting ball or knot of foliage, etc.,
wherever placed.-6. In mech.: (a) The en-
larged part of a shaft on which a wheel is to
be keyed, or any enlarged part of the diame-
ter, as the end of a separate piece in a line of
shafts connected by couplings. Hollow shafts
ºf; which others pass are sometimes also
called bosses, but improperly. (b) A swage or
die used for shaping metals.-7. In ordnance:
(a) A cast-iron plate fastened to the back of a
traveling-forge hearth. (b) Any protuberance
or lug upon a piece of ordnance.—8. A soft
leather cushion or pad used for bossing (which
see), and also for cleaning gilded surfaces and
the like in porcelain- and glass-manufacture.--
9ł. A water-conduit in the form of a tun-bellied
A figure; a head or reservoir of water. B. Jomson.
bossl (bos), v. t. [K ME. “bossen, bocen; from
the noun.] 1. To ornament with bosses ; be-
stud. *
Turkey cushions boss'd with pearl.
Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
and hangers all bost with pillars of
Middleton, Father Hubbard's Tales.
2. Same as embossl. .
Boss'd with lengths
Of classic frieze. Tennyson, Princess, ii.
3. In ceram., to bring (a surface of boiled oil)
to perfect uniformity. See bossing, 1.
boss2} (bos), m. [K MIE. bose, boce, a cask; cf.
OF. busse, a cask, D. bus, a box, bos, a pack-
age: see boa;2.] A cask, especially a small cask;
a leather bottle for wine.—Old bosst. [A term of
contempt, prob. a particular use of boss?, a cask, butt; but
cf. Igel, bossi, Sw, buss, a fellow.] A toper.
boss3 (bos), n. [E. dial.; cf. M.D. bosse, busse,
D. bus, a box, buis, a tube, pipe, channel, =
Dan. bāsse = Sw. bàssa, a box: see boa:2, and cf.
boss?..] A wooden vessel used by plasterers
for holding mortar, hung by a hook on a ladder
or a wall. *
boss4 (bos), n. [E. dial., perhaps a var. of
equiv. bass?, q.v.; but cf. D. bos, a bundle, as
of straw.] A hassock; a bass.
boss5 (bös), a. [Also written bos, bois; origin
obscure.] Hollow; empty: as, “his thick boss
head,” Ramsay, Poems, I. 285. . [Scotch..]
boss6 (bos), m. and a. [A word derived from the
Dutch settlers in New York; K D. baas, master,
foreman (used literally and figuratively like
boss in American use : een timmermans-baas, a
boss carpenter, de vrouw is de baas, the wife is
the boss; hij is hem de baas in het 2ingen, he is
the boss in singing, etc.), M.D. baes, master of
the house, also a friend, fem. Daesinne, mis-
tress of the house, also a friend, = Flem. baes
= LG. baas, master, foreman (> Dan. bas, mas-
ter), = OHG. basa = MHG. base, f., aunt, G. base,
f., cousin (dial. also aunt, niece), appar. ult.
identical with G. wase = LG. wase, f., cousin,
aunt. The word, in the masc., seems to have
meant ‘kinsman, cousin,” and to have been used
His glorious rapier
gold.
bosse (bos), n.
635
the adjacent work, and is laid rough, to be af-bostrychite (bos' tri-kit), n.
terward carved into some ornamental or sig-
mificant form. (b) Rustic wor
stones which advance beyond the face of the
building, with indentures or channels left in the
joinings: used chiefly upon projecting corners.
The cavities are sometimes round and sometimes beveled
or in a diamond form, sometimes inclosed with a cavetto
and sometimes with a listel. Also called rustic quoins.
[F, bosse, a boss, hump, etc.:
see boss.1. Cf. boss?, a small cask.] A large
glass bottle filled with powder and having
strands of quickmatch attached to the neck,
used for incendiary Pº
bosselated (bos’ e-lä-ted), a. [K F. bosseler,
emboss, K bosse, boss: see boss.1.] Covered with
inequalities or protuberances.
bosset (bosſet), n. [K boss.1 + dim. -et.] 1.
A small boss or knob, especially one of a series:
as, “a sword-belt studded with bossets,” Jour.
Archaeol. Ass., XXX. 93.—2. The rudimentary
antler of the male red deer.
bossiness (bosſi-nes), n. The quality of being
bossy or in relief: applied especially to sculp-
ture and ornament: as, “a pleasant bossiness,”
IRuskin, Aratra, Pentelici, i. § 21.
'bossing (bosſing), n. [Verbal n, of boss!, v.]
. In ceram., the process by which a surface of
color is made level and uniform. This is done by
first laying on a coat of boiled oil, usually with a camel's-
hair brush, upon which the color is deposited, generally
by being dusted from cotton-wool. The coat of oil is then
made perfectly uniform and smooth by means of a leather
boss. Also called ground-laying.
2. The film of boiled oil thus spread over
earthenware to hold the coloring materials.
bossism (bos’izm), n. [K boss6 -H -ism.] The
control of politics by bosses. [U. S.]
The vote of Pennsylvania would be worse than doubtful
if bossigan . . . were found . . . to be still the potential
force. he American, VI. 38.
bossive? (bosſiv), a. [K boss.1 + -ive. Cf. F.
bossu, hump-backed.] Crooked; deformed: as,
“a bossive birth,” Osborne, Advice to his Son,
p. 70 (1658).
bossyli (bosſi), a. [K boss 1 + -y1.] 1. Fur-
nished or ornamented with a boss or bosses.
His head reclining on his bossy shield.
Pope, Iliad, x. 173.
2. Projecting in the round; boldly prominent,
as if composed of bosses: said of sculpture, etc.
Cornice or frieze with bossy sculptures graven.
Milton, P. L., i. 716.
bossy2 (bos’i), a. [K boss6 -F-y1.] Acting like a
Bostrychus (bos' tri-kus), n.
bostryx (bos’triks), n.
Boswellian (boz-wel’i-an), a.
Boswellism (boz' wel-izm), m.
botanic
[K Gr. 360 Tovzog, a
curl or lock of hair, -- -ite2.] A gem present-
consisting of #ing the appearance of a lock of hair.
bostrychoid, bostrychoidal (bos’ tri-koid, bos-
tri-koi'dal), a. [K. Gr. *Bootpuzoetóñg, contr. Go-
orpvyóóng, curly, KBóorpuzoc, curl, 4 eldog, form.]
Having the form or character of a º:
[NL., K. Gr. 36-
orpyxog, a curl or lock of hair, also a certain in-
sect (according to some, the male of the glow-
worm); also written 66tpuzog; cf. 86tpug, a clus-
ter of grapes.] . A genus of beetles, typical of
the family Bostrychidae and subfamily Bostry-
chinae, species of which are highly destructive to
Wood. One of the most injurious Species is B. typographi-
cus, the typographer beetle, which infests coniferous trees,
devouring, in both the larval and the perfect state, the
soft wood beneath the bark, thus causing the death of the
trees. Other species are B. chalcograph w8, B. 8temogra-
phºts, etc. The trees thus affected are pines, spruces,
larches, firs, etc., as well as fruit-trees of the orchard, as
the apple. Also spelled Bostrichws. See Bostrychidae.
[NL., K. Gr. as if *66-
oTov; for Bóatov roc, a curl, etc.: see Bostrychus.]
In bot., a uniparous helicoid cyme—that is, a
raceme-like cyme, or flower-cluster, with all
the branches or pedicels upon one side. It is
usually more or less coiled.
bostwysł, a. An obsolete form of boisterous.
Boswellia (boz-wel’i-á), n.
* [NL., named after
Dr. John Boswell of Edinburgh..] A genus of
balsamic plants of the family Balsameaceae, the
species of which are imperfectly known. B. Car-
terii and some other species of the hot and dry regions of
eastern Africa and southern Arabia furnish olibanun)
(which see), the frankincense of antiquity. B. Frerea nºt
of the Somali region yields a highly fragrant resin, the
primitive gum elemi, largely used in the East as a masti-
catory. B. serrata, of India, the salai-tree, also yields a
resin which is used in that country as incense.
fe [K Boswell (see
def.) + -ian..] Relating to or resembling James
Boswell, the friend and biographer of Dr. John-
son; characterized by an uncritical and simple
admiration for some person: used especially of
biographers and biography.
[K Boswell +
-ism.] The style or manner of Boswell as a
biographer; uncritical admiration of one's hero,
with faithful but indiscriminate narration of
details.
We think that there is no more certain indication of
a weak and ill-regulated intellect than that propensity
which, for want of a better name, we will venture to
christen Boswellism. Macaulay, Milton.
boss; masterful; domineering. [Colloq, U.S.] Boswellize (boz'wel-iz), v. i. or t.; pret. and pp.
bossy3 (bos’i), n. [Dim. of boss'7.] A familiar
name for a cow or calf. See boss? (a).
bostal (bosſtal), m. [E. dial.] A winding way
up a very steep hill. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.
(Suffolk).]
bostanji, (bos-tan’ji), n. pl. [Turk. bostānjī, K
bostān, K Pers. bustān, a garden.] A class of
men in Turkey, originally the sultan’s garden-
ers, but now also employed in various ways
Boswelliced, ppr. Boswellizing. [K Boswell +
—ize.] To write in the style of Boswell, the
biographer of Dr. Johnson; report or repro-
duce with minuteness of detail or without the
exercise of the critical faculty.
One cannot help wishing that Bonstetten had Boswel-
lized some of these endless conversations, for the talk of
Gray was, on the testimony of all who heard it, admirable
for fulness of knowledge, point, and originality of thought.
Lowell, in New Princeton Rev., I. 165.
especially as ref. to themaster of the household, about his person, as in mounting guard at the
the chief ‘kinsman,’ in factor by courtesy, of xSeraglio, rowing his barge, etc. botl (bot), n. [Prob, a particular use of bat
the immates.] I. º. 1. A master. Specifically—
(a) One who employs or superintends workmen; a head
man, foreman, or manager : as, the bosses have decided to
cut down wages. [U. S.]
The actions of the superintendent, or boss, very often
tended to widen the breach between employer and em-
ployee. N. A. Rev., CXLII. 503.
The line looked at its prostrate champion, and then at
the new boss standing there, cool and brave, and not afraid
of a regiment of sledge-hammers.
T. Winthrop, Love and Skates.
(b) In U. S. politics, an influential politician who uses the
machinery of a party for private ends, or for the advantage
of a ring or clique; a professional politician having para-
mount local influence.
2. The chief; the master; the champion; the
best or leading person or thing. [Colloq., U.S.]
II. a. Chief; master; hence, first-rate: as, a
boss mason; a boss player. [Colloq., U. S.]
boss6 (bos), v. t. [K boss6, m.] To be master of or
over; manage; direct; control: as, to boss the
house. [Slang, U. S.]—Tobossit, to act the master.
boss? (bos), n. [Also boose, buss, borse. De-
tached from bosscalf (or assumed from bossys
taken as a dim. form), and so ult, connected
with Icel. bās, bās, an exclamation used in
driving cows into their stalls (båss, a stall,
boose: see boosel).] 1. A young calf; hence
also, fig., a milksop. [Prov. Eng.]–2. Afamil-
iar name for a cow, or any of the bovine genus
[U.S. and Canada.]—3. A name for the bison
or so-called buffalo. [Western U. S.]
bº, bos’āj), n., [K F. bossage, K. bosse,
looss, knob: see bossl and -age.] In building:
(a) Astone which projects beyond the face of
poston (bóston), n. [So called from the city
of Boston, Massachusetts, where it was invent-
ed by French officers at the time of the revo-
lutionary war.] 1. A game of cards. The hands
are dealt and played as in whist, each of the four players
having the right to bid or offer to take unassisted a certain
number of tricks, to lose every trick but one, or every
trick, etc. The highest bidder plays against the rest, and
if successful gains, if defeated loses, according to the
size of his bid. There are varieties of the game known as
boston de Fontainebleau and Russian bostom.
2. The first five tricks taken by a player in the
game of boston.—3. A round dance, danced
by couples, properly to waltz music, being a
modification or elaboration of the Waltz, but
differing in the step: sometimes varied with
‘dips’ or bendings of the knees.
Boston Port Bill. See bill.3.
Bostrichidae, etc. See Bostrychidae, etc.
Bostrychidae (bos-trik’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KBos- botăţ.
trychus + -idae.] A family of xylophagous cryp-
topentamerous Coleoptera, typified by the ge-
nus Bostrychus, containing Small cylindrical
beetles, the larvae of which are limbless: by
many associated with the family Ptinida!.
Bostrychidae . . . live in companies, and belong to the
most dreaded destroyers of forests of conifers... The way
in which they eat into the bark is very peculiar, being
characteristic of the individual species and indicative of
their mode of life. The two sexes meet in the Superficial
passages, which the female, after copulation, continues
and lengthens in order to lay her eggs in pits which she
hollows out for that purpose. The larvae, when hatched,
eat out lateral passages, which, as the larvae increase in
size and get farther from the main passage, become
larger, and give rise to the characteristic markings on the
inside of the bark. Claws, Zoëlogy (trans.), p. 588.
botö (bot), m.
(ME. bat, bot), a lump, in the now dial. pro-
nunciation: see battl, m. The Gael. botus, a
belly-worm, is from E. bots.] The larva or
maggot of several species of bot-fly when
found in the intestines of horses, under the
hides of oxen, in the nostrils of sheep, etc.
The bots which infest horses are the larvae of the Gaste-
rophilus equi, or bot-fly, which deposits its eggs on the
tips of the hairs, generally of the fore legs and mane.
whence they are taken into the mouth and swallowed.
They remain in great numbers in the stomach for several
months, and are expelled in the excrement and become
pupae, which in five weeks become perfect insects.
bot2+ (AS. pron. bāt), m. The Anglo-Saxon form
(bót) of bootl, a fine, etc. : only in historical
TlS6),
A theft committed on any one of these three days [the
Gang days) was, by Alfred's laws, sconced in a two-fold
bot or fine, as if it had been a Sunday or one of the higher
Church holydays. Rock, Church of our Fathers, III. ii. 107.
An obsolete preterit of bite.
botát, prep. and conj. A Middle English form
of but 1.
[From the initials of “Board of
Trade.”] The English Board of Trade unit of
electrical supply.
bot. 1. An abbreviation of botany, botanical,
*and botanist.—2. A contraction of bought2.
botanic (bö-tan'ik), a. and m.
[= F. botanique,
K ML. botanicus, K. Gr. 3otavtkóg, K Botávm, an
herb, plant: see botany.] I. a. Pertaining to
botany, or the scientific study of plants. Bo-
tanic garden, a garden devoted to the culture of plants
collected for the purpose of illustrating the science of
botany. &
II. m. A botanist.
botanical
botanical (bö-tan'i-kal), a. Pertaining to or
concerned with the study or cultivation of
plants.-Botanical geography. Same as geographi-
cal botany (which see, under botany).
botanically (bù-tan’i-kal-i), adv. In a botani-
cal mammer; after the manner of a botanist;
according to a system of botany.
botanise, v. See botanize.
botanist (bot'a-nist), m. [K botany + -ist; =
F. botaniste.] "One who studies or is skilled in
botany; one versed in the structure, habits,
geographical distribution, and systematic clas-
sification of plants.
Then spring the living herbs, . . . beyond the power
Of botanist to number up their tribes.
Thomson, Spring, l. 224.
botanize (bot'a-niz), v.; pret. and pp. botanized,
ppr. botanizing. . [K botany + -ice; = F. bota-
miser. Cf. Gr. 3otavićety, root up weeds.] I.
£ntrans. To examine or seek for plants for
the purpose of studying and classifying them,
etc.; investigate the vegetable kingdom as a
botanist.
II. trans. To explore botanically: as, to bot-
anize a neighborhood.
Also spelled botanise.
botanologert (bot-a-nol’ū-jër), n. [Kbotanology
+ -erl.] A botanist. Sir T. Browne.
botanology; (bot-a-nolº-ji), n. [= F. botano-
logie, K. Gr. 9otávn, an herb, + -āoyia, K Žéyetv,
speak: see -ology.] The science of botany.
Bailey.
botanomancy (bot'a-nº-man-si), n. [= F. bo-
tanomancie, K. Gr. 80Távn, an herb, + gavreia,
divination.] An ancient method of divination
by means of plants, especially by means of the
leaves of the sage and fig. A person's name and
the question to which an answer was desired were written
On the leaves, which were then laid out exposed to the
Wind ; as many of the letters as remained in their places
Were taken up and joined together to form some word,
which was supposed to be an answer to the question.
Botanophaga (bot-a-nof'a-gã), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. Botávm, an herb, + payeiv, eat.] A name of
the herbivorous marsupial mammals, as distin-
guished collectively from the Zoëphaga, or car-
nivorous and insectivorous marsupials. The
¥kangaroo is an example.
botany (bot'a-mi), n. [Early mod. E. also bot-
anie, formed from botanic, as if K Gr. 30Tavia,
a rare var. of Botávn, an herb, grass, fodder, K
Bóoketv, feed, mid. Bóakeoffat, feed one's self; cf.
L. veSci, eat. J The science of plants. It treats of
the forms of plants, their structure, the mature of the
tissues of which they are composed, the vital phenomena
connected with them, the arrangement of them into larger
and smaller groups according to their affinities, and the
classification of these groups so as to exhibit their mutual
relations and their position in the vegetable kingdom as
a Whole. The science further investigates the nature of
the vegetation which at former epochs lived on the earth,
as well as the distribution of plants at the present time.
It is thus divided into several sections. (a) Structural
Or morphological botany, that branch of the science of
botany which relates to the structure and organization of
plants, internal or external, independently of the pres-
ence of a vital principle. Also called organography. (b)
Physiological or biological botany, that branch which re-
lates to the history of vegetable life, the functions of the
various organs of plants, and their minute structure and
method of growth. (c) Descriptive botany, that branch
which relates to the description and nomenclature of
Plants. Also called phytography. (d) Systematic botany,
that branch which relates to the principles upon which
plants are to be classified or arranged with reference to
their degrees of relationship. The system of classification
now universally adopted is that proposed by Antoine Lau-
rent de Jussieu, and improved and enlarged by De Can-
dolle, Brown, and others. It is generally called the mat-
wral system, because it is intended to express, as far as
possible, the various degrees of relationship annong plants
as these exist in mature, and to group next to each other
the various species, genera, and orders which are most
alike in all respects. Several artificial systems have been
proposed, as that of Tournefort, based on the modifica-
tions of the corolla ; but the best-known is that of Lim-
naeus, founded on the stamens and pistils. This system,
which was designed by Linnaeus to be only temporary,
proved of great value to the science of botany, but it has
now gone entirely out of use, or is used only as a partial
index to the vegetable kingdom. (e) Geographical botany,
that branch which relates to the natural distribution of
plants over the globe, and to the inquiry into the causes
which have influenced or maintain this distribution. (f)
Paleontological or fossil botany, that branch which em-
braces the study of the forms and structures of the plants
found in a fossil state in the various strata of which the
earth is composed.
Botany Bay gum, kino, oak, resin, tea, etc.
See the nouns. as tº e º z = 2 *
potargo, botarga (bó-tärſgö, -gã), n. . [= F.
boutdºrgue = Sp. botarga, K.It. botargo, botarga,
buttarga, buttagra, now bottarga, bottarica, K
Ar. bātārkha, prob. derived through Coptic
from Gr. rápizoº, Tápixov, dried fish, also a dead
body preserved by embalming, a mummy.]. A
relish made of the roes of certain fishes
strongly salted after they have become pu-
636
trid: much used on the coast of the Medi- botchery (boch'êr-i), n.
terranean as an incentive to thirst. The great
white Russian sturgeon, Acipenser huso, is one of the
principal sources of botargo. The best botargo comes
from Tunis, is dry and reddish, and is eaten with olive-oil
and lemon-juice. Also bottargo.
We staid talking and singing and drinking great draughts
of claret, and eating botargo and bread and butter, till
twelve at night, it being moonshine. Pepys, Diary, I. 191.
Botaurinae (bö-tá-ri'né), m.pl. [NL., K. Botaurus
+ -inge.] A subfamily of Ardeidae, or herons,
containing the bitterns, distinguished from
true herons by having only ten tail-feathers
and two pairs of powder-down tracts, and the
Outer toe shorter than the inner. In habits the
Botawrimſ; also differ from the other Ardeidae, being soli-
tary, nesting on the ground, and laying eggs unlike those
of true herons. See cut under bittern.
Botaurus (bö-tā‘rus), n. [NL., irreg. K L. bos,
an OX, + taurus, a bull; suggested by the old
form (ME, butor, OF, butor, botor) of bitterni,
q. v.] The typical genus of the subfamily Bo-
tawrinae. See bitterm.1.
botch1+ (boch), n. [K ME. botche, bocche, KOF.
boché, a botch, sere, var. of boce, a botch, swell-
$ng, X mod. F. bosse, E. bossl: see bossl. Cf.
OD, butse, a boil, swelling, K butsen, D. botsen,
strike, beat, akin to OHG. º = E. beatl. Cf.
botch?..] A swelling on the skin; a large ulcer-
ous affection; a boil.
Yet who more foul, disrobed of attire?
Pearl'd with the botch as children burnt with fire.
- Middleton, Micro-Cynicon, i. 3.
IBotches and blaims must all his flesh emboss.
Milton, P. L., xii. 180.
botch1+ (bočh), v. t. To mark with botches.
Young Hylas, botch'd with stains.
Garth, Dispensary, ii. 150.
botch? (boch), v. [Also E. dial, or colloq. bodgel,
q. v.; K ME. bocchen, repair, of uncertain origin,
perhaps K MD. botsen, butsen, boetsen, repair,
patch, same word as butsen, D. botsen, strike,
beat, knock together, akin to OHG. bāzan, beat,
= E. beat.1. Cf. botch1 and bossl.] I. trans. 1.
To mend or patch in a clumsy manner, as a
garment: often used figuratively.
To botch up what they had torn and rent,
Religion and the government. S. Butler, Hudibras.
Tom coming, with whom I was angry for his botching
my camlott coat, to tell me that my father was at our
church, I got me ready. Pepys, Diary, I. 407.
2. To put together unsuitably or unskilfully;
perform, express, etc., in a bungling manner;
hence, to spoil by unskilful work; bungle.
For treason botch'd in rhyme will be thy bane.
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., ii. 485.
II. intrams. To mend or patch things in an
unskilful manner; be a bungler or botcher.
botch? (boch), n. [Kbotch2, v.] 1. A bungled
or ill-finished part; a flaw; a blemish.
To leave no Tubs nor botches in the work.
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 1.
2. A patch, or a part of a garment patched
or mended in a clumsy manner.—3. That both (böth), a. and pron.
which is botched; ill-finished or bungled work
generally. -
Fancy the most assiduous potter, but without his wheel;
reduced to make dishes, or rather amorphous botches, by
mere kneading and baking. Čaryie.
A poorly paid teacher, whose work is a botch, and
therefore an injury to the growing mind.
Jowr. of Education, XIX. 41.
4. A bungling, unskilful workman or operator
of any kind; a botcher.
botchedly (boch’ ed-li or bocht’li), adv. [K
botched, pp. of botch2, iii —ly?..] In a botched
or clumsy manner; with botches or patches.
Thus patch they heaven, more botch'dly then old clothes.
Dr. H. More, Psychathanasia, III. iii. 67.
'botcherl (boch’ér), n. [KME. *bocchere (spelled
bochchare, Prompt. Parv.); K botch2 + -erl.]
1. A mender; a repairer or patcher; specifi-
cally, a tailor who does repairing.
Tet the botcher mend him: Anything that's mended is
but patched. Shak., T. N., i. 5.
Physicians are the body's cobblers, rather the botchers
of men's bodies; as the one patches our tatter'd clothes,
so the other solders our diseased flesh.
Ford, Lover's Melancholy, i. 2.
2. One who botches; a clumsy, bungling work-
man; a bungler. ſº tº
botcher? (boch’ér), n. [Origin unknown.] The
grilse: a local English name in the Severn val-
ley.
botcherly (boch’ér-li), a. [K botcherl + -lyl.]
Clumsy; unworkmanlike. [Rare.]
Botcherly mingle-mangle of collections.
Hartlib, tr. of Comenius, p. 30.
Botcherly poetry, botcherly 1
* * ifiddleton and Rowley, Spanish Gypsy, ii. 1.
botchka (bochſká), n,
botchyi (boch'i), a.
botchy? (boch'i), a.
botel º 7%.
bote
boteBł, prep. and conj. A Middle English form
botelt, m.
botelert, 7.
botelessł, a. A Middle English form of bootless.
boterol, boteroll (bot’ e-ról), m.
botewt, n.
bot-fly (bot/fli), n.
both
[K botch2 + -ery.] A
botching, or that which is botched; clumsy or
bungling work or workmanship. [Rare.]
If we speak of base botchery, were it a comely thing to
See a great lord or a king wear sleeves of two parishes,
one half of worsted, the other of velvet?
World of Wonders (1608), p. 235.
Same as bochka.
[K ME. botchy, bochy, etc.;
K botch1 + -y1.] Marked with botches; fºil of
or covered with botches: as, “a botchy core,”
Shak., T. and C., ii. 1.
[K botch2 + -y1.] Imper-
[The ME. and AS. (dat.) form
of bootl, M.L. bota, retained archaically in law
writings: see bootl.] ... 1+. Help; aid; relief;
salvation; remedy in illness; boot (which see).
Specifically—2. In old law: (a) Compensation,
as for an injury; amends; satisfaction; a pay-
ment in expiation of an offense: as, man-bote,
a compensation for a man slain. (b) A privi-
lege or allowance of necessaries for repair or
support; estovers: as, house-bote, enough wood
to repair a house or for fuel; plow-bote, cart-
bote, wood for making or repairing instruments
of husbandry; hay-bote or hedge-bote, wood for
lºgºs or fences, etc.
#. Middle English preterit of bite.
fect; botched.
of buil.
An obsolete form of bottle2.
An obsolete form of butler.
[K F. bowte-
rolle, “the chape of a sheath or scabbard” (Cot-
grave), K bowter, place, adapt: see butt!...] In
her., the chape or crampet of a scabbard used
as a bearing. Also bauteroll.
[Early mod. E. also boatewe, botowe,
K late ME. botew, buteve, butwe, botwe, K bote,
boot, + -ew, -ewe, repr. F. -eau, K L. ºilus, dim.
termination.] A short boot.
A name given to dipterous
insects of the family OEstridae, the larvae of
which infest different parts of living animals.
See botl. The horse-bot, Gasterophilus equi (Fabricius),
Horse Bot-fly (Gasterophilies equez), about natural size.
a, lateral view; b, dorsal view,
is taken into the stomach of the horse; the ox-bot lives
just under the cuticle of the ox; and the sheep-bot, OEstrus
ovis (Linnaeus), in the frontal sinuses of the sheep. Other
animals are affected by particular species.
[= Sc. baith, K ME.
both, booth, earlier bothe, bathe, etc.; not found
in AS. except in the simple form bú, etc. (see
below), but perhaps existent, being in OS.,
etc.; otherwise taken from Scand.; = OS. bādhie,
bādhia = OFries. bāthe, běde = OHG. bāde, beide,
MHG. G. beide = Icel. bādhir, m., bādhar, f.,
badhi, bādhi, neut., = Sw. bāda = Dan. baade,
both; cf. Goth. bajôths, n. pl., both; K. Goth.
bai = AS. bā (begen, bu), º, ME. ba, bo; cf.
L. ambo = Gr. Öppo = Skt. ubhäu, both: see
bol; with a termination of obscure origin, per-
haps orig. the def. art. in pl. (AS. tha = Goth.
thai, tho, etc.) coalesced with the adj. ; but this
explanation does not apply to the Goth. bajôths.]
The one and the other; the two; the pair or the
couple, in reference to two persons or things
specially mentioned, and denoting that neither
of them is to be excluded, either absolutely
or (as with either) as an alternative, from the
Statement. t
Youre bother love [the love of you both].
Chawcer, Troilus, iv. 168.
And Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them
unto Abimelech; and both of them made a covenant.
Gen. xxi. 27.
He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can
bear the loss of his estate; but he will bear both, because
he is prepared for both. Bolingbroke.
Both had been presidents, both had lived to great age
both were early patriots, and both were distinguished and
ever honored by their immediate agency in the act of in-
dependence. D. Webster, Adams and Jefferson.
[The genitive both's (M.E. bothes, bothers, earlier bother
bathre) is now disused ; in the earlier period it was joineſ
usually with the genitive plural of the personal pronoun.
Subsequently the simple both, equivalent to of both, was
used. -

both
- One hath wounded me,
That's by me wounded; both our remedies
Within thy help and holy P; lies.
hak., R. and J., ii. 8.]
Both two, both the two, pleonastically for both.
Both the two cities reached a high pitch of prosperity.
Grote, Hist. Greece, ii. 18.
both (böth), adv. or conj. [K ME. bothe, bothen,
bathe, etc.; from the adj.] Including the two
(terms or notions mentioned): an adverb pre-
ceding two coördinate terms (words or phrases)
joined by and, and º; thus in an apparent
conjunctional correlation, both . . . and, equiv-
alent to not only . . . but also. Both is thus
used sometimes before three or more coördi-
Inate terms.
I thought good now to present vnto your Grace not any
better gift of mine owne, . . . but surely an excellent gift
of an other mans deuise and making, which both hath
done, doth, and shal do much good to many other good
folke, and to your Noble Grace also.
John Fowler, Pref. to Sir T. More's Cumfort against
* [Tribulation (1573).
: [He] was indeed his country's both minion, mirror, and
| Wonder. I'ord, Line of Life.
A great multitude both of the Jews and also of the
Greeks believed. Acts xiv. 1.
Which I suppose they doe resigne with much willing-
ness, both Livery, Badge, and Cognizance.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxi.
But these discourses were both written and delivered in
the freshness of his complete manhood.
O. W. Holmes, Emerson, v.
bother (boºp H^er), v. [First in the early part
of the 18th century, also written bodder, Sc.
bawther, bather; origin unknown; possibly a cor-
ruption of pother. The earliest instances seem
to be from Swift and other Irishmen, which
would seem to favor the supposed Ir. deriva-
tion, KIr. budidhrim, Ivex, disturb (cf. budidhirt,
trouble, affliction); but the Ir, words as pro-
Inounced have no resemblance to bother, except
as to the initial b.] I. trans. 1+. To bewilder;
Confuse.
With the din of which tube my head you so bother.
T. Sheridan, To Swift.
2. To give trouble to; annoy; pester; worry.
Dumsey bothered me for the money, and I let him have it.
George $iio, Silas Marner, ix.
He bothered his audience with no accidental effects.
Stedman, Poets of America, p. 280.
[Used in the imperative as an expression of impatience,
or as a mild sort of execration.
Bother the woman for plaguing me !
=#. Pester, Worry, etc. See tease, v. t.
I. intrans. To trouble one's self; make many
Farrar.]
637
bothock (both'gk), n. A name of the fish other-
wise called the bib. [Prov. Eng.] .
bothomſ, m. An obsolete form of bottom.
lºſiºn
9threnchyma (both-reng'ki-mă), n. [NL., K
Gr. 36600c, a pit, F #yyuſia, an infusion (> NL.
enchyma, a tissue), K #yżéétv, pour in, K. §v,
E. in 1, + 2éetv, akin to AS. geºtan, pour.] In
bot, tissue composed of pitted ducts.
bothria, n. . Plural of bothrium.
Lothriocephalidae (both"ri-Ö-se-fal’i-dé), m.pl.
&
[NL., K. Bothriocephalus + -idae.] A family of
cestoid or tºemiate worms, order Cestoidea, in-
cluding the broad tapeworms, which have only
two bothria or suckers on the head (whence
they are also called Dibothriidae). It includes
the genera. Bothriocephalus and Dibothrium.
Bothriocephalus (both"ri-à-sef’a-lus), n. [NL,
Gr. 300píov, a small trench (see bothrium), +
Keſa/ºff, head.]. A genus of the Cestoidea, or ces-
toid worms, of which the broad tapeworm, B.
latus, is the type. It belongs to the group of
the Pseudophyllidea (which see). Also Botryo-
cephalus.
bothrium (both (ri-um), n.; pl. bothria (-á).
[NL., K. Gr. 300píov, a small trench, dim. of
Bóðpoc, a pit, trench.T One of the facets or fos-
settes upon the head of a tapeworm.
The common tape-Worm . . . wants the opposite both-
ria, or fossettes. E. R. Wright, Animal Life, p. 582.
Bothrodendron (both-rū-den'dron), n. [NL.,
Gr. 366pog, a pit, + dévôpov, a tree..] . In bot.,
an extinct genus of plants of the coal era, re-
lated to Lepidodendron.
IBothrophera (both-rof'e-râ), m. pl. [NL., prop.
*Bothrophora, K. Gr. 36toog, a trench, a pit,
-pópog, K påpetv = E. bear 1.] The solenoglyph
venomous serpents of the new world, so called
from having a pit between the eyes and nose:
corresponding to the family Crotalidae, and con-
trasting with the Abothrophera.
both-sided (böth'si"ded), a. Complete; com-
prehensive; not limited or partial.
There is forced on us the truth that a scientific morality
arises only as fast as the one-sided conceptions adapted to
transitory conditions are developed into both-sided con-
ceptions. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, p. 98.
both-sidedness (böth'si"ded-nes), n. Impar-
tiality; completeness or comprehensiveness of
view or thought.
Even in our country and age there are dangers from the
want of a due both-sidedness. H. Spencer, Sociol., p. 397.
words or much ado; as, don’t bother about that, both-sidest (böth'sidz), a. Being or speaking on
bother (boph’ér), n. [K bother, v.] 1+. Blar-
ney; humbug; palaver. N. E. D.—2. Trouble;
vexation; plague: as, what a bother it is!
The bother with Mr. Emerson is, that, though he writes
in prose, he is essentially a poet.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 376.
At night, they [the ponies] were a bother; if picketed
out, they fed badly and got thin, and if they were not
- picketed, they sometimes strayed away.
The Century, XXX. 223.
botheration (boTB-e-rá'shon), m. [K bother +
-ation.] The act of bothering, or the state of
, being bothered; annoyance; trouble; vexation;
perplexity.
A man must have a good stomach that can swallow this
botheration [autograph albums] as a compliment.
Scott, Diary, Nov. 20, 1825.
Their smallness, their folly, their rascality, and their
simple power of botheration.
Caroline Foz, Journal, p. 250.
botherer (bo'PH'êr-èr), n. One who bothers,
vexes, or annoys: as, “such botherers of judges,”
Way','em.
botherment (bo'PH'êr-ment), n. IK bother +
-ment.] The act of bothering or the state of
being bothered; trouble; annoyance; bothera-
tion. [Rare.]
I'm sure 't would be a botherment to a living soul to lose
so much money. J. F. Cooper.
bothersome (boTH'êr-sum), a. . [K bother +
—some.] Troublesome; annoying; inconvenient.
By his bothersome questioning of all traditional assump-
tions. The American, VII. 235.
They [casements] open sidewise, in two wings, and are
screwed together by that bothersome little iron handle
over which we have fumbled so often in European inns.
H. James, Jr., Portraits of Places, p. 353.
both-handedness (böthſhan"ded-nes), n. The
power of using either hand with equal ease;
ambidexterity.
The tendency toward what might be called both-handed-
ºness in the use of the brush. The Stww.cnt, III. 284.
both-handst (böth'handz), n. A person indis-
pensable to another; a factotum.
He is his master's both-hands, I assure you.
B. Jomson, Bartholomew Fair, i. 1.
bothie, m.
See bothy.
both sides; double-tongued; deceitful. [Rare.]
Damnable both-sides rogue ! Shak., All's Well, iv. 3.
bothuml#, n. An obsolete form of bottom.
bothum?t, n. An obsolete form of button.
bothy, bothie (both'i), m.; pl; bothies (-iz).
[Also written bothay; appar. K. Gael. bothag,
a cottage, hut, dim. of Gael. and Ir. both, a
hut; but the th is not sounded in these words.
See booth.] 1. A small cottage; a hut.
The salt sea we'll harry,
And bring to our Charlie
The cream from the bothy
And curd from the pen.
Come o'er the Stream, Charlie.
That young nobleman who has just now left the "gº,
cott.
To accept the hospitality of a very poor Highland bothie.
The Century, XXVII. 919.
2. A house for the accommodation of a num-
ber of workpeople in the employment of the
Same person Or Company. More especially, a kind
of barrack in connection with a large farm, where the
unmarried outdoor servants and laborers are lodged.—
Bothy system, the practice, common in Aberdeenshire
and other northern counties of Scotland, of lodging the
unmarried outdoor servants and laborers employed on the
larger farms in barrack-like buildings apart from their em-
ployer's residence.
botoné (bot’ on-á), a. , Same as bottomy.
bo-tree (bó'tré), m. [K Singhalese bo (also boga-
ha: gaha, tree), a shortened form of Pali bodhi,
the bo-tree, short for bodhi-taru, bo-tree (K bodhi
(K Skt. bodhi). wisdom, enlightenment, + taru,
tree), answering to Skt. bodhi-vriksha (vriksha,
tree). See Buddha.] The Ficus religiosa, or
pipul-tree, under which Sakyamuni, the founder
of Buddhism, is said to have become “enlight-
ened” (Buddha), after forty days' fixed contem-
plation, during which time he was subjected to
all manner of temptation, and to have evolved
the four noble truths by which mankind may
be delivered from the miseries attending up-
on birth, life, and death. The particular bo-tree
under which this happened is said to have been produced
at the moment of his birth.
[NL., K. Gr.
Botrychium (bo-triki-um), n.
Bótpuzog, equiv. to 360TOvxog, a curl or lock, a
botryllid (bo-trilºid),
Botryllidae (bo-tril’i-
Botryllus (bo-trilºus), n.
Botryocephalus (bot"ri-Ö-sef’a-lus), n.
ºf botryogen (bot’ri-º-jen), n.
botryoidally (bot-ri-oiſdal-i), adv.
botryolite (bot’ri-Ö-lit), n.
botryose (bot’ri-Ös), a.
Botrytis (bo-triºtis), m.
bots (bots), m. pl.
bottl, m.
bott? (bot), n.
bottargo, m.
Böttger ware.
botterollt, m.
bottine (bo-tên’), n.
bottine
cluster: see Bostrychus.] A genus of cryptog-
amous plants, of the family Ophioglossaceae,
allied to the ferns.
They bear clustered, vein-
less sporangia in contracted
panicled spikes above the
variously divided frond.
There are several widely
distributed species, known
by the popular name of
amoonwort, from the cres-
cent shape of the divisions
of the frond in some com-
mon kinds. The name
grape-ferm is also given to
then, and one species, B.
Virginianum, is called rat-
tlesnake-ferm.
m. A tunicate of the
family. Botryllidae.
Moonwort (Botrychium Lt.-
dé), 70. pl. [NL., K Bo-
tryllus + -idae.] A fam-
ily of compound ascid-
ians or tunicaries, of the order Ascidioidea. They
have a definite number of ascidiozoöids grouped about
a common cloaca of the ascidiarium, the viscera of each
single body, which is not divided into thorax and abdo-
men, lying by the side of the respiratory cavity, and no
lobes around the inhalent orifice. There are several gen-
era besides Botryllus. Also Botryllacea and Botrylloides.
[NL., dim. of Gr.
Bótpuç, a cluster or bunch of grapes, a curl or
lock.] A genus of compound ascidians, typical
of the family Botryllidae. B. Stellatus and B.
violaceus are examples.
a, entire plant , b, branch of tire
fertile frond, showing sporangia.
Same
as Bothriocephalus. Oken, 1815.
[K Gr. 36tpvç, a
cluster of grapes, + -yevſc, producing, etc.: see
gem.] A red or ocher-yellow mineral from
Falun, in Sweden, and elsewhere, consisting of
*the hydrous sulphates of iron and magnesium.
botryoid, botryoidal (bot’ri-oid, bot-ri-oi'dal),
a. [K Gr. 30tpvoet-
ôňg, like a cluster
of grapes, K 36-
Tpvg, a cluster of
grapes, + £ióoc,
form.] Having the
5, form of a bunch
of grapes ; like
; grapes, as a min-
eral presenting an
aggregation Of
small globes. In
bot., applied to forms of inflorescence which are appa-
rently botryose, but in reality cymose.
In a bot-
ryoidal manner; so as to resemble a bunch of
grapes: as, vessels botryoidally disposed.
[K Gr. 36tpug, a
cluster of grapes, + 2100g, a stone..] A variety
of datolite or borosilicate of calcium, occurring
in mammillary or botryoidal concretions, in a
bed of magnetic iron in gneiss, near Arendal in
Norway, and elsewhere. Its colors are pearl-gray,
grayish- or reddish-white, and pale rose-red. It is said to
differ from datolite in containing more Water.
[K Gr. §§ a cluster
of grapes, + -ose.] . In bot. : (a) Of the type of
the raceme, corymb, umbel, etc. : applied to
indeterminate forms of inflorescence. (b) Clus-
tered, like a bunch of grapes.
[NL., K. Gr. 36TpvQ, a
cluster of grapes.] A large genus of muee-
dinous fungi, usually growing ºupon dead wood
and leaves, characterized by the somewhat
dendroid mode of branching of the fertile hy-
phae, which bear simple spores more or less
grouped near the tips. One species, B. Bassiana,
grows upon living silkworms, and causes the disease known
as muscardine. A large number of species growing upon
living plants were formerly included in this genus, but
are now referred to Peromospora.
See botl.
See bot1.
[K IF. botte, a bundle, a truss
(OF. dim. botel : see bottle8).] The name
given by lace-makers to the round cushion,
held on the knee, on which the lace is woven.
Same as botargo.
See ware2.
Same as boltel.
Same as boterol.
Botryoidal structure: Chalcedony.
ottelt, m.
otthammer (botſham”ér), n. IK bott (prob. K
ME. botte, a form of batl) + hammer.] A
wooden mallet with a fluted face, used in
breaking flax.
[F., dim. of botte, a boot:
see boot?..] 1. A half-boot; a woman’s fine
shoe.—2. An appliance resembling a boot,


bottine 638
with straps, springs, buckles, etc., to correct bottle-bump (bot'l-bump), n. [A corruption
or prevent distortion of the lower limbs and of butter-bump, bitter-bump.] A name given in
feet of children. some districts to the bittern, Botaurus stellaris.
botting (bot'ing), n. ... [Perhaps for batting, K bottle-carrier (bot'l-kar’i-ér), n. A device for
batº, ME...occasionally botte, a club, stičk.] carrying a number of uncorked bottles, used
The operation of restopping the tap-hole of a in wine-cellars. It consists of a frame with a handle,
furnace with a plug of clay on the end of a in which each bottle is held by a spring-pad at the bottom
Wooden rod, after a portion of the charge has
been removed.
bottlelt, m. [ME., also botle, buttle, K AS. botl
(= OS. bod! = OFries. bodel = Icel. bāl (also
deriv, baºli), a dwelling, abode, farm, also lair,
den, = Dan. bol, a farm, bál, būlle, in local
names); cf. bold, a dwelling (X iyān, E. build,
q. V.), and bār (>E. bower1), a dwelling; K bilan
(V “bu), dwell: see bowerl, bond2, etc.] A
dwelling; a habitation: a word extant (as -bot-
tle, -battle) only in some local English names,
#as Harbottle, Newbottle, Morbattle.
bottle? (bot’l), n. [Early mod. E. also bottel,
botle; K ME. botel, bottelle = D. bottel = LG. but-
tel, buddel, KOF. botel, m., also bowtelle, bowtille,
F. bouteille = Pr: Pg. botelha = Sp. botella = It.
bottiglia, K. M.L. buticula, f., dim, of butis, but-
tis, butta (X
OF. boute, F.
botte), a butt:
See buttº.]
1. A hollow
mouthed ves-
Sel of glass,
wood, leather,
or other ma-
º
*
terial, for
holding and
carrying li-
Oriental Goat-skin Bottles, or Wine-skins.
quids. Oriental
nations use skins
or leather for this purpose, and of the mature of these
Wine-skins are the bottles mentioned in Scripture: “Put
new Wine into new bottles.” In Europe and North America
glass is generally used for liquids of all kinds, but wine is
still largely stored in skins in Spain and Greece. Small
bottles are often called vials.
2. The contents of a bottle; as much as a bot-
tle contains: as, a bottle of wine or of porter.
- Capillary bottle. See capillary.—The bottle, figura-
tively, strong drink in general ; the practice of drinking.
In the bottle discontent seeks for comfort, cowardice for
courage, and bashfulness for confidence.
Johnson, Addison.
bottle” (bot'1), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bottled, ppr.
bottling. . [K bottle2, m.] 1. To put into bot-
tles for the purpose of preserving or of stor-
ing away: as, to bottle wine or porter. Hence
–2. To store up as in a bottle; preserve as if
by bottling; shut in or hold back (colloq. “cork
up”), as anger or other strong feeling: usually
with up.
Can economy of time or money go further than to anni-
hilate time and space, and bottle wip [as does the phono-
graph] for posterity the mere utterance of man, without
other effort on his part than to speak the words
N. A. Rev., CXXVI. 536.
bottle3 (bot/l), m. [Early mod. E. also bottel,
botelle, botle; & M.E. botel, K OF. botel, m., equiv.
to botelle, fem., dim. of botte, a bundle: see
bott2.] Å quantity, as of hay or grass, tied or
bundled up. [Now chiefly prov. Eng.]
Although it be nat worth a botel hay.
Chaucer, Prol. to Manciple's Täle, 1. 14.
Methinks I have a great desire to a bottle of hay.
Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
To look for a needle in a bottle of hay (= in a hay-
stack), to engage in a hopeless search.
bottle-alef (bot’l-āl), n. Bottled ale.
Selling cheese and prunes, and retail'd bottle-ale,
Beau. and I'l., Captain, ii. 2.
bottle-bellied (bot'l-bel/id), a. Having a belly
shaped like a bottle; having a swelling, pro-
tuberant belly; pot-bellied.
Some choleric, bottle-bellied old spider.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 381.
bottle-bird (bot'l-bêrd), n. . A bird that builds
a bottle-shaped pensile nest.
We came across, in our meanderings, a small tree, from
the branches of which were hanging a number of bottle-
birds' nests. Their shape is like an elongated egg, very
sharp at the small end, rather bulging out at the other
end, while the opening is at the side. The bird is some-
thing like a sparrow, with a considerable touch of the yel-
low of a canary.
hold a bottle while it is being corked.
bottle-brush (bot’l-brush), n. 1. A brush
for cleaning bottles.—2. The field-horsetail,
Equisetum arvense.—3. The mare's-tail, Hip-
1ſºriš vulgaris.-4. In Australia, any tree
of the genus Callistemon.—Bottle-brush grass,
a. common name in the United States for II/stria.
IIyatriz.
and by a boss or projection which enters the mouth,
bottle-case (bot’l-kās), n. The wicker- or bas-
ket-work covering of a demijohn or carboy.—
Bottle-Case loom, a machine for weaving bottle-cases.
bottle-chart (bot'l-chärt), m. A marine chart
exhibiting the set of ocean surface-currents
compiled from papers bearing date, latitude,
and longitude, found in bottles which have
been thrown from ships and washed upon the
beach or picked up by other ships. The time be-
tween the throwing of such bottles and their recovery on
shore has varied from a few days to sixteen years, and the
distance from a few miles to five thousand miles.
bottle-clip (bot'l-klip), n. A device for closing
the mouth of a bottle; a substitute for a cork.
bottle-coaster (bot’l-kós"tër), n. A kind of
eep tray with divisions for bottles, in which
decanters of wine or cordial are passed round
a dinner- or banquet-table after the dessert:
sometimes made for one decanter only.
The two Lady R.'s, . . . like two decanters in a bottle-
coaster, with such magnificent diamond labels round their
necks. Miss Edgeworth, Belinda, v.
bottle-cod (bot’l-kod), n. A name given in
Jamaica to the plant Capparis cymophallophora,
from the shape of the fruit.
bottle-companion, bottle-friend (bot’l-kgm-
an"ygn, -frend), n. A companion or friend in
inking or conviviality.
Sam, who is a very good bottle-companion, has been the
diversion of his friends. Addison, Spectator, No. 89.
bottom
2. In med, an eruption of small, red, suppu-
º tubercles on the nose, such as is pro-
duced by intemperate drinking. Dunglison.—
8. A name at St. Andrews, Scotland, of the sea-
stickleback, Spinachia spinachia.—4. A name
for the puffin, Fratercula arctica, from its large
red-and-blue beak. See bottle-nosed.— 5. A
name of the sea-elephant or elephant-seal,
Macrorhinus leoninus, and others of the same
enus.—Bottlenose oil. [Prob. a corruption of Botte-
eaw's (name of a manufacturer), oil.] An inferior grade
of olive-oil used in making Castile soap.
bottle-nosed (bot’l-nózd), a. Having a bottle-
shaped noso; having a nose full and swollen
about the wings and end, or inflamed by
drinking.
bottle-ore (bot’l-Ör), n. A name for coarse
seaweeds, especially one of the rock-weeds,
Ascophyllum odosum.
bottle-pump (bot’l-pump), n. A device for re-
moving the fluid contents of a bottle. A com-
mon form is that of a rubber bulb for forcing air into the
bottle, and a bent tube through which the liquid is driven
; out by the préssure of the air.
bottler (bot’lér), n. [K ME. boteller; in mod.
use as if K bottle2, v., + -erl; but historically
a var. of butler.] One who bottles; specifically,
one whose occupation is to bottle wine, spirits,
ale, etc. . . -
bottle-rack (bot’l-rak), n. A rack for holding
bottles placed in it mouth downward to drain.
bottle-screw (bot’l-skrö), n. A corkscrew.
bottle-stand (bot’l-stand), n. 1. A cruet-
stand.—2. A wooden rest for draining bottles
after washing. -
bottle-stoop (bot’l-stöp), n. In med., a wooden
block grooved above to hold a wide-mouthed
bottle obliquely so that a powder may be easily
bottle-conjurer (bot’l-kun"jër-ēr), n. One who extracted from it with a knife in dispensing.
exhibits feats of necromancy with a bottle, as bottle-tit (bot’l-tit), n. A name of the long-
extracting from it a variety of liquids or more tailed titmouse, Parus caudatus or Acredula
than was put in, or putting in what apparently caudata: so called from its curious large, pen-
B. Sartor”. In the Soudan, p. 186, bottle-jack (bot’l-jak), n.
bottle-boot (bot’l-böt), n. A leathern case to "sha, J ( jak),
bottlenose (bot’l-möz), n.
cannot pass through the neck.
Which to that bottle-conjurer, John Bull,
Is of all dreams the first hallucination.
Byrom, Don Juan, vii. 44.
bottled (bot'ld), a. [K bottle2 + -ed?..] 1. Kept
or contained in a bottle: as, bottled porter.—
sile, bottle-shaped nest. See cut under titmouse.
bottle-track (bot’l-trak), n. The course pur-
sued in the ocean by a bottle thrown over-
board with a note of latitude, longitude, and
date, and so affording some data for estimat-
ing the set and velocity of currents. See
2. Big-bellied: as, “that bottled spider,” Shak, Aboºtle-chart.
Rich. III., iv. 4. [Rare.]
bottle-dropsy (bot’l-drop” si), n. A dropsy
which affects the abdomen only; ascites.
bottle-fish (bot’l-fish), m. 1. A name of sundry
plectognath fishes of the family Tetrodontidae.
—2. º name of the Saccopharyna, ampullaceus,
a remarkable fish representing a peculiar fam-
ily of the order Lyomeri. See Saccopharyngidae.
bottle-flower (bot’l-flou’ér), n. A plant, Cen-
taurea Cyanus; the bluebottle.
bottle-friend, m. See bottle-companion.
bottle-glass (bot’l-glas), n. A cheap grade of
glass, usually of a dull deep-green color, used
for making common bottles, etc.
bottle-gourd (bot’l-górd), n. The fruit of La-
genaria Lagenaria, of the family Cucurbitaceae.
See gourd and Lagenaria.
bottle-grass (bot’l-grás), n. A kind of grass,
Chaetochloa viridis. See Setaria.
bottle-green (bot’l-grén), m. and a. T. n. A
green color like that of common bottle-glass.
II. a. Of a dark-green color.
bottlehead (bot’l-hed), m. 1. A more correct
though not common name for the whale called
the bottlemose (which see).—2. A name of the
black-bellied plover, Squatarola helvetica.
bottle-holder (bot’l-hôl"dēr), m. 1. A glass-
maker’s tool for holding the body of a bottle
while forming the neck.-2. A rack for holding
bottles.—3. One who waits upon another in
a prize-fight, administering refreshment, etc.;
hence, a backer; a second; a Supporter, en-
courager, or adviser in a conflict or trial of
any kind.
An old bruiser makes a good bottle-holder.
Smollett, Adv. of Ferd., Count Fathom.
Lord Palmerston considered himself the bottle-holder of
oppressed States. I,0mdom. Times.
bottle-imp (bot'l-imp), n. See Cartesian devil,
under Cartesian.
1. A roasting-jack
ed like a bottle.—2. A kind of lifting-jack.
bottle-mold (bot’l-möld), n. An iron mold
within which a bottle is blown.
1. A name of sev-
eral species of cetaceans having bottle-shaped
In OSes. (a) Of the species of Hyperoödom, like H. bidens
of the northern seas, about 25 feet long. (b) Of the species
of Balaemopterwa or Giobicephalus, the caaing-whales. Also
called bottlehead.
bottle-tree (bot’l-tré), n. An Australian tree,
Pocilodermis rupestris, so called from the shape
of its trunk,
which re-
sembles a
soda - water
bottle. The
natives make
nets of its fibers
and quench
their thirst
from reservoirs
of sap which
are formed in
the stem.
bottle-wax
(bot’l-waks), is
m. Astiff wax
used to seal
the mouths
of bottles
and jars.
bottling-machine (bot'ling-ma-shën"), n.
Bottle-tree (Paecilodermis rupestris),
A
bottom (bot’um), m. and a. [E. dial. also bot-
ton; = Sc. boddem, boddum, etc., K.M.E. bottom,
bottome, botome, botym, botme, earlier bothom,
bothium, botham, K. A.S. botn = OS. bodom =
QFries. *bodem, boden, North Fries. bom,
NFries. boem, beam = D. bodem = LG. bodden
= OHG. bodam, MHG. bodem, G. boden = Icel.
botn = OSw, botn, Sw. botten = ODan. bodn,
Dan, bund, bottom; prob. = L. fundus (for
*fudnus) (whence ult. E. fund, found2, founda-
tion, fundamental, etc.) = Gr. Trvôuffy, bottom,
= Skt. budhna, depth, ground. Cf. Gael. bonn,
Sole, foundation, bottom, = Ir. bonn, sole, – W.
bom, stem, base, stock.] I. n. 1. The iowest
or deepest part of anything, as distinguished
from the top; utmost depth, either literally or
figuratively; base; foundation; root: as, the
bottom of a hill, a tower, a tree, of a well or
other cavity, of a page or a column of figures.
Ye consider not the matter to the bottom.
Latimer, 5th Serm. bef, Edw. VI., 1549.
Objections . . . built on the same bottom. Atterbury.
All customs were founded upon some bottom of reason.
Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, i.
2. The ground under any body of water: as, a
rocky bottom; a sandy bottom; to lie on the
bottom of the sea.—3. In phys, geog., the low
#machine for filling and corking bottles.


- - bottom:
land º to a river, especially when the
river is large and the level area is of consider-
able extent. Also called bottom-land.
On both shores of that fruitful bottom are still to be
seen the marks of ancient edifices.
Addison, Travels in Italy.
Tor weeks together. Indians would have their squalid
camps about Illinois Town, and in the bottoms toward the
Big Mound. W. Barrows, Oregon, p. 103.
4. In mining, that which is lowest; in Penn-
sylvania coal-mining, the floor, bottom-rock, or
stratum on which a coal-seam rests.-5. The
lower or hinder extremity of the trunk of an
animal; the buttocks; the sitting part of man.
Hence—6. The portion of a chair on which
one sits; the º
No two chairs were alike ; such high backs and low
backs, and leather bottoms and worsted bottoms. Irving.
7. That part of a ship which is below the wales;
hence, #. ship }.
They had a well-rigg'd bottom, fully mann'd.
Massinger, The Guardian, v. 3.
I am informed . . . that the governor . . . had deter-
mined to issue a proclamation for admitting provisions in
American bottoms, but an arrival of a vessel from Con-
necticut prevented it.
S. Adams, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 458.
8. The heavy impurities which collect at the
bottoms of vessels in which fluids are left to
settle: as, “the bottom of beer,” Johnson.—9.
pl. The residuum, consisting of impure metal,
often found at the bottom of a smelting-fur-
nace when the operation has not been skil-
fuſly conducted: chiefly used in reference to
copper-smelting.—10. Power of endurance;
stamina; native strength: as, a horse of good
bottom.—11. Milit.: (a) A circular disk with
holes to hold the rods in the formation of a
gabion. (b) Same as bottom-plate.—12. In shoe-
"making, the sole, heel, and shank of a shoe; all
that is below the upper.—13. In railroads, the
ballasting about the ties.—14. A platform sus-
pended from a scale, on which the thing to be
weighed is placed.— 15+. A clue or nucleus on
which to wind thread; the thread so wound.
Bp. Warburton ; Bacon.
And beat nue to death with a bottom of brown thread.
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 3.
16t. The cocoon of a silkworm.
Silkworms finish their bottoms in about fifteen days.
Mortimer.
17. In dyeing, a color applied to a fabric with
a view of giving a peculiar hue to a dye which
is to be subsequently applied.— 18. In golf, a
backward rotation of the ball which tends to
check its motion after it touches the ground.
At bottom, in reality, especially as opposed to external
appearance; fundamentally; essentially: as, he is sincere
at bottom.
Every body was sure there was some reason for it at
bottom. Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.
Bottom-discharge water-wheel, a turbine which dis-
charges the water at the bottom instead of at the sides.—
Bottom of a wig, the portion of a wig which hangs over
the shoulder.-False bottom, a horizontal partition in-
serted into the lower part of a box, desk, etc., so as to
simulate the bottom and form a secret compartment.—
To be at the bottom of, to underlie as a cause; be the
real author, source, or cause of.
She has another lover, one Beverley, who, I am told, is
now in Bath.—Odds slanders and lies! he must be at the
bottom of it. . Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 4.
To drain the Cup to the bottom. See cup.–To stand
ºlone's OWn bottom, to be independent; act for one's
Selî.
II. a. [Attrib. use of noun..] Situated at
the bottom ; lowest; undermost ; fundamen-
tal: as, the bottom stair; the bottom coin of a
pile.
This is the bottom fact of the whole political situation.
Nineteenth Century, XX. 296.
*Bottom heat. See heat. *
bottom (bot’um), v. [K bottom, m.] I, trans.
1. To furnish with a bottom: as, to bottom a
shoe or a chair.—2. To found or build upon;
fix upon as a support; base.
Those false and deceiving grounds upon which many
bottom their eternal state. South.
Action is supposed to be bottomed upon principle.
Bp. Atterbwry.
3. To fathom; reach or get to the bottom of.
The spirit of self-will, of insistence on our own views
which we have probably never really bottomed, or trace
to principles. Contemporary Rev., L. 350.
4}. To wind round something, as in making a
ball of thread.
Therefore, as you unwind her love from him,
Lest it should ravel, and be good to none,
You must provide to bottom it on me.
Shak., T. G. of V., iii. 2.
5. In dyeing, to dye first with a certain color
in preparation for another,
639
They [worsted goods] should be bottomed with indigo.
Fibre and Fabric, V. 16.
II. intrans. 1. To rest; be based.
On what foundation any proposition advanced bottoms, bottoné (bot-on-ā'), p. a.
bottony (botſon-i), a.
Locke.
2. To strike against the bottom or end; as, a
piston bottoms when it strikes against the end
of the cylinder.—Bottoming of gear-teeth, the
rubbing of the points of the teeth of one of a pair of gear-
wheels against the rim between the roots of the teeth of
the other: a result of a false adjustment.
bottom-captain (bot’um-kap"tān), n. In min-
àng, the Superintendent of miners in the deep-
est working part.
bottomed (bot’umd), a. [K bottom + -ed?..]
1. Having a bottom (of the particular kind
indicated in composition): as, flat-bottomed;
broad-bottomed; a full-bottomed wig.—2. Un-
derlaid; furnished with a bottom or foundation:
as, bottomed by clay.—3. Based; grounded: as,
a well-bottomed character. Morley.
bottom-fishing (bot’um-fish'ing), n.
ground-angling.
bottom-glade (bot’um-glád), n. An open val-
ley between hills; a dale.
Tending my flocks hard by i' the hilly crofts
That brow this bottom-glade. Milton, Comus, l. 532.
bottom-grass (bot’um-grás), n. Grass growing
on lowlands or bottom-lands.
bottom-ice (bot’um-is), m. Ground-ice; anchor-
ice; ground-gru.
The curious phenomenon of the formation of bottom-ice,
and its rise to the surface, is more frequently seen in the
Baltic and the Cattegat than in the open ocean— chiefly,
it seems probable, on account of the shallowness of these
SeaS. Encyc. Brit., III. 295.
Same as
bottoming-hole (bot’um-ing-hôl), m. In glass-
making, the open mouth of a furnace at which
a globe of fused glass is exposed during the
progress of its manufacture, in order to soften
it and allow it to assume an oblate form.
bottoming-tap (bot’um-ing-tap), n. A tap
used for cutting a perfect thread to the bottom
of a hole.
bottom-land (bot’um-land), n.
tom, 3.
After making nearly a semicircle around the pond, they
diverged from the water-course, and began to ascend to
the level of a slight elevation in that bottom-land over
which they journeyed. Cooper, Last of Mohicans, xxii.
bottomless (bot’um-les), a. [K bottom + -less.]
Without a bottom. Hence— (a) Groundless;
unsubstantial; false: as, “bottomless specula-
tions,” Burke.
He fond but botmeles behestes.
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 1431.
(b) Fathomless; unfathomable; inexhaustible:
as, a bottomless abyss or Ocean.
Is not my sorrow deep, having no bottom?
Then be my passions bottomless with them.
Shak., Tit. And..., iii. 1.
bottom-lift (bot’um-lift), m. In mining, the
deepest or bottom tier of pumps.
bottom most (bot’um-möst), a.
Same as bot-
[K bottom +
botts (bots), m. pl.
botuliform (bot’ī-li-fôrm), a.
boucan (bö’kan), n. and v.
bouche (bösh), n.
bouchée (bö-shā’), m.
*treasurer; a bursar.
boudoir
bottom-tool (bot’um-tūl), n. In turning, a tool
with a bent end, used for working on the inside
of the bottoms of hollow work.
Same as bottomy.
[Also written bottomé,
botone, K OF. botonné, pp. of botonner (F. bou-
tonner), ornament with buds or but-
tons, K boton, F. bouton, a bud, but-
ton: see button.] In her., decorated
with buds, knobs, or buttons at the
extremities, generally in groups of
three, forming trefoils. Also called
bottoned, botomed, and sometimes
trefoiled or treffled. See cross.
See bot1.
A Cross Bot-
tony Or.
[K L. botulus, a
sausage (> ult. E. bowel), + forma, form.]
Shaped like a small sausage; allantoid.
botulinic (bot-li-lin'ik), a. [K L. botulus, a sau-
sage, + -inel + -ic.] Pertaining to or derived
from sausages: as, botulinic acid. Thomas.
See bucan.
[F., K OF. bouche, bowce,
boche, buche, etc., mouth, K. L. bucca, cheek: see
bucca, and cf. bocca.] 1+. In the ancient French
monarchy, the service of the king's table, under
the direction of the master of the king's house-
hold. A large number of officers of different ranks, and
º accurately defined duties, formed this establish-
II] eIlº.
2. A certain allowance of provisions made by
a king to those who obeyed his summons to the
field, according to the feudal system of military
service. Hence—3+. Any supply of provisions;
food. Formerly corruptly bouge.
A bombard-man that brought bowge for a country lady
or two that fainted, he said, with fasting.
B. Jonson, Masque of Love Restored.
4. In medieval armor, a notch or indentation in
the upper right-hand edge of the shield, allow-
ing a weapon to be passed through it. In the
justing shield, this was sometimes of the form of a
diagonal slit terminating in a round hole of the size of
the lance-shaft. &
5. In ordnance, a short cylinder of copper
placed in a counterbore in the face of the
mushroom-head, and through which the vent
of a piece of breech-loading ordnance is drilled;
a bushing. When this copper cylinder extends through
the walls of the piece, it is called a vent-piece or vent-bush-
ing. See bushing. s
6. The mouth of a firearm of any kind; the
bore.
bouche, bouch (bösh), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
bouched, ppr. bouching. [K bouche, m.] To
form or drill a new mouth or vent in, as in a
gun which has been spiked.
[F., K bouche, mouth.]
A patty or small pie; a bonbon; any dainty
supposed to be a mouthful.
bouchert, n. [Early mod. E. also bowchyer, late
ME. bowger, appar. K bouge, a bag, wallet: see
bougel. But perhaps a var. of bowser, q.v.] A.
Stonyhurst.
-most. Cf. topmost, etc.], Situated at the very boucherize (bö’shër-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
bottom; lowest. [Rare.]
bottom-plate (bot’um-plat), n. 1. The bed
supporting the carriage of a printing-press.-
2. The bed of knives immediately beneath the
cylinder of a pulping-engine. It is formed of a
number of knife-plates placed flat against each other,
with their upper knife-edges adjusted to conform to the
curve of the cylinder above, which also contains knives.
Between these two sets of knives the raw material, as
rags, wood, or other substance, is ground to pulp.
3. In ordnance, a plate used in building up
grape and canister into a cylinder ready for
loading into a Cast-iron top- and bottom-plates
8.P6 useſ for grape, and wrought-iron ones for canister.
Also called bottom. *
bºy (bot’um-ri), m. [Formerly also bot-
tomery, bottomary, bottom marić, bodomery, etc.;
= F. bomerie = G. bodmerci = Dan. Sw. bodmeri,
K. D. bodemerij, bottomry: see bottom and -ery,
—ry.] In marine law, the act of borrowing money
and pledging the bottom of a ship, that is, the
ship itself, as security for its repayment. The
contract of bottomry is in the nature of a mortgage, the
owner of a ship borrowing money to enable him to carry
on a voyage, and pledging the ship as security for the
money. If the ship is lost, the lender loses the money;
but if the ship arrives safe, he is to receive the money lent,
with the interest or premium stipulated, although it may
exceed the legal rate of interest. The tackle of the ship
also is answerable for the debt, as well as the person of the
borrower. When a loan is made upon the goods shipped,
the borrower is said to take up money at 7'espondentia, as
he is bound personally to answer the contract. When the
ship alone is pledged, the contract is called a bottomary
bond; but when both ship and cargo are pledged, it is
called a respondentia bond.
A master of a ship, who had borrowed twice his money
upon the bottomary. Pepys, Diary, II. 69.
bouchette (bö-shet'), m.
bouching (bö'shing), n. S.
bouching-bit (bö 'shing-bit), m.
boudi, bowd (boud), m.
boudoir (bö’dwor), m.
boucherized, ppr. bouchericing. [K Auguste Bou-
cherie (1801–1871), a French chemist, inventor
of the process, + -ize.] To impregnate (tim-
ber) with sulphate of copper as a preservative.
[Appar. F., dim. of
bouche, a mouth.] In medieval armor, the large
buckle used for fastening the lower part of the
breastplate to the upper one. Fairholt.
Same as bushing,
[K bouching,
verbal n. of bouche, v., + bitl.] An instru-
ment used for boring a hole in the vent-field
of a gun to receive the copper plug, or bouche,
through which the vent is afterward drilled.
Farrow, Mil. Encyc. -
[K ME. bude, budde,
boude, origin uncertain; cf. AS. budda, *seearm-
budda (occurs once improp. written scearmbu-
doa), ME. scharnbodde, a dung-beetle.] An in-
sect that breeds in grain; a Weevil. [Prov.
Eng.]
boudº (böd). [Also written bood, bude, boot,
etc., contr. of behoored, pret. of behoove. J A
Scotch contraction of behooved.
They both did cry to Him above
To save their souls, for they boud die.
Border Minstrelsy, iii. 140. (Jumieson.)
[F., K bouder, pout, sulk,
+ -oir, denoting place.] A small room to which
a lady may retire to be alone, or in which she
may receive her intimate friends.
They sang to lim in cozy bowdoirs.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair.

bouffant
bouffant (F. pron, bū-foſſ'), a.
bouffer, puff, swell.] Puffed out: as, a skirt
very bouffant at the back.
bouffelt, n. [Late ME., K OF. bouffée, a puff
(cf. bouffe, a swollen or swelling cheek), K bouf-
jer, swell the cheeks: see buff?, puff.] A puff,
as of flame.
He apperceyned many bowſſes of flambe.
Caa:ton, Jason, 74.
640
[F., ppr. of bough-pot (bou'pot), n., [Also written bowpot, bouki
and perversely beau-pot; K boughl + pot.]T 1.
A pot or vase for holding flowers or boughs for
ornament.
Sir Oliver S. You have no land, I suppose?
Charles S. Not a mole-hill, nor a twig, but what's in
the bowgh-pots out of the window.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 3.
2. A nosegay or bouquet.
And I smell at the beautiful, beautiful bow-pot he brings
bouffe” (böf), n. IK F. bouffe, KIt. buffa, jest: see
me, winter and summer, from his country-house at Haver-
boule
ouk or b8k), n. [Early mod. E. also
bouke, Sc. buik, K ME. bouk, bouke, buke, book, K
A.S. bic, the belly, -os, bik ºf buiñº i.i.a.
bük = OHG. bāh, MHG, būch, G. bauch, the belly,
= Icel. bākr, trunk of the body, = Sw. buk =
Dan. bug, the belly. In later M.E. and mod. E.
confused with bouk? = bulk1, q.v.] 1+. The
belly.—2. The trunk of the body; hence, the
body itself. [Scotch and prov. #.
buffoon...] Opera bouffe; comic opera. See opera.
Bougainvillea (bö-gān-vil’É-á), n. [NL., named
after A. de Bougainville, a French navigator of
the 18th century.] Anyctaginaceous genus of
climbing shrubs, natives of tropical and sub-
tropical South America. The numerous flowers are
in clusters of three, subtended by as many large colored
bracts. B. spectabilis and some other species are fre-
quently cultivated in greenhouses, and are very orna-
mental.
bougar (bö’gār), m. One of a series of cross-
spars which form the roof of a cottage, and
serve instead of laths. [Scotch.]
bouge1 (böj), n. [Also bowge; K ME. bouge (K
OF. bouge, buge, F. bouge), now spelled and pro-
nounced budge (see buágé, budget, etc.); earlier
bulge, q. v. Cf. bouge?..] 1+. A bag or wallet,
especially of leather.
Bouges of lether like bladders.
IHolland, tr. of Livy, p. 408.
2. The bilge or swelling part of a cask; hence,
the cask itself. [Prov. Eng.]—3. A cowrie.
Jevons.
bouge?f (böj), v. [Also bowge; a form of bulge,
bilge; ult, related to bougel..] I. intrams. To be
bilged; spring a leak or have a hole knocked
in the bottom; founder.
Which anchor cast, we soone the same forsooke,
And cut it off, for fear least thereupon
Our shippes should bowge.
Gascoigne, Voyage into Holland. boughtli
II. trams. To stave in the bottom of (a ship),
and thus cause her to spring a leak; knock a
hole in.
The Carick, which sir Anthony Oughtred chased hard at
the starne, and bowged her in divers places.
Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 4.
To bowge and pierce any enemy ship which they do en-
Counter. Holland.
..]
bº, m. [ME., var. of bulkl, q. º Same as
* 200/6-1-.
stock-hill. G. A. Sala, The late Mr. D–. boukš (bouk), v. A dialectal form of bolk.
3. The more or less conventional representa- houl-A,\,. . ''A dialectal form of bººs.
tion in ornamental work of a bouquet or vase boul bool? (böl), m. [North. E. and Sc., earlier
full of flowers. Dutch cabinets of inlaid wood have also bowie, boule; perhaps KMD. boghel = MLG.
for their most common decoration bough-pots in panels. ºm- gº tº ºwn re • mºnsº
bºughtºboºt." ii.jsºn ºft' (= Gº,”), ºº, hºp, ing; ul; H.E.
boughte, bughte, etc., also bout, bowt, etc., now
reg. with partial differentiation of meaning bout
(see boutl); K ME. bought, bowght, bougt, “bugt,
prob. a var., reverting to the original vowel
of the verb, of ME, bygt, bigt, bight (mod.
E. bight, q, V.), K AS., byht, a bend (= MLG.
LG. bucht, X D. bogt, G. bucht, Sw. Dan. bugt,
a bend, turn, bay, bight; cf. Icel. bugdha,
a bend, a coil), K bign (pp. bogen), E. bow,
bend; see bowl.] 1. A bend; flexure; curve;
a hollow angle.
Mal feru, a malander in the bought of a horse's knee.
Cotgrave.
2. A bend or curve in a coast-line. See bight.
–3. A bend, flexure, turn, loop, coil, or knot,
as in a rope or chain, or in a serpent ; a fold in
cloth. See bowil.
In knots and many bowghtes upwound.
e Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 15.
The dragon-bowghts and elvish emblemings
Began to move, seethe, twine, and curl.
Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette.
[Early mod. E. also bowght,
m.] To bend; fold; wind.
^). t.
owt; K bought,
bºught (båt). Preterit and past participle of
Q4/7
3/.
bought 3, boucht (bučht), n. Same as bught.
boughten (bā’tn), a. A form of bought?, weak
past participle of buy, used adjectively, and
assimilated to strong participial forms in -en :
chiefly used in poetry, and colloquially in the
Boulangism (bö-lofi'jizm), n.
Boulangist (bö-lon’jist), m.
boulder (böl’dër), n.
bougeºt, m. A corrupt form of bouche. United States in the sense of purchased, as op-
bouget (bö’jet or b6-zhā’), m. [Sometimes posed to home-made.
spelled bowget; K F. bougette, a little pouch. For he who buried him was one whose faith
The T ar E. form IRecked not of boughten prayers nor passing bell.
is jº. V. See º; Madoc in Wales, xiv.
2 e º
She had some good clothes in a chist in the bedroom
bougel..] 1+. A bud- and a boughten bonnet with a good cypress veil. 3.
get or pouch. Spen- S. O. Jewett, Deephaven, p. 201.
ser, F. Q., III. x. 29.
Bougets.
baill, q.v.] 1. A bend; curvature.—2. The
curved or semicircular handle of a pot, kettle,
etc.; especially, in the plural, a movable han-
dle in two parts, jointed in the middle, for a
pot with ears; a bail-3. A loop or annular
part serving as a handle for something. Specifi-
cally—(a) One of the hoops or rounded openings for the
thumb or finger in the handles of scissors. (b) The loop
which forms the handle of a key. (c) The ring on the
case of a watch to which the chain or guard is attached.
boulangerite (bö-lan’jēr-it), n. [K C. L. Bow-
langer, the discoverer.] In mineral., a sulphid
of antimony and lead, occurring in plumose,
granular, and compact masses, of a bluish lead-
gray color and metallic luster.
The political
É. and methods represented in France by
eneral Georges Ernest Jean Marie Boulanger
(1837–91) from about 1886 to 1889. Its chief
features were militarism and revenge upon
Germany.
A political fol-
lower of General Boulanger.
[Also written bowlder,
bolder, dial. bowder, boother; short for the ear-
lier boulder-stone, dial. bowther-, boother-stone,
Sc. bowlderstane; K ME. bulderston, a boulder;
cf. Sw. dial. bullersten, a large pebble or stone
in a stream, one that causes a rippling in the
water (opposed to klappersten, small pebble), K
bullra (= Dan. buldre), make a loud noise, H-
stem = E. Stone..] A loose rock, or one which
has been torn from its native bed and trans-
ported to some distance. As ordinarily used, the
word indicates a piece of rock which is larger than a pebble
or cobble, whose edges have become weather-worn and
more or less rounded, and which lies upon the surface.
boulder (böl’dër), v. t. [K boulder, n.] To wear
smooth, as an emery-wheel, by abrading with
smail flint pebbles. . Also spelled bowlder.—
Bouldered down, said of metal polishing-wheels or laps
when emery and oil are spread over them, then pressed
/4.3 1. gº l *
— 2. In her., the boughtyt (bouti), a. [K bought| + -yl.] Having
figure of a vessel for carrying water. It is meant
boughts or bends; bending. Sherwood.
boughy (bou’i), a. [K boughl + -yl.] Abound-
¥into the metal and worn down with bouldering-stones.
boulder-clay (böl’ dér-klâ), m. Stiff, unlami-
to represent a yoke with two leathern pouches attached +ing in boughs.
to it, formerly used for the conveyance of water to an
army. Also called water-bowget.
boughl (bou), n. [Early mod. E. also bow, bowe,
etc.; K ME. bough, bogh, bog, boge, bowe, etc., K
AS. bāg, báh, the arm, shoulder of an animal,
also a branch of a tree (the latter sense pecu-
liar to E. and AS.), = MD. boech, D. boeg, bow
of a ship, - MLG. bāch, būch, shoulder, bow of
a ship; OHG. buog, upper part of the arm
or leg, shoulder, hip, shoulder of an animal,
MHG. buoc, G. bug, shoulder, withers (of
horses), = Icel. bāgr = Norw. bog = Sw. bog =
Dan. bov, shoulder of an animal, bow of a ship
(> E. bow8), = Gr. Třºvç, dial. Tăzvg, the fore-
arm, = Skt. bāhu, the arm, forearm; root un-
known, but not connected with bowl (AS. bāgan,
etc.), bend, with some derivatives of which,
however, the word has been in part confused.
A doublet of bow8, q.v.] 1. An arm or branch
of a tree.
Say thou, whereon I carved her name,
If ever maid or spouse
As fair as my Olivia came
To rest beneath thy boughs.
Tennyson, Talking Oak.
2+. The gallows.
Some who have not deserved judgement of death, though
otherwise perhaps offending, have beene for their goods
sake caught up, and carryed straight to the bough.
Yºr Spenser, State of Ireland.
boughl (bou), v. t.
[K bough1, n.] To cover
over or shade with boughs. [Poetic.]
A mossy track, all over boughed
For half a mile or more.
Coleridge, Three Graves.
bough2+, n. An obsolete spelling of bow8.
boughºf, n. An obsolete spelling of buff?.
boughºf, interj. An obsolete spelling of bo”.
bough-house (bou'hous), n. A blind constructed
of boughs for the concealment of a sportsman
from the game.
bougie (bö’ji; F. pron. bā-zhè'), m. [F., a wax
candle, a bougie, - Pr. bugia = It. bugia = Sp.
bujča = Pg. bugia, a wax candle, K. Bugia,
Bougie, Ar. Bijiyah, a town in Algeria, whence
these candles were imported into Europe.]
1. A wax candle or waxlight.
Sometimes the bougies are perfumed with essences, so
that in burning they may give off an agreeable odour.
Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 359.
2. A slender cylinder, smooth and flexible,
used to dilate or open the rectum, urethra, or
esophagus, in cases of stricture or other dis-
eases of those parts.
bouillabaisse (bö-lya-bäs'), m. [F., K Pr. bouille-
abaisse, equiv. to F. bouillon abaissé: bouillon,
broth, soup (see bouillon); abaïssé, pp. of abais-
ser, reduce: see abase.] In cookery, a kind of
fish-chowder popular in some parts of France,
especially at Marseilles.
This Bowillabaisse a noble dish is,
A sort of soup, or broth, or stew,
Or hotchpotch of all sorts of fishes,
That Greenwich never could out-do ;
Green herbs, red peppers, mussels, saffern,
Soles, onions, garlic, roach and dace;
All these you eat at Terré's tavern
Hn that one dish of Bowillabaisse.
Thackeray, Ballad of Bouillabaisse.
bouilli (bölyö; F. pron. bö-yéſ), m. [F., prop.
pp. of bouillir, boil: see boil?..] Meat boiled,
sometimes with vegetables, especially in mak-
bouillon (bö’lygn; F. pron. bā-yôň'), n. . [F.,
'broth, soup, etc. (see bullion?), K bouillir, boil:
see boil2.] 1. A kind of clear soup, consist-
ing of the strained liquid from a slow and
prolonged boiling of meat (usually beef),
sometimes with vegetables.— 2. In far-
viery, an excrescence of flesh in a wound;
proud flesh.
king bouillon; boiled or stewed meat.
nated, tenacious clay, often containing glaci-
ated boulders and deposited during the glacial
epoch by the action of ice. Also called drift, till.
F. boulder head (böl’dèr-hed), n. A row of piles
driven before a sea-dike to resist the action of
the waves.
bouldering-stone (böl’dèr-ing-stön), n. Smooth
translucent flint pebbles, found in gravel-pits
and used to smooth the faces of emery-wheels
and glazers by abrading any large grains of
emery or other powder on their surfaces.
boulder-paving (böl’dèr-pâ"ving), n. A pave-
ment of cobble-stones.
boulder-stone (böl’dèr-stön), n. Same as bowl-
der, of which it is the older form.
bouldery (böl’dèr-i), a. [K boulder + -y1.] Re-
sembling a boulder; full of boulders.
The superjacent beds consist of coarse bowldery shingle
in a sandy clay matrix. Geikie, Ice Age, p. 192.
º (böl), m. The proper French spelling of
whl. -
'boule? (bö’lé), m. [Gr. 3ov%, will, counsel, ad-
vice, plan, a council, senate, K 800Weoffat, dial
£6Aeoffat, - L. velle = AS. willam, E. will ; see
will, v.] 1. In Gr. antiq., a legislative coun-
cil, originally aristocratic, consisting of the
heads of the citizen families, sitting under the
presidency of the king. Later, in Ionian states,
where a democratic polity had prevailed, the boule, par-
ticularly at Athens, became a second or higher popular
assembly, corresponding to the senate in modern govern-
ments. At Athens the boule consisted of 500 citizens over
30 years of age, chosen annually by lot, 50 from each tribe.
It had charge of the official religious rites important in
the ancient world, and its chief legislative duties were to
examine or prepare bills for presentation to the popular
assembly (the real governing body), which could modify
or reject the conclusions reached by the senate, and to
advise the assembly regarding affairs of state. The Athe-
nian boule had also some executive functions, especially
in connection with the management of the navy and the
cavalry. Compare gerugia.
,--
. boule
2. The legislative assembly of modern Greece.
A Greek diplomat once told me that in the Boulé, or
Assembly, of his country no part of the government ex-
penses was watched so closely as those of the diplomatic
service. New Princeton Rev., I. 225.
bouleº. An obsolete form of bowl.
Boulengé's chronograph. See chronograph.
boule-saw, n. Seebuhl-saw.
boulet, boulette (bö-lā', bö-let’), n. [F., a
ullet, a fetlock, X E. bullet, q. v.] In the
tnamège, a horse whose fetlock or pastern joint
loends forward and out of its natural position.
bouleuterion (bö-lü-té'ri-on), n. ; pl. bouleute-
Tia (-à). [Gr. 3ovževráptov, K. Bovāeſetv, advise,
take counsel, K. Bovā%, counsel; see bowle?..] In
ancient and modern Greece, a senate-house or
assembly-chamber.
boulevard (bö’le-várd; F. pron. bā1'vār), n. [F.;
older forms boulevert, boulevere, K. D. or MLG.
bolwerk, G. bollwerk, bulwark: see bulwark.] :
Originally, a bulwark or rampart of a fortifica-
tion or fortified town ; hence, a public walk or
street occupying the site of demºlished fortià.
cations. The name is now sometimes extended to any
street or walk encircling a town, and also to a street which
is of especial width, is given a park-like appearance by re-
serving spaces at the sides or center for shade-trees, flow-
ers, seats, and the like, and is not used for heavy teaming.
boulevardier (bö’le-vár-dér; F. pron. böl-vār-
dyā’), n. [F., K boulevard, boulevard.] One who
frequents a boulevard, especially in Paris.
bouleversement (bö-le-vérs’ ment), n. [F., K
bouleverser, overthrow, overturn, K boule, a ball
(> E. bowl?), + verser, turn, overturn, K.L. ver-
Sare, turn : see verse, etc.] A turning upside
down; the act of overturning; the state of be-
ing overturned; overthrow; overturn; subver-
sion; hence, generally, convulsion or confusion.
boule-work (böl’werk), n. Same as buhl.
boulimia, boulimy (bö-lim’i-á, bá'li-mi), n.
Same as bulimia.
boulinikon (bö-lin’i-kon), n. [A trade-name,
K. Gr. 3owg, ox, + Atvov, flax, linen.] A kind of
oilcloth made from a pulp composed of buffalo
or other raw hide, cotton or linen rags, and
coarse hair. Encyc. Brit.
boultellf, n. Same as boltel.
boultel2t, n. [Early mod. E. also bowtell; KME.
bultelle, bultell, KOF. *buletel (earlier buretel),
mod. F. bluteau, a meal-sieve, K buleter, mod. F.
bluter, sift, bolt: see bolt2..] A kind of cloth
made for sifting; hence, a sieve; also, degree
of fineness of that which is sifted.
A ball bºwltell conteyneth xxxvi, half pecis.
Armold, Chron., p. 206. N. E. D.
Boultell Rains the piece viii. s. Act 12 Chas. II. N. E. D.
boulteri, n. See bolter2.
boultint, n. Same as boltel.
boulting, n. See bolting?.
bount (boun), a. [The earlier and proper form
of bound+, q.v.; K ME. bown, boune, ready, pre-
pared, K Icel, biºinn (X ODan. bune), ready, pre-
ared, pp. of biza, till, get ready: see bond?,
oor, bowerl, etc.] Ready; prepared; on the
point of going or intending to go.
She was bown to go the way forthright.
Chaucer, Franklin's Tale, 1. 759.
Well chanced it that Adolf the night when he wed
Had confess'd and had sain'd him ere bowme to his bed.
Scott, Harold the Dauntless, iv. 14.
bount (boun), v. [K ME. bowmen, bowmen, K boun,
prepared: see boun, a.] I. trans. To prepare;
make ready. -
The kyng boskes lettres anon, to bowmen his bernes [men].
Joseph of Arimathie (ed. Skeat), 1.414.
I wold bown me to batell. Destruction of Troy, 1.827.
II. intrans. To make ready to go; go: as, to
lousk and bowm, a common expression in old
'ballads.
So mourned he, till Lord Dacre's band
Were bowming back to Cumberland.
Scott, L. Of L. M., v. 30.
bounce (bouns), v.; pret. and pp. bounced, ppr.
bouncing. [Early mod. E. also bownse, K ME.
bownsen, bunsen, beat, strike suddenly; cf. LG.
bwnsen, G. dial, bumbsen, beat, knock, = D. bon-
2em, bounce, throw; cf. D. boms, a bounce, Sw.
bus, dial. bums = G. bums, bumbs, bumps, adv.
interj., at a bounce, at once ; cf. Icel. bops,
imitating the sound of a fall. All prob. Orig.
imitative; cf. bound2 and bump?..] I, trans. li.
To beat; thump; knock; bang.
Wilfully him throwing on the
gras
Did beat and bownse his head and brest ful sore.
Spenger, F. Q., III. xi. 27.
He bow.nced his head at every post. Swift.
2. To cause to bound or spring: as, to bownce
a ball.—3. To eject or turn out without cere-
mony; expel vigorously; hence, to dismiss or
bouncing-bet (boun' sing-bet (), m.
641
discharge summarily, as from one's employ-
ment or post. [Slang, U. S.]
II. intrans. If. To beat hard or thump, so as
to make a sudden noise.
Yet still he bet and bowmet upon the dore.
Spenser, F. Q., W. ii. 21.
Up, then, I say, both young and old, both man and maid
... a-maying,
With drums, and guns that bouncealoud, and merry tabor
playing!
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, iv. 5.
Another bottnces as hard as he can knock. Swift.
2. To spring or leap against anything, so as to
rebound; beat or thump by a spring; spring up
with a rebound.
Against his bosom bounc'd his heaving heart.
den, Pal. and Arc., i. 556.
3. To leap or spring; come or go unceremoni-
ously.
As I sat quietly meditating at my table, I heard some-
thing bowmce in at the closet-window.
Swift, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 5.
4. To boast or bluster; exaggerate; lie.
He gives away countries, and disposes of kingdoms; and
bowmces, blusters, and swaggers, as if he were really sover-
eign lord and sole master of the universe.
Bp. Lowth, Letter to Warburton, p. 14.
If it had come to an oath, I don't think he would have
bounced, neither; but, in common occurrences, there is no
repeating after him. Foote, The Liar, ii. 1.
'bounce (bouns), n. IK bounce, v.] 1. A sudden
spring or leap.–2. A bound or rebound: as,
you must strike the ball on the bounce.—3. A
heavy blow, thrust, or thump.
I heard two or three irregular bounces at my landlady's
door, and upon the opening of it, a loud cheerful voice in-
quiring whether the philosopher was at home.
Addison, Sir Roger at Vauxhall.
4+. A loud heavy sound, as of an explosion; a
sudden crack or noise.
I don't value her resentment the bowmce of a cracker.
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, iii.
5. A boast; a piece of brag or bluster; boast-
ful language; exaggeration.—6. A bold or im-
pudent lie; a downright falsehood; a bouncer.
[Colloq.]
“Why, whose should it be?” cried I, with a flounce;
“I get these things often ; ”—but that was a bounce.
Goldsmith, Haunch of Venison, 1. 42.
Oh, Cicero ! . . . not once did you give utterance to
such a bowmce as when you asserted, that never yet did
human reason say one thing, and Nature say another.
De Quincey, Secret Societies, i.
'7. Expulsion; discharge; dismissal. [Slang,
U. S.]–8. [Perhaps of diff. origin..] A local
English name of the dogfish or shark, Scyllio-
Thinus Catulus.--To get the grand bounce, to be put
out or discharged summarily from one's post or employ-
ment. [Slang, U. S.] *
bounce (bouns), adv. [Kbounce, v. and m.] With
a bounce; suddenly.
Rapp'd at the door, nor stay’d to ask,
But bowmce into the parlour entered.
Gray, Long Story.
bounceable (boun'sa-bl.), a. [K bounce + -able.]
1. Capable of being bounced, as a ball.—2. In-
clined to bounce, or lie. [Rare.]
bouncer (boun’sér), n. [K bounce + -erl.] 1.
One who or that which bounces.—2. Something
big or large of its kind.
The stone must be a bowmcer. De Quincey.
3. A large, strong, vigorous person: as, she is
a bowmcer.—4. A strong muscular fellow kept
in a hotel, restaurant, or other public resort, to
bounce or expel disorderly persons. [Slang,
U. S.]—5. A liar; a boaster; a bully.—6. A
barefaced lie. [Colloq.]
But you are not deceiving me? You know the first time
you came into my shop What a bowmcer you told me.
Colman the Younger, John Bull, ii. 3.
bouncing (boun'sing), p. a. [Ppr. of bounce, v.]
1. Vigorous; strong; stout: as, “the bouncing
Amazon,” Shak., M. N. D., ii. 2; “a bouncing
lass,” Bulwer, Pelham, xlix.-2. Exaggerated;
excessive; big. [Colloq.]
We have had a merry and a lusty ordinary,
And wine, and good meat, and a bouncing reckoning.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, i. 2.
3. Lying; bragging; boastful.
I never saw such a bowmcing, Swaggering puppy since I
was born. Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, iii.
[That is,
bouncing Bet; Bet, Betsy, familiar forms of Eli-
2abeth.] A name of the common soapwort, Sa-
ponaria officinalis. See Sapomaria.
bouncingly (boun'sing-li), adv. Boastingly.
Barrow, Pope's Supremacy.
boundl (bound), n. [Early mod. E. also bowmde,
bowme; KME. bounde, bowme, bunne, KOF. bunne,
bonne, bone, bune, also bunās, bonde (AF.
bounde), earlier bodne, K ML. bodima, bodena
(also, after OF., bunna, bonna), earlier butina,
bound2 (bound), v.
bound2 (bound), m.
bound 3 (bound), p. a.
bound
a bound, limit. Cf. bourn?, a variant of the
same word.] 1. That which limits or circum-
scribes; an external or limiting line; hence,
that which keeps in or restrains; limit; Con-
fine: as, the love of money knows no bounds.
Illimitable ocean, without bound,
Without dimension : Milton, P. L., ii. 892.
The dismal night—a night
In which the bowmde of heaven and earth were lost.
Tennyson, Coming of Arthur.
But the power of the West-Saxon ruler stretched beyond
the bow of Wessex, where, eastward of the Andreds-
weald, the so-called “Eastern Kingdom” grouped itself
round the centre of Kent. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 65.
2. pl. The territory included within boundary-
lines; domain.
These rascals who come hither to annoy a noble lady on
my bounds. Scott, Peveril, I. vii.
3. A limited portion or piece of land, enjoyed
by the owner of it in respect of tin only, and
'by virtue of an ancient prescription or liberty
for encouragement to the tinners. Pryce. [Corn-
Wall.]—Butts and bounds. See butt2.—To beat the
boundst, to trace out the boundaries of a parish by touch-
ing certain points with a rod. = Syn. 1. Border, Confine,
etc. See bowmdary.
lboundl (bound), v. t. [K ME. bounden, K bounde,
n.] 1+. To confine within fixed limits; restrain
by limitation.
O God I could be bounded in a nut-shell, and count
myself a king of infinite space, were it not that I have bad
dreams. hak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
It is not Italy, nor France, nor Europe,
That must bownd me, if my fates call me forth.
B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1-
2. To serve as a limit to; constitute the extent
of ; restrain in amount, degree, etc. : as, to
bound our wishes by our means.
Quaff immortality and joy, secure
Of surfeit, where full measure only bounds
Excess. Milton, P. L., v. 639.
3. To form or constitute the boundary of;
serve as a bound or limit to : as, the Pacific
Ocean bounds the United States on the west.
The lasting dominion of Rome was bowmded by the Rhine
and the Danube. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 107.
4. To name the boundaries of: as, to bound
the State of New York. = Syn. To circumscribe, re-
strict, hem in, border.
[First in early mod. E.;
K F. bondir, leap, bound, orig. make a loud re-
Sounding noise; perhaps K. L.L. bombitare, hum,
buzz, freq. verb K L. bombus, a humming or
buzzing, X bomb?, q.v.] I. intrams. 1. To leap;
jump; Spring; move by leaps.
Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1.99.
2. To rebound, as an elastic ball. = Syn. Leap,
Spring, etc. See skip, v. i.
II. trans. 1. To cause to leap. [Rare.]
If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse for
her favours, I could lay on like a butcher, and sit like a
jack-an-apes, never off. Shak., Hen. V., v. 2.
2. To cause to rebound: as, to bound a ball.
[K bound?, v.] 1. A leap
Onward or upward; a jump; a rebound.
The horses started with a sudden bownd. Addison.
These inward disgusts are but the first bounds of this
ball of contention. Decay of Christ. Piety.
2. In ordnance, the path of a shot between
two grazes: generally applied to the horizon-
tal distance passed over by the shot between
the points of impact.
[Pp. of bind; as an
adj., in the sense of obligatory, usually in the
fuller form, bounden, K. M.E. bounden, K AS.
bumden, pp. of bindam, bind: see bind.] 1.
Made fast by a band, tie, or bond; specifically,
in fetters or chains; in the condition of a pris-
OIOleI’.
Now Annas had sent him bowmd unto Caiaphas.
- - John Xviii. 24.
Hence—2. Made fast by other than physical
bonds.
We are bowmd together for good or for evil in our great
political interests.
D. Webster, Speech, Pittsburgh, July, 1833.
3. Confined; restrained; restricted; held firmly.
Besides all this, he was bound to certain tributes all
more or less degrading. Browgham.
Hence—4. Obliged by moral, legal, or com-
pellable ties; under obligation or compulsion.
When the case had been heard, it was evident to all men

that the bishop had done only what he was bow.nd to do.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
5. Certain; sure. [Colloq.]
. Those of his following considered him as smart as chain-
lightning and bowmd to rise. -
Bowells, Modern Instance, xxx.
4l
bound
6. Determined; resolved; as, he is bound to
do it. [Colloq., U. S.]–7. In entom., attached
by the posterior extremity to a perpendicular
object, and supported in an upright position
against it, by a silken thread passing across
the thorax, as the chrysalides of certain Lepi-
doptera.-8. Constipated in the bowels; cos-
tive...—94. Pregnant : said of a woman.—10.
Provided with binding or a cover: said of books,
etc. : as, bownd volumes can be obtained in ex-
change for separate parts; bound in leather.—
Bound electricity. See induction.—Bound extra, in
full binding (as opposed to half- or quarter-binding), full-
tooled, and forwarded and finished with extra care (gener-
ally by hand) and in the best materials: applied to bound
books.-Bound up in. (a) Embodied in ; inseparably
COnnected with.
The Whole State . . . being bowmd up in the sovereign.
Brougham.
Quarrel not rashly with adversities not yet understood,
and overlook not the mercies often bowmd wip in them.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., i. 29.
º Having all the affections centered in ; entirely devoted
She is the only child of a decrepit father whose life is
bowmd wip im, hers.
bound# (bound), a. [With excrescent -d after
m, as in Sound 5, roundl, etc., or by confusion
boundedness (boun’ded-nes), m.
642
The meaner cares of life were all he knew ;
Bowmded his pleasures, and his wishes few.
Crabbe, The Library.
An eye well-practised in nature, aspirit bounded and poor.
Tennyson, Maud, iv. 7.
te The quality
of being bounded, limited, or circumscribed;
limited extent or range.
Both are singularly bounded, our working-class repro-
ducing, in a way unusual in other countries, the bowmded-
'mess of the middle. M. Arnold, The Nadir of Liberalism.
bounden (boun’den or -dn), p. a. [Older form
of bound 8, pp. of bind.] 1. Obliged; bound, or
under obligation; beholden.
I am much bowmden to your majesty.
- Shak., K. John, iii. 3.
It is no common thing when one like you
IPerforms the delicate services, and therefore
I feel myself much bowmden to you, Oswald.
Wordsworth, The Borderers, i.
2. Appointed; indispensable; obligatory.
I offer this my bowmden mightly sacrifice. Coleridge.
[In both senses archaic, its only present com-
mon use being in the phrase bowmden duty.]
Steele, Spectator, No. 449. boundenlyt (boun’ den-li Orº -dn-li), adv. In a bountith, %.
bounden or dutiful manner: as, “most bown-
denly obedient,” Ochin, Sermons (trans.), Epist.
with boundé, K ME. boun, boune, ready, pre- ºpedigatory, 1583.
pared: see boun, a.] Prepared; ready; hence,
going or intending to go; destined: with to
or for: as, I am bound for London; the ship is
bound for the Mediterranean.
A chieftain to the Highlands bowmd.
Campbell, Lord Ullin's Daughter.
Willing we sought your shores, and hither bowmd,
The port so long desired at length we found.
Dryden, AEmeid, vii. 294.
[Var. of bowm, v., as
[Rare.]
lbound4+ (bound), v. i.
bound+, a., of boun, a.] To lead; go.
. The way that does to heaven bowmd.
Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 67.
boundary (boun'da-ri), m.; pl. boundaries (-riz).
[K bound 1 + -ary; cf. ML. bummarium, bonna-
Tium, a field with certain limits.] That which
serves to indicate the bounds or limits of any-
thing; hence, a limiting or bounding line; a
bound: as, the horizon is the boundary of vision;
the northern boundary of the United States.
Sleep hath its own world,
A boundary between the things misnamed
Death and existence. Byron, The Dream, i.
The Tamar was fixed as a boundary for the West Welsh
of Cornwall, as the Wye had been made a bowndary for
the North Welsh of our Wales.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 212.
=Syn. Bowmdary, Bowmd, Border, Confine, Frontier. A
bowmdary, in its stricter sense, is a visible mark indicat-
ing a dividing-line between two things, or it is that line
itself; it marks off a given thing from other things like
in kind, as one field or country from another. A bowmd, on
the other hand, is the limit or furthest point of extension
of one given thing, that which limits it not being specially
considered ; it can be used of that which is not limited
by anything like in kind : as, the bowmdaries of a field,
but the bounds of space; the bowmdaries of a science, but
the bounds of knowledge. Hence the figurative uses of
bound ; as, “I believe I speak within bowmds,” where bowm-
daries would be absurd. Thus, the bowmds of a parish may
be defined by certain marks or bowmdaries, as heaps of
stones, dikes, hedges, streams, etc., separating it from the
adjoining parishes. But the two words are often inter-
changeable. A border is a belt or band of territory lying
along a bound or boundary. A comfine is the region at or
near the edge, and generally a narrower margin than a
border. A frontier is a border viewed as a front or place of
entrance : as, he was met at the frontier. The word is
used most in connection with military operations: as,
their frontiers were well protected by fortresses.
I at least, who, in my own West-Saxon home, find my
own fields and my own parish bounded by a bowmdary
drawn in the year 577, am not disposed to disbelieve the
record of the events which led to the fixing of that bown-
dary. B. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 105.
He pass'd the flaming bowmds of space and time.
- Gray, Prog. of Poesy, iii. 2.
His princedom lay
Close on the borders of a territory
Wherein were bandit earls, and caitiff knights.
Tennyson, Geraint.
The heavens and sea.
Meet at their confines, in the middle way.
Dryden, Ceyx and Alcyone, l. 154.
AEthelflaed strengthened her western frontier against
any inroad from the Welsh by the erection of forts at
Scargate and Bridgenorth.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Tºng., p. 190.
bound-bailiff} (bound’bà"lif), n. [K bound 3 +
bailiff; so called, according to Blackstone, in
allusion to the bond given by the bailiff for the
faithful discharge of his duties; but the term is
merely a fictitious explanation of bumbailiff.]
A sheriff's officer; a bumbailiff.
bounded (boun' ded), p. a. Having bounds
or limits; limited; circumscribed; confined;
cramped; narrow.
bountiful (boun’ti-fül), a.
bounder (boun’dër), n. 1. One who limits; one
who establishes or imposes bounds.
Now the bowmder of all these is only God himself.
otherby, Atheomastix, p. 274.
2+. Boundary.
Kingdoms are bound within their bowmders, as it were
in bands. Fotherby, Atheomastix, p. 274.
3+. Formerly, in Cornwall, England, an officer
whose business it was yearly to renew (hence
also called the renewer or tollar) the marks in-
dicating the corners of a tin-bound. This had to
be done once a year, and usually on a saint's day, and the
operation consisted in cutting out a turf from each corner,
and piling it on the top of the little bank of turf already
laid there. Pryce.
boundless (bound"les), a. [K boundl -- -less.]
Without bounds or limits; unlimited; uncon-
fined; immeasurable; illimitable; infinite: as,
bowmdless space; boundless power.
He who, from zone to zone,
Guides through the bowmdless sky thy certain flight.
Bryant, To a Waterfowl.
In England there is no written constitution; the powers
of Parliament, of King, Lords, and Commons, acting to-
gether, are literally boundless.
D. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 191.
boundlessly (bound (les-li), adv. In a boundless
IOla,Illſle]".
boundlessness (bound’les-nes), n. The state
or quality of being boundless or without limits.
boundure? (boun’dúr), n. [K bound 1 + -wre.
Cf. boundary.] Alimit or bound. Sir T. Herbert.
bounteous (boun’té-us), a. [Early mod. E.
also bountuous; K ME. bowntyuous, bonteuous,
earlier bowntevous, bountyvews, bontyvows, KOF.
bontif, bomtive, benevolent, K bomte, goodness,
bounty: see bownty and -ows.] 1. Full of good-
ness to others; giving or disposed to give free-
ly; free in bestowing gifts; bountiful; gener-
ously liberal.
Such was her soul; abhorring avarice,
Bowmteous, but almost bowmteous to a vice.
Dryden, Eleonora, l. 86.
I wonder'd at the bowmteous hours,
The slow result of winter showers:
You scarce could see the grass for flowers.
Tennyson, Two Voices.
2. Characterized by or º bounty; +Dipolia (which see).
freely bestowed; liberal; plentiful; abundant.
Beauteous niggard, why dost thou abuse
The bowmteous largess given thee to give?
Shak., Sommets, iv.
=Syn, 1. Munificent, generous, beneficent, kind.
bounteously (boun’té-us-li), adv. In a boun-
teous manner; with generous liberality; liber-
ally; generously; largely; freely.
Let me know that man,
Whose love is so sincere to spend his blood
Tor my sake; I will bounteously requite him.
Beaw. and Fl., Honest Man's Fortune, ii. 2.
bounteousness (boun’té-us-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being bounteous; liberality in bestowing
gifts or favors; munificence; kindness.
bounteth, bountith (bounteth, -tith), n. [Sc.,
K. late M.E. bountith, K OF. buntet, bontet, earlier
form of bonte, 2 ME. bounte, E. bounty, q. v.]
Bounty; specifically, the bounty given in addi-
tion to stipulated wages.
bountevoust, a. A Middle English form of boun-
teous. Chaucer.
[K bounty + +ful.]
1. Liberal in bestowing gifts, favors, or boun-
ties; munificent; generous.
bouquet-holder
God, the bountiful author of our being. Locke.
Our king spares nothing to give them the share of that
felicity of which he is so bowntiful to his kingdom.
Dryden.
2. Characterized by or manifesting bounty;
abundant; liberal; ample: as, a bowntiful Sup-
ply.
Nurse went up stairs with a most bountiful cut of home-
baked bread and butter, Brooke, Fool of Quality, I. 167.
The late bowmtéful grant from His Majesty's ministers.
Burke, Nabob of Arcot.
bountifully (bounti-fúl-i), adv. In a bountiful
manner; liberally; largely.
They are less bowntifully provided than the rich with
the materials of happiness for the present life.
Bp. Porteous, Lectures, II. xvii.
bountifulness (boun'ti-fúl-nes), n., The qual-
ity of being bountiful; liberality in the bestow-
ment of gifts and favors.
loountiheadt, bountihoodt (boun’ti-hed, -hlid),
n, [One of Spenser's words; K bounty + -head,
-hood.] Bounteousness; goodness; virtue.
On firme foundation of true bowntyhed.
Spenser, l'. Q., II. xii. 1.
See bounteth.
boun-tree (bön’tré), m. [An unexplained var.
of bour-tree..] ... Same as bour-tree. [Scotch..]
bounty (bounti), n.; pl. bounties (-tiz). [K ME.
bountee, bounte, KAF. bountee, OF. bonte, bonteit,
bontet, buntet, mod. F. bonté = Pr: bomtat = Sp.
bondad = Pg. bondade = It. bontà, K L. bomi-
ta(t-)s, goodness, K bonus, good: see boon?..]
1+. Goodness; virtue.
Ne blott the bownty of all womankind
'Mongst thousands good, one wanton dame to find.
Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 49.
2. Liberality in bestowing gifts and favors;
generosity; munificence.
Let us adore Him for the streams of bownty, which flow
unceasingly, from the fountains of His life, to all His
countless creatures. Channing, Perfect Life, p. 84.
3. A favor bestowed with a benevolent dispo-
sition; that which is given bounteously; a free
gift: as, “thy morning bounties,” Cowper.
We concluded our visit with a bownty, which was very
acceptable. Addison, Sir Roger and the Witches.
4. A premium or reward; specifically, a pre-
mium offered by a government to induce men
to enlist into the public service, or to encourage
some branch of industry, as husbandry, manu-
factures, or commerce.—Bounty emigrant, one
whose passage to the country where he intends to remain
is partly or wholly paid by the government of that coun-
try.—Bounty Land Act, a United States statute of 1850
(9 Stat., 520), granting lands to those engaged in the mili-
tary service, or to their widows or minor children, in
amounts proportioned to time of service.—Queen Anne's
'bounty, a fund instituted by Queen Anne from the first
fruits and tithes of the larger benefices of the English
Church to augment the smaller clerical livings. =Syn. 2.
Liberality, Generosity, etc. See beneficence.
bounty-jumper (boun’ti-jum"për), n. One who
enlists as a soldier for the sake of a bounty
offered, and then deserts, as during the Ameri-
can civil War of 1861–65.
Bringing into the service many bounty-jwmpers, as they
were called, who enlisted merely for money, and soon de-
serted to enlist again.
Higginson, Young Folks’ Hist. U. S., p. 306.
Bouphonia (bö-fö’ni-á), m. pl. [Gr, flowſpóvta, a
festival with sacrifices of oxen, K Bovgövog, ox-
slaying (Bovſhovelv, slaughter oxen), K Boüg, an
ox, F -povog, slaying (cf. §6voc, pová, slaughter,
ºriº K *pévetv, slay, kill.] An ancient Attic
festival in honor of Zeus, more commonly called
bouquet (bö-kā’), n. [F., a nosegay, a plume,
K OF. bousquet, bosquet = Pr. bosquet, lit. a lit-
tle bush, dim. of bosc = OF. bos, a wood, bush:
See bois, bosket, busket, and bush.] 1. A nose-
gay; a bunch of flowers; hence, something re-
sembling a bunch of flowers, as a cluster of
precious stones, a piece or flight of fireworks,
etc. -
He entered the room thus set off, with his hair dressed
in the first style, and with a handsome bouquet in his
breast. Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 97.
I have a bouquet to come home to-morrow made up of
diamonds, and rubies, and emeralds.
Colman and Garrick, Clandestine Marriage, i. 2.
2. An agreeable non-Spiritous perfume char-
acteristic of some wines.
bouquet-holder (bö-kā’hôl"dēr), m. A contri-
Vance for holding together the stems of cut
flowers, whether held in the hand or secured to
the dress. Bouquet-holders held in the hand are repre-
sented in ancient Egyptian bas-reliefs and paintings; they
have always been used in China made of fine basket-work
and of valuable minerals; and in the eighteenth century,
in Western Europe, women carried flat flasks of metal or
glass inserted within the corsage, holding tall nosegays
which covered the bosom. Also called bouquetier.
bouquetier
bouquetier (bö-ke-têr’; F. pron. bā-kè-tyā’), n.
[F., a flower-vase, bouquet-holder, K bouquet:
see bouquet.] A bouquet-holder, especially one
designed to be carried in the hand.
bouquetin (F. pron. bö-kè-tañ’), n. [F., earlier
bowe-estain, bouc-d'estain (Cotgrave), lit. ‘wool-
goat” ſ". oat; de, of; estain, mod. F. 6tain,
carded wool), but appar, orig. a transposition
of G. steinboğ, D. steenbok: see 8teinbok.] The
European ibex or steinbok, Capra ibea; ; hence,
a name of the rock-goats of the genus Ibea.
bourt, bouret, n.
bower1. -
bourachl, bourock (bör’aéh, -ok), n. [Sc.,
also written bowrock, boorick, prob. dim. of
bour, boure, = E. bowerl, q.v. Čf. bowrach2.] 1.
An inclosure: applied to the little houses built
in play by children.—2. A small cot or hut.
bourach? (bör’aéh), n. [Sc. (cf. borra, borradh,
a heap of stones), 3. Gael, borrach, a projecting
bank; cf. borra, borr, a knob or bunch, borradh,
a swelling. Cf. bowrachl.] 1. A small knoll.
Blogg.—2. A heap; a confused heap; a clus-
ter, as of trees or people; a crowd.
bourasque (bö-råsk’), n. [F. bourasque, now
bourrasque = It. borasco, a storm, tempest,
gust: see borasco.] A tempest; a storm.
These were members of the Helter Skelter Club, of the
Wildfire Club, and other associations formed for the ex-
press purpose of getting rid of care and sobriety. Such
dashers occasioned many a racket in Meg's house and
many a bowrasque in Meg's temper.
Scott, St. Roman's Well, I. 27.
Bourbon (börſbon), n., [K F. Bourbon, X Sp.
Borbon, It. Borbone..] 1. A member of the last
royal family of France, or of any of its branches.
The family took its name from its ancient seigniory of
Bourbon (now Bourbon l’Archambault, in the department
of Allier), and succeeded to the throne by collateral inheri-
tance in 1589 in the person of Henry IV. The Bourbon
dynasty was deposed in 1792, and restored in 1814. The
revolution of 1830 brought to the throne Louis Philippe
(who was deposed in 1848), of the younger or Orleans
branch, which succeeded to all the claims of the family on
the extinction of the elder branch in 1883. A line of Bour-
bon sovereigns has reigned in Spain (with two interrup-
tions) since 1700, and a branch of this line held the throne
of Naples or the Two Sicilies from 1735 to 1861.
2. One who, as was said of the Bourbons, “for-
gets nothing and learns nothing”; hence, in
U. S. politics, an extreme conservative; espe-
cially, one who is behind the time and is op-
posed to all progress: Originally applied to
certain members of the Democratic party.—3.
[l. c.] A kind of whisky made of wheat or In-
dian corn: originally limited to the corn-whisky
made in Bourbon county, Kentucky.
Bourbonian (bör-bó'ni-an), a. Of or pertain-
ing to the family or dynasties of the Bourbons.
Buurbonism (bör’bgn-izm), n. [K Bourbon +
—ism; = F. Bourbonisme.] 1. The opinions of
those who adhere to the house of Bourbon;
legitimism.—2. In U. S. politics, obstinate con-
servatism; opposition to progress.
Bourbonist (bör’bon-ist), n. [K Bourbon +
—ist; = F. Bourboniste.] One who supports the
claims of the members of the house of Bour-
bon to the thrones they held; specifically, a
supporter of the claims of the members of this
family to the throne of France.
Bourbon palm. See palm.
bourdlt gº m. [Early mod. E. also boward,
boorde, K ME. boorde, bourde, borde, burde =
M.D. boerde, D. boert– OFries. bord= LG. boert,
a jest, K OF. bourde, borde, mockery, banter,
jest, F. bourde, bouncer, humbug, - Pr. borda,
a jest, a cheat, a lie; cf. Bret. bourd, a jest (prob.
K F.), Gael. buirie, a gibe, taunt, burt, buirt
mockery, = Ir, buirt, a gibe, taunt. Origin and
relations uncertain.] 1. A jest; a joke; fun.
Whether our maister speake earnest or borde.
Udall, Roister Doister, i. 4.
Gramercy, Borrill, for thy company,
Tor all thy jests, and all thy merry bowrds.
Drayton, Shepherd's Garland, p. 53.
2. Mockery; scoffing.
bourdlf (börd), v. [K ME. bourden, KOF. bour-
der, sport; from the noun: see bourdi, n.] I.
intrans. To jest; joke; say things in jest.
My wit is greet, though that I bowrde and pleye.
§. Pardoner's Tale, l. 316.
II, trans. To make game of.
Shew
Put any least aversion in your look
To him that bowrds you next, and your throat opens.
B. Jomson, Catiline, i. 1.
bourd?t, n. An obsolete variant of board.
bourder? (bör'dèr), n. ſºy mod. E. also
boorder, boarder, bourdour; K ME. bourdour,
burdoure, bordere, etc., K AF. bourdour, O.F.
643
bordeor, a jester, K bourder, border, jest: see
bourdl..]. A jestér; a joker; a buffoon.
bourdon 1 (börſdon), n. [K ME. bourdon, KOF.
bourdon = Pr. bordo = Sp. bordón = Pg. bordão
= It. bordone, a staff, prob. K. L.L. burdo(n-), an
ass, mule; cf. Sp. muleta, a crutch, prop, Sup-
port, a particular use of muleta, fem. dim. Of
'mulo, a mule.] 1. (a) A staff used by pilgrims
in the middle ages. (b) A baton or cantoral staff.
(c) A plain thick silver wand used as a badge of
office.—2. A lance used in the just. See lance.
iddle English forms of 3-3. In her., a pilgrim's staff used as a bearing.
bourdon? (börſdon), n. [K ME. bourdon, bur-
doun, bordoun, & OF. bourdon, mod. F. ‘bour-
don, drone of a bagpipe, bass in music, = Sp.
bordón = Pg. bordão = It. bordone, KML. bur-
do(n-), a drone. The E. word is now burden,
the refrain of a song: see burden3.] In music:
(a) The drone of a bagpipe, or a monotonous
and repetitious ground-melody. See burdeně.
(b) An organ-stop, usually of 16-feet tone, the
pipes of which are generally made of wood, and
produce hollow, smooth tones, deficient in har-
monics and easily blended with other tones.
bourdon? (bör'dqn), v. i. . [K bourdon?, n.] In
music, to drone, as an instrument during a
pause in singing. *
bourdonasset, n. IK OF. bourdonasse, K bour-
don, a staff: see bourdon1.j A lance having a
light hollow handle of great diameter: appa-
rently the same as bourdoml, 2.
bourdonné (bör-do-nā’), a. [OF., K bourdon, a
staff.] In her., terminating in knobs or balls:
as, a bourdonné cross, which is the same as a
cross pommee. See pommee.
bourgſ (börg), n. [F., K. M.L. burgus, K. OHG.
G. burc, burg = E. boroughl, q. v. Cf.
burgl, burgh.] Atown; a borough: chiefly with
reference to French towns. [Rare.]
Ye think the rustic cackle of your bourg
The murmur of the world ! Tennyson, Geraint.
Bourg? (börg), n. A name given to the red wine
of a large district in France in the department
of Gironde, on the north bank of the Dordogne.
bourgade (bör-gåd"), n. [F., K bourg, a town,
market-town: see bourg1.] A straggling vil-
lage; a small French or Swiss market-town.
The canton consists only of villages and little towns or
bourgades. J. Adams, Works, IV. 32.
bourgeoisi (bör-zhwo'), n. and a. [F., mod.
form of OF. burgeis, a citizen, X E. burgess, q.
v.] I. m. 1. In France, a citizen; a burgher;
a man of middle rank.-2. A small French
coin of the fourteenth century. The bourgeois
simple was worth about a cent and a half, the bourgeois
fort twice as much.
II. a. 1. Belonging to or consisting of trades-
people or citizens of middle rank: as, bourgeois
surroundings; the bourgeois class of France.
Hence—2. Wanting in dignity or refinement;
common; mean.
We have no word in English that will exactly define
this want of propriety in diction. Vulgar is too strong,
and commonplace too weak. Perhaps bowrgeois connes
as near as any. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 26.
bourgeois”, burgeois (bér-jois'), m. [Supposed
to be so called from a type-founder named
Bourgeois: see bourgeoisi. The F. name for
this type is gaillarde: see gailliarde, galliard.]
A size of printing-type measuring about 100
lines to the foot, next larger than brevier and
smaller than long-primer.
This line is printed in bowrgeois.
bourgeoisie (bör-zhwo-zé (), n. [F., K bour-
geois, a citizen: see bourgeoisl.] Properly, the
French middle classes, but often applied to the
middle classes of any country, especially those
depending on trade.
There is no bowrgeoisie to speak of ; immediately after
the aristocracy come the poor people, who are very poor
indeed. H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 263.
bourgeon, m. and v. See burgeon.
bourgignot, bourginot, n. Variants of burga-
726t.
Bourguignon (F. pron. bār-gé-nyóñ’), n. [F.,
K Bourgogne, Burgundy.] A native or an inhab-
itant of Burgundy; a Burgundian.
Bourignian (bö-rin’yan), a. Pertaining to the
Bourignonists or to their doctrines.
Bourignonist (bö-rin'ygn-ist), m. One of a sect
founded by Antoinette Bourignon (1616–80),
a religious enthusiast who assumed the Au-
gustinian habit, and traveled in France, Hol-
and, England, and Scotland. She maintained that
Christianity does not consist in faith and practice, but in
inward feeling and supernatural impulse,
bourn!, bournel (börn), n. [Early mod. E. also
boorne, borne, KME. bourne, borne, war. of earlier
×is allied to the gavot.
bouse
burne (whence the reg. northern form burn”, 3.
v.), K. A.S. burne, burna, a stream: see burn”.
Cf. E. mourn, K. A.S. murman.] A stream ; a
brook: same as burn?.
Come o'er the bowrm, Bessy, to me.
Shak., Lear, iii. 6 (song).
[The word occurs in various place-names in Great Britain,
as Bowrmemouth (that is, mouth of the burn or rivulet),
Westbourne, etc.]
bourn?, bourne? (börn orbórn), n. [Early mod.
E. also borne; K F. borne, formerly also bourne, a
var. of OF. bodne, bonne, a limit, bound, boun-
dary, X E. boundl, q.v.] A bound; limit; desti-
nation; goal: as, “beyond the bourn of Sunset,”
Tennyson, Princess, Conclusion.
The undiscovered country, from whose bourn.
No traveller returns. hak., Hamlet, iii. 1.
There at last it lay, the bourn of my long and Weary
pilgrimage, realizing the plans and hopes of many and
many a year. R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 389.
bourné, bourne* (börn), v. t. See bone”.
bournless (börn’- or búrm’les), a. [K bourn” +
-less.] Having no bourn or limit. [Rare.]
bournonite (bör’ng-nit), m. [After Count de
Bournon, a French mineralogist (1751–1825).]
A sulphid of antimony, lead, and copper, of
a steel-gray color and brilliant metallic luster,
found in the Harz mountains, Cornwall, and
Mexico. Wheel-ore is a variety which owes its name to
the form of the twin crystals, resembling a cog-wheel.
Also called endellionite.
bournous (bör-nós"), n. A French spelling of
burnoose.
bourock, n. See bowrachl.
bourran, n. See buran.
bourrée (bö-rā'), m. [F.: see boree.] 1. Alively
dance, originating either in Auvergne or in Bis-
cay.—2. A musical composition in which the
strict rhythm and cheerful character of such a
dance are embodied. It is usually written in duple
rhythm, the phrases being two measures long, beginning
with the last half of the
up-beat. It was much
used as one member of
the old-fashioned suite,
and is still popular as a
form of composition. It
bourrelet (bör-lā’),
m. [F. : see burlet.]
1. The stuffed roll
(see burlet) which
formed a part of fe-
male head-dress in
the fourteenth cen-
tury.—2. In milit.
costume, a wreath or
turban of stuff, worn
upon the helmet.—
3. In her. See tortil.
bourse (börs), m. [F.,
a purse, bursary,
an exchange, K OF.
borse, K ML. bursa, a
purse, bag, etc.: see burse, purse.] 1. A stock
exchange; Specifically, the stock exchange of
Paris, and hence used of continental European
exchanges in general.
Fraternities and companies I approve of, as merchants
bourses, colleges of druggists, physicians, musicians, etc.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 65.
2+. The bag of a wig. See bag 1, 3.
bour-tree (bör’tré), m. [Sc., also spelled bur-
tree, bore-tree, and boun-tree, and formerly burt-
tree, K ME. burtre, K bur- (uncertain, but not,
as supposed by some, K borel, as if from the use
of elder-twigs, with the pith removed, as tubes;
cf. Sc. bourtree-, bountry-gun, an air-gun of el-
der) + tree..] A Scotch name of the elder-tree,
Sambucus migra.-Bourtree-gun, a pop-gun or bean.
shooter made of the wood of the bour-tree after the pith
has been removed.
bousa (bö’sä), m. Same as boca.
bousel (bouz, also bøz, but in the latter pron.
usually written booze), v.; pret. and pp. boused,
ppr. bowsing. [Also written bowse, bouze, and
also, repr. the now most common though dial.
pron., boose, boose; early mod. E. bouse, bowse,
K ME. bowsen (rare), appar. K. M.D. bilsen, later
bwisem, buysen = G. bausen, drink, guzzle; cf.
M.D. buise, a large drinking-vessel, appar. iden-
tical with D. buis, a tube, pipe, conduit, chan-
nel. Cf. Unts, a box, barrel, and see boss?, boa:2.]
Same as booze, which is now the usual form.
As though bold Robin Hood
Would, with his Maid Marian,
Sup and bowse from horn and can.
Reats, Lines on the Mermaid Tavern.
bousei (bouz, also böz, but in the latter pron.
usually Written booze, q.v.), m. Same as booge.
No bowse £ nor no tobacco º
Massinger, New Way to Pay Old Debts, i. 1.
Bourrelet in head-dress of Queen
Isabeau of Bavaria ;
(From Viollet-le-Duc's
Mobilier français.”)
about 1395.
“ Dict. du

bouse
bouse”, bowse” (bous), v. t.; pret, and pp.
644
bout-hammert, n. [For about-hammer, equiv.
boºed, boºpsed, ppr. bousing, bowsing. [Former- to about-sledge, q. v.] A blacksmiths' ham-
ly also written bowss; origin unknown...] Naut.,
to haul with tackle. ,
After the rigging is bowsed well taut, the seizings and
coverings [must] be replaced, Which is a very nice piece
of work. R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 16.
To bouse up the jib, figuratively, to get “tight" or
drunk. [Slang.]
bouse? (bous or bús), n. [E. dial., formerly bows;
origin obscure.] In mining, ore mixed with
Veinstone; second-class ore, which must un-
dergo further preparation before going to the
smelter.
bouse4, n. Same as boosel.
mer; an about-sledge.
I am for Vulcan now, for Mars no more;
If my wife scold, my bout-hammer shall roar.
Beau. and Fl. (?), Faithful Friends, iv. 5.
boutisalet, n., [An isolated instance; prop.
boºmiej A sale of booty; a cheap sale, as
a sale of booty commonly is. *
The great bowtisale of colleges and chantries.
Sir J. Hayward, Edward VI., p. 88.
bouton (bö’tgn), n. . [F.] Button.— Biskra bou-
ton. , Same as Aleppo button or wicer (which see, under
[North. Eng. lead-mining districts.] 3 wicer). • * , s
Thoutonnière (bö-ton-iār'), m. [F.] A button-
bouse-team (bous’tëm), m. In mining, the place hole bouquet.
Where bouse is deposited outside of the mine,
ready to be dressed or prepared for the smelter.
[North. Eng.]
bººin (bö-strö-fö’don), n. [K Gr. 3ov-
GTpoºmóóv, turning backward and forward like
oxen in plowing, K Boüç, ox, -H otpépetv, turn.]
A method of writing shown in early Greek in-
Scriptions, in which the lines run alternately whom the words are
Bouvardia (bö-vär"di-á), m
from right to left and from left to right, as the
furrows made in plowing a field, the plow pass-
ing alternately backward and forward.
It has been noticed by Böckh and Franz that in the ear-
liest examples of bowstrophedon writing the first line is
from right to left, and the second from left to right.
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 34, note.
bousy (bö’zi), a. [K bousel + -y1. Cf. booey.]
Same as boozy.
boutl (bout), n. [A later and parallel spelling
of boughtl, q. v.] 1. A turn, loop, coil, or
knot, as in a rope or chain; a bend or flexure.
And at the lowest end forget it not
To leave a bout or compass like an eye,
The link that holds your hook to hang upon.
John Demmys, in Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 150.
In notes, with many a winding bout
Of linked sweetness long drawn out.
Milton, L'Allegro, l. 139.
2. The part of a sling that contains the stone.
–3. A going and returning, as in plowing,
reaping, etc.; hence, as much of an action as
is performed at one time; a single part of an
action which is carried on at successive inter-
vals.-4. A round at anything, as in some con-
test; a set-to; a trial: as, a bout at single-stick
or fisticuffs.
The gentleman will, for his honour's sake, have one bowt
with you. Shak., T. N., iii. 4.
Look'ee, master, if you'd wanted a bout at boxing, quar-
ter-staff, or short-staff, I should never be the man to bid
you cry off. Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 1,
bouts, n.
bouts-rimés (böré-mā’), m.pl. [F.: bouts, pl. of
bouweryt, m. Same as bowery?.
bouza (böſzä), m.
bouze, n. and v.
bouzyl, a.
Bouzy? (bö’zi), n.
bovate (bö’vät), m.
See boots2.
bout, end (see butt?); rimés, masc. pl. of rimé,
#. of rimer, rime, K rime, n., rime: see rimel.]
iming words given out as the line-endings of a
stanza, the other parts of the lines having to
be supplied by the ingenuity of the person to
given.
tº º ... [NL., named in
honor of Dr. Bouvard, director of the Jardin
des Plantes, Paris.] A genus of plants, of
the family Rubiaceae, natives of Mexico and
Central America. They are herbs or low shrubs with
showy corymbs of red, yellow, or white flowers. Several
species are found in greenhouses.
Irving.
Same as boza.
See booze.
See boozy.
A name given to certain
sparkling wines from the small town and dis-
trict of the same name in the department of
Marne in France. The name is also given, in-
appropriately, to many other sparkling wines.
[K ML. bovata, K. L. bos
(bov–), Ox: see Bos.] An allotment of land in
early English village communities, the holder
of which was bound to furnish one ox to the
plow-team; an oxgang.
The full husband-land, or virgate, was composed of two
bovates, or oxgangs, the bovate or oxgang being thus the
eighth of the hide or carucate. *
Seebohm, Eng. Vil. Com., p. 61.
Manifestly the bovate or oxgang represented the tillage,
not of an ox-team, but of one ox of the team, that is, it
was the share of the tilled land appropriated to the owner
of one of the eight associated oxen contributed to the
coöperative eight-ox plough. N. and Q., 7th ser., II. 481.
Boveae (bö’vé-é), m. pl. [NL., K Bos (Bov-) +
-ed.] A division of Bovidae, practically equiva-
lent to the genus Bos in a large sense, or to
5. A round of indulgence, as in drink; as, a the modern subfamily Bovinae.
drunken bout.
Here, replenish again ; another bout.
B. Jomsom, Epicoene, iv. 1.
6. A turn or fit of illness: as, a severe bout of
rheumatism.—7. In music, an inward curve of
a rib of an instrument of the violin kind, by
which the waist is formed.—This (or that) bout,
this (or that) time or occasion.
She got off for that bowt. Sir R. L'Estrange.
The Prince . . . . has taken me in his train, so that I am
in no danger of starving for this bowt.
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 1.
bout?t, adv. and prep. [Early mod. E. and E.
dial. var. of but!, q.v.] Same as but 1.
bout 3 (bout), adv. and prep. [Abbr. of about,
q. v.; now commonly written 'bout..] About.
[Colloq. or naut.]
'boutadet (bö-täd’), n.
butt: see buttl.]
break.
[IF., K bowter, thrust,
His first bowtade was to kick both their wives one morn-
ing out of doors, and his own too. Swift, Tale of a Tub, iv.
2. In music: (a) Especially, in the early eigh-
teenth century, a composition having an im-
promptu and capricious character. (b) An im-
promptu dance.
boutant (bö-toñº), a. [F., ppr. of bowter, thrust:
see buttl.] See arc boutant, under arcl.
boute-feut (böt-fé"), m. [F., a forked match-
holder, formerly used for firing cannon, K bow-
ter, thrust, + feu, fire, K L. focus, a fireplace.]
An incendiary; one who incites to strife.
Animated by a base fellow called John a Chamber, a
very bowtefeu, who bore much sway among the vulgar,
they entered into open rebellion. Bacon, Hist, Hen. VII.
But the hardiness of Stuart's opinions, his personal at-
tacks, and the acrimony of his literary libels, presented a
new feature in Scottish literature, of such ugliness and
horror, that every honourable man soon averted his face
from this boutefeu. I. D'Israeli, Calam. of Auth., p. 202.
bouterollet, n. Same as boterol.
. A sudden outburst or out- Bovidae (bö'vi-dé), m. pl.
Bovey coal. See coal.
Bovichthyidae (bo-vik-thi’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Bovichthys + -idae.] . A family of acanthopte-
rygian fishes, typified by the genus Bovichthys
having the lower pectoral rays unbranched an
simply articulated, the ventral fins jugular and
separated by a wide area, the anal fin moderate,
and no scales. Only two or three species are
known; they inhabit antarctic seas.
Bovichthys (bö-vik' this), n. . [NL., K. L. bos
(bov-) (= Gr. 600g), ox, + Gr. ºffic, fish..] The
typical genus of the family Bovichthyidae.
boviculture (bö’vi-kul-tir), n. IK L. bos (bov-),
ox, -H cultura, culture.] The breeding and rear-
ing of cattle ; stock-raising. [Rare.]
bovid (bó'vid), a. and m. I. a. Pertaining to
the Bovidae; bovine.
II. m. One of the Bovidae.
[NL., K Bos (Bov-),
ox, -i- -idae.] A family of hollow-horned ru-
minants, the ox tribe, containing the bovines.
The family was formerly nearly coextensive with the ge-
nus Bos in a large sense, including cattle as distinguished
from goats, sheep, and antelopes. In this acceptation
the family corresponds to the modern subfamily Bovimoe.
It has been found impossible, however, to draw any sharp
dividing line between cattle and other hollow-horned
ruminants, among some of which, as the antelopes, con-
necting links occur. Therefore, notwithstanding the fa-
miliar difference between an ox and a sheep, for exam-
ple, or a goat and an antelope, the family Bovidae now
contains all of these which have hollow, persistent horns,
common to both sexes, generally two, sometimes four,
and certain common cranial characters by which they
collectively differ from the saiga on the one hand and
from the pronghorn on the other, these two so-called
antelopes being made respectively the types of the fami-
lies Saigidae and Amtilocapridoe. The Bovidae as thus
defined are conventionally divided into five subfamilies:
Bovince, cattle; Ovibovince, muskoxen; Ovince, sheep; Ca-
primae, goats; and Amtilopinae, antelopes. See these words.
boviform (bö’vi-fôrm), a. [K L. bos (bov-), ox,
+ forma, form.] Having the form of an ox;
bovine in form and structure.
Bovill's Act. See act.
bow
Bovinae (b6-vi'né), n. pl. [NL., & Bos (Boº.) +
-inae. Cf. booinej f. typical subfamily of
the family Bovidae; cattle; oxen; bovines. They
are of large size and more or less massive form. The head
is carried low upon a short neck, the legs are relatively
short, with the canon-bones little or no longer than the
phalanges, the hoofs broad, the muffle naked, the horns
simple and unbranched, and the tail tufted at the end.
There are four inguinal teats. The leading genera are
Bos, Bubalus, Amoa, Bison, and Poèphagus, or oxen, buffa-
loes, bisons, and yaks.
bovine (bö’vin or -win), a. and m. [= F. bovine
= Pr. bovin, K L.L. bovinus, K L. bos (bov-), ox.]
I. a. 1. Pertaining or belonging to oxen, or
specifically to the Bovina: ; boviform. Hence—
2. Ox-like; stolid; inert; dull.
This bovine comfort in the sense alone.
* Lowell, Three Mem. Poems.
II. m. One of the Boving.
Bovista (bö-vistă), n. [NL., K.G. boſist (=Sw.
bofist), K_bo- (of uncertain origin; cf. buffen,
puffen = E. puff) + fist = E. fist?, foist1, n., in
its orig. sense. Cf. Lycoperdon.] A genus of
gasteromycetous fungi, or puffballs, closely
allied to Lycoperdon, but dif-
fering from the latter in the
absence of a sterile base, in
the structure of the perid-
ium, and in the branching
threads of the capillitium. A
few species are found in Great Brit-
ain and a number more in North
America. Several species are edible.
bowl (bou), v. [Early mod.
E. also bowe, bough; K ME.
bowen, butven, bugen, K AS.
bligan (pret. bedh, pl. bugon,
pp. bogen), bend, bow, flee,
strong verb, only intrans., =
OS. *bigan = MD. bāghem,
D. buigen = MLG. bilgen =
OHG. biogan, MHG. G. bie-
gen = Icel. *bjūga (preserved in pp. boginn and
pret. 3d pers. pl. refl. bugusk), bend; prob. =
L. fugere = Gr, pet yetv, flee, - Skt. Vibhuj, bend. .
Orig. and prop. intrans. ; whence the derived
factitive form, AS. bygan, biégan, bégan, ME.
bugen, etc., mod. E. dial, bay, weak verb, trans., .
cause to bend: see bay?. Cf. Icel. buga = Sw.
buga, weakverb, bow, make a bow. Hence ult.
the secondary verbs bay9, buck2, buckle1, and .
the nouns bow?, boughtl = bout 1 = bight, baill,
bowl, etc.] I. intrams. 1+. To become bent or
crooked; assume a curved form ; bend; curve.
[Still in colloquial use in Scotland.]
Petter bow than break.
Like an ass whose back with ingots bows.
Shak., M. for M., iii. 1. . .
Bozºsta ammophila.
(From Le Maout and De-
caisne’s “Traité général
de Botanique.”)
Proverb. -
2}. To tend; turn; incline.
Thei bowidem, awei fro the lawe of God.
Wyclif, Baruch iv. 12.
3. To bend or curve downward; take a bent
posture or attitude; stoop. -
The flame o’ the taper
Bows toward her, and would under-peep her lids.
hak., Cymbeline, ii. 2.
As to soft gales top-heavy pines bow low.
JPope, Dunciad, ii. 391.
4. To bend the neck under a yoke; submit or
become subject; yield: as, to bow to the in-
evitable.
On of us two mot bowe douteles. -
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 440.
Often tyme it is betere to bow than to berst.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 34. ,
5. To bend the body or head in worship, or
in token of reverence, respect, or submission:
with to or before, and sometimes emphasized
by down. -
The rest of the people bowed down upon their knees.
Judges vii. 6.
The evil bow before the good. Prov. xiv. 19.
To bow and sue for grace
With suppliant knee. Milton, P. L., i. 111.
6. To make a bow; incline the body or the
head toward a person by way of salutation or
friendly recognition, or in acknowledgment of
some courtesy.
II, trams. 1. To cause to bend; make curved
or crooked; cause to assume and retain a bent
shape.
They rather breake him, than bowe him, rather marre
him, then mend him. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 31.
2. To cause to stoop or become bent, as with
old age or a burden; hence, to crush.
Whose heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave.
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 1.
Bow him, yet bow him more,
Dash that same glass of water in his face.
B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, iii. 4.

Thowl (bou), n.
. . . . . bow
8. To cause to bend in submission; cause to
submit; subdue.
Bow not mine honour. & is
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, iii. 6.
Authority forgets a dying king,
Laid widow'd of the power in his eye
That bow'd the will. Tennyson, Morte d'Arthur.
4}. To bend; inflect; cause to deviate from a
given condition.
We bow things the contrary way to make them come to
their natural straightness. Bacon, Atheism.
5t. To incline; turn in a particular direction;
influence.
Not to bow and bias their opinions. g Fuller.
For troubles and adversities do more bow men's minds
to religion. (ZC07?,
6. To bend or incline in worship or adoration,
or in token of submission, homage, respect,
civility, condescension, or attention.
And they cried before him, Bow the knee; and he made
him ruler over all the land of Egypt. Gen. xli. 43.
And Moses made haste, and bowed his head toward the
earth. IX. xxxiv. 8.
They came to meet him, and bowed themselves to the
ground before him. Ki. ii. 15.
Bow down thine ear, and hear the words of the wise.
Prov, xxii. 17.
7. To express by a bow or by bowing: as, to
bow one's thanks or assent.—8. To accompany
or usher in, out, etc., with a bow or bows.
I saw the station-master bow them into the carriage.
Dickens.
Ancient Hospitality, long since
With ceremonious thrift, bowed out of doors.
Lowell, Under the Willows.
To bow down the back. See back 1.
[K ME. bowe, a bend, K bowen,
bend: see bowl, v. Cf. bow?..] An inclination
of the head or a bending of the body in salu-
tation, or in token of reverence, respect, civil-
*ity, submission, assent, or thanks.
bow? (bó), n.
[K ME. bowe, boghe, boge, etc., a
bend, curve, bow for shooting, etc., KAS. boga,
a bow for shooting, a rainbow (in general sense
“bend’ only in comp.) (= OS. bogo = OFries.
boga = D. º! = MLG. boge = OHG. bogo,
MHG. boge, G. bogen = Icel. bogi = OSw. boghi,
Sw. bāge = Dan. bue, a bow, etc.), K bigan (pp.
bogen), bow, bend: see bowl, v.]. 14. A bend;
8, CUITV6,
The bowe of the ryver of Humber.
Trevisa, tr. of Higden (ed. 1865), II. 87.
2. A weapon consisting of a strong strip of elas-
bow? (bö), v.
645
more loosely, polygonal in plan. (..) In drafting, a flexible
strip which can be bent to any desired curve; an areograph.
5. An instrument formerly used for taking the
sun's altitude at sea, consisting of a large arch
of 90° graduated, a shank or staff, a side vane,
a sight-vane, and a horizon-vane.—6. A knot
composed of one or two loops and two ends; a
bow-knot; hence, a (“single bow” or “double
bow”) looped ornamental knot of ribbon, etc.;
a ribbon, neck-tie, etc., tied in such a knot.—
7. A stroke of the bow of a violin: as, the up-
bow or the down-bow.—8. A ring or loop of
metal forming a handle. (a) The loop at the end of
the handle of a key. (b) One of the two hoops of a pair of
scissors fitted for the thumb and the fingers. See bail1 and
boul.—Back of a bow. See backi.-Bows and bills, the
cry raised in old times by the English to give an alarm in
their camp or to encourage the people to take to arms.—
Bow top, or top bow, in coach-building, a piece of wood
used to support the roof-boards or the leather of the top
of a carriage.— Compound bow, a bow made of two or
more pieces fastened together.—Grafted bow, a com-
pound bow formed of two pieces joined together at the
handle.—Reflex bow, in archery, a bow concave on the
back when unstrung, the curve of which is reversed in
stringing it.—Self-bow, a bow made of one entire piece
of wood, or of two pieces spliced endwise at the handle.—
Sinew-backed bow, a bow whose elasticity is increased
by the use of sinew along the back, either in a cable of
twine, as among the Eskimos, or laid on solid by means
of glue, as with many tribes in the western United
States.—Single-piece or single-staff bow, a bow made
of one entire piece of wood.—To bend or draw a bow,
to bend a bow, with arrow on the string, in the act of
shooting; to shoot with a bow.--To draw the (or a)
long-bow, to exaggerate ; lie.—To have two strings
(or more than One St. ) to one’s bow, to have
more than one means of accomplishing something.
[K bow?, n. In some cases bow?
(bó), v., can hardly be distinguished, as writ-
ten, from bowl (bou), v.] I, trans. 1. To bend
into the form of a bow ; inflect; curve: as, to
bow a ribbon; bowed shutters.
A three-pence bow’d would hire me.
Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 3.
Insects in inserting and withdrawing their proboscides,
bow them forwards or upwards.
Darwin, Fertil. of Orchids by Insects, p. 113.
2. In music: (a) To perform by means of a bow
upon a stringed instrument: as, to bow a pas-
sage well. (b) To mark (a passage) so as to in-
dicate the proper method of bowing.—3.
hat-making, to separate and distribute in the
basket (the filaments of felting-fur) by means
of a bow.
II. intrans. 1. To be curved or bent.—2.
To perform or play by means of the bow: as,
tic wood or other elastie material, with a string Aa violinist who bows with great taste.
stretched between its ends, used for shooting bow8 (bou), n.
{ll'I’OWS. When the bow has been bent to its full extent
ly pulling the string back from it, the recoil of the string
(against the inner side of which the notch of the arrow
is placed) when released impels the arrow. The bow
and arrow have been used in all ages and by many peoples
as a weapon, and, though superseded in the advance of
civilization by firearms, are still in use among savage
tribes, and are the officially recognized weapon of the
Manchu garrisons of China, where archery is still one of
the subjects of examination for officers in the regular army.
Bows were at one time divided into longbows and cross-
bows. During the middle ages the nations of Europe used
longbows of 5 or 6 feet in length, the shorter ones being
used by horsemen, and the longer by the foot-archers. The
bows now commonly used in archery are of two kinds, the
self-bow and the composite, backed, or union bow. The
self-bow is made of one staff (or of two staves spliced end-
wise) of hickory, lancewood, or yew, the last, if perfectly
free from knots, being considered the most suitable wood.
The composite bow is made of two or three pieces of
wood or other material glued together longitudinally.
3. The name of several implements shaped like
a bent bow. (a) In music, an implement originally
curved, but now almost straight, by means of which the
tone is produced from instruments of the violin kind. It
is made of a slender staff of elastic wood, to the two slightly
projecting ends of Which a quantity of horse-hairs (about
80 or 100) are fastened. These, being Tubbed with resin
and drawn over the strings of the instrument, cause it to
sound. (b) An implement consisting of a piece of wood
curved, and having a string extended from one extremity
to the other, used (1) by Smiths in turning a drill, (2) by
turners in turning wood, and (3) by hatters in preparing
fur and wool for their use. '•
4. Any bent or curved thing. Specifically—(a) A
rainbow.
And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud over the
earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud. Gen. ix. 14.
(b) The part of a yoke which embraces the animal's neck;
hence, the yoke itself.
As the ox hath his bow, sir, the horse his curb, and the
falcon her bells, so man hath his desires.
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 3.
§ In saddlery, one of two pieces of wood, united so as to
orm an arch fitting the horse's back, which serve to give
the saddle its proper form. (d) In firearms, the guard of
the trigger. (e) The bent guard of a sword-hilt. (f) One
of the bent slats which support the hood, canopy, or tilt
of a covered wagon or carriage. (g) The framing of the
lenses of a pair of spectacles. gº m arch. : (1t) An arch
(of masonry), as in a gateway or bridge or in a flying but-
tress, N. E. D. (2) A part of a building which projects
from a straight wall, properly curved, but sometimes,
bow 4 (bou), m.
bows (bö), n.
bow8t, bowet, m.
bowablet (bou’a-bl), a.
bow-arm (bö’ärm), m.
[Same word as boughl, but in
the naut. sense, first in the 17th century, and of
LG. or Scand. origin: Icel. bāgr = Norw. bog =
Sw. bog = Dan. boug, bov, bow of a ship, also
shoulder of an animal, = D. boeg, bow of a ship,
= MLG. bāch, būch, bow of a ship, shoulder
(> G. bug in this sense), – AS. bog, bāh, arm,
branch: see bough 1.] 1+. Same as boughl.
Compare with bowſpot for boughpot.—2. Nawt.,
the forward part or head of a ship, beginning
where the sides trend inward, and terminating
where they close or unite in the stem or prow.
A narrow bow is called a lean bow; a broad one,
a bold or bluff bow.—3. The foremost oar used
in rowing a boat, or the person who pulls that
oar; the bow-oar.—Doubling of the bow (naut.),
thick planking at the bow of a vessel to protect it from
injury by the anchor-bill.—On the bow (mawt.), on that
part of the horizon which is within 45° of the line ahead.
A Scotch form of boll2.
I trust you remember you are owing to the laird four
stones of barley-meal, and a bow of oats.
Scott, Abbot, II, 82.
[Also written bu; K Icel. bil, a
farm, stock, cattle (= Dan. Sw, bo, dwelling,
= AS. big = OS. bil, dwelling, = D. bouw, tillage,
building, = OHG. bil, dwelling, tillage, build-
ing, Māg bi, bou, ä, öm, tilage, building),
K bila = AS. bilan, dwell: see by?, bowerl, boor,
etc., from the same root.] A herd of cattle;
the stock of cattle on a farm: as, a bow of kye
(that is, cows). [Obsolete, except in Scotland
and the north of England.]
[Prob. a reduced form of
bull}.] The provisions of a benefice granted
by the pope. N. B. D. [Scotch.]
[K bowl + -able.] Ca-
pable of being bowed or bent; flexible.
1. The arm that moves
the bow in playing an instrument of the violin
family; a violinist's right arm. See bow-hand.
—2. In archery, the arm employed in holding
the bow, ordinarily the left arm.
bow-backed (bö’bakt), a. Having a back bent
like a bow. Tennyson,
bow-bearer (bö'bár/ēr), n.
'bow-bellf (bö’bel), n.
bow-bent (bó ‘bent), a.
lbow-clavier (böſklä”vi-ér), n.
bowd, n.
bowdark, n.
Bowdlerism (böd (lér-izm), n.
Bowdlerization (böd/lér-i-zā’ shon), n.
Bºwly; (bó ‘dī), m.
bowed (böd), p. a.
bowed-embowed (böd'em-böd"), a.
bowel
In old Eng. law,
an under-officer of a forest, whose duty was to
give information of trespasses.
One born within the
sound of the bells of the church of Bow, which
is near the center of the City of London; a
cockney. Beau. and Fl.
Bent like a bow;
crooked.
A sibyl old, bow-bent with crooked age.
ilton, Vac. Ex., 1.69.
bow-billed (bö’bild), a. Having the bill bowed
or arcuate, as some birds.
bow-boy (bö'boi), n. A boy who uses a bow;
specifically, Cupid. Shak.
bow-brace (bó'brås), n. A covering of bone,
metal, or leather for protecting the left arm of a
bowman from the percussion of the bow-string.
bow-case (bö’kās), n. A long bag of wood,
leather, or cloth, in which a bow is kept when
not in use.
bow-chaser (bou'châ’sér), n. A gun pointed
over the bow of a ship of war, for firing at a
chased vessel.
A musical in-
strument having a keyboard and strings like
a harpsichord or piano, in which the tones
were produced by the friction of little bows or
resined wheels pressed against the strings.
Such an instrument is said to have been attempted about
1600 at Nuremberg, and many were constructed in the
eighteenth century. Also called bow-harpsichord.
bow-compass, bow-compasses (bö’kum"pas,
See compass.
See boudl.
See bodark.
–ez), 71.
[K Bowdler
(Thomas Bowdler, who published in 1818 an ex-
purgated edition of Shakspere) + -ism.] The
practice of omitting from an author's edited
writings words or passages considered offensive
or indelicate.
[K
Bowdlerize + -ation.] Expurgation of offensive
or indelicate passages or words from an edited
book or writing
i. Bowdlerize (bod’ler-iz), t'. t. ; pret. and pp.
Bowdlerized, ppr. Bowdlerizing. [K Bowdler (see
Bowdlerism) + -ize.] To expurgate in editing
by expunging words or passages considered
offensive or indelicate.
Hence, when the incessant human sacrifices in Israel
during the age of the kings are all put down to the in-
fluence of foreign idolatries, we may fairly inquire whether
editorial Bowdlerising has not prevailed over historical
truth. Hwæley, in Nineteenth Century, XIX. 489.
bow-drill (bö’dril), n. A drill worked by means
of a bow and string. The string is turned about the
spindle of the drill, which
is moved by a reciprocat-
ing motion of the bow.
kind of scarlet
color, superior to
madder, but inferior
to the true scarlet
grain for fixedness
and duration: first
used in Bow, London.
[K
bow? ---ed?..] 1. Bent like a bow; embowed.
In heraldry also termed flected or reflected.—2.
Having a convex or bulging form : as, a bowed
shield.
Bow-drill.
See em-
bowed.
bowel (bou’el), m. [K ME. bowel, bowele, bowel,
buel, bºel, KOF. bowel, boel, buel, m., also bowele,
boele, buele, f., F. boyau = Pr. OSp. budel =
It. budello, K ML. botellus, an intestine, K L.
botellus, a sausage, dim. of botulus, a sausage,
Orig. an intestine.] 1. One of the intestines
of an animal; a division of the alimentary
canal below the stomach; a gut, especially of
man: chiefly used in the plural to denote the
intestines collectively.—2#. One of the viscera;
any internal organ of the body, as the stomach,
liver, brain, etc.—3. pl. The interior part of
anything.
Rush'd into the bowels of the battle.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 1.
It was great pity, so it was,
That villainous saltpetre should be digg'd
Out of the bowels of the harmless earth.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 3.
4. pl. The inner parts as the seat of pity or
kindness; hence, tenderness; compassion.
He that relieves another upon oresti
bowels of pity, doth not this ; ...º . º
OWIl. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 2.

bowel
What the plague, have you no bowels for your own kin-
Ted? heridan, School for Scandal, iii. 3.
5f. pl. Offspring; children.
Thine own bowels, which do call thee sire,
The mere effusion of thy proper loins.
Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
To move the bowels, to produce evacuation of the
bowels by administering a suitable aperient or cathartic.
bowelt (bou’el), v. t. ; pret. and pp. boweled or
bowelled, ppr. boweling or bowelling. [K ME.
bowelem; cf. OF. boeler; from the noun..] To
take out the bowels of; eviscerate; penetrate
the bowels of; disembowel.
Drawn and hanged in his armour, taken down alive and
bowelled. Stow, Edward II., an. 1326.
bowellessł (bou’el-les), a. [K bowel + -less.]
Without tenderness or pity; unfeeling.
Miserable men commiserate not themselves; bowelless
unto others, and merciless unto their own bowels.
Sir T. Browne, Christ, Mor., i, 7.
bowel-pryert (bou’el-pri’ér), n., One who prac-
tises divination by examining the intestines of
animals. Holland.
bowel-prying? (bou’el-pri’ing), m. Divination
by examining the bowels of animals. Holland.
bowenite (bö’en-it), n. [After George T.
Bowen, who described it in 1822.] A variety
of serpentine from Smithfield, Rhode Island,
of light-green color and fine granular texture.
It is remarkable for its hardness and its re-
semblance to jade.
bowerl (bou’ér), n. [Early mod. E. also bour,
boure, etc.; K ME. bour, K. A.S. bār, a dwell-
ing, house, room, chamber (= OS. bir – MLG.
bûr, a house, cage, LG. buttr, a cage, = OHG.
bür, a chamber, M.H.G. bir, G. bauer, a cage,
= Icel. bur, a chamber, larder, store-room, =
Sw. bur = Dan. bur, formerly buur), K bilan =
Icel. bia, etc., dwell. Cf. booth, bottle1, build,
etc., from the same root. Hence ult. boor,
bowerB, and neigh-bour, neigh-bor.] 1. A dwell-
ing or habitation; particularly, a cottage; an
unpretentious residence; a rustic abode. [Now
only poetical.]
Courtesy oft-times in simple bowers
Is found as great as in the stately towers.
Sir J. Harington, tr. of Ariosto, xiv. 62.
2#. An inner room; any room in a house ex-
cept the hall or public room; hence, a bed-
chamber.
In hast came rushing forth from immer bowre.
Spenser, F. Q., I. viii. 5.
3. Especially, a lady's private chamber; a bou-
doir. [Poetical.]
The feast was over in Branksome tower,
And the Ladye had gone to her secret bower.
Scott, L. of L, M., i. 1.
4. A shelter made with boughs or twining
plants; an arbor; a shady recess.
I only begged a little woodbine bower
Where I might sit and weep.
W. Mason, English Garden, 3.
'bowerl# (bou’ér), v. [K bower1, m.] I, trans.
To inclose in a bower, or as in a bower; em-
loower; inclose.
O nature what hadst thou to do in hell,
When thou didst bower the spirit of a flend
In mortal paradise of such sweet ſlesh 2
Shak., R. and J., iii. 2.
II. intrams. To take shelter; lodge.
Spredding pavilions for the birds to bowre.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. x. 6.
lbower2 (bou’ér), m. [K bowl + -erl.] One who
or that which bows or bends; specifically, a
muscle that bends the joints.
His rawbone armes, whose mighty brawned bowrg
Were wont to rive steele plates. Spemser, IF. Q., I. viii. 41.
bower3 (bou’ér), m. [K bow8 + -erl.] An an-
chor carried at the bow of a ship. The two bower-
anchors were formerly of unequal size, and were called
the best and small bower respectively ; but when (as gem-
erally now) of equal size, they are known as the starboard
and port bowers.
The whaler . . . made a clumsy piece of work in get-
ting her anchor, being obliged to let go her best bower,
and, finally, to get out a kedge and a hawser.
ſº. II. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 250.
bower4 (bou ( òr), m. [K bow8, 1, = boughl,
+ -erl.] In falconry, a young hawk when it
begins to leave the nest and to clamber on the
boughs. Also called bowess, bowet.
bowerºf, n. [Late M.E. boueer, K. D. bouwer, a
farmer, peasant (in this sense prop. boor), also
a builder, - G. bauer, a peasant, also a builder:
see boor, and cf. bower9.] A peasant; a farmer.
boweró (bou’ér), m. [E. spelling of G. bauer, a
peasant, a farmer; in a German pack of cards,
the knave or jack; = D. boer, a farmer, the
knave in cards, X E. boor, q.v.] ... In euchre,
one of the two highest cards, or, if the joker
bower7 (bö’ér), n.
bower3 (bö’ér or bou’ér), m.
bower-bird (bou’ér-bèrd), n.
bowetl (bou’et), n.
is used, the second or third highest. The bowers bowet” (bö’et), n.
646
are the knave of trumps, the higher of the two, called the
right bower, and the knave of the suit having the same color
as the trump, called the left bower.
But the hands that were played
By that heathen Chinee,
And the points that he made,
Were quite frightful to see —
Till at last he put down a right bower,
Which the same Nye had dealt unto me.
Bret IIarte, Heathen Chinee.
[K bow?, m. and v., + -erl,
bow-maker; a bowyer.—
P. with a bow on a violin or
instrument.
Cf. bowyer.] 1+. A
2. One who
other stringe
[Also written
booer; K bowº, a head of cattle, farm-stock, +
-er 1.] A person who rents or leases the dairy
stock on a farm, together with pasture and fod-
der for them, and makes what he can from
their produce, the cultivation of the farm still
remaining with the farmer or proprietor. [S.
W. counties of Scotland.]
bower-anchor (bou’ér-ang"kgr), m. An anchor
See bower3.
The name of the
Australian Oscine passerine birds of the gen-
era Ptilonorhynchus, Chlamydodera, etc., usu-
carried at a ship's bows.
Satin Bower-bird (Ptilonor/lynch us /tolose riceus).
ally placed in the family Paradiseidae, but
sometimes in the Oriolidae. They are remark-
able for building what are called bowers, runs, or play-
Houses, which they adorn with gay feathers, rags, bones,
shells, and other white, bright, or conspicuous objects.
There are several species of both the genera named ; the
best-known are the satin bower-bird, P. holosericews, and
the spotted bower-bird, C. maculata. The bowers are not
the nests of the birds, but places of resort where they
amuse themselves.
bower-eaves (bou’ér-êvz), m. pl. The eaves of
a bower or bedchamber.
A bow-shot from her bower-eaves.
Tennyson, Lady of Shalott, iii.
bowered (bou’órd), a. [K bower1 + -ed?..] Fur-
nished with bowers, recesses, or alcoves. Ten-
74/S07.
bowerly (bou’ér-li), a. [See burly 1.] Targe;
stout; burly. [Prov. Eng.]
bººmi (bou’ér-mâd), m. [K bower1 +
maid. Cf. M.E. bourmaidem.] A young woman
in attendance on a lady; a lady's-maid; a wait-
ing-woman. [Now only poetical.]
bower-thane, (bou’ér-than), m. [Mod. form of
M.E. burtheim, K AS. bār-thegn, K biºr, bower,
+ thegn, thane.] A chamberlain under the
Saxon kings.
The chamberlain, or bower-thane, was also the royal
treasurer. Thorpe, tr. of Lappenberg's Hist. Eng., v.
bower-woman (bou’ér-Wüm'an), m. Same as
bower-maid. Scott.
boweryl (bou’ér-i), a. [K bower1 + -y1.J. Of
the nature of a bower; containing bowers;
leafy; shady.
bowery? (bou’ér-i), n. ; pl. boweries (-iz). [Also
written bowerie and bouwery; K D. bowwerij, a
farm, prop. fºg, husbandry, K bouwer, a
farmer: see bowerö and boor.] Among the
Dutch settlers of New York, a farm; a country-
Seat; a rural retreat. Hence the name of the Bowery,
a long, wide street in the city of New York, originally a
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 133, bow-kail (bö’kāl), n.
bowess, bowetl (bou’es, -et), n. [See bower4.] bage.
In falconry, a young hawk when it begins to bowking (bouſking), m.
road through the bowery or farm of Peter Stuyvesant, the
last Dutch colonial governor of New Netherlands.
A goodly bowerie or farm was allotted to the sage Oloffe
in consideration of the service he had rendered to the
public by his talent at dreaming.
leave the nest.
See bowess.
Same as budt,
bow-fast (bou'fäst), n.
bowfin (bou'fin), m.
bowget, v.
bow-grace (bou'gräs), n.
bow-hand (bó'hand), n.
bow-harpsichord
bow-head (bö’ hed), m.
bow-headed (bö’hed-ed), a.
bowing? (bö’ing
bowingly (bou’ing-li), adv.
bow-instrument (bö’ in "strö-ment), n.
bow-knot
Nawt., a rope or chain .
by which a ship is secured at the bow.
bow-file (bö'fil), n. A file having a bowed or
curved edge; a riffler.
A name of the mudfish,
Amia calva. Also called brindle, grindle, law-
Ayer, dogfish, etc. See cut under Amiidae.
See bouge2.
Naut, a frame, or
composition of junk, laid out at the sides, stem,
or bows of a ship to secure it from injury by ice.
1. In archery, the
hand that holds the bow, commonly the left
hand.—2. In music, the hand that draws the
bow; a violinist's right hand.—On the bow-hand.
(a) On the wrong side; wrongly; inaccurately.
He shootes wyde on the bowe hand, and very farre from
the marke. Spenser, State of Ireland.
(b) Wrong in one's calculations.
Uber. Well, you must have this wench, then 7
Pic. - hope so;
I am much o' the bow-hand else.
Beaw. and Fl., Coxcomb, i. 3.
(bö'hārp'si-kórd), n. Same
as bow-clavier. -
A species of right
whale; the polar right whale or Greenland
whale, Balaºna mysticetus. See also cut under
whale.
Having a bowed
or bent head, as a right whale.
bowie (bou’i), m. [Perhaps from OF. buie, prob.
same as buire, a water-pitcher, vessel for wine,
K buire, F. boire, K L. bibere, drink.] A large
wooden milk-bowl. [Scotch.]
bowie-knife (bö’é-nif; in the Southwest pro-
nounced bö’é-nif), n. [After its reputed inven-
tor, James Bowie, died 1836.] A heavy sheath-
knife first used in the early part of the nine-
teenth century in Kentucky and other parts
of the United States which were then on the bor-
ders of civilization. The blade is from 9 to 10 inches
long, and has only one edge; the back is straight for three
Bowie-knife and Sheath.
quarters of its length, and then curves toward the edge in
a slightly concave sweep, while the edge finishes toward
the point in a convex curve. The guard is very small,
and the tongue is of the full breadth of the grip or barrel,
which is formed of two rounded pieces of wood or bone.
The best knives were made by frontier blackSmiths, of old
horse-rasps and the like, and naturally differed much in
size and pattern. The term is used at present for almost
any large sheath-knife.
bowingl (bö’ing), m. [Verbal n. of bow?, v.] 1.
The º; of separating and arranging as
desired the filaments of some fibrous material,
as hatters' fur or (in Eastern countries) cotton,
by vibrating a bow-string upon it. In hat-making,
as practised on a small scale, the felting of the fur or wool
is partly accomplished by bowing. *
2. In music: (a) The general method of using
the bow in playing upon an instrument of the
violin family. It includes the method of holding the
bow, the direction in which it is moved, the pressure put
upon it, the part of the hair that is employed, the place
upon the strings where it is applied, and every other detail
in the management of the bow which influences the quality
and loudness of the tone produced. (b) The method by
which the notes of a given passage are distrib-
uted between . and down-strokes of the bow.
To secure an intended effect, or general uniformity among
many players, the bowing of a passage is indicated by vari-
ous marks; r-, or L- indicates a stroke beginning with
the nut, that is, down ; while NZ or 2S indicates a stroke
beginning with the point, that is, up.
y m. [K bowº, n., + -ing 1.] A
lease of the dairy stock on a farm. See bower8.
[Scotch.]
In a bending man-
A.
stringed instrument played by means of a bow,
as the double-bass, the small bass or violon-
cello, the tenor, the violin proper, etc.
mer. Huloet.
bow-iron (bö'i'êrn), m. A clasp or holder used
to secure the bows of a carriage-top.
bowki (bouk), n. Same as bulk1. TſScotch.]
bowk? (bouk), v. t. Same as buckö. [Scotch..]
[Cf. borecole..] Cab-
Burns. [Scotch..]
Same as bucking?.
bow-knot (bó'not), n. A slip-knot made by
drawing a portion of a cord, ribbon, etc., in the
form of a bow through an involution, which is


bow-knot
then tightened round the bow.
simple if there is only one bow, double if there
are two; it can be easily untied by drawing the
bow back.
bowll (böl), n. H. as in early mod. E.,
boll, and still so spelled in some senses (see
boili and boll2); K ME. bolle, KAS. bolla, a bowl,
= OFries. bolla (in comp.) = OHG. bolla, MHG.
bolló, a round vessel, G. bolle, a bulb, onion,
Icel, bolli = Sw. bāl = Dan. bolle, a bowl; cf. F.
bol, a bowl, G. bowle, a bowl, K E. bowll. Some-
what confused with bowl2 and other forms from
L. bulla (see bull?, bill3, boil?, etc.); prob. ult.
akin to bolel, ball1, etc.] 1. A i.;
concave vessel used for various domestic an
other purposes, chiefly for holding liquids or
jºid ood. A bowl is properly somewhat hemispheri-
cal, larger than a cup and deeper and less flaring than a
basin (although in
commonly called basing), and without a cover; but bowls
for some specific uses, as sugar-bowls, are widely varied
in shape and provided with covers.
And thou shalt make the dishes thereof, and spoons
thereof, . . . and bowls thereof, to cover [margin, pour
out] withal. Ex. xxv. 29.
More specifically—2. A large drinking-cup; a
goblet: in this sense now chiefly figurative, as
an emblem of festivity or dissipation.
Come, forward, gentlemen, to church, my boys!
When we have done, I'll give you cheer in bowls.
Beau. and Fl., Scornful Lady, iv. 2.
There St. John mingles with my friendly bowl
The feast of reason and the flow of soul.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, I. 127.
But let no footstep beat the floor,
Nor bowl of wassail mantle warm.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, cv.
3. Anything having the general shape or use of
a bowl, as a natural depression in the ground,
the pound or central portion of a fishing-weir,
the hollow or containing part of a vessel or
utensil having a stem or a handle, etc. : as, the
*bowl of a chalice, a spoon, or a tobacco-pipe.
bowiz (boi; E. dial."bouſ (the reg, historical
pron.); Sc. bāl), n. [K ME. bowle, boule, KOF.
bowle, F. boule = Pr, bola = Sp. Pg. bola = It.
bolla, bulla, a ball, K. L. bulla, a bubble, a stud,
any round object, X E. bull?, billº, etc. Some-
what confused with bowll, bolel, and ball 1.] 1+.
A ball; any sphere or globe. [So used till late
in the seventeenth century.]—2. A large solid
ball of hardwood used in playing (a) the game
of bowls on a level plat of greensward called
a bowling-green, or (b) the game of skittles or
ninepins on a long, floored surface of wood
called a bowling-alley. (See bowls.) In the for-
mer game the bowls are made with a bias, that is, oblate
on one side and prolate on the other, and are of a size
which admits of their being grasped more or less firmly
between the thumb and the fingers. In the latter game
the balls are sometimes much larger, and furnished with
holes to facilitate grasping them, and are but slightly
biased, if at all.
Like an uninstructed bowler, he thinks to attain the
jack by delivering his bowl straightforward upon it. Scott.
3. A turn at a game of bowls: as, it is his bowl
next.—4 (pron. böl). A marble used by boys in
play; in the plural, the game itself. [Scotch.]
—5. In a knitting-machine, the roller or anti-
friction wheel on which the carriage traverses.
—6. One of the buoys or floats used by herring-
fishers about Yarmouth, England, to support
the drift-net and keep its edge uppermost.
These bowls are colored to mark the divisions
*of the fleet of metS.-Burnt bowl, etc. See burnt.
Toowl? (böl), v. [K bowl2, n.] I. intrans. 1.
To play with bowls or at bowling: as, “chal-
lenge her to bowl,” Shak., L. L. L., iv. 1.- 2.
To roll, a bowl, as in the game of bowls.—3.
To deliver the ball to be played by the bats-
man at cricket.—4. To move horizontally,
with a rapid and easy motion, like a ball: as,
the carriage bowled along.
We bowled along the great North road. Mrs. Gore.
II. trans. 1. To roll or trundle, as a bowl.
Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel,
And bowl the round nave down the hill of heaven.
Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
2. To pelt with or as with bowls.
I had rather be set quick i' th' earth,
And bowl'd to death with turnips.
Shak., M.W. of W., iii. 4.
To bowl out, in cricket, to put out of play by knocking
down one's bails or stumps by a ball delivered by the
bowler: as, Smith was bowled owt at the first ball.—To
bowl over, to knock down; kill. [Hunting slang.]
If the animal passes near him it requires but little skill
to bowl it over with his double barrel as it goes by.
Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 82.
bowl-alleyt (böl’al’i), n. Same as bowling-
alley.
bowlder, n.
reat Britain bowls for table use are
See boulder.
bowler1 (bö’lér), m.
bowler? (bó'lér), n. [K bowl2, v
Yºr
bowling? (bó'ling), n.
647
The knot is bow-legged (bö'leg'ed or -legd.), a. Having the the addition of a
legs bowed outward; bandy-legged.
In person the duke was of the middle size, well made, bowman! (bö’man), n. ; pl. bowmen (-men).
Prescott.
[K bowl 1 + -erl.] 1. A
workman who shapes the bowl of a spoon.—
2+. One who makes bowls,
+ -erl.] 1.
One who plays at bowls.—2. in
player who bowls or serves the ball; the
pitcher.—3... [K, bowl2, n., + -erl.] A low-
crowned stiff felt hat; a “billycock.”
bowler-hat. N. E. D.
bowline (bó'lin or -lin), n. [Early mod. E.
also bowlin,_boline, bolin, bowling, bollinge, bo-
lyn, etc.; K ME. bowelyné, bouline, a compound
F. not formed in E., but of Scand. origin:
cel. bāglima (rare)
lina, bolin = Dan. bovline (or bugline, formerl
bougline) = D. boeglijn (2 OF. boeline, boline, †
bouline, G. boleine); K Icel. bāg, Sw, bog, etc.,
shoulder, bow of a ship (see bow8), + lina = E.
line?; the first element is then the same as E.
bow8, and the strict E. pron. would be bou’lin.
except that he was somewhat bow-legged.
origkei, the foremost oar in a boat; the bow-oar.
Bowman's corneal tubes.
Bowman's disks, glands.
Also bowman's-root (bó'manz-röt), n.
loowsprit
small amount of hydrochlorie
[K
+ mam..] A man who
See cut in preceding
acid.
ME. boweman; K bow?
uses a bow; an archer.
column.
b
owman? (bou'man), n. ; pl. bowmen (-men).
[K bow8, 3, -- man.] The man who rows the
Totten,
See corneal.
See disk, gland.
- 1. A popu-
lar name given in the United States to Porter-
anthus, a genus of perennial rosaceous herbs,
the roots of which are used as a mild emetic.—
2. A name of Ludwigia alternifolia.
Also called beaumont-root.
= Norw. boglina = Sw.bog-bow-net (bö(net), n. [Not found in ME.; KAS.
boga-met, boge-net: see bow? and met1..] A con-
trivance for catching lobsters and crawfish,
made of two round wicker baskets, pointed at
the end, one of which is thrust into the other,
and having at the mouth a little rim bent in-
ward to oppose the return of the fish.
Cf. bowsprit.] 1. Naut... a rope leading forward bow-oar (bou’ór), n. 1. The foremost oar used
and fastened to the leech of a square sail. It is
used to steady the weather-leech of the sail and keep it
forward, and thus to make the ship sail nearer the wind.
He afterwards said that we sailed well enough with the
wind free, but that give him a taut bowline, and he would
beat us, if we had all the canvas of the Royal George.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 73.
2. In ship-building, a curve representing a ver-
tical section of the bow-end of a ship.–Bow-
line On a bight, a bowline-knot made on the bight of a
rope.—On a bowline, said of a ship when sailing close to
the wind.
The Ayacucho went off on a bowline, which -brought
her to windward of us.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast.
To check the bowline, to slacken it when the wind be-
comes more favorable.—TO Sharp the main bowline
or hale the bowline, to pull it harder.
bowline-bridle (böſlin-bri"dl), n. The span on
the leech of a sail to which, the bowline is at-
tached.
lbowline-cringle (bö’lin-kring'gl), n. The loops
worked in the leech of a sail to which the bow-
line or bowline-bridle is attached.
bowline-knot (böſlin-not), n. A certain knot bowpot, n. A.
bow-saw (bö’sä), m.
[K bowli + -ing 1.] In saw. See frame-saw.
much used by sailors. See knotl.
bowlingl (bö’ling), m.
dyeing, the washing of fabrics by passing them §: (bouz), v. i.
over rollers in a vessel of water.
The pieces, after the last dip, are washed over rollers by bowsert, n.
the process known as bowling.
O'Neill, Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 284.
The act of playing with or at bowls.
We grant you, sir,
The only benefactor to our bowling,
To all our merry sports the first provoker.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iii. 2.
bowling-alley (bö’ ling-al’i), m. A covered
place for the game of bowls, provided with a
passage or alley of smooth planking on which +
bowsprit (bö’- or bou’sprit), m. [Also boltsprit,
to roll the balls. See ninepins.
owling-crease (böſling-krés), m. See creasel.
bowling-green (böſling-grén), m. A level piece
of greensward kept smooth for bowling.
bowling-ground (böſling-ground), n. A bowl-
ing-green.
The subtlest bowling-ground in all Tartary.
B. Jomsom, Masques.
bowl-machine (böl’ma-shën”), n. A lathe for
making Wooden
|bowls.
bowls (bölz), m.
[Pl. of bowl2, n.]
A lawn game
somewhat simi-
— º lar to quoits or
Ǻgº curling. Biased or
Rºß. Weighted balls are
rolled along the
sward, the object
being to place them
as near a stationary
ball, called a jack,
º§§§:s
SN as possible.—Car-
§ pet bowls, a parlor
Ś K? game similar to that
played on a bowl-
ing-green.
bowl-spirit (böl’-
In
spir'it), m.
- dyeing, nitrate of
Bowman, 15th century, (From Viollet-le- tin, repared by
ñºshi'ict du Mobilier françaisº) dissolving pure
tin in nitric acid
of 33° Tw., with
His armor consists of a short hauberk
covered by a leather jack, a steel cap,
and a steel bracer on the left forearm.
bow-piece (bou'pës), n.
bow-pin (bö’pin), n. 1.
[Verbal n. of bowl2, v.] bowseryt, m.
bow-shot (bö'shot), n.
in pulling a boat.—2. The person who pulls
e bow-oar.—3. In a whale-boat, the oar next
to the forward one. C. M. Scammon.
bow-pen (bö’pen), n. A drafting-compass, car-
rying a pen (or pencil)
at the extremity of one
leg. The two legs of the com-
pass form a bow or spring
which tends to open it, but
is retained in any desired po-
sition by means of a set-screw.
A piece of ordnance car-
ried in the bow of a ship.
A cotter or key for keep-
ing the bows of an ox-
yoke in place.—2. A
small pin or piece of
wood with a head or
knot, used by hatters in
vibrating the string of the bow used in bowing
fur or wool.
Bow-pens.
See boughpot.
A sweep-saw; a turning-
‘. Same as booze.
See bouse2.
[Early mod. E. bowsier, appar. a
corruption of OF. boursier, a bursar: see bur-
Sar.] The bursar or treasurer of a college.
[Early mod. E.: see bowser and
bursary.] A bursary or treasurer's office in a
college.
owse2, v. t.
1. A shot from a bow.
–2. The distance traversed by an arrow in
its flight from a bow.
Three bowl-shots from the Sachem's dwelling
They laid her in the walnut shade.
Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook, iii.
early mod. E. also bolcsprit, boresprit, -spreet,
etc.; K ME. bowspret; cf. Sw. bogsprät = Norw.
bogsprºſt = Dan, bugspryd (formerly bougspryd,
bowspród) = MLG. bāchspret, LG. boogspret = D.
boegspriet, X G. bugspriet, bowsprit. The var.
E. forms show that the word was not a native
compound, but is rather of Scand. or LG. ori-
gin ; K Sw, bog, etc., - E. bow8 (of a ship), +
Spröt, etc., = E. Sprit: see bow8 and sprit, and
cf. bowline.] A large spar which projects for-
ward from the stem of a ship or other vessel.
Beyond it extend the jib-boom and the flying-jib boom. The
bowsprit is secured downward by the bobstays and the
gammoming (which see), and at the sides by the bowsprit-
shrowds, which are secured to the bows of the ship. From
the outer end of the bowsprit a spar called the martingale
or dolphin-striker projects downward to support the mar-
tingale-stays, and two smaller spars, called whiskers, pro-
ject sidewise to support the jib-guys. On the foretopmast.













bowsprit
stay, the jib-stay, and the flying-jib stay (which extend
downward from the foretopmast-head and the foretop-
gallantmast-head to the ends of the bowsprit, jib-boom,
and flying-jib boom) are set the foretopmast-staysail, the
jib, and the flying jib. Corruptly written boltsprit.—Bed
of the bowsprit. See bed 1.- Bowsprit-cap, the cap on
the outer end of the bowsprit, through which the jib-boom
traverses. See cap.— R. g bowsprit, a bowsprit
that can be run out and in like a jib-boom. Standing
boWSprit, a permanently fixed bowsprit.
bowssenlt, v. t. Same as booze.
648
buchs = Sw, buz (-bom) = Dan. bug, (-bom) =
F. buis = Pr. bois = Sp. bog. = Pg. buſco = It.
bosso, busso, K L. buºus = Gr. Túšog, box-tree,
boxwood; hence boa”, q.v. Cf. boſº-tree..] A.
small evergreen tree or shrub, Bua:us semper-
wirens, a dwarfed variety of which is used for
ornamental hedges, and in gardening as an
edging for flower-beds. See Buacus and boa:-
wood.—African box, a name given to Myrsine Africama.
bowssen’t, v. t. [KCorn. beuei, immerse, drown.] *-Marmálade box. Same as genipap,
To duck; immerse (especially in a holy well,
as for the cure of madness). See extract.
The water fell into a close walled plot; upon this wall
was the frantick person set, and from thence tumbled
headlong into the pond; where a strong fellow tossed him
up and down, until the patient, by foregoing his strength,
had somewhat forgot his fury; but if there appeared small
amendment, he was bowssened again and again, while there
remained in him any hope of life for recovery.
R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
bowstaff (bó'stāf), n. ; pl. bowstaves (-stävz).
In archery, a selected and prepared piece of tim-
ber for a bow; the bow in a rough state. Yew
is the timber generally preferred, and prior to the use of
gunpowder bowstaves were an important article of com-
merce. .
bowstring (bö'string), m. [K bow8 + string; cf.
AS. bogen (for bogan, gen. of boga) streng.]
1. The string of a bow, by which it is drawn
and the arrow discharged. Bowstrings are made
of many materials, a very common one being rawhide,
Which does not stretch easily. Bows from western Africa
have the strings of twisted or plaited came; those of the
Hindus are frequently of silk, not twisted, but of parallel
threads bound together at intervals.
2. A similar string used for strangling offend-
ers in the Ottoman empire; hence, by meton-
ymy, execution by strangling.
There was no difference whatever between the polity of
our country and that of Turkey, and . . . if the king did
not . . . send mutes with bow-strings to Sancroft and Hali-
fax, this was only because His Majesty was too gracious
to use the whole power which he derived from heaven.
Macaulay, Hist, Eng., ix.
bºwing (bó'string), v. t. [K bowstring, n.]
To furnish with a bowstring.—2. To stran-
gle with a bowstring.
bowstring-bridge (bö'string-brij), 'm. A bridge
in which the horizontal thrust of the arch is
sustained by a horizontal tie attached as nearly
as possible at the chord-line of the arch. Also
called tension-bridge.
bowstring-girder (bö’ string-gér” dér), n. A
cast- or wrought-iron or built-up girder, having
a tie-rod that forms an integral part of it: much
used in store-fronts, etc. See bowstring-bridge.
bowsy, a. Same as boozy.
bowti, n. See bout1.
bowtell (bö’ tel), n. Same as boltel.
bow-timbers (bou’tim"bérz), m. pl.
timbers that form the bow of a ship.
bow-window (bö’ win’dó), m. A window built so
as to project from a wall; properly, one that is
in plan a segment of a circle. See bay-window.
Bow-wise? (bö'wiz), adv. In the form or figure
of a bow. Trevisa.
bow-wood (bö(wúd), n. 1. Wood used for
making bows; timber suitable for bows:–2.
The Osage orange, Toaylon pomiferum, of the
Mississippi Valley. Its very strong and elastic wood
.. much used by the Indians for their bows. See Ma-
C&M,7"Q.
Thow-wow (bou’wou’), n. [Early mod. E. also
bough—wough, bowgh-wawgh, baw-wav, etc., imi-
tative of the repeated bark of a dog; cf. L. baw-
bari, Gr. Baigetv, bark: see baw?, bawll, etc.]
The loud bark of a dog, or an imitation of it.
–Gone to the bow-wows, gone to ruin; utterly lost.
× [Colloq.]—The bow-Wow theory. See language.
bowyer1 (bö’yér), n. [Early mod. E. also bowier;
K ME. bowyere, bowgere, bowere, K bowe, boge
(see bow?, n.), + -ere, -er. The y represents
orig. g; so in Sawyer, ult. KAS. Saga, saw, and
lawyer, ult. KAS. lagu, law. Cf. bower7.] 1+.
An archer; one who uses a bow: as, “the bow-
ger king,” Dryden, Iliad, i. 648.
They lay in earth their bowyer-chief.
Bryant, Legend of the Delawares.
2. One who makes bows.
Good shooting may, perchance, be more occupied, to the
profit of all bowyers and fletchers. A8cham, Toxophilus.
bowyer2+, n. Same as boyer. Skinner.
bowze, bowzy. See booze, b002/.
hoxi (boks), 7. [XME. boº, & A.S. box =D. bus
*(-boom, -tree) = OHG. MEIG. buhs (-boum), G.
Nawt., the
box2 (boks), n.
ºp
[K ME. box, KAS. boa, a box,
chest, = OHG. buhsa, MHG. biihse, G. bichse, a
box, barrel of a gun, a gun, - M.D. buise, buyse,
a drinking-vessel (2 prob. E. bousel, q.v.), D.
buis, a pipe, tube, channel, bus, a box, pot, bar-
rel of a gun (cf. E. blunderbuss), bok, box of a
coach, - MLG. busse, a box, pipe, = Icel. byssa,
a box, mod. a gun (the D., M.L.G., and Icel. forms
have been affected by the F. forms: see boist1),
K L. buſcus, buºcum, anything made of boxwood
(cf. Gr. Těšic, a box, X E. pyx), K buºus = Gr.
Těšoc, box-tree, boxwood: see bowl. The forms
in Rom. and Teut. are numerous and involved:
see boist1, boostě, bush?, bushel, boss?, etc.] 1.
A case or receptacle for articles or materials of
any kind. When used absolutely, boa, usually signifies
a rectangular case of wood with a lid or a removable
cover, and with a clear inner space for storing or packing;
but for specific uses boxes are made of any adaptable ma-
terial, and of any size or shape, or may consist of com-
partments in a larger receptacle, with or without covers,
or with permanent covers and top or side openings.
Among such specific kinds are cash-boxes, bandboxes,
pill-boxes, ballot-boxes, dice-boxes, the boxes in a print-
ers' case, etc. For boxes known by other names, see
chest and trunk.
2. A money-chest, especially one in which
money for some particular purpose is collected
or kept ; as, a poor-boa; ; a missionary-boa.
So manie moe, so everie one was used,
That to give largely to the boate refused.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, l. 1224.
3. The quantity that a box contains.—4. A
receptacle under the driver's seat on a carriage;
hence, the seat itself.
Where would you like to sit? In or out? Back to the
horses or the front? Get you the boat, if you like.
Disraeli, The Young Duke.
5: A package or case of presents, especially
Christmas presents.
Such a boa, as our prentices beg before Christmas.
Cotgrave.
6. A compartment or place shut or railed off for
the accommodation of a small number of peo-
ple in a public place. (a) A compartment in the
common room of a tavern or other house of refreshment.
(b) A seated compartment in a theater or other place of
amusement: as, “the boates and the pit,” Dryden. (c) In
courts of justice, the seats set apart for jurymen and the
stand for witnesses.
The whole machinery of the state, all the apparatus of
the system, and its varied workings, end in simply bring-
ing twelve good men into a boat.
Brougham, Present State of the Law, Feb. 7, 1828.
(d) A separate compartment or a roomy stall for a horse
in a stable or railroad-car.
7. A place of shelter for one or two men en-
gaged in the performance of certain duties:
as, a sentry-boa; ; a signalman's boaſ.-8.
snug house; a small country-house for tempo-
rary use during the continuance of Some sport,
as of hunting: as, a shooting-boa.
Let me keep a brace of hunters—a cozy boa:—a bit of
land to it, and a girl after my own heart, and I'll cry quits
with you. Bulwer, Pelham, lxxvii.
9. In mach. : (a) A cylindrical hollow iron in a
wheel, in which the axle runs. (b) In a pump:
(1) The cap covering the top of the pump. §
A pump-bucket.
lifting-valve. (4) A casing about a valve. (c
The pulley-case in a draw-loom on which rest
the rollers that conduct the tail-cords. (d)
The receptacle for a shuttle at the end of the
lathe of a loom. (e) The socket for the screw
in a screw-wise. (f) The opening into which
the end of a rib-saw is wedged.—10. In carp.,
a trough for cutting miters. See miter-boa.-
11. Nawt., the space between the back-board
and the stern-post of a boat, where the coxswain
sits.—12. In founding, the flask or frame which
holds the sand.—13. The keeper into which
the bolt of a lock enters in locking. Also called
the staple of the lock.-14. In a printers' case,
the compartment for a single character: as,
the n-boa, is empty; the comma-boa.—15. A
'battery for wild-fowl shooting; a sink-box.
—Antifriction box, See antifriction.— Aquatic box.
See aquatic.—Hot box, a journal-box heated by the fric-
tion of a rapidly revolving axle or arbor, as in a locomo-
tive or railroad-car.
A real American is not comfortable without a hot boa:
occasionally in the course of a long journey.
C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 3.
box8 (boks), n.
box3 (boks
box-barrow (boks"bar"6), n.
box-bed (boks’ bed), n.
box-car (boks/kār), m.
box-coat (boks’köt), n.
box-coil (boks'-
box-coil
In a box, in a tight box, in a perplexing or embarrass-
ing situation; in a difficulty.—In the (or a) Wrong box,
in an awkward situation; mistaken.
“Sir," quoth I, “if you will hear how St. Augustine ex-
pounded that place, you shall perceive that you are in a
wrong boat.” Ridley, Works, p. 163 (1554).
I perceive that you and I are in a wrong boa.
J. Udall, Diotrephes, p. 31.
He’d soon find himself in the wrong boa; with Sarah Jame
D—, I warrant. G. A. Sala, The late Mr. D—.
Omnibus-box. , See omnibus.-Salting-box (milit.), a
small box containing mealed powder which is sprinkled
upon the fuses of shells that they may take fire from the
×blast of the powder in the chamber.
box2 (boks), v. t.
[K boa:2, n.] 1. To place in
a box; inclose as in a box; confine; hoard.
- Saving never ceased
Till he had boa:’d up twelve score pounds at least.
Crabbe, The Borough.
2. To furnish with a box, as a wheel.—3. To
make a hole or cut (in a tree) for the sap to col-
lect: as, to boa, a maple.—4. Naut, to cause (a
vessel) to turn short round on her heel by bra-
cing the head-yards aback: sometimes followed
by off; as, to boa, off a vessel. See haul.—5.
To form into a box or the shape of a box: as,
to boa; the scenes on a stage.—To box the com-
ass, to name the points of the compass in their order;
hence, figuratively, to make a complete turn or round.
[K M.E. boa, a blow, buffet
(the verb is not found in M.E.); supposed to
be of Scand. Origin: Dan. bask, a slap, blow,
baske, strike, slap, thwack, but this is repre-
sented in E. by bash.1, q.v., while Sw, basa, beat,
whip, flog, bas, a beating, is represented by
bastel, q.v. Cf. MD. bāke, early mod. D. beuk,
MHG. buc, a blow, connected with the verb,
MD. boken, MHG. bochen, strike, slap: see buck+.
None of these forms suits the case; and it is
most probable that the sense has originated in
some particular use of boa:2, n. or v.] 1+. A
blow of any kind.
The kyng castes up his schelde, and covers hym faire,
And with his burlyche brande a boa; he hyme reaches.
Morte Arthware (E. D. T. S.), I. 1111.
2. A blow ; specifically, a blow on the head
with the fist, or on the ear with the open hand.
Give him a boa, hard, hard, on his left ear.
B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, iii. 4.
He represented to him very warmly that no gentleman
could take a boa; on the ear. . . . “I know that ; but this
was not a boa, on the ear, it was only a slap o' the face.”
Lady M. W. Montagw, Letters, June 22, 1759.
), v. [K boa:3, n. Cf. F. boarer = D.
ioison ºf G. baakson's Icel. bywa = Norw.
baksa = Sw. baza = Dan. baſce= G. baasen, boxen,
all K. E. boa:8..] I. trans. To beat; thrash;
strike with the fist or hand; especially, to strike
on the ear or side of the head: as, “they boa, her
about the ears,” North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 115.
By heaven l a little thing would make me boa, you.
Chapman, Gentleman Usher, iii. 1.
II. intrans. To fight with the fists, whether
'bare or incased in boxing-gloves; combat with
or as with the hands or fists.
A leopard is like a cat, he boares with his fore feet.
Grew.
A. box-and-tap (boks/and-tap’), n. An apparatus
for cutting the wooden screws used for carpen-
ters' benches, etc.
A large four-
sided wheelbarrow for carrying bulky loads.
box-beam (boks/bém), n. A hollow beam hav-
ing sides of plate-iron united by angle-irons.
A boxed-in bed, or a
bed that folds up in the form of a box.
(3) A hollow plunger with a boxberry (boks’ber’i), 7t. ; pl. boaſberries (-iz).
he wintergreen or checkerberry of North
America, Gaultheria procumbens.
An inclosed and cov-
ered freight-car.
1. A heavy overcoat
worn by coachmen.—2. Early in the present
century, an overcoat with a cape, approximately
of the form of the coachman's great-coat: in-
tended originally for travelers on the outside of
coaches. ** * *
I shall believe it
. . . when I shall
See the traveller for
some rich trades-
man part with his
admired boa;-coat, to S. - ---
spread it over the Qºf . . . .
defenceless shoul- Yº ***
ders of the poor wo-
man, etc.
Ilamb, Modern
[Gallantry.
a .4 . . .
Box-coil with return bends.
koil), n. A steam-heating apparatus consist-
ing of a series of straight tubes connected by




box-coil
return bends, arranged in the form of a paral-
lelopipedon.
box-crab (boks'krab), n. The popular name
of a crab of the genus Calappa: so called from
its resemblance when at rest to a box. See cut
under Calappa.
box-day (boks"dā), n. In the Scottish law-
Courts, a day appointed by the judges during
the vacations on which pleadings or any papers
ordered by the court have to be lodged. O
boaxing-day. -
box-drain (boks'drān), n. An underground
drain regularly built with upright sides and
a flat stone or brick cover, so that the section
has the º of a square box.
boxent (bok'sn), a. [K ME. boa:en, replacin
AS. biaſen for *byaen for “bowen, K boa, (see bowl
+ -en.] 1. Made of boxwood; as, “boºen haut-
boy,” Gay, Prol. to Shep. Week.-2. Resem-
bling box.
Her faded cheeks are chang'd to boazen hue. Dryden.
boxerl (bok'sér), n. [K box2 + -erl.] One whose
#occupation is to pack or put up things in boxes.
boxer2 (bok'sér), n. [K boa:3 + -erl.] One who
fights with his fists; a pugilist.
Boxer shrapnel. See shrapnel.
box-fish (boks’ fish), n. A name of sundry plec-
tognath fishes of the suborder Gymnodontes and
family Tetrodontidae. [Rare.]
box-frame (boks’främ), n. The inclosed space
inside a window-casing in which the balance-
weights are hung.
box-girder (boks’gér"dēr), n. In mech., a kind
of 'girder resembling a box, made of boiler-
plates fastened together by angle-irons riveted
to the top and bottom or side plates. Such
girders are much used for spans of from 30 to 60 feet, on
account of their elasticity and power of resisting impact.
boxhaul (bokshāl), v. t. Naut, to veer (a ship)
round on her heel when it is impracticable to
tack. This is effected by putting the helm a-lee, bracing
the head-yards flat aback, squaring the after-yards, taking
in the drivers, and hauling the head-sheets to windward.
When the vessel begins to gather sternway the helm is
shifted and the sails trimmed. Smyth.
box-hook (boks/hik), n. 1. A hand-tool resem-
bling a cotton-hook, used in handling heavy
freight.—2. A cant-hook used in pressing
down the covers of boxes so that they can be
nailed or screwed.—3. Gripping-irons used in
hoisting heavy boxes or bales.
boxiana (bok-Si-an’ā or -ă'nā), m.pl. [A feigned
Latin form, K boa:3 + -i-ana : see anal, -ama.]
The annals of prize-fighting; the literature of,
*or gossip or anecdotes concerning, pugilism.
boxingl (bok'sing), n. IK boa 2 + -ingl.] 1.
Nawt., a square piece of dry hard wood used
in connecting the frame-timbers of a ship.–2.
One of the cases on each side of a window into
which the inside shutters are folded.—3. pl.
The sides of a window-frame where the weights
hang.—4. pl. Among millers, coarse flour sepa-
rated in the process of bolting.—5. The pro-
cess of fitting a piece of wood to receive a stion of a pipe,
tenon.—6. The giving of a box or present, as
at Christmas. See boxing-day.
boxing? (bok'sing), n. [Verbal n. of boa:3, v.]
The act or practice of fighting with the fists,
with or without boxing-gloves; sparring.
boxing-day (bok'sing-dà), n. 1. In England,
the first week-day after Christmas, when Christ-
mas boxes or presents are given to one's em-
§. to postmen, etc.—3. in the Scottish
aw-courts, same as boa:-day. «
boxing-glove (bok'sing-gluv), m. A padded
glove used in Sparring.
boxing-machine (bok sing-ma-shën"), n. A
649
box-metal (boks'met/al), n. A brass, bronze,
or antifriction alloy used for the journal-boxes
of axles or shafting.
box-money (boks/mun/i), n. At hazard, money
#. to the person who furnishes the box and
1C0.
box-office (boks/of%is), n. The office in a thea-
ter in which tickets are sold.
box-packing (boks/pak'ing), n., Cotton-waste
or similar material, saturated with a lubricant,
for packing the journal-box of an axle or shaft.
box-plait (boks/plat), n. A double fold or plait,
. on a shirt-bosom or in the skirt of a woman’s
€SS,
box-plaiting (boks-pla/ting), n. 1. A method
of folding cloth alternately in opposite direc-
tions, so as to form a kind of double plait or
fold on each side.—2. The plaits formed in this
ICl2]Cl][162I’.
box-seat (boks'sét), n. A seat in a theater-
box, or on the box of a coach.
box-set (boks'set), n. In a theater, a scene
which is boxed in with walls and ceiling.
box-setter (boks'set’ér), n. An apparatus for
fitting axle-boxes to the hubs of wheels.
box-slater (boks'slå"tēr), n. An isopod crusta-
cean of the family Idoteidae. H. A. Nicholson.
box-slip (boks/slip), n. A slip of boxwood in-
laid in the beechwood of which molding, tongu-
ing, and grooving planes are made, to form an
edge or wearing part.
box-snuffers (boks'snuf'érz), m. pl. Snuffers
having a receptacle for the burnt wick cut off.
box-stall (boks'stál), m. A roomy inclosed stall
in which horses or cattle can be kept without
tying.
box-strap (boks'strap), n. In mach. and build-
ing, a flat bar with right-angled bends, used to
× confine a rectangular bar or projection.
loox-thorn (boks/thērn), m. A name given to
plants of the genus Lycium, more particularly
L. barbarum.
box-tortoise (boks’tór’tis), m. A tortoise with
a hinged plastron which can be so closely ap-
#. to the edge of the carapace, when the
ead, tail, and limbs have been drawn in, that
the animal is practically boxed up in the shell;
a tortoise of the family Cistudinidae. Generally
called boa:-turtle in the United States.
box-trap (boks' trap), m. 1. A contrivance for-
merly used in firing military mines, consisting
of a rectangular box placed vertically in com-
munication with the mine. The upper end was
closed, and a few inches below the top was a sliding shelf
upon which was placed a piece of ignited punk. The
mine was fired by withdrawing the shelf by means of a
long cord, and allowing the lighted punk to fall upon the
powder-train below.
2. A trap in the form of a box, used for cap-
turing small animals.
box-turtle (boks’tér’tl), m. The common name
in the United States of the box-tortoise.
box-valve (boks’valy), n. A box-shaped por-
t in which a Valve is place.
oxwood (boks/wild), n. [K box1 + wood1.j
1. The fine hard-grained timber of the box,
much used by wood-engravers and in the man-
ufacture of musical and mathematical instru-
ments, tool-handles, etc. The largest supplies come
from the Levant. The wood is very free from gritty
matter, and on that account its sawdust is much used for
cleaning jewelry and for other purposes. See Bwatus.
2. The name given to several trees which
have hard, compact wood, taking a fine polish:
in the United States to Cornus florida, and in
the West Indies to Schaefferia frutescens, Vitea,
wmbrosa, and Tecoma pentaphylla. Some spe-
cies of Eucalyptus and of Tristania are so called
machine used for boring out the boxes of the Ain Australia.
hubs of car-wheels.
boxing-match (bok'sing-mach), n. A contest
at boxing; a pugilistic encounter; a prize-fight.
boxing-night (bok'sing-nit), m. In England,
the first week-night after Christmas; the night
of boxing-day.
boxing-off (bok'sing-öf'), m, Nawt., the act of
forcing the ship's head off the wind by bracing
the head-yards aback.
box-iron (boks (i" ērn), n. A smoothing-iron
containing an inclosed space for live coals to
keep it hot. -
box-keeper (boks'ké'për), n. An attendant at
the boxes of a theater.
box-key (boks'kē), n. A socket-key for turn-
ing large nuts. -
box-lobby (boks"lob’i), n. In a theater, the
lobby leading to the boxes.
box-lock (boks’lok), n. A door-lock designed
to be fastened to the surface of the door.
boyl (boi), m. [KME. boy, boye, boi ; of obscure
origin, prob. LG. : cf. E. Fries. boi, boy, a young
man; not easily connected with MLG. LG.
bove, a boy, a knave, = MD. boef, a boy, D.
boef, a knave, = OHG. *bwobo (only as a proper
name, Buobo), M.H.G. buobe, G. bube, dial. bub,
bua, a boy, a knave, = Icel. bāfi = Sw. bof, a
knave. Cf. Icel. Bū, Dam. Boye, a proper name.]
1. A male child, from birth to full growth,
but especially from the end of infancy to the
beginning of youth: also applied to a young
man, implying immaturity, want of vigor or
judgment, etc.
Speak thou, boy;
Perhaps thy childishness will move him more
Than can our reasons. Shak., Cor., v. 3.
Men of worth and parts will not easily admit the famil-
iarity of boys, who yet need the care of a tutor. Locke.
2. In familiar or playful use (usually in the
plural), a grown man regarded as one of the
boyl (boi), v. t.
boy2 (boi), n.
boyar (boi'ār), n.
boyard (boi'ārd), m.
boyau (bwo-yô’), º;
boy-blindt (boiſ blind), a.
I
boycott (boi’kot), v. t.
boycott
younger members of a family, as an intimate
friend or associate, or as having in any respect
a boyish relation or character. &
Then, to sea, boys. Shak., Tempest, ii. 2.
We are Roman boys all, and boys of mettle.
º Fletcher, Bonduca, ii. 4.
Specifically, in the United States—(a) In the South, es-
pecially before the abolition of slavery, a negro man. (b)
An unscrupulous local politician, especially in a large
city; one of the managers or subordinates of the “ma-
chine” of a party in local politics and elections: as, a
ticket not acceptable to the boys.
3. A young Servant; a page: as, “boys, grooms,
and lackeys,” Shak, Hen. VIII., v. 2. Hence in
compound words sometimes applied to grown men with-
out any idea of youth or contempt: as, a potboy. ...
4. [Supposed by some to be “a corruption of
Hind. bhaiee, a servant”; but the Hind. word,
prop. bhāi, means ‘brother,’ and boy in this
use is merely the E. word. Čf. boy?..] In India.
and the treaty-ports of China and Japan, etc.,
a native male servant, especially a personal
servant; a butler or waiter, house-boy, office-
boy, etc., as distinguished from a coolie or
porter: in common use among foreigners.—
Boy-bishop, a name sometimes given to St. Nicholas,
the patron of scholars, but more particularly of school-
boys, from the fact that he was remarkable for very early
piety; also, a name given, according to a very ancient
custom, which was abolished in the reign of Henry VIII.,
to a boy chosen from the cathedral choir on St. Nicholas's
day (December 6th) as a mock bishop. The boy enjoyed
episcopal honors till Innocents' Day (December 28th), and
the rest of the choir were his prebends.
In those bygone times all little boys either sang, or served,
about the altar, at church ; and the first thing they did
upon the eve of their patron's festival was to elect from
among themselves, in every parish church, cathedral, and
nobleman's chapel, a bishop and his officials, or, as they
were then called, “a Nicholas and his clerks.” This boy-
bishop and his ministers afterwards sang the first vespers
of their saint; and, in the evening, arrayed in their ap-
propriate vestments, walked all about the parish.
Iłock, Church of our Fathers, III. ii. 215.
Old boy, a familiar name for the devil.
They used to have witch Sabba' days and witch sacra-
ments, and sell their souls to the old boy.
Mrs. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 194.
Roaring boys. See roaring.—Yellow-boys, gold coins;
guineas, eagles, napoleons, etc. [Slang.]
[K boy1, n.]. 1+. To treat as a
boy, or as something belonging to or befitting
a boy.
My credit's murder'd,
Baffled, and boy'd.
Beau. and Fl., Knight of Malta, ii. 3.
2. To act or represent in the manner of a boy:
in allusion to the acting by boys of women’s
parts on the stage. [Rare.]
I shall see
Some Squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness.
Shak., A. and C., v. 2.
[Anglo-Ind., also written boyee,
bhoyee, boee, bhoee, repr. Hind... bhoj, K Telugu
boſſ, prop. a man of the fisherman caste, whose
usual occupation is the carrying of litters and
palankins, or, as in Madras, domestic service.]
In India, as far north as the Nerbudda river, a
palankin-bearer.
Glossary.
Yule and Burmell, Anglo-Ind.
[K Russ. boyarimit, pl. boyare,
formerly bolyarinić = Bulg. bolerin = Serv. bol-
gyar = Pol. bojar (> Turk. boyar = Hung. bojdir
= Lith. bajoras = MGr. Boi%66t, Božtáðal, etc.), K
OBulg. bolyarinii, appar. Kboliy, great, illustri-
ous.] A personal title given to the highest class
of Russian officials previous to the reign of Peter
the Great. The title conferred a rank in the state, but
brought no special duties with it. There was, however, a
council of boyars, and it was customary to add to pub-
lic papers, “The boyars have approved of it.” The title
gradually died out in the reign of Peter the Great, as it
was no longer newly conferred. (Schuyler, Peter the
Great.) The term in popular usage canne to signify the
higher aristocracy. It still lingers in Rumania, where the
popular name for the conservatives is the boyar party.
Same as boyar.
pl. boyanta (-yoz'). [F.,
K OF. boel, a gut, X E. bowel ; see bowel and
bayou..] In fort., a ditch covered with a para-
pet, Serving as a means of communication be-
tween two trenches, especially between the
first and third parallels. Also called a 2igzag
or an approach.
Blind as a boy;
undiscerning: as, “so boy-blind and foolish,”
Fletcher (and another), Love's Pilgrimage, iii. 2.
[Rare.
[From the name of the
first prominent victim of the system, Captain
Boycott, a farmer at Lough Mask, Connemara,
and the agent of Lord Erne, an Irish land-
lord.] To combine (a) in refusing to work for,
buy from, sell to, give assistance to, or havé
any kind of dealings with, and (b) in prevent-
ing others from working for, buying from, sell-
boycott
ing to, assisting, or having any kind of deal-
ings with (a person or company), on account
of political or other differences, or of disagree-
ments in business matters, as a means of in-
flicting punishment, or of coercing or intimi-
dating. The word was introduced in Ireland in 1880,
and soon became (like the practice) common throughout
the English-speaking world, and was adopted by the news-
papers in nearly every European language.
boycott (boi’kot), n. TK boycott, v.] An or-
ganized attempt to coerce a person or party
into compliance with some demand, by com-
bining to abstain, and compel others to abstain,
from having any business or social relations
With him or it; an organized persecution of a
person or company, as a means of coercion or
intimidation, or of retaliation for some act, or
refusal to act in a particular way.
boycottee (boi-kot-é"), n., [K boycott + -eel.]
One who is boycotted. [IRare.]
boycotter (boi’kot-ér), m. [K boycott -- -erl.]
One who boycotts; one who takes part in the
organized persecution called a boycott.
boycotting (boi’kot-ing), n. . [Verbal n, of boy-
cott, v.] The act or practice of subjecting an
obnoxious person or company to the organized
persecution called a boycott. See boycott, v.
Boycotting originally implied the organized persecution
of an individual by an entire community; as transplanted
to this country [United States] it implies the persecution
of an individual by organized forces, and it is a phrase
which at the present time is much in the mouths of those
who call themselves workingmen.
Phila. Record, No. 4529, p. 2.
Boycotting was not only used to punish evicting land-
lords and agents, tenants guilty of paying rent, and trades-
men who ventured to hold dealings with those against
Whom the [Land] League had pronounced its anathema;
but the League was now strong enough to use this means
as an instrument of extending its organization and filling
its coffers. Shopkeepers who refused to join and subscribe
received reason to believe that they would be deprived of
their custom ; recalcitrant farmers found themselves with-
out a market for their crops and cattle.
Annual Register, 1880.
boydekint, m. An obsolete form of bodkin1.
boyer (boiſér), m. [Formerly also bowyer; = F.
boyer, K Flem. boeyer = D. boeijer, a vessel used
to lay buoys, K Flem. boey = D. boei, a buoy: see
buoy.] A Flemish sloop with a raised work or
castle at each end.
boyeryt, m. [K boy1 + -ery.] Boyhood. North.
boyhood (boiºhúd), n. [Öoyl-Fihoodj i. The
state of being a boy or of immature age; the
time of life during which one is a boy.
Look at him in his boyhood. Swift.
Turning to mirth all things of earth
As only boyhood can. Hood, Eugene Aram.
2. Boyish feeling; light-heartedness. [Rare.]
—3. Boys collectively.
boyish (boi’ish), a. [K boy1 + -ish 1.] Belong-
ing to a boy; pertaining to boyhood; in a dis-
araging sense, childish, trifling, puerile: as,
“a boyish odd conceit,” J. Baillie.
I ran it through, even from my boyish days,
To the very moment that he bade me tell it.
Shale., Othello, i. 3.
See youthful.
In a boyish manner.
The quality of
=Syn. Juvenile, Puerile, etc.
boyishly (boi’ish-li), adv.
looyishness (boi’ish-nes), m.
being boyish.
boyism (boi'izm), m. [K boy1 + -ism.] 1. The
state of being a boy; boyishness.
The boyismn of the brothers . . . is to be taken into ac-
count. T. Warton, Notes on Milton's Smaller Poems.
2. Something characteristic of a boy; pueril-
ity.
% thousand such boyisms, which Chaucer rejected as be-
low the dignity of the subject. Dryden, Preface to Fables.
[Rare in both uses.]
Boyle's law. See law.
boyn (boin), m. [Sc., also spelled boin, boyen,
bowyne; perhaps KOF. buion, extended form o
buie, a vessel for water or wine, X prob. Sc.
bowie, q.v.] 1. A washing-tub. Galt.—2. A
flat, broad-bottomed vessel, into which milk is
emptied from the pail.
Also called bime.
boy-queller (boi’kwel”ér), n. One who quells
or conquers boys; one who is able to cope only
with boys. [Rare.]
Where is this Hector ?
Come, come, thou boy-queller, show thy face.
Shale., T. and C., v. 5.
|boyshipf (boi'ship), n. [K boy1 + -ship.] Boy-
hood. Beaumont.
boy's-love (boiz'luv), n. A name of the south-
ernwood, Artemisia Abrotanum, from an oint-
ment made with its ashes used by young men
to promote the growth of a beard.
boy's-play (boiz' play, n. Childish amusement;
anything free from risk or severe labor; any-
f bracae (brā’sé),
650
brace
thing easy or trifling, as opposed to the earnest braccae (brak'sé), n. See brace.
business or hard work of a man.
This is no boy'8-play. Fletcher, Bonduca, ii. 3.
boyuna (bö-yö'nā), n. [Tupi boi wºna : carried
by the Portuguese from Brazil to Ceylon. N.
B. D.] 1. A large serpent of South America,
black and slender, having an intolerable smell.
–2. A harmless snake common in Ceylon.
The Boywna of Ceylon is equally a favourite *} the
natives. Goldsm., Nat, Hist., IL. III. iii. 429. N. E. D.
boza (bö'zā), n. [Also written bosa, bouza,
bousa, boozah, boozeh, etc., F. bouza, G. busa,
etc., Russ. Serv. etc. buza, K. Ar."bilee, Pers. biza,
Hind, būzā, bozā, Turk. boea, a thick white fer-
mented drink made from millet.] 1. A popu-
lar Egyptian drink, made by boiling millet-seed
in water and fermenting the infusion, adding
afterward certain astringent substances.—2.
An inebriating mixture of darnel-meal, hemp-
seed, and water.—3. A preparation of honey
and tamarinds.
bozon (bö’zqn), n. In her., same as bird-bolt1.
Bp. An abbreviation of bishop.
Br. In chem., the symbol of bromine.
Brabançon (bra-boil-sāīā’), n. [F., man of Bra-
bant, a province of Belgium.] Same as Bra-
banter.
Brabançonne (bra-boil-son'), m. [F., KBrabant.]
The popular patriotic song of the Belgians since
1830, when they threw off Dutch rule. The words
were composed by a French actor named Jenneval, then at
Brussels. Each verse ends with a varied refrain relating
to the substitution of the tree of liberty for the orange, in
allusion to the sovereign house of Orange, then ruling the
Netherlands.
Brabanter (bra-ban’tér), n. [K Brabant + -erl.
See Brabançon.] One of a class of mercenary
soldiers and bandits from the old duchy of Bra-
bant, who figured in the Anglo-French wars of
the eleventh and thirteenth centuries.
Brabantine (bra-ban’tin), a, [K Brabant +
–ine1.] Pertaining to Brabant, formerly a
duchy, now partly comprised in the provinces
of North Brabant and Brabant, belonging re-
spectively to the Netherlands and Belgium.
brabble (brab’1), v. i.; pret. and pp. brabbled,
ppr. brabbling. [K D. brabbelen, confound,
stammer. Cf. blabberl and babble.] To Wran-
gle; dispute or quarrel noisily.
He held me with brabbling till the clock strook, and then
for the breach of a minute he refused my money.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Lond. and Eng.
Melantius, thou art welcome, and my love
Is with thee still: but this is not a place
To brabble in.—Calianax, join hands.
Beau. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, i. 2.
brabble (brab’1), n. [K brabble, v.] A broil;
a clamorous contest; a Wrangle.
This petty brabble will undo us all.
Shak., Tit. And..., ii. 1.
brabblement (brab’l-ment), m. [K brabble +
-ment.] A clamorous contest; a brabble.
brabbler (brab’lér), n. [K brabble, v., + -erl.
Cf. D. brabbelaar, stammerer.] A clamorous,
noisy, quarrelsome fellow.
We hold our time too precious to be spent
With such a 'brabbler. Shak., K. John, v. 2.
brabbling (brab'ling), p. a. [Ppr. of brab-
ble, v.] Clamorous; wrangling; quarrelsome;
noisy.
He gave notice to his government that commerce would
have no security in Antwerp “in those brabbling times.”
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 18.
brabblingly: (brab/ling-li), adv. In a brab-
Gº
bling manner.
Neither bitterly nor
brabblingly.
Bp. Jewell, Def. of Apol.
[for Ch. of Eng., p. 44.
7?.
pl. [L. : see breech,
breeches.] In antiq.,
a garment equiv-
alent to the mod-
ern trousers. It was
made either loose or
close-fitting, and its use
was characteristic of the
Gauls and of Oriental
peoples. It was not worn
by the Greeks, nor by the
IRomans before the end of
the republic. After the
first century A. D., how-
ever, it came into use
among the Romans, es-
pecially in the military
forces stationed in in-
clement climates ; and
toward the close of the
empire it was very gen-
erally adopted, though never in much favor within the
walls of Rome. Also improperly spelled braccoe,
Bracae.—Statue of Paris, Vatican
Museum.
braccate (brak’āt), a.
bracciale (brak-si-ā'-
braccio (bråt' chió), n.
kyard at Milan.
bracel (brås), n. [KME. brace, KOF. brace, brase,
[K L. “braccatus, prop.
bracatus, K. bracaº, pl., breeches: see breech.]
In ornith... having the
tarsi feathered; 3.V-
ing the feet furnished
with feathers to the
bases of the toes or
of the claws.
lé; It, pron, bråt-
chià’le), m.; pl. brac-
ciali (-li). [It., a bras-
sard or chevron, also
as in def., K. L. brac-
chiale, an armlet, bracelet, etc., K bracchium (>
It. braccio), arm.] A projecting bracket of iron
Braccate.— Foot of Snowy Owl.
or bronze, having a socket and ring for hold-
ing a flagstaff, torch, or the like, and sometimes
a large ring. These brackets are affixed to Italian pal-
aces of the time of the Renaissance, and are often of great
richness of design, especially at Sienna and Florence.
[It., K. L. bracchium,
arm: see bracel.] A measure of length used in
Italy, varying from half a yard at Lodi to a
See brass2.
brasse, brache, the two arms extended, an arm-
ful, a fathom, pair, F. brasse = Pr: brassa =
Sp. braza = Pg. braça, a fathom, K. L. brachia,
pl. of brachium, bracchium, arm, prob. K. Gr. 3pa-
Žíov, arm; cf. Ir, and Gael. brac = W. braich
= Bret. breach, the arm. From the L. singular
bracchium comes OF. bras, braz, F. bras = Sp.
brazo = Pg. braço = It. braccio, arm. Hence
bracelet and embrace.] 1. A prop or support;
specifically, in arch., a piece of timber placed
near and across the angles in the frame of a
building in order to strengthen it. When used
to support a rafter it is called a strut.—2.
That which holds two or more things firmly
together; a cincture or bandage.—3. A pair;
a couple: as, a brace of ducks: used of persons
only with a shade of contempt or colloquially.
But you, my brace of lords, were I so minded,
I here could pluck his highness' frown upon you.
Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
Will he have a brace,
Or but one partridge?
Fletcher (and another), Love's Pilgrimage, i. 1.
The two muskets I loaded with a brace of slugs each.
Defoe, Robinson Crusoe.
4. A thick strap by which a carriage-body is
suspended from C-springs. E. H. Knight.— 5.
In printing, a vertical double-curved line, used
to connect two or more lines: thus, § % Or
two or more staves in music.— 6. A leather
band placed about the cords of a drum and
sliding upon them: used to raise or lower the
tone by increasing or lessening the tension of
the cords: as, “the braces of the war drum,”
Derham, Phys. Theol.—7. pl. Straps passing
over the shoulders to sustain the trousers; sus-
penders.-8. A device for supporting a weak
|back, curved shoulders, etc.—9. Naut. : (a)
One of the ropes fastened to the yards of a
ship, one to each yard-arm, which, reaching to
the deck, enable the yards to be swung about
horizontally. They also help the yards to sup-
ort the strain caused by the wind on the sails.
(b) pl. Straps of brass or metal castings fas-
tened on the stern-post, to receive the pintles
by which the rudder is hung.—10. A defense
or protection for the arm; specifically, one
used in archery. Same as bracer, 2.
“It hath been a shiel
"Twixt me and death”: and pointed to this brace.
Shale., Pericles, ii. 1.
11+. State of defense.
For that it [Cyprus] stands not in such warlike brace,
But altogether lacks the abilities
That Rhodes is dress'd in. Shak., Othello, i. 3.
12. The state of being braced; tension; tight-
Il GSS,
The laxness of the tympanum when it has lost its brace
or tension. Holder.
13+. An arm (of the sea).
He schal so passe the wature, that ys cleped the brace of
Seint George [ML. Brachium S. Georgii), that is an arm
of the Sea. Mawmdeville, p. 126.
14. A curved instrument of iron or wood for
holding and turning boring-tools, etc.; a bit-
stock. There are various forms of braces, the most com-
mon being the carpenters' brace, bit-brace, bit-stock, or
ñana-brace, which is a tool for turning a 'boring-bit or
auger. It consists of a crank-formed shaft, with a metal
socket called the pad at one extremity, and on the other
a swiveled head (or cushion or shield), by which the boring-


- . . . . brace d
tool or bit, fixed in the pad, is pressed forward by the
workman. See angle-brace Ö), and cut under bit-8tock.
15. A wooden rod, with spiked
5. ends used to support scenery in a
theater.—Brace bit. Seebiti.-French
brace, an angle-brace (which flee).--
Geared brace, a boring-tool the bit or
iſitº which is turned by a hand-crank
and bevel-gear.— Principal , brace, in
building, a brace immediately under
the principal rafters, or parallel to them,
and in a state of compression. It serves
to assist the principals in supporting the
roof-timbers. Swift.—Ratchet-brace, a
carpenters' brace in which, by means of
a ratchet, a reciprocating motion of the
handle is converted into a rotary motion
of the bit.—Wind-brace, a diagonal brace
to tie the rafters of a roof together and pre-
Hand-brace.
vent the roof from racking. In the best examples of
medieval roofs the wind-braces are arched, and run from
the principal rafters to the purlins. Encyc. Brit. = Syn, 3.
Cowple, etc. See pair.
brace1 (brås), v. t. ; pret, and pp. braced, #.
bracing. [K ME. bracen, brace, embrace, KQF.
bracer, bracier, brasser, K brace, embrace, - Pr:
brassar = It. bracciare, brace; from the noun.]
1+. To clasp or grasp; embrace; hold firmly.
Swet frende, I fele mortal dethe me brace,
Neuer After thys comforth toº
Off surgery-crafte_ne with medicine,
i
For stuffed I am ful of uenyme,
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1446.
A sturdy lance in his º hand he braced.
airfaac, tr. of Tasso, xi. 75.
2. To bind or tie closely; fit or secure by ties;
bandage; Strap.
The women of China, by bracing and binding them,
from their infancy, have very little feet. Locke.
They braced my aunt against a board,
To make her straight and tall.
O. W. Holmes, My Aunt.
3. To string or bend (a bow) by putting the
eye of the string in the upper nock preparatory
to shooting.—4. To make tense; strain up; in-
crease the tension, tone, or vigor of; strength-
en: used both literally and figuratively: as, to
brace the nerves.
The tympanum is not capable of tension that way, in
such a manner as a drum is braced.
Holder, Elements of Speech.
He dramk—’twas needful his poor nerves to brace.
Crabbe, The Borough.
Strong affection braced the feeble mind of the princess.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ix.
5. To fix in the position of a brace; hold firm-
ly in place: used reflexively: as, to brace one's
self against a post or a crowd.—6. To furnish
with, or support or prop by, braces: as, to brace
a building or a falling wall.—7. Naut, to swing
or turn around (the yards of a ship) by means
of the braces.
We caught the southeast trades, and ran before them
for nearly three weeks, without so much as altering a sail
or bracing a yard. R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 53.
8. In writing and printing, to unite or connect
|by a brace, as two or more lines, staves of
music, etc.—To brace aback. See aback.--To brace
about, to brace (the yards of a ship) in a contrary direc-
tion.—To brace fortht, to press forth.
The prince of planetis that proudely is pight
Sall brace furth his bemes that oure belde blithes.
York Plays, p. 123.
To brace in (mawt.), to slack the lee braces and haul in
the weather ones.—TO brace Sharp (mawt.), to cause the
yards to have the smallest possible angle with the keel.—
To brace Fº (a) Nawt., to lay the yards more fore-and-
aft, so that the ship will sail closer to the wind. (b) To
increase the tension, tone, or vigor of ; often used intran-
sitively with the object understood.
Every nerve in his frame was braced wip for a spring.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 316.
brace2+ (brås), m. [Origin obscure.] In min-
$ng, the flooring around the mouth of a shaft.
[Cornwall.]
braced (bräst), p. a. 1. In her., interlaced or
linked together: said of bearings so arranged.
Also brazed.—2. In
entom., attached by
the caudal extremi-
ty and supported in
an upright or ob-
lique position by a
silken thread cross-
ing the thorax, and
fastened to the sup-
porting surface: said
of the chrysalis of a butterfly. Also
called girt or bound.—Braced inter-
laced, in her., same as braced, 1.
brace-drill (brås' dril), n. A drill
shaped like a carpenters' brace,
used for boring metals. In one form a feed-screw
and back-center, the latter abutting against some rigid
§ or part, are substituted for the hand-plate or breast-
plate.
Three Chevrons
Braced.
bracelet (brāš'let), n.
=l bracht, bracheł (brach or brak), m.
Tº:
... . .
651
brace-head (brås' hed), n. In rock-boring, a large
box, key, or wrench, with long levers or handles,
used in turning a boring-tool.
brace-key (brås'ké), n. In mining, a tiller con-
sisting of two iron handles screwed together in
opposite ways, so as to clip between them the
rods used in deep borings. When the handles are
screwed onfirmly they form two levers for turning the rods
as required, the top length of rod being furnished with a
swivel. W. Morgan, Manual of Mining Tools, p. 162.
[K F. bracelet, dim. of
OF. bracel, brachel, an armlet or defense for the
arm, KML. brachile, K.L. bracchiale, an armlet, K
bracchium, the arm: see brace1, n.] 1. An or-
namental band, ring, or clasped chain for the
F.
§
;
É
|
5.
i.
§
:
s
:
wrist, now worn mostly by women. Bracelets
were among the earliest personal ornaments, and are seen
in rich and varied forms in ancient Egyptian and Assyrian
sculptures. They have been worn almost universally,
from the earliest times to the present day, by both savage
and civilized peoples. See armlet, armilla, and bangle2.
I decked thee also with ornaments, and I put bracelets
upon thy hands, and a chain on thy neck. Ezek. xvi. 11.
Both his hands were cut off, being known to have worn
bracelets of gold about his wrists. Sir J. Hayward.
2. Humorously, a shackle for the wrist; a
handcuff.
There he shall keep close,
Till I provide him files and food; for yet
His iron bracelets are not off.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, ii. 6.
3. A piece of armor, whether the lower part of
the brassart or the wrist-piece of the gauntlet
(which see).
Armed with back and breast, head piece and bracelets.
Scott, Legend of Montrose, ii.
4. In palmistry, a mark across the inside of the
wrist, single, double, or triple.
brace-mold (brås'möld), n. In arch., a mold-
ing formed by the union of two ogees, and in
section resembling the brace used in printing.
Sometimes a small bead is inserted between
the Ogees.
brace-pendant (brås' pen"dant),. M. Naut, a
length of rope or chain into which the brace-
block is spliced.
bracer (brā’sér), m. [K brace, v., + -erl; in sense
2, KME. bracer, brasere, KOF. bras, the arm: see
brace1, n.] 1. One who or that which braces,
binds, or makes firm; a band or bandage:–2.
In archery, a wrist-guard worn over the sleeve
on the left arm as a protection against the fric-
tion or the catching of the bowstring. It is com-
monly of leather, but sometimes of metal, and was for-
merly even of ivory, and frequently a decorative object.
The glove is sometimes made to serve as a bracer. See
cut under bowman 1.
|Upon his arm he bar a gay bracer,
And by his side a swerd and a bokeler.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., l. 111.
A bracer serueth for two causes, one to saue his arme
from the strype of the strynge, and his doublet from
wearynge, and the other is, that the strynge glydynge
sharpelye and quicklye of the bracer, may make the
sharper shoote. Ascham, Toxophilus.
3. That which braces or stimulates the nerves;
a tonic; specifically, a drink taken early in the
morning. [Colloq.]
brace-stake (brås'stäk), m.
for by braces of dogs instead of individua
in field-trials.
[In the
rom. brach also, and properly, written bratch
{. bratch, bratchet); K ME. brache, K OF.
brache, F. braque = Pr. brac = Sp. Pg. braco =
It. bracco (cf. M.L. braccus, bracco), K OHG.
braccho, M.H.G. G. bracke = D. brak = Sw, brack,
a dog that hunts by the scent; origin unknown.
The mod. pron. brak follows mod. F. braque
and requires the spelling *brack (or, as
braque).] A bitch of the hound kind; specifi-
cally, a species of scenting hound; a pointer or
Setter.
A sow pig by chance sucked a brach, and when she was
grown would miraculously hunt all manner of deer.
Burton, Anat, of Mel.
Brachelytra (bra–kel’i-trä), m. pl.
brachett, n.
brachia
brachiai (brā’ki- or brak’i-al), a. and m. [K L.
*brachialis, bracchialis, K brachium (prop. brac.
brachialgia (brak-i-al'ji-á), n.
Brachiata (brak-i-ā’tā), m. pl.
brachiate
[NL., K. Gr.
Épazig, short, + šAvrpov, a sheath, shard: See
elytrom..] In Latreille's system of classifica-
tion, a division of Coleoptera including the
rove-beetles, or Staphylinidae, which have the
elytra short, not nearly covering the abdomen,
the antennae short, not clavate, and usually
two anal appendages. Some of these insects are
known as cocktails, from the way they have of cocking
up their tails. With the Staphylimidae the Pselaphidae
are sometimes associated under Brachelytra. These are
trimerous, with fixed abdomen and no anal appendages.
See cut under rove-beetle. Also called Brachyelytra.
brachelytrous (bra-kel’i-trus), a. [K Braché-
lytra + -ous.] Having short elytra; specifical-
ly, pertaining to the Brachelytra. Zlso brachy-
elytrous. -
See bratchet.
m. Plural of brachium.
chium), arm: see bracel, n.] I. a. 1. Belonging
to the arm, fore leg, wing, pectoral fin, or other
fore limb of a vertebrate; especially, belonging
to the upper part of such member, from the
shoulder to the elbow.—2. Of or pertaining to
the brachia of the Brachiopoda or of other ani-
mals, as the wings of pteropods, the arms of
cephalopods, the rays of crinoids, etc.—Bra-
Chial ºpºlºge: a pair of organs
characteristic of the brachiopods,
and suggesting the name of the
class Brachiopoda; they are prolon-
gations of the lateral portions of the
lips or margins of the nouth, and are
therefore also called labial appen-
dages.—Brachial artery, or hu-
meral artery, the principal artery
of the upper arm; the continuation of
the axillary artery from its exit from
the axilla to its division into radial
and ulnar arteries, which in man
occurs just below the elbow.—Bra-
chial plexus, the network or interlacing of the anterior
branches of lower cervical and upper dorsal spinal nerves,
which are distributed to the fore limb; the brachiplex.—
Brachial veins, the venæ comites, or companion veins,
of the brachial artery, which unite with each other and
with the basilic vein to form the axillary vein.
II. n. 1. In ichth., one of the series of bones
to which the rays of the pectoral fins of fishes
are attached.
The fourth or lowest of the four brachials which together
may represent the humerus, and to which the fin-rays are
attached. Mivart, Elem. Anat., p. 162
2. In human anat.: (a) The brachial artery.
(b) In the Latin form brachialis (anticus), a
muscle of the front of the upper arm, arising
from the front of the humerus and inserted into
the ulna, flexing the forearm. Also called
anticobrachialis. See cut under muscle.— 3.
One of the joints of the branches of a crinoid,
between the radials and the palmars; one of the
joints of the third order, or of a division of the
radials.
Brachial Appendages
of Rhyzzchortella zz-
icans. a, adductor
impressions; t, teeth.
brachiale (brak-i-ā’lé), m.; pl. brachialia (-li-á).
L., prop. neut. of brachialis, bracchialis: see
brachial, bracelet.] 1. In crinoids, same as bra-
chial, 3.
At the third radiale, the series bifurcates into two series
of brachialia. Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 500.
2. Eccles., a reliquary in the shape of a hand
and forearm, usually held erect with the hand
open and the fingers wearing rings.—3. pl. See
extract.
Besides their gloves, our bishops wore, on occasions,
a certain kind of loose sleeves, called brachialia, which
could be easily drawn over the alb high up almost to the
elbow, and thus hinder the cuffs of that vesture and its
beautiful apparels from being splashed when the bishop,
on Holy Saturday, baptized the new-born infants in the
font which he had just hallowed.
Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 164.
[NL., K.L. bra-
chium, bracchium, arm, H. Gr. -ažyia, Kážyev, feel
pain, Kóżyog, pain..] Neuralgia in the arm.
A stake competed brachialia, º, . Plural of braćlºgle.
S, a S b;
achialis (brak-i-ā'lis), m. [L.] See brachial,
., 2 (b).
[NL., neut. pl.
of L. brachiatus, bracchiatus: see brachiate.j
An order of crinoids, the brachiate crinoids or
crinoids proper, having five or more branching
8.This. There are two families, Encrimidae and Commatu-
lidae. This division includes all the living crinoids, as well
as many of the extinct ones, and is distinguished from the
Blastoidea and Cystoidea, all of which are extinct. Also
called Brachata.
º brachiate (brā’ki- or brak’i-āt), a. [K L. bra-
chiatus, bracchiatus, having arms: see brachial.]
1. In bot., having widely spreading branches
arranged in alternate pairs, or decussate; fur-
mished with brachia.-2. In coöl.: (a) Having
brachia of any kind; brachiferous. (b) Specifi-
cally, of or pertaining to the Brachiata.
!













brachiferous
brachiferous (bra-kif'g-rus), a. [K L. brachia,
; of brachium, bracchium, arm, H ferre = E.
ear".l., Bearing brachia: applied to the sub-
umbrellar disk of Discophora (which see).—
Brachiferous disk. See extract.
In most of the Rhizostomidae, not only do the edges of
the lips unite, but the opposite walls of the hydranth be. .
neath the umbrella are, as it were, pushed in, so as to form
four chambers, the walls of which unite, become perforated,
and thus give rise to a sub-umbrellar cavity, with a roof
formed by the umbrella, and a floor, the brachiferous disk,
Suspended by four pillars. Huailey, Anat. Invert., p. 125.
Brachina (bra-ki'nā), n, [NL., K. L. brachium,
bracchium, arm, H--inal.] A supposed larval
stage of a starfish, as an Asteracanthion: a
name given, like Bipinnaria and Brachiolaria,
under the impression that the organism was a
distinct animal.
Brachinidae (bra-kin’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Bra-
chinus + -idae.] A family of adephagous bee-
tles, typified by the genus Brachinus: now
merged in Carabidae. Also Brachinida and
Brachinides.
Brachininae (brak-i-ni"né), m. pl. [NL., K. Bra-
chimus + -ina..] The bombardier-beetles as a
subfamily of Carabidae.
Brachinus (bra-ki'nus), n. [NL., so Lamed in
reference to the shortness of the wing-cases;
S Gr. 3payúg, short.] A genus of adephagous
beetles, of the family Carabidae, sometimes giv-
ing name to a family Brachinidae. They are
the bombardier-beetles, of which B. crepitans is
an example. See cut under bombardier-beetle.
brachiocephalic (brak’i-Ö-se-fal’ik or -sef’a-
lik),.a. [K L. brachium, bracchium (Gr. 8payi-
ov), arm, H. Gr. Kepa2%, head, + -ic.] In anat.,
Cf or pertaining both to the upper arm and to
the head: as, the brachiocephalic (in nominate)
artery and veins.
Brachiolaria (brak’i-Ö-lā'ri-á), m. [NL., K. L.
brachiolum, dim. of brachium, bracchium, arm,
+ -aria. Čf. Brachina.] The larva of a star-
fish: a name given by Leuckart under the erro-
neous impression that it was a distinct animal.
See Bipinnaria.
Brachionichthyinae (brak’i-Ö-nik-thi-i’mé), m.
pl. [NL., K. Brachiomichthys + -inae.] In Gill's
classification of fishes, a subfamily of Antenna- *
Tiida, with the rostral spine or tentacle and two
robust spines developed, the second dorsal well
developed, the body oblongoclaviform, and the
pelvic bones short.
brachionichthyine (brak’i-Ö-nik’ thi-in), a. and
m. I. a. Pertaining to or having the characters
of the Brachiomichthyinae.
II. m. A fish of the subfamily Brachionich-
thyinae.
Brachionichthys (brak’i-Ö-nik’ this), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. 3paxtov, arm, -F ºffic, fish..] A genus of
fishes with pediculate pectorals, typical of the
subfamily Brachiomichthyinae.
brachionid (bra-ki’ô-nid), n. A rotifer of the
[NL., K
family Brachiomidae.
Brachionidae (braki-on’i-dé), n., pl. *
Brachionus + -idae.] A family of rotifers, in-
cluding the genera Brachionus, Anuraea, Notaeus,
and Sacculus, having a broad shield-shaped lori-
cate body and short jointed foot: in a wider
sense also called Brachionaba.
Brachionus (bra-ki’ā-nus), n. . [NL., KGr. 8pa-
2:lov, arm, shoulder: see trachium.j A genus
of rotifers, typical of the family Brachionidae or
Brachiomaea. B. urceolaris is an example. See
cut under trochal. *
brachiopod, brachiopode (braki-à-pod, -pód),
m. and a. I. M. One of the Brachiopoda.
In most Brachiopods, the oral area is narrowed to a
mere groove, and is produced on each side of the mouth
into a long spirally-coiled arm, fringed with tentacles;
whence the name of Brachiopoda, applied to the group.
Huacley, Anat. Invert., p. 397.
Age of brachiopods, the Silurian period.
# II. a. Same as brachiopodous.
Brachiopoda (brak-i-op’º-dà), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. 3paxtov, arm, + troug (Tod-) = E. foot.] A
class of mollusk-like animals distinguished by
the development of two
labial (generally called
brachial) appendages, di-
verging from either side
of the mouth. The animal is
invested in a mantle which ex-
tends laterally and forward, is
highly vascular, and secretes a
shell composed of dorsal and
ventral valves opening aborally;
it is without foot or branchiae,
respiration being effected by the
branchial mantle. By the old-
er naturalist8 the species were
, regarded as bivalve shells, or
º
W } *-,
gº
§§§
W
º
§
º
à
E
Š
#A
%
º
A typical Brachiopod (Tere-
bratzala zwº trea).
652
at least as true mollusks; but by later writers they have
been separated as representing (alone or with Polyzoa) a
peculiar branch or subkingdom Mollwscoidea, and approxi-
mated to or associated with the worms, Vermes. The class
is generally divided into two subclasses or orders, Arthro-
pomata or Clistenterata, and Lyopomata or Tretenterata.
The families of the inarticulate or lyopomatous brachio-
pods are the Lingulidae, Craniidae, and Discimidae, all of
which have living representatives. The families of the
articulate or arthropomatous brachiopods are the Terebra-
tulidae, Rhymchomellidae, Theciidae, Spiriferidae, Konincki-
midge, Pentameridae, Strophomenidae, Orthidae, and Pro-
dwctidae. The species are very numerous, nearly 4,000 hav-
ing been described; they are mostly extinct, and all marine.
They flourished especially during the Silurian period, and
Some Silurian genera, as Lingula, are still extant. See cut
under Lingwlinae. 'Many of the species are known as
lampshells. See the supplement, º
brachiopode (brak’i-Ö-pöd), m. and a. See
brachiopod.
brachiopodous (brak-i-op’º-dus), a. [As Bra-
chiopoda + -ows.] Belonging to the class Bra-
chiopoda. Also brachiopod.
brachiplex (brak’i-pleks), m. [K L. brachium,
bracchium, arm, -H NL. plexus.] The brachial
lexus of nerves. See brachial pleaus, under
rachial.
brachiplexal (brak-i-plek'sal), a. [K brachi-
plea, + -al.] Of or pertaining to the brachi-
plex. * *
brachistocephali (bra-kis-tó-sef’ a-li), n. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. 8páxiotog, superl. of 8paxig, short,
+ Repa?%, head..] Those persons or races of
men who are brachistocephalic.
brachistocephalic (bra-kis’tó-se-fal’ik or -sef’-
a-lik), a. [As brachistocephali + -ic.] In ethmol.,
having or pertaining to a head whose transverse
diameter is 85 per cent. or more of its length.
brachistochrone (bra-kis(tò krón), n., [Word
invented by John Bernoulli in 1694; K Gr.
3páytotoc, superl. of 3paxög, short, + xpóvoc,
time: see chronic..] . The curve upon which a
body moves in the least possible time from one
given point to another. According to the nature of
the forces that are supposed to act upon the body, and
the constraints to which it may be subject, the brachisto-
chrone, takes various geometrical forms, mostly spiral or
consisting of branches united by cusps, like the cycloid,
which is the brachistochrone for a body moving under a
constant force and subject to no condition except that de-
fining the brachistochrone. Until recently always spelled
brachystochrome.
brachium (brā’ki- or brak’i-um), n. ; pl. brachia
-á). . [L., prop. bracchium, the arm, X ult. E.
racel, m., q.v.] 1. The upper arm, from the
shoulder to the elbow, coinciding in extent
with the humerus; the arm proper, as distin-
guished from the antebrachium or forearm.—2.
The humerus. [Rare.]–3. An arm-like process
of the brain. See phrases below.—4. An arm-
like part of a body. Specifically—(a) In crinoids,
one of the rays or arms given off from the calyx, and to
which the pinnulae may be attached. See cut under Cri-
noidea. (b) In cephalopods, one of the long arms or ten-
tacles which bear, in the Acetabulifera, the rows of suckers.
See cut under Dibranchiata. (c) One of the subumbrellar
tentacular #. upon the brachiferous disk of a dis-
cophorous hydrozoan. See cut under Discophora.
The long tentacles which terminate each brachium [of
Cephea) are blue. IIuavley, Anat. Invert., p. 127, note.
5. In bot., an arm-like process or appendage:
applied by Bentham to the projecting processes
at the summit of the column in some orchids.
–Brachia conjunctiva, two rounded white tracts in the
brain passing forward, one, the brachiwm conjunctivum am-
terius, from the nates, and the other, the brachium conjunc-
tivum posterius, from the testis, on the outer side of the
mesencephalon. Also called brachia corporwm quadri-
geminorwin, brachia of the optic lobes.—Brachia, con-
junctoria, or copulativa, the superior peduncles of the
cerebellum.—Brachia, of the optic lobes. See brachia,
conjunctiva. – Brachium pontis, the middle peduncle of
the cerebellum, a median mass of fibrous nerve-tissue
connecting the pons Varolii with the cerebellum, over-
hung and concealed by the lateral lobe of the cerebellum.
See pontibrachium.
Brachmant, n. Same as Brahman.
brachy. Nî. brachy, & Gr. Bºrtº, short.]
An element in some words of Greek origin,
meaning short. e tº
brachycatalectic (brak-i-kat-a-lekºtik), a. and
n. [K L. brachycatalecticum, prop. brachycata-
lectum (sc. metrum, meter), K. Gr. 3paxvKatáAm-
KTov (Sc. pièrpov, meter), K 3pažūg, short, + “katá-
Żmicrog, verbal adj. of ſcata%yetv, leave off, stop;
cf. kata%micrucóg, deficient: see catalectic.] I.
a. In pros., wanting the last foot of the last
dipody: as, a brachycatalectic verse or line. This
term is properly applied only to lines measured by dipo-
dies, such as trochaics and iambics. The ordinary Eng-
lish heroic line, as, for example,
Öf măn's first dis obédiènce ànd the früit,
is an iambic trimeter brachycatalectic, as contrasted with
the corresponding acatalectic trimeter, as,
Seč hôw hè lies āt rändöm, care lèssly diffus'd.
II. m. A verse wanting the last foot of the
last dipody.
brachyelytrous ,
brachycephali, (brak-i-sef'A-li), n., pl. [NL.,
pl. of brachycephalus; see brachycephalous...] In
ethnol, those people whose cephalic index
(see cephalic) is 80 and upward, and who con-
ºny have short skulls or are brachyce-
phall0.
bºº (brak’i-se-fal’ik or -sef’a-lik),
a. [As brachycephal-ows -H, -ic..] Short-headed:
applied, in ethnol., to heads whose transversal
diameter is 80 per cent. or more of the antero-
posterior diameter; and also to races or indi-
viduals having such heads, for instance, the
Alpine type of Europe, and the Armenians:
opposed to dolichocephalic. This type is some-
times subdivided into two or three subgroups.
Also brachycephalous, brachykephalic, brachy-
kephalous.
For the extremes of these varieties [of cranial form],
Tetzius proposed the names of brachy-kephalic or short-
headed, and dolicho-kephalic or long-headed, which have
come into general use. Dawsom, Origin of World, p. 427.
Hºlygº. (brak"i-se-fal’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Brachycephalus + -idae.] A family of
oxydactyl opisthoglossate anurous batrachians.
Günther.
Hºlygº, (brak-i-sef-a-li’ nå), m. pl.
[NL., K º + -ind?..] A super- .
family group of frogs, including the families
tºº and Brachycephalidae.
brachycephalism (brak-i-sef’a-lizm), n. [K
brachycephal-ic -H -ism..] In ethnol., the quality,
state, or condition of being brachycephalic.
Also brachykephalism, brachycephaly.
brachycephalous (brak-i-sef’a-lus), a. [K NL.
brachycephalus, K. Gr. 3payvkéjažog, short-head-
ed, K. 3pažūg, short, + Keſhaftſ, head..] Same as
brachycephalic. Also written brachykephalous.
The prevailing form of the negro head is dolichocepha-
lous; that of civilized races is mesocephalous and brachy-
cephalous. Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 500.
Brachycephalus (brak-i-sef’a-lus), n. [NL.:
see brachycephalows.] The typical genus of
the family Brachycephalidae. By recent herpetolo-
Brazilian Toad (Brachycephalus ep/trºpium).
gists it is referred to the family Engystomidoe (in an en-
larged sense) or Phrymiscidae. B. ephippiwm is a small
bright-yellow Brazilian toad, with a bony plate saddled on .
the backbone, but embedded in the skin.
brachycephaly (brak-i-sef’a-li), n. [K brachy-
cephal-ic + -ly.] Same as brachycephalism.
Brachycera (bra-kisſe-rá), m. pl. [NL., neut.
pl. of brachycerus, lit. Short-horned: see bra-
chycerous.] A suborder of Diptera, including
those dipterous or two-winged flies which have
short antennae, apparently not more than three-
jointed, one- or two-jointed palpi, and larvae
developed from the egg. They are aquatic or ter.
restrial, feeding on vegetable or animal food, or parasitic,
the perfect insect feeding on the juices of plants or ani-
mals. The great majority of dipterous insects, including
all the Ordinary flies, belong to this suborder. The fam-
ilies are Variously grouped; by some they are classed as
Dichaetoe, Tetrachoetoe, and Hea:achoetoe, according to the
number of pieces composing the proboscis. Another di-
vision is into two tribes, Muscaria and Tanystomata.
brachycerous (bra-kisſe-rus), a. [K NL. bra-
chycerus, lit. short-horned, KGr. 3payúg, short, +
Képaç, horn.] In entom., having short antennae;
Specifically, of or pertaining to the Brachycera.
brachydiagonal (brak’i-di-ag'à-nal), a. and n.
[K Gr. 8pažūg, short, + diagonal.] I. a. Short
and diagonal: as, the brachydiagonal axis, the
shorter lateral axis in an orthorhombic crystal.
II. m. The shorter of the diagonals in a
rhombic prism.
brachydomatic (brak’i-dò-mat'ik), a. [K bra-
chydome + -atic2.] Pertaining to or resembling
a brachydome.
brº (brak’i-dóm), n. [K Gr. 3pažūg,
short, + dāga (Öouat-), a house, chamber.] . In
Crystal., a name given to planes in the ortho-
rhombie system which are parallel to the shorter
lateral (or brachydiagonal) axis while inter-
secting the other two axes. See domel, 5.
Brachyelytra (brak-i-el’i-trä), m. pl. Same as
JBrachellſtra.
brachyelytrous (brak-i-el’i-trus), a. Same as
brachelytrous.













brachygrapher
brachygrapher (bra-kig (ra-fér), n. . [K bra-
chygraphy -- -erl.] A writer in shorthand ; a
stenographer.
He asked the *racingº. whether he wrote the notes
of that sermon. ayton, Notes on Don Quixote, i. 8.
brachygraphy (bra-kigºra-fi), n. [= F. brachy-
graphié, K § Boaxic, short, 4. -Ypapta, KYpá peºv,
write.] The art or practice of writing in short-
hand; stenography. -
And he is to take the whole dances from the foot b
brachygraphy, and so make a memorial, if not a map of
the business. B. Jomson, Pan's Anniversary.
What have we here—the Art of Brachigraphy?
Marston and Barlested, Insatiate Countess, v.
brachykephalic, brachykephalous, etc. See
brachycephalic, brachycephalous, etc.
brachylogy (bra-kil’ā-ji), n. [= F. brachylogie,
K Gr. 8paxvAoyła, brevity in speech or writing, K
Bpayvä6)og, short in speech, K ſpazig, short, +
Aéyetv, speak.] In rhet, and gram., brevity of
diction; a concise or abridged form of expres:
sion; especially, non-repetition or omission of
a word when its repetition or use would be ne-
cessary to complete the grammatical construc-
tion: as, I do not think so now, but I have
(thought so); this is as good (as) or better than
that.
Brachymeridae (brak-i-mer’i-dé), n, pl. . [NL.,
K Brachymerus, 2, -H -idae.] A family of batra-
chians, named from the genus Brachymerus.
Günther.
Brachymerus (brak-i-mê'rus), n. DNL., K. Gr.
Bpažūg, short, + pumpóg, a thigh.] 1. In entom. :
(a) A genus of coleopterous insects, named by
Dejean in 1834. (b) A genus of hymenopterous
insects.-2. In herpet., the typical genus of
Brachymeridae. Smith, 1849.-3. A genus of
brachiopods, of the family Pentameridae. N. S.
Shaler, 1865.
Thrachymetropia (brak’i-me-trö’pi-á), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. 8payúg, short, + gérpov, measure, + &rip
(&T-), eye, sight.] Same as myopia.
brachymetropic (brak’i-me-trop'ik), a.
as myopic.
brachymetropy (brak-i-met' rú-pi), n. See bra-
chymetropia.
brachyodont (brak’i-Ö-dont), a. [K Gr. 8pazög,
short, + 6000g (böovt-) = E. tooth.] Having a
short or low crown: applied to the teeth of the
Cervidae: distinguished from hypsodont. See
extract.
The true molars of the Cervidae are brachyodont, and
those of the Bovidae hypsodont ; i. e., the teeth of the
former have comparatively short crowns, which . . . take
their place at once with the neck . . . on a level with or
a little above the alveolar border.
W. H. Flower, in Encyc. Brit., XV. 431.
Brachyoura, brachyoural, brachyouran, etc.
See Brachynira, etc.
brachypinacoid (brak-i-pin'a-koid), n. [K Gr.
Bpaying, short, + pimacoid.] In crystal., a plane
in the orthorhombic system which is parallel
to the vertical and shorter lateral (brachydiag-
onal) axes.
brachypleural (brak-i-pló'ral), a. [K Gr. 3parðg,
short, + NL. pleura +/-al.] Literally, having
short pleura: specifically said of trilobites all of
whose anterior pleura are of the same relative
length in the adult: opposed to macropleural.
The Swedish Paradoxides, like those of the typical Me-
nevian beds, and unlike those of Bohemia, are all, so far as
determined, of the Brachypleural type.
Amer. Jour. Sci., 3dser., XXXIII. 475.
Brachypodes (bra-kip’ô-déz), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. 8paxic, short, + Tofig (Toč-) = E. foot.] In
Sundevall's classification of birds, the sixt
phalanx of the cohort Cichlomorpha, including
8 families of dentirostral oscine Passeres, such
as the waxwings, orioles, swallow-flycatchers,
caterpillar-catchers, and drongo-shrikes.
Brachypodinae (brak’i-pô-di'né), m. pl. . [NL.,
K Brachypus (-pod-), 4 (d), + -inae.] A sub-
family of the family Merulidae (Swainson), com-
prising short-legged thrushes now known as
Tycnonotidae, and various other birds. [Not in
use.]
'brachypodine (bra-kip’º-din), a. and n. I.
a. Short-footed, as a thrush; specifically, of or
pertaining to the Brachypodina.
II. m. A bird of the subfamily Brachypodimaº.
brachypodous (bra-kip’º-dus), a. [As Braghy
pod-es-H -ows.] 1. In bot., having a short foot
or stalk.—2. In 206l., short-footed. See Bra-
chypus, Brachypodes: .
bºyº (brak’i-prizm), n. [KGr. 8payúc,
short, H Trpigna, a prism.] in crystal., a prism
§: an orthorhombic crystal lying between the
tunit prism and the brachypinacoid,
\
Same
653
In the topaz crystal the brachyprism and the pyramid
are the predominant elements, § with the prism.
F'ncyc. Brit., XVI. 360.
Brachypteracias (bra-kip-te-ră'si-as), n. [NL.,
K brachypterus (see brachypterous) + (Cor)acias:
See Coracias.] A remarkable genus of Mada-
#. picarian birds, of the family Coraciidae.
he type is B. leptosoma. Lafresnaye, 1834.
Hººpºº, (bra-kip-te-rā-si-i(né), m. pl.
[NL., K. Brachypteracias + -ina.] The ground-
rollers, a peculiar Madagascan subfamily of
birds, of the family Coraciidae, represented by
the genera Brachypteracias, Atelornis, and
Geobiastes.
Brachypterae (bra-kip 'te-ré), n. pl. [NL.,
fem, pl. of brachypterus: sée brachypterous.] 1.
In Cuvier's system of classification, a division of .
Palmipedes, embracing diving birds, as grebes,
loons, auks, and penguins.—2. In Sundevall's
system of classification, the fourth phalanx o
the cohort Cichlomorpha, embracing three fami-
lies of the short-winged, long-tailed wren-war-
blers of the Australian, Indian, and Ethiopian
regions.
Bºyº. (bra-kip’tº-ri), n. pl. [NL., masc.
pl. of brachypterus : see brachypterous.] In
ornith., a group of short-winged diving-birds,
as the auks, loons, and grebes; the Urinatores
or Pygopodes of some authors.
brachypterous (bra–kip (te-rus), a. [K NL.
brachypterus (> F. brachyptere), K. Gr. 3paxi-
Trepoc, short-winged, KBpaxiſ, short, + triepôv, a
wing, feather, = E. feather.] In ornith., having
short Wings; brevipennate. Specifically applied to
those water-birds, as the Brachypteri or Brachypteroe,
whose wings when folded do not reach to the root of the
tail.
Brachypus (brak’i-pus), n. [NL. (pl. brachy-
podes), K. Gr. 8pazúg, short, + Totº (Tod-) = E.
foot.] 1. In herpet., a genus of lizards. Fitz-
inger, 1826.-2. In conch., a genus of gastro-
pods.-3. In entom. : (a) A genus of beetles.
Schönherr, 1826. (b) A genus of dipterous in-
sects, of the family Dolichopodidae. Meigen,
1824.—4. In ornith. : (a) A genus of swifts.
Meyer, 1815. See Apus, Micropus, and Cypselus.
(b) A genus of thrushes and other birds, of the
subfamily Brachypodinae. Swaimson, 1824.
brachypyramid (brak-i-pir'a-mid), n. [K Gr.
Bpayúg, short, + Tvpapuig, pyramid.] In crystal.,
a pyramid in an Orthorhombic crystal lying be-
tween the zone of unit pyramids and the brachy-
domes.
Brachyrhamphus (brak-i-ram'fus), m. [NL.,
K. Gr. 3parig, short, + šáupog, bill, Snout..] A.
genus of brachypterous brachyurous tridactyl
palmiped birds, of the family Alcida, the mur-
relets, several species of which inhabit the Pa-
cific coasts of Asia and America. B. kittlitzi and
B. hypoleucus, the latter inhabiting Lower California, are
the leading species. They are small, slender-billed murres,
related to the species of Uria, or guillemots. B. marmo-
ratus is the marbled murrelet. Also Brachyramphus.
Brachyrhynchinae (brak’i-ring-ki'né), m. pl.
[NL., KIBrachyrhynchus, 1, +-inde..] A subfamily
of heteropterous insects, of the family Aradida',
typified by the genus Brachyrhynchus. They have
a very short rostrum (whence the name), thickened mar-
gins of the posterior segments of the abdomen, and the
elytra confined within the limits of the abdominal disk.
Also Brachyrhymchina.
Brachyrhynchus (brak-i-ringſkus), n. [NL.,
K Gr. Bpaſſig, short, + bi)}ºtog, a snout, beak.]
In entom., the typical genus of Brachyrhynchi-
mas. Laporte, 1833.−2. A genus of reptiles.
Fitzinger, 1843.
brachystochrone, n. Erroneous, though the
original and until recently the usual, spelling
of brachistochrome.
Brachystola (bra-kis’tó-lâ), m. [NL., K. Gr.
Bpaziº, short, + arožň, a robe, stole: see stole?..]
A genus of orthopterous insects, of the family
Lubber Grasshopper (Frachystola magºta).
(One half natural size.)
Acridiidae. B. magma is a large clumsy locust, common
on the western plains of North America, where it is known
as the lubber grasshopper. tº
Brachystoma, Brachystomata (bra-kistó-mă,
brak-i-stö’ma-tá), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. 3paziº,
short, + atóua, pl. otópata, mouth.] A division
Brachyurus
of º: dipterous insects, character-
ized by the short proboscis. It is composed of
such families as the Leptidae, Therevidae, Doll-
chopodidae, and Syrphidae. sº
brachystomatous, brachystomous (brak-i-
stó'ma-tus, bra–kis(tò-mus), a. [As Brachy-
stomata, Brachystoma, +-ous.] Having a small
or short mouth, beak, or proboscis; specifically,
of or pertaining to the Brachystomata.
Brachytarsi (brak-i-tär'si), n. # [NL., K. Gr.
8pazög, short, + Tapogg, the flat of the foot,
mod. tarsus: see tarsus.] A division of the
order Prosimiae or lemuroids, represented by
the lemurs proper.
Brachyteles (bra-kit’ e-lèz), m. [NL., K. Gr.
3pazüg, short, + tºog, end, with ref. to Ateles,
. v.] A genus of South American spider-mon-
keys, having a thumb, though a short one : Sep-
arated by Spix from Ateles: synonymous with
ICriodes (which see).
brachytypous (bra-kit’i-pus), a. [K Gr. 8paxïc,
short, + titrog, form, type.] In mineral., of a
short form.
Brachyura (brak-i-li’râ), m. pl. [NL., less cor-
rectly Brachyowra; neut. pl. of brachyurus, short-
tailed: see brachyurous.] 1. A group of short-
tailed stalk-eyed
decapodous crus-
taceans, such as
ordinary crabs:
Opposed to Mac-
rura (which see).
The short and small
tail, or abdomen, is
closely folded under
the cephalothorax,
forming the apron.
The Brachyura are
Sometimes artificial-
ly divided into four
groups, Oaſystonnata,
Oaxyrhyncha, Cyclo-
'metopa, and Cata-
Tnetopa now more
frequently into
about 16 families,
without superfami-
ly grouping.
2. In mammal.,
a group of short-
tailed bats, the
same as Embal-
lonuridae (which
Carapace of Shore-crab (Carcinutes mor-
7tas), a º brachyuran, showing the
parts of the dorsal and ventral surfaces.
Upper figure (dorsal) : Z, rostrum; o, orbit;
cs, cervical groove ; gºl, epigastric lobe;
g2, protogastric; g3, mesogastric; g-i, hy-
pogastric ; gº, urogastric; c, cl, anterior
see). ānā º cardiac lobes; J., hepatic
Also Brachy- lobe; &l, 62, & 3, epibranchial, mesobran-
O?!?”0. ial, and metabranchial lobes.
** Laº gº Lower figure (ventral): a, rostral sep-
brachyural tum ; &, antennary sternum, or epistoma;
c, suture between a and 6, d, supraciliary
lobe; e, internal suborbital lobe; /, anten-
na; g, articular cavity for ophthalmite ; J.,
same for the antennule : o, orbit; sor, sub-
hepatic region; ep, anterior pleural region.
(brak-i-ii'ral), a.
[As brachyur-ows
+ -al.] Short-
tailed : applied
to a section of the Crustacea, as the crabs, to
distinguish them from the macrurous or long-
tailed crustaceans, as the lobsters. Also spelled
brachyoural.
brachyuran (brak-i-ii'ran), n. [AS brachyur-ous
+ -an.] One of the brachyurous crustaceans.
Also brachyowran.
brachyure (brak’i-tir), m. [K NL. Brachyurus :
see brachyurous.] 1. A South American mon-
key of the genus Brachyurus, in the classifica-
tion of Spix.—2. An ant-thrush or breve of
the genus Pitta (or Brachyurus).-3. A crab or
other brachyurous crustacean.
Brachyuridae (brak-i-ii'ri-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Brachyurus, 2, + -idae.] Same as Pittidae.
[Not in use.]
brachyurous (brak-i-li’rus), a. [K NL. brachy-
wrus, short-tailed, K. Gr. 3paxi.g, short, + oipá,
tail.] 1. Short-tailed; having a short tail.
The prevalence of Macrurous before Brachyurous Po-
dophthalmia is, apparently, a fair piece of evidence in
favour of progressive modification in the same order of
Crustacea. IIuzley, Lay Sermons, p. 223.
2. Specifically, of or pertaining to the Brachy-
200°C.
Also brachyowrous.
Brachyurus (brak-i-ii’ rus), m. [NL., K. Gr.
£paxig, short, + oipá, tail.] 1. A genus of
South American monkeys, of the family Cebidae
and subfamily Pitheciinae, containing the oua-
karis or short-tailed Sakis, of which there are
three species, B., calvus, B. rubicundus, B.
ºnelancephalus;. The genus was proposed by
Spix in 1823; it is also called Owakaria.-2. A
genus of birds, the leading one of the family
Pittidae (or Brachyuridae); the breves or old-
World ant-thrushes. In this sense the word was
introduced by Thunberg in 1821; it was revived by Bona-
parte in 1850, and then used by Elliot in his
of the Pittidae, but it is now disused. monograph


bracing
bracing (brā‘sing), n. [Verbal n. of bracel, v.]
1. The act of one that braces, or the state of
|being braced.
The moral sinew of the English, indeed, must have been
strong when it admitted of such stringent bracing.
F'rowde, Hist. Eng., i.
2. In engin., a system of braces: as, the bra-
cing of a truss.
bracing (brā‘sing), p. a. [Ppr. of bracel, v.]
Having the quality of giving strength or tone;
invigorating: as, a bracing air.
To read him [Dryden] is as bracing as a northwest wind.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 79.
bracklt (brak), n. [Not found in correspond-
ing form and sense in ME. or A.S. (though agree-
ing in form with the closely related early M.E.
brac, KAS. gebraec, gebrec = OS. gibrak = MLG.
brak = OHG. gabreh, M.H.G. gebrech = Icel. brak
= SW. brak = Dan. brag, a loud noise); cf.
MLG. brak, neut., rarely masc., equiv. to brake,
fem., a break, breach, defect, trespass, = MD.
braecke, D. braak, fem., breach, breaking, bur-
glary, = OHG. bråcha, MHG. bräche, fem.)
breaking (of ground after harvest: see brake4).
The word, in E., is practically another form of
breck (q. v.), which, with the equiv. brakel,
breek?, and break, n., is practically a var. of
breach (q.v.), break and breach being the usual
representatives, in noun form, of the orig. verb,
AS. brecan, E. break, etc.: see break, breck,
breach.] 1. A break or opening in anything; a
Breach; a rent. [Still in dialectal use.]
The last hour of his promise now run out,
And he break? Some brack's in the frame of nature
That forceth his breach.
Chapman, Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois, iv. 1.
There warn’t a brack in his silk stockin's.
Mrs. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 59.
2. A flaw; a defect; an imperfection.
You may find time out in eternity, . . .
Ere stain or brack in her sweet reputation.
Fletcher, Wife for a Month, i. 1.
3. A broken part; a piece.
brackl} (brak), v. t. [Avar. of break; cf. brackl,
# n.] To break.
brack2H (brak), m. [Prop. adj., K. D. brak, MD.
brack (= MLG. brack, LG. brak, brackish, briny),
in comp. brak-water, brackish water, brak-goed,
goods spoiled by salt water (> Dan. brak, G.
brack, brackish (in comp. brackwasser, brackgut,
etc.); G. brack, refuse, trash); prob. same as
M.D. brack, fit to be thrown away, and ult., like
brackl, from the root of break, q.v. Cf. brack-
ish, bracky.] Brackish water; salt water.
Scorn'd that the brack should kiss her following keel.
Drayton, Wm. de la Poole to Queen Margaret, i. 316.
brack:3 (brak), n. [A var. of brake3, n.] A kind
of harrow. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
bracken (brak’en), n. [K ME. #, brakam,
etc., a northern form, Sc. bracken, brechan,
breckam, brecken, braikin; of Scand. origin: K
Sw, bräken = Dan. bregne, fern, bracken; cf.
Icel. burkmi, fern; AS. bracce, fern: see brakeſ.]
A fern, especially Pteridium aquilinum and
other large ferns. See brakeb.
The bracken rusted on their crags.
Tennyson, Edwin Morris.
bracken-clock (brak’en-klok), m. A lamelli-
corn beetle, Anisoplia (Phyllopertha) horticola,
the larva of which is very destructive to grasses
# and trees. Curtis.
Toracket 1 (brak’et), n. [Early mod. E. bragget;
prob. Connected with Sp. bragueta, a kind of
quarter or projecting molding, a particular use
of bragueta (=OF. braguette), the opening of the
fore part of a pair of breeches, K Sp. Pg. bragas,
|breeches: see breech. The word is usually as-
sociated with brace!..] 1. A supporting piece
or combination of pieces of moderate projec-
tion, generally springing from a vertical sur-
face. (a) In arch., an ornamental projection from the
face of a Wall, intended to support a statue, pier, etc.; a
corbel. (b) In carp.: (1) A
Wooden support of triangu-
lar outline placed under a
shelf or the like. (2) An or-
namental piece supporting a.
hammer-beam. (3) A tie for
strengthening angles. (c) One
of the stays that hold a loco-
motive-boiler to the frame;
also, of those used to hold the
slide-bars. (d) Any projecting
wooden or metal piece fas-
tened to a wall or other sur-
face as a support for some ob-
ject. Brackets for machinery
are of very many different
forms, according to the situa-
tions in which they are placed
and the uses for which they
serve, as wall-brackets, hanging-brackets or hangers, etc.
See hanger.
Brackct for Statue.—Cathe-
dral of Reims, France; 13th
century.
654
2. A gas-pipe with a burner, and often a Sup-
port for a shade or globe, projecting from a
Wall or pillar. Such brackets are commonly provided
with one or more joints, in order that the position of the
light may be clanged, and that the bracket may be folded
in a small space when not in use.
3. In gun., the cheek of a mortar-carriage, made
of strong planking.—4. One of two marks [ ],
formerly called crotchets, used to inclose a note,
reference, explanation, or the like, and thus sep-
arate it from the context; sometimes, also, one
of a pair of braces ſ } similarly used, or a sin-
gle brace { used to couple two or more lines
or names. Hence—5. The position of being
classed or bracketed with another or others.
Specifically, in the University of Cambridge, from 1779 to
1834, one of a number of classes into which candidates for
the degree of B. A. were divided according to their ex-
cellence at the first three days' examinations. The class-
list was called the brackets, and the last day's examination
the eacamination of the brackets.
A candidate who was dissatisfied with his bracket might
challenge any other candidate he pleased to a fresh ex-
amination.
J. W. L. Glaisher, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., xviii. 12.
6t. A name given to a head-dress of the four-
teenth century.—7. In ºining, the platform
*Over the mouth of a shaft.
bracket' (brak’et), v. t. [K bracketl, n.] 1. To
furnish with or º: by a bracket or brack-
ets; in writing and printing, to place within
brackets.-2. To place on or within the same
bracket or brackets; join or mention together
as coequal or correlative; connect by or as if by
a printers' brace: as, the names of Smith and
Jones are bracketed, or bracketed together, as
candidates. [For a corresponding use of the
noun, see bracketl, n., 5.]
bracket”, m. Same as bragget2.
bracket-crab (brak’et-krab), n. A hoisting ap-
§ſº paratus fastened to a
wall.
bracketing (brak’et-
ing), m. [K bracketl +
-ingl.] The series of
wooden ribs mailed to
the ceiling, joists, and
battening to support
cornices, especially
large plaster cornices.
—Cove bracketing. See
cove-bracketing.
bracket-trail (braket-
trāl), m. Milit., a kind
of built-up trailformer-
ly used, consisting of
two girders or brackets
connected by transoms.
Those designed for siege-guns were longer and had two
sets of trunnion-beds. For transportation the trunnions
were shifted to the traveling trunnion-beds or those near-
est the trunnion-plate. See trail.
brackish (brak'ish), a. [Early mod. E. brak-
ish; K brack2 + -ish 1.] Possessing a salt or
Somewhat salt taste; salt in a moderate de-
gree: applied to water.
Choakt with the labouring ocean's brackish fome. . .
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, I. i.
brackishness (brak’ish-nes), n. The quality of
being brackish; Saltness in a slight degree.
brackly (brak'li), a. [E. dial., as if K brackl -H
-ly 1, but rather a var. of brockle = brickle: see
brickle..] Brittle. [Prov. Eng.]
Brackmant, m. Same as Brahman.
brackyf (brak'i), a. [K brack2 + -y1.] Same
as brackish: as, “bracky fountains,” Drayton.
Bracket-crab.
a, a, frame; b, post; c, handle;
d, sheave-block.
Bracon chartes. (Cross shows natural size.)
brad
Bracon (brak’gn), n. [NL.] A genus of ich-
neumon-flies, giving name to the family Braco-
midae, B. impostor and B. charus
(Riley) are examples.
Braconidae (bra-kon’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Bracon + -idae.] A family
of pupivorous hymenopterous in-
sects, otherwise known as Ichmew-
mones adsciti, distinguished from
the true ichneumon-flies by having
only one recurrent nerve in the fore
wing instead of two. The larvae most-
ly infest fly larvae and the larvae of bee-
tles living in wood. The genera are nu-
merous. Also Braconides, Bracomites.
braconnière (bra-kon-iār'), m. [F.,
K L. bracae, breeches: see bracas,
breech..] In the later times of com-
plete armor, a defense for the
thighs and hips, composed of ring-
shaped plates of steel worn hori- Bºnniº
zontally one below another, form-iº's ºi.
ing a kind of skirt, and secured ºiler ºan:
to one another either by vertical "
straps to which each plate was riveted, or by
being sewed to a skirt of stuff, or by rivets slid-
king in grooves. See Almain-rivet.
bract (brakt), m, , [= F. bractée, K. L. bractea,
also brattea, a thin plate of metal, gold-leaf,
veneer.] 1. In
bot., a small leaf
usually in a
flower-cluster or
subtending a
flower, differing
somewhat from
an ordinary leaf
in form and
texture, often
much reduced,
but sometimes
petaloid, high-
ly colored, and
very conspicu-
ous. – 2. In
206l., a part of
a hydrozoan li-
kened to a bract
of a plant; a
hydrophyllium. See cuts under Athorybia and
hydrophyllium.—3. A thin plate of metal used
as an ornament, as, for example, one of the
gold disk-like ornaments made in Scandinavian
countries in the Viking age.
bracteal (brak’té-al), a. [= F. bractèal, K LL.
bractealis, of metallić plates, K L. bractéa: see
bract.] Relating to or of the nature of a bract.
bracteate (brak’té-āt), a. and n. [= F. bractè-
ate, K L. bracteatus, covered with gold-leaf, K
bractea : see bract.] I. a. Furnished with
bracts, in any sense of that word.
II. m. In numis., one of certain silver coins
current in the middle ages,
chiefly in Germany. Bracte-
ates were first issued about the
middle of the twelfth century,
were of very thin material, and
stamped with a design in re-
poussé.
bracted (brak’ted), a. [K
bract + -ed2.1 Furnished
with bracts.
1
Bracts.
x, Campanula : a, a, bracts; b, b, brac-
teoles. 2, Marigold : a, a, bracts of th
eduncle; b, bracts of the involucre. (From
P. Maout and Decaisne’s “Traité général
de Botanique.”)
bracteiform (brak’ té- i- German Bracteate, Brit-
förm), a. [= F. bracté- ºn. (Size of the
Jorme; K L. bractea, a thin
plate (mod. E. bract), + forma, shape.] In
bot., resembling a bract.
bracteolate (brak’té-à-lāt), a. [K L. bracteola
(see bracteole) + -atel.] Furnished with brac-
teoles.
tracteole (brak’té-61), n. [= F. bractéole; K L.
bracteola, a thin leaf of gold, in NL. a little
Bract, dim. of bractea : see bract.] In bot., a
little bract situated on a partial flower-stalk or
pedigel, between the bract and the calyx, and
usually smaller than the true bract. Also called
bractlet. See cut under bract.
bractless (brakt’les), a.
bot., destitute of bracts.
bractlet (brakt'let), n.
Same as bracteole.
bract-scale (brakt'skāl), n. In bot., a bract
constituting a proper scale of the cone in con-
ifers, and bearing or subtending the seed-bear-
[K bract + dim. -let.]
ing scale when this is present. It may surpass
or be surpassed by the latter.
brad (brad), n. [Late ME. brad; a dial. variant
of brod..] A slender flat nail having, instea
|
}
\
[K bract + -less.] In
|





brad
of a head, a slight projection on one side. It
is used when it is desirable that the head should not
* as in joinery, cabinet-work, and pattern-makers'
WOTR.
brad (brad), v. t.; pret. and pp. bradded,º
bradding. [K brad, n.] To nail with brads.
brad-awl (brad’āl), n.
holes for brads.
brad-driver (brad’ dri” vér), n. A tool used
principally for fastening moldings to door-
panels with brads. It consists of a holder and
a plunger driven by a mallet. Also called
brad-setter.
Bradford clay. See clay,
bradoon (bra-dón"), n. Same as bridoon. . .
bººetter (brad’set/ēr), n. Same as brad-
}*7067".
bradyarthria (brad-i-ār 'thri-á), n. DNL., K
Gr. 3paôüg, slow, 4- &pópov, a joint.]. In pathol.,
slowness of speech dependent on disease or de-
fect in the nerve-centers of articulation. Also
called bradylalia.
[K Gr. flºº,
An awl used to make
bradycrote (bradºi-kröt), a. [.
slow, 4- ºpótog, a beating, clapping, etc.]
med., pertaining to or producing infrequency
of pulse.
bradylalia (brad-i-lā ‘li-á), n. DNL., K. Gr.
6padūg, slow, + Aáàog, talking, talkative..] Same
as bradyarthria.
bradypepsia, (brad-i-pep'si-á), m, [NL., K. Gr.
Épačvirelpía, K 9pačög, slow, + Trépºc, digestion,
K tréarretv, digest.] Slow digestion.
bradyphasia (brad-i-fa'zi-á), n. L., K. Gr.
8paôög, slow, + pågig, speaking, Kºhával, speak.]
Slowness of speech.
bradyphrasia (brad-i-fra'zi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
3paôüg, slow, + ppáoug, speech; see phrase.] In
pathol., slowness of speech due to mental de-
fect or disease. te *Eº
bradypod, bradypode (brad’i-pod, -pód), n.
A slow-moving animal; a sloth; one of the
Pradypoda.
Bradypoda (bra-dip’º-dà), m. pl. [NL., S. Gr.
3pačöroğa, neut. pl. of 8pačíðrovg, slow of foot:
see Bradypus.] A term proposed by Blumen-
bach for an order of mammals, nearly the same
as the subsequently named Cuvierian Edentata,
or the earlier Bruta of Linnaeus: applied in a
more restricted sense to the sloths and sloth-
like edentates: synonymous with Tardigrada.
See sloth.
bradypode, n. See bradypod.
bradypodid (bra-dip’ā-āā), n. An edentate
nammal of the family Bradypodidae.
Bradypodidae (brad-i-pod’i-dé), m.pl. , [NL., K
Bradypus (-pod-) + -idae.] A family of Ameri-
can edentates, the sloths. They have 10 teeth in the
upper jaw and 8 in the lower, of persistent growth, consist-
ing of vasodentine invested with dentine and cement with-
out enamel; their fore limbs are longer than the hind ones;
they have not more than three digits, bearing large claws;
the tail is rudimentary; the ears are small; the pelage is
coarse and crisp; the stomach is simple; there is no caecum,
and the placenta is discoid and deciduate. There are two
leading genera extant, Bradypus and Cholopus. See sloth,
and cut under Cholopus.
Bradypus (brad’i-pus), n. [NL., K. Gr. 8paôt-
trovg, slow of foot, K 8paôög, slow, -i- Troög (Tod-)
= E. foot.] The typical genus of the family
Bradypodidae, containing the ai, or three-toed
or collared sloth, B. tridactylus or torquatus.
bradyspermatism (brad-i-Spër’ma-tizm), n.
[K Gr. 8padūg, slow, -- otéppa(T-), seed, + -ism.]
*In pathol., a too slow emission of the semen.
brae (bră), n. [= E. bray4, q.v.] The side of
a hill or other rising ground; an acclivity; a
stretch of sloping ground; a slope. [Scotch.]
O'er bank and brae,
Like fire from flint he glanced away.
Scott, L, of the L., iii. 22.
brag (brag), v.; pret, and pp. bragged, ppr.
bragging. [K ME. braggen, prob., with the adj.
brag, of imitative origin, and in so far related
to bray?, break, etc. The MF. braguer, flaunt,
brave, brag, brague, , pleasure, amusement,
bragard, gallant, gay (see braggart), together
with W. bragio, brag, also brac, boastful, - Ir.
bragain, I boast, are from E., the Bret. braga,
flaunt, strut, walk pompously, wear fine
clothes, from MF.] 1. intrans. 1+. To give
forth a loud sound, as a trumpet; blare; bray.
Whanne the voyce of the trompe . . . in 3oure eeris
braggith. Wyclif, Josh. vi. 5 (Oxf.).
2. To use boastful language; speak vain-
gloriously of one's self or belongings; boast;
vaunt: used absolutely, or followed by of,
formerly sometimes by on ; as, to brag of a
good horse, or of a feat of arms.
* 655
For-why hebosteth and braggeth with many bolde othes.
Pier8 Plowman (B), xiii. 281.
Conceit, more rich in matter than in words,
Bragg of his substance, not of ornament.
Shak., R. and J., ii. 6.
It was bragged by several Papists that upon such a day,
or in such a time, we should find the hottest weather that
ever was in England; and words of plainer sense.
g Pepys, Diary, III. 3.
Yet, lo l in me what authors have to brag on 1
Beduced at last to hiss in my own dragon.
Pope, Dunciad, iii. 285.
II. trans. 1+. To blow (a trumpet) loudly.
Thane the Bretones boldely ºrºg. theire tromppez.
orte Arthwºre, l. 1484.
2. To boast of. [Rare.]
He brags his service. Shak., Cymbeline, v. 3.
Bearthy good luck with you when you cross these paved
stones, and by our Lady, you may brag Scotland.
jºr Scott, Abbot, I. xvii.
brag (brag), n. [K ME. brag ; from the verb.]
1. A boast or boasting; a vaunt; also, boast-
fulness.
What owtward brag so euer is borne by them, is in deed,
of it selfe, and in Wise mens eyes, of no great estimation.
A8cham, The Scholemaster, p. 34.
Life invests itself with inevitable conditions, which the
unwise seek to dodge, which one and another brags that
he does not know ; brags that they do not touch him; but
the brag is on his lips, the conditions are in his soul.
Emerson.
2. A thing to boast of; source of pride.
The sprout of an aik,
Bonnie, and blooming, and straight was its make;
The sun took º; to shine for its sake,
And it will be the brag o' the forest yet.
Border ballad.
3. A game of cards: same as poker.—4. A
bragger.
bragł (brag), a. [K ME. brag ; from the noun.]
Proud; boasting: as, “that bragge prescrip-
tion,” Stapleton, Fortress of the Faith (1565),
fol. 68. Also used adverbially.
Seest how brag yond Bullocke beares,
So smirke, so smoothe, his pricked eares?
Spenger, Shep. Cal., Feb.
Bragantia (bra-gan'shi-á), n. . [NL.] The
name given by Loureiro in 1790 to the genus
Apama of Lamarck (1783), including three or
four species of East Indian undershrubs, some
of which are medicinal.
bragaudt, bragawdi, n.
bragay (bra-gā’), n. [E
known.] A local English name of the
fish otherwise called the bib. .
braggadocio (brag-a-dó’shió), n. [K Bragga-
dochio, name of a boastful character in the
“Faerie Queene” (ii. 3); coined by Spenser K
E. brag, with an Italian-seeming termination.
1. A boasting fellow; a braggart.
What rattling thunderclappe breakes from his lips ?
O ! 'tis native to his part. For acting a moderne brag-
gadoch . . . it may seeme to Suite.
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, Ind., p. 4.
The world abounds in terrible fanfarons, in the masque
of men of honour; but these braggadocios are easy to be
detected. Sir R. L’Estrange.
2. Empty boasting; brag : as, “tiresome brag-
gadocio,” Bulwer, Last Days of Pompeii, iv. 2.
He shook his fist at Lord Wicklow and quoted Cicero-
nian braggadocios.
Iñsraeli, quoted in Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 514.
braggardt (bragſärd), a. and n. Earlier form
of braggart.
braggardiset, n. [K OF. bragardise, K bragard,
bragging: see braggart.] Bragging; braggar-
dism. Mimshew.
braggardismi (brag'ār-dizm), m. [K braggard
+ -ism..] Boastfulness; vain ostentation: as,
“what braggardism is this?” Shak., T. G. of V.,
ii. 4. Also braggartism.
braggart (bragſärt), a. and m. [Formerly brag-
gard; = ... braggaerd, a fop, KOF, bragard,
gay, gallant, flaunting, also braggard, bragging,
braggadocio-like, K braguer, flaunt, brag : see
brag, v. The E. braggard, braggart, as a moun,
is practically a var. of bragger.] I. a. Boast-
ful; vauntingly ostentatious.
Shout that his braggart hosts are put to rout !
His empire has gone down l R. H. Stoddard, Caesar.
Talking of himself and his plans with large and brag-
gart vagueness. Howells, Modern Instance, vi.
II. m. A boaster; a vaunting fellow.
Who knows himself a braggart,
Let him fear this ; for it will come to pass,
That every braggart shall be found an ass.
Shak., All's Well, iv. 3.
braggartly (brag'ārt-li), a. [K braggart + -lyl.]
Boastful.
Same as bragget2.
dial. ; origin
braggatt, n.
bragger (brag'ér), n., [K ME. braggere; K brag
x+ -erl.] One who brags.
bragly: (brag"li), adv.
id: ; 72.
bragworth (brag"wért), n.
Brahmal, Brahm (brā‘mā, brām), m.
Brahma.2 (brā’mâ), m.
brahm
Torahma,
Who ever saw true learning, wisdom, or wit, vouchsafe
mansion in any proud, G;º and braggartly
spirit? hapman, Iliad, iii., Comment.
braggartry (bragſärt-ri), n. ; pl. braggartries
tºº [K braggart + ºy.j ' Wain boasting ;
boastfulness. Mrs. Gore. [Rare.]
Same as bragget2.
Evere ware thes Bretons braggeres of olde.
Morte Arthure, l. 1348.
The loudest braggers of Jews and Grecians are found
guilty of spiritualignorance. Hammond, Sermons, p. 627.
bragget it, n. An obsolete form of bracket!.
bragget2+ (bragſet), n.
[Also written braggat,
bracket, braket (and, after W., bragaut, bragaud,
bragawd, bragoe), formerly also brackwort, Sc.
bragwort, bregwort (in simulation of wort”); K
ME. braget, bragat, bragot, K W. bragawd, bra-
god, a kind of mead (= Corn. bregaud, bragot, a
kind of mead, = Ir. bracat, malt liquor), K brag
(= Ir. braich. = Gael. braich), malt, K bragio,
issue, sprout, = Gael. brach, ferment, - Ir.
bracaim, I ferment; perhaps akin to E. brew1.]
A kind of mead made of ale boiled with honey,
seasoned with pepper, cloves, mace, cinnamon,
nutmegs, and fermented with wort or yeast.
His mouth was sweete as bragot is or meth.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 75.
Good ale, perrys, bragoes, syder, and metheglins, was
the true auntient British and Troyan drinks.
Marston, Dutch Courtezan, v. 1.
And we have served there, armed all in aie,
With the brown bowl, and charged with braggat stale.
B. Jomsom, Gypsies Metamorphosed.
Such a dainty doe to be taken
By one that knows not neck-peef from a pheasant,
Nor cannot relish braggat from ambrosia 2
Fletcher and Shirley, Night-Walker, i. 4.
*
*

bº (bragſing), p. a. [Ppr. of brag, v.]
Boastful.
Loud and bragging self-importance. W. Black.
braggingly (bragºing-li), adv. In a bragging
manner; boastingly.
bragless (brag"les), a. [K brag + -less.] With-
out bragging or ostentation. [Rare.]
Dio. The bruit is, Hector's slain—and by Achilles.
Ajaac. If it be so, yet bragless let it be.
Shak., T. and C., v. 10.
[K brag, a., + -ly?..]
Bravely; finely.
How bragly it [a hawthorn) begins to bud.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., March.
Same as bragget2.
raguette (bra-get"), n. [OF. : see bracket 1.]
A piece of armor corresponding to a cod-piece.
Also written brayette.—Great braguette, a name
sometimes given, at the end of the fourteenth century, to
the tassets, when developed into a sort of skirt. See bra-
commière.
A Scotch form of
[Hind.
brahm, brahma, KSkt. brah’ man (nom. brah’ ma),
neut., devotion, adoration, worship, prayer,
sacred word, divine science, theosophy, the
impersonal divinity; referred to the V brih,
barh, be thick, great, strong, X brihant, great,
mighty, lofty, ult. akim to Aš. beorg, E. barrow,
a hill, mound: see barrowl.] In Hindu reli-
gion, the highest object of philosophic adora-
tion; the impersonal and absolute divinity; the
ineffable essence of the sacred. Also Brama.
[Hind. Brah’mā, K Skt.
brahman’ (nom. brahmā’), masc., one who prays
or worships, a pray-er, worshiper, directing
priest, overseer of sacred things, also the im-
personal divinity.] In later Hindu religion or
theosophy, the personified Brahm; the divini-
ty conceived as a god; the creator. Unknown in
the older sacred literature, Brahma becomes by degrees
an object of adoration to the Brahmans, and is artificially
combined into a trimurti or trinity with Vishnu and Siva,
being regarded as Creator, while Vishnu is Preserver, and
Siva is Destroyer. Brahma was never worshiped by the
people, and only one temple sacred to him is known. By
modern Hindus he is represented as a red-colored figure,
with four heads and four arms, and often accompanied by
his vehicle, the Swan.—Day of Brahma. See day1.
a 3 (brā’ mä), m. [An abbreviation of
Brahmaputra.] A variety of the domestic hen,
of large size, belonging to the Asiatic class.
The light brahmas are White and black in color, the black
appearing on the hackle feathers as a rich stripe, heavier
in the hen than in the cock, and also in the wing-primaries,
the upper web of the Secondaries, and in the tail, the sickles
of the cock being glossy green-black. The dark brahma.
cock shows a breast of solid black or black mottled with
white, hackle and saddle silver-white, wing-bows white,
wing-bars, green-black, primaries and secondaries black
edged with white, tail glossy green-black; while the hen
is of a uniform gray Color, each feather penciled with
glarker gray, or black. The brahmas have pea-combs and
feathered legs,
bragget2.
Brahmaic
Brahmaic (brä-mâ’ik), a. [K Brahma1 + -ic.]
Brahmanic. -
Brahman, Brahmin (brā’man, -min), n. [For-
merly also Brachman, Brackman, etc. (L. Brach-
māna, Brachmanes, Gr. Bpayuávég, pl.); K Hind.
brāhman, corruptly bâman, KSkt. brāhana’, Dl.
(brāhman', f.), K brah'man, prayer, etc.:"see
Brahmal, Brahm..] A member of the sacred or
Sacerdotal caste among the Hindus. From being
in the beginning individuals and families distinguished for
Wisdom, sanctity, and poetic power, they gradually con-
solidated their influence and became a strictly hereditary
class, holding in their hands the ministry of holy things
the custody of the scriptures and knowledge of their sacred
and learned dialect, and the performance of the sacrifice.
They were held to be created from the mouth of Brahma,
to be inviolable, and entitled to the worship of the other
castes. Theoretically, the life of a Brahman was divided
into four stages, those of student, householder, anchorite,
and ascetic. In later times the relations and occupations
of the castes have become much confused, and Brahmans
are to be found in every grade of dignity and of very va-
rious modes of life. There are many subdivisions of the
caste, more or less isolated, and refusing intercourse with
one another. Also written Bramin.—Brahman’s-bead,
the name given in India to the seed of Elaeocarpus, madé
into rosaries for the priests, and into bracelets, necklaces,
etc.
Brahmana (brā’ma-nā), n. [Skt. Bră'hmana,
prop. the dictum of a priest, K brahman', a priest,
Brahman.] One of the prose portions of the
Vedas, which contain injunctions for the per-
formance of sacrifices, and explain their origin
and the occasions on which the mantras had to
be used, sometimes adding illustrations and
legends, and sometimes mystical and philo-
sophicai speculations.
IBrahmanee (brā’ma-nē), m. [Also Brahménee,
K Hind. bråhmanā, brahmni, corruptly bâmni, K
Skt. brähman?', fem. of brähmana', a Brahman.]
A woman of the Brahman caste; the wife of a
Brahman.
My * was a Brahmamee, but she clave to my father
WCII .
She was saved from the sack of Jullesar when a thousand
Hindoos fell. Sir A. C. Lyall, The Old Pindaree.
Brahmaness (brā’man-es), m. [K Brahman +
-ess.] Same as Brahmanee.
Brahmanic, Brahmanical (brā-man'ik, -i-kal),
a. [K Brahman + -ic, -ical.] Of or pertaining
to the Brahmans or to their doctrines, worship,
and polity. Also Brahminic, Brahminical.
Brahmanism (brā‘man-izm), m. [K Brahman
+ -ism..] The religion or system of doctrines
of the Brahmans; the social system of ancient
India, with the Brahmans as leading caste.
Also Brahminism.
Brahmanist §.º. [K Brahman +
-ist.] An adherent of Brahmanism. Also
Brahminist.
Brahmin, Brahminic, etc. See Brahman, Brah-
manic, etc.
brahminy (brā’mi-ni), a. [Cf. Hind. brāhmanī,
the wife of a Brahman, also a ghost: see Brah-
nanee and Brahma.] Devoted to Siva by the
Brahmans: as, a brahminy bull.—Brahminy duck,
the Casarca rutila, or ruddy sheldrake.-Brahminy kite,
an East Indian bird of prey, the Haliastwr indws, rever-
enced by the liindus as sacred to Vishnu.
Brahmoism (brā’mö-izm), n. [K Brahmo(-So-
maj) + -ism.] The tenets of the Brahmo-
Somaj.
Erahmo-Somaj (brā’mö-sö-măj'), m. [K Hind.
brahma, Brahma (prayer), + samāj, Society, as-
sembly, lit. a worshiping assembly. See Brah-
mal, Brahmam..] A monotheistic religion in
India, which originated with Rajah Ram Mohun
Roy, a Hindu reformer, who died in 1833, and
received a new impulse and a new direction
under his successor, Keshub Chunder Sen, who
died in 1885. The mystical theology of the Brahmo-
Somaj can only be proximately stated in the language of
Occidental philosophy. Its fundamental tenet is the uni-
versal presence of the Divine Spirit, who pervades all na-
ture and inspires all who are willing to receive him. Man
is equipped for this purpose with a faculty of Spiritual in-
sight, a faith-faculty, called Yoga. Inspiration is a univer-
sal fact, and all the great world-teachers have been divinely
inspired prophets; all the great world-religions contain
some divine truth ; and in all their great Sacraments there
is some spiritual benefit. It is not clear whether Christ
is regarded as simply the greatest of these inspired pro-
phets, or as something more. Some utterances indicate
a recognition of his character as divine. The Brahmo-
Somaj differs from Deism in teaching the personal com-
munion of the soul with a personal God, and from Chris-
tianity in not teaching any specific revelation of a remedy
for sin. It is an aggressively missionary religion, and its
preaching has been accompanied by works of practical
reformation, such as the abolition among its adherents of
polygamy, of caste, and of idolatry in all its forms, the re-
formation of marriage customs, and a temperance reform.
Thraid.1 (bråd), v. [Early mod. E. also brayde,
breyde, breide, etc., KME. braiden, breiden, bray-
dem, breyden, etc., KAS. bregdan, bredan (pret.
bragd, braid, pl. brugdon, brudom, pp. brogden,
+character.
braid.1 (bråd), n.
braid2 (bråd), a.
braid-bonnet (bråd"bon"et), n.
braid-comb (bråd’köm), n.
braider '...} %.
braiding (brā’ding), n.
- 656 - . . . .
broden), move to and fro, vibrate, brandish,
draw, weave, braid, turn, change, etc., = OS.
bregdan = OFries. brida = LG. breidem = OHG.
brettan = Icel. bregdha, draw, weave, braid,
etc.; orig. ‘move quickly to and fro, glance’;
cf. Icel. braga, flicker; prob. from same root
as brightſ, q.v. Cf. abraid and upbraid. The
word took in AS., and ME., and in later dial.
use, a great variety of senses, all arising ult.
from that of “quick motion.” Other forms, obs.
or dial., are breads, breed, brede2, browd, browd,
broid, etc.; see also broider, browder, browder.]
I. trans. 1+. To take, draw, pull, or snatch
quickly; reach; throw; cast; brandish.
He ryt [rideth].his spere brayding.
King Alisaunder, 1.7373.
Hir kerchef of hir heed she brayde.
Chawcer, Man of Law's Tale, 1.739.
2. To weave by passing three or more strands,
strips, or lines of over and under each other
alternately; plait; interlace: as, to braid the
hair, Straw, tape, etc.
Braid your locks with rosy twine.
Milton, Comus, l. 105.
3. To form by braiding; interweave the ma-
terial of in strands or strips: as, to braid a straw
hat or a rug.—4. In domestic econ., to beat and
|blend, as soft substances, particularly to press
them with a spoon through a sieve.—5#. To
upbraid; reproach. -
If thou talkest a little longer, I thinke thou wilt braid
mee with the sauing of his life.
J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, viii.
Few love to hear the sins they love to act;
'Twould 'braid yourself too near for me to tell it.
Shak., Pericles, i. 1.
Braided rug, a rug or mat for the floor, formed by braid-
ing strips of woolen or silk fabrics, and afterward sewing
them together.—To braid St. Catherine's tresses, to
live a virgin. - -
Thou art too fair to braid St. Catharine's tresses.
Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. 1.
II. intrans. 1+. To move quickly; start; rush.
Whan she saugh tweyne come hir to socour, she braied
rudely oute of theire handes. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 464.
Troilus . . . disposed wod out of his wit to breyde.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 230.
2+. To start suddenly (out of sleep); awake.
With the falle right out of slepe she brayde.
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1.365. .
3. To nauseate; desire to vomit. [Prov. Eng.]
—4. To be like; resemble in appearance or
[Prov. Eng.]
[K ME. braid, breid, K AS.
braid, bred (for “braegd, “bregd), trick, deceit,
gebregd, quick motion, trick, ãeceit (= Icel.
bragdh, a quick motion, trick, scheme), K breg-
dam = Icel. bregdha, move quickly, etc.: see
braid!, v.] 1+. A quick motion; a start.
She waketh, walwith, maketh many a brayde.
Chaucer, Good Women, l. 1164.
2+. A moment. -
But curtois, debonair, and vertuous;
Hyt appered well by hys workes eche braide.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S), l. 6239.
For as I sodainely went in hand therewith, and made it
in a breide. Širº fore, works (IB57).
3+. A turn (of work); a job.-4+. A trick; de-
ception.
Dian rose with all her maids,
JBlushing thus at love's braids.
Greene, Radagon in Dianam.
5. Any plaited band or fillet. Specifically—(a) A
plaited band of hair, whether twined around the head or
hanging behind. (b) A narrow textile band or tape, formed
by plaiting or weaving together several strands of silk,
cotton, wool, or other material, used as trimming for gar-
ments, for stay-laces, etc. (c) Straw or other similar ma-
terial plaited into bands for use in making bonnets or hats.
6. A wicker guard for protecting trees newly
grafted. [Prov. Iºng.]—In a braidt, at a braidt,
in a moment; on the instant. Rom. of the Rose.
braid!}_(bråd), a... [An adj. use of braidi, n., 4,
deceit.1 Deceitful; crafty.
Since Frenchmen are so braid,
Marry that will, I live and die a maid.
Shak., All's Well, iv. 2.
Broad. [Scotch..]
Same as bon-
'met-piece.
A back comb for a
woman’s hair.
One who or that which
braids; specifically, an attachment to a sew-
ing-machine for guiding a braid which is to be
sewed on or into the work.
[Verbal n., of braidi,
v.] 1. The act of making or attaching braids.
—2. Braids collectively.
A gentleman enveloped in mustachios, whiskers, fur
collars, and braiding. Thackeray.
braik (brāk), n.
A skysails.
brain (brān), m.
brain
braiding-machine (brā‘ding:ing-shān), n, 1.
A machine for weaving braid, or for coverin
tubes, cords, or wires with a flat or .#
plaiting.—2. A machine for sewing braid upon
a fabric; a braider.
braidism (brā’dizm), n. [From James Braid
of Manchester, Eng., who published his inves-
tigations in 1843.] Hypnotism (which see).
braidist (brā’dist), n. . [As braid-ism + -ist.]
A hypnotist or hypnotizer.
Braid's Squint. See Squint.
A Scotch spelling of brake3.
brail (brål), n. [Early mod, E., also brayle, K
*ME. brayle, KOF. braiel, braiol, braioel, braoiel,
braieul, a cincture, orig. for fastening breeches
(cf. brayette, mod. F. brayette, the flap of trou-
sers), K braie (> E. bray5, q. v.), K L. bracaº,
breeches: see bracae, breech..] 1. Naut, one of
certain ropes made fast to the after-leech of a
Sail set. - Sail brailed up.
a, peak-brail ; b, throat-brail; c, lower brail.
fore-and-aft sail, and led through blocks on the
mast or gaff down to the deck, to assist in tak-
ing in the sail; a rope made fast to the head of
a jib for a similar purpose.
The brails were hauled up, and all the light hands in
the starboard watch sent out on the gaff to #. the gas-
kets. R. H., Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 257.
2. In falconry: (a) A piece of leather used to
bind up a hawk's wing.” (b) [K F. brayeul, “the
parts or feathers about the Hauks fundament,
called by our falconers the brayl in a short-
winged and the pannel in a long-winged hauk”
(Cotgrave).] The mass of feathers about a
hawk's fundament; the crissum of a falcon.
brail (brål), v. t., [Kbrail, n.) 1. To fasten up
(the wings of a bird).—2. Nawt., to haul in by
means of the brails: usually followed by up.
These trades lasted nearly all the way . . . to the line;
blowing steadily on our starboard quarter for three weeks,
without our starting a brace, or even brailing down the
JR. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 341.
[K ME. brain, brein, brayne,
earlier bragen, KAS. bragen, bregem, bragm =
Fries. brein = MD. breghem, breghe, D. brein
= MLG. bregen, bragen, LG. brägen, bregen,
brain; not in G. or Scand.; root unknown.] 1.
* wº
ºv : º ºl |
ºrſº, ºp. Hºlºp. Aſ
Aºtº. º ºt º, ". ſh;
ºv. tº ''' ºz.
tºº." KUt;
W. - § ‘.… ºSS
| *
*_3
|
Side view of Human Brain and upper part of Spinal Cord, the skull
and other coverings being removed.
C, C, C, cerebrum, or brain proper, showing the convoluted surface
of the right cerebral hemisphere ; Cô, cerebellum, or little brain -
the striated surface of its right half; MOb, medulla oblongata; M,
the spinal cord with beginnings of the spinal nerves; B, body of sixth
cervical vertebra; Sø, its neural spine, or spinous process.
In anat., the soft grayish and whitish mass fill-
ing the cranial cavity of a vertebrate, consist-
ing of ganglionic nerve-cells and nerve-fibers,
with the requisite sustentacular and vascular


brain
tissue; the encephalon (which see); the part of
the cerebrospinal axis which is contained in
the cranium. It is divided by anatomists into—(1)
the progencephalom, comprising the cerebral hemispheres
(or lateral halves
of the cerebrum)
with the olfactory
lobes; (2) the tha-
lamencephalom,
comprising the
thalami optici,
and other, parts
about the third
ventricle; } the
ne&emcephalon,
comprising the
g; about the
ylvian aqueduct,
SNſ. Corpora quadri-
§. gemina above and
{{ -
wº §§ º º #
f / W.W ! 2. % N. crura cerebri be-
º: § º low ; the ep-
º ſº
º
tº
N
§§ %
§§§ emcephalom, com-
- º 4/ º Ing ; CeFe-
S ellum and pons
\S3 Varolii; and (5) the
7meterºcephalom, or
"medulla oblonga-
W
Base of Human Brain.
A, frontal lobe of cerebrum; B, temporal
po º
lobe of same, separated from A by the Syl- ta, extending from
vian fissure; QC, corpus callosum—its fore the pons to the
send; Cº., cerebellum; Æ, medulla ºblonga; foramen magnum
ta; P, pituitary body; I, olfactory “nerve”
(so called—rather olfactory lobe, or rhinen-
cephalon); II, optic nerve, after decussa-
tion with its fellow at the chiasm; III, motor-
oculi nerve; IP, pathetic nerve; V, trigemi-
mal-trifacial nerve; VI, abducent nerve; VII,
facial nerve; Pºrf, auditory nerve; IX,
#ºphº. nerve; X, pneumogastric
nerve : XI, spinal accessory nerve; X//,
hypoglossal nerve. The rounded masses
near III are the corpora albicantia; VI rests
upon the pons Varolii.
The prosencepha-
lon is now usually
divided into the
rhinencephalom, or
olfactory lobes,
and prosencepha-
lon proper. The
thalamencephalon
is also called diem-
- cephalom. By Hux-
1ey and others the epencephalon of the above nomencla-
ture is called meterºcephalom, and the next segment (the
fifth) is then named myelencephalon. Common English
equivalents of the above five segments are forebrain, 'tween-
brain, midbrain, hindbrain, and afterbrain; these are
terms translated directly from the nomenclature of the
German anatomists, who call them respectively worder-
hºrn, zwischenhirn, mittelhirm, hinterhirn, and machhirm.
Haeckel calls them protopsyche, dewtopsyche, mesopsyche,
nvetapsyche, and epipsyche. These five segments are fun-
damentally distinct, and correspond embryologically to
as many cerebral vesicles or brain-bladders which arise
from three primitive vesicles by subdivision. The sim-
plest and a common division of the brain is into the ce-
rebrum or brain proper, the cerebellwm or little brain, the
pons Varolii, and the medulla oblongata. (See cuts under
cerebral and corpus.) The human brain is distinguished
for the relatively enormous size and surface-complexity of
the cerebrum or prosencephalon, which completely covers
the cerebellum and olfactory lobes, and is marked by
many deep fissures or sulci separating gyri or convolu-
tions. The cerebrum is divided into right and left halves,
or cerebral hemispheres, connected by the great trans-
verse commissure or corpus callosum. Each hemisphere
is divided into three primary lobes, frontal, parietal, and
occipital, and many more detailed subdivisions of its sur-
face are recognized. The interior of the brain (which is
primitively hollow) is traversed in the adult by a set or
system of connected cavities known as ventricles or coeliae.
The first and second of these are the right and left ven-
tricles of the hemispheres, or procoeliae; the third is the
diacoelia; the fourth is the epicoelia ; passages connecting
these are the foramina of Monro and the aqueduct of Syl-
vius. The brain and adjoining portions of the spinal cord
give rise to 12 pairs of nerves, called cranial merves be-
cause they emerge from foramina in the base of the skull.
(See cranial.) Brain-substance is of two kinds, gray gan-
#. or cellular nerve-tissue, and white commissural or
brous nerve-tissue. The gray matter which invests the
cerebrum and cerebellum is also called the cortical sub-
stance, in distinction from the white or medullary sub-
stance of the interior. A brain is in fact a collection of
gray ganglia united by white commissures. Besides the
cortex, there are several ganglia or collections of gray
matter in the interior, as the corpora striata, the optic
thalami, the optic lobes or corpora quadrigemina, the cor-
pora dentata of the cerebellum, and the corpora olivaria of
the medulla oblongata. Connected with the brain are two
non-nervous structures, the conarium or epiphysis cerebri
and the Fº or hypophysis cerebri. The brain
is covered by three membranes or meninges, of which
the external is the dura mater, the middle the arachnoid,
and the inner the pia mater. Most mammals have a brain
like that of man, but in descending the mammalian scale
the cerebrum becomes relatively smaller and has fewer
if any convolutions, the corpus callosum becomes rudi-
mentary, and the olfactory lobes enlarge. (See cuts under
gyrus and sulcus.) In the brain of birds the hemispheres
are smooth, there is no corpus callosum or pons Varolii,
and the optic lobes are of immense size. There is no brain
in the lowest vertebrate, Amphioa:us. The average weight
of the brain in adult males of the European type is about
1,400 grams (49.5 ounces); in Women about 1,250 grams
(44 ounces). The brain is in its highest activity the organ
of consciousness or mind, and its general function is that
of furnishing the most complex and extensive outgoing
stimulation of muscles and other active tissues as a re-
sponse, more or less immediate, to the most complex and
extensive incoming sensory stimulation. With functions
of this high degree of complexity are associated in some
parts much simpler functions resembling those of the Spi-
nal cord. . The cortex of the cerebral hemispheres is the
portion of the brain in which the most complex coördina-
tions seem to be effected, and which is most directly in-
volved in mental acts. Certain parts of the cortex are,
however, peculiarly related to certain special incoming or
outgoing stimulations, and are called sensory or motor
centers. (See cerebral, and cerebral localization, under lo-
calization.) The corpus striatum is usually regarded as
especially concerned with stimulations passing downward,
and the optic thalamus with those passing upward; among
()
*
657
the latter, those of sight are connected with the hinder
art of the thalamus. The nates are involved in the sight-
unction, and the testes seem to have close relations with
the stimuli entering by the auditory nerve. The cerebel-
lum, is concerned with the coördination of muscular con-
tractions in the carrying out of voluntary actions, while
the medulla oblongata contains a large number of centers
for €omparatively simple functions, as vasomotor action,
cardiac action, respiration, deglutition etc. (See also cut
under emcephalom.) From its complexity, the brain is usu-
ally spoken of in the }. in certain relations: as, to beat
out or to rack one's brains. º
2. In entom., the principal ganglion of the ner-
vous system, situated in the head, over the
esophagus, and formed by the coalescence of
Several supra-esophageal ganglia. The nerves of
the eyes and antennae are directly connected with it, and
it gives off two inferior branches which surround the
esophagus and unite beneath in the subesophageal gan-
glion. Sometimes this ganglion is regarded as a part of
the brain, being distinguished as the cerebellum, while the
principal or upper ganglion is called the cerebrum.
3. The same or a corresponding portion of the
nervous system in many other invertebrates.—
4. Understanding; intellectual power; fancy;
imagination: commonly in the plural: as, a
man of brains; “my brain is too dull,” Scott.
Godwill be worshipped and served according to his pre-
Script word, and not *g to the brain of man.
Abp. Sandys, Sermons, fol. 128 b. '
The poison and the dagger are still at hand to butcher
a hero, when a poet wants the brains to save him.
Dryden, Pref. to Don Sebastian.
To beat or cudgel one's brains, to try earnestly to re-
call or think of something, or to concentrate one's attention
and thought upon it : as, he beat his brains for a simile.
Cudgel thy brains no more about it; for your dull ass
will not mend his pace with beating. Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.
To have (something) on the brain, to be extremely in-
terested in or eager about something; be over-persistent
and zealous in promoting some scheme or movement: as,
to have reform on the brain. [Colloq.]—Water On the
brain, dropsy of the brain; hydrocephalus.
brain (brān), v. t. [K ME. brainen, dash out the
brains; from the noun...] 1. To dash out the
brains of; kill by beating in the skull.
There thou must brain him. Shak., Tempest, iii. 2.
When Uncas had brained his first antagonist, he turned
like a hungry lion to seek another. -
Cooper, Last of the Mohicans, xii.
2. Figuratively, to destroy; defeat; balk;
thwart. [Rare.]
It was the swift celerity of his death . . .
That brain'd my purpose. Shak., M. for M., v. 1.
3+. To get into the brain; conceive; under-
stand. [Rare.]
'Tis still a dream; or else such stuff as madmen
Tongue, and brain not. Shak., Cymbeline, v. 4.
brain-bladder (brān’blad’ér), n. In embryol.;
a cerebral vesicle; one of the hollow dilated
portions of the brain of any embryonic cranial
vertebrate.
In all Skulled Animals, from the Cyclostomi to Man,
the same parts, although in very various forms, develop
from these five original brain-bladders.
Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), II. 220.
brain-box (brān (boks), m. The cranium proper;
the cranial part of the whole skull, containing
the brain, as distinguished from the facial parts
of the same.
brain-case (bränſkäs), m. Same as brain-boa.
brain-cavity (brånſkav"i-ti), n. 1. One of the
ventricles of the brain.-2. The interior of the
cranium or skull, containing the brain.
brain-coral (brān ( kor" al.), n. The popular
name of coral of the genus Meandrina ; so called
because it - -
resembles in - * * * - >- Fºº is
its superfi-
cial appear-
ance the con-
volutions of
the human
brain. The ge-
nus is of the
family Meandri-
7vidae, belong-
ing to the apo-
rose division of
stone-corals. Also called brainstome and brainstone-coral.
brained (bränd), a. [K brain + -ed?..] 1. Fur-
nished with brains: used chiefly in composi-
tion: as, crack-brained; harebrained,
If the other two be brained like us, the state totters. .
Shak., Tempest, iii. 2.
2. [Pp. of brain, v.] Having the brains knocked
or dashed out; killed by a blow which breaks
the skull.
brain-fag (brān’fag), n.
haustion, as from overwork.
In states of extreme brain-fag the horizon is narrowed
almost to the passing word. Mind, IX. 17.
Brain-coral (Meazed riºta cerebrformtrs).
w tº i. brain-worm (brān (wèrm), n.
braird
brain-fever (brān’fé’vér), n. Inflammation of
the brain; phrenitis; meningitis.
brainge (brinj), 9. 3.; pret. and pp. brainged,
ppr. brainging. [Connected with brainyell, rush
headlong; as a noun, rushing headlong, doing
anything carelessly; origin obscure.] To do
something noisily and hurriedly, especially
through anger. Burns. [Scotch.]
brainish (bră (nish), a. [K brain + -ish 1.]
Headstrong; passionate; also, perhaps, un-
real; brain-sick. [Rare.]
In his brainish apprehension, kills
- The unseen good old man. Shak., Hamlet, iv. 1.
brainless (bränſles), a. [K ME. brainles (= D.
breinloos); K brain + -less.] Weak in the brain;
witless; stupid: as, “the dull brainless Ajax,”
Shak, T. and C., i. 3.
brainlessness (brān (les-nes), n. The state of
being brainless; lack of sense; stupidity.
Where indolence or brainlessness has brought about a
perverse satisfaction. The American, VII. 283.
brain-maggot (brān’mag”9t), m. Same as brain-
worm, 1.
brainpan (brān (pan), m. [K ME. brainpanne
Fries. breinpanne = MLG. bregenpanne,
LG. brågenpanne); K brain + pan. Cf. equiv.
AS. hedºfodpanne, the skull, lit. ‘bead-pan.’]
That part of the skull which incloses the brain;
the cranium.
My brain-pan had been cleft with a brown bill.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 10.
I learnt more from her in a flash,
Than if my brainpan were an empty hull
And every Muse tumbled a science in.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
brain-racking (brān'rak'ing), a. Harassing;
#iff
brain-sand (brān'sand), n. In anat., the earthy
particles found, in the conarium or pineal
gland, forming the so-called acervulus cerebri.
They are minute accretions of calcium carbonate, calcium
phosphate, and magnesium phosphate, with some animal
substance. - - - ->
brain-sick (brān (sik), a. Disordered in the
understanding; fantastic; crotchety; crazed.
Quicke wittes also be, in most part of all their doinges,
Ouer quicke, hastie, rashe, headie, and brainsicke.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 33.
We have already suffered from the misconstructions
and broils which seem to follow this poor brain-sick lady
wherever she connes. Scott, Kenilworth, II. xviii.
brainsickly (brān'sik-li), adv. Fantastically;
madly.
You do unbend your noble strength, to think
So brainsickly of things. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 2.
brain-sickness (brām‘sik-nes), m. Disorder of
the brain; insanity. Holland.
brainstone (brān ‘stón), n. See brain-coral.
brainstone-coral (brān'stön-kor"al), n. Same
as brain-coral.
brain-throb (brān'throb), n. The throbbing
of the brain.
brainward (brān’wärd), adv. and a.
or tending toward the brain.
If, from any cause, there is excessive brainward deter-
mination of the blood, the plethora of the capillaries gives
rise to increased mental excitement.
Hwæley and Youmans, Physiol., § 499.
brain-wave (brān"wāv), n. A so-called tele-
pathic vibration supposed to be concerned
in the transference of a thought from one mind
to another by other than physical means of
Communication.
Such expressions as brain-wave (Knowles), mentiferous
ether (Maudsley), . . . testify to this natural though pre-
mature desire to ticket or identify a force which . . .
cannot at present be correlated with nerve-force.
Proc. Soc. Psych. Research, Oct., 18S6, p. 178.
brain-work (brān (wèrk), m. Intellectual labor;
cerebration.
Toward
1. A worm in-
festing or supposed to infest the brain. Also
called brain-maggot.—2. The vermis of the
cerebellum.
brainy (brā’ni), a... [K brain + -yl.] Having
a good brain; intelligent; sharp-witted; quick
of comprehension.
braird (brård), n. [In sense K AS. brord, a
point, blade of grass (see brad); but the form
depends rather upon ME. brerd, K.A.S. brerd,
breord, ONorth. breard, edge, brink, - OHG.
brort, edge, etc.; prob. connected with AS.
brord, a point.] A grain-crop when it first
makes its appearance above ground. [Scotch.]
The braird of the Lord, that begins to rise so green in
Mental fatigue or ex-k the land, will grow in peace to a plentiful harvest. Galt.
braird (brård), v. i., [K braird, n.] To spring
up, as seeds; shoot forth from the earth, as
grain; germinate. [Scotch.]


brairo
brairo (brā’rö), n. [A corruption of F. blaireau,
badger.] A Canadian French name of the
American badger, Taxidea americana.
braisel, v, and n. See braizel.
braise?, m. See braize2.
[F.] Braized.
braise, braisee (brā-zā’), a.
braiser, m. See braizer.
brait (brät), n. [Origin unknown.] Among jew-
elers, a rough diamond.
braizel, braisel (brāz), v. t.; pret, and pp.
braized, ppr. braizing. [K F. braiser, cook over
live coals, K braise = Prº brasa = Sp. brasa =
Pg. braza = It. bracia, brascia, bragia, etc.,
live coals, embers (cf. F. braser, solder; OF.
and F. em-braser, OF. es-braser, a-braser = Pr.
em-braser = Sp. a-brasar = Pg. a-bragar = It.
ab-braciare, etc., set on fire); prob. of OEIG.
origin. The Dan. brase, fry, Icel, brasa,
harden by fire, are from F.] To cook (meat)
slowly in a deep, closely covered pan, usually
with vegetables and herbs to season.
braizel, braisel (brāz), m. [K braizel, v.] In
cookery, braized meat.
braize” (brāz), m. [Also braise; perhaps akin to
barse, bassl, and bream!, q.v.] 1. An acanthop-
terygian fish of the genus Pagrus, P. pagrus,
of the family Sparidae, found in 13ritish seas.
Also called becker.—2. A local Scotch name
of the roach. Also braze.
braize:8 (brāz), m. [A var. of breeze:8..] The
dust of charcoal which accumulates around
the furnace of charcoal-works; coal-dust.
The dust or braize of the Philadelphia coal-yards is
sold for use in fire-boxes [of locomotives] of suitable con-
struction. L'ncyc. Brit., XVIII. 501.
braizer, braiser (brā’zēr), m. [K braizel, braisel,
-er 1.] A covered pot, stew-pain, or kettle
used in braizing.
braizing-pan (brā’zing-pan), n. A small cov-
ered pan or air-tight oven in which meat is
braized.
brakel (brāk).
break.
brake1 (brāk), m. [Var. spelling of break ; cf.
brackl and brake?..] 1+. A break; brack; flaw.
The slighter brakes of our reformed Muse,
Webster, Works, iv. 141. (Halliwell.)
2. A mechanical device for arresting the mo-
tion of a vehicle: now usually classed with
brake3. See brake3, n., 9.
brake?} (brāk), v. [K ME. braken (= D. braken),
vomit, a secondary form of breken, E. break =
G. brechen, break, vomit: see break, and cf.
parbrake.] I. intrams. To vomit.
Brakyn or castyn, or spewe, vomo. Prompt. Parv., p. 47.
And as an hounde that et gras so gan ich to brake.
Piers Plowman (C), vii. 430.
II. trans. To vomit; cast up.
The whal . . . a warth fyndez *.
There he brakez vp the buyrne [man, sc. Jonah].
Yºr Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), l. 3339.
brake3 (brāk), n. IK ME. brake, an instrument
for breaking flax, also a name for other me-
chanical contrivances; not found in AS., but
prob. of LG. origin: MLG. LG. brake = M.D.
braecke, D. braak (vlas-braak, flax-brake) = Sw.
bráka (lin-bráka, flax-brake) = Dam. brage, a
brake (cf. OD. brake, a clog for the neck, M.D.
braecke, braake, an instrument for holding by
the nose ; cf. OHG. brecha, MHG. G. breche, a
brake); KMLG. LG. D., etc., breken = G. brechen
= AS. brecan, E. break, q. v. Brake3 is thus
practically equiv. to break, n., of which, in
some recent uses, it is only a different spelling,
conformed to the older word.] 1. A tool or
machine for breaking up the woody portion of
flax, to loosen it from the harl or fibers.-2.
Obsolete or archaic preterit of
- 658
10. The fore Fºr of a carriage, by which it
is turned.— 11. A basket-makers' tool for
stripping the bark from willow wands.-12+.
An old instrument of torture. Also called the
Duke of Exeter's daughter.—Automatic brake, a
brake which acts mechanically under certain circum-
stances, as on a railroad-train when one car becomes de-
tached from the rest.— Block-brake, a brake used in
retarding a moving part by the pressure upon it of a sta-
tionary block.-Compressed-air brake. See air-brake.
- Continuous brake, a series of car-brakes, so arranged
that all can be controlled from some one point on the
train. See air-brake.— Double-lever brake, a brake on
a car-truck or four-wheeled car, having two levers so ar.
ranged that the pressure on the two sets of shoes will be
equal.--Single-lever brake, a brake, which has but a
single lever, to which the force is applied. The fulcrum
Double-lever Car-brake.
a, b, levers fulcrumed to the centers of the brake-beams c, c, and
connected at their lower ends by rod d, The upper end of dead-
lever a is pivoted to the truck or truck-bolster and the upper end
of the live-lever b is connected by rod with air-brake under the car
or brake-wheel on platform.
of the lever is upon one brake-beam, and from its shorter
arm a rod extends to the brake-beam of the other pair of
wheels of the same truck.--To bleed the brakes. See
bleed.
brake3 (brāk), v. t. ; pret. and pp. braked, ppr.
braking. [= MLG. #. D. braken (> F. braquer)
Sw. bråka = Dam. brage, brake; from the
noun. Cf. break, v.] 1+. To crack or break (the
stalks of flax) in order to separate the woody
portions from the fiber. Now written break.
It [flax) must be watered, dried, braked, tew-tawed, and
with much labor driuen and reduced in the end to be as soft
and tender as wooll. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xix. (proem).
2. To retard or stop the motion of by the ap-
plication of a brake.
rake4 (brāk), n. [K ME. brake (see braket);
not in AS., but prob. of LG. origin: MLG.
brake, bush, bushes, LG. brake, a willow-bush;
orig. appar. Tough or broken ground; cf. D.
braak (-land) = MLG. brake = G. brache, land
broken but not sowed, MHG. bräche, OEIG.
brācha, the breaking of land after harvest (=
MLG. brake = M.D. braecke, D. braak, breaking,
a break: see brackl); hence in comp., G. brach-
feld, equiv. to D. braakland, fallow land; OHG.
MHG. bråchmānāt, ‘plowing-month,’ June ;
whence º as an adj., D. braak = G.
brach (> Dan. brak), fallow; ult. K. D. breken =
OHG. brechan, MHG. brechen, G. brechen = AS.
brecan, E. break ; being thus closely akin to
brackl and to brake3.] 1. A place overgrown
with bushes or brushwood, shrubs, and bram-
bles; a thicket; in the United States, a cane-
brake, that is, a tract of ground overgrown with
came, Arundinaria macrosperma.
This green plot shall be our stage, this hawthorn brake
our tiring-house. hak., M. N. D., iii. 1.
He staid not for brake, and he stopped not for stone,
Eſe swam the Esk river where ford there was none.
Scott, Young Lochinvar.
The mid-forest brake,
Rich with a sprinkling of fair musk-rose blooms.
I(eats, Endymion, i.
2. A single bush, or a number of bushes grow-
b
The handle or lever by which a pump is worked. sing by themselves.
–3. A bakers' kneading-machine.—4. A sharp
bit or snaffle: as, “a snaffle bit or brake,” Gas-
coigne, Steele Glas.— 5. An apparatus for Con-
fining refractory horses while being shod.-6.
A medieval engine of war analogous to the bal-
lista.
Yet ceased not eyther the brakes or scorpions, whereof
these discharged stones thicke, the other sent out darts
as fast. IIolland, tr. of Ammianus, XX. 8.
They view the iron rams, the brakes, and slings.
Fairfaa, tr. of Tasso.
7. A large heavy harrow for breaking clods
after plowing. Also called drag.—8. A kind
of wagonette. A large and heavy variety of
this vehicle is used for breaking in young
horses to harness.-9. Any mechanical device
for arresting or retarding the motion of a ve-
hicle or car by means of friction. The most com-
mon form is that of curved wooden or iron shoes pressed
against the rims of the wheels. In this sense sometimes
Spelled break. See air-brake.
brake-block (bräk’ blok), n.
braket (brāk), n. [K ME. brake, appar. KAS.
bracce (rare), a fern; see bracken. Appar.
confused in M.E., etc., with brake4, a thicket,
etc.; cf. brake4, brakebush, ferm-brake.] The
name given to Pteridium aquilinwm, and other
large ferns.
Others [leaves] are parted Small like our ferns or brakes.
E. Terry, Voyage, p. i05, bramantip (bra-man’tip), m.
Buckhorn-brake, a name sometimes applied to the
ſlowering fern, Osmunda regalis.-Cliff-brake, a com-
mon name of the genus Pelléea.— Rock-brake, the fern
Cryptogramma crispſ.
brake-bar (bråk’bàr), n. A bar connecting
the brake-shoes of opposite wheels of a car-
riage of any kind.
brake-beam (bräk'bëm), n. A transverse bar
supporting the brake-blocks of a car-truck.
A wooden or
metal block holding the shoe or piece which
'bears against the tread or tire of a wheel when
the brake is applied.
bramble
brakebushi, n. [ME. brakebushe; K brake' --
bush.1.] A fern-brake. º -
brake-hanger (brāk'hang'êr), n. A link or bar
by which brake-beams and their attachments
are suspended from a truck-frame or car-body.
Cat-Builder’s Dict.—Parallel brake-hanger, a bar
or link so attached to a brake-beam as to maintáin the
brake-head and brake-shoe in the same relative positions
when the brakes are released, thus preventing the brake-
shoes from striking against the wheel.
brake-head (bråk”hed), n. That (detachable)
part of a brake by which the brake-shoe is
connected with the brake-beam. See cut
under brake-shoe.
brake-hopper (bräk’ hop” &r), n. IK brake4 +
hopper.] A name for the grasshopper-warbler,
Sylvia locustella, or Locustella navia. Macgil-
livray. [Local, British.]
brakeman (bråk’man), n. ; pl. brakemen (-men).
1. A man whose business is to apply the brakes
on a railroad-train which are operated by hand.
–2. In mining, the man in charge of the wind-
ing-engine.
Sometimes spelled breakman, and in Great
IBritain often called brakesman.
brakent, n. An obsolete form of bracken.
brake-shaft (bräk’shaft), n. The shaft on
which is wound the chain by e
which the power of a car-brake
operated by hand is applied to
the wheels. -
brake-shoe (bräk'shö), m. A
piece of wood or metal fitted
to a brake-block, or forming
one piece with it, and serving
as a rubber to retard, by fric-
tion with the wheel-tread or
-tire, the movement of a wheel.
—Brake-shoe valve, in an air- or
vacuum-brake, a valve so arranged as to relieve the pres-
sure upon the wheel when it becomes too great.
A, Brake-head;
Æ, Brake-shoc.
brakesman (bräks' man), n. ; pl. brakesmen
(-men). See brakeman.
brake-spool (bräk’spöl), n. An enlargement,
by a sleeve or otherwise, of a brake-shaft to give
greater speed andless power to the brake. Car-
JBuilder’s Dict.
brake-strap (bräk'strap), m. The strap sur-
rounding the pulley of a friction-brake.
brakett, m. A Middle English form of bragget2.
brake-van (bräk’van), m. On European rail-
ways, the van or car in a freight-train to the
wheels of which the brake is applied. See
brake3, 9.
brake-wheel (bräk’hwöl), n. 1. A horizontal
hand-wheel on the platform of a railroad-car,
or on the roof of a box-car, used to control the
brake.—2. A heavy wheel furnished with cams
to control the action of a trip-hammer.
brakisht, a. See brackish.
braky (brā’ki), a. [K brake4 + -y1.] Full of
brakes; abounding with brambles or shrubs;
rough; thorny: as, “braky thickets and deep
sloughs,” By. Hall, Heaven upon Earth.
Redeem arts from their rough and brakey seats, where
they lay hid and overgrown with thorns.
B. Jomsom, Discoveries.
brallf. An obsolete spelling of brawl.
Brama (brā’mâ), m. [NL.] The typical genus
of fishes of the family Bramidae. The pomfret,
B. rayi, is an example. Schneider, 1801. See
cut under sea-bream.
Bramah lock, press. See the nouns.
Bramantesque (brā-man-tesk’), a. Relating to
or having the character or style of the works
of Bramante (1444–1514), a noted Italian archi-
tect, whose studies of the antique exerted much
influence * the classic revival. He prepared
the original design for the rebuilding of St. Peter's at
Rome, of which the execution was interrupted by his
death. The epithet Bramantesque was early applied to
the style of architecture now called Renaissance, from the
prečminent position held by Bramante in its formation.
The artist who introduced Renaissance architecture,
then called Bramantesque, into Lombardy.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 182, note.
Same as bamalip.
bramathere (brā’ma-thér), n. [K NL. Bra-
matherium, which see..] A fossil ungulate
mammal of the genus Bramatherium.
Bramatherium (brä-ma-théºri-um), n. [NL., K
Brahma + Gr. 6mptov, a wild beast.] Agenus of
extinct ungulate mammals, from the Pliocene
Tertiary of western India.
bramble (bram’bl), n. [K ME. brembel, brembil
bremſmil, K. A.S. bra’mbel, brémbel, prop. brºme;
(also bråmber, ME. brember; see brambleberry),
= ODam. bremle, brymle = LG. brummel (-beren,
pl.), bramble; dim, of the form seen in ME.


bramble
brane, bramble, - MD. braeme, breme, D. braam bramid (bram'id), n. A fish of the family Bra-
G. bråm, brăme, bréme, brumme, LG. braam,
bramble, broom-plant, = OHG. bråma, bråmo,
MHG. brăme, bramble, G. dial. (Swiss) bramen,
'bramble, G. bram, brame, broom-plant (also an
awl, punch, from the sense of ‘thorn’). Akin
to broom!, q.v.] A name common to plants
of the genus Rubus, especially and usually in
England the common blackberry, R. fruticosus;
occasionally (from these plants being armed
with prickles), any rough prickly shrub, as the
dogrose, Rosa canina. -
The bramble flour that bereth the red hepe.
Chaucer, Sir Thopas, l. 35.
bramble (bram’bl), v. 3.; pret. and pp. bram-
bled, ppr. brambling. [K bramble, n.] To pick
brambles or blackberries.
g
All persons found brambli nutting, and otherwise
trespassing in . . . Woods, #h. prosecuted.
Quoted in N. and Q., 7th ser., II, 327.
brambleberry (bram (bl–ber’i), n. ; pl. bram-
bleberries (-iz). E. not found, K. A.S. brå-
mel-berie (cf. brémber, ME. brember, equiv. to
brémbel, brēmel, bramble) (= MLG. bråmber =
OHG. brāmāori, MHG. bråmbere, bråmber, G.
brombeere = Sw, brombār = Dam. brombar, a
blackberry, = M.D. braembesie, D. braambezie, X
F. framboise, Pr, framboiso, Sp. frambueso, It.
dial. flamboesa, ML. framboses, raspberry), K
brèmel, bramble, + berie, berry..] 1. The berry
of a bramble; especially, a blackberry.—2.
The plant itself. See bramble. [Eng.]
bramble-bond (bram’ bl-bond), n. A band
made of the long shoots of the bramble, for-
merly used in thatching roofs.
bramble-bush (bram’bl—blish), n. [K bramble +
bush ; cf. D. braam.bosch = MLG. brambusch =
ODan. bremlebusk.] The bramble, or a thicket bran-bread (bran’bred’), n.
of brambles.
brambled (bram (blå), a.
-ed?..] Overgrown with brambles.
Forlorn she sits upon the brambled floor.
T. Warton, Ode, iii.
bramble-finch (bram’bl—finch), n.
brambling.
[K bramble, n., + brancł, n.
Same as brancard (brang’kård), n.
659
midae. .
IBramidae (bram’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., & Brama +
-idaº.] A family of acanthopterygian fishes,
represented by the genus Brama. It belongs to
the superfamily Scombroidea, and is characterized by an
oblong compressed body, rounded head, long dorsal and
anal fins with few anterior spines, and perfect thoracic
ventral fins. The few species are inhabitants of rather
deep seas. See cut under pomfret.
Bramin, etc. See Brahman, etc.
framoid (bram’oid), a. and n. [K Brama +
-oid.]. I. a. Pertaining to or resembling the
JBramidae.
II, n. A fish of the family Bramidae.
bran! (bran), n. [K ME. bran, also bren, brin,
artly K OF. bren, bran, also refuse, dung, F.
ran, bran, = Pr. bren = OSp. bren = It. dial.
brenno (ML, brennium, brannum), bran, K W.
bran, bran, husk, = Ir. bran, chaff, = Bret.
brenn, bran; and partly (like OF., etc.) directly
from the Celtic.] The outer coat of wheat, rye,
or other farinaceous grain; the husky portion
of ground wheat, separated from the flour by
bolting.
bran' (bran), v. t. ; pret. and pp. branned, ppr.
branning. [K bran1, n.] To steep in a bath of
bran and water, as cloth before or after dyeing,
or skins for tanning.
Branned goods are not afterwards soaped, but simply
washed in the washing machine for half an hour with
cold or tepid water.
Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-Printing,
bran” (bran), n. [E. dial.; origin unknown.]
A name of the common crow, Corvus corone.
lºgº [Local, British.]
branº (bran), v. A dialectal form of bren,
burnl.
[K ME. branbred.]
Bread made of bran, or of unbolted flour.
[OF. branc; cf. F. branche, branch:
see branch.] A linen vestment similar to a
rochet, formerly worn by women over their
other clothing.
[F., a litter, shaft,
thill, K Pr. branc, F. branche, branch, arm.] A
bramble-net (bram’bl—net), n. A hallier, or +horse-litter. Lady M. W. Montagu.
met for catching birds.
bramble-rose (bram’bl-röz), n.
Ičosa canina.
Bramble-roses, faint and pale. Tennyson, A Dirge.
bramble-worm (bram’bl—wérm), n. Same as
brandling, 2.
brambling (bram'bling), n. [K bramble + -īngā.]
A common European conirostral oscine pas-
serine bird, of the family Fringillidae, Fringilla
The dogrose,
2.
LS s's S.
§ ºš
* N N§ Sº §§
ºw. Nºw N
Nº &\}\\ w vº N
ſº SNS
§R: **-
Bºr & ... ww
# § Šº
- - *º-S. tº
º tº . . .
Brambling or Mountain-finch (Fringilla mont/ringilla).
"nontifringilla, or mountain-finch, closely re-
lated to and resembling the chaffinch, F. cae-
lebs, but larger. Also called bramble-finch.
brambly (bram' bli), a... [K bramble + -y1.]
Eull of brambles: as, “brambly wildernesses,”
Tennyson, The Brook.
bramet (brām), n. [K OF. brame, bram, a cry
of pain or longing (= Bret. bram, a noise,
Sp. It. brama, ãesire), K bramer = Pr. bramar =
Sp. bramar, cry out, - It. bramare, desire, long
for, K. OHG. breman = AS. bremmam = M.D.
bremmen, roar: see briml.] Intense passion or
emotion.
Through long languor and hart-burning brame,
She shortly like a pymed ghost became.
Spenser, F. Q., III. ii. 52.
-
-
branch (bránch), m. and a.
[Early mod. E. also
brawnch; KME. branche, braunche, bronche, & OF.
branche,brance, F. branche, branch, = Pr. branca, ,
also branc, - OSp. and OPg. branca = It. branca,
branch, claw, = Wall. bråncá, hand, fore foot (>
G. branke, dial. pranke, claw, pranke, brante,
prante, a paw, esp. of a bear), K. M.L. branca,
claw; perhaps of Celtic origin: cf. Bret. branc,
an arm, = W. braich, an arm, a branch, = L.
brāchium, bracchium, arm, branch, claw: see
bracel, n.] I. m. 1. A division or subdivision of
the stem or axis of a tree, shrub, or other plant
(the ultimate or smaller ramifications being
called branchlets, twigs, or shoots); a bough.
A great elm tree spread its broad branches over it.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 427.
2. Something resembling a branch in its re-
lation to the trunk; an offshoot or part extend-
ing from the main body of a thing; a ramifica-
tion; a subdivision; an outgrowth.
Withouten brawmch of vyce in ony wyse,
In trouthe alwey to don yow my servyse.
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 133.
Specifically—(a) Any member or part of a body or system;
a department; a section or subdivision: as, a branch of a
society; the various branches of learning.
In the United States of America. . . . the study of ju-
risprudence and of some branches of politics has made
great progreSS.
It is a very prevalent notion among the Christians of
Europe, that the Moos'lims are enemies to almost every
branch of knowledge.
† W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 277.
(b) A line of family descent, in distinction from some
other line, or limes from the same stock: as, the English
or the Irish branch of a family. (c) Any descendant in
such a line. [Rare.]
His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock planted
in Somersetshire. R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
(d) In geom., any portion of a real curve capable of descrip-
tion by the continuous motion of a point. Every branch
either extends to infinity or returns into itself (rečntrant
branch); but some old geometers considered a branch to
be ended by a cusp. (c) A piece of pipe including a length
of the main pipe and a shorter piece branching from it.
When the latter is at right angles to the former, the
branch is a T-branch; if at an acute angle, it is a Y-branch.
If there are two branching pieces, it is called a dowble
branch. (f) The metal piece on the end of the hose of a
fire-engine to which the nozle is screwed. (g) One of the
sides of a horseshoe. (h) In fort., the wing or long side
of a horn- or crown-work; also, one of the parts of a zig-
zag approach, (i) In a sword-hilt, either of two pieces
which project at right angles to the barrel and to the
blade of the sword, forming guards for the hand. See
p. 309. branch (brånch), v.
branch-chuck (brånch'chuk), m.
Branchelliidae (brang-ke-li’i-dé), m. pl.
Branchellion (brang-kel’i-On), m.
branchery (brån’chèr-i), m.
+chiae..] Same as branchiae.
branchiae
hºſt. º In efitom., the flagellum or outer portion of a
geniculate antennia. (k) In mining, a small vein, leader,
or string of ore, connected with or seeming to branch
from the main lode. Seelode. (l) In a bridle, either of two
bent pieces of iron which bear the bit, the cross-chains,
and the curb.
3. In the southern and some of the western
United States, the general name for any stream
that is not a large river or a bayou.
Most of the branches or streams were dried up. Irving.
4. The diploma or commission issued by the
proper authority to a pilot who has passed an ex-
amination for competency.—5+. A chandelier.
Ash.-6. A branched candlestick or candle.
This [funeral] procession was headed by an acolyte with
a cross between two clerks, each of whom carried a pecu-
liar kind of light called “a white branch,” because com-
posed of three tapers shooting up out of one root as it
were, being twisted together at the lower end — an em-
blem of the Trinity. Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 487.
Bastard branch. See bastard.—Branches of ogives,
in arch., the ribs of groined vaults traversing from one
angle to another, and forming a cross between the other
arches which make the sides of the square of which the
branches are the diagonals. See arc offive, under arcl.—
Branch herring. See herring.— Complete branch, in
geom., a branch of a curve considered as not interrupted
by passing through infinity. See 2 (d), above.—Falling
branch, in gum., that portion of the trajectory in which
the projectile approaches the earth.
II. a. Consisting of or constituting a branch ;
ramifying; diverging from a trunk, main stem,
or main body: as, a branch road or railroad; a
branch society.
[K ME. braunchen, KOF.
branchir = Pr. brancar, branch, - It. brancare,
grip; from the noun..] I. intrans. 1. To spread
in branches; send out branches, as a plant.—
2. To divide into separate parts or subdivisions;
diverge; ramify. —To branch off, to form separate
parts or branches; diverge from any main stem, line, or
course.—TO branch Out, to ramify; engage in lateral
operations, as in business; digress, as in discourse.
To branch owt into a long extempore dissertation.
Spectator, No. 247.
II. trans. 1. To divide, as into branches;
make subordinate divisions in.
The spirits of things animate . . . are branched into
canals as blood is. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
2. To adorn with needlework; decorate with
embroidery; adorn with flowers or other orna-
ment, as in textile fabrics.
The train whereof loose far behind her strayed,
Branched with gold and pearl most richly wrought.
Spenser.
Calling my officers about me, in my branched velvet
gown. Shak., T. N., ii. 5.
A dress
All branch'd and flower'd with gold.
Tennysom, Geraint.
To branch (a thing) out, to make it spread out in divi-
sions like branches. [Rare.]
Ah, my Giacinto . .
Branches me out his verb-tree on the slate.
Browning, IRing and Book, TI. 64.
In mech., a
chuck formed of four branches turned up at
the ends, each furnished with a screw.
[NL.,
K Brauchellion + -idae.] A family of leeches,
typified by the genus Branchellion. They are dis-
tinguished by the development of a pair of lateral bran-
chiform lobes on each segment of the body. The oral
sucker is entire and strictured at its origin. A common
Duropean species is Branchellion torpedimis.
[NL., K. Gr.
Bpáyxia, gills.] A genus of Hirudimea, or leech-
es, typical of the family Branchelliidae, having
the sides of the body lobate or extended into
[K ME. brancher,
brawncher, a young hawk; K branch + -erl.] 1.
That which shoots forth branches.—2. A young
hawk or other bird when it begins to leave the
nest and take to the branches of trees.
Thareby brawnchers in brede bettyr was never.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), l. 190.
I say that the eyas should have her meat unwashed,
until she becomes a brancher. Scott, Abbot, I. 44.
[K branch + -ery.]
A system of branches.
branchia (brang’ki-á), n.1 [LL., N.L.: see
branchiae..] One of the constituents of the
branchial apparatus; a gill. See branchiae.
[Rare.]
branchia (brang'ki-á), m.” pl. [NL. : see bran-
[Rare.]
branchiae (brang'ki-é), m. pl. [L., pl. (cf. LL.
(NL.) branchia, fem. sing, NL. branchia, neut.
pl., the proper form), K. Gr. 8páyxia, pl., gills,
8páyytov, sing., a fin; cf. 8páyxog, hoarseness,
3páyºtov = 3póyºtov, windpipe: see bronchia.]
1. Organs subservient to respiration through
+lobe-like appendages.
Sir G. C. Lewis, Authority in Matters of Opinion, iii. brancher (brån’chèr), n.






branchiae
the medium of Water. They are highly vascular,
with thin Walls, permitting the aëration of the blood by
the oxygen in the water which comes in immediate con-
tact with them... They are developed from different parts
of the body in different classes of animals. , See gill.1, and
cuts under Polyplacophora and Tetrabranchiata,
2. In Arthropoda, as crustaceans, specifically,
the externally projecting processes of the body
or its limbs, which are supplied with venous
blood (which is thus brought into contact with
the air dissolved in water), and constitute a
special respiratory organ. See cut under Po-
dophthalmia. Other kinds of respiratory organs in
arthropods are tracheo-branchiae, trachede, and pulmonary
sacs. See these words.
3. In Vermes, any appendages of the head or
|body so modified as to act as a respiratory or-
gan; the various processes which protrude or
radiate from the head or other region of the
body, and have, or are supposed to have, a
respiratory function. See cut under Protula.
In . . . [Amphinomidae, Eunicidae, and Terebellidae) the
branchioe are ciliated branched plumés or tufts attached
to the dorsal surface of more or fewer of the somites. In
[Serpulidae] . . . they are exclusively attached to the an-
terior segment of the body, and present the form of two
large plumes, each consisting of a principal stem, with
many lateral branches. Hwa'ley, Anat. Invert., p. 210.
4. In entom., gill-like appendages on the bodies
of certain insect-larvae and -pupae which live
in the water, as many caddis-flies and gnats.
They are expansions of the integument, and it is supposed
that they “absorb air from the water, and convey it by
the minute ramifications of the tracheal vessels, with
which they are abundantly supplied, into the main tra-
+cheae, to be distributed over the whole body.” Newport.
branchial (brang’ki-al), a. [K NL. branchialis,
K L. branchiae, gills: see branchia..] 1. Of or
pertaining to the branchiae or gills; or, in ani-
mals which have no gills properly so called,
of or pertaining to the parts considered homol-
ogous with gills, as, in a bird or mammal, parts
of the third postoral visceral arch, or of any
visceral arch behind the hyoidean.—2. Per-
formed by means of branchiae: as, branchial
respiration ; a branchial function.— Branchial
aperture, the aperture or outlet for water which has sup-
plied the branchise, lying behind them. In fishes there
are 2, one on each side ; rarely the two are confluent in
a single inferior aperture. In selachians they are gen-
erally in 5 pairs, rarely in 6 or 7. In myzonts they are
usually in 7 pairs, rarely 6 or more than 7, and sometimes
confluent in an inferior pair of “pores.” In invertebrates
they vary.— Branchial arch, in fishes, one of the arches
of the branchial apparatus which support the branchial
filaments on each side.— Branchial bar, the hardened
portion of the branchial apparatus which supports the
gills : same as branchial arch.-Branchial basket. See
basket, 10. – Branchial cavity, or branchial chamber.
(a) The cavity on each side of which are the branchiae: it is
behind and generally confluent with the oral cavity. , (b)
In Crustacea, a cavity or space inclosed by the branchios-
tegite or gill-cover (formed by a free pleural part of the
carapace), and bounded internally by the epimera of the
branchiferous somites.—Branchial cleft, one of the lat-
eral foramina behind the head which are apparent in the
embryos of vertebrates, soon disappearing in the higher
types, but longer persistent (sometimes through life) in
the lower, as in the amphibians: homologous with the
branchial apertures.—Branchial coil, a spirally curved
tube formed by a diverticulum of the superior pharyngeal
mucous membrane in certain fishes, such as the clupeids
(for example, menhaden) and related forms.-Branchial
duct, in myzonts, a short canal (interior) between a bran-
chial pouch and the intestinal cavity, or one (exterior) be-
tween a pouch and the exterior of the body.— Branchial
fold, the series of branchial filaments around the convex
margin of a branchial arch. —Branchial frameWork.
Same as branchial skeleton. —Branchial ganglion, a
ganglion which supplies the branchiae, as in certain mol-
lusks.-Branchial gut, a rudimentary branchial cham-
ber.—Branchial heart, a specialized widened vascular
canal which supplies the branchiae.—Branchial lamella,
a row of branchial filaments approximated to one another
and forming a lamella-like structure. In fishes there are
generally two lamellae to miost of the arches, surmounting
their convex edges. Also called branchial plate.—Bran-
chial pharynx, a pharynx with a branchial apparatus, as
in the tunicates.—Branchial plate. Same as branchial
lamella.-Branchial pore, a pore-like Uranchial aper-
ture common to all the branchial ducts of one side, such
as occurs in myxinids or hags.-Branchial pouch, in my-
zonts and selachians, a pouch-like structure of the bran-
chial apparatus in which and from which the branchiae
are developed.— Branchial ray, in selachians, one of the
cartilaginous rods radiating from a branchial arch back-
ward, and affording support to the branchial pouches.—
Branchial respiration, respiration by means of bran-
chiae or gills.-Branchial sac, the respiratory chamber
containing the branchiae in the tunicates. It is the large
pharyngeal dilatation into which the oral aperture leads,
and which presents the stigmata through which the cav.
ity of the sac communicates with the atrium. See cut
under T'unicata.-Branchial septum, in certain tu-
nicates (for example, Salpidae), a gill detached from the
wall of the branchial chamber and forming a rafter stretch-
ing from its dorsal wall to the ventral wall.—Branchial
Sinus, a vascular sinus into which blood passes from the
visceral sac on its way to the branchiae.—Branchial
Skeleton, the harder framework which is subservient to
the brºnchiſe in branchiferous animals. Also called bran.
chial framework.-Branchial slit, the space between
neighboring branchiae or branchial arches.—Branchial
tentacle, in certain worms (for example, terebellids), one
of the tentacle-like organs of the head, performing in part
660
a respiratory function.—Branchial tuft, in tubicolous
chaetopodous Worms, an . of contractile ten-
tacular filaments in the cephalic region, assuming in part
the office of branchite. . . .
Branchiata (brang-ki-ā’tā), m. pl. [NL., neut.
}. of branchiatus, having gills: see branchiate.]
206l., a name used with various significations.
(a) In some systems of classification, one of the prime
divisions of the Arthropoda, by which all crustaceans,
in a broad sense,, are collectively distinguished from
the Tracheata, or insects in the widest sense (arachnids,
myriapods, and insects proper): SO called from having a
branchial instead of a tracheate respiratory apparatus.
In Gegenbaur's system a third prime division, Protrache-
ata, established for Peripatw8 alone, intervenes between
Branchiata and Tracheata. The Branchiata are primarily
divided into Crustacea proper (including the two main
groups of Entomostraca and Malacostraca) and Poecilo-
poda, represented by Lºmulus, etc. (b) A division of ver-
tebrates containing those which for some time or perma-
nently breathe by gills; the amphibians and fishes, as
distinguished from reptiles, birds, and mammals: synony-
mous with Ichthyopsida (which see). (c) In mollusks, same
as Branchiogasteropoda. (d) A division of annelids con-
taining those which breathe by gills, or the tubicolous and
errant worms, corresponding to the groups Cephalobram-
chia and Notobranchiata. (e) A group of echinoids with
gills on the buccal membrane and with ambulacral plates
only on the latter, including all the echinoid families ex-
cept Cidaridae., Ludwig: ë ºm º me
branchiate, branchiated (brang'ki-āţ, 5-ted),
a. [K NL. branchiatus, having gills, K L. bran-
chiae, gills: see branchiae..] Having permanent
gills: contrasted with pulmonate or pulmonated:
as, “branchiated Vertebrata,” Huayley, Anat.
Vert., P; 70.
Branchifera (brang-kif'e-ră), n. pl. [NL., neut.
pl. of branchifer: see branchiferous.]...In 206l.:
(a) Same as Branchiogasteropoda; a division of
Gasteropoda including those which breathe by
gills; opposed to Pulmonifera; (b) In De Blain-
ville's system of classification, a division of
univalves, of the order Cervicobranchiata, equiv-
alent to the family Fissurellidae; the keyhole
limpets. g
branchiferous (brang-kifſ 3-rus), a, [K NL.
branchifer, having gills, K L. branchia, gills,
+ ferre = E. bearl.] 1. Bearing gills; having
|branchiae.
In the Amniota, also, the arrangement which has been
transmitted from their branchiferous ancestors is retained
during certain stages of embryonic life, in the form of
clefts in the wall of the pharynx.
Gegenbawr, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 545.
2. Of or pertaining to the Branchifera.
branchiform (brang'ki-fôrm), a... [K.L. bran-
chiae, gills, + forma, form.] Having the form,
branchihyal (brang-ki-hi'al), a. and n. [K L.
branchias, gills, + NL. hy(oideus), hyoid, + -al.]
I. a. Pertaining to the gills and tongue, or to
the branchial and hyoidean arches.
II. m. One of the elements or joints of a
branchial arch. The lowermost or hypobranchial is
called the basal branchihyal, and the uppermost or epi-
branchial is distinguished as the Superior branchihyal.
JE. D. Cope. -
branchiness (brån'chi-nes), m. The character
of being branchy; the state of being full of
|branches.
branching (brån’éhing), p. a. [Pyr. of branch,
w.] Furnished with branches; shooting out
branches.
Not thrice your branching limes have blown
Since I beheld young Laurence dead.
Tennyson, Lady Clara Vere de Vere.
branchiocardiac (brang "ki-6-kār’ di-ak), a.
[K Gr. 3páyºta, gills, + kapóia = E. heart: see
cardiac.] Pertaining to, lying between, or sep-
arating a branchial and a cardiac region or di-
vision: applied to a groove on each side of the
middle line of the thoracic portion of the cara-
pace of a crustacean, separating the cardiac divi-
sion of the carapace from the branchial division.
# character, or appearance of gills.
branchiopallial
branchiopod (brang'ki-Ö-pod), n, and a.
branchiopode (brang’ki-Ö-pód), n.
branchiopodous (brang-ki-op’ā-dus), a.
t
branchiostege
branchiogasteropodous (brang" ki-6-gas-tº-
rop’º-dus), a. Of or pertaining to the Bran-
chiogasteropoda. f
(brang"ki-ö-pal’i-al), a. [K L.
branchia, gills, + pallium, mantle; see pal-
liwm.] in Mollusca, of or pertaining to both
the branchiae and the pallium: ap #. to a
ganglion of the nervous system in relation with
the gills and the mantle.
Branchiopneusta (brang"ki-op-nās’tā), n. pl.
NL., K. Gr. 3páyxia, gills, + “tvevoróg, verbal
adj. of Tveiv, breathe..] A superfamily group
of pulmonate gastropodous mollusks, by means
of which such aquatic families as Auriculidae
and Limnaeidae are collectively distinguished
from the Helicidae, or land-snails proper, the
latter being contrasted as Nephropneusta. The
two groups correspond respectively to the Basommato-
phora and Stylommatophora of some authors.
Branchiopnoa (brang-ki-op'nº-á), m.pl. [NL,
K Gr. 8páyyua, gills, F -Twoãg, breathing (trwoff,
a breathing), gTveiv, breathe..]. A loose Syn-
onym of Crustacea, crustaceans being so called
because they breathe by branchise.
branchiopnoan (brang-ki-op'nā-ān), a. and n.
I. a. Of or pertaining to the Branchiopmoa.
II. m. A member of the Branchiopmoa. I
• ?te
Ananimal belonging to the order Branchiopoda.
Also branchiopode.
II. a. Gill-footed; branchiopodous.
* Also branchiopodan.
Branchiopoda (brang-ki-op’º-dà), n. pl. [NL.,
Gr. 3páyxia, gills, + ſtoic (rod-) = E. foot.]
1. In Latreille's system of classification, the
first order of his Entomostraca, characterized
as having a mouth composed of an upper lip,
two mandibles, a tongue, and one or two pairs
of maxillae, and the branchiae more or less an-
terior: so called because their branchiae or
ills are situated on the feet. The order thus de-
ned was divided into two sections: (1) Lophyropoda
§: Ostracoda, and Cladocera); (2) Phyllopoda.
Ceratophthalma and Aspidophora).
2. As defined by Huxley, a group of entomostra-
cous Crustacea, embracing only the two groups
Phyllopoda aná Cladocer. It is represented by
such genera as Apus, Nebalia, Bramchipus, Limmetis,
Daphnia, and their allies, which pass into one another so
gradually that the groups Phyllopoda, and Cladocera can
hardly be established. The genera named conform to the
definition of Entomostraca (which see) in invariably pos-
sessing more or fewer than twenty somites; and the tho-
racic and abdominal appendages are nearly always more
or less foliaceous, resembling in many respects the ante-
rior maxilliped of one of the higher Crustacea. See cuts
under Apus, Daphnia, and Limmetis.
branchiopodan (brang-ki-op’º-dan), n, and a.
Same as branchiopod.
Same as
[K
branchiopod + -ows.] Gill-footed; belonging to
the order Branchiopoda. -
branchiopod.
Branchiopulmonata (brang"ki-6-pul-mâ-nā’-
tā), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of branchiopulmo-
matus: see branchiopulmonate.] A division of
the class Arachnida, in an enlarged sense,
adopted by some naturalists to include the ex-
isting genus Limulus, or horseshoe crabs, and
the extinct Eurypterina and Trilobita.
Tollowing Prof. Ed. Van Beneden, I include Limulus, the
Eurypterina, and Trilobites under the Arachnida as Bram-
chiopulmonata. Gegenbawr, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. xix.
branchiopulmonate (brang"ki-6-pul’mū-nāt),
a. and m. [K NIL. branchiopulmonatus, K L.
branchiae, gills, H- § lung.] I. a.
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
JBranchiopulmonata.
II. m. A member of the Branchiopulmonata.
Bºhigºteºla.º.º.º. Branchiopus (brang-ki’ū-pus), n. [NL.] Same
• ?
Ö-dà), m. pl. [.
dous mollusks which breathe the air contained
in Water. Respiration may be effected in three ways:
first, the blood may be simply exposed to the water
in the thin walls of the mantle-cavity, as in some of the
Heteropoda ; secondly, the respiratory organs may be in
the form of outward processes of the integument, exposed
in tufts on the back and sides of the animal, as in the
Nudibranchiata, such as the sea-slugs, etc.; and thirdly
the respiratory organs may be in the form of pectinate
or plume-like branchiae, contained in a more or less com-
plete branchial chamber formed by an inflection of the
mantle, as in the whelks, etc. The Branchiogasteropoda.
fall into two distinct series, the one being hermaphrodite,
with the gills placed toward the rear of the body, and the
other having the sexual organs in distinct individuals.
The Branchiogasteropoda are divided into three orders:
(1) Prosobramchiata (sexes distinct, gills usually inclosed),
as whelks, etc.; (2) Opisthobranchiata (sexes usually
united in the same individual, gills often exposed), as
sea-slugs, etc.; (3). Heteropoda (free-swimming gastro-
pods), as members of the genus Carimaria.
L. branchiſe, gills, "-- as Branchipus. * > -- /
NL "Gastóropoda.] A division of gastropo- branchiostegal (brang-ki-os i.º.
branchiostege (brang’ki-Ö-Stěj), n.
a. [K
branchiostege + -al.] Relating to or of the na-
ture of a branchiostege.—Branchiostegal rays,
branchiostegal membrane. See extract, and cuts un-
der Lepidosiren and Squatina.
Branchiostegal rays are attached partly to the inner,
and partly to the outer, surface of the hyoidean arch.
They support a membrane, the branchiostegal membrane,
which serves as a sort of inner gill-cover.
Hwæley, Anat. Vert., p. 136.
branchiostegan (brang-ki-oste-gan), a. and n.
[K branchiostege + -am.] I. a. 1. Same as
branchiostegous.—2. Of or pertaining to the
Branchiostegi.
II. m. One of the Branchiostegi.
[K Gr.
Bpáyxia, gills, + oréym, a roof, a covering, Korā-
yetv = L. tegere, cover: see tegument, tile..] In
fishes, the membrane which lies beneath the
loranchiostege
operculum and covers the gills; the branchios-
tegal membrane. It is supported by the bran-
chiostegal rays... [Unusual.]
Branchiostegi (brang-ki-oste-ji), n. pl. [NL.,
pl. of branchiostegus : see branchiostege.] In
Artedi's ichthyological system, an order of
bony fishes erroneously supposed to have no
branchiostegal rays. It included his genera Balistes,
08tracion, Cyclopterus, and Lophius, that is, the plectog-
nathous and pediculate fishes, with other heterogeneous
kinds. The branchial apertures are much narrowed, and
the branchiostegal rays and branchiae are entirely interna
, and concealed. . is tº see º
branchiostegite (brang-ki-os 'te-jit), n. [K
branchiostege + -ite2.] In Crustacea, a free
pleural part of the carapace in relation with
the branchiae, forming a cover for the gills and
bounding the branchial chamber exteriorly.
If the branchiostegite is cut away along the groove, it
will be found that it is attached to the sides of the head,
which projects a little beyond the anterior part of the
thorax. Huzley, Crayfish, p. 80.
branchiostegous (brang-ki-osºte-gus), a. [K
branchiostege + -ows.] 1. Having covered gills:
as, a branchiostegous fish.-2. Covering the
gills: as, the branchiostegous membrane.
Also branchiostegan.
Branchiostoma (brang-ki-os’tó-mă), n. [NL.,
KGr. 3páyºta, gills, + orópia, mouth : see stoma.
1. A genus of leptocardians in which the mouth
is surrounded by fringes, which were at one
time erroneously supposed to have the func-
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Head of Lancelet (Brazıchºostoma, or Amph toxies, laztceolattes),
enlarged.
a, notochord; b, representatives of fin-rays, or neural spines; c,
§. oral ring; d, filamentary appendages of the mouth; e, ciliated
obes of pharynx; y, g, part of branchial sac ; /t, h, spinal cord.
tions of branchiae: synonymous with Amphi-
02:18. It represents a special family, Branchiostomidae,
an order Pharyngobranchi; or Cirrostomi, a class Lepto-
cardii, and a superclass Acrania, of vertebrate animals.
See these words, and Amphioxus.
2. A genus of myriapods. Newport, 1846.
branchiostomatous (brang"ki-os-to’ma-tus), a.
Same as branchiostomous. e-
branchiostome (brang(ki-os-tóm), n. A mem-
ber of the genus Bránchiostoma; an amphioxus
or lancelet.
branchiostomid (brang-ki-ostă-mid), n. Alep-
tocardian of the family Branchiostomidae.
Branchiostomidae (brang"ki-os-tom’i-dé), n.
pl. [NL., K. Branchiostoma + -idae.] The only
known family of leptocardian vertebrates,
º by the genus Branchiostoma. The
body is compressed and elongate-fusiform, being pointed
behind as well as in front, and is naked and colorless, with
very evident transverse muscular lines and with slightly
developed fin-folds behind. No paired eyes are developed,
and the mouth is simply an inferior elongated slit sur-
rounded by cirri. The species burrow in the sand, and
probably live in all warm seas. See Amphioacus and lance-
let, the former being a synonym of Branchiostoma and the
latter a popular name of the species.
branchiostomoid (brang-ki-ostě-moid), a. and
m. H. a. Of or having characteristics of the
IBranchiostomidae.
II. m. A branchiostomid.
branchiostomous (brang-ki-Os’tó-mus), a. [K
Gr. 8páyºta, gills, + otóua, mouth.] Having
cirri (as if branchiae) about the mouth; pertain-
ing to or having the characters of the Branchi-
ostomidae. Also branchiostomatous.
Branchiotoca (brang-ki-Ot'3-kä), m. pl. DNL.,
'K Gr. 8páyºta, gills, + Tékog, birth.] In Owen’s
classification of vertebrates, a series or so-called
“genetic section ” containing those which have
gills at birth, whence the name. It included all
the amphibians, fishes, and fish-like vertebrates, and is
thus equivalent to Ichthyopsida (which see). It was com-
trasted with Pnewmotoca (birds and reptiles).
branchiotocous (brang-ki-ot 3-kus), a. Per-
taining to or having the characters of the
Branchiotoca.
branchiotroch (brang (ki-Ö-trok), n., [K Gr.
3páyxia, gills, -H Toozóg, a wheel.] The post-
oral or branchial division of a trochosphere, as
distinguished from the preoral cephalotroch.
661
branchiotrochal (brang-ki-ot’rö-kal), a. [K
branchiotroch F-al.]. 1. Of or pertaining to
a branchiotroch: as, branchiotrochal cilia.-2.
Having a branchiotroch, as a polyzoan.
Branchipodidae (brang-ki-pod (i-dé), m. pl.
L., K. Branchipus (-pod-) + -idae.] A family
of the Branchiopoda (Phyllopoda). The eyes are
stalked or pedunculated, there is no carapace, and the
animals swim upon their backs. The family is repre-
sented by the genera Bramchipw8 and Artemia.
Bºhº. (brang'ki-pus), n. [NL., also, and
prop., Branchiopus (cf. Branchiopoda); K Gr.
Épáyºta, gills, + Togg (Tod-) = E. foot.] The
#. genus of the family Branchipodidae. The
thoracic segments are all free; the head resembles that
of an edriophthalmous crustacean, but carries a pair of
large stalked eyes; there are two antennules (peculiarly
modified in the male), two antennae, one pair of mandibles,
and two pairs of maxillae. Chirocephalus is a synonym.
branchireme (brang'ki-rém), n., [K L. bran-
Chiaº, gills, + remus, an oar, hand or foot of a
swimmer.] A crustacean having branchial
legs, or legs with branchiae attached to them;
a branchiopod.
Branchiura (brang-ki-ji'rá), n. pl. [NL., & Gr,
8páyxia, gills, -- oipá, tail.] A suborder of
parasitic crustaceans, of the order Siphono-
8toma; the Carp-lice. It consists of the single family
Argulidae, having large compound eyes, a long protrusile
spine in front of the suctorial tube of the mouth, and four
pairs of elongated biramous swimming-feet. But the Ar-
gulidae are by most authors referred to the Branchiopoda.
branchiurous (brang-ki-litrus), a. , Pertaining
to or having the characters of the Branchiura.
branch-leaf (brånch/léf), n. A leaf growing
on a branch.
branchless (bránch’les), a. [K branch + -less.]
Destitute of branches or shoots; barren; bare;
naked. -
If I lose mine honour,
I lose myself: better I were not yours,
Than yours so branchless. Shak., A. and C., iii. 4.
branchlet (brånch/let), n. IK branch -H dim.
—let.] A little branch; a twig; a subdivision
of a branch. -
Making the leaves in the woods flutter on their branch-
lets. C. F. Woolson, Anne, p. 94.
branch-pilot (brånch"pi"19t), n. A pilot pos-
sessing a diploma or certificate of competency
from the proper authority. See branch, I., 4.
branch-point (brånch' point), n. In math., a
point upon a Riemann's surface such that, in
going around it, the values of a function are
interchanged.
branchstand (brånch'stand), v. t. In falconry,
to make (a hawk) take the branch, or leap from
tree to tree, till the dog springs the game.
branchy (brān ‘ chi), a. [K branch + -y1.]
1. Full of branches; having wide-spreading
branches.’
The fat earth feed thy branchy root.
Tennyson, Talking Oak.
2. Embowered in or overshadowed by
branches: as, “the woodman’s branchy hut,”
brand (brand), n. [K ME. brand, brond, KAS.
brand, brond, a burning, a sword (= OFries.
brand = OD. brand, a burning, a sword, D.
brand, a burning, fuel, - MLG. brant = OHG.
MHG. brant, G. brand, a burning, a brand, a
sword, = Icel. brandr, a firebrand, a sword, =
Sw. brand = Dan. brand, a firebrand, fire), orig.
a burning, K*brinnan (pret. bran) = Goth, brin-
man, etc., burn: see burn!. Hence, from OHG.,
in the sense of “sword,” OF. brand, brant, bran
= Pr. bran = It. brando, a sword (> OE. bram-
dir, etc., brandish: see brandish), F. brandon,
a torch, brand: see brandoml. See also brant?,
brent?, brinded.] 1. A burning piece of wood,
or a stick or piece of wood partly burned.
Is not this a brand plucked out of the fire? Zech. iii. 2.
The deep-mouthed chimney, dimly lit by dying brands.
- Whittier, Garrison of Cape Ann.
2. A sword. [Now only poetical.]
Then drew he forth the brand Excalibur.
- Tennyson, Morte d'Arthur.
3. A mark made by burning with a hot iron,
as upon a cask, to indicate the manufacturer
or the quality of the contents, etc., or upon an
animal as a means of identification; a trade-
mark; hence, a mark made in other ways than
by burning, as by cutting or painting.—4.
Quality or kind, as indicated by a brand: as,
flour of a good brand. -
Any quantity of gunpowder so finished or blended as to
give identical results at proof is termed a brand, and re-
ceives a distinctive number. Encyc, Brit., XI. 328.
5. A mark formerly put upon criminals with
a hot iron, generally to indicate the character
*J. Baillie.
brand
branded (bran’ded), a.
+brandrith, 3.
brander? (bran’dér), v.
brandering (bran’dèr-ing), n.
brand-goose (brand'gös), n.
brandied (bran’ did), a.
branding-iron (bran’ding-i'êrn), m.
brand-iron
of their crime and for identification; hence,
any mark of infamy; a stigma.
The shrug, the hum, or ha: these petty brands
That calumny doth use. Shak., W. T., ii. 1.
Tories and Whigs had concurred . . . in putting a
brand on Ludlow. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xiv.
6. A disease of plants which usually appears
as blackish pustules, resembling burned spots,
the cause of the disease being some parasitic
fungus. The term is usually restricted to the teleuto-
sporic stage of fungi belonging to the Uredimeoe. Also
called rust, 8mut, and burn.— Bladder-brand. Same as
bunt:4, 1.
(brand), v. t. [K ME. branden, brondyn
D. branden; from the noun.] 1. To burn or
impress a mark upon with, or as if with, a hot
II’OIl.
Catholicism has been branded into the national heart
of Ireland and Poland by the sufferings they have endured
from the enemies of their race and faith.
H. N. Oacemham, Short Studies, p. 388.
2. To mark in some other way, as with a pig-
ment: as, to brand sheep.–3. To mark with
a hot iron as a punishment for crime.
The thief with branded palms, and the liar with cheeks
abashed. Swinburne, In Time of Revolution.
[Branding was formerly a punishment for various of-
fenses, but is no longer practised in civilized countries.]
4. To fix a mark or character of infamy upon;
stigmatize as infamous: as, to brand an act
with infamy.
Enormities branded and condemned by the first and
most natural verdict of common humanity. South.
We find the sober and the industrious branded by the
vain and the idle with this odious appellation [miser].
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 3.
[A. form of brinded, q.
v., suiting its ultimate source, brand.] 1. Brin-
dled; of a reddish-brown color. [Scotch..]—
2. In 206l., marked as if branded or colored.—
Branded drum, a sciaenoid fish, Scioema ocellata, with
brand-like spots at the root of the tail. See drum, and cut
under redfish.
brandenburg (bran’den-bérg), m. [Named from
Brandenburg in Germany.] 1. A kind of orna-
mental buttons with loops, worn on the front of
a man’s coat. See frog.—2. An ornamental
facing on a military coat, having somewhat
the character of the preceding, and forming
parallel bars of embroidery: peculiar to cer-
tain uniforms, such as those worn by hussars
and the like.
Brandenburg porcelain. See porcelain.
branderl (bran’dër), m.
[K brand, v., + -erl.]
1. One who brands.—2. [G. brander, K. D. bran-
der, a fire-ship, = E. brander1.] A name ap-
plied in German universities to a student dur-
+ing his second term. Longfellow.
brander? (bran’dér), n.
[Shortened from M.E.
brandire, brand-iron: see brand-iron. Cf. brand-
with..] 1. A gridiron. [Scotch..]–2. Same as
[North. Eng.]
[K brander2, n.] I.
trams. To broil on a brander or gridiron; grill.
[Scotch..]
II. intrans. To be or become broiled on a
gridiron. [Scotch..]
There's no muckle left on the spule-bane ; it will brander
though ; it will brander vera weel.
Scott, Bride of Lammermoor, I. xviii.
[K brander2, a
gridiron, + -ing 1.] The operation of covering
the under side of joists with battens, to which
laths can be fastened to give a better hold to
the plastering.
Same as brent-
goose.
[K brandy + -ed?..]
Mingled with brandy; made stronger by the
addition of brandy; flavored or treated with
brandy.-Brandied fruit, fruit preserved with the ad-
dition of brandy to the syrup.
brandify (bran' di-fi), v. t. ; pret, and pp. bran-
dified, ppr. brandifying. [K brandy + -ſy..] To
brandy; mix brandy with.
You drink three glasses of a brandyſfied liquor called
sherry at dinner. Thackeray, Early and Late Papers.
Same as
brand-iron, 3.
brand-iron (brand’ī’érn), m. [K ME. brandiren,
brondiron, brandhirne, also brandire, brondyre
(> Sc. brander, a gridiron: see brander?), etc., K
AS. brandisen (= D. brandijcer = MHG. brant-
icem, G. brandeisen = ODan. brandéjarm = Sw.
brandjerm, a trivet), an andiron, K brand, a brand,
+ isen, iron: see brand and iron. Cf. brand-
Tith..] 1. An iron bar or stand on which to
Support brands or burning wood; an andiron.
A massy old . . . brand-iron about a yard and a half
wide, and the two upright ends three feet six inches high.
W. Howitt, Remarkable Places (1842), I. 30.





brand-iron
2. A trivet to set a pot on.—3. An iron used
in branding.
Shame burning brond-yroms in her hand did hold.
- Spemser, F. Q., III. xii. 24.
4}. [A forced sense, with ref, to brand, a
sword.] A sword.
He with their multitude was nought dismayd,
But with stout courage turnd upon them all,
And with his brondiron round about him layd.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. iv. 32.
The villaine met him in the middle fall,
And with his club bet backe his brondyron bright.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. viii. 10.
brandish (bran'dish), v. [K ME. braundishen,
braundisem, K OF. brandiss-, stem of certain
parts of brandir, F. brandir (= Pr. Pg. brandir
= Sp. blandirºit. brandire), brandish, K brand,
etc., a sword: see brand.] I, trans. 1. To move
or wave, as a weapon; raise and move in va-
rious directions; shake or flourish about: as, to
brandish a sword or a cane.
His brandished sword did blind men with his beams.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 1.
2. Figuratively, to play with; flourish: as, “to
brandish syllogisms,” Locke.
II.f intrams. To move with a flourish; toss.
Brawmdische not with thin heed, thi schuldris thou me
caste. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 39.
He will brandish against a tree, and break his sword
. confidently upon the knotty bark.
B. Jomsom, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 1.
brandish (branº dish), m. [K brandish, v.] A
shake or flourish, as of a weapon.
I can wound with a brandish, and never draw bow for
the matter. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.
Brandishes of the fan. Tatler, No. 157.
brandisher (bran'dish-ér), m. One who bran-
dishes: as, “brandishers of speares,” Chap-
man, Iliad, ii.
brandishingl (bran” dish-ing), m.
brandish, v.] The act of flourishing a weapon.
brandishing? (bran'dish-ing), m. A corruption
of bratticing.
brandle? (bran’dl), v. [Also written branle;
K F. branler, formerly spelled bransler, shake,
prob. contr. from brandeler (=It. brandolare; cf.
F. brandiller, shake, Wag), K brandir, brandish:
see brandish, brantle, and brawl?..] I. intrams.
To waver; totter; shake; reel.
Princes cannot be too suspicious when their lives are
sought ; and subjects cannot be too curious when the state
brandles. Lord Northampton, in State Trials, 1606.
II. trans. To shake; agitate; confuse.
This new question began to branle the words of type and
antitype. Jer. Taylor, Real Presence, xii. § 28.
brandlett, m. [Cf. orantail.] An old name for
the redstant, Ruticilla phoºnicura.
brandling ğ. m. [K brand + -ling1.]
1. The smolt, or salmon of the first year.—2.
A small red worm of the family Lumbricidae,
Lumbricus factidus, related to the earthworm,
but with the body banded with alternate brown
and yellow segments. It especially harbors
in old dunghills, and is used for bait in fresh-
water fishing. Also called bramble-worm.
Also written branlin.
brand-mark (brand’märk), m. A distinguishing
mark burned upon the skin or horn of an animal
as a means of identification; hence, a mark cut,
as on timber, or painted, etc., for this purpose.
brand-new, bran-new (brandſ-, bran’nii"), a.
[K brand + men, ; = M.D. brandnieuw ; cf. the
equiv. E. dial. brand-fire *::::: (in Shak-
spere), D. vonkel-nieuw = G. funkel-new, lit.
‘spark-new,” G. magel-new, lit. ‘mail-new,” like
E. spick-and-span new, Span-new, q. v. But in
popular use the first element, brand, is not felt,
the common form being bran-new, and bran
regarded as an intensive of new.] New as a
brand, that is, glowing like metal newly out of
the fire or forge; hence, quite new ; fire-new.
A pair of bran-new jockey-boots, one of Hoby's primest
tS. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 23.
The reassertion of an old truth may seem to have upon
it some glittering reflection from the brazen brightness of
a brand-new lie. Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 183.
brandon1 (bran’don), n. [KME. brawndom, KOF.
and F. brandon = Pr. brando = Sp. blando = Pg.
brandão = It. brandone, brand, firebrand, torch;
in def. 3, with sense of brand, KOF, brand, etc.,
a sword: see brand.] 1+. A torch; a brand; a
flame.
He bar the dragon in his hande that yaf thourgh his
throte so grete brawndom of fler that the eir that was
blakke of the duste and powder becom all reade.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 406.
2. A wisp of straw or stubble. [Prov. Eng.]
—3+. A sword. º
Her right hand swings a brandon in the air.
rwmmond, Flowers of Sion, No. 35.
662
brandon2# (bran'don), n. [Cf. brantle, branle2.]
A kind of dance.
bran-drench (bran'drench), n. A bath used
in leather-manufacture, prepared by soaking
wheaten bran in cold water, diluting with warm
water, and straining through a fine hair sieve.
brandreth, n. See brandrith.
brandrettet, n. Same as brandrith.
brandrith,
[KME. brandrythe, also in corrupt forms brande-
lede, branlede, branlet, an iron tripod fixed over
a fire; K AS. brandréda, an and iron (but the
ME. form may befrom Icel.; cf. Icel. brandreidh,
a grate, = OHG. brantreita, MHG. brantreite), K
brand, E. brand, +_*rēda = Icel. reidha, imple-
ments, reidhi, tackle, rigging, etc.: see array,
w. Cf. brander?, brand-iron.T 1. An iron tripod
fixed over a fire; a trivet; a brand-iron. [Prov.
Eng.]–2. A fence or rail round the opening of
a well. [Eng.]
Wells are digged, and they are compassed about with a
Brandrith lest any should fall in.
Comenius, Visible World, p. 109.
3. One of the supporters of a corn-stack. Also
called brander. [Prov. Eng.]
brandschatz (bränt'shäts), v. t. [K G. brand-
schatzen (MHG. brantschatzen), lay (a town)
under contribution, in time of war, by threat
to burn, K brand, burning, + schatzen, to lay
under contribution, Kschatz, tax, contribution.]
To lay (a captured town) under contribution, in
time of war, by threat to burn it, or by actually
burning it in part. [Rare.]
He [Drakel returned in the midsummer of 1586, having
captured and brandschatzed St. Domingo and Carthagena,
and burned St. Augustine.
Motley, United Netherlands, II. 102.
[Verbal m. of brand-spore (brand’spôr), n. Same as teleuto-
*6.
brandstickle (brand’stik/l), m. [Cf. bamstickle.]
r
An Orkney name for the stickleback.
bran-duster (bran’dus’tēr), m. In milling, an
apparatus for removing, by means of agitators
and sieves, the flour that may cling to bran
after it has passed the bolting-mill.
brandwinet (brand'win), n. Same as brandy-
202')?62. -
Duy any brand-wine, buy any brand-wine?
Yºr Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, iii. 1.
brandy1 (bran'di), m. [Short for brandy-wine,
q.v.] A spirituous liquor obtained by the dis-
tillation of wine, or of the refuse of the wine-
preSS. The average proportion of alcohol in brandy
ranges from 48 to 54 per cent. The name brandy is now
given to spirit distilled from other liquors, and in the
|United States to that which is distilled from cider and from
peaches. See grande champagne, fine champagne (under
champagne), cognac, and eau-de-vie.—British brandy, a
common kind of brandy distilled in England from malt
liquors, and given the flavor and color of French brandy
by artificial means.
brandyl (branºdi), v. t.; pret. and. pp. brandied,
ppr. brandying. [K brandy1, m.] To mix or fla-
vor with brandy.
brandy? (bran'di), a. [K brand, m., 6, + -y1.]
Smutty. Grose. [Prov. Eng.
brandy-bottle (bran'di-bot/l), n. A name of
the yellow water-lily of Europe, Nymphaea lutea,
from the odor of the flower or the shape of the
seed-vessel -
brandy fruit (bran'di-fröt), n. Fruit preserved
in brandy, to which sugar is usually added.
brandy-pawnee (bran'di-pâ"né), m. [K brandy1
+ pawnee, an E. spelling of Hind. până, water.]
The Anglo-Indian name for brandy and water.
brandy-snap (bran'di-snap), n. Agingerbread
cracker flavored with brandy.
brandreth (brand’rith, -reth), n.
brant
Here I conceive that flesh and blood will brangle,
And murmuring Reason with the Almighty wrangle.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas.
An honest man Will not offer thee injury; . . . if he
were a brangling knave, ’tis his fashion so to do.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 379.
brangle1 (brang'gl), n. [K branglel, v.] Awran-
gle; squabble; noisy contest or dispute.
A brangle between him and his neighbour.
Swift, Works, XXI., Letter 410.
brangle?t, n. [War. of brantle, q.v.] A kind
of dance. See brantle.
branglement (brang'gl-mºnt), m. [K branglel
+ -ment.] A brangling, brangle, or wrangle.
brangler (brang'glér), m. One who brangles;
a quarrelsome person.
This poor young gentleman . . . was first drawn into a
quarrel by a rude brangler, and then persecuted and like
to be put to death by his kin and allies.
Scott, Monastery, II. 112.
branglesome (brang'gl-sum), a. [K brangle!
+ -some.] Quarrelsome. Mackay.
lorangling (brang'gling), n. [Verbal n. of bran-
glel, v.] A quarrel or wrangle.
She does not set business back by unquiet branglings
and find-faulting quarrels.
Whitlock, Manners of Eng. People, p. 347.
branial (brā‘ni-al), a... [Irreg. K brain + -ial;
after cranial, etc.] Pertaining to the brain;
cerebral.
brank1 (brangk), v. i. [K ME. branken, prance
walk proudly (of a horse), appar. a modifie
orm of prank, v.] To make a show or fine
appearance; prank. [Rare.]
Lieutenant Hornby . . . came branking into the yard
with two hundred pounds’ worth of trappings upon him.
II. Kingsley, Ravenshoe, xxxii.
2. To hold up the head affectedly. [Prov.
Eng.]
brank? (brangk), n. [E. dial., perhaps of Cel-
tic origin; cf. L. brance, variant brace, quoted
by Pliny as the ancient Gallic name of a white
kind of corn, L. Sandala, var. Scandala, L.L. Scan-
dula..]. Buckwheat. [Eng.]
brankºt, n. ICf. brangle!...] Confusion.
brankłł, n. [Cf. brarigle?..] A kind of dance
brankö (brangk), n. See branks.
branks (brangks), m. pl.: [K Gael. brancas, now
bramgas, brangus, an instrument of punishment,
a kind of pillory (cf. brang, a halter), - Ir. bran-
cas, a halter; prob. from
Teut. : cf. D. prang, pinch,
confinement, pranger, pinch-
ers, º collar, G. pran-
ger, dial. pfranger, a pillor
K. D. L.G. prangen = º
pfrengen. = Goth. praggan
(in comp.), press; of Slavic
origin: cf. OBulg. prenshti
(in comp.), stretch..] 1. An
instrument formerly used in
arts of England and Scot-
and for correcting scolding
Women; a Scolding-bridle. It consisted of a head-
piece inclosing the head of the offender, with a flat iron
which entered the mouth and restrained the tongue.
2. A sort of bridle for horses and cows. In-
stead of leather, it has on each side a piece of wood joined
to a halter, to which a bit is sometimes added, but more
frequently a Wooden nose resembling a muzzle. [Scotch.]
3. The mumps. -
brankursine (brang’kèr-sin), n. IK F. branc-
wrSime, branche-ursine = Pr. branca orsina = Sp.
Pg. branca ursina = It. brancorsina, branca or-
sima, K. M.L. branca, a claw (see branch), H- L.
Qursinus, of a bear, Kursus, bear; the leaves hav-
ing some resemblance to bears claws.] Bear's-
'breech, a plant of the genus Acanthus.
branlelł, v. See brandle.
Branks.
brandy-wine; (branºdi-win), n. [K D. brande-branle” (broñºl), n. [F.: see brantle, brawl”.]
wijn, also brandtwijm, formerly brand-wijn and
brandende wiftn (= MLG. brannewin; cf. Sw.
brännvin = Dan. brandevin = F. brandevin, after
A kind of dance; the generic name of all dances
in which one or two dancers lead all the others,
who repeat all that the first have done, as the
the D. form), K brandon (ppr. brandende, pp. , grandpéré and the cotillion. See brantle, brawl”.
gebrandt), burn, also distil (& brand–E. brand, branlin (branºlin), ".
Cf. G. brandwein bran-new, a. §
branning (bran'ing), m. [Verbaln. of bran1, v.]
*The process of steeping cloth before or after
a burning), H- wijn = E. wine.
(after the D.), brantweim, branntwein, MHG.
brantwein, brant weim, also prant weim, also ge-
prant wein, i. e., burnt wine. Now shortened
to brandy1, q.v.] Brandy.
It has been a common saying, A hair of the same dog;
and thought that brandy-wine is a common relief to such.
Wiseman, Surgery.
brangle1 (brang'gl), v. i. . [Prob. a modifica-
tion of brandle or brabble, in imitation of wran-
gle.
more or less imitative, are subject to irreg.
variation.] To wrangle; dispute contentiously;
squabble. [Now with its derivatives, obsolete
or rare.]
Same as brandling.
See brand-new.
dyeing, or skins preparatory to tanning, in a
ath or vat of bran-water.
They [skins] are now ready for the bramming, which is
done by mixing 40 lbs. of bran with 20 gallons of water,
and keeping them in this fermentable mixture for three
Weeks. Ure, Dict., III. 86.
branny (branºi), a. [K bran1 + -y1.] Having
the appearance of bran; consisting of bran.
Words of this sort, being regarded as branslet, n. See brantle.
brantl (brant), a. [Also written brent; K ME.
brant, brent, & Ås. brant, bront = Icel. brattr
= OSw. branter, Sw., brant, bratt = Dan. brat
steep.] Steep; precipitous,m. [Now dialectali

.. brant
A man may . . . sit on a brant hill side, but if he give
never 80 little forward, he cannot stop, . . . but he must
Ineeds run headlong. Asgham, Toxophilus, i.
brant” (brant), n. Same as brent-goose.—white
Brant, a name of the snow-goose, Anger(or Chen) hyperbo-
rew8, in the United States and Canada, where it is com-
mon. The plumage of the adult is snow-white, excepting
the black primaries and usually a rusty color on the head;
the bill and feet are pinkish. See cut under Chen.
Branta (bran’tá), n. [NL., K brant?..] 1. A
genus of geese: same as Bernicla or Brenthus.
–2. A genus of ducks: a synonym of Fuligula.
brantail (bran'tāl), n. [E. dial, for “brant-tail
or “brand-tail, that is, red-tail. Seebrand, brant-
joa, brent-goose.] A name of the redstart, Ru-
ticilla phoenicura. Montagu. [Local, British.]
brant-fox (brant/foks), n. [K brant2 for brand
(in allusion to its yellowish-brown color) +
foº; = D. brandvos = G. brandfuchs, brant-
fox, a sorrel horse; cf. Sw. brand-rāf- Dan,
brandra-v, brant-fox (Sw, räf = Dan. raw, fox).
See brenº, brent-goose.] Vulpes alopez, a variety
of Swedish fox, smaller than the common fox.
Brant-goose (brant'gös), n. Same as brent-
goose.
prantlet (bran’tl), n. [Also written bransle and
by contraction brawl (see brawl?), K OF. bran-
sle, F. branle, a dance, K bransler, now branler,
shake: see brandle.] 1. A kind of dance. See
branle2.
The King takes out the Duchesse of York, and the Duke
the Duchesse of Buckingham, the Duke of Monmouth my
Lady Castlemaine, and so other lords other ladies; and
they danced the brantle. Pepys, Diary, Dec. 30, 1662.
2. A song for dance-music.
Bransles, ballads, wirelayes, and verses vaine.
- Spenser, F. Q., III. x. 8.
branular (bran’ī-lär), a. [A Latin-seeming
form made from brain, after granular as related
to grain..] Relating to the brain; cerebral.
[Rare.]
Either atrick, practised upon me, or it might be a branu-
War illusion. I. Taylor, World of Mind, p. 634.
braquemardt, n. Same as braquemart.
braquemartt, n. [OF., also braquemard, bra-
quemar (> MT. bragamardus, braquemardus);
cf. OF. braquet, a poniard, Walloon braket, a
Sword.] A short sword with a single edge.
It is generally thought to have been that type of sword
in which the back is perfectly straight and the edge curves
out in such a way that the broadest part of the blade is
near the point. -
braset, v. t. An obsolete spelling of brace1.
brasen, C. See brazen.
brash.1 (brash), v. t. [The several words spelled
brash are chiefly of dial. Origin and of mod.
appearance, and appar, in part of mod, forma-
tion. The senses overlap, and make the sepa-
ration of the words uncertain. Brash.1 is appar.
a popular formation on break, brackl, with the
terminal form of bash, dash, crash, words of
similar sense; cf. brash.1, n., and brash.8, a. In
the sense of ‘assault, attack,” it is also found in
early mod, Sc. as breSche, appar. a var. of brush,
w.; cf. MLG. braschen, breschen, intr., crack,
make a loud noise, roar, boast, brassen, make
a loud noise, - Norw. braska, make a loud
noise, roar, boast, = Sw. braska, rustle, bustle,
boast, - Dan. braske, boast, brag. See brastle.]
[Scotch..] 1. To break to pieces; smash: as,
he brashed in the door.—2. To disturb; disor-
der; break up the order or comfort of.
I am terribly brashed with all these tumblings about.
- arlule. i Oude. II. 106.
3+. To assault; attack. Carlyle, in Froude, II. 106
brashl (brash), m. [K brash.1, v.; cf. MLG.
brasch, a crack, crash, Dan. brask, a boast,
ODan, also a crash, loud noise, a 'boast, in
sense 4, cf. dial. brawch. The word in this
sense cannot be taken, as supposed, from mod.
F. brèche (pron. Inearly brāsh), breccia; more-
over, breccia is a different thing from brash:
see breccia, breach.] 1. A crash. [Prov. Eng.]
—2. An assault ; an attack. [Scotch..]—3.
An effort; a short turn of work. [Scotch..]—
4. A confused heap of fragments. (a) In geol., a
mass of loose, broken, or angular fragments of rocks,
resulting from Weathering or disintegration on the spot.
Lyell. (b) Nawt., small fragments of crushed ice collected
by winds or currents near the shore, but so loosely com-
pacted that a ship can easily force its Way through. Kane.
The ice first forms in thin, irregular flakes called
“sludge,” and when this is compact enough to hold snow
it is known as brash, Iºncyc. Brit., XIX. 328.
ºfuse boughs of trees; clippings of hedges; loose
yºtwigs. -
brash” (brash), n. [Hardly connected, as sup-
posed, with Icel.breysk-leikr, weakness of body,
& breysky, weak, infirm (in a moral sense), prop.
brittle (see brash.8), but perhaps a particular
use of brash.1, n.] 1. A transient fit of sickness.
Burns. [Scotch..]–2. Arash or eruption. [Lo-
663
cal, Eng.J–3. Acidity in the mouth occasioned
by a disordered stomach. Also called water-
brash.—Weaning brash, a severe form of diarrhea
which sometimes follows weaning.
g
brash.8 (brash), a. [Cf. E. dial. (North.) brass-
$8h, brittle; prob., with some alteration of form
(perhaps by confusion with brash.1, n., 4), KIcel.
breyskr, mod, also breiskr, brittle (cf. brash?);
erhaps ult. connected with break and brickle.]
rittle. [Local, U. S.]
brash4 º a. [Perhaps of Celtic origin:
cf. Gael. bras, Ir. bras, brasach, hasty, impetu-
ous, keen, active, nimble; cf. also D. barsch, X
G. barson ºf an’sw. barsk, harsh, impetuous.
Not connected with the equiv. rash.1.1 Impetu-
ous; rash; hasty in temper. Grose. [Colloq.,
Eng. and U. S.]
brash4 (brash), n. [Appar. K brash4, a.; but
erhaps a particular use of brash.1, m.] vio-
ent push. [Prov. Eng.]
brash4 (brash), v. i. [Appar. K brash4, a.; but
#. a particular use of brash.1, v.] To run
eadlong. [Prov. Eng.]
brashë (brash), n. [Appar. a particular use of
+brash.1.1 A shower.
brashyl (brash'i), a. [Appar. K brash.1, n., 4, -F
-y1.] Small; rubbishy. TTProv. Eng.]
brashy? (brash'i), a. [K brash2 + -y1.] Subject
to frequent ailment, as horses; delicate in con-
stitution. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch..]
brashy" (brash'i), a. [Also brawshie; appar. K
brashö -H -y1.] Stormy. [Scotch.]
brasiatorf, n. [ML., K brasiare, brew: see bras-
Serie. brewer. -
brasiatrix}, m. [ML., fem. of brasiator, q.v.]
A female brewer.
brasier, n. See brazier.
brasil, n., See brazil.
brasilin, brasiline, n. See brazilin.
brasils (brasſilz), m. pl. , [Cf. brassil, and E.
dial. brazil, sulphate of iron..] A kind of coal
occurring in the middle of the Ten-yard coal
in South Staffordshire, and preferred by some
smelters for reverberatory furnaces, because it
contains so much inorganic matter that a too
rapid consumption is prevented. Percy.
brasinat (bra-si' na), n. [ML., also bratsina
(OF. bressine), K brasiare, brassare, brew: see
brasserie.] A brew-house.
brasinariaf, m. [ML.] Same as brasina.
brasiumt, m. [ML., also bracium : see bras-
serie..] Malt.
brasmatiast, m. [Gr. 3paopiattaç, equiv. to 3pá-
armſ, an upward earthquake, K Āpàºgen, shake,
throw up.] An earthquake, when character-
ized by an upward movement.
brasque (brask), n. IK F. brasque.] A paste
variously made, used as a liming for crucibles
and furnaces.
The brasque of the larger-sized crucibles is formed of
anthracite powder, powdered gas-carbon, and gas-tar.
W. H. Greenwood, Steel and Iron, p. 24.
brasque (brask), v. t. ; pret. and pp. brasqued,
ppr. brasquing. [K brasque, n.] To line with
brasque.
The pig is melted in a separate hearth, in fact is passed
through a sort of “running out" fire or refinery before
it reaches the finery proper; the bed of this latter is
brasqued or lined with charcoal powder moistened and
rammed in, and so forcibly compressed.
Yºr JEncyc. Brit., XIII. 319.
brassl (brås), m. and a... [K ME. bras, bres, KAS.
braes, brass, whence Gael. prais, Ir, pras,
W. pres, brass; not related to Icel. brasa,
harden in the fire, − Sw. brasa, flame, --
Dan. brase, fry, X F. braser, solder (see
braizel); cf. OSw. and Sw, brasa, fire, Icel.
brass (occurring once), a cook. Hence brace2,
brazem, brassen, etc.] I. m. 1. An important
alloy, consisting essentially of copper and zinc.
The proportion in which the two metals are combined dif-
fers considerably in different kinds of brass. Brass in gen-
eral is harder than copper, and consequently wears better
than that metal. It is malleable and ductile, so that it can
be easily rolled into thin sheets, or be hammered into any
desired shape. It turns easily in the lathe, and can be
drawn into fine wire ; moreover, it has an attractive golden
color, and is cheaper than copper. The color of brass va-
ries with the proportions of the ingredients. A full yellow
variety contains about two parts of copper to one of zinc.
This alloy was known to the ancients, and was made by
them before they had any knowledge of the metal zinc
as such. It is not among the metallic substances men-
tioned by Homer; but it was well known to Strabo, who
describes the mode of manufacturing it from the zinkifer-
Qus ore (calamin), and calls the alloy oriehale (öpsixºkos).
See orchalc, pinchbeck, prince's metal, mosaic §§wntz's
ºmetal, and yellow metal. In rhetorical comparisons, brass
is a common type of hardness, durability, or obduracy.
Unless my nerves were brass or hammer'd steel.
Shak., Sonnets, CNX.
Men's evil manners live in brass; their virtues
We write in Water. Shak., Hen, VIII., iv. 2.
v brassage
2. A utensil, ornament, or other article made
of brass: as, to clean the brasses on board a
ship.–3. In mach., a pil- -
low, bearing, collar, box,
or bush, supporting a gud-
geon: so called because fre-
quently made of brass.-
4. In medieval archaeol., a
funeral monument consist-
ing of a plate of brass, usu-
ally of rectangular shape
and often of large size, in-
cised with an effigy, coats
of arms, inscriptions, and
frequently accessory orna-
ment. Such brasses are some-
times splendidly enameled. In
Some examples the designs are
executed in relief, or in relief
in combination with engraving.
Slabs of stone inlaid with figures
etc., in brass are also calle
brasses, and are a usual form of
medieval monument. Both the
plates of brass and the inlaid
iºn; were frequently placed
in the ordinary pavement of - - &
churches. Comparatively few of §§ in Westmin-
such monuments executed wholly
in brass survive, as the value of the metal has caused it to
be melted down and applied to other uses.
Among the knightly brasses of the graves,
And by the cold Hic Jacets of the dead.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
5. A brass musical instrument, or, collectively,
the brass instruments in a band or an orches-
tra.-6. Money. [Now only colloq.]
i
:
i.
|
º
;
:
=
*
º
:-
º
:
3.
i3.
tº º
;.
A. "º
ºº~.º "
*º#i-
i
;º &
-§w*3M|-ſ
- ºº ºº
||º-;
i-|º
º
-
Withouten pite, pilour ! pore men thou robbedest,
And beere heor bras on thi bac to Caleys to sulle.
Piers Plowman (A), iii. 189.
We should scorn each bribing varlet's brass.
Bp. Hall, Satires, IV. v. 12.
Trying to get out of debt, a very ancient slough, called
by the Latins aes alienum, another's brass, for some of
their coins were made of brass; still living, and dying,
and buried by this other's brass. Thoreau, Walden, p. 9.
7. In coal-mining, iron pyrites. It occurs in small
particles disseminated through the coal, or in veinlets or
thin scaly partings. [Rarely used except in the plural.]
8. Excessive assurance; impudence; brazen-
ness: as, he has brass enough for anything.
[Colloq.]
She in her defence made him appear such a rogue that
the chief justice wondered he had the brass to appear in
a court of justice. Roger North, Examen, p. 256.
To me he appears the most impudent piece of brass
that ever spoke with a tongue.
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, iii.
Brass-blacking. See blacking.—Brass-color, in glass-
'making, a preparation for staining glass, made by expos-
ing thin brass plates upon tiles in the annealing-arch of
a glass-house until they are connpletely oxidized into a
black powder. This powder, fused with glass, gives vari-
ous tints of green and turquoise.—Brass-foil, or brass-
leaf, Dutch leaf or Dutch gold, formed by beating out
plates of brass to extreme thinness.—Brass-powder, cop-
per and its various alloys ground to fine powder and used
with varnish for decorative purposes. Many of the so-
called bronze-powders are brass-powders.
II. a. Made or composed of brass; pertain-
ing to or resembling brass; brazen; brassy.
Trumpet, blow loud,
Send thy brass voice through all these lazy tents.
Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
Brass instrument. See wind-instrument.— Brass rule.
*See rule.
brassl (brås), v. t. [K brassl, m. Cf. bracel.] To
cover or coat over with brass. Copper is brassed
by exposing its surface to the fumes of metallie zinc, or
by boiling it in diluted hydrochloric acid to which an
amalgam of zinc and cream of tartar has been added.
Iron is brassed by plunging it, after cleaning, into melted
brass, and by electro-deposition.
brass? (bras), m. [In def. 1, same as bracel, q.
v.; in def. 2, KOF. brasse, “a fathom or an arm
full; or a measure of five foot” (Cotgrave), F.
brasse, naut., a fathom (= Pr. brassa = Cat.
brassa = Sp. braça = Pg. braça (ML. brassia,
brassa), a fathom), same as brace, the two arms,
K L. brachia, pl. of brachium, bracchium, arm:
see bracel (of which brass3 is a doublet) and
brachium. Cf. It. braccio (> Swiss brache), a
measure, a “cubit’ or ‘fathom,” lit. arm, K L
brachium, arm.] lit. Naut., same as brace.—
2. A continental European measure of length,
equal to the extended arms or more; a fathom.
The old French brasse was 63.9 English inches; the Span-
ish braza in Castile, 65.7 inches; the Catalan brassa, S0.6
inches; the brazado of the Canary Isles (a variety of the
Spanish braza), 71.6 inches; the braça of Portugal and
Brazil, 86 inches; the Norwegian brass, commonly used on
North German nautical charts, 74.1 inches. [The word is
confused with another derived from the singular brachium.
and signifying an arm's length.]
brassage (brås'âj), n. [OF. brassage, brassaige
(ML. brazeagium, bracagium), brassage (cf. Mſ.
braccºtor, minter), F. brassage, coinage, mint-
age, K brasser, stir up (the melted metal): S60
rass of Eleanor Bohun

Brassage
brasserie.] A percentage levied to pay for the
* cost of coining money. See seigniorage.
brassart, brassard (bras’ārt, -árd), ii. [Also
brasset (Škinner); K. F. brassart, brassat, brassal,
now brassard, K bras, arm: see
bracel, n., and cf. bracer, 2.] In
the armor of the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries, that part
which covered the arm, supersed-
ing the vambrace, bracelet, rere-
brace, etc. --
brass-band (brås’band'), n. A
band or company of musical per-
formers, all or most of whom play
upon metal (chiefly brass) wind-
instruments; a military band.
brass-bass (brås’bàs), n. A per-
coideous fish, Morome interrupta :
So called from its bright brassy color, tinged
with blue on the back and marked on the sides
with 7 to 9 large interrupted black bands. It at-
tains the size of the common white perch, and inhabits
fresh waters of the Mississippi valley.
brassel (bras), m. [Cf. G. brassen, the bream;
ult. = barse, bass1. Cf. bream1.] A name of
the European bass.
brasse2, n. See brass2.
brassent, a. [Sc. brassin; K brass + -en?: see
brazen..] A variant of brazen.
brasserie (bras’ér-é), m. [F. (ML. brasseria), K
brasser, brew, mash, stir up, KOF. bracer, KML.
braciare (brasiare, braajare, brassare), brew, K
bracium (brasium, brasum), brace (> OF. braz,
bres), malt, L. (Gallic) brace (var. brance), a
kind of corn; cf. brank2.] In France, a brew-
ery, or a beer-garden attached to a brewery;
also, any beer-garden or beer-saloon.
Brassart.
To-day while Mr. B. was sitting in a brasserie, a lady
approached and shot him.
N. Y. Herald, Dispatches from Paris.
brasset} (brasſet), m. Same as brassart.
brass-finisher (brås' fin"ish-ér), m. A workman
who perfects and polishes articles made of
brass.
brass-founder (brås'foun"dēr), n. A maker of
brass or of articles cast in brass.
brass-furnace (brås'fèr"näs), n. One of two
kinds of furnace for the making and founding
of brass. a) A reverberatory furnace for large quanti-
ties of the alloy. (b) A crucible furnace for small quan-
tities. In this furnace the crucible is placed within a cast-
iron cylinder lined with fire-brick and set over a fire-pit.
The mouth of the cylinder is covered with a metal block
called a tile. Each crucible has its own flue. connecting
with the chimney. The oven for drying cores is generally
placed above the furnace, and connected with the flue to
utilize the heat of the latter.
Brassica (bras’i-kä), n. [L. (> AS. brassica,
ME. brassik, brasik), cabbage.] A genus of cru-
ciferous plants, type of the family Brassicaceae,
or mustard family, natives of Europe and
northern Asia. Several species have long been in culti-
vation, and are the origin of a large number of varieties of
plants used as table vegetables and as fodder. B. oleracea,
has given rise to all the forms of cabbage, cauliflower,
broccoli, kohl-rabi, kale, Brussels sprouts, etc., cultivated
for their leaves or inflorescence, or, in the case of the kohl-
rabi, for the turnip-like enlargement of the stem. B. cam-
pestris is the parent of the turnip and of the rutabaga, in
which the nourishment is stored in the root, and of the
colza and rape, which are raised for the oil of the seed. B.
migra is the black mustard. The wild mustard or char-
lock, B. arvensis, usually a troublesome weed, and some
other species in the East, are sometimes cultivated for
their seeds. The white mustard is now placed in Sinapis.
brassie, n. See brassy”.
brassil (bras’il), n. [See brasils, brazil.] In
"mining, a name sometimes applied to the pyri-
tiferous material occurring in metalliferous
veins or in connection with coal. [Eng.]
brassily (brås’i-li), adv. Impudently; with
brazen confidence. -
brassiness (brås’i-nes), m. The quality or ap-
pearance of being brassy.
brassing (brås’ing), n... [Verbal n. of brass!, v.]
The operation of coating objects of metal with
a film of brass.
Brassolinae (bras-à-li'né), m. pl. [NL., & Braş-
Solis + -ina..] A subfamily of nymphalid but-
terflies, confined to America, of a brown color
with short body and thickened antennae. Bras-
solis and Caligo are leading genera, the latter containing
the owl-butterflies.
brassoline (brasſó-lin), a.
the Brassolinae.
Brassolis (bras'é-lis), n. . [NL.]. A genus of
nymphalid butterflies, typical of the subfamily
Brassolinae.
brass-pavedt (brås' pāvd), a. Paved with brass;
ard or firm, as brass....Spenser. tº
brass-smith (brås'smith), n. A smith who
Works in brass,
Of or pertaining to
664
brass-visaged (brås' viz’ājd), a. Brazen-faced;
impudent: as, “that brass-visaged monster,” B.
Jonson.
brass-wind (brås' wind), n. In music, that divi-
sion of an orchestra which comprises players
upon metal wind-instruments: contrasted with
*the wood-wind, the strings, etc.
brassyl (brås’i), a. and n. [K brassl + -y1.] I.a.
1. Pertaining to or having any of the qualities
of brass; brazen: chiefly used in a derogatory
sense: as, a brassy taste; the coloring is brassy.
Enough to press a royal merchant down,
And pluck commiseration of his state
From brassy bosoms.
2. Brazen-faced; impudent. [Colloq.]
There's no gallarit
So brassy-impudent durst undertake
The words that shall belong to 't.
Middleton (and another), Mayor of Queenborough, iii. 1.
II. m. A wooden golf-club shod with brass
on the sole.
brassy” (brasſi), m.
brassel.
Scotch name of the bib, a gadoid fish.
W. Park, Jr.
brastt (brast). An obsolete form (present, pret-
Spenser,
erit, and past participle) of burst.
# , i.vii.
brastium!, n.
brastle (bras’1), v. i.
A variant of brasium.
Crack. [North. Eng.T
bratl (brat), n. IK ME. bratt, a coarse cloak,
KONorth. bratt, K Gael. brat, a cloak, mantle,
apron, rag, - Ir. brat, a cloak, mantle, veil,
bratog, a rag, - W. brat, a rag, pinafore.]
lf. A coarse mantle or cloak. Chaucer.—2.
A child’s bib or apron. [North. Eng.]—3. A
clout; a rag. Burns. [Scotch..]—4. The film
on the surface of some liquids, as on boiled
milk when cold. [Prov. Eng.]
brat” (brat), m. [First in early mod. E.; per-
haps a particular use of bratl, a child’s bib or
apron, a rag, etc.: see bratl..] A child: now
used only in contempt: as, “this brat is none
of mine,” Shak., W. T., ii. 3; “their dirty brats,”
Thackeray.
O Israel! O household of the Lord!
O Abraham's brats / O brood of blessed seedſ
Gascoigne, De Profundis.
brató (brat), m. [Cf. bret.] A local English
name of the turbot.
bratch (brach), n. [The proper spelling of
brach in this pronunciation: see brach, and cf.
bratchet.] See brach. Grose.
bratchet (brach’et), n. [Sc. also bratchart; K
ME. brachet, KOF, brachet (= Pr. braquet; M.L.
brachetus), dim. of brache, a hound: see brach..]
A kind of hound; a brach: applied contemptu-
ously to a child.
The bratchet's bay
IFrom the dark covert drove the prey.
Scott, Marmion, ii., Int.
To be plagued with a bratchet whelp —Whence come ye,
my fair-favoured little gossip? Scott, Kenilworth, II. xxi.
bratht, a. [Sc. also braith; K ME. brath, broth,
braith, K. Icel. brådhr = Sw. bråd = Dan. brad,
sudden, hasty.] Hasty; violent; fierce.
For this word was Saul wrath,
For oft sith was he bremli [brimly] brath.
MS. in Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), Gloss., p. 31.
brathi, n. [ME., KIcel, brādh, haste, K brādhr,
hasty: see brath, a.] Violence; fierceness.
In the brath of his breth that brennez alle thinkez.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), l. 2216.
brathlyt, adv. [Sc. also braithly; KMF. brathly,
brothly, braithly, brathli, etc.; K brath + -ly?..]
Hastily; violently; fiercely.
Beris to syr Berille and brathely hym hittes.
- Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), l, 1771.
brattach (bratſak), n. [K Gael. bratach, banner,
flag, ensign, K brat, mantle, cloak, veil, rag:
see bratl.] A standard. [Scotch.]
Their forces are assembling on each side, and not a man,
claiming in the tenth degree of kindred, but must repair to
the Brattach of his tribe. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth, I. xiii.
brattice (brat'is), n. [= E. dial. brattish, a shelf,
KME. bretais, bretasce, bretis, bretage, britage,
K OF. breteche, bretesche, bertesche, bretesque (=
Pr. bertresca = It. bertesca, baltresca, M.L. reflex
bretechia, breteschia, bertescha, berthesca, ber-
tresca, etc.), perhaps K OHG. MEIG. bret, G.
Shak., M. of W., iv. 1.
[Also brassie, bressie. Cf.
Fish-names are very unstable.] A
[K ME. brastlien, KAS.
brastlian, baºrstlian, crackle, as burning wood,
a falling tree, thunder, etc. (= MHG. brasteln,
prasteln, G. prasselm, crackle), freq. of “bras-
tian (= OHG. brastón, prastón, MHG. brasten,
crackle), K berstan (pret. baerst, *brast), burst:
see burst, brast, and cf. brustlel, which is a dou-
blet of brastle.] 1}. To crackle; crack with a
noise. Layamon, III. 141.-2. To boast; brag;
braunite
brett = AS. bred, a plank: see board.] In
'mining, a board, plank, or brick lining or parti-
tion in a level or shaft, usually designed to form
an air-passage or confine the current of air to
a certain route. Also written brettice, brettis.
brattice (brat'is), v, f.; pret, and pp. bratticed,
ppr. bratticing. [K brattice, n.] #, Separate
by a brattice.
The improvement of the circulation by bratticing, or
separating the upward and downward currents by plates
or tubes. R. Wilson, Steam Boilers, p. 168.
brattice-cloth (brat’is-klóth), n. In coal-min-
àng, a heavy cloth or canvas, often covered with
some water-proof material, and used tempora-
rily as a brattice.
bratticing, brattishing (brat’is-ing, -ish-ing),
m. [Also corruptly (in 26 sense) brandishing;
KME. bretaSynge, briteysing, an outwork, etc.,
K bretasce, etc., brattice. See bartizan, which
is appar. a var. of bratticing. In 3d sense
directly from brattice. See brattice.] 1. An
Ornamental cresting, generally of open-work,
as a medieval cresting of foliage, or the like.
–2. Any open-work of rich and varied design,
especially in metal.—3. A partition in a mine
to form an air-passage or brattice. See
brattice. g
brattish!, n. Same as brattice. [Dial.]
* (brat’ish), a. Of or befitting a brat.
8,I’6.
brattishing, m. See bratticing.
brattle (brat'l), v. 3.; pret. and pp. brattled, ppr.
brattling. [Appar. ‘an imitative word. §.
brastle and rattle.] 1. To make a loud rum-
bling or rattling noise; thunder.—2. To move
rapidly with a clattering noise.
brattle (brat'l), m. [K brattle, v.] 1. A clatter-
ing noise like that made by the feet of horses
moving rapidly.—2. Rapid motion; a short
rapid race.
Thou need na start awa’ sae hasty,
Wi’ bickering brattle 1
Burns, To a Mouse.
3. A violent attack. -
brattling (bratſling), m. [Verbal n. of brattle,
Q) The act of making a clattering noise; tu-
mult; uproar; quarrel.
Her voice that clove through all the din, . . .
Jarr'd, but not drown'd, by the loud brattling.
Byrom, Sardanapalus, iii. 1.
His voice sounded not unlike the brattling of a tin trum-
łºś to the number of hard northwesters which
he had swallowed in the course of his sea-faring.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 86.
bratty (brat’i), n. ; pl. bratties (-iz). [Dim. of
bratl.] An apron. [Scotch.]
brauch (bråch), n. [E., dial.., , also brauche,
brawché. Cf. brash.1, n., 4.] Rakings of straw
to kindle fires. [Prov. * (#)
brauchin (brā’chin), n. [E. dial.] A collar
for a cart-horse: also barkham, bargham,
barwam, braugham, etc.; in Scotland, brecham,
[Prov. Eng, and Scot.]
braudt, v. See broud, broid. -
brauderiet, n. An obsolete variant of broidery.
braughwamt, m. [E., dial., also brough wham
and broughton; origin unknown.] A dish
composed of cheese, eggs, bread, and butter,
boiled together. [Lancashire, Frg.]
braullf, v. An obsolete spelling of brawll.
braul? (brål), n. [E. Ind.] A blue and white
striped cloth made in India.
Braula (brā‘lā), n. [NL.] The typical genus
of the family Brawlidae. Braula caeca is the
common bee-louse.
braulid (bräſlid), n. A bee-louse of the family
JBraulidae.
Braulidae (brā‘li-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Braula +
-idae.] A family of pupiparous dipterous in-
sects, the bee-lice, represented by the genus
IBrawla.
The family Brawlidae comprises only a single minute
species, not two millimeters in length. The head is large,
wholly without eyes, the thorax small and without wings,
and the legs are short and stout, with strong pectinated
claws. These degraded flies are parasitic upon honey-
bees, especially the drones, living among the hair of the
thorax. Stand. Nat. Hist., II. 433.
brauna (bră'nā), n. . [Braz, ; also written ba-
Yawma and garauna.] 1. A native name for
Melanoacylon Brawnia, a tall leguminous tree of
Brazil, the wood of which is very durable and
beautiful, and is applied to many uses.—2. A
species of Cassia.
brauncht, n. and v. An obsolete form of branch.
Drauneberger (brou-ne-bär’gér), n. [G]
white wine made near Trèves on the Mosel.
braunite (brou’mit), n. [K M. Braun, of Gotha,
+ -ite?..]. A native oxid of manganese, con-
taining also 20 per cent. of manganese silicate.
|

- - braunite
It occurs in tetragonal crystals of a brownish-black color
in Thuringia, the Harz, Piedmont, and elsewhere.
Brauronian (brå-rö’ni-an), a. [K Gr. Boav-
pøvta, of Brauron, an epithet of Artemis, KBoav-
póv, an Attic village and deme near Marathon.]
Of or relating to
to its inhabitants; specifically, an epithet of
Artemis, who was worshiped under this title on
the Acropolis of Athens.
brava (brā’vá). Seeremarks under bravo, interj.
brayadet (bra-vād’), n. IK F. bravade: see bra-
wado.] Samé as bravado.
The great Pacheco, like himself, this hot
And fierce bravade shall in a trice make vain.
- As Famshawe.
bravado (bra-vā’dó), n. and a. [Formerly also
bravade (K F. bravăde) = ODan. bravat, K Sp.
bravada, now bravata (= It. bravata), boast,
vain ostentation, K bravo = F. brave = It. bravo,
'brave, bullying: see brave and bravo.] I. m.;
pl. bravados or bravadoes (-dóz). 1. Preten-
tious boldness or bravery; arrogant or boast-
ful menace; swaggering defiance.
In spite of our host's bravado. Irving.
No sooner was this mad bravado agreed upon than they
turned the reins of their horses and made for Seville.
- Irving, Moorish Chronicle, p. 109.
2}. One who indulges in boastful and arrogant
Iſle Ilº,00S,
The hectors and bravadoes of the House, who show all
the zeal on this occasion. Pepys, Diary, Feb. 28, 1667.
II. a. Arrogantly bold or menacing; said or
done in bravado: as, “bravado bets,” Disraeli,
Coningsby, v. 5. -
bravado (bra-vā'dó), v. i. [K bravado, n.] To
act in a spirit of bravado; storm; rage. [Rare.]
Like winds where AEolus bravado'd. Lloyd, The Poet.
bravaisite (bra-vā’zit), n. [K Bravais, a French
crystallographer, H- -ite?..] A hydrous silicate
of aluminium with small amounts of iron, cal-
cium, magnesium, and potassium, occurring in
crystalline fibrous forms in the coal-measures
of Noyant, in Maine-et-Loire, France.
brave (brāv), a. and m. [First in early mod. E.;
= G. brav (17th century) = MD. brawwe, brave,
fine, gallant (in appearance), brave, fierce, also
fine, gallant (Kilian), mod. D. braaf, brave, gal-
lant, courageous (cf. M.D. brawwen, adorn, bra-
veren, be fierce, = MLG. bravčren = ODan. bra-
vere, strut), = Dan. brav, brave, worthy, = OSw.
braf, Sw. bra, good, X prob. Sc. braw, good,
also pleasant, fine, handsome, etc., K F. brave,
brave, fine, gallant, etc., introduced in the 16th
century, K.It. bravo, brave, hardy, OIt. tempes-
i. bravo, n., cutthroat, assassin, bravo),
= Sp. Pg. bravo, brave, etc., - Pr. braw, fem.
brava, brave, hard, wicked, etc. (ML. bravus,
a bravo, cutthroat); cf. OF. braow, braw, ML.
bravus, bravis, a young untamed ox, OIt. bravo,
tempestuous, Sp. brava, a heavy swell of the
sea; all appar. from a Rom. (It. or Sp.) type
bravus, ‘savage, cruel, fierce, wild,’ prob, a
popular reduction (bravus, brabus, brabrus) of
the literary L. barbarus, savage, foreign : see
barbarows. Similar developments of meaning
appear in the history of bream, fierce, gallant,
hard.] I. a. 1. Possessing or exhibiting
courage or courageous endurance; intrepid;
valiant; fearless: as, a brave warrior; a brave
act; he was brave under calamity.
It is very good to relate the brave deeds.
Ca2:ton, Paris and V., Prol. N. E. D.
Two braver men
Ne'er spurr'd their coursers at the trumpet’s sound.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 7.
The brave man is not he who feels no fear, . . .
But he whose noble mind its fears subdues.
• J. Baillie, Basil.
The coward sneaks to death, the brave live on.
. Sewell, The Suicide, ii. 55.
2. Making a fine display in bearing, dress, or
appearance generally; having a noble mien:
said of persons.
I have gold, and therefore will be brave,
In silks I’ll rattle it of evº;
- eene, Tu Quoque, vii.
3. Splendid; beautiful; gorgeous; gaudy: said
of things.
With blossoms brave bedecked daintily.
Spenger, F. Q., I. vii. 32.
And wear my dagger with the braver grace.
Shak., M. of V., iii. 4.
He had them into the very best room in the house (a
very brave room it was).
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 252.
4. Excellent; capital; fine; admirable. [For-
merly in very common use in this sense as a general term
rauron, a deme of Attica, or
665
of commendation; often also used ironically; now obso-
lete except perhaps in irony.]
Iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundet,
I'll devise thee brave punishments for him.
Shak., Much Ado, v. 4.
=Syn. 1, Gallant, Valiant, Courageous, Brave, Heroic,
valorous, dauntless, chivalrous, doughty, resolute, man-
ful. Gallamt, Splendid in dress or qualities, is most ap-
propriately used with regard to courage which exhibits
itself in deeds attracting attention and applause; of the
first four words it is that which may have in it most of
compliment and least of high commendation, but it is
often a strong word, expressing splendid bravery in ac-
tion: as, he was a gallant officer. Valiant is also brave in
action, especially in opposing physical force, as in battle.
The word is now elevated and poetic. Cowrageous denotes
the possession of that spirit which enables one fearlessly
and with full presence of mind to face danger. Brave is the
most comprehensive of the words; it may denote the pos-
session of the highest and noblest kind of courage and for-
titude, of that spirit which enables a man to bear up against
evil and danger, as well as to go forth to face it. Cowra-
geous has much of this breadth of meaning, but is appli-
cable rather to doing than to enduring; brave is both pas-
sive and active. Heroic combines the meaning of all the
other words in the superlative degree. It indicates a lofty
superiority to fear, a noble self-forgetfulness, an almost
superhuman power to dare, achieve, or suffer. It bears
the same relation to the other words that 8wblime bears to
great, grand, or lofty.
The Sardinian fleet had been withdrawn from Venice,
and the gallant resistance of the Venetians was fast draw-
ing to a close. B. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 108.
Plague on't ; an I thought he had been valiant and so
cunning in fence, I'd have seen him damned ere I’d have
challenged him. hak., T. N., iii. 4.
But he rose upon their decks, and he cried:
“I have fought for Queen and Faith like a valiant man
and true.” Tennyson, The Revenge.
Only be thou strong and very courageous, that thou
mayest observe to do according to all the law which
Moses my servant commanded thee. Josh. i. 7.
But, what with pleasure Heaven itself surveys,
A brave man struggling in the storms of fate,
And greatly falling with a falling state.
Pope, Prol. to Cato, l. 31.
II. m. [Cf. bravo, n.] 1. A brave, bold, or
daring person; a man daring beyond discretion.
Specifically—2. A North American Indian or
other savage warrior: as, the chief was accom-
panied by two hundred braves.
Two from among them [Indian warriors] advancing,
Came to parley with Standish, and offer him furs as a
present; . . .
stature. Longfellow, Courtship of Miles Standish, vii.
With three strokes to each, the scalps of the victims be-
ing suddenly taken off, the brave flies back with his com-
panions, to hang the trophies in his cabin.
Bancroft, Hist, U. S., II. 431.
3+. A hector; a bully; a bravo.
Too insolent, too much a brave. Dryden.
4}. [K brave, v.] A boast; a challenge; a de-
fiance.
I will not bear these braves of thine.
Shak., T. of the S., iii. 1.
'Tis time
To be avenged on you for all your braves.
Marlowe, Edward II., iii. 3.
brave (brāv), v. t. ; pret. and pp. braved, ppr.
braving. [K F. braver, brave, affront, defy, etc.,
K brave, brave.] 1. To encounter with cour-
age and fortitude; set at defiance; defy; chal-
lenge; dare.
The ills of love, not those of fate, I fear;
These I can brave, but those I cannot bear. Dryden.
Louis the Fifteenth braved the hatred and contempt of
his subjects during many years of the most odious and
imbecile misgovernment.
Macaulay, West. Rev. Defence of Mill.
2+. To wear a boasting appearance of.
To brave that which they believe not. Bacon, Essays.
Another,
Reputed valiant, lives by the sword, and takes up
Quarrels, or braves them, as the movice likes,
To gild his reputation. Ford, Fancies, i. 3.
3+. To make fine, showy, or splendid. [Rare.]
Pſe [the sun] should lave brav'd the east an hour ago.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 3.
To brave out, to face out; brazen out: generally with an
indefinite it as object.
However we brave it out, we men are a little breed.
Tennyson, Maud, iv.
bravely (brăv'li), adv. In a brave manner.
(a) Courageously; gallantly; splendidly; heroically.
Who combats bravely is not therefore brave.
gº Pope, Moral Essays, i. 115.
(b) Finely; gaudily.
And decked herself bravely, to allure the eyes of all men
that should see her. Judith x. 4.
(c) Well; prosperously: as, he is getting on bravely.
The tug was towing bravely. -
W. C. Russell, Jack's Courtship, xxi.
braveness (brăv'nes), n. The quality of be-
ing brave; bravery : as, “the braveness of the
exploit,” Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 306.
bravery (brā’vér-i), m.; pl. braveries (-iz).
bravingly (brā’ving-li), adv.
bravissimo (brā-vis’i-mö), interj.
bravitył, n.
Braves of the tribe were these, and brothers gigantic in bravo (brā’vö), interj.
Yºr
bravura (brā-vé'râ), m.
braw (brå), a. and m.
brawdt, v. t.
brawderyt, n.
brawet (brou’et), n.
brawl.1 (brål), v.
brawl
[K
F. braverie, gallantry, splendor, etc., K brave,
brave: see brave and -cry..] 1. The quality of
being brave; gourage; heroism; undaunted
spirit; intrepidity; gallantry; fearlessness.
Remember, sir, my liege, . . .
The natural bravery of your isle.
Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 1.
Lancelot, the flower of bravery.
- Temnyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
2. Showiness; splendor; magnificence.
The bravery of their tinkling ornaments. Is... iii. 18.
Great bravery of building, to the marvellous beautifying
of the realm. Camden.
No more in the midnight tempest
Will she mock the mounting Sea,
Strong in her oaken timbers,
And her white sail's bravery.
Halleck, Epistles.
3+. Show; ostentation; parade.
Prefaces, . . . and other speeches of reference to the
person, are great wastes of time ; and though they seem
to proceed of modesty, they are bravery. Bacon.
Nor would I you should melt away yourself
In flashing bravery.
B. Jomsom, Every Man in his Humour, i. 1.
4}. Bravado; boast.
I commended but their wits, madam, and their brave-
7-ies. I never looked toward their valours.
B. Jomsom, Epicoene, iv. 2.
There are those that make it a point of bravery to bid
defiance to the oracles of divine revelation.
Sir R. L'Estrange.
5+. A showy person.
A man that is the bravery of his age. Beaw, and Fl.
He is one of the braveries, though he be none of the wits.
B. Jomson, Epicoene, i. 1.
=Syn. 1. Valor, daring, pluck, boldness, mettle, audacity.
For comparison, see brave.
bravi (brā’vé). See remarks under bravo, interj.
braving# (brā’ving), m. [Verbal n. of brave, v.]
Bravado; defiance.
With so proud a straine of threats and bravings.
hapmnan, Odyssey, xxi.
In a braving or
[Rare.]
[It., Superl.
of bravo, q.v.] Superlative of bravo.
That's right—I’m steel—Bravo!—Adamant—Bravissi-
Two 1 Colman, Jealous Wife, i. 1.
[K brave + -ity.] Bravery.
[It. adj. (pl. bravi, fem.
brava, pl. brave), X F. brave, X E. brave, q. v.]
Well done! good! sometimes used as a noun:
as, “with bravo and handclapping,” Carlyle,
French Rev., II. v. 6.
The Italian Prima Donna sweeps a courtesy of careless
pity to the over-facile pit which unsexes her with the
bravo! Lowell, On a Certain Condescension in Foreigners.
[In Italian the word is an adjective, and the correct usage
is to say bravo to a male singer or actor, brava to a female,
and bravi to a company; but in French and properly in
English the word is a mere interjection. Careful persons
familiar with the Italian usage do, however, discriminate
as to gender.]
efying manner. Sheldom.
bravo (brā’vö), m.; pl. bravos or bravoes (-voz).
[It. (ML. bravus), K bravo, adj.: see brave..] A.
daring villain; a bandit; one who sets law at
defiance; an assassin or murderer.
Stab, like bravoes, all who come that way.
Churchill, The Apology.
Was not this Venice, and is not Venice forever associ-
ated with bravoes and unexpected dagger thrusts 2
Howells, Venetian Life, xi.
and a. [It., bravery,
spirit, K bravo: see brave..] . T. m. In music, a
florid air, requiring great force and spirit in
the performer, and serving to display his or
her power, flexibility of voice, and distinctness
of articulation.
II. a. In music, spirited; florid; brilliant:
as, a bravura air: chiefly applied to vocal com-
positions, but occasionally to instrumental.
[Sc.: see brave..] I. a.
Brave; fine; gay; handsome; pleasant; agree-
able; worthy; excellent; stout : as, a braw new
gown; a braw man; braw lads and bonny lasses.
[Scotch..]
There's braw, braw lads on Yarrow braes.
Burms, Gala Water.
II. m. pl. One's best apparel; finery.
See browd, broid.
An obsolete variant of broidery.
A young eel. Also writ-
[North. Eng.]
[Early mod. E. also brall, K
ME. brallen, cry out, vociferate, = D. brallen,
boast, - Dan. bralle, jabber, chatter, = MHG.
prâlem, G. prahlem, boast, vaunt, flaunt; appar-
ently identical with M.E. brawlem, brawlen, quar-
rel, W. brawl, a boast, brolio, boast, vaunt, bra-
gal, vociferate, etc. Cf. also F. brailler (= Pr.
brailar), cry out, bawl, prob. K braire, bray: see
ten brawat.
brawl
bray?. The ult, source of all these forms is
erhaps the same. See brag..] I. intrams. 1.
o Speak loudly and complainingly or angrily;
be clamorous or noisy; quarrel noisily and in-
decently.
I do the wrong, and first begin to brawl.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 3.
2. To roar, as water flowing over a pebbly or
rocky bed; make a loud babbling noise.
The brook that brawls along this wood.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 1,
Crossing the brook at the ford, where it brawled over
pebble and shallow. Longfellow, Miles Standish, iii.
=Syn. 1. To wrangle, squabble, dispute (noisily).
#. trans. 1. To wrangle about; be noisy or
contentious regarding.
I care not what the sects may brawl.
Tennyson, Palace of Art.
2. To drive away or beat down by noise.
[Rare.]
Your deep wit . . .
Reason'd, not brawl'd her [Truth] hence.
Sir K. Digby, Preface to Nature of Man's Soul.
brawll (brål), m. [K brawll, v.] A noisy quar-
rel; loud, angry contention; an uproar; row;
squabble: as, “stout polemick brawl,” S. But!
ler, Hudibras.
He is a devil in private brawl.
Shak., T. N., iii. 4.
A creature wholly given to brawls and wine.
T'ennyson, Geraint.
The whole world knows that this is no accidental brawl,
but a systematic War to the knife, and in defiance of all
laws and liberties. Bmerson, Affairs in ICansas.
=Syn. Broil, Affray, etc. See quarrel, m.
brawl? (brål), m. [Early mod. E. also brall; a
corruption of earlier bransle, also written bran-
sel, brantle, brangle, etc., K F. bransle, now
bramle, a dance, same as bransle, bramle, verbal
n. of bransler, branler, shake, move, etc.: see
brandle, brantle, branle.] A kind of dance; a
branle.
Good fellowes must go learne to daunce,
The brydeal is full near-a;
There is a brall come out of Fraunce,
The fyrst ye harde this yeare-a.
Good Fellowes (1569). (Halliwell, Note to Marston's Plays.)
Thence did Venus learn to lead
The Idalian branwls. B. Jomsom, Vision of Delight.
My grave lord-keeper led the brawls;
The seal and maces danced before him.
Gray, Long Story.
brawler (brā’lér), m. [ME. brawlere.] One
who brawls; a noisy fellow; a wrangler.
The great statesman degenerated into an angry brawler.
Buckle, Civilization, I. xii.
brawlie, adv. See brawly.
brawling (brā‘ling), n. [ME. brawlyng; verbal
m. of brawll, v.] The act of quarreling; specifi-
cally, in Eng. law, the offense of quarreling or
creating a disturbance in a church or church-
yard. g
brawling (brā‘ling), p. a. [Ppr. of brawli, v.]
1. Contentious; quarrelsome ; noisy.
I know she is an irksome, brawling scold.
Shak., T. of the S., i. 2.
The spirit-grieving sounds of brawling commerce.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 160.
IFrom brawling parties concords come.
Lowell, To the Muse.
2. Making the noise of rushing water: as,
“brawling springs,” Collins.
The brawling streams shall soon be dumb.
O. W. Holmes, Old-Year Song.
brawlingly (brā’ling-li), adv.
or quarrelsome manner.
brawlins (brā‘linz), adv.
[Scotch..]
brawly (brā’li), adv. and a... [Also brawlie; =
E. bravely.] Bravely; finely; heartily; very
well; in good health or condition. [Scotch..]
I am brawly now again— it was nae great thing that
ailed Inc. Scott, Abbot, II. 82.
brawn (brān), m. [K ME. braum, brawn, mus-
cle, boar's flesh, K OF. braom, a piece of flesh,
= Pr. bradon, brazon, braom = OSp. brahon, K
OHG. bråto (acc. brålon), a piece of flesh for
roasting, MHG. bråte, G. bralen, roast meat (=
AS. bråde, roast meat), KOHG. bråtan, MHG.
bråten, G. braten = AS. brædam = OFries.
bråda = D. braden, roast, broil (cf. Dan. brad,
a joint of meat); cf. Gr. Tpſtelv, burn, blow into
a flame.] 1. Boar's flesh; the flesh of the boar
or of swine, collared so as to Squeeze out much
of the fat, boiled, and pickled.
I see nothing here like Christmas, excepting brawn and
mincepies in places where I dine.
Swift, Journal to Stella, Letter 38.
2. Aboar. Beau. and Fl. [Now only prov. Eng.]
Bulle-nekkyde was that bierne, and brade in the scholders,
Brok-brestede as a brawme with brustils fulle large.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), l. 1095.
In a brawling
Same as brawly.
666
3. The flesh of a muscular part of the body:
as, the brawn of the arm, thigh, etc.
It was ordained that murtherers should be brent on the
brawn of the left hand. Hall, Hen. VII., an. 15.
4. Well-developed muscles; muscular strength. .
Brawm without brain is thine. Dryden, Fables.
Here, then, is a great stalwart man, in perfect health,
all brawn and rude muscle, set up before us as the ideal
of strength. S. Lanier, The English Novel, p. 54.
5. Figuratively, the arm: from its muscles or
strength. [Rare.] º
I'll hide my silver beard in a gold beaver,
And in my wantbrace put this wither'd brawn.
Shak., T. and C., i. 3.
I had purpose
Once more to hew thy target from thy brawm,
Or lose my arm for't. Shak., Cor., iv. 5.
6. Headcheese.— Mock brawn, the flesh of a pig's
head and feet cut in pieces, and boiled, pickled, and
pressed into a form.
brawned: (bränd), a. [Kbrawn +-ed2.] Brawny;
strong: as, “brawned bowrs,” Spenser, F. Q., I,
viii. 41.
brawner (brā’něr), n. [K brawn + -erl.] A boar
killed for the table.
brawn-fallent (brān (fā’ln), a. Having the
brawny or muscular parts of the body shrunk
or fallen away; wasted; thin ; weak.
Were not Milo his armes brawmefallen for want of
wrastlyng? Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 127.
brawniness (brā’ ni-nes), n. IK brawny H-
-ness.] The quality of being brawny; strength;
hardiness.
This brawniness and insensibility of mind is the best
armour against the common evils and accidents of life.
Locke, Iducation, § 113.
brawny (brā’ni), a. . [K ME. brawny, fleshy (of
fruit); K brawn + -y1.] 1. Fleshy; muscular;
having large strong muscles; bulky; strong.
Oxe dounge about her rootes yf that me trete
The pomes sadde and brawny Wol it gete.
Palladius, iii. 106.
The muscles of his brawny arms
Are strong as iron bands.
Longfellow, Village Blacksmith.
2. Figuratively, firm; hardened; having great
power of resistance. -
A brawmy conscience which hath no feeling in it.
J. Mede, Apost. of the Latter Times, ii.
braws (brāz), m. pl. See braw, m.
braxy (brak’si), m. and a... [Also braksy; a re-
duction of bracit, q. v. Hence also bracks,
braajes (pl.), in same sense..] I. m. 1. A dis-
ease of sheep characterized by inflammation
of the bowels and retention of the urine: also
called the sickness in some parts of Scot-
land. The name is also given to a variety of
other diseases of sheep.–2. A sheep hav-
ing the braxy; hence, the mutton of such a
sheep.
II. a. Affected or tainted with braxy: as,
*braay sheep; braſcy mutton.
brayl (bră), v. t. [K ME. brayen, KOF. brayer,
breier, brehier, F. broyer = Pr. Sp. bregar, pound,
bray, prob. K MHG. brechen = E. iroak. q. V.]
To pound or beat thoroughly, as with a pestle
or other instrument; triturate, crush, mix, etc.,
by beating or any analogous action: as, to bray
drugs; to bray printers' ink. See brayer1.
Irecipe the cromys of whyte brede, & Swete apyls, &
3okkis of eggis, & lyray tham Wele.
Babees Book (E. F. T. S.), p. 53.
Though thou shouldst bray a fool in a mortar, . . . yet
will not his foolishness depart from him. Prov. xxvii. 22.
bray2 (bră), v. [K ME. brayen, KOF. braire, K
ML. bragire, bray, bragare, cry, squall, prob.
of imitative origin: see brag, v.] I. intrans.
1. To utter a loud and harsh cry: with refer-
ence now especially to the ass, but formerly
also to the bull, deer, and other animals, as
well as to man.
Whan the squyers hadde cried and braied for theire lord
longe while, thei toke hym vp and bar hym to theire hos-
tell. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 467.
Whan the Sarazin felte hym-self so diſfouled, he fledde
cryinge and brayinge as a bole [bull].
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 552.
Laugh, and they
IReturn it louder than an ass can bray.
ryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires.
Hence—2. To make a loud, harsh, disagree-
able sound. -
Heard ye the din of battle bray? Gray, The Bard.
And varying notes the war-pipes brayed
To ever varying clan. cott, Marmion, v. 5.
II. trans. To utter with a loud, harsh sound,
like the ass.
The kettle-drum and trumpet thus bray out
The triumph of his pledge. Shak., Hamlet, i, 4.
Arms on armour clashing bray'd
Horrible discord. ilton, P. L., vi. 209.
brazen
bray2 (bră), n. [K ME. bray, a loud cry, also
; & off brai; - Fr. ūrā’; from ºverb.j
A harsh cry, especially that of an ass; hence,
any similar harsh or grating sound.
Several times a day we are stunned and overwhelmed
with the cracked brays of three discordant trumpets.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 25.
bray83 (bră), n, [KQF, braie, a kind of bastion,
a dike or bank, K ML, braca, a dike or bank,
same as OF. braie, K. M.L. braga, part of a river
confined between dikes to facilitate the catch-
ing of fish.] A bank or mound of earth used
infortification; a breastwork; a bulwark; spe-
cifically, a wall or other work in advance of
and covering the gate of a fortress.
That they could scant put their heads over the bray or
bulwark. Hall, Hen. VIII., am. 16.
Order was given that bulwarks, *. and walls should
be raised in his castles and strongholds.
Lord Herbert, Hen. VIII., p. 28.
bray4 (bră), n. [= Sc. brae, bra, K.M.E. braye,
also bra, bro, KIcel. bră = AS. braw, bredw, bróg,
eyelid, connected with AS. briſ, M.E. browe,
E. brow ; see browl, n., 6. The Gael. braighe,
braigh, the upper part of any thing or place
(braigh duthcha, the higher parts of a dis-
trict; braigh Lochabar, the braes of Locha-
ber, etc.), is a different word.]. A piece of
sloping ground; an acclivity or declivity.
Against a rocke or an hye braye.
Ascham, Toxophilus, Works, p. 170.
Push'd §§ bray, indignantly they feel
The clanking lash and the retorted steel.
Brookes, The Fox-Chase.
bray5 (bră), n. [Also written brey; K F. braye,
“a close linnen breek or under-slop, . . . also
a clout,” pl. brayes, “short and close breeches,
drawers, or under-hose of limnen, &c.,” . . . .
also “barnacles for a horse's nose’’ (Cotgrave),
mod. F. braies, breeches, K L. bracaº, breeches:
see bracae, brail, and breech..] 1+. A clout for
a young child. Kersey, 1708.-2. In her. : (a)
Barnacles or twitchers for subduing a horse:
used as a bearing. (b) [Perhaps a corruption
of brake3, break.] A bearing similar to the
receding in form, representing a tool used
or breaking hemp : sometimes called a hemp-
bray, hemp-brake, or hackle. One or other of these
bearings is frequently used in allusive heraldry for fami-
lies of the name Bray and the like.
brayd, braydef, v. and n. See braid.
brayerl (brā’ér), n. [K bray1 + -erl,] In print-
$ng, a small composition-roller used for tritu-
rating and spreading the ink on a table or slab
and daubing it om a platen or disk.
brayer? (brā’ér), n. [K bray2 + -erl.] One
who or that which brays like an ass.
Brayera (bra-yé'ră), n. [NL.] See Hagenia.
brayette (bra-yet’), m. [F.] Same as braguette.
braying (brā‘ing), m. [K M.E. brayinge; verbal
m. of bray2, v.] 1. The harsh crying of an
ass.—2. Vocal or instrumental clamor; harsh
utterance.
There he stands with unimpeachable passivity amid the
shouldering and braying ; a spectacle to men. -
Carlyle, French Rev., II. v. 2.
braylet, m. and v. See brail.
brayne?, m. See brain.
brazel (brāz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. brazed, ppr.
braging. [K ME. brasen, K AS. brasian, cover
with brass, K brass, brass: see brassl. Cf. glaze,
K glass; graze, K grass.] To cover or ornament
with brass, or as if with brass: as, “a tripod
richly brazed,” Chapman, Odyssey, xv.
Show of clouds
That braze the horizon's western rim.
Lowell, Under the Willows.
braze? (brāz), v. t. ; pret, and pp. brazed, ppr.
brazing. [K F. braser, solder, OF. braser,
burn, roast, harden by fire: see braizel.
Partly confused with brazel, from the same ult,
Source.] 1. To solder, especially with hard
solder, such as an alloy of brass and zinc.
In the reign of Henry IV. it was enacted that all arrow-
heads should be well brased and hardened at the points
with steel. Jºmcyc. Brit., II. 372.
2+. To harden; make callous.
Let me wring your heart : for so I shall, . . .
If damned custom hath not braz'd it so,
That it is proof and bulwark against sense.
hak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
braze:8, m. See braize2, 2.
brazed (brāzd), a. In her., same as braced, 1.
brazen örāº), a. [Early mod. E. also brasen,
K ME, brasen, KAS. brasen, of brass, K bras,
brass, + -en?..] 1. Made of brass : as, a brazen
helmet.—2. Pertaining to brass; proceeding
from brass.
brazen
Trumpeters,
With brazen din blast you the city's ear.
Shak., A. and C., iv, 8.
8. Extremely strong; impenetrable: from brass
often serving as a type of strength, impenetra-
bility, and the like: as, “ environed with a bra-
gen wall,” Shak, 3 Hén. VI., ii. 4.—4. Impu-
dent; having a front like bräss.
Such a brazen dog sure never my eyes beheld,
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, ii.
Talbot . . . appeared daily with brazen front before the
princess whose ruin he had plotted.
- Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
Also spelled brasen.
Brazen age. See ages in mythology and history, under
#º dish, a brass dish made in the time of
enry VIII., and kept chained to a pillar at Wirksworth
in Derbyshire, England. It is used by the lead-miners in
the Low Peak as a standard measure. Thrazen horn.
Same as burgh mote-horn.— Brazen sea (2 Ki. xxv. 13), in
Jewish antiq., a large vessel of brass placed in Solomon's
temple, called a molten 8ea in 1 Ki. vii. 23–25, where it is
described. It stood on 12 brazen oxen, and was 10 cubits
from brim to brim, 5 in height, and 30 in circumference.
It was designed for the priests to wash themselves in be-
fore they performed the service of the temple.
Thrazen (brā’Zn), v. t. [K brazen, a.] To be-
have with insolence or effrontery in regard to:
with an indefinite it as object.
Men would face it and brazen it. Latimer.
To braZen Out, to persevere in treating with effrontery:
With . indefinite it, or a noun like matter, affair, busi-
7tess, etc.
I’m resolved to brazen the business owt.
Sir J. Vanbrugh, The Relapse, iv. 4.
... brazemed it owt with his usual impudence.
Bulwer, Pelham, lxxviii.
brazen-browed (brā’zn-broud), a. Shameless;
impudent.
Noon-day vices and brazem-browed iniquities.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., i. 35.
brazen-face (brā’zn-fas), n. An impudent per-
son; one remarkable for effrontery.
Well said, brazen-face; hold it out.
halc., M. W. of W., iv. 2.
brazen-faced (brā’zn-fast), a. Impudent; bold
to excess; shameless: as, “a brazen-faced var-
let,” Shak., Lear, ii. 2. -
brazen-fisted (brā’zn-fis/ted), a. Having hard
fists, as if of brass.
bºy (brā’zn-li), adv.
ner; boldly; impudently.
brazenness (brā’zn-nes), n. 1. Appearance
like brass; brassiness.—2. Impudence; excess
of assurance.
He had a sonorous bass voice, and an air of self-confl-
dence inclining to brazenness.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, ii. 1.
brazierl (brā’zièr), m. [Also brasier; K ME.
brasiere, brasyere, a worker in brass, K bras,
brass, + -i-ere, -y-ere, as in collier, etc. Cf.
'...} An artificer who works in brass.
Thrazier? (brā’zièr), n. [Also brasier; K F. bra-
sier, a pan of live coals, formerly bracier, “a
burning coal, quickfire of coals, hot embers”
Thornton . .
In a brazen man-
- & ** Aº, ésº
ſº & - sº
ºzºrrº----->º: Rººs frtº
º § †Wºś §
:G) ºf ºrt. tº ſºlº
º §§ º º
& 8 § § sº §§sº
Bronze Brazier made in *# by Pedro Cerdanyae for the Guildhall of
Barcelona. (From “L’Art pour Tous.”)
(Cotgrave) (cf. braisière, a camp-kettle), K
braise, live coals: see braizel.] An open pan
for burning charcoal, used especially for heat-
ing rooms in southern and eastern countries,
such as Italy, China, Japan, etc.
Four mice-looking Japanese girls brought us thick cot-
ton quilts to sit upon, and braziers full of burning char-
coal, to warn ourselves by.
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, II. xix.
brazier8 (brā’zièr), n. [Anotherform of braize2,
D. brasem, etc., bream: see breaml.] A name
used on the northern coast of Ireland for the
common sea-bream, Pagellus centrodontus.
prazil (bra-zil', formerly braz’il), n. [Also
brasil, brasill, brasile, brazel, brasel, brazile, etc.,
bresil, bresill, etc. (a) ME. brasil, brasill,
brasile, brasyle, K OF. brasil, bresil, brusil, F.
brésil = Pr. bresil, brezilh, = Sp. OPg. brasil =
It. brasile (ML. brasilium, bresillum, brisillum,
brazile) (with termination conformed to a Rom.
type in -il, -ilium, -illum); also (b) OIt, verzino
(with termination conformed to the adj. suffix
-ino); also (c) OF. bresi, bresis, brusy, brussy,
berzi (ML. brisiacum). The form berzi was
667
breach
ascribed to Ceylon, and prob. stands for "verzi brazing-tongs (brā’zing-tóngz), n. pl. Tongs
= OIt.”verzi (inverzino), prob. KAr. warst, adj.,
with broad flat jaws, used in brazing. See
red-yellow, from wars (in ML, and OSp. transla- + braze?.
tions varz, vir2), a dyestuff of a deep yellow or
orange color, orig. one produced by a plant that
azil was
grows only in Yemen. The name
applied after the discovery of America to the
similar wood and dye imported from the coun-
try (earlier called Santa Cruz), which acquired
Land
The
been long before applied to a sup-
posed island in the Atlantic, perhaps by asso-
from this fact the name Terra de brasil,
of Brazil,” now simply Brasil, E. Brazil.
name had
ciation with Pliny's Insulae T’urpurariae (lit.
; Islands), sometimes supposed to refer
to forto Santo.] 1+. A heavy dye-
wood of the genus Biancaea (B. Sappan), im-
adeira, and
ported from the East, now known as sappan-
wood (which see).
Him nedeth not his colour for to dien
With brasil ne with grain of Portingale.
Chaucer, C. T. (ed. Tyrwhitt), l. 15464.
2. A very heavy dyewood, from Brazil and
other parts of tropical America. The true brazil-
Wood is from the leguminous tree Gwilandina echinata,
but the name is also sometimes given to Haematoacylum.
Bragiletto. The wood has a slightly aromatic odor and
a bitter-sweet taste. To extract the coloring matter,
the wood is finely ground, allowed to ferment in the air,
and then boiled in copper cylinders with water. The ex-
tract produces purple dyes with salts of iron, and red with
Salts of alumina. Lakes used by decorators are also
made from it, and common red ink is prepared by adding
a little alum and acid to a decoction of it. Also spelled
brasil.
Are my bones brazil, or my flesh of oak'?
O, mend what thou hast made, what I have broke.
Quarles, Emblems, iii. 5.
3. Sulphate of iron. [North. Eng.]
brazil-cockt, n. [Also written brasil-cock, and
corruptly brissel-cock, brissil-cock, with ref. to
Brazil, representing America, the place of its
origin..] A turkey.
braziletto (braz-i-let’ö), n. [Pg. brasilete, bra-
zil-wood; Sp. Urasilete, F. bråsillet, dim. of brasil,
etc. : see brazil.] A wood resembling brazil-
wood, obtained from the West Indies and
parts of Central America, from Guilandina
Crista, Caºsalpinia pectinata, and Barya:ylum
dubium. It is used for dyeing and in cabinet-work.
The bastard or false braziletto of the same region in-
cludes a number of different shrubs or trees, as Tariri
Antidesma, of the family Simaroubaceae, the saxifraga-
ceous Weinmannia pinnata, and the araliaceous Oreopa-
* naz capitatus. - - - -
Brazilian (bra-zil’ian), a. and m. I. a. [K Brazil
(Pg. Brazil, Sp. Brasil, etc.: see Brazil) + -ian.]
Pertaining to Brazil, a republic and the largest
country of South America: as, Brazilian produc-
tions.—Brazilian balsam. See balsam.—Brazilian
bean. See beaml.—Brazilian cocoa, guarana.-Brazil-
ian pº lenses for spectacles ground from pure,
colorless rock-crystal obtained from Brazil.—Brazilian
plait, in England, plait made of dried flag-grass which is
imported from the West Indies, and perhaps from South
America.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Brazil.
brazilin, braziline (braz’i-lin), m. [K bracil
+ -in?, -ine2 ; also written breziline, after F.
brésilime.] A crystallizable coloring principle
(C16H1405) obtained from brazil-wood. Also
written brasilin, brasiline, breziline.
Brazil-nut (bra-zil’nut), m. The seed of
Bertholletia excelsa, a tree of the family
Lecythidaceae, a native of Guiana, Vene-
zuela, and Brazil. The fruit is nearly round and
about 6 inches in diameter, having an extremely hard
shell about $ inch thick, and containing from 18 to 24
Brazil-nut.
a, fruit of Bertholietta excelsa ; b, same with portion of shell
removed ; c, a single nut on larger Scale.
triangular wrinkled seeds, which are so fitted together
within the shell that when once disturbed it is impossible
to replace them. When the fruits are ripe they fall from
the tree and are collected by Indians. They are then split
open with an ax, and the seeds are taken out and packed
in baskets for transportation. Besides being used as an
article of dessert, a bland oil, used by watchmakers and
others, is expressed from them. See Bertholletia. tº
Brazil-root (bra-zil’röt), n. A name sometimes
given to the root of ipecacuanha.
Brazil tea. Same as maté.
Brazil wax. See waz.
brazil-wood (bra-zil'wud), n. Same as brazil.
breach (brèch), n. [K (1) ME. breche, also, with-
out assibilation, breke (> mod. E. break, n., and
dial. breek?, q.v.), also brekke (> mod. E. dial.
breck, q.v.), K AŠ. “brece, *gebrece, found only
in the sense of “a piece” (in comp. bree-maelum,
piecemeal, hlāf-gebrece, a piece of bread), -
OFries. breke, bretse, breze, breS2e, breşzie, m.
and f., a break, breach, fracture, − MD. breke,
a break, breach, fracture, = MLG. breke, a
breach, violation; the above forms being mixed
with (2) M.E. bruche, “bryche, also, without as-
sibilation, bryke, brike, a breach, violation, in-
jury, ruin (> E. dial. brickl, a flaw, Sc. brick,
a breach, a division of land), KAS. bryce, brice
(= OHG. bruh, M.H.G. G. bruch), m., a breaking,
'breach, fracture, violation, fragment, piece
(cf. MD. brewcke, D. brewk, f., a breaking, frac-
ture, rupture, crime, fine, - G. brüche, f... a
crime, fine); cf. (3) E. dial. brock, AS. gebroc,
neut., = D. brok, m., OHG. brocco, MHG,
brocke, G. brocke, brocken, m., = Goth. gabruka,
f., a fragment, piece, bit (see brock?); and (4)
several other closely related noun forms (see
brackl, brake1, etc.); K brecan (pret. brace, pp.
brocen), break. Bréâch is thus a deriv. of break,
related, in present though not in Orig. form, to
break as speech is to speak. Hence (from ME. or
MLG.) OF. M.F. breche, bresche, mod. F. brèche,
a breach, gap, break, injury, X Sp. Pg. brecha,
a breach, = It. breccia, formerly also brecchia,
a breach, a gap, a rupture, - G. breSche, a
breach in a wall, etc. The it. breccia, gravel,
now technically breccia, = F. brèche, breccia,
is closely related, but may be taken from the
G. : see breccia. See break, m., Üreek 2, breck,
brick1, brackl, brake3, related to and in part
identical with breach ; see also brick?..] 1.
The act of breaking: now used only figuratively
of the violation or neglect of a law, contract, or
any other obligation, or of a custom.
A custom
More honour'd in the breach than the observance.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 4.
The deadliest sin her mind could reach
Was of monastic Tule the breach.
Scott, Marmion, ii. 3.
2. An opening made by breaking down a por-
tion of a solid body, as a wall, a dike, or a
river-bank; a rupture; a break; a gap.
Could make old Trent,
Drunk with my sorrow, to start out in breaches,
To drown their herds, their cattle, and their corn.
B. Jomson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2.
Thou hast made the earth to tremble; thou hast broken
it; heal the breaches thereof. Ps. lx. 2.
He then led his men to the assault, taking charge him-
self of those who were to storm the breach.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 11.
3+. A break or interruption in utterance.
And all her sister Nymphes with one consent
Supplicle her sobbing breaches with sad complement.
Spenser, F. Q., III. iv. 35.
4. A rupture of friendly relations; difference;
quarrel.
There's fallen between him and my lord
An unkind breach. Shak., Othello, iv. 1.
5. Infraction; violation; infringement: as, a
breach of the peace, of a promise, or of a con-
tract.
This breach upon kingly power was without precedent.
Clarendon.
It is no breach of charity to call these fools.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 1.
The first steps in the breach of a man's integrity are
much more important than men are aware of.
Steele, Spectator, No. 448.
6. Injury; wound; bruise.
Breach for breach, eye for eye, tooth for tooth.
Lev. xxiv. 20.
7. The breaking of waves; the dashing of surf.
Some hour before you took me from the breach of the
sea was my sister drowned. Shak., T. N., ii. 1.
We scudded with frightful velocity before the sea, and
the water made clear breaches over us. Poe, Tales, I. 154.
Breach of arrest, a military offense committed by an
officer in arrest who leaves his quarters or limits without
authority from his superior officer. It is punishable by
cashiering.—Breach of arrestment, in Scots law, an act
of contempt of legal authority committed by an arrestee
disregarding the arrestment used in his hands, and paying
the sum or delivering the goods arrested to the common
debtor.—Breach Of Close, in law, an unwarrantable en-
try on another's land.—Breach of covenant, a violation
of a covenant contained in a deed either to door refrain
from doing a direct act.—Breach of duty, the failure to
execute any office, employment, trust, etc., in a proper
manner.—Breach of promise, a violation of one's word
or undertaking; non-fulfilment of what one had agreed to
do: often used absolutely for breach of promise of mar-
riage.—Breach of the peace, a violation of the public


















break . . . . .
The bastard bread-ſiut of Jamaica is the fruit of a related
plant, Pseudolmedia 8pwrºa.
An apartment
breach 668
peace, as by a riot, affray, or any tumult which is §§ bread3, brede (bréd) , 7%. [Var. of braid1, n.]
O &
to law and injurious to the public welfare.—Breac º © -
trust, a violation of duty by a trustee, an executor, or #: º embroidery; a braid. [Obsolete or
other person in a fiduciary position.—To batter in
A curious brede of needlework, Dryden.
breach. See batter!. =Syn. 1-4. Rupture, etc. Seefrac- e te
ture-2. Opening, cleft, Chasm, rift, rent, fissure.—4. Mis- she every day came to him in a different dress, of the ment in a ship, made water-tight, and some-
most beautiful shells, bugles, and bredes. times lined with tin to keep out rats.
understanding, alienation, disaffection, falling out.
breach (brèch), v. [K breach, m.] I, trans. To Steele, Spectator, No. 11, bread-root (bred’röt), n. A plant of the genus
tº O Attic shapel Fair attitude 1 with brede Psoralea, the P. esculenta. §. PSOralea.
bread-room, (bred’röm), n.
where bread is kept, especially such an apart-
make a breach or opening in.
The first bombardment had in no place succeeded in
breaching the walls.
C. D. Yonge, Naval Hist. of Gt. Britain.
Roaring torrents have breach'd
The track. M. Arnold, Rugby Chapel.
II, intrams. To spring from the water, as a
whale.
When the watch at the masthead sees the whale spring
from the water, he cries, “There she breaches 1’’
Stand. Nat. Hist., W. 207.
breaching-battery (bré'ching-bat"ér-i), m. See
battery.
breachy (bré'chi), a [K breach,+-yl.], Apt to
break fences; unruly: applied to cattle. [Col-
A log.]
breadl (bred), n., [Early mod. E. also bred, <
ME. breed, bred, KAS. bredd (= OFries, brād =
OS. bröd = D. brood = MLG. bråt, LG. brood
= OHG. M.H.G. brót, G. brot = Icel. brawdh =
Sw. Dan. bröd), bread, prob., like broth.1, q.v.,
from the root of bred wan, etc., brew: see brew.l.
The AS. bredd first appears in the comp. bed-
bredd, bee-bread (see bee-bread); it is seldom
found alone i the usual word for “bread” was
hläf, E. loaf1, q. v.] 1. A kind of food made
of the flour or meal of some species of grain,
by kneading it (with the addition of a little
salt, and sometimes sugar) into a dough, yeast
being commonly added to cause fermentation
or “lightness,” and then baking it. The yeast
causes alcoholic fermentation and the production of al-
cohol and carbonic acid ; the latter, an expanding gas,
pushes the particles of dough asunder, causing the bread to
rise, and, with the alcohol, is soon expelled by the heat of
the oven. See yeast. In salt-rising bread the fermenta-
tion is said to be carried on by bacteria. Bread is some-
times made partly or wholly from the products of other
than cereal plants, as beans, lentils, chestnuts, some kinds kof bread.
of bark, etc. -
2. Figuratively, food or sustenance in general.
Man shall not live by bread alone. Mat. iv. 4.
But sometimes virtue starves while vice is fed.
What then f is the reward of virtue bread 2 -
Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 150.
Many officers of the army were arbitrarily deprived of
their commissions and of their bread.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
Aérated bread. See aérate.—Bloody bread. See
bloody.—Bread Acts, English statutes of 1822 (3 Geo.
IV., c. 106) and 1836 (6 .# 7 Wm. IV., c. 37) regulating
the making and sale of bread, and prohibiting the adul-
teration of bread, meal, and flour.—Bread and butter,
one's means of living. [Colloq.]
Your quarrelling with each other upon the subject of
bread and butter is the most usual thing in the World.
Swift, To Duchess of Queensberry, Aug. 12, 1732.
Brown bread. (a) Wheaten bread made from unbolted
flour, which thus includes the bran as well as the finer
parts of the flour: in the United States commonly called
Grahamn bread. (b) In New England, wheaten or rye bread
containing an admixture of Indian meal : a variety of it
is called specifically Bostom brown bread.—Hottent.Ot’s
bread. See Hottentot.—St. John’s bread, a children's
name for ergot. Berkeley.-Statute of bread and ale,
an English statute of 1266, better known as the assisa ,
panis et cervisia, regulating the sale of those commodi-
ties.—Tatar bread, the root of a cruciferous plant,
Crambe Tatarica, cultivated for food in Hungary, -To
break bread. See break.— To know on Which Side
× One's bread is buttered. See butterl, v.
breadl (bred), v. t. [K breadl, m.] In cookery,
to prepare with grated bread; cover with white .
of eggs and bread-crumbs.
bread2 (bréd), v. t. [K M.E. breden, KAS. brædan
(= OS. brédian = OHG. breitén, MHG. G. breiten
= Icel. breidhja = Sw. breda = Dan. brede =
Goth. *braidjan, in comp. us-braidjan), make
broad, K brād, broad: see broad, a., and cf.
broad, v., and broaden.] To make broad;
spread. Itay; Grose. [Prov. Eng.]
bread2+, n. [K ME. brede, K AS. brădu (= D.
breedte = OHG. breiti, MHG. G. breite = Icel.
breidd = Sw. bredd = Dan. bredde = Goth.
braidei), breadth, K brād, broad: see broad.]
Breadth. Also brede. [The older word, now
displaced by breadth.]
Thoughe it be clept the Tour of Babiloyne, 3it matheles
there were ordeyned with inne many Mansiouns and
imany gret duellynge Places, in length and brede.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 41.
On bredet, abroad.
Sorwe yblowe on brede. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 530.
bread? (bréd), v. t. [Var. of braidl; KME. breden,
KAS. bredan, bregdan : see braid 1.] In met-mak-
$ng, to form in meshes; met. Also breathe, brede. A mehl.
To bread or breathe a met is to make a net.
Encyc. Brit., XVII. 359.
Of marble men and maidens overwrought.
Feats, Ode on a Grecian Urn.
The . . . wave that rims the Carib shore
With momentary brede of pearl and gold.
Lowell, Sea-weed.
bread-and-butter, (bred' and—but 'er), a, , 1.
Seeking bread and butter, or the means of liv-
ing; controlled by material wants and desires;
bread-sauce (bred'sås), n. A sauce usually
made of grated bread, milk, onions, pepper, etc.
breadstuff (bred'stuf), m. [K yºff stuff, n.]
Any kind of grain from which bread is made;
meal; flour: generally used in the plural as a
commercial term to signify all the different
varieties of grain and flour collectively from
mercenary: as, the bread-and-butter brigade # which bread is made.
(applied to office-seekers in the United States).
–2. Eating much bread and butter, as young
boys or girls; hence, belonging to adolescence;
in the stage of growth: as, she's but a bread anal
butter miss. [Colloq.]
The wishy-washy bread-and-butter period of life.
Trollope, Barchester Towers, xli.
bread-barge (bred/bârj), n. The wooden box
or tubin which the crew of a merchant vessel
keep their daily allowance of biscuit.
bread-basket (bred/bâs"ket), n. 1. A basket
for holding or carrying bread; *. 8,
tray, generally Oval in shape, used for holding
bread at table.—2. The stomach. [Slang.]
I . . . made the soup-maigre rumble in his bread-basket,
and laid him sprawling. Foote, Englishman in Paris, i.
breadberry (bred/ber’i), n. An article of diet
for convalescents and personsin delicate health,
made by pouring boiling water on toasted bread
and seasoning it with sugar, etc.; pap.
bread-chippert (bred'chip’ér), n. One who
chips or slices bread.
Not to ºp. me; and call me pantler, and bread-
chipper, and I know not what? Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
bread-corn (bred'kôrn), n. Corn or grain of
which bread is made, as wheat, rye, maize, etc.
breadent (bred'm), a... [K bread1 + -en?..] Made
[Rare.]
breadfruit (bred'fröt), m. The fruit of the tree
Artocarpus communis. See below.—Breadfruit-
tree. (a) Artocarpus communis, a native of Java and the
neighboring islands, but long in cultivation in all the trop-
ical islands of the Pacific, and more recently introduced in
the West Indies and other parts of tropical America. The
leaves are large, rough, and lobed. The fruit is composed
of the numerous small female flowers united into one large
fleshy mass about the size of a child's head, and is covered
with hexagonal marks externally, which are the limits of
the individual flowers. It is roasted before being eaten,
* Nº -
£º j §§
ºr ºf: Piº º sº. Afrº"
Ž * ºr rºº
ºfºº V. P. ºº
§ |ſº
% ºf Yº:
º §VN)| :
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º
;
º
ºf 4%º º Ş §
§ ‘āś W. º, ; ; K: º \
º ".
ry-w
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Branch of the Breadfruit-tree (Artocarpus communis), with
Staminate and pistillate inflorescence.
and though insipid it forms the principal article of food
in the South Sea islands. Another species of Artocarpus
(A. integrifolia) yields a coarser sort of breadfruit, called
jack-fruit. See Artocarpus. Also called bread-tree. (b) A
rubiaceous shrub of northern Australia, Gardemia edulis,
bearing a small edible fruit.—Hottentot breadfruit, of
South Africa, the stem of Encephalartos Caffer, which is
stripped of its leaves, buried in the ground for some months,
and them pounded, when it furnishes a quantity of farina-
ceous matter resembling sago. . Also called Kajir-bread.
breading#, m. [K bread? -H -ingl.] A windrow
or swath. [Prov. Eng.] See extract.
Breadings of corn or grass, the swathes or lows wherein
the mower leaves them, Kemmett (Halliwell).
bread-knife (bred’nif), n. A knife for cutting
b
read. .
breadless (bred/les), a. [ME. bredlees; K bread1
+ -less.] Without bread; destitute of food.
Plump peers and breadless bards alike are dull.
P., Whitehead, State Dunces.
breadmeal (bred/mél), n. The mountain-meal
orbergmehl of Sweden and Finland. See berg-
bread-nut (bred’nut), n. The fruit of the tree
Piratinera Alicastrum, of the family Moraceae.
breadthen (bred’then), v. t.
breadth (bredth), n. [K late ME. bredthé,
bredethe (with suffix -th as in length, width,
strength, etc.), older form brede, KAS. brădu,
breadth: see bread?, m.] 1. The measure of
the second principal diameter of a surface or
solid, the first being length, and the third (in
the case of a solid) thickness. Thus, if a rectangular
parallelopiped measures 8 feet by 2 feet by 1 foot, its
breadth is 2 feet. The breadth of a surface is, in the com-
mon use of the word, the distance between the margins,
which are regarded as the sides, as distinguished from
length, or the distance from end to end.
Bence —2. Figuratively, largeness; freedom
from narrowness or restraint; liberality: as,
breadth of culture, breadth of view, etc.—3.
That quality in a work of art, whether pictorial
or plastic, which is obtained by the simple,
clear rendering of essential forms, and the
strict subordination of details to general effect.
Breadth of design, of color, of light and shade, or of sur-
face treatment, gives an impression of mastery, ease, and
freedom in the use of material on the part of the artist,
which conveys a sense of repose and dignity to the mind.
4. In logic, extension; the aggregate of sub-
jects of which a logical term can be predicated.
—5. Something that has breadth; specifically,
a piece of a fabric of the regular width; a width.
–Essential breadth, the aggregate of real things of
which, according to its very meaning, a term is predicable.
The term being, for example, is from its meaning predicable
of everything.—Informed breadth the aggregate of real
things of which a term is predicable with logical truth,
on the whole, in a supposed state of information.
[K breadth +-enl.
Cf. lengthen..] To make broader; extend or
stretch transversely. [Rare.]
To extend the pieces to their utmost width a machine
called a breadthening machine is employed.
Ure, Dict., I. 667.
breadthless (bredth"les), a. [K breadth + -less.]
Without breadth. Dr. H. More.
breadthwise, breadthways (bredth"wiz,-wāz),
adv. [K breadth + -wise, -ways.] In the direc-
tion of the breadth.
breadiray (bred"tră), n. A tray for holding
'OI’63,Cl.
bread-tree (bred"tré), m. Same as breadfruit-
tree, (a) (which see, under breadfruit).
bread-weight, m. Šame as troy weight.
breadwinner (bred/win’ér), n. 1. One who
earns a livelihood for himself and those depen-
dent upon him: usually restricted to one who
is directly dependent upon his earnings from
day to day or from week to week.
The breadwinner being gone, his goods were seized for
an old debt, and his wife was driven into the streets to
beg. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xiii.
2. That by means of which one earns one's
bread. [Rare.]
The book-making specialist of our generation probably
yields to none of his predecessors in the literary roll in
respect of industry, skill, and accuracy; but his subject,
as a rule, is his business, his"breadwimmer.
Quarterly Rev., CLXII. 515.
breadyż (bred'i), a. [K breadl -- -y1.] Resem-
#bling bread.
break (brāk), v.; pret. broke (brake is obsolete
or archaic), pp. broken or broke (obsolescent or .
oetical), ppr. breaking. [Early mod. E. and
ial, also breck; K ME. breken (pret. brak, brek,
brake, pl. braken, breken, pp. broken, broke), K
AS. brecan (pret. braic, pl. bræcon, pp. brocen)
= OS. brekam = OFries. breka = D. breken =
MLG. breken, LG. breken, braken = OHG. breh-
han, IHG. brechen, G. brechen = Goth, brikan,
'break*cf. Icel. bråka, bruise, braka, creak, Sw.
bralta, crack, = Dan. brackke, break — weak
verbs), = L. frangere (perf.frégi); perhaps=Gr.
bmyvíval, break; cf. Skt. Vibhanj (for *bhranj?),
break. Hence (from AS. etc.) breach, break,
m., breck, breek2, brick1, brakel, brake?, brakes,
brock2, perhaps brookl, etc.; (through Rom.)
bray1, breccia, bricole, etc.; and (from L.),frac-
tion, fracture, fragile, frail1, fragment, etc.] I.
trans. 1. To divide into parts or fragments vio-














break
lently, as by a blow or strain; part by a rup-
ture of substance; fracture: used primarily of
rigid solid materials: as, to break a stone or a
stick; to break a wall.
And the widows of Ashur are loud in their wail,
And the idols are broke in the temple of Baal,
Byron, Destruction of Sennacherib.
2. Specifically, in law, to open or force one's
way into (a dwelling, store, etc.) burglariously.
A house is said to be broken by a burglar when any part
or fastening of it is removed with intent to effect an en-
trance.
3. To destroy the continuity of in any way;
destroy the order or formation of; disconnect;
interrupt; disorder; specifically, of the skin, .
lacerate: as, to break the center of an army;
to break ranks; the stone, falling, broke the sur-
face of the water; to break an electric circuit;
to break one's sleep; the blow broke the skin.
. . This hereditary right should be kept so sacred as never
to break the succession. Swift, Sent. of Ch. of Eng. Man, ii.
No other object breaks
The waste, but one dwarf tree.
Shelley, Julian and Maddalo.
4. To destroy the completeness of; remove a
part from; hence, to exchange for a smaller
amount, as a bank-note in payment: as, to break
a set of chessmen; to break a ten-dollar bill.
But I am uneasy about these same four guineas: I think
you should have given them back again to your master;
and yet I have broken them. Bichardson, Pamela, xvii.
5. To lessen, impair, or destroy the force,
strength, or intensity of; weaken; as, a con-
stitution broken by dissipation; to break a
child’s will; to break the force of a blow.
An old man, broken with the storms of state.
Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 2.
I'll rather leap down first and break your fall. Dryden.
Too courteous are you, fair Lord Lancelot.
I pray you, use some rough discourtesy
To blunt or break her passion.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
6. To tame; train to obedience; make tract-
able: as, to break a horse or a hunting-dog for
work in the field.
Why, then thou canst not break her to the lute?
Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
7. To violate, as a contract, law, or promise,
either by a positive act contrary to the law or
promise, or by neglect or non-fulfilment.
Unhappy man! to break the pious laws
Of nature. ryden.
8. To make bankrupt, as a bank or a merchant;
destroy, as the credit of a bank.
The credit of this bank being thus broken did exceeding-
ly discontent the people. Evelyn, Diary, March 12, 1672.
9. To reduce in or dismiss from rank or posi-
tion as a punishment: as, to break an officer.
It must be allowed, indeed, that to break an English
freeborn officer only for blasphemy was, to speak the
gentlest of such an action, a very high strain of absolutt
power. Swift, Against Abolishing Christianity
The captain . . . has the power to turn his officers off
duty, and even to break them and make them do duty as
sailors in the forecastle.
R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 11.
10+. To disband.
My birthday was onlinous. . . . The regiment in which
my father served being broke. terme.
11. To make a first and partial disclosure of,
as an opinion or project; especially, to impart
or tell cautiously so as not to startle or shock;
also, simply, tell; inform: as, to break unwel-
come news to a person.
His nerves are so weak, that the sight of a poor relation
may be too much for him. I should have gone first to
break it to him. Sheridan, School for Scandal, v. 1.
12t. To cut up, as game. Skill in breaking the
killed deer was considered as important in venery as bold-
ness in the chase itself.
They found him by a water side,
Where he brake the beast that tide,
The hart that was so wild.
Sir Triamowr, in Ellis Collection.
13. To tear. [Prov. Eng.]
In this county [Hampshire] break is used for tear, and
tear for break: as, I have a-torm my best decanter or china
dish; I have a-broke my fine cambric apron. Grose.
To break a blockade, to render it inoperative by driving
off or destroying the blóckading force.—To break a gun,
to open it by the action.—To break a jest, to utter a
jest; crack a joke. Otway; Bolingbroke.—To break a
lance, to enter the lists with an opponent; make a trial
of skill.—To break an electrical circuit. See circuit.
To break a path, a road, or a way, to force a passage
through obstacles or difficulties.—To break bread, (a)
To take a meal; share one's hospitality. (b) To celebrate
the communion.—To break bulk. (a) To begin to un-
. (b) To remove a part from a parcel or quantity of
goods.
I heard Sr R. Howard impeach Sr Win Pen in the House
of Lords, for breaking bulk and taking away rich goods out
of the E. India prizes formerºº by Lord Sandwich.
elyn, Diary, April 9, 1668.
669
To break camp, to pack up tents and camp-utensils, and
resume the march. To break cover or covert, to come
forth from a lurking-place or concealment, as game when
hunted.
On this little knoll, if anywhere,
There is good chance that we shall hear the hounds:
Here often they break covert at our feet.
Tennyson, Geraint.
To break down. (a) To take down by breaking; destroy
by breaking: as, to break down a fence: figuratively, to
overcome : as, to break down all opposition. (b) To pass
(the press-cake of gunpowder) between the toothed rollers
of a granulating machine.—To break gates. See gatel.
—To break ground. (a) To upturn the surface of the
ground; dig; plow. (b) To dig; open trenches; commence
excavation, as for building, siege operations, and the like;
hence, figuratively, to begin to execute any plan.
How happy, could I but, in any measure, . . . make
manifest to you the meanings of Heroism; the divine
relation . . . Which in all times unites a Great Man to
other men; and thus, as it were, not exhaust my subject,
but so much as break grownd on it.
- Carlyle, Heroes and Hero-Worship, i.
(c) Nawt., to release the anchor from the bottom.—To
breakin, to tame; discipline; make tractable, as a horse.
—To break jail or prison, to make one's escape from
confinement.—To break jóint, to be so arranged, as
stones, bricks, shingles, etc., in building, that the joints in
one course do not coincide with those in the contiguous
courses. See bond1.
A wire cable is composed of many threads, and these
completely break joint with each other, and thus neu-
tralize any defect in the wires. Luce, Seamanship, p. 241.
To break liberty or leave (naut.), to remain away from
a ship after the time specified for returning.—To break
§guares. See 8quare.—To break of a habit or prac-
tice, to cause to abandon it.—To break off. (a) To sever
by breaking: as, to break off a twig. (b) To put a sudden
i. to ; interrupt; discontinue ; leave off ; give up : as,
to break off a marriage engagement.
All amazed brake off his late intent.
Shah., Venus and Adonis, I. 469.
She ended here, or vehement despair
Broke off the rest. Milton, P. L., x. 1008.
To break one’s fast, to take the first food of the day.
See breakfast.
Happy were our forefathers, who broke their fasts with
herbs. Taylor.
To break one's head, to cut one's head by a blow; stun
or kill one by a blow upon the head.
He has broke my head across, and has given Sir Toby a
bloody coxcomb too. Shak., T. N., v. 1.
To break one's heart, to become heart-broken or griev-
ously afflicted : as, he broke his heart over her misfor-
tunes.—To break one's mind, to reveal one's thoughts:
with to.
Break thy mind to me. Shak., Hen. V., v. 2.
I, who much desir'd to know
Of whence she was, yet fearful how to break
My mind, adventur'd humbly thus to speak. Dryden.
To break one’s word, to violate a promise or pledge;
act contrary to an engagement.—To break open, to force
open ; unclose by violence: as, to break open a door.—
To break out, naut, to open; of a flag, unfurl ; of a
sail, shake looséfrom the stops.--To break out a cargo,
to unstow it so that it may be easily unloaded.—To break
Priscian's head, to violate the rules of grammar. [Pris-
cian was a celebrated Roman grammarian.]
Fair cousin, for thy glances,
Instead of breaking Prisciam's head
I had been breaking lances. Praed.
To break ranks (milit.), to leave the ranks; fall out.—
To break step (milit.), to cease marching in cadence;
march at will.—To break the back, to strain or dislo-
cate the vertebrae as with too heavy a burden.—TO break
the back of. (a) To destroy the force or efficiency of ;
weaken at a vital point: as, one mistake broke the back of
the enterprise. (b) Nawt., to break the keel and keelson
of, as a ship. (c) Figuratively, to accomplish the greater
or most difficult part of: as, to break the back of a heavy
piece of business.--To break the bank. See bank?.-
To break the grain, to destroy a tendency to crystallize,
as in stearic acid by mixture with palmitic acid.—TO
break the heart of, to afflict grievously; cause great
sorrow or grief to ; cause to die of grief.--To break
the heartstrings of, to inflict great grief or hopeless
sorrow upon; afflict overwhelmingly.
No time to break jests when the heartstrings are about
to be broken. JFuller, Jesting.
To break the ice, to overcome obstacles and make a be-
ginning; especially, to overcome the feeling of restraint
incident to a new acquaintanceship.
I have often formed a resolution to break the ice, and
rattle away at any Tate.
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, ii.
To break the neck, to dislocate a joint of the neck.-
To break the neck of (a) To destroy the main force
of ; ruin or destroy.
Breaks the neck of their own cause. Milton.
(b) To get over the worst part of ; get more than half
through.
He was a capital spinner of a yarn when he had broken
the neck of his day's work. Hughes.
To break the parlet, to begin the parley. Shak.—To
break up. (a) To cut up, as game.
Boyet, you can carve;
Break wºo this capon. Shak., L. L. L., iv. 1.
(b) To open or lay open : as, to break wy a floor; to break
wp fallow ground. (c) To discontinue or put an end to :
as, to break wy housekeeping. (d) To separate; disinte-
ate ; disband : as, to break wy a company Or an army.
e) To impair; exhaust; fatigue greatly.
The six hours of deadly terror which I then endured
have broken me wp body and soul, Poe, Tales, I. 161.
break
To break upon the wheel, to torture or put to death
by stretching on a cart-wheel, or a wooden frame in the
form of a St. Andrew's cross, and breaking the limbs with
an iron bar: a mode of punishment formerly much used
in some parts of Europe.—To break water, to rise to the
surface of the water, as a fish.
Numbers of these fish [bluefish] may be seen breaking
ºwater at any time on the banks and shoals.
Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 258.
To break wind, to give vent to wind from the body by
the anus.--To break Wordf, to violate a pledge or an
obligation.
They that break word with Heaven will break again
With all the world, and so dost thou with me.
Beau. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, iii. 1.
II. intrans. 1. To be separated into parts
or fragments under the action of some force,
as a blow or a strain; become fractured: as, the
rock broke into a thousand pieces; the ice broke
under his feet.— 2. To become discontinuous,
disconnected, disordered, or disintegrated;
lose continuity or formation : as, at the last
charge the line broke; the circuit broke.
The command, Charge, was given, and was executed
with loud cheers and with a run ; when the last of the
enemy broke. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 351.
3. Specifically— (a) To change suddenly and
involuntarily from a natural to a higher and
shriller tone or to a whisper: said of the voice.
(b) In music: (1) To change from one register
to another, as a musical instrument. (2) To
change from one combination of pipes to an-
other, especially when having more than one
ipe to the note: said of compound organ-stops,
ike the mixture, the cornet, etc.—4. To change
from one gait into another: said of a horse: as,
to break into a gallop.–5. To burst; happen
or begin to be with suddenness or violence.
(a) To discharge itself spontaneously, as a tumor.
The same old sore breaks out from age to age.
Tennyson, Walking to the Mail.
(b) To burst forth or begin with violence, as a storm.
A second deluge o'er our heads may break. Dryden.
The whole storm, which had long been gathering, now
broke at once on the head of Clive. Macaulay, Lord Clive.
(c) To burst into speech or action : generally followed by
out. (See phrases below.)
I would not have your women hear me
Break into commendation of you ; 'tis not seemly.
Beau. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, iv. 1.
(d) To begin as if with a burst or break.
And from our own the glad shout breaks,
Of Freedom and Fraternity | Whittier, Paean.
6. To become impaired, weakened, or reduced;
especially, to decline in health, strength, or
personal appearance.
I’m sorry Mopsa breaks so fast :
I said her face would never last.
Swift, Cadenus and Vanessa-
7. To begin to be: said specifically of the day,
dawn, or morning.
Is not that the morning which breaks yonder?
Shak., Hen. V., iv. 1.
The day of wrath, against which Leibnitz had warned
the monarchs of Europe, was beginning to break.
Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 365.
8. To force one's way (into, out of, or through
something).
Go, break among the press, and find a way out
To let the troop pass fairly. Shak., Hen. VIII., v. 3.
9. To fail in trade or other occupation; become
bankrupt.
He that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break
and come to poverty. Bacom, Riches.
There came divers of Antonio's creditors in my com-
pany to Venice, that swear he cannot choose but break.
Shak., M. of V., iii. 1.
The true original chairs were all sold, when the Hun-
tingdons broke. Gray, Letters, I. 217.
10. To lose friendship; become hostile; be in
opposition or antagonism: commonly with with.
To break upon the score of danger or expense is to be
mean and narrow-spirited. Jeremy Collier, Friendship.
11. In pool, to make a break; make the first
shot or opening play. See break, n., 15.— 12.
Nawt., to hog or sag.—13. In hort.: (a) To put
forth new buds. (b) To flower before the
proper time.
In our turnip and carrot-beds a few plants often break
— that is, flower too soon.
Darwin, War. of Animals and Plants, p. 5.
14+. To broach a subject; come to an explana-
tion: With to Or with.
The channber beeing voyded, he brake with him in these
tearmes. Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 227.
Then, after, to her father will I break.
Shak., Much Ado, i. 1.
To break across. See across.--To break away. (a) To
disengage one's self abruptly; escape, as from a captor,
by sudden and violent action ; hence, to leave suddenly.
Fear me not, man, I will not break away.
Shak., C. of E., iv. 4.
break
(b) To be dissipated or disappear, as fog or clouds.—To
break down. (a) To come down by breaking: as, the
coach broke down, (b) To fail in any undertaking through
incapacity, miscalculation, emotion, embarrassment, or
loss of health.
Some dozen women did double duty, and then were
blamed for breaking down.
L. M. Alcott, Hospital Sketches, p. 68.
(c) To lose one's health; become sick. (d) To be overcome
by emotion; Weep. (e) To granulate, as gunpowder.—To
break forth. (a) To burst out; be suddenly manifested;
exhibit sudden activity: as, a cry broke forth.
His malice 'gainst the lady
Will suddenly break forth.
Shak., As you Like it, i. 2.
Break forth, ye hearts that frozen winters bind
In icy chains more strong than close the year !
Jones Very, Poems, p. 46.
(b) To Tush or issue out. (c) To give vent to one's feel-
ings; burst out: as, to break forth with fury; to “break
Jorth into singing," Isa. xliv, 23.--To break from, to
disengage one's seif from ; leave abruptly or violently.—
To break in, to leave the point, and start to chase game:
said of a dog on point.—To break into. (a) To enter by
force, especially burglariously: as, to break into a house.
In law, opening a latched door, or pushing open an unfas-
tened but closed sash, may be a breaking which will com-
stitute burglary. (b) To break forth into.
It is very natural for men who are abridged in one ex-
Cess to break into some other.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, lviii.
To break in upon, to intrude upon suddenly or vio-
lently.—To break loose, to get free by force; escape
from confinement by violence; shake off restraint.—To
break off. (a) To part; become separated: as, the branch
broke off. (b) To desist suddenly.
Do not break off so. Shak., C. of E., i, 1.
To break off from, to part from with violence.—To
break out. (a) To issue forth ; arise or spring up: as, a
fire breaks out ; a sedition breaks out ; a fever breaks out.
(b) To appear in eruptions: said of certain diseases; to
have pustules or an efflorescence on the skin: said of a
person. (c) To throw off restraint and become dissolute:
as, after living, quietly he again broke out. (d) To give
Vent to the feelings impetuously by speech.
As soon as my uncle Toby was seated by the fire, and
had filled his pipe, my father broke out in this mannér.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ix. 32.
To break sheer (mawt.), to be forced the wrong way by
the wind or current, so as not to lie well for keeping clear
of the anchor: said of a ship at anchor.—To break shot,
to leave the point, when the gum is discharged, to chase
game: Said of a dog on point.--To break through. (a)
To disregard or overcome : as, to break through all restraint
or reserve. (b) To act contrary to ; violate with impu-
Inity ; as, to break through a law (in such a manner as to
avoid the penalty). —To break up. (a) To dissolve and
Separate: as, a company breaks up; a meeting breaks wo;
the ice breaks up ; a fog breaks wip.
We went into Mrs. Mercer's, and there mighty merry,
Smutting one another with candle grease and soot, till most
of us were like devils. And that being done, then we broke
wp, and to my house. Pepys, Diary, II. 430.
(b) In alg., said of an equation or quantic when in con-
Sequence of particular relations between its coefficients
it reduces to a product of factors of lower degree.—To
break with. (a) To part in enmity from ; cease to be
friends with ; quarrel with : as, to break with a friend or
companion.
Be not afraid to break
With murderers and traitors. B. Jomson, Catiline.
IIe had too much consideration and authority in the
country for her to wish to break with him. Prescott.
(bf) To broach a subject to ; make a disclosure to.
I}ut perceiving this great alteration in his friend, he
thought fit to break with him thereof. Sir P. Sidney.
If thou dost love fair Hero, cherish it ;
And I will break with her, and with her father,
And thou shalt lave her. Shale., Much Ado, i. 1.
break (brāk), m. [In most senses of mod. ori-
gin from the verb break, the older noun being
breach with its variants: see breach. In some
senses merely a different spelling of the re-
lated brakeš, q. v.] 1. A forcible disruption
or separation of parts; a gap or opening made
by breaking; a fracture, rupture, or breach :
as, a break in a wall, a beam, or a garment.—
2. A breaking off; an interruption of continu-
ity; a sudden stoppage or suspension; a gap
between parts; specifically, in printing, the gap
between two paragraphs.
All modern trash is
Set forth with numerous breaks and dashes. Swift.
He [AElfred] looked on the peace he had won as a mere
break in the struggle, and as a break that might at any mo-
ment come suddenly to an end.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Tºng., p. 125.
3. A breaking or bursting out or away; a sud-
den or marked transition from one course,
place, or state to another: as, a break of the
voice; the break of day; the prisoner made a
break for freedom.
The several emotions of mind, and breaks of pasgion, in
this speech, are admirable. Steele, Tatler, No. 106.
4. In arch. : (a) A distinct variation in the
style of a part of a building from that of other
parts; the place where such a change occurs
in the design, or the junction in the building
of two distinct styles or designs. (b) A re-
670
breakman
Yºr -
cess or projection from the general surface of breaker1 (brā’kēr), n. [K ME. brekere; K break
t-
any architectural part or feature.—5. In ha
making, the angle formed by the body and the
brim of a hat.—6. In a ship, the part where a
deckterminates and the descent to the next deck
begins.—7. A contrivance to check the velocity
of a wheeled carriage; a brake. See brake3, 9.
—8. In teleg.: (a) A key or other contrivance
for interrupting or changing the direction
of electric currents. (b) An interruption of
the continuity of a conductor.—9. In music:
(a) The point in the scale where the quality
of voice of one register changes to that of
another, as from tenor to alto or from alto
to soprano. (b) The point where the chest-
voice changes to the head-voice, (c) The
point where a similar change occurs in
the scale of a musical wind-instrument :
thus, in the clarinet such a change occurs
between the notes B flat and B natural. (d)
The singing, or the sounding on a trumpet or
horn, from lack of ability, care, or skill, of a
note different from the one intended to be pro-
duced. (e) A note which a singer produces breaker? (brā’kēr), n.
more imperfectly or with greater difficulty than
the notes above or below it, (f) In pianoforte-
making, the points in the scale where a change of
quality occurs because of difference in the make
of the strings or in their relative position. (g)
In organ-building, the points in the scale of
stops having more than one pipe to a note,
where for any reason the relative pitch of the
pipes is altered: especially applied to mixture-
stops having several pipes to each note.—10.
In a bakery, a bench on which, or a machine by
which, dough is kneaded.— 11. In mining, a
crack or fissure caused by the sinking of strata. breakfast (brek'fast), v.
—12. In type-founding, a piece of metal next the
shank of a type which is broken offin finishing.
— 13. On the stock exchange, a sudden decline
in prices.—14. In pool, the shot that breaks or
Scatters the balls as piled together at the be-
ginning of the game; hence, the first shot or
lay, or the right to the first play: as, it is
reak.-15. In fort., same as brisure, 1.—16
large, high-set, four-wheeled vehicle, with a
straight body and a seat in front for the driver
and another behind for footmen.—17. A reg-
ular sale of tobacco at the time when the hogs-
heads are first opened. [Local, Virginia.]—
18. The quantity of hemp prepared in one year.
Best St. Petersburg clean Hemp of the break of the year
1796. Mass. Mercwry, April 29, 1796.
19. Same as breck, 4.—Break of day, the first ap-
pearance of light in the morning; the dawn; daybreak.
He arrived with his guide, a little after break of day, at
Charing-cross. Addison, Foxhunter at a Masquerade.
Break of the forecastle (mawt.), the after-edge of the
topgallant forecastle.—Break of the poop (mawt.), the
forward end of the poop-deck.
breakable (brā’ka-bl), a. [K break + -able.]
Capable of being broken.
We shall see what a breakable barrier this Afghanistan
is, if we look at a few plain facts plainly.
Marvin, Gates of Herat, viii.
breakage (brā’kāj), n. [K break + -age.] 1.
The act of breaking.— 2. Things broken ;
damage or loss by breaking: as, allowance for
breakage of goods in transit.—3. The practice
of leaving empty spaces in stowing the hold
of a ship.
breakax (brāk'aks), m. 1. A large tree of Ja-
maica, Sloanea Jamaicensis, of the family Elaeo-
carpaceae.—2. Some species of Cithareasylum, or
breakfasting (brek'fas-ting), m.
break-in (bräk'in), n.
breaking (brā’king), m.
+ -erl.] § 1. One who or that which breaks
anything, as a machine to crush ores, stones,
and other hard substances. Specifically—(a) A coal-
getter or -hewer; one who breaks down the coal so that
it can be conveyed away to the place where it is raised to
the surface. [Somersetshire, Eng.] (b) A structure in
which coal is broken, sized, and prepared for market.
[Anthracite region of Penn.] (c) One whose occupation it
is to break up old ships; a . reaker. § Milit., a cup-
shaped covering, usually made of lead, which serves to
break a tube of glass or plaster of Paris at the proper time
for igniting the charge in fuses of a certain construction.
Farrow, Mil, Encyc. , (e) In cotton-manuf, a breaking-
engine (which see). (f) In limen-manuf., a carding-ma-
chine to the action of which the tow is first subjected.
(g) A light, strong plow for breaking new ground.
. A violator or transgressor: as, a breaker of
the law.—3. A wave broken into foam against
the shore, a sand-bank, or a rock near the Sur-
face: generally in the plural.
The night-winds sigh, the breakers roar,
And shrieks the wild sea-mew.
Byron, Childe Harold, i. 13.
4. A trainer, as of horses or dogs. =syn. 3. See
2002)0. *
[K Sp. barrica, a cask:
see barrico.] A small water-cask used in boats
to supply the crew with water and for ballast.
breakfast (brek'fast), n. [Late ME. brekefaste;
break -H fast?, n. (Cf. F. déjeuner, a break-
fast, K déjeuner, break fast: see déjeuner.] 1.
The first meal in the day; the meal by which
one breaks the fast lasting from the previous
day; the food eaten at the first meal.—2. A
meal or food in general.
The wolves will get a breakfast by my death. Dryden.
Act’s breakfast. See act.
K breakfast, n. ; orig.
two words, break fast.] I. trams. To furnis
with the first meal in the day; supply with
breakfast.
II. intrams. To eat the first meal in the day.
First, sir, I read, and then I breakfast.
Prior, Ep. to F. Shepherd, May 14, 1689.
º, breakfast-cap (brek'fast-cap), m. A small cap,
usually made of muslin or lace and ribbons,
worn at breakfast by women.
The Mistress, in a pretty little breakfast-cap, is moving
about the room with a feather-duster.
C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 71.
The act of
taking breakfast; a party at breakfast.
No breakfastings with them, which consume a great deal
of time. Chesterfield.
In carp., a hole made
in brickwork with the ripping-chisel, to receive
a plug, the end of a beam, or the like.
[Verbal n. of break, v.;
= G. brechung.] 1. In worsted-manuf., the pro-
cess of uniting the short slivers, as received
from the comber, into one continuous rope or
sliver, by doubling and º through draw-
ing-webs.—2. [Imitation of G. brechung.] In
philol., the change of one vowel to two before
certain consonants, as, in Anglo-Saxon (where
the phenomenon abounds), earm for “arm, arm,
eorthe for *erthe, earth, etc.
breaking-diameter (brā‘king-di-am"e-têr), n.
The diameter of a test specimen of metal at
the point of rupture when subjected to tensile
stress. It is measured and used to determine the area
of the cross-section at that point after rupture. The
comparison of this area with the original area of the same
cross-section gives the degree of constriction or the per-
centage, technically called the contraction of area.
other tropical American tree, with hard wood. breaking-engine (brā’king-en"jin), n. In cot-
breakbone fever. See fever and dengue.
tom-manuſ., the first carding-machine following
breakbones (bräkſbónz), m. An English name - the lapper; a breaker.
fragility of its joints. ſº
break-circuit (brāk'sèr"kit), n. . tº g
for opening or closing an electrical circuit; a
*circuit-breaker.
breakdown (brāk'doun), n. 1. A falling apart,
as of a carriage; a downfall; a crash; hence, a
failure; a collapse.
Well . . . here is another breakdown.
T. IIook, Gilbert Gurney, I. i.
The complete breakdown of the Republican party in the
state. The American, VII. 180.
2. A noisy, lively dance, sometimes accom-
anied by singing, as in the southern United
States. [U. S.]
Don't clear out when the quadrilles are over, for we are break-lathe
going to have a breakdown to wind up with.
New England Tales.
Here is a belle Africaine, so exhilarated by her sur-
roundings that she is dancing a break-down.
New Princeton Rev., II. 86, brea Iman, 7.
break-iron (bräk’i" Örn), m.
*of the stitchwort, Alsine Holostea, from the breaking-frame (brā’king-främ), n. A machine
for splicing and stretching slivers of wool.
Any device breaking-weight (brā’king-wat), n. The weight
which must be hung from a rod of given cross-
section or placed upon any structure in order
to break it. It measures the cohesion of the
material experimented upon.
The floor was loaded with pig-iron to one-fourth of its
breaking-weight. Workshop Receipts, 2d ser., p. 293.
In carpenters'
planes with double irons, the top or front iron,
the lower edge of which is in contact with the
face of the lower cutting-iron just above its cut-
ting edge. As the shaving is cut, the break-
iron turns or breaks it away from the wood.
(bräk’lā‘FEI), n. A lathe having a
gap in its bed, in order to increase its swing
or capacity for turning objects of large radius;
a gap-lathe or gap-bed lathe. E. H. Knight.
See brakeman.
breakneck
breakneck (bräk'nek), n. and a.
obj, neck.] I. m. 1. A fall that breaks the
neck; a dangerous business.
- To do't, or no, is certain
To me a breakneck. Shak., W. T., i. 2.
2. A steep place endangering the neck.
I. a. Endangering the neck or life; ex-
tremely hazardous: as, he rode at a breakneck
pace.
On chimney-tops, . . . over the roofs, . . . on every
lamp-iron, signpost, breakneck coign of vantage, sits
× patriotic Courage. Carlyle, French Rev.
break-off (brāk’ôf), n. The part of the action
of a breech-loading firearm immediately be-
hind the breech.
break-promise (bråk'promºis), n.
makes a practice of breaking his promise.
I will think you the most pathetical break-promise, and
the most hollow lover. Shak., As you Like it, iv. 1.
breakshare (brāk'shār), n. [A perversion of
bravy, simulating break, H- share.] A term some-
times used as an equivalent to brazy.
breakstaff (bräk’stāf), n. The handle of a
'blacksmith's bellows. J. S. Phillips.
breakstone (brāk'stön), n. [K break + obj.
stone, after the L. name Saarifaga, K Saarum, a
rock, + frangere, to break, with special refer-
ence to their use as a remedy in cases of calcu-
lus.] A name given to several different plants,
especially to species of the genus Saarifraga,
to pimpernel (Pimpinella Saaxifraga), and to the
parsley-piert (Alchemilla arvensis).
break-up (bräk’up), n. and a. I. m. A disrup-
tion; a dissolution of connection; a separation
of a mass into parts; a disintegration; a dis-
bandment.
Seldom was there a greater break-wºp among the specu-
lators than in the autumn of that year. J. S. Mill.
The general break-up of parties which took place last
decade. The American, VIII. 278.
II. a. Pertaining to or in celebration of the
breaking up or termination of any society, as-
sociation, meeting, or the like: as, a break-up
party or ceremony. &
break-van, n. See brake-vam. -
breakwater (bråkºwā’tēr), m. [K break + obj.
water.] Any structure or contrivance, as a
mole, mound, wall, or sunken hulk, serving to
break the force of waves and protect a harbor
or anything exposed to the force of the waves.
The breakwater at Plymouth, England, is 5,100 feet in
length, 339 feet wide at bottom, and 45 feet at top, and at
the level of low water of spring tides there is a set-off of 66
feet. The sea-slope from set-off to top is 1 in 5. The largest
work of the kind in the United States is the Delaware
breakwater, at the southern extremity of Delaware Bay,
4-i-.
2% `s
Jºr
Mean of 26 sections of Delaware Breakwater.
A, water-line ; B, base-line.
2,558 feet long at top, with an ice-breaker 1,353 feet long.
—Floating breakwater, a contrivance, consisting of a
series of square frames of timber, connected by mooring-
chains or -cables, attached to anchors or blocks of stone
in such a manner as to form a basin, within which vessels
riding at anchor may be protected from the violence of
¥the Waves.
breaml (brém), n. [K ME. breem, breme, KOF.
bresme, F. bréme, K OHG. brahsima, brahsina,
MHG. brasem, brahsen, G. brassen = OS. bres-
Semo = D. brasem = Öšw. brawn, Sw. braa’en =
Dan. brasen, a bream ; perhaps from the root
of OHG. beraht, AS. bedrht, E. bright.] 1.
A fish of the family Cyprinidae, Abramis
brama, common in the fresh waters of Europe.
It has a compressed and rather deep body, a short obtuse
snout, small and somewhat inferior mouth, uniserial pha-
ryngeal teeth, the dorsal fin of about 12 rays, and the anal
fin with 26 to 31 rays commencing under the last of the
dorsals. It sometimes attains a weight of 12 to 14
pounds. The flesh is insipid and little esteemed. Also
called yellow bream. See Abramis.
2. A cyprinoid fish related to the preceding,
as for example the white bream or breamflat,
or resembling it in having a deep body, as the
carp-bream, Carassius gibelio, a variety of the
crucian-carp.–3. A name given to various
Sparidae, more fully called sea-breams: in Eng-
land, for example, to species of Sparus, Pa-
grus, Pagellus, and Cantharus, and in the United
States to Diplodus holbrooki, the pinfish, and
to Lagodon rhomboides, the sailor's-choice. See
cut under Lagodon.—4. A fish of the family
Bramidae, as Ray's bream, Brama rayi.-5. In
some parts of the United Štates, a centrarchoid
fish, such as the common Sunfish, Eupomotis
gibbosus, and various species of the related ge-
nus Lepomis, as the blue bream, Lepomis palli-
du S.—Blue bream, the Lepomis pallidws.-Bream fam-
K break +
One who
671
ily, the sea-breams, or Sparidge.—King of the breams,
Pºſſellus erythrinus.-- te.bream, a fish of the family
Abramidae, Blicca byörkma, common in European waters.
It is much like the bream, but has a shorter anal fin,
larger scales, and two rows of pharyngeal teeth.
bream? (brém), v. t. . [Prob., like the equiv.
broom”, connected with broom.1, D. brem, furze,
from the materials commonly used.] Naut.,
to clear, as a ship's bottom, of shells, seaweed,
ooze, etc., by applying to it kindled furze,
reeds, or other light combustibles, so as to
Soften the pitch and loosen the adherent mat-
ters, which may then be easily swept off. Also
called broom.
bream3+, n. [K ME, as if “brem" =.OHG. bremo,
MHG. brem, m., G. breme, f.; tho same, without
the formative -s, as brimse: see brimse and
breezel.] Same as breezel. -
breamflat (brém'flat), n. A local English (Cam-
ridgeshire) name of the white bream.
brean (brén), v. i. [E. dial.] To sweat; per-
spire. [Prov. *g.
brear (brér), n. See breer.1.
breard (brèrd), v. Same as braird.
breast (brest), n. [Early mod. E. also brest, K
*ME. brest, breest, KAS. bredst (neut., usually
pl.) = OS. briost = OFries. briast = Icel. brjöst
= Sw. bróst = Dan. bryst, neut., = (with vari-
ation of vowel and gender) OFries. brust, burst,
borst, NFries, borst = MLG. borst, LG. borst
= D. borst = OHG. MHG. brust, G. brust, fem.,
= Goth. brusts, fem. pl., orig. perhaps a dual
form; origin uncertain. Not being found out-
side of Teut., the origin has been sought in
the Teut. verb, AS. berstan, etc., E. burst: see
burst.] 1. One of two soft protuberant bodies
adhering to the thorax in women, in which the
milk is secreted for the nourishment of infants;
the mammary gland and associated structures.
–2. The outer part of the thorax, or the ex-
ternal part of the body between the neck and
the belly, in man and beasts.
My Eustace might have sat for Hercules;
So muscular he spread, so broad a breast.
Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter.
3. In entom., the lower or sternal surface of the
thorax.-4. Figuratively, the seat of the affec-
tions and emotions; the repository of con-
sciousness, designs, and secrets; the affec-
tions; the heart.
Pass by my outside,
My breast I dare compare with any man.
Shirley, Love Tricks, i. 1.
Each in his breast his secret sorrow kept. Itowe,
5. The mind; the secret thoughts.
The choice and removal of senators, however, was by no
means left perfectly free to the censors, nor had it been
in the breast of the consuls and dictators before the insti-
tution of the censorial office. Browgham.
6t. In music, the chest; capacity for singing.
An excellent song, and a sweet songster; a fine breast
of his own.
tion of the lungs; which are so essential an organ in this
respect, that to have a good breast was formerly a com-
mon periphrasis to denote a good singer.
Sir J. Hawkins, Hist. of Music, iii. 466.
7. Anything resembling the breast in posi-
tion, either as being in front, like the human
breast, or below, like the breast in the lower
animals. Specifically—(a) In agri., the front part of the
mold-board of a plow. (b) In arch.: (1) The portion of a
wall between a window and the floor. (2) The portion of
a chimney between the flues and the apartment. E. H.
I(night. (c) In carp., the lower surface of a hand-rail, rafter,
etc. (d) In mining : (1) The chamber or room in which
coal is being mined. (2) The face at which the working
is going on. (3) In metal-mining, a point at which a large
quantity of ore is being worked: as, a fine breast of ore.
(e) The front part of a furnace. (f) Same as breasting, 1.
In order that a wheel may be a breast wheel, it must be
provided with the breast or circular trough. -
Rankine, Steam Engine, § 150.
(g) The swelling portion of a hub. e e
8. That part of certain machines against which
the breast of the operator pushes, as in the
breast-drill, breast-plow, etc.—9}. A line on
which persons or things are ranged abreast, or
side by side.
The troops marched in close order, the foot by twenty-
four in a breast, and the horse by sixteen. Swift.
10. A bush for a small shaft or spindle.—Back
and breast. See back 1.--Pillar and breast. See pil-
lar—To make a clean breast of, to disclose (secrets
which weigh upon one's mind or conscience); make full
confession of.
breast (brest), v. [K breast, m.] I. trans. To
oppose with the breast; act with the breast
upon; bear the breast against; hence, to meet
in front boldly or openly; stem.
Behold the threaden sails,
Borne with the invisible and creeping wind,
Draw the huge bottoms through the furrow'd sea,
Breasting the lofty surge. Shak., Hem, V., iii. (cho.).
breast-band (brest/band), n.
breast-beam (brest/bém), n.
breast-bone (brestſbón), n.
breast-clothi, n.
breast-cloutt (brest/klout), m. A bib for a child.
breast-deep (brest/dép), a.
breast-drill (brest’ dril), m.
breasted (bres’ted), a.
breast-fast (brest' fast), m.
breast-harness (brest'hār"nes), m.
breast-height (brest'hit), n.
B. Jonson. #terior slope of a parapet.
In singing, the sound is originally produced by the ac. breast-high (brest (hi), a.
breast-hook (brest'hāk), m.
breasting-knife (bres’ ting-nif), m.
breast-knee (brest'né), n.
breast-knot (brest' not), n.
breast-knot
To breast up a hedge, to cut the face of a hedge on one
side, so as to lay bare the principal upright stems of the
plants of which it is constituted. *
II, intrans. To practise breasting, as for
deer. See breasting, 3.
breast-backstay (brest/bak/stā), n. Naut, an
extra support to a topmast, consisting of a
rope extending from the topmast-head on the
weather side to the ship's channels forward of
the standing backstays. See backstay.
1. Nawt., a band
of canvas or a rope fastened in some conve-
nient place, and passed round the body of the
man who heaves the lead in sounding, to pre-
vent his falling into the sea. Also called
parrel-rope (which see).-2. A broad leather
band placed across the breast of a horse and
used as a substitute for a collar.
1. A beam at
the break of a quarter-deck or forecastle.—2.
The cloth-beam of a loom.—3. The forward
+transverse beam of a locomotive.
breast-board (brestſ börd), n. A weighted sled
used in rope-walks to maintain the tension of
the yarns while being twisted into a strand.
[K ME. brestbon, K
AS. bredstbān, K bredst, breast, + ban, bone.]
The bone of the breast; the sternum.
breast-chains (brestſchänz), m.pl. Chains used
to support the neck-yoke of a carriage-harness,
and connected with the hames: usually called
breast-straps when leather is used instead of
chains.
A stomacher.
Iſright.
As deep as from
the breast to the feet; as high as the breast.
Set him breast-deep in earth, and famish him.
Shalc., Tit. And..., v. 3.
In mech., a drill-
stock operated by a crank and bevel gearing,
and having a piece against which the workman
bears his breast when engaged in drilling.
1. Having a breast (of
the kind indicated in composition): as, broad-
breasted, deep-breasted, etc.—2+. In music, hav-
ing a chest: as, “singing men well breasted,”
I’iddes, Life of Wolsey, App., p. 128.
A large rope or
chain used to fasten the midship part of a ves-
sel to a dock or to another vessel, as the bow-
fast fastens her forward and the stern-fast aft.
breast-gasket (brest'gas/ket), n. An old name
for a bunt-gasket.
A harness
employing a breast-band, in distinction from
one using a collar.
In fort., the in-
As high as the
breast.
Lay madam Partlet basking in the sun,
Breast-high in sand. Dryden, Cock and Fox.
One of the thick
pieces of timber shaped in the form of knees
and placed directly across the stem of a ship,
to strengthen the fore part and unite the bows
on each side. See cut under stem.
Her huge bows rose up, showing the bright copper, and
her stem and breast-hooks dripping, like old Neptune's
locks, with the brine.
F. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 10.
breasting (bres’ting), m. [K breast + -ing 1.] 1.
In mach., the curved channelin which a breast-
wheel turns. It follows closely the curve of the wheel
through about a quarter of its circumference, so as to pre-
vent the escape of the water until it has spent its force
upon the wheel. Also called breast. See breast-wheel.
. The bed against which the wheel of a rag-
engine works.-3. A method of deer-hunting
in which several horsemen ride abreast through
the cover and shoot from the saddle.
Breasting is employed where the deer make their home
in Very high grass, such as is to be found on some of the
prairies of the South-west.
G. B. Grimmell, Gun and Rod, p. 152.
• In shoe-
naking, a knife used in cutting a clean face on
the side of the heel of a boot or shoe next to
the waist.
In ship-building, a
large knee fitted in the bows of a ship against
the apron and stemson, to give additional
strength.
A knot of ribbon
worn on the breast.
What may we not hope .
breast-knot & -
. . from the influence of this
Addison, Freeholder.

breast-line
hreast-line (brest'lin), n. A rope used to
unite the pontoons of a floating bridge.
breast-molding (brest’mö1%ding), n. 1. The
molding on a window-sill.—2. Paneling be-
meath a window.
breast-pain (brest'pān), n. A distemper in
horses, indicated by stiffness and staggerin
of the fore legs, and inability to bow the hea
to the ground.
breast-pang (brest'pang), n. Angina pectoris.
See angina. [Rare.]
breastpin (brestſpin), n. A pin worn on the
breast for a fastening or for ornament; a
+brooch; a scarf-pin.
breastplate (brest'plat), m. [ME. brestplate; K
breast + plate.] 1. A square ornament worn
by the Jewish high priest, consisting of the same
textile fabric as the ephod, and bearing twelve
precious stones engraved with the names of the
twelve tribes of Israel, set in gold. The breast-
plate was hung by chains of gold to that part of the ephod
Which was on the shoulder, and the lower side was se-
cured to the girdle by blue laces; for this purpose four
rings of gold were
secured to the four
Ağs corners. It was
§§§ also called the
Kºš breastplate of judg-
NºMT; ment, because it
- º contained the
|ſº § Urin and the
§: Thummim.
§ 2. The armor
for the front of
the body, when
made in one
iece reaching
om the waist
to about the
collar-bone. It
was not introduced
until a very late
period in the his-
tory of armor, and
Was not common
§
§
R
ºs.- ... --~6 until the early
Breastplate, 16th century; steel orna; years of the six-
mented with #. and bearing a coat of teenth centur
arms on the breast. (From “L’Art pour y,
Tous.”) when armor for the
limbs was being
abandoned. See back and breast (under backl), corselet,
and cuirass.
3. A strap that runs across a horse's breast.—
4. A plate or piece which receives the butt-
end of a boring-tool, and is held against the
'breast when the tool is in use. Also called com-
science and palette.—5. The sternum or central
piece on the lower side of the cephalothorax
of a spider, between the bases of the legs.--
6. The lower shell or plastron of a tortoise.
Larwin.
breast-plow (brest'plou), m. A kind of spade
with a cross-bar against which the breast is
pressed to propel it, for cutting and paring turf.
breast-pump (brest' pump), m. A small suction
apparatus for drawing milk from the breast.
breast-rail (brest/rāl), m. The upper rail of
a balcony or of a breastwork on the quarter-
deck of a ship.
breast-rope? (brest’róp), m. Naut., an old term
for parrel-rope. See breast-band, 1.
breast-strap (brest'strap), m. A strap used to
support the neck-yoke of a carriage-harness,
and connected with the hames or collar.—
Breast-strap slide, an iron loop sliding on the breast-
strap and taking the wear of the ring on the end of the
neck-yoke.
breast-summer, m. See brest-Summer.
breast-wall (brest"wāl), m. 1. A retaining
wall at the foot of a slope.—2. A wall built
'breast-high.
breastweed (brestºwed), m. A name given to
the lizard's-tail of the Únited States, Saururus
cermuus, from its use as a remedy in mammary
inflammation, etc.
breast-wheel (brest'hwé1), m. A water-wheel
with radial floats or buckets, upon which the
W
g
%. , , , , º&
=Hºº
#H#$!º
TTTTº sºrts:
... Sºsiº &
& º:
§ §s
Breast-wheel.
672
water is admitted at any point from about the
plane of the axle to 45° or more above it. The
water is confined to the floats by a breasting of planks or
masonry, almost touching the periphery of the wheel and
extending from the bottom of the sluice to near the low-
est point of the wheel. If the water is admitted to the
wheel at a point very near its summit and on the same
side as the sluice, it is called a pitch-back wheel.
breast-wood (brestºwud), n. In hort., the
shoots of fruit-trees which grow out from the
front of the branches trained on espaliers or
against walls.
breastwork (brest' wérk), n. 1. In fort., a
hastily constructed work thrown up breast-
high for defense.—2. Naut, a sort of balus-
trade of rails or moldings which terminates the
quarter-deck and poop at the fore ends, and for-
merly also inclosed the forecastle both before
and behind.— 3. The parapet of a building.
breat (brét), n. [Another form of bret, brit,
Q. v.] A local English name of the turbot.
breath (breth), n. ... [Early mod. E. breth, K ME.
breeth, breth, KAS. bråth, breath, odor; cf.
OHG. brådam, MHG. bradem, G. brodem, broden,
Steam, vapor, exhalation; perhaps connected
with AS. brådan = OHG. bråtan, MHG. bråten,
G. braten, roast, broil (see brawn), and with Gr.
Tpffffety, burn, blow. The vowel in breath, orig.
long, has become short, while remaining long
in the verb breathe..] 1+. Vapor; steam; ex-
halation.
Then schalle thou caste
Into the pot and cover in hast,
And loke no brethe ther passe out.
Liber Cure Cocorum, p. 19.
That is blode and fire and brethe of smoke.
Hampole, Prick of Conscience, 1. 4727.
When bremly brened those besteg, & the brethe rysed,
The savour of his sacrafyse sogt to hym euen
That all spedeg & };
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 509.
2. The air inhaled and exhaled in respiration.
My breath to heaven like vapor goes :
May my soul follow soon |
Tennyson, St. Agnes’ Eve.
3. Ability to breathe; life as dependent on
respiration.
No man has more contempt than I of breath. Dryden.
4. The state or power of breathing freely: as,
to be out of breath; to be in breath.
The king shall drink to Hamlet's better breath.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
I lose my colour, I lose my breath. Tennyson, Eleånore.
5. A single act of breathing; a respiration: as,
he swears at every breath; to draw a full breath.
Between two breaths what crowded mysteries lie, -
The first short gasp, the last and long-drawn sigh
O. W. Holmes, A Rhymed Lesson.
Hence—6. The time of a single respiration;
a single act ; an instant.
The historian makes two blunders in a breath.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 14.
Sweet and bitter in a breath.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, iii.
7. Respite; pause; time to breathe.
Give me some little breath, some pause.
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 2.
8. A gentle exercise, causing a quicker respi-
ration. [Rare.] &
But, for your health and your digestion sake,
An after-dinner's breath. Shak., T. and C., ii. 8.
9. A respiratory movement, as of free air; a
blowing.
Calm and unruffled as a summer's sea,
When not a breath of wind flies o'er its surface.
Addison, Cato, i. 4.
10. Spoken words; speech. [Rare.]
Art thou—thou — the slave that with thy breath hast kill'd
Mine innocent child? Shale., Much Ado, v. 1.
I will stand,
Like the earth's center, unmoved.—Lords, your breath
Must finish these divisions. -
Beau. and Fl., Laws of Candy, v. 1.
11. A mere word; a trivial circumstance; a
thing without substance; a trifle.
A dream, a breath, a froth of fleeting joy.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 212.
A breath can make them, as a breath has made.
Goldsmith, Des. Vil., l. 54.
12. An odorous exhalation.
The breath
Of the fading edges of box beneath.
Tennyson, Song.
13. In philol., a breathing; aspiration; aspi-
rate sound.
Lven in the latest Semitic alphabets the breaths and
semi-consonants of the primitive Semitic alphabet have
retained their original character.
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 184.
breathe
14. Opinion; sentiments: as, I would fain hear
his breath on this matter. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
-Breath of the nostrils, in the Bible, vital breath (see
Gen. ii. 7); hence, anything essential to the existence of a
person or an institution; the inspiring cause of anythi
or that which sustains it. ything,
No institutions Spring up in such countries except those
which the prince founds, and he may be truly said to be
the breath of their nostrils. Browgham.
Out of breath, breathless; short of breath.
Too much breathing put him out of breath.
Milton, Ep. Hobson, ii.
To gather breath. See gather.—To get One's second
breath, to recover the free use of the lungs after the first
exhaustion incident to running, rowing, etc., [Colloq.]—
gºne breath,in whisper- with bated breath.
C0 00N,623.
breathable (bré'FHA-bl), a. [Kbreathe +-able.]
Capable of being breathed; respirable.
breathableness (brê'g'Ha-bl-nes), n. The state
of being breathable.
breathe (bré'PH), v.; pret. and pp. breathed,
ppr. breathing. [KME. brethen, breathe, blow,
exhale odor, K breth, breath: see irºſhi I.
intrans. 1. ‘to draw air into and expel it from
the lungs; respire; figuratively, to live.
When he breathed he was a man. Shak., L. L. L., v. 2.
- Where, in the vast world,
Doth that man breathe, that can so much command
His blood and his affection?
B. Jomsom, Every Man out of his Humour, i. i.
I did
God’s bidding and man's duty, so, breathe free.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 253.
2. To make a single respiration.
Before you can say, Come, and Go,
And breathe twice. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1.
3. To take breath; rest from action.
Breathe awhile, and then to 't again.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
Well, let this breathe a while.
B. Jomson, Every Man in his Humour, v. 1.
4. To pass, as air; blow: as, “when winds
breathe sweet,” Shah. , Lover's Compl., l. 103.
Oh, breathe upon thy ruined vineyard still ;
Though like the dead it long unmoved has lain.
Jones Very, Poems, p. 88.
5. To give utterance to disparaging or calum-
nious remarks; make insinuations: with upon.
You must seem to take as unpardonable offence, as if
he had torn your mistress's colours, or breathed woom her
picture. B. Jomsom, Every Man out of his Humour, i. 1.
6. To exhale, as an odor; emanate.
And all Arabia breathes from yonder box.
Pope, R. of the L., i. 134.
7. Figuratively, of inanimate things, to be in-
stinct; be alive.
The staircase in fresco by Sir James Thornhill breathed
with the loves and wars of gods and heroes. Disraeli.
II, trans. 1. To inhale and exhale in respi-
ration: as, to breathe vitiated air.—2. To in-
ject by breathing; infuse: with into ; as, “to
breathe life into a stone,” Shak., All's Well, ii. 1.
And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground,
and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life. Gen. ii. 7.
Where faith made whole with deed
Breathes its awakening breath
Into the lifeless creed. Lowell, Comm. Ode.
3. To exhale; send out as breath; express;
manifest.
Cam any mortal mixture of earth's mould
Breathe such divine, enchanting ravishment?
Milton, Comus, l. 245.
. into an agreement to
a desire to conform them-
They [the Indians] entered . .
twenty-nine rules, all breathing
selves to English customs.
Iºmerson, Historical Discourse at Concord.
4. To exercise; keep in breath.
Methinks . . . every man should beat thee; I think
thou wast created for men to breathe themselves upon
thee. Shak., All's Well, ii. 3.
I'll send for one of these fencers, and he shall breathe
you, by my direction.
B. Jomson, Every Man in his Humour, i. 4.
5. To inspire or blow into; cause to sound by
Breathing.
They breathe the flute or strike the vocal wire.
6. To utter; speak; whisper.
Or let the church, our mother, breathe her curse.
Shak., K. John, iii. 1.
Thus breathes she forth her spite. Shak, Lucrece, 1.762.
That breathe a thousand tender vows,
Tennyson, In Memoriam, xx.
7. To suffer to rest or recover breath.
He breath'd his sword, and rested him till day.
Spenger, F. Q., VI. xi. 47.
A moment now he slacked his speed,
A moment breathed his panting steed.
Scott, L. of L. M., i.
8. To open and bleed (a vein).
Every village barber who breathed a vein.
- JEncyc, Brit., XI. 503,
Prior.




| breathe,
To breathe one's last, to die,
He, safe return'd, the race of glory past
Newto his friends embrace. Hºrºd his last,
Pope.
breathed (bretht), a., [K breath, n., +-ed?..] 1.
Endowed with breath; exercised. -
A man so breath'd, that certain he would fight, *
From morn till night. Shak., L. L. L., v. 2.
If I be just, all praises must
Be given to well-breathed Jilian Thrust,
Shirley, Hyde Park, iv. 3.
2. Out of breath. -
Mr. Tulkinghorn arrives in his turret-room, a little
breathed by the journey up. Dickens, Bleak House, xli.
3. In philol., uttered with breath as distin-
guished from voice; surd or mute.-4. In com-
#. having that capacity for breathing in-
icated by the prefix: as, short-breathed.
breather (bré'ſ Hér), n. 1. One who breathes
or lives.
She shows a body rather than a life ;
A statue, than a breather. Shak., A. and C., iii. 3.
2. One who utters or whispers.
For my authority bears of a credent bulk,
That no particular scandal once can touch,
But it confounds the breather. Shak., M. for M., iv. 4.
3. One who animates or inspires.
The breather of all life does now expire;
His milder Father summons him away. Norris.
4. Anything, as a walk, gymnastic exercise,
etc., that stimulates or gives healthy action to
the breathing organs. [Colloq.]
So here we are at last—that hill's a breather.
Colman the Younger, Poor Gentleman, iv. 11.
Threathfulf (breth'fül), a. [K breath + ful.]
1. Full of breath: as, “the breathfull bellowes,”
Sponser, F. Q., IV. v. 38.—2. Odorous; fra-
grant.
Tresh Costmarie and breathfull Camomill.
X Spenser, Muiopotmos, l. 195.
breathing (bré'THing), n. [K ME. brethynge, a
current of air; verbal n. of breathe, v.] 1. Res-
piration; the act of inhaling and exhaling air:
as, “a difficulty of breathing,” Melmoth, tr. of
Pliny, vi. 16.
She sleeps: her breathings are not heard
In palace chambers far apart. Tennyson, Day-Dream.
2. Aspiration; secret prayer or desire.
Earnest desires and breathings after that blessed state.
illotson, Sermons, I. xxiv.
3. Aërial motion; respiratory action.
There's not a breathing of the common wind
. That will forget thee. -
ordsworth, To Toussaint l’Ouverture.
4. Figuratively, a gentle influence or opera-
tion; inspiration: as, the breathings of the Spirit.
• The air
Is like a breathing from a rarer world. N. P. Willis.
5+. A breathing-place; a vent.
The warmth distends the chinks, and makes
New breathings, whence new nourishment she takes.
Dryden.
6. Physical exercise, from the fact that it calls
the lungs into free play: as, the Oxford crew
took their breathings every morning at ten.
I lack breathing and exercise of late. Scott.
7. Utterance; words.
I am sorry to give breathing to my purpose.
Shak., A. and C., i. 8.
8. Time taken to recover breath; hence, a
stop; a delay.
Come, you shake the head at so long a breathing.
Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1.
Give me a little breathing, till I can
Be able to unfold what I have seen.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, v. 3.
Thou hast open'd our difficult and sad times, and given
us an unexpected breathing after our long oppressions.
Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst.
9. In gram., aspiration or its absence, or a sign
indicating it. In Greek there are two breathings—
the aspirate (spiritus asper) or the rough breathing, indi-
cated by a mark () equivalent to our letter h, and the lenis
(spiritw8 lenis) or the smooth breathing (), indicating
simply the absence of the rough. Thus 6s is equal to hos,
but is to is.--Breathing capacity. See capacity.
breathing-hole (bré'FHing-hôl), n. 1. Avent-
hole, as in a cask-2. One of the spiracles or
stigmata through which insects respire. Also
called breathing-pore.—3. The spiracle or blow-
hole of a cetacean.—4. A hole in the ice where
an aquatic mammal, as a seal, comes up to
breathe.
breathing-mark (bré'FHing-mârk), n. 1. In
music, a small mark (*, *, or V) placed above a
vocal score, indicating the point at which the
singer may properly take breath.-2. Same as
Spiritus. * is tº
breathing-place, (bré'FHing-plas), n. 1. A
place where fresh air can be breathed; a vent.
673
Each bough . . . finding some sufficient breathing-place
among the other branches.
Ituskin, Elem. of Drawing, p. 194.
2. The place for a pause in a sentence or a
poetic verse; a cesura.
That caesura, or breathing-place.
Sir P. Sidney, Defence of Poesy.
breathing-pore (bré"pHing-pôr), n. In bot., a
minute opening in the superficial tissue of
g. for the entrance and exit of gases.
ee 8toma and lenticel.
breathing-space (bré'PHing-späs), n. A breath-
ing-time; an intermission of exertion.
breathing-time (bré'PHing-tim), n.
relaxation.
We may have some breathing-time between our promise
and its accomplishment. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience.
breathing-tube (bré'FHing-tūb), n. In entom.;
the respiratory tube of certain aquatic larvae and
dipterous puparia. It is a slender integumental pro-
longation, bearing at the tip one or both of the anal stig-
mata, through which the insect obtains air at the surface
of the water or Semifluid filth in which it lives. The breath-
ing-tube is also possessed by certain adult heteropters.
breathing-while (bré"FHing-hwil), n. An in-
termission of exertion; a breathing-time. Shak.
Except when for a breathing-while at eve,
Some niggard fraction of an hour, he ran
Beside the river-bank. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
breathless (breth’les), a. [K ME. brethles; K
breath + -less.] 1. Without breath; dead.
Denſes the rites of funeral fires to those
Whose breathless bodies yet he calls his foes.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., 1.84.
2. Out of breath; spent with labor or exertion.
Unwounded from the dreadful close,
But breathless all, Fitz-James arose.
Scott, L. of the L., v. 16.
3. That takes away the breath.
How I remember that breathless flight !
Longfellow, Golden Legend, iv.
4. Marked by an apparent forgetfulness to
breathe; absorbed; eager; excited.
The young folks would crowd around the hearth, lis-
tening with breathless attention to some old crone of a
negro, who was the oracle of the family.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 108.
The holy time is quiet as a nun
Breathless with adoration.
Wordsworth, Misc. Sonnets, i. 30.
breathlessness (breth’les-nes), n. The state
of being breathless or out of breath with exer-
tion; difficulty in breathing.
breath-sound (breth’sound), n. In physiol.,
a sound caused by the movement of the air
in the lungs in respiration. Also called respi-
Tatory murmur.—Cogged breath-sound, in pathol.,
an interrupted or jerky respiratory sound, most marked
in inspiration. Also called cog-wheel respiration.
breccia (brech’iá), n. [It., formerly also bree-
chia, gravel, now technicalky breccia, – F.
brèche, connected with It. breccia = Sp. Pg. bre-
cha, K. F. brèche, a breach; all of Teut. origin:
see breach, and cf. brashl, n.] In geol., a rock
formed of angular fragments of older rocks,
Pause;
Sºº *
d º N
º!
hº & J
sº
a ſºlº
gie Šſ
º
* -
§
&
.*
{!.
|
º
ſ
E- §:
Breccia.-- Polished Surface.
uniform or varied in character, and united by
a cement. Contrasted with a conglomerate, in which
the fragments are rounded. Several kinds of breccia are
recognized : volcanic breccia (the cemented ejecta of a
volcano), fault- or friction-breccia, talus-breccia, etc.
brecciated (brech’i-à-ted), a. [K breccia +
-atel + -ed?..] Having the character of a breccia.
According to Professor Ramsay the brecciated, Sub-
angular conglomerates and boulder beds of the Old Red
Sandstone . . . are of glacial origin.
J. Croll, Climate and Time, p. 294.
brecciation (brech-i-ā'shon), n. [K breccia +
-ation.] The condition of being brecciated.
See breccia.
brecht, n. A Middle English form of breech.
brecham (brečh'am), n. [Sc., also brechame;
rob. of Celtic origin: cf. Gael. braighdeach, a
orse's collar, braighdean, a cow's or calf's col-
lar, = Ir. braighdean, a collar, Gael. braidean,
a little collar, dim. of braid, a horse-collar, a
brecham, = Ir. braid, a collar, K Gael. Ir. bra-
ghad, neck, throat, windpipe.] A collar for a
work-horse. [Scotch..]
breech (bréch), m.
breech
brechan, breckan (brek'an), n. A Scotchform
of bracken.
brechelf, n. An obsolete spelling of breech.
breche?!, n. An obsolete spelling of breach.
Brechites (bre-ki’téz), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3pézetv,
to wet: see rain, and cf. aspergillum.] Same
as A8pergillum, 2.
breck (brek), n. [K ME. brēkke, var. of breke,
a break, breach, etc.: see breach, and cf. break,
m., brickl, and brackl, all ult. K break, q.v.] 1+.
A break; breach; fracture. Tusser.
Swiche a fairenesse of a nekke
Had that Swete that bone nor brekke
Nas ther noon seen.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 940.
2+. A bruise. Kersey, 1708.-3+. A breach; a
gap in a hedge.—4. [Also called break; prop.
land broken up and allowed to lie fallow.] . A
piece of uninclosed arable land; a sheepwalk,
if in grass. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]—5. A
large new-made inclosure. Grose. [Prov.
Eng.]—6. A field. [Suffolk, Eng.]
The bird's chosen breeding-place was in wide fields—
brecks, as they are locally caiſed lºof winter-corn.
B'ncyc. Brit., IV. 578.
breckan, n. See brechan.
breckins (brek'inz), n. A dialectal variant of
bracken.
tºº. (bred). Preterit and past participle of
eed
bred2, n. An obsolete spelling of bread1.
bredelt, n. and v. See bread?.
brede2+, n. See breadé, braid1.
bredeºf, v. t. [Early mod. E., K ME. breden, K
AS. brådan, roast: see brawn..] To roast.
bredge1, n. An obsolete form of bridgel.
bredge2+, v. t. See bridge2.
bred-sore? (bred'sór), m. A whitlow, or a sore
coming without a wound or visible cause. Also
called breeder.
breel (bré), n. [Sc., also brie, brue, broo, KME.
bre, full form brewe, KAS. briw, also brig, a pot-
tage of meal, pulse, etc., - Fries. bry = D. brij
= MLG. bri, brig = OHG. brio, M.H.G. bri, brie,
G. brei. broth, etc. Connection with brew1, v.
(AS. breowan, etc.), is doubtful.] Broth; soup;
juice; sauce; water; moisture of any kind.
[Scotch..]
bree? (bré), n. A dialectal variant of bray4,
7°06.
bree8 (bré), v. t. [E. dial.] To frighten. Halli-
well. [North. Eng.]
bree+ (bré), m. A dialectal variant of brow.
[K ME. breech, breche, brech,
also unassibilated breke, brek, prop. pl. and
meaning ‘breeches,” the covering of the breech
(whence the double pl. breeches, the now prev-
alent form in that sense: see breeches), K AS.
brèc, also bræc (pl. of the unrecorded sing.
*bróc), breeches (the additional sense of ‘breech,”
given by Bosworth, rests on a doubtful trans-
lation of a single passage), – OFries. brök, pl.
brök, - D. broek = MLG. brök, LG. brook: = OHG.
bruoh, MHG. bruoch, G. bruch = Icel. brok, pl.
brarkr, breeches (Sw. bracka, breeches, brok,
naut., breeching), – ODan. brog, breeches, hose,
Dan. brog, naut., breeching. Cf. L. bråca, pl.,
breeches (> It. braca = Sp. Pg. braga = Pr.
braya = OF. braie, breeches, F. braie, a swad-
dling-band, X E. bray5 and brail, q.v.), regard-
ed as of Celtic origin; cf. Bret. brage:; but the
Gael. Ir. brigis, breeches, is perhaps from E.
The relation of the Teut. forms to the Celtic is
uncertain.] 1+. Breeches.
Thyn olde breech. Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, 1. 486.
That you might still have worn the petticoat,
And ne'er have stol'm the breech from Lancaster.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 5.
2. The lower part of the body behind.—3. The
hinder part of anything; specifically, the mass
of metal behind the bore of a cannon, or the
part of a small arm back of the barrel, including
the rear of the latter in breech-loaders.—4.
Nawt., the angle of a knee-timber, the inside of
Which is called the throat.
breech (brèch), v. [K breech, m.] I. trams. 1.
To put into or clothe with breeches,
Who was anxious to know whether the blacksmith's
youngest boy was breeched. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xx.
Have I not shaved my people, and breeched them?
Landor, Peter the Great.
2. To cover to the breech or hilt. [Rare.]
There, the murtherers,
Steep'd in the colours of their trade, their daggers
Unmannerly breech'd with gore. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 3.
[Various other readings and interpretations, such as reech-
éd (soiled with a dark yellow), dremched, sheathed, etc., have
been proposed by Shaksperian commentators.]

breech
3. To whip on the breech.
Had not a courteous serving-man conveyed me away,
whilst he went to fetch whips, I think, in my conscience,
he would have breeched me.
Robert Taylor (1612), Hog hath Lost his Pearl, vi.
4. To fit or furnish with a breech: as, to breech
a gun.-5. To fasten by a breeching.
. intrams. To suffer whipping on the breech.
I am no breeching scholar in the schools.
Shak., T. of the S., iii. 1.
bººk band (bréch’band), n. Same as breech-
$710, 3.
breech-barrow (brèch’bar”6), n. A large high
truck used in moving bricks in a brick-yard.
breech-block (brèch’ blok), m. A movable piece
at the breech of a breech-loading gun, which
is withdrawn for the insertion of the charge
and closed before firing, being moved either
by hand or by gearing. See breech-mechanism,
also cut under breech-loader.
breech-clout (brèch’klout), m. The cloth cov-
ering the breech, worn by American Indians
# and other uncivilized peoples.
breeches (brich'ez, formerly and still occasion-
ally bré'chez), m. pl. [K ME, breche, breches,
l., usually breche, brech, also broke, brek (> Sc.
łº, breik, etc.): see breech, itself pl.] 1. A
bifurcated garment worn by men, covering the
body from the waist to the knees, or, in some
cases, only to mid-thigh.—2. Less properly,
trousers or pantaloons.—Breeches Bible. See Bible.
—To wear the breeches, to usurp the authority of the
Thusband : said of a wife.
Children rule, old men go to school, women wear the
breeches. Burton, Amat. of Mel., To the Reader.
=Syn. See trousers.
breeches-buoy (brich'ez-boi), m. In the life-
saving service, a name given to an apparatus,
like a short pair of breeches, moving on a rope
stretched from a wreck
to the shore, for the
purpose of landing per-
sons from the wreck.
breeching (brich’ing),
m. [Verbal n. of breech,
v.] 1. A whipping on
the breech.
I view the prince with Aris-
, tarchus' eyes,
Whose looks were as a breech-
ing to a boy.
Marlowe (and Shakspere?),
[Edw. III. .
2. Hard, clotted wool
on the buttocks of a
sheep. —3. That part
of a horse's harness
which passes round its
breech, and which ena-
bles it to back the vehi-
cle to which it is har-
nessed. The breeghing
is connected by straps
to the saddle and shafts.
band. See cut under harness.—4. naval
gun., a strong rope passed through a hole in the
cascabel of a gun and fastened to bolts in the
ship's side, to check the recoil of the gun when
it is fired.—5. A bifurcated Smoke-pipe of a
furnace.
breeching-bolt (brich'ing-bólt), m. A bolt in a
ship's side to which the breeching is fastened.
breeching-hook (brich'ing-hūk), m. A curved
hook on the shafts of a carriage to which the
Abreeching of the harness is secured.
breeching-loop (brich'ing-lôp), m. Naut, a
loop of metaſ formerly cast on the breech of
guns, through which the breeching was passed.
breechless (brèch’les), a. Without breeches;
hence, maked.
He bekez by the bale fyre, and breklesse hyme Semede,
Morte Arthwre (E. E. T. S.), l. 1048.
breech-loader (bréch' 16" dér), n. A firearm
loaded at the breech. The term is generally confined
to small arms, whether used in º; or in war, large
guns being usually referred to as breech-loading cannon.
The earliest European firearms were made to load at the
breech ; but as soon as accuracy of aim and long range
were demanded this plan was abandoned, as the mechani-
cal appliances of the day did not allow of accurate fitting
and quick working of the breech-piece. Since about 1840,
however, breech-loading firearms have been made success-
fully, and have gradually come into general use for all pur-
posés. Rapidity of firing, ease of cleaning, and close adjust-
ment of ſhe missile to the bore, excluding windage, are the
advantages of this form of arm. See cuts under rifle.
breech-loading (bréch’ló"ding), a. Receiving
the charge at the breech instead of the muzzle:
applied to firearms: as, a breech-loading rifle.
breech-mechanism (bréch ‘mek" 2-nizm), n.
The parts comprised in the breech of a gun;
Breeches-buoy.
Also called breech-
674.
specifically, the mechanical device for opening
and closing the breech of a gun in loading and
See fermeture.
firing.
The Dashicll Breech-Mechanism.
r. Breech-block rotated and withdrawn. 2, Breech open and
empty cartridge-case started out by extractor. A, Breech-block :
Handle by means of which breech-block is rotated ; C, Inter-
rupted screw; D, Cartridge.
breech-piece (brèch'pës), n. 1. The wrought-
iron welded coil shrunk on the rear end of the
steel tubes of the Fraser system of heavy guns.
2. A heavy mass of steel which supports the
wedge in the Krupp system of guns.
breech-pin (brèch’pin), n. In gun., a mounted
plug screwed into the rear end of the barrel
of a firearm. In
a breech-loader the
plug forms the bot-
tom of the charging-
chamber or well; in
a muzzle-loader it
forms the bottom of
the bore.
breech-screw
brèch'skrö), m.
ame as breech-
270.
biºch's ht (brèch'sit), n. That sight of a
gun which is placed next the breech; the hind
sight.
breech-wrench (brèch’rench), n. A wrench
employed in turning out the breech-pin of a
muzzle-loading firearm.
Toreed (bréd), v.; pret. and pp. bred, ppr. breed-
ing. [K ME. breden, K. A.S. brédam, nourish,
cherish, keep warm (= D. broedem = MLG. bro-
den, LG. bråden = OHG. bruoten, M.H.G. bril-
eten, G. briiten, brood, hatch), K bråd, brood:
see brood, m., and cf. brood, v. Breed is relat-
ed to brood as feed to food.] I. trans. 1. To
procreate; beget; engender; hatch. Y
Yet every mother breeds not sons alike.
Shak., Tit. And.., ii. 3.
2}. To produce within or upon the body by
development or organic process.
The worms . . . that did breed the silk.
Shale., Othello, iii. 4.
Children would breed their teeth with less danger.
Locke.
3. To cause; occasion; produce; originate.
What pains
I have bestow'd, to breed this present peace.
Shak., 2 Hem. IV., iv. 2.
I honour philosophicallinstructions, and blesse the Wits
which bred them. Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
E'en when sober truth prevails, throughout,
They swear it, till affirmance breeds a doubt, .
†. Cowper, Conversation.
Intemperance and lust breed infirmities. Tillotson.
4. To produce; be the native place of: as, a
pond breeds fish; a northern country breeds a
race of stout men.
Breech-pin.
a, plug; b, tenon; c, tang; d, tang-screw
hole ; e, face.
Iſail, foreign wonderl
... Whom certain these rough shades did never breed.
Milton, Comus, l. 266.
Why doth Africa breed so many venomous beasts, Ire-
land none? Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 293.
The barren soil does not breed fevers, crocodiles, tigers,
or scorpions. Emerson, Compensation.
5. To bring up ; nurse and foster; take care of
during the period of growth: as, born and bred.
Young Archas,
A boy as sweet as young; my brother breeds him,
My noble brother Brisky breeds him nobly.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, v.
Ah l wretched me ! by fates averse decreed
To bring thee forth with pain, with care to breed.
Dryden.
7.
breeding
6. To form by education; train: as, to breed a
son to an occupation; a man bred at a univer-
sity: commonly with up. -
To breed wip the Som to common senso,
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires.
The trade he breeds them wo in. Locke.
7. To procure by the mating of parents, and
rear for use: as, to breed canaries; to breed
cattle for the market.—Bred out, degenerated.
The strain of man's bred owt
Into baboon and monkey. Shak., T. of A., i. 1.
Well bred, having good manners; well instructed: as,
his actions show him to be well bred. See well-bred.
A gentleman well bred, and of good name.
Shak., 2 Iſen. IV., i. 1.
I have not seen a cobbler [in Paris] who is not better
bred than an English gentleman.
Sydney Smith, To Mrs. Sydney Smith.
=Syn, 1. To generate.—5. To nourish, nurture.—6. To
educate, school, discipline.—7. To raise.
II, intrans. 1. To beget or bear offspring;
produce young; be fruitful: used figuratively
of increase generally.
That they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be
fruitful. Gen. viii. 17.
Where they most breed and haunt.
Shak., Macbeth, i. 6.
I make it [money] breed as fast. Shak., M. of W., i. 3.
The mother had never bred before. Carpenter.
2. To have birth; be ; : ; arise ; grow;
develop: as, maggots breed readily in carrion.
As fester'd members rot but by degree,
Till bones, and flesh, and sinews fall away,
So will this base and envious discord breed.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
3. To procure the birth of young: with from :
as, to breed from a mare of good stock.—4t. To
be pregnant.
Mercy, being a young and breeding woman, longed for
something that she saw there, but was ashamed to ask.
Bunyam, Pilgrim's Progress, ii., Shepherds.
To breed in and in, to breed from animals of the same
stock that are closely related.—To breed true, to pro-
duce offspring exhibiting the same characteristics of form,
color, and general qualities as the parents: said of ani-
mals, poultry, etc., of pure breed.
breed (bröd), m. [K breed, v.1 1. A race or
progeny from the same parents or stock; espe-
cially, a race of men or other animals having
an alliance by nativity and some distinctive
qualities in common, which are transmitted by
heredity; hence, family; extraction: as, a breed
of men in a particular country; horses or sheep
of good breed.
I bring you witnesses
Twice fifteen thousand hearts of išngland's breed.
- Shak., IK. John, ii. 1.
The farmer race of Arabs, the most despised by their
fellow countrymen, and the most hard-favored, morally
as well as physically, of all the breed.
It. I'. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 250.
Hence—2. Sort; kind: in a general sense.
This courtesy is not of the right breed.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
3+. A number produced at once; a hatch; a
brood: as, “above an hundred at a breed,” N.
Grew.—4+. Increase of any sort, especially
interest on money; usury.
For when did friendship take
A breed of barren metal of his friend
Shak., M. of V., i. 3.
5+. Breeding.
That countrey is a very greate soyle of cattell, and
verye fitt for breede. Spenser, State of Ireland.
breed-batet (bröd (bât), n. [K breed, v., + obj.
bates, n.] One who breeds or incites to quar-
rels: as, “no tell-tale nor no breed-bate,” Shak.,
M. W. of W., i. 4.
breeder (bré'dër), n. 1. One who or that which
breeds, procreates, or produces young: used
especially of the female.
You love the breeder better than the male.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
2. One who educates or rears; figuratively,
that which rears.
Italy and Rome have been the best breeders . . . of the
Worthiest men. Ascham, The Scholemaster.
3. One who or that which produces, causes, or
brings about: as, he was a breeder of dissen-
sions.
Time is the nurse and breeder of all good.
- Shak., T. G. of V., iii. 1.
4. One who procures the birth of young; one
who raises a particular breed, as of animals;
technically, in herd- and stud-books, the owner
of the dam at the time of the birth of the ami-
*mal recorded.—5+. Same as bred-sore,
breeding (bré'ding), n. [Verbal n. of breed, v.]
1. The act of generating or producing.—2.
The rearing of cattle or live stock of any kind,
particularly by mingling or crossing one strain




s breeding
of a species or variety with another, with a
view to improve the breed. See cross-breeding
and in-and-in.—3. Upbringing; nurture; edu-
cation; instruction. --
She had her breeding at my father's charge.
Shale., All's Well, ii. 3.
4. Deportment or behavior in social life; man-
ners, especially good manners: as, good breed-
£ng (politeness); a man of no breeding (that is,
a very ill-bred man).
As men of breeding, sometimes men of wit,
Tº avoid great errors, must the less commit.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, l. 259.
In Society his good breeding and vivacity made him al-
ways welcome. Macaulay, Dramatists of the Restoration.
5t. Descent; extraction.
Honest gentleman, I know not your breeding.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 3.
Breeding in the line, breeding from animals of the same
variety, but of different parentage. =Syn, 1. Generation,
production.—2. Raising.—3. Training, discipline.
breeding-cage (bré'ding-kāj), n. 1. A contri-
vance used by entomologists for rearing in-
sects in captivity, as a box of wire netting, a
jar covered with cloth, or any similar arrange-
ment.—2. A large cage, with a box, pan, or
compartment for a nest, in which a pair of
birds are placed for breeding in captivity.
breeding-pen (bré'ding-pen), n. I. A pen or
inclosure, or a yard with the necessary house
for shelter, in which animals or poultry are
confined for the purpose of producing pure-
bred stock.-2.
certain number of females, commonly four, but
sometimes five, shown, together with a male, in
competition for a prize.
breedlingt (brédºling), n. [K breed -H, -ling1.] A
native; an inhabitant.
Over most sad fens, all the way observing the sad life
which the people of the place—which, if they be born
there, they do call the Breedlings of the place—do live.
Pepys, Diary, Sept. 17, 1663.
breek!, n. Scotch, northern English, and ob-
solete form of breech.
breek??, n. An obsolete or dialectal variant of
break or breach.
breeks (bréks), n. pl. Scotch and northern Eng-
lish form of breeches.
I have limen breeks on. B. Jomson, Magnetick Lady, v. 4.
breemelt, n. An old spelling of bream1.
breeme?:, a. See brim4.
breerl, brere (brér), n. [= brier, q.v.] A com-
IſlCIl English name for the blackberry, Rubus
Jºratticosus, and the dogrose, Rosa canina ; hence
Brerecliff, Brerecroft, and other names of places.
The amorous birds now pair in every brake,
And build their mossy homes in field and brere.
Shelley, Adonais, viii.
[Sc.] Same as braird.
breer? (brér), m. and v.
breese, n.
See breezel.
gº
tº
º
Q * . º *ºsºft
sº
- Sº sº. 2,
Black Breeze (Tabartzes a trafrºs).
a, larva ; b, pupa ; c, imago. (All slightly enlarged.)
breezel (bréz), n. [Also written breese, early
mod. I. brize, brieze, brise, briese, K ME. brase,
KAS. bredsa, brićsa (only in glosses), a gadfly;
not found in other tongues, and supposed to
be an irreg. reduction of "brimsa (also cited
as AS., but not well authorized: see brimse,
brinsey) = MD. bremse, D. brems = OHG. bri-
missa, MHG. brimse, G. bremse = ODam. brimse,
brense, Dan. bremse = Sw. broms, a horse-
fly; also (without the formative º bream =
OHG. bremo, MHG. G. breme, MD. bremme (see
bream.8); so named, perhaps, from its buzzing:
cf. AS, bremman, roar, OHG. breman, MHö.
bremen, roar, buzz, M.H.G. G. brummen, D. brom-
men, hum, buzz, grumble, L. fremere, roar: see
t exhibitions of poultry, a .
675
brim.1. Cf. Skt. bhramara, a large black bee,
erhaps from the same root.] A gadfly; a
horse-fly; specifically, one of certain strong-
bodied dipterous 'insects of the family Taba-
nidas. There are many species. The larvae live in moist
ground, and are subaquatic. The black breeze, Tabanus
atratus (Fabricius), is one of the largest North American
8pecies. Also called breeze-fly.
But he them all from him full lightly swept,
As doth a 8teare, in heat of sommers day,
With his long taile the Dryzeg brush away.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. i. 24.
Runs like a heifer bitten with the brize,
About the court. B. Jomson, New Inn, v. 1.
breezelt, p. i., [K breezel, n.] To buzz.
breeze” (bréz), n. [flarly mod. E. also brize,
*üriess; = G. brise = Dan. bris, K F. brize, now
brisé, a breeze, = Sp. brisa = Pg. briza, the
northeast wind; cf. It. brezza, a cold wind; pos-
sibly same as bise, q.v., with intrusive -r], 1.
A moderately brisk wind; a movement of air
not so strong as a gale: as, a refreshing breeze;
a stiff breeze at sea.
The heat of Summer [in Virginia) is in June, July and
August, but commonly a cool Briess asswages the vehe-
mency of the heat.
S. Clarke, Plantations of the English in America
{(1670), p. 5.
From land a gentle breeze arose at night. Dryden.
2. A noisy quarrel; a disturbance; a row.
[Colloq.]
The marine went forward and gave the order; and Jem-
my, who expected a breeze, told his wife to behave quietly.
Marryat, Snarleyyow, I. xv.
Land-breeze, sea-breeze, breezes blowing respectively
from the land to or over the Sea, and from the sea over
the land. The former is apt to blow especially by night,
and the latter by day; and in some regions this alterna.
tion occurs with great regularity.=Syn. Gust, etc. See
wind, m.
breeze” (bréz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. breezed,
ppr. breezina. [K breeze?, m.] To blow gently.
[Rare.]—To breeze up (naut.), to blow with greater
strength; freshen.
breeześ (bréz), n. [= E. dial. briss2 (q.v.), dust,
rubbish, K. F. bris, rubbish, fragments, break-
age, etc., K briser, break: see bruise and brazil,
and cf. debris. But in sense 2 perhaps K OF.
brese, cinders, orig. live goals, F. braise, live
coals: see braisel...] Cinders, especially fine
cinders or cinder-dust; the dust of coal or
#. used by blacksmiths and in brickmaking.
[Eng.]
breeze-fly (bréz'fli), n. Same as breezel.
breeze-oven (bréz'uv"n), m. 1. An oven for
the manufacture of small coke.—2. A furnace
designed to consume breeze or coal-dust.
breezy (bré'zi), a. [K breeze2 + -yl.] 1. Of
the nature of a breeze; blowy; windy.
The breezy call of incense-breathing morn.
Gray, Elegy.
2. Fanned with gentle winds or breezes: as,
the breezy shore.—3. Figuratively, brisk; live-
ly; sprightly: as, a breezy essay.
The chapter on “Value” is particularly fresh and breezy.
The American, VIII. 87.
bregma (breg'mâ), m.; pl. bregmata (-ma-tā).
[NL., K. Gr. 3péyua, also Épéxpla, the front part of
the head, sinciput, prob. K 8pézetv, wet, moisten;
perhaps akin to E. rain, q.v.] In anat., the
junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures of
the skull; the anterior fontanel. It was so named
because in infants it is soft, and was thought to corre-
spond with the most humid part of the brain. Also writ-
ten brechma and brechmus. See cut unuc. ra iſ to metry.
Bregmaceros (breg-masſe-ros), m. [NL., K. Gr.
Épéyua, the front part of the head, the sinciput,
+ képaç, horn.] A genus of anacanthine fishes,
A regime aceros atlanticits.
containing a few small pelagic species, and
representing in some systems a family Breg-
qmacerotidae.
bregmacerotid (breg'ma-se-rot'id), m. A fish
of the family Bregmacerotidae.
Bregmacerotidae (breg"ma-se-rot'i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Bregmaceros (-rot-) + -idae.] A family
of gadoid fishes, typified by the genus Breg-
7,00067'08. They have a robust caudal portion truncate
or convex behind, almost without procurrent caudal rays
above or below, with an antemedian amus, moderate sub-
brent-goose
orbitals, terminal mouth, jugular ventrals abnormally
developed, an occipital ray, a continuous dorsal fin mostly
confined to the caudal portion, and an anal nearly similar
to the long dorsal. The few known species are of small size,
and inhabitants of the high or deep seas; their nearestrel-
atives are supposed to be the codfishes.
bregmata, n. Plural of bregma.
bregmatic (breg-mat'ik), a. [K bregma(t) +
-čc.] Of or pertaining to the bregma: as, breg-
*1767 fic ton &ion,
brehon (bre'hon), n. [KOIr. brithem, a judge,
Ir. Gael. breitheamh, a judge, K OIr. breth, Ir.
Gael. breith, f, QIr. Ir. Uráth, m., judgment, de-
cision.] One of the ancient hereditary judges
of Ireland, similar to those of Scotland during
its Celtic period.
In the territories of each sept, judges, called Brehoms,
and taken out of certain families, sat with primeval sim-
plicity on turfen benches in some conspicuous situation,
to determine controversies.
Hallam, Comst. Hist., III. 330.
Brehon laws, the ancient system of laws of Ireland.
These laws, originally unwritten, and developed by the
brehons, were largely embodied at an early period in cer-
tain ancient Writings known now as Brehon Tracts. Of
these two have been translated: the Semchus Mor, or Great
Book of the Law, compiled, it is said, by nine “pillars of
Erin,” under the superintendence of St. Patrick; and the
Book of Aicill, containing the wisdom of two of the most
famous brehons, the “Royal Cormac" and the “Learned
Cennfaelah.” This system of law was not entirely super-
seded by English laws among the native Irish until about
1650.
breithauptite (brit’ houp-tit), n. [After the
German mineralogist J. A. F. Breithaupt (1791–
1873).] An antimonide of nickel occurring in
hexagonal crystals and also in massive forms.
It has a copper-red color and brilliant metallic
luster.
breitoline (briſtó-lin), m. [Named for the in-
ventor, L. Breit.] A musical instrument of the
violin family, having five metal strings and
a compass somewhat lower than a viola. It is
fastened upon a table, like a zither, and played
with a bow. -
breloque (bre-lok'), m. [F.; origin uncertain.]
A seal, locket, charm, or other small trimket or
article of jewelry attached to a watch-chain.
bremef, a. See brim4.
bremelyi, adv. See brimly.
Bremen blue, green, etc.
bremlyt, adv. See brimly.
brenlf (bren), v. [K ME. brennen, the usual form
of burml, q.v.] An obsolete or dialectal va-
riant of burn 1.
Closely the wicked flame his bowels brent.
Spenser, F. Q., III. vii. 16.
The Romaines this Night [Candlemas Day] went about
the City of Rome, with Torches and Candles brenning in
Worship of this Woman Februa, for hope to have the
more Helpe and Succoure of her sonne Mars.
J. Brand, in Bourne's Pop. Antiq. (1777), p. 224.
bren?:, n. An obsolete variant of bran1. Chau-
Cé?".
brennage (bren’āj), n. [K OF. brenage (ML.
bremagium), K bren, M.L. brennium, bran : see
bran 1.] In old law, a tribute or composition
which tenants paid to their lord in lieu of bran
which they were obliged to furnish for his
hounds.
brenningly, adv. Burningly; ardently. Chau-
CG)".
brentl (brent), a. [= brantl, q.v.] 1. Steep;
upright; straight; high.—2. Smooth; unwrin-
kled: applied to the brow. [Scotch.]
Your bonnie brow was brent. Burns, John Anderson.
See the nouns.
Her fair brent brow, smooth as th’ unrunkled deep
When a' the winds are in their caves asleep. Ramsay.
brent” (brent), m. Same as brent-goose.
brenta (bren’tā), m. [It..] An Italian liquid
measure, generally equal to about 18 or 19 gal-
lons. But the brenta of Crema was only 10% United
States gallons, and the brenta of Rome was 37.S. The
last was quite exceptional.
hrente (bren'te), m. [Cf. brenta.] A Swiss
liquid measure, varying in capacity from 10.31
to 17.66 gallons.
brent-fox (brent' folks), n. See brant-foa.
brent-goose (brent'gös), m. [Also brant-goose
and brand-goose, often shortened to brent, brant,
G. bremtgams (> prob. It. branta); all due to Icel.
brandgås (= Sw. brandgås = Dan. brandgaas),
K brandr (= Sw. Dan. brand = E. brand 3 with
reference prob. to the color; cf. brant-fow) +
gās = Sw, gās = Dan, gaas = E. goose.] The
brent or brant, a goose, Bermicla brenta, of the
family Amatidae, inhabiting most of the north-
erm hemisphere. It is smaller than most geese, and
has the head, neck, and bill black, the neck with patches
of small white stripes, the tail-coverts white, and the body-
colors dark. It breeds in high latitudes, migrating south














brent-goose
& º º g ſºutsº
A º £, sº
§ ſº t ºf º
WW | º [.
% º -
* \ . W tº º \;=\º.
tº. Sºº § o
sº
Brent-goose (Berzlicla breatta).
in the autumn. There are several varieties. Also called
brant-goose and brand-goose.
brenthian (bren'thi-an), m. and a. [KBrenthus
+ -ian.] I. m. A beetle of the genus Brenthus.
II. a. Of or pertaining to the genus Brenthus.
brenthid (bren’thid), n. A beetle of the fam-
ily Brenthidae.
Brenthidae (bren'thi-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Bren-
thus + -idae.] A family of rhynchophorous co-
leopterous insects, related to the Curculiomidae.
They are of an elongate form, and have long snouts and
moniliform antennae. The genera are numerous.
Brenthus (bren'thus), n. [NL., K. Gr. 6pévíoc,
an unknown water-bird; also, with var. 3pivffog,
applied to a singing bird.] 1. A genus of snout-
beetles, remarkable for the excessive length
and narrowness of the body. The beak in the fe-
male is long and filiform; in the male, short, with the man-
dibles at the tip much more developed and of exceptional
form. The numerous species, mostly tropical, constitute
now a distinct family of rhynchophorous beetles, and
Northern Brenthian, Breze thus (Eupsa lis) 2ntzeneties.
a, larva ; b, pupa ; c, female beetle ; d, head of male beetle ; e,
first joint of male antenna ; /, leg of larva ; g, head of larva, front
view; h, labium of larva ; f, labrüm of larva; y, mandible of larva ;
AE, maxilla of larva ; 2, head of larva, from beneath ; on, end of body
of pupa, dorsal view. (Vertical lines show natural sizes.) -
676
bretesse (bre-tes'), n. [OF. bretesse, F. bretéche,
bretesche, the battlements of a wall, etc.: see bret-
tice, brattice, the reg. E. form of the word.] In
medieval fort.: (a) A tower of timber of several
stories, crenelated, loopholed, and fitted with
other contemporary devices for offense and de-
fense. It differed from the belfry in that it was
fixed instead of movable. (b) A construction of
timber, of a more or less temporary character,
projecting from a wall, etc., especially over a
gateWay or a passage, which by its aid could
* = . tº §§ St. -
g Sº...". s. . sº:
..º.º. º Rºs &
: h Nº. º &
| ſ º Nº r º
§
E.-: sº§
fºlii
§:
§
§
&
-SS:
º
£º -
º
& ';
Bretesses.
(From Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. de l'Architecture.")
|be more readily commanded by the garrison
through machicolations, etc. Such bretesses are
distinguished from hoarding in that the latter forms a con-
tinuous gallery crowning a wall or a tower, while the for-
mer are isolated on three sides.
bretessé (bre-te-sā’), a. [Pp. of OF. *bretesser,
bretescher, provide with battlements, K bretesse,
bretesche, etc.: see bretesse.] In her., battled on
both sides, the projections coming opposite each
other: said of a bend, a fesse, or the like. Also
spelled brettesse.
bretessed (bre-test’), a.
teSSé.
bretexedt, a, [ME., also bretaged, pp., equiv.
to bretessed.] Furnished with a bretesse.
bretfulf, a. [ME., also brerdful, K brerd (KAS.
brerd, breord, top, brim: see braird) + -ful.]
Brimful: as, “bretful of pardouns,” Chaucer,
Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1.687.
brethelf, n. A variant of brothell.
bretherhedet, n. An old form of brotherhood.
Chaucer.
brethren (brepH’ren), n. Plural of brother. See
phrases under brother.
bretiset, m. Same as bretesse.
Breton (bret'Qn), a. and m. [F., a. and n.; ult.
In her., same as bre-
the genus Brenthus has been separated into numerous × same as Briton, q.v.] I. a. Relating to Brit-
genera. Only one species, Brenthus (Eupsalis) minutus
(Drury), inhabits the eastern portion of the United States.
The larva bores into the hard wood of oak-trees, usually
after these have been felled. The males are very pugna-
cious. Also Brent us.
2. A genus of geese, proposed by Sundewall in
1873 to replace Branta. [Not in use.]
brent—new (brent/nü), a. A Scotch form of
brand-new.
Cotillon brent-new frae France. Burns, Tam o'Shanter.
Brentus (bren’tus), m. Same as Brenthus, 1.
lorequet-chain (bre-ket' chân), n. [Said to be
named after a celebrated French watchmaker
named Briguet, but influenced by F. briquet, a
little chain..] A short watch-guard or chain
to which the watch-key is sometimes attached;
a fob-chain.
brere. m. See breer.1.
brésillet (brā-zé-lā’), m. [F., brazil: see brazil.]
Same as braziletto.
bressomer, bressummer (bres'Qm-èr, -um-èr),
m. Corruptions of brest-summer.
brestl (brest), n.
breast.— 2. arch., a torus.
lete.
brest2+ (brest), v. and n.
of burst.
lorest-summer, breast-summer (brest” sum/-
ër), n. In arch., a summer or beam placed
horizontally to support an upper wall or parti-
[Rare or obso-
An obsolete variant
tion, as the beam over a shop-window; a lintel.”
Corruptly written breSSomer, breSSummer.
bret (bret), n. [E. dial., var. of birt, burt; origin
unknown. Cf. brit”.] A local English name (in
Cornwall) of the brill, and also of the turbot.
1+. An obsolete spelling of
tany or Bretagne, a former province in north-
western France, or to the language of its peo-
ple.
Here on the Breton strand |
Breton, not Briton. Tennyson, Maud, xxiv.
II. v. 1. A native of Brittany.—2. The na-
tive language of Brittany; Armoric (which see).
brett (bret), n. . [From briteka.] A four-
wheeled carriage having a calash top over the
rear seat and an adjustable lid over the front
seat which, when raised, forms a back. It
has seats for four besides the driver's seat.
brettice (bret'is), m. Same as brattice.
Bretwalda (bret'wol-dá), n. [AS. Bretwalda,
otherwise Bryten-, Breten-walda, -wealda, a title
breviary
breve º ºn. [KIt. brewe = F. brève, f. (breſ,
m.), K. L. brevis, short: see brief.] 1. In music:
(a) The third variety of note used by medieval
musicians, having one half or one third the
value or duration of a long note, or longa; its
form was F. . .(b) In modern notation, the
longest note used, having double the duration
of a semibreve. Its form is either º or H. It
occurs rarely, since the semibreve or whole note is com-
monly regarded as the longest note necessary, and as the
standard to which all other notes are to be referred.
2}... In law, a writ; a brief.-3. In writing and
printing, a mark (>) used to indicate that the
vowel over which it is placed is short.—4t. In
pros., a short syllable.
Corrector of breves and longes. Hall, Rich. III., an. 3.
5. [KF. bref, fem. brève, short; from their short
tails.] A name sometimes given to the ant-
thrushes of the family Pittidae. Also called
brachyure. See Brachyurus, 2.
brevet, v. t. [K ME. breven (= MD. brieven =
OHG. brieven = Icel. bréfa), K ML, breviare,
write down, narrate, prop. note in brief, K L.
brevis, brief, whence breve, E. brief, a writing,
a brief: see breve, n., brief, m. and v., and bre-
viate.] 1. To write down; describe.
As hit is brewed in the best boke of romaunce.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight, l. 2521.
2. To enter in a book; book; brief.
The clerke of the cochyn shalle alle thyng brewe.
Boke of Cwrtasye, l. 558.
At countyng stuarde schalle ben,
Tylle alle be brewet of wax so grene,
rytten in-to bokes, with-out let,
That before in tabuls hase ben sett.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 316.
8. To tell; say.
Brewe us thi name. King Alisdºwnder, p. 78.
brevet (bré-vet'), n, and a. [KME. brevet, a let-
ter of indulgence, K OF. brievet, F. brevet (ML.
brevetum), a commission, license, etc., lit...a
short writing, dim. of OF. brief, F. bref, a writ-
ing: see brief.] I, n. 1+. A letter of authority;
a commission.
I wol go fecche my box with my brewettes
And a bulle with bisshopes lettres.
- Piers Plowman (B), v. 649.
2. In the British and American armies, a com-
mission to an officer which promotes him to a
higher rank, without conferring a right to re-
ceive corresponding advance in pay. In Great
Britain it does not descend lower than the rank of captain,
nor ascend higher than that of lieutenant-colonel, and con-
fers the right to a corresponding advance in command.
In the United States army it extends from the rank of first
lieutenant to that of lieutenant-general, but gives no
advanced command except by special assignment of the
President. Brevets are conferred by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate for “gallant actions and meri-
torious services.”
They give brevets to majors and captains to act as colo-
nels in the army. Swift, Journal to Stella, Letter 61.
3. A patent; a warrant; a license; a commis-
sion; an official diploma in writing, conferring
some privilege or distinction. [French usages.]
II. a. Assigned or conferred by brevet; ap-
pointed by brevet.
What is called brevet rank is given to officers of all
branches of the army as a reward for brilliant and length-
ened service; and when such nominal rank has been held for
a certain number of years, it is usually converted into sub-
stantial rank. A. Fonblamgwe, Jr., How we are Governed.
Brevet officer. See officer.
brevet (bré-vet’), v. t. ; pret, and pp. brevetted,
ppr, brevetting. [K brevet, n.] To confer brevet
rank upon.
|brevetcy (bré-vet’si), n. IK brevet + -cy.]
Brevet rank. [Rare.]
brevextensor (brév-eks-ten 'sor), n. [NL.,
contr. of brevis eatensor, short extensor.] A
short extensor muscle. [Rare.]—Brevextensor
digitorum, the short extensor of the toes, a muscle lying
upon the instep, usually called eactensor brevis digitorwm.
of uncertain meaning, occurring in the Anglo- +Cowes.
Saxon Chronicle (A. D. 827); K. Bret, otherwise
Bryt, sing. of Brettas, Bryttas, Britons, or Bry-
tem, Britain (but this is disputed), + -wealda (in
comp.), a ruler, K wealdan, rule: see wield.] A
title sometimes applied to an Anglo-Saxon king
whose supremacy over some or all of the other
kingdoms was acknowledged. The nature of
this supremacy is unknown.
It was to these exploits that Ceawlin owed that dignity
of Bretwalda, which Ælle before him had gained by the
destruction of Anderida.
C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 392.
breunerite (broi'nér-it), n. [After Count Brew-
ner of Austria..] A mineral consisting of the
carbonates of magnesium and iron, whitish,
and after exposure brownish, in color. It occurs
usually in rhombohedral crystals, and is intermediate be-
tween the rhombohedral carbonates of magnesium (mag-
nesite) and iron (siderite).
breviary (bré'vi-à-ri or brev'i-à-ri), n. ; pl.
breviaries (-riz). [ME. breviar; K L. breviarium,
an abridgment (ML. specifically in def. 2),
neut. of breviarius, abridged, K brevis, short:
see brief.] 1+. An abridgment; a compend;
an epitome. Holland.—2. In the Rom. Cath.
Ch., a book containing the daily offices which
all who are in major orders are bound to read.
It consists of prayers or offices to be used at the canonical
hours, and is an abridgment of the services of the early
church, which from their great length were ºft
It is made up largely of the Psalms, passages of the Old
and New Testaments and the fathers, hymns, anthems,
etc., all in Latin, arranged for the various seasons and
festivals of the church. A similar book, known as a porti-
jorium or portass, was in use in £ngianā before the Refor-
mation. The Order for Morning and Evening Prayer in
the English Book of Common Prayer is mainly a transla-
tion and condensation from the breviary according to the
use of Sarum. Besides the Roman breviary, which is in
most common use, there are also others of various ar-






























breviary
rangement, either of certain religious orders or local,
often of historical interest, -
3. A name given to similar compilations used
in the Greek and Oriental churches.—Absolu-
tions in the breviary. See absolution.— Bre Of
Alaric, a conſpilation of the written and unwritten laws
of Rome, made by Alaric II., king of the Visigoths, A. D. 506.
breviatef, v. t. [K L. breviatus, pp. of breviare,
shorten.” brevis, short. Cf. abbreviate and breve,
v.] To abridge. Sherwood. See abbreviate.
breviatet, breviatt, n. [K L. breviatus, brevia-
tum, neut., FP, of breviare, shorten: see the
verb.] 1. short compend; a brief state-
ment; a summary.
I will give you a breviat of all that hath been spoken.
Middleton, Family of Love, v. 3.
The Same little wreviates of infidelity have . . .
published and dispersed with great activity.
Bp. Porteous, Charge to Diocese of London.
2. A lawyer's brief. S. Butler.
breviature (bré’ vi-a-gūr), n. IK breviate +
-ure.] An abbreviation. Johnson. . [Rare.]
brevicaudate (brey-i-kā’dāt), a. [K.L. brevis,
short, + cauda, tail.] Having a short tail;
brachyurous. t
Bººps (brev’i-seps), n. [NL., K. L. brevis,
short, + caput, in comp; -ceps (-cipit-), head.]
A genus of tailless amphibians, typical of the
family Brevicipitidae.
brevicipitid (brev-i-sip’i-tid), n. A toad-like
amphibian of the family Brevicipitidae.
Brevicipitidae (brev'i-si-pitſi-dé), m.pl. [NL., K
Breviceps (-cipit-) + -idae.] A family offirmister-
ial salient amphibians, typified by the genus
Breviceps. They have dilated sacral diapophyses, pre-
coracoids, the coracoids directed moderately backward
been
and much dilated forward on the epicoracoid cartilage,
and no teeth in the upper jaw. The species are few and
are confined to Africa. Also written Brevicepidoe.
breviductor (brew-i-duk’tgr), n. [NL., K.L. bre-
wis, short, + ductor, leader.] The short ad-
ductorial muscle of the thigh; the adductor
brevis. [Rare.]
brevier (bré-vér'), m. . [So called from being
used in printing breviaries; K G. brevier, K F.
bréviaire, K. L. breviarium, a breviary: see brevi-
dry.] 1. A size of printing-type measuring 112
lines to the foot, next larger than minion and
smaller than bourgeois. The larger type of
this Dictionary, as in the present paragraph, is
brevier.—2. Figuratively, something smaller
than another taken as a norm. Coues, Key to
N. A. Birds.
breviflexor (brev-i-flek’sgr), n. [NL., K. L.
brevis, short, + NL. flexor.] A short flexor
muscle. [Rare.] See flea.or.—Breviflexor digi-
torum, the short flexor of the toes. Also called flea.or
brevis digitorwm.—Breviflexor hallucis, the short flexor
of the great toe. Also called flexor brevis pollicis pedis.—
Breviflexor , the short flexor of the little finger
or the little toe. Also called flea or brevis minimi digiti.
—Breviflexor pollicis, the short flexor of the thumb.
Also called flea or brevis pollicis.
[K L. brevis,
brevifoliate (brev-i-fô'li-āt), a.
short, + folium, leaf: see foliate.] In bot., hav-
ing short leaves.
brevilingual (brev-i-ling'gwal), a. [KL. brevis,
short, + lingwa = E. tongue.] Having a short
or small tongue; specifically, of or pertaining
to the Brevilingues or Brevilinguia.
Brevilingues (brev-i-ling'gwěz), m. pl. [NL.,
pl. of brevilinguis, short-tongued, K. L. brevis,
short, + lingwa = E. tongue.] In Merrem's
classification (1813), a group of birds including
the hoopoes and kingfishers, or the Upupidae
and Alcedinidae of modern authors.
Brevilinguia (brev-i-ling'gwi-á), m. pl. [NL.,
neut. pl. of brevilinguis, short-tongued: see
Brevilingues.] In some systems of classification,
a group of Lacertilia, or lizards, comprising
those with an elongated and sometimes snake-
like body, a short tongue, and generally eye-
lids: contrasted with Fissilinguia, Crassilinguia,
Vermilinguia, etc.
breviloquence (brévil’ā-kwens), n., [KL, bre-
viloquentia, K breviloquen(t-)s, short-speaking,
K brevis, short, + loquems, ppr. of loqui, speak.]
A brief or laconic mode of speaking... [Rare.]
brevi manu (bré'vi mãºnii). [L., lit. with a
short hand: brevi, abl. of brevis, short; manu,
abl. of manus, hand: see brief and manwal.]
1. Offhand; immediately; without delay; at
once.—2. Åt or by one's own hand; without
the intervention of another; specifically, in
Scots law, on one's own authority, or without
legal warrant. -
breviped (brew’i-ped), a. and m: [K.L. brevis,
short, + pes ( º = E. foot.] I. a. In ornith.,
having short feet.
II, n. A bird having short feet.
'677.
bº, (brev'i-pen), n. . [K NL. brevipennis:
see Brevipennes.] A bird having short wings;
specifically, one of the Brevipennata or Brevi-
69/7/088.
revipennatae (brev/i-pe-nā’té), m. pl. [NL.,
fem. pl. of brevipennatus, short-winged: see
brevipenmate.] A group of brachypterous or
short-winged web-footed birds, the Brachypte-
ºré8 or Pygopodes, including the penguins, auks,
guillemots, loons, and grebes. "[Not in use.]
brevipennate (brev-i-pen’āt), a. and n. [KNL.
brevipennatus, K L. brevis, short, + pennatus,
winged: see pennate.] I. a. Having short
wings; brachypterous; specifically, of or per-
taining to the Brevipennata or Brevipenmes.
II. m. A bird having short wings.
Brevipennes (brev-i-pen’éz), n. pl. [NL., pl.
of brevipennis, K.L. brevis, short, + penna, wing:
see pen!..] In Cuvier's classification of birds,
the first family of Grallae, comprising the os-
triches and cassowaries, emus, dodos, and di-
dine birds, and the apteryx: an artificial group,
}. in the main the same as Struthiomes or Ra–
titoe.
brevirostral (brev-i-ros’tral), a.
^jirostrate.
brevirostrate (brev-i-ros’ trät), a. [K L. brevis,
short, + rostratus, beaked, K. rostrum, beak.]
In ornith., having a short bill. . .
Brevirostres (brev-i-ros' trèz), n. pl. [NL., K
... brevis, short, + rostrum, beak.] In Sunde-
vall's classification of birds, a synonym of his
Cursores.
brevity (brev'i-ti), n. [K L. brevitas, K brevis,
short.] 1. Shortness; especially, surprising or
excessive curtailment of the thing spoken of:
as, the brevity of human life. Specifically—2.
Shortness in speech or writing ; conciseness;
condensation into few words.
Brevity is the soul of wit. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
This argument is stated by St. John with his usual ele-
gant brevity and simplicity.
Bp. Porteous, Rel. Observance of Good Friday.
2. Compression, terseness, pithiness, succinctness,
Same as bre-
=Syn.
¥condensation, sententiousness, curtness.
Brevoortia (bre-vorti-á), n. [NL.; named after
Mr. J. Carson Brevoort, of New York.] A North
American genus of herrings, family Clupeidae,
§ º:
§§
º º
§ºſ, § ;
º --
“.
º
º
"... jº'ſ º
º º **.*.*.*º
º: #:
º º * * *
‘. . . … -->
Menhaden, or Mossbunker (Brevoortia tyrannus).
characterized by the elongated intestine and
carinated scales. B. tyrannus is the well-known moss-
bunker or menhaden. See menhaden.
brew1 (brö), v. [KME. brewen (pret. brew, later
brewede, brewed, pp. browen, later brewed), K
AS. bredwan (strong verb; pret. *bredw, pl. *bru-
won, pp.gebrowen, found only in pp.)=OFries.
briuwa = D. brouwen = MLG. bruwen, browen,
bruen, LG. brugen, bruen, brouen = OHG. briu-
wan, MHG. briuwen, brilwen, G. brauen = Icel.
brugga = Sw. brygga = Dan. brygge, brew;
prob. connected with L. de-frutum, new wine
boiled down, Gr. 3püTov (for “ppūtov), a kind
of beer; the primitive meaning, as indicated
by the (probable) derivatives brothl and breadi,
|being prob, more general, “prepare by fire,’
hence "boil, brew, bake.’ See also brewis,
brosel.] I. trans. 1. To produce as a beverage
by fermentation; prepare (beer, ale, or other
similar liquor) from malt, or from malt and
hops, or from other materials, by steeping, boil-
ing, and fermentation.—2. To prepare by mix-
ing, boiling, or the like; mingle ; mix; Concoct:
as, to brew a bowl of punch; “drinks brewed
with several herbs,” Bacon. * *
Brew me a pottle of sack. Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 5.
A witch who brew'd the philtre. Tennyson,'...ucretius.
brew2#.
brewage (brö’āj), n. [K brew1 + -age.] A mixed
irink: dri
brewery (brö’ér-i), m.; pl. breweries (-iz).
brewett, n.
brew-house (brö’ hous), n.
being (brö’ing), n.
brewis (bröſis), n.
brew-lockt, m.
brewsterl# (brö'stēr), m.
brewsterite (brö'stér-it), m.
briarbot
in the present participle: as, a storm is brew-
ing in the west.
There is some ill a-brewing toward my rest. ..
hak., M. of V., ii. 5.
From the appearance of the clouds a gale was evidently
brewing. Marryat.
brewi (brö), n...[Kbrew:1, v.] The mixture formed
by brewing; that which is brewed.
Obsolete form of bree (which see).
k; drink brewed or prepared in any way.
I'll no pullet-sperm in my brewage.
Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 5.
Some well-spiced brewage. Milton, Areopagitica.
A rich brewage made of the best Spanish wine.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ii.
brewer (brö’ér), n. [K ME. brewere (= D. brow-
wer = G. brauer); K brew1 + -erl.] One who
brews; specifically, one whose occupation is the
preparation of malt liquors.-Brewers' grains.
Same as draff. [
D. brouwerij = G. brauerei ; K brew1 + -ery.]
1. A brew-house; an establishment in which
brewing is carried on.—2+. Brewers collec-
tively; the beer-trade.
If they should bring any distress and trouble upon the
London brewery, it would occasion the making ill drink,
and drive the people to brew themselves, which would de-
stroy the duty. C. Davenant, Essays on Trade, I. 79.
[K ME. brewet, bruet, K OF. brouet,
pottage or broth, dim. of brow, broth, pl. broues,
X E. brewis, q.v.] A kind of pottage.
[K M.E. brewhous (=
QHG. Urāhūs, G. brauhaus); K brewi F house.]
A house or establishment in which the opera-
tions of brewing are carried on.
[Verbal n. of brew1, p.]
. The act or process of preparing liquors from
malt and hops; the process of extracting a
saccharine solution from malted grain and con-
verting that solution into a fermented alcoholic
beverage called ale or beer. The process usually
followed by the brewer may be divided into eight distinct
parts, viz., the grinding of the malt, mashing, boiling,
cooling, fermenting, cleansing, racking or Vatting, and fin-
ing or cleaning...
2. The quantity brewed at once.
A brewing of new beer, set by old beer, maketh it work
again. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
3. A mixing together.
I am not able to avouch anything for certainty, such a
brewing and sophistication of them they make.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xiv. 6.
[K ME. brewes, browes,
brouwys, etc., KOF. broues, prop. pl., from sing.
“brow, K ML. brodum, gravy, broth, K OHG.
brod = E. brothl, q.v. Öf. broseſ.] 1+. Broth;
pottage.
What an ocean of brewis I shall swim inl
Fletcher (and another ?), Prophetess, i. 3.
Thou for all
The kitchen brewris that was ever supt
Shalt not once dare to look him in the face.
Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette.
2. Bread soaked in broth or the liquor in which
beef is being boiled; also, brown bread warmed
in milk.
A brewing.
I ne'er hurt their churnings,
Their brew-locks, nor their batches.
Middleton, The Witch, i. 2.
[K ME. brewster,
brewestere, browstere, a female brewer, also a
(male) brewer, K brewen, brew, + -ster.] One
who brews; a brewer; more especially, a wo-
man who brews.
He [the chemist] is not a brewster like another, but a
man who adds new utility and value to every creature in
the brewery. Spectator, No. 3018, p. 575.
brewster? (brö'stèr), m. The sweet-bay, Magno-
lia glauca. [New Jersey.]
[After Sir David
Brewster (1781–1868).] A white, yellow, or
green pellucid mineral of the zeolite family,
occurring in short prismatic crystals; a hy-
drous silicate of aluminium, Strontium, and
barium.
3. To contrive; plot; prepare: as, to brew mis- breydt, v. and n. See braidl. Chaucer.
chief.
He brew this cursednesse and al this synne.
Chaucer, Monk's Tale, l. 395.
I found it to be the most malicious and frantick Surmise,
and the most contrary to his nature that, I think, had ever
been brewed. Wotton,
Or brew fierce tempests on the Wintry main.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 85.
II. intrans. 1: To conduct the operations or briar, briary, etc.
the business of brewing or making beer.
Iwash, wring, brew, bake, scour. Shak., M. W. of W., i. 4.
2. To be in a state of preparation; be mixing,
forming, or collecting; be impending: chiefly
breziline (bré-zil’in), m.
brian (bri'an), v. t.
[F. bresilime.] Same
as bracilin.
[E. dial., perhaps for
*brine, K brine, orig. a burning. Cf. brin1, var.
of burn!...] To keep fire at the mouth of (an
oven), either to give light or preserve the heat.
[North. Eng.]
See brier, briery, etc.
briarbot (bri'ār-bot), n. [K briar, brier, + (ap-
par) bot, a var. of but?..] A local Irish name
of the fish called the angler. Several brier-like
protuberances arm the head.














Briarean
Briarean (bri-ā’ré-an), a. [K LL. Briareius,
pertaining to the giant Briareus, K. Gr. Bptapeig,
older (Homeric) form. Botápeog, K Épiapó, strong.]
Pertaining to or resembling Briareus, a giant
of Grecian mythology fabled to have a hun-
dred hands; hence, having or seeming to have
many hands; reaching or grasping in many
directions.
Briareidae (bri-a-ré’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Bria-
ºreum + -ida!..] A family of alcyonarians, of the
order Gorgoniaceae, having an internal skeleton
of Calcareous spicules, but no horny axis.
Briareum (bri-ā’ré-um), n. [NL., K LL. Bria-
ºreius, pertaining to Briareus: see Briarean.]
The typical genus of alcyonarians of the family
JBriareidae.
Briaridae (bri-ar’i-dé), m.pl. Same as Briareidae.
bribable (bri’bà-bl), a. TſK bribe -H, -able.] Ca-
pable of being bribed; liable to be bribed: as,
a bribable class of electors.
Wendell had designated him by implication as a per-
son bribed, or bribable. The Nation, Jan. 13, 1870.
bribage? (bri’bàj), 'm. [K bribe.---age.] Bribery.
bribe (brib), m. [K ME. bribe, a gift, K OF. bribe,
a gift, prop., as in ML. briba, Picard brife, a
piece of bread given to a beggar, = Sp. briba =
It. birba, vagrancy; prob. orig. a nursery term
for a piece of bread; cf. F. dial. bibi, (Swiss) a
child’s toy, (Berry) simple, (Norman) stupid,
It. dial. (Mantuan) bibi (a child’s word), bad,
E. bap, a piece of bread, etc.: see babe.] 1+.
A gift begged; a present.
For he wolde han a bribe.
Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1.80.
2. A gift or gratuity bestowed for the purpose
of influencing the action or conduct of the
receiver; especially, money or any valuable
consideration given or promised for the be-
trayal of a trust or the corrupt performance of
an allotted duty, as to a fiduciary agent, a judge,
legislator, or other public officer, a witness, a
voter, etc.
She did corrupt frail mature with some bribe,
To shrink mine arm up like a wither'd shrub.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
He that took the silver basin and ewer for a bribe,
thinketh that it will never come out.
Latimer, 2d Serm. bef. Edw. VI., 1550.
His horse was a bribe, and his boots a bribe; and told
us he was made up of bribes, as an Oxford scholar is set
out with other men's goods, when he goes out of town,
and that he makes every sort of tradesman to bribe him ;
and invited me lone to his house, to taste of his bribe
wine. epys, Diary, III. 211.
3. Anything that seduces: as, the bribes offered
by glory or power.
bribe (brib), v.; pret, and pp. bribed, ppr. brib-
àng. [K ME. briben, only in the sense of “steal,”
K OF. briber = Sp. bribar, beg, go about beg-
ging; from the noun: see bribe, m.] I. trans.
1}. To steal.
For ther is no thef without a louke,
That helpeth him to wasten and to souke
Of that he bribem can or borwe may.
Chaucer, Cook's Tale, 1. 53,
I bribe, I pull, I pyll. Palsgrave.
Divide me like a brib'd buck, each a haunch.
Shak., M. W. of W., v. 5 (fol. 1623).
[Most modern editions read here bribe.]
2. To give or promise a reward or considera-
tion to for acting contrary to desire or duty;
induce to a certain course of action by the gift
or offer of something of value; gain over or
corrupt by a bribe.
How pow'rful are chaste vows the wind and tide
You bribed to combat on the English side. Dryden.
No, sir, take your pitiful present, and know that I am
not to be bribed to screen your villanies by influence and
corruption. Sheridam, The Camp, i. 1.
Bribed with large promises the men who served
About my person. Tennyson, Geraint.
II. intrams. 1+. To steal.—2. To practise
bribery; give a bribe to a person.
An attempt to bribe, though unsuccessful, has been
holden to be criminal, and the defender may be indicted.
J3owvier.
bribee (bri-bê'), m. [K bribe ---eel.] One who
receives or agrees to receive a bribe. [Rare.]
bribeless (brib’les), a. [K bribe + -less.] In-
capable of being bribed; not to be bribed.
[Rare.]
Conscience is a most bribeless worker, it never knows
how to make a false report.
Bp. Reynolds, On the Passions, p. 534 (Ord M.S.).
bribe-pander (brib’ pan"dēr), n. One who pro-
cures bribes. Burke. &
briber (bri’bër), n. . [In sense 1, KME. bribour,
K OF. bribeur, a thief. In sense 2, directly K
bribe, v., + -erl.] 1+. A thief; a robber.
678.
Who saveth a thefe whan the rope is knet,
With some false turne the bribour will him quite.
Lydgate, Trag., l. 152.
2. One who bribes; one who gives or offers a
bribe; one who endeavors to influence or cor-
rupt another by a bribe.
Nor can I ever believe that he that is a briber shall be
a good justice. Latimer, 2d Serm. bef. Edw. VI., 1550.
briberous? (bri’bèr-us), a. [K briber + -ous.]
Pertaining to bribery.
bribery (bri’bér-i), n. [K ME. briberie, bribrye
K OF. briberie, theft, robbery: see bribe an
-ery.] 1+. Theft; robbery; extortion; rapacity.
Fy on thee fundlyng,
Thou lyfes bot bi brybre.
Towneley Mysteries, p. 194.
Ye make clean the utter side of the cup and of the plat-
ter; but within they are full of bribery.
Geneva Bible, Mat. xxiii. 25.
2. The act or practice of giving or taking a
bribe, or of influencing or being influenced by
a bribe or bribes; especially, the act of paying
or receiving, or of agreeing to pay or receive,
a reward other than legal compensation for the
exercise of official or delegated power irrespec-
tive of the dictates of duty, or for a false judg-
ment or testimony, or for the performanée of
that which is known to be illegal or unjust.
Bribery is a princely kind of thieving.
Latimer, 3d Serm, bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
Judicial bribery, the bribing of a judge, magistrate, or
any person concerned judicially in the administration of
justice. It is the receiving or offering of any undue reward
by or to any person whose ordinary profession or business
relates to the administration of public justice in order
to influence his behavior in office, and incline him to
act contrary to the known rules of homesty and integrity.
Greenleaf.
bribery-oath (bri’bèr-i-6th), n. In Great Brit-
aim, an oath which may be administered to a
voter at a parliamentary election, if the poll-
ing sheriff see cause, certifying that he has
not received a bribe for his vote.
bric-à-brac (brik'a-brak), m. [F., of uncer-
tain origin; according to Littré, based on the
phrase de bric et de broc, by hook or by crook:
OF. de, from; bric, a cage or trap for birds
(whence the phrase prendre au bric (or brit),
to take at advantage); et, and; broc, a jug,
flagon, tankard, pot. According to others,
a varied reduplication of “brac, K MD. brack-
goed, damaged goods, waste: see brack?. For
the reduplication, cf. the equiv. E. term knick-
knacks.] Objects having a certain interest
or value from their rarity, antiquity, or the
like, as old furniture, plate, china, and curios.
ities; articles of virtu; ornaments which may
be pretty or curious, but have no intrinsic claim
to rank as serious works of art. The term is
often used with a sense of depreciation.
Two things only jarred on his eye in his hurried glance
round the room; there was too much bric-à-brac, and too
many flowers. H. Kingsley, Ravenshoe, xxxi.
lorichet (brèsh), n. [OF. (ML. brica): see bri-
Cole..] Same as bricole, 1.
brichettef (bri-shet'), m.
for armor for the hips and thighs. Planché.
brick1 (brik), n. [E. dial. and Sc., KME, brike,
bryke, unassibilated form of “bryche, bruche, K
% brice, bryce, a breach, break, fracture, a
piece, fragment: see breck and breach, of which
ărică is a dial variant: see also irºi. Cf.
brick?..] 1. A breach. Jamieson. [Scotch..]—
2. A rent or flaw. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]—
A collective name
3. A portion of land (apparently the same as
breck, 4). Jamieson.
[Scotch.]
bricki (brik), v. t.
[E. dial., var. of break; cf.
#brick1, m.] To break by pulling back.
brick? (brik), m. and a. [Early mod. E. also
bricke, brique; K ME. bryke, later brique, after
OF. brique, a brick, a plate, leaf or wedge of
metal, mod. F., brique (cf. mod. It, bricco, Ir. º. tº
Gael, brice, & E.), abrick; appar. KMD. (Flém.) brick” (brik), v. t.
bricke, brijke, a tile, brick, bricke, a disk, plate,
= MLG. bricke, a disk, plate, piece in checkers
chess, or backgammon, name of a game played
on ice, - G. bricke, a small board, a round wood-
en plate, = Sw. bricka, a piece in checkers, etc.,
= ODan. bricke, brikke, Dan, brik, brikke, a wood-
en plate, a blank (coin), a piece in checkers,
etc.; cf. ODan. *brik, partition, in comp. briks-
dör, the door between the choir and the body of
a church (dör = E. door), - Norw. brik (brik), a
short table or bench near the door or fireplace, a
bar, railing, low wall or partition of boards, =
Icel. brik, a low wall or partition of boards, a
square tablet, a tablet or panel in a bedstead
etc. The F. brique, a brick, is usually explaine
as a particular use of OF. and F. dial. brique, a
brick
iece, fragment, this being referred to the AS.
rice, bryce, a piece, fragment (cf. F. dial.
brique du pain, equiv. to AS., hlāfes brice, a
iece of bread); but neither of the two Teut.
orms, Icel, brik (with long vowel), a tablet,
otc., M.D. brijke (with long vowel), MD. MLG.
üricke (with short vowel), a brick, tile º
etc., agrees in sense or form with the Aś rice,
bryce, a piece, fragment, and its cognates, nor
can either be brought into connection with tho
rimitive verb of the latter (Icel. breka = M.D.
LG. breken = AS. brecan, E. break), except
perhaps through the medium of the QF. But
the sense of ‘brick,' which does not belong to
the AS., G., and Scand. forms, is a derived one;
cf. the explanatory synonyms brickstone, brick-
tile. The MD. and MLG. cognates of the Aś.
brice, bryce (E. breach, dial. brick!, breck, q, v.)
are different: see breach. Cf. MLG. bricke,
LG, prikke = MD. prick, D., prik = late MHG.
pryecke, prycke, G. bricke, pricke= ODan, bricke,
a lamprey; appar, a different word.] I., n. 1,
A kind of artificial stone made (usually) of
moistened and finely kneaded clay molded into
rectangular blocks (the length of which is com-
monly twice the breadth), and hardened by be-
ing burned in a kiln, or sometimes, especially
in warm countries, by being dried in the Sun.
Sun-dried bricks are usually now, as in remote antiquity,
mixed with chopped straw to ; them greater tenacity.
(See adobe.) Bricks in the United States and Europe are
generally red (see brick-clay), but some clays produce yel-
Iowish bricks, as for example the Milwaukee brick much
used as an ornamental building material in the United
States. The bricks made in China and Japan are invaria-
bly of a slaty-blue color. [Brick is used collectively for
bricks in the mass or as a material.] See the supplement.
Also, that no chymneys of Tymber be suffred, ne thacch-
ed houses wºyn the Cyte, but that the owners do hem awey,
and make them chymneys of Stone or Bryke by mydsomer
day next commynge, and tyle the thacched houses by the
seid day, in peyn of lesynge of a noble.
Ordinances of Worcester (1467), in Eng. Gilds, p. 386.
2. A mass or object resembling a brick: as, a
brick of tea; a silver brick. Specifically—3.
A loaf of bread. [Prov. Eng.]—4. In her., a
charge similar to a billet, but depicted so as to
show the thickness, that is, in perspective.—
Bath brick, a substance used for polishing or cleaning
metallic utensils, consisting of the fine silicious sand de-
posited in the river Parret, in Somersetshire, England,
of which Bath is the capital. This material is made into
bricks at Bridgewater, and is extensively used in both
England and America.-Blue brick, brick with a blue sur-
face obtained in burning. They contain iron and lime, are
exceedingly hard, and highly esteemed for durability.—
Bristol brick, a name by which Bath brick is sometimes
known in the Únited States.T.Carving-brick. Same as
cutlery-brick.—Concave brick, a brick used in making
arches or curves; a compass-brick. —Dutch bricks, bricks
of a dirty brimstone-color, used for paving yards, stables,
etc.—Feather-edged brick, a brick of a prismatic form
used for arches, vaults, etc.— #ianders brick, a soft brick
used for cleaning knives, and for similar purposes. The
name is littieifataliused in the United States: Fiemish
Drick, a species of hard yellow brick used for paving.—
Floating bricks, bricks made of light silicious earth
called fossil meal, capable of floating on Water, and also
remarkable for their infusibility and as non-conductors of
heat. They were made by the ancients, and the process
was rediscovered in Italy in 1791. Powder-magazines
have been experimentally made of them with success.—
Gaged brick, a brick made in the shape of a wedge, to
conform to the radius of the soffit of an arch.-Green
'brick, a brick not yet burned ; unfinished brick.-Hol-
low brick, a brick made with perforations through it for
heating or ventilating purposes, or to prevent moisture
from penetrating a wall.— Place-brick, common rough
brick, for walks, cellars, etc.— Pressed brick, brick which
has been pressed in a machine or clamp, and is thus more
compact and smoother than ordinary brick. It is used for
fronts and the finest work.-Salmon brick, a light, soft
brick, of inferior quality, and of a light saffrom color, due
to incomplete burning.—Stone brick, a very hard kind of
brick made at Neath, in Wales, much used in the construc-
tion of furnaces, from its power of resisting heat.—To
have a brick in One's hat, to be intoxicated. [Colloq.]
—Washed brick, a brick that has been exposed to the
rain before being burned, and hence of inferior grade.
II. a. Made of brick; resembling brick: as,
brick wall; a iricºred color.
[K brick2, n.1 1. To lay or
pave with bricks, or to surround, close, or wall
in with bricks.
A narrow street, closely bricked in on all sides like a
tonnb. Dickens.
2. To build in with bricks; place in brickwork.
Brick me into that wall there for a chimney-piece,
And say I was one o' the Caesars, done by a seal-cutter.
Fletcher, Rule a Wife, iv. 3.
3. To give the appearance of brick to: said of
a plastered wall when it is smeared with red
ocher and joints are made in it with an edge-
tool, and then filled with fine plaster to resem-
ble brickwork.
bricks (brik), m. [The origin is uncertain. Usu-
ally referred to brick?, various stories being in-
vented in explanation. According to one ac-
count, the expression arose in the English uni-
yersities as a humorous translation of Aris:
totle's terpáyovog áváp, a perfect (lit. ‘square”
or rectangular) man: see tetragon and square.]
A good fellow, in an emphatic sense: a term of
admiration bestowed on one who on occasion
or habitually shows in a modest way great or
unexpected courage, kindness, or ºil-
ness, or other admirable qualities. [Colloq.]
“In brief I don't stick to declare Father Dick,
So they called him for short, was a regular brick;
A metaphor taken, I have not the page aright,
Out of an ethical work by the Stagyrite.”
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, Brothers of Birchington.
School-fellows of Heriot's Hospital, like bricks of boys,
supplied him with food for six weeks.
The Century, XXVII. 331.
brick-ax (brik'aks), n. * A two-edged ax used
in shaping bricks.
brick-barrow (brik’bar/ö), n. In brickmaking,
a wheelbarrow used for carrying bricks, dif-
fering from the Ördinary form in having the
wheel in the middle, the bricks being piled
# upon slats running lengthwise at each side,
brickbat (brik"bat), n. A piece or fragment of
a brick; especially, a piece of a brick used as
º, missile. See bat!, 8.—Brickbat cheese. See
C/.60801,
brickbat (brik’bat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. brick-
batted, ppr. brickbatting. To assail with pieces
of brick: as, the mob brickbatted the police.
brick-built (brik’bilt), a. Built with brick: as,
ºtheirºi; townſhiryden.
brick-clamp (brikſklamp), n. A stack of bricks
in order for burning. E. H. Knight.
brick-clay (brikſklä), n. Clay used or suitable
for making bricks and tiles; a tolerably pure
silicate of alumina, combined with various pro-
portions of Sand, and with a moderate amount
of iron, lime, and other alkaline earths. ' The
red color of common bricks depends on the
#presence of a little iron peroxid.
brick-dust (brik” dust), n. Dust from disinte-
ated bricks; specifically, the dust of pounded
ath brick (which see, under brick?, ; or the
earth from which Bath brick is made.
brick-earth (brik’érth), m. Any kind of ma-
terial which is suitable for making bricks, or
.679
The purest glasse is the most brickle, . . .
est wit the more easily woome to folly.
- Greene, Repentance, To the Reader.
brickleness (brik'l-nes), n. Brittleness. [Ob-
solete or prov. Eng.]
bricklow (brik'ló), n. [Appar. of native ori-
gin. A species 6; acacia, native in Australia.
brick-machine (brik'ma-shën"), n. An appa-
ratus for molding bričks. Some brick-machines
use wet clay from a pug-mill, others dry clay... In the for:
mer the clay is discharged from the pug-mill in a solid
stream, which is cut by the brick-machine into brick-
shaped pieces; in the latter the dry clay is delivered to
molds placed on a horizontal revolving table, while pis-
tons press the clay into then, and then eject the molded
brick. Also called brick-press.
for
brickmaker (brik’mä"kēr), n. One who makes
bricks, or whose occupation is to make bricks.
biº, (brikſmå"king), n. The art of
making bricks.
brick-mason (brik’mā'Sn), n. A bricklayer.
brickmog (brik'nog), a. Composed of timber
framing filled in with brickwork: as, a brickmog
partition.
brickmogging (brik'nog-ing), n. Brickwork car-
ried up as a filling in timber framing.
bººk press (brik'pres), n. Same as brick-ma-
C/0/07062.
brºtone (brik'stön), n. A brick. [Prov.
Ilºſ,
bººtea (brik’té), m. A kind of tea formed by
softening the larger leaves and refuse twigs and
dust of the tea-plant with steam or boiling
water and molding them into a brick-shaped
Ima,SS. In this form it is extensively sent overland from
China to Russia. It is consumed largely in Siberia and
Mongolia, where it serves also as a medium of exchange.
brick-tile (brik’til), n. A brick. [Prov. Eng.]
lorick-trimmer (brik’ trim’ér), n. In arch., a
brick arch abutting against the wooden trimmer
in front of a fireplace, as a safeguard against fire.
brickwalli, n. [An accom. form of bricoil, bri-
Cole.] Same as bricole, 3.
brickwise (brik’ wis), a. and adv. Arranged like
bricks in a wall; with the ends in each row over
the middle parts of the row below.
brickwork (brikºwérk), n. Work done or con-
structed with bricks; bricklayers' work.
bricky (biºi), a fé bric;2 + yi.j 1. Full of
and the quick-
which, with or without the addition of other bricks, or formed of brick,-2. Of the color of
materials, can be used for that purpose. In and . common brick; as, a bricky red.
near London the alluvial deposits resting upon the Lon- brick-yard (brik'yārd), n. A place where
don clay are known as brick-earth, and they may be de-
scribed as being a sandy loam, passing by fine gradations
into clay or marl. Near London that kind of earth which
without any addition makes the best kind of brick is
called by the brickmakers malm, ; it is a clayey material,
containing a considerable quantity of chalk in fine parti-
cles. In the United States the material used for making
bricks is almost always called brick-clay, or simply clay.
The collection of Sir Antonio Brady contains portions
of no fewer than a hundred elephants, all collected from
the brick-earth of Ilford. Huazley, Physiography, p. 284.
brickenl (brik'n), v. t. ... [Appar. K brickl -H
Tºnij Tôhòid (the head) upºnd back; bridle.
[Prov. Eng.]
bricken? (brik'n), a. [K brick2 +-en?..] Made
of brick. . [Prov. Eng.] -
brick-field (brik'föld), n. A field or yard where
bricks are made.
brickfielder (brik 'föl "dér), n. [From the
brick-fields once south of Sydney..] Originally
a cold, dust-laden south wind: now a very hot,
dust-laden north wind. [Australian.]
bricking (brik'ing), m., [K brick2 + -ingl.] 1.
Brickwork.-2. An imitation of brickwork
made on a plastered surface.
brick-kiln (brikſkil), m. A kiln or furnace in
which bricks are baked or burned; also, a pile
of bricks for burning, laid loose, with arches
underneath to receive the fuel.
bricklayer (brik’lā’ér), m. One whose occu-
pation is to build with bricks.-Bricklayers' itch,
a species of eczema produced on the hands of bricklayers
by the contact of lime.
bricklaying (brik’lā'ing), n. The art of build-
ing with bricks, or of uniting them by cement
or mortar in various forms; the art or occupa-
tion of laying bricks.
brickle *...} a. [Early mod. E. also brikle,
and dial, brockle, bruckle; K ME, brekil, brukel,
brokel, also bruchel, Sc. brokyll, brukyl, etc.,
appar. K. A.S. *brecol, *brycel (= MD. brokel =
MLG. brokel; cf. D. brokkelig, G. bröcklig), with
suffix -ol, -el, forming adjectives from verbs,
K brecan. §P; brocen), break: see break. Now
superseded by the equiv. but etymologically
diff. brittle, q. v.] Brittle
[Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
But th' Altare, on the which this Image staid,
Was, O great pity! built of brickle clay.
Spenser, Ruines of Time, l. 499.
; easily broken.
bricks are made.
bricoilf, n. Same as bricole, 3.
bricole (bri-köl’), n. [In sense 3, also formerly
*brickol, bricoil, and by popular etym. brickwall;
K F. bricole, also bricolle, mod. F. bricole, back-
stroke, toils, breast-band, strap, - It. briccola =
Sp. brigola (ML, bricola; cf. M.L., brica, OF.
briche), a catapult, perhaps K. M.H.G. brechel, a
breaker, K brechen = E. break.] 1+. A military
engine for throwing darts or quarrels; a kind
of catapult. Also briche.—2. Harness worn by
men who have loads to carry or to drag.—3+.
A side-stroke at tennis.
brid1+, m. An obsolete form of bird 1.
brid2+, n. An obsolete form of bride.
bridal (bri' dal), m. and a. [Formerly also
bridall; prop., as in early mod. E., bridale,
bride-ale, KME. bridale, brudale, KAS. brjdealo
(also brjd-ealoth, dat.), bridal, lit. bride-ale,
i. e., bride-feast, K brjd, bride, -- ealo (gen.
and dat. ealoth), ale, in comp. a feast: see ale.
Cf. church-ale, clerk-ale, etc. In mod. use the
terminal element has been assimilated to the
suffix -al, and the word accordingly used also
as an adj., like nuptial, etc.] I. m. 1+. A feast
at a marriage; a wedding-feast.
We see no ensigns of a wedding here ; no character of
a bride-ale: where be our scarves and Our gloves?
& B. Jomson, Epicoene, iii. 2.
2. A marriage; nuptials.
Did her honor as the Prince's bride,
And clothed her for her bridals like the Sun.
Tennyson, Geraint.
so cool, so calm, so bright,
of the earth and sky.
G. Herbert, Virtue.
II. a. Belonging to a bride or to a wedding:
as, a bridal wreath.
Come, I will bring thee to thy bridal chamber.
hak., T. of the S., iv. 1.
bridaltyt (bri’dal-ti), m. [K bridal + -ty.] Cele-
bration of a nuptial feast.
At Quintain he,
In honour of this bridaltee,
Hath challenged either wide countee.
B. Jomsom, Love's Welcome at Welbeck.
bridal-wreath (bri'dal-réth), m. , 1. The com-
mon name of a cultivated species of Spiraºa,
Sweet day
The brºad
bridegroom
S. hypericifolia, with long recurved branches
and numerous small white double flowers in the
axils of the leaves.—2. The Francoa ram08a,
a somewhat shrubby saxifragaceous plant of
Chili, with long crowded racemes of white
flowers. It is cultivated in England.
bride1 (brid), n. [K ME. bride, bryde, brude,
nom. prop. without the final e, brid, bryd, brud,
often transposed bird, burd, etc. (see bird?), a
bride, a young lady, KAS. brjd, a bride, = OS.
brüd = OFries. breid = M.D. bråd, D. bruid =
MLG. brut, LG. brud = OHG. M.H.G. bråt, G.
braut, bride (i. e., betrothed woman), - feel.
brüdhr- Sw. Dan. brud, a bride, = Goth. brûths,
daughter-in-law (X ult. F. bru, earlier bruy,
*brut, M.L. brut, bruta, daughter-in-law), cf.
comp. brûth-faths, bridegroom (see bridegroom);
root unknown.] 1. A woman newly married,
or about to be married.
He, only he, can tell, who, match'd like me, .
Has by his own experience tried,
Ełow much the wife is dearer than the bride.
Lord Lyttelton, An Irregular Ode.
2. A name of the American wood or summer
duck, Aix sponsa. Coues.
bride1+ (brid), v. [K bride1, n.] I. trans. To
make a bride of; marry. [Rare.]
I knew a man
Of eighty winters, this I told them, who
A lass of fourteen brided.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, v. 2.
II. intrans. (with indefinite it). To act like
a bride; assume the air of a bride.
Maidens commonly now a dayes are no sooner borne,
but they beginne to bride it.
Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 83.
bride? (brid), m. [K ME. bride, a bridle, KOF.
F. bride, a bridle, string, strap, button-loop,
etc., - Pr. Sp. Pg. brida, a bridle: see bridle.]
1+. A bridle.
Theo lady . . . symgeth of Dydo and Enyas,
How love heom ladde by strong bride.
King Alisawnder, 1.7625.
2. In needlework, lacemaking, etc., a loop, link,
or tie.
bride-alef (brid’āl), m. An old and etymologi-
cal form of bridal.
bride-bed (brid/bed), m. [K ME. (not found), K
AS. brjd-bed = MLG. brutbedde = D. bruidsbed
= MHG. brütbette, G. brautbett.] The marriage-
bed. Shak. [Rare.]
bride-bowlf (bridſból), n. Same as bride-cup.
bride-brancht (brid/brånch), n. A sprig of rose-
mary formerly carried at weddings as a token
of remembrance.
I'd ride forty miles to follow such a fellow to church ;
and would make more of a sprig of rosemary at his burial
than of a gilded bride-branch at nine own wedding.
Middleton, Blurt, Master-Constable, i. 1.
bride-cake (brid/kāk), m. Same as wedding-
cake.
In the North, slices of the Bride-cake are put through
the Wedding Ring, they are afterwards laid under Pillows
at Night to cause young Persons to dream of their Lovers.
J. Brand, in Bourne's Pop. Antiq. (1777), p. 335.
bride-chamber (brid’chām"bër), n. A nuptial
apartment.
Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as long
as the bridegroom is with them? Mat. ix. 15.
bride-cupf (brid’kup), m. A bowl or cup of
spiced wine and other ingredients formerly
served with bride-cake at wedding-feasts. Also
called bride-bowl.
Get our bed ready, chamberlain ;
Host, a bride-cup ; you have rare conceits,
And good ingredients. B. Jomsom, New Inn, v. 1.
bride-day (brid’dā), m. The marriage-day.
Scott.
bridegroom (brid'gröm), m. [Early mod. E.
bridegrome (Tyndale, A. D. 1525), with inserted r
as in the simple groom. (q.v.); KME. bridegome,
bridgume, bredgome, brudgume, KAS. brydguma,
also brjdiguma (brijdi for brijde, gen. of brjd) (=
OS. brådigumo = OFries. breidgoma = D. bruide-
gom, bruigom = MLG. brûdegam, LG. bridegam,
brödegam, brögam = OHG. brûtigomo, MHG.
briutegome, G. bräutigam = Ieel. brudhgumi =
Sw. brudgum, -gumºme, = ODan. brudegomme,
brudgomme, Dan. brudgom), lit. bride's man, K
brjd, gen. brjde, etc., bride, -- guma, man: see
bridel and groom. Cf. Goth. brûthfaths, bride-
groom, K brûths, daughter-in-law (bride), + faths
= Gr. Tóotg = Skt. pati, husband, lord: see
despot, potent, etc.] {. A man newly married,
or about to be married.
He that hath the bride is the bridegroom. John iii. 29.
Those dulcet sounds in break of day
That creep into the dreaming bridegroom's ear,
And summon him to marriage. Shak., M., of V., iii.2.

bridegroom
2. [Perhaps in allusion to its sparkling appear-
ance.] A local name in Banffshire, Šećand,
of the gemmous dragonet, Callionymus lyra.
bride-house? (brid’hous), m. The house or
hall in which a wedding is held.
A bride-house, as when a hall or other large place is pro-
vided to keepe the bridall in. omenclator (1585).
bride-knott (brid/not), n. A breast-knot; a
knot of ribbons worn by a guest at a wedding;
a wedding-favor.
bride-lace: (brid’lās), m. Fringed strings of
silk, cotton, or worsted, formerly given at a wed-
ding to the friends of the bride and groom to
tie up the rosemary-sprigs they carried (see
bride-branch). After the ceremony they were
twisted into the hats or in the hair, and worn
as Streamers.
Nosegays and bride laces in their hats.
- Heywood, Woman Killed with Kindness.
bridely; (brid/li), a. [K bride1 + -lyl.] Of or
pertaining to a bride; nuptial.
She, hating as a heinous crime the bond of bridely bed,
Did fold about her father's neck with fawning arms.
Golding.
bridemaid, n. See bridesmaid.
brideman, m. See bridesman.
bridescake (bridz’kák), m. Bride-cake.
wedding-cake.
bride's-laces (bridz’lā"sez), n.
grass, Phalaris arundinacea.
bridesmaid, bridemaid (bridz’-, brid’mād), n.
A young girl or an unmarried woman who at-
tends on a bride at her marriage during the
ceremony.
bridesmaiding (bridz’mā-ding), m.
of being a bridesmaid. [Rare.]
I'll bide my time for bridesmaiding.
See
The ribbon-
The state
Trollope.
bridesman, brideman (bridz'-, brid’man), m.;
pl. bridesmen, bridemen (-men). [K bride's, poss.
of bridel, or bride, -H man. Cf. MILG. bråtman
= Icel. brûdhmadhr = ODan. brudemand; cf.
OF. brumen, a fiancé.] A man who attends
upon a bridegroom and bride at their marriage.
bride's-stake? (bridz'stäk), m. [Also bride-
stake, K bridel + stake; with reference to wed-
ding festivities.] A stake or post set in the
ground to dance round, especially at a wedding.
B. Jomsom. -
bridewell (bridſ wel), n. [So called from a pal-
ace built in 1522 near St. Bride's or Bridget's
Well, in London, which in 1553 was turned
into a penal workhouse, officially called Bride-
well Hospital.] A house of correction for the
confinement of vagrants and disorderly per-
SODS. The name is now generally given to a prison in
connection with a police-station, for the temporary deten-
tion of those who have been arrested by the police.
bridewort (brid’ wért), m. A name of the rosa-
ceous plants Filipendula Ulmaria and Spiraea
salicifolia, from the feathery appearance of
*their panicles of white flowers.
bridge1 (brij), n. [Early mod. E. also bredge;
KME. brigge, bregge, brugge (unassibilated brig,
brugg, Sc. brig), KAS. brycg, bricg. = OFries.
brigge, bregge = D. brug = MLG. brugge, LG.
brügge = OHG. brucca, MHG. brucke, bricke,
G. brücke, a bridge, Icel. bryggja = Sw.
brygga = Dan. brygge, a pier, landing-stage,
gangway, rarely a bridge; connected with Icel.
brü = Sw. bro = Dan. bro, a bridge, a paved
way. Perhaps akin to brow ; cf. OBulg. brăvă,
a bridge, also brow : see brow.] 1. Any
structure which spans a body of water, or a
valley, road, or the like, and affords passage
Or COn Veyance. Bridges are made of various mate-
rials, principally stone, iron, and Wood, and in a great
variety of forms. In an arch- or arched bridge the pas-
sage or roadway is carried by an arch or arches, which are
Supported by abut-
ments or by piers.
Such bridges are
constructed Of
brick, stone, iron,
steel, or wood.
Brick is Seldom
used alone, except
for comparatively small spans, and for unimportant work
when stone cannot readily be obtained. In more impor-
tant works it is often combined with stone, which is intro-
duced to bind, to distribute pressure, to protect the more
exposed portions, and for architectural effect. Stone,
wherever it can be used, is the most valuable material, on
account of its mas-
siveness, stability
of form, and resis-
tance to the ele-
ments; but it is in-
ferior to iron in
economy, facility of
Construction, and ready adaptability to various situations,
Among the finest monuments of antiquity are ranked the
remains of Roman arched stone bridges. The largest stone
Panel-truss Bridge.
Aſº KXXXN-
==#Tº Tºm TILTT
*:::::::::::::::::::, … :- ºft
* * ******A*-ºs.º *** -º-º:
Common Truss Bridge.
680
arch known is that built over the Petrusse valley in
Luxemburg (span 275 feet); the next is that of
the Washington aqueduct over the Cabin John Creek
(span 220 feet;
rise 57.25 feet). =
The first arched
bridge built of iron
was erected over
the river Severn,
in England, and
consists of 5 parallel ribs of cast-iron, with a span of 100
and a rise of 40 feet. The Southwark bridge over the
Thames at London, the central one of the three arches of
which has a span of 240 with a rise of 24 feet, formerly
ranked as the largest iron arched bridge; but this span has
since been more than doubled, as notably in the bridge over
the Mississippi at
St. Louis, and the
Washingtonbridge
over the Harlem
river in New York
city. In an arched-
beam bridge arched
beams in compres-
- e. e Sion constitute the
principal members and sustain the load. The beams are
Fink-truss Bridge.
Arched-beam Bridge.
sometimes built of parallel layers of planks, which are
made to break joint. In the more important constructions
the arches are often compound. They have been employed
in modern bridges of considerable magnitude. An arched-
truss bridge is a form in which the compression-member
is an arched beam,
as in the McCallum lºx) is §§
load is supported
by beam-trusses or
openwork beams. A
compression-chord and a tension-chord are essential, and
the stresses are transferred from one to the other on their
way to the points of support by means of struts and ten-
sion-bars, which together are called web-members. See
phrases below for other forms.
2. The upper line or ridge of the nose, formed
loy the junction of the two nasal bones.—3. In
engraving, a board resting on end-cleats, on
which the engraver rests his hand in Working.
In etching two bridges are used : one with low feet, or
cleats, to serve for work on the umbitten plate ; the other
with higher feet, to raise it above the bordering-wax after
it has been applied. º e * 0.
4. A wall, generally made of fire-brick, which is
built at both ends of a reverberatory furnace,
to a certain height, in order to isolate the space
in which the metallurgical operation is con-
ducted. The wall nearest the fireplace is called the fire-
bridge ; the other, at the opposite end, the flue:bridge.
5. In gun., the two pieces of timber which con:
nect the two transoms of a gun-carriage. [Eng.]
–6. In metal., the platform or staging by
which ore, fuel, etc., are conveyed to the mouth
of a smelting-furnace.—7. That part of, a
stringed musical instrument over which the
strings are stretched, and by which they are
raised above the sounding-board. In bow-instru-
ments, such as the violin, the bridge is arched, in order
to allow the bow to strike any one string alone.
8. Naut, a raised platform extending from
side to side of a steamship above the rail, for-
ward of amidships, for the use and convenience
of the officer in charge. It affords him an uninter-
rupted view, and is furnished with means for communi-
cating, by automatic signals, with the engine-room and
the wheel-house. Many large vessels have two bridges,
one forward of and one abaft the mainmast ; and it is
now very common for the bridge to be made in two tiers,
one above the other, with often an outlook-station still
higher than the up-
per tier. In side-
§s- Wheel steamers the
º i; bridgeconnects the
# paddle-boxes.
9. A metal bar
McCallum Arched-truss Bridge.
supported at
i. as tº ...?. 'both
Ottom-road or Through Bridge. -
tº “g ends of a watch-
plate, andform-
ing a bearing for a part of the works.-10. The
balance-rynd of a millstone.—11. In car-build-
ing, a timber, bar, or beam which is supported at
each end.—12. In euchre, a position where one
side has scored four points and the other only
one.—13. In elect., an apparatus for measuring
the resistance of a conductor, the
arrangement of whose parts bears
some resemblance to a bridge. A --
common form is called Wheat- º
stone's bridge, from the inventor. ºr
See resistance.—14. In billiards, *.
a notched piece of wood, attached Ҽil
to a long handle, used as a Support
for the cue when the ballis in Such
a position that the hand cannot
conveniently be used as a rest.—
15. See bridge2, in supplement.—
Asses’ bridge, See pons agºnorum.—
Bottom-road bridge, a bridge whose
roadway is supported upon the lower
chord in a truss-bridge, or at the bottom
in a tubular bridge. Also called through
bridge. See cut under definition 8. Op-
Hºli, -
bridge
#. to deck-bridge or top-road bridge.—Box-girder
dge. More commonly called tubular bridge (which
see).—Cantaliver bridge, a bridge in which the span
is formed by bracket-shaped beam-trusses, extending
inward from their supports and connected at the mid-
dle of the span either directly or by an intermediate truss
of ordinary construction. When piers are used to support
the beam-trusses, they are placed near the center of each
truss, and not, as in ordinary truss-bridges, at its ends.
The strains due to a load upon the spam are carried out-
ward toward the ends of the bridge and beyond the piers
by bracket-arms similar to those forming the central span,
the extremities of which may be secured to other piers to
serve the twofold purpose of resisting by their weight the
2, IT ANNººS -
t º, TN NS -
Cantaliver Bridge, Niagara Falls, New York.
uplift caused by the load when upon the central span and
of themselves supporting vertical pressure; or they may
form part of other spans similar to the central one. This
form of bridge presents the great advantage of permitting
the construction of the main span without scaffoldings be-
meath. A fine example is the cantaliver bridge below Ni-
agara Falls, built for the Michigan Central and Canada
Southern railways.-Check-bridge of a furnace, a fire-
bridge: so called because it was supposed to chéck the
draft.—Counterpoise bridge, a bascule-bridge in which
counter-weights help to raise the platform.—Electric
bridge, a term applied to several contrivances for deter-
mining the resistance of an electric circuit, all essentially
identical with Wheatstone's bridge (which see, under re-
sistance).-Floating bridge. (a) A boat, raft, or pontoon
bridge. (b) A part of a bridge, supported by a caisson or
pontoon, which can swing into and away from the line of
roadway. (c) Milit., a kind of double bridge, of which the
upper member projects beyond the lower, and is capable
of being moved forward by pulleys: used for carrying
troops over narrow moats in attacking the outworks of a
fort.— bridge, a suspension-bridge, or a bridge
built for temporary use, as a pontoon bridge.—Hanging
bridge, a suspension-bridge. The term is generally ap-
plied to the more primitive forms of suspension-bridge.—
Hoist-bridge. Same as lifting bridge.—Induction-
bridge. See induction.—Lattice-bridge, a bridge in
which the web between the chords or the main compres-
=====<==%
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w
º
Lattice-bridge (side elevation).
a, roadway; b, sleepers; c, transverse beams; d, g, h, stringers;
e, lattice-ribs; /, cross-beams.
sion- and tension-members is formed by lattice-work.-
Leaf-bridge, a hinged lifting bridge.—Lifting #4; 3.
drawbridge the span of which moves in a vertical plane
instead of horizontally. Also called hoist-bridge.—Pivot-
bridge, a SWinging bridge balanced upon a pivot. It is
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Pivot- or Swing-bridge.
often formed by two equal spans, covering a channel on
each side of the pivot-pier.— Pontoon bridge, a platform
or roadway supported upon pontoons. Bridges of this
kind are largely used in military operations, the pontoons
being formed of air-tight bags or hollow metallic vessels.
—Rope bridge, a hanging bridge consisting of a platform
Supported by ropes, or simply of a rope carried across the
stream or chasm, and supporting a basket or car which is
drawn backward and forward. Such bridges are used in
mountainous districts, especially in India and South Amer-
ica, and are sometimes made of sufficient strength to afford
passage to droves of loaded mules. The ropes are often
made of plaited thongs of hide, or even of rushes.—
Suspension-bridge, a roadway suspended from ropes,
chains, or wire cables, usually hung between massive tow-
ers of masonry, and securely anchored at the extremities.
The most notable of suspension-bridges is that between
New York and Brooklyn, over the East River. The main
span is 1,595% feet long, the altitude at the center 135 feet
above mean high water, the height of the towers 2763
feet, and the total length 5,989 feet. The roadway is sus-
pended from four cables of steel wire, each 15% inches in
: "+ ...º.º.
- -:-- *,2,4- tº--, . *:::::
sº: ...:" ºf
, ºr-.
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ºl '''''liliº &r. --
• * * * * * ... . . *". * :"' .... -: , ...: -
r
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East River Suspension-bridge, New York.































































loridge
diameter.—Through bridge. Same as bottom-roadbridge:
opposed to deck-bridge, or top-road bridge.—Top-road
bridge, a bridge in which the roadway is upon or above
the upper chord of the truss. Also called deck-bridge.—
Trussed-arch bridge, an arched-beam bridge with which
a truss has been combined to stiffen or strengthen it.—
Tubular-arch bridge, a bridge in which the primary
|-|--|-}{-|--|--EºſFPTTE:
Jºž &SITT|#
#:
| Tº
# -kº.
#2:
Tubular-arch Bridge, St. Louis, Missouri.
supporting members are arched tubes.—Tubular bridge,
abridge forming, as awhole, agreathollowbeam. It is abox-
beam, sufficiently large to admit of the passage of vehicles
through it. The first works of this kind were the Conway
and Britannia railway bridges in Wales. The latter, over
the Menai strait, opened in 1850, consists of two indepen-
dent rectangular tubular beams of wrought-iron 1,511 feet
long, with a single span of 459 feet. The Victoria tubular
bridge, about two miles long, over the St. Lawrence at Mon-
treal has been replaced by one of a different type. Also called
* boa-girderbridge.—Wheatstone's bridge. Seeresistance.
bridgel (brij), v. f.; pret. and pp. bridged, ppr.
bridging. ME. *bryggen (not found), KAS.
brycgian (also in comp. Ofer-brycgian, bridge
over) = MLG, bruggen = OHG. bruccón, MHG.
brucken, bricken, G. bricken, bridge; cf. Icel.
brüa, bridge over; from the noun.] 1. To
Build a bridge or bridges on or over; span with
a bridge: as, to bridge a river.—2. To make a
Toridge or bridges for.
Xerxes, . . . over Hellespont
Bridging his way, Europe with Asia join'd.
Milton, P. L., x. 310.
3. Figuratively, to span or get over; serve as
or make a way of passing or overcoming: as,
conversation bridged the intervals of the play;
to bridge over a difficulty. -
Every man's work, pursued steadily, tends in this way
to become an end in itself, and so to bridge over the love-
less chasms of life. - George Eliot.
I cannot but think that there is room for all of us to
work in helping to bridge over the great abyss of ignorance
which lies at our feet. Huacley, Lay Sermons, p. 71.
bridge2+, v. t. [Also bredge, K ME. briggen,
breggen, by apheresis for abriggen, abreggen,
mod. E. abridge, q.v.] To shorten; abridge.
Byreven man his helthe and his welfare,
And his dayes briggen, and schorte his lyf.
Occleve, MS. Soc. Antiq., 134, fol. 251. (Halliwell.)
681
Bridgettine ſº m. See Brigittine.
bridge-wardi (brijſwärd), n. [K ME. brigge-
ward, KAS. bricgweard, K bricg, brycg, bridge,
+ weard, ward, keeper.] The warden or keeper
of a bridge. -
Those whose route lay along the river . . .
the Bridgeward, and demanded a free passage. -
Scott, Abbot, I. 175.
bridge-ward2 (brij'wärd), n. IK bridge + ward
(of a key).] In locksmithing, the principal
ward of a key, usually in the plane of rotation.
bridgewater (brij'wā-tër), n. A kind of broad-
cloth manufactured in Bridgewater, England.
JPlanché.
bridging (brij'ing), n. [Verbal n, of bridgel, v.1
In arch., a piece of wood placed between two
beams or other pieces, to prevent them from
approaching each other. Single bridging has one
pair of diagonal braces at the midlength of the joists. In
double bridging there are two pairs of cross-braces divid-
ing the joists into three lengths. More generally called
a strutting- or straining-piece. E. H. K
. Knight.
bridging-floor (brij'ing-flór), m.
summoned
In arch., a
floor in which bridging-joists are used.
3'-suffer great hardships.
bridle (briſdl), v.; pret. and pp. bridled, ppr.
brief
on the end of a plow-beam to which the draft-
shackle is attached; the clevis. Also called muz-
zle or plow-head.—6. In mach., a link, flange,
or other attachment for limiting the movement
of any part of a machine.—7. Naut., a chain or
rope span both ends of which are made fast,
the strain or power being applied to the bight.
—8. In pathol, a small band attaching two
parts to each other, as two serous surfaces after
inflammation, or the sides of the urethra after
urethritis, or stretched across a pustule or
vesicle, modifying its shape.—9. In anat., a
frenum (which See).-Branches of a bridle. See
branch.-Mooring–bridle (mawt.), the chain cable attach-
ed to permanent moorings.--To bite on the bridlet, to
JBrewer.
bridling. [K ME. bridlen, bridelen, KAS. ge-
bridlian (= MD. breydelen, D. breidelen = OHG.
brittilän, M.H.G. briteln, prittelm, G. breidelen,
briteln, britteln), bridle, restrain, K bridel, bri-
dle.] I, trans. 1. To put a bridle on: as, to
bridle a horse.
Where steeds run arow
I have seen from their bridied lips
Foam blown as the snow.
Swinburne, A Lamentation.
2. To restrain, guide, or govern; check, curb,
or control: as, to bridle the passions.
Savoy and Nice, the keys of Italy, and the citadel in her
hands to bridle Switzerland. Purke.
Oft his smooth and bridled tongue
Would give the lie to his flushing cheek.
Shelley, Rosalind and Helen.
=S 2. To repress, master, subdue.
#. intrans. To hold the head up, in the
manner of a spirited horse under a strong rein,
especially as an expression of pride, scorn, or
resentment; assume a lofty manner so as to
assert one’s dignity or express indignation;
toss the head; strut: generally with up.
Gave a crack with her fan like a coach-whip, and bridl’d
out of the room with the air and complexion of an incens'd
Turkey-Cock. Cibber, Careless Husband, ii. 2.
Assure a lady . . . that she looks killing to-day, she in-
stantly bridles w?, and feels the force of the well-timed
flattery the whole day after. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 5.
How would she have bridled had she known that . . .
[she] only shared his meditations !
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 22.
If you charge them with any particular sin, they bridle
wp and deny that sin fiercely enough, Ringsley.
bridging-joist (brij'ing-joist), m. In arch., a
joist which is sustained below by transverse
beams called bind-
ing-joists; also, a
joist which is nail-
ed or fixed to the
bridge-bar (brij^bār), n. In a car-coupling, the
bar carrying the load.
bridge-board (brij^bórd), n. One of the notched
boards of a stair to which the ends of wooden
steps and risers are fastened. Also called
*otch-board.
bridle-chains (briſdl-chänz), m. pl. In mining,
short chains by which the cage is attached to
the hoisting-rope.
bºilij (bri’dl-hand), n. The hand which
holds the bridle in riding; the left hand. Scott.
bridle-path (briſdl-páth), m. A path which is
idora- * - / iſ or iº flooring-boards. - O”
*:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Éiº. .*.*.*.* tººk but
from side tº side of a vessel amidships i-tin), n. See Bri- bilº 3, ºil . r § ! the forward
bridge-head (brijſhed), n, in for, a work # dº º § #ºnºvº
covering that end of a bridge which is most ex- Płºś. (brij’i), a. bridler (brid’lér), m. One who bridles; one
ɺi. -y1.]
of bridges: re-
f land sembling a bridge.
*Sherwood. [Rare.]
bridle (bri’dl), n. g
posed to an enemy; a tête-de-pont.
bridge-islet (brijſi"let), n. A portion o
which becomes insular at high water, as the isle
of Lindisfarne in England.
bridge-pit (brij'pit), m. 1.
who restrains or governs.
The prelates boast themselves the only bridlers of schism.
JIilton, Church-Government, i. 7.
bridle-rein (briſdl-rān), n. [K M.E. bridilreyne
Bridging-joists.
a, flooring ; 8, girder; c, c, bridging-
joists; d, d, ceiling-joists; e, e, straps.
ME. bri iv. to AS. bridel-thwang, lit. bridle-thong);
That part of the moat of a ſ E. bridel, K_AS. & - (equiy •oº. gºv, “... *~~54°
& * * * Hå ø bridel, also bridels = OFries. bridel = MD. brew- K bridle + rein.] A rein uniting a bit with
fortified place which is be- 5% º y 3/ some other part of the harness, 3. leading to
del, D. breidel = MLG. LG. breidel = OHG. bridel, º e
britel, brittil, priddil, prittil, MHG. bridel, britel , the hand of the rider ºr driver.
(> OF, brideſ-It. prédella, a bridle, also in short bridle-road (biºdlººd), n. A bridle-path.
form, Pr. Sp. Pg brida = OF. and F. bride, a bridle-rod (bri’dl-Tod), n. Qne of the elements
Bridle, > E. bride2, q.v.), G. breidel, also britel, , of a parallel motion, as on the steam-engine.
brittel; root unknown.j 1. That portion of bridle-stricture (bri’dl-striktür), n. In pathol.,
the gear or harness of a horse (or other animal a stricture formed by a band crossing the ure-
similarly used) which is fitted to its head, and , thº passage. , * e
by which it is governed and restrained, con- bridleway (bºiºdºwa); ºt. A bridle-path.
sisting usually of a head-stall, a bit, and reins, bridle-wise (bridl-Wiz), a. Trained to obey
with other appendages, according to its par- the bridle: applied to a horse which is guided
ticular form and uses. ‘See cut under harness, by º ..i. º ºnst his neck in-
- Il stead of by pul ng on the pit. -
*ºnene. bridoon (bri-dón"), n, [K. F. bridon, K bride, a
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 320. bridle: see bridle.] A light snaffle or bit of a
And Maenas, when with ivy bridles bound, bridle used in addition to the principal bit, and
She led the spotted lynx. e * - +with a separate rein. Also spelled bradoom.
Dryden, tr. of Persius, Satires, i.203, brief (bréf), a. and m. [I. a. K ME. breef, bref,
.2. An old instrument of punishment and re- KOF. bref, brief, F. bref= Pr. breu = Sp. Pg. It.
straint for scolds: a simpler form of the breve, K L. brevis-Gr. 3payig, short; cf. abbrevi-
branks.-3. Figuratively, a restraint; a curb; ate, abridge, brevity, brevet, etc., brachygraphy,
a check. - etc. II. n. K ME. breef, brefe, bréf, a commis-
A continual bridle on the tongue. Watts. Sion, writing, etc., KQF, bréf, brief, F. bref=
This fort is the bridle of the whole citty, and was well Pr. brew, briel = Sp. Pg. It breve = OS. bref=
stor'd and garrison'd with native Spanyards. D. brief= LG, bréf = OHG. briaf, brief, MHG.
Evelyn, Diary, Jan; 31, 1846. G. brief= Sw, bref= Dan. brew, a letter, etc., K
neath the drawbridge when
it is lowered.—2. A pit
provided to receive the
counterpoise of a bascule-
bridge.
bridge-rail (brij'rāl), n. A
railroad-rail having an
arched tread and lateral
foot—flanges. E. H. Knight.
bridge-stone (brij'stön), n. A flat stone bridg-
ing over a gutter or narrow span.
bridge-tower (brij'tou’ér), m. 1. A tower for
the defense of a bridge, usually erected upon *
the bridge itself, the road passing through arch-
ways in its lower story, which could be closed
by gates. Bridges were commonly defended in this way
in the middle ages, and many such towers remain, as at
Cahors in France, and notably at Prague in Bohemia.
2. Less properly, a tower defending the ap-
proach to a bridge in the manner of a tête-de-
pont. A notable instance of such a tower is that at Villè-
neuve, opposite Avignon, on the Rhone. -
bridge-train (brij'trān), m. Milit., a division
of an army carrying the materials and imple-
ments required for the passage of troops across
%%
Z2 º
G
Bridge-rail.
a river; a pontoon-train.
bridge-tree (brij'tré), m. A beam by which the
spindle of the runner in a grinding-millis Sup-
ported. It can be adjusted so as to vary the
relative distances of the grinding surfaces.
4. The piece in the interior of a gun-lock which
covers and holds in place the tumbler and sear,
being itself held by the screws on which they
turn. See cut under gun-lock.-5. The piece
L. brevis (se, libellus, a little writing), or neut.
brévé, a short writing (see also brewe and brevet),
Ś brevis, neut. breve, short: see above..] I. a.
1. Small with respect to length; short.




























brief
This mon that Matheu 3ef
A peny that wes so bref.
Specimens of Lyric Poetry (ed. Wright), p. 43.
It is very difficult to notice this great language suitably
in the brief space available.
It. N. Cust, Mod. Langs. E. Ind., p. 45.
2. Abbreviated; cut or made short: as, the
brief skirts of a ballet-dancer. [Humorous.]—
3. Short in duration; lasting a short time. '
How brief the life of man. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2.
A fainter bloom, a more delicate and briefer beauty.
EIawthorne, Scarlet Letter, ii.
4. Short in expression; using few words; con-
cise; succinct.
Duch. I will be mild and gentle in my words.
K. Rich. And brief, good mother, for I am in haste.
Shale., Rich. III., iv. 4.
The brief style is that which expresseth much in little.
. Jomsom, Discoveries.
5. Clever; good: as, a brief discourse; “he gae
us a very brief sermon,” Jamieson. [Scotch..]
–6. Keen. [Scotch..]—7t. Quick; ready;
eager.
Doe you not perceive the noose you have brought your
selfe into whilst you were so briefe to taunt other men
with weaknesse 2 Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst.
8. [Appar. aparticular use of brief, short (hence
quick, active, rife?); but some suppose a con-
fusion with rife.] Common; rife; prevalent:
as, I hear smallpox is very brief there. [Prov.
Eng.]—In brief. (a) In few words; briefly.
Open the matter in brief. Shak., T. G. of W., i. 1.
(b) In short.
In brief, sir, study what you most affect.
Shak., T. of the S., i. 1.
=Syn. 3. Short-lived, ephemeral, transitory, fleeting.—4.
Compact, compendious.
II. m. 1. A short or concise writing;
short statement or account; an epitome.
I shall make it plain as far as a sum or brief can make
a cause plain. Bacom.
And she told me
In a sweet verbal brief. Shalc., Åll's Well, v. 3.
Out of your gentleness, please you to consider
The brief of this petition, which contains
All hope of my last fortunes. Ford, Fancies, ii. 1.
Specifically—2. In law: (a) A formal memo-
randum in systematic order, but concisely ex-
pressed, of the points of law or of fact to be
developed or expanded in argument, or to be
pursued in the examination of a witness; in
English law, more usually an abridged relation
of the facts of a litigated case drawn up by the
attorney for the instruction of a barrister in
conducting proceedings in a court of justice.
The young fellow had a very good air, and seemed to
hold his brief in his hand rather to help his action than
that he wanted notes for his further information.
Steele, Tatler, No. 186.
His matter was so completely at his command that he
scarcely looked at his brief. R. Choate, Addresses, p. 272.
(b) A writ summoning one to answer to any
action; or any precept of the sovereign in writ-
ing issuing from any court and Ordering some-
thing to be done. (c) In Scots law, same as
brieve (which see). (d) In England, a letter
patent from proper authority authorizing a
public collection or charitable contribution of
money for any public or private purpose; a li-
cense to make collections for repairing churches,
making up for losses by fire, etc.: sometimes
called a church brief or king’s letter.
This day was read in our church the Briefe for a collec-
tion for reliefe of y" Protestant French, so cruelly, bar-
barously, and inhumanly oppress'd.
Evelyn, Diary, April 25, 1686.
3}. A writing in general; a letter.
Bear this sealed brief,
With winged haste, to the lord marshal.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
4+. In music, same as breve, 1.
Upon the word best there, you see how I do enter with
an odd minum, and drive it through the brief; which no
Intelligent musician, I know, but will affirm to be very
T3.Te. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1.
5. The name, given to certain official docu-
ments emanating from the pope, having a less
solemn character than a bull.
The Bull being the highest Authority the Pope can give,
the Brief is of less. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 86.
6. [Also spelled breif, breef, KQF, bréf, brief,
a spell, talisman, K ML, brevé, in pl. brevia, a
writing containing magical characters carried
as an amulet or talisman: a particular use of
L. breve, a writing, as above..] A spell. Burns.
[Scotch..]=Sym.1. Abridgment, Compendium, Compend,
etc. See abridgment. * * º
brief (bréf), v. t. [K.brief, n. In earlier form
breve, q.v.] 1. To abridge; shorten; make
a brief of: as, to brief pleadings.
à, *the whole long.
682
Thy power is confined, thy time is limited; both thy
latitude and extension are briefed up.
Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 135.
Descriptive lists of 15,107 soldiers briefed and filed away.
Rep. of Sec. U. S. Treaswry, 1886, p. 596.
2. To furnish with a brief; instruct by a brief.
[Rare.]
I never could look a counsel in the face again if I’d neg-
lected to brief him with such facts as these. Trollope.
brieff (bréf), adv. [K brief, a.] 1. In brief; in
short; briefly.
Brief, I recover'd him; bound up his wound.
Shak., As you Like it, iv. 3.
2. In or after a short time; soon; quickly.
Buit that a joy past joy calls out on me,
It were a grief so brief to part with thee:
Farewell. Shak., R. and J., iii. 3.
briefless (bréf (les), a. [K brief, n., + -less.]
Having no brief: as, a briefless barrister.
brieflessness (bréf (les-nes), n. The state of
being without a brief or a client.
briefly (bréfºli), adv. [K ME. brefly, brevely; K
brief + -ly?..] 1. In a brief manner; concisely;
in few words.—2. With little length; shortly:
as, in entom., briefly pilose, hairy, or spinous.
[Rare.]
briefnman (bréf'man), m.; pl. brief men (-men).
One who makes a brief; a copier of a manu-
script. Quarterly Rev.
briefness (bréfºnes), m. [K ME. breffnes; K
brief + -ness.] The state or quality of being
brief; shortness; brevity; conciseness in dis-
course or writing.
We passe over that, brejºnes of tyme consyderynge.
Coventry Mysteries, p. 79.
There is a briefness of the parts sometimes that makes
B. Jomsom, Discoveries.
brier (bri’ér), n. [E. dial, and Sc. breer; K ME.
brere, KAS. brēr, also brær, a brier, bramble;
cf. Icel. brörr, a brier (rare and uncertain).
Cf. Ir. Gael. preas, a bush, brier (Ir, briar, a
brier, also a thorn, pin, bodkin, is prob. bor-
rowed from E.). The F. bruyère, dial. brière
(earlier bruyere, briere = Cat. Uruguera = It.
dial. brughiera (ML. bruarium, bruera), heath,
heather, prob. K. Pr. brºw = It. dial. brug = Swiss
bruch, heath; of Celtic origin: K. Bret. brug,
heath, = W. brug, a brake, growth), is not re-
lated. The reg. mod. E. form would be breer,
which exists dialectally; cf. friar, earlier frier,
K ME. frere.] A prickly plant or shrub in gen-
eral; specifically, the sweetbrier or the green-
brier (which see). Also spelled briar.
The gentle shepheard satte beside a springe,
All in the shadowe of a bushye brere.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., December.
I will tear your flesh with the thorns of the wilderness
and with briers. Judges viii. 7.
brier-bird (bri’ér-bèrd), m. A popular name
of the American goidfinch, Chrysomitris (or
Astragalinus) tristis. See cut under goldfinch.
briered (bri’érd), a. [K brier + -ed?..] Set
with briers. Chatterton.
brier-root (bri’êr-röt), n. [K brier, an adapted
E. form of F. bruyère, dial. brière, heath (see
brier), + root?..] The root of the white heath,
Erica arborea, a shrub often growing to a large
S1ze. The roots are gathered extensively in the south
of France and in Corsica for the purpose of being made
into tobacco-pipes, commonly called brier-wood pipes. The
roots, having been cleared of earth, and the decayed parts
cut away, are shaped into blocks of various dimensions
with a circular saw. The blocks are then placed in a wat
and subjected to a gentle simmering for a space of twelve
hours, during which they acquire the rich yellowish-brown
hue for which the best pipes are noted, and are then in a
condition for turning. -
brier-wood (bri’ér-wild), m. The wood of the
brier-root, used for making tobacco-pipes.
briery1 (bri’ér-i), a. [K brier + -y1.] Full of
briers; rough; thorny. Also briary.
The thorny brake and briery wood.
Fawkes, Death of Adonis.
A nightingale sang in the briery thickets by the brook-
side. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 55.
briery2# (bri’êr-i), n. [For *brierery, K brier
+ -éry. Cf. fernery, pinery, etc.] A place
where briers grow. EIuloet.
brieve (brév), m. [A Sc. form of brief, n., q.v.]
In Scots law, a writ issuing from Chancery, di-
rected to any judge ordinary, ordering trial to
be made by a jury of certain points stated in
the brieve. Now used chiefly in the election of tutors
to minors, the cognoscing of lunatics or idiots, and the
ascertaining of widows' tierce.
brigl (brig), n. [= bridgel, q.v.] 1. A bridge.
[Scotch.] -
Now, do thy speedy utmost, Meg,
And win the key-stane o' the brig.
Burns, Tam o'Shanter.
brigandine
2. A utensil used in breweries and in dairies
to set the strainer on... [North. Eng.]—3. A
kind of iron set over a fire. , Halliwell. [North.
Eng.]–4. A ledge of rocks running out into
the sea. E. D. -
brig? (brig), n. ... [Short for brigantinel, q. v.
Hence D, brik, G. brigg, Dan, brig, Sw, brigg,
F. brick, Ar. brik, a brig.] 1. A vessel with two
masts square-rigged, nearly like a ship's main-
mast and foremast.—2. The place on board
a man-of-war where prisoners are confined.—
Hermaphrodite brig, a brig that is square-rigged for-
ward and schooner-rigged aft. Also called brig-schooner.
She passed out of hail, but we made her out to be an her-
maphrodite brig, with Brazilian colors in her main rigging.
Yºr R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 18.
brigade (bri-gãd'), m. [= D. G. Dan. Sw, bri-
gade, K F. brigade, K It. brigata (ML. brigata,
brigada), a troop, company, K brigare, contend:
see brigand.] 1. A party or division of troops
or soldiers, whether cavalry or infantry, regu-
lars or militia, consisting of several regiments,
squadrons, or battalions, under the command
of a brigadier, or brigadier-general. A brigade
of horse is a body of eight or ten squadrons; of infantry,
four, five, or six battalions or regiments.
2. A body of individuals organized, generally
wearing a uniform, and acting under author-
ity: as, a fire brigade.—Household brigade. See
howsehold.
brigade (bri-gåd"), v. t. ; pret. and pp. brigaded,
ppr. brigading. . [K brigade, n.] 1. To form in-
to a brigade or into brigades: as, regiments of
militia are brigaded with regiments of the line.
In the organization of the army my regiment was bri-
gaded with the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Regiments of
Louisiana Infantry.
- Gen. Rich. Taylor, N. A. Rev., CXXVI. 85.
Hence—2. To arrange or embody in a single
collection or group; group together, as in zoöl-
ogy, under a single name. [Rare.]
The two Classes [Birds and Reptiles] which he [Huxley]
had previously brigaded under the name of Sauropsida.
A. Newton, Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 34.
brigade-major (bri-gãd’mā'īgr), n. An officer
appointed by a brigadier to assist him in the
management and ordering of his brigade.
brigadier (brig-a-dér’), n. [= It. brigadiere, K
F. brigadier, K brigade, brigade.] A general offi-
cer who commands a brigade, whether of horse
or foot, and ranks next below a major-general.
brigadier-general (brig-a-dér’ gen’ e-ral), n.
Same as brigadier. .
brigand (brig'and), m. [Formerly also brigant
(after It.); K F. brigand, a brigand, OF, brigand,
brigant, an armed foot-soldier (ML, brigantes,
brigandi, pl., foot-soldiers), K.It. brigante, a
brigand, pirate, also an intriguer, K brigante,
ppr. of brigare, strive after, contend for, solicit,
K briga, strife, quarrel, trouble: see brigue.] 1+.
A sort of irregular foot-soldier.—2. A robber;
a freebooter; a highwayman; especially, one
of a gang of robbers living in secret retreats in
mountains or forests.
These solitudes gave refuge to smugglers and brigands.
Buckle, Civilization, II, 65.
François, with his belt, sabre, and pistols, had much the
aspect of a Greek brigand.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 33.
=Syn. 2. Bandit, etc. See robber.
brigandage (brig'àn-dāj), 'm, IK F. brigandage,
K brigand + -age.] The life and practices" of
a brigand; highway robbery by organized
gangs; figuratively, organized spoliation: as,
brigandage in the legislature or on the bench.
The rule of the Turk has never become a government;
it has never discharged the duties of government; it was
foreign brigandage five hundred years back, and it re-
mains foreign brigandage still.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 419.
Many of the peasants in
their distress had taken
to poaching or brigandage
in the forests.
C. H. Pearson, Early and
[Mid. Ages of Eng.,
- [xxvi.
brigander, n. Same
as brigandinel.
brigandinel (brig'-
an-din), m. and a.
[Also brigantine, bri-
gander, brigandier
(obs.) (M.E. brigan-
tayle—Gower); KOF.
brigandine (ML. bri-
gandina, brigantina),
K.brigand, a foot-sol.
dier: see brigand.]
I. n. 1. A medieval
tº >s
... 's Wooºoººººººº.
ºf j : )000\ao'oolos
* . Yoo ovoo ooko
Brigandine from Musée d'Artil-
lerie, Paris. (From Viollet-le-Duc's
“Dict, du Mobilier français.”)

brigandine
coat of fence made of linen or leather upon
which overlapping scales of steel were sewed.
The plates of steel were generally quilted between two
thicknesses of stuff. The brigandine was especially, the
armor of the infantry soldier, but was sometimes combined
With plate-armor even in costly suits.
Furbish the spears and put on the brigandines. -
Jer, xlvi. 4.
2ł. A foot-soldier wearing a brigandine; a
brigand.
II. a. Made like a brigandine; of the nature
of a brigandine : as, a brigandine garment.
brigandine2+ (brig'an-din), n. An old form of
brigantine1.
brigandish (brig' an-dish), a. [K brigand +
-ish.1.1 Like a brigand. -
We fancied that they [peasants near Naples] had a brig-
amdigh look. . D. Warner, Winter on the Nile, p. 20.
briganti (brig'ant), n., Same as brigand.
brigantinel (brig'an-tin or -tin), n. [= D. bri-
*gantijn = G. brigantime = Sw.brigantin, K.F. bri-
gantin, KIt. brigantino (ML. brigantinus), a brig-
antine, orig. a roving or pirate vessel, K bri-
gante, a pirate, brigand: see brigand, and cf.
brig2 and brigandine2.J. 1. Formerly a two-
masted vessel, square-rigged on the foremast,
and schooner-rigged on the mainmast, but car-
rying a light square topsail on the mainmast.
A brigantine no longer carries a square topsail, so that
no difference exists between the rig of a brigantine and
that of a hermaphrodite brig, both being entirely fore-
and-aft rigged on the main.
Like as a warlike Brigandine, applyde
To fight, layes forth her threatfull pikes afore.
- Spenser, Muiopotmos.
2}. A robber.—3+. Robbery.
brigantine? (brig'an-tin), n.
dimel.
brighotet, n. [A term in old law-books, repr.
AS, bricgbót, prop, brycgbót, a contribution for
bridge-repairing, K brycg, bridge, + bot, boot:
see bootl.] A contribution for the repair of
bridges, walls, and castles.
briget, n. [ME.: see brigue.] Contention.
Chaucer.
brightl (brit), a. [K ME. bright, briht, etc., K
AS. bryht, briht, transposed forms of the usual
beorht = OS. berht, beraht = OHG. beraht, be-
reht, M.H.G. berht (in G. remaining only in proper
names, Albrecht, Ruprecht, etc.; frequently so
used in, AS. and LG.) = Icel. bjartr = Goth.
bairhts, bright; prob., with old pp. suffix -t, K
Teut. V “berh = Skt. V bhrāj, shine, perhaps
= L. flag- in flagrare, flame, blaze, burn,
flamma ("flagma), flame, = Gr. ºpääyetv, blaze,
burn. Cf. black, bleak1.] 1. Radiating or re-
flecting light; filled with light; brilliant; shin-
ing; luminous; sparkling: as, a bright sun.
It were all one
That I should love a bright particular star,
And think to Wed it, he is so above me.
hak., All's Well, i. 1.
Candles were blazing at all the windows. The public
places were as bright as at noonday.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., x.
Same as brigan–
2. Transmitting light; clear; transparent, as b
liquors.
From the brightest wines
He turn’d abhorrent. Thomson.
3. Manifest, to the mind, as light is to the
eye; evident; clear.
He must not proceed too swiftly, that he may with more
ease and brighter evidence . . . draw the learner on.
Watts, Improvement of the Mind.
4. Resplendent, as with beauty; splendid.
Thy beauty appears,
- In its graces and airs,
All bright as an angel new dropt from the sky.
© Parnell, Song.
5. Illustrious; glorious: as, the brightest period
of a kingdom.
The brightest amnals of a female reign,
Cottom, Wonders of the Peake.
6. Having or marked by brilliant mental quali-
ties; quick in wit; witty; clever; not dull: as,
he is by no means bright; a bright remark; a
bright book.
If parts allure thee, think how Bacon shined,
The wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind.
Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 282.
7. Sparkling in action or manner; animated
or animating; vivacious; lively; cheerful.
Be bright and jovial among your guests to-night.
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 2.
The golden-crowned thrush, . . . with the dullest of
old upon his crown, but the brightest of songs in his
eart. The Century, XXXII. 276.
8. Favorable; pleasing; auspicious: as, a bright
prospect.
Give up the promise of bright days that cast -
A glory on your nation from afar. Bryant, Spain.
683
9. In painting, luminous; glittering; full of
light. A picture is said to be bright when the lights so
much prevail as to overcome the shadows, and are kept
so clear and distinct as to produce an effect of brilliancy.
10. Nawt., alert; vigilant.
Keep a bright lookout there forwards ! Cooper.
=Syn. 1, Glowing, lustrous, gleaming, radiant, effulgent.
– 6. Acute, intelligent, discerning.—8. Promising, en-
Couraging.
bright:1+, adv. [K ME. brighte, brigte, brihte, K
briht, bright: see bright!, a.] Brightly. Chaucer.
brightl (brit), n. [K ME. bright, brigt, K AS.
byrhtu, birhtu (= OHG. berahti), f., bearht,
neut., brightness, K bearht, bright: see bright:1,
a.] £rightness.
- Darkness we calle the nyght,
And lith ſlight] also the bright.
Towneley Mysteries, p. 1.
brightli (brit), v. t. [KME. brighten, brihten (with
reg. inf. Suffix -en), KAS. byrhtan, be bright,
geberhtan, make bright (= OHG. giberehton =
Goth. gabairhijan, make bright), K bearht,
'bright.] To make bright; brighten.
bright?t, v. i. See brite.
bright-cut (brit’kut), a. Engraved or chased
So as to show the brightness of the material as
left by the tool; not polished or colored.
brighten (bri’tn), v. [K brightl + -en 1. Cf.
bright!, v.] I. intrans. To grow bright or more
bright; become less dark or gloomy: literally
or figuratively.
Like the Sun emerging from a cloud,
Her countenance brightens, and her eye expands.
Wor h, Laodamia.
The great sweep of the Coliseum, with the blue sky
brightening through its upper tier of arches.
Hawthorne, Marble Faun, i.
II. trans. 1. To make bright or brighter in
any manner; shed light on; make to shine;
increase the luster of.
Her celestial eyes
Adorn the world and brighten up the skies. Dryden.
brightsomeness (brit’ Sum-nes), n.
Brigittine (brij'i-tin), n. and a.
brignole (bré-nyól'), m. [.
'brigoset (bri-gós'), a.
brigoust, a. -
brig-schooner (brig'skö"nér), m.
brilliance
Out of my jewelry, choose thy choice of diamonds,
Till thou find some as brightsome as thine eyes.
Chapman, Blind Beggar.
Great
brightness; brilliancy.
The brightgomeness of the Gospel was dimmed in be-
coming shorn of many of its grace-working Ordinances.
Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 283.
bright-work (brit’werk), n. Naut., those metal

objects about the decks of a vessel which are
kept bright by polishing.
[Also Bridget-
time, Bridgittine, Brigettine, etc., K. Brigitta, Lat-
inized form of Ir. Brighid, E. Bridget, + -ine1.]
I. n. 1. A member of an order of nuns and
monks established by St. Brigitta (Bridget), a
Swedish princess, about 1344, under the Augus-
tinian rule. The nuns (who were much the more nu-
merous) and monks dwelt in contiguous houses, under the
temporal government of a prioress. Before the Refor-
mation the order had spread into many countries of Eu-
rope; and there are still a few houses of Brigittine nuns,
including one in England founded at a recent period by an
English community that was transferred to Portugal in
Queen Elizabeth's time. - e
2. A member of a conventual order of virgins
founded by St. Bridget of Ireland in the sixth
century, which existed for several centuries in
various parts of Europe.
II. a. Pertaining to St. Brigitta or to the or-
der founded by her: as, Brigittine indulgence.
F., K. Brignoles, a
town in the department of War, France, cele-
brated for its prunes...] A variety of the com-
mon plum furnishing the dried fruits known as
Provence prunes or French plums.
[Early mod. E. also bri-
gous; K ML. brigosus (It. brigoso), K briga, con-
tention: see brigue.] Contentious.
Very lyrigose and severe.
T. Puller, Moderation of the Church of Eng., p. 324.
See brigose.
Same as her—
2. To dispel gloom from; cheer; make gay or maphrodite brig (which see, under brig.2).
cheerful: as, to brighten prospects.
This makes Jack brighten up the room wherever he
enters, and changes the severity of the company into . . .
gaiety and good humour. Steele, Tatler, No. 206.
3. To make illustrious or more distinguished;
heighten the splendor of; add luster to.
The present queen would brighten her character if she
would exert her authority to instil virtues into her people, briguet (brég), v. i.
Swift.
4. To make acute or witty; sharpen the facul-
ties of.-5. To add brilliancy to the colors of
(prints, etc.), by boiling in a solution of soda
or immersing (silk) in dilute acetic acid.
brightening (brit’ning), n. [Verbaln. of bright-
em, v.] 1. The flash of light which passes over
the surface of the melted metal when lead
containing silver is assayed on a cupel in a
Imuffle. At the moment of the brightening, the assay,
which had before been in rapid motion, becomes perfectly
quiet. This occurs as soon as the last trace of lead has
been absorbed by the cupel.
2. In dyeing, same as blooming 1, 2.
right-harnessed (brit’hār"nest), a.
bright armor. Milton.
brighthood: (brit’huá), n. [ME, brighthod; K
brightl + -hood.] Brightness.
The bemes of my brighthode arbyrnande so bryghte.
York Plays, p. 3.
brightish (bri’tish), a. [K brightl + -ish 1.]
Somewhat bright.
brightly (brit’li), adv. [K ME, brilltly, briht-
liche, KAS. brihtlice, bedrhtlice, K bedrht, bright.]
In a bright manner; splendidly; with luster;
cheerfully.
A substitute shines brightly as a king,
Until a king be by. Shak., M. of W., v. i.
And Enoch faced this morning of farewell
Brightly and boldly. Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
brightness (brit’nes), n. [K ME. brightnes,
brihtnesse, etc., KAS. bedrhtnes (= OHG. beraht-
missi), K bedrht + -mes: see brightl and -mess.] 1.
The state or quality of being bright; splendor;
luster; glitter: as, “the brightness of the sun,”
Acts xxvi. 13.—2. Acuteness of intellect or
faculty; sharpness of wit.
The brightness of his parts . .
3. Cheer; cheerfulness.
Vex'd with the present moment's heavy gloom,
Why seek ye brightness from the years to come?
Prior, Solomon, iii.
=Syn. 1. Brilliancy, effulgence.—2. Acumen, mother-wit,
ingenuity. e *
right's clause, disease.
brightsome (brit’sum), a.
Very bright; brilliant.
Having
... distinguished him.
Prior.
See clause, disease.
[K brightl + -some.]
briguet (brég), m.
brike1+, m.
brike?t, n.
brill (bril), m.
*pearl; prob. K Corn. brilli, mackerel, contracted
brillante (brèl-län’te), a.
[F., a cabal, intrigue, etc.,
OF, brigue (> ME. brige) = It. briga = Pg. briga
= Sp. Pr. brega (ML. briga), quarrel, conten-
tion, strife, etc. Cf. brigand.] A cabal; an
intrigue; a faction; contention.
The politicks of the court, the brigues of the cardinals,
the tricks of the conclave. Chesterfield.
[K F. briguer; from the
Inoun: see brigue, m.] To canvass; intrigue.
Our adversaries, by briguing and caballing, have caused
so universal a defection from us. Swift, Tale of a Tub, i.
I am too proud to brigue for admission. Bp. Hurd.
A Middle English variant of brickl
and breach.
Genylon Oliver . . .
Broughte this worthy king in swich a brike.
Chaucer, Monk's Tale, 1. 400.
A Middle English form of brick2.
[Also written prill, E. dial.
from brithelli, pl. of brithel, a mackerel, lit.
spotted, K brith, spotted, speckled, = W. brych,
brech = Ir. Gael. breac, speckled. Cf. Ir. Gael.
breac, a trout, Manx brack, a trout, a mackerel.
Fish-names are unstable.] A flatfish, Bothus
or Rhombus lavis, of the family Pleuronectidae.
In its general form it resembles the turbot, but is inferior
to it in both size and quality. It has scales, but very
small ones, and the dorsal and anal fins have more numer-
ous rays than those of the turbot. It is taken on many
of the coasts of Europe, the principal part of the supply
for the London market being from the southern coast of
Dngland, where it is abundant.
[It., = F. brillant:
see brilliant.] In music, brilliant: noting a
passage to be executed in a brilliant, dashing,
showy, or spirited manner.
brilliance, brilliancy (bril’yans, -yan-si), m. [K
brilliant: see -ance, -amcy.] The quality of
being brilliant; great brightness; splendor;
luster: as, the brilliance of the diamond.
Stal"
The black earth with brilliance rare.
Tennyson, Ode to Memory, ii.
2. Figuratively, remarkable excellence or dis-
tinction; admirable or splendid quality or qual-
ities; absolutely, conspicuous mental ability or
an exhibition of it. [In this sense brilliancy is
more commonly used.]
The author does not attempt to polish and brighten his
composition to the Ciceronian gloss and brilliancy.
Macaulay.
When the circulation has been artificially exalted by
stimulants, there is an easy and rapid current of thoughts,
showing itself in what we describe as unusual brilliancy.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 102.
=Syn. Effulgence, Luster, etc. See radiance.
brilliant
Yºr •.
brilliant (bril’yant), a. and n. [K F. brillant
(E. -llä- = -ly-, repr, the former sound of F. -ll-),
Fº of briller = Pr: Sp. brillar = Pg. brilhar =
t. brillare, glitter, sparkle, K ML. as if *beril-
lare, sparkle like a beryl or other precious
stone, K L. berillus, beryllus, a beryl, gem, eye-
glass; cf. It. dial. brill, a beryl, M.L. brillum,
an eyeglass, X G. brille, D. bril, spectacles: see
beryl.] I. a. 1. Sparkling with light or luster;
glittering; bright: as, a brilliant gem; a bril-
liant dress.
A current of electricity is . . . capable of stimulating
the Optic nerve in such a way that brilliant colours are
perceived, although the experiment is made in perfect
darkness. - Rood, Modern Chromatics, p. 95.
2. Figuratively, distinguished by admirable
qualities; splendid; shining: as, a brilliant wit;
a brilliant achievement.
Washington was more solicitous to avoid fatal mistakes
than to perform brilliant exploits. Annes.
The Austrians were driven back [at Goito] with heavy
loss, the issue of the battle being decided by a brilliant
charge of the Cuneo brigade, commanded by the Crown
Prince in person. E. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 83.
=Syn. 1. Lustrous, radiant, effulgent, resplendent, showy,
conspicuous. –2. Illustrious, notable.
II. m. [Cf. F. brillant, a diamond.] 1. The
form in which the diamond and other precious
stones are cut when intended to be used as or-
naments, whenever the shape and cleavage of
the uncut stone allow this to be done without
too much loss of material. The brilliant is suscep-
tible of many small modifications as regards the size, pro-
portions, and even the number of the facets; but in the
most perfect cut there are 58 facets. The general shape of
all brilliants is that of two pyramidsumited at their bases,
the upper one being so truncated as to give a large plane
º
a
F | G-. 1 .
sº
F| G-, 4-.
3. b ~
FI G. 5.
al b C
4:33 º
AºE
2: .
§§. A
'b
C
al
surface, the lower one terminating almost in a point. The
manner in which the brilliant is derived from the funda-
mental octahedral form (a in fig. 1) is shown in fig. 1, b
and c. The uppermost large flat surface is called the table,
brilliolette
684.
and is formed by removing one third of the thickness of the
stone; the opposite small end, called the culet or collet,
is formed by removing one eighteenth of the thickness of
the stone. The girdle is the widest part, and forms the
junction-line between the upper part, called the crown,
and the lower part, called the pavilion. Fig. 2 shows the
top (a), side (b), and back (c) views of a modern brilliant
cut with 58 facets. T is the table; C, the culet; G, the
girdle; A, the templets or bezels (of which there are 4 in
all); B, the upper quoins or lozenges (of which there are
4); S, star-facets (of which there are 8 in the crown); E,
skill- or half-facets (8 in the crown and the same number
in the pavilion); D, cross- or skew-facets (8 in each part);
P, pavilion-facets (4 in number); Q, lower or under-side
quoins (of which there are 4)—making 58 facets in all.
Sometimes extra facets are cut around the culet, making
66 in all. In fig. 3, a and b show top and side views of the
single cut, or half brilliant; c is a top view of the old Eng-
lish single cut. In fig. 4, a, b, and c show top, side, and
back views of a brilliant with 42 facets. In fig. 5, a, b, and
c show top, side, and back views of the split or double bril-
liant, with 74 facets. In fig. 6, a, b, and c show top, side,
and back views of the Portuguese cut, which has two rows
of rhomboidal and three rows of triangular facets above
and below the girdle. In fig. 7, a gives a side view of the
double rose, sometimes called the briolette when several
more rows of triangular facets are added. Fig. 8 shows
Fig. 8.- Regent Diamond.
(Size of the original.)
the form and size of the famous Regent diamond, belong-
ing to the government of France. It weighs 1363 carats,
and is generally considered the most valuable diamond
known, having been estimated by experts at twelve mil-
lion francs. It comes very near being a perfect brilliant
in form, but is a little too thick or deep for its breadth,
while the Koh-i-moor, as cut since it came into the posses-
sion of the Queen of England, is too thin or spread. Any
gem may be cut in brilliant form; but when the word bril-
liant is used by itself, it is always understood to mean a
diamond. *
2. The smallest regular size of printing-type,
about 20 lines to the inch, very rarely used.
This lino in not in brilliant.
3. In the manège, a brisk, high-spirited horse,
with stately action.—4. A bright light used
in fireworks.-5. A cotton fabric with a raised
pattern figured in the loom, and with or with-
out a design in colors.--Double brilliant, or Lis-
bon cut, a form with two rows of jozenge shaped squares
and three rows of triangular facets.-Half-brilliant cut,
the most simple form of the brilliant cut (see above), very
generally employed for stones which are too small to ad-
mit of numerous facets.--Trap-brilliant, or split-bril-
liant, a form differing from the full brilliant in having
the foundation squares divided horizontally into two tri-
angular facets, forming an obtuse angle when viewed in
elevation (see above).
brilliantly (bril’yant-li), adv. In a brilliant
manner; Splendidly. e
One of these [banners] is most brilliantly displayed.
g T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, II. 56.
brilliantness (bril’yant-nes), n. The state or
quality of being brilliant; brilliancy; splen-
dor; glitter. -
brillolette (bril-yô-let', -ó-let’),
m. [F. brillolºgie, K brill-ant, brilliant, +-olette.
See briolette.] Same as briolette.
brills (brilz), m. pl. [Cf. G. brille, D. bril, spec-
tacles: see brilliant.] The hair on the eyelids
of a horse.
briml#, n. [ME. brim, K AS. brim, the sea,
ocean, flood (= Icel, brim, sea, Surf), Orig. per-
haps the (roaring) surf, K “brimmam, strong
verb, X bremmam, weak verb, roar (see brim3),
MHG. brimmen, strong verb (X brum men,
weak verb, G. brum men = D. brommen, hum,
buzz, growl, grumble); cf. OHG. breman, MHG.
bremen, strong verb, roar, buzz, = L. fremere,
roar, rage, - Gr. 6pégetv, roar, X 6póſtog, a roar-
ing, esp. of waves, = Skt. V bhram, wander,
whirl, flutter, be agitated. Hence comp. brim-
Sand.] The sea; ocean; water; flood.
In middes the brig was ouer the brim.
Legends of the Holy Rood (ed. Morris), p. 125.
He . . . lepith dune into the brimme.
Early Eng. Poems (ed. Furnivall), p. 156,
brim? (brim), n. [K ME, brim, brem, brym,
brimme, brymme, margin, esp. of a river, lake,
or sea (= MHG. brem, border, brim, G. dial.
(Bay.) brām, border, stripe, G. bräme, brame,
border, edge, X F. berme, E. berm, q, v.; cf.
Icel. barmr-Sw, brām = Dan. bramme, border,
edge, brim); usually explained as a particular
use of ME, brim, KAS. brim, the sea, ocean, the
sea as surf (hence brink, brim): see briml.] 1.
tºmº
mºms
brimful
A brink, edge, or margin; more especially, the
line of junction between a body of water and
its bank, or between the bank and the adjoin-
ing level: as, to descend to the brim of a lake;
the river is full to the brim.
There is a cliff [at Dover}: . . .
Bring me but to the very brim of it.
Shale., Lear, iv. 1.
By dimpled brook and fountain brim.
ilton, Comus, l, 119.
New stars all night above the brim,
Of waters lighten’d into view;
They climb’d as quickly, for the rim
Changed every moment as we flew.
* Tennyson, Voyage, st. 4.
2. The upper edge of anything hollow: as, the
brim of a cup.
He froth'd his bumpers to the brim.
, Tennyson, Death of the Old Year.
3. A projecting edge, border, or rim round any-
thing hollow: as, the brim of a hat.
And therefore would he put his bonnet on,
Under whose brim, the gaudy sun would peep.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, l. 1088.
Should the heart closer shut as the bonnet grows prim,
And the face grow in length as the hat grows in brim,3
Whittier, The Quaker Alumni.
Brim of the pelvis, in amat., the upper orifice or inlet of
the pelvis, formed by the upper border of the symphysis
pubis, the iliopectineal line of each ilium, and the prom-
§ of the sacrum. =Syn. See rim. tº
brim? (brim), v.; pret. and pp. brimmed, ppr.
brimming. [K brim2, n.] I, trans. To fill to the
brim, upper edge, or top. -
One brave June morning, when the bluff north-west . . .
Brimmed the great cup of heaven with sparkling cheer.
Lowell, Under the Willows.
I drink the cup of a costly death,
Brimm'd with delirious draughts of warmest life.
Tennyson, Eleånore, st. 8.
II. intrans. 1. To be full to the brim; as, a
brimming glass.-2. To coast along near; skirt.
[Rare.]
Where I brim round flowery islands. Keats.
To brim over, to run over the brim; overflow: often used
in a figurative sense.
He was also absolutely brimming over with humour.
- Edinburgh Rev.
brim3 (brim), v. i.; pret. and pp. brimmed, ppr.
brimming. [Early mod. E. brimme, KME. brym-
men, be in heat, orig. roar (cf. rut? for a simi-
lar development of sense): see briml..] To be
in heat, as a boar or sow. [Prov. Eng.]
Now bores gladly brymmeth.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 98.
brimáf gº a. [Early mod. E. also breeme,
breme, K. M.E. brim, brym, brem, brimme, brymme,
and with orig. long vowel, bryme, breme, KAS.
brème, brijme, ONorth. broeme, celebrated, fa-
mous.] I. Famous; celebrated; well known;
notorious. Warner.—2. Violent; fierce; terri-
ble; sharp.
The noyse of peple up stirte thanne at ones
As breme as blase of straw iset on fyre.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 155.
Thistles thikke
And breres brymme for toº
&om. of the Rose, l. 1835.
And now sith these tidings haue come hither so brim of
y” great Turks enterprise into these partes here, we can
almost neither talke nor thinke of any other thing els.
Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 3.
I also heard a violent storm described as very brim, a
word which I had supposed to be obsolete in this sensé.
N. amd Q., 7th ser., II. 268.
3. Strong; powerful.
The child . . . was a big barm, & breme of his age.
William of Palerne, 1. 18.
4. Sharp; acute.
Andº the stones and of the sterres thow studyest, as I
eue,
HOW euere beste or brydde hath so breme wittes.
Piers Plowman (B), xii. 224.
brimö (brim), n. [Appar. a var. of bream1.] A
fish of the family Centrarchidae, the long-eared
Sunfish, Lepomis awritus.
brimº (brim), n. [Appar, a var. of brine2, q.
v. Cf. Sc. brime = E. brine1.j The forehead.
[North. Eng.]
brime (brim), n. A Scotch form of brinel.
brimfillf (brim'fil), v. t. [K brim2 + fill1.] To
fill to the top. Crashaw.
brimfiref, m. [ME. brimfir, º K brim- (K.
brinnen, brennen, burn) + fire, fire. Cf. brim-
stone..] Sulphur.
Towarde Sodome he sag the roke
And the brimfires stinken smoke.
Gemesis and Earodws, l. 1153.
brimful (brim’fül’), a. [K brim2 + full.] Full
to the brim or top; completely full: rarely used
attributively: as, a glass brimful of wine;
“brimful of sorrow,” Shak., Tempest, v. 1; “her











brimful
brimful eyes,” Dryden, Sigismonda and Guis-
cardo., º
. My heart
Brimful of those wild tales.
Tennyson, Fair Women.
brimfulness (brimfül'nes), n. The state of
#. brimful; fullness to the top. º
brimless (brim’les), a. [Körim2 + -less.] Hav-
ing no brim; as, a brimless hat.
brimly!, adv. Earl mod. E. also breemly, breme-
ly, K M’É. brymly, bremly, bremely; K brim.4 +
-ly?..] 1. Violently; fiercely; terribly.
The kynge blyschit [looked] one the beryne with his brode
That #. % for breth brynte as the gledys
!/ y #.ºre, 1. 116.
2. Hastily; quickly.
Brymly before us be thai broght
out déâes that shalie dam us bidene.
Towneley Mysteries, p. 105.
3. Loudly. -
Priddes ful bremely on the bowes singe.
William of Palerne, 1. 23.
Thou hast blown thy blast breemlye abroad.
Percy Fol. MS., iii. 71.
brimmelf, brimme”. See brim; brimº, etc.
brimmed (brimd), p. a. [K brim2 + -ed?..] 1.
º brim; in composition, having a brim
of the kind specified: as, a broad-brimmed hat.
—2. Filled to the brim; level with the brim.
May thy brimmed waves for this
Their full tribute never miss.
Milton, Comus, 1.924.
brimmer ſº m. [K brim2, n., + -erl.]
1. A bowl full to the top.
Dear brimmer / that makes our husbands short-sighted.
Wycherley, Country Wife, v. 1.
When healths go round, and kindly brimmers flow.
- Dryden, tr. of Lucretius, iii. 99.
2. A broad-brimmed hat. [Rare.]
Now takes his brimmer off. A. Brome, Songs.
brimming (brim’ing), n. [Verbal n. of brim2,
v.; the allusion is to the foaming and spar-
kling of water when it brims over.] An Eng-
lish name for the gleam exhibited at night by a
school of herrings.
brimmle (brim’l), n.
bramble,
brimnessł (brim’nes), m. [ME. bremmes; K brim
+ -ness.] Fierceness; rage.
At Mid Aprille, the mone when myrthes begyn,
The season full softe of the salt water,
And the bremºves abated of the brode ythes [waves].
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), l. 1066.
brim-sand (brim'sand), n. [K briml -F sand.]
Sea-sand. [Prov. Eng.]
brimse (brimz), m. [E. dial., also written brims,
formerly brimsey; not found in M.E. or AS.,
though an AS. form “brimsa is generally cited,
and was possibly existent as the orig. form of
breezel, AS. briosa, bredsa : see breezel, where
forms cognate with brimse are given.] Agadfly:
same as breezel. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng. (Kent).]
brimsey?, ?. Same as brimse. Cotgrave; Topsell.
brimstone (brim'stön), m. and a... [K ME. brim-
ston, brymston, bremston, brumston, corrupt
forms of brimston, brynston, brenston, brunston,
bronston, transposed bernston, bornston, etc. (=
Icel, brennisteinn; cf. Sc. brunstane, bruntstane,
etc.), K brim-, bren- (AS. berme- in bernelāc, a
burnt-offering) (K brinnen, brennen, AS. *brin-
man, burn), + ston, stone. Cf. brimfire.] I. m.
1. Sulphur; specifically, sulphur in a concrete
or solidified state, or reduced from that state:
as, roll-brimstone; fluid brimstone.
Both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with
brimstone. Rev. xix. 20.
2. The brimstone butterfly. Newman. [Colloq.
or prov. Eng.]—Vegetable brimstone, a name given
to the inflammable spores of species of Lycopodium, em-
ployed in the preparation of fireworks.
II. a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or made of brim-
stone: as, brimston.6 matches.
Trom his brimstone bed at break of day
A-walking the devil has gone.
Coleridge, The Devil's Thoughts.
2. Sulphur-yellow in color; resembling brim-
stone or sulphur in color; bright-yellow.—
Brimstone butterfly, a species of butterfly, º:
rhamni, marked by the angulation of the Wing-tips, by the
yellow color of both sexes, and by a red spot in the middle
of each wing. See cut in next column.— Brimstone
moth, a lepidopterous insect, Rumia crataegata, .#
yellow wings with light streaks, and chestnut-colore
spots on the fore wings.
brimstone-wort (brim 'stön-wért), m. Um-
belliferous plants, Peucedanum officinale and
P. palustre, the roots of which yield a yellow
sap which quickly becomes hard and dry and
smells not unlike brimstone.
A dialectal variant of
685 &
Brimstone Butterfly (Gone?teryx rhamrtz), natural size.
brimstony (brim'stó-ni), a. [K brimstone + -y1.]
1 of or containing brimstone; resembling
brimstone; sulphurous: as, “brimstony, blue
and fiery,” B. Jónson, Aïchemist, iv. 3."frare.j
brinlf, v. An obsolete variant of burn 1. Chaucer.
brin” (brin), n. [F., a blade, shoot; origin un-
*known.] One of the radiating sticks of a fan.
brincht (brinch), v. i. [Also written brince, ear-
ly mod. E. brynch, also brindice, K It. brindisi,
brindesi (Florio), F. brinde, formerly bringue
(Cotgrave), a drinking to, a toast.] To drink
in answer to a pledge; pledge one in drinking.
brinded (brinºded), a. [Same as E. dial. and
Sc. branded, of a reddish-brown color with
streaks or patches of darker brown or black
(> brandie, a name often given to cows in Scot-
land); the vowel modified, appar. after Icel.
brónd- in deriv. bröndottr, brinded, as a cow,
for “brandóttr (cf. brand-krossóttr, brinded with
a white cross on the forehead), K brandr = E.
brand. Thus brinded, as above, is nearly equiv.
to branded, pp. of brand, v. : see brand.] 1.
Properly, of a gray or tawny color marked with
bars or streaks of a darker hue; brindled: ap-
plied more loosely to any animal having a hide
variegated by streaks or spots, and by Milton
to the lioness, whose hide is of a nearly uni-
form hue: as, “the brinded cat,” Shak., Mac-
º iv. 1; “three brinded cows,” Dryden, Cock
all Cl is OX.
She tamed the brinded lioness
And spotted mountain-pard.
Milton, Comus, l. 443.
The brinded catamount, that lies
High in the boughs to watch his prey.
Bryant, Hunter of the Prairies.
2. In her., spotted: said of a beast used as a
bearing.
brindle (brin’dl), n. [Assumed from brindled.]
1. The state of being brinded; a color or mix-
ture of colors, of which gray is the base, with
bands of a darker gray or black color: as, “a
natural brindle,” Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe.
—2. A name of the mudfish or bowfin, Amia
calva. See cut under Amiidae.
brindled (brin’dld), a. [A kind of dim. form of
brinded.] Brinded; variegated with streaks of
different colors.
And there the wild-cat's brindled hide
The frontlet of the elk adorns.
Scott, L. of the L., i. 27.
brindle-moth (brin’dl-móth), m. A name given
y some British collectors to moths of the ge-
*nus Xylophasia. *
brinel (brin), n., [= Sc. (irreg.) brine, K ME.
brine, bryme, KAS. bryme (= M.D. brijm), brine,
salt liquor; a particular use of bryme (early ME.
rume=Icel. bruni), a burning, K*brinnam, burn:
see brin1, burn 1.] 1. Water saturated or strong-
ly impregnated with salt, like the water of the
ocean; Salt Water. Artificial brine is used for the
preservation of the flesh of animals, fish, vegetables, etc.
2. The sea as a body of salt water; the ocean.
The air was calm, and on the level brine
Sleek Panope with all her sisters play’d.
Milton, Lycidas, l. 98.
3. Tears.
What a deal of brine
Hath wash'd thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline !
Shak., R. and J., ii. 3.
brinel (brin), v. t. ; pret, and pp. brined, ppr.
brining. [K brinel, n.] 1. To steep in brine, as
' corn, in order to prevent Smut.—2. To mix
salt with; make briny: as, to brine hay.
If he wrung from me a tear, I brin'd it so
With scorn or shame, that him it nourish’d not.
Domme, Love's Diet.
brine2+, m. [Cf. North. E. brim, the forehead;
K ME. bryne, brow, K Icel. brûn, pl. brjnn, mod.
brjr, brow, = Sw. Dan. brym, brow: , see brow.]
The eyebrow.
Bryne or brow of the eye, supercilium.
Prompt. Parv., p. 51.
bring
brine3 (brin), v. [E. dial.; cf. equiv. dial. brim;
appar. corruptions of bring.] To bring: as, to
brine it hither. [Prov. Eng. (Norfolk).]
brine-pan (brin’pan), n. A pit in which salt
water is evaporated to obtain the salt.
brine-pit (brin’pit), n. A salt spring or well
from which water is taken to be boiled or evap-
orated for making salt.
brine-pump (brin’pump), n. A pump employed
in some steam-vessels to clear the boiler of the
brine which collects at the bottom of it.
brine-shrimp (brin'shrimp), n. A small bran-
chiopodous crustacean, Artemia Salina, found
in brackish water and in brine. See Artemia.
Also called brine-worm.
brine-spring (brin’spring), n. A spring of Salt
W3,562F.
brine-valve (brin’valv), n. A blow-off valve
for removing concentrated salt water from a
steam-boiler.
brine-worm (brin'werm), m.
*Shrimp.
bring (bring), v. t. ; pret. and pp. brought, ppr.
bringing. [K ME. bringen, occasionally brengen
(pret. broghte, brohte, etc.), KAS. bringan (strong
present, with pret. *brang, pl. *brumgon, forms
assumed from the once-occurring pp. brungen),
also brengam (weak present,..with pret. brohte,
pp. broht), - OS. brengian, rarely bringian,
OFries. brenga, bringa = D. brengen = OHG.
bringan, MHG. G. bringen (> Sw. bringa, Dan.
bringe) = Goth. briggan (pret. brahta), bring.
The forms are prevailingly weak; the strong
forms are prob. assumed after the analogy of
verbs like sing, swing, etc.; so in Sc. and vul-
gar E. pret. brang, brung.] 1. To bear, con-
vey, or take along in coming; take to the placo
where the receiver is, or where the bearer stays
or abides; fetch: as, bring it hither, or to me;
to bring a book home.
Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread. 1 Ki. xvii. 11.
Same as brine-
Bring me spices, bring me wine.
Tennyson, Vision of Sin, iv.
She from a carved press brought him linen fair,
And a new-woven coat a king might wear.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 295.
2. To cause to come or accrue; be the means
of conveying possession of ; impart ; devolve
upon : as, the transaction brought great profit;
his wife brought him a large dowry.
She shall bring him [in marriage] that
Which he not dreams of. Shak., W. T., iv. 4.
Music that brings sweet sleep.
Tennyson, Choric Song, i.
3. To cause to come or pass, as to a new place,
state, or condition; impel; draw on; lead: as,
to bring one to a better mind.
The fortress . . . shall he bring . . . to the ground.
Isa. XXV. 12.
God had brought their counsels to naught. Neh. iv. 15.
We bring to one dead level ev'ry mind.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 268.
Profitable employments would be a diversion, if men
could but be brought to delight in them. Locke.
4. To aid in coming or passing, as to one's
home or destination; conduct; attend; accom-
pany.
Yet give leave, my lord,
That we may bring you something on the way.
Shak., M. for MI., i. 1.
5. To convey or put forth as a product; bear
or be the bearer of ; yield: as, the land brings
good harvests.
Because she brought him none but girls, she thought
Her husband loved her mot. B. Jomson, New Inn, i. 1.
6. To convey to the mind or knowledge; make
known on coming, or coming before one ; bear
or impart a declaration of.
Be thou there until I bring thee word.
What accusation bring ye against this man 2
John Xviii. 29.
7. To fetch or put forward before a tribunal;
make a presentation of ; institute; declare in
or as if in court: as, to bring an action or an
indictment against one ; the jury brought the
prisoner in guilty.
I'll bring mine action on the proudest he
That stops my way. Shak., T. of the S., iii. 2.
A friend of mine here was doubting whether he should
bring an action against two persons on so unfortunate a
day as Saturday. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 340.
8. To cause to become; make to be.
I was brought acquainted with a . Burgundian Jew who
had married an apostate Kentish woman.
Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 28, 1641.
To bring about, to effect; accomplish,
Mat. iii. 13.

bring
. It enabled him to gain the most vain and impracticable
into his designs, and to bring about several great events
for the advantage of the public. Addison, Freeholder.
Yes, yes, 'faith, they're agreed—he's caught, he's en-
tangled — my dear Carlos, we have brought it about.
Sheridan, The Duenna, ii. 4.
To bring a chain cable to, to put it round the capstan
ready for heaving up the alichor.—To bring a nest of
hornets about one’s ears. See hornet.—To bring a
person to his *:::: See bearing.— To bring a ship
to anchor, to let go the anchor.—To bring by the lee
(naut.), to have the wind come suddenly on the lee side,
OWing to the yawing of the vessel, a sudden change in the
Wind's direction, or the bad steering of the helmsman.—
To bring down. (a) To take down; cause to come down;
lower. (b) To humiliate; abase. Shale. (c) To cause to
fall; hence, of game, to kill. [Colloq.]
By my valour ! there is no merit in killing him so near:
do, my dear Sir Lucius, let me bring him down at a long
shot. Sheridan, The Rivals, v. 3.
To bring down the house, to elicit a burst of applause
or laughter from those present, as in acting or public
Speaking.—To bring far ben. See beml.—TO bring
forth. (a) To produce, as young or fruit ; hence, give rise
; be the cause of.
Idleness and luxury bring forth poverty and want.
- Tillotson.
(b) To bring to light; disclose; reveal.
The heavens have thought well on thee, .
To bring forth this discovery.
Shale., All's Well, v. 3.
To bring forward. (a) To produce to view; cause to ad-
vance. (b) To adduce: as, to bring forward arguments in
support of a scheme.—To bring grist to the mill. See
grist.—To bring home to. (a) To prove conclusively
to belong or be applicable to or be true of, as a charge
of any kind. (b) To impress upon the feeling; cause to
be felt : as, he brought it home to them very vividly; in
preaching, strive to bring the truth home to the hearers.
Several prisoners to whom Jeffreys was unable to bring
home the charge of high treason were convicted of misde-
IIléall Olli’S. Macaulay, Hist. Eng.
To bring in, (a) To bring from another place, or from
without to within a certain precinct.
Look you bring me in the mannes of some six or seven.
Shak., M. for M., ii. 1.
(b) To supply; furnish ; yield : especially used in speak-
ing of a revenue, rent, or income produced from a certain
SOUll'Ce.
The sole measure of all his courtesies is, what return
they will make him, and what revenue they will bring º
tn. Owth.
(c) To introduce ; especially, to introduce to the notice of
a legislature: as, to bring in a bill.
Cain was not therefore the first murderer, but Adam,
who brought in death. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 4.
Since he could not have a seat among them himself, he
would bring in one who had more merit. Tatler.
(d) To place in a particular condition or station.
But he protests he loves you;
And needs no other suitor but his likings . . .
To bring you in again [namely, to your former office].
Shak., Othello, iii. 1.
(ef) To reduce within the limits of law and government.
Perforce bring in all that rebellious rout.
Spemser, State of Ireland.
To bring off. (a) To bear or convey from a place; rescue:
as, to bring off men from a wreck.
A brave young fellow, of a matchless spirit !
He brought me off like thunder, charg'd and boarded,
As if he had been shot to save mine honour.
Beau. and Fl., Knight of Malta, ii. 1.
(b) To procure to be acquitted; clear from condemnation;
cause to escape. (c) To dissuade ; change, as from an opin-
ion or purpose; cause to abandon.
'Tis a foolish thing for me to be brought off from an
Opinion in a thing neither of us know.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 79.
To º on. (a) To bear or convey or cause to be con-
veyed with one from a distance: as, to bring on a quantity
of goods. (b) To cause to begin : as, to bring on a battle.
All commanders were cautioned against bringing om an
engagement. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 373.
(c) To originate or cause to exist: as, to bring on a disease.
(d) To induce; lead on.
With a crafty madness, keeps aloof,
When we would bring him on to some confession.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1.
To bring one’s nose to the grindstone. See grind-
gtone.—To bring out. (a) To expose; detect ; bring to
light from concealment: as, to bring out one's baseness.
(b) To find by calculation or argument; deduce ; infer.
The more strictly Mr. Gladstone reasons on his premises,
the more absurd are the conclusions which he brings out.
Macaulay, Gladstone on Church and State.
(c) To publish: as, to bring out a new edition of a book.--
To bring over. (a) To carry over; bear across: as, to
bring over despatches; to bring over passengers in a boat.
(b) ſo convert by persuasion or other means; draw to a
new party; cause to change sides or an opinion.
What did I not undergo of danger in this negotiation to
have brought him over to his Majesty's interest, when it
was intirely in his hands ! Evelyn, Diary, May 24, 1660.
The Protestant clergy will find it perhaps no difficult
matter to bring great numbers over to the church. Swift.
To bring round. (a) To persuade : 43, I will under-
take to bring him round to your view8. (b) To lead up to
in an indirect manner: as, he brought round the conver-
sation to his favorite topic. ... (c) To recover, as from a
swoon.—To bring to. (a) To bring back to conscious-
ness. as a person partly drowned. (b) Naut.: (1) To heave
to ; force (another ship) to heave to or stop. (2) To bend
686
(a sail) to its yard or gaff.--To bring to bag, in hunting,
to kill.— To b to bear, or to bear upon. (a) To
cause to have influence or effect, or to operate upon.
Every author has a way of his own in bringing his points
to bear. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, i. 9.
All powerful action is performed by bringing the forces
of mature to bear wipon our objects. Emersom, Art.
No force of imagination that I can bring to bear will
avail to cast out the youth of that very imagination which
endeavours to depict its latter days.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 230.
(b) To bring into range, or the range of: as, to bring a gun
to bear wyom a target.—To bring to book, See boole.—To
bring to gaff. See gaff.--To bring to light, to bring
into view; reveal.—To bring to mind, to recall, as what
has been forgotten or What is not present to the mind.—
To bring to pass, to cause to come to pass; effect.
The thing is established by God, and God will shortly
bring it to pass. Gen. xli. 32.
To bring to the gangway. See gangway.—To bring
to the hammer. See hammer.—To bring under, to
subdue ; repress; restrain; reduce to obedience.
The Minstrel fell !—but the foeman's chain
Could not bring his proud soul wºnder.
Moore, Minstrel Boy.
To bring up. (a) To bear, convey, or lift upward. (b)
In printing, to give the proper light and shade to, as a
print of an engraving, by means of a suitable distribu-
tion of pressure in the press, produced by overlays; also,
to equalize the pressure upon, as any part of a form on a
press, by underlaying it with cardboard or paper. (c) In
brisk
briny (bri’ni), a. [K brinel + -y1.] Pertaining
to brine; of the nature of or affected by brine;
salt; salty: as, a briny taste; the briny flood;
briny tears.
Late, with the rising moon, returned the wains from the
marshes, º
Laden with briny hay, that filled the air with its odor.
- Longfellow, Iºvangeline, i. 2.
brioche (bré-6sh'), m. [F., a cake, fig, a blun-
der; origin unknown.] 1. A sort of pastry made
with flour, eggs, and butter.—2. A round and
stuffed cushion for the feet to rest on.—3. A
stitch in knitting, originally used in making
this kind of footstool.
briolet (bri’ê-let), n. See briolette.
briolette (bré-j-let’), n. [KF.briolette, also writ-
ten briollette for brillolette (whence E. also bril-
liolette), K brillant, brilliant: see brilliant..] A
form in which the diamond is sometimes cut;
that form which would result from joining two
rose diamonds back to back and adding several
rows of triangular facets. (See rose and dia-
mond.) Also brilliolette, briolet.
brionin, brionine, n. See bryonin.
briony, n. See bryony.
briquei, n. An obsolete form of brick?.
briquet (bri-ket'; F. pron. brē-kā’), n.
• , 8.
lithog., to make apparent; make visible, as a drawing or a * steel, tinder-box, dim. of brique, brick: see
greasy spot upon the stone. (d) To rear; nurture; care
for during adolescence: used with reference to the needs
of both the body and the mind.
God by this tribulation calleth him, and biddeth him
come home out of the countrey of sinne, that he was bred
and browght vp so long in.
Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 41.
I consider it the best part of an education to have been
born and brought wip in the country. Alcott, Tablets, p. 48.
The noble wish
To save all earnings to the uttermost,
And give his child a better bringing-wp
Than his had been, Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
(e) To introduce to notice or consideration: as, to bring
wp a subject in conversation. (f) To cause to advance
near: as, to bring up forces, or the reserves.
The troops from Corinth were brought wg in time to re-
pel the threatened movement without a battle.
U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 415.
(g) Nawt., to stop (a ship's headway) by letting go an
anchor or by running her ashore. (h) To pull up (a horse);
cause to stop : often with short: as, he browght wip his
horse short (that is, caused it to stop suddenly); hence,
figuratively, to stop suddenly in any career or course of
action ; bring before a magistrate; pull up.
You were well aware that you were committing felony,
and have probably felt tolerably sure at times that you
would some day be brought wip short. Trollope.
To bring up the rear, to move onward in the rear;
form the rear portion.— To bring up With a round
turn (mawt.), to stop (the running of a rope) by taking a
round turn on a belaying-pin or cavil; hence, figurative-
ly, to stop the doing of anything suddenly but effectually.
=Syn. Bring wip, Rear, etc. See raise.
bringer (bring’ér), m. One who brings, in any
sense of the verb.
brinish (briºnish), a. [K brinel + -ish 1.] Like
brine; briny; salt or saltish : as, “her brinish
tears,” Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
brinishness (briºnish-nes), m. The quality of
being brinish or saltish.
brinjal (brin'jāl), n. [Also improp. bringall
= Pg. beringela, K. Ar. badinjan.] The East
Indian name of the fruit of the egg-plant, So-
lanum Melongena.
brinjarree (brin-jar’i),. n. [Anglo-Ind., also
written brinjaree, K Hind. birinjäri, a camp-
following dealer in rice, K birinj, Pers. birinj,
rice; mixed with Anglo-Ind. benjary, bunjary,
bunjaree, K Hind. banjārī, banjāra (as in the
def.), K Ški. vanij, trade: see banianl, bamyaml.]
In India, a dealer in grain, salt, etc., who car-
ries his goods about from market to market,
especially in the Deccan.
brink (bringk), n. [K ME. brink, brenk, edge, of
LG. or Scand. origin: MLG. LG. brink, brink,
margin, edge, edge of a hill, a hill, - G. dial.
brink, a sward, a grassy hill, - Dan. brink,
edge, verge, – Sw. brink, descent or slope of a
hill, - Icel. brekka for “brenka, a slope; prob.
connected with Icel. bringa, a grassy slope,
orig. the breast, Sw., bringa, breast,
Dan. bringe, chest. Cf. W. bryncyn, a hillock, K
bryn, a hill; cf. bron, the breast, breast of a
hill.] The edge, margin, or border of a steep
place, as of a precipice or the bank of a river;
verge; hence, close proximity: as, “the preci-
pice's brink,” Dryden; to be on the brink of
I’UIIIl.
We understood they were a people almost upon the
very brink of renouncing any dependence on yº Crowne.
Evelyn, Diary, June 6, 1671.
On the farthest brink of doubtful ocean.
I,0twell, Appledore.
*=º
tº-mº
=Syn. See rim,
brick?..] 1. A steel prepared for striking a
light with a flint. In heraldry, as a bearing,
it is almost peculiar to the collar of the Golden
Fleece. See order.—2. A small brick.-3.
Coal-dust molded for fuel into the shape of
bricks or balls. [In the last two senses also
briquette.]
briselt, n. An obsolete spelling of breezel.
brise?t, n. An obsolete spelling of bree2e2.
briseS (briz), n. [Also written brize; K F. brise,
a piece of ground newly broken up for tillage
after lying long untilled, K briser, break; cf.
bruise. Cf. equiv. E. dial. breck.] Ground that
has lain long untilled. Kersey, 1708; Halliwell.
[Prov. #.
brisé (bré-Zā’), a. [F., pp. of briser, break:
see bruise.] In her. : (a) Broken: said of any
|bearing when depicted as torn asunder. (b)
Bearing a mark of cadency or brisure: said of
a shield which is differenced in this way. Also
spelled brizé.
brisement (bréz'ment; F. pron. brēz'moil), n.
[F., K briser, break: see bruise.] In surg., a
breaking Or tearing asunder.—Brisement forcé,
the forcible breaking down of ankylosis.
Brisinga (bri-sing (gå), n. [NL. (P. C. As-
björnsen), named in allusion to Icel. Brisin–
ga, men (AS.
Brosinga (for
*Breosinga)
'meme), the
necklace of
the Brisings,
which figures
in Scand.my-
thology: Bri-
Singa, gen. Of
Brisingr, Bri-
sing; men (=
AS. mene), a
necklace.] A
enus of star-
shes, typical
of the family
JBrisingidae.
Brisingida (bri-sin'ji-dà), m. pl. [NL., K. Bri-
Singa + -ida.] A group of Asteroida, or star-
fishes, typified by the genus Brisinga.
Brisingidae (bri-sin'ji-dé), n. pl. [NL., K. Bri-
Singa + -idae.] A remarkable family of star-
fishes, of the order Asteroidea, having the body
shaped as in the ophiurians or sand-stars, with
long rounded rays distinct from the disk, and the
ambulacral grooves not continued to the mouth.
B, coronata is a beautiful Norwegian species.
brisk (brisk), a. [Appar. K. W. brysg = Gael.
briosg, also brisg = Ir. *brisg, quick, nimble,
lively; cf. W. brys, haste, brysio, hasten, Gael.
Ir, briosg, a start, bounce, Ir, bris, lively, brisk,
Gael. Ir. bras, lively, hasty, etc. Cf. brash4.
Not connected with frisk and fresh; but some
refer to F. brusque.] 1. Quick or rapid in ac-
tion or motion; exhibiting quickness; lively;
swift; nimble: as, a brisk breeze.
We split the journey, and perform
In two days' time what's often done
IBy brisker travellers in one.
Cowper, tr. of Horace's Satires, i. 5,
Hence—2. Sprightly; animated; vivacious;
gay : as, “a brisk, gamesome lass,” Sir R.
Deep-sea Starfish (Bristºga coronata).

ſhrisk
IZEstrange.—3. Full of lively or exciting ac-
tion or events; exciting; interesting.
You have had a brisk time of it at Howick, and all the
Organs of combativeness have been called into action.
Sydney Smith, To the Countess Grey.
4. Burning freely; bright: as, a brisk, fire.—
5. Effervescing vigorously: said of liquors:
as, brisk cider.-6. Performed or kept up with
briskness; rapid; quick: as, a brisk fire of in-
Afantry.
Brisk toil alternating with ready ease.
7+. Vivid; luminous.
He hunts about the proudest World to buy
The choice of purest and of brightest Cloth
Brisk in the Tyrian and Sidonian dye,
As due to his fair Darling.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, i. 83.
Had it [my instrument] magnified thirty or twenty-five
times, it had made the object appear more brisk and plea-
Sant. Newton.
=Syn. 1. Alert, nimble, quick, rapid, sprightly, prompt
spry, Smart, bustling, wide-awake, eager. See active and
4/.
brisk (brisk), v. [K brisk, a.] I.? trans. To
make lively; enliven; animate; refresh: some-
times with up. Killingbeck.
II. intrans. To become brisk, lively, or ac-
tive: with up. -
brisken (bris'kn), v. [K brisk + -en 1.] I. in-
trans. To be or become brisk, active, or lively.
[Rare.]
I heartily wish that business may brisken a little.
Quoted in W. Mathews's Getting on in the World, p. 209.
II. trans. To make brisk or lively.
brisket (bris/ket), m. [K ME. bruskette, K OF.
*brusket, bruschet, later brichet, mod. F. brechet,
prob. K. Bret., bruched, dial. brusk, the breast,
chest, claw of a bird..] The breast of an ani-
mal, or that part of the breast that lies next to
the ribs; in a horse, the part extending from
the neck at the shoulder down to the fore legs.
briskly (brisk(li), adv. In a brisk manner;
quickly; actively; vigorously; with life and
spirit.
Ay, woo her briskly—win her, and give me a proof of
your address, my little Solomon.
Sheridan, The Duenna, ii. 1.
briskness (brisk’nes), n. 1. Quickness; vigor
or rapidity in action: as, the briskness of the
breeze.—2. Liveliness; gaiety; vivacity.
His briskness, his jollity, and his good-humour. Dryden.
3. The sparkling quality of an effervescing li-
quor: applied also to water, as in the extract.
The briskness of spring water, and the preference given
to it as a beverage, is partly occasioned by the carbonic
acid which it contains. W. A. Miller, Elem. of Chem., § 348.
brismak (bris’ mak), n. [Origin unknown.] A.
torsk. [Shetland islands.]
brisslf, v. t. [ME. brissen, var. of brisen, brysen,
brusen, bruise: see bruise.] To bruise; break.
The Jewes brisseden, hys bonys.
Legends of the Holy Rood, p. 204.
briss” (bris), n. [E. dial., appar. K. F. bris,
breakage, wreck, formerly also fragments, K
briser, break (see brissl, bruise, and cf. de-
bris); but perhaps affected by breeze:8, ashes,
cinders: see breezes.] Dust; rubbish. Halli-
well. [Prov. Eng.]
Brissidae (bris’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Brissus +
[NL., K. Brissus +
-idae.] Same as Spatangidae.
Brissinae (bri-Siné), m. pl.
-inſe.] A subfamily of Spatangidae, typified by
the genus Brissus.
brissie (bris’l), v. t.
and North. Eng.] *
Brissotin (bris’ā-tin), n. See Girondist.
Brissus (bris'us), n." [NL.] A genus of echi-
noids, typical of the family Brissidae (Spatangi-
daº) and subfamily Brissina.
bristle (bris/1), n. [K ME. bristel, brestel, brus-
tel, berstle (= D. borstel = MLG. borstel), dim.
of brust (> Sc. birse, birs: see brust?, birse), a
bristle, KAS. byrst, neut., = MLG. borste, f.,
OHG. burst, m., borst, neut., bursta, f., ¥HG.
borst, m. and neut., borste, f., G. borste, a bristle,
MHG. G. birste, a brush, = Icel. burst, f., =
Sw. borst, m., - Dan. bārste, a bristle; by some
derived, with formative -t, from the root of
OHG. barrën, parrën (for *barsèn), be stiff,
stand out stiffly; by others connected with E.
burl, burr1.] 1. One of the stiff, coarse, glossy
hairs of certain animals, especially those of
the hog kind which are not hairless, large and
thickly set along the back, and Smaller and
more scattered on the sides, The bristles of the
domestic hog and of some other animals are extensively
used for making brushes, shoemakers' wax-ends, etc.
She hadde so grete bristelis on her bakke that it trayled
on the grounde a fadome large.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 421.
Wordsworth.
Same as birsle. [Scotch
*
-
*leaves of many mosses.
687
2. A similar appendage on some plants; a
British
kind of pasteboard, sometimes glazed on the
stiff, sharp hair.—3. In dipterous insects of the surface, used by artists.
division Brachycera, the arista or terminal part Bristol brick. See brick?.
of the antenna.—4. In ornith., a bristly fea- Bristol diamond. Same as Bristolstone (which
ther; a feather with a stout stiff stem and little see, under stone).
or no Web.-Rictal bristles, vibrissae. See vibrissa.
bristle (bris/1), v.; pret. and pp. bristled, ppr.
bristling.
8teln), bristle; from the noun..] I, trans. 1.
To erect the bristles of; erect in anger or de-
fiance, as a hog erects its bristles.
Now, for the bare-pick'd bone of majesty
Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest,
And snarleth in the gentle %. of peace.
Shak., K. John, iv. 3.
Boy, bristle thy courage up. Shak., Hen. V., ii. 3.
2. To make bristly.—3. To fix a bristle on:
as, to bristle a shoemaker's thread.
- ii. intrans. 1. To rise up or stand on end
like bristles.
Nought dreadful saw he ; yet the hair
'Gan bristle on his head with fear.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, iii. 42.
2. To stand erect and close together like bris-
tles.
A forest of masts would have bristled in the desolate
port of Newry. acawlay.
3. To be covered, as with bristles: as, the
ranks bristled with spears. See to bristle with,
below.—To bristle against, to come in collision with,
contradict, or oppose somewhat rudely. [Rare.]
The wife may not bristle against her husband.
J. Udall, On Ephesians, v.
The annotation here, as in many places, bristles against
the text. Sir W. Hamilton.
To bristle up, to show anger, resentment, or defiance.
—To bristle with. (a) To be covered with anything as
if with bristles.
The hill of La Haye Sainte bristling with ten thousand
bayonets. Thackeray.
As spectroscopy becomes the daily work of iron-found-
ers, and miners, and the like, it will be found to be bris-
tling with beautiful scientific truths in every part of the
spectrum, which may be used in these practical applica-
tions of the science of optics.
J. N. Lockyer, Spect. Anal., p. 199.
You cannot shut up Burns in a dialect bristling with
archaisms. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 238.
(b) To manifest conspicuously: as, he bristled with ex-
citement.
bristled (bris’ld), a. [K bristle + -ed?..] 1. Hav-
ing bristles; hence, stiffly bearded: as, “bris-
tled lips,” Shak., Cor., ii. 2.-2. In her., having
bristles on the neck and back: said specifi-
cally of a boar used as a bearing. When the bris.
tles are of a different tincture, it is specified : as, a boar's
head and neck sable, bristled Or.
bristle-fern (bris’l-férn), n. The common name
of species of Trichomames, especially T. radi-
cans, from the bristle that projects beyond the
cup-shaped indusium.
bristle-grass (bris’l-gräs), n.
the genus Chaetochloa.
bristle-herring (bris/l-her’ing), m. The name
of certain species of the genus Dorosoma, of
the family Dorosomidae, in which the last ray
of the dorsal fin is prolonged into a whip-like
filament. The species occur chiefly in tropical seas and
rivers, but one, D. cepedianum, is common in the United
States, and is generally called thread-herring. See cut
under gizzard-shad.
bristle-moss (bris’l-mós), n. A species of moss,
Any grass of
Bristol milk,
[K ME. bristlen, brustlen (= G. bār- brisure (briz’īr), n.
briti, brittl (brit), v.
brit? (brit), n.
britchka, n.
aper, porcelain, pottery, red,
See the nouns.
[F., K briser, break: see
bruise.] 1. In permanent fortification, a break
in the general direction of the parapet of the
curtain, when constructed with orillons and
retired flanks. Also spelled brizure.—2. In
her., same as cadency, 2.
[E. dial., also (in II.)
brité; K ME. brytten, K AS. bryttian, brittian,
divide, distribute, dispense, - Icel. brytja,
chop up; a secondary verb, supplying in ME.
and later, with the deriv. britten, q. v., the
place of the primitive, ME. *breten, “breoten, K
AS. bredtan (pret. bredt, pp. *broten), break,
bruise, demolish, destroy, = OS. *briotan, bré-
ton = OHG. *briozan, tr., break, MHG. briezen,
intr., burst forth, = Icel. brjóta = Sw. bryta =
Dan. bryde, break, fracture, refract, = Goth.
*briutan (not found, but assumed from the other
forms, and from the appar. thence derived
Spanish ML. britare, demolish, destroy). Hence
britten, brittle, q.v.] I. trans. 1+. To break in
pieces; divide.
His hede thei of Smyten, to London was it born,
The dede body the[i] britten [pret. pl.) on four quarters
COII]. Langtoft, Chron. (ed. Hearne), p. 244.
2. To bruise; indent. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
II. intrans. 1. To fall out or shatter, as over-
ripe hops or grain. Grose ; Halliwell.—2. To
fade away; alter. Halliwell, [Prov. Eng.]
[Origin obscure : cf. britl, v.]
1. A young herring of the common kind, oc-
curring in large shoals, and formerly classed
as a separate species, Cluped minima.—2. A
general name for the animals collectively
upon which whales feed, as Clio borealis, etc.;
whale-brit.
Stone.
Brit. An abbreviation of British and Britain.
Britain-crown (brit’ fin- or brit’ m-kroun), m.
[K Britain + crown : Britain, KME. Britaine, K
OF. Bretaine, Bretaigne, F. Bretagne, K L. Bri-
tannia, Britain, K. Britanni, the Britons, later
L. Brito(n-), a Briton. Cf. AS. Bryten, Britain,
Bryttas, Brittas, Brettas, Britons: see British.]
º * º,
º, 2 §§ §º
§§§
ØSºğ-S
§:
Obverse.
Reverse.
Britain-crown of James I., British Museum. (Size of the original.)
An English gold coin first issued in 1604 by
James I., and current at the time for five shil-
lings. It was also issued under Charles I.
Britannia, metal. See metal.
Britannic (bri-tan'ik), a.
[K L. Britannicus, K
Britannia, Britain.] Of or pertaining to Great
Britain: as, Her Britannic Majesty.
Same as britska.
with a hairy calyptra, of the genus Orthotri- briče (bºt), v.i.; pret. and pp. brited, ppr. brit-
Chºlm.
bristle-pointed (bris’l-poin'ted), a.
nating gradually in a very fine hair,
Lindley.
bristletail (bris’l-tăl), m. A common name
of the thysanurous insects of the suborder
Cinwra : so called from the long filiform ab-
dominal appendages. They are of the genera
Campodea, Lepisma, etc. See cut under Cam-
podea.
bristlewort (bris’l-wórt), m. A general name
used by Lindley for plants of the order Des-
^jaw.axiaceae.
bristliness (bris’li-nes), m.
ing bristly.
bristling (bris' ling), p. a. Standing up stiffly
like bristles.
With chatt’ring teeth, and bristling hair upright.
Dryden, Fables.
bristly (bris’li), a. [Kbristle +-y1.] 1. Thickly
set with bristles, or with hairs like bristles;
rough: ās, “a bristly neck,” Thackeray.—2.
Resembling a bristle or bristles.
Rugged scales and bristly hairs. Bentley.
Bristol-board (bris’ tol-bórd), n. [Named from
Termi-
The quality of be-
the city of Bristol, infängland.] A fine, smooth
British (brit’ish), a. and n.
ing. [Also spelled bright; origin unknown.]
To be or become over-ripe, as wheat, barley, or
as the hops. [Prov. Eng.]
brither (briq'H'ér), n. A Scotch form of brother.
Eriticism (brit’i-sizm), m. [K British (Latinized
Britic-) + -ism..] A word, phrase, or idiom of
the English language peculiar to the British.
[K ME. Britissh,
Brytisc, etc., K. A.S. Bryttisc, K. Bryttas, Brittas,
Brettas (sing. Bryt, Brit, Bret, rare), L. Bri-
tanni, M.L. also Britones, Britons, the original
Celtic inhabitants of Britain; a name of Celtic
origin: ef. W. Brython, a Briton, pl. a tribe of
Britons.] I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to Great
Britain, or in the widest sense the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or its
inhabitants: as, the British people or empire;
British legislation or interests.-2. Of or per-
taining to the ancient Britons or their lan-
guage.
Sometimes abbreviated Brit.
British gum, lion, etc. See the nouns.—British plate
albata (which See).—British sheet-glass. Same as broad
glass (which see, under broad).
II. m. 1. [Used as a plural.] The inhabi-
tants of Great Britain, including specifically the
English, Welsh, and Ścotch. Tº the language










British
of the ancient Britons, represented by the mod-
ern Welsh and Cornish.
Britisher (brit’ish-ör), n. A British subject or
citizen in any part of the world, but more par-
ticularly a native or an inhabitant of Great
Britain, especially of England. [Now chiefly
colloquial or humorous.]
Briton (brit’gn), n. and a... [KME. Britum, Bru-
tun, etc., KOF. Rreton, a Briton, usually a Bre-
ton or native of Brittany in France, KML. Bri-
to(m-), pl. Britones, L. Britanni, Britons: see
British...] I. m. A native of Great Britain; es-
pecially, one of the original Celtic inhabitants
of the island of Britain.
II. a. British. [Rare.]
A Britom peasant. Shak., Cymbeline, v. 1.
britska (brits'kä), n. [Also written briteska
and, more prop., britchka; KPol. bryczka = Russ.
brichka, dim. of Pol. bryka, a freight-wagon, =
Russ. brikii, a sort of coach..] A carriage,
largely used in Europe during the early part
of the last century, with space for reclining, and
a place for baggage, etc. One or two servants
could be carried on the hind boot. The Polish
britska has a body of wickerwork, and a leather top.
brittl, britt?. See brifl, brit?.
brittent (brit’n), v. t. [E. dial., K ME. brit-
temen, britnen, bryttenen, bruttenen, brutmen,
bretnem, divide, break up, cut to pieces, K_AS.
brytnian, divide, distribute, dispense (cf. Icel.
brotna, be broken), K bredtan (pp. *broten),
break: see britl.] To break up; cut to pieces;
cut up; carve.
britterworts (brit’ér-wérts), m. pl. 1. The
Diatomaceae.—2. The Characeae.
brittle (brit’l), a. [K ME. britel, brutel, brotel,
etc., KAS. as if *brytel, with suffix -el forming
adjectives from verbs, K bredtan (pret. bredt, pl.
*bruton, pp. “brotem), break: see britl and brit-
tem. Cf. brickle, an equiv. word of different ori-
gin..] 1. Fickle; changeable. [Now dialectal.]
How brotel and how false he was.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2555.
2. Breaking easily and suddenly with a com-
paratively smooth fracture, as glass; fragile;
not tough or tenacious.
Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, . . . becomes brittle
at temperatures approaching to redness, but while cold it
possesses considerable malleability.
W. A. Miller, Elem. of Chem., § 519.
3. Figuratively, easily destroyed; perishable;
fleeting.
One woful day sweeps children, friends and wife,
And all the brittle blessings of my life
Dryden, tr. of Lucretius, iii. 85.
Brittle silver ore... Same as Stephanite.
brittleness (brit’l-nes), n. [K ME. brittilnesse,
brutelmes, etc.] 1+. fnstability ; changeable-
Ile SS, -
The see may ebbe and flowe more and lesse,
The welken hath might to shyne, reyne and hayle :
Right so mote I kythe my brotel messe.
Chaucer, Fortune, l. 63.
2. The property of breaking readily with a
comparatively smooth fracture; frangibility:
the opposite of toughness and tenacity.
A rod of good steel, in its hardest state, is broken al-
most as easily as a rod of glass of the same size, and this
brittleness can only be diminished by diminishing its hard-
IlêS8. G. Ede, in Campin's Mech. Engineering, p. 360.
brittle-star (brit’l-stär), n. A name of Sundry
sand-stars, or ophiurians, from their fragility.
See cuts under Astrophyton and Star-fish.
britzska, m. See britska.
Briza (bri'zā), m. [NL., K. Gr. 3píčelv, nod (cf.
the common name quaking-grass). The form
seems to have been suggested by Gr. 3píča, a
grain like rye, in Thrace and Macedonia still
so called. Cf. AEolic ſpiada, for hiča, root.] A
genus of grasses, commonly called quaking-
grass, maidenhair-grass, or lady's-hair. There are
12 species, mostly natives of Europe and the Mediterra:
nean region, of little agricultural importance. Some of
them are cultivated for ornament on account of their
gracefully nodding spikes.
brizelt, n. An obsolete form of bree261.
brize2+, n. An obsolete form of breeze”.
brize 3, n. See briscº.
brizé (bré-zā’), a. Same as brisé.
brizure (briz’īr), m. Same as brisure, 1.
bro. An abbreviation of brother; pl. bros.:
*Smith Bros. & Co.
broach (bröch), m.
aS,
[Also, in sense of an orna-
688
broc, a spit, = It. brocco, a sharp stake, a sprout,
etc.), KML. broca, brocca, a Spit, a sharp stake,
any sharp-pointed thing; cf. L. brochus, broc-
chus, brocus, projecting (of the teeth of animals:
see brochate); prob. of Celtic origin: cf. W.
procio, stab, prick (> E. prog); Gael. brog, a
shoemakers' awl, K brog, spur, stimulate, goad
(> E. brogl).] 1+. A spit.
Thre balefulle birdez his brochez they turne.
Morte Arthwre, l. 1029.
And some failed not to take the child and bind it to a
broach, and lay it to the fire to roast.
Sir T. More, Works, p. 259.
He turned a broach, that had worn a crown.
Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII.
2+. A spear. -
That fruit was of a mayden born
On a theoues tre is al totorn
A broche thorwout his brest (bor]n.
Legends of the Holy Rood (ed. Morris), p. 133.
3. An awl; a bodkin. [Prov. Eng.]—4. A
spike; a skewer; a sharp stick; º 3,
rºl of sallow, hazel, or other tough and pliant
wood, sharpened at each end and bent in the
middle, used by thatchers to pierce and fix their
work. [Prov. Eng.]
Broche for a thacstare [thaxter, thatcher], firmaculum.
rompt. Parv., p. 52.
5+. A spur.—6+. A fish-hook. Prompt. Parv.–
7+. A spike or standard for a candle.
A broche with a fote, ij new torches.
*: English Gºlds (E. E. T. S.), p. 327.
8#. A taper; a torch.
Hewe fuyr of a flynt four hundred wynter;
Bote thou haue tache to take hit with tunder and broches,
Althy labour is lost. Piers Plowman (C), xx. 211.
9. A spindle; a spool. [Scotch..]
Troche of threde, vericulum. Prompt. Parv., p. 52.
10. In arch., formerly, a spire of any kind; now,
specifically, as used in some parts of England
and SOD16)
Writers on arch-
itecture, a spire
which rises di-
rectly from the
Walls of its tow-
er, without par-
apets and gut-
ters. — 11. . A
narrow - point-
ed chisel used
by masons for
hewing stones.
—12. Any ta-
pered boring-
bit or drill.
Broaches used for
boring wood are
fluted like the shell-
bit, but tapered to-
ward the point;
but those used in
boring metal are
solid, and usually
three-, four-, or six-
sided. Their com-
mon forms are
shown II] the Broaches.
annexed figures.
A, southwest tower, Cathedral of Bayeux,
Broaches are also Normandy; B, Church of St. Nicholas, Wal-
known as widemers cot, Engländ.
and reamers.
13. A straight steel tool with file-teeth for
pressing through irregular holes in metal that
cannot be dressed by revolv-
ing tools.—14. That part of
the stem of a key which
projects beyond the bit or
web, and enters a socket in
the interior of the lock.—15.
That pin in a lock which en-
ters the barrel of the key.
E. H. Knight.—16. The stick
from which candle-wicks are
suspended for dipping.—17.
A gimlet used in opening
casks for º: their con-
tents.—18. A fitting for an
Argand gas-burner.—19. A
start, like the end of a spit,
on the head of a young stag.—20. A pin or clasp
to fasten a garment; specifically, an ornamen-
tal pin, clasp, or buckle, and especially a breast-
pin, of gold, silver, or other metal, attached to
the dress or depending from the neck: in this
sense now usually spelled brooch (which see).
Broaches for Boring.
Fig. a is an example
of broaches or reamers
for wood, and fig. b of
those for metal.
mental pin, spelled brooch (see brooch'); early broach (bröch), v. t. TIK ME, brochen, bore, spur,
mod. E. broche, K ME. broche, a pin, peg, Spit,
spear-point, taper, K_OF, broche, F. broche, a
spit, brooch, etc., + Pr. broca = Sp. Pg. broca,
an awl, drill, spool, etc., - It brocca, a split
stick (with masculine forms, OF, and F. dial.
Spit, tap (in this sense cf. the phrase setten on
broche, set abroach, after F. mettre en broche:
see abroach), KOF. brocher, spur, spit, etc., F.
brocher, stitch, figure, emboss (= Pr: brocar =
Pg. brocar, bore, - It, broccare, urge, incite,
broad
etc.), K broche, etc., spit; see broach, n.
brocade, brochure, etc.
with a spit.
The Erle that knew & Wyst moche of the chasse broched
the bore thrughe the brest.
om. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), p. 235, note.
I'll broach the tadpole on my rapier's point.
Shak., Tit. And.., iv. 2.
Cf.
1+. To spit; pierce as
2}. To spur.
Broche 3 the baye stede, and to the buske ryde3.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), l. 918,
3. In masonry, to rough-hew. [North. Eng.
and Scotch..]–4. To open for the first time
for the purpose of taking out something; more
especially, to tap or pierce, as a cask in order
to draw the liquor: as, to broach a hogshead.
Descending into the cellars, they broached every cask
they found there. Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 564.
Hence, figuratively—5. To open, as the mouth
for utterance. -
Desiring Virtue might be her first growth,
And Hallelujah broach her holy mouth.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, i. 68.
6. To let out; shed.
This blow should broach thy dearest blood.
, Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii. 4.
7. To state or give expression to for the first
time; utter; give out; especially, begin con-
versation or discussion about; introduce by
way of topic: as, to broach a theory or an
opinion. g
This error . . . was first broached by Josephus.
Raleigh, Hist. World, i. 3.
Here was our Paolo brought
To broach a weighty business.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 107.
8#. To give a start to; set going.
That for her love such quarrels may be broach'd.
Shak., Tit. And.., ii. 1.
I)roved and broached. See drove3.—To broach to
(mawt., used intransitively), to come suddenly to the wind,
as a ship, by accident or by the fault of the helmsman (a
dangerous position in a gale).
broacher (bró’chèr), n. IK broach + -erl.] 1+.
A. Spit,
On five sharp broachers rank'd the roast they turn'd.
Dryden, Iliad, i. 638.
2. One who broaches, opens, or utters; a first
publisher.
The first broacher of a heretical opinion.
Sir R. L'Estrange.
Deadly haters of truth, broachers of lies. '
Milton, Hist. Eng., iii.
broaching-press (bró’ching-pres), n. A ma-
chine-tool employing a broach, used in slotting
and finishing iron. . . . . -
broach-post (bröch'póst), n. In carp., a king-
post.
broach-turner (bröchſtèr"nèr), n. A menial
whose occupation is to turn a broach or spit; a
turnspit.
Dish-washer and broach-turner, loom!—to me
Thou smellest all of kitchen as before.
Yºr Tennysom, Gareth and Lynette.
broad (bråd), a. and n. [= Sc. braid; K ME.
brood, brod, KAS. bråd = OS. bråd = OFries.
bråd = D. breed = MLG. brēd, LG. breed = OHG.
M.H.G. G. breit = Icel. breidhºr = Sw. Dan, bred
= Goth. braids, broad. Hence bread?, breadth.
The pron, would be reg. bröd (like goad, road,
etc.).]. I. a. 1. Wide; having great breadth,
as distinguished from length and thickness;
used absolutely, having much width or breadth;
not narrow ; as, a strip no broader than one's
hand; a broad river or street.
In are [a] brode strete he igon mete threo cnihtes.
Layamon, I. 217.
Broad breast, full eye, small head, and nostril wide.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, l. 296.
2. Large superficially; extensive; vast: as,
the broad expanse of ocean.
Each year shall give this apple-tree
A broader flush of roseate bloom.
Bryant, Planting of the Apple-Tree.
3. Figuratively, not limited or narrow; liber-
al; comprehensive; enlarged: as, a man of
broad views.
In a broad, statesmanlike, and masterly way. Everett.
Narrow spirits admire basely and worship meanly;
broad spirits worship the right. Thackeray.
Specifically—4. Inclined to the Broad Church,
or to the views held by the Broad-Church party
of the Church of England. See Episcopal.—
5. Large in measure or degree; not small or
slight; ample; consummate.
3if hym-self be bore blynde hit is a brod wonder.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 584.


broad g
He grins, and looks broad nonsense with a stare.
ope, Dunciad, ii. 194.
6. Widely diffused; open; full: as, in broad
sunshine; broad daylight.
Ful oft, whan it is brode day.
Gower, Conf. Amant., ii. 107.
I count little of the manythings Isee pass at broad noon-
day, in large and open streets.
Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 103.
It was broad day, and the people, recovered from their
panic, were enabled to see and estimate the force of the
enemy. Irving, Granada, p. 32.
7. Unconfined; free; unrestrained. (a) Used
absolutely,
As broad and general as the casing air.
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4.
ſººd by a sense of propriety or fitness; unpol-
ished; loutish.
Tell him his pranks have been too broad to bear with.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
(c) Unrestrained by considerations of decency; indeli-
cate; indecent.
As chaste and modest as he is esteemed, it cannot be
denied but in some places he is broad and fulsome.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, Ded.
(d) Unrestrained by fear or caution; bold; unreserved.
For from broad words, and 'cause he fail'd
His presence at the tyrant's feast, I hear,
Macduff lives in disgrace. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 6.
8. Characterized by a full, strong utterance;
coarsely vigorous; not weak or slender in
sound: as, broad Scotch; broad Doric; a broad
º such as ā or 4 or ö.—9}. Plain; evi-
ent.
Proves thee far and wide a broad goose.
hak., R. and J., ii. 4.
10. In the fine arts, characterized by breadth:
as, a picture remarkable for the broad treatment
of its subject. See breadth, 3.—As broad as (it
is) long, equal upon the whole; the same either way.
It is as broad as long whether they rise to others or
bring others down to them. Sir R. L'Estrange.
Broad Church, the popular designation of a party in
the Church of England.’ see iºnº-flrºad for
lio, broad quarto, etc., names given to drawing-pa-
per folded the broadest Way.— Broad gage. See gage2.
-Broad glass, window-glass of a cheap quality formed
by blowing a long cylinder, cutting it apart, and al-
lowing the pieces to soften and flatten out in a kiln.
See glass. Also called
British sheet-glass, cylin-
der-glass, German plate-
glass, and spread window-
glass.— Broad lace, a
Woolen fabric made in
bands about 4 inches
wide, and used as an
ornamental border to
the upholstery of a car-
riage. Car-builder's Dict.
— Broad pennant,
(mawt.), a swallow-tailed
flag carried at the mast-
head of a man-of-war as
the distinctive mark of a
commodore. = Syn. º
Extended, spread. — 1
and 2. Wide, Broad. See
'wide.—7. (c) Vulgar, ob-
SCélle.
II. m. 1. A shallow, fenny lake formed by
the expansion of a river over adjacent flat land
covered more or less with a reedy growth; a
flooded fen, or
lake in a fem:
as, the Norfolk
broads. [Prov.
Eng.]
A broad is the
1
689
The coin was also issued subsequently. Also
called laurel and broad-piece.
broad º adv. [K ... broode, brode, KAS.
fixie tº Má
the adj.] 1+. Broadly; openly; plainly.
Crist spak himself ful broode in holy writ.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1.739.
2#. Widely; copiously; abundantly. Chaucer.
—3. Broadly; fully.
With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 3.
Lying broad awake I thought of you and Effie dear.
Tennyson, May Queen (Conclusion).
broadt, v. t. [ME. broden, KAS. brădian, spread,
K brää, broad. Cf. bread?..] To make broad;
spread.
Tyll the blessed bredd [bird] brodid his wingis.
JRichard the Redelegs.
broad-arrow (bråd'ar'6), n. [KME. brode arow,
brodarwe, etc., a hea
Tow.] The royal mark of Brit-
ish government stores of every
description, which it is felony to
obliterate or deface. Persons un-
lawfully in possession of goods marked
with the broad-arrow forfeit the goods
and are subject to a Fº of £200.
The broad-arrow is said to be the cogni-
Zance of Henry, Wiscount Sydney, Earl of
Romney, Master-general of Ordnance from 1693 to 1702:
but it was in use before his time. In heraldry it differs
from the pheon in having the inside of the barbs plain.
broadax (bråd’aks), n. [K ME. brodaa, brood-
awe, etc., K AS. brädaga, K, brād, broad, + asa,
ax: see broad and aa 1.] 1+. A battle-ax.—2.
An ax with a broad edge, for hewing timber.
See cut under aa.
Then let the sounds of measured stroke
And grating saw begin,
The broad-aace to the gnarled oak,
The mallet to the pin l
Whittier, Ship-Builders.
broad-based (bråd"bäst), a. Having a broad
foundation; securely founded. [Rare.]
Her throne . . .
Broad-based upon her people's will.
Tennyson, To the Queen.
broadbill (bråd"bil), n. 1. The shoveler-duck,
Spatula clypeata.-2. The spoonbill, Platalea
leucorodia.-3. The scaup-duck, Fuligula ma-
rila, and other species of that genus.—4. A
bird of the family Eurylaemidae. There are nine
or ten species of broadbills peculiar to the
Indian region. Also called broadmouth.
broad-billed (bråd"bild), a. In ornith., having
a broad bill.—Broad-billed sandpiper, the Limicola
platyrhyncha. º
broadbrim (bråd"brim), m. 1. A hat with a
very broad brim, especially the form of hat
worn by members of the Society of Friends.
Hence —2. A member of that society; a
Quaker. , Carlyle, [Colloq.]
broad-brimmed (bråd"brimd), a.
a broad border, brim, or edge.
Govert Lockerman, without taking his pipe out of his
mouth, turned up his eye from under his broad-brimmed
hat to see who hailed him thus discourteously.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 251.
2. Wearing a hat with a broad brim.
This broad-brimm'd hawker of holy things.
Tennysom, Maud, x.
broadcast (brådſkäst), a. 1. Cast or dispersed
upon the ground with the hand, as seed in sow-
ing: opposed to sowed in drills or rows.—2.
Widely spread or diffused.
broadcast (bråd"käst), n. In agri., a method
of sowing in which the seed is thrown from the
hand in handfuls.
My lads, said he, let broad-cast be,
And come away to drill. Hood.
broadcast (bråd’käst), adv. 1. By scattering
or throwing at large from the hand: as, to sow
broadcast.—2. So as to disseminate widely; in
wide dissemination.
An impure, so called, literature sown broadcast over the
land. - Blackwood's Mag.
broadcloth (bråd’klöth), m. A fine woolen cloth,
commonly black, with a finished surface, mostly
used in making men's garments: so called from
its breadth, which is usually 60 inches.
Every whole woollen cloth, called broad cloth, which
shall be made and set to sale after the feast called St.
Peter ad vincula, which shall be in the year of our Lord
M.CCCC.LXV., after the full watering, racking, straining,
or tenturing of the same, ready to sale, shall hold and
contain in length xxiv yards, and to every yard an inch,
containing the breadth of a man's thumb, to be measured
by the crest of the same cloth, and in breadth ij yards, or
Broad Pennant of a Commodore,
United States Navy.
ſ
spread of a river ſº 3.
into a sheet of wa- ſº
ter, which is cer- tº:
tainly neither lake
nor lagoon.
. Southey, Letters
[(1812), II. 307.
Then across the
mill - pool, and
through the deep
crooks, out into the
broads, and past the
withered beds of
weeds which told of
coming Winter. -
H. Kingsley,
[Ravenshoe, viii.
2. In mech., a
tool used for
turning down
the insides and
bottoms of cyl-
inders in the
lathe. — 3. An
English coin
first issued in
1619 by James
I., and worth at
the time 20s.
*
"ºº
º
2.
Reverse,
Broad of James I., British Museum.
(Size of the original.)
vij quarters at the least, within the lists.
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 351, note.
They be all patched cloutes and ragges, in comparison
of faire wouen broade cloathes.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 60.
Broad-arrow.
1. Having
G. breite, G. breit), broadly; from
broad-fronted (bråd'frun/ted), a.
broad-gage (bråd"gāj), a.
broadhorn (bråd’hôrn), m.
arrow; K broad -- ar-
broad-horned (bråd'hôrnd), a.
*Spread horns.
broadleaf, broadleaf-tree (bråd’léf, -tré), m.
broadmouth (bråd"mouth), n.
broad-seal (bråd’sèl), v. t.
broadside (bråd’síd), n.
four windows.
broadſide (bråd'sid), adv.
broadside
broaden (brā’dn), v. [K broad -H, -en 1. Cf. broad,
v.] I. intrans. To grow broad or broader.
To broaden into boundless day.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, xcv.
II. trans. To make broad; increase in
'breadth; reader more broad or comprehensive:
as, “broaden’d nostrils,” Thomson, Winter.
broad-eyed (bråd'id), a. Having a wide view
or survey.
Having a
broad front; having a wide forehead: as,
“broad-fronted Caesar,” Shak., A. and C., i. 5.
aving the space
between the rails wider than the standard gage
of 56% inches: said of a railroad track: opposed
to narrow-gage, which signifies less than the
standard width. See gage2.
A name by which
the flat-boats on the Mississippi and other
American rivers were formerly known.
A broad-horm, a prime river conveyance. Irving.
The river's earliest commerce was in great barges, keel-
boats, broadhorm.8.
S. L. Clemens, Life on the Mississippi, p. 41.
Having wide-
Buloet.
A tall tree, Terminalia latifolia, of the family
Combretaceae, common in Jamaica, bearing large
and long-petioled leaves at the end of the
branches.
broadly (bråd"li), adv. 1. In a broad manner.
That broadly flows through Pylos' fields.
Chapman, Iliad, v.
Custine has spoken out more broadly.
wrke, Present State of Affairs.
These simple, broadly draped figures were sculptured
by Niccola at Pisa. C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 21.
Specifically—2. In 206t., so as to extend over a
relatively large space: as, broadly emarginate;
broadly bisinuate, etc. A part is broadly trun-
cate when the truncation is nearly or quite
equal to its greatest width.
A bird of the
family Ewrylamidae (which see); a broadbill.
broadness (bråd'nes), m. [K broad -H -ness.] 1.
Breadth; extent from side to side.—2. Coarse-
ness; grossness; indelicacy.
Broadness and indecency of allusion.
Craik, Eng. Lit., i. 524.
broad-piece (bråd'pës), n. Same as broad, m., 3.
broad-seal (bråd’sé1), m.
The official or great
seal of a gountry or state: as, “the king's
broad-seal,” Sheldon, Miracles, p. 61. [More cor-
rectly as two words.]—Broad-seal war, in U. S.
hist., a contest in the House of Representatives, in Decem-
ber, 1839, as to the admission or exclusion of five Whig
members from New Jersey, who had certifieates of election
under the broad seal of the State, but whose seats were
contested by Democratic claimants.
[K broad-seal, n.]
To stamp as with the broad seal; guarantee;
make sure.
Thy presence broad-seals our delights for pure.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.
broad-shouldered (bråd'shôl"dérd), a. Having
the back broad across the shoulders.
Broad-showldered, and his arms were round and long.
Dryden.
1. The whole side of
a ship above the water-line, from the bow to the
quarter.—2. A simultaneous discharge of all
the guns on one side of a vessel of war: as, to
fire a broadside.—3. In general, any compre-
hensive attack with weapons of any kind di-
rected against one point or object.
Give him a broadside, my brave boys, with your pikes.
Beau. and Fl., Philaster, v. 4.
4. A sheet printed on one side only, and with-
out arrangement in columns; especially, such
a sheet containing some item of news, or an
attack upon some person, etc., and designed
for distribution.
Every member of the convention received a copy of this
draft of a constitution, printed on broadsides in large
type. Bancroft, Hist. Const., I. 119.
Van Citters gives the best account of the trial. I have
seen a broadside which confirms his narrative.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi., note.
5. Any surface resembling the side of a ship
in breadth, etc., as a house-front.
In the great, blank, gray broadside, there were only
Dickens.
Broadside on, with the side in advance; sidewise,—To
º On the broadside, to treat freely and unceremoni-
Ously.
Determined to take the world on the broadside, and eat
thereof, and be filled. Carlyle, Diderot.
º © ... [K broadside, n.]
. With the broadside directed toward the
point specified.


44
broadside
The landing of troops . . . beneath the batteries of four-
teen vessels of War, lying broadside to the town.
Everett, Orations, p. 79.
2. Pell-mell; unceremoniously: as, to go or
send broadside. [Rare.]
He used in his prayers to send the king, the ministers
of state, . . . all broadside to hell, but particularly the
general himself. Swift, Mem. of Capt. Creichton.
broad-sighted (bråd'si"ted), a. Having a wide
view. Quarterly Rev.
broad-speaking (bråd’spé"king), a. 1. Using
Vulgar or coarse language; speaking with a vul-
gar accent.— 2. Speaking plainly out without
endeavoring to soften one's meaning.
broad-spoken (bråd’spö’km), a. Character-
ized by plainness or coarseness of speech, or
by a vulgar accent; unrefined.
broad-spread (bråd’spred), a. Widely diffused.
broad-spreading (bråd’spredºing), a. Spread-
ing widely.
His broad-spreading leaves. Shak., Rich. II., iii. 4.
broadstone (bråd’stön), n. Same as ashler.
broadsword (bråd’sörd), n. A sword with a
broad blade, as distinguished from one with a
narrow blade or from a three-sided thrusting-
sword; a sword of which the edge as well as
the point is used. All forms of sword which have a
flat blade for cutting are called broadswords, in contrast
to swords used for thrusting alone. See claymore.
broadtail (bråd’tăl), n. One of the numerous
species of old-world parrots, of the genus Pla-
tycercus. P. L. Sclater.
broadthroat (bråd ' thröt), m. [K broad --
throat; a translation of Eurylaemus, q.v.] A.
book-name of birds of the family Eurylaemidae
(which see). Also called broadbill and broad-
mouth. -
broad-tool (bråd’töl), m. A stone-masons' chisel
with a very wide edge, used for finishing.
broad-tread (brådſtred), a. Having a wide
face or tread, as a car-wheel.
Broadwell ring. See ring. -
broadwise (bråd'wiz), adv. [K broad -H, -wise.]
In the direction of the breadth; breadthwise:
as, to measure broadwise.
broami, n. [Origin obscure; perhaps a mis-
print..] Apparently, a spirit or goblin.
The approach of the sun's radiant beams expelleth gob-
lins, bugbears, hob-thrushes, broams, screech-owl mates,
night-walking spirits, and tenebrions.
Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, iii. 24.
brob (brob), m. [E. dial.; perhaps an alteration
of brod, a nail, brad, verb brod, prick: see brod
and brad.] 1. A wedge-shaped
spike, driven along the side of
| | a timber which abuts against
another, to prevent it from
Brobs. slipping.—2. In coal-mining, a
short, thick piece of timber,
used for supporting the coal which is being
holed or undercut; a prop. [Midland coal-
field, England.]
brob (brob), v. t. ; pret. and pp. brobbed, ppr.
• brobbing.
a bodkin. Halliwell. [North. Eng.]
Brobdingnagian (brob-ding-nag’i-an), a. and n.
I. a. Like or likened to an inhabitant of the
fabled region of Brobdingmag in Swift's “Gul-
liver's Travels”; hence, of enormous size; gi-
gantic.
German prose, as written by the mob of authors, pre-
sents, as in a Brobdingmagian mirror, the most offensive
faults of our own. pe Quincey, Style, i.
II. m. A gigantic person.
“Sally!” screamed the Brobdingmagian, “what bedrooms
is disengaged? A gentleman Wants a bed.”
T. Hook, Gilbert Gurney, II. v.
brocł, n. [F. : see bric-à-brac.] A large vessel
with a handle, and generally made of metal or
coarse pottery, for holding liquids.
brocade (brö-kād’), 7. f Sp. brocado (= Pg.
brocado = It. broccato ; cf. F. brocart), brocade,
prop. pp. of *brocar (= Pg. brocar, bore) = F.
brocher, embroider, stitch, etc.: see broach, v.]
1. A silken fabric variegated with gold and
silver, or having raised flowers, foliage, and
other ornaments: also applied to other stuffs
wrought and enriched in like manner.
A gala suit of faded brocade. Irving.
#2. A kind of bronze-powder used for decorating.
brocaded (brā-kā’ded), a. 1. Woven or worked
into a brocade.
Brocaded flowers o'er the gay mantua shine.
Gay, Panthea.
2. Dressed in brocade.—3. Decorated with
flowers, etc., in relief: as, a brocaded silk.
[Equivalent to French broché.]
brocade-shell (brö-kād'shel), m. A namo given
to Conus geographicus, one of the cone-shells,
[E. dial, K brob, n.]. To prick with
brochate (brö’kāt), a.
ing projecting teeth, K. L., brochus, brocchus, brocket (brok’et), a.
690
or Conidae: so called from the peculiar colora-
tion.
brocage, n. See brokage.
brocard (brok’ārd), n. [KOF. brocard, a maxim
(in mod. F. a taunt, jeer, raillery), M.L. brocardi-
cum, so called, it is said, from 'Brocard, prop.
Burchhard or Burkard, bishop of Worms (died
1025), who published a collection of ecclesi-
astical canons, “Regulae Ecclesiasticas,” also
known as Brocardica or Brocardicorum opus.]
1. A law maxim founded on inveterate cus-
tom, or borrowed from the Roman law, and ac-
counted part of the common law. Hence—2.
An elementary principle or maxim; a short
proverbial rule; a canon.
The legal brocard, “Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus,”
is a rule not more applicable to other witnesses than to
consciousness. - Sir W. Hamilton.
The scholastic brocard [Nihil est in intellectu quod non
fuelit in sensul . . . is the fundamental article in the
creed of that school of philosophers who are called “the
sensualists.” Ferrier, Inst. of Metaphysics, p. 261.
brocardic (brö-kār'dik), n. Same as brocard.
I make use of all the brocardics, or rules of interpreters;
that is, not only what is established regularly, in law, but
What is concluded wise and reasonable by the best inter-
preters. Jer. Taylor, Pref. to Duct. Dub.
brocati, n. An old form of brocade.
brocatel, brocatelle (brok'a-tel), n., [K F.
brocatelle = Sp. brocatel, K.It. broccatello, varie-
gated marble (F. brocatel, tinsel or thin cloth
of gold or silver), dim. of broccato, brocaded,
brocade: see brocade.] 1. A variety of orna-
mental marble, the most famous localities of
which are in Italy and Spain. That from Siena,
which is perhaps the most characteristic and beautiful
variety known, consists of a ground of yellow marble tra-
versed by numerous interlacing veins of darker material,
most of which are of a deep-violet color.
2. An inferior material used for curtains, fur-
niture-covering, and the like, made of silk and
wool, silk and cotton, or pure wool, but having
a more or less silky surface.
The Vice-Chancellor's chaire and deske, Proctors, &c.
cover'd with brocatall (a kind of brocade) and cloth of
gold. Bºvelyn, Diary, July 9, 1669.
Also written brocatello.
broccoli (brok’ö-li), m. [It., pl. of broccolo, a
Sprout, cabbage-sprout, dim. of brocco, a Spit,
skewer, shoot : see broach.] One of the many
varieties of the common cabbage (Brassica ole-
racea), in which the young inflorescence is con-
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea, var.).
tracted into a depressed fleshy edible head. It
is closely similar to the cauliflower.
broch (broëh), m. Same as brough2.
brochan (broëh'an), n. . [Gael. Ir. brochan, por-
ridge, gruel.] Oatmeal boiled in water; thick
porridge. [Scotland and Ireland.]
brochant (bró'shant), a. [F., ppr. of brocher,
stitch, etc.: see brocade.] In her., lying over
and covering : said of any bearing which partly
covers another. Also brouchant.
brochantite (brö-shan’tit), n. [After Brochant
de Villiers, a French mineralogist (1773–1840).]
An emerald-green mineral consisting of hy-
drous sulphate of copper. The crystals are in
thin rectangular and transparent tables.
JBrochata (brö-kā’tā), m. pl.
ing teeth (of animals): see brochate.] In Blyth's
classification of mammals, a tribe or suborder brocké (brok), m.
of his Diplodontia, corresponding to the Pachy-
dermata, herbivorous Cetacea, and Rodentia of
Cuvier: so called from usually having
brocká (brok), m.
brocket
ing teeth (of animals): see broach..] Having
tusks, tushes, or perennial teeth; specifically,
of or pertaining to the Brochata.
brochet, n., A Middle English form of broach
and broochl. Chaucer.
broché (brö-shā’), a. ſº pp. of brocher,
stitch, sew: see broach.] 1. Šewed or stitched:
said of a book which is not bound or covered,
except with a paper wrapper. See brochure.—
2. Ornamented in weaving with threads which
form a pattern on the surface; brocaded: said
of a stuff, specifically of silk: as, a brochéribbon.
brochet (brö-shā’), m. [F., a pike, luce, for-
merly also a faucet, dim. of broche, a spit,
broach: see broach..] A fish of the family
Cichlidae, Crenicichla Saa’atilis, having an elon-
gated form and pointed head, thus slightly re-
sembling a pike. It is highly colored and has an
ocellated spot at the root of the tail. It is an inhabitant
of the fresh waters of South America and Trinidad. [Lo-
cal in Trinidad.]
brochette (brö-shet'), m. [F., dim, of broche, a
spit: see broach..] A skewer to stick meat on,
used in cookery.
brochure (brö-shir'), m. [F., K brocher, stitch:
see broach.] 1. A pamphlet; an unbound
book, of which the sheets are held together by
sewing only. See broché-2. Specifically, a
small pamphlet, or one on a matter of transi-
tory interest.
brock1 (brok), m. [K ME. brok, KAS. broc =
Dan. brok, a badger; prob. of Celtic origin:
W. broch. = Corn. broch. = Bret. broch = Gael.
Ir. Manx broc; Ir. also brech and brochd, a bad-
er; prob. so called from its white-streaked
face, K.W. brech = Gael. Ir. breac, speckled (see
irii; ; cf. Gael. brocach, brucach, speckled in the
face; cf. also Dan. broget, Sw, brokig, party-
colored: see brocket. Cf. hauson.j A badger.
Or with pretence of chasing thence the brock,
Send in a cur to worry the whole flock I
B. Jomson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2.
[Sometimes used as a term of reproach.
Marry, hang thee, brock 1 Shak., T. N., ii. 5.]
brock? (brok), n. [Shetland bruck, KME. *brok
(not found), K AS. gebroc, neut., a piece, a
fragment (cf. broc, affliction, trouble, fatigue)
(= OHG. brocco, M.H.G. brocke, G. brocken, m.,
= Dam. brokke = Goth. ga-bruka, f., a piece;
cf. dim. MLG. brockel = ODan. broggel, a piece,
fragment), K brecan (pp. brocen), break: see
break, and cf. breach with its variants brock,
brickl, brackl, etc.; cf. also brockle.]. A piece;
8, º: [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
brock? (brok), v. t. [Also brok, - OHG. bro-
chön, brockön, MHG. G. brocken = Dan. brokke,
break, crumble; from the noun..] To break,
crumble, or cut into bits or shreds. [Scotch.]
brock3+, v. i. . [ME. brokken, perhaps a secon-
dary form of breken (pp. broken), break. Cf.
brock?..] To cry out; murmur; complain: a
word of somewhat uncertain meaning, found
Only in the two passages quoted.
What helpth hyt the crokke
That hys [is] to felthe [filth) ydo,
Aye [against] the crokkere to brokke,
“Why madest thou me so?”
William de Shoreham, Religious Poems(ed. Wright), p. 106.
He singeth brokkynge [var. crowyng, Wright, Morris] as a
nyghtingale. Chawcer, Miller's Tale, l. 191.
[E. dial. ; cf. ME. brok (see
quot.); cf. Icel. brokkºr, also brokk-hestr, a trot-
ter, trotting horse, brokka, trot. Origin and
relations uncertain; the alleged AS. “broc, an
inferior horse, a shaking horse, jade” (Bos-
worth), does not exist, the def. being due to an
error of translation.] A cart-horse or draft-
horse: a word of uncertain original meaning,
applied also in provincial English to a cow.
IBrockett; Halliwell. -
The carter smot and cryde as he were wod,
IIayt brok, hayt scot. Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1.245. .
º NL., neut. pl. of brockö (brok), n. [Appar. a var. of bruck, q.v.]
brochalus, projecting (ofteeth), having project- The name of an insect.
Balliwell. [Prov.
IEng.]
[Perhaps another use of
brockl, a badger.] 1. A pig.—2. Swill for feed-
ing pigs. orth of Ireland.]
ersis- brock" (brok), n. Short for brocket.
tently growing teeth, as the tusks of the ele- brock3 (brok), n.
phant or the incisors of a rodent, or projecting broccoli.] A cabbage.
[Possibly shortened from
[Prov. Eng.]
tushes, as those of the swine and ºpºpº. brock9 (brok), n. A variant of brough?.
6
Blyth divided his Brochata into Proboscidea, Rodentia,
Choerodia, º and Syrenia (Sirenia), three of which
º, excepting Chaerodia) are now recognized orders of
Mammalia, ; but the name is not in use.
[K NL. brochatus, hav-
broccus, projecting (of teeth), having project-
brockage (brok’āj), n. [Appar. Kbrock” + -age.]
*In numis., an imperfect coin.
All imperfect coins, curiously termed brockages, are
picked out. Ure, Dict., III. 349.
[K Dan. brogeſ, older
form "broket, party-colored: see brock1.] Wa-

t
brockisht (brok’ish), a.
brockle (brok(1), a. and n.
brodell?, brodel?t.
brodert, broderert. . See broider, broiderer.
Brodie's
broellaf (brö-el’â), m.
brog? (brog), m.
particular use of brog1, 2; but cf. Icel. brugg,
bröggerite (brèg'êr-it.), n.
brocket
691
riegated; having a mixture of black or other broggourt. A Middle English variant of broker.
color and white : applied chiefly to cattle, broguel (brög), n.
[Scotch..] Also brocked, broked, and broakit.
Throcket (brok’et), n. ſºft. broket, substituted
for F. brocart, now broquart, a brocket, so named
from having but one tine to his horn, K OF.
broc, F. broche, dial, broc, a spit, broach, etc., a
tine of a stag's horn; cf. OF. broquet, dim. of
broc, as above. Cf. º pricket, K prick, a point,
etc., and G. Spiesser, a brocket, K 8piess = E.
*: 1. A red deer two years old; a pricket.
e term has been used (in the plural) by some natural-
ists to designate a group of the deer family.
2. Any deer of South America of the genus
Cariacus. The red brocket is C. rufus of Brazil; the
wood-brocket, C. memorivagus.
brock-faced (brok'fist), a. Having a white lon-
gitudinal mark down the face, like a badger.
[K brock1 + -ish 1.]
Like a brock or, badger; beastly; brutal; as,
“brockish boors,” By. Bale, inglish Votaries, i.
[E. dial., also
bruckle, var. of brickle, K, ME. brekel, brokel,
brukel: see brickle, and cf. brock?, n.] I. a.
1. Same as brickle.— 2. #. to break through brogue (bróg), m.
[
a field: said of cattle. rov. Eng.]
II.f n. Broken pieces; fragments; rubbish.
brockram (brok’ram), n. Calcareous breccia
derived from the waste of the carboniferous
limestones, occurring in the north of England,
in Sandstones of Permian age, and especially
well developed in the valley of the Eden.
[North. Eng.
J
brod (brod), n. [Sc., K Icel. broddr, a spike; cf.
[Sc. brog, brogue, K Gael.
Ir, bróg, a shoe, Gael. also a hoof. The brogue
was made of rough hide; it was regarded as
characteristic of the wilder Irish, and so the
their manner of speaking
English.] 1. Formerly,
in Ireland, a shoe made
of rawhide, with the hair
outward, reaching as far
thongs.-2. A similar
foot-covering worn by
the Scotch Highlanders,
but commonly made of deer-hide, either freshly
stripped off or half dried, and having holes to
allow water to escape.—3. A smooth piece of
wood worn on the foot in the operation of
washing tin, when the ore is in fine particles.
Ancient Irish Brogues.
brogue2 (brög), n. [Also brog, brogge, brougue:
origin unknown.] An escheat; a cheat; a
trick. Burns. -
[Prob. a particular use of
brogue2, a trick. Compare a similar use cf
trick : “The trick of that voice I do well re-
member,” Shakspere, Lear, IV. vi. 108. The
association of this brogue with the Irish shoe
(broguel), and the fact that Irish accents are
everywhere heard, has led to an almost exclu-
sive restriction of the word to the Irish accent.]
A dialectal manner of pronunciation: espe-
cially used of the mode of pronouncing English
Gael. Ir. brod, a goad, prickle, sting: see brad, . peculiar to the Irish.
and cf. prod.]. 1. A sharp-pointed instrument. brogues (brögz), m. pl.
–2. A prick with such an instrument; hence,
an incitement; instigation.
brod (brod), v. t. or i.; pret. and pp. brodded, ppr.
brodding. [K brod, m.] To prick; spur; pierce;
prod: often used figuratively. [Scotch.]
broddle (brodºl), @., tº preſſ. and pp. broddled, broider (broiºdër), v. t.
ppr. broddling. [E. dial., freq. of brod, v.] To
prick; pierce; make holes in.
brodekin, brodkinſ (brodſkin), m. [Also brode-
quin. Late M.E. brodkyn, K OF. brodequin, also
broissequin, brousequin, = It. borzacchino = Sp.
borceguá, formerly borzegui, = Pg. borzegwin, K
MD, broseken, brosken, buskin : see buskin.] A
buskin or half-boot. [Obsolete or rare.]
Instead of shoes and stockings, a pair of buskins or
brodekins. Echard, Hist. Eng.
See brothell, brothel2.
disease, joint. See the nouns.
[ML.; OF. brouelle.] A
coarse kind of cloth, used for the ordinary
dresses of countrymen and the monastic clergy
in the middle ages. Fairholt.
brog1 (brög), n. [Sc., K Gael. brog, a shoemakers'
awl: see broach.] 1. A pointed instrument,
as a shoemakers' awl; a joiners’ awl.–2. A
small stick used in catching eels. [North. Eng.]
—3. A jab with a sharp instrument. [Scotch.]
brogl (bróg), v. t. ; pret, and §. brogged, ppr.
brogging. [K brogl, n. ; cf. Gael. brog, spur,
stimulate, goad, and see prog.] 1. To prick
with an awlor other sharp-pointed instrument;
ush or thrust, as an instrument: as, to brog
eather. [Scotch..]
Brogging an elshin through bend leather.
Scott, Heart of Midlothian, v.
2. To catch (eels) by means of small sticks
called brogs. [North. Eng.]
[Sc. also brogue, perhaps a
a scheming, machination, , lit. . a brewing, K
brugga, brew, concoct: see brew1.l. A trick.
brogº (brog), m. [Perhaps an altered form of
bogl; but cf. ML, brogilus, etc., a thicket, G.
brühl, a marshy place overgrown with bushes,
under broil?..] A swampy or bushy place.
Balliwell. [North. Eng.]
brog4t, n. A variant of broguel. .
brogan (bró'gan or brù-gan'), m. [Cf. Gael.
brógan, pl. of brög: see brogue1.] 1. A form of broill (broil), v.
half-boot in which the part covering the instep
is undivided, and broad side-flaps meet above
the instep-piece, and are tied by strings.-2.
A boat used on Chesapeake Bay. [Local, U. S.]
[After the Norwe-
gian mineralogist W. C. Brögger.] A mineral
allied to uraninite, and consisting largely of
uranium oxid.
biºlº (brog’l), v, i. [Freq; of brogl, v., q.v.] .
1.
o pierce; prick. [Scotch..]−2. To fish for
eels by troubling the water. Wright,
broid+ (broid), v.
broideress (broi’dèr-es), n. -
A woman who embroiders; an embroideress. broilery, n, [Early mod. E., broylery, broil-
broignet, m.
warm, heat.
Same as breeches.
[Prov. Eng.]
[K ME. broyden, browden,
etc.] Same as braid 1.
Hire yolwe heer was browded [var. Uroyded, breided] in a
tresse. Chawcer, Knight's Tale, l. 191.
[Early mod. E. also
brouder, browder, brauder, broder; K ME. brow-
dren, brauderen, confused with (as if freq. forms
of) broyden, browden (early mod, E. broid, broud,
var. forms of braid.1: see braid.1, browd, browd),
but prop. var. forms of borduren, borderen,
E. border, v. (after broidery, browdery, q.v.);
ult. K F. broder, usually border (= Sp. Pg. bor-
dar = It. bordare, KML. *bordare), adorn with
needlework, prop. work on the edge, K bord,
border, edge, welt, or hem of a garment, etc.:
see border and board. Cf. embroider.] To adorn
with figures of needlework, or by sewing on
ornaments; embroider: as, “a broidered coat,”
Ex. xxviii. 4. [Obsolete or poetical.]
A red sleeve
Broider'd with pearls.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
Buff coats all frounced and broidered o'er.
Scott, L. of L. M., iv. 15.
broiderer (broi' dér-ēr), n. [K ME. broiderere,
brouderere, browderere; K broider + -erl.] One
who embroiders; an embroiderer. [Rare.]
[K broider + -ess.]
Hood. [Rare.]
broidery (broi’dèr-i), m.; pl. broideries (-iz). [K
ME. broiderye, broiderie, browdery, browdrye, K
OF. broderie, broidery, K broder, broider, bor-
der: see broider. Cf. embroidery.] Embroidery;
ornamental needlework wrought upon cloth.
[Obsolete or poetical.]
The frail bluebell peereth over
Rare broid’ry of the purple clover.
T'ennyson, A Dirge.
[OF., also broinge, brugme, brunie,
... bromia, brunia, of Teut. Origin, KAS. byrne,
etc., a cuirass: see byrnie.] In the early mid-
dle ages, a defensive garment made by sew-
ing rings or plates of metal upon leather or
Woven stuff. For this was substituted the hauberk of
mail by those persons who could afford the expense; but
the broigne, which could be manufactured at home or by
any person who could sew strongly, was in use among the
peasantry, and even among foot-soldiers, at least as late
as the fourteenth century.
[= Sc. broilyie, brulyie, KME.
broilen, K OF. bruiller, broil, grill, roast, K bruir
in same senses (F. browir, blight), & MHö.
britéjen, brilem, scald, singe, burn, G. brilhem,
scald (= MLG. brogen, brożem, brugen, Scald,
cook, = MD, broeijen, scald, D. broeijen, hatch,
brood, breed, soak, grow hot), K MHG. bricie,
G. briihe - M.D. broeije, broth, K Teut. V “bró,
Cf. breel, brewis, and see brood1.]
I. trans. To cook by the direct action of heat
over or in front of a clear fire, generally upon
a gridiron, as meat or fish.
name came to designate.
> as the ankie and tied by broil? (broil), n.
broilà (bril), m.
kSQ??.
broiler1 (broi'lér), m.
broiler
broiling (broi'ling),
broillyt, m.
broilmentt, n.
broinderg (broin’dérg), m.
brokage (brö(kāj), 'm.
brokage
He cowde roste and sethe and broille and frie. .
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 383.
II. intrans. 1. To be subjected to the action
of heat, as meat over a fire. Hence—2. Figu-
ratively, to be greatly heated; be heated to
the point of great discomfort.
God save you, sir! Where have you been broiling?
Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 1.
3. To fret; stew; be very impatient.
He broiled with impatience to put his design in exe-
cution. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 5.
[In the earliest use known,
Lord Berners's translation of Froissart, vol. ii.
c. 140 (1525), the word is spelled brewll, appar.
K OF. *breul, *breuil, *broil, a tumult, broil (=
It. broglio, OIt. also brollo, broggio (Florio),
confusion, tumult, rising, revolt), a verbal noun,
agreeing with the newly formed mod. F. brouille
(> early mod. E. broilly, Sc. brulyie), disagree-
ment, misunderstanding, falling out (cf. OF.
brouilliz, brouillis, quarrel, contention, discord,
confusion), KOF. brouiller, mod. F. brouiller (=
Pr. brolhar = OSp. brollar = Pg. brolhar = It.
brogliare, OIt. also brollare), confuse, jumble,
trouble, mar, spoil, etc., prob. Orig. entangle as
in a thicket (cf. E. Broyl, the name of a wood
in Sussex), K brewl, breuil, Uroil (= Pr. bruelh,
m. ; also OF. bruelle = Pr. bruclha = Pg.
brulha, f.), a thicket, grove, wood, forest (agree-
ing with the assumed forms cited above in
the sense of ‘tumult, confusion’), − It. bruolo,
a kitchen-garden, brolo, an orchard, OIt. broilo,
brollo, a garden, K. M.L. broilus, brolium, bro-
gilus, also broel, a wood, forest, park, deer-
park, also a field, meadow, orchard, prob. K
OHG. *bróil, M.H.G. briel, G. briihl, a marshy
lace overgrown with bushes: a word of un-
own origin. Cf. E. dial. (North.) brog, a
swampy or bushy place.] An angry tumult;
a noisy quarrel; contention; discord.
But Cassanes retyring into Persia to pacifle new brotles,
the Sultan recouered the same.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 281.
Your intestine broils
Weakening the sceptre of old Night.
Milton, P. L., ii. 1001.
And deadly feud, or thirst of spoil,
Break out in Some unseenly broil.
Scott, Marmion, i. 20.
=Syn. Affray, Altercation, etc., See quarrell, n,
broil2F, v. i. [K broit?, n. Cf. embroil?..] To raise
a broil; quarrel; brawl.
[Also written bryle; origin un-
certain.] In mining, a collection of loose frag-
ments, usually discolored by oxidation, resting
on the surface, and indicating the presence of
a mineral vein beneath. See outcrop and gos-
[Cornwall, Eng.]
[K broill + -erl.] 1.
One who or that which broils; any device for
broiling meats or fish.-2. A chicken fit for
º: A hot day. See broiling.
# (broi'lér), m. [K broil2, v., + -erl.]
One who excites broils or promotes quarrels.
What doth he but turn broiler, . . . make new libels
against the church? Hammond, Sermons, p. 544.
lerie, also (as F.) brouillerie, K F. brouillerie,
confusion, K browiller, confuse : see broil2.]
Contention; dispute.
. a. [Ppr. of broill, v.]
Excessively hot and flººd; torrid: as, a broil-
$ng day.
The weather for this fortnight has been broiling without
interruption, one thunder-shower excepted, which did not
cool the air at all. Gray, Letters, I. 39S.
An obsolete form of broil2.
[= Sc. brulyiement; K broil? --
-ment.] A broil; a brawl. -
[K Gael. brudhcarg,
redbreast, lit. Ted-bellied, K bru (gen. bronn,
dat. broimm), belly (= W. bru, belly), + dearg,
red.] A name for the redbreast, 1ºry thacus
*ubecula. Macgillivray. [Local, Scotch.]
[Also written brocage, K
M.E. brokage, brocage, K broc- in brocour, bro-
ker, + -age. See broker.] 1. An arrangement
made or sought to be made through the agency
of a broker or go-between.
He woweth hire by mene and by brocage.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 189.
2. The premium or commission of a broker;
the gain or profit derived from transacting busi-
ness as broker for another.—3. The trade of
a broker; the transacting of commercial busi-
ness, as buying and selling, for other men. See
broke2, broker.
The Jewes in Rome . .
usury.
... live onely upon brokage and
Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 15, 1645.

692 bromiite
nº of heart, the state ºf hºwing the spirits crushed by drogen with three bromine atoms. It crystal-
grief or despair; abject mental misery. lizes in yellow needles.
Helpless, hopeless *;%%.ir, iii. 22. bromate (bröſmāt), m, IK brom(ine) + -atel.] A
Nor was this submission the effect of content, but of sºlº formed by the combination of bromic acid
mere stupefaction and brokenness of heart. The iron had with a base. &
entered into his soul. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xvii. bºy º 'ra-fi), n. [K Gr.
broken-winded (bró’km-win"ded), a.. Having 30&ua(1-), food, + -ypañía, j." yº.
oods. Also bro-
, short breath or disordered respiration, as a scribe.]. A description of
broker (bró’kēr), n. [Also broaker. K ME. bromato (brö-ma-tol’ī-ji), n, [K Gr. 3på-
brokage
Proud
h got by brokage.
uke of Milan, iii. 2,
Of his rich cloaks and suits, tho
Massinger,
Marriage brokage. See marriage.
broke1 (brók). Preterit and (with broken) past
participle of break.
broke1+, n. [A var. of brackl, q.v.] A breach.
Broke for broke, eye for eye, and tooth for tooth,
Becom, Works, ii. 94. (Davies.)
broke? (brók), v. i.

; pret. and pp. broked, ppr.
broking. ſformed
khorse. See broken wind, under wind2. # and bromatology.
from broker, like peddle O
from peddler, etc.; ME. broken (brokeº, brook2),
is not found in this sense. See broker and
brokage.] 1. To transact business for another
in trade; act as agent in buying and selling
and other commercial business; carry on the
business of a broker.—2+. To act as a go-
between or procurer in love matters; pimp.
And brokes with all that can in such a suit
Corrupt the tender honour of a maid.
Shak, All's Well, iii. 5. tº
a ship-broker).
We do want a certain necessary woman to broke between
them, Cupid said. Famshawe.
3+. To transact business by means of an agent.
But the gains of bargains are of a more doubtful nature;
when men shall wait upon others' necessity, broke by ser-
wants and instruments to draw them on, . . . and the like
practices. Bacon, Riches.
brokeši, n. An obsolete form of brookl.
brokeºi, v. t. A Middle English form of brook2.
broked, a. See brocket. [Scotch..]
broken (brö’km), p. a. [Pp. of break; K ME. bro-
*ken, often shortened to broke, KAS. brocen, K bre-
can, break: see break.] 1. Not integral or en-
tire; fractional: opposed to round, as applied
to numbers.
This new-created income of two millions will probably
furnish £665,000 (I avoid broken numbers). wºrke.
2. Rough ; intersected with hills and valleys
or ravines: applied to the surface of a country
or district.—3. Bankrupt.—4. Imperfect; un-
grammatical; wanting in fluency or correct-
ness of pronunciation: as, broken French.
Break thy mind to me in broken English.
Šia., Hen. V., v. 2.
5. In her., depicted as having been forcibly
torn off, leaving the end shivered or splintered.
—6. In entom., abruptly bent at an angle; ge-
niculate: said specifically of antennae in which
the terminal portion forms an angle with the
long basal joint.—Broken beer. See beer.1.—Broken
cadence. See cadence.—Broken chords, in music, chords
the tones of which are played in succession instead of si-
multaneously. See arpeggio.—Broken colors, in paint-
ing, colors produced by the mixture of two or more pig-
ments. The term is usually applied to those tints which
result from the combination in various proportions of blue,
red, and yellow.—Broken line, a line formed of a num-
ber of straight lines joined at their ends and not forming
a continuous straight line.—Broken man, a member of a
clan which had been broken up, or one separated from his
clan on account of crime; hence, an outlaw; a Vagabond;
a public depredator. [Scotch..]—Broken meat, Victuals,
fragments of food.—Broken music, music played on
harps, guitars, and other instruments on which the chords
are usually played as arpeggios.
Fair prince, here is good broken music.
Shak., T. and C., iii. 1.
Broken voyage, in whale-fishing, an unprofitable voy-
age, or a losing voyage. C. M. Scammon, Marine Mam-
mals (Glossary), p. 310. – Broken water, waves breaking
on and near shallows, or by the contention of currents in
×a narrow channel.— Broken Wind. See wind?.
broken-backed (brö’km-bakt), a. [ME. broke-
bakked.] 1. Having the back broken, in any
sense of the noun back : as, a broken-backed
book.
Yellow, thumbed, devastated by flies and time, stained
with spots of oil and varnish, broken-backed, dog's-eared
— a sorry lazar-house copy, which no bookstall-keeper
would look at. G. A. Sala, Dutch Pictures.
Specifically–2. Naut, hogged: descriptive of
the condition of a ship when, from faulty con-
struction or from grounding, her frame be-
comes so loosened as to cause both ends to
droop.
broken-bellied (bró’kn-bel’id), a. Having a
ruptured belly; hence, broken down; degener-
ate. [Rare.]
Such is our broken-bellied age. E. Sandys, DSSays, p. 168.
broken-hearted (bró(kn-hār"ted), a. Havin
the spirits depressed or crushed by grief or
despair.
He hath sent me to bind up the brokenhearted. Isa. lxi. 1.
brokenly (bró’km-li), adv. 1. In a broken, in-
terrupted manner; without regularity.—2. In
broken or imperfect language.
If you will love me soundly with your French heart, I
will be glad to hear you confess it brokenly with your
English tongue. Shak., Hen. V., v. 2,
lorokenness (brö’ kn-nes), n. [K broken +
-ness.] The State of being broken.—Broken-
broker, brokour, brocour, brocor, KAF, brocour ua(1-), food, F-Aoyſa, KAéyeiv, speak: see-ology.]
also broggour), northern OF. brokeor, central ºr Same as º te
F. brocheor (KML. “broccator), lit, a broacher,
brome (bröm), n. r. 3póplog, a stench: see
a tapster, KUrokier, brochier, brocher, broach (āºbromine.] Same as bromine,
cask): see broach, v. The word
the orig. sense “tapster’ to that of ‘a retailer
of wine’ and at length to that of “any re-
tailer,’ ‘a jobber or middleman.” The OF, word
gave rise also to the MLG. bruker, a broker,
East Fries. broker, a broker (schips-broker,
The F. brocanter, deal in
Second-hand goods, is prob. of the same origin.]
1. A middleman or agent who, for a commis-
Sion or rate per cent. on the value of the trans-
action, negotiates for others the purchase or
sale of stocks, bonds, commodities, or property
of any kind, or who attends to the doing of some-
thing for another. Brokers are of several
kinds, according to the particular branch of
business to which their attention is confined,
as stock-brokers, eachange-brokers, bill-brokers,
cotton-brokers, ship-brokers, etc. See these
words.
Tom Folio is a broker in learning, employed to get to-
gether good editions, and stock the libraries of great men.
* Addison, Tom Folio.
A broker is for some purposes treated as the agent of
both parties; but, in the first place, he is deemed the
agent only of the person by whom he is originally em-
ployed, and does not become the agent of the other until
the bargain or contract has been definitely settled, as to
terms, between the principals, when he becomes the agent
of both parties for the purpose of executing the bought
and sold notes. Bouvier, Law Dictionary.
2. One who lends money on pledges, or lets out
articles for hire; a pawnbroker, or a lender of
goods. -
The price of these hir'd clothes I do not know, gentlemen
Those jewels are the broker's, how you stand bound for
'em I Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iv. 1.
3t. A pimp or procurer; a pander.
May be, you look'd I should petition to you,
As you Went to your horse; flatter your servants,
To play the brokers for my furtherance.
Fletcher (and another), Queen of Corinth, i. 2.
Hence, broker, lackey! ignomy and shame
Pursue thy life. Shak., T. and C., v. 11.
[Some editions read broker-lackey.]
Broker's note, a bought or sold note ; a voucher deliv-
ered by a broker to his principal containing particulars
of a sale or purchase.—Custom-house broker. See cw8-
tom-house.—Street broker, or curbstone broker, a
stock-broker who is not a member of the stock exchange,
but who carries out the orders of others by transactions in
the streets, or by going from office to office. [U. S.]
brokerage (bró'kèr-āj), n., [K broker.H -age;
substituted for earlier brokage.] 1. The busi-
ness or employment of a broker.—2. The fee
or commission given or charged for transacting
business as a broker.
brokerlyi (brö’kèr-li), a. [K broker + -ly 1.]
Mean; servile.
We had determined that thou should'st have come
In a Spanish suit, and have carried her so; and he,
A brokerly slave 1 goes, puts it on himself.
B. Jomsom, Alchemist, iv. 4.
brokery; (brö’kèr-i), n. [K broker + -y.] The
business of a broker. Marlowe.
broking (bró’king), p. a. [PPr. of brokel, v.]
1. Engaged as a broker.—2. Pertaining to the
business of a broker or a pawnbroker.
Redeem from broking pawn the blemish'd crown.
Shale., Rich. II., ii. 1.
3. Pandering; pimping.
Is 't you, Sir Pandarus, the broking knight of Troy?
Middleton, Blurt, Master-Constable, ii. 1.
brokket.
See brock1, brock3, etc.
broma (bró'mă), n. IK Gr. §póſia, food, K81806-
aketv, 2d aor. §pov, eat; cf. Bopá, food, L. wordre,
devour, from the same root.] 1. Aliment.—
2. A preparation from cocoa-seeds or -beans,
used in decoction as a beverage. ,
bromal (bröſmal), n. [K brom(ime) + al(cohol).]
A compound (CBrøCOH) obtained by the action
of bromine on alcohol. It is a colorless, oily fluid,
of a penetrating odor and sharp, burning taste. It has
been used in medicine, having properties similar to those
of chloral.
bromaloin º m. [K brom(ime) +
(barb)aloin..] A substance (C17H15Br307) de-
rived from barbaloin by replacing three hy-
assed from brome-grass (bröm'grès), n.
bromhydrate (bröm-hi’drät), n.
bromic (brö’mik), a.
#with bromine.
brominism (bró'min-izm), n.
bromise, v. t. , S:
bromism (bró'mizm), m.
bromite (brö’mit), n.
bromize (bró’miz), v. t.; pret. and pp. bromized,
bromlite (brom"lit), n.
[K brome, E. for
. Bromus, + grass.]... A common name for
grasses of the genus Bromus, of which there
are about 40 species widely distributed, chiefly
through the northern temperate Zone. They are
nearly allied to the fescue-grasses (Festuca), but are mostly
coarse, and of comparatively little value. Chess or cheat
(B. secalinus) and Schrader's brome-grass (B. wºntoloides)
have been cultivated as annual forage-grasses. Also, cor-
ruptly, broom-grass.
Bromelia (brö-mê'li-á), n. [NL., named for Olaf
Bromel, a Swedish botanist (1639–1705).] A
genus of American tropical plants, type of the
family Bromeliaceae, including three or four
species having rigid, spiny-margined leaves
closely packed upon a short stem. The wild pine:
apple (B. Pinguin) is often used as a hedge-plant, and
yields what is known as pinguin fiber. The istle-grass of
Mexico (B. sylvestris) produces an excellent fiber.
Bromeliaceae (brö-mê-li-ā'sé-é), m.pl. [NL., K
Bromelia + -aceae.] A family of monocotyle-
donous plants, with inferior ovary, allied to
the Amaryllidaceae, but with only three of the
divisions of the perianth resembling petals,
and the rigid leaves often scurfy and spiny.
The species are all natives of tropical or subtropical re-
ions of America, and many of them are epiphytes. The
amily includes the pineapple (Amamas) and some valuable
fiber-plants of the genera Bromelia and Karatas. The
other more important genera are Tillandsia (to which the
Spanish moss of the southern United States belongs), Pit-
cairnia, AEchmea, and Billbergia, many species of which
are cultivated in hothouses for their curious habit and

showy flowers.
[K brom(ate)
+ hydrate.]. Same as hydrobromate.
bromias (brö’mi-as), n. ; pl. bromiades (brö-mi'-
a-déz). [Gr. 3popuéc, a large cup.] In archaeol.,
a cup or drinking-vessel of the type of the scy-
phus, but of larger size,
[K brom(ine) + -ic.] Per-
taining to bromine.—Bromic acid, an acid contain-
ing bromine and oxygen with hydrogen replaceable by a
*base.--Bromic silver, the mineral bromyrite.
bromide (brö’mid or -mid), n.
[K brom(ine) +
-ide?..] A compound formed by the union of
bromine with a more electropositive element
or radical. Also brom uret.
bromidrosis (brö-mi-drö’sis), m. [NL., K. Gr.
§ a stench, + iópág, sweat, perspiration.]
etid perspiration.
brominated (bró’mi-nā-ted), a. [K bromine +
-ate? -H -ed?..] In chem., treated or combined
Fownes.
bromine (bró'min), n. [KNL, brominium, KGr.
30%log, also Épéuoc, a stench..] Chemical sym-
bol, Br; atomic weight, 79.92. A non-metallie
element allied in its chemical relations to chlo-
rine and iodine. It is a dark-reddish liquid, opaque
except in thin layers, $º soluble in water, having a
specific gravity of 3.19 at 32° F. It is volatile, and emits
at Ordinary temperatures orange vapors which have a
powerful suffocating odor, and are intensely irritating to
the mucous membrane. When dropped on the skin,
bromine produces corrosive sores. It is not found na-
tive, but occurs in combination in very minute quanti-
ties in sea-water and the ashes of marine plants, and
in larger amount in certain mineral springs. Some
Ores of silver also contain , bromine in combination.
With hydrogen bromine forms hydrobromic acid (HBr),
and with bromine most metals form compounds called
bromides, which are extensively used in medicine. Bro-
mine itself is also used medicinally in very dilute solu-
tions. Also called brome. º
[K bromine +
Same as bromism.
See bromize.
[K brom(ine) + -ism.]
A diseased condition produced by excessive
use of bromides. It is characterized by somnolence
weakness of mind and memory, confused speech, feeblean
staggering gait, impaired senses, diminished reflex excita-
bility, suppression of sexual instinct, eruption on the skin,
feebleness of the heart, catarrh, etc. Also called brominism.
Same as bromyrite.
-ism.]
ppr. bromizing. [K brom (ine) + -ize.] In pho-
tog., to prepare or treat with a bromide. Also
spelled bromise.
[K Bromley (Bromley
Hill in Cumberland, England) + -itó2.] A car-
s bromiite
bonate of barium and calcium in orthorhombic
693
payſa, hemorrhage.] Aterm proposed by Andral
bronze
brontology (bron-tol'č-ji), n. [K Gr. §§
Crystals, intermediate between witherite and for the exudation of blood from the lining mem- thunder, 4- -2.0%a, K Žéyéiv, speak: see -ology.
strontianite. Also called alstonite.
bromochloralum (brömö-kló'ra-lum), n. A
Solution of the chlorid and bromide of alumin-
ium, frequently used as a disinfectant.
bromoform (bró'mô-fôrm), n. [K brom(ine) +
ºform, as in chloroform, q.v.] A colorless lim-
- pid liquid of agreeable odor, formed by the
action of bromine and potassium hydroxid
on acetone or ordinary ai. It is analo-
gous to chloroform, but contains bromine in
place of chlorine. g
bromogelatin (brö"mö-jel’a-tin), a. Formed
from or prepared with certain bromides to-
gether with silver nitrate and gelatin, as the
Sensitive emulsions used for preparing dry
plates in photographic work. See emulsion and
developer.
bromography (brö-mogºra-fi), n.
food, F -ypaſpia, Kypápetv, write.]
matography.
bromo-iodized (brö"mö-i’ū-dizd), a. Impreg-
nated with bromides and iodides, as the collo-
dion plate used in the wet process of photog-
raphy.
bromuret (brö’mi-ret), n. [K brom (ine) +
-wret.] Same as bromide.
bromureted (brö’mū-ret-ed), a. [K bromuret +
-ed?..] Impregnated or combined with bromine.
Bromus (brö’mus), n. (L. bromos in
Pliny), K. Gr. 3póplog, also Gópplog, a kind of oats,
from same root as Bopá, food, and 3pópua, food:
see broma.] A genus of grasses; the brome-
grass (which see). *
bromyrite (brö’mi-rit), n. [Kbrom(ide) + (arg),y-
rite.] Native silver bromide, of a yellowish-
een color, occurring at Huelgoat in Brittany,
in Mexico, and in Chili, accompanying other
ores of silver. Sometimes called bromite and
bromic silver. g
bronchi, n. Plural of bronchus,
bronchia (brong'ki-á), m. pl. [L.L., K. Gr. 3póy-
zia, the bronchial tubés, in sing. 606%xtov, equiv.
toº, the windpipe; of 30%, the gilis:
. trancial The bronchial tubes. See bron-
C/Mº(M.
bronchial (brong’ki-al), a... [K bronchia + -al.]
Belonging to the bronchi or the bronchia.—
Bronchial arteries, branches of the thoracic aorta ac-
companying the bronchial tubes.—Bronchial glands.
See gland.—Bronchial hemorrhage. Same as bron-
chohemorrhagia.-Bronchial membrane, the mucous
membrane lining the bronchi and bronchial tubes.—
Bronchial tubes, the ramifications of the bronchi, ter-
minating in the infundibula of the lungs.—Bronchial
veins, the veins accompanying the bronchial tubes and
emptying into the Superior intercostal and azygous veins.
bronchic (brong’kik), a. [K bronchus + -ic.]
Same as bronchial.
bronchidesmus (brong-ki-des' mus), m. [NL.,
Gr. 3póyzog, the windpipe, + 6eoplóg, a band,
tie, K Öeiv, bind, tie..] A membrane which
unites the bronchi of birds to some extent.
The membrane . . . which was termed by Garrod the
bronchidesmus is complete in the storks.
eddard, Proc. Zoël. Soc., June, 1886, p. 321.
K. Gr. 3pópia,
ame as bro-
bronchiectasic (brong"ki-ek-tas'ik), a. [K bron-
chiectasis + -ic; prop. “bronchiectatic.] Like or
pertaining to bronchiectasis.
bronchiectasis (brong-ki-ek'ta-sis), m. [NL., K
Gr. 3póyxia, bronchial tubes, + škraotº, exten-
sion, K Škretvetv = L. eacten-d-ere, extend..] In
pathol, dilatation of the bronchialtubes as pro-
duced in phthisis and chronic bronchitis.
bronchiole (brong’ki-Öl), n. IK bronchiolus.] A
small bronchial tube.
bronchiolus (brong-ki'5-lus), m.; pl. bronchioli brongniardite (bron-yār'dit), n.
-li). [NL., dim. of bronchus, q.v.] A bron-
chiole.
bronchiostenosis (brong-ki-OS-te-nó’ sis), m.
., K. Gr. 306)2(ta, the bronchial tubes, +
orévoguc, contraction, Kotevoiv, contract, narrow
Korsvåg, narrow.] In pathol., contraction of a
bronchus or a bronchial tube.
bronchitic (brong-kit'ik), a. [Kbronchitis + -ic.]
*Pertaining to or of the nature of bronchitis.
bronchitis (brong-ki’tis), n. [NL., K bronchus,
windpipe (see bronchia), + -ītis.] In pathol, an
inflammation of the bronchial membrane. It
is a complaint of very frequent occurrence, and
may be acute or chronic.—Capill bronchitis,
inflammation involving the minute bronchial tubes.
broncho, n. See bronco.
bronchocele (brong’ kö-sèl or -sé (lé), m. [K
Gr. 8poyxokółm, a tumor in the throat, K 8póYºog,
the windpipe, H Khàm, a tumor.] Same as goiter.
|brane of the bronchial tubes, commonly called
bronchial hemorrhage.
bronchophonic (brong-kö-fon 'ik), a. Per-
taining to or of the nature of bronchophony.
bronchophony (brong-kof’ā-ni), n. [KGr. 3póy-
Žog, the windpipe, -H bovň, voice..] In pathol.,
an abnormal sound of the voice heard in aus-
cultation of the chest. It is loud, near, and
thrilling, but not so distinctly articulated as
in pectoriloquy.
bronchopneumonia (brong"kö-nā-mö'mi-á), n.
[NL., K. Gr. 306Yzog, the windpipe, + NL. pneu-
monia, q. v.] In pathol., inflammation of the
lung-substance, associated with and usually
secondary to inflammation of the mucous mem-
brane of the smaller bronchial tubes. Also
called catarrhal and lobular pneumonia.
bronchopneumonitis (brong-kö-nā-mó-ni’tis),
n. [As bronchopneumonia + -itis.] Same as
bronchopneumonia.
bronchorrhagia (brong-kó-rā’īi-á), n. [NL., K
Gr. 3póyzog, the windpipe, + -payia, Khmyvínat,
break, burst.] In pathol., hemorrhage from the
|bronchial tubes.
bronchorrhoea (brong-kó-ré’ā), n. DNL., K. Gr.
Bpóyzog, the windpipe, -F boia, a flowing, flux, K
beiv, flow.] In pathol., copious exudation from
the bronchial tubes.
bronchostenosis (brong-kó-ste-nóſ sis), n. DNL.,
K. Gr. 3póyzog, the windpipe, + orévootg, constric-
tion: see bronchiostenosis.] In pathol., con-
striction of a bronchus.
bronchotome (brong’kò-töm), n. IK Gr. 3póy-
20g, the windpipe, + touág, cutting, verbal adj.
of Tépivetv, tapleiv, cut.] Surg., an instru-
ment for making the incision into the larynx
or trachea in the operation of bronchotomy.
There are many forms.
bronchotomy (brong-kotº-mi), n. [KGr. 306)-
20c, the windpipe, + topia, late form of Toſtã, a
cutting, K Täuvetv, tapleiv, cut; cf. amatomy.] In
surg., the act of making an incision into the
windpipe or larynx, usually for the purpose of
affording a passage for air into and out of the
lungs when any disease or accident hinders
respiration by the usual channels, or to extract
foreign bodies which have lodged in the trachea.
The operation is called tracheotomy when the opening is
made into the trachea, and laryngotomy when made into
the larynx.
bronchotracheal (brong-kö-trā’ké-al), a. [K
bronchus + trachea + -al.] Situated partly in
the bronchi and partly in the trachea: specifi-
cally applied to the syrinx of oligomyodian or
haploëphonous birds, which is usually of this
character. Also tracheobronchial.
bronchus (brong’kus), n. ; , pl. bronchi (-ki).
., K. Gr. 8póyzog, the windpipe: see bron-
chia.] Either of the two main branches of the
trachea: also sometimes used to denote any
Small bronchial tube. See trachea, lung, and
cut under thoraa.
bronco (bronſ kö), m. [Commonly, but incor-
rectly, spelled broncho; a particular applica-
tion of Sp. bronco, rough, rude, - Pg. bronco,
rough, rude..] An Indian pony or mustang,
especially one that is unbroken or imperfectly
broken. [Southwestern U. S.]
“Broncos” or unbroken native horses.
T. Roosevelt, Ranch Life, p. 48.
In and out among the craft of heavier burden shuffled
the small, tough bronchos. The Century, XXXI. 65.
brondt, m. A Middle English form of brand.
[After the
French mineralogist A. Brongmiart (1770–
1847).] A. sulphid of antimony, lead, and sil-
ver, occurring massive in Mexico, with grayish-
black color and metallic luster.
brontea, m. Plural of bronteum.
Bronteidae (bron-té’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Brom-
tes + -idae.] A family of trilobites.
Brontes (bron’téz), m. [NL., K. Gr. Bpóvrmg,
one of the Cyclopes, lit. ‘thunderer,’ K 8powth,
thunder.] A genus of Silurian and Devonian
trilobites, having a large radiated pygidium,
type of the family Bronteidae. Also Bronteus.
bronteum (bron-té’um), n. ; pl. brontea (-à).
[K. Gr. 8pooreiov, K 8powth, thunder.] In the
ancient theater, a machine for producing sound
in imitation of thunder.
Bronteus (bron’té-us), n. [NL.: see Brontes.]
Same as Brontes.
brontolith (bron’té-lith), n. IK. Gr. 3povtſ,
romchohemorrhagia (brong’kö-hem -ó-rā’- thunder, F Attoc, stone..] . An aérolite or mete-
* n. [NL., KGr. 606YXoc, windpipe, + aiuop- orolite; 'literally, a thunder-stone.
A discourse or dissertation upon thunder.
Brontosaurus (bron-tº-sā’rus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
powth, thunder, -- aaïpog, lizard.] A genus of
uge fossil dinosaurian reptiles, notable for
their small head and diminutive brain-cavity,
the whole skull not exceeding some of the
neck-bones in size. One species was about 70
feet long, and probably weighed 20 tons or
IOOOI’6”.
Brontotheriidae (bron’ tº -thé-ri’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Brontotherium + -idae.] A family of
huge perissodactyl ungulate mammals from the
Miocene of North America, established for the
reception of the genus Brontotherium : same as
Menodontidae and Titanotheriidae.
Brontotherium (bron-tº-théºri-um), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. 8povtſ, thunder; + 6mptov, beast.] A
genus of gigantic extinct perissodactyls, typi-
cal of the family Brontotheriidae.
Brontozoum (bron-tº-zó’um), n. [NL., K. Gr.
Bpóving, one of the Cyclopes (see Brontes), +
Ǻjov, animal.] A genus of gigantic animals,
formerly supposed to be birds, now believed to
be dinosaurian reptiles, known only by their
tracks in the Triassic formation of the Con-
necticut valley. The stride was about 8 feet,
and the length of the footprint about 17 inches.
The Brontozowm giganteum of Hitchcock.
Yºr Dana, Geol., p. 413.
bronze (bronz), n, and a. [= D. brons = G.
bronze = Dan. bronze = Sw. broms K F. bronze
= Sp. bronce = Pg. bronze = Cat. bronse, bronze
(cf. Bulg. Serv. Russ. bronza, Sloven. bronec,
brunec, brunc, Pol. bronc, Alban. brunze, NGr.
p:Tpointſog, bronze, appar. from the Rom,), -
ML. bronzium, all, K It. bronzo, a pop. or dial.
reduction of early M.L. brundisium, brindisium
(MGr. 3pevtſovov), from older brundisinum,
bronze, orig. in the inferred original phrase-
name “aes Brundisinum, ‘bronze or copper
of Brundisium,’ a town in Calabria..] I. m. 1.
An alloy of which copper forms the predom-
inating portion, and into the composition of
which tin almost always enters: but the name
is also given to alloys containing no tin. The
proportion of copper in various bronzes is usually between
80 and 90 per cent. ; in some it falls as low as 70. The
proportion of tin in the bronzes of different ages and
those used for various purposes is almost as variable as
that of copper. Bronze used for bells has the largest
amount of tin; in some it reaches 25 per cent. The bronze
formerly used for cannon contained about 10 per cent. Of
tin and often a small amount of zinc. Statuary bronze is,
and has been from the beginning of its use for the pur-
pose, of very variable composition. In some statuary
called bronze there is less than 1 per cent. of tin, while
zinc is present in sufficient quantity almost to justify
calling the material brass. The zinc in various pieces of
statuary cast within the past two or three hundred years,
and erected in some of the principal cities of Europe,
varies in quantity from less than 1 per cent. to 25. Lead
is present in many bronzes, but usually in Small amount,
rarely being as much as 3 per cent. Bronze is an alloy of
importance to both the arts and commerce, and is also of
great historical interest, since it has been known from
remote ages over a large part of the World. It is pre-
ferred to simple unalloyed copper, on account both of its
color and of its greater durability. Among prehistoric
races the use of bronze preceded that of iron; and annong
their remains are found swords, axes, and other cutting
instruments of this material, sometimes artistically made
and ornamented, as well as domestic implements and
utensils of many kinds. The ancient Greeks, Romans,
etc., made statuary of it in enormous quantities, and also
coins, recording tablets, and a great variety of articles of
common use. It is now not only used for cannon (for
which purpose it has been to a great extent supplanted
by steel), bells, and statuary, but also for parts of various
machines, especially bearings, and for screw-propellers.
The beauty and durability of bronze statuary depend in
no small degree on the color and composition of the oxi-
dized film or incrustation which forms upon it when it is
exposed to the weather. This is called its patina (which
see). In recent times numerous experiments have been
made with a view to improve the quality of bronze in
various ways, in particular by the addition of small quan-
tities of other substances, especially metals. The most
important result of these experiments seems to be phos-
phor-bronze, an alloy patented by two Belgian metal-
lurgists about 1S70, and now extensively used where
toughness and resistance to wear are required. The
amount of phosphorus in phosphor-bronze is less than
1 per cent., and the effect it produces is probably due to
its reducing action on the oxids of the other metals dur-
ing the process of manufacture. Phosphor-bronze is of
finer grain and color, and is believed to be much more
durable, than ordinary bronze; and it is thought by many
that it will eventually be proved to be the best material
for artillery. Extensive experiments have also been made
With manganese, lead, and other metals. Aluminiwm,
bronze is an alloy of copper and aluminium now in use,
especially where tensile strength is required. So-called
steel bronze is bronze hardened by mechanical compression.
It has not come into general use, but was intended by its
inventor to be used for cannon. See alwminiwin.
2. A work of art, as a statuette, bust, or model,
composed of bronze, whether cast or wrought.
–3. A brown pigment or coloring substance
bronze
resembling bronze; bronze-powder.—4. Bold-
ness; impudence; brass.
Imbrown'd with native bronze, lo! Henley stands,
Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands.
Pope, Dunciad, iii. 199.
Amber bronze. See amber2.—Bavarian bronze. See
Bavarian. - Chemical bronze, nitromuriate of plati-
num, an efficient but expensive bronzing liquid.— Mal-
leable bronze, an alloy of copper and tin which contains
in addition # to 2 per cent. of mercury.— Manganese
bronze, an alloy formed by the addition of from 1 to 2
per cent. of manganese to the proportions of copper and
zinc used in making brass.-White bronze, a generic
name given to the lighter bronzes which approach the
color of tin.
II. a. 1. Made of or resembling bronze: as,
a bronze statue.—2. Characterized by the use
of bronze: as, the bronze age.—Bronze age. See
archaeological ages, under age.—Bronze coloring, sur-
face effects resembling those of bronzes, produced either
directly by application of color to the surface, or indirectly
by changes due to the action of acids, salts, and coloring
matter. See bronzing.—Bronze green. See green.—
Bronze turkey, a large variety of domestic turkey with
dark-brown plumage having a brilliant metallic luster.
bronze (bronz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bronzed,
ppr. bronzing. [= F. bronzer = Sp. broncear,
OSp. bronzar = Pg. bronzear, bronze; cf. It, ab-
bronzare, tan, scorch, sunburn, imbrown; from
the noum.] 1. To make brown or of the color
of bronze, as by exposure to the sun.
Seam'd with an ancient swordcut on the cheek,
And bruised and bromżed.
Temºnyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
His face was bronzed as though by burning climes.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 414.
2. To give the color or appearance of bronze
to, as by applying copper-dust or -leaf to
the surface, etc.—3. To harden or make like
bronze; hence, figuratively, to make hard or
unfeeling.
The lawyer who bronzes his bosom instead of lis fore-
lead. Scott.
bronze-backer (bronz’ bak” er), m. A name
given to the black-bass.
Bromze-backer is one of its pet names among the anglers.
4. oode, American Fishes.
bronzed (bronzd), p. a. Colored by bronzing;
of a bronze color; tanned.—Bronzed glass, orna.
', mental glass of dark-green paste, which has been exposed
to corrosive vapors, so that the surface is iridescent when
seen by reflected light.— Bronzed-Skin disease. Same
as Addison's disease (which see, under disease).
bronze-gold (bronz'göld), n. A name given to
º so-called bronzes which have a golden
GO IOI’.
bronze-liquid (bronz'lik"wid), n. A kind of
varnish mixed with bronze-powder to make
bronze-paint.
bronze-liquor (bronz'lik"Qr), n. A solution of
antimony chlorid and copper sulphate, used for
bronzing gun-barrels, etc.
bronze-paint (bronz"pānt), n. A pigment con-
sisting of bronze-powder with varnish as a ve-
hicle. Commonly called gold-paint.
bronze-powder (bronz’ pou"dēr), m. A pig-
ment made by reducing leaves of Dutch metal,
or some similar alloy, to powder. The color is
varied as may be desired from pale-yellow to deep-red, by
using different proportions of the component metals, cop-
per and zinc. e
|bronzewing (bronz'wing), m. A name for cer-
tain species of Australian pigeons, chiefly of the
genus Phaps, distinguished by the bronze color
of their plumage. The common bronze-winged ground-
dove, P. chalcoptera, abounds in all the Australian colo-
nies, and is a plump bird, often weighing a pound, much
esteemed for the table.
bronzify (bron’zi-fi), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bron-
2ified, ppr. bronzifying. [K bronze + -i-fi/.] To
make like bronze; cast in bronze; represent
in a bronze figure or statue.
St. Michael descending upon the Fiend has been caught
and bronzified just as he lighted on the castle of St. An-
gelo. Thackeray, Newcomes, xxxv.
bronzine (bron’zin), a. [=It. bronzino, bronzed,
sunburnt (cf. ... bronzinus, n., bronze); K
bronze + -ine1.] Resembling bronze; bronze-
colored.
bronzing (bron’zing), m. [Verbal n. of bronze,
v.] 1. The process of giving a bronze-like sur-
face to metals, plaster, wood, and other sub-
stances. This is commonly effected by the application
of a liquid called chemical bronze, a solution of the chlorid
(nitromuriate) of platinum; it may also be done by the
electrotype process, or by dusting with a bronze-powder
any surface which has been rubbed with linseed-oilyarnish.
2. A metallic color or iridescent appearance
as of bronze.
By this time the dark shadows ought to show the green-
ish, almost metallic look known as bronzing.
Lea, Photography, p. 45.
Bronzing-salt, antimony chlorid, so called because it is
used in the process of browning gun-barrels and other
articles of iron ; bronze-liquor.
694
bronzing-machine (bron’zing-ma-shën"), n. A
machine for decorating wall-papers, fabrics,
labels, etc., with bronze-powder.
bronzist (bron’zist), n. [K bronze + -ist.] One
who casts bronzes, or works in bronze.
bronzite (bron’zit), m. [K bronze + -ite1.]" A
ferriferous variety of the mineral enstatite, hav-
ing sometimes a submetallic bronze-like luster
due to microscopic inclusions.
bronzy (bron(zi), a. [K bronze + -y1.] Re-
Sembling bronze: as, a bronzy appearance.
The Cicindela maritima, which is found only on sandy
sea-shores, is of a pale bronzy yellow, so as to be almost
invisible. A. R. #. Nat. Select., p. 57.
brool (brö), m. Same as breel.
broo? (brö), n. See brow, 11.
broochl (bröch or bröch), n. [Same as broach,
q. v., brooch being the commoner spelling of the
word in this sense.] An ornamental clasp con-
sisting of a pin and a projecting or covering
º
: §§ % §§ Q §º
Ǻ
§§
Rººs see
º
ºss
º
Brooch of the Merovingian period, found at St. Denis and now in the
Musée de Cluny, Paris. (From “Dict. du Mobilier français.”)
shield, used for fastening the dress, or merely
for display. When the garment is large and heavy, as
a cloak or the ecclesiastical cope, the brooch has gener-
ally been found insufficient, and has been replaced by the
agraffe or some other form of clasp. Ornamental brooches
are now worn mostly by women, but were formerly worn
}. º sexes, sometimes on the hat or cap. Also spelled
7"OCLC/.
He has a wide beard and flowing yellow hair; a green
cloak wrapped around him ; a bright silver brooch in his
cloak over his breast. -
Quoted by W. K. Sullivan, Introd. to O'Curry's Anc.
[Irish, p. ccc.cxlvi.
With broches and aiglets of gold upon their caps.
R. Robinsom, tr. of Sir T. More's Utopia, ii. 6.
Honour 's a good brooch to wear in a man's hat at all
times. B. Jomson.
broochl (bröch or bröch), v. t. [K broochl, n.]
To adorn with or as with a brooch or brooches.
[Rare.]
Not the imperious show
Of the full-fortun’d Caesar ever shall
Be brooch'd with me. Shak., A. and C., iv. 13.
brooch? (bröch), n. . [Origin uncertain..] A
monotint, or picture in one color, as a sepia
loroodl (bröd), n. [K ME. brood, brod, K AS.
bröd (= D. broed = MLG. brot = OHG. MHG.
bruot, G. brut), brood; with formative -d, from
the same root (“bró, warm, heat) as G. briihe,
broth: see broil1. Hence breed, q.v.] 1. Off-
Spring; progeny.
The lion roars and gluts his tawny brood, Wordsworth.
2. A hatch; the young birds hatched in one
nest, or those placed together in the care of one
hen, or in an artificial brooder: as, a brood of
chickens or of ducks.—3. That which is bred;
species generated; that which is produced;
hence, figuratively, sort or kind.
Have you forgotten Libya's burning wastes, . . .
Its tainted air, and all its broods of poison?
Addison, Cato.
4. In mining, any heterogeneous mixture with
tin or copper ore, as mundic or black-jack. R.
Hunt.—5. A north of Scotland name for sal-
mon-fry.—Ants' brood. See anti...—To sit on broodt,
to be in the act of brooding, like a bird sitting on eggs;
figuratively, to ponder.
There's something in his soul,
O'er which his melancholy sits on brood.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1.
k=Syn. 2. Covey, etc. See flock.
brood1 (bröd), v. [KME. broden, brood (K brod,
brood), equiv. to the earlier breden, breed: see
breed, v.] I. intrans. 1. To sit persistently on
eggs, covering and warming them with the body
and wings, for the purpose of hatching them:
said of birds.
Brodyn, as byrdys, foveo, fetifico. Prompt. Parv., p. 53.
Thou from the first
Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread
Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast abyss.
* Milton, P. L., i. 21.
2. To rest fixedly like a brooding bird.
Raven darkness brooded o'er the deep. -
Sir W. Jones.
3. To meditate long and anxiously; remain a
longtime in anxiety or solicitous thought; have
the mind dwelling persistently on a subject:
with on or over. -
+sketch.
- Half mad
With exile, and with brooding on his wrongs.
... " M. Arnold, Empedocles.
*=
brood?t, a. *
brood-capsule (brödſkap"súl), n.
brood-cell (bröd'sel), m.
brooding º £9. 0.
brood-pouch
brood-space (bröd’spås), n.
broody (brödi), a.
brook? (brük), v. t.
brook
II. trans. 1. To sit over, cover, and cherish:
as, a hen broods her chicks; hence, to nourish.
The thrifty earth that bringeth out
And broodeth up her breed.
* * Warner, Albion's Eng., ii. 11.
2. To cherish with care.
See how he broods the boy, Fletcher, Bonduca, iv. 2.
She broods and blesses me, she calms and gathers me.
. S. Phelps, Beyond the Gates, p. 195.
3. To ponder over; plan or mature with care:
as, “to brood war,” Bacon, War with Spain.
You'll sit and brood your sorrows on a throne. Dryden.
An obsolete form of broad.
A cyst or
capsule in which taenia-heads are developed, as
an echinococcus (which see).
brood-cavity (bröd’ kav *i-ti), n. A brood-
pouch, in general.
In bee-culture, a cell
of a honeycomb destined for the reception of
a larva. The brood-cells are separated from the honey-
xcells, generally occupying a different comb.
brooder (brö’dër), m. A device for the artificial
rearing of young chickens or other birds. It con-
sists essentially of an inclosed run, where the young birds
are fed, and a covered place for them to run into, which
is kept at a temperature of about 90° F., either by means
of a lamp placed beneath the metallic floor, or by hot air
or water-pipes carried above or below the space occupied
by the chicks.
[Ppr. of broodl, v.]
1. Sitting, as a bird on her eggs: as, a brood-
$ng hen. - -
Still did the nightingale
Unto his brooding mate tell all his tale.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 309.
2. Warming: as, “the brooding heat,” Tenny-
son, Mariana in the South.-3. Pondering;
thinking deeply; disposed to ponder or think
deeply: as, a brooding disposition.
I could cite many instances where the brooding humor
. Of Our new people long since cropped out in rhyme.
* Stedman, Poets of America, p. 59.
4. Settled; rooted; fixed in the heart: a fig-
urative use derived from the steadfastness with
which a bird sits on her eggs. -
A brooding and unavowed hostility.
Milman, Latin Christianity, II. ix. -
brood-mare (bröd’mār), n. A mare kept for .
|breeding. -
(bröd" pouch), m. A pouch, or
Some similar cavity of the body of an animal,
in which eggs or young are received and de-
tained for a time; a brood-cavity.
He [the male stickleback] only bears the brood-pouch and
alone builds the nest. Claws, Zoëlogy (trans.), p. 104.
In the Entoprocta there is a peculiar brood-powch.
E. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 433.
A brood-cavity.
ace formed between the body and .
Gegenbawr, Comp. Amat. (trans.), p. 268.
[K ME. *brody, K AS. brå-
dig (= G. briitig), broody, K bråd, brood.] 1.
Of a brooding disposition; inclined to brood or
sit, as a hen.
Tegetmeier states that a cross between two non-sitting
varieties [of the common fowl] almost invariably produces -
a mongrel that becomes broody, and sits with remarkable
steadiness. Sir J. Lubbock, Origin of Civilisation, p. 354.
2. Breeding or adapted for breeding: as, a
broody bitch.
An egg in the brood-
the mantle.
brookl (brük), n. [Early mod. E. also brooke,
broke; K ME.brook, brok, KAS. bröc, a stream, = ,
D. broek = MLG. brok, LG. brook, a marsh, pool,
= OHG. bruoh, MHG. bruoch, G. bruch, a marsh,
bog; perhaps orig, a gushing stream (cf. Spring),
|being possibly connected remotely with AS.
brecan, etc., break, burst forth: see break.] A.
natural stream of water, too small to be called
a river.
Springs make little rivulets; those united make brooks;
and those coming together make rivers, which empty
themselves into the sea. Locke.
Bºok-trout. See trowt.—To fly at the brookf. See
jlyl. -
brookl (brük), v. i., [Appar. K brookl, n.] To
draw together and threaten rain: said of the
clouds: with up. [Old and prov. Eng.]
[K ME, brooken, broken,
later forms of brouken, Uruken, use, possess,
enjoy; of food, digest (whence the mod. sensé
of ‘stomach, endure’); KAS. brücan (pret. brede,
pl. brucon #. brocen), use, have the use of, en-
joy, esp. food, = OS. bråkan = OFries. bråka
= MD. bruycken, ghebruycken, D. gebruiken =
MLG. bruken, use, = OHG. brāhhan, MHG. brû-
chen, G. brauchen, use, need, = Goth. bråkjan,
use, E=L. frui (for *frugvi), enjoy (Xfruges, fruits,
fructus, fruit: see fruit), perhaps = Skt. Vibhuj
(for “bhruj?), enjoy, esp. food. See broker,













brook
also fruit, fructify, etc.], 1}. To use; enjoy;
have the full employment of.
So mot I browke wel myn eyen twaye.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1.479.
2#. To earn; deserve.
Which name she brooked as well for her proportion and
grace as for the many happy voyages she made in her
Majesty's service.
Sir R. Hawkins, Voyage to the South Sea, p. 11.
3. To bear; endure; support; put up with:
always in a negative sense.
Your son, sir, insulted me in % manner which my honour
could not brook. heridam, The Rivals, v. 3.
To leisurely delights and sauntering thoughts
That brook no ceiling narrower than the blue.
Lowell, Under the Willows.
brook-fish (brük'fish), n. A fish of the family
Cyprimodontidae and genus Fundulus: same as
killifish and mummychog. [Local, U. S.]
brookite (brük'it), n. [After Henry James
Brooke, an English crystallographer (1771–
1857).] One of the three forms in which titani-
um dioxid occurs in mature. It is found in ortho-
rhombic crystals of a brown or yellow color to black, and
adamantine to metallic luster. Jwrimite is another name
for the same mineral. , Arkansite is an iron-black variety
from Magnet Cove, Arkansas.
brooklet (brük'let), n. [K brookl + dim. -let.]
brok-
A small brook. Longfellow.
brooklime (brük'lim), n. [KME. broklemp,
lembe, broklympe, K brok, brook, -i- lemp, etc.;
of obscure origin...] A plant, Veronica Becca-
bunga, with blue flowers in loose lateral spikes.
The American brooklime is V. Americana.
brook-mint (brük’mint), n. [K_AS. bråcminte,
K bråc, brook, 4 minte, mint..] The water-mint,
Mentha aquatica.
brook-moss (brük’mós), n. A name given to
species of the genus Dichelyma, slender aquatic
mosses, with elongated leaves in three ranks,
and with the fruit on short lateral branches.
brook-trout (brük’ trout”), n. See trout.
brookweed (brükſwód), n. A plant, the water-
pimpernel, Samolus floribundus. See Samolus.
brooky (brük'i), a. [K brookl + -y1.] Abound-
ing with brooks. as, “Hebron's brooky sides,”
*J. Dyer, The Fleece, ii.
broom.1 (bröm), n. IK ME. broom, brom, broom
(the plant, L. genista) (also applied to the tama-
risk, L. myrica), a brush, K.A.S. bråm = MD.
broem (cf. MLG. bråm, LG. braam), broom
(L. genista): see bramble.] 1. The popular
name of several plants, mostly leguminous
shrubs, characterized by long, slender branches
and numerous yellow flowers. The common or
Scotch broom is the Cytisus (Genista) scoparius, abun-
dant throughout Europe, and famous as the planta genista,
(French plante genét) which was the badge of the Plan-
tagenets. It is a valuable remedy in dropsy, being one
of the most efficient of hydragogues, and its seeds are
used as a substitute for coffee. Spanish broom (Spartium.
jwmcewin) is a closely allied species, as is also the dyer's
broom (Genista tinctoria), which was formerly much used
as a yellow dye and as the basis of the once celebrated
Rendal green. See cuts under Cytisus and Genista.
2. A besom, or brush with a long handle, for
sweeping floors, etc.: so called from being
Originally made of the broom-plant. Brooms are
now made in Europe of this and various other materials;
and in the United States their manufacture from broom-
corn is an important business. A broom at the masthead
of a vessel indicates that she is for sale, a sign derived
probably from the old habit of displaying boughs at shops
and taverns.—Butcher's broom, a prickly liliaceous
shrub, Ruscus aculeatus: so called from its use by butchers
in Europe in sweeping their blocks. Also called knee-
holly.--Yellow broom, a name sometimes given in the
United States to the wild indigo, Baptisia tinctoria.
broom.1 (bröm), v. t. . [K broom1, m.] To sweep,
or clear away, as with a broom.
The poor old workpeople brooming away the fallen
leaves. Thackeray, Newcomes, lviii.
broom? (bröm), v. t. Same as bream2.
broom-brush (bröm’brush), m. A whisk-broom
or clothes-brush made from broom-corn. [U.S.]
broom-bush (bröm’ büsh), m. A weedy annual
composite, Parthenium Hysterophorus, of tropi-
cal America.
broom-corn (bröm’kôrn), m. A variety of An-
dropogon Sorghum, A. Sorghum technicus, a na-
tive of India. The firm branches of the panicle far
exceed the shortened main axis. The panicles are made
into brooms, whisks, brushes, etc., and the plant is exten-
sively cultivated. The seed is used as feed for cattle.
broom-graSS (bröm’ grâs), m. Same as
brome-grass.-2. In the finited States, some
species of Andropogon, as A. scoparius and A.
macrourus. Also called broom-sedge.
broom-head (bröm (hed), m. , An adjustable
clasp for holding bunches of broom-corn to a
*broom-handle. \
bºº #: rāp), m. A name given to
parasitic leafless plants of the genus Orobanche,
695
and in the United States to species of the
similar allied genus Thalesia. See Oroban-
chaceae.
broom-root (bröm'röt), n. The root of a grass,
Epicampes macroura, exported from Mexico
and used in the manufacture of brushes. Also
known in trade as Mexican or French whisk.
broom-sedge (bröm'sej), n. Same as broom-
7°C.SS.
broomstaff (bröm'stāf), n. Same as broom-
* Stick.
broomstick (bröm'stik), n. The stick or han-
dle of a broom.
broom-tree (bröm'tré), m. A shrubby compo-
site, Baccharis scoparia, of the mountains of
Jamaica, broom-like from its slender, densely
crowded, almost leafless branchlets.
broom-vise (bröm'vis), n. A clamping arrange-
ment for flattening and holding broom-corn so
that it can be sewed into brooms.
broomweed (bröm (wéd), n. A species of Cor-
chorus, C. Siliquosus, of tropical erica, used
for making brooms. The sweet broom weed of the
tropics is a common weed, Scoparia dulcis, of the natural
order Scrophulariaceae.
broomy (bró'mi), a. [Kbroom1 +-y1.] Pertain-
ing to or consisting of broom; bearing broom:
as, a “broomy peak,” J. Baillie.
broose (brös), n. [Sc., also spelled bruse, bruise:
see def.] A race at country weddings.—To
ride the broosef, to run a race on horseback at a wed-
ding from the church to the place where the wedding-
feast was to be held. He who first reached the house was
said to win the broose, that is, the brose, the prize of Spice-
broth allotted to the victor. Jamieson. See brosel.
broozeł, v. Same as browsel.
Brora beds. See bedi. º
brosel (bróz), m. [Sc., K. Gael. brothas (th silent),
brose. Cf. broose, broth.] A Scotch dish, made
by pouring boilingwater, boiling milk, the liquid
in which meat has been boiled, or the like, on
oatmeal, barley-meal, or other meal, and imme-
diately mixing the ingredients by stirring. The
dish is denominated from the nature of the liquid : as, kail-
brose, water-brose, beef-brose, etc.—Athole brose, honey
and whisky mixed together in equal parts, used in many
parts of Scotland as a cure for hoarseness and Sore throat
arising from a cold.
a district of Perthshire, Scotland.
brose2+, v. An obsolete Middle English form of brothelry; (broth’el-ri), n.
bruise.
brosely (bróz'li), n. [So called from the town
of Brosely in Shropshire, where there
broth 24, a.
brothellf, n.
brothel2 (broth'el), n.
brothelert, brothellert (broth’ el-ér), m.
In the Highlands oatmeal is some- - broth’el-hous), m.
times substituted for the honey. So called from Athole, ###. se: ( ),
3. Q
WàS 3, k
brother.
round.] Ground newly broken up. [Prov.
ng.]
brothi (bröth), n. [K ME. broth, K_AS. broth =
Icel. brodh = OHG. brot, brod (X ML. brodum,
brodium, X It. brodo, broda = Sp. Pg. brodio =
Pr. bro = OF. *brou, pl. broues, X ME. browes, X
E. brewis, q. v.), broth; cf. Ir, broth = Gael.
brot, broth, Gael. brothas, brose (see brose!);
prob. (with formative -th) from the root (“bru)
of brew1, q.v.] Liquor in which flesh is boiled
and macerated, usually with certain vegetables
to give it a better relish. . In Scotland the name is
seldom used except when pot-barley forms one of the in-
gredients.
Good broth, with good keeping, do much now and then;
Good diet, with wisdom, best comforteth men. Tw88er.
See brath.
[ME., also brethel (and corruptly
brodel, brodelle), a wretch, a depraved man or
woman; der. bretheling, a wretch; KAS. *breó-
than, only in comp. d-bred than, ruin, frustrate,
pp. abrothen, degenerate, base, trifling; con-
nections doubtful..] A wretch; a depraved
person; a lewd man or woman.
For nou is vehe boye bold, brothel and other,
To talken of the trinite to bedn holden a Syre.
Piers Plowman (A), xi. 61.
A brothel, which Micheas hight.
Gower, Conf. Amant., iii. 173.
[An early mod. E. cor-
ruption of ME. bordel, a house of ill-fame, by
confusion with M.E. brothel, a wretch : see
brothell.] . A house of lewdness; a house ap-
propriated to the purposes of prostitution; a
bawdy-house; a stew.
Epicurism and lust
Make it more like a tavern or a brothel,
Than a grac'd palace. Shak., Lear, i. 4.
brothel2+ (broth'el), v. i. [K brothel2, n. Cf. bor-
del, n.] To haunt brothels. Sylvester, tr. of Du
Bartas. [K
brothel2 + -erl. Cf. bordeler.] One who fre-
quents brothels.
Gamesters, jockies, brothellers impure. Cowper, Task, ii.
A brothel.
See brotheler.
[K brothgl2 + -ry.]
1. A brothel.—2. Lewdness; obscenity.
Brothelry able to violate the ear of a pagan.
B. Jomsom, Ded. of Volpone.
large manufactory of pipes.] A tobacco-pipe. brother (bruTH'ér), ºt.;, pl; bºthéºs, or brethrerº
[Local, Eng.]
Brosimum (bró'si-mum), m. [NL., K. Gr. 3pó-
alp10c, eatable, K ppôaig, food, equiv. to Boöpia,
food: see broma.j A name given by Swartz
in 1788 to Piratinera, a genus of moraceous
trees. The breadnut-tree, Piratinera Alicastrum (Bro-
simwm Alicastrum of Swartz), of Jamaica and Mexico, pro-
duces nuts which when roasted are used as bread, and
taste like hazel-nuts. The Wood resembles malhogany,
and is sometimes used by cabinet-makers. The leaves and
young branches form a most useful fattening fodder for
cattle. The snake- or leopard-wood, used.as veneers and
for walking-canes, is yielded by P. Gwiamensis of South
America. The cow-tree is P. wtilis. See cow-tree.
Brosme (bros'mé), m. [NL., K Icel. brosma.
= Norw. brosme, the vernacular name of the
Brosme brosme.] A genus of fishes belonging
to the cod family, Gadidae. One species, found on
the northern coast of Scotland, is commonly called the
torsk or twsk. See torsk. Also Brosmius.
BroSmidae (bros"mi-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Brosme
+ -idae.] A family of anacanthine fishes,
typified by the genus Brosme: same as the
subfamily Brosminae. Also Brosmiidae.
BroSminae (bros-mi’né), m. pl. [NL., K. Brosme
+ -inae.] A subfamily of gadoid fishes, typi-
fied by the genus Brosme, and distinguished
by the development of only one long dorsal
and anal fin and the separation therefrom of
the caudal. Also Brosmiinae,
brostent, pp. A Middle English form of burst,
past participle of burst.
brosy (brö’zi), a... [Kbrosel +-y1.] Like brose;
semifluid. (Scotch.j
brotany (brot'a-ni), m. TA short form (like
equiv. A.S. prittene) of ML. abrotanum : see
abrotamwm.] Southernwood.
brotch (broch), v. t. [Perhaps a var. of the
equiv. brath, which is ºp; K. Icel. bregdha,
braid, knot, twine, - AS. bregdam, E. braid1,
q. v.] To plait straw ropes round (a stack of
corn). Jamieson. [Scotch.]
brotelt, a. A Middle English form of brittle.
brotelness?, n. A Middle English form of brit-
tlemess.
bºnd (brot'ground), n. [K*brot, ult. K
AS. broten, pp. of bredtan, break (see brott), +
$ºg bre pH (ren). [= Sc. brither, KME. brother,
AS. brothor, brother = OS. brothar = OFries.
bröther, bråder=D. broeder = MLG. bråder, LG.
broder, broor = OHG. bruodar, M.H.G. bruoder,
G. bruder = Ieel. brödhir = Sw. Dan. broder,
bror = Goth. bröthar, a word common to all
the Indo-Eur. languages: = Gael. Ir, brathair
= W. brawd, pl. brodyr, = Corn. bredar = Manx
braar = Bret. breur, brer = OBulg. bratrii, bratić
= Pol. and Serv. brat = Bohem. brat) = Russ.
bratić (Hung. barát, K Slav.) = Lith, brolis =
Lett. brålis = OPruss. bratis = L. frater (> It.
frate, fra, with dim. fratello = Wall. frate (>
Alb. frat) = Pg. frade = OF. frere (> M.E. frere,
E. friar, q.v.), mod. F. frère = Pr: fraire, X
prob. OSp. fraire, freire, Sp. fraile, freile, con-
tracted fray, frey = OPg. frcirc, Pg. frei, used,
like It. frate, fra, as an appellation of a monk,
the Sp. word for ‘brother” in the natural sense
being hermano = Pg. irmāo, K L. germants, ger-
mane, german; cf. also E. fraternal, etc.) = Gr.
@patāp, ºppétmp, one of the same tribe, orig. a
brother, – Skt. bhrātar, Prakrit bhāā, bhāaro
(Hind. bhāi, bhaiyā, Panjābi pāi, Pāli bhālā)
= Zend and OPers. bråtar, Pers. birádar (>
Turk. birãder) = Pahlavi birád = Kurdish berà,
brother; ulterior origin unknown: the term. is
appar. the suffix -tar (E. -ther) of agent. The
pl. brethren is from ME. brethcrem, brethren,
formed, with weak pl. ending -en, from brether,
brethre, brithere, also pl., an umlauted form of
AS. bröthru, also brothor, the usual pl. of bråthor;
cf. AS. dat. sing. brēther.] 1. A male person,
in his relation to another person or other per-
sons of either sex born of the same parents; a
male relative in the first degree of descent or
mutual kinship: used also of the lower ani-
mals: the converse of Sister. See brother-in-
law and half-brother.
My brother and thy uncle, call’d Antonio.
Shak, Tempest, i. 2.
2. A male person in his relation to any other
person or persons of the same blood or ances-
try; a member of a common family or race in
his relation to all other members; in the plural,
brother
all members of a particular race, or of the hu-
man race in general, as regards each other.
Jacob told Rachel that he was her father's brother [that brotherheadt (bruº H'êr-hed), n.
is, his uncle Laban's]. Gen. xxix. 12.
696
under brother.] A brother on both the father's
and the mother's side; a full brother.
[K ME. bro-
therhed, var. of brotherhod.] See brotherhood.
Let us send abroad unto our brethren everywhere, that brotherhood (bruq'H'êr-hūd), n. [KME. brother-
are left in all the land of Israel. 1 Chron. xiii. 2.
Of whom such massacre
Make they, but of their brethren; men of men?
Milton, P. L., xi. 680.
3. One of two or more men closely united with-
out regard to personal kinship, as by a common
interest; an associate; one of the same rank,
rofession, occupation, or belief, especially in
aW, religion, or organized charity.
We few, we happy few, we band of brothers;
For he to-day that sheds his blood with me
Shall be my brother. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 3.
4. Specifically, as a translation of friar, a mem-
ber of a mendicant order.
Going to find a barefoot brother out,
One of our order. Shak., R. and J., v. 2.
5. In the plural form brethren, the designation
of several Christian organizations, derived from
the fact that the title was used by the primitive
Christians in speaking of themselves; specifi-
cally, a sect of German Baptists, more popularly
known as Dunkers.—6. A member of a reli-
gious congregation whose members do not re-
ceive the priesthood, but devote themselves to
teaching or good works, also, a lay member
of a community having priests.—7. Figura-
tively, one who resembles another in manners
or disposition.
He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him
that is a great Waster.
Often abbreviated bro., plural bros.
[The plural form brethren is not now used in the sense of
imale children of the same parents, but only in the wider
meanings of the word brother.]—Amyclaban brothers.
See Amyclopan.— Apostolic Brethren. See apostolic,
brother-in-law (bruq'H'êr-in-lä"), n.
brotherliness (brupH’ér-li-nes), n.
hod (usually brotherhed, E. brotherhead); K
brother + -hood.] 1. The fact or condition of
being a brother.
My brother kill'd no man, his fault was thought,
And yet his punishment was bitter death.
Who sued to me for him 2 . . .
Who spoke of brotherhood? Shak., Rich. III., ii. 1.
2. The quality of being brotherly.
And friendship shall combine, and brotherhood.
Shak., Hen. W., ii. 1.
3. An association of men for any purpose; a
fraternity.
The church was a brotherhood ; no other relation so
aptly distinguished the spirit of union and self-sacrifice
which it was designed should belong to it.
G. P. Fisher, Begin. of Christianity, p. 549.
4. A class of individuals of the same kind,
profession, or occupation.
The brotherhood of Christendom.
Burke, A Regicide Peace, ii.
The gloom
Spread by a brotherhood of lofty elms.
Wordsworth, Excursion, i.
[K ME.
brother in lawe, brodyr ym lawe, etc., after OF.
frere en lay [loil, M.L. frater in lege.] The
brother of one's husband or wife; also, one's
sister's husband. For some purposes, but not all, the
legal incidents of the affinity cease on the death of the one
whose marriage formed the tie.
les, K AS. brothorleds: see brother and -less.]
Without a brother.
The state
or quality of being brotherly.
n., 1 (c), and Apostoſine. --Arval Brethren or Brothers, brother-love? (bruTH'êr-luv), n. Brotherly af-
See arval 2. —Attidian Brethren. See Attidian.—BO-
hemian Brethren. See Bohemian.—Brethren and
Clerks of the Common Life, a monastic fratermity,
clerical and lay, originating in the Netherlands about
1376, devoted to education and labor, and not bound by
perpetual vows. Thomas à Kempis, belonged to it. It
spread widely, but became extinct in the seventeenth cen-
tury. There was a female branch of the order.—Breth-
ren of Chelcic, followers of Peter Chelczicky, a Bohe-
mian reformer of the fifteenth century. They were or-
ganized into a separate community in 1457, and soon
became known as Bohemian Brethren.— Brethren. Of
the Christian, Schools, a Roman Catholic order, con-
sisting chiefly of lay men, devoted to the education of the
poor, founded in France in 1679, and now numerous in
various parts of the world.—Brethren of the Com-
munity, one of the two parties into which the Fran-
ciscans were divided in the beginning of the fourteenth
century.—Brethren of the Free Spirit, a sect which
arose in the thirteenth century, pantheistic in doctrine,
perfectionists in principle, and , enthusiasts in practice.
—Brethren of the Holy Spirit, or Brethren of the
Redemption of Captives, an order of monks in the
twelfth century who devoted themselves to the redemp-
tion of captives from the Mohammedans.—Brothers
of Charity. See charity.— Christian Brothers. . See
Christian1.— Elder Brethren, the masters of Trinity
House, London, the corporation charged with the regula-
tion and management of the lighthouses and buoys on
the shores and rivers of England, with the licensing of
pilots, and with a general supervision over the lighthouse
boards of Scotland and Ireland, callêd respectively the
Commissioners of Northern Lights and the Ballast Board
of Dublin.— Exclusive Brethren. See Plymouth Breth-
rem, below.— Full brothers. See full.— Plymouth
Brethren, Plymouthites, a sect of Christians which
first attracted notice at Plymouth, England, in 1830, but
has since extended over Great Britain, the United States,
and among the Protestants of France, Switzerland, Italy,
etc. They recognize all as brethren who believe in Christ
and the Holy Spirit as his vicar, but they have no for-
mal creed, ecclesiastical organization, or official ministry,
which they condemn as the causes of sectarian divisions.
Also called Darbyites, after Mr. Darby, Originally a
barrister, subsequently a clergyman of the Church of
England, and thereafter an evangelist not connected
with any church, to whose efforts their origin and the
diffusion of their principles are to be ascribed. In a
narrower sense the Darbyites are a branch of the Ply-
mouth Brethren, entitled Ea:clusive Brethren, on account
of the strictness of their views and the exclusiveness of
their communion.— United Brethren, or Unity Of
Brethren (Unitas Fratrum), the official designation of
the Bohemian Brethren and of their successors the Mo-
Tavian Brethren, or Moravians. e
'brother (brupH^r), a. Bearing a fraternal
relation in a general sense; of the character
of a brother: as, a brother man or magistrate.
It was then removed and planted in a remote place close
to a brother long-style plant. arwin.
brother (brupH’ér), v. t. [K brother, m.] 1. To
consider or treat as a brother; address as a
brother.—2. To relate as brothers; make kin.
One Die, one Mintage, one Humanity ; every man the
kinsman of every other; mankind brothered in the one
mould of the Creative Word.
G. D. Boardman, Creative Week, p. 196.
brother-german (brupH'ér-jër’man), n. [K
brother + german1; cf. Sp. hermano, a brother,
brotherly (bruTH'êr-li), a.
fection. Shak.
[K ME. *brotherly,
K AS. bråthorlic: see brother and -ly 1.] Per-
taining to brothers; such as is natural for
brothers; becoming brothers; kind; affection-
brouse
Brotulinae (brot-à-li'né), m. pl. [NL., K. Brotula
+ -ina..]. A subfamily of brotuloid fishes, typi-
fied by the genus Brotula, to which different
limits have been assigned.
brotuline (brot’ī-lin), m. and a. I. m. A fish
of the subfamily Brotulinae.
II. a. Pertaining to or having the characters
of the Brotulinae or Brotulidae.
|brotuloid (brot’īā-loid), m. and a. I. m. Same
as brotulid.
II. a. Pertaining to or having the characters
of the Brotulidae.
brotulophidid (brot-li-lof’i-did), n. A fish of
the family Brotulophididae.
Brotulophididae (brot" ii-lº-fid’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., gº (-phid-) + -idae.] A family
of Ophidioidea, represented by the genus Bro-
tulophis, and including ophidioids with subbra-
chial (or thoracic) ventrals reduced to simple
filaments, and the anus in the anterior half of
the length. -
Brotulophis (bro-tū’lú-fis), m. [NL., K. Brotula
+ Gr. Öpic, a serpent.] The typical genus of
the family Brotulophididae, having the aspect
of Brotula, but still more elongate and snake-
like, whence the name.
brotus (bró’tus), m. [Cf. E. dial. brotts, frag-
ments, leavings, droppings, ult. KAS. bredtan.
(pp. brotem), break: see britl, brott.] Some-
thing added gratuitously; an additional num-
ber or quantity thrown in: same as lagniappe:
used by negroes and others about Charleston,
South Carolina.
• * - brouchant, a. Same as brochant.
*** *Viii. 9 brotherless (bruTH'êr-les), a. [K ME. *brother- broudh, browdt, v. t. [ME. browden, browden,
etc., also broiden, etc., variants of braiden, etc.,
|braid: see braidi, and cf. broid, broider.] 1.
To braid. -
Hire yolwe heer was browded [var. broyded, breided] in a
tresse,
Byhynde hire bak, a yerde long I gesse.
º Chawcer, Knight's Tale, l. 191.
2. To embroider. -
Whit was hire smok, and browdid albyfore
And eek behind on hire coler aboute
Of cole-blak silk. Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1.52.
ate: as, brotherly love. =Syn. Brotherly, Fraternal, broudert, browdert, v. t. Variants of broider.
The former of these words expresses the more affection;
the latter is often more formal or official.
Be kindly affectioned one to another with brotherly
love.
Who, not content
With fair equality, fraternal state,
Will arrogate dominion undeserved
Over his brethren. Milton, P. L., xii. 26.
brotherlyi (brupH^ér-li), adv. After the man-
ner of a brother; kindly; affectionately.
With these principles who knows but that at length he
might have come to take the Covenant, as others, whom
they Brotherly admitt, have àon before him.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, ix.
brotherwort (brupH’ér-wért), n. An old name
for the creeping thyme, Thymus Serpyllum.
brothlyt, adv. See brathly.
bºy, a. [ME.; origin obscure.] Shaggy;
Stiff.
His berde was brothy and blake, that tille his brestrechede.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), l. 1090.
brott (brot), n. [Appar. K. Icel. brot, a broken
iece, a fragment (cf. broti, trees felled and left
i. K brjóta (= AS. bredtan, pp. broten)
break: see briti, and cf. brot-ground, brotus.
1. Shaken corn. Brockett. [Prov. Eng.]—2.
l. Fragments; droppings; leavings. [Prov.
ng.]
Brotula (brot’īī-lâ), m. [NL.] A genus of fishes,
typical of the family Brotulidae, illustrated by
...sºssºs
A rotula barbata.
B. barbata, a species found in the Caribbean
S63. *
brotulid (brot’ī-lid), n. A fish of the family
Brotulidae. Also called brotuloid.
Brotulidae (bro-tū‘li-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Brotula
+ -idae.] A family of teleocephalous fishes, typi-
fied by the genus Brotula, having various limits
in different systems. Made by Gilla family of Ophi-
dioidea, with jugular ventrals reduced to one or two
rays, and the anus in the anterior half of the length.
Brotulina (brot-li-li'nā), m. pl. [NL., K. Bro-
tula + -ina.] In Günther's system of classi-
fication, the first group of Ophidiidae, having
ventral fins developed and attached to the hu-
meral arch,
Where'er you spy
This browdered belt with characters, ’tis I.
B. Jomsom, Sad Shepherd, ii. 1.
Rom. xii. 10. brouderyt, n. A variant of broidery.
broudingt, browdingſ, n. Embroidery.
Harness . . . wrought so weel
Of goldsmithrye, of browding, and of steel.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, l. 1640.
brouette (brö-et'), m. [F., a wheelbarrow, also,
in contempt, a carriage, formerly also a sedan
chair; ult. K. L.L. birota: see barouche.] A
small two-wheeled carriage.
bºº (broëh), n. [Also brugh, a var. of
burgh, burch, for borough : see boroughl.] 1.
A borough.-2. A fortified place. Compare
brough2. [Scotch in both senses.]
brough? (broëh), n. [Also brugh, brogh, broch,
and burg, burrow; supposed to be a particular
use of broughl, burg, for borough1, a fortified
place; but in the sense of “circle,’ ‘halo,” cf. bur-
Tow?, n., 4.] 1. An ancient circular building or
round tower such as exist in Scotland and the
adjacent islands. The Burg of Mousa is a circular
building 41 feet high ; its walls, which are double, with a
vacant space between them, diminish from 14 feet in
width at the base to 8 feet at the summit, and inclose a
central area; the door is 7 feet high. These structures
are older than the Scandinavian invasions, and probably
date almost from the bronze age.
2. An encampment of a circular form; a ring
fort. Also called Pecht’s [Pict's] house or
Pecht's castle.—3. In the game of curling, one
of the two circles drawn around the tee.—4.
A hazy circle around the sun or moon, con-
sidered as a presage of a change of weather.
[Scotch in all
senses.]
brough&#, n. An
obsolete spell-
ing of brow.
brougham (brö’-
am or bröm), m.
[After the first
Lord Brough-
am.] A four-
wheeled
l Brougham.
CIOSG a
carriage with a straight front, hung low: de-
signed for two persons.
brought (bröt). Preterit and past participle of
bring,
brouilleriet, n. See broilery.
broukh, v. t. older form of brook2.
brouset, v. See bruise.




Broussa ware
Broussa ware. See pottery.
Broussonetia (brö-sg-nā’shiá), n. [NL., after
M. Broussonet or Broussounei, a French natural-
ist (1761–1807).] An unten-
able name for Papyrius, a ge-
nus of plants, of two or three
species, of the family Moraceae,
natives of eastern Asia and thé
Pacific islands. The paper-mul.
berry (Papyrius papyrifera) and
Papyrius Kaempferi are cultivated
in China and Japan, where the bark | |
of the young shoots is the chief mate- º
rial for the manufacture of paper. ſº
From the bark of the ºper mulberry
is also made the tapa-cloth.
brouzet, n. and v. See browsel,
brow (brou), n. [K ME. browe,
#: K #. brû, pl. º:
rūwa, eyebrow, also eyelash, º. ºper-mºberty
="onorth brui, i. (with a gºr" ºr
appar. formative -n) Icel. brûn,
old pl. brynn, - Sw. Dan. bryn (>L. brine2, q.v.)
(cf. G. braune, below), eyebrow; closely related
to ME. brew, breow, brey, bre, bra, bro, etc.,
eyebrow, K As. Urážw, bredºw, also brēg, eyelid
(used differently from bril), - OFries. brå in
ăg-bré, eyelid, = OS. bråha, bråwa = MD.
brawwe, brouwe, eyelid (D. wenkbraauw, eye-
brow), = OHG. bråwa, MHG. bră, bräwe, G.
braue, also braune, eyebrow, = Icel. bră, eyelid,
= Gael, bră, eyebrow, <= Bret. abrant, eyebrow,
= OBulg. brăvi, obrüvă = Serv. bry, obrya =
Bohem. bruji, obruyi = Pol. brew = Russ. brová
= Lith. bruvis, eyebrow, - Gr. §§púg, eyebrow,
= Pers. abrū ā- Zend broat = Skt. bhrā, eye-
brow; cf. Ir. Gael. abhra, eyelid. Perhaps re-
lated to brae, bray4, q.v., and ult. to E. bridgel.]
1. The prominent ridge over the eye, forming
an arch above the orbit.—2. The arch of hair
over the eye; the eyebrow.
Your inky brows, your black silk hair.
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 5.
3. The forehead.
Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow.
k., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 3.
4. The general expression of the countenance.
He told them with a maisterly Brow, that by this act he
had oblig'd them above what they had deserv’d.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, v.
To whom thus Satan, with contemptuous brow.
Milton, P. L., iv. 885.
5. In entom., that part of an insect's head which
lies between the clypeus and the vertex, gen-
erally just above the antennae.—6. The edge
of a steep place; the upper portion of a slope:
as, “the brow of the hill,” Luke iv. 29.--7.
In England, a fringe of coppice adjoining the
hedge of a field.—8. In coal-mining, an under-
#. roadway leading to a working-place,
riven either to the rise or to the dip. TGres-
ley. [Leicestershire, Eng.]–9. Nawt., an old
name for an inclined plane of planks from the
Fruiting Branch of
º º ſº i
| | ſ ar
A Ship's Brow.
shore or the ground to a ship, to facilitate entry
and exit. In this sense also spelled brough.-
10. In a saw-mill, an incline up which logs are
drawn to be sawed.—11. [Also writtenºroo:
taken as a particular use of brow, “an ill brow”
being then orig. a frowning or unfavorable
look; “nae brow,” no (sc. favorable) look or
view.] View; opinion: in the phrases an ill
brow, an unfavorable opinion; nae brow, no
good opinion. [Scotch.]
But thir ridings and wappenshawings, my leddy, I hae
*ae broo of them ava. Scott, Old Mortality, vii.
Bent brow. (a) An arched eyebrow. (b) A wrinkled or
knit brow.—To knit the brows, to frown.
brow (brou), v. t. [K brow, m.] To form a brow
or elevated border to. [Rare.]
Tending my flocks hard by i' the hilly crofts,
That brow this bottom-glade. Mºlton, Comus, l. 582.
697
brow-ague (brou’ā/gü), n. Frontal neuralgia.
Browallia, örö-wai'i.j, m. [From J. Browall
(1707–55), bishop of Åbo in Finland.] A genus
of South American herbaceous plants, of the
family. Solanaceae, species of which are culti-
wated for ornament.
brow-antler (brou’ ant/lér), n. 1. The first
spike that grows on a deer's head.—2. The first
branch or time of an antler, overhanging the
forehead. See antler.
Also called brow-smag.
brow-band (brou’band), n. 1. A band or fillet
worn round the brow.—2. In saddlery, a band
of a bridle, headstall, or halter, which passes
in front of the horse's forehead, and has loops
at its ends through which pass the cheek-straps.
browbeat (brou’bét), v. i.; pret. browbeat, pp.
browbeaten, ppr. browbeating. [K brow + beat.]
To depress or bear down with haughty, stern
looks, or with arrogant speech and dogmatic
assertions; in general, to bear down by impu-
dence.
He [Jeffreys) soon found that it was not quite so easy to
browbeat the proud and powerful barons of England in
their own hall, as to intimidate barristers whose bread de-
pended on his favor, or prisoners whose necks were at his
Imercy. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
Mr. Necker . . . was browbeaten and intimidated.
Jefferson, Correspondence, II. 485.
=Syn. To overbear, insult, bully, hector.
browbeater (brou’bà’tēr), n. One who brow-
beats; a bully. Warren.
brow-bound (brou’bound), a. Crowned; hav-
ing the head encircled, as with a diadem.
[Poetical.]
Brow-bound with the oak. Shak., Cor., ii. 2.
A queen, with swarthy cheeks and bold black eyes,
Brow-bound with burning gold. Tennyson, Fair Women.
browdf, v. t. See broud.
browden (brou’dn), p. a. [K ME. browden,
browden, etc., pp. of braidem, breidem, etc., move,
draw, Snatch, pull, etc.: see braid 1.] f. Anx.
ious; foolishly fond.—2. Vain; conceited.
[Prov. Eng.] -
browderf, v. t. See browder.
#. m. See browding.
browest, browist, n. See brewis.
browless (brou’les), a. [K brow -H -less.] With-
out shame. [Rare.]
So browless was this heretick.
L. Addison, Life of Mahomet, p. 84.
Yºr
brown (broum), a. and m. [K M.E. brown, brown,
brun, KAS. brûn = OFries. brûn = D. bruin (X
E. bruin, q.v.) = MLG. brûn = OHG. M.H.G.
brün (> ML. brunus, X F. Pr. brum = Sp. Pg. It.
bruno, brown, X F. brunir, etc., burnish, X E.
burnish, q.v.), G. brawn = Icel. brünn = Sw.
brun = Dan. brum = Lith, brunas, brown, = Gr.
*ppinyog, brown, in ºpiwog, ºppinm, a toad (cf. L.
rubeta, a toad, K ruber, red, reddish); with for-
mative -n, K. V. *bru = Skt. *bhru, redupl. in
Skt. babhru, reddish-brown, as subst. a beaver
(see beaverl); cf. L. furvus, dusky, black.] I.
a. Of a dark or dusky color, inclining to red-
ness or yellowness.
Brown he was, and lene, and rough of heer, more than
a-nother man. Merlin (E. D. T. S.), iii. 405.
Cheeks brown as the oak-leaves. Longfellow.
Brown atrophy, bread, holland, etc. See the nouns.
—BrOWn hematite, brown iron ore. Same as limo-
nite-Brown madder. "see madāer Brown mix-
ture, a cough-mixture containing camphorated tincture of
opium, wine of antimony, spirit of nitrous ether, and other
less important ingredients; the mistura glycyrrhizae com-
posita of the pharmacopoeia.-Brown ocher. See ocher.
—Brown pink, an artists' pigment made from Avignon
berries (Rhamnus infectorius), or, better, from quercitron-
bark, as this latter is not so fugitive. It is sometimes
called stil de grain.—Brown-red game, a variety of the
game-fowl in which the hackle- and saddle-feathers of the
cock are bright-red, shading off to lemon-yellow, finely
striped with black, the back and wing-bows rich-red, the
primaries, secondaries, and wing-coverts or bars and tail
black, the breast and lower parts of the body black, the
feathers having brown shafts and a slight lacing of the
same color. The hen is plain black, with hackle-feathers
edged with yellow.—Brown study, a state of mental ab-
straction or meditation; a reverie. (often with a hyphen.]
Faith, this brown study suits not with your black,
Your habit and your thoughts are of two colours.
B. Jomsom, Case is Altered, iii. 3.
My companion approached and startled him from his fit
of brown-study. Irving.
To do (a person) brown, to deceive him ; take him in.
[Colloq.]—To do up brown, to do thoroughly. (Colloq.]
II. n. 1. A dark colorinclined to redor yellow.
It may be obtained by mixing red, black, and
yellow.—2. A halfpenny. [English slang.]—
Alizarin brown, alizarin red changed to a brown by mix-
ing ferrocyanide Óf potash with the color, which is decom-
posed in steaming and yields Prussian blue.—Aniline
brown, a brown pigment obtained by heating a mixture of
aniline violet or aniline blue with hydrochlorate of aniline
to 240°, and keeping it at this temperature till the mixture
becomes brown in color. This brown is soluble in water,
brown (broum), v.
brownback (broun’bak), m.
brown-bess (brounſbes), n.
brown-blaze (broun (blåz), m.
brown-coal broun’köl)#"
brown-george (broun’jörj), a.
Brownian
alcohol, and acids, and can be used in dyeing.—Antwerp
brown, a color used by artists, made by mixing asphaltunn
with a drying-oil; bitumen.—Archil brown, a coal-tar
color used in dyeing.—Bismarck brown. Same as phe-
nylene broubm.— Caledonia, brown, a pigment used by
artists in oil-painting. It is a native earth of England,
and is of an orange Tusset-brown color.—Canelle-brown.
Same as phenylene brown.—Cappagh brown, a pigment
used by artists in oil-painting, made from a species of
bog-earth containing manganese, found near Cappagh in
Ireland.—Cassel brown, a pigment very similar to Wan-
dyke brown (which see, below).-Chestnut-brown, in
coal-tar colors, a kind of maroon (which see). It can be
dyed on silk, cotton, and wool.-Cinnamon-brown.
Same as phenylene brown.—Fast brown, a coal-tar color
used in dyeing, belonging to the oxy-azo group.—Grenate
brown, potassium isopurpurate, prepared by the action
of potassium cyanide on picric acid. It forms brownish-
red crystalline scales, which are green by reflected light.
It is soluble in hot water and alcohol, giving a very deep
violet-red color. When dry it explodes very readily, and
is therefore kept in the form of a paste, to which glycerin
is added in order to keep it moist.—Havana, brown, a
coal-tar color similar to phenyl brown, used to produce on
wool brown colors fast to the light.—Ivory-brown, a
pigment the same as bone-brown, except that ivory is
substituted for bone.—Leather-brown. Same as phenyl
brown.—Madder-brown, a brown dye derived from ca-
techu and worked with madder colors.-Manchester
brown. Same as phenylene brown.— Manganese brown,
a color produced in dyeing by passing the cotton, impreg-
nated with manganous chlorid, through a mixture of so-
dium hypochlorite and caustic soda.-Mars brown, an
artists' pigment, prepared by calcining a mixture of sul-
phate of iron, alum, and potash. Its color varies through
brown, yellow, and red, according to the heat employed in
calcining. It may be termed an artificial ocher.—Phenyl
brown, a coal-tar color used in dyeing. Its composition
is complex and unknown. It is prepared by treating phe-
mol with a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acid, and is
mostly used in dyeing leather. Also called leather-browm.
—Phenylene brown, a coal-tar color used in dyeing. It
is the hydrochlorid of triamidoazobenzene, and is used
on wool, cotton, and leather. Also called Bismarck brown,
camelle-brown, cinnamom-brown, Mamchester brown.—
Prussian brown, a pigment used by artists, prepared by
calcining an aluminous Prussian blue, forming a com-
pound of Sesquioxid of iron and alumina. It is orange-
brown, and resenables burnt sienna, but is not so rich in
tone.—Purple brown, a pigment composed of oxid of
iron. It is sometimes called maroon oarid.—Resorcin
brown, a coal-tar color used in dyeing, obtained by com-
bining a diazo-compound with resorcin in the ordinary
way, and acting on the azo-compound formed with some
other diazo—compound.—Seal brown, a rich, dark brown.
See seal-brown.—Small brown, a variety of mar-
bled paper in which the design consists of small round
spots or shells.-Spanish brown, an inferior pigment
consisting of a highly adulterated dark oxid of iron. It
is used to some extent as a prinning-paint, but chiefly by
masons to color mortar.—Spirit-brown, in dyeing, a
color obtained by treating material dyed yellow from bark
with peachwood, logwood, and alum.—Vandyke brown,
an important brown pigment used both by artists and
house-painters. It is a species of peat or lignite, of a very
dark, semi-transparent, reddish-brown color.—Verona,
brown, a pigment used by artists in oil-painting. It is a
calcined ferruginous earth, of a reddish-brown tone.
[K ME. brownen, K AS. brû-
nian, become brown (= OHG. brünen, MHG. bri-
wnen, make brown), K brûn, brown: see brown,
a..] I. intrams. To become brown.
II. trans. To make brown or dusky.
A trembling twikight o'er the welkin moves,
Browns the dim void and darkens deep the groves.
J. Barlow, Columbiad, iii. 618.
Specifically — (a) To produce a brown color in by exposure
to heat, as of meat, bread, etc., to that of a fire in roasting
or toasting, or of the skin to that of the sun. (b) To give a
brown luster to (articles of iron, as gun-barrels, etc.).
1. A name of the
red-breasted Snipe, Macrorhamphus griseus.-
2. A name of the great marbled godwit, Limo-
sa fedoa.
[Said to be formed
in punning imitation (Bess for Bill) of brown-
bill, the old weapon of the English infantry.]
A name given to the regulation bronzed flint-
lock musket formerly used in the British army.
brownbill (broun’bil), m. A kind of halbert for-
merly used by the English foot-soldiers. See
bill2, 2.
The black, or as it was sometimes called, the brown-bill,
was a kind of halbert, the cutting part hooked like a wood-
man's bill, from the back of which projected a spike, and
another from the head. Grose.
- The fumes
which rise from the furnace-flame in reducing
zinc when cadmium is present. They are due
to oxid of cadmium.
brown-clock (broun’klok), m. The cockchafer.
[Prov. Eng.]
The variety of coal
more commonly named lignite. See coal and
lignite.
lºcrops (broun’krops), n. Pulse. [Prov.
Il Cº -
1. A large
-earthen pitcher.—2. A coarse kind of bread.
[Prov. Eng.]
Brownian (brou’mi-an), m. Pertaining or relat-
ing to any person bearing the name of Brown;


Brownian
Brunonian-Brownian movement, a rapid oscilla.
tory motion often observed in very minute particles sus-
pended in water or other liquid, as when carmine or gam-
boge is rubbed up in water, and first described by Robert
Brown (1757–1831), a Scotch botanist and agriculturist. It
is a purely physical phenomenon, not vital, and is prob-
ably explained by the fact that the particles are in very
delicate equilibrium, and hence extremely sensitive to
the slightest change of temperature. Also and originally
called Brunonian motion or movement.
brownie (brou’ni), n. [Sc., dim. of brown: so
called from their supposed color.] In Scot-
land, a spirit supposed to haunt houses, partic-
ularly farm-houses. The brownie was believed to be
Very useful to the family, particularly if treated well by
them, and to the servants, for whom while they slept he
Was Wont to do many pieces of drudgery. In appearance
the brownie was said to be meager, shaggy, and wild.
It Would be easy to trace the belief in brownies . . . to
the lar, or hearth spirit of the ancients.
Frcyc. Brit., II. 204.
(brou’ming), m. [Verbaln. of brown,
he act of making brown. Specifically,
the process of darkening the polished surfaces of gun-
barrels and other metallic objects. Chlorid or butter of
antimony, called bronzing-salt, is used in the process.
2. A preparation of sugar, port wine, spices,
etc., for coloring and flavoring meat and made
dishes.
Brownism (brou’nizm), n. [K Brown. + -ism.]
1. The ecclesiastical system and doctrine of
the Brownists; Independency or Congregation-
alism.
However, I must, without fear of offending, express my
fear, that the leven of that rigid thing they call Brown-
ism has prevailed sometimes a little of the furthest im
the administrations of this pious people.
C. Mather, Mag. Chris., i. 3.
2. The Brunonian theory. See Brunonian.
Brownist (brou’nist), m. [K Brown -H -ist.] A
follower of Robert Brown or Browne (about
1550–1633), a Puritan, who first organized the
body of dissenters from the Church of England
Yºr
bºwlin;
v.] 1.
afterward called Independents. See Congrega-
tionalist. e
I had as lief be a Brownist as a politician.
Shale., T. N., iii. 2.
If I hate any, 'tis those schismaticks that puzzle the
sweet peace of our Church; so that I could be content to
See an Anabaptist go to hell on a Brownist's back.
Howell, Familiar Letters, I. vi. 32.
The word Puritan seems to be quashed, and all that here-
tofore were counted such are now Brownists. Milton.
Brownistic, Brownistical (brou-nis’ tik, -ti-
kal), a. Of or pertaining to the Brownists or
to their doctrines and practices; characterized
by Brownism.
About the time of Governour Bradford's death, religion
itself had like to have died in that colony, through a lib-
ertine and Brownistick spirit then prevailing among the
people, and a strong disposition to discountenance the
gospel-ministry, by setting up the “gifts of private breth-
ren” in opposition thereto. C. Mather, Mag. Chris., ii. 2.
brown-leemer, brown-leeming (broun’lé"mèr,
—ming), ºv. Aripe brown nut. Also called brown-
shuller. [Prov. Eng.]
brownness (broun’nes), n.
ing brown.
brown-shuller (broun’shul’ér), m. [That is,
*brown-sheller.] Same as brown-leemer.
brown-spar (broun’spār), m. A name given to
×a ferruginous variety of dolomite.
brownstone (broun’stön), 7t. A name given to
various kinds of dark-brown sandstone. In the
Lnited States it is the sandstone from the quarries in the
Triassic or New Red Sandstone, and especially such a stone
from quarries in the Connecticut river valley, much used
as a building-stone.
brown-stout (broun'stout'), m. A superior kind
of porter. See Stout.
brownwort (broun(wèrt), m. [ME. not found;
KAS. brûn-wyrt, K brûn, brown, + wyrt, wort.]
1. A name of the plants Scrophularia aquatica
and S. modosa, derived from the color of the
stems.-2. A name of the self-heal, Brunella
wulgaris, from its use in a disease of the throat
+called die bräume (the brown) in German.
browny (brou’ni), a. and m. [K brown. + -y1.
Cf. brownie.] I. a. Somewhat brown: as, “his
browny locks,” Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1.85.
II. n. ; pl. brownies (-niz). The top-knot.
[Local Eng. (Cornwall).
Throw-post (brou’póst), n. In arch., a cross-beam.
browsel (brouz), m. [Appar. for “broust, KOF.
broust, a sprout, shoot, bud, F. brout, browse,
'browse-wood (cf. Sp. broza, rubbish of leaves,
ctc., brota, brote, germ of a vine, bud of trees,
thickets, rubbish), prob. K MHG. broz, G. dial.
(Bav.) bross, brossi, a bud (cf. Bret. brous, a
bud, shoot, broust, a thick bush, brousta, browse;
prob. from the #3; cf. OS. brustian, sprout, and
see brush.] The tender shoots or twigs of shrubs
and trees, such as cattle may eat; green food fit
for cattle, deer, etc. Also spelled brow86.
The quality of be-
Yºr
browse? (brouz), n.
brow-sick? (brou'sik), a.
698
The whiles their gotes upon the browzes fedd.
Spenser, F. Q., III. x. 45.
Up hither drive thy goats, and play by me:
This hill has browse for them, and shade for thee.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., i. 943.
The deer leave the mountains and come to the plains
below to feed on the browse of the birch.
Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 63.
browsel (brouz), v.; pret. and pp. browsed, ppr.
browsing. [Also browze, early mod. E. also
brouse, brouze, brooze, appar. for “broust, KOF.
brouster, F. brouter (cf. E. dial. brut, browse)
= Pr: broStar, nibble off the buds, sprouts, and
bark of plants, browse, KOF. broust, a sprout,
shoot, bud: see browsel, m.] I. trans. 1. Tofeed
On; pasture on; graze: said of cattle, deer, etc.
Elysian lawns
Browsed by none but Dian's fawns. Keats, Ode,
The fields between
Are dewy-fresh, browsed by deep-udder'd kine.
Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter.
2. To nibble and consume; eat off: said of cattle.
The barks of trees thou browsedst. Shak., A. and C., i. 4.
II. intrans. 1. To graze; specifically, to feed
on the tendershoots, branches, or bark of shrubs
and trees: said of herbivorous animals.
Such like sort of fruit, which those animals brooz’d upon.
Oldys, Life of Raleigh.
The full lips, the rough tongue, the corrugated cartila-
ginous palate, the broad cutting teeth of the ox, the deer,
the horse, and the sheep, qualify this tribe for browsing
upon their pasture. Paley, Nat. Theol., ii.
2. To feed: said of human beings. [Rare.]
There is cold meat i' the cave; we'll browse on that.
Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 6.
[Origin obscure.] In
"metal., imperfectly smelted ore.
browser (brou’zēr), n. One who browses. Also
spelled browzer.
lorowse-wood (brouz'wild), n. Bushes or twigs
on which animals feed. [Rare.]
Sick with the brow-
ague; dejected; hanging the head.
but yet a gracious influence from you
May alter nature in our brow-sick crew.
Suckling, Prol. to a Masque.
'browsing (brou’zing), m. [Verbalm. of browsel,
w.] A place where animals may browse: as,
“browsingsforthe deer,” Howell, Letters, I.ii. 8.
Also brow?ing.
brow-snag (brou’snag), m. Same as brow-antler.
browspot (brou’spot), m. A glandular body
between the eyes of a frog or toad; the inter-
ocular body, probably giving rise to the fiction
of the jewel in the head of these animals.
'browst (broust), n. [Connected with brow, a
form of brew1, q.v.1 That which is brewed; as
much liquor as is brewed at one time. [Scotch.]
browster#, n. An obsolete form of brewster1.
brow-transom (brouſ tran’sqm), m. An upper
transom.
browze, m, and v. See browsel.
browzer, browzing. See browser, browsing.
broydł, v. t. An obsolete form of braidl.
bruang (brö’ang), m. The native name of the
Malayan sum-bear, Helarctos malayanus. It has
fine and glossy black fur, with a white patch on the breast,
ºf . ,"
º v.
§ §: #. - - ſº -
§§§.; " % 3. A * %
º § §§ * §: - * ...} . Sºſz *~-
SNSSAVYºº- º/ º ºù. e f...??: - */
§º º * º Aºif; , ;
SS §§ § } § ſºft'ſ : A y
:: ; º º sº ºft § § # § /
§º ºft|||}/
£º º } º Aº :*|
# \ º º | º ſº j. % º i
'º. § Flº & ^, } .
Bruang (Helazczos mtalayazzzas).
and a long and very flexile tongue, which it insinuates
into recesses of the mests of wild bees, to rob them of their
honey. It is easily domesticated, very harmless, and fond
of children.
brubru (brö’brö), n. . [Prob. a native name.]
A book-name of an African shrike, the Lanius
Or Nilaus brubru.
'bruchid (bröſkid), n. A beetle of the family
Bruchidae. -
IBruchidae (brö’ki-dà), m. pl. [NL., KBruchus +
-idae.] A family of phytophagous Coleoptera,
typified by the genus Bruchus.
Bruchus (brö’kus), n. [LL. bruchus, M.L. also
brucus (> ult, E. dial. bruck, a field-cricket: see
brucite (brö'sit), m.
bruise
bruck), KGr. 3poizog, alocust without wings.] 1.
A genus of Coleoptera, represented by the pea-
Weevils. It so closely resembles in general appearance
the snout-beetles that it is usually classed with the Rhyn-
chophora. Recent investigations have, however, demon-
strated the fact that it is much more closely related to the
leaf-beetles (Chrysomelidae), from which it is distinguished
only by the distinctly pedunculate submentum. A large
number of small species, now subdivided into several gen-
era, are comprised in this genus, all readily recognizable:
from their squarish form, somewhat narrowing anteriorly;
§º
European Grain-Bruchus (B. graztarius). (Small figureshows natural
size.) a, egg of Britchus pist, magnified.
the head being §. into a short beak, and the hind
femora usually dilated and in most species toothed. In the
larvah state they live in the seeds of plants, especially of
the family Legwanimosoe, as the beam and pea. The holes .
often observed in peas are made by the perfect bruchus
to effect its escape. *
2. [l. C.] A member of this genus. [The word
bruchus is used in the Douay version of the Bible, by literal
transcription from the Latin, in several places where the
King James version has locust, caterpillar, or cankerworm;
the first two are also found in Challoner's revision in some
places where the Vulgate has bruchºws.]
brucina (bró-siºnä), ſm. [NL.] Same as brucine.
brucine, brucin (brö’sin), n.
IK Brucea (a ge-
nus of shrubs named after J. Bruce (1730–94),
the African traveler) + -ine2, -in?..] A vegeta-
ble alkaloid (C23H26N2O4), discovered in what
was thought to be the bark of the Brucea anti-
dysenterica, but which was that of Strychnos
Nual-vomica. Its taste is exceedingly bitter and acrid,
and it forms with the acids salts which are soluble and gen-
erally crystallizable. Its action on the animal economy
is similar to that of strychnine, but much less powerful.
[After Dr. Bruce, a min-
eralogist of New York.] 1. A native hydrate
of magnesium, usually found in thin foliated
plates, of a white or greenish color and pearly
luster.—2. Same as chondrodite.
bruck (bruk), n. [E. dial., also brock; KME.bruk,
brºke, a young locust, grasshopper, = Sp. brugo
= It. bruco, a grub, caterpillar, K. L. bruchus :
see Bruchus...] A field-cricket. [Prov. Eng.]
bruckle (bruk'l), a.
of brickle.
Lasses and glasses are bruckle ware. Scotch proverb.
bruet, v. An obsolete spelling of brew1.
bruett, n. See brewet.
bruff (bruf), a. [E. dial.; cf. bluff 1.] 1. Hearty;
jolly; healthy.—2. Proud; elated.—3. Rough
in manner. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
brugh, n. See brough2.
brugnet, n. [OF. : see broigne.]
broigne.
bruh (brö), n. A name of the pig-tailed ma-
caque, Macacus memestrinus.
bruik (brük), v. t. A Scotch form of brook2.
bruilzie (brül’zi), n. See brulyie.
bruin (brö(in; D. pron. broin), n. [The name
given to the bear in the Dutch version of the
celebrated tale or fable of Reynard the Fox,
being merely the D. bruin = OHG. MEIG. brûn,
G. brawn = E. brown, q.v.] A name given to
the bear. . [As a quasi-proper name, it is often
A dialectal (Scotch) form
Same as
*written with a capital letter.]
bruise (bröz), v.; pret. and pp. bruised, ppr.
bruising. [The spelling bruise is due to OF.
bruiser (see below); early mod. L. bruse, bruze,
K ME. broosen, brosen, brusen, also brousen,
broysen, more frequently brysen, brisen, bresen,
also brissen, bressen, break, bruise; partly K
AS. brjsan, break, bruise (to which all the ME.
forms except broosen, brosen, brousen, broy-
sen could be referred; but the reg. mod. rep-
resentative of AS. brysan would be brize or
*breeze: see brises); partly K OF. bruser, broser,
bruiser, bruisier, brisier, briser, F. briser, break
(to which all the ME. forms could be referred).
Cf. briss?, brises, bree2e3, brazil. It is not certain
that the AS. form is related to the F. form;
the origin of both is unknown. Cf. Gael. Ir.
bris, break.] I. trans. 1. To injure by a blow
or by pressure without laceration; contuse, as
a pliant substance; dent or beat in without
lbreaking, as anything hard: as, to bruise the
hand; a bruised apple; “his bruised shield,”
Shak., Hen. V., v., Prol, (cho.).









bruise
And shewyd to me all the Castyll with in The towers,
the Wallys are sore brogyd and brokyn with the erthe
qwake which was in Aprill last past.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 18.
He rode ouer hym on horsebak thre or foure tymes,
and browsed hym sore and foule that nygh he was ther-
with slayn. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 476.
2. To crush by beating or pounding; pound;
bray, as drugs or articles of food. -
Man, like to cassia, is prov'd best, being bruis'd.
Webster, Duchess of Malfi, iii. 5.
3. Figuratively, to beat down or oppress; eud-
gel, as the brain; scourge; damage.
Brwis'd underneath the yoke of tyranny.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 2.
I will bruise my brains and confine myself to much
Wexation. Beau. and Fl., Woman-Hater, v. 2.
II. intrans. To fight with the fists; box.
Brwising was considered a fine, manly old English cus-
tom. Thackeray.
bruise (bröz), n. [K bruise, v.] A contusion;
a superficial injury caused by impact, without
laceration, as of an animal body, a plant, or
other impressible object.
bruiser (brö’zēr), n. 1. One who bruises.—
2. A grinding tool for the lenses and specula
of telescopes. It is made of iron or brass and is
shaped as near the gage asº: By the use of this
instrument the lens or speculum is prepared for the hands
of the polisher. &
3. The name of various machines for bruising
grain, etc., for feeding cattle.—4. A boxer;
à pugilist; a bully.
For do not men delight—
We call them men — our bruisers to excite,
And urge with bribing gold, and feed them for th.;
7'0,000.
Gentlemen were bruisers, and bruisers were gentlemen.
J. Hawthorne, Dust, p. 7.
5. A name applied to various plants supposed
to be efficacious in healing bruises, as bruise-
wort, soapwort, etc. [Eng.]
bruisewort (bröz'wért), n. [ME. brysewort, K
brysen, bruise, -- wort, wort.] A name given to
several plants, as the daisy (Bellis perennis), the ºr
soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), etc., from their
supposed efficacy in healing bruises.
In the curious treatise of the virtues of herbs, Royal
MS. 18 A. vi., fol. 72 b, is mentioned “brysewort, or bon-
wort, or daysye, consolida minor, good to breke bocches.”
Way, Promptorium, p. 52, note.
bruising (brö’zing), m. [Verbaln. of bruise, v.]
1. In flaaſ-working, the process of passing flax,
after retting, between grooved rollers, to break
the woody portion; scutching.—2. A method
of treating hides by rubbing the grained side
with a graining-board.—3. In wine-making,
the process of pounding or stamping grapes
with a wooden maul or pestle, to soften the
¥skins and fleshy part.
bruit (bröt), n. [KME, brut, bruyt, brout, KOF.
bruit, brui, F. bruit, noise, uproar, rumor (= Pr.
bruich, bruit, brut = It. bruito ; ML. brugitus), K
OF. bruire, F. bruire = Pr. brugir, bružir = It.
bruire, rustle, roar; of uncertain origin.] 1.
Report; rumor; fame.
A bruit ran from one to the other that the king was
slain. Sir P. Sidney.
There came an uncertaine bruite from Barbados of
some disorder there. JEvelyn, Diary, June 26, 1671.
To view what bruit by virtue got, their lives could justly
CI'8Ve.
A Praise of Mistress Ryce, Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 38.
2. A noise; a loud sound; a din.
Some fresh bruit
Startled me all alleap. Hood.
3. [Mod. F., pron. brwé.] In pathol., the name
given to sounds of various nature, in general
abnormal, produced in the body, or evoked in
it, by percussion or succussion: used to some
extent in English-Bruit de galop, a cardiac sound
suggesting a gallop, the normal first sound being preceded
by a faint presystolic sound.—Bruit de Scie, a rough car-
diac murmur, suggesting the sound of a saw.—Bruit du
diable (devil's bruit), a continuous humming sound heard
in the jugular veins at the base of the neck; venous hum.
It is more frequent and more marked in young persons
than in adults, and in anemic than in normal states.
bruit (bröt), v. . [K bruit, n.] I. trans. To an-
nounce with noise; report; noise abroad.
By this great clatter one of the greatest note
Seems ited. Shak., Macbeth, v. 7.
Thou art no less than fame hath bruited.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 3.
It is marvell to think what his friends meant, to let
come abroad such shallow reasonings with the name of a
man so much bruited for learning.
Milton, Church-Government, i. 5.
But a dark rumour will be bruited up,
From tribe to tribe, until it reach his ear.
M. Arnold, Sohrab and Rustum.
II, intrans. To give forth sound; sound.
Bronze clarions awake and faintly bruit.
* - Keats, Endymion, i.
699
bruleit, v. t. [ME., K OF. bruler, brusler, F.
brûler, burn: see brustle3.] To burn.
In euery part put to was the fire,
Ther paymyrnes were bruled and brend entire.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), I. 2289.
Als the moste parte of thys said abbay
# hym stroied, bruled and scorched tho:
er not lefte ne bode o soule man that day.
Rom.. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1.3313.
brule?t, v. An obsolete form of broill. Catholi-
Con Anglicum.
brûlée (brö’lā), n. [F., prop. fem, pp. of brá-
ler, burn..] In Canada, a piece of woodland
from which the timber has been burned; a
lburned district.
brulyement (brül’ye-ment), n. Same as broil-
'ment. [Scotch.]
brulyie (brülºyi), n. [Sc., also written brulzie
bruntlt, v. i.
brush
collision, onset, or attack; a strenuous effort.
[Now rare.]
Thei sporered theire horse over the brigge at a brunt.
Merlin, ii. 282.
I must resolve to stand to the hazard of all brunts now.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, v. 2.
It is instantly and irrecoverably scattered by our first
brunt with some real affair of common life. Is. Taylor.
2. The heat or utmost violence of an onset;
the strength or violence of any contention.
The quiver of your arguments which is ever thin, and
weakly stor'd, after the first brunt, is quite empty.
Milton, Church-Government, i. 6.
We find the Christian chivalry always ready to bear the
brunt of battle against the Moors. • *
Prescott, Ferd, and Isa., i. 6.
[ME. brunten; K brunt, m.] To
make a sudden start. Prompt. Parv.
(here, as in assoilzie, etc., 2 represents the old brunt? (brunt), pp. and p. a. A dialectal form
2-shaped y; -ly-, like -lli- in billiards, represent-
ing the former F. sound of -ll-), K F. brouille, brunyi, n.
a quarrel, etc.: see broil?..] Same as broil”. brus
*brusche; K ME. brusshe, brusche, K OF. broche,
Purns.
brulzie (brülºyi), n. See brulyie.
Brumaire (brö-mâr"), n. [F. (after L. *bruma-
*ius), K brume, fog, K L. bruma, winter: see
brume.] The second month in the calendar
adopted by the first French republic, beginning
October 22d and ending November 20th (1793).
brumal (bröſmal), a. [= F. brumal, K. L. bru-
nalis, K bruma, winter: see brume.] Helonging
to winter; wintry; hibermal. Sir T. Herbert;
Sir T. Browne.
And in the sky as yet no sunny ray,
But brumal vapors gray. Longfellow.
brume (bröm), n. IF., fog, mist, haze, K L.
brûma, the shortest day in the year, the win-
ter solstice, hence winter; prob. for *brevima,
equiv. to brevissima, superl. fem. of brevis,
short: see brief.] Mist; fog; vapors. [Rare.]
And suddenly through the drifting brume
The blare of the horns began to ring. Longfellow.
brummagem (brum’a-jem), a. [Formerly also
spelled bromidgham, etc., corruptions of Bir-
"mingham in England, where many plated arti-
cles and cheap trinkets are made.] Showy but
worthless; fictitious; sham. [Slang or colloq.]
brumous (brö’mus), a. [K brume + -ows.] Per-
taining or relating to winter; hence, foggy;
misty; dull and sunless: as, a brumous climate.
brun (brun), v. A dialectal form of burnl.
brunet, n. Same as broigme.
brunette (brö-net'), m. and a. [F., fem. dim. of
brun, brown: see brown. Cf. burnetl, burnet2.]
I. m. A woman with dark hair and eyes and
brown or dark complexion.
Your fair women therefore thought of this fashion to in-
sult the olives and the brunettes. Manchester Guardian.
II. a. Dark in color; having a brownish or
olive tone: said of the complexion. -
bruniai, n. [ML.] Same as broigne.
brunion (brun'yon), m. [K F. brugnon, a tiec-
tarine, K L. prunum, a plum : see prw:e.] A.
nectarine.
Brunner's glands. See gland. -
Brunonian (brö-nó’ni-an), a. and P. [KML.
I3runo(m-) (K brunus, brown), proper name cor-
responding to E. Brown (see brown), + -ian.] I.
a. Pertaining or relating to any person bear-
ing the name of Brown; Brownian.—Bruno-
nian motion or movemeirº. Same as Brownian move-
ment (which see, under Brownvam).--Brunonian theory,
a theory of medicine founded by Dr. John Brown of
Ddinburgh (1735–88), according to which diseases are
divided into two classes, those resulting from a deficiency
and those resulting from an excess of excitement—the one
class to be treated with stimulants, the other with debili-
tating medicines. Also called Brownism.
II. m. A student or graduate of Brown Uni-
versity in Providence, Rhode Island.
brunstane (brun'stān), n. A Scotch form of
brimstone.
brunswick (brunz’wik), m. [Named from
Brunswick (G. Braunschweig) in Germany.] A
close-fitting outdoor habit for ladies, intro-
duced into England from Germany about 1750.
The upper portion was made with the lapels open, and a
collar like that of a man's coat.
Brunswick green. See green.
bruntl (brunt), m. [K ME. brunt, bront, shock,
impetus, sudden impulse; appar., with forma-
tive -t (cf. Dan. brymde, conflagration, heat;
Goth. *brunsts, in ala-brumsts, a whole burnt-
offering), connected with brune, AS. bryme, a
burning (also brine: see brinel) (= Icel. bruni,
a burning, X bruna, advance with the speed of
fire, said of a standard in the heat of battle,
of a ship under full sail, etc.), K “brinman : see
burn 1.] 1. A sudden shock or impetus; a
of burnt.
See byrnie.
(brush), n. [Early mod. E. also brushe,
broce, broisse, brosse, a bush, a bushy place,
|brushwood, thicket, = Pr. brossa = Sp. broza,
brushwood, thicket, rubbish of leaves and bark,
= MUL. bruscia, a thicket (cf. M.L. bruscale,
OF. brousaille, > ME. bruschalle, a thicket),
appar. confused with bruscus (X It. Sp. Pg.
brusco, F. brusc, X G. briisch, butcher's broom,
knee-holly; cf. It. brusca, “ling or heath to
make brushes or broomes with ” (Florio), now
a horse-brush), also ruscus, var. of L. ruscºtſm,
rustwºm, butcher's broom; hence, as a particu-
lar sense of the same word (from the use of
Small bushy plants, as heath, for the purpose),
a brush, M.E. brusshe, brusche, K OF. brouesse,
broisse, brosse, F. brosse = Sp. broza, bruza, a
brush; cf. M.L. brustia, a kind of comb (resting
partly perhaps on MHG. biirste, a brush, K borst
= AS. byrst, bristle: see bristle); perhaps K
MEIG. broz, a bud, shoot: see browsel. The
forms and senses are involved; for the senses,
cf. broom.1.] 1. The small trees and shrubs of
a wood; a thicket of small trees; Scrub.
Out of the thickest brush. Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 15.
The country is almost wholly marshy, and covered with
brush or low palms, with ponds here and there.
Science, W. 216.
2. Branches of trees lopped off; brushwood :
a sense common in the United States.—3. A
tract of country covered by thickets; hence, a
thinly settled country; the backwoods. [South-
western U. S.]—4. An instrument of various
forms, according to its intended use, consist-
ing of a quantity of some flexible material
attached to a handle or stock. Brushes are used
for applying paint and similar substances, cleaning,
polishing, rubbing, smoothing, etc. Their commonest
materials are bristles and certain kinds of hair. For
some purposes these are secured in a bunch to a ferrule
at the end of a handle, or bound or fastened to the handle
itself; for others they are inserted in doubled tufts into
holes bored in a stock, with or without a handle, the pro-
jecting doubled ends being secured by wires or otherwise,
and in ordinary forms covered by a back-piece glued on.
Among the materials used for making brushes are bristles,
hair of the badger, bear, and goat, hair from the tails of the
red and black Sable, camels' hail (so called, but commonly
Russian Squirrel), fitch- (skunk-) and horsehair, broom-
corn, ratan, split cane, rushes, cocoanut-fiber, the roots
and fibers of many tropical plants, wire, spun glass, fea-
thers, etc. The word is often compounded, showing the
specific purposes for which it is used, as blacking-, clothes-,
dust-, hat-, hair-, nail-, paint-, tooth-, Scrubbing-, and
whitewash-brush. See pencil. tº
5. Anything resembling a brush, as the tails
of some animals, as the fox, or the panicles of
broom-corn used in the manufacture of brooms.
–6. An agricultural instrument made of small
trees, as the birch, and used instead of a harrow
for covering grain, grass-seed, etc., after they
have been sown.—7. In dynamo-electric ma–
chines (which see, under electric), one of the
pieces which are in contact with the commu-
tator or collector and serve to convey the
electric current between the revolving arma-
ture or field and the stationary outside cir-
cuit.—8. In elect., the luminous phenomenon,
consisting of diverging rays of pale-blue light,
observed when the discharge of an electric
machine takes place into the air from a small
ball or rounded point.—9. [From the verb.]
A passage; especially, a quick ride through the
brush or across country ; a chase.
Let us enjoy a brush across the county. Fielding.
10. A skirmish; a slight encounter; a shock;
a collision: as, to have a brush with the enemy.
Let grow thy sinews till their knots be strong,
And tempt not yet the brushes of the war.
hak., T. and C., v. 3.
brush
He might, methinks, have stood one brush with them,
and have yielded when there had been no remedy.
Bwmyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 188.
11. An application of a brush, as in sweeping
or dusting; a brushing; a removal as if with a
brush: as, give my hat a brush. [Colloq.]
Leaves . . . have With one winter's brush
Fell from their boughs. Shak., T. of A., iv. 3.
12. A painter; one who uses a brush: as, a
brother brush.-Haidinger's brushes, optical figures,
early described by the Austrian mineralogist W. von Hai-
dinger (1795–1871), appearing like colored brushes, some-
times resembling the ordinary interference-figures (see
interference) of a biaxial crystal, observed with ordinary
transmitted light insections of certain minerals, especially
those which effect a marked absorption of color, as an-
dalusite, iolite, etc. The term also includes the peculiar
phenomenon of four small colored tufts observed by some
persons with the naked eye, by others when a Nicol prism
is used, upon looking at a bright light, as a white cloud.
The latter phenomenon is supposed to be due to the polar-
izing action of the eye itself.-Hydraulic brush. See
hydraulic.—Revolving brush, a cylindrical brush Sup-
ported in a frame and made to revolve rapidly on an axis
by gearing or other mechanism. Such brushes are used
for street-sweeping, and also by barbers.-Rot brush.
Same as revolving brush. =Syn. 10. Remcounter, Skirmish,
× etc. See encownter.
brush (brush), v. [K ME. bruschen, KOF. bros-
ser, v. i., beat the brush or thicket for game,
scour the country, also simply cross, pass, F
brosser (= Sp. brozar, brush), K brossé, brush,
thicket: see brush, n.] I. trans. 1: To sweep
or rub with a brush: as, to brush a hat.
The robes to kepe well & also to brusche them clenly.
Babees Book (ed. Furnivall), p. 180,
Let their heads be sleekly combed, their blue coats
brushed. Shak., T. of the S., iv. 1.
Dark wiry hair brushed on one side.
Bulwer, Pelham, xl.
2. To remove by brushing or by lightly pass-
ing over: as, to brush off dust.
Though from off the boughs each morn
We brush mellifluous dews. Milton, P. L., v. 429.
I think the very best thing is to brush all the old Dons
off the stage. Disraeli, Coningsby, v. 2.
3. To sweep or touch as with a brush; strike
lightly by passing over the surface; pass lightly
over: as, to brush the arm in passing.
Brush'd, with the hiss of rustling wings.
Milton, P. L., i. 768.
A thousand nights have brush'd their balmy wings
Over these eyes. Dryden.
4. Figuratively, to ruffle; excite.
Poor Silas's loss served to brush the slow current of
IRaveloe conversation. George Eliot, Silas Marner, x.
5. To furnish with brushes or branches of dead
trees to climb on: as, to brush peas.—To brush
up, to furbish; polish ; renovate ; hence, to improve in
any way; make brighter or clearer, as the memory or past
knowledge.
You have commissioned me to paint your shop, and I
have done my best to brush you wip like your neightgº.
Opé.
II. intrans. 1. To move quickly or in haste;
rush: as, to brush past a person.
Then Pollux . . . brusshit into batell.
Destruction of Troy, l. 1216.
Snatching his hat, he brushed off like the wind. -
Goldsmith.
Brush'd
Thro' the dim meadow toward his treasure-trove.
Temmyson, Aylmer's Field.
2. To move or skim over with a slight contact,
as a brush. Dryden.
The stamens are seated at the mouth of the corolla, and
in falling off do not brush over the lowly-seated stigmas.
Darwin, Different Forms of Flowers, p. 42.
lºbird (brush"bèrd), n. Same as scrub-
ird
27°Cl.
brush-burn (brush’bérn), n. The injury result-
ing from violent friction, as sliding down a rope
or a slope of grass or ice. The effects are often
+similar to those of Scalding water.
brusher (brush’ér), n. 1. One who brushes.—
2. In leather-manuf., one who performs the
mechanical work of dyeing skins. C. T. Davis,
Leather, p. 728.
Thrushett, n. [ME. bruschet, K OF. brossettes,
heath, dim. of brosse, etc., brush, heath: see
brush and -et2..] 1. A thicket.—2. Brushwood.
And in that ilke brusschet by,
Five thousand of othre and more.
MS. Ashmole, 33, fol. 10. (Halliwell.)
700
brushing (brush'ing), p. a. Brisk; rapid: as,
a brushing gallop. -
brushing-machine (brush 'ing-ma-shën”), n.
. An apparatus for removing the dust from
hats, or for laying the nap.–2. A machine
having a cylindrical brush, used to lay the nap
on cloth after shearing.—3. An apparatus for
removing the dust and fuzz from wheat.
consists of a series of brushes and a blast of
air for blowing away the dust and refuse.
brushite (brush'it), m. [After Prof. Brush of
Yale College.] A hydrated phosphate of cal-
cium found in the guano of Aves Islands and
Sombrero in the West Indies, in slender mono-
clinic crystals of a pale-yellow color. . .
brush-jack (brush’jak), n. A hand-tool for
holding bunches of brushwood while binding
them into mats or fascines for use in embank-
ments, etc.
brushlet (brush’let), n. IK brush H- dim. -let.]
In entom., a scopula or small brush-like organ
on the leg of a drome-bee, used for cleansing
the body. Westwood.
brushman (brush’man), m.; pl. brushmen (-men).
One who plies the brush; a painter.
How difficult in artists to allow
To other brushmen even a grain of merit !
Wolcot, Odes, viii.
brushment (brush’ment), m. [K brush -H -ment.
Cf. bushment.] Brush or small wood.
lbrush-monkey (brush"mung"ki), n. A name
of the species of small American marmosets
of the genus Midas.
brush-ore (brush’ôr), n. An iron ore found in
the forest of Dean, England. Also called black-
brush. Ure. &
brush-plow (brush'plou), n. A strong plow
used for breaking up rough land covered with
'brush and small trees.
brush-puller (brush/pul’ér), n. A heavy four-
pronged hook for pulling up brush and Small
shrubs and trees.
lbrush-tailed (brush"tāld), a. Having a bushy
tail: specifically applied to certain porcupines
of the genus Atherwra.
brush-tongued (brush/tungd), a. Having a
brushy tongue: specifically applied to parrots
+of the group Trichoglossinae.
bººkey (brush’tér"ki), n. The popular
name of a large gregarious rasorial bird of
Australia, the Talegallus lathami, of the family
Megapodiidae, of about the size of a turkey,
blackish-brown above and silvery-gray below:
so called because it lives in the brush or scrub.
brush-wheel (brushſhwél), n. 1. A toothless
wheel sometimes used in light machinery to
turn a similar wheel by means of bristles, or
some brush-like or soft substance, as cloth,
|buff-leather, india-rubber, or the like, attached
to the circumference.—2. A circular brush
used in a lathe, with polishing-powders, for
cleaning and polishing curved, indented, and
chased work.
brushwood (brush'wild), n. IK brush + wood1.]
1. A thicket or coppice of small trees and
shrubs.— 2. Branches of trees cut off.
brushy (brush'i), a. [K brush + -y1.] Resem-
bling a brush; full of brush; rough; shaggy;
long-haired. -
The brushy substance of the nerve.
Boyle, Works, III. 343.
As soon as we got down near the brushy ravine we rode
along without talking. T. Roosevelt, Hunting Trips, p. 129.
brusk 1, brusque (brüsk), a. [K F. brusque, K
It. brusco (= Sp. Pg. brusco), rude, sharp, sour;
º unknown.] Abrupt in manner; rough;
IU1C16.
We are sorry to hear that the Scottish gentleman . . .
found but a brusk welcome. Wottom, Reliquiae, p. 582.
=Syn. See abrupt. --
'brusk? (brüsk), a. [Cf. M.L. bruscatus, of a
'bronze color, pp. of bruscare, brua'are, scorch,
burn.] In her., tawny.
bruskness, brusqueness (brüsk’nes), n. [K
brusk, brusque, H--ness.] The character of be-
ing brusk; a rude, abrupt, or blunt manner.
He was almost fierce in his brusqueness.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss.
brusque, brusqueness. See brusk1, bruskness.
brut, v. i.
brutalism
No Jupiter, no Apolin
inois worth theºrist of a swin.
Spec. Early Eng. Metr. Rom. (ed. Ellis), II. 832.
Roland lough [laughed] and said,
No is worth the brust of a swine.
Rom. of Roland. '
brust?t, a. [ME., for "brusted, bristled, en-
raged, K brust, a bristle: see bristle..] Bristled;
enraged.
Cometh the maister budel [beadle] brust ase a bore.
Polit. Songs (ed. Wright), p. 151.
brusten (brus’tn). A dialectal variant of burst,
past participle of burst.
brustle1+ (brus’l), v. [K ME, brustlien, a par-
allel form to brastlien, K AS. brastlian, also
barstlian, crackle: see brastle. As an imitative
word, cf. rustle.] I. intrans. To crackle; make
a small crackling noise; also, to rustle, as a silk
garment.
He routeth with a slepy noise,
And brustleth as a monkes froise,
When it is throwe into the panne.
Gower, Conf. Amant., ii. 93.
See, where the sea comes how it foams and brustles /
letcher, Spanish Curate, iv. 7.
II. trans. To cause to crackle; crack.
Break 'em more; they are but brustled yet.
Fletcher, Wife for a Month, ii. 6.
brustle?t, n. A dialectal or obsolete form of
bristle. gº
brustle2+ (brus’l), v. i. 1. An obsolete or dia-
lectal form of bristle.—2. To approach one
threateningly: as, “I’ll brustle up to him,” Ot-
2007/.
brºiles, (brus’l), v. t. [Also brusell; appar.
a freq. form of bruise, ME. brusen, prob. Sug-
gested by brustle1.] To bruise; crush.
brustle4 (brus’l), v. t. [Also written brusle; K
OF. brusler, later bruler (>M.E. brule, roast, fry),
mod. F. brûler = Pr, bruslar, burn, = It. brus-
tolare, burn, now grill, fry, toast, appar. (K.L.
as if *per-ustulare; cf. Pr. usclar for *ustlar =
OSp. usiar = It. watolare = Wall, ustură, K. L.
wstulare, burn) dim. or freq. of Pr. bruzar,
bruizar (for *brussar) = It. brusciare, bruciare,
ab-brusciare (ML. bruscare, bruarare, brustare,
burn, K. L. as if *perustare, freq. of L. perurere,
pp. perustus, burn through, K ſper, through, +
wrere, burn. The forms touch some of different
origin, as those of broill, q.v., and in E. the
word may be indeed a particular use of brustle1, .
crackle: see brustle1.) To parch. Halliwell.
[Prov. Eng.]
[E. dial., also brit, appar. K. F. brow-
ter, O.F. brouster, browse: see browsel.] To
browse.
Bruta (brö’tā), m. pl. [NL., neut. pl. of L.
brutus, irrational, brute: see brute.] 1+. In
the Linnean system of classification, the sec-
ond order of Mammalia, containing the gem-
era Elephas, Trichechus, Bradypus, Myrmeco-
phaga, Mamis, and Dasypus.—2. In mod. 206l.,
disencumbered of the genera Elephas and Tri-
Chechus, and same as "Edentata. [There is a grow-
ing tendency to use the term in this sense instead of
Edentata, which latter is literally incorrect, few of the
so-called edentates being toothless.]
brutal (brö’tal), a. . [= F. brutal, KML. bruta-
lis, savage, stupid, K. L. brutus, applied to dumb
animals: see brute.] 1. Pertaining to or re-
sembling a brute; brutish: as, brutal nature;
“brutal kind,” Milton, P. L., ix. 565.
In Irish districts, men deteriorated in size and shape,
the nose sunk, the gums were exposed, with diminished
brain and brutal form. JEmerson, Eng. Traits, p. 299.
How widely doth the brutal courage of Ajax differ from
the amiable bravery of Diomedes'
Fielding, Joseph Andrews.
Hence—2. Savage; cruel; inhuman; unfeel-
ing: as, brutal passions; brutal manners.
Brutal alike in deed and word,
With callous heart and hand of strife,
How like a fiend may man be made
- Whittier, Mogg Megone, iii.
3. Rude; harsh; coarse; crude. [Rare.]
The human eye and mind together integrate, so to
speak, the impressions of many separate and selected
moments into one general view, while the camera can
only give a brutal copy of an unselected state of things,
with all its atmospheric and other imperfections.
Science, IV. 202.
Syn, 2. Brutish, Beastly, etc. (see brute); unfeeling,
Tuthless, rude, rough, gross, merciless, barbarous.
*
brushful (brush fill), n....[K brush + ful..] As brusquerie (brüs'ke-ré), n. . [F., K brusque: see
much as can be lifted with a brush: as, a brush- brusk and -ery..] Same as bruskness.
ful of paint. Dorothea . . . spoke with cold brusquerie, . . .
brush-hat (brush'hat), n. A hat which in the amusing contrast with the solicitous amiability of her
process of sizing is continually brushed with a mirer. George Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 25.
hand-brush, for the purpose of bringing a nap Brussels carpet, lace Fº See the nouns.
to the surface. brustl (brust), v. dialectai variant of burst.
brushiness (brush’i-mes), n. [K brushy + as, “like to brust,” Burns.
-né88.] The quality of being brushy. brust?!, n. [ME.: see birse, bristle.] A bristle.
brutalisation, brutalise. See brutalization,
brutalize. -
brutalism (brö'tal-izm), n. . [K brutal + -ism.]
The practice or "exercise of brutality; inhu-
manity.
The industrial system of Europe required for its admin-
istration an amount of suffering, depravity, and brutal-
‘sm, which formed one of the great scandals of the age.
Everett, Orations, II. 63.
in
d-
brutality
brutality (brö-tal’i-ti), n.; pl. brutalities (-tiz).
F. brutalité, KML, brutalita(t-)s, K brutalis:
see brutal.] 1. The quality of being brutal;
inhumanity; savageness; gross eruelty; in-
sensibility to pity or shame.
It is to be noted that the unredeemed brutality implied
by the stories of the earlier gods is in the stories of the
later considerably mitigated.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 107.
2. A Savage, shameless, or inhuman act.
The mere brutalities exercised in war by enraged con-
querors are perhaps to be laid out of view in estimating
the practical effects of despotism. Browgham.
= # 1. Barbarity, ferocity, trueulence.
brutalization (brö'tal-i-zā‘shgn), n. ... [K bru-
talize: see –ation.] The act of brutalizing, or
the state of being brutalized. , Also spelled
brutalisation.
Scruples of conscience respecting the rectitude of their
cause would paralyze officers and soldiers. So that a cer-
tain brutalization has to be maintained during our pass-
ing phase of civilization. -
H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 190.
brutalize (brö'tal-iz), v.; pret, and pp. brutal-
ized, ppr. brutalizing. . [= F. brutaliser, K bru-
tal: see brutal.] I. trans. To make brutal,
coarse, gross, or inhuman; lower to the level
of a brute.
Strange that a creature rational, and cast
In human mould, should brutalize by choice
BIis nature. Cowper, Task, i.
Degraded and brutalized by a long course of oppressive
misgovernment. Whately.
II, intrans. To become brutal, inhuman, or
coarse and beastly. [Rare.]
He . . . brutalized with them in their habits and man-
Ileſ S. Addison, Freeholder.
Also spelled brutalise. -
brutally (brö'tal-i), adv. In a brutal manner;
cruelly; inhumanly; in a coarse, gross, or un-
feeling manner.
Brutally repulsed by the attending lictors.
jºr Goldsmith, Alcander and Septimius.
brute (bröt), a. and n. [= F. brut, fem. brute,
=Sp. Pg. It. bruto, KL. brutus, heavy, unwieldy,
stupid, insensible, unreasonable; particularly
applied in later L. to the lower animals.] I.
a. 1. Senseless; unconscious.
Not walking statues of clay, not the sons of brute earth.
Bentley.
2. Wanting reason; animal; not human: as,
a brute beast.
A creature . . . not prone
And brute as other creatures, but endued
With sanctity of reason. Milton, P. L., vii. 507.
I was amazed to see such actions and behaviour in brute
beasts. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, iv. 1.
3. Characteristic of animals; of brutal charac-
ter or quality.
Brute violence and proud tyrannic power.
Milton, P. R., i. 219.
The oppressed invoked the power of Christianity to re-
sist the tyranny of brute force.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., II. 454.
4. Blunt or dull of sentiment; without sensi-
bility; rough; uncivilized; insensible.
The brute philosopher who ne'er has proved
The joy of loving or of being loved. Pope.
5. Not associated with intelligence or intellec-
tual effort; unintelligent; irrational.
A more legitimate kind of valour that, showing itself
against the untamed forests and dark brute Powers of ma-
ture, to conquer nature for us. Carlyle.
6. Harsh; crude. [Rare.]
The brute fact is expressed in the phrase “One man's
meat is another man's poison.”
O. W. Holmes, A Mortal Antipathy, vii.
=Syn. Brute, Brutish, Brutal, Beastly, Bestial. Brute is
the most general of these words, and remains nearest to the
distinguishing difference between man and beast, irration-
ality: as, brute force. Brutish is especially uncultured,
stupid, groveling: as, brutes and still more brutish men.
Brütal implies cruelty or lack of feeling: as, brutal lan-
guage or conduct. Beastly expresses that which is alto-
gether unworthy of a man, especially that which is filthy
and disgusting in conduct or manner of life. . Bestial is
applied chiefly to that which is carnal, sensual, lascivious:
as, bestial vices or appetites.
The feats of Hercules . . . were triumphs of brute force.
Swmmer, Fame and Glory.
The brutish, the animal instincts, as is often the case,
had been developed earlier than the intellectual qualities.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, xxi.
To mask . . .
With a glassy smile his brutal scorn.
Tennyson, Maud, vi.
This filthy simile, this beastly line.
Pope, Ep. to Sat., ii. 181.
And since his ways are SWeet,
And theirs are bestial, hold him iess than man.
Tennyson, Coming of Arthur.
II. m. 1. A beast, especially one of the high-
701
Brutes may be considered as either ačrial, terrestrial,
aquatic, or amphibious. Locke.
2. A brutal person; a savage in disposition or
manners; a low-bred, unfeeling person.
An ill-natured brute of a husband. Franklin.
brutehood (brötſhūd), n. [K brute + -hood.]
The state of being a brute; the condition of
being brute or brutish in nature or habits.
It is modestly suggested, by no means dogmatically af-
firmed, . . . that the influences that have raised mankind
from brutehood to its present condition have not yet ex-
pended their force. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 461.
brutelf, a. A Middle English form of brittle.
brutely (bröt'li), adv. 1. In a rude manner; as
a brute. Milton.—2. By brute force; without
intelligent effort; blindly. [Rare.]
Property will brutely draw
Still to the proprietor.
Emerson, The Celestial Love.
bruyère (brö-yār'), n.
Bryaceae (bri-ā’sé-é), m. pl.
Bryum
that name. Roman busts and statues often
show such an arrangement of the hair.] A for-
mer mode of dressing the hair, in which it was
brushed back from the forehead, and worn at
first in disorder, afterward in close curls. The
style seems to have Originated in Paris at the time of the
Revolution (1793–94), when it was the fashion to imitate the
contemporary conception of Roman antiquity. As trans-
planted to England, the style lasted longer than in France.
The word is now used for a lock of hair brushed upward
and backward from the forehead.
He wore his hair with the curls arranged in a Brutus a
la George the Fourth. Mayhew.
[F., formerly bruyere,
briere, heath: see under brier.] The tree-
heath of Europe, Erica arborea.
[NL., K. Bryum +
-aceae.] A family of mosses of the order
Bryales: the latter comprise the true mosses,
as distinguished from the Sphagnales and the
bruteness (brötnes), n. . [K brute, a., + -ness.] ...Andréâales (see supplement).
The state of being brutal or a brûte. [Rare.] B
That sire he fowl bespake: Thou dotard vile,
That with thy brutenegge shendst thy comely age.
Spenger, F. Q., II. viii. 12.
The immobility or bruteness of Nature is the absence
of spirit. - JEmerson, Nature.
brutification (brö%ti-fi-kä'shon), n. [K brutify:
see -ſy and –ation.] The act of brutifying; the
act or state of becoming or making brutal or
degraded.
She would have saved thee, as Isaid before, from bruti-
fication. -
cation of speech we do not find in the lighterinterludes of
brutify (brö’ti-fi), v. t. ; pret. and pp. brutified,
ppr. brutifying. [K F. brutifier, K.L. as if *bru-
tificare, K brutus, brute, a., + -ficare, K facere,
make.] To bring into the condition of a brute;
degrade the moral or physical state of; make
senseless, stupid, or unfeeling. g
Not quite brutified and void of sense.
Barrow, Works, III. 5.
It has possessed only two secrets for governing, . . . to
drain and to brutify its subjects. Bentham.
brutilt, a. A Middle English form of brittle.
brutish (brö’tish), a. [K brute, n., + -ish 1.] 1.
Of or pertaining to a brute or brutes.
There his welwoven toyles, and subtil traines,
He laid the brutish nation to enwrap.
Spenser, Astrophel.
Wandering gods disguised in brutish forms.
Milton, P. L., i. 481.
2. Like a brute; characteristic of brutes. (a)
TJnfeeling; savage ; ferocious ; brutal.
Bombarding of Cadiz ; a cruel and brutish way of mak-
ing war, first begun by the French.
Evelyn, Diary, August 25, 1695.
Not riches
Can purchase him, nor honours, peaceably,
And force were brutish.
Fletcher (and another?), Nice Valour, iv. 1.
(b) Gross; carnal; bestial.
It is the brutish love of this world that is blind.
Bazter, Saint's Rest, xiv.
(c) Uncultured; unrefined; ignorant; stupid; insensible.
Brutes and brutish men are commonly more able to bear
pain than others. N. Grew, Cosmologia Sacra.
They were not so brutish that they could be ignorant to
call upon the name of God. Hooker, Eccles. Pol., v. § 35.
=Syn. Brutal, Beastly, etc. (see brute), dull, barbarous,
animal, sensual.
brutishly (brö’tish-li), adv. In a brutish man-
j grossly; iºrationally; stupidly; Savagely.
Outh.
brutishness (brö’tish-nes), n. The state or
quality of being brutish in nature, disposition,
or appearance; Savageness.
Not true valour, but brutishmess. Bp. Sprat.
In many of the Cynocephali, longitudinal osseous ridges
are developed upon the maxillae, and greatly increase the
brutish mess of their aspect.
brutism (brö’tizm), m. [K brute + -ism.] Brutal
instincts or tendencies; bruteness; animality.
bruttingh (brut'ing), m. [Verbal n. of brut, v.]
Browsing.
brygmus (brig' mus), n.
J. Baillie. bryle (bril), n.
This ultra-Circean transformation of spirit and brutifi- br
great and perfect tragedy. Swinburne, Shakespeare, p.194. §; 70.
Bryonia (bri-Ö'ni-á), n.
bryonine (bri’ô-nin), m.
bryony (bri’ô-ni), m.
Bryophyta (bri-of"i-tā), m. pl.
bryophyte (bri’ā-fit), n.
bryoretin (bri-Ö-ret’in), n.
Hwæley, Anat. Vert., p. 398. Bryozoa. (bri-Ö-zö’ā), n. pl.
nite (bri'an-it), n. . [From their founder,
illiam Bryan (about 1815).] One of a Metho-
dist body, more properly known as Bible Chris-
tians (which see, under Bible).
Brydges clothf. Same as cloth of Bruges (which
see, under cloth).
[NL., K. Gr. 8pvyuóg, a
biting, gnashing of teeth, K 3püketv, bite, gnaw,
gnash..] In pathol., gnashing or grating of the
teeth during sleep : a symptom in certain dis-
€3.SeS.
Same as broilà.
yml#, brymmelt, etc. See briml, etc.
See brink.
ryological (bri-Ö-loj’i-kal), a.
bryology; consisting of mosses:
logical flora. Nature.
Relating to
as, the bryo-
bryologist (bri-ol'č-jist), n. [K bryology + -ist.]
A botanist who has made a special study of the
mosses and is skilled in their determination;
a specialist in bryology.
Thanks to our sole surviving bryologist, the venerable
Lesquereux, we have at length a comprehensive manual
of North-American mosses. Science, IV. 446.
bryology (bri-ol'ö-ji), n. IK Gr. 3püov, moss (see
Pryum), + -20yta, K Aéyetv, speak: see -ology.]
The science of mosses, their structure, affinities,
classification, etc.
[L., K. Gr. 3pwovia, also
#. bryony, K. 8püelv, teem, swell, be full.
ence E. bryony.] 1. A genus of plants, of
the family Cucurbitaceae: see bryony.—2. [l. c.]
The name in the pharmacopoeias of the root of
Bryonia alba and B. dioica.
[K bryony + -ine2.]
A white intensely bitter principle, a gluco-
side (C48H80019) extracted from the root of
Bryonia alba and B. dioica. Also spelled bry-
omin, brionine.
[K L. bryonia: see Bryo-
nia.] The common name of species of Bryo-
nia, a cucurbitaceous genus of plants, possess-
ing acrid, emetic, and purgative properties
which have given them repute as remedies for
many diseases from early times. The common
white- or red-berried bryony, B. dioica, and the black-
berried, B. alba, are both natives of Europe. Also spelled
briony.—Bastard bryony, of the West Indies, Cissus
sicyoides.—Blackbryony, of Europe, Tamus communis,
a tall climbing plant belonging to the family Dioscorea-
ceae. It has large black roots, the acrid juice of which
has been used in plasters.
[K NL. bryo-
phytum, K. Gr. 3píov, moss, + ºvſöv, a plant.]
A division of the higher cryptogams, including
the Hepaticae and mosses.
A member of the
Bryophyta.
[Irreg. K bryonine.]
A red glucoside associated with bryonine in
the roots of Bryonia alba.
[NL., K. Gr. 3püov,
moss (see Bryum), + (jov, pl. §§a, an animal.]
A name formerly given to the Polyzoa, from
their resemblance to mosses. Ehrenberg, 1831.
See Polyzoa.
Hornbeam preserves itself best from the brutting of the bryozoan (bri-Ö-zó'an), a. and m. I. a. In 206l.,
deer. Bwelyn, Sylva, I. vi. 2.
brutum fulmen (brö’tum ful’ men). [L. : bru-
tum, neut. of brutus, insensible; fulmen, a thun-
derbolt: see brute and fulminate.] A harmless
thunderbolt; mere noise like thunder; empty
noise and nothing more.
The actors do not value themselves upon the clap, but
regard it as a mere brutumn fulmen, or empty noise, when
it has not the sound of the oaken plant in it.
Addison, The Trunkmaker at the Play.
bryozoid (bri-Ö-zó'id), a. and n.
bryozoum (bri-Ö-zó’um), m.
Bryum (bri’um), n.
relating to the Bryozoa.
II. m. One of the Bryozoa.
Same as bryo-
2007?.
ryozoön (bri-Ö-zó'Qn), m. Some as bryozoan.
., sing. of
Bryozoa.] One of the Bryozoa. Dana.
[NL. (L. bryon), K. Gr.
pilov, a kind of mossy seaweed, tree-moss,
ichen, the clustering male blossom of the
er quadrupeds; any animal as distinguished Brutus (brö’tus), n. [Appar. in reference to hazel, a blossom or flower, K 8pöstv, teem or
from man.
Brutus, one of the two celebrated Romans of
swell, be full, grow luxuriantly..] A large and
Bryum
important genus of mosses, characterized by
fruit borne at the ends of the branches, and a
pendent, pyriform capsule which has a double
row of transversely barred teeth.
bryzet, m. An obsolete form of bree861.
B.Sc. An abbreviation of Baccalaureus Scien-
tiſe, or Bachelor of Science.
bu (bö), m. [Jap.] A rectangular silver coin
of Japan, equal to one fourth of a rio or tael.
It is not now in circulation, but the name is still some-
times given to the fourth part of a yen or dollar. Also
spelled boo, and formerly called (erroneously when more
than one were spoken of) ichiboo and itzeboo.
bu., bush. Abbreviations of bushel or bushels.
buansuah, buansu (bö-an-sö’ā, bö-an-só'), n.
The native mame of the Cyon primavus, the bubble1 (bub’1), n.
wild dog of Nepāl and northern India, Sup-
six-º- ºt:
*
V\v * * *
**śrºss 3. ºr.
...ºrrº § lº,
Tºšj; gº
* syrtº -* * * -
Buansuah (Cyon primavtas).
posed by some to be the original type of the
dog tribe. It is of a reddish color, pale underneath,
with a bushy, pendulous tail, and in size intermediate
between the wolf and the jackal, but with very strong
limbs. It is capable of being tamed. See Cyon.
Buarrhemon (bö-a-ré'mon), m. [NL., K. Gr.
Boig, Ox, -- appāuayv, speechless: see Arrhemon.]
An extensive genus of pityline tanagers, con-
taining about 35 species, of terrestrial habits
and dull colors. Bonaparte, 1850. See Arrhe-
77.07%,
buat (bö’at), n. [Also bowet; appar. K OF.
boiste, F. boite, a box.] A hand-lantern.
[Scotch.]
buaze-fiber (bü’āz-fi/bër), n. The fiber of a
polygalaceous bush of Africa, Securidaca longi-
pedunculata, which is of excellent quality and
resembles flax.
loubl (bub), m. [Perhaps short for bubble; cf.
bub2.] 1. A substitute for yeast, prepared by
mixing meal or flour with a little yeast in a
quantity of warm wort and water.—2. Strong
drink of any kind; liquor, especially malt li-
quor. [Cant.]
bub2+ (bub), v. t. [Short for bubble.] To throw
Mir. for Mags.
out in bubbles.
bubº (bub), m. [Also bubby; origin obscure;
cf. pa)). The word bears a close but accidental
resemblance to Hind. babbi, babī (a pron. u), a
woman’s breast.] A woman's breast. [Vulgar.]
bubº (bub), m. [Also bubby, a dim. form; usu-
ally supposed to be, like bud?, a corruption
of brother. Cf. G. bube, etc., a boy: see boy.]
A boy: used in familiar address. [Colloq.,
U. S.]
Bubalichthyinae (bü-bal-ik-thi-i’ né), m. pl.
[NL., K Bubalichthys + -inac.] A subfamily of
Catostomidae: synonymous with Ictiobina (which
see). V
bubalichthyine (bù-bal-ik’ thi-in), a. and n. I.
a. Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Dubalichthyinae.
II. m. One of the Bubalichthyina ; a buffalo-
fish.
Bubalichthys (bū-bal-ik" this), m. [NL., K. Bu-
balus + Gr. 12:0tg, a fish.] The typical genus
of catostomoid fishes of the subfamily Buba-
lichthyinae; the buffalo-fishes.
bubaline (bü'ba-lim), a. [K. L. bubalinus, per-
taining to the bubalus, buffalo.] 1. Pertain-
ing to the bubalus or buffalo.—2. Resembling
a buffalo; bovine : as, the bubaline group of
antelopes: specifically applied to Alcelaphus
b:tbalis, the bubaline antelope.
bubalis (bù’bà-lis), m. [NL., also bubale; K
Gr. Boiſłażlg, an African species of antelope;
doubtfully referred to flowg, ox.] A large bu-
baline antelope of Africa, Alcelaphus bubalis.
Bubalornis (bū-ba-lór (mis), n. [NL., K. Buba-
lus + Gr. Öpwig, a bird..] A genus of African
weaver-birds, of the family Ploceidae; the buf-
falo weaver-birds. They are named from their habit
of following cattle in order to feed on the parasites
Bubalus (bū’bà-lus), m.
genus.
bubber (bub’ér), n. IK bubl, 2,
drinker.
702
which infest their hides. B. erythrorhynchus is common
in Damaraland, where it is known to the natives as the
tsabagushoa. Sir Andrew Smith.
[L. : see buffalo.] 1.
A genus or subgenus of bovines, containing
the buffaloes proper, as the Indian buffalo and
the African buffalo: sometimes restricted to
the latter. Hamilton Smith, 1827. See cuts
under buffalo.—2. [l. c.] A member of this
+ -erl.] A
Though I am no mark in respect of a huge butt, yet I
can tell you great bubbers have shot at me.
Middleton, Spanish Gypsy, ii. 1.
[First in early mod. E.;
= MLG. bubbele, LG. bubbel = . bobbel =
Dam. boble = Sw, bubbla, formerly bubla, a bub-
ble. The E. and Scand. forms are prob. of LG.
; but all, like the equiv. early mod. E.
burble (see burble), L. bulla (see bulla, bull2,
boil?, etc.), Skt. budbuda, Hind. budbudá, bul-
bulā, Hindi bulālā, Pāli bubbulam, a bubble
(and, more remotely, like Bohem. boubel, bub-
lina, Pol. bābel, X Little Russ, bombel, a bubble
—words having the same ult, base as bomb?,
bombus, q.v.), are prob. ult. imitative of the
sound of the gurgling of water in which bub-
bles are forming. Čf. blubber, blobber, blob.
The senses of “a trifle, delusion, trick,” etc.,
proceed naturally from the lit. sense, and have
no orig. connection with the accidentally simi-
lar It. bubbola, bubula, a trick, fib, sham, deceit,
pl. bubbole, idle stories, formerly “bubole, bub-
bule, toies, iests, vanities, miſles, trifles, bub-
bles” (Florio), K bubbolgre, cheat, trick, rob,
formerly “bubolare, to bubble” [i. e., cheat,
gull, dupe] (Florio), K bubbola, bubula, formerly
bubola, pupola, puppula, a hoopoe (see hoopº,
hoopoe, upwpa), the figure of speech being the
same as the verbs gull and dupe, q.v.] 1. A
small vesicle of water or other fluid inflated
with air or other gas, and floating on the Sur-
face of the fluid. Such vesicles can sometimes, as in
the case of the soap-bubble, be separated from the Sur-
face of the liquid, or be formed independently of it, by
blowing from a pipe or other instrument.
Oh, Fortune,
That thou hast none to fool and blow like bubbles
l3ut kings and their contents |
Fletcher (and another?), Prophetess, iii. 3.
Ay, thus we are ; and all our painted glory
A bubble that a boy blows into the air,
And there it breaks. -
Beau. and Fl., Knight of Malta, iv. 2.
2. A small globule of air or other gas in or ris-
ing through a liquid.—3. The vesicle of air in
the glass spirit-tube of a mechanics' level-
4. One of the small hollow beads of glass for-
merly used for testing the strength of spirits by
the rate at which they rise after being plunged
in them. See bead, 7–5. Anything that wants
firmness, substance, or permanence; that which
is more specious than real; a vain project; a
false show; a delusion; a trifle.
A soldier, . . .
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
War, he sung, is toil and trouble;
Honour, but an empty bubble.
Dryden, Alexander's Feast.
6. An inflated speculation; a delusive com-
mercial project, especially one which is put
forward as insuring extraordinary profits;
hence, a financial imposition or fraud;
cheating trick: as, the South Sea bubble. See
below.
This may not at first sight appear a large sum to those
who rennember the bubbles of 1825 and of 1845.
Macaulay, Hist, Ing., xxiv.
7+. A person deceived by an empty project; a
dupe.
IHe has been my bubble these twenty years.
Arbuthnot, John Bull.
EIis pity and compassion make him sometimes a bubble
to all his fellows. Steele, Tatler, No. 27.
Bubble Act, an English statute of 1720, intended to re-
strict illusory schemes of corporate or associate organiza-
tion : adopted to prevent the repetition of such frauds as
the South Sea bubble.—Bubble and squeak, (a) A dish
consisting of fried beef and cabbage : probably so called
from the sounds made during frying.
Rank and title ! bubble and squeak / No not half so
good as bubble and Squeak ; Tºnglish beef and good cab-
bage. But foreign rank and title ; foreign cabbage and
beef l foreign bubble and forcign squeak!
Bulwer, My Novel, viii. 8.
b) In New Tºngland, hash or minced meat.—South Sea,
ubble, a financial scheme which originated in Dngland
about 1711 and collapsed in 1720. It was proposed by the
Darl of Oxford to fund a floating debt of £10,000,000, the
purchasers of which should become stockholders in a cor.
bubonic
poration, the South Sea Company, which was to have a
monopoly of the trade with Spanish South America, and
a part of the capital stock of which was to constitute the
fund. The refusal of Spain to enter into commercial re-
lations with England made the privileges of the company
worthless; but by means of a series of speculative opera-
tions and the infatuation of the people its shares were
inflated from £100 to £1,050. Its failure caused great dis-
tress throughout England.
bubblel (bub’l), v.; pret., and pp. bubbled, ppr.
bºiling fºſſić. ič. bºeij Mišić. º.
belen = Dan, boble, bubble; from the noun.] I.
intrans. 1. To rise in bubbles, as liquors when
boiling or agitated; send up bubbles.—2. To
run with a gurgling noise; gurgle: as, “bub-
bling fountains,” Pope, Autumn, 1. 43
On yon swoll'n brook that bubbles fast
By meadows breathing of the past.
Temmyson, In Memoriam, xcix.
3. To utter a bubbling or gurgling cry. [Rare.]
At mine ear
Bubbled the nightingale. Tennyson, Princess, iv.
II. trans. 1. To cause to bubble.
I'd bubble up the water through a reed. Keats.
2. To cheat; deceive or impose on; hoodwink;
|bamboozle.
Bubbled out of their goods and money! -
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, i. 11.
When slavery could not bully, it bubbled its victim.
W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 377.
bubble? (bub'l), v. i. [Also bibble; cf. bubblel
and blubber.] To shed tears in a Smiveling,
blubbering, childish way. Jamieson. [Scotc
and North. Eng.]
bubbles (bub’1), m. Snot. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
bubble-bowł, n. [A piece of fashionable slang,
mentioned by Pope, along with cosin, tompion,
colmar, toupee, in the quot. below, as “in use
in this present year 1727”: supposed to stand
for “bubble-beau, K bubble, v., + obj. beau; but
perhaps of no particular meaning.] A tweezer-
G8,SG).
Lac'd in her cosins [stays] new appear'd the bride,
A bubble-bow and tompion [watch) at her side,
And with an air divine her colmar [fan) ply'd.
Then, oh she cries, what slaves I round me see l
Here a bright Redcoat, there a smart toupee.
Pope, Treatise on the Bathos.
bubbler (bub’lér), n. 1+. One who cheats. Pope.
—2. A fish of the family Sciaenidae, Aplodinotus
grunniens, the fresh-water drumfish, found in
the waters of the Ohio river: so called from
the peculiar noise it makes. Also called bub-
bling-fish.
bubble-shell (bub’l-shel), n. A shell of the fam-
ily Bullida and genus Bulla, of an oval form, with
the outermost whorl involving all the others.
Species are numerous in tropical and warm
seas. See cuts under Bulla.
bubbling (bub'ling), p. a. [Ppr. of bubblel, v.]
Emitting or exhibiting bubbles; giving out a
sound such as is caused by bubbles; gurgling.
The bubbling cry
Of some strong swimmer in his agony.
Byrom, Don Juan, ii. 53,
bubbling-fish (bub'ling-fish), m. Same as bub-
bler, 2. Itafinesque.
bubblyl (bub'li), a. [K bubble1 + -y1.] Full of
bubbles: as, “bubbly spume,” Nash, Lenten
Stuffe, p. 8.
bubbly? (bub'li), a. [Kbubble8+-y1.] Snotty:
as, the bairn has a bubbly nose. [North. Eng.
and Scotch..]
bubbly-jock (bub'li-jok), m.
A turkey-cock.
[North. Eng, and Scotch..]
8, bººi Phº (-iz). [See bubb.]
woman’s breast. [Vulgar.]
Why don't you go and suck the bubby 2
- Arbuthnot, John Bull.
bubby” (bub'i), n. [Dim. of bub%.] A familiar
*term of address to little boys; bub. [U. S.]
bubol (bū‘bó), n. [= F. bubon = Sp. bubón =
Pg. bubăo = It. bubone = Wall. buboim, KML.
bubo(m-), a tumor, K. Gr. 3ov3óv, the groin, a
swelling in the groin.] In med., an inflamma-
tory swelling of a lymphatic gland, especially
one that appears in the groin or in the
axilla.
Bubo? (bü’bö), m. [L., an owl, the horned owl.
The name is supposed to be imitative of its cry
as if “bu-bw; cf. E. tu-whoo, etc.] A genus of
large owls with conspicuous plumicorns, rela-
tively small ear-aperture, incomplete facial
disk, and feathered feet. It contains the great owl
or eagle-owl of Europe, B. mcarimus, the great horned
owl of North America, B. virginianus, and sundry other
* species. See cut on next page.
bubonic (bü-bon'ik), a... [K ML, bubo(n-), a tu-
mor (see bubol), + -ic.] In pathol., of or per-
taining to a bubo.—Bubonic plague. See plague, 2.

Büí)0mina?
Virginia Horned Owl (Brebo Ziºginianzas).
Buboninae (bü-bö-niſné), m. pl. [NL., K Bubo?
(Bubon-) + -inac.] A subfamily of owls, family
Strigidae, adopted by some writers for the gen-
era Bubo, Scops, and some other horned or
“eat” owls. -
bubonine (bū’bà-nin), a. Of or pertaining to
the Bubonimaº.
bubonocele (bü-bó'nó-sél or -sé-lè), n. [K Gr.
Bov6ovokáAm, K Bov6óv, the groin (see bubol), +
K#27, tumor.] In pathol., inguinal hernia or
rupture: often restricted to an oblique inguinal
hernia which has not passed the external ring,
but occupies the inguinal canal.
bubuklet, n. A pimple: a word of uncertainform
and origin, found only in the following passage,
where it is put into the mouth of a Welshman.
His face is all bubwkles, and welks, and knobs, and flames
of fire. Shak., Hen. V., iii. 6.
Bubulcus (bù-bul’kus), n. [NL., K. L. bubulcus,
a plowman, herdsman (cf. bubulus, pertaining
to oxen or cattle), K bos (bov-), an ox: see Bos.]
A genus of herons, containing the buff-backed
heron, B. ibis, formerly called Ardea bubulcus
and Ardea russata, chiefly an African species,
related to the squacco heron.
bubulin (bü’bū-lin), n. [K L. bubulus, pertain-
ing to cattle (K bos (bov-), an ox: see Bos), +
-im?..] A peculiar substance existing in the
dung of beasts, which is copiously precipitated
by metallic salts, tincture of galls, and alum,
and therefore active in the application of cow-
* dung to calico-printing.
bucan (bö-kan"), n. [Also buccan, bocan, bow-
can. F. boucan, from a Carib word given as
boucan, perhaps connected with Tupi moca.6m,
in Pg. spelling moquém, to roast over a fire.]
In the West Indies — 1. A wooden frame or
grating on which meat was laid or hung to be
roasted, smoked, or dried; also, a place where
meat was so treated: same as barbecue, 1.—2.
A place where coffee or cocoa is dried. Ill.
London News.
bucan, buccan (buk'an), v. t. [Also written bow-
Cam, K F. boucaner, K boucan, E. bucan, n., q.
V.] To cut into long pieces, salt, and smoke on
a bucan, as beef: a mode of preserving meat
formerly practised by the Caribs and afterward
loy Europeans in the West Indies. Also boucan.
Dressed in the smoke, which in their language they call
bow camed. Hakluyt.
bucaneer, buccaneer (buk-a-nēr’), n. IK F. bow-
canier, a curer of wild meat, a pirate, K bow-
camer, Smoke meat, K boucan, a place for smok-
ing meat: see bucan, m.] 1. Originally, one of
the French settlers in Hispaniola or Hayti and
Tortugas, whose occupation was to hunt wild
cattle and hogs, and cure their flesh.
It is now high time to speak of the French nation who
inhabit a great part of this island [Hispaniola]. . . . The
Hunters are again divided into several sorts. For some of
these are only #". to hunt wild Bulls and Cows, others
only hunt wild Bores. The first of these two sorts of
Hunters are called Bucaniers. . . . When the Bucaniers
go into the woods to hunt for wild bulls and cows, they
commonly remain there the space of a whole twelvemonth
or two years without returning home.
Bucaniers of America (London, 1684), p. 59.
2. A pirate; a freebooter; especially, one of
the piratical adventurers, chiefly French and
British, who combined to make depredations
on the Spaniards in America in the second half
of the seventeenth century: so called because
the first of the class were Frenchmen driven
from their business of bucaning by the Spanish
authorities of Hispaniola.
He [Warren Hastings] was far too enlightened a man to
look on a great empire merely as a buccanier would look
on a galleon. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
Also spelled bucanier, buccanier.
703
bucaneer, buccaneer (buk-a-nēr'), v. i. [K buc-
aneer, j To act the part of a pirate or free-
loooter. Quarterly Rev.
The irreverent buccaneering bee
Hath stormed and rifled the nunnery of the lily.
Lowell, Al Fresco.
loucaneerish, buccaneerish (buk-a-nēr’ish), a.
K bucaneer + -ish 1.] Resembling a bucaneer.
By moonlight we are creeping under the frowning cliffs
of Aboofeyda, and voyage all night in a buccaneerish fash-
ion. C. D. Warner, Winter on the Nile, p. 414.
bucaro (böſ kä-ró), n. [Sp. biſcaro, a vessel
made of an odoriferous earth of the same name,
> Pg. bucaro, a sort of earth.] An earthen-
ware water-jar used in Spain and Portugal.
Those made in Estremadura, of light-reddish
clay, are especially esteemed.
bucca (buk’ā), n. ; pl. bucca (-sé). [L.; hence
bocca, bouche, buckle2, buckler, etc.] In anat.,
the hollow part of the cheek which projects
when the cheeks are inflated; also, the entire
cheek, and hence the mouth as a whole, with
reference to its cavity and all the surrounding
#parts.
buccal (buk'al), a... [K bucca + -al; = F. buccal.]
1. Pertaining to the bucca or cheek.-2. Per-
taining to the sides of the mouth, or to the mouth
or mouth-parts as a whole; oral; maxillary.—
Buccal artery, a branch of the internal maxillary artery.
—Buccal cavity, the cavity of the mouth.-Buccal fun-
nel, in Rotifera. See mastaz.-Buccal ganglia, in Mol-
lusca, ganglia which give off nerves to the mouth and ali-
mentary canal. They are connected with the cerebral
ganglia by a pair of nerves along the esophagus.-Buccal
glands. See gland.—Buccal mass, in Mollusca, the so-
called pharynx, the organ of prehension and mastication
of food, present in all mollusks except lamellibranchs. See
cut under Dibranchiata.—Buccal nerve. (a) A branch
of the facial nerve which supplies the buccinator and orbi-
cularis oris muscles. (b) A branch of the inferior maxillary
nerve supplying the integument and mucous membrane of
the cheek.-Buccal Openings or fissures, in Coleoptera,
posterior prolongations of the mouth-cavity, on each side of
the mentum.—Buccal sutures, in Coleoptera, impressed
lines originating in the buccal fissures or corners of the
mouth, running backward, and often coalescing behind.
Also called gular sutures.—Buccal vein, a vein of the
cheek emptying into the facial vein. sº
buccan, buccaneer, buccaneerish. See bucan,
bucaneer, bucaneerish.
buccate (buk’āt), a. [KNL. buccatus, K L. buc-
ca, the cheek distended.] In entom., having
distended genae, or cheeks, as certain Diptera.
buccellation; (buk-se-lâ'shgn), n... [KL, buccel-
la, a small mouthful, small bread divided among
the poor (cf. buccellatum, a soldier's biscuit),
dim. of bucca, the cheek, mouth: see bucca.]
The act of breaking into small pieces. Harris.
bucchero (bök-kā’ró), m. [It..] In archaeol., a
kind of ancient Tuscan pottery of a uniform
black color, and neither glazed nor painted.
Vases in this ware are of two classes: those scantily orna-
mented with designs in low relief, impressed upon the
clay by the rotation of an engraved cylinder; and those
of later date, profusely ornamented with reliefs from inde-
pendent stamps, and with figures molded separately and
applied to the surface. This ware is peculiar to Tuscany,
and is found particularly in the tombs of Vulci, Chiusi,
and the neighboring region. Often called bucchero mero
(black bucchero).
buccin (buk'sin), n. Same as buccina.
buccina (buk'si-nā), m.; pl. buccinae (-nē). [L.,
prop. biſcina, a (crooked) trumpet (2 prob. Gr.
8vKávn (in deriv. sometimes Bovk-), a trumpet),
prob. for “bovicina, K bos (bov-), an ox, cow,
+ cdmere, sing, play; Orig. a cow's horn.] An
ancient musicalinstrument of the trumpetkind,
originally a horn of an ox or cow, blown by a
shepherd to assemble his flocks. See bussyme.
buccinal (buk'si-mal), a. [K buccina +
bucciniform (buk-Sin'i-fôrm), a.
buccinoid (buk'si-noid), a. and n.
Buccinoides (buk-Si-nó-éd’), m. pl.
Buccinopsidae (buk-Si-nop'si-dé), m. pl.
Bºi. (buk-Si-nop’sis), m.
Buccinum (buk'si-num), m.
Bucco (buk^6), n. [NL.,
-á'.] buccolabial (buk-6-lā’bi-al), a.
BucelſaS
ferent limits have been assigned. By the older
authors representatives of various other modern families
were associated with Buccinum. By modern authors, it
is restricted to a smaller definite group, defined chiefly by
the armature of the mouth. The animal has a lingual
Tibbon armed with erect cuspidate median teeth and
lateral teeth, surmounted by 2 to 5 denticles, of which the
outermost are largest. The shell is represented by that
known as the whelk. The typical species are inhabi-
tants of the cold seas, but others are inhabitants of Warm
seas. See cut under Buccinum.
[K Buccinum
+ L. forma, form.] Having the form or ap-
earance of a buccinoid whelk.
uccininae (buk-si-niſmé), m. pl. , DNL., & Bucci-
mum + -inae.] A subfamily of buccinoid gas-
tropodous mollusks. See Buccinidae.
[K Buccinum
+ -oid.]. I. a. Resembling mollusks of the ge-
nus Buccinum; shaped like a whelk.
II. n. A member of the family Buccinidae.
Buccinoida (buk-Si-noiſdá), m. pl. [NL.] Same
as Buccinoides.
[F.] The
name of Cuvier's third family of pectinibran-
chiate gastropods, sometimes Latinized as Buc-
cinoida. The group includes, but is more exten-
sive than, the modern family Buccinidae.
buccinopsid (buk-Si-nop'sid), n. A gastropod
of the family Buccinopsida.
* - - - [NL.,
K Buccinopsis + -idae.] A family of rhachi-
glossate gastropods, typified by the genus Buc-
cinopsis. The animal has an elongated lingual ribbon,
with thin unarmed median teeth and unicuspid versatile
lateral teeth. The shell is like that of a whelk.
[NL., K. Bucci-
num + Gr. Öpic, appearance..] Agenus of gastro-
pods with shells like those of the genus Bucci-
num, typical of the family Buccinopsidae.
[L., prop. bucinum,
a shell-fish used in dyeing purple, K biºcina, a
trumpet.] The typical
genus of mollusks of the
family Buccinidae. By
the old authors numerous
and very heterogeneous spe-
cies were combined in it, but
by modern systematists it is
restricted to the whelks, of
which B. undatwm is a typi-
cal example.
K L. bucco, a babbler,
blockhead, fool, lit.
one who has distended
cheeks, K bucca, cheek.]
In ornith., a generic
name variously used.
(a) By Brisson (1760) applied
to a genus of birds contain-
ing an American species of
the modern family Bucconi-
doe and two species of Capito-
nidae. (b) By Linnaeus (1766)
used for a genus of birds, containing one American species
of Bucconidae, erroneously attributed to Africa. (c) Ap-
plied to a genus of birds, containing a heterogeneous
lot of species composing the two families Bucconidae and
Capitomidae. (d) Transferred by Temminck (1820) to the
Capitomidae, or scansorial barbets. (e) Restored by Gray
(1846) to the American barbacous, and used by nearly all
subsequent Ornithologists as the typical genus of the
family Bucconidae, or puff-birds. About 15 species are
known, all from South and Central America, having a
stout, turgid bill, broad at the base and somewhat hooked
at the end, with basal nostrils, Tictal vibrissae, short round-
ed wings, moderate rounded tail of 12 rectrices, and zygo-
dactyl feet, with the third toe longest. B. collaris is
reddish-brown, with a black collar; the other species are
mostly pied with black and white, or otherwise variegated.
Pertaining to
Common Whelk (Brecca?tierre
zºzza'a twº rot ).
1. Shaped like a trumpet.—2. Sounding like the cheek and lip.–Buccolabial nerve, the buccal
a horn or trumpet.
buccinator (buk'si-nā-tor), m.; pl. buccinatores
(buk"si-nā-tó’réz). [L., prop. bicinator, K biſci-
mare, pp. biſcinatus, blow a trumpet, K biſcina,
trumpet: see buccina.] 1. In anat., the trum-
peter's muscle; a thin flat muscle forming the
wall of the cheek, assisting in mastication, and
also in blowing wind-instruments (whence its
name).—2. The specific name of the trumpeter
swan of North America, Cygnus buccinator.—
Buccinator nerve, the buccal nerve of the inferior max-
illary.
buccinatory (buk'sin-à-tó-ri), a... [K buccinator
+ -y. Of or pertaining to the buccinator
muscle.
The buccinatory muscles along his cheeks.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iii. 6.
buccinid (buk'si-mid), m. A gastropod of the
family Buccinidae; a whelk.
Buccinidae (buk-sin’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Buc-
cinum + -idae.] A family of rhachiglossate
Fº gastropodous mollusks, typi-
ed by the genus Buccinum, to which very dif-
Bucconidae (bu-kon’i-dé), m. pl.
branch of the inferior maxillary nerve : sometimes restrict-
ed to its terminal branch, --Superior buccolabial
nerve, the buccal branch of the facial nerve.
[NL., K Buc-
co(n-) + -idae.] The puff-birds; the fissirostral
zygodactyl barbets; the barbacous; a family
of picarian birds related to the jacamars, or
Galbulidae. They have a large, heavy head and bill,
prominent rictal vibrissae, short rounded wings and tail,
the toes yoked in pairs, tarsi scutellate and reticulate, no
aftershafts, nude oil-gland, 10 primaries, 12 rectrices, oper-
culate nostrils, and eyelashes. The family is small and
compact, and confined to America, where it is represented
by about 43 species of the 7 genera Bucco, Malacoptila,
Micromomacha, Nonnula, Hapaloptila, Monacha (or Mo.
nasa), and Chelidoptera. The name was formerly indefi-
nitely applied to different groups of birds represented by
the genera Capito, Megalcemia, etc., as well as Bucco.
buccula (buk’īī-lì), m.; pl. bucculae (-lè). [L.,
dim. of bucca, the cheek or puffed-out mouth.
Cf. buckle?..] In anat., the fleshy part under
the chim.
Bucellas (bū-sel’as), n. A Portuguese wine for-
merly much exported to England. It is made
near Lisbon.


bucentaur
bucentaur (bù-sen’tär), n. [= F. bucentaure
= It. bucentorio, bucentoro, K. Gr. 3oic, ox, +
Kévravpog, centaur.] ... 1. A mythical monster,
half man and half bull; a centaur with the body
of a bull in place of that of a horse.—2. [cap.]
The state barge of Venice, in which the dogé
and Senate annually on Ascension day per-
formed the ceremonial marriage of the state
With the Adriatic, symbolic of the commercial
power of the republic.
The spouseless Adriatic mourns her lord,
An annual marriage now no more renewed;
The Bucentawr lies rotting unrestored,
Neglected garment of her widowhood.
Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 93.
Bucephala (bù-sef’a-lâ), m. [NL., fem. of bu-
Cephalus, K. Gr. 3ovKépážog, ox-headed: see Bu-
Cephalus.] A genus of ducks, of the subfamily
Fuligulinae, based by Baird in 1858 upon the
buffle-headed duck of North America (Anas
albeola of Linnaeus, Puligula albeola of authors
in general, now Bucephala albeola), including
also the garrots, called by him Bucephala ame-
+ricana and B. islandica. See bufflel.
Bucephalus (bū-sef’a-lus), n. [NL., K. Gr. 8ov-
ſcápahog, ox-headed, K. Boüç, ox, + Kepaſºſ, head.
Cf. L. Bucephalas, Bucepha-
la, also Bucephalus, K. Gr. Bov-
Reſpážaç, the name of the cele-
brated war-horse of Alexan-
der the Great.] 1. The cer-
garian larval stage of certain
flukes, or Trematoda, named
under the supposition that it
Was a distinct animal. Buce-
phalus polymorphus, a parasite of
the fresh-water mussel, whose spo-
rocysts sometimes fill all the inter-
Spaces of the viscera of the mus-
Sel, is supposed to develop into the
trematode genus Gasterostomvw.m., a
parasite of fresh-water fishes.
2. In herpet., a genus of Afri-
can snakes, of the family Den-
drophidae, as the Bucephalus
Capensis.—3. El. c.] A snake of
this genus: as, “the Cape bucephalus,” Sclater.
Buceridae (bù-ser’i-dé), m. pl. "[NL., short for
Bucerotidae.] Same as Bucerotidae,
Buceroides (bū-se-roi’déz), m. pl. [NL., K. Bu-
ceros + -oides.] In Blyth's classification of birds
(1849), a division of Syndactyli, including the
hornbills and hoopoes, or Bucerotida, and Upu-
pidae, respectively also called Appendirostres
and Arculirostres: distinguished from Halcy-
oides (which see).
Bucerontidae (bù-se-ron'ti-dé), m. pi. Improper
form of Bucerotidae.
Buceros (bü'se-ros), m. [NL., K. Gr. 300kepoc,
ſłovképaog, horned like an ox, K flowg, ox (see
Bos), + ſcépag, horn.] The typical genus of the
family Bucerotidaº. It was formerly coextensive with
the family, but is now variously restricted. -
Bucerotidae (bù-se-rot'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Bu-
ceros (-rot-) + -idae.] The hornbills; a family of
non-passerine insessorial birds of the warmer
parts of the old world, having a huge bill, sur-
mounted by a boss, casque, or horn, in some
Cases as large as the bill itself. The technical
characters are a highly pneumatic skeleton, peculiar
pterylosis, no aſtershafts, hairy eyelashes, 10 rectrices,
tufted elagodochon, no caeca, a gall-bladder, and sympel-
mous Syndactylous feet. About 50 species are described,
distributed in about 20 modern genera. See hornbill.
Also called Bruceridae, Ducerontidae,
Buchanite (buk/an-it), n. [K Buchan (see def.)
+ -ite?..] One of a sect which arose in 1783, in
the Relief Congregation at Irvine, Scotland,
under the leadership of a Mrs. (more commonly
known as Lucky) Buchan. She declared herself to
be the woman of Rev. xii., and Mr. White, the pastor
of the congregation to which she belonged, her “man-
child"; and she taught her followers that they would be
translated to heaven without tasting of death. The sect
was always small, and is now extinct.
bucholzite (bö’költ-sit), m. [Named after the
chemist Buchholz (1770–1818).] A variety of
+fibrolite.
buchu (büſkü), n. [Also bucku; Zulu bucu,
mixture of leaves, K buca, mix.] The leaves
of several species of Barosma, shrubby plants
at the Cape of Good Hope, having an aromatic
taste and penetrating odor, and extensively
used in medicine for various disorders of the
+stomach and urinary organs. See Barosma.
buck1 (buk), m. [K ME. buk, bucke, bulcke, a
male deer; also, as orig, a he-goat; KAS. bucca,
a he-goat (AS. gat, > E. goat, is a she-goat; cf.
āt-bucca, a he-goat; cf. AS. hayfer = L. caper, a
#. Gr. Káttpog, a boar); buc (rare), a male
deer, - OS. buk, a he-goat, = Fries. bol: = D. bok
= OHG. boch, MHG. boe, G. boek = Icel, bukkr,
Bucep/talus polymor-
Alt14s, magnified.
a, b, suckers; c,
clear cavity; d, d, cau-
dal appendages.
704
also bokkr and bokki, = Sw, bock = Dan. buk, he-
goat, ram, buck (deer). Cf. Skt. bukka (#nd.
bok, boka), Zend biza, a goat. Hence (from
Teut.) F. bouc, OF, boc (whence ult. E. butcher,
... v.) = Pr: boc = Cat, boc = Sp. dial. boque
Sp. buco = It. becoo (ML. buccus) = W. buc
= Šaj. boc = Ir, boc, poc = Corn, byk = Bret.
buch, bouch, a he-goat.] 1. A he-goat.
As of a ticchen [kid] . . . kumeth a stinkinde got [goat),
other [or] a bucke. Ancrem Riwle, p. 100.
Wher [whether] I sal ete bules flesche
Or drinke the blode of buckes nesche?
Ps. Xlix. (I.) 13 (Mid. Eng. version).
2. The male of the deer, the antelope, the rab-
bit, or the hare: often used specifically of the
male of the fallow-deer; a roebuck—3. A gay
or fashionable man; a fop; a blood; a dandy.
He had brilliant underwaistcoats, any one of which
Would have set up a moderate buck. Thackeray.
A Whole class of young bucks of the lower order — “Ar-
Tys” is the British term—get themselves up in the closest
allowable imitation of bull-fighters.
Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 26.
4. A male Indian. [U. S.]—5. A male negro.
[U. S.]—6+. The mark of a cuckold.
Buck? I would I could wash myself of the buck 1
Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 3.
Great buck, a roebuck in its sixth year or older.—To
blow the buck's hornt, to lose one's trouble; go whistle.
She loveth so this heende Nicholas
That Absolon may blowe the bukkes horm.
g Chawcer, Miller's Tale, l. 201.
buckl (buk), v. i. [Kbuckl, n. Cf. M.H.G. bocken,
butt like a goat, also as G. bocken, smell like a
goat, also buck. Cf. buck? and bucká.] 1. To
Copulate, as bucks and does.—2. To butt: a
*Sense referred also to buck+ (which see).
buck” (buk), v. . [Prob. of dial. origin, not be-
ing recorded in literature until recently; prob.,
like the related bucklel, of LG. origin: cf. M.D. ºbody of a wagon.
bucken, bocken, bend, D. bukken, bow, stoop,
submit, yield, = MLG. bucken, ić, bukºentº
MHG. bucken, bicken, G. bicken, bend (cf.
MHG. bocken, sink down, tr. lay down), = Sw.
bucka = Norw. bukka = Dan. bukke, bow; a
secondary verb from D. buigen, G. biegen, etc.,
= AS. bigam, E. bowl, bend. Buck2 is thus for-
mally a secondary form of bowl, dial. bugè, bend
(cf. buſcom = bucksome, of the same origin), hav.
ing as its freq. form bucklel. In the 2d and
3d senses the verb might be referred to buckl,
a goat, as caperl to L. Caper, a goat. Cf. G.
bocken, naut., heave up and down, pitch; of a
horse, bend down the neck and fling out be-
hind, usually referred to bock, a goat.] I.
intrans. 1. To bend; buckle. [U. S.]
To buck, meaning to bend, is a common word in the
South. The American, VI. 237.
2. To spring lightly. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
–3. To make a violent effort to throw off a
rider or pack, by means of rapid plunging
jumps performed by springing into the air, arch-
ing the back, and coming down with the fore
legs perfectly stiff, the head being commonly
held as low as pos-
sible : said of a
horse or a mule.
—4. To “kick”;
make obstinate re-
sistance or objec-
tion: as, to buck
at improvements.
[Colloq., U. S.]
II. trams. 1. To
punish by tying
the wrists toge-
ther, passing the * . .
arms over the bent :
knees, and put- ...?' --.….
ting a stick across ....Sººº..”.
the arms and in "...ºft.* *
the angle formed
by the knees. [U.
S.]–2. To throw, or attempt to throw (a rider),
by bucking: as, the bronco bucked him off.
*[U. S.] e
buck? (buk), n. [K buck2, v.] A violent effort
of a horso or mule to rid itself of its rider or
burden; the act of bucking.
bucká (buk), v. t. . [= Sc. boule, KME, bouken,
wash or steep in lye (not in AS.), - M.D. bui-
lcon = MLG, buken, LG. biken = MHG. biſchen,
beuchen, G. bauchen = Sw. byka = Dan. byge;
cf. Bret. buga = OF. buer = Sp. “bugar = It.
bucare (Florio), wash in lye (> F. buče, Sp. bu-
gada, It. bucata (obs.), bucato, washing in lye),
KML. *bucare, prob. §orrowed from Tāui.’É
Gael. Ir, budo, dung used in bleaching, the liquor
Bucking Bronco.
bucked
in which cloth is washed, bleached linen cloth,
linen in an early stage of bleaching (cf. Ir, bu-
acar, cow-dung), KGael. Ir, bois W. buw, a cow,
= E. cowl, q.v. But the connection of these
Celtic forms with the Teut. is doubtful.] To
soak or steep (clothes) in lye, as in bleaching;
wash in lye or suds; clean by washing and
beating with a bat.
bucks (bulk), n. [= Sc. bouk: see bucks, v.] 1.
Lye in which clothes are soaked in the opera-
tion of bleaching; the liquor in which clothes
are washed.—2+. The cloth or clothes soaked
or washed in lye or suds; a wash.
Of late, not able to travel with her furred pack, she
washes bucks here at home. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv, 2.
Well, I will in and cry too ; never leave
Crying until our maids may drive a buck
With my salt tears at the next Washing-day.
B. Jomsom, Tale of a Tub, iii. 6.
If I were to beat a buck, I can strike no harder.
Massinger, Virgin-Martyr, iv. 2.
bucká (buk), v. t. [E. dial.., not found in ME.;
= MD. boken, booken = MLG. boken (LG. freq.
bòkern) = MHG. boghen, puchen, G. pochen =
Sw, boka = Norw, buka = Dam. dial. boge, Dan.
pukke, beat, knock, strike, stamp, as ore, etc.;
cf. D. poken, poke, = ME. poken, pukken, E.
poke : see pokel. The 3d aná4th senses touch
upon those of buckl and buck2.] 1. To beat.
Balliwell. [Prov. Eng.]—2. In mining and ore-
dressing, to break into small pieces for jigging.
The tool with which this is done is called a bucking-iron,
and the support on which the ore is placed to be thus
treated a bucking-plate.
3. To push; thrust. Jamieson. [Scotch..]—4.
To strike with the head; butt. [U. S.]
buckö (buk), n. [E. dial., prob. a var. of bouk,
K. M.E. bouk, the trunk, body, belly, KAS. bic,
the belly: see bouk.l..] 1. The breast.—2. Thé
Ełalliwell.
buckº (buk), n., [Perhaps a particular use of
buckl; cf. similar uses of E. horse, F. cheval,
and D. e2el, an ass, an easel, X E. easel.] A.
frame. Specifically—(a) A frame composed of two X-
shaped ends joined at the middle by a bar, on which to
saw Wood for fuel. Also called Sawbuck and sawhorse.
[U. S.] } A frame or table on which leather is laid
while being glazed.
buck" (buk), m. [Sc., KME. buk (in comp.), “bok,
K AS. bāc, beech, commonly in deriv, běce, E.
beech : see beech.1 and book.] The beech: a dia-
lectal word used in literary English only in the
compounds buck-mast and buckwheat; also in
dialectal buck-log.
buck8 (buk), n. [An abbr. of buckpot, q.v.]
An earthenware pot made of clay found in some
parts of British Guiana. Also called buckpot.
buck? (buk), v. i. [Appar. imitative; but cf.
bock, boke?, belch.] To make a noise in swal-
lowing; ſº [Shetland.]
buck9 (buk), m. [K buck9, v.] A hollow sound
which a stone makes when thrown into the
water from a height. [Shetland.] º
buck10 (buk), n. [Cf. Corn. buchar, sour milk.]
1. A kind of minute fungus (as supposed) in-
festing ill-kept dairies. [Cornwall.]—2. The
spittle-fly. [Cornwall.] -
buck-ague (buk’ā"gü), m. Same as buck-fever.
buck-and-ball (buk’and-bál'), n. A cartridge
for Smooth-bore firearms containing a spherical
bullet and three buck-shot: now little used.
buck-basket (buk’bàs/ket), n. A basket in
which clothes are carried to the wash.
I'al. . . . They conveyed me into a buck-basket.
Ford. A buck-basket /
Fal. By the Lord, a buch-basket / Tammed me in with
foul shirts and smocks, socks, foul stockings, greasy nap-
kins. Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 5.
buck-bean (buk/bén), n. Same as bog-beam.
buckboard (buk’ bord), n. IK buck (appar. as
in buck-wagon, q.v.) + board; but commonly
understood as -
K buck?, bend,
bounce, +
board.] A four-
wheeled car-
riage in which
a long elastic
board or frame
is used in place
of body, Springs, and gear. It has one or more
seats. The board is fastened directly to the rear axle at
one end and to the bolster of the fore axle at the other
end, or is used in connection with a side-bar gear. Also
called buck-wagon.
bucked (bukt or buk’ed), a. [E. dial., also
buckard; explained by Grose as “soured by
keeping too long in the milk bucket, or by a
foul bucket”; but appar. K bucklo-H -ed.] Sour;
turned sour, as milk; rancid. [Prov. Eng.]
Buckboard.
i










* bucker * , ,
buckeri (buk’ér), n. IK buck2 + -erl.] 1. A
horse that bucks,—2. A bent piece of wood
especially that on which a slaughtered anima
is suspended. [Prov. Eng.]—3. A horse's hind
leg. [Prov, Eng.]
bucker2 º, ºn. [= MLG. boker, a knocker;
K buck+ + -erl.] In mining: (a) Oné who bucks
or bruises ore. (b) A flat broad-headed ham-
mer used in bucking ore.
Bucker . . . consists of a flat piece of iron about the
size of a man's open hand; at the back of it is a broad
ring, through which is thrust a piece of wood for a handle.
Tapping Gloss. Derbysh. Min. T.
bucket (buk’et), n. [Also buckett, bocket,
boket, ME. buket, boltet, K OF. buket, buquet, a
bucket, milk-pail, wash-tub, dim. of “buc, K .
OLG. “bük = AS. bic, a vessel (L. lagena,
hydria), E. dial. bouk, boak, a pail. The Celtic
forms, Ir. buicead, Gael. bucaid, a bucket,
are from E.] 1. A vessel for drawing up
water, as from a well; a pail or open ves-
sel of wood, leather, metal, or other material,
for carrying water or other liquid; also, “in
the south of Scotland, a four-sided wooden
vessel for carrying salt, coal, ashes, etc.”
N. E. D.—2. A vane, float, or box on a
water-wheel against which the water impinges,
or into which it falls, in turning the wheel.-
3. The scoop of a dredging-machine, a grain-
elevator, etc.—4. The float of a paddle-wheel.
—5. The piston of a lifting-pump.–6. As much
as a bucket holds; half a bushel.—Air-pump
bucket. See air-pump. —Dumping-bucket, a square
box with a drop-bottom, used in mining.—To kick the
bucket, to die. [Slang.]
“Fine him a pot,” roared one, “for talking about kicking
the bucket; he's a nice young man to keep a cove's spirits
up, and talk about “a short life and a merry one.’”
Ringsley, Alton Locke, ii.
Ventilated bucket, a bucket in a water-wheel having
provision for the escape of the air carried into it by the
fºr Water.
bucket (buk’et), v. ..[K bucket, n.] I. intrans. 1.
To dip up water with a bucket; use a bucket.
Like Danaides' Sieve-like Tub is filling ever,
But never full for all their bucketing.
Sylvester, Memorials of Mortalitie, st. 23.
2. [In allusion to the rapid motion of a bucket,
in a well.] To move fast. [Slang.]
He sprang into the saddle º because the visit;
was over, and bucketed back at a hand-gallop. Dickens.
II. trans. To pour water upon with a bucket.
Wo be to him whose head is bucketed with waters of a
scalding bath. Bp. Hacket, Life of Abp. Williams, ii. 194.
bucket-engine (buk’et-en’jin), n. An appli-
cation of the principle of the water-wheel, con-
sisting of a series of buckets attached to an
endless chain which runs over a pair of sprock-
- et-wheels, from either one or both of which
power may be obtained: designed to utilize a
stream of water which has a considerable fall,
but is limited in quantity. E. H. Knight.
bucketful (buk’et-fúl), m. [K bucket + -ful.]
As much as a bucket will hold.
bucket-lift (buk’et-lift), n. In mach., a pump
with a valve in the piston, forming part of a
lifting-pump, as of a mine.
bººk (buk’et-pich), n. In an overshot
water-wheel, a circular line passing through
the elbows of the buckets.
bucket-rod (buk’et-rod), n. In mach., one of
the wooden rods to which the piston of a lift- buck-eyed
ing-pump is attached.
705
appearance of the naked seed.] 1. An Ameri-
can name for the different species of horse-
chestnut, Æsculus, native to the United States.
a, nut; 6, dehiscing frui
(From Gray's “Genera of Plants of the U. S.”)
Flowering Branch of Fetid Buckeyeºfficulus Arlabra).
t.
The species commonly distinguished are the sweet buck-
eye (AE. flava), the Ohio or fetid buckeye (AE. glabra), and
the California buckeye (/E. Californica). The wood is
*. Soft, and spongy, and furnishes splints for baskets,
€DC.
The buckeyes were putting forth their twisted horns of
blossom. R. L. Stevenson, Silverado Squatters, p. 54.
2. An inhabitant of Ohio, which is often called
the Buckeye State, from the great number of
horse-chestnuts in it.—3. A flat-bottomed
centerboard schooner of small size (3 to 15
Baltimore Buckeye.
tons), decked over, and with a cabin aft, used
in oyster-fishing in Chesapeake Bay. Also
called bugeye.
The buckeyes . . . are an exaggeration of the dugout
canoe. . . . The primitive builder bored two holes, one on
each side of the stem, through which to pay out his cables.
These were simply two round holes, bored with a large
auger, and, when the boat was coming head on, resembled
to the fancy of the negroes the eyes of a buck.
C. P. Kwnhardt, Small Yachts, p. 234.
Spanish buckeye, Ungnadia speciosa, a tree of Texas
and Mexico, nearly related to AEsculus.
(buk'id), a. Having a bador speckled
eye: said of a horse.
bucket-shop º.º. m. An establish- buck-fever (buk’fé”věr), n. Nervous agitation
ment conducted nominally for the transaction
of a stock-exchange business, or a business - large game:
of similar character, but really for the regis- buckfin
tration of bets or wagers, usually for Small
amounts,
stocks, grain, oil, etc., there being no transfer
or delivery of the stocks or commodities nomi-
nally dealt in. [U. S.]
“Puts” and “calls” and bucket-shop operations are gam-
bling transactions, and should be treated º:
The Nation, XXXVI. 354.
bucket-valve (buk’et-valv), n. In a steam-en-
gine, the valve on the top of the
air-pump bucket. E. H. Knight.
bucket-wheel (buk’et-hwöl), n.
A machine for raising Water,
consisting of a wheel over which
asses a rope or chain carry-
ing a series of buckets which
dip into the well and discharge
at the surface. In other forms
the buckets are fixed to the
*periphery of the wheel;
buckeye (buk'i), n. IK buck!, a
deer, * eye; in allusion to the
Bucket-wheel
Pump.
on the rise or fall of the prices of buckheading (buk" hedºing), n.
of a hunter upon the approach of deer or other
Also called buck-aque. .
ch (buk'finch), n. [Cf. Dam. bogfimke.]
A name for the chaffinch, Fringilla coºlebs.
Cutting off
live hedge-thorns, fence-height. Grose. [North.
*Eng.]
buckhorn (buk’hôrn), n. [= ODan, Dan, bukke-
horn, a buck's horn, also fenugreek.] 1. The
substance of the horns of bucks or deer, used
in making knife-handles, etc.—-2. A name for
the club-moss, Lycopodium clavatum.—Buckhorn
brake, see brakes.
buckhorn-sight (buk’hôrn-sit), n., A rifle-
sight which has a branching projection on
each side of the sight-notch.
buck-hound (buk/hound), n. A kind of hound,
ºping a small staghound, used for hunting
bucks. *
| buckie, bucky (buk'i), ºn... [Sc., of uncertain
origin. In sense 1, cf. L. buccinum, prop.
bücinwm, a shell-fish used in dyeing purple (see
Buccinum); also OF. bouquet, “a great prawn”
(Cotgrave).] 1. The Scotch name for marine
univalve shells in general, as whelks, etc.:
buckle
especially applied to the red whelk, Chriſ89-
domus antiquus, also called the roaring buckie,
from the sound heard when it is held to the
ear.—2. A perverse, refractory person; a mis-
chievous madeap.–Deevil's or deil's buckie. (a)
A particular species of that kind of shells called buckies.
(b) Same as buckie, 2. Hogg.
buckingl (buk(ing), n. [Verbal n. of buckl, v.1
The act of copulating, as bucks and does.
bucking? (buk(ing), n. [Verbal n. of buck?, v.1
A vice peculiar to the horses of Mexico, Texas,
and the western American plains, of Spanish
descent, and to mules. See buck”, v.
bucking? (buk(ing), p. a. [Ppr. of buck”, v.]
Given to bucking; addicted to the practice of
bucking: as, a bucking horse.
lbucking 3 º m. [Verbal n. of buck.8, v.
Also written bowking.] The act or process of
steeping or soaking in lye or caustic soda, as
in bleaching cotton thread, etc.
The boiling (also called “bowking” or “bucking”) with
º: soda solution takes place in large iron boilers or
“kier8.”
J. J. Hummel, The Dyeing of Textile Fabrics, p. 73.
bucking4 (buk’ing), n. [Verbal n. of buck", v.1
The act of breaking or pulverizing ore.
Buckingham lace. See lace.
bucking-iron (buk'ing-i’érn), n. In mining, a
tool for bucking or pulverizing ore.
Bucking-kier (buk'ing-kër), n. A large circu-
lar boiler or kier used in bleaching.
bucking-plate (buk'ing-plat), n. In mining,
an iron plate on which the ores are placed in
the process of bucking.
bººking stool (buk'ing-stöl), m. A washing-
OGR.
buckish (buk’ish), a. [K buckl, 3, -H -ish 1.]
Pertaining to a buck or gay young fellow;
foppish.
buckishness (buk’ish-nes), n. Foppishness; the
quality or condition of a buck.
buckism (buk’izm), m. [K buck1, 3, -H, -ism.]
The quality of being a buck; foppery.
I was once a delightful auctioneer—my present trade is
wełcism. Morton, Secrets worth Knowing, iii. 2.
buck-jumper (buk’jum” pèr), n. A bucking
horse or mule.
When they found that he sat a buck-jumper as if the an-
imal symbolized the arch-fiend himself, they took him to
their hearts.
Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 66.
bucklel (buk’l), v.; pret. and pp. buckled, ppr.
buckling. [Prob., like the simple form buck2,
of LG. origin; cf. M.D. buchelen, buechelen,
boechelen (for “buckelen, etc.— Kilian), strive,
tug under a load, = G. dial. (Bav.) refl. aufbück-
elm, raise the back, as a cat (lit. buckle one's
self up); freq. of the verb repr. by buck?. Cf.
M.D. adj. boechel, curved, bent. A different
word from buckle2, v., though confused with it
in some senses.] I. intrams. 1. To bend; bow.
Whose fever-weaken'd joints,
Like strengthless hinges, buckle under life.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 1.
Antonio . . . saw the boards buckle under the feet of
the walker. C. Mather, Mlag. Chris., vi. 7.
The top-mast studding-sail boom, after buckling up and
springing out again like a piece of whalebone, broke off at
the boom-iron. R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 76.
2. To curl; become wrinkled; shrivel up.
Melted and buckled with the heat of the fire like parch-
ment. Pepys, Diary, Sept. 5, 1666.
3. To yield assent; agree: with to ; as, I can’t
buckle to that. [Colloq.]—4. To bend to some-
thing; apply one's self with vigor; engage in
with zeal: with to: as, “go, buckle to the law,”
Dryden.—5. To enter upon some labor or con-
test; struggle; contend: with with.
The bishop was as able and ready to buckle with the
lord protector, as he was with him.
Latimer, 2d Serm. bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
Why met you not the Tartar, and deſled him?
Drew your dead-doing sword, and buckled with him?
I'letcher, Loyal Subject, iv. 5.
To buckle in, to close in ; embrace or seize the body, as
in a scuffle. [U. S.] &
II. trans. To bend; curl; shrivel as by the
application of heat.
Like a bow buckled and bent together
By some more strong in mischiefs than myself.
Ford and Dekker, Witch of Edmonton, ii. 1.
The force generated in these plates [accumulator], tend-
ing to buckle them, is something enormous, and no ordinary
separator would be able to resist this. Science, IV. 389.
bucklel (buk’l), n. [K bucklel, v.; usually re-
erred to buckle?, m. Cf. Dan, bukkel, a curl.]
1. A bend, bulge, or kink, as in a saw-blade.—
2. A contorted expression of the face. Church-
ill.–8t. Any curl of hair, especially a long



buckle
curl carefully arranged, and turned toward the
head, worn by women in the eighteenth cen-
fºL 4t. The condition of being curled, as of
8,11’,
He lets his wig lie in buckle for a whole half year.
Addison, Spectator, No. 129.
buckle? (buk/l), n. [KME, bokle, bokel, bocle, etc.,
KOF. bocle, bucle, F. boucle, the boss of a shield,
a ring, a buckle, = Pr, bocla, bloca = OSp. bloca
= MUL.G. bokele = MD. boeckel, bockel = MHG.
buckel, boss of a shield, G. buckel, a boss, knob,
hump, KML. bucula, buccula, a beaver, a shield,
the boss of a shield, a buckle, L. buccula, a bea-
ver, a little cheek or mouth, dim. of bucca,
cheek: see bucca.] 1. A clasp consisting of a
rectangular or curved rim, with one or more
movable tongues secured to the chape at one
side or in the middle, and long enough to rest
upon the opposite side: used for fastening to-
gether two straps or belts or the ends of the
same strap, or for some similar purpose. It is
Sewed or otherwise fastened to one band or end, and the
other is passed through it, being kept from slipping by
the tongue or tongues. Buckles for use in dress have
often been made highly ornamental, especially for shoes.
See shoe-buckle.
2. In her., same as arming-buckle.—3. An
iron loop for fastening the blade to the frame
of a Wood-saw.—To turn the buckle of the belt
behind, to prepare to join in close fight.
buckle” (buki), v.; pret, and pp. buckled, ppr.
buckling. [K ME. buclen, bokelen, boclen, buckle,
stud, K OF. *bocler, boucler, F. boucler, buckle;
from the noun..] I. trans. 1. To fasten with a
buckle or buckles.—2. To prepare for action
of any kind (a metaphor taken from buckling
On armor previous to engaging in battle);
hence, to set vigorously to work at anything:
with a reflexive pronoun.
The Sarazin . . . him buckled to the field.
Spenser, F. Q., I. vi. 41.
Hereupon Cartwright buckled himself to the employ-
ment. - Fuller.
3}. To join in battle.
The foot . . . were buckled with them in front.
Sir J. Hayward.
4. To confine or limit. [Rare.]
How brief the life of man, . . .
That the stretching of a span
Buckles in his sum of age.
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2.
5. To join together; unite in marriage.
[Scotch.]
Dr. R., who buckles beggars for a tester and a dram of
Geneva. Scott.
II.f intrans. To marry.
Good silly Stellio, we must shortly buckle.
Mother Bombie. (Halliwell.)
buckle-beggar (buk’l-beg ’ār), n. [Sc., also
buckle-the-beggars; K buckle2, v., 5, -H obj. beg-
gar.] A person who performs the ceremony
buckling (buk/ling), m.
buckling-comb (buk/ling-köm), n.
buck-log (buk(log), m.
706
cally, a small shield intended to parry blows or buckram (buk’ram), n, and a.
thrusts, but not so large as to cover the body.
The bucki
generally round, and rarely more than two feet in diam-
eter, eighteen inches, or even less, being a more common
size. It was generally grasped by the hand only, and held
at arm's-length, and in combat was interposed to receive
the blow of a sword, like the dagger which was held for
this purpose in the left hand in later times. See shield.
2. Naut, a piece of wood fitted to stop the
hawse-holes of a ship, to prevent the sea from
coming in, or to stop the circular hole in a port-
lid when the gun is run in. Hawse-bucklers
are now made of iron.—3. The anterior seg-
ment of the carapace or shell of a trilobite.—
4. A plate on the body or head of a fish; espe-
cially, a plate in front of the dorsal fin in va-
rious catfishes, or Nematognathi.-5. A stage
of the molting American blue crab, Callinectes
hastatus, when the shell has become nearly
hard.—6. A piece of beef cut off from the sir-
loin.-Blind buckler. See blindl. -
buckler (buk’lér), v. t. [K buckler, n.] To be
a buckler or shield to; support; defend.
They shall not touch thee, Kate:
I'll buckler thee against a million.
Shak., T. of the S., iii. 2.
buckler-fern (buk’lèr-fèrn), n. A name ap-
plied, in England, to the species of Dryopteris
characterized by free veins and round, reni-
form indusia.
buckler-fish (buk’lèr-fish), m. A fish of the
extinct genus Cephalaspis.
buckler-headed (buk’lér-hed"ed), a.
a head like a buckler. Lyell.
[Verbal n. of bucklel,
v.] The act of..bending; tendency to bend or
become wavy. -
The thinness of the blade [of the hand-saw] requires
that it should be made wide to give it sufficient stiffness
to resist buckling. Morgan, Manual of Mining Tools, p. 114.
A small
comb used to secure the curls called buckles
worn by women.
Having
[K buck", beech (as in
buck-mast, buckwheat), + log.] A beech log.
A brutal cold country . . . to camp out in ; never a buck-
log to his fire, no, nor a stick thicker than your finger for
seven mile round. H. Kingsley, Geoffry Hamlyn, v.
buck-mackerel (buk’mak’º-rel), n. A name
about Banff, Scotland, of the séad, Trachurus
trachurūs.
buck-masth (buk’mäst), n. IK ME. bukmast (=
MLG. bākmast), K buk for “bok, beech (see
buck'7, beech1), + mast2. Cf. buckwheat..] The
mast or fruit of the beech-tree; beech-mast
(which see).
The bores fedynge is proprelicheycleped akyr Iacorn] of
ookys berynge, and bukmast. MS. Bodl., p. 546. (Halliwell.)
er of the middle ages in western Europe was
buck-saw (buk’sä), n.
buck's-beard (buks’ berd), n.
buckskin
[Early mod. E.
also buckeram, K ME. bokeram, bookrom, once
bougeren (= MD. bockerael), K OF. bogwei'an,
boucaran, boquerant, bouquéran, bouquerraº,
bouguerant, bougheran, bourgrain, bougrain, F.
bougram = Pr, bocaram, boqueran = Cat, bocard?
= Sp. bucarán, bocarán, KOIt...bucherano, It.
bucherame (Míč. bukram, MHG. buckeram,
buggeram), KML.bucaranum, bucarannum,buchi-
ranus, boguerannus (also bocaramen, boccaram,
etc.), a word of foreign origin, in Wavering
forms, prob. orig. an adj., M.L. "Bucaramus, of
Bokhara, K. “Eucara, It. Bocara, Buchara, E.
Bokhara, K. Ar. Bukhörd, a district and city
in Asia. Compare baudkin, Calico, madras,
muslim, etc.] I. m. , 1. Formerly, a fine linen
or cotton fabric used for church banners and
vestments and for personal wear; also, a
cheaper material used for linings.
Fine linen, of that kind by the older ecclesiastical Writ-
ers called “byssus,” which, during the middle ages, Was
known here in England under the name of “buckram.”
Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 104.
2. In recent times, coarse linen cloth stiffened
with glue or gum, used as a stiffening for keep-
ing garments in a required shape, and recently
also in binding books.-3+. A buckram bag
used by lawyers' clerks.
Lean. Alas, I was brought up —
Ama. To be an ass,
A lawyer's ass, to carry books and buckram.8 1
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iv. 7.
II. a. Made of or resembling buckram of
either kind; hence, stiff; precise; formal.
Two rogues in buckram suits. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
JBuckram scribe. Fletcher, Spanish Curate.
A black buckram cassock was gathered at his middle
with a belt, at which hung, instead of knife or weapon, a
goodly ieathern pen-and-ink case. Scott, Kenilworth, I. ix.
[Used as a general term of contempt.
Ah, thou say, thou serge, nay, thou buckram lord l
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 7.]
buckram (buk’ram), v. t. [K buckram, n.] To
strengthen with buckram, or in the manner of
buckram; make stiff. Cowper, Task, vi. 652.
Natural good taste, and still more his buckramed habit
of clerical decorum, . . . carried him safely through the
. crisis. Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, xx.
buckramst (buk’rāmz), m. [buckl -H rams, a
form of ramson.] The ramson or bear's-
garlic, Allium ursinum. — 2. In the old herbals,
the cuckoo-pint, Arwm maculatum.
A saw set in an upright
frame or bow, and used with both hands in
cutting wood on a support called a buck. [U. S.
and Canada.]
A herbaceous
perennial plant, Tragopogon pratensis, more
usually called goat's-beard, from its long,
of marriage in a clandestine and irregular man- buck-moth (buk’môth), m. A name given to a . coarse, tawny
ner. Scott.
buckled1 (buk’ld), p. a. [K buckle1 + -ed2.] Not
smooth and flat; bent, wavy, or wrinkled;
having the appearance of having been crum-
pled.—Buckled plates, iron plates used as a foun-
dation for flooring in fire-proof buildings, in place of
brick arches. Their edges have a flat rim called a fillet,
and the middle is slightly convex. They are generally
of a square or an oblong form, and rest upon iron gir-
ders with the convex side upward. -
buckled? (buk’ld), p. a. [K buckle?_+ -ed?..]
1. Fastened with a buckle.—2. In her., hav-
ing a buckle, as a belt, garter, or the like.
buckle-horns (buk’l-hôrnz), m. pl. Short
crooked horns turning horizontally inward.
Grose. [North. Eng.]
buckle-mouthedt (buk’l-moutht), a. Hav-
ing large straggling teeth. [North. Eng.]
buckler (buk’lér), m. [K ME. bokeler, bocler,
etc., K OF. bocler, bucler, F. bouclier (= Pr.
bloquier = Sp. Pg. broquel = It. brocchiere =
MLG. bokeler = D. beukelaar = MHG. buckeler
= Icel. buklari = ODan. buckler, buglere) (ML.
delicate crape-winge
(Drury), of the family Bombycidae: so called, it
Male Buck-moth (Hemileaeca. 77taza) and Eggs, natural size.
is said, on account of its flying late in the fall,
as if “buccularius), a shield, K bocle, the boss of when the deer run. The larvae feed on the oak and
a shield: see buckle?..] 1. A shield; Specifi-
rt
º tº
. sººnºº. s", ſpºº ea tº sº * *
". . . * ºf w Łº tº º º
ºf Tºrg - * * ºf nºiſſºr
tºº. §§ § N - §. |f||||s
*\\\\ sºlº º º º º
Wº §sesº %%);
* §§§ % º §
ºw sº -
§§ º % º
§§ §
Interior.
Buckler, beginning of 16th century.
The book is intended for han º: at the girdle. ...(From Viollet-le-
D y
Bxterior.
uc's “Dict. du Mobilier français.”)
Yº, and the eggs are laid in naked rings around their
W19 S.
buckpot (buk/pot), m. [See buck.8.] A cooking-
pot made in British Guiana from a peculiar local
clay. It is popularly supposed to be necessary for the
proper making of the dish called pepper-pot (which see).
buckra (buk/rā), m. and a. [Also buccra, bukra,
bockrº, buckro. Negro-Eng. (in U. S. and the
W. Indies) buckra, Negro-Dutch (in Guiana)
bakrá, a white man, master, prob. a West Afri-
can word.] I. m. A white man: used by the
blacks of the African coast, the West Indies,
and the southern United States.
II. a. White: as, buckra yam, white yam.
[Negroes' English.] * = -
appus.
d’ moth, Hemileuca maia buckshish, buc #ºn (buk'shësh), n. Same
as bakshish. m
buck's-horn (buks’hôrn), n. A name given
to several plants on account of their forked
leaves, as the Plantago Coromopus (also called
buck's-horn plantain), the Coronopus Coro-
nopus, and the South African Rapuntium
× coronopifolium.
buck-shot (buk'shot), n. A large size of shot,
so named from its use in killing deer.—Buck-
shot war, in U. S. hist., a contest in the Pennsylvania
House of Representatives, accompanied by mobs and
other violent demonstrations, in December, 1838, be-
tween two rival organizations, the one composed of
Whigs, the other of Democrats, each of which claimed
to be the true House. The name is derived from the
reported threat of a Whig member that the mob
should feel ball and buck-shot before the day was
OWeI’.
buckskin (buk’skin), m. and a... [K buckl --
skin; = Icel. bukkaskinn = Dan. bukkeskind.]
I. m. 1. The skin of a buck.-2. A kind of soft
leather of a yellowish or grayish color, made
originally by treating deerskins in a peculiar
way, but now usually prepared from sheepskins.
In its preparation a great deal of manipulation is required,
the softness which is its chief characteristic being pro-
duced by the use of either oil or brains in dressing it. It
was formerly used for clothing, as by American Indians,
frontiersmen, and soldiers, but is now used principally for
thick gloves.
3. pl. Breeches made of buckskin.
A very stout, puffy man in buckskins and Hessian boots.
Thackeray.
4. A person clothed in buckskin: a term ap-
plied to the American troops during the Revo-
lutionary War.—5. A horse of the color of
buckskin. [Western U. S.]
II. a. 1. Of or pertaining to buckskin.—2.
Of the color of buckskin: used of a horse.
[Western U. S.]











... • bucksome
bucksomet, a.º. An obsolete spelling of bucom.
buck-stall (buk'stál), n. A toil or met to take
deer. W. Brown, -
Bucktail (buk’tăl), n. A name originally given
to the members of the Tammany Society in New
York city, but about 1817–26 extended in its
application to members of that faction of the
Democratic-Republican partyin the State which
opposed De Witt Clinton. •
Better success in constitutional reform was attained in
New York, in spite of an incessant turmoil between the
Clintonians and the anti-Clintonians—Bucktails, or Tam-
many men, as they were called—all of whom professed
the republican creed of the nation.
Schowler, Hist. U. S., III. 227.
Yºr
buckthorn (buk/thērn), n. . [K buckl H- thorn,
According to some,
the G. buzdorn, a translation of the Gr. Trvčá-
Kavôa, ‘boxthorn,’ of Dioscorides.] 1. The pop-
ular name of species of Rhamnus (which §.
The common buckthorn is R. cathartica; the dyer's-
buckthorn, R. infectoria ; the alder-buckthorn, R. Fran-
gºula, or in the United States ſº. Caroliniana; and the
Siberign buckthorn, or redwood, R. Erythrozylum.
2. A local English name of the haddock; chiefly
§§ to dried haddock. Day.—Jamaica buck-
thorn, the Cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata), used for hedges.
- Sea-buckthorn, of the coasts of Europe, Hippophaë
Rhamnoides, family Eixagº southernº:
thorn, of the southern United States, a small sapotaceous
Tree, Bumelia lycioides.—Texas buckthorn, a small
thorny shrub, Colubrina Te g
buck-tooth (buktöth), n. [K buck (uncertain:
perhaps buckl; cf. ME. gat-tothed, goat-toothed)
+ toºd Any tooth that juts out beyond the
, I'OSº,
His jaw was underhung, and when he laughed two
White buck-teeth protruded themselves, and glistened sav-
agely in spite of the grin. Thackeray, Vanity Fair.
bucku, n. See buchw.
buck-wagon (buk/wagºon), n. [In South Afri-
can D. bokwagen (in def. Í), appar. K bok, = E.
buckl, a goat, + wagen = E. wagon. Cf. buck-
board.] 1. A transport-wagon with strong pro-
jecting framework extending over the wheels in
order to carry heavy loads, used in South Africa.
–2. Same as buckboard.
buckwash (buk'wosh), v. t. To wash in lye or
|buck; cleanse by bucking.
buckwashing (buk'wosh’ing), n. [Verbal n.
of buckwash, v.] The act of washing linen, etc.
Ford. How now t whither bear you this?
Serv. To the laundress, forsooth.
Mrs. F. Why, what have you to do whither they bear
it? You were best meddle with buck-washing.
Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 3.
buckweedt (buk’wed), n. A kind of herb. E.
# Phillips, 1706.
buckwheat (buk/hwét), n. [A Sc. and North. E.
form (= D. boekweit = MLG. bākwéte = G. buch-
weizen-Dan. boghvede), Kbuck?, beech, + wheat.
Cf. buck-mast. It receives its name from the re-
Semblance of its triangular fruit to beech.nuts.
The NL. name Fagopyrum is a translation of
the E. name.] 1. The common name of Fago-
pyrum Fagopyrum, of the family Polygonaceae,
and of its seeds.
$ºš It is a native of cen-
§ tral Asia, an annual of
º a Wºº easy, culture, growing
On the poorest soils;
and though the grain
is less nutritious than
that of most cereals,
! it is used to a con-
siderable extent for
food for both men and
animals. The chief
use of its flour in the
United States is in
the generally popular
form of buckwheat
pancakes. East In-
dian buckwheat (F.
Tataricum) is of in-
ferior quality and is
less cultivated.
2. In the West
Indies, Anredera
scandens, of the
family Chenopo-
climbing plant of
no importance.—
Buckwheat coal, in
the anthracite region
of Pennsylvania, the smallest size of coal sent to market.
It is sufficiently small to pass through a half-inch mesh-
False buckwheat, some climbing species of Polygonum,
as P. dumetorum of P. scandens, with the arge triangu-
lar seeds of Fagopyrum.—Wild buckwheat, of Cali-
fornia, a species of Eriogonum, E. fasciculatwºm, nearly
related to Polygonum and with similar seeds. &
buckwheat-tree (buk'hwāt-tré), n. The Clif-
tonia monophylla, of the family Cyrillaceae,
a small evergreen tree with showy fragrant
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Fagopyruzm).
a mistaken rendering of
diaceae, an annual
707
white flowers and wing-angled fruit, a native
of Georgia and the Gulf States. Also called titi
and ironwood.
bucnemia (buk-nē’mi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3oig,
ox, -- #: the leg.j" A disease of the leg
distinguished by tense, diffuse, inflammatory
swelling.
'bucolic (bū-kol'ik), a. and n. [K L. bucolicus,
K Gr. 9ovko%tkóg, rustic, pastoral, K Bovkółoc, a
cowherd, herdsman, K Hoàg, an ox (see Bos), +
-kóżog, pº for -tróżog, as in attróżog, a goat-
herd, K TréWeiv, move, TréAeoffat, be; otherwise
connected with ſcéAng, a race-horse, L. celer,
swift, Skt. V kal, drive..] I. a. 1. Pastoral;
i; to country affairs, or to a shepherd's
life and occupation: as, bucolic song.
“Hylas,” the celebrated thirteenth idyl of Theocritus,
. . is not a bucolic poem, but classified as narrative or
semi-epic in character, yet exhibits many touches of the
bucolic sweetness. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 211.
2. Agricultural: used humorously or in dis-
paragement.—Bucolic cesura, bucolic dieresis. See
ce&ura. =Syn. Pastoral, Rustic, etc. See rural.
II. n. IK L. bucolicum, pl. bucolica, neut. of
bucolicus: see I.]. 1. A pastoral poem, repre-
senting rural affairs, or the life, manners, and
occupation of shepherds: as, the bucolics of
Theocritus and Virgil.
The first modern Latin bucolics are those of Petrarch.
T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, Ś 28.
2. A yriter of pastorals. [Rare.]
Spenser is erroneously ranked as our earliest English
bucolic. T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, § 40.
3. A countryman; a farmer: used humorously
or in depreciation.
bucolical (bū-kol’i-kal), a. Same as bucolic.
Bucorvus (bü-kôr'vus), n. [NL., KBu(ceros) +
Corvus.] A genus of hornbills, family Bucero-
tidae, based upon B. abyssinicus, an African spe-
Cies, the ground-hornbill, notably different from
the others in its terrestrial habits.
bucrane (bü’krān), n. Same as bucranium.
An immense Roman sarcophagus of oriental granite,
With masks carved upon its lid and festooned bucrames
upon its sides.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, Int., p. liv.
bucranium (bū-krā’ni-um), n. ; pl. bucrania (-á).
[In sense 1, NL.; in sense 2, L.L., a certain
plant; K Gr. 3ovKpávtov, an ox-head, a kind of
bryony, K 3oic, ox, + kpávov, skull, cranium.]
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Bucrania.
4, from frieze of Temple of Vºian, Rome; B, from a Roman
tar.
1. In art, the skull of an ox: an ornament
often sculptured, frequently with adornment of
wreaths or other decoration, on the frieze of the
entablature in the Roman Ionic and Corinthian
orders of architecture, and also in other situa-
*tions.—2. The herb calf's-snout. Kersey, 1708.
budl (bud), n. [K late ME. budde = D. bot, a
bud; prob. due to OF. boton, F. bouton, a bud,
a button: see button and butt!..] 1. In plants,
the undeveloped germ-state of a stem or branch,
consisting of a growing point inclosed by close-
ly appressed rudimentary leaves. In winter buds
are usually protected by an outside covering of scales,
often pubescent or resinous, which fall off upon the swell-
ing of the bud in spring. Besides foliage, the bud may also
contain the rudimentary inflorescence. Bulbs and bulb-
lets are forms of leaf-buds. Flower-buds are unexpanded
blossoms.
Somer toward whan buddys first appeere.
Lydgate, Minor Poems (ed. Halliwell, 1840), p. 217.
2#. In arch., an ornamental boss or button.
Buddhism
nently attached to the parent organism, and
sometimes becoming detached; an incipient
zoöid, or bud-like beginning of a new individ-
ual in a compound animal. See cut under Cam-
panularia.-6. In 206l. and anat., a part or or-
gan like or likened to a bud: as, a tactile bud;
a gustatory bud.—7. A weaned calf of the first
ear. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]—8. A young
ady just “come out” in society. [Slang.]—Ac-
cessory buds, buds supplementary to the normally soli-
tary axillary bud, either at its side or above it.— Adven-
titious buds, such buds as are produced abnormally and
without order from any part of the stem or roots, or from
leaves.—Blind bud. See blindl,—Bud-variation, in
the outgrowth of a bud, the deviation in any respect from
the ordinary growth of the plant, producing what is
commonly known as a sport. any remarkable varieties
in cultivated plants arise in this way, and are perpetu-
ated by any of the processes of propagation by means of
buds.-Common bud. See common.—Embryo buds.
See embryo.—Gustatory buds. See taste-bud.—To nip
in the bud. See nip.
budl (bud), v.; pret. and pp. budded, ppr. bud-
àng.``Mā' budden - if iomen fºom the
noun..] I. trans. 1. To ingraft a bud of or
on, as of one plant on the stem of another:
as, to bud a garden rose on a brier, or a brier
with a garden rose. See budding, n., 3.−2.
To put forth by or as if by the natural process
of budding.
From your swelling downs, . . .
Buds lavish gold.
II. intrans. 1. To put forth or produce buds;
be in bud.—2. To be in the condition of a bud;
sprout; begin to grow or to issue from a stock
in the manner of a bud, as a horn.—3. Figu-
ratively, to be in an early stage of development.
—4. To eat buds: said of birds. [U. S.]
Last night I saw a number of grouse budding upon a
neighboring apple tree. Forest and Stream, XXVIII. 131.
fungi which grow and reproduce by
the yeast-fungi.
[A reduction of brother; cf.
[South-
where prickly furze
Keats, Endymion, i.
Budding
budding; chiefly,
bud? (bud), m.
bub%.] A familiar term for brother.
ern U. S.]
buděř (bud), n. [Appar. a var. of bode, an offer,
ult. K. A.S. beódan, pp. boden, offer: see bodel,
bode”, bid.] A gift, especially one meant as a
'bribe. Acts James I. (Jamieson.) [Scotch..]
budët, v. t. [Sc., also budd; K budě, n.] To
endeavor to gain by gifts; bribe.
bud4 (bud). Same as bood, preterit and past
participle of behoove. [Scotch.]
bud-cell (bud'sel), m. In bot., a lateral cell
Fº upon the proembryo of some of the
igher cryptogams, as in the Characeae, from
which the perfect plant is developed. Some-
times called the bud-rudiment.
budded (bud’ed), p. a. In her., same as bottony.
Buddha (bū’dà), n. [Skt., lit. ‘the Enlight-
ened,” pp. (for “budhta) of V budh for *bhudh,
be awake, come to consciousness, notice, un-
derstand, etc., = Gr. V*tv6 for *@v6 in Tv6éotal,
find out, prob. = AS. beddan (pp. boden), an-
nounce, offer, E. bid.: see bid.] 1. An epithet
meaning the Wise or Enlightened One, applied
to the historical founder of Buddhism (accord-
ing to some in the eleventh century B. C., but
more probably in the sixth century), regarded
by the Buddhists as the fourth in a series of five
messianic Buddhas. He was an Indian prince of the
Sakya tribe, and hence called Sakyamuni (the Sakya sage),
the name preferred in China and Japan. His original
name was Siddartha (literally, “the realization of all the
meanings,” that is, of the portents at his birth); that
most used in Burma, Ceylon, etc., is Gautama or Gotama
(literally, “most victorious”), the sacerdotal name of the
Sakya tribe.
2. [l. c.] One who attains to perfect enlighten-
ment such as that ascribed to the founder of
Buddhism, and devotes his powers to the salva-
tion of mankind.
Sometimes also Boodh, Boodha.
Tree of Buddha, the bo-tree.
buddhahood (but dà-hūd), m. [K buddha +
-hood.] The state or condition of a buddha.
See Buddha and Buddhism.
buddha'ship (bù’ dà-ship), n. IK buddha +
-ship.] The condition of one who has attained
enlightenment and become a buddha. See Bud-
The roſtys (roofs] garnyshed with sarsnettys and buddys kſha and Buddhism.
of golde. Arnold's Chrom. (1502), p. li.
3. The state of budding or putting forth buds:
as, the trees are in bud.—4. In some cryptog-
amous plants, especially some Hepatica, one
of the bodies formed asexually which become
detached and reproduce the plant; in the plu-
ral, Same as gemmae. See gemma.-5. A promi-
mence on or in certain animals of low organiza-
tion, as polyps, which becomes developed into
an independent individual, sometimes perma-
Buddhism (bù'dizm), m. [KIBuddha + -ism ; =
F. Boudhisme.] The religious system founded
by Buddha, or the Buddha, in India. Its essential
a, flower; b, ovary; c, fruit; d, section
of same, showing embryo.
principles, in so far as they can be reduced to an Occi-
dental form of thought, are, that man is under the opera-
tion of certain inflexible laws, from which there is neither
escape nor deliverance; existence under them is an evil;
priestly rites and sacrifices are unavailing; death is no
escape, but only a transmigration to another form of ex-
istence; obedience to the moral laws—the practice of
charity, temperance, justice, honesty, truth— insures a
Sojourn in heaven, followed by a higher existence on the






Buddhism
earth; disobedience insures a punishment in some of the
innumerable hot and cold hells (see maraka), situated in
the interior of the earth or on its furthest verge, follow-
ed by a lower state of existence on earth; the supreme fe-
licity to be attained by perfect obedience is the suppres-
Sion of every passion and desire, and eventually Nirvania, or
unconscious existence, if indeed Nirvana be not annihila-
tion. In its original spirit agnostic, if not atheistic, it has
become modified in time, and now has its rites and tem-
ples, which vary in different nationalities and localities.
From India Buddhism spread over Ceylon, Java, Cochin-
China, Burma, Tibet, Mongolia, Tatary, China, and Japan,
but was stamped out in India by the rise of Hinduism.
Also spelled Boodhism.
Buddhist, (bù'dist), n, and a. [K Buddha +
-ist; = F. Boudhiste.] I. n. One who pro-
fesses Buddhism; a follower of the religious
System founded by Buddha.
II. a. Of or pertaining to Buddha or Bud-
dhism.—Buddhist architecture, the oldest and most
characteristic native style of Indian ecclesiastical archi-
tecture, the earliest specimens dating from 250 B. C.,
and prevailing wherever Buddhism has been established.
Buddhist architectural monuments may be classed in five
groups: (a) Stambhas or läts, pillars bearing inscriptions
On their shafts, with emblems or animals on their capi-
tals. (b) Stupas or topes, large towers, some built in the
form of a hemisphere, others partly cylindrical and fin-
ished at the top with either a flat circle or a pointed
dome-like terminal. The topes were erected in honor of
Some Sacred event or place, and are sometimes employed
to contain relics of Buddha or of a saint. In the latter case
the tope is called a dagoba. (c) Rails, formed of elaborately
Sculptured pillars, built around topes, temples, and other
Sacred objects. (d) Chaitya halls, cut out of the living
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rock, and corresponding closely in plan with Christian
churches. The positions of the altar or relic-casket, aisles,
and apse are frequently the same in both. (e) Viharas, or
monasteries, originally built of red sandal-wood, but in ex-
ceptional circumstances excavated from the solid rock,
with halls having their ceilings supported by elaborately
sculptured pillars cut from the natural rock, and surround-
ed by a number of small sleeping-cells. A characteristic of
the Buddhist style is the pseudo-arch, formed by courses
of stones each overlapping that below it, till the two sides
approach so closely that the opening at the top can be cov-
ered by * single stone. e
Buddhistic (bù-distik), a. [K Buddhist + -ic.]
Pertaining to Buddhism: as, Buddhistic litera-
ture. Also Boodhistic.
Buddhistica.1 (bù-dis’ti-kal), a.
*dhistic. Also Boodhistical. -
budding (bud'ing), m. [Verbal n. of budi, v.]
1. In bot., the putting forth or producing of
buds. In the lower cryptogams the term is applied to
a form of growth and reproduction, a modification of
fission, in which the new cell swells out at the side of the
parent cell, increases in size, and at length becomes de-
tached. See yeast.
2. In 206l., gemmation; a mode of asexual re-
production in animals analogous to budding in
plants.-3. In hort, a process, allied to graft-
ing, for growing a different variety of fruit or
plant from a given stock by transferring a bud
with a little of the woody tissue behind it to a
cleft in the bark of the stock. Adhesion takes
place between the cambium layers or new-
growth tissue of the two, assuring the life
and growth of the bud. Many kinds of
fruit are propagated in this way, as well
as roses and other. plants.
'budding (budºing), p. a... [Ppr. of
budi, v.] 1. Producing buds: as, a
budding tree.—2. Being in the con-
dition of a bud; figuratively, being
in an early stage of growth; being
at the entrance of a period of life,
a career, etc. : as, a budding Orator.
Young budding virgin, fair, and fresh, and
SWeet. Shak., T. of the S., iv. 5.
budding-knife (bud'ing-nif), n. A
knife used by gardeners in the op-
eration of budding. The handle, usu- º
ally made of bone or ivory, tapers to an edge, which ena:
bles it to be used in separating the bark from the Wood
of the stock and inserting the bud.
buddleli, n. See boodlel.
buddle2 (bud (1), v. t. ; pret. and P;
ppr. buddling. [Cf. LG. butteln (X G.
Same as Bud-
Budding.
buddled,
buttelm),
708
foam, gush.] In mining, to wash (ore); sepa-
rate (the metalliferous ores) from earthy mat-
ters by means of an inclined hutch called a bud-
dle, over which water flows.
buddle? (bud’l), m. [K buddle?, v.] In mining, a
contrivance for dressing ore, or separating the
metalliferous portion from the earthy gangue.
The term was originally used in Cornwall, where the hand-
buddle is a long box slightly inclined, on the bottom of
which the ore is separated by the aid of a current of water.
There are several much more complicated forms of the
buddle, some of which are stationary and others revolving.
buddle3 (bud’l), n. [Also boodle; said to be K
D. buidel, also contr. buil (= OHG. bātil, MHG.
biwtel, G. bewtel), a purse; from its bearing gul-
den (florins), a name given to its flowers: see
gulden, guilder.] Same as boodle3.
buddle+ (bud’l), v. t. To suffocate; drown.
[Prov. Eng.] .
Bude burner, light. See the nouns.
budge1 (buj), v.; pret. and pp. budged, ppr.
budging. [K F. bouger, stir, wag, - Pr. bolegar,
stir, = It. bulicare, bubble up, freq. (cf. Sp.
bullir, boil, be busy, bestir one's self, move from
place to place, -Pg. bulir, move, stir, be ac-
tive), K. L. bullire, boil: see boil2.] I, intrans.
To move; stir; change position; give way:
now usually with a negative, implying stub-
born resistance to pressure.
I will not budge for no man's pleasure. *
Shak, R. and J., iii. 1.
If the customers or guests are to be dunned, all the
burthen lies upon my back; he'd as lief eat that glass as
budge after them himself. Goldsmith, Vicar, xxi.
II, trans. To move; stir; change the posi-
tion of.
budge1+ (buj), a. [Appar, K budge!, v. Cf. Sp.
bullicioso, brisk, active: see budgel, v.] Brisk;
+jocund. South.
budge? (buj), m. and a. [Early mod. E. bouge
(see bougel), K.M.E. bowge, a bag, KOF. bouge, K.L.
bulga, a leathern bag; a word of Gaelic origin:
cf. Gael. Ir. balg, bolg, a bag, wallet, quiver, etc.:
see belly, bellows, bulge, etc.] I. n. 1+. A lea-
thern bag.—2. Lambskin dressed with the wool
outward, much used in the Elizabethan era and
since as an inexpensive fur for the edging of
garments. In England some official costumes that have
remained unchanged are still decorated with budge.
When, let him but in judgements sight uncase,
He's naught but budge, old gards, browne fox-fur face.
Marston, Scourge of Villanie, Sat. vii.
3. Same as budge-barrel. W.
II. a. [K budge?, 2.] 1. Trimmed or adorn-
ed with budge (see I., 2): as, “budge gowns,”
Milton, Art. of Peace with Irish.-2. Scholas-
tic; pedantic ; austere; surly; stiff; formal:
as, “budge doctors,” Milton, Comus, l. 707.
The solemn fop, significant and budge;
A fool with judges, amongst fools a judge.
Cowper, Conversation, 1.299.
Budge bachelorst, a company of poor old men clothed
in long gowns lined with lamb's wool, who formerly ac-
companied the lord mayor of London at his inauguration.
budge&# (buj), n. [Origin uncertain.] One who
slips into a house or shop to steal cloaks, etc.;
a sneak-thief. Kersey, 1708. [Slang.]
budge-barrel (buj'bar'el), m. A small barrel
with only one head, a piece of leather which
is drawn together upon strings being nailed
upon the other end. It was used in action for
carrying cartridges from the magazine to the
battery in siege and sea-coast service.
budgenessł (buj'nes), n., [K budge”, a., 2, +
-ness.] Sternness; severity.
A great Bellona for budgeness.
Stanihwrst, quoted in Warton's Hist. Eng. Poetry, § 58.
budger (buj’ér), n. One who moves or stirs
from his place.
Let the first budger die the other's slave.
Shak., Cor., i. 8.
budgero, budgerow (buj'ró), n. [Anglo-Ind.,
also bajra, repr. Hind. bajrá, a kind of pleasure-
boat.] A lumbering keelless barge, formerly
much used by Europeans traveling on the Gan-
getic rivers. Yule and Burnell. Also budgero-
boat, buggerow-boat. -
They [the ladies of Calcutta) . . . went upon the river
in budgerows and diverted themselves, with fishing or
fowling. J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 200.
budget (buj'et), n. [Early mod. E. also bow-
get; K F. bougette (= It. bolgetta), dim. of OF.
bouge, a bag; see budge?. Hence, in Sense 4,
D. and F. budget.] 1. A small bag or Sack; a
pouch or portable depository for miscellaneous
articles: now chiefly figurative: as, to open a
budget of news.
If tinkers may have leave to live,
And bear the sow-skin budget.
Shak., W. T., iv. 3 (song).
budmash (budſmash), n.
buff
His budget with corruptions cramm’d,
The contributions of the damn'd. Swift.
2. A stock or store; a collection: as, a budget
of news.
It was nature, in fine, that brought off the cat, when the
fox's whole budget of invention failed him.
Sir R. L'Estrange.
There is no miracle in the Whole Roman Catholic bud-
get better vouched than this.
- Prescott, Ferd, and Isa., ii. 21.
3. A pocket used by tilers to hold nails.-4.
In Great Britain, the annual financial statement
which the chancellor of the exchequer makes
in the House of Commons, sitting as a commit-
tee of ways and means. In making this statement
the minister gives a view of the general financial policy of
the government, and at the same time presents an esti-
mate of the probable income and expenditure for the fol-
lowing twelve months, and a statement of what taxes it
is intended to reduce or abolish, or what new ones it may
be necessary to impose. -
His [AElfred's] budget is the first royal budget we possess;
and though the fact that the national expenses were still
in the main defrayed by local means renders any compar-
ison of it with a modern budget impossible, it is still of in-
terest as indicating the wide range of public activity which
even now Was Open to an English king.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 173.
Hence—5. Any similar official estimate and
statement. [The word in this specific sense
has been adopted into the French language.]
—To open the budget, to lay before the legislative body
the ºnancial estimates and plans of the executive govern-
NY16. Ilú.
budgyt (buj'i), a. [K budge?, m., 2, -H -y1.] Con-
sisting of or decorated with the fur called
budge.
budla (bud’lā), n. . [E. Ind.]. A variety of bro-
cade, not of the finest quality, manufactured
in India.
budlet (bud’let), n. IK budl + dim. -let.] A.
little bud springing from a parent bud.
[Also badmash; K
Hind. badm'dish, K Pers. bad, bad, + Ar. m'ish,
means of living, K ‘āsh, live..] A scoundrel; a
'blackguard ; during the time of the Indian mu-
tin Číš7-58), a rebel.
Budorcas (bù-dórſkas), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3oig,
ox, -H dopkáç, a gazel.] A notable genus of
large Asiatic antelopes, containing the yakin,
Budorcas tacicolor, of the Himalayas: some-
times taken as type of a subfamily Budorcinae,
so great are its peculiarities. See yakin.
Budorcinae (bū-dór-siºné), m. pl. [NL., K. Bu-
dorcas + -inae.] A group of Himalayan ante-
lopes, typified by the genus Budorcas, having .
smooth round horns contiguous at their bases,
a tail like that of a goat, and 4 teats.
budorcine (bü-dôr'sin), a. Of or pertaining to
the Budorcinae.
Budweis porcelain. See porcelain.
Budytes' (bü-di’téz), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3ovöörng,
the wagtail. T A genus of small oscine passe-
rine birds, chiefly of the old world, of the fam-
ily Motacillidae, the yellow wagtails, of which
there are many species, as B. flava. See Mo-
tacillidae, wagtail.
buer, n. A gnat. Halliwell. [North. Eng.]
buff, boefº, interj. . An exclamation represent-
ing the sound made by eructation in conse-
Quence of overeating. -
Whan they for soules seye the psalm of Davit,
Lo, buf they seye, cor meum eructavit. .
Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1. 226.
buffl (buf), n. and a. "[Early mod. E. buffe, short
for bufflel, q.v.] I. n. 1+. A buffalo.
Buffalo [It..], a buffle, a buffe. Florio.
Buffle [F.], the buffe, buffle, bugle, or wild ox. Cotgrave.
There are also wilde beastes bred in those woods, as
Buffes, Beares, and blacke Wolues.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 248.
They haue also the qualities of a Buffe: for if they see
a man clothed in red, they run vpon him immediately to
kill him. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 116.
2. A kind of thickleather, originally and prop-
erly made of the skin of the buffalo, but now also
of the skins of other animals, as elks, oxen,
etc. It is dressed so as to be as flexible as possible, and
without a glazed or artificially colored surface. It is
used for making belts, pouches, gloves, etc., and in the
later middle ages came into use to take the place in a
measure of light armor: as, “a suit of buff,” Shak., C. of
E., iv. 2. Also called buff-leather.
His doublet was of sturdy buff,
And though not sword, yet cudgel-proof.
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. i. 805.
3. A buff-coat (which see).
I'll make a shift to drain it
Ere I part with boots and buff.
Praed, Sir Nicholas at Marston Moor.
4. The color of buff-leather; a yellow color
deficient in luminosity and in chroma.--5, pl.
The third regiment of the line in the British


buff -
army: so called from the color of the facings of
their uniform. The 78th regiment is called the Ross-
shire Buffs for the same reason. -
6. In med, the b coat. See º —7. A
buff-stick; a buff-wheel,-8. The bare skin:
as, to º to the buff [Colloq.]—In buff, naked.
–Iron buff, a color produced in dyeing with ferric oxid,
by first impregnating the cotton with a ferrous salt solu-
tion, and then passing it through an alkaline solution to
recipitate ferrous hydrate; the latter is changed to ferric
ydrate by simple exposure to the air.
II. a. 1. Made of buff-leather.
Did not I take you up from thence, in an old greasy
buff doublet, with points, and green velvet sleeves, out
at the elbows? B. Jonson, Epicoene, iii. 1,
2. Of the color of buff-leather; brownish-yel-
low.—Buff Cochin, a variety of the Cochin fowl of
× which both cock and hen are of a uniform buff color.
buffl (buf), v. t. [K buffl, n., 7.] To polish with
a buff-wheel or buff-stick.
buffº (buf), v. i. [K ME. *buffen, boffen, stam-
mer, K OF, buffer, bufer, later and mod. F.
;: (and bouffir), puff, blow, = Pr: Sp. Pg.
bufar = It, buffare, formerly also boffare, dial.
boffar (ML. buffare), puff, blow, puff out the
cheeks; a widely * word, in part imita-
tive, appearing in E. in the lit. sense in the
form puff, q.v. Cf. buffº, buffetl, º etc.]
1. To stammer. [Now only prov. Eng.]
Renable nas he mogt of tonge, ac [but] of speche hastyf,
Boffyng, & mest [most] wanne he were in wraththe or in
stryf. Robert of Gloucester, l. 414.
2. To emit a dull sound. [Prov. Eng. and
Scotch.]
buff? (buf), n. [K buff 2, v. Cf. buffard, buffer2.]
1. A dull fellow; a drone.—2. Nonsense; triv-
ial or idle talk: as, that is all buff.
uß or slang.]
buffè (buf), n. [Early mod. E. buffe (found in
ME. only in the deriv. form buffetl
MHG. buf, buff, *g. puf, G. puff =
= ODan. buff = Sw, dial.. buff, K OF. buffe,
bufe, a slap, box, blow, buffet, prop. a slap on
the cheek (cf. bouffe), – OIt. buffa, the cheeks
puffed out, a puff with the mouth, also strife,
contention, mod. It. a trick, jest, - Sp. bufa,
also befa, a jest, jeer, M.L. buffa, the cheeks
puffed out (cf. it. buffo, dial. boff, a puff of
wind, a comic actor, = Sp. bufo, a comic actor:
see buffoon); cf. M.L. buffare, O.F. buffer, bufer,
etc., puff: see buff?..] A blow; a slap; a box;
a stroke; a buffet.
Nathelesse so sore a buff to him it lent,
That made him reele, and to his brest his bever bent.
Spenser, F. Q., II. v. 6.
To stand buff, to endure blows without flinching; con-
front without fear. [Another signification has been sug-
gested for the phrase, viz., to stand stripped to the buffor
skin, like boxers.]
And for the good old cause stood buff
'Gainst many a bitter kick and cuff.
S. Butler, Hudibras.
buffº (buf), v. t. [Early mod. E. buffe (found in
M.E. only in the deriv. form buffetl, q.v.) =
MLG. LG. buffen = G. puffen = ODan. buffe =
Sw., dial. buffa, K. O.F. buffier, buffoyer, slap,
strike, maltreat, K buffe, buſe, a slap, box, blow,
buffet: see buffè, n.] 1+. To strike; buffet.
- There was a shock
To have buffed out the blood
From aught but a block.
B. Jomsom, Love's Welcome at Welbeck.
2. To resist; deaden, as a buffer.
buffº (buf), n. [Early mod. E. also buffe, buffie,
K It. buffa, “the buffie or breathing-holes of a
head-piece or helmet.” (Florio); a particular
use of buffa, the cheeks puffed out: see buff 2.]
In old armor, the chim-piece of the burgonet,
corresponding to the aventaile, and pierced
with holes to allow breathing. The burgonet being
a light helmet without face-guard, the buff was added to
it when further defense was needed.
buffº (buf), n. [E. dial. var. of boughl;
var. of dough, barf, var. of bargh.] Á
× Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
buffalo (buf'a-lô), m.; pl. buffaloes or -los (-löz).
... [In early mod. E. usually buffe, buffle (see buffi,
bufflel) = D. buffel = MLG. buffel = MHG. buf-
fel, G. biiffel = Sw, buffel = ODan. buffel, bāffel,
Dan. bāffel (K F. buffle); in the form buffalo, K
Sp. biſfalo = Pg. bufalo, bufaro = It. bufalo,
bufolo, bubalo, formerly buffalo, = Pr. bubali,
brufol, brufe = F. buffle = Wall. bivol = Hung.
bival, bial = Alb. bual, bul = Russ, buivoli,
builo = Little Russ. baïvol, buivol, builo = Pol.
bujwol, bawol (barred l) = Bohem. buyol = Serv.
bivo = OBulg. buivolū, Bulg. bivol, KML. bufalus,
buffalus, bufolus (NL, bubalus, also as specific
name buffelus), K L. bubalus, the wild ox, ear-
lier and more properly an African antelope (=
NGr. 3008ałog, Bovgååt, a buffalo), K. Gr. }. Cº-
cf. duff,
bough.
Młº
buffalo-bird (buf'a-lö-bèrd), n.
buffalo-bug (buf'a-ló-bug), n.
buffalo-chips (buf'a-ló-chips), m. pl.
buffalo-fish (buff a-ló-fish), m.
buffalo-grass (buf'a-ló-gräs), m.
709 -
Žog, also floë6ažtc, an African species of ante- buffalo-nut (buf'a-ló-nut), n.
lope, perhaps the hartbeest; prob. (simulating
buffer-block
1. The fruit of
the North American shrub Pyrularia pubera.
Gr. 30ig, an ox) from a native African name.] +–2. The plant itself. Also called oil-nut.
1. A ruminant mammal of the family Bovidae,
buffalo-pea (buf'a-lö-pé"), n. The ground-
the best-known species of which is the Bubalus plum, Astragalus crassicarpus. [Western U.S.]
buffelus or Bog bubalus, larger than the ox and buffalo-perch (buf'a-lö-pèrch), n. 1. A fish of
Common Buffalo (Bubaltes buffelus).
with stouter limbs, originally from India, but
now found in most of the warmer countries of
the eastern hemisphere. It is less docile than the
common ox, and is fond of marshy places and rivers. It
is, however, used in tillage, draft, and carriage in India
and elsewhere. The female gives much more milk than
the cow, and from the milk the ghee or clarified butter of
India is made. The Cape buffalo, Bubalug or Bog caffer,
Cape Buffalo (Bicêa lies caffer).
is distinguished by the shape of its horns, which are black
and united at their bases, forming a great bony plate on
the front of the head. It attains the size of an ox. The
hide is exceedingly tough, and a valuable leather is pre-
pared from it, but the flesh is not highly esteemed.
2. A name given to various wild oxen, or
Bovinae, and particularly to the bison of North
America, Bison americanus. See bison.—3. A
buffalo-robe.—4. A buffalo-fish.-5. A leather
hamper used for carrying bobbins.—6. pl.
[cap.] In U. S. hist., a name given by their op-
ponents to those members of the Locofoco or
Equal Rights party who in 1836 accepted the
overtures of the regular Democratic organiza-
tion (Tammany) toward a coalition.—7. p7. A
buffalo-robe (buf'a-ló-röb), n.
buffardt, n.
buffelf, etc. *
buffel, buffel-duck, etc. See buffle1, etc.
bufferl (buf'ér), m. [K buff.1 + -erl.] 1+. A per-
*son who killed sound horses in order to sell
the family Sciaenidae, Aplodinotus (Haplodinotus)
grunniens, with elevated back or shoulders; the
bubbler or fresh-water drumfish. Rafimesque.—
2. A fish of the family Catostomidae, Ictiobus
bubalus; a buffalo-fish.
The skin of the
bison of North America, prepared with the hair
on, and used as a carriage-rug and in other ways
for protection from the cold.
[ME., K OF. bouffard, puffing,
blowing, swelling; as a noun, a glutton; K
bouffer, puff, blow : see buff 2, and cf. buffer2.]
A fool.
Yet wol she . . . take a buffard riche of gret vilesse,
In hope that he shal sterue withynne a while.
Lydgate, Minor Poems, p. 32.
buff-coat (buf'köt), m. 1. A military coat made
of buff-leather, which gradually replaced the
buff-jerkin as armor of steel became less com-
mon, and was in especial favor at the time
of the English civil wars. The buff-coat was com-
monly worn by itself, and was so thick and unyielding as
to be considered proof against the sword, and even against
a pistol-ball except when fired at short range. It was
also worn over the cuirass, which it partly concealed, and
under it, especially among soldiers regularly enlisted.
º were sometimes richly embroidered with col-
OTCO SllkS.
Hence—2. A soldier.
Schismatical pravity will grow up under the licentious-
ness of war; some profane buff-coats will authorize such
incendiaries. Bp. Hacket, Life of Abp. Williams, ii. 170.
See buffl, etc.
their hides.—2. Same as buff-wheel.
buffer? (buf'ér), n. [K ME. buffere, K "buffen,
boffen, stutter, stammer: see buff 2, v., and cf.
buffard.] lit. A stammerer.
The tunge of bufferes [L. balborwºm] swiftli shal speke
and pleynly. Wyclif, Isa. xxxii. 4 (Oxf.).
2. A foolish fellow; a fellow; a duffer: a term
expressive of extreme familiarity, and gener-
ally having a flavor of contempt. [Slang or
colloq.]
As the water grew rougher
The more my poor hero continued to suffer,
Till the Sailors themselves cried, in pity,
“Poor Buffer 1"
Barhamn, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 305.
3+. A person who took pay to swear false
oaths; a hired perjurer.
nickname given to the dwellers on the coast of buffers (buf'ér), n. [K buff 3, v., + -erl.] 1. One
North Carolina.
buffalo-berry (buf'a-lö-ber’i), n. 1. The fruit
of the Lepargyrea argentea, a shrub or small
tree which grows in western North America.—
2. The tree itself.
A bird of the
genus Sturmopastor: so called because it asso-
ciates with buffaloes.
I never tired of watching the friendly relation between
the Buffalo-birds (Sturnopastorialla and S. melanopterus)
and their bovine hosts.
H. O. Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 55.
A name of the
The dry
dung of the bison, formerly used for fuel on the
western plains of North America. ve
buffalo-cod (buf'a-lö-kod), n. A Californian
fish, Ophiodon elongatus ; the cultus-cod.
* The popular
name of fishes of the family Catostomidae, or
suckers, and genus Ictiobus or Bubalichthys.
They are among the largest of the suckers, somewhat re-
semble carp, and abound in the lakes and rivers of the
United States. The name was probably given on account
of the protuberant or hump-like back, which rises highest
near the front of the dorsal fin. Several species are recog-
nized. See Ictiobinoe,
carpet-beetle.
buffalo-gnat (buf'a-ló-nat), n. A kind of black-
fly, a dipterous insect of the genus Simulium
and family Simuliidae. It is found in almost incredi-
ble numbers in the southern and western United States,
and is a dreaded pest of cattle, rendering the animals fram-
tic, and in some cases causing death.
A common
name for several low grasses very prevalent
upon the plains east of the Rocky Mountains,
including Bulbilis doctyloides, a dioecious spe-
cies, and Bowteloua oligostachya, with others of
the same genus.
buffalo-jack (buf'a-lö-jak), n. A fish of the fam-
ily Carangidae, Carangus pisquetus. [Bermuda.]
buffer-bar (buf'êr-bār), m.
buffer-block (buf'êr-blok), n.
who buffs or strikes; a hitter. [Rare.]—2. Any
apparatus for deadening the concussion be-
tween a moving body and one against which it
strikes. Specifically, an apparatus attached to railroad.
t
Spring Buffer.
a, follower; 6, housing ; c, springs.
cars to prevent injury from violent contact or collision.
The buffer shown above, which represents the form com-
mon on British railways, consists of powerful springs and
framing attached to carriages and wagons to deaden the
concussion between them When they come into collision.
Hence—3. Anything which serves to deaden
or neutralize the shock of opposing forces.
. It is evident that the period of an indefinitely collaps-
ing policy has closed. This means, inevitably, the near
approach of an end to the system of political buffers so
far as India is concerned. Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 19.
A sense of humor . . . may have served as a buffer
against the too innportunate shock of disappointment.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d Ser., p. 313.
Hydraulic buffer. See hydrawlic.
* A bar of wrought-
iron placed at the end of a railroad-car to
deaden the concussion between it and the next.
The buffer-bars act generally upon a pair of springs,
which give an elastic resistance when two cars come to-
×gether.
buffer-beam (buf'êr-bêm), n.
timber secured to the end sill of a freight-car.
1. A transverse
The dead-blocks are connected with this beam.
–2. The end timber of the platform of a pas-
senger-car.
1. A block or
piece of timber attached to the end timber of a
car, or of the platform of a passenger-car, above



buffer-block
the draw-bar, to keep the cars from coming
together in coupling or running.—2. The
flat head of a buffer-bar. See cut under
buffers. -
buffer-head (buf'êr-hed), n. A flat disk on
the end of the spindle of a buffer-spring.
buffer-spring (buf'êr-spring), m. Aspring which
gives elasticity to a buffer, so as to lessen the
shock of collision. Also called buffing-spring.
See cut under º
IIl
in railroad-cars, a spring secured beh a draw-spring, to
resist more strongly the pressure on the draw-bar in buff.
Ing.
buffetl (buffet), n. . [K ME. buffet, boffet, bofet
= Icel. buffeit), K OF. buffet, bufet (= It. buf-
feto, formerly buffetto, boffetto; cf. Sp. Pg. bofe-
tada), a blow, K buffe, bufe, a blow: see buff 2.]
1. A blow with the fist; a box; a cuff; a slap;
hence, hard usage of any kind suggestive of
blows; a violent shock or concussion: as, “for-
tune's buffets,” Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
The kynge redressed hym and yaf hym soche abuffet vpon
the lefte temple that the blode braste oute of mouthe and
R1OS6, Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 391.
For God's sake, sir, be merry, or else bear
The buffets of your fortune with more scorn
Beaw. and Fl., Honest Man's Fortune, iv. 1.
We get . . . many a buffet of the rough water of experi-
ence, before we secure the bare right to live.
* Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 138.
2+. A blast of wind.
Thay blve a buffet in blande that banned peple.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 885.
buffetl (buffet), v.; pret. and pp. buffeted, ppr.
buffeting. [K M.E. buffeten, bofeten = Icel. buf-
feita (cf. Sp. bofetear, abofetear, Pg. bofetear =
It. buffetare, boffettegiare—Florio), buffet; from
the noun..] I, trans. 1. To strike with the hand
or fist; box; beat. -
Then did they spit in his face, and buffeted him ; and
others smote him with the palms of their hands.
Mat. xxvi. 67.
2. To beat in contention; contend against as
if with blows: as, to buffet the billows.
The torrent roar'd ; and we did buffet it
With lusty sinews ; throwing it aside
And stemming it with hearts of controversy.
Shak., J. C., i. 2.
II. intrans. To exercise at boxing; box; con-
tend with blows of the fists; hence, to force
one's way by buffeting.
If I might buffet for my love, . . . I could lay on like a
butcher. hak., Hen. V., v. 2.
I caught her; then
Oaring one arm, and bearing in my left
The weight of all the hopes of half the world,
Strove to buffet to land in vain. Tennyson, Princess, iv.
buffet2 (buffet, or, as F., bū-fā’), n. [Sometimes
erroneously written beaufet (simulating F. beau,
fine—a notion present, in another form, in the
orig. use), K ME. buffitt, buffit, boffet, bofet (in
def. 4, and comp. buffet-stool, q.v.) = D. G.
Dan. Sw. buffet = Russ. bufetić, a sideboard, =
Sp. Pg. bufete, a desk, writing-table, Pg. also
a sideboard, K F. buffet, a sideboard, a cup-
board, in older F. esp. of an elegant or costly
kind, “a court cupboord, or high-standing cup-
boord, also a cupboord of plate, also as much
plate as will furnish a cupboord” (Cotgrave),
also a desk or writing-table, K It. buffetto, for-
merly also boffetto, a cupboard, sideboard, buf-
fet (ML. bufetum, a buffet, cf. buffetus, a coun-
cil; cf. bureau in similar senses), appar. So
called from its elegance, being = OF. bufoi,
buffois, sumptuousness, show, pomp, fine equi-
page, K bufer, buffer (= It. buffare, etc.), puff,
blow: see buff 2, and cf. buffetl.] 1. A cupboard,
sideboard, or closet, designed to hold china,
crystal, plate, and other like articles.—2. The
space set apart for refreshments in public
places.—3. That part of the cabinet-work of
an organ which incloses the pipes.—4. Same
as buffet-stool. Wright, Prov, Dict. [Prov, Eng.]
louffeter (buf ’et-ér), n. One who buffets or
strikes with the hand or fist; a boxer.
buffeting (buffet-ing), n. [Verbal m. of buffetl,
w.] A beating; a blow; a buffet.
He had withstood these buffetings to the last till sick-
ness overtook him. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vi. 13.
Thuffet-stool (buf ’et-stöl), n. [K ME. *:::
stole, bofet stole, also simply buffit, bofet (see
buffet2, 4); K buffet2 + stool.] . A stool with
either four or three legs, formerly used in con-
nection with the buffet or sideboard, and often
serving as a table or sideboard among poor
people. Forby.
'buffief, n. Same as buff 4. Florio.
buffinſ (buf'in), a. and ºn. . [Early mod. E., ap-
par. for ºuffºn, K buff 1 + -en?..] I. a. i. §:
buff
Buffalino (It..], of buffe, buffin. Florio,
buffer-spring, .
710
2. Made of buffin: as, “buffin gowns,” Mas-
singer, City Madam, iv. 4.
II. n. A coarse éloth in use in the time of
Elizabeth and James I.
Grograms, broad, or narrow, called Buffines, poize
[weigh] 4 lbs. one with another.
Lansdowme MS., 1592. (Draper's Dict.)
buffing (buf'ing), m. TK buff 1 + -īngl.] The
operation of making a hide or skin of uniform
thickness (or of diminishing the thickness)
by means of a curriers' knife or a buffing-
machine; hence, a layer so shaved off; the
amount of lessening effected.
When about one-third tanned, the hides are removed
from the tanning liquor and a bºſing is taken off of each
hide. C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 586.
buffing-block (buf'ing-blok), n.
er-block.
buffing-lathe (buf'ing-lāq'H), n.
Same as buff-
A lathe in
which metal plates are polished. The buffer
may be of leather, cotton, or other material,
and is used with various polishing-powders.
buffing-machine (buf'ing-ma-shën"), n. A
machine used for buffing or polishing.
buffing-spring (buf'ing-spring), m.
buffer-Spring.
b } g-wheel (buf'ing-hwāl), n. Same as buff-
20/06620,
bº. (buf'jër"kin), n.
merly worn under the corselet, and made of buff-
leather, whence its name. it took the place
of the acton and gambeson.—2. A waistcoat
made of buff-leather; hence, a waistcoat made
of cloth of a buff color. It seems to have been con-
sidered the peculiar mark of constables and other officers
of the law.
Fighting ! what's fighting? it may be in fashion
Among provant swords, and º ierkin men.
Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, v. 1.
Same as
1. A garment for-
buff-laced (buf'läst), a. In powltry- and pigeon-
breeding, having the feathers laced or edged
with buff: said of birds of which the color is a
rich buff, each feather being distinctly laced
with pale buff, as in the case of buff-laced Po-
lish fowls, or of birds of which the color is pale
buff, each feather being laced with dark buff.
bufflel (buf'l), m. [K F. buffle, a buffalo.] 1.
A buffalo.—2. A duck, Bucephala albeola, abun-
dant in North America. It has a short blue bill and
a head the apparent size of which is greatly increased by
Buffle (Baccephala albeola).
the fullness of its feathers. The male is chiefly black
above and white below, the head being iridescent-black
with a large white occipital space. Also called buffle-head,
buffle-dwek, buffle-headed duck, Spirit-duck, dipper, and but-
terball. Also spelled buffel. -
buffle? (buf'1), v. [Freq. of buff?, stammer: see
buff?..] I. intrans. 1. To speak thickly or in-
articulately. [Prov. Eng.]—2}. To be puz-
zled; be at a loss. Swift.
II. trans. To handle sºil;
buff-leather (buffle"pHér), n. Same as buff 1,2.
buffle-duck (buf'l-duk), n. Same as buffiel, 2.
buffle-head (buf'l-hed), n. 1+. One who has a
large or stupid head, iſke a buffalo’s.
What makes you stare so, buffle-head?
Plautus (trams.),
2. Same as buffiel, 2.
buffle-headed (buf'l-hed" ed), a. Having a
large head, like a buffalo's; ânii; stupid; fool-
ish. Gayton, Notes on Don Quixote, III. 3.
buffle-horn (buf'l-hôrn), n. The common name
in South Africa of the Burchellia Capensis, on
account of the hardness and toughness of the
Wood. It is a rubiaceous shrub, with handsome flowers,
sometimes cultivated in hothouses.
buffle-wood (buf'l-Wüd), n. Same as buffle-horn. bufoniform (bù-fon’i-fôrm), a.
buffo (buf'ó), n. [It., a comic actor, also a puff
foom.]
The comic actor in an opera; a comic
Singer.
buffoonizeł (bu-fön'iz), v. t.
buffoonly (bu-fön’li), a.
louff-tip (buf'tip), n.
Bufo (bü'fö), n.
Bºile (bū-fon’i-dé), m. pl.
bufoniform
buffon, n. Same as buffont.
5uffont, n... [K F. bouffant (cf. “bowſſancs [sic]
puffs in a garment”-Cotgrave), ppr. of bouf.
fer, puff out: see buff”, buffeti.] A projecting .
or puffed-out covering of gauze or linen for the
breast, much worn by women about the middle
of the eighteenth century.
buffoon (bu-fön'), m, an IK F., bouffon, K
It. buffone (= sº bufón = Pg. º a jester,
K buffa (= Sp. bufa), a jest, mocking, connect-
ed with buffare (= Pr: Sp. Pg. bufar = F. bouf.
fer), puff, blow; see buff?, buffet:1.] I, n. One
who makes a practice of amusing others by
tricks, odd gestures and postures, jokes, and
other vulgar pleasantries; a droii; a merry-
andrew; a clown; a jester.
The scurril talk of buffoons, pleasants, and jesters.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 487.
Buffoons that have a talent of mimicking the speech
and behaviour of other persons. Tatler, No. 268.
=# See zany. & ſº tº § w
I. a. Characteristic of a buffoon; buffoonish.
Neither buffoon nor contemptible. Lamb, Old Actors.
Buffoon stories. Macawlay, Hist. Eng., xiv.
buffoon (bu-fön"), v. [K buffoon, n.] I. intrams.
To act the part of a buffoon. brjäen. [Rare.]
II. trans. To make ridiculous. [Rare.]
Religion . . . despised, buffooned, exposed as ridiculous.
Glanville, Sermons, ix. 343.
Went to see the Duke of Buckingham's ridiculous farce
and rhapsody, called “The Recital,” buffooning all plays,
yet prophane enough. I’velyn, Diary, Dec. 14, 1671.
buffoonery (bu-fön’ér-i), n.; pl. buffooneries
(-iz). [K buffoon -F -ery, after F. bouffonnerie.]
The art and practices of a buffoon; low jests;
ridiculous pranks; Vulgar tricks and postures.
No merit was secure, no person free
From its licentious buffoonery.
Oldham, Horace's Art of Poetry.
0.
buffoonish (bu-fön’ish), a... [K buffoon + -īshl.]
ike a buffoon; consisting in buffoonery. Blair.
buffoonism (bu-fönizm), n. [Kbuffoon.---ism.]
The practices of a buffoon; buffoonery.
[K buffoon + -ize.]
[K buffoon + -lyl.]
To jest. Minshew, 1617.
Buffoonish. [Rare.]
Apish tricks and buffoonly discourse.
J. Goodman, Winter Eve. Conference, 1.
buffo-singer (bùf'6-sing'er), n. A singer of
comic songs in opera bouffe; a buffo.
buff-stick (buf'stik), m. A piece of stick cov-
ered with leather, velvet, velveteen, or other
material, and charged with emery or other pow-
der, used in polishing.
1. A name of a Japa-
nese shrike, Lamius bucephalus, so called be-
cause of a buff patch on the wing.—2. A name
of a moth similarly marked.
buffum (buf'um), m. [Origin obscure.] A mix-
ture of several inferior kinds of oil, used as an
adulterant of linseed-oil. Encyc. Brit. [Eng.]
buff-ware (buf'wār), m. In ceram.; a stone-
ware made in Staffordshire, En land, from the
clay and other ingredients found there, and not
decorated. The name is derived from the natural color
of the clay when fired.
buff-wheel (buf'hwöl), n. A wheel of wood,
glue, leather, light fabrics, or other material,
used with emery, rouge, or other powders in
polishing glass and metals. Also called buffer
and buffing-wheel.
buffy (buf'i), a. [K buff.1 +-y1.] Buff-colored;
pertaining to buff on the blood.—Buffy coat, the
coat of fibrin free from red blood-corpuscles on the upper
surface of a blood-clot, which is formed when the coagu-
lation is delayed until after the corpuscles have sunk so
as to leave the upper layers of the blood.
* [L., a toad.] A genus of
tailless ºl. typical of the family Bu-
Jonidae, and embracing the common toads of
Europe and North America.
See cut under
agua-toad.
1694. bºld (bü'fö-nid), n. An amphibian of the
amily Bufonidae. 4
-idae.]. Afamily of arciferous salient amphibi-
ans, typified by the genus Bufo, without max-
illary teeth and with dilated sacral vertebræ
and a broad flat tongue, free behind; the toads.
The body and limbs are thick, heavy, and clumsy, and the
skin is warty or rugose. The species are less aquatic than
frogs, not arboreal like tree-toads, and much less agile.
About 100 species are known. See cut under agua-toad.
[K L. bufo(m-),
a toad, + forma, shape.] Having the form of
*whiff, K buffare, puff, rally, mock: see buff 2, buf a toad; resembling a toad; bufonoid; specifi-
cally, of or pertaining to the Bufoniformia:
contrasted with ramiform.

Bufoniformia
711
Bufoniformia (bù-fon-i-fér’mi-á), n. pl. ., bugaboo_(bug'a-bö), n. [E. dial. also boggy-
- 0,
< L. bufo(n-), a toad (NL. Bufo), -- form
form, E -ia.] A group or suborder of salient
amphibians, containing those having an arcif-
erous sternum and no teeth. It includes the
jºrida, Rhinophrynidae, and Dendrophrynis-
C! (!(8.
bufonite (bū‘fgn-it), n. IK L. bufo, a toad, +
-îté.] A toadstone; a term employed by early
writers on fossils for objects which for the
most part were fossil fish teeth. -
Bufonites or toadstones. Penmant, Zoël., III. 164.
bufonoid (bü'fgn-oid), a. and n. I. a. Resem-
bling, a toad; bufoniform; specifically, of or
pertaining to the Bufonoidea.
II. m. A bufonid or other member of the Bu-
onoidea. .
ufonoidea (bü-fg-moi"dē-ă), n. pl. [NL., K
Bufo(n-) + -oidea.] A superfamily of arcifer-
ous phaneroglossate amphibians, whose tad-
poles have a spiracle on the left side and whose
adults are ribless. It embraces all the Arcifera
except the Discoglossidae.
bufta (buf'tā), n. , Same as baft2.
bº. § in. [K ME. bugge, prob. K.W. bug,
a hobgoblin, specter, bugan, a specter, = Corn.
bucca, a hobgoblin, bugbear, - Gael. Ir, bocan,
a specter, Ir, puca, an elf, sprite (X E. puck).
Cf. bog2, bogy, bogle, and see bug?..] hob-
gº a specter; anything terrifying; a bug-
68. I’.
Right as the humour of melancholye
Causith many a man in slepe to crye,
For fere of beris [bears] ore of bolis [bulls] blake,
Or ellis.that blacke buggy& [var. develes] wol him take.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, l. 116.
Than beginneth he to remember his life, and from that
he falleth to thinke vpon his death. . . . . And then be-
ginneth he to thinke, that it were good to make sure, . .
least there hap to be suche blacke bugges indede as folke
cal diuelles, whose tormentes he was wont to take for
Poets tales.
Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 40.
The bug which you would fright me with.
Shak., W. T., iii. 2.
[Enter . . . Sylvan and a Nymph, a man Bug, and a
Woman.]
1 Bug. Pray, master Usher, where must I come in?
2 Bug. Am I not well for a Bug, master Usher?
Chapman, Gentleman Usher, ii. 1.
Yºr
bug? (bug), n., [A particular application of
bugl.] 1. A term loosely applied to many
kinds of insects, commonly with certain dis-
tinctive additions, as May-bug, lady-bug, land-
bugs (Geocorisa), water-bugs (Hydrocorisa?),
etc.
You lie down to your shady slumber,
And wake with a bug in your ear.
N. P. Willis, Love in a Cottage.
boo, Sc. bogillbö; a kind of compound of bugl
and the interiection boo, W. buy = Gael. bo, used
to frighten children; cf. bo?..] A bugbear; a
§ ; a vain terror; something to frighten a
CIlliCl, -
We have, as the logical issue of ecclesiasticism, our
modern secularism, that curious aboo of the priest,
and more curious idoi of the so-called infidei.
N. A. Rev., CXLI. 245.
bugara (bū-gā’rã), n. [A vulgar corruption
of moharra, mojarra.] An embiotocoid fish,
or surf-fish, Hypsurus caryi, with small scales,
Mojarra tºur, cary?).
uniserial i.e. lower lip attached by
median frenum, and the abdomen much longer
than the anal fin. It is very common along the Cali-
fornian coast, is of handsome appearance, and is much
used for bait. See mojarra.
bugbane (bug'bān), n. [K bug? -- bane.] A
name given to species of the ranunculaceous
genus of plants Cimicifuga, in Europe to C.
foetida, and in the United States to C. racemosa
and C. Americana, from their reputed virtues
as destroyers of bugs. The name is sometimes
applied to the white hellebore, Veratrum viride.
Also called bugwort.—False bugbane, the North
American genus Trawtwetteria, very similar to Cimicifuga.
bugbear (bug'bār), n. and a... [K buglº-F bear?; a
hobgoblin in the shape of a bear. See quota-
tion from Chaucer under bugl. The formation
has ceased to be felt; Evelyn spells the word
bugbare. Cf. bullbeggar..] I. n. Something that
causesterror; especially, something that causes
needless fright or apprehension.
A bugbear take him Shak., T. and C., iv. 2.
You look yet like a bugbear to fright children.
Massinger, Renegado, iii. 1.
He will not sleepe, but calls to followe you,
Crying that bug-beares and spirits haunted him.
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, II. iii. 2.
It is not necessary to follow the progress of this famous
bug-bear [the Polish agitation of 1864], for such it was to
the Conservative influences of the old world.
R. J. Hinton, Eng. Radical Leaders, p. 336.
II. a. Occasioning causeless fear: as, “such
bugbear thoughts,” Locke.
bugbear (bug'bār), v. t. . [K bugbear, n.] To
Especially—2. The Cimex lectularius, the bed- alarm with imaginary or idle fears. Abp. King.
bug or house-bug, or any member of this ge- bug-bite (bug"bit), n. IK bug2 + bite, n.] The
nus or of the family Cimici-
da’. The bedbug is about ſº inch
long, wingless, with a roundish,
depressed body, of dirty rust-color,
and emits an offensive smell when
touched. The female lays her eggs
in summerin the crevices of furniture
and of the walls of rooms. Its larvae
are small, white, and semi-transpar-
ent. They attain full size in eleven
weeks. The mouth of the bedbug
bite of a bug, or the swelling caused by such a
bite. \
Poisoned by bad cookery, blistered with bugbites.
Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 52.
§ (bug’i), m. Same as buckeye, 3.
sh (bug'fish), n. A name sometimes given
to the menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, because
a parasitic isopod crustacean, Cymothoa pragus-
tator, is frequently found adhering to the roof
has a 3-jointed proboscis, which Bedbug (cºmex lectu. of its mouth. See cut under Brevoortia.
Mariº
forms a sheath for a sucker. arties).
3. pl. In entom., the Hemip- (vertical line shows
tera, and especially the het- natural size.)
eropterous division of that order.—4. An en-
tomostracous crustacean of cursorial habit or
bug-like aspect, as an isopod. Some are parasites
of ăshes, others terrestrial. See bugfish, salve-bug, sow-
bug, pill-bug.—Big-bug, a person of importance or dis-
tinction. [Colloq.]—Mealy bug, a species of Dactylopiw8,
as D. adomidwm, covered with a white powdery substance.
It is often found on the trunks of vines and other hot-
bº º; v. 3.; pret. and pp. bugged, ppr
Ul ug), 4). 3. . is is 5 *
#.” [K bug?, n.] To hunt for bugs; col-
lect or destroy insects: chiefly in the present
participle: as, to go bugging. [Humorous.]
bugs (bug), v. 3.; pret, and }: bugged, ppr.
bugging. [E. dial, var. of buck? or of its prim-
itive verb bowl, K ME. bowen, bugen, KAS. bil-
gan: see buck2, bowl.] To bend. [Prov. Eng.
(Kent).]
bugſ (bug), a. [E. dial. var. of big", and per-
haps of bogs; prob. confused with bugl: see
bugl, and cf. bug-word.] 1+. Big; threatening.
Cheval de trompette [F.], one that's not afraid of Shad-
owes; one whom no big nor bugs words can terrifle,
buggalow (bug'a-lô), n. Same as baggala.
buggardt, n. [Å vár. of boggardi; cf. bugi.],
Same as boggardl.
hº er1 (bug'ér), m. [KME. bougre, a heretic, K
OF. bougre, bogre, a heretic, KML. Bulgarus, a
Bulgarian, also, as a common noun, a heretic,
the §: being accused of heresy. The
popular detestation of “heretics” led to the use
of OF. bougre, etc., a heretic, in the later sense.]
One guilty of the crime of bestiality: vulgarly
used as a general term of contumely, without
reference to its meaning.
bugger? (bug'ér), n. [K bug?, v. i., + -erl.] A
collector of bugs or insects; an entomologist.
[Humorous.] *
buggerow-boat (buj'rö-bót), n. Same as bud-
gero.
buggery (bug'êr-i), m. [K OF. bougrerie, bogre-
bugleweed
ing coal in mines. Same as bogie”.-2, A.
name given to several species of carriages or
igs. (a). In India, a
# with a large hood to
screen those who travel
in it from the sun's rays.
(b) In England, a light,
two-wheeled vehicle with-
out a hood. (c) In the
United States, a light,
tº. *::::
with one seat, and Wi º *
or without a top.–Cut- American Buggy sº
under buggy, one in which the body is cut out to lighten
the appearance, or to allow the front wheels to pass
under to the reach when turning.
buggy-boat (bug"i-bót), n. A boat made so as
to be capable of having wheels attached to it,
and being thus converted into a land-vehicle.
buggy-cultivator (bugſi-kul’ti-vā-tgr), n. ...A.
cultivator with wheels and a seat on which the
person attending it may ride. E. H. Knight.
buggy-plow (bugſi-plou), n. A plow with a
seat on which the plowman may ride, and usu-
ally having several shares in the same frame.
L. H. Knight.
bughead (bug'hed), n. The bugfish or men-
haden. [Local, U. S. (Virginia).]
bught, bucht (bućht), n. §. (cf. equiv. Gael.
jºid, appar. from Sc.), also written bought,
boucht, prob. ult. = bought!, q.v.] 1. A sheep-
fold or sheep-pen; especially, a small inclosure
in the corner of a field for milking ewes.—2.
A square pew in a church, with a table in the
center, hence called a table-seat. [Scotch.]
bugiardt, n. [K It. bugiardo, a liar, K bugiare,
lie (= Pr. bauzar = OF. boiser, deceive, cheat),
K bugia, a lie, - Pr. bauzia = OF. boisie, deceit.]
A liar. Bp. Hacket. [Rare.]
bugis (böſjis), n. [E. Ind.] A boat used for
trading purposes in the East Indian archipela-
go ; a proa.
ugla (bug’lā), m. Same as baggala.
buglardt, m. A Middle English variant of bog-
gara+.
bugle1 (bù'gl), n. [Early mod. E. also bewgle,
bowgle, KME. bugle, bugylle, bogylle, KOF. bugle,
a wild ox (> bugler, F. beugler, bellow), K L. bu-
culus, dim. of bos, an ox, - E. cowl.] 14. A sort
of wild ox; a buffalo.
These are the beastes which ye shall eat of : oxen, sheep,
and gootes, hert, roo, and bugle [in the authorized version,
wild oz], wylde goote, etc. Bible, 1551, Deut. xiv. 4, 5.
2. A young bull. Grose. [Prov. Eng.]
bugle? (bü'gl), n. IK ME. bugle, bugul, etc., a
bugle-horn, as if short for bugle-horn, q. v.;
cf. F. bugle, a bugle-horn.] 1. A hunting-
horn. Also called bugle-horm.—2. A military
musical wind-instrument of brass, once or more
curved, sometimes furnished with keys or
valves, so as to be capable of producing all the
notes of the scale.
bugle” (bü'gl), v. i. ; pret. and pp. bugled, ppr.
bugling. [K bugle2, n.] To sound a bugle.
bugle3 (bü'gl), m. and a. [Appar, the word
defined by Cockeram (1626) as “a little blacke
horne,” a particular use of bugle”. (Skeat,
1901).] I. m. A shining elongated glass bead,
usually black, used in decorating female
apparel: as, “bugle-bracelet,” Shak., W. T.,
iv. 3 º:
II. a. Having the color of a glass bugle; jet-
black: as, “bugle eyeballs,” Shak.
bugle+ (bü'gl), m. . [K F. bugle = Sp. Pg. bugula
= It. bugola (Mahn), irreg. KLL. bugillo, a plant,
also called afuga reptans; origin unknown. The
late M.E. bugille is glossed buglossa ; see bugloss.]
The popular English name for a common low la-
biate plant of Europe, Ajuga reptans. The yellow
}. A. Chamoepitys, and the mountain bugle A. py-
7'07)??, !.S.
bugle-call (bū’ gl-kāl), n. A short melody
sounded upon a bugle as a signal or order.
bugle-cap (büºgl-kap), m. Same as cornet, 4 (b).
bugle-horn (büºgl-hôrn), n., [K ME. buglehorn;
K bugle2 + horn. Cf. bugle2.] 1. Same as bu-
gle2, 1.-2+. A drinking-vessel made of horn.
Janus . . . drynketh of his bugle-horm the wyn.
Chaucer, Franklin's Tale, i. 517.
re, heresy, Kbougré, heretic: see buggeri..] The bugler (bū‘glér), R... 1. One who plays a bugle;
crime of bestiality; sodomy.
bugginess (bugſi-nes), n. [K buggy1 + -ness.]
The state of being bug
buggyl (bug’i), a. [K ; + -y1.] Infested with
%bugs.
Cotgrave, buggy” (bug'i), m.; pl. buggies (-iz). [For-
Paroloni [It..], high, big, roving, long or bug work; *
2. Proud; self-important; pompous; conceited.
[Prov. Eng.]
merly (1767) bougee, for "boogie; a dial. vari-
ant of bogie, bogy: see bogie2. The word
passed into Hinā as baggi, bagghi.] 1. In
coal-mining, a small wagon used for transport-
specifically, a soldier assigned to convey the
commands of the officers by signals sounded on
a bugle... Buglers are also employed upon
United States vessels of war.—2. A fish of
the family Centriscidae and genus. Macrorham-
phosus; a snipe-fish. [Tasmanian.]
bugle-rod (bü'gl-rod), m. The pastoral staff of
a bishop. Halliwell; Wright.
bugleweed (bü'gl-wed), n. The common name
of the North American plant Lycopus Virgini-



bugleweed
cus, reputed astringent and sedative, and used
as a remedy for hemorrhage from the lungs.
buglewort (bū‘gl-wert), n.
weed.
bugloss (bū‘glos), n. . [(Late ME. bugille: see
bºgle+) & F. buglosse, K L. buglossa, buglossos, K
Gr. 30%000c, bugloss, lit. ox-tongue (in allu-
Sion to the shape and roughness of its leaves),
K Boig, ox, F Yāgoa, tongue: see gloss2.] Thé
popular name of the plant Anchusa officinalis.
The small wild bugloss is Asperugo procumbens; the
viper's-bugloss, Echium vulgare; the small bugloss, Ly-
copsis a rvensig; and the sea-bugloss, Pneumaria mari-
tima. They are all boraginaceous plants, with rough leaves.
Also called 02-tongue.
There poppies, nodding, mock the hope of toil:
There the blue bugloss paints the sterile soil.
Crabbe, Village, i. 6.
Spanish bugloss. Same as alkanet, 2.
buglow (bug'lö), n. Same as baggala.
bugong (bü'gong), n. [Australian.] An Aus-
tralian butterfly, Danais limniace, highly prized
as an article of food by the aborigines.
bugor (bü'gôr), n. [Russ, bugori, a hillock, a
heap (of sand or snow).] The elevated ground
or chain of hillocks separating limans or creeks,
Such as those which gash the shores of the
Black Sea, the Caspian, etc.
bug-seed (bug'séd), n. A common name of
the Corispermum hyssopifolium, a chenopodia-
ceous weed widely distributed over northern
temperate regions. The name has reference
to the shape of the fruit.
bug-shad (bug'shad), n. The bugfish or men-
haden. [Local, #. Š. (Virginia).
bug-wordf (bug' wérd), n. [K buglº-F word.]. A
word which frightens; blustering talk; a bug-
bear. Also bug's word, bugs-word.
No more of that, sweet friend; those are bug's words.
Chapman, Gentleman Usher, ii. 1.
Greedy. A man in commission
Give place to a tatterdemalion :
Mar. No bug words, sir.
Massinger, New Way to Pay Old Debts.
Death is a bug-word: things are not brought to that
extremity. Dryden, Sir Martin Mar-all, i. 1.
bugwort (bug' wért), n. IK bug? -- wortl.]
Same as bugbane.
buhach (bü"hach), m. The powdered flower-
heads of the plant Chrysanthemwm cinerariaefo-
lium, and of other species, which are effectualin-
secticides. Commonly called Persian or Dal-
*matian insect-powder.
buhl (böl), n. [Short for buhl-work, orig. Bouile-
work or Boule-work. Buhl is a German-looking
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Buhl.—Commode executed by Boule, in the ºftenue Mazarine,
Paris. (From “L’Art pour Tous.'
spelling of Boule or Boulle, the name of al’rench
artist (Amdré Charles Boule, 1642–1732), who
brought this kind of work to high perfection.]
A style of inlaid decoration in cabinet-work
practised by Boule, a celebrated designer un-
der Louis XIV. ; also, the articles so decorated.
Buhl is of wood richly inlaid with a kind of mosaic, com-
posed especially of tortoise-shell and line- or figure-work
in metal, both gold-colored and white.— Buhl and coun-
ter, a technical term for buhl decoration when two pat-
terms are obtained by one sawing from a sheet of metal,
viz., the decorative strip or scroll which is used in one
place, and an open pattern of the 8ame which is used else-
where.
buhl-Saw (böl’sä), m. A peculiar kind of frame-
saw used in cutting out
buhl-work. Also spelled
boule-saw.
buhl-work (böl’wérk), n.
Same as buhl.
buhr (běr), n. Same as
bur–8to??6. — Metallic buhr.
See burl. - ſº
buhr-dresser (bér' dres”-
ër), n. See bur-dresser. e
buhr-driver (bèr’dri”věr), m. See bur-driver.
×buhrstone (bér'stón), n. See burstone.
built1 (bük), m. and v. A. Scotch form of book,
Buhl-saw.
build (bild
Same as bugle- *building.
712
built? § n. A Scotch form of bulkl.
; v.; pret. and pp. built, builded, ppr.
Prop., as in early mod. E., spelled
bild, KME. bilden, belden, beelden, bylden, bulden,
KAS. byldan (late and rare), build, K bold (early
and common), a dwelling, house (cf. Icel. bol,
a farm, abode, - OSw, bol, a house, dwelling
(X bylja, build), =Dan. bol, a small farm), K biian
(V*b*, *bo) = Icel. bila, live, dwell, whence also
bottlel, a dwelling, bowerl, a dwelling, big2,
build, etc.: see bottle1, bower1, bowº, j%, etc.,
big”, etc.] I. trans. 1. To frame or construct,
as an edifice; form by uniting materials into a
regular structure; erect.
The house was builded of the earth,
And shall fall again to ground.
Tennyson, Deserted House.
2. Figuratively— (a) To form by art in any
way; construct.
º He knew
Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme.
Milton, Lycidas, l. 11.
(b) To raise as on a support or foundation;
I’08, I’,
Who builds his hope in air of your good looks,
Lives like a drunken sailor on a mast.
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 4.
Suspect not you
A faith that's built upon so true a sorrow.
Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, i. 2.
On God and Godlike men we build our trust.
Tennyson, Duke of Wellington, ix.
(c) To establish, increase, and strengthen; gen-
erally with up ; as, to build up a fine business;
to build up a character.
I, that have lent my life to build up yours.
Tennyson, Princess, iv.
To build castles in Spain. See castle.
II. intrans. 1. To exercise the art or prac-
tise the business of building; construct.—2.
Figuratively, to rear, erect, or construct any-
thing, as a plan or a system of thought.
Buddhism has its Tripitakas, which its various branches
recognize, and on which its several schools build.
Contemporary Rev., L.I. 207.
3. To rest or depend, as on a foundation; base;
rely: with on or upon.
Nay, I dare build upon his secrecy,
He knows not to deceive me.
B. Jomson, Every Man in his Humour, iii. 2.
This is a surer way than to build on the interpretation
of an author, Who does not consider how the ancients used
to think. Addison, Ancient Medals.
build (bild), n. [K build, v.] Manner of con-
struction; make; form: as, the build of a ship.
Lines of Gteam-ships should be aided on the condition
that their build be such as would permit of their easy com-
version into men-of-war. The American, VIII. 161.
builder (bil’dór), m. One who builds, or whose
occupation is that of building ; specifically,
one who controls or directs the work of con-
struction in any capacity.
In the practice of civil architecture, the builder comes
between the architect who designs the work and the arti-
sans who execute it. Eng. Encyc.
building (bil’ding), m. [Early mod. E. also
bilding, K ME. iiidae, byldynge, buldynge,
rarely buyldynge; verbal n. of build, v. º
The act of constructing, erecting, or estab-
lishing.—2. A fabric built or constructed; a
structure; an edifice; as commonly understood,
a house for residence, business, or public use,
or for shelter of animals or storage of goods.
In law, anything erected by art, and fixed upon or in the
soil, composed of different pieces connected together, and
designed for permanent use in the position in which it
is so fixed, is a building. Edw. Livingston. Thus, a pole
fixed in the earth is not a building, but a fence or a wall is.
Seest thou these great buildings? Mark xiii. 2.
3+. A flock or number: said of rooks.
Master Simon . . . told me that according to the most
ancient and approved treatise on hunting, I must say a
muster of peacocks. “In the same way,” added he, with a
slight air of pedantry, “we say a flight of doves or swal-
lows, a bevy of quails, a herd of deer, of Wrens, or cranes,
a skulk of foxes, or a building of rooks.”
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 259.
Building society, a joint-stock benefit society, for the
purpose of raising by periodical subscriptions a fund to
assist members in building or purchasing, the property
being mortgaged to the Society till the amount advanced
is full repaid with interest.
building-block (bil’ding-blok), n. 1. One of
the temporary supports or blocks on which a
ship's keel rests while the ship is building.
It is a block of timber which can be removed when the
key-pieces or templets are knocked away, . &
2. One of a set of blocks with which children
imitate the construction of buildings.
building-iron (bil’ding-i'êrn), n. A hand-tool
used in the manner of a soldering-iron, to melt
bulb
wax and cause it to make elevations upon the
unprotected portions of an electrotype mold.
building-lease (bil’ding-lès), n. A lease of
land for a term of years (in England usually
99), under which the lessee engages to erect
certain edifices on the land according to speci-
fication, these edifices falling to the landowner
on the expiration of the lease.
building-S º (bil’ding-slip), m. The inclined
plane in a dock or builder's yard on which a
ship is constructed. The ship is raised above the slip
by piles of blocks on which it rests, &
building-stance (bil’ding-stans), n. . A piece
of ground on which to build. [Scotch.]
building-wax, (bil (ding-waks), n.,,, Beeswax
used with a building-iron to “build up "the
blank * between the types of an electro-
type mold.
bā; (bil’dres), n. IK builder + -ess.] A
female builder. Fuller. [Rare.]
built (bilt), p. a. [Pp. of build, v.] ... 1. Con-
structed; formed; shaped; made: often used
of the human body, and frequent in compound
nautical terms, as clincher-built, clipper-built,
frigate-built, etc.
Like the generality of Genoese countrywomen, strongly
built. Landor.
2. Constructed of different pieces; not com-
posed of one piece: as, a built mast or block;
a built rib.-Built beam. See beam.
builtt (bilt), m. . . [For build, n.] Form; shape;
build; mode of building. Sir W. Temple.
built-up (bilt’up), a. Composed of several
parts joined together: as, a built-up mast, rib,
arch, etc.—Built-up trail. See trail.
buirdly (bùrij,” “for uncertain origin. Cf.
burlyl.] Large andwell made; stout in appear-
ance; burly. [Scotch.]
Buirdly chiels and clever hizzies. Burns, Twa Dogs.
buisson (F. pron. byé-sóñ’), n. [F., a bush, K
bwis, a box-tree: see boa;1..] In gardening, a
fruit-tree on a very low stem, with the head
closely pruned.
buist (büst), n. [Also written boost, var. of
boist, a box; cf. buistin'-iron, the marking-iron,
tar-buist, the box in which the iron (orig. the
tar), for marking is kept: see boist1, boost3.1
1. A box; a chest.—2. A coffin.—3. A bas-
ket.—4. A distinctive mark set upon sheep
and cattle; a brand; hence, any distinguishing
characteristic. [Scotch in all senses.]
What old carle hast thou with thee?— He is not of the
brotherhood of Saint Mary's — at least he has not the
bwist of these black cattle. Scott, Monastery, II, 58.
buist (büst), v. t. [K buist, n.] To mark with
a buist, as sheep. Also boost. [Scotch..]
buki, n. A Middle English form of buckl.
el, m. A Scotch form of book.
buke? (böſkä), n. [K Chino-Jap. bu, martial,
military, + ke, family.] The military families
of Japan, as distinguished from the kuge, or
court nobility; the daimios, or territorial nobil-
ity, and their retainers, the samurai. The distinc-
tion between buke and leuge ceased on the abolition of the
feudal system in 1871. See kuge.
bukket, n. A Middle *g. form of buckl.
Bukkio (bük'ké'6), n. Same as Buppo.
bukkum-wood (buk’um-wild), n. Tº bukkum,
8, ºve name, -- wood.] Same as Sappan-
(l)000.
bukshee (buk'shē), n. [Also written bukhshee,
repr. Hind. bakshi, a paymaster, K baksh, pay, a
gift, K Pers. bakshidan, give, forgive. Číº.
Shish, bakshish.] An East Indian name for a
paymaster or a commander.
bukshish (buk'shësh), n. Same as bakshish.
bulafo, n. [Native name in Guinea.] A musi-
cal instrument used by the negroes of Guinea.
It consists of several wooden pipes fastened together with
leathern thongs, with small spaces between the pipes.
In playing it the pipes are
struck with small rods or
drumsticks.
bulata (bul'a-tá), m.
Same as balata-gum.
bulau (bü’lā), n. [Ap-
par. a native name.]
An insectivorous
mammal of the genus
Gymnura, inhabiting
Sumatra, Borneo,
ketc.; a gymnure.
bulb (bulb), m. [K
F. bulbe, K L. bulbus,
a bulbous root, an
onion, K. Gr. 302369,
a bulbous root.] 1.
A form of the leaf-bud, usually subterranean,
in which the stem is reduced to a flat disk,
x, Bulb of Hyacinth. 2, Longitudi-
nal section of same.
a, summit of bud, or growing-
point; b, bases of leaves; c, crown
of root, or stem ; d, fibers, or root
proper; o; young bulb, or offset.











bulb
rooting from the under side, and bearing above
closely appressed fleshy leaves. In the tunicated
or coated bulb these leaves are in the form of broad,
closely concentric coatings, as in the hyacinth and Onion;
in the scaly bulb they are narrow, thick, and imbricated,
as in the lily. The so-called solid bulb, as in the crocus
and gladiolus, is more properly a corm, or short thick
root-stock, inclosed within the dried sheathing bases of a
few leaves. º º
2. Any protuberance or expansion resembling
a bulb, especially an expansion at the end of
a stalk or long and slender body: as, the bulb
of a thermometer; the bulb of the aorta.-3.
pl. The tonsils. [Prov. Eng.]—Aortic or arte-
rial bulb. Same as bulb of the aorta.—Artery of the
bulb. See artery.—Bulb of a hair, the swollen part
at the origin of the hair.—Bulb of a tooth, the embry-
onic mesoblastic papilla forming the germ of the tooth it
is capped by the epiblastic enamel organ, and is converted
into dentine externally, while the core, becoming highly
nervous and vascular, forms the definitive dental papilla
or tooth-bulb.-Bulb of the aorta, in comp, Qºmat. and
embryol., the foremost of the three divisions of the origi-
| º
* * - A ſ. º
º • Ill Wºla, W
**
Bulb of the Aorta of a shark (Lammta), laid open, showing thick
muscular wall, m, and three rows of valves, z, z, v.
nal cardiac vessel. From it spring the aortic arches, and
from it are developed the aorta and pulmonary artery.
Also called aortic or arterial bulb and bulbus arteriosus.
—Bulb of the eye, the eyeball.— Bulb of the Spinal
cord, the medulla oblongata.—Bulb of the urethra,
the posterior enlarged rounded extremity of the corpus
spongiosum of the penis.—Bulbs of the fornix, the cor-
pora albicantia of the brain.—Detonating bulb. See
detonating.—Olfactory bulb, the anterior enlargement
of the olfactory tract, from which the olfactory nerves are
sent off. See cut under Elasmobranchii. e
bulb (bulb), v. i. [K bulb, n.] To project or be
protuberant. Evelyn. -
bulbaceous (bul-bā’shius), a. [K L. bulbaceus,
*K bulbus, a bulb.: see bulb.] Bulbous. Johnson.
bulbar (bul’bàr), a. [KL. bulbus, bulb, +-arº.]
1. Bulbous.-2. In pathol., pertaining to the
medulla oblongata.-Chronic bulbar paralysis, a
disease characterized by progressive paralysis and atrophy
of the muscles of the lips, tongue, palate, pharynx, and
larynx. Also called
ogressive bulbo-nuclear paralysis,
progressive atrophic
lbar paralysis, and glosso-labio-la-
ryngeal paralysis.
bulbed (bulbd), a. [K bulb -- -ed?..] Having
a bib; round headed.
bulbel (bul’bel), n. [K NL. *bulbellus, “bulbil-
lus, dim. of L. bulbus, bulb.] Same as bulblet.
bulberry (bul’ber’i), n. ; pl. bulberries (-iz).
Same as bilberry.
bulbi, n. Plural of bulbus.
bulbiferous (bul-bif/e-rus), a. [K L. bulbus,
bulb, + ferre = E. bearl.] Producing bulbs:
as, bulbiferous stems.
bulbiform (bul’bi-fôrm), a. [K L. bulbus, bulb,
+ forma, form.] Bulb-shaped.
bulbil (bul’bil), n. [K NL. “bulbillus, dim. of
L. bulbus : see bulb, bulbus.] Same as bulblet.
bulbine (bul’bin), n. [L., KGr. 30%3tvm, a white
kind of bulbous plant, K 60%6g, a certain bul-
bous root: see bulb.] An herb having leaves
like the leek and a purple flower; dog's-leek.
bulblet (bulb'let), m. [K bulb + dim. -let.] A.
little bulb; specifically, in bot., a small ačrial
bulb or bud with fleshy scales, growing in the
axils of leaves, as in the tiger-lily, or taking
the place of flower-buds, as in the common
onion. Also bulbel, bulbil.
bulbodiumf (bul-bó’ di-um), m. . . [NL., K. Gr.
6038%ómº, contr. form of 80%90et%g, bulb-like,
K 80%96c, a bulb, + elóog, form.]. A word for-
merly used by botanists for what is now called
8, GOTOſl.
bulbose (bul’bós), a. [K L. bulbosus: see bul-
bows.] Producing bulbs; resembling a bulb ;
bulbous. [Rare.
bulbotuber (bul’bó-tū’bër), n. [K. L. bulbus,
bulb, + tuber, tuber.] A corm. [Rare.] -
bulbous (bul’bus), a... [= F. bulbéua, K. L. bul-
bosus, K bulbus, bulb.] 1. Producing or grow-
'bulbule (bul’bül), n.
..bule? (böl), n.
713
ing from bulbs: as, bulbous plants.—2. Per-
taining to or resembling a bulb ; swelling out;
'bulb-shaped.
Above the fringe of brushwood on the hill-tops rise the
many golden domes and bulbous spires of cathedral and
convents. A. J. C. Hare, Russia, ix.
A burly, bulbous man, who, in sheer ostentation of his
venerable progenitors, was the first to introduce into
the settlement the ancient Dutch fashion of ten pair of
breeches. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 108.
Bulbous torc, a torc made with the ends finished with
[= Ar. Turk. Hind. bul-
bulb-shaped ornaments,
bulbul.1 (bùl’bül), m.
bul, K Pers. bulbul, a nightingale; prob. imita-
tive; cf. bullen-bullen.] 1. The Persian name
of the º or a species of nightingale,
rendered familiar in English poetry by Moore,
Byron, and others. The same name is also given in
8outhern and southwestern Asia to sundry other birds.
Specifically—2. In ornith., a bird of the fam-
.# ;
bulbul? (bül’bül), n. [E. Ind.] A name given
to the yak.
[K L.L. bulbulus, dim. of
L. bulbus, bulb.] A little bulb ; a bulblet.
loulbus (bul’bus), n. ; pl. bulbi (-bi). [L. : see
bulb.] A bulb.: used chiefly in anatomy in such
phrases as bulbus oculi, the eyeball; bulbus aor-
tº, the aortic bulb.-Bulbus arteriosus. Same as
bulb of the aorta (which see, under bulb).-Bulbus glan-
dulosus, or Ventriculus glandulosus, the glandular
or true stomach of birds; the proventriculus.—Bulbus
Venaº jugularis, the enlargement of the internal jugu-
lar vein at its commencement in the jugular foramen.
bulby (bul’bi), a. [K bulb +
like a bulb ; bulbous. *
bulcardt (bulſkärd), n. A Cornish name of the
blenny.
bulchlf, v. An obsolete variant of belch.
bulch?f, n. [Appar. shortened from bulchin..] A
bull-calf: sometimes used familiarly in refer-
ence to a person, either in kindness or in con-
tempt.
So that my bulch.
Show but his swarth cheek to me, let earth cleave
And break from hell, I care not
Ford and Dekker, Witch of Edmonton, v. 1.
loulchint (bül’ chin), n. [K ME. bulchin, K bul,
a bull, -H dim. –chin = -kin.] A young male
calf: often applied in contempt to persons.
Drayton.
For ten mark men sold a litille bulchyn.
Langtoft, Chronicle (ed. Hearne), p. 174.
A new-weande bulchin. Marston, Dutch Courtezan, ii. 1.
buldi, buldet, v. Middle English forms of build.
Chaucer.
bulder (bul’dér), v. i. Same as buller.
buldering (bui’áering), a. Hot; sultry. [Prov.
Eng. (Exmoor).] -
bule1+, n., A Middle English form of bilel, boill.
Same as boul.
bule3+, n. A Middle English form of bull1.
Bulgar (bul’gār), n. [= F. Bulgare = G. Bul-
gar = Turk. Bulgar = Hung. Bolgar, etc., M.L.
Bulgarus, K OBulg. Blügarinii, Bulg. Blügarin
= Serv. Bugarin = Russ. Bolgarimit, Bulgarit,
Bulgar; M.L. Bulgaria, Russ. Bulgariya, etc.,
Bulgaria. The name is usually associated,
without sufficient evidence, with the river Volga
(Russ. Volga, etc.).] 1. A member of an an-Bulimulus (bù-lim (iiilus), n.
mus + dim. -ulus.] The typical genus of the
cient Finnish race, living on the Volga, the Don,
the Danube, etc. A tribe of the Bulgars conquered
the Slavs of Moesia in the seventh century, gave the name
Bulgaria to the country, and soon became partly Slavic in
blood and wholly in language.
2. One of the Slavic inhabitants of Bulgaria;
a Bulgarian.
Bulgarian (bul-gā’ri-an), a. and m. [K Bulgar,
Bulgaria, + -ian, -an.] I. a. 1. Of or pertain-
ing to the Bulgars. Also Bulgaric.—2. Per-
taining to Bulgaria, a kingdom of Europe lying
South of the Danube. From 1878 to 1908
Bulgaria was a principality under Turkey.
II. m. 1. A member of the race inhabiting
Bulgaria, a Slavonized Finnish people.—2.
The language of the Bulgarians, or Slavic
Bulgars. It is divided into two dialects, Qld Bulgarian
(also called Church Slavic or Slavonian) and New Bulga-
Tian. The former is the richest and best of the SIavic
tongues, but is extinct as a spoken language. See Slavic.
Bulgaric (bul-gar'ik), a. and m. [K Bulgar +
-ic.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the ancient Bul-
ars and their modern representatives, the
Kºłº and Cheremissians of the Volga.
II. m. The speech of the ancient Bulgars and
*the modern Bulgaric Finns. See I.
bulge (bulj), n. [KME. bulge, a swelling, hump,
rob, the same as bulge, a bag, found oftener
in the OF. form bouge, X E. bouge! and budge?, bulimy (bü’li-mi), n.
all due to L. bulga, a leathern bag; a word prob. bulkl (bulk), n.
of Celtic origin: Gael. Ir, bolg, a bag, akin to AS. *
×stall and get the better of one.
bulge (bulj), v. i.; pret. and pp. bulged, ppr.
bulgeways (bulj"wāz), n. pl.
bulimic (bü-lim'ik), a.
Bulimida (bù-lim’i-dà), m. pl.
bulimoid (bü’li-moid), a.
bulimous (bū‘li-mus), a.
bulimulid (bü-lim’ī-lid), n.
Bulimulidae (bü-li-mü ‘li-dé), m. pl.
Bulimus (bü’li-mus), m.
bulk
ballg, a bag, etc. (X E. bellows, belly), and prob,
to Icel. lºggi etc., E. bagl: see belly, bellow8,
bagl, bouge!, budge , and bilge.] 1. Arounded
protuberance; a swelling; a swell; a hump.
His nese was cutted as a cat,
His browes war like litel buskeg,
And his tethe like bare tuskes,
A ful grete bulge opon his bak.
Ywaine and Gawin (ed. Ritson, 1802), 1. 260.
We advanced half a mile, and encamped temporarily
in a hill-girt bulge of the flumara bed.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 362.
2. The swirl made by a salmon rising to the
surface. Sportsman's Gazetteer.—To get the
bulge on One, to get the *: of a person ; fore-
[Slang.]
bulging. [K bulge, n. Cf. bag 1,
ult. connected with bulge.] 1.
be protuberant.
He spoke : the brawny spearman let his cheek
Bulge with the unswallow'd piece, and turning stared.
Tennyson, Geraint.
And the § nets swept shoreward,
With their silver-sided haul.
Whittier, The Sycamores.
2. To bilge, as a ship.
The grievous shipwrack of my travels dear
In bulged bark, all perished in disgrace.
aniel (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 586).
Bulged cask. See caskſ.
^)., and belly, v.,
fo sweil out;
bulger (bul’jēr), n. That which bulges; in golf,
a club with a convex face.
Same as bilge-
ways.
*J Somewhat big, (bul (ji), a. [K bulge + -y1.] ... Bending
outward; b
[R ulging: as, “bulgy legs,” Dickens.
3, I’é
buimiä (bi-limi-á), n. [= F. boulimie, K NL.
bulimia (L.L. bulima, L. bulimus), K. Gr. 3ovžquía,
also 300%tuoc, great hunger, K Boüç, ox, in comp.
implying ‘great,’ + Augég, hunger.] Morbidly
voracious appetite; a disease in which the pa-
tient has a constant and insatiable craving for
food. Also written bulimy, boulimia, boulimy.
[K bulimia + -ic.] Of
[NL., K. Bulimus
+ -ida.] . A group or tribe of terrestrial gas-
tropods, including the genera Bulimus, Acha-
tima, Pupa, and Clausilia. Beck, 1837. [Not in
or pertaining to bulimia.
TIS0.
bulimiform (bü-lim’i-fôrm), a. [K NL. Buli-
mus + L. forma, form.] Having that form of
shell characteristic of the genus Bulimus.
Having the appear-
ance of or like gastropods of the genus Bulimus.
[K bulimia + -ows.]
Characterized by bulimia.
A gastropod of
[NL., K
Bulimulus + -idae.] A family of geophilous
pulmonate gastropods, typified by the genus
Bulimulus, having the mantle included in the
more or less elongated and turreted shell, the
jaw thin, provided with distant transverse ribs,
and the lateral teeth peculiar in the elongation
and curvation of the inner cusp.
the family Bulimulidae.
[NL., as Buli-
family Bulimulidae. There are thirty-three
North American species, chiefly of southwest-
ern regions.
e [NL. (Scopoli, 1786),
an error (as if K. Gr. Boü%upoc, great hunger)
for Bulinus (Adanson,
1757), prop. (as emend-
ed by Oken, 1815) Bul-
linus, K L. bulla, a bub-
ble, boss, stud (see bul-
la), + dim. -imus.] A
genus of land-snails to
which very different lim-
its have been assigned.
(a) With the old authors it was
a repository for all land-snails
having an ovate form, a longi-
tudinal ovate aperture, and a
non-truncate columella. It
consequently included numer-
ous heterogeneous species
now distributed among dif-
ferent families. (b) By recent
authors it is restricted to
Helicidae of considerable size,
represented by B. oblongus.
(See cut.) Such species are
mostly confined to South America. B. ovatus has some-
times a shell about 6 inches long.
Same as bulimia.
* * * * IK ME, bolke, a heap, K. Icel.
bülki, the cargo or freight of a ship (cf. mod. bill-
Bulimus oblongits.



bulk
kast, be bulky), Orig. a heap, in modern Icel.
bunki, a heap (see bunk and bwmchl), = OSw.
bolk, a heap, SW. dial. bulk, a knob, bunch, =
ODan, Dan. bulk, a bump, knob; prob. ult,
714.
Skinner. [Prov, Eng.]—2. A butcher's stall.
[Prov. Eng.]—3. One who sleeps under bulks
or benches; a night-walker. Halliwell... [Prov,
Eng.]—4t. A common strumpet or jilt. E.
from the root of belly, bellows, bagl, etc., and A Phillips, 1706.
thus remotely connected with
Cf. bunk, bunch1. In ref, to the body, first in
early mod, E. bulke, the breast, thorax, = MD.
bulcke, ‘thorax’; either the same word as bulk,
a heap, etc., with which it is associated, or the
same (with l inserted by confusion with bulk,
a heap) as M.E. bouk, buk, buc, the belly, body:
see bowkl, and cf. buckā. Thé sense of “breast
or chest” runs easily into that of ‘the whole
body,” and this into the sense of ‘the whole
dimensions, the gross.’] 1+. A heap.
Bolke or hepe, cumulus, acervus. Prompt. Parv., p. 43.
2. Magnitude of material substance; whole
dimensions in length, breadth, and thickness;
size of a material thing: as, an ox or a ship of
great bulk.
A sturdy mountaineer of six feet two and corresponding
bulk. Hawthorne, Old Manse, II.
3. The gross; the greater part; the main mass
or body: as, the bulk of a debt; the bulk of a
nation.
It is certain that, though the English love liberty, the
bulk of the English people desire a king.
W. Godwin, Hist. Commonwealth, iv. 2.
She will enjoy eight hundred a year independent while
I live; and . . . the bulk of my fortune at my death.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 3.
The ease and completeness with which the invaders had
won the bulk of Britain only brought out in stronger re-
lief the completeness of their repulse from the South.
. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 108.
4}. The bottom or hold of a ship.
Alwe0, . . . the bulke, belly or bottom of a ship. Florio.
5. The entire space in a ship’s hold for the
stowage of goods; hence, that which is stowed;
the mass of the cargo: as, to break bulk for
unloading.—6+. The breast; the chest; the
thorax.
Yº bulke, thorax. Levins, Manip. Vocab. (1570), col. 187.
Torace [It..], the brest or bulke of a man. Florio (1598).
7. The body of a living creature.
He rais'd a sigh so piteous and profound,
That it did seem to shatter all his bulk,
And end his being. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 1.
Vast bulks which little souls but ill supply:
Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, l. 280.
Bones of some vast bulk that lived and roar'd
Before man was. Tennyson, Princess, iii.
Elasticity of bulk. See elasticity.—Laden in bulk,
having the cargo loose in the hold, or not inclosed in
boxes, bales, bags, or casks. –To break bulk. See break.
=Syn, 2. Greatness, largeness, extent, bigness; Magmi-
+tude, Volume, etc. See si
Sºzę.
bulkl (bulk), v. [K bulki, n.] I. intrans. To in- a
crease in bulk; grow large; Swell.
He [Chalmers] would dilate on one doctrine till it bulked
into a bible. North British Rev.
But the more he is alone with nature, the greater man
and his doings bulk in the consideration of his fellow-men.
The Century, XXVII. 193.
II. trans. To put or hold in bulk or as a
mass; fix the bulk of in place: as, to bulk a
cargo. [Rare.]
Rotting on some wild shore with ribs of wreck,
Or like an old-world mammoth bulk'd in ice,
Not to be molten out. Tennyson, Princess, v.
bulk2t, v. i. [ME.; var. of bolk, q.v.] To belch.
Bulk not as a Beene were yn thi throte,
As a karle that comys oute of a cote.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 18.
bulk3 (bulk), m. [ME. bulk (in bulk-Stal), con-
nected with MDan. bulk, a balk, Dan. dial. bulk,
a half-wall, a partition, and further with AS.
bolca, a gangway, bealca, a beam: see balk!, n.]
1+. A projecting frame or part of a building.
Bere, stand behind this bulk. Shak., Othello, v. 1.
On a bulk in a cellar was to be found the author of the
“Wanderer.” John 80m.
2. A stall in front of a shop. [Prov. Eng.]
'bulká (bulk), v. i. [K ME. bulken; cf. bunch2,
strike, as related, through bunk, to bulk 1.] 1+.
To strike; beat.
On her brestes gon thei bulk
And uchone to her in to sculk,
Cursor Mundi. (Halliwell.)
2. To throb, [Prov. Eng.] -
bulkar. m. See bulker2.
bulkerl (bul’kèr), n. [K bulk1 + -erl.] Nawt.,
* a person employed to determine the quantity
or bulk of goods, so as to fix the amount of
freight- or shore-dues to which they are liable.
[Eng.]
bulker2 (bul’kèr)
l, 2) bulkar; K
70,
. . [Also written (in defs.
bui3
+ -erl.] 1+. A beam.
k
bull.1 (bùl), v. t.
bulge, q. v. bulkhead (bulk'hed), n. IK bulkš, partition, +
head.] 1. A partition. Specifically—(a) A parti-
tion in a ship to form separate apartments, or a water-
tight partition placed in the hull to prevent the passage
of water or fire from one part to another in case of acci-
dent; also, a screen, as for protection in a fight.
We had only to wring out our wet clothes [and] hang
them up to chafe against the bulkheads.
R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 33.
(b) In civil engin., a partition built in a tunnel, conduit,
or other subterranean passage, intended to prevent the
passage of air, Water, or mud. º
2. A water-face of a wharf, £. or sea-wall.
—3. A horizontal or, inclined door giving ac-
cess from the outside of a house to the cellar.
[New Eng.]—Bulkhead door, a water-tight door in a
bulkhead.-Bulkhead line, a surveyors' line showing
how far the bulkheads of piers may project into a stream
or harbor.—Collision bulkhead, a strong bulkhead built
across a ship, near the bows, and
from filling with water if the bows are stove in.-Screen
bulkhead (mawt.), a screen of canvas or other cloth, taking
the place of a bulkhead. -
bulkiness (bulſki-nes), n. IK bulky + -mess.]
The state or quality of being bulky; magnitude
in bulk or size.
bulky (bulſki), a... [K bulkl -- -y1. Cf. Icel.
bülkalegr, bulky, Sw. dial. bullkug, bunchy, pro-
tuberant.] 1. Of great bulk or size; large.
Hence—2. Unwieldy; clumsy.
Latreus, the bulkiest of the double race. Dryden.
The book . . . suffers from the editor's bulky style.
N. A. Rev., CXXVII. 164.
=Syn. Bulky, Massive, Massy, Ponderous, Burly. Bulky
refers to prominence, excess, or unwieldiness of size; it
applies properly to material things; if applied to persons,
it implies the development of physical size at the expense
of higher qualities. Massy is, strictly, poetic for massive.
The two denote weight and solidity quite as much as
size, while that which is bulky may be hollow and com-
paratively light: as, a bulky bundle of straw; a massive
jaw; “ingots of massy gold.” Ponderous primarily de-
notes weight and not size, but has come to have a secon-
dary suggestion of unwieldiness. Burly is applićable only
to persons, and expresses bigness, solidity, and force, With
something of coarseness of manner.
In 1603, Jonson produced his mighty tragedy of Sejanus
a noble piece of work, full of learning, ingenuity, an
force of mind in wielding bulky materials.
Whipple, Old Eng. Dram.
And bared the knotted column of his throat,
The massive square of his heroic breast.
Tennyson, Geraint.
We turned down into a narrow street, and, after pro-
ceeding a little way, passed under a massy arched gate-
way, and found ourselves in the *}. courtyard of this
princely mansion. . Ware, Zenobia, I. 29.
Slowly the ponderous portal
Closed, and in silence the crowd awaited the will of the
soldiers. Longfellow, Evangeline, i. 4.
bulli (bùl), n. [K ME. bul, bule, bol, bole (these
forms appar. after Scand.), also bulle, appar. K
AS. *bulla (not found, but indicated by the rare
dim. bulluc, X E. bullock!, %. v.) = MD. bulle,
bolle, D. bul = MLG. T.G. bulle (> G. bulle) =
Icel. boli, a bull (cf. baula, a cow: see bawll), –
Norw. bol = ODan. bul, a bull, Dan. bāll, a cas-
trated bull (cf. OBulg. volū = Serv. vo = Bohem.
wul (wol-) = Pol. wol (barred l), an ox, = Russ.
volū, a bull, - Lith. bullus = Lett. bollis); prob.
from the root of bell?, bellow, q.v.] i: The
male of the domestic bovine, of which the fe-
male is a cow; in general, the male of any bo-
vine, as of the different species of the genus
Bos.-2. An old male whale, sea-lion, sea-
'bear, or fur-seal.–3. ; Taurus, one of the
twelve signs of the zodiac.—4. In stock-ea:-
change slang, one who endeavors to effect a rise
in the price of stock: the opposite of a bear.
See bear2, 5.
2d Stock. Zounds, where are all the Jews this afternoon?
Are you a Bull or a Bear To day, Abraham? -
3d Stock. A Bull, Faith, but I have a good Putt for
next Week. Mrs. Centlivre, Bold Stroke, iv.
5. The bull's-eye of a target.—6. pl. The stems
of hedge-thorns.—7. pl. The transverse bars
of wood into which the heads of harrows are
set. Grose; Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] — 8+. A
five-shilling piece. Brewer.—9t. A small keg.
–10. The weak grog made by pouring water
into a spirit-cask nearly empty. . [Slang.]—
; See bay1.—To take the bull by the horns,
to grapple with or face boldly some danger or difficulty.
[In composition, bull often implies “male' or ‘of large
size,” as in bull-trout, perhaps bulrush, etc.]
[K bull1, n. ; = Icel, bola, butt,
push.] 1. To toss or throw up º 3.S
cattle do. [Prov. Eng.]–2. In the stock ea:-
change, to endeavor to raise, as the price of
shares, artificially and unduly. See the noun.—
TO buiſ a barrel, to pour water into a cask, when it is
designed to prevent it'
bull
nearly empty, to prevent it from leaking.—To bull the
market, to operate for a rise in prices, as is done by
brokers who are long in any particular stock. •
bulli (būl), a... [K, bulli, n., 4.] In the stock
exchange, in the interest of or favorable to the
bulls; buoyant; rising: as, a bull movement;
a bull market.
bull? (bül), n. [K ME. bulle, KOF, bulle, F. bulle
= It. bolla, bulla = D. bul, bulle = G. Dan. bulle
= Sw. bulla = Icel. bāla (in bann-bóla, a bull of
excommunication), KML. bulla, a papal edict,
any edict or writing, a seal, L. bulla, a boss,
knob, stud, bubble: see bulla, bills, billetl, bullet,
bulletin, boil?, bowl2, etc.] I. Same as bulla, 2.
—2. The most authoritative official document
issued by the pope or in his name: usually an
open letter containing some decree, order, or
decision relating to matters of grace or justice.
It derives its name from the leaden seal (Latin bulla)
appended to it by a thread or band, which is red or yellow
when the bullrefers to matters of grace, and uncolored and
of hemp when it refers to matters of justice. On one side
of the seal is the name of the pope, and on the other are
the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul. Bulls are written in
Latin, either in the ordinary cursive hand or in round
Gothic characters, and have a red seal on the parchment
itself, in which the name of the pope encircles the heads
of the apostles. They begin with the name of the pope,
followed by the term episcopus (bishop) and the words
servus servorum Dei (servant of the servants of God) and
a salutation, and close with the place and date of execu-
tion and the subscription of the chancellor or other func-
tionary of the papal chancery. The distinctive name of a
bull is taken from the first word or words of the general in-
troduction which follows the salutation: as, the bull Uni-
emitus, which begins with the words Unigemitus Dei, etc.,
issued in 1713 by Clement XI., condemning the Jansenist
propositions set forth in Quesnel's “Moral Reflections.”
A brief, though of equal authority with a bull, differs from
it in several important points, chiefly of form. It is
shorter, relates to subjects of inferior importance, is writ-
ten in Latin in ordinary Roman letters and on the smooth
side of the parchment, uses the word papa instead of epis-
copus in the introductory formula, is sealed with red wax
instead of lead, and with the pope's private seal, the fish-
erman's ring, and is never signed by the pope himself,
but by a secretary of the papal chancery. Both briefs
and bulls belong to a class of papal documents generi-
cally called apostolic letters; these are encyclical when
addressed to the bishops of the Roman Catholic world,
and from their contents are called constitutions, decretals
(ancient), Synodal letters (also ancient), rescripts, motus
proprii, etc. Consistorial bulls are issued after consulta-
tion with the consistory of cardinals, and are signed by all
the cardinals consulted.
The church published her bulls of crusade; offering lib-
eral indulgences to those who served.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., Int.
The pope has issued a bull deposing Queen Elizabeth.
Macaulay, Disabilities of the Jews.
3. An official letter; an edict; especially, anim-
perial edict under the Romanor the old German
empliſe.-Golden bull, a name given to several cele-
brated historical documents, from their golden seal. The
most notable of these is an edict or imperial constitution
made in 1356 by the emperor Charles IV., regulating the
mode of procedure in the election and coronation of the
emperor.—Leaden bulls, the designation of official doc-
uments (from their leaden seals) sent by the emperors of
Constantinople to patriarchs and princes, by the grandees
of the empire, of France, Sicily, etc., and by patriarchs
and bishops.
bull}} (bül), n. [= F. bulle, formerly bule = sp.
obs. bulla = Pg. bolha = It. bolla, bulla, K L.
bulla, a bubble: see bull2.] A bubble.
Life is as a bull rising on the water. Nowell. (Davies.)
bullá (bùl), n. [Not found earlier than the 17th
century, except as ME. bul (about A. D. 1320) in
the doubtful passage first quoted. Origin un-
certain. Several anecdotes involving Irish
speakers have been told (and appar. invented)
to account for the word. It is usually asso-
ciated with bull?, a papal edict, in allusion, it
is said, to the contrast between the humble
professions of the pope, as in his styling himself
‘servant of servants,” and the absolutely dicta-
torial nature of his edicts. This explanation,
which rests partly on the passage quoted from
Milton (cf. bullish.2, also in Milton), below, is
hardly tenable on historical grounds. The Icel,
bull, nonsense, bulla, talk nonsense, chat, is
mod., and, if not from the E. word, is to be
associated with bulla, boil, and ult. with L. bul-
la, a bubble: see bui3.j A gross inconsistency
in language; a ludicrous blunder involving a
contradiction in terms: commonly regarded
as especially characteristic of the Irish, and
often called an Irish bull.
Quilk man, quilk calf, º leon, quilk fugul
I sal you tel, with-vten bul. 4.
Cursor Mundi (E. E. T. S.), 1. 21269.
I may say (without a Bull) this controversy of yours is
so much the more needless, by how much that about which
it is (Reformation) is so without all controversy needful.
Charles Herle, Ahab's Fall (1644), Ded.
And whereas the Papist boasts himself to be a Roman
Catholic, it is a mere contradiction, one of the pope's
bulls, as if he should say universal particular; a Catholic
schismatic, Milton, True Religion.
bull
beast winter'd one whole summer for a noble.” ‘
was a Bull, my Lord, I beleeve,” says the fellow.
Thoms, Anecdotes and Traditions (Camden Soc.), p. 79.
=Syn. Error, Mistake, etc. See blunder.
hiº n. ; pl. bullae (-6). [L., a bubble,
boss, knob, an ornament, etc.; hence E. bull”,
bullº, bill?, bowl2, etc.; cf. Hind. bulbulá, bullā,
a bubble, and E. bubble1, etc.; all perhaps orig.
imitative..] 1. An ornament in the form of a
capsule or locket, in use among the ancient
Romans, who adopted it from the Etruscans.
It was worn especially around the neck as an amulet by
Roman children, both boys and girls, its protective virtue
being supposed to reside either in its precious material or
in some substance inclosed within it. It was of gold in
the families of the nobly born and the rich, and of com-
moner material among others. It was laid aside by young
Iſle]] º attaining maturity, and dedicated to Hercules
or to the household lares; by young women it was dedi-
cated to Juno. . -
When now my golden Bulla (hung on high
To household ; declar'd me past a boy.
ryden, tr. of Persius, Satires, v. 42.
2. A seal attached to a document. Specifically—
a) A seal used by the emperors of Constantinople, and by
he early emperors of the Holy Roman (German) Empire,
and by other sovereigns. (b) A leaden seal attached to
important documents issued by the pope. See bull2, 2.
Bulla of Pope Alexander IV.
3. Any ornament of rounded form, especially
if suspended, such as those which are attached
by small chains to the Hungarian crown.—4.
In pathol., a bleb or portion of epidermis raised
by the extravasation of a transparent watery
fluid, as in erysipelas, etc.—5. In anat., an in-
flated portion of the bony external meatus of
the ear, forming a more or less well-marked
prominence on each side at the base of the
skull of many animals, usually constituted by
a bulbous tympanic bone. Also called bulla
ossea. See extract.
In some Marsupials, where the tympanic does not pass
beyond the annular condition, there is an apparently simi-
lar bulla, but this is formed by an extension of the bases
of the alae temporales (Dasyurus, Petaurista, Perameles).
Gegenbawr, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 466.
6. [cap.] A genus of tectibranchiate (or pleu-
robranchiate) gastropods, to which very differ-
ent limits have -
been assigned. (a)
By the old concholo-
gists not only were
most of the tectibran-
chiates included, but
also various other gas-
tropods having shells
like or supposed to be
like them were referred
to the genus. , (b) By
recent writers it is re-
stricted to the bubble-
shells, so called from
their ventricous oval
shells, so convoluted that the last whorl envelops all the
; : typical of the family Bullidae. Also called Glan-
0.
bullace (bül’ās), n. [Also bullas, bullis, bulles,
bullies, bulloes, etc., M.E., bulas, bolas, bolace,
K OF. *bolace, mod. F. dial. Świss) bolassa,
also bowloce, variants of the OF, beloce, etc.,
earlier OF. *peloce, mods dial. (Jura, Lyons)
pelosse, the wild plum, prob; orig, adj., M.L.
*pilottea, “pilotea, K. L.L. pilotta, pilota, Q.F.
Bubble-shells.
x, Bulla amatella ; 2, Bulla (A tys)
zzazzęczºzºz,
“why, Friend," says he, ... “I myself have Fº bullantic (bu-lan'tik), a.
715 -
[K ML. bullan(t-)s,
ppr., of bullare, attach the seal, K bulla, seal:
see bull”.] Pertaining to or used in apostolic
bulls: as, bullantic letters, certain ornamental
capitals used in these bulls. .
bullarium (bu-lā’ri-um), n. Same as bullary1.
bullary 1 (bul'a-ri), n. [KML. bullarium, a col-
lection of papal bulls, K bulla : see bull2.1 A
collection of papal buſis.
bullary” (bul’a-ri), n. [A pedantic (law) form
of boilary or boilery, as if KML. *bullarium, K. L.
bullare for bullire, boil: see boil2.] A house in
which Salt is prepared by boiling.
bullate (bul’āt), a. [K L. bullatus, pp. and #;
see the verb.] 1. In bot., having elevations like
blisters. A bullate leaf is one whose surface between
the veins is thrown into projections, which are convex on
the upper surface and concave beneath, as in the cabbage.
In the bullate thallus of a lichen the concavities are on the
upper surface.
2. In pathol., blistered.—3. In anat., inflated;
vaulted; ventricous; fornicated and with thin
walls: as, a bullate tympanic bone (that is, one
forming a bulla ossea),—4. In 206l., having the
surface covered with irregular and slight eleva-
tions, giving a blistered appearance.
bullater, v. i. [K. L. bullatus, pp. of bullare, bub-
ble, buila, a bubble; see "boil?, builaj To
bubble or boil.
bullated (bul’ā-ted), a. Bullate; rendered bul-
#late.
bullation (bu-lä'shgn), n. In anat., inflation;
fornication; cameration.
bull-baiting (bül’bà’ting), n. The practice of
baiting or attacking bulls with dogs, a sport
formerly very popular in England, but made
illegal in 1835.
Among those who at a late period patronised or defended
bull-baiting were Windham and Parr; and even Canning bulldozer (bülſdó-zēr), m
y º
and Peel opposed the measure for its abolition by law.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., iv.
bullbat (bül (bat), n. A local or popular name
in the United States of the night-hawk or long-
winged goatsucker, Chordeiles popetue or C. vir-
ginianus. So called from its flying most in the evening
or in cloudy weather, and from the noise which it makes
as it moves through the air. It belongs to the family Ca. bullen (bül’en), n.
primulgidae, like the whippoorwill, but is of a different
genus. Also called pisk and piramidig.
bullbeart, n. [Kbulli -- bear2. Cf. bugbear.] A
bugbear. Harvey. (Halliwell.)
bullbee (bül (bě), n. Same as bullfly.
bull-beef (bül (běf), n. The flesh of a bull;
hence, coarse beef. [In the latter sense collo-
quial.]
bullbeggar (bùl’beg’ār), n. [In form, K bulll
beggar; but prob. a corruption of a word
of different origin; cf. bully, v., bullbear, a bug-
bear, D. bullebak, a bugbear: see bugbear.]
Something that excites needless fear; a hob-
goblin; an object of terror.
They are all as mad as I; they all have trades now,
And roar about the streets like bull-beggars.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iv. 2.
This was certainly an ass in a lion's skin ; a harmless
bull-beggar, who delights to frighten innocent people.
Tatler, No. 212.
bull-boat (bül’bót), m. A rude boat made by
the North American Indians, usually a shallow
crate covered with the raw hide of the bull elk.
bullbrier (bül’bri’ér), n. A name given to spe-
cies of Smilaa, S. Pseudo-China and S. tamnoi-
des, of the southern United States, which have
tuberous roots, and stems armed with stout
prickles.
bull-calf (bùl’kāf), n. [K bulll-H calf; = D. bul-
kalf = Icel. bola-kālfr.] 1. A male calf.-2.
A stupid fellow. Shak.
bullcomber (bül’kö’měr), n. A name of the
common English beetle, Scarabaeus typhaeus, or
Typhaeus vulgaris, and other species of the fam-
ily Scarabaeidae.
bull-dance (bül’dāns), n. Nawt., a dance per-
pelote, ME. pelet, E. pellet, a little ball. The #formed by men only.
Celtic forms are from M.E. or OF.l.. 1. A spe- bulldog (bül (dog), n., [K bull. H. dog; hence F.
cies of plum, Prunus insititia, a native of Asia
Minor and southern Europe, but now natural-
ized and cultivated farther north. It differs
from the common plum, P. domestica, chiefly in its spiny
branches. The fruit is used like damsons.
2. Melicoccus bijugatus, a tropical American
sapindaceous tree º a cluster of egg-
shaped fruit.—3. In the United States, the
muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia.
Bulladae (bul'a-dé), m. pl. Same as Bullidae.
bullae, n. Plural of bulla.
huilah (bul’ā), n. [E. Ind.) A weight equal to
4+ pounds, used in some parts of the Éist in:
dies for grain.
bouledogue, Russ, bulêdogū, Hind. guldánk-kuttà
(kuttà, dog). Cf. equiv. D. bulhond (homd= E.
hound), Íñ. buileniiter - G. bullenbeisser-
Dan. bulbider, lit. ‘bull-biter.’] 1. A variety
of dog of comparatively small size, but very
strong and muscular, with a large head, broad
muzzle, short hair, tapering smooth tail, and
remarkable courage and ferocity. , Dogs of
this kind were formerly much used in bull-
baiting, whence the name.—2t. A bailiff.
I sent for a couple of bull-dogs, and arrested him.
bullen-bullen (bül’en-bül’en), n.
buller (bül’ér), v.i.
bullet-bag (bùl’et-bag), m.
bullet-bag
Sentiments which vanish for ever at the sight of the proc-
tor with his bull-dogs, as they call them, or four muscular
fellows which [sic] always follow him, like so many bailiffs.
Westminster Rev., W. 232.
4. [Cf. barker1, 4.] A pistol; in recent use, a
small revolver with a short barrel carrying a
large ball. [Cant.]
“I have always a brace of bulldogs about me.” . . . So
saying, he exhibited a very handsome, highly finished, and
richly mounted pair of pistols.
Scott, St. Roman's Well, II. 191.
5. Naut. : (a) The great gun in the officers’ward-
room cabin, (b) A general term for main-deck
guns.—6. In metal., tap-cinder from the pud-
dling-furnace, after the protoxid of iron has
been converted into sesquioxid by roasting.
It may be used as an ore of iron for making what is known
as cinder-iron. It is also extensively used as a lining for
the sides of the puddling-furnace. [Eng.]
7. A º by the Canadian half-breeds
to the gadfly.—Bulldog bat. See bat?.-Bulldog
forceps, forceps with pointed teeth for grasping an ar-
tery, etc.
bulldoze (bülſdóz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bull-
dozed, ppr. bulldozing. [Also written bulldose;
explained as orig. to give one a dose of the bull-
whack or bull-whip; but the second element, if
of this origin, would hardly become -doze.] 1.
To punish summarily with a bull-whip; cow-
hide.—2. To coerce or intimidate by violence
or threats; especially, in politics, to bully; in-
fluence unfairly: applied particularly to the
practices of some southern whites since the
civil war. [U. S. slang.]
The use of this weapon [the bull-whip] was the original
application of bull-doze. It first found its way into print
after the civil war, when it came to mean intimidation for
political purposes by violence or threats of violence. Since
that time it has acquired a wider significance, and may
be used with reference to intimidation of any kind.
- Mag. of Amer. Hist., XIII. 98.
1. One who bull-
dozes; one who intimidates others by threats
of violence.—2. A revolver. [U. S. slang in
both senses.]
ulled?, p. a. [For bolled, pp. of ME. bollen,
swell: see bolm 1.] Swollen; expanded. B.
Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2.
[Origin unknown.] The
[Prov. Eng.]
[Imitative
reduplication; cf. bulbul.] The native name of
the Australian lyre-bird, Menura superba.
awn or chaff from hemp or flax.
bullengert, n. A variant of balinger.
bullen-nai
(bül’en-nāl), n. A round-headed
nail with a short shank, tinned and lacquered,
used chiefly by upholsterers.
[E. dial.: see bulder, boul-
der.] To roar. [Prov. Eng.]
g
bullescence (bu-les' ens), m. [K L. bullescen(t-)s,
ppr. of bullescere, begin to bubble, K bullire, bub-
ble: see boil2.] In bot., a bullate condition.
*See bullate, 1.
bullet (bulºet), n.
[K F. boulet, a cannon-ball,
dim. of OF. boule, a ball, X E. bowl2, of which
bullet is thus practically a diminutive: see
bowl2.] 1+. A small ball.
When one doth die another is elected by the Great Mas-
ter and his Knights, who give their voices by bullets, as do
the Venetians. Samdys, Travels, p. 180.
Specifically—2. A small metallic projectile
intended to be discharged from a firearm; com:
monly limited to leaden projectiles for small
8.TInS. Bullets were formerly always spherical in
&
S:
>
form, but many changes have been made in them in
both sº º ". -
ture. 6 €t use /?
for rifles of rº. . º
struction is elongated tº Ç%
and conical, or Tather Gaa =
ogival, at the apex; the Rifle-bullets.
core only is of lead or a, old Minié ; 5, old Enfield;
lead and tin composi- c, old Springfield;
tion, and is inclosed in dº, U. S. magazine-rifle (recent).
a covering of soft steel or nickel. The sides are smooth
or have shallow grooves (cannelures) near the base of the
jacket; the base is flat; the cannelures contain wax, or, in
its absence, that portion of the sides of the bullet inclosed
in the neck of the cartridge-case is covered with the same
lubricant which excludes moisture from the powder.
When the gun is fired the lands of the rifling are forced
into the jacket of the bullet, causing rotation about the
longer axis.
3. In her., a roundel sable (that is, a black
circle), supposed to represent a cannon-ball.--
Bullet-compassés. See compass.--Dumdum bullet
a half-covered bullet with an expansible Soft Core: named
from the Dumdum ammunition-worksatCalcutta.—Eve
bullet has its billet. See billetl.—Naked bullet
(milit.), an elongated projectile with one or more grooves
or cannelures encircling it, as distinguished from the
patched bullet formerly used.
A leathern pouch
for holding bullets, formerly carried attached
‘quhar. Lo d a Bottle, iii. 2. *
te Farquhar, Love and a Bottle, iii to a bandoleer or baldric. When the baldric was not
3. The assistant or servant who attends the worm, the builet-bag was attached to the girdie, beside the
proctor of an English university when on duty, powder-flask.




bullet-headed
bullet-headed (bùl’et-hed"ed), a. 1. Round-
headed.—2. Stupid; doltish.
bullet-hook (būl’et-hūk), n. In surg., a tool
* for extracting bullets.
bulletin (bül'e-tin), n. [F., K.It. bullettino, bol-
lettino, dim. of bulletta, bolletta, dim. of bulla,
bolla, a bull, edict: see bull? and the ult, identi-
cal billº.] 1. An authenticated official report
concerning Some public event, such as military
Operations, the health of a sovereign or other
distinguished personage, etc., issued for the in-
formation of the public.
“False as a bulletin” became a proverb in Napoleon's
time. Carlyle.
2. Any motice or public announcement, espe-
cially of news recently received.—3. A name
given to various periodical publications record-
ing the proceedings of learned societies.
bisºn (bül’e-tin), v. t. [K bulletin, n.] To
make known by a bulletin publicly posted.
It would excite no interest to bulletin the last siege of
Jerusalem in a village where the event was unknown, if
the date was appended.
C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 142.
bulletin-board (bül’e-tin-bórd), n. A board
publicly exposed, on which to placard recent
news, notices, etc.
bullet-ladle (bül’et-lä/dl), n. A hemispheri-
cal ladle for melting lead to run bullets.
bullet-machine (bül’et-ma-shën"), n. A ma-
Chine for forming bullets. The metal, in the form
of a coil, is cut into short lengths as it unwinds, and these
blanks are then pressed into shape between dies.
bullet-mold (bùl’et-möld), m. A mold for cast-
ing bullets.
bullet-probe (bül’et-prob), n. A probe used in
exploring for bullets in wounds.
bullet-proof (bül’et-préf), a. Capable of re-
sisting the impact of a bullet.
bulletrie (bül’e-tri), m. See bully-tree.
bullet-screw (bül’ét-skrö), n. A screw at the
end of a ramrod, which can be forced into a
bullet in order to draw it from a gun-barrel.
bullet-shell (bül’et-shel), m. An explosive bul-
let for small arms.
bullet-tree, m. See bully-tree.
bullet-wood (bul’et-wild), m. A very strong,
* close-grained, dark-brown wood of India, from
several species of Mimusops. See bully-tree.
bull-facef (bül (fās), m. A threatening face or
appearance.
Come hither to fright maids with thy bull-faces !
To threaten gentlewomen
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iv. 2.
bull-faced (bùl’fäst), a. Having a large coarse
face: as, “bull-faced Jonas,” Dryden, Abs. and
Achit., i. 581.
bull-feast (bül’fést), m. Same as bull-fight.
bull-fight (bül (fit), m. A combat between men
and a bull or bulls: a popular amusement
among the Spaniards and Portuguese. A horse-
man, called a toreador or picador, attacks a bull in a
closed arena, irritating him, but avoiding his attack.
After the bull has been tormented a long time the horse-
man leaves him, and persons on foot, called chulos and
banderilleros, attack him and plunge darts into him.
Finally the sport is ended with the death of the bull by
the sword of a matador.
bull-fighter (bül’ fi/tér), n. One who fights
% bulls; a human combatant in a bull-fight.
bullfinchl (bùl’ finch), m. [Appar. K indiſas used
in comp. (as if in allusion to the thick rounded
bill) + finch. Cf. equiv. buckfinch..] A very
common oscine passerine bird of Europe, Pyr-
º
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Bullfinch (Pyrrhiala vulgaris).
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rhula vulgaris; a kind of finch of the family
Fringillidae, with a very short, stout, turgid bill,
which, like the crown, is black, and a body blu-
ish above, and, in the male, tile-red below: a
favorite cage-bird, easily taught to sing a va-
riety of notes. The name is extended to other species
of the same genus, and also to those of some related gen-
era.-Bullfinch tanager, one of the lindos or thick-billed
tanagers of the genus Euphonia, and others of like charac-
ter.—Pine bullfinch, the pine grosbeak, Pinicola enw-
cleator. See grosbeak.
bullfinch2 (bül’finch), n.
bull-fence, a fence for confining bulls, K bulli +
Jence.] In England, a stron fence, or a hedge
allowed to grow high enough to impede hunt-
ers, and much used as a test of skill in steeple-
chasing.
bullfish (bül'fish), n. A name of the great seal,
Phoca barbata, or Erignathus barbatus.
bullfist (būl'fist), n. [Also written bullfeist,
bullfice; K bulli -- fist?, dial. feist, foist, a puff-
ball, lit. a breaking of wind: see fist?, foist1.
The German name bofist (> Bovista) and the
emeric name Lycoperdon are of similar signi-
cation.] A puffball. See Lycoperdon.
bullfly (bùl' fli), m. An insect, the gadfly, so
named from its tormenting cattle. See gāāfi;.
Also called bullbee.
bullfrog (bül'frog), m. The Rana catesbiana,
a North American species of frog, from 8 to 12
inches long, including the legs, of a dusky brown
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Bullfrog (Razza catesbiana).
or olive color marked with darker. These frogs live
chiefly in stagnan', waser, and utter a loud croaking sound
resembling the bellowing of a bull, whence the name.
bull-fronted (bül’frun/ted), a. Having a front
or forehead like a bull.
A sturdy man he looked to fell an ox,
Bull-fronted, ruddy. Hood.
bull-fronts (bütrunts), n. pl. [E. dial, also
called bull-faces.] Tufts of coarse grass, Des-
*Champsia caespitosa. Brockett.
bullhead (bùl’hed), m, [K ME. bulhede, name
of a fish (L. capito), K bul, bulll, H- hede, head.]
1. The popular name of certain fishes. (a) In
England: (1) Cottw8 gobio, a fish about 4 inches long,
With head very large and broader than the body. Often
also called miller's-thwmb. Also locally applied in the
United States to allied species of the genus Cottus. º
Agonus cataphractus, called the armed bullhead. (b) In
the United States, a cottoid fish, as Myoacocephalus graen-
landicus or M. octodecimspinosw8, better known as sculpin.
[Local.] (c) In America, a species of Amiurus, also called
hormed pout. See catfish. (d) A gobioid fish, Eleotris
gobioides, with a broad head, large scales in 36–40 rows, and
a blackish-brown color. It is common in the rivers and
lakes of New Zealand. (e) A fish of the family Batrach-
oididae, otherwise called blenny bullhead. Swaimson, 1839.
2. A tadpole. [Prov. Eng.]—3. A small
water-insect of a black color.— 4. The golden
plover, Charadrius fulvus.-5. A stupid fellow;
a lubber. Johnson.
bull-head (bù1ſhed), a. Same as bull-headed.
—Bull-head ax. . See aa:1.—Bull-head whiting, a
sciaenoid fish, Menticirrus albwrmws ; the southern king-
×fish. [Florida.] e
bull-headed (bül'hedºed), a. 1. Having a head
like that of a bull. Hence—2. Obstinate;
blunderingly aggressive; stupid. . .
bullhoof (bül’hôf), n. A name given in Ja-
maica to a species of passion-flower, Passiflora
Murucuja, with handsome scarlet flowers, from
the shape of the leaves. It is also applied, as
in Honduras, to some species of bully-tree.
bullhuss, (bülſhus), n., [K bull -H dial. huss,
the dogfish..] A local English name of the
dogfish, Scyllium Catulus.
builid (buſºid), n. A gastropod of the family
Bullidae.
Bullidae (bul’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., K. Bulla +
-idae.] A family oftectibranchiate gastropods,
typified by the genus Bulla, which has been
adopted with widely differing boundaries. (a)
By the old authors it was used for most of the Tectibran-
chiata. (b) By later authors it has been variously restricted,
and is now mostly limited to Tectibranchiata with an in-
volute ovate shell and a lingual ribbon with numerous
rows of teeth, each row having a central tooth and numer-
bullion
ous nearly uniform lateral teeth. The species are marine,
frequenting sandy or muddy bottoms near the shore,
sometimes going into brackish water. The shell is often
spotted. Also written Bulladae. See cut under Bulla.
bulliform (bul’i-fôrm), a. [KL. bulla, a bubble,
etc., + forma, shape.] 1. Resembling a blister.
The bulliform or hygroscopic cells of grasses and sedges.
Amer. Jowr. Sci., 3d ser., XXXII. 331.
2. Having the form characteristic of the genus
Bulla, or of gastropods of the family Bullidae.
bullimongº, bullimungi, n. [Also bullimony,
bollimony; origin uncertain.] A mixture of
oats, peas, and vetches. Tusser ; Grose.
bullimony (bul’i-mö-ni), n. Same as bullimong.
bulling (bül'ing), n. [*. verbal n. of bulli,
v., 1, throw up, toss.] method of detaching
loosened masses of rock from their bed by ex-
ploding gunpowder which has been poured into
the fissures. *
bulling-shovel (bül'ing-show"1), n. In metal.,
a peculiar form of shovel used in ore-dressing.
It is of triangular form, with a sharp point.
See van and vanning-shovel. [Eng.]
bullionl (bül’yon), n. [Also bullyon, bollyon,
etc. M.E. bullion, buion, boliom, etc., KAF. bul-
lion, bullione, boillon (def. 1 and 2) (ML. bul-
lio(n-), bulliona), in official or technical use,
prob, orig. identical with OF. boullon, bouillon,
a boiling, hence a melting, and so the place of
melting and a melted mass of metal: see bul-
lion”, bullion3. The forms and senses have
been confused with those of billon, q.v.] 1+.
A place where gold and silver are melted and
coined; a mint (also explained as ‘a place of
exchange’). Blount; Phillips.
Bullion . . . is the place where gold is tryed.
Termes de la ley (1641). N. E. D.
The third part of all the money of silver plate, which
shall be brought to the bullion, shall be made into half-
pence and farthings. Swift, Drapier's Letters.
2. Gold or silver in the mass; gold or silver
smelted and not perfectly refined, or refined
but in bars, ingots, or any uncoined form, as
plate.
And that they may be in our sayde landis and lordshippys
for too bye and gader, lade and freith and cary away or
doo to bee caryed away and conueied into the sayde kyng-
dom of England . . . all suche wares, goodis and mar-
chaundises . . . excep bolton, harnes, bowes, arowes, ar-
tillary, and other thingis which is forboden, habilementis
of Werre, and none but such harneys and wepems as they
shall bringe wyth them. -
Armold's Chronicle, 1502 (ed. 1811), p. 229.
Their trade being, by the same Alchemy that the Pope
uses, to extract heaps of gold and silver out of the drossie
Bullion of the Peoples sinnes.
Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii.
A paper currency is employed, when there is no bullion
in the vaults. Emerson, Misc., p. 32.
3. Uncurrent coin; coin received only at its
metallic value.
And those [words], which Eld's strict doom did disallow,
And damn for bullion, go for current now.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas, Babylon.
Foreign coin hath no value here for its stamp, and our
coin is bullion in foreign dominions.
Locke, Further Considerations, etc.
4}. Figuratively, gold, as a sordid thing; mere
wealth; mammon.
Farewell, my bullion gods, whose sov’reign looks
So often catch'd me with their golden hooks;
Go, seek another slave; ye all must go;
I cannot serve my God and bullion too.
Quarles, Emblems, ii. 13.
Base bullion, pig-lead containing silver, and usually
also gold, which are separated from the baser metal by
refining... [Cordilleran mining region.]—Bullion Fund,
a deposit of public money at the mint and its branches.
The object of this fund is to enable the mint to make re-
turns of coins to private depositors of bullion without
waiting until such bullion is actually coined. If the bul-
lion fund is sufficiently large, depositors are paid as soon
as their bullion is melted and assayed and the value as-
certained. It thus enables the mint to have a stock of
coin on hand to pay depositors in advance. Such bullion
becomes the property of the government, and, being sub-
sequently coined, is available as a means of prompt pay-
ment to other depositors. Bowvier, Law Dictionary.
bullion? (bül’yon), n. [Early mod. E. bullyon
(Skelton) (not found in ME.), KOF. bouillon1, a
bubble, a stud, a large-headed nail, a puff in a
garment (mod. F. bouillom, a bubble, a puff in
a garment, a bull's-eye in glass-making), prop.
a variant of boullon, boulon, a large-headed nail,
a stud, bolt, pin, arrow, mod. F. boulon, a bolt,
pin (= Sp. bollón, a brass-headed nail, a kind
of ear-ring, a shoot of a plant), KML. bullio(n-),
prop. “bullo (n-), a bubble, aug. of L. bulla, a
bubble, a stud, a boss, X OF. boule, a bubble, a
ball, mod. F. boule (> E. bowl2, a round ball);
bowillon1 being thus a different word from,
though confused with, bouillon?, boillon, boellon,
bollom, a boiling, a measure of salt, broth, soup,


bullion
mod, F. bouillon (see bouillon) = It. boglione,
'broth (Florio), K. M.L. bullio(n-), a measure o
salt (see bullion3), lit. a bubbling, a boiling, K
L. bullire (> OF. boulir, boullir, $ouiir, mod.
F. bouillir = It. bollire), bubble, boil, K bulla, a
bubble: see bulla, bull2, bull3, boil2. Cf. bul-
lion1.] 1+. A boss; a stud; a showy metallic
ornament either of gold or in imitation of gold,
#. a button, stud, hook, clasp, buckle, and the
©,
The clasps and bullyons were worth a thousand pound.
Skelton, Garland of Laurel.
717
bullock?? (bül'Qk), v. A perversion of bully 1.
To bullock and domineer over me. Foote.
bullock's-eye (bül'Qks-i), n. [Cf. bull's-eye.]
A small thick glass or skylight in a cover-
ing or roof. Also called bull's-eye.—2. The
houseleek, Sempervivum tectorum.
builock's-heart (bül'Qks-hărt), n. The East
Indian name for the custard-apple, Arvona re-
ticulata.
bullock-shell (bül'Qk-shel), n. A kind of small
thick pearl-Oyster, of the genus Meleagrina, in-
habiting tropical America.
2. A fringe of thick twisted cords, such as will bulloot (bu-löt'), m. [Hind. ballāt, balāt = Pers.
hang heavily. Bullion consisting of silk cords covered
with fine gold or silver thread is much used for epaulets.
Also called bullion-fringe. g
3. In glass-making, that part of the spheroidal
mass of glass which is attached to the pontil,
after being blown and while undergoing the
process of flashing. When the tube is de-
tached, it is called the bull's-eye (which see).
| Also bullion-point.
bullion3+, n. [K OF. bouillon, KML. bullio(n-),
a measure of salt, lit. a boiling: see bullion2.]
A measure of capacity (of salt). Davies,
- #. Eng. Gloss.
bullion-bar (bül’ygn-bār), n., [K bullion2, 3, --
bar:1.] The bar upon which the spheroidal
mass of glass is pressed from time to time dur-
ing the process of blowing crown glass.
bullioner (bül’yon-èr), n. IK bullion 1 + -erl.]
A dealer in bullion. --
Melted down by the bullioners.
Rice Vaughan, Coin and Coinage, p. 50 (Ord M.S.).
billiºn finge (bül’yon-frinj), n. Same as bul-
2004, 2.
bullionism (bül’yon-izm), n. IK bullion? --
-ism..] The system or doctrine of those who
advocate an exclusively metallic currency, or
a metallic currency combined with a convert-
ible paper currency.
Boston, the very Gibraltar of bullionism.
W. Phillips, June 19, 1875.
bullionist (bül’yon-ist), n. [K bullion? -- -ist.]
An advocate of or a believer in bullionism.
Your party repudiates him because he is joined to bºwl-
lionists and stockmongers. W. Phillips, June 19, 1875.
bullion-point (bül’yon-point), n. IK bullion”,
3, 4 point.] The thick portion at the center
of a disk of crown-glass. E. H. Knight.
bullirag, v. t. See bullyrag.
bullish I (bül’ish), a. [K bulli, 4, + -ish.1.1 In
balliſt, an acorn, an oak, K. Ar. balliſt, an oak..]
In com., the name given to a kind of acorn used
in India as a médicine.
bullose (bul’ós), a. Same as bullous.
bullous (bulºus), a. [K L. bulla, a bubble, boss,
knob (see bulla), + -ous.] Exhibiting or of the
nature of bullae, blebs, or blisters; bullate;
bulbous. See bulla, 4.
bullpout (bül’pout), n. A siluroid fish, espe-
cially Amiurus nebulosus, of the eastern and
middle United States: more widely known as
catfish. Also called horned pout and bullhead.
See cut under powt.
bull-pump (bùl’pump), n. A single or direct-
acting pumping-engine in which the piston-
rod is attached directly to, the pumping-rod,
the weight of the rods being the motive force
×on the down-stroke.
bull-ring (bül (ring), m.
theater for bull-fights.
Every town in Spain of any size has a large bull-ring.
The Century, XXVII. 8.
bull-roarer (bül’rör’ér), n. Along, thin, nar-
row piece of wood, attached at one end to a
string, by means of which it is whirled rapidly
in the air, causing by its revolution a deep
sullen roar: a favorite toy with children. Also
called tundum.
The bull-roarer is a toy familiar to most children. . . .
The ancient Greeks employed at some of their sacred rites
a precisely similar toy, described by historians as “a little
piece of wood, to which a string was fastened, and in the
mysteries it is whirled round to make a roaring noise.”
. . . The bull-roarer is to be found in almost every country
in the world, and among the most primitive peoples. . .
And as an instrument employed in religious rites or mys-
teries, it is found in New Mexico, in Australia, in New Zea-
land, and in Africa to this day.
All the Year Rownd, June, 1885.
bull-rope (bül’röp), n. Naut., a rope rove
through a bull's-eye on the forward shroud of
An arena or amphi-
loully
panes of glass cut from it. Bull's-eyes were formerly used
in lead-sash windows. As the manufacture of crown-glass
has much declined,
imitations of bull's-
eyes are made for
picturesque effects
in window-glazing.
See bullion 2, 3.
mº 9. A planocon-
* vex lens in a mi-
croscope, which
serves as an il-
luminator to con-
centrate rays of
light upon an
opaque micro-
scopic object.—
10. A small and
thick old-fash-
ioned watch.-
11. In archery
and gunnery: (a)
The central or
innermost divi-
sion of a target,
usually round and of a different color from the
rest. See target. *
One or two beings, who have shot into the very centre
and bull's-eye of the fashion. Thackeray.
(b) A shot that hits the bull's-eye; the best
shot that can be made.—12. A coarse Sweet-
meat ; a colored or striped ball of Candy.
The black-bearded sea-kings round were promising them
rock and bull's-eyes, if they would only sit still like “gude
maids.” Kingsley, Two Years Ago, xv.
Even the bull's eyes and gingerbread for the children are
not unpermitted, if they are honestly made and warranted
not to be poisonous. Froude, Sketches, p. 233.
13. A local English name of the dunlin, Tringa
alpina.-Buntline bull's-eye, a large thimble used in
the foot-rope of a sail. Same as lizard.
bull's-feather? (bülz'feq:H*ēr), n. A horn.—To
bestow the bull’s feather, to make a cuckold.
Three crooked horns, smartly top-knotted with ribands;
which being the ladies’ wear, seem to intimate that they
may very probably adorn, as well as bestow, the bull'8
feather. Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, W. 295.
bull's-foot (bùlz'füt), n. Same as colt's-foot.
bull's-mouth (bùlz'mouth), m. The trade-name
for a species of helmet-shell, Cassis rufa, from
which some kinds of cameos are cut.
bull-snake (bùl’snäk), m. A popular name in
the United States for a serpent of the genus
Pityophis, or pine-Snake, which sometimes grows
to the length of 6 feet, and makes a loud hiss-
ing noise when disturbed, but is of mild dis-
Bull's-eye of a Microscope.
the Stock exchange, somewhat buoyant; advanc- the lower rigging, to secure the upper yard-arm - position and not poisonous.
ing or tending to advance in price, in conse of a topgallant- or royal-yard when sent down bull's-nose (bülz'nöz), ºt. In carp., an obtuse an-
quence of the efforts of the bulls: as, a bullish
market. ,
bullish” (bill’ish), a.
from aloft.
bull-rushi, n. An old spelling of bulrush.
gleformed by the junction of two plane surfaces.
bull-spink (bül’spingk), m. The chaffinch.
[K, bull} + -ish'...] Par- bulls (buiz), n. pl. [Perhaps a use of bull1.j . [North. Eng.)
taking of the nature of a bull or blunder. A name in Cornwall, England, for the fish Ser: bull-stag (bül'stag), n. A castrated bull.
[Rare.]
A toothless satire is as improper as a toothed sleek-
stone, and as bullish. Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
bullist (bülºist), n., [K bull? ---ist.] A writer
of papa . Harmar. [Rare.]
bilitiºn (bu-lish’on), n. [K. L., as if “bulli-
tio(n-), K bullire, pp. bullitus, boil: see boil2.]
The act or state of boiling; ebullition. Bacon.
bulljub Sºjº m. A fish, the miller's-thumb.
[Derbyshire, Eng.]
bullknob (bül'nob),
shire, Eng.]
bull-neck (búl'nek), n. A thick neck like that
of a bull.
bull-necked (bùl’nekt), a. Having a neck like
that of a bull.
bull-net (bül’net), n.
fish-net. .
bullnose (bùl’nöz), n. An overgrown hard clam
or quahaug, Mercenaria; too coarse for use.
[Chesapeake Bay.]
bullnut (bül’nut), n. The white-heart hick-
ory, Hicoria alba, of eastern North America.
bullockl (bül’Qk), n. [K ME. bullok, bulluc,
bolok, K AS. bulluc, dim. of “bulla, “bula,
whence E. bulli. The Ir. bologis from E.] 1.
Literally, a young or small bull, but generally
used of an ox or castrated bull; a full-grown
steer. *
Take thy father's young bullock, even the second bul-
lock of seven years old. Judges vi. 25.
2. [In derisive allusion to bull?..] A papal bull
or brief.
I send you here a bullock which I did find amongst my
bulls, that you may see how closely in time past the foreign
prelates did practise about their prey. Latimer, II. 378.
Bullocks' hides, the name given in commerce to the
raw hides of cattle.
m. Same as bulljub. [Derby-
A large hoop-shaped
×latifolia.
####, (bülz’i), n.
ramus cabrilla.
bulls-and-cows (bulz’and-kouz'), m. pl.
bull-stang (bül'stang), m. A dragonfly. [Prov.
An g.
English name of the plant wake-robin or bull-terrier (bül (ter’i-er), n. . A cross-breed
with reference
cuckoo-pint, Arum maculatum,
Also
to the purple and the pale spadices.
between the bulldog and the terrier, exhibit-
ing the courage and fierceness of the one with
called lords-and-ladies, for the same reason. #the activity of the other.
See cuts under Aracedº and Arum.
bull-seggi (bül'seg), n. [K bull} + segg, Seg?..]
A castrated bull. [Scotch and North. Eng.]
bull-segg? (bül’seg), n. [Said to be a corrup-
tion of pool-sedge.] The reed-mace, Typha
wooden block without a sheave,
groove around it for the band
which a small stay or rope may
be rove. (b) A perforated ball
on the jaw-rope of a gaff.-2.
A small obscure cloud, ruddy in
the middle, supposed to portend
a hurricane or storm.—3. The
Bull's-eye, defini-
tion r (a).
bull-trout (bùl’ trout), m.
bull-voiced (bülºyoist), a.
A name loosely ap-
plied to certain varieties of different species of
the genus Salmo, as of S. Salar, S. trutta, S.
Cambricus.
Having a loud
coarse voice: as, “bull-voiced St. Huruge,” Car-
1. Naut.: (a) An oval lyle, French Rev. II. iv. 2.
but with a bullweed (bùlºwed), m.
Enapweed, Centaurea
migra.
and a hole in the center through bull-whack (bülſhwak), M. A heavy whip used
in the southwestern United States. See ex-
tract. Also called bull-whip.
In Texas and western Louisiana the bull-whack is a ter-
rible whip with a long and very heavy lash and a short
handle. It is used by drovers to intimidate refractory ani-
mals. The use of this weapon was the original application
of bull-doze. Mag. of Amer. Hist., XIII. 98.
hurricane or storm itself.-4. In bull-whack (bülſhwak), v. t. To lash with a
arch., any circular opening for "bull-whack.
light or air; 8, bullock's-eye.—5. In astrom., bull-whacker (bùl’hwak’ér), m. One who drives
debaran, a star of the first magnitude in the cattle with a bull-whack.
[Southwestern
eye of Taurus, or the Bull. See cut under Taw- AU. S.
ºrus.-6. A round piece of thick glass, convex bull-wheel (bùl’hwāl), n.
on one side, inserted into a deck, port, scuttle-
hatch, or skylight-cover of a vessel for the
purpose of admitting light.—7. A small lan-
1. In rope-drilling,
the wheel used for raising the tools.-2. In a
saw-mill, a large wheel used in drawing the logs
from the water to the carriage.
tern with a convex lens placed in one side to bull-whip (bül’hwip), m. Same as bull-whack.
concentrate the light.
dº takes a lighted bull's-eye from the constable on duty
elſe.
8. That part of a sheet of crown-glass which
has been attached to the pontil. It is thicker than
the rest of the sheet, and is not included in the lights or
bullwort (bül (wèrt), n. 1. The mock bishop's-
weed, Ptilimnium capillacewm.–2. The water
Dickens, Bleak House, xxii. A figwort, Scrophularia aquatica.
bullyl (bül’i), m. and a. [First recorded in the
16th century, but prob. existent in M.E. or
earlier, ult, a dim. of the AS. *bóla in the


bully
personal name Bola, Bolla (and perhaps in part
in the personal name Bula, Bulla) = OS. *bólo
= MD.D. boel, brother, lover, - MLG. bāle, §
y
brother, kinsman, = OHG. *buolo (in the per-
sonal, name Buolo), MEIG. buole, kinsman,
friend, companion, lover, G. buhle, łover, para-
mour.] I, m.; pl. bullies (-iz). i. A brother
(in trivial language); the eldest brother;
hence, a brother workman; a companion; a
mate; a fellow: now used like butty (which
is of similar origin), in provincial speech,
among laboring men. [Prov. Eng.]—2. A
friend; a companion; a mate; a good fellow:
Sometimes applied to a woman.
I love the lovely bully. Shak., Hen. W., iv. 1.
3. A blustering, quarrelsome, overbearing fel-
low; a Swaggerer; a swashbuckler.
The blustering bully in our neighbouring streets.
Prior, Epilogue to Mrs. Manley's Lucius.
4}. A º fellow who protects fallen wo-
men and lives on their gains.
The lady was only a woman of the town and the fellow
her bully and a sharper. Goldsmith, Vicar.
5. A Cornish name of the shanny. Also bully-
cod.—6. In Tasmania, a species of blenny,
I}lennius tasmanicus.
II. a. 1. Good; worthy; excellent: applied
to persons (originally as an appositive noun, in
titles like bully boy, bully doctor, etc., but taken
later as an adjective of compliment).
Captain, adieu; adieu, sweet bully Captain.
Beau. and Fl., Captain, iv. 2.
2. Good; fine; capital; first-rate: a vague adjec-
tive of admiration: often in exclamation, as, a
bully time; a bully horse, a bully fellow (uséd not
merely as in def. 1), bully for you!—3. Of a bully
(def. 3); suited to a bully; hectoring; ruffianly.
Those bully Greeks, who, as the moderns do,
Instead of paying chairmen, run them thro’.
Swift, City Shower.
bullyl (būl’i), v.; pret. and pp. bullied, §. bul-
lying. [K bully!, n.] I, trans. 1. To act the bully
toward; overbear with bluster or menaces.
For the last fortnight there have been prodigious shoals
of volunteers gone over to bully the French, upon hearing
the peace was just signing. Tatler, No. 26.
2. To make fearful; overawe; daunt; terror-
ize. [Rare.]
Proverbs are excellent things, but we should not let even
proverbs bully us. Lowell, Oration, Harvard, Nov. 8, 1886.
=# 1. To browbeat, hector, domineer over.
I, intrans. To be loudly arrogant and over-
hearing; be noisy and quarrelsome.
So Britain's monarch once uncover'd sat,
While Bradshaw bullied in a broad-brimm'd hat.
Bramstom.
=Syn. To bluster, swagger, vapor.
bully” (bùl’i), n. ; pl. bullies (-iz). [Origin ob-
scure.] In mining, a kind of hammer used in
striking the drill or borer. In its simplest form
it has a square section at the eye and an octag-
onal face. [Eng.
bully-cod (bùl’i-kod), n. A Cornish name of
the shamny. Also bully.
bully-head (bül’i-hed), n. A hammer used by
miners. Also called cat's-head hammer or sledge.
'bullying (bül’i-ing), p. a. [Ppr. of bullyl, v.]
Insulting with threats; imperious; overbear-
ing; blustering: as, a bullying manner.
biº. bullirag (bül’i-rag), v. t. [Also writ-
ten ballarag, etc.; appar. free variations of
bully-rook, bully-rock, used as a verb.] To bully;
badger; abuse or scold: as, “he bully-ragged
me,” Lever. [Provincial and low.]
buily-rook (bül’i-rük), n. [Also written bully-
Tock (see bullyrag), equiv. to LG. buller-brook,
buller-bdik, a bully: see bullyl. The second
element is obscure.] A hectoring, boisterous
fellow; a cowardly braggart; a bully. Also
written bully-rock. [Obsolete or rare.]
Suck in the spirit of sack, till we be delphic, and pro-
phesy, my bully-rook. Shirley, Witty Fair One, iii. 4.
The bully-rock of the establishment [an inn].
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 152.
bully-tree, bullet-tree (bül’i-, bill’et-tré), m.
[Also bulletrie, bolletrie; said to be a corruption
of balata, the native name.] . A name given
to several sapotaceous trees of the West Indies
and tropical America, which furnish hard and
heavy timber, and in some species edible
fruits. The bully-tree of Guiana is the Mimusops Ba-
lata, a large tree which yields the balata-gum, a substi-
tute for gutta-percha. The bully-trees of Jamaica are
species of Achras, A. Zapota and A. multiflora, though
the name is also applied to the naseberry Ol' Sapodilla,
Sapota zapotilla, of the same family, and to a myrsina-
ceous tree, Myrsine lacta. The white bully-tree of the
West Indies is Dipholis salicifolia ; the black or red, D.
migra ; the .mountain, D. montana. The bastard bully-
718
The green-heart of Surinam, the bulletrie, the American
oaks, and wood as hard as mamberklak, are not spared
by the teredo. Pop. Sci, Mo., XIII. 556.
bulrush (bùl’rush), n. [Formerly sometimes
written bull-rush; K ME. bulrysche, bolroysche,
K bole, bole, stem of a tree (cf. bulwark) (less
prob. Kbul, bol, mod. E. bulll, implying ‘large”),
+ rysche, etc., mod, E. rush1.] The popular
name for large rush-like plants growing in
marshes. It is very indefinitely used. Thus, while
Johnson says the bulrush is without knots, Dryden (“Me-
leager and Atalanta”) calls it “the knotty bulrush.”
Some authors apply the name to Typha latifolia and T.
angwstifolia (cat's-tail or reed-mace) § it is more gener-
ally restricted to Scirpus lacustris, a tall rush-like plant
from which the bottoms of chairs, mats, etc., are manu-
factured. (See Scirpus.) In the United States the name
is commonly given to species of Juncus. The bulrush of
Egypt (Ex. ii. 3) is the papyrus, Cyperws Papyrus.
bulrushy (bùl 'rush-i), a. TK bulrush + -y1.]
Abounding in bulrushes; pertaining to or re-
Sembling bulrushes.
bulse (buls), n. [K Pg. bolsa = Sp. bolsa = It.
borsa = F. bourse, K_ML. bursa, a purse: see
burse, bourse, purse.] In the East Indies, a
bag or purse to carry or measure valuables;
hence, a certain quantity of diamonds or other
valuables.
Presents of shawls and silks, .
and bags of guineas. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xviii.
bult1 (bult), n. [E. dial., perhaps a var. of
bolt!, q.v.] A local English (Yorkshire) name
of the common flounder.
bult?, v. t. An obsolete (Middle English) form
of bolt2.
bultelt, n. Same as bowltel2.
bulterf, m. An obsolete form of bolter2.
bultow (bül’tö), n. [Said to be K bulli, imply-
ing ‘large,’ + tow, haul.] A mode of fishing
for cod, by stringing a number of hooks on one
line, practised on the Newfoundland banks.
bulty (bul'ti), n. Same as bolti.
bulwark (bülºwärk), n. [Early mod. E. also
bulwarke, bullwarck, bulwerk; KME. bulwerk, of
D. or Scand. origin: M.D. bolwerck, D. and
Flem. bolwerk = MLG. LG. bolwerk = late MHG.
bolewerc, bolwerc, bolwerch, bolwerk, G. bollwerk
(> Pol. bolwark = Russ. bolverkū = OF. bolle-
wercque, boulverch, bouleverc, boulevert, bowle-
verd, boulever, boulevart, F. boulevard, X Sp. Pg.
baluarte = It. baluarte, baluardo, beluardo, bello-
ardo, bellouardo, now baluardo=ML. bolevardus,
bolvetus = E. boulevard, q.v.) = Sw. bolverk,
OSw. bolwârk = Dan. bulvaerk, ODan. bulwerk,
bulwerck, bullwerck, bolverck, bulwirke; K MD.
bol, the bole or trunk of a tree, = MLG. bole,
bolle, bale = MHG. bole, G. bohle, a thick plank,
= OSw., bol, bul, Sw. bál = ODan. Dan. bul,
the trunk of a tree, = Icel. bolr, bulr, X E. bole,
the trunk of a tree, stem, log, + MD. D., etc.,
werk = E. work. The word is thus lit. ‘bole-
work,’ a construction of logs; cf. the equiv.
MD. block—werck, lit. ‘block-work.” The MHG.
is explained as also an engine for throwing mis-
siles, a catapult, as if related to M.H.G. boler, a
catapult, G. bāller, a small cannon, K. OHG.
bolón, MHG. bolen, bolm, roll, throw, sling,
M.D. bollen, roll, throw, D. bollen, haul, hale,
from the same ult. source as bole: see bole1.j
1. Originally, a barrier formed of logs, beams,
|boards, hurdles, or other materials, for the ob-
struction of a passage or defense of a place;
now, Specifically, in fort., a rampart; a mound
of earth carried around a place, capable of re-
sisting cannon-shot, and formed with bastions,
curtains, etc.; a fortification.
My sayde Lorde of Winchester, . . . to the entent to dis-
turbe my sayd Lorde of Glouceter goyng to the Kyng, pur-
posyng his deth, in cause he had gone that weye, sette
men of armys and archiers at the end of London bridge
next Suthwerke, and in forbarring of the Kyngis hygh-
waye, lete drawe the chayme of the stulpis there, and set
bowys and arowys, to yº entent of fymall distruction of my bumbarrel
Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 10, bumbazed (bum-bāzd’), pp.
bum
bumble
Aristotle and Demosthenes are in themselves bulwarks
of power; many hosts lie in those two names.
De Quincey, Style, iii.
4t. pl. Pads or defenses to protect the limbs
against the chafing of armor. Wright. =syn, 1.
See fortification.
bulwark (bülºwąrk), v. t. [= MD. bolwercken,
D. bolwerken = MLG. bolwerken ; from the
noun.]. To fortify with a bulwark or rampart;
secure by a fortification; protect.
Some proud city, bulwark'd round and arm'd
With rising towers. Glover, Leonidas, viii.
Bulweria (bül-w6' ri-á), n. [NL., from the
proper name Bulwer.] A genus of petrels,
of the family Procellariidae, based upon B. co-
lumbina, a small whole-colored fuliginous spe-
cies about 10 inches long, the wings 8, the tail
4; and cuneate, with graduated rectrices, in-
habiting the Canary islands, etc. The genus is
intermediate between (Estrelata and the small petrels
known as Mother Carey's chickens.
buml (bum, earlier búm), v.; pret. and pp.
bwmºned, ppr. bumming. [K ME."bummen, b%.
men, bumben, bomben (see bombl, a var. form),
hum, buzz (= D. bommen = LG. bummem = G.
bummen, hum, buzz; cf. Icel. bumba, a drum);
an imitative word, in various applications:
see booml, bumble, bump1..] I. intrams. 1. To
make a hollow noise; boom; hum; buzz. Mars-
tom.–2. To rush with a murmuring sound.—
3+. To guzzle ; drink.
Ones at noon is i-nous that no werk nevseth
He abydeth wel the bet [better] that bommeth not to ofte.
Piers Plowman (A), vii. 139.
And who-so bummed [var. bom/mede] thereof [of the beste
ale) bougte it ther-after
A galoun for a grote. Pier8 Plowman (B), v. 223.
4. To sponge on others for a living; lead an
idle or dissolute life. [Colloq.]
II. trans. 1. To dun." [Prov. Eng.]–2. To
#Spin (a top).—3. [Cf. bump?..] To strike; beat.
bum.1 (bum), n. [Kbum1, v.] 1. An imitative
Word expressive of a droning or humming sound,
as that made by the bee; a hum. [Rare.]
I ha' known
Twenty such breaches pieced up, and made whole,
Without a bum of noise. B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady.
2#. A drink.-3. [Cf. buml, v., 4, and bummle,
m., 2.] A drunken loafer; one who leads an
idle, dissolute life; a bummer. [Colloq.]— 4.
A drunken spree; a debauch. "[Colloq. and
Vulgar, U. S.] Hence— 5. A convivial meet-
ing. [Local, U. S.] -
bum” (bum), n. [Origin obscure.] The but-
º; the part of the body on which one sits.
(LAG.
bum3 (bum), n. [Short for bumbailiff.] Album-
bailiff; the follower or assistant of a bailiff.
[Prov. Eng.]
bumastus (bü-mastus), n. [L., K. Gr. 600gaorog,
also goûaaffog, a kind of vine bearing large
§: A flavoring grape.
bumbt, v. and n. An obsolete form of boom.1.
bumbailiff (bum-bā'lif), n. [Prop. a dial, or
colloq. term, equiv. to bailiff, with a contemp-
tuous prefix of uncertain origin, prob. buml, 0.,
dun, bailiffs being best known and most dis-
liked in their office of arresting for debt and
making executions; or perhaps bum.1, n., as a
term of contempt (cf. bum3). Some assume the
prefix to be bum?, in humorous allusion to a
mode of “attaching” the person of a fleeing of-
fender. Blackstone's suggestion that the term
is a corruption of bound-bailiff is not supported.]
An under-bailiff; a subordinate civil officer, ap-
pointed to serve writs and to make arrests and
executions. [Vulgar.]
I have a mortal antipathy to catchpolls, bumbailiffs, and
little great men. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 156.
bumbardt (bumſbärd), m. and v. An obsolete
form of bombard.
(bum’bàr'el), n. A name of the
long-tailed titmouse, Acredula roSea.
㺠(bum’bast), n. An obsolete form of
bombast. *
[Cf. bamboozle.]
Amazed; confused; stupefied. . [Scotch.]
Lowell, Cathedral, bumbee (bum’bé), n., [K bum1 + bee.] Album-
2. Nawt., a close barrier running around a ship blebee. gº
or a part of it, above the level of the deck, in- bumbelo (bum (bé-lô), n.
[Scotch.]
Same as bombolo.
cluding the planking or boarding and ‘the bumble (bum’bl), v, i.; pret. and pp. bumbled,
tree is Bwmelia retusa, Also written bulletrie, bolletrie. .
Vp pipes and hurdyllis in maner and fourme of bulwerkis,
and sette men in chambirs, seleres and wyndowes with
. . bulses of diamonds
Sayd Lorde of Glouceteres person.
Arnold's Chronicle, 1502 (ed. 1811), p. 287.
It is the strongest towne of walles, townes, bulwerke,
Watches, and wardes that euer I sawe in all my lyfe.
Its once grim bulwarks turned to lowers' walks.
stanchions and timber-heads to which it is se-
cured.—3. That which protects or secures
against external annoyance or injury of any
kind; a screen or shelter.
The royal navy of England hath ever been its greatest
defence and ornament, . . . the floating bulwark of our
island. Blackstone, Com., I. 418.
ppr. bumbling. [= E. dial. and Sc. bummle,
bummel, KME. bumblem (= OD. bommelen = LG.
bummeln), freq. of bummen, hum: see buml.]
1+. To make a humming noise; boom; cry like
a bittern.
As a bytoure bumblith in the mire.
haucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, l, 116.
bumble
2. To make a splash in the sea. [Shetland.]
–3t. To scold.—4. To start off quickly. [Prov.
*Eng.]
bumble (bum’bl), n. [K bumble, v. Cf. bummle.]
1. A bittern, Botaurus stellaris. [Local, Eng.]
-2. A bumblebee. Also bombell, bummle.
+[Scotch.]
bumblebee (bum’bl-bé), n. A large hairy so-
cial bee of the family Apida, subfamily Socia-
d --- limaº, and genus
- Bombus, species
of which are
found in most
' parts of the
world. There are
upward of 60 species
in North America
alone. Like other
social bees, these
have males, females,
and drones, and live
in larger or smaller
ound burrows, or beneath stones,
Bumblebee (Bombus Aenotsylvanicus),
natural size.
communities in under
sods, stumps, etc.; but they also use the nests of other
animals, as mice or birds. See. Bo , and cut under
Hymenoptera. Also called humblebee, and dialectally bum-
bee, bumble, bumbler, bombell, and bummle.
[K bumble +
bumbleberry (bum’bl-ber’i), n.
berry1.] The blackberry: so called, and also
bumblekite and black-bowwower, in allusion to
the effect of blackberries in producing wind in
the stomach. [Prov. Eng.]
bumbledom (bum’bl-dum), m. [From Mr. Bum-
ble, the beadle, in Dickens's “Oliver Twist.”]
Fussy official pomposity: a sarcastic term ap-
plied especially to members of petty corpora-
tions, as vestries in England, and implying
pretentious inefficiency.
umblefoot (bum’bl-fút), n. 1. A diseasein the
feet of domestic fowls, especially of the heavier
breeds. It consists in a large, soft swelling of the ball
of the foot, which is inclined to suppurate, and is usually
caused by jumping from too high a perch to a hard floor.
Hence—2. A club-foot. [In this sense, bum-
ble-foot.]
She died mostly along of Mr. Malone's bumble foot, I
fancy. Him and old Biddy were both drunk a-fighting on
the stairs, and she was a step below he ; and he, being
drunk and bumble-footed too, lost his balance, and down
they come together. #. Kingsley, Ravenshoe, xli.
bumble-footed (bum’bl-fút/ed), a. Club-footed.
bumblekite (bum’bl-kit), n. [K bumble + kite,
the belly..] The blackberry. See bumbleberry.
[North. Eng. and Scotch.]
bumblepuppist (bum’bl-pup"ist), n., [K bum-
blepuppy + -ist.] In whist, one who plays bum-
blepuppy; one who imagines that he can play
whist, and undertakes to do so.
The bwmblepuppist only admires his own eccentricities.
Pembridge, Whist or Bunblepuppy? (1883), p. 2.
bumblepuppy (bum’bl-pup’i), n. 1. The game
Of lººp. By [Prov. }.}*2. In whist, a
manner of playing “either in utter ignorance
of all its known principles, or in defiance of
them, or both.” (Pembridge). -
Between the worst whist and the best bumblepuppy it
is almost impossible to draw the line. Other elementary
forms, protozoa, for instance, are often so much alike that
it is difficult to decide whether they are plants or animals.
Pembridge, Whist or Bumblepuppy? (1883), p. 1.
bumbler (bum blér), n. A bumblebee.
bumbler-box (bum’blér-boks), m. A wooden
toy used by boys to hold bumblebees.
b
*Cf. bum1, m., 3, and bummle, n., 2.]
719
Bumboat Act, an English statute of 1761 (2 Geo. III., c.
28) for the suppression of thieving, etc., by the proprie-
tors of bumboats and other craft on the Thames. It re-
quired the registration of such vessels.
bumbolo (bum’bū-lô), n. Same as bombolo.
bumby (bum'bi), n. 1. Stagnant filth.-2. A
closet or hole for lumber. IIalliwell. [Prov.
Eng. (Norfolk and Suffolk).]
bum-clock (bum'klok), n. [E. dial., K bum1 +
clock", make a noise: see clock1, cluck.] An
insect which bums or hums, as a chafer or bee.
The bum-clock humm'd with lazy drone.
Burns, Twa Dogs, l. 231.
Bumelia (bù-mé'liá), n. [L., K. Gr. 3ovuežía, a
large kind of ash, K. Boic, ox, in comp. imply-
ing ‘large,’ + uéâţa, ash, ash-tree.]. A genus
of plants, of the family Sapotaceae. They are
trees or shrubs, with a milky juice, a spiny stem, and
small white or greenish flowers, are natives of the south-
ern United States and the West Indies, and are called
there bastard bully-tree.
umkin (bum’kin), n. [K MD. boomken (= G.
bäumchen), a little tree, also prob. used in the
sense of little boom or beam; K boom, a tree,
bar, boom, H- dim. -ken : see boom? and -kin.
Cf. bumpkin2.J Naut.: (a) Formerly, a short ºf
boom projecting from each side of the bow of
a ship, to extend the weather-clew of the fore-
sail. (b) A short beam of wood or iron pro-
jecting from each quarter of a vessel, to which
the main-brace and maintopsail brace-blocks
are fastened. (c) A small outrigger over the
stern of a boat, used to extend the clew of the
after-sail. Also written boomkin, bumpkin.
We drifted fairly into the Loriotte, . . . breaking off
her starboard bumpkin, and one or two stanchions above
the deck. R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 126.
bummalo, bummaloti (bum'a-ló, bum-a-ló(ti),
n. [Manratti bombil, bombila. Molesworth.]
A small, glutinous, transparent teleostean fish,
of about the size of a smelt, found on all the
coasts of southern Asia, which when dried is
much used as a relish by both Europeans and
Indians, and facetiously called Bombay duck;
Harpodom nehereus, of the family Synodontidae.
bummaree (bum’a-ré), n. [Said to be a cor-
ruption of F. bonne marée, good fresh sea-fish:
bonne, fem. of bon, good (see bon4); marée, salt-
water fish, K marée, tide, K L. mare, F. mer, sea,
= E. merel..] A name given to a class of specu-
lating traders at Billingsgate market, London,
who buy large quantities of fish from the sales-
men and sell them again to smaller dealers.
bummel (bum’l), v. and n. See bummle.
bummer (bum’ér), n. [K bum1, v. i., 4, -H -erl.
1. An idle,
worthless fellow, especially one who sponges on
others for a living; a dissolute fellow; a loaf-
er; a tramp; in United States political slang, a
low politician; a heeler; a “boy.”—2. During #7th ser; * ~ *
the civil war in the United States, a camp-foil bumper" (bumſpêr),?.
lower or a plundering straggler.
The alarming irruption at the front of individuals of a
class designated . . . as bummers.
N. A. Rev.; CXXIII. 459, bumper2 (bum'për) m.
bummery?, m. An obsolete form of bottomry.
bummle (bum']), v. i.; pret. and pp. bummled,
ppr. bummling. [A dial. form of bumble.] 1.
To bumble.—2. To blunder. [North. Eng.]
bummle (bum’l), n. [Sc. also (in def. 1) bum-
mel, bombell = E. bumble: see bumble, m. Cf.
bum.1, n., 3.] 1. A bumblebee.—2. An idle
bumbles (bum’blz), m.pl. [E. dial.] 1. Rushes. fellow; a drone.
–2. Akind of blinkers. Halliwell., [Proy. Eng.] bumpli (bump), v.i.
bumble-staff (bum’bl-stäf), n. A thick stick.
[North. Eng.]
lbumbot (bum’bó), n. A drink made of rum,
sugar, water, and nutmeg.
[He] returned to his messmates, who were making merry
in the ward-room, round a table well stored with bumbo
and wine. Smollett, Roderick Random, xxxiv.
bumboat (bum’bót), m. [= Dan, bumbaad, ap-
ar. K. D. “bumboot, a very wide boat used by
#ies in South Holland and Flanders, also for
taking a pilot to a ship: Roding, Marine Dict.”
(Wedgwood), prob, K. D. bum, a cauſ or recep-
tacle for keeping fish alive, OD. bom, a chest,
box, cask (cf. M.D. bumme, bonne, a hatchway),
+ boot, boat. Or perhaps orig. D. "boomboot,
equiv. to MD. D. boomschip (= MLG. bomschip,
LG. boomschip = G. baumschiff), a boat made
out of a single tree, a fisherman's boat, canoe,
K boom, a tree (= E. beam), + Schip = E. ship :
see beam, boom?, and ship.] A boat used in
peddling fresh vegetables, fruit, and Small
wares among the vessels lying in a harbor or
roadstead.
The Captain again the letter hath read
Which the bum-boat woman brought out to Spithead.
- Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 155,
[First in early mod. E.,
appar, a var. of bum], bumb, bombl; cf. the
freq. bumble. Cf. W. bump, a hollow sound, a
boom; hence aderyn y bwmp, the bittern (ade-
rym, a bird), also called bwmp y gors (cors, a
bog, fen). Of imitative origin: see boom.1,
buml, bombl, bomb?, bumble, etc.] To make a
loud, heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern;
boom. Dryden. t
bumpli (bump), n. IK bump!, v.] A booming,
hollow noise.
The bitter with his bumpe.
Skelton, Phyſiyp sparowe, 1. 432, bumper-timber (bum (pêr-tim "bér), n.
bump? (bump), v. [First in early mod. E.; prob.
developed from bump1, which, as orig. imita-
tive, is closely related to bum!, boom, also strike.
Cf. ODan. bumpe, strike with the clenched fist,
Dan. bumpe, thump. Cf. also W. pumpio, thump
bump3 (bump), n.
bumping-post (bum’ping-pôst), n.
bumpkin
2. In English boat-racing, to touch (the stern
of a boat ahead) with the bow of the following
boat. See extract.
Classic Camus being a very narrow stream, scarcely
wider than a canal, it is impossible for the boats to 1-ace
side by side. The following expedient has therefore been
adopted: they are drawn up in line, two lengths between
each, and the contest consists in each boat endeavoring
to touch with its bow the stern of the one before it, which
operation is called bumping; and at the next race the
bumper takes the place of the bumped.
C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 66.
II. intrans. 1. To come forcibly in contact
with something; strike heavily: as, the vessel
bumped against the wharf.-2. To ride with-
out rising in the stirrups on a rough-trotting
horse. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]—3. In chem.,
to give off vapor intermittently and with almost
explosive violence, as some heated solutions.
The vapor collects in large bubbles at the bottom, and then
bursts through the solution to the surface.
4}. To form bumps or protuberances.
Long fruite fastened together by couples, one right
against another, with kernels bumping out neere the
place in which they are combined.
Gerarde, Herball, p. 1299, ed. 1633.
ump2 (bump), n. [K bump?, v.; the sense of
‘ a swelling’ is derived from that of “a blow.’
Cf. Dan. bump, a thump, ODan. bump, a thick-
set fellow, bumpet, thick, fat..] 1. A shock
from a collision, such as from the jolting of a
vehicle.
Those thumps and bumps which flesh is heir to.
Hook, Gilbert Gurney, I. v.
2. In English boat-racing, the striking of one
boat by the prow of another following her. See
bump.2, v. t., 2.
I can still condescend to give our boat a shout when it
Imakes a bump. Cambridge Sketches.
3. A swelling or protuberance, especially one
caused by a blow.
A bump as big as a young cockrel's stone.
Shak., R. and J., i. 3.
I had rather she should make bumps on my head, as big
as my two fingers, than I would offend her.
B. Jomsom, Poetaster, ii. 1.
Specifically—4. The popular designation of
the natural protuberances on the surface of
the skull or cranium, which phrenologists asso-
ciate with distinct qualities, affections, propen-
sities, etc., of the mind: used ironically for the
word organ employed by phrenologists: as, the
bump of veneration, acquisitiveness, etc.—5.
The corner of the stock of a gun at the top of
the heel-plate.
[E. dial.] 1. A material
used for coarse sheets. [Prov. Eng. (Derby-
shire and Yorkshire).]—2. In London, a sort
of matting used for covering floors. N. and Q.,
. 307.
[K bump2 + -erl.] 1.
One who or that which bumps.-2. A log of
wood placed over a ship's side to keep off ice,
or anything similarly used; a fender.
[Perhaps a corruption
of bumbard, bombard, a drinking-vessel (see
bombard, m.), associated with E. dial. bumpsy,
tipsy, bum, ME. bummen, guzzle, drink; see
buml.] 1. A cup or glass filled to the brim,
especially when drunk as a toast.
Fill a dozen bumpers to a dozen beauties, and she that
floats atop is the maid that has bewitched you.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 3.
He froth'd his bumpers to the brim.
Tennyson, Death of the Old Year.
2. A crowded house at a theatrical benefit, or
the like.—Bumper game, a game in which the scoring
×is all on one side.
bumper? (bum'për), v. t.
[K bumper2, n.] To
fill to the brim. Burms.
bumperize (bum'për-iz), v. f.; pret. and pp.
bumperized, ppr. bumperizing. [K bumper” +
-īge.] To drink bumpers. [Rare.]
Pleased to see him, We kept bumperizing till after Toll-
calling. Gibbon, Memoirs, p. 68.
In
some locomotives, a timber to which the cow-
catcher or pilot is fastened, designed to receive
the shock or blow of a collision.
A timber
fender or buffer, placed at the end of a railroad-
bang (pwºmp, a round mass, a lump), = Ir. icº. track to prevent the cars from leaving the rails.
main, i strike, gash, cut, - Gael. beion, strike; bumpkin", n. Same as bumkin.
Ir. Gael. bewm, a stroke, blow, = Corn, bum,
bom, a blow. Cf. bump.2, n., and bounce.] I.
trans. 1. To cause to come in violent contact;
bring into concussion; knock; strike; thump:
as, to bump one's head against a wall.
Pump'd the ice into three several stars.
- Tennyson, The Epic,
bumpkin.” (bump"kin), n.
The tack of the foresail is made fast either to the stern
or a small bumpkin eight inches long.
Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 630.
[Prob. a particular
use of bumpkin.1 = bumkin, a short boom. Cf.
blockland blockhead, a stupid fellow.] An awk-
ward, clumsy rustic; a clown or country lout.

bumpkin
What a bumpkin he is for a captain in the army! old
Osborne thought. Thackeray, Vanity Fair.
bumpkinly (bump’kin-li), a. [K bumpkin2 +
-ly 1.] . Of or pertaining to a bumpkin or clown;
clownish. -
He is a simple, blundering, and yet conceited fellow,
who . . . gives an air of bumpkinly romance to all he tells.
Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe.
bumpsy (bump'si), a. [E. dial.; cf. buml, drink.]
Tipsy... [Prov. Eng.]
bumptious (bump'shus), a. [A slang word,
prob. K bump”, strike against, + -tious.] Offen-
sively self-assertive; liable to give or take of—
fense; disposed to quarrel; domineering; for-
Ward; pushing. Thackeray.
bumptiousness (bump'shus-nes), n. IK bump-
tious + -mess.] The quality of being bump-
tious.
Tom, notwithstanding his bumptiowsness, felt friends
with him at once. T. Hughes, Tom Brown's School-Days.
The peculiar bumptiowsness of his [Hazlitt's] incapacity
nakes it particularly offensive.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 352.
bumpy (bum’pi), a. [K bump? ---y1.] Having
or marked by bumps; having a surface marked
by bumps or protuberances.
bumrolli, n. A sort of bustle. [Vulgar.]
I disbased myself, from my hood and my farthingal, to
these bum'rowls and your whalebone bodice.
B. Jomson, Poetaster, ii. 1.
bum-wood (bum'wild), m. Same as burn-wood.
bunl (bun), n. [Also bunn, bunnet. KME. bumme,
bonne, a cake, a small loaf. Origin obscure ;
perhaps orig. a nursery word, a var. of the
imitative term for “bread,” appearing also in
E. bap, LG. boppe, G. bamme, etc. Some refer
to a F. dial. bugme, a kind of fritter, etc.] A
slightly sweetened and flavored roll or biscuit;
a sweet kind of bread baked in small cakes,
generally round. In some districts, appar., a
small loaf of bread.—Bath bun, a sort of light
sweet roll, generally containing currants, etc., name
from Bath, England.
bun2 (bun), n. [Appar. identical with E. dial.
boon?, K ME. bone, also bumme, of uncertain
origin, perhaps K Gael. bun, a stump, stock,
root, a short, Squat person or animal, =
bum, stock, root, bottom, = Manx bun, a thick
end, butt-end, = W. bum, a spear-head. The
2d and 3d senses may be of diff. Origin.] 1. A
dry stalk; the dry stalk of hemp stripped of its
rind.—2. The tail of a hare.—3. A rabbit.
Also called bunny. [Prov. Eng.]
bunº (bun), m. [Origin obscure.] A flat-bot-
tomed boat square at both ends. [Canadian.]
bunce (buns), interj. [Perhaps a corruption of
L. bonus, good.] Extra profit; bonus: used as
an exclamation by boys. The cry “Bunce!”
when something is found by another gives the
*right to half of what is discovered.
Bunchl (bunch), n. [Early mod. E. also some-
times bounch; K ME. bunche, a hump, prob. K
Icel. bunki = OSw, and Sw, dial. bunke = Norw.
bunke = Dan. bunke, a heap, pile: see bunk, of
which bunch may be considered an assibilated
form. Perhaps ult. connected with the verb
bunch, strike: see bunch2.] 1. A protuber-
ance; a hunch; a knob or lump. [Now rare.]
Gobba [It], a bunch, a knob or crooke backe, a croope.
Florio (1598).
They will carry . . . their treasures upon the bunches
of camels. Isa. XXX. 6.
2. A cluster, collection, or tuft of things of the
same kind connected in growth or joined to-
gether mechanically: as, a bunch of grapes; a
bunch of feathers on a hat.
On his arme a bowmch of keyes he bore.
Spenser, F. Q., I. viii. 30.
3. More generally, a cluster or aggregate of
any kind: used specifically of ducks, in the
sense of a small flock.
They are a bunch of the most boisterous rascals
Disorder ever made.
Fletcher, Wit without Money, v. 2.
After the bunch of ducks have been shot at, ... they fly
a long distance and do not alight within sight.
Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 218.
4. In mining, a small mass of ore... See bunchy,
3, and pocket.—5. In flaw-manuf, three bundles
or 180,000 yards of linen yarn.—6. A unit of
tale for osiers, reeds, teazels, and the like,
with no general or fixed sense.—Bunch of fives,
in pugilism, the fist with the five fingers, clenched for
striking: as, he gave him his bunch of fives (that is, struck
jºr him with his fist). [Slang.] -
bunch1 (bunch), v. [K bunch1, m.] I. intrans.
To swell out in a protuberance; be protuberant
or round. -
Bunching out into a large round knob at one end.
|Woodward, Fossils.
720
II. trans. To make a bunch or bunches of;
bring together into a bunch or aggregate; con-
centrate: as, to bunch ballots for distribution;
to bunch profits; to bunch the hits in a game of
base-ball.
Cloistered among cool and bunched leaves.
Keats, Endymion, i.
bunch?! (bunch), v. t. [KME. bunchen, bonchen,
beat, strike; cf. D. bonken, beat, belabor, Dan.
banke, Norw. banka, beat, Icel. banga, OSw.
bânga, bunga, strike: see bangl and bung2.
See bunch1, n., and cf. bump?, which includes
the meanings of bunchl and bunciº. Nôtre.
lated to punch in this sense.] To beat; strike.
Thei bomchen theire brestis with fistes.
Lydgate. (Halliwell.)
I bunche, I beate, je powsse. He buncheth me and beateth
IłłC. Palsgrave.
bunch-backedt (bunch’bakt), a. Hunch-back-
ed; as, “foul bunch-back'd toad,” Shak., Rich.
III., iv. 4.
bunch-berry (bunch’ber’i), n. 1. A common
name of the dwarf cornel, Cornus Canadensis,
on account of its dense clusters of bright-red
berries.—2. The fruit of the Rubus saaſatilis.
Halliwell. [Prov. Eng. (Craven).]
bunch-flower (bunch'flou’ér), n. Melanthium
Wörginicum, a melanthiaceous plant of the
United States, with grass-like leaves and a
tall stem with a broad panicle of small green-
kish flowers.
bunch-grass (bunch'grás), n. A name given
to many different grasses of the Rocky Moun-
tain region and westward, usually growing in
distinct clumps. The more abundant are Poa Buckley-
ama, Eriocoma cuspidata, Festuca scabrella, and species
of Stipa and Agropyrom.
bunchiness (bun’ chi-nes), m. [K bunchy -H
-ness.] The state of being bunchy, or of grow-
ing in bunches.
bunch-whale (bumch’hwāl), m. A whale of the
genus Megaptera; a humpback whale. w
bunchy (bun'chi), a. [K bunch + -yl.] 1. Hav-
ing or being like a bunch or hunch; having
knobs or protuberances: as, “an unshapen
bunchy spear,” Phaer, Æneid, ix. -
Chiefs particularly affect great length of cord, which
does not improve the wearer's appearance, as it makes
the kilt too bunchy. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXX. 206.
2. Growing or existing in bunches; having or
formed of bunches: as, “his bunchy tail,” N.
Grew, Museum. Specifically—3. In mining,
said of a lode when the ore is irregularly dis-
tributed throughitinsmallmasses or “pockets.”
bunco, n. See bunko.
buncombe, bunkum (bung’kum), n. [K Bun-
combe, a county of North Carolina: see extract
from Bartlett, below.] Empty talk; pointless
Speechmaking; balderdash.
When a crittur talks for talk's sake, jist to have a speech
in the paper to send to home, and not for any other airthly
puppus but electioneering, our folks call it bunkwm.
Halibwrton.
To talk for Buncombe, to speak for effect on persons
at a distance, without regard to the audience present.
The origin of the phrase, “talking for Buncombe,” is
thus related in Wheeler's “History of North Carolina”:
“Several years ago, in Congress, the member for this dis-
trict arose to address the House, without any extraordi-
nary powers, in manner or matter, to interest the audi-
ence. Many members left the hall. Very naïvely he told
those who remained that they might go too: he should
speak for some time, but he was only “talking for Bwn-
combe.’” JBartlett.
bund (bund), n. [Anglo-Ind., also written band
(pron. bund), repr. Hind. band, a dam, dike,
causeway, embankment, a particular use of
band, a band, bond, tie, imprisonment; in all
uses also spelled bandh, K Skt. V bandh = E.
bind, tie.] India and the East generally, an
embankment forming a promenade and car-
riageway along a river-front or seaside; an
esplanade; an embankment; a dam.
bunderl (bunºdër), n. [Pers. bandar, a trading
center.] A landing-place; a harbor; a mar-
ket (in Bengal). º
bunder2 (bun’dër), n. [Also written bhunder ;
K Hind. bandar, also bánar, a monkey, ape,
baboon.] The common rhesus or other East
Indian monkey.
bunder8 (bun’dër), n. [E. Ind.] A canard.
bunder-boat (bunºdèr-bót), n. A lateen-rigged
boat in use at Bombay and along the Malabar
Coast.
Bundesrath, Bundesrat (bön"des-rät), n. [G.;
K bundes, gen, of bund, a league (see bundle),
+ rath, rat, council, counsel, etc., OHG. MHG.
rāt (= AS. rād, ME. rede, E. rede, read (obs.),
council): see read1, n.] 1. The federal coun-
cil of the German empire, exercising legislative
bung * *
functions in combination with the Reichstag,
and consisting of 58 members representing the
26 states of the empire. In the Bundesrath each
state votes as a unit, the imperial chancellor being presi-
ent. wº.
2. In Switzerland, the federal council, exercis-
ing executive and administrativefunctions, and
+composed of 7 members.

bundle (bunſdl), n. [K, ME. bundel (also dim.
bundelet), KAS.*byndel (not found) (=D. bondel,
bundel = G. bindel), a bundle, dim. of “bund,
ONorth. pl. bunda, a bundle (= D. bond, usu-
ally verbond, a bond, covenant, league, = MLG.
bwnt, a band, a bundle, = MHG. bunt, G. bund,
a bundle, truss, also a tie, bond, league, union,
etc., X Dan. bundt = Sw, bunt, a bundle), K bin-
dan (pp. bunden) = G. binden, etc., bind: see
bind, and cf. bond1.] 1. A number of things
bound together; anything bound or rolled into
a convenient form for conveyance or handling;
a package; a roll: as, a bundle of lace; a bum-
dle of hay.
Every schoolboy can have recourse to the fable of the
rods, which, when united in a bundle, no strength could
bend. Goldsmith, Essays, ix.
The optic nerve is a great bundle of telegraph wires,
each carrying its own message undisturbed by the rest.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 284.
Hence—2. A group or a number of things hav-
ing some common characteristic which leads to
their being held and transferred in the same
ownership.–3. In bot., a fascicular aggrega-
tion of one or more elementary tissues travers-
ing other tissues. The bundle may be either vascular
(composed of vessels only) or fibrovascular (containing
both fibrous and vascular tissues), and is usually sur-
rounded by a layer of parenchyma, or soft cellular tissue,
called the bundle-sheath.
“Concentric” bundles occur in many vascular crypto-.
gams. Encyc. Brit., XII. 18.
4. In paper-making, two reams of printing-pa-,
per or brown paper: established by a statute'
of George I.—5. In spinning, twenty hanks or
60,000 yards of linen yarn. [Bundle is also used as
a unit of weight for straw, and of tale for barrel-hoops, but
without any fixed value. A bundle of bast ropes is ten,
by a statute of Charles II.]—Closed bundle, in bot., a
fibrovascular bundle which is wholly formed of woody
and bast tissue, without a cambium layer, and is there-
fore incapable of further growth.-Collateral bundle,
in bot., a fibrovascular bundle consisting of a strand of
woody tissue and another of bast, side by side.—Con-
centric bundle, in bot., a fibrovascular bundle in which
the bast tissue surrounds the woody tissue, as is common
in vascular cryptogams, or the reverse. w
bundle (bun’dl), v. ; pret. and pp. bundled, ppr.
bundling. [K bundle, n.] I. trams. 1. To tie.
or bind in a bundle or roll: often followed by
wp: as, to bundle up clothes.
Their trains bundled up into a heap behind, and rustling
at every motion. Goldsmith, Vicar, iv.
2. To place or dispose of in a hurried, uncere-
monious manner.
They unmercifully bundled me and my gallant second
into our own hackney-coach.
T. Hook, Gilbert Gurney, II. iii.
To bundle off, to send (a person) off in a hurry; get rid
of unceremoniously: as, the children were bundled off to
bed.—To bundle out, to expel summarily: as, I bundled
him out of doors.
You ought to be bundled out for not knowing how to
behave. Dicken3.
II. intrans. 1. To depart in a hurry or un-
ceremoniously: often with off.
* Is your ladyship's honour bundling off then?
Colman the Younger, Poor Gentleman, v. 3.
See the savages bundle back into their canoes.
St. Nicholas, XI. 377.
2. In New England (in early times) and in
Wales, to sleep in the same bed without un-
dressing: applied to the custom of men and
women, especially sweethearts, thus sleeping.
Stopping occasionally in the villages to eat pumpkin
pies, dance at country frolics, and bundle with the Yankee
lasses. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 295.
bundle-pillar (bun’dl-pil’ār), n. Same as clus-
tered column (which see, under column).
bundle-sheath (bun’dl-shēth), n. See bundle,
7%. , 5.
bungl (bung), n. [K ME. bunge, of uncertain
origin; the W. bung, an orifice, a bung (cf.
OGael. buime = Ir. buimne, a tap, †. Spout),
prob. from E. Cf. OD. bonne, MD. bonde (X F.
bonde), a bung; M.D. bommel, D. boml, dim.
bommel, a bung; MD. bomme?, D. bom?, a drum;
MD. bunghe, bonghe - MLG. bunge, a drum
(MLG. bungen, beat a drum: see bung?). The
E. word seems to have taken the form of MD.
bunghe (with equiv. bomme?), a drum, with the
sense of MD. bonde (with equiv. bommel), a
bung.] 1. A large cork or stopper for closing
the hole in the side of a cask through which it
bung
is filled.—2. The hole or orifice in a cask
through which it is filled; a bung-hole.—3t.
A pickpocket; a sharper. -
Away, you cutpurse rascall you filthy bunç, away!
- Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
4. A brewer. [Eng, slang.]—5. A pile of seg-
gars or setters in a porcelain-kiln.
bungl (bung), v. t. "[K bung1, n.] To stop the
orifiée of with a bung; close. -
All entries to the soul are so stopped and bunged up.
Hammond, Works, IV. 679.
bung? (bung), v. t. [Commonly regarded as a
particular use of bungl, v.; but cf. MLG. bun-
gen = MHG. bungen, beat a drum, G. dial. bun-
gen, biingen, strike (freq. bungeln, beat), -OSW.
bunga, strike: see bunch2. Cf. bungi, bangl.]
To beat severely; exhaust lº. hard blows or
strenuous effort; bruise; maul: used chiefly in
the phrase bunged up : as, he was all bunged
wp in the fight; the day's work has completely
bunged me up. [Slang.]
bungall (bun'gāl), n. ſº
allda, foreign, English, Kgall, a forei
ishman.] A base coin current in Ireland in
the reign of Queen Elizabeth. At one time it
passed for sixpence, at another for twopence,
and ultimately for a penny. . "
bungalow (bung"ga-lô), n. [Anglo-Ind., KBHind.
banglä (Pers. bānglă), a thatched cottage, a
--->
* * *
Bungalow on Penang Hills.
$.” K Banga, Bengal. Cf. Bengali.] In
dia, a one-storied thatched or tiled house,
usually surrounded by a veranda; in the East
generally, any dwelling which stands in its
own compound.
It [the road] leads to . . . Faatana, a regular square
Indian bungalow, with thatched roofs, verandahs covered
with creepers, windows opening to the ground, and steps IB
leading to the º; on every side.
ady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. xiv.
B.º. a house for travelers, such as are con-
structed at intervals of from 12 to 15 miles on the high-
roads in many parts of India at the expense of the author-
ities. The government charges each traveler one rupee
(about thirty-two cents) a day for the use of the bungalow.
Bungarus (bung'gá-rus), n. [Also Bongarus;
NL., from the native name bungar or bongar.]
A genus of yenomous serpents, of the family
Plapidae, natives of India, and closely allied to
the Naja, though the neck is not so dilatable.
In the Bungarus fasciatus, the rock-serpent, the head is
flat and short, the muzzle round, and the upper jaws are
furnished with grooved fangs. The color is generally of a
light hue, relieved by bands or rings of jetty black. Also
Bongarus.
bung-drawer (bung"drāſēr), n. A wooden mal-
let of a peculiar form for removing the bung
from a cask. [Local, Eng.]
bºrg, a. [A var. of bunglely, K bungle +-
unglin
-lyl.] g; clumsy.
Oftentimes the more shallow in knowledge the more
bungerly in wickedness. Rev. T. Adams, Works, II, 43.
bungersome (bungſgèr-sum), a. [A dial. var.
of bunglesome.] Clumsy. Grose. [Prov. Eng.]
bº. (bung’hôl), n. A hole or orifice in a
cask through which it is filled, closed by a bung.
bungle (bung'gl), v. 3.; pret. and pp. bungled,
ppr. bungling. [Prob. equiv. to *bongle for
banglel, freq. of bangl, beat; cf. G. dial, bungeln,
strike, beat, freq. of bungen, strike; Sw. dial.
bangla, work ineffectually, freq. of banka, war.
bonka, bunka, strike, OSw. bunga, beat: see
bangl, bunciº, bungº, and cf. botch?, bungle,
which also goes back to an original sense
‘beat.’] I. intrans. To work or act in a clumsy,
awkward, or blundering manner.
Can you fail or bungle in your trade?
Oldham, Satires on the Jesuits.
I could rather see the stage filled with agreeable objects,
though they might sometimes bungle a little.
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 1.
II. trans. To make or mend clumsily; botch;
manage awkwardly or blunderingly; perform
inefficiently.
Botch and bungle up damnation
With patches, Shak., Hen. W., ii. 2,
bº. (bung'gl), n.
bungling (bung'g ing), ſ), 0.
- . U.
[K Ir. bunn, a coin, + built
er, Eng- manner; Cl
bunion, bunyon (bun'ygn), m.
*is sometimes called earth-chestnut.
#Sustain a heavy weight.
Yºr
bunkerl (bung'kēr), n.
721
I had seen something of the world, and had contracted
about the average bad habits of young men who have the
sole care of themselves, and rather bungle the matter.
C. p. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 81.
* [K bungle, v.]
ormance; a piece of awkward work; a
É. IRay.
bungler (bung'glér), n. One who bungles; a
clumsy, awkward workman; one who performs
without skill.
If to be a dunce or a bungler in any profession be shame-
ful, how much more ignominious and infamous to a scholar
to be such. Barrow.
bunglesome (bung'gl-sum), a. [K bungle +
-807/26, ung ; clumsy.
[Ppr. of bungle,
0.] 1. Prone to bungle; clumsy: as, “this
bungling wretch,” Oldham.—2. Characterized
by clumsiness; botched.
Letters to me are not seldom opened, and then sealed in
a bungling manner before they come to my hands. Swift.
gainly, Uncouth, etc. See awkward.
# (bungſgling-li), adv. In a bungling
umsily; awkwardly.
A clumsy bunker” (bungſkēr), m.
hº (bungſkö), v. t.
bunt,
–2. A sort of fixed chest or box; a large bin
or receptacle: as, a coal-bunker (which see).
3. In golf, an excavation, partly filled with
sand, anywhere on the course. See hazard.
[Short for mossbunker,
q. v.] A menhaden.
bunker-plate (bung'kér-plat), n. An iron plate
covering a hole in a ship's deck leading to the
coal-bunker.
bunko, bunco (bungſkö), n. [Perhaps a corrup-
tion of It. banco, a bank or money-changer's
stall; cf. bunk, as related to bank.] A swindle
practised by two or more confederates upon a
stranger (generally by gaining his confidence
on the ground of alleged previous acquaintance
with himself or some of his friends), who is al-
lured to a house, and there fleeced at some game,
openly robbed, or otherwise victimized. Also
called bunko-game. [American slang or cant.]
To victimize, as by a
unko-man. [American slang or cant.] .
A Reading banker bunkoed.
Philadelphia Times (1883), No. 2892, p. 2.
bungo (bung'gó), n., [Origin obscure.]. A kind bunko-game (bung"kö-gām), n. Same as bunko.
of canoe used
and in the southern part of the United States.
JBartlett. gº -
'bungo-tree (bungſgö-tré), m. [K bungo, a native
name, + tree.] º
gum.
bung-starter (bung'stär"tēr), n. A kind of flat
mallet for starting a wooden bung from the
bung-hole. -
bung-stave (bung'stāv), n. The stave of a bar- vous.
bunks (bungks), m. The wild Suecory. [Prov.
Ilg.
Eng.]
bºim, m. See buncombe.
rel in which the bung-hole has been made.
Bungtown copper. See copper.
bung-vent (bung’vent), n. A valve-stopper
designed to allow air to enter a cask without bunn, n.
permitting the gases generated within it to es- bunnel (bun'el), n.
cape, or the reverse.
[Formerly also
bunian, bunnion, bunnian; K It. bugnone, a knob,
a boil or blain, aug. of equiv. bugno, prob. =
OF. bugne, buigne, bune, a swelling, F. bigne, a
bump, knob, swelling; perhaps ult. from the
Teut. verb represented by bung2.] A swelling
on the foot caused by the inflammation of a
bursa, especially that over the metatarsopha-
langeal joint of the §. toe. It may occur, how-
ever, over the corresponding joint of the fifth digit, or
more rarely over the scaphoid bone.
unium (bü’ni-um), n. [NL. (L. bunion –
Pliny), KGr. 3oin'tov, a plant, perhaps the earth-
nut; cf. Bovvačg, a plant of the rape kind.]
A genus of plants, of the family Apiaceae, with
tuberous roots, natives of Europe and western
Asia. B. Bulbocastanum, native in Europe and western
Asia, has an edible tuber which is roasted and eaten. It
See earthnut.
bunk (bungk), n. [Of Scand. origin, prob.
affected in sense by bank, dial. benk, bink, a bump.
bunko-steerer (bungſkö-stër’ér), n.
bunney, n.
bunniant, n. A
bunnings (bunſingz), m. pl.
bunnyl (bun'i), m.; pl. bunnies (-iz).
bunny? (bun'i), n.
bunnyë (bun'i), n.
in Central and South America, bunko-joint (bungſkö-joint), n. A house or
rendezvous to which strangers are allured, and
in which they are victimized, by bunko-men.
[American slang or cant.]
e º A leguminous tree of Sierra bunko-man (bungſkö-man), n. A person who
bungalow, lit. belonging to Bengal, Bengalese Leone, Daniellia thurifera, yielding a fragrant practises the bunko swindle.
[American slang
That One
of the swindlers called bunko-men who allures
or steers strangers to the bunko-joint or rendez-
[American slang or cant.]
or cant.]
See bun 1.
[E. dial. dim. of bun2, n.]
A dried hemp-stalk, used by smokers to light
their pipes. Grose. [Prov. Eng.]
See bunny?.
An obsolete spelling of bunion.
[E. dial.] In lead-
mining, a floor or staging of wood built across
the lode over the miners' heads, and on which
the refuse was thrown, so that the mine, origi-
Inally begun as an open work, became covered
over for its whole length, except under the
“Stowses” or windlasses. The same thing was re-
peated lower down, the process being a sort of combi-
nation of the cast-after-cast method and of underhand
stoping. The process is no longer used. [Derbyshire, Eng.]
[E. dial.]
A gully formed by water making its way over
the edge of a cliff. [Hampshire, Eng.]
[Dim. of bun?, a rabbit.]
A pet name for a rabbit.
[E. dial., also written bun-
mey. Cf. bumion.] A swelling from a blow; a
[Prov. Eng.]
bench: K (1) Icel. bunki = OSw. and Sw. dial. bunny4+ (bunºi), m. Same as bonny?.
bunke = Norw, bunke = Dan. bunke, a heap, pile bunnya, n. See bunya.
(cf. MLG. bunk, a bone, esp. one of the promi- bunodont (bū’ng-dont), a.
nent bones of a large animal, = OFries. bunke,
East Fries. bunke, North Fries. bunk, a bone), ap-
ar.the same as (2) ODan. bunke, a cargo stowed
in the hold of a ship, the hold itself, the bilge,
the bottom, = OSw, bunke, part of a ship, prob.
the hold; prob. also the same as (3) ODan.
bunke=Sw. bunke=Norw.bunka, bunk, abroad,
low milk-pan, and (4) ODan. bunke, the site of
a building: these forms being more or less con-
fused with (5) Icel. bunga, a slight elevation,
= Norw. bunga, a little heap, bung, byng, bunk,
a slight protuberance or dent, bungutt, bunkutt,
dented, appar. connected (as bump2, a blow,
With bump?, a protuberance, or as bunch2 with
bunchl) with Sw. bunga, strike: see bunch2 and
bung?, and cf. bunchl, which may be considered
an assibilated form of bunk. Cf. bulk.] 1. A
raised recess or compartment, inclosed on
three sides, used as a sleeping-berth in ships,
sleeping-cars, and sometimes in dwellings.
I should . . . pass over the rest of his voyage by saying
that he was confined to his bunk, and saw no more of it.
H. Kingsley, Ravenshoe, li. (Davies.)
2. A piece of timber Plºt: sº a sled to
[U. S.
bunk (bungk), v. i. [K bunk, m.] To occupy a
bunk; hence, to occupy a bed; sleep: as, the
two boys bunked together.
R. H. Dama, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 57.
IK bunk + -erl. Cf.
bankerl in the sense of “a bench, a seat.”] 1.
A bench or sort of chest that serves for a seat.
bunsenite (bün'sen-it), m.
[KNL. bunodon(t-),
K Gr. Bovvág, a hill, mound, + 6óoig (böovt-) = E.
tooth.] In odont., having the crowns of the
molar teeth elevated into tubercles; having tu-
berculate molars: in general, opposed to lopho-
dont; specifically, having teeth of the pattern
resented by the Bunodonta.
unodonta (bū-nº-don’tá), m. pl. [NL., neut.
pl. of bunodon : see bunodont.] The most prim-
itive type of the artiodactyls, continued to the
present day by the non-ruminant or suilline
quadrupeds of the families Swida and Hippopo-
tamidae, or the swine and hippopotamus.
Bunotheria (bü-nó-théºri-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
8ovvóg, a hill, mound, + tºpiov, a wild beast.]
A mammalian ordinal name proposed by
Cope to include the Insectivora and the
extinct Creodonta, Pantotheria, and Tillo-
donta.
bunotherian (bū-nº-théºri-an), a. [K Bunothe-
Tia + -an.] Pertaining to or characteristic of
the Bunotheria. E. D. Cope.
Bunsen burner, cell, filter-pump. See the
Il Oll LlS.
e [After the German
chemist Robert W. Bunsen.] Native nickel
protoxid, occurringinisometric octahedral crys-
tals of a green color. The name was also given
# to the gold tellurid krennerite.
We turned in to bunk and mess with the crew forward, buntl (bunt), v. i.
e - [K ME, buntem; of uncertain
origin; cf. Bret, bounta, bunta, push, shove;
cf. also E. punt”, push, and butti.] 1. To push
With the horns or head, as a goat or a calf.-
2. To spring; rear, [Prov. Eng.]

bunt
ſt .
buntl (bunt), n. [K buntl, v. i.] A push with
the head, or the head and horns.
bunt” (bunt), m. [ME. bunt; related to buntl,
v., as bunch”, bump”, are to the corresponding
verbs.] 1. The middle part of a square sail;
also used figuratively.
Bunt, (sea-term) the bag, pouch, or middle part of a sail
Which serves to catch and keep the wind; as, the bunt
holds much leeward wind, i.e., the bunt hangs too much
to leeward. Phillips, 1706.
In furling, the strongest and most experienced standin
the slings (or middle of the yard) to make up the bunt.
F. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 26.
2. The bagging part of a fishing-net; the
× funnel or bottom of an eel-trap.
bunt” (bunt), v. i. [Kbunt2, n.] To swell out;
belly, as a sail.
buntë (bunt), v. t. [K ME. *bunten, bonten, sift
perhaps a var. of bulten, sift, bolt: see %iºj
To sift. [Prov. Eng.]
buntá (bunt), n. [Perhaps a dial. form of burnt
as used in comp. bunt-ear for burnt-ear, etc.j
1. A smut which infests and destroys the ker-
nels of wheat; an ustilagineous fungus, Til-
letia tritici, which causes serious. damage in
Europe, and is becoming troublesome in Amer-
ica. The common smut of wheat in the United States is
Ustilago tritici, and is not called bunt. Also called
bladder-brand.
2. A name sometimes given to the puffball,
Lycoperdom. -
buntbok (bunt"bok), n. Same as bontebok.
bunt-ear (bunt’ér), n. [See buntº..] A name for
the Smut of wheat, Óats, etc., Ustilago segetum.
bunting-crow (bun’ting-kró), n.
bunting-finch (bun’ting-finch), n.
722
One of the commonest in Europe is E. miliaria, the corn-
bunting or bunting-lark. The yellow bunting or yellow-
hammer is E. citrinella ; the cirl bunting, E. cirlws ; the
ortolan bunting, E. hortw!ana : the black-headed bunting,
E. Schoeniclus, etc. These are all the European species to
which the name properly pertains. There are many others,
all belonging to the old world. tº •
2. By extension, a name given indefinitely and
indiscriminately to a great number of emberi-
zine and fringilline birds of all countries, and
also to some birds not of the family Fringiiidae.
Examples are the lark-bunting, of the genus Plectrophames;
the snow-bunting, P. nivalis; the small American spar-
rows of the genus Spizella; the American black-throated
bunting, Spiza americana ; the cow-bunting, Molothrºws
pecorts; the rice-bunting, Dolichongz oryzivorus.--Bay-
winged bunting. Seebay-winged.—Clay-colored bunt-
ing, of North America, the Spizella pallida, a small bird
closely resembling the chipping-sparrow.
buntingö (bun’ting), n. [Also buntine. Origin
uncertain; perhaps orig. meaning bunting- or
bolting-cloth : see bunting 3. There is no evi-
dence to connect the word with G. bunt, varie-
gated.] 1. A light woolen stuff very loosely
WOVen. It is the material out of which flags of all kinds
are usually made. A variety of bunting is also in use for
women's dresses; it is warm, and drapes well.
2. Flags, especially a vessel's flags, collectively,
[Appar. K
bunting4 + crow?, but said to be a modifica-
tion of D. bonte kraai : bont, spotted (see bunt-
ing4); kraai = E. crow?..] The hooded crow,
Corvus cornia.
A loose
book-name of numerous American fringilline
birds of the genera Passerella, Passerculus, Zo-
motrichia, Spizella, etc.
bunted (bun’ted), a. [K buntá -- -ed?..] Affect- bunting-iron (bun’ting-i'êrn), m. A glass-blow-
ed with bunt; containing the parasitic fungus ers' tube.
which causes bunt.
Fxternally the bunted grain is plumper, Cooke.
bunter (bun’tér), n. [E. dial.] A woman who
picks up rags in the streets; hence, a low, vul-
gar Woman. [Prov. Eng. or slang.]
Her two marriageable daughters, like bunters in stuff
gowns, are now taking sixpenny worth of tea at the White
Conduit House. - Goldsmith, Essays, xv.
bunter-sandstein (bün’tér-sånd'stin), m. [G.
bunter Sandstein, lit. variegated sandstone:
bunt, spotted, variegated (see bunting4); sand-
Stein = E. Sandstone, J A German name for the
New Red Sandstone. See sandstone.
bunt-gasket (bunt'gas"ket), m. The gasket
which confines the bunt of a square sail when
furled. . Formerly called breast-gasket.
bunting1 (bun’ting), m. [Verbalm. of buntl, v.]
1. The act of pushing, as with the horns or
head; butting.—2. A game among boys, play-
ed with sticks and a small piece of wood cut
lengthwise. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]—3. A
large piece of timber; a heavy support for
machinery or other structures.
bunting? (bun’ting), m. [Verbal n.
The act of swelling out, as a sail.
bunting 3 (bun’ting), n. EVerbal n. of buntë, v.]
ifting. -
bunting4 (bun’ting), n. [K ME. buntymge, boun-
tyng (also buntyle for *bumtel, of which Sc.
buntlin is a dim. form); cf. NL. (M.L. 3) “bum-
tinga, [G.] gersthammer,” i.e., yellowhammer
(Henisch, Thesaurus, Augsburg, 1616), from E.,
or else from an unrecorded G. or LG. cognate;
appar. named, with ref. to its spotted or speck-
led plumage, K “bunt, not recorded in . (K
#8. bunt, bont, r = -
LG. bunt = MD. º.
D. bont = MHG.
G. bunt), spot-
ted, speckled,
variegated, pied
(perhaps K. L.
fºunctus, -
also puntus
pierced pricked
(dotted), pp.
Of p?!?!géré, is
pierce, prick: .
see point, pung-
tuate), + -īngā.
Cf. bunting-
crow, G. bunt-
drossel, etc.] 1.
The popular
name of a num-
ber of coniros-
tral oscine pas-
serine birds of
the genus Em-
beriza and fam-
ily Fringillidae.
of bunt2, v.]
** 1:
* : 'ſºft \ :
ºff. Fºl -
' ". * f * f. fº } -
t º --> . * j: , ; ſ
—- ſº ºn 1.4.4. º:
Corn-bunting (Emberiza miliaria).
buntline-cloth (buntſlin-klóth), m.
*MD. boeye, D. boei (pron. bā’i) =
bunting-lark (bun’ting-lärk), n. The common
bunting, Emberiza miliaria.
bunt-jigger (bunt"jig"ér), n.
purchase used to rouse up the bunt o
furling. Also called bunt-whip.
buntlini, n. Same as bunting4.
But we'll shoot the laverock in the lift,
The buntlin on the tree.
Hynde Etén, in Child's Ballads, I. 297.
buntline (bunt’lin), n. IK bunt2 + line?..] Nawt.,
one of the ropes attached to the foot-ropes of
square sails and led up to the masthead, and
thence on deck, to assist in hauling up the
sail.—Buntline bull's-eye. See bull's-eye.
Nawt., the
lining sewed up a sail in the direction of the
buntline to prevent it from being chafed.
buntons (bun’tgnz), m. pl. [Origin unknown.]
In mining, timbers or scantling put across a
shaft to divide it into compartments. The in-
terior faces of the buntons and sets carry the guides which
conduct the cages, and on them are also nailed the boards
forming the sheathing of the brattice, in case an air-tight
compartment is required. Also called byats and dividers.
bunt-whip (buntſhwip), m. Same as bunt-jigger.
bunty (bun’ti), a. [K buntá -H, -y1.] Infected
with smut: applied to wheat and other grain.
buntylet, n. See bunting4.
bunya (bun'yā), n. [Anglo-Ind., also bunnya,
banya, and bamyam, K Hind. banyā, Beng. bānyā,
bānīyā; see baniami, banyan1.] In India, espe-
cially in Bengal, a grain-dealer.
The grain-dealer's shop tempts them to loiter, but the
experience of previous attempts makes theft hopeless;
for the bunnya, with all his years, is very nimble on his
legs, and an astonishing good shot with a pipkin.
P. Robinson, Under the Sun, p. 125.
bunya-bunya (bun'yā-bun'yā), n. The native
Australian name of the Araucaria Bidwilli, a
very large tree, the wood of which is strong,
durable, and sometimes beautifully marked.
The seeds are a favorite article of food with
the natives.
The nut of the bunya-bwmya, so prized by the blacks, is
reserved over a district 30 miles by 12
I'mcyc. Brit., XX. 174.
Mawt., a small
# a sail in
bunyon, n. See bunion.
buoy (boi or b6i), n.
MLG
Sw. boj = Pr. boie, K OF. boye (mod. F., with
added suffix, bouée) = Sp. boya = Pg. boia, a
buoy: a particular use of MD. boeye, D. boei =
MLG. boie = MHG. boije, boie, beie = Dan. boje
=Sw. boja = E. obs, boye, KOF. *boye, buie = Pr.
boia = OIt. boja, a fetter, a clog, KL. boia, in pl.
boiae, a collar for the neck, orig. of leather, K
Gr. 36etoç, 36eog, of ox-hide, K Boüç = L. bos, ox,
= E. cowl: see cowl. A buoy is a floating object
“fettered” at a fixed point.] 1. A float fixed at
a certain place to show the position of objects
beneath the water, as shoals, rocks, etc., to mark
out a channel, and the like. Buoys are of various
buoy (boi or búi), v.
buoyage (boiº- or b6i’āj), m.
[First in º mod E., K buoyance (boiº- or b6i’ans), n.
ries. bui = +ancy. Quarterly Rev. d
. boie, LG. boje (X G. boje) = Dan. boje = buoyancy (boiº- or búi'an-si), 'm.
buoyancy
shapes and kinds, according to the purposes they are in.
tended to serve : as, cam-buoys, made of sheet-iron in the
form of the frustum of a cone; 8par-bwoys, made of a spar,
which is anchored by one end; bell-buoys, surmounted by a
bell, which is made to sound by the action of the waves;
S;-
|
x. Whistling-buoy. 2, 2. Can-buoys. 3. Spar-buoy. 4. United
States Life-buoy.
whistling-buoys, fitted with an apparatus by which air com-
pressed by the movement of the waves is made to escape
through a whistle, and thus indicate the situation of the
buoy, etc. In the waters of the United States the followin
system of placing buoys as aids to º is prescribe
by law : Red buoys mark the starboard or right-hand side
of the channel coming from seaward, and black the port
or left-hand side; mid-channel dangers and obstructions
are marked with buoys having black and red transverse
stripes, and mid-channel buoys marking the fairway have
longitudinal black and white stripes; buoys marking sunk-
en wrecks are painted green. The starboard and port
buoys are numbered from the seaward end of the channel,
the black bearing the odd and the red the even numbers.
2. A buoyant object designed to be thrown
from a vessel to assist a person who has fallen
into the water to keep himself afloat; a life-
buoy. The life-buoy now in common use in the United
States navy consists of two hollow copper vessels, con-
nected by a framework and having between them an up-
right pole, weighted at the bottom and surmounted by a
brass box containing a port-fire. This machine is hung
over the stern of the vessel, and can be dropped by means
of a trigger. At night the burning of the port-fire serves
to point out its position. See also cut under breeches-
buoy.—To bleed a º See bleed.—TO Stream a
buoy, to let it drop from the vessel into the water before
the anchor is dropped.
[K buoy, n.] I. trans. 1.
To support by a buoy or as by a buoy; keep
afloat in a fluid; bear up or keep from sinking
in a fluid, as in water or air: generally with up.
There was heat enough in the air to buoy it [water in
the state of vapor) wg. Woodward, Nat. Hist.
Many a flowing range
Of vapour buoy'd the crescent bark.
Tennyson, Day-Dream, The Departure.
2. Figuratively, to support or sustain in any
sense; especially, to sustain mentally; keep
from falling into despondency or discourage-
ment: generally with up.
Your good name's perish'd;
Not all the world can buoy your reputation.
Fletcher and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, iii. 3.
The recollection of the applause with which he had been
greeted still buoyed wip his spirits.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., x.
It is the poem that keeps the language alive, and not
the language that buoys wº) the poem.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 125.
3. To fix buoys in as a direction to mariners:
as, to buoy or to buoy off a channel.
The channels [of the Rio de la Plata] are badly buoyed,
and there are shoals and wrecks on all sides.
* * Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. v.
To buoy a cable. See cable.
II, intrans. To float; rise by reason of light-
ness. [Rare.]
Rising merit will buoy up at last.
. Pope, Essay on Criticism, l. 461.
[K buoy + -age.]
1. A series of buoys or floating beacons, for
the guidance of vessels into or out of port, etc.
—2. The providing of buoys.
Same as buoy-
[Rare.]
[K buoyant :
see -ance, -ancy.] 1. The quality of being
buoyant, that is, of floating in or on the surface
of water or other fluids; relative lightness.
It seemed miraculous that she [the ship] regained her
balance, or preserved her buoyancy.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 22.
2. The power of supporting a body so that it
floats: said of a fluid; specifically, the upward
pressure exerted upon a body by the fluid in
which it is immersed. This pressure is equal to the
weight of the fluid which the body displaces. If the weight
of the body is just equal to this upward pressure, it will
float, as a balloon in the air or a ship in the water; if
greater, it will sink.







buoyancy
On arriving at the Dead Sea I forthwith *; to
bathe in it, in order to prove the celebrate º of
the water. • R. Curzon, Monast, in the Levant, p. 179.
8. Figuratively, light-heartedness; cheerful-
ness; hopefulness; elasticity of spirit.
The Spaniards are remarkable for an inertness, a want
O ancy, and an absence of hope, which . . . isolate
them from the rest of the civilized world.
Buckle, Civilization, II. i.
buoyant (boiº- or búi'ant), a. [K, buoy, v., +
Fant!...] 1. Having the quality of rising or float-
.# in a fluid; floating; relatively light; that
º º Ž ſº
ill not sink.-2. Bearing up, as a fluid; sus-
taining another body by reason of greater spe-
cific gravity.
The water under me was buoyant.
Dryden, Ded. of Eleonora.
8. Figuratively, cheerful; hopeful; not easily
depressed.
His was not the buoyant temper, the flow of animal
Spirits, which carries a man over every obstacle. Prescott,
His [Landor's] nature was so buoyant that, like the Faun,
he forgot both pain and pleasure.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 55.
4. Causing buoyancy of mind; cheering; in-
vigorating.
The grass is cool, the sea-side air
Buoyant and fresh.
M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna.
buoyantly (boiº- or búi'ant-li), adv. In a buoy-
ant manner.
buoyantness (boiº-orbói'ant-nes), n. The state
or quality of being buoyant; buoyancy.
buoy-rope (boi'röp), n. The rope which fas-
tens a buoy to an anchor.
Buphaga (büºfā-gã), n.
Ox-eating, KBoüg,
ox, + payeiv,
eat.] In ornith.
the typical and
only genus of
the family Bu-
phagidae. There
are two species
P. africama and
B. erythrorhyncha,
both African.
Buphagidae (bū-
faj’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Bupha-
ga + -idae.] A
family of Afri-
can sturmoid
passerine birds,
the Oxpeckers,
beef-eaters, or
pique-boeufs: so
called because
they alight up-
on the backs of
cattle to eat the parasites which infest the
hides of these animals. The family is not well
marked, and is often referred to the Sturmidae.
Buphaginae (bü-fā-ji'né), m. pl. [NL., K. Bu-
phaga + -inae.] The ox-peckers, considered as
a subfamily of Sturnidae.
buphagine (bü"fá-jin), a. Of or pertaining to
the Buphaginae or Buphagidae.
Buphagus (bü(fā-gus), n. [NL.: see Buphaga.]
1. A genus of Laridae, the skua-gulls: synony-
mous with Stercorarius. Moehring; Coues.—2.
Same as Buphaga.
buphthalmos (bif-thal/mos), n. [NL., K. Gr.
Boüg, ox, H. 666a7/16¢, eye. Cf. Gr. 306trug, ox-
eyed.] A disease of the eye, characterized by a
uniform spherical bulging of the cornea, which
may be so great as to prevent the easy closing
of the eyelids and give the eye a staring look.
Also called ceratoglobus, hydrophthalmia ante-
rior, and hydrops of the anterior chamber.
buphthalmum, buphthalmus (büf-thal’mum,
mus), n. [i."bººmos, Gr. 3…bººn.
oxeye, K 3oig, ox, + bipffałgóg, eye.] The oxeye
or mayweed.
Buppo (büp"pö), n. [Jap., also Bukkio, contr. of
Chino-Jap. Butsu, Buddha, + hô, law, doctrine.]
In Japan, Buddhism: the religion of the ma-
jority of the Japanese. Also called Bukkio.
buprestid (bü-pres’ tid), a. and m. I. a. Of or
pertaining to the Buprestidae.
II. m. A member of the Buprestidae.
Buprestidae (bü-pres’ti-dé), m.pl. [NL., K. Bu-
prestiſd-)s + -idae.] A family of serricorn Co-
leoptera, or beetles, with the first and second
ventral segments commate, the antennae serrate
(pectinate in Xenorhipis), and the tarsi with
membranous lobe.
buprestidan (bū-pres’ti-dan), a. and n.
as buprestid.
Oxpecker (Biºphaga africana).
Same
*the family Buproridae.
[NL., K. Gr. 3ovgåyoc,
723
Buprestis (bū-pres’tis), n.
tis, K. Gr. 30%r
a swelling in cattle, or
which, being eaten by
cattle in the SS
caused them to sweſi
up and die, K floic, ox, +
Toffflety, blowup, swell.]
The typical genus of
beetles of the family
Buprestidae. B. rufipes
is a North American
species.
Buproridae §:
dé), m. pl. ., K. Bu-
rorus + -idae.] A
amily of minute free-
swimming entomostra-
cous crustaceans, of
the order Copepoda.
IBuprorus (bù-prä'rus),
m. The type genus of
Pizºrestz's rueſºpes.
(Vertical line shows natural size.)
Burl, burrl (běr), n. [ME, burre, borre, AS.
*burra (not recorded), – North Fries. borre,
burre, burdock (Outzen), = Dan. borre, burre, a
bur, burdock, - Norw. borre, purre, burdock
(Aasen), = Sw. borre, burdock (also kardborre,
karborre, burdock); identical with Sw. borre,
a sea-urchin, Sw. dial. borre, the cone of the
pine or fir, also (as in Norw.) a hard, gruff
person (Rietz); connected with LG. bosse
(orig. *borse?), a hard shell (Jessen), Dan.
dial. bors, burs, the green rind of a walnut, also
a piece of wood at the end of the beam of a
plow (Molbech); stem bors-, burs-, contained
also in AS. byrst, OHG. burst, G. Dan. Sw.
borst, a bristle, and in the derivate AS. *byrstl,
ME. brustel, etc., E., bristle..] 1. The rough,
prickly case or covering of the seeds of certain
plants, as of the chestnut and burdock. Hence
–2. The plant burdock: as, “rude burs,”
Milton, Comus, l. 352.-3. In general, a pro-
tuberance upon, or a raised portion of, an ob-
ject, usually more or less rough or irregular
in form. Specifically—(a) The lobe or lap of the ear.
(b) The circular boss round the root of an antler. (c) For-
merly, that part of a saddle-bow which protected the
thighs and knees. It was often of steel, or plated with
steel, and engraved or decorated with gilding. (d) In
engraving, slight ridges of metal raised upon a copper
surface by the burin, the rocker, or the dry-point. It is
sometimes wholly or partly removed by the scraper, but is
often left to produce a peculiar effect of its own in the
print. In mezzotint engraving, for example, the whole
effect comes from the bur raised by the rocker, which is
untouched in the deep shades and more or less burnished
away to form the lights. (e) In founding, the roughness
left on portions of a casting, which is rubbed off on a stone.
(f) The rough neck left on a bullet in casting.
4. The name of various tools and appliances.
(a) A triangular chisel used to clear the corners of mor-
tises. (b) A small circular saw. (c) A fluted reaming-
tool. @ Same as bur-drill. (e) A washer placed at the
head of a rivet. (f) (1) A movable ring adjusted to the
staff of a lance, and covered with minute projections to
afford a grip to the gauntlet. It was grasped when the
lance was laid in rest. See lance. (2) A ring or plate at-
tached to the handle of a battle-ax or mace to afford a
good grip for either hand. (gt) Anything put under a
wheel to stop its progress.
5. A partially vitrified brick; a clinker. Also
called bur-brick.—6. The blank driven out of
a piece of sheet-metal by a punch.-7. Waste
raw silk.-8. A name for the club-moss, Lyco-
podium clavatum. [Scotch..]—9. The sweet-
bread.—10. [Perhaps an error for burl1.] Same
as burll, 2.—11. Same as burstone.—12. The
rounded knob forming the base of a deer's horn. burbot (bér’bot), n.
— 13+. The external meatus of the ear; the
opening leading to the tympanum.—Bur in the
throat, anything that appears to stick in the throat or
produces a choking sensation; huskiness.-Metallic bur,
a metallic grinding-plate used in place of the real bur-
stone for such coarse work as grinding corn for stock.
bur?, burr” (běr), v.; pret. and pp. burred, ppr.
burring. [Also birr. ME. "burren = Sw, dial.
burra, borra, buzz, hum, chatter (burra, a chat-
tering woman) (compare Norw. bura, low, as
a cow); an imitative verb.] 1. To make a
whirring sound; whir; murmur confusedly;
whisper hoarsely.— 2. To speak with a nor-
mally ‘rough’ pronunciation of the conso-
nant r, that is, to utter the uvular or velar r,
suggesting gh or y.
burº, burrº (běr), n. IK burº, v.] 1: A “gut-
tural’ or ‘rough’ pronunciation of the conso-
nant r, suggesting gh or y, and common in
many languages; specif., the uvular or velar
Y, being a trill produced by the uvula or velum,
and not by the tongue, and specially noticeable
in the provincial speech of Northumbria.
[NL., K.L. bupres-
2.
prorº, a beetle whose sting caused buré,
buract, n.
buran (bö’ran), n.
buratite (bü'ra-tit), n.
bur-bark (bér’bärk), n.
burblet, v. i.
burble, n.
burblyt, a.
burboltli (bér’bölt), n.
burbolt2 (bér’bölt), n.
burbot
A whirring noise. See birr2, n.
burrë (běr), n. [E. dial. burr, early mod.
E. burre, short for ME. burrowe, būrwhe, a cir-
cle, also a mound, etc.: see burrow?..] 1. Same
as burrow?, 3.−2. A halo round the moon.
Compare burrow?, 4, brough2, 4. [Prov. Eng.
in both senses.]
[A form of boraa, K. Ar. bāraq: see
boraq, n.] In anc. chem., a general name for
all kinds of salts.
[Russ. buranii. Cf. bora.]
In Russia and Siberia, a Snow-storm accompa-
nied by high winds; also, any wind-storm ; as,
“summer burans.” J. Geikie.
[K A. Burat + -ite2.]
A variety of aurichalcite (which see).
burattino (bö-råt-té'nº), n. ; pl. burattini (-nē).
[It., appar. dim. of buratto, bombazine: see
bolt2..] TA particular kind of puppet. See ex-
tract.
The Burattini deserve the greater credit because they
are agitated by the legs from below the scene, and not
managed by cords from above, as at the Marionette The-
atre. Howells, Venetian Life, v.
The fibrous bark of
Triumfetta semitriloba, a tiliaceous shrub of
the tropics, yielding a very good fiber much
resembling jute.
[Early mod. E., K. M.E. burblem
burbulen, burbilen, brobilen, also (in def. 3)
contr. burlem; cf. F. dial. (Picard) borbouller,
murmur, = Sp. borbollar, burbujear = Pg. bor-
bolhar, borbulhar-It. borbogliare, bubble, gush;
in anotherform OF. borboter, dial. (Picard) bor-
boter, – Sp. borbotar, bubble, gush; cf. Picard
barboter = Sp. barbotar = Cat. barbotejar = It.
dial. barbottà, mutter, mumble; Gr. 3opſ3opüſelv,
rumble (see borbor/gmus); all ult. imitative,
burble in E. being practically a var. of bubble,
q. v. Cf. purl1.] 1. To bubble; gush.
Burblom [var. burbelyn], as ale or other lykore, bullo.
Prompt. Parv., p. 56.
I burbyll, or spring up, as water dothe out of a spring;
this water burbylleth vp pretyly. Palsgrave, fol. 179.
So the bre [bree: here, foaming water] and the brethe
[wind] burbelit to gedur,
That hit spirit vp spitiously fyue speire lenght
With walter and wawes, that the wynd dryues
All fore as a fyre the firmament ouer.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), I. 3697.
2. To Welter.
Hom was leuer on the lond leng at hor aunter,
And be brittnet in batell, then burbull in the flod.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), l. 5760.
Many a balde [bold] manne laye there swykede
Brobillande [burbling] in his blode.
MS. Lincoln (A), i. 17, fol. 115. (Halliwell.)
[Early mod. E. or dial., K. M.E. bur-
ble, burbulle, burbyll, a bubble; cf. Sp. burbuja
= Pg. borbulha, a bubble; from the verb.] 1+.
A bubble.
Burble in the water, bubette.
2. A small pimple. [Prov. Eng.]
[Early mod. E. burbely, K ME. bur-
bly; K burble + -y.] Bubbling.
A corruption of bird-
Palsgrave.
bolt1. Marston.
Should on sudden shoote
His grosse knob'd burbolt.
Marston, What You Will, Ind.
[Like birdbolt2, a cor-
ruption of burbot.] A local English name of
the burbot. -
As much braine as a burbolt.
Udall, Roister Doister, iii. 2.
& [A corruption (perhaps
through influence of turbot) of F. barbote, a
burbot, K barbe, K L. barba, beard. Cf. barbel.]
A fish of the family Gadidae, Lota maculosa.
It has an elongated form, depressed head and shoulders,
one barbel on the chin and two on the nose, a short low
anterior dorsal commencing behind the pectorals, and a
āşş
tº SNS
Burbot, or Fresh-water Cod (Lora reacheſosa).
(From Report of U. S. Fish Commission.)
long posterior one. It is an inhabitant of the fresh waters
of northern Europe, Asia, and America. In favored north-
erm localities it occasionally attains a weight of 50 to 60
pounds, but rarely exceeds a few pounds in England or the
United States. It is generally regarded as inferior for food,
and in most populous communities is rejected, but in the
fur countries it is extensively used. It is best in cold wea-
ther. In England it is also called cony-fish and eel-powt;
in the United States it is better known as the eelºpout,
cusk, ling, Jresh-water cod, and lawyer; in the fur coun.








burbot
tries it is quite generally known as the losh or loche and
marthy or methy.
burbot-eel (bër’bgt-êl), m. A Yorkshire name
of the eel-pout, Zoarces viviparus.
bur-brick (bèr’brik), m, Same as burl, 5.
burdt, burdet, n. Variants of bird2.
Burdach's columns. See column.
burdalane, burdalone (bur'da-län, -lón), n.
[Appar. Kibwrd, offspring, + alame, alone.] The
last child surviving in a family. [Scotch.]
And Newton Gordon, birdalone,
And Dalgatie both stout and keen,
And gallant Veitch upon the field,
A braver face was never seen.
Minstrelsy of Scottish Border.
burdalisaundert, n. Same as bordalisaunder.
burdalone, n. See burdalame.
burdasht berdash;, n. [Origin obscure.] 1.
A fringed sash worn by gentlemen in the seven-
teenth century. Steele.—2. A lace cravat.
burdelaist, m. [F. Bordelais, the district around
Bordeaux.] A sort of grape. Johnson. . . .
burden1, burthen1 (bér’dn, -pHn), n. [K ME.
burden, birden, oftener with th, burthen, birthen,
byrthen, KAS. byrthen (= OS. burthinnia = OHG.
burdön, burthīn, MHG. birden, a burden, load;
the same, with diff. suffix, as M.D. borde – OHG.
burd, MHG. burde, birde, G. birde = Icel. byr-
dhr, mod. byrdhi = Sw. bârda = Dan, byrde =
Goth. ba’urthei, a burden; cf. Gr. ºpóprog, poptiow,
a burden), K. beran (pp. borem), etc., bear: see
ºl 1. That which is borne or carried; a
O3,Ol.
Let them break your backs with burthens.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 8.
The oak, upon the windy hill,
Its dark green burthen upward heaves.
Whittier, Mogg Megone, ii.
Hence—2. That which is borne with labor or
difficulty; that which is grievous, wearisome, or
oppressive; also, an incumbrance of any kind.
Many a Man lives a burden to the Earth.
Milton, Areopagitica, p. 6.
Deaf, giddy, helpless, left alone, . . .
To all my friends a burden grown.
Swift, The Dean's Complaint (translated).
The burthen of an honour
Unto which she was not born.
Tennyson, Lord of Burleigh.
3. In England, a quantity of certain commodi-
ties: as, a burden of gad-steel (that is, 120 or
180 pounds).-4. The capacity of a ship; the
quantity or number of tons of freight a vessel
will carry: as, a ship of 600 tons burden.—5.
In mining, the tops or heads of stream-work,
overlying the stream of tin, and needing to be
first cleansed.—6. The charge of a blast-fur-
Iſla C6.
To avoid the central accumulation of fuel and the lat-
eral preponderance of burden (ore and flux) thus promoted,
an inverted annular funnel is suspended underneath the
lower orifice of the cup. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 308.
Burden of proof, in law, the obligation resting upon one
of the parties to an action to establish an alleged fact by
º under penalty of having judgment given against
im, according to the presumption recognized by the law
of evidence in case he adduces no proof. The burden of
proof is said to be shifted when the party upon whom it
lay has produced sufficient evidence to turn the presump-
tion in his favor. Two circumstances are essential to the
existence of a burden of proof: first, there must be a ques-
tion of fact between two parties before a tribunal which
will render a decision whether there is any particular evi-
dence or not; and second, this decision must be governed
by rules of presumption, more or less artificially extended
so as to lead to a determinate result in every case. In un-
forensic controversy there will or will not be a burden of
proof, according as these conditions are or are not fulfilled.
In reasonings, as contradistinguished from disputations,
if they relate to policy, there is nothing to which the term
burden of proof is applicable; for the decision will be based
on considerations of likelihood, economy, safety, etc., but
never on formal rules of presumption. A general habit
may be followed when decided reasons fail, in questions
both of policy and of morals; but the phrase burden of
proof is not employed in such cases. A speculative or
scientific inquiry, on the other hand, cannot be closed until
satisfactory evidence has been obtained or curiosity dies
out; so that the term burden of proof has no meaning in
such a connection. Yet an individual reasoner who, being
impatient of doubt, insists on adopting an answer to each
question, however blank our ignorance of the facts, must
often resort to a merely formal presumption; and such per-
sons say that there is a burden of proof upon any possible
advocate of the hypothesis which they propose to reject
without proof. Ti e term is also used in cases where the ab-
sence of observations of a certain kind is itself a significant
fact. Thus, we may say that there is a burden of proof
upon the evolutionists to explain our not finding forms
intermediate between recognized types; that is to say, the
non-occurrence of such observations is a fact to be taken
into account. =Syn. Weight, incumbrance, clog, incubus,
drag; freight, lading, cargo.
tourden1, burthen! (běr'dn, -PHn), v. t. [K bur-
denl, burthen1, n.] 1. To load; lay a heavy
load on; encumber with weight.
I mean not that other men be eased, and ye burdened.
2 Cor. viii. 13.
burdeně (bër’dn), m.
burden++
724 . -
Hence—2. Figuratively, to load; oppress with
anything which is borné with difficity or trou.
ble; surcharge: as, to burden a nation with
taxes; to burden the memory with details.
If your friend has displeased you, you shall not sit down
to consider it, for he has already lost all memory of the
passage, . . . and ere you can rise up again, will burden
you with blessings. }. Character.
3. To lay or impose upon one, as a load, bur-
den, or charge. [Rare.] te
It is absurd to burden this act on Cromwell and his
party. Coleridge.
burden?t, burthen?; (bër’dn, -THn), n. [KME.
burden, birthen, also burthern, act of child-bear-
ing, altered, by confusion with burden 1, from
*burther, K. A.S. byrthor, bearthor, child-bearing
(cf. gebyrd, birth), K beran, bear: see birthlan
burdenl.] The act of bearing children; a birth.
If thou be'st the man
That hadst a wife once call’d AEmilia,
That bore thee at a burthen two fair sons.
Shak., C. of E., v. 1.
[Also, erroneously, bur-
then, K ME. burdoum, the bass in music, the
refrain of a song, K OF. *burdon, bourdon, F.
bourdon=Sp. bordón = Pg. bordão = It. borãone
(Florio), a humming, buzzing, a drone or non-
working bee, a bumblebee, also bass in music,
refraim, K. M.L. burdo(n-), a drone, a long organ-
pipe; origin uncertain. See bowrdom2.] 1. The
bass in music.—2. In music: (a) The refrain
or recurring chorus at the end of the stanzas of
a ballad or song; a refrain.
And far the echoing aisles prolong
The awful burden of the song,
Scott, L. of L. M., vi. 31.
(b) The drone of a bagpipe. (c) The song to
which a dance is danced when there are no in-
struments.
Foot it featly here and there;
And, sweet sprites, the burthen bear.
Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
3. That which is often repeated; a subject on
which one dwells; the main topic: as, this sub-
ject was the burden of all his talk.--To bear a
burden, to support the upper voice or voices by singing
an under part as an accompaniment. Chappell.
This sompnour bar to him a stif burdown.
Chawcer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1.673.
- gº m. [K ME. burdon, bordon,
bourdon, K OF. bordon, bourdon, a staff: see
bourdon 1.] A club. Spenser.
burdener (bër’dn-èr), n. One who burdens; an
oppressor.
burdenousł, burthenous? (bër’dn—, ber'THn-
us), a. [K burdeni, burthen1, + -ous.] 1. Bur-
densome; grievous; heavy to be borne; oppres-
sive: as, “the very burthenous earth,” Drayton,
Polyolbion, viii. 112.
And with his burdenows blowes him sore did overlade.
Spenser, F. Q., W. xii. 19.
Nor let that be light to thee, which to me is so burden-
0?!S. Sir P. Sidney.
His maintenance is burdenow8 and chargeable vnto mee.
Hakluyt's Voyage.8, I. 244.
2. Cumbersome; useless.
To sit idle on the household hearth,
A burdenous drone. Milton, S. A., I. 567.
burdensome, burthensome (bër’dn-, běr'THn-
sum), a, [K burden1, burthen1, + -some.] 1.
Weighing like a heavy burden; grievous to be
borne; causing uneasiness or fatigue; oppres-
sive; heavy; wearisome: as, “burthensome ex-
actions,” Hallam.
The debt immense of endless gratitude,
So burden some. Milton, P. L., iv. 53.
If the Peoples demanding were so burd'msome to him,
what was his deniall and delay of Justice to them?
Milton, Eikonoklastes, vi.
The inferior and bwrthen some offices of society.
Burke, Abridg. of Eng. Hist., i. 2,
2+. Able to carry burdens or cargoes.
For sale, Freight or charter, A strong, burthensome Brig
of 160 tons. Massachusetts Mercury, April 29, 1796.
=Syn, 1. Onerous, troublesome, fatiguing, hard to bear.
burdensomely, burthensomely (běr'dn-, běr'-
THn-sum-li), adv. In a burdensome manner.
That as few employments as possible may be burthen-
somely and vexatiously interfered with. J. S. Mill.
burdensomeness, burthensomeness (bèr'dn-,
bër’‘PHn-sum-nes), m. The quality of being bur-
densome; heaviness; oppressiveness. -
burdot, burdont, n. [K L.L. burdo(n-), also bur-
dus, a mule.] A mule bred of a horse and a
she-ass; a hinny.
burdock (běr'dok), n. IK burl + dock1.] The
common name of the Arctium Lappa, a coarse,
broad-leafed biennial weed, of the family Aster-
burdont, n.
burdount, n. A Middle English form of burden.9.
bur-dresser (běr'dres”ér), n.
bur-drill (běr'dril), n.
bur-driver (bér’dri”věr), n.
bureaucracy (bù-rö’kra-si), ºt.
. A. Sy
bureaucrat (bū’rö-krat), m.
bureaucratic
aceae, having the numerous awns of the invo-
lucral bracts hooked at the tip. It is a native of
the old world, but widely naturalized in America, and
cultivated as a vegetable in Japan. It is in popular re-
pute as a diaphoretic and diuretic, and as a remedy for
Theumatism, catarrh, cutaneous diseases, etc.—Lesser
burdock, a somewhat similar, troublesome weed, Xan-
thium strumariwn.— Prairie burdock, one of the Tosin-
weeds, Silphium terebinthimacewm, found on the western
prairies of the United States.
burdock-grass (běr'dok-grâs), n. A low Euro-
pean grass, Nazia racemosa, of which the
glume or seed-husk is covered with short
stout hooks.
See burdo.
A tool for rub-
bing or dressing the furrows of a burstone or
millstone; a millstone-dresser. Also written
bwhº'-dresser.
A small dental drill
with a bur-shaped head. Also called bur.
A projection on
the spindle of a millstone, which acts upon the
bail, and drives the stone. Also written buhr-
*driver. -
bureau (bū’ró), n. ;
l. bureaus or bureaua,
(-röz). [F. bureau, pl. bureaua, an office, a desk
or writing-table, a court, a chest of drawers,
orig. a kind of coarse brownish or russet stuff
with which writing-tables were covered, KOF.
burel, a coarse woolen stuff: see burrel, borell.]
1. A desk or writing-table with drawers for
#. an escritoire. Swift.—2. A chest of
awers for holding clothes and other articles.
Bureaus at the present day are commonly made with an
adjustable mirror standing upon them. This is a compar-
atively modern practice, due to a combination of the func-
tions of the chest of drawers and the toilet-table.
3. An office or place where business is trans-
acted.—4. A department of government for the
transaction of public business. In England the
term is confined to inferior and subordinate departments,
and in the United States to certain subdivisions of some of
the executive departments.-Bureau of Education. See
education.— Bureau of 3. and , an of-
fice of the Treasury Department of the United States gov-
ernment, whose head, called the director of the Bureau of
Engraving and Printing, is charged with the engraving and
printing of all bonds, Treasury notes, national-banknotes,
certificates, internal-revenue stamps, etc., of the United
States.—Bureau of Ordnance. See Navy Department,
under department.—Bureau of Public Health and
Marine-Hospital Service, an office of the Treasury
Department, developed from the former Marine-Hospital
Service. It provides medical care for sailors of the mer-
cantile marine, exercises general supervision of national
and insular quarantine, prepares health statistics, under-
takes scientific research in special laboratories, and in-
vestigates the origin and means of control of epidemics of
disease in this and adjacent countries; it also maintains
advisory relations with the state boards of health.-
Bureau of Military Justice, from 1864 to 1884, a bureau
of the War Department of the United States government.
— Bureau of Statistics. Formerly an office of the De-
partment of Commerce and Labor of the United States
government, under a Chief of the Bureau of Statistics,
charged with the collection and publication of the sta-
tistics of United States foreign commerce, of the transit
trade inward and outward ; of imported commodities
warehoused ; of the imports of merchandise entered for
consumption; of the inward and outward movement of ton-
nage in our foreign trade; etc. It has been transferred
to the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce of the
Department of Commerce.—Freedmen's Bureau, in U.
S. hist., the name popularly given to the Bureau of Refu-
gees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, an office of the
War Department of the United States created in 1865 to
care for the interests of the emancipated negroes of the
South, especially with respect to education, assignment
of lands, and protection of civil rights. It ceased to exist
in 1872.— Signal-Service Bureau. See signal, m.—
Weather Bureau. See weather.
[K F. bureau-
cratie, K bureau + -cratie, E. -cracy, govern-
ment, as in aristocracy, democracy, etc.] .1.
Government by bureaus; specifically, excessive
multiplication of, and concentration of power
in, administrative, bureaus. The principle of bu-
reaucracy tends to official interference in many of the prop-
erly private affairs of life, and to the inefficient and ob-
structive performance of duty through minute subdivision
of functions, inflexible formality, and pride of place.
Republicanism and bureaucracy are incompatible ex-
istences. W. R. Greg, Misc. Essays, 2d Ser., p. 55.
2. The body of officials administering such bu-
reaus, considered collectively.
Count Roger found a machinery of taxation in full Work-
ing order, officers acquainted with the resources of the
country, books and schedules constructed on the principles
of strictest accuracy, a whole bureaucracy, in fact, ready
to his use. J Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 162.
[K F. bureaucrate,
K bureau + -crate, E. -crat as in aristocrat,
democrat, etc.] An advocate or supporter of
bureaucracy; also, a member of a bureaucracy.
Also called bureaucratist.
bureaucratic (bū-rö-krat'ik), a... [K F. bureau-
cratique: see bureaucrat and -ic.] Relating to
or of the nature of bureaucracy.
bureaucratic
* There is a great material prosperit
the people wº be content P. º .# ºº::
Austria will be wise enough to relax a little in the bureau.
cratic notions that now influence her.
Amsted, Hungary, p. 251.
bureaucratical (bū-rö-krat’i-kal), a. [Kbureau-
Cratic + -al.] Same as bureaucratic.
bureaucratically (bù-rö-kratſi-kal-i), adv. In
a bureaucratic manner; as a bureaucrat.
bureaucratist (bū-röſkra-tist), n. IK bureau-
crat + -ist.] Same as bureaucrat.
burelf, n. See burrel.
bureo (bö-rā’6), n. [Sp., K.F. bureau, a bureau:
See bureau.] A Spanish court of justice for
the trial of persons connected with the royal
household.
burett, n. [Cf. burette.] A drinking-vessel.
× Halliwell.
burette (bù-ret’), n. [F., dim. of OF. buire, a
flagon, K buire, F. boire, drink, K. L. bibere,
drink. Cf. bibl, beverº.]
1. A vessel for contain-
ing liquids, usually pear-
º: or flask-shaped,
with or without a handle;
specifically, in English,
an altar-cruet having this
form. Burettes are made of
Tich materials, such as rock-
Crystal, precious metals, etc.,
or of porcelain or faience, often
highly decorated.
2. In chem., a tube, usu-
ally graduated to frac-
tions of a centimeter,
used for accurately mea-
suring out small quanti-
ties of a solution.
bur-fish (bèr'fish), n. A
fish of the family Diodon-
Bºº . h gold #:i 3, jº,
urette.9 jasper with go Ullr bër 72. [ orth.
mounting; time of Louis XV. E. #º § 'an d old law
form of borough1, ME. burg, etc., A.S. burh. . Cf.
burgh.] A fortified town; a borough (which
see).
burg2 (bérg), n. Same as brough?.
burga (běr’gå), n. Same as burka.
burgage (bér’gāj), 'm. [K ME burgage (OF. bur-
gage), K burg (ML. burgus) + -age.] In law :
(a) In England, a tenure in socage, whereby
burgesses, citizens, or townsmen hold their
ianãs or tenements of the king or other lord
for a certain yearly rent.
The most ancient, perhaps, of the franchises was that
depending on burgage tenure; this was exactly analogous
in origin to the freeholder's qualification in the counties;
but as the repressive principle extended, the right of a
bwrgage vote had become in many places attached to par-
ticular houses or sites of houses, probably those which
were originally liable for a quota of the firma burgi.
Stubbs, Comst. Hist., § 745.
(b) In Scotland, that tenure by which the prop-
erty in royal burghs is held under the crown,
proprietors being liable to the (nominal) ser-
vice of watching and warding; or, as it is com-
monly termed, “service of burgh, used and
wont.” (cf.) The property so held.
bur-gage (běr'gāj), n. A plate having perfora-
tions which serve as standards for the diame-
iters of drills, etc.
burgage-tenant (běr'gāj-ten” ant), n. One who
holds lands or tenements on the tenure known
as burgage.
Successive sovereigns had granted the right, or imposed
the burden, of returning members to Parliament on the
corporations, freeholders, or burgage-tenants of numerous
small towns.
Quoted in T. W. Higginson's Eng. Statesmen, p. 116.
burgage-tenement (běr'gāj-ten"3-ment), n. A
tenement held by burgage.
“Borough English,” under which the youngest and not
the eldest succeeds to the burgage-tenements of his father,
has from time im-
memorial been re-
cognized as a widely
diffused usage.
Maine, Early Hist.
[of institutions,
burgall, m.
bergall.
burgamot, n. See
bergamot.
burgander,
See bergander.
burganet, bur-
gonet (běrºga-
net, -gū-net), m.
[Also written,
improp., burge-
7.6%; = Šp. borgo-
v - * L * ~
‘ººr. 3- ºr ... . . . m.º.º.
See
70,
Spanish Burganet, x6th century.
burgeint, n. and v.
burgen, n. and v.
burgenett, n., 8
burgensic (běr-jen’sik), a.
burgeois, n. *
burgeon (běrſign), n.
725
£ota = Pg. borguinhota = It. borghinetta (Flo-
rio), K OF. bourguignote, bourguignotte, prop. a.
Burgundian helmet (cf. F. Bourguignon, a Bur-
gundian), K Bourgogne, Burgundy.] A helmet
worn in the sixteenth century, in two forms:
one without a vizor, formed like the morion,
and frequently furnished with cheek-pieces and
a movable nose-guard; the other with a vizor,
and similar to the armet.
His mayled haberjeon she did undight,
And from his head his heavy burganet did light.
Spenger, F. Q., III. v. 31.
s * Sturdy helms,
, Topt high with plumes, like Mars his burgonet.
eene, Orlando Furioso.
burge (bërj), n. A dialectal variant of bridge1.
[Local, Eng.]
burgee (bér’jē), n. f obscure.T 1.
A small three-cornered or swallow-tailed pen-
nant used in merchant ships and yachts as a
distinguishing flag.—2. A kind of small coal
used for burning in engine-furnaces. 4
See burgeon.
See burgeon.
See burganet.
[KML. burgensis, a
citizen, a burgess (see burgess), + -ic.] Of or
pertaining to a burgh or town.
I strongly believe that the continual intercourse between
the towns of the several trading countries of the Middle
Ages, kept up especially by the Hanse Towns, may not
have been without influence in producing a general simi-
larity of development of burgensic life in them all.
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), Int., p. liv.
See bourgeois?.
[Also written bourgeon,
after mod. F., early mod. E. also burgeim, bur-
gen; K ME. burgen, burgyon, burjown, burjion,
burgom, K OF. borjon, burjon, F. bourgeon, a
bud; referred by some to OHG. burjan, raise,
lift up.] 1. A bud; a sprout.
In the moneth of May, when medoes bene grene,
And all florisshet with floures the fildes aboute ;
Bwrºoms of bowes brethit full swete,
Florisshet full faire.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2736.
And the hyttyng awey of the root of the Vyne must be
don in March, and som men wil say it must be don or
[before] the knottis begynne to burgeon y” for the streit
drauing the burgeons be not huet [hurt).
Arnold's Chronicle, 1502 (ed. 1811), p. 167.
2. A boss used for the cover of a book, to pre-
vent injury to the binding. Often written bur-
gen. e &
burgeon (bér’jon), v. i. [Also written bourgeon,
after mod. F., early mod. E. also burgein, bur-
gen, KME. burjon, burgenen, burgymen, burjomen, burghbotet, n.
borgounen, K OF. borjoner, bourjonner, F. bour-
geommer, bud; from the noun: see burgeon, m.]
To bud; sprout; put forth new buds; shoot
forth, as a branch.
Whenne graffes (grafts] gynneth swelle in burgymynge.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 74. burgh-brechet, m
3. * @
Now bowrgeons every maze of quick
About the flowering squares, and thick
By ashen roots the violets blow.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, cry.
burgess (bër’jes), m. [KME. burgeis, KOF. bur-
geis, F. bourgeois = Pr. borges = Sp. burgés =
Pg.burgue2 = It. borghese, KML. burgensis, a
citizen, K burgus, a borough, a town : see bor-
oughl, burgl.] 1. In England, an inhabitant
of a borough or walled town, or one who pos-
sesses a tenement therein; a citizen or free-
man of a borough.
Not a petty burgess of some town,
No, not a villager, hath yet appear'd
In your assistance. Ford, Perkin Warbeck, iii. 4.
2. A representative of a borough in the British
Parliament.
The majority of the burgesses had been returned by
constituent bodies remodelled in a manner which was
generally regarded as illegal. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., x.
Hence—3. (a) The title given before the revo-
lution to the representatives in the popular
branch of the legislature of Virginia, which was
styled the House of Burgesses, but is now
burgess-ship (bér'jes-ship), n.
burgessyt, n.
burgh (bur’ā), n.
burghal (bér'gal), a.
burghmote
parochial or burgh relief for twelve months pre-
ceding the last Whitsunday.—Burgess list, the list
of municipal electors annually drawn up by the overseers
of the poor in England.—Burgess roll, the burgess list as
revised by the revising barrister and recorded. [Eng.]
[K burgess +
-ship.] The state or condition of being a bur-
gess. South.
And that no prentice haue his fredom of Burgesshippe,
but he serue out fulle vij. yere of prentishode.
JEnglish Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 390.
[ME. *burgeisie, borgeysye, K
F. bourgesie, borgoisie, mod. F. bourgeoisie
(= Pr. borguesia = It. borghesia), citizenship,
K burgeis, mod. F. bourgeois, a citizen: See
bourgeoisie, burgess.] Citizenship.
Mannes lyfine the erthe is ase borgeysye.
Ayembite of Inwit, p. 161.
burggrave, burggravess, n. Seeburgrave, bur-
gravess.
[Like burg, a North. E. and
Sc and old law form of E. boroughl, ME. burgh,
burg, etc., A.S. burh : see boroughl.] A cor-
porate town or borough; more especially, the
Scotch term corresponding to the English
borough, applied to several different kinds of
fºrations. and to towns and cities in Scot-
all Cl.
There are three classes of burghs, viz. Royal burghs, the
charter of which is derived from the king, Burgh of
regality and Burgh of barony, having their charters re-
Spectively from a lord of regality and from a baron.
Originally only the royal burgh8 sent representatives to
Parliament. N. E. D.
Burgh acres, acres or small patches of land lying in the
neighborhood of royal burghs, usually feued out to and
Occupied by burgesses or persons resident within the
burgh.-Burgh of barony, a corporation somewhat
analogous to a royal burgh, consisting of a determinate
tract of ground within the barony, erected by the feudal
superior and subjected to the government of magistrates.
The right of electing magistrates is vested by the charter
of erection sometimes in the baron or superior of the
barony, and sometimes in the inhabitants themselves.—
Burgh of regality, a kind of burgh of barony which
had regal or exclusive jurisdiction within its own terri-
tory.—Convention of royal burghs. See convention.
—Councilor of a burgh. See councilor.—Free burgh,
a burgh of barony which enjoyed, by crown chalter,
rights of trade both home and foreign, but which at the
same time had to bear certain public burdens as the price
of its privileges.—Royal burgh, in Scotland, a corporate
body erected by a charter from the crown. The corpora-
tion consists of the magistrates and burgesses of the
territory erected into the burgh. The magistrates are
generally a provost and bailies, dean of gild, treasurer,
and common council.
[K burgh -- -al.] Of or
pertaining to a burgh: as, burghal government.
[An old law form of AS. burg-
bót, K burg, burh, borough, + bot, compensa-
tion, boot : see bootl.] In old Eng. law, a con-
tribution toward the building or repairing of
castles or walls for the defense of a city or
town. Also burhbot.
[An old law form of ME.
burch-briche, AS. burg-brice, -bryce, -brece, K
burg, borough, + bryce, brice, breach : see
breach.] In Anglo-Saacon law, the offense of
violating the pledge given by every inhabi-
#tant of a tithing to keep the peace.
burgher (bér’gér), m.
[Not in ME. or AS., but
formed after D. burger = MLG. borgere =
OHG. burgåri, MHG. burgaere, burger, G. bir-
ger = Dam. borger = Sw. borgare (> Icel. bor-
gari), a citizen; K burgh -F -erl.] 1. An in-
habitant of a burgh or borough, who enjoys the
privileges of the borough of which he is a free-
man; hence, any citizen of a borough or town.
At Cologne, in the eleventh century, the terms burghers
and merchants are alternately used as synonymous.
English Gilds (E. I. T. S.), Int., p. cv.
2. [cap.] One of a body of Presbyterians in
Scotland, constituting one of the divisions of
the early Secession Church. This church became
divided in 1747 into the Associate Synod, or Burghers, and
the General Associate Synod, or Antiburghers, on the law-
fulness of accepting the oath then required to be taken
by the burgesses in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Perth. See
Antiburgher.
called the House of Delegates. (b) The title of burghermaster (bër’gér-mâs/tér), n. [=G. bir-
members of the lower house in the colonial germeister.]
legislature of Maryland,-4. A magistrate of burghership (bér’gér-ship), n.
a corporate town. In Connecticut boroughs the board
of burgesses corresponds to the township board or board of
trustees in some other States, or to the common council of
a city. The chief executive officer of a Pennsylvanian bor-
ough is called the chief burgess.
5. A member of the corporation of a Scotch up a stall in market.
burgh; now, any inhabitant of a burgh of full burghmaster (bérg'mäs’tēr), m.
age, rated for poor-rates, and not in arrears,
and who for a period of three years has occu-
pied any house, shop, or other building in it, not burghmotet, n.
being an alien and not having received either
burgh-halfpenny?, m.
Same as burgomaster, 1.
[K burgher
+ -ship.] The state or privilege of being a
burgher.
Formerly, a duty pay-
able to the superior of a town for liberty to set
Also bord-halfpenny.
[K burgh. --
naster; after burgomaster.] Same as burgomas-
ter, 1.
[An old law form of AS. burh-
gemót, aborough-meeting, Kburh, burg, borough,



burghmote
+ gemót, a meeting: see moot, motes.] In
Anglo-Saacon law, the meeting or court of a
burgh or borough. Also burgmote.
burghmote-hornt, n. In Eng. antiq., a horn
blown on court-day, in a public place, to bring
the members of the burghmote, or later the
corporation, together. It was used until the
seventeenth century. Also called brazen-horn.
burgholdert (bérg’hôl"dēr), n. [See borough-
holder and borsholder.] A tithing-man; a bors-
holder.
burglar (běrg’lār), n. [Early mod. E. bourglair,
KAF. *bourglaire (cf. M.L. burglator, burgulator
(for burg; latro), shortened to burgator), a burg-
lar, K AF. bourg, O.F. borg, borough (see bor-
ough1), + laire, OF. laire, leire, lere = Pr. laire,
a robber, K.L. nom. latro (cf. OF. laron, F. larron
= Pr. lairo, a robber, K.L. acc. latronem), a rob-
ber: see larceny..] A felonious housebreaker;
especially, one who commits robbery by break-
ing into a house in the night. See burglary.
The definition of burglar, as given by Sir Edward Coke,
is “he that by night breaketh or entereth into a mansion-
house with intent to commit a felony.”
Blackstome, Com., IV. xvi.
burglar-alarm (běrg’lār-a-lärm"), n. Any
alarm so arranged as to sound upon the open-
ing of a door, window, etc., with which it is
connected.—Burglar-alarm lock, a lock having an
attachment which when set will sound an alarm if the bolt
is improperly, moved.—Electrical burglar-alarm, an
alarm consisting of apparatus including open electrical
circuits which are closed by a movement of a door, win-
dow, etc., and cause a bell in an annunciator in the build-
ing or at a distant station to ring.
burglareri (bérg’lār-er), n. [K burglar + -er,
erroneously added.] A burglar.
Sir William Brain was sent to the Tower, only for pro-
curing the Pope's bull against certain burglarers that
robbed his own house. State Trials, 1606.
burglarian (běrg-lā’ri-an), n. [K burglary +
-an.] A person who abets or is guilty of burg-
lary. [Rare.]
burglarious (běrg-lā’ri-us), a. [K burglary +
-ows.] Pertaining to, committing, or consti-
tuting burglary: as, burglarious intentions; a
burglarious gang; burglarious entry.
To come down a chimney is held a burglarious entry.
Blackstome, Com., IV. xvi.
Openly organized conspiracy, with force and arms, made
burglarious entrance into a chief stronghold of the Union.
O. W. Holmes, Essays, p. 86.
burglariously (běrg-lā’ri-us-li), adv. With an
intent to commit burglary; in the manner of a
burglar.
burglarize (běrg’lār-iz), v. t. ; pret, and pp
burglarized, ppr. burglarizing. "[K burglar +
-ize.] To commit burglary upon.
burglar-proof (běrg’lār-préf), a. Constructed
so as to be capable of resisting the attempts of
burglars, as a safe or a building.
burgonet, bur onettº, 70,
burgoyne
726
nearly corresponding to mayor in England and
the United States. In the monarchical states burgo-
masters were often named by the central government for
long periods, as were the maires in France. The German
governments usually retain the right to confirm or reject
the elected burgomaster. Also burghermaster, burghmas-
ter, burgmaster. .
2. The great ice-gull or glaucous gull, Larus
glaucus, of the arctic regions, one of the largest
and most powerful species of the family
Larida. It is about 30 inches long, pure white, with a
pale silvery-blue mantle and yellow bill with an orange
º:
:-zz,
Burgomaster-gull (Larus glazecies).
Spot. It owes the name to its tyrannical and rapacious
disposition, and the way it domineers over the smaller
and Weaker gulls and other birds.
See burganet.
burgoo (běr'gö), m. [Appar. a var. of burgood.]
1. A seamen’s term for a dish made of boiled
Oatmeal seasoned with salt, butter, and sugar;
gruel.
Don't stand staring there like a cabin-boy brought up
before the skipperforswallowing the burgoo as he mixedit.
G. A. Sala, Ship-Chandler.
2. A kind of soup made with many different
kinds of meat and vegetables, highly peppered
and served very hot: popular in Kentucky and
other places, especially at barbecues, picnics,
and other outdoor feasts.—3. A barbecue, pic-
nic, or woodland feast at which the soup burgoo
is served. [Kentucky.]
bºº, (běr'güd), n. [E. dial., also burgout
and beergood; origin uncertain. Cf. burgoo.]
Yeast. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] -
burgoynel (bér-goin'), n. [Appar. named from
the inventor.] An intrenching-tool which com-
bines a º an ax, and a mantlet. [Eng.]
# (běr-goin'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bur-
goymed, ppr. burgoyning. [A word of the Ameri-
can revolutionary period, in allusion to the cap-
ture of Burgoyne's army at Saratoga in 1777.]
burglary (běrg’lār-i), m.; pl. burglaries (-iz), [K . To surround and capture in a body.
burglar+-y; Mſ. burglaria.] The act or crime bur-grass (běr'grás), n.
of nocturnal housebreaking, with an intent to
commit a felony therein, whether such felonybe
actually committed or not. To constitute this crime
the act must be committed in the night, or when there is not
daylight enough to discern a man's face. At common law
it must be in a dwelling-house, or in an adjoining building
which is a part or parcel of the dwelling-house. There
must be an actual breaking and an entry; but an opening
made by the offender, as by taking out a pane of glass,
lifting a window, raising a latch, picking a lock, or remov-
ing any fastening, amounts to a breaking; and putting in
of the hand, after such breaking, is an entry. A breaking
out, after entry with felonious intent, is also burglary. . In
some of the United States the term has been extended so
as to cover the breaking and entering of any building, at
any time, to commit any crime.
lburgle (bér'gl), v.; pret. and pp. burgled, ppr.
burgling. | burglar, taken as a noun of agent
in -ar = -erl; cf. peddle, K peddler, pedler, ped-
lar.] To commit burglary. [Humorous.]
burgmaster (bérg'más’tēr), n. Same as burgo-
"master, 1.
burgmotet, m. See, burghmote.
burgomaster (bér (gå-mâs "tér), n. [= OF.
bourgue-maistré, later bourgamaistre (Cotgrave),
Swiss F. bourgmeStre, bourgemaître (F. maître =
E. master) = Sp. burgomaestre, after ML. burgo-
magister, burgimagister (burgi magister), K. D.
burgemeester (= OFries. burgamästere = G.
burgemeister, burcmeister, G. burgemeister (obs.),
> Sw. borgmástare = ODan. borg.mester = Pol.
burmistrø = Bohem. purmistr = Russ. burgo-
mistri: = Lith. burgmistras = Finn. pormeStari),
Kburg, - E. boroughl, -- meester=E. master. Cf.
MHG. burgermeister, G. birgermeister (> Dan.
borgermester), K birger, H. E. burgher, H. meister
= É, master.] 1. A borough-master; the chief burguignottet, n.
magistrate of a municipal town in the Nether-
lands, Germany, and other Teutonic countries,
1. A common name
of species of Cench rus, the burs of which are
Very Spiny and tenacious.—
2. Panicum glutinosum, a
tropical grass in which the
glumes or husks which in-
wrap the seed are very vis-
cous and adhesive.
burgrave, burggrave (bèr'-
gräv), m. [K F. burgrave=Sp.
burgrave = Pg. burgrave, bur-
gravio = It. burgravio, 3. ML.
burggravius, K OHG. burg-
grávo, MHG. burcgrave, G.
burggraf (X Dan. borggreve =
Sw. burggrefue = Pol. bur-
grabia = Bohem. purkrabe), K
OHG. burg, bure, a town, =
E. borough1, + grâvjo, grâvo,
Ce?tch??as
Bur-grass
tribuloides).
Burgund
burgwardt (běrg/wärd), n.
burht, m.
burhbott, n.
burhgemoti, n., See burghmote.
burial (ber’i-al), n.
burial-case (ber’i-al-kās), n.
burial-ground
Thurial-place (ber’i-al-plas), n.
burin
Burgundiones, L.L. also Burgundi; º AS. Bur-
gendas), pl., a tribe of Goths.] I. a. Of or
ertaining to the Burgundians, or to the king-
Qm, duchy, or province of Burgundy.—order
of the Burgundian Gross, an order founded by the em.
peror Charles W., which did not survive.
II. m. 1. One of the Burgundii or Burgun-
diones, a Germanic tribe who settled in ği
and founded the kingdom of Burgundy in the
fifth century.
The Burgundians settled in the southeast part of Gaul,
the part nearest to Italy.
E. A. Freeman, Old Eng. Hist., p. 24.
2. A native or an inhabitant of Burgundy, suc-
cessively a kingdom and a duchy of western
Europe, varying greatly in extent, part of
which finally became the province of Burgundy
in eastern France.
Burgundy, (bér'gun-di), n. A large class of
wines, both red and white, produced in Bur-
undy in France, and sharing with the Bor-
eaux wines the reputation of including the
finest wines made.
The mellow-tasted Burgundy. Thomson, Autumn, 1.705.
pitch. See pitch.
[An old law form,
K burg, a fortified place, a castle, + ward, a
Keeping.] The custody or keeping of a castle.
Early Middle English and Anglo-
Saxon form of boroughl.
The burh of the Anglo-Saxon period was simply a more
strictly organised form of the township. It was probably
in a more defensible position; had a ditch or mound
instead of the quickset hedge or “tun” from which the
township took its name; and as the “tun” originally was
the fenced homestead of the cultivator, the burh was
the fortified house and court-yard of the mighty man—
the king, the magistrate, or the noble.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 44.
See burghbote.
[In the second sense burial
is now regarded as formed directly from bury?
+ -al (cf. betrothal, renewal, etc.), but it is due
to burial in first sense, KME. buriel, biriel, be-
riel, a tomb, grave, a corruption of buriels, re-
garded as a plural form, but really singular,
buriels, biriels, beriels, bergels, a tomb, grave, K
AS. byrgels, a tomb, grave, K byrgan, bury (see
bury?), -- suffix -els (cf. riddle2, KAS. rādels).]
1+. A grave or place of sepulture; a tomb.
Pullide it [the body] in his newe biriel, . . . and he
Walowid to a grete stone at the dore of the birtel.
Wyclif, Mat. xxvii. 60.
For prophetes hem tolde,
That that blessed body of buriels sholde aryse.
s Piers Plowman (C), xxii. 146.
Vailing her high-top lower than her ribs
To kiss her burial. Shak., M. of V., i. 1.
2. The act of burying; specifically, the act of
burying a deceased person; sepulture; inter-
ment; the act of depositing a dead body in any
place where it is intended to remain.
Till that the duke give order for his burial.
- hak., Rich. III., i. 4.
Privilege of death and burial. Milton, S. A., l. 104.
Burial service, the religious service performed at the
interment of the dead, or a prescribed order or formula
for such service.
A kind of coffin
so made as to be air-tight, intended for the
preservation of the body.
(ber’i-al-ground), m. A grave-
yard or cemetery. *
lburial-mound (ber’i-al-mound), m. The mound
raised over the remains of deceased persons in
ancient times; a barrow.
A portion of
ground set apart for or occupied by a grave or
graves; a grave or a graveyard.
burielsł, n. [ME.: see burial.] The older form
of burial, 1.
MHG. grâvé, G. graf, a count, earl, governor: burier (ber’i-er), m. One who buries a deceased
see graf.] Formerly, the title, in some Euro-
pean countries, of the hereditary governor of a
town or castle.
person; that which buries or covers.
And darkness be the burier of the dead.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 1.
The former [burghers] stood, in all trade matters, en- burin (büºrin), n. IK F. burºn, K It. borino (cf.
tirely under the orders of the lords of the town, whether
these were bishops, burgraves, or citizens.
B'nglish Gilds (E. E. T. S.), Int., p. cxv.
They then requested that the Prince of Orange, who
held the office of burgrave of Antwerp, and whose influ-
ence was unbounded, might be sent to them. Prescott,
burgravess, burggravess (bér'grä-ves), n. IK
burgrave + -ess.] The wife of a burgrave.
burgraviate (bér-grä'vi-āt), m. [KML. burggra-
wiatus, K burggravius, a burgrave: see burgrave.]
The office, dignity, or jurisdiction of a burgrave.
[OF.] Same as burganet.
Burgundian (běr-gun'di-an), a. and n. [KML.
Burgundia (> F. Bourgogne), Burgundy, K L.
OSp. boril, Sp. Pg. buril), a gravers' chisel,
prob. K. OHG. º a borer, gimlet, - E. borel,
'm.] 1. An engravers' tool
with a lozenge-
shaped point,
fixed in a han-
dle the end of
which, held in
the hand, is
rounded at the
top: a graver.
Éed o: by
the hand in any desired direction, it cuts a shallow or
deep furrow, according to the pressure exerted. When, as
of tempered steel,



buri-nut (bū’ri-nut), n.
burion (bū‘ri-Qn), n.
- burin
in etching, bitten lines, or lines made with the dry-point,
3DO erfect or weak, the burin is used to repair or
strengthen them. -
2. The manner or style of execution of an
engraver: as, a soft burin; a brilliant burin.
–3. A steel graver used by marble-workers.
Also spelled burine.
burinist (bū’rin-ist), n. [K burin + -ist.] One
who uses a burin; an engraver.
All the great original burimists did not invent, but re-
produced with the burin. The American, W. 124.
IK buri, native name,
+ nut..] The plum-like fruit of Parinarium
lawrinum, a rosaceous tree of the Fiji islands.
The kernels are beaten up into a cement of the consis-
tency of putty, which is used for stopping holes in canoes,
fixing spear-heads to the shafts, etc. a "
ſº uncertain; per-
haps a corruption of Sp. (Mex.) gorrión, a spar-
row.] A name of the house-finch, Carpodagus
ºrontalis, an abundant and familiar fringilline
ird of the southwestern United States, almost
domesticated in the towns. It resembles the com-
mon purple finch, C. purpurew8, but is smaller, with a
stouter bill and more vivid crimson-red markings, which
are restricted to definite areas on the head, back, and
breast.
buriti (bū-ri-té"), n. [Pg. buriti, miriti; a Braz.
(Tupi-Guarani) word, also written burity, mu-
Titº, murity, mirit, morichá, murichá, muriché,
"moriche, applied to the palms Mauritia fleawosa
and M. vinifera; according to Hartt, K ymyrā
or ymbyrå, a tree, + eté, true..] One of the
largest of the South American palms, Mauritia
vinifera, often growing to a height of 125 feet
the stem being crowned with a thick round
head of very large fan-shaped leaves. A single
bunch of the fruit weighs more than one hundred pounds.
The trees grow in vast numbers on swampy land, from
southern Brazil to the West Indies. The natives cut
them down, and make cavities in the stems to obtain
the sweet sap which accumulates in them; if allowed to
ferment, a vinous liquor may be made from this sap, and
even sugar has been obtained from it. Hence the name
wine-palm, commonly given to the tree. The pulp be-
tween the nut and the outer covering of the fruit is some-
times eaten, and a beverage is prepared by rubbing the
pulp in Water. The pith of the leaf-stem is used in lieu
of cork, and its hard covering for making baskets. Cords
are made of fibers from the young leaves, and rough
thatches are constructed of the older leaves.
727
burl2 (běrl), n.
same sense.] A pimple.
burlº, v. Same as birli.
He told me to burl out the beer, as he was in a hurry,
and I burled out a glass and #. it to him.
London Times, Law Reports.
burlace (bër’lās), n. [Contr. of burdelais, q.v.]
A sort of grape.
burlap (bér’lap), n. [Formerly borelap; origin
unknown. The form suggests a contr. of ME.
borel, E. burrel, a coarse cloth, + lappen, lap,
wrap. Referred by some to G. bārlapp, club-
moss, Lycopodium clavatum, lit. bear's paw (cf.
- Lycopodium, wolf's-foot).] A coarse heavy
material made of jute, flax, hemp, or manila,
and used for wrappings and in upholstery:
, commonly in the plural. -
burlap (bérºlap), v. t. [K burlap, n.] To cover
with or wrap in burlap.
burledt, a. [ME., possibly for “barruled, equiv.
to AF. barrulé: see barruly.] In her., striped.
Under was A serpent of verite,
A taill burled had of siluer and Asure.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1.3492.
With siluer And Asure the tail burlid was.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), I. 2809.
|burler1 (bér’lér), n. [K burl1 + -erl.] One who
burls cloth.
burler? (bér’lér), n. IK burl3, − birli, +
In Cumberland, England, the master of the
revels at a wedding-feast, whose duty is to see
that the guests are well furnished with drink.
Brewer.
burlesque (bér-lesk’), a. and m. [Formerly
also burlesk; = G. Dan. Sw. burlesk, K F. bur-
lesque, K.It. burlesco, ludicrous, K burla, a jest,
mockery, raillery, perhaps dim. of L.L. burra,
l. burrae, jests; trifling, nonsense: see burl.]
. a. Tending to excite laughter by a ludicrous
contrast between the subject and the manner of
[Prov. Eng.]
treating it, as when a serious subject is treated
ridiculously or a trifling one with solemnity.
It is a dispute among the critics whether burlesque poet-
ry runs best in heroic verse, like that of the Dispensary,
or in doggerel, like that of Hudibras.
Addison, Spectator, No. 249.
II. m. 1. A burlesque literary or dramatic
bur
Out.
ſºl burly? (bérºli), a.
Burman (bér’man), m.
Burmese (bér-mes’ or -méz'), a. and n.
burn
[A contr. of burble, n., 2, in burling-machine (bér (ling-ma-shën"), n. A
machine for removing knots and rough places
from woolen cloth before it is fulled.
burly.1 (bér’li), a. [=E. dial. bowerly, KME. bur-
ly, burely, borly, burliche, borliche, borlic, etc.,
large, huge. f uncertain origin; hardl
OHG. burlih, purlih, elevated, high (K. bār, an
elevation, +-lih = E. -lyl). There is nothing to
prove the supposed Celtic origin..] 1. Great in
bodily size; bulky; large; stout: formerly used
of things, but now only of persons, and imply-
ing some degree of coarseness.
The braunches were borly, sum of bright gold,
Sum syluer for sothe, semlist of hew.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1.4968.
Burly sacks and well stuffed barns.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiv. 118.
Town through the crashing under-wood
The burly sheriff came. Whittier, The Exiles.
2#. Boisterous; loud.
So when a burly tempest rolls his pride.
J. Beawmont, Psyche, v. 224.
uš 1. Massive, Ponderows, etc. See bulky.
y1+, v. t. To make burly; cause to bulge
Think'st thou that paunch, that burlies out thy coat,
Is thriving fat; or flesh, that seems so brawny?
Quarles, Emblems, i. 12.
[K burl1 + -y1.] Having
burls or excrescent knots: as, a burly tree.
[K Burma.-- -an.] A.
native or an inhabitant of Burma, a British
possession in Farther India. It was formerly ań
independent kingdom, but parts of it were annexed to
Great Britain in 1826 and 1852, and the remainder on
January 1st, 1886, in consequence of wars.
A Burman, being the property of the king, can never
quit the country without his especial permission, which is
only granted for a limited time, and never to women on
any pretence. Frcyc. Brit., IV. 554.
bur-marigold (běr’ mar’i-góld), n. A book-
name for the more showy species of Bidems.
[K Bur-
ºna -- -ese.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Burma.
II. m. 1. sing. or pl. An inhabitant or inhabi-
tants of Burma. See Burman.—2. The lan-
burk (bèrk), n. Another spelling of birk, dia- guage of the people of Burma. It is one of the
lectal variant of birch.
burka (bër’kä), n. [Russ. burka.] A short
composition; travesty; caricature. monosyllabic languages.
Burlesque is therefore of two kinds: the first represents bur-millstone (bér’mil"Stön), m.
Same as bur-
mean persons in the accoutrements of heroes; the other ºr stone.
burker (bër’kër), n.
Burke's Act.
burking (bèr’king), m.
round cloak made of felt or very coarse woolen
stuff, used as a protection against rain in Rus-
sia, Poland, and Moldavia. Also burga.
burke (bèrk), v. t. ; pret. and pp. burked, ppr.
burking. [From the name of an Irishman in
Edinburgh who committed the crime repeated-
ly, and was tried and executed in 1829.] 1.
To murder by suffocation in order to sell the
body for dissection. This method was selected
because it left no marks of violence upon the
victims.
“You don't mean to say he was burked, Sam?” said Mr.
Pickwick. Dickens, Pickwick.
The rest of the rascals jumped on him and Bwrked him.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 273.
2. Figuratively, to smother; shelve; get rid
of by some indirect manoeuver: as, to burke a
parliamentary question.
One who burkes.
See act.
[Verbal n. of burke, v.]
*The practice of killing persons for the purpose
burll (běrl)) m.
burll (běrl), v. t.
of selling the bodies for dissection.
[K ME. burle, appar. K OF. dial.
flocks or ends of thread which
disfigure cloth (Wedgwood), K bourre, K ML.
burra, a flock of wool, coarse hair, etc.; see
burl. Cf. burlet.] 1. A small knot or lump
in thread, whether woven into cloth or not.—
2. A knot or an excrescence on walnut and
other trees, used for ornamental veneering.
[Early mod. E. burle; K burl1,
n.] 1. To pick knots, loose threads, etc.,
from, as in finishing cloth; specifically, to pick
(wool) by hand.—2t. To cleanse (cloth), as
with fullers' earth or a similar substance.
To come them to the mysterie of fuller's craft, first they
wash and scour a piece of cloth with the earth of Sardinia,
then they perfume it with the smoke of brinstone, which
done, they fall anon to burg it with cimolia.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxxv. 17.
burl2}, v. i.
ble, welter: see burble. Cf. D. borrelen, bub-
ble, guzzle (borrel, a bubble, a dram), = LG.
burreln, bubble, gush.] To welter.
Many a bolde baron in that place
Lay burland yn his own blode. w
Erle of Tolows (Ritson's Metr. Rom., II.), l. 98.
|Betres lay ºlymg in hur blode.
Ze Bome Florence (Ritson's Metrº Rom., III.), l. 1639.
bouril, º,
[ME. burlen, contr. of burblen, bub-
describes great persons acting and speaking like the basest
among the people. Addison, Spectator, No. 249.
This contrast between ideas of grandeur, dignity, sanc-
tity, perfection, and ideas of meanness, baseness, pro-
fanity, seems to be the very spirit of burlesque.
Hutcheson, Thoughts on Laughter.
2. A piece composed in burlesque style; a
travesty; in modern use often specifically a
theatrical piece, a kind of dramatic extrava-
ganza, usually based upon a serious play or
subject, with more or less music in it.—3. A
ludicrous or debasing caricature of any kind;
a gross perversion.
Who is it that admires, and is from the heart attached
to, national representative assemblies, but must turn with
horror and disgust from such a profane burlesque and
abominable perversion of that sacred institute?
Burke, Rev. in France.
=Syn. Parody, Travesty, etc. See caricature.
burlesque (běr-lesk’), v.; pret. and pp. bur-
lesqued, ppr. burlesquing. [K burlesque, a.] I.
trans. To make ridiculous by mocking repre-
sentation; caricature; travesty.
They burlesqued the prophet Jeremiah's words, and
turned the expression he used into ridicule.
Stillingfleet, Works, II, iv.
The characteristic faults of his [Johnson's] style are so
familiar to all, . . . and have been so often burlesqued,
that it is almost superfluous to point them out.
Macawlay, Boswell's Johnson.
II. intrans. To use caricature. [Rare.]
burlesquer (bér-les' kér), n. One who bur-
lesques or turns to ridicule.
burlett, n. IK F. bourlet, bowrrelet, a roll of cloth
or leather stuffed with hair or wool, etc., a sup-
#. of satin, etc., for a ruff or collar, also a
ind of hood, & bowrre, flocks of wool, hair, etc.,
used for stuffing saddles, balls, etc.: see bur-
rel.] 1. A coif; a stuffed roll to support a ruff;
a standing or stuffed neck for a gown. Min-
shew.—2. A hood. Ash.
burletta (bèr-let’â), m. . [It., dim. of burla,
mockery: see burlesque.] A comic opera; a
musical farce.
burley?, m. . [Origin obscure; cf. burly.] The
butt-end of a lance. Wilhelm, Mil. Dict.
burliness (bèr’li-nes), m. [K burly + -ness.]
The state or quality of being burly.
burling-iron (bër’ ling-i" ērn), n. A kind of
pincers or tweezers used in burling cloth.
burn 1 (běrn), v.; pret. and pp. burned or burnt,
ppr. burning. [Under this form and the obs.
or dial. brim, bren, brum, are now confused two
different but related verbs, which are quite dis-
tinct in AS. and the other older tongues: (1)
burn, K ME. bermen, barnen, barmen, brennen, K
AS. baernan (pret. barnde, pp. baermed) = OS.
brennian = MD. bermen (in mod. D. displaced
by the secondary form brandem : see brand, v.)
= LG. brennen = OFries. berma, barma = OHG.
brennan, MHG. G. brennen = Icel. brenna = Sw.
bränna = Dan. brande = Goth. branmjan (in
comp.), burn, consume with fire, orig. and prop.
trans., a weak verb, factitive of the next; (2)
burn, K ME. birmen, bearmen, brimmen, KAS. bear-
man, byrman (pret. barn, bearm, pl. burnon, pp.
bornen), a transposed form of *brimman (in comp.
on-brimman) = OS. brinnam = OHG. brimmam,
MHG. G. dial. brinnem = Icel. brenna, older
brimma, - Goth. brinnam, burn, be on fire; orig.
and prop. intrans., a strong verb; not known
outside of Teut. Deriv. brand, brinel, perhaps
burn2 = bournl, etc.] I. trans. 1. To consume
with fire; destroy or reduce to ashes by the
action of heat or fire. *
He comethe to bremme him self upon the Awtere of the
Temple. Mandeville, Travels, p. 48.
Thou shalt hough their horses, and burn their chariots
With fire. Josh. xi. 6.
2. To act on with fire; expose to the action of
fire: as, to burn clay; to burn wood for charcoal;
to burn limestone.—3. To produce by means
of fire: as, to burn charcoal.-4. To scorch;
affect or injure by heat: as, to burn one's
clothes by being too near the fire; to burn one's
fingers; to burn bread or meat.
The sun doth burn my face.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 1S6.
5. To inflame or tan (the skin), as sunlight.—
6. To produce an effect like that of fire; heat
or inflame; affect with a burning sensation: as,
ardent spirits burn the stomach; a burning fever.
This tyrant fever burns me up. Shak., K. John, v. 3.
7. In chem., to combine with oxygen; oxygen-
ize.-8. In Surg., to apply a cautery to; cau-
terize.--To burn daylight, to burn a candle or candles
before it is dark; waste or consume the daylight.
-- *-
burn
Mer. Come, we burn daylight, ho!
Rom. Nay, that's not so.
Mer. º g mean, sir, in delay
We waste our lights in vain, liké lamps by day.
Shak., R. and J., i. 4.
To burn do to burn to the ground, as all the com-
bustible parts of a building.—To burn in, in glass-mak-
ing and pottery, to fix and render durable (the coloring
and º means of great and long-continued
heat in an oven or kiln.--To burn metals together, to
join them by melting their adjacent edges, or heating the
adjacent edges and running some molten metal of the
same kind into the intermediate space. E. H. Knight.—
To burn one's fingers, to receive damage or loss from
meddling with or engaging in anything.—To burn out
to destroy or obliterate by burning.
Must you with hot irons burn out both mine eyes?
Shak., K. John, iv. 1.
To burn the candle at both ends. See candle.—To
burn up, to consume completely by fire, or reduce to
ashes: as, to burn wip a paper.
II. intrams. 1. To be on fire; flame: as, the
fuel burns.
A still and sacred fire
That burn’d as on an altar.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
2. To become charred, singed, or scorched; be
injured by undue exposure to fire or a heated
surface, etc. : as, milk or oatmeal burnsif cooked
without stirring.
“Your meat doth burn,” quoth I. Shak., C. of E., ii. 1.
3. To become inflamed or tanned, or to become
disintegrated by the effect of heat and reflected
sunlight, as the skin from unusual or prolonged
exposure to the sun or to the glare from a sheet
of water.—4. To glow like fire; shine; gleam.
The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne,
JBurnt on the water. Shak., A. and C., ii. 2.
The road, wherever it came into sight, burned with bril-
liant costumes, like an illuminated page of Froissart.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 243.
5. To be inflamed with passion or desire; be
affected with strong emotion: as, to burn with
anger or love.
Did not our heart burn, within us while he talked with
us by the way? Luke xxiv. 32.
True charity is afflicted, and burns at the offence of every
little one. Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
6}. To act or behave with destructive violence;
be in a state of violent action; rage.
Shall thy wrath burn like fire? Ps. lxxxix. 46.
The groan still deepens and the combat burns. Pope.
7. To be affected with a sensation of heat or
burning pain, or aeridity; feel excess of heat:
as, the face burns; the patient burns with a
fever.—8. To resemble fire in the effect or
the sensation produced. [Rare.]
The parching air
Burns frone, and cold performs the effect of fire.
Milton, P. L., ii. 595.
9. In certain games, to be very near a con-
cealed object which is sought, that is, so near
that one would be burned if it were fire; hence,
to be nearly right in a guess. [Colloq.]
However, the explorers must have burned strongly (as
children say at hide-and-seek) when they attained a point
so near to the fountains. De Quincey, Herodotus.
To burn blue. See blue, a.— To burn down, to be burned
to the ground ; be consumed by fire from top to bottom,
as a building.— To burn out, to burn till the fuel is ex-
hausted and the fire ceases.—To burn up, to be burned
× completely or reduced to ashes: as, the paper burned wip.
burnl (běrn), m. [K burn!, v.] 1. A hurt or in-
jury caused by the action of fire, especially on
a living body; a burnt place in any substance.
–2. The operation of burning or baking, as in
'brickmaking: as, they had a good burn.—3.
A disease in vegetables. See brand, 6.-4. A
clearing in the woods made by burning the
trees. [U. S.]=Syn. 1. Burn, Scald. Burns are pro-
duced by heated solids or by flames, scalds by heated fluids
or vapors. See 8Corch, v. t.
burn? (běrn), n. [Also written bourn, bourne,
which with a diff. pron. is the usual form in the
south of England (see bourn1, bourne1); KME.
bourne, commonly burne, KAS. burna, masc.,
also burne, fem., a brook, stream (= OS. brun-
no = OFries. burna = OD. borne,
= LG. born (> G. born) = OHG. brunno, Máč.
brunne, G. brunnen, brunne, brunn = Icel. brunnr
= Sw. brunn = Dan. brönd, a spring, fountain,
well, - Goth. brunna, a spring), prob. K."brinº burnettise, v. t.
burné (běrn), n.
’ burnable (běrºna-bl), a.
*ing the ground with the ashes.
burner (bèr'nér), n.
D. born, brom .
* cies, the five-spotted burnet-moth.
728
burnét, v. t. [ME., K OF. burnir, burnish: see
burnish, in form and sense the word over. *[Scotch.]
laps, burni (cf. burn!, v. i., 4).]
brighten; make gay or cheerful.
Al his speche and cher also he borneth.
Chawcer, Troilus, i. 827.
The temple of Marz armypotente
Wrought al of burned steel.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1, 1125.
[Appar. contr. of burthen 1
or burden!..] A burden for one person. Day.
[Local, Eng. (Cornwall).]
To burnish;
[K burn!, v., + -able.]
Capable of being burned.
burn-beat (běrnſbót), v. t. and i. [Also burn-
bait : burn -H beat.] To pare or cut the turf or
sod from (moorland Orfallow) and burnit, dress-
[Prov. Eng.]
1. A person who burns or
sets fire to anything.
The Milesian Oracle was sacred to Apollo Didymaeus
amongst the Branchidx, who betrayed the treasures of
their God to Xerxes the burner of their Temple.
y = * Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 332.
2. The part of a lamp from which the flame is-
sues; the part that holds the wick; also, the jet-
piece from which a gas-flame issues. Burners in-
clude all forms of apparatus forburning gas, oils, or vapors,
singly or in combination: as, a hydrocarbon burner, carbu-
reting gas-burner, lime-light burner, regenerative burner,
etc. See lamp-burner and gas-burner.—Bat's-wing burn-
er, a form of gas-burner from which there issues a broad
flame supposed to resemble a
bat's wing.—Bude burner, an
arrangement consisting of two
three, or more concentric Årganá
burners, each inner one rising a
little above the outer, by which a
very powerful light is produced.
Named from Bude, in Cornwall,
the residence of Mr. Gurney, the
inventor.— Bunsen burner, a
gas-burner invented by a Čer.
man chemist, R. W. Bunsen, and
improved by Wallace and Gode.
froy. It is arranged in such a
way that the gas, just previous
to burning, is largely diluted with
air, thus producing a non-lumi-
nous and very hot flame. Itisused
in chemical laboratories and in
metallurgical research in connec-
tion with a variety of small fur-
naces, and in many forms of gas-
stoves, heaters, steamers, etc.—Fish-tail burner, a gas-
burner whose jet takes the spreading and forked form of
a fish's tail.—Hydrocarbon burner, a burner for pro-
ducing heat by means of liquid fuel. . It has generally a
jet of air or steam, or of both, carrying with it a spray
of coal-oil or petroleum, which is lighted and burns
under a boiler.— Regenerative burner, in gas-light-
ing, a device by which the current of gas is heated be-
fore it reaches the flame, thus making the temperature
higher and the light more brilliant.
burnet!} (bër’net), a. and n. [I. a. K ME. bur-
net, K OF. brunet, brunette, lit. brownish, dim.
of brun, brown: see brown. Cf. brunette. II.
n. K ME. burnet, burnette, K OF. burnette, bru-
'nette = Pr. bruneta = Sp. bruneta, brunete, K
ML. bruneta, brunetum, a brownish, dark-col-
ored cloth.] I. a. Brownish.
Iſire mentel grene other [or] burnet.
Bunsen Burner.
a, a, openings to admit air.
Rel. Ant., I. 129.
* II. m. Cloth dyed a brown color.
burnet” (běrºnet), n. [K ME. burnet, pimper-
nel; K OF. brunete, also brunette, the name of a
plant, prob, burnet; cf. M.L. burneta, spring-
wort (Vocab. ed. Wright, 2d ed., p. 557, I. 42);
prob. So called with some allusion to color;
cf. burnet1..]_1}. The pimpernel, Anagallis ar-
wensis.-2. The common name of species of
Sanguisorba, an herbaceous genus of the family
Rosaceae. The common or garden burnet is Sangui.
80rba Sangwisorba, also called salad-burnet and Canada.
burnet. The great burnet is S. officinalis.
Of pympurnolle [pimpernel] to speke themke y get
And Englysh yealled is burnet.
MS. Sloane, 2457, f. 6. (Halliwell.)
burnet-moth (bér’net-móth), n. A moth of the
genus Zygaena or Anthrocera; one of the many
moths of the family Zygaenidae. The six-spotted
burnet-moth is Z. or A. filipendulae, a common European
species, with six red spots on a dark ground ; the larva is
yellow, spotted with black. Z. or A. loti is another spe-
burnet-rose (běrºnet-röz), n. Rosa Spinosis-
Sima.
See burnettize.
man (pp...“brunnen), etc., burn: see burn'. Cf. burnettize (běr'net-iz), v. t.; pret. and pp. bur-
the similar origin of well1 and torrent. Not nettized, ppr. burnettizing. [KIBurnett (see Bur-
connected with Gr. ºppéap, a well.] A rivulet;
a brook. [Scotch and North. Eng.]
Follow the deer
By these tall firs and our fast-falling burma.
Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette.
It occurs in various place-names, as Bannock- burnewin (börſne-win), n.
burn, Blackburn, etc.
nett's liquid, under liquid) + -ize.] To impreg-
nate, as timber, canvas, cordage, dead bodies,
etc., with Burnett's liquid, for the purpose of
reserving them from decay.
urnett's liquid. See liquid.
[Sc., for burn-the-
wind.] A blacksmith. Burns.
burnish
[Dim. of burn?..] Arivulet.
burning (bër’ning), n. [Verbal n, of burnl, v.]
1. The act or process of consuming by fire.—
2. In metal-working, the act or process of unit-
ing metallic surfaces by fusing them together,
or by running molten metal of the same kind
between them.—3. In ceram., the final firing,
as for glazing, fixing the colors, or the like: used
somewhat loosely.
burning (bër’ning), p. a. [Ppr. of burn 1, v.]
1. Scorching; hot: as, the burning sands of
the Sahara.-2. Powerful; strong; vehement;
ardent.
That which I urge is of a burning zeal.
Marlowe, Édward II., i. 4.
Like a young hound upon a burning scent. Dryden.
3. Causing excitement, ardor, or enthusiasm;
enchaining or demanding attention.
The Johannean problem is the burning question of
modern criticism on the soil of the New Testament.
Schaff, Hist. Christ. Ch., I. § 84.
=Syn. Blazing, flaming, scorching, fiery, hot.
burning-bus ğ. m. 1. The em-
blem adopted by the Presbyterian churches
of Scotland in memory of the
persecutions of the seventeenth
century, and bearing the legend
“Nec tamen consumebatur”
(yet not consumed), in allusion
ió Ex. iii. 2, itsually two
words.]–2. A name of various
shrubs or plants. (a) The Ameri-
can species of Euonymus, E. atropwrpwrea and E. Ameri-
cana, celastraceous shrubs with bright-crimson, pendu-
lous, four-lobed capsules, often cultivated for ornament.
burnie (bèr’ni), n.
Burning Bush.
Burning-bush (Ettonymus Americana).
a, dehiscing fruit; b, section of flower.
(From Gray’s “Genera of Plants of the U. S.”)
See Euonymus. (b) The artillery-plant, Pilea gerpylli-
Jolia. (c) The plant Dictammus albws, so called be-
cause its volatile secretions render the surrounding air
inflammable in hot weather.
burning-fluid (bër’ning-flö’id), n. A very ex-
plosive illuminating liquid, consisting of a mix-
ture of about 3 volumes of alcohol and 1 of
camphene or purified turpentine-oil, burned in
lamps specially constructed for the purpose, but
superseded by petroleum after a few years' use.
burning-glass (bër’ning-glas), n. A double
convex lens of glass used to ignite combustible
substances, melt metals, etc., by focusing upon
them the direct rays of the sun.
burning-house, (bérºning-hous), n., . The fur-
nace in which tin ores are calcined to sublime
the sulphur from the pyrites; a kiln.
burning-mirror (bérºning-mir"Qr), n. A con-
gave mirror, usually of metal, used as a burn-
ing-glass. The power of a burning-mirror is consider.
ably greater than that of a burning-glass of equal extent
and equal curvature.
burnish (bër’nish), v. [K ME. burnischen, bur-
missen, K. O.F. burniss-, stem of certain parts of
burnir, brunir, F. brunir (X G. ; (= Pr.
bornir, brunir = Sp. bruñir, broñir = Pg. brunir,
bornir = It. bruntre), polish, make brown, K
brun, brown, also poet. bright, shining: see
brown. Also formerly in more orig. form burn :
see burn.9.] I. trans. 1. To cause to glow or .
become resplendent.
Now the village windows blaze,
Burnished by the setting sun.
J. Cunningham, Evening.



burnish
The wide lake, edged with sand and grass,
Was burnished to a floor of glass.
- Bºmerson, Woodnotes, i.
2. To polish by friction; make smooth and
lustrous: as, to burnish steel.
* Burnish no bones with thy teeth,
for that is vnseemely.
Rhodes, Boke of Nurture (E. E. T. S.), p. 77.
Who doth the world so gloriously behold,
That cedar-tops and hills seem burnish'd gold. -
Shak., Venus and Adonis, l. 858.
II.f., intrans. To grow, as a child; thrive;
flourish; become fat and sleek; hence, to be-
come bright or brilliant; show conspicuously.
Ere Juno burnished, or young Jove was grown.
w Dryden.
I've seen a snake in human form . . .
Burmish and make a gaudy show.
Swift, Description of a Salamander.
burnish |...} n. [K burnish, v.] Polish;
hence, gloss; brightness; luster.
As to Chrysostom, and Basil, with less of pomp and
swagger than Gregory, they have not at all more of rhe-
torical burnish and compression. De Quincey, Rhetoric.
burnisher (bër’nish-àr), n. 1. One who bur-
nishes or polishes. 2. A tool of various shapes
and material, but commonly with a smooth,
slightly convex head, used for polishing in va-
rious processes and operations, as in porce-
lain-painting, dentistry, etc.—3. An instru-
ment of tempered steel, with slightly curved
polished sides and rounded point, used by
etchers and line-engravers to remove rough-
nesses, scratches, and stains from the surface
of a metal plate. Wood-engravers who wish to take by
hand a trial-proof of a block, finished or in progress, ink
the raised lines, lay over them a piece of India paper and
a card, and then, by even friction with the burnisher, ob-
tain the desired impression.
4. In shoemaking, a polishing-machine which
holds the shoe firmly while a heated steel toolis
pressed with force against the heel or sole, pre-
viously moistened with a preparation of varnish.
burnoose, burnous (bér-nós' or ber’nós), n.
[Also written bermouse, burnouse, burnos, bour-
mous; K F. burnous, bournous = Sp. albornoz =
Pg. albermoz or albornoz, a kind of Moorish
cloak, K. Ar. al., the (see al-2), + burnus, burniis,
a hooded cloak..] 1. An outer garment made
of a coarse woolen fabric, worn by men in the
Barbary States, throughout northwestern Afri-
ca, and in Arabia. It differs from the aba in having
a hood, and in being more commonly made of undyed wool,
so that it generally has a brownish-white color without
stripes or pattern ; but it is also made black, and striped
with red and white.
The males were clad in burnooses—brown or striped
woollen cloaks with hoods.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 123.
Hence—2. A garment worn by women in Eu-
rope and the United States at different times
since 1850. It sometimes has a hood with a tassel at the
end, and is in general a loose outer cloak without sleeves.
# has been made of many different materials, usually with
Stripes.
burnstickle (běrn'stik-1), n. [Perverted from
banstickle..] A name of the stickleback, Gaste-
×7'osteus aculeatus.
burnt (běrnt), p. a. [Pp. of burn1, v.] 1. Con-
sumed or scorched by fire.— 2. Crumbly, and
partly or entirely, unweldable, from having
been raised to too high a temperature in con-
tact with the air: said of iron and steel. The
nature of the change which the metal under-
gº. is not yet clearly understood.— Burnt alum.
ee alwm.—Burnt bowl, Curling-stone, etc., in games,
a bowl, etc., which has been accidentally touched or
moved, and which must be removed as dead.—Burnt
e, See carmine.—Burnt fox, a slang name for
a student during his second half year in the German uni-
versities.—Burnt in, in ceram., sometimes said of colors
that have been applied under the glaze, and are fired with
it.—Burnt limestone, calcined limestone.—Burnt Ore,
roasted ore.—Burnt Roman ocher, Sienna, sponge,
terre verte, umber. See the nouns.—Burnt wine, winé
treated in such a manner as to acquire a peculiar flavor
suggestive of burning,
Burnt wine is a wine boiled up with sugar and some-
times with a little spice. Fees, Cyc.
burnt-ear (běrnt’ér), n. A form of Smut in
oats, wheat, and other cereals and grasses, pro-
duced by a microscopic fungus, Ustilago carbo.
The tissues of the plant are destroyed and replaced by an
abundange of black dust-like spores. *
burnt-offering (běrnt' of 'er-ing), n. An of-
fering burnt upon an altar as a religious rite;
specifically, in the Jewish ritual, an animal or
animals of a prescribed kind, the whole of
which, after ceremonial preparation, was burn-
ed upon an altar; a holocaust. Parts of many
other offerings were burned, but the term is generally
restricted to one that was entirely so, sometimes specifl-
cally called a whole burnt-offering. This was the only of-
fering of the ancient patriarchs, and is the only one men-
tioned in the book of Genesis. Afterward it became one
of the regular classes of sacrifice under the Levitical law.
729 bursa,
The regulations respecting it are given in detail in Leviti- urri a...: ſº ling of
cus. i. and yi. 8-13. It represented the entire self-dedi- b. ige (bur ij), 72 An older Spe
cation of the offerer to God, and was always preceded ge. z - 1. 1 imal
by a sin-offering. The object offered was to be a male burring (bér’ing), n. g [K burl, burr , + -ingl.]
without blemish, a young bullock, ram, or he-goat, or, in The process of cleaning or removing the burs
and rubbish from Wool previous to carding.
; of º: OI’ Fº ii * ;
10 OIICI'eI" Of his OW ill, - g f. sº º º *
The public tºº. ..",". ; §. burring-machine (běr ing-ma-shën') , n. A
ings, sacrificed every morning and évening for the people #. for picking and burring wool before it
IS C3I’Ci€Cie
xxviii. 9, 10); (3 tai ified b - e - & • * ~ º -
º #; º;*#.º.º. burrish (běrish), a. [K buri, burrſ, 4 -ishi.]
also private burnt-offerings a ted f tai t - e -
times. Free-will º;i. bºrº. j Burrite (bér'it), n. ºBurr (see def.) + -ite2.]
burnt-sacrifice (běrnt'sak’ri-fis), n. Same as of the Democratic-Republiéan party which sup-
burnt-offering. - * & ported Aaron Burr, from about 1797 to 1807.
burnt-stone (běrnt'stön), n. An antique car- burrol (bùrſö), n. [Sp. burro, an ass.]
nelian such as are sometimes found in ancient donkey: “the sure step of the John burros.”
fire. They appear dull externally, but show a fine red burro” (bùr’ö), n. [Cf. Shetland burra, the
$ºhen, held up to the light. They are much esteemed, common rush, Juncus squarrosus: see burl,
... high price, especially when ornamented by ºne burrij. The ºlga faminºri, digitata. [Engj
graving. burrock (burgk), n. . [Origin uncertain..] ...A
coral-Sumac, Metopium Metopium, found in
- e stream to gaps where fish-traps are placed.
º and the West Indies. Also bºº * An obsolete ji. .# ºl.
- bér’ pārs/li o burrough2+, n. An obsolete spelling of burrow”.
bur-parsley (bér’ pārs/li), n. The common burroughº'(burū), n. Same as borrowſ, i.
plant with bristly bur-like carpels. It is fre- / > - -
quently found in corn-fields with chalky soils burrow” (buro), m. , LE. dial, alsº ºbt; º;
in England.
bur-pump, burr-pump (běr'pump), n., Naut,
leather nailed on the end of a pump-rod serves
instead of a box, its sides collapsing as the rod
descends, and expanding with the weight of the
water as it ascends; a bilge-pump.
(Num. xxviii. 3–8); (2) the sabbath, burnt-offering (Num.
Rough; prickly; burr
special Solemn occasion. In New York State politics, one of that faction
ruins and have apparently been acted on by *Southey, in Life, II. 149.
burnwood (běrnſwäd), n. The poison-wood or small weir or dam put in a river to direct the
f C li e g
name of Caucalis daucoides, an umbelliferous burrow it, n. An obsolete spelling of boroughl.
a kind of pump in which a cup-shaped cone of
burr1, burrº, etc. See burl, bur2, etc.
Burr Act. See act.
burrage? (bér’āj), n. An older spelling of
borage.
burramundi (bur-a-mun'di), n. Same as bar-
ramunda.
burras-pipe (bur'as-pip), n. [K burras (K F.
bourras, KML. borratius, borazius, coarse linen
or canvas (cf. borratium, a coarsé garment), K
borra, burra, coarse hair, wool, etc.: see burrel)
+ pipe.] A tube for holding lunar caustic or
other corrosive substance.
burrawang (bur'a-wang), m. [K burrawang,
native name.] Macrozamia spiralis, a cyca-
daceous plant of New South Wales. It yields
an edible nut and a kind of arrowroot.
bur-reed (bér’réd), n. The common name of
species of Sparganium, so called from their
narrow, reed-like leaves and bur-like heads of
fruit. The floating bur-reed is S. simplex: an-
gustifolium. See Sparganium.
burrel (bur'el), n. TAlso written burrell, early
mod. E. also burel, borrel, borel, K ME. borel (see
borell), K OF. burel (= Pr. burel = Sp. buriel),
reddish ; as a noun, burel, later bureau, a kind
of coarse cloth (mod. F. bureau, a table, etc., X
E. bureau, q.v.) (= Pr. burel = Sp. buriel = Pg.
burel = It. burello = ML, burellus, burrellus, bu-
rellum, burallus), dim. of bure (ML. bura), a kind
of coarse cloth of a reddish or russet color, K
ML. burra, coarse hair used for stuffing, etc.,
a red mouth or muzzle) (pl. burras, trifles,
jests); cf. birrus, a cloak of wool or silk (see
birrus); KOL. burrus, later byrrus, red, prob. K
Gr. Tvppóg, older Twpo 6¢, red, flame-colored, usu-
ally referred to trip = E. fire. Hence bolt?,
etc.] 1. A kind of coarse russet cloth used in
the middle ages.
His white mantle was shaped with severe regularity, ac-
cording to the rule of Saint Bernard himself, being com-
posed of what was then called burrel cloth.
Scott, Ivanhoe, xxxv.
2. A silk mentioned in the schedule of Queen
Elizabeth's wardrobe. Fairholt.—3. [Also bur-
rel-pear, altered, in simulation of burrel (OF.
burel, reddish), K bury, bury-pear: see bury4.]
Same as bury4.
burrel2 (bur'el), n. . [Hindi bharal.] A kind
of wild sheep inhabiting the Himalayas; Ovis
burrhel of Blyth. Also barhal.
burrel-fly (burſel-fli), n. A kind of reddish
gadfly, or breeze.
burrellert (burſel-er), n. [Also written burril-
ler; K burrel -erl.] A maker of burrel; a
clothmaker,
burrel-shot (bur'el-shot), m. [K “burrel (per-
haps K F. bowrreler, torment) + shot..] Small
shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, etc., put
into cases, to be discharged from a cannon at
short range; an emergency shot.
burrhstone, m, See burstone,
burrow? (bur’ö), v.
3 z - * e
LL. burra, a shaggy garment (also a cow with § + (bur’ö), m
burrower (bur’ā-ēr), m.
burr-pump, n.
burry (bér’i), a. [K burl, burr1, +-y1.] Full of
*burs; resembling burs: as, burry wool.
bursa (bér’sä), m. ; pl. bursae (-sé).
also formerly bury (see bury2); K ME. borow,
borw, a hole as a place of shelter, a mound, var.
(appar. by confusion with borowe, borwe, buruh,
K AS. burh, E. borough1, a fortified place, bor-
ough) of berw, becruh, etc., K. A.S. bearh, E.
barrowl, a mound: see burrowl = boroughl,
and barrowl, berry?..] 1. A barrow; a mound.
Sir T. Browne. See barrowl. [Now only prov.
Eng.]—2. In mining, the heap of refuse rock
at the mouth of a shaft, or entrance of an adit-
level or tunnel.-3. A hole in the ground ex-
cavated by an animal, as a rabbit or a mar-
mot, as a refuge and habitation.
It [the lemming] lives in burrows made by its long and
crooked claws. T. R. Jones, Mammalia, p. 201.
4. [Perhaps in ref. to the usually circular
shape of mounds; cf. the equiv. Sc. brough2,
otherwise referred to burrowl = borough 1 =
broughl, q.v. In mod. E. dial. abbr. burr.] A
circle. Compare bură, burrë, 2.
Burwheſvar. burrowe), sercle, orbiculus.
rompt. Parv., p. 56.
[K burrow?, n.] I. intrans.
1. To make a hole or burrow to lodge in, as in
the earth; work a way into or under something.
The incidence of forces is the same all around the
Earth-worm as it burrows through the compact ground.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 250.
2. To lodge in a burrow; in a more general
sense, to lodge in any deep or concealed place;
hide.
The human vermin which . . . burrow among all phys-
ical and among all moral pollution. t
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., x.
II. trans. To perforate with a burrow or as
With burrows.
All the loose blocks of coral on Keeling atoll were bur-
rowed by vermiform animals. Darwin, Coral Reefs, p. 154.
A variant of borrowl.
urrow-duck (bur’ô-duk), m. A name of the
bergander or sheldrake, Tadorna vulpanser or
T. cormºwta.
1. One who or that
which burrows. Specifically—2. One of the
fossorial aculeate Hymenoptera; one of the
Fossores (which see).
See bur-pump.
[ML., a
pouch, purse: see burse, bourse, purse.] In
anat. and 206l., a pouch, sac, or vesicle: vari-
ously applied with a qualifying term.–Bursa.
choroidea, the choroid pouch ; the marsupium or pecten
in the interior of a bird's eyeball. See marsupium.—
Bursa, copulatrix, a copulatory pouch, as in arthropods.
— Bursa, Entiana, in ichth., the Entian pouch, a duo-
denal portion of the intestine, succeeding the pylorus,
usually dilated.—Bursa. Fabricii, in ornith., the Fabri-
cian pouch or anal gland ; a peculiar glandular sac, which
opens into the anterior and dorsal region of the cloaca
in birds.—Bursa, genitalis, in echinoderms, a genital
pouch, into which the generative products pass, and
thence to the extcrior, as in the oplmiurians.—Bursa, mu-
COsa, or synovialis (mucous or synovial pouch), a closed
Sac containing a Small amount of synovia, placed be-
tween-parts moving on one another, to facilitate motion,
as between a tendon and a bone or between the skin and
a bony prominence. These bursae are usually lined with
endothelium, sometimes not. They sometimes communi-
cate with the cavity of a joint. The name is not now,
as formerly, extended to the synovial sheaths of tendons
nor to the synovial cavities of joints. See cut under hoof.
–Bursa, Omentalis, the cavity of the lesser omentum.
bursal 730
Yºr -
bursal (bèr'sal), a. [K bursa + -al.] Of or per- perfumery. Since the genus name upon which this fam-
taining to a bursa or bursae. ily name was based is preoccupied, the family should bear
- a *m tº - lsa meaceae, given to it by Dumortier in 1829.
bursalis (ber-sā’ lis), nº pl. bursales (lāz). º.º. given ºpy *
[NL., K ... bursa ; see bursa.] A muscle of burseraceous (běr-sº-rá'shius), a. Belonging
º * to the family Burseraceae.
the eyeball of birds and Imany ºther Saurop- bursiculate (běr-sik'il-lāt), a. [K NL. bursicu-
Šida, serving to operate the nictitating mem- "... ºrjenić, diºn ºf MI, º, . purse
brane or third eyelid, usually in connection 2 2 y y
with another muscle called the pyramidalis. In Fº see burse, purse.] 1. Bursiform.—2.
...; this muscle is also called the quadrate or :*: ... ºn pouch, or having a
quadratus. ſº
e A > * > bursiform (běr'si-fôrm), a. TCML. bursa, purse
bursalogy (ber-salſő-ji), n. [KML. (NL.) bursa “jºi. #: shape; see rº and }; nj
i.ºr.iº, Kºº, speak; see -ºlºgy:1. In Bouch like: Saccate; Saccular; vesicular.
Burwell's operation
burstennesst, burstnessł (běrs’tn-, běrst'nes),
n. [K bursten, burst, pp.; +-ness.] 1. A broken
or bruised condition; brokenness ; in the ex-
tract, a mass of bruises.
BI' as beat me
E’en to a cullis : I am nothing, right worshipful,"
But very pap and jelly; I have no bones,
My body's all one burst mess.
Fletcher (and another?), Nice Valour, iii. 1.
#2. Rupture; hernia.
burster (bèrs’tēr), n. One who bursts; one who
breaks in pieces. Cotgrave.
bursting (běrs’ting), p. a. [Ppr. of burst, v.1
anat. and 206l., the study of, or what is known
regarding, the bursae. -
bursar (běr'sār), n. [K ML. bursarius (> F.
boursier), a treasurer, K bursa, a burse: see
burse.] 1. A student in a college who receives
an allowance from a fund for his subsistence,
called a burse or bursary. The word was formerly in
general use, and is still used in Scotch colleges; but in
Cambridge such scholars are now called sizars, in Oxford
servitors.
2. The purser, treasurer, or bailiff of a college
or other community.
Bursaria, (bër-sā'ri-á), n. [NL., K ML, bursa,
a pouch..] A genus of ciliate infusorians, typi-
cal of the family Bursariidae, to which very dif-
ferent limits, have been given. (a) By the old
Writers numerous dissimilar forms Were combined in it.
(b) By recent writers it is restricted to the B. trunca-
tella and closely allied species inhabiting fresh water.
Bursariidae (bér-sà-ri'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Bur-
saria + -idae.] A family of ciliate heterotri-
chous animalcules, typified by the genus Bursa-
ºria. The oral cilia form a simple straight or oblique adoral
fringe. The animalcules are free-swimming, persistent in
shape, and more or less oval, but often flattened. Most of
the species occur in the intestines of myriapods and worms.
bursitis (bér-siºtis), n. [NL., K bursa + -ītis.]
In pathol., inflammation of a bursa.
Burslem porcelain, pottery. See porcelain,
pottery.
Yºr
burst (bèrst), v.; pret. and pp. burst, ppr. burst-
ing. [E. dial. also brust, brest, brast; K ME.
bersten, bresten, bristen (pret. barst, berst, brast,
pl. burstem, pp. bursten, borsten, brosten), KAS.
berstan for “brestan (pret. baerst, pl. burston, pp.
borsten) = OS. brestan = OFries. bersta = D.
bersten = MLG. bersten, barsten, borstem, LG.
barsten = OHG. brestan, MHG. bresten, G. wer.
stem = Icel. bresta = Sw, brista = Dam. briste,
all orig. intrans., burst, break asunder; prob.
allied to AS. brecan, E. break, etc. Cf. Ir, bri-
sim, Ibreak, Gael. bris, brisd, break: see bruise.
The spelling with w instead of e is partly due to
the pret. and pp. forms.] I. intrans. 1. To fly
or break open as an effect of internal forces and
with sudden violence; suffer a violent disrup-
tion; explode.
And now a bubble burst, and now a world.
Pope, Essay on Man, i. 90.
A delicate spark
Of glowing and growing light . . .
bursting-charge (běrs’ting-chärj), n.
burstwort (běrst'wért), n.
Breaking forth; ready to burst or expand.
Young spring protrudes the bursting gems. Thomson.
1. In
mining, a small charge of fine powder, placed
in contact with a charge of coarse gº. to
insure the ignition of the latter.—2. In ord-
nance, the charge of explosive required for
bursting a shell."
burstlet, n. An obsolete variant of bristle.
burstnessł, n. See burstenness.
burstone (bèr'stön), n. [Also written irreg.
buhrstone and burrhstone; K burl + stone..] 1.
A rough, unhewn stone. [Prov. Eng.]–2. A
silicified, fossiliferous limestone, decidedly
cellular, because containing the molds of fos-
sils. The cavities have sharp cutting edges, and the
rock, being tough, is used as a millstone. The most es-
teemed varieties are obtained from the upper fresh-water
beds of the Paris basin, and from the Eocene strata of
South America. The French burstones are of a whitish
or cream color. Also called bwr and bur-millstone. '
[K burst, n., 3, 4-
wort.] The Hermiaria glabra, a low weed of
Europe, belonging to the family Silenaceae,
formerly used in the treatment of hernia.
bursarship (bér'sār-ship), n. [K bursar-F-ship.]
1. The office of a bursar.—2. A bursary.
bursary (běr'sa-ri), n. ; pl. bursaries (-riz). [K
ML. bursaria, office of a bursar: see bursar.]
Ready to burst in a colour'd flame.
Tennyson, Maud, vi. 8.
Hence—2. Figuratively, to break or give way
Also called rupture-wort.
burtl (běrt), n. Same as bret.
burt? (běrt), v. [E. dial., K. M.E. burten, butt.]
1. The treasury of a college or monastery.—
2. In the universities and colleges of Scot-
land, a grant of money for a short period of
years, obtained by a student, usually by com-
petitive examination, to enable him to prose-
cute his studies.
bursch (bùrsh), m. ; pl. burschem (bùr 'shen).
G., KMHG. burse, a society, esp. of students,
prop. a (common) purse (> G. bārse, a purse), K
ML. bursa, a purse: see burse and purse.] In
Germany, a boy or lad; specifically, a student
at a university, ºpºlº a corps-student.
burse (bèrs), m. [K F. bourse, a purse, bursary,
exchange, stock exchange (see bourse), K. M.L.
bursa, a purse, a bag, a skin, KGr. 3üpoa, a hide
skin: see purse, which is a doublet of burse.j
1. A bag; a pouch; a purse. Specifically—(a) A
bag used to cover a crown. (b) Eccles., a receptacle
for the corporal and chalice-cover. It is square and flat,
made of cardboard covered with rich silk or cloth of gold,
embroidered and studded with jewels, open on one side
only, and placed over the chalice-veil when the Sacred
vessels are carried to the altar by the celebrant.
2#. Anything resembling a purse; a vesicle; a
pod. Bolland.—3+. Abourse; an exchange: as,
‘merchants’ burses,” Burton, Anat. of Mel., To
the Reader.
Come then, my soul, approach this royal burse,
And see what wares our great exchange retains.
Quarles, Emblems, ii. 7.
4. A bursary. See bursary, 2. [Scotch..]—The
purse, the Royal Exchange in London, built by Sir
Thomás Gresham in 1566, or the New Exchange, called
Britain'8 Burse, and afterward Eazeter 'Change, built in
1609 by the Earl of Salisbury on the site of the present Ex-
eter Hall in the Strand. There were shops over the ex-
change, where female finery was sold. Hence the allusion
in the quotation.
She says she went to the Burse for patterns.
Middleton and Dekker, Roaring Girl, vi.
She has been at Britain's burse a buying pins and nee-
dles.
burseholdert, n. Same as borsholder.
Of which tenn ech one was bounde for another, and the
eldest or best of them, whom they called the Tithingman
or Burseholder, that is, the eldest pledge, became suretye
for all the rest. . Spenser, State of Ireland.
Bursera (bèr'se-rá), m. [NL., named after Jo-
achim Burser, a German botanist of the seven-
teenth century.] A name given by Linnaeus
in 1762 to Terebinthus, a genus of small trees
or shrubs of Mexico and tropical America.
There are over 40 species, with soft, brittle wood, yielding
a fragrant resin which is used for varnish, incense, etc.
Burseraceae (bér-sº-ra'sé-6), m. pl. [NL.
(Kunth, 1824), K Bursera + -aceae.] A family
of choripetalous shrubs or trees of warm coun-
tries, with º dotted leaves. Very many
abound in fragrant balsams or resins which have from
early times been employed in medicine, fumigation, and
Glapthorne, Wit in Constab. burst (bèrst), n.
from violent pain or emotion: as, my head will
burst; her heart burst with grief.
So they bryng the bolde kyng bynne the schippe burde,
That mere he bristez for bale, one bede whare he lyggez.
Morte Arthwre (E. E. T. S.), 1.805.
No, no; my heart will burst, an if I speak:
And I will speak, that so my heart may burst.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 5.
3. To come or go suddenly; rush: as, the en-
emy in an instant burst upon us.
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, ii.
And every bird of Eden burst
In carol, every bud to flower.
Tennyson, Day-Dream, L'Envoi.
To burst in, to force a way violently from without an in-
closed place into it.—To burst out, to force a way vio-
lently from within outward.
He made hym to falle on knees and handes to the erthe,
that the blode braste owte of his h]ede.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 389.
For had the passions of thy heart burst out,
I fear, we should have seen decipher'd there
More rancorous spite. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
To burst up, to explode; hence, to fail; become bank-
rupt. [Colloq. and Vulgar.]
Then you think . . . that if Lammle got time he wouldn’t
burst wg? Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, iii. 12.
II. trans. 1. To rend by force or violence
(that which confines or retains); open sudden-
ly and violently; cause to explode. as, to burst
one's bonds; to burst a cannon.
He fasten’d on my neck, and bellow'd out
As he'd burst heaven. Shak., Lear, V. 3.
The well-trained apricot its bonds had burst.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 176.
2}. To break, in general.
You will not pay for the glasses you have burst f
Shak., T. of the S., Ind., i.
=Syn. (v. t. and t.) 1. To split, separaté, rend, tear.
[K burst, v.] 1. A sudden
disruption; a violent rending—2. A sudden
explosion or shooting forth; a rush; an out-
burst: as, a burst of applause; a burst of pas-
sion; “burst of thunder,” Milton, S.A., 1.1651.
Bursts of fox-hunting melody. Irving.
3}. A rupture; a hernia.-4. A smart race; a
spurt. -
There are foxes that run so uncommonly short that you
can never get a burst after them. Trollope.
5. A sudden opening to sight or view. [Rare.]
Here is a fine burst of country.
Jane Austen, Mansfield Park, viii.
6. A spree. TColloq.
p |, q.] [Older pp. of burst,
burstent (bèrs’tn), p.a.
v.] Affected with a rupture or hernia.
He was born burstem : and your worship knows
That is a pretty step to men's compassion.
burthen1 (běr’‘FHn), m. and v.
burthen? (bèr'THm), n.
burthen 3 (běr’‘FHn), n.
burthenoust, burthensome, etc.
burtle, birtle (bèr’tl), n.
Ing.
burton
i. skate.
burweed
*name common to plants of the genus Xanthium:
I. trans. 1+. To butt or thrust with the horns.
–2. To press or indent. [Prov. Eng.]
II.; intrans. To butt; thrust with the horns.
Burton, as hornyd bestys, cornupeto, arieto.
Prompt. Parv., p. 56.
Burt lyke a ramme, arieto. Hwloet.
burterf, n. [ME. burter, burtare; K burt2+ -erl.]
A butter; an animal that butts, or thrusts with
its horns.
Burtare [var. burter], beste, cornupeta.
rompt. Parv., p. 56.
Older form of
Older form of burden2.
An erroneous form of
burden.9, by confusion with burdeni and burden2.
The sad burthen of some merry song.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 80.
See burden-
burdeml.
OuS. etc.
bur thistle (běr"this/1), n. [Also called burry-
thistle; K burl or burry + thistle.] The spear-
thistle, Cardwu's lanceolatus: so called from its
prickly involucre. See thistle. [Scotch.]
[E. dial., K ME. bir- -
#. byrtyl(-tre).] A sweeting apple. [North.
(běr'-
ton), n. [Origin
unknown; per-
haps from a
roper name.
f. abwrton.]
Mawt., a tackle
used for various
purposes. – Sin-
gleburton, a tack-
le rove With two
single blocks, and
largely used on
merchant ships for
loading and dis-
§ Cargo.—
Spanish burton,
double Spanish
urt On, a tackle
rove with One dou-
ble and one or two
single blocks.--Top
burton, a long
tackle formed of a double and a single block, the upper
block being hooked at the topmast-head. It is used for
sending up or down yards or sails, setting up rigging, etc.
See skate.
ur-tree, n. Same as bour-tree.
(běr’wéd), n. [K burl + weed1.] A
x. Single Burton. 2. Double Spanish Burton.
3. Top Burton. -
also º: to the bedstraw, Galium. Aparine,
and in Jamaica to Triumfetta. See bur-bark,
Beau, and F., Scornful Lady. Burwell's operation. See operation.

bury -
bury! (ber’i), n. [A form equiv. to borough1,
due to the gen. and dat. form byrig of the orig.
AS. burh, a fortified place, town, borough: see
borough", burrowl.] A castle, manor-house, or
habitation; a borough. The word appears in many
names of places, as in Canterbury (AS. gen, and dat. Cant-
Wara-by-ig, nom. -burh), Shrewsbury, Aldermanbury, B
St. Edmunds, etc. ), Ty, Ty, Bury
To this very day the chief house of a manor, or the lord's
seat, is called bury in some parts of England. Miege.
bury” (ber’i), n... [Another form of burrow”,
orig. barrowl. Cf. equiv. berry2.1 1+. A bur-
TOW, ſº
It is his nature to dig himself buries, as the coney doth.
N. Grew.
2. A camp or heap of turnips or the like, stored
lip.
buryö (ber’i), v. t.; pret. and pp. buried, ppr.
º: [Early ºo:: E. also bery (the form to
which the mod. pron. belongs), K ME. beryem,
berien, biryen, birien, buryen, burien, byrien, KAS.
byrgan, var. byrigan, birgan, birigan, weak verb,
lbury, inter (a dead body) (= Icel. byrgja, close,
shut, hide, veil), appar. orig. save or keep §
covering or hiding, K_beorgan (pret. bearh, pl.
burgon, pp. borgen), also ge-beorgan, save, #.
tect, shelter, defend, keep, preserve, earl tº
bergen = OS. gi-bergan = D. #; = MLG. ber-
gen, bargen, LG. bargen = OHG. bergan, MHG.
G. bergen = Icel. bſarga = Sw. berga = Dan.
bjerge = Goth. bairgam, ga-bairgan, keep, save:
not known outside of Teut. ence ult. bor-
towl, and (prob.) boroughl = burrowl = bury1,
etc.] 1. To deposit and inclose in a grave or
tomb, as a dead body; consign to any final rest-
ing-place after or as after death; entomb.
I hadde leuer she hadde be birted all quyk than this
hadde hir be-fallen. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 468.
Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father.
Mat. viii. 21.
I'll bury thee in a triumphant grave.
- Shak.; R. and J., v. 3.
2. To cover or conceal from sight; sink or
lodge in or under anything: as, to bury trea-
sures in the earth or under rubbish; he buried
the dagger in his enemy's heart. -
In the deep bosom of the ocean buried.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 1.
All their confidence
Under the weight of mountains buried deep.
- Milton, P. L., vi. 652.
Hence—8. To cover up; keep secret; hide;
conceal.
I have (as when the sun doth light a storm)
Buried this sigh in wrinkle of a smile.
Shak., T. and C., i. 1.
He was glad when he could fall on his knees at last and
bury his face in the pillow of the sufferer.
Bret Harte, Shore and Sedge, p. 49.
4. To withdraw or conceal in retirement: as,
to bury one's self in a monastery or in solitude.
I will bury myself in myself, and the Devil may pipe to
his own. Tennyson, Maud, i. 19.
5. To hide in oblivion; put away finally from
one's thoughts: as, to bury an injury.
& Give me a bowl of wine:—
In this I bºwry all unkindness, Cassius.
Shak., J. C., iv. 3.
To bury the hatchet, to lay aside the instruments of
war, forget injuries, and make peace : a phrase borrowed
from the practice of the American Indians of burying a
tomahawk when a peace is concluded.
bury4 (ber’i), m. [A ºption of F. beurré, a
kind of pear, lit. ‘buttered,’ pp. of beurrer, but-
ter, K bewrre = E. butter. Also burrel, q.v.] A
delicate pear of sev-
tº yºs, S
ury5 (ber’i), m, Soft
shale or clay; flucan.
[Ireland.]
buryelf, n. Seeburial.
burying (ber’i-ing),
'm. [K º buryinge,
berying, etc.; verbal
n. of burys, v.] Bu-
rial; sepulture. John
ii. 7. b l
urying-beetle (ber'-
i-ing-bê%tl), n. The
common name of bee-
tles of the family Sil-
phidae and genus Ne-
crophorus. So called
from their habit of bury-
ing the carcasses of small
animals, as mice, moles,
or shrews, in which they
have deposited their
eggs.
Burying-beetle (Necrophorus
afterºcarités), natural size.
731
burying-ground (ber’i-ing-ground), n. A
graveyard; a place appropriated to #e sepul-
ture of the dead; a churchyard or cemetery.
burying-place (ber’i-ing-plas), n. Same as bu-
ºś
bus, bussº (bus), n. [An abbr. of omnibus; cf.
cab, vanº..] ... An omnibus, or public street-car-
*riage. [Colloq.]
bus-bar (bus’bàr), n. IK (omni-)bus + barl.]
A copper or aluminium conductor used in elec-
tric-lighting or power stations to receive the
current from all the dynamos or distribute it
to the motors, etc. Also omnibus-bar, bus-rod.
busby (buz’bi), n. É. after a proper
name.] A military head-dress worn by hus-
sars, artillerymen, and engi-
neers in the British army, con-
sisting of a fur hat with a bag,
of the same color as the facings
of the regiment, hanging from
the top over the right side.
The bag appears to be a relic of a
Hungarian head-dress from which a
long padded bag hung, and was at-
tached to the right shoulder as a de-
fense against sword-cuts.
buscon (bös-kön"), n. ; pl. bus-
gones (bös-kó (nàs)., IK Sp.
buscón, a searcher, K buscar,
OSp. boscar, seek (= Pg. bus-
car = It. buscare, search for,
= F. busquer (Cotgrave), seek,
shift, filch), prob. KOSp. bosco, bush, thicket
(Sp. bosque), and thus lit. go through a thicket,
beat the bush, as in hunting: see bushl.] A.
miner who takes work as tribute, or who re-
ceives as his pay a certain proportion of the ore
obtained; a tributer. [Western U. S.]
bushl (būsh), n. [K ME. bussh, busch, bosch,
also busk, bosk, D. bosch, a wood, a forest, -
MLG. M.D. buse, bosc, busch, busk, LG. busk =
OHG. buse, MHG. G. buskr, buski, later busch, a
thicket, copse, bush, = Icel. bilskr, būski = Sw.
buske = Dan. busk, a bush, a shrub; also OF.
bois, bos, F. bois (see bois) = Pr. bosc = OSp.
bosco, Sp. Pg. bosque = It. bosco, a wood, thicket,
bush, KML. buscus, buscum, also (after It., etc.)
boscus, boscum, a bush, the bush, a wood, aforest,
brushwood, wood; a transposed form and
generalized use of L. bucus, K. Gr. Trvšóg, a box-
tree: see boa;i and cf. busk2, buskö, "buscon,
boscage, bosket, bouquet, ambush, etc.] 1. A
shrub with branches; a thick shrub; techni-
cally, a low and much-branched shrub.
The Mount of Synay is clept the Desert of Syne, that is for
to seyne, Bussche brennynge, Mandeville, Travels, p. 58.
2+. A thicket; a clump of shrubs or trees.—
3. A stretch of forest or of shrubby vegeta-
tion; a district covered with brushwood, or
shrubs, trees, etc.; a wide uncultivated tract
of country covered with scrub: as, the bush
was here very dense; to take to the bush (to
become a bush-ranger): so used especially in
the British colonies of Australasia.
Our first mile lay through the most exquisite tract of
bush it has ever been my good fortune to behold in any
land; groups of tall red or black pine . . . mingled with
fine trees of various sorts, matted by luxuriant creepers.
The Century, XXVII. 923.
4. A branch of a tree fixed or hung out as a
tavern sign. See ale-stake and ale-garland.
Good wine needs no bush. Old proverb.
Wicker bottles dangling over even ‘.shiele entrance
into the palace, serving for a vintner's bush.
Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 22, 1644.
Outward figures which hang as signs or bushes of their
inward forms. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 2.
Hence—5+. The tavern itself.
Twenty to one you find him at the bush.
JBeau. and Fl.
6. The tail or brush of a fox.--To beat about
the bush. See beatl.—To go by beggar's bush. See
†† = Syn., Shrub, Herb, etc. See vegetable, n.
bushi (bùsh), v. TK bushi, n.] i. intrans. To
grow thick or bushy; serve or show as a bush.
The bushing alders formed a shady scene.
Pope, Odyssey.
II. trans. 1. To set bushes about; support
with bushes or branched sticks: as, to bush
peas.—2. To use a bush-harrow on: as, to bush
a piece of wood.—3. To cover (seeds) by us-
Busby.
*ing a bush-harrow: as, to bush in seeds.
bush? (bùsh), m. [K D. bus = G. biische – E.
boa”, a box; all used also in the sense of bush?..]
1. A lining of harder material let into an ori- bushel? (būsh'el), m.
fice to guard against wearing by friction; the
perforated box or tube of metal fitted into cer-
tain parts of machinery, as the pivot-holes of
a clock, the center of a cart-wheel, etc., to re-
bushel
ceive the wear of pivots, journals, and the like.
Also called bushing.—2. A tailors' thimble.
Also called bushel. [U. S.]
bush? (būsh), v. t. [K bush 2, n.] To furnish
with a bush; line (an orifice, as one in which
a pivot or axle works) with metal to prevent
abrasion or to reduce the diameter.
A gun chamber is bushed, in order that it may receive a
shell of smaller exterior diameter than before.
Forest and Stream, XXIII.445.
bush-babbler (bùsh"bab"lér), m. A name ap-
plied by writers on Indian and African bir
to species of the genera Bradypterus, Cratero-
pus, and other short-winged and slender-billed
oscine Passeres, more or less related to the
old-world warblers, or Sylviidae.
bush-bean (bùsh’bén (), m. An American name
for beans that do not climb, or dwarf beans; the
usual form of string-beans and wax-beans.
bush-block (bùsh'blok), n. A block carrying
a puSning. -
bushbok (bùsh’bok), n. Same as bushbuck.
bushbuck (bùsh'buk), n. [K bush1 + buckl, af-
*ter D. boschbok.] The name given to several
species of the genus Tragelaphus, especially
to T. sylvaticus, an antelope of Caffraria and
Cape Colony, 4 feet long and 2+ feet high, with
triangular subspiral horns. The male is dark
sepia-brown and the female reddish-brown above; both
are white below. Also called bush-goat.—White-backed
bushbuck, the name given to the Cephalophus Sylvicul-
tria, a white-backed antelope of western Africa, 5 feet
long and 3 feet high, with black, shining, pointed, nearly
straight horns, short, slender limbs, and sleek, glossy,
deep-brown hair.
bushcat (bùsh’kat), n. Same as serval.
bushchat. (bùsh'chat), m. Macgillivray's name
for the birds of his genus Fruticicola, as the
whin-bushchat (the whinchat, Saaricola or Pra-
tincola rubetra, of authors in general) and the
Black-headed bushchat (the stonechat, S. or
P. rubicola).
bush-chirper (bùsh'chèr'për), m. A book—name
of African birds of the genus Eremomela, as E.
flaviventris, the yellow-bellied bush-chirper.
bush-creeper (bùsh’kré'për), n. A book-name
of sundry African sylviine birds of the genus
Thamnobia, as T. coryphaea, the coryphée bush-
creeper.
bush-dog (bùsh'dog), n. 1. A canine quadru-
ped of South America, the Icticyon venaticus,
or hunting-dog. See Icticyon.—2. A name of
# the lemuroid potto, Perodicticus potto.
bushed (bùsht), a. [K bush1 + -ed?..] Lost in
the bush.
If you know your way, well and good ; but if you once
get wrong, Lord help you ! you're bushed, as sure as you're
alive. Macmillam's Mag.
bushell (bùsh'el), m. [K ME. busshel, buschel,
bwischel, etc. (=Icel. bussel), KOF. bussel, boissel,
F. boisseau, KML. bussellus, a bushel, K bussula,
a little box, a dim. formed from “bussida for bug-
ida, prop. acc. of buºis, also (L.) buſcus, a box:
see boist, boa”, and cf. bussº, boss3.J 1. A dry
measure, containing 8 gallons or 4 pecks. The
imperial bushel legally established in Great Buitain in
1826 has a capacity of 2,218,192 cubic inches, and holds SO
pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at the temperature
of 62° F. with the barometer at 30 inches. Previous to
this the Winchester bushel had been the standard mea-
sure from Anglo-Saxon times; its capacity was 2,150.42
cubic inches. The measures of capacity of the United
States are founded on the Winchester bushel, the im-
perial system having been created since the separation of
the two countries. The name Winchester bushel is de-
rived from the fact that the ancient standard bushel-mea-
sure of England was preserved in the town-hall of Win-
chester. Numerous bushels were in use in England at the
time of the adoption of the imperial system. Thus, by a
statute of Anne, a bushel of coals is to contain a Winches-
ter bushel and a quart of water, to be 19% inches in diam-
eter, and to be heaped in the form of a come 6 inches high.
Various equivalent weights of different commodities had
also been made bushels by law. Many of the American
States have established , equivalent weights, which vary
considerably in different States. Abbreviated to bu., bush.
Of a Lunden buschelle he shalle bake
XX louys [loaves], I Vndurtake.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 320.
2. A vessel of the capacity of a bushel.
The Grand Signior . . . commonly weareth a vest of
green, and the greatest Turbant in the Empire: I should
not speake much out of compasse, should I say as large
in compasse as a bushell. Sandys, Travels, p. 48.
3. An indefinitely large quantity. [Colloq.]
The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest pictures
with bushels of gold, without counting the weight or the
number of the pieces.
ryden, tr. of Dufresnoy's Art of Painting.
Dim. of bush?, q. v.
Same as bush?, 2. [U. g , q. V.]
bushel” (bùsh'el), v. t. or i. [K bushel2, n.] To
: as a man's garment; repair men's gar-
IſlöIlúS.




bushelage
bushelage (bùsh’el-āj), n. [K bushell + -age. I
A duty payable on commodities by the bushel.
bushel-barrel (bùsh’el-bar'el), n. One of the
halves of a barrel cut in two, containing about
a bushel and a half: used for measuring oysters.
busheler, busheller (bùsh’el-ér), m. [K bushel2
+ -erl..] A tailor's assistant, whose business
is to repair garments. [U. S.]
bushelman (bùsh 'el-man), n. ;
(-men). Same as busheler.
bushelwoman (bùsh’el-wum'an), n. ; pl. bush-
elwomen (-wim’en). [K bushel? 4 woman.] A
woman who assists a tailor in repairing gar-
ments. [U. S.] -
bushet (bùsh’et), n. IK bush1 + dim. -et. Cf. bus-
ket, bosket, and bouquet.] A thicket; a copse;
a little wood. [Rare.]
A bushet or wood on a hill, not far from the wayside.
JRay, Remains, p. 251.
bush-fighting (bùsh 'fi/ting), n. A mode of
fighting in which the combatants scatter and
fire from behind the shelter of bushes or trees.
I don't like this pitiful ambuscade work, this bush-fight-
ing. Colman, Jealous Wife, v. 3.
bush-goat (bùsh'göt), n. Same as bushbuck.
bush-hammer (bùsh ‘ham” er), m. A masons'
hammer. (a) A heavy hammer used for breaking and
Splitting stones. (b) A hammer consisting of cutters hav-
ing rectangular steel plates, whose lower edges are sharp-
ened, and which are placed side by side and clamped by
the central part of the hammer. The cutting face is thus
formed of parallel V-edges, whose number and fineness of
cut are determined by the number of plates. It is used in
dressing millstones. (c) A hammer of the same general
construction as the preceding, used in finishing the sur-
face of stonework. (d) A masons' finishing hammer, hav-
ing a rectangular face studded with pyramidal steel
pºº, It gives the finest surface of all stone-cutting
bush-harrow (bùsh'har'6), n. An implement
consisting of a frametowhich bushes or branches
are fastened, used for harrowing grass-lands
and covering grass- or clover-seeds.
bush-hook (bùsh'hāk), n. A long-handled bill-
hook or brush-cutter.
bushiness (bùsh’i-nes), m. The quality of being
bushy, thick, orintermixed, like the branches of
a bush.
bushing (bùsh'ing), m. [K bush? --, -ing 1.] 1.
Same as bush?, 1.-2. A hollow cylindrical
mass of steel or iron screwed into the rear end
of the bore of a breech-loading cannon. It
forms the seat for the breech-block or screw.
Also called bouching.
Beveled bushing. See beveled.
bush-lark (bùsh’lārk), n. A lark of the genus
Mirafra.
bush-lawyer (bùsh’lā’yèr), m. The common
name in New Zealand of a species of bramble or
A blackberry, Rubus australis.
bushman (bùsh’man), m. ; pl. bushmen (-men).
[K bush1 + man; in second sense a translation
of s. African fl. Posjesman.] 1. A settler
in the bush; a countryman. [Australia.]—
2. [cap.] One of an aboriginal tribe near the
Cape of Good Hope, similar but inferior to the
Hottentots: so named by the Dutch of South
Africa. Also called Bosjesman.
bushmaster (bùsh’más’tēr), m. The Lachesis
mutus, a large venomous serpent of tropical
South America, of the family Crotalidae. Also
called Surucucu.
bushmentt (bùsh’ment), n. [K ME. buschement,
bussement, short for ambushment, K OF. em-
buschement: see ambush, ambushment. In the
sense of “a thicket,” the word is made to de-
pend directly on bush.1.1 - 1. An ambush or
ambuscade; any concealed body of soldiers or
Iſle Il.
In the nether end of the hall, a bushment of the Duke's
servants . . . began suddenly at men's backs to cry out,
. . . “King IRichard.” Sir T. More, Works, p. 64.
Environing him with a bushment of soldiers.
Golding, tr. of Justin, fol. 6.
2. A thicket; a cluster of bushes.
Woods, briars, bushments, and waters.
Raleigh, Hist. World.
bush-metal (bùsh’met/al), n. A composition
used for journals, bearings of shafts, etc. See
bearing-metal, in supplement.
bush-quail (bùsh’kwāl), n. A bird of the fam-
ily Turnicidae and superfamily Turnicomorpha:
or Hemipodii; a hemipod.
bush-ranger (bùsh’rān"jër), m. One who ranges
through or dwells in the bush or woods; a bush-
whacker; specifically, in Australia, a criminal,
enerally an escaped convict, who takes to the
É. or woods and leads a predatory life.
pl. bushelmen
732
bush-shrike (bùsh'shrik), n. A South American
passerine bird, of the family Formicariidae and
subfamily Thamnophilinae; an ant-thrush, espe-
cially of the genus Thamnophilus. The bush-shrikes
live among thick trees, bushes, and underwood, where they
perpetually prowl about after insects and young and sickly
birds, and are great destroyers of eggs. Numerous species
are found in the hotter latitudes of America.
bush-tailed (bùshºtăld), a... Having the fea-
thers of the tail arranged in the shape of a tuft,
brush, or bush: applied to the Ratita, as os-
triches, cassowaries, etc., as distinguished from
ordinary fan-tailed birds. See cut under cas-
sowary. tº ſº tº
bush-tit (bùsh'tit), n, An American oscine pas-
serine bird,
of the ge-
nus Psaltri-
parus and
family Pari-
daº. There are
several species
in the Western
United States
and Mexico, as
P. mimim w8 and
P. melanotis,
notable for their
diminutive stat-
ure and the
great compara-
tive size of their
pensile bottle-
shaped nests.
bushwhack-
er (bùsh’-
hwak’ér), n.
[K bush1 +
whack, beat,
+ -er 1.] 1.
One accus-
tomed to sojourn in the woods, or beat about
among bushes.
They were gallant bush-whackers and hunters of rac-
coons by moonlight. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 353.
2. In the civil war in the United States, a
member of the irregular troops on the Con-
federate side engaged in guerrilla warfare; a
guerrilla: a term applied by the Federal forces.
–3. A short heavy scythe for cutting bushes.
He [a sturdy countryman] is a graduate of the plough,
and the stub-hoe, and the bushwhacker.
Emerson, Eloquence.
bushwhacking (bùsh’hwak” ing), n. [See
bushwhacker.] 1. The action of pushing one's
way through bushes or thickets; the hauling
of a boat along a stream bordered by bushes
by pulling at the branches. [U. S.]—2. The
practice of attacking from behind bushes, as a
guerrilla; irregular warfare carried on by bush-
whackers. [U.S.]—3. The cutting of bushes
with a bushwhacker.
bushy (bùsh'i), a. [K bush1 + -/1. Cf. busky,
bosky.] 1. Full of bushes; overgrown with
shrubs.
The kids with pleasure browse the bushy plain. Dryden.
2. Having many close twigs and branches;
low and shrubby. Spenser; Bacon.—3. Re-
sembling a bush; thick and spreading like a
bush: as, a bushy beard.
A short square-built old fellow, with thick bushy hair.
Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 52.
4. In entom., covered allround with long, erect
hairs, as the antennae of many insects.
busiheadt, n. [ME. bisyhed (= D. bezigheid); K
busy + -head..] Busyness.
busily (biz’i-li), adv. [K ME. busily, bisili, bisi-
liche, besiliche, busiliche, etc.; K busy + -ly?..] In
a busy manner. (a) With constant occupation; active-
ly; earnestly : as, to be busily employed.
How busily she turns the leaves. Shak., Tit. And.., iv. 1.
(bt) Carefully; with care.
Therfore theidon gret Worschipe thereto, and kepen it
fulle besyly. Mandeville, Travels, p. 69.
(c) With an air of hurry or importance; with too much
curiosity; importunately; officiously. Dryden.
business (biz' nes), m. and a.. [K M.E. busines,
busynes, bisymes, besines, -messe, trouble, pains,
labor, diligence, busy-ness; K busy + -ness. The
notion that this word has any connection with
F. besogne, O.F. busoigne, work, business, is en-
tirely erroneous.] I. n. 1+. The state of being
busy or actively employed; diligence; pains.
By grete besynesse (tr. L. diligential of the Writers of
chronicles. Trevisa, tr. of Higden's Polychronicon, I. 5.
2}. Care; anxiety; solicitude; worry.
Littel rest in this lyfes,
Bot gret travayle and bysynes.
Hampole, Prick of Conscience, l. 544.
Poverte is hateful good, and, as I gesse,
A ful gret bringer-out of bisyness.
Chaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, l. 340.
Bush-tit (Psaltriparus melanotis).
busk
3. A matter or affair that engages a person's
attention or requires his care; an affair receiv-
ing or requiring attention; specifically, that
which busies or occupies one's time, attention,
and labor as his chief concern; that which one
does for a livelihood; occupation; employ-
ment: as, his business was that of a merchant;
to carry on the business of agriculture.
As for your businesses, whether they be publike or
priuate, let them be done with a certaine honesty.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 256.
They were far from the Zidonians, and had no businegg
with any man. Judges xviii. 7.
Having had brought within their º of operation
more and more numerous businesses, the Acts restricting
hours of employment and dictating the treatment of
workers are now to be made applicable to º;
II. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 27.
Specifically—4. Mercantile pursuits collec-
tively; employments #. knowledge of
accounts and financial methods; the occupa-
tion of conducting trade or monetary transac-
tions of any kind.
It seldom happens that men of a studious turn acquire
any degree of reputation for their knowledge of business.
Bp. Porteows, Life of Abp. Secker.
5...That which is undertaken as a duty or of
chief importance, or is set up as a principal
purpose or aim.
The business of my life is now to pray for you.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iv. 1.
It is the biºsiness of the following pages to discover how
his lofty hopes came to terminate in disappointment.
Godwin, Hist. Commonwealth, iv. 2.
The business of the dramatist is to keep himself out of
sight, and to let nothing appear but his characters.
Macaulay, Milton.
6. Concern; right of action or interposition:
as, what business has a man with the disputes
of others?—7. Affair; point; matter.
Fitness to govern is a perplexed business. Pacom.
8. Theat., such preconcerted movements and
actions on the stage as going up, crossing over,
taking a chair, poking a fire, toying with any-
thing, etc., designed to fill up the action of the
play or character, and heighten its effect.'
The business of their dramatio characters will not stand
the moral test. Lamb, Artificial Comedy.
The “comic business” [of “Damon and Pithias,” 1571]
º: stage phrases are at times so expressive as surely
o be permissible) is of the nature of the broadest and
stupidest farce. A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 115.
Genteel business (theat.), a rôle or rôles requiring good
dressing.—To do one’s business. (at) To exercise great
care; show great zeal. Chaucer.
Thei . . . don here [their] besymes to destroyen hire ene-
myes. Mandeville, Travels (ed. Halliwell), p. 251.
(b) To ease one's self at stool. IVulgar..]—To do the
business for, to settle; make an end of ; kill, destroy,
or ruin. [Colloq.]
If a pinch of snuff, or a stride or two across the room,
will not do the business for me — I take a razor at once.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ix. 13.
To make it one's, business, to devote one's attention
to a thing and see it done.—To mean business, to be in
earnest in regard to anything that one proposes or urges.
[Colloq.]—TO mind One's own business, to attend to
one's own affairs, without meddling with those of other
people.--To send about one's business, to dismiss
pºmptorily-syn. Trade, Profession, etc. See occupa-
20??).
II. a. Relating to, connected with, or en-
gaged in business, traffic, trade, etc.; as, busi-
mess habits; business hours; business men.—
Business Card, a printed piece of cardboard, or an adver-
tisement in a public print, giving a tradesman's name and
address, with particulars as to the nature of his business.
businesslike (biz'nes-lik), a. Such as prevails
or ought to prevail in the conduct of business;
methodical and thorough.
Busiridae (bü-sir’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Busiris
+ -idae.] A family of tectibranchiate gastro-
pods, typified by the genus Busiris: generally
combined with the Aplysiidae.
Busiris (bü-si'ris), n. [NL., K. L. Busiris, K. Gr.
Boüouplc, name of a town in Egypt, etc., prob. K
Boüg, an ox; see Bos.] A genus of gastropods,
typical of the family Busiridae: synonymous
with Notarchus.
busk1 (busk), v. [K ME. busken, prepare, pre-
pare one's self, get ready, go, hasten (with and
without the refl. pron.), KIcel. bilask, get one's
self ready, a refl. form, K bila, prepare (intr.
live, dwell, = AS. biian ; see bel, bowerl, bond2,
boundé, etc.), + sík = Goth. Sik = G. sich = L.
se, etc., one's self. For the form, cf. bask1.]
I. trans. 1. To º: ready; prepare; equip;
dress: as, to busk a fish-hook. [Old English
and Scotch..] g
Busk’t him boldly to the dreadful fight.
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, vii. 87.
2}. To use; employ.

busk
Haf thy thy helme of thy hede, & haf here thy pay;
Busk no more debate then I the bede thenne,
When thou wypped of my hede at a wap one.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1.2248.
II.f intrans. To get ready and go; hasten;
hurry.
“Now, come bugle,” be off g ſº
Itobinson, Mid. Yorkshire Gloss. W. E. D.)
BySchopes and bachelers, and banerettes nobille,
That bowes to his baneré, buske whene hym lykys.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), l. 69.
Many . . . busked westward for to robbe eft.
Rob. of Brunne, Langtoft's Chron. (ed. Hearne), p. 39.
buskºł, n. An obsolete form of bush1.
As the beast passed by, he start out of a buglee.
ºr Udall, Roister Doister, i. 4.
buskº (busk), v. i. [Prob. K. O.F. busquer, K
Sp. Pg. buscar, seek, search, hunt up and
down: see buscon.] 1+. To seek; hunt up
and down; cast about; beat about.
My Lord Rochester was frighted, and was inclined to
fall off from this, and to busk for some other way to raise
the supply. Iłoger North, Life of Lord Guilford, IL 198.
Gobusk about, and run thyself into the next greatman's
lobby. Wycherley, Plain Dealer, iii. 1.
2. Nawt., to beat to windward along a coast;
cruise off and on.
busk4 (busk), n. IK F. busc, busque, K It. busco,
a slip of wood or straw (cf. OF. busche, F.
bûche, K It. "busca, mod. dial. (Bolognese)
bösca, (Bergamese) bāsca, a slip of wood or
straw), a particular use of busco, bosco, in the
former sense “wood’: see bush.1.1 1. A strip
of wood, steel, whalebone, or other stiffening
material, placed in the front of stays to keep
them in form.—2. A stiffened body-garment,
as a doublet, corset, or bodice.
buskö (busk), n. [Creek pitshkita, a fast.] An
annual festival of the Creeks, formerly called
the green-corn dance. It lasted for from four to
eight days, and was an “occasion of amnesty, forgive-
ness, and absolution of crime and injury.” Handbook
of Amn. Ind.
Would it not be well, if we were to celebrate such a
busk, or “feast of first fruits,” as Bartram describes to
have been the custom of the Mucclasse Indians?
Thoreau, Walden, p. 74.
\busked (buskt), a. [K busk4 + -ed”.] Wearing
a busk; stiffened with a busk.
busket (bus’ket), n. [A var. of bosket.] 1.
Same as bosket.—2+. A sprig; a bouquet.
Yougthes folke now flocken in every where,
To gather May-buskets and smelling brere.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., May.
buskin (bus’kin), n. . [Early mod. E. also bus-
king, prob. for “bruskin, connected with MD.
- broseken, broskem,
broosken, F. brouse-
quin, brodeguin (see
brodekin), Sp. borce-
gué, formerly borze-
gui, boszegui, bolze-
guin, Pg. borzeguim;
origin uncertain.] 1.
A half-boot or high
shoe strapped or
laced to the lower
part of the leg.
Ancient Buskins.
From the statuette called Narcissus,
in the Naples Museum.
The hunted red-deer's undressed hide
Their hairy buskins well º
ł, ºn
gº, Marmion, v. 5. busine, busine,
buskyi (busſki), a.
bussl (bus), v.
bussº, n.
buss4 (bus), m.
bussocky (bus' Qk-i), a.
733
bººint, m. The aglet used for the lace of
a bus
The floor was strewed with *::::::: silk garters, and
shoe-strings, scattered here and there for haste to make
away from me. Middleton, The Black Book.
[K busk2 + -y1. Cf. bushy
and bošky.] Bushy; bosky: as, “yon busky
hiº Shāh, 1 Hen. iv., v.i.
[Of uncertain origin; cf. G.
dial. (Bav.) bussen (= Sw, dial. pussa), kiss, X
G. bus (used by Luther) = Sw. puss, a kiss. Čf
Sp. Pg. buz, a kiss of reverence, = Pr. bus, a
kiss; cf. Sp. buz, Wall. buze, lip. These forms
are prob. unconnected with ME. basse, a kiss,
late M.E. basse, kiss: see başsö. Cf. Turk. bus,
Pers. bāsa, Hind. bosa, a kiss.] I. trans. To
Smack; kiss; salute with the lips.
And buss thee as thy wife. Shak., K. John, iii. 4.
Kissing and bugging differ both in this,
We bugs our wantons, but our wives we kiss. Herrick.
II. intrans. To kiss.
Come, bugs and friends, my lamb; whish, lullaby,
What ails my babe, what ails my babe to cry?
Quarles, Emblems, ii. 8.
bussl (bus), n. IK bussl., v.1 A. Smack; a kiss;
a salute with the lips.
- Thou dost give me flattering bugges.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
m. [K ME. busse (cf. D. buis =
wtze = OHG. bāzo, MHG. bāze, G.
biise = Icel. bissa, buza), K OF. busse, buse =
Šp buzo-Pr. ius, a kind of boat, Mi, bussa,
buscia, a kind of boat, also a box; one of the
numerous forms of buzida, prop. acc. of buºis,
also (L.) buzus, a box: see boist1, boa:2, bush?,
boss3, bushell, etc.] A small vessel of from 50
to 70 tons burden, carrying two masts, and
two sheds or cabins, one at each end, used in
–fishing. The buss was common in the middle
herring
ages among the Venetians and other maritime communi-
ties. It was of considerable beam, like a galleon.
It was a sea most proper for whale-fishing; little busses
might cast out nets for smelts and herrings.
Bp. Hacket, Life of Abp. Williams, p. 82.
His Majesty's resolution to give £200 to every man that
will set out a busse. epys, Diary, I. 353.
See bus.
A Scotch form of bush1.
[E. dial. var. of busk1.] To
buss2} (bus)
MLG. buse, §
bussº (bus), v. t.
dress; get ready.
bussock 9.3% m. [E. dial., perhaps K*buss
for busk2 or bush1 + -ock.] 1. A tuft of coarse
grass.-2. A sheaf of grain.—3. A thick, fat
person. [Prov. Eng.]
[K bussock + -y1.]
Having bussocks, tufts of coarse grass, or the
like. [Prov. Eng.]
There's nothing bussocky about it [a cricket-ground], no
rushes, nor nothing of that.
Quoted in N. and Q., 6th ser., XI. 287.
bussu-palm (būs'só-pâm), n. A palm, the Ma-
micaria saccifera, found in the swamps of the
Amazon, whose stem is only from 10 to 20 feet
high, but whose leaves are often 30 feet long
and 4 or 5 feet broad. These are used by the Indians
for thatch, for which they are admirably adapted. The
fibrous spathes are used as bags, or when cut longitudi-
nally and stretched out answer the purpose of a coarse
but strong cloth. See Manicaria.
bussyne [Early mod. E., K OF. bussine,
a trumpet.] A trumpet.
2. A similar boot worn by the ancients; the bustl (bust), v. A dialectal or vulgar form of
cothurnus, particularly as worn by actors in
tragedy. See cothurnus. '
How I could reare the Muse on stately stage,
And teache her tread aloft in buskin fine.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., October.
Hence—3. Tragedy or the tragic drama, as op-
posed to comedy.
He was a critic upon operas, too,
And knew all niceties of the sock and buskin.
Byrom, Beppo, st. 31.
4. A low laced shoe worn by women.—5. pl.
Bccl., stockings forming a part of the canoni-
cals of a bishop, usually made of satin or em-
broidered silk.
buskined (bus'kind), a. [K buskin ---ed?..] 1.
Wearing buskins.
The bouncing Annazon
Your buskim'd mistress. Shak., M. N. D. , ii. 2.
2. Pertaining to tragedy; tragic.
In buskin'd measures move
Pale Grief, and pleasing Pain. Gray, The Bard.
busklet, v. i. [Perhaps a var. of bustlel, q.v.]
to bustle about; move quickly.
It is like the smoldering fyer of Mount Chymera, which
boyling long tyme with great buskling in the bowels of
the earth, dooth at length burst out with violent rage.
Orations of Arsanes, 1555. (Halliwell.)
burst.
bustl (bust), n. 1. A dialectal or vulgar form
of burst.—2. Specifically, a spree: as, to go on
a bust. [Colloq.]
bust? (bust), m. [Formerly also busto § It.);
G. buste, K F. buste, K It. busto = Sp. Pg.
busto, K ML. bustum, the trunk of the body, of
uncertain origin; perhaps from ML. busta,
box, one of the
forms of buoxida:
see boist1, bussº,
boa:2, etc. Cf. E.
chest and trunk,
used in a similar
manner.] 1. The
chest, thorax, or
breast; the trunk
of the human
body above the
waist.
It pressed upon a
hard but glowing
bust
Which beat, as if
there was a warm
heart under.
Byrom, Don Juan,
[xvi. 122,
tº ' ' ".
Bust of Homer, Museo Nazionale, Naples.
bust 3 (bust), v. t.
|bust 3 (bust), m.
bustard (bus’tärd), Av.
bustedt (bus' ted), p., a.
busted? (bus’ted), a.
buster (bus’tér), n.
bustic (bustik), m.
* A sapotaceous tree of tropical America, Dipho-
' bustle
2. In sculp., the figure of a person in relief,
showing only the head, shoulders, and breast.
The term may be applied to the head and neck only, or to
the head and neck with the shoulders and breast, or to the
head with the whole chest, or to the head, neck, breast,
and shoulders, with the arms truncated above the elbow.
[E. dial. var. of buist.] To
put a tar-mark upon (sheep).
[K bust3, v.] A tar-mark on
sheep.
sº [Formerly bistard; K
OF. (and F. dial.) bistarde, OF. also oustarde,
houstarde, hostarde, mod. F. outarde = Pr. aus-
tarda = ft. ottarda = Sp. avutarda = Pg. abe-
tarda and betarda, bustard, K. L. avis tarda
(Pliny), lit. a slow bird: see Aces and tardy.
The first element appears also in ostrich ; see
ostrich..] 1. A large grallatorial bird of the
family Otididae, or of the genus Otis in a wide
Sense. There are about 20 species, mostly of Africa,
several of India, one of Australia, and three properly
European. The best-known is the great bustard, Otis
tarda, of Europe and Africa, noted as the largest Euro-
pean bird, the male often weighing 30 pounds, and having
a length of about 4 feet and a stretch of wings of 6 or 7
feet. The little bustard is Otis tetraac of southern Europe.
sº are, ºxy ºw
Sºlºš
Great Bustard (Ozz's fara’a).
The houbara, O. howbara, is a north African and Arabian
species, occurring also in southern Europe, and the allied
Indian species, O. macqweemi, has sometimes been taken
in Europe. O. aurita, and O. bengalem&is are also Asiatic.
The Australian species is O. australis. The rest are Afri-
can. Only the first-named two belong to the restricted
genus Otis; the remainder are sometimes allocated to a
genus Eupodotis, sometimes split into six to nine different
genera. See also cut under Eupodotis. e
2. A name in Canada of the common wild
oose, Bermicla canadensis. A. Newton.—Thick-
eed bustard, a name of the thick-knee, CEdicnemus
crepitans, a kind of plover.
[K bust1 + -ed?..]
Broken; bankrupt; ruined: as, a busted bank;
a busted miner. [Slang, U. S.]
[K bust2 + -ed?..] Adorn-
ed with busts. [Rare.]
Your bridges and your busted libraries. Tennyson.
[For burster, as bustl for
burst. Cf. Sc. bust, M.E. busten, beat, of Scand.
origin.] 1. Something of extraordinary size.
—2. A roisterer.—3. A frolic ; a spree.—4.
A violent wind; in Australia and New Zealand,
a southern gale. [Slang in all senses.]
bustiani, n. [Sc. also bustiam ; origin obscure;
cf. fustian.] A kind of cloth, said to be the
same as fustian.
[Appar. of native origin.]
lis salicifolia, with very heavy and hard wood,
dark-brown in color, and susceptible of a high
polish.
bustle1 (bus’l), v. i. ; pret. and pp. bustled, ppr.
bustling. [Prob. K. Icel. bustla, bustle, splash
about in the water; bustl, a bustle, splashing
about (cf. bastla, v., turmoil, bastl, turmoil);
allied to Dan. buse, bounce, pop, - Sw. busa ( pá
en), rush (upon one), dial. busa, strike, thrust.
Cf. buskle.] To display activity with a certain
amount of noise or agitation; be active and
stirring; move quickly and energetically: some-
times used reflexively.
Bustling themselves to dress up the galleys.
A. Munday, in Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 209.
And leave the World for me to bustle in.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 1.
At least a dozen of these winged vintagers bustled out
from among the leaves. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 9.



bustle
tustle1 (bus']), n. [K bustle, v.] Activity with
noise and agitation; stir; hurry-scurry.
A strange bustle and disturbance in the world. South.
Seldom he varied feature, hue, or muscle,
And could be very busy without bustle.
Byron, Don Juan, viii. 39.
They seem to require nothing more to enliven them
than crowds and bustle, with a pipe and a cup of coffee.
B. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 263.
bustle” (bus’l), m. [Origin unknown; supposed
by some to stand for "buskle, a dim. (and an-
other application) of busk4, q. v. Cf. buskle,
Var. of bustle!..] A pad, cushion, curved frame-
Work of wire, or the like, worn by women on
the back part of the body below the waist for
the purpose of improving the figure, causing
the folds of the skirt to hang gracefully, an
preventing the skirt from interfering with the
feet in walking.
Whether she was pretty, whether she wore much º:
€72S,
bustler (bus’lér), n. One who bustles; an ac-
tive, stirring person.
Forgive him, then, thou bustler in concerns
Of little worth. Cowper, Task, vi. 952.
bustling (bus' ling), p. a. [Ppr. of bustlel, v.]
Moving actively with noise or agitation; briskly
active or stirring: as, “a busy, bustling time,”
Crabbe, The Newspaper.
Sir Henry Vane was a busy and bustling man.
Clarendon.
The table d'hôte was going on, and a gracious, bustling,
talkative landlady Welcomed me.
H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 248.
bustoł (bus’tö), n. [It., also Sp. and Pg., a bust:
See bust.] A bust; a statue. [Rare.]
The busto moulders, and the deep cut marble,
Unsteady to the steel, gives up its charge.
Blair, The Grave.
bustuoust, bustust, bustwysł. See boistows.
busy (biz'i), a. . bisy, bysy, besy, busi,
*busy, etc., KAS. bysig, busy, occupied (Xbysgu,
occupation, labor, toil, affliction), - D. bezig
= LG. besig, busy, active. Further affinities
doubtful. The spelling with w is due to the
frequent use of that letter in M.E. with its F.
sound, the same as the sound of AS. y, for
which it was often substituted. The proper E.
representative of AS, y is i, as in the phoneti-
cally parallel dizzy, KAS. dysłg.] 1. Actively
or attentively engaged; closely occupied physi-
cally or mentally; intent upon that which one
is doing; not at leisure: opposed to idle.
My mistress sends you word
That she is busy, and she cannot come.
Shak., T. of the S., v. 2.
I write of melancholy, by being busy to avoid melan-
choly. Burtom, Anat, of Mel., To the Reader, p. 18.
As a boy he [Clive] had been too idle, as a man he soon
became too busy, for literary pursuits.
Macaulay, Lord Clive.
2. Active in that which does not concern one;
meddling with or prying into the affairs of
others; officious; importunate.
They be carefull and diligent in their own matters, not
curious and bw8ey in other mens affaires.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 35.
On meddling monkey, or on busy ape.
Shak., M. N. D., ii. 2.
3. In constant or energetic action; rapidly
moving or moved; diligently used: as, busy
hands or thoughts.
With busy hammers closing rivets up.
Shak., Hen. V., iv. (cho.).
The music-stirring motion of its soft and busy feet.
Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, i.
4. Pertaining or due to emergetic action; mani-
festing constant or rapid movement.
I heard a busie bustling.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., March.
Tower'd cities please us then,
And the busy hum of men.
Milton, L'Allegro, l. 118.
5. Requiring constant attention, as a task.
[Rare.]
He hath first a busy work to bring his parishioners to a
right faith. Latimer, Sermon of the Plough.
Then Mathematics were my buisy book.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, ii. 45.
6. Filled with active duties or employment.
To-morrow is a busy day. Shak., Rich. III., v. 3.
7+. Careful; anxious. Chaucer. =Syn. 1 and 2. Ac-
tive, Bugy, Officious, etc. (see active); diligent, assiduous,
hard-working; meddling, intriguing. tº
busy (biz'i), v. t. ; pret. and pp. busied, pp.
busying. [K ME. busien, bisien, besien, KAS.
734.
bysigan, bysgian, occupy, employ, trouble (= D.
bezigen, use, employ), K bysig, busy: see busy,
a.] To employ with constant attention; kee
engaged; make or keep busy: as, to busy one's
self with books.
Be it thy course, to busy giddy minds
With foreign quarrels. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
All other Nations, from whom they could expect aide,
were busied to the utmost in their own necessary concern-
ments. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xii.
bºy (biz’i-bod’i), n. ; pl. busybodies (-iz).
[K busy + body, person.] A meddling person;
one who officiously or impertinently concerns
himself with the affairs of others.
A busybody who had been properly punished for running
into danger without any call of duty.
Macawlay, Hist, Eng., xvi.
busybodyism (biz'i-bod’i-izm), n. [K busybody
+ -ism.] The habit of busying one's self about
other people's affairs. [Rare.]
The most common effect of this mock evangelical spirit,
especially with young women, is self-inflation and busy-
bodyism. Coleridge, Table-Talk.
busyness (biz’i-nes), n. [K busy + -ness. Cf.
business, the same word with altered pron. and
meaning.] The state of being busy or actively
employed. See business, 1. [Now rare.]
Grant . . . is entirely ignorant of the arts by which pop-
ularity is preserved and a show of busyness kept up by
them. The Nation, Sept. 16, 1869, p. 224.
busytył, n. [Early mod. E., K busy + -ty.]
Busyness. -
butl (but), adv., prep., and conj. [Early mod.
E. also bot, bote; KME, but, bot, buté, bote, butén,
boten, with a short vowel; parallel with the
equiv. early mod. E. bout (esp. as a prep., with-
out; cf. about, the same word with a prefix:
See boº, and bout 3 = about), KME. bout, boute,
bowten, earlier biºte, būtem, retaining the orig.
long vowel, KAS. bātan, būton, poet, be-ſtan,
ONorth. bāta (= OS. bilitan, biſtan = OFries.
bütem, būta, bāta = MLG. biſten, būt, LG. biſten
= D. buitem = OHG. bilizan), without, outside,
K be, by, with, + \tan, out, orig. from without,
K. iit, out: see be-2 and out, and cf. the correla-
tive bin2, - Sc. ben, within (K be-2 + in1), and
about, above, which also contain the element
be-2.] I. adv. 1+. Outside; without; out.
Hit was swuthe mouchel scome [a very great shame]
That scholde a queme bedn -
Ring in thisse londe,
Heora sunen beon butem. [var. bowte]. Layamom, I. 159.
2. In or to the outer room of a cottage having
a but and a ben: as, he was but a few minutes
ago; he gaed but just now. [Scotch..]–3.
Only; merely; just. See III.
II. prep. 1+. Outside of; without.—2}. To
the outside of.-3. To the outer apartment of:
as, gae but the house. [Scotch..]–4. With-
out; not having; apart from.
Summe [sc. weren] albute fet [without feet].
d Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), 1st ser., p. 43.
Of fassoun fair, but feir [without equal]. Dunbar.
Touch not a cat but a glove. Scotch proverb.
5. Except; besides; more than. [In this use gen-
erally preceded by a clause containing or implying a nega-
tion, and not easily separable from the conjunctional use,
under which most of the examples fall. The conjunction,
on the other hand, in some elliptical constructions assumes
a prepositional phase, and in other constructions an ad-
verbial phase. See below.]
III. conj. 1. Except; unless: after a clause
containing or implying a negation, and intro-
ducing the following clause, in which (the verb
'being usually omitted because implied in the
preceding clause) but before the noun (subject
or object of the omitted verb) comes to be re-
garded as a preposition governing the noun.
Nis [me i3, is not] butem, an god [nom.].
Legend of St. Katherine, p. 367.
Ther nis bot a godd [nom.]. g
Legend of St. Katherine, p. 282.
Nis non other bute he [nom.].
Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), 2d ser., p. 109.
Nefede [had not] he boten anne sune [acc.].
Layamom, I. 5.
Away went Gilpin—who but he? Cowper, John Gilpin.
The clause introduced by but (the apparent object of the
quasi-preposition) may be a single word, an infinitive or
prepositional phrase, or a clause with that.
For albeit that pain was ordeined of God for the pum-
ishment of sinnes &. which they that neuer can now but
sinne, can neuer be but euer punished in hel), yet in this
Worl the punishment by tribulation . . . serueth
ordinarily for a meane of amendment.
Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 11.
Noe lawes of man (according to the straight rule of right)
are just, but as in regard to the evills which they prevent.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
I cannot choose but weep to see him.
Beau. and Fl., King and No King, iii. 3.
but
The wedding guest he beat his breast,
Yet he cannot choose but hear.
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner.
No war ought ever to be undertaken but under circum-
stances which render all interchange of courtesy between
the combatants impossible.
Macaulay, Mitford's Hist, Greece,
That but for this our souls were free,
And but for that our lives were blest.
O. W. Holmes, What we all Think.

By ellipsis of the subject of the clause introduced by but
in this construction, but becomes equivalent to that . . . .
not or who . . . not.
There is none soe badd, Eudoxus, but shall finde some to
favoure his doinges. ºpenser, State of Ireland.
No voice * no voice but well could join
Melodious part. Milton, P. L., iii. 870.
Hardly a cavalier in the land but would have thought it
a reproach to remain behind.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 24.
What will but felt the fleshly screen?
Browning, Last Ride Together.
In this construction the negative, being implied in but,
came to be omitted, especially in connection with the
verb be, in the principal clause, the construction “There
is not but one God,” as in the first example, becoming
“There is but one God,” leaving but as a quasi-adverb,
‘Only, merely, ; This use is also extended to con-
structions not originally negative.
If God would giue the goodes only to good men, than
would folke take occasion to serue him but for them.
Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 35.
If they kill us, we shall but die. 2 Ri. vii. 4.
I am, my lord, but as my betters are,
That led me hither. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 3.
Do but § kiss him, - &
Or touch him but. . Jomsom, Volpone, iii. 6.
But form’d, and fight ! but born, and then rebell
Quarles, Emblems, iii. 6.
For alms are but the vehicle of prayer.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, 1. 1400.
How happy I should be if I could tease her into loving
me, though but a little !
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 1.
Once, and but once, this [Bacon's] course of prosperity
was for a moment interrupted. Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
Against his sharp steel lightnings
Stood the Suliote but to die. Whittier, The Hero.
To the last two constructions, respectively, belong the
idioms “I cannot but hope that,” etc., and “I can but hope
that,” etc. The former has suffered ellipsis of the principal
verb in the first clause: “I cannot do anything but hope,”
or “anything else than hope,” or “otherwise than hope,”
etc., implying constraint, in that there is an alternative
which one is mentally unable or reluctant to accept, but
being equivalent to otherwise than. The latter, “I cam.
but hope that,” etc., has suffered further ellipsis of the
negative, and, though historically the same as the former,
is idiomatically different: “I can only hope that,” etc.,
implying restraint, in that there is no alternative or op-
portunity of action, but being equivalent to only, not
otherwise than, or no more than. -
I cannot but remember such things were,
That were most precious to me. Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3.
I cammot but
Applaud your scorn of injuries.
JBeaw. and Fl., Laws of Candy, iii. 2.
They cannot but testify of Truth.
Milton, Church-Government, Pref., ii.
I cannot but sympathize with every one I meet that is
in affliction. Addison, A Friend of Mankind.
He could but write in proportion as he read, and empty
his commonplace as fast only as he filled it. Scott.
Yet he could not but acknowledge to himself that there
was something calculated to impress awe, . . . in the sud-
den appearances and Vanishings . . . of the masque.
De Quincey.
In an interrogative sentence implying a negative answer,
§ but is equivalent to cannot but in a declarative sen-
Il C6.
Why, who can but believe him? he does swear
So, earnestly, that if it were not true,
The gods would not endure him.
Beaw. and Fl., Philaster, iii. 1.
After dowbt, or dowbt not, and other expressions involving
a negative, but may be used as after other negatives, but
that being often used pleonastically for that.
T dowbt mot but I shall find them tractable enough.
Shak., Pericles, iv. 6.
My lord, I neither can nor will demy
But that I know them. Shak., All's Well, v. 3.
I doubt not but there may be many wise Men in all
Places and Degrees, but am sorry the effects of Wisdom
are so little seen among us. Milton, Free Commonwealth. '
I do not dowbt but England is at present as polite a na-
tion as any in the world. Steele, Spectator, No. 6.
There is no question but the King of Spain will reform
most of the abuses. Addison, Travels in Italy.
Hence the use of but with if or that, forming a unitary
phrase but if ‘unless, if not,’ but that, ‘except that, un:
less’ º: phrases having of course also their analytical
meaning, with but in its adversative use).
haue grace.
Gramer for gurles I gom furste to write,
And beot hem with a baleys but 3 if thei wolde lernen.
Pier8 Plowman (A), xi. 132.
But if I have my wille,
For derne love of thee, leman, I spille. *
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1.91.
Lese the fratermete of the gilde for euere Fº but if he
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 95.
, but
And also be we very sure, that as he [God] tºº, to
worke with vs, so (but if our selfe flit from him) he wil
not faile to tarie with vs.
Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 17.
The phrase but that, often abbreviated to but, thus takes
an extended meaning. (a) If mot; unless.
Bote ich be holly at thyn heste, let honge me ellysl
Pier8 Plowmam (C), iv. 149.
(b). Except that, otherwise than that, that . . . not. (1)
After negative clauses.
Sildome but some good commethere the end. .
penger, Mother Hub. Tale, 1.172.
I see not then but we should enjoy the same license.
- P. Jonson.
And know there shall be nothing in my power
You may deserve, but you shall have your wishes.
Beaw, and Fl., Philaster, v. 4.
- Nor fate
Shall alter it, since now the die is cast,
But that this hour to Pompey is his last.
I'letcher (and another), False One, i. 1.
Believe not but I joy to see thee safe. Rowe.
I was not so young when my father died but that I per-
fectly remember him. Byron
The negative clause is often represented by the single
WOI’d not.
Not but they thought me worth a ransom.
S. Butler, Hudibras.
An expletive what sometimes, but incorrectly, follows.
Not but what I hold it our duty never to foster into a
passion what we must rather submit to as an awful neces- ºr
Bulwer. butcher (büch’ér), n.
sity.
(2) After interrogative clauses implying a negative an-
SWer.
But is it suffered amongest them? It is wonderfull but
that the governours doe redresse such shamefull abuses.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
Who knows but we may make an agreeable and perma-
nent acquaintance with this interesting family? T. Hook.
(3) After imperative or exclamatory clauses.
Heaven defend but still I should stand so.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3.
(c) Excepting or excluding the fact that; save that; were
it not that ; unless.
And, but infirmity
ſº waits upon worn times) hath something seiz'd
is wish'd ability, he had himself
The lands and waters 'twixt your throne and his
Measur'd to look upon you. Shak., W. T., v. 1.
Here we live in an old crumbling mansion that looks
for all the World like an inn, but that we never see com-
pany.
º Last year, my love, it was my hap
Behind a grenadier to be,
And, but he wore a hairy cap,
No taller man methinks than me.
Thackeray, Chronicle of the Drum.
2. However; yet; still; nevertheless; notwith-
standing: introducing a statement in restric-
tion or modification of the preceding statement.
When pride cometh, them cometh shame: but with the
lowly is wisdom.
Now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the butcher-bird (bùch’ér-bèrd), m.
greatest of these is charity. 1 Cor. xiii. 13.
The Moorish inhabitants looked jealously at this small
but proud array of Spanish chivalry. •
Irving, Granada, p. 11.
3. On the contrary; on the other hand: the
regular adversative conjunction, introducing a
clause in contrast with the preceding.
Coke's opposition to the Court, we fear, was the effect
not of good principles, but of a bad temper.
Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
The statement with which the clause with but is thus con-
trasted may be unexpressed, being implied in the context
or supplied by the circumstances.
Of much less value is my company
Than your good words. But who comes here?
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 3.
Have you got nothing for me?—Yes, but I have.
Sheridan.
Sometimes, instead of the statement with which the clause
with but is contrasted, an exclamation of surprise, admi-
ration, or other strong feeling precedes, the clause with but
then expressing the ground of the feeling.
O, but this most delicious world, how sweet
iſer pleasures relish l Quarles, Emblems, ii. 13.
Good heavens, but she is handsome ! Adam Smith.
4. Than: after comparatives. [This construction,
once in good use, and still common, is now regarded as
incorrect.]
It can be mo otherwise but so.
- B. Jomson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.
O fairest flower, no sooner blown but blasted.
Milton, Ode on D. F. I.
I no sooner saw my face in it but I was startled by my
shortness in it. ddison.
This point was no sooner gained, but new dissensions
began. Swift, Nobles and Commons, iii.
5+. When. [This use arises out of the comparative con-
struction, “not far, but . . . ,” being equivalent to “not
much further than . . .” See 4.]
Now I beheld in my dream, that they had not journeyed
far, but the river and the way for a time parted.
Bunyam, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 172.
[By further ellipsis and idiomatic deflection but has in
modern English developed a great variety of special and
but?, v.
Goldsmith, butcher (büch’ér), v. t.
Prov. xi. 2, #the play was butchered by the actors.
735
isolated uses derived from the preceding.]=Syn. How-
ever, Still, Nevertheless, etc. See however. -
but! (but), n. [Sc., but, adv., prep., and tº:
72.
outside, without. Cf. the correlative ben 1,
The outer room of a house consisting of only
two rooms; the kitchen: the other room being
the ben.—To live but and ben with. See beni.
flounder (glossed also turbo, turbot, and pecten),
= D. bot, a flounder, plaice, = MLG. but, LG.
butt, butte (> G. butt, butte), a flounder, -- Sw.
butta, a turbot. Hence in comp. halibut, q.v.]
A flounder or plaice. [North. Eng.]
He tok
The butte, the Schulle, the thornebak.
Havelok, 1.759.
Botte, that is a flounder of the fresshe water.
abees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 231.
See butti.
buté, m. and v. See butt?.
but 5 (but), v. Short for abut. See butt2.
but 6 (but), n. See buttº.
butch (būch), v. t. [Assumed from butcher, like
eddle from peddler.] To butcher; cut, as
esh. [Rare.]
Take thy huge offal and white liver hence,
Or in a twinkling of this true-blue steel
I shall be butching thee from nape to rump.
Sir H. Taylor, Ph. van Art., II., iii. 1.
[K ME. bocher, K OF.
bochier, bouchier, boucher, F. boucher (= Pr. bo-
chier; M.L. buccarius), orig. a killer of he-goats,
or seller of their flesh, K OF. boc, bouc, F. bowe
= Pr. boc (ML. buccus), a he-goat: see buckl.
Cf. It. beccajo, beccaro, a butcher, K becCo, a
goat.] 1. One who slaughters animals for
market; one whose occupation is the killing of
animals for food.—2+. An executioner.—3.
One who kills in a cruel or bloody manner; one
guilty of indiscriminate slaughter.
Honour and renown are bestowed on conquerors, who,
for the most part, are but the great butchers of maº
Chº?.
4. Figuratively, an unskilful workman or per-
former; a bungler; a botch. [Colloq.]—Butch-
er's broom. See broom.1.—Butcher’s Cleaver. See
Charles's Waim, under wain.
[K butcher, m.] 1. To
kill or slaughter for food or for market.—2.
To murder, especially in an unusually bloody
or barbarous manner.
A man beset by assassins is not bound to let himself be
tortured and butchered without using his weapons.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ix.
3. Figuratively, to treat bunglingly; make a
botch of; spoil by bad work: as, to butcher a job;
[Colloq.]
A shrike; an
oscine passerine bird of the family Lamiidae, and
especially of
the genus
Lamius (see
these words):
so calledfrom
its curious
habit of kill-
ing more than
it immediate-
ly eats, and
sticking what
is left upon
thorns, 8:S
8, butcher
hangs meat
upon hooks.
The COIN).IIlOIl
butcher-bird of
Europe is L.
eaccw.bitor; two common American species are the great
Inorthern shrike, L. borealis, and a smaller Southern spe-
cies, the white-rumped shrike or loggerhead, L. ludovici-
anws. See mime-killer and shrike.
butcher-crow (büch’ér-kró), m. A bird of the
family Corvidae, genus Barita, inhabiting New
Holland, as B. destructor.
butcherdom (büch’ér-dgm), n. The condition
or trade of a butcher. [Rare.]
butcherer (büch’ér-ēr), m. [K butcher, v., +
-er1.] One who butchers; a butcher. [Rare.]
butcherliness (büch’ér-li-nes), m. The quality
of being butcherly. Johnson.
butcherly (bùch’ér-li), a. [K butcher + -ly 1.]
Pertaining to or characteristic of a butcher;
dome in the manner of a butcher.
Lord Russell was beheaded in Lincoln's Inn Fields, the
executioner giving him three butcherly strokes.
Fvelyn, Diary, July 21, 1683.
butcher-meat (bùch’ér-mêt), n. The flesh of
animals slaughtered by the butcher for food,
such as that of oxen, sheep, pigs, etc., as dis-
N
'N )
... ."
Ǻ.
§
Butcher-bird (Laztius ludovicia?ties).
butcher's-broom (bùch ( òrz-bröm), n.
bºy (büch’ér-i), m.; pl. butcheries (-iz).
[
butching (büch'ing), m.
Butea (bü’té-á), m.
but-end, m.
Buteo (bù’té-6), m. [L., a buzzard: see buzzard.]
Buteoninae (bü"té-Ö-ni’mé), m. pl.
but-gap (but’-
Buthus
Buthus
tinguished from game or other animal or vege-
table food; butchers' meat.
butcherous? (büch’ér-us), a. [K butcher + -ows.]
UI
Murderous; cruel.
That those thy butcherow8 hands
Should offer violence to thy flesh and blood.
Chapman (?), Alphonsus, v. 2.
but”, buttºt (but), n. [KME, but, butte, botte, a butcher-rowf (büch’ér-ró), n. A row of sham-
'bles; a meat-market.
How large a shambles and butcher-row would such
make Whitlock, Manners of Eng. People, p. 97.
See
butcher's broom, under broom.1.
butcher's-prickwood (büch’érz-prik'wild), n.
The berry-alder of Europe, Rhamnus Frangula:
so called from its use for skewers.
ME. bocherie, a butcher's †. K OF. bºſ-
cherie (Roquefort), boucherie (ML. *buccaria,
bucceria), F. boucherie, slaughter, a butcher's
shop, K boucher, a butcher: see butcher.] 1.
Slaughter; the act or business of slaughtering
cattle. ence—2. The killing of a human
being, especially in a barbarous manner; also,
the killing of a large number, as in battle;
great slaughter. - -
Whom gaols, and blood, and butchery delight. Dryden.
3+. The place where animals are killed for mar-
ket; a shambles or slaughter-house; hence, a
place where blood is shed.
This house is but a butchery;
Abhor it, fear it, do not enter it.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 3.
See massacre.
[Verbal n. of butch
w.] Butchering; the butcher’s trade. [Rare.
Sax thousand years are nearhand sped
Sin' I was to the butching bred.
Burns, Death and Dr. Hornbook.
e [NL., named after John,
Earl of Buté (1713–92).] A genus of legumi-
nous plants, natives of the East Indies, contain-
ing three or four species, small trees or climb-
ing shrubs, yielding a kind of kino known as
buted gum or Bengal kino. The principal species is
B. from dosa, the palas- or dhak-tree, common throughout
India and conspicuous for its abundant bright orange-red
flowers. The seeds yield an oil; the flowers are used in
dyeing; cordage is made from the fiber of the bark; and
a lac is produced on the branches by the puncture of a
COCCUIS.
See butt-end.
=Syn. Carmage, etc.
A genus of ignoble hawks, of the family Falconi-
dae, sometimes forming a subfamily Buteominae;
the buzzards or buzzard-
hawks (which see). The genus
is an extensive one, in its usual ac-
ceptation containing about 40 spe-
cies, of nearly all parts of the world.
They are large, heavy hawks, with
no tooth on the bill, wings and tail
of moderate size, and rather short
feet with partly naked, partly fea-
thered tarsi. The common buz-
zard of Europe, B. vulgaris, and
the red-tailed buzzard of America, B. borealis, are typical
examples.
[NL., K Bu–
teo(m-) + -inae.] A group of buzzard-hawks;
One of the conventional Subfamilies of Falco–
midae, represented by the genus Buteo and its
subdivisions, and by the genus Archibuteo.
There are no technical characters by which
it can be de-
termined with ſ
Head of Red-tailed Buz-
zard (Butteo borealis).
precision.
buteonine - jº-
§ ſ. M 1.Lº fºr §
*Sºrº §§§º
zº * | * Nº 2-
º #) | ºt-
= ... º.º...as
- ºWºº º º se -
=="####" wº
- *Yº:
f [. º
º, .NErºtirº Y
ſ tº *...: ... I º
s tº 1.5 jºin. .
º Fºr
(bū’té-Ö-nin)
a. [K 'Bitcoon.)
+ -īnel.] Buz-
zard-like; re- -sº
sembling 3,
buzzard; be-
longing to the
group of hawks
of which the
genus Buteo is
typical.
É'. ')?. ſº
al., 8.908 l'.
but 4 or ; 8,
bound, limit,
+ gap.] A.
fence of turf.
(bü'-
thus), m. [NL.] W t;
A genus of Þ
Scorpions, of
the family An-
Sieth its carolinus, natural size.



Buthus
droctonida, B. Carolinus (Beauvois) is common
in the southern United States. Its sting is
poisomous, but seldom fatal.
butler (but’lér), n. [Early mod. E. also boteler,
Ś ME, botéler, botler, buteler, etc., KAF. butuiller,
OF, buteiller, bouteillier, bowtillier (ML, buticu-
larius), KAF. butuille, OF. bowteille, K ML. bu-
ticula, a bottle: see bottle?..] 1. A man-servant
in a household whose principal duty is to take
charge of the liquors, plate, etc.; the head
male servant of a household.
And he restored the chief butler unto his butlership
again; and he gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand.
Gen. xl. 21.
2. The title of an official of high rank nomi-
nally connected with the importation and sup-
# of wine for the royal table, but having
ifferent duties in different countries and at
various times.
butlerage (but’lér-āj), n. IK butler + -age.] 1.
In old Eng. law, a duty of two shillings on every
tun of wine imported into England by foreign-
ers or merchant strangers: so called because
Originally paid to the king's butler for the king.
These ordinary finances are casual or uncertain, as be
the escheats, the customs, butlerage, and impost. Bacom.
2+. The office of butler; butlership.–3. The
butler's department in a household.
butleress (but’lér-es), n. IK butler + -ess.] A
female butler. Chapman.
butlership (but’lér-ship), n. [K butler + -ship.]
The office of a butler. Gen. xl. 21.
butlery (but’lér-i), n. [See buttery..] Same as
buttery?, 2. [Rare.]
There was a butlery connected with the college, at which
cider, beer, Sugar, pipes, and tobacco were sold to the stu-
dents. Gow, Primer of Politeness (ed. 1883), p. 146.
butment (but’ment), n. An abbreviated form
of abutment.
butment-cheek (but’ment-chék), m. The part
of the material about a mortise against which
the shoulder of a tenon bears.
Butorides (bü-tor’i-déz), m. [NL.] A genus
of small herons, of the family Ardeidae, of which
green is the principal color; the little green
herons. B. virescens, the common shitepoke or fly-up.
the-creek of the United States, is one species, and there
are several others.
but-shaftt, n. See butt-shaft.
butt' (but), v. [Also sometimes (like all the
other words spelled butt) written but, early mod.
E. butte, KME. butten, push, throw, KAF. buter,
OF. buter, boter, push, butt, strike, mod. F.
bowter, put, buter, intr. hit the mark, aim, tr.
TOp, bitºess, = Pr, botar, bowtar, butar = Sp.
g. botar = It. bottare, lance, buttare, push,
thrust, throw, fling; perhaps K MHG. bāzen,
strike, beat, - AS. bedtan, etc., beat: see beatl.
To the same ult. source are referred bossl,
botch1, etc.; also abut, of which buttl in some
Senses (II., 2, 3) is in part an abbr. form.
Hence indirectly butt?, buttress, etc.] I. trans.
To strike by º; as with the end of a beam
or heavy stick, or with the horns, tusks, or head,
as an ox, a boar, or a ram; strike with the head.
The bere in the bataile the bygger hym semyde,
And byttes hyme boldlye wyth balefulle tuskez.
- Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), l. 791.
Come, leave your tears: a brief farewell:—the beast
With many heads butts me away. Shak., Cor., iv. 1.
II. intrans. 1. To strike anything by thrust-
ing the head against it, as an ox or a ram; have
a habit of striking in this manner.
A ram will butt with his head, though he be brought up
tame, and never saw that manner of fighting.
Iłay, Works of Creation.
When they [shepherds] called, the creatures came, ex-
pecting salt and bread. It was pretty to see them lying
near their masters, playing and butting at them with their
horns, or bleating for the sweet rye-bread.
J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 310.
2. To join at the end or outward extremity;
abut ; be contiguous.
The poynt of that side butteth most vppon Germany.
Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 247.
There are many ways butt down upon this ; and they are
crooked and wide. Bunyam, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 101.
3. Specifically, in ship-building, to abut end to
end; fit together end to end, as two planks.
so spelled but.
butt 1 (but), n. [K ME. butt; K buttl, v. The
second sense is due in part to F. botte, a pass or
thrust in fencing, K It. botta = Sp. Pg. bote, a
thrust, blow; from the same source as butt!, v.]
1. A push or thrust given by the head of an
animal: as, the butt of a ram.–2. A thrust in
fencing. *
To prove who gave the fairer butt,
John shows the chalk on Robert's coat. Prior.
×
butt? (but), m.
736
Full butt, with the head directed at an object so as to
strike it most effectively.
F'fulle butt in the frunt the fromonde [forehead] he hittez,
That the burnyscht blade to the brayne º
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), l, 1112.
The corporal ran full butt at the lieutenant.
Marryat, Snarleyyow, I. vi.
[Also written but, early mod.
E. butte, KME. but, butte, a goal (meta), a mark
to shoot at, but, butt, butte, a butt of land (ML.
butta terra); K OF. “but, m., a but or mark,”
“butte, f., a but or mark to shoot at,” in an-
otherform “bot, as but [a mark], Norm.; also, a
luncheon, orill-favoured big piece” (Cotgrave),
the same as OF. bot, end, extremity, mod. F.
tº g ſº ſº tº dº jºr
bout, end, extremity, part, piece, distinguished butt? (but), v.
from mod. F. but, m., aim, goal, mark, butte, f.,
a mark, target, usually set upon rising ground,
hence also a rising ground, knoll, hill, butte (>
E. butte, q.v.); cf. OF, buter, boter, AF, buter,
push, butt, strike, mod. F. bowter, put, buter,
hit the mark, aim, prop, X E. buttl, q.v.; forms
of different 'stems aſſé in part of different
roots parallel to other words of various origin:
cf. Norw, butt, a stump, block, Icel. bātr, a
log, LG. butt, a stumpy child; G. butt = D. bot
= Dan. but, short and thick, stubby (X F. bot
in pied bot, club-foot, = Sp. boto, blunt, round
at the end): referred, doubtfully, ult, to the
root of E. beat.1, q.v.] 1. The end or extrem-
ity of a thing. Particularly—(a) The thicker, larger,
or blunt end of a piece of timber, a musket, a fishing-rod,
a whip-handle, etc. Also called butt-end. (b) The thick
or fleshy part of a plant, etc. (c) The buttocks; the pos-
teriors. [Vulgar..] (d) A buttock of beef. [Prov. Eng.)
2. In ship-building, the end of a plank or piece
of timber, or, on iron ships, of a plate or bar,
which exactly meets another endwise in a
ship's side or bottom; also, the joint between
two such pieces.—3. In mach.,
| ||
the square end of a connecting- -
rod or other link, to which the || º
# ºff;
* || º
Fast-joint Butt.
'bush-bearing is attached.—4. In
carp., a door-hinge consisting of Î
two plates of metal, or leaves,
which interlock so as to form a
movablejoint, being heldtogether
by a pin or pintle. They are screwed to the butting
parts of the door and casing, instead of to their adjoinin
sides as are the older strap-hinges. See fast-joint butt an
loose-joint butt, below. Also called Uwt-hinge.
5. In agri.: (a) A ridge in a plowed field, espe-
cially when not of full length. Hence—(b) A
gore or gare. (c) pl. A small detached or dis-
joined parcel of land left over in surveying.—
6. In the leather trade, a hide of sole-leather with
the belly and shoulders cut off; a rounded crop.
The heaviest hides . . . have received the name of butts
or backs. Ure, Dict., III. 83.
7+. A hassock.—8. The standing portion of
a half-coupling at the end of a hose; the me-
tallic ring at the end of the hose of a fire-en-
gine, or the like, to which the nozle is screwed.
—9. In target shooting : (a) In archery, a mark
to shoot at. (b) In rifle-practice, a wooden tar-
get composed of several thicknesses of boards,
with small spaces between them, so that the
depth to which bullets penetrate can be ascer-
tained. (c) In gunnery, a solid embankment of
earth or sand into which projectiles are fired
in testing S, or in making ballistic experi-
ments. (d) pl. The range or place where arch-
ery, rifle, or gunnery practice is carried on, in
distinction from the field. See target. Hence
—10. A person or thing that serves as a mark
for shafts of wit or ridicule, or as an object of
Sarcastic or contemptuous remarks.
I played a sentence or two at my butt, which I thought
Very Smart, when my ill genius . . . suggested to him
Such a reply as got all the laughter on his side. Budgell.
That false prudence which dotes on health and wealth
is the butt and merriment of heroism.
Emerson, Essays, 1st Ser., p. 229.
11. A goal; a bound; a limit.
Here is my journey's end, here is my butt,
And very sea-mark of my utmost sail.
Shak., Othello, v. 2.
12. In coal-mining, the surface of the coal
which is at right angles to the face. [Eng.]
— 13. A shoemakers' knife. [North. Eng.]
Also spelled but.
Bead and butt. See bead, 9.—Butt and butt, with the
butt-ends together, but not overlapping, as two planks.-
Butts and bounds, the abuttals and boundaries of land.—
Butt's length, the ordinary distance from the place of
shooting to the butt or mark: as, not two butts' lengths
from the town.
[They] rode so cloos oon after a-nother that whan thei
were renged that oon myght have caste a glove vpon theire
helmes that sholde not have falle to grounde, er thei hadde
ride a butte lengthe. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 885.
buttº (but), n.
butt,4}, m.
buttafl (butſal), n.
buttal
Fast-joint butt, a hinge in which the pintle that holds
together the two leaves is removable, and the leaves are
so interlocked that they cannot be separated without first
removing the *::In Hookand butt. See hook.-Loose-
joint butt, a hinge in which the jointed portion is halved,
each half forming a part of one of the leaves. The pin is
immovably fixed to one leaf, and enters a hole in the other
leaf, thus enabling the leaves to be separated easily.—
Ris butt, a hinge in which the leaf attached to the
door rises slightly as the door is opened. This action is
effected by making the surface upon which this leaf moves
inclined instead of horizontal. The object is to give the
door a tendency to close automatically.—Scuttled butt,
Same as Scuttle-butt.—To give the butt to, in angling
With a light fly-rod, to turn the butt of the rod toward the
hooked fish, thus bending the rod upon itself and keepin
a steady tension on the line.—To start or spring a but
(naut.), to loosen the end of a plank by the weakness or
laboring of the ship.
[K butt?, n.] I. trans. 1+. To
lay down bounds or limits for.
That the dean, etc., do cause all and º: houses,
dwellings of the church, to be bounded and bwtted.
Abp. Parker, in Strype (fol. ed.), p. 304.
2. To cut off the ends of, as boards, in order to
make square ends or to remove faulty portions.
IC. H. Knight.
II. intrans. To abut. See buttl, v., II., 2, 3.
Also spelled but.
[Also written but, early mod. E.
but, butte; K (1) ME. bytte, bitte, bit, earlier butte,
a leathern bottle, a wine-skin (in late ME. bitte,
a leathern fire-bucket), KAS. bytt, byt, aleathern
bottle, F= MD. butte, D. but, a wooden bucket,
= MLG, butte, LG. butte, butt = MHG. bitte, G.
butte, bitte, a tub, coop, - Icel. bytta, a small
tub, a bucket, pail, - Norw.bytta, a tub, bucket,
pail, a brewing-vat (cf. butt, a keg, a butter-
tub), - Sw, bytta, a pail, - Dan. bātte, a tub,
coop; mixed with (2) M.E. *butte (not found in
this sense), KOF. bowte, mod. F. botte = Pr. Sp.
bota = It. botte, a butt, cask; cf. (3) AS. byden
= MLG. bodene, boden, bode, bodde, budde, also
bodeme (by confusion with bodeme = E. bottom)
= OHG. butinna, MHG. butin, budin, biiten, bu-
ten, bitten, G. bitte (mixed with the above) =
ODan. bodde, a butt, tun, tub, wat; cf. It. bot-
tina, a little butt; (4) Aš. buteruc, buteric, bu-
truc, early ME. buttruc = OS. butéric = OHG.
butirih, puterih, MHG. buterich, butrich, a lea-
thern bottle, a flask, G. dial. bitterich, bittrich,
a small tub or barrel, a keg (ML. buttericus, a
tankard); and (5) see botie?, from the same
ult. Source: K ML. buttis, butta, also butis, buta,
a butt, a cask, MGr. 30tug, Boörug, a butt (NGr.
Boöta, a tub, a churn, Bovrot, a tub, a barrel),
appar shortened from the older form (from
which directly the third set of forms men-
tioned), M.L. butina, a flask, K. Gr. Tvrtvm, later
(Tarentine) [3vrivn, a flask covered with osier
(cf. NGr. 8vriva, a pan for salting meat). As
in other vessel-names, the precise application
varies in the different languages. In the sense
of a particular measure of wine, the word is
modern; cf. pipe in similar senses.] 1+. A
leathern bottle or flask; a bucket: in this sense
only in Middle English, usually spelled bit orbitt.
That the Bitters be redy wº hur horses and bittes to
brynge water . . . when eny parelle of fuyre ys wºyn the
cite. B'nglish Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 382.
2. A large cask, especially one to contain wine.
3. A measure of wine equal to 126 United
States (that is, old wine) gallons; a pipe. It is
no longer a legal measure in Great Britain, and the com-
mon statement that an imperial butt is 126 inmperial gal-
lons is incorrect; the butt is 110 imperial gallons. The
measure was originally used chiefly for Spanish wine, and
the Word was used to translate Spanish bota, which equaled
126 United States gallons, and to distinguish that from
the Spanish pipa, which contained only 114 United States
gallons. Its present value was legalized by a statute of
Anne. It is now confounded with the pipe. The pipe of
Madeira is reputed to contain 110 gallons; of Canary, 120;
of Port, 138; of Marsala, 112. The bota and pipa, through-
out Spain, vary but little from the values above given. In
Portuguese countries two measures are common, one of 141
gallons (Oporto, Lisbon for oil), and another of il0 gallons
(Lisbon, Madeira, Porto Rico, Bahia). There is besides a
Portuguese pipe of 132 gallons (Lisbon for oil, Bahia). In
Italy the name botte is applied to a cask holding 200
United States gallons or more ; but it was in many places
confounded with the pipa, which held only 160 to 170 gal-
lons. The French word botte was never used as the name
of a wine-measure; neither was the German butte or bitte.
In Denmark there was a bodde of 123 United States gal-
lons; in Gotha, a measure of the same name equal to 115
United States gallons. The botija of Bolivia is only 9.8
United States gallons. A butt of London beer, at the time
when London beer was measured differently from ale, was
8 hogsheads. A butt of salmon, by a statute of Henry VI.,
was 84 gallons.
4. A beehive. [Prov. Eng. (Exmoor).]—5.
A cart. [Prov. Frg.]
See but 2.
[Short for abuttal.] 1+.
A boundary; a bound.-2. [Cf. butt2, n., 5.] A
corner of ground. [Prov. Eng.]





buttal
* (but 'al), n. A dialectal form of butter4,
Wü67%l.
butt-bolt (but"bólt), n. An unbarbed arrow;
a butt-shaft. -
I saw, a little devil fly out of her eye like a but-bolt,
which sticks at this hour up to the feathers in my heart.
IFord and Dekker, Witch of Edmonton, ii. 1.
butt-chain (but’chān), n. In harness, a short
chain attached at one end to the leather t
and at the other to the swingle-tree. E.
Enight.
butte (büt), n. [F., a rising ground, a mound,
Orig. a butt to shoot at: see butt2.] X conspicu-
ous hill or mountain, especially one that at-
tracts attention by its isolation, or serves as a
landmark: a name applied in the regions about
the º: Missouri and west to the Pacific.
Thus, the “Three Buttes” were a conspicuous landmark
for emigrants to Oregon. One of the highest and grandest
mountains in the United States, Mount Shasta, was in the
early days of Californian emigration known to the Ameri-
cans almost exclusively as Shasta Butte. Other promi-
ment lofty peaks in California are still called buttes, as
Downieville Buttes, Marysville Buttes, etc. This use of
the word butte, now gradually disappearing from the
region in question, is a relic of French occupancy of
the Northwest, and of the subsequent wide distribution
through that region of the Hudson's Bay Company's em-
ployees, most of whom were of French extraction. The
word was picked up by overland emigrants and carried to
the furthest West; and it has been much used as a place-
name, alone or in combination.
buttent, n. An obsolete spelling of button.
butt-end (but’end), n. The thicker, larger, or
blunt end of anything: as, the butt-end of a
musket or a piece of timber: same as butt?,
*1 (a). Also spelled but-end.
butter1 (but’ér), n., [K ME. butter, buttere, bu-
tere, K AS. butere (in comp. buter-, buttor-) =
OFries. butera, botera = D. boter = LG. botter =
OHG. butrā, butere, MHG. buter, G. butter =
F. beurre = It. burro, butiro, K L. butyrum, K
Gr. 300tupov, butter, appar. K. Boüç, cow, 4- topóg,
cheese, but perhaps an accom. of some for-
eign word.] 1. The fatty portion of milk. As
prepared for use, it contains 80 to 85 per cent. of fats, with
varying amounts of water and salt, and minute quantities
of sugar and curd. It is used as a food or relish by most
peoples, and is made directly from the milk, or from the
cream previously separated from the milk, of cows, goats,
and other animals. Agitation or churning separates the
Yats from the milk or cream and makes them cohere in
lumps, which are them worked together, freed as far as
possible from buttermilk, and usually mixed with salt,
which preserves the butter and develops its flavor.
2. In old chem., a term applied to certain an-
hydrous metallic chlorids of buttery consis-
tence and fusibility.—Butter-and-tallow tree, a
guttiferous tree of Sierra Leone, Pentadesma, butyracea,
so called from its abundant yellow, greasy sap, which the
natives mix with their food.—Butter of antimony, a
name given to antimony trichlorid, made by distilling a
mixture of corrosive Sublimate and antimony, and former-
ly used in medicine as a caustic.— Butter of bismuth,
butter of tin, butter of zinc, sublimated chlorids"of
those metals, Butter of wax, the oleaginous part of
wax, obtained by distillation, having a buttery consistence.
—Macaja, butter. See Cocos.— Midshipmen’s butter.
See avocado.— Paraffin-butter, a crude paraffin which
is used for making candles.—Rock-butter, a peculiar
mineral, an aluminium and iron sulphate of the consist-
ence and appearance of soft butter, occurring as a pasty
exudation from aluminiferous rocks at Hurlet Alum
Works, Paisley, Scotland, and in several places on the
continent of Europe.—Run butter, clarified butter;
butter melted and potted for culinary use. The name of
#: (which see) is given to a kind of run butter made in
ndia.-Vegetable butters, a name given to certain
concrete fixed vegetable oils which are solid at common
temperatures: so called from their resemblance to butter
produced from the milk of animals. The following are
the most important of them : Cacao-butter, or oil of theo-
broma, is obtained from the seeds of the cacao (Theo-
broma Cacao) of tropical America; it is a “yellowish-white
solid, having a faint agreeable odor, a bland chocolate-
like taste, and a neutral reaction ” (U. S. Dispensatory,
p. 1049). Camara, butter is obtained from the fruits of
Wateria Indica : it is a resin rather than an oil, and is
used as a varnish. Fulwa butter is from the seeds of the
East Indian, Madhuca butyracea; Kokwim butter, from
the seeds of Garcinia Indica; Mahwah, butter, from
Madhuca Indica. Shea butter, also called galam, or Bam-
bwk butter, is from the kernels of the shea-tree, Butyrosper-
mum Parkit, of Western Africa; it resembles palm-oil, but
* is of a deeper-red color. See cacao, gutta-shea, and karite.
butterl (but’ér), v. LK butterl, n.] I. trans.
1. To smear with butter.
'Twas her brother that, in pure kindness to his horse,
butter'd his hay. alt., Lear, ii. 4.
2. To flatter grossly; as, he buttered him to his
heart's content. [Colloq.]—Buttered ale, abeer
brewed without hops or other bitter ingredient, and
flavored with sugar, butter, and spice.—To know On
which side One's bread is buttered, to know Where
one's advantage lies; be able to take care of one's self.
[Colloq.]
I know what's what, I know on which side
My bread is butter'd. Ford, Lady's Trial, ii. 1.
II, intrams. In gambling slang, to stake the
previous winnings, with addition, at every
throw, or every game.
7
*madder or of armotto thus used.
737
It is a fine simileinone of Mr.Congreve's prologues which
º mester that stakes all
his winning upon one cast; so that if he loses the last
Addison, Freeholder.
butter? (but’ér), n. [K butti + -erl.] One who
compares a writer to a buttering
throw he is sure to be undone.
or that which butts; an animal that butts.
butter” (but’ér), n. IK butt?, v. t., 2,+ -erl.] A
machine for sawing off the ends of boards, to
º: them and remove faulty parts.
bu
ter44, n. An obsolete form of bittern 1. Com-
pare butterbump. *
butterêt, n. [Only in ME. form bitter, K bit,
bitte (see butté), + -erl.] One who has charge
of a butt or fire-bucket. See buttº, n., 1.
butter-ale (but’ér-āl), n.
(which see, under butterl, v. t.).
butter-and-eggs (but’ér-and-egz'), n. 1. The
popular name in the British islands of the
double-flowered variety of Narcissus aurantius
and of other species of the same genus, and of
the toad-flax or ramsted, Linaria Linaria;
also, of several other plants the flowers of
which are of two shades of yellow.—2. The act
of sliding on onefoot, and striking the slide with
the heel and toe of the other foot at short inter-
#. [Eng. School-boy slang.] Macmillan’s
09.
butterball (but’ér-bāl), n. Same as buffle1, 2.
butter-bean (but’ér-bên), n. The Lima bean,
Phaseolus lunatus, or a special variety of it;
also, a wax-podded variety of P. vulgaris or
P. manus. See beam1, 2
butter-bird (but’ér-bèrd), n. The name given
to the rice-bunting, Dolichonya, oryzivorus, in
Jamaica, where it is in great request for the
table. See cut under bobolink.
butter-boat (but’ér-bót), m. A vessel for the
table in which melted butter, intended to be
used as a sauce, is served; a sauce-boat.
butter-box (but’ér-boks), n. 1. A box or ves-
sel for butter.—2+. A Dutchman. [Slang.]
butterbump (but’ér-bump), n. [Also butter-
mump (and cf. buttermunk), K butter, dial.
form of bitterê, bitternl, q.v., + bump1,
var. mump. Cf. equiv. bogbumper.] A.
name of the European bittern, Botaurus
stellaris. Tennyson. [Prov. Eng.] .
butter-bur, butter-burr (but’ér-bër), n.
A name of the sweet coltsfoot, Petasites
vulgaris. Also called butter-dock.
butter-color (but’ér-kul’or), m, 1. The
color of butter; golden yellow.—2. A sub-
stance containing a large amount of color-
ing matter which is mixed with butter,
Oleomargarin, butterin, or suine, to give
it a rich yellow color; a preparation of
buttercup (but’ér-kup), m. A name given
to most of the common species of Ranuncu-
lus with bright-yellow cup-shaped flowers
and divided leaves, such as R. acris and R.
bulbosus. Also called butter-flower and crowfoot.
butter-daisy (but’ér-dā’zi), m. The white ox-
eye. [Prov. Eng.]
butter-dock (but’ér-dok), m. A name given to
the bitter dock, Rumex, obtusifolius, and the
sweet coltsfoot, Petasites vulgaris, because their
large leaves are used for wrapping butter.
butter-fingered (but’ér-fing"gèrd), a. Having
slippery or weak fingers; clumsy in the use of
the hands. [Slang.]
butter-fingers (butſer-fing"gèrz), n. One who
lets drop anything he ought to hold; a butter-
fingered person; specifically, in base-ball and
cricket, one who “muffs” a ball. [Slang.]
When, on the executioner lifting the head of the seventh
traitor, as the preceding six had been lifted to the public
gaze, he happened to let it fall, cries of “Ah, clumsy "
“Halloo, butter-fingers 1” were heard from various quar-
ters of the assembly. Hook, Gilbert Gurney, II. i.
butter-fish (but’ér-fish), m. 1. A name given
to various fishes and other marine animals hav-
ing a smooth and unctuous surface like butter.
(a) The fish Stromatews (or Poromotws) triacanthus. It has
butterfly-nose
can coast, but not much esteemed for food. [Massachu-
setts and New York.] (b) A carangoid fish, Vomer getipin-
nia, otherwise called humpback butter-figh. [Wood's Holl,
Massachusetts.] (c) A fish of the family Labridae, Corido-
daz pullus. It has an oblong body with small smooth
scales, a naked head, and 17 dorsal spines and 17 rays.
The flesh is exceedingly short in the grain, and well
Savored, without being rich. It inhabits the kelp-beds
around New Zealand. (d) A bivalve mollusk of the fam-
ily Veneridae, Tapes decussata ; the purr. [Local, Eng.
Fº (e) A bivalve mollusk of the family Myi-
Æ, Mya arenaria ; the soft clam.
2. A fish of the genus Muraenoides, especially
M. gumellus. [Eng.]— 3. A serranoid fish,
Cephalopholis punctatus. Also called nigger-fish.
[West Ind.]
Same as buttered ale butterflip (but’ér-flip), n. The avoset, Recurvi-
Yostra avocetta. Montagu. [Local, British.]
butter-flower (but’ér-flou’ér), n. Same as but-
tercup.
Let weeds instead of butter-flow'rs appear,
And meads, instead of daisies, hemlock bear.
Yºr Gay, Shep. Week, Friday, 1.85.
butterfly (but’ér-fli), m.; pl. butterflies (-fliz).
[K ME. butturflye, boterflye, etc., K. A.S. buttor-
fledge, buterflège (= MD. ioterºllege, D. boter-
vlieg = G.-butterfliege), a butterfly, a large white
moth, K butere, butter, -- fledge, a fly. Cf. MT).
botervoghel, a butterfly, = G. buttervogel, a large
white moth (MD. voghel, D. vogel = G. vogel = E.
fowl.1). The reason for the name is uncertain;
it was probably at first applied to the yellow
species. Grimm says it has its name, as well as
an old German name molken.dieb (late MHG.
molkendiep), “milk-thief,’ from the fact that peo-
ple formerly believed that the butterfly, or elves
or witches in its shape, stole milk and butter;
but the legend may have arisen out of the name.
Another explanation, based on another name of
the butterfly, M.D. boterschijte, -schiete, -schete,
refers it to the color of the excrement (schijte).]
1. The common English name of any diurnal
lepidopterous insect; especially, one of the rho-
palocerous Lepidoptera, corresponding to the
Butter-fish (Stromta teles triacaruthtts).
an oval form, rounded in front, with pores on the back in
a single row above the lateral line, and the dorsal and anal
fins not elevated. It is abundant along the eastern Ameri-
Goatweed Butterfly (Artara andria Scudd.), Iuale, natural size.
old Linnean genus Papilio, called distinctively
the butterflies. See Diurna, Rhopalocera, Lepi-
doptera, and Papilio. —2. Figuratively, a per-
son whose attention is given to a variety of
trifles of any kind; one incapable of steady
application; a showily dressed, vain, and giddy
person.—3. A kind of flat made-up neck-tie.—
4}. An herb otherwise called ragwort. Rersey,
1708.-Butterfly head-dress. See head-dress.-Cop-
per butterflies, the English name of the small copper-
colored species of the family Lycaenidae, and especially
of the genus Lycaena.-Goat weedbutterfly, the popu-
lar name of Anaea andria Scudd., a rare and interesting
butterfly, the larva of which feeds on the goat weeds of
the genus Croton. The insect is specially interesting
from the dissimilarity of the sexes, or sexual dimorphism,
and from the curious habit of the larva, which lives in a
cup made of the folded leaf. The larva is clear-green in
color, with pale-white granulations and interspersed dark
indentations. The chrysalis is light-green, banded with
dark-gray. The male butterfly is deep coppery-red, mark-
ed with dark purplish-brown, while the female is much
lighter-colored, though also marked with dark-brown.—
Sea-butterfly, a mollusk of the subclass Pteropoda.: so
called from its extended lateral foot-lobes, which simu-
late wings.
butterfly-cock (but ' ér-fli-kok), m.
3-butterfly-valve. t
butterfly-fish (but’ér-fli-fish), m. 1. An English.
name of the eyed blenny, Blemmius ocellaris.—
2. A fish of the family Nomeida, Gasterochisma.
melampus, with large black ventral fins, inhab-
iting the sea about Australia and New Zealand.
It attains a length of more than 3 feet, but is
I’3.I’é.
butterfly-gurnard (but’ér-fli-gèr"närd), n. A
fish of the family Triglidae, the Lepidotrigla va-
messa of the Tasmanian and Australian seas.
butterfly-nose (but’êr-fli-nóz), n. A spotted
nose, as of some dogs.
Same as


butterfly-orchis
butterfly-orchis (but’êr-fli-ör"kis), n. A Brit-
ish orchid, Platanthera bifolia, growing in
woods and open heaths. The great butterfly-
orchis is P. chlorantha.
butterfly-plant (but’ér-fli-plant), n. 1. A West
dian orchideous plant, Oncidium Papilio. See
Oncidium.–2. Aspecies of the East Indian Pha-
lanopsis.
butterfly-ray (but’ér-fli-rā), n. A selachian
of the family Trygonidae, Pteroplatea maclura.
It is a kind of sting-ray with very broad pee-
torals.
butterfly-shaped (but’ér-fli-shāpt), a. In bot.,
shaped like a butterfly; papilionaceous.
butterfly-shell (but’ér-fli-shel), n. A shell of
the genus Voluta.
butterfly-valve (but’ér-fli-valv), m. A kind of
double clack-valve used in pumps. It consists es:
sentially of two semicircular clappers,
clacks, or wings hinged to a cross-rib
cast in the pump-bucket, and is named
from its resemblance to the wings of
a butterfly when open, as represented
in section in the annexed cut. It is em- tº §§ #
ployed in the lift-buckets of large wa- ? % %
ter-pumps, and for the air-pump buck- § % % %
ets of condensing steam-engines. Also º % %
called butterfly-cock. See clack-valve. # % % %
butterfly-weed (but ' ér-fli- [T] [T]
Wéd), n. 1. A name of the
Butterfly-valve.
North American plant Ascle-
pias tuberosa; the pleurisy-root. It has a consid-
erable reputation as an article of the materia medica. It
is an expectorant, a mild cathartic, and a diaphoretic, and
is employed in incipient pulmonary affections, rheuma-
tism, and dysentery.
2. The butterfly-pea, Clitoria Mariana.
butterin, butterine (but’ér-in), n. IK butterl
+ -in?, -ine?..] An artificial butter made by
churning Oleomargarin, a product of animal
fat, with milk and water, or by churning milk
with some sweet butter and the yolks of eggs,
the whole of the contents of the churn by the
latter method being converted into butterin.
butterist, m. See buttress, 3.
butter-knife (but 'er-nif), m. A blunt and
generally ornamented knife used for cutting
butter at table.
|butterman (but 'er-man), n. ; pl. buttermen
(-men). A man who sells butter.
buttermilk (but’ér-milk), m. [= D. botermelk
= MHG. butermilch, G. buttermilch. The liquid
that remains after the butter is separated from
milk. It has a pleasant acidulous taste. Also
called churn-milk.
I . Teceived a small jug of thick buttermilk, not re-
markably clean, but very refreshing.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 54.
butter-mold (but’ér-möld), n. A mold in which
pats of butter are shaped and stamped.
buttermunk (but’ér-mungk), m. [A variant of
butterbump.] A local New England name of
the night-heron, Nyctiardea grisea masvia.
butternut (but’ er-nut), n. 1. The fruit of
Juglans cinerea, an American tree, so called
from the oil it contains; also, the tree itself.
The tree bears a resemblance in its general appearance to
the black walnut (J. migra), but the fruit is long, pointed,
and viscous, the nut furrowed and sharply jagged, and the
wood soft but close-grained and light-colored, turning yel-
low after exposure. The wood takes a fine polish, and is
largely used in interior finish and in cabinet-work. The
inner bark furnishes a brown dye, and is used as a mild
cathartic. Also called white walnwt.
2. The nut of Caryocar nuciferum, a lofty tim-
ber-tree of Guiana belonging to the family
Caryocaraceae. The nuts have a pleasant taste, and
are exported to some extent. They are also known as
80 wari- or suwarrow-muts.
3. A name applied during the civil war in the
TJnited States to Confederate soldiers, in allu-
sion to the coarse brown homespun cloth, dyed
with butternut, often worn by them.
butter-pat (but 'ér-pat), m. A small piece of
butter formed into a generally ornamental
shape for the table.
butter-pot (but’ér-pot), n. In the seventeenth
century, a cylindrical vessel of coarse pottery
glazed with pulverized lead ore dusted upon the
*ware before it was fired. Marryat.
butter-print (but ér-print), n. A mold for
stamping butter into blocks, prints, or pats.
Also called butter-Stamp.
butter-scotch (but’ér-skoch), n. A kind of
oleaginous taffy.
butter-shag (but’ér-shag), n. A slice of bread
and butter. [Ilocal, Eng. (Cumberland).]
butter-stamp (but’ér-stamp), n. Same as
ter-print.
butter-tongs (but’ér-tóngz), m. pl. A kind of
tongs with flat blades for slicing and lifting
butter.
but-
man who sells butter.
- 738
butter-tooth (but 'ér-töth), n. IK butterl +
tooth, perhaps with some vague allusion to
milk-tooth.] A broad front tooth.
I’d had an eye
Popt out ere this time, or my two butter-teeth.
Thrust down my throat.
Yºr Middleton, Massinger, and Rowley, Old Law, iii, 2.
butter-tree (but’êr-tré), m. Butyrospermum
Parkii, found in Africa, which yields a sub-
stance like butter; the shea-tree. See shea.
The name is also given to various other trees from the
seeds of which solid oils are obtained. See butterl.
butter-trier (but’ér-tri’ér), n. A long hollow
hand-tool used in sampling butter.
butter-tub (but’ér-tub), m. A tub used for
containing butter in quantity.
butterweed (but’ér-wed), n. A common name
of the horseweed, Leptilon Canadense, and of
Senecio lobatus of the northern U. S.
butter-weight (but’ér-wat), n. More than full
weight; a larger or more liberal allowance than
is usual or is stipulated for: in allusion to a
Custom, now obsolete, of allowing and exact-
ing 17 or 18 ounces, or even more, to the pound
of butter. In Scotland either tron weight or a
still heavier pound was used for butter.
They teach you how to split a hair,
Give — and Jove an equal share;
Yet why should we be lac'd so straitº
I'll give my M- butter-weight.
Swift, Rhapsody on Poetry.
butterwife (but’ér-wif), n. A butterwoman.
Johnson.
butterwoman (but’êr-Wüm’an), n. ; pl. butter-
women (-wim’en). A wo- -
I see grave learned men rail
and scold like butter-women.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 613.
butter-worker (but 'er-
wër"kēr), m. An apparatus
or tool for freeing butter
from buttermilk.
butterwort (but’ér-wért),
m. [K butterl + wortl.] A
name common to the spe-
cies of Pinguicula. The but-
terworts grow on wet ground
are apparently stemless, an
have showy spurred flowers.
The name is due to the greasy-
looking viscid surface of the
leaves, which are covered with
soft, pellucid glandular hairs,
Secreting a glutinous liquor that
catches small insects. The edges
of the leaf roll over on the insect
and retain it, and theinsects thus
caught are supposed to serve as food for the plant. In the
north of Sweden the leaves are employed to curdle milk.
butteryl (but ér-i), a. [K butter1 + -y1.] 1.
Having the qualities (especially the consis-
tence) or appearance of butter.
Sinking her voice into a deeper key, she drove the fol-
lowing lines, slowly and surely, through and through his
poor, unresisting, buttery heart. C. Reade, Art.
2. Apt to let fall anything one ought to hold,
as a ball in the game of cricket; butter-fingered.
buttery? (but 'er-i), n. ; pl. butteries (-iz.) [K
ME. botery, botry, a buttery, a corruption (due
to association with botere, butter, and to the
fact that, besides liquors, butter and other pro-
visions were kept in the same place) of bote-
lerye (mod. E. restored butlery), KOF. bowteil-
lerie, a place to keep bottles or liquors (ML.
buticularia, the office of a wine-taster), K bou-
teille, bowtille, a bottle: see butler and bottle2.]
1. An apartment in a house in which wines,
liquors, and provisions are kept; a pantry.
Take them to the buttery,
And give them friendly welcome.
Shak., T. of the S., Ind., i.
Make him drink, wench;
And if there be any cold meat in the buttery,
Give him some broken bread and that, and rid him.
Beaw. and Fl., Captain, i. 3.
2. In colleges, formerly, a room where liquors,
fruits, and refreshments were kept for sale to
the students.
In English universities the buttery was in former days
the scene of the infliction of º
B. H. Hall, College Words.
buttery-bar (but'êr-i-bār), n., . A ledge on the
top of a buttery-hatch on which to rest tan-
kards.
Bring your hand to the buttery-bar and let it drink.
Shak, T. N., i. 8.
buttery-book (but’ér-i-bük), m. An account-
book kept at the buttery of a college.
This person was an assistant to the butler to put on
[that is, enter] bottles in the buttery book.
Wood, Fasti Oxon., ii.
If no rude mice with envious rage
The buttery-books devour. The Student, I, 348,
Butterwort
zmalgart's
(From Le Maput, and De-
caisne's “Traité général de
Botanique.”)
(Pinguicula
arts).
buttery-hatch (but’êr-i-hach), n. A hatch or
half-door giving entrance to a buttery.
- I know you were one could keep
The buttery-hatch still locked, and save the chippings.
B. Jomsom, Alchemist, i. 1.
butt-hinge (but hinj), n. Same as butt2, 4.
butthorn (but 'thèrn), m. [Uncertain; appar.
K but” (or else butt?) + thorn, prob. in ref. to
the spiny surface of the starfish.] A kind of
starfish, Astropecten aurantiacus. See starfish.
butt-howel (but’ hou"el), m. A kind of howel
or adz used by coopers.
butting (but'ing), n. [Verbal n. of butti, v., for
abut..] An abutting or abuttal.
Without buttings or boundings on any side,
Bp. Beveridge, Works, I. xx.
butting-joint (but'ing-joint), n. A joint formed
by two pieces of timber or metal united end-
wise so that they come exactly against each
other with a true joint; an abutting joint. In
ironwork the parts are welded, and the term is used in
contradistinction to lap-joint. Also called butt-joint.
butting-machine (but 'ing-ma-shën"), n. A
machine for dressing and finishing the ends of
boards or small timbers by means of Cutters
attached to a revolving disk.
butting-ring (but'ing-ring), n. A collar on the
axle of a wheel, inside the wheel, which it pre-
vents from moving furtherinward along the axle.
butting-saw (but'ing-sà), m. A cross-cut saw
used to prepare logs for the saw-mill by cut-
ting off the rough ends. .
butt-joint (but’joint), n. Same as butting-
joint
J0?nt.
buttle1 (but’1), n. A Scotch form of bottle8.
buttle? (but’l), v, i.; pret. and pp. buttled, ppr.
buttling. [K butler, as butch K butcher, burgle K
burglar, peddle K peãdier, etc.] To act as butler.
[Prov. Eng.]
butt-leather (but’leq H/ēr), n. The thickest
leather, used chiefly for the soles of boots and
shoes.
buttock (but’ok), n. IK ME, buttok, bottok;
AS. buttuc, an end, a piece of land.] 1. Either
of the twoPº which form the rump
in men and animals; in the plural, the rump;
the gluteal region of the body, more protu-
berant in man than in any other animal; the
bottom.
Like a barber's chair, that fits all buttocks.
- Shak., All's Well, ii. 2.
2. The upper aftermost portion of the con-
tinuation of the contour of a ship's bottom.
Thearle, Naval Arch.-3. In coal-mining, the
portion of a face of coal ready to be next taken
down. [Eng.]–4. A piece of armor for the
rump of a horse. See Crowpière.—Buttockmail?
a ludicrous term for the fine formerly paid, in a case of
fornication, to an ecclesiastical court. Scott. [Scotch.]
buttocker (but 'Qk-ēr), n. [K buttock, 3, -H -erl.]
In mining, one who works at the buttock, or
breaks out the coalready for the fillers. [Eng.]
buttock-line (but’ Qk-lin), m. In ship-building,
the projection upon the sheer plan of the in-
tersection of a plane parallel to it with the
after-body of the vessel.
The lines obtained by the intersections of the planes
parallel to the sheer. }. are known as bow lines when
in the fore body, and buttock lines when in the after body.
Yºr Thearle, Naval Architecture, § 16.
button (but’n), n. [Early mod. E. also boton,
K ME, boton, botown, bothun, bothom, K OF.
boton (F. bowton = Pr. Sp. boton = Pg. botáo =
It. bottone), K. M.L. *bottò(n-), a bud, knob, but-
ton, prob. K. *bottare, buttare, OF, boter, etc.
push, thrust: see buttl, v.] 1. Any knob or tail
fastened to another body; specifically, such an
object used to secure together different parts
of a garment, to one portion of which it is
fastened in such a way that it can be passed
through a slit (called a buttonhole) in another
portion, or through a loop. Buttons are sometimes
sewed to garments for ornament. They are made of met-
al, horn, wood, mother-of-pearl, etc., and were formerly
common in very rich materials, especially during the eigh-
teenth century, when the coats of gentlemen at the French
Court had buttons of gold and precious stones, pearl, enam-
el, and the like. Later buttons of diamonds or of paste
imitating diamonds were worm, matching the buckles of
the same period.
2. pl. (used as a singulaf).
from the buttons, commonly
his jacket. - -
Our present girl is a very slow coach; but we hope some
day to sport a buttons. Dean Ramsay.
3. A knob of gold, crystal, coral, ruby, or
other precious stone, worn by Chinese officials,
both civil and military, on the tops of their
hats as a badge of rank; hence, the rank itself:
as, a blue button. There are nine ranks, the first or
highest being distinguished by a transparent red (or ruby)
A page: so called
.#. which adorn







American Copper.
Gray Hairstreak.
Nettle Tortoise-shell.
Clouded Sulphur. º
Orange-skirted Calico. Eyed Emperor. Thistle Butterfly.
NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES.
NATURAL SIZES.









-
Yºr
button (but’n), v.
button-ear (but’n-ér), n.
button
* - , • . button; the second by opaque red (coral); the third, by 'but’n- &
. . ." § transparent blue ū; the §§ § y puttoner (but 'n-èr) , 70
3. ſº lazuli); the fif
opaque blue
g h, by transparent white (crystal);
he sixth, by opaque white; the seventh, by plain gold; the
º by worked gold; and the ninth or lowest, by plain
gold with the character for “old age” engraved on it in
two places. A scholar who has passed the siu-tsai (or
bachelor) examination is entitled to wear the last.
4. A knob or protuberance resembling abutton.
Specifically— (a) The knob of metal which terminates the
739
1. One who or that
which buttons; a button-hook.-2. A decoy.
[Eng. Slang.]
button-fastener (but’n-fés/nér), n. A clasp
for fastening buttons.
button-flower (but’n-flou'êr), n. A name given
to species of Ochna, shrubs and trees of trop-
ical America, family Ochnaceae. Some are
breech of most pieces of ordnance, and which affords a con- ºroccasionally cultivated in hothouses.
yenient bearing for the application of hand-spikes, breech:
ings, etc.; a cascabel. [Eng.] (b) A knob or guard secured
to the end of a foil, to prevent the point from penetrating
the skin or wounding. (c) The small knob or ball by push-
ing or pressing which the circuit of an electric bell is com-
pleted.
5. A bud of a plant. [Now only prov. Eng.]
The canker galls the infants of the spring,
Too oft before their buttom:8 be disclos'd.
* Shak., Hamlet, i. 3.
6. A flat or elongated piece of wood or metal,
turning on a nailor screw, used to fasten doors,
windows, etc.—7. A small round mass of met-
al lying at the bottom of a crucible or cupel
after fusion.—8. In an organ, a small round
piece of leather which, when screwed on the
tapped wire of a tracker, prevents it from jump-
ing out of place. Stainer and Barrett.—9. An
adjustable knob through which reins pass, and
which serves to insure the driver's grip on
the reins.—10. In 206l. : (a) The terminal
segment of the crepitaculum or rattle of a rat-
tlesnake. See crepitaculum.
In the structure of the end of the tail of harmless
snakes, we see a trace of the first button of the rattle in
a horny cap that covers the terminal vertebrae.
E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 197.
(b) In entom., a knob-like protuberance on the
posterior extremity of the larvae of certain but—
terflies, also called the anal button or cremaster.
Sometimes there is a second one, called the
preanal button.—11. pl. A name given to
young mushrooms, such as are used for pick-
ling.—12. pl. Sheep's dung: sometimes used
for dung in general. [Prov. (west.) Eng.]—
13. A small cake. [Prov. Eng.]–14. A per-
son who acts as a decoy. Specifically—(a) An auc-
tioneer's accomplice who employs various devices to de-
lude bidders so as to raise the price of articles sold, etc. (b)
A thimble-rigger's accomplice. [Eng. Slang.]—Barton's
button, a polished button upon which a series of many fine
lines, parallel and near together, have been impressed,
so as to show brilliant colors when exposed to light strik-
ing it in nearly parallel rays, by an effect of diffraction.—
Biskra, button. Same as Aleppo wilcer (which see, under
wlcer).-Co an’s button [named after Sir John Donn-
inic Corrigan of Dublin (1802–80)], a button of steel used
in surgery, when heated to 100° C., as a means of counter-
irritation. Also called Corrigan's cawtery.—Elastic but-
ton, a rounded knob at the end of a sliding spring-bolt
placed in the edge of a door, and fitting into a depression
in the opposite jamb, intended to keep the door closed
without being locked, yet so that it can be easily opened.
-Quaker buttons, the seeds of the Nua, vomica, U. S.
Dispensatory, p. 974.—To hold by the button, to button-
hole ; detain in conversation; bore.
Not to hold you by the button too peremptorily.
Mrs. Gore.
[K ME. botomen, K boton, a
button.] I. trans. 1. To attach a button or
buttons to.
His bonet buttened with gold.
Gascoigne, Woodmanship.
Your rapier shall be button'd with my head,
Before it touch my master.
Beaw. and Fl., Honest Man's Fortune, i. 3.
2. To fasten with a button orbuttons; secure, or
join the parts or edges of, with buttons: often
followed by up : as, to button up a waistcoat.
One whose hard heart is button'd wº) with steel.
Shak., C. of E., iv. 2.
He was a tall, fat, long-bodied man, buttoned “; to the
throat in a tight green coat. ickens.
II, intrans. To be capable of being buttoned.
Diderot writes to his fair one that his clothes will
hardly button. Carlyle, Diderot.
buttonball, buttonwood (butºn-bāl, -wid), m.
The plane-tree of the United States, Platanus
occidentalis: so called from its small, round,
pendulous, syncarpous fruit. Also incorrectly
called Sycamore.
button-blank (butºn-blangk), n. A disk of
metal, bone, etc., to be formed into a button.
button-bush (but 'n-būsh), m. A name given
to the Cephalanthus occidentalis, a North Amer-
ican shrub, on account of its globular flower-
heads. See Cephalanthus. -
An ear that falls
over in front, concealing the inside, as in some
dogs.
tiºned (but’nd), p. a. 1. Decorated with
buttons or small bosses, as a glass vase.—2.
In her., ornamented with small points, usually
of a different tincture; studded.
buttonhole (but’n-hôl), n. 1. The hole or loop
in which a button is caught.—2. A name given
to the hart's-tongue fern, Phyllitis Scolopendri-
wm, because its fructification in the young state
#resembles a buttonhole inform and appearance.
buttonhole (but 'n-höl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. but-
tonholed, ppr. buttonholing. [K buttonhole, n.]
1. To seize by the buttonhole or button and
detain in conversation; interview.
He won't stand on the corner and buttonhole everybody
with the news.
2. To make buttonholes in.
button-hook (but’n-hük), n. A small metal
hook used for buttoning shoes, gloves, etc.
button-loom (butºn-löm), n. Aloom for weav-
ing coverings for buttons. -
button-mold (butºn-möld), n. A disk of bone,
wood, or metal, to be covered with fabric to
form a button. E. H. Knight.—Fossil button-
mold, a name sometimes given to a section of encrinite
between two joints.
button-nosed (but’n-nózd), a. Same as star-
nosed: applied to the condylure. See cut un-
der Condylura.
button-piece (but’n-pés), n. A button-blank.
button-quail (but’n-kwāl), n. A bird of the
family Turmicidae; a hemipod.
button-solder (but’n-sol’dér), n. A white sol-
der composed of tin, brass, and copper, used as
a substitute for silver solder in making buttons.
button-tool (butºn-tūl), n. A tool resembling
a crown-saw, used to cut out button-blanks;
the cutting tool of a button-lathe or other ma-
chine for making buttons; also, a tool for cut-
ting the leather nuts used in organ-actions.
See tracker and organ.
button-tree (butºn-tré), m.
wood, 1.
button-weed (butºn-wed), n. 1. A name given
to several rubiaceous plants belonging to the
genera. Spermacoce, Diodia, and Borreria.-2.
The knapweed, Centaurea migra.
buttonwood (butºn-Wüd), n. 1. A common
name in the West Indies of a low combreta-
ceous tree, Conocarpus erecta, with very heavy,
hard, and compact wood. The white buttonwood
is a small tree of the same order, Laguncularia racemosa,
growing on the shores of lagoons and having a similar
wood. Also called button-tree.
2. See buttonball.
buttony (but’n-i), a. [K button + -y1.] Deco-
rated with a profusion of buttons.
That buttony boy sprang up and down from the box
with Emmy's and Jos's visiting card.
Same as button-
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, ix. butua (bù'tū-á), n.
buttouri, n. A Middle English form of bitterm 1. butwards (but’wärdz), adv.
buttress (but’res), n. [Early mod. E. also but-
xteras, butterace, butrasse, bottras; K late ME. but-
trace, butterace, but-
i-k § º: K
- . bouterets, prop.
sº aſſºrº. pl. of bowteret, bu-
:=?i\\ -- teret, *::::
2 ... " prop. adj., llS
ºWa, ing, bearing
* Sº \\\\\\\\\, thrust (said of an
| Şı İğı \ \ ... arch or a pillar)
i • Jº | §§§ gº (cf. bowtrice, “an
+. \ \ § tº- ashler or binding-
# tº stone (in build-
ºf NS: §% ing),” boutant, “a
º S. º.º. y
}. §§ § 3. buttress or shore-
ost”—Cotgrave), K
owter, boter, push,
thrust, put, mod.F.
bowter, put, buter,
**! prop, support, the
% j source of E. buttl,
º E. push, etc.: see
--###|| buttl.] 1. A struc-
ture built against
a wall, for the pur-
pose of giving it
i
s. º
*--- --
- º*:
.º- -
º .º{
-|º2}w
.-5.s
i
fººt' stability.—2. Fig-
Sº #3: T uratively, any prop
N à- or Support.
\ 1: & The ground - pillar
and buttress of the good
old cause of noncon-
Sowth.
Abbey of St. Denis, France.
a, a, buttresses; 8, 8, flying buttresses, formity.
buttress (butºres), v. t.
T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, vi. |buttress-tower (but’res-tou’ér) 77,
butt-strap (but'strap), v. t.
*time assists as a pew-opener.
butty (but’i), m.; pl. butties (-iz).
butty-collier (but 'i-kol”yer), n.
butty-gang (but’i-gang), m.
butyl (bù’til), m.
a butylamine (bü-til aimin), n.
butylene (bü’ti-lèn), m.
butylic (bū-til'ik), a.
butyraceous (bü-ti-rá'shius), a.
butyrate (bū’ti-rát), m.
butyrate
3}. [Also written buttrice, butteris.] In far-
riery, an instrument of steel set in wood, for
paring the hoof of a horse. Minshew; Kersey.
*—Flying buttress, in medieval arch., a support in the
form of a segment' of an arch springing from a solid
mass of masonry, as the top of a side-aisle buttress, and
abutting against another part of the structure, as the Wall
of a clearstory, in which case it acts as a counterpoise
against the vaulting of the central pile: so named from
its passing through the air.— Hanging buttress, in
arch., a feature in the form of a buttress, not standing
solid on a foundation, but supported on a corbel. It is
applied in debased styles chiefly as a decoration.
[K ME. boterasen : see
buttress, n.] To support by a buttress; hence,
to prop or prop up, literally or figuratively.
To set it upright again, and to prop and buttress it up
for duration. Burke, Reform of Representation.
A white wall, buttressed well, made girdle wide
To towers and roofs where yet his kin did bide.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 369.
. In early
jort., a tower projecting from the face of the
rampart-wall, but not rising above it. It was
afterward developed into the bastion.
butt-shaft (but’shaft), m. A blunt or unbarb-
ed arrow used for shooting at a target. Also
spelled but-shaft.
The blind bow-boy's butt-shaft. Shak., R. and J., ii. 4.
Mer. I fear thou hast not arrows for the purpose.
Cup. O yes, here be of all sorts—flights, rovers, and butt-
shafts. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.
To weld together
(two pieces of metal) so as to form a butting-
joint.
Two pieces which are welded or butt-strapped together.
Thearle, Naval Architecture, § 268.
butt-weld (but weld), n. In mech, a weld
formed by joining the flattened ends of two
pieces of iron at white heat; a jump-weld.
buttwoman (but’wum’an), m.; pl. buttwomen
(-wim’en). [K butt?, 7, a hassock, + woman.]
A woman who cleans a church, and in service-
[Eng.] º
[E. dial.,
short for “butty-fellow, early mod. E. boty-felowe,
a partner (Palsgrave) (cf. butty-collier, butty-
gang), K boty, now booty, plunder, property
shared, + felowe, fellow.] 1. A comrade, chum,
or partner. [Prov. Eng. and U. S.]–2. Spe-
cifically, in English coal-mining, one who takes
a contract, or is a partner in a contract, for
working out a certain area of coal. The butty-
collier, or first man, as he is called in some coal-mining
districts, employs his own holers, fillers, and boys, and has
general charge of the work in his own particular “stall.”
In English
coal-mining, the head man of a butty-gang. See
butty.
A gang of men
who take a contract for a part of a work, as in
the construction of railroads, etc., the proceeds
being equally divided between them, with some-
hing extra to the head man.
See abutua.
[K but 1, adv., +
Toward the outward apartment.
[K but(yric) + -yl.] A hydro-
carbon alcohol radical having the composition
C4H9. It cannot be isolated, and occurs only
in combination with other radicals.-Butyl-
chloral hydrate. Same as croton-chloral hydrate (which
see, under croton).
[K butyl +
-wards.]
[Scotch.]
amine.] Same as tetrylamine.
[K butyl + -ene..] A
hydrocarbon (C4H8) belonging to the olefine
series. It exists in three isomeric forms, all
of which are gases at ordinary temperatures.
[K butyl + -ic.] Of or
[K L. buty-
rum, butter (see butterl), + -aceous.] Having
the quality of butter; resembling butter; con-
sisting of or containing butter. Also butyrous.
Among all races perhaps none has shown so acute a sense
of the side on which its bread is buttered [as the Saxon],
and so great a repugnance for having fine phrases take
the place of the butyraceous principle.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 240.
[K L. butyrum, butter,
+ -atel..] . A salt of butyric acid.—Ethyl buty-
rate, C2H5.C4H702, a very mobile liquid, having an odor
Somewhat like that of the pineapple. It is soluble in al-
cohol, and is used, on account of its odor, in the manufac-
ture of perfumery and also of artificial rum and other spir-
its. It is prepared by distilling a mixture of alcohol and
butyric acid, with the addition of a little ether, Known
in trade as essence of pineapple or amamas-oil.-Glycerin.
butyrate or butyrin, C3H5(C4H102)3, a glycerid or fat
Which occurs in butter.
pertaining to butyl.






butyric
butyric (bū-tir’ik), a. [K.L. butyrum, butter, +
-ic...] Pertaining to or derived from butter. Bu-
tyric acid, C3H700.OH, a colorless mobile liquid having a
Strong, Tamcid Smell and acrid taste. Normal butyric acid
is miscible with water and forms crystalline salts with the
bases. It is prepared from butter, or by fermenting sugar
with putrid cheese. It also occurs in cod-liver oil and
other fats, in the juice of meat, and in the perspiration,
and is widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom.—Buº.
C ester, the generic name of a class of compounds
formed from butyric acid by the substitution of one atom
of a basic organic radical, such as ethyl, for an atom of
hydrogen.--Butyric fermentation, a decomposition of
certain carbohydrates characterized by the production
of butyric acid. It is caused by Bacillus amylobacter and
Several other bacteria. See fermentation.
butyril (bū‘ti-ril), m. [KL. butyrum, butter, 4-
-il.] ... The radical (C3H7OO) of butyric acid
and its derivatives.
butyrin (bū’ti-rin), n. [K L. butyrum, butter,
+ -in 2.] triglycerid, C3H5(C4H7O2)3,
Which is a constant constituent of butter, to-
gether with olein, stearin, and other glycerids.
It is a neutral yellowish liquid fat, having a
sharp, bitter taste.
butyrous (bü’ti-rus), a. [K L. butyrum, butter,
+ -ows.] Same as butyraceous.
buxeous (buk'sé-us), a [K L. buzeus, pertain-
ing to the box-tree, K buzus, the box-tree: see
Buacus.] Pertaining to the box-tree or resem-
bling it.
buxin, buxine (buk'sin), n. [K NL. buzina, K
L. buºus, the box-tree: see -in?, -ine?..] An al-
kaloid obtained from the box-tree. It has gener.
ally the appearance of a translucent deep-brown mass,
but can be crystallized from methyl alcohol. Its taste
is bitter and it excites sneezing. Some investigators have
identified it with bebeerin, but this is doubtful.
buxina (buk-siºnä), n. [NL.] Same as busine.
buxine, m. See buivin.
buxom (buk'sum), a. [Early mod. E. also buck-
Some, bucksom, K, ME. buxom, butcum, boaom,
boua:Om, b03Sam, bughsom (also, by absorption
of the palatal, bowsom, bowsom, mod. E. as if
*bow8ome), earlier buhsum, obedient, submis-
sive, K. A.S. “buhsum (not found) (= D. buig-
gaam, flexible, submissive, = G. biegsam, flex-
ible), K bugam, bow, H- -sum, -some : see bowl,
buck”, and -some.] 1+. Yielding to pressure;
flexible; unresisting.
Twise was he seene in soaring Eagles-shape,
And with wide winges to beat the buzonne ayre.
Spemser, F. Q., III. xi. 34.
Wing silently the buzom air. Miltom, P. L., ii. 842.
The crew with merry shouts their anchors weigh,
Then ply their oars, and brush the buacom sea.
Dryden, Cym. and Iph., l. 613.
2#. Obedient; obsequious; submissive.
To be ever buivom, and obedient. Poace.
“For-thi,” seid Samuel to Saul, “god hym-self hoteth
The, be boarome at his biddynge his wille to fulfille.”
Piers Plowman (B), iii. 263.
He did tread down and disgrace all the English, and set
up and countenance the Irish; thinking thereby to make
them more tractable and bwa om to the government.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
3. Having health and comeliness together with
alively disposition; healthy and cheerful; brisk;
jolly; lively and vigorous.
A daughter fair,
So buzom, blithe, and debonair.
Milton, L'Allegro, l. 24.
The buºcom god [Bacchus].
g Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics.
A parcel of buſcom bonny dames. Tatler, No. 273.
Such buzom chief shall lead his host
From India's fires to Zembla’s frost.
Scott, Marmion, iii. 4.
[In this sense the word is now always applied to girls or
women, and inplies abundant health as shown in plump-
ness, fresh color, and strength.]
Showing vigor or robustness; sturdy;
fresh; brisk: said of things: as, “bua om val-
our,” Shak., Hen. V., iii. 6.
Buacom, health of rosy hue.
Gray, Ode on a Prospect of Eton College.
5+. Amorous; wanton. Bailey.
buxomf, v. i. [ME. buſcomen; K buſcom, a.] To
be obedient ; yield.
To buo:om to holi churche, and to al the land also.
St. Edm. Conf. (Early Eng. Poems, ed. Furnivall), l. 445.
buxomly (buk/sum-li), adv. [K ME. buſcomby,
buzumli, etc.; K budºom + -ly?..] 1+. Obedient-
ly; humbly.
To condyte me fro Cytee to Cytee, 3if it were nede, and
740
Bote I Rule thus thi Reame Rend out my Ribbes l
3if hit beo so that Boa:wmnesse bed at myn assent.
Piers Plowman (A), iv. 150.
2. The quali
liveliness; healthy vigor or plumpness.
Buxus (buk'sus), m. [L., the box-tree, X E.
boal, q.v.] A genus of plants whose species
afford the valuable hard * - º'
wood called boa wood; the
box. It is the typical genus
of the family Buacaceae. B.
sempervirens, the common box,
is a native of Europe and Asia,
and is found from the Atlantic
to China and Japan, sometimes
attaining a height of 20 or 30
feet, though the trunk is seldom - §
more than 8 or 10 inches in di- Ağ.
ameter. The finest quality of £3.
boxwood is from the Levant
and regions about the Black
Sea, and is largely employed in
wood-engraving, for mathemati-
cal and musical instruments,
and for turning. There are nu-
merous varieties in cultivation
for ornamental purposes, includ-
ing the common dwarf bushy
form used for garden-edgings.
A branch of Box (Bréztés
sempervirens).
hy (bi), v.; pret. and pp. bought, ppr. buying.
8,
rly mod. E. also buye, by, bie, bye, K Mā.
buyen, byen, bien, beyen, biggen, buggen, etc., K
AS. byegan (pret. bohte, pp. $º = OS. buggean
= Goth. bugjam (pret. bauhta), buy; not found
in the other Teut. tongues; connections doubt-
ful. Hence in comp, abyl, and by perversion
abide”, q.v.] I, trans. 1. To acquire the pos-
Session of, or the right or title to, by paying
a consideration or an equivalent, usually in
money; obtain by paying a price to the seller;
purchase: opposed to sell.
His [Emerson's] plan for the extirpation of slavery was
to buy the slaves from the planters.
O. W. Holmes, Emerson, viii.
Hence—2. To get, acquire, or procure for any
kind of equivalent: as, to buy favor with flattery.
Euill men take great paym to buy Hell—and all for worldly
pleasure—
Dearer then good men buy heauen, for God is their trea-
SUll’e. Rhodes, Boke of Nurture (E. E. T. S.), p. 89.
I have bought
Golden opinions from all sorts of people.
Shak., Macbeth, i. 7.
3. To bribe; corrupt or pervert by giving a
consideration; gain over by money, etc.
There is one thing which the most corrupt senates are ºr
buzzl (buz), n.
unwilling to sell; and that is the power which makes
them worth buying. Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
4. To be sufficient to purchase or procure;
serve as an equivalent in procuring: as, gold
cannot buy health.-5+. To aby; suffer.
What? Schal I buy it on my fleisch so deere?
Chaucer, Prol, to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 167.
Bought note, bought and sold notes. See note.—To
buy a borough. . See boroughl.—To buy againt, to re-
deem. See againbwy.
God Save yow, that boughte agaym mankynde.
Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, 1.304.
To buy at a bargain. See bargain.--To buyin. (a) To
purchase for one's self, especially shares or stock: op-
posed to sell out. .
She ordered her husband to buy in a couple of fresh
coach-horses. Steele, Tatler, No. 109.
What minor and rival companies stood in the way they
bought in. W. Barrows, Oregon, p. 38.
(b) To buy for the owner at a public sale, especially when
an insufficient price is offered.—To buy into, to obtain
an interest or footing in by purchase, as of the shares of
a joint-stock company, and formerly in England of a com-
mission in a regiment.—To buy in under the rule,
in the stock eacchange, to purchase stock on behalf of a
member to enable him to meet a short contract, or to
return stock which had been borrowed, on notice being
given to the chairman, who makes the purchase.—To buy
off. (a) In the English service, to obtain a release from
military service by a payment. (b) To get rid of the op-
position of by payment ; purchase the non-intervention
of; bribe.
What pitiful things are power, rhetoric, or riches, when
they would terrify, dissuade, or buy off conscience. South.
To buy off counsel, to pay counsel not to take employ-
ment from the opposite party.—To buy or sell the bear.
See bear 2, 5 (a),—To buy out. (a) To buy off; redeem.
Dreading the curse that money may buy out.
Shak., K. John, iii. 1.
(b) To purchase all the share or shares of (a person) in a
stock, fund, or partnership, or all his interest in a busi-
ness: as, A buys out B.—To buy over, to detach by a
bribe or consideration of some sort from one party and
attach to the opposite party.—To buy the bargain
dear. See bargain.—To buy the refusal of, to give
money for the right of purchasing at a fixed price at a
future time.—To buy up, to purchase or acquire title
to the whole of, or the whole accessible supply of, as
shares, a crop, or a stock of goods in market.
The noise of this book's suppression made it presently
buzomly to resceyve me and my Companye.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 82.
And grace axed of god [that to graunten it is] redy
[To hem] that boazomeliche biddeth it and ben in wille to
amenden hem. Pier8 Plowman (B), xii. 195.
2. In a buxom manner; briskly; vigorously.
buxomness (buk'sum-nes), n. [K ME buxomies
buzummes, buhsummes, etc.; K buyom + -ness.
14. Obedience; submissiveness.
be bought wip, and turn'd much to the stationer's advan- .
tage. Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 19, 1674.
II. intrams. To be or become a purchaser.
I will buy with you, sell with you. Shak., M. of V., i. 3.
of being buxom; briskness;
buza (bü'zā), n.
º (buz), v.; pret. and pp. bu22ed, ppr. buzz-
2ng.
buzzº, m.
- buzzard
buyable (bi'8-bl), a... [K buy # -able.] Capa-
ble of ... or of being obtained for
money or other equivalent. -
The Spiritual fire which is in that man . . . is not buy-
able nor salable. Carlyle, French Rev., II. i. 2.
buyer (bi’ér), n. One who buys; a purchaser;
8, gº agents—Buyer's option, in the stock
eachange, a privilege which a purchaser has of taking a
stipulated amount of stock at any time during a specified
number of days: usually stated as buyer 3, 10, 20, etc.,
according to the period agreed on. Often abbreviated to
b. 0.
buzł, buzz3+ (buz), interj. [See buzzl, n.] A.
sibilant sound uttered to enjoin silence.
Pol. The actors are come hither, my lord.
Ham. Buz, buz 1 Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
º Cry hum
Thrice, and them buz as often.
B. Jomsom, Alchemist, i. 1.
Same as boza.
[First in early mod. E.; formed, like
equiv. biss, biza (dial.), and hiss, hizz, q.v., and
It. buzzicare, whisper, buzzichio, a buzzing, in
imitation of the sound. Cf. bir, 2.] I. intrams.
1. To make a low humming sound, as bees;
emit a sound like a prolonged utterance of 2,
as by a slow expiration of intonated or sonant
breath between the tongue and the roof of the
mouth or the upper teeth.
A swarm of drones that buzz'd about your head. Pope.
2. To whisper buzzingly; speak with a low
humming voice; make a low sibilant sound.
II. trans. 1. To make known by buzzing.
How would he hang his slender gilded wings,
And buzz lamenting doings in the airl
Shak., Tit. And.., iii, 2.
2. To whisper; spread or report by whispers;
spread secretly.
For I will buzz abroad such prophecies
That Edward shall be fearful of his life.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 6.
In the house
I hear it buzzed there are a brace of doctors,
A fool, and a physician.
B. Jomsom, Magnetick Lady, ii. 1.
3. To share equally the last of a bottle of wine,
when there is not enough for a full glass to
each of the party. [Eng.]
Get some more port, . . . whilst I buzz this bottle here.
- Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxxiv.
[K buzzl, v.] 1. A continuous
humming sound, as of bees.
But the temple was full “inside and out,”
And a buzz kept buzzing all round about,
Like bees when the day is sunny.
Hood, Miss Kilmansegg.
A day was appointed for the grand migration, and on
that day little Communipaw was in a buzz and a bustle
like a hive in swarming time. -
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 129.
The constant buzz of a fly. Macaulay.
2. A confused humming sound, such as that
made by a number of people busily engaged
in conversation or at work; the confused hum-
ming sound of bustling activity.or stir; hence,
a state of activity or ferment: as, the buzz of
conversation ceased when he appeared; my
head is all in a buzz,
There is a certain buzz
Of a stolen marriage. ' Massinger.
There is a buzz . . . all around regarding the sermon.
Thackeray, Newcomes, I. xi.
3. A rumor or report.
The buzz of drugs and minerals and simples,
Bloodlettings, vomits, purges, or what else
Is conjur'd up by men of art, to gull
Liege-people. Ford, Lover's Melancholy, iv. 2.
'Twas but a buzz devised by him to set your brains
a-work. Chapman, Widow's Tears, ii. 1.
[Origin obscure.] Gossamer.
- IFor all your virtues
Are like the buzzes growing in the fields,
So weakly fastened tºye by Nature's hand,
That thus much wind blows all away at once.
N. Field, A Woman is a Weathercock (Dodsley's Old Eng.
[Plays, ed. Hazlitt, xi. 37).
buzz3+, interj. See buz.
buzzard (buz’ārd), m. and a.
[Early mod. E.
bussard, K ... busard, bosarde, boserd, busherd
= MD. buysaerd, busaerd, bushard = G. bus-
shart, bussaar, busart, K OF. busart, buzart, F.
busard (with suffix -ard; cf. It. buzzago (obs.),
with diff. suffix), a buzzard, K OF. buse, buze,
F. buse = It. *bu22a, f. (obs.), a buzzard; ML.
*butia, f., butium, neut. (also, after Rom., but—
2us, bizus, busio), for butio, buteo, L. buteo, a buz-
zard: see Buteo.] I. m. 1. In ornith. : (a) Any
hawk of the genus Buteo or subfamily Buteo-
ninae. (See these words.) The common buzzard of






buzzard
furope is B. vulgaria, a bird about 20 inches long and
about 4 feet in spread of wing, of variegated dark-brown
and light colors, heavy and rather sluggish, stooping to
small game. The rough-legged buzzard is Archibuteo lago-
#. with feathered shanks, See cut under Archibuteo.
ere are many species of Buteo, of nearly all countries.
(b). Some other hawk, not used in falconry,
with a qualifying term to indicate the species:
as, the moor-buzzard, Circus æruginosus, of Eu-
rope; the honey-buzzard, Pernis apivorus; the
bald buzzard, , the § Pandion haliaëtus.
(c) An American vulture of the family Ca-
thartidae; the turkey-buzzard, Cathartes aura.
i. cut under Cathartes.—2+. A blockhead; a
lln C6).
Blind busgardes, who of late yeares, of wilfull malicious-
nes, would neyther learne themselues, nor could teach
others. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 111.
8#. A coward.—4. A hawk that flies by night.
Balliwell. [Prov. Eng.] Compare buzzard-moth.
—Buzzard dollar, a name applied by the opponents of
the Bland Bill of 1878 to the American silver dollar of 412%
grains coined in accordance with it, bearing as device
upon the reverse a figure of an eagle, derisively compared
to that of a buzzard.
II.f. a. Senseless; stupid.
Thought no better of the living God than of a buzzard
idol. Milton, Eikonoklastes, i.
buzzard-clock (buz’ārd-klok), n. . [E. dial., K
wºzard, for buzzer, from its buzzing noise, +
clock, a beetle.] Åiocainame in England for
the dor.
Bummin' awaśy loike a buzzard-clock.
Tennyson, Northern Farmer, O. S.
buzzardet (buz-ār-det'), n. [K buzzard + dim.
-et.] small North American buzzard de-
scribed by Pennant, but not satisfactorily iden-
tified: perhaps the young red-shouldered buz-
zard, Buteo lineatus; more probably the broad-
winged buzzard, Buteo pennsylvanicus.
buzzard-hawk (buz’ārd-hāk), n. A hawk of
the subfamily Buteominaº.
buzzardly (buz’ārd-li), a. [K buzzard + -ly 1.]
Of or pertaining to a buzzard; like a buzzard.
buzzard-moth (buz' fird-móth), n. A kind of
A sphinx or hawk-moth.
buzzer (buz’ér), n. 1. One who buzzes; a
whisperer; one who is busy in telling tales se-
cretly. Shak.-2. A call or alarm making a
low buzzing sound, used when it is desirable
to avoid loud noise.—3. A polishing-wheel used
in cutlery-work. -
buzzing (buz'ing), p. a. [Ppr. of buzzl, v.] 1.
Resembling a buzz.
A low buzzing musical sound. Lamb, Quakers' Meeting.
2. Making a buzzing sound or hum: as, the
buzzing multitude.
bºinº (buz'ing-li), adv. In a buzzing man-
ner; with a low humming sound.
buzzom (buz’um), n. [E. dial., also bussom,
var. of besom, q. v.] A dialectal form of be-
som. Brockett.
buzz-saw (buz'sá), m. A circular saw : so call-
ed from its sound when in action.
buzzy (buz'i), a. [K buzz + -y1.] Full of buzz-
ing; buzzing.
by, gº prep. and adv. [K ME. by, bi, also be,
AS. bi, big, also be (in comp. be-, under ac-
cent bi-, big-: see be-1, be-?), s- OS. bi, bi, be =
OFries. bi, be = MLG. bi, LG. bi, by = D. bij =
OHG. bi, pi, bi, M.H.G. bi, G. bei = Goth, bi, by,
about, orig. meaning ‘about,’ whence in AS.,
etc., by, near, at, through, according to, con-
cerning, etc.; related to L. ambi- = Gr. Öpipí,
and Skt. abhi, about: See ambi-, ºgº; Eſence
the prefixes by-1 = be-1, by-2 = be-2, by-3.] I.
prep. 1. Near; close to; beside; with; about:
as, sit by me; the house stands by a river.
Go to your rest, and I'll sit % you.
letcher, Sea Voyage, iv. 2.
They punish rigorously them that rob by the high way.
- Milton, Hist. Eng., iii.
A good poet can no more be without a stock of similes
by him, than a shoemaker without his lasts.
- Swift, To a Young Poet.
He himself has not the monies by him, but is forced to sell
stock at a great loss. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 1.
2. Near, or up to and beyond, with reference
to motion; past: as, to move or go by a church.
Thou hast pass'd by the ambush of young days,
Either not assail'd, or victor being charged.
hak., Sonnets, lxx.
This music crept by me upon the waters.
hak., Tempest, i. 2.
3. Along (in direction or progress); , in or
through (the course of); over or alongside of:
as, to approach a town by the highway.
We . . . took our journey into the wilderness
by the
way of the Red sea. <s Deut. ii.
1.
741
By the margin, willow-veil'd,
Slide the heavy barges.
Tennyson, Lady of Shalott, i.
4. On; upon; especially, through or on as a
means of conveyance: as, he journeyed both
by water and by rail.
I would have fought by land, where I was stronger.
Bryden, Aii for fove, ii. 1.
5. Through. (a) Through the action or opera-
tion of, as the immediate agent or the producing
or instigating cause: as, the empire founded
by Napoleon; a novel written by Cooper; the
victories gained by Nelson; a picture painted
by Rubens. [In this use especially after passive verbs
or participles, the participle being often omitted: as, a
novel by Cooper; a picture by Rubens.]
All things were made by him. g John i. 3.
Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell.
Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
(b) With the perception of, as the subject or
recipient of the action or ;";.. he died
regretted by all who knew him; this was felt by
them to be an intentional slight. (c) Through
the means or agency of, as the intermediate
agent or instrument: as, the city was destroyed
by fire.
There perished not many by the swoorde, but all by the
extremitye of famine which they themselves had wrought.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
Noble Melantius, the land by me
Welcomes thy virtues home to Rhodes.
Beau. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, i. 1.
All our miserie and trouble hath bin either by a King
or by our necessary vindication and defence against him.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, x.
Muley Abul Hassan saw by the fires blazing on the moun-
tains that the country was rising. Irving, Granada, p. 77.
(d) Through the use of; with the aid of, as
means: as, to take by force; by your leave.
He called his brothers by name, and their replies gave
comfort to his heart. Irving, Granada, p. 95.
And holding them back by their flowing locks.
Tennyson, The Merman, ii.
(e) In consequence of; by virtue of.
I have endeavoured to shew how some passages are
beautiful by being sublime, others by being soft, others by
being natural. Addison, Spectator, No. 369.
And how it ends it matters not,
By heart-break or by rifle-shot.
hittier, Mogg Megone, i.
6. In adjuration: Before; in the presence of;
with the witness of; with regard to things, in
view of, in consideration of: followed by thé
name of the being or thing appealed to as
sanction: as, I appeal to you by all that is
sacred. -
The common oath of the Scythians was by the swoord,
and by the fire. Spenser, State of Ireland.
Swear not at all ; neither by heaven ; for it is God's
throne: nor by the earth; for it is his footstool.
Mat. v. 34, 35.
By Pan I swear, belovèd Perigot,
And by yon moon, I think thou lov'st me not.
- Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, iii. 1.
7. According to; by direction, authority, ex-
ample, or evidence of: as, this appears by his
own account; it is ten o’clock by my watch;
these are good rules to live by.
They live by your base words. Shak., T. G. of V., ii. 4.
First follow Nature, and your judgment frame
By her just standard. Pope, Essay on Criticism, l. 69.
8. In the measure or quantity of ; in the terms
of: as, to sell cloth by the yard, milk by the
quart, eggs by the dozen, beef by the pound;
to board by the week.
Two thousand ducats by the year.
hak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
9. In comparison: To the extent of: noting
mensuration or the measure or ratio of excess
or inferiority: as, larger by a half; older by five
years; to lessen by a third.
Beals mekil als the forseidelyght, to the worchep of god
an holy Chirche, lestyngliche in tyme comyng, with-outen
help of mennys deuocion ne may not be meyntened and
kept. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 45.
Too long by half a mile. Shak., L. L. L., v. 2.
10. Multiplied into: noting the relation of one
dimension to another (in square or cubic mea-
sure): as, five feet by four, that is, measuring
five feet in one direction and four feet in the
other.—11. During the course of; within the
compass or period of: as, by day; by night.
Dauid by hus daies dobbede knygtes.
Piers Plowman (C), ii. 102.
Old men ym prouerbe sayde by old tyme
“A chyld were beter to be vnbore
Than to be vntaught, and so be lore.”
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 399.
by
Then rose the King and moved his host by night.
Tennyson, Passing of Arthur.
12. At (a terminal point of time); not later
than; as early as: as, by this time the sun had
risen; he will be here by two o'clock.
By the morwe. Chaucer, Prol. to Manciple's Tale, 1, 16.
But by that they were got within sight of them, the
women were in a very great scuffle.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 247.
The cholera will have killed by the end of the year about
one person in every thousand.
Sydney Smith, To the Countess Grey.
13. At a time; each separately or singly: as,
one by one; two by two; piece by piece.
Point oint, argument by argument.
by p 3 ** to Hooker, Eccles. Pol., Pref.
14. With reference to; in relation to; about;
concerning; with: formerly especially after
say, speak, etc., now chiefly after do, act, deal,
etc.
And so I sey by the that sekest after the whyes,
And aresomedest resoun. Pier8 Plowman (B), Xii. 217.
Isey not this by wyves that bem wise.
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, l. 229.
Thus prophecy says by me. Towneley Mysteries, p. 212.
They secretly made enquiry where I had liued before,
what my wordes and behauiour had beene While I was
there, but they coulde finde nothing by me.
Webbe, Travels, p. 31.
Thou hast spoken evil words by the queen. Foace.
To do by scripture and the gospel according to conscience
is not to do evil. Milton, Civil Power.
In his behaviour to me, he hath dealt hardly by a rela-
tion. Fielding.
15. Besides; over and above; beyond. [North.
Eng. and Scotch.]
This ship was of so great stature, and took so much
timber, that, except Falkland, she wasted all the woods in
Fife, which was oak-wood, by all timber that was gotten
out of Norroway. Pitscottie, Chron. of Scotland, an. 1511.
By book, by the book. See book.—By north, south,
east, west (mawt.), next in the direction stated: phrases
used in designating the points of the compass: as, north-
east by north (between N. E. and N. N. E.). See compass.
—By one's self or itself. (a) Apart; separated from
others; alone.
When I am in a serious humour, I very often walk by
onyself in Westminster Abbey.
Addison, Thoughts in Westminster Abbey.
As a child will long for his companions, but among them
plays by himself. Emerson, Clubs.
(b) Without aid; by individual action exclusively ; as, I
did it all by myself. [Colloq.]—By the board. See
board.— By the by. See byl, m.— By the head (naut.),
the state of a vessel so loaded as to draw more forward
than aft: opposite to by the sterm.—By the lee, said of
a ship when the wind takes the sails on the wrong side.
Shoote him through and through with a jest; make him
lye by the lee, thou Basilisco of witte.
Marston, What You Will, ii. 1.
By the stern (mawt.), with greater draft aft than for-
ward.—By the way. (a) On the road; in the course of
a journey; as, they fell out by the way. (b) Incidentally ;
in the course of one's remarks : hence used as an inter-
jectional phrase introducing an incidental remark: as,
by the way, have you received that letter yet? [Colloq.)
Their actions are worthy not thus to be spoken of by the
20&y. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
By the wind (mawt.), as near to the proper course as the
wind will permit ; close-hauled.— By way of. (a) As an
example or instance of. (b) On the point of ; just about
to: as, when I saw him he was by way of going to Brigh-
ton. [Colloq., Eng.] (c) Through : as, we came by way of
Boston.—To set store by. See store. &
II. adv. [The adverbial use is not found in
AS., and is rare in ME.] 1. Near; in the
same place with ; at hand: often (before the
verb always) qualified by a more definite ad-
verb: as, near by ; close by ; hard by.
You did kneel to me,
Whilst I stood stubborn and regardless by.
Beau. and Fl., King and No King, iii. 1.
Eſe now retired
Unto a neighb'ring castle by.
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. iii. 301.
2. Aside; off.
Let them lay by their helmets and their spears.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 3.
Be no more Christians, put religion by,
"Twill make ye cowards.
Fletcher, The Pilgrim, ii. 2.
3. Of motion: Across in front or alongside
and beyond: as, the carriage went by.
By your leave, my masters there, pray you let's come by.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.
Pray you, Walk by, and say nothing,
Fletcher, Rule a Wife, ii. 4.
4. Of time: In the past; over.
The moon among the clouds rode high,
And all the city hum was by.
Scott, Marmion, v. 20.
[For by in composition, see by-3.]
By and by. (at) A repetition of by, near, close by : used
ºnly in reference to a regular series, one after an-
OUIle I’.
by
Two yonge knightes
742 bylander
adjective, meaning jºday, as in by-path, by-street, by-corner (bi’kör"nèr), n. A private or out-of-
byway, by Algy, by stroke, etc., , , tº the-way corner. Massinger; Fuller.
by-aimt (bi'ām), n. A side aim; a subordinate by-course (bi’körs), n. An irregular or im-
#iº m. 1. A minor or secon- Pºº “” of action.
#: altar, in distinction from the high altar; if thou forsake not these *Pººr i. 1."
any other altar than the chief one in a church: d An ob i t hin f ; : -
now commonly called side altar-2. A name byūdet, v. ºndº. obsolete spelling of bid.
given by some writers on Christian archeology bydºt, 9: An º: bide.
to a table standing beside the altar, for hold- biºpºlº. (bi ; *... Some-
ing the vestments, the sacred vessels, etc.; a thing depending on sººthing sº; an ººges-
liggyng by and by.
- Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 153.
. These were his wordis by and by.
Romv. of the Rose, l. 4581.
In the temple, by and by with us,
These couples shall eternally be knit.
hak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
(bt) At once; straightway; immediately; then.
After that you haue dyned and supte, laboure not by and
by after, but make a pause, syttynge or standynge vpryght
the Space of an howre or more with some pastyme.
When *tºº, credence. SOI’ circumstance. Sh ak., Cymbeline, V. 5.
and by (Gr. evågs, immediately, he is offended. ’’ byari, n. See byre. by-design, (biºdg-zin”), n. An incidental or
Mat. xiii. 21, byard (bi'ārd), n. IAppº. a variant form and subordinate design or purpose.
They do, and by-and-by repent them of that which they use of bayard?, q.v.] band of leather cross- They'll serve for other by-designs. S. Butler, Hudibras.
have done. . . * * **, p.287 ing the breast, used by men for dragging wag-by-doing (bi’dö-ing), n. Subordinate or collat-
(c) At some time in the future; before long; presently. ons in coal-mines. eral action; private doinfin
I'm so Yesed, that if I had not the prospect of a resource byast. See bias. by-drinkingh (bi’ dring" ki g), m. A drinking
in being knocked o' the head by and by, I should scarce * zºº, y 85/7
have spirits to tell you the cause. . e - §§ n. pl. I. bwntoms. by1.3 between meals. *
Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 3, by ball (biºbā). º; Crºcket, same as by 1, 3. You owe money here besides, Sir John, for your diet
By and large, in all its length and breadth; in every by-bidder (bi bid’ér), n. A person employed and by drinkings. hak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3.
at public auctions to bid on articles put up for by-dweller (bi’dwel”èr), n. One who dwells
aspect: as, taking it by and large, this is the most com- - tº t
prehensive theory yet broached.-By and maint, by both sale, in order that the seller may obtain higher near; a neighbor.
side and main passages; on all sides.
º +prleeS. byelf, prep. and adv. See byl
Thou! no, no, I have barred thee by and main, for I tº- = z*-T : - º pyeºt, prep. º e
have resolved not to *; º Wedd by lºw (bi"blö), n. 1. A side or accidental §: 7%. º: ";
illigrew, Parson's Wedding, ii. 5. e t- - yeºt, n. ee by 4.
#ll sº. Seefulll, e Now and then a by-blow from **terion. byesł, n. See by 3. º -
by 3. bye (bi), %. [K by, prep. and adv.; IIl older How finely, like 8. fencer, b e4+, Q). An obsolete spelling of buy.
º e y
use only in the phrases by the by and in, on, or My father fetches his by-blows to hit me ! bye-ball (bi’bàl), n. In cricket, same as byl, 3.
wpon the by (see def.); due to byl, adv., in comp. Middleton and Dekker, Roaring Girl, i. 1 by-election (bi’é-lek'shgn), n. In Great Brit-
by-9. In sporting use commonly spelled bye.] 23. An illegitimate child. [Colloq. or vulgar..] 'ain, an election held to fill a vacancy in Parlia-
1. A thing not directly aimed at; something
not the immediate object of regard: as, by the
by (that is, by the way, in passing). —2. The by-book (bi’ bük), n.
condition of being odd, as opposed to even; the
state of having no competitor in a contest
where several are engaged in pairs. Thus, in
field trials of dogs, when the number of those entered for
competition in pairs is uneven, the odd contestant is said
to have a by.
3. Specifically, in golf, a hole or holes which
remain to be played in order to complete the
full round of the links, after the match origi-
nally agreed upon is finished. W. Park, Jr.—
4. In cricket, a run made on a ball not struck
by the batsman, but which the wicket-keeper
has failed to stop.–5. In the game of hide-
and-seek, the goal: as, to touch the by. [New
#º the by. (at) Same as in, on, or upon
the by. (b) By the way: introducing an incidental remark.
By the by, I hope ’tis not true that your brother is ab-
solutely ruined 7 Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.
In, on, or upon the byt, in passing; indirectly; by
implication.
It would beget
Me such a main authority on the bye,
And do yourself no disrepute at all.
B. Jomsom, Magnetick Lady, i. 1.
Speak modestly in mentioning my services;
And if aught fall out in the by, that must
Of mere necessity touch any act
Of my deserving praises, blush when you talk on 't.
eaw. and Fl., Laws of Candy, iii. 2.
The Synod of Dort condemneth upon the bye even the
discipline of the Church of England.
Quoted in Fuller's Church Hist., X. v. 1.
To steal a, by, in cricket, to make a run on a ball which
has not been batted, but which the wicket-keeper has
failed to stop.
He [the batsman] is never in his ground, except when
his wicket is down. Nothing in the whole game so trying
to boys; he has stolen three byes in the first ten minutes.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 8.
by2+. m. [ME, by, bi, KAS. by = Icel. bifr, bar, or
boer (gen. bajar, bjar) = Norw. bā = Sw. Dan.
by, a town, village, in Icel. and Norw. also a
farm, landed estate ; akin to AS. bā = OS. biſ.
= Icel. biſ = Sw. Dan. bo, a dwelling, habita-
tion, X Sc. bow (see bowº), K AS. bāam = Icel.
búa, dwell: see bower1, boor, big?, bel, and cf.
by-law.] A town; habitation; dwelling: now
extant only in place-names, especially in the
north of England, as in Derby (Anglo-Saxon
Deóra by, literally ‘dwelling of deer”), Whitby,
etc.
The township, the by of the Northern shires.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., I, 90.
by3+, n. [Another and more reg. form of bee?,
y ME. bye, by 3e, beighe, beg, beh, etc., K. A.S.
bedſh, bedg, a ring: see bee?..] A ring; a brace-
let.
A by of gold, adorning the right arm. Planché.
The natural brother of the king—a by-blow.
ment.
Massinger, Maid of Honour, i. i. by-end (bi'end), n. 1. A private end; a secret
A note- or memoran-
a subordinate book containing
jottings to be afterward extended in
um-book;
notes or
due form.
(Lord's day.) To my office, and there fell on entering,
out of a bye-book, part of my second journall-book, which
hath lay these two years and more unentered.
Pepys, Diary, II. 87.
by-business (bi"bizºnes), n. Business aside
rom the main business; something quite sec-
ondary or subordinate. Barrow.
by-by (bi' bi’), interj. [Also written bye-bye;
à childish or humorous variation of good-by,
q. v.] Good-by: a childish form of farewell,
sometimes used humorously by grown people.
Well, you are going to be in a passion, I See, and I shall
Only interrupt you—so, bye-bye.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 1.
bycauset, conj. An obsolete form of because.
by-cause (bi’kāz), n. [K by-3 + cause.] A sec-
Ondary cause.
I . . . Was One cause § by-cause) why the purse was
lost. B. Jomsom, Bartholomew Fair, iii. 1.
bycet, m. An obsolete form of bice.
byckornet, m. An obsolete form of bickerm.
bycockett (bi’kok-et), n. [Also variously
written abocock, abococked, abococket, abocked,
abocket, and aba-
cot, corrupted
forms due to
misreading or
misprinting of
bycocket, K late
º bycoket
(Halliwell), K
OF. bicoquet, a
|bycocket, a kind "
of cap (cf.
“biguoquet, the
beak of a la-
dies mourning
hood” — Cot-
grave), prob. K
bi- (L. bis), dou-
* * yº. i.
. COCK), a Sne
a boat. The ai. *ś;t-
lusion is to the tr
shape.] . A kind of hat worn during the four-
teenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, prob-
º by noble and wealthy persons only. It was
of the form called by heralds cap of maintenance, that
is, with the brim turned up either before or behind, and
with a long point or beak, or two such points, opposite.
Modern representations generally give it with the point
or points behind; but the more common form in the mid-
illustration.
byert, n.
###ellow (biºfeſ’ Ö), m. In English universities,
by-fellowship (biſfel/ö-ship), m.
bygg!, bygg”, etc.
#
& byke, n.
dle ages, seems to have had the point in front, as in the bykert, v. and n.
purpose or design.
To have other by-ends in good actions sours laudable
performances. 'r T. Browne, Christ. Mor., i. 10.
All persons that worship for fear, profit, or some other
by-end, fall within the intendment of this fable.
Sir R. L’Estrange.
2. An incidental or subsidiary aim or object.
Pamphleteer or journalist reading for an argument for
a party, or reading to write, or, at all events, for some by-
end imposed on them, must read meanly and fragmen-
tarily. Emerson, Universities.
An obsolete form of byre.
a name given to one who has been elected to
a by-fellowship; a fellow out of the regular
COuTS0. In some colleges a by-fellow, even when over
age, can be elected to a regular fellowship when a vacancy
OCCUITS.
In English
universities, a secondary or nominal fellowship.
There are some Bye-Fellowships, however, in the small
colleges whose value is merely nominal—some £5 or £6 a
year. C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 131, note.
See big1, big2, etc.
let, n. [ME., also bigirdle, bygyrdylle,
bigurdle, bigurdel, KAS. bigyrdel, bigirdel, big-
gyrdel (= MHG. bāgiirtel), K bi, bi, by, + gyrdel,
girdle: see byl and girdle, and cf. begird.]. A
purse hanging from the girdle or belt.
The bagges and the bigwrdeles, he hath to-broken hem alle,
That the Erlauarous helde. Piers Plowman (B), viii. 86.
bygone (biºgön), a. and n. [K byl, adv., + gone,
p. of go..] I. a. Past ; gone by : hence, out of
ate; antiquated: as, “thy bygone fooleries,”
Shak., W. T., iii. 2.
The Chancellor was a man who belonged to a bygone
World, a representative of a past age, of obsolete modes
of thinking. Macaulay, Sir W. Temple.
It is the test of excellence in any department of art,
that it can never be bygone.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 178.
II. m. What is gone by and past: as, that
is a bygone; let bygones be bygones; “let old
bygones be,” Tennyson, Princess, iv.
by-hour (bi'our), n. A leisure hour.
by-interest (bi'in’tér-est), n. Self-interest;
private advantage. Atterbury.
by-intimation (bi'in-ti-mâ"shgn), n. An inti-
mation, whether by speech, look, gesture, or
other means, so conveyed as to be unobserved
by those for whom it is not intended; an aside.
There Were no by-intimations to make the audience
fancy their own discernment so much greater than that of
the Moor. Lamb, Old Actors.
See bike.
An obsolete form of bickerl.
bylandt, n. [K by 1 + land.] A peninsula. Also
by4t, v. An obsolete spelling of buy.
byöf, v. i. An obsolete variant of bel.
by-1. 1+. An obsolete variant of bi-1, be-1 (un-
accented). See be-1.—2. The modern form of
bi-1, be-1, under the accent, as in byspell, byword,
etc.
by-2+. An obsolete variant of bi-2, be-2.
b. The adverb by1 used as a º This use
t appears in the sixteenth century, by- being a quasi-
by-common (bi-kom'gn), a. [K byl, prep., be-
yond, + common. Cf. by-ordinary..] More than
common; uncommon. [Scotch..]
by-concernment (bi’kgn-sérn 7 ment), n. A
subordinate or subsidiary affair. Dryden.
bycornet, n. An obsolete form of bickern.
ledged to be English.
Set rakes, crookes, adses, and bycormes º
And double bited axes for jºthornés Abp. Trench, Deficiencies in Eng. Dicts., p. 40.
Palladius, Husbondrie (É. E.T.'s.), p. 42, bylander, n. See bilander.
spelled biland.
If I find various devices resorted to by writers at the
beginning of that same century to express a tract of land
almost surrounded by sea, so that they employ “biland,”
“demi-isle,” “demi-island,” I am able, without much hesi-
i. to affirm that “peninsula” was not yet acknow-

* by-lane
By-lane (biºlân), n., A. private lane, or one
orming a º: Burton.
by-law (bi’lā), n. [Formerly explained and now
generally accepted as made up of byl (by-3
and lawl, as if “a subordinate or secondary
law,” but in fact the elements are by?, a town,
+"lawi, after pan. bylov, municipal law (cf.
Dan. bilov, an amendment to a law, developed
from bylov, but now regarded as º, K bi- (=
G. Wei...ºf + E. lawl), - Sw, bylag,
the commonalty of a village, the older form
lbeing Sc. and North. E. tyrian, also written
burlaw, birlaw, in comp. even birley, barley,
K. late ME., byre law, “agraria, plebiscitum.”
(Cath. Anglicum) (ML. birelegia, birlegia, bi-
lagas, bilagines, bellagines, pl.; hence prob, bil-
idgeſ, q.v.), prop. town-law (see byrlaw), K. Icel.
bajar-lóg, town-law (cf. bajar-lógmadhr, a town-
justice, ‘byrlaw-man'), Kºbjījar, bajar, gen. of
3. bar, or baer (= Norw. bā = Sw, Dan. by
AS. by: see by?), a town, + lög. = Norw. log =
Sw. lag = Dan. lov, law: see by?, n., and lawl.]
1+. A local law; a law made by a municipality
or by a rural community for the regulation of
affairs within its authority; an ordinance.
In the shires where the Danes acquired a firm foothold,
the township was often called a “by”; and it had the
ower of enacting its own “by-laws” or town-laws, as New
land townships have to-day.
J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 46.
Hence—2. A standing rule of a legislative
body, a corporation, or a society, made for the
I’0 tion of its internal organization and con-
duct, and distinguished from a provision of its
constitution in being more particular and more
readily altered.
by-lead (biºléd), n. Same as by-wash.
by-legislation (biºlej-is-lä"shgn), n. Legisla-
tion on subordinate or secondary matters; by-
laws, or the making of by-laws.
The Friendly Societies Act . . . gives power of by-legis-
lation, on specified matters, such as terms of admission,
8.
istration, enforcement of rules, &c., all which has
only to be certified by a Crown registrar.
- Contemporary Rev., XLIX. 231.
bylevet, v. Same as beleave. Chaucer.
tº-matter (biºmat/ēr), n. Something beside
the principal matter; something incidental.
I knew one that, when he wrote a letter, would put
that which was most material into the postscript, as if it
had been a by-matter. Bacon, Cunning.
by-motive (bi’mö%tiv), n. 1. A private, hid-
en, or selfish motive.
The certainty of rousing an unanimous impulse, if not
always of counterworking sinister by-motives among their
audience. Grote, Hist. Greece, I. 320.
2. A secondary motive.
by-name (bi'nām), n. [K ME. by name (= OHG.
binamo, G. biname, G. beiname, a cognomen,
surname); K by1 + name.] 1+. A secondary
name; an epithet.
Suffisaunce, power, noblesse, reverence and gladnesse
ben only dyverse by names, but hir substance hath no di-
versite. Čhaucer, Boëthius, iii., prose 9.
2. A nickname.
A personal by-name given him on account of his stature.
Bp. Lowth, Life of Wykeham.
3. A pseudonym; a nom-de-plume. [Obsolete
and Scotch.T
by-name? (bi'nām), v. t.
give a nickname to.
Sir Henry Percy, . . . by-named Hotspurre, who had the
leading of the English. Holland, tr. of Camden, p. 803.
bynet, n., [K Gr. 36mm, malt.] Malt.
bynni (bin’i), n. [Prob. native..] A fish of
the family Cyprimida, Barbus bymni, related to
the barbel of Europe. It is a highly esteemed
fish of the Nile.
by-ordinary, by-ordinar (bi’ôr'di-nā-ri, -nār),
a. [K byl, prep., beyond, H- ordinary, ordinar,
ordinary. Cf. by-common.] More than ordi-
nary. [Scotch.]
byou, n. [E. dial. ; origin obscure.] A quins.y.
[North. Eng.]
byous (biºus), a. [Also written, improp., bias;
appar. K by 1, prep., beyond, over and above,
-F-ows.] Extraordinary; remarkable: as, by-
ows weather. [Scotch.]
byous (biºus), adv., [K byows, a.] Extraordi-
marily; uncommonly; very: as, byous hungry.
[Scotch.j
byously (biºus-li), adv. [K byous, a., + -ly?..]
*Same as byous.
by-pass (biſpås), n. An extra gas-pipe passing
around a valve or gas-chamber, used to pre-
vent a complete stoppage of the flow of gas
when the valve or chamber is closed. It is used
with pilot-lights. The pilot-light supplied by the by-pass
pipe fights the main burners when the supply is turned on.
mº
[K by-name, n.] To
743
jºr
by-pass º w. t. [K by-pass, n.] To fur-
nish with a by-pass.
'I next by-passed the outlet valve with a one inch
Sci. Amer. Supp., XXII
by-passage (biºpas’āj), n. A private or retired
passage; a byway.
pipe.
. 9099.
by-passer (biſpås'ér), n. A passer-by. Latham. byrlaw-gourt (bir’lā-kört), n.
by-past (biſpäst), a. Past; gone by: as, “by-
past perils,” Sháh. , Lover's Complaint, l. 158.
by-path (biſpäth), n. A byway; a private
path; an indirect course or means.
By-paths and indirect crook'd ";
* Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
bººpſ (biſpép), v. i. To look or glance aside.
by-place. (bi'pläs), n. A retired place, spot,
or situation.
by-play (biſplay, n. 1. In a play, action carried
on aside, and commonly in dumb show, while
the main action proceeds; action not intended
to be observed by some of the persons present.
“Will you allow me to ask you, sir,” he said, address-
ing Mr. Pickwick, who was considerably mystified by this
very unpolite by-play, “whether that person belongs to
your party?” Dickens, Pickwick, I. iii.
2. A diversion; something apart from the main
purpose.
Is he using the alternative as a by-play in argument,
without any consideration of its merit or possibility?
Bushnell, Forgiveness and Law, p. 32.
by-plot (bi'plot), n. A subsidiary plot in a
play or novel.
The minor characters and bye-plot, too, giving the story
of a religious scepticism. The Spectator, No. 3035, p. 1158.
by-product (biºprod/ukt), n. A secondary or
additional product; something produced, as in
the course of a process or manufacture, in ad-
dition to the principal product or material: as,
wood-tar is obtained as a by-product in the de-
structive distillation of wood for the manufac-
ture of wood-vinegar or wood-spirit.
It is constantly the case that the bye-products of a com-
plex industry are found to be the sole source of business
profits. Encyc. Brit., IX. 756.
by-purpose (bi’ pér” pus), n. An indirect or
concealed purpose or design.
Byrami, n. An obsolete spelling of Bairam.
byre (bir), n. [Sc., one of the many different
applications of the Scand. form of E. bowerl,
orig. a dwelling, AS. bār, a dwelling, = Icel.
bûr, a pantry, = Sw. bur, a cage, Sw, dial. bur,
a house, cottage, pantry, granary, = Dan. bur, a
cage: see bowerl, and cf. bowº.] A cow-house.
Adjoining the house [of a Mennonite] are the stable and
byre, which would not disgrace a model farm in Germany
or England. D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 372.
Field and garner, barn and byre,
Are blazing through the night.
Whittier, At Port Royal.
by-report (bi’ré-pört"), n. A side report or
statement.
But when the cause it selfe must be decreed,
Himselfe in person, in his proper Court,
To grave and solemne hearing doth proceed,
Of every proofe and every by-report. -
Sir J. Davies, Nosce Teipsum (1599).
by-respect? (biºré-spekt"), n. A consideration
or thought aside from the main one; hence, a
private end or purpose.
Augustus . . . had some by-respects in the enacting of
this law. Dryden.
byrl, v. See birll.
byrladyż, interj. A contraction of by our lady,
that is, by the Virgin Mº. Usually written
by’r lady. Compare marry?.
Byrlady, no misery surmounts a woman's.
Middleton, Women Beware
byrlakin, interj. A contraction of by our lady-
in ; a diminutive of byrlady.
Mis. W.-Cam. Married To whom?
P(ma. To a French hood, byrlakins, as I understand.
Middleton, Anything for a Quiet Life, iv. 2.
byrlaw (bir’lā), n. [Also written burlaw, bir-
law, birelaw, in comp. even birley, barley, etc.:
see by-law.] 1. A certain system of popular
jurisprudence formerly prevailing in northern
England and Scotland. It is described by Sir John
Skene, writing in 1597, when the system was in force, as
follows: “Laws of Byrlaw ar maid and determined be
consent of neichtbors, elected and chosen be common con-
sent, in the courts called the Byrlaw cowrts, in the quhilk
cognition is taken of complaintes betuixt neichtbor and
neichtbor. The quhilk men so chosen as judges and arbi-
trators to the effect foresaid, are commonly called Byr-
lawmen.”
2. A district within which the system prevails.
[North. Eng.]
Women, i. 2.
bysse

The existence in any district or parish of the birelaw is
an incontestable proof of Danish occupation. The par-
ishes of Sheffield, Ecclesfield, Bradfield, and Rotherham
were and are divided into birelands, but it is to be remarked
that these divisions are not to be found on the Derbyshire
Side of the Sheaf. N. and Q., 7th ser., II. 382.
3. A parish meeting. [Prov. Eng. (Yorkshire).]
[Also written
birley-, barley-court; K byrlaw -- court.] The
court in which the byrlaw was administered.
[Scotch..] See byrlaw.
byrlaw-man (bir’lā-man), n. [Also written
birlaw-, birley-, barley-man; K byrlaw -H man;
cf. Icel. bajar-lógmadhr, a town-justice.] 1.
A judge or arbitrator in the byrlaw-court.
[Scotch..]–2. An arbiter; an oversman; an
umpire; a thirdsman. [The modern use of the
word.]
byrnet, m. See byrnie.
byrnieł, n. [ME., also brunie, breny, brini, etc.,
earlier burne, K. A.S. byrne, a corselet, a coat of
mail, - ÖHć. brunna, brunja, MHG. G. briinne
= Icel. brynja = Sw. brynja = Dan. brynje =
Goth. brunjo, hence ML. brunia, bronia, Pr.
bronha, OF. brunie, broigne, etc.: see broigne.
Of uncertain origin; cf. OBulg. bronja, corselet;
OIr. bruinn, breast.] Same as broigme.
byrniedt, p. a. [ME. brunyed, brenyed, etc.; K
byrnie -F -ed?..] Armed with a corselet or coat
of mail.
I salle to batelle the brynge, of brenyede knyghtes
Thyrtty thosaunde be tale, thryftye in armes.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), I. 316.
by-road (bi’röd), n. 1. A side-road; a cross-
road; a road different from the usual or main
highway.—2. A private or secret way; a pri-
3. means to an end: as, “slippery by-roads,”
wift.
Byronic (bi-ron'ik), a. Possessing the charac-
teristics of Byron, the poet, or of his poetry:
as, a Byronic poem.
La Coupe et les Lèvres (by Alfred de Musset), a Byronic
poem in dramatic form. N. A. Rev., CXXVII. 293.
Byronism (biºrgn-izm), n. The characteristics
of Byron's thought, temper, poetic style, etc.
by-room (biºróm), n. An adjoining room or
apartment; a side room.
Stand in some by-room.
byrrhid (bir’id), m. A beetle of the family
Byrrhidae.
Byrrhidae (bir’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Byrrhus +
-idae.] A family of clavicorn Coleoptera, typi-
fied by the genus Byrrhus.
Byrrhus (bir’us), n. [NL.] The typical genus
of the family Byrrhidae, called pill-beetles from
their rounded bodies, and from the way in which
they pack their legs out of sight when they are
alarmed, simulating death and presenting the
appearance of a pill. B. pilula is a typical ex-
ample. See cut under pill-beetle.
byrsopid (bér'sé-pid), m. A beetle of the fam-
ily Byrsopidae.
Byrºpid. (běr-sop’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Byr-
sops + -idae.] A family of rhynchophorous Co-
leoptera, or beetles, with the elytra provided
with a strong fold on the inner face, pygidium
of male divided, tarsi setose, gular margin ele-
wated, and prosternum elevated.
Byrsops (bèr’sops), n. [K Gr. 3ipoa, a skin, hide
(see purse), + dip (67-), face, eye.] A genus of
weevils, typical of the family Byrsopidae.
byst, byset, n. Obsolete forms of bice.
bysidef, bysidest. Obsolete forms of beside,
besides.
by-sitter (biºsit/ēr), n. One sitting near.
The blind by-sitter guesseth not
What shadow haunts that vacant spot.
Whittier, The Meeting.
by-speech (bi’spéch), n. An incidental or cas-
ual speech not directly relating to the point:
as, “to quote by-Speeches,” Hooker.
byspellf (biºspel), m. [K ME. bispel, a proverb,
a parable, KAS. bispell, bigspell, a proverb,
parable, example, story (= M.D. bijspel = MHG.
bispel, bispil, a proverb, parable, G. beispiel, an
example), K bi-, by, + spell, a story: see spelll,
and cf. gospel.] A proverb. Coles, 1717. Also
spelled byspel.
byssf, v. i. [See buzz.] To buzz; hum. -
byssaceous (bi-sā’ shius), a. [K L. as if “bys-
saceus, K byssus; see byssus.] Resembling a
byssus; consisting of fine silky filaments; re-
sembling cobwebs.
byssal (bis'al), a. [K byssus + -al.] Of or per-
taining to the byssus of a mollusk: as, byssal
threads; byssal attachment.
bysset, n. [K byssus.] A kind of fine cloth.
ee byssus, 1.

Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.

byssi
byssi, n. Plural of byssus.
byssifer (bisſi-fer), n. One of the Byssifera.
Byssifera (bi-sifº-râ), m.pl... [NL., neuf. pl. of
byssifer: see byssiferous...] A family of bivalve
mollusks, characterized by the secretion of a
byssus, by means of which they attach them-
selves to foreign substances.
Lamarck (F. byssiferes) in 1809 for the genera Pedwm,
Lima, Pinna, Mytilus, Modiola, Crematula, Perma, Mal-
Čews, and Avicula, now distributed among different fami-
lies; but it was later renounced and its genera referred by
him to the families Mytilacea, Malleacea, and Pectenides.
It was restricted by Goldfuss (1820) to Mallews, Vulsella,
and Perma, and is now synonymous with Malleacea.
byiſºu. (bi-sif'e-rus), a. [K NL. byssifer,
L, byssus (see byssus) + ferre = E. º
Producing or bearing a byssus. -
tºº, byssine (bis’in), a. [K L. byssinus, K
. 3000twog, K Biogog, byssus.] Made of bys-
Sus; having a silky or flax-like appearance.
Coles, 1717. •
byssogenous (bi-soj'e-nus), a. [K byssus + -ge-
º Secreting or producing the byssus: as,
the byssogenous gland.
Lamellibranchs generally exhibit more or less well-
marked traces of this byssogenous apparatus.
T. Gill, Smithsonian Report, 1885, p. 777.
byssoid (bis’oid), a. [K Gr. 30aoog, byssus, +
eiðoç, form.] Having the appearance of byssi;
in bot., byssaceous.
byssolite (bis' 3-lit), n. [K Gr. 30000g, byssus,
+ Affog, stone..] An olive-green variety of ac-
tinolite, in long, fine, capillary crystals, from
St. Gotthard, Tyrol, and from Dauphiné. Also
+called amiantus.
byssus (bis’us), m.; pl. byssi (-i). [L., K. Gr.
º: (see def. 1). Of Oriental origin; cf. Heb.
ilt2..] 1. Among the ancients,
originally, a fine yellowish flax,
especially Indian and Egyptian,
and the linen made from it, such
as the Egyptian mummy-cloth;
afterward, also, cotton and silk
(the latter, before its origin was
known, being taken for a kind
of cotton).-2. One of the byssi,
a name formerly given by bota-
nists to a heterogeneous collec-
tion of filamentous cryptogamic
plants.-3. In conch., a long, del-
icate, lustrous, and silky bunch
of filaments, secreted by the foot,
and serving as a means of attachment to other
objects. It is developed in various dissimilar bivalve
mollusks, especially by species of the families Mytilidae,
Pinnidae, Aviculidae, Limidae, Arcidae, Tridacnidae, etc.
That of the Pimma is capable of being woven. See Pimma,
and also cuts under Dreissemidoe and Tridacnidae.
bystander (bi'stan"dēr), m. 1. One who stands
near; a spectator; a chance looker-on; hence,
one who has no concern with the business being
transacted.—2. One of the highest order of
gº. in the discipline of the early church.
ee ComSistentes.
by-street (biºstrét), m. A separate, private, or
obscure street; a lane or byway.
To avoid reproach,
He seeks by-streets, and saves the expensive coach.
ay, Trivia, ii. 280.
They roam together now, and wind among
Its by-streets, knocking at the dusty inns.
D. G. Rossetti, Sonnets, xliii.
by-stroke (biºströk), m. An incidental or sly
stroke; a side-blow; a ruse.
by-talk (biºtăk), n. 1. Gossip; scandal.—2.
subject of gossiping conversation; a byword.
Thou suddenly becam'st the by-talke of neighbours.
Dekker, Seven Deadly Sins, Ind., p. 8.
by-term (bi’tèrm), m. An irregular term or
time; a term, as of a school, in which some-
thing is done out of its regular course. Thus,
in Cambridge University, England, to go out in
a by-term is to take a B. A. degree at a time
other than January.
Bythites (bi-thi’téz), m.
deep-sea animal, K. Bifflog, the deep.] A genus
of brotuloid fishes, typical of the subfamily By-
thitimae.
Bythitinae (bith-i-ti'né), m. pl. . [NL., K Bythi-
tes + -ina, J A subfamily of brotuloid fishes.
Pzzt?t a fabez/14772.
&, BySSuS.
It was instituted by :
[NL., & Gr. 600itic, a
744
º; by the genus Bythites. The head is large
80.
wide, the vertical fins are united, and the ventrals re-
duced to simple filaments composed of two rays each.
by-time (biºtim), n. Odd time; an interval of
leisure. [Scotch.]
bytimet, prep. phr. as adv. See betime.
bytouret, n. A Middle English form of bittern 1.
bytownite (biºtoun-it), m. [K Bytown (see def.)
+ -ite?..] A kind of feldspar from Bytown
(now Ottawa), Canada, intermediate between
anorthite and labradorite.
Byttneriaceae (bit/né-ri-ā'sé-É), m. pl. ... [NL.,
Byttneria, a genus named from the German
botanist D. S. A. Büttner (1724–68), + -aceae.]
A name given by A. P. de Candolle in 1824 to
the family Sterculiaceae (which see).
cal genus, Byttneria, consists of about 50 spe-
cies of tropical or subtropical herbs or climb-
ing shrubs.
by-turning (bi’tèr’ning), m.
leading off the main road.
The many by-turnings that may divert you from your
way. Sir P. Sidney, Defence of Poesy.
by-view (biºvii), n. Private view; self-inter-
ested purpose.
No by-views of his own shall mislead him.
Atterbury, Sermons, II. iii,
by-walk (biºwák), n. A secluded or private
walk. Dryden.
by-walker (biºwá'kér), n. One who walks by
or aside; one who is not straightforward; a
deceitful person.
I have ript the matter now to the pill, and have told
you of plain walkers, and of by-walkers.
Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
by-wash (bi'wosh), n. A channel cut to con-
vey the surplus water from a reservoir or an
* and prevent overflow. Also called
J-lead.
bywater (bi’wā-têr), a. Among diamond-deal-
ers, showing a tinge of yellow; off color: ap-
plied to diamonds.
byway (biºwá), n. A by-road; a secluded, pri-
vate, or obscure way; an out-of-the-way path
or course: as, highways and byways. l
Next he showed them the two by-ways, that were at the
foot of the hill, where Formality and Hypocrisy lost them-
selves. Bwmyam, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 264.
A vast and tangled maze, the byways of which our plan
does not allow us to enter.
Whewell, Hist. Scientific Ideas, ii.
-by-west+ (bi-west’), prep. [K ME. bi weste, K
AS. be westan, an adverbial phrase, at or in the
west: be, prep., by ; westan, adv., west, from
the west. Cf. benoºth, besowth, etc.] Westward
from; to the west of. [Obsolete or provincial.]
Whereupon grew that by-word used by the Irish, that
they dwelt by-west the law which dwelt beyond the river
of the Barrow. Sir J. Davies, State of Ireland.
by-wipet (bi’wip), n. A secret stroke or sar-
Ca,SDOl.
Wherefore should you begin with the Devil's name des-
canting upon the number of your opponents? wherefore
that conceit of Legion with a by-wipe?
Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst., Pref.
byword (biºwérd), n. [K ME. byworde, K AS.
bīword (= OS. biwurti = OHG. biwort, also bi-
wurti, MHG. biwort), a proverb, K bi-, by, +
word, word. Cf. byspell.] 1. A word or phrase
used proverbially; especially, a saying used in
mockery or disparagement; a satirical or con-
temptuous proverb.
A wise man that had it for a by-word. Bacon.
I agree with him fully in the last, and if I were forced
to allow the first, I should still think, with our old coarse
byword, that the same power which furnished all their
restorateurs sent also their present cooks.
Burke, A Regicide Peace.
[See also extract under by-west.]
Hence—2. An object of general reproach or
condemnation; a common subject of derision
or opprobrium.
I will make it [this house] to be a proverb and a byword
among all peoples. 2 Chron, vii. 20.
And bashful Henry, whose cowardice
Hath made us bywords to our enemies.
Shak, 3 Hen, WI, i. 1.
A byway; a road
The typi-.
Byzantinism
Has he all that the world loves and admires and covets?
. . . he must cast behind him their admiration, . . . . and
become a byword and a hissing. Emerson, Compensation.
=Syn, 1. Aactom, Maasim, etc. See aphorism.
yzant (biz'ant or bi-Zant'), m. Same as be-
2ant, 1.
In Anglo-Saxon times gold byzants from Byzantium were
used in England.
Jevons, Money and Mech. of Exchange, p. 97.
Byzantian (bi-zan'shian), a. [K Byzanti-um +
*-an.] ... Same as Byzantine, e
Byzantine (biz'an-tin or bi-zan’tin), a. and n.
[K LL. By2antinus (also Byzantiacus, L. Byzan-
tius, Gr. Buſayrakóg, Buſávttoc), KByzantium, KGr.
Buſávrtov, said to have been named after Böğaç
(Bugavr-), its reputed founder.] ...I. a. Pertain-
ing to Byzantium, or Constantinople, an an-
cient city of Thrace, situated on the Bosporus,
which became the capital of the Byzantine or
Eastern empire, or to the empire itself. By-
zantium was founded by a Greek colony in the Seventh
century B. C., but was of no great importance until A. D.
330, when the emperor Constantime the Great made it
his capital, and changed its name to Constantinople, af-
ter himself.-Byzantine architecture, a style of archi-
tecture developed from the classical under the Byzantine
empire during the fourth and fifth centuries. A. D., and,
under various modifications, used till the final conquest of
jiàº.
º-
--- sº
S-ºv.” 3 ºre- “.
* * -
Byzantine Architecture.— Church of St. Theodore, Athens.
that empire by the Turks in A. D. 1453. It spread so widely
that its influence even in Italy did not wholly decline be-
fore the fifteenth century, and it may be considered as
surviving still in Russian architecture, and in a less marked
degree in other eastern lands. An almost universal fea-
ture of the style, in buildings of any pretension, is the in:
crustation of brick or rough stonework with more precious
materials; large spaces are left void of bold architectural
features, to be rendered in-
teresting merely by surface
ornament of polished mar-
bles presenting natural
beauty of hue, or of sculp-
ture in very low relief, and
confined in the main to
vegetable or geometrical
designs of clearly cut out-
line. The style depends
much on color for its ef-
fect, and mosaics wrought
on grounds of gold or of
positive color are profusely
introduced. The leading
forms which characterize
the Byzantine style are the
round arch, the circle, the
cross, and the dome Sup-
ported upon pendentives.
The capitals of the pillars
are of endless variety, and
full of invention. While
some are plainly founded
on the Greek Corinthian,
many resemble those of early round-arched western archi-
tecture; and so varied is their decoration that frequently
no two sides of the same capital are alike. The ancient
basilica of St. Sophia, in Constantinople, and the church
of St. Mark, in Venice, are classical examples of Byzan-
tine architecture. —Byzantine historians, a series of
historians and chroniclers of the affairs of the Byzantine
empire, scattered through the whole period of its exis-
tence. They are our only source of knowledge of Byzan-
tine history. Their works have been several times printed
complete in the original Greek, the latest edition being by
Niebuhr and others, in 48 volumes. &
II. m. 1. A native or an inhabitant of By-
zantium. See I.-2. [l. c.] Same as bezant, 1.
Byzantinism (biz’ an- or bi-zan' tin-izm), n.
[K Byzantine + -ism..] The spirit, principles,
and methods of the Byzantines, especially with
reference to literature and art; the manifesta-
tion of Byzantine characteristics.
Byzantimism . . .
conventional rules.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, Int., p. i.
Byzantine Capital.
Church of San Vitale, Ravenna.
regulated all forms of art by strictly












SUPPLEMENT
§§
%:
ºil, 2 (a). In music, the A
#|| next above middle C has
(at French pitch)435 vibra-
tions per second. In medie-
val music, the final of the
AEolian and hypoabolian
modes. (g) In chem., the
symbol for argon.—3. Also
an abbreviation of ampere
and of *A-level (which see).
ôa, which stands for ana,
AA., A.A.
[Prop.
Gr, àvá, used in sense of ‘throughout,’ that is,
“of each one.’] In recipes, an abbreviation
equivalent, when used after the names of sev-
eral ingredients, to ‘of each one take.’
A, 3, (3). A Swedish letter representing an
original long a (ä), now sounded as English
long open o in form or a in fall.
a-a (ā'ā), n. [Hawaiian.] A form of cooled
lava-stream of which the surface consists of
jagged and irregular blocks. The blocks represent
the chilled and solidified crust of a molten mass, and were
formed during a pause. When the onward movement
was resumed the frozen cakes were piled one upon an-
other. Contrasted with pahoehoe, which refers to smooth
or fluted surfaces. Both words are of Hawaiian origin,
but are occasionally used in English writings on volca-
moes. C. E. Dutton, Ann. Rep. Director U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey 1884, p. 95. .
Aachenian (ā-ké'mi-an), a. and n. [G. Aachen
(F, Aix-la-Chapelle) + -ian.] In stratigraphy,
noting formations underlying the Chalkin Bel-
gium; now known as *Bernissartian (which see).
A. A. G. An abbreviation of Assistant Adjutant-
General.
aal, n. See *all.
Aalenian (à-lé'mi-an), a. and n. [G. Aalen in
Würtemberg.] . In stratigraphy, noting Eu-
ropean subdivision of the Lower Oölite beds of
the Jurassic.
aalii (ā’ā-lé’é), m. . [Hawaiian; Kaa (= Maori
aka, etc.), roots, F, lii (= Maori riki), small.]
In Hawaii, a small tree, Dodoma’a viscosa, 12 to
25 feet high. It is one of the commonest trees of that
region and is found Qn all the islands. It also occurs in
tropical America, New Zealand, and Australia, and on
probably all of the volcanic island groups of Polynesia.
It is valued for its hard-grained, dark wood. Called apiri
in Tahiti. .. e
aannerödite, n. See *annerödite.
aback", adv. All aback (naut.), said of sails when
they are all flattened against the masts by the wind act-
ing on them from in front. —All aback forward (mawt.),
said of the square sails on the foremast when the wind
coming from ahead has laid the sails against the mast.—
Flat aback (mawt.), said of Sails when the wind is nearly
at a right angle to them, so that they are neither bellied
forward nor pressed against the mast, but just fluttering
or lifting.
Abacola (a-bak'é-lä), n. [NL.; origin not ob-
vious.] The typical genus of the family Aba-
colidae. Edwards, 1891.
Abacolidae (ab-a-kol’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KAbac-
ola + -idae.]. A family of parasitic copepod
crustaceans found in holothurians. They have
simple mouth-parts adapted for º and 5-jointed
antennae. The typical genus is Abacola.
abadejo (à-bā-dā’hô), m. [Sp., a codfish, poor-
jack, - Pg. abadejo, badejo : origin uncertain.]
A Cuban name for the scamp Mycteroperca fal-
cata, a large species of grouper.
abandond, p.a. A simplified spelling of aban- Abbe's focimeter, marine nephoscope.
doned.
abarticular (ab-ār-tik’ī-lär), a. [ab- + articu-
lar.
—Abarticular gout. See kgout 1.
})\
jº
gº º
&Sºčğ
THE
URY DICTIONARY
SUPPLEMENT
*~~
N
C
zºº 2^
abasia (8-bāsi-á), n. [NL., & Gr, “flacia (cf.
affaroc, hot trodden), Kä- priv. 4- 8áoic, step-
ping: see basis.] In med., inability to walk,
through defect of muscular action, not neces-
sarily paralysis or incoördination.
a basic (a-bä'sik), a. . [abasia + -ic.] Of, per-
taining to, or affected with abasia.
abask (a-bäsk’), adv. [K ač -- bask, v.] Bask-
ing; bathed in sunlight or genial warmth. J.
M. Neale.
abastardi (a-bas’ tard), v.t. [OF. abastardir, to
Stigmatize as bastard or degenerate.] To bas-
tardize; render spurious or corrupt; debase.
Donne, Pseudo-Martyr, p. 226. N. E. D.
abaton (ab'a-ton), m.; pl. abata (-tä). [NL.,
K. Gr. 66arov, prop. neut. of &garog, not to be
trodden, K &-priv. -- 3aróg K 3aivetv, go, walk,
step.] Å place
sacred from
common entry;
a shrine. Same
as adytum.
abat-son(a-bä'-
sofi), m. [F., K
abattre, throw
down (see
abate), + son,
sound..] A de-
vice for throw-
ing downward
sound, as that
of a bell.
Abattoir scales,
scales adapted to
the rapid weigh-
ing of dressed
meat in markets,
a battoirs, and
cold-storage ware-
houses. The meat,
suspended from hooks attached to a trolley traveling on a
telpherage system, or overhead track, is run upon a short
section of track which forms the weighing-platform of the
scales. The lev-
er system may ºs
be above the sº § Nº.
Abattoir Scales.
track, with the *
weighing - Sec -
tion suspended
from the lev-
ers, and the º
weighing-beam ºf N
may be below *
at a convenient
distance from
the floor. A
single trolley
with its load
may be
weighed, or as many as the weighing-section of track
will hold may be weighed together. Another form of
scale employs a trolley for weighing materials in transit,
with a scale-beam attached directly to the trolley and
traveling with it. This is called a trolley-scale.
abaxile, a. 2. In bot., turned away from the
axis: said of lateral organs.
abbadia (a-bä-dé’ā), n. [It. : see abbacy..] An
abbey or, in Italian architecture, more often an
abbey church. Also badia.
abbasi, n. 3. A current, subsidiary coin of
*ºnistan, equivalent to 2 samars or 101*;
CeIOUS.
Abbe-Fizeau dilatometer. See ...”g.
66
Trolley-scale.
Not affecting the joints; not articular, abbreviation, n., 4. other marks of abbreviation
*focimeter, ºnephoscope.
Abbreviated numbers. See *number.
are: (1) One indicating that a rest is to extend for several
ºś
§§§
Sº |
jºs ſ
º Z
ſ iº
ſº
6 Sº/\sº
|
measures, and consisting either of a general character in
the staff with a figure above, or simply of a figure in the
staff denoting the intended number of measures, thus:
10 [. [ l
====E * E=º-3
§ Various horizontal dashes, lines, rows of dots, etc., in-
icating that the force of some preceding character is to
continue as far as the dashes, lines, or dots extend, thus:
abciss (ab'sis), n.
abcoulomb (ab'kö-lom"), n. [abſsolute) + cont-
7. abduction, n.
Abe Lincoln
aberglaube (ā’ber-glou’be), n. [G. aberglaube,
tr. . . . . . . . . . . .
TI L. ==L L.
H=HEE or EEE or E5–zº–H–E
6 – 7 — Ped.—
5 4 4 3
Same as *complement, 8.
lomb.] A name proposed for the c. g. s. elec-
tromagnetic unit of electrical quantity; 10 cou-
lombs. Also abscoulomb.
Abdominal brain, the solar plexus (which see, under
pleasus).-Abdominal ganglion, the semilunar ganglion
(which see, under gamgliom).- Abdominal gestation,
gestation occurring outside of the uterus.--Abdominal
mat, a padded framework, with a stretcher for the feet,
used in gymnasiums for exercising the abdominal mus-
cles.—Abdominal phthisis, tuberculosis of the perito-
neum, mesenteric glands, or mucous coat of the intestine.
— Abdominal pregnancy, Same as *abdominal gestu-
tion.— Abdominal stalk, in embryol., the tube of me: 0–
blast which envelops the stem of the allantois in the
young human and mammalian embryo. — Abdominal
SWeetbread, the pancreas. See sweetbread.
abdominalian (ab-dom-i-nā‘li-an), a. [Abdom-
inales + -ian.] Pertaining to or having the
characteristics of the Abdominales.
abdominothoracic (ab-dom’i-nó-thé-ras'ik), a.
Relating to both the abdomen and the thorax.
abdominovesical (ab-dom"i-nó-ves’i-kal), (t.
Relating to the abdominal wall and to the
urinary bladder.—Abdominovesical pouch, the
concave surface of the peritoneum where it is deflected
from the anterior abdominal wall to the distended blad-
der.
Abducens muscle, the external rectus muscle of the
eyeball.– Abducens nucleus, the center in the me-
dulla oblongata from which the abducens nerve seems to
take its origin. *
3. In the logical system of C.
S. Peirce, reasoning from consequent to ante-
cedent; the acceptance on probation (or more
absolutely) of a hypothesis to explain observed
facts; the deriving of a suggestion from obser-
Vation.—Formal abduction, a logical process which
has the form of abduction but does not involve any posi-
tive assertion, and is not, therefore, like positive abduc-
tion, subject to error. Such is the process of adopting a
new word and that of forming an abstraction.
Abelicea (ab-e-lis ( ; -á). n. [NL. (Rafinesque,
1836), K. Gr. &Te2fRea, the name of the Cretan
species.] A genus of dicotyledonous plants of
the family Ulmaceae. See Zelkova.
bug. See *bug2.
for “oberglaube, iiberglaube, D. overgeloof,
“over-belief.” The first element simulates aber,
but..] Belief beyond what is justified by ex-
perience and knowledge. See the extract.
Our word ‘superstition had by its derivation this
same meaning, but it has come to be used in a merely
bad sense, and to mean a childish and craven religiosity.
With the German word it is not so ; therefore Goethe can
say with propriety and truth: ‘Aberglaube is the poetry
of life.' . . . . Extra-belief, that which we hope, augur,
imagine, is the poetry of life.
M. Arnold, Lit. and Dogma, p. 87.
Aberrant duct of the liver, a bile-duct unconnected
with the other portions of the biliary apparatus.

























aberrate
aberrate, v.i. 2. In optics, to refract, as a lens,
in such a mannex that rays varying in wave-
length or passing through different zones will
have different foci. See aberration, 4. Dolland.
[Rare.]
Aberration constant. See constant of aberration, under
constant.—Lateral aberration, in the theory of lenses,
the product of the spherical aberration and the relative
aperture of the lens; the radius of the circle formed
by rays passing through the edge of a lens and falling
upon a Screen placed at the focal point.—Lateral
Spherical aberration. Same as circle of aberration.—
Longitudinal aberration, in the theory of lenses, the
distance between the points in which rays passing
through the central zone and the edges of the lens, re-
spectively, cut the axis; spherical aberration.—Nega-
tive spherical aberration, in optics, spherical aberra-
tion in a divergent lens, where the focal length of the
outer zones is greater than that of the center of the lens.
— Positive spherical aberration, in optics, spherical
aberration of a convergent lens, where the focal length
i. the outer zones is less than that of the center of the
€llS.
Aberrational ellipse. See *ellipse.
aberrometer (ab-e-rom'e-tér), n. [Irreg. K L.
aberrare, aberrate, + Gr. Auérpov, measure.]
An instrument for measuring deviations or er-
rors in delicate experiments or observations.
G. E. Davis, Pract. Microscopy, p. 183.
abevacuation, n. 2. Evacuation through an
abnormal channel.
abfarad (ab'far’ad), m. [ab(solute) + farad.]
A name proposed for the c. g. s. unit of elec-
trical capacity; 1 × 10-9 farads or 1 × 10-15
microfarads.
abhenry (ab'hen"ri), m. [ab(solute) + henry.]
A name proposed for the c. g. s. electromag-
netic unit of inductance; 1 × 10−9 henrys.
Abhidharma (ab-i-dér’ mä), n. [Skt. abhi-
dharma, Kabhi, near, to, + dharma, order, rule,
precept.] The Buddhistic philosophy.
abia (ā’bià), m. A Polish silver coin of the
value of one shilling sterling or twenty-five
CentS.
abidal (a-bi'dal), m. [abidel, v. i., + -al.]
Abiding-place ; abode. N. E. D.
abidi (ä-bi-dé’), n. [E. Ind.] The silver half-
rupee of Mysore.
Abietea (ab-i-6’té-é), m.pl. [NL. (Spach, 1842),
K L. Abies (Abiet-) + -ea.] Same as Abietineae.
abilious (a-bil’yus), a. Indicating or marked
by an absence of bile, as in the stools.
ability, m.—General ability, in polit. econ., “those
faculties and that general knowledge and intelligence
which are in varying degrees the common property of all
the higher grades of industry.” Alfred Marshall, Prin-
ciples of Economics, I. 266.-Gracious ability, the semi-
Pelagian and Arminian teaching that though man by the
fall lost the ability to keep the moral law, yet God by his
grace restores it to all men.—Natural ability, a term
used in New England theology in distinction to moral
ability; i. e., man since the fall has all the natural powers
needed to obey God's law, but he is morally unable so to
do since his will is opposed to righteousness.-Plenary
ability, the Pelagian doctrine that responsibility is
measured by ability, so that every man has full power at
all times to obey God's law.—Specialized ability, “that
manual dexterity and that acquaintance with particular
materials and processes, which are required for the spe-
cial purposes of individual trades.” Alfred Marshall,
Principles of Economics, I. 266.
abilo (ä-bé’lò), m. [Tagalog name?] A name
in the Philippines of Garuga floribunda, a tree
belonging to the Balsameaceæ, with pinnate
leaves crowded at the ends of the branches
and with fruit in the form of small, fleshy
drupes. It is fragrant and yields a gum which
is soluble in water, but only slightly so in
alcohol. tº tº y
abiochemistry (abºi-3-kem’is-tri), n. [Gr. -
priv. 4- 3iog, life, + E. chemistry.] Inorganic
chemistry as contrasted with the chemistry of
vital processes. e tº
abiogenetical (ab-i-Ö-jë-net’i-kal), a. Same as
abiogenetic. # , º, p &
abiology (ab-i-ol’ā-ji), m. [Gr, à- priv. H. Blog,
life, +-Aoyia, K Žáyetv, speak: cf. biology.] The
scientific study of things that are not alive;
all science except biology. Haeckel (trans.),
Planktonic Studies, p. 578.
abion (ab'i-on), n. [Gr. & 6tov, neut. of āfflog
taken in the literal sense “without (physicai)
life,” K &- priv. 4- 3iog, life.] Lifeless things
considered collectively, as distinguished from
living things. Haeckel (trans.), Planktonic
Studies, p. 578. tº sº § º ame & Cº
abiophysiology (abºi-Ö-fiz-i-ol’ā-ji), n. . [Gr:
38.0%, without life, F ºvoſokoya, physiology.]
The study of the inorganic or purely physical
and chemical phenomena in living organisms
as distinguished from the biological phenomena
roper. gº ºs º is y * g
abiosis (ab-i-6'sis), n. [Gr. 6- priv. F 6toolſ,
way of life.] Absence of vital force.
absarokite
abiotic (ab-i-ot'ik), a. [Gr. 3- priv. F Glorikóc, aboard", adv.–To haul the starboard tacks
pertaining to life.] Noting those sciences
which deal with inorganic nature, as con-
trasted with the biological sciences. Haeckel
trans.), Wonders of Life, p. 27. [Rare.]
abiotrophy (ab-i-ot’rö-fi), n. [Gr. 6- priv. --
Biog, life, H –Tpopta, K toépelv, mourish.] Degen-
eration due to congenital deficiency of vital
force.
abirritation, n. 2. Asthenia.
Abispa (a-bis(pâ), m. [NL. (Mitchell, 1838),
K Sp. abispa, now usually avispa, K. L. vespa,
a wasp J A peculiar genus of Australian
Solitary wasps comprising several species. A
single female constructs, a nest with a funnel-shaped
entrance, so large that it appears to be the nest of a
colony of social wasps.
abjoint (ab-joint"), v. t. [ab- + joint.] In
mycol., to separate by a septum, as in the case
of the spores of some fungi. Plow, Brit. Ured.
and Ustil. Gloss., p. 305.
abjunction (ab-jungk'shgn), n. [NL. *abjunc-
tio(m-), K.L. abjungere, disjoin, separate: see ab-
junctive..] In mycol., the separation of spores
by means of a septum.
ablastic (a-blastik), a. Same as ablastous.
ablastozoa (a-blas’tó-zö’â), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
à-priv. H. (3%aoróg, germ, + šov, animal.] An-
imals without germ-layers; Protozoa. Eimer,
Organic Evolution, p. 70.
ablation, n., 4. (b) The washing away by rains of the
lighter particles yielded by the decay and weather-waste
of rocky ledges, whereby the heavier and more resistant
minerals are left behind in a state of residual concentra-
tion, sometimes affording a body of ore.
able, a.—To spell able, to be able; to have all the
º or strength needed (for some particular purpose).
O1100.
|
ablepharia (ab-le-fa'ri-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 63%-
©apog, without eyelids: see ablepharon..] Same
as kablepharon.
ablepharon (a-blefºa-ron), m. ... [Gr. 63%papog
without eyelids, K &- priv. -H 3%épapov, eyelidj
Absence, through disease or congenital defect,
of one or both eyelids.
abmho (ab'mô), m. [ab(solute) + mho.] A
name proposed for the c. g. s. electromagnetic
unit of conductance, admittance, or suscep-
tance; 1X 109 mbos.
abmodality (ab-mö-dal’i-ti), m. [“abmodal +
-ity.] Exception to or deviation from a statis-
tical normal or mode when this is considered
for statistical purposes, as a fixed standar
which living beings or their measurable quali-
ties may approach or from which they may re-
cede. See model, 4.
Statistical Biology seeks to determine the exact status
of species as regards variation, expressed in modes, ab-
nodalities and abnormalities; the direction, rate, and
causes of variation in species; the suppression of old
modes, the rise of new ones, and the shifting of nodes;
and the inheritance and permanency of these characters
and changes. With such data, accurately determined for
a number of species for a period of years, it will be pos-
sible to test the validity and broad application of some of
the fundamental theories upon which modern Biology is
built. Biometrika, April, 1903, p. 313.
abmortal (ab-mór (tal), a. [ab- + mortal.]
aboard (mawt.), to bring the weather clues of the
courses (lower square sails) inboard and down to the
tack-irons in the deck by means of the tack-tackles.—
To have the starboard (or port) tacks aboard
(mawt.), to be on the starboard (or port) tack, as the
tacks are always boarded on the weather side of the ship.
abobra (ä-bó'bră), n. [Pg. abobora, abobra,
gourd.]. A greenhouse tendril-climbing herb,
a member of the family Cucurbitaceae, from
Brazil, grown both for its much-divided foliage
and its scarlet, gourd-like fruit.
aboideau (a-boi-dó’), v. t. [aboideaw, m.] To
improve (a tidal river or stream) and prevent
the tidal overflow of its marshes and tidal
meadows by placing tide-gates at its mouth.
At first sight it might seem Wise to aboideau all rivers
at their mouths. Bot. Gazette, Sept., 1903, p. 180.
aboma, n. 2. [cap.] [NL., K. Sp.] A genus of
gobies found in Mexico and Japan, having
more than 6 dorsal spines.
2 //? %3 ºr Ǻ
sº ºr sº w - ę
§ºº 3° …e.º.
*** sº
Pºs, Eº-E
Kº º-
:=º Nº. ºr.
& sº º §
Darter Goby (...1007/ea Etheostomta).
(From Bull. 47 U. S. Nat. Museum.)
-]
abondance (a-boil-dáñs'), n. [F.: see abun-
dance.]. In solo whist, the naming of the trump
suit and winning of 9 tricks without the assis-
tance of a partner.—Abondance déclarée. Same
as Arabondance ºn trumps.--Abondance in trumps, in
solo whist, the winning of 9 tricks with the trump that is
turned up, without the assistance of a partner.
Aboral pore, an opening or pore at the end of the body
farthest from the mouth-opening, as in a few Amthozoa.
aboriginalism (ab-3-rij'i-nal-izm), n. The rec-
ognition of the rights of aboriginal races.
abort, v. t. To render abortive; check or arrest
the development of : as, to abort a fever.
abortient, a. and n. In pathol., same as abor-
tifacient. $
abortion, m.–Missed abortion, expulsion of a fetu
sometime after its death.
abortive, a. 8. Preventing full development;
arresting the course of, as of a disease: as,
abortive treatment.
Aboth (ā’bót), m. pl. [Heb., pl. of ’āb, father.]
“The Fathers,” otherwise Pirke aboth, ‘Chap-
ters of the Fathers’: a treatise in the Mishnah
consisting of maxims and aphorisms of ancient
“fathers’ or rabbis: analogous to the Book of
Proverbs in the Old Testament.
aboulic, a. See *abulie... .
a brachiocephalus (a-brā’ki-Ö-sef’a-lus), m.; pl.
gº. (-li). [NL., K. Gr. 3- priv. 4-
8paxiov (L. brachium), arm, -H kepañff, head.J
A monster without head and arms.
abrader (ab-rā’dër), n. [abrade, v. t., + -erl.]
Any tool or machine used for abrading; a file,
emery-wheel, grinding-, sandpapering-, or de-
olishing-machine.
brahamf, a. See Abram.
In med., situated or directed away from the in- Abrahamitic (ā/bra-ham-it'ik), a. Same as
Abrahamitical.
Abramt, Abrahamt, a. Corrupted forms of
auburn.
abranchial (a-brang’ki-al), @.. [Gr. 6- priv. --
6páyxia, gills, + -al.] Having no branchiae or
gills, as certain worms, for example the earth-
worm, in which respiration is carried on by the
moist skin.
abranchialism (a-brang’ki-al-izm), m. [abram-
chial + -ism.] The condition of being abran-
chial, or without gills, as the Firoloida among
mollusks. Encyc. Brit., XXX. 796.
Abranchiata, m. pl. 2. A group of macru-
rous crustaceans having the gills rudimentary
or absent. It includes the Mysidae, or opossum-
shrimps.
abrastol (a-bras’ tol), n. [Gr. 6- priv. 4- 8paot-,
K Bpáčetv, boil, ferment, + -ol.] . A technical
name given to the calcium salt of 3-naphthol-
sulphonic acid, (C10H6(OH)8O3)2Ca+3H2O.
It is used as a preservative in wines.
abrest, prep. phr. A simplified spelling of
abreast.
abrotine (ab'rö-tim), n. [abrot(anum) + -ine?..]
A crystalline alkaloid, C21 H22ON2, found in
Artemisia Abrotanum. Its solutions give a blue
fluorescence. 4.
absampere (abs'am-pâr"), n. [abs(olute) +
ampere.] A name proposed for the C. g. S.
electromagnetic unit of current; 10. amperes.
abnumeral (ab -nā 'me-ral), a. [ab- + nu- absarokite (ab-sā’rö-kit), n. [Absarok(a) (see
jured or dead part: applied to the course of the
electrical current in an injured muscle.
abneural (ab-nā’ral), a. [ab- + neural.] Re-
lating to or situated on the side of the body
farthest from the neural axis.
abnormative (ab-nórºma-tiv), a. [ab- + nor-
mative.] Not normative. Applied % Cross, Id-
dings, Pirsson, and Washington (1902), in their quanti-
tative classification of igneous rocks, to the minerals
other than those which go to make up the norm or
standard mineral composition by which a rock is classi-
fied. When the actual mineral composition of a rock
differs from its theoretical or standard composition, the
rock is said to have an abnormative mode. See quanti-
tative classification of igneous rocks, under Arrock.
abnumerable (ab-nā’mg-ra-bl), a. Not nu-
merable; either having (as a collection) or
being a multitude greater than that of all the
integer numbers taken collectively. The multi-
tude of all the quantities whose values (like that of Tr)
can be expressed to indefinitely close approximation by
means of indefinitely extended decimals is the first ab.
numerable multitude. There is a second, third, etc. (up
to any finite ordinal number), abnumerable multitude;
and there is no highest abnumerable multitude, any more
than there is a highest enumerable multitude. There is
no multitude greater than all abnumerable multitudes,
since beyond them the individual members of the collec-
tion lose their separate identity and merge into one an-
other in true continuity. The multitude of all the num-
bers considered in the calculus and theory of functions
is the first abnumerable multitude, and of higher multi-
tudes mathematicians as yet know little more than that
they are logically and mathematically possible. Also
abnumeral.
neral.] Same as *abnumerable.
def.) + -ite2.] In petrog., a name applied by



















absarokite
Iddings (1895) to a group of igneous rocks oc-
curring in the Absaroka mountains in the east-
ÖI’Il *: of the Yellowstone Park. Absarokite is
usually porphyritic in texture, containing phenocrysts of
augite and olivin in a ground-mass of orthoclase, leucite,
augite, olivin, and magnetite. The ground-mass may be
glassy and the texture aphamitic or phanerocrystalline. It
occurs in dikes and flows, Absarokite is the basaltic
i. #: series containing, in addition, shoshonite and
8,118kIUC,
abscess, n.—Acute abscess, an abscess occurring as
the result of acute inflammation.— Cold abscess, a col-
lection of pus not associated with the ordinary signs of in-
flammation. It is usually located at some distance from
the original point of suppuration, the matter burrowing
along lines of fascia or within the sheath of a muscle: in
this case also called gravitation abscess.-Dubois's ab-
scesses, multiple areas of necrosis occurringin the thymus
#. in young children with congenital syphilis.— Gray-
tation abscess, a form of cold &abscess.--Sterile ab-
Scess, an abscess containing no microërganisms.-Stitch
abscess, formation of pus after closure of a wound at the
points where the sutures are inserted.
absciss (ab-sis'), n. [See abscissa.] A part cut
off; specifically, in conic sections, an abscissa
(which see). Also abscisse.
abscission, n. 7. In bot., the separation of
spores from a sporophore on the disappear-
ance of the connecting layer.
absciss-layer (ab-sis’lā’ér), n. In bot., a layer
or plane along which separation takes place,
as in the fall of leaves.
abscoulomb (abs(kö-lom"), n.
coulomb.
absentee, n. 3. An escaped or runaway con-
vict: a euphemistic term formerly in use in
Australia.
absohm (abs'6m), n. [abs(olute) + ohm.] A
name proposed for the c. g. s. electromag-
netic unit of resistance: 1 × 10−9 ohms.
Absolute differential limen or absolute threshold
of difference, in psychol., the just noticeable difference
of sensory stimulus stated absolutely, that is, without re-
gard to the original stimulus of which it is an increment.
—Absolute forest land, land fit only for forest growth.
Also called absolute forest soil.—Absolute form factor.
See Aform factor.—Absolute geometry, scale. . See
*geometry, *scale.—Absolute sensibility or absolute
sensitivity, in psychol., Fechner's term for sensitivity as
measured by the inverse magnitude of the stimuli applied
to the sense-organ.
absolv, v. t. A simplified spelling of absolve.
absorbd. p. a. A simplified spelling of absorbed.
Absorbent screen, in optics, a screen which absorbs cer-
tain or all of the rays of light falling upon it. Thus ruby
glass is an absorbent screen cutting off all but the red
rays of the visible spectrum.
absorber, n. 2. In a hot-air engine, a part
which absorbs heat from the air at one time
and gives it out at another; a regenerator.
absorptiometric (ab-Sörp"shi-Ö-met’rik), a.
[L. absorptio(m), absorption, + Gr. Alétpov, mea-
sure.] Measuring or determining the amount
of absorption, as of a gas in a given quantity of
a liquid or of radiation in an opaque medium.
—Absorptionmetric equilibrium, the relation between
the amounts of two or more gases absorbed by the same
Same as *ab-
portion of a liquid with which they are simultaneously
in contact.
abºº ºv. 1. (e) In elect., the property of the
solid dielectric of an electrostatic condenser by which it
takes up a part of the charge and retains a part of the
absorbed charge, after discharge, as residual charge.
2. In Herbart's pedagogic system, the gradual
process of the apprehension of the manifold:
a translation of the German vertiefwng. Other-
wise called concentration and self-estrangement.
– Acoustic absorption, the absorption of sound-waves
either by a body which does not perfectly transmit or re-
flect such waves or by a body whose frequency of vi-
bration corresponds to that of the waves, so that it is
thrown into sympathetic oscillation by resonance.—At-
mospheric absorption, the loss of sunlight in passing
through the atmosphere. It increases in proportion to
the distance of the sun from the zenith, and also in pro-
portion to the shortness of waves of heat or light. Be-
sides the general absorption there is also a so-called
“selective absorption” (see Selective), in accordance with
which each component of the earth's atmosphere absorbs
with special intensity certain specific wave-lengths,
thus causing dark lines in the optical spectrum, inert
bands in the photographic spectrum, and cold bands
in the bolographic spectrum. Absorption is to be dis-
tinguished from selective reflection.— Coefficient of ab-
sorption, a physical constant used to express the spe-
cific absorbing power of a substance. Specifically— (a) In
the absorption of gases, the volume of a gas which one
volume of a liquid will dissolve. (b) In optics, the con-
1
stant k in the equation ; = I2RR, where A0 is the
- y
amplitude of an incident ray, A1 its amplitude after pene-
trating to a depth of one Wave-length in the absorbing
medium, and e the base of natural logarithms.—Dis-
junctive absorption, in med, a process by which a
slough is separated from healthy tissue, a thin layer of
the latter in immediate contact with the necrosed por-
tion being absorbed.—Fluorescence, absorption, the
increased absorption of light by a substance which oc-
curs when the latter is rendered fluorescent.—Selective
absorption. See selective.
absorption-tube (ab-sórp' sh9n- sº
tūb), n. An instrument for the ab- --->
sorption of gases, consisting of a ||
vertical tube filled with glass beads º
which are wet with the absorbing
material. It has been modified by
various experimenters.
abstat-, [ab(solute) + (electro)stat-
(ic).] In elect., a prefix which it has
been proposed to place before the
practical electrical units such as the
ohm, ampere, volt, and coulomb, to
designate the corresponding abso-
lute electrostatic units.
abstatampere (ab'stat-am-pâr"),
n. [See abstat-.] A name pro-
posed for the absolute electrostatic
unit of current; about 3.3 × 10−10
amperes. * Absorption-
abstateoulomb (ab'stat-kö-lom”), *.
n. [See abstat-.] A name pro-
posed for the absolute electrostatic unit of elec-
trical quantity; about 3.3 × 10−10 coulombs.
abstatfarad (ab'stat-far"ad), n. [See abstat-.]
A name proposed for the electrostatic absolute
unit of electrical capacity; about 1.1 × 10−6
microfarads.
abstathenry (ab'stat-hen"ri), m. [See abstat-.]
A name proposed for the absolute electro-
static unit of inductance; about 9×1011 henrys.
abstatohm (ab'stat-öm), n. [See abstat-.] A.
name proposed for the absolute electrostatic
unit of resistance; about 9 × 1011 ohms.
Abstemii (ab-sté’mi-i), m. pl. A sect of the
early church, so called from their use of water
instead of wine in the eucharist. They also
abstained from all use of wine, and from meat
and marriage, regarding these things as in-
trinsically impure. They were followers of
Tatian.
abstinence, n. 4. The act of abstaining from
the use of, or from the doing of, something;
specifically, in economics, voluntary abstention
from the consumption of anything which one
has the power of consuming or using, with the
purpose of increasing one’s resources or ac-
cumulating wealth for future enjoyment.
abstract, v. i.--To abstract from. (b) To separate
itself from ; occupy a plane or position apart ; pursue
an independent course.
Physics, which is wholly the science of the senses, ab-
stracts from religion, from morality, and from every kind
of knowledge as far as the latter is independent of sense.
I say “abstracts from "; I do not say “rejects,” or “re-
pudiates,” or “denies.” Physical science merely attends
to its own husiness.
- W. S. Lilly, On Right and Wrong, p. 262.
abstract-concrete (ab" strakt-kon (krét), a.
Relating both to the abstract and to the eon-
crete; in the Spencerian philosophy, noting
those sciences which study abstractly concrete
phenomena (physics and chemistry).
Molar physics, molecular physics, and chemistry, deal-
ing with abstract laws of motion and force that are gained
from experience of concrete phenomena, and appealing
at every step to the concrete processes of observation
and experiment, may be distinguished as abstract-con-
crete Sciences. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., II. 44.
abstraction, n. 6. In geol., the tapping of the
head waters of one stream by another the
erosive action of which is more rapid.
Abstractional demonstration, a demonstration which
treats characters, relations, operations, and the like as
themselves objects having characters, relations, opera-
tions, etc.
abub (ā-böb'), m. [Syr. *abūb 8) An ancient
Syrian musical instrument, probably a Pan's-
IOCS.
ai. (a-bö'lik), a. Relating to or suffering
from abulia. Also abowlic.
abundance, n. 3. In card-playing, Same as
*abondance.
aburahaye (ä"bö-rá-hă'ye), m. [Jap., Kabura,
oil, fat, + haye, said to mean “minnow.’] . A
Japanese name of a fish of the family Cyprinidae,
Sarcocheilichthys variegatus, found in the wa-
ters of Japan. Also known as higai.
abusefulness (ab-lis’ fül-nes), m. Capability of
|being abused or put to a wrong use. Ruskin,
Unto this Last, p. 124.
Abutilon, n. 2. [l. c.] A plant of this genus,
generally of a cultivated species. See velvet-
leaf, 3, and American jute, under jute”.
abutment, n. 2. (c) In a rotary engine, a part pro-
vided to cut off the steam pressure from the back or ex-
haust side of the piston.
abuttal, n. 2. The fact of abutting or of lying
contiguous: as, the abuttal of the land on a
highway.
*. adv, and prep. A simplified spelling of
QU)00)6.
Acadian
abuze, v. t. A simplified spelling of abuse.
Abysmal clay. Same as *abyssal clay.
abyssal, a. 3. In petrol., applied by Brögger and
others to deep-seated º; utonic igneous rocks.
— Abyssal benthos. See arbenthog and khypobenth08.—
Abyssal Clay, fine clay now being deposited on the sea-
floor in depths exceeding 600–700 fathoms. This material
i8 generally red, purple, chocolate, or brown in color, is
made up of impalpable particles free from organic re-
mains, and is regarded by Murray as constituted of fine
volcanic materials which have been decomposed in sea-
Water and have accumulated with excessive slowness dur-
ing immense periods of time. Intermingled with the clay
are particles of metallic iron and concretions of manga-
nese oxid. Some geologists regard it as doubtful whether
rocks representing Such profound oceanic deposits are
present in existing continental masses; others find paral-
lel conditions suggested in some of the barren and highly
colored Silurian and Cambrian slates.
Abyssinian church, gold. See ºrchwrch, *gold.-Abys-
Sinian languages, the languages of Abyssinia, Some
semitic and others Hamitic. The Semitic classinéludes:
(a) Amharic, derived from the ancient Sabean or Him-
yaritic, introduced from Yemen in southern Arabia,
and closely related to Gečz or Ethiopic. (See next.)
It has been the official language of Abyssinia since about
the year 1300 (when the capital of Ethiopia was removed
to Shoa), gradually superseding the ancient Gečz, but
adopting its syllabic alphabet (with some modifications
and many additions) and a large number of its words.
It is the popular language; its literature is comparatively
modern and slight. (b) Ethiopic, called by its users the
Ge'ez, usually written Geez, the language of the Aga'azi,
‘ emigrants’ from southern Arabia who had settled in
Tigré (now a province of Abyssinia) about 335 A. D. Su-
perseded by Amharic as the official language of the coun-
try about the year 1300, it has continued to be the liturgic
language of the Abyssinian Church, somewhat as Latin
in the Roman Catholic Church. Originally written, like
the other Semitic languages, from right to left, the
direction was early changed, under Greek influence, to
the European order (from left to right). The alphabet
consists of peculiar characters of Himyaritic origin.
There is considerable literature, including an ancient
translation of the Bible. The two principal modern rep-
resentatives of Geez are the dialects known as (1) Tigré
(Tigré, Tigraž, native Tigraft), spoken by nomadic tribes
in the extreme north, and (2) Tigriña, a more corrupt
form largely mixed with Amharic words, as spoken in
the old province of Tigré. The Hamitic family is repre-
sented in Abyssinia by Agaw (Agow), spoken by a large
number of Abyssinians and Tigré people, by Galla, and
by many others.
A. C. (3) In elect., an abbreviation for alternat-
ing current. (4) An abbreviation of Analytical
Chemist.
aco, ac1, aco, acg, etc. Points of flexure in the
heating curves of iron and steel. The point
ac1 on heating is the same as ari on cooling,
etc.
acacanthrax (ak-a-kan'thraks), m. [NL., K
Gr. Čikakoç, not bad (á- priv. -- Kakóc, bad), +
âvôpaš, carbuncle : see anthra.c.] Non-specific
anthrax ; carbuncle.
acacetin (a-kā‘se-tin), n. [acacia -- -et- +
in?..] A compound, C16H12O5. found in the
leaves of Robinia Pseudacacia. It is probably
the monomethylether of *apigenin (which see).
acacia, n.-Parasol acacia, a variety of the common
locust or false acacia. It forms a compact spherical head
and, though not producing flowers, is much cultivated in
central and northern Europe for decoration and shade.
academic, n. 3. A member of an academy or
learned society; an academist or academician.
Swinburne, Essays and Studies, p. 372. N. E. D.
academicalism (ak’a-dem’i-kal-izm), n. [aca-
demical, a., + -ism...] Adherence to academic
rules or methods; conventionalism; formal-
ism. Athemaum (quoted in N. and Q., 8th ser.,
IV. 363).
academicism, n.
tonic opinions.
academize (a-kad'em-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
academiced, ppr. academicing. [academy +
-ize.] To form into an academy, or subject to
the rules of an academy. Daily Telegraph, May
4, 1868. N. E. D.
Academy of music. (a) A local musical society or cºr-
poration, founded either for the support of musical edu-
cation or for research connected with musical science.
(b) An operatic company or choral club organized for the
study and rendering of musical works. (c) A building
devoted to the rendering of musical works. The most
famous of the many Italian academies is that of Bologna,
founded in 1482. The French Academy, which is a royal
subvention for the performance of opera, really dates
from the privilege granted in 1669. The earlier operas of
Handel were largely Written for an operatic association
called the Royal Academy.
Acadian. I. a-Acadian hairstreak. See khair.
streak.-ACadian OW1. See kow!1.
II. m. 2. In geol., the middle division or
stage of the Cambrian system of eastern
North America, named from its typical devel-
opment in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick,
but extending into Newfoundland, Cape Bre.
ton, and eastern Massachusetts, and perhaps
farther south in the Appalachian region. Paie-
ontologically it is known as the Paradoxides horizon, con-
2. A tendency toward Pla-





Acadian
trasting with the Olenellus horizon, or Georgian stage,
below, and with the Dicellocephalus horizon, or Sarato.
gian stage, above. Its rocks are chiefly slates and shales,
Aºlº oil, a fat oil obtained from the acajou or cashew-
nut, Amacardºwm occidentale, used for food and in cook-
ing in Brazil and the West Indies.
Acalephae, n. pl. 2. A class of Coelenterata,
including medusae of considerable size, with
gastral filaments, endodermal gonads, and Acanthocladia (8-kan-thº-klä'di-á),...º.
lobed umbrella-edge, and without true velum:
contrasted with Hydromedusae and Actinozoa.
Same as Acraspeda.
acarine
bearingmore orless continuous transverseribs. acanthopous (a-kan'thé-pus), a. [Gr. &kavôa,
The species are from the Cretaceous system.
Acanthochaetodon (a-kan-thé-ké’tó-don), n.
{NL., K. Gr. Öſtavffa, Spine, + yaitſ, hair (bristle),
+ 6óoic, tooth (see Chaetodon).] A genus of
chaetodontids, the butterfly-fishes of the East
Indies.
[Gr.
&Kavôa, spine, H K%áðoc, a branch..] The typi-
cal genus of the family Acanthocladiidae.
Acanthocladiidaº (a-kan"thó-kla-di'i-dé), m.pl.
Acanthosoma (a -kan-thū-só” mä), n.
a spine, F Ölp (&T-), eye.] Having spines on of
about the eye.
[NL.
(Curtis, 1824), K. Gr. &ravda, spine, + Göua
body..] An interesting genus of pentatomi
bugs common to the old and new worlds. A.
ſº of Europe is remarkable for the solicitude shown
y the female for her young. She not only protects the
eggs, but cares for the young for a considerable period
after hatching.
family of cryptostomatous Bryozoa, repre- acanthosphenote (a-kan-thū-sfé'nöt), a. [Gr.
acalyptrate (ak-a-lipſträt), a. [a-18 + calyp-
trate.] In bot., not furnished with a calyptra;
in entom., of or belonging to the Acalyptratae.
a camp (a-kamp’), adv. [a 3 + camp.] To the
ºp; campward. J. Barlow, Columbiad, vi.
7
Sented by genera which occur in geologic for-
mations from the Silurian to the Permian.
Acanthocottus (a-kan-thū-kotºus), n. [NL., K
Gr. &Kauffa, spine, -- Kórtog, a river-fish (the
bullhead?): see Cottus.] A genus of sea-scul-
pins. Earlier called Myoarocephalus.
Acanthocybium (a-kan-thū-si’bi-um), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. &Kavôa, spine, F Küglov, salted flesh of a
sort of tunny..]. A genus of mackerels, family
Scombridae, of the tropics, remarkable for the
elongate form and serrate teeth. The peto or
wahoo of the West Indies, A. petus or A. so-
landri, belongs to this genus.
[NL., KAcanthus + acanthocyst (a-kan'thé-sist), m. [Gr. &kavôa,
-ad.] A plant of the Acanthus family. thorn, + küoTug, bladder.] Ín the Nemertini,
Acantharchus, (ak-an-thär (kus), m. [NL., K a sac or an enormous cell containing one or
Gr. &kavòa, a thorn, + dipzóg, rectum.] A more calcareous stylets.
Acanthodei, n. pl. 2. In Agassiz's classifica-
tion, an order of selachians or sharks having
the endoskeleton and parts of the skull calci-
fied; pterygoquadrate articulated with the
cranium and sometimes bearing teeth; fins, ex-
cept the caudal, with stout anterior spines;
and shagreen scales quadrate and compactly
arranged. The members of this order are all fossil and
belong wholly to the Paleozoic formations. Two families
#.ºtinguished, the Acanthodidae and the Diplacam-
acanthodian (ak-an-thó(di-an), a. and n. [Acan-
thodes.] I. a. Belonging to or having the
characters of the genus Acanthodes or the order
Acanthodei.
II. m. A fossil fish of the genus Acanthodes.
Acantholabrus (a-kan-thū-lā’brus), n. [NL.,
Gr. &kavôa, spine, -- L. labrum, lip . (see
Labrus).] A genus of labroid fishes of the
north of Europe, having an increased number
of anal spines. The species is A. eacoletus.
acanthology (ak-an-thol’ī-ji), n. [Gr. Čikavóa,
thorn, spine, + -āoyia, K Aéyetv, speak.] The
study of the structure and functions of spines,
especially of those of sea-urchins.
Acanthomeridae (a-kan/thē-mer’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., KAcanthomera, a genus (K. Gr. Čikavòa, a
a candelliere. 2. Said of a style of decoration
frequently found on the majolica of Urbino,
Castel Durante, and other manufactures, con-
sisting of animal grotesques arranged symmet-
rically around the border or on either side of a
central design.
acanth (a-kanth'), n.
acanthus, 2.
acanthad (a-kan' thad), n.
[acanthus...] Same as
§§ §- § §3.
§§ º
§
º
sº
º
*** *
ſº
$ºp §º º
º §.
Ö
* s: § ſº- º
§ ^. ſº prºxy º sº sº º º:
sº § ºº::
W º
Wºr
§
§
sº
º,"
º:
Mud-Sunfish (Acantharch us zºomozis).
(From Bull. 47 U. S. Nat. Museum.)
genus of sunfishes of the family Centrarchidae,
including the mud-sumfish, A. pomotis.
Acantharia, n. pl. 2. One of the four sub-
orders into which Haeckel divides the Radio-
laria : characterized by having the capsule-
membrane uniformly perforated and the
skeleton composed of acanthine spicules.
Acanthephyra (ak-an-thef’i-ră), n. [NL.]
The typical genus of the family Acanthephyri-
dae. Milne-Edwards, 1881.
Acanthephyridae (a-kan-the-firi-dé), m. pl.
acanthosphere
Acanthostigma (a-kan-thū-stig'mâ), m.
Acanthotelson (a-kan-thé-tel’sqn), n.
acanthozoöid (a-kan-thóżó ‘oid), n.
[NL., KAcanthephyra + -idae.] A family of ma-
crurous podophthalmous crustaceans mainly
inhabiting the deep sea. They have the body later-
ally compressed, the first antennae with 2 long flagella,
and the first two pairs of trunk-legs slender and subequal.
The typical genus is Acanthephyra. Also Mier8iidae.
thorn, spine, -F piépoc, a part (or pumpág, thigh?)),
+ -idae.] A family of dipterous insects con-
fined to America and containing only two gen-
era, Acanthomera and Rhaphiorhynchus. They
are allied to the gadflies of the family fabanidae. The
family contains the largest Diptera known, some of them
a cappella.
acapulco (ā-kā-púl'kö), n.
reaching a length of two inches.
acanthometran (a-kan-thé-met' ran), a. and n.
I. a. Pertaining or relating to the genus Acan-
thometra.
II. n. A member of the genus Acanthometra.
acanthometridan (a-kan-thū-met/ri-dan), a.
and m. I. a. Pertaining to or resembling the
Acantherpestes (a-kan-ther-pesºtéz), n. [Gr.
ākavôa, spine, + šptmotág, a reptile.] A genus
of Carboniferous myriapods, some of the mem-
bers of which attained a length of a foot. They
were armed with branching spines and appear to have
had lateral branchial pores; hence they are regarded by
Scudder as amphibious.
aganthin, acanthine (akan'thin), *... [Gr. Acanthometridge.
*auta, thºn, it ºn”, -ºne”.]...An organic sub- "If... n. A member of the family Acantho-
stance, allied to horn or chitin, which enters mºde.
into the composition of the spicules in the non-
silicious Radiolaria.
acanthine, a. 3. In ichth., spine-like; bearing
spines.
acanthinic (ak-an-thin'ik), a. Composed of
or containing *acanthin (which see).
acanthinous (a-kan'thi-nus), a. [acanthin +
—ous.] Consisting of or resembling acanthin.
acanthion (a-kan'thi-On), n. [NL., K. Gr. &Káv-
thov, dim. of Öſtavffa, a spine.] craniom., the
extreme point of the nasal spine. Von Török,
Acanthistius (ak-an-this’ti-us), m. [NL., K
Gr. &kav0a, spine, -- loriov, dim. of igrów, a web.]
A genus of serranoid fishes allied to Plectro-
poma : found in South America and elsewhere.
Acanthobatis (ak-an-thob’ā-tis), n. [Gr. &Kav-
0a, spine. -- flatic, skate, roach..]. A genus of
Acanthonida (a.k-an-thon’i-dà), m. pl. [NL.,
K Gr. Čikavta, thorn, +-on- + -ida.] An order or
a family of acantharian radiolarians having 20
spines arranged according to Müller's law (4
equatorial, 8 tropical, and 8 polar). As an
order it includes the families Astrolonchidae,
Quadrilonchidae, and Amphilonchidae.
Acanthonidae (ak-an-thon’i-dé), m. pl.
as "Acanthonida.
*hophº (a-kan'thó-fôr), n. [Gr. &kav6a,
thorn, -H -popog, K pépetv, bear.] A somewhat
conical granular mass which bears the median
stylet in the bottom of the eversible portion of
the proboscis in certain Metamemertini.
acanthophract (a-kan'thū-frakt), m. One of
[Gr.
the Acanthophractae.
º 'ſ acanthopodous (ak-an-thop’º-dus), a.
fossil rays or skates from the Miocene Terti- akavôa, spine, + roſóc (Troö-), foot, + -ous.] 1.
ary of France and Würtemberg. In bot., bearing spines on the petiole or pe-
Acanthoceras (ak-an-thos'g-ras), n. [Gr. &Kav- duncle.— 2. Same as acanthopod.
ôa, spine, Frépac, horn.] The typical genus acanthopore (a-kanthö-pôr), n. . [Gr. 3ravba,
of the family Acanthoceratidae. spine, -H trópog, pore.] In the extinct tabulate
Acanthoceratidae (ak-an-thos-e-rat’i-dé), m.pl. corals of the family Chaºtitidae, one of a set of
[N],..., & Acanthoceras -- -idae.] A family of pores which emerge on the surface in small
tetrabranchiate cephalopods or ammonites tubercles. Contrasted with *autopore and
which have evolute or loosely coiled whorls "mesopore.
Same
acara (ā-kā-rā'), n.
acari (ak'a-ri), m. pl.
acariform (a-kar’i-fôrm), a.
acarine (ak’a-rin), a. and m.
ākavôa, spine, F *oqºmoróg, Kopmyoiv, v., K cºffv,
a Wedge.] A term applied by Mackintosh to
the spines of Echinoidea, which are shown by
transverse section to consist of a number of
wedge-shaped portions radiating from a central
axis and separated by bands of porous tissue.
(a-kan (thà-sfér), n. [Gr.
ākavda, thorn, + opaipa, sphere.] One of the
peculiar spiny bodies contained in the cells of
Nitella : the Stachelkügeln of the ºn's
[NL.
(De Notaris, 1863), named in allusion to the
spine - like
bristles of
the peri-
thecium, K
Gr. Čikav-
6a, thorn,
+ oriyua,
mark, dot,
spot.] A
genus of
pyrenomy-
cetous fun-
gi hav-
ing small
superficial
perithecia beset with short, stiff bristles. The
spores are mostly fusiform and hyaline with several septa.
The species are mostly saprophytic. A. parasiticum is
#. to cause a disease of the silver fir, Abies Picea, in
urope.
§
Alcazut/tostigma perpusillum.
a, two perithecia (below), one enlarged (above);
b, two spore-cases cut longitudinally to show the
fusiform septate spores.
Acanthostracion (a-kan-thó-strā’ Si-Qm), n.
L., K. Gr. &kavôa, spine, -H botpáktov, dim. of
ôotpakov, a shell.] A generic name applied to
the three-angled box-fishes with horn-like
spines above the eyes.
[Gr.
Čikavôa, spine, -- TéWoov, limit: see telson.] A.
genus of extinct amphipod Crustacea from the
Carboniferous rocks.
[Gr.
ākavôa, thorn, + 2.06id.] The narrow hook-
bearing posterior end of the proscolex of cer-
tain Cºstoidea, as Dipylidium caninum. See
*cystogoffid.
2. In music, noting a species of
time which employs four minims or half-notes
in each measure.
[Acapulco, a Mexi-
can seaport.]. A name in the Philippine Islands
and Guam of Herpetica alata, an introduced
plant of Mexican origin, the leaves of which
are used as a remedy for ringworm and other
parasitic skin-diseases. See ringworm-shrub.
[Tupi acará.] A name
applied to different cichloid fishes found in
South America. From the common name the
genus Acara was named.
[Plural of acarus.] The
order Acarina as a whole, or any number of
species or individuals of the order. See Aca-
was and Acarima.
acariasis, n-Poultry acariasis, any infection of
poultry by mites (Acarina), as the cutaneous infection
with the chicken-tick (Dermanyssus gallinae) or the
chicken-mites (Sarcoptes mutans, S. laevis gallinae), the
subcutaneous infection with the cystic fowl-mite (Lami.
7108toptes cysticola), or the infection of the air-passages
with the internal chicken-mite (Cytodites nudus).-PSO-
roptic acariasis,a highly contagious cutaneous infection
of certain domesticated animals with mites (Acarima) be-
longing to the genus Psoroptes. The best-known forms are
the common sheep-scab, and cattle-mange or cattle-scab,
sometimes called Teacas itch. Similar infections occur on
the horse, ass, mule, goat, and rabbit.— Sarcoptic aca-
riasis, a highly contagious cutaneous infection with mites
(Acarina) belonging to the genus Sarcoptes. The most
common form is the itch or scabies of man, caused by the
itch-mite (Sarcoptes 8cabiei), which burrows irregular
galleries in the epidermis. Norwegian itch is a speeially
severe variety of the disease. Varieties of sarcoptic aca-
riasis or sarcoptic mange also affect the horse, cattle,
goat, camel, llama, hog, rabbit, ferret, dog, wolf, lion,
wombat cat, pigeon, and poultry.
[NL., K. Gr. &Kapu,
acarus, mite, + L. forma, form.] Same as
acaroid.
[NL. *acarinus,
K acarus, acarus.] I. a. Like an acarian; of
or relating to the order Acarina.












acarine -
II. n. A member of the order Acarina or of the
genus 404”us-Acarine diseases, diseases such as
mange or the itch,
acarocecidium (ak’a-rö-sé-sid’i-um), n. ; pl.
acarocecidia (-á). A plant-gall, made by
mites: practically the same as *phytoptoce-
cidium.
The analogy of these organs to the acaro-cecidia (that
is to say, to galls caused by certain acarids) of laurels
and various other plants is striking.
Smithsoniam Report, 1896, p. 452.
acarodomatia, n. Plural of *acarodomatium.
acarodomatium (ak'a-rö-dò-mā‘shi-um), n. ;
& acarodomatia (-shi-á). [NL., K. Acarus +
. Öoplártov, dim, of Óðſia, a house: see dome.]
A shelter formed on certain tropical plants for
the protection of mites (acari) when they are
of service to the host.
acarologist (ak-a-rol’ī-jist), n. [acarolog-y-F
-ist.] . One who is versed in the study of the
Acarina, or mites and ticks.
If that be so, then it appears to me that Dr. Oudemans
has proved conclusively that the sense in which acarolo-
gists use the genus Oribata is correct.
Ammals and Mag. Nat. Hist., April, 1902, p. 311.
acarology (ak-a-rol’ā-ji), n. [NL. acarus +
Gr. -Aoyia: see -ology.] the scientific study of
mites.
acatalepsy, n. 3. A weak understanding;
mental deficiency.
acatamathesia (a-kat'a-ma-thé'si-á), n. [NL.,
KGr. &-priv. 4- Karauáðmatc, thoroughknowledge,
KKaraplavſjávezv, learn thoroughly, K Kará, intens.,
+ pav6ávely, know well.] Inability to compre-
hend ordinary conversation, accompanied by a
blunting of the perceptions. Baldwin, Dict. of
Philos, and Psychol.
acatastasia (a-kata-stā‘si-á), n. [NL., & Gr.
ākaragraota, instability, Kő- priv. H. Karáqtaalg,
stability: see catastasis.] In med., irregularity
in the symptoms or course of a disease.
acatastasis (ak-a-tasta-sis), n. [See *acatas-
tasia.] 1. An unsettling, as of the mind. E.
Hooker.—2. In med., same as *acatastasia.
Syd. Soc. Lea.
acatastatic (a-kat-a-stat'ik), a. Unsettled; in-
determinate; irregular.
acategorical (a-kat-É-gor’i-kal), a. [a-, not,
+ categorical.] Illogical; loose; inexact : as,
acategorical arguments. [Rare.] N. E. D.
acatharsia, n. (c) Amenorrhea.
acatholic (a-kathºg-lik), a. [a-18 + catholic.]
Un-Catholic; not Catholic; hence, sectarian.
Encyc., Brit., XXX. 525.
A. C. C. In elect., an abbreviation of Anodic
Closure Contraction.
accelerant (ak-sel’º-rant), a. and n. [L. accele-
ºrans, ppr. of accelerare, hasten: see accelerate.]
I. a. That accelerates; accelerating.
II. n. That which quickens; specifically, one
of the nerves stimulation of which causes in-
creased rapidity of the heart's action.
accelerate, v. t. 3. To assign a date earlier
than the true or real one; give an earlier date
to; antedate.
ity, I. 72.
acceleration, n. (e) In biol., the supposed acquisi-
tion of new characters by adults, and their inheritance
by descendants at earlier and earlier stages of their life ;
*tachygenesis (which see).-Angular acceleration,
the time-rate of angular velocity. It is measured nu-
merically as radians per second per second.-- Equation
of acceleration. The acceleration of a body is equal to
the force acting on it divided by its mass. The accelera-
tion of a moving body at any instant is the ra; at Mich
y S
Milman, Hist. Latin Christian-
Equatorial acceleration of the sun, the diminution
of the rotation period for points on the sun's equator as
compared with the period at points in higher latitudes.
Between the equator and latitude 40° the difference is
about two days.-Linear acceleration, rate of change
of linear velocity : usually expressed in centimeters per
second per second.—Parallelogram of accelerations,
a vector diagram for the resolution or composition of ac-
celerations, similar in construction and principle to the
parallelogram of forces. See forcel,— Secular accel-
eration, in astron., a slow increase in the mean orbital
motion of a heavenly body. In the case of the moon it
amounts to about 8 seconds in a century. See accelera-
tion.— Triangle of accelerations, a vector diagram for
the resolution and composition of accelerations, similar
to the triangle of velocities or of forces. See #polygon of
vectors. — Unit of acceleration, the acceleration which
produces unit change of Velocity in unit time: usually
one centimeter per second per second.— Unit of angu-
lar acceleration, the acceleration which produces unit
change in the angular velocity of a body in unit time :
usually a radian in a second. º g “º º g
accelerative, a. 2. In philol, indicating a
notion of acceleration: applied to certain verb-
forms in some agglutinative languages. See
the extract.
The highly agglutinating character of this language
[the Kuki-Lushai of North Kachar Hills and parts of
Nagaland] is evident from the numerous conjugations
gº; by Mr. Soppitt, for some of which he has no names,
ut which may be called Acceleratives, Retardatives, Com-
pºntatives, and so on. Keane, Man Past and Present,
p. 185.
Accelerative force, in f". a force which produces
ositive acceleration and consequently increases the ve-
ocity of a moving body : opposed to retarding force, the
acceleration due to which is negative.
accelerator, %. (e) A device in a motor-car by which
the operator may render inoperative the speed-governor
of the motor. . If the governor is of the centrifugal type,
as the speed increases the balls or weights fly outward
against the action of a spring. The accelerator increases
the tension of the spring or draws the balls inward di-
rectly, so that the governor ceases to act to close the
throttle or regulate speed as the motor increases its num-
ber of revolutions above the limit set by the normal ten-
sion of the springs.
aºlº, (ak-sel (e-rā-tor-ped/al), n.
A pedal used to actuate the rods of the accel-
erator mechanism in many forms of motor-car.
See *accelerator (e).
accelerograph (ak-sel’e-rö-graf), n. An ap-
paratus designed for measuring the succession
of pressures developed in a powder-chamber by
the combustion of a charge. The powder may be
exploded in an inclosed vessel or be placed in the bore
of a gun and act on a projectile.
accelerometer (ak-sel-e-rom(e-tér), n. 1. An
instrument for measuring the force required
to start a train and keep it going and the cen-
trifugal force when the train rounds a curve.
The instrument consists of two glass vessels connected by
a tube, one containing a liquid such as mercury and the
other red alcohol. Amer. Inventor, July 15, 1904, p. 312.
2. An apparatus for showing by direct registry
the law of the movement, in the function of
time, of a piston subjected to the action of
powder gases.
accensor, n. 2. In the early Christian church,
the one who lighted and extinguished the can-
dles on or about the altar. This office is now
performed by an altar-boy.
accent, n., 8. Musical accent in general is said to be
transferred, or false, when for esthetic reasons it is placed
in some unusual place, contrary, to the simple rhythm :
thus in a syncopated passage (see 8 yncopation, 2) the ac-
cents are systematically transferred. In violin-playing,
an accent is called dead when the bow is held firmly
against the strings after beginning an emphatic tone, so
as to choke the sound. * &
10. In decorative art, an added relieving or
contrastive touch or tint: as, deep blue or
Crimson, with accents of gold.—Logical accent.
(a) The accent or stress placed by the voice on the root-
syllable of a word, as in Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic
languages: as, for example, Anglo-Saxon gif'an, to give,
Jorgif'ennes, forgiveness, etc. (b) The special stress or
emphasis laid on a particular word in a sentence : as, for
example, on “us’ in the line, “Better for us, perhaps, it
might appear” (Pope, Essay on Man, I. 169). Latham, Eng-
lish, II. 45.-Primary accent. (a) The principal accent
or stress in a word of several syllables. In English, as a
rule, it falls on a root-syllable, as in shep"herdess, unnat'-
ural, impos'sible; or on the first syllable: but the fact
depends upon the history of the word in question, and
cannot be reduced to one or two rules, (b) A character,
usually (), used to mark such an accented syllable.—
Rh accent, accent, depending on rhythm as
associated with quantity or pitch.-Secondary accent.
(a) A second or minor accent or stress heard in the pro-
nunciation of some words with two or more syllables,
preceding or following that bearing the primary accent.
(b) A character, usually ("), used to mark such an accent.
The term often includes minor accents of the third (terti-
ary) or weaker grades, as in in"con"tro-ver’ti-ble, hy"per-
cat"a-lec’tic, in” com"pre-hen”si-bil’i-ty, etc.—Tonic
accent, syllabic stress.
accentualist (ak-sen'tū-al-ist), n. [accentual
+ -ist.] One who holds to a particular theory
of accent.
acceptance, n. 4. Acceptableness; the qual-
ity of being acceptable. Browning, Ring and
Book, ii. 835.-Acceptance of persons, favoritism;
partiality—proposal and acceptance. See*proposal.
acceptive, a. 2. Fitting; appropriate. Mrs.
Browning, Loved Once.
access, n. 8. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., same as
accession, 6.
accession (ak-sesh'gn), v. t.
accession-book of a library. See *accession-
book.
accession-book (ak-sesh'gn-buk), n. A blank-
book in which the titles of the books or vol-
umes received by a library are entered in the
order of their receipt, with all the necessary
details regarding them, such as date of entry,
accession-number, class-number, author, name
of publisher, place and date of publication,
size, number of pages, etc. J. C. Dana, Li-
brary Primer, p. 77.
accession-number (ak-sesh'on-num"bër), m.
The number given to a volume when it is en-
tered in the accession-book of a library, show-
ing the order of its receipt.
accessorius, a.—Lateralis accessorius,the accessory
lateral line; in fishes, one or more series of mucous tubes
in addition to the usual series called the lateral lime.
To enter in the
accordatura (a-kór-dā-tö’râ), m.
accordion
accessory. I. a. 3. In the logical system of
Lotze, adding (as thought) to the coherence of
the matter of thought a motion of the ground
of its coherence. See the extract.
That peculiarity of thought which will govern the whole
of our subsequent exposition lies in the production of
those accessory and justificatory notions which condition
the form of our apprehension.
Lotze (trans.), Logic, Introd., $7.
4. In geol., noting those minerals which are
present in relatively small quantities in a rock
and are not mentioned in its definition, such as
zircon, apatite, and magnetite in granite: con-
trasted with essential,—Accessory germ-plasm.
See Agerm-plasm.—Accessory idioplasm. See widio.
plasm.—Accessory parts or voices, in music, parts or
voices which supply an accompaniment to those which
are principal or essential.—Accessory signs, in pathol.,
customary or constantly attendant signs.
II. n. 4. In organ-building, same as acces-
sory Astop.
Accident yield. See *yield.
Accidental variations. See *variation.
accidentalism, n. 4. In philos., the opinion
that events are sometimes modified without
adequate cause: a use of the word proposed
by J. M. Baldwin.
accipenserin, n., See *acipenserin.
acclimatable (a-kliſmå-ta-bl.), a. Acclimatiza-
ble. [Rare.] N. E. D.
Acclimation fever. See *fever1.
acclimatize, v. II. intrans. To become cli-
matically accustomed or habituated to a new
locality or to new conditions.
accolent (ak (3-lent), a. and n. [L. accolens
(-ent-), ppr. of accolere, dwell by, K ad, to, +
Colere, till, dwell: see cult..] Dwelling near
by ; one who dwells near by.
The close resemblance between the skulls of the ancient
Cibolans and those of the accolents of the Gila-Salado has
been commented on by others. J. W. Fewkes, in Smith-
Sonian Report, 1896, p. 519.
accommodation, n. 5. In biol., a change
which is brought about in a living being by its
own activity and is not transmitted to its de-
Seendants, as contrasted with a variation re-
garded as a congenital change which is not the
effect of the activity of the organism and is
transmitted to descendants; an acquired char-
acter.—6. In genetic psychology, the reverse of
habit. It implies modification of function or type, and
finds expression in selective thought, interest, etc. Bald-
wim, Handbook of Psychol., p. 49.
7. In theol., the theory that God in his revela-
tion so modifies its teaching that it meets the
needs of man, who is limited in knowledge and
holiness. So God’s law is accommodated to
the hardness of man’s heart, and his truth to
ignorance.—8. A public coach with seats inside :
for twelve persons, and with an entrance on
each side. The body was hung on leather thorough-
braces after the manner of the post-chaise. It was first
used in New York on Broadway between Wall and Bleecker
streets. Its successors were the sociable and the omnibus.
—Absolute accommodation, that of one eye acting
independently of its fellow.—Accommodation phos-
henes. See &phospheme.— Limits of accommoda-
ion, in physiol. and psychological optics, the nearest and
farthest points at which an object can be seen single : also
termed range of accommodation.--Line Of accommo-
dation, in psychological optics, the portion of the line of
sight for points in which the same degree of accommoda-
tion is sufficient. — Range of a CCommodation. See
limits of Aaccommodation.— Relative accommoda-
tion, that effected by the two eyes acting together.
accompaniment, n. (a) An accompaniment is said
to be obbligato when it so far differs from that which is ac-
companied that it is necessary for the intended effect,
but ad libitum when it so nearly coincides with that which
is accompanied that it may or may not be used, at will.
The form of an accompaniment is specifically described
by terms such as arpeggio, figured, pulsatile, harmonic,
contrapwmtal, running, etc., and its character is indicated
by naming the instrument or other apparatus by which
it is provided : as, a piano accompaniment, a chorus ac-
companiment, etc.—ACCOmpaniment figure, in antasic,
a small pattern of notes which is used again and again,
with but slight modifications, so as to form a continuous
background or framework for a solo or other principal
melody. The so-called Albert bass is one variety of ac-
companiment figure ; but the term is extended to cover
much more elaborate melodic figures which are repeated
in accompaniments.
[It., K accor-
dare, accord, v.] The normal series of tones
to which the strings of a stringed instrument,
such as the violin, are tuned: any deviation
from this series is called scordatura. Some-
times written accord.
according, adv.–According to Gunter, reekoned,
determined, ascertained, or laid down in accordance with,
or by means of, the rule, scales, tables, or instruments
devised by Edmund Gunter (1581–1626), a moted English
mathematician; hence, exact or exactly; accurate or ac-
curately.
accordion, n. II. a. Resembling in its folds
accordion
the bellows of an accordion: as, an accordion
camera (one that is extensibie), accordion
skirts, etc. &
accordment (a-kórd’ment), n. [accord, v., +
-ment.] Accord; agreement; reconcilement.
N. E. D.
account, n.— Bureau of accounts. See kbureau.-
Joint account, an account, as in a bank or in some par-
ticular course of business dealings, in which two or more
persons are conjointly interested, as, distinguished from
an account in which only one person, firm, or corporation
is interested.— To square accounts, to ascertain, and
to pay or receive, the balance due in any particular
course of business dealings; settle up by paying or re-
ceiving the balance due.
accountant, n.-Chartered accountant, a certified
public accountant. [British.]
The fiftieth anniversary of the incorporation of char-
tered accountants in Scotland. Athenaewm, Dec. 19, 1903.
accounter (a-koun’tér), m. [account, v., +
-er.] 1. One who counts or reckons; an ac-
countant ; a “teller.”—2. One who keeps or
renders, or is required to render, an account,
as a steward of his stewardship.
accounting (a-koun’ting), m. [account, v., +
-ing.] 1+. Reckoning; computation; count-
ing.—2. An examination, reckoning, render-
ing, or balancing of accounts so as to arrive at
the true state of any transaction or course of
transactions: as, the court ordered an account-
ing; the parties came to an accounting.—3.
The art or science of keeping accounts; the
principles or methods of account-keeping; ac-
Countancy: as, manufacturing accounting ;
mercantile accounting. Amer. Accountant's
Manual, I. 183.
accountnent (a-kount’ ment), m. [account, v.
+ -ment.] Accounting; responsibility. [Rare.
accouplement, n. 3. In arch., the act of plac-
ing two pillars, columns, or pilasters close to-
gether, so as to form a pair, in contrast with
similar pieces which are spaced more widely.
Accouplement is rare in classical buildings as
We know them, but is common in modern work.
Accra, rubber. See Arubber.
accrete, a. 2. In biol., grown together: said of
parts normally separate but naturally grafted.
See accretion, 2.
accretion, n., 5. In forestry, increase in diam-
eter or height: distinguished from increment,
increase in volume.—6. In petrol., a term pro-
posed by Johnston-Lavis for a mass formed in
solution by deposition about a, nucleus, as in
oôlite, or upon the walls of a cavity. . It stands
in contrast to concretion, which is defined by the author
named as a mechanical agglomeration about a nucleus.-
Accretion borer. See aborer.-Accretion, cutting.
Same as kaccretion thinning.— Accretion thinning, in
forestry, a thinning made specifically to increase the
rate of growth in diameter of the trees which are left
standing.
accultural (a-kul’tſi-ral), a. [L. ac- for ad- +
cultura, culture, + -al.] Obtained by accul-
turation, or by the adoption of foreign cultural
elements.
The invention is at first individual, but when an inven-
tion is accepted and used by others it is accultural, and
the invention of the individual may be added to the in-
vention of others, so that it may be the invention of
many men.
J. W. Powell, in Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnology, 1897–98, p. xxi.
acculturation (a-kul-Üü-rā‘shgn), n. [L. ac-
for ad- + cultura, culture, -- -ation.] The
process of adopting and assimilating foreign
cultural elements.
The process of culture in all the five departments is by
invention and acculturation.
J. W. Powell, in Rep. Bur. Am, Ethnology, 1897–98, p. xxi.
acculture (a, -kul 'tūr), m. [See accultural.]
The cultural elements acquired by contact
with foreign forms of culture. G. S. Hall,
Adolescence, II. 726. r
acculturize (a-kul’tür-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
acculturized, ppr., acculturizing. [acculture, H
-ize.] To make the culture of a people similar
to that of another; to bring about assimilation
of culture.
The arts and industries of the partially acculturized
Papago Indians. Smithsonian Ireport, 1895, p. 44.
accumbent, a. 3. In entom., lying closely, as
the scales on a butterfly's antenna.
accumpaniment, n. A simplified spelling of
accompaniment.
accumpany, v. t. A simplified spelling of ac-
company.
# since the battery may be charged and discharged at
different rates, and in the chemical reaction caused by
the charging current an electrical energy is accumulated
which is discharged when the circuit is completed through
the line. The energy may also be accumulated or stored
in the form of heat in steam or other heat-transferring
medium. In what has been called the regenerative accu-
mulator, for example, steam from the exhaust-pipe of an
intermittent non-condensing engine, such as a hammer,
a hoisting-engine, or a rolling-mill, is received in a sheet-
steel cylinder containing cast-iron plates. The metal
mass acts to condense and reëvaporate this exhaust steam,
and to accumulate the varying energy of the exhaust, so
as to deliver a constant flow of low-pressure steam to
some other form of steam-motor, preferably a condensing
steam-turbine. -
Ace in the pot, a dice game in which each player gets
rid of a counter for every ace thrown.
a.-c.—e. mixture. See *miature.
aceconitic (as-e-kö-nit 'ik), a. [ace(tic) +
(a)comitic 3) Noting an acid, C6H6O6, which
is formed by the action of sodium on the ethyl
ester of bromacetic acid. It is isomeric with
aconitic acid.
a cedia (ä’sä-dé’ā), n. [Cuban use of Sp. ace-
dia, a flounder.] A Cuban name for a species
of tongue-fish or sole, Symphºrus plagusia.
acediamine (as-e-di-am’in), n. [Appar. ace(tic)
+ di-2 + amine.] A substance §§§
NH2. Also acetamidine.
acefalous, a. A simplified spelling of acepha-
lous.
aceitillo (ä-sā’i-têl’yö), m. [Porto Rico Sp.
dim of Sp. aceite, oil.] In Porto Rico, a sma
tree, Simarowba Tulae, the wood of which is
strong, durable, and well suited to all kinds of
coarse carpenter-work.
ace-line (äs’ lin), m. In hand-ball and similar
sports, a line used in marking the courts.
acenaphthene (as-e-nafºthèn), n. [ace(tic) +
naphtheme.] A hydrocarbon, C12H10, obtained
from coal-tar and also ºré artificially by
heating a-ethylnaphthalene.
acenaphthylene (as-e-naf'thi-lèn), n. [ace(tic)
+ maphthylene.] A hydrocarbon, C12H8, formed
when the vapor of acenaphthene is passed
over red-hot lead oxid. *
Acentrogobius (a-sen-trö-gö’bi-us), n. [NL.,
Gr. &Kevtpog, without sting, spine, or spur, +
L. gobius, goby.] A genus of Asiatic river
gobies, little different from Ctenogobius.
Acentropus (a-senſtrö-pus), n. [NL. (West-
wood, 1835), K. Gr. &-priv. -- Kévrpov, spine, --
Toíg, foot.]. An anomalous genus of pyralid
moths of the subfamily Schoenobiinae, which
contains the most completely aquatic forms of
the Order Lepidoptera. The larvae live below the
surface of the water on the leaves of aquatic plants, but
have no air-gills. Their method of respiration is un-
known.
acentrous (a-sen'trus), a. [Gr. 6- priv. --
Kévrpov, center.] Without a center; specifi-
cally, noting a condition of the vertebral col-
umn found in some batrachians and fishes, in
which bony neural arches are associated with
a persistent notochord which shows no trace
of segmentation: said also of cells in which a.
centrosome or centrosphere cannot be detected.
acephal, n. 2+. An animal or living being
supposed to be headless; one of the Acephali.
Topsell, Four-footed Beasts. N. E. D.
II. a. Headless; without a head or leader.
a cephalate (a-sef’a-lāt), a. [As a cephal(ous)
+ -atel..] Acephalous; specifically, of or per-
taining to the Acephala.
a cephalic (a-se-falſik), a... [acephal-ows -H -ic.]
Same as acephalous; headless.
Its evolution has been acephalic, diffuse, or headless.
L. H. Bailey, Survival of the Unlike, p. 16.
Acephalina (a-sef’a-liºnä), m. pl. [NL., as
acephal(ous) + -ind?..] A group of Dugrega-
rinae, or a suborder of Gregarinida, in which
the body is non-septate and there is no epi-
merite at any stage. They are chiefly coelomic
parasites. Monocystis is an example. Same
as Momocystidea.
acephaline (a-sef’a-lin), a. . [NL. acephalimus
(neut. pl. Acephalina), KGr. &kéjažog, headless:
See acephalows.] Resembling the Acephalina,
or having no epimerite, as certain Gregarimida.
A small Sporozoite "penetrates into a blood corpuscle
and there grows, assuming all the characters of a small
acephaline Gregarine. Encyc. Brit., XXXII. 814.
acephalism (a-sef’a-lizm), n. The opinions
and practices of the acephalists, or those who
acknowledged no ecclesiastical superior. See
Acephali.
acephalocyst, n.
cyst.
acephalophorous (a-sef-a-lof’º-rus), a. [Gr.
à-priv. -F kepaññ, head, +-popog, K pépetv, bear.]
2. A sterile echinococcus
acetanilide
Not bearing a distinct head; resembling the
Acephalophora. -
aceraceous (as-e-rá'shius), a. [NL. Aceraceae
+ -ows.] In bot., having the characters of or
belonging to the Aceraceae or maple family.
Acerata (a-ser'g-tä), n. pl. , [Gr, àkšparoc,
without horns, K.,& priv. H. Képac, horn.]. In
Kingsley's classification of the Arthropoda, a
division given rank as a class and coequal with
the Crustacea. . It is defined as including branchiate
arthropods in which the branchial folds act either as
gills or as lungs. The body has a well-defined cephalo-
thorax and abdomen, six segments and their appendages
appertaining to the former, and the segments more or
less fused; a caudal spine or telson; and no antennae.
The Acerata are divided into two groups, the Merostomata,
of which, Limulus is the only existing representative,
and the Arachnida, or spiders, mites, and scorpions.
acerate” (as'é-rät), a. [L. aceratus, mingled
with chaff (taken here is like chaff,” that is,
‘sharp-pointed,’ appar. associated with acus
(acu-), a needle), Kacus (acer-), chaff.] Needle-
shaped or rod-shaped: specifically applied to
monaxon spicules found in calcareous sponges;
in bot., same as acerose (b). - -
a cerquate (à cher-kwā’te). . [It. dial. (Peru-
gian): a, with ; cerquate, pl., K cerqua– Sardin-
ian kerku (= It. guerce, quercia), K.L. Quercus,
oak: See Quercus.] Said of decoration con-
sisting of conventionalized oak leaves and
acorns, usually painted in deep yellow on a
blue ground. Such decoration is frequently
found on Italian majolica wares, particularly
those of Urbino. -
Acervularia (a-sér-vil-lā’ri-á), n. [NL., K. L.
acervulus, a little heap, + -aria.] A genus of
extinct tetracorals of the family Cyathophyl-
lidae, abundant in the Silurian and Devonian
formations. They grow in bushy colonies, and have
Stout Septa, tabulae in the central area, and the peripheral
zone filled with vesicular tissue.
acervulus, n. 2. The fruiting pustule of cer-
tain fungi, as Gloeosporium and related genera,
consisting of Small dense masses of conidio-
phores and conidia formed beneath the epi-
dermis of the host, which bursts and permits
the escape of the conidia when they mature.
Acetabularia (as-e-tab-i-lā’ri-á), n. [NL., K
# aganum, cup, + -aria.] See Aacetabw-
tiºn, O.
acetabulate (as-e-tab'il-lāt), a. Cup-shaped,
as the sucker of certain trematodes.
acetabulum, n. 5. [cap.] A genus of calcare-
ous green algæ, Chlorophyceae, found in tropi-
cal or subtropi- N
cal Waters:
characterized
by anerect axis
surmounted by
a solid cap
which COIl-
sists of numer-
ous radiating
chambers.
Also Acetabu-
laria. Tourne-
fort, 1719.
a cetabulous
(as – e – tab (ii-
lus), a. In bot.,
same as acetab-
wliform, 1.
acetacetic (a-
set-a-sé (tik),
a. See *aceto-
acetic.
acetaldehyde
(as - et-al’ dé-
hid), m. [acet-
(ic) + alde-
hyde.] The al-
dehyde CH3CHO, formed by the oxidation of
common or ethyl alcohol. It boils at 21°C.,
and has a disagreeable penetrating odor.
acetamidine (as-et-am’i-din), n. Same as
*acedia/mine.
Aºaminoacetic acid. Same as *aceturic
Q020.
acetaminol (as-et-am’i-nól), n. [acet(ic) +
am(monia) + -im2 + -ol.] A trade-name for
T-acetaminobenzoyleugenol, NH(C2H3O)C6-
H.CôºffsöCHjö. H. it is a crystaiſine
substance having antiseptic properties.
acetanilide (as-et-an’i-lid), n. [acet-yl 4- ani-
lide..] A substance, C6H5NH.C2H3O, formed
by heating aniline and glacial acetic acid for
several hours, or by the action of acetyl chlo-
rid or acetic anhydrid on aniline. Fownes.
3,00? III] ator, m. 3. (c) In the pressure accumula-
tor the displacement plunger is forced into the hydraulic
cylinder by a piston which fits a second cylinder and
on whose acting face a pressure of steam or air is main-
tained from a steam-boiler or from a compressed-air pump
or reservoir of large capacity. The name accumulator
is also given to a storage battery, in electrical engineer-
a, Acetab1a2unt exiguum, a thallus en-
larged ; b, Acetabulumt exigneum, spores
with lid. (From Murray's “Introduction
. . . to Seaweeds.”)

acetenyl
acetenyl (a-set/9-mil), n. [acet(ic) + -ene +
-yl.] A term used in composition, indicating
that a compound contains the group CH:C, de-
rived from acetylene (C2H2), as acetenylben-
zene, C6H5C:CH. It has also been erroneously
used to designate the group CH2:CH, styrene
(C6H5CH:CH2) having also been called acet-
enylbenzene.
acetenylbenzene. See *acetenyl.
acethemin, acethaemin (as-et-hé'min), n.
[acet(ic) + Gr. alpa, blood.] The term *::::
to a preparation, Čs. H 3O4N4ClFe, of hemin
said to contain an j group, CH3CO. It
is derived from the coloring matter of the
blood. -
Acetin blue. See *blue.
acetize (as’e-tiz), v. i.; pret. and pp. acetized,
ppr. acetizing. To undergo acetous fermenta-
tion; become sour. R. F. Burton.
acetoacetate (as’e-tó-asſe-tät), m. [acetoa-
cet(ic) + -atel..] A salt of acetoacetic acid.
acetoacetic (as’e-tó-a-Sé'tik), a. Noting an
acid, CH3COCH2CO2H, scarcely known in the
free state because of its instability. It is found
in the urine of persons suffering from diabetes and some-
times in that of those suffering from fevers. See kalia-
cetic acid.— Acetoacetic ester, an ester of acetoacetic
acid, especially the ethyl ester, CH3COCH2CO2C2H5. It
is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor, and boils at
180°C. It is of very unusual importance, both because its
conduct is typical of a large class of similar compounds
and because it can be used for the synthesis of a great
variety of compounds.
acetochlorhydrose (as/e-tó-klór-hi(drös), m.
[acet(ic) + chlor(in) + hydr(ogen) + -ose.] A
bitter dextrorotatory compound, C6H.7(C2H3-
O)4O601, formed by the action of acetyl chlo-
rid on 6-glucose. *
acetol (asſe-tol), n. [acet(ic) + -ol.] A com-
pound, CH3COCH2OH, having the official
name 1-hydroarypropanome. It is a liquid which
boils with decomposition at 147°C. Variously designated
as acetylcarbinol, pyroracemic alcohol, hydrozyacetone,
and acetone alcohol.
acetolatum (a-set-Ø-lā’tum), n. [acetum, vine-
gar..] An aromatic liquid preparation ob-
tained by distilling vinegar containing an es-
sential oil.
Acetone alcohol. Same as Aacetol.—Acetone chloro-
form, a compound of acetone and chloroform, (CH3)2C-
(óñjóðisfjää26. It is crystalline and has an odor re-
sembling that of camphor.
Acetonic acid, a-hydroxyisobutyric acid, (CH3)2C(OH)-
CO2H, a crystalline acid prepared from acetone. It
melts at 79° C.
acetonine (a-set/6-min), n. [acetone + -ine?..]
A very unstable base, C9H13N2, whose thio-
carbonate is formed by the action of carbon
bisulphid and ammonia on acetone.
acetonitrile (as’e-tó-nitril), m. [acetone +
nitrile.] Methyl cyanide, CH3CN, the nitrile
of acetic acid. It is a liquid which boils at
81.60 C. w
acetonuria (as/e-tó-nā’ri-á), m. [NL., K ace-
tone + Gr. oipov, urine.] The elimination of
acetone in the urine: seen notably in diabetes
and in febrile diseases.
acetonyl (a-set’ī-mil), m. [acetone + -yl.] A
term used in composition, indicating that a
compound contains the group CH3COCH2—, de-
rived from acetone, as acetonylacetone, CH3-
COCH2CH2COCH3. It is also used for com-
pounds containing the group (CH3)2C., as
acetonylurea, (CH3)2C.NH CO
X
CO.NET
acetonylacetonate (a-set"6-nil-a-set'ê-nāt), m.
[acetonylacetone + -atel.] A salt formed from
acetonylacetone. See *acetonyl.
acetophenine (as’e-tó-fé'min), m. [acetophe-
n(yl) + -ine?..] A weak base, C28H17N, formed
by the action of ammonia and ºr. pen-
toxid on acetophenone. It crystallizes in nee-
dles which melt at 135° C.
acetophenone (as”e-tó-fé'nón), m. ... [acet(ic) +
phen(yl) + -ome.] A compound, C6H5COCH3,
formed by the distillation of a mixture of cal-
cium acetate and benzoate. It melts at 20.5° and
boils at 202°C. It is used as a hypnotic and in the prepa-
ration of a great variety of compounds. Also kethylon-
phen, kphenylmethylketome, and hypnome.
acetopyrin, acetopyrine (as"e-tó-pi’rin), m.
Same as *acopyrin.
aceto-soluble (as’e-tó-sol’i-bl), a. Soluble in
acetic acid: as, aceto-soluble albumin, a form
of serum albumin described by Patein as oc-
curring in the urine.
acetoxime (as-e-tok’sim), m. [acet(ic) + oacime.]
The oxime ( (CH.C. Nôā) of acetone. It is
a volatile solid which melts at 60° and boils at
1848.C.
acetoxyl (as-e-tok'sil), n. [acet(ic) + ow(ygen)
+ -yl.] 1. Kolbe's name for acetyl.—2. A
name for the group CH &#3; as, acetoacyl-
glycolic acid, CH2(OH)CO.CH(OH)CO2H.-3.
A name for the group —O.C2H3O : as, ace-
ºriº estº, ºftöö. Hºdó.
C2H5. [Commonly used as a prefix.]
acetozone (a-set'é-Zón), n. [acet(ic) + ozone.]
A trade-name for *benzoylacetylperoa;id (which
See).
acetract (asſe-trakt), n. [L. ace(tum), vine-
gar, F. E. (6a)tract.] A solid extract of a drug
made with a menstruum containing acetic
acid. Buck, Med. Handbook, I. 65.
acetum, n. 2. A pharmaceutical preparation
usually made by percolating a drug with di-
lute acetic acid.
aceturic (as-e-tū’rik), a. [acet-ic + uric.]
Noting an acid, the acetyl derivative (C2H3-
O.NHCH2CO2H) of glycocoll or glycin. It
melts at 3.6% C. Also called acetylglycin and
acetaminoacetic acid.
acetylacetonate (as’e-til-a-set/j-nāt), n. [ace-
tylacetone + -atel..] A saltformed from acetyl-
(ICetone.
acetylacetone (as’e-til-asſe-tūn), n. [acet(ic)
+ -yl_-H acetone..] A compound, CH3COCH2-
COCH3, formed by the action of sodium on a
mixture of acetone and ethyl acetate. It is a
liquid which boils at 137° C. It forms salts which are
# derived from the tautomeric form, CH3COCH:C-
(OH)OH3.
acetylate (a-setti-lāt), v. t.; pret. and pp. acet-
Aſlated, ppr. acetylating. [acetyl + -atel..] To
introduce the acetyl group into; especially,
to prepare an acetyl derivative of an organic
compound containing a hydroxyl- or amino-
ſºft
acetylation (a-set-i-lä'shgn), n. [acetyl +
-ation.] The treatment of organic substances
with acetic anhydrid in order to determine the
g. and amount of alcoholic hydroxyl.
ame as acetylization.—Acetylation test, the ap-
plication of this process to glycerol and fatty substances
as a part of their chemical examination.
acetylcarbinol (as’e-til-kär" bi-nól), n.
as "acetol.
acetylene, 7t. This gas, C2H2, prepared by the action
of water on calcium carbide, is now largely used as an
illuminant and to increase the illuminating value of coal-
gas and water-gas of poor quality.
acetylglycin (as "e-til-gli' sin), n.
*aceturic acid.
acetylide (a-set/i-lid), n. [acetyl + -idel.] A
compound formed by the replacement of one
or both of the hydrogen atoms of acetylene by
a metal. Cuprous acetylide (Cu2C2) and silver acet-
glide (Ag3C2) are highly explosive, while the acetylides
of alkali and alkaline earth-metals are not explosive.
Achaemenian, a. II. n. A Persian of the time
of Achaemenes or the Achaemenidae; also, the
Persian language of that period (recorded in
cuneiform inscriptions).
achascophytum (a-kas-kof’i-tum), n. ; pl.
achascophyta (-tä). [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. -H réia-
Kelv, to open, dehisce, -- putów, a plant..] In
bot., a plant having an indehiscent fruit.
Achatinellidae (a-kat-i-hel’i-dé), m; pl. , [NL.,
KAchatinella + -idae.] A family of stylomma-
tophorous, pulmonate Gasteropoda. They have a
small bulimoid shell, indifferently dextral or sinistral,
and a radula of two types, one having the teeth in very
oblique rows, central, laterals, and marginals all of the
same type, base narrow, head rather broad, with numer-
ous small denticles (as in Achatinella proper, Awriculella,
and Tornatellina), the other having the central tooth
Small and narrow, laterals bicuspid, and marginals as in
Helia (Amastra and Carelia).
achenocarp, m. , Same as achaenocarp.
Achernian (a-kèr’ni-an), a. and n. [Achermar,
the name of a star, + -ian.] I. a. Noting
stars similar to Achermar, in the spectrum of
which hydrogen, helium, asterium, oxygen,
nitrogen, and carbon are predominant: sup-
posed by Lockyer to be cooling.
II. m. An Achermian star.
Acheson graphite, process.
*process. -
Acheulian (ā-shé'li-an), a. Of or pertaining
to Saint-Acheul, in the Somme valley, northern
France.—Acheulian deposits, in geol. and archºol.;
paleolithic deposits containing carefully worked flint
implements of more recent date than the rude flints
found in the Chelléan beds: so named by Mortillet from
the occurrence of such relics at Saint-Acheul.
achiev, v. t. ... A simplified spelling of achieve.
achilia (a-ki'li-á), m. [NL., K*achilus, lipless:
See achilous.] Congenital absence of one or
both lips.
achill (a-chil’), adv. [aš + chill.] Chilled;
chilly.
Same
Same as
See *graphite,
achromatic
Had . . . the warm breeze grown achill?
Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. iv. 39
Achilles (a-kil’éz), n. An *. other-
wise called “Achilles and the Tortoise,’ which
was proposed by Zeno of Elea to prove that
motion is impossible. Suppose that Achilles runs
parallel to the tortoise, which is moving slowly in the
same direction and is at the start some distance ahead
of Achilles. The argument is that Achilles never will
overtake the tortoise, because in order to do so he must
first move to the point at which the tortoise started, and
when he arrives there the tortoise will again be a certain
distance ahead and the same condition of things will be
repeated. Hence Achilles will not overtake the tortoise
until he has completed or ended a series of advances
which has no completion or end. The argument is ab-
º from both the logical and the mathematical point
OI V16.W.
achilletin (ak-i-lèſtin), m. [achill(eim) + -et
+ -in”.] A compound, C11H17O4N, formed by
the action of dilute sulphuric acid on achillein.
It is a dark-brown powder and is not bitter.
achillodynia (a-kil-3-din'i-á), n. [Achill(es
tendon) + Gr. 66in)7, pain.] Pain in the heel.
Achirinae (ak-i-ri'né), m. pl. [NL., K Achirus
+ -inae.] . A subfamily of soles, typified by the
genus Achirus.
achlorhydria (a-klór-hi’dri-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ô- priv. -H chlorhydric + -ia.] Absence of
hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice.
achocon (ā-chö-kön"), n. [Per. Sp., K a native
name.] A name in Peru of a large tree of
the violet family, Leonia glycycarpa. It bears a
rough yellow edible fruit the size of a peach, filled with
a Soft Sweet pulp of the same color, and is held in much
esteem by the Peruvians. -
acholic (a-kol'ik), a. [Gr. 6- priv. 4- rožň,
bile : see cholic.] Marked by the absence of
bile; free from bile. Lancet, May 30, 1903,
p. 1,498.
achondrite (a-kon' drit), n. [a-18 + chondrite.]
A meteoric stone, or ačrolite, containing little
or no iron and essentially free from chon-
drules. See *meteorite.
achondroplasia (a-kon-drö-pla'si-á), m. [NL.,
ir... à- priv., + xóvópog, cartilage, + T26oug,
molding, conformation.] An anomaly of de-
velopment marked by deficient cartilaginous
growth resulting in a form of dwarfism. The
subject of this affection is very short and “stocky,” with
large head and well-developed muscles.
achondroplastic (a-kon - dró - plas’ tik), a.
Lachondro(plasia) + plastic..] Relating to or
affected with achondroplasia.
achordal (a-kôr' dal), a. [Gr. - priv. 4- xopó%,
a cord.] 1. Not connected with or developed
from the notochord.—2. Having no spinal
cord.
achordate (a-kôr'dāt), a. and n. [NL. *achor-
datus, K. Gr. 6- priv. -- ropó, chord.] I. a.
Having no notochord; invertebrate; belonging
to the Achordata.
II. m. One of the Achordata.
achoresis (ak-º-ré'sis), n. [NL. achorēsis, K
Gr. 6- priv. -- ropeiv, make room, contain..] A
condition of diminished capacity of any one of
the hollow viscera, as the bladder.
Achorutes (ak-º-rū’téz), n. [NL. (Templeton,
1835), K. Gr. a- priv. -- ropertàg, a dancer,
jumper, Kaopei'en, dance.] A genus of collem-
bolan insects of the family Poduridae. It is re-
harkable for the fact that certain of its species, as A.
nºvico'a of the United States and A. murorum of Europe,
occur frequently in great uumbers on the surface of snow.
They are sometimes called smow-fieas.
achrematite (a-kré'ma-tit), m. [Gr. ſixp?uatog,
without money, K d- priv. 4- ºpiua, money:
because it does not (as alleged) contain silver.]
A mineral of doubtful character found at the
mines of Guanaceré, Mexico. It consists of the
arseniate and molybdate of lead.
Achroma, unguium, in pathol., the presence of white
spots on the nails.
a chromat (ak’rö-mat), n. [G. achromat, K. Gr.
àxpóplatog, colorless: see achromatic..] In op-
tics, a lens or system of lenses corrected for
chromatic aberration.—New achromat, an achro-
mat constructed on modern principles (the theory being
far advanced beyond those which determined the con-
struction of the old achromats) and made of the new
Jena glass, which renders it possible to give the achro-
mat a flat field.— Old a chromat, an achromat made of
old-fashioned crown- and flint-glass, and necessarily hav-
ing a field which is not flat.
achromatic, a..., 2. In biol. : (a) Colorless;
hyaline. , (b) Difficult to stain: a term ap-
plied to the portion of the cell-nucleus which
exhibits little or no tendency to stain in ear-
mine, haematoxylin, or certain aniline dyes
used in histologic and cytologic technic.—
Achromatic figure, in cytol., the non-staining as op-
posed to the staining portion of the karyokinetic figure.
See achromatin.—Achromatic mass, in cytol., any non-
staining portion of the karyokinetic figure, such as the
achromatic
substance which accumulates about the poles of the ach-
romatic spindle.—Achromatic *mirror kobjective,
*ocular, Arefractivity, ºstereoscope. See the nouns.
— Achromatic spindle, the protoplasmic threads be-
i. the poles of the spindle in karyokinesis, which do
IłOU Stålil.
achromatistous (a-kró"ma-tis’tus), a. Of the
nature of or characterized by achromatosis;
deficient in coloring matter. Syd. Soc. Lea.
achromatizable (a-kró’ma-ti-za-bl), a. Capa-
ble of being corrected for chromatic aberra-
tion. Also spelled achromatisable.
achromatolysis (a-krö-ma-tol’i-sis), n. [Gr.
ôxpóplatog, not colored, + Wüoug, dissolution.]
In cytol., the breaking down or dissolution of
the achromatic substance of the cell: opposed
to chromatolysis.
achromic (a-krö’mik), a. [Gr. &- priv. -H
Apôua, color.] Devoid of color; colorless.
When starch is inverted by diastatic ferments a point is
reached where the solution no longer gives a blue color
with iodine; this is termed the achromic point of the
starch solution. sº †.
achromin (a-krô'min), n. The achromatin or
linin of the nucleus of the cell, as contrasted
with the chromatin.
The most common division of the caryoplasm in the
cells of the animal and plant body is into two chemically
different substances, which are usually called chromatin
(or nuclein) and achromin (or linin). i.
Haeckel (trans.), Wonders of Life, p. 140.
achronism (ak” rô-nizm), m. [Gr. Ö- priv. --
Apóvog, time, + -ism..] Lack or deficiency of
time; absence of time (in which to accomplish
anything). [Rare.] N. E. D.
achroöglycogen (a.k-rö-3-gli’kö-jen), n. [Gr.
àxpoog, colorless, + glycogen.] A colloid carbo-
hydrate which results from smail-mucin on pro-
longed boiling with dilute acids or alkalis. On
decomposition it is said to yield glucose.
achylia (a-ki’li-á), m. [NL., Kachylus, without
chyle: see achylous.] Absence of chyle.—
Achylia gastrica, a disease marked by deficient secre-
tion or absence of the gastric juice.
achymous (a-ki' mus), a. [NL. *achymus, K. Gr.
à- priv. -- 2:vuóg, juice: see chyme.] Having
no chyme.
achyrophytum (ak-i-rof’i-tum), m. ; pl. achy-
rophytut (-tä). [NL., K. Gr. Čižvpov, chaff, glume,
+ putóv, a plant.] In bot., a glumaceous plant,
as grasses, Sedges, etc.
acicula, n. 5. In bot.: (a) The bristle-like pro-
longation of the rachilla of a grass-spike. (b)
A tooth-like process in the hymenium of cer-
tain fungi.
Aciculina (a-sik-i-li (nà), m. pl. [NL., K. L.
acicula, a needle, -H -ina.] A suborder of
monaxonidan Demospongiaº of the order Hadro-
merina, having diactine megaScleres. It in-
cludes the families Epallacidae, Stylocordylidae,
and Tethyidae. Also Aciculinae.
aciculite (a-sik'il-lit), n. [L. acicula, a needle,
+ -ite2.] Same as aikimite.
aciculus, m. 2. Same as aciculum.
acid, a. and n. I. a.-Acid alizarin blue, brown,
green. See kblue, kbrown, kgreen.— Acid color. See
xcolor. For specific acid colors see Aracid-blue, acid-green,
*acid-red, etc.—Acid dyestuff. Same as acid kcolor.—
Acid intoxication, Same as kacidosis.-Acid leather.
See kleather.— Acid mordant Color. Same as mordant
acid kcolor.—Acid or acidic Oxid. See Acoacid.—Acid
Soap. See ksoap.— Acid steel. See ksteel.—Acid tar,
impure sulphuric acid which has been used in refining
petroleum. Also known as sludge acid.—Acid test, tide.
See ktest1, ktide1.
II. m. – Schaeffer's acid, the commercial name of
one of the seven isomeric monosulphonic acids of 3-
naphthol. It is an important raw material in the color
industry.—Scheele's acid, a 5 per cent. Solution of ab-
solute hydrocyanic acid in water. --
Acidanthera (as"i-dan-theºrá), n. [NL., appar.
K L. acidus, sour, acid, + Gr. Övömpög, flowering
(or NL. anthéra, anther.)] A genus of about 20
African and Australian plants of the family
Iridaceae, intermediate between Gladiolus and
Iacia. They are grown indoors in pots, or in the open
in summer. The best-known species is A. bicolor, with
creamy white, chocolate-blotched flowers in a simple, lax
Spike. º e g tº
Acidaspis (as-i-das’pis), n. [NL., S. L., acidus,
sharp, H. aspis (Gr. &otic), shield.] A genus
of trilobites in which the shield bears numer-
ous spines: characteristic of the Silurian and
Devonian formations.
acid-black (as"id-blak'), m. One of the naph-
thol blacks.—Anthracene acid-black, a mordant acid
coal-tar color. In an acid bath it dyes unmordanted Wool
a black which becomes much faster when after-chromed.—
Azo acid-black, the name assigned to a mixture of Va:
rious dyestuffs. It is largely used on account of its good
distributing power and the handsome shade, resembling
logwood-black, which it produces.
acid-blue (as/id-blé'), n. Same as cyanol "blue.
—Azo acid-blue, an acid dyestuff of the monoazo type;
similar to Victoria & violet.—Biebrich acid-blue, an acid
acid-cell (as’id-sel), n.
acid-gland (asſid-gland), n.
acid-green, n.
acidimeter, n.—Twichell's
acidimetric (as’i-di-met'-
acidite (as’i-dit), n. [acid
acidity, n.-Coefficient of
coal-tar color of unpublished constitution, which dyes
wool blue in an acid bath.—Fast acid-blue, a coal-tar
color prepared by the action of paraphenetidine upon flu-
orescein chlorid and the sulphonation of the product. It
dyes wool and silk violet-blue in an acid bath, Also called
viola/mine 3B.
acid-brown (as"id-broun’), m. An acid coal-tar
color of the diazo type, which dyes wool and
silk brown in an acid bath.—Azo acid-brown, an
acid coal-tar color of unpublished constitution, which
dyes wool very level shades of brown in an acid bath.
acid-carmoisin (as"id-kār’mö-i-sin), n. One of
the fast reds. See fast red, under red1.
One of the cells at the
cardiac extremity of the stomach which secrete
the acid constituent of the gastric juice.
acid-cerise (as"id-se-réz'), n. An impure acid-
magenta.
acid-egg (as'id-eg), n. A form of pumping ap-
paratus for handling liquors which would act
chemically upon the moving parts of an ordinary
piston- or plunger-pump. Chambers which have an
elongated spheroidal or egg shape receive the liquor at a
low pressure, and, when they are filled, either air or steam
under pressure is admitted to them, displacing the liquor
through connecting pipes to the desired point.
The pumping of the acids up to the top of the towers is
now always performed by means of compressed air, either
in the old “acid-eggs,”or more economically in “pulsom-
eters.” Encyc. Brit., XXV. 44.
acid-fast (as’id-fast), a. A literal translation
of the German “sáurfest”: applied to a class
of bacteria, which, when once stained with
basic aniline dyes, tenaciously hold the dye on
Subsequent exposure to acids or alcohol. The
most notable representative of this group is the tubercle
bacillus, and its recognition in the tissues, the sputum,
etc., is essentially based upon this “acid-fastness.”
acid-fuchsin (as/id-fök'sin), n. Same as acid-
"magenta.—Fast acid-fuchsin. Same as fast Aacid-
"magenta. *
1. One of certain
glands found in the pedipalp Arachnida, secret-
ing an acid liquid.
In connection with the acid-glamds he describes a con-
voluted mass of tubules twisting about on each side of
the central or right gland, and succeeded in tracing two
of these tubules, apparently opening into the left sac.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1902, II. 171.
2. In entom., one of the glands, found in the
honey-bee and other stinging Hymenoptera,
which secrete an acid liquid. There are also glands
which secrete an alkaline fluid ; and the poison of the
insect is effective only when both fluids are mixed. A. S.
Packard, Text-book of Entom., p. 358.
3. One of the glands of the stomach secreting
the acid portion of the gastric juice.
2. An acid dyestuff, a sulpho-
nated triphenylmethane derivative, which dyes
wool and silk green in an acid bath.
That acidifies
Acidic oxid. See acid koa;id.
acidifiant (a-sid’i-fi-ant), a.
or renders acid; acidifying.
acidimeter, a form of acidim-
eter shown in the accompany-
ing cut.
rik), a. Of or pertaining 5 :
to the acidimeter or to
acidimetry; acidimetri-
cal. *
#
º
:
|
.ºs:-
§
t-f:Y.
º:
::
º;-
;
+ -īte.] A term proposed
by Von Cotta (1864) for
all igneous rocks which
are rich in the acid radi-
cal silica, as opposed to
those which are poor in it,
which he called basites.
:* * --
.ºIn ºrº
|N; vº§
Twichell's Acidimeter.
a, jar filled with water; &,
measure for acid ; c. sodium
acid carbonate to be adde
to acid under test; d, grad-
uated tube indicating the
strength of the acid tested.
acidity, in petrog., a ratio de-
rived from the chemical analy-
sis of a rock by dividing the
number of atoms of oxygen con-
tained in the various oxid bases
by the number of atoms of oxygen belonging to the acid
radical silica. This ratio is characteristic of certain
groups of igneous rocks.
acidize (as’id-iz), v. t.; pret. and pp. acidized,
ppr. acidizing. [acid + -ize.] To treat with
an acid; render acid.—Acidizing process, the
trade-name of a method of vulcanizing india-rubber by
treating it with a solution of calcium or sodium hypo-
chlorite, with or without the addition of an acid.
acid-magenta, n.-Azo acid-magenta, an acid color
of unpublished constitution, which dyes wool a color
Tesembling that produced by magenta.— Fast acid-
magenta, an acid coal-tar color of the monoazo type.
It is prepared by combining diazotized aniline with
amido-naphthol-disulphonic acid, and dyes wool and silk
a bluish red in an acid bath. Also called fast acid-
jºuchsin.
magenta.
aclythrophytum
acid-mauve (as"id-măv'), n. An acid coal-tar
color made by Sulphonating mauvaniline.
acidophil, acidophile (a-sid’ū-fil), a. [NL.
acidum, an acid, + Gr. ºthog, loving.] Capable
of being dyed with acid stains: said of cells
Orii. of cells.
acidophilic (as"i-dó-fil’ik), a. Same as *acid-
ophil. - *
Special attention has been ‘ called by Rosin (24), to the
micro-chemical differentiation of the constituents of the
cell body, the Nissl bodies reacting to the basic dyes,
while the ground substance is acidophilic in character.
F. R. Bailey, in Jour. Exper. Med., Oct. 1, 1901, p. 555.
acidophilous (as-i-dof'i-lus), a. [NL. acidum,
acid, + ptWeiv, love.] Same as acidophil.
acid-orange (as"id-or'ānj), 'm. Same as orange
II (which see, under orangel).
acidosis (as-i-dò'sis), n. [NL. acidum, an acid,
+ -osis...] Poisoning by certain acids, such as
uric acid or the fatty acids, formed within the
body under various morbid conditions, such as
cancer, diabetes, or fever. Also called acid
$ntoa;ication.
acid-ponceau (as"id-pon-sā’), m. An acid coal-
tar color of the monoazo type. It is prepared
by combining diazotized 8-maphthylamine-sulphonic acid
with 8-naphthol, and dyes wool and silk scarlet in an
acid bath. Also called fast acid-ponceau, acid-Scarlet or
jast acid-scarlet, and ponceaw. S.
acid-red (as"id-red"), n. An acid coal-tar color
which dyes wool red in an acid bath. Also
called fast acid-red.
acid-rosamine (as"id-röz-am’in), m. An acid
coal-tar color of the xantheme type, which
dyes wool and silk a bluish red. Also called
wiolamine G.
acid-roseine, acid-rubine (as "id-rö 'zé-in,
-rö’bin), n. Same as acid-magenta.
acid-scarlet (as"id-skär’let), n. Same as *acid-
ponceau. Also called fast acid-Scarlet.
acidulation (a-sid-li-lä’sh9m), m. The act or
process of rendering (something) acid, or of
imparting an acid or subacid quality to it.
Acidulous Water, a natural mineral water containing a
notable amount of free carbonic acid.
acid-violet (as/id-vi'6-let), n. A name of two
coal-tar colors (fast acid-violet ARR and B) of
the xantheme type, of similar composition.
They dye wool and silk reddish violet in am
acid bath. Also known as violamine R and vi-
olamine B.-Fast acid-violet 10 B, an acid coal-tar
color of the triphenyl-methane-carbinol type. It dyes
wool violet in an acid bath.
acidyl (as’i-dil), n. . [acid + -yl.] Same as
*acyl (the preferable form).
Acinetaria (as/i-nē-tā’ri-á). m. pl. [NT.]
Same as Acimeta2. *
acinetarian (as-i-nē-tā’ri-an), a. and m. I. a.
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Acinetaria.
II. m. One of the Acinetaria. -
acinetic (as-i-net'ik), a. [Gr. &-priv. -- Kivimtég,
moved, movable: see kinetic..] That prevents
motion; that deprives of, or causes the loss of,
voluntary motion.
acinotubular (as/i-nó-tū’ībū-lär), a. [NL. aci-
mus, acinus, + L. tubulus, tubule.] Possessing
both acini and tubules: said of certain glands.
Acinous cancer. See *cancer.
acipenserin (as-i-pen'se-rin), n. [Acipenser
(see def.) + -im2.] A protamin found in the
testicles of a fish, Acipenser Stellatus.
Aciprion (a-sipºri-Qn), n. [NL., K (?) Gr. &kic,
a point, + Tptov, a saw.] A genus of true
lizards or Lacertilia of Miocene age.
acknowledgeable (ak-nol’ej-a-bl), a... [ack-
nowledge + -able.] That can be acknowledged,
admitted, or recognized; recognizable; no-
ticeable.
acknowledgedly (ak-nol’ejd-li), adv. [ack-
nowledged + -ly.] Admittedly; confessedly.
acleistous. See *aclistotts.
acli (ā’kli), n. [Tagalog and Pampanga, acli.].
A name in the Philippine Islands of Xylia
acylocarpa, a valuable timber-tree. The wood
is strong and durable and does not take fire easily. It
is used in boat-building and for posts and beams of
houses. The bark is saponaceous. See pyemgadu. Also
acle.
aclistous, acleistous (a-kli'stus), a... [Gr.
Čkāetorog, not closed, not fastened, K Ö- priv.
+ k\etoróg, closed: see clistocarp, etc.] Not
closed: used in crystallography to designate
certain open forms of hemimorphic type; also,
certain crystalline groups characterized by
these forms. See*form, 2 , and *symmetry, 6.
acid-maroon (as/id-ma-rön"), n. A crude acid-aclythrophytum (ak-li-throfti-tum), n. ; pl.
acliſthrophyta (-tä). [NL., KGr. 3- priv. -F KAei-







; : ; ;& sº ºw's *t
#34 º' **C.
*.
-- 3:33
* Cº., º
aclythrophytum
6pov, a bar, -/- $vrów,
with naked or apparently naked seeds; that
is, one destitute of a pericarp.
acmatic (ak-mat'ik), a. [Irreg. K acme + -ātic?.
The normal adj. is acmic.] Of or pertaining
to an acme.. [Rare.] Hyatt, Biol. Lect., p. 141.
acmic (ak’mik), a. [acm(e) + -ic.] Of or per-
taining to an acme, specifically to the acme of a
enetic series of organisms, or the period when
it is richest in genera and species. [Rare.]
Amer. Jour. Sci., Oct., 1903, p. 300.
acmite-trachyte (ak” mit-trak'it), n.
*trachyte.
acmonoid (ak’mó-noid), a. [Gr. &#10v, an an-
vil, + elóog, form.] In anthrop., noting a type of
cranium high, long, with straight sides, a slight
swelling of the parietal protuberances situated
very far back, and the occipital resembling a
quadrangular pyramid leaning slightly on its
cranial base. G. Sergi, War. of the Human
Species, p. 42.
Acne agnminata, a form of acne in which the lesions are
grouped togethér, forming patches of various sizes.—
Acne indurata, a form of acne in which the papules are
hard and shot-like, deep-seated, and inflamed, but do
not always go on to suppuration.—ACne necrotica, a
form of acne, affecting chiefly the forehead, in which the
papules break down, leaving depressed scars like pock-
marks.—Tar acne, a papular eruption of the skin caused
by the external application of tar in susceptible persons.
acneform (ak’né-fôrm), a. [Irreg. KNL. acne,
acre, + forma, form.] Resembling acne in
appearance.
acnemia (ak-nē’mi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. &Kumuog,
without the calf of the leg, Kó- priv. 4- Kvågm,
calf of the leg.] Absence or imperfect forma-
tion of the legs.
acocantherin (ak-3-kan'the-rin), n. [Acocan-
thera (see def.) + -in?..] A poisonous gluco-
side, C32B50012, obtained from an African
arrow-poison which is prepared from Acocan-
thera Abyssinica. In physiological action it
resembles the glucosides of Digitalis.
Acoela, m. pl. 2. A suborder of Rhabdocoelida
in which the cavity of the enteron is obliter-
ated by the concrescence of its walls, the mouth
leading through a simple pharynx directly into
the digestive syncetium. It contains the fam-
ilies Porporidae and Aphanostomidae.
Acoelomata, n. pl. 2. The coelenterates and
sponges considered collectively as animals
without a true coeloma, or body-cavity, as dis-
tinct from the enteron or digestive cavity.
Many zoologists regard the Metazoa as consisting of two
great primary groups: the Acoelomata, or sponges and
coelenterates, and the Coelomata, or all the remaining
Metazoa.
The cavities of the Acoelomafa, except certain ectoder-
mal pits, are in all cases continuations of the primary
central cavity lined by endoderm, and no cavities exist
lined by mesoderm comparable to a coelom.
A. E. Shipley, Zool. of Invertebrates, p. 36.
a coin (ak’ö-in), m. 1. A trade-name for hydro-
chlorid of diparanisylmonophenetylguanidim,
a local anesthetic introduced in 1899.—2. A
general name given to a series of derivatives
of guanidin similar to the above.
a colous (ak^3-lus), a. [Gr, àkoãog, limbless, K
ô- priv. H. Kóżov, limb, member.] In teratol.,
without limbs.
acomia (a-kó(mi-á), n. [NL., KGr. 3rouoc, with-
out hair, K Ö- priv. 4- kóplm, hair: see comal.]
Same as alopecia.
aconate (ak’ô-nāt), n. Iacon.(?c) + -atel..] A
salt derived from a comic acid.
acone (ā‘kön), a. [a-18 + cone..] In entom.,
lacking the cone or crystalline lens. In insects
having acone eyes the cone or refracting body is repre-
sented only by the four primitive cone-cells. Distin-
guished from *ewcome and ºrpseudocone.
Acone eyes, where the cone or refracting body is want-
ing, but is represented by the four primitive cone-cells.
A. S. Packard, Text-book of Entom., p. 252.
aconic (a-kon'ik), a... [acon (ite) + -ic.] De-
rived from aconite: distinguished in chemistry
from acortific.— Aconic acid, an acid formed by boil-
ing iotadibrompyrotartaric acid with water or with a solu-
tion of sodium carbonate. It is easily soluble in water
and melts at 164° C.
aconital (ak ( Ö-ni "tal), a. [aconite + -al.]
Characteristic of aconite: as, aconital bitter-
IlêSS. &
aconite, n. 2. An extract or tincture of this
plant, used as a poison and as a medicine.
acoprosis (ak” or pro 'sis), n. [acopr(ous) +
-osis.] Absence of fecal matter from the intes-
time.
acoprous (a-kopºrus), a. [Gr. dicotſpoc, with no
or little excrement, K d-priv. -- KóTpog, excre-
ment.] Without fecal matter in the bowels;
characterized by acoprosis.
See
+ (anti)pyrime.] The acetyl salicylate of anti-
pyrin, C6H4(OC2H3O)CO2H.C11H12ON2. It is
used as a remedy for ñº.
acoria (a-kö’ri-á), n. [NL., KGr. &Kopia, Kákopog,
equiv. to &Köpeotog, insatiate, Kö-priv. H. Kopey-
tºº, sate, satiate, satisfy.] Excessive appe-
ite. "
acorin (ak’º-rin), n. [acor(us) + -īn?..] A name
given to a substance, formerly supposed to be
a glucoside, obtained from Acorus Calamus.
It is of uncertain composition and probably a
mixture.
acormus (a-kôr' mus), n. [Gr. &-priv. -- Koppadº,
trunk.] In teratol., a monster with a head and
an undeveloped napiform body, without ex-
tremities.
acorn-gall (ā’ kôrn-gål”), n.
knopper.
a cosmic (a-koz’mik), a. [a-18 + cosmic.] Sun-
dered; disordered; confused; inharmonious.
Some who have . . . felt utterly lost in this charmed
circle of agnosticism . . . despair of building up again
the world they have lost out of its acosmic elements.
G. S. Hall, Adolescence, II. 537.
a cospore (ak^3-spör), n. [Gr. diſcă, point, +
otropä, seed.] In phytogeog., a plant (mostly
of the grasses) whose fruit is provided with
awns to assist dissemination.
Acotylea (a-kot-i-lé’â), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. 6-
priv. -- Korū%m, cup, socket.] A group of poly-
clade Turbellaria without suckers and with the
mouth in the middle of the body or behind it.
It includes the families Planoceridae, Lepto-
planidae, and Cestoplanidae.
a coulation (a -kö-lā ‘shgn), n. [Irreg. K. Gr.
&Koi (etv), hear, + L. latio(n-), bearing.] The
telephonic transmission or reproduction of
sounds, with increase of intensity, by means
of a combination of microphone and telephone.
Also spelled akoulation.
acoupa (a-kö’pâ), n. [Pg.] A kind of weak-
fish, Cynoscion acoupa.
acousma (3-kösſmă), n. ; pl. acousmata (-tä).
[Gr. Čikovopia, a thing heard, K. Čikotetv, hear.] 1.
pl. Things heard or received on authority and
without further inquiry or explanation, as
among the acousmatic; or probationary disci-
ples of Pythagoras.-2. A form of auditory
hallucination. Baldwin, Dict. of Philos. and
Psychol.
Acoustic absorption. See kabsorption.—Acoustic agra-
Fº See Aagraphix—Acoustic disk, an instrument
or demonstrating the principles of Savart's wheel, the
siren, and Newton's disk.-Acoustic Organ. Same as
organ of Corti...—Acoustic orifice, in entom., an orifice
for the admission of air to the acoustic apparatus, as the
orifice caudad of the prothorax in the Locustºda —
Acoustic penetration, the carrying power of articulate
sound measured by the distance in meters at which,
under defined and standard conditions, it is still audible.
—ACOustic resonance. See resonance, 2.-Acoustic
Shadow. See Arshadow.— Acoustic striae. Same as
striae acusticae (which see, under stria). —Acoustic tet-
anus, muscular contraction induced experimentally by
the application of a faradic current, the number of in-
terruptions being measured by the pitch of the sound
caused by the vibrations.—Acoustic tubes, a set of
tubes designed to illustrate the effect of different length
and size on pitch.
acousticolateral (a-kös”ti-kö-lat’e-ral), a.
Hºus the organs of hearing arranged later-
ally.
acoustometer (a-kös-tom’e-tér), m. [acoust(ic)
r. piétpov, a measure.] An instrument for
determining the acoustic properties of a room
or other inclosure.
acquainti, n. An acquaintance. Chaucer.
acquiescence, n. 3. Originally, but now rarely,
contentment; satisfaction. In the ethics of Spi-
noza, acquiescence in one’s very self is an
ignoble self-satisfaction; but acquiescence of
the soul in the knowledge of God is the high-
est result of virtue.
Acquired character. See *character.
acquisitiveness, n. 3. In psychol. : (a) The
pº or collecting instinct. W. James,
rinc. of Psychol., II. 422, 679. (b) The capa-
city for learning or for intellectual acquisition.
Acquittalin law, a judicial act which, in discharging one
person from the accusation of a crime, operates to dis-
charge all others who may be accused as accessories in the
commission of the same crime: distinguished from ac-
quittal in fact,
acracy (ak’rå-si), n. [Gr. 6- priv. -H -ºpatía,
Kpateiv, to rule.] The extremest form of phys-
iocracy, which reduces all government to the
action of so-called natural laws and amounts
to anarchism. L. F. Ward, Psychic Factors
of Civilization, p. 319.
Acraeides (a-kré’i-déz), m. pl. [NL. (perhaps
erroneously transferred, as if NL., from a F.
See gall3 and
acroblastesis
a plant..] In bot, a plant acopyrin, acopyrine (ak-à-pi'rin), n. [ac(etyl) form “acrédé8) for Acraeidae, KAcraea + -idae.]
A group of butterflies corresponding to the
Acraeinae. Acraeides is the form used by most
English entomologists.
acramphibryous (ak-ram-fib’ ri-us), a. [Gr.
âkpoç, at the end, + &upí, on both sides, +
Bpüov. a flower or blossom. ---ous...] In bot.,
producing lateral as well as apical buds.
Jackson, Glossary.
Acrasiaies (a.krási-á'léz), n. pl. [NL., & Gr.
&kpaota, bad mixture, + -ales.] The lowest of
the three orders of Myaomycetes, consisting of
two small families of Imperfectly known amoe-
boid organisms, some of which are found in
old manure.
acre-foot (ā’kér-fút"), n. A unit of volume of
water used in irrigation, equivalent to one
acre covered one foot in depth, or 43,560 cubic
feet. Water flowing at the rate of one cubic foot a
second for 24 hours will cover an acre to a depth of 1.98
feet. In common usage, a cubic foot per second, or
second-foot, for 24 hours equals 2 acre-feet.
acreophagist, akreophagist (ak-ré-of"a-jist),
n. [acreophag-y + -ist.] One who habitually
abstains from eating meat; a vegetarian.
acreophagy, akreophagy (ak-ré-of"a-ji), m.
[Gr. 6- priv. -- Kpeopayta, eating of flesh, K
Kpeopáyog, flesh-eating: see creophagous.] A.
habitual abstention from meat-eating.
acrepid (a-krepºid), a. [Gr. a- priv. -- kp/Tig,
a boot, a foundation.] Having no crepis or
foundation-spicule: specifically applied, in
sponge-spicules, to desmas in which the crepis
is atrophied.
acribia, (ak-ri-bi’â), m. [NL. acrºbia, K. Gr.
akpi}eta, K dispº,3%, accurate, precise.] Literal
accuracy; exactness; precision.
acriby (ak’ri-bi), n. Same as *acribia.
acridic (a-krid 'ik), a. ſacrid (ºne) + -ac.]
Derived from aeridine.—Acridic acid, an acid.
C11H704N, formed by the oxidation of acridine. It
crystallizes iu needles and decomposes at 1209–1300 C.
Also called 2, 3-quinolvmedicarboaxylic acwd.
Acridiides (ak/ri-di’i-déz), m. p. [NL , irreg.
(as if from a F. pl.?) for Acrididae, K Aerº Sum +
-idae.] In the classification of Brunner von Wat-
tenwyl, the ninth tribe of grasshoppers, of the
family Acrididae, typified by the genus Acridium.
acridine (ak’ri-din), n. [acrid (?) + -ane?..]
An organic compound derived from anthracene
by replacing one of its CH-groups with a nitro-
gen atom, its empirical formula being C14H9N.
It is important in the color industry.—Acrlaine
color. See kcolor.—Acridine Orange, red, etc. See
×orangel, Arred 1, etc.
acridinic (ak-ri-din'ik), a. ſacridine + -ic. J
Derived from acridine.—Acridinic acid. Same as
×acridic acid.
acridioid (a-krid’i-oid), a. Having the char-
acteristics or appearance of grasshoppers or
locusts of the family Acrididae.
acridone (ak’ri-dón), m. [acrºd(tne) + -one.]
A compound, C6H4 ‘NH’ C6H4, formed by the
oxidation of acridine. It melts at 354°C.
acridyl (ak’ri-dil), n. [acrºd(ine) + -yl.] . The
radical or group C18H3N, derived from *acri-
dine (which see).
acrinyl (ak-ri'nil), m. In chem., a hypotheti-
cal radical, C6H4.OH.CH2, of which the sulpho-
cyanide (C6H4.OH.CH2.NCS) is the yellow,
pungent, vesicating fixed oil formed by the
action of the enzyme myrosin upon the gluco-
side sinalbin contained in white mustard seed,
JBrassica alba.
acrite2 (ak’rit), m. [L. acris, sharp, + -ite?..]
The inactive mannite formed by the reduction
of acrose or of inactive mannose.
acroaesthesia (a.k.” rô-es-the 'si-á), n. [Gr.
ākpov, a terminal point, an extremity, + aioff)-
ouc, perception, sensation. The second sense
is not justified by the meaning of the Gr. ÖApov.]
1. Pain in the hands or feet.—2. Excessive
sensibility; hyperasthesia.
acroasphyxia (ak’ró-as-fik'si-á), n. [NL., KGr.
ākpog, at the end, + doºvšta, asphyxia.] Ar-
rest of the circulation of the blood in the dis-
tal portion of the extremities.
acroblast (ak’rö-blast), n. [Gr. &Rpov, apex, +
£3%aotóg, germ.] In embryol., that portion of
the embryonic germ-layers in vertebrates
which gives rise to the blood and connective
tissue; the mesenchyme.
acroblastesis (a.k-rū-blas-té'sis), m. [NL., KGr.
ākpov, apex, -ī- PAao Tog, bud, germ, spore.] In
bot., a condition in lichens in which the germ-
tube proceeds from the end of a spore.
acroblastic
acroblastic (ak-rº-blastik), a. In bot., arising
from a terminal bud: applied to branches of
the inflorescence. Celakovsky.
acrocarp (ak’ró-kärp), n. [acrocarp(ows).] An
acrocarpous plant: applied mainly to the Ac-
rocarpt.
acrocephalous (ak-rū-sef’a-lus), a.
acrocephalic.
acroceroid (ak-ros’ e-roid), a. Having the
characteristics or appearance of
a moth of the family Acroceridae.
Acrochilus(ak-rū-ki’lus), n. [NL.,
K Gr. &kpov, the farthest point, +
28i/og, lip.] A genus of chubs
found in the Columbia river,
noted for the bony sheath to the
jaws: hence called hardmouth or
chisel-mouth jack.
acrocoracoid (ak-rº-kor’a-koid),
m. [Gr. &kpoç, at the end, + cor-
acoid.] In ornith., a process or
projection from the distal end
and internal face of the coracoid,
to which the clavicle is usually
attached.
acrodontism (ak’rö-don’tizm), m.
[acrodont + -ism..] The property
of being acrodont, or of having teeth ankylosed
to the cutting edge of the jaws. [Rare.]
acrodrome (ak’rö-dröm), a. Same as *acrod-
7'O?)? O2(S.
acrodromous (a-krodºró-mus), a. [Gr. Čikpov,
point, + -ópoptog, Kópapaeiv, run.] In bot., run-
ning to a point: said of a nervation in which
the nerves all terminate in or point to the apex
of the leaf. See nervation (a)(4) and fig. 4.
Acrodus (ak’ró-dus), m. [NL., K. Gr. &kpoc, at
the end, -ī- Ödoing, tooth.] A. genus of cestra-
ciont sharks known chiefly by the pavement-
teeth. They occur in the Jurassic and Creta-
ceous formations.
acrogamous (a-krog'a-mus), a. [Gr. &Rpoc, at
the end, + Yáplog, marriage.] In bot., produc-
ing the ovules at the summit of the embryo-
sac : the usual condition in angiosperms. Van
Tieghem.
agº. (a-krog'a-mi), m. [acrogam-ows --
-y3.] The state of being acrogamous.
acrogonidium (ak"rö-gó-nid’i-um), m.; pl.
acrogonidia (-à). [Gr. &Kpog, at the end, + go-
midium.] A gonidium formed at the terminal
end of a fertile hypha.
Acrogynae (a-kroj’i-né), m. pl. [NL., KGr. &Rpov,
apex, + Yvvi, female.] In bot., a suborder of
cryptogamic plants of the order Jungerman-
miales, class Hepaticae, in which the archegonia
are formed from or near the apical cell. See
*Anacrogynae.
acrogynous (a-kroj’i-nus), a. [As Acrogynae +
-ous.] In bot., having the archegonia formed
from or near the apical cell, as in the Acrogymaº.
Acrolepis (ak-rol’é-pis), m. [NL., K. Gr. &kpog,
at the end, + Aétig, scale.] A genus of ganoid
fishes from the Carboniferous and Permian
rocks.
acrologue (ak’rö-log), m. [Gr. &Kpog, at the be-
ginning or end, + Aóyog, word.] An acrologic
name, that is, a letter-name beginning with
that letter; an alphabetic name formed on or
exhibiting the principle of acrology, as the
Hebrew aleph beginning with a, beth with b,
etc. See the extract.
Same as
§ {
N Y,
§ {
§, \
Sº
&^*, a CrOcorºl-
coid; 2 rº, pre-
coracoid; 21/,
pneumatic fora-
mina; /, foramen
for nerve.
The alphabetic names, considered as pictorial atcro-
logues, may therefore in some cases receive an easier
explanation from the Hieratic characters than from the
Semitic letters as we have them.
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 169.
acromegalia (ak"rö-me-gā’li-á), n. Same as
*acromegaly.
acromegalic (ak” rô-me-gal'ik), a. and m. [AS
acromegaly + -ic.] I. a. Of the nature of or
relating to acromegaly.
II. m. A victim of the complaint known as
acromegaly.
acromegaly (ak-rº-mega-li), n...[Gr. dipou, ex-
tremity, + “ſleyažía, K pláyag (ueya?-), great..] A
disease characterized by hypertrophy of the
bones and soft tissues of the face and extremi-
ties. It is thought to be due, possibly, to a morbid
change in the internal secretion of the pituitary body,
since this structure is also enlarged. Most of the so-
called “giants’ owe their size to this disorder. Also called
Marie'8 disease.
acromerostich (ak-rū-mer'6-stik), n. [Gr. &#pog,
at the beginning or end, + piépog, part, + orážog,
line.] A short poem or stanza containing
several acrostics, as in the accompanying ex-
ample, in which the name “Jesus’ occurs four
times:
I mter cuncta micans Igniti sidera coel I,
Expellit tenebras E toto Phoebus ut orble;
S ic caecas removet IESUS caligimis umbra S
V ivificansque simul, Vero praecordia mot U
S olem Justitiae se S e probat esse beati S.
N. and Q., Feb. 26, 1887.
acromion, n. 2. In ichth., same as supraclavi-
cle ; a shoulder-girdle bone above the clavicle.
acromiosternal (a-krô"mi-Ö-stèr’nal), a. Re-
lating to the acromion process and the ster-
Illllll.
acronus (ak’rö-nus), m.; pl. acroni (-ni). [NL.,
KGr. &kpov, apex, summit.] In bot., a termi-
mal ovary; that is, one without a basal disk.
Mecker. -
Acronycta (ak-rº-nik’tā), n. DNL. (Ochsen-
beiner, 1816, as Acronicta; Treitschke, 1825,
8,S Acronycia), Gr. &kpóvvictog, of nightfall: see
acronyctou.S.] A prominent and very large genus
of noctuid moths, synonymous with Apatela
(Hübner, 1810).
acroparaºsthesia (ak"rö-par-es-thé'si-á), n.
[Gr. &kpov, extremity, +Tapá, beside, -- aloffmotg,
perception, sensation (see paraesthesia). See
remark under *acroaesthesia..] 1. Paraesthesia,
of the hands or feet.—2. Excessive paraesthesia,
Or perversion of normal sensation.
acroparalysis (ak’rö-pa-ral’i-sis), n. [Gr. Škpov,
extremity, + trapáAvoaç, paralysis.] Paralysis
which affects the extremities only.
acropathy (a-krop'a-thi), n. [Gr. &kpov, ex-
tremity, + Tráffog, disease.] Disease of the
hands or feet.
Acrophalli (ak-rº-fal’i), m. pl. [NL., KGr. &kpoc,
at the extremity, + pažWoç, phallus.] A group
of nemathelminths in which the cloacal aper-
ture is at almost the extreme end of the body
on the ventral side.
acrophobia (a.k-rū-fö'bi-á), m. [Gr. &kpov, top-
most point, + poſłeiv, fear.] Morbidfear of great
heights.
acrophonic (ak-rū-form'ik), a. [Gr. drºpov, ex-
tremity, +@ová, sound..] Same as acrophonetic.
acropolitan (ak-rº-pol’i-tan), a. Of or pertain-
ing to the acropolis or citadel of an ancient
Grecian city, especially that of Athens.
acrorhagus (ak-rū-rā'gus), m.; pl. acrorhagi
(-ji). [NL., prop. “acrorrhagus, KGr. &kpog, at the
end, + bač (bay-), a grape, a berry..] One of the
marginal tubercles on the peristome of Actinia
bearing nematocysts or stirſging-cells.
acroscopic (ak-rº-Skop'ik), a. [Gr. Ökpov, apex,
+ akoſſeiv, see, -H, -ic.] In bot., looking to-
ward (that is, on the side toward) the apex.
acrose (ak’rös), m. [L. acris, sharp,
+ -0Se..] A sugar which has been
shown to be identical with i-fruc-
tose. It has been prepared synthetically in
several ways, especially by the action of a
dilute solution of sodium hydroxid on glycerol
aldehyde. It is of special interest as being
the first Sugar containing six carbon atoms
to be prepared synthetically. It was also used
for the synthesis of d-glucose.
acrosome (ak’ró-söm), m. [Gr. &kpov,
apex, + dāga, body.] In cytol., the
body which forms the extreme ante-
riorportion of the spermatozoön. Von
Lemhossek, 1897. In the spermatozoa of
some animals the acrosome is spur- or hook-
shaped and is thus adapted for boring its way |
into the egg.
Acrospeira (a.k-ró-spi’rã), m. [NL.
(Berkeley and Broome, 1857), K. Gr.
ākpov, tip, + Ottelpa, coil.] Amonotypic
genus of hyphomycetous fungi having
erect branched sporophores spirally
bent at the tips, and bearing simple
Spherical, black, rough spores. A.
mirabilis sometimes destroys the ripe
fruit of Spanish chestnuts (Castamea).
acrosperm (ak’ rô-spèrm), n. [Gr.
ākpov, tip, + otéppa, seed.] In bot.,
an angiosperm of the group or class
which are supposed by Treub to have Diagram of
been originally fertilized through the late s.
chalaza instead of the micropyle— tozo&n.
the Acrospermae. Compare *pleuro-
—g
a, apical
Sperm. *::::::::::
Acrostalagmus (akº-sta-lag'mus), ...}.
n. [NL. (Corda, 1838), referring to i.i....".
the drop-like conidia at the tips of ...". ;
the conidiophores, K. Gr. &kpov, tip, axial” 'fiſä,
+ gražayuá, a drop.] A genus of ººº-
hyphomycetous fungi having erect º
verticillate-branched conidiophores and simple
conidia collected in globular masses at their
Acrotidae (a-krot (i-dé), m. pl.
act
Acrostalagmats cinnabarinues.
a, a branching conidiophore, enlarged; , b, one of the branchlets,
showing the globular masses of conidia, greatly magnified.
tips. A. cinnabarinus is a common species oc-
curring on decaying vegetable matter.
Acrosticheae (a-krostik'é-é), m. pl. [NL., K
Acrostichum + º-eae.] A tribe of polypodia-
ceous ferns, typified by the genus Acrostichum.
It comprises genera of varying habit and venation but
readily associated by similarity in fructification, the
naked sporangia overspreading at least a portion of the
under surface of the wholly or partially metamorphosed
fertile frond.
acrostichoid (a-kros’ti-koid), a. Pertaining
to the fern genus Acrostichwm, or to the tribe
Acrosticheae.
Acrostichum (8-kros" ti-kum), n. [NL., so
called in allusion to the ‘acrostie’ appearance
of the spores: see acrostic..] A genus of tropi-
cal ferns, largely American. The species are di-
verse, and are sometimes referred to other genera. In
general they are long-leaved, rather coarse species, with
mostly simple or pinnate fronds. No less than twenty
species have been advertised in American horticultural
catalogues. They are treated as greenhouse plants.
[Acrotus +
-idae.] A family of deep-sea fishes remotely
allied to the mackerels: notable for the very
soft, rag-like body and the absence of spines
and ventral fins.
Acrotinae (ak-rº-ti'né), m.pl. [Acrotus + -inae.]
The subfamily of ragfishes, of the family Icoste-
Ždae, typified by Acrotus willoughbyi.
acrotonous (a-krot^{-nus), a. [K Gr. &kpov, apex,
+ Tóvog, cord..] In bot., extending to the apex:
applied to the tissue of the pollen-sac of or-
chids when prolonged to the upper end of the
anther.
Acrotreta (a.k-rö-tré'tā), m. [NL., K. Gr. &kpog,
at the top, + Tpmtóg, bored through, perforated.]
A genus of extinct brachiopods with a flat dor-
sal valve and a subconical ventral valve per-
forated at the top: from the Cambrian and
Silurian beds of Europe and America.
d' Acrotretidae (ak-ré-tréti-dé), m.pl. [NL., KAc-
Totreta + -idae.] A family of inarticulate
brachiopods of early Paleozoic age, embracing
the genera. Acrotreta, Conotreta, Acrothele, and
Linnarssoma.
Acrotus (ak’rö-tus), n. [NL., given as from
Gr. “Ösporoc, without oars (ventral fins)”; but
there is no such form. Cf. Gr. & ſporoc, without
noise, K.,&- priv. H. Kpotoc, a rattling, a clap-
ping.] A genus of deep-sea fishes represented
by A. willoughbyi. This species, once taken on the
coast of Washington, is usually placed in the family
Acrotidae, next to Icosteidze.
act, n.—Ballot Act. Same as Reform Bill (which see,
in Čyclopedia of Names).- Carey Act, an act of Congress
donating one million acres of desert land to each State
containing such land, upon condition that the land do-
nated be reclaimed by irrigation at the expense of the
State.-Desert Act. Same as Carey #Act.—Hatch Act,
an act of the United States Congress in 1887 which gave
to each State and Territory $15,000 a year for the estab-
lishment of an agricultural experiment station (see Wagri-
cultural), to be a department of the land-grant college
. (see Morrill & Act), except where a separate station al-
ready existed. The fund is maintained by an annual
. appropriation.—Morrill Act, (a) An act of the United
.States Congress in 1862 which provided for the mainte-
nance of at least one college in each State, the chief object
of which should be instruction in the branches of learn-
ing related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, though
other scientific and classical studies were not excluded
and instruction in military tactics was included. For
this purpose a grant was made of 30,000 acres of public
land for each senator and representative, the proceeds
of sale to be invested as an endowment. (b) A second act
(1890) which provided for an annual appropriation, to be
increased in ten years from $15,000 to a permanent sum
of $25,000 from the proceeds of the sale of public land,
for the more complete endowment of these institutions.
This income could be applied only to instruction (with
facilities) in agriculture, the mechanic arts, the English



act
language, and other branches directly related to indus- -
trial life.—Scalp Act, in the United States, a statute
which provides for the payment by a State of a bounty
or reward for the destruction of certain animals deemed
to be injurious to agriculture. It is usually provided
that the reward shall be paid upon the production of the
heads or scalps of the animals destroyed.—Sherman
Act, an act of Congress of July 14, 1890, directing the
secretary of the treasury to purchase monthly 4,500,000
ounces of fine silver bullion, or so much thereof as might
be offered, at the market rate, not to exceed $1 for 371}
grains of fine silver. It was repealed in 1893.
Actiad (ak’ti-ad), n. [Gr, 'Akria, the Actian
ames, + -adi. Cf. Olympiad.] The space of
our Actian years; the four years intervening
between one celebration of the Actian games
and the next. See Actian. tº
actinally (ak’ti-mal-i), adv. Toward, or having
reference to, the actinal or oral side of an
echimoderm; orally.
Actinaria (ak-ti-nāºri-á), m. pl. , [NL., neut.
1. of “actinarius, K Gr, àkręg (ākruv-), a ray.] The
esh-corals, a suborder of Anthozoa, usually
with 6 (or a multiple of 6) simple tentacles and
no skeleton. It includes Actinia, Adamsia, Ce-
rianthus, and other genera.
actine (ak’tin), n. . A ray of a monaxon or rod-
like megasclere of a sponge.
actinellidan (ak-ti-nel’i-dan), a. and n. I.
a. Pertaining to or having the characters of
the Actinellida.
II. m. One of the Actinellida.
acting, p. a. 2. Performing, or used in per-
forming, stage-plays.-Acting edition (of a play).
one which contains full stage-directions for the informa-
tion of the players. º -
II. m. The profession of an actor or player.
actinian (ak-tin’i-an), (t. and n. [Actinia +
-an.] I. a. Pertaining to or resembling an
actinia.
II. m. An animal of the family Actiniidae
or of the order Actiniidea.
actiniarian (ak-tin-i-ā'ri-an), a. and n. I. a.
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Actiniaria. -
II. m. One of the Actiniaria
Actinic *focus, ºlight, Aphotometer. See the nouns.
— Actinic plane a plane of maximum actinic activity in
a system of standing light-waves. According to Wiener,
such planes pass through the loops of the system, and at
right angles to the path of the waves.—Actinic *ray,
*spectrum. See the mouns.
actinicism (ak-tin'i-sizm), n. [actinic + -ism.]
Same as actinism.
actinicity (ak-ti-misſi-ti), n. Chemical or pho-
tographic activity; a property of rays of the
spectrum by which chemical reactions are pro-
duced or promoted. Same as actimism.
Actinidia (ak-ti-nid’i-á), n. . [NL., K. Gr. Gºric
(äktiv-), a ray, + dim. -tótov.] A genus of twin-
actinoblast (ak-tin'6-blast), n.
to exist in the residues remaining from pitch-
blende after the extraction of the uranium: a
new radio-element closely related in its chem-
ical behavior to lanthamum, from which it has
not as yet been found possible to separate it
completely. It has not been obtained in a state of suf-
ficient purity to give any characteristic spectrum and is
identifled and recognized entirely by its radioactive prop-
erties. Actinium itself has not been found to emit a ra-
diation but undergoes disintegration with the formation
of a series of radioactive products known as radioactin-
ium, actinium-X, actinium emanation, actinium A, actin-
ium B, and actinium C. Of these, the first, second, third,
and fifth emit alpha-rays, the fourth beta-rays, and the
sixth beta- and gamma-rays (see kobscure ray8). These
products are present in all ordinary actinium prepara-
tions. The occurrence of actinium indicates that it is a
disintegration product of uranium, although its genetic
relationship to ionium and radium has not yet been es-
tablished. Actinium is identical with the emanium of
Giesel. . See kemanation.
M. and Mme. Curie, with the collaboration of MM.
Bemont and Debierne, succeeded in establishing the
existence of three new radio-active substances in pitch-
blende : radium associated with the barium in the min-
eral, and closely resembling it in its chemical properties;
polonium associated with the bismuth, and actinium, with
the thorium. J. J. Thomson, Elect, and Matter, p. 141.
Actinium rays, Becquerel rays emitted by the disinte-
gration products of actinium. See obscure *ray8.
[Gr. &kríg
(äktiv-), ray, + 3%aotág, germ.] In sponges,
the mother-cell, in which is formed each ray
of a radiate spicule; a scleroblast.
actinobranch (ak-tin''}-bränk), m. [NL. acti-
nobranchia, K. Gr. aktig (ākrty-), ray, + branchia,
gill.] One of the gill-like vascular organs
found in certain anthozoans. -
actinobranchia (ak’ti-nó-brang'ki-á), n. ; pl.
actinobranchiæ (-è).
branch.
actinocarp (ak-tin'6-kärp), n. [Gr. &Krig (āktav-),
ray, + Kapíróg, fruit (carpel).] A plant having
the carpels or placentas radiating from the
central axis of the fruit.
actinocarpic (ak’ti-nó-kār’pik), a. In bot., of
the nature of an actinocarp.
{NL.] Same as *actino-
Aftº: (ak’ti-nó-se-fal’i-dé), m. pl.
., K. Actinocephalus + -idae.j A family of
cephaline Gregarinida. The sporonts are always
Solitary; epimerite symmetric, simple or with appen-
dages; cysts dehiscing by simple rupture; spores navicu-
lar, biconic, or cylindric, with conic extremities. They
are mostly parasites in the alimentary canal of carniv-
orous arthropods. The family contains Actinocephalus,
Anthorhynchus, Stictospora, Schneideria, and other
genera.
Actinocephalus (ak’ti-nó-sef’a-lus), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. &krig (ākriv-), ray, + kepañff, head..] Thé
typical genus of the family Actinocephalidae.
Stein, 1848.
ing shrubs, of about eight species, natives of Actinoceras (ak-ti-nos'e-ras), n. . [NL., K. Gr.
eastern Asia and members of the family Tern-
Strømiaceae. About half of the species are in cultiva-
tion for covering arbors and porches, A. arguta, being the
most common species. The leaves are large and ovate,
and are more or less toothed or serrate ; the flowers are
. and whitish. The species are hardy and useful
CII) ()0IS.
ākrig (ākTuv-), ray, + képaç, horn.] A genus of
nautiloid cephalopods typical of the family
Actinoceratidae.
actinoceratid (ak’ti-nó-ser'a-tid), a. and n.
I. a. Pertaining to the Actinoceratidae.
II. m. One of the Actinoceratidae.
Actiniidea (ak-tin-i-id'éâ), m.pl. [NL., irreg. Actinoceratidae (akti-no-se-rati-dé), n. pl.
K Actinia + -īd-ea.] order of zoantharian
Anthozoa consisting of colonial or solitary Zo-
antharia cryptoparamera, with or without a
skeleton. The mesenteries are arranged in cycles (each
cycle usually consisting of 12 couples of equal size), and
the tentacles equal the mesenteries in number. It con-
tains the Actiniidae, Corall? hidae, Ilyanthidae, Lipo-
º Amphianthidae, Dendractidae, and Thalassian-
thidae. r
actinine (ak 'ti-min), a. [Actinia + -īnel.]
Actinian. tº e
actinioid (ak-tin'i-oid), a. [Actinia + -oid.]. Re-
sembling a sea-anemone or actinian.
'Actiniomorpha (ak-tin * i-3-mór (fā), m. pl.
NL., K. Actinia + Gr. uoppſ, form.] A sub-
class of Anthozoa including Actinaria, Antipa-
tharia, and Madreporaria.
actinism, n. 3. In bot., the chemical action
of sunlight on plants.
Actinistia (ak-ti-mis’ti-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
&kriç, a ray, + iottov, a web (?).] A suborder
of extinct ganoid fishes ranging from the Car-
boniferous to the Jurassic. They are characterized
among other things by having the interspinous bones of
each dorsal and anal fin fused into a single piece.
actinium, n. 1. This supposed chemical element, of
a metallic character, was announced by Phipson in 1881
as obtained from a commercial white pigment consisting
mainly of oxid and sulphid of zinc with sulphate of ba-
rium. It was described as forming a white sulphid which
became brown and finally black under the action of the
un's rays, the blackening being prevented by screening
tºº. with a plate of glass, and removed when the
darkened surface was exposed to air in the absence of
light. * * *
2. A radioactive substance found by Debierne
Actinocrinidae
actinogram (ak-tin' 3-gram), m.
[NL., KActinoceras + -idae.] A family of lon-
gicone nautiloid cephalopods. They have the si-
phuncle more or less filled withicalcareous deposits which
may radiate into and even fill the chambers of the shell.
The family includes several important genera, namely,
Actinoceras, Hormoceras, and Tretoceras, chiefly of Si-
lurian age.
actinocrinid (ak’ti-nó-krin'id), a. and m. I. a.
Pertaining or related to the Actinocrinidae.
II. n. An encrimite of the family Actino-
Crinidae.
n., pl. 2. In Wachsmuth's
classification, the third family of the camerate
crinoids. They have a monocyclic base, three radial
plates in the cup, fixed brachials large and interradials
numerous, arms stout, usually biserial and simple, with
long pinnules, and food-grooves subtegminal. The family
is a large One and is sometimes divided into Actinocrinidae
and Batocrinidae. It is represented by numerous genera
and species of Paleozoic age occurring in the formations
from the Lower Silurian to the Carboniferous.
» [Gr. &krig
(ākruv-), ray, + ypápua, what is written.] 1.
A record of the chemical activity of light
made by means of the actinograph-2. An
impression made on a sensitized photographic
plate by the Röntgen or Becquerel rays.
actinograph, nº-Hurter and Driffield's actino-
graph, a slide-and-roller calculating-machine for deter-
mining photographic exposures. A cylinder, carrying a
chart which shows geographically the intensity of day-
light for every hour of each day of the year, is fitted in a
light box. The slide next this cylinder is furnished with
two scales, one marked for lens-apertures and the other
set out for exposures. Next to this is a small pointer
slide which is adjusted to a fixed plate-speed scale and
actinography (ak’ti-nog’ ra-fi), n.
actinolite, n.
actinologist (ak-ti-nol’ā-jist), n.
actinolyte (ak-tin'6-lit), n.
actinolytic (ak”ti-nó-lit'ik), a.
actinometer, n.
actinometer
indicates the exposure for each of six selected typical
meteorological conditions. The instrument is plotted
for any desired latitude.
actinographic (ak’ti-nó-graf'ik), a. Of or per-
taining to actinography or the actinograph ;
obtained by means of the actinograph.
[As a C-
tinograph-H -yé.] The registration of actinie
power by means of the actinograph.
Actinoidea (ak-ti-moi"dē-ă), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
âkrig (ākrav-), ray, + eiðog, form.] Same as
2. A trade-name of an appa-
ratus by which the ultra-violet rays may be
employed in the treatment of cutaneous dis-
€3,SéS.
[actinology
+ -ist.] One who is versed in the study of the
Actinozoa, or the sea-anemones, corals, and
related forms.
actinologue (ak-tin'3-log), n. [Gr. akrig (āktºv-),
ray, + 7.6).og, analogy, proportion (?).] In a
radiate animal, as a sea-anemone or an echi-
moderm, any organ or other part of an actino-
mere which corresponds to another in a differ-
ent actinomere.
actinology, n. 2. The study of the Actinozoa :
as, the actinology of the South Atlantic.
[Gr. aktig, ray, +
Żvtóg, K Žietv, dissolve, separate.] 1. A chemi-
cal compound analyzable into its components
by light.—2. Any substance in which light
effects a marked sensible change.
Pertaining to
or of the nature of an actinolyte.
Actinomeris (ak’ti-nom'e-ris), n. [NL., K. Gr.
âkTic (äktiv-), a ray, + pièpoc, a part.] A small
genus of North American Compositae, of which
one or two are sometimes grown in gardens.
The cultivated species are perennials, to be
treated after the manner of perennial sun-
flowers.
Chemical actºr,0meters measure
the energy of radiation by its chemical effects. Bun-
sen measured the amount of hydrochloric acid made by
sunshine from a mixture of hydrogen and chlorin ; Mar-
chand measured the amount of carbonic-acid gas liber-
—ated from a solution of perchlorid of iron and Oxalic acid
by the use of his antiphotypimeter. Photographic acti-
nometers measure the intensity of the shade produced on
a sensitized plate by an exposure during one unit of time.
Vapor actinometers measure the volume of liquid (water,
alcohol, or ether) evaporated in a unit of time. Thermal
actinometers measure the heating effect of radiation by
many different devices: sometimes called pyrheliometers.
De Saussure used the simple hot box; Sir John Herschel, a
large thermometer-bulb filled with a blue liquid; Pouillet,
a measured volume of water inclosed in a blackened cyl-
inder, the temperature of the water being given by a ther-
mometer within it; Crova and Violle, a black-bulb ther-
mometer within a large spherical inclosure kept at
uniform temperature; Arago, as modified by Davy, a pair
of bright- and black-bulb thermometers each inclosed in a
plane-glass spherical envelop from which the air has been
exhausted : when exposed to the sunshine the black bulb
attains a higher temperature than the bright bulb, and the
difference between the two is an index of the amount of
heat which penetrates the glass envelop. The complete
theory of this action was published by Ferrel in 1885.
Langley used a fine wire coated with lamp-black, the inten-
sity of an electric current flowing through the wire being
shown by a delicate galvanometer and varying with the
temperature of the wire. Hutchins, following Melloni
and Tyndall, employed a delicate thermo-electric jumc-
tion together with a galvanometer; Chwolson, a pair of
plates one of which is exposed to the sunshine While the
other is in the shade, the difference of temperature being
shown by the intensity of a thermo-electric current ; and
Angström, in his electrically compensated actinometer,
two thin strips alternately exposed and shaded, the dif-
ference of ten-
perature being
measured by the
intensity of the
electric current
needed to bring
them both to the
Same tempera-
ture.—Absolute
actin Ometer,
all apparatus for
determining in
absolute units
the total quan-
tity of heat re-
ceived at any
place during any
time by radia-
tion, as distin-
guished from
the relative
D] e a Sull e ments
made with an
Ordinary acti-
Inometer.— Dra-
per’s actinom-
eter, an ac-
tinometer which
measures the ac-
tion of light by
the weight of
e
Violle's Actinometer (cross-section). (See p.12.) carbon
dioxid

actinometer
disengaged by it from a solution of ferric oxalate. It
was devised by Professor Henry Draper.—Richardson's .
actinometer, an instrument for measuring and recording
the intensity of the chemically active rays of the sun by
means of the expansion of dry chlorin gas.--Roscoe's ac-
tinometer, an actinometer devised by Sir Henry Roscoe
for measuring the action of light by the use of paper sen-
sitized with silver chlorid. The paper, fixed round a
drum moved by clockwork, is periodically exposed behind
a hole in a thin sheet of brass fastened over the drum.—
Stanley's actinometer, an actinometer for measuring
the actinicity of light by the length of time required to
bring a piece of sensitized paper to a standard tint.—
Violle's actinometer, a black-bulb thermometer placed
at the center of a spherical metallic inclosure which is
kept at a known constant temperature by the flow of
Water within its double walls. A small aperture allows
Sunshine to fall upon the thermometer-bulb, whose rate
of Warming is observed.
Actinometric degrees, the calculated quantity of radi-
ant energy received by an actinometer in any given in-
terval of time as expressed on any arbitrary scale.
actinomyces, n. 2. [cap.] [NL. (Harz, 1877).]
A genus of fungi of doubtful relationship. The
type is A. bovis, the ray-fungus. See actino-
7myces, 1.
actinomycotic (ak’ti-nó-mi-kot'ik), a. [*acti-
nomycosis (-ot-) + -ic.] Resembling, related to,
or caused by the ray-fungus or actinomyces.
Jour. Exper. Med., W. 179.
Actinomyxidia (ak’ti-nó-mik-sid’i-á), m. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. &krig (äktiv-), ray, + piña, slime
+ -idia.] A group of peculiar parasites found
in fresh-water Oligochaetes. They are regarded by
some as being intermediate between JIyacosporidia and
Mesozoa, while others consider them as belonging to the
former group. Stolc, 1899.
Actinonema (ak’ti-nó-nē’mă), n. [NL. (Per-
soon, 1822), K. Gr. &RTig, ray, + viſua, thread.]
A genus of Fungi Imperfecti characterized by
pycnidia produced upon a superficial layer of
radiating mycelium. The spores are hyaline and
mostly two-celled. . A. rosze is a common species which
attacks leaves of roses. See kleaf-blotch.
actinophore, m.–Epaxial actinophores, in ichth.,
nodules of bone or cartilage between the dorsal rays and
the interneural spines.—Hypaxial actinophores, in
ichth., nodules of bone or cartilage between the anal
rays and the interhemal spines.
Actinopoda (ak-ti-nop’º-dà), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. antic (äktiv-), ray, + Totº (Toë-), foot..] An
Order of Holothºtrioidea. The tentacles and podia
are supplied by the five radial canals of the water-vascular
system springing from the circular canal. The order in-
cludes the families Holothuriidae, Cucumariidae, Molpa-
diidae, Elpidiidae, and Pelagothuriidae.
Actinopteria (ak’ti-nop-té'ri-á), m. [NL., K
Gr. &ICTig (āktav-), ray, + Trépôv (trepá), feather
(wing).] Agenus of Paleozoic aviculoid shells.
They have a well-defined auricle and wing and radial sur-
face-plications which cover the latter. Abundant in the
Devonian formations of America and Europe.
Actinopterygia (ak-ti-nop-te-rij'i-á), n. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. dikTig (āktuv-), a ray, + Trépirylov, a
fin.] A great group of fishes including all of
the living bony fishes except the Dipnoi or
lung-fishes and, usually, the Crassopterygii or
fringe-finned ganoids. The term Teleostomi is
more commonly used and usually embraces all
of the living bony fishes.
actinosome (ak’ti-nó-söm), n. Same as actino-
SO??? (l.
actinostome, m. 2. The pentagonal area in
the center of the oral surface of an echinoderm
which is occupied by the peristome and mouth.
actinostomial (ak”ti-nó-stö’mi-al), a. [NL.
*actinostomialis, K actinostomium, actinostome.]
Pertaining or relating to the actinostome: as,
the actinostomial ring in Asteroidea.
actinostomous (ak-ti-nos’tó- mus); a. [Gr.
āktíg, ray, + atóga, mouth..] In bot., radiating
round the mouth: applied specially to the ra-
diate structure round the Ostioles of certain
lichens.
Actinostroma (ak-ti-nó-strö’mâ), m. [NL., K
Gr. aktig, ray, + otpø/la, bed.] A genus of
hydrocoralline hydrozoans. They grew in spread-
ing masses and exhibited, in vertical Section, a Series of
radial pillars extending more or less continuously through
successive layers. An abundant reef-building Organism
in the Devonian.
actinotherapeutic (ak’ti-nó-ther-a-piſtik), a.
Pertaining to the therapeutic use of certain
rays of light, especially in the treatment of
cutaneous diseases.
actinotherapy (ak’ti-nó -ther'a-pi), n. [Gr.
äktic (Čiktºv-), ray, + 6epateta, cure.] Same as
*radiotherapy. -
actinotrocha (ak’ti-nó-trö’kä), n. [NL., K. Gr.
äktig (ākTiv-), a ray, + Tpoxóc (?), a wheel, a
ring.] The peculiar larval form of Phoromis
an aberrant genus of marine worms of doubtful
affinities, being sometimes classed with the
Three stages in the Metamorphosis of the Actinotrocha into
Płorozzis. A, Actinotrocha larva with the invagination (c), which
will form the trunk of the Phorozzi's larva, beginning to appear.
B, stage with the invagination partly extruded. , C, stage when
the extrusion is complete and the alimentary canal has passed into
it: , (C is after Metschnikoff.) a, mouth; b, anus; c, invagination
which ultimately forms the greater part of the body of the adult.
(From “Cambridge Natural History.”)
Gephyrea, sometimes with the Molluscoidea,
and sometimes with the Hemichordata.
action, n., 11 (b). In the pianoforte the action is
Said to be heavy or light, hard or easy, according to the
amount of resistance to the finger ; deep or shallow, ac-
cording as the dip of the keys is great or small; repeatyng
if the mechanism permits repetition of the stroke without
allowing the keys to rise to their original position, etc.;
and the word is also extended to the pedal mechanism.
In the organ (besides the above usages) the actionis called
an electric, pneumatic, or tracker action, according as
the mechanism connecting the keys with the valves varies
in construction; and the word is also extended to the
stop mechanism. Furthermore, in the organ the action
is said to be eactended when the keyboards ar'e placed at
some distance from the case in which are the pipes.
13. In psychol., bodily movement. in so far as
it is directly preceded, accompanied, or fol-
lowed by consciousness. Some psychologists dis-
tinguish this as the easternal voluntary action from an in-
termal voluntary action, in which the effect of the initial
volition is itself a mental process, a change in the train
of ideas which does not manifest itself by any sort of ex-
ternal symptom. Others use the phrase action of the
mind loosely as the equivalent of mental function or men-
tal activity. -
A voluntary action consists, in the first place, of a feel-
ing, in which the tendency of the will is manifested ; sec-
ondly, of a change in ideational content which may be
accompanied by an external effect mediated by the Or-
gans of movement; and thirdly, of the general idea of
the dependence of this change upon the whole trend of
consciousness.
W. Wundt (trans.), Human and Animal Psychol., p. 233.
14. In mech., the sum of the average momenta
of the elements of a moving system, each mul-
tiplied by the distance through which it moves.
—Action consciousness. See kconsciousness.-Action
ex contractu, a civil action in which the rights of the
parties are subject to the law of contracts as distinguished
from the law of torts.—Action ex delicto, a civil action
in which the rights of the parties are subject to the law
of torts as distinguished from the law of contracts.--AC-
tion theory, a psychophysical theory which correlates
the attributes of sensation with definite phases of the pas-
sage from excitation to discharge in the cerebral cortex:
its quality and intensity with locality and strength of ex-
citation; its value and vividness with locality and strength
of discharge. H. Münsterberg, Harvard Psychol. Stud., I.
iv.–Automatic action, in psychol., a term used, with
various shades of meaning, to demote action which,
originally voluntary, has become more or less mechani-
cal.— Continuous action, in mech., action in the same
direction, without a reversal. The action of a circular
saw or band-saw or a dynamo is continuous; that of an
engine-piston is alternating.—Directive action, action
which tends to cause a body possessed of polarity, as a
magnet or a crystal, to take some certain position in the
field of force in which it lies, See the extract.
If the attraction with parallel axes exceeds that with
crossed axes there must be a directive action resisting
the turn from the crossed to the parallel positions.
J. H. Poynting, Smithsonian Rep. 1901, pp. 209, 210.
Dynamic action, in sociol., an action in which the end
is sought mediately : opposed to static action, in which
the end is sought immediately,–Funicular action. See
*funicular.—Impulsive action, in psychol., a simple
voluntary action determined by a single motive. W.
Wundt (trans.), Human and Animal Psychol., p. 232.-In-
stinctive action, in psychol., action founded on a con-
genital, instinctive basis, but consciously motived by ac-
quired experience. Morgan, Habit and Instinct, p. 136.
—Joint action, a civil action in which several parties,
having the same or similar rights in the subject-matter of
the suit, are joined as plaintiffs or defendants.--Law
of mass action, in phys. chem., the statement that
when any substance in solution enters into a chemical
reaction the amount of the reaction in the unit of time
is proportional to the active mass of the substance, that
activated (ak’ti-vā/ted), p. a.
activation (ak-ti-vā'shgn), n.
activity
is, to the number of gram-molecules of the substance
contained in one liter of the solution.—Law of recip-
rocal action. See klaw.—Local action. , (b) In an elec-
tric battery, the development of electrical energy by chem-
ical action on the elements of the battery even when the
outer circuit is open. Such local internal circuits weaken
the effective or useful current. (c) In dynamo-electric
machines, wasteful internal circuits in the pole-pieces or
cores; eddy, parasitic, or Foucault currents.— Multi-
plicity of actions, a term used in equity jurisprudence
wherein a court of chancery has jurisdiction to compel
the consolidation of several suits where the issue in all
can be determined in a single action. A suit in such a
court may be brought to prevent a ‘multiplicity of ac-
tions.”— Psychomotor action, in psychol., action-which
occurs as the direct response to a perception or idea.
The term includes ideomotor and Sensorimotor action.—
Selective action in psychol., action which results from
the clash in consciousness of two or more impulses. E. B.
Titchener, Outline of Psychol., p. 266.-Static action.
See dynamic *action.— Wolitional action, in psychol.,
a term used, with various shades of meaning, to denote
action which involves the exercise of active attention.
action-extension (ak’ sh9n-eks-ten"shgn), n.
In pianoforte-making, a wooden rod which
transfers the motion of the key-tail to the
whip. Its length varies with the size and arrangement
of the action. Analogous to Sticker in organ-building.
See cut under pianoforte.
action-rail (ak’shgn-rāl), m. In pianoforte-
'making, a bar or rail extending across the action
from side to side, to which are pivoted the
movable parts of all the hammers and damp-
ers. See cut under pianoforte.
activ, a. A simplified spelling of active.
activate, v. t. 2. To render active; specifi-
cally: (a) In physics, to make radioactive by
exposure to the influence of a radioactive sub-
stance; to ionize. See *radioactivity. (b) In
physiol, chem., to convert into an active form:
said of the action of certain organic secretions
on inactive ferments or, other physiological
substances.
In physics and
physiol. chem., in a state, or condition of ac-
quired activity.
They find that underground air is not like activated air,
but rather resembles radium and thorium compounds,
which, while neutral themselves, are capable of ionizing
gases by means of the free ions they emit. *
Elec. World and Engineer, Jan. 10, 1903, p. 86.
The act of ren-
dering active or the state of being activated;
specifically: (a) In physics, the process or
method of producing radioactivity in a body
by exposure to the influence of a radioactive
substance or otherwise; the state or condition
of being radioactive; ionization. (b) In physiol.
chem., the activating of inert organic secre-
tions, or the condition of being thus activated.
activator (ak’ti-vā-tor), n. In physics and phys-
iol. chem., a substance that arouses another
substance to its own proper activity.
active, a. 9. In psychol., representative of a
type of character whose dominant character-
istic is a natural and constantly renewed ten-
dency to action.—Active *congestion, *mass,
*pressure, *principle. See the nouns.—Active de-
posit, in radioactivity, a substance deposited by the
emanation from a radioactive material, as radium or
thorium, and itself capable of producing excited activity
in neighboring bodies.—Active material (of a storage-
cell), in elect., the substance or substances which change
chemically during charge and discharge.—Active verb, .
a verb which expresses action. It may be (a) active
transitive, in which the action passes from the subject or
agent to an object: as, the Sun gives light; or it may be
(b) active intransitive, in which the action is confined to
the subject: as, the sun Shimes.—Active voice in gram.,
that form or aspect of a verb in which the subject of the
verb is represented as acting. See active, 8. -
activital (ak-tiv’i-tal), a. [activity + -al.] Re-
lating to action as opposed to thought. J. W.
Powell.
Full knowledge of aboriginal character may be gained
only through study of both the activital habits and the
intellectual systems of the aborigines; for in every stage
of human development, action and thought are concomi-
tant and complementary.
Ičep, Bur. Am. Ethnol., 1897–98, p. 825.
activity, n. 6. In psychol., a self-determina-
tion of mental process, experienced or in-
ferred, especially characteristic of the cona-
tive Consciousness. The term has been variously
and loosely used in modern psychology. In those sys-
tems which are still dominated by philosophical influ-
ences it denotes a primary and irreducible experience of
self-causation or free initiative. To the psychologist
who looks upon mind as a system of organic functions
activity is given with the direction of the course of con-
sciousness, knowingly or unknowingly, upon a determi-
nate end : a particºlar mental process is the first term of
a definite series, the remaining members of which it
evokes in their order, while the series reaches its natural
conclusion when the end is attained. In this sense, how-
ever, mental activity becomes practically synonymous
with mental function itself, since the limiting cases of
anoëtic sentience and involuntary movement are still
self-determined in just so far as consciousness is in-

activity *
volved in them. Lastly, there are psychologists who,
investigating mind as a stream of mentaſ processes,
gº of it neither activity nor passivity, but hold
hat the antithesis of active and passive has no more
place within psychology than the antithesis of subjective
and objective. However, they still employ the terms, in
obedience to traditional usage, as descriptive names of
mental states or mental complexes; they speak, for ex-
ample, of “active’ attention, meaning attention that is
jº. conditioned; and of a ‘feeling of activity.’
which accompanies the state of active attention. Such
a terminology, however harmless in intention, can only
add to the existing confusion.
actol (ak’tol), n. [act + -ol.] A trade-name
for silver lactate, C3H503Ag, a substance
used as a soluble antiseptic. It must be kept
from the sunlight.
Actuality theory, in psychol., the theory that psychol:
ogy deals with the immediate and underived reality of
experience, while the natural sciences, as abstracting
from the knowing subject, deal only with mediate expe.
rience: opposed to the theory of substantiality or of
mind-substance. W. Wundt (trans.), Outlines of Psychol.,
:: * f -->
p. 314.
agºarian (ak-ti-ā'ri-àn), a.
7°20′l,
acuate, a. 2. Having an elongate smooth
form pointed at one end; needle-shaped: ap-
plièd to sponge-spicules.
... n. An acuate monactinellid sponge-
spicule.
aculeolus (ak-j-lé’ā-lus), n.; pl. aculeoli (-li).
[NL. (L. as a doubtful reading), dim. of acu-
leus: see aculeus.] In bot., a minute aculeus
or prickle.
acuminate, a. (c) In ichth., drawn out in a
long point: said of the fins.
* (ak-i-pungk’tü-āt), v. t. ; pret.
and pp. acupunctuated, ppr. acupunctuating.
[L. acus, needle, -- punctuare, prick: see punc-
tuate.] To prick with a needle; acupuncture.
acupunctuation (ak’ī-pungk-tū-ā’ sh9n), n.
Same as acupuncturation.
acuta (a-küſtā), n. [NL.: see acute, a.] In
organ-building, an unusually shrill mixture-
stop.
Aºtalis (ak-li-tä’lis), n. [NL. (Fairmaire,
1846), K L. acutus, pointed.] A genus of tree-
hoppers of the homopterous family Membra-
cidae. A. dorsalis is found in considerable numbers on
grape-vines in the northern United States in July. It is
known as the black-backed tree-hopper.
acuteness, m. , (e) In musical acoustics, relative ele-
vation of pitch in a sound or tone, produced by greater
frequency of vibration: opposed to gravity. The higher
the pitch, the greater is the acuteness.
aºilinguº! (a-kü-ti-ling'gwal), a [L. acutus,
sharp, lingua, tongué.] Having a sharp-
pointed tongue. ſº
acutiplantar (a-kü-ti-plan’tär), @.. [L. acutus,
sharp, + planta, sole.] In ornith., having the
tarsus sharply ridged on its posterior face.
Ridgway, Birds of North and Middle America,
acutish (a-kü'tish), a... [acute + -ish 1.] Rather
acute; specifically, in bot., barely acute or
verging toward an acute form. -
acutorsion (ak-li-tór’shgn), n. [L. acus, needle,
+ torsio(n-), twisting.] In Surg., an opera-
tion for arresting hemorrhage from a wounded
artery by passing a needle beneath the vessel,
twisting it, and passing it out over the vessel.
acutospinous (a-kü-tó-spinus), a. . . [L. acutus,
sharp, + spina, spine.] Having sharp spines.
acyanoblepsia (a-si"a-nó-blep'si-á), n. Same
8,S º
acyclic, a, , 2. In dynam, not having the prop-
erty of whirling or moving in circles.
The system now behaves, as regards the co-ordinates
q1, q2, . . . qui, exactly like the acyclic type there con-
templated. Encyc. Brit., XXVII, 570.
3. Irregular in course; not occurring with
normal periodicity.—4. In chem., containing
no cycle or ring: said of organic compounds
which contain no ring of atoms.—Acyclic sur-
face, a surface such that any closed curve upon it can
contract to a point without leaving the surface.
acyesis (a-si-É'sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. & priv. --
kiſmatc, conception, K. Kveiv, conceive.]... 1. In-
ability to conceive; barrenness.-2. The con-
dition of non-pregnancy,
acyl (as’il), n. [ac(id) + -yl.] . A name intro-
duced by Liebermann to designate an acid
radical such as acetyl, C2H3O.
acylate (asſi-lāt), v. t. i. pret, and pp., acylated,
ppr. acylating. . [acyl + -ate!..] To introduce
an acyl-group into; especially, to prepare an
acyl derivative of an organic compound con-
taining a hydroxyl- or amino-group. *
acyrology (a-si-rol’ā-ji), n. [L. geyrologia, K
Gr, àkupoğoyia, K*ākūpoháyoc, adj., KäkvpoAoyeiv,
Same as actua-
speak incorrectly, K &kupog, unauthorized, im-
proper (K &– priv. H. Kipog, authority), + Wöyog,
speech..] Faulty diction. DRare.]
Aºtº. (a-sis’tó-spö(ré-á), n. pl. [NL.;
K. Gr. &-priv. 4- Küorig, bladder, 4- orópog, seed
(see &pore).] A suborder of Sporozoa, of the
order Haºmosporidia. It contains those forms in
which the trophozoite is an amoeboid hemamoeba or is of
simple body form and is typically endoglobular through-
out the Schizogonous cycle. An alternation of hosts occurs
in many cases, schizogony taking place usually in a warm-
blooded vertebrate host, while sporogony occurs in an
invertebrate host, usually an arthropod. Compare kHze-
*nospor
€0.
Aºi. (a-sis’tó-spó-rid’i-á), m. pl.
[NL., as Acystospor-ea + -īd-ia.] A group of
protozoan cell-parasites infesting certain verte-
brates. They are found mainly in red blood-corpuscles,
but also in the kidney, liver, and intestinal epithelium. In
blood they cause hypertrophy of the corpuscles and dimi-
nution of the hemoglobin. They are associated with
malaria in man and with Texas fever in cattle. See k Hae-
tnamoebidae and A-Gymmosporidia. -
ad, v. A simplified spelling of add.
Ada (ā‘dā), n. [NL.. appar. from the feminine
name Ada.]. A genus containing two species
of epiphytal orchids native to northern South
America, sometimes grown, in choice collec-
tions under the same conditions as Odontoglos-
$24.7%.
adactylia (a-dak-til'i-á), n. [NL., KGr. 6-priv.
+ 6ákrvãoc, finger or toe: see dactyl.] ... In tera-
tol., a congenital lack of some or all of the
fingers or toes. &
adactylism (a-dak’til-izm), n. Same as *adac-
tulia.
adagio, adv. and a. Special varieties of movement
or style are indicated by adding other terms, as : adagio
assai or molto, very slow ; adagio mom troppo, slow, but
not too much so; adagio cantabile or 808temwto, slow, with
a flowing or sustained movement; adagio patetico, slow
and with pathos; adagio pesante, slow, with heavy ac-
cents: adagio religioso, slow and in the church style; etc.
adalid (ad-a-lèd'), m. [Sp., a chief or com-
mander, K. Ar. al-dalil, Kal, the, + dalil, leader,
guide..] A leader or guide. Miss Yonge,
Christians and Moors in Spain, p. 206.
Adam, n.-Adam and Eve. (b) A colloquial name for
Sempervivum tectorum, the houseleek.-Adam’s apple.
(d) A name given to the crape jasmine or East Indian
rosebay, Tabernaemontana coromarča. See crape jas-
mine, under kjasmine.—Adam’s fig. See fig2.
Adamantine layer or substance, the enamel of the
te
eth.
adamantoblast (ad-a-man’tó-blåst), n. [Gr.
ădăuag, adamant, + 32aotóg, germ.] In em-
bryol., one of the ceils whic produce the
enamel of the teeth. Same as *ameloblast.
adamellite (ad-a-mel'it), n, [(Monte) Ada-
mello, in the middle Alps, + -ite?..] In petrog.,
a name proposed by Cathrein (1890) as a sub-
stitute for tonalite, and described as a granu-
lar igneous rock of the group intermediate
between granite and diorite, containing ortho-
clase and plagioclasefeldspars with hornblende
and biotite. Brögger uses the term for highly
Quartzose monzonites.
Adam Kadmon (ad’ am kad 'môn). UHeb.
’ādām kadmón, *ādām ha-kadmómi, ‘the first
man.’] In cabalistic doctrine, the primordial
man, the image of God, emanating from the En-
soph, the infinite, and representing the Eser
Sephiroth, the ten attributes of the deity. See
*Sephiroth and *Nachash Hakadmoni.
Adamkiewicz's reaction. See *reaction.
Adams-Stokes disease. Same as Stokes-4d-
ams Adisease.
adanal (ad-ā'nal), a. [L. ad, to, + anus, anus.]
Extending to the anus: as, the adanal plate,
in Arachnida, a plate-like sclerite reaching to
the anus.
adangle (a-dang'gl), adv. [a 3 -H dangle.]
Hanging loosely; in a dangling position or
condition; dangling. Browning, Men and Wo-
men, i. 37. N. E. D.
Adapisoricidae ºº: m. pl.
., K. Adapisorea, (K Adapis, a genus of
monkeys, + Sorea, a genus of insectivores) +
-idae.] A family of extinct insectivorous mam-
mals related to the moles, but more highly
specialized. The type genus, Adapisorea, about
the size of a hedgehog, is from the Lower
Eocene of Reims, France.
adapoid (ad’a-poid), a. [Adap-is + -oid.]. Re-
lated to the Adapidae.
adapt, v. t. 4. Same as *immunize.
Bordet heated for half an hour to 56° C. Some of the
lytic serum secured by adapting the guinea-pig through
subcutaneous injections to the red blood cells of the rab-
bit. He found that it had completely lost its new lytic
power. Med. Record, Feb. 14, 1908, p. 246.
adaptation, n. 4. Same as *immunization.—
adding-machine
Adaptation product. ...See *adaptation-product.-
Constitutional adaptation constitutional impregna-
tion. See #impregnation.—Functional adaptation,
in biol., the adjustment of an organism by its own activity
to changed conditions, considered as a cause of change
in its structure. The notion of functional adaptation ag
prior to and the cause of structure rests upon the belief
that an organism can do things for which it has no adap-
tive machinery. H. E. Cramptom, Biometrika, March—
July, 1904, p. 114.— Law of adaptation, in 80cºol., the
assumption that social groups acting upon one another
universally adapt themselves to a certain end, namely,
further social development.— Ontogenetic adaptation,
an adaptive change which is produced in an organism by
its own activity and is not transmitted to descendants, as
contrasted with a change which is congenital and is
transmitted to descendants ; a useful acquired character.
H. F. Osborn, Science, Oct. 15, 1897.-Visual adapta-
tion, the adjustment of the eye, by the pupilary mecha-
mism and by retinal changes, to a change in the color or
brightness of its surroundings. . The eye may become
adapted either to a change of the total field of vision
(general adaptation) or to local and partial changes
within a given field (local adaptation). Adaptation itself
may be partial or complete. *
adaptationist (ad-ap-tä'shgn-ist), m. One who
believes that social phenomena must be ex-
plained as adaptations to environment and
accounted for by collective causes rather than
individual efforts.
adaptation-product (ad-ap-tā‘shgn-prod”ukt),
n. A substance produced in the body of an
animal of one species by immunization with
cells or cellular products derived from the
body of an animal of an alien species. Also
called reaction-substance. It has a specific effect
upon the body used in immunization which, generally
speaking, is antagonistic to the immunizing substance.
In this relation also called antibody or antisubstance.
Examples are the various antitoxins, cytotoxins, agglu-
timins, and precipitins. See kimmunity.
adapted (a-dapted), p. a. Specifically, result-
ing from immunization: as, an adapted serum.
adapter, n. 6. In photog., an attachment to a
camera by means of which plates of sizes
other than those for which the camera is de-
signed may be used.
adaxial (ad-ak (si-al), a.
In bot., in a plane facing the axis.
extract.
The ovaries [in Casuarina] are flattened laterally, in
contrast to the adaacial flattening of the Wings in Pinus.
Bot. Gazette, XXXVI. 104.
A. D. B. An abbreviation of Artium Domesti-
carum Baccalaurea, Bachelor of Domestic Arts,
a degree conferred by some institutions upon
WOIO eId.
A. D. C. 1. An abbreviation of Aide-de-camp.
–2. An abbreviation of Amodic : "uration Con-
traction : used in electrotherapy.
add, v. t.-Added part or voice, in music, a part or
voice supplementary to the principal melody or to
the essential harmony. Thus in polyphonic writing a
counterpoint may be called the added part or voice, in
distinction from the cantus; or when a solo part is com-
bined with a chorus it may be called the added part or
Q}()2C6.
addental (a-den’tal), n. [ad- + dental.]. In
ichth., one of the bones of the upper jaw,
joined to the premaxillary in front: synony-
mous with maacillary.
adder!, 77. — Banded adder, Bungarus fasciatus of
southern Asia.--Berg adder, Clotho (or Vipera) atropos
of South Africa.-Blowing-adder, a harmless hog-nosed
snake of North America belonging to the genus Hetero-
dom.—Horned adder, Clotho cornuta of North Africa:
not to be confounded with the horned viper, Cerastes
cornuta, also of North Africa, but more abundant and
more deadly. &
adder's-tongue, n. 2. A name sometimes
given to the hart's-tongue, Phyllitis Scolopen-
drium. See Scolopendrium.–3. Any of the
eastern species of Erythronium or dog-tooth
violet. The white adder's-tongue is E. albidum.
—Adder's-tongue family, the Ophioglossaceae, includ-
ing Ophioglossum, the adder's-tongue fern.
Addie's process. See *process.
addigital (a-dij’i-tal), a. and m . . [ad- + digital.]
I. a. In ornith., attached to a digit (the third).
—Addigital remex, the primary attached to the first
phalanx of the third digit of a bird's wing.
II. m. Same as *addigital reper.
addiment (ad’i-ment), m. [NL. *addimentum,
K L. addere, add.] A thing added; an addita-
ment; a complement; specifically, same as
*complement, 8. See *aleaſin.
Dr. Longcope gives a study of the bacteriolytic action
of human blood in disease, and Dr. Walker surveys the
various factors in bacteriolytic action, from which he
deduces the fact that the complement or addiment is a
product of disintegration of leucocytes.
Natwre, Feb. 19, 1903, p. 373.
adding-machine, m. Its different forms depend
either on the totalizing principle, on the principle of a
train of gears whose ratio is 10 to 1, or on both. In a
convenient form the figures are arranged like the keys of
a type-writer in vertical rows from 1 to 9. By depressing
the key for the proper figure in the row of units, tens,
[L. ad, to, + airial.]
See the .

adding-machine
hundreds, etc., the result of the addition appears in fig-
ures. Such machines are much used in banks, offices,
and factories.
addition, nº-Algebraic addition, addition in which
the signs (+ and –) of the quantities to be added are
considered. The result is the difference between the
sums of the positive and of the negative quantities, with
the sign of the greater.—Relative addition, such a
combination of two relative terms as will produce a third
term expressing the relation in which any relate, A, of
the first term added would stand to any correlate, C, of
the second term added if, and only if, every object in the
universe, say X, were either such that A was in the first
relation to X, or such that X was in the second rela-
tion to C. For example, in the universe of whole num-
bers, the number 4 stands to the number 2 in the relation
which results from the relative addition of “is prime to ”
to “is a multiple of,” since 4 is prime to every number
unless to a multiple of 2. This operation was introduced
into logical algebra in 1882 by C. S. Peirce, and has gen-
erally been employed, although Whitehead and others
hold it to be of little utility.
addition-compound (a-dish'on-kom"pound),
m. Same as *addition-product.
addition-product (a-dish’ on-prod”ukt), n. In
chem., a compound formed by the direct addi-
tion of one element or compound to another.
It is contrasted with swbstitution-product, in which one
element or group is substituted for another. Also called
addition-compound.
Addititious force, in astrom., the radial component of a
disturbing force when it increases the attraction of a sat-
ellite toward its primary, especially of the moon toward
the earth : opposed to ablatitious force, which diminishes
the attraction. The force is addititious when the satel-
lite is in quadrature with the disturbing body (usually
the sun), ablatitious when in Syzygy.
addograph (ad'ò-gräf), m. . [L. addere, add,. --
Gr. Ypáðelv, write.] An adding-machine with
a device for recording results on a type-writer.
address, m.—Forms of address. See aform.
addressing-machine, n. These machimes are of
several kinds: (a) A small apparatus, operated by hand,
for cutting from a prepared paper ribbon of printed ad-
dresses one address at a time and pasting it on the wrap-
per. (b) A machine for stenciling addresses, etc., on wrap-
pers or cards. The stencils, made on parchment and
reinforced by a cardboard frame, are prepared by a per-
forating-device attached to a type-writer. When ready,
the stencils are placed in alphabetical order in the hop-
per of a special form of stenciling-press and automati-
cally fed to the inking-roller and then passed to the press,
which forces enough ink through the stencil to make a
clear impression on the wrapper. The stencils are then
relieved of surplus ink and delivered to another hopper,
which retains them in regular order ready for use again.
The machine stencils the addresses on a continuous roll of
paper, and cuts off, counts, and delivers the wrappers in
the same order as that of the stencils. (c) A press for print-
ing addresses, etc., from embossed type. The addresses
are embossed in a special form of power type-writer on rib-
bons of type-metal, and are then, in a special machine,
cut apart and fitted with locking hinges, and made up
by hand into chains or ribbons. A ribbon on a spool is
placed in a power printing-press and automatically fed
to the inking-rollers and to the press ; each addressed
type-plate is printed in turn, and the chain is rewound
on another spool. The addresses are printed on a con-
tinuous roll, cut, and counted in regular order. A smaller
machine of this type is fed by hand and operated by foot-
power.
addressograph (a-dres' 3-gräf), m. [address +
Gr. ) pāqelv, write.] A special form of foot-
power addressing-machine employing endless
chains of embossed metal type or chains of
movable rubber type. See *addressing-ma-
Chine.
a.de (ād), n. [Detached from lemonade, lime-
ade, orangeade.] A drink of the lemonade or
orangeade class. [Colloq.]
They make a superior ade which rivals lemon or lime
ſtde. Science, Feb. 13, 1903, p. 263.
Adelaide ruby, sovereign. See *ruby, *sov-
erevgn.
Adelea (ad-É-lé’â), m. . [NL., (A. Schneider,
1875), appar. (irreg.) K Gr. &ómżog, not mani-
fest, unseen.] A genus of Coccidia, of the fam-
ily Polysporocystidae, having the dizoic spores
spherical or compressed and the sporocysts
smooth. The various species are parasitic in
myriapods and insects.
a.delite (ad’ê-lit), m. [Gr. &óm?og, not manifest,
+ -ite2. The allusion is to the indistinct crys-
tallization.] A basic arseniate of calcium and
magnesium, of a grayish color, occurring in
embedded grains and rarely in monoclinic
crystals: found in Sweden.
adeloceratous (ad'é-ló-Ser'a-tus), a. Same as
*adelocerous. -
adelocerous (ad-à-losſe-rus), a. Having Con-
cealed antennae. Same as cryptocerous.
Adelochorda (ad'é-ló-kórſdá), m. pl. [NL.,
K. Gr. &ómżog, not evident, + xopó%, chord.]. A
subphylum and class of Chordata including
the genera Balanoglossus, Rhabdopleura, and
Cephalodiscus. The distinctive features of the group
are the presence of the presumed rudimentary represen-
tative of a notochord and of the gill-slits. The group is
not homogeneous, and the affinities of its members to
Chordata are denied by some zoölogists.
Adelops (ad’ê-lops), n.
adelphiarchal (3-del’ fi-ār-kal), a.
adelphotaxy (a-del'fö-tak-si), n.
adempted (a-demp (ted), p. a.
adelomorphic (ad’ê-ló-mör'fik), a. [Gr. &ómżog,
not manifest, + ſlopph, form.] A term applied
to the so-called chief or central cells of the
gastric mucosa, which supposedly furnish the
pepsin and chymosin, W. D. Halliburton,
Chemical Physiology and Pathology, p. 633.
[NL. (Tellkampf,
1844), KGr. &ómhog, not evident, + &lp, eye.] TA
genus of beetles of the family Silphidae. They
inhabit caves, where their larvae feed upon the dung of
bats and other cave-inhabiting animals. About 30 spe-
cies are known, mainly from European caves. Adelops
hirtus lives in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky.
Adelosiphonia (ad'é-ló-si-fôni-á), n, pl. [NL,
K. Gr. 367%0c, not evident, + qipov, pipe.] A
group or section of anomalodesmaceous pe-
lecypod mollusks, or Acephala. They constitute
a subdivision of the superfamily Amatinacea and comprise
those mollusks which have short siphons and a well-de-
fined lithodesma. The genus Pandora is an example.
y , , "2 [Irreg. K
Gr. 668%6ç, brother, + 6pxág, ruler, + -al.]
Relating to a form of government exercised by
the men assembled in council, the members of
the council being considered as brothers. See
the extract.
In this way the Women sitting in clan council consti-
tuted the primary legislative body, while their brothers
sitting in tribal council formed a senate or final legisla-
tive body whose decisions were binding on the executives
of clans and tribes; so that the social organization may
be classed as adelphiarchal (like that of the Seri Indians
described in earlier reports) in principle, though largely
patriarchal in detail. Smithsonian Rep., 1901, p. 77.
adelphic (a-del'fik), a. [Gr. &óežđukóg, brotherly
or sisterly, K &óežpóg, brother, àóežpff, sister.]
In math., pertaining to the connectivity of a
surface.—Adelphic order, in math., the connectivity.
adelphogamy (a-del-fog'a-mi), m. [Gr. 666%óg,
brother, -H ydgog, marriage.] That form of
polyandry in which a number of brothers have
a wife in common. J. W. Powell.
Among other privileges bestowed on the bride during
the probationary period are those of receiving the most
intimate attentions from the clanfellows of the groom;
and these are noteworthy as suggestions of a vestigial
polyandry or adelphogamy.
Itep. Bur. Am. Ethnol., 1895–96, p. 281.
[Gr. 66e?ºpóg,
brother, + Tášig, disposition, order.] In biol.,
the movement of certain motile cells in rela-
tion to each other: a term proposed by Hartog
in 1888.
Same as
adeemed. See adeem.
adenase (ad’e-nās), m. An autolytic ferment
found in certain glands which transforms
adenin into hypoxanthin.
adendric (a-den’drik), a.
-ic.] Same as *adendritic.
adendritic (a-den-drit’ ik), a. [a-18 + den-
dritic.] In neurol., having no dendrites: said
of nerve-cells which have only the neuraxon
or axis-cylinder process.
adenin (ad’e-nin), n. [Gr. défiv, gland, + -in?..]
One of the purin or xanthin bases, C5H5N5.
It has been obtained from the lymph glands,
spleen, thymus gland, kidneys, etc.
adenocheirus (ad"e-nó-ki’rus), m.; pl. adeno-
cheiri (-ri). [NL., K. Gr. &öffv, gland, + 2 etp,
hand.] In Turbellaria, one of the outgrowths
from the atrial walls in the genus Artioposthia
which serve as accessory copulatory organs.
See Wadenodactylus.
adenochondrosarcoma (ad’e-nó-kon/dró-sār-
kö’mâ), m.; pl. adenochondrosarcomata (-ma-tä).
A mixed tumor containing the elements of
adenoma, chondroma, and sarcoma.
adenocyst (ad’e-nó-sist), n. Same as *adeno-
Cystoma.
adenocystic (ad/e-nó-sistik), a. Same as *ade-
mocystomatous.
adenocystoma (ad’e-nó-sis-tó’mâ), m.; pl. ade-
nocystomata (-ma-tá). [NL., K. Gr. &óñv, gland,
+ kío Tug, bladder (see cyst), + -oma.] An
adenoma containing cystic cavities.
adenocystomatous (ad"e-nó-sis-tó'ma-tus), a.
Relating to or of the nature of adenocystoma.
adenodactylus (ad’ e-mö-dak’ti-lus), m.; pl.
adenodactyli (-lí). [NL., K. Gr. &óñv, gland, H-
Öáktvāoç, finger.] In Turbellaria, one of the
outgrowths from the atrial walls in the genus
Artioposthia which serve as accessory copula-
tory organs. See *adenocheirus.
adenofibroma (ad"e-mö-fi-brö’mâ), m.; pl. ade-
nofibromata (-ma-tá). A glandular tumor con-
sisting largely of an overgrowth of fibrous
tissue.
adenoid, a.—Adenoid disease, pseudoleucocythemia.
—Adenoid tumor. Same as adenoma.-Adenoid vege-
tations, masses of lymphoid tissue, similar in structure
[a-18 + dendron +
Adenoma, destruens.
adenomatome (ad-e-nom'a-tóm), n.
adenopetaly (ad"e-nó-pet’a-li), m.
adenophlegmon (ad"e-nó-flegºmon), n.
adenopodous (ad-e-nop’ô-dus), a.
adenyl (ad’e-mil), m.
adenylic (ad-e-nil'ik), a.
adermia (a-dèr’mi-á), n.
adessive (ad-esſiv), n.
a detopneustic (ad"e-top-nii'stik), a.
a devism (ä’dà-vizm), n.
ad fin.
adgustal (ad-gus' tal), n.
adha (ād’hâ), m.
adharma.
to the tonsils, situated at the posterior wall of the upper
end of the pharynx. When hypertrophied, as they often
are in children, these vegetations may obstruct the pas-
sage of air through the posterior nares and so necessitate
mouth-breathing. Also called pharyngeal tomsil and
Luschka's tonsil.
II. . n. An adenoid growth; specifically, an
adenoid vegetation.
adenolipoma (ad"e-nó-li-pô'mâ), m.; pl. ademoli-
* (-ma-tá). [NL., K. Gr. Göffy, gland, +
itrog, animal fät, + -oma.] A glandular tumor
consisting largely of fatty substance.
adenolymphoma (ad"e-nó-lim-fô'mâ), m.; pl.
adenolymphomata (-ma-tá). [NL., K
gland, + L. lympha, lymph, +
as lymphadenoma.
Gr. &ó#v,
-oma.] Same
[L., destructive adenoma.) An
adenoma, usually of the stomach, intestines, or uterus,
which has taken on malignant characteristics. Also
called a democarcinoma.
adenomalacia (ad’e-nó-ma-lä'si-á), n. [NL.,
Gr. &óżv, gland, + plažakia, softness, K uahakóg,
soft.] Pathological softening of glands.
º [Gr. 60%v,
gland, + -toplog, K taueiv, cut.] An instrument
employed in the removal of adenoid growths.
adenomyxoma (ad"e-nó-mik-só'mâ), m.; pl.
adenomyalomata (-ma-tá). [NL., K. Gr. a6%m,
gland, -H pubča, mucus, + -oma.] A tumor
composed of glandular and mucous tissue.
adenomyxosarcoma (ad"e-nó-mik'só-sār-kö’-
mâ), m.; pl. adenomyaosarcomata (-ma-tá).
[NL., K. Gr. 60%v, gland, + piña, mucus, + dāpā
(oapk-), flesh, + -oma.] A tumor composed of
glandular, mucous, and sarcomatous elements.
[Gr. 60%v,
a gland (nectary), +, Tétažov, leaf (petal).]
The transformation of nectaries into petals.
Morrem.
[Gr.
&óżv, gland, + p^eyptová, inflammation.] Acute
inflammation of a gland.
[Gr. &óñv,
gland, + Troög (Tod-), foot, + -ous.] In bot.,
having the petiole or peduncle glandular.
adenoscirrhus (ad’e-nó-sir' us), m. ; pl. adeno-
scirrhi (-ri). [NL., K. Gr. &óñy, giand, + scir-
'rhus.] A hard cancer which involves a gland.
adenosclerosis (ad"e-nó-sklē-ró’sis), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. 66%v, gland, + akhāpootſ, a hardening: see
sclerosis.] Induration of a gland.
adenostemonous (ad"e-nó-sté'mô-nus), a. [Gr.
ădăv, gland, + othuaju, taken for “stamen,” +
-ows.] In bot., having glandular stamens.
[aden (in) + -yl.] The
group C5H4N4, formerly assumed to be present
in adenin jºin. This name is no longer
used, but these and related compounds are spoken of as
derivatives of kpurim (which . §
[ademyl + -ic..] Re-
lating to adenyl.—Adenylic acid, a nucleinic acid
obtained from the thymus gland. On decomposition it
yields guanine, adenin, cytosin, and thyminic acid.
Adeps lanae, purified fat of sheep's wool, containing not
over 30 per cent. of water.
[NL., K. Gr. &óepplog,
without skin, K &-priv. H- déppa, skin..] Partial
or complete congenital absence of the skin.
[L. ad, at, + esse, be,
—ive. Cf. abessive..] In gram., a syntactic
case expressing position at some spot or lo-
cality. A. S. Gatschet, Grammar of the Klamath
Language, p. 486.
Adetopneusia (ad"e-top-nā’si-á), m. pl. [NL.,
K (?) Gr. &óeroc, unbound, loose, + Tveiotç, a
blowing, K. Twelv, blow, breathe..] An order
of Stelleroidea, the Cryptozonia.
[Gr. &óe-
Tog, unbound, loose, + Tvevotikóg, K Tveiv,
breathe..] Bearing papula or dermal branchiae
beyond the abactinal surface.
ad eund. An abbreviation of the Latin ad
eundem gradum, to the same degree.
[Skt. dideva, hostile
to the gods, K &-priv. -- deva, a god (see deva),
+ -ism..] Hindu ‘atheism’ in the sense of a
denial of the old “devas’: a proposed term
distinguished from atheism.
An abbreviation of ad finem (which
see).
IL. ad, to, + gustus,
taste (suggesting ‘palate’), + -al.] In ichth.,
a name given by Geoffroy to the pterygoid bone
which forms part of the palatoguadrate arch.
[Nepalese ádhá, half.] A
silver coin of Nepal equal to half a muhr or
one fourth of a rupee.
adharma (a-dār"mă), n. . [Skt.] Unrighteous-
ness; injustice: personified in Hindu mythol-
ogy as the destroyer of all things.
- adheat .
adheat (ad-hét"), v. t. [ad- + heat.] To su-
perheat (a quantity of steam) by adding to it a
*:::: of very highly superheated steam.
herence, n. 6. In the theory of aggregates,
the aggregate of all those points of a point-
aggregate which are not limiting points (that
is, limits of endless series of points): called
the adherence of the point-aggregate; the ag-
gregate of all the remaining points is called
its coherence.
adhesion, n. 10. An expression of, or the act
by which one expresses, acquiescence in, ad-
herence to, and support of some statement, de-
claration, or proposal; assent; concurrence.
Up to June 30, 1,787 adhesions to the congress had been
received. Science, July 29, 1904, p. 157.
Adhesion weight, the weight which is producing fric-
tion; specifically, the weight on the driving-wheels of a
locomotive.— ary adhesion, secondary adhe-
sion. Same as kunion by first intention and wunion by
second intention.—Traction of adhesion. Same as
Jriction of rolling (wliich see, under friction). -
adhesional (ad-hô’zhgn-al), a. [adhesion +
—al.] Of the nature of or ãepending upon ad-
hesion: applied specifically to the action of
locomotives when the smooth driving-wheel,
running on a plane rail, is prevented, through
the weight of the engine, from slipping on the
rail by its adhesion thereto. When the power of
the cylinder applied to turn the wheel exceeds this ef-
fect of adhesion, and friction of motion ensues by the
slipping of the wheel on the rail, the tractive power
becomes less. When the grades become too steep for
adhesional traction because the cylinder-diameter neces-
sary to overcome the resistance will cause the wheels
to slip, the tractive effort must be exerted through
toothed gears meshing into a rack or toothed rail, while
the weight may be still carried on smooth rails by ordi-
nary wheels. º - e
adhesion-rail (ad-hé'zh9n-rāl), m. In rail-
roading, a traction-rail as distinguished from
a guard-rail or a third rail; the ordinary rail
of a track. Sometimes called service-rail and
stock-rail. -
adhesiv, a. A simplified spelling of adhesive.
Adhesive papilla. See *papilla. a'
adhvaryu (ad-vär’yö), n. [Skt. adhvaryū, K
adhvarā, religious ceremony.] A Brahman
priest who assists in reciting the prayers of
the Yajur-Veda and performs manual labor
at sacrifices. y
adiabat (ad’i-à-bat), n... [Gr. 66táðarog, not to
be passed over: see adiabatic..] An adiabatic
curve or line.
Adiabatic compression, compression exerted or occur-
ring under conditions in which heat neither leaves nor
enters the substance compressed.— Adiabatic dia-
gram, a graphic method of representing by adiabats
the changes as to temperature, pressure, and condition
experienced by a unit mass of gas by virtue of any pos-
P
L_i\}. \
+ - mºm-
|
|
|
|
# -ºr | |-tz
| Alºiſ
| <-------vs.----- -->] #2
N. ºf
O V
Adiabatic Diagram, the curve a a' showing a lower pressure at
the end of expansion than given for the isothermal diagram f :"
illustrates the typical relations of pressure and volume. Horizontal
abscissas proportional to volumes (V, v); vertical ordinates propor-
tional to pressures (P, 2); O, origin.
sible adiabatic change. The adiabatic diagrams for
moist air by Hertz (1884) and Neuhoff (1903), and Cla-
peyron's indicator-curve of the steam-engine, are famil-
iar examples.
a diagnostic (a-di-ag-nos’tik), a. [a-18 + diag-
nostic.] Not diagnostic; specifically, in petrog.,
aterm, proposed by Zirkel (1893), applied to the
phanerocrystalline texture of rocks when the
mineral particles, though recognizable, are
not specifically determinable without special
test: opposed to *eudiagnostic.
Adianthidae (ad-i-anthi-dé), m.pl. [NL., KAd-
ianthus, a genus (for “Adiantus, KGr. &ótavroc,
unwetted: see Adiantum), + -idae.] A family
of extinct ungulate mammals of the suborder
Liopterma, found in the Eocene of Patagonia.
adiantiform (ad-i-an’ti-fôrm), a. [NL. Adian-
tum, genus of ferns, + L. forma, form.] In
bot., having the form or character of Adian-
tum or maidenhair. Encyc. Brit., XXXI. 417.
a diaphanous (ad-i-af'a-nus), a. [a-18 + di-
aphamous.] . Not transparent; opaque.
adiaphon (ad’i-a-fön), n. [G., Kadiaphonon.]
form of pianoforte (patented in 1882) in
which the sound is produced from tuning-
forks instead of from strings: essentially simi-
lar to the older adiaphonon.
a diaphonon (ad-i-afº-non), n. [G., KGr. &-priv.
+ 6tápovog, dissonant: see diaphony.] A form
of pianoforte, invented by Schuster in 1819, in
which the sound is produced from steel bars
instead of from strings.
a diaphoretic (ad’i-af-Ö-ret'ik), a. and n. [a-18
+ diaphoretic.] ...I. a. Relating to, produced
by, or causing diminution or suppression of
perspiration.
II. n. An agent which diminishes or sup-
presses perspiration.
adiathermancy (a-di-a-thérºman-si), n. [a-18
+ diathermancy.] The character of being
adiathermanous; the property by virtue of
which a substance absorbs the invisible heat-
rays of the spectrum : opposed to diather-
7%(W/? (??/.
aiºthermanic (a-di-a-thérºman-ik), a. [a-18+
diathermanic..] Same as adiathermic.
adiathetic (a-di-a-thet'ik), a. [a-18+diathetic.]
In pathol., occurring without reference to a
prečxisting constitutional tendency or diath-
€SIS. -
Adibuddha (ä-di-bö’dà), m. [Modern Skt., K
Skt. ddi, the beginning, + Buddha, Buddha.]
The first Buddha.
adillah (ä-dil’â), m. A money of Malwa, equal
to half a pice.
Adimeridae (ad "i-mer’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Adimerus + -idae.] family of clavicorn
beetles. In these beetles the tarsi appear to have but
two joints, a broad first and a long terminal one, but
they have in fact two minute joints between, hidden by
the broad basal joint. This structure is unique among
the Coleoptera and is found only in the American genus
Aldimerus.
Adimerus (a-dim (e-rus), m. [NL. (Sharp,
1894), K. Gr. 6- priv. 4- 6tuépág, two-parted, two-
jointed.] The typical and sole genus of beetles
of the family Adimeridae, consisting of several
Central and South American species.
Adinia (a-din'i-á), m. [NL., a coined name.]
A genus of killifishes of the family Poeciliidae,
found in the Rio Grande region.
adipogenic (ad’i-pô-jen 'ik), a. [L. adeps
(adip-), fat, + Gr. -yevåg, -producing.] Hav-
ing the property of producing or of storing fat:
as, the adipogenic function of the digestive
glandin invertebrates. Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc.,
Feb., 1905, p. 47. -
adipogenous (ad-i-poj’ e-nus), a. [L. adeps
(adip-), fat, + Gr. -yevåg, -producing.] Fat-
producing; productive of adipose.
adipohepatic (ad’i-pô-hé-pat’ik), a. [L. adeps
(adip-), fat, + Gr. ) Tatakóg, of the liver: see
hepatic.] Šame as *adipogenic. Jour. Roy.
Micros. Soc., June, 1904, p. 303. -
adipolytic (ad’i-pô-lit'ik), a. [L. adeps (adip-).
fat, + Gr. Avrác, K Žíetv, dissolve.] See *lipo-
lytic.
airomatous (ad-i-pom'a-tus), a. ſadipoma(t-)
+ -ows.] Same as lipomatous.
Adipose degeneration. See #degeneration.—Adipose
lobe, a small appendage springing from the base of the
wentral fin of some fishes, as the salmon and the trout.
Usually known as an awaziliary Scale.
Adiposis dolorosa, a disease of the nervous system
marked by the formation of irregular masses of fat be-
neath the skin, especially that of the arms and legs,
which are the seat of considerable pain. Also called
Dercwm's disease.
Adiposorex (ad’i-pô-só' reks), n. [L. adeps
(adip-), fat, + sorea, a shrew-mole.] A genus
of small shrew-moles from the Lower Eocene.
Adiscota (ad-is-kö’tā), n. pl. [NL., K. Gr. 3-
priv. 4- Ötokoç, disk, + -ota (see -ote).] A group
of dipterous insects. It was based by Weismann
upon developmental characters, and includes those forms
in which the parts of the fly's head are developed in
close relation to those of the larva.
aditus (ad’ i-tus), m.; pl. aditus. [NL., K. L.
aditus, approach: see adit.] An approach; an
adit. Specifically: (a) In sponges, same as prosodus.
(b) In anat., an opening leading into a cavity.—Aditus
ad antrum, the communication between the tympanum
and the mastoid cells.-Aditus ad infundibulum, the
opening between the infundibulum and the third ven-
tricle of the brain.— AdituS 1 s, the superior
opening of the larynx, or rima glottidis.
adjustment
adj. An abbreviation of Adjudged. Adjourned.
adjectiv, a., n., and v. t. A simplified spelling
of adjective. ->
Adjectival phrase, a phrase that is or may be used with
the force of an adjective: as, a much to be desired result;
a never to be forgotten occasion.
adjective, n.-Participialadjective, a participle used
in an adjective relation, as in the phrases a running
stream, a cultivated field, a practised hand, molten iron.
—Proper adjective, an adjective derived from a proper
name, as American from America, Calvinistic from Cal-
vim, Newtonian from Newton.
adjectivism (ad'jek-tiv-izm), n.
an excessive use of adjectives.
Adolescence, II.467.
adjectivity (ad-jek-tiv'i-ti), n. [adjective +
-ity.] Tendency to a free use of adjectives.
Athenæum, April 14, 1894, p. 469.
Adjoint curve. Same as adjunct "curve.
adjudicative (a-jö(di-kā-tiv), a. That adjudi-
cates or adjudges; that embodies the award,
decision, or decree in an adjudication or ad-
judgment: as, the adjudicative part of a sen-
tence. [Rare.] N. E. D.
Adjunct curve. See *curve.
adjunction, n. 4. In math., the process of ob-
taining the domain Q(a) from the domain $2
by adding to it the number a which does not
already belong to it, and adding also all num-
bers arising from a finite number of additions,
Subtractions, multiplications, and divisions
involving a and all numbers in the domain $2.
See the extract.
By the adjunction of i to the domain of rational num-
bers Q(1) we obtain the domain of complex numbers
Q(1,3). F. Cajori, Theory of Equations, p. 135.
Tendency to
G. S. Hall,
adjurn, v. A simplified spelling of adjourn.
Adjusted drainage. See *drainage.
adjuster, n. 2. In hardware, any appliance
used to regulate the movement of a blind,
Sash, hitching-strap, shaft, or other moving
object in a wagon, house, etc.; as, a casement-
adjuster, a pole-adjuster, a window-stop ad-
juster.—3. In insurance, an officer of an insur-
ance company whose duty is to determine the
amount to be paid under a policy of insurance
when a partial loss has been sustained.
In Great Britain they are for the most part members of
the Average Adjusters' Association, a body which has
done and is doing much careful work with a view to
making and keeping the practice uniform and in accord
with right principles. Encyc. Brit., XXVI. 32.
adjustment, n. 6. In an exacter sense than 2,
the operation of modifying the relations be-
tween a set of things or other objects so as to
make these relations conform to some require-
ment, especially so as to bring them into con-
formity with relations between elements of a
plan or purpose. Thus the adjustment of a transit
instrument consists, first, in turning it round a vertical axis
until its axis of rotation (in using it) is nearly enough in
the plane of the prime vertical; second, in raising or
lowering one end of the latter axis until it is nearly
enough in the plane of the horizon; and, third, in shift-
ing the wires until the collimation is near enough to zero.
7. Specifically, the modification of a set of
statements so as to bring them into harmony
with one another and with some proposition
treated as absolutely true. Thus in geodesy, after
an extensive triangulation is complete it will be found
that the observed values of the angles do not exactly
agree with the principles of geometry and the assumed
figure of the earth, which would give rise to much in-
convenience. Accordingly by an elaborate series of
modifications skilful computers modify the values so
that the sum of the squares of all the changes shall be
the least possible required to bring the values into agree-
ment with the requirements; and this operation is
termed the adjustment of the triangulation. Owing to the
fact that the rules are derived from the calculus of prob-
abilities, and that the adjusted values are the most
probable that can be assigned, it might be supposed that
the purpose was merely to ascertain the most probable
values; but the superiority of the adjusted values in that
respect is very small and the major consideration is con-
sistency.
8. In biol., a change which is brought about in
a living being by its own activity and is not
transmitted to descendants, as contrasted with
a change which is congenital and hereditary:
an acquired character. J. M. Baldwin, Devel-
opment and Evolution, p. 142. – Methods of ad-
justment, in psychophys., a group of methods employed
for the determination of the relation between stimulus
and sensation. The term is used in two senses: (a) for
methods in which the observer himself varies a given
stimulus until it appears equal to a second, constant
stimulus, for example, Fechner's method of average er-
ror (see 5kmethod); (b) for methods in which a variable
stimulus is adjusted, whether by experimenter or ob-
server, to the required relation to a constant stimulus,
for example, Wundt's method of minimal changes (see
* method).-- Processes of adjustment, in physiog.,
changes in the courses of streams by means of which they
come to sustain definite and stable relations to the rock-


adjustment
structures beneath.--Topographic adjustment, See
the extract.
A tributary is in topographic adjustment when its gra-
dient is harmonious with its main.
Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geol., I. 154.
Adjutant's call, in mil. music, a signal on the drum
directing the band to pass to the right of the line.
adlea (ād-lā'ā), n. A billon, coin of Tripoli,
issued in 1827, plated with gold and forced into
Čurrency at the value of one dollar.
adlerglas (ād’lèr-glas), n. [G., “eagle-glass.’
A large drinking-glass having on it enameled
paintings of the double-headed eagle of the
Holy Roman Empire and armorial bearings of
56 principalities and towns: common in Ger-
many in the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies. See *wiederkom.
adlumidine (ad-lö’mi-dim), n. [Adlumia (see
def.) + -ime2.] An alkaloid, $80.39%), found
in Adlumia fungosa. It melts at 234° C.
adlumine (ad-ló'min), n. [Adlumia + -ine2.]
A dextrorotatory alkaloid, C39H39012N, found
in Adlumia fungosa.
A. D. M. An abbreviation of Latin Artium Do-
mesticarum Magister, Master of the Domestic
Arts.
Adm. An abbreviation of admiral.
admedial (ad-mé'di-al), a. [ad- + medial.]
Same as admedian.
admezure, v. t. A simplified spelling of admea-
Sł(7°8.
administration, n.-All-the-Talents Administra-
tion, an ironical name given to the British ministry of
1806–07, in allusion to the distinguished ability of its
members.-Limited administration, administration
of a personal estate in which the powers of the adminis-
trator are granted for a special purpose and are strictly
defined and confined to the matters set forth in special or
limited letters of administration.
Administrative county. See *county.
admiralty, m. 1. (b) The members of this body are
officially designated as the Commissioners for Executing
the Office of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland. The commissioners include
Civil Lords, Naval or Sea Lords, and Secretaries. The
First Lord of the Admiralty is a civilian and the respon-
sible political head of the organization. Absolute power
within the Admiralty, subject only to the King and Par-
liament, is vested in him. The Sea Lords, four in num-
ber, are naval officers, usually admirals. The First Sea.
Lord makes preparation for war and advises on all large
questions of naval policy. He is responsible for the effi-
ciency of the fleet and the distribution of ships. He controls
the Intelligence, Hydrographical, and Naval Ordnance
departments. The Second Sea Lord is responsible for all
questions relating to the personnel of the navy, including
manning of the fleet and appointment of officers. The
Third Sea Lord and Controller has charge of the matériel
of the fleet and has under him the Director of Naval Com-
8truction and the Engineer-in-Chief. He is also respon-
sible for the administration of the Royal Dockyards. The
Fourth or Junior Sea Lord deals with transport, coaling,
Victualing, and stores, and with questions relating to pay,
medals, uniforms, prisons, collisions, etc. The Civil
Lord deals with public works, the civil staff, etc. The
Parkiamentary and Financial Secretary has charge of
finances, accounts, and expenditures. The Permanent
Secretary signs in the name of the Admiralty, and has
charge of the general Secretariat, correspondence, etc.—
Admiralty Coefficient. See kcoefficient,
admission, n. 8. Specifically, in engin. : (a)
Entrance of motor fluid (as steam, air, or water)
into a cylinder for the purpose of driving a
piston. (b) The portion of a full traverse of a
piston during which the motor fluid is allowed
to enter the cylinder. (c) The point in the
traverse at which such entrance of motor fluid
begins.
admission-line (ad-mish’ on-lin), n. That line
of an indicator-diagram which is made by the
pencil of the indicator while steam is being
admitted to the cylinder.
admission-port (ad-mish’ on-pôrt), n. The
steam-port or-passage through which the enter-
ing steam gains access to an engine-cylinder.
In engines of ordinary construction, each port is alter-
nately supply and exhaust, though it is usual to apply
the latter term only to the port which exhausts directly
into the atmosphere. (Lockwood.) In Corliss engines the
admission- and exhaust-ports are separate.
admission-valve (ad-mish'gn-valv), m. The
valve which controls the admission of steam,
gas, air, or water to a motor- or compression-
cylinder.
admittance, n. 6. The reciprocal of the im-
pedance in an alternating-current circuit or
the ratio of alternating current divided by the
electromotive force consumed by the current.
See impedance. The components of admit-
tance are the *conductance and the *susceptance
(which see).
admotive (ad-mă ‘tiv), a. ſad- + motive.]
Characterized by motion toward: as, admotive
germination. Syd. Soc. Léa.
admasal (ad-nā’zal), n. [L. ad, to, + masus,
nose: see nasal.] In ichth., a name given by
Geoffroy to the premaxillary bone.
adnatum (ad-nā’tum), n. ; pl. adnata (-tä).
[NL. : see adnate.] . In horticulture, a small or
secondary bulb which forms from the old bulb
and eventually supplants it; a clove.
adnephrin (ad-nef’rin), n. Same as *adrena-
lin.
adnexa (ad-nek'sä), n. pl. [L., neut. pl. of ad-
nevus, pp. of adnecteré, annectere: see amnea..]
Connected or associated things; specifically,
in amat., appendages or structures accessory
to a main organ.-Adnexa oculi, the lids, muscles,
and other parts in relation with the globe of the eye.—
Adnexa, uteri, the Fallopian tubes and ovaries.
adnexal (ad-nek'sal), a. Relating to adnexa,
especially to the uterine adnexa.
adnominally (ad-nom’i-nal-i), adv. [adnomi-
nal + -ly?..] As an adnoun or adjective: as, a
verb used admominally.
Adobe Concrete, a building material prepared by mixing
broken stone with adobe clay before it is dried or fired.—
Adobe mortar, adobe mud prepared specially to serve
as mortar in laying adobe brick.
adoccipital (ad-ok-sip’i-tal), a. Noting one
of the fissures of the brain near the occipital
in the caudal portion of the precuneus.
adolescence, m.–Topographic adolescence, in
phys, geog., a stage in the development of relief which is
marked by well-established river-drainage. -
adolescent, a. 2. In phys, geog., noting that
stage of land-sculpture, between youth and
maturity, in which some rapids still remain
even in the larger streams.-Adolescent river.
See xriver. ( . *
adolescential (ad-Ö-le-sen'shal), a. Of or per-
taining to the period of adolescence.
adon (a-don'), m. A device which consists es-
sentially of a high-power telephoto combina-
tion so set as to transmit parallel rays. When
used in front of an ordinary lens in a “fixed-focus’ camera
it gives an enlarged inlage without disturbing the focal
adjustment. The elements of the adon are, however,
adjustable so that it can be used with varying effect when
the camera permits of focusing. Used by itself it acts
as a high-power telephotographic lens.
adonidin (a-don’i-din), m. [Adonis (-id-) (see
def.) + -in?..] A glucoside of uncertain com-
position obtained from Adonis vernalis: said
to resemble digitalis inits physiological action.
adonin (ad’ô-nin), n. [Adonis (see def.) +
-im?..] A very bitter non-crystalline glucoside,
C24H40O8, found in Adonis Amurensis.
adonite (ad’ô-nit), n. . [Adonis (see def.) +
-ite?..] An optically inactive pentite, C5H7
(OH)8, found in Adonis vernalis and also
formed by the reduction of ribose. It melts
at 1029 C.
adonitol (a-don’i-tól), n. [As adomite + -ol.]
Same as *adomite.
adoperate (ad-op’º-rät), v. t.; pret. and pp. ad-
operated, ppr. adoperating. [ML. adoperari, K
. ad, to, + operari, work: see operate.] To
'bring into use or operation; apply; use. Sir
J. Hayward, Eromena, p. 88. N. E. D.
adoperation (ad-op-e-rá'shgn), m. Application;
use, as of means to an end. Peacock, Melin-
court, II, 56. N. E. D. -
adopter, n. 2. An apparatus for the rapid
leveling of a compass, consisting of a spindle,
ball, and ball-socket.
adorbital (ad-ör’bi-tal), n. [L. ad, to, + or-
bita, orbit: see orbit.j In ichth., the preorbital
bone.
Adoxaceae (ad-ok-så'sé-6), m.pl. [NL. (Fritsch,
1891), K. Adoaia + -aceae.] A family of dicot-
yledonous, sympetalous plants of the order
Rubiales. It contains only the genus Adoza, and is
characterized chiefly by the split or 2-parted stamens
inserted on the tube of the corolla,
adoxaceous (ad-ok-så'shius), a. [NL. Adoaca-
C6-32 + -ows.] In bot., having the characters
of or belonging to the family Adoaiaceae.
ad placitum (ad plas’i-tum). [ML., NL.] At
pleasure: in music, noting a free part in a
contrapuntal work which is not bound by the
strict rules of imitation; especially, in a canon,
noting a voice-part that does not follow the
subject exactly.
adradial, a. 2. Pertaining to an adradius: as,
the adradial organs of an echinoderm.
adradius (ad-rá’ di-us), m.; pl. adradii, (-i).
[NL., K. L. ad, to, + radius, ray.] One of the
eight radii which lie between the perradii and
the interradii in animals which exhibit radial
symmetry. Compare perradius and interradius.
adrenal, n.-Accessory adrenals. See Marchand's
ºradº. Marchanº adrenals, islets of adrenal
tissue found in other parts. Also called accessory adre-
mals and adrenal rests.
II. a. Situated near or in contact with the
advance
kidney; specifically, noting the adrenal or su-
prarenal glands.-Adrenal extract, a medicinal
preparation made from the suprarenal glands and be-
lieved to be the internal secretion of these bodies. It
increases blood-pressure and constricts the vessels, and
is employed to arrest hemorrhage and to diminish mu-
cous Secretion. See Addrénalin.— Adrenal gland. Same
&S ºnal n.—Adrenal rests. See Marchand's kad-
7°6%008,
adrenalin (ad-rena-lin), n. ſadrenal + -in?..]
The active principle of the adrenal glands, first
isolated by a Japanese chemist, Takamine.
Its probable formula is C10H18NQ3.3H2O. It is practi.
cally identical with Abel's epinephrin, and is a powerful
heart-stimulant and hemostatic. See kadrenal extract.
adrenalone (ad-ren ‘ a -lón), n. [adrenal +
-One..] A ketone, (Hô)2C6H3COCH2NHCHs,
prepared by the oxidation of a derivative of
adrenalin.
Adrianist (ā’dri-an-ist), n. Same as Adrian-
ite, 2.
Adriatic, a. 2. In anthrop., of or pertaining
to the racial type represented by Albanians
and Serbo-Croatians, characterized by tall
stature, elongated face, and short head. Demi-
ker, Races of Man, p. 285.
adsmith (ad’smith), n. One whose business is
the writing of advertisements: as, the art of
the adsmith. W. D. Howells, Lit. and Life,
p. 265. [Humorous slang.]
adsmithing (ad’smith-ing), n. The trade of
an “adsmith.' ... [Humorous slang.]
adsorb (ad-sàrb"), v. t. [L. ad, to, + 8orbere,
suck in. Cf. absorb.] . To gather (a gas or
liquid) on the surface in a condensed layer.
Thus solids, such as glass, gather gases and
liquids with which they are in contact.
adsorption, n. 2. The mechanical imbibition
of fluids or gases.
adsorptive (ad-sórp’tiv), a. [adsorb (-sorp-) +
-tive. Cf. absorptive..] Capable of or charac-
terized by adsorption.
adsternal (ad-stérºnal), a. [L. ad, to, + ster-
num, sternum.] Situated near or in relation
with the sternum.
a due (ā dò'e). [It] By twos: in music, em-
ployed when two voices or instruments use the
same staff, to indicate that the two are to pro-
ceed in unison: opposed to divisi.
adularescence (ad-à-la-res’ens), n. [adular(ia)
+ -escence.] The chatoyancy of the adularia,
variety of feldspar; the moon-like sheen of the
moonstone, best visible when the stone is cut
with a convex dome.
adult, n. 2. Specifically: (a) In civil law, a
male infant who has attained the age of four-
teen, or a female infant who has attained the
age of twelve. (b) In common law, one of the
full age of twenty-one. Bowvier, Law Dict.
adulterin, a. and n. A simplified spelling of
adulterime.
adulterism (3-dul’tèr-izm), n. A name or word
that has been corruptly altered.[Rare.] N. E. D.
adulthood (a-dult'hād), n. [adult, a., + -hood.]
The state of being adult or completely devel-
oped: as, in full vigor and adulthood. Cow-
den. Clarke. N. E. D.
adumbra (ad-um' bră), n. ; pl. adumbrae (-bré).
The penumbra, in an eclipse of the moon.
adumbrella (ad-um-brel’ā), n. [NL., K.L. ad,
to, + umbrella, a little shade.] The upper
surface of the velum in jelly-fishes: distin-
guished from eacwmbrella. -
aduncirostrate (a-dun-si-ros’ trät), a. [L. ad-
wncus, hooked, + rostrum, beak, + -atel.] .
Having a hooked beak, as birds of prey.
adurol (ad-ū’rol), n. A trade-name for two
compounds used as photographic developers.
Adurol “Schering ” is bromhydroquinone, C6-
H3Br(OH)2; adurol “Hanff.” is chlorhydroqui-
Il OIO €.
adv. An abbreviation of advocate.
advaita (ād-viºtă), n. [Skt. advaita, non-dual-
ity, unity, Ka-priv. H. dwaitá, duality, Kdvi-, two.]
The pantheistic doctrine of the Vedanta,
school of Hindu philosophy, taught especially
in Shankara's commentary on the upanishads.
The doctrine is thatátman, self, is Brahman, the
Absolute.
advance, n. 13. The angular interval in ex-
cess of 90° which the center-line of an engine-
eccentric makes with the center-line of the
engine-crank. It is given to enable a valve with
lap, which will work the steam expansively, to begin
admission of steam at or before the dead-point of the
piston-traverse. See angular advance of am eccentric,
under angular.
14. In fencing, a quick move of the right foot
a few inches forward, followed instantly by
advance
the left foot, but so that the fencer keeps his
equilibrium and is ready for parry, or the for-
ward lunge of the right foot.
advance-growth (ad-väns'gröth'), n. In for-
68try, young trees which spring up in acciden-
tal openings in the forest or under the forest
gover, before reproduction cuttings are begun.
See volunteer *growth.
advancement, n. 6. In 8wrg., an operation
for strabismus, consisting in dividing the ten-
don of the healthy muscle, bringing the end
forward, andfastening it to the eyeball forward
of its former point of insertion.
advancing (ad-vān'sing), n. The act of tak-
ing or of giving an advanced position; ad-
vancement; promotion; furtherance. [Obso-
lete or rare.] &
Advent Sunday, the first Sunday in Advent, or that
nearest St. Andrew's day (Nov. 30).
adventitial (ad-ven-tish'al), a. Same as ad-
ventitious. Jour. Exper. Med., VI, 69.
adventitious, a, 4. In phytogeog., naturalized
from a distant formation : opposed to *vicine.
A term proposed by Pound and Clements.
Compare adventitious, 2.
adventurism (ad-ven’t jr-izm), n. . The ways,
* habits, and schemes of the adventurer or ad-
venturess; the practices, pretenses, or experi-
ences of those who live by their wits.
adventuresum, a. A simplified spelling of
adventuresome.
adverb, n.-Flat adverb, a substantive or an adjec-
tive placed in an adverbial position (so called by J. Earle,
Philol. Eng. Tongue, $430): as, forest wild; to look bad;
to walk slow; “with foreheads villainous low,” Shak.,
Tempest, iv. 1. 274. Some adverbs of this type are, how-
ever, reduced forms of Middle English or Anglo-Saxon
adverbs with an adverbial suffix (-e), from the adjective
with which they have later become identical in form.
—Flectional adverb, an adverb formed of a case of a
formerly inflected noun, as mornings, evenings, meeds,
darkling, wipward (genitives), whilom, &eldom (datives):
as, he is usually at home evenings; “he must needs go
through Samaria,” John iv. 4; “the wakeful bird sings
darkling,” Milton, P. L., iii. 38, 39.-Phrasal adverb
an adverb consisting of a phrase or clause; an adverbiai
clause: as, of course, of a truth, at random, in an imstant,
Wittle by little.—Relative adverb, an adverb which is
derived from a relative pronoun, relates to an antecedent,
and usually introduces an adverbial clause, as when,
where, whence : as, at the place where the accident oc-
curred; at a time when he was not expected.
adverbial, a.—Adverbial clause, in gram., a clause
or phrase which serves as an adverb: as, he met with an
accident on his way home.
II. m. An adverbial word or clause, as truly,
ea:ceedingly, of course, to-day, as soon as he
arriveS. º
adverbiation (ad-vér-bi-ā'shgn), n. [NL. “ad-
verbiatio(m-), K. L. adverbium, adverb.T An ex-
tended phrasal adverb. See the quotation.
Room must be given to the term Adverb to let it take
in all that appertains to the description of the condition
and circumstances attendant upon the verbal predication
of the sentence. . . . I would propose that for such ex-
tended phraseological adverbs we adopt the title of
-Adverbiation. J. Earle, Philol. Eng. Tongue, p. 431.
adverbism (adºvérb-izm), n. Tendency to an
excessive use of adverbs. G. S. Hall, Adoles-
cence, II. 467.
advertisemental (ad-vér-tiz-men’tal), a. [ad-
vertisement + -al.] Relating or pertaining to
advertising or to advertisement. [Rare.]
advisal (ad-viºzal), n. [advise + -al.] Ad-
vice; counsel. J. S. Blackie, AEschylus, I. 197.
[Rare.] g
advize, v. A simplified spelling of advise.
advolution (ad-v5-lii‘shgn), m. [L. ad, to, +
wolvere, roll: formed on type of evolution.] An
onward rolling or unfolding; progressive de-
velopment; the theory of evolution considered
with regard to its trend or ultimate develop-
ments. See the extract.
Why should Evolution stop with the º It is
surely obvious that the complement of Evolution is
Advolution, and the inquiry, Whence has all this system
of things come, is, after all, of minor importance com-
pared with the question, Whither does all this tend?
H. Drummond, Nat. Law in Spiritual World, p. 40l.
adynamandry (a-din-3-man dri), n., [Gr.
ādīnauog, without power, F &vñp (ävöp-), man
(male).]. In bot., self-sterility; incapability of
self-fertilization. Delpíno.
adynamical (a-di-nam’i-kal), @. Not dynami-
cal.
The properties of electric and magnetic force are ex-
licable upon dynamical principles; so far there is no
É. necessity for seeking for adynamical properties
in ether. e
Jour. Inst. Electric Engineers (Brit.), 1889–1900, p. 396.
adz-block (adz'blok), n. A solid oblong block
of iron or steel, square in section, which carries
the cutters or plane-irons of a wood-planing
machine. Lockwood.
Adzuki bean. See *beaml.
AEacid (é'a-sid), n. [L. A. acides, KGr. Atakiönc,
K Alakoç, AEacus.] A son or descendant of
AEacus (who was a son of
Zeus and AEgina, and after
death a judge in the lower
world), º: (a) Pe- A
leus; (b) Achilles; (c) Te- |
lamon; (d) Ajax.-Aeacid
... shield, the shield of the Tela-
monian Ajax, which was repre-
sented on the coins of ancient
Salamis in Greece. It assumed
a peculiar form resembling
types found in the Dipylon and
Mycenaean periods.
aeae (ā-ā-ā'ā), m. [Ha-
waiian = Maori akeake,
the name of a small tree
(see *ake).] A name in
Hawaii of Lycium Sand-
wicense, an erect shrub
from two to three feet
high, with stiff, smooth branches. It grows along
the sea-coast, and bears a red berry which is edible but
not very palatable. Also called ohelo-kai.
aecial (6'shial), a. [K Gr. aikia, an injurious
effect.] Same as acidial. J. C. Arthur.
AEcidial form, stage. Same as aecidiostage.
aeciospore (é'si-Ö-Spör), n. [Gr. aikia, an in-
jurious effect, +, otopá, a spore.] Same as
accidiospore. J. C. Arthur. s
aecium (6'shium), n. [NL., K. Gr. aikia, an in-
jurious effect.] A term proposed by J. C.
Arthur for the aecidial stage of the rust fungi,
Uredinales. Same as acidiostage.
Aédes (ä-éºdéz), n. [NL. (Meigen, 1818), K. Gr.
àndàº, unpleasant, odious, K &- priv. 4- #6üç,
pleasant.] A genus of small mosquitos of the
dipterous family Culicidae. They have the palpi
in both sexes less than half as long as the proboscis (2-
jointed in the male and 4-jointed in the female), and
have no bluish scales on the upper side of the thorax and
no bristles below the scutellum. Several species are
known. Aédes fuscus inhabits the northern United States,
aegagropila, n. 2. [cap.] pl. Marine algae
which form more or less spherical masses and
are freely driven from place to place.
*ºil. (6-ga-gropſi-lus), a. [Gr. alyaypog,
the wild goat, + L. pila, a ball,-H -ous.] Noting
the dense tufted condition assumed by certain
Mºrticularly the cladophoras. Athenaeum,
AEacid Shield on Coins
of Salamis. (From “Jour-
nal of Hellenic Studies,”
º permission of the Coun-
Cil.)
aegialosaur (é-ji-al’ó-sār), n. A reptile of the
genus AEgialosaurus.
aegicrania (€-ji-krā’ni-á), n. pl. [NL., K. Gr. ai;
(aly-), goat, + Kpavior, skull.] In Rom. antiq.,
the heads of goats or rams used in the sculp-
tured decoration of altars: suggested by the
custom of hanging up the heads of victims.
AEgicrania.— Altar in the Vatican, Rome.
AEginidae, m.pl. 2. A family of Narcomedusae,
having a circular canal communicating with
the stomach by double peronial canals, with
internemal gastral pouches, and without oto-
porpae. It contains the genera ABgina, Ægineta,
AEginopsis, and others. &
AEglina (é-gli'nā), m. [NL., KGr. Afyºm, a nymph,
+ -inal.] A genus of asaphid trilobites. They
are remarkable for their immense compound eyes, which
give them a strikingly larval aspect: found in the Lower
Silurian of Purope.
AEgocera (6-gos’º-rä), m. [NL. (Latreille, 1809),
aêrage
Kaiš (äty-), goat, H. Képac, horn.] An interesting
genus of East Indian moths of the family Aga-
ristidae. The male of A.tripartita nakes a peculiar click-
ing noise while flying; it is produced by a special struc-
ture on the front wing, which is rubbed against the spines
of the front feet.
AEgoceratidae (é-gó-se-rat’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
*AEgoceras, K. Gr. aiš (aiyác), goat, + képaç (képa-
tog), horn, + -idae.] A family of ammonoid
cephalopods or ammonites. They have smooth, dis-
coidal shells with broad umbilicus and highly specialized
complicated septal sutures. The species occur in the
Triassic formation.
AElurodon (é-lii’rö-don), n. [Gr. alAoupog, a cat
or a weasel, H. 660üç (-ovtoc), a tooth.] A genus
of Canidae of the North American Miocene,
with affiliations with the bears.
aelurophobia (3-lii-rº-fo'bi-á), n. [Gr. aizoupog,
cat, +-poſła, Kºpogeiv, fear.] A morbid dislike
or fear of cats.
aéneofuscous (ā-6*né-5-fus'kus), a. [L. ačneus,
of brass, + fuscus, fuscous.] In entom., of the
color of dirty brass.
aéneolithic (à-6" né-Ö-lith 'ik), a. [L. ačmeus,
brazen, + Gr. Affog, stone..] Pertaining to the
period in which both metal and stone imple-
ments were used: a term introduced by Italian
archaeologists.
aéneous (à-6(né-us), a. [L. ačneus, of brass.] In
entom., having brassy or metallic reflections.
aenigmatite (€-nigſma-tit), n. [Cf. enigma.]
A rare triclinic member of the amphibole
group. It occurs in black prismatic crystals in the so-
dalite-syenite of southern Greenland and similarly else-
where. It is a titano-silicate of ferrous iron and sodium.
AEolian, n. 2. Same as Æolic.
AEolic digamma, the digamma (which see).
aeolidoid (é-ol’i-doid), a. [aeolid + -oid.] Hav-
ing the form or characters of the AEolididae.
aeolina, n. 2. An organ-stop of a thin, deli-
cate tone.
aeolipile, n. 2. A form of blast-lamp for use in
chemical laboratories, in which an alcohol
flame is deflected by a stream of alcohol vapor
escaping from a jet, this vapor being produced
from liquid alcohol in a little boiler over the
original flame. -
apolodicon (é-Ö-lod’i-kon), n. [Gr. Aložog, Æo-
lus, + (jóż, song, + -icon, as in harmonicon.]
A musical instrument, played from a key-
board, the tone of which was produced in one
variety by the blows of hammers upon steel
springs, and in another from free reeds, as in
the harmonium. Neither form attained artistic
importance.
aeolodion (é-ó-lô"di-on), n. [Gr. Aiożog, AEolus,
+ Gr. 30%, song, + -ion, as in melodion.] Same
as "aeolodicon.
acolomelodicon (é%-ló-me-lod’i-kon), n. [Gr.
Aložog, AEolus, + pież966g, musical (see melo-
diom), + -icon, as in harmonicom.] A musical
instrument of the pipe-organ class, invented
by Hoffmann of Warsaw about 1825. Its chief
peculiarity was that metal tubes were placed in front of
the mouths of the pipes, to impart to them special quali-
ties imitating various instruments and to strengthen the
tone. The use of these resonators was under the control
of the player. Also called choraleon.
aeolopantalon (é * @-ló-pan ta-lon), n. [Gr.
Aio20ſ, AEolus; second element uncertain.] An
aeolomelodicon having a pianoforte attachment
which could be used with or without the organ
tones.
aeolophon (6'3-19-fon), n. [Appar. G., K AEolus
+ Gr. -povog, K pová, sound..] A form of sera-
phine.
abolotropism (é-ó-lot’rö-pizm), n.
or condition of abolotropy.
abonial, a. See *eonial.
aeonologe (6/on-Ö-lój), n. [Gr. aid,v, an age, +
-Żóytov, K Žéyety, tell: formed on type of Thoro-
loge.] An imagined clock that measures time
by eons or ages. See the quotation. [Rare.]
. . is mo measure for the
The state
The horologe of earth .
&omologe of heaven.
F. W. Farrar, Early Days of Christianity, p. 511.
aequalis (é-kwā'lis), m. [L., equal.] In gram.,
the case which expresses similarity (like, simi-
lar to). Also called similative. Barnum, Essen.
of Innuit, p. 17.
AEquidens (é'kwi-denz), m. [NL., K. L. aequus,
equal, it dens, tooth.] A genus or subgenus
of South American Cichlidae: they resemble
the sunfishes of the north.
aërage (ā’º-rij), m. [F, aérage, K L. aer, K. Gr
ââp, air.] Airing ; ventilation.


aërate
aërate, p. t.-Aérating plants, epiphytes.—Aérat-
roots, roots which rise out of the water or mud,
provided with a loose corky tissue with large cellular in-
terspaces adapted to ačration, as the “knees” of the bald
cypress.
aërenchyma (ā-e-reng'ki-mâ), m. [NL., K. Gr.
ãňp, air, F &Yxvua, infusion.] A tissue con-
sisting of thin-walled cells with large, inter-
cellular spaces, adapted to ačration. It occurs
in the stems of certain marsh plants. Schenk.
aërialist (ā-é'ri-al-ist), n. [aërial + -ist.] An
aërial navigator; one skilled in aéronautics.
[Rare.]
aérobia, m, pl.-Facultative aerobia, bacteria, nor.
mally anaërobic, which have acquired the capacity of
living and growing in the presence of oxygen.
aêrobic (ā-e-rö’ bik), a. Same as aérobian.—
Facultatively ačrobić, having the ability to live either
in the absence or in the presence of oxygen.
aêrobiont (ā-e-rö-bi’ont), n. Same as aérobe.
aërobioscope (ā’e-rö-bi’é-sköp), m. An appa-
ratus for collecting bacteria from the air.
aêrobium (ā-e-ró’ bi-um), m. Singular of ačro-
bia (which see). -
aéro-club (ā’e-rö-klub"), m. [Gr. &#p, air, -- E.
club.] A club or association devoted to the
promotion and practice of ačronautics or avia-
tion.
aérocondenser (ā’e-rö-kon-den'sér), n. [Gr.
diffp, air, + E. condenser.] A form of surface-
condenser for changing the vapor of water, or
any other vapor, back into a liquid by the with-
drawal of heat by means of a rapid circulation
of air. It is much used as a means of cooling and con-
densing in motor-vehicles. The vapor to be condensed
is contained in a chamber through which pass a great
number of tubes, the air being made to move at speed
through the latter.
aéroconiscope (à"e-rö-kon’i-sköp), n. [Gr.
āńp, air, + kóvac, dust, + akoſſeiv, view.] An
apparatus for collecting dust for examination.
aéro-craft (ā’e-rö-kraft), m. See *air-craft.
aërocurve (ā’e-rö-kèrv), n, [Gr. &#p, air, -i- L.
curvus, curve.] A curved surface intended for
the support, in the air, of a gliding- or a flying-
machime. See *aëroplane, 1.
One of the most difficult Questions connected with the
problem of aerial navigation is the longitudinal stability
of a machine supported on aéro-planes and aero-curves.
Rep. Brit. A88. Advancement of Sci., 1902, p. 524.
aérodrome (ā’e-ró-dröm), m. . [Gr. &#p, air, +
-ópopuog, Kópapaeiv, run.] 1. A flying-machine
supported by ačroplanes and having a motor
and a rudder for navigating the air; specifi-
cally, a machine of this kind invented and
named by S. P. Langley.—2. A course for
testing or practising with ačroplanes or other
flying-machines.—3. A *hangar (which see).
aérodromic (ā’e-rö-drom'ik), a. ſaérodrome +
-ic.] Of or pertaining to ačrodromes or flying-
machines. A. G. Bell, in Smithsonian Rep.,
1896, p. 6.
aérodromics (ā’e-rö-drom'iks), m. [As aéro-
drome + -ic.] The art of navigating the atmo-
sphere by means of engines and balloons, but
especially by means of ačroplanes or ačro-
curves driven by machinery. S. P. Langley.
aérodyne (ā’e-rö-din), m. [Gr. &#p, air, --
Öívaulc, power..] See the extract.
I use the word “aerodyne” in preference to “flying-
Imachine,” to denote an aéroplane-supported machine,
driven by mechanical power through the air.
W. R. Twrnbull, in Phys. Rev., March, 1907, p. 286.
aérofoil (ā’e-rö-foil), n. [Gr. &#p, air, H. E.
foill ?] An aéroplane (the lifting surface).
R. W. A. Brewer, The Art of Aviation, p. 224.
aérogram (ā’g-rö-gram), m. [Gr. &#p, air, -H
Ypáppia, a writing.] A message transmitted
through the air, especially one transmitted by
wireless telegraphy. L. de Forest, in N. Y.
Com. Advertiser, Jan. 31, 1903.
aérograph (ā’e-rū-gräf), v. [Gr. &#p, air, --
ypépetv, write.] I. trans. To transmit or send
through the air by wireless telegraphy: as,
to ačrograph the state of the money-market to
Tondon or Paris. N. Y. Com. Advertiser, Jan.
31, 1903.
II. intrams. To communicate by means of
wireless telegraphy; use wireless telegraphy.
aérohydropathy (ā’e-rº-hi-drop'a-thi), n. [Gr.
àftp, air, + E. hydropathy.] Combined water-
and air-cure.
aérohypsometer (ā’ā-rö-hip-som’e-tér), n.
IGr. ºp, air, + E. hypsometer.] A simple
form of air-barometer devised by G. Govi of
Turin in 1867 for measuring small differences
of altitude by measuring the expansion under
varying pressures of a short column of air
whose temperature is constant or is known.
Also ačrypsometer.
aéroides (ā-e-Toi"dēz), m.
riety of beryl.
aéroklinoscope, ačrokoniscope, n.
clinoscope, *ašroconiscope.
aëromechanics (ā’e-rö-mā-kan'iks), n. [Gr.
&#p, air, H E. mechanics.] The mechanics of the
atmosphere or, in general, of gases; the science
of the action of forces on gases; pneumatics.
aéromotor (ā’e-ró-mö%tor), m. [L. aer, air, +
notor, motor.] 1. A light motor suitable for
use in airships and ačroplanes.—2. A form
of Windmill using metallic vanes or sails.
aéronat (ā’º-rö-nat), n. [aéro- + L. mat(are),
swim, float.j See the extract.
Aéronat is a dirigible, motor-driven balloon, or air-ship.
Sct. A mer. Sup., Feb. 20, 1909.
aéronef (ā’e-rö-nef). m. [F. “aeroneſ, K L. aer,
air, H. F. nef, K L. navis, ship.] An airship;
Specifically, one heavier than air. -
aérophagia (ā’e-ró-fā’īi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
&#p, air, F -dayta, Kºbayev, eat..] The swallow-
ing of air sometimes observed in hysteria.
aérophilous (ā-º-rofi-lus), a. [Gr. &#p, air,
+ piãog, loving.] Air-loving: applied to bac-
teria and other organisms which require air
for their development. See aérobian.
aérophobic (ā’e-rö-fö(bik), a. Of or pertaining
to ačrophobia; afraid of air; having a morbid
dread of currents of air.
aérophone, n. 2. An instrument having the
functions of both an ear-trumpet and a speak-
ing-trumpet.
aérophore, n. 2. An instrument for filling with
air the lungs of a still-born child.—3. In tex-
tile spinning-rooms, a device used to diffuse
moisture throughout the air. An excess of mois-
ture is required both to make shrinkage-effect uniform
and to counteract the electrifying action of the rapidly
moving belts and other elements of the machines.
aérophorus (ā-e-rof'Q-rus), a. [Gr. &#p, air,
+ -ºopoº, K påpelv, bear.] Containing or con-
veying air: same as aériferous.
aérophysical (ā’e-rö-fiz'i-kal), a. [Gr. &#9, air,
+ ºvodkóg, physical.] Of or pertaining to ačro-
physics or the physics of the atmosphere; spe-
cifically, relating to the atmospheric condi-
tions of heat and cold, dryness and humidity.
aérophysics (ā’e-ró-fiz'iks), m. [Gr. &#p, air,
+ E. physics.] The physics of the atmosphere.
aéroplane (ā’e-rö-plan), n. . [Gr. &#p (äep-), air,
+ E. plane.] 1. A plane or curved (see *aéro-
A pale sky-blue va-
See aéro-
7sº
Wright Brothers' Aéroplane (biplane).
A, rudder; B, dipping-planes.
A Zº ޺S N
§§ſº § |} º
WTWy Sº§§§
Bleriot's Aéroplane (Inonoplane).
A, engine : B, rudder; C, dipping-plane.
curve) surface, used to sustain a flying-machine
or a glidin g-m achine in the air, or in aérodynam-
ical experiments. As the machine moves through
the air, the aéroplane (commonly a light framework cov-
ered with a fabric), set at a small angle above the horizon-
tal, tends to support it by its lifting-power. Flying-
machines in which aeroplanes are so used are also called
“aéroplanes' (see def. 2); those in which support in the
air has been sought by the movement (“flapping') of such
surfaces in imitation of the action of the wings of birds
are called ‘ornithopters.'
2. A flying-machine driven by an engine and
supported by the pressure of the air upon the
under side of plane or curved surfaces known
as ‘aëroplanes’ or ‘aërocurves.” (See def. 1.)
Various attempts to attain flight, in “heavier-than-air”
aethokirrin
machines, by means of the lifting-power of aëroplanes
(surfaces) were made during the second half of the nine-
teenth century. Models of flying-machines of this type,
more or less successful, were constructed by Stringfeilow,
in 1847 and 1868 and by Moy in 1874 and Tatin in 1879.
But the most important advances toward the solution of
the problem were made in the aérodynamical investiga-
tions of S. P. Langley and Sir Hiram Maxim, and in the ex-
periments of O. Lilienthal, O. Chanute, and others with
gliding-machines. , Langley perfected a model of an aéro-
plane, (his “aërodrome") propelled by a steam-engine
(burning naphtha), which in November, 1896, flew about
three quarters of a mile. , Experiments, with gliding.
machines were begun by Orville and Wilbur Wiight in
1900, and on December 17, 1903, an ačroplane constructed
by them and propelled by a gasolene motor rose from the
#. and made a flight of 260 meters in 59 seconds — the
rst instance of successful mechanical flight by man. From
that time the development of the aeroplane by the Wrights
and others (Voisin, Farman, Curtiss, Bleriot, Latham, etc.)
has been rapid and extraordinary results have been at.
tained. The machines in successful use are of two general
types: ‘biplanes’ (Wright, Curtiss, Voisin, Farman, etc.)
having two ačroplanes (surfaces) placed one above thé
other, and ‘monoplanes' (Antoinette, Bleriot, etc.) having
one aeroplane (surface) or two laterally disposed. On Dec.
31, 1908, Wilbur Wright made, in France, a flight of 2
hours and 20 minutes, a period surpassed on August 7,
1909, by Sommer (2 hrs. 27# min.) and on Aug. 27, 1909, at
Rheims, by Farman (8 hrs. 4 min. 563 sec.: 111,848 miles;
his flight was continued (unofficially) for about seven
miles more). On July 27, 1909, Orville Wright, at Fort
Myer, made a cross-country flight of ten miles, with a pas-
Senger, at the rate of over 42 miles an hour. A record for
Speed was made by Curtiss, in a biplane, at Rheims on
August 28, 1900, when he made 12.42 miles in 15 min. 50%
Sec. . On July 25, 1909, Bleriot crossed the English Chan-
nel from Calais to Dover in a monoplane, in about 40
minutes. G. Legagneux, in France, Sept. 17, 1912, attained
a height of 5,450 meters §: ft.). On Dec. 24, 1911, at
Pau, France, Armand Gobé flew 740 kilometers (459.81
miles) in 8h, 16m.
aéroplanist (ā’e-rö-plan’ist), n.
operates an aéroplane.
aéropleustic (ā'g-rö-plöstik), a... [Gr. &#p, air,
+ Thevotikóg, adj., K tràeiv, sail.] Of or per-
taining to ačrial navigation. N. E. D. [Rare.]
aérorthometer (ā'er-6r-thom’e-tër), n. [Gr.
dip, air, + 6966ſ, straight, + puérpov, measure.]
An instrument in which an air-thermometer
and a barometer are combined.
aérosphere, n. 2. The spherical mass of any
gas surrounding a molecule or atom and tem-
porarily constituting a unit with it.
aérostat, n. 3. In entom., a tracheal dilatation
forming an air-sac, as in the abdomen of the
honey-bee and certain other insects.
aérotaxis (ā’e-rö-tak'sis), n, [Gr. &#p, air, +
Táštc, disposition, order.] The movement of
cells or organisms in relation to a source or
supply of air. -
aérotechnics (ā’e-rö-tek’niks), n. [Gr. &#p,
air. -- technics.] The art of aviation.
Nature, May 26, 1910, p. 397.
aérotherapy (ā’e-rö-ther'a-pi), n.
aêrotherapeutics.
aérotropism, n. 2. In general, the bending
or growth of organisms in relation to a source
or supply of air.
aërypsometer, m. Same as *aërohypsometer.
aeschrolalia (es'kró-lā‘li-á), n., [NL., Kaioxpóc,
shameful, + Aažía, K. Aaſhelv, talk..] Indecency
of speech in the insane.
AEsculaceae (es-kü-lä'sé-6), m. pl. [NL. (Lind-
ley, 1841), K AEsculus + -aceae.] A family of
dicotyledonous choripetalous plants of the
order Sapindales, typified by the genus AEscu-
lus. See Hippocastamaceae.
aesculetic, a. See *esculetic.
asculptannic, a, See Aesculotannic.
AEsopic (é-só'pik), a. [L. AEsopicus, K. Gr. Atoto-
Tukóg, K. Aigaotrog, Æsop.] Same as Æsopian.
Jour. Hel. Studies, XIII. 300.
aesthacyte, n. See esthacyte. -
aesthesia, n. 2. In bot., the capacity of an
organ to respond to physical stimuli. Ceapek.
aesthesin (es-thé'sin), n. . [Gr. aloffmotº, feeling,
+ -in?..] A compound, C35H6903N, formed by
the hydrolysis of phrenosin.
aesthesiomania, n. See *esthesiomania.
aesthetal (es-thé’tal), a. [Gr, aloffmróg, percep-
tible (see esthete, esthetic), + -all..] Sensory.
I propose to call the sensory cells, or sense-centres,
aesthetal cells. Haeckel (trans.), Wonders of Life, p. 14.
aestivo-autumnal, a. See *estivo-autumnal.
aethochroi (é-thok’rö-i), n. pl. [NL., KGr. aidóg,
burnt (see Ethiop), + Apóa, color.] Races of
black color; the negroes of Africa, the Me-
lanesians, papuans, and Australians. Also
ethochroi.
aethokirrin (é-thd-kir’in), n. [Gr. albog, fire
(see ether), + kuppóg, tawny, yellow.] The
yellow coloring matter of Linaria Linaria, the
common toad-flax.
One who
Same as


















. . . . aetiatic
Bºtiatic (6-ti-at'ik), a. [Also aitiatic, K. Gr.
ałrtarukác, Katría, cause: see aetiology and ac-
Cusative..] Causal, as when a * is sup-
º to exist in an object which is suggested
y its name; accusative. *
A8 to the whitenegs of the dog, it will be noticed that
this is only insisted upon in the passage of Hesychius,
and is evidently due to an aitiatic exposition of the ter-
mination.
Cecil Smith, Jour. Hellenic Studies, XIII. 117.
AEtiological myth, a myth accounting for the origin of a
phenomenon. - * >
Aétobatinae (ā’e-tó-bat’i-né), m.pl. [4étoba-
tus + -ina..] A subfamily of sting-rays typi-
fied by the genus Aëtobatus. p
Aétobatis (ā-e-tob'a-tis), n., [NL., KGr, deróg,
eagle, -H 3aríg, a ray (fish).] A later variant
of AAétobatus. 2.
eagle, H.8&roc, a ray (fish).]. A genus of sting-
rays of the family Myliobatidae. A. marinari is
the common species and is widely diffused. It is brown,
with many large yellow spots. g -
aëtosaur (ā’e-tó-sār), n. A reptile belonging
to the genus Aëtosaurus.
aëtosaurian (ā’e-tó-sà'ri-àn), a. and n. I. a.
Pertaining to or having the characters of Aé-
to30/Wrº18. º
II. n. Same as *aëtosaur.
afaint (a-fänt”), adv. [a 3 + faint.] In a faint-
ing state or on the point of fainting.
affect?, n. 3. In psychol. : (a) The felt or af-
fective component of a motive to action; the
incentive, as opposed to the inducement, to
act. See the extract.
Affects . . . are the feeling antecedents of involuntary
movements; as motives, including affects [and ends], are
the inner antecedents of acts of will.
J. M. Baldwin, Handbook of Psychol., II. 314.
(b) Emotion.—4. In Spinoza's philosophy, a
modification at once of the psychic and the
physical condition, the former element being
called an idea and the latter an affection.
affection, n. 10. In recent psychol., the ele-
mentary feeling-process; the pure’ or quali-
tatively simple feeling, in which there is no
admixture of sensation. See the extract.
They [the mental elements] are very numerous : . . .
but they may all be grouped into two great classes, as
sensations and affections.
- E. B. Titchener, Primer of Psychol., p. 21.
11. In trigon., relation to #. In right-angled
spherical triangles, angle A and side a are either both
greater or both less than g. This is expressed by saying
that A and a are of the same affection.
12. In law, the making over, pawning, or
mortgaging of a thing to assure the payment
of a sum of money or the discharge of some
other duty or service. Bowvier, Law Dict.
affective, a. 3. In psychol., relating to, char-
acterized by, or consisting of affection: as,
the affective side of the mental life; affective
eXperience.—Affective curve, in psychol., a graphic
expression of the correlation of some attribute (intensity,
quality) of affection with some attribute of stimulus or
sensation. E. B. Titchemer, Exper. Psychol., I. i. 106.-
Affective memory, the revival, in affective terms, of
past affective experience. Ribot, Psychol. of Emotions,
p. 153.−Affective process, in psychol. : (a) An affec-
tion. (b) A mental complex of which affection is char-
acteristic or in which it is dominant.—Affective tone,
in psychol., affection considered with reference to the
sensory or intellectual processes which it accompanies;
sometimes, affection considered as an attribute of sensa-
tion.
affectivity (a-fek-tiv’i-ti), n. [affective + -ity.]
The mental faculty concerned in the emotions,
affections, and sentiments; the affective power
of the mind.
The frequency of delusions in their multiform charac-
ters of degenerative characteristics, of the loss of affec-
tivity, of heredity, more particularly in the children of
inebriate, imbecile, idiotic, or epileptic parents, and
above all, the peculiar character of inspiration, show
that genius is a degenerative psychosis of the epileptoid
gl’Oup. C. Lombroso (trans.), Man of Genius, p. 359.
affectomotor (a-fek’tó-mö'tor), a. In psychol.,
combining emotional disturbance with muscu-
lar activity: for example, the joyousness and
unusual activity of the phase of exaltation in
circular insanity constitute an affectomotor
State.
affiliate (a-fil’i-āt), a. and n. I. a. Occupying
the position of or recognized as an adopted
SOIl §2 affiliated. Browning, Ring and Book,
x. 392.
II. m. An affiliated person or institution,
etc. Tourgée, Fool's Errand, p. 126. N.E.D.
affinity, n.,9. In projective geom, a perspective
of which the center is at an infinite distance.
Möbius.—Affinity constants, in phys, chem.,numerical
constants by means of which the relative strength of acids
Affirmative pregnant.
affix, n. 4. In math., the complex number 2 +
3.
afflictionless (
affrettato (ä-fret-tä’tö), a.
affricate (afºri-kāt), n.
affrightfully (a-frit' fül-i), adv.
affrunt, v. t. and n.
afikomen (af-i-kö’men), m.
a fiori (ä fi-Ö’ri).
aflicker (a-flik’ér), adv.
aflower (a-flou’ér), adv.
aflush1 (a-flush”), adv.
aflush? (a-flush”), adv.
aflutter (a-flut’ér), adv.
a foglie (ä föl’ye).
A-frame (ā’främ), m.
of a bage between two acids or of an acid between two
bases can be computed.— Clang affinity or relation-
ship. See kclang.— Predisposing ty, in early
chem., a term employed to signify the cause of a chemical
change produced by a substance having an affinity or at-
traction, not for a second substance itself, but for some-
t producible as a result of the change. Thus, using
the language of the time, it was said that soda, by its
affinity for phosphoric acid, enables phosphorus to de-
compose carbonic acid (which without the soda it would
not do) and form phosphoric acid. This idea has long
been discarded.
Ce day general, in the English Court of Ex-
Affirman
chequer, a day appointed by the judges of the common
pleas and barons of the exchequer, to be held a few days
after the beginning of every termi, for the general affir-
mance or reversal of judgments. Bouvier, Law Dict.
See *pregnant.
ty is denoted by a single letter, 2.; the point
P, (a, y), is then called the affia, of the value 2 ;
the number 2 is also spoken of as the affia, of
the point P.
affixment (a-fiks' ment), n. [affia;+ -ment.] Same
as attachment.
fixt, pp. A º: spelling of affiaced.
a-flikºshgn-les), a. [affliction +
-less.] Free from affliction or trouble.T. Hardy,
Far from the Madding Crowd. N. E. D.
affrettando (ā-fret-tän’dó), a. [It, “hurrying,”
ppr. of affrettare, hurry.] In music, hastening
the pace: virtually the same as accelerando
or stringendo.
[It., “hurried.”
Same as *affrettando.
affrettoso (ä-fret-tū’só), a. [It., “with hurry.’]
Same as *affrettando.
[= G. affrikata, KNL.
*affricata, K.L. ad, to, + fricare, rub: see fric-
ative..] In phomology, an intimate combination
of a stop with a spirant or fricative of the same
position, as German pf (originally p) in pfennig,
pfeffer, etc., or German 2 or t2 (originally t) in
2inn, tin, kaize, cat, etc.
affricate (afºri-kāt), v.t.; pret.and pp. affricated,
ppr. affricating. [affricate, a.] In phomology,
to utter as an affricate. Scripture, Exper. Pho-
netics, p. 307.
affricative (a-frik'a-tiv), n. Same as affricate.
Sayce, Introd. Sci. Lang., I. 270.
[affrightful
+ -ly.] In a manner to affrighten, terrify, or
alarm; terrifyingly: as, to dream affrightfully.
[Rare.]
A simplified spelling of
[Heb., prob. KGr.
&ttikopov, understood as "an after-meal dessert
or pastime,’ neuter of éiríkouog, of or for a fes-
tival, K ŠTí, for, + Köplog, a festival: see Comus.
Others refer it to Gr. Štrukápuov, a festal song.]
A piece broken off from the middle one of the
three thin cakes of unleavened bread, called
respectively “Cohen,’ ‘Levi,’ and ‘Israel’ (thus
representing the whole Jewish nation), used
by the Jews at the seder service on Passover eve.
It is broken off at the beginning of the service, and hidden
by the head of the family, who presides at the seder table,
until the conclusion of the meal. After the two whole
cakes and the unhidden part of the broken cake have
been partaken of, with all the proper ceremonies, the
afikomen is eaten. See kseder.
[It..] With flowers: said of
a style of pottery decoration which consists of
intertwined flowers and birds, characteristic
of certain Italian majolica.
[a 3 + flicker.] In a
flickering state or condition; flickering. Brown-
ing, Aristoph. Apol., p. 225.
[aš + flower.] In
flower; abloom; flowering. Swinburne, Erech-
theus, l. 1147. N. E. D.
[a 3 + flush1.] In a
flushed or blushing state; aglow; ablush.
* [a 3 + flush".] On a
level; in the same plane: as, aflush with the
sea. Swinburne, Studies in Song, p. 169. N.E.D.
[aš + flutter.] In a
flutter or commotion; agitated ; fluttering.
Browning, Men and Women, ii. 147.
[It..] With leaves: said of
a style of decorative treatment in which leaves
of trees form the principal motive, seen fre-
quently on the majolica of Genoa, Venice, and
other Italian pottery-centers.-A foglie da doz-
Zina. [It., “with leaves of the dozen,” that is, ‘in ordi-
nary or common style.'] Said of a coarse style of decora-
tion found on certain inferior majolica wares (particularly
those of Venice), consisting of painted foliage.
The A-shaped support
for the cylinder-beam and cross-head guides
of a vertical engine; the housing.
affront.
or of bases can be expressed, or with which the partition African breadfruit. See kbreadfruit.—African Coast
Africanistics (afºri-kan-isºtiks), n.
Afrogaeic (af-ré-jé'ik), a.
afrown (a-froun’), adv.
a frutti (ä frotºti).
after, prep.
after-burning ºf 'ter-bér” ning), m.
after-cooler (àf’tér-kö’lér), m.
after-cure (àf’tér-kül'), m.
after-darken (àf’tèr-dār"kn), v. t.
aftergrowth, m.
after-heat (àf’tèr-hét), m.
after-image, m.
after-image
fever, can fever. See #fever1.—African green.
See agreen 1.
That de-
partment of philology concerned with the study
of the languages of Africa.
Africanoid (afºri-kan-oid), a. [African + -oid.]
In anthrop., resembling African types of man.
W. Z. Ripley, Races of Europe, p. 397.
Afro-American (af’rö-a-mer’i-kan), a. and n.
[L. Afer (pl. Afri), an African, + E. Ameri-
can.] I. a. Of, pertaining to, or composed of
persons of African descent born in America
(specifically in the United States): as, an Afro-
American church; Afro-American citizens.
II.. n. A native of America (specifically of
the United States) who is of African descent.
Afro-European (af’rô-á-rö-pé'an), a. [L. Afer
(pl. Afri), an African, + E. Europeam.]. Afri-
can and European; European with African
relations.
Afrogaea (af-rº-jé'ä), n. [NL., KL. Afer (Afr-),
African, -- Gr. Yala, earth.] In 206geog., a
(proposed) division or realm comprising the
part of Africa that lies south of the equator.
Correlated with Arctogaea. See Afrogaeam.
Same as Afrogaeam.
[aš + frown.] In a
frown; frowning: as, “with brows afrown,”
Joaquin Miller. N. E. D.
afrunt, prep. phr. as adv. and prep. A simpli.
fied spelling of afront.
[It..] With fruits: said of
a characteristic style of majolica decoration
consisting of foliage and fruits.
aft", a. and adv.–To haul aft a head-sheet (naut),
to pull on the rope secured to the clue of a staysail, jib,
or flying jib, so as to flatten the sail in a fore-and-aft di-
rection.—To haul aft the main-sheet (mawt.), to pull
on the tackle or purchase secured to the after part of the
main-boom, so as to bring that spar more fore-and-aft, or
in line with the keel.-Fore-and-aft rig. Seefore-and-
aft sails, under fore-and-aft.— To have the starboard
Sheets aft, an expression, sometimes employed on a fore-
and-aft vessel to signify that she is on the port tack, and
Vice versa.
10. In mineral., derived from;
having the form of: said of pseudomorphs,
which retain only the form of the original
mineral: as, malachite pseudomorph after
cuprite; cassiterite pseudomorph after feld-
Spal'. See pseudomorph.- After one's own heart,
that comes up to one's ideas or liking; entirely worthy
of one's admiration and approval : as, he is a man after
my own heard
- In gas-
engines, combustion or burning of the gases
after the explosion has taken place which
should have made all the gas unite at once with
the oxygen present.
after-chrome (àf’tér-kröm), r. t. ; pret. and
pp. after-chromed, ppr. after-chroming. To
treat (textiles, after they are dyed or printed)
with a solution of some chromium compound,
in order to fix, or render more fast, the colors
already on the cloth. Sometimes the chromium
compound acts as a mordanting principle and brings
about the deposition of a chromium mordant which cont-
bines with the dyestuff; in other cases the potassium
bichromate commonly used acts as an oxidizing agent.
after-color (àf’tér-kul’or), n. A colored after-
image. See after-image.
A chamber in
which air or a gas is cooled after it has been
compressed. See compressor.
A course of treat-
ment pursued after convalescence is estab-
lished in order to insure the permaneney of
the cure.
In tea-tile-
coloring, to deepen (a color) by subsequent
dyeing or by oxidation with a chemical solu-
tion.
after-dinner (àf’tèr-din’ér), m. and a.. [after +
dinner.] I.f n. The portion of the day which
follows dinner or the dimmer-hour.
II. a. Following dinner; postprandial: as,
after-dimmer coffee; an aſter-dinner nap; an
after-dinner anecdote or speech.
2. In forestry, young trees
which spring up as the result of reproduction-
cuttings.
The autumnal or
after-summer warm weather which usually
prevails in the northern United States during
the period known as ‘Indian summer.' Monthly
Weather Rev., Jan., 1902. *
2. In psychol., auy phase of
sensation which persists after the withdrawal
of the exciting stimulus: as, a visual after-
image; an auditory after-image; an after.
image of pressure.
after-impression
after-impression (āf'tér-im-presh'on), n. A
sensation which persists after the stimulus
that originally caused it is withdrawn.
after-leech (af'tér-lèch), n. The roping on the
after edge of a fore-and-aft sail. The roping
on the forward edge is called by American sea-
men the luff and by English seamen the for-
ward leech. See leech.3.
after-mast (af'tér-mâst), n. The mast nearest
to the stern of the ship. On a one- or two-masted
vessel it is the mainmast; on a three-masted vessel, the
mizzenmast ; on a four-masted vessel, the jigger-mast;
on a five-masted vessel, the spanker-mast ; on a six-
masted vessel, the driver-mast; and on a seven-masted
vessel the pusher-mast. The last three names have been
Tecently coined by the captains of many-masted vessels
as a convenience when giving orders concerning the
rigging and sails belonging to the masts in question.
after-milk (àf’tér-milk), n. Strippings.
afternoony (àf-tér-nón’i), n. Like a (sum-
mer) afternoon; languid; enervating; inclin-
ing to a siesta, as if in the heat of the day.
There is something idle and afternoony about the air
which whittles away one's resolution. Huailey, Life, II. 96.
after-nose (àf’tér-nóz), m. In entom., a trian-
gular piece below the antennae and above the
nasus. Stand. Dict.
after-sensation (āf’tér-sen-så"shqn), n. In
psychol. : (a) An after-image. (b) A secon-
dary or consequent sensation: as, the after-
sensation of pain which follows the sensation
of pressure when the skin is lightly tapped
with a needle.
after-shock (àf’tér-shok), n. A shock follow-
ing a primary shock; a succeeding shock.
The periodicity of the aftershocks of the great Indian
earthquake of June 12, 1897, is treated by Mr. R. D.
Oldham in vol. xxxv. of the Memoirs of the Geological
Survey of India. Nature, April 14, 1904, p. 571.
after-sound (àf’tér-sound); m. A subjective
sensation of sound which remains after the
sound itself has ceased.
after-stain (āf’tèr-stān), n. A stain or dye
employed after another stain, for the purpose
of still further differentiating details of cell or
tissue structure.
after-stain (àf’tér-stān), v. t.
To treat with an after-stain.
after-strain (āf’tèr-Strän), n. In elasticity, a
strain which develops gradually after the ap-
plication of the stress to which it is due and
which persists after the stress has ceased.
Also called elastic fatigue.
after-stretch (àf’tér-strech), m. In wool-manuf.,
the elongation of the roving on the spinning-
mule after the delivery-rolls have stopped.
after-taste (àf’tér-täst), m. A gustatory sensa-
tion which persists after the stimulus that
originally excited it has ceased to act.
after-vision (àf’tér-vizh"Qn), m. An impres-
sion of an object that remains in the retina
after the object itself is removed from sight.
after-world (àf’tér-wérld), n. The people of
succeeding generations; future ages.
[after + stain.]
The language . . . in which Shakespeare and Milton
have garnered for the after-world the rich treasures of
their mind. Trench, Eng. Past and Present, ii.
after-wort (äf’tér-wert), n. In brewing, the
second run of wort.
afu (ä-fö’), a. and m. [Perhaps from the Poly-
nesian tapu, tabu : see taboo.] Same as taboo.
[Torres Strait..] Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XVI.
420.
afunction (a-fungk'shgn); n. [a-18 + func-
tion.] In pathol., loss of function or function-
ating power. Alien. and Newrol., Aug., 1904.
afyllous, a. A simplified spelling of aphyllous.
Afzelia (af-zé'li-á), n. [NL. (Gmelin, 1791),
named in honor of Adam Afzelius, a Swedish
naturalist.] A genus of Scrophulariaceous
plants improperly called Seymeria by many
authors. See Seymeria.
A. G. An abbreviation of Attorney-General.
agada? (ä'gā-dà), m. [Abyssinian *] An Egyp-
tian or Abyssinian pipe sounded by means of
a reed mouthpiece somewhat like that of a
clarinet.
agalactous, a. 2. Not nursed, as a hand-fed
infant.—3. Serving to check the secretion of
milk; lactifugal.
agalenoid (ag-a-lé'noid), a. [NL., Agalena -F
-old.] Of, belonging to, or resembling the
spiders of the family Agalenidae.
agalite (ag'a-lit), n. [Appar. K. Gr. &ym, wonder,
+ 7.400g, stone..] A fibrous variety of talc, pseu-
domorphous in origin, from St. Lawrence
County, New York: used in the manufacture
of paper. Sometimes written agalith.
agalith (ag'a-lith), n., Same as *agalite.
agamobium (ag-g-mâ'bi-um), m.; pl. agamo-
bia (#). [NL, Gr. 3-priv. 4 yáloc; marriage,
+ 3iog, life.] The asexual generation of a
hydroid jellyfish, as contrasted with the sexual
generation or gamobium.
agamogenetical (ag" a-mó-jö-net’i-kal), a.
ame as agamogenetic.
agamospore (ag' 3-mê-spór), n. [Gr. &Yauoc,
without marriage, H GTopá, seed (spore).]. A
spore produced asexually.
Agaon (a-g㺠on), n. [NL. (Dalman, 1818),
said to be K Gr. &yátov, ppr. of āyáelv, war. of
āyaoffat, adore.] A remarkable genus of hymen-
opterous insects of the superfamily Chalci-
doidea, giving name to the family Agaonidae.
It contains the single species A. paradoa-wm,
which lives in figs in Sierra Leone.
Agaonidae (ag-ā-on’i-dé), m. pl... [NL., K. Agaon
+ -idae.] An extraordinary family of chal-
cidoid hymenopterous insects. It comprises spe-
cies of small size, distributed in 2 subfamilies and 12
genera, all living in figs and accomplishing the fertiliza-
tion of the flowers of this fruit. Other genera containing
true parasites have been hitherto placed in this family,
but are now separated into other distinctly parasitic
groups. See kBlastophaga.
Agapetidae (ag-a-pet’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., K. Aga-
petes + -idae.] A family of butterflies contain-
ing the forms known in the United States as
meadow-browns and their allies. Prominent
American genera are Cercyonis, Erebia, Coeno-
nympha, and OEmeis.
agarl (ā’gār), m. [Hind. agar, K Skt. aguru :
See agallochum.] The aloes-wood or calambac,
Aquilaria. Agallocha. In India it is used for making
jewel-cases, rosaries, and ornaments of various kinds.
The chips are sold in bazaars and are burned in Hindu
temples. See agallochwm, and eaglewood. Also aggwr.
agar” (ä'gār), n. Same as agar-agar.—Glucose
agar. See Aragar-agar, 2.-Hydrogele agar, a culture
medium suggested for the growth of the gonococcus, in
which hydrocele fluid is used as the nutrient medium,
the agar being added to solidify the medium.—Litmus
lactose agar, a culture medium used in bacteriological
Work. It is ordinary agar containing 3 per cent. of lactose,
With enough litmus tincture added to give the solution a
light-blue color.—Peptone agar, a bacteriological cul-
ture medium ; it contains a certain amount of peptone.
Also called nutrient agar.—Slant agar, agar that has
been Solidified so as to present a slanting surface : used
in bacteriological work. Science, March 14, 1902, p. 406.
agar-agar, n. 2. A gelatinous product from
certain seaweeds often combined with various
nutrient substances to form a solid medium
for the artificial cultivation of bacteria, and
other organisms.
a garlG. ... ??..—Deadly agaric, Amanita phalloides,
a very poisonous fungus.--Ivoryagaric, the mushroom,
Hygrophorus eburneus.— Mained agaric. Same as
*horsetail-agaric.—Royal agaric, a large and elegant
edible mushroom, Amanita caesarea. It has a bright
Orange-colored pileus, an annulus, and a large, thick,
leathery volva. It is sometimes confused with the
poisonous fly-agaric, Amanita muscaria.--Sugar-cane
agaric, Schizophyllum commune, which is reported to
be sonmetimes parasitic on sugar-cane:
II. (t.—Agaric acid, a compound, C16H3005 + H2O,
obtained from agaric in the form of a white powder.
Also called agaricic and agaricinic acid.-Agaric resin,
a red amorphous solid obtained from the larch-fungus.
It is slightly bitter, and melts at 90° C.
Agaricaceae (a-gar-i-kā’sé-6), m. pl. [Agari-
cus + -aceae.] The name now adopted for the
family Agaricini.
agaricaceous (a-gar-i-kā’shius), a. [Agarica-
ceae.] Having the characteristics of the fam-
ily Agaricaceae, the agarics.
Agaricales (a-gar-i-kā’léz), m. pl.
Agaricus + -ales.] A large order of fungi in-
cluding the greater
part of the Hymeno-
mycetes, as the fam-
ilies Thelephoraceae,
Clavariaceae, Hyd-
maceæ, Polyporaceae,
and Agaricaceae.
agaricic (ag-a-risſ-
ik), a. [agaric +
-ic.] Same as ag-
a ric e
agaricinic (a-gar-i-
sin'ik), a. ſagaricin ()
+ -ic.] Related to
agaricin. — Agari-
cinic acid. Same as
×agaric acid.
Agarum (ag' a -
rum), n. Nî.
(Postels and Ru-
recht, 1840), K. Ma-
ay agar-āgar : See
agar-agar..] A ge-
nus of brown algae
:w
9.
;
%
3%
3.
Agarum 7 urzieri; expanded
blade of a frond.
[NL., & "
age-fraternity
(Phaeophyceae) inhabiting the Arctic and colder
waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The
frond consists of a stipe attached by a branching hold-
fast, and a broadly expanded blade which is perforated
with numerous holes. Popularly called sea-colander.
agasp (3-gāSp’), adv. [a 3 + gasp.] In a gasp-
ing state or Çondition; panting; eager. Cole-
ridge, Own Times, II. 395. N. E. D.
Agassizocrinidae (ag-a-siz-6-krin’i-dé), m. pl.
[Agassigocrinus H- -idae.] A family of fistu-
late Crinoidea characterized by the elongate
dorsal cup composed of thick solid plates, and
by the absence of a column. It is believed that
in early stages these forms were attached by a stem, but
that they subsequently became free-swimming. They
have been found only in the Kaskaskia limestone of the
Lower Carboniferous formation in the United States.
Agassizocrinus (ag-a-siz-6-kri'nus), n. [NL.,
Agassiz + Gr. ºptvov, lily.] The typical ge-
nus of the family Agassizocrinidae.
agast, p. or a. A simplified spelling of aghast.
agate”, n. 6. Naut., the jewel cup in the cen-
ter of the compass-card, which rests upon the
upright pivot in the center of the compass-
bowl.-Eye-agate, a variety of agate having the layers
in concentric circles.— Iceland agate, a fine variety of
obsidian (volcanic glass) found in Iceland.
agate-ware (ag'āt-wār), m. 1. Pottery mottled
and veined in imitation of agate.—2. A variety
of enameled iron or steel household ware.
Agathaumas (ag-a-tha'mas), n. [NL., irreg.
K (?) Gr. Öyav, much, + 6avuagia, wonder.] A
genus of dinosaurian reptiles from the Laramie
beds of the Rocky Mountains.
agathin (ag'a-thin), n. [Gr. Öyaflóg, good, +
-in?..] A trade-name for the a-methylphenylhy-
drazone of salicylic aldehyde, C6H5CH3NN:
CHC6H4OH. It crystallizes in white needles which
melt at 71° C. It has been used as a remedy for rheu-
matism.
agathodamom, n. 2. In astrol., the eleventh
house of the heavens.
agathology (ag-a-thol’ā-ji), n, [Gr. 6Yaffäc,
good, + -āoyia, KAéyetv, speak.] The ethical
doctrine of the summum bonum, or that which
is good apart from any ulterior reason.
agatoid (ag'ā-toid), a. Resembling an agate
in structure or appearance.
Agau (ä'gou), m. See*Abyssinian languages(b).
agave, n. 2. [l. C.] A plant of this genus.
—Soap agave, a name applied to several species of
Agave, the roots or other portions of which, called amole
by the Mexicans, are used in place of soap for washing.
The principal soap-producing species is Agave Leche-
guilla of northern Mexico. See amole.
agavose (a-gā’vöz), n. [Agave-H-08é.] A sugar,
C12H22O11, obtained from the stalks of Agave
America?va.
A. G. C. In astrom., an abbreviation of Argen-
time General Catalogue (of stars).
Age class. See Aclass.-Age coating, the carbonaceous
layer or deposit which gradually accumulates upon the
interior surface of incandescent-lamp bulbs in conse-
quence of the disintegration of the filament.—Age of the
tide. Same as retard of the tide (which see, under retard).
–Copper age, in prehistoric archaeol., the period during
which copper was used for the manufacture of implements.
In some parts of the world the stone age was followed by a
copper age, while in other regions the stone age was fol-
lowed by the bronze age.— Flint age, Same as stome
age. See archaeological ages, under age.—Heroic age,
the age of heroes and demigods —Lacustrine age, in
archaeol., the period of lake-dwellings; especially, the
period of lake-dwellings in central Europe. — Topo-
graphic old age, the stage which is produced by long-
continued subjection of a region to the processes of ero-
Sion in its present relation to base-Éevel.
el, v. t. 2. To expose (mordanted or dyed
cloth) to the air in order to fix the mordant or
dye in insoluble form.
age? (ā’hâ), m. [Mex. (?). Cf. *aa'in.] The fat
obtained from the Coccus azim of Mexico. Also
called aain.
aged, p.a. 4. In geol., approaching peneplana-
tion: said of the topography of a greatly de-
nuded region.—5. Of a horse, arrived at the age
when the “pit” or ‘mark’ on the front teeth has
been obliterated by the gradual wearing away
of the crown. This change usually occurs in the eighth
or ninth year; but under racing rules a “running' horse
§as distinct from a trotting horse) is said to be aged when
he is more than seven years old.
age-distribution (āj^dis-tri-bii’shgn), m. In
social statistics, the number of occurrences,
conditions, or relations (as births, marriages,
or deaths) in a given population in each year
or in each five- or ten-year period of life: as,
50 deaths annually in each 1,000 children under
five years; 10 deaths annually in each 1,000
males 25 to 30 years of age.
age-fraternity (āj'frå-tèr"ni-ti), n., A. frater-
nity of individuals of the same or similar age.
This is a form of social organization found frequently
among primitive tribes, boys, youths, young men, men

.. age-fraternity
in their prime, and old men being organized each in a
society by themselves. Societies of women of similar
character are rarer than those of men.
on superficial examination various tribes appear to be
organized according to identical principles, but fuller,
knowledge generally reveals differences annong the simi-
larities. From this it was concluded that such terms as
gens, “band, age-fratermity and dance-society have no
stable or exact meaning and hence little descriptive value,
detailed information being the great desideratum.
Science, May 31, 1901, p. 864.
Gr. &yéAm, herd, -- kpivov, lily, + -ites.] A
name introduced by Vanuxem in 1842 for a
Devonian cys- -
tidian found in
the Hamilton &ſº
rocks of, New £º
York, but , also ºft
represented b 92
species in both }
Silurian and .
Carboniferous º
rocks: typical
of the family
Agelacrimitidae.
Also improperly
written Agela-
Agelacrinitidae (aj'e-lak-ri-nitſi-dé), m. pl.
NL., K. Agelacrimites + -idae.] A family of
extinct cystid echinoderms, discoid in form,
sometimes with a short stem, but usually at-
tached to other objects by the entire abaetinal
surface. In typical species the ambulacral arms are
long and curved and the spaces between are filled with
irregular and often scaly plates.
Agelacrinus (aj-e-lak(ri-nus), n.
TimiteS. e
agelong (āj'long), a. ſage + long.] Long as
an age; that lasts or has lasted for an age;
unending: as, agelong strife.
agency, n.-Commercial agency. See mercantile
agency.— Mercantile agency, an institution or com-
pany formed for the purpose of obtaining, by careful in-
quiry and investigation, and supplying in confidence to
subscribers for their own special use, accurate informa-
tion regarding the character, personal responsibility, and
commercial and financial standing of individuals, firms,
and corporations engaged in mercantile, financial, or in-
dustrial enterprises, either throughout the country or,
in the case of the larger associations, throughout the
world. Full revised lists and reports giving the ‘commer-
cial rating” of each of these individuals, firms, and cor-
porations are issued quarterly in book form, but special
reports with regard to particular cases are made to sub-
scribers on request. Also sometimes called commercial
agency and credit bureau.
agent, m.–Fixing agent, in tea:tile-coloring, any sub-
stance used to fix a mordant or render fast and perma-
nent colors which would otherwise be more or less fugi-
tive.—Insurance agent. See kinSurance.— Reducing
agent, in chem., a substance capable of removing the
electrónegative constituent from a compound, setting free
the electropositive constituent, as a metal from one of
its oxids.
agentialis (ā-jen-ti-ā‘lis), a. [NL. : See agen-
tial.] In gram., noting the case which ex-
presses the subject of a sentence and some-
times the owner of an object. Also called
subjective. Barnum, Innuit Lang., p. 12.
agentive (ā-jen’tiv), a... [agent + -ive..] In
gram., noting the case which expresses the sub-
ject of the transitive verb in languages in which
its form differs from that expressing the sub-
ject of the intransitive verb. This case is
found in many American languages, for in-
stance, in Eskimo. Also called subjective.
Amer. Anthropologist, Jan.-March, 1903, p. 26.
ager? (ā’jēr), n. [age, v. t. H.-er!..] . One who
or that which ages; specifically, a chamber in
which mordanted or dyed cloth is submitted
to the process of aging... A steam-ager is such
a chamber to which both air and steam are
admitted.
agger, m.—Agger nasi, a projection at the anterior ex:
tremity of the middle turbinate bone, being a vestige of
the nasal turbinate bone in certain of the lower animals.
agglomerant (a-glom'9-rant), n. [agglomer-
Če) + -ant..]. That which causes agglomera-
tion; a material which may be added to a mix-
ture' in order to cause the particles of the
latter, when in a fine state of division or in
small lumps, to adhere together and form
larger lumps or agglomerations. This is necessary
in some systems of treating ores, and in making. artificial
briquets from pulverized fuel. , Lime mixed with water
to form a paste is a suitable agglomerant in the first case,
and tar or pitch in the second. -
agglomerative, a. 2. In 80ciolº tending to
combine small social groups into larger organ-
izations. . ...
agglutinability
glittinable (-bil-)
####. §§
Agelacrizzites Atamiltozzensis.
A group of individuals attached to a shell.
tºº.”
See *Agelac-
ta-glºting-biliti), n. [ag-
+ -ity.] Susceptibility to ag-
agglutinate, v. t.
agglutinator (a-glö’ti-nā-tor), n.
agglutinin (a-glö’ti-nin), n.
agglutinogenous (a-glö"ti-noj^e-nus), a.
agglinoiſ, (a-glö’tin-oid), m.
gº
#ºtion, in any sense. Jour. Eaper. Med.,
agglutinable (a-glö’ti-na-bi), a. Capable of
agglutination.—Agglutinable substance, a sub-
stancé, present in bacteria and red blood-corpuscles to
the union with which, on the part of the agglutinims, the
specific agglutination is due.
agglutinant, n. 2. In bacteriol., same as *ag-
glutinating substance.
2. In bacteriol., to cause the
coalescence or clumping of (bacteria or red
blood-corpuscles). &
If the blood agglutinates a paratyphoid bacillus, in
high dilution, and fails to agglutinate the typhoid bacillus
or agglutimates it only in very low dilutions.
Med. Record, Feb. 14, 1903, p. 267.
à aß, f). Q.-Agglutinating substance,
n bacteriol., the substance which causes agglutination.
Also called žagglutiºnin (which see).
agglutination, n. 3. In Wundt's psychology,
the simplest type of apperceptive connection
of ideas: a connection in which one is still
clearly conscious of the constituent ideas,
while the total idea aroused by their conjunc-
tion is nevertheless unitary: for example,
watch-tower, steamboat.—4. In bacteriol., the
clumping or coalescence of red blood-corpus-
cles or bacteria brought about by the action
of Special agglutinating substances (aggluti-
nins).
Careful observation of this phenomenon has shown
that, in many cases, a state of coalescence of the cor-
puscles to which the name “agglutination' is applied,
precedes that of solution ; and, further, that while these
changes are often associated, yet one may occur in the
absence of the other, Science, July 3, 1903, p. 4.
Agglutination test, a test based upon the principle that
specific agglutinins appear in the blood-serum of in-
fected animals or patients which will cause the agglu-
tination of the specific bacteria concerned in the infec-
tion. In this manner it is sometimes possible not only
to identify bacteria, but also to determine whether or
not infection with a given organism exists. Diagnosis
by Such means is spoken of as servan diagnosis, and con-
stitutes a most important method of recognizing certain
infections. In typhoid fever especially the agglutination
test, or Widal reaction, as it is also termed, is extensively
utilized in the diagnosis of the disease. Generally speak-
ing, the examination is carried out by mixing some
bacilli of the kind under investigation with some of the
diluted blood-serum, when a drop is observed under
the microscope, in order to ascertain whether or not the
bacilli, which at first are evenly scattered through the
field, will gather in clumps, and, if previously motile,
will lose their motility. See 8erwm kdiagnosis.
agglutinative, Q.--Agglutinative reaction. Same
as kagglutimation, 4.
Eſe who or
that which agglutinates; specifically, same as
*agglutinin, in contradistinction to *agglutina-
ble substance.
Thus, if ricin, a strong agglutinator, is permitted to
act upon red corpuscles for periods under thirty minutes,
then upon the addition of venom lysis ensues in about the
average time and proceeds normally.
Jowr. Earper. Med., Mar. 17, 1902, p. 289.
[agglutin (ate) +
-im2.] An adaptation-product produced by
immunization with the corresponding cells (red
blood-corpuscles or bacteria), which causes
the clumping or coalescence of the cells used
in immunization. The agglutinins are receptors of
the second order (Ehrlich), being composed of a special
zymophoric group and a haptophoric group, which lat-
ter effects the union with the cell. The bacillary aggluti-
nins in their action upon motile bacteria cause arrest
of motility. See also kagglutimation test.—Flagellar
agglutinin, an agglutinin resulting on immunization
with a motile bacillus and supposedly referable to the
specific action of the flagellar substance. As the body
of the organism gives rise to special somatic agglutinins,
the two will coèxist in the serum of an animal immunized
with motile bacilli, while the latter only will be found
if a nonmotile organism has been used. Jour. of Med.
Research, Oct., 1904, p. 313.—Somatic agglutinin, an
agglutinin resulting on immunization, which in contra-
distinction to the flagellar type is referable to the special
immunizing effect of the bodies of the bacilli, and is thus
obtained not only with motile but also with non-motile
organisms. Jowr. of Med. Research, Oct., 1904, p. 314.
agglutinogen (a-glö’ti-nó-jen), m. A substance
present in bacteria, immunization with which
gives rise to the production of agglutinins.
Jour. of Med. Research, Oct., 1904, p. 314. Tr
[[r-
reg. K agglutin (ation) + -genous, producing.]
Producing agglutination or agglutinins.
Nicolle and Trenel find that agglutinative and aggluti-
‘nogenous functions are subject to the greatest variations.
Jowr. Roy. Micros. Soc., Feb., 1903, p. 78.
[agglutin (ate)
-oid.] An agglutinin which has lost its
agglutinophoric group, but retains the hapto-
phoric group for the cell. Lancet, April 4,
1903, p. 946.
agglutinophore (a-glö'ti-nó-fôr), m.
aggradation (ag-ra-dā'shgn), n.
aggradational (ag-ra-dā‘shgn-al), a.
aggrade (a-gräd"), v. t.
aggraded (a-gr㺠ded), p. a.
aggregate, n.
aggregation, n.
aggregative, a.
aggri-beads, m. pl.
[agglu- aggriev, v. A simplified spelling of aggrieve,
tin (ate) + Gr. -popog, K pépetv, bear.] A mo- aggur, m.
aggūI:
lecular complex of the agglutinins to which
their agglutinating property supposedly is due.
agglutinophoric (a-glö’ti-nó-for’ik), a. . Not-
ing that molecular group of the agglutinins to
which the agglutinating properties are due.
[aggrade +
—otion.] The act or process of aggrading, or
the state of being aggraded; in geol., the act
of aggrading, as in depositing detritus upon
a valley floor, the slope of the depositing
stream being maintained at an almost constant
value.-Aggradation plain, a plain formed by the
accumulation of clastic material in arid districts under
conditions unfavorable to distant transportation and
where overloading of streams is habitual. The alluvial
fan and the flood-plain are initial stages.
1. Per-
taining to or effected by means of aggradation.
–2. Effecting an upbuilding of sediments:
contrasted with degradational agencies or those
which remove material.
[L. ad, to, + gradus,
step. Cf. degrade.] In geol., to grade up ; fili
up : the opposite of degrade or wear away.
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Diagrammatic cross-section of an aggraded valley.
A river aggrades its valley when, owing to an increase in
the load of detritus or to a decrease of carrying power of
its current (as a result of diminution in volume or of
tilting of the land), some of its load has to be laid down
along its course.
In geol., more or
less filled with detritus by a stream: said of a
valley, basin, or bay.
4. In logic, a whole of aggre-
gants which is universally predicable of every
one of its aggregants and is not predicable of
any individual of which none of its aggregants
is predicable. So, likewise, a proposition which would
be true under any circumstances whatsoever under
which any one of a collection of propositions would be true,
but which would under no circurmstances be true when
none of the propositions of that collection were true, would
be the aggregate of those propositions as its aggregants.
— Social aggregate, any group or class, of animate
creatures, human beings or animals, dwelling together
or working together and leading a social life.— Theory
of aggregates, in demography, the theory of the group-
ing of population about centers of density; in sociol., the
theory of the combination of hordes into tribes, tribes
into nations, and nations into federal empires; in biol.,
the theory that units of structure were once independent
Organisms.
6. In sociol., the phenom-
enon of the physical concentration of popu-
lation, of animals, and of plants. Giddings.
Inductive Sociol., p. 40.-Aggregation theory, the
theory that the passage of matter from an imperceptible
to a perceptible condition is necessarily a process of
aggregation. It was held by John Fiske.— Biological
aggregation, a term used by L. F. Ward to express his
belief that organisms which are morphologically separable
into structural units, such as the Metazoa and metamer-
ized animals, have arisen through the aggregation of
units which were at one time independent.— Genetic
aggregation, in sociol., a group of kinsmen who have
lived together in one locality from their birth; hence, also,
a population perpetuated chiefly by its birth-rate rather
than by immigration. Giddings. – Law of aggrega-
tion, the universal tendency of particles and masses of
matter to concentrate. See the extract.
The great law of progress in the universe therefore is
the law of aggregation, and evolution is due to the resis-
tance which this law meets with from the opposite law
of dispersion. L. F. Ward, Dynamic Sociol., I. 249.
Organic aggregation. Same as biological kaggrega-
tion.— Primary aggregation, the process by which the
inorganic universe, as contrasted with living beings and
with society, has come to be what it is. L. F. Ward.— Sec-
ondary aggregation, the process by which living
beings, as contrasted with the inorganic universe and
with society, have come to be what they are. L. F.
Ward.— Tertiary aggregation, in Sociol., the aggre-
gation of individuals into social groups or populations, a
process which completes the sequence of integrations that
constitutes one aspect of universal evolution. The aggre-
gation of atoms in molecules and masses is called primary
aggregation, that of molecules in living cells and organ-
isms secondary aggregation. L. F. Ward.
3. In sociol. : (a) Tending
toward a center of density, as concentration
of population. (b) Tending to combine small
groups into large organizations, as hordes into
tribes or small corporations into great corpora-
tions and ‘trusts.”
Aggressive character. See Archaracter.—Aggressive
goloring, coloring which serves to hide an animal from
its prey.— Aggressive resemblance. See kresemblance.
See aggry-beads.
See *agarl.

aghastness
aghastness (a-gåstºnes), m. The state of being a osy (ag'nó-si), n. [Gr. Öyvoota, ignorance Agonomalus (ag-Ö-nom'a-lus), n.
aghast or filled with amazement or horror:
as, an expression of aghastness in the eyes.
[Rare.] N. E. D.
Agialid (aj-i-alºid), n. [NL. (Adanson, 1763),
from an Egyptian name of the African species
agihalid, used by Alpinus.] A genus of di-
cotyledonous plants of the family Zygophylla-
C632.
agiasterium, n. ... See *hagiasterium,
agil, a. A simplified spelling of agile.
aging, n. 4. In the preparation of logwood
for dyeing, the process of exposing the wood
(usually in the form of chips) to the air, in
order that the hematoxylin it contains may be
oxidized or developed into hematein, the actual
coloring agent. Also known as curing or ma-
turing.—5. In elect., the property, exhibited
more or less by iron, of showing an increase of
hysteresis loss when for a long time exposed to
alternating magnetization, especially at a
higher temperature.
aging-machine (ā‘jing-ma-shën"), n. In cal-
łco-printing, a machine used in the process of
aging or causing the mordant to decompose
evenly on and in the fiber.
aging-room (ā'ing-röm), n. In calico-printing,
a room or chamber in which cloth is aged.
The cloth is hung and exposed for several days to a
temperature of about 80° F. and to a relative humidity
of about 82 per cent., for the purpose of fixing the mor-
dant evenly on and in the fiber.
agitatrix (aj-i-tä'triks), m. ; pl. agitatriæes
(-Éz) or agitatrices (-tri-séz). [L. agitatria,
#. of agitator, agitator.] A female agitator.
[Rare.]
Aglaonema (ag"lā-Ö-nē’mâ), m. [NL., K. Gr.
dyżačc, shining, + viſua, thread..] A genus con-
taining about fifteen species of the family
Aroideae, two or three species of which are
Sometimes offered by plant-dealers. They are
indoor subjects, in the manner of Arum, and
are native to Asia and Africa.
Aglaospora (ag-la-os'pë-râ), m. [NL. (De No-
taris, 1845), K. Gr. dyżadº, brilliant, + atropá,
Spore.] A genus of pyrenomycetous fungi
having membranous beaked perithecia em-
bedded in a valsoid stroma. The spores are brown
and Several-septate. A. profusa is the type. It occurs
in Europe and America, and is said to cause the death
of young twigs of the locust, Robinia P80-adacacia.
Aglaspis (a-glas’ pis), n.
[NL., K. Gr. &yżadg, beauti-
ful, + dottig, shield.]. A
genus of Cambrian arthro-
pods described by Hall as ſº
a trilobite, but regarded by §:
Clarke as a primitive mero- 3:
stome of the order Synxi-
phosuret. It has a short trilobed
cephalothorax, 6 or 7 flat abdomi-
nal segments, and a long caudal
spine or telson. It is the only rep-
resentative of the family Agla-
Spidae.
aglint (a-glint'), adv. [a 3
+ glimt.] In momentary
glints or peeps; glintingly,
Aglas/ºis Jºatomi,
Whitſ.
A 3 Upper Cambrian ;
º —olit’ & f I lodi, Wisconsin.
aglitter (g glit ěr), adv. ſº (From Zittel's “Paleon-
+ glitter.] In a glitter; ...;
glittering.
Aglossa, m. pl. 3. A group of Mollusca having
no radula and no head: distinguished from
Glossophora. The group includes only the
I’elecypoda. Same as Lipocephala.
aglossi, n. Plural of *aglossus.
a glossia (3-glosſi-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. &yż00 oia,
tonguelessness (used in fig. sense ‘inelo-
quence ’), K &yWoooog, tongueless, K &- priv. --
yżóaga, tongue.] Congenital defect marked
by absence of the tongue.
aglossus (a-glosſus), m. ; pl. aglossi (-i). [NL.,
g Gr. &y/0000ſ, tongueless: see *aglossia.] In
teratol., a monster having no tongue.
natha, m. pl. 2. A class of fishes, or fish-
like vertebrates, characterized by the absence
of jaws and shoulder-girdle. It contains the
extinct ostracoderms and the existing lam-
preys.
agnathic (ag-nath'ik), a. Same as agnathows.
agnathus (agºna-thus), m. ; pl. agnathi (-thi).
[NL. : see agnathous...] In teratol., a monster
having no lower jaw.
agnification (ag"ni-fi-kä'shgn), n. [L. agnus,
lamb, + -ficare, Kfaoore, make.] The making
or representing of persons as lambs or sheep.
agnosia (ag-nó'si-á), n. [Gr. 6- priv. -F Yvógic,
knowledge: see gnosis.] Loss of the power to
distinguish the nature or uses of any object.
§ º: agoniadin (a-gó." ni-a-din), 71. *
§ -in”.] A glucoside, C10H1406, found in agoni-
cf. Öyvoo Tog, unknown, nowing, ignorant:
See agnostic), K d-priv. H. Yvägtg, knowing: see
gnosis.] Ignorance; specifically, an ignorance
common to all mankind. -
agnotozoic (ag-nó-tó-zó'ik), a. and n. [Gr.
âyvorog, unknown, + £off, life.] I. a. Not
known to contain fossils: applied to the early
rocks and period of the earth in which definite
evidence of organic life has not been found.
II. m. The rocks and period not yet known
to contain evidences of life: contrasted with
6020ic and pale620ic, and essentially equiva-
lent, so far as the term has been applied, to
the Huronian of Logan and the Algonkian of
Walcott. Not in general use.
agoge (a-gö’jē), n. [Gr. dyoyá, a leading,
course, mode, etc.] In anc. Greek music: (a)
Tempo or pace; rhythmical movement; (b)
Melodic motion upward or downward by suc-
cessive scale-steps: same as ductus in medieval
music. . The first use is the more proper.
agogic (a-goj'ik), a. In music, pertaining to
or emphasizing slight variations in rhythm for
the sake of dynamic expression : as, agogic ac-
cent. * -- *
agogics (a-goj’iks), n. In musical theory, a
term used by Hugo Riemann (from about 1884)
for the general principle, in performance, that
dynamic variations are, or should be, combined
with slight variations in rhythmical regularity
if the full expressiveness of a phrase is to be
brought out. What is called tempo rubato
(which see, under tempo) belongs to the field
of agogics.
agoho (ä-gö’hô), m. [Bisaya.] A name applied
in the Philippines to the Polynesian ironwood,
Casuarina equisetifolia, a strand tree with very
hard, heavy wood of a reddish-brown color,
much used by the Pacific islanders for spears.
See Swamp-oak, 2 (b), and *ironwood, 2.
agoing (a-gö’ing), adv, [a 3 + going.] In mo-
tion; in the act of going: used with set.
agomphosis (a-gom-fô'sis), n. Same as agom-
phiasis.
agonal (ag'à-mal), a. [NL. *agonalis, K. Gr.
âyóv, a struggle: see agony.] IRelating to or
occurring during the agony or death-struggle.
See the extract.
The lower part of the ileum was of small calibre, a con-
dition which, if not due solely to agonal contraction,
might at least favor the production of diverticula in the
upper part. Jour. Earper. Med., W. 344.
Agoniada bark, . See *bark?.
[agoniada +
ada or agonia bark (Plumerialancifolia), which
is used in Brazil as a remedy for intermittent
fevers. It is bitter, and crystallizes in needles
which melt at 155° C.
agoniatite (a-gö’ni-a-tit), m. and a.
member of the genus Agoniatites.
II. a. Containing or relating to Agoniatites.
–Agoniatite limestone, a limestonestratum character-
ized by an abundance of Agoniatites eacpansus, occurring
in the Marcellus shales of New York.
[NL., K. Gr.
Agoniatites (a-gó"ni-a-ti’těz), n.
ô-priv. -F NL. Goniatites.] A genus of nauti-
loid ammonoids or goniatites. They are of very
primitive form, the septal sutures having no angles ex-
cept on the ventral edge about the siphuncle. Agonia-
tites is among the earliest forms of these cephalopods to
appear. They are of Devonian age.
agonism (ag'à-nizm), n. [Gr. &yovtouág, Köyo-
vićetv, contend : see agonize.] 1. Struggle or
contest for a prize, especially at the ancient
Grecian games.—2. The prize itself. [Rare
in both uses.] º
agonistic, a. II. m. The act of combating or
struggling; combat; struggle. G. S. Hall,
Adolescence, II. 251.
agonizant, n. II. a. Being in the death-ag-
ony; moribund.
agonizedly (ag-Ö-ni’zed-li), adv. As one in
agony; in tones of agony or anguish. Thack-
eray, Paris Sketch Book, p. 166. N. E. D.
agonizing (ag'à-ni-zing), p. a. [agonize +
-ing?..]. 1. That causes or produces agony or
anguish ; characterized by extreme anguish
or painful struggles: as, agonizing suspense;
“agonizing distress,” Ruskin, Fors Clavigera,
i. 8.-2. Indicative of or expressing agony or
anguish: as, an agonizing cry.—3. In the last
agony; in the throes of death. See the ex-
tract.
I. m. A
An extraordinary Restorative and Cordiall, recovering
frequently with it agonizing persons,
Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London), I. 249. N. E. D.
agricolite
# [NL., K. Ags
onus + Gr. Öndžác, even.] A genus of sea-
poachers, of the family Agonidae, found in
northern Japan. They are often dried in a dis-
torted form and sold as dragon curiosities.
Agonopsis (ag-à-nop'sis), n. [NL., K. Agonus
+ 6 pig, appearance.] A genus of sea-poachers
of the family Agonidae. They are small sea-
fishes found off the coast of southern Chile.
Agonostoma (ag-Ö-nos’tó-mâ), m. See *Ago-
*OSł0mus.
Aºi. (ag” ( -nos-tº-mi’ né), m. pl.
[NL., KAgonostomus + -ina..] A subfamily of
fresh-water mullets, typified by the genus Ago-
*OStomºus.
Agonostomus (ag-Ö-nos’tö-mus), n. [NL., K
r. &yovog, without angle, -H oróua, mouth.]. A
genus of fresh-water mullets of the family
Mugilidae, found in the swift streams of the
East and the West Indies. Also Agonostoma,
Aºyº ag-Ö-nik (li-té), m. pl. DNL., K
Gr. &yovviðtral, K. Gr. 6- priv. 4- LGr. YovvićAi-
798/19 §. yovvkWireiv), bend the knee, Kyövv, knee
+ k\ivetv, bend..] A sect who refused to kneel
in prayer: condemned by a synod of Jerusalem
A.D. 7
agoraphobe (ag'à-ra-fôb), n. [A back-forma-
tion from agoraphobia.] One who is subject
to agoraphobia.
Agosia (a-gö'si-á), n. [NL., coined name.] A
genus of small minnows found in the brooks
of the Rocky Mountain region from British
Columbia to Arizona.
agra dolce (ā‘grädól’che), n. [It., “sour sweet';
agra, fem. of agro, K L. acer, sharp, sour; dolce,
K L. dulcis, sweet.] A well-known Italian
sauce, used with venison, calf's head, etc. It
contains sugar, chocolate, lemon-peel, cur-
rants, etc., and vinegar. It is poured over the
cooked meat and served hot.
agraffe, n. 4. An appliance used in operations
or harelip to keep the two surfaces of the
Wound in apposition.—5. An iron fastening
used to hold in place the cork of a bottle con-
taining champagne or other effervescing wine
during the final fermentation.
Agrania (8-grä’ni-á), m.pl. [Gr. 'Aypávta, also
'Ayptávta, a festival in Argos (Hesychius);
prob. equiv. to 'Ayptóva, a festival of Diony-
sus, prob. Köyptog, rustic, wild: see agriology.]
A festival of Thebes in ancient Greece. It
was celebrated in the night by women, a priest, and an
attendant. It consisted in tearing in pieces a figure made
out of or covered with ivy, and then, like the Thyiades
Om Parnassus, running over the mountain to look for Di-
onysus.
agraph (ag'raf), n. [Gr. Öypapoc, unwritten,
K &- priv. -H Ypáðelv, write.] An unwritten
Word; a Word or saying preserved by oral tra-
dition.
agraphia, nº-Acoustic or auditory agraphia, ina.
bility to write from dictation.— Amnemonic agraphia,
loS8 of ability to Write connected sentences.—Ataxić
agraphia, inability to write resulting from imperfect
nuscular coördination.— Literal agraphia, loss of
ability to Write the letters of the alphabet.— Musical
agraphia, loss of ability to write musical notation.— Op-
tical agraphia, loss of ability to write from copy, while
the power to write from dictation may remain.— Verbal
agraphia, loss of ability to write words, although the
individual letters may be formed perfectly.
Agrauleum (ag-rá-lé’ um), m. [NL., K NGr.
*Aypavàeiov, K. Gr. "A)pavãog (see def.).] In Gr.
antiq., a modern name for a shrine of Agraulos
or Aglauros, daughter of Cecrops, on the north-
erm slope of the Acropolis at Athens. About
60 meters west of the Erechtheum a staircase
leads down to it.
Agraulos (ā-grá'los), n., [Gr., áypavog, living
in the fields, Käypóg, field, -H atºff, court, hall.]
A genus of Cambrian trilobites having a large
Cephalon, small eyes, 16 thoracic segments,
and very small pygidium. ºnly Agraulus.
Agr. B. An abbreviation of L. Agriculturae
Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Agriculture.
agreement, n.-Frankfort agreement, a set of rules
governing craniopmetry adopted by the Anthropological
Congress at Frankfort in 1882.
agrégé (ä-grä-Zhā’), a. [F., pp. of agréger, K L.
aggregare, collect, assemble: see aggregate, v.]
Added; Supernumerary; as, professor agrégé.
agrestian (a-gres’ti-àn), a. and n. ..I. a. Be-
longing to the country; rural; rustic : as, the
agrestian population. *
II. m. A rustic ; a countryman.
agricolite (a-grik’ô-lit), m. [From Georg Agri-
cola, a Saxon mineralogist, 1490–1555.] Asili.
cate of bismuth, having the same composition
as eulytite, but believed to crystallize in the
monoclinic system.

agricultural
Agricultural botany. º
College, an institution for education in agricultural sci-
ence and other branches of knowiedge useful to agricul-
turists; specifically, in the United States, one of a class
of such institutions organized and main tained under the
provisions of the Morrill Act (see kact), usually accom-
#: by an agricultural experiment station.—Agricul-
ural engineering. See rural kengineering.— Cul-
tural experiment station, an establishment for the in:
vestigation, by scientifically conducted experiments, of
questions directly affecting agricultural H. relating
to varieties of plants and breeds of animals, fertilizers,
methods of culture, insect pests, diet of animals, etc.
There are now about 800 such stations in 50 different
countries. In the United States there is one or more in
each State and Territory, Inostly organized under the
provisions of the Hatch Act (see &act), but partly sup-
ported by individual States. The results of investigations
are diffused by means of an extensive free literature.
agriculturer (ag-ri-kul’tſir-er), n. One engaged
in farming operations; a husbandman. Cole-
ridge, Own Times, III. 751, [Rare.] N.J. D.
Agriochoeridae (agºri-Ö-ké'ri-dé), m. pl. [NL.
griochorus + -idae.] A family of extinct ar-
tiodactyl mammals, whose members are inter-
mediate in character between the pig and the
deer. The type genus, Agriochoerus, from the White
River Oligocene, has somewhat claw-shaped hoofs, no
upper incisors, an open orbit, and complex last premolars.
Agriochoerus (agºri-3-ké'rus), n. [NL., KGr.
&yptoc, wild, + zolpog, a pig.] A genus of im-
perfectly known ungulate mammals from the
ertiary à N º Alsº d l. [NL
Agriotypidae (ag"ri-Ö-tip’i-dé), m. pl. •;
K º: + -idae.] A family of hymenop-
terous parasites of the superfamily Ichneumon-
oidea. It contains the single genus Agriotypus and the
single species A. armatus, whose larva is parasitic on
trichopterous larvæ.
Agºgº (ag-ri-ot'i-pus), m. [NL. (Walker,
1832), KTGr. &yptoc, wild, + titrog, type..] A re-
markable genus of ichneumonoid parasites typ-
ical of the family Agriotypidae. Only a sin-
É. species, A. armatus, inhabiting Europe, is
OWn. It descends under the water to lay its eggs in
See kbotany. Tº: Agropyron (ag-rö-pi'ron), n.
agrotechn
a grotesche (à grö-tes’ke).
agrypnode (a-grip'mód), a.
aguacatillo (ä"gwā-kā-tél’yö), n.
y [NL., K. Gr.
âypóg, a field, H trupóg, wheat..] A genus
of about 30 annual and perennial species of
grassesin Europe and America. A. repens is a very
common species in America, and is often a troublesome
weed. It is known under many names, as couch-grass,
witch-grass, quitch-grass, quack-grass, etc. It was in-
troduced from Europe. nder certain conditions, it
has merit as a forage-plant.
(ag' rú - tek-ni), n. [Gr. &ypóg,
eld, +, réxwn, art.] That branch of agricul-
tural science which relates to the conversion
of raw farm-products into manufactured com-
modities as far as it is done on the farm or in
immediate connection with it. This includes dai-
rying, the drying and canning of fruits, and sugar-mak-
ing, but not milling nor the spinning and weaving of
cotton, etc.
Agrotechny or agricultural technology (including dairy-
ing, Sugar-making, etc.). Science, Nov. 27, 1903, p. 684.
[It..] With gro-
tesques: said of a style of decoration consist-
ing of human figures with foliated limbs, in
combination with animals, painted usually in
yellow on darker grounds on majolica ware.
[Gr. &ypvirváðng,
âypvrvoç, seeking sleep, sleepless, K &ypeiv,
seek, hunt, + iºrwoc, sleep.] That prevents
sleep: as, agrypnode fever. Syd. Soc. Leæ.
aguacate (à-gwā-kā’tā), n. [Nahuatl, ahuacatl:
the name became in colonial Sp. perverted
to "avocate, avocato, avocado, %; etc.,
and so to alligator(-pear).] The alligator-pear.
The tree yields a reddish-brown, soft, and
very brittle wood. Also known as the butter-
pear and vegetable marrow.
[Sp., dim.
of aguacate, the alligator-pear.] A name in
Porto Rico of two trees, Meliosma obtusifolia
and M. Herbertii, belonging to the family Sa-
biaceae. They yield a soft white wood. Also
called cacao bobo.
ahgao (äéh'gå-o), n.
ahia (ä-hé’â), m.
ahinahina (ā-hé"mā-hé'nā), n.
ahmedi (ä-me-dé"), n.
Ahnfeltia (ān-felti-á), n.
ahuehuetl (à-wā-wäſtl), n.
aigues mortes
ahed, prep. phr. as adv. or a. A simplified
spelling of ahead.
ahey (a-hā’), interj. [a-9 + hey!..] An excla-
mation used to attract attention or to express
mild surprise; Of Oho! hey! Smollett, Pere-
grine Pickle, fi.izvi.
[Given as the pron. in
uam;= Bisaya abgao, Tagalog alaga.0: See
*alagao.] The name in Guam of Premma Gaudi-
chaudii, a tree with bitter leaves and elder-
like flowers, which, like those of allied species
in the Philippines, the East Indies, and Mada-
flºº, are used medicinally by the natives.
he wood, though often crooked and knotty, is very
durable and is proof against the attacks of termites, so
that it is used for posts of houses and for bridges. See
headache-tree.
[Tahitian.] In Tahiti, a
tree, Caryophyllus Malaccensis, occurring on
all the larger island groups of Polynesia and
in the Malay Archipelago. It is everywhere
valued for its fine crimson fruit.
[Hawaiian, K
a + hima + hina, gray, hoary.] In Hawaii, a
tall, robust composite plant, Argyroſciphium
Sandwicense, with rose-purple flowers: named
from the lustrous silver-gray down which
thickly covers the leaves. Also called silver-
sword.
[E. Ind.] A gold coin
of Mysore, equal to 16 rupees.
[NL. (Fries, 1835),
named in honor of N. O. Ahnfelt of Lund,
Sweden.] A small genus of red algae (Rho-
dophyceae), widely distributed in the colder
waters of both hemispheres: characterized by
a stiff, wiry frond.
[Also ahuehuete;
Nahuatl (central Mexico).] The swamp-cy-
press of Mexico, a tree frequently of very large
size. The ahuehuetls in the former viceregal park of
Chapultepec, near the city of Mexico, are noted for their
size; but the most famous of all is the big tree at Santa
Maria del Tule, in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. The cir-
cumference of this tree exceeds 130 feet.
ahuhu (ä-hö’hô), n. [Hawaiian.] A name in
Hawaii of Cracca purpurea, a leguminous plant
used by the natives for stupefying fish.
It possesses a narcotic property affecting the action of the
heart. The plant is spread over a great part of tropical
Asia and Australia. Also called awhola.
ahum (a-hum’), adv. [a 3 + hum.] In a hum;
humming: as, the air is all ahum with the
sound of bees.
ahunt (a-hunt'),adv. [aš + hunt.] On the hunt;
hunting. Browning, Aristoph. Apol., p. 272.
ahypnia (a -hip'ni-á), m. [NL., erroneously
formed from Gr. 6- priv. -- it vog, sleep. The
properform would be “anypnia, KNGr. *āvvitvia,
KMGr. &vvTvog, sleepless, K. Gr. div-priv. -- it vog,
sleep.] Same as insomnia.
Aianteia (ā-yan-té'yā), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. Atáv-
Teta, neut. pl. of Atávrétog, adj., K. Alaç (Atavt-),
Ajax.] In Gr. antiq., a festival in honor of
Ajax. Three of them were commonly cele-
brated, one at Opus in Locris in honor of
caddis-fly larvae. Its larva lives inside the cases of the
caddis larvae, and undergoes a hypermetamorphosis,
transforming to pupa in a cocoon attached to the Wall of
the case of the host. To the cocoon is attached a long
string-like process, the function of which is unknown.
aguaji (à-gwā-hé"), m. [Cuban Sp., from a na-
tive name.] A Cuban name for species of large
bass-like fishes or groupers, especially for
* A tº e Mycteroperca bonaci.
. M. An abbreviation of L. Agricultura aguavina (ä-gwā-vé'nā), n. [Amer. Sp., of un-
Magister, Master of Agriculture: , , ascertained origin..] A serranoid fish, Diplec-
agromania (ag-rö-mă'ni-á), n. [NL., KGr. &Ypág, trum fascicularé, found in tropical American
open country, + pavía, madness.] A morbid waters.
impulse to wander or dwell away from human a ayo (ä-gwā’yö), m. [Aymará of Bolivia.]
habitations. > --~ : * ~ * º many-colored wrap or rectangular piece
Agromyza. (ag-rº-mi'zā), n. [NL. (Fallen, of woolen cloth used by the Indian women
1810),&Gr. Öypóg,field, +higetv, suck..] Agenus of Bolivia for carrying their children on the
of acalyptrate flies, typical of the family 49- back.
agüe, R.—Brass-founders' ague, symptoms of zinc-
poisoning in brass-workers who are exposed to the fumes
of this metal.–Irish ague, typhus fever.—Shaking
ague, the worst form of the malarial paroxysm, begin.
ning with a pronounced chill.
aguilarite (ā-gi-lā‘rit), m. [From Aguilar, a
personal name.] A rare sulphoselenide of
silver found at Guanajuato, Mexico.
*†, (ä"gél-bö’kël), m. [Native name.]
he Chilean name for the berries of Lardiza-
bala biternata, a climbing plant belonging to
. . . º
& ºść
Agromyza trifolii, Burgess.
a, larva; b, puparium; c, fly; d, antenna of fly. Much enlarged.
p 2 (Riley, U. S. D. A.)
zomyzidae, of wide distribution and containing
species which in the larval state damage the
stems of grasses and small grains. A. trifolii is
a leaf-miner which affects the leaves of clover.
the family Lardizabalaceae, with enormously
long stems, which, after the application of heat,
are used in place of ropes.
ſº [Sp., a needle: see ai-
*} (ä-gö’hâ), m.
guille.] The Cuban name of the needle-fishes
or garfishes of the genus Tylosurus, as T. ma-
finus and T. notatus. In Europe the name is also
applied to species of Belone, as B. belone and B. acus.-
Aguja, blanca, the lesser or common spear-fish, Tetrap-
turus imperator. [Cuban.]—Aguja de Casta, the great
spear-fish, Tetrapturus amplw8, ararefish weighing some-
times 800 pounds. [Cuban.]
* (ä-gö-hön’), n. [Sp., Kaguja, a needle.]
e Cuban name of the great garfishes or
houndfishes, as Tylosurus raphidoma and other
species of large size.
Ajax, son of Oileus; one at Salamis in honor of
Ajax, son of Telamon; and one at Athens in
honor of Ajax, son of Telamon. In these
festivals a bed was prepared on which was
placed an effigy of the hero, as in the Lecti-
sternium at Rome.
aianthous (ā-i-anthus), a. [Gr. &et (AEolic à),
always, + div6og, flower.] Ever-blooming, that
is, blossoming through a large part of the sea-
son. F. E. Clements.
aichmophobia (āk-mó-fö'bi-á), m. [NL., more
reg. archmo-, K. Gr. aixuff, point of a spear, etc.,
+ -poſta, Kgoſsiv, fear.] T 1. A morbid fear of
touching sharp-pointed objects, such as needles
and pins.—2. A morbid fear of being touched
agulha (ä-göI’yā), n. [Cuban.] A fish be-
longing to the family Characinidae found in
freshwaters of South America.
agurin (ā’gü-rin), n. A trade-name for the
by the finger or any slender object.
aid.1, n. 6. In the navy, an officer on the staff
of an admiral whose duties are similar to
those of an aide-de-camp to a general.--
Agromyzidae (ag-rº-miz’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Agromyaa + -idae.] A family of acalyptrate
Diptera comprising a series of small dull-col-
ored flies whose larvae burrow in the leaves and
stems of living plants or (as in the genus Lew-
copis) feed on plant-lice and scale-insects.
onomy, n. 2. Specifically, a group of .#.
cultural subjects, particularly when set off as
a department of instruction in agriculture.
In this use it has not yet acquired a definite meaning, al-
though it is generally held to be limited, properly, to farm
crops and methods of cropping. In this signification it
includes all forage, hay, cereals, and other general farm
crops, but not fruits and other strictly horticultural crops.
"With the department of agronomy are often associated
the subjects of farm-machinery, rural engineering, and
rural architecture. [Recent.]
Agronomy as here used is restricted to the theory and
practice of the Fº of farm Crops.
49 T. F. Hunt, The Cereals in America, p. 2.
agush (a-gush'), adv. [aš + gush.]
mixture of sodium acetate and the sodium salt
of theobromine. It is used as a febrifuge.
In a gush-
ing state; gushing. N. Hawthorne, Fr. and
Ital. Note-books, II. 149. N. E. D.
an(a-jin’i-an), m. [ML.”Agym?,*Agymii, in
DuCange Agynni, pl.; (Gr. 3) voc, dyinalog, with-
out a wife, Kå- priv. 4- Yvvá, woman, wife.]
member of a sect of the 7th century who con-
demned all intercourse with women.
ahakea (ä-hā-kā’ā), n. [Hawaiian.] A name
in Hawaii of several species of rubiaceous trees
belonging to the genus Bobea. They yield a yel-
lowish wood used by the natives for the rims of canoes,
and for making poi-boards, canoe-paddles, etc.
Aiden, Aidenn (ā’den), n.
aigialosaur, n. See *
aigues mortes (ägmörö.
aid, immediate attention given to the injured,
with the object of arresting hemorrhage, relieving pain,
and preserving life until the services of a physician can
be obtained.
aidant, a. II. m. A helper or aid; an adjuvant
or assistant. Sir R. Phillimore, Law Reps.
A fanciful form of
Eden. Poe, Raven.
A. I. G. An abbreviation of Adjutant Inspector.
General.
See *aegialosaur.
[F., dead waters.]
Stagnant waters left in an abandoned river-
channel, as when an ox-bow is cut off from a
river. Geikie. -


ailantery
ailantery (à-lan’tér-i), n.; pl. ailanteries (-iz). airl, n. 1. The air constituting the earth's atmosphere,
ailantus + -ery..] A grove of ailantus-trees.
ailantine, a. II, n. Silk from the silkworm
which feeds on the ailantus-tree.
ailantus-worm (à-lan’tus-werm"), n. The
larva of the bombycidmoth, Philosamia cynthia
Drury, which feeds on thefoliage of the ailântus.
It is a native of Japan and Java, where its silk is utilized
to some extent. . It has been introduced for sericicul-
tural purposes into Europe and the United States with-
out practical result, and now occurs commonly in the
Wild state in the coast cities of the United States.
aile, n. A simplified spelling of aisle.
aileron, n. 2. In
arch., that piece of
the end wall, as of
nave or transept,
which covers the
end of the aisle-
roof. It resembles
a wing of the main
or central struc-
ture.—3. In a fly-
ing-machine, 8,
small supplemen-
tary surface fitted
at an extremity of
a main plane; a
fin. -
alm, m.—Point of
aim, in archery, the
point at which aim
should be taken in
Order to hit the
target.
aimak (i." mak), m.
[Mongol.] A group
of families, proba-
bly originally re-
lated by blood,
forming the prin-
cipal political unit
among the Mon-
gols. Each aimak
is governed by its
own chieftain.
aimara (i-ma-rá'), m. [Tupi aimará.] A Bra-
zilian name of Macrodom malabaricus, a river
fish of the family Erythrinidae.
Aimé's nephoscope. , See ºnephoscope.
aimworthiness (ām (wér-thi-nes), m. Excel-
lence of aim. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, liv.
N. E. D.
ain2 (in), n. [Ar. ‘aim, the letter aim, also an
eye, a fountain, essence, = Heb. ‘ayim, the
letter, also an eye.] 1. The eighteenth letter
of the Arabic alphabet, having a vibratory
palatal sound without any equivalent in Eng-
lish.-2. A spring; a fountain. See the ex-
tract.
Most of the . . . artesianywells [in the oases of the
Libyan desert], known locally as “ains,” are ancient.
Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XVI. 655.
ainalite (ā’nal-it), n. A variety of cassiterite
containing about 9 per cent. Of tantalum pen-
toxid.
Ainu (i'nā), n. See Aino,
aipim (ä-i-pêm'), n. [Also aſp?m, aſp?. A
(former) native name (Tupi?).] The name in
Brazil of the sweet cassava. See cassava, 1,
Manihot, and manioc.
air-bag, n.
in addition to the principal gases, nitrogen and oxygen,
and the other gaseous substances long known to be
É. contains in admixture five gases’ distinguished
y their chemical inertness, viz.: helium, neon, argon,
krypton, and xenon. All of these appear to be elemen-
tary substances. Argon occurs to the extent of nearly 1
per cent. by volume or 1% per cent. by weight, the others
in far smaller proportion. Free hydrogen, as well as
methane and perhaps other hydrocarbons, is also prob-
ably present. Within recent years apparatus has been
constructed for the liquefaction of air on a large scale by
compressing it by means of powerful pumps, cooling it
in the compressed state, and allowing it to expand again.
The only commercial use which has been found for
liquid air is as a source of oxygen gas in a fairly pure
state, in demand mainly for medicinal purposes.—Com-
plemental air. Same as complementary kair.—Com-
Flºy air, the air which can be drawn into the
ungs by an effort after the ordinary inspiration is com-
pleted.—Empyreal air (Scheele) and vital air (Con-
dorcet), names given to oxygen soon after it became
known in the separate state.—H Son's liquid-air
apparatus, an apparatus designed by W. Hampson
for the liquefaction of air. It consists of a purifier (A)
filled with trays spread with moist slaked lime, and a
double-cylinder compression-pump (B and D) worked by
a 5-horse-power electric motor, by which the air is com-
pressed in B to 16 atmospheres, and after being cooled
in the water-jacketed coil 0 is again compressed to 160–
180 atmospheres in D. Again cooled in the coil E, the air
passes to G, where water used for lubricating the pistons
separates. The vessel H is filled with caustic potash,
which removes the last traces of water and carbon dioxid.
The liquefaction takes place in the mext apparatus, known
as the liquefier. It has either two or four copper coils
Wound coaxially about a spindle and joined at their lower
ends to a vertical jet. The coils fill the whole space KK.
Hampson's Liquid-air Apparatus.
(From Travers's “Exper. Study of Gases.”)
The jet L can be closed by means of a rod which screws
down on the top of it and which can be adjusted to form
an annular opening by the milled screw-head M. The
coils are inclosed by a cylinder of insulating material
except the lower part and the valve, which are containe
in a vacuum vessel, N. The liquid air is run off through
the tap 0. The air which escapes liquefaction passes
upward over the coils and through P and R to A. The
actual quantity of the air which is liquefied is 5 per cent.
of the quantity which passes through the apparatus. The
yield in an apparatus of this size is 1–1.5 liters of liquid
air an hour. In a newer form of liquefier the liquid air
collects in a metal reservoir placed within the insulation
its quantity being indicated by a glycerol-gage.—Liqui
air. See liquefaction of gases, under liquefaction.—
Mephitic air, a name early in use to signify an irrespira-
ble gas or mixture of gases. It applied chiefly to carbon
dioxid as in the choke-damp of coal-mines, but was also
used for the mixture of this gas with nitrogen in air in
which a candle had ceased to burn or an animal to
breathe.— sºlºtal air. Same as residual air
(which see, under airl). e
2. The presser of a pneumatic
molding-machine. It consists of bags inflated with
º ºr-º-
stººzºº. . º.º.
* *** * * * ºf r * > . . s.
C iš-E-E
...?
Quick-action Automatic Air-brake.
air-bell (är"bel), m.
air-belt (är"belt), n.
air-billow (är"bil-6), n.
air-bound (är"bound), a.
air-brake
air, by which an elastic and equal pressure is imparted
to the sand. Lockwood, Dict, Mech. Eng. Terms, Air-
bags are also used in cases where a uniformly distributed
pressure is desired, as in blue-printing frames.
air-barometer (är"ba-rom'e-tër), n. An ap-
paratus devised by F. H. King to determine
small oscillations in the level of well-water
depending on Small oscillations of atmospheric
reSSure. It consists of a large vesselfull of air buried
eep in the soil in order to keep its temperature con-
stant; some mercury rests at the bottom of the vessel,
and into this dips a tube extending vertically above thé
surface of the ground. The changes of air-pressure force
the level of the mercury in the tube to change corre-
spondingly, and these changes are recorded on a revolv-
ing drum.
air-beat (är"bët) i". In acoustics, an individual
pulse of air such as may be felt mechanically
where the waves from a vibrating body are of
very low frequency. For frequencies within
the auditory range the air-beats cannot be
separately distinguished, but blend into a tone.
1. In Auronecta, a large
roundish gas-secreting organ, probably a mod-
ified i. an aurophore.—2. A
Small bubble which appears on a photographic
plate, sensitized paper, or film.
An annular space around
the twyer zone of a cupola. The air passes from
this space into the twyers instead of going directly from
the blast-pipe.
An air-wave which is
long and gentle; specifically, a wave produced
at the boundary surface between two horizon-
tal layers of air having different velocities and
directions: analogous to the waves on the sur-
face of water.
air-bladder, n. 3. See *air-float.—4. In entom., .
One of the numerous bladder-like endings of
Smaller tracheae in the bodies of many insects,
which, filled with air, greatly reduce the spe-
cific gravity of the insect.
Bound or stopped up
so that the passage of air is prevented: in
plumbing, said of a water- or drain-pipe so ob-
structed.
air-brake, n.-Automatic air-brake, a form of air-
Aileron, from façade of Church of
Santa Maria in Via, Romne.
A, Engine Equipment: a, duplex pump-governor; b, from boiler; c, e
º, driver brake-cylinders; Æ, equalizing reservoir; 2, plain triple; ºr, air-strainer; ºt,
coupling. B, Car Equipment: t, angle-cock; u, conductor's valve; m, air-strainer; i, cut-out cock; v,
ary reservoir; y, train-pipe; r, hose ; s, hose-coupling. The tender equipment (omitted) is similar to the car equipment.
brake which automatically applies the brake-shoes to the
wheels with maximum pressure on each car in a train,
without the aid or knowledge of the engineer or train-
crew, whenever, from any cause, a rupture occurs in the
brake-pipe which runs throughout the length of the train
—as, for example, when the train breaks in two. Com-
pressed air is supplied from large main reservoirs on the
locomotive, through the brake-pipe, to smaller auxiliary
reservoirs on each car, and a ‘triple valve' forms the
connection between the brake-pipe, auxiliary reservoir,
and brake-cylinder. Any fall in pressure in the brake-
pipe causes the triple valve to connect the brake-cylinder
with the auxiliary reservoir and to apply the brakes.
When the brake-pipe pressure is reinstated, the triple
valve connects the brake-cylinder with the atmosphere
and the auxiliary reservoir with the brake-pipe. . The
automatic brake was invented by George Westinghouse
in 1872.-Quick-action automatic air-brake, an im-
proved form of air-brake by which the time required to
apply the brakes in an emergency on a train of fifty freight-
cars was reduced one half. The improvement con-
sisted in enlarging the brake-pipe and changing the triple
valve (seekvalve) by enlarging the ports and gº ands
also by adding a secondary valve portion by which, in
emergency application, a part of the brake-pipe pressure
is vented into the brake-cylinder, thereby increasing the
brake-cylinder pressure and hastening the fall of brake-
pipe pressure, thus causing the successive application
upon each car throughout the train to occur much more
rapidly. In ordinary service applications the operation
of the quick-action automatic air-brake does not differ
exhaust; a, nine and one half inch air-pump; e, drain:cock J. main reservoir; g, engineer's brake-valve; Jº, gage; º; cut-out cock:
truck and driver brake reservoir; o, automatic slack-adjuster; 6, truck brake-cylinder; g, angle-fitting; r, hose ; s, hose
quick-action triple valve; o, automatic slack-adjuster; w, car brake-cylinder; e, drain-cock; x, auxili-




air-brake
from that of the plain automatic above mentioned. This
; oved form was invented by George Westinghouse in
1887–Straight-air brake, the original form of air-
brake, in which the brake-pipe connects the brake-cylin-
der on each car to a valve on the locomotive, by means
of which the engineer can allow air-pressure to flow from
the large reservoirs on the locomotive directly to each
brake-cylinder to apply the brakes, or he can connect the
brake-pipe with the atmosphere to release the brakes.
In this system the brake-pipe is under pressure only dur-
ing an application of the brakes. This form of brake was
first patented in England early in the nineteenth century,
and was first applied to railway service in America by
George Westinghouse in 1869.
air-cataract (ärſkat’a-rakt), n. A device to
check the vibrations or oscillations of a body,
and also to cushion or soften the blow of a
body brought suddenly to rest. It consists of an
air-cylinder having a moving piston or disk attached to
the body whose motion is to be checked or damped. The
confined air, being allowed to escape only through small
openings in the end of the cylinder or through the piston
or disk, checks the vibration or the motion of the piston
and the body to which it is attached.
air-chamber, n. 4. A septal chamber in the
nautilus and other chambered cephalopods
like the ammonites, goniatites, and orthocera-
tites. The name was commonly thus employed in the
belief that these spaces, successively abandoned by the
animal as the forward growth of the shell continues,
were filled with air which facilitated the flotation of the
shell when the animal chose to rise to the surface of the
sea. It is now regarded as doubtful if gases ever enter
these chambers during life. Verrill has pointed out that
water has access to the elastic siphuncular tube, “but
living, as the animal does, under pressure at considerable
depths, the fluid in the chambers is saturated with the
gases in solution. When the Nautilus is rapidly brought
to the surface, some of the gas is liberated in consequence
of diminished pressure and must occupy part of the space
within the chambers by forcing out some of the fluid.
Hence the shell will float until the free gases within the
chambers are absorbed or otherwise eliminated.” Also
termed camera and loculu.8.
5. In bot.: (a) One of the mostly prismatic
intercellular spaces occurring in aquatic
plants. (b) The intercellular area beneath a
stoma.
air-channel (är" chan "el), n. 1. A channel
for the passage of air.—2. pl. Channels un-
derneath the hearths or in the brickwork of the
walls and fire-bridges of reverberatory fur-
naces, designed to protect the foundations from
the intense heat of the furnace as well as to
preheat the air entering the furnace.
air-compartment º, ment), n. An
air-tight subdivision of a shaft or other mine
passage for the ventilating current.
alr-COmpressOr, 7. 2. A combined steam-
engine and air-compressing cylinder, or a com-
pressing-cylinder operated by a motor or by
belting. A typical form has 4 horizontal cylinders ar-
ranged in tandem pairs. One pair is composed of the
high-pressure cylinder of the engine and the first air-
compressing cylinder; the other pair consists of the
larger, low-pressure steam-cylinder and a second and
larger cylinder which recompresses the air already com-
pressed in the first cylinder. Each pair has one piston-
rod which unites the pistons in each cylinder and extends
beyond the steam-cylinder through a connecting-rod to a
fly-wheel, the two rods thus being joined and moving to-
gether through the fly-wheel. Each air-cylinder is wa-
ter-jacketed to keep it cool and to absorb and carry away
the heat of compression. The air compressed in the first
cylinder passes to the second cylinder through a group
of pipes inclosed in a large pipe which carries a stream
of cold water that absorbs more of the heat of compres-
sion from the air, and is again compressed. From the
second cylinder the compressed air may pass through a
second cooler or be delivered direct to the air-receiver
for storage and cooling, ready for use in rock-drills or
other air-motors.
air-condenser (är’kon-den'sér), n. 1. An elec-
tric condenser made by having two thin metal
plates separated by a layer of air, one plate
being connected to a positive pole and the
other to a negative pole from the same circuit.
The action of such a condenser is exactly the same as
that of a Leyden jar; when there is sufficient potential
to overcome the resistance, the condenser discharges.
2. A condenser for steam in which air is used
for cooling the condensing surface instead of
water: used on some motor-cars.
air-cooled (ár'köld), p. a. Cooled by a current
of air; having its heat carried off by passing
cool air over its surface. -
air-craft (är'kraft), n. Any air-sailing craft.
Also ačro-craft.
air-cube (är'kūb), n. The amount of air in a
closed space available for respiratory purposes
by each person occupying it. It is expressed
|by the cubic contents of the space divided by
the number of persons.
air-cure (är’kür), n. Same as aérotherapeutics.
air-cushion, n., 4. Specifically, a volume of air im:
prisoned behind a movable piston in a chamber which it
fits. The air, by its compression, gradually arrests the
#
motion of the piston. Used as a safety appliance at the
foot of elevator-shafts to catch and stop the fall of the
cage in case of the breaking of the hoisting-rope or other
accident. -
air-cylinder, n. 2. Any cylinder in which air
is used, as in an engine run by compressed
air instead of by steam.
air-door (är"dēr), n., A door for the regulation
of currents of air through the workings of a
mine. Coal and Metal Miners' Pocket-book.
air-drain, n. 3. A pipe or flue built into a
fireplace to insure an ample supply of air.
air-duct, n. 2. In building, same as *air-
drain, 3.−3. In the heating and ventilation of
buildings, a large pipe, often built of wood or
i. metal, used to transmit air, either cold or
OU.
air-embolism (är'em"bö-lizm), n. Air-bubbles
in a blood-vessel, causing obstruction of the
flow of blood.
air-extractor (ār 'eks-
trak’tgr), n. A device for
separating air from a
liquid.
air-float (ār 'flöt), n. A
'bladder formed in the
fronds of certain Phaeo-
phyceae, or brown algae
(Fucus, Ascophyllum, Sar-
gassum, etc.), which
serves to float the plant
in the water and possi-
'bly assists fertilization.
Also air-bladder and air-
Ayesicle.
air-funnel, n. 2. In 206l.,
the lower, gas-secreting
portion of the pneumato-
cyst of physophorous si-
phonophores.
air-gap (är'gap), n. In
elect., the opening or space
between the poles of a
magnet or between the k
armaturesandpole-pieces
of a dynamo or motor;
that portion of a magnetic
circuit which contains
no iron ; the space between the terminals
of an electrostatic machine, induction-coil, or
discharger.
alr-gaS, ºt.—Harcourt air-gas pentane standard, a
mixture of 3 cubic feet of air and 9 cubic inches of liquid
pentane, a product of American petroleum distilling at a
temperature below 50° C. and having a specific gravity
between .6298 and .63, producing 4.05 cubic feet of stan-
dard air-gas. This gas is burned at a burner with an
orifice of 4 inch to produce a flame 2% inches high, with
a consumption of gas of .48–.52 cubic feet an hour. The
light of this flame is equal to that of a British standard
candle. First suggested by A. G. Vernon-Harcourt in 1877.
air-hoist, n.-Cylinder
air-hoist, an air-hoistem-
ploying a long cylinder
fitted with a piston and
piston-rod, the weight to
be lifted being suspended
from the lower end of the
latter. The compressed air
is delivered through hose
to the lower end of the
cylinder, forcing the piston
upward and lifting the
weight. To lower the load
the air is released and the
piston allowed to fall
slowly. The load can be
held at any point of the
hoist and safety appliances
prevent the too sudden
rise or fall of the piston
through loss of load or loss
of air-pressure. Cylinder-
hoists are hung by a hook
in fixed positions or at-
tached to a trolley travel-
ing on an overhead track,
to the jib of a crane, or to
a traveling-crane. Tele-
scopic cylinders are used
where head-room is lim-
ited.— Motor air-hoist,
a chain-hoist operated by
an air-motor. It may be
suspended in a fixed posi-
tion or from a trolley trav-
eling on an overhead track
or on a traveling-crane.
p. a. In elect.
an intervening
Fiaczes zestczadoszes.
showing air-floats.
(From Murray's “Introd.
to Seaweeds.”
* - - e.
Motor Air-hoist.
A, trolley on flange of I-beam ;
B, chain controlling trolley; C,
hoisting-block and chain; D,
motor for hoist; E, chain control-
ling D.
air-insulated (ár'in’sú-lä-ted)
or heat, insulated by means of
layer of air.
air-jack (är'jak), n. A lifting-jack operated
by compressed air. It consists of an .# cylinder
with a piston, the piston-rod acting as the lifting-arm of
the jack. In one form the cylinder is telescopic. It is
airman (ār’man), m.
airmanship (är"man-ship), n.
airol (ār’ól), n.
air-pressure (ārſ presh"ir), m.
Pair of Air-jacks.
A, cylinder; B, piston-rod used to lift the car; C, wheels, and D,
handle, for moving the air-jack; E, air-hose from coln pressor.
usually fitted with wheels for transportation, and is used
in railroad car-shops, e
air-jacket, n. 2. A space surrounding a steam-
cylinder or other vessel within which is circu-
lated hot air or gas, or within which ordinary
air is confined without circulation: used to
diminish loss of heat by radiation through the
walls of the cylinder and to lessen cylinder-
condensation of steam back to water. Its func-
tion is the same as that of the steam-jacket. Since air is
one of the best non-conductors of heat when it is not
allowed to circulate, an air-jacket may also be used to
keep the cylinders of a refrigerating apparatus from be-
ing warmed by the outside air.
3. A closed space, usually annular, about some
part of a machine or piece of apparatus, de-
signed to secure uniformity of temperature.
air-jacket (Ār'jak"et), v. t. To provide with
an air-jacket. See *air-jacket, n., 2
air-jig (ār'jig), n. In mining, a machine which
effects the separation of minerals according
to their specific gravity by intermittent rising
currents of air which lift the lighter particles
of gangue and permit the heavier metallic
minerals to settle. The light tailings flow off at the
top and the concentrates are discharged from below by
some mechanical device. The Paddock-Hooper pneumatic
concentrator and the Wrom air-jig are the principal ma-
chines of this class.
air-leak (är’lék), m. In electrostatics, the loss
of charge, in the case of an insulated body,
due to the discharging action of the surround-
ing air.
air-level (är"lev"el), m. A level or airway of
former workings made use of in subsequent
deeper mining operations for ventilating pur-
oses. Coal and Metal Miners' Pocket-book.
air-lift (är"lift), n. A device for raising water
from deep wells by means of compressed air.
It comprises an air-compressor and two pipes open at the
lower end and placed one within the other in the well,
The compressed air passes down the inside pipe to the
bottom of the well, where it rises through thre larger
pipe and through the water which fills the lower part of
it, carrying the water upward with it and delivering it
at the surface. The system can be so applied to a group
of wells as to lift several million gallons a day.
air-liquefier (är"lik"wā-fi-èr), n. An apparatus
for converting air under pressure into liquid
air by the effect of cooling.
One who navigates the
air; an aviator. N. and Q., Oct. 1, 1910, p. 265.
Skill in avia-
tion. N. and Q., Oct. 1, 1910, p. 265.
air-meter, m.— Biram's air-meter, a modification of
the Casella air-meter in which a large light radial fan is
kept in rotation by the current of air to be measured.
The apparatus is usually graduated so as to show the vol-
ume of fresh air that passes through the shaft leading to
a mine or a room that needs ventilation. º
[Arbitrary word intended as
A greenish-gray, fine, 'º
t is
a trade-mark.]
minous, odorless, and tasteless powder.
absorbent and antiseptic.
air-plate (är"plát), n. A plate perforated to
allow the passage of a limited amount of air;
a perforated baffle.
The barometric
ressure or elastic pressure of the atmosphere.
t is expressed in pounds per square inch, or in dynes
per square meter, or, more commonly, by the height of
the mercurial column of the barometer, and sometimes
in units of one standard atmosphere. -
air-proof (är'prôf), v. t. To protect from in-
jurious action of the air or of some of its in-
gredients, as by a suitable warnish applied to
the material to be protected.
air-pump, nº-Duplex air-pump, a form of ar.
pump in which two air-pumping cylinders are placed



air-pump
side by side in fairs, the piston-rod of each being the
prolongation of the piston of the steam-cylinders (also
in pairs) which drive them ; specifically, a form of air-
pump for air-brake service in which one of the cylinders
is twice the diameter of the other but of the same stroke.
Both air-cylinders draw in air from without on the intake
stroke, but the lar-
ger delivers into
the Smaller on the
completion of the
intake stroke of the
latter. Hence three
Volumes of free air
are delivered in
each double stroke.
—Geissler's mer-
Cury air-pump, an
apparatus used for
producing a vacu-
um, consisting es-
sentially of a reser-
voir which can be
filled with or emp-
tied of mercury by
raising or lowering
another containing
mercury and con-
nected with the for-
mer by a flexible
rubber hose. By the
proper adjustment
Of stop-cocks the air
or gas exhausted
from a vessel at-
tached at a is dried
by passing through
a U-tube containing
a desiccating ma-
terial, usually phos-
phorus pentoxid,
and is either col-
lected over mercury held in a trough or is driven into
the air. A barometer-gage indicates the degree of ex-
haustion. The raising and lowering of the reservoir
holding the mercury are effected either by hand or by the
use of a simple mechanical device.—Toepler's mercury
air-pump, a modified form of the Geissler air-pump, in
which a glass valve replaces the controlling stop-cock
and a barometer-tube serves to permit the exhausted air.
to escape.
air-regenerator (är’ré-jen”.e-rā-tor), m. The
regenerator through which atmospheric air
passes to be heated on its way to a steel-melt-
ing or reheating furnace, a zinc furnace, a
coke-oven, etc. It is larger than the corre-
sponding gas-regenerators.
alºregister (är’rejºis-tér), m. Same as regis-
terl, 8.
Geissler's Air-pump.
air-sac, n. 3. In bot., a cavity in a pollen-
grain of the genus Pinus.
air-separator (är'sep"a-rá-tor), n. In mining,
a machine which effects the separation of min-
erals according to size or density by air, either
by pulsating rising currents (see *air-jig); or
by a continuous blast, as in the Edison, Hoch-
stedt, and other dust-separators; or by pro-
jecting the particles to be separated by me-
chanical means into still or moving air, as in
the centrifugal separators of the Pape-Hen-
neberg and Clarkson-Stanfield types.
airship (är’ship), n. A buoyant balloon pro-
vided with a motor, propellers, and rudders,
so that it can navigate the air under the con-
trol of an aéronaut ; a dirigible balloon. Such
balloons are made in Various elongated, more or less cigar-
shaped, forms and have successfully traversed long dis-
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in. The air-tapis placed at the highest point in the series
of pipes. Air-taps in pumps and engines are called pet-
cocks. Lockwood, Dict, Mech. Eng. Terms.
air-tester (är"tes-tér), m. An apparatus for
testing the quality of air, as in inhabited
apartments.
air-trap, m. , 3. A small funnel of glass fas-
tened in the inside of a barometer-tube to catch
any bubbles of air that would otherwise rise
through the mercury into the vacuum-cham-
ber.
air-twist (är"twist),
m. A bubble of air
which is sometimes
contained in the
stem of a vessel of
glass, and which, in
twisting, becomes a
hollow spiral.
The secret of the con-
Struction of two of the
classes — namely, the
brilliant, and the com-
bined opaque and air-
twist — seems to have
been lost.
Wynn Penny, English
Eighteenth Century
Drinking Glasses. Bur-
lington Mag., III. 63.
air-twisted (ár '-
twis’ted), p.a. Hav-
ing an air-twist. See
*ai)'-twist.
air-valve, n. 3. In an engine-cylinder, and
particularly on the locomotive engine, a valve
which is held shut by steam-pressure when the
throttle-valve is open, but which opens by a
spring to admit atmospheric air when the
throttle is closed and the pistons keep on mov-
ing from the momentum of the mass of engine
and train. In the absence of such a valve the pistoms
reduce the pressure behind them, after a stroke or two,
to a point at which the pressure in the cylinders is much
less than that of the atmosphere ; and when the exhaust-
passage is opened a rush of air back through it will carry
into the cylinders the products of combustion from the
Smoke-box, including cinders and grit, which are injurious
to the working-surfaces. Such air-valves are placed on
the steam-chest or connect with the steam-passages.
air-vesicle, m. 3. Same as *air-float.
air-washer (ārſ wosh-er), m. An appliance in
which a current of moving air may be cleansed
from dust or other particles, and from some
polluting gases, by passing through water.
The cleansing water may fall in a shower across the mov-
ing air by escaping from perforated pipes or through
perforated metal screens; or the air may be compelled
to escape by pressure under the lower edge of a plate
which is immersed an inch or two in the water.
air-wave (är’wāv), m. A wave in the atmos-
phere. It may be either a wave of compression and
rarefaction, like those of sound; or a tidal effect like the
ocean tides; or a wave of progression like that produced
by the outburst from Krakatua in 1883. In the case of
the Krakatua outburst, the wave moved around the globe
several times at an average velocity of 700 miles an hour,
and the accompanying sound-wave was heard several
hundred miles away. e
ais (ä-ès'), n... [Native name.] A name in
Ponape, Caroline Islands, of Parimari laurinum,
a tall tree having oblong leathery leaves.
Glass Vessel, showing Air-twist.
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4, 4, engines; B, rudder; C, C,
tances under good control. The first notably successful
experiments with the dirigible balloon were made by
Renard, in France, 1884–85; he attained a velocity of 14
miles an hour and was able (as a Tule) to return to his
starting-point. In 1900 Count Zeppelin made short voy-
ages over Lake Constance in a dirigible of his own design,
which has been remodeled and improved until in 1909
it made voyages of several hundred miles. Other suc-
cessful experimenters have been Santos-Dumont, Whose
air-ships (successive models) accomplished notable re-
sults in 1900 and 1901, Lebaudy in France, Gross and
Parseval in Germany, and Thomas S. Baldwin in the
United States.
air-stone (är'stön), n. [airl + Stone..] A mete-
orite. [Rare.] N. E. D. g
air-tap (är’tap), n. A cock or valve fixed in
the air-pipe in hot-water apparatus, to allow of
the escape of air from the series, which with-
out this means of exit would accumulate there-
dipping-planes; D, D, propellers.
Aitken’s coke-oven. See *coke-oven.
Aizoaceae (ā’i-zó-ā'sé-É), m. pl. [NL. (Alex-
ander. Braun, 1864), K Aizoön -H -aceae.] A
family of dicotyledonous, archichlamydeous
(apetalous or choripetalous) plants, the carpet-
weed family, of the order Chenopodiales,
typified by the genus Aizoön. See Ficoideae.
aizoaceous (ā’i-Zö-ā'shius), a. [NL. Aizo-
aceae -- -ous.] Having the characters of or
belonging to the family Aizoaceae.
Aizoön (à-i-zººn), m. [NL. (Linnaeus, 1753,
adopted from his “Genera Plantarum,” 1737),
K. Gr. &et.00v, an evergreen plant, supposed to
be the houseleek, Káčí, ever, H- ſwóg, living.] 1.
A genus of dicotyledonous plants, type of the
family Aizoaceae. They are evergreen spreadin
herbs or small shrubs, with fleshy, entire leaves, an
ºft ají (ā-hā’), n.
aka Sha,
axillary, solitary or cymose, yellow flowers. The ten
species are natives of the warmer parts of the old world,
six being found in South Africa and one in Australia,
while the others occur mainly in the Mediterranean region.
The most widely distributed Species is A. Canarienge,
which occurs in the Canary and Madeira Islands, in the
Azores, South Africa, and through southern Asia to India.
A. Hispanicum is a characteristic plant of southern Italy
and Spain, also occurring in northern Africa and ex-
tending eastward to Persia.
2. Sometimes used as a specific name for
plants of a low and tufted, persistent character,
as Anthemis Aizoön, Saaifraga Aizoön.
aja (ā’yā), n. A South-African Dutch form of
the East Indian ayah, a nurse; a lady's-maid.
ajacol (a-jak’ol), m. An oleaginous fluid, con-
gealing to a crystalline mass at low tempera-
tures. It has the same properties as guaiacol.
Also called guaethol and thanatol.
[Sp., formerly aſci; of W. Ind.
(Taino) origin..] A red pepper. See pepper,
chilli, and pimento.—Ají dulce, the sweet pepper,
Capsicum annuum.—Ajſ picante, the fruits of Cap-
sicum frutescens and C. baccatum, the pungent red pep-
pers used in the preparation of Cayenne pepper.
ajo (ā’hô), n. [Sp., K.L. allium, garlic.] 1. The
garlic, Alliwm sativum.–2. A very large tree
of Peru and Bolivia, Cordia alliodora, which
when wounded gives forth from its bark and
leaves a penetrating odor of garlic. See garlic.
ajog (a-jog'), adv. Ia8 + jog.] On a jog; at
rºutely pace. G. Meredith, The Egoist, II.
ajonjoli (ä-hön-hô-lé"), n. [Sp., ajonjolá, al-
jomjoli.] The sesame, Sesamum orientale, the
seed of which, also called benneseed, yields a
bland oil. See sesame.
Ajuga (a-jö'gã), n. [NL., K a- priv. H. L.
jugum, yoke.]" A genus of hardy, herbaceous,
European perennials, members of the family
Menthaceae, creeping by stolons, and commonly
known as *bugle-weed. Some of them are grown
as garden plants, in rockeries and borders, although they
are not generally known in America. Of the 30 known
species, A. Genevensis, A. pyramidalës, A. reptans, and A.
metallica are most common in gardens.
ajugate (a-jö'gāt), a. [a-18 + jugate.] Hav-
1ng no Ju e
ajutment (a-jut’ment), n. . [Irreg. Ka- + juſt +
-ment, after abutment.] Ajutting out; a pro-
jection. [Rare.]
The ajutment of a hill toward the sea.
Marryat, Peter Simple, III. 323. N. E. D.
ak (äk), n. [Hind. dik, K Skt. arkd, name of a
tree or shrub, lit. ray, or sun.] The red-
flowered form of Calotropis gigantea. See
madar and yercwm. [Northern India.]
aka (ā’kâ), m. [Maori aka, name of the plant,
lit, long fibrous roots: see *aalii.] A climbing
epiphyte of the myrtle family, Metrosideros
Scandens. It completely envelops the tree on which it
grows, which ultimately dies, the wood decaying. The
epiphyte remaining forms a hollow come. [New Zealand.]
akaakaawa (ä"kā-ā"kā-ā'Wä), m. [Hawaiian,
K. aka-aka (Maori kata), laugh at, + awa,
fine rain or mist. The plant is found in
greatest profusion in humid mountain ravines
near the spray of waterfalls.] Hillebrandia
Sandwicensis, a beautiful plant of the begonia
family, bearing clusters of delicate pink-and-
white flowers. [Hawaii.]
akala.kai (ā-kā’ā-kā’é), m. [Hawaiian.] In
Hawaii, a bog-plant, Scirpus lacustris, the
stems of which are used in making mats and
bags. -
akahara (ā-kā-hā’râ), m. [Jap., Kaka, red, +
hara, belly.]. The Japanese name of a large
chub of the family Cyprinidae, Leuciscus bak-
mensis, found in the waters of Japan. Also
known as ugui. . .
akala (ā-kā’lā), n. . [Hawaiian.] In Hawaii,
a native species of raspberry, Rubus Macraei.
The fruit often attains a diameter of nearly two inches,
is of a deep-red color, , is very juicy, and, although
slightly bitter, is agreeable to the taste. The name is
also sometimes given to another raspberry, Rubus Ha-
waten&is, the fruit of which is not so large and is dry and
unpalatable.
akanthion, n. See *acanthion.
akaroa-tree (ā-kā-rö’à-tré), m. [Maori.] The
New Zealand lace-bark or ribbon-tree. See
Plagianthus.
akaryota (a-kar-i-6"tâ), m. pl. [Gr. 3-priv. 4-
Kápvov, nut (nucleus).] In biol., non-nucleated
cells, as opposed to nucleated cells or karyota.
akasha (ā-kā'shä), *. (Skt. dikäçá, clear space,
ether.]. Ether; one of the five gross elements
(the others being air, fire, water, and earth)
which, according to the Sămkhya system of
Indian philosophy, make up the visible world;
the subfile fluſiºhich fills and pervades infin-
ity and is supposed to be the peculiar vehicle















# -- -
- akasha, .
of life and sound. Unlike air (väyu), which is
always moving and penetrates only where it
can find an entrance, akasha is perfectly im-
movable and exists everywhere.
akcha (ākh'chá), n. [Also akchek, aqcha; K
Turk, akcha, agcha, money, coin, cash; a
monetary value, an asper; as adj. rather white,
whitish: see asper?...] A very small Turkish
silver coin of the valāe of 4 para.
ake” (äſkä), n. [Maori, Kake, onward, ake ake
ake, for ever and ever. The allusion is to the
durable qualities of the wood.] 1. In New
Zealand, a small tree, Dodonaea viscosa, of the
Soapberry family, with very hard variegated
Wood.-2. In the Chatham Islands, a small
tree, Shawia Traversii (Olearia Traversii of
Hooker), of the aster family.
akea (ā-kā’ā), n. Same as *akia.
akeratophorous (a-ker-a-tof'3-rus), a.
as aceratophorous.
akerite (ak’º-rit), n. [Norw. Aker, a locality
in Norway, + -ite?..] In petrog., a term ap-
plied by Brögger (1890) to a syenite contain-
ing much plagioclase, with biotite, augite, and
Some quartz.
a.kermanite (äk’ér-man-it), n. . [For Richard
'kerman, a Swedish mineralogist.] An arti-
ficial mineral species closely related to melilite:
identified in certain slags.
Akhmimic (äéh-mim'ik), a. and n. I. a. Of
OrHºg to Akhmim or to its language.
... n. One of the main divisions of Coptic,
spoken in the neighborhood of Akhmim.
akhter (äk’tēr), m. [E. Ind.] A copper coin
of Mysore, equal to one fourth of a paissa or
plce.
akhyana (3-ki-ā’īnā), n. [Skt. akhyāna, tale
(cf. dikhyā, name), K d- + vkhyā, call, name.]
* file ; a story; a iegend. Encyc. Brit., XXVI.
akia (ā-ké’â), m. [Hawaiian.] A name in
Hawaii of several shrubs belonging to the
genus Capura, of the family Daphnaceae, par-
ticularly of C, viridiflora (Wikstroemia viridi-
flora of Meissner), found also in the Society,
Samoan, and Fiji Islands. The bark contains an
acrid narcotic principle, and is used by the natives for
marcotizing fish in fresh water. The stems yield a strong,
flexible bast-fiber. Also spelled akea.
akiahala (ā-kā’ā-hā’lā), n. [Hawaiian.] In
Hawaii, a small shrub, Hibiscus Youngianus,
with pink flowers.
Akinesia, algera. [Gr. &Aympós, painful..] Loss of the
power of motion as a result of pain.
akinesis (ak-i-nē’sis), n. In biol., direct cell-
division or the amitotic multiplication of cells.
akinete (ak’i-nět), n. [Gr. 3- priv. -- kivmtóg,
movable: see kinetic.] The resting-spore of
certain algae formed directly from a vegetative
cell by the simple thickening of the wall and
without rejuvenescence. Same as hypnocyst.
See *aplanospore.
akinetic (ak-i-net'ik), a. [Gr. &-priv. -- kivmotç,
change, movement.] 1. Same as akimesic.—
2. In cytol., without perceptible internal
movements: a term applied to that form of
cell-division which is not karyokinetic. Same
as "amitotic, *karyostenotic, or direct (cell-
division).
akkum (ak’kum’), m. [Heb. ‘akkum, formed
of the initials of a Hebrew phrase of three
words meaning a worshiper of the stars and
constellations.] A star-worshiper, originally
a Chaldean star-worshiper: applied in the Tal-
mud to heathen idolaters; a pagan. Also
akwm. .
akolea (ā-kö-lā'ā), n. [Native name.] A name
in Hawaii of a large fern, Phegopteris Hille-
brandi.
akoulation, n. See *acowlation. -
akouphone (ak’ö-fön), n. [Incorrectly formed
from Gr. &Kočelv, hear, + pová, sound.] The
trade-name of an appliance for enabling the
deaf to hear, constructed on the analogy of
the telephone.
akra (äk-rā’), n. [Hind, and Hindi akrā.] In
India, a common name for the vetch or tare,
Vicia sativa. See Vicia. -
akreophagist, n. Same as *acreophagist.
akreophagy, m. Same as *acréophagy.
akrocephalic, a. See acrocephalic.
akromegaly, n. See *acromégaly.
akule (ā-kö’le), n. [Hawaiian.] A Hawaiian
name of the goggle-eyed sead, Trachwrops cru-
menophthalmus. Called atule in Samoa.
akum, n. See *akkum.
Same
akund (äſkünd), n. [Hind., KHindi akund, the
tree.] The dried root-bark of Calotropis gi-
gantea, extensively used in Indian medicine,
especially as a substitute for ipecacuanha in
dysentery.
alº, n. The name is applied in India to several*:::
of Morinda, especially to Morinda citrifolia and M. time-
toria, trees belonging to the madder family, which grow
spontaneously and are also cultivated for the sake of the
dye obtained from the bark of their roots and stem. The
smallest roots yield the most valuable dye, the stem
the most inferior. The al dye is gradually supplanting the
more expensive red obtained from the Indian madder, or
chaya root (Oldenlandia wºmbellata), with which the
celebrated Madras handkerchiefs and turbans were for-
merly dyed. Morinda citrifolia, the principal al-tree,
is widely spread throughout the East Indies, the west
coast of Africa, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean,
where its fruit is sometimes eaten by the natives. See
*monu,
al-3. A nominal prefix, actually a reduction of
alcohol in certain arbitrary formations, as al-
dehyde (and its numerous recent derivatives),
*althionic, etc. Compare-al2. Compare alk-in
words like *alkamine, etc. (where alk- repre-
sents G. alkohol), and -ol, representing the
last syllable of alcohol.
–a12. In bridal, burial, etc., a nominal suffix,
associated with -all, but actually of different
origin, according to the history of each word.
See the etymologies of the words cited.
–a13. [al(cohol), al(dehyde). See Aal–3.] In
chem., a termination now recognized as signi-
fying that the body named is an aldehyde, or
derived from alcohol. Thus ordinary aldehyde
is also called *ethanal, that is, the aldehyde of
ethane. -
A. L. A. An abbreviation of American Library
Association.
Ala magna, Sphenoidei, in ichth., same as proëtic; a
lateral cranial bone just in front of the exoccipital. As
used by Hallmann it is a synonym of the alisphenoid of
Parker; as used by Erdl it is a synonym of the sphenotic
of Parker.—Ala orbitalis, in ichth., a term applied by
Stannius to the alisphenoid bone.—Ala, parva, in ichth.,
same as opisthotic.— Ala, parva, Sphenoidei, in ichth.,
the basisphenoid bone.—Ala, temporalis, in ichth., the
proëtic bone.
alaalawainui (ā’lā-ā’lā-wā’é-nö’é), m. [Ha-
waiian, Kalaala, soft, flabby, + wai, water, +
mui, be great. The name refers to the succu-
lent nature of the plant..] In Hawaii, a plant
of the genus Peperomia.
Alabama (al-a-bä’mâ), m. DNL. (Grote, 1895),
K Alabama, the State.] A genus of noctuid
moths containing one species, A. argillacea
Huebner. It is notorious as a destroyer of the cotton-
plant in the southern United States, where its larva
is known as the leaf-caterpillar or chemille. Formerly
known as Aletta acylina.-Alabama, China. See kchina.
—Alabama, shad. See #8had 1.
alabandite (al-a-ban/dit), n. See alabandine.
alacreatine (al-a-kré'a-tin), n. [L. ala, wing (?),
+ creatine.] A compound, NH: C(NH2)NHCH-
(CH3)CO2H, a combination of cyanamide with
a-aminopropionic acid; a-guaninopropionic
acid.
alacreatinine (al-a-kré-at’i-nin), n. [alacrea-
time + -ine?..] The anhydrid, C4H1N3O, of ala-
creatine, formed by heating the latter to 180° C.
alagao (à-lä-gā'o), n. [Tagalog alagao (also
sahugo, K Sp. Saúco) = Bisaya abgao, also
adgao.] A Philippine tree, Premma vestita, of
the Verbena family. Its bitter leaves and its flowers
are used medicinally by the natives. The tree is gener-
ally known to Spaniards living in the Philippines by the
name of Saºco (elder), owing to the resemblance of its
flowers to those of Sambucus migra. In its medicinal
qualities it resembles the allied Premma Gawdichawdii of
the island of Guam and P. integrifolia of the East In-
dies and Madagascar. See headache-tree.
alalonga (à-lä-long'gã), n. [Appar. K. L. ala
longa, “long wing.’] Same as long-finned alba-
CO)'é.
alang (ā’lang), n. See *alang-alang.
alang-alang (ā’lang-ā‘lang), m. [Malay &lang-
dilang.]. A grass, Imperata arundinacea, widely
spread in the tropics, growing on land which
has gone out of cultivation. Also called alang
and, in the Philippines, cogon. [Malay Ar-
chipelago.] -
alani (à-lä’né), m. [Hawaiian.] In Hawaii, a
timber-tree of the rutaceous genus Ptelea.
The wood is used in building canoes.
alantic (a-lan’tik), a. [G. alant, elecampane,
+ -ic.] Obtained from elecampane.—Alantic
acid, the hydroxyacid OH.C14H20002H, corresponding
: sºlactone. It crystallizes in needles which melt
8. &
alantoic (al-an-tó'ik), a. [G. alant, elecam-
pane, -- -o-ic.] Derived from elecampane.—
Alantoic acid, a colorless compound, C14H2005)-
COOH, found in the drug elecampane.
p
alantol (a-lan’tól), n. [G. *alamtol (?), Kalant,
Albion ware
elecampane, ---ol.] Same as alant camphor
which see, under camphor).
alantolactone (a-lan’tó-lak’tón), n. [G. alant,
elecampane, + lactone..] Same as helenim.
Alar membrane, the elongate triangular membrane
lying on the anterior edge of a bird's wing and running
from wrist to shoulder-joint; the prepatagium.—
Alar, septa, in the extinct Tetracoralla, the two
prominent lateral septa or vertical plates in the calyx,
one on each side, from which the adjoining septa branch
pinnately: contrasted with the cardinal and counter
&epta.
Alaria, n. 2. A genus of platypodous gas-
tropod mollusks of the family Aporrhaidae.
They have a turreted spire, expanded and spinous outer
lip, and long apertural canal. Shells of this genus are
very abundant in the Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks.
alarm, n.-Still alarm. See still.1
alarm-buoy (a-lärm (boi), n. A buoy provided
with a bell or a whistle to make its presence
known at night or in a fog.
Alaska, cedar, dab. See *cedar, Adab2.
alaskite (a-las' kit), n. 1. See alaskaite.—2.
In petrog., a name proposed by Spurr (1900)
for igneous rocks composed almost wholly of
alkalic feldspar and quartz without other
essential minerals. It is a group-term embracing
many granular and porphyritic rocks which have been
called granite, rhyolite, haplite, elvam, granulite, ewrite,
granitel, etc. The distinct lava forms corresponding to
alaskite in composition are called tordrillite by Spurr.
a lastor, n. 2. [cap.] A genus of bats from
the Upper Eocene phosphorites of France.
Alaunian (a-lă'ni-an), a. and n. [L. Alauni,
Gr. 'A2avvot, a people of Noricum.] I. a. In
geol., in the Triassic formation of the Medi-
terranean province, noting a substage corre-
sponding to the middle division of the Juvavic
stage, which lies just below the Rhaetic and
above the Carinthian stage. The Juvavic appears
to correspond to the lower Rhaetic of Germany, and the
Alaunian, therefore, is correlated with the lower part of
that formation.
II. m. The Alaunian substage.
albacore, n.-Great albacore, the tunny or tuna,
Thunnus hymnus.
albahaca (äl-bá-hă/kä), n. [Sp. albahaca, basil,
K Ar. al., the, habaq, pennyroyal.] A name
applied in Guam, the Philippines, Peru, and
Porto Rico to several aromatic plants of the
mint family, especially to Ocimum Basilicum
and O. sanctum, which are cultivated for culi-
nary and medicinal purposes. See Ocimum,
toolsi, and basill.
Albany slip, zone. See *slip, *zone.
albardin (āl-bār-dén'), n. [Sp., of Ar. Origin.]
A shore weed, Lygeum Spartum, of southwest-
ern Europe and northern Africa: similar in its
use to esparto and sometimes included under
that name.
Albata metal. See *metal.
Albatrossia (al-ba-tros’i-á), m. [NL., named
for the exploring steamer Albatross, U.S. N.] A.
genus of grenadiers of the family Macruridae,
cod-like fishes of the deep seas. A. pectoralis
is found in Bering Sea.
albecore, n. See albacore.
Albedo unguium, the lunula of the nails.
albene (al’bén), m. [L. albus, white, -- -eme.]
The substance formed by boiling melam with
water. It is white and insoluble.
alberello, m. Same as albarello.
Alberini’s process. See *process.
albert (al’bért), n. [Named, about 1860, from
Prince Albert, consort of Queen Victoria.] A
short watch-chain made with a cross-bar de-
signed to be passed through a buttonhole.
Albert and Albertine ware. See *ware?.
Albian (al’ bi-an), a. and m. [So named from
the department of Aube (L. Albia, K albus,
white), France.] I. a. In geol., noting the
lower division of the Upper Cretaceous forma-
tion in Belgium and France, equivalent to the
Galt and Upper Greensand of England. The
deposits consist of argillaceous marls, greensand, and
limestone and are highly fossiliferous.
II. m. The Albian division.
albinescent (al-bi-nes ent), a. [albino +
-escent.] Showing a tendency to albinism. Na-
ture, March 16, 1893.
albinic (al-bin'ik), a. [albin(o) + -ic.] Marked
by albinism or absence of pigment.
Two of the sons, apparently, married wives who were
‘pure dominants,’ i. e., who were entirely free from the
recessive (albinic) character. Science, Jan. 9, 1903, p. 75.
albino, n. 4. In Mexico, a person who has
one eighth negro and seven eighths Spanish
blood; the child of a Morisco woman (who is
the daughter of a mulatto mother and a Span-
ish father) and of a Spaniard.
Albion ware. See *ware2.
albirupean
albirupean (al-bi-rö 'pë-an), a. [L. albus,
white, -- rupes, rock.] Containing white rocks.
– Albirupean group, in geol., a series of sand-beds
occurring along Chesapeake Bay and regarded by the
Maryland geologists as of Lower Cretaceous age.
Albite law, the law of twinning of albite. See albite
twin, under twin.
albitite (al’bi-tit), n. [albite + -ite2.] In pe-
trog., a name proposed by Turner (1896) for
granular igneous rocks consisting essentially
of albite. Such rocks occur in dikes in the
Sierra Nevada mountains of California.
albitization (al" bi-ti-ză'shon), n. [albite +
-ize + -ation.] The process of transforming
into albite; the alteration of some prečxisting
mineral, such as lime-soda-feldspar, into albite.
Geikie, Text-book of Geol., p. 790.
albiventral (al-bi-ven'tral), a. [L. albus,
white, + venter, belly..] Having a white belly
or under parts, as is the case with many birds.
albot (al’bó), m. [NL., orig. abl., in the phrase
in albo, of L. album : see album.] Same as
album.
Albo-carbon burner, a burner provided with a chamber
containing solid naphthalene, which, being volatilized
by the heat of the gas-flame, enriches the inflowing gas
and thus increases its luminosity.
albocracy (al-bokºra-si), m. ; pl. albocracies
(-siz). [L. albus, white, -H Gr. -kpateia, K
Kpateiv, rule.] Government by white men, that
is, by men of European origin. R. N. Cust,
Linguistic Essays, p. 303. [Rare.] N. E. D.
albodactylous (al-bó-dak’ti-lus), a. [L. albus,
white, -H Gr. 66krvžog, finger.] Having white
wings. [Rare.]
albolene, alboline (al’bà-lén, lin), n. [L. albus,
white, + -ol- + -ene or -ine?..] An unctuous
substance derived from petroleum: used for
the same purposes as vaseline.
albo-pruinose (al-bó-prü’i-nós), a. [L. albus,
white, -- prwina, frost, + -ose.] Covered with
a thin white powdery bloom: said of the sur-
face of certain plants, especially the stipes and
caps of some pileate fungi.
alboramite (al-bó-Tan (it), n. [Alboran (see
def.) + -ite?..] In petrog., a name proposed
by Becke (1899) for hypersthene-andesite rich
in lime, the type occurring in the island of
Alboran. Loewinson-Lessing considers albo-
ranite as essentially a hypersthene-basalt with-
out olivin.
Albright (äl’brit), m. One of the ‘Albright
People,’ the name given to the Evangelical
Association founded by Jacob Albright. See
Evangelical Association.
albronze (al' bronz), n. [al(uminium) + bronze.]
An alloy of aluminium with copper and tin or
of aluminium with bronze, used for bearings
where lightness of weight and durability are
required ; aluminium bronze.
Albuginaceae (al-bü-ji-nā’sé-6), m. pl. [NL.,
K Albugo (Albugin-) + -aceae.] A family of
phycomycetous fungi typified by the genus
*Albugo.
albugo, n. 2. [cap.] [NL. (S. F. Gray, 1821).]
In mycol., a genus of fungi erroneously called
Cystopus (which see).
albulignosine (al’bà-ligºnº-sin), m. [albu(men)
+ lignose + -ine?..] A material obtained by
the action on wood of a solution of sodium
sulphite boiling under pressure, making the
liquid acid, and adding albumen: proposed for
use as a sizing and mordanting agent.
albumeant (al-bü’mé-an), a. [Irreg. K album
+ -e-an.] Of or pertaining to albums, or the
pressing invitations of friends or acquain-
tances to contribute to their albums. Lamb,
Letters, xvii. 156. [Tare.]
Albumen color. See kcolor. — Albumen dyestuff. Same
as albumen kcolor. *
albumen-gland (al-bü’ men-gland"), m. In eer-
tain mollusks, as Heliac, a glandular Organ of
which the thick viscid secretion probably serves
to envelop the eggs.
I dissected onc specimen, but was unable to obtain a
clear view of either the central nervous system or the
reproductive organs. The latter, as usual in this family,
were extremely complicated, both the prostate and
albumen-gland appearing to be extensively ramified.
Proc. Zool, Soc. Londom, 1903, I. 257.
albumin, ºl. The all) unins are highly complex organic
bodies which enter prominently into the composition of
all animal and vegetable tissues and form the ground-
work, so to speak, of every living cell. They are the
most important food-stuffs of all classes of animal life,
and can be elaborated by the chlorophyl-bearing plants
from such simple substances as water, carbon dioxid, and
certain nitrates or ammonium salts. All albumins con-
tain carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur in
definite proportions which vary but little in the different
members of the group: one albumin, which is found in
the thyroid, also contains iodine. Other elements are
not met with in albumins proper, but are encountered in
certain compound albumins, in which an albuminous radi-
cal is united with other more or less complex groups. Thus
hemoglobin contains iron, hemocyanin copper, and the
nucleo-albumins and nucleoproteids phosphorus. All
albumins also contain variable amounts of mineral salts
in firm combination. Their molecular size is very large,
For crystallized egg-albumin Hofmeister established the
formula C239H886NB8S2O78, which corresponds to a
molecular weight of 5,378. The protamins and histons
apparently have the smallest molecules, while the com-
pound albumins are proportionately heavier: the weight
of oxyhemoglobin has thus been determined as 14,800.
The greater number of the albumins are amorphous. A
few, however, can be obtained in crystalline form, such
as egg-albumin, serum-albumin, oxyhemoglobin, and cer-
tain vegetable albumins, as edestin, etc. The so-called
Bence Jones albumin, which has been met with in the
urine in certain pathological conditions (multiple mye-
loma), also belongs to this order. All true albumins are
levorotatory, while certain compound albumins (the
nucleoproteids) turn the plane, of polarization to the
right. Osborne has shown that this property, in the
case of the nucleoproteids, is very likely wholly referable
to the nucleimic acid complex which they contain. All
albumins— owing to the great size of the molecule, no
doubt — are incapable of diffusing through animal mem-
brane or vegetable parchment. Some members of the
group are soluble in water, others only in dilute saline
solution, and still others in dilute acids and alkalis.
From their solutions they can be precipitated by min-
eral acids, the salts of the heavy metals, the so-called
alkaloidal reagents (as tannic acid, phosphotungstic acid,
iodomercuric iodide, etc.), strong alcohol, and certain
neutral salts (sodium chlorid, magnesium sulphate, so-
dium sulphate, and notably ammonium sulphate). All
albumins further give certain color-reactions, of which
the biuret reaction (production of a bluish or reddish
violet-color on the addition of very dilute copper-sul-
phate solution in the presence of an excess of strong
caustic alkali) is especially characteristic. The true
albumins are all coagulated by heat. As a result they
lose their individual characteristics and are then said to
be denaturized. After this they can be brought into solu-
tion only by means which at the same time will produce
integral changes in their composition. From study of
the various cleavage-products which result from the
albumins on hydrolysis by boiling mineral acids and
alkalis, by digestion with the proteolytic ferments, etc., a
certain insight is now possible into the complex structure
of the albuminous molecule. Thus it appears that various
a-amido acids (as leucin, tyrosim, asparaginic acid, glu-
taminic acid), and the diamido acids (ornithin, lysin,
etc.), exist in the albuminous complex in the form of
Fischer's polypeptides, which have the general structure
represented by the formula NH2. (CH2CO, NH)n-CH2--
COOH. These in turn are combined with other groups,
such as the sulphur-containing cystin complex, the
glucosamin-group, etc., to form still more complex
radicals, which are further combined with similar
groups to even larger complexes, which last in turn
are again united with correspondingly large groups to
form the complete molecule. Evidence of the correct-
ness of this supposition is furnished by a study of the
products of albuminous digestion. Here we find among
the primary products of cleavage three complex bodies
which individually differ from one another and which in
the intact molecule were manifestly in combination.
These are the three primary albumoses, termed proto-
albwmose, heteroalbwmoge, and glucoalbwmose. The first-
mentioned on further decomposition yields diamido
acids in small amount, much tyrosin, little leucin, no
glycocol, Utc.; while the second contains diamido acids in
large amount, much leucin, no tyrosin, and the total
amount of glycocol of the original substance. Glucoal-
bumose in turm contains the entire carbohydrate-group
and a larger percentage of oxygen, while the amount of
nitrogen and carbon is less than in the two other groups.
(See also #products of digestion.) The albumins may
be divided into 5 classes, namely the native albumins, the
nucleo-albumims, the proteids, the albuminoids, and the
derived albumnim8. Examples of the first group are the
Serum-albumin and serum-globulin of the blood-plasma,
the ovalbumim of white of egg, the lactalbumin of milk,
and the myosin and myogen of muscle-plasma. The
same group further comprises the glucoalbumins, which
are characterized by the special predominance of a car-
bohydrate-group, and of which the various mucins and
mucoids are common representatives; further, the mark-
edly sulphurous ceratins of the skin and related sub-
stances (hair, horn, etc.); then the histons and the closely
related protamins. These latter represent albumins of
simplest structure, and are fairly typical representatives
of Fischer's polypeptides. Kossel's salmin thus appa-
rently consists only of an ornithin complex, associated
with tyrosin, serin, tryptopham, and a-pyrrolidin-carbonic
acid. The second group of albumins is formed by the
nucleo-albumlins or phosphoglobulins. These are more
complex than the members of the first group in having a
special phosphorized radical in combination with an albu-
minous complex. They comprise many important food-
stuffs, such as the casein of milk, the vitellins of the yolks
of birds 'eggs, the ichthulin of fishes' eggs, besides the phy-
toglobulins or phytovitellins of the leguminous plants.
The third class is represented by the proteids, which are
complex albumins, containing an albuminous group
united with other complex radicals. In the nucleopro-
teids, which are important constituents of cell-nuclei, we
find nucleinic acid, from which the so-called purin or
xanthin bases and uric acid are derived. In the hemo-
globins we meet with pigment radicals: so in the common
coloring matter of the blood, the hemoglobin, with hema-
tin. The albuminoids, which form the fourth group, in
contradistinction to those already mentioned, are notably
constituents of intercellular structures and thus espe-
cially abundant in the skeletal parts of the animal body.
To this group belong the collagens or glutins of fibrous
tissue and cartilage, the elastin of elastic tissue, the vari-
ous skeletons found in the supporting structures of the
invertebrates, etc. The last class comprises substances
which are albuminous derivatives, but still possess albu-
minous charactor, such as the coagulated albumins and
albuminic (al bii min'ik), a.
albuminimeter, n.—Esbach's albumi-
albuminize, v. t.-Albuminized collo-
albuminoid, m. The albuminoids represent
albuminometer (al-bü-mi-nom’e-tér), ſo:
albuminose, a.
albuminuria, n.—Cyclic albuminuria, a condition
albuminuric, a.
albumoid (al’bü-moid), m.
album.oscope (al-bü'mô-sköp), n.
albumose (alſbü-mós), m.
albumosuria (al’bà-mê-Süſri-á), n.
album.osuria
the various intermediary digestive products, including
the albuminates, albumoses, and H.P.J.; Jones
albumin, formerly known as the Bence Jones albumoge,
Shown by Magnus Levy and Simon to be a true albumin.
Its presence in the urine seems to be invariably asso.
ciated with a fatal disease, known as multiple mye-
łºś albumin, the albumin which ex-
ists in the fluids of the body and not in the Solid tissues.
—Ferrier's albumin process. See &process. –Iodized
albumin, in photog, albumim containing an iodide,-
Martin's albumin negative process. See aprocess.
–Mayall's albumin negative process. See apro-
cess. HToxic albumin, a poisonous substance supposedly
of albuminous charactér ; for example, the specific poison
Fººd by the diphtheria organism. Also called toacal-
7mºn.,
albuminate, n.--Weyl's albuminate, an insoluble
modification of a globulin which results from the latter
on prolonged exposure to water.
Pertaining to or
derived from albumin: as, albumimic acid. Ac-
cording to Schmiedeberg, ferratin is a ferri-
albumimic acid.
nimeter, an apparatus for the estimation of
albumin in urine. The tube is filled with urine
to the mark w, and with the reagent (which
consists of an aqueous solution of citric acid 2
per cent, and picric acid 1 per cent.) to the mark
7. After thorough mixing the tube is set aside
for twenty-four hours. The volume of the pre-
cipitate, as read from the graduations, indi-
cates the parts of albumin per thousand of
ll. Tilne,
dion. See kcollodion.
a class of albumins which, in contradistinction
to the albumins proper, are essential compo-
ments of the intercellular structures and result
from the albumins, in the narrower sense of
the term, through the activity of cellular ele-
ments. As a class they do not contain all the
typical radicals of the pure albumins, and for
this reason, no doubt, their nutritive value is dis- .
tinctly less than that of the albumins proper.
They are largely found in the supporting tis-
sues of the animal body, mannely, the connec-
tive tissue, cartilage, and bone. The group
comprises collagen (gelatin), elastin, spongin,
fibroin, albumoid, etc. Also called glutinoid.
Esbach's
Albumi-
Ill IIlêter.
7", mark
Yêºl-
n, Same as albumimimeter. gent ; it,
g - e A e mark for
albuminometry (al-bü-mi-nom’e-tri), ºne, º,
m. The measurement of the amount £.
tº tº * * umin per
of albumin in any fluid, such as the thousand.
urine.
II. m. Same as *albumose.
in which albumin appears in the urine for a short time
at about the same period each day.
II, m. One who suffers from
albuminuria.
It was found that, classing all albuminurics in one group.
the percentage of mortality was decidedly increased.
Med. Iłecord, Feb. 14, 1903.
[album (en) + -oid.]
An albuminoid found in the cartilage of full-
grown animals. It is insoluble in all neutral solvents
: dissolves in acids and alkalis only with great diffi-
Culty.
[album (ime) + Gr. okotreiv, view.]
A glass instrument for detecting
and estimating the quantity of al-
bumin in urine. The urine is made
to float on the surface of strong nitric
acid poured gently into a funnel-tube.
The albumin appears at the zone of con-
tact of the two liquids.
[albu-
m(em) + -ose. In effect short for
*albuminose.] A name of derived
albumins (see Aalbumin) which
result from the albumins proper,
as also from the albuminoids and
the albuminous radicals of the nucleo-albu-
mins and -proteids, through the action of pro-
teolytic ferments, or on decomposition by
means of acids or alkalis. Their formation is pre-
ceded by the denaturization of the albuminous molecule
and, in the case of the use of acids or alkalis, by the forma-
tion of acid albumins and alkaline albuminates respec-
tively. During the process of digestion primary albu-
moses first result, which are subsequently transformed
into secondary or deuteroalbumoses, and these in turn into
peptones and simpler bodies. In their quantitative com-
position the albumoses do not differ materially from the
original albumins, but their molecular weight is lower.
As a result, no doubt they are more readily soluble, and
as a class not altogether indiflusible through animal
membrane or vegetable parchment. They can be sepa-
rated from one another by fractional precipitation by
means of certain neutral salts, notably ammonium sul-
phate. The albumoses which are derived from the albu-
mins proper, in contradistinction to those resulting from
the albuminoids, are also called proteoses. The majority
of the commercial peptone preparations are essentially
mixtures of albumoses.—Toxic albumose, an albumose
with toxic properties.
Album oscope.
[albumose


albumosuria
+ Gr, oipov, urine.] In pathol, the presence aldane (al‘dān), n, ſaid(ehyde) + -ane.] A given
of albumose in the excreted urine. .
Alburnus (al-bér'nus), n. [NL. : see alburn.]
A genus of small minnows, known as bleaks,
found in the waters of Europe. A. alburnus is
the common bleak.
albus (äl’bós), n. . [G., K. L. albus, white.] A
German copper coin equivalent to 12 hellers at
Cassel and 3. *
alcaldia (äl"käl-dé’ā), n. [Sp.] 1. The of—
fice or jurisdiction of an alcalde.—2. The
building where an alcalde transacts the busi-
ness of his office. -
alcapton, alcaptonuria. See *alkapton, *al-
kaptonwria.
alcassuz (äl-käs-sös'), n. [Pg., alcaçuz.] In
Brazil, the name of the native licorice, Peri-
andra Mediterranea, the root of which is used
in medicine, like that of the common licorice.
alcelaphine (al-sel’ 3-fin), a. [NL. alcela-
himus, K Alcelaphus, a genus of antelopes.]
elating to the antilopine genus Alcelaphus,
or to this with related genera considered as
forming a division of the family Bovidae.
Flower and Lydekker, Mammals, P. 334.
Alchemilla (al-kā-mil’ā), n. [NL.] A genus
of hardy P. herbs of the family Rosa-
ceae, allied to Sanguisorba. The flowers are corym-
bose and inconspicuous. º are suitable for rockeries
and front rows of borders, although little grown. There
are about 35 species, natives of the Old and New Worlds,
most abundant between Mexico and Chile.
Alchornea (al-kór (né-á), n. [NL. (Swartz,
1788), named in memory of Stanesby Alchorne
an English botanist and chemist who ăied
about 1799.] A genus of dicotyledonous plants
belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. They are
trees or shrubs with alternate leaves and small flowers
clustered on simple or panicled terminal spikes or
racemes. About 50 species are known, widely distributed
in the warmer parts of both hemispheres. For A. ilici-
olia, see Coelebøgyne. p
lcidea (al-sid’é-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. ÖAkm, elk, --
eldog, resemblance..] ... A genus of deep-sea
sculpins of the family Cottidae. A. thoburni
is found off the coast of California.
alcogel (alſkö-jel), n. [alco(hol) + gel(atin).]
Silicic acid separated in gelatinous condition
by means of alcohol.
alcohol, n.—Acetone alcohol. Same as *acetol.—Al-
cohol lamp. See &lamp.–Pyroracemic alcohol.
Same as ºracetol.—Tolane alcohol, the name given to a
substance of somewhat uncertain composition, said to be
formed by the action of ethyl alcohol on benzoin.—Whey
alcohol, an alcoholic liquor prepared from milk by fer-
mentation of the lactose or milk-sugar.—Denatured
alcohol. See Yºdenaturization.
alcoholase (al’kó-hol-ās"), n. A ferment of
.. origin which supposedly causes alco-
holic fermentation during anaérobic respira-
tion.
alcoholic, a. II, n. 1. One who indulges to
excess in alcoholic beverages, or who is suffer-
ing from the systemic effects of alcohol.—2.
A remedy the chief therapeutic value of which
depends upon the presence of alcohol.
The unadministered alcoholics are catalogued by genera
on cards and located so that any jar can be found at once.
*. Smithsonian Report, 1900, p. 38.
alcoholize, v. t.—Alcoholized paper, in photog.,
paper prepared with an alcoholic solution containing
milk-sugar, zinc iodide, and zinc bromide. The paper is
afterward sensitized with a solution of silver acetonitrate
acidified with glacial acetic acid.
alcohol-motor (alſkö-hol-mö%tgr), m. An in-
termal-combustion motor in which alcohol va-
por is burned explosively; an alcohol-engine;
an engine which uses alcohol as fuel for its
source of heat.
alcormoco (äl-kór-nóſkö), m.
noque.
alcove, n. (d) A recess in an escarpment formed by
the more rapid retrogressive erosion of one part than of
another.— Alcove system, a method of arranging books
in a library, or of exhibiting specimens in a museum, in
which each subject and each class has an alcove or series
of alcoves to itself.
Alcyonacea (al"Si-Ö-nā’sé-à), m. pl. . [NL., K
Alcyon(ium) + -acea.]. An order or suborder of
Alcyonaria in which the skeleton consists of
loose spicules embedded in a well-developed
canaliferous coenenchyma without axial skeletal
rod. The group contains the families Xeniidae,
Alcyonidae, and Nephthyidae. Nearly equivalent
to Alcyoniaceae.
alcyonacean (al'si-3-mâ’sé-àn), a. and m. I.
a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling the Alcyo-
77 (1660.
II. m. One of the Alcyomacea.
Alcyonaria, n. pl. , 2. A subclass of Anthozoa,
containing the orders Stolonifera, Alcyonacea,
Pseudazonia. Aasifera, Stelechotokea, and Coºno-
thecalia.
Same as alcor-
name proposed by Riban to designate a com-
pound formed by the condensation of two mole-
cules of an aldehyde with the loss of water.
aldea (Āl-dā’ā), n. [Pg., K. Ar. al-dai‘a, a farm
or village.]_A villa or country-seat. Yule and
Burnell. [East Indies.]
aldeament (al-dé'a-ment), n. [Brazilian Pg.
aldeamento, K Pg. aldear, iodge in villages, K
aldéa, aldeia, a village: see *aldea.] In Brazil,
a settlement in which natives who have sub-
mitted to the government, or to missionary
influences, are gathered. See reduction (e).
IF. Boag.
While the Government and the missions have suc-
ceeded with great difficulty with others, as for the
Bororo, with their hostile indisposition to link their
interests with those of the colonists and to settle in per-
manent aldeaments, the plan to interest them in the
cultivation of the soil did not succeed.
Smithsonian Report, 1896, pp. 574, 575.
Aldebaran (āl"de-bā-rān’ or al-deb’a-ran), n.
[Ar., the follower (i.e. of the Pleiades).] A
chrome star of magnitude 1.0; a Tauri.
Aldebaranian (āl-de-bā-rā‘mi-an), a. and n.
I, 4. Noting stars which have a spectrum
similar to that of Aldebaran. They have fluted
spectra in which a series of calcium lines, sometimes
called protocalcium, together with arc lines of iron cal-
cium manganese (protostrontium) and hydrogen, are pre-
dominant. The flutings are incipient. The blue line of
calcium, A I 4227, is strongly marked.
II. m. An Aldebaranian star.
aldehydase (al"dē-hi-dās'), n. [aldehyde +
-ase.] A ferment which oxidizes an aldehyde
to its corresponding acid.
aldehyde, n.-Crotonic aldehyde, a volatile oil with
a disagreeable, penetrating odor, having the formula
CH3CH:CHCHO, and prepared by the distillation of aldol.
It boils at 104°C.—Formic aldehyde. See Aformic.
aldehydene (al’ dé-hi-dén), m. [aldehyde +
-ene.] 1. A name formerly applied to the base
formed by heating aldehyde ammonia, now
known to be trimethylpyridine.—2. A name
given by Ladenburg to the bases formed from
aldehydes and hydrochlorids of aromatic or-
thodiamines.
alder", m. —Alder b. See kgrabl.- California,
alder, Alnus rhombifolia. — Dwarf alder. (a) The
aider leafed buckthorn, Rhamnus almifolia. (b) A shrub of
the genus Fothergilla, of the southeastern United States.—
Green alder, Alnus Alnobetw!a, a shrub of the northern
part of both hemispheres and of the Alleghanies farther
south. — Hoary alder, the speckled alder, Alnus in-
cana. — Mountain alder. (a) The green alder, Alnw8
Almobetula. (b) Alnus rhombifolia, of the western United
States. (c) The striped maple, Acer Pennsylvanicum.
[North Carolina.]–Narrow-leafed alder, an arbores-
cent species, Alnus tenuifolia, of western North America.
The bark furnished the Indians an orange dye.—Red
alder, a northwestern species, Alnus Oregoma.--Seaside
alder, Alnw8 maritima, found in wet ground in Delaware
and Maryland, near the coast, and also in Indian Terri-
tory.—Spiked alder, theyhite alder, Clethra almifolia.-
Western alder, the Californian Almws rhombifolia or
the more northern red alder, Almw8 Oregoma.
alder-blight (äl’dèr-blit”), n. A plant-louse.
Schizomewra tessellata. It occurs in great numbers
on the under side of the branches of the alder, and
secretes large quantities of down-like wax. It also
secretes much honeydew, which is attractive to honey-
loving insects and to the resting-spores of certain fungi.
alder-fly (äl’dèr-fli"), n. A name given by
fishermen to a certain neuropterous insect of
the family Sialidae, used as, or imitated for
use as, bait: so named because it occurs
along alder-lined streams in England. . .
aldermanlike (äl’dér-man-lik), a. Like an
alderman ; characteristic of an alderman ;
proper or becoming to an alderman ; alder-
manly.
Alderney (äl’dér-ni), n., [The name of one of
the Channel Islands.] . A breed of small-sized
cattle originating in Alderney, noted, for the
abundance and richness of their milk. They
are of light build, with small horns, and are generally of
a fawn color with blackish legs.
aldime (al’ dim), n., [ald(ehyde) + -ime.]. A
compound, having the general formula RCH:-
NH, which may be considered as derived from
ammonia and an aldehyde by the loss of water,
The aldimes are stable only in the form of
salts.
aldine2 (al’din), n. [ald(ehyde) + -ine?..]_A
name given to those pyrazines (CnH2n-4N2)
which may be formed by the condensation o
two molecules of an a-aminoaldehyde.
aldo-alcohol (al'dø-al"kö-hol), n. [ald(ehyde)
+ -o- + alcohol.] An organic compound con-
taining both an aldehyde (CHO) and a hy-
droxyl (OH) group. *
aldohexose (al-dó-hek’sös), m. [ald(ehyde)
+ -o- + Gr. §§, six, -- -ose.] A general name
alethorama,
to those sugars which have the composi-
tion C6H12O6 and contain an aldehyde group.
aldol (al’dol), n. § + -ol.] A com-
pound, CH3CHOHCH2CHQ, formed by the
condensation of acetaldehyde by means of zinc
chlorid. The official name is butanalol-3.—
Aldol condensation, a condensation of two or, more
aldehyde molecules in which an aldehyde alcohol is
formed.
aldose (al’dós), m. [ald(ehyde) + -ose..] A.
name given to any monosaccharide which is an
aldehyde to distinguish it from a ketose, which
contains a ketone-group.
aldoxime (al-dok’sim), n. [ald(ehyde)+ oxime.]
A compound, having the general formula R–
CH:NOH. which is formed by the action of
hydroxylamine on an aldehyde. Also aldoſcim.
Aldrich deep. See *deep.
Aldrovandia (al-drö-van'di-á), m. [NL., K
Aldrovandi (1522–1605), an Italian naturalist.]
A genus of deep-sea fishes of the family Halo-
8auridae. Also called Halosauropsis.
alecithal (a-les’ i-thal), a. [Gr. 6- priv. --
Žákºffog, the yolk of an egg.] In embryol., pro-
vided with very little and uniformly distributed
food-yolk: a term applied to certain eggs,
such as those of the sponges, sea-urchins, etc.
Alectis (a-lek’tis), m. [NL., said to be K Gr.
džéktop, a cock..] A genus of Carangidae re-
markable for its long threadlike fin-rays:
hence known as the cobbler-fish.
alectorioid (a-lek-to” ri-oid), a. ſalectoria +
-oid.] Resembling the thallus of the lichen
Alectoria.
Alectryonia (a-lek-tri-Ö’mi-á), m. [NL., K. Gr.
ažektpwów, a cock.] A genus of oysters in which
the left valve is attached by clasping shelly
processes and has strong divaricate folds on
the upper surface. The genus is living in existing
seas, but was most abundant during Jurassic and Creta-
ceous times.
ale-haunter (äl’hān-tér), m. [ale, 2, + haunter.]
A frequenter of ale-houses or ale-drinkings.
Heylin. [Rare.]
alembical (a-lem"bik-al), a. ſalembic + -al.] Of
OPRºi; or of the nature of, an alembic.
embical lamp, a lamp having a capital or head
like an alembic, used to arrest the smoke and unconsumed
vapors and return them to the oil-reservoir. It was in-
vented by Besnard.
Aleochara (al-à-ok'a-rá), m. [NL. (Graven-
horst, 1802), K. Gr. 62 eóg, equiv. to 6288tvóg, open
to the sum, warm, -H raipeiv, rejoice..] A genus
of rove-beetles, of the family Staphylimidae,
typical of the tribe Aleocharini. It has the an-
tennae 10-jointed, tarsi 5-jointed, head retracted, not
narrowed, and the palpi with accessory terminal joint.
It is a genus of general distribution, comprising nearly
200 species. e
Aleocharini (al” -ó-ka-ri ( ni), m. pl. [NL.,
K Aleochara + -ini.) A large tribe of small
rove-beetles of the family Staphylimidae. They
have the antennae inserted upon the front, the prothoracic
spiracles visible, the front coxae large, and the fourth joint
of the maxillary palpi distinct. The tribe comprises more
than 30 North American genera.
[NL., K. Gr.
Aleposomus (a-lep-ó-só'mus), n.
d- priv. -- Žetic, scale, -H odºua, body..] A ge-
nus of deep-sea fishes of the Atlantic, belong-
ing to the family Alepocephalidae.
Aleppo boil, button, evil. See ulcer.—Aleppo gall.
See Argall3.
alerta (ä-lär’tā), n. [Sp. See alert.] 1. A call
repeated by sentinels at regular intervals to
indicate their watchfulness.-2. An alarm by
a sentinel, causing the guard to assemble under
3,TTYIS.
Alethopteris (al-ć-thopte-ris), n. [NL. (Stern-
berg, 1825), K. Gr. d’Ayūg, true, + TTspic, fern.]
A genus of fossil plants usually classed with
the ferns and made the type of a suborder
Alethopterides. It is characterized by large bipinnate
to tripinmate fronds, the thick pinnules being inserted on
the rachis by a broad, decurrent base, sometimes con-
fluent. The fruit is unknown, but the recent discovery
of seeds intimately associated with the fronds renders it
probable that they were borne by this plant, in which
case it will be necessary to remºve it from the Pteridophyta
and place it in the class Pteridospermae of Oliver and
Scott. (See & Pteridospermae.) The genus occurs chiefly
in the productive coal-measures of both hemispheres.
alethopteroid (al-š- thopte-roid), a. [...Ale-
thopteris +, -oid.] Resembling or pertaining
to the fossil plant genus Alethopteris.
alethorama (al-e-th9-rā’mâ), m. [Gr. Čižmöße,
true, -H opaga, what is seen, a sight.] A form of
cinematograph devised by Mortier and Chéri-
Rousseau in which the film, instead of hav-
ing the usual interrupted motion, moves eon-
tinuously, and the screen, instead of being
alternately light and dark, is illuminated in a
permanent manner by the images. The appara-
tus consists of a wheel of which the peripheral teeth en.
alethorama
gage the perforations of the film and carry it in front of
a brilliant beam of light from an electric arc. The trans-
parent film permits the light to pass through, and the
picture is reflected from a mirror behind to another at
one side, then through the first lens of the projection-
objective to another mirror or to a reflecting prism, and
finally out of the second lems to the screen. The instru-
ment may also be used as a registering apparatus if a
special shutter is provided. This is done by placing
Within the principal drum a smaller one which shall have
slits one third as numerous as the compartments of the
outer drum and shall revolve three times as fast.
aletophyte (a-lè’tó-fit), n. [Gr. ÖAffrnç, vaga-
bond + putóv, plant.] A ruderal plant, or one
sporadically introduced. Aletophytes are re-
garded by Pound and Clements, the authors of
the term, as a subclass of mesophytes.
aleurodiform (al-ū-rö’di-fôrm), a. In entom.,
resembling one of the insects of the genus
Aleurodes or family Aleurodidae. Jour. Roy.
Micros. Soc., April, 1904. , ,
aleuronate, aléuronat (a-lü'rö-nāt, ºnat), n.
[Irreg. K Gr. 32.Évpov, flour, --, -atel..] Albu-
minous material of vegetable origin. Aleuro-
nate flour has been used as a substitute for ordinary
flour in making diabetic bread. It contains a low per-
centage of starch. -
Our bread was partly carefully dried wheaten biscuits,
and partly alewronate bread, which I had caused to be
made of wheat flour mixed with about 30 per cent. of
alewronate flour (vegetable albumen).
Nansen, Farthest North, II. 126.
aleuroscope (a-lii’rö-sköp), n. [Gr. &Aewpov,
flour, + akotreiv, view.] An instrument, in-
vented by Sellnick, designed, like the aleurom-
eter of Boland, to indicate the fitness of flour
for making bread.
aleutite (a-lii’ tit), m. [Aleut(ian) (islands) +
-ite?..] In petrog., a name used by Spurr (1900)
for andesites characterized by andesin and
labradorite feldspars. The corresponding gran-
ular rocks are called belugite by Spurr.
A-level (ā'lev-el), n. A leveling instrument
used for grading earth-work, leveling ditches,
etc. It consists of a light wooden frame of three pieces
fastened together like the capital letter “A” with a
plumb-line suspended from the vertex. To prepare it for
use, the two feet are first brought carefully to the same
level and the position of the plumb-line is marked on the
horizontal crosspiece. In use the two feet may thus be
brought level by moving one up or down till the plumb-
line coincides with the mark on the crosspiece. The two
feet of the inclined pieces are frequently placed at some
convenient distance apart, as three yards, ten feet, a rod;
and the instrument may then also be used for stepping off
horizontal distances as well as leveling.
[Alexander:
alexandert (al-eg-zan’dér), v. t. e
see def. and ef, lynch, v.] To treat with harsh-
ness and severity, in the manner of Sir Jerome
Alexander, an Irish judge in the seventeenth
century who was noted for his harsh and mer-
ciless decisions, especially in regard to Pres-
byterians and other nonconformists; by im-
plication, to hang. [Rare.]
Ithank God the robbers in this province are suppressed.
I hear not of one these three weeks. Many I have taken
and keep in jail against the assizes, where I hope they
will be alearandered.
Earl of Orrery, Letter to Ormonde, April 18, 1666 (Trans.
[Roy. Hist. Soc., II. 124).
alexanders, m.—Golden alexanders, a yellow-flow-
ered umbelliferous herb of the northeastern United States,
Thaspium trifoliatum awrewm. The name is less prop-
erly applied to Zizia aurea.— Purple alexanders, Thas-
pium trifoliatum, a plant similar to the golden alexan-
ders, but with purple flowers.
alexandra (al-eg-zan' drã), n. In angling, an
artificial fly with silver body and peacock harl.
Alexandra car. See *car. e Zºº * * *
Alexandrian clover. See Trifolium and
*berseem.
a lexia, n. — Motor alexia, a form of aphasia in which
the patient cannot read aloud, though understanding the
printed page.— Optical, sensory, or visual alexia, loss
of ability to comprehend the written or printed page.
Alexian (a-lek'si-àn), a. and n. ..I. a. Of Or
pertaining to St. Alexius or Alexis, or to the
Alexians. e -
II. m. A member of the religious congrega-
tion of Alexian brothers, or Cellites. They are
an association of laymen formed about the beginning of
the fourteenth century to take charge of the sick and
infirm : called Alezians from St. Alexius, their patron
Saint. 7 ºr /
alexin (a-lek'sin), m. [Irreg. K. Gr. 3%;etv, Ward
off, protect, + -in?..] A term originally intro-
duced by Buchner to designate certain sub-
stances present in normal blood-serum which
are capable of destroying various foreign cel-
lular elements, such as bacteria, red blood-
corpuscles, etc. In the literature of immunity, this
term has been retained to a certain extent, by French
writers especially, to designate that component of the
gerum which renders possible the action of the yarious
specific immune bodies (amboceptors) and which is de-
stroyed by heating to a temperature of about 56°C, or 9n
prolonged standing. In this sense its meaning is the
Alfenid metal.
alferſemph
alfonsin (al-fon'sin), m.
alga, n-Boring
Algansea (al-gan'sé-á), n.
same as that of kcomplement, 8, a term introduced by
Ehrlich and now the one most commonly used. Such
complemental action is noted in the case of the hemo-
lysins, the bacteriolysins, and the various cytotoxins.
Same as kaddiment and ¥cytase. *
alexocyte (a-lek’s 3-sit), n. ...[Gr. ÖAéetv, ward
off, protect, + körog, a hollow (a cell).]. A
term introduced by Hankin to designate those
leucocytes which supposedly furnish alexins.
Alexurus (a-lek-Sü’rus), n. [NL., K (?) Gr.
d'Aéetv, defend, -H oipá, tail.] A genus of
ſº foundin Mexico. A. armiger is found at
La Paz.
Algonkian
to the affections of pleasantness and unplea-
santness; pertaining to pleasure and pain.
I shall venture occasionally to use the word algedonic
as an adjective to cover the ground of pain and pleasure.
Marshall, Pain, Pleasure and AEsthetics, p. 9.
II. m. pl. In psychol, and esthetics, the doc-
trine of affection; the science of pleasure and
pain.
It would be well if English usage authorized the em-
ployment of the word algedonics to signify the science of
pain and pleasure.
Marshall, Pain, Pleasure and Æsthetics, p. 9.
alezan (al-e-zan'), n. [F. and OF. alegan, K Algerian fir. See *.ſir.
Sp. alagan, of undetermined (Ar. 3) origin..] Alger metal. See *metal.
A sorrel horse. [Rare.]
The snow-white steed of Odo ; the alezam of Fitz-
Osborne. Bulwer, Harold. N. E. D.
alfa, n. A simplified spelling of alpha.
alfabet, n. A simplified spelling of alphabet.
alfalfa, n. —Turkestan alfalfa, a variety of º §
This an
the oasis alfalfa are likely to be valuable in the dry parts
of the western United States, where irrigation is im-
a drought-resisting variety
uced into the western United
great value in the arid region of central Asia.
practicable.—Oasis *
of the common alfalfa, intro
States from Tunis.
See *metal.
ic (al"fêr-fem-fir’ik), a. [alfer(ric)
+ fem(ic)
alferric silicates (hornblende, augite, biotite)
and the simpler ferric or ferromagnesian
minerals (hypersthene, diopside, olivin):
proposed by Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, and
Washington (1902) in their quantitative classi-
fication of igneous rocks (which see, under
*rock).
alfer.phyric (al-fér-fir’ik), a. [alfer(ric) + (por)-
phyr(it)ic.] In petrog., moting a porphyry con-
taining phenocrysts of an aluminous ferro-
magnesian (alferric) mineral. See quantita-
tive classification of igneous rocks, under *rock.
alferric (al-fer'ik), a. [al(uminous) + ferr(0-
magnesian) + -ic.] Pertaining to, belonging
to or having the characteristics of the group
of aluminous, ferromagnesian, and calcic
silicates, rock-making minerals, such as augite,
hornblende, and biotite. See quantitative
classification of igneous rocks, under *rock.
alfilerilla, n.-Musky alfi.lerilla, a weed, Erodium
m0Schatwm, which invades pasture-grounds from Cali-
fornia to Arizona. It has a limited forage value. Also
called ground-needle and mºwsky heron’s-bill.
[Pg. alfonsim, a fish
So named, also a silver coin, K Alfonso, a royal
name.] Any species of fish of the genus Berya.
alforjaf (äl-fôr'hâ), m. [Sp., perhaps K. Ar.
al-khorj : al, the, + khorj, store, supply..] . A
Saddle-bag; knapsack; wallet. [Spanish-
American. J
alfridary (al’ fri-dà-ri), n. [NL. alfridaria,
prob. of Ar. Origin; perhaps K. Ar. al., the, +
Jariydah (farida), a fixed and defined part, K
Jarada, he defined, decreed, etc..] In astrol.,
the planet supposed to rule any given septem-
nial period of human life.
alg (alg), m. [= G. alge, K L. alga: see alga.]
A seaweed; an alga.
alga, one of several of the algæ which
have the power of penetrating bivalve-shells, corals, etc.
algal, a.-Algal fungus, any fungus which shows close
relations to the algae and is supposed to be derived from
them, as the Phycomycetes.
algalia (äl-gålé-á), n. [Colonial Sp.K. Sp. al-
galva, civet, alluding to the odor of the seeds.] Algol (al'gol or al-golſ), m.
The abelmosk, Abelmoschus Abelmoschus, a
shrub cultivated for its flowers and seeds,
which have a strong odor of musk. See Abel-
moschus, abelmosk, amber-seed, and muskmal-
low, 2.
[NL.] A genus of
large chubs, of the family Cyprinidae, found in
Mexico.
algebra, n.--Double algebra. See *double—Uni-
versal algebra. (a) That calculus whose general prin-
ciples are the general definitions which hold for any
process of addition and others which hold for any process
of multiplication. (b) Algebra of multiple units. Sylvester.
algebraic, a.—Algebraic addition. See kaddition.
—Algebraic configuration, the aggregate of rational
functions of x and y, where y and x are connected by an
algebraic equation.—Algebraic magnitude. See #7mag-
nitude.—Algebraic surface. See surface.
algebraization, algebrization (al/je-brā-j-Zā’-
shgn, al/je-bri-zā‘shgn), n. [algebraize, -brize,
+ -ation.] Algebraic calculation; reduction
algesia (al-jë'si-á), m.
i:
algesimeter, .
8,
algicide (al' ji-sid), n.
(por) phyr(it)ic.] In petrog., not-
ing a porphyry containing phenocrysts of both
alginate (al'ji-nāt), n.
algine, m.
alginic (al-jinik), a. [algin + -ic.] In chem.,
algioglandular (al"ji-Ö-glan’dī-lär), a.
algiometabolic (al"ji-Ö-met-a-bol'ik), a.
algiomuscular (al"ji-Ö-musſki-lär), a.
algiovascular (al"ji-Ö-vasſkij-lär), a.
algivorous (al-jiv'º-rus), a.
algometer (al-gom’e-tèr), n.
º [Gr. &Wymouc, sense of
pain, Kāāyeiv, feel pain. Cf. analgesia.] Capa-
city for pain; pain sensitivity; sensitiveness to
algesimetric (al-jë-sim’e-têr,
-jë-si-met’rik). See kalgometer, kalgometric.
[NL., K alga + L.
-cida, K ca?dere, kill.] Any substance, as Cop-
per sulphate, which has the property of de-
stroying algae. Science, XX. 805.
Algid Լ form of pernicious malarial fever marked
by severe chills. tº e
algin, algine (al’jin), m. [alga + -in”, -ine?..]
A mucilaginous substance obtained from cer-
tain algae, Laminaria Stenophylla and L. digi-
tata. It slightly resembles gelatin, but differs from that
in not coagulating to a jelly and in not being precipitated
by tannin, from albumin in not coagulating by heat, and
from gum arabic in being precipitated by mineral acids
and several organic acids. Insoluble algin is a nitroge-
nous acid, algûmic acid. This forms soluble salts with the
alkaline metals; those of the heavy metals are for the
most part insoluble in water. The solutions of algin are
very viscid. It has 14 times the viscidity of starch and
37 times that of gum arabic. It may be used as a thick-
ener and for fixing iron and aluminium mordants in cal-
ico-printing, as a Waterproof dressing for cloth, and for
emulsifying oils and clarifying wines and spirits. It may
be obtained in thin transparent sheets, forming a substi-
tute for parchment paper, gutta-percha, or gelatin; aud
it dries up to a horny substance which may be turned and
polished like ivory or the ivory-nut,
[algin (ic) + -ate.] In
chem., a salt of alginic acid.
See *algin.
of or pertaining to *ś acid, the in-
soluble form of algin freed from the basic elements with
which it produces Salts, the algimates.
[Ir–
reg. K Gr. 3%).og (gen. ÖAyeog), pain, + E. glandu-
lar.] Relating to glandular action as the
result of painful stimulation. I
[Ir-
reg. K Gr. 3%)og, pain, + E. metabolic.] Re-
lating to metabolic changes as the result of
painful stimulation.
algiomotor (alºji-à-mö'tgr), @.. [Irreg. K. Gr.
ã7 yog, pain, + E. motor.] Relating to a motor
effect, as the outcome of painful *
[Ir-
reg. K. Gr. &Wyog, pain, +- E. muscular.] Rela-
ting to muscular action as the result of pain-
ful stimulation. º
[Irreg.
K. Gr. &Wyog, pain, + E. vascular.] Relating to
vascular changes as the result of painful stim-
ulation.
[L. alga, a sea-
weed, vorare, eat.] Feeding upon sea-
weeds: said of somefishes and of the Galápagos
lizard, Amblyrhynchus.
[Ar., “the demon.’]
A pale star varying in magnitude from 2.3 to
4.0 in a period of 2.89 days; 3 Persei.—Algol
variable, a star which remains most of the time con-
stant in brightness, but which at regular intervals suffers
a comparatively sudden diminution of its light, due to
the interposition of one of the members of a binary pair
between the other member and the observer. Often
called eclipse variable.
[Gr. 37 yog, pain,
+ piétpov, measure.] An instrument used in
psychophysical determinations of the stimulus
limen and differential limen of cutaneous or
muscular pain. Also algesimeter.
The pressure algometer consists essentially of a strong
spring, by means of which a rubber disc or point is pressed
against the surface to be tested.
Scriptwre, New Psychol., p. 303.
algometric º a. In psychophyS.,
pertaining to the use of the algometer or to
the measurement of sensitivity to pain. Also
algesimetric. G. S. Hall, Adolescence, II. 4.
of a calculation or problem to algebraic form. algometry (al-gom’e-tri), m. [Gr. 3%).og, pain,
Nature, LXVII. 203.
-F -perpía, Kpuérpov, a measure.] The measure-
algedonic (al-jë-oral-gé-don'ik), a. and n. [NL. ment of sensitivity to pain. . Also algesimetry,
*algedonicus K. Gr. 3250c, pain + #óová, plea- Algonkian, Algonquian (al-gonſki-an), a.
sure.] I. a. In psychol. and esthetics, relating
[Algonk(in) + -ian.] 1. Same as Algonkin.—2.
- Algonkian
Specifically,ingeol., sº. to the Precambrian
rocks which are either themselves sedimentary
or, if igneous, are later than known sediments.
-Algonkian period, a subdivision of Precambrian
time, as used by the tinited states Geological Survey,
immediately preceding the Cambrian. It in turn is pre-
ceded by the Archaean in a restricted sense. It is equiva-
lent to the latter part of the Archaeam, in the broad sense
of that term used by many authors: *.*.*. to the
Archaeozoic of J. D. Dana or to the Agnotozºic of R. D.
Irving. Under the Algonkian are placed all those Pre-
Cambrian rocks which are sedimentary or, if igneous, are
later than recognizable sediments.
algophilist (al-gof'i-list), n. [algophily-H -ist.]
Öhé who takes a morbiá pleasure in the con-
templation of mental or physical pain in others
or in himself. Alien, and Neurol, May, 1903.
algophily (al-gof'i-li), n. [Gr. 3%)oc, pain, F
thfa, K piñeiv, love..] Love of pain as felt by
others (active algophily) or as experienced in
one's own person (passive algophily). Alien.
and Neurol., May, 1903.
algorism, n.-Isobaric algorism, the process of form-
ing the expression for the sum of the products of m fac-
tors, each being the same function of m integers whose
sum is p.
algraphy (alºgra-fi), n. [Irreg. Kal(uminium) +
Gr. -)papia, K. ypápetv, write.] The art of
printing from an aluminium plate to which
a design in hardened oily ink has been trans-
ferred. The portions of the plate which are not covered
by the lines of the design imbibe from a damping-roller
water which resists where it is not needed the deposit
of oily ink made by a second roller. The lines of the
design accept the ink, which can then be neatly trans-
ferred to paper by impression. See the extract.
Successful work, especially in colour, has also been
produced lately by algraphy — a process in which alumi-
num takes the place of the stone.
Encyc. Brit., XXVIII. 266.
alhambra (al-ham'brá), n. A counterpane or
bedquilt of coarse texture, woven with colored
threads and in Jaequard designs.
al-het (äl-ćhet’), n. [Heb. ' al het, “for the
sin.”] The Jewish “longer confession of sin”:
so called from the first two words of that
confession. Like most of the prayers in the Jewish
festival ritual, called malizor, it is acrostically arranged.
Each verse asks forgiveness for a special sin presumed
to have been committed by the person confessing. This,
like the “lesser confession,’ &ashamnu (which see), is
most solemnly chanted by the reader and congregation
several times during the services of the day of Atonement.
alicyclic (al-i-sik' lik), a. [ali(phatic) + Gr.
kūkāoç, a circle, + -ic (see cyclic).] In chem.,
a term introduced by Bamberger to designate
a compound containing a ring of carbon atoms
but at the same time having many of the prop-
erties of the aliphatic or open-chain com-
ounds.
alienation, n. 2. The state in which a person
has completely forgotten his identity and be-
comes a new person, alien to his former self.
This use of the term was proposed when the described
mode of dissolution of personality first attracted atten-
tion; but the word having already the recognized tech-
nical meaning 1 (d), this employment of it has been
rejected.
alienize (äl’yen-iz), v. t.; pret, and pp. alienized,
ppr. alienizing. [alien + -ize.] To render alien
or foreign; form or conceive in accordance
withforeign notions or ways. G. Meredith, Evan
Harrington, p. 32.
alienocola (ä"li-en-ok'3-lâ), m. ; pl. alienocolae
(-lé). [NL., K. L. alienus, of another, -H -Cola,
K colere, inhabit. J A parthenogenetic insect
which is born upon and inhabits a plant of a
different kind from that upon which its parent
was born.
In the spring winged females are produced, which mi-
grate to the Larch and give rise parthenogenetically to a
wingless generation which hibernates under the bark.
These aliemocolae in the following spring produce par-
thenogenetic winged females.
Phillips, Proc. Almer. Philos. Soc., 1903, p. 298.
aliethmoidal (al’i-eth-moiſdal), a. [aliethmoid
`---al.] Pertaining to the aliethmoid, or wing
of the ethmoid region of the orbitonasal car-
tilage; relating to that part of the mesethmoid
cartilage from which the aliethmoids are de-
veloped. W. K. Parker, Morphol. of the Skull,
. 226.
aif (ā‘lif), n. ... [Pers., KAr, 'alif- Heb, 'aleph:
see alpha.] The first letter of the Persian
(Arabic) alphabet, consisting of a single stroke;
hence, a mere letter; a jot.
A hair, they say, divides the false and true;
Yes; and a single alāf were the clue,
Could you but find it, to the Treasure-house,
And peradventure to The Master, too. .
Fitzgerald, trans. Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat, quat. 1.
aliipoe (à-lè'é-pö’â), m [Hawaiian.] The com-
mon canna or Indian-shot, Canna indica.
*
alimentive (al-i-men’tiv), a. [aliment + -ive.]
Relating or pertaining to food or to the desire
to eat and drink.
alimentum (al-i-men’tum), n. ; pl. alimenta
(-tā). [L.; see aliment.] Aliment; food. Pop.
Sci. Mo., LIX. 468.
alinement, n. 4. In archaeol., megaliths ar-
ranged in single, parallel, or converging rows.
linite, (al’i-nit), m. [G. alimit, a trade-name.
From its use and form it may be conjectured
to be formed from L. al(imentum), aliment, +
'-in” + -ite?..] A preparation in the form of a
yellowish powder containing a pure culture of
Bacillus Ellenbachensis a. It is used for soil-in-
oculation, and is said to be an aid to cereals in
assimilating nitrogen. Also alimit.
alinjection (al-in-jek'shgn), n. [al(cohol) +
injection.] . In histol., the injection of alcohol
into the tissues for the purpose of hardening
them. B. G. Wilder.
alintatao (à-lin-tä'tou), n. [Said to be a Taga-
log name.] In the Philippine Islands, a tree,
Diospyros pilosanthera, of the ebony family.
It has simple alternate entireleaves,small unisexual flow-
ers, and globose edible fruit, and yields a very hard, dark-
colored wood like ebony, which is used in cabinet-making.
alipata (à-lé-pâ(tā), n. [Said to be Bisayan,
but not found..] In the Philippine Islands, the
blinding-tree, Excaecaria Agallocha. See Ex-
caºcaria, tiger's-milk, and * blinding-tree.
aliphatic (al-i-fat'ik), a. [NL. aliphaticus, K
Gr. ÖAetºpap (-at-), an unguent, fat, K &Weigetv,
anoint.] Of or pertaining to fat; fatty; specif-
ically, in chem., designating compounds which
have only an open chain of carbon atoms, as
distinguished especially from aromatic com-
pounds, which contain a ring of carbon atoms.
The natural fats consist chiefly of compounds
of this type.
aliquot (al’i-kwot), v. t. [aliquot, a.] To divide
into equal parts which are a multiple or a sub-
multiple of another quantity. An aliquoting mech-
anism is one which causes one part of a machine to move
n times while the other part moves once. Sci. Amer. Sup.,
Nov. 22, 1902.
Aliquot tones, in acoustics, harmonics or overtones.
alisier (ä-lè-zi-ā’), m. [Creole F., same as F.
alizier, the bean-tree.] The stag-bush, Wi-
burnum prunifolium. [Louisiana.]
alism (al’izm), m. [al-, part of the Semitic
name for “God’ (Heb. el-, Ar. il-, ilâh, al’lāh, Al-
lāh), + -ism..] A title adopted by Francis F.
Barham for his religious system, which honors
‘divinity’ as the all-supreme good, and de-
scribes religion as the life of God in the soul
of man, a divinity of essential being rather
than formal doctrine.
alisphenoid, n. 2. In ichth., a small lateral
bone of the cranium. It articulates above with the
sphenotic and an inner descending wing of the frontal,
and behind with the proëtic. It usually forms a part of
Inferior View of Cranium.
Roccies lifted £1és.
1, vomer; 2, ethmoid; 3, prefrontal; 4, frontal : 5, sphenotic; 6,
parietal; 7, epiotic; 8, supraoccipital; 9, pterotic; ro, °.
11, exoccipital; 12, basioccipital; 13, parasphenoid; 14, basisphe-
noid; 15, proëtic; 16, alisphenoid.
the lateral border of the anterior opening of the brain-
case, though sometimes it nearly closes this by bend-
ing inward and meeting its opposite fellow in a median
suture. The ‘alisphenoid of Owen is the ‘proëtic' of
Parker. . 1- - - - -
aliturgic (a-li-têr'jik), a. [a-18 + liturgić.]
Without liturgy; designating a day in the Chris-
tian year when the liturgical order is dispensed
with. Strictly speaking, this never occurs. The mass
of the presanctified on Good Friday, referred to below, is
according to the liturgy, though the liturgical order is
curtailed in that ceremony.
alizarate (a-liz’a-rät), n.
alizarin, n.
aljama (äl-hā’mă), n.
aljofaira (äl’hô-fā’é-mâ), m.
alkalic
Meanwhile, both in East and West, the general praç-
tice has continued unbroken of reserving the Eucharist,
in order that the “mass of the presanctified” might take
place on certain “aliturgic” days.
Encyc. Brit., XXXII. 220.
aliturgical (a-li-tér'ji-kal), a. Same as *ali-
turgic.
alivincular (al’i-vingſkä-lär), a. [L. ala, wing,
+ vinculum, band, + - arð..] Noting that
form of ligament in the pelecypod mollusks
which is like a cord or plug extending between
the beaks of the two valves: it may be central
or posterior: contrasted with parivincular.
[alizar-in + -atel..]
A salt of allizarin.
Commercial alizarin is sold in the form
of a yellow paste containing 20 per cent. of dry substance,
and, less frequently, as a dry powder. The dry substance
in the paste is seldom pure alizarin, but contains vary-
ing amounts of flavopurpurin and anthrapurpurin, both
of which have properties similar to alizarin. Natural
alizarin derived from madder contains purpurin in addi-
tion to the above. The nature of the various commer-
cial alizarins is often designated by suffixed letters or
numbers. Thus alizarim I, altzarin P, and alizarin V
are nearly pure alizarin and give bluish reds, while aliza-
rim, CA, altzarim G, etc., contain anthrapurpurin or flavo-
purpurin, or both, and give yellowish reds.-Alizarin
black, blue, Bordeaux, cardinal, etc. See ºblack,
etc.— Alizarin saphirol, an acid dyestuff derived from
anthraquinone. It dyes wool a bright and clear blue
which is remarkably fast to light.—Alizarin yellow,
violet. See #yellow, xviolet 1.
[Sp., K. Ar. al, the, +
Ar. jamá'a, a gathering, a congregation.] A
self-governing community of Jews or of Moors
living in Spain under Spanish rule during the
middle ages.
º -> [Sp., K. Ar. al-ho-
Jaina, al-hufaina, Kal, the, + hofaina, hufaina,
K hafna, a cup, porringer (Monlau).] An
earthen jug or basin.
Same as *ajonjoli.
*ś 12.
Alkahada pottery. See *pottery.
3,
Ikali, n., 3. This term, used in the commercial sense,
includes the carbonates of sodium and potassium, for-
merly called mild alkalis, and the hydroxids of time same
metals, the caustic alkalis. The alkali industry is one
of great importance, especially the manufacture of soda,
both carbonate and caustic. It is carried on mainly by
three methods: the Leblanc process, the Solvay or annmo-
nia process, and the electrolytic process. In the last of
these, of recent introduction, a solution of common salt
is decomposed by an electric current. The Solvay pro-
cess is not practically applicable to the production of
potash; it is at present the principal source of soda.
4. A mineral compound soluble in water under
ordinary surface conditions. They are chiefly
chlorids, sulphates, carbonates, and bicarbonates of so-
dium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. These salts
commonly effloresce and form crusts over surfaces in
dry seasons. They are derived fron, the decay of rocks,
and are carried in solution from these sources, becoming
concentrated enough to be detrimental only in arid or
semi-arid regions. There are two well-known types,
black and white.—Alkali blue-grass, brown, bulrush,
See Ablue-grass, etc.—Alkali flat, a sterile plain or basin
carrying an excess of alkali in its soil; usually the un-
drained or poorly drained remnant of a former lake in
an arid region.— Alkali manufacture, in a general
sense, the production on the great scale of the alkalis
soda and potash, and their carbonates, but more gener-
ally used in a restricted sense to mean the manufacture
of soda, carbonate and caustic, especially by the Leblanc
process, with the accessory products, as bleaching-pow-
der, commonly made on the same premises.—Alkali
soil, any soil containing an unusual amount of soluble
mineral salts OT alkali. More than four tenths of One
per cent. of such soluble matter is injurious to most vege-
tation), although smaller amounts, on the contrary, are
often advantageous. Soils naturally well drained do not
suffer from these constituents, and alkali soils are con-
fined either to poorly drained or to arid regions.—Alkali
Spot, an area underlain by waters which drain from
irrigated lands, frequently becoming increasingly sat-
urated with alkali. Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr. 1900,
p. 472.—Alkali Waste, in the Leblanc process for the
manufacture of carbonate of soda from common salt, the
insoluble residue left after leaching black ash with
water. It consists chiefly of calcium sulphid, carbonate,
and hydroxid, and is largely utilized for the recovery of
the sulphur which it contains.—Alkali Waters, natural
mineral waters so heavily charged with alkalis as to
be unfit for ordinary uses.— Black alkali, the mame
given, in some of the western regions of the United States,
to sodium carbonate existing in the land, because it pro-
duces black spots by its action on the humus of the soil.
Ammonia and sodium carbonate or “black alkali,” on
the other hand, break down any aggregates which have
been formed, and thus have the effect of “puddling "the
soil, which dries into a hard connpact mass.
Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agr. 1900, p. 209.
Refined alkali. Same as white kalkali.-White alkali,
in the manufacture of carbonate of soda by the Leblanc
process, the product obtained by redissolving soda-ash
in Water, clarifying the liquor, and evaporating to dryness.
alkalic (al-kal'ik), a. [alkali + -ic.] 1. Same
as alkaline. Elect. World and Engin., Sept. 3,
1904.—2. Specifically applied to the minerals
of igneous rocks (in the quantitative classifi-
cation) or to magmas and rocks generally, when
Specially characterized by their alkali con-

alkalic
tents: in distinction from alkaline, which im-
plies the chemical property of alkalinity.
alkalicalcic (al” kal-i-kal’ sik), a. [alkali +
Calcio..] . In petrog., a term used in the quanti-
tative classification of igneous rocks to indi-
cate that certain rocks, the chemical composi-
tion of which is known, contain alkalis and
lime belonging to the standard salic minerals
(feldspars andfeldspathoids) in equal or nearly
equal amounts. A certain systematic division of the
Quantitative classification is called the alkalicalcic rang.
; gantitative classification of igmeow8 rocks, under
7°GCAC.
alkali-grass, n. 2. Puccinellia airoides (some-
times called alkali meadow-grass) and P. Lem-
*moni, of the northern Rocky Mountain region.
Sporobolus airoides of the Southwest has been
called alkali finetop.–3. A species of poison
Camass, Zigadenus elegans, dangerous to stock:
so called in the stock-raising regions of Mon-
tana, etc.
alkalimeter, n. 2. An instrument for the quan-
titative analysis of carbonated alkali. It consists
essentially of a thin glass vessel which can be weighed on a
delicate balance and is so constructed that a known weight
of sodium carbonate or acid carbonate contained in one
division is kept from acid contained in another division
during the first weighing. The acid is then run on the
carbonate, causing an evolution of carbon-dioxid gas,
which, in passing out of the apparatus, bubbles through
A, Mohr’s Alkalimeter; B, Wibel's Alkalimeter.
concentrated sulphuric acid or passes over calcium
chlorid and is thus deprived of moisture. The apparatus
is weighed a second time, the loss in weight representing
the carbon dioxid evolved and thus indicating the quality
of the carbonate. As a precaution, dry air is drawn
through the apparatus to displace any residual gas.
Special forms have been devised by Bunsen, Fresenius,
Schroetter, Mohr, and others.
alkalimirlic (al'kal-i-mér’lik), a. [alkali +
ºmirlic.] In petrog., a term used in the quanti-
tative classification of igneous rocks to indi-
cate that certain rocks, the chemical compo-
sition of which is known, contain alkalis and
mirlic constituents belonging to the standard
femic minerals in equal or nearly equal
amounts. A certain systematic division of the
quantitative system is called an alkalimirlic
Tang. See quantitative classification of igneous
7°ocks, under *rock.
Alkaline glands. See Agland.— Alkaline iodide. See
*iodide.—Alkaline metals, the metals of which the
hydroxids constitute the alkalis, namely, sodium, potas-
sium, and the rarer lithium, rubidium, and caesium.—
Alkaline tide. See ktide.—Alkaline water, a mineral
Water occurring in nature with the carbonate of sodium
or potassium (generally the former) as an ingredient in
sufficient quantity to give a well-marked reaction to test-
paper and medicinal activity. The carbonates of calcium
and imagnesium are also frequently present, dissolved by
excess of carbonic acid. The waters of Vichy in France
and Ems in Germany are examples.
alkali-weed (al’ ka-li-wód), m.
mansa, Amenopsis Californica.
alkali-works (al ka, -li-wórks), m. pl.
buildings, machinery, and other appliances
used in the conduct of the aikali manufacture.
alkalizer (al'ka-li-Zēr), m. A chemical agent
which tends to render alkaline.
alkaloid, m.—Animal alkaloid, a leucomaine or a
ptomaîne. See these words.-Artificial alkaloid, Syn-
thetic alkaloid.--Cadaverig or putrefactive alkaloid
a ptomaîne. — Synthetic alkaloid, an alkaloid formed
artificially by chemical processes.
alkamari (äl-kā-mâ’ré), n. [Aymará of Bo-
livia.] A bird of prey, Polyphorus thanus, of
The yerba
The
the family Falconidae (though chiefly a scav- .
enger), frequently met with in the highlands of
Peru and Bolivia. It stalks about in pairs in culti-
vated patches and open spaces, and when disturbed it
flies only a short distance. Its plumage is dark brown
on the back, with an almost white breast. In northern
Peruvian (Quichua) it is called chima-linda.
alkameine (al-kam’é-in), n. [G. *alkameine;
as alkam(ine) + -e-iné%.] The carboxylic ester
of an alkamine or alkine. Also called alkeime.
alkamine (al-kam’in), n. [G. *alkamin, K al-
k(ohol), alcohol, + amine.] A name given
by Ladenburg to tertiary bases which contain
an alcoholic §º as diethylethylol amine,
(C2H5)2NC2H4OH. Also called alkine.
alānººn, ſºdiºnºi (ohol),
E. alcohol, --, -an, E. –ane.] A hydrocarbon,
CaF2n+2, of the marsh-gas or methane series:
official name.
alkannin (al-kan'in), n. [Alkanna + -īn?..]
A coloring matter, C15H1404, obtained as
a dark reddish-brown Hºàe: from Alkanna
tinctoria.
alkapton (al-kap (tôn), n. [alk:(ali) + Gr.
ôTTelv, touch..] A term originally introduced
to designate a certain urinary constituent
which is met with on rare occasions, and which
causes the urine to turn reddish brown or
black on standing or upon the addition of an
alkali. The substance to which this reaction is due
has been identified as homogentisinic acid, C6H3(OH)2.-
CH2. COOH. In one instance uroleucinic acid has been
found in the place of homogentisinic acid. Also alcap-
tom.
alkaptonic (al-kap-ton'ik), a. Of or pertain-
ing to alkapton. Homogentisinic acid and
uroleucinic acid are sometimes collectively
termed alkaptonic acids. See alkapton.
alkaptonuria (al-kap-tº-mü'ri-á), m. [NL., K
alkapton + oipov, urine.] The presence of al-
kapton in the urine when voided : a rare meta-
bolic anomaly. Also alcaptonuria.
alkeine, m. Same as *alkameine.
alkene (alſkēn), m. [G. *alken, Kalk:(ohol), E.
alcohol, -- -em, E. -eme.] A hydrocarbon, Cn-
H2n, of the ethylene or ethene series: official
Ila, IOle.
alkine (al’kim), n. [G. *alkin, K alk:(ohol), E.
alcohol, -- -in, E. -ine?..] 1. A hydrocarbon,
CnH2n-2, of the acetylene or ethine series: offi-
cial name.—2. Same as *alkamime.
alkoxyl (al-kok'sil), m. [G. *alkoayl, Kalk:(0-
hol), alcohol, -- E. Oa:(ygen) + -yl.] A general
name for an alkyl-group and oxygen, as ethoxyl,
CoIHRO.
aiſyfate (al’ki-lāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. alky-
lated, ppr. alkylating. [alkyl + -atel.] To in-
troduce an alkyl in place of a hydrogen atom.
Amer. Chem. Jour., April, 1903.
alkylation (al-ki-lā‘shgn), n. [alkylate + -ion.]
The process of introducing an alkyl in place
of hydrogen. Nature, July, 9, 1903.
aiºn. (al’ki-lèn), m. [alkyl + -eme.] Same
as ºalkene or olefine.
alkylidine (al-kil’i-din), m. [alkyl + -id --
-ine?..] The term applied, in organic chemis-
try, to bivalent hydrocarbon radicals, contain-
ing the group XCRR, where R represents hy-
drogen or any hydrocarbon radical, such as
methyl, CH3. The ethylidine radicals are
isomeric with the bivalent ethylene radical,
—CR2. CR2–.
aiiachiesthesia (al/a-kes-thé'si-á), m. [NL.,
K. Gr. 62%axi, elsewhere (KöWAof, other), +
aloffmotç, feeling.] The perception of a sensa-
tion elsewhere than at the point where the
stimulus is applied.
allactite (al'ak-tit), n. [Gr. &WAakr(ticóc), adj.,
K &WAáooetv, change, exchange (see allagite),
+ -ite2.] An arseniate of manganese occurring
in small brownish-red prismatic crystals:
found in Sweden. * * *
Allagecrinidae (a-laj-3-krinſ-i-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Allagecrimus + -idae.] The name given by
Etheridge and Carpenter to a family of simple
inadunate crinoids. They have a very small calyx,
basal plates ankylosed and supporting sometimes two
arms, sometimes one. They lived in early Carboniferous
S6281S.
Allagecrinus (al-a-jek’ri-mus), n. [NL., irreg.
Gr. 6%%ayń, change, -- kpivov, lily.] The
typical and only genus of the family Allage-
Crinidae.
allalinite (al-a-lin'it), m. [Allalin, a locality
in Switzerland, + -ite2.] In petrog., a name used
by Rosenbusch for saussurite-gabbro in
which the secondary smaragdite and saussurite
preserve the original texture of the rock in
spite of the complete transformation they rep-
resent. It is distinguished from flaser-gabbro,
in which there has been change in the form of
the constituents.
allanic (a-lan'ik), a. [allam(toin) + -ic.] Not-
ing an acid, C4H5N505 + H2O, formed, to-
allelomorph
gether with urea and allanturic acid, by the
action of nitric acid on allantoin.
allantiasis (al-an-ti'a-sis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
&AWäç (àA2avt-).-F -iašis (noting a disease).]
Same as *botulism.
allantoid, a .2. In bot, sausage-shaped : ap-
plied especially to the spores of certain pyre-
nomycetous fungi. ' ' . .
Allantospora (al-an-tos’pé-ré), m. pl. [NL.
K Gr. &AWäç (à%avT-), sausage, 4- oropá, spore.j
A name applied by Saccardo to artificial
divisions of various families and orders of
fungi, especially those of the Pyrenomycetes
and Fungi imperfecti, to include the genera
which have miceiular, cylindric, or curved
SOOl'éS.
allantoxaidin (al-an'tok-sā’i-din), n. [allan-
towa(nig). H -id” + -in”.] A substance, C3H3Ns-
O2 + H2O, formed from allantoxanic jä by
the loss of carbon dioxid. It is a weak acid.
allantoxanic (al-an"tok-San'ik), a. [allant(oin)
+ oa:(lygen) + -an- + -ic.] Noting an acid,
C4H9N3O4, formed by the oxidation of allan-
toin in an alkaline solution. It exists only in
the form of salts. -
allapinet, n. Another spelling of alepine.
alleged (a-lejd’), p. a. That is or has been
stated to be (what is specified in the following
word or clause); merely stated or asserted:
much used when one wishes to disclaim re-
sponsibility for the statement, or to intimate
his disbelief in it; as, an alleged fact; an
alleged interview ; an alleged illness.
We cannot be sure that the alleged second dispatch was
ever sent. Sir G. Coa, Gen. Hist. Greece, III. 10.
Alleghanian (al-à-gā’ni-an), a. and n. 1. Of
or pertaining to the Alleghanies.—2. In
anthrop., noting one of the secondary races of
man, established by Geoffroy, Saint-Hilaire,
embracing the “Red Indian.” Also used sub-
stantively. —Alleghanian area. See Aarea.
Allegheny River series. See *Series.
allegorism (al'é-gó-rizm), n. 1. Allegory or
allegorical writing.—2. Allegorical interpreta-
tion, especially of the Scriptures. See the
extract.
Allegorism : That explanation of a Scripture passage
which is based upon the supposition that its author,
whether God or man, intended something ‘other’ than
what is literally expressed. . . . Expositors of this
system may be called allegorists; the system itself
allegorism. Ginzberg, Jewish Encyc., I, 403.
allegorist, n. 2. One who interprets Scripture
allegorically. See *allegorism, 2.
allegoristic (al’é-gó-ris’tik), a. Of or pertain-
ing to an allegorist or writer of allegories: as,
the allegoristic style; allegoristic lessons.
allégresse (al-ā-gres'), m. [F., Kallègre, lively:
see allegro..] Gaiety ; sprightliness; glad-
someness; glee. Urquhart.
Allegrippus conglomerate.
erate.
allegro, (b. Special varieties of movement or style are
indicated by adding other terms: as, allegro agitato,
quick and with agitation; allegro assai, very quick;
allegro con brio or con fuoco, quick and with spirit or in-
tensity ; allegro con moto or allegro molto, with decided
Quickness; allegro vivace, quick and with vivacity;
allegro givesto, quick, but with steady, even movement;
allegro moderato, moderately quick; allegro ma mon
troppo, quick, but not excessively so.
alleja (a-lè'jā), n. [Anglo-Ind. Also allejah,
allacha, alacha, etc., K Hind. *alácha, ilâcha,
K Turki alăchah, alajah, alchah (Yuie).j A.
silk-and-cotton fabric of central Asia, woven
in wavy effects.
allelomorph (a-lel'č-mörf), n. [Gr. a7%Wov,
of one another, + poppſ, form.] In biol., one
of a pair of mutually exclusive qualities ex-
hibited respectively by each of two pure races
or varieties of a species, these qualities being
of such a nature that one or the other of the
pair is exhibited in perfection, to the com-
plete exclusion of the other, by each cross-bred
descendant of the two pure races. When the
cross-bred offspring, or the descendants of the cross-
bred offspring, of two pure races or varieties which dif-
fer from each other in respect to some characteristic are
like one or the other parent in respect to this character-
istic, and not intermediate between them, the character-
istic in question, in each parental form, is termed by
Bateson an allelomorph, or in both parental forms, con-
sidered collectively, a pair of allelomorphs. Thus, for
example, when descendants are reared from a tall º
and a short (R) variety of the garden-pea, some are tal
and some short, but intermediate forms are as rare as
they are in the tall and short varieties of pure blood
when bred true. In this case tallness and shortness may
be considered as a pair of mutually antagonistic or in-
compatible unit characters, or allelomorphs, each of
which may replace but not combine with the other in
the descendants from a cross between them. According
to Mendel and those who accept his theoretical explana-
See *conglom-

allelomorph
tion of the results of his experiments, the cross-bred in-
dividuals have two sorts of germ-cells in approximately
equal numbers, those which are like the germ-cells of
one pure parental Iace (D) and those which are like the
germ-cells of the other (R). If descendants are born
from cross-breeds through the union of two of the D or
tall germ-cells, the shortness (R) of the short variety
Will not be represented in the fertilized eggs from which
they arise, and they will be tall and will fiave none but
tall descendants; while those which arise from fertilized
eggs formed by the union of the R or short germ-cells
Will be short and wili have none but short descendants.
Those which arise from fertilized eggs formed by the
union of a tall (D) and a short (R) germ-cell may be tall
or short but not intermediate.
. [If] two similar gametes meet, their offspring will be
no more likely to show the other allélomorph than if no
cross had ever taken place.
Bategon and Sawnders, Rep. Evol. Com. Roy. #º.
allelomorphic (a-lel-3-mór'fik), a. [allelomorph
+ -ic.] Concerning or pertaining to an allelo-
morph; Mendelian.
But besides the strictly allelomorphic or Mendelian dis-
tribution of characters among the gametes . . . We can
imagine three other arrangements.
Bategon and Saunders, Rep. Evol. Com. Roy. *
Allelomorphic variety, an analytical variety. See *va-
Tiation.
allelomorphism (a-lel-3-mör'fizm), n. [allelo-
morph (ic) + -ism..] . The presence or the trans-
mission or the inheritance of allelomorphic
characters.
It does not appear as yet that simple allelomorphism.
occurs between any two colours, of which neither is
xanthic or albino.
Bateson and Sawnders, Rep. Evol. Com. Roy. #,1902,
. 142.
allelotaxis (a-lel-ū-tak'sis), n. [Gr. 3%m,
of one another, + taštg, arrangement.] In em-
bryol., the origin of an organ from several em-
bryonic sources, such as that of the hypophy-
sis from the entoderm of the pharynx and the
ectoderm of the brain. Von Kupffer.
allelotropy (a-le-lot’ré-pi), n. "[Gr. 32%u,
of each other, ---tporta, Krpétretv, turn.] The
existence in a tautomeric substance of the two
isomeric forms in such a condition that either
form readily passes over into the other. Knorr.
allene (al'én), n. [L, all(ium), garlic, F -eme.]
Same as *allylene.
allepigamic (al/ep-i-gam'ik), a. [Gr. 3WAoç,
other, + E. epigamic.] In biol., concerning or
pertaining to adventitious epigamic characters.
Poulton, Colours of Animals, p. 338... [Rare.]
allesthesia (al-es-thé'si-á), m. [NL., KGr.
ãA20g, other, + aloffmotç, sensation.] Same as
allochiria.
all-fives (äl’fiva'), n. A variety of all-
fours in which the points are scored as fast as
made in the trickstaken in. Ace of trumps counts
4, king 3, queen 2, jack 1, ten 10, and five 5. The game-
point is decided by counting these all over again at the
end. Sixty-one points make a game.
alliance, ºt.—Farmers' Alliance, a coöperative asso-
ciation of farmers, formed in Texas in 1876, for mutual
protection and assistance, especially in dealings with
middlemen and against the encroachments of capital-
ists in their wholesale purchases of lands. In later years
similar associations were formed in different parts of the
United States, and as a result of frequent amalgamations
of these the present Farmers' Alliance and Industrial
Union came into existence as a political body, coöperat-
ing more or less closely with the People's party.—Grand
Alliance. See Grand Alliance in Cyclopedia of Names.
--Presbyterian Alliance. See *Presbyterian.
allicholy! (al’i-kol-i), a. A jocose perver-
sion of the word “melancholy.” Shak., T. G. of
V., iv. 2. 27.
A disconsolate wood-pigeon . . . So allicholy as any-
thing. - Walpole, Letters, I. 8.
alligator, n. 6. A boat used in handling float-
ing logs. It can be moved overland from one
body of water to another by its own power, usu-
ally applied through a drum and cable. [U.S.]
Horn alligator, alligator leather made from the back
of the skin, which has the roughest and largest scales,
resembling plates of horm.
Alligatorellus (al"i-gā-to-rel'us), n. [NL., &
Alligator + dim. -ellus.] An extinct genus of
small crocodilians from the Jurassic litho-
graphic stone of Cérin, France.
Alligatorium (al’i-gā-tóri-um), n. . [NL., &
Alligat(or) + -orium.]. An extinct genus of
small crocodilians of the family Atoposauridae,
from the Jurassic lithographic limestone of
France and Bavaria.
alligator-shears (al’i-gā-tgr–Shērz"), m. sing.
and pl. , Shears used for cutting off puddled
loars in lengths suitable for piling, and also
the crop ends of bars in general. There is a
fixed lower jaw, and an upper movable jaw,
whose fulcrum is set at the inner end of the
cutting portion. Behind the fulcrum the lever
is prolonged, and attached to a connecting-rod
which receives its oscillatory movement from
a crank or eccentric. Also called crocodile- or
cropping-8hears. Lockwood, Dict. Mech. Eng.
Terms.
alligator-Snapper (al"i-gā-tgr-snap’ér), n. The
more common name for the alligator-terrapin,
Macrochelys lacertina, a species of fresh-water
turtle found along the border of the Gulf of
Mexico from Florida to Texas. It is the largest
fresh-water turtle of North America and pos-
sibly of the world, reaching a length of 5 feet
and a weight of 150 pounds.
Allionia (al-i-Ö'ni-á), n. [NL. (Loefling, 1758),
named in honor of Carlo Allioni (1725–1804), a
professor of botany at Turin.] A genus of
dicotyledonous plants of the family Nyctagi-
naceae. See Oxybaphus.
alliteral (a-lit'e-ral), a. [Irreg. K L. ad, to, +
litera, letter: see literal. Characterized by
alliteration; alliterational: as, the alliteral
languages of Africa.
alliterate, n. II. a. Formed by or showing
alliteration: as, alliterate words.
alliterational (a-lit-º-ra'shgn-al), a. Charac-
ºg or abounding in alliteration. Penny
c., 1858.
allituric (al-i-tū’rik), a. [all(antoin) + -it- +
wrie (?).] Noting an acid, C6H6O4N4, formed by
boiling a solution of alloxantin with hydro-
chloric acid. It is a yellowish, crystalline pow-
der moderately soluble in hot water.
all-nighter (āl-niſtèr), n. A public hack which
#. during the night. [Slang.]
allo-. 2. In chem., a prefix proposed by Michael
to designate an unexplained isomerism. Thus
fumaric acid would be called allomaleic acid. The prefix
is used for that isomer which is the less stable of the two
compounds considered.
[Gr.
allo-autogamous (al/6-à-tog'a-mus), a.
&%0g, other, + autogamous.] In bot., self-fer-
tilizing, but only when cross-fertilization fails.
allo-autogamy (al’ô-á-tog'a-mi), m. [K allo-
awtogamous + -y.] The character of being allo-
autogamous.
allocaffein (al”6-ka-fé'in), m. A compound,
H905N3, formed by decomposing the bro-
mine addition-product of methylcaffein with
water. It melts at 1969–1989 C.
allocarpy (al’º-kār-pi), m. [Gr. 3%20g, other,
+ kaptóg, fruit..] The bearing of fruit as a
result of cross-fertilization.
allochiral (al-3-ki'ral), a. [Gr. 3%20g, other,
+ 2 e(p, hand.] Relating or related to the other
hand; related as one hand of an individual is
to the other hand of the same individual; simi-
lar, correspondent, or identical in form, as the
right hand is to the left, though on opposite
sides of the body and the parts are arranged
in reverse order: opposed to *homochiral. See
also kheterochiral,
allochirally (al-3-ki'ral-i), adv. In an allo-
chiral manner; as one hand is to the other.
Allochromatic precious stones, precious stones of a
variable character, that is, possessing one or more colors
in the same crystal or gem. -
allocinnamic (al-ā-sin'a-mik), a. [Gr. 3%20g,
other, -- cinnamic.] Noting an acid isomeric
with ordinary cinnamic acid, but closely re-
lated to it in structure. The two acids are
supposed to be stereomers.
alloclase (al’ô-kläs), m. [Gr. 37Aoç, other, +
käägtg, breaking, K Rīāv, break.] Same as *al-
loclasite.
alloclasite (a-ló’kla-sit), n. [As alloclase +
-ite?..] A mineral related to arsenopyrite, con-
taining sulphur, arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, and
iron: found in Hungary. *
allocochick (al-j-kó’chik), m. [N. W. North
Amer. Ind.] The name of Indian shell-money
used in northern California.
allocryptic (al-ū-kripºtik), a. [Gr. 3%0g, other,
+ kpvrtóg, hidden.] Concerning or pertaining
to the concealment of an organism by objects
which are not part of its body.
Allocryptic methods may also be used for aggressive
purposes, as the ant-lion larva, almost buried in Sand, or
the large frog Ceratophrys, which covers its back with
earth when waiting for its prey.
Encyc. Brit., XXVII. 147.
allocutive (a-lok'il-tiv), a. Speaking with au-
thority and in reprehension, as in a papal allo-
cution.
He had been greatly convinced of the great resources
of the vernacular, by hearing an old neighbor, noted for her
allocutive energy, remark that she had just given the hired
man a good tongue-banging. The Atlantic, 1884, p. 510.
Allodesma (al-ū-dez'mä), m. [NL., K. Gr. 3%0g,
allopsychic
other, 4- 6&opia, band, ligament.] The typical
genus of the family Allodesmidae.
allodesmid (al-3-dez’mid), a. and n. I. a.
Having the characters of the Allodesmidae.
II. m. A member of the pelecypod family
Allode&midae.
Allodesmidae (al-3-dez’mi-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Allodesma + -idae.] A family of extinct pele-
cypods of the order Teleodesmacea having very
primitive characters and regarded by Neu-
mayr as indicating the first stage in the de-
velopment of the teleodesmacean hinge, as in
Astarte and Cardium. The valves are small and
round, the cardinal area is linear, the ligament is pari-
vincular, the hinge has one or two lateral laminae on each
side of the beak, and the cardinal teeth are radially
grooved. They are known only from the Silurian rocks.
Allodon (al ' ' - don), n. [Gr. 37%0g, other, +
ôôoig (böovt-), tooth.] A genus of extinct
monotremes from the Upper Jurassic rocks of
North America, having three upper incisors, of
which the second is greatly enlarged. More
correctly written Allodus.
Allodus (alſº-dus), n. See *Allodon.
Alloeocoela (al-6-6-sé’lā), n. pl. See *Alloiocoela.
alloeogenesis, n. 2. The aſternation of sexual
and parthenogenetic generations, seen espe-
cially in certain parasitic Trematoda. Also al-
loiogenesis. Schwarze.
alloeogenetic (al'é-ó-je-net'ik), a. Pertaining
to or produced by allaeogenesis.
allogenic (al-ū-jen'ik), a. [Gr. 37.20%, other, --
-yevåg, -producing.] Of a different origin: in
geol., applied to those inclusions in an igneous
rock which are obviously older than the inclos-
ing rock, and to the components of a clastic
rock which have originated elsewhere : con-
trasted with *authigenic.
Alloiocoela (a-loi-6-sé’lā), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
â%20log, of another sort, + Kolāov, a hollow.]
An order or a suborder of Turbellaria having
the enteron lobed or an irregularly widened
sac. It contains the families Plagiostomidae,
Monotidae, and Bothrioplanidae. Also Alloeocaela.
alloiocoelous (a-loi-Ö-sé’lus), a. Having the
characteristics of or resembling the Alloiocaela.
alloiogenesis (al-oi-6-jen’é-sis), n. See *allaºo-
genesis, 2.
alloisomerism (al” 3 -i- som’e-rizm), n. [Gr.
âââog, other, + isomerism..] In chem., a term
introduced by Michael to distinguish certain
cases of isomerism between different sub-
stances of the same percentage composition
(as maleic acid and fumaric acid), involving, it
is now believed, different geometrical positions
of the atoms in space.
alloite (al’ô-it), m. [Irreg. K. Gr. 62%0g, other,
+ -ite2.J In petrog., a name proposed by
Cordier (1816) for volcanic tuff of white or
yellowish color and imperfectly indurated.
allokinetic (al-3-ki-net'ik), a. [Gr. 62%0g.
other, -- Kiviſtóg, moved : see kinetic..] Moving
in response to an external stimulus: opposed
to *autokinetic.
allomorph (al’ó-mörf), n. [Gr. 37.20g, other, +
poppij, form.] In mineral., a paramorph, that is,
a pseudomorph formed by molecular change
only, the chemical composition remaining the
same, as calcite after aragonite.
allomorphic, a. 2. In petrog., Same as weno-
morphic.
allopalladium (al''}-pa-lā‘di-um), n. A Sup-
posed allotropic form of native palladium,
crystallizing in hexagonal plates.
allopelagic (al") -pê-laj'ik), a. [Gr. 62%0g,
other, -F Té%ayog, sea..] Being in different
parts of the sea (at different times); moving
up and down irregularly in the sea in search of
food, for purposes of reproduction, at different
stages of development, or in response to any
stimulus except light or heat. A pelagic fish that
floats as an egg and swims at the surface while young,
afterward wandering in deeper water, is allopelagic. The
word was introduced by Haeckel for the purpose of con-
trasting organisms that wander up and down irregularly
with those that come to the surface only at night or only
in ; winter. See Abathypelagic, knyctipelagic, kchimo-
pelagic.
allophylous (a-lof’i-lus), a. Same as allo-
phylian. º
alloplasmatic (al’ā-plas-mat'ik), a. [Gr. 6220g,
other, -H Tââopia, anything formed.] Con-
structed out of cells or by cells, but incapable
of growth by cell-multiplication.
allopsychic (al-op-siſkik), a. [Gr. 3220g, other,
+ |nyń, soul, mind.] Pertaining to mind or
consciousness in its relation to the external
world. Also allopsychical,
allopsychic
Consciousness is a function of the associative mech-
anism, and may be considered in its threefold relation-
ship to the outer world, the body, and self, allopsychic,
somatopsychic, and autopsychic.
Buck, Medical Handbook, IV. 27.
allorhythmia (al-ā-rith’mi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ãºog, other, + buffuoc, rhythm..] In pathol., a
condition in which the rhythm of the pulse
varies from time to time. Lancet, Aug. 22, 1903.
Allorisma (al-ū-riz"mă), n. [NL., appar. K. Gr.
ãAAoç, other, + špetopia, support.] A genus of
extinct pelecypods of Paleozoic age. They have
valves which gape posteriorly, edentulous hinge, and
parivincular ligament. The genus embraces species which
show the earliest evidence of retractile siphons.
Allosaurus (al-Ö-sā’rus), n. [NL., K. Gr. &WWoç,
other, + gaipog, lizard.] A genus of dinosau-
rian reptiles described by Marsh from the
Upper Jurassic beds of Colorado and closely
allied to the better-known Megalosaurus. They
have very short fore and large hind legs, the
latter reaching a length of 5 feet.
allosematic (al” 3-sé-mat'ik), a. [Gr. 3%0ç,
other, + of ua, mark: see sematic.] Having or
using the sematic colors of another animal,
which serve for deceptive protection. It has
been suggested that the sea-anemones, which are often
found on the shells of hermit-crabs and on the backs of
decorative crabs, are illustrations of allosematic protec-
tion. Poulton, Colours of Animals, p. 338.
Allosomus (al-ć-sö’mus), m. [NL., KGr. ÖAAoc,
other, + adjua, body..] A subgeneric name for
the division of the genus Argyrosomus which
contains the tullibee, A. tullibee.
allothigene (alſº-thi-jën”), a. [Gr. 37%06, else-
where, -- -yevſº, -produced.] Same as *allo-
gen? C.
allothigenetic (al") -thi-jë-net'ik), a. [Gr.
â7%0th, elsewhere, + y&veatſ, origin: see genetic.]
In geol., composed of materials which have orig-
inated elsewhere: applied to the fragmental,
sedimentary rocks, the components of which
have been derived from other sources, as com-
trasted with the igneous rocks, whose minerals
have crystallized in situ. See *allogenic.
allothigenetically (al"3-thi-jë-net’i-kal-i),
adv. In an allothigenetic manner or by means
of allothigenetic materials.
allothigenic (al/Ö-thi-jen’ik), a. [Gr. 62%00t
elsewhere (Kä2%0g, other), +-yevſg, -produced.
Same as *allothigemetic.
allothimorphic (al’º-thi-mör'fik), a. IGr. &A-
Žoth, elsewhere (Kä%20g, other), + poppſ, form.]
In petrol., a term applied to particles derived
from older rocks which retain unchanged their
original form in the secondary clastic deposits
where they now occur.
allothogenic (al"G-thº-jen'ik), a. Same as *al-
lothigenic. gº
allotriomorphic (a-lot-ri-Ö-mör'fik), a. [Gr.
à7%óTptog, of another, alien, + poppſ, form.]
Same as acemomorphic.
allotrophic (al-ū-trofºik), a. [Gr. 37%0g, other,
+ Tpopff, nourishment.] Of altered nutritive
value; rendered less nutritious.
Allotropic silver. See *silver.
allotropism, n. The occurrence of more than one form
of a chemical element with difference in physical prop-
erties is explained, in the light of the atomic theory, as
depending on a difference in the number, and possibly in
the artangement, of the atoms which go to make up the
molecule. Thus it is believed that in the more common
form of oxygen there are two, but in the allotropic ozone
three, atoms to the molecule.
allotropist (a-lot’rö-pist), n. One who explains
the presentation of unusual properties, by a
chemical element by assuming the existence of
that element in an allotropic form; specifically,
an advocate of the theory that allotropic modi-
fications of iron have an important effect in
producing the hardness of suddenly quenched
steel, as distinguished from a *carbonist(which
see). Nature, May 5, 1904.
alloxuremia (al-ok-sii-ré'mi-á), n. [alloſcur(ic)
+ Gr. alpa, blood.] A condition resulting from
the presence of any of the alloxuric bases in the
blood.
alloxuric (a-lok-sii’rik), a. [alloa (an) + uric.]
Pertaining to or derived from alloxan and uric
acid: noting certain bases comprising xan-
thin, hypoxanthin, episarcin, heteroxanthin,
paraxanthin, theophyllin, theobromine, caf-
ein, guanine, epiguanine, adenin, and earnin.
They are all nuclear derivatives. Also termed
acanthin bases or purin bases.
alloy, m. 1. A metallic alloy possesses the general
physićal properties of a metal, but is usually intermediate
in properties between those of its constituents. . Alloys
are divided into three classes: (1) Those which form
solid solutions in all proportions; (2) those which do
not form solid solutions in all proportions, and Which
form no chemical compounds; and (3) those which form
All-the-Talents Administration.
alluranic (al-ū-ran'ik), a.
Alluring glands.
Allurus (a-lii‘rus), n.
alluviated (a-lā’vi-ā-ted), p. a.
alluviation (a-lii-vi-ā'shgn), n.
one or more chemical compounds. An alloy of the first
class forms a homogeneous fluid when melted, and a
homogeneous Solid after freezing. Alloys of the second
class form a homogeneous fluid when melted, but on
solidification the components separate from one another
and form microscopic crystals of the different metals in-
timately associated, but not in chemical combination or
solution. . A highly magnified section of such an alloy
would not show a homogeneous structure, but the indi-
vidual crystals of the pure components could be dis-
tinguished. Alloys of the third class follow the same
general laws on Solidification as the alloys of the second
class, but the crystals which separate do not consist of
the pure components, but some of the crystals will be of
one or more of the pure components, while other crystals
will be formed of chemical compounds of the different
components.--Aluminium alloys. See kalwminium.
-Eutectic alloy, an alloy having such a composition
that it melts at a lower temperature than an alloy of
the same metals having any other composition. See eutec-
tic.--Lipowitz's alloy, a fusible alloy consisting of 8
parts of cadmium, 8 parts of lead, 4 parts of tin, and 15
parts of bismuth. It melts at 158° F., and is used for
castings of delicate objects, as well as for soldering
Britannia metal and other white articles which cannot
withstand high temperature.-Prinsep's alloys, in
pyrom., a progressive series of alloys of gold, silver, and
platinum employed by James Prinsep for estimating high
temperatures, on the principle that the fusing-points of
pure metals are fixed. This series consists of 10 alloys of
gold and silver, each increased by ſo of gold, and 100 al-
loys of gold and platinum with a progressive increase of
&c of gold. The temperature of any furnace can readily
§ determined by introducing these alloys and noting the
point where fusion begins. See also phrases underxmetal
and the Words gold, silver, etc.—Retz alloy, an alloy com-
posed of 15 parts of copper, 2.34 of tin, 1.82 of lead,
and 1 of antimony. It resists the corrosive action of
alkalis and acids.--Steel alloys. The number of these
alloys is very large, since iron alloys readily with most
metals. In the best known, steel is combined with one
or more of the following metals: manganese, nickel,
chromium, titanium, tungsten, aluminium, vanadium,
boron, uranium, copper, tin, and zinc. . The term “steel
alloy' is applied only to steels containing influencing
quantities of metals other than iron.
allspicy (äl’spi-si), a. [allspice + -y1.] Warm;
resembling allspice in warmth. Hood, Up the
Rhine, p. 217. [Rare.]
See *ad-
'ministration.
[all(oacan) + wr(ea)
+ -an ---ic.] Noting a weak acid, C5H4N4O4,
formed from alloxan and urea.
See *gland.
[NL., K. Gr. &WWog, an-
other, H- oipá, tail.] A subgeneric name for
a small group of snail-fishes, of the family
Liparididae, from the depths of the North Pa-
cific. -
alluvial, a. 2. A term applied to the most re-
cent or postglacial deposits, which follow the
diluvial depositS.–Alluvial cone. See kcome.—Al-
luvial fan. Same as fan, 3.
II. m. Alluvial soil; specifically, in Aus-
tralia and New Zealand, gold-bearing alluvial
soil.
[alluvium +
-ate2 + -ed2.] Pertaining to or characterized
by alluvial deposits, such as alluvial fans.
Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), TX. 538.
[alluvium +
-ation.] The process of accumulating rock-de-
bris along the lower reaches of slopes by rain-
wash and along the more slowly flowing
stream-courses by loss of overload. Alluvial
fans or cones, alluvial plains or flood-plains,
and slope-waste are the chief products of
alluviation. Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geol.,
I. 176.
allwhither (älſhwitH/ēr), adv. In all direc-
[Rare.]
The swell . . . crumbled up and ran all whither oilily.
Kipling, Their Lawful Occasions.
tions.
allyl, n.--Sulphocarbamide of allyl, a crystallized
compound obtained by the action of an excess of am-
monium hydrate on the essential oil of mustard. A few
drops of a saturated aqueous solution will reverse the
image on a photographic plate and give a direct positive
in the camera.
allylene (al’i-lèn), m. [allyl -i- -ene.] . The
name given to two isomeric hydrocarbons,
methyl acetylene or propine, CH3C:CH, and
ropadiene, CH 2.
aii; in (al’i-lin), n. [allyl + -in?..] A name
given to three ethers of glycerol and allyl al-
cohol known as monoallylin, diallylin, and
triallylin. The last is C3H5O3(C3H5)3.
alma 2 (alſ mā), n. [Turk.] § fºſſi, In 168,-
sure of capacity, equal to 1.15 gallons.
almacabala (al"ma-kab'a-lâ), m. [ML, alma-
cabala, K. Ar. al-muqābalah, “the comparison’:
see etym. of algebra and cf. cabala.] The
mystic explanation of numbers and of relations
of numbers.
almacabalic (al-ma-kab'a-lik), a.
taining to almacabala.
Of or per-
almácigo (äl-mâ’ the -gó), n.
almagrerite (al-ma-gré'rit), m.
alm
almendro (al-men ‘ dró), n.
almondy (ā’mgn-di), a.
almein (alºné-in), m.
Alnitamian (al-ni-tä’mi-an), a. and n.
aloed
almacen (āl-mă-thān"), n. [Sp.: see magazine.]
A warehouse; a magazine or storehouse.
Some sheep were procured, and from an almacen dis-
tart about a mile inland, other articles.
Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XV. 604.
[Sp. mastic.]
The West Indian birch, Terebinthus Simaruba,
one of the commonest and most characteris-
tic trees of Porto Rico. Its wood is soft and
of little value. See cachibou, and West Indian
birch, under birch. [Porto Rico.]
[Sp. Alma-
grera (see def.) + -ite2.] Anhydrous zinc
sulphate, occurring as a natural mineral in the
Sierra Almagrera in Spain. Also Azimcosite.
almandite (al’man-dit), n. Same as almandin.
almasca (al-mas' kä), n.
A soft gray resin
soluble in chloroform, ether, and absolute al-
cohol: probably derived from Icica hepta-
# Thorpe, Dict. Applied Chem., I. 61.
à,
meidina (al-mā-dé'nā), n. . [Pg., from the
name of the first exporter of the product, João
Duarte de Almeida.] The commercial name
for a rubber adulterant obtained from the latex
of Fockea multiflora and Euphorbia rhipsaloides.
It is exported from Angola, and comes into commerce in
the form of dry, somewhat brittle balls about as large as
the fist and almost white in color.
endor (fil-mân-dór (), n. [Brazilian.]
Geoffroºa superba, a tree of the bean family
common in Brazil and Venezuela. Its fruit is
about the size of a walnut, with a greenish-yellow downy
rind and a fleshy pulp inclosing a hard, nut-like seed.
The fruit is boiled and used as food by the Indians, and
the kernel is also eaten. The tree yields a fine, hard
wood. In northern Brazil the Indians (Tupi) call it mari.
[Brazil.]
[Sp. almendro,
almond-tree: See almond..] A name applied in
Guam, the Philippines, and Porto Rico to
Terminalia Catappa, the nuts of which some-
what resemble almonds in shape and flavor.
See Terminalia?, and country almonds, under
almond.
Almen's solution. See *solution.
Almond black. See & black. —Dika, almonds, the seeds
of a large tree, Irvingia Gabonensis, of tropicºi West Af-
rica. They are rich in mucilage and fat, and when
roasted are used for food. See dika-bread and Irvingia.
—Hard-shell almond, a type of sweet almond having
a nut sometimes as hard as a peach-stone, little valued
except as a stock. — Malabar almond. Same as cown-
try almond (which see, under almond).— Paper-shell
almond, a thin-shelled type of sweet almond, of the
highest commercial grade. It includes a false variety
with a double shell.— Soft-shell almond, the ordinary
commercial almond exclusive of the paper-shell. There
are all gradations of hardness in almond-shells.-Tropi-
cal almond, a common name for Terminalia Catappa.
Also Demerara, almond.
almond-butter (ā’mgnd-but’ér), n. Same as
almond-paste.
almond-meal (ā’mgnd-mêl), m. The cake left
from almonds, after the oil has been removed
by pressure, coarsely ground.
almond-oil, n.-Artificial bitter-almond oil, nitro-
benzene (C6H5NO2), a yellow liquid with a smell like that
of bitter almonds, sometimes used in perfumery. Same
as mirbane oil.
[almond + -y1.] Like
almonds in taste or fragrance. Lyell, Life, ii.
132. N. E. D.
[L. almeus, adj., Kalnus,
alder, -H -in?..] A coloring matter extracted
from the bark and wood of the alder, birch,
and beech. It produces colors varying from
yellow to brown-black. I
. 0.
Noting stars whose spectrum is of the type of
that of Alnitam. They are characterized by the pre-
dominance of hydrogen lines of the Huggins series (with
fainter Pickering lines), strong helium, protosilicon,
and a lime of unknown origin in the cyan-blue having
A = 4649.2.
II. m. An Alnitamian star.
alnoite (al' nº-it), n. [Almö, an island of
Sweden, + -ite2.] In petrog., a name proposed
by Rosenbusch (1887) for an igneous rock hav-
ing the mineral composition of melilite-basalt,
but occurring in dike form. It may also be
considered as an olivin-rich biotite-monchi-
uite.
ocasia (al-ā-kā'si-á), n. [NL., appar. arbi-
trarily varied from Colocasia.] A genus of
stove foliage plants of 20 or more species be-
longing to the family Araceae, natives of trop-
ical Asia and the Malayan Islands. Closely
allied to Colocasia. See cut under *ape2, 2.
aloed (al’od), p. a. 1. Flavored with aloes;
mixed with aloes; bitter: as, “death’s aloed
portion,” Felltham.–2. Shaded with or formed
of aloes: as, “the aloed porch,” Browning, Men
and Women, ii. 30.
alorcinic (al-ór-sin'ik), a.
* aloétic
aloétic, % - Aloëtic acid, tetranitroanthraquinone
º + H20 § it is prepared by treating
aloes with nitric acid and is a tetrabasic acid.
aloft, adv.–Aloft there the hail used to call the at-
tention of the men who are aloft in the rigging or on the
yards or in the tops.--Lay aloft (naut.), an order to the
Seamen to mount the rigging for the exécution of some
iece of work in the tops or on the yards.--Lay down
om aloft I (naut.), a command for the seamen to cease
Work in the upper rigging and to descend to the deck.
alogia (a-ló'ji-á), n. [NL.: see alogy.] In
㺠aphasia due to ideational defect.
aloja (ä-lóſhä), n. [Sp., a beverage made of
Water, honey, and spices.] A fermented bev-
erage made from the sweet pods of several
leguminous trees. In Argentina those of the
algarroba, Prosopis alba, and the chaiar,
Gourliea decorticans, are used. See *chaftar.
[South America.] . -
Alonsoa (a-lon'só-á), n. [NL., from Z. Alonso,
a Spanish officer.] A genus of very tender
tropical, American, annual plants of the family
Scrophulariaceae. The cultivated species come mostl
from Peru and Mexico. There are 6 distinct species an
varieties; some authors, however, differ with regard to
the number. These plants are cultivated in the open
and very rarely in pots. A. incigifolia, A. Warscewiczii,
A. myrtifolia, and A. limifolia are the species most com-
monly used. The seeds are sold by most seedsmen.
Alopecia dynamica, loss of hair due to destruction of
the hair-follicles by ulceration, induration, or some other
pathological process.-Alopecia maligna, a severe and
intractable form of alopecia.-- Alopecia, neuritica, loss
of hair over the area of distribution of an injured nerve.
—Alopecia, neurotica, loss of hair due to some func-
tional nervous disorder or trophoneurosis.—Alopecia,
presenilis, premature baldness.--Alopecia toxica, loss
of hair accompanying one of the infectious diseases, such
as typhoid fever: supposedly due to the action of the
toxins of the disease.—Alopecia universalis, the falling
of hair from the face and body as well as from the scalp.
alopeke (a-lôp'é-kē), n. [Gr. &Wotekſ, Attic
contraction of āāotekém, a fox-skin, Ionic fem.
ofºrsºoq, adj., 37%rná, a fox.j Anancient
Thracian head-dress of fox-skin.
alorcic (a-lôr'sik), a. [al(oes) + orc(in) + -ic.]
Noting an acid, C9H10O3+ H2O, formed in
small amount by fusing aloes with sodium hy-
droxid. It crystallizes in needles which, when
dry, melt at 115° C.
[al(oes) + orcin +
-ic.] Same as *alorcic.
alouette (al-ö-et'), m. [F. alouette, a lark, K
OF, alouete, dim. of aloue, K L. alawda, a lark.]
A device for inducing sleep by tiring the eyes
by a pencil of light reflected from a series of
revolving mirrors.
aloxanthin (al-ok-Zanºthin), n. A compound
formed by oxidizing barbaloin and socaloin.
It is probably tetrahydroxymethylanthraquinone, C14H3-
(CH3)(OH)402. It consists of orange-colored needles
which melt at 260°–265° C.
Aloysia (al-3-is’i-á), n. [NL., from a personal
name.] A subgenus of plants, of the large
genus Lippia, which contains the commonly
known lemon verbena (L. citriodora). The lemon
verbena is easily grown in common greenhouses. In the
South it may be grown in the open. It is a low-growing,
tender shrub, with long, narrow, pointed leaves, native
to South America.
alpargata (al-pár-gā’tā), n. [Sp.] In Spanish-
speaking countries, a kind of sandal or low shoe
with a hemp or rush sole and cloth upper.
*. n. 4. [cap.] The name given by Carl
eumann, the mathematical physicist, to a
supposed body to which all motion, especially
motion of rotation, is relative. It has been said that
Newton originated this idea, but that is incorrect. New-
ton believed that space is a really existing thing, and
he suggested that there might possibly be a body which
is really in absolute rest relatively to real space. The
conception of the body Alpha, which was originated by
Neumann, arose, on the contrary, from a difficulty which
the theory of Leibnitz (that space is not an existent thing,
but is merely an image embodying certain general laws
of the relations between things) meets in the circum-
stance that, according to the accepted doctrine of Newton's
three laws of motion, motion of rotation (as it is ascer-
tained, for example, by Foucault's pendulum experi-
ment) is absolute and not merely relative motion. Neu-
mann, and others who accept Leibnitz's theory of the
entire relativity of space, seek to explain rotation by
supposing that there is a body Alpha, which is not indeed
absolutely at rest, as Newton thought it possible that
some body might be (since these persons are of opinion
that absolute place and absolute motion are phrases
without meaning), but which is the body to which the
motion spoken of in the three laws of motion ought to be
understood to be relative. Ernst Mach undertakes to
show that this body Alpha is really the universe as a
whole, which virtually comes to saying that it is the
starry heavens as a whole. The objection to this is that
it makes objects the most remote from any given body
the principal factors which determine the motions of
that body. Now, according to that epistemological psy-
chology which makes space an image embodying the
laws of the relations of things, this image must be sup-
posed to be so constituted as to make those things which
principally affect one another appear to be near one an-
other. According to Tait, there is no need of any body
Alpha, since, so far as rotation and rectilinearity of mo-
*
tion are concerned, we have only to assume, as a defini-
tion, that rotation is relative to lines of force fixed within
a body having no dynamic effects of rotation.— Alpha,
See #paper.—Alpha rays. See Aray1.
ought, a list of simple ideas by the
combination of which it was supposed by Raymond Lully,
the youthful Leibnitz, and perhaps by Spinoza, that
knowledge could be manufactured.— Blind alphabet.
See Abraille.—Deaf-and-dumb alphabet, the con-
ventional signs or finger-gestures used by the deaf and
dumb in lieu of speech. See deaf-mute.— Missionary
alphabet, a regulated form of the Roman alphabet used
by missionaries in writing the unwritten or imperfectly
Written languages of the peoples among whom they work.
About 1830 Inglish and American missionaries adopted
a scheme, substantially that put forth by Sir William
Jones in 1781, for the transliteration of Asiatic languages,
based upon the Poman or Continental values of the
Vowels. This was extended by conferences of scholars
held in 1854 and later. The first definite result was the
publication of Lepsius's “Standard Alphabet” (1855,
second edition 1863), and of F. Max Müller's “Church
Missionary Alphabet,” in effect a recension of Lepsius's
scheme. This Lepsius-Müller alphabet has been applied
to the recording of many hithertoilliterate languages, and,
in One form or another, is used by missionaries throughout
the World. It promises, in the more scientific form now
being worked out in successive recensions by philologists,
to become the general phonetic alphabet of the world.
See philological Aalphabets.-Philological ãº.
modern phonetic forms of the Roman alphabet as en-
larged, regulated, and controlled for philological pur-
poses. Conspicuous philological alphabets are Lepsius’s
“Standard Alphabet” (1855, second edition, 1863: see
above); Ellis's “Palaeotype” (1869); Sweet’s “Romic”
(1877); Murray's scheme of notation in the New English
Dictionary (1884); various Continental forms (since about
1875) associated with the names of Sievers, Vietor, Fricke,
Storm, Jespersen, and Passy and the Association Pho-
nétique Internationale of Paris; and the alphabet rec-
ommended by the American Philological Association in
1877 (see below). Most of the phonetic redactions put
forth by short-hand promoters (since 1840) are based
upon the so-called “English’ values of the vowels, and
are in no sense scientific or philological.
ALPEIABET OF
THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.
WOWELS.
SEIOBT.
Form. Name. Sound as in
I i i () it (it)
E e e (€) Tnet (met)
A a a (d.) at (at)
C1 Cl d (ah) a8k (Osk)
6 e e (6) not (net), what (hwet)
O O o (oh) obey (obě)
U U. U (iſ) but (but)
TI Ul u (d0) full (ful)
LONG.
Form. Name Sound as in
i i I (ee) pique = peak (pic)
E é ë (ay) they (dhë), veil (vél)
Å a â (aiſr]) air=ere= heir (ār) *
Čí ú d (ah) arm (dirm), far (för)
5 6 ë (awe) mor (nér), wall (wè1)
Ö Ö Ö (oh) mo (nū), holy (höli)
U 5 if (wſr]) burm (bùrn)
ií ú ū (00) rule (rül), ooze (úz)
DIPEITEIONGS.
CII Oli di (eye, I) aisle=isle (oil)
Clú Clu Gu (ow) out (out), our=howr (our)
ÖI ei ei (oi) oil (eil), boy (bei)
IU iu. iu Jewd (fiud), few (flu)
CONSONANTS.
SURD.
P p pi (pee) pet (pet)
T t ti (tee) tip (tip)
CH ch chi (chee) chest (chest)
C(K) c(k) ci (kee) come (cijm)
F f ef (eff) Jat (fat)
TH th ith (ith) thin (thin)
S S es (ess) sown (sôn)
SH sh ish (ish) she (shi)
H h hi (hee) he (hi), hat (hal)
SONANT.
B b bi (bee) bet (bet)
D d di (dee) dip (dip)
J j jë (jay) jest (jest)
G g gi (ghee) gum (güm)
V. V. vi (vee) vat (wat)
DH dh dhi (thee) thee (dhi)
Z z zi (Zee) zone (zón)
ZH zh zhi (zhee) azure (azhūr)
W W. wii (woo) we (wi), wit (wit)
L 1 el (ell) lo (ló), ell (el)
IR. T. Čir (ar) rat (rat), are (dr)
Y y yi (yee) ye (yi), year (yir)
M m em (em.) me (mi), my (mdi)
N n en (em.) mo (nū)
NG ng ing (ing) sing (sing)
Phonetic alphabet, an alphabet in which each char-
acter represents a definite sound, and Which is so used
that the pronunciation of each word can, within marrow
limits, be known with certainty by any one who knows
the alphabet. The Roman alphabet, like its original the
Al
alphogen (al’fº-jen), n.
alphonse (al-fons'), n.
alphyl (al’ fil), n.
alpine, a.
Alpinia (al-pin’i-á), n.
alpinin (al’pi-nin), m.
Alsatian clover.
alsbachite (alz’ba-kit), n.
alsike (al’sik, Sw. āl’si-ke), m.
alsike
Greek, was originally phonetic, and as used in modern
times (in Italian, Spanish, Portuguese French, English,
German, etc.) is still fairly phonetic. French has devi-
ated most in the consonant system, allowing or requiring
the extensive suppression of consonants in utterance,
and English most in the vowel system, the whole series
of English long vowels having been thrown into hopeless
confusion. The most conspicuous instance of a highly
phonetic and classified alphabet long in actual use is the
Sanskrit, which was reduced to its present order by na-
tive grammarians about the Second century A. D., on
much the same lines as those on which scholars are now
endeavoring to establish a classified reconstitution of the
Roman alphabet.— Physiological alphabet, the ele-
mentary sounds of human speech.-Scientific alpha-
bet, an alphabet based upon scientific principles; one
which embodies phonetic precision and sufficiency. Per-
haps the only alphabet fairly entitled to this desigma-
tion is A. M. Bell's ‘visible speech” (1867), which takes
account of all distinguishable vocal sounds, including
whispering, sneezing, coughing, chuckling, etc., and pro-
vides for each sound a symbol whose form is significant
and thus in a way makes the intended sound obvious or
‘visible' to the reader. In a laxer use, the term has
been applied to the philological alphabets based upon
the historic Roman alphabet. These are used with a
tolerable degree of precision and uniformity, and, com-
pared to the traditional alphabets as conventionally used,
are fairly scientific. See philological ºr alphabets.
alphabetist (al’fa-bet-ist), n. [alphabet + -ist.]
A student or a deviser of alphabets. S. S.
Haldeman, Analyt. Orthog., ii. 22.
alpha-naphthoi (al-fa-nafºthol), m. A naphthol
having the hydroxyl-group in the alpha position.
alpha-naphthylamine (al"fa-nafºthil-am’in),
m. , Naphthylamine in which the amido-group
is in the alpha position.
hestes (al-fes’těz), n. [NL., K. Gr. 62 pmotág,
a kind of fish..] A genus of sea-bass allied to
Epinephelus, of the family Serranidae.
Same as *alphozome.
[Sp. Alfonsimo..] A
Spanish gold coin of the reign of Alfonso XII.,
worth 20 pesetas or $3.86.
alphozone (al'fö-zón), n. A white crystalline
compound, C8H10O8, obtained by the action
of hydrogen peroxid on succinic anhydride;
disuccinic peroxid. It is a powerful germi-
cide. Also called alphogen.
A name proposed by Bam-
berger to designate an aromatic radical, as
phenyl, C6H5. Such radicals are now more often called
aryls, while aliphatic radicals, as methyl, CH3, are some-
times called alphyls; but the latter are more properly
called alkyls, and the name alphyl has become superfluous.
alphylate (al’ fi-lāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. alphy-
lated, ppr. alphylating. [alphyl + -ate2.] To
introduce an alphyl into (an organic com-
pound). Amer. Chem. Jour., April, 1903.
2. [cap.] In anthrop., noting the
type of the European race which inhabits the
Alps and the regions east and west of the Alps:
characterized by a broad, short head, broad
face with full chin and heavy nose, medium
stature, and prevalently grayish eyes and
brown hair. Also called Celto-Slavic, Sarma-
tian, Arvernian. Ripley, Races of Europe, p.
123-Alpine blue, diluvium, glacier. See ablue, etc.
— Alpine hat, a soft felt hat with a deep dent in the
crown and rolled brim; originally a traveling-hat, and
used in mountain-climbing, whence the name.-Alpine
granite. See protogºne.
[NL. from Prospero
Alpino, an Italian botanist.] A genus of stove
herbs of the family Zinziberaceae, cultivated
for both the foliage and the racemes or panicles
of flowers. There are about 60 species of this genus
found in tropical and subtropical Asia, the islands of the
Pacific Ocean, and Australia. The species most conn-
monly cultivated is A. mutans, a plant with very beautiful
foliage, sometimes known as the shell-flower. -
[(?) Alpine + -in?..] A
substance prepared from galangal root, since
shown to be a mixture of galangin and cam-
herid. \
lace gray, green, etc. See *gray, *greeml,
€TC.
See A clover.
[Alsbach, a stream
on Mount Meliboeus, Odenwald, Baden, +
-ite?..] In petrog., the name given by Chelius
(1892) to a variety of granite-porphyry poor in
ferromagnesian minerals and rich in pink gar-
net, occurring on the slope of Mount Melibogus.
Alsidium (al-sid’i-um), n. [NL. (C. A. Agardh,
1827), said to have been formed (if so, irregu-
larly) KGr, d'Aig, saltness, or āAç, salt, + -idium.]
A genus of red seaweeds containing the species
4. Helminthochortos, or Corsican moss, used
in medicine.
[Prop. Alsike
glover, named from (Sw.) Alsike near Upsala
in Sweden.] A species of clover (Trifolium
hybridwmi) native to Europe, much grown in
the United States for forage. It thrives best
alsike
in moist land. It is a tall, weak-stemmed branching
species, with small whitish heads which become pink.
It is sometimes known as Swedish clover.
Alsine (al'si-nē), n. [NL. (Linnaeus, 1753), K
Gr. 37 aivn, a plant of unknown identity, Kºdog
grove or place grown with trees and grass.
A genus of dicotyledonous plants belonging to
the family Silenaceae. See Stellaria.
alstonidine (al-stö’ni-din), n. [Alstonia (see
def.) + -id + -ine?..] An alkaloid found in Pala
(Alstonia) constricta. It crystallizes in needles
which melt at 1819 C.
alstonine (al'stö-nin), n. [Alstonia (see def.)
+ -ine2.] An alkaloid, C24 H20 N2O4+ 3}H2O,
found in the bark of Pala (Alstonia) constricta.
It is amorphous and was formerly called chlo-
rogenin.
Alstroemeria (al-stré-mê'ri-á), n. [NL., from
a personal name.] A genus of cool-house and
stove plants, members of the family Amaryl-
lidaceae, with tuberous roots, treated as bulbs.
The species most common in the United States are na-
tives of Brazil, Peru, Chile, and Mexico. A. Pelegrina is
best adapted for greenhouse purposes. In all there are
about 50 described species, found in the tropical and sub-
tropical regions of South America.
Altamaha grits. See *grit?.
altar-book (ältär-bük), n. Same as missal.
altar-boy (ältär-boi), m. A boy who serves a
riest while he is officiating at the altar.
altar-mound *"...i. m. A mound of
earth erected over an altar of clay on which
sacrifices were burned. Altar-mounds have
been discovered principally in Ohio.
alteratio (al-te-rä'shi-Ö), n. [NL. : see altera-
tion.] In mensural music, the regular doubling
of the time-value of a notein certain relations.
The rules governing this were complicated and
arbitrary.
Altered chord, note, or triad, in music, a chord, note,
or triad affected by an accidental and thus changed in
character or significance.
alteregoism (al-têr-É'gó-izm), n. [L. alter
ego, another I,’ + -ism..] A narrow altruism
amounting merely to sympathy with persons
who are in one's own case. Amer. Jour. Psychol.,
XII. 470.
alteregoistic (al-têr-à-gö-ist'ik), a. Of or per-
taining to alteregoism.
Alternaria (al-têr-nā‘ri-á), m. [NL. (Nees von
Esenbeck, 1816), K L. alternus, alternate, 4-
-aria.] A genus of hyphomycetous fungi doubt-
fully distinct from Macrosporium. The conidia
are dark-colored, are both transversely and longitudi-
nally septate, and are borne in chains. A. Brassicae occurs
on the cabbage and cauliflower.
alternate a. 4. In elect., same as *alternat-
ºng.
alternater, alternator (al'tér-nā-têr, tor), n.
In elect., an alternating-current dynamo or gen-
erator. It consists of an armature in which electric
power is produced and a magnetic field which produces
the magnetic flux acting upon the armature. Accord-
ing to their construction, alternaters are : (1) revolving
armature alternaters, having the magnet field station-
ary and the armature revolving ; (2) revolving field al-
Revolving Field Alternater.
termaters, having the magnet field revolving and the
armature stationary; (3) inductor alternaters, having
the field coils and armature stationary and the iron
core revolving; (4) induction or asynchronous alternat-
era, that is, induction motors running as generators above
synchronism, See kinduction generator.—Compensat-
ed alternater, an alternater in which the armature re-
action is compensated by a compensating *exciter (which
see) and the voltage thereby maintained irrespective of
load or character of load, that is, power-factor.-Inductor
alternater, in elect, an alternating-current generator
mºniºn field and armature windings are stationary, an
only a toothed iron structure revolves.
alternating (alter-nā-ting), p. a. Specifically,
in elect., periodically reversing or changing the
direction in such a manner that the total ef-
fect in one direction is the same as in the op-
posite direction. An alternating current is a current
consisting of a series of half-waves of equal duration and
equal intensity but opposite direction.
is called an alternation, two successive half-waves, or a
complete wave, a cycle. The number of cycles per sec-
ond is the frequency. Commercial frequencies are 25, 60,
and 125 cycles per second. Since the alternating current
varies from instant to instant, the square-root of the
mean square of the instantaneous values is commonly
employed and called the effective value of the alternat-
ing current, since it represents the effect or power of the
latter. Under alternating current, !"
s
motive force, etc., usually the effective value is under-
stood. If the successive half-waves gradually decrease
in intensity, the current is called an oscillating current.
Oscillating currents usually have frequencies of hundred
thousands and millions of cycles per second. They are
produced by condenser discharges and are used in wire-
less telegraphy, etc.—Alterna,
-Alternating
symmetry, in crystal. See ksymmetry.
alternation, n. 5. In phytogeog., the discon-
tinuous occurrence of a plant type due to local
variations in the conditions. See the extract.
The term alternation is used to designate that phenom-
enon of vegetation in which a formation recurs at dif-
ferent places in a region, or a species at different points
in a formation.
F. E. Clements, Bot. Surv. Neb., VII. 163.
6. In elect., the time of one reversal, or
one half-wave of alternating current. One alter-
nation therefore is one half-cycle. The frequency of an
alternating current formerly was given in alternations
per minute. See kalternating.—Antithetic alterna-
tion of generations, the alternation between a sexual
generation and an asexual generation which is unlike it
in form or structure or in both ; metagenesis. Encyc.
Brit., XXXII. 214.—Homologous alternation of gen-
erations, the alternation of a sexual generation with an
asexual generation similar to it in appearance.
Homologous alternation is illustrated by many Algae
and Fungi where offspring of similar appearance are pro-
duced in two different ways, either vegetatively or sexu-
ally, Encyc. Brit., XXXII, 214.
alternative I. a.-Alternative inheritance. See
*inheritance,
II. m.–voltaic alternatives, suddenly reversed
alvanic currents.
alternativity (al-têr-na-tiv’i-ti), n. [alterna-
tive + -ity.] The power of choosing between two
alternatives, as between two courses of action;
decision of character. By some writers con-
fused with the power of ethical self-control or
moral inhibition.
alternativo (äl-têr-nā-té'vö), a. [It..] In music,
noting a movement or section which alternates
with another or is set in contrast with it.
alternator, n. See *alternater.
althionic (al-thi-on'ik), a. [al(cohol) + Gr.
Belov, sulphur, -- -n 4. -ic.] erived from
alcohol and sulphur.—Althionic acid, an old name,
no longer used, for ethyl-sulphuric acid.
altho, conj. A simplified spelling of although.
Alticus (al'ti-kus), n. [NL., prop. Halticus,
K. Gr. d’Attkóg, good at leaping, Kä2Aeaflat, leap.]
A genus of blennies similar to Salarias. A. sa-
liens lives on lava-rocks about the reefs in the South
Seas, lurking out of water and leaping like a lizard when
disturbed. It is black in color and about 4 inches in
length.
altilik (äl'ti-lik), m. [Turk, *altilik, Kalti, six,
+-lik, adj. suffix.] The Turkish six-piaster piece.
altimetric (al-ti-met’rik), a. Same as *altimet-
rical.
He proposed to carry a chain of altimetric observations
to Kara-koshum and Chaklik.
Geog. Jour., (R. G. S.), XVI. 472.
altimetrical (al-ti-met’ri-kal), a. [altimetry
+ -ic-al.] Relating or pertaining to altime-
try, or the measurement of heights. Blount.
altimetrically (al-ti-met/ri-kal-i), adv. As re-
ards the measurement of heights.
altinichlic (äl-ti-nik'lik), n. [Turk, altin, a
gold coin..] A Turkish silver coin, the one-
piaster piece, which has a legal weight of
18.557 grains and a varying value.
altist (alt’ist), n. [alt(o) + -ist.] In music,
one who sings the alto part.
Altitude circle. See Acircle.—Altitude motion, the
motion of an instrument when it turns on a horizontal axis.
See sertant.-A. M. altitude, the sextant sight measured
in the morning by the navigator for the purpose of obtain-
ing a base from which to calculate the longitude of the
vessel.--Double altitude, the angle between an object
and its reflection in an artificial horizon (ordinarily a
trough of mercury). Such angles are usually measured
with a sextant by an observer on land.— Observed alti-
tude, the angular height of a heavenly body from the
horizon, as measured on the sextant, or other nautical in-
strument of reflection, or the sextant altitude before cor-
rections for semi-diameter, parallax, dip of the horizon,
and refraction are applied.-P. M. altitude, the sextant
sight measured in the afternoon by the navigator for de-
termining the ship's meridian.
electro-
ting group. See kgrowpl.
motion. See kmotion.—Alternating
alum-cake
Altitudinal index. See kinder.
Altmann's bioblasts or granules. See kbºoblast.
altoºt, adv. phr. See all, adv., 1.
alto-cumulus (al-tó-kū’mü-lus), n, ; pl. alto-
cumuli (-li). IL, altus, high, + eumulus, heap
(see cumulus).] A cloud, the highest form of
One half-wave -
*
Alto-cumulus.
(From a phototype by J. Vincent.)
cumulus, appearing in small masses, bright
on the sunny and shaded on the opposite side;
in the older terminology, a cumulo-cirrus.
They are frequently arranged in rank and file, generally
disappearing in the sunshine, and are then indicative of
dry, pleasant weather. Sometimes this little cloud has a
definite structure as a vortex-ring.
alto-nimbus (al-tó-nim (bus), m.; pl. alto-nimbi
(-bi). [L, altus, high, + nimbus, cloud (see
nimbus).] A cloud from which rain falls after
it is completely developed, but which in its
first stages is seen to be a dull-colored cloud
at the summit of a mass of airflowing in under
an advancing cumulus or cumulo-nimbus. Sim-
ilar clouds of much greater extent are formed when
broad sheets of air, blowing from the southwest, approach
near astorm-center and begin to form clouds before reach-
ing the rain region.
alto-stratus (al-tó-strā’tus), n. ; pl. alto-strati
(-ti). [L. altus, high, + NL, stratus.] 1. A
thin horizontal sheet of clouds, usually disap-
pearing slowly : apparently a lower layer of
what under favorable circumstances might
have been a cumulus cloud. The outer surface
melting away at sunset, gives rise to beautiful
sunset cloud-colors by reflection of light from
the sum or the sky beyond the western horizon.
–2. A rather high cloud covering the sky as
a layer whose lower surface is horizontal.
The extreme boundaries of such an alto-stratus
cloud thin away into a series of alto-cumuli.
altro-nutrition (al"trö-nì-trish’on), n. [Ir-
reg. K. L. alter, other, + nutrition.] Nutrition
carried over to another: applied in the quota-
tion to reproduction viewed in its social and
ethical consequences.
Reproduction is therefore not only ultra-nutrition, in
going beyond the individual, but it is altro-nutrition, in
carrying the process to and into another. "It is, as we
shall see, the beginning of altruism.
Ward, Pure Sociol., p. 291.
altrotelic (al-trö-tel'ik), a. See the extract.
The few years of schooling is only the very end of a
process that, in a sense, has run through eons. The
school merely puts on the final touches. . . . Letourneau
speaks of spontaneous and organic training. Nature
first adjusts the body to the physical environment; then
the social adjustment marks a higher stage. Heredity
is stored up experience. The second stage or division of
education we may call . . . artificial or telic. Art is
here teleological control of nature; if it is directed by
another it is altrotelic; and when it becomes subjective
it is autotelic. The telic aspect begins when we enter
the social sphere. G. S. Hall, Adolescence, II, 447.
altruistic, a 2. Pertaining to that theory of
ethics which regards altruism as the highest
motive.
aludel, 71. In modern times it has been applied almost
exclusively to the thin earthen condensers used in the
collection of mercury at the reduction-works at Almadán,
Spain.
aluff (a-luf'), adv. Naut, of sails, in the posi-
tion when the helm is put down, or alee, so
that the vessel is thrown up into the wind and
the sails shake or slat.
alum, n.-Alum bath, a saturated solution of potas.
sium alum. It is used in photography to check the frill-
ing of plates or the blistering of paper.—Alum schist.
Same as alum shale.-Porous alum, the trade-name of
aluminium sulphate obtained by evaporation of its solu-
tion and to which, just before solidification, a small
quantity of sodium carbonate is added with stirring ºf
the pasty mass. The evolution of carbon-dioxid gas in
bubbles puffs up the material to a spongy condition,
which becomes permanent on setting. -
alum-cake (alºum-kāk), n. The dried mass
left after the treatment with strong sulphuric
acid of kaolin or fairly pure clay which has


- . alum-cake
been roasted. It consists essentially of aluminium
sulphate, but includes, mixed with it, the silica derived
from the Clay. Also alwm-clay cake. gº tº
alum-earth, n. 2. A loose clay containing
iron pyrites from which alum may be made.
It often occurs with beds of lignite, and usu-
ally contains rather less silica than the more
compact alum slate. -
alumian (a-lū’mi-àn), n. . [alumiſum) + -án.]
A doubtful aluminium sulphate (perhaps Al2-
S2O3) found in Spain. * *
Alumina cream, freshly precipitated aluminium hydrate
held in suspensión in water. "
aluminium, n. Aluminium melts at 664.5°C., and
the tensile strength of bars made of it is about 28,000
pounds a square inch. The commercial production of
the metal began about 1888, the process most largely
used, as at Pittsburg and Niagara, being that of Hall, in
which anhydrous alumina from bauxite is dissolved in a
bath of fused cryolite in the presence of carbon and elec-
trolyzed by a current of 6 or 7 volts and 7,000 amperes.
The price has been brought down from $15 to 30 cents a
pound, and the annual output increased from 3 to many
thousand tons per annum. The only moderate strength
of the metal, certain difficulties in working it (as, for in-
stance, in soldering), and its chemical alterability under
some conditions have tended to limit its applications.
Among the more recent uses made of it may be men-
tioned the etching of designs for theatrical and other
posters, substitution for copper in wire for the transmis-
sion of electric currents, the manufacture of a silver-like
paint from the powder, and the production of a very high
temperature by rapid combustion of the powder in ad-
mixture with sodium dioxid. See kaluminothermics.-
Aluminium brass, an alloy of aluminium, zinc, and
copper produced either by introducing metallic alu-
minium into melted brass, or by introducing zinc into
melted aluminium bronze. The proportion of alumin-
ium varies from 1 to 5.8 parts, that of copper from 55.8
to 77.5, and that of zinc from 21 to 43. The metal is
very ductile and malleable, and its tensile strength is
far above that of ordinary brass. – Al um hypo-
chlorite. A solution of this salt prepared by the interac-
tion of solutions of bleaching-powder and aluminium
sulphate has been used in bleaching under the name
Wilson's liquor. It has been applied chiefly in the prep-
aration of paper stock, but it may also be used as a
preservative and disinfectant and in mordanting cloth
for dyeing.—Al um processes. See #proces8.—
Aluminium pyrolignite, a trade-name for aluminium
acetate, largely used in solution as a mordant in dyeing.
— Aluminium Solder. Very nearly pure zinc has been
recommended for soldering articles of aluminium, but
the process is still a difficult and unsatisfactory one,
chiefly in consequence of the high conducting power and
high specific heat of aluminium.—Aluminium steel.
See Asteell.—Aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)318BI20,
a substance manufactured from bauxite, kaolin, or cryo-
lite, used in making alum, clarifying drinking-water,
purifying sewage, preparing size, etc.—Aluminium
zinc, an alloy of aluminium and zinc. These two metals
are combined in various proportions, and the alloy ob-
tained is generally harder than aluminium but very
brittle, unless the proportion of zinc is very small. The
further addition of copper makes a very stiff metal,
well adapted for castings.—Bromide of aluminium, a
salt prepared by saturating hydrobromic acid with gelat-
inous aluminium hydrate and then carefully evaporat-
ing to dryness. It is used in photography in sensitizing
collodion, one grain to the ounce.—Wolfram alumin-
ium, an alloy of aluminium and tungsten, used largely
for military equipments. The metal rolls, draws, and
spins well. -
aluminize (a-lü'mi-niz), v. t.; pret. and pp.
aluminized, ppr. aluminizing. [L. alumen (alw-
min-) + -ize.] To apply alum or a salt of alu-
minium to (a material, as cloth),
alumino-. A combining form (with silicate,
phosphate, etc.) of alwminum, aluminium. The
feldspars are all aluminosilicates.
aluminoferric (a-lü'mi-nē-fer'ik), a. See the
following.— Aluminoferric cake, the trade-name for
aluminium sulphate when it contains a considerable
quantity of ferric sulphate derived from iron occurring as
an impurity in bauxite or china clay.
aluminol (a-lii’mi-nól), n. [alumin(ium) +
-ol.] A trade-name for 3-naphtholdisulpho-
nate of aluminium, Al2(C10H5OH(SO3)2)3.
It combines the astringency of alum with the
antiseptic power of naphthol.
aluminothermic (a-lü'mi-nē-thèr’mik), a.
Pertaining to or produced by aluminothermy;
producing high temperatures by the combus-
tion of finely divided metallic aluminium.
JElect. World and Engin., Feb. 13, 1904.
aluminothermics (a-lü”mi-nó-thèr’miks), m.
[aluminium + thermics.]. A collective name for
the processes in which high temperatures are
produced by the chemical combination of
oxygen and aluminium. It has been known for
some time that high temperature could be obtained by the
formation of alumina, but the operation was not practi.
cally applied previous to the invention of the process
patented by Dr. Hans Goldschmidt. This consists in
mixing finely powdered aluminium with some pulverized
metallic oxid (e.g., Fe3O4), and them raising the tempera-
ture to the point where reaction takes place through
which the aluminium deprives the other metal of its
oxygen, forming Al2O3. This reaction generates a great
quantity of heat and a very high temperature. The pro-
cess is used for the production of pure metals which it
has not before been possible to isolate completely and
in a pure form, such as chromium, manganese, etc. An-
other very important application of the aluminothermic
process is to welding. In this thermit (which see) is
placed in a specially prepared crucible of refractory ma-
terial and the reaction is started by means of an igniter.
The fluid mass of iron produced is poured into a mold
placed around the joint to be welded. This process is
especially useful for welding conductor-rails, defective
castings, and parts of broken machinery which must be
repaired at the places where they are in use. When the
aluminothermic process is used for the separation of
metals, an important by-product is formed, namely, the
meited aluminium oxid or alumina it is an artificial
corundum and has been called corubim. Its uniform
hardness makes it far superior to natural corundum or
emery for grinding and polishing purposes. A great ob-
stacle in the Way of the use of aluminothermic processes
has been the lack of some means of starting the reaction,
which requires a high temperature. Dr. Goldschmidt
accomplishes this by using an igniter consisting usually
of a readily reducible oxid, such as barium peroxid,
mixed with finely powdered aluminium. The reaction
of this mixture may be started by means of a match.
pinch of this mixture placed upon the thermit or other
aluminothermic mixture will serve to start the reaction.
Once started, the main reaction will propagate itself,
since the temperature produced is probably above 3000°C.,
and higher than can be obtained in any other artificial
way except by the electric arc.
aluminothermy (a-lii’mi-nó-thèr/mi), n. [NL.
aluminum + Gr. 66pum, heat..] Same as *alumi-
nothermics.
alum-meal (alºum-mêl), n. Alum as obtained
in small crystals, at its first crystallization, by
rapid cooling, with agitation, of a hot solution.
alundum (a-lun'dum), n. [L. al(ius), other, -H
(cor) undum.] An artificial abrasive made in an
electric furnace and used as a substitute for
corundum.
alurgite (a-lèr'jit), n. [Gr. 320Upyñº, purple (lit.
‘wrought in the sea,’ with reference to the
genuine purple dye from the purple-fish as dis-
tinguished from imitations made on land, K
ã%g, sea, + špyov, work), + -ite?. J A manga-
nese-mica, varying from purple to cochineal
red, from St. Marcel, Piedmont.
Alutera (a-liſte-rá), n. [NL.; origin, uncer-
tain, perh. K. Gr. 3% ovtog, unwashed.] A genus
of file-fishes remarkable for their leathery skin
and lean body: found in tropical seas. A.
monoceros is the commonest species.
Alvarius (al-vā'ri-us), m. [NL.] A genus of
small darters of the family Percidae. A. late-
ralis is found in northern Mexico.
alveate (al’vé-āt), a. [L. alveatus, hollowed
out like a trough or tray, Kalvews, a trough,
tray: see alvews.] Same as alveated.
alvelos (äl’ve-lós), n. The milky resinous juice
of Euphorbia heterodoza, indigenous to Brazil:
a yellowish-white syrupy substance used in
medicine.
alveola (al-vé’ô-lâ), m. ; pl. alveolae (-lé). [NL.
fem.: see alveolus.] Íñ bot. : (a) One of the
pits in a receptacle after the removal of the
flowers, especially in the heads of composite
plants. (b) A pore in a fungus, as Polyporus.
(c) The depressed perithecium in certain fungi.
alveolar, a. 2. In phonetics, formed or articu-
lated by bringing the tip of the tongue into
contact with the alveolar point of the upper
front teeth, as the consonants t, d, m, l.– Alveo-
lar abscess, a deep-seated gum-boil.—Alveolar angle,
in anthrop., the angle formed by the lines drawn from
the alveolar point to the basion and to the nasion.—
Alveolar hypothesis, the doctrine or opinion that the
reticulated appearances in protoplasm are due to the
walls of contiguous vesicles or alveoli, and that this
foam-like structure is the universal fundamental struc-
ture of protoplasm.—Alveolar line, in crantom., the
continuation of the lateral margin of the anterior nasal
aperture to the anterior nasal spine. Harrisom Allen,
Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., X. 418.
alveolar-dorsal (al-vé"Č-lär-dôr'sal), a. Alveo-
lar and dorsal. Stud. Yale Psych. Lab., X. 105.
Alveolites (al”vé-j-li’téz), m. [NL., K.L. alveo-
lus, dim. of alvews, a cavity, + -ites, E. -ite2.]
Agenus of extinct tabulate corals. They grow in
spreading or branching masses composed of contiguous
corallites opening obliquely on the surface with semi-
lunar apertures; the septa are represented by rows of
spinules and mural pores are present. This coral is very
abundant in the Silurian and Devonian.
alveololabial (al-vé/3-ló-lā'bi-al), a. Pertain-
ing to the lips and to the alveolar processes.
alveololingual (al-vé%-ló-ling'gwal), a. Per-
taining to the tongue and to the alvéolar pro-
CeSSèS.
alveolonasal (al-vé% -ló -nā’zal), a. In Cra-
miom., relating to the alveolar point and to the
masion : as, the alveolomasal line.
alveolus, 7. (h) In the shells of belemnites or fossil
dibranchiate cephalopods, the comical cavity at the an-
terior end.
Alvine calculi, intestinal concretions which result from
the inspissation of portions of the fecal contents.
alvite (al’vit), n. [Alve in Norway + -ite2.]
A silicate resembling zircon in form, but com-
Amanita,
taining yttrium and probably thorium and other
rare elements: found in Norway.
aly (ā’li), a. [ale + -y1.] Of, pértaining to,
ike, or characteristic of the use of ale: as, an
aly tale; an aly taste ; an aly nose.
Alypia (a-lip'i-á), n. . [NL. (Huebner, 1825);
said to be K Gr. 3%vºtia, freedom from grief.]
A genus of agaristid moths containing several
species which inhabit the United States. One
of them, A. octomaculata, occurs abundantly in the larval
state upon grape-vines, which it injures by devouring the
foliage.
A. M. A. An abbreviation of American Med-
ical Association.
ama-ama (ä” mā-ā’ mä), m. [Hawaiian.] A.
Hawaiian name of the common mullet, Mugil
cephalus. It is a food-fish of very superior
quality, and is reared in artificial ponds in that
region.
amacrine (a-mak’rin), (t. [Gr. 6- priv. H. ua-
kpóg, long, + ig (-tv-), muscle, in pl. fiber.]
Not having long fibers: a term applied to an-
axone nerve-cells, sometimes called Spongio-
blasts, found in the inner molecular layer of
the retina of the eye.
amaldar, n. 2. In India, an agent or man-
ager; in some districts, a revenue-collector.
Also written a mildar.
Amalgamated plates. See *plate.
amalgamating-pan (3-mal"ga-mă-ting-pan"),
n. In gold- and silver-milling, a pan-shaped ma-
chine with a revolving muller for grinding ores
in order to extract the precious metals from
the resulting pulp with the aid of mercury.
The use of chemicals and heat is sometimes
required, especially for silver ores.
amalgamation, n.—Barrel amalgamation, a pro-
cess of amalgamation in which the ore to be treated is
charged into revolving barrels and there the precious
metals are united with mercury. In the United States
the barrel-process has been replaced by the pan-process,
while in Europe and in South and Central America, it is
still in use.— Kröncke's process of amalgamation
a Chilean amalgamation process, in use since 1862, adapted
chiefly for ores from the deeper workings, which carry,
besides some native silver and chlorid, much argentite,
proustite, pyroargyrite, and poly basite. . The active re-
agent is a hot solution of cuprous chlorid which is pre-
pared separately. The operation is carried on in rotating
wooden barrels, and lead or zinc is employed as a means
of decomposing the calomel.— Raw amalgamation,
the amalgamation of silver ore without a preliminary
chloridizing roast.— Roast amalgamation, amalgama-
tion of silver ore after a preliminary chloridizing roast.
See chloridize.
amalic (a-mal'ik), a. [Formation not obvious.]
Noting an acid, C12H14N4O9, formed by the
oxidation of caffein or theobromine; tetra-
methyl alloxantin.
Amanist (a-mă'nist), m, [Amama, a group of
villages in Iowa (K. Amama, a mountain men-
tioned in Cant. iv. 8), + -ist.] A member of a
German religious community properly known
as the “True Inspiration Society.” It originated
as a religious sect in Germany in the seventeenth cen-
tury, was much persecuted there and elsewhere on the
continent of Europe, removed to the United States in
1842, and became communistic. The community settled
first at Ebenezer, near Buffalo, New York, but removed,
in 1855 and the following years, to Amana, near Cedar
Rapids, Iowa, where it forms a group of seven villages,
engaged in agriculture and manufactures, and sharing
things in common under the rule of a president and sev-
eral trustees elected by the people. Its members believe
in the plenary inspiration of the Bible, and make it their
sole creed, differing little in their beliefs from Lutherans.
They have no rite of baptism, do not believe in eternal
punishment, and, like the Quakers, disapprove of War and
are non-resistants.
They disbelieve in
ceremonies and in
gaiety of all kinds,
have no clergy, and
no preaching ex-
cept when God
raises up an ‘in-
spired instrument,’
but all are devout
church-goers. See
inspirationist.
Amanita (am'a-
ni’tā), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. apuavitat,
pl., a sort of
fungi.] 1. In
mycol., a genus
of fungi of the
family Agarica-
ceae, restricted
by recent au-
thors to white-
spored species
having the stem
provided with
both an annulus,
or ring, and a
Ameant?opsis pſianzöca.
(After figure in Engler and Prantl's
** Pflanzenfamilien.”’’ \

Amanita
volva. Over 50 species have been described,
a number of which are common and widely dis-
tributed throughout temperate regions.—2.
[l. c.] A plant of this genus.-Fly amanita, a
name frequently applied to Amanita muscaria, a poison-
ous species.—Orange amanita, a common name for 4:
cºsaria, a large edible species having an orange-colored
}. –Poison amanita, a name applied to A. phal-
oides, a white species which is extremely poisomous.
Amanitopsis (a-man-i-top'sis), n. [NL. (Roze,
1879), K Amanita + 3\pic, view.]. A genus of
white-spored agarics having a volva, but no an-
mulus. 4. plumbea is a common and widely dis-
tributed species. See cut on preceding page.
amanous (am’ā-nus), a. [Gr. 6- priv. H. L. ma-
nus, a hand.] Without hands or manus: some-
times applied to birds. [Rare.]
amaranth, n. 4, Same as purple heart.-5. An
acid dyestuff, of the monoazotype, which dyes
wool and silk a pure bluish red that is moder-
ately fast to light and milling. It is known
by various other names, as azo acid-rubine, Bor-
deaua, S, and fast red.—Amaranth spirit, a trade:
name for one of the solutions of chlorid of tin used
as a mordant in dyeing. These solutions are now much
less used than they were before the introduction of the
coal-tar dyes.-Low amaranth, one of the tumbleweeds,
Amarantus blitoides, of the prairie States resembling A.
graecizams, but more spreading. Also prostrate or Spread-
ing amaramth.-Rough amaranth, the pigweed, Alma-
ranthus retrofleaws. – Spiny amaranth, a tropical weed,
Amaranthus spinosus, recently spread in Waste places
from Virginia to Missouri and southward. It is a stout,
bushy species and the stems bear slender spines. Also
called careless-weed and red careless-weed.—Spreading
amaranth. Same as low kamaranth.-Thorny ama-
ranth. Same as spiny kamaramth.
amarantite (am-a-ran’tit), n. . [amarant, pro-
per form of amaranth, + -ite2.]. A hydrous
ferric sulphate occurring in slender prismatic
crystals and bladed masses of an amaranth-red
color. Also called hohmannète.
amargosa (ä-mār-gö’sä), m. [Sp. amargoso,
bitter.] A name in Guam and the Philippines
of the balsam-pear and the balsam-apple (Mo-
mordica Charantia and M. Balsamina), gourd-
like plants with palmate leaves and warty,
yellow fruit which bursts open when ripe, dis-
playing the seeds surrounded by a red aril.
amaric (a-mar'ik), a. [L. amarus, bitter, -i-
-ic.] Of a bitter nature.—Amaric acid, an acid,
C23H22O3 + H2O, formed by boiling benzamarone with
alcoholic sodium hydroxid. It is crystalline and easily
forms an anhydrid. *
amaril (am’a-ril), n. [L. amarus, bitter + -il.]
The hypothetical poison of the Bacillus ictero-
ides, regarded by some as the cause of yellow
fever.
amaroid (am'a-roid), n. [L. amarus, bitter, +
-oid.] A name proposed to designate those
bitter substances which have a definite com-
position but do not belong to one of the recog-
nized classes of compounds such as glucosides
or alkaloids.
amaroidal (am-a-roi' dal), a. [amaroid + -al.]
1. Somewhat bitter in taste.— 2. In pharm.,
resembling a bitter in properties.
Amasonia (am-a-să'ni-á), n. [NL., named for
Thomas Amason, an early American traveler.]
A genus of greenhouse shrubs from tropical
America, of the family Verbenaceae : sometimes
grown for the long, persistent, hairy, yellow
flowers. A. calycina is the only common spe-
cies in the United States. There are about six
species, but they are not much known in cul-
tivation.
amastia (a-mas’ti-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. *āplaotia,
K Čuao Tog, without breasts, K &-priv. -- uaotóg,
breast.] Congenital absence of the nipples or
of the entire breasts.
a masty (a-măs’ ti), n. Same as *amastia.
amaurosis, m. – Intoxication amaurosis, blindness
due to the action of some systemic poison, such as alcohol
or tobacco.
Amaurotic family idiocy, a form of idiocy accompa-
nied by constant and irremediable retinal lesions caus-
ing blindness. . Lancet, June 25, 1904. -
amaxophobia (am-ak-sº-fô'bi-á), n. [Prop.
*hamaſcophobia, K. Gr. 6plača, a wagon, +-pogía,
K offsiv, fear.] A morbid fear of vehicles.
amazia (a-mă'zi-á), n. [NL., KGr. 6- priv. 4-
gaſög, breast.] Congenital absence of the mam-
mary glands.
Amazonian group, in geol., a term applied to rocks
of Cretaceous age along the Rio Purús, Brazil, and re-
garded as equivalent in part to the Upper Chalk or
Maestrichtian of Europe. Th
€
Amazonianism (am-3-zó’ni-an-izm), n.
state or condition of Amazons; Amazonian
customs and conditions which develop in a
certain state of society; particularly, the Sup-
posed Amazonian revolution of the women
against prevailing hetaerism. McLennan.
ambatch (am’bach), n.
amber-beds (am’bér-bedz), m. pl.
amberiferous (am-bêr-if'ér-us), a.
amber-jack (am’bèr-jak), n.
amber-tree, m.
Amazonism (am'a-zgn-izm), n. The supposed ambiciliate (am-bi-sil’i-āt), a.
supremacy and rule of women in primitive
society: an interpretation of the facts of de-
scent traced in the female line, and the con-
sequent supremacy of the male relatives of
the wife over her husband. Ward, Pure So-
ciol., p. 338.
Amazonomachia (am'a-Zon-Ö-mak’i-á), n.
[NL., K. Gr. Apačáv, Amazon, + ptáxm, fight.]
In Gr. antiq., a battle of Amazons. There were
several of these mythic battles: (1) the invasion of Lycia
by the Amazons; (2) the invasion of Phrygia by the
Amazons; (3) the battle with. Hercules, his 9th labor,
in which Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons, was slain;
(4) the battle with Theseus to liberate Antiope; (5) the
battle at the close of the Trojan War, when the Amazons
came to the assistance of Priam ; (6) the invasion by the
Amazons of the island of Leuce at the mouth of the
Danube. Since it furnished many interesting arrange-
ments of men, women, and horses in action, the Amazon-
omachia was a favorite subject with Greek artists. The
finest representation of it now in existence is a series of
ºSºº-º-º-º-º:
V--~~~ E:SY º
§
O rºl2 WSZ & 2–5. —s
ºğy
§ ge. (3S "º \S
Amazonomachia, from a Sarcophagus in the Louvre.
bas-reliefs, in the British Museum, which was found in
the ruins of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. It was
often represented in the decoration of vases.
A.M.B. An abbreviation of the Latin Artium
Mechanicarum Baccalaureus, Bachelor of the
Mechanic Arts, a title conferred by some col-
leges.
ambach, n. Same as *ambatch.
ambagiousness (am-bā'īus-nes), n.
[amba-
gious + -ness.] The quality of being amba-
gious, roundabout, or indirect.
[See ambash.] The
pith-tree of the Nile, Æschymomene Elaphroa:-
glon, a thorny shrub or small tree of extraor-
dinarily quick growth : a characteristic plant
of the waters of tropical Africa. Its uncom-
monly light, spongy wood is used for floats
and small rafts. See ambash.
ambeer, ambier (am’bër), n., [Perhaps due in
some way to amber, in allusion to its color.]
Tobacco-juice. Joaquim Miller. [Local, U. S.]
amber”, m.–Drawn amber, amber which has been
dragged out of the sea with nets and rakes.—Pit amber,
amber mined from pits or diggings. It usually has a
friable brown crust. Distinguished from strand and Sea.
amber, from which this coating has been worn by the
action of sea and sand.—Sea, amber, amber washed up
by the sea (from deposits under the sea or on the coast) or
dredged from its depths. Also called 8ea-8tone.—Strand
amber, water-worn amber found on a coast or strand.
A deposit
of glauconitic sands of Lower Oligocene age,
developed along the coast of the Baltic Sea.
near Königsberg, in the lower part of which is
a band containing considerable quantities of
amber. The sands carry marine fossils, but the amber
incloses insects, spiders, and centipeds, together with
the fruit, flowers, seeds, and leaves of a large number of
land plants.
Amber-
bearing or amber-producing.
The west coast of Denmark . . . is included in this
amberferows region. Buck, Med. Handbook, I. 208.
amberite (am’be-rit), n. [amber + -ite?..] One
of the modern explosives known as Smokeless
powders. It contains 40 per cent. of nitroglycerin,
56 per cent. of soluble guncotton, and 4 per cent. Of
camphor, vaseline, or some equivalent substance.
A name given to
large species of the genus Seriola, as S. laland;
and S. du/merili.
amberous (am’bér-us), a. Amber-colored; like
amber.
Its chambers paved with amberow8 lights.
The Centwry, Aug., 1890, p. 500.
Succinea.
2. The extinct tree Pimites
succinifer, which yielded most of the amber of
the Baltic region.
rousse), K ambiant = E. ambient.
ambicoloration (am-bi-kul-Q-rä'shgn), n.
ambisinistrous (am - bi-sin’is-trus), a.
ambital (am’bi-tal), a.
ambitus, n.
Amblotherium (am-blo-thé’ri-um), n.
amblyopia, n.
amblyoscope (am’bli-Ö-Sköp), m.
Amblyrhiza (am-bli-ri’zā), m.
Amblystomatidae
* [L. ambi-, on
both sides, + NL. ciliatus, ciliate.] In ichth.,
having the scales on both sides of the body
edged with minute teeth. [Rare.]
Ambicolorate fish appear to be always what one may
call ‘aºmbiciliate ’ also.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1894, p. 439.
ambicolorate (am-bi-kul’gr-āt), a... [L. ambi-,
on both sides, + coloratus, colored.] Having
both sides of the body colored: applied specifi-
cally to abnormal examples offlatfishes, colored
on both sides, which are normally white be-
neath. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1894, p. 435.
tº & L.
ambi-, on both sides, + coloration.] In *.
the property or fact of having both sides
colored. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1894, p. 432.
Ambient vein. See Avein.
ambier, n. *
ambilation (am-bi-lä’shqn), n. [ambi-, + (re)-
See *ambeer. &
lation.] A relation in which every individual
object of the universe of discourse stands to
every other; a pene-coexistence.
[L.
ambi-, on both sides, + sinister, left.] Same
as ambilevows.
[ambit + -al.] Of or
pertaining to the ambitus or margin of the shell
or test, as in echinoderms.
ambitty (am-bit'i), a. [Prob. a factory pron.
of F. invitré (anºvi"trā’), unvitrified, K in-, L.
in-, neg., + vitré, K L. vitrºm, glass.] In glass-
manuf., devitrified in the pot during the time it
is being worked, as glass.
6. In Gregorian music, the range
or compass of a melody.— 7. In the flat sea-
urchins or echinoids, the peripheral or equa-
torial area of the test which is not transsected
by the ambulacra.
Aºi. (a.m.-bló-théºri-i-dé), m. pl.
NL., K. Amblotherium + -idae.] A family of
primitive mammals in which the molars bear
a tritubercular blade and a posterior talon:
from the Jurassic of North America and Great
Britain.
[NL.,
for “Amblytherium, K. Gr. &pg}{\g, sluggish, +
Ömptov, wild beast.] The typical genus of the
family Amblotheriidae: regarded by some au-
thors as synonymous with Peraspalaa, Phas-
Colestes, and Stylodon.
Amblycephalidae (am-bli-se-fal’i-dé), m. pl.
[NIL., K Amblycephalus + -idae.] A family of
harmless tropical snakes found in South Amer-
ica and Asia. The pterygoids, which are widely sepa-
rated from the quadrates, do not reach beyond the plane
of the occipital condyle. On account of the size of the
head, the species (about 30 in number) bear some resem-
blance to venomous Snakes.
amblychromatic (am-bli-krö-matik),a. [Gr.
äppääg, dim, + xpóga, color.] Feebly stain-
ing: applied to certain myelocytes occurring
in marrow. Opposed to *trachychromatic.
Amblygobius (am-bli-gó'bi-us), n. [NL., KGr.
āpub%g, dull, blunt, + L. gobius, goby..] A genus
of gobies in the East Indies.
Failing sight, as distinguished
rom amaurosis or total blindness.
[Gr. &pſłżąg,
dim, dull, obtuse, H- groteiv, view.] A stereo-
scope each lateral half of which has indepen-
dent motion, whereby a fusion of the two images
can be effected under any conditions of diver.
gence or convergence of the visual axes. Lan-
cet, July 18, 1903.
amblypod (am’bli-pod), n. [Gr. 3p}^{g, blunt,
+ Troöc, foot.] A member of the order Am-
blypoda, a group comprising a large number
of extinct ungulates.
Anhypº (am"bli-pô-ma-sen'trus),
m. [NL., K
Gr. Guðjóg, dull, blunt, 4- Poma-
centrus.] Aname given to a section of the genus
Pomacentrus, j reef-fishes known as dam-
sel-fishes or demoiselles.
[NL., K. Gr.
āpub%g, blunt, + biča, root.]. An extinct genus
of rodents, allied to Chinchilla, from the Post-
[Gr. &pg|Wig,
blunt, +Toréym, roof, chamber, + -ite?. The
name alludes to the form of the crystals.] A
variety of hypersthene from the andesite of
amber-snail (am’bér-snäl), n. A species of tertiary of the Antilles, .
amblystegite (am-blis’té-jit), n.
ambiance (ää-bi-áñs'), n. . [F. (Nouveau La- the Laacher See in the Eifel, originally de-
The E. form scribed as an independent species.
would be “ambience..] Environment; in art, Amblystomatidae (am"bli-stó-mat’i-dé), m. pl.
the arrangement of accessories and surround-
ings to support the main effect intended.
[NL., K. Amblystoma(t-) + -idae.] Same as Am-
blystomidaº. -


amboceptor
amboceptor (am-bó-sep’tgr), n. [L. ambo, both,
+ (re)ceptor.] A specific adaptation-product,
the result of immunization, which unites the
corresponding complement with the receptor
of the cell or cellular product for which it has
a special affinity. See kimmunity. Also copu
desmon, fia-ator, immunebody, intermediarybody,
preparator.
The excessive or lateral chains, being useless to the
cells in which they are produced, are cast off and appear
in the body juices as intermediary bodies or ‘ceptors,’
which, according to their nature, are designated uni-
ceptors (antitoxins, etc.) and amboceptors (intermediary
bodies). cience, July 3, 1908.
Ambocoelia (am-bó-sé'li-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ôpiſov, a raised edge, + kothia, belly..] A genus
of small spire-bearing brachiopods with smooth
or spinous valves: abundant in the Devonian
and Carboniferous rocks.
Ambonychia (am-bó-nik’i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
àuſław, a raised edge, 4- 8vvš, talon.] The
typical genus of the family Ambonychiidae.
Ambonychiidae (am-bö-ni-ki’i-dé), n. [NL., K
Ambonychia + -idae.] . A family of pelecypod
or acephalous mollusks. They have mytiliform
shells with no auricle and with the anterior adductor
muscle obsolete, no º; ligament external, and
byssal gape small, It is highly characteristic of the early
Silurian faunae and has a few Devonian representatives.
Amboyna button or pimple. See *button.
ambroid (am’broid), n. The trade-name of a
substance made from the inferior pieces of
amber. See the extract.
The inferior pieces of amber are made into what is
called ambroid. The pieces are washed and dried, coated
on the outside with some chemical, and are then moulded
with the aid of heat and pressure.
Scientific American, Sept. 16, 1899.
ambrosia, n. 3. The food of certain wood-boring
beetles, consisting of various hyphomycetous
fungi found associated with the beetles in their
galleries, and said by some authors to be prop-
agated by them, each species of beetle using
a particular species of fungus.
Their [ambrosia-beetles'] food consists not of wood,
but of a substance to which the name ambrogia has been
given, and which is a coating formed by certain minute
fungi and propagated on the walls of their galleries by
the beetles. The action of the fungus produces the char-
acteristic stain in the wood.
Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1896, p. 421.
ambrosia-beetle (am-bró’ziä-bê'tl), m. Any
one of a group of beetles of the family Sco-
lytidae, which burrow in the wood of different
trees, and in their burrows cultivate certain
fungi known as ambrosia. See *ambrosia, 3.
Thirty species belonging to 6 genera in the
United States are known to have this habit.—
Cosmopolitan ambrosia-beetle, a scolytid beetle of
wide distribution, Xyleborw8 &aacesemi.-Oakambrosia-
beetle, an American scolytid beetle, Xyleborus affinis.
Ambrosiaceae (am-brö-zi-ā’sé-É), m. pl. [NL.
(Reichenbach, 1828), K Ambrosia + -aceae.] A
family of dicotyledonous, sympetalous plants
of the order Campanulales, the ragweed family:
chiefly distinguished from the Asteraceae, in
which it is included by many authors, by hav-
ing the stamens (usually 5) separate, or the
anthers merely connivent, so as not to be
truly Syngenesious. There are 8 genera and about
55 species, mostly American, coarse Weeds, some bearing
burs. mbrosia, the ragweed, is the type, and the two
other best-known genera are Iva and Xanthium.
ambrosial, a. 2. Pertaining to the senses of
taste and smell: a forced use.
While yet in the animal state man learns to enjoy the
ambrosial senses in partaking of food and drink and in
inhaling the air laden with many particles given off by
natural bodies.
J. W. Powell, Amer. Ethnol. Rep., XIX. lix.
Ambrosian, ..º.º. any hymn attrib-
used to sº. Aſhbrose (340-307) or his schooi. The title is
generally considered as applying to twelve hymns char-
acterized by their lack of rhythm and their austere
simplicity. The ‘Te Deum’ commonly called “Ambro-
sian is thought now to be a translation of an ancient
Greek hymn. wºme º w º
ambrosine (am’bró-sin), m. [Kamber + rosin.]
resinous mineral found in the phos-
phate-beds near Charleston, South Carolina.
ambulacral, a. 2. Situated on the side which
bears the ambulacra ; hence, in Stelleroidea
and Crinoidea, oral.-Ambulacral brush, in spa-
tangoid sea-urchins, a structure consisting of an ordi-
nary tube-foot of which the terminal disk is extraordi-
narily widened and carries a number of club-shaped or
conical solid appendages, each supported by a calcareous
rod. The brushes occur near the mouth and anus, and
are said to play an important part in the taking in of food
by stirring up the sand,- Ambulacral fields, the areas
or divisions of the surface of an echinoderm which are
covered by the ambulacra.-Ambulacral foot, one of
the hollow adhesive locomotive organs of an echinoderm;
50
la,
º
a tube-foot or tentacle.—Ambulacral pore, one of the
openings between adjacent ambulacral ossicles in star-
º:
º
"
* ... 2
º º, º • *
º , . º
º º
'• , º
.*. *N
º- - * * º
- º żººf ºº s' "
ºr -.” -º- tº ºf ºxº~º :
º sº
º,
rºuºzº wº e- ºr
º Bºº ºver: Fº º
º,7; E. 3. &r. **, *.
- º: is . * º ºrce.
º - D. º, :
sºul A} O 2 -º
sº-º: º: -
w w
Longitudinal section through an ambulacral brush of a spatan-
goid (after Lovén and Hamann). a, body epithelium; b, support:
ing-rod; c, supporting plate of the terminal disk; al, septa; e, canal
of the water-vascular system; f, longitudinal muscles; g, nerve;
A, circular muscle-fibers. Magnified. (Drawn from Lang’s “Com-
parative Anatomy.”)
the ambulacral plates in echinoids, for
fishes, or º
e canal which connects a tube-foot with
the passage of t
its ampulla.
II, n. Same as ambulacral ossicle or plate.
ambulance, n-Veterinary ambulance, a substan-
tial, heavy wagon with horizontal bottom and a false re-
movable floor which can be rolled in and out, used for
conveying invalid and disabled horses. The sides are
high and are fitted with slings, etc.
ambulance-chaser (am’bi-lans-châ’sér), n.
A person, either a lawyer or the agent of a
lawyer, who follows up cases of accident in the
streets and tries to induce the injured person
to bring suit for damages. [Colloq.]
ambulancier (am-bi-lan-Sér’), n. [F. ambu-
lancier, Kambulance, ambulance.] An ambu-
lance surgeon or attendant. [Rare.]
Ambulatoria (am"bū-lä-tó’ri-á), m.pl. [NL.] A.
group or suborder of orthopterousinsects, cor-
responding to the Gressoria or walkers, and in-
cluding only the family Phasmidae. See Gres-
SO?"?.0%.
Ambulatory school, in Sweden, a method of education
resorted to on account of the sparse population of the
country. See the extract.
In so sparsely populated a country the organization of
education (which is both free and compulsory) is a special
difficulty, which has been partly overcome by ambulatory
schools, in which the teacher shifts his quarters twice a
year or oftener within his district. The local manage-
ment of education is part of the duties of the clergy, and
this system seems to work without friction, though Swe-
den has her Nonconformists, perhaps because the latter
are compelled to contribute to the support of the State
Church. Athenaeum, March 18, 1905, p. 333.
ame (ā’mă), n. [Jap. ame, a kind of jelly made
of flour.] A form of glucose or starch sugar
made in Japan by the action of barley malt
upon rice paste. It is melted and molded into
numerous fanciful shapes for sale.
amebic, a. See Aamoebic.
amebocyte, n. See *amoebocyte.
ameed (a-mêd), v. t. [a-1 + meed.]. To reward;
recompense. J. Barlow, Columbiad, vii. 611.
ameen (a-mên"), n. [Ar. 'amim, faithful, trust-
worthy..] A person employed in a confidential
capacity; a confidential servant or agent; an
assistant; a bailiff, inspector, or intendant.
[Anglo-Indian.] .
eiurus, m. An earlier spelling of Amiurus.
Amelanchier (am-à-lan’ki-ér), m. [NL. (Medi-
cus, 1789), from Mespilus Amelanchier, the Lin-
nean name of the rock-medlar.] A genus of
ornamental dicotyledonous shrubs or trees be-
longing to the family Malaceæ and including
about 12 species widely distributed in North
America, Europe, northern Africa, and eastern
and southwestern Asia. They have alternate, sim-
ple, entire or serrate leaves, and usually racemose, white
flowers with persistent sepals and obovate-oblong or spatu-
late petals contracted at the base into slender claws.
The fruit is small, globose or pyriform, with sweet and
juicy flesh. The rock-medlar of central Europe is Ame-
lanchier Amelanchier. See service-berry, 3.
amelification (a-mel’i-fi-kā‘shgn), n. [amel +
L. -ficare, Kfacere, make.] In embryol., the for-
mation of enamel in the developing tooth.
ameliorant (a -mêl’yg-rant), m. That which
ameliorates, betters, or improves.
amelioration, n.-Latentamelioration, unperceived
progress due to natural causes, for example, increase of
population and migration, which makes possible artifi-
cial amelioration through conscious effort. Ward, Dy-
namic Sociol., II. 209.
ameloblast (a-mel'č-blåst), n. [amel + Gr.
Waotóg, a germ.] In embryol., same as *ada-
'mantoblast.
amemasu (ā’mä-mä'sú), n. [Jap.] A Japanese
name of Salvelinus kundscha, a trout Com-
mon in streams of Kamchatka and occasion-
ally taken in northern Japan.
C
Amie
Amerind (am’e-rind"), m. and a.
Amerindian
Amen, corner, a place in some Méthodist
churches, usually at one side of the pulpit,
where formerly sat the deacons who led the
responsive “amens’ during the service.
amenomania, n. See amºenomania.
Amentiflorae (a-men-ti-flö’ré), m. pl. [NL., KL.
amentum (see ament) + flos (flor-), a flower (see
flower).] In phytogeog., the catkin-bearing
division of the ecological group Stigmatica,
consisting of Salia, Populus, and Betula.
amentulum (a-men'tii-lum), n. ; pl. amentula
(-lä). [NL., dim. of amentum, ament.] The
male inflorescence of Sphagnum compared to a
diminutive catkin.
amenyl (am'en - il), n. The organic radical,
5Hg, derived from amylene, C5H10.
can blight. See & blight.—American class, a
group of domesticated fowls including those breeds which
have originated in the United States. These are the
Plymouth Rocks, wyandottes, javas, American domi-
niques, and Jersey blues.—American kcockroach,
*copper, .#. hind-Wing, *dagger, Alappet,
*locust, *pottery, etc. : See the nouns.—Ameri-
can Protective Association. See #protective.—Ameri-
can race, in anthrop., the primitive race of man
inhabiting America. It is closely allied to the Mongol
race, and is characterized by straight black hair, strong
development of the malar bones and nose, and a skin
which ranges from almost white to dark reddish brown
in color. While the types of South and Central America
are not well known, six fundamental types may be dis-
tinguished in North America and northern Mexico : (1)
the Arctic type : short, with long and high head, very
wide and flat face, and narrow nose, and of light color ;
(2) the Northwestern type : of moderate stature, with
short head, wide face, broad and flat nose, and of
darker color; (3) the Mississippi Valley type : tall, with
moderately elongated head, wide face, broad and high
hooked nose, and of reddish color; (4) the Southeastern
type : very tall, with rounded and high head, wide face,
and high hooked nose ; (5) the Sonoran type : of mod-
erate stature, with long, rather low head, delicate
face, and of dark color; (6) the Mexican type: of mod-
erate stature, with short head, moderately heavy face,
and of dark color. A number of subtypes of these may
be distinguished.—American SaW-fly. See #8aw-fly.—
American Scale, in numis., a measure of one sixteenth
of an inch, used for indicating the sizes of coins.
Americana (a-mer-i-kā’īnā), m. pl. [NI., neut.
pl.of Americanus, American.] Books and papers
relating to America, particularly to its early
history, geography, etc.
Americanism, n. 5. A name applied to a
series of opinions at variance with the policy
and practice of the Roman Catholic Church,
supposed for a time to be held by some mem-
bers of that church, especially in the United
States, and condemned by Pope Leo XIII, in
1899 in an apostolical letter addressed to
Cardinal Gibbons. The chief points were: that in
order to attract those who differ from her the church
should shape her teachings more in accord with the
spirit of the age ; that larger individual independence be
allowed; that the church should relax sonne of her
ancient severity and make concessions to new opinions ;
that points of teaching which are of minor importance
be omitted and others toned down ; that the monastic
Orders are out of date and their vows have no moral
value ; and that there should be a separation between
church and state in all countries and under all con-
ditions.
We are unable to give approval to these views which,
in this collective sense, are called by some Americanism.
But if by this name are to be understood certain endow-
ments of mind which belong to the American people, just
as other characteristics belong to various other nations,
and moreover by it is intended your politic condition and
the laws and customs by which you are governed, there
is no reason to take exception to the name.
Pope Leo XIII. to Cardinal Gibbons, in Amer. Cath.
Quar. Rev., April, 1899.
Americanistic (a-mer-i-kan-isºtik), a. Of or
pertaining to an Americanist or to his science;
carried on by Americanists: as, Americanistic
research.
Americanitis (a-mer-i-kan-itis), n. Qver-
weening national conceit in citizens of the
United States, especially when shown or ex-
pressed by Vulgar brag or noisy braggadocio.
The removal (from athletics, etc.) of the real dishonor
so often revealed by the disqualification of men tainted
with professionalism, less perfervid Americanitis at
games and in celebrating victories, less newspaper ex-
ploitation, and a better regulation of the rapidly-
growing pecuniary side of these spectacles — these yet
remain to be accomplished.
G. S. Hall, Adolescence, II. 411.
[A back-
formation from Amerindian for Amer(ican)
Indian.] Same as kAmerindian (which see).
The tribal fraternities of the Amerinds.
Am. Rep. Bwr. Amer. Ethnol., 1897–98, p. xlviii.
Amerindian (am-e-rin"di-an), a. and m. [Amer-
(ican) + Indian. Hence, by back-formation,
Amerind. This word, with the associated
forms Amerind, Amerindic, etc., was originally
suggested by Dr. Charles P. G. Scott to Major
J. W. Powell as a new but intelligible term




Amerindian
freed from the ambiguous and false associa-
tions of Indian and American Indian, and
serving the need of a comprehensive term
covering all the aboriginal tribes and languages
of North and South America. The word was
adopted by Major Powell and other ethnolo-
gists at Washington in 1898, and has been
much used since. The formation of the word
is analogous with that of Eurasian, Eurasiatic,
Eurafrican, etc., of aldehyde, albronze, chloro-
jorm, dyne, glycol, etc., of cosecant, Cosime, CO-
tangent, etc., and of innumerable names of
genera in zoölogy and botany.] I. a. Ameri-
can Indian, in the widest sense; of or pertain-
ing to the aboriginal inhabitants of North and
South America (the Amerinds) or their lan-
guages; Amerind.
The four worlds of widespread Amerindian mythology.
Am. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., 1897–98, p. 835.
dized, ppr. amidi2ing. . [amid(e) + -ieel.] . To
treat cotton material (cellulose) with calcium
chlorid and ammonia at a temperature of 100°
C., in order to increase the affinity of the fiber
for basic colors: not widely used.
amidmost (8-mid’möst), adv. and prep. [amid
+ -most.] the very middle; in the midst of.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. iv. 52.
amidoazobenzene (am’i-dó-az-6-ben’zēn), n.
[amide + azo- + benzene.] Same as *amino-
azobenzene and aniline *yellow.
amidoazobenzol (am’i-dó-az-6-ben’zól), n.
An azobenzene,
an amido-(NH2)
C6H5.N= N. C
C6H5.N=N.C6H5, into which
§. has been introduced:
* § 2: .
amidol (am’i-dol), n. . [amide + -ol.] A trade-
name for the hydrochlorid of diaminophenol,
used as a developer in photography. Its for-
The free base
mula is C6H3OH(NH2)2.2HCl.
is unstable.
amidothiolactic (am"i-dó-thi-Ö-lak’tik), a.
Noting lactic acid which contains a thio (SH)
and an amido (NH2) group. Cystein (C2H3-
(NH2).(SH). COOH) is generally regarded as
an acid of this order.
amidoxime (am-i-dok’sim), m. [amide + ow-
ime.] The general name for a class of com-
pounds formed by the union of a nitrile with
hydroxyl amine. They have the general formula
R—C(NH2):NOH. The amidoximes are usually crystal-
line but unstable compounds and have both basic and
acid properties.
amidoxyl (am-i-dok’sil), m. [amide + oa;(y-
gen) + -yl.] The univalent group NHOH, asin
isobutyric amidoxyl nitrile, (CH3)2C(NHOH)-
CN, which is formed by the addition of hydro-
cyanic acid to acetoxime.
A. M. I. E. E. An abbreviation of Associate
Member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers.
amigo (ä-mê'gó), n. [Sp., K.L. amicus, a friend.]
biol., not median. A median or unpaired. A friend: used specifically, in the Philippine
organ in a bilateral organism may be said to be Islands, for a native who is not hostile to the
amesial in origin if it arises by the union of United States. ? /
two bilateral rudiments. Amiichthys (am-i-ik"this), n. [NL.; K Gr. auſa,
ametabole a mºis), n. Direct develop a kind of tunny, Fixit, fish. A genus of
ment without metabole or metamorphosis. small cardinal fishes, of the family Apogonidae,
amethenic (am-e-then 'ik), a. Noting an acid, in Cuba.
CºH1402, formed by the oxidation of diamy- amildar, n, Same as *amaldar.
lene. It is a liquid with weak acid properties, amimetic (a-mi-met'ik), a. [a-18 + mimetic.]
amethyst, n. 4. A trade-name for certain Not mimetic: applied to animals, especially in-
artificial dyes of the azine class, as tetramethyl sects, which do not mimic or resemble other
saframine and tetra-amyl safranime.—Burnt species in coloration or behavior.
amethyst, amethyst obtained by burning out the color amimia, 7t.-Amnesic amimia, loss of appreciation of
of smoky quartz, which is occasionally combined with the significance of gestures.—Ataxic amimia, aphasia
the amethystine quartz. with inability to make gestures.
ametoecious (a-me-té'shius), a. [Gr. & -priv. amin (am’in), n. Same as amine.
+ getá, beyond, Folkoç, house. Cf. metacious;] aminic (a-min'ik), a. [amine + -ic.] Pertain-
Not changing its host: applied to parasitic ing to an amine or to the amino group: as,
plants. Compare metacious, heterocious, heter- aminic nitrogen. -
II. m. One of the aboriginal inhabitants of
North and South America; an ‘Indian’ (with-
out the ambiguity of that term); a ‘red man’;
an Amerind.
Amerindic (am-e-rin"dik), a. Amerindian in
the most general sense, especially as applied
to matters of ethnology or philology.
ameristic, a. 2. In bot., destitute of a meris-
tem: applied to the prothalli of certain ferns
which, being inadequately nourished, produce
antheridia only.
Amerospora (am-e-ros’ på-ré), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. 6- priv. -- pièpoc, part, + otropä, seed.]. A
name applied by Saccardo to artificial divisions
of various families and orders of fungi, espe-
cially those of the Pyrenomycetes and Fungi
Imperfecti, to include the genera which have
unicellular globose or short cylindric hyaline
or colored spores.
amesial (a-mé'si-al), a. [a-18 + mesial.] In
acism. tº - e. & amino (am’i-nó), a. [Orig. combining form of
amfibia, n. pl. A simplified spelling of am- amine.] Containing the group NH2: as, amino-
phibia. tº "... tº tº acetic acid. The word is also used as a prefix or in
amfibian, a. and m. A simplified spelling of compound words with the same meaning. Often written,
amphibian. hº amido.—Amino jº. §".
es g tº .* All? on T. aiming an amino compound, usually in the Iorm or a
animous a. A simplified spelling Of amp hib- #3 as the nitrate of aminoacetic acid, CH2NH2CO2-
(? Olt S. NO3.
Amharan (am-har'an), a. and n. Same as
*Amharic. Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), TX. 315.
Amharic, m. See *Abyssinian languages (a).
amic (am'ik), a. [am(ide) + -ic.] Having the
properties of an amide and also of an acid:
usually employed in composition: as, Oaxamic
acid, CO2H.CONH2. Same as amidic.
A. M. I. C. E. An abbreviation of Associate
Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers.
Amici's telescope. See *telescope.
amicrobic (a-mi-kró’bik), a. [a-18 + microbic.]
Not related to or caused by microbes: as, an
a microbic disease.
Amicrurae (am’i-krö’ré), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
&- priv. -- pukpóg, small, -- oipá, tail. Cf. Mi-
crurae.] A group of Nemertini, belonging to
the family Limeidae, characterized by the ab-
sence of a small filamentous tail: contrasted
with Micrurae. The group includes the genera
Lineus and Euborlasia.
amidah (a-mé’dà), n. [Heb., K'amad, stand.]
The most solemn prayer in the Jewish liturgy,
aminoazobenzene (am"i-nó-az-6-ben’zên), m.
[amine + azo- + benzene.] A yellow crystal-
line compound, C6H5N:NC6H4NH2, formed by
warming diazoaminobenzene with aniline hy-
drochlorid and aniline. Some of its derivatives
are valuable dyes. Also called, less correctly,
*amidoazobenzeme. .
aminoform (a-min’5-fôrm), n. [amine + -form.]
Hexamethylene tetramine. Same as *cysto-
gem, kurotropin, and *formin.
aminoglutaric (am"i-nó-glö-tar'ik), a. ſamine
+ glutaric..] Pertaining to glutamic acid in a
relation indicated by the specific prefix.—Am-
# acid a colorless, dextrorotatory compound,
H00CCH(NH2)CH2CH2COOH, prepared by the action of
dilute sulphuric acid on certain constituents of wheat
gluten. It crystallizes in trimetric tetrahedra, melts at
202°C., and is also called a-aminoglutaric acid or a-glu-
tamic acid.
aminolysis (am-i-nol’i-sis), m. [amine + Gr.
Žígug, dissolving. Tº In chem., the decomposition
of a substance when involving a taking up of
the elements of ammonia.
amitotically (am-i-tot’i-kal-i), adv.
Amitrichthys (am-i-trik’ this), m.
Amitrinae (am-i-tri’né), m. pl.
amixia (a-mik'si-á), n.
aml
A. M. M.
ammelide (am’e-lid), n.
ammeline (am’e-lin), n.
ammine (am’in), m.
ammiolite (am’i-Ö-lit), m.
ammonia
Church in the United States numbers about 12,000 follow-
ers. They are also called Hookers from their use of hooks
in their clothing. -
Amishman (ām’ish-or hºmish-man), n. [Amish
+ man.] A member of the Amish sect of the
Mennonites. See *Amish.
amitosis (am-i-tó'sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. 4-
Amitosis.
Group of cells with amitotically dividing nuclei; ovarian follicular
epithelium of the cockroach. (Wheeler.)
piſtoc, thread, + -osis.] In cytol., direct cell-
division, akinesis or karyostenosis, as opposed
to the indirect form of division (mitosis, karyo-
kinesis, which see): so called from the absence
of thread-like figures in the nucleus.
amitotic (am-i-tot'ik), a. Exhibiting amitosis;
relating to amitosis.
By ami-
tosis or direct division of cells without prelim-
inary karyokinesis. Encyc. Brit., XXXI. 514.
Amitra (am’i-trä), n. [NL., KGr. &putpog, with-
out girdle or head-band, K &-priv. -- pittpa, a
girdle, a head-band: see miter.] A genus of
ãeep-sea snail-fishes, of the family Liparididae,
lacking ventral fins.
[NL., K. Gr.
âuttpog, without girdle, -H ºffic, fish..] A sub-
genus of deep-sea snail-fishes of the family
Liparididae.
[NL., K. Amitra
+ -inae.] A subfamily of Liparididae, lacking
ventral fins: typified by the genus Amitra.
[NL., K. Gr. &gt;ia, K
āpukrog, unmingled, Kö-priv. -- utictóg, Kutyvínal,
mix.] In biol., cessation of interbreeding be-
tween races or varieties.
amixis (a-mik'sis), n. [NL., Kö- priv. -- ut;ug,
mingling.] Same as *amia;ia.
When we reflect that species extinct elsewhere must
have survived locally, and add to these those local forms
which owe their origin to amiacis, we cease to be aston-
ished at the enormous number cf species of Lepidoptera
which we find on the earth at the present day.
Eimer (trans.), Organic Evolution, p. 131.
(am’li), n. [Origin unknown.] The larva
Of the heligrammite fly Corydalis cornuta (Co-
rydalus cornutus). [Rhode Island.]
An abbreviation of Artium Mecham-
icarum Magister, Master of Mechanic Arts: a
degree conferred by some institutions.
[ammel-in + -ide.] A
monamide of cyanuric acid having the formula
(CN)3(OH)2NH2. It is formed from ammeline
by heating the latter with sulphuric acid. Also
called melamwremic acid.
[Metathetic form of
melamine.] The diamide, (CN)3OH(NH2)2
of cyanuric acid. It forms microscopic needles
which are very difficultly soluble in water. It
is a weak base.
See metal-ammonia com-
pounds, under *ammonia.
[Gr. Öppatov, cinna-
bar in its sandy state (K applog, sand), + Affog,
stone..] A mineral from mines in Chile, earthy
in texture and of a red color: supposed to be
an impure antimoniate of copper mixed with
cinnabar.
ammodyte, n. 3. In bot., a plant growing
habitually in sandy places. *
ammonal (am’ī-mal), n. A high explosive
also known as the shemomah 'esra (“eighteen
blessings’). It is repeated thrice daily, Sotto
voce, while standing. The prayer is composed of
Amish (am "ish or à 'mish), a. and m. [Also
Omish; K “Ammisch, K. Ammam (see def.), Kam-
eighteen short prayers, and praises which treat princi:
pally of resurrection, the restoration of Jerusalem, and
the coming of the Messiah. Nothing should disturb the
pious worshiper while he is engaged in this prayer.
amide, n.—Amide powder, an explosive mixture con:
sisting of nearly equal parts of ammonium nitrate and
miter, with a small amount of charcoal. &
amidize (am’i-diz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. anti-
mam, dial. form of amtmann, officer: see am-
man.] I. a. Pertaining to Jacob Amman (see
next) or to his followers or their sect.
II. m. A sect of the Memnonites which arose
in the 17th century in Switzerland, named from
ammonia, n.
mixture consisting of 3 parts of ammonium
nitrate and 1 part of aluminium.
its leader, Jacob Amman. He insisted on the strict
use of the ban, and went so far as to repudiate the use of
buttons and shaving as things of the World. The Amish
The great value of ammonia as a ferti-
lizer, chiefly in the form of ammonium sulphate, renders
the question of its supply on a large scale one of much
importance. Until recent years it was obtained mainly
from the Watery ammoniacal liquor which is a by-product
of the manufacture of coal-gas for illuminating purposes,

alºlºlonia,
This source of supply has been seriously threatened by
the extension, especially in the United States, of the use
of carbureted water-gas, in making which ſittie or no
ammonia is obtained.” Notable improvements, however,
have been made in methods for the recovery of ammonià
from the waste gases of coke-ovens, shaie-works, and
blast-furnaces, and very considerable amounts are now
obtained from these previously neglected sources. One of
the most interesting results secured with the aid of the
high temperature of the modern electric furnace is the
synthetical production of ammonia from the nitrogen of
atmospheric air and the hydrogen of water. Carbon in
the form of coke is mixed with lime and the mixture in-
tensely heated in the presence of atmospheric nitrogen,
giving rise to carbon-monoxid gas and calcium cyana-
mide (CaCN2). The latter, heated with water under
pressure, yietà. calcium carbonate and ammonia (CaCN2
+ 8H20 = CaCO3 +2NH3). It appears that cyanamide
itself may serve, when used directly as a fertilizer, to
furnish assimilable nitrogen to growing plants.-Albu-
minoid ammonia, the ammonia formed by the decompo-
sition of organic matter when water, sewage, or other
substances are distilled with an alkaline solution of potas:
sium permanganate. The determination of albuminoid
ammonia is used to secure information as to the amount
of nitrogenous organic matter in potable waters or in
sewage.—Ammonia, coil, in refrigeration, a special kind
of gas-piping bent into a coil and used in conveying and
cooling ammonia-— Ammonia. Condenser, a large coil
Of º: built up with the proper fittings, used in cooling
and condensing hot ammonia gas as it comes from the
compressor. Two types are in use. In one, called a 8wr-
jace condenger, the gas passes through the coil while cold
water flows in a film over the outside surface of the pipes.
In the other, called a pipe condenger, double pipes, one
within the other, are built up as a coil, the ammonia gas
traveling through the smaller inside pipe and the cold
waterflowing in the opposite direction through the larger
ipe, cooling the ammonia gas and condensing it to a
iquid which, when allowed to expand, may be used in
making ice or cooling a cold-storage plant.—Ammonia,
fittings, couplings, elbows, tees, and other pipe-fittings
of special shape, size, and weight adapted to pipes used
in conveying ammonia as a liquid or a gas. See Apipe-
fitting.—Ammonia-nitrate process. See #proces8.—
Ammonia-soda, process, the chief method by which at
present carbonate of soda is made from common salt. Its
essential feature is the action of ammonia and carbon
dioxid upon strong brine under considerable pressure.
Invented in practical form by E. Solvay.—Ammonia,
type, in chem., the structure characteristic of the mole-
cule of ammonia and analogous compounds, an atom of
nitrogen or some other triad element united to three mo-
nad atoms or radicals of electropositive character. Thus
trimethylamine, N(CH3)3, and tri-ethylphosphine, P(C2-
H5)3, are compounds of the ammonia type. — Aqua, am-
monia (ammonia gas dissolved in water) is used by
textile-colorists for neutralizing acids and when an alkali
of milder character than caustic soda or potash is desired,
as in the neutralizing of Turkey-red oil. It is also used
as a fixing agent for certain metallic mordants.-Mer-
Curic chlorid and ammonia, process. See #proces8.
—Metal-ammonia compounds, in chem., a large and
complex series of substances formed by the union of
ammonia in different proportions with the salts of cer-
tain metals, as platinum, cobalt, and copper, new com-
pound radicals being thus produced. The term ammine
(not to be confounded with amine) has been proposed
for these substances. & -
ammoniater (a-mö'ni-ā-tér), n. [*ammoniate,
v. (Kammonia), + -erl.] A substance which
supplies ammonia, to a compound fertilizer.
ammonioplatinic (a-mó"ni-Ö-pla-tin'ik), a.
Derived from ammonium and platinum.—Am-
#ºn; chlorid, ammonium chloroplatinate
(NH4)2PtCl6, the double chlorid of platinum and am-
monium : a sparingly soluble yellow crystalline precipi-
tate often used as the form in which to determine, in
chemical analysis, ammonia or its constituent nitrogen.
ammonite? (am'Q-mit), n. [ammon(ium) +
-ite2.] A name applied to certain explosive
materials, patented by Favier, containing am-
monium nitrate with other substances, chiefly
nitro- or dinitro-naphthalene.
ammoniticone (am-mó-nit’i-kön), m. and a.
[Ammonites + come.] I. n. A come-shaped
shell coiled in one plane, as in an ammonite ;
the shell of an ammonite, ceratite, or gonia-
tite.
II. a. Having a close-coiled symmetrical
shell, as the ammonoid cephalopods.
ammonitiform (am-à-nit’i-fôrm), a. [NL.
ammomites, ammonite, + L. forma, form.]
Resembling an ammonite in shape, as the
young of certain Gasteropoda.
ammonitoid (a-mon’i-toid), a. and n. [ammo-
nit(e) + -oid.] I. a. Related or belonging to
the ammonites or Ammonoidea ; resembling
an ammonite. Zittel (trans.), Textbook of Pa-
leon., I. 547.
II. m. An ammonite (which see) or a mom-
noid.
amII) Olmilllll, ??--Ammonium bichromate, ammo-
nium pyrochromate ((Nãº). Crºo. By heating this
salt mitrogen gas may be obtained, in accordance with
the reaction (NH4)2Cr2O7 = Cr2O3 + 4H20+N2.—Am-
monium Čajºie, (ść, a commercial salt
valuable in wool-scouring and also used in medicine
and in common Smelling-salts.-Ammonium chlorid,
sal ammoniac, NH4Cl. It is usually prepared from
ammonium sulphate by heating with common salt, the
ammonium chlorid subliming, and is used to some ex-
tent in the exciting fluid of the Leclanché galvanic cell,
in the production of mordants, etc. It is obtained on a
great scale as a by-product of the Solvay or ammonia
-
process for making soda from common salt.— in this case
used to recover ammonia, which is again applied in a re-
newal of the process— onium chloroplatinate.
See #ammonioplatinic chlorid.—Ammonium hydrate.
See Aammonium hydrozid.—Ammonium hydroxid, in
chem., the form in which ammonia is assumed to exist
when dissolved in water, NH4.HO, resulting from the ac-
tion of NH3 and H20 upon each other. The solution,
the ordinary #. ammonia of commerce, behaves in
many respects like the solution of caustic soda (NaHO)
or caustic potash (KHO), but decomposes, on being
heated, into gaseous ammonia and water. Recent investi-
gations of the physical properties of the solution make it
very doubtful whether the hydroxid has any real exis-
tence. Often improperly called ammonium hydrate.—Am-
Imonium jºi phosphate, in chem., a slightly
soluble crystalline salt (N *MgF64.6H2O) frequently
resorted to in chemical analysis as the form in which to
separate magnesium from other substances. It is often
met with as a constituent of urinary calculi.-Ammo-
nium nitrate, in chem., the salt formed by the union of
ammonia and nitric acid (NH3+ HNO3= NH4...NO3),
chiefly noteworthy as the source from which, by cau-
tiously heating it somewhat above its melting-point, nitro-
gen monoxid or nitrous oxid, the so-called laughing-gas,
is prepared for use as a gaseous anesthetic, most com-
monly by dentists.-Ammonium persulphate, a salt
§§ sparingly used in the development of pho-
tographic pictures.-Ammonium phosphomolybdate,
in chem., a salt of the composition (NH4)3PO4+12Mo-
O3, appearing as a bright-yellow crystalline precipitate
insoluble in a nitric-acid solution of ammonium molyb-
date. It is very commonly used in analytical processes
as the form in which to separate the radical of Ortho-
phosphoric acid, for the determination of this radical or
of the phosphorus it contains, and is of great value in
connection with the analysis of fertilizers and of steel.
—Ammonium picrate, a substance crystallizing in
bright-yellow needles, burning on the application of
flame, but exploding by shock less easily than other pic-
rates: used in the preparation of Brugère's and Abel's
powders. — Ammonium platinochlorid. Same as
*ammonioplatinic chlorid.—Ammonium sulphate, in
chem., the salt formed by the union of ammonia and sul-
phuric acid (2NH3 + H2SO4 = (NH4)2SO4). It is pre-
pared on a larger scale than any other ammonium salt,
chiefly for use as a fertilizer or an ingredient of mixed
fertilizers. See #am?monia.— Metal-ammonium com-
pounds, in chem., substances in which a metal may be
viewed as replacing part or all of the hydrogen of the
radical ammonium : as, dimercurammonium chlorid,
NHg2C1, which may be considered as ammonium chlorid,
NH4C1, with the 4 atoms of monad hydrogen replaced by
2 atoms of dyad mercury.
ammono-acid (a-mö"nó-asſid), n. A compound
which in solution in liquid ammonia conducts
itself in a manner analogous to the conduct of
ordinary acids in water: as, acetamide, CH3-
CONH2, which reacts with the ammono-base,
RNH2, giving potassium acetamide, CH3-
CONHK, and ammonia.
ammono-base (a-mö'nó-bās"), n. A compound
which conducts itself in a solution in liquid
ammonia as an ordinary base conducts itself
in aqueous solution and which contains the
group —NH2 in place of the hydroxyl, OH, of
an ordinary base: as, potassium amide, KNH2.
ammono-basic (a-mö-nó-bā‘sik), a. Designat-
ing a compound related to an ammono-salt in
a manner analogous to the relation of a basic
salt to the salt from which it is derived:
that is, an ammono-salt in which a part of the
acid groups have been replaced by NH2 as
OH replaces acid groups in the formation of
ordinary basic salts.
ammonoid, n. II. a. Pertaining to or having
the characteristics of the Ammonoidea.
ammonol (amº-nól), n. The trade-name of a
remedy said to consist of acetanilid, sodium
bicarbonate, and ammonium carbonate. It is
antipyretic and analgesic.
ammonolysis (am-à-mol’i-sis), m. The decom-
position of an ammono-salt in liquid ammonia
in a manner analogous to the hydrolysis of
salts in water.
ammono-salt (a-mö'nö-Sält”), m. A compound
formed together with ammonia by the action
of an ammono-acid on an ammono-base in a
solution in liquid ammonia.
on's horn. Same as cornu Ammonis.
ammotherapy (am-Ö-ther'8-pi), n. [Gr: âulloc,
sand, + 6epaireia, medical treatment.] The
employment of sand-baths in the treatment of
disease. º
ammunition-conveyer (am-li-nish 'Qm-kgn-
vā’ér), n. a man-of-war, a mechanical ap-
pliance, moved by power, for transporting
ammunition horizontally from the magazines
to the bottom of the ammunition-hoists.
ammunition-hoist (am-Ü-nish'Qn-hoist), n. A
mechanical contrivance, worked by hand or
power, by means of which ammunition is
lifted from the magazines or passages in the
lower parts of a war-ship and delivered in the
vicinity of the guns, or on the decks upon
which they are placed. * {} * *
ammunition-passage (am-li-mish(Qn-pas"#j),
m. A passage arranged in the lower parts
amoebocyte
of a war-ship, beneath the protective deck,
through which ammunition is transported from
the magazines to the places from which it is
sent up through the decks to the guns above.
ammunition-room (am-ii-nish' on-röm), n.
Any compartment on a war-ship in which am-
munition is stored for use: usually made wa-
ter-tight and provided with means }. flooding
with water in case of fire on board. The term
includes magazines, shell-rooms, and fixed-
ammunition rooms.
ammunition-scuttle (am-li-mish’9n-skut/1), n.
In a man-of-war, a scuttle in a deck or in the
bulkhead of a magazine through which ammu-
nition is passed on its way to the guns. See
scuttle2, n., 1.
Amnemonic agraphia. See *agraphia.
amnesia, n.-Audito
Amnesic amimia.
Amnigenia (am-ni-jé'ni-á), n. [NL., K. L. am-
mis, a river, -H -genus, -born.] A genus of ex-
tinct pelecypod mollusks or clams allied to the
family Unionidae and believed to be of fresh-
or brackish-water habitat. Amnigenia Catskill-
engis is a characteristic fossil in the brackish-water One-
onta sandstones lying at the base of the Catskillformation.
amnio-allantoic (am"ni-Ö-al-an-toſik), a. Con-
cerning or pertaining to the presence of an
amnion and an allantois.
amnion, n. 5. In echinoderms, the sac in the
pluteus larva inclosing the developing echinus.
—True amnion, theinner of the two embryonic envelops
in reptiles, birds, and mammals, as opposed to the outer
or false amnion.
amniote (am’ni-Öt), a. and n. [NL. amniotus,
Kamnion, amnion.] I. a. Possessing an am-
nion; amniotic.
n. A member of the Amniota.
Amniotic band, acord-likeformation on the inner Surface
of the amnion, sometimes constricting a limb of the
fetus.--Amniotic cord, in ruminants, a band of tissue
persisting for a time after the closure of the amnion
and chorion, and connecting these two structures.—Am-
Iniotic dropsy. See karopsy.
amniotitis (am"ni-Ö-ti’tis), m. [NL., irreg. (af-
ter amniote) K Gr. Čuvtov, amnion, + -itis.] In-
flammation of the amnion.
Amoeba coli or dysenteria, an
amoeboid organism believed to
be causative of one form of dys-
entery.
amoebiasis (a-mé-bi-ā’sis),
n. Morbid condition in-
duced by the presence of y
amoebae.
amoebic (a-mé’bik), a.
[amoeba + -ic.] Of, pertain-
ing to, or characterized by
the presence of amoebae.
Also amebic.—Amoebic coli-
tis, inflammation of the large in-
testine caused by the presence of
Amoeba colò or dysenteriae; amoe-
bic dysentery. Jour. Earper. Med.,
VI. 167.-Amoebic dysentery,
a form of dysentery due to the
presence of Amoeba coli or dysenteria in
See dysentery. Jour. Earper. Med., WI. 89
Amoebida (a-mé’ bi-dà), m. pl. [NL., K. Amaeba.
+ -ida.] An order of Rhizopoda. They have lo-
bose pseudopodia, are with or without a shell, have one
or more nuclei, and usually have a contractile vacuole.
It includes the families Amoebidae, Arcellidae, and Ew-
glyphidae.
amoebocyte (a-mé’bó-sit), m. [NL. amoeba +
amnesia, word-deafness.
ee *amimia.
A272 atóa codz. (Magnified.)
the intestine.
/
SD.C.
Amoebocytes.
Body wall of Clathrizia corfacea, Mont., seen from the inside in
the region of the oscular rim, showing pores (2.1., 2. 2.),—the collar-
cells removed to show the underlying parenchyma. azz.c, amoe-
bocyte; apºſ.c., apical formative cell; byc., basal formative
cell ; s/º.c., spicule cell, or Scleroblast. (From Lankester's
“Zoëlogy.”)


amoebocyte
Gr. KüTog, a hollow (a cell).] An amoeboid cell
or corpuscle, usually of rounded or lobose
shape (frequently packed with granules or
sometimes with particles of pigment), found
everywhere among the cells and tissues and
in the cavities of various invertebrate animals.
Such cells are known also, from their vagrant habits, as
wandering cells. In some organisms, as sponges, they
give rise to the genital products, and they are also prob-
ably concerned with the functions of nutrition and ex-
cretion. Also spelled amebocyte.
amoebocytogenous (a-mê"bó-si-toj^e-nus), a.
[NL., K amoeba + Gr. kºtog, a hollow (a cell), +
-yevm.g., -producing.] In pathol., relating to or
producing amoebocytes.
Amoebogeniae (a-mê-bö-jen’i-é), m. pl. [NL.,
K amoeba + -genus, producing.] group of
Sporozoa having amoeboid sporozoites: equiva-
lent to Myaosporidia.
Amoebosporidia (a-mê"bő-spö-rid’i-á), n. pl.
[NL., K amoeba + Gr. oropá, seed, + -idia.]
A group of Gregarinida which have a multi-
nucleate amoeboid form and increase by direct
division or by falciform young coming from
spores. They are found in the Malpighian
tubules of some beetles. Same as *Schizo-
gregarinae.
amok (ā’mūk), a. and m. [Malay dimok, dimog,
pron. #'mök or ā’möh: see Żmudiºſ I. a.
Same as amuck (but a form nearer the original).
See amuck. -
II. m. An affray in which one or more per-
sons (Malays) run amuck. See the quotation.
An amok took place last might, by a Malay, which re-
sulted in the loss of his own life and the wounding of 16
persons.
Straits Times, quoted in Giles's Glossary of Reference.
amok (ā’mók), v. i. To run amuck (which see).
amora (a-mö'râ), m.; pl. amoraim (am-à-rā’im).
[Heb. 'amóra, expounder, K Heb. Aram, 'amar,
say, speak.] 1. An officer who stood beside
a public teacher or lecturer and announced in
a loud voice, in popular language, what the
teacher had just uttered in a low voice in aca-
demic language: otherwise called ‘translator’
or ‘interpreter.”—2. One of the expounders of
the Mishnah, successors of the tannaim. The
expositions of these rabbis and the Mishnah constitute
the oral law called Talmud. The period of the amoraim
began after the death of Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi (the Prince
Judah), about 200 A. D., and extended to about 500 A. D.
amoral (ä-mor’al), a... [a-18 + moral.] Devoid
of moral quality; neither moral nor immoral;
non-moral. R. L. Stevenson, in Longman's
Mag., I, 70. N. E. D.
amorfous, a. A simplified spelling of amor-
phows.
organ (a-mór'gan), a. [L. Amorgus, Amor-
gos, K. Gr. 'Auopyóc.f. Of or pertaining to Amor-
gos, one of the Cyclades, a group of islands in
the AEgean Sea, or to an ancient civilization,
preceding that of Mycenae, shown by numerous
remains which have been found by recent ex-
cavators. Amorgos is noted as the residence of the
Greek poet Simonides (7th century B. C.) and for the pro-
duction in ancient times of a very fine kind of flax which
was woven into garments and dyed red.
The material employed, and the simple form of the
vase, seem to show that it belongs to the later prae-
Mycenean or Amorgan period.
A. J. Evans, in Jour. Hell. Studies, XVII. 350.
Amorgian (a-mör'gi-an), a. Same as Amorgan.
amorism (am' 3-rizm), n. [L. amor, love, -H
-ism..] Love-making tendencies or disposition;
amatory intrigue; gallantry.
Full of the romance and colour and sparkle of that
curious life — half old-world Spanish, half topsy-turvy
Oriental in its fatalism and passionate amorism — which
was to be found in California.
- Athenæum, Jan. 17, 1903, p. 77.
amorist, n. 2. One who is given to writing
love-sonnets Or -Songs.
The Angel determines all conceptions of the poet, who
is imagined as a mild and amiable amorist.
Athenaewm, April 1, 1905, p. 390.
amoristic (am-Ö - ris' tik), a. [amorist + -ic.]
Amatory. The Academy, April 9, 1881.
Amorphophallus (a-mör-fô-falºus), n. [NL., K
Gr. Öpoppog, shapeless, + pa^20g, phallus.] A.
giant plant of the family Araceae from the
eastern tropics, grown as a curiosity in hot-
houses. It has immense spathes containing many ill-
smelling flowers. The three most commonly cultivated
species are A. Rivieri (commonly called ºrdevil's-tongue),
A. campanulatw8, and A. gigantew8. See cut in next
column. f.e : g: y
amorphophyte (3-mór'fö-fit), n., [Gr, duopºgg,
shapeless, + purov, a plant.] A plant with
flowers of irregular or anomalous form. Necker.
amorphose (3-mór'fös), a. Amorphous. [Rare.]
*...* (ä-mör-ti-sér’), n.
Azzorg/topha22us campazzulatus. -
(After figure in Engler and Prantl’s “Pflanzenfamilien.”)
amorphozoary (a -mör-fô -zó’ā-ri), n. [Gr.
āpºopºog, formless, + NL. 2007'ium, q. v.] An
irregular or shapeless animal growth, as a
Sponge or a colonial coelenterate.
amorphus (a - mór'fus), n. ; pl. amorphi (-fi).
NL., KGr. ºpioppoc, shapeless.] In teratol., a
mole or shapeless monster.
[F., Kamortir,
eaden: see amortize.] In elect., an induction
motor secondary winding iocated in the pole-
faces of the magnet-field of electric machines
to dampen any tendency to oscillation. It
usually consists of a “squirrel cage,’ or number
of copper bars passing through the field-iron
and connected with each other by end-rings.
amortizable (3-mór’ti-za-bl), a. That can be or
is intended to be amortized or extinguished:
as, a debt amortizable in ten years.
amotion, n. 3. In law: (a) An unlawful taking
of chattels. (b) The act of turning out an owner
of an estate in land before the termination of
his estate. (c) In corporations, removal of an
official of a corporation before the expiration
of the term for which he was appointed.
amoyong (ā-mö’yong), m. TTagalog “amoyong,
Bisaya, amoyon, KTagalog amoy, scent.] A.
name in the Philippines of Fissistigma fulgens
(Melodorum fulgens of Hooker and Thompson),
a large woody climber or small tree of the
custard-apple family, having tawny-orange
colored flowers and pod-like ãº. inclosing a
number of cinnamon-colored, somewhat aro-
matic seeds, which are administered medici-
nally in the Philippines under the name of
grains of paradise.
ampelidaceous (am-pel-i-dā'shius), a. [NL.
Ampelidace(a) + -ows.] Belonging to the Am-
pelidaceae (that is, the Vitaceae) or vine family.
amperage (am-pār’āj), n. The strength of an
electrical current measured in amperes.
ampere-balance (am-pâr’bal/ans), n. An in-
strument for measuring electric currents by
Ampere-balance.
a, a, fixed coils, between which are moving coils, b,b,brought to
a balance by sliding weight, w, on which is index, 2, indicating on
scale, 3.
means of the attraction between a fixed coil,
through which the current flows, and a mova-
ble balanced coil which forms a part of the
same circuit.
ampere-hour (am-pâr'our), n. In elect., a unit
of quantity, the electricity transferred by a
current of one ampere in one hour. It is equal
to 3,600 coulombs. -
amphicreatinine
Ampère's frame, rule. See ºframe, *rule.
ampere-turns (am-pār’térnz"), n. pl. A mea.
sure of the magnetizing power, or magnetomo-
tive force, of a current of electricity in a con-
ducting-coil, equal to the product of a number
of turns in the coil by the current (in am-
peres) passing through it.
ampharkyochrome, (am -fär'ki-à-kröm), n.
[Gr. 6plºt, on both sides, + dipºvº, net, +
Apóga, color.] In neurol, a cell in which the
modal points of the nucleus are connected by
deeply staining bands or bridges.
ampheclexis (amf-ek-lek'sis), n. [Irreg. K Gr.
āppi, on both sides, + škaeśag, selection : see
eclectic.], Sexual selection on the part of both
male and female. Compare *gynecleais and
*andreclewis. Ward, Pure Sociol., p. 361.
amphiaster, n. 3. . [l. c.] . A sponge-spicule
consisting of a straight axis with a whorl of
rays near each end,
amphibia, m. pl., 2. Boulinger divides the Am-
phibia into four orders, Stegocephalia, Apoda, Cawdata,
and Ecaudata, the last three being the same as the
Gymnophioma, Urodela, and Anura of other writers, but
bearing the names originally applied to them. Recent
researches emphasize he distinctness of the Stegoce-
phalia and show that they approach reptiles in some
structural features. On this account it has been pro-
posed by Seeley to place the two in one class, while Cred-
ner would unite the Stegocephalia with the Rhymchoce-
phalia. The order Stegocephalia is variously divided into
from 2 to 5 suborders, mainly on characters furnished by
the vertebrae.
amphibichnite (am"fi-bik’nit), n. [Irreg. K
Gr, dupíðtog, amphibious, + iyvoc, track: see
ichnite.] A fossil marked by tracks of am-
hibia.
amphibole, 7t.—Soda, flºº, a variety of amphi-
bole, or a species of the amphibole group, characterized
by the presence of Sodium as a prominent constituent :
the species riebeckite, glaucophane, arfwedsonite, and
barkevikite belong here.
amphibolic!, a. 2. Ambiguous; of a doubt-
ful nature.—Amphibolic fistula, an opening made
in the gall-bladder of an animal for the purpose of oh-
taining bile for physiological study. The common bile-
duct is left intact, so that when the external opening is
plugged the bile may flow away through the duct.
amphibolitic (am-fib-3-lit'ik), a. [amphibolite
+ -ic.] In petrog., same as amphibolic. Gei-
kie, Text-book of Geology, p. 804
amphibolization (am"fi-ból-i-Zā’shgn), n. [am-
phibolize + -ation.] In geol., the metamor-
phic process by which minerals of the am-
phibole group are produced in rocks by the
alteration of other minerals.
amphibrachic (am-fi-brak'ik), a. [amphibrach
+ -ic.] Of or pertaining to the amphibrach;
characterized by amphibrachs. Scripture, Ele-
ments of Experimental Phonetics, p. 510.
amphicarpium (am-fi-kär’pi-um), n. ; pl. am-
phicarpia § [NL., K. Gr. Öpupi, on both sides,
+ Kapiſóg, fruit..] . In bot., an archegonium that
persists after fertilization as a fruit-envelop.
amphicarpogenous (am-fi-kār-poj'e-nus), a.
[Gr. Öppi, on both sides, + kaptróg, fruit, +
-yevåg, -producing.] In bot., developing the
fruit above ground and subsequently burying
it, as the peanut. -
Amphicerus (am-fis’e-rus), n. [NL. (Le Conte
1861), K. Gr. &pſputepog, two-horned.] A genus
of bostrychid beetles peculiar to North Amer-
ica: A. bicaudatus is known in the United States as the
apple-twig borer. It frequently injures apple-orchards
by boring into the small twigs and causing them to break
off. It also injures the canes of the grapes.
Aſphiºlyſis (am" fi-ke-lid’i-á), m. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. apºpt, on both sides, + xéAvg (stem
Žežv-, assumed to be 2:eAvô-), a tortoise.]
A name introduced by Lydekker and rede-
fined by Baur as a suborder to include fos-
sil turtles or chelonians having free nasals
a Squamosoparietal arch, pelvis not ankylosed
to the carapace or plastron, and an intergular
shield. At present itembraces only a single family, the
Plewrosternidae, containing several generalized forms from
the Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary rocks.
amphicondylous (am-fi-kon'di-lus), a. [Gr.
&plºt, on both sides, + kóvóvãog, a joint or knob
(see condyle).] Having two condyles or ar-
ticular facets, as the skull of mammals and
batrachians: contrasted with *monocomaylous.
amphicotyledon (am"fi-kot-i-lè(dqn), n. [NL.,
r. dupi, on both sides, + NL. cotyledon.]
The cotyledons when united so as to form a
cup. De Vries.
amphicreatinine (am-fi-kré-at’i-nin), n. Lam-
phi- + creatinine.] A base, C8H19N,704, found
in small amountin lean meat. It forms bright-
yellow crystals and resembles creatine in its
properties.


amphictyonian
amphictyonian (am-fik-i-3'niºn), a same
as amphictyonic.
Amphicyonidae (am"fi-si-on’i-dé), m.pl. [NL.,
S Amphicyon H -idae.] A family of Carnivora
in which the characters of the teeth and base
of skull are those of the dogs, while the struc-
ture of the limbs and the plantigrade feet are
like those of the bears: found in the Tertiary
rocks of North America, Europe, and Asia.
amphidepula (am-fi-dep’īī-lä), n. ; pl. amphi-
depula: (-lé). [amphi- + depulà.] In em-
bryol, a phase of the metadepula stage char-
acteristic of the cyclostomes, ganoids, Dipnoi,
and Amphibia among vertebrates. Haeckel.
amphidesmous º a. [Gr. &papí,
on both sides, ðeoplóg, a band.] Having a
ligament on each side.
amphidetic (am-fi-det'ik), a. [Gr. Öpºt, on both
jº, bound,” ºil, bind.j' in the
pelecypod mollusks, extending on both sides
of the }. noting a type of ligament.
amphidetically (am-fi-det’i-kal-i), adv. In an
amphidetic manner; with the ligament on both
sides of the beak, as in some mollusks.
Amphidiscophora (am”fi-dis-kof’º-rá), m. pl.
Hºp. K*amphidiscus, amphidisk, 4 Gr. -popoc,
K pépetv, bear.] An order of lyssacine, hex-
actinellidan sponges having amphidisks always
present in the limiting membranes and no hex-
asters in the parenchyma. It includes the
family Hyalonematidae.
*idiºhgº, (am"fi-dis-kof’ī-ran), a.
and n. I. a. Pertaining to or having the char-
acteristics of the Amphidiscophora.
II, n. Any member of the Amphidiscophora.
Amphidozotherium (am”fi-dó-zô-théºri-um),
n. [NL., appar, a misprint for “Amphidoaco-
therium, K § āppióošog, uncertain, + 6mptov,
a wild beast.] A genus of fossil moles from
the Tertiary phosphorites of Quercy, France,
... supposed to be allied to the existing Urotrichus
of Japan and North America.
amphidromic (am-fi-drom'ik), a. [Gr. &pſpíðpo-
plog, running around: see amphidromia..] Per-
taining to cotidal lines arranged radially about
a no-tide point.
amphigean, a. 3. In bot., bearing flowers from
a rootstock. -
amphigenetic (am"fi-jë-net'ik), a. [Gr. &pſpi,
on both sides, + genetic.] By means of both
sexes. Amphigenetic reproduction is sexual
reproduction.
Amphigenia (am-fi-jé'ni-á), n. [NL.: see
amphigenous.] genus of extinct brachio-
pods belonging to the family Pentameridae.
The shells are of large size, and the ventral valve has a
small spondylium or pedicle-pit resting on a very short
vertical septum. These shells abounded in Devonian
SČ8S,
amphigenic (am-fi-jen'ik), a. [Gr. Öpºptyevåg,
of both kinds, + -ic.] In petrog., a term ap-
plied to sedimentary rocks which are partly
of Organic and partly of inorganic origin, such
as numerous silicious and calcareous deep-sea
deposits. Also amphogenic.
amphigenite (am-fij'e-nit), n. [amphigene +
-ête?..] In petrog., a name sometimes given,
especially in France and Italy, to igneous
rocks rich in leucite. -
amphigonia (am-fi-gö’ni-á), n. [NL.] Same
as amphigony.
Amphigonic heredity. See º
amphigonium (am-fi-gö’ni-um), m.; pl. amphi-
gomia (-à). [NL., <&. ăuți, on both sides, +
yóvog, generation.] That stage of the mala-
rial parasite which is passed in the mosquito.
Grassi. Compare *monogomium: -
amphilepsis (am-fi-lep’sis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
diplºt, on both sides, + Affibug, a taking, K Waffeiv,
take.] The transmission to an offspring and
to its descendants of characteristics of both
parents: contrasted with *monolepsis.
amphimesodichotriaene (am-fi-mes-3-di-kö-
tri’ên), n. [Gr. diplºpi, at both ends, + ptáoog,
middle, -H 6ixa, in two, + Tpiatva, a trident.]
In the nomenclature of the spicular elements
of sponges, a form of triaene having a thick
shaft or rhabd from near the middle of which
arise symmetric sets of branches by threes.
It is derived from the tetraxial type of spicular
structure. Also called amphiaster. See *am-
phiaster, 3, and Sponge-Spicule.
amphimixis (am-fi-mik'sis), n. . [NL., K. Gr.
àupt, on both sides, + gištg, a mingling.] In
biol., the mingling of the hereditary tenden-
cies of the two parents in sexual reproduc-
tion, considered abstractly, as distinct from
&mphigony or the reproductive process.
Although the study of heredity is greatly complicated
..". himizis, this º: of the hereditary tenden-
cies of two parents, and even the process of sexual re-
production which accompanies it, afford us a much
deeper insight into the process of heredity than we could
ever have obtained in any other way.
Weismann (trans.), Germ-plasm, p. 21.
Amphinesian (am-fi-né'sign), a. and n. ſº.
āpººpi, on both sides, + vijoog, island.] I. a.
Qfor pertaining to the aborigines of Indonesia,
Polynesia, and Micronesia, considered as one
racial division of mankind.
II, n. A member of the Amphinesian race,
Amphineura, n. pl. 2. A class or order of
marine Mollusca. They have a bilaterally symmet-
rical elongated body, with terminal mouth and anus; the
shell either lacking or consisting of 8 median pieces;
mantle not divided into paired lobes; ctenidia absent or
Variously arranged; and the odontophore either present
or lacking. The class includes the Chitomidae, Neo-
meniidae, and Chaetodermatidae.
amphineurous (am-fi-nā’rus), a. [Gr. apupi,
on both sides, + veipov, sinew, nerve.] Having
two lateral and two ventral nerve-cords, as
the chitons; having the characteristics of the
Amphimeura.
amphiodont (am'fi-Ö-dont), a. [Gr. Öpupt, on
both sides, + 630ic, tooth.] In entom, having
the dentition of the jaws intermediate between
the teleodont and priodont forms: applied to
certain stag-beetles of the family Lucanidae.
amphioecious (am-fi-é'shus), a. [Gr. Špijt, on
both sides, -- oikoç, a dwelling.] In ichth.,
capable of living in either salt or fresh water.
Amphion (am-fi'Qn), n. [NL., K. Gr. Appíov,
a name in poetic myth.] A generic name
introduced by Pander for trilobites character-
ized by their broad and short cephalon, 15
to 18 thoracic segments, and pygidial ribs
extended into spines. These trilobites are
of Silurian age.
amphiont (am'fi-Ont), n. [Gr. dippi, on both
sides, + 6v (ovt-), a being.] A zygospore or
sporont formed by the union of two individ-
uals: specifically applied to one of the two
stages of alternation of generations in the
life-history of Coccidia. Haeckel. Compare
*monont.
amphiox, (amſfi-oks), n. ...[Gr. dupi, at both
ends, + 6;ig, sharp.] In the nomenclature of
the spicular elements of sponges, a slender
Spindle-shaped rod of monaxial type, sharp at
both ends. .
Amphioxides (am-fi-ok'si-déz), n. [NL., K
Amphioxus + Gr. -têmg (see -ides).] A genus
of lancelets, of the family Branchiostomatidae,
characterized by the absence of cirri about the
mouth. A. pelagicus, found in the open sea
off Hawaii, is the typical species.
amphipeptone (am-fi-pepºtón), n. [amphi- +
º In the sense of Kuehne, the end-
product of peptic digestion, a hypothetical
mixture of anti- and hemi-peptone. Also am—
phopeptome.
a.m.p. ºn (am-fi-plat’i-an), a. [Gr. &pſpí,
on both sides, + Thatüç, flat, + -am.] Of ver-
tebræ, having both of the articular faces of the
centra flat or plane. Owen.
amphipneustic (am-fip-nlistik), a. [Gr. dupi,
on both sides, + Trvevo Tóg, breathing.] Breath-
ing at both ends: applied to certain dipterous
larvae having spiracles at each end of the body
connected by large tracheal trunks. Cam-
bridge Nat. Hist., VI. 450.
amphipositive (am-fi-poz’i-tiv), a. In photog.,
noting a process invented by Sabatier in which
the picture is the result of a superposition or
entangling of two images, one negative and
the other positive. It is based upon the fact that
certain substauces, when poured in solution upon a nega-
tive which is in course of formation, exercise upon it,
whatever be the developing agent otherwise employed, a
disturbing and substituting action such that the develop-
ment of the negative is stopped at the moment of con-
tact, and the chemical combination which follows this
contact gives rise to a positive. The substances which
exercise this power are probably numerous. Lime-water,
Solutions of ammonia, and silver nitrate possess it in
the highest degree. They may be applied after the use
of pyro-developer.
Amphiprion (am-fip'ri-on), n. [NL., K. Gr.
àpiqi, on both sides, + Tptov, a saw.] A genus
of damsel-fishes of the family Pomacentridae :
found on the coral reefs of the Pacific, and re-
markable for their varied coloration. y
amphipyrenin (am-fi-pi-ré'min), n. IGr; áupi,
on both sides, + Tupin', stone of a fruit (nu-
cleus), +-in.] In bot., a substance, related to
pyrenin, forming the nuclear membrane in the
cell. Schwarz, 1887.
Amphisorex (am-fi-sā’reks), n. [NL., KGr. diplôi,
about, near, + L. Sorea, a shrew.] A genus rep-
amphivasal
resenting the Soricidae, or shrews, found fossil
in the Quercy phosphorites of Oligocene age.
amphispermous (am-fi-spèr' mus), a... [Gr.
ăuji, on both sides, +, orépua, seed.]. In bot,
having the seed closely invested by the peri-
carp without modification of its form, as in an
achenium.
Aºi. (am-fi-sfé'ri-á), n. [NL. (Cesati
and De Notaris, 1863), KGr. Öppi, on both sides,
+ opaipa, sphere.] A genus of sphaeriaceous
fungi having mostly superficial scattered peri-
thecia. The spores are two-celled and dark-
colored. The species are numerous and occur
chiefly on dead wood.
Amphisphaeriaceae (am"fi-sfé"ri-ā'sé-É), m. pl.
[NL., K Amphisphaeria + -aceae.] A family of
pyrenomycetous fungi, typified by the genus
Amphisphaeria.
*ispºë (am'fi-spor), n. [Gr. apºpt, on both
sides, + atopá, a spore..] A unicellular spore
occurring in certain species of Puccinia, re-
sembling a uredospore in its mode of germi-
nation, but requiring a period of rest before it
ill germinate. Amphispores are found in
Puccinia vezans and P. Tripsaci.
Amphistegina (am"fi-sté-ji’mă), n. [NL., KGr.
āpººpi, on both sides, + otéym, a roof, + -ina.]
A genus of calcareous foraminifers, of the fam-
ily Nummulitidae, having a lenticular test spi-
rally enrolled and chambered: very abundant
in the Miocene Tertiary.
Amphistichus (am-fi-stik’us), m. [NL., K. Gr.
ôplºt, on both sides, + ortzog, a line.] A genus
of surf-fishes, of the family Embiotocidae, found
off the coast of California. A. argenteus is the
common species.
amphistrongyle (am-fi-stron'jil), n. [Gr. dupi,
at both ends, + orpoyyúžog, round.] In the
nomenclature of the spicular elements of
Sponges, a short monaxial rod with rounded
ends. See sponge-spicule.
amphistyly (am-fis’ti-li), n. [amphistyl(ie) +
-yé.] The state or condition of being amphi-
stylie, or of having (as some sharks) the man-
dibular arch attached to the skull by a liga-
ment and but slightly supported by the hyoid.
amphithecium (am-fi-thé'sium), m.; pl. amphi-
thecia (-siń). [NL., K. Gr. apupt, on both sides,
+ 6%km, case..] In bot., the layer of cells at
first surrounding the endothecium in the cap-
Sule of a moss.
amphiton (am'fi-ton), n. [Said to be K Gr.
āplºt, at both ends, + 76vog, a rope.] In the no-
menclature of the spicular elements of sponges,
a monaxial pencil-like rod with abruptly sharp-
ened ends. See sponge-spicule.
amphitriaene (am-fi-tri’én), n. [Gr. auſpi, at
both ends, + Tptalya, a trident.] A name given
to a form of skeletal element in the silicious
Sponges which presents the appearance of a
vertical rod bearing a trident at each end:
regarded as a modification of the tetraxial
type of spicule.
amphitriaenic (am"fi-tri-É'nik), a. [Amphitri-
ame -- -ic.] Of the nature of an amphitriane.
amphitrichous (am-fi-tri’kus), a. [Gr. &ngi,
on both sides, + 6píš (Tpty-), hair.] Provided
with a flagellum at each extremity.
amphitrider (am-fi-tri’dér), n. [Gr. dupi, at
both ends, + Tpíðeºpog, three-necked (see tri-
der).] In the nomenclature of the spicular
elements of sponges, a trider in which the
end of the principal axis is developed into a
cladome. Analogous to * amphitriaeme (which
see). See also sponge-spicule. -
amphitrochal (am-fit” rô-kal), a. [amphitrocha
+ -al.] Pertaining to or resembling amphi-
trocha.
amphityle (am'fi-til), m. [Gr. diſpí, at both
ends, + Túžog, a knob.] In the nomenclature
of the spicular elements of sponges, a slender,
straight, monaxial rod with swollen ends. See
Sponge-Spicule.
amphitypy (am'fi-ti-pi), m. The character of
exhibiting both types. See the extract.
In the arrangement of the reproductive organs one
finds the double condition designated sexual amphitypy,
in which one individual is, as it were, the mirror image
of the other. Usually one can be designated as having
the normal arrangement, but the relative frequency may
be such that neither can be said to be more typical than
the other. Buck, Handbook of Med. Science, VII. 863.
amphivasal (am-fi-vā‘sal), a. º. Of or pertain-
ing to the presence of concentric fibrovascular
bundles.
Among the Cyperaceae it has been found that amphivasal
bundles occur in practically all the modes of plants bear-
ing well-developed leaves, Science, Jan, 27, 1905, p. 140
amphogenic
amphogenic (am-fú-jen'ik), a. Same as *am-
phigemic. -
amphopeptone (am-fº-pep'tón), n.
phipeptome. .
amphophil (am'fö-
fil), a. [Gr. Öppo,
both, + ptAog, loving.]
Noting granules, in
certain leucocytes,
which have an affin-
ity for both acid and
basic dyes.
amphophilic (am-fj-
fil’ik), a. [Gr. Öppo,
both, + ptWeiv, love.]
In cytol., capable of
being dyed with both
acid and basic stains:
said of certain cells
or parts of cells.
*phºphilºus (am-
foffi-lus), a. Same
as "amphophilic.
amphoriskos (am-fú-
ris’kos), n. [NL., K
Gr, duſpoptokoç, dim.
of apºpopeic, am-
§: A type of
reek vase resem-
bling, the amphora
but much smaller,
being about 3 or 4
inches high.
amphoteric, a. 2. In
chem., capable, in different reactions, of ex-
hibiting both acid and basic character, as, for
example, glycocoll or amidoacetic acid.
amphoterite (am-fot’e-rit), n. [As amphoter(ic)
+ -ite2.] See *meteorite.
amphoterogenic (am-fú-ter/ð-jen'ik), a. [Gr.
âpçãTepoſ, each of two, + y&vog, kind.] In pe-
See Wam-
Panathenaic Amphoriskos. (From
“Journal of Hellenic Studies,” by
permission of the Council.)
trog, a term applied to sedimentary rocks re-Amsler's integrator.
sulting from the mixture of chemical and me- Amstelian (am-Sté'li-am), a. and m.
chanical deposits, as marl and loess.
amphoterotoky (am-fô-te-rotº-ki), m. [Gr.
âu ĐôTepoſ, each or both, + Tókoç, production.]
The production of both males and females from
unfertilized eggs; *heteroparthenogenesis
(which see). See also normal *parthenogen-
6S2S.
amphotoky (am-fot^{-ki), n. [Gr. &pſpo, both,
+ Tókoç, production.] Same as *amphoterotoky.
amplexicauline (am-plek-Si-kā’lin), a. [am-
pleaſicaul +-ine".] In bot., same as ampleavicaul.
Syd. Soc. Lea.
Amplexopora (am-plek-Sop’ô-rã), m. [NL., K
L. amplexus, embraced, + Gr. Tópog, L. porus,
pore.] The typical genus of the family Am-
lea:oporidae.
mplexoporidae (am-plek-så-por’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K Amplexopora + -idae.] A family of
cryptostomatous Bryozoa which assume a va-
riety of forms having simple zooecial tubes, no
mesopores, and abundant acanthopores. The
species occur fossil in the Silurian and Devo-
nian rocks.
Amplexus (am-plek'sus), n. [NL., K. L. am-
pleagus, pp. of amplecti, embrace.] A genus of
Paleozoic tetracorals of the family Zaphºrenti-
dae, having simple subcylindrical coralla with
shallow calice, well-marked septal fossula, and
septa, not reaching to the center. -
ampliation, n. 2. (b) In French law: (1) A
duplicate of an acquittance or other instru-
ment. (2) A notary’s copy of acts passed be-
fore him, delivered to the parties. Bouvier,
Law Dict.—4. In med., dilatation or disten-
tion of a canal or cavity.
amplitude, n. 4. (c) In function theory, if a =
& H- im, let the polar coördinates of (;, m) be
p, 6, then any one of the angles 6 or 0 + 2nt,
where n is any positive or negative integer,
may be called the amplitude of a;.-6. In me-
teor., the range or difference between the max-
imum and minimum values of the temperature,
pressure, or other meteorological element with-
in a definite time, such as a day, a month, or
a year.—Chief amplitude, the vectorial angle 90, when
— r < 90 S T : abbreviated Am 2, while any amplitude
is am a.—Periodic amplitude, the difference between
the maximum and minimum yalues computed by a Fou-
Tier-Bessel series, as distinguished from the non-periodic
amplitude, which is the difference between the absolute
maximum and minimum values, or the means of all the
maxima and minima. Observations made With maxi-
mum and minimum thermometers give the non-periodic
amplitude; hourly observations can give the periodic
amplitude in temperature.
\
ampulla, n. 6. In Hydrocorallinae, a pit formed
in the coenenchyma for the reception of gono-
phores. .. -
ampullation (am-pul-ā'shgn), n.
lary process or condition.
In Callicthys the ampullation of the main canal is de-
scribed as a remarkable phenomenon hitherto unrecorded
in any other animal.
Linnean Zoël. Soc. Lond., Oct., 1898, p. 184.
amputating-knife (am’pil-tá-ting-nif"), n. . A
knife with a long narrow blade, used to divide
the muscular tissues in the amputation of a
limb. º
Amputation in continuity, amputation through the
Segment of a limb and not at a joint.— Dry amputa-
tion, an amputation performed with a minimum loss of
blood.—Gritti's amputation, amputation at the knee-
joint, the end of the stump being terminated by the pa-
tella, which is turned under the femur, and the opposing
surfaces of the bones are denuded of cartilage, so that
union occurs between them.—Intermediary amputa-
tion, amputation of a limb during the period of reaction
following the shock caused by the injury, but before the
occurrence of suppuration in the wound.— Primary
amputation, amputation of a limb within a very short
time after the receipt of the injury necessitating opera-
tion—after the shock has subsided, but before the estab-
lishment of inflammatory symptoms.—Secondary am-
putation, amputation performed some time after the
receipt of the injury, when suppuration in the wound
has begun.—Spontaneous amputation, separation of
the dead portion of a limb in case of gangrene; also, the
division of a limb by constricting bands formed during
intra-uterine life. Jowr. Earper. Med., V. 105.
ampyx, n. 3. In the anatomic structure of the
Devonian fish Palaeospondylus, an element of
the anterior part of the skull.
So far as it contributes to the floor of the skull it may
be described as a transverse bar or fillet, somewhat higher
in front than behind, providing a support on each side for
the terminal half of the low anterior cranial walls. The
thickness of the bar, which for brevity may be called the
*ampyar,’ is considerable and it is extended downwards to
the ventral face of the skull where it is seen as a very con-
spicuous ridge. -
W. J. and I. B. J. Sollas, in Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc.
[London, ser. B, 196. 276.
See *integrator.
[D. Am-
stel, a river.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the
Amstel, a river in the Netherlands.
II. m. In geol., a proposed division of the
Pliocene in Holland. º
amuguis (ä-mö-gés), n. [Philippine Sp.]
name in the Philippines of Koordersioden-
dron pinnatum, a valuable timber-tree belong-
ing to the cashew family. It occurs also in
Celebes and New Guinea. Its wood, which is also
called palosanto, is light red sometimes marked with lead-
colored spots. It is used in ship-building and for the con-
struction of buildings, but it does not resist the attacks of
termites.
amusement, n. 4. In music, a brief enter-
taining piece, often one intended to give va-
riety to technical exercises.
amusia (a-mü'si-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. Öptovoog, not
musical, K &-priv. H. poiga, muse: see muse,
music.] Loss, through disease, of the ability to
express musical sounds either vocally orinstru-
mentally, to write musical notation (the
power of ordinary writing being retained), or
to appreciate musical sounds mentally.
*tone-deafness.
amusingness (a-mü’zing-nes), n. Amusive
quality or effect; the quality of affording
amusement.
amutter, (a-mut’ér), adv. phr. [a-2 + mutter.]
Muttering; in a muttering state. Mrs. Brown-
ing, Aurora Leigh, p. 28. N. E. D.
Amyaria (am”-i-ā’ri-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. &-
priv. -- Hög (uv-), muscle, -H, -aria.] A group
of acephalous mollusks having no adductor
muscles. It includes the genus Chlamydocon-
cha. Dall.
amyarian (am-i-ā'ri-an), a...[Amyaria + -an.]
Pertaining to or resembling the Amyaria ; hav-
ing no adductor muscles.
Amycteridae (a-mik-ter’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Amycterus + -idae.] A family of Australian
short-beaked rhynchophorous beetles, of which
Amycterus is the type.
Amycterus (a-mikſte-rus), n. [NL. (Schön-
herr, 1826), K. Gr. ÖpivKrmp, without a beak or
nose, K &- priv. -H plvict#p, beak.] A genus of
rhynchophorous beetles of the family Curculi-
onidae, or typical of the Amycteridae, containing
several Australian species characterized by an
excessively short beak.
amyelinic (a-mi-e-lin'ik), a. [Gr. 6- priv. --
plv8%óg, medulla, + -in + -ic.] In neurol., with-
out a medullary sheath: said of nerve-endings
and embryonic nerves in vertebrates.
Amygdalaceae (a-mig-da-lä’sé-é), m. pl. . [NL.
(Reichenbach, 1828), KAmygdalus + -aceae.] A
An ampul-
See.
amylotype
family of dicotyledonous, cho ſº plants
of the order Rosales, the almond family, called
by De Candolle Drupaceae (which see), and in-
cluded by many authors in the Rosaceae as a
subfamily. It mbraces 7 genera, of which Amygdalus
(almond, peach) and Prunus (plum, cherry) are the only
important ones, and about 110 species, mainly of the
north temperate zone of both hemispheres, with a few in
the tropics. See Amygdalus, Prunus, and Rosaceae.
amygdalectomy (3-mig-dà-lek’tö-mi), n. . [Gr.
ăuţydaña, tonsils, H- škrouh, a cutting out, ex-
cision.]... Same as amygdalotomy.
amygdaliform (am-ig-dal’i-fôrm), a. [Gr.
º almond, + L. forma, form.] Almond-
Snaped.
Amygdaline fissure. See *fissure.
*YººHºº (a-migºda-ló-lith), n. [Gr. Öpivy-
Čá%), an almond, + Aſſoc, stone..] A concre-
tion in the substance of a tonsil. Buck, Med.
Handbook, III. 232.
*Yºlº (a-mig’ da-ló-töm), n. . [Gr.
āpiśydaMa, tonsils, H- -rouoc, K tapleiv, cut.] Same
as tonsillotome. -
amygdophenine (a -mig-dò-fé'min), n. [L.
amygdſala), almond, -- phen(yl) + -ine.]
§§ phenetidine, C6H4(OC2H5)-
NHCOCH(OH)C6H5. Its acetyl derivative is
a febrifuge; it is also antiseptic in its prop-
erties.
Amyl acetate, a compound, C2H302. CBH 11, prepared
from fusel-oil or amyl alcohol and acetic acid. It is much
used in the manufacture of lacquers, and is also used in
a lamp for a primary standard in photometry. — Amyl-
acetate Standard, in photom., a standard of light con-
sisting of the flame of an amyl-acetate lamp. The ac-
cepted form is that devised by Von Hefner Alteneck. See
*light standard. -
Amylaceous bodies. Same as corpora amylacea (which
See, under corpus).
amylan (am’i-lan), n. [amyl + -an.] The name
given to two compounds, known as a- and 3-
amylan, found in wheat, rye, and oats. In
composition and properties they somewhat re-
semble dextrine.
amylase (am’i-lās), n. [amyl H--ase, as in dias-
tase.] A ferment which will convert starch
into dextrose : it occurs widely distributed in
both the animal and the vegetable world.
Same as diastase or amylolytic ferment.
amylate, n. 2. A metallie derivative of amyl
alcohol: as, sodium amylate, C5H11ONa.
amylobacter (am"i-lô-bak’tēr), n. [Gr. Öplvãov,
starch, + 3aktāptov, a little rod..] See *amylo-
bacterium.
amylobacterium (am’i-lô-bak-té'ri-um), m.; pl.
amylobacteria (#): [NL., K. Gr. §uvãov, starch,
+ 3akráptov, a little rodj A micro-organism
which has the power of producing butyric
acid from a large number of substances, in-
cluding lactic, citric, malie, and other acids,
as well as of splitting up certain pectic com-
pounds associated with #. cell-walls of many
tissues.
amylocoagulase (am’i-lô-kö - ag’ ii-lās), n.
[amyl + coagul(ate) + -ase, as in diastase.] A.
ferment which coagulates soluble starch:
found in cereals.
amyloid, a. and n. I. a. 2. In pathol., noting a
degenerative change characteristic of larda-
ceous disease (which see, under lardaceous).
Encyc, Brit. XXXI. 548. — Amyloid bodies.
Same as corpora amylacea (which see, under corpus).-
Amyloid kidney. See #kidney.
II. n. 2. A precipitate obtained from a
gelatinous solution of cotton which has been
treated with concentrated sulphuric acid.
Vegetable parchment is due to the partial
transformation of the vegetable fibers into this
substance.—3. In pathol., same as lardacein.
amyloin (a-mil’ā-in), m. [Gr. &uvãov, fine
flour, + -in2.] A name given by Brown and
Morris to a class of substances formed by the
action of diastase upon starch. They have
the properties of both maltose and dextrine.
amº (am’i-lôm), n. [amyl-H -ome (see
-oma).] Xylem parenchyma which contains
starch.
amyloplastic (am"i-lô-plastik), a. [Gr, duv-
oi, fine meal (starch), +TAaoróg, K Tââogetv,
form.] Starch-forming.
amyloplastid (a-mil-5-plas’ tid), n. [Gr. Öpiv-
Žov, starch, + Thaoróg, formed, + -id?..] A col-
orless plastid which produces starch in plant
cells.
amylotype (a-mil’º-tip), n. (Gr. 3plvãov, fine
meal, Frötroc, type.] In photog., a picture
printed by the action of light on paper which
has been washed in juice extracted from

amylotype
plants or from flowers or in an artificial color- anacidity (an-a-sid’i-ti), n. 'Gr. āv- priv. 4-
ing substance. See *anthotype.
Amylum body. Same as kamyloplastid. –Amylum
Center. Same as pyrenoid.
Amynodon (a-min(ë-don), n. [NL., irreg.
Gr. apatnetv, ward off, H- béoùg (bóovr-), a
tooth.] A genus of rhinoceros-like ungu-
lates from the Eocene of North America.
Aºmºlº. (am’i-nó-don’ti-dé), m. pl.
º . KAmmodon (K Gr. &ptivetv, ward off, 4
ôotic, tooth + -idae.] A family of º
related to Rhinoceros, from the Tertiary
rocks of North America. They have on each ramus
of the jaw 8 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, and 3 molars.
The manus is regarded as having had 4 digits and the pes8.
amyotrophia, (a/mi-Ö-trö'fi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
à-priv. H. Hüç, muscle, -- Tpoff, nourishment,
K Tpépelv, nourish..] Same as amyotrophy.
Amyotrophic paralysis, paralysis resulting from mus-
cular atrophy.
amyrilene (a-mir’i-lèn), n. [amyr (in) + -il
-ene.] A triterpene C30H48, formed by
the action of phosphorus pentachlorid on
amyrin. A dextro- and levo-rotatory a-amyril-
ene and a dextrorotatory {}-amyrilene have
been described.
Anabaena (an-a-bê'nā), n. [NL. (Bory, 1822),
irreg. K. Gr. Övagaivetv, to go up: see anabasis.
The name alludes to the habit of the plants in
coming to the surface of the water.] One of
the blue-green algæ (Schizophyceae), consisting
of numerous oval or circular cells united into
a filament, with intercalary heterocysts. It is
distinguished from Nostoc by the absence of an envelop-
ing gelatinous mass which incloses a number of filaments.
This genus is responsible for some of the bad odors and
tastes frequently noticeable in water during the warmer
months.
anabix (an'a-biks), m.; pl. amabices (a-nab’i-séz).
[NL., an arbitrary or mistaken formation,
based, according to some, on Gr. &vaſtoiv, re-
Vive, but perhaps on àvá8aatg, a going up.]
The part of certain cryptogamic plants, as
lichens, liverworts, and club-mosses, that per-
ishes below while vegetating above.
anabo (ä-nā-bó"), n. [Tagalog 31 A name in
the Philippine Islands of Abroma augusta and
allied species, the twigs of which yield a
strong, white bast-fiber which is easily sepa-
rated and is superior to sunn-hemp. The plant
is readily cultivated and yields three crops a
year. See devil’s-cotton.
anabolergy (an-ab'é-lèr-ji), m. [Gr. &vaffožň,
a striking up (see anabolism), + špyov, work.]
Energy expended in anabolism.
anabolistic (an-ab-à-listik), a. [anabol(ism)
+ -ist + -ić.] Relating to or consisting in
anabolism or constructive metabolism. Phil.
Med. Jour., Jan. 31, 1903.
anabranch (an'a-brånch), n. [ana-, in amas-
tomosing, + branch..] A branch of a river
which reunites with it lower down, thus form-
ing an island known as a branch-island. Called
by the aborigines billabong. [Australian.]
A curious history is given of the word “Anabranch,”
which was applied by Colonel Jackson in the R. G. S.
Journal of 1834 to the branch of a river which reunites
lower down with the main stream.
Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XI. 319.
anabrosis (an-a-bró'sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vá-
|3000tg, an eating up, Kávagugpöcketv, eat up, K
ăvá, up, + 34/3000 kelv, eat..] In med., erosion
of the surface; ulceration.
anabrotic (an-a-brot'ik), a. [anabrosis (-ot-)
+ -ic.] . In med., relating to or consisting in
anabrosis or superficial erosion of the surface.
anacampsis (an-3-kamp'sis), n, [Gr; āvākauºpic,
ăvakáuttetv, bend back, K &vá, back, + káur-
tetv, bend..] Reflection as of light or sound;
reaction; reciprocation.
anachlorhydria (an-a-klór-hi’dri-á), n. Ab-
sence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice.
anachoresis (an-a-kő-ré'sis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
âvaxópnotc, withdrawing, retreating, K dwa-
Žopeiv, withdraw, K &vá, back, + 2 opeiv, give
way.] In bot., retrograde change in an organ
or whorl.
anachromatic1 (an'a-krö-mat'ik), a. [Gr. &vá,
up, + xpóua, color.] Relating to an ascend-
; color scale. Buck, Med. Handbook, III.
anachromatic? (an-ak-rū-mat'ik), n. [an-8 +
achromatic..] In photog., a corrective for
achromatism. Woodbury, Dict. of Photog.,
p. 33. -
anachronismatical (an-ak"rgn-iz-mat’i-kal),
a. [Irreg. K anachronism -H -at-ic-al.] Same
as anachronous. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends,
p. 182. [Rare.] N. E. D.
E. acidity.], Reduced or abolished acidity of
the gastric juice or other fluid.
anaclete (an-a-klét), n. [Gr. &vá, back, + ka-
Melv, call.] One who is called back.
anaclinal (an-a-kliºnal), a. [Gr. &vá, back, 4-
Kºivetv, bend.]. In geol., transverse to the dip:
said of a valley or a river which descends
against the dip.–Anaclinal valley, a valley whose
axial direction is not in accord with the dip of the un-
derlying rocks. .
anacostia (an-a-kos’ti-á), n. A twill-woven
fabric with a worsted warp and a woolen weft.
Amacrogynae (an-ak-rū-ji’né), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. &v- priv. -H &kpov, apex, -H yin”, female.]
In bot, a suborder of cryptogamic plants of
the order Jungermanniales, class Hepaticae, in
which the archegonia are formed at a point
below and remote from the apex. It embraces
the thalloid genera of the Jungermanniaceae, of
simpler type than the *Acrogynae (which see).
anacrogynous (an-ak-roj’i-nus), a. [Gr. &v-
riv. -H &kpov, apex, + Yvv%, female, + -ows.]
in bot., having the archegonia formed at a
point below and remote from the apex, as in
the Anacrogynae.
Anacyrtus (an-a-sér’tus), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vá-
kvprog, curved upward or backward, Kāvá, up,
+ kvptóg, curved.] A genus of South Ameri-
can toothed shiners of the family Characin-
idae.
anadenia (an-a-dé’ni-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. &v-
priv. -H &öffv, a gland.] Insufficiency or ab-
sence of glands, especially of the gastric glands.
anadiane (an-a-di’ên), n. [Gr. &vá, up, back,
+ *6tatva, an assumed form (“two-pronged
staff’), from Öt-, two, parallel to totalva, a tri-
dent.] In the nomenclature of the spicular
elements of sponges, a hexactine spicule hav-
ing a straight rhabd or shaft and an anchor-
shaped head. See sponge-spicule.
anadipsia (an-a-dip'si-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. &va-
intensive + 6tupa, thirst.] Intense thirst.
anadipsic (an-a-dip'sik), a. Pertaining to or
characterized by anadipsia.
anaërobe, n.—Facultative anaërobe, an organism
usually requiring oxygen, which has become capable of
living in either the presence or the absence of oxygen.
anaërobia.2 (an-ā-e-rö’bi-á), n. [NL., abstract
noun, fem.sing. ofanaërobius: see amaérobious.]
The ability (on the part of bacteria) to live in
the absence of free oxygen.—Facultative anaë-
robia, the possibility of living in either the presence or
the absence of oxygen.
anaërobic, a.—Facultatively anaërobic, having ac-
quired the ability to live in either the presence or the
absence of oxygen. §
In an
anaërobically (an-ā-e-robºi-kal-i), adv.
anaërobic manner. Jour. Earper. Med., VI. 67.
anaërobiont (an-ā-ér-Ö-bi’ont), n. Same as
anaërobe.
anaërobism (an-ā’e-rö-bizm), n., [anaërobe +
-ism..] That faculty or power of living without
Oxygen which is possessed by some micro-or-
ganisms, particularly certain bacteria.
anaëro-oxydase (an-ā’e-ró-ok'si-dās), m. [Gr.
div-priv. -H &#p, air, + oxydase.] Same as *per-
Oaydase.
anaesthesia, n.—Crossed anaesthesia, a condition in
which anaesthesia exists on one side of the face and on
the opposite side of the body.—General anaesthesia,
total anaesthesia, with loss of consciousness, induced by
the inhalation of an anesthetic gas or vapor, such as
chloroform, ether, or nitrous oxid.—Infiltration anaºs-
thesia, local anaesthesia induced by the injection into
the subcutaneous tissues, in and about the seat of Oper-
ation, of large quantities of a very weak Solution of co-
caine or other local anesthetic.—Local anaesthesia,
anaesthesia of a circumscribed area induced by the in-
jection of a solution of cocaine, or other substance of
similar action, or by the application of cold.—Medul-
lary anaesthesia, anaesthesia induced by injection be-
neath the membranes covering the Spinal cord of a solu-
tion of cocaine or other substance with similar action.
The anaesthesia so produced is very wide in its extent,
but there is no loss of consciousness, as in general anaes-
thesia. -- Mixed anaesthesia, general anaesthesia in-
duced by one agent, as nitrous-oxid gas, and maintained
by another, as chloroform or ether.—Primary anaes-
§e. insensibility to pain occurring soon after the
administration of ether is begun. It is of brief duration,
but is usually long enough to permit of the extraction of
a tooth or for the incision into a boil.—Spinal anaºsthe-
sia. (a) Anaesthesia of a circumscribed portion of the
body due to a lesion of the spinal cord. (b) Sanne as
medullary kanaesthesia.--Surgical anaesthesia, local or
general anaesthesia induced artificially for the purpose of
preventing the pain of a surgical operation.
anaesthesiant, a. and m. See anesthesiant.
anaesthol (an’es-thól), n. A mixture of chloro-
form, ether, and ethyl chlorid recommended
as an anesthetic in place of the mixture of
alcohol, chloroform, and ether.
Anagallis (an-a-gal’is), m. [NL., K.L. anagallis,
analophic
K. Gr. &vaya?%ic, pimpernel.] An annual, bi-
annual, or perennial herb, cultivated in the
open, a member of the family Primulaceae and
Sometimes called pimpernel. Only the annual spe-
Cies are known in America. A. arvenéis is commonly
known as poor man's weather-glass. Twelve species are
known in the temperate zones of Europe, Africa, east
Asia, and South America.
anagap (ä-ná-gāp’), n. [Philippine Sp. anagap,
anagat, from a native dialect.] In the Phil-
ippine islands, a tree, Pithecolobium lobatum,
|belonging to the mimosa family, having bipin-
nate leaves with a single pair of leaflets and a
large pod deeply lobed along its lower suture
into round divisions. The wood is durable,
fine-grained, brittle, and of a yellowish-gray
color. It is used in construction and for fur-
niture. -
anagenesis (an-a-jen’e-sis), n. [Gr. Övá, up,
+ yéveaug, origin: see genetic.] Evolution by
means of the acquiring of characters and of in-
creasing complexity and differentiation. Hyatt.
amagenetic (an'a-je-net'ik), a. Tending to the
advancement or progressive development of
organisms. Hyatt, Biol. Lect., p. 146. [Rare.]
anagerontic (an'a-je-ron"tik), a. [Gr. Övá, up,
+ yépov (yepovt-), an old man: see gerontic.]
Noting the early portion of the gerontic or
senile period in the development of an organ-
ism. Hyatt. -
anaglyph, n. 2. In photog., a kind of picture,
invented by Ducos du Hauron, with two images
printed nearly in superposition, one in red and
the other in greenish blue. On viewing this double
image through a pair of eye-glasses, one blue and the other
red, the image is seen stereoscopically. On reversing the
glasses the opposite effect, or pseudoscopic vision, is the
result. Three-color heliochromy has also been applied to
the anaglyph. When two slides from a stereoscopic nega-
tive, one with a red image and the other with a blue, are
projected on a screen together, they appear stereoscopi-
cally when viewed through colored glasses.
anaglyphoscope (an-a-glifº-sköp), m. [ama-
glyph + Gr. okoteiv, view.] In photog., a pair
of eye-glasses, one red and the other greenish
blue, for viewing anaglyphs so as to produce
a stereoscopic effect.
anago (ä-nā’gö), m. [Jap. amago.] The Japa-
nese name of an eel of the family Leptocephali-
daº, Congrellus amago, found at Nagasaki.
anagyrine (a-maj’i-rin), m. [Anagyris + -ine2.]
An alkaloid, C15H22N2O, found in Amagyris
Joetida. The free base forms a gummy, amor-
phous mass. It has a powerful toxic action.
Anakim (an'a-kim), m. pl. [Heb. 'andkim, pl.
of ‘Anâk; etym. unknown: in one view, from
'anak, neck.] A pre-Canaanite tribe mentioned
in the Old Testament, otherwise called ‘the
Anak’ or ‘the sons of Anak,’ and, as usual in
regard to outlying tribes of which little is
known, reputed to be giants.
Anal glands. See *gland.—Anal margin, the posterior
margin of an insect’s wing when expanded.— Anal nerve
or vein, the posterior nerve or vein of an insect's wing
When expanded.— Anal spot, in the Imfusoria, the spot
Where the waste-products of digestion are ejected.
Parker and Haswell, Zoology, I. 81.-Anal vesicle. See
×vesicle.
analcite-basalt (a-nal'sit-ba-sălt”), m.
*basalt.
analcitite (a-nal'si-tit), n. [amalrite + -ite2.]
In petrog., a basaltic rock rich in primary
analcite and without olivin: proposed by
Pirsson, 1896.
analeptic, a. II. m. In med., a remedy which
exerts a restorative or invigorating action.
Buck, Med. Handbook, II. 694.
analgene (an-al’jēn), n. [analg(ic) + -eme.]
Ortho-ethoxyanabenzoylaminoquinoline, Co-
H5N(OC2H5)NHCOC6H5. It is a white crys-
talline powder, insii; in Water, used in the
treatment of neuralgia.
analgesin (an-algé-sin), n. Same as antipyrin.
analgic (an-al'jik), a. [Gr. &vażyńg, painless,
Káv- priv. -H &Wyog, pain..] Same as analgetic.
Buck, Med. Handbook, V. 865.
analog, m. A simplified spelling of analogue.
Analogous tissues, in pathol., morbid tissues resembling
in their structure normal tissues.
analogy, n.-Convergent analogy, resemblance be:
tween organisms or organs which is due to independent
modification on similar lines and not to inheritance from
a common ancestor.—Kirkwood's analogy, in astrom.,
a supposed but now discredited law, announced in 1849,
connecting the distances of the planets and their masses
With their axial rotations by an equation in form analo-
gous to that which expresses Kepler's harmonic law,
analophic (an-a-lof'ik), a. . [Gr. avá, up, +
Żółog, crest.] In craniom., having the incisor
Crest in the anterior nasal aperture confined to
the posterior part of the floor of the nares.
Harrison Allen, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. X. 419.
See
analphabetic
analphabetic, a. 2. Non-alphabetic.—Anal-
º Symbols, in phonetics, symbols or signs which
o not denote sounds, but components of sounds, each
simple sound being represented by a group of symbols re-
sembling a chemical formula, in much the same way as
Itv might be taken to represent “lip-teeth-voice.”
analphabetism (an-alºfa-bet-izm), n. 1. Il-
literacy; ignorance even of the alphabet.—2.
In phonetics, a system of representing the
articulations of speech-sounds by means of
analphabetic symbols, proposed by Professor
I. Otto Jespersen of Copenhagen in 1889. See
*amalphabetic.
analysis, n. 5. In cricket, an itemized record
of the play of the bowler, intended to show
particularly the number of runs scored by him
and the number of wickets obtained.—6. In
chem., intentionally produced decomposition:
often applied to the ascertainment of the com-
position of a substance, whether the constitu-
ents are actually obtained in separate form or
not.-Capillary analysis, a system of chemical anal-
ysis based upon the fact that soiutions of different sub-
stances are propagated at different velocities by capillary
attraction through porous material : used chiefly in the
detection of different coloring matters in a mixture.-
Partition analysis, a calculus founded upon the theory
of partitions, an important part of combinatory analysis.
— Polariscopic analysis. See †.º. —Spher-
ical harmonic analysis. See Wharmonic.
Analytic proof, algebraical proof; proof depending upon
a careful analysis of the problem : opposed to synthetic
proof, which appeals to intuition or common-sense and
is thus not strictly apodictic.
Analytical reference, an entry in a library catalogue re-
lating to a particular chapter or section of a book, and
referring the reader to the heading under which the book
itself is entered. . Sometimes also called simply an
analytical. —Analytical variation, variety. See
*variation, *variety.
analytics, m. pl. — Thermal analytics, the mathe-
matical or, more specifically, the algebraic analysis of
the theory of heat.
analyzer, n. —Harmonic analyzer, a device for
detarmining the harmonic elements of a periodic curve.
Michelson's Harmonic Analyzer.
c, curve; s, stylus.
All periodic curves may be regarded as made up of one
or more sine-curves, harmonically related to each other
as regards frequency. By means of a muchine so con-
structed as to impart to a stylus a linear oscillatory mo-
tion which is the resultant of the various simple harmonic
motions which go to make up a given curve, it is possible
to trace the curve in question upon a Surface moving
uniformly under the stylus. On the other hand, if the
form of curve is given it is possible to determine by
means of a suitable mechanism the amplitude and fre-
quency of the elements of which it is the resultant. A
machine of the latter description is called a harmonic
analyzer. Such machines have been devised by Kelvin
Michelson, and others. That of Kelvin was constructed
with special reference to the analysis of the tides. Since
the number of harmonic elements in a periodic curve
may be indefinitely great, the mechanical analysis is in
some cases only approximate. The harmonic analyzer
of Michelson, however, which permits of a determina-
tion of 80 different elements, gives a very close approxi-
mation for most curves.
anamesitic (an-am-e-sit'ik), a. [anameSite +
-ic.] In lithol., having the structure or ap-
pearance of anamesite. Smithsonian Rep., 1899,
p. 233.
anametadromous (an -à-me-tadºró - mus), a.
anamirtin (an-3-mêrtin), n.
anamniote (an-am’ni-Öt), a. and n.
anamonane (an-a-mon'ên), n.
anamorphic (an-a-mör'fik), a.
anamorphism (an-3-mör'fizm), m.
anangian (an-an'jign), a.
anaphoria º
Gr. &vá, back, 4 perá, beyond, + -ópouoc, Kanangioid (an-an'ji-oid), a... [Gr. āv- priv. --
papeiv, run.] In bryol., having the nerves of
the weaker pinnules anadromous and those of
the stronger catadromous.
Anamirta (an-a-mêrſtâ), m. A genus of climb-
ing plants of the moonseed family (Menisper-
maceæ), a synonym of Cocculus., A. paniculata
C. Cocculus) furnishes cocculus indicus or
sh-berries.
A crystalline
substance, C19H24O10, found in Small amount,
with picrotoxin, in the seeds of Cocculus
Cocculus. It is slightly bitter and not poison-
OUIS.
anamnesic (an-am-né'sik), a. [anamnesia +
-ic.] Endowed with a good memory; disposed
to remember. G. S. Hall, Adolescence, I. 345.
Gr. &v-
priv. 4- NL. amniotus, amniote.] I. a. Not
amniote; having no amnion in the fetal state;
anamniotic.
II. m. A member of the Anamniomata.
|Gr, ãvá, up
back, -- *uðvalva, assumed form ( one-pronged
staff), from novº, single, parallel torpianº, a
trident.] In the nomenclature of the spicular
elements of sponges, a triaene which has under-
gone atrophy of two of its axial arms or clad-
isks, the third being reflected on the fourth,
giving the spicule the form of a gaff-hook. See
Sponge-Spicule.
Pertaining to
or resulting from amamorphism. Van Hise,
U. S. Geol. Surv., Monograph 47, p. º l
gé0l.,
that variety of metamorphism which takes
place below the zone in which cavities may
exist. It results in the production of new
minerals under conditions of great pressure.
Van Hise, U. S. Geol. Surv., Monograph 47,
p. 167.-Zone of anamorphism, the deep-seated zone
of the earth in which anamorphism takes place.
anamorphote (an-a-mór'föt), a. [From the as-
sumed stem of anamorphosis.] Causing ana-
morphosis; distortive.—Anamorphote lens in
photog., a lens having a cylindric element and therefore
distorting the image like a cylindric mirror. Wall, Dict.
of Photog., p. 32.
ananaplas (ā-nā-nā’pläs), n. [Tagalog (?).] A
valuable timber-tree, Albizzia procera, belong-
ing to the mimosa family. Its heart-wood is hard
and durable, of a brown color with alternate lighter and
darker bands, and a straight grain. It is used for posts
in house-building, and for making rice-pounders and
parts of agricultural implements and machinery. The
bark is astringent and is used for tanning, and the tree
yields a gum soluble in water. [Philippine Is...] .
Ananas oil, ethyl or amyl butyrate diluted with alcohol :
used tº imitate the odor of the pineapple in confectionery,
soda-water syrups, and perfumery. Also called amamas
or pineapple es&emce.—ESSence of ananas, an artificial
flavoring essence possessing the odor of pineapple ; ethyl
butyrate, C3H7. CO.0C2H5 %. see, under butyrate).
Ananchytidae (an-an-kit’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Amanchytes +-idae.] A family of spatangoid
echinoids, most of whose representatives are
extinct and belonged to Cretaceous time.
ananeanic (an'a-nē-am'ik), a. [Gr. &vá, up, +
veaviaç, a youth : see meanic.] Noting the early
portion of the meanic or youthful period in the
development of an organism. Hyatt.
ananepiastic (an'a-né-pi-astik), a...Noting the
earliest expression of the nepiastic substage
in the ontogeny of the compound individual or
colony, as the bryozoan Fenestella. See *mepias-
tic
ananepionic (an-a-né-pi-on'ik), a. [NL., KGr.
àvá, up, + vättoc, infant..] In the terms of aux-
ology or the development of the individual,
noting a growth condition approaching the
nepionic stage. See *nepionic. Contrasted with
#paramepionic, which designates the phase which imme-
diately follows the nepionic. The amanepionic stage is
one of immature growth and directly follows the larval
phase. The word was introduced by Hyatt with special
reference to the stages of growth and decline in the fossil
cephalopods.
For about half a volution or less, the shell is smooth,
although lines of growth become more pronounced. At
more or less regular intervals stronger lines of growth
appear (amanepionic). In the later portion of the nepionic
stage (metanepionic) longitudinal wrinkles or ribs appear
which characterize the ambital portion of the whorl, and
may be traced upward to the suture between the two
whorls. - Amer. Nat., Aug. 1903, p. 518.
[Gr. &v- priv. --
äyyelov, a vessel,] . Having no vascular system:
applied to certain polychaetous annelids in
which the coelomic fluid, whose corpuscles
contain hemoglobin, is carried to the various
organs of the body by the action of ciliate
cells which cover the peritoneum along certain
definite tracts.
anangiotic (an-an-ji-ot'ik), a.
analoxytriaene (an-a-ok-si-tri’ên), n.
allapallapa,
allap
anaphia (a-naf’i-á), n.
âyyelov, a vessel, + -oid.] Having no retinal
blood-vessels.—Anangioid disk, the retinal disk
when without blood-vessels. ſº dis
Anangioida (an'an-ji-oi’dá), n. pl. [NL.: see
anangioid.] A collective name for those mam
mals in which the retina has no blood-vessels.
Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond, ser, B, 194, p. 68.
* , e. Same as *an-
angioid.
anangious (an-an’ji-us), a. Having no retinal
blood-vessels; anangioid.
Although these creatures [Chiroptera] are so highly
specialised, typical Vespertilionidae occurred already in
the Eocene. . . . The eyes of these nocturnal creatures
are very small, a mangiow8, and devoid of any traces of
higher development, except that they are also without any
traces of ancestral vestiges, besides the rather common
rudiment of the hyaloid artery. -
Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, 194, p. 68.
anantherum (an'an-theºrum), n.; pl...anan-
thera (-rá). [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. -F, NL. an-
thera, anther.] In bot., a filament without an
anther;, a staminode.
ananym (an'a-nim), n. [Erroneously for “an-
onym2, K. Gr. ºvá, back, + 5uoua, Övvua, name.]
A name written backward, as Norémac for
Cameron.
[Gr. &vá,
up, back,+ Öğüg, sharp, + Tptana, a trident.] In
the nomenclature of the spicular elements in
Sponges, a form of anatriaene in which the
branches are all acute. See *amatriaene and
Sponge-Spicule.
anapaite (a-nā'pa-it), n. [Named (by A. Sachs,
1902) KAmapa (sée def.) + -ite2. J . A hydrated
phosphate of ferrous iron and calcium occur-
ring in colorless triclinic crystals and also in
massiveforms: found at Amapa on the Blacksea.
ā-nā," jº. m. [Hawaiian.]
name in Hawaii of a widely distributed
shrub, Colubrina Asiatica, the bark of which
is used for soap.
anaphase (an'a-fäz), m. [NL. anaphasis, KGr:
ăvă, back, again, + pāolç, appearance, phase.]
In cytol., a stage in mitosis, or karyokinetic
Af.
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Anaphases of mitosis in cells (spermatocytes) of the
salamander. (Drüner.) Magnified.
A. Anaphase; divergence of the daughter-chromosomes, expos.
ing the central spindle as the interzonal fibers; contractile fibers
(principal comes of Van Beneden) ‘. shown. A. Later ana-
phase (dyaster of Flemming); the central spindle fully exposed to
view; mantle fibers attached to the chromosomes. Immediately
afterward the cell divides.
cell-division, characterized by the moving apart
of the chromosomes destined to enter the two
daughter-nuclei. Strasburger, 1884.
ãºis (a-naf'a-sis), n. [NL.] Same as
*anaphase.
[Gr. Öv- priv. 4- éph,
a touching, Kártelv, touch. Cf. Gr. &vaſp?g, not
to be touched.] In pathol., loss of the sense of
touch. Baldwin, Dict. of Philos. and Psychol.,
I. 39.
anaphoria (an-a-fö'ri-á), n. . [NL., & Gr. *āvá-
opog, Kåvapépetv, carry back: see anaphora.]
he tendency of the axes of vision in the two
eyes to assume too high a plane. Med. Record,
April 18, 1903.







anaphylactic
*Hººlºº (an'a-fi-lak’tik), a. Of or af-
fected with anaphylaxis.
anaphylactin § a-fi-lak’tin), n. A hypo-
thetical substance, associated with a protein
or contained in serum, upon the action of
which the phenomenon of anaphylaxis depends.
*#. (an'a-fi-lak’tiz), v. t. [K ama-
# azis.] To induce a condition of anaphy-
axis in. Jour. Med. Res., Aug., 1910, p. 28.
anaphylaxis (an'a-fi-lak’sis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ăvá, back, F -phylazis. See prophylactic.]
The phenomenon of increased susceptibility
to the action of a foreign protein, induced by
a first injection of the same substance. Thus
an injection of serum into an animal may produce no
symptoms, but a state of anaphylaxis is thereby estab-
lished in consequence of which a second injection of the
same serum, even in very small amount, may cause death.
anaplasia (anº-pla'siº), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vá-
tragoº, reformation, adjustment, Kóvarāágoetv,
reform, mold anew, K &vá, again, + trºëooeuv,
form.] 1. In pathol., the sum of the morphologi-
cal, structural, chemical, and other alterations
which cells undergo when assuming the char-
acteristics of malignancy.— 2. Anaplasis.
anaplasis (an-ap"Ia-sis), n. . [NL., K. Gr. &vá-
Trāaaag, reformation, K &valrååooetv, reform, re-
new, restore.] In biol., the history or course
of an organic type during the period or stage of
its rise, as distinguished from the period of its
full maintained vigor (metaplasis) and the
period of its decline or decadence (*cataplasis).
JHaeckel.
Anapterygota (an-ap-ter-i-gö’tā), m. pl. [NL.,
º: yº ôvá, back, again, + Trepvyotóg,
winged.]. A group of insects (including the
orders Mallophaga and Siphonaptera and the
suborder Anoplura) which contains only wing-
less forms, which, however, are supposed to
have descended from winged ancestors.
anapterygotism (an - ap-ter-i-gö 'tizm), n.
[Anapterygota + -ism..] In entom., a condition
of winglessness attained, usually through a par-
asitic life, by forms with a winged ancestry.
anapterygotous (an-ap-ter-i-gö’tus), a. In en-
tom., wingless, although derived from winged
ancestors, as the Mallophaga, Siphonaptera,
and Anoplura.
anaptyxis (an-ap-tik/sis), n, [Gr. &vátry;g, an
opening, unfolding, Kóvarríogetv, unfold, Kóvá,
lback, F Trôogetv, fold.]. In phonetics, the in-
voluntary utterance of an auxiliary vowel,
especially before r, l, m, and m, in certain po-
sitions, as in lucre, abie, chasm, etc.
anaqua (an-ā’kwä), n. Same as anagua. See
knackaway.
anarcestean (an-ār-ses’té-an), a. [Anarceste(s)
+ -am.] 1. Pertaining to the Devonian ceph-
alopod Anarcestes.—2. Noting a condition or
growth-stage in any goniatite equivalent, in
the development of the septa, to the mature
condition in Anarcestes.
Anarcestes (an-ār-ses’téz), n. [NL., said to
be formed K. Gr. &v- priv. -- Arcestes, a genus
of ammonites.] A genus of ammonoid ceph-
alopods or goniatites of primitive structure,
having very simple sº sutures with single
broad lateral lobes. It is of Devonian age.
anarcestian, a. Same as *anarcesteam.
anarithmoscope (an-a-rith’mó-sköp), n. A
magic lantern having slides which are changed
automatically.
Anarrhichthyinae (an-a-rik-thi-i'né), m. pl.
[Anarrhichthys H---inae. The subfamily of
wolf-fishes typified by the genus Amarrhich-
thus.
Aarhichthys (an-a-rik’ this), m. [NL. irreg.
K Gr, àvapp(xãoffat), &lamber up, + l2:00c, fish.]
A genus of wolf fishes of the family Anarrhich-
adidae. It is distinguished by the very long and tapering
tail, whence the name wolf-eel. A. ocellatus is found on
the coast of California and reaches a length of 8 feet.
Anarsia (an-ār'si-á), n. . [NL. (Zeller, 1889),
& Gr. &vápotoc, unfavorable, hostile, Köv- priy.
+ &pgtog, fitting Kºāpew, fit...] A genus of Mi-
crolepidoptera, of the family Gelecthiidae, con-
taining, among others, the very injurious 4:
lineatelia, whose larva bores into the twigs and
fruit of the peach in Europe and North Amer-
lC8.
anarthropod (an-ār"thrö-pod), a. and n. IAS
Anarthropod-a.] I. a. Without articulated ap-
pendages; having the characters of the Amar-
thropoda.
II. m. One of the Amarthropoda.
Anaryan (an-ār’yan or -ar’ign), a. [an-". F
Aryan.] Non-Aryan; noting a people which
speaks a language that does not belong to the
Aryan family. Deniker, Races of Man, p. 334.
anascope (an'a-sköp), n. [Gr. &vá, up, + ako-
Teiv, view.] An optical arrangement which
enables one to view the image in a camera
right side up. Woodbury, Encyc. Dict. of Pho-
tog., p. 35
Anaspida (an-aspid#), n. pl...[NL., & Gray-
riv. -- éotríg, shield.]. An ordinal term intro-
uced by Traquair for a group of singular
fishes, chiefly from the Upper Silurian rocks
of Lanarkshire, without paired fins and hav-
ing a tubercled skin, a heterocercal tail, and a
row of prominent processes along the belly.
In some of the species, as Birkenia elegans, the branc
openings are a series of small lateral perforations.
anaspidean (an-as-pid’é-an), 0. and %. I. 0.
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Anaspidea.
II, n. One of the Anaspidea.
anastasis (an-asta-sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. Ává-
oragig, a raising up or rising up, K avtotával,
stand º 1. In med, a condition of increas-
ing health and vigor; convalescence.—2. Res-
urrection.
anastatic, a. 2. In bot., reviving after desic-
eation, as so-called resurrection-plants.
anastigmat (an-as’tig-mat), n. [G. amastig-
mat: see anastigmatic..] A system of lenses in
which the astigmatic aberration is overcome
and a flat field obtained. It is of special use in
photography. There are various forms with special trade-
names, as collinears, planars, protars, wrºars, etc.—
Convertible anastigmat (called in German 80tzama-
8ti ), a combination of two Zeiss anastigmats which
for many purposes can be used separately.— Double an-
astigmat, a combination of two triple cemented lenses,
each anastigmatically aplanatic. Such a system, invented
by Van Hoegh, was put out in 1892 by the Goerz firm.
Double Anastigmat.
Several forms with different trade-names have been
since added by the same firm, each with its own special
advantages.—Universal Symmetric anastigmat, a
very rapid system of lenses covering a view-angle of 65°
and consisting of two triple cemented lenses.
anastigmatic (an-as-tig-mat'ik), a. [Kam-5 +
astigmatic.] Not astigmatic : applied to a lens.
anastomosis, n. 3. In surg, the establishment
of communication between two canals or two
portions of the same eanal, usually the diges-
tive tract, not previously in continuity.
Anastomotic artery, a term applied to several small
arteries, in different portions of the body, which serve to
connect two larger vessels. g
anastomotica (an-as-tº-mot'i-kä), n. See ar-
téria amastomotica.--Anastomotica magna. (a)
A branch of the brachial artery supplying the parts
about the elbow and anastomosing with other branches
of the brachial and of the ulna. (b) A branch of the
femoral artery supplying the parts about the knee-joint
and anastomosing With other articular branches of the
femoral and tibial arteries.
Anastrophia (an-a-strö(fi-á), n. [NL., K.Gr,
ăvaoTpopń, a twisting about : see amastrophe.]
A genus of pentameraceous brachiopods from
the Silurian and Devonian rocks.
anat. An abbreviation of anatomy and amatomi-
cal.
Anathema cup. See *eup. 3. A
anathesis (a-nath e-sis), m. [Gr. &váffectſ, a
putting off, Kavatibéval, put off, etc.: see anath-
ema..] Vowel-mutation; umlaut: a proposed
term, scarcely used. See mutation.
Anatinacea (a-nat-i-nā’sé-á), m. pl. [NL., K
Anatina + -acea.] A suborder of Eulamelli-
branchiata. It includes the bivalve mollusks which
have the external branchial fold directed dorsally, not
reflected, sexes united, male and female reproductive
glands with separate orifices, mantle edges largely united,
byssus generally lacking, two adductor muscles, pallial
line variable, and shell usually nacreous within. Among
the families included are Amatimidze, Pandoridae, Pho-
ladomyidae,and Clavagellidae. Both living and fossil forms
are found. tº * * *
anatinacean (a-nat-i-mâ'si-àn), a. and n. I.
a. Pertaining to or having the characters of
the Amatinacea.
II. m. One of the Anatinacea.
anchor
anatoid (an'a-toid), a. [L. anas (anat-), a
duck, + Gr. eidog, form.] Resembling a duck;
duck-like in form or character.
Anatolian ware. See *ware?.
anatomicobiological (an-a-tom’i-kö-bi-à-loj’i-
kal), a. Anatomical with a view to biology;
treating of biology as illustrated by anatomy:
as, an anatomicobiological thesis.
anatomicopathological (an-a-tom"i-kö-path-
Ö-loj’i-kal), a. Relating to pathological anat-
omy.
anatomobiological (a-nat" 3-mū-bi-Ö-loj’i-
kal), a. Same as *anatomicobiological.
anatomopathological (a-nat'é-mö-path-Ö-loj'-
i-kal), a. Same as * anatomicopathological.
Smithsonian Rep. 1890, p. 635.
anatomy, n.—Medical anatomy, descriptive anat-
omy of the heart, lungs, and other parts, the diseases of
which are not usually amenable to surgical treatment.—
Morbid anatomy. Same as pathological anatomy.—
Plastic anatomy, surface anatomy in its relation to art.
—Practical ### Same as amatomy, 1.—Surface
anatomy, the study of the markings and configuration
of the surface of the body.
anatrepsis (an-a-trep'sis), n. [NL., KGr. &vá,
back, -í- Tpéºpug, a turning.] In embryol., that
movement of certain insect embryos which
brings them back to the ventral surface of the
yolk after they have moved away from it.
Wheeler, 1893.
anatriaene (an-a-tri’én), n. [Gr. &vá, up, back,
+ Tptatua, a trident.] In the nomenclature of
the spicular elements of sponges, a straight cy-
lindrical rhabd at the end of which three prongs
or cladisks bent backward make a form like
that of an anchor with three arms. It belongs
to the tetraxial system of spicules. See sponge-
spicule.
anat.riptic (an - a - trip ’tik), a. [amatripsis
(-tript-) + -ic.] Frictional; specifically, in
med., of or pertaining to the use of rubbing or
friction for remedial purposes.
anauca (à-nā-ö kä), n. [Native name.] A
tree of the bean family, Erythrina umbrosa, a
native of northeastern South America, which
is used as a shade-tree in the cultivation of
º Also called *bucare (which see). [Trini-
dad.]
anautotomic (an-à-tº-tom'ik), a.
tersecting.
Not self-in-
Amawtotomic, unicuspidal, bicuspidal and tricuspidal
quartics admit of a subsidiary division depending on the
number of points of undulation they possess; and it must
be borne in mind that, although it is convenient to use
the term point of undulation, it is the tangent at this point
and not the point itself which is the actual singularity
Nature, Nov. 27, 1902, p. 80.
anaxial (an-ak’si-al), a. [Gr. div- priv. H. L.
aaris, axis, + -al.] Without a definite axis or
axes; of irregular or asymmetrical form.
anaxile (an -ak ( sil), a. [Gr. av- priv. -- L.
axis, axis: see acile.] Noting such inde-
pendent elements or spicules of sponge skele-
tons as do not show derivation from the uni-
axial, tetraxial, or hexactinellid type. Such
spicules are spherical, cylindrieal, discoid, or
stellate.
anaxone (an-ak’sön), a. [Gr. av- priv. -- isov,
axis.] In neurol., having no neuraxon or axis-
cylinder: said of certain nerve-cells. Buck,
Med. Handbook, II. 334.
anaxonial (an-ak-soº ni-al), a. [Gr. div- priv. --
Čičov, axis, + -ial.] Having no definite axes of
growth. See amazonia.
ancecerite (an-sesſe-lit), n. [Irreg. K. Gr. d) Ră,
the bent arm, + Répac, horn, + -ite?..] In
crustaceans, a curved projection at the base of
the peduncle of an antenna.
Ancestral forms, the ancestors of an organism in any
remote generation or generations considered collectively.
—Ancestral heredity, inheritange. See kinheritance.
Anchieta bark. See *bark 2.
anchorl, n. 7. In the tug of war, the man at
the end of the line, who is supposed to hold
while the rest endeavor to pull.—8. Same as
chapelet,
Anchor System,
the mnemonic sys-
tem according to
which the ideas to
be remembered
are rendered read-
ily recoverable by
being deliberately
associated with
other ideas that
are, either by fa-
miliarity or by t º
their striking (Ǻsº
character, already
easily recoverable.
Thus it is an ap-
plication of the
l'olding Anchor.
..!, auchor open : F, auch or closed : C
shifting-stock anch or with stock stºw sul.


anchor
anchor system to remember the map of Italy by its similar-
ity to a boot. Also called peg system.–Fol anchor,
a boat's anchor having a stock and flukes which, when not
in use, can be folded against the shank for convenience
in stowing on board. Several styles are in use.—Shi * *
Stock anchor, a boat's anchor in which the stock is kept
in place by a pin and, when not in use, can be laid against
the Shank for convenience in handling. — Stockless
anchor, a boat's anchor having pivoted flukes which fall
into the holding position without the aid of a stock.
anchorate, a. 2. As applied to the spicules of
the sponges, having a pronged anchor-shaped
arrangement at one or both ends, especially in
the monactinellids.
II. m. An anchorate spicule.
anchor-ax (ang'kgr-aks) n. An anchor-shaped
ax of stone, formerly used by the natives of
Brazil.
anchor-bar (ang'kgr-bār), n. A wooden hand-
spike used for prying the anchor off the bill-
board, that is, the resting-place of the fluke.
anchor-beam (ang'kgr-bêm), n. A steel or
iron beam forming a part of the anchorage of yellow resin of Ancoumea Klaimeana, a tree of andrewsite (an ‘ drö-zit), n.
the cables or chains of a suspension-bridge.
anchor-bed (ang’kgr-bed), n. In shipbuilding,
a support or platform on the deck, forward, on
which the heavy anchors are secured when not
in use. In war-ships these beds are usually re-
cessed below the deck-level to keep the an-
chors out of the line of fire of the large guns.
anchor-bolt, m. 2. A long bolt which serves to
hold down a steam-engine or other piece of ma-
chinery to the masonry foundation on which it
rests. The bolt passes down through the bed- or base-
plate and far enough into the foundation to be securely
held at its lower end by plates or other holding-devices
to anchor it in place. When the nut above the bed-plate
is tightened down, the machine is securely fastened to
the mass of the foundation.
anchor-bracket(ang’kgr-brak"et), n. A bracket
or block which carries the fulcrum of a lever;
a bracket to which the stationary end of a
brake-band is attached.
anchor-crane (ang’kor-krān), m. In Shipbuild-
ing, a crane mounted on the deck of a ship for
handling the anchor from the hawse-pipe to
the bill-board or anchor-bed after the anchor
is weighed. See cut of *battle-ship.
anchor-dragger (ang/kgr-drag"ér), m. One who
makes a business of ‘dragging’ harbors and
other anchoring-places for ships' anchors
which have been lost during gales or other-
wise. W. M. Davis, Elem. Phys. Geog.
anchored, p. a. 4. In billiards, said of two
object-balls which, with the cue-ball near,
straddle a short line close to the cushion, be-
cause a player can hold them long in that po-
sition by playing alternately from side to
side. This is possible only in games of balk-
line billiards, and since 1893 has been barred
among the best players.
anchor-light (ang’kgr-lit), m. The light ex-
hibited on anchored vessels between sunset
and Sunrise.—Anchor-light law, that section of the
international regulations of July 1, 1897, which provides
for lighting anchored vessels in such a manner as to pre-
vent collisions.
anchor-line (ang'kgr-lin), n. A line attached
to a small buoy and to one fluke of an anchor:
used in towing a raft of logs and to free the
anchor when fast to rocks or Snags. [U. S.]
anchor-money (ang’kgr-mun'i), n. An Eng-
lish colonial coinage, so named from its de-
vice, first struck for Mauritius in 1820.
anchor-plate, m. 3. Naut., the metal resting-
place for the fluke of the anchor when the lat-
ter is fished. See fish.1, 6 (b).
anchor-rod (ang’kgr-rod), m. The rod or bolt
which connects the bed-plate of an engine to
an anchor-plate buried in the foundation.
anchor-wing (ang'kgr-wing), m. The Austra-
lian black-cheeked falcon, Falco melanogenys :
so named from the fancied resemblance of its
outspread wings to the flukes of an anchor.
Anchovia (an-chö’vi-á), n. [NL., K E. an-
chovy.] ... A genus of anchovies of the family
Engraulididae, now usually defined so as to in-
clude nearly all the tropical species. It is dis-
tinguished from the anchovies of temperate regions (En-
graulis) by the fewer vertebrae. Also wrongly called
Stolephorus.
anchovy, m.–Silvery anchovy, a name of Anchovia
browni.— Štriped anchovy, Anchovia browni, found on
the Atlantic coast of North America.
Ancient house, one which has stood long enough to ac-
quire an easement of support. Bouvier, Law Dict,
ancientism (än 'shent -izm), m. . [ancient +
-ism.] Favor to things ancient; the belief that
ancient times were better than the present.
J. W. Powell, First An. Rep. Bur. Ethnol.,
p. 33.
ancistroid (an-sis’ troid), a... [Gr, dyktorpoetóñº,
K &yklorpov, a fish-hook, -- eidog, form.J Hook-
shaped. Syd. Soc. Lea.
Ancistrus (an-sis' trus), n. [NL., Köyktorpov,
a fish-hook.] A genus of toothed shiners of the
family Characinidae, found in rivers of South
America.
ancona (an-kö'nā), m. [ML. ancona, an image,
a crucifix, prop. “ancon; cf. L. ancom, a con-
sole or volute, K. Gr. &yków, a bend, a jutting
angle in a wall, etc. : see ancon.] An altar-
piece or group of pictures elaborately mounted
in an architectural setting.
This altar-piece now hangs on the north wall of the
choir of the Collegiata. It is a Gothic ancona in which
four scenes are represented.
. Douglas, in Burlington Mag., I. 809.
Ancona ruby. Same as rubasse.
ancoume (ān-kö’mâ), m. [Kongo name.] In
the Kongo region of West Africa, the fragrant
the family Balsameaceae.
ancylite (an'si-lit), n. [Gr. dyköWoç, crooked,
+ -ite?..] A hydrated carbonate of strontium
and cerium occurring in from yellow to brown
orthorhombic crystals with curved faces:
found in southern Greenland.
Ancylocladus (an -si-lok’la - dus), m. [NL.
(Kuntze, 1891; proposed but not established by .
Wallich in 1832), named in allusion to the con-
torted tendrils, K. Gr. dyköWog, crooked, curved,
+ k}{ióog, branch.] An apocynaceous genus of
plants improperly known as Willughbeia. See
Willughbeia.
Ancylopoda (an-si-lop’º-dà), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. dykö%0g, crooked, + troig (Tod-), a foot.]
An order of extinct ungulate mammals, pro-
posed by Cope for such genera as Ancylothe-
vium and Chalicotherium, based on fragmentary
remains from the early Tertiary deposits.
ancylopodous (an-si-lop’º-dus), a. Relating
to or resembling in structure or appearance
the Ancylopoda.
ancylostome (an-sil '6-stöm), m. [Gr. dykö%0ç,
bent, + otóga, mouth.] A blood-sucking para-
Sitic worm of the genus Uncinaria, sometimes
found in the human intestine.
anº (an-si-los-tº-mi’ a-sis), m.
[NL., K Ancylostoma (see: def.) + -iasis.]. A
disease characterized chiefly by a profound
anemia, sometimes associated with dirt-eating
as cause or effect, due to the presence of one
of several species of blood-sucking intestinal
parasites of the genus Ancylostoma. Also
called dochmiasis, uncimariasis, tunnel-disease,
brickmakers’ or miners' anemia, and Egyptian
chlorosis.
Anda-assu oil. See *oil.
andabatarian (an-dab-a-tā’rī-an), a. [andab-
ata + -arian.] Pertaining to or characteristic
of an andabata or gladiator who fought blind-
folded; hence, misdirected : said of blind,
struggling endeavor.
aniºti. (an-da-li-sit'ik), a. [andalusite +
-ic.] Containing or resembling andalusite.
Andaman bullet-wood. See?'bullet-wood.
andante, Cl. Special varieties of movement or style
are indicated by adding other terms, as: amdante con
Tnoto, in flowing style, with some quickness; andante ma
7.0m troppo, in flowing style, but not too slow ; andante
cantabile, with the movement of a song ; andante maes-
to80, with a stately movement ; andante pastorale, in the
easy style of a pastoral melody.
Andaquies wax. See waſ 2.
Anderson process. See *process.
andesite, n-Trachytic andesite. See wasperite.
andirine (an-di’ rin), n. [Andira + -īne?..]
Same as *surinamine.
andorite (an'dº-rit), n. [ Andor (Andor von
Semsey, a Hungarian) + -ite?..] A sulphid
of antimony, lead, and silver occurring in
steel-gray orthorhombic crystals with brilliant
metallic luster: found in Hungary and Bolivia.
Also called Sundtite and webmerite.
Andreaeaceae (an-dré-É-ā'sé-é), m. pl. [NL., K
Andreaea -H -aceæ.] A family of mosses con-
taining the genus Andreaea only. For charac-
ters see Andreaea.
andreaeaceous (an-dré-É-ā'shius), a. [Andre-
acaceae + -ous.] Belonging to or having the
characters of mosses of
C6332.
Andreaeales (an-dré-É-ā’léz), m. pl. [NL., K
Andreæa + -ales J. An order of mosses coex-
tensive with the family Andreaeaceae.
and reclexis (an-drek-lek’sis), m. [NL., K. Gr.
ăvăp (äv60-), man, + škžešig, selection.] Sex-
ual selection through choice exercised by the
the family Andreaea-
andrology"
male. Compare *gyneclewis. Ward, Pure So.
ciol., p. 361.
andreia (an-driſă), m. pl. [Gr. Övöpeia, neut.
1.9f Övöpelog, adjº of men, Käväp (ävép-), man.]
n Gr, antiq., pu ii. meals, especially in Crete
and Sparta. -
andreion (an-dri’on), m.; pl. andreia (-à). [Per-
haps for Gr, àvöpetóv, &vópedºv, Attic àvöpów, m.,
the men's hall (see andronitis); otherwise K Gr.
*ávöpelov, Cretan ávdpñtov, a public hall where
meals were served: see *andreia,] A hall in
which public meals were served.
Whether Labyrinth, Palace, or Andreion, it is evident
that the prehistoric building, as yet so imperfectly known
to us, belongs to the great age of Mycenae. -
Evans, Cretan Pictographs, p. 12.
andrenoid (an'dre-noid), a. Having the char-
acteristics or appearance of a bee of the family
Andrenidae.
Andreoli process. See *process.
[Named after
Thomas Andrews (1813–86)..] A hydrated phos-
phate of iron and copper occurring in bluish-
green radiate forms: found in Cornwall,
Andrias (an'dri-As), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vóptág, an
image of man, Käväp (ävöp-), man.] The ge-
neric name given by Tschudi to the giant sal-
amander from the Miocene of GEningen, the
remains of which when found were regarded
as human and were characterized by Scheuch-
Zer as Homo diluvii testis. Andrias scheuch-
&eri attained a length of one meter, and there
is a smaller species of the same geologic age.
androcentric (an-dró-sen'trik), a. [Gr. avāp
(āvdp0-), a male, + kévrpov, center.] Centering
around the male; relating to the theory that
all animal life normally centers around the
male. Ward, Pure Sociol., p. 291.
androclinium (an-drö-klin’i-um), m.; pl. an-
droclinia (-à). [NL. K. Gr, avīp (āvdp-), man
(male), + k}ivm, couch..] See climandrium.
androconia (an-drö-kö’ni-á), m.pl. [NL., K. Gr.
ăvăp (ävöp0-), male, -H (?) kóvig, dust.] Certain
Specialized scales occurring in limited areas
on the wings of the males of certain Lepidop-
têra. They function as scent-scales and arise from scent-
glands situated in folds of the wing. Androconia-like
Scales have also been found on the wings of a caddis-fly
(Mystaciades punctata),—Androconia glands, groups
# #native Specialized cells which secrete an odorous
ll 10,
androcracy (an-drok 'ra-si), n. [Gr. avāp
(āvöp0-), man, + Kpateiv, govern..] Authority
and rule by man; hence, society organized on
the basis of male supremacy. Compare gyme-
cocracy. , Ward, Pure Sociol., p. 341.
androcratic (an-drö-kratſik), a. Pertaining
to androcracy or the supremacy of man over
Woman in Social relations, or having the qual-
§§ such supremacy. Ward, Pure Sociol.,
androdioecism (an "drö-di-É' sizm), a. The
character of being androdioecious.
Androdioecism signifies that the same species has both
male and hermaphrodite plants.
Henslow, Origin of Floral Struct., p. 227.
andrógametangium (an"drö-gam-e-tan'ji-
um), n. ; pl. androgametangia (-ā). [NL., K. Gr.
àvhp (ävöp-), male, -H Yapıérmg, spouse (see gam-
ete), + dyyelov, vessel.] Same as antheridium.
androgamete (an-dró-gam'êt), n. [Gr, avàp
* male + yapuéTyg, spouse (see gamete).]
m bot., a male sexual cell.
androgenetic (an"drö-jé-net'ik), a. [Gr. &váp
(āvāp-), male, -- E. genetic.] Productive of
males 9nly-Androgenetic parthenogenesis, the
production of males alone from unfertilized eggs; airlie-
notoky. See whomoparthenogenesis.
androgonidium (an"drö-gö-mid’i-um), n. ; pl.
androgonidia (-á). [NL., KGr, avàp (äväp-) male,
+ NL. gonidium.] 1. One of the male cells
formed in Volvoa, which later subdivides into
numerous spermatozoöids. Cohn.-2. Same
as androspore.
androgynic (an"dró-jin'ik), a. Having two
sexes; androgynous; hermaphroditic. Syd.
Soc. Leæ.
androlepsia (an-dró-lep'si-á), n. [Gr. &vópo-
Żmpia, seizure of men.] . In international law,
the seizure by one nation of the citizens or
subjects of another, and the holding of them,
to compel the performance of an act by the
latter in favor of the former. Also androlepsy.
and rolepsy (an'dró-lep-si), n. Same as Āan-
drolepsia. -
andrology (an-drol’ā-ji), n. . [Gr. &váp (ävöp-),
man, +-Aoyla, KAéyetv, speak.] In the termi.
nology of J. W. Powell, the whole theoretical
andrology
science of individual man, physiological and
psychological. - -
Man is prečminently the psychic animal, so that hu-
man psychology is set over against the other attributes of
man, which are grouped under the term somatology;
therefore man studied as a human body gives rise to the
Science of somatology and the science of psychology. To
these two sciences as a group I give the name andrology,
while andrology and demology constitute ..º.
Which is the customary term; but as the science is coör.
dinate with the greater systems, I shall use the term
anthroponomy.
J. W. Powell, in Amer. Anthropologist, Oct.–Dec., 1901,
[p. 604
andromedid (an-drom'e-did), n. [Lit. “de-
scendant of Andromeda’; K Andromeda +
-id?..] Same as andromed.
andromedotoxin (an-drom"e-dó-tok'sin), n.
[Andromeda, a genus of plants, + tozin.] Same
as kasebotowin. Yearbook. U. S. Dept. Agr.
1897, p. 97.
andromonoecism (anºdrö-mó-né'sizm), n. [an-
dromonoec(ious) + -ism..] The character or con-
dition of being andromonoecious.
Andromonoecism signifies that the same plant bears
both male and hermaphrodite flowers.
Henslow, Origin of Floral Struct., p. 227.
andronia (an-dró’ni-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. divāp
(āvdp-), man (?).] A name É. by Winterlin
1800 to a supposed new earth which was shown
by a committee of the French Academy of
Sciences to be merely a mixture of well-known
substances.
androphobia (an-dró-fö’bi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ăvăp (ävöp-), man, F -pogla, K poffeiv, fear.]
Fear of or repugnance to the male sex.
androphore, n. 1. (b) A stalk supporting an
androecium. -
androphyl (an'dró-fil), a. [Gr. aváp (ävóp-),
male, + pºov, leaf.] A male sporophyl; a
stamen.
androplasm (an'drº-plazm), n. The material
that is supposed, by Haeckel and others, to
enter into the composition of male cells and
to give them their distinctive character, and
to be unlike anything that enters into the com-
position of female cells.
This “sex-sense” of the two gonocytes, or elective af-
finity of the male androplasm and the female gymoplasma,
is the cause of mutual attraction and union.
Haeckel (trans.), Wonders of Life, p. 245.
androrhopy (an-dror’5-pi), n. [Gr. &vñp, male,
+ both, downward inclination.] The state or
condition of a species in which the males de-
part more widely than the females from the
ancestral condition, as exhibited by the young
of both sexes or by allied species.
Androsace (an-dros'a-sé), n. [NL., K.L. andro-
saces, K. Gr. divöpóoakég, an uncertain plant..] A.
enus of small tufted perennial plants of the
amily Primulaceae, commonly called rock-jas-
mime, cultivated in alpine gº; The only
species much known in the United States are A. lamugi-
mosa, A. sarmentosa, A. carmea, and A. eaſimea. There
are about 50 species, most of which are found in the
mountains of the northern hemisphere.
androsporangium (an-dró-spó-ran'ji-um), m.;
pl. androsporangia (-à). [Gr. &våp (ävöp-), male,
+ NL., sporangium.j A sporangium contain-
ing androspores.
and rotauric (an-dró-tā’rik), a. [Gr. &våp (ävöp-)
man, + taipog, bull.] In Gr. antiq., a term
applied to mythologic monsters in which the
forms of bull and man are combined, as an
androcephalous bull or a taurocephalous man.
-ane. 3. A suffix applied to the names of
classes in the quantitative classification of
igneous rocks. , See krock".
anecdoted (an’ek-dó-ted), p. a. Made the
subject of an anecdote.
It is a story they tell in Rome, where everybody is
amecdoted. W. D. Howells, Ital. Jour., p. 170.
anectobranchiate (3-nek-tº-brang'ki-āt), a.
[Gr, av-, priv. 4- škrác, without, F 6páyxia,
gills.] aving no external gills, as the
Melonitoida among echinoids, . . . º -
anelectrotonically (an-É-lek-trö-ton’i-kal-i),
adv. In a manner having relation to anelec-
trotonus.
anemia", n.-Brickmakers' or miners' anemia, an-
emia due to the presence of Ancylostoma in the intestine.
—Polar anemia, a condition of blood impoverishment
to which explorers and others wintering in the polar
regions are liable : probably due to lack of fresh food, the
inability to take sufficient exercise, and the absence of
sunlight. — Primary anemia, anemia arising from mo
discoverable cause. — Second anemia, anemia due
to some manifest cause, such as frequent losses of blood,
malaria, cancer, etc. — Splenic anemia, a condition in
which anemia is associated with enlargement of the
spleen, but without enlargement of the lymphatic glands.
Anemia? (a-nē’mi-á), n. . [NL. (Swartz, 1806),
irreg. K Gr. avetuſov, naked..] A genus of small,
simply pinnate or decompound, schizaeaceous
ferns, characterized by having the ovate, ses-
sile sporangia borne biserially upon the two
elongate, rachiform-paniculate, lowermost pin-
nae, or, if the genus is accepted in a wide
sense, sometimes upon separate fertile fronds.
Strictly delimited, the bulk of the species usually referred
here will be placed under Ornithopteris, a genus techni-
cally º from the typical Anemia by its free
Venation. The species are mainly tropical American.
Anemic gangrene. See *gamgrene.
anemobarometer (anºe-mö-ba-rom'e-ter), n.
An instrument consisting of two tubes leading
from closed vessels containing barometers up
to a free exposure to the wind. One tube opens
to the windward so that its barometer indicates the static
atmospheric pressure plus the wind-pressure; the other
tube opens to the leeward and gives the atmos-
pheric pressure diminished by the wind-pressure or
some portion thereof. From a comparison of the two
readings one obtains the correct air-pressure and wind-
pressure separately. As modified in 1887, only one tube
...” opening into the space between two horizontal
planes.
anemochore (a -nem'3-kór), n, [Gr. &veſtog,
wind, + 2 opeiv, spread abroad.] In phytogeog.,
a plant whose seed is disseminated by the wind,
as by means of pappus, etc. I’. E. Clements.
anemochorous (an-e-mok'3-rus), a. [anemo-
chore + -ows.] Having the character of an
anemochore. F. E. Clements.
anemogen (a-nem (3-jen), n. [F. anemogène ;
K. Gr. &veuog, wind, -F-yevåg, -producing.] An
apparatus for experimentally producing, mea-
suring, and studying currents of air analogous
to the natural currents in the earth’s atmo-
sphere.
anemometer, n.-Biram's anemometer, a special
form of wind-gage.—Calibration of anemometer, the
study of an ane-
mometer by means
of the standard
Whirling appara-
tus so as to convert
its instrumental
readings into true
Wind-velocities or
wind - pressures.
Hagemann’s
anemometer, a
form of suction-
anemometer; a
vertical tube
whose lower end
opens in a manom-
eter and whose
upper end is ex-
posed to the free
Wind and has a
small tip and an or-
ifice across which
the wind blows.
The velocity of the
wind is deduced
from the suction
or rarefaction pro-
duced within the tube by the action of the wind. Special
modifications of this instrument have been introduced
by Abbe and Dines.—Helicoidal anemometer, a modi-
fication of Woltman's anemometer in Which the radial
arms are dispensed with and plates bent into helicoidal
surfaces, similar to those of the screw-propeller, are used
to receive the impulse of the wind.— Hooke's ane-
mometer, the pendulum anemometer ; a plate of metal
hung as a pendulum broadside to the wind, and whose
deflection from the vertical can be measured on a scale.
First described in 1666.-Lander's anemometer, an
anemometer (more properly anemograph) in which a
delicately counterpoised rubber bellows is inflated by
the pressure of the wind and lifts a small conical float
suspended in glycerin so as to damp its oscillations. The
movement of the float and the direction of the wind are
both recorded.— Reflecting anemometer, the name
originally given to what is better known as Aimé's mepho- .
scope.— Robinson's anemometer, four hollow hemi-
spheric metallic cups, revolving, when exposed to the
wind, on a vertical axis, to which they are attached by
É
** . Sº
§§ N V
- - wV.
Nº ºvº
RN N.
- - NN ~ * -
... ." Nº. sº
--- - S. - -*. i.
- *; tº
!"
35Es
: -- " 'If.
#= - ºf
3. 3. *
2: º:
2. ; :
º
2 º
*
Biram's Anemometer.
Robinson's Anemometer.
angel
arms crossing at right angles. The motion is transmitted
by an appropriate mechanism to a hand over the dial
where the velocity of the wind is indica
anemophily (an-e-mofºi-li), n. [anemophil(ous)
+ -yé.] In bot., the fact or character of being
anemophilolis.
anemophobia (an "e-mó-fö’bi-á), n. [Gr. &vepoc,
wind, -H -poſłia, fear.] A morbid fear of high
winds. G. S. Hall, Adolescence, II. 185.
anemotropic (a-nem-Ö-trop'ik), a. [Gr. &ve/log,
wind, +TpóTrog, a turning..] Concerning or per-
taining to the attitude or movement of organ-
isms in relation to the direction of the wind.
anemotropism (an-e-motºró-pizm), n. [anem-
otrop(ic) + -ism.] The movement of organ-
isms or the attitude of their bodies in relation
to the direction of the wind.
This peculiarity . . . is an Orientation of the body
with respect to the wind. As it appears to be a true
tropism I shall call it anemotropism.
W. M. Wheeler, Archiv f. Entwicklungsmechanik, 8.373.
anencephalotrophic (an-en-sef"a-lô-trof'ik),
a. Characterized by anencephalotrophia or
atrophy of the brain.
anephebic (an-e-fé/bik), a. [Gr. &vá, up, +
ëpm}og, adult: see ephebic.] The early portion
of the ephebic or adult stage in the develop-
ment of an organism. Hyatt.
aneretic, a. See angeretić.
anergia (an-èr'ji-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vépyta, a
doubted reading, equiv. to depyta (cf. & vep) oc,
not done), K div- priv. -H Špyov, work.] Lack of
energy; passivity. Also anergy.
anergic (an-èr'jik), a. [antergia + -ic.] Defi-
cient in energy.
anergy (an-èr'ji), m.
as *amergia.
aneson (a-né’son), m.
acetone-chloroform.
anesthetic, a.—Anesthetic ether, leprosy. See
etheri, 3 Ö), lepra. Schleich's a nesthetić mºture, a
mixture of ether, petroleum ether, and chloroform, used
by inhalation in the production of general anaesthesia.
amethical (an-eth’i-kal), a. Devoid of ethical
quality; neither ethical nor anti-ethical. Ward,
Pure Sociol., p. 303.
aneuria (a-nā‘ri-á), m. [NL., K. Gr. &vewpog,
without sinews (nerves), K d- priv. -- veipov,
sinew : see nerve..] Lack of nerve force.
aneuric (a-niā’rik), a. Lacking in nerve force;
Ineurasthenic.
aneurism, n. 2. In thermom., an enlargement
of the capillary tube of the thermometer. Tait,
in Nature, XXV. 90.-External aneurism, dila-
tation of an artery outside of the visceral cavities of the
body and therefore accessible to surgical methods of
treatment. Also called surgical aneurism. — Gelatin
treatment for aneurism, the administration of gela-
tin, which has the property of rendering the blood more
coagulable and therefore favors clotting within the
aneurismal sac.—Internal aneurism, dilatation of an
artery within one of the cavities of the body and which is
therefore not amenable to surgical treatment. Also called
*medical amewrism. —IMedical aneurism. Same as in-
termal Aramewrism.— Miliary aneurisms, minute aneu-
risms affecting one or more of the Small arteries of the
brain, rupture of which is a common cause of apoplexy.
—Racemose aneurism, a condition of dilatation,
lengthening, and tortuosity of the blood-vessels (arteries,
capillaries, and veins) of a part.—Surgical aneurism.
Same as eaternal Aramewrism.—Valvular aneurism, a
cavity containing blood and sometimes pus, formed be-
tween the layers of one of the valves of the heart.—
Worm aneurism, an aneurism in horses caused by
roundworm larvae belonging to the species Strongylus
vulgaris. - * -
aneurism-needle (an ‘li-rizm-nē "dl), n. A
curved, blunt-pointed rod with an eye at the
point, used for passing a ligature around an
artery which it is desired to obliterate in the
treatment of aneurism.
angarep (an'ga-rep), n. [Native name in Abys-
sinia (?). Appar. Inot in Egyptian Ar.] A light
bedstead used by the Arabs, consisting of a
simple framework set upon legs and covered
with a network of green rawhide which hardens
to the tightness of a drum when dry. On this
is laid the mat. Sir S. W. Baker, Nile Trib.
Abyssinia (ed. 1867), p. 113.
angarilla (ān-gā-rél’yā), n., [Sp. ;... in pl. a
hand-barrow, panniers, etc.] 1. A litter.—2.
pl. In South America, a pair of uncovered
boxes made of rawhide, fastened to each end
of a pole also covered with hide. The pole is
placed across the back of a mule or a donkey, so that the
boxes or chests hang on each side of the animal, Chil-
* are frequently carried on long journeys in angaril.
&S.
3. A net used for carrying things.
angekok, (an'jā-kok), n. [Eskimo angakok.]
Among the Eskimos of Arctic America, a medi-
cine-man; a Sorcerer; a shaman.
angel, n. 6. In modern theat. Slang, one who
advances money to put a new play on the
DNL. amergia.] Same
An aqueous solution of


angel
boards; a financial backer.—7. Same as angel-
Jish-Black angel, a Bahaman name of the chirivita
(Pomacanthus paru), a West Indian species of Chaetodon-
tidae.
anºl-cake (ān'jel-kāk), n. White sponge-
C3, K6. •
angeldom ºrdum), m. [angel-H-dom.] The
realm of angels.
All the light of angeldom.
Mrs. Browning, Drama of Exile, Chorus of Angels, sc. 3.
*#g; *—Yellow angel-fish, the isabelita,
Holacanthus ciliaris, a gorgeously colored fish of the West
Indies, of the family Chaetodontidae. Also called blue
angel-figh.
angel-food (ān'jel-föd), n. Same as *angel-cake.
angelica, n.-Oilof angelica, an essence or essential oil
obtained from the seeds of plants of the genus Angelica.
angelica-root (an-jel’i-kā-röt), n. The aro-
matic root of Coleopleurum Gmelini and An-
gelica atropurpurea.
angelicin (an-jel’i-sin), n. [angelica + -īn?..]
An amaroid, C18H300, obtained from Cole-
opleurum Gmelini. It is crystalline and melts
at 126.5°C. -
Angelina (an-je-li'nā), n., [NL., K. Angelin, a
Swedish paleontologist.] Agenus of trilobites,
of which A. Sedgwicki is an example, having a
conic glabella with faint or no lateral fur-
rows, long genal spines, 15 thoracic segments,
and a small pygidium. It is of Upper Cam-
brian age.
angeline (an ‘je-lin), n. Same as *Surinamine.
angelito (ān-he-lé’tö), m. [Sp., ‘little angel’;
dim. of angel, angel.] A stingless honey-bee,
belonging to the genus Melipoma, found in
tropical America. It forms its nests in trees,
and keeps its honey in cups about the size of
pigeons' eggs.
angelography (ān-je-logºra-fi), m. A treatise
on angels. [Rare.] N. E. D.
Angelonia (an-je-ló’ni-á), n. [NT.] A genus
of perennial herbs and sub-shrubs of the family
Scrophulariaceae, with handsome, irregular, 2–
lipped, axillary flowers, grown as pot-plants in
warm glass houses. There are about 24 species
in the northern part of South America, Mexico,
and the West Indies.
angico (ān-jē’kö), m. [A European (Sp.?) form,
also angica, camjica, of a supposed native name
in Brazil.] The name in Brazil and Paraguay
for a tree of the mimosa family, Stachychrysum,
rigidum, which yields an extremely hard, dura-
ble, dark-brown wood, and a gum similartogum
arabic. Both the gum and the astringent bark
are used medicinally by the natives. See Pip-
tadenia.
angiectopia (an"ji-ek-to’pi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
äyyelov, vessel, + škrorog, out of place..] An
abnormal position of one or more of the impor-
tant blood-vessels.
*:::iii, 7t.—Consecutive angiitis, inflammation of
the vessels caused by extension of the process from neigh-
boring inflamed tissues.
angina, n.—Angina dyspeptica, a spurious angina
pectoris caused by gaseous distention of the stomach.
—Vincent's angina, a sore throat resembling diphtheria
but associated with the presence of a different variety of
bacillus.
anginiform (an-jin’i-fôrm), a. [L. angina, an-
gina, + forma, form.] Resembling angina,
especially angina pectoris.
angioblast (an’ji-Ö-blåst), n . [Gr. Öyyelov,ves-
sel, + 6%aotóg, germ.] In embryol., an em-
bryonic cell which takes part in the forma-
tion of the blood-vessels and -corpuscles.
angioblastic (an"ji-Ö-blastik), a. 1. Of or
pertaining to angioblasts.— 2. Forming blood-
vessels or -corpuscles.
angiocarpic (an"ji-Ö-kār’pik), a. Same as
angtocarpous.
angioceratoma (an"ji-à-ser-a-tó’mă), n. ; pl.
angioceratomata (-ma-tá). [NL., K. Gr. &yyelov,
vessel, + képaçº (kepār-), horn, + -oma.j An
eruption of horny reddish nodules caused by
hypertrophy of the epidermis over circum-
scribed dilatations of the cutaneous capilla-
ries. Also angiokeratoma.
angioclast (an’ji-Ö-klast), m. [Gr. &YYelov, ves-
sel, + k}ao Tóg, K. KZav, break.] An instrument
shaped like a forceps, ased to compress a
bleeding artery. Buck, Med. Handbook, IV.
635.
angioda (an-ji-6(dà), m. pl. [NL., & Gr, ày-
yelov, vessel. The form suggests Gr. 6yyetőömg,
like a vessel, hollow, but the sense differs.]
A collective name for those mammals in which
the retina is provided with blood-vessels.
angiofibroma (an" ji-j-fi-brö'mâ), m. ; pl. angio-
fibromata (-ma-tá). [NL., K. Gr. &Y) eſov, vessel,
+ L. fibra, fiber, F -oma.] A mixed angioma
and fibroma.
angioid (an'ji-oid), a. [Gr. *āyyetostóñº, äyyet-
6óng, KóYYelov, vessel, -Felóog, form.] Resem-
bling a blood-vessel or lymphatic. Buck, Med.
Handbook, VI. 955.
angiolithic (an-ji-Ö-lith'ik), a. [Gr. Öyyeiov,
vessel, +, Wiſłoc, stone.] Noting hardening of
the vessels-Angiolithic degeneration. See ºrde.
generation.
Angioma Serpiginosum. [See 8erpigo..] An eruption of
prominent red dots arranged in ring-shaped figures.—
Cavernous angioma, a vascular tumor containing large
open spaces filled with blood.
angiomatosis (an"ji-Ö-ma-tó'sis), n. [NL., K
angioma(t) + -osis.] A general diseased state
of the blood-vessels or lymphatics.
angiomeoplasm (an"ji-Ö-nē’ö-plazm), n. [Gr.
äyyelov, vessel, + E. néoplasm.] Same as an-
gioma.
angioneurectomy (an"ji-Ö-ni-rek’tó-mi), n.
[Gr. 6YYelov, vessel, ,-F E. neurectomy. Ex-
cision of vessels and nerves; specifically, ex-
Section of a portion of the spermatic cord as a
º of inducing atrophy of the prostate
8.In Cl,
Aºuroue edema, the occurrence of urticarial
SWellings on the skin and mucous membranes, due to
morbid vasomotor action.
angioparalytic (an"ji-Ö-par-a-lit'ik), a. [Gr.
âyyelov, vessel, -- tapážvaig, paralysis, + -ic.]
Relating to paralysis of the vasomotor nerves,
resulting in dilatation of the blood-vessels.
angiopathy (an-ji-op'a-thi), m. [Gr, dyyelov,
vessel, + Táffog, disease.] Disease of the lym-
pathics or blood-vessels.
angiosclerosis (an"ji-Ö-sklē-rö’sis), n. [NL.,
r. &YYelov, vessel, *H ok%poolç, hardening.]
Fibrous induration of the walls of the vessels,
usually of the arteries; arteriosclerosis. Jour.
Earper. Med., V. 105.
angiosclerotic (an"ji-Ö-sklē-rot'ik), a. Per-
taining to or characterized by angiosclerosis.
– Angiosclerotic neuritis, degenerative inflammation
of a nerve-trunk associated with angiosclerosis of its nutri-
tive arteries.
The combination of arteritis with intense degeneration
and inflammation of the nerves causes the angiosclerotic
Teºtritºs of Joffroy and Achard, Dutil and Lamy, and
Schlesinger; the vasomotor and sensory irritation with-
out the endarteritis causes acroparaesthesia.
Jour. Eacper. Med., W. 105.
angiospastic (an"ji-Ö-Spastik), a. [Gr. Öyyelov,
vessel, + otraorticóg, Kotáv, draw.] Relating to
stimulation of the vasomotor nerves; causing
contraction of the blood-vessels. Buck, Med.
Handbook, IV. 550.
angiospermic (an"ji-Ö-Spër’mik), a. [angio-
Sperm + -ic..] In the sphere of or pertaining to
the Angiosperma: ; as, angiospermic evolution;
angiospermic anatomy.
Angiosporea (an"ji-à-spö’ré-á), m. pl. [NL.,
KGr., dyyelov, vessel,-Hotopä, a seed (spore).]
A subtribe of cephaline Eugregarinae having
well-developed spores with double sporocysts
composed of epispore and endospore. It com-
prises the families Gregarinidae, Dactylophori-
daº, Actinocephalidae, Acanthosporidae, and oth-
€1’S.
angiostenosis (an"ji-Ö-Sté-nó’sis), n. [NL., K
Gr. 6)×elov, vessel, -- otévogug, narrowing, con-
traction.] Morbid contraction of the blood-
vessels.
angiosthenia (an "ji - 5 -sthé’ni-á), n. . [Gr.
âyyelov, vessel, + offévog, strength...] Arterial
tension.
angiotelectasia (an "ji-Ö-te-lek-tä'si-á), n.
L., KGr, àyyelov, vessel, + tijäe, far, --škraag,
extension.] Same as telangiectasia.
angiotribe (an ‘ji-Ö-trib), m. [Gr. &yyelov, ves-
Sel, F Tpigetv, rub, crush.] A strong forceps-
like instrument used in surgical operations to
Tuffier's Angiotribe.
arrest hemorrhage by crushing the bleeding
vessels with the tissues surrounding them.
angiotripsy (an'ji-Ö-trip"si), n. [Gr, dyyetov,
vessel, + ſpinpug, KTpí6ety, rub, crush.] The use
of the angiotribe in arresting hemorrhage.
Anglaise (ang-glaz'), m. [F. fem. of Anglais,
angle
English.] A country-dance; also, the music
for such a dance.
angle”, n. .. 6. In projective geom., a piece of a
flat, pencil bounded by two of the straights
as sides. See the extract.
A portion of a sheaf of rays bounded by two rays of the
sheaf as ‘sides' is called a ‘complete plane angle." This
consists of two simple' angles which are vertically op.
posite to each other.
T. F. Holgate, Geometry of Position by Reye, p. 12.
#. of contact. (b) In the mechanics of li-
quids, , the angle 0 , which the surface of a liquid
in contact with a solid makes -
with the surface of the latter,
The angle of contact may be
greater or less than 90°. In the
latter case the liquid wets the
surface of the solid. In the
former case it does not do so. —
Angle of deviation, the angle
which a branch or other organ
makes with the axis of the plant
to which it belongs.—Angle of
emergence, in geol., the angle M.
at Which the path of an earth-
quake-wave intersects the hori- \
Zontal plane at the surface. \
gº :*::::::: #. \
e- e Of field, in pho-
tog., width of angle; the angle \ LIQUID
at which the circular picture of
the object to be photographed, 0 \
projected by the objective upon
the ground-glass, appears as \
seen from the optical center
of the lens.—Angle of heel,
in naval architecture, the anglé
of transverse inclination mea- Angle of Contact.
sured from the vertical when a
Vessel heels over from any cause.—Angle of lag. See
*laglº-Angle of lead. See A-leadi.-Angle of Louis
or of Ludovici, a bend in the sternum at the
junction of its upper segment with the body,
Sometimes present in chronic affections of the lungs.
-Angle of mandibles, in craniom., the angle
formed by the lower surface of the lower jaw with the
posterior border of the ramus. Also called goniac angle.
- Angle of ordination, in analyt. geom., the angle
made by the coördinate axes.—Angle of parallelism,
the angle made by one of two parallels with a perpen:
dicular to the other. Lobachevski writes it II (p). In his
non-Euclidean geometry it is a function of p, the perpen-
dicular.—Angle *P. in geol., the angle between a
dipping stratum and the surface of the ground. It differs
from true dip in all cases where the surface is not a
horizontal plane, being greater if the ground rises in the
direction of dip and less if it descends.--Angle of pro-
jection, in the theory of lenses, the angle which the
exit-pupil of a system subtends at the focus conjugate to
the point (object) from which the light enters the system.
—Angle of shear, the angle through which a plane
Within a body subjected to a shearing stress (the plane
having been originally perpendicular to the direction of
the stress) is displaced.— Angle of slope, in geol., the
angle formed by the intersection of an inclined surface,
as of a mountain, with the horizontal plane. Comparé
angle of repose.—Angle of stability, in mech., the
largest angle at which a body placed upon an inclined
plane will remain at rest. Same as angle of repose or
angle of friction.— Angle of the iris, the angle at the
peripheral portion of the anterior chamber of the eye
formed by the cornea in front and the iris behind.—Angle
of the vertical, in astrom., the angle at any place be-
tween the direction of gravity and a line drawn to the
Center of the earth. It is the difference between the
astronomic and the geocentric latitudes, the former being
always the greater. The angle is at maximum in latitude
45° when it amounts to 113'. It is zero at the poles and
equator.—Angle of upset, the angle through which the
upper part of a portable balance-crane can swing, from its
position parallel to the center line of the truck, before it
would upset with the weight of the load.—Angle of view,
in photog., the central portion of the angle of field, which
is distinct and sharp. It is extended by the use of
stops.- Angles of displacement. See kdisplacement.
HAxial angle, the angle between the optic axes of a
biaxial crystal.-Bounding-angle, in shipbuilding, an
angle-bar forming the boundary of a bulkhead or flat by
means of which it is attached to the other parts of an
iron or steel vessel.-Brocard angle, the acute angle w
related to A, B, C, the angles of a plane triangle, by the
equation cot. to - cot. A + cot. B -- cot. C. It is one of
the three equal acute angles formed at the vertices by the
sides of a triangle and the straight lines from a Brocard
point to the vertices. See Brocard Apoint.—Brocard
angle Ofa, ####". that polygon being cyclic, the com-
plement of half the angle subtended by any side of the poly-
gon, the vertex of the angle being at the symmedian point.
—Epigastric angle, the angle which the ensiform carti-
lage makes with the body of the sternum.— Extinction
angle. See keactinction.— Goniac angle, Same as
×angle of mandibles.— Inscribed angle, an angle whose
sides are chords from the same point on the circle." In-
termal angle. Same as interior angle. See angle3, 1.-
Limiting angle, in mech., the largest angle with the
normal at which a force can be applied to a body resting
upon a horizontal surface without producing motion. The
limiting angle is independent of the size of the force and
depends only upon the coefficient of friction of the quam-
tity of which it affords a measure. It is cqual to the
angle of repose or angle of friction.— Maxillary angle
the angle formed by lines drawn from the most prominent
points of the forehead and of the chin to meet at the most
projecting point of the upper jaw.— Nasial angle. See
*nasial.— Non-reposing angle. See reposing kangle.
— Polyhedral angle, a solid angle.— Reposing
angle, in the design of parts of a machine. which are to
roll one upon another, an angle between the resultant
pressure and the plane tangent to the bearing surface
Such that when a limiting value is exceeded there is no

angle §
tendency for the rolling surface to slip without rolling.
When the angle is less than this limiting value the roll
tends to slip and to become polygonal from wear. This
angle may also be measured from the normal instead of
from the tangent. It must be determined for any two
materials by experiment, since it bears a relation to the
So-called angle of friction or angle of repose in experi-
ments on sliding. An angle beyond the critical value
Would then be called a non-reposing angle.— Rolandic
angle, the angle formed by the upper edge of the hemi-
sphere of the brain and the fissure of Rolando.— Soma-
tosplanchnic angle, the angle formed in the vertebrate
embryo by the junction of the somatic and splanchnic
layers of mesoblast.—Supplementalangles, two angles
Whose sum equals two right angles: sipplementary
angles. Same as supplemental kangles.—Tanchord
angle, an angle between a tangent to a circle and a
chord from the point of contact.—View angle, in photog.,
the angle inclosed by a lens.
angle3 (ang'gl), v. t. ; pret, and pp. angled, ppr.
angling. [angle3, n.] To lead off or deflect (a.
body or element) from a direction parallel or
perpendicular to another body or element to
which or from which it is to move: as, to
angle a rope.
The continuous change in direction experienced by the
rope between the head-gear pulley and the drum in coil-
ing on or off (the so-called “angling" of the rope) is a
source of wear when the depth becomes considerable.
Encyc. Brit., XXVII. 121.
angle-bar, n. 3. In ſº an iron bar which
turns at a right angle a printed web of paper
and mates it with another printed web.
Two general classes of the web press are made. In
one, what is called the “angle-bar” is utilized to turn
the sheets in order to assemble them from the different
webs. The other is designated the “straight line,” the
sheet being run through the press without being diverted
from a straight course.
Census Bulletin 216 (June 28, 1902), p. 63.
angle-bearing (ang'gl-bär’ing), m. A crank-
shaft bearing attached to an engine-bed, the
center line of its joint being placed at an angle
of about 45° with the bed, the purpose of which
is to effect that disposition of the metal best
calculated to withstand the resultants of the
angle-plate (ang'gl-plat),
angler, n.
Anglesea penny.
angle-Smith (ang'gl-Smith), n.
angle-wheel (ang’ gl-hwel), n.
angular
and the positions of distant objects in relation Anglo-Gallic (ang-glö-gal'ik), a. English and
to one another. It consists of two mirrors, one being
fººme, adjustable to the other, supported in a metal
8018,
similar to the angle-mirror, employing prisms
instead of mirrors.
3. A general name of the pedicu-
late fishes, from the presence of a modified
free dorsal spine, or ‘fishing-rod,” above the
mouth.—Marbled º Pterophryne histrio, a fish
of the family Antennariidae, foundin tropical parts of the
Atlantic. It is remarkable, as are all of its relatives, for
its form, color, and nest-building habits.
See Apenny.
skilled in forging angle-bars, beams, and other
profiled bars into the various forms in which
they are used in shipbuilding.
angle-valve (ang'gl-valy), n. A form of lift-
ing- or spindle-valve, in a globular casing,
in which the spindle or stem enters the valve
in the same axis as one of the openings, and
the other outlet is at right angles to the axis
of the spindle; much used with steam-radiators
and in other places where a right-angled corner
is to be turned and a valve is also required.
The angle-valve opposes less resistance to the
flow of fluid through it than the globe-valve.—
Angle check-valve, an angle-valve which opens only
to steam or water flowing in one direction.—Angle stop-
valve, an angle-valve which has to be closed by hand to
stop the flow in the pipes.
Any gear in
which the teeth, instead of being parallel to
the axis, make an angle with it; a helical gear;
a twisted gear.
angle-wing (ang'gl-wing), n. Any one of sev-
eral species of nymphalid butterflies whose
wings are angular and excised, as species of
the genera, Vanessa, Polygonia, Aglais, and Ew-
Q)07%2SSO.
angloid (ang'gloid), n.
gºplát), ºt. An angle-chuck; more proper form would be "anguloid..] A fig-
angle-prism (ang'gl-prizm), n. An instrument ure determined by three or moré rays from the
Anglo-Japanese (ang'glö-jap-a-nēs'), a.
Anglomanist (ang'glö-mā-nist), n.
A blacksmith Anglo
Angiophone (angſgló-fön), m.
Anglo-
7?.
strains due to the motion of the crank and con-
necting-rod. Lockwood, Dict. Mech. Eng.
Terms.
angleberry (ang'gl-ber-i), n. [A perversion of
anbury.] A fleshy excrescence found growing
on the feet and other parts of sheep and cattle.
Also spelled anleberry.
alſº (ang'gl-bórd), n. A board upon
which pattern-makers plane their angles and
hollows. It is traversed longitudinally with vee'd
grooves of different depths to suit angles of different
sizes, in which grooves the stuff is laid while being planed,’
a transverse strip near the end acting as a stop. Lock-
wood, Dict. Mech. Eng. Terms.
angle-bulb (ang'gl-bulb), n. A rolled bar of
steel or iron, in the form of an angle with a
bulb at the lower end of its long arm, used Anglicity (ang-glis’i-ti), n.
Anglicist (ang'gli-sist), m. One who favors or
supports some proposition or movement re-
lating to English or the English: specifically
applied in history to one of those who favored
the proposal to make the English language (and
not Arabic or Sanskrit) the vehicle of instruc-
tion in those schools and colleges in India that
were subsidized by the government during
the administration of Lord William Bentinck
(1828–35).
In describing the controversy between the “Oriental-
ists” and the “Anglicists” [of the Committee of Public
Instruction] which evoked Macaulay's famous minute
. . . not a word is said [in Boulger's Life of Lord William
Bentinck] of the champion Orientalist, Horace Wilson.
Athenæum, Sept. 24, 1892, p. 411.
[NL. “Anglicitas,
ango (äng/6), n.
angosturin (an-gos-tó’rin), n.
Angoumian (an-gū'mi-an), a.
principally for deck-beams on steel ships.
angle-cutter (ang'gl-kut’ér), n. A heavy
machine used for cutting iron or steel angle-
bars.
angled, a. 2. A term applied to a billiard-ball
which, when resting near the edge of a pocket,
is so masked by the cushion that it cannot hit
the desired object.
K LL. Anglicus, Anglic..] Distinctively Eng-
lish quality, style, or character: as, Anglicity
of speech.
Anglo-African (ang"glö-afºri-kan), a. and n.
I. a. Pertaining to icans, or persons of
African descent, living among English-speak-
England and France.
See kmoney.
[angle2 + -oid. The
French ; common to
—Anglo-Gallic money.
same point, taken in a certain order and such
that no three consecutive rays are coplanar.
Of
or pertaining to both England and Japan: as,
an Anglo-Japanese alliance or understanding.
[Irreg.
K Anglomania + -ist.] An Anglomaniac: as,
a rampant Anglomanist. Macmillan's Mag.,
XLV. 475. [Rare.] N. E. D.
łºilº, Anglophil (ang'glö-fil), a. and
... [LL. Angli, Englishmen, + Gr. ºpt?og, low-
ing..] I. a. Friendly to England and English
institutions; fond of English social life, man-
mers, customs, etc.
When prudence dictated assistance to the Dutch, the
Huguenots, or the ‘Anglophile ’ party in Scotland — the
vile but convenient adjective is Mr. Beesly's — that aid
Was scanty and underhand.
Athenæum, March 26, 1892, p. 400.
II, n. One who admires or is friendly to
England; a lover or admirer of English insti-
tutions, social life, manners, customs, etc.
[LGr. 'Ayy}ot,
L. Angli, the Angles (English), + pová, sound.]
A person who speaks the English language.
Deniker, Races of Man, p. 508.
Venetian (ang"gló-ve-nē’shian), a. and
I. a. Connected with both England and
Venice; specifically of Venetian origin but
domieiled in England: as, an Anglo - Penetian
seaman. Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XIII. 205.
II. n. A Venetian domiciled in or engaged
in the service of England.
Anglovernacular (ang"glö-vér-nak’ī-lär), a.
Of or pertaining to both English and the ver-
Inacular: as, an Anglovernacular school. Encyc.
Brit., XXX. 467. [Rare.]
[Native name.] In Samoa,
a name applied to the turmeric-plant (Curcuma
longa), the fleshy rhizome of which yields a
yellow coloring matter which the natives use
in ornamenting their bark cloth and for paint-
ing their skin. See turmeric and huldee.
[Angostura +
-in”.] . A compound, with the empirical for-
mula C9H12O5, found in Angostura bark. It
is bitter and is apparently a glucoside.
and m. [F.
Angoumois, a former name of the district (de-
partment of Charente) in which Angoulême is
situated.] I. a. In geol., noting a division or
Substage of the Cretaceous system as recog-
nized by the French geologists and constituting
the upper part of the Turonian: essentially
equivalent to the English Middle Chalk of the
Upper Cretaceous.
. m. The Angoumian division.
ing peoples, as the Africans in the United Angoumois grain-moth. See *grain-moth.
States. Keane, Ethnology, p. 380.
Angraecum (an-gré’kum), m.
angle-frame (ang'gl-fråm), n. A type of con- II. m. An African living among English-
struction for the frame or skeleton of motor- speaking peoples.
vehicles in which the members that carry the Anglo-American pottery. See *pottery.
weight and transfer it to the supporting springs, Anglo-Asian (ang”glö-ā'shian), a. and n. I. a.
and thus to the axles, are made of steel angle Of or pertaining to England and Asia or to the
or channel shapes to give greatest strength English in Asia: as, Anglo-Asian enterprises.
and stiffness with least weight of material. ii. m. An Anglo-Asiatic.
Sometimes for additional stiffness these angle- Anglo-Asiatic (ang”glö-ā-shi-at'ik), a. and n.
angrite (ang'grit), n.
or channel-irons are reinforced with tough
wood securely bolted to the steel. Sci. Amer.,
LXXXVIII. 91. ge
angle-gage (ang’ gl-gāj), *. 1. A gage or
standard carefully made to the exact value of
the desired angle, used in testing the accuracy
of the angles of screw-threads, cutting-tools,
or machine-work of any kind.—2. Specifi-
cally, an instrument for setting the angle or
incline of the top comb of a Heilmann cotton-
combing machine. Thornley, Cotton-combing
Machines, p. 166.
angle-hoop (angºgl-höp), n. A hoop made of
angle-iron. Such hoops are sometimes used
for stiffening the furnaces in Scotch boilers.
angle-joint (ang'gl-joint), n. In carp., a joint
between two pieces which are mitered to-
gether. s
angle-meter, m. , 2. An instrument designed
to show the variations in angular velocity of
the revolving shaft of an engine. Sci. Amer.
Sup., Oct. 15, 1904. -
angle-mirror (ang'gl-mir"Qr), n. A surveyor's
instrument for observing and measuring angles
I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to both England (that
is, Great Britain and Ireland) and Asia.-2. angster (äng'stër), n.
Relating to those Asiatics who are British sub-
jects or are under British control, or who have
become assimilated to the English in educa-
tion, culture, etc. -
II. m. An Asiatic who is under British rule.
lo–Australian (ang"glö-àS-trä’li-an), a.
and m. I. a. Pertaining to Australians of
English descent. Keane, Ethnology, p. 380.
. m. An Australian of English descent.
Anglo-Chinese (ang"glö-chi-nés'), a. and m.
I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to both England and
China or to their inhabitants, etc. : as, Anglo-
Chinese relations: an Anglo-Chinese alliance.—
2. Established by the English in China or for
the Chinese: as, an Anglo-Chinese college.
—3. Written in English and Chinese, or pre-
pared for the use of both English and Chinese
readers: as, an Anglo-Chinese calendar; an
Anglo-Chinese dictionary.
• ?!. Chinese who is under British rule
or who is a British subject: as, the Anglo-
Chinese of the Straits Settlements.
anguilluloid (ang-gwil’īī-loid), a.
º [Ní..] A genus
of epiphytal orchids of tropical Africa, Mada-
gascar, and Japan. There are at least 25 species
known, of which the following are most common in
cultivation in America : A. articulatum, citratum, dis-
tichum, eburmewm, Ellisii, Humboltii, falcatum, Leonis,
7modestum, pertw8wm, and superbum. Most of these
Species need warm-house treatment.
* [Angra (Angra dos Reis
in Brazil, locality of a meteorite) + -ite2.]
See *meteorite.
[Late MHG. (Swiss)
angster.] An early Swiss copper coin, struck
in Zürich, of the value of half a rapen, or seven
twelfths of a German pfennig.
gström pyrheliometer, unit.
nometer and kumit.
ula, stercoralis, a parasitic species of worm which
has been found in the intestine in certain cases of tropical
diarrhea. Jour. Eacper. Med., WI. 84.
See *acti-
[Anguillula
+ -oid.] Eel-like ; resembling the Anguillula.
angular, a. 5. In astrol., placed in one of the
four angles of a nativity. Raphael, Manual
of Astrol., p. 154. — Angular acceleration. See
*acceleration and wnit of angula?" *acceleration.—
Angular, energy. . See *energy.—Angular lead. See
*lead1.-Angular leaf-spot. See &leaf-spot.—Angular
momentum. See Armomentum. —Angular point, the
vertex; the point common to the two rays of an angle.
– Unit of angular velocity, the velocity which causes
a rotating body to turn through a unit angle in unit time;
an angular velocity of one radian per second.
II. m. In ichth., a small bone on the lower
posterior corner of the articulare same as
angular bone,
angulare
angulare (ang-gū-lā’ré), n. [NL. (sc. os, bone): anilido... [anil F-id-F-01.] Noting the group
see angular.] Same as angular bone (which NHC6H5, derived from aniline: as, anilido-
see, under angular). acetic acid, CH3NHC6H3CO2H.; also used as
angularization (ang'gū-la-ri-zā‘shgn), n. The an adjective: as, the anilido-group.
act of angularizing or rendering angular; in Aniline *black, *green, worange, Aprocess... See the
decorative art, the transformation of a curved iº. iº 8. º... for º §
motive into a rectilinear one by the use of .º.º. º. º.º.º.
º º hydrochloric acid. It has the formula CaFIF;NH2,HCl
angles. º Haddon, Evolution in Art, p. 112. . is known chemically as aniline joºd. arge
angularize (ang'gū-la-riz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. quantities are used in the dyeing and printing of aniline
angularized, ppr. angularizing. [angular + º, Aniline spirits, yellow. See tin Aspirits,
#º º ºfter angular. Haddon, Evolution anilism (an’i-lizm), n. An illness caused by
3 Nº e ------
Angulatidae (an-gū-lat’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K inhaling the vapor of aniline, not uncommon
• ? N 3
Angulata, a group of the ammonites, + -idae.]
in workers in aniline-black dye-houses. It
A family of ammonoid cephalopods or ammon. ... suddenly, the lips ºn purple, and
ites They have compressed umbilicate shells with temporary unconsciousness often ensues.
strong continuous ribs crossing the whorls and inter- *ś ºº::
ºpted on the ºedge by a lºressed ºne...º.º.º. ºn consists of about 386,000 species of living animals
#". highly complicated. Species occur in the ... jºiododo isscribed spºof fossi'i.
r e tº º
º * * * of about 550,000 species in all.— mechanic.S. See
anguliform (ang'gū-li-fôrm"), a. p
[L. angulus, mechanics. Animai mound see the extract.
angle, + forma, form.] Bluntly pointed or The next class is composed of the “animal mounds,” or
bent. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan., 1903, mounds in which the ground plan is more or less irregu.
p. 114. lar, and is thought to resemble animals, birds, and even
human beings, though it is admitted that this resemblance
- ſ º -ti- A = º-
angustisellate (an-gus ti-sel ât), 0. [L. (!!??, is often imagimary, and that there is no evidence that the
Anisian (a-niz’i-an), a. and n.
anisidine
anisil (an’i-sil), n.
gustus, narrow, + sella, a saddle.] Having a
narrow saddle : noting the form of the earliest
septal suture in the coiled cephalopod shells
and referring to the narrow saddle or forward
builders of these works intended to copy any such forms.
. . . Mounds of this class are common in Wisconsin, and
are also found in Ohio and Georgia. They are not burial
mounds, though they are not unfrequently grouped with
conical mounds that inclose human remains, as they are
also with embankments and inclosures,—the grouping
being always without any apparent order.
Smithsonian Report, 1891, p. 559.
Animal photography. See &photography. —Animal
pole. See Apole. e tº tº
animate, a. s.4. In gram, referring to living
things as indicated by a difference of form in
the designating word: said of gender in some
languages. See the quotation.
The distinction between animate and inanimate gender
is still preserved in both Penobscot and Abenaki.
prolongation of the suture in crossing the
outer curve or venter of the shell. Contrasted
with lattsellate and a sellate. The angustisellate stage
characterizes only advanced and late forms of the ammon-
oids.
anhaline (an' ha-lin), n. [Anhal(onium) +
-ine?..] A crystalline alkaloid, C12H15NO3,
found in Anhalomium fissuratum. It melts at
115° C. It produces, in frogs, a paralysis of
the central nervous system.
anhalonidine (an-ha-lon’i-dim), n. [Anhalom-
(ium) + -id + -ine?..] An alkaloid, C12H15-
NO3, found in 20thalomium Williamsii, a cac- Animated oat. Same as animal oat ; see Oat,
tus from which mescal buttons are obtained. It T(b).
is crystalline and melts at 154° Q. e animatism (an’i-mă-tizm), n. [animate, a., +
anhalgnine (an-hal‘ā-min), n. [Anhalon(ium) "...ism.j"That form of animism in which objects
+...ºl. Sºme as Anhalomidine. - and phenomena are vaguely regarded as hav-
anhedonia, (an-hé-dò'mi-á), m. , [NL., K. Gr. ing personality and wii-power, but not as pos-
ăuffoowoc, giving no pleasure, K &y- priv, sessing separable souls.
#0orff, pleasure: , see hedonism;] In psychol, animato (ā-ni-mâ’tö), a. [It..] In music, lively;
inability to feel pleasure: the opposite of with animation; usually, somewhat quick and
analgesia. with spirit.
lº..." ...","...º.º.º. animatograph (an-i-matºgraf), n... [L. ani;
Hºss, discouragement, j ić. taste and "matus, alive (see animate, a.), + Yp ăţea, write.]
zest and spring. Professor Ribot has proposed the name 1. A cinematograph.—2. A special form of
anhedonia to designate this condition. photographic camera for taking a series of pic-
tures on films.
W. James, Var. of Religious Exper., p. 145.
anhedral (an-hédral), a. In mineral, and pe- anime, n-Brazilian anime. Same as anime, 3. .
animé (an-i-mā’), a. [F., K. L. animatus, ani-
trog., characterized by the absence of the ex-
mate: see animate, a.] In her., animated, ex-
ternal form of a crystal, though having its
cited ; showing a desire to fight: said of an ami-
molecular structure.
anhedron (an-hé'dron), m. ; pl. anhedra (-drã), mal and represented by giving the eyes, etc.,
[Gr. div- priv. -- éðpa, base (side).]. A mineral a tincture different from that of the body.
individual, for example, a constituent of a animetta (an-i-met’ā), m. ſIt..] A medieval
rock having the molecular structure of a crys- term for the veil or cloth used to cover the
tal but not its external form. chalice or eucharistic cup.
anhistic (an-histik), a. Same as amhistows. animi, n. Same as anime.
anhydrid, m.–Phosphoric anhydrid, phosphorus Animikie (an-im-i-ké"), n. [A local name.] A
pentoxid, P205. By union with the elements of water name proposed by T. Sterry Hunt in 1873, and
in different proportions it forms meta-, pyro-, and Ortho- used by the Geological Survey of Canada and
by the Natural History Survey of Minnesota,
for a group of iron-bearing rocks, slates,
schists, and sandstones which form the middle
subdivision of the Algonkian as the latter term
is used by the United States Geological Sur-
Vey. In Canada the group is regarded as Cambrian in
age, but in the Lake Superior district, especially in Min-
nesota, where these rocks carry the iron ore of the Mesaba
range, they are referred to the Precambrian.
animikite (a-nim’i-kit), n. [Said to be from
Ind. animike, thunder, H--ite2.] An antimonide
of silver from Silver Islet, Lake Superior.
animosity, n. 3. In Spinoza's philosophy, the
desire by which each man endeavors to pre-
serve his own being after the guidance of reason
alone; or, as sometimes interpreted, the stead-
fast and intelligent purpose to promote one's
own welfare.
animotheism (an’i-mó-thé'izm), n. [L. anima,
soul, life (or animus, mind?), + 6eóg, God, +
-ism.] The belief that all things, but especially
plants, animals, and the heavenly bodies, are
conscious or animate beings, and that they
possess supernatural, divine powers. See ani-
mism. Ward, Dynamic Sociol., II. 258.
anis, m. A simplified spelling of anise.
anisado (ā-ni-sā’dó), n. [Sp.: see anisated.]
A native drink made in the Philippine Islands.
It contains the poisonous principle of wood
alcohol, and United States soldiers and em-
phosphoric acids.
anhydrochromic (an-hi-drö-kró’mik), a. Not-
ing the acid (H2Cr2O7) which corresponds to
ordinary red chromate of potash. Also known
as dichromic acid and pyrochromic acid.
Anhydrous steam. See *steam. • ,
aniconic (an-i-kon'ik), a. [Gr. &v- priv. Feików,
an image.] Not presenting an image or por-
traiture: in Gr. antiq., applied to the rudest
agalmata, or symbols of a divinity, consisting
of a simple pillar or block without human at-
tributes. See agalma. -
He [Dr. Waldstein] does, however, point out that among
the terra-cottas we have representations of the various
stages of development of her [Hera's] agalmata: the rud-
est of all, the amikomic. . . . He promises, moreover, to
publish . . . a curious pillar which may have been the
actual amikomic image of the goddess.
Athenæum, July 1, 1893, p. 38.
anidalin (a-nid’a-lin), m. Same as *aristol.
anil2 (ān-il'), m. [amil(ime).] . A derivative of
aniline containing the group NC6H5.
afiil (ān-yél’), n. [Sp. afiil, lit. indigo : see an-
iline.] A Cuban name of the blue variety of
the vaqueta, a bass-like fish of the West In-
dies, Hypoplectrus unicolor (variety indigo of
O6V).
sº (ā-né'lou), n. [Philippine name.] ...A
name in the Philippines of Coloma Serratifolia,
a shrub belonging to the linden family, the
bark of which yields a strong bast fiber.
Amer. Anthropologist, Jan.-March, 1902, p. 27. Anisochaetodon (a-ni-Sö-ké’tó-don), n.
anisocotyly (a-ni-só-kot’i-li), m.
anisogamous (an-i-Sog'a-mus), a.
anisoin (an-is' 3-in), n.
anisol
‘ployees have been forbidden its use. Army
and Navy Journal, Dec. 7, 1901.
anisamic (an-i-Sam'ik), a. [anis(ic) + am(ine)
+ -ī0.] Noting an acid, a derivative of tri-
º benzene, found in balsam of Tolu and
Oi Hºe IU1. -
anisated (an’i-sā-ted), p. a. . [NL. *anisatus,
L. anisum, anise.] ed or flavored with
anise-seed. Syd. Soc. Lea. *
& A name given
§. Austrian geologists to a division of the
editerranean Triassic deposits holding a
position at the top of the Lower Trias.
$ºni.in), n. [L. amisum, anise, 4-
-idl-H -ine?..] The methyl ether of amino-
phenol, C6H4(NH2)OCH3. The name is ap-
plied ºpºly to the Ortho compound, which
is an oil that boils at 2.18° C., and to the para
compound, a solid which melts at 56° C. and
boils at 240°C.—Anisidine ponceau, scarlet. See
*8carlet. -
[L. amisum, anise, + -il.]
The § ether of paradihydroxybenzil,
CH3OC6H4COCOC6H4OCH3. . It crystallizes
in golden-yellow needles which melt at 133°C.
anisilic (an-i-silik), a. Noting an acid, (C6H4-
OH)2C(OH)CO2H, the dimethyl ether of dihy-
droxydiphenyl glycolic acid. It is formed together
with anisic acid when anisil is boiled with alcoholic pot-
ash. It crystallizes in needles which melt at 164°C. It
is named officially the dimethyl ether of diphenylol meth-
amolmethylic acid.
Anisoceratidae (a -ni - Sö - se - rat’i-dé) m. pl.
[NL., K Anisoceras (KGr. &vtoog, unequal, -H ké-
paç (kepat-), horn), + -idae.] A family of ammon-
oid cephalopods or ammonites having un-
coiled shells terminating in a crook, the volu-
tions bearing tubercles and ribs. The species
are found in the Cretaceous formation.
[NL.,
K. Gr. &vtoog, unequal, H- Chaetodon.] A genus
of butterfly-fishes of the family Chaetodontidae.
anisochela (a-mi-sā-ké’lā), n. ; pl. amisochelae
Same as *anisochele.
(-lé).
anisochele (a-ni’só-kël), m, [Gr. &vtoog, unequal,
+ 2.7%, a crab's claw.] In the momenclature
of the spicular elements of sponges, a C-shaped
monaxial rhabd having different arrangements
of the processes at the two ends. See sponge-
spicule.
anisocnemic (a-ni-Sö-nē’mik), a. [Gr. div- priv.
+ isocnemic.] In anthozoans, a term used to
distinguish a unilateral pair composed of two
unequalmesenteries: contrasted with isocnemic.
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug., 1902, p. 105.
anisocoria (a-ni-sā-kö’ri-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
&vtoog, unequal, -H Kópſ, pupil of the eye.] In-
equality in size of the pupils of the two eyes.
In bot., the
unequal development of cotyledons in dicoty-
ledonous plants.
amisocytosis (an-i-sà-si-tó'sis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ävloog, unequal, + ſcirog, a hollow (a cell), +
-osis.] Inequality in size of the cells of a
system, specifically of the red blood-corpuscles.
Character-
ized by anisogamy, or conjugation between
sharply differentiated male and female gam-
etes.
anisogamy (an-i-sog'à-mi), n, [Gr: āvūoog, un-
equal, + y&plog, marriage.] In biol., conjuga-
tion between dissimilar gametes or reproduc-
tive cells.
anºhyºi. (an’i-sö-hi"pér-si-tó'sis), n.
NL.,
Gr. Švioog, unequal, + itép, over, --
kūtog, a hollow § cell), + -osis.] An increase
in the number of the leucocytes, with abnormal
percentage relations of the neutrophilic cells,
as regards the distribution of the different
nuclear forms.
anisohypocytosis (an "i-sº-hiºpô-Si-tó’sis), n.
[NL., K. Gr. Šviaoc, unequal. H itó, under, --
körog, a hollow (a cell), + -osis.] A decrease in
the number of the leucocytes with abnormal
relations of the neutrophilic cells, as regards
the percentage distribution of the different
nuclear forms.
[L. amisum, anise, +
-in?..] The dimethyl ether of paradihydroxy-
benzoin, CH3OC6H4CH2COC6H4OCH3. It con-
sists of hesis which melt at 110° C.
anisol (an'i-sól), n...[Also anisolet; L. amisum,
anise, H- -ol.] 1. Methyl phenyl ether, C6H5-
OCH3, formed by distilling anisic acid wit
barium hydroxid. It is an oil with a pleasant
odor and boils at 154°C.— 2. A general name
of derivatives of methyl phenyl ether.
anisoline
anisoline (a-nis’ā-lin), n.
A basic color of the xanthene group. It is
comparatively fast to light. Also called rho-
damine 3 B,
Anisometric texture, in petrog., the texture of granular
rocks when the minerál grains are of various sizes. It is
Contrasted with the isometric granular tea:ture, where the
grains are approximately of the same size.
anisometrope (a-ni’sø-met/rôp), n. [See ani-
80meth'opia. One who suffers from aniso-
metropia, or inequality of refraction in the two
. eyes. .
It was thought that amisometropes who fixed correctly
could not have binocular vision.
Optical Jowr., June 2, 1904, p. 975.
Anisomyaria (a-ni-sà-mi-ā'ri-á), n. pl. [NL.,
K Gr. &vtoog, unequal, -- pig (uv-) muscle, -F
-aria.] A group of the pelecypod mollusks, or
Acephala, holding an intermediate position be-
tween the Monomyaria, or thosewith but one ad-
ductor muscle, and the Dimyaria, or those hav-
ing two, the normal number, fully developed.
In the Amisomyaria the anterior adductor; are much more
prominently developed than the posterior. These muscu-
lar differences have frequently been used as a basis of clas-
sification ; but it is now recognized that the terms Momo-
*myaria and Anisomyaria designate different stages of
'degeneration in the musculature.
amisomyarian (a-ni-Sö-mi-ā'ri-an), a. and n.
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Anisomyaria. Also used substantively.
anisonormocytosis (a-ni'sé-nór’mó-si-tū’sis),
7... [NL., KGr. &vtoog, unequal, H- L. norma, rule,
norm, + kitoſ, a hollow (a cell), + osis.] A nor-
mal number of the leucocytes with abnormal
relations of the neutrophilic cells, as regards
the percentage distribution of the different nu-
clear forms.
anisophylly (a-ni-sofi-li), n. [Gr. Švagoº, un-
equal, + pińAov, leaf.] Dissimilarity in leaves
due to difference of position, as in floating and
submersed leaves. Krasser.
Anisoplia (a-ni-sop'li-á), n. [NL. (Megerle,
1825), KGr. &vtoog, unequal, + 6trâa, arms.] An
important genus of lamellicorn beetles of old-
World distribution. It includes some serious pests
especially A. Austriaca, which occasionally does grea
damage to the wheat crop of Russia. About 40 species
are known.
anisopod (a-ni’sº-pod), a. and m. . [NL. amiso-
pus (-pod), KGr. &viooc, unequal, + Toig (Tod-),
foot.] I. a. Having unequal feet; specifically,
having the characters of the Amisopoda.
II. m. One of the Amisopoda.
Anisopoda (a-ni-sop'é-dà), n. pl. [NL., neut.
pl. of amisopus (-pod-): see *amisopod.] A tribe
or suborder of arthrostracous crustaceans hav-
ing a body more or less resembling that of an
amphipod, and the abdomen with two-branched
swimming-feet which do not function as gills,
or with fin-like feet. It includes the families
Tanaidae and Pramizidae.
Anisoptera (a-ni-sopºte-rã), n. pl. [NL., K
Gr, àvioog, unequal, H- trepôv, wing.] A sub-
order of insects of the order Odonata or drag-
on-flies. It includes the families in which the hind
wings are slightly larger than the front wings, as distin-
guished from the Zygoptera, in which the wings are of
equal size or the hind pair are somewhat the smaller.
anisospore (a - ni’sé - Spör), n. [NL. *amiso-
spora, K. Gr. &vtoog, unequal, -- otropá, seed
(spore).] A form of spore produced among
colonial radiolarians by the union of gametes
ofunlike size, as microspores and macrospores:
contrasted with *isospore, 3.
Anisotremus (a-ni-sº-tré'mus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
âvioog, unequal, -- Tojua, hole..] A genus of
grunts of the family Haemulomidae, having
numerous species in tropical America. They
are remarkable for their broad bodies and sometimes for
bright colors. A. 8wrinamensis, the pompon, is the com-
monest species.
anisotropic, a. 3. Having predetermined
axes: opposed to isotropic.—Anisotropic me-
dium, a medium in which the strain due to a given stress
varies with the direction in which the stress is applied;
an aeolotropic medium.
anisotropical (a-ni-sö-trop’i-kal), a.
anisotropic; aeolotropic.
Mr. A. Broca a short time ago stated that in a powerful
field there are produced simultaneously both ordinary
cathode rays, around the field according to well-known
laws, and another kind of rays following the lines of force.
These phenomena have likewise been investigated by Mr.
Pellat, who accounted for them on the hypothesis of an
amisotropical friction the cathode ray particles undergo in
the magnetic field.
Sci. Amer. Sup., Aug. 27, 1904, p. 23960.
anisotropically (a-ni-sº-trop’i-kal-i), adv. In
an amisotropic manner.
anisotropy, n. 2. In embryol., the condition
of having the axes predetermined : applied to
Same as
isotropy.
anito (§-nē’tó), n. [Tagalog; perhaps altered,
under Sp, influences, from an orig. *antu, Ma-
lay anțu, hantu, a spirit..] An ancestral spirit
worshiped as a protecting household deity by
the pagan Malay Fº of the Philippine
Islands, and frequently represented by an
image of wood or other material which is care-
fully preserved.
But, before Islam, ancestor wº as has long been
known, was widely prevalent. In aſnost every locality,
every hut has its Anºo with its special place, tº
dwelling ; there are Anito pictures and images, certain
trees and, indeed, certain animals in which some Anito
resides. Smithsonian Rep., 1899, p. 522.
ankee (ang'ké), n. [Indian name in Califor-
nia.] The barn-yard grass Echinochloa Crus-
galli, the seeds of which are ground into flour
by * Mohave Indians. [Southern Califor-
Illa,
*. n. and v. A simplified spelling of an-
(?
ankle, n.-Cocked ankle, knuckling or partial dislo-
cation of the fetlock-joint of the horse, an unsoundness
predisposing the animal to stumbling and to fracture of
the fº
anklong (angſklong), n. [Also "anklung (?), Ma-
lay and Jav. anklung.] A musical instrument
annulus
As anisol + -ine2.] certain differentiated animal ova: opposed to def.) + -ite?..]. A rare niobate of uranium,
yttrium, and other elements, near samarskite in
compositign but related to columbite in form:
found at Anneröd, Norw §
Anneslia (a-nes’li-á), n. [NL. (Salisbury, 1807),
named in honor of George Annesley (1769–1844),
Viscount Valentia in Ireland and Earl of Mount-
morris, who traveled and botanized in India.]
A genus of plants belonging to the family Mi-
mosaceae, to which Bentham in 1840 gave the
name Calliamdra. See Calliandra. "
annexable, annexible (a-neks'a-bl, i-bl), a.
That may be annexed or added; attachable.
Cockeram.
annexive (a-nek'siv), a. Expressing or serv-
ing to express annexion or addition; additive:
as, an annexive conjunction.
annidalin (a-nid’a-lin), n. See *aristol.
iellidae, n. pl. Same as Aniellidae.
annihilability (a-ni"hi-la-bil’i-ti), n. The
capability of being annihilated. Dr. H. More,
Immortal. of the Soul, p. 228.
annotative (an’ô-tă-tiv), a. Of the nature of
annotation : as, annotative remarks.
annotine, n. 2. A tree that bears fruit of two
years at the same time, the fruit of the past
year persisting, while that of the present year
1S growing.
used in Java and other parts of Malaysia, con- announcement, n. 2. In card-playing, a bid;
sisting of bambootubes so cut that when struck
- Anklong.
(After original in the Metropolitan Museum, New York.)
or shaken they give definite tones. Usually
the tubes are in pairs tuned at the interval of
the fifth.
ankoot (an’köt), v. i. [Eskimo, angakut,
angakok, angekok, a shaman: see angekok.] To
perform shamanistic ceremonies: a term used
by whalers who frequent Hudson and Baffin
bays.
ankylite (an’ki-lit), m. Same as *ancylite.
ankyloglossia (ang"ki-lô-glos'si-á), n. See
#:
ankyloglossus (ang' ki-lô-glos’ us), n. [Gr,
dyki/Wog, bent, + Yêdoa, tongue.] Impeded
movements of the tongue due to adhesions to
the neighboring parts. Also called ankylo-
glossia.
ankylosed (ang'ki-lóst), p. a. [See ankylose.]
Grown together: said of bones which are
primitively separate.
lostoma (ang-ki-los’tó-mâ), m.
Ancylostoma.
ankylostomiasis, n. Same as *ancylostomiasis.
anlage (än’lā"ge) m.; pl. antagen (-gen). [G.,
foundation, K an!egem, Kam, on, + legen, lay,
found.] In embryol., the first indication of a
developing organ in the embryo; a rudiment,
in the sense of a simple beginning.
annaline (an 'a-lin), m. [Formation doubtful.]
A name sometimes given to an artificially pre-
pared calcium sulphate used by paper-makers.
annalism (an'a-lizm), n. The writing of an-
nals. W. Taylor. [Rare.] N. E. D.
Annam ulcer. See *ulcer.
Annealing lamp. See *lamp.
annealing-machine (a-nēl'ing-ma-shön"), m.
A heating-furnace consisting of a long box of
steel lined with some refractory material, open
at each end, and fitted with a number of gas-
burners. Within the furnace and extending beyond it
at each end is a series of rolls commected by link-belting
and turning together, all being supported by bearings in-
side the furnace or by tables at each end outside the fur-
nace. The bars, rods, strips, and tubes to be annealed
are laid on the rolls outside the furnace, carried by their
motion into and through the furnace at a speed just suf-
ficient for the annealing, and discharged at the distant
end. In another form, for large pipe, a link-belt con-
veyer is used to carry the pipes through the furnace.
annerödite (a-mer'é-dit), n. [Also annerodite,
aannerödite, aanerodite; Anneröd, Alanneröd (see
Same as
Annularia (an-li-lā’ri-á), n.
a meld.
The player [at boston] who makes the highest an-
7.0%rºcement is entitled, if successful, to the contents of
the pool, and a certain number of counters from each of
the players; but if he be unsuccessful he must pay to the
pool and to each of the other players a certain number
Of counters. American Hoyle, p. 243.
º annual. I. a-Annual equation. See #equation.
–Annual range, in meteor., that portion of the total
yearly range which may be supposed to be periodic and
the simple and direct result of the annual revolution of
the earth in its orbit; that portion of the annual range
that is represented by the first term of the harmonic
series or Fourier-Bessel series, depending on the simple
mean longitude of the earth in its orbit around the sun.
—Annual Variation, in meteor., the departure from the
annual mean ; the extreme total range during a year;
the difference between the absolute maximum and abso-
lute minimum or between their departures from the an-
nual mean. The normal annual variation is the average
of the annual variations formany years and is less than the
extreme or absolute variation for those years.--Annual
Working. See #working.
. m., 3. Plants become annuals because of the
limitations of the seasons. Some plants die outright at
the approach of cold or dry weather and leave only
their seeds to carry the species over to another season;
these are the true annuals. Others, truly perennial in
their native climates, become annual in short-season
climates by being killed by frost; these are plur-annuals.
Others carry themselves over by means of bulbs; these
are pseud-ammºtals.
annualize (an 'il-al-iz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. an-
mualized, ppr. ammualizing. To contribute to
an annual publication; write for an annual.
See annual, 4. [Rare.]
annuity, m.–Consolidated annuities, certain annui-
ties or annual payments representing interest on various
stocks issued by the British government at different
times and at different rates, which were consolidated,
under an act of 1751, into one fund, commonly known as
comsols (which see).
Annular kiln. See *kiln.—Annular ligament. (c) A
ligament attached at each extremity to a tubercle on the
inner Surface of the articular process of the atlas, which
serves to retain the odontoid process of the axis. (d)
The ligament which attaches the stapes to the rim of the
fenestra ovalis.
[NL. (Sternberg,
1822), K.L. annularis, annular.] A genus of
fossil plants of the family Calamariaceae, hav-
ing slender, branching, usually striate stems
bearing , whorls of lanceolate or spatulate
leaves with a median nerve, which are fused at
their bases into a sheath or annulus. The fruit
is a heterosporous spike or strobile. It is not yet certain
whether the specimens referred to this genus represent
independent herbaceous plants or the smaller ultimate
branches of calamitean plants. They are very abundant in
the Carboniferous formation and range from the Devo-
nian to the Permian.
Annulosiphonata (an’ī-ló-si-fg-nā’tā), n. pl.
[L. annulus, a ring, + sipho, siphon, pipe, --
-ata2..] In Hyatt's classification, a group of
extinct cephalopods, including straight and
curved shells, in which the siphuncle is
thickened by organic deposits into solid rays
extending into the septal chambers. Actino-
ceras and Huronia are examples. The species
are chiefly from Silurian rocks.
annulus, n. 3. (d) In the Equisetaceae, the
sheath below the spike formed by the union
of the bases of the leaves. (e) In diatoms,
the rim of silex formed within the frustules of
Some genera. (f) The fleshy rim of the

annulus
corolla in milkweeds.-4. (c) One of the ex-
ternal subdivisions of the body of a leech,
resembling a segment of the body of an earth-
Worm. A single annulus, however, does not corre-
spond to an internal segment. From 3 to 5 or even 12
annuli correspond to a segment in different genera.
Anodal diffusion, cataphoresis.
anodic1, a. 2. Of or pertaining to the anode.
– Anodic rays, in elect., radiations issuing from the
positive terminal or anode of a vacuum-tube.
anodyne, n.-Hoffmann's anodyne, a mixture of
ether, alcohol, and ethereal oil, the last-named constituent
containing ethyl sulphate, much used in medicine as a
stimulant, antispasmodic, and anodyne. e *
anodynin (a-nodi-nin), n. Same as antipyrin.
anoêsis (an-Ö-é'sis), n. [NL., K Gr: ā- priv. F
vöngg, understanding.] "In psychol., a, hypo-
thetic state of consciousness in which there is
Sentience but no thought ; immediate experi-
ence without reference to an object. Anoësis is
Sometimes predicated of primitive organisms, sometimes
of the marginal processes of the human consciousness.
It is used, more correctly, simply as a limiting concep-
tion, the logical zero-point of intellectual function.
But it is conceivable that they [items or particulars]
should be given and no intellectual synthesis ensue;
such a consciousness has been happily named anoetic.
Whether or no it actually exists is another matter: it is
a conceivable limit, and has the theoretical usefulness of
limiting conceptions generally. But relative amoesis
Suffices here. Encyc, Brit., XXXII. 63.
anoestrous (an-es’ trus), a. [Gr. div- priv. --
olotpog, vehement desire.] In 206l., without
sexual desire ; relating to the completed period
of Sexual desire in female mammals. – Ances-
trous cycle, a single completed period of sexual desire
not immediately followed by another. This comprises
the kprooestrum, koestrus, and *metoestrum.
angestrum (an-estrum), m. ; pl. anaestra (-trä).
[NL. : see Aramaestrous.] In 206l., an interval
between periods in ‘heat” when the female
mammal has no sexual desire.
anoëtic, a. 2. In psychol., relating to or char-
acterized by anoêsis. G. F. Stout, Anal. Psy-
chol., i. 51.
anogenic, 4. 2. In petrol., noting igneous
rocks which originate by ascension from the
earth's interior: synonymous with eruptive.
anogenital (an-Ö-jen’i-tal), a. Relating to the
anus and the genital organs; noting the region
of the body including these parts.—Anogenital
band, the rudimentary perineum in the embryo.
anol (an’61), n. [am(ise) + -ol.] Parapro-
penyl phenol, CH3CH: CHC6H4OH, usually
called para-anol. It crystallizes in leaflets
which melt at 93°. Its methyl ether, anethol,
is found in anise-oil.
Anomala, n. 4. pl. A tribe of brachyurous
crustaceans containing the families Dromidae,
Homolidae, and Raminidae.
Anomalocladina (3-mom"A-ló-kla-di'nā), n. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. Övöplažog, irregular, -- Kháðog, twig,
+ -ina2..] In Zittel's classification, a suborder
of tetractinellid lithistid sponges. In this group
the skeletal spicules are mostly short rays with inflated
heads which are often digitate or branched and united
with the processes of adjacent rays.
Anomalocrinidae (a-nom’a-lö-krin’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Anomalocrinus (K. Gr. avóplažog, irregu-
lar, + kpivov, a lily (see crinoid), + -idae.] A
family of fistulate crinoids having radial
plates of very irregular form and arms with
pinnules on one side only. It is represented
by a single genus, Anomalocrinus, from the
Silurian of North America.
Anomalocystidae (a-nom’a-ló-sis’ti-dé), m. pl.
L., K. Anomalocystites +, -idae.] In wočá.
ward's classification, a family of cystidean
echinoderms which have a compressed calyx,
the sides of which are dissimilarly plated, gem-
erally with two free arms and a short stem.
They occur in rocks of Cambrian and Silu-
rian age. Properly, in uncontracted form,
Amomalocystitidae.
Anomalocystites (a-nom’a-ló-sis-ti’téz), n.
[NL., K. Gr. avóplažog, irregular, -i- Küottº, blad-
der, 4- -ttmg, -ite2.] The typical genus of the
family Anomalocystidae.
Anomalodesmacea (3-nom'a-ló-des-mâ’sé-á),
m. pl. [NL., KGr, avčuaāoc, irregular, + 6éolia,
a band, + -acea.] In Dall's classification of
the Pelecypoda, an order comprising burrow-
ing shells with nearly edentulous hinge, the
mantle lohes more or less completely united,
leaving two siphonal openings, a pedal open-
ing, and sometimes a fourth opening. The
valves are generally unequal. The group includes many
recent and late fossil forms, and in general expression is
archaic, specially in regard to hinge-structure, which re-
produces that of the Silurian and Devonian paleoconchs.
anomalodesmacean (3-nom’a-ló-des-mâ'sé-
an), a. and n. I. a. Having the characters
of or pertaining to the Anomalodesmacea.
anomalodesmaceous (a - nom’a-ló-des-mâ’-
Anomalon (a-nom'a-lon), n.
Anomalous dispersion. See #dispersion.—Anomalous
anomaly, m. 4. In meteor., the amount by which
&.
anomocephalus (an"6-mó-sef’a-lus), m.;
anomure (an’ô-mür), m.
anomy, m.
anopisthographic (an-Ö-pis - thé-graf'ik), a.
Anoplagonus (an-Ö-plag'à-nus), m.
anosmic
II. a. A member of the order Anomalodes- anoplan (an-op'lan), a. and n. [Anopla + -an.]
7/20060, * ... a. Pertaining to or resembling the Anopla.
tº º II. m. A nemertean worm of the section
shius), a. IGr, avóuážoc, irregular, 4 jeouác Anopla.
or Öğolla, a band, + -aceous.] Same as *anom- Anoplia (an-opºli-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. &vo-
alodesmacean. TAog, not armed, Kāv-, not, + 67tha, arms.] A
[NL. (Jurine, tribe of lithistidan Tetractinellida, having no
1807), K. Gr. avóplažog, neut. ÖvöuaÅov, irregu- ectosomal spicules or microscleres. It contains
lar: see anomalous.] An important genus of the families Azoricidae and Anomocladidae, to-
hymenopterous insects of the family Ichnew- gether with extinct forms.
'monidae and typical of the subfamily Anoma- anoplian (an-op'li-an), a. and n. . [Anoplia +
linae. It comprises more than 150 species, many of them -an.] I. a. Pertaining to or having the char-
important enemies of injurious insects. Most of the de- acters of the AmOplia.
scribed speciés occur in Europe and North America, but II. m. One of the Anoplia.
the genus is still more widely distributed. Anoplogaster (an-op-ló- as’tér), m. ſº K
Gr. &votàog, unarmed, yao Tho, belly.]. A
genus of berycoid fishes found in the abysses
of the Atlantic.
Anoplophora (an-op-lof’9-ră), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ãvotWog, unarmed, + -popog, K pépetv, bear.] A
omiacea (a-nó-mi-ā'sé-á), m. pl. [NL., KAno- šºls of maiads from the Triassic formation
mia + -acea.] A suborder of bivalve mol- of Germany. -- - - -a-
lusks of the order Filibranchiata. It includes Anoplotheca (an-op-lºthé kä), n. [NL., K. Gr.
forms which have the heart dorsai to the rectum, a single àvorwoc, unarmed, + thrm, case..] A genus of
*"...º.º.º...": ... ...º.º.
SIne :-s y * y having a median dorsal septum an e jugum
W l () * e & * ©
*::::::::::::"º.º.º.º.º. articulating into a depression in the ventral
id valve: characteristic of Devonian faunae.
pl. anoplous (an-op’lus), a. Relating or pertain-
anomocephali (-lí). [Gr. avouog, irregular, + ing to the Anopla ; having the proboscis un-
kepazil, head..] One with an irregularly shaped armed, as certain nemertines.
bead. anoplurous (an-Ö-pló' rus), a. Resembling the
[As NL. Amomura.] insects of the hemipterous suborder Anoplura.
One of the anomural or irregular-tailed crus- Anor group. See *group1.
taceans; an anomuran. anorectal (ä"nó-rek’tal), a.
2. As used by Pearson and others, NL. rectum, rectum.j
a breach in the routine of perceptions. See anus and the rectum.
the extract. May 15, 1903, p. 344.
In our ignorance we ought to consider before experi- anorectic (an-Ö-rekºtik), a. [anorect-ows F-76.1
€IlC6 *:: º,...gºi.ń. ºniº, Same as *:::::: ) l
or a mixture o 'opºrt *::::: *. anorganom (an-Ör'ga-non), n. ; pl. amorgana
R. Pearson, Gram. of Sci., iv. 15. * L., K. Gr. #. º of º:
double refraction. See krefraction.
a given observed quantity is greater or less
than an assumed ideal or normal value; a de-
arture.
[L. anus, anus, +
Relating to both the
Therapeutic Gazette,
anon. An abbreviation of anonymous and anon- without organs, K &v- priv. 4- Öpyavov, instru-
*Nº,
*Nº.
º
Malarial Mosquito (Anopheles maculºpert?tis).
Male at left; female at right. Enlarged. (After Howard,
U. S. D. A.)
mosquitos (dipterous family Culicidae), distin-
guished from the typical genus Culea, by the long
pº of the female. The mosquitos of this genus are
he true secondary hosts of the causative organisms of
malaria, which undergo their sexual development only in
the stomach of an amopheles. From this fact it results
that these mosquitos convey the disease from malarial
patients to healthy individuals.
2. [l. c.] An insect of this genus.
Anophelinae (a-nof-e-line), m. pl. [NL., K
Anopheles + -inae.] A subfamily of mosquitos
(family Culicidae), comprising Anopheles and
its immediate allies. In both sexes the palpi are
about as long as the proboscis, and the terminal #. is
spatulate or clubbed in the male; in the wings the first
submarginal cell is as long as or longer than the second
posterior cell.
gmously. * ment, organ.] A body without organs, that
anoëpsia (an-Ö-op'si-á); m:... [NL., K. Gr. Övº, is, an inorganic body.
upward, 4 bipig, vision.] Strabismus in which anorgic (an-Ör’jik), n. [Gr. avópy(avoc), with-
the axis of vision is directed upward. ... . out organs (inorganic), + -ic.] A general des-
Aº (a-nof"e-lèz), m. . [NL. (Meigen, ignation, proposed by Haeckel, for the sciences
1818), KGr. Övope?fig, useless.] 1. Agenus of true i. deal with inorganic nature, as contrasted
with the biological sciences.
anorthoclase (an-Örºthé-klāz), m. [Gr. Övopffog,
/ not straight, + k2éolg, fracture. See ortho-
clase.] A triclinic feldspar allied to microcline
but containing a considerable amount of soda :
| characteristic of certain igneous rocks, as the
&, \ll y’ andesite of Pantelleria.
Nº. anorthographic (an-Ör-thº-graf'ik), a. [Gr.
div-priv. 4- orthographic..] That deviates from
or is at variance with orthography or the ac-
cepted rules of spelling.
anorthographical (an-ór-thé-graf’i-kal), a.
Characterized by irregular or incorrect spell-
ing; incorrectly spelled.
anorthographically (an-ór-thé-graf’i-kal-i),
adv. Irregularly as regards spelling. See the
quotation.
A fresco painting has been discovered . . . represent-
ing the two martyrs, one of whom [Hyacinthus] bears his
name written anorthographically thus, Iaquintus.
- Athenaeum, July 14, 1894, p. 72.
anorthography (an-ór-thog'ra-fi), n. [Gr, av-
priv. 4- optoypapia, correct writing.] Same as
agraphia.
anorthoscopic (an-Ör-thé-skop'ik), a. [anor-
thoscope -- -ic.] Pertaining to the anortho-
scope or to the visual illusion which that in-
gºment produces. Amer. Jour. Psychol., II.

anorthose (an-Ör’ thos), a. [Gr. &v- priv. --
ôp669, straight, + -ose..] Same as *anorthoclase.
anorthosite (an-Ör’thé-sit), n. [anorthose +
-ite?..] In petrog., a granular or gneissoid ig-
neous rock of eastern Canada, consisting chiefly
of the plagioclase feldspar, labradorite. The
name (first used by Hunt in 1863) is now applied to rocks
composed largely of any lime-soda feldspar (plagioclase).
The anorthosites are regarded by some petrographers as
the highly feldspathic extreme of the gabbro family of
igneous rocks.
anosmatic (an-OS-mat'ik), a. Nº. K. Gr. div-
riv. -- Öopu%, smell, -- -atic. more correct
orm would be anosmic, "anosmetic, or "amos-
motic.] Having the sense of smell or the olfac-
tory organs Small or wanting, as in porpoises.
Amer. Anthropologist, Oct.–Dec., 1903, p. 638.
anosmic (an-os'mik), a. [anosmia + -ic.] 1.
Having no odor.—2. Of or affected with an-
OSIſl18,.
Gr. Öy-priv. H. Öttoffev, at the back, 4-ypápetv,
write.] Not written or printed upon at the
back; written or printed upon on one side only,
as a proof or a broadside.
[NL., K
Gr. &votWog, unarmed, + Agonus.] A genus of
sea-poachers of the family Agonidae, found in
the North Pacific.
allotilloli
anounou (ä-nó'ö-nó’8), n. [Hawaiian.]. In
Hawaii, a species of peppergrass, Lepidium
Owaihienge, found in all the islands of the
group.
Anquetilia (an-kwā-til'i-á), n. [NL. (De-
caisne, 1848), named in memory of A. H. An-
quetil-Duperron (1731–1805), a French oriental-
ist.]. A genus of dicotyledonous plants of the
family Rutaceae. See Skimmia.
Ansate fissure or sulcus. See *; º
anselmino (ān-sel-mé'né), n. [It..] A silver
coin of Mantua: so named from the effigy and
name on the reverse.
Anseremme limestone. See *limestone. .
anseriform (an-ser’i-fôrm), a. [NL. angeri-
#: K L. anger, goose, .4 forma, shape.
esembling a goose; pertaining to the Angeri-
formes, a group of birds which contains the
ducks and geese. º
Anspach porcelain. See *porcelain!.
ant!, n.-Black ant, Monomorium minutum, a com-
mon species in the Önited States, frequently entering
houses. Also called little black ant.-Bulldog ant,
any ant of the genus Myrmecia, which is confined to
Australia and Tasmania and contains about 30 species.
They form large mounds of earth for their nests, and are
the most formidable of all ants, possessing large jaws and
stinging severely. — Corn-louse ant, Lačiug brunneu8,
a small brown ant which nests in fields and cares for
certain plant-lice that feed on the roots of grains and
grasses.—Imbauba, ant, a Brazilian arboreal ant, of the
genus Azteca, which forms small nests in the interior of
plants and is thought to protect them from the attacks
of the leaf-cutting ants.-Leaf-cutting ant, Atta fer-
vens, a large brown ant which defoliates trees: common
throughout Central America, and found also abundantly
in southern Texas.-Mound-building ant, Formica
eacsectoides, a species in the United States which builds
large mounds. Some of these mounds are 10 or 12 feet in
diameter. The head and thorax of this ant are rust-red
and the legs and abdomen are black–Porcupine-grass
ant, an Australian ant, Hypoclinea flavipes, which
makes its nest at the roots of the porcupine-grass, fre-
Quently covering the leaves with sand brought up from
the ground.—Red ant. See red1.—Shed-builder ant,
Cremastogaster lineolata, a species, common in the
southern United States, which sometimes builds sheds,
composed of a paper-like pulp, over herds of aphids or
scale-insects, from which they obtain honeydew. Com-
stock. —Small yellow ant, Solenopsis debilis.
anta,3 (ān-tā’), n. [Native name.] A name in
northwestern South America of the ivory-nut
palm, Phytelephas macrocarpa. See Phytele-
has.
taean (an -tê 'an), a. [L. Antaeus, K. Gr.
'Avralog.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling
Antæus, a giant, in Greek legend, slain by
Hercules. Antaeus was invincible as long as he re-
mained in contact with his mother Gaea, the earth ; but
Hercules, who discovered the source of his strength, lifted
him into the air and crushed him.
antagonal (an-tag/3-mal), a. Antagonistic : as,
& 4 º .* ſº º 75
antagonal principles of faith and sight,” J.
Woodford. N. E. D.
antagonistic, a. , 2. In the psychology of visual
sensation, complementary: as, blue and yellow
are antagonistic colors.
Antarctogaea (an-tärk-tá-jē’â), m. In 206Geog.,
a name proposed by Sclater for an area chiefly
in the southern, hemisphere and embracing
Central and South America, Australasia, Poly-
nesia, and Austro-Malaysia. The association
is based upon the faunal relationships.
Antarctogaean (an-tärk-tº-jé'an), a. Of or per-
taining to the zoögeographical area known as
Antarctogaea. Also Antarctogaeal and Antarc-
togaeic. See the extract.
The Antarctogaeam area thus includes what are regarded
by Blandford, Lydekker and others as two separate
realms, i. e., Neogaea (South and Central America) and
Notogaea (Australasia, Polynesia and Austro-Malaysia),
while Africa south of the Salhara was regarded as a re-
gion or dependence of Arctogaea.
Science, Feb. 5, 1904, p. 220.
Antarian (an-tā’ri-an), a. and n. I. a. Per-
taining to or resembling the star Antares.—
Antarian stars, stars of Secchi's third º resembling
Antares in having a fluted spectrum in which the dark
flutings are sharply defined at their upper edge (toward
the blue end of the spectrum) and fade out toward the
red. They are far less abundant than Sirian and Arc-
turian stars, but still are not very rare.
II. m. A star of the type of Antares.
ant-cattle (ämt’kat'l), m. See ant-cow.
ant-disk (änt” disk), n. A circular space cleared
of herbage around the nests of agricultural
ants. Stand. Dict,
anteal, a. II. m. In ichth., the vomer; the
anterior median bone of the cranium, imme-
diately behind and below the maxillary bones.
Starks, Synonymy of the Fish Skeleton, p. 508.
Antebrachial index. See *indea.
antebrachium, n. 2. In ichth., the hypercora-
coid, a bone of the shoulder-girdle. Starks,
synºnymy of the Fish Skeleton, p. 522.
5
. are said to "be antecedent.
antecedent, a. 2. In phys. geog., noting rivers
or streams which have persisted in their
courses in spite of an uplift of the land: thus
the Meuse is an antecedent river, because it
has persisted in its course by cutting a deep
#. through the uplifted area of the Ar-
69111068,
Streams which hold their courses in spite of changes
which have taken place since their courses were assumed
They antedate the crustal
movements which, but for preexistent streams, would
have given origin to a very different arrangement of
river courses. Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geol., I. 161.
Antecedent dr e, the drainage of antecedent
streams.—Antecedent Valley, a valley which has per-
sisted throughout a period marked by crustal movement
that has materially changed the attitude of the under-
lying strata.
antecilial (an-tá-sil’i-al), a. [L. ante, before,
, + cilium, eyebrow, -H -al.] Same as *ante-
ciliary.
anteciliary (an-tº-sil’i-à-ri), a. In the Lepi-
doptera, situated before théciliary band, that
is, before the band in front of the marginal
fringe of the wings. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1902, II, 118.
anteclypeus (an-té-klip'é-us), n. In entom.,
the anterior part of the clypeus when that
sclerite is divided into two parts.
antecrochet (an-té-kroch’et), n. [L. ante, be-
fore, + crochet2..] A fold of enamel directed
posteriorly from the ante ior cross-crest, or
protoloph, in such a tooth as the molar of a
rhinoceros. Sometimes erroneously spelled
anticrochet. See cut under *tooth.
antecubital (an’té-kü'bi-tal), a. [L. ante, be-
fore, -- cubitus,forearm : see cubitus.] In anat.,
situated in front of the cubitus or forearm.
antedoctorial (an’té-dok-tó'ri-al), a. Prior to
becoming a doctor.
Our doctor in his antedoctorial age was a student in
Leyden. Southey, Doctor.
anteóssive (an-té-esſiv), a. [Irreg. K L. ante,
before, -F esse, be, + -ive..] In gram., noting
the case which expresses position in front of.
Amer. Anthropologist, Jan.-March, 1903, p. 26.
antefix, n. 2. An ornament on a vase so placed
as to conceal the part where the handle joins
the body.
antefixal (an-tá-fik'sal), a. [antefix -H -al.]
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of an ante-
fix. S. Birch, Anc. Pottery, II. 7. N. E. D.
antefurcal (an-té-fér’kal), a. [antefurca +
-al.] In enton., relating or pertaining to the
antefurca.
antehumeral (an-tá-hū’me-ral), a.
situated in front of the fore legs.
Soc. Lond., 1902, I. 77.
antelios (an-téſli-os), n. [Gr. divtååtog, opposite
to the sun, K. Čivri, opposite, H- #2tog, sun. Cf.
anthelion.] The point in the heavens opposite
to the sun. [Rare.]
antelope-beetle (an 'té-lóp-bê 'tl), n. An
American beetle, Dorcus parallelus, of the
family Lucanidae, with shorter jaws than the
stag-beetles proper of the genus Lucanus.
antemedial (an-té-mê'di-al), a. In entom.,
situated before the middle, or cephalad of the
theoretical middle transverse line, of the
thorax: especially used in coleopterology.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, I. 184.
antemedian (an’té-mê'di-an), a.
*antemedial.
antenna, n. 2. (b) In Rotifera, a spur-like pro-
cess bearing a tuft of setae and projecting from
the mid-dorsal line close to the trochal disk.
Same as calcarl, 4.—4. In elect., the vertical con-
ductor used in wireless telegraphy to send out
electric waves (sender) or receive them (re-
ceiver). Phys. Rev., Sept., 1904, p. 197.
Antennal gland, lobes. See *gland, *lobe.
Antennary feet, the second and most important pair of
swimming-feet in the Nauplius larva of crustaceans.
These feet become the antennae of the adult.—Antennary
gland. See Agland.
antennular (an-ten’ī-lär), a. Of the mature
of or resembling an antennula or small an-
tenna : as, antennular organs. Huacley.
antenodal (an-tê-nóſ dal), a. [L. ante, before,
+ modus, node.] In entom., situated before the
nodus: referring to a vein, or nervure, or
In entom.,
Proc. Zool.
Same as
space, as in the wings of dragon-flies. Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, I. 49.
ante-partum (an-té-pār’tum), a. [L. ante
partum, before delivery.] In obstet., prior to
the delivery of the child.
antephenomenal (an"té-fé-nom’e-nal), a. [L.
ante, before, + NL. phaenomena: see phenom-
emon.] Antecedent to phenomena, related
to consciousness, considered as generating
anthem
phenomena, as a condition to contemplating
them.
antephenomenalism (an’té-fé-nom'e - nal-
izm), n. The character of being antephenom-
enal; the state of consciousness in so far as
it generates phenomena. -
anteposition, n. 3. In pathol., a forward dis-
placement in the horizontal plane, especially
a misplacement of the uterus.
anteriad (an-té'ri-ad), adv. [anteri(or) + -ad3.]
Toward the anterior end or surface of the body;
anteriorly.
The rudiment of the gall-bladder which in the previous
stage is very shallow and basin-like, and opens dorsad
within the primary evagination of the proton, is, in the
present stage, a Somewhat deeper evagination of the
ventral part of the posterior wall, and opens anteriad.
Trams. Amer. Micros. Soc., Nov., 1903, p. 66.
anterodistal (an"te-rö-distal), a. [L. *an-
terus, assumed positive of anterior, anterior,
+ distal.] In entom., situated at the front end
and away from the body. Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1902, II. 275.
anterodistally (an"te-rö-disſtal-i), adv. In
entom., at the front end and extending away
from the body: as, an antennal joint prolonged
anterodistally into a strong spine. Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1900, I. 26.
anterodorsal (an"te-rö-dôr'sal), a. Situated
in front and on or toward the back. Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1903, I. 282.
antero-external (an"te-rö-eks-térºnal), a. Sit-
uated in front and on the outer side. Amer.
Jour. Sci., Jan., 1904, p. 29.
anterofixation (an"te-ró-fik-sā’shgn), n. [L.
“anterus, positive of anterior, anterior, -- E.
Jiration.] Fixation anteriorly, as of the uterus
to the anterior abdominal wall in cases of retro-
version of that organ.
anteroflexion (anºte-rö-flek"shon), n. A bend-
ing forward.
antero-inferior (anºte-rö-in-fé'ri-Qr), a. Situ-
ated in front and below or on the under side.
Buck, Med. Handbook, II. 413.
antero-internal (an"te-rö-in-térºnal), a. Situ-
ated in front and on the inner side. Amer.
Jour. Sci., Jan., 1904, p. 32.
anterolaterally (an"te-rö-lat’e-ral-i), adv. In
an anterolateral position or manner.
anteromedial (an/te-rö-mé (di-al), a. Situated
in front and toward the median line. Also
anteromesial. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, I. 258.
anteromesial (an"te-rö-mes’i-al or -mé’zi-al),
a. Same as * anteromedial.
anteroposteriad (an"te-rö-pos-té’ri-ad), adv.
[anter(ior) + posteri(or) + -adā.] From in
front backward, that is, from the anterior
toward the posterior end or surface of the body;
anteroposteriorly.
The vitelline veins extend antero-posteriad in the ex-
treme dorsal portion of the septum transversum.
Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., Nov., 1903, p. 58.
alºropºly (an’te-rö-pos-té’ri-or-li),
adv. From the front to the back; fore and
aft.
anteropygal (an"te-rö-pi"gal), m. The median
bony plate of a turtle's carapace immediately
behind the posterior neural plate, which is
borne upon the spinous process of a vertebra.
In the cut under Chelonia, the line from Py runs to the
anteropygal. The pygal plates are unsupported by any
vertebræ, and may be three in number, in which case they
. termed anteropygal, posteropygal, and marginal-py-
9
anterosuperior (anºte-rö-sī-pé’ri-Qr), a. Situ-
ated in front and on the upper part. Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, I. 133.
anteroventral (an"te-rö-ven’tral), a. Situ-
ated in front and below or toward the ventral
side. Buck, Med. Handbook, VII. 708.
anteroventrally (an"te-rö-ven ‘tral -i), adv.
Forward and downward, or ventrally.
antescript (an’té-skript), n. The writing which
precedes (some other writing) as a prefatory
note, or all that part of a letter which precedes
the postscript, if there is one. Mrs. Browning,
Letters, II. 164. [Rare.] N. E. D.
anthem, n, Hence–2. A song or hymn ex-
pressive of praise, patriotism, loyalty, etc., and
Set to music.—National anthem, a song or hymn
adopted by a particular country, either officially or by
common consent, as a distinctive expression of devotion
to it or to its ruler, such as “God Save the King,” the so-
called national anthem of the British people, and the
“Star-Spangled Banner,” the national anthem of the
United States. The former is said to have been written
and composed by Henry Carey (1696–1743) and first sung
by him at a patriotic dinner in 1740. The “ Šºš
Banner" was written by Francis Scott Key (1780–1843) in
1814, while a prisoner on a British ship; was set, by his
anthem
desire, to the tune of “To Anacreon in Heaven,” com-
posed by John Stafford Smith (1750–1836); and was first
sung in Baltimore by Ferdimand Durang.
anthemene (an 'the-mên), n. [Anthemis +
-6\te.] A hydrocarbon, C18H38, found in the
blossoms of Anthemis mobilis. It melts at 64°C.
anthemic (anºthe-mik), a. Pertaining to or
derived from Anthemis.--Anthemic acid, a color-
less, silky, crystalline principle of bitter taste contained
in German camomile (Matricaria Chamomilla) and in
Anthem is arvensis.
anthemidin (an-them’i-din), n. A tasteless
Crystalline principle contained in German
camomile (Matricaria Chamomilla).
anthemol (an ‘the-mól), n. [Anthemis + -ol.]
A compound, C10H16O, found in the oil of
Camomile as esters of tiglic and angelic acids.
It is a viscous oil with an odor like camphor.
antheridiophore (an-the-rid’i-Ö-fôr), n. [NL.
antheridium + Gr. -popór, K pépetv, bear.] A
gametophore bearing antheridia only.
antherless (anºthèr-les), a. [anther + -less.]
Without anthers; anantherous.
antheromania (anºther-Ö-mâ’ni-á), n. . [NL., K
anthera, anther, + Gr. Alavia, mania.] In bot.,
an excessive development of anthers.
antherpetic (ant-hér-pet'ik), a. Preventive
or curative of herpes.
anther-Smut (an 'thér-smut), m. A fungus
(Ustilago violacea) which attacks the anthers of
the carnation and of other nearly related
plants. -
Anthias (anºthi-as), n. [NL., K. Gr. &v0iaç, a
sea-fish, Labrus or Serramus anthias, prob. K
&věog, a flower.] A genus of brilliantly colored
fishes found in warm seas, the species longest
known being the barbier, A. anthias, of the
Mediterranean.
anthion (anºthi-on), n. [Gr, divrt, against, +
ð (ov, sulphur.] The trade-name of a solution
of potassium persulphate used by photog-
raphers to remove from their prints the last
traces of sodium thiosulphate employed in
washing.
anthocarp (an’ thº-kārp), n. [Gr. &v6og, flower,
+ KapTóg, fruit.] Same as pseudocarp.
anthocarpium (an-fbó-kār’pi-um), m. ; pl. an-
thocarpia (-à). [NL.] Same as *anthocarp.
anthocaulus (an-thº-kā’lus), m.; pl. anthocauli
(-li). [NL., K. Gr. &v{}og, flower, -- Kavhög, stalk.]
The pédiceſ or stalk of the trophozoöid, the
upper part of which becomes expanded and
disk-shaped during development and is finally
set free as the adult Fungia
Anthoceros (an-thos’e-ros), n. [NL. (Lin-
naeus, 1753), referring to the long-horned cap-
sule; K Gr. Övöog, flower, + kepág, horned.]
A genus of bryophytic plants, type of the fam-
ily Anthocerotaceae. It is distinguished from the
other two genera of the family by having the prolonged
capsule inclosed in a sheath only at the base, and by the
clearly developed columella. There are 79 species, found
growing on moist ground (rarely on decaying logs) in
nearly all parts of the world.
Anthocerotaceae (an-thos"g-rö-tă'sé-é), m. pl.
[NL. (Schiffner, 1895), K Anthoceros (Antho-
cerot-) + -aceae.] A family of bryophytic
plants of the class Hepaticae, typified by the
genus Anthoceros and containing the two other
genera. Notothylas and Dendroceros. It is char-
acterized by the thalloid proembryonal generation, mo-
noecious reproductive organs, the antheridia inclosed at
first in the depressions of the thallus, the archegonia de-
pressed, and the sporogonia with the 2-lobed capsules
much prolonged beyond the thallus. There are more
than 100 species, small plants resembling liverWorts,
widely distributed over the globe.
Anthocerotales (an-thos”g-rö-tā’léz), m. pl.
[NL. (Schiffner, 1895), K Anthoceros (Antho-
cerol-) + -ales.] An order of cryptogamic
plants of the phylum Bryophyta, class Hepat-
icae, coextensive with the family Anthocerota-
ceae, and regarded as intermediate between the
Marchantiales and the Jungermanniales.
anthocerote (an-thos’ e-röt), m. [NL. Anthoce-
ros.] A plant of the family Anthocerotaceae.
Amer. Nat., June, 1904, p. 479.
anthocodium (an"thº-kö’di-um), m.; pl. antho-
codia (-à). [NL., K. Gr. &v00g, flower, H. Rodia,
kóðeta, head, esp. of a poppy or similar plant.]
The free distal, tentacle-bearing portion of the
body, as in alcyonarian polyps. Compare
*anthostele.
anthocyan, n. 2. A red coloring matter de-
veloped in the young leaves of shade-loving
plants when exposed to more light than they
usually encounter.—3. A preparation from
the juice of the sweet or purple violet used in
making syrup of violets and to color and flavor
liquors. Also anthokyan.
plied Chem., I. 174.
anthocyathus (an-thé-si'a-thus), n.; pl. antho-
cyathi (-thi). [NL., K &
kūaffog, cup.] . The free discoid adult formed
by the expansion of the upper part of the caly-
cle of the trophozoöid in Fungia. Compare
*anthocaulus. -
Anthodon (anºthé-don), m. . [Gr. &v6og, flower,
+ booig (böovt-), tooth.]. A genus of thero-
morphous reptiles of the family Pareiasauridae
from the Karoo formation of South Africa.
antho-ecologist (an"thé-É-kol(5-jist), n. A
student of flowers as correlated with their en-
vironment; a floral ecologist.
antho-ecology (anºthé-6-kol’ī-ji), n. [Gr. &v6og,
flower, + ecology.] The study of flowers in
Thorpe, Dict, Ap-
correlation with their environment; floral.
ecology.
anthogenetic (an-thé-jë-net'ik), a. Of or per-
taining to anthogenesis.
anthomaniac (an-th9-mă'ni-ak), n. [antho-
mania + -ac (after maniac).] One who is
extravagantly fond of flowers. H. Smith,
Moneyed Man, II. 321. [Rare.] N. E. D.
Anthomedusae (anºthó-mé-dû'sé), m. pl. 1
An order of Hydromedusae marked by a regu-
lar alternation of a sterile hydroid generation
with a sexual generation of j or other
onophores. Rigid permanent gonothecae and hy-
rothecae into which the hydroids are completely re-
tractile are not formed. The sense-organs of the medu-
soids are ocelli, and the generative organs lie in the
wall of the manubrium. The hydroid may be colonial or
not, fixed or free. Same as Gymnoblastea.
2. [l.c.] The medusae budded from polyps of the
Tubulariae, as distinguished from those budded
from the polyps of the Campanulariae. Com-
pare Leptomedusae. Haeckel.
anthony (an’t 3-mi), n. [Orig. Anthony pig,
also Tantomy pig.] The smallest pig of a litter:
from the fact that one of a litter was vowed to
St. Anthony, patron saint of swineherds.
anthophagous (an-thof“a-gus), a. [Gr. Övöog,
flower, + payeiv, eat.] Flower-eating.
anthophobia (an-thé-fö’bi-á), n. [NL., KGr.
āvdog, flower, 4 -606ia, K poſłeiv, fear.] IOOI’-
bid dislike or even fear of flowers.
Anthophorabia (an"thé-fé-rā’bi-á), n. [NL.
Newport, 1849), irreg. KAnthophora + Gr.
toç, life.] A curious genus of hymenopterous
parasites of the family Chalcididae. Its species
live, as A. retusa, in the nests of the wild bees of the
genus Amthophora. They are remarkable in structure,
the males having no compound eyes.
Anthophoridae (an-th9-for’i-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K. Anthophora + -idae.] A family of solitary
bees, of the superfamily . Apoidea. It com-
É. forms usually thickly clothed with hair and usually
urrowing into the earth, where they form earthen cells
which they supply with pollen and honey for the sus-
tenance of their young.
Anthophyta (an-thof'i-tā), n. pl. [Gr. &v6og,
flower, + \vrów, plant..] The flowering plants:
only occasionally used. A. Brawn.
anthophyte (anºthé-fit), n. [Gr. Övöog, flower,
+ puróv, plant.] One of the flowering plants.
See *Anthophyta.
anthopoma (an-thº-pô’mâ), m.; pl. anthopomata
-ma-tá). [NL., KGr. &v003, flower, + tróſia, lid.]
ne of the spicular defenses, as calices and
opercula, found among the alcyonarian polyps.
anthoptosis º 7). L., K. Gr.
&v6og, a flower, -- trºog, a falling.] The fall
or shedding of flowers.
anthostele (anºthé-stël), m. [Gr, àv6og, flower
+ otáž7, a pillar: see stele.] The proximai
portion of the body of an alcyonarian polyp by
which it is fused to the neighboring members
of the colony. Compare kanthocodium.
Anthostoma (an-thos’tó-mâ), m. [NL. (Nit-
schke, 1869), KGr. &vôoç, "flower, 4- oróga,
mouth.] A. iarge genus of pyrenomycetous
fungi, mostly saprophytic. The perithecia are bur-
ied in the bark or wood and are provided with mecks.
The spores are simple and are brown or black in color.
Anthostomella (an/thē-stó-mel'É), n. [NL.
(Saccardo, 1875), K Anthostoma + dim. -ella.] A
large genus of pyrenomycetous fungi having
the perithecia covered by the º: of the
host and a thin circular layer of dark mycelium,
The spores are simple and are brown in color. Most of
the species are saprophytic, but A: pisana attacks and
kills the leaves of Chamaerops humilis.
anthotype (an'thé-tip), n. [Gr. &v6og, flower,
+ Titoc, type..] A fugitive photographic print
produced by the action of light upon paper
treated with the expressed juice of flowers or
plants. The petals of fresh flowers are crushed to a
pulp and moistened with water or alcohol ; the juice ex-
pressed is strained through cloth and spread upon paper;
r. &v6og, flower, + .
Anthrapalaemon
and the paper thus prepared is exposed beneath a nega-
tive. The light produces a change of color. The antho-
type process was discovered by Sir John Herschel. Re-
cently the use of artificial coloring matters, as quinoline
blue, curcuma, and a rapidly fading red, has been sug-
gested.
anthracene, n., 2. A pººl. ptomaîne ob-
tained from cultures of the anthrax bacillus.
—Anthracene acid-black, etc. See kacid-black, etc.
anthracitization (anºthra-Si-ti-ză'shgn), n.
[anthracite + -ize + -ation.] The process of
changing lignite orbituminous coalinto anthra-
cite. Athenaeum, Oct. 17, 1903.
anthracnose, n. 2. A name given to those
diseases of plants which are caused by the
attacks of fungi of the genera Globosporium
and Colletotrichum. Among the important diseases
caused by Gloeosporium are : anthracnose of the almond,
due to G. amygdalinum ; anthracnose of the apple,
caused by G. jructigenwm, ; anthracnose of the black.
berry and raspberry, caused by G. Venetwm; anthrac-
nose of the currant, caused by G. Ribis ; and anthrac-
nose of the rose, caused by G. Rosae. Among the diseases
produced by Colletotrichum are : anthracnose of beans,
caused by C. Lºndem withianum ; anthracnose of cotton,
caused by C. Gossypii ; anthracnose of the hollyhock
caused by C. Malvarum ; anthracnose of melons, cause
by G. lagenarium ; and anthracnose of tomatoes, caused
by C. phomoides.
anthracnosis (an-thrak-nó'sis), n. [NL.] Same
as anthracnose.
anthracolithic (an"thra-kö-lith'ik), a. [Gr.
Övöpač, coal, H. Witoc, stone..] In geol, con-
taining anthracite coal: specifically applied by
the Geological Survey of India to a series of
Permian strata metamorphosed tomica schists,
with graphitic and anthracitic seams. Nature,
May 36, £904, p. 36.
Anthracomartus(anºthra-kö-mărtus), n. [NL.
K. Gr. Övöpaš, coal, -- (3) puāgtvç, a witness.]
A genus of fossil spiders in which the cephal-
othorax is quadrangular and the abdomen is
composed of 7 segments. It is found in the
coal measures of North America and Europe.
Anthraconectes (an " thra-kö-mek’téz), m.
NL., K GT. &vôpaš, coal, --'váktmg, a swimmer.]
A genus of extinct merostome crustaceans
from the coal-measures of Illinois.
anthraconene (an-thrak’ā-nēn), n. . [Gr. Övöpa;
(āv6pak-), coal, + -m- + -eme.] A resin found be-
tween the coal strata near Schlan, in Bohe-
mia. It is brownish black or, in thin layers,
hyacinth-red.
Anthracosia (an-thrā-kö’si-á), n., [NL., KGr.
ăv0paš, coal, + L. Jos(us) + -ia?..] A fresh-
water or estuarine genus of pelecypod mol-
lusks, allied to living unios, found in the
Carboniferous and Permian rocks.
anthracotic (an-thra-kot'ik), a... [anthracosis
(;ot-) + -ic.], Relating to or affected by an-
thracosis. Jour. Eaper. Med., W. 156.
anthracotypy (an'thra-kö-ti"pi), n. [Gr.ſv-
ôpaś(āvöpak-), coal, H- Tötrog, type.] Printing
by means of powdered charcoal or other colors;
in photog., a process of reproducing subjects in
tint on thin transparent paper. The image on a
bichromated gelatin film is treated with warm water,
which causes it to swell and become sticky at the parts
not affected by light. These parts are thereby adapted
to receive and hold powdered colors, which by printing
may be transferred to paper.
anthraflavic (anºthra-flav'ik), a... [Prob. Kan-
thra(cene) + L. flavus, yellow.] Noting an
acid, 1.6-dihydroxyanthraquinone, C6H3OH-
(CO)2C6H3OH. It is isomeric with alizarin,
and crystallizes in yellow needles which melt
above 330° C.
anthranil (an'thra-nil), n. [anthra(cene) +
anil (indigo).] The anhydrid of fºramilie
or orthoaminobenzoic acid, C6H4 *H It is
an oil with an odor resembling that of oil of
bitter almonds.
anthranilic (an-thra-nil'ik), a. [anthramil H-
-ic.] Noting an acid, orthoaminobenzoic acid,
C6H4(NH2)CO2H: so named because it was
first obtained by boiling indigo with potas-
sium hydroxid. It has acquired great commercial
importance in the manufacture of synthetic indigo. It
melts at 145° C. and has a Sweet taste. -
anthranol (an'thra-nól), n. [anthram(il) + -ol.]
A substance, 9-hydroxyanthracene,
C6H4 gon XC6H4. It crystallizes in needles
which melt, with decomposition, at 1639–170°C.
Anthrapalaemon (an "thra-pa-lé’ mon), n.
[NL., irreg. K. Gr. Šv6paš, coal, -- NL. Palae-
mon, a genus of crustaceans.] The generic
name of an extinct crawfish from the coal-
measures of Illinois and Scotland.
anthrapurpurin
anthrapurpurin, anthrapurpurine (an'thrº:
*...'. n. [anthra(cene) + purpurin.]
mordant color, a trihydroxyanthraquinone,
C6H3OH(CO)2C6H2(QH)2, isomeric with pur-
purin: sometimes called isopwrpurin. It is ap-
plied in the same manner as alizarin, but produces a
yellower or more flery red. The so-called yellow shades
of alizarin often contain anthrapurpurin. See Aralizarim.
anthraquinoline (an'thra-kwin/3-lin), n. [an-
thra(cene) + quinoline.] A base, C17H11N,
formed by distillingalizarin blue with zinc-dust.
It melts at 170° and boils at 446°C. It is related to both
anthracene and quinoline in its structure.
Anthraquinone red. See *red1.
anthra robin (anºthra-rö’bin), n. [anthrac(ene)
+ Rob(inia) + -in?.j A compound, 1.2-dihy-
droxyanthranol, or 1.2.9-dihydroxyanthracene,
chºoHºoH). formed by the reduc-
tion of alizarin. It crystallizes in yellow leaf-
lets or needles which melt at 208°C. Also
called desoa:yalizarim.
anthrarufin (anºthra-rö’fin), n. [anthra(cene)
+ rufous) + -in2.j A § 1.5-dihy-
droxyanthraquinone, HOC6H3(CO)2C6H3OH,
isomeric with alizarin. It crystallizes in yel-
low leaflets which melt at 280°C., and is used
as a dyestuff.
anthrasol (anºthra-sól), n. An oily substance
possessing soothing and antipruritic powers.
anthrol (an'thról), n. [anthr(acene) + -ol.] A
substance, 2-hydroxyanthracene, C6H4(CH)2-
C6H3OH. It consists of leather-colored leaf-
lets or needles which decompose at 200° C.
anthrophotoscope (an-thrö-fö’tó-sköp), n.
[Irreg, K Gr. &v6potrog, man, + photoscope.]. A
photographic instrument having rotating glass
disks on the marginal edges of which back-
grounds and figures are mounted: these, when
viewed through a long-focus lens, produce the
effect of a peep-show. Also used in rephoto-
graphing to change the grouping or back-
ground.
anthropic, a... 2. [cap.] In geol., a term in-
troduced by Sir J. W. Dawson to designate the
human period, or the period of such Pleisto-
cene and recent deposits as are found to con-
tain human relics. It was divided by him into
an early, or Palanthropic, and a late, or Nean-
thropic, stage. See human *period.
anthropinism (an-thrö’pin-izm), n. TGr. av60%-
Travog, of man (K &věpatrog, man), + -ism..] The
habit of considering everything as subordinate
to man, or of considering things in relation to
man and his needs and destiny. Grant Allen.
[Rare.]
anthropinistic (an-thrö-pin-is’tik), a. Of the
nature of anthropinism; considering things
from a purely human standpoint, or in their
relation to man only. Grant Allen. [Rare.]
anthropism (an'thrö-pizm), n. ... The doctrine
or opinion that man is essentially different
from, and contrasted with, everything else in
nature, and the end for which the natural
world was made.
anthropistic (an-thrº-pistik), a. Of or per-
taining to the doctrine or opinion of anthro-
pism. ſº tº * * tº
anthropocentricism . (an "thrö-pô-sen" tri-
sizm). m. The doctrine or opinion that the
world, or the universe, has been made forman,
and for the purpose of securing human welfare.
anthropoclimatologist (an "thrö-pô-kli-mä-
tol’ā-jist), n. One who makes a special study
of the relations of the weather or the climate
to mankind.
anthropoclimatology (an"thrö-pô-kli-mă-tol'-
Ö-ji), n. . [Gr, àvěpoſtog, man, H climatology.]
Thé study of the mutual relations of climate
and mankind, including all human interests;
the environment of a race or a nation ; the in-
fluence of climate on the evolution of man.
anthropocosmic (an"thrö-pô-koz’mik), a. [Gr.
ôvôpotroc, man, + kóoplog, world..] Of man and
nature. J. G. Schwrman.
anthropofagy, n. A simplified spelling of an-
thropophagy. - - - -
anthropogeographer (an "thrö-pô-jé- og’rā-
fér), n. A person who is versed in anthropo-
geographical science. Brinton, Basis of Social
elations, p. 181. * * * * * e
anthropogeographic (an"thrö-pô-jë-6-graf'ik),
a. Of or pertaining to anthropogeography,
anthrºpº (*"...º.º.º.º.
n.T. Gr. ºv6porog, man, + geography..] Geog-
raphy as related to man and the conditions
º habitat.
In our estimation, anthropogeography is a convenient
term under which to include all those aspects of geog-
raphy that deal with the relations of humanity, as a
whole or divided into communities, to the earth, with
which alone physical geography has to deal. “Applied
Geography ".. might be taken as an alternative term
though on the whole it has a wider scope. *Political
Geography” may be regarded as a subdivision or special
application of anthropogeography, and therefore Prof.
Ratzel's latest work is a natural sequel to that on the
more general subjects. Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XIII. 171.
anthropoidometry (an'thrö-poi-dom’e-tri), n.
[Gr. &vôpotroetóñc, like a man (see anthropoid),
+ -pierpia, K Hérpov, measure.] The measure-
ment of the bodies of anthropoid apes. Amer.
Anthropol., Oct.–Dec., 1903, p. 708.
anthropolatric (an-thrô-pol’a-trik), a. Of or
pertaining to º
anthropolith (an'thrö-pô-lith), n. Same as
anthropolite.
anthropologically (an'thrö-pô-loj’i-kal-i),
adv. In an anthropological way or direction.
anthropology, n.-Criminal anthropology, that
branch of anthropology, which deals with the physical
and mental characteristics of criminals.-Culture an-
thropology, that branch of anthropology which deals
with the mental life of mankind, or with human activi-
ties: opposed to physical anthropology, or somatology,
which deals with the physical characteristics of man.
anthropometer, n. 2. An instrument used for
anthropometric measurements.
anthropometrician (an"thrö-pô-mê-trish'an),
n. [anthropometric + -ian.] Same as anthro-
pometer, 1. Smithsonian Rep., 1890, p. 563.
anthropometrics (an" thrö-pô-met 'riks), n.
Same as anthropometry.
anthropometrist (an - thrö - pom 'e-trist), m.
One versed in anthropometry, or engaged in
anthropometric investigations.
Anthropometrists think growth in height to be more or
less antagonistic to growth in girth.
G. S. Hall, Adolescence, I. 19.
anthropomorph (an'thrô-pô-
mórf), m. [Gr. &věpántóuoppog,
of human form, K Övöpotrog,
man, + poppſ, form.] An ele-
ment in decorative art, de-
rived from the human form.
Baddon, Evolution in Art,
p. 41.
anthropomorphism, n. 3.
In pragmatistic philos., that
philosophic tendency which,
recognizing an absolute im-
possibility in the attainment
by man of any conception
that does not refer to human
life, proposes frankly to sub-
mit to this as a decree of ex-
perience and to shape meta-
physics to agreement with it.
The term was first used in this sense by F. C. S.
Schiller (Riddles of the Sphinx). See *.hwman-
Anthropomorph, primi-
tive American.
2S772.
anthropomorphological (an"thrö-pô-mör-fö-
loji-kāl), a. Characterized by or of the nature
of anthropomorphology.
anthropomorphologically (an"thrö-pô-mör-
fö -loj’i-kal-i), adv. With anthropomorphic
language. McCosh, Divine Gov., p. 475.
*ropºlº. (anºthrö-pô-mór'fus-li),
adv. an anthropomorphous manner.
anthropopsychic (anºthrö-pº-si'kik), a. . Of or
pertaining to *anthropopsychism (which see).
anthropopsychism (an"thrô-pó-sik'izm), n.
[Gr. Övöpotrog, man, -H puriff, soul, + -ism.]
The doctrine of a God who is anthropomorphic
in the vaguely magnified sense of being per-
sonal and spiritual, but not necessarily in the
sense of having a human body: a term pro-
posed by the Duke of Argyll, somewhat unnec-
essarily, since none but the most primitive men
ºve in any other anthropomorphism than
this.
anthroposociologist (an"thrö-pô-só-shi-ol’º-
jist), m. [Gr. Övöpoſtoc, man, + Sociologist.] A
sociologist who is primarily an anthropologist
and who explains social phenomena for the
most part by anthropologic principles; espe-
cially, one of a group of writers, headed by
Lapouge, who base their classification mainly
on the cephalic index and hold that the doli-
chocephalous races are superior and are des-
tined to dominate all others. Ward, Pure
Sociol., p. 231. © &
anthroposociology (an"thrö-pô-sö-shi-ol’ā-ji),
n. [Gr. iv6ototrog, man, + sociology.) Sociol-
ogy as studied primarily from the point of view
of the physical characteristics of population
constituting social groups; specifically, the
anti-apex
science, or alleged science, which classifies the
human races primarily by the cephalic index,
arranging those of Europe in a hierarchy with
the dolichocephalous races at the head. Jour.
Polit. Econ., Dec., 1900, p. 76.
anthropoteleological (an"thrö-pô-tel'é-Ö-loj’i-
kal), a... [Gr. &věpotrog, man, + teleological.]
Pertaining to the teleological working of the
human mind which adapts means to ends: dis-
tinguished from *theoteleological, which applies
to the teleological working of the divine mind.
Ward, Dynamic Sociol., I. 28.
anthropoteleology (an"thrö-pô-tel-3-ol’ô-ji), n.
[Gr. &vöpotrog, man, + teleology.] The doctrine
that the human mind always works teleologi-
cally. Ward, Dynamic Sociol., I. 28.
anthropotheism (an"thrö-pô-thé'izm), n. [Gr.
ãvěpotrog, man, + 6eóç, God, F -ism..] A stage
in the evolution of religion in which deities are
conceived in the image of man and are often
believed to be the surviving spirits of once
powerful men. Ward, Dynamic Sociol., II. 257.
anthropotoxin (an"thrö-pô-tok'sin), n. [Gr.
ðvápotog, man, + Toš(ticóv), poison, + -in?...] A
poisonous substance given off from the lungs.
anthropozoic (an"thrö-pô -Zó'ik), a. and n.
[Gr. duffporoſ, man, + Coff, life.] I. a. Of
the time of the existence of man; belonging to
those recent geologic formations which have
been deposited since the appearance of man
upon the earth.
II. m. [cap.] The final member in the series
Azoic, Eozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Caenozoic,
Anthropozoic, or Psychozoic.
anthropozoömorphic (an"thrö-pô-zó-6-mór'-
fik), a. . [Gr. &utpoſtog, man, + (Öov, animal,
+ gopºff, form, -F -ic.] . In anthrop., partaking
of the character of both man and animal: said
in reference to animals which are believed by
primitive tribes to be, or to have been, endowed
with all the characteristics of their species and
also with those of human beings, and to be
able to assume animal or human form at will.
It is rather a worship of the ancestors of the Snake
clans, which are anthropo-zoömorphic beings, called the
Snake youth and the Snake maid. -
Am. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., 1897–98, p. 1008
Anthurium, 10. 2. [l. c.] A plant of the genus
Anthurium. A. Veitchii and A. Warocqueanun are cul
tivated for their foliage; others, conspicuously A. An-
draeanwm, for their showy spathes and spadices. The
last-named has the Spathe cordate and spreading, some-
times very large, of an orange-red color varying to white.
anthurus (an - thiſ rus), n. [NL. K. Gr. al Hoc,
flower, -i- oupā, tail.] A cluster of flowers at
the end of a long stalk. Jackson. [Rare.]
anthypophoretic (ant’hi-pof-Q-ret'ik), a. Of
the nature of an anthypophora. Urquhart,
Works, p. 292.
anti (an’ti), n. [Short for anti-monopolist, -pro-
hibitionist, -imperialist, etc., according to the
case.] . One who is opposed to some proposed
or undertaken course of aetion, policy, mea-
sure, movement, or enactment, as, for example,
to imperialism. [Colloq.]
anti-. (3) In chem., a prefix used to indicate that two
groups or two atoms Which might react with each other
are so separated in space that they do not readily do this.
It is contrasted with the prefix sym-. Thus in antiben-
zaldoxime, C6H5—CH, the H and OH do not readily com-
|
EION
bine to form water, while in symbenzaldoxime, C6H5-CB,
|
NOH
[anti- + abrin.]
such a combination takes place easily.
anti-abrin (an-ti-ā' brin), n.
The antibody to abrin.
anti-albumid (an-ti-al’ bü-mid), n. A product
of albuminous digestion characterized by its
resistance to proteolytic ferments.
anti-albumose, n. 2. In immun., a specific pre-
#: corresponding to albumose.
anti-amboceptor (an -ti- am 'bá-Sep-tor), n.
The antibody to an amboceptor.
antianaphylaxis (an"ti-an” a-fi-lak’sis), n.
The state which, in an anaphylactic animal,
immediately succeeds anaphylactic shoek.
gºal of Medical Research, August, 1910,
p. OS).
anti-antibody (an-ti-an’ti-bod-i), n. ; pl. anti-
antibodies (-iz). The antibody to any adapta-
tion-product.
anti-antitoxin (an"ti-all-ti-tok'sin), n. An
antibody resulting on immunization with an
antitoxin, which counteracts the effect of the
latter.
anti-apex (an-ti-ā'peks), m. The point oppo-
site the “apex of the sun's way,” toward
which his motion in space is directed. Amer.
Jour. Sci., Aug., 1903, p. 136.

Antiarcha
be K Gr, divri, against, F &px6c, rectum.] An
ordinal term introduced by gº for a group
of extinct ostracoderm fishes characterized by
their heavily plated head and abdomen. The
head is articulated to the trunk and two paddle-like pec-
toral appendages are articulated to the plates of the
trunk. The best-known genera of this order are Pte-
ºrichthys and Asterolepis: all its representatives are re-
stricted to the Devonian formations.
antiarigemin (an"ti-a-rij'e-min), m. [antiar
L. -gen, produce, -F -im?..] A crystalline
compound, C21H3005, obtained by the decom-
position of antiarin. It melts at about 180° C.
anti-arthrin (an-ti-ār"thrin), n. [Gr. &vrí,
against, + dipópov, a joint..] A compound
formed by the condensation of tannin and
saligenin. It is used as a remedy in acute
and chronie gout and rheumatism.
anti-autolysin (an"ti-à-tol’i-sin), m. An anti-
body which will inhibit the action of the cor-
responding autolysin.
antibacterial, a. 2. Preventing the action
or development of bacteria. Med. Record,
Mar. 28, 1903, p. 511.
antibacteriolytic (an"ti-bak-té"ri-Ö-lit'ik), a.
[anti- + bacteriolytic..] Antagonistic to bac-
teriolytic action.
antiballooner (an"ti-ba-lön’ér), n. In tea:tile-
manuf., a device employed on a ring-spinning
frame to restrict the centrifugal, bulging of
the yarn during spinning. Nasmith, Cotton
Spinning, p. 356.
antibenzenepyrine (an"ti-ben-zén-pi'rin), n.
[Gr. Övtí, against, + E. benzene + Gr. trip,
fire, -i- -ine?..] The trade name of a material
for use in scouring clothing and textile fabrics
generally. It is used in order to avoid or to diminish
the danger of fire from using ordinary benzin, which is
liable to become ignited by electric sparks produced by
friction on the surface of the cloth. Antibenzenepyrime
is said to consist of 60-65 per cent. benzin of specific
gravity .700, 20–25 per cent. hydrocarbon oil of specific
gravity .826.-830, and 10–12 per cent. magnesia soap.
antibiotic, a. 2. In biol., injurious or deadly
to the living substance : as, an antibiotic
secretion.
Glandular powers directed to the production of a
bactericidal, or at least antibiotic substance.
Philos. Trans. Itoy. Soc. (London), 1894, ser. B, 185. 312.
antiblennorrhagic (an’ti-blen - 3 - raj'ik), a.
and m. [anti- + blenmorrhagia + -ic.] I. a.
Curative of catarrh or of gonorrhea. Buck,
Med. Handbook, I. 103.
II. m. A remedy possessing this property.
antibody (an’ti-bod-i), m.; pl. antibodies (-iz).
[anti- + body..] A body or substance which
inhibits the action of another substance. Also
called antisubstance and, as a general term,
adaptation-product. See *adaptation-product
and *immunity.
The reaction is caused by the development within the
blood-serum of the injected animal of an anti-body or a
property or substance which causes a certain reaction
with the serum homologous to the one injected.
Med. Record, June 18, 1903, p. 953.
antibromic (an-ti-brö’mik), a. and n. [anti- +
Gr. 3póplog, smell, -- -ic.] I. a. Deodorant.
II. m. A deodorant.
anticathode (an-ti-kath’ód), m. The plate,
often of platinum, placed opposite the cathode
in a vacuum-tube, on which the cathode rays,
or streams of electrified particles, impinge
and thus produce the Röntgen rays.
anticeltina (an’ti-sel-ti'nā), n. A compound of
urea and mercury which does not #.
albumen: used hypodermically in affections of
the cornea and iris.
anticephalalgic (anti-seſ-à-lal'iik), a. and m.
[Gr. ºuri, against, H- Keſhawałyia, headache, F
lie..] I. a. Preventive or curative of headache.
II. m. A remedy possessing such properties.
antichlorin (an-ti-klö’rin), m. Same as anti-
chlor.
antichretic (an-ti-kré'tik), a. [antichresis
(-et-) + -ic.] Of the nature of antichresis: as,
an antichretic agreement or contract.
antichrome (an’ti-kröm), n. [anti-H chrome.]
A name given to certain pigments which are
free from the defects of those in which chrome
or chromium is an ingredient. e
antichymosin (an-ti-ki’mó-sin), n. ... An anti-
body which will inhibit the coagulating action
of chymosin on milk. º lº
anticipant, a. II. n. One who anticipates or
looks forward to something; an anticipator:
as, “the sweet anticipant of dawn,” B. Taylor,
Póems of the Orient, p. 396. 4. e
Anticipating intermittent. See*intermittent.
anticipatorily (an-tis’i-pā-tº-ri-li), adv. In
anticipation; beforehand. Ruskin, §otes, I, 71.
[Rare.] . N. E. D. .
anticipatoriness (an-tisſi-pâ-tó-ri-nes), n. In
psychol., a complex feeling accompanying the
antecedent image in volition.
The antecedent image is not a volition, unless it in-
cludes a certain realized anticipatoriness, which we may
describe roughly as ‘the thought of a real happening.’
M. W. Calkins, Introd. to Psychol., p. 800.
anticize (an'tik-İz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. an-
ticized, ppr. anticizing. [antic + -ize.] O
play antics; cut Gapers; Caper about; frolie,
Browning, Prince Hohenstiel, 1.1307. [Rare.]
N. E. D.
anticlinal, 4.—Anticlinal cells, parent-cells that per-
sist and do not produce antipodal célls. They may be (a)
inert, § active (albuminigenous), or (c) § Wesque,
—Anticlinal planes. Same as kamticlimal walls. –
Anticlinal valley, a valley whose general course follows
the arch of folded strata: contrasted with a synclinal
valley, which follows the trough.--Anticlinalvertebra,
See Avertebra.--Anticlinal walls, walls cutting the
surface, or periclinal walls at right angles. Also anti-
clinal glames. e * * * * - º -
anticlinorium (an-ti-kli-nó’ri-um), m. ; pl.
anticlinoria (-à). [NL., K anticline + -orium.]
A mountain formed by an anticline; a series
of folds in which the anticlinal type predomi-
nates: a series of great arches with many
minor undulations. Originally º by J. D. Dana
to an anticlinal mountain range resulting from a geanti-
clinal elevation of the earth's crust; also used in later
years in a structural sense for a mountain range consist-
ing of one or more anticlines, and hence generally for
Complex anticlines.
anticoagulant (an"ti-kö-ag’īī-lant), a. and n.
[anti--H coagulant.] I. a. Possessing the prop-
erty of retarding or preventing coagulation,
*Pºlly of the blood. Buck, Med. Handbook,
. 493.
II. m. Any agent which retards or prevents
coagulation.
anticoagulin (an"ti-kó-ag’ī-lin), n.
'body to a coagulin.
anticoelous (an"ti-sé’lus), a. In ornith., noting
that condition of the intestine in which its
folds are united by the mesentery and are al-
ternately turned in opposite directions.
anticoherer (an’ti-kö-hér’ér), m. [anti- +
coherer.] A device which, like a coherer, is a
detector of electric waves, but whose resist-
ance is increased by them.
anticomplement (an-ti-kom’plé-mºnt), m. The
antibody to a complement. Substances of this
order result by immunizing animals with normal serum ;
they inhibit the action of the corresponding complements.
anticor (an’ti-kör"), m. [Also anticore, antecor,
anticour; anti- + L. cor, heart.] A circum-
scribed swelling or slough on the neck of a
horse in the region of the collar, resulting from
pressure of badly fitting harness or from irritat-
ing masses of dirt, sweat, or hair under the
harness.
Anticosti group. See *group".
anticreep (an’ti-krép), a. . In mech., prevent-
ing creeping: applied specifically to devices for
keeping the rails of a railway from creeping
or moving lengthwise, and for diminishing the
lengthwise motion of flat leather belts upon
their pulleys. p
anticryptic (an-ti-kripºtik), a... [Gr. &vré,
against, + kpvirtóc, hidden.] In biol., serving
to conceal or fitted for concealing one organ-
ism to the disadvantage of another: as con-
trasted with procryptic, serving to hide an
organism for its own Welfare. — Anticryptic
colors, in zoöl., those colors which cause an animal to
resemble its surroundings, or Some other species, and
thus facilitate the capture of prey. Thus some spiders
closely resemble parts of flowers, and so are enabled to
capture insects, while the weasel so harmonizes with the
snow in winter and the earth in Summer that it can ap-
proach its prey unnoticed.
anticyclic (an-ti-Siſklik), a. In math., two on
a circle, the other two inverse as to that circle :
said of four points.
anticyclonal (an-ti-si'kló-nal), a. Same as
anticyclonic.—Anticyclonal gradient, the baromet-
ric gradient directed away from the center of an anti-
cyclone, especially in the outer portions of the anti-
cyclone.
anigyclonic, 0.—Galton's anticyclonic law. See
Q?!). -
anticytolysin1 (an-ti-si-tol’i-sin), n. The anti-
body to a cytolysin.
These cytolytic or, as some prefer to call them, cy-
totoxic sera, when introduced into the living bodies of
An anti-
*
the species from which the cells inciting their forma-
tion are derived, act as toxins to which the organism re-
sponds, each after its kind, by the development of anti-
toxic substances. These are called anticytolygºns or
anticytotoxins. Med. Record, Feb. 14, 1908, p. 247.
antihemolytic
anticytotoxin (an-ti-si-tº-tok'sin), n. Same
as “anticytolysin. ...
antidiabetic (an-ti-di-a-bet'ik), n. An agent
or medicine that will prevent or cure diabetes,
specifically, a drug which diminishes the elim-
ination of sugar.
anti-diastase (an-ti-diſas-täs), n. An antibody
which inhibits the action of diastase.
Antidicomarian (an"ti-di-kā-mâ'ri-an), n.
Same as 4ntidicomarianité.
antidiphtheritic (an'ti-dif- or *.
a. [anti-H diphtheritis 4 -ic.] ntagonistic
to the toxin-of diphtheria: as, antidiphtheritic
S6I’llº),
Antidiphtheritic serum has, in the few short years of
its existence, so thoroughly proved its value and reliabil-
ity that the failure of other antitoxic serums to produce
equally good results has resulted in disappointment, and
in some distrust of serum therapy in general.
Therapeutic Gazette, Feb. 15, 1908, p. 97.
antidote, n.—Chemical antidote, an antidote which
combines chemically with the poison to form an innocu-
ous compound.
antidromal, a-Antidromal torsion, a twisting of
a twining stem or organ in a direction opposite to that of
twining. - 2
antidrome (an’ti-dröm), m. and a. [Gr. &vrt-
Öpop.og: see antidromows.] I. m. Same as *het-
erodrome.
II. a. Same as antidromous.
The blaze reaction, whether unequivocal (homodrome)
or equivocal (antidrome), *}. short strong currents
for its manifestation. ature, Sept. 18, 1902, p. 191.
anti-enzym (an-ti-en’zim), n. The antibody
to an enzym. Also antiferment.
We have already seen that bacteria are not digested in
the alimentary canal and it is a familiar fact that ascar-
ides can survive the digestive juices and it has recently
been shown that the body wall of ascaris contains an
anti-enzyme to pepsin. But what is more important and
interesting is the fact that the human stomach wall con-
tains an anti-enzyme to its own ferment.
Lancet, April 4, 1908, p. 946.
anti-epithelial (an-ti-ep-i-théſli-al), a. Noting
a serum obtained on immunization with epi-
thelial cells and accordingly containing epi-
theliotoxins.
anti-expansionist (an"ti-eks-pan’shgn-ist), n.
In recent United States politics, one who is
opposed to the expansion of the United States
by acquisition or conquest of new territory
beyond the seas.
antifebrine (an-ti-feb/rin), n., Acetanilide:
employed in medicine as an antipyretic.
antiferment, n. 2. A specific antibody which
will inhibit the action of the corresponding
ferment. The gastro-intestinal mucous membrane and
possibly all the tissues of the animal body probably pro-
tect themselves against autodigestion by such means,
antifever-tree (an-ti-fé'vér-tré), m. Same as
jever-tree, 1.
antigen (anti-jen), n. [anti- + -gen.] In
Ehrlich's theory of immunity, a substance
giving rise to the production of an antibody.
antigenic (an-ti-jen’ik), a. Of or of the nature
of an antigen. -
antiglobulin (an-ti-glob’ī-lin), n. A specific
precipitin corresponding to globulins.
Antigonia (an-ti-gā’ni-á), m. [NL., K (?) Gr.
'Avriyovog or 'Avrayóvn, a personal name.] A
enus of fishes allied to the boar-fish, Capros,
ound in tropical seas. The color is salmon-
red and the body is much compressed, being
deeper than it is long.
Antigoniidae (an-ti-gé-ni’i-dé), m.pl. The fam-
ily of boar-fishes. The principal genera are
Capros and Antigonia. Also Caproidae.
antigopher-plant (an -ti-gó ( fēr-plant), n.
[anti--- gopher + plant..] Same as mole-tree.
antigravitate (an-ti-grav’i-tät), v. i. [anti---
gravitate.] To rise from the surface of the
earth; to be repelled, instead of being attracted
like ordinary matter, in a gravitational field
of force.
The author refers to Hovenden's theory of a substance
or fluid which, when uninfluenced by external forces,
rises from the surface of the earth or “antigravitates.”
Electrochem. Industry, June, 1904, p. 250.
antihalation (an’ti-hā-lä’shgn), a. Counter-
acting the effects of halation.—Antihalation
plate, a photographic dry plate 80 prepared that the rays
reflected from the glass-support do not affect the sensi-
tive film. In
antihemolysin (an "ti-hš-mol’i-sin), n.
hysiol. chem., an adaptation-product which
inhibits the action of the corresponding hemol-
ysin. Its action is dependent upon the simul-
taneous formation of an anti-amboceptor and
an anticomplement. Also antihaemolysin.
antihemolytic (an-ti-hem-3-lit'ik), a. Inhibit-
ing hemolysis. Science, May 27, 1904, p. 831.
Also antihaemolytic.
antiheterolysin
antiheterolysin (an’ti-het-e-rol’i-sin), n., An
antibody resulting on immunization with a
heterolysin.
antihidrotic (an-ti-hi-drot'ik), a.
anhidrotic.
antihydrophobic (an'ti-hi-dró-fö'bik), a. [anti-
+ hydrophobia + -ic.] Preventive or curative
of rabies.
antihydropic (an’ti-hi-drop'ik), a. and n. [anti-
+ hydrop(sy) + -ic.] I. a. Curative of dropsy.
. m. A medical agent employed in the
treatment of dropsy,
anti-immune (an-ti-i-mün'), a.
immune body.—Anti-immune body, the antibody
to an amboceptor. Such bodies result on immunization
with specific innmune bodies (amboceptors).
The “anti-body” prevents the linking of the immune
body to the cell receptor and hence acts as an anti-im-
*mune body. Med. Record, Feb. 14, 1903, p. 247.
anti-imperialism (an’ti-im-péri-al-izm), n.
The principles or spirit of the anti-imperialists.
anti-imperialist (an"ti-im-pé'ri-al-ist), a. and
m. I. a. Pertaining to the ideas of the anti.
imperialists.
... n. One who is opposed to imperialism,
or to the spirit, principle, or methods of em-
pire; specifically, in United States politics, one
who is opposed to the acquisition and govern-
ment of dependencies beyond the seas by the
arbitrary will of President or Congress, with-
out regard to the rights of the people to self-
government. In use especially since the Span-
ish-American war of 1898.
anti-imperialistic (an’ti-im-pê"ri-a-listik), a.
Same as *anti-imperialist.
anti-intermediary (an'ti-in-têr-mê'di-à-ri), a.
Used only in the following phrase.—Anti-inter-
mediary body. Same as kanti-amboceptor.
The next experiment was to determine whether any
action was exerted by venom upon the complements of
these sera. For the purpose of obtaining the serum-com-
plement free from the intermediary body, the rabbit was
treated with dog's serum heated to 56°C. In this way
the anti-intermediary body was obtained, which, when
heated to 56° C. (to remove rabbit's complement) and
added to fresh dog's serum, neutralized the action of the
latter upon rabbit's corpuscles. From this it could be
concluded that the intermediary body of the dog's serum
was neutralized by the anti-intermediary body contained
in the immunized rabbit's serum, leaving behind the
pure dog's complement in the fluid.
Jowr. Eacper. Med., VI. 299.
anti-isolysin (an'ti-i-soli-sin), n. An anti-
body which will inhibit the action of the cor-
responding isolysin.
antikamnia (an-ti-kam’ni-á), n. . [Irreg. K. Gr.
divri, against, + káplvetv, suffer, be ill.] The
trade-name of a preparation for medicinal use,
antipyretic and anodyne in its action. It is
said to contain acetanilide.
antikinase (an-ti-kin'ās), n. In physiol. chem.,
a substance which inhibits or prevents the ac-
tion of a kinase: such bodies occur in blood-
§61'll Iſl.
antilactase (an-ti-lak’tās), n. An antiferment
which will inhibit the cleavage of lactose into
glucose and galactose by means of lactase.
antilactoserum (an"ti-lak-tó-sé’rum), n. ; pl.
antilactosera (-rá). A serum containing the
antiprecipitin corresponding to lactoserum,
i. will therefore inhibit the action of the
atter.
antileucotoxin (an"ti-lii-kö-tok'sin), n. The
antibody to a leucotoxin.
Antilopine kangaroo. See *kangaroo.
antilysin (an-ti-li'sin), n. [Also erron. antili-
sim..] The antibody to a given lysin.
antilytic, a. 2. Inhibiting the lytic action of
a substance.
antimalarial º a. [anti- +
Same as
malaria + -al.] Preventive or curative of ma-
laria.
antimephitic (an"ti-mê - fit’ ik), a. [anti- +
mephitis + -ic.], Tending to purify the atmos-
phere; destructive of noxious emanations.
antimeron (an-tim’e-ron), m.; pl. antimera (-rá).
[NL.: see antimere.] Same as antimere.
antimerous (an-tim’º-rus), a. Antimeric; per-
taining to paired organs.
antimetrically (an-ti-met’ri-kal-i), adv. As
against the metric system of weights and mea-
sures. [Nonce-word.]
The questions propounded . .
timetrically.
Electrical World and Engineer, Nov. 28, 1908, p. 867.
antimetropia, º.º.º. m. [NL., K
ăvri, against, + piérpov, measure, + &rip, eye.]
A condition in which myopia exists in one eye
and hypermetropia in the other.
... are clearly biassed an-
Adverse to an
t
Relating
antimetropic (an’ti-me-trop'ik), a.
Optical
to or of the nature of antimetropia.
Jour., June 2, 1904, p. 977.
antimiasmatic (an’ti-mi-az-mat'ik), a. [anti-
+ mia&ma(t-) + -ic.] Same as *amtimalarial.
Amer. Physician, Jan., 1903, p. 14.
antimicrobic (an’ti-mi-kró’bik), a. [anti- +
microbe F -ic.] Destructive to, or inimical to
the development of micro-organisms: as, anti-
microbic sera. Encyc. Brit. º 69.
Antimonial cup, a drinking-cup made of glass of anti-
mony, claimed to impart the emetic antimony compounds
to the contained liquid.—Antimonial nickel, powder.
See knickel, powder.
Antimonious sulphid, a substance occurring as amatural
mineral, stibnite, the chief source from which antimony
and its other compounds are obtained. Artificially pre-
pared, it was formerly called mineral kermes and golden
sulphid of antimony; it is still occasionally used in medi-
cine, but the official preparation usually contains a little
of the oxid of the metal.
antimonsoon (an"ti-mon-sön"), n. [anti- +
monsoon.] 1. A current of air moving in a
direction opposite to that of the monsoon: it
may lie above the monsoon proper, but is gen-
erally strongest on the west side of it; the
northerly wind which opposes the principal
southwest monsoon of India, and is overcome
by it.—2. A northerly wind of the Gulf States
opposed to the southeasterly winds that draw
inward from the Gulf toward the dome of the
western continent in the spring and summer
seasons and constitute light monsoon winds.
Antimony glass. See glass of antimony, under glass.-
Antimony ocher, a name sometimes given to oxi-
dized ores of antimony when of earthy or pulverulent
texture.—Feathered antimony, refined metallic anti-
mony showing distinct crystalline structure by feather-
like ºing on the surface of the ingot.—Plumose an-
timony. Same as feathered kamtimony.—Tartarized
antimony. Same as tartar emetic.
antimonyl (anti-mö-nil), n. [antimon(y) +
—yl, K. Gr. ÖAm, matter, substance..] In chem., a
compound radical having the constitution SbO
and exhibiting the valence of a monad.
antimony-salt (an’ti-mó-ni-sält”), n. A trade-
name for a double salt of antimony fluoride
and ammonium sulphate which has the formula
SbF3(NH4)2SO4. It is sold as a substitute for
tartar emetic, and is used chiefly as a fixing
agent for tannin in the application of the basic
colors.
Antimora (an-tim‘ā-ră), n. [NL., K. Gr. &vri,
opposite to, + NL. Mora, a related genus.]
A genus of deep-sea Gadidae, allied to the
antheuralgic (an "ti-mü-ral’jik), a. and m.
[anti- + neuralgia + -ic.] I. a. Curative of
neuralgia.
II. m. A remedy employed in the treatment
of neuralgia.
anting-anting (ān’ting-ăn"ting), m. [Tagalog
anting-anting, a charm, amulet : same as Malay
anting-anting, an ear-ring.] A charm supposed
to protect the owner from injury, especially
from bullets. [Philippine Is..]
antiniad (an-tin’i-ad), adv. [Appar. irreg., K. L.
ante, before, ---in? -- -i- + -adº.] Forward;
toward the anterior portion of the cranium,
like the horns of a musk-ox. [Rare.] Sir J.
Richardson, Zoël. of the ‘Herald.’
antinion (an-tin’i-on), n. [Gr. &vré, against,
#. to, + ivtov, the back of the head.]
The antinial region. See antinial.
antinonnin (an-ti-non'in), n. A trade-name
for a mixture of orthodinitrocresol, soap, and
glycerol, used in very dilute solution as a dis-
infectant and preservative.
antinosine (an-tin’ī-sin), n. [Gr. Övri, against,
+ v6oog, disease.] The sodium salt of nosophen
(tetra-iodo-phenolphtalein), a bluish, water-
soluble powder, used as a substitute for iodo-
form.
antiodontalgic (an"ti-6-don-tal'jik), a. [anti-
lºgonaldia + -ic.] I. a. Relieving tooth-
3,CD 6.
II. m. A remedy for toothache.
; butterfly. See, butterfly.
antiophidic (an"ti-à-fid'ik), a. A term applied
by Vital to a serum devised for the treatment
of snakebite, and supposedly of universal effi-
cacy. It is a mixture of equal parts of bothropic
and anticrotalic serum.
antiparallelogram (an"ti-par-a-lel’ā-gram), n.
Same as *contraparallelogram.
*iº (an"ti-par-a-mé'shus), , a.
Applied to a serum resulting on immunization
With paramoecium, an organism belonging to
the protozoa.
antiparasitic (an"ti-par-a-sit'ik), a. and m.
antipole
[anti- + parasite + -ic.] I. a. Inimical to
parasites.
II, n. A remedy employed for the destruc-
tion or removal of parasites. ,
antipathacean (an’ti-pa-tha'sé-an), a. and n.
[Antipathacea + -an.] I. a. Pertaining to or
having the characters of the Antipathacea.
II. m. One of the Antipathacea.
Antipatharia, n. pl. 2. An order or a suborder
of Zoantharia. They are colonial and tree-like in form,
with tentacles and mesenteries 6 to 24 in number and a
skeleton in the form of a branched chitinoid axis, devel-
oped from the ectoderm, which extends throughout the
colony. The “black corals” belong in this group, which
includes the families Savagliidae, Antipathidae, and Dem-
drobrachiidae.
Antipathidea (an"ti-pa-thid’é-á), m. pl. [NL.
& Antipanº-idea. An ordé of colonial
Zoantharia paramera with a spinose, horny,
usually branching axial skeleton on which the
zoöids are seated. Six tentacles are usually longer
than the others, and six primary mesenteries are always
present. It includes the families Antipathidae, Leto-
pathidae, and Dendrobrachiidae.
antipedal (an-tip’é-dal), a. [Gr. &vri, against,
+ L. pes (ped-), foot, H- -al.] Situated opposite
to the foot : as, the antipedal area of a mollusk.
Lankester.
antipepsin (an-ti-pep'sin), n. The antibody
to pepsin, which inhibits the action of the lat-
ter.
antipeptone, n. 2. In immunity, a specific pre-
cipitin corresponding to peptones.—Fibrin an-
tipeptone, antipeptone obtained from fibrin.
antipericoelous (an "ti-per-i-sé ‘lus), a. In
ormith., having the second intestinal loop open,
right-handed, and inclosing the third, which
is left-handed and closed.
anti-pest (an "ti-pest), a. Same as *anti-
plague.
antiphagocytic (an"ti-fag-à-sit'ik), a. De-
structive to phagocytes.—Antiphagocytic serum,
a serum which causes the destruction of phagocytes.
An antiphagocytic serum, prepared in this sense, has
produced its demolishing effect not only upon the mac-
rophages, but also upon their enemies, the useful micro-
phages. Med. Record, July 18, 1903, p. 83.
antiphase (an’ti-faz), m. and a. I. m. Oppo-
sition of phase, or difference of phase amount-
ing to one half period or 180 degrees.
§: a. Of or pertaining to an antiphase.
antiphonic, a. 2. In anc. Gr. music, of or per-
taining to the interval of an octave : opposed
to *paraphonic.
antiphthisical (an-ti-tiz’i-kal), a.
phthisic + -al.] Same as antiphthisic.
anti-plague (an"ti-plag'), a. Used in the
treatment or as a preventive of plague: as,
anti-plague serum.
antiplanat (an"ti-pla-nat'), m. [G. antiplanat,
K Gr. &vri, against, + L. planatus, made plane:
see planation.] A combination of lenses, in-
vented in 1881 by Adolph Steinheil, in which
there are two members having large opposite
aberrations which correct each other.
antiplanatic (an"ti-pla-nat'ik), a. Used, er-
roneously, for aplanatic.
antiplateau (an"ti-pla-tó'), m. . An area in
the general ocean-floor which sinks to a greater
depth than the average sea ; a deep. Such areas
are contrasted with plateaus, and extend downward
from the ocean-floor in much the same manner in which
plateaus protrude above the continental surface. Cham-
berlin and Salisbury, Geol., I. 8.
antiplenist (an-ti-plé’nist), m. . [anti-H plenum
-ist.] One who does not believe that space
is a plenum (wholly occupied with matter); a
vacuist.
antipneumococcic (an"ti-ni-mö-kok'sik), a.
[anti- + pneumococcus + -ic.] Tending to
destroy or prevent the development of pneu-
mococci: as, an antipheumococcic serum. Em-
Cyc. Brit., X XXI. 526.
antipodagric (an"ti-pô-dag’rik), a. and n.
[anti-H podagra + -ic.] I. a. Curative of gout.
II. m. A remedy for gout.
Antipodal cone, triangle.
*triangle. -
antipoint, n., (b) Given any system of coaxal
circles, another system of coaxal circles may
be constructed such that every circle of either
system cuts orthogonally every circle of the
other system. The limiting points of either
system are the antipoints of the limiting points
of the other system.
antipole, m. 2. In cytol., a term applied to
one of the two poles of the karyokinetic
spindle of the dividing cell, the term pole be-
ing reserved for the one under immediate com-
sideration,
[anti- +
See *come and
antipolo
untipolo. (ān-tê-pôſlö), n. [Tagalog name.]
A name in the Philippines of the fertile bread-
fruit tree (Artocarpus communis), the sterile
form of which is called (in Bisayan) colò. The
seeds, sometimes called bread-nuts, are roasted and
eaten like those of the jackfruit, and the milky latex is
used for bird-lime and as pitch for calking boats. Canoes
are made of the logs, but they do not resist exposure to
the weather and must be painted and kept covered when
out of the water. The wood is soft and of a yellow color.
It is used for interior woodwork in construction, but is
not suitable for posts or sleepers. Also called tipolo, and
on the island of Guam dugdug. See Artocarpus, bread-
Jruit, kbread-mºut, and *dugdug.
antiprecipitin (an"ti-pré-sip’i-tin), n. The
antibody to a precipitin, which will inhibit
the action of the latter. See *antibody.
antipruritic, a. II. n. A remedy which tends
to relieve itching,
antipudic (an-ti-pâ’dik), a. Used or worn to
prevent shame; intended to cover the puden-
dum, for the sake of decency. -
The men in certain islands [of Melanesia] wear only
antipudic garments. Deniker, Races of Man, p. 499.
antiputrid (an -ti-piſtrid), a. and m. I. a.
Antiputrescent; antiputrefactive; antiseptic.
II. m. Any substance which has the power
of inhibiting, preventing, or destroying pu-
trefaction. Diseases of the Horse, U. S. Dept.
Ag., 1903, p. 511.
antipyresis (an -ti-pir’â-sis), m. [Gr. &vré,
against, + Tvpetág, fever.] Reduction of
fever; treatment for the reduction of fever.
antiquarianize (an-ti-kwā’ri-an-iz), v. i. ; pret.
and pp. antiquarianized, ppr. antiquarianizing.
To engage in antiquarian pursuits or research.
Lyell.
antiquarianly (an-ti-kwā’ri-an-li), adv. As an
antiquarian ; in the manner of an antiquariam.
Walpole, Letters, I. 37. [Rare.] N. E. D.
Antirabic serum, a serum intended to inhibit the action
of the specific virus of rabies. Encyc. Brit., XXIX. 377.
antirattler (an-ti-rat’lér), m. A device for
holding a bolt and eye together to prevent
rattling without interfering with the move-
nent.
antirealism (an-ti-ré’al-izm), m. [anti- + real
+ -ism..] The doctrine that there is nothing
whose characters are independent of all actual
thought about them.
The “ anti-realism,” which takes the lion's share in
“transfigured realism,” is simply a development of the
phenomenalism of Hume. Encyc. Brit., XXX. 675.
antiremnet (an-ti-ren’et), m. The antibody to
the action of rennim (chymosin). See *anti-
body.
antirentism (an-ti-ren’tizm), n. [antirent +
-ism..] The principles of the Antirent party
(which see).
antirevisionist (an"ti-ré-vizh’gn-ist), n. One
who is opposed to a particular measure of re-
vision, as, in recent French history, one who is
opposed to a revision of the constitution.
antirheumatic (an"ti-rö-mat'ik), a. and n. I.
a. In med., tending
to prevent or cure
rheumatism.
II. m. A remedy
for rheumatism.
antiricin (an-ti-ri’-
sin), n. The anti-
body to ricin. See
*antibody.
a ntirrheoscope
(an-ti-ré’ā-sköp), n.
[Gr. divri, against,
+ beiv, flow, 4- oko-
Teiv, view.] In psy-
chol., the artificial
waterfall; an ap-
paratus in which a
band of horizon-
tally striped cloth
moves up or down
upon a stationary
background of the
$33,100 €. material:
used for the demonstration of after-images of
motion.
antiscion (an -tisſi-Qin), *. [NL. antiscion, K
Gr. &vrfaictov, neut. of divrigſclog : See antiscian.]
In astrol., a sign of the Zodiac º with
another sign on the opposite side. Signs hav-
ing north declination are called commanding,
those with south declination obeying.
Anti-Semite (an'ti-sem'it), n. One who seeks
by political or other means to lessen the com-
mercial, political, or social influence of the
Fro. 6ſ,
Antirrheoscope.
Anti-Semitic (an'ti-sé-mit'ik), a.
antiseptol (an-ti-sep’tól), n.
antisicular (an-ti-sik'il-lär), a.
J eWS. The name is given especially to those who have
participated in the agitation against the Jews in Germany,
Russia, and Austria which began about 1878.
e Of or per-
taining to the Anti-Semites. -
Anti-Semitism (an'ti-sem’it-izm), n. The agi-
tation conducted by the Anti-Semites or its
motives; antagonism to the Jews.
antisepsine (an -ti-sep'sin), n. A colorless
crystalline compound, C6H4Br.N.H.CH3CO, ob-
tained by adding bromine to a solution of
acetanilide in glacial acetic acid; para-brom-
acetanilid. It is antipyretic. Also called asep-
Sº?? (?,
[antisept(ic) +
-ol.] A trade-name for a solution of 25 parts
of cinchonine sulphate in 2,000 parts of water
mixed with a solution of 10 parts of iodine and
10 parts of potassium iodide in 1,000 parts of
water. It is used as an antiseptic.
antiserum (an-ti-sé’rum), n. ; pl. antiserums
(-rumz) or antisera (-rá). A serum contain-
ing the antibody to a given immunizing sub-
stance, as antidiphtheria serum, antitetanus
serum, etc. See *immunity.
The author has produced a specific antiserum by the
successive inoculation of animals with this toxin. Such
an antiserwm absolutely destroys the action of the toxin
when the two are mixed in vitro. It also causes the
symptoms produced by the toxin to rapidly disappear if
inoculated subcutaneously or instilled into the eye of a
susceptible individual shortly after such a toxin has been
similarly introduced.
Med. Record, March 28, 1908, p. 511.
[NL. anti, op-
posite to, + sicula, sicula..] Opposite the
sicula: used to designate the part of the grap-
tolite rhabdosome .#. is opposite the sicula-
bearing or sicular end. º
antisilverite (an-ti-sil’vér-it), m. In recent
United States politics, one who is opposed to
the free coinage of silver.
antisiphonal (an-ti-si' fg-nal), a. [NL., K. Gr.
ăvré, opposite to, + diptov, pipe: see siphon.]
Lying opposite to the siphonal (lobe): in the
terminology of the ammonoid cephalopod shell,
noting a lobe of the suture which lies on the
inner dorsal side of the whorl and opposite to
that on the ventral surface, called the siphonal
lobe. Both of these are present in, and are indicative
of, primitive stages, and become modified in progressed
conditions.
Antislavery china. See *china.
antisocial, a. 3. Specifically, in 80ciol., per-
taining to a class of persons devoid of normal
social instincts and showing criminal tenden-
cies. Giddings, Prin. of Sociol., p. 72.
antisociality (an"ti-sà-shi-al’i-ti), n. A qual-
ity, act, or habit of an individual, class, or group
which is antagonistic to social feeling, habit,
or interest. Extreme antisociality is criminal-
ity. Amer. Jour. Psychol., XIII. 586.
antisolar (an-ti-sā’lār), a. Situated at the
point in the heavens opposite the Sun, as the
center of the rainbow, or the ‘gegenschein.”
antispace (an’ti-spås), n. In math., that part
of the complete spatial manifold which is with-
out the absolute; that part which is inclosed
within the absolute is called space.
antispectroscopic (an-ti-Spek-trö-skop'ik), a.
Such as to counteract the spectroscopic effect.
Wall, Dict. of Photography, p. 44.
antispermotoxin (an-ti-spér-mó-tok'sin), ºt.
The antibody to a spermotoxin, which inhibits
the action of the latter. See *antibody.
antispermy (an -ti-spèr’mi), n. [Gr... àvré,
against, + otépua, seed.] In spermatophytes,
the coalescence of the fertile divisions of the
phyllome into a single fertile body opposed
to and superposed upon the sterile division.
Delpino. e tº e
antisporangism (ar-ti-spö-ran'jizm), n. [Gr.
ăvri, against, + sporangium + -ism...] In pteri-
dophytes, the condition corresponding to anti-
spermy in spermatophytes. Delpino.
antisquama (an-ti-skwā’mâ), m.; pl. antisqua-
mae (-mê). [NL., K. Gr. &vri, against, H L.
squama, scale.] . The middle one of three basai
lobes of the wing of a dipterous insect, the
inner one being the Squama and the outer one
the alula. A. S. Packard, Text-book of En-
tomology, p. 124.
antisquamic (an-ti-skwamſik), a. and m. [anti-
+ L. squama, scale, H+ -ic.] I. a. In med.,
tending to prevent or cure scaly affections of
the skin.
II. m. A remedy used for this purpose.
antistaphylococcic (an"ti-staf-i-lô-kok'sik), a.
[anti- + staphylococcus + -ic.] Tending to
antitoxic
destroy or hinder the development of staphy.
lococci. Med. Record, March 28, 1903, p. 510.
antisteapsin (an-ti-stš-ap'sin), n., An anti-
body which will inhibit the action of steapsin.
antistrephon (an-tis’tre-fon), n. . [Gr. &vrt-
otpépov, ppr. of &vriotpépelv, turn against: see
antistrophe..] In logic, an argument in a law-
suit which is of such a nature that either party
may urge it against the other with some ap-
earance of conclusiveness. Antistrephons belong
the general class of crocodiles, the following stock ex-
ample being from Aulus Gellius. , Euathlus agreed to pay
Protagoras, his teacher in rhetoric, a large sunn of money
should he win his first case in court. Having received the
instruction, but not having had any case in court, he was
sued by Protagoras for the amount, on the ground that
should Euathlus win the suit he must pay, according to
the contract (and a second suit would compel him to do
so), while if the suit went the other way the court would
compel payment. Ruathlus, replied that if the court
decided in his favor that must be final, while if the court
decided against him a further proceeding would award
the money to him. *
'antistreptococcal (an "ti-strep-tó - kok'al),
a... Same as antistreptococcio. º
antistreptococcic (an'ti-strep-tº-kok'sik), a.
[anti- + streptococcus + -ic.] Tending to de-
stroy or hinder the development of strepto-
cocci: as, antistreptococcic serum. Nature,
July 9, 1903, p. 227.
antistrofe, n. A simplified spelling of antis-
trophe.
anitrophie, a. 2. Enantiomorphous.
antistrophize (an-tisſtrö-fiz), v. i.; pret. and
pp. antistrophized, ppr. antistrophizing. [antis-
trophe H- -ize.] To form an antistrophe; cor-
respond, but in inverse order. De Quincey,
Blackwood's Mag., L.I. 12. [Rare.] N. E. D.
antisubstance (an’ti-sub-stans), m. Same as
*antibody. See *adaptation-product. Jour.
Eaper. Med., W. 62.
antisudorific (an’ti-sā-dò-rif'ik), a. and n.
[anti- + sudorific.] I. a. Tending to repress
the secretion of sweat. Buck, Med. Handbook,
I. 338
II. m. A remedy possessing this property.
antisun (an-ti-sun"), n. 1. The point in the
sky diametrically opposite the sun.—2. A point
in the sky opposite the Sun in azimuth, but
having the same altitude as the sun, and there-
fore not diametrically opposite to it. This
use of the word is common only in describing
halos and parhelia. Encyc. Brit., XXX. 705.
antitegula (an-ti-teg'ī-lä), n. ; pl. antitegula?
-lô). [NL., K. Gr. Övrt, against, + L. tegula,
tile.] Same as *antisquama.
antiteleology (an'ti-tel-É-ol’ô-ji), n. . [anti- +
teleology.] hat attitude of mind which fails
or refuses to see any proof of teleology in
nature; the doctrine or tendency which dis-
putes all attempts to show that there are
actions in nature determined by anything
which is to be in the future. -
antitetanic (an"ti-tet'a-nik), a. [anti- + teta-
nus + -ic.] Tending to destroy or prevent
the development of tetanus bacilli; preventive
or curative of tetanus: as, antitetanic serum.
Science, June 26, 1903, p. 1006.
antitetanin (am"ti-tet'a-min), n. The antitoxin
to the soluble poison produced by the tetanus
bacillus.
antitetanolysin (an-ti-tet-an-ol’i-sin), n. The
antibody to tetanolysin. -
antithermic (an-ti-thèr’mik), a. [Gr. &vri,
against, + 68pplm, heat, + -ic.] In med., same
8,8 gºpurate. Med. Record, March 7, 1903,
antithermin (an-ti-ther'min), n. IGr. &vri,
against, + 6ápplm, heat, + -in?..] Phenylhy-
drazinelevulinic acid. It has been used as an
antipyretic agent in medicine under this trade-
Il 8, (16,
antithesism (an-tith’e-sizm), n. [Irreg. K an-
tithes(is) + -ism..] An antithetic sentence; an
example or instance of antithesis. [Rare.]
N. E. D.
antithesistic (an-tith-É-sis’tik), a. [Irreg. K
antithes(is) + -istic.] Presenting an antithesis;
contrary: as, antithesistic ideas. Dr. E. Dar-
win, Zoonomia, IV. 234. [Rare.] N. E. D.
antithesize (an-tith’e-siz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
antithesized, ppr. antithesizing. To put into
the form of an antithesis. Burns. N. E. D.
antithrombin §...} m. A sub-
stance which inhibits the action of thrombin.
antitoxic (an-ti-tok'sik), a. and n. I. a. Serv-
ing to inhibit or neutralize toxic action; hav-
ing the character of antitoxin.

: antitoxic
The term antitoric signifies that the serum has the
power of neutralizing the action of the toxin.
Encyc, Brit., XXVI, 67.
Antitoxic immunity. See, Arimmunity.--Antitoxic
serum, serum containing antitoxin, as antidiphtheritic
serum and antitetanic serum.—Antitoxic unit, the unit
of antitoxin, of such strength that it will just neutralize
fºundre fold minimal fatal dose of the corresponding
OXin.
II. m. An antitoxic remedy.
antitoxin (an’ti-toks’in), n. [anti--- toacin.]
1. A substance which neutralizes the action
of a poison.—2. Specifically: (a) The antibod
to a toxin of bacterial or related origin whic
is produced as the result of immunization with
the corresponding toxin. Examples are the
diphtheria antitoxin and the tetanus anti-
toxin. (b) In bot., a substance secreted by a
plant which protects it against destructive
microbes.—Fernbach's antitoxin flask, a special
form of culture-flask used for cultures of diphtheria. –
Streptococcus antitoxin, an antitoxin obtained b
repeated inoculations of, horses with streptococcus cul-
tures: employed by hypodermic injection in the treat-
ment of erysipelas, puerperal fever, septicemia, and
other conditions in which there is infection by strepto-
cocci. Also called antistreptococcus 8erum.
antitragal (an-tit’rā-gal), a. Of or pertaining
to the antitragus, or projection on the inferior
side of the opening of the ear.—Antitragalnotch
in zoöl., the notch or emargination at the base of and
behind the antitragus, which marks its posterior boun-
dary. The phrase is much used in describing the ears of
bats. Ammals and Mag. Nat, Hist., May, 1904, p. 386.
antitrust (an-ti-trust’), a. Opposed to the
power or development of trusts, or of large
combinations of capital.
antitrypsin (an-ti-trip'sin), n. An antibody
which inhibits the action of trypsin. Normal
blood sometimes contains such a body. Science,
Aug. 19, 1904, p. 243.
antitryptic (an-ti-tripſtik), a. [anti--- tryp-
tic..] Antifermentative. Med. Record, June
27, 1903, p. 1043.
antituberculous (an"ti-tū-bér’kū-lus), a. [anti-
+ tubercul(osis) + -ous.] Tending to prevent or
cure tuberculosis. Med. Record, July 25, 1903.
antitussin (an-ti-tus’in), n. [See *antitussive.]
A white, crystalline, fragrant compound (C6-
H4F2), used in ointments; difluor diphenyl. It
is uséâ as an antispasmodic and hypnotic in
whooping-cough.
antitussive (an-ti-tus’iv), a. and n. |. ăvré,
against, + L. tussis, a cough..] I. a. Prevent-
§ or relieving cough. Buck, Med. Handbook,
VI. 573.
II. m. Any agent which possesses this
property.
anti-twilight (an-ti-twilit), n. The bright
arc, or twilight are, when first seen near the
eastern horizon opposite the sun just before
sunset, due to sunlight reflected from the
illuminated portion of the atmosphere. The
twilight are rises, as the sun sinks lower, and
eventually passes westward over the zenith.
antityphoid (am-ti-ti'foid), a. Tending to pre-
vent or cure typhoid fever: as, antityphoid
serum. Med. Record, June 27, 1903, p. 1043.
antivaccination (an "ti-wak-Si-nā’ shon), a.
Opposed to the practice of vaccination ; con-
sidering or dealing with the subject of anti-
vaccination : as, an antivaccination lecture ;
the antivaccination movement.
antivenene (an"ti-vé-nēn’), n. [anti- + “ve-
meme.] The antibody to venene, which inhibits
the action of the latter. Buck, Med. Handbook,
VI. 716. Also called antivenin, antivemine.
antivenenian (an"ti-vé-nē’ni-an), a. [Gr. &vri,
against, H- venemium, poison, + -ian.] Same as
amtidotal.
antivenin, antivenine (an-ti-ven'in), n. [L.
anti- + ven(enum), poison, + -in?..] Same as
kantivenene.
antivenomous (an-ti-ven’9-mus), a. Antago-
mistic to the action of snake-poison. Buck,
Med. Handbook, WI. 715.
antivivisectionist (an"ti-viv-i-Sek'shgn-ist),
n. [anti- + vivisection + -ist.] One who is
opposed to the making of physiologic and
, therapeutic experiments on living animals.
Med. Record, Feb. 14, 1903, p. 264.
antlerite (ant'lér-it), n. [Antler (see def.) +
-ite2.] A hydrated copper sulphate occurring
in soft lumps of a light-green color: from the
Antler mine, Yucca Station, Arizona.
antodonin (an-tó’dó-nin), n. A pigment found
in certain invertebrate animals, notably cri-
noids. Science, May 31, 1901, p. 847.
antonino (ān-to-nē’nö), n. [Sp. (equiv. to E.
ſº , dim. of Antonio, Antony.] ACuban name
of the mackerel-scad, Decapterus macarellus.
a.º.º. 0.—Antorbital vacuity, in anat., the
open space in front of the antorbital plate and behind
the maxillary process of the nasal.
II. n. 1. In ichth., the preorbital bone.—2.
In ornith., a bony plate morphologically the
equivalent of the prefrontal of reptiles, stand-
ing at an obtuse angle to the interorbital sep-
tum and forming the anterior border of the
orbit of the eye.
ant-orchis (ant'ór"kis), n. An Australian and
Tasmanian terrestrial orchid, Chiloglottis Gun- A.
70%,
ant-rice (ànt/ris), n. . A grass, Aristida oligan-
tha, growing in the clearings around the nests
of the agricultural ants of Texas, which feed
upon its seeds.
Aºn (an-trö’fi-um), n. [NL. (Kaul-
fuss, 1824), K. Gr. &vrpov, cavity, groove, --
ºffety, grow.] . A genus of polypodiaceous ferns,
with simple linear-lanceolate to oblong-ellip-
tical fronds and sori borne in continuous lines
(either superficial or in shallow grooves,
whence the name) following the reticulate
venation. There are about 25 species, widely
distributed throughout the humid tropies of
|both hemispheres.
antrorse, a. 2. In ichth., turned forward: said
of spines.
antroversion (an-trö-vér'shgn), n. [See *an-
trovert.] A turning forward: same as ante-
version. Syd. Soc. Lea.
antrovert (an-trö-vért'), v. t... [antro- for an-
tero- + L. vertere, turn.] To tip, turn, or bend
forward. Owen.
Antrum feminimum, the small tubular entrance to the
female generative passage in polyclads.—Antrum mas-
culinum, the outer tubular opening of the male genera-
tive organs in polyclads.-Mastoid antrum, the cells
in the mastoid process of the temporal bone taken col-
lectively.—M antrum. Same as amtrum High-
777,0???,0.702/710e
ant-spider (änt’spi"dēr), m. Any one of several
spiders which closely resemble ants, forming
notable examples of aggressive mimicry.
Antwerp (ant' wérp), m. The name of a city
in Belgium, used to distinguish a breed of do-
mesticated pigeons having a large, massive
head and short, stout beak with a small wattle
at the base. They are bred in a variety of colors, but
silver, silver-checkered, “creamies,” and black are
those preferred. These birds fly well and have a strong
homing sense: during the Franco-German war they were
used for carrying despatches.—Antwerp rose. See
*rosel. *
anubing (a-nó’bing), m. [Philippine Sp. amu-
bing, anubiong, anubin, anubion, K Tagalog ano-
bing.] A valuable timber-tree, Artocarpus
Cumingiana. It yields a fine-grained wood of a yel-
lowish-gray color, which is light and very durable if
roperly seasoned. It also resists dampness, and is used
or posts in house-building. [Philippine Is..]
anuclear (a-nii’klē-ăr), a. Non-nucleated ; con-
cerning or pertaining to the alleged absence of
a nucleus in certain low organisms.
anube (ä-nö’hâ), m. [Maori amuhe, a large cat-
erpillar, = Hawaiian amuhe, Samoan amufe,
etc., a worm, a caterpillar.]. The New Zealand
caterpillar-fun a species of ºg.
which attacks certain lepidopterous larvae. See
*a*Deto. &
anunu (ä-nö(né), m. [Hawaiian, K. anunu,
greedy.] In Hawaii, a name of several species
of climbing or prostrate herbs belonging to the
genus Sicyos, of the gourd family.
anuretic (an-i-ret'ik), a. [anwresis (-ret) + -ic.]
Same as *anuric.
amuric (a-nā’rik), a. [anuria + -ic...] Resulting
from or relating to anuria.
Anus cerebri, the anterior opening of the aqueduct of
Sylvius. – Anus vestibularis or VulvoVaginalis, a
malformation in which the anus is imperforate, the rec-
tum terminating at the vulva. – Artificial anus, an
opening made into the large intestine for the purpose of
giving exit to the fecal contents in cases of complete
obstruction below.
anusim (a-nó’sém), m. pl. [Heb., ‘the forced,’
Kanas, compel, force, constrain.] Jews who
were forced to accept the Catholic religion at
the time of their expulsion from Spain (1492),
but who secretly observed the principal tenets
of their faith: same as maramos.
Anversian (an-vèr'sian), a. and m. [F. Anvers,
Antwerp..] I. a. Of or pertaining to Antwerp.
II. m. In geol., a division of the Miocene
in the vicinity of Antwerp, Belgium.
anvil, m.–Plattner's anvil, a small polished steel
block used in blowpipe analysis.
anvil-cutter (an'vil-kut’ér), m. A chisel-like
cutting instrument whose shank is inserted in
a square hole in the face of an anvil, the bar
aosmic (ā-Oz’mik), a.
Apache blue-grass.
apachicta %. chék’tā), n.
apachite (a-pach'it), n.
apagogically (ap-a-goji-kal-i), adv.
apaidt, p. (i.
apalit (à-pâ’lét), m.
Apama (a-pâ’mâ), m.
apandry (a-pan'dri), n.
aparaphysate (a-pa-raf’i-sāt), a.
apa Sanca,
to be cut being laid upon the cutting edge and
struck with a hammer or sledge. -
anvil-paper (an'vil-pâ"pér), n. See *paper. .
Anxious seat or bench, a seat, bench, or pew set
apart
for ‘anxious inquirers,” or those who are concerned ;:
their souls’ salvation and desire advice or comfort ; often
figurative. Haliburton, The Clockmaker.
anytin (an'i-tin), n. A trade-name for a deriva:
tive of ichthyol which is used in dermatological
practice.
anytol (an’i-tól), n. A solution of such a sub-
stance as phenol or guaiacol in water contain-
ing anytin.
O. In astron., an abbreviation of Argelan-
der-Oeltzen, referring to a catalogue of south-
ern stars observed by Argelander in zones and
reduced to a regular catalogue by Oeltzen.
aoa (ä-ö’ā), n. [Polynesian name.] A name,
throughout Polynesia, of the banian-tree (Ficus
Aoa and other species). These trees were thought
by the natives to be the lurking-places of spirits, and in
some islands were planted near temples. Though not
Uccurring in Hawaii, the aoa is mentioned in the ancient
songs of the aboriginal inhabitants. See banian 2.
. O. M. An abbreviation of Artium Obstetri-
carum Magister, Master of Obstetric Arts.
aorta, n. 2. In the higher invertebrates, the
large blood-vessel leading from the heart,
usually anteriorly and posteriorly. — Aorta.
chlorotica, the small-sized aorta sometimes present in
one suffering from chlorosis. -
Aortic cartilage, the second costal cartilage on the right
side, behind which is the arch of the aorta. —AOrtic in-
competence, or insufficiency, failure of the aortic
valve of the heart to close completely, thus allowing of
regurgitation of blood into the left ventricle at each
diastole. — Aortic isthmus, a narrow portion of the
aorta, most marked in the fetus, at the point of attach-
ment of the ductws arteriosus. – Aortic murmur, a
cardiac murmur indicating obstruction or insufficiency
at the aortic orifice.—AOrtic notch, a point in sphyg-
mographic tracing indicating the time of closure of the
aortic valve.—Aortic obstruction, a condition in which
there are adhesions or thickening of the cusps of the
aortic valve, preventing the free flow of blood from the
left ventricle into the aorta. — Aortic spindle, a slight
fusiform dilatation of the aorta just below the isthmus.
[Gr. doguog, equiv. to
ăvoaplog, without odor: see amoSmia..] Same as
*anosmic.
A. P. A. An abbreviation of American Pro-
tective Association.
See *blue-grass.
& [Also apachita,
apachecta; " Quichua of Peru and Aymará.j
In Peru and Bolivia, a heap of stones and
twigs raised by the Indians at any prominent
landmark, such as a pass, divide, crest, or
height. The twigs are symbols of prayers offered on
the site to spirits supposed to dwell on or about it, and
the stones symbolize an offering. A quid ºr cud of chewed
coca-leaves is invariably deposited there also in sacrifice.
[Apache (mountains),
in Texas, + -ite?..] In petrog., a variety of the
igneous rock phonolite, first observed in the
Apache mountains of Texas, characterized by
sodic amphiboles and aenigmatite as associates
of the usual sodic pyroxenes, and by micro-
perthite feldspar. Osann, 1896.
In an
apagogical manner; by indirect demonstration
or proof; by reductio ad absurdum. E. Caird,
Philos. of Kant, II. 568. N. E. D.
Y ~ 4-3 [ME. apaiºd, etc., pp. of apay.]
atisfied; pleased; repaid. Itobert of Gloucester.
N. E. D.
[Phil. Sp.] A name in
the Philippines of Pterocarpus Blancoi, a tree
with pinnate leaves, smooth, winged pods, and
red wood with an aromatic odor. Like other spe-
cies of Pterocarpus, it is sometimes called marra and
asama, and is used for furniture; but it is distinguished
by its fragrance, and is sometimes called Philippine
8amdalwood.
[NL. (Lamarck, 1783),
from an Indian name of the type species of the
genus.] A genus of dicotyledonous plants of
the family Aristolochiaceae, characterized by
the short, three-lobed, campanulate corolla.
See Bragantia.
[Gr. ató, without, +
diviſp (avóp-), man, male.] In bot., fusion of the
antheridium with the očgonium: also extended
to the corresponding organs in spermato-
phytes. M’Nab.
[a-18 + pa-
raphysis + -ate!..] In bot., destitute of pa-
raphyses. *
apasanca (ä-på-sånſkä), m. [Sp. in Peru and Bo-
livia, K Peruv. (Quichua) apasanca (Tschudi);
also used in Bolivia among the Aymará.] The
bush-spider, or great Mygale, of which a
smaller variety is found as high as 13.000 feet
and more in the Bolivian Andes.
&pa SOUe
apºtº (ä-på-såſtå), n. [Also pasote, and in
orto Rico basote; Mex. Sp., ſºgyepatzotl, the
Nahuatl name of the plant.] A name in Guam
and the Philippine Islands of Chenopodium am-
brosioides, an aromatic plant of Mexican ori-
gin now widely spread over the warmer re-
gions of the earth and commonly known as
Mexican tea (which see, under Mexican).
Apate (ap'a-té), m. [NL. (Fabricius, 1775), KGr.
ătrătm, deceit, fraud.] A genus of bostrychid
beetles which has been subdivided into sev-
veral genera by recent authors. A. terebrans
Pall. is an inhabitant of Africa.
apatetic (ap-a-tet'ik), a. [Gr. Ötratºrukóg, serv-
ing to deceive, K atrátm, deceit.] Concerning
or pertaining to the copying, in an animal, of
some useful characteristic of another species
for the sake of obtaining the like advantage.
—Apatetic colors, those colors which cause an animal
to resemble some pārt of its surroundings, or cause it to
be mistaken for another species. Poulton, Colours of
Animals, p. 338.
apathetic, a. 2. In biol., of or pertaining to
the Apathetica of Lamarck.
apathetic-active (ap-a-thet'ik-akºtiv), a. In
psychol., noting a composite character or tem-
perament of the moral or stoical type. Ribot
(trans.), Psychol. of Emotions, p. 400.
apathetic-sensitive (ap-a-thet'ik-sen'si-tiv),
a. In psychol., noting a composite character
or temperament which finds its highest ex-
pression in the martyr, the hero, and the crea-
tive artist. Ribot (trans.), Psychol. of Emo-
tions, p. 401.
apathic (a-path'ik), a. [As apath-y + -ic.]
ithout feeling or sensation. Todd, Cyc. Anat,
I. 107.
Apathus (ap'a-thus), n. [NL. (Newman, 1834),
K. Gr. atraffic, without suffering : see apathy.]
A genus of true bees, of the family Apidae, al-
lied to the bumblebees of the genus Bombus,
which they mimic and in whose nests they lead
an inquiline life. The word is a synonym of
Psithyrus (St. Fargeau, 1832), and the genus
is now generally referred to under that name.
apathy, n. 2. In the Stoic philos., a certain im-
perturbability produced in the wise man's soul
|by sincere rejection of the motion that pleasure
is in itself desirable, or pain in itself undesir-
able and by trained watchfulness to exclude all
unreasonable passions (all passions affecting
conduct being regarded as unreasonable).
Apatosaurus (ap-a-tó-sā’rus), m. [NL., K. Gr.
&Tátm, deceit, + gaipog, lizard.] A genus of
dinosaurian reptiles of the family Camara-
sauridae, described by Marsh from the Upper
Jurassic rocks of Colorado.
A. P. D. An abbreviation of Army Pay Depart-
'ment.
ape2 (ā’pâ), m. [Hawaiian.] 1. Gummera peta-
oidea, a plant of the high mountain slopes of
Hawaii, bearing large, broad, reniform leaves
from two to three feet in width.- 2. A name
in the Hawaiian and Society islands of Aloca-
Ape (21 locasia macror/tiza).
21, inflorescence with spathe removed : a, female ſlowers at base
of spadix; 6, inale flowers; c, neutral zone; g, terminal appendage.
(After figure in Engler and Prantl's “Pflanzenfamilien.")
gia macrorhiza, an aroid plant with large, oval,
sagittate leaves. It is cultivated in India, China,
and many of the Polynesian islands, where the leaves of
the very young plant and the corms are eaten after vola-
tilizing º acrid principle by drying or the application of
heat. Also called apii in Hawaii.
ape-cleft (āp kleft), n. Same as *ape-fissure.
IRuck, Med. Handbook, II. 278. p
apedioscope (a - ped i-3 - Sköp), m. , [Gr, 4-
º ºf lain (taken ‘plane'), +
priv. 4- Teófou, a plain (ta as ‘plane ),
Glcotreiv, view.] An apparatus for observing ste-
reoscopic projections. ... It consists of a wooden box
having two apertures for the eyes of 9, 8pectator, who
views one picture in a direct line while the other picture
is superposed on the first by the aid of a couple of mir-
TOTS,
ape-fissure º 'fish'ir), m. A deep fissure in
the occipital lobe of the brain, present in the
ape and occasionally also in man. Also called
eacoccipital fissure.
ape-hand (āp'hand), n. In pathol, a deformity
of the hand in which it resembles the fore paw
of the ape in consequence of atrophy of the
muscles of the thumb.
apeiry (a-piri), n. [Gr. &tretpia, the boundless-
mess of space, Kötrepoc, boundless.] In geom,
topics, a number associated with a place of
three or more dimensions and indicating how
many places it contains for unbounded solid
bodies that have no room within it to shrink to
nothing. The apeiry of real Space may be assumed to
be either 0 or 1. If space, though infinite, be limited,
so that there is no geometrical impossibility in the ex-
pansion of a small homogeneous mass without any union
of parts that had been separate, so as to fill all space, the
apeiry is 0: but if that substrate fluid which the vortex-
atom theory supposes to fill all space geometrically could
not, even if it were compressible, be so deformed as to
leave any part of space empty, then the apeiry is at least
1; and while it is easy to imagine that even after a first
rupture of that fluid there would still be a geometrical
impossibility in its shrinking indefinitely toward occupy-
ing no solid space, which would make the apeiry of space
greater than 1, there is nothing in experience to warrant
or make pertinent such a suggestion.
Apeltes º m. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. 4-
TéATm, a shield..] A genus of American stickle-
backs of the family Gasterosteidae, having the
pelvic shield divided and the skin naked.
apena (a-pê'nā), m. [NL., K. Gr. &tivm.] In Gr.
antiq., a wagon or chariot, four-wheeled or two-
wheeled, sometimes used for racing. The ve-
hicle sometimes had a tilt or cover with win-
dows at the sides.
apertometry (ap-èr-tom’e-tri), m. [Irreg. K L.
apertus, open, + Gr. -uetpia, KpièTpov, measure.]
In optics, the art of measuring the effective or
equivalent apertures of a lens or system of
º Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc., Feb., 1903,
p. 94.
aperturate (a-pèr’tli-rát), a. [NL. apertu-
ratus, K L. aperture, aperture.] Having aper-
tures; specifically, having reference to that di-
vision of the brachiopod genus Spirifer, termed
the Aperturati, which is typified by the species.
S. aperturatus and characterized by the plica-
tions on the fold and sinus of the valves.
aperture, m.—Absolute aperture, the actual or mea-
sured size of the aperture of a diaphragm, generally stated
in giving its diameter: used in contradistinction to effective
aperture.— Pedal aperture, the opening in the mantle
of mollusks through which the foot is protruded.—Rela-
tive aperture of a lens, the radius of the actual ap-
erture divided by the focal length of the lems.
Apetala (a-pet’a-lâ), m. pl. [Gr. 6- priv. -- Tré-
ražov, a leaf.] In some classifications, a sec-
tion or division of the echinoids belonging to
the family Spatangidae, characterized by apet-
alous ambulacra crossed by fascioles.
apetalous, a. 2. In the echinoids or sea-
urchins, having one of the five ambulacral rays
more or less imperfectly developed.
apex, n. 1. (f) In projective geom., the point
etermined by 3 planes.— 3. pl. The abacus-
marks. Boethius. The apices of Gerbert's abacus are
symbols for the digits from 1 to 9, but without the zero.
Beman and Smith, Hist, of Math., p. 39.
aphakial (a-fä’ki-al), a. Same as aphacic.
Aphaneura (af-a-mü’râ), m. pl. [NL., irreg. K
r. & pavág, unseen, + veipov, sinew (nerve).]
A family of Oligochaeta, containing the single
fresh-water genus Aëlosoma. It is peculiar in hav.
ing the central nervous system reduced to the central
ganglia, which, moreover, retain the embryonic character
of connection with the epidermis. The worms are small
and their transparent bodies contain droplets of brightly
colored oil.
aphanisis (a-fan’i-sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. 646 volc,
abolition, suppression, Kāpavićen, abolish, *f;
press, hide, K apawhº, unseen, invisible.] In
bot., the suppression or abortion of parts re-
quired by morphological analogy, ,
aphanistic (af-a-nistik), a., [K Gr. Gºalfic, un-
seen, invisible.] That renders invisible; ob-
literative to the eye; as, aphamistic coloration.
Nature, Oct. 27, 1910, p. 537.
aphanophyre (a-fan’ā-fir), n. [apham(itic) +
-o- + (ſpor)phyr(y).] In petrog., a porphyry
with aphamitic ground-mass: analogous to
granophyre, melaphyre, felsophyre, etc.
aphasia, n.—Associative aphasia, aphasia due to
esion in the association-area of the brain intercepting
one or more of the pathways of impulses between the
various centers. — Auditory aphasia, aphasia due to
lesion in the hearing-center of the brain, the patient hav-
ing lost the ability to understand spoken words; word-
deafness.— Motor aphasia, loss of power to employ
aphorisming
words in phrases, although the ability to read, write,
and understand spoken words, is unimpaired.-Optió
a phasia, a form of aphasia in which the patient is unable
to recall the name of an object when he sees it.—Visual
aphasia, a form of aphasia in which the patient is unable
to appreciate the significance of #. or written words,
although he sees the Words distinctly.—Wernicke's
a phasia. Of COnduction. Same as word-deafness.
Aphelandra (af-e-lan'drã), m. [NL.] A genus
containing about 60 species of the family Acan-
thaceae, evergreen, tropical, American shrubs
grown in hothouses for the fine foliage and
showy 4-sided terminal spikes of red or yellow
gaudy-bracted flowers. The species most com-
mon in trade are A. aurantiaca (including 4.
Ič002bit), A. squarrosa (chrysops), and A. Fasci-
'mato)'.
Aphelops (af'e-lops), n. [Gr, dºeºffc, level,
smooth, Öºp, eye, face.] In Cope's classi-
fication of the extinct rhinoceroses, a group,
represented chiefly by North American species,
having but three digits on the manus. These are
considered as belonging to the acerathine or hornless di-
vision of the genus. They occur in the Tertiary beds.
aphengoscope (a-feng'gó-sköp), n. Same as
aphengeScope.
aphestic (a-festik), a. . [Gr. diſpéortog, far from
earth and home, Čárá, from, ºf ºria, hearth,
family.] Relating to matters outside the home
circle. A. Swtherland.
aphidein, aphideine (a-fid’é-in), n. [aphis
(aphid-) + -e-H -in?..] Thered coloring matter
of the Aphididae, a composite substance which
may be separated into three constituents called
by Sorby aphidiluteine, aphidiluteoline, and
aphidirhodeine.
Aphidiides (af-i-di'i-déz), n. # [NL., prop
Aphidiidae or Aphidiadae, K Aphidius.] A group
of hymenopterous parasites, of the family Bra-
conidae, typified by the genus Aphidius.
Aphidiinae (af-i-di-i(né), m. pl. [NL., K Aphid-
Čus + -inae.] A subfamily of the hymenop-
terous family Braconidae. All of its members are
parasitic upon aphides, and they constitute one of the
principal checks to the multiplication of these very in-
jurious insects.
Aphidius (a-fid’i-us), n. [NL. (Nees, 1818),
K. N.L. aphis (aphid-).] An important genus
of hymenopterous insects, of the family Bra-
conidae, typical of the subfamily Aphidiinae or
Aphidiides, comprising a host of minute spe-
cies, all of which are parasitic on aphides.
aphidoid (af'i-doid), a. [NL. aphis (aphid-) +
Q,
-oid.] Belonging to or *:::#. the family
Aphididae.
aphidologist (...º.º.) m. One who is
learned in the study of the Aphididae.
aphidophagous (af-i-dof'a-gus), a.
aphidiphagous.
aphikomon, aphikomen. See *afikomen.
*ś, n.— Black, or brown aphis, an aphis, Rhopa-
osiphum violae, which injures violets, especially those
in greenhouses.— Corn aphis, See Arcorn-aphis.-Corn-
root aphis, an American aphidid, Aphis maidi-radicts,
found commonly on the roots of indian corn. Feach
aphis. See #peach-aphis.
aphis-fly (ā‘fis-fli), n. Any species of any
one of numerous genera of flies of the family
Syrphidae, the larvae of which prey upon
aphides.
aphis-wolf (ā’fis-willf), n. The larva of any
º of Hemerobius, as distinguished from
the aphis-lions of the genus Chrysopa.
Aphlebia (a-flé'bi-á), n... [NL. (Presl, 1838),
K. Gr. 6- priv. H. p7.éip (p788-), vein.] A sup-
i. genus of fossil plants with lobed, flabel-
ately pinnatifid, or pinnate fronds destitute
of veins, found attached to or apparently
climbing over other plants, especially Pecop-
teris, i. teris, and Sphenopteris. There is now
little doubt that they are stipellar outgrowths or adven-
titious pinnae of these plants. See Rhacophyllum and
Schizopteris.
aphodal (af'é-dal), a. [aphodus + -all.] Per-
taining to an aphodus; possessing aphodi: as,
the aphodal type of canal system in sponges.
aphodus (af'3-dus), n. ; pl. aphodi (-di). [NL.,
K. Gr. 30000c, a going out, Käté, off, + 636, a
way.] In certain Sponges, a small canal lead-
ing from a flagellated chamber to the excur-
rent canal.
“phºtº a. [Gr. 6- priv. -- phonic.]
. Having no sound or pronunciation. N.E.D.
–2. Having no voiced quality; not voiced.
Scripture, Elements of Experimental Phonet-
ics, p. 443.
aphorisming (af'3-riz-ming), p. a. Affecting
the use of aphorisms in speaking and writing.
Milton, Reform, II. 33. N.E.D.
Same as

aphorizer
aphorizer (af'º-ri-zēr), n. One who indulges
in aphorisms in speaking and writing; an
aphorist.
* (af - © rā’ri-dé), n. pl.
phorura (Gr. & popog, not bearing, + oipá, tail)
+ -idae.] A # of thysanurous insects, of
the suborder Collembola, having no ventral
spring below the abdomen. It is composed of
very small soft-bodied insects which are not
uncommon, although seldom noticed.
aphotic (a foºtik), a för... a priv. 3 ºc, light
-ic.] In †† without light: applied
to the deep level in a body of water in which
only non-assimilating organisms can exist.
Schimper (trans.), Plant Geog., p. 782. º
aphotometric (a-fé-tº-met’rik), a. [Gr. 6-
§ + pig (bor-), light, + 2érgov, measure.]
oting zoöspores which not only take up a
definite position with regard to the direction
of light-rays º but which invari-
ably present the same end to the light.
aphototropic (a-fö-tº-trop'ik), a. (Gr. 6- priv.
Qög (pot-), º + rpétroc, a turning.] Per-
taining to or exhibiting the absence of growth
with reference to light; not phototropic.
The direct tropic effect of light is greatest in the green
rays, absent in the blue, and reversed in the red. The
effect is modified by the absorbing or scattering char-
acter of the background, and by the age of the animal.
At the moment of hatching, Convoluta is aphototropic.
Nature, July 9, 1903, p. 237.
aphrasia (a-frā'zi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv.
ºppéolg, speech: see phrase..] In pathol., loss,
through disease, of the power of expressing
one's self in formed sentences.
“phººn (af-ré-des’in), m. [Gr. & ºpóóng,
foamy, + L. aesc(ulus), horse-chestnut, + -in?..]
A glucoside, C52H82O23, occurring in the coty-
ledons of the horse-chestnut. It forms an
amorphous powder easily soluble in water.
aphrodisia” (af-rº-diz’i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
Appodiolog: see Aphrodisia1.] 1. Eroticism.
–2. The sexual act.
Aphroditeum (af’rö-di-té’um), n. [NL., K
Aphrodite, Aphrodite.] In Gr. antiq., a tem-
#. shrine, or precinct sacred to Aphrodite.
here was such a temple at Cnidos, which con-
tained the famous statue of the divinity by
Praxiteles.
Aphrothoraca (af’rö-thé-rā’kä), m. pl. [Gr.
ãºpóg, foam, + 0ápa:, breast.] Same as *Aphro-
thoracida.
Aºi. (af-rj-thé-ras’i-dà), m. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. Öppóg, foam, + 6ópaś, breast, +
-ida.] An order of Heliozoa having no skele-
ton, but with the power of amoeboid motion
and with plastic or stiff pseudopodia, the lat-
ter possessing axial filaments. It includes
the genera Vampyrella, Nuclearia, Myaastrum,
Actinophrys, Actinosphaerium, and others.
aphtha, n.—Aphtha tropica, a digestive disorder,
accompanied by an aphthous eruption, occurring in tropi-
cal regions.— Bednar's aphthae, an eruption of yellow-
ish spots on the mucuus membrane of the hard palate in
infants.
Aphthartodocetic(af-thär"tö-dó-sé’tik), a. Of
or pertaining to the Aphthartodocette or their
teachings. See Aphthartodocetae.
aphthite (af'thit), n. An alloy composed of
00 parts of copper, 25 of platinum, 10 of tung-
stem, and 170 of gold. Thorpe, Dict. Applied
Chem., I. 189.
*ś (af'thong-al), a. [aphthong + -al.]
f the nature of an aphthong; written but not
pronounced; mute.
aphthongia (af-thong'gi-á), n. [Gr. &#60yyoc,
voiceless, K &- priv. -- $68 yyeoffat, speak.] In
pathol., spasmodic contraction of the muscles
supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, resulting
in loss of voice.
Aphyllites (a-fi-li’téz), n. [NL., K. Gr. - priv.
+ piãAov, a leaf, + -ites.] See *Agoniatites.
aphyric (a-fir’ik), a. . [Gr. 6- priv. H. (por)-
hyric..] Non-porphyritic: a term applied to an
igneous rock which does not possess the por-
yritic texture,
A. iaceae (à-pi-ā'sé-6), m. pl. . [NL. (Lindley,
1836), K Apium + -aceae.] A family of dicoty-
ledonous, choripetalous plants of the order
Apiales, the parsley, carrot, or celery family,
based on the genus Apium as the type. See
Umbelliferae and *Apium.
apiaceous (à-pi-ā'shius), a... [NL. Apiaceae +
Jous.] Belonging to the Apiaceae; umbellifer-
OllS.
a piacere (à pi-à-chā’re). [It., “at pleasure':
see pleasure.] In music, same as ad libitum.
Apiales (à-pi-ā’léz), m. pl. [NL. (Ward, 1905),
K Apium + -ales.] An order of dicotyledon-
[NL., K.
ous. choripetalous plants embracing the fami-
lies Apiaceae, Araliaceae, and Cornaceae, and
characterized chiefly by having flowers in um-
bels. See Umbellales.
apicad (ap’i-kad), adv. [L. apez, apex, -- ad,
toward.] Toward the apex: introduced by
Hyatt in the terminology of the cephalopod
shell, and used to express the relation of parts
to the apex, Zittel (trans.), Textbook of Pa-
leon.. I. 574.
aſſica , 0.- Afte: axis, in diatoms, the line through
e center of the pervalvār axis in the direction of the
ruphe.-Apical body. Same as kacrosome.—Apical
cone, the growing point.—Apical growth, growth from
the apex which lengthens the axis.-Apical organ. Same
as Aapical plate.—Apical plane, in diatoms, the plane
perpendicular to the valvar plane passing through the
perValvar and apical axis.-Apical plasm, the idioplasm
to which the growth of a new shoot in a plant is due
according to Weismann's doctrine of germ-plasm.– Api-
cal plate, a thickening in the anterior end of a trocho-
sphere or larval stage of certaininvertebrates which is the
nerve-center of the larva.-Apical system, in the echi-
noids or sea-urchins, the system of plates at the summit
of the test or corona. Also called the dorgocentral system.
apicasm (ap’i-kazm), n. [Gr. &reikaopia, a copy,
âtrelkáčelv, form from a model, copy, K &tró,
from, H- elkáčetv, make like to, represent, K
etków, likeness, image.] A sign whose signifi-
cance is due to characters which might con-
ceivably equally belong to it although the
object it represents had never existed; a copy
or analogue; an icon. C. S. Peirce.
apicasy (a-pik'a-si), n. [Gr. 6treakagia, repre-
sentation by a copy or analogue.T Represen-
tation in an apicasm. See ºapica&m.
apicular (a-pikºú-lär), a. [NL. apiculus + -ar.]
n bot., situated or occurring at the apex: as,
apicular dehiscence.
apiculation (a-pik-i-lä’shgn), n. [NL. "apic-
wilatio(n-), K apiculatus, K apiculus: see apicu-
lus.] In bot., a short and abrupt but not stiff
point at the apex of an organ; an apiculus.
a pigenin (a-pij’ e-min), n. [api(im) + -gen,
-produced, + -in”.] A compound, C15H10O5,
formed by the hydrolysis of apiin. It crystal.
lizes in bright-yellow needles.
apikoros (à-pi-kö’ ros), m.; pl. apikorsim (ä-
pi-kör'sém). [Gr. 'Etikovpoc, Epicurus: see
epicure. The word has been referred to an
Aram. source, pakar, be free, break through..]
In Jewish use, one who is unsound in belief
or lax in the observance of religion or cere-
mony; one who is irreverent to rabbis; a
skeptic or heretic.
apio (ā‘pé-6), n. [A colonial use of Sp. apio,
celery, K L. apium, parsley.] A biennial, um-
belliferous plant, Arracacia Arracacha, a na-
tive of the Andes of northern South America.
Its large, fleshy yellow roots contain from 20 to 22 per
cent. of starch, and from the expressed juice of the root
alcohol is made. See arracacha.
Apiocera (ap-i-os’ e-ră), n. [NL. (Westwood,
1835), K iTuoc, distant, + képaç, horn.]. A ge-
nus of bombylioid Diptera typical of the fam-
ily Apioceridae. A. haruspea: inhabits the Yo-
semite valley.
Apºlº (ap"i-Ö-se’ri-dé), m. pl. . [NL., K
piocera + -idae.] A family of brachycerous
Diptera, of the superfamily Bombylioidea, hav-
ing the wings provided with five posterior cells.
They are large and slender flies somewhat resembling
the robber-flies, and the North American species all in-
habit the western portions of the continent.
apioid, n. 2. A solid of revolution shaped
something like a pear: a form assumed by a
rotating liquid spheroid when the speed be-
comes too great for the persistence of the
ellipsoid which followed the spheroid as the
speed increased.
apioidal (ap-i-oi'dal), a. Having an incipient
umb-bell form resembling the apioid. Know-
ledge, Nov., 1903, p. 253. e
apiol, n. 2. In med, and phar, the green li-
quid alcoholic extract of parsley-seeds used as
an emmenagogue and antiperiodic.
apiolic (ap-i-ol'ik), a. [apiol (?) , t_-ic.]
Noting 8, Il acid, CH2:02:C6H(OCH3)2CO2H,
formed by the oxidation of apiol. It consists
of needles which melt at 175°C.
a pione § m. [api(in) + -one..] A com-
pound, CH2:02:C6H2(OCH3)2, formed by heat-
ing apiolic acid with dilute sulphuric acid. It
crystallizes in needles which melt at 79°C.
apionic (ap-i-on'ik), (t. [apione_-F -ic.] Not-
ing an acid, C14H12O6 or C14H10O6, formed
by the oxidation .# isapiol. It consists of
small needles which melt with decomposition
at 252O C.
Apionichthys (ap"i-Ö-nik’ this), n. . [NL., K (?)
Gr. atriov, not fat (K &- priv. 4- triov, fat), -H
aplanospore
$3.6%g, fish.] A genus of small soles or tongue-
fishes of the family Soleidae, found in South
America. *
Apiosoma (ap’i-Ö-Sö’mă), n. [NL., K. Gr. &rtov
pear, + dāga, body..] "A genus of amoeboiá
organisms found in the red corpuscles of the
blood of cattle affected by Texas fever, the in-
fection of which is carried by ticks: a syno-
nym of *Piroplasma.
Agºriº (ap’i-à-spó'ri-um), n. [NL.
(Kunze, 1817), K. Gr. atriov, pear, -- atopá,
spore.] A genus of fungi of the order of Peri-
sporiales, having spherical perithecia, and asci
containing eight brown spores with transverse
Septa. Many of the described species are known only
in their conidial forms, which grow on leaves and
branches, where the honeydew of plant-lice is present,
Causing what is called sooty mold.
apiri (à-pé'ré), n. See *aalii.
Apisi, n. 2. A small southern constellation
situated between the Cross and the Chameleon.
Same as Musca.
apism (äp'izm), n. [ape -H, -ism..] The prae-
tice of aping; mimicry. Carlyle, Past and
Present.
apiton(ë-pē-tón"), n.[Philippine Sp.; K Bisayan
apitong, the resin of the tree ‘dragon's-blood.’ J
In the Philippine Islands, a large forest-tree,
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, which yields a fine-
grained wood of a grayish or greenish-gray
color, used in construction and for the planking
of boats. Like many of its congeners, this tree yields
an oleoresin, which, however, is inferior to that of the
panao or malapaho (Dipterocarpus vermicifluus). See Dip-
terocarpus and Apamao.
Apium (ā’pi-um), n. [NL. (Linnaeus, 1753,
adopted from Tournefort, 1700), K.L. apium, the
name of parsley and related plants: see ache?..]
A genus of dicotyledonous plants, type of the
family Apiaceae. They are erect or prostrate glabrous
herbs with compound leaves and umbels of white flowers.
They are distinguished by the laterally flattened fruit and
by the solitary oil-tubes in the intervals between the
usually prominent ribs of the carpels. The genus in-
cludes about 20 species, natives of the eastern hemi-
sphere, with the exception of A. Ammi, which occurs from
North Carolina to Florida and Mexico and extends into
South America. Two or three introduced species occur
locally in the eastern United States and in California. For
A. graveolens see celery, marsh-parsley, 1, and smallage.
apjohnite (ap'jon-it), m. [Named after James
Apjohn, an English chemist, who first de-
scribed it..] A manganese alum occurring in
silky white fibrous masses and also in crusts.
Aplacophora (ap-la-kof’º-rá), n., pl. . [NL.,
K. Gr. 6-priv. -- Gr. 724; (TAak-), a flat piece or
part, + -popog, Kºšpen, bear.] A suborder of
Amphineura, having the body vermiform, foot
absent or merely a groove, and the cuticle more
or less covered with spicules. It includes
the families Neomeniidae and Chaºtodermatialae.
Same as Solenogastres. Compare Polyplaco-
phora.
aplanat (apºla-nat), m. . [G. aplanat: , see
aplanatic.] A system of lenses invented by
Adolph Steinheil, in 1866, for use in photog-
raphy, consisting of a biconvex crown-glass
lens placed between two concavo-convex
lenses of flint-glass. The invention of these
objectives was a great improvement in photog-
raphy, since before that time no objective gave
a wide view-field undistorted and with sufficient.
illumination. — Group aplanat, an aplanat of
large aperture with the members at a moder-
ately great distance, effecting high illumination.
Aplanatic points, in optics, two points, lying
upon any straight line passing through the center of a
sphere, which serve to locate the path of a refracted ray
within the sphere. They are situated at distances in r and
3 r from the center
of the sphere, where
r is the radius of the
sphere and m is, its
index of refraction.
Let a ray of light
meet the surface of
the sphere at 4 and
let B be the point in
which the continua-
tion of the ray meets
a circle drawn in the
plane of incidence
with radius nr and
having the same center O as the sphere. Let the line
O B from the center of the sphere cut a circle drawn
with radius ºr at D. The line A D is the path of the re-
fracted ray within the sphere, and the points B and D
are aplanatic points.—Aplanatic Surface, in optics, a
surface from every point of which the sum of the optical
paths to two given points, with reference to which the
surface is defined, is constant.—Aplanatic system, in
optics, a system of lenses free from aberration for two
points upon the axis called the aplanatic points.
aplanospore (a-planº-spor), n. . [Gr, àtavfic,
not wandering, fixed, Kö- priv. -- Tââvoç, wan-
dering, + atopá, spore.] Same as hypnospore.
See *akinete.
a •
* *, * *
a * -->
**
A planat.
Apla natic l'oints.


aplasmic
aplasmic (a-plaz’mik), a. [Gr. 6- priv. 4-
täägua: see plasma.] Containing little or no
protoplasm, sarcoplasm, or other form of
plasma. Buck, Med. Handbook, III. 269.
aplastic, a. 2. Not molded, formed, or de-
veloped; imperfectly developed: as, aplastic
organs. Buck, Med. Handbook, I. 140.
aplitic (ap-lit'ik), a. See *haplitic.
Aplocheilus (ap-lā-kiºlus), n. [NL., prop.
* Haplochilus, K. Gr. dirã60g, single, + xeiàoc,
lip.] A genus of top-minnows of the family
Poeciliidae, found mainly in India.
A}; (ap-lºsé’lā), n. pl. ... [NL, prop,
aplocoºla, K dittà60g, single, -H koihov, a hollow.]
Same as *.Nemertini. Blanchard.
Aplodinotinae, Aplodinotus. See*Haplodino-
timaº, Haplodinotus.
Aplodontidae (ap-ló-don’ti-dé), m. pl. The
first published form of Haplodontidae.
Aplysioidea (ap-li-si-oid’é-á), m. pl. [NL., K
Aplysia + -oidea.] A group of tectibranchiate
gastropods of the order Opisthobranchiata,
consisting of the family Aplysiidae. The other
subdivisions of the order are Bulloidea, Plewrobranchoi-
dea, and Siphonarvoidea. g
aplysiopurpurin (ap-lis’i-6-pèr’pii-rin), m.
Aplysia (see def.) + purpurin.] A purple
pigment found in the secretion of the dermal
glands of Aplysia.
apnea, n. See apmoºd.
apneustic (ap-nistik), a. [Gr. & Twevotog, not
blown through, Kö- priv. -- “Tvevotóg, K tveiv,
breathe..] In entom., having a tracheal system
which is closed, that is, without stigmata or
spiracles: or if these are present they are
functionless. The apneustic system is found only in
certain aquatic or parasitic larvae in which the blood is
oxygenated through tracheal gills or through a very
delicate general body-integument. A. S. Packard, Text-
book of Entom., p. 440.
apo-. In chem., this prefix is sometimes used to indicate
production “from ' the particular source specified, as
apomorphia, made or prepared from morphia by chemical
change. In petrog., it is used with the name of an igneous
rock to indicate that the rock has been altered from an
original glassy state to a more or less completely crystal-
line condition : as, apobsidian, a porhyolite, apoandesite,
etc. These devitrified rocks are commonly of crypto-
crystalline or microcrystalline texture and exhibit traces
of perlitic or other textures of the original glass. Bascom,
1893. -
apoatropin (ap-Q-at’ró-pin), m. [apo- + Atropa
+ -in?..] A crystalline alkaloid, C17H21NO2,
formed in the roots of Atropa Belladonna, and
also prepared by treating atropin with nitric
acid. It melts at 60° C.
apobiosis (ap-3-bi’ó-sis), n. [Gr. &Tofftootc, de-
parture from life, Kätofftowv, depart from life,
+ &rd, away, + £ioç, life.] Death as a physio-
logic fact.
apocalyps, n.
lypse. -
apocarp (ap’ô-kärp) m. [Gr. &Tó, from, -- Kapitág,
fruit..] In bot., a fruit with several separate
carpels. Jackson, Glossary.
apocarpy (ap’º-kār-pi), m. In bot., the charac-
ter of being apocarpous.
apocatastatic (ap"3-kat-a-stat'ik), a. Of, per-
taining to, or of the nature of apocatastasis
or restoration.
apocenter (ap'6-sen"tër), n. [Gr. &tró, from,
+ kévrpov, center.] 1. In the orbit of a heaven-
ly body, the point most distant from the body
or point around which it revolves. Science,
Feb. 7, 1902, p. 221. –2. In biol., an organism
or organ which may be regarded as a special-
ized or divergent descendant from a more
primitive or less specialized organism or organ.
apocentric (ap-à-sen'trik), a. [Gr. &Tó, from,
+ kévrpov, center.] 1. Óf or pertaining to
an apocenter, in either sense. Encyc. Brit.,
XXVIII. 343.−2. Departing more or less from
the primitive or average type; specifically, in
ornith., departing from the primitive type o
intestine.
Markedly apocentric though they may be in the matter
of their intestinal coils. Nature, July 3, 1902, p. 285:
apocentrically (ap-à-sen"tri-kal-i), adv. In
an apocentric manner, or the manner that is
characteristic of apocentricity. Trans. Lin-
mean Soc., London, Oct., 1901, p. 204.
apocentricity (apº-sem-tris’i-ti), m. I*apo-
centrie ---ity.] The property of being apocen-
tric or of pertaining to an apocenter.
It is obvious that the #. º of a character
an be no guide to the affinities of its possessor.
C ? gu Encyc, Brit., XXVIII. 843,
Multiradial apocentricity, in ornith., adaptive modifl-
cations of the intestine.—Pseudocentric apocentri-
city, in ornith., slight departure from the primitive intes-
A simplified spelling of apoca-
Aponogetonaceae
at random, or without conscious or unconscious
preference; pangamy. -
Indiscriminate isolation allows free interbreeding of
all varieties, or apogamy.
Buck, Med. Handbook, TV. 38.
apogeny (a-poj'e-ni), n. [NL. "apogenia, K. Gr.
&Tó, away, + -yeveta, K -yevng, -producing.]
Sexual impotence, both male and female organs
having lost their functions.
apoglucic (ap-3-glö'sik), a. [apo- + gluc(ose)
+ -80.) Derived from glucose.-Apoglucic acid,
tinal type—Uniradial apocentricity, in ornith., com-
plex structural variation in the intestinal loops, not due
to any adaptive cause.
apocentron, apocentrum (ap - Ö-sen 'tron,
-trum), n. ; pl. apocentra (-trä). [NL. : see
*apocenter.] Same as *apocenter, 1. .
Apoceras (a-pos'g-ras), n. [NL. (Coville, 1905),
KGr. &tó, away from, *F Képaç, horn.] A genus
of trees belonging to the Rutaceae and charac-
terized by five horn-like diverging ovaries, four
of which disappear in the fruit. It is improp-
erly called Pentaceras by many authors. See an acid, C18H1007, found in cane-juice and formed by
Pentaceras. the action of an alkali on glucose.
Alºhgiliºs (apº-ki-lik'this), n, [NL, apogyny (a-poi'i-ni), n. [NL., “apºgynia, K Gr,
r
. &#6, off, 4 xeiàoc, lip, + x60s, fish.] A
genus of very small top-minnows of the family
Poeciliidae, found in the rice-ditches of Japan.
apochromat (ap'3-krö-mat), n. [apochromatic.]
A lens system, designed by Abbe, consisting of
a combination of ten lenses with homogeneous
immersion. It is achromatic for three colors
and therefore free from secondary spectra, and
aplanatic for two colors.
a poco (ä poſkö). [It., “by little’: see pococu-
'rante.] Gradually: used to qualify several terms
for musical style or expression: as, a poco più
lento, gradually slower; a poco più mosso, grad-
ually faster.
** (apº-dā'in), m. [apo- + codeine.]
n, alkaloid, C18H19NQ2, prepared by heating
codeine jºiº with a concentrated solu-
tion of zinc chlorid. Both the base and its salts
are amorphous.
apocopation (a-pok-Ö-pâ'shgn), n. [See apoc-
ope.] The dropping or omission of a letter or
Syllable from the end of a word; abbreviation
by apocope.
apocrenate (ap-à-kren’āt), n. [apocren(ic) +
-ate”.] Any salt of apocrenic acid, C21H12O12.
Some of the salts are found in the humus of
soil, in sinter deposits, and, sometimes, in
ferrugineous waters.
Apocrita (a-pok’ri-tä), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
&Tóiſputog, separated, K & Torptvetv, separate.]
A suborder of insects of the order Hymenop-
tera, having the abdomen connected with the
thorax by a deep constriction. It comprises
the vast majority of the hymenopterous in-
sects, including the three great series Para-
Sitica, Tubulifera, and Aculeata. Brauer.
apocryfal, a. A simplified spelling of apoc-
'ryphal.
apocryph (ap’ā-krif), n. An apocryphal writ-
IIl Q
àtró, away, + Yvvá, female, 4- -yS.] Loss of
reproductive power in the female organs.
apohyal, n. 2. In ichth., the basihyal bone.
Starks, Šynonymy of the Fish Skeleton, p. 517.
* (apºoid), a. Of or belonging to bees of
the typical family Apidae.
Apoidea (a-poi"dē-ă), m. pl. [NL. (Ashmead,
1899), K Apis + -oidea.] The true bees, con-
sidered as a superfamily and including the
families Apidae, Bombidae, Anthophoridae, No-
ºmadidae, Ceratinidae, Xylocopidae, Megachilidae,
Stelidae, Andrenidae, Colletidae, and Prosopidae.
apoikogenic (a-poi-kº-jen'ik), a. [Irreg. K. Gr.
àTolkoç, absent from home, H- -yevng, -produ-
cing.] Concerning or pertaining to eggs which
are abundantly supplied with food-yolk, and
which at an early stage of development leave
the follicle in which they were formed and
pass into the cavity of the ovarian tube to
complete their development: contrasted with
*katoikogenic. Nat. Sci., Oct., 1896, p. 232.
[Rare.]
apoise (a-poiz'), adv. [as H. poise.] Poised;
in a poised or balanced position. [Rare.]
apolar, a. 2. In geom., having no determinate
polar.
apolarity (a-pô-lar’i-ti), n. [apolar + -ity.] In
geom., the condition of being apolar.
apºlº (ap'ê-läst), m. [A back-formation
rom apolaustic.] 1. A pleasure-seeker.—2.
A student of apolaustic or esthetics.
apolausticism (ap-à-läs’ti-sizm), n. [apolaus-
tic + -ism.] The philosophy of taste or enjoy-
ment; apolaustics.
He was indeed only fervent in his apolausticism.
Awt Diabolus awt Nihil, p. 6 (1894).
apolegamic (ap-à-lè-gam'ik), a. [Erroneously
formed K. Gr. & Toàéyetv, pick out, + y&plog, mar-
riage.] Pertaining to or characterized by the
5 * conscious and intentional selection of mates
apocytial (ap-à-sish'al), a. [NL. *apocytium, K in pairing or marriage.—Apolegamic mating. See
Gr. àtró, from, + Körog, a hollow (a cell).] ºngºg. ..., * ~ * *-* . .
Noting fungi and algae, such as the Siphoma: Apollinaris (3-pol-i-nā’ris), n. See Apollinaris
les and Phyſcomycetes, which contain a num- tº under ºgter;
ber of nuclei within a single cell-wall. Apollo red. See *red;
apodal, a. II. m. An amphibian of the order apollonicon (ap-o-lon’i-kon), n. [Apollo(n-)
g tº º ºs ord + -icon, as in harmonicom.] A variety of or-
#: j a caecilian. Encyc. Brit., XXV. 383. chestrión invented in isſo by J. H. Völler of
tº tº smº Hesse-Darmstadt, but first manufactured in
apodete (a-pod’é-té), n. [NL. apodeté, K. Gr. & 7 * º g
p: 6, off, + 6erſ, fago t, fem. Of Öetóg, bo und.] 1828 in London. It was essentially a pipe-organ which
* e e could be played either mechanically by cylinders or, as it
That region in a bun ch of alcyonarian polyps had six keyboards, by several players, each taking part of
where the zoöids are separate. Compare
a concerted effect.
*symdete. Apollonize (8-polºgn-iz), v, i.; pret, and pp.
Apodichthys (ap-à-dik 'this), m. [NL., K. Gr. Apollonized, ppr. Apollonizing. [Gr. Atró%20v,
&Tovg (àtroë-), without feet (that is, ventral
Apollo, + -ize.] To act the Apollo, the god
fins), + l2:0üg, fish.] A genus of ribbon-
of the fine arts, music, literature, poetry, elo-
shaped blenniès found on the coast of Čaii. Quenºe; henge, to speak or decide gracularly
fornia.
OT) i. sº ..[Rare.]...N. E. D.
Apodina (ap-5-di'nā), n. pl. [NL., K. Gr. 3rovc apolog, ſº A simplified spelling ºf 4pºlogić.
º Kºi. #} ºf Aº or see apologete (8-pol’ô-jêt), n. One skilled in that
tion of Gastrotricha, containing forms having
branch of theology which has to do with the
no pedal appendages, as Dasydätes and Gossed. grºunds and defense of the Christian faith:
See *Euichthydina.
apolysin (a-poli-sin), n. A yellowish-white
apoëmbryony (ap-à-em’ bri-Qn-i), m. [apo- + crystalline powder, differing from phenacetin
embryon + -yº.] Suppression of the embryo-
in that it contains the citric acid radical in
stage, in which the oësphere gives rise im- place of the acetic. It is antipyretic and ano-
mediately to the vascular members.
apogalacteum (apº-ga-lak-té'um), n.; pl. apo-
galactea (-à). [NL. *apogalactaeum, K. Gr. &tró,
from, + yažašíaç (ya?akt-), the Milky Way, +
-æum, as in apogaeum, apogee.] The point of
maximum distance from the Milky Way in the
orbit of a star supposed to be revolving in an
orbit within the galactic ring. Amer. Jour. (?), --Gr. Yettov, neighbor (as in Potamogeton).]
Sci., Aug., 1903, pp. 135, 136. A genus of ornamental monocotyledonous
apogalactic (ap"3-ga-laktik), a. At a maxi- plants, the type and only genus of the family
mum distance from the Galaxy. See *apoga- Apomogetonaceae. The species most frequent
lactewm. in cultivation is A. distachyon. See Ouvèram-
apogamous, a. 2. In biol., illustrative of, per- dra.
taining to, or due to apogamy, or the substi- Aponogetonaceae (apº-nó-jë-tó-nā’sé-ê), n,
tution of vegetative for sexual reproduction. pl. [NL. (Engler, 1886), KAponogeton + -aceae.]
apogamy, n. 2. Mating, pairing, or marriage family of monocotyledónous plants of the
yme. -
Apomotis (ap-º-mâ’tis), n. [NL.] A genus of
fresh-water Sunfishes abounding in the Missis-
sippi Valley.
aponeurosis, n.—Gluteal aponeurosis. See Aglu-
teal.–Palmar aponeurosis...See Apalmar.
Aponogeton *:::::::::A; n. . [NL. (Lin-
naeus filius, 1781), K. Gr. &trovog, without trouble
Aponogetonaceae
order Naiadales, the lattice-leaf family, con-
taining the genus Aponogeton only. See *Apo-
7,0geton and Ouvirandra:
aponogetonaceous (apº-nójé-tó-nā‘shius), a.
Aponogetonaceae ---ouš.] In bot., belonging
to the family Aponogetonaceae.
apophantic, a. II. n. The logical theory of
the *::::: § W. #. % K NL
apophony (a-pofſó-ni), m. [F. apophonie, g
Fº K. Gr. &tró, off, H- povh, sound.]
Vöweigradation; the vowel-differentiation of
words known as ablaut (which see). N. and Q.,
8th ser., LX. 222. *
apophysal (a-pofºi-sal), a. Pèrtaining to or
having the characters of an apophysis. Amer.
Jour. Sci., 4th ser., XV. 280.
apophysary, a.-Trousseau's apophysary points,
various points on the spine, pressure upon which causes
pain in certain cases of neuralgia.
Apophysis manillaris, the olfactory bulb.-Cerebral
º , the pineal body.— Genial apophysis. See
gentatz.
apoplectoid (ap-à-plek’toid), a. Resembling
or of the nature of apoplexy; apoplectiform.
3, le 7t.—Bulbar apople hemorrhage into
t ºft. of the pons yºh. apoplexy
hemorrhage between the choroid and the retina ºf Heaf
apoplexy, sumstroke.-Hepatic apoplexy, hemor-
rhage into the substance of the liver.—Nervous apo-
#. the occurrence of symptoms of apoplexy without
emorrhage or other injury of the brain. — Placental
apoplexy, hemorrhage into the substance of the pla-
centa.-Pulmonary apoplexy, an effusion of blood
from the capillary vessels into the air-vesicles and inter-
vening lung substance.—Serous apoplexy, a condi-
tion in which symptoms of apoplexy are due to an effu-
sion of serum into the ventricles of the brain.— Ver-
minous apoplexy, coma occurring as a reflex symptom
of the presence of parasitic worms in the intestine.
apopyle (ap’ô-pil), n. [Gr. atró, off, -H Tâm,
gate.] In the rhagon type of sponge, the open-
pºp ;ſic,inc.
ſº *
F. . . . . . ºn
º:
º:
. . .';.'
i:::--! f y §
:*** *** * * * ~3:... .º.º.
§ſº
&
Diagrams of the rhagon type of canal system. A, simple type,
with separate radial tubes. B, more complex type, with radial
tubes fused and thickened distally to form cortex and incurrent
canals; a portion only of the wall is represented. ost., ostia; iºt.c.,
incurrent canals; zºr.g., prosopyle; J.c., flagellated chamber;
ap.p., apopyle; osc., osculum ; G.C., gastral cavity. The arrows
show the direction of the currents. The thick black line repre-
sents the gastral layer, and the dotted portion represents the
dermal layer. (From Lankester's “Zoology.”)
ing by which a flagellated chamber communi-
cates with the cloacal cavity.
aporetin (ap-à-ré'tin), n. [Gr. atró, from, -H
b7ttvm, resin.] One of the resinous substances
remaining-after the crystalline substances
have been removed from rhubarb extract.
aporrhaoid (ap-à-rā‘oid), a. . [Aporrhais +
-oid.]. Resembling the Aporrhaidae.
aporrhysa (ap-à-ri'zā), m. pl. [NL., irreg. pl.
based on Gr. &tróppvotç, otherwise àtróppevaig, a
flowing off, Kºātroppeiv, flow off, Katró, off, 4-
beiv, flow. Cf. epirrhysa.] In Rauff's ter-
minology of sponge morphology, the exhalant
canals terminating on the cloacal surface.
aposematic (ap"Č-sé-mat'ik), a. [Gr. atró,
a Way, ofua, mark: see sematic..] Of a
nature to warn or alarm; serving to warn or
alarm enemies: noting characteristics of or-
ganisms which, when ăisplayed, effect this.
We often see the combination of cryptic and sematic
methods, the animal being concealed until disturbed,
when it instantly assumes an aposematic attitude.
Bncyc. Brit., XXVII. 147.
Aposematic character, any characteristic of a danger-
ous, poisonous, or unpalatable organism which, when
displayed, serves to warn or alarm an enemy; a warning
character. The hood of the cobra, the rattle of the
rattlesnake, and the large white tail of the skunk are
familiar examples. – Aposematic coloring, in danger-
ous, poisomous, or unpalatable organisms, conspicuous
colors which warn or alarm enemies; warming colors.
apositic (ap-Ö-sit'ik), a... [aposit(ia) + -ic.]
ausing apositia or loathing of food; tending
to diminish appetite. . s
aposºbi. (ap-Ö-sór’bik), a. . [Gr. atró, from,
?), sorb(inose) + -ić.] . Noting an acid,
C5H8OT, prepared by oxidizing sorbinose with
nitric acid. It crystallizes in leaflets, is bi-
basic, and melts at 110° C.
apostatic (ap-à-stat'ik), a. [apostate + -ic.]
aracterized by apostasy; apostate; back-
sliding. Golding. [Rare.] N. E. D.
apostatism (8-postă-tizm), n. [apostate +
-ism..] . Departure from or relinquishment of
the faith: as, “political apostatism.” Sir R.
Wilson, Diary, ſº 308. N. E. D.
Apostolic delegate, an ambassador or diplomatic agent
of second rank commissioned by the pope to a national
church or to a government. — Apostoli method. See
*method. — Apostolic party. See apostolics, in Cyclo-
pedia of Names. – Prefect apostolic. See #prefect.
apostrofize, v. A simplified spelling of apos-
trophize.
apostrophism (a-poströ-fizm), n. Apostrophic
mode of address. Morning Star (London), Dec.
18, 1866. [Rare.] N. E. D.
apotactical (ap-à-tak’ti-kal), a. [Gr. atrorakrt-
koi, also dirórakrol, certain héretics, Kárórakroc,
set apart, Károráagew, set apart, arrange, Kårö,
from, + Táooetv, arrange.] Recreant. Bp. Hall,
No Peace with Rome, p. 661.
apotheca.1 (ap-à-thé'kal), a. [L. apotheca, a
shop : see apothecary..] Of or pertaining to a
shopman ; shopkeeper's: as, “bucolic menace
and apothecal libel,” Mortimer Collins. [Rare.]
N. E. D.
Apothecaries' measure. See measure.
apothegmatically (ap-à-theg-mat’i-kal-i), adv.
n an apothegmatic manner ; sententiously;
pithily. -
apotheose (a-poth’é-öz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
apotheosed, ppr. apotheosing. [apotheosis.] To
place or rank among the gods; apotheosize ;
exalt; glorify. [Rare.]
He must be apotheo8ed, or more than mortality or man-
kind will permit, and so omnipresent.
F. Philipps, Reg. Necess., p. 269.
a potiori (āpó-shi-6'ri or à po-ti-Ö'ré). [L.]
Literally, from the stronger or more impor-
tant; hence, in logic, from the prevailing trend,
or principal contents, of an argument or ex-
position.
apotype (apº-tip), n. One of a series of speci-
mens upon which are based supplementary
descriptions, giving additional details about
some previously described species: proposed
to take the place of *hypotype, which is used
in another sense. Science, N. Š., XXI, 900.
Appalachia (ap-a-lach’i-á), n. [NL.] A con-
tinental area of Paleozoic time which occupied
in part the general position of the present Ap-
palachian region.
Appalachian, a. 2. In geol., specially noting
an anticlinal fold, slightly overthrown so as to
have one flank dipping more steeply than the
other. See the extract.
The folding in the rocks of the area is of three types:
minute crinkling, small unsymmetrical wavy folds, and
broad Appalachian ones in which the adjustment ap-
apparatus
pears to have taken place along the bedding.
Amer. Jour. Sci., Feb., 1904, p. 150.
apparatus, n.-Arsenic apparatus of Fresenius
and Babo, an apparatus for the reduction of arsenious
sulphid by means of potassium cyanid in a current of
carbon-dioxid gas, which excludes air. Arsenic appears
as a mirror at the narrow exit-tube. — Buck’s extension.
apparatus, an apparatus for making extension of the
leg, in order to counteract muscular action and prevent
displacement of the fragments in cases of fracture of the
thigh-bone.--Carbonic-acid apparatus, an apparatus
for the gravimetric estimation of carbonic dioxid in al-
kali. See alkalºmetry. Various forms have been devised
by Fresenius, Geissler, Mohr, Kipp, Schroetter, and
Others. — Clayton’s apparatus, an apparatus for the
generation of anhydrous sulphurous and sulphuric acids
in the hold of a ship, for the purpose of disinfection and
to kill the rats.-Elliott's apparatus, an apparatus for
the rapid analysis of gaseous mixtures, such as illumi-
nating gas. The sample is collected in the graduated eu-
diometer. It is then transferred to the laboratory-tube,
where it is subjected to the action of a solvent. The
residual gas is then returned to the graduated tube and
the loss in volume measured.— Fell-O'Dwyer appara-
tus, an appliance for forcing air into the lungs through
an intubation-tube by means of a bellows.— Finsen’s
apparatus, a system of lenses for concentrating the
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Drawn from Buck’s “Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences.”
violet rays of light, used in the light-treatment of lupus
and other diseases.— Presenius's drying apparatus, a
form of drying-ovem. The temperature of the interior is
controlled by a thermostat attachment.—Hempel's gas-
analysis apparatus, an apparatus for the rapid and
exact analysis of a mixture of gases, whereby a sample mea-
sured volume contained in a graduated bu-
rette is successively transferred to absorp-
tion pipettes, or other vessels containing re-
agents, the effect of which is determined by
remeasuring the gaseous volume after sub-
jecting it to each test. The gas is collected
over mercury, though in some cases water
may serve.--Hofmann's apparatus, an
apparatus designed to demonstrate the
combination of gases by volume. The one
shown in the illustration is for the synthe-
sis of water from its elements, hydrogen and
Oxygen. — Hüfner's apparatus, an appa-
ratus designed for the quantitative estima-
tion of urea.— Jäderin apparatus, a base-
line measuring apparatus comprising two
wires of different thermal expansion placed
side by side, whose relative lengths are ob-
served and used to determine the tempera-
ture of the wires and from this the tem-
perature-corrections to the lengths of the
wires and of the line measured.—Kipp's
apparatus, an apparatus for the evolution
= of gases at a uniform rate. It consists of
three globular communicating glass vessels.
A Solid put into the central one is subjected
to the action of some liquid, as water or an
permitted to
Hofmann's
Apparatus.
acid. The gas generated is
escape through a lateral stop-
cock which regulates the flow.
When an excess of gas is set free
it causes a pressure within the
globe and pushes the liquid
away from the solid into the
lower globe, and thence by the
long central tube into the upper
reservoir. The mutual action
of the chemicals is also thus sus-
pended when the gas is not
needed.— Kjeldahl’s appara-
tus, an apparatus for the deter-
mination of nitrogen in organic
compounds by its conversion to
ammonia, the weight of which
is ascertained from its neutral-
izing a standard acid.—Lan-
gen’s apparatus, an appara-
tus for collecting the waste
gases in a blast-furnace by clos-
ing the mouth of the furnace. It
has the form of a bell-shaped
tube resting in an inverted coni-
cal ring. It is raised and low-
ered by means of a lever, and is
provided at the extremity with a lip which dips into a
water-trough in the gas-main, formilug a perfectly air-
tight joint. At the time of charging, the bell is lifted
and, sliding in the water-joint on the gas-tube, allows the
charge in the cup-shaped ring to fall into the furnace.—
Lindeman's oxygen apparatus, an apparatus for the
determination of oxygen in gaseous mixtures, based on
its removal by union with phosphorus. The gas is col-
lected in a measuring-eudiometer and transferred to a
vessel containing small sticks of phosphorus. On being
brought again to the graduated tube, the loss in volume
indicates the amount of oxygen absorbed.— Marsh's
arsenic apparatus, the form of apparatus originally
proposed by Marsh for the application of his method of
detecting minute quantities of arsenic. It consisted of a
U-shaped tube of glass, with a bulb on each limb, and
a stop-cock ending in a small jet from which the ar-
seniureted hydrogen gas was allowed to escape and be
ignited. It is now superseded by a simpler but more ef-
ficient arrangement.— Memory apparatus. See *nnem-
ory.— Oettel's apparatus, an apparatus for the Volu-
metric determination of fluorin. Silicon tetrafluorid is
evolved by heating the fluorid, under analysis, with
quartz and sulphuric acid. The fluorin is calculated
from the volume of the gas set free.—Orsat's appara-
tus, a portable apparatus for the rapid analysis of gases.
It consists of a graduated burette, surrounded by a water-
jacket, connected with a movable two-necked bottle by
a rubber hose, and capable of being filled with gas from
a stack, flue, etc., through the capillary tube and stop-
cock attached thereto. The measured volume can then
be transferred to any one of the absorption pipettes by
opening the stop-cock connecting the pipette with the
capillary. The gaseous volume is then returned to the
burette and the loss due to absorption determined. Thus
several constituents may rapidly be removed in succes-
sion. These are usually carbon dioxid, carbon monoxid,
and oxygen. The reagents used are aqueous potassium
hydrate, ammoniacal cuprous chlorid, and a solution
of pyrogallol in potassium hydrate, respectively. Hydro-
gen is determined by means of palladium warmed by a
spirit-flame and contained in a capillary tube connected
with a pipette filled with water, which is displaced by
the gases not acted on by any of the reagents.- Puddling
apparatus (of Godfrey and Howson), an arrangement
for the conversion of east-iron into malleable iron Cºr mild
steel by means of a blast of previously heated gas and
air directed into a rotating vessel lined with infusi-
ble material.— Reaction apparatus. See Areaction.—
Roese-Stutzer apparatus, an apparatus for the de-
termination of fusel-oil. The spirit to be tested is shaken
with chloroform and dilute sulphuric acid. The increase
in the volume of the chloroform indicates the proportion
of fusel-oil present.—Root's calibrating apparatus.
See kcalibrate.—Scheibler's apparatus, an apparatus
for the estimation of calcium carbonate in bone-black.
The carbon dioxid, liberated by the action of hydrochloric
acid on a given weight of bone-black, displaces air, the
volume so displaced being measured with accuracy by
means of the graduated eudiometer. The volume of gas
being ascertained, the Weight of the calcium carbonate
may be calculated.—Sche S apparatus, an appa-
ratus for the determination of the specific gravity of gases
Kipp's Apparatus.















apparatus
according to the Bunsen method, by ascertaining the
rate of effusion.—Schilling's blast apparatus a sim-
ple device for combining an aspirator and an air-blast,
operated by water-pressure. — Soxhlet's extraction ap-
paratus, an apparatus for the extraction of soluble con-
stituents, as fat, with a minimum quantity of solvent, as
ether. The solvent is boiled in the lower flask (see the
illustration), the vapor is condensed in the
water-cooled spiral, and the liquid drops upon
the substance contained in the central vessel,
where it accumulates until it reaches the top of
the siphon, when it runs into the lower flask.
This operation is repeated until the extraction
is complete. The extract is obtained by boiling
off the solvent.—Squibbs’s urea, apparatus.
See kwrea.— Telesmatic apparatus. See
*telesmatic.—Time-sense apparatus. See
*time-sense.— Triple-effect apparatus, an
important modification of the vacuum-pan used
in sugar-refining and other branches of indus-
try, involving the use of latent heat from the
vapor of a first pan to boil the liquid contained
in a second pan in which a higher vacuum is
maintained, and in like manner applying the
vapor from the second to a
third pam. Sometimes even a
larger number of vessels than
three is employed.—Wiborgh's
apparatus, an apparatus for
the rapid estimation of sulphur
in iron and steel. About .5
Soxh let's
Ex- gram of drillings are heated in
traction
Appara-
tuS.
a flask with water. Sulphuric
acid is then run in from the
side-funnel and hydrogen sul-
phid is evolved. This reacts with the
cadmium acetate with which a cloth fas-
tened over the mouth of the upper fun-
nel-like vessel has been saturated. The
shade of yellow developed is compared
with a set of standards.-Winkler's
apparatus for gas analysis, a con-
venient form of gas burette. It consists
of an accurately graduated eudiometer
with a simple stop-cock at its upper and
a three-way stop-cock at its lower end.
The lower end is connected by means of
rubber hose to the leveling tube. The
gas may be collected over mercury or
water.—Yaryan apparatus or evap-
orator, an ingenious and successful
arrangement for evaporation by mul-
tiple effect, introduced in 1886 : applicable to the evap-
oration of solutions of sugar and the concentration of
liquids for many other purposes.
appareling (a-par'el-ing), m. Clothes; cloth-
ing.
Fishing and hunting the abundant waterfowl, as well
as other game, contribute to the tribal subsistence, and
during recent years part of the corn, beans, and peas is
carried on horseback to Yuma, where it is bartered
chiefly for appareling. Smithsonian Rep., 1901, p. 72.
Apparent celestial latitude. See Alatitude.-Appa-
rent danger. See kaanger.—Apparent efficiency.
See ..!”.º. energy. Same as apparent
*power.—Apparent power. See Apower1.-Apparent
resistance. See impedance.—Apparent Solar day.
See kdaul. o
apparition (ap-a-rish’9m), v. t. To cause to
to appear in phantom form. Mrs. Whitney,
Sights and Insights, II.468, [Rare.] N. E. D.
appasiºn; (ä-på-si-à-nā’tö), a. [It., KMI.
ad- + passionatus, passionate.] Impassioned;
emotional : in music, noting passages to be so
rendered. º
appatriation (a-pâ-tri-ā'shgn), m. [L. ad, to,
patria, country, + -ation.] The assignment,
as of a song or a saying, to the country or place
where it originated. Athenæum, July 7, 1883.
[Rare.]
appeal, v. i.--To *Pººl from the chair, to take
exception to a decision of the chairman or presiding officer
of a deliberative body, and ask the sense of the meeting
or assembly in regard to it; to appeal to the house from
a decision of the chair.
appeal, m.–Circuit court of appeals, a federal court
of appellate jurisdiction established for the hearing of ap-
peals from judgments, orders, or decrees of the various
federal district and circuit courts throughout the United
States.
appel, m, (b) A stroke on the opponent's foil
or sword designed to notify him that the bout
is to begin. (c) The stamping of the foot
during ceremonial salutes prior to the bout.
See salute. -
appellatived (a-pel '3-tivd), p. a. Called;
named. Bulwer, Disowned, i. [Rare.]
Appendages of the eye, the lacrymal apparatus, ocular
muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, and eyebrow8. — Appen-
dages of the fetus, the umbilical cord, placenta, and
membranes.—Appendages of the skin, the swoat and
sebaceous glands, nails, and hair.—Appendages of the
uterus. Same as *adneza.—Auricular appendage.
Same as appendia auriculze (which see, under #;".
—Caecal appendage, vermicular appendage, the
vermiform appendix.
appendant, a.-Appendant powers, those powers
which the donee is authorized to exercise out of the estate
limited to him, and which depend for their validity upon
the estate which is in him. A life-estate limited to a man,
with a power to grant leases in possession, is an example.
Bouvier, Law Dict. /4 F ~ :
appendectomy (ap-en-dektó-mi), n., A Short-
ened form of *appendicectomy. Med. Record,
July 11, 1903, p. 46.
Winkler's
Apparatus.
appendical, a..., 2. Relating to an appendix,
specifically to the vermiform appendix.
*ºnºmy (a-pen-di-sek’t 3-mi), n.
[NL. appendia (vermiformis) + Gr. Škrouh, ex-
cision.] Excision of the vermiform appendix.
Med. Record, March 28, 1903, p. 484.
appendicitis (8-pen-di-siſtis), m. [L. appendia,
(-dic-) + -itis.] In pathol., inflammation of
the vermiform appendix (which see, under
appendia). The disease occurs at all ages, but most
commonly in young adults, especially young men. The
apparently increased prevalence of the affection in late
years is to be accounted for chiefly by greater skill in
diagnosis. The exciting causes of inflammation of the
appendix are digestive disturbances (especially intestinal
indigestion attended with much flatulence), influenza,
rheumatism, and blows on the abdomen; the presence of
seeds in the appendix is not, contrary to the popular
belief, a frequent cause of the disease. The inflammation
may be acute or chronic. The most prominent symptoms
of the acute form are pain of a colicky nature, usually
beginning in the neighborhood of the unbilicus and later
becoming localized in the right lower abdominal region;
rigidity of the abdominal muscles on the right side; and
tenderness to pressure. The last, at the beginning, is
nearly always most acute at “McBurney's point,” which
is situated about two inches from the anterior spinous
process of the ilium on a line joining this process with
the umbilicus. Nausea and vomiting, prostration, fever,
rapid pulse, constipation or more rarely diarrhea, and
chills are other symptoms usually present in varying
degrees. In chronic appendicitis, the most prominent
manifestation is constant pain in the right iliac region,
which is aggravated by exertion or fatigue; but the condi-
tion may be seriously prejudicial to health in many other
ways, while there is also the ever present danger of an
acute exacerbation with all its perils. In the treatment
of acute appendicitis surgeons usually advise operation as
soon as the diagnosis is made. “Interval operations” are
those in which the appendix is removed after the subsi-
dence of an acute attack, so as to prevent a recurrence of
the disease.—Chronic, recurrent, or relapsing ap-
pendicitis, a low grade of inflammation of the vermiform
appendix, continuing without marked symptoms, but in-
terrupted from time to time by acute exacerbations.—
Perforative appendicitis, inflammation of the vermi-
form appendix in which perforation of this part occurs.
appendicula %. dik’i-lâ), m. ; pl. appen-
diculae (-lé) [L.,dim. of appendix; see appen-
dia:..] A fine hair-like growth borne at the
apex of hymenomycetous fungi.
appendicular, a. 2. Relating to an appendi-
cle, specifically to the appendix vermiformis:
as, appendicular colic. Buck, Med. Handbook,
I. 39
appendiculocatcal (ap-en-dik"il-ló-sé’kal), a.
Relating to both the caecum and the vermiform
appendix. Lancet, Aug. 29, 1903, p. 600.
appending (a-pen'ding), p. a. Attached; ap-
pendant.
* ending (a-pen'ding), m. Addition; an ad-
ition. Athenaeum, April 27, 1895, p. 532.
Appendix cerebri, the pituitary body.
appendix (a-pen" diks), v. t.
appendix. [Rare.] N. E. D.
apperception, n. 5. In Wundt's psychology,
the process whereby a perception or idea at-
tains to clearness in consciousness; also, the
introspective contents of this process, that is,
the clear idea itself and the changes resulting
in consciousness from the induction of the
attentive state.
Here we understand by apperception a psychological
process in which, on the objective side, a certain con-
tents becomes clear in consciousness and, on the subjec-
tive, certain feelings arise which, as referred to any given
contents, we ordinarily term the State of ‘attention.”
W. Wundt (trans.), Physiol. Psychol., I. 316.
Apperception center. See kcenter.
apperceptionism (ap-ér-sep’shgn-izm), n. In
psychol., the explanation and systematization
of mental phenomena in terms not only of the
mental elements and their physiological con-
ditions but also of the process of apperception.
The word, is usually applied, in current controversy, to
the psychological attitude represented by Wundt's sys-
tem, that is, to a specific form of voluntarism : contrasted
with associationism.
But without returning to apperceptionism we can over-
come the one-sidedness of associationism.
H. Münsterberg, Harvard Psychol. Stud., I. 644.
apperceptionist (ap-èr-sep'shgn-ist), n. . An
epistemologist who embraces apperceptionism.
The idealist's view is that of the ‘apperceptionists.”
Jour. Philos., Psychol, and Sci. Methods, Aug. 18, 1904,
[p. 466.
apperceptionistic (ap-èr-sep"shgn-is' tik), a.
n psychol, pertaining to or characterized by
apperceptionism, H. Münsterberg, Harvard
Psychol. Stud., I, 653.
apperceptive, a. 2. In current psychol.: (a)
ãºrized by clearness, or by the state of
attention; (b) resulting from or pertaining to
the psychological process of apperception.
In almost every moment of the waking life an apper-
ceptive process is taking place. Whenever an object is
attended to, the presentation of it is apperceived.
G. F. Stout, Anal. Psychol., II. 113.
To add as an
apple
We may distinguish intellectual processes from asso-
ciations, on the purely psychological basis, as appercep-
tive connections of ideas.
W. Wundt (trans.), Human and Animal Psychol., p. 812.
Apperceptive signal, in § a premonitory
signal to the observer to concentrate his attention on the
coming innpression. º
apperceptively (ap * *r-sep ’tiv-li), adv. In
psychol., in an apperceptive manner; by way
of the process of apperception: as, appercep-
tively known ; apperceptively constituted.
appercipient (ap-èr-sip'i-ent), a. [NL. apper-
cºpiens, ppr. of appercipere, apperceive..] Ap-
perceiving; capable of apperception. G. F.
Stowt, Amal. Psychol., II, 128.
Appert glass. See *glass.
appetizement (ap-à-tiz’ment), n.
-ment.] º: craving for foo
Scott, Woodstock. [Rare.]
appetizingly (ap'é-ti-zing-li), adv. In an ap-
petizing manner; in a way to whet appetite:
as, food cooked appetizingly.
applanation (ap-la-nā’shgn), n. [NL. "appla-
inatio(n-), K*applanare, K. L. ap- for ad-, to, +
LL. planare, make plane: see planel, v.] Flat-
tening: said of the crystalline lems.
In some cases the eye becomes myopic, which fact can
be explained only by the assumption that the crystalline
lens in toto is pressed forward toward the cornea, and
that, in spite of the fact that in this manner the zonule
of Zinn is stretched, and that an applanation of the lens
is taking place. Buck, Med. Handbook, IV. 361.
apple, n. 1 and 2. The apple thrives under a very
wide range of conditions, and in practically all temperate
regions. In North America the chief regions in which it is
produced commercially are the Eastern Canadian region,
comprising parts of Qntario, Quebec, and the maritime
}. ; the New England and New York region ; the
iedmont region of Virginia; the Michigan-Ohio region;
the prairie-plains region, from Indiana and Illinois to
Missouri and Kansas, in which the Ben Davis variety is
the leading factor; the Ozark region, comprising part of
Missouri and Arkansas, often known as “the land of the
big red apple”; and the rapidly developing regions of
the Rocky Mountain States and the Coast States. In all
these sections there are certain dominant varieties, which
are usually less successful in other localities. As a country
grows older, it usually happens that the list of desirable
apples increases in length, because of the choosing of va-
rieties to suit special localities and special needs. It is
impossible to give lists of varieties for planting in all
parts of the country, either for market or home use. The
number of varieties of apples runs into the thousands.
A generation and more ago, the great emphasis in apple-
growing was placed on varieties, and the old fruit-books
testify to the great development of systematic pomology.
The choice of varieties is not less important now ; but
other subjects have greatly increased in importance with
the rise of commercial fruit-growing, such as the neces-
sity and means of tilling the soil, fertilization and cover-
§§ the combating of insects and diseases (espe-
cially by means of spraying), and revised methods of
handling, storing, and marketing. The result is the trans-
fer of the emphasis to scientific and commercial questions.
The apple has been generally referred to the rosaceous
genus Pyrus, although some recent authors reinstate the
old genus Malwa. Under the former genus it is known
as Pyrus Malwg º under the latter as Malwa Malus. The
nearest generic allies are the pears, comprising the typi-
cal genus Pyrus. The pears are distinguished, among
other things, by having the styles free to the base; the
#. by having the styles more or less united below.
The species Malus Malus has run into almost numberless
forms under the influence of long domestication. These
forms are distinguished not only by differences in fruit,
but by habit of tree and marked botanical characteristics.
Thus the bloomless apple (see 8eedless kapple) has more
or less diclinous flowers, and it was early described as a
distinct species under the name of Pyrus dioica. There
are nany forms of dwarf apple-trees, the best-known of
which is the paradise or garden-apple. On this and similar
stocks any variety of apple may be grafted or budded
if very small or dwarf trees are desired. There are ap-
ple-trees with variegated foliage, others with double
flowers, and others with a weeping or drooping habit.
In China and Japan there is a double-flowered and showy-
flowered apple of a very closely allied but apparently dis-
tinct species, Malus 8pectabilis. See also kcrab-apple.—
Apple bark-beetle, apple-blight, apple bud-Worm,
appie case-beare.” See ºrºbºtijht, ºil
worm, kcase-bearer.—Apple canker. See #canker.—
º family, the Malaceae, often treated as a subfamily
O $osaceae:Apple fruit-beetle. See Afruit-beetle.—
Apple leaf-miner, apple Lyonetia, apple saw-fly,
apple twig-borer, apple-wood stainer. See &leaf-
miner, klyonetia, Arsaw-fly, Atwig-borer, Astainer.—
º apple, Eucalyptus cinerea, a gregarious species
of New South Wales, yielding, with others, eucalyptus-
oil...— Bitter-rot of apple, See kbitter-rot.— Black ap-
g; the native or wild plum, so called, of Austral §
ideroa:ylon australe, bearing edible fruit of an insipi
flavor. Also called bush-apple. See wild plum, (e), under
plum1, and Söderoaxylon.— Black-rot of apple. See
*::::::iº Same as black kapple, above,
— Cannibal apple, the fruit of Solanum. Uporo. It is
red like a tomato and is 5 or 6 cm. in diameter. It was
formerly eaten by the Fijians at their cannibal feasts.
In their vernacular it was called boro děna, or ‘true
boro.” In Samoa it is called polo. See Solamwm and
cannibal's tomato, under tomato.— Green apple leaf-
tier. See kleaf-tier.— Lesser apple leaf-folder. See
*leaf-folder. — Mooley apple. See, *emu-apple.—OS-
age apple, the Osage Torange, Toacylon pomiferum.
|Tennessee.]—Possum-pocket apple, the papaw, 48t-
mima triloba. [Dismal Swamp region.]— SeedleSS 8.
ple, a variety of apple which normally has no seeds.
ºp etige --
; hunger.


‘. . . . apple
Such apples are not new, being mentioned in ancient
times; nor has any seedless apple yet received general
commendation. “Seedless' apples are of two kinds—
apples of normal form and structure in which the core
is reduced to a minimum, and apples with nearly or quite
apetalous and more or less imperfect flowers. The
latter #."; comprises the so-called ‘bloomless' ap-
}. which have been known for centuries. The mere
act of comparative seedlessness has no significance in
the choice of a variety, for the apple-grower must have
a variety of certain quality, color, and form, with a high
degree of productivity and other desirable qualities.—
Seven-year apple, a West Indian tree, Genipa clusiº-
{...",§ ;fruit, Sée Genipa. —Sooty blotch of apple.
©e 0tch,
apple-aphis (ap'l-ā'fis), n. The common leaf-
ouse, Aphis mali, of the apple, especially
abundant in the late spring and early Summer.
Also apple-leaf aphis and apple-louse. See cut
under Aphis.
apple-borer (ap'l-bör’ér), n. An insect which
bores into apple-trees, as the round-headed
apple-borer (larva of Saperda candida), or the
flat-headed apple-tree borer (larva of Chryso-
bothris femorata). See cuts under Saperda and
Chrysoboth ris.
apple-coal (ap'l-köl), n. Free or soft coal;
coal which mines easily. . [Scotch..]
Applecross group. See *group1.
apple-dowdy (ap-l-dou’di), n. Same as *ap-
ple-slump.
apple essence(spºkes’ ens), n. Same as *apple-
0?!,
apple-faced (ap’l-fast), a. Having a face
round like an apple. Dickens, Dombey and
Son. [Rare.]
apple-fly (ap'l-fli), n. 1. A little fruit-fly, Dro-
sophila ampelophila, of the family Drosophil-
idae, which lays its eggs in overripe apples
and other fruit, and especially swarms around
cider-mills. See cut under fruit-fly.—2. A
trypetid fly (Trypeta pomonella) whose larva,
known as the apple-maggot or railroad-worm, in-
fests apples in the northeastern United States.
See cut under Trypeta.
apple-gall (ap'l-gāl), n. A gall resembling an
apple. – Grape-vine apple-gall, a gall, globular,
fleshy, greenish in color, and nearly an inch in diameter,
attached to the stems of grape-vines : produced by the
larva of a fly, Cecidomyia vitis-pomum.
apple-grinder (ap'l-grin"dēr), n. Agrinding-
mill for pulping apples, grapes, peaches, etc.,
or for grinding roots as food for cattle; a
grinding-mill.
apple-gum (ap'l-gum), n. A medium-sized
tree, Eucalyptus Stuartiana, resembling the
common apple. It yields a useful hard, brown
timber, and a kino. Also called turpentime-tree,
peppermint-tree, and apple-scented gum. [Vic-
toria..]
apple-leaf (ap’l-léf), n. A leaf of the apple-
tree.—Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, a tineid moth, Buccu
º
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šſº
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Apple-leaf Bucculatrix (Buccučatrix 20mifoliella).
a, apple twig covered with cocoons; b, cocoon, enlarged;
c, moth, much enlarged (Riley).
latria; pomifoliella, whose larva feeds abundantly on the
leaves of the apple in the eastern United States and hiber-
nates within a whitish elongate, longitudinally ribbed
cocoon attached to the twigs or trunk of the tree. Apple-
leaf flea-Weevil. See &flea-weevil.
apple-leather (ap’l-leq'H'èr), n. A sort of tough
paste of a leathery consistency, made of apples
partly cooked and dried in a hot sun.
apple-louse (ap'l-lous), n. Same as *apple-
aphis.-Woolly apple-louse, Schizoneura Americana.
See American ºblight.
apple-maggot (ap’l-mag"Qt), n. The larva of
‘ypeta pomonella, a dipterous insect which
damages apples in the New England States.
apple-midge (ap'l-mij), 'm. A small chironomid
y, Molobrus mali, whose larva feeds on the
flesh of ripe and stored apples, hastening their
decay. e
apple-nuts (ap'l-nuts), m. pl. A commercial
name for the apple-shaped fruits of the ivory-
nut palms, Coelococcus Amicarum and C. Solomo-
mensis, of the Caroline and Solomon Islands.
See ivory-nut,
apple-oil (ap'l-oil), n. Ethyl or amyl valeri-
anate diluted with alcohol: used to imitate the
odor of apples in confectionery and soda-water
syrups. Also apple-essence.
apple-scab (ap'1-skab), n. A disease of the
apple-tree which attacks both the leaves and
fruit, caused by the fungus Fusicladium den-
driticum. See Fusicladium and scab, 5.
apple-scale (ap’l-skāl), n. Any one of several
* of scale-insects or bark-lice that infest
the apple, notably, the oyster-shell bark-louse
of the apple (Lepidosaphes ulmi, formerly My-
tilaspis pomorum) and the scurfy scale (Chio-
#: furfurus).
apple-slicer (ap’l-sli'sér), n. An instrument
or cutting apples into slices for culinary use.
apple-slump (ap’l-slump), n. Hot apple-sauce
covered with a rich dough and cooked. [U.S.]
*::::::::::::: (ap'l-Sfingks), n. A sphingid
moth, Sphina gordius. Its apple-green larva
feeds on the foliage of the apple in Canada an
the United States, from the Mississippi valley
eastward.
apple-thrips (ap’l-thrips), n. A minute thy-
sanopterous insect, Phloeothrips mali, which is
often found on young withered apples.
apple-toddy (ap’l-tod'i), n. A toddy into
which the pulp of baked or roasted apples is
stirred; also, a toddy made of apple-jack.
Apple-tree borer. See Arborer.—Apple-tree canker.
ee Arcanker.—Apple-tree pruner. See Aprwmer.—
Apple-tree shot-hole borer. See &borer and kéhot-
borer.— ...” tent-caterpillar. See *tent-cater-
pillar.— Bronze apple-tree weevil See & weevil.—
Red-humped apple-tree caterpillar. See *cater-
pillar.—Yellow-necked apple-tree caterpillar. See
*caterpillar. -
apple-worm (ap’l-wórm), n. The larva of
the codling-moth, Carpocapsa pomonella, a
cosmopolitan tortricid moth. See codling-
"moth. — Many-dotted apple-worm, the larva of a
noctuid moth, Balsa malama, two generations or broods
of which appear during the summer, often feeding in
numbers On #. foliage of the apple. It is an inch or
more in length and light green in color, with longitudi-
mal white lines and many whitish dots.
apply, v. i. 5. In astrol., of a heavenly body,
to approach to the conjunction or aspect of
another.
appºinºmº n.-Bureau of appointments. See
#bureau.—Illusory appointment, such an appoint-
ment or disposition of property under a power as is
merely nominal and not substantial. Bouvier, Law Dict.
Appolt coke-oven. See *coke-oven.
apport (a-pôrt’ or, as F., a-pôr'), m. , [F., Kap-
porter, K.L. apportare, bring to, introduce.] The
introduction, professedly by occult or super-
normal means, of flowers, musical instru-
ments, etc.: used with reference to perform-
ances of spiritualistic mediums.
Some of the physical phenomena which I have adduced
as among those proclaimed to have occurred, such as
apports, scent, movement of objects, passage of matter
through matter, bear a perilous resemblance to conjuring
tricks, of a kind fairly well known ; which tricks if well
done can be very deceptive.
Sir Oliver Lodge, in Proc. Soc. Psychical Research,
XVII. 48.
apportionable (3-pôr'shgn-a-bl), @.. [appoi-
tion + -able.] Liable to be apportioned. Sir
JE. Coke. 'zal) Th t of º
apposal (a-pô'zal), n. e act of apposing.
p Osal # *::::: in English law, the intº them
with money received upon account of the Exchequer.
Bouvier, Law Dict. . te - º:
apposit, a... A simplified spelling of apposite.
apposition? (ap-à-zish'Qn), apposition,
war. of opposition. See appose?..] A public
disputation or examination; now used only as
a name of Speech Day in St. Paul's School,
London. e - a ºn tº tº
appositively (a-poz’i-tiy-li), adv. In apposi-
tion or so as to stand 1D. apposition; appoSl-
tionally: as, substantive expressions put ap-
positively. - º
appraisable (8-prāz'8-bl), a. [appraise +
º º Capable of being appraised or of
having the value fixed.
appreciation, n.—The world of appreciation, the
world as it appears to spiritual insight, to the broadest
and wisest conception of the most human good sense.
Opposed to the world qf description, or world of facts,
§. a materialistic and, as far as possible, scientifically
theoretical aspect. The word appreciation in this phrase
is to be understood in sense 2, as “sympathetic under:
standing” which “estimates the qualities of things and
gives them their due value.” The world of appreciation
is a world of real, living, and purposing beings, in some
sense the children of God. The term was introduced in
1892 by J. Royce. See the extract.
We shall be led to make a provisional sundering of the
two points of view, viz. (1) that of our appreciative or
apprehension, n.—Implicit
Approver in the marches.
Approximate numbers.
apron
most explicitly volitional consciousness, and (2) that of
our descriptive or more theoretical consciousness. . . .
We shall express the opposition of the two points of view
by calling the realm of Being, as more abstractly theo-
retical consciousness defines it, the World of Description;
while the world as otherwise interpreted is the world of
life, the World of Appreciation. . . . The only justifica-
tion for the more abstractly theoretical conception of
the World of Description is its value as a means of organ-
. our conduct and our conception of what the will
806 K8.
Royce, The World and the Individual, 2d ser., p. 26.
appreciativeness (a-pré'shi-à-tiv-nes), n.
[appreciative + -ness.] . The character of being
tºpºeiative; disposition to recognize excel-
ence.
º, in psy-
chol., the understanding of a whole in its unity and dis-
tinctness, without discernment of all or even any of its
compouent details.
This circumstance suggests a name for that apprehen-
sion of a whole which takes place without discernment of
its parts. We may call it implicit apprehension.
G. F. Stout, Anal. Psychol., I. 95.
apprenticement (a-pren’tis-ment), n... [ap-
prentice .-H -ment.] The act of apprenticing;
apprenticeship. [Rare.]
The premature apprenticements of these tender victims.
Lamb, Essays of Elia, Praise of the Chimney Sweeper.
appressor (a-presſ Qr), n. Same as *appresso-
rium.
appressorium (a-pre-Sö’ri-um), n. ; pl. ap-
pressoria (-3). [NL., K. L. apprimere, pp. ap-
pressus, press to: see appressed.] The organ
by which parasitic fungi attach themselves to
their hosts, consisting usually of the flattened
or swollen end of a hypha.
Appressoria are also formed by some parasitic Fungi,
as a minute flattening of the tip of a very short branch
(Erysiphe), or the swollen end of any hypha which comes
in contact with the surface of the host (Piptocephalis,
Syncephalis), haustoria piercing in each case the cell-wall
below. In Botrytis the appressoria assume the form of
dense tassels of short branches.
Encyc. Brit., XXVIII. 555.
approach, n. 6. In golf, the play by which a
player endeavors to get his ball on to the put-
ting-green.
approbatory, 0.—Articles approbatory. See kar-
2008,
See *march1.
See *number.
approximator (a-prok'si-mă-tor), n. One who
approximates or comes near.
Appunn's lamella or reed. See *lamella.
apricot, m.–Essence of apricot, amylbutyrate mixed
with ayml alcohol and diluted with ordinary alcohol :
used to imitate the odor of apricots in confectionery and
soda-water syrups.
apricot-oil (ā’pri-kot-oil’), n. A fat oil ex-
pressed from the kernels of apricots: now of.-
ten substituted for almond-oil.
a prima vista (ā pré'mä vis ( tú). [It.: see
prime and vista.] At first sight: as, to read a
piece of music a prima vista.
Aprion (a-priſon), n. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. --
Tptov, saw.] A genus of Snappers of the
family Lutianidae, found in the tropical seas :
distinguished by the scaleless fins. A. virescens
of the Pacific is an excellent food-fish.
a priorist, n. II. a. Of or pertaining to a priori
cognition, or to apriorism.
The apriorist notion that among free competitors wealth
must go to the industrious.
G. B. Shaw, Fabian Essays in Socialism, p. 177.
aproctia (a-prokºtii), n. [NL., KGr. - priv.
+ Tpoktóg, anus.] The condition of having an
imperforate anus.
apron, n. 2. (j) In mining, a block of timber forming
an off-set to a pump-Tod. (k) In gold-milling, the
amalgamated copper plates outside of a stamp-battery,
used to collect the gold from the pulp which flows over
these plates in a thin stream from the mortar. Also
apron-plate.
4. (b) The vertical portion of the slide-rest of an engine-
lathe which carries the clasp-nut and the gearing for the
feed. , (c) The slide or grate of a punching- or shearing-
machine.
5. (d) A platform built of timbers at the foot of a
slide, which guides in the desired direction logs leaving
the slide. (e) The shield in front of the face of an
undershot water-wheel, intended to keep the water in
action upon the buckets. º
6. An overwashed deposit of gravel and sand
such as is commonly spread southward from
the greater moraines of the northeastern
United States. Also frontal apron and mo-
"aimic apron.
Where the topography was not rugged, numerous ice-
derived streams built sloping plains resembling low al-
luvial fans. These are well seen on Long Island and
Martha's Vineyard, and to those of the latter place
Professor Shaler has given the very descriptive name of
frontal aprons. Bulletin Amer. Geog. Soc., xxx. 205.




apron
7. A trough or channel, or a shallow vat, of
considerable width as compared with its depth,
over which water or other liquid flows in a
thin wide sheet, or in which it stands; spe-
cifically, the wide, shallow channel through
which the water flows to the periphery of a
breast-wheel or overshot wheel.—8. In salt-
manuf., a shallow tray in which a dilute
Solution of brine is exposed to the sun to
be evaporated and concentrated. – Hottentot
apron. Same as ktablier.
apron-conveyor (ā‘prun-kon-vā’ér), n. See
arabesquely
made by evaporating a watery solution of the drug.—
Aqueous lava. Same as moya. -
Aquia Creek group. See *group1. *
aquicolous (a-kwik’ô-lus), a. [L. aqua, water,
ºre. dwell in : see cult..] "Inhabiting the
W8,156 I’.
In pathol., diminution or suppression of the
salivary secretion.
Aptychus beds, rock strata in the Alps of Upper Jurassio
age characterized by the abundance of aptychi. See
aptychus.
apyknomorphous (a-pik-nº-mör'fus), a [Gr.
âTvkvog, not dense (Kä-priv. -- tvkvåg, dense),
+ popº, form.] Noting the character of a cell
which, in consequence of the fact that its chro-
matic or staining element is not compactly ar-
ranged, takes the ordinary dyes less readily
than is usual, or irregularly.
The larvae possess a Fº armed with hooks and
bore into the body cavity of aquicolows insect larvae, or
rarely mollusks, where they encyst. -
Buck, Med. Handbook, VI. 224.
aquifer (ak'wi-fér), n. [L. aqua, water, 4--fer,
ferre, bear.] In geol., a water-bearing bed or
*Comveyer, 4.
apron- aii (ā‘prun-fal), m. A piece of leather
attached to the top of the dash-board of a
earriage: used as a cover to the apron when
the latter is folded.
apronful (ā‘prun-fúl), m. [apron + -ful..] As 5
much as can be held in an apron: as, “an about 93 per cent. of silica: used at some Ger-
apronful of flowers,” Miss Braddon. man iron-works for furnace-linings.
apron-hook (ā‘prun-hik), n. A short hook A. Q. M. G. An abbreviation of Assistant
with an eye by which it is secured to the dash Quartermaster-General.
of a carriage. "Together with a ring, it holds aqua, m. 3. In phar. , 8. Solution of an essen-
the apron in place when folded. tial oil or gas in water, a solution of any other
apºplate (ā‘prun-plat), n. Same as *apron, substance being termed liquor. In the British
(k). . - & ee pharmacopoeia, only a solution of an essential
aprosexia (apºrº-sek'sijä), n. . [NL., S. Gr. oil is called aqua, that of a gas being called
âTpoorešía, inattention, K. 6- priv. -- Tpóoešºg,
liquor.-Aqua dolce sauce. See *sauce.—Aqua
attention, K Tpooéxetv, attend, hold to, K Tpóg, #. in phar., Spring water.—Aqua, pura, in phar.,
toward, + šyetv, hold.] Lack of power to
pure water (distilled water). &
keep the attention fixed on any subject; an aquacultural (ā-kwa-kul’tſir-al), a.
extreme degree of mind-wandering. Buck,
ing to aquaculture.
Med. Handbook, VI. 112. aquaculture (ā’kwa-kul-tiâr), n. [L. aqua,
Apseudes (ap-sli’děz), n. [NL., K. Gr. dipevö%g,
Q
water, F, cultura, culture.] Culture of the
without décèit, K &-priv. -É pejóoc, lie, deceit: natural inhabitants (animal or plant) of water,
see pseudo-.] The typical genus of the family as in tracts of water reserved by law; aqui-
Apseudidae. Leach, 1814. sº (ak'wa-dag), m. [L aqua Water. --
Apseudidae (ap-sā’di-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Ap- * . * 1 tº Yº...". • wºf ºvvvy 2
Sewdes + -idae.] A small family of cheiferous dag, irºitials of “deflocculated Acheson graph-
** q ite.”] Deflocculated graphite in an aqueous
#.º, º Solution. This graphite, because of the special
apyrene (apſi-rén), n. [Gr. 3- priv., without,
Trvpāv, the stone of a fruit (nucleus).] De-
ficient in nuclear substance: noting certain
abnormal or unusual forms of spermatozoa.
apy; (a-pi'rit), n. [Gr. d-priv. 4- trip, fire,
t &
-ite?..] A refractory substance containing
Pertain-
*::: (ak"wi-fô-li-ā'sé-é), m. pl.
aquifoliaceous (ak"wi-fö-li-ā'shius), a.
aquiloid (ak'wi-loid), a.
Stratum, necessarily of some open-textured
rock.
The artesian system shows four or five aquifers, or
Water-bearing strata, more or less completely separated
from one another. Science, Nov. 22, 1901, p. 794.
[LL.
(A. P. de Candolle, 1813), KAquifolium, Tourne-
fort's name for the genus Ilea (K. L. aqua,
water, + folium, leaf).] A family of dicoty.
ledonous, choripetalous plants of the order
Sapindales, the holly family. It is characterized by
regular polygamodioecious flowers, berry-like drupes, and
Simple alternate leaves mostly without stipules. They
are trees or shrubs with watery sap. The family embraces
four genera, of which only Ilea: is specially important.
See Ilea, and Nemopanthes.
[NL.
Aquifoliaceae + -ows.] Belonging to the plant
family Aquifoliaceae.
aquilin, a. A simplified spelling of aquiline.
aquilino (ā-kwi-lè'nó), n.
[It. : see aquila.]
A small silver coin, bearing an eagle, which was .
struck in Padua during the republican epoch
(1200–1300).
[L. aquila, eagle, -i-
eiðog, form.]. Resembling an aquiline form ;
noting particularly a nose which resembles
in form an aquiline nose. Keane, Man Past
and Present, p. 470.
first antennae with two many-jointed flagella.
The typical genus is Apseudes.
Apsilus (ap-siºlus), n. [NL., K. Gr. 6- priv. --
*pt?óg, smooth..] A genus of snappers of the
family Lutianidae, found in tropical seas and
often handsomely colored.
apterion (ap-tê' ri-On), m. ;
Same as apterium.
apteros (apºte-ros), a. [Gr. & Trepoc, wingless.]
Wingless: an epithet of Nike (Victory) as
represented, unusually, without wings (signify-
ing that she did not intend to leave the pre-
cinct favored by her presence). There was a
temple of Nike Apteros at Athens. See cut
under Ionic.
Apterura (ap-te-rū’rã), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
âttepog, wingless, + oupá, tail.] A division of
anomurous crustaceans in which the appen-
dages of the sixth segment of the pleon are
not expanded and wing-like: contrasted with
Pterygura.
Alºne. (ap-ter’i-gó-jen’é-ä), n. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. a- priv. 3- Trépuš (irrepvy-), wing, +
-yevåg, -producing.] In Brauer’s classification,
one of two principal divisions of the class
Insecta, the other being the Pterygogenea. It
includes only the order Thysanura (Aptera
of Sharp's system).
Apterygota (ap-ter-i-gó’tā), m. pl. [NL., K
r. a- priv. -H Trepvyotóg, winged, K Trépwé,
wing.] A group of insects including only the
order Thysamura, which contains wingless
forms only that are supposed to have de-
scended from wingless ancestors.
apterygotism (ap-ter-i-gö’tizm), n. [aptery-
got(ous) + -ism.] In entom., the state of be-
ing wingless and also of being descended
from wingless ancestors.
apterygotous (ap-ter-i-gö’tus), a. [Gr. 6- priv.
Trrepvyotóg, winged.] In entom., without
wings and derived probably from wingless an-
cestors, as the Thysanura and Collembola.
Were an apterygotow8 insect gradually to develop wings,
it would be on the exopterygotous system.
Encyc, Brit., XXIX. 502.
Aptian (apºti-àn), a. and n. [Apt in Vaucluse,
Trance.] In geol., noting a geologic stage or
division at the top of the Lower Cretaceous
formation in France and Belgium. It comprises
marls, clays, and impure limestones, and in places at-
tains a thickness of 1,800 feet, divisible into an upper
and a lower group and abounding in fossils.
aptyalia (ap-ti-ā'li-á), n. [Gr, "åſtriałog, with-
out spittle, K &-priv. 4- Trúažov, spittle..] Same
as haptyalism. & &
aptyalism (ap-ti'a-lizm), n. [See aptyalia.]
pl. apteria (-ā).
treatment given to it, will remain suspended
and diffused in water, notwithstanding the fact
that the specific gravity of the graphite is 2+
times that of water. [Trade-name.]
Aquaeductus cerebri, the infundibulum of the brain.-
Aquaeductus Cotunnii, Same as agwadwetus vestibuli.
Aquilonian (ak-wi-lô"mi-an), a. and n. [See
aquilom.] . In geol., noting a division of the
Jurassic formation in the Syzran district of
Russia. *
aquinºuliºl (a-kwin-kü'bi-tal), a. [Irreg. K
aquamarine-chrysolite (ā/kwa-ma-rén’kris’- ºr 6- priy. F, L, gºin(tus), fifth, + cubitus,
Ö-lit), n. The pale-yellow variety of beryl. foreirº, +...ºl Noting that condition of
aquarial (a-kwā’ri-al), a. Same as aquarian. * bird's wing in which the fifth secondary
aquarian, n. 2. One who keeps an aquarium. ; absent, although the coverts are present.
[Rare.] 'N. E. D. Wray, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1887, p. 348.
Aquarii (a-kwā’ri-i), m. pl. [See Aquarius.] A aquintocubital (a-kwin-tū-kü bi-tal), a. A
sect of the early church who used water instead later, partly amended form of aquincubital.
of wine in the Lord's Supper. See *Abstemii, PVºrºſt, 1899. .. e º
Aquariid (a-kwā’ri-id), n. [Aquari(us)+-id2.] aquintocubitalism (a-kwin-tū-kü'bi-tal-izm),
One of the meteors of the flock which about n. In ornith., the state or condition of lacking
May 4 radiate from the constellation of Aqua- the fifth secondary. Also called diastatazy.
rius. Also Aquarid. º: Linnean Soc. London, Zoël., Oct., 1901,
agº (ä hº m. [NL. º: ** **, aquiparous (a-kwip'a-rus), a. [L. aqua, water,
water.] In chem, same as hydrate. + parere, produce.] Broducing water: applied
aduatic, a.—Aquatic plants, in hort, those plants
aquativeness (a-kwat’iv-nes), n.
which are grown continuously in water, as in ponds and
aquaria. Typical examples are the water-lilies. In looser
usage the term is sometimes applied to species that grow
in bogs or other very wet places as well as to those that
grow only in water of greater or less depth. Most aquatic
plants are permanently attached to the earth or rocks
at the bottom of the water, but some of them eventually
ºk loose and for a part of their existence may float
Fee.
aquation (2-kwä'shgn), n. [L, aquatio(n-), K
aquari, bring or fetch water, K aqua, water.]
1. The procurement of a supply of water: as,
“conveniently situated for aquation.” Gibson, *: Q).
05
Camden's Brit.—2. Disposal of the dead by
sea-burial. Sci. Amer., Jan. 7, 1899. [Rare in
both uses.]
K L. aquari, get water) + -mess.] In phren.,
a propensity for water.
water, + E. valent.j In chem., the proportion
of water, counted by molecules, which is
needed by a single molecule of a salt to form
with it a cryohydrate.
aqueoglacial (à"kwā-3-glä'shial), a. [aqueo(us)
glacial.] Formed or acted upon by glacial
ice or water from glacial streams, or exhibit-
ing characters which show the influence of
both. J. Geikie, The Great Ice Age, p. 418.
aqueo-igneous (ā/kwé-Ö-igºné-us), a. In geol.,
resulting from the action of heat in the pres-
ence of much steam or of its dissociated ele-
ments: applied to those rocks which, like
pegmatite, exhibit the effects both of igneous
action and of aqueous solution.
Aqueous chambers of the eye. See chambers of the eye,
l!
nder chamber.—Aqueous extract, in phar., an extract
Aquitanian, a. and n.
aquo-igneous (ā-kwó-igºné-us), a.
a rabesche (à rà-bes (ke).
arabesquely (ar’a-besk-li), adv.
to the parotid glands, which secrete a thinner
fluid than the other salivary glands.
2. In geol., noting a
division or stage in the Tertiary formations of
the Paris basin representing the latest Oligo-
Gene. The deposits of this stage were essentially lacus.
trime, and the fossils are fresh-water and terrestrial
mollusks, especially Helia, together with the remains of
IRhinoceros and other mammals.
Same as
aqueo-igneous.
A simplified sºlin; of are.
Ari, Arz, Arg, etc. Points of flexure in
the curves of cooling of iron and steel.
A. R. A. An abbreviation of Associate of the
[*aquative Royal Academy.
araban (ar'a-ban), n.
Same as arabin. Jour.
Soc. Chem. Industry, XI. 931.
aquavalent (ā-kwa-vā’ lent), n. [L. aqua, Arabellites (ar-a-be-li’téz), n. [NL. Arabella,
a genus of worms, + -ites.] A genus of fossil
worms based on detached jaws which are pre-
served as black and highly lustrous objects,
and which are occasionally found in sets of like
palTS. They are very variable, in form, and certain
hases of them have been referred to other genera, as
}. OEmonites, Polygnathus, and Prioniodw8.
found throughout the Paleozoic rocks.
[It..] With ara-
besques: Said of decoration with motives of
arabesque form usually painted on a light
ground, frequently seen on the majolica wares
of Genoa and Venice.
In the style
of the Arabians. [Rare.] N. E. D.
Arabesquely shapen barks of Carthaginian lands.
. Hirst, Poems, p. 66.
Arabianize arboroid
Arabianize (a-rā'bi-an-iz) , 4). W.;. K. and pp. species: aragonite, CaCO3; bromlite, (Ca, Ba)CO3; wither-
Arabianized, ppr. Arabianizing. To make Ara- ite, Bago ; strontianite, SrCO3, and cerusite, PbCO3.
lbian; to jść to Arabian form and usage. Aºgo jiaº polarization. See “polariza- |
It is probable that the Persian Persianized in this way
neighboring tongues, that the Arabian Arabianized them.
Tarde (trans.), Laws of Imitation, p. 258.
Arabicism (a-rab’i-sizm), n. [Arabic + -ism.]
A word, idiom, or expression peculiar to Ara-
bic. Southey.
Arabic pottery. See *pottery.
arabinone (ar'a-bi-nón), n. [arabin -F -one.]
araguane (ä-rá-gwā'nā), n. [Native name in
Venezuela..] In Venezuela, a tree of the big-
nonia family, Tecoma spectabilis, yielding a
very hard wood of a dark-olive color.
araiocardia (a-rā-ā-kār'di-á), n. [NL., KGr.
ăpatóg, thin, porous, with intervals, + kapóía,
heart..] Same as *brachycardia. Lancet, Aug.
22, 1903, p. 529. & *
Arales (a-rā’léz), n. pl. [NL. (Lindley, 1833),
A
A compound, Ciołł1809, intermediate between
arabin and irº, as dextrine is interme-
diate between starch and glucose. It is syrupy
and sweet.
arabite (ar'a-bit), n. [arab(in) + -ite?..] A
pentacid alcohol, C5H7(OH)6, formed by the
reduction of arabinose. It is an optically in-
active compound, sweet, and soluble in water.
arabonic (ar-a-bon 'ik), a. Noting an acid,
5H10O6, formed by the oxidation of arabinose
with bromine. It is monobasic, and the opti-
cally active form melts at 89° C.
arabotedesco (ar"a-bº-te-des'kö), a. [It., “Ara-
bic-German’: see Arab and Dutch..] Having,
or supposed to have, the characteristics at
once of Saracenic and of German building or
ºDºº
sº © TDXT
&
ſ
sº
Araboted esco Mosaic.
aralie (à-rá-lé"), n.
araliin (a-rā‘li-in), m.
Aralo-Caspian (ā"ra-lö-kas' pi-an), a.
KArum + -ales.] An order of monocotyledon-
ous plants embracing the families Araceae and
Lémnacée (which see). The inflorescence is usu-
ally a spadix inclosed in a spathe, whence the name Spa-
thiflorae, but it is sometimes naked. In Lindley's system
the aral alliance included also the Pandanaceae and Ty-
phaceae.
araliad (a-rā‘li-ad). m. DNL. Aralia, + -ad 1.]
A plant of the family Araliaceae.
[F. form of a native
name (?) Cf. Aralia.] A name in the West In-
dies of two parasitic trees, Clusia alba and C.
ºrosea. Also called Scotch attorney, strangler-
tree, murderer-tree, *chigoe-poison, and *cupay.
See the last two names and Clusia.
[Aralia + -īm2.] A
crystalline glucoside of unknown composition
found in Aralia spinosa.
Of or
pertaining to the Aral and Caspian Seas.-
Aralo-Caspian basin, the original area of sea-water cut
off from the ancient and greater Mediterranean by the
uprising of its floor in recent geologic times, and embra-
cing the present Caspian Sea, the Sea of Aral, and the ex-
tensive salt-lagoons and marshes about them. The waters
of these seas are still tenanted by seals and other animals
elsewhere inhabiting the ocean. The Black Sea had a
similar origin, but has been separated from the Caspian
region, and the ridge that divides it from the Mediter-
Tanean has been cut through so that it now communicates
therewith. It is believed that the Caspian and Aral Seas
are still shrinking by evaporation. e
Azazacarioxydopt Virgiztian1cm. From the Trias of Taylorsville,
Irg Inla.
1. Radial section: a, a, medullary rays; 6, tracheids with two
rows of hexagonal pits; c, walls of tracheids dislocated by pressure,
2. Transverse section: a, a, a, medullary rays; 5, 6, intercellular
spaces.
3. Tangential section:
walls.
4. Radial section further enlarged:
pits; b, double row of hexagonal pits.
a, sections of bordered pits on radial
a, single row of rounded
areolate punctations of the tracheids shown in radial
section, which are always in two or more rows. The
genus is properly Mesozoic, and chiefly Triassic, but cer-
tain Paleozoic forms have been referred to it. See Da-
dozylon, Pinºtes, and fossil wood (a), under wood1.
From the Royal Chapel, Palermo. A. R. A. M. An abbreviation of Associate of araxina (äräºshé'nä), ſt. [Native name.] A
design: applied to Romanesque of the more
florid sort and suggested by the use of the
German Byzantinisch for the German round-
arched building.
Araby (ar'a-bi), a. and m. [ME. Araby, KOF'.
Arabi, K. L. Arabius: see Arabian.] I. a. Ara-
bian; Arabic: as, “the Arabye language,” Ar-
mold's Chronicle, p. 158. [Now only poetic.]
IIł. m. 1. A native of Arabia. Trevisa.—2.
An Arabian horse.
Elfaydes, and Arrabys, and olifauntez noble.
Morte d'Arthur, 1. 2288. N. E. D.
araça (ä-rå-så'), n.
name in Brazil of several varieties of guava,
shrubs or trees of the genus Psidium, distin-
uished by qualifying words: as, araça-guazu
P. Guajava), araga-iba (P. Araca), araça-
mirim (P. Araca), and araça de Praya (P.
Aramigus (a-ram’i-gus), n. I
[Tupi araçá.] A general
a ranga (ä-ränſgä), m.
the Royal Academy of Music.
aramaca (ā’rä-mā-kā’), n. [Tupi aramacd.]. A
Brazilian name of a wide-eyed flounder, Sya-
cium papillosum. :
NL. (Horn, 1876),
formation not obvious.] A genus of otiorhyn-
chid beetles. It contains two North American species,
one of which, A. fulleri, is a serious enemy to the rose,
its larvae living on the roots, while the adults feed on the
foliage and flowers. See cut under rose-beetle.
aramina (ā-rá-mê'nā), n. [Brazilian Pg., K Pg.
arame, wire.] The commercial name in Bra-
zil of the fiber obtained from the guaxima or
caesar-weed, Urena lobata. It is white and strong,
and is considered a good substitute for jute in the manu-
facture of sacking and twine. See kcasar-weed, Agwaazi-
'ma, and U rema.
[Sp. aranga, from a na-
tive name (in Tayabas province 3).] In the
Philippine Islands, a large forest—tree, Homa-
lium Luzoniense, of the Flacourtia family, which
arbacin (ār"ba-sin), n.
Arbacina (ār-ba-siºnä), m. pl.
Arbaciosa (ār-bā-si-Ö’sä), m.
name applied to a tree of southern Brazil,
Vochy gummiferum, which yields large quanti-
ties of a useful gum, similar in appearance
and properties to gum arabic.
[Arbacia + -īn?..] A
histon obtained from the spermatozoa of Ar-
bacia pustulosa. Simon, Physiological Chem.,
p. 71.
[NL., K. Arbacia
+ -ina2..] A suborder of Diademoida contain-
ing echinoids in which the ambulacral plafes
are simple primaries near the apical area,
while at the ambitus they are compound. The
interambulacral plates and the peristome are
large.
[NL., K. Arbacia
+ -osa.] A genus of cling-fishes of the family
Gobiesocidae. They live in rock-pools with the
sea-urchin, Arbacia, which the fishes mimic in
color.
Cattleyanum).
arachic (a-rak'ik), a. [Arachis + -ic.] Same
as arachinic.
arachinic (ar-a-kin'ik), a. Pertaining to or
derived from the earth-nut, Arachis hypogaea:
as, , arachinic acid.
arachnean (a-rak’né-gn), a. [Gr. &pgxvaloc,
yields straight logs often 75 feet long. The
wood is hard and durable, of a reddish color streaked
with violet, and is used for building purposes, cabinet-
work, and the piles of wharves. It has the property of
resisting the attacks of ship-worms.
Aran's ether. Same as ethylidene ºchlorid.
Arapaho group. See *group1.
arbalistryf (är’ba-lis-tri), m. . [Also arbalestry;
as arbalist + -ry.] The art of shooting with the
arbalist. -
arbelon (ār-bê'lon), n. . [Gr. *āpgmżov, other-
wise àpſłmżog.j In Greek use, a peculiar ax-
Kápáxv7, a spider.] f the nature of or re-
sembling a spider's web in texture. ,
Arachnites (ar-ak-ni’těz), n. [NL. (F. W.
Schmidt, 1793), in allusion to the form of the
flowers, K. Gr. Öpaxvitmg, spider-like, K apáxvm
spider.] A genus of orchidaceous plants aïied
to Orchis: characterized by two pollen-glands arara, tº
IS
inclosed in separate sacs. The genus is im-
Arapaimidae (ar-a-pi"mi-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K
Arapaima + -idae.] A family of osteoglossoid
fishes found in fresh waters of the tropics.
It includes the gigantic Arapaima gigas, which reaches
a length of 15 feet and a weight of 400 pounds and is an
important food-fish.
2. A fish, Haemulon plumieri, found
in abundance from Rio Janiero to Cape Hat-
properly called Ophrys by many authors. See teraš.
Ophrys.
Arachnoidinae (a-rak-noi-diſné), m. pl. [NL.,
K Arachnoidius (a genus of coleoptera) + -inae.]
A group of Clypeastridae, containing the low,
flat forms with open petals.
arachnophagous (ar-ak-nofagus), q, [Gr
arariba (ä-rā’ré-bā'), m.
[Tupi *arariba, K
Tupi arára, parrot, + -iba, fruit, tree..] A le-
guminous tree of Brazil, Centrolobium robustum,
the beautiful striped wood of which is one of
the kinds known as 2.6bra-wood. Also called
araroba.
[ § ſº q e tº e * is f g ſº -
apáyvn, a spider, -F payéiv, eat..] Spider-eat- araticu (ä-rä-té-kö’), m. [Native name in Bra-
ing; feeding upon spiders or other arachnids:
said of some birds.
arada (ä-rā’dă), n. [Sp., K arar, K.L. arare,
plow.] Plowed or cultivated land ; arable
land. [Southwestern U. S.]
Aragallus (ar-a-gal/us), n. [NL. (Necker,
zil.] In Brazil, one of several trees, belong-
ing to the genus Anoma and to the related
genus Rollinia, which bear edible fruits: as,
araticu do brejo (A. palustris), araticu do rio
(A. º and araticw do mato (R. Syl-
vatica). . .
Tºgó), appar, an anagram or an analogical Araucarioxylon (ar’ā-kā-ri-ok si-lon), n. [NL,
formation from Astragallus, a form used by
the same author for Astragalus.] A genus of
dicotyledonous plants of the family Fabaceae.
tº hot t; See A photomet
8, OUOIſle Uelſ. 06 &OWO?)?676)".
#; %; the isomorphous, %.
Kraus, 1870), K Araucaria + Gr, $5% ov, wood.]
genus of fossil coniferous plants, based en-
tirely on the internal structure of the wood,
which has not been connected with other parts,
and which agrees in most respects with that
of Araucaria. The leading character is the hexagonal
arbitragist (ar' bi-trä-jist), n.
arborº, n.
arborean (ar-bó' ré-an), a.
arborescent, a.
arborescently (ar-bg-res’ent-li), adv.
arborize, v.
arboroid (är"bg-roid), a.
shaped, round-edged knife employed in work-
ing leather. A symbol similar to the arbelon is often
found in Cretan pictographs and gems.
This symbol which is the most frequent of all, occur.
ring no less than eleven times in the present series, may
represent an instrument like an arbelom — for cutting
leather. A. J. Evans, in Jour. Hellenic Studies, XIV.
305.
[arbitrage +
-ist.] On exchange, one who carries on an ar-
bitrage business.
5. A platform of boards upon
which sea-island cotton is dried to prevent
heating and improve the luster. [Islands of
South Carolina.]
Same as arboreal.
2. In bacteriol., specifically
applied to the branched, tree-like colony
formed by certain bacteria in stab-cultures.
In the
manner of an arborescent plant; branchingly.
II. intrans. To divide into nu-
merous branches. -
One limb of each fibre turning caudad, . . . finally to
arborize about the cells of the spinal nucleus associated
with this tract. Buck, Med. Handbook, I. 632.
t [L. arbor, tree, +
Gr. eiðoç, form.] Tree-like or bush-like in
shape: as, an arboroid colony of Protozoa.


arborolater
arborolater (ār-bg-rol/a-tér), n. [L. arbor, a
tree, + -0-later as in idolater.] A tree-wor-
shiper.
arbor-press (är"bor-pres"), n. See *mandrel-
press.
Arbroath flags. See *flag+.
arbustum, n. 2. A woody branching plant
without a distinct trunk.-3. A treatise on
the woody plants of any region; a sylva.
Arc rectifier. See Arrectifier (e).-Arcs of parallel, por-
tions of a parallel of latitude on the earth’s surface mea-
Sured both astronomically and geodetically, in order to
determine the length of a degree of longitude in that lat-
itude. Such arcs furnish data for determining the di-
mensions of the earth.-Arc-spectrum. See Aspectrum.
—Bigonial arc, in anthrop., the arc which extends along
the inferior border of the lower jaw from one gonion to
the other.—Brocard arcs. If Q and Q’ are the Brocard
points of the triangle ABC, then the arcs AQC, AQ'B, BQA,
BQC, COB, and CQ"A are the Brocard arcs of the triangle.
—Crater of an arc, in elect. Same as crater, 6.—Electric
arc, the passage of current across the gap between two
conductors or terminals, through a bridge of conducting
vapors consisting of and continuously replenished by the
material of the electrodes. The arc must be startcd by
forming this vapor-bridge, which is usually done by
bringing the electrodes into contact and then withdraw-
ing them from each other. The mechanism for this, and
for maintaining the electrodes at a constant distance from
each other, is called an arc-lamp. The voltage consumed
by an arc is usually moderate, being from 40 to 80 volts.
The temperature of the arc-stream is the boiling-point of
the electrodes, hence it is extremely high with carbon
terminals, so that these terminals, and especially the
positive, get very hot and luminous. The electric arc
between carbons is therefore used for illumination in the
carbon arc-lamp. With free access of air these carbon
terminals rapidly consume, and therefore have to be re-
placed daily in the open arc-lamp. To increase the life of
the carbons, in the inclosed arc-lamp the arc is surrounded
by an inner globe which incloses it almost air-tight, so
that the life of the carbons is increased about tenfold and
they have to be renewed less frequently. The arc
proper, or the vapor-bridge, with carbon electrodes, gives
very little light, but most of the light comes from the in-
candescent tip of the positive carbon. To increase the
amount of light, and thereby the efficiency, mineral
salts (as calcium fluorid in the Brehmer arc-lamp) are
mixed with the carbon and by entering the arc-stream
make it luminous. Such prepared carbons are called
flame-carbons, or effect-carbons, and their arcs flame-arcs.
They are more efficient, but must be used in an open
arc-lamp, since they give off some smoke and there-
fore require daily renewal. In the magnetite arc-lannp,
the use of carbon electrodes has been eliminated alto-
gether. Positive terminal copper is used, which does
not consume and so requires no renewal, while the neg-
ative electrode consists of the conducting oxids of iron,
titanium, etc. These do not consume in the air and
therefore have a life several times longer than even the
inclosed carbon arc, together with a very much greater
efficiency, due to the great brilliancy and Whiteness
of the iron-titanium spectrum. In the mercury arc-
lamp, mercury is used as the negative terminal and
carbon, iron, or mercury as the positive. The tempera-
ture of this arc is so low that it is inclosed in an ex-
hausted glass tube. The mercury arc is very long, of
low voltage, and brilliant, but of a greenish color, . Such
arcs as the magnetite and mercury arc, in which the
light is given by the arc-flame, are called luminows arcs,
since the light is due probably to electroluminescence,
i. e., to direct transformation of electric energy into
light. They are the most efficient illuminants known.—
A. Magnetite Arc-lamp.
a, outer casing ; b, globe-holder; c, reflector; 3, globe; Č, chim-
ney; y, negative electrode ; g, electrode-holder; /t, ash-pan; i, ash-
pan chain; 4, ash-pan spring : 2, body-casting; m, leads; 7t, name-
plate; o, wind-shield.
B. Mercury Arc-lamp.
a, arc-tube; b, holophane globe; c, guard; d, solenoid cap;
e, solenoid case: /, shade-support ; g, negative lead; h, positive
ièad; f, positive ſamp terminal; A. reflector; 2, ventilator screen;
ort, mu, hood terminals.
Flame-arc. See electric Ararc.—Frontal arc, in an-
throp., an arc extending from the nasion to the bregma
over the surface of the frontal bone.-Length of an
arc. Assume that with every arc is connected a sect
such that if an arc be cut into 2 arcs, this sect is the sum
of their sects; moreover, this sect is not less than the
chord of the arc, nor, if the arc be minor, is it greater
than the sum of the sects on the tangents from the ex-
tremities of the arc to their intersection; thissect itself, or
its length, may be called the length of the arc.—Luminous
arc. . See electric Ararc.—Magnetite arc-lamp. See
electric *arc.—Maximum transverse arc, in anthrop.,
an arc extending transversely over the skull between the
external auditory meatus.-Mercury arc. See electric
*arc.—Nasomalar arc, in anthrop., an arc between the
outer margins of the orbits over the nasion.—Occipital
arc, in anthrop., an arc extending from the lambda to the
Opisthion.—Parietal arc, in anthrop., an arc extending
m & m', maximum transverse arc; e re e', nasomalar arc; & o,
occipital arc; & 2, parietal arc; ºn gr 2n’, pre-auricular arc; ?t 3,
frontal arc; 21 & 2 o, sagittal arc. (e' and m' are the points on
the left side corresponding respectively to e and m.)
from the bregma to the lanıbda.-Pre-auricular arc, in
anthrop., an arc extending from the external auditory
meatus over the glabella.-Reflex arc, in physiol., the
course of nervous action originating in the periphery,
where the stimulus is applied, traversing the afferent
nerve to the spinal-cord center, and then passing out-
ward along the efferent nerve to the organ or muscle
where the reflex act takes place.—Sagittal arc, in
anthrop., an arc extending from the nasion over the
bregma and lambda to the opisthion.—Supra-auricu-
lar arc, in anthrop., an arc extending transversely
over the skull from the superior borders of the external
auditory processes.—Total horizontal arc, in anthrop.,
the horizontal circumference of the skull taken at the
height of the glabella. -
Arcacea (ār-kā’sé-á), m. pl. [NL., K Arca (a
genus of mollusks) + -acea.] A group of
asiphonate, bivalve mollusks of the order Fili-
branchiata. They have the mantle edge open ; 2 well-
developed adductors; heart with 2 aortae; branchiae free,
without interlamellar junctions ; and the renal and
generative apertures distinct. The group includes the
families Arcada and Trigoniidae.
Arca, clay. See *clay. * *
arcade, m. 5. In anat. and 206l., those por-
tions of the cranium having an arch-like struc-
ture and running from the postero-external to
the orbital region. The inferior temporal arcade
corresponds to the zygoma of mammals and is largely or
entirely formed by the squamosal and jugal. The
8wperior arcade, lacking in most vertebrates, is formed
by the postorbital. A. S. Woodward, Vertebrate Palae-
ontol., p. 144. See cuts under × Diapsida and kSyn-
apsida. e º º
Arcadianly (ār-kā’di-an-li), adv. In Arcadian
fashion ; to or toward Arcadianism.
If Arcadianly given, he might fancy the yellow butter-
cups were asphodel. Froude, Carlyle, II. 152.
arcading (ār-kā’ ding), m. Construction or
decoration by means of arcades, as in Roman-
esque and Gothic architecture, where arcad-
ing is a common adornment and also increases
the rigidity of the walls.
arcanite (är’ka-nit), m. [arcanum (duplicatum:
alchem. name) + -ite?..] Native potassium sul-
phate crystallizing in the orthorhombic system.
arcato (ār-käſtö), a. [It., “bowed,’ K arco, a
bow: see arch 1.] Bowed: in music for bowed
instruments, marking passages to be played
with the bow: opposed to pizzicato. . . .
Arcestes (ār-ses’těz), n. [NL.; origin not
obvious.] The typical genus of the family
Arcestidae.
Arcestidae (ār-ses’ti-dé), m.pl. [NL., KArcestes
+ -idae.] A family of ammonites having
smooth and deeply involute shells with con-
tracted outer whorl and phylliform septal su-
tures. The species are chiefly Triassic.
arch", m.—Braced arch, an arch of articulated members
of timber, iron, or steel, kept in position by articulated
bracing above the arch and usually extending up to the
horizontal top-member on a level with or slightly above
the crown of the arch.--Carpal arches. See Acarpal.
— Chord of an arch. See kchord.— Compound arch,
an arch made up of several rings of voussoirs, each pro-
jecting beyond that next below, so that the section is in
steps. Compare compound ºpier.—Dry arch, an arch
built of voussoirs without mortar: peculiar care in fitting
and setting the stones is required.—Hyoid arch. See
×hyoid. —Imperfect arch, an arch the first sign or alti-
tude of which is less than half its span. Also called
diminished arch and 8kene arch. [Not in use among
builders or technical writers.]— Maxillojugal arch,
in ornith., the slender bar of bone running from the beak
to the quadrate, composed of the maxillary, jugal, and
quadratojugal bones. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1903,
I. 265.—Parahyal arch, in some parrots (notably the
archaeopsychism
lories), a slender loop of bone formed by the union of
two processes (parahyal processes) directed forward, up-
ward, and at their ends inward from the superior face of
the posterior portion of the basihyal.— Precoracoid
arch, a bony arch found in the salmon, carp, and most
other soft-rayed fishes, on the inside of the shoulder-gir-
dle, near the base of the clavicle. Also called mesocora-
coid arch.-Relie arch. Same as arch of discharge
(which see, under archl). — Rising arch. Same as ram-
pant arch (which see, under rampamt). — Straight arch.
Same as flat arch (which see, under arch1).-Subocular
arch, the inverted arch of cartilage which extends down-
ward and outward from the basal plate of the cranium
Of the .# forming a support for the eye. Parker
and Haswell, Textbook of Zool., II. 118.—Twilight arch.
See twilight bow, under kbow 2.
Archaean, a.—Archaean protaxis, that portion of
North America, consisting of the most ancient rocks,
about which as an axis the later sediments were deposited.
Geog. Jowr. (R. G. S.), XIII. 231.
Archaeic (ār-ké'ik), a. Same as archæan.
Archaeochelys (är"kè-ok'é-lis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
āpxalog, ancient, + 2.ÉAvg, a tortoise.] A genus
of chelonians or turtles, from the English
Wealden formation, in which the paired shields
of the Fº were separated by a median
series of azygous shields extending backward
from the intergular to the extremity of the
xiphiplastral. -
Archaeocidaridae (är"kē-ă-si-dar’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Archaeocidaris + -idae.] A family of
extinct sea-urchins, or Palaeoechinoidea, with
a spherical test in which the ambulacra are
narrow, two rows of perforated ambulacral
plates, and interambulacrals beveled and fre-
quently with strong spines. They occur only
in the Paleozoic formations.
Archaeocyathidae (är"kè-Ö-si-ath’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. 6pxalog, ancient, + Icíaffog, a cup,
+ -idae.] A family of fossils from the Cam-
brian rocks, originally regarded as sponges
but now construed as a generalized type of
perforate Hea'acoralla, having a simple tur-
binate form, porous septa and outer wall, and
a distinct inner wall which leaves an empty
central tube or cone. e
Archaeocyathus (ärſké-6-si'a-thus), n. [NL.,
Gr. 3pxalog, ancient, + Kiaffoc, cup.] Thé
typical genus of the family Archaeocyathidae.
archaeocyte (ärſké-6-sit), n. [Gr. Öp;xalog,
primitive, + kūtoç, a hollow (a cell).] In em-
bryol., one of the undifferentiated blastomeres
of the sponge embryo which give rise to the
wandering and reproductive cells of the adult
Organism.
The archaeocytes may be considered from two points of
view: first, as wandering cells, or amoebocytes; secondly,
as reproductive cells, or tokocytes. These two categories
are not, however, to be regarded as two distinct classes
of cells, but simply as two different phases in the activity
of one and the same kind of cell.
E. R. Lankester, Treatise on Zool., II, 58.
archaeographic (ār-ké-à-graf 'ik), a. Of or
pertaining to archaeography or the ãescription
of antiquities.
Archaeohyracidae (är"ké-Ö-hi-ras’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K Archaeohyraº, the type genus (K é.
ôpxalog, ancient, + £paś, shrew), + -idae.] A
family of extinct ungulates of small size and
supposedly related to the existing hyrax, Pro-
cavia, from the Miocene of Patagonia. Ame-
_ghino, 1897.
archaeolithic (är"ké-3-lith'ik), a. [Gr. 6pxalog,
ancient, + Affog, stone..] Of or pertaining to
the earliest stone age.
archaeomorphic (är"ké-Ö-mór (fik), a. [Gr.
āpxalog, ancient, + popóź, form.] In petrog., a
term applied to rocks of which the component
mineral particles have been formed in place
and have retained their original form. Unal-
tered igneous rocks are archaeomorphic as con-
trasted with metamorphic rocks. *
archaeontological (ār-ké- on-tó-loj’i-kal), a.
Of or pertaining to archaeontology. -
archaeontology (är"ké-on-tol’é-ji), n. . [Gr.
&pxalog, ancient, + &v (ovt-), being, + -āoyſa,
K Aéyev, speak.] Archaeology which deals with
the remotest antiquity or with prehistoric man.
Archaeopithecidae (är"kè-Ö-pi-thes’i-dé), n.&
[NL., KArchaeopithecus, the type genus (; Gr.
āpyaíog, primitive, -H triómkoç, ape), + -idae.] A
family of extinct primitive primates, of mod-
erate size, whose bones occur in the Mio-
cene (?) of Patagonia. Ameghino, 1897.
Archaeoplax (ärſké-6-plaks), n. [Gr. Öp2(aioſ,
ancient, + thóē, something flat, a plank.] A
enus of fossil crabs from the Miocene Tertiary
ormation at Gay Head, Massachusetts.
archaeopsychism (är"kè-op-si'kizm), n. TGr.
àpxalog, ancient, + pu%, mind, + E. -ism..] A.


vestigial mental function; a mental process
which is atavistically conditioned. G. S. Hall,
Adolescence, II. 65.
Archaeopteris (ärké-op’te-ris), n. [NL. (Daw-
son, 1871), KGr. 6pxalog, ancient, H- frrepic,
fern..] A genus of fossil ferns, found chiefly in
the Devonian, characterized by bi-to tripinnate
fronds with oval pinnules narrowed toward the
base. The fertile pinnules, which are borne above the
sterile ones on the same pinnae, consist of a naked axis
bearing on the upper side two rows of stalked sporangia.
The genus is regarded by some authors as probably belong-
ing to the Marattiaceae. See Palaeopteris.
archaeopterygoid (ár/ké-op-ter’i-goid), a... Re-
lated or pertaining to the genus Archæopterya.
Archaeornithes (ār-kā-ór’ni-théz), n, pl. , [Gr.
àpxalog, ancient, + 3pwtg, pl. 5putóeg, a bird.].
An ordinal name introduced to include fossil
birds of the genus Archæopterya, which have
a bird-like skull, conical socketed teeth, am-
pºwlous vertebrae, and a long, izard-like
tail.
Archaeotherium (är'ké-à-thé'ri-um), n. . [NL.;
K Gr. 6pxalog, ancient, H- 6mptov, wild beast.]
One of several names which have been given to
a genus of extinct swine, of the family Chaero-
fº.º. in which the last lower true molar
as no third lobe, the premolars are large, the
canines are strong, and the functional digits
are reduced to two. Other names are Elotherium,
Entelodon, Oltimotherium, and Pelomaa, the first of these
being preferred. Its remains have been found in the
Tertiary of Quercy and Ronzon, France, in the Isle of
Wight, and in North America.
Archaeozoic (ar’ké- 3 - zó'ik), a. and n.
āpxalog, ancient, + £off, life.] I. a. In geol.,
having reference to the earliest life-forms
found in the rocks: a term introduced by Le
Conte and employed by Dana to designate a
hypothetical division or eon of Archaean time
contradistinguished from the Azoic eon. This
division is founded on the assumption of the existence of
life on the earth during the later stages of Archaean time,
although the rocks of this age are chiefly crystalline or
sometimes as a cognitive principle; at other times as a
cause of any kind, an element, etc.
archecentric (ār-kā-sen'trik), a. [Irreg. K Gr.
&p3%, beginning, + kévrpov, center.] In ornith.,
relating to or having the characters of the
rimitive type of intestine. P. Chalmers
Mitchell, 1901.
archecentricity (är'ké-sen-tris’i-ti), n. [ar-
checentric + -ity.] In ornith., the state or
condition of having the intestine of a primi-
tive type.
Archegoniatae (är"kè-gó-ni-ā’té), n. pl. [NL.
(Engler, 1887), K archegonium + -atae.] A
great group or subkingdom of cryptogamic
plants (also called by Engler the Embryophyta
asiphonogama), embracing the Bryophyta
(mosses and liverworts) and Pteridophyta
(ferns and fern allies), and made coördinate
with the Embryophyta siphonogama (phanero-
gams, spermatophytes). Generation is by
means of antheridia and archegonia. Called
Archegoniata by Sachs. .
archegosaurian (ār"ká-gā-sā’ri-an), a. and n.
I. a. Pertaining to or having the characters
of Archegosaurus. -
II. m. An amphibian of the genus Arche-
gosaurus.
archegosauroid (är"kè-gó-sā’roid), a. and n.
. a. Having characters similar to those of
Archegosaurus.
II. n. An amphibian related to Archego-
SQ,7/7"M.S.
archeion (ār-ki’on), m.; pl. archeia (-á). [Gr.
àpzéiov: see archive..] In Gr. antiq., originally
the name of the office or official residence of a
magistracy; later, the body of magistrates
itself, and, afterward, the depot in which pub-
lic archives were preserved.
archeia of Megalopolis have been recovered by
excavation.
archencephalic, a. 2. In craniom., having a
hypsicephalic skuil curving from the glabella
to the occipital protuberance so as to form a
more or less regular arch. A. Meigs.
archenema (ār-ké-né’mâ), m. [NL., K. Gr.
āpre-, primitive, -H viſua, a thread..] A gameto-
phytic structure in the lower cryptogams.
C. Macmillan.
archer, n. 4. A Persian gold coin, the daric,
bearing the figure of an archer.
archery-ground (är'chér-i-ground), n. A field
measured and marked for an archery meeting.
Usually the targets are in two parallel rows facing each
other so that after shooting in one direction the archers
may recover their arrows and shoot in the opposite di-
TARGET-BASE .
Shooting-Points
i
i
i
:
SHOOTING-POINTS.,
TTARGET EASFT
Archery-ground.
altered by metamorphism and vulcanism. On presumptive
physical conditions Dana divided the Archaeozoic into two
eras: (1) that of the first plants, such as algae and bacteria,
which might exist in an ocean having a temperature of
150°F., and of the deposition of limestone, silica, carbon,
iron oxids and carbonates, in the accumulation of which
plant life may have played an intermediary part; (2) that
of the first animal life, involving a reduction of mean
, oceanic temperature from about 115° F. at the beginning
to 90° F. or less at the end, the deposits being such lime,
silica, and iron compounds as might result from animal
secretions or decomposition. Actual evidences of organic
remains in the rocks (Huronian or Algonkian) of this eon
are still of the most dubious character, although a con-
siderable number of objects have been described as such.
The Eozoön, found in Archaean rocks in various parts of
the world and described as a gigantic foraminifer; the
Archæophytom, a supposed plant; and alleged sponge and
radiolarian spicules from Brittany and New Brunswick,
are no longer regarded as of organic origin. Other re-
mains more palpably organic, and described as from
Archaean rocks, are not yet generally admitted to be of
Archaeozoic age, as their geologic position is not fully de-
termined. Also Archizoic, Archiozoic.
II. m. The Archaeozoic eon.
Archaeozonites (är"ké-6-zó-ni’téz), n. [NL,
Gr. Öpxalog, ancient, + £60m, a girdle, +
-ites.] A genus of pulmonate gastropods of
the family Zonitidae, from the Oligocene and
Miocene Tertiary, having helix-shaped shells.
archaicism, n. 2. In biol., abnormal or excep-
tional resemblance to ancestors; atavism;
reversion. [Rare.] Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc.
(London), ser. B, 1903, p. 185.
archangelical (ärk-an-jel’i-kal), a. Archan-
elic: as, “Archangelical Orders,” Cudworth,
ntell. Syst., p. 565.
Archanodon (ār-kan’ā-don), n. [Gr. &p2%,
beginning, + NL. Anodon, a genus of mol-
lusks.] A genus of extinct fresh- or brackish-
water pelecypods. Same as”Ammigenia. Also
Archanodonta.
Archasterinae (är"kas-tº-ri'né), m. pl. [NL.,
K Archaster (a genus) + -inë.] A group of
asteroid Stellaroidea of the order Phanerozonia,
family Archasteridae. It includes the forms with a
definite median line of abactinal plates, the remainder
being arranged in oblique rows and with pedicellariae
present.
archdeaconess (ärch-dé’kn-es), m. The wife
of an archdeacon. º *
arches (ärſké), m. [Gr. 6p2%, beginning, origin.]
Something, having some mode of real being,
from the understanding of which facts of ex-
perience can be deduced., The word is Greek, and
was used in all periods of Greek philosophy, even by the
Ionic philosophers. Plato in the Phaedrus (245 D) calls
the soul an arche of motion, and declares, that an arche
is ingenerate; and in the Timaeus (42 E) “the immortal
arche of a mortal being ” is said to be received from the
Creater, Aristotle uses the word frequently and loosely,
rection instead of returning to their original standing-
points. The ground is a rectangle having the target-
bases on opposite sides at the greatest distance to be shot
(in the York Round 100 yards) plus 5 yards. Targets are
placed at intervals on each target-base. On interior lines
parallel there with and at the proper distances for the
: ranges, shooting-points are marked opposite each
rget.
archesporial (ār-kë-spö’ri-al), a. Of or re-
lating to archespores.—Archesporial cells, the
first eight cells in a spore-formation.—Archesporial
pad, a mass of cells developing beneath the sporogenous
tissue in certain pteridophytes. Bower.
archestome (ärſké-stöm), n. See archæostoma.
archetypally (är'ké-ti-pal-i), adv. Same as
archetypically. tº
arch-genethliac (ärch"jë-neth’li ak), n. In
astrol., the chief calculator of nativities.
archicembalo (ār-ki-chem’bà-lô), n.
Ruins of the
archichlamydeous (är"ki-kla-mid’é-us),
archicoele (ärſki-séI), m.
archicyte (är'ki-sit"), n.
Archidesmus (ār-ki-des' mus), n.
archigonocyte
Here amid the scrawled . . . . . .
Dncouth recordings of the dupes of this
Old arch-genethliac, lie my life's results 1
- Browning, Paracelsus, ii. 25.
archibenthal (ār-ki-benthal), a... [archiben:
thos + -al.] Of or pertaining to the depths of
the primitive ocean or archibenthos.
The archibenthal species, as was to be expected, have a
greater range than those restricted to the more variable
environment of the shallow waters of the coast.
Science, Oct. 7, 1904, p. 463.
archibenthos (ār-ki-ben'thos), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ap24-, primitive, + 8&v6og, depth..] The depths
of the primitive or Paleozoic ocean.
archicarp, n. 2. In ascomycetous fungi, the
cell or group of cells fertilized by a sexual act.
[It..] A
form of cembalo, said to have been made in
Italy about 1537, provided with an enharmonic
scale, 31 tones to the octave. See cembalo, 2.
archicenter (ār-ki-sen’tér), m. [Gr. 6pxt-, first,
+ kévrpov, center.] An archetype; an organ-
ism or an organ which may be regarded as the
primitive or ancestral or central or unspecial-
ized type from which allied organisms or homol-
ogous organs are descended. Also archecen-
ter. Encyc. Brit., XXVIII. 343.
archicentric (ār-ki-senſtrik), a. Of or per-
taining to an archicenter; archetypal. An
archicentric organism or organ is one which may be re-
garded as the common ancestor of allied organisms or
homologous organs. Also archecentric.
When a series of the modifications of an anatomical
structure has been sufficiently examined, it is frequently
possible to decide that one particular condition is primi-
tive, ancestral, or central, and that the other conditions
have been derived from it. Such a condition has been
termed . . . archecentric. Encyc. Brit., XXVIII. 343.
archicentricity (är"ki-sen-tris’i-ti), n. [archi-
centric + -ity.] The property of being or of
pertaining to an archetype or archicenter.
archicerebrum (är-ki-ser'é-brum), m.; pl.
archicerebra (-brå). [NL., K. Gr. 6pxt-, first, +
L. cerebrum, brain.] The primary brain of ar-
thropods. The brain of an arthropod is to be regarded
as a compound structure or syncerebrum consisting of
the archicerebrum fused with the morphological equiva-
lents of two or more ganglionic portions of the ventral
nervous system.
Archichaetopoda, (är"ki-ké-top'3-dà), M. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. 6pxt-, first, + NL. Chaetopoda.] An
order of Polychaeta consisting of aberrant or
primitive forms in which the nervous system
is not separated from the epidermis and the
ventral nerve-cord is not segmented into gan-
glia. Saccocirrus is the only genus.
Archichlamydeae (är"ki-kla-mid’é-é), m. pl.
[NL. (Engler, 1887), K. Gr. dpaſt-, first, + Jºãauig
(2%aplvö-), mantle, +-eae.] A series of dicoty-
ledonous plants embracing the Apetalae (Achla-
'mydeae and Monochlamydeae) and the Chori-
petalae (Polypetalae), and coördinate with the
Metachlamydeae. The plants of this series appeared
earlier in the geologic history of plants, and possess a
lower organization than those of the Metachlamydeae.
(!.
[Archichlamydeae + -ows.] Belonging to the
plant series Archichlamydeae.
archiclistogamous (ärſki-klis-tog'a-mus), a.
[Gr. dip2(t-, first, + clistogamous...] In bot., hav-
ing none of the flowers opening at any time ;
unqualifiedly clistogamous.
[Gr. 6pxt-, first, +
Kolhoç, hollow.] A coeloma, or body-cavity,
which is a persistent remnant of the segmen-
tation-cavity.
[Gr. 6pxt -, first, +
kinſog, a hollow (a cell).] In embryol., the fer-
tilized egg before it undergoes segmentation.
archidepula (ār-ki-dep'll-lā), M.; pl. archidepu-
laº (-lè). [NL. (Haeckel), K. Gr. apart-, first, +
NL., depula, depula..] In embryol., the depula
arising by cell-division from the archicytula.
[NL., K. Gr.
ôpxt-, chief, H deauác, band.]. A genus of ex-
tinct centipeds from the Old Red Sandstone of
Scotland.
archigenesis (är"ki-jen’é-sis), m. |NL., K. Gr.
ôpxt-, first, + y&veong, genesis.] The genesis
of the first living beings in the history of the
earth. While there is no reason to believe that the
first appearance of life on earth was abrupt, or that, if
one had witnessed it, he could have recognized the exact
point when the boundary between lifeless matter and the
first living things was passed, belief in the fact of a first
origin of life (archigenesis) seems to be logical and
necessary.
archigonocyte (ār-ki-gon’ī-sit), n. [Gr, &pyl-,
first, + gonocyte.] The primary germ-celi
which results from segmentation of the im-
pººnated ovum. Buck, Med. Handbook, VI,

52
archigonous.
archigonous (ār-kigºnus), a. [NL., “archigo-
nus, “archegonus, K Gr. 3px;Yovoc, first-born
Šápage-, 3pxt-, first, + -yovoc, -born,-produced.
Produced at the beginning; originating as first
of living ºngs. Haeckel (trans.), Wonders of
$4°o I º
La-Vº D. º
archigony (ār-kig'à-ni), n. [Gr. *āpylyovia for
*áp2(e)ovia, Kāpxéyovog, first-born, of the prime-
Val race: see *archigonows.] Archigenesis.
archikaryon (ār-ki-kar’i-on), m.; pl. archikarya
(-3). [Gr. diprº-, first, + Kápvov, nut (nucleus).]
In embryol., the nucleus of the fertilized egg;
the cleavage-nucleus. Also archicaryon.
Archil extract. Same as karchil substitute.— Archil
Substitute. There are three so-called archil substitutes,
all artificial dyestuffs of the monoazo-sulphonic-acid type.
See Apollo Arred.— Brilliant archil C, an acid coal-tar
color of unpublished composition, which dyes wool and
silk red in an acid bath.--Canary archil, a lichen, Roc-
cella tinctoria. See archil.— Flat archil, a name some-
times applied to the lichen Roccella fuciformis.
archilithic (ār-ki-lith'ik), a. [Gr. Öpaſt-, first,
+ Affog, rock.] In geol., noting the period of
primitive rocks. [Rare.]
archimartyr (ār-ki-mâr’tēr), n. [Gr. 6pxt-,
first, + paptup, martyr..] The most eminent or
chief among a group of martyrs in a given
period or country.
A group of sufferers called the Madaurian martyrs seems
to belong to the same period: for in the correspondence
of St. Augustine, Namphumo, one of their number, is
spoken of as “archimartyr,” which appears to mean pro-
tomartyr of Africa. Encyc. Brit., XXXII. 462.
Archimedes (är"ki-mé"dēz), m. [NL., K. L.
Archimedes, K. Gr. 'Apylpiñómg, a Greek philos-
opher. The allusion is to Archimedes's screw.]
A genus of extinct cryptostomatous bryozoans
having a broadly spiral Zoarium coiled about.
a solid vertical axis. It is very abundant in
the Lower Carboniferous limestones.—Archi-
medes limestone, a formation of Lower Carboniferous
age, well developed in the Mississippi valley, especially
in Missouri and Iowa. It was defined by Swallow as
lying below the St. Louis limestone and as characterized
by the screw-shaped bryozoan Archimedes.
archimime (ärſki-mim), n. [L. archimimus, K
Gr. dpyiupoc, K apxt-, chief, + gluog, mime.]
The chief mime; the hero of the Roman low
comedy; also, the chief buffoon at a Roman
funeral. See mime.
archimorphic (ār-ki-mór'fik), a. [Gr. 6pxt-,
first, + popph, form.] Of the first form, or of
the form shown in the earlier ages: as applied
in anthrop., characteristic of races which for
very long periods have had a fixed habitat,
as the Mediterranean, Mongolian, and negro
races: distinguished from protomorphic and
metamorphic. Amer. Anthropol., July–Sept.,
1902, p. 539.
Archimycetes (är"ki-mi-sé'těz), m. pl. [NL.
K. Gr. 3pxt-, first, + patic/reg, pl. of piùkmg, fungus.
A subclass of the Phycomycetes, including the
single order Chytridiales.
Archimylacris (är"ki-mi-lak’ris), m. [Gr.
aprº-, first, + plv%akpig, a cockroach..] A genus
of extinct cockroaches from the Carboniferous
rocks.
Archipithecus (ār / ki-pi- the kus), n., [Gr.
&pxt-, first, + tiffnkoç, ape.] A supposed ape-
form, assumed as the ancestor of the Pithecan-
thropus. ſº y
archiplasm (ärſki-plazm), i. [Gr;,&pxt-, first,
+TAñaga, anything formed.] 1. The simplest
and most primitive living matter, homo-
geneous, undifferentiated into nucleus and
cell-body. Haeckel (trans.), Wonders of Life,
p. 158.-2. In embryol., the substance of which
the fertilized ovum consists : not to be con-
founded with *archoplasm (which see).
archipresbyteral (är"ki-pres' bit-º-ral), a. Per-
taining to the office of archipresbyter, which
arose in the churchin the fourth century. His
duty was to preside over worship and to
take the place of the bishop in his absence.
archipterygial (är"kip-tº-riginal), a. Per-
taining to or like an archipterygium, the
theoretical primitive fin from which the fimbs
of vertebrates have been developed.
As regards the Dipneusti, in the course of some inter-
esting remarks on vertebrate limb theories, the author
adopts Dollo's view as to their probable derivation from
the Crossopterygii, the corollary to which, as the present
writer has also pointed out, is that the “archipterygia!”
form of limb must have been §§ realised, on
the one hand, by the . § ; and on the
r by the Holoptychii an e Iung-nSnes.
other by pty - Nature, Aug. 7, 1902, p. 840.
àr’ki-spèrm), n. [See Archi-
º," º: of the *Archispermae
(which see).-2. A structure formed, before
fertilization, or at an early stage in the mac-
rospore. Boulger.
Archispermae (àr-ki-sper’mē), n., pl. [NL,
(Strasburger, 1872), fem. of L. archispermus,'
adji, K. Gr. 6pxt-, first, F otépua, seed.] Same
as Gymnospermae (which see) and *Metasperma).
The term is designed to emphasize the fact that these
plants appeared early in the geologic series, occurring
as they do in the Paleozoic, See A.Archichlamydeae.
archispore (ärſki-spór), m. [Gr, apºſt-, first, +
oTrópog, seed (see spore).] In certain Cocci-
diidea, one of the uninucleate masses of pro-
toplasm into which the sporont divides and
from which later spores arise. Labbé, 1899.
Same as sporoblast. Also, archespore.
In general, it may be stated that the entire organism
takes part in the formation of archispores (or sporoblasts),
each archispore giving rise to spores, and each spore to
sporozoites, either directly or indirectly.
Calkins, Infusoria, p. 151.
Archistes (ār-kis’téz), n. [NL., K. Gr. Öpºg,
rectum, + -ist-es (?).] A genus of small scul-
pins of the family Cottidae, found in the Kurile
islands.
architecturalization (ār-ki-tek’ti-ral-i-zā’-
sh9m), m. Adaptation to architectural pur-
poses: as, “the architecturalization of foliage,”
G. G. Scott, Lectures on Med. Arch., I. 103.
architecturalize (ar-ki-tek’ti-ral-iz), v. t.;
pret, and pp. architecturalized, ppr. architec-
turalizing. To adapt to architectural purposes.
G. G. Scott, Lectures on Med. Arch., II. 139.
architecture, n.-Celtic architecture, the mega-
lithic monuments of western Europe.- Chalukyan
architecture, architecture as developed under the in-
fluence of the family of Chalukya, or the Chalukyas, who
ruled in the Deccan, in the southern part of the Indian
peninsula, from the sixth to the thirteenth century A. D.
—Columnar architecture, architecture characterized
by a free use of columns, especially in classic and neo-
classic styles. The style of the Grecian temples, the Ro-
man porticos, and all buildings not vaulted was colum-
nar.—Cottage architecture, architecture displayed in
the careful planning and designing of modern cottages,
from either an artistic or a sanitary point of view.—Dra-
vidian architecture. See Indian architecture, under
Indian.—Federal architecture. See*federal.—Flem-
ish architecture, the architecture of ancient Flanders,
including the important cities of Tournai, Bruges, Ypres
ijouai, and Öuāenarde. TGarden architecture, (a)
The design and regulation of pleasure-grounds, especially
formal gardens. , (b) The design of the strictly architec-
tural buildings in such pleasure-grounds (pavilions, ca-
SimOS, terrace walls, parapets, perrons, and pedestals for
statues).-Georgian architecture, architecture as de-
veloped in England under the four Georges, especially
the earlier sovereigns of that name. Its reproduction in
the American colonies produced what has been called
in the United States colonial architecture (which see, un-
der colonial). — Greco-Roman architecture, architec-
ture as developed at Rome or under the influence of
the Roman dominion, but founded on Greek models.
Throughout the empire the tendency was steadily away
from the purely Greek type, and the buildings of the fourth
century can hardly be classed as Greco-Roman except
that porticos of purely columnar architecture were still in
favor. See cut under hea'astyle.—Indo-Aryan architec-
ture. See Sanskrit architecture, under Samskrit.—Indo-
Saragenic architecture, the architecture of the Mos-
lem dominion in northern India, beginning with the
Moslem conquest in the twelfth century A. D. See Sara-
cenic architecture, under Saracenic, and Indian-Saracenic.
—Jewish architecture, the architecture of the Jews
especially at two important periods of their history: (a)
that of the kingdom of David and Solomon (about 1033–
953 B. O.), of which very little is known and which is sup-
posed to have been a mere variant of Phenician art; (b)
that of the time of Herod Agrippa (37–44 A. D.), under
whom the system of design was Roman, with only such
modification as was common in the cities of Syria.—Kmer
or Khmer architecture, the ancient architecture of
Cambodia and of some neighboring districts in farther
India. It is known chiefly by important sculptures
which have been brought to France and are stored in
the Louvre museum.—Landscape architecture, . See
*landscape-architecture.— Mesopotamian architec-
ture, the architecture of the great plains between the
Tigris and the Euphrates and near those rivers on the
east and the west. It includes the well-known styles
called A88yriam and Babylonian, and also the as yet lit-
tle-known styles of primitive times, such as the Accadian
and the Chaldean, the last including the Babylonian
style.— Mohammedan architecture, Same as Mos-
lem, karchitecture.— Monastic architecture. See Amo-
mastic.— Monolithic architecture, (a) Rock-cut work,
as in the case of the Buddhist caves. See chaitya and
Buddhist architecture. (b) Architecture in which the
work is cast in a solid mass (as in pigé, or rammed clay),
in recent times by means of artificial stone.— MOOris
architecture, the architecture of the Moslems in North
Africa and in Spain. The most important building which
has been studied is the mosque of Cordova, now the ca-
thedral. The best-known is the palace of the Alhambra,
on a hill above Granada. See Saracemic architecture,
under Saracenic, and cuts under Alhambraic, arcade,
court, Moorish art.— Moslem architecture, the archi.
tecture of the peoples conquered by the Arabs. It has
existed in Egypt, Syria, and Persia since the seventh cen-
tury A. D.; in North Africa and Spain since the eighth
century; and in India since about 1250. The style may
be divided into several substyles, with marked variations.
See cuts under Arabic architecture, Mogul architecture,
mosque, 8tilted arch.-Mudejar architecture, Spanish
architecture from the fourteenth to the sixteenth cen-
tury, exhibiting Moorish influence ; often covered with
ornament and showing a mixture of Oriental and Gothic
detail. – Neo-classic architecture, the architecture
which has been used in modern Europe since the Italian
arcocentrous
*isorgimento at the beginning of the fifteenth century.
It includes the Renaissance proper; the Italian class:-
cºsmo and decademza of the sixteenth century; the French
and German styles as they grew to a close following of
classic types about 1550; and the Jacobean of England,
at least from the time of Inigo Jones. The succeedin
styles (called baroque, rocaille, or rococo), the revive
classic of the eighteenth century, and the buildings of
the nineteenth and twentieth centuries founded on the
above-named styles, are all included under this term. In
careful writing it may be used to distinguish that which
is closely Greco-Roman in style from that which shows
much modern influence.—Persepolitan architecture,
the architecture of Persia during the sixth and fifth cen-
turies B. C., or from about the conquests of Cyrus (549
B. G.) to the conquests of Alexander (334 B. C.): named
from the ruins at Persepolis near Shiraz. – Persian ar-
chitecture, the architecture of the country now known
as the kingdom of Persia. It is generally divided into
three great schools, or epochs, the Persepolitan, the
Parthiam, and the Mohammedan, beginning with the
Moslem conquest in the ninth century and existing to
the present day.— Peruvian architecture, the archi:
tecture of western South America before the invasion of
the Spaniards in the sixteenth century. The epoch of
the most important buildings cannot be fixed with pre-
cision. They consist largely of tombs, in the form both
of mounds and of masonry towers. The ancient city of
Cuzco near Lake Titicaca contains the most important
residential architecture and the most elaborate sculp-
tured decorations.— Phenician architecture, the ar-
chitecture of the people of Syria before the strong Greco-
Roman influence was felt. The Phenicians were hardly
a building race, but used largely a monolithic architec-
ture, mainly in the form of rock-cut caves. Their col-
onies on the shores of the Mediterranean developed
styles of their own, as at Carthage, though these have
been little studied. The buildings of the Roman empire
superseded and often replaced those of the Phenicians.
architrave, n.—Banded architrave, an architrave
as in the case of a window opening, of which the moided
parts forming the usual architrave of the order employed
are cut across, or interrupted by plain projecting blocks:
a device of the latest neo-classic karchitecture (which
See). -
archive, m.–Bureau of Indexes and Archives. See
*bureau.
archivolt, n.—Interlacing archivolts, an arcade
apparently formed by a series of arches, generally seni-
circular, crossing one another so that the actual openings
are pointed arches below and triangular spandrels above:
a feature peculiar to Romanesque architecture. The con-
struction may be strictly arcuate, but is oftener a fitting
together of stones cut to produce the decorative effect
required. The arcades so produced were a common Eng-
lish wall decoration in the twelfth century. See cut at
interlacing arches, under interlace.—Returned archi-
volt, an archivolt in which the band forming it is carried
off horizontally, making a sharp angle with the curve-
part, or, more rarely, is curved up again to meet another
archivolt, as was often done in Syrian churches of the
sixth and seventh centuries. See cut under return.
Archizoic (ār-ki-zó'ik), a. and n. [Gr. Öpºſt-
first, + £60%, life.] In geol., noting the period
of earliest life. Same as *Archaeozoic.
archontal (är’kon-tal), a... [archon (t-) + -all.]
for pertaining to the office of archon. Athe-
maeum, Aug. 22, 1891, p. 257.
archoplasm, (är’kö-plazm), n. . [Gr. 6px6c,
ruler, -H Tââoua, anything formed.] In cytol.,
the substance which forms the attraction-
spheres, astral rays, and spindle-fibers in the
karyokinetic figure of dividing animal and
plant cells. Boveri, 1888. *
archoplasma (är'kó-plaz"mă), n. [NL.] Same
as "archoplasm.
archoplasmic (ār-kö-plaz’mik), a. Consisting
of or pertaining to archoplasm.
Archosargus (ār-kó-sår'gus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
àpitág, chief (?), +, oapyóg, a fish: see Sargus.]
A genus of sparoid fishes, containing the well-
Known sheepshead, A. probatocephalus, of the
Atlantic coast of the United States. -
Archosauria (ār-kó-sā’ri-á), m. pl. [NL., KGr.
dipzóg, chief (?), + oaipog, a lizard]. A name
introduced by Čope to distinguish those orders
of reptiles which have two temporal arches,
the Rhynchocephalia, Crocodilia, Dinosauria,
and Pterosawria. According to Zittel, the grou
properly includes the Squamata in which one or bot
arches have become obsolete.
archosaurian (ār-kā-så'ri-an), a. and n. I. a.
Of or relating to the Archosauria.
II. m. A member of that group.
Archozoic (ār-kö-zó'ik), a. Same as *Archæo-
2006.
arch-solid (ärch’solºid), n. Same as arch-stone.
archt.1. An abbreviation of architect.
archt2, p. a. A simplified spelling of arched.
arciform, a. 2. Having the form or structure
of the shell of the molluscan genus Arca.
arc-lamp (ärk’ lamp), n. See electric lamp,
under electric, and electric *arc.—Differential
arc-lamp, an arc-lamp the operation of which is con-
trolled by the opposing magnetic forces of a shunt coil
and a series coil. This is the most common type of lamp.
A. R. G. O. An abbreviation of Associate of the
Royal College of Organists.
arcocentrous (ār-kā-sen 'trus), a. [Irreg. KL.
arcus, arch, + Gr. Kévrpov, center.] Having the
*
arCOCentrous
vertebral centra formed by the development of scopical study of semi-vitreous volcanic rocks,
the arches about the sheath of the notochord;
areogenous.
The vertebrae do not possess, and cannot form, neuro-
Central sutures, because their bodies are exquisitely arco-
centrovs, formed, in fact, by the arches proper, namely,
by the basidorsalia and basiventralia, while the interba-
salia produce the wentral, intervertebral mass.
H. Gadow, in Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London), 1896,
[ser. B, 187. 14.
arcogenous (ār-koj'e-mus), a. [L. arcus, arch,
+ -genus, -producing.] . Having the centra of
the vertebrae developed from arcualia, or arches
formed about the sheath of the notochord, and
not from ossifications arising in the chordal
sheath. Such vertebrae are found in Amphibia
and their centra are called arch-centra. Philos.
Trans. Roy. Soc. (London), 1896, ser. B, 187. 51.
arcose, n. See arkose.
Arcot rupee. See *rupee.
Arctatlantis (ärkt-at-lan'tis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
àpicrog, the north, + 'Aržavrig, the Atlantic
(ocean).] In 206geog., a sea-region proposed
by Sclater, consisting of the northern portion
º the Atlantic down to about 40° north lati-
tude.
The North Atlantic Sea-region, or Arctatlantis, con-
sisting of the northern portion of the Atlantic down to
about 40° N. lat. Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), X. 219.
arctian, n. II. a. Of or belonging to the
lepidopterous genus Arctia or to the family
Arctiidae.
Arctic *flounder, Agray *highlander, Amigra-
tion, Askipper, ºsperm-O See the nouns.
Arctica (Ārk’ti-kä), n. [NL., said to be K Gr.
àpicturóg, of the beginning, K apxeoffat, begin.]
A genus of teleodesmaceous pelecypods be-
longing to the family Pleurophoridae. They
have oval or rounded valves, prominent curved beaks,
and three cardinals in each valve. The genus abounds in
the Jurassic and Cretaceous formations, and also exists
in present seas.
arcticize (ärk’ti-siz), v. t. ; pret, and pp. arc-
ticized, ppr. arcticizing. [arctic + -ize.] To ac-
custom or inure to arctic conditions. Kane,
Grinnell Exped., p. 261.
Arcticenia (ärk-ti-ré’ni-á), n. [Gr. Öpictog, the
north, + eipſium, peace.] In 206geog., a sea-
region proposed by Sclater, comprising the
northern portion of the Pacific Ocean down to
about the tropic of Cancer.
The North Pacific Sea-region, or Arctivenia, contain-
ing the northern portion of the Pacific Ocean to about the
tropic of Cancer. Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), X. 220.
Arctium (ärk’ti-um), n. [NL. (Linnaeus, 1753),
K. Gr. Öpicriov, a plant mentioned by Dioscori-
des, supposed by some of the early German
botanists to be the burdock.] A genus of di-
cotyledonous plants of the family Asteraceae.
They are coarse, branching herbs with broad alternate
leaves and heads of purple or white flowers: distinguished
from Cardwus, a related genus, by the bracts of the invo-
lucre ending in a long stiff point hooked at the extremity.
There are about six species, natives of Europe and Asia.
Three have been introduced into the United states. For
A. Lappa, see batweed, burdock, hardock, and harebwr.
Arctogaeic (ärk-tº-jā'ik), a. Same as Arcto-
gaeal and Arctogaean.
arctoidean (ārk-toi"dē-an), a. 1. Pertaining
to or resembling the Arctoidea.—2. Loosely,
same as arctoid.
Arctopithecus, n. 2. A genus of three-toed
sloths comprising those species in which the
pterygoids are not inflated. Gray, 1850. Con-
sidered by some as synonymous with Bradypus.
Arctos (ärkſtos), m. . [Gr. dpktog, bear.] The
constellation of the Great Bear, Ursa Major.
Arcturian (ārk-tū’ri-an), a. anán, i. z."fêr-
taining to or resembling the star, Arcturus.
—Arcturian stars, those of Secchi's second type, which
have a spectrum resembling that of Arcturus (a Boöte).
In the main it is like the solar spectrum, with extremely
numerous metallic lines. Next to the Sirian stars these
are the most abundant.
II. m. A star of the type of Arcturus.
arcuale (ār-kü-ā’lé), n. ; pl. arcualia-(li-á).
[NL., neut. of “argualis, adj., K.L. arcus, a bow,
an arch : see arcl, archl.] The name given
By Gadow to one of the paired cartilages which
form on the superior and inferior faces of the
notochord in amphibians and by their exten-
sion and ossification form the centra, Spinous
rocesses, and hemapophyses of the vertebrae.
§. are typically four pairs of arcualia, the two above
being the basidorsalia and interdorsalia, and the two
inferior pairs the basiventralia and interventralia. See
#arcocentrow8, Agastrocentrous, and kmotocentrow8.
arculite (är’kū-lit), m. [L. arculum, a hoop,
dim. of arcus, a bow, F -ite?..] .In petrog., a
term proposed by Rutley, 1891, to denote
minute bow-shaped aggregates of crystallites,
such as are Commonly found on the micro-
especially rhyolites and pitchstones.
Arcus juvenalis [L., “bow of youth'), an opacity encir-
cling the cornea, sometimes seen in the young, which
greatly resembles the arcus senilis.
arcyid (är'si-id), a. and n. I. a. Having the
characteristics of or pertaining to the spider
family Arcyidae.
II. m. A spider of the family Arcyidae.
Ardisia (ār-dis’i-á), n., [NL. (Swartz, 1788)
K Gr, à004, a point.] A very large genus of
tropical trees and shrubs of the family Myr-
8inaceae, a very few of which are grown in hot-
houses and conservatories. About a dozen species
are in cultivation, but only two are generally known,
and these are grown as pot-plants for their berries.
They are A, crenulata, red-berried, and A. Japonica,
white-berried. The former, from eastern Asia, is one of
the popular pot-plants, with persistent foliage and ber-
ries that remain for months or even for a year or more.
It is a synonym of Icacorea.
ardite (ār-déte), n. [Sp.; referred by some to
Basque ardia, , sheep.] An ancient copper
coin of Catalonia.
Ardoislantern, signal system. See *lantern,
*signal.
Ardor urinae, a scalding sensation on urination, in cases
of urethritis.—Ardor ventriculi, pyrosis; heartburn.
-are. A suffix applied to the names of orders in
the quantitative classification of igneous rocks
proposed by Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, and Wash-
ington: as, Canadare, columbare. See classift-
cation of igneous rocks, under *rock.
area, n. 5. In conch., a space behind the apex
of the shell, in certain bivalves, including the
dorsal posterior side.— 6. In Polyzoa, the cal-
careous surface outlined on the zooecium by a
raised ridge.—Abysmal area, that part of the litho-
sphere which is more than 10,000 feet below sea-level.—
Alleghanian (faunal or floral) area, the eastern humid
division of Merriam's transition life zone. (See kzone.)
It covers part of Nova Scotia, a large part of New Eng-
land, New York and Pennsylvania, middle Ontario and
Michigan, most of Wisconsin, a large part of Minnesota,
and parts of the Dakotas.— Area, amniotica, the trans-
parent portion in the human embryo corresponding in
general to the area pellucida in the chick.-Area crib-
rosa, ["sieve-like tract'] or Cribriform area. In anat. :
(a) The anterior surface of the nipple, marked by the
orifices of the milk-pores. (b) The area at the bottom of
the internal auditory meatus giving passage to branches
of the auditory nerve.—Area. Of characterization, a
region in which the several varieties of plants and animals
inhabiting it have been able to preserve their individ-
uality through geographical isolation. W. Z. Ripley,
Races of Europe, p. 48.— Area of high pressure, any
region on the earth over which barometric pressure is
higher than in the neighboring region. There are perma-
nent tropical areas of high pressure, the pressure being
slightly higher under the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
than to the north or south. This increase is specially
marked over the continents in the winter and over the
oceans in the summer season. Small areas of high pres-
sure move from the poles toward the equator at irregular
intervals, especially in the respective winter seasons, and
are usually designated on the daily weather-maps as
“highs.”— Areas of Langerhans, minute collections of
cells in the interstițial connective tissue of the pancreas:
more commonly called islands of Langerhans.—Area of
low pressure, any region on the earth over which at-
mospheric or barometric pressure is lower than in the
neighboring regions. A large region of this kind occupies
the antarctic circle and there is a less marked region in the
arctic circle : these are called polar areas. Continental
areas of low pressure develop over the continents in their
summerseasons and oceanic areas over the extreme North
Atlantic and North Pacific oceans in the summer season.
There is a belt of areas of low pressure (equatorial areas)
lying within the torrid zone near the equator. The smaller
areas of low pressure which occupy the central portions
of all cyclonic storms, and are usually designated on the
weather-maps as “lows,” are called storm-areas.-Area,
opaca, in embryol., that portion of the blastodisc known
The yolk of a hen's egg at the end of the third day of incubation.
AD, area pellucida of the blastoderm. AK, area opaca. AV,
area vasculosa. EM, embryo. SM, vitelline membrane. (From
Marshall's “Vertebrate Embryology.”)
as the opaque as distinguished from the pellwcid, area
(area pellucida), especially in the embryonic bird.—Area.
placentalis, that portion of the ectoderm, in the human
arecaidine
ovum, which is in intimate contact with the wall of the
uterus.-Area system, in photog., a system of calculating
relative exposures with various stops and lenses, based on
the law of squares.--Arid transition (faunal or tº
area, that part of Merriam's transition zone, (see ºzome
lying west of the hundredth meridian and merging at
length into the Pacific coast humid area. Its outlines are
very irregular, being much affected by altitude. It ex-
tends interruptedly from British America far into the
mountains of Mexico.—Association areas, portions of
the cerebral cortex in which there are apparently no
motor nor sensory centers, their function seeming to be
to correlate the various impressions received and excite
motor impulses consistent with them ; in other words,
to exercise the functions of the mind.— Austroriparian
(fauna.1 or floral) area, the eastern humid division of
Merriam's lower austral life zone (see Azone), alternatively
called Louisianian area. Beginning in southern Virginia,
it extends along the coast-plain to Florida, thence west
over a large portion of the Gulf States to middle Texas. In
the Mississippi valley it reaches north to the boundaries of
Illinois and Indiana. The semitropical or gulf strip is a
subdivision of this. The southern extremities of Florida
and Texas belong to the tropical region.— Broca's area,
the portion of gray matter in the brain between the pe.
duncle of the corpus callosum and the middle olfactory lobe
where are stored the memories of the movements neces-
sary to articulate speech. — Carolinian (faunal or floral)
area, the eastern moist division of Merriam's upper aus-
trailife zone (see ºzone). It extends along the coast from
Connecticut to Virginia, thence along the base of the
mountains to Alabama, north through Tennessee, to On-
tario, and from there west over Indiana and succeeding
States to the hundredth meridian.— Conservation of
areas, the description of equal areas in equal times by
the radius vector in all Orbits described under the action
of a central force.—Cord area, the portion of the brain
injury to which is often followed by degenerative processes
in the spinal cord.— Culture area, an area in which the
forms of human culture have assumed a definite shape,
owing to the influence of geographical environment.—
Distributional area, germinal area, hyperbolic
area. See kaistributional, *germinal, *hyperbolic.—
Louisianian area. Same as aw8troriparian *area.—
LOWer Sonoran (faunal or floral) area, the dry western
division of Merriam's lower austral life zone. (See Azone).
It extends from western Texas to New Mexico, reaching
far south into Mexico at middle altitudes. It reappears
west of the Rocky Mountains, occupying irregular and in-
terrupted areas in Arizona, California, Mexico, and Lower
California.-Motor area, that portion of the anterior
and posterior central convolutions of the brain where the
nerve-centers for motion are believed to reside. — Pacific
Coast transition (faunal or floral) area, the humid
western division of Merrian's transition zone. (See A-zone.)
It comprises portions of western Washington and Oregon
and northern California, together with a large part of the
California coast.— Principle of the preservation or
conservation of areas, in mech., Kepler's law that the
radius vector of a planet revolving in an ellipse about the
sun describes equal areas in equal times in all parts of the
orbit. Newton showed that this is a necessary conse-
quence of the laws of motion of a body attracted or re-
pelled by central forces only. In meteorology Ferrel
showed that the same law applies to the motions of the
atmosphere and of all bodies on the earth's surface held
there by gravitation if friction is neglected ; and H. Bruns
(1883) showed that this law holds good even if the friction
is appreciable, as the latter diminishes the area but does
not affect the constancy.— Rolandic area. Same as
tnotor karea.— Sensation or Sense area. (a) The sur-
face of distribution, peripheral or central, of a particular
sensory nerve or nerve-branch. (b) A term sometimes
used to denote the separation that must be given to two
esthesiometric points impressed upon the skin if the two
stimuli are to be separately sensed ; the linen of dual im-
pression.— Sensory area, that portion of the brain cor-
tex, embracing the superior temporal convolution and the
posterior part of the occipital lobe, where the centers for
receiving sensory impressions are believed to reside.—
Silent area, an area of the surface of the brain injury to
which is not expressed by special motor or sensory symp-
toms: now usually called association xarea.
But as it is in the association areas (hitherto termed the
“silent areas "because, forsooth, we understood them not)
that the higher intellectual activities are carried on, it is
in these portions of the cortex that the higher feelings as-
sume shape and control or influence the somaesthetic areas
with which they are connected. Herein it is that the
mind of man differs most from that of the brute.
Amer. Anthropologist, Oct.-Dec., 1903, p. 609.
Subpermanent areas of pressure. See &presswre.—
ºp; Sonoran (faunal or floral) area, the western
arid division of Merriam's upper austral life zone. (See
*zone.) It occupies irregular and discontinuous spaces,
determined largely by altitude, west of the hundredth
meridian from Montana and Washington to far south in
Mexico.—Vascular area, in the amniote embryo, that
portion of the extra-embryonic blastodisc which gives
rise to the first blood-vessels. See cut at #area opaca.
area-drain (ā’ré-à-drān), m. An area, near the
foundation-walls of a building, having a slight
slope to carry the moisture off.
Areal geology, stimulation, etc. See *geol-
Ogy, etc.
area-wall (ā’ré-à-wäl"), m. The wall which re-
tains the earth on either side of an area. In
cities it is becoming increasingly common to set buildings
of all kinds in what seems a pit formed by areas on all
the street-fronts; the area-wall them becomes an impor-
tant construction, like the counterscarp of a fortification.
arecaidine (ar-é-kā’i-din), n., TIrreg, K, areca
+ -id + -ine?..] An alkaloid, C7H11NO2+ H2O,
formed by the saponification of arecoline with
barium hydroxid. It is crystalline, melts at
223°C., and is not poisonous. It is an acid as
well as a base.

arecaine
arecaine (ar’é-ka-in), n.
-ime?..]. An alkaloid, C7H11NO2+ H2O, found
in the betel-nut from Areca Catechw. It is crys-
talline and melts at 213° C.
arecoline (ar’é-kö-lin), m. [areca + -ol--H -ine?..]
The chief alkaloid, C8H13NO2, of the betel-
nut from Areca Catechu. It is an oil, is easily sol-
uble in water, boils at 220° C., and is very poisonous. It
is the methyl ester of arecaidine, and is used in medicine,
principally as arecoline hydrobromate, as a vermifuge.
Arenacea (ar-É-nā’sé-ä), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl.
of arenaceus, of sand: see arenaceous.]
group of Foraminifera in which the test is not
secreted by the organism, but is constructed
by it from particles of sand, shell, sponge-spic-
ules, and other adventitious bodies picked up
by it and cemented together by a modification
of the sarcode. The name does not indicate a
true zoölogical group.
arenicole (a-ren’i-köl), a. [L. arena, harena,
sand, + colere, dwell in: see cult.] fiving Or
burrowing in the sand, as certain marine
worms; arenicolous.
areniferous (ar-É-nif'e-rus), a. Bearing or con-
taining particles of sand, as the horny fibers
of certain sponges.
Arenig group. See *growpl.
arenoid (ar’é-noid), a. [L. arena, sand, +
eldog, form.] Resembling sand. Buck, Med.
Handbook, IV. 114.
arenosity (ar-à-nos’i-ti), n. [aremose + -ity.]
Sandy character or quality; Sandiness. Dr.
H. More.
areographer (ā-rá-og 'ra-fér), n. One who
writes upon or describes the physical features
of the planet Mars.
areola, n. 2. (b) A tessellation in the thallus
of some lichens.—Areola umbilicalis, a dark circle
surrounding the umbilicus in pregnancy.
Areolar cancer. See *cancer.
Areolate mildew of cotton.
mold of cottom.
areolatin (ar’é-Ö-lä-tin), m. A white crystal-
line neutral compound, C12H10O.7, found in
the lichen Pertusaria rupestris. ºf: melts at
2700 C.
areolin (a-ré 3-lin), n. A white crystalline
substance, C16 H1407, found in the lichen Per-
tusaria rupestris. It melts at 243° C.
Same as *leaf-
areometrically (ar"É-Ö-met/ri-kal-i), adv. By
means of the areometer or hydrometer.
Arethusina (ar-É-thii-siºnä), m. [NL., K. L.
Arethusa, K. Gr. 'Apéffovoa, a proper name, +
–inal.] A genus of trilobites belonging to the
family Proëtidae. It is characterized by a broad cepha-
lon with small glabella and Ocular ridges running out to
the eyes, a thorax with 22 Segments, and a small pygid-
ium. It occurs in the Silurian rocks.
a reverbero (ä rā-ver"be-ró). [It. : see re-
verberate.] With reflection: noting a peculiar
tint of luster found on the old Moorish and ma-
jolica wares, consisting of iridescent metallic
pigments.
Argand diagram. See *diagram.
arganin (ār'ga-min), re. A glucoside, probably
identical with *sapotín.
argantid (ār-gan'tid), a. and n. I. a. Having
the characteristics of or belonging to the family
Argamtidae.
II. m. A tick of the famil
Argelander's method, Scale.
*scale3.
argentamine (ār-jent-am’in), n. [As argent
+ amine.] A solution of silver phosphate in
an aqueous solution of ethylene diamine; ethy-
lene-diamine silver phosphate. It is used as
an antiseptic.
argentan, n. 1. This alloy, also known as German
silver, is often made with manganese instead of with
nickel, the other constituents, copper and zinc, being the
8ame in either case.
argentine, n. 7... Metallic tin in a state of fine
subdivisión, precipitated by zinc from a dilute
solution of a tin salt : used for tinplating and
for printing upon paper and cloth.-8. A gold
coin of the Argentine Republic, equivalent to
$4.824. & º
argento (ār-jen’tó), n. . . [It] ... A silver coin
struck by Pope Clement V. at Carpentras near
Avignon in the early part of the fourteenth
century. º
argentol (ār-jen’tól), n. [L. argentum, silver,
+ -ol.] The trade-name of silver hydroxy-
quinolinesulphonate, HOC9H5NSO3Ag. It is
a yellow, pulverulent compound used in sur-
gery as a dusting:powder. o
alsº (ār-jen 'tū-tip), n. 1. A picture
printed by exposure behind a negatiye, on
paper previously prepared by the use of ferrie
Argamtidae.
See *method,
[Irreg. K areca + oxalate and silver nitrate solutions. The pro- argumentarian (ār-gū-men-tā’ri-an), n.
cess was devised by Mallman.—2. A special
make of gelatinobromide paper. f
*illº, (ār-jil’ā-mag-nē’sian), a.
[Gr, àpytºog, clay, + NL. magnesia, magne-
sia..] Containing both clay and magnesia, as
a limestone or a cement made from it.
argillophyre (ār-jil’º-fir), n, [L. argilla, clay,
+ (por)phyr(y).] In petrog, a porphyry, with
a ground-mass rich in clay, resulting from the
decomposition of the original feldspar parti-
cles contained in it.
arginase (ärji-nās), n. [argin (in) + -aše.] A
ferment, which causes the decomposition of
arginin into ornithin and urea. It has been
found in the liver, the thymus, lymph glands,
the mucosa of the Small intestine, etc. Na-
ture, June 16, 1904, p. 160. .
arginin (är'jin-in), n, [Gr, apytv (óegg), bright-
shining, white (Köpyóg, white), + -īn?..] A con-
stant decomposition product of the protamins
and possibly of all albumins. It is a hexone
base, C6H14N4O2. On hydrolysis it yields
6++14+\4}^2
urea and ornithin.
Argiope (ār-ji'3-pé), n. [L. Argiope, KGr. Apxt-
67th, a proper name.] A genus of brachiopods
having a straight hinge-line, plicate shells, dor-
sal valve with from three to five septa, and a
broad continuous brachidium divided into lobes
by the septa. It occurs fossil in Mesozoic and
Tertiary rocks, and also exists in present seas.
Argoan (ār'gó-an), a. [L. Argöus, K Gr. Apyºjoc,
K Apyó, Argo.] Of or pertaining to the ship
Argo, in which Jason sailed for the golden
fleece.
argon (ar'gon), n. [Gr. Öpyöv, neut. of &pyóg,
inert.] A gaseous element having, in the pure
state as a gas, a density of 19.96 (#:1) and an
atomic weight of 39.6. It exists in the atmosphere,
and is also obtained from the gases yielded by the water of
some springs, and, with helium (which see), from certain
minerals and from meteoric iron. It was first recognized
in 1895 by Lord Rayleigh and Professor W. Ramsay, who
separated it from the nitrogen with which it had till then
been confounded largely because of its clemical inert-
mess, it being more indifferent to reagents than even that
element. It yields two characteristic spectra, marked
respectively by certain prominent red and blue lines.
This element, the first of five previously unknown gases
existing in the atmosphere, exhibits the same chemicul
inertness or incapacity for combination as the others,
with which when first examined it was more or less mixed.
It can now be separated from them by reduction to the
liquid state and fractional distillation of the mixtures
When liquefied it boils under normal pressure at –186.1°
C., and in the solid state it melts at –189.5° C. Argon is
nearly 24 times as soluble in water as nitrogen. As a gas
it is more opaque to the Röntgen rays than either nitro-
gen or oxygen. It forms about .94 per cent. by volume
or 1.33 per cent, by weight of the atmosphere. The fact
that this substance was actually obtained by Cavendish
in 1785 is interesting, although he did not pursue its ex-
amination or ascertain its elementary character.
Argonian (ār-gó/mi-an), a. and n, [Argo + -n-H
-ian. The normal adj. from Argo is Argoan
(Gr. Apygoc).] I. a. Noting stars having spec-
tra like those of y Argus and & Puppis (the
stars shown in the figure of the constellation
on page 305, the former (*) on the deck a little
forward of the mast, the latter (+) north of it
and just overboard). These spectra are characterized
by the predominance of the two series of hydrogen lines.
They are considered by Lockyer to be the hottest of all
stars, and some of them show bright lines.
II. m. An Argonian star.
argonim (är'gó-min), n. [Gr. Öpyóg, white, -H -on
+ -in?..] A white, amorphous, practically neu.
tral compound of silver (4 per cent.) and ca-
sein. It is used as a bactericide in cases of
gomorrhoea.
argosy, n. 2. A fleet of ships.
Fun enough to float an argosy of second rates.
Forster, Life of Dickens.
argotic (ār-got'ik), a. Of the nature of argot
or slang: as, argotic locutions.
Argovian (ār-gö’vi-an), a. and m. [NL. Argovia,
F. Argovie, G. Aargau, a canton of Switzer-
land.] In geol., noting a division of the Middle
Jurassic or Oxfordian in France and the Jura,
corresponding to the upper part of the Oxford-
18,D.
Arguesian (ār-gé'si-an), a. [(Des) argues +
-ian.] Of or pertaining to the French mathe-
matician Gérard Desargues (1593–1661). — Ar-
guesian transformation. See transformation. &
argument, n. 8. (c) When one variable is
dependent upon another, the dependent vari-
able is called a function of the other variable,
which is then called the argument of the func-
tion.
The graph of an equation shows very clearly how the
function varies as the argument changes.
G. A. Gibson, Introd. to the Calculus, p. 3.
Arietes
An
[Colloq.]
fººl ºf
argument that because the universe was not by any a
prior necessity arranged exactly as it is, therefore it
must have a prečxistent and independent cause.
argus-butterfly (ār-gus-but 'er-fli), n. Any
one of the meadow-browns of the family Aga-
petidae, as the little wood-satyr, Cissia eurytus:
so called on account of the numerous eye-spots
on the wings.
argus-tortoise (är'gus-tór’tis), n. A tortoise-
beetle of the family Cassididae, Chelymorpha
argus, a large brick-red American species with
many black dots. It feeds on herbaceous
plants of different families.
Argyll Rºbertson phenomega. See *pheºgºnon-
Argyll-Robertson's sign. Same as Argyll-Robertson
pupil (which see, under pupil.2).
argyraescin (ār-ji-res 'in), n. [Gr. &pyvpog,
silver, + L. aesc(ulus), horse-chestnut, + -in?..]
A glucoside found in the horse-chestnut.
argyrol (är'ji-rol), n. [Gr, àpyvpoc, silver, 4-
-ol.] The trade-name of a compound of
silver with proteid material said to be ob-
tained from wheat: used as an antiseptic in-
stead of the more irritant mineral salts of
silver.
argyropyrite (är"ji-rö-pi'rit), n. [Gr. &pyvpog,
silver, H- Trvpirmg, pyrites.] A sulphid of sil-
ver and iron from Freiberg in Saxony. It is
allied to the more definitely known species sternbergite.
Argentopyrite from Joachimsthal in Bohemia is a closely
related compound. *
argyrosis (ār-ji-ró'sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. &pyvpoc,
silver, -H, -osis.] Same as argyrism. -
Argyrosomus (är"ji-rö-sö(mus), n. [NL., KGr,
āpyvpoc, silver; + dāua, body..] A genus of
ciscos or lake-herrings of the family Salmoni-
daº. It is distinguished by the relatively large mouth
in connection with the large scales and small teeth. A.
artedì, the lake-cisco or Michigan herring, is the com-
monest of the numerous American species.
arhunencephalus, n. See *arrhinencephalus.
arhythmia, arhythmic. See arrhythmia, ar-
rhythmic.
ari (ā’ré), m. [Telugu.] A small crooked tree,
arguer or debater.
* Bauhinia racemosa, distributed from India to
Burma, China, and Malaysia.
strong fiber used for cordage.
a ſlab, 70. Special varieties of movement or style are
indicated by adding various terms: as, aria cantabile,
an aria in a flowing, connected style, with but slight
accompaniment : aria concertato, an aria of large dimen-
sions, with an elaborate or concerted accompaniment;
aria parlante, an aria in which the dramatic delivery of
the text is conspicuous; aria di bravura or d'agilita, an
aria in which special opportunity is given for vocal dis-
play through rapid passages and figures, trills and other
embellishments, extreme notes, and the like ; aria d’imi-
tazione, an aria in which the music recalls some physical
Sound like the song of birds, the noises of battle, etc.
aribine (ar’i-bin), n. [NL. Ar(ar)iba (K Tupi
arariba, , K arara, a (red) parrot, + iba, fruit
(tree), F -ine?..] ... An alkaloid, C23H20N
8H2O, found in the bark of Araribal rubra,
which is used in Brazil as a red dye. The al-
kaloid is crystalline and melts at 229° C.
Arid region, a region where the rainfall is decidedly less
than the annual evaporation, such as the great deserts of
Sahara, Arabia, and Persia, and portions of Nevada, Utah,
Southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Spain.
aridian (3-rid’i-an), a. . . [NL. “Aridia, the arid
region (K. L. aridus, arid) + -an.] Rélating to
the arid countries of the southwestern parts
of the United States.—Aridian culture, the cul-
ture of the pueblos of the southwest. F. N. Cushing.
Aridine red. See *red1.
aridium (a-rid’i-um), n. [NL., KL. aridus, dry:
see arid.]. A supposed new chemical element
announced by Ullgren in 1850: later shown to
consist of the oxids of iron, chromium, and
phosphorus.
ariegite (ar'i-e-jit), n. [Ariège, a locality in
the French Pyrenees, + -ite?..] In petrog., a
granular igneous rock consisting essentially
of pyroxenes (diopside, diallage, bronzite) and
spinel, with or without garnet (pyrope) and
hornblende. This rock was named by La-
croix in 1901.
Aries, n.—First of Aries or first point of Aries, the
point at which the sun crosses the celestial equator in the
spring ; the vernal equinox, from which right-ascension
aud (celestial) longitude are reckoned; the Greenwich of
the celestial sphere. -
arietean (a-ri-6’té-an), a. Pertaining to or
having the characters of the cephalopod genus
Arietes. º
Arietes (ar'i-e-téz or 8-riſe-téz), n. [NL., K
L. aries (ariet-), a ram.] The typical genus of
the family Arietidae.
It yields a
lodion or gelatin.
Arietidae
Arietidae (a-ri-et’i-dé), n. pl.
+ -idae.] A family of ammonoid cephalopods
comprising discoidal and widely umbilicate
shells having a channeled periphery, strong
ribs on the sides of the whorls, and highly
complex septal sutures: characteristic of the
Lower #: º Phili S - (Bl
arigue (à-ré'gã), n. [Philippine Sp. (Blumen-
tritt), a form of Tagalog and Bisaya haligi.]
In the Philippine Islands, timber, especially
when whole, used in the construction of build-
ings; a post or pile.
a-ripple (a-rip’ſ), adv. [ab -- ripple..] In a
ripple; rippling.
That young man, -
The muscles alſº ripple down his back.
Browning, Cleon.
Arisaema (ar-i-séma), n. . [NL.] A genus of
about 50 widely distributed species of tuberous-
rooted herbs of the family Araceae. The tropical
species are sometimes grown as hothouse subjects; but
those commonly known are the two native species, A.
Dracontium, the dragon-root, and A. triphyllum, the
Indian turnip or jack-in-the-pulpit. These two species
are easily transferred to the garden, and they can be
grown in pots indoors for very early spring bloom.
Arisaig series. See *series.
aristiform (a-ris’ti-fôrm), a. [L. arista, awn,
+ forma, form.] Of the form of an arista, in
either sense; awn-like.
aristochin (a-ris’tó-kin), n. A white tasteless
derivative of quinine ; diguinine - carbonic-
ether. It possesses antimalarial properties.
Also aristoquin.
Aristoclesia (arºis-tº-klē’zi-á), n. [NL. (Co-
ville, 1905), K. Gr. Aptorokååg, Aristocles, the
early name of Plato, the Greek philosopher.
See Platonia.] A genus of trees belonging to
the family Clusiaceae, improperly known by
the name Platonia (which see).
Aristocystidae (arºis-tó-sis’ti-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K*Aristocyst(ites) + -idae.] A family of cystoid
echinoderms or cystids having a spherical or
pear-shaped calyx composed of numerous very
irregular plates which are traversed by simple
canals. The ambulacral grooves lie beneath the plates.
These echinoderms are without arms or stem. They are
found only in the Silurian rocks.
Aristocystites (arºis-tó-sis-ti’těz), n. [NL.,
Gr. Öptorog, best, + köorig, bladder, -- -ites.
The typical genus of the family Aristocystidae.
aristodemocratical (ar "is-tó-dem-6-krat 'i-
kal), a. Of the nature of an aristodemocracy;
combining both aristocratic and democratic
features of government, as the Swiss Con-
federacy,
We may conclude that those authors have erred who
call the government of Soleure aristo- |cal, for
it is certainly a most complete aristocracy.
Coace, Trav. in Switzerland, I. letter xx.
aristogen (a-ris’tó-jen), n.
best, +
name for a concentrated solution of hydro-
uinone used in developing faintly printed
pictures on printing-out paper.
aristol (a-ris’tól), n. [Gr. &ptoroc, best, +-ol.]
A. pale-brºwn amorphous compound, C3H7.-
CH3.C6H2(OI)2, of faint odor, containin
45.8% iodine, obtained by treating j
with sodium hydrate, iodine, and potassium
iodide ; di-thymol-di-iodide; thymoliodide. It
is used as a substitute for iodoform. Also
called amnidalin.
aristolic (ar-is-tol’ik), a. [Aristol(ochia) + -ic.]
Derived from Aristolochia.—Aristolic acid, an
orange-red compound, C15H1107N or C15H1307N, con-
tained in Virginia and Texas hºrº, Aristolochia ar-
gº. It crystallizes in needles and melts at 260°-
Aristolochiales (är"is-tó-lö-ki-ā'léz), m. pl.
º: (Lindley, 1833), K Aristolochia + -ales.]
order of dicotyledonous, apetalous (mono-
chlamydeous) plants, characterized chiefly by
the thick, leathery, tubular, corolline calyx.
It embraces the families Aristolochiaceae, Raf-
flesiaceae, and Hydnoraceae.
aristolochine (arºis-tó-löſkin), n. [Aristolo-
chia + -ine?..] An alkaloid, C32Bſ22N2O3, found
in the seeds of Aristolochia Clematitis. It crys-
tallizes in orange-yellow needles which decom-
pose at 215° C. It is a violent poison for
animals.
Aristotelian experiment. See *eaperiment.
Aristotelism (arºis-tot’el-izm), n. Same as
Aristotelianism.
aristotype (a-ris’tº-tip), n. [Gr. Öptoroc, best,
+ rôtrog, type.] photograph printed on pa-
er on which silver salts are spread with col-
The name was originally
[Gr. Öptotoc, the
i., K. Arletes
-yevng, -producing.] In photog., a trade-.
given by Liesegang to the gelatinochlorid or
collodiochlorid printing-out process. Wood-
bury, Encyc. Dict. of Photog., K. 42.
Aristozoe (arºis-tó-zó’é), n. [NL., K. Gr. &pto-
Tog, best, + (off, life.] A genus of extinct
crustaceans of the order P yllocarida. They
have a bivalved nodose carapace jointed by symphysis
along the back, and a long cylindrical abdominal segment
curiously articulated with the caudal spine. Typical spe-
cies are from the Devonian of Bohemia.
arithmachine (a-rith’ma-shën"), n. [Irreg. K
Gr. 6put (p.64), number, + E. machine.] A form
of computing-machine. Its principal parts are fig-
ure-wheels operated by endless chains moved by a stylus,
and Sundry mechanisms whereby fundamental arithmeti-
cal Operations and much of the labor of involution and
evolution may be performed. A machine of this kind,
invented by Goldman, may be carried in the pocket.
arithmachinist (a-rith’ma-shë-nist), n. One
who is versed in the theory; construction, and
operation of an arithmachine.
arithmechanical (a-rith-mê-kan'i-kal), a. Of
or pertaining to devices for computation by
mechanical means or by machines.
arithmetic, m.–Mechanical arithmetic, the science
of the constructive principles and the practical use of
mechanical aids to arithmetical computation.
arithmetization (a -rith "me-ti-zā’ sh9n), n.
[arithmet(ic) + -ize + -ation.] The process
by which any part of mathematics is so recast
as to be made to depend only upon purely
arithmetical concepts, to the exclusion of all
measurement.
The Theory of Functions of Real Variables as it has
been remodelled in the process of complete arithmeti-
zation. Encyc. Brit., XXVIII. 544.
arithmetize (a-rith’me-tiz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
arithmetized, ppr. arithmetizing. To render
arithmetical. See karithmetization. º
arithmetizer (a-rith’me-ti-zèr), n. One who
arithmetizes. Specifically: (a) One who builds the
entire number system, irrational numbers, and the
mathematical continuum without any use of measure-
ment or intuition or geometric magnitudes. Dedekºvd
and Georg Cantor. (b) One who would abolish irrational
numbers and the modern extensions of the number
concept, substituting for them equivalents expressed in
terms of whole numbers only. Kromecker. G.
[Gr.
arithmogram (a - rith ‘mö - gram), m
āpuffudg, a number, + ypáppia, a letter.] The
number obtained by summing the numerical
values of the letters of a word.
arithmography (ar-ith - mog ' ra. -fi), n. [As
arithmograph + -yS.] A formal presentation
of the properties of numbers.
arithmological (a-rith’mó-loj’i-kal), m. In
math., of or pertaining to arithmology; per-
taining to the rigorous treatment of numbers.
arithmology (ar-ith-mol’ô-ji), n. [Gr. Öptfluóg,
number, + -āoyia, K Aéyetv, speak.] The theory
of numbers; higher arithmetic. André, 1873.
arithmomania (a-rith’mó-mă'ni-á), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. apifluêg, number, + plavia, madness.] In
pathol., a morbid impulse to work over mathe-
matical problems, or to count objects or acts,
such as buttons, steps, etc. Baldwin, Dict. of
Philos. and Psychol., I. 68.
arithmomechanics (a-rith’mó-mê-kan'iks), n.
pl. [Gr. Öpiðuág, number, + mechanics.] Me-
chanical principles and devices employed in
the construction of machines for performing
arithmetical operations.
Ariyalur group. See *group1.
arize, v. i. and n. A simplified spelling of arise.
Arizonian (ar-i-zó’ni-an), a. and n. [Arizona
+ -ian.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Arizona.
II. m. A native or an inhabitant of Arizona.
A. R. jug. See *jugl.
arkyochrome (ärſki-Ö-kröm), m. [Gr. dpkvg,
net, 4 xpoſua, color.] In neurol, a somato-
chrome nerve-cell in which the stainable por-
tion of the cytoplasm appears in the form of a
network or reticulum. Nissl.
Arkyochromes or cells in which the chromatic substance
is present in the form of anastomosing chains, making a
coarser or finer meshwork; as, for example, in the Pur-
kinje cells of the cerebellum and in the mitral cells of the
olfactory lobe. Jour. Earper. Med., W. 552.
arkyostichochrome (är"ki-Ö-stikº-kröm), n.
[Gr. &pkvç, net, + orizog, row, 4- Apôpia, color.]
A somatochrome nerve-cell in which the stain-
able cytoplasmic substance combines a striate
with a reticular arrangement. . Typical exam-
ples of such cells are the Purkinje cells of the
cerebellar cortex. Nissl.
In the cerebellum, the only cells of special interest,
when subjected to the method of Nissl, are those of
Purkinje. Formerly classed as arkyostichochromes, these
cells Nissl now includes in the arkyochrome group. They
lie as a distinct row of cells at the junction of the molec-
ular layer with the granular layer, their cell bodies em-
bedded in the latter. our. Ezper. Med., W. 568.
Armeniaca (ār-mé-ni'a-kā), m.
Armeniaca
armi, n. 7. In violin-playing, the arm or its
action in reference to the style of bowing: as,
he plays with a good arm.—8. In archery, the
longitudinal half of a bow, extending from the
handle to the end of the bowstaff; limb: classi-
fied as upper and lower arm, according to their
relative position when the bow is held perpen-
dicularly, as in shooting.—At arm's end, beyond
the reach of one's arm ; hence, at a distance, or at Such
a distance as to prevent contact or familiarity in personal,
social, or other relations: as, to keep one at arm's end.—
At arm's length. (a) At arm's end; at a distance as
regards personal relations. (b) At a disadvantage : as,
to work at arm's length.-Base-ball pitcher's arm, a
condition of sprain, with pain and soreness over the
points of insertion of the muscles, occurring sometimes
as a result of overuse by base-ball players.— Glass
arm, a neurosis, analogous to writers' cramp, marked
by spasm of the pronator teres muscle, occurring in
base-ball pitchers.-Goif arm, a neurosis, analogous to
writers’ cramp, which interferes with the motions of
driving or putting af, golf.
arm”, n.-Cessation of arms, suspension of hostili-
ties; an armistice or truce.— Manual of arms, a pre-
scribed method of using a military arm.
Armadillidae (ār-ma-dil’i-dé), m. pl.
*Armadillididae.
Armadillididae (ār-ma-di-lidi-dé), m.pl. [NL.;
K Armadillidium + -idae.] A family of land
isopods having the body very convex and con-
tractile into a globular form. Armadillidium
is the typical genus.
# [NL.
Armadillidium (är-ma-di-lid’i-um), n.
K Armadillo, n., 2, -- dim. -idium, Gr. -tówov.
The typical genus of the family Armadillididae.
Brandt, 1833.
armament, n. 2. In a large war-ship, the arma-
ment is distinguished as the main armament, including
all the largest guns, -
usually mounted in
barbettes or turrets
in the largest vessels;
the 8ecomalary or in-
termediate 0.7°7700-
ment, including all
Une medium-caliber
guns such as 5-inch
or 6-inch ; and the
tertiary or minor ar-
mament, including
the smaller guns such
as 3-inch, 6-pounders
Čtc.
armature, n. 6.
(b) That part of
an electric ma-
chine in which
electric power is
generated (gen-
erator) or con-
sumed (motor).
Sometimes the
Same as
Revolving Arınature.
a, commutator: 6, commutation-leads;
c, soldered clips; d. armature-winding ;
e, binding-wires; J', top stick; g, lami-
nations; /*, ventilating ducts.
Stationary Armature.
a, foot; 5, frame; c, holding-down bolts; d, armature-leads; e,
couplings; y, lead inlets; g, connection-board ; 2., name-plate; i,
rating ; &, clamping-bolts; 2, armature-windings; 771, soldered
à: rt, clamping-ring : o, top-stick ; 2, laminations; g, ventilating-
uCtS.
rotating element is called armature, irrespec-
tive of its function. See field, 13.
arm-chair, n. II. a. In one’s arm-chair; seated
comfortably at home; fireside; hence, theoreti-
cal, not practical: as, arm-chair geographers.
Much of the objection to horizontal fishing had no
greater weight than belongs to armchair disputations on
the subject. Geog. Jowr. (R. G. S.), XIII. 158.
[NL., K. L. Ar-
theniacus, adj., K. Gr. Applevtakóg, K Apuevia, L.
Armenia, Armenia.] An old generic namé of
the common apricot, but now most commonly
used as a specific name in Prunus, as P. Armé-
niaca. The purple apricot is Prunus (Armeni-
aca) dasyCarpa. The Japanese apricot is P.
or (A.) Mume.


armenia. CeOUIS
armeniaceous (ār-mê-ni-ā'shus), a. Håving
the color of an apricot, Prunus Armeniaca,
dull orange.
Armenioid (ār-mé’ ni-oid), a. [L. Armenii, K
Gr. Appévtot, Armenians, + eiðog, form.] Re-
sembling the Armenian; in anthrop., noting a
type of man found in Armenia and throughout
Asia Minor, and in a few places in Syria and
Mesopotamia : a branch of the Melanochroi
characterized by a very short and high head
and narrow, high nose. W. Z. Ripley, Races
of Europe, p. 444.
Armenoid, a. Same as *Armenioid.
Armeria (ār-mê'ri-á), n. [NL.] A genus of
plants of the family Plumbaginaceae, commonly
called sea-pink or thrift. They are small
perennial herbs, with rosettes of narrow, ever-
green leaves on the ground. The species are
much confused. They are used chiefly for
border-planting in the open.
armes parlantes (ärm pār-länt”). [F.] Allu-
sive or canting heraldry. See allusive arms,
under arm2.
arm-guard, n. 2. In archery, a guard of leather,
metal, ivory, or other substance to protect the
bow-arm and wrist from the friction of the
bow-string, and to prevent the string from
catching on the sleeve; a bracer.
armied (är’mid), a. [army2 + -ed?..] Forming
an army; army-like. Bailey, Festus, xxxiii.
358. N. E. D.
armilla, n. 6. In bot., the frill originally cov-
ering the hymenium of agarics and adhering
to the stipe after the expansion of the pileus.
Armillaria (ār-mi-lā’ri-á), m. [NL. (Endlicher,
1836), K L. armilla, ring, + -aria.] A genus of
white-spored agarics having the gills decurrent
212-77, fºlſa ria 27te/Zea.
Fruiting plants arising from the º (Rhizomorpha).
(After figure in Engler and Prantl's “Pflanzenfamilien.”)
and the stipe furnished with an annulus. A.
ſmellea is a common and widely distributed Species, grow-
ing about old stumps, and regarded as the cause of cer-
tain root-diseases of trees.
Arminianizer (ār-min’i-an-i-Zēr), n. [Armin-
ianize + -erl.] One who spreads or seeks to
spread Arminian doctrines; a promoter of Ar-
minianism. -
arm-lyre (ärm’lir), n. A lira da braccio (which
see, under lira”).
armor, n. 5. In paleobotany, the thick cover-
ing or jacket which surrounds the woody axis
of fossil cycadean trunks, consisting of the
persistent leaf-bases and the copious ramen-
tum which fills the interstices between them.
The ramentum is firmly silicified, forming walls around
the leaf-bases; and where, as is usually the case, only the
lower portion of the leaf-bases is preserved, the triangu-
lar cavities remaining give to the trunks a honeycomb-
like appearance.
armor-bar (är’mgr-bār), n. In a man-of-war,
a heavy steel bar, about an inch thick and six
inches to a foot deep, used to protect an open-
ing in a protective deck from shot or splinters.
An assemblage of such bars constitutes an
armor-grating (which see).
armor-belt (är"mor-belt), n. The portion of the
armor of a war-ship in the vicinity of the water-
line. In a battle-ship, it is usually thicker than the armor
above it. A complete armor-belt extends the Whole length
of the vessel; a partial belt covers only the middle por-
tions, behind which are the engines and boilers.
armor-clad (är’mgr-klad), m. A War-vessel pro-
tected by external armor; an ironclad. Mod:
ern armor-clads include battle-ships, armored
cruisers, and armored coast-defense vessels.
In 1861 the British Government began the construction
of eleven armour-clads, six of which, including the Hector
and Valiant, sister ships of 6700 tons, were iron vessels.
Encyc. Brit., XXXII. 554.
Armored scale, wood. See *scales, “wood1.
Armorial porcelain. See *porcelainl.
orican sandstone, in geol., the lowest division of the
Silurian series of northwestern France.
armor-plating (ār’mgr-pla"ting), m. , The pro-
tective sheets or masses of steel which are used
to cover the hull of a war-ship or cruiser, in
whole or in part, to resist the perforating im-
pact of projectiles.
arm-ossicle (ärm’os’i-kl), n. One of the elon-
gate ambulacral plates which form a roof over
the ambulacral furrows of the Asterozoa.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 1029.
arm-plate (ärm"plát), m. One of the constitu-
ent plates in the arm of a crinoid or ophiurid;
a brachial.
armstake (ärm'stäk), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
armstaked, ppr. armstaking. In leather-working,
to stake or soften by means of a crutch.
Modern Amer. Tamming, p. 162.
arm-viol (ärm'vi-gl), n. A viola da braccio
(which see, under violal).
Army blanket. . See *blanket.
army-ant (är’mi-ànt), m. The foraging ant.
See Ecitom.
army-WOI’m, n.-Beet army-worm, the larva of a
cosmopolitan noctuid moth, Caradrina eacigua, which
damages sugar-beet plantations.—Cotton army-worm,
the larva of a noctuid moth, Alabama argillacea, occur-
ring abundantly in tropical America and in the southern
United States. In former years it damaged the cotton
crop of the United States very seriously, the estimated
annual money loss amounting to $15,000,000.- Fall
army-worm. See grass-worm.—Forest army-worm,
another name for the so-called forest tent-caterpillar
larva of Malacosoma disstria.— Sciara, army-worm,
the larva of any one of several species of midges of the
genus Sciara. These larvae are gregarious and travel in
large Snake-like masses, whence the name army-worm or
'worm-swake. .
Arnica, yellow. See *yellow.
arnillo (ār-nēl’yö), n. [Cuban Sp., K. Sp. ar-
milla, a small beehive.] The Cuban name of
a Snapper-like fish of the species Apsilus den-
tatus. -
arnimite (är’ nim-it), m. [Named after the
German family Von Arnim.] A hydrated cop-
per Sulphate occurring as a green incrustation
in porcelain-jasper: found at Planitz, near
Zwickau, Bohemia.
Arnoglossus (ār-nē-glosſus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
āpuðg (gen.), lamb, + y^600a, tongue.] A ge-
nus of small, thin-bodied flounders found in
southern Europe.
Arnold's canal, fold. See *canal1, *fold1.
Arnusian (ār-nā’si-an), a. and n. [Irreg. KIt.
Armo, L. Armus, a river of Italy, whose valley
(Val d’Arno) is famous.] Noting the upper-
most stage in the Pliocene Tertiary deposits
of the Mediterranean.
aroar (a-rör’), adv. [aš + roar.] In a roar;
roaring.
Hail! day of storms 1 with thy woods aroar like rivers
and thy rivers aroar like seas.
Blackwood's Mag., XXXIX. 842. N. E. D.
aroast (a-röst’), adv. [a 3 + 7'oast.] In pro-
cess of roasting.
He Smelleth not his flesh
A-roast, nor yet the sandal and the spice
They burn. Edwin Armold, Light of Asia, iii.
aroeira.. n. 2. The name of several other
trees of the cashew family, especially Schinus
terebinthifolius of Brazil and Astronium fraa:-
ânifolium, an allied Brazilian tree. All of
these yield medicinal resins, and the last-
named yields a very hard, waluable wood.
aroid, m. II. a. Like or representing the
genus Arum or the family Araceae: as, an aroid
type.
Aroides (a-rö-i’dēz), m. [NL. (Heister, 1763),
K Arum + -oides.] . A genus of monocotyledo-
nous plants of the family Araceae. See Rich-
ardia and Zantedeschia.
Aromatic species, a mixture of the leaves and stems of
several aromatic plants.—Aromatic wine. See A wine.
aromaticalness (ar-3-mat’i-kal-nes), n. Aro-
matic quality; spiciness. Bailey, 1731.
aromaticness (ar-j-mat’ik-nes), m. Same as
*aromatical mess.
aromite (a-rö’mit), n. [Aroma (see def.) +
-ite?..] A hydrated sulphate of aluminium and
magnesium from the Pampa de Aroma, Tara-
paca, Chile. g
aromo (ä-rö’mö), n. [Sp. aromo, prob. Karoma,
fragrance.] The sponge-tree, Acacia Farmesi-
(1710. It yields a reddish gum similar to gum arabic,
and its wood is very heavy, hard, reddish-brown in color,
and handsomely grained. See Acacia and Sponge-tree.
arriccio
aroze, preterit of arize.' . A simplified spelling
of arose. . . .
Apºlº (ār-pa-ditſi-dé), n., pl. , [NL., &
*Arpadites (?) + -idae.] A family of ammon-
oid cephalopods or ammonites. They have later-
ally ºr. whorls with low transverse ribs, a
channeled, periphery or venter, and comparatively
simple ceratitoid sutures.
Triassic formation.
arpeggione (ār-pej-i-Ö(ne), n. [It, Karpeggio:
See arpeggio.]. A small six-stringed violoncello,
invented by Staufer of Vienna in 1823, having
a body shaped somewhat like that of a guitar:
hence also called guitar-violoncello.
arpenteur (ār-pañ-tèr'), m. [F., Karpent, ar-
ent.] A land-surveyor. Arthur Young, Trav.
rance, p. 149.
arrass (ā’rås), n. [Sp., K.L. arrha : see arrha.]
In Spanish law, a voluntary gift made by a hus-
band to his wife upon marriage in considera-
tion of the portion which he receives from her.
If made, and the property is not more than one-tenth of
the husband's estate, it becomes the absolute property of
the wife, free from all debts of the husband.
array, n. 10. In statistics, the values of one
variable which are correlated with a certain,
definite value of another variable. See *cor-
ºrelation, 5.—Commissioner of array, the officer
Who held, in England, a “commission of array' for a
county: now superseded by the lord lieutenant of the
county. See array, 8, and commission of array, under
commission1.
arrayado (ä-rā-yā’dó), m. [Cuban Sp.] The
Cuban name of the fish sailor's-choice, Haemu-
lon parra.
arrayan (ā-rā-yān"), n. [Sp. arrayán, myrtle.]
1. Eugenia apiculata, a small Chilean tree or
shrub of the myrtle family, which has been in-
troduced in the milder regions of the United
States and Europe as an ornamental plant.—
2. A similar shrub of Ecuador and Colombia,
Eugenia Arayan, first collected by Humboldt
in the Andes.
arres (är'e), n. [Also in a more English-look-
ing form arrie, NL. arra (Pallas), from a na-
tive name in the Aleutian Islands, based upon
the harsh cry of the birds, represented by
arrr, arrr.] A name given by the Aleutian
natives to the Pacific murres, Uria troile cali-
formica and Uria lomvia arra.
arrest, m.—Nerve of arrest. See Amerve.
arrested (a-rested), p.a. Retaining through
life an infantile or a juvenile state of develop-
ment with respect to any organ. Modifica-
tions of structure from arrested development
so great or so serious as to deserve to be caiſed
monstrosities, are of common occurrence.
Darwin, Variation of Animals and Plants, II.
379.
arretted (a-ret’ed), p. a. 1. Convened before
a judge and charged with a crime. Bouvier, Law
Dict.—2. Imputed or laid to one’s charge:
as, no folly º arretted to any one under
age. Bouvier, Law Dict.
arrhenal (a-ré'nal), m. A name of the sodium
salt §: monomethyl arsenite, Na2CH3AsO3 +
6H2O.
Arrhenius's theory of electrolysis,
*electrolysis.
arrhenoid (ar'é-noid), n. [Gr. Öppm, malo,
+ elóoc, form.] In embryol., the attraction-
sphere or aster belonging to the Sperni
lºg the fertilization of the egg. Henking,
1890.
arrhepsia (a-rep'si-á), n. (N.L., KGr,áppella,
equilibrium, Kº- priv. 4- "bettóg, Khéºrèty, in-
cline, as a balance..] Mental equilibrium :
same as ataraſcia.
Arrhina (a-ri'nā), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl.] An
ordinal name formerly applied to a division of
the fishes including the extinct genera Pteras-
pis and Cephalaspis : not now recognized.
arrhine (ar’in), a. and n. [NL. arrhinus,
K Gr. Öppig, noseless, K &- priv. -H big (blu-),
nose.] I. a. Noseless : applied specifically
to the Arrhina, an extinct order of fishes, in-
cluding Pteraspis and Cephalaspis.
II. m. One of the Arrhina.
arrhinencephalus (ar-in-en-sef’à-lus), m.; pl.
arrhinencephali (-lí). [NL., K. Gr. Öpplç (äpply-),
without nose (power of smell), H- éykéjažog,
brain.] A monster without the olfactory lobe
of the brain, or rhinencephalon. Also spelled
arhinencephalus.
arriccio (ä-rich'6), n. [It., Karricciare, bristle
up, K riccio, K L. ericius, a hedgehog: see ur-
chim.] In Italian art, generally a coat of plaster
prepared for mural painting, but not usually
a final coat. See intonaco. .*
The species occur in the
See

arrogater
arrogater, arrogator (ar’ā-gā-têr, -gr), n. One
: makes unwarrantable or "pretentious
Cl8lDAS. +
Against all Merlinical arrogators.
Gawle, Magastron., p. 876.
arrow, n., 1. Arrows now used in archery are of two
kinds, the self-arrow and the footed arrow. The former
has a shaft made of a single piece of wood, the latter a
foreshaft or footing of hard wood about 7 inches long
next the head. The parts of an arrow are the horm at the
butt (the end resting upon the bowstring), in which is cut
a nock for the string; the shaft or staff of soft wood; the
Jeathers, glued upon the shaft near the butt; the fore-
shaft (in a footed arrow); and the head or pile at the point
or striking end. Arrows are now usually from 25 to 28
inches long, and their weight is measured by that of new
ſº silver coins: as, a 4s. 6d. arrow. They are made
four shapes: bobtail, with the greatest diameter at the
point; chested, with the greatest diameter at a point be-
tween the middle and the nock; barreled, with the great-
est diameter at the middle ; and parallel or cylindrical,
with a uniform diameter throughout.
2. (e) The arrow-shaped panicle of the sugar-cane.
Nature, LXVII. 356. —Love's arrows, an English trans-
lation of the French flèches d'amour. Also called Venus'8
hair-stones.—R. g, arrow, an arrow the head of
which is loosely attached to the shaft, so that it stays in
the wound while the shaft drops off. O. T. Mason.—
Retrieving arrow, an arrow with a barbed head de-
signed for retrieving fish or burrowing animals. -
arrow, v. i. 3. To blossom : said particularly
of sugar-cane, which throws out an arrow-
like flowering stalk.
arrow-head, n. 4. The pointed member of an
arabic, arsenious acid, red sulphid of mercury, charcoal
º water; used as a caustic application in the treatment
OI Call Ceſ, -
II. m. A substance which owes its efficiency
for the purpose to which it is to be applied to
the presence of arsenic or some of its com-
pounds, as medicinally employed remedies, in-
secticides applied to cultivated plants, etc.
Yearbook. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1896, p. 619.
arsenic-glass, n. 2. The white oxid of arsenic
(As2O3) when first sublimed, in an amorphous
and therefore transparent state. In time it
crystallizes and becomes white, nearly opaque,
and porcelain-like.—Yellow arsenic-glass, an im-
pure sulphid of arsenic obtained by subliming white ar-
senic with sulphur. It contains much oxid and is there-
fore very poisonous.
arsenide, n.—Hydrogen arsenide. Same as arseniu-
reted hydrogen. -
arseniopleite (ār-sé" ni-Ö-plé'it), n. [arse-
nicum + Gr. Tržeſov, more, -i- -ite2.] A basic
arseniate of manganese occurring in brown-
ish-red masses: found in Sweden.
arseniosiderite (ār-sé"ni-Ö-sid’e-rit), n. Tarse-
nio- + siderife.] A basic arseniate of ferrie
iron and calcium occurring in yellowish-brown
fibrous forms.
Arsenious acid. This acid, corresponding to the ortho-
arsenites, has the formula H3AsO3, while the acid corre-
sponding to the meta-arsenites is HAs O2 ; but neither
of these has been obtained in the separate and pure state.
—Arsenious anhydrid. Same as arsenious oacid (As2O3).
egg-and-dart molding; the “dart” or ‘tongue.” arsenohaemol (är'se-nó-hé'môl), n. A brown
See cut at egg and dart, under, eggſ.-Arrow- powder, consisting of haemol containing one
head and feather illusion, See *illusion.
arrow-maker (ar’ 6-mā-kér), n.
makes arrows.
There the ancient Arrow-maker
Made his arrow-heads of sandstone,
Arrow-heads of chalcedony,
Arrow-heads of flint and jasper.
Longfellow, Hiawatha, iv.
arrow-pocket (ar’ö-pok-et), n. In archery, a
pocket in a coat, used instead of a quiver by
an archer to hold his arrows while shooting.
afºx-point (ar’ö-point), n. Same as arrow-
One who
arrow-poison (ar’6-poi-zon), n. See poison.
arrowroot, n:-Florida arrowroot. See Zamia.
arrow-shaft (ar’ö-shāft), n. The shaft of an
arrow.—Arrow-shaft polisher, an implement made
of stone, with a groove extending across one surface:
often found in pairs. The shaft of the arrow was placed
in the groove, or in the tube formed by the two grooves
of the pair of polishers placed face to face; then the sur-
face of the arrow-shaft was rubbed down.
arrow-staff (ar’ó-stāf), n. 1. The wooden
shaft or main part of an arrow, from the nock
or horn at the butt to the head or pile at the
end.— 2. A selected and prepared piece of
wood for an arrow ; the arrow in a rough state.
arrow-straightener (ar'ö-stråt"nèr), n. An
implement used for straightening arrow-shafts,
consisting of a strong piece of bone perforated
at one end. By means of this implement the
arrow-shaft when steamed is bent until it is
straight. dº
arrow-weed (ar’ó-wód), m.
'milla.
arrow-wood, n. 2. Same as *cachimilla.
'Arry (ar’i), n. [The cockney form of the very
common Eng. Iname Harry..] A type of the
London cockney of the lowest middle class,
whose animal spirits and good-natured vul-
garity of manner (as displayed in public, fre-
quently in the company of his sweetheart or
wife, 'Arriet) are made prominent in the comic
papers. [Eng.]
'Arryish (ar’i-ish), a. Like 'Arry; vulgarly
jovial. [Eng.
A. R. S. A. An abbreviation of Associate of
the Royal Scottish Academy.
arseneted, arsenetted (är'se-net-ed), a. Same
as arseniureted. ū tº
arseniated (ār-sé’ni-ā-ted), a.
miureted.
Arsenic mirror. See karsenical mirror.—Arsenic test,
any one of several methods for detecting minute quanti-
ties of arsenic, often required in cases of supposed poison-
ing. The most important of these are known as the Marsh
test, the Reinsch test, and the electrolytic test, the last of
which has been improved and rendered more delicate by
Thorpe. In using the first and last of these the arsenig
is obtained in the elementary or metallic form deposited
upon the surface of a piece of porcelain or a small glass
tube; in the direct application of the Reinsch test a like
deposit is formed upon a strip of pure copper foil.—
Fresenius test for arsenic. See Artest1.-Flowers
of arsenic, the white oxid of arsenic (As2O3) in fine
powder.
arsenical, a.—Arsenical mirror, the lustrous deposit
of metallic arsenic obtained upon the surface of a glass
tube by means of the Marsh test. See Aarsenic test.—
Arsenical paste of Frère Cómo, a paste made of gum
Same as *cachi-
Same as arse-
per cent. of arsenious acid.
arsenoid (är’ se-noid), n. [arsenic + -oid.]
The trade-name applied to various commercial
arsenical insecticides.—Pink arsenoid, the trade-
name for an insecticide preparation consisting essentially
of lead arsenite.
arsenolamprite (är" se-nó-lam"prit), n. [ar-
senic + Gr. Zapatpég, bright, + -ite2.] A sup-
posed allotropic form of native arsenic.
arsenous (ār'se-nus), a. Same as arsenious.
Sinoite (ār-sin'3-it), a. Of, pertaining to,
or made at Arsinoë in the Faytim, Egypt: as,
the Arsinoîte collection of antiquities.
Arsinoitherium (ār-sin” (, -i-thé’ ri-um), n.
NL., K. Gr. 'Apolvöm, a queen of Egypt (who
had a palace in the region where the fossils
cº-2-
Skull and lower jaw of Arsiziott/terium Zittelt, from the
Upper Eocene of the Fayum, Egypt.
About one-twentieth natural size.
(From ** A Guide to the Fossil Mammals of the British Museum,”
by perinission of the Trustees.)
have been discovered), + 6mptov, a wild beast.]
A genus of extinct ungulate mammals recently
discovered in the Upper Eocene rocks of the
Libyan desert. The creature seems to have attained
the size of a large rhinoceros, and bore a pair of very
heavy bony horns over the nose. The form of the feet
and legs suggests relationship to the elephants and
Dimocerata.
arsonist (är’son-ist), n.
who commits arson.
Those whose houses were first seen in flames were im-
prisoned at the Yevo-gan's quarters, but they were not
proved to be the real arsonists.
R. F. Burton, Mission to Gelele, II. 305.
arsonium (är-så'ri-um), .m. [Formation not
obvious; appar. an arbitrary formation, ar-
s(emic) + -on- + -ium.] A hypothetical group,
AsH4, known only in derivatives: as, tetra-
methyl arsonium hydroxid, (CH3)4AsOH.
Arts and crafts, industrial art. The name was origi-
nally given to a society founded by William Morris, Walter
Crane, and others for the encouragement of artistic design
in utilities.
It was momentous for the painter's art that in Ger-
many, no less than in England and France, a new move-
ment at this time set in—the so-called “arts and crafts.”
[arson + -ist.] One
arterin (ār’te-rin), m.
arteriolith (ār-té'ri-Ö-lith), n.
arteriometer (ār-té-ri-om ‘e-tér), n.
arthemis
Hitherto the various branches of art, had followed differ.
ent courses. The most beautiful paintings were often
hung in surroundings grievously lacking in taste. Now
arose the ambition to make the room itself a work of art.
Encyc. Brit., XXXII. 450.
Arts of design, those arts in which graphic or plastic
methods are employed, as distinguished from music,
poetry, dancing, etc.—Graphic arts. See graphic, 3.-
Intermediate arts, the intermediate grade in any par-
ticular course of study in the faculty of arts, as distinct
from the ‘junior' and ‘advanced’ grades. – Li
arts. See art2, 6.-Social art, the application of social
science to human betterment, especially through legisla-
tion and government. L. F. Ward, Outlines of Sociol.,
.271.-The art preservative of all arts, printing.—
e manly art or the art of self-defensé, boxing.
artanthic (ār-tan'thik), a, [Artanthe -- -ic.]
Noting an acid found in the oil from the mat-
ico, Piper angustifolium (Artanthe elongata).
artarine (ärtºrin), n. An amorphous alka-
loid, C21H,2304N, from the root-bark of Zan-
thoſcylon Senegalense.
artel (ār-tel'), n. . [Russ, artélà.] In Russia,
a voluntary association of workingmen for any
general or Specific purpose. It is an ancient in-
stitution. Formerly the members of an artel usually
dwelt together communistically, and the practice is still
found among the peasantry.
artemisin (ār-tem’i-sin), n. [Artemisia + -in?..]
. A compound sometimes found as an impurity
in commercial santonin.
Arteria, profunda cerebri, a branch of the basilar artery
distributed to the temporosphenoidal and occipital lobes.
Arterial constitution, the florid habit in which the
blood is rich in fibrin and contains a relatively large pro-
portion of red blood-globules.—Arterial sclerosis.
Same as arteriosclero878.
[arter(y) + -in?..] A
hypothetic compound of oxyhemoglobin and
lecithin occurring in arterial blood.
arteriofibrosis (ār-té"ri-Ö-fi-brö’sis), n. [NL.,
Karteria, artery, + fibra, fiber, -- -osis.] Same
as arteriosclerosis.
[Gr. aptmpia,
artery, + Affog, stone..] A concretion formed
in an artery; arterial calculus.
[Gr.
ãpTmpia, artery, + ptérpov, a measure.] An in-
strument for determining the changes in caliber
of an artery caused by the cardiac pulsations.
Buck, Med. Handbook, I. 130.
arteriosclerosis, n. An increase of connective tissue
in the Walls of the arteries, especially in the inner coat.
The resulting progressive thickening and contraction of
the vessels interfere with the blood-supply of their own
walls so that these become degenerated and weak, while
at the same time their abnormal rigidity makes it diffi-
cult or impossible for the normal variations in caliber, in
response to nervous stimuli, to take place. Local areas
of fatty degeneration with the subsequent deposition of
lime Salts are apt to form, especially in the larger vessels,
and are called atheromatous patches. A pulse of high
tension with enlargement of the heart, due to the in-
creased resistance to the blood flow, and Bright's disease
Owing to the involvement of the small vessels of the
kidney, frequently accompany arteriosclerosis. Various
disorders of the brain, including a tendency to apoplexy
and a predisposition to gangrene of the extremities, are
other common consequences of the disease. In old
age there is usually a greater or less degree of arterio.
Sclerosis, and its presence then indicates that the bodily
machine is beginning to wear out, but certain other fac.
tors, notably intemperance in eating and drinking, may
cause it to appear early in life.—Diffuse arterioscle-
TOSis, general fibrous thickening of the walls of the
arteries. – Nodular arteriosclerosis, a disease of the
arteries marked by the presence of nodules of fibrous
tissue in the lining membrane at points where special
Strain occurs.—Senile arteriosclerosis, fibrous thick-
ening of the Walls of the arteries, characteristic of senile
degeneration.
arteriosclerotic (ār-téºri-j-sklē-rot'ik), a. Re-
lating to or affected with arteriosclerosis.
Buck, Med. Handbook, II. 107.
Arteritis deformans, a condition of roughness and cal-
careous infiltration of the inner walls of the arteries fol-
lowing upon atheromatous ulceration.
artery, ºt.— Celiac artery. Same as celiac aris (which
See, under azis.l.).- Central arteries of the brain
See accentral.-Dental arteries. See kalental.–Gas-
serian artery, a branch of the middle meningeal or inter-
nal carotid artery which supplies the Gasserian ganglion.
— Hemorrhoidal arteries, three sets of arteries, su-
perior, middle, and inferior, which supply the rectum
and anus. – Interosseous, arteries, numerous small
arteries running between the metacarpal bones of the
hand and the metatarsal bones of the foot. There are
two sets of each, dorsal and palmar in the hand, and dor.
sal and plantar in the foot.— Mammary arteries. See
*mammary.— Metatarsal artery, an artery crossing
transversely the dorsum of the foot and giving off
branches to the interosseous muscles.—Nasal artery.
See Armasal.--Pallial artery, either of two branchés
which arise from the lesser aorta in certain cephalo-
pods, and run forward and backward respectively to sup-
ply the mantle and other organs.— Pipe-stem arteries,
a late stage of arteriosclerosis in which the walls of the
arteries have become calcified and converted into hard
inelastic tubes.--Terminal artery, an artery which
has no amastomotic connection with another.
arthemis (ärthe-mis), n. [NL.; appar. a fac-
titious name.]. A nymphalid butterfly, Basi-
larchia arthémis, inhabiting the northern At-

arthemis
lantic United States. The upper surface of the arthrolite (är"thrö-lit), n. [Gr. Öpffpov, joint, articulability
wings is velvety chocolate-black, with a conspicuous
white arch extending across each pair. The larva lives
on the foliage of birch, poplar, and the shad-bush. Also
called the banded purple.
Arthonia (ār-théni-á), n. [NL. (Acharius),
said to be formed (erroneously) K. Gr. apóetv,
Art/topuza radiata.
a, a group of star-shaped apothecia showing the habit of the
lichen; b, hymenium with spore-case; c, spores. (8 and c highly
magnified.) (Drawn from Engler and Prantl's “Pflanzenfamilien.”)
sprinkle, water.] A genus of discolichens of
the family Arthoniaceae, having a crustaceous
thallus and spores. mostly hyaline, with two
or more cells. The species are numerous, oc-
curring on rocks and the bark of trees.
Arthoniaceae (ār-thū-ni-ā'sé-é), n.# [NL., K
Arthonia + -aceae.] A family of discolichens
#: by the genus Arthomia.
arthrectomy (ār-threkºtº-mi), n. [Gr. Öpffpov,
a joint, + škropuff, excision.] Exsection of a
joint.
Arthritis interna, gout of the stomach or other internal
Organ.—Diaphr atic arthritis. Same as angina,
pectoris.--Navicular arthritis, an inflammation of the
cartilage covering the small bone (navicular bone) situ-
ated on the back of the joint within the hoof of the
horse. It frequently extends to the bone itself and some-
times involves the pedal joint.-Rheumatic arthritis,
acute rheumatism.—Urethral arthritis, inflammation
of one or more joints associated with urethritis or fol-
iowing the passage of a catheter or sound.—-Visceral
arthritis. Same as #arthritis interna.
arthritism (är"thri-tizm), n. [arthrit(is) +
-ism..] A predisposition to rheumatic or gouty
joint-affections; uric-acid diathesis.
arthrobranch (är"thrö - brangk), n. [NL.
arthrobranchia..] Same as arthrobranchia.
Arthroclema (ār-thrö-klē’mâ), m. [NL., K. Gr.
ëpôpov, joint, + k27p1a, twig.] A genus of ex-
tinct cryptostomatous Bryozoa having seg-
mented zoaria, celluliferous on all sides:
widely distributed in Silurian and Devonian
formations.
arthrodesis (ār-throd’é-sis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
&pôpov, joint, + 6éotç, a binding.] In Surg.,
the operative production of ankylosis in a
joint. Lancet, June 18, 1904.
hrodira (ār-thrö-di'rā), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
&pffpov, joint, + 6elpff, neck.] In Woodward's
classification, a subclass of Paleozoic fishes
with persistent notochord and head and trunk
covered with symmetrically arranged bony
plates, the head-shield being movably articu-
lated to the body-shield. The group embraces
the coccostean fishes formerly included in the Placo-
dermi, and its species are among the most striking and
enormous of the ancient fishes, Dimichthys and Titan-
ichthys. All belong to the Devonian formations, espe-
cially to the black Upper Devonian shale of Ohio and the
Old Red Sandstone of Great Britain.
arthrodiran (ār-thrö-diºran), a. Of or per-
taining to fishes of the order Arthrodira.
arthrodire (är"thrö-dir), n. A fish of the sub-
class Arthrodira. Science, Nov. 7, 1902, p. 749.
arthrodirous (är"thrö-diºrus), a. [Gr. &pôpov,
joint, + 6epff, the neck.] Same as *arthrodi-
7°(170.
Arthrodontea (ār-thrö-don’té-é), m. pl. [NL.,
K. Gr. Öpffpov, joint, + 6óoíg (600vt-), tooth.] A
division of the stegocarpous mosses in which
the teeth of the peristome are transversely
septate. It embraces by far, the greater number, in-
cluding some in which the teeth are wanting. Compare
Nematodonteac. Also written Arthrodontei.
arthrogastran (ār-thrö-gas' tran), a. and n. I.
a. Pertaining to or resembling the Arthrogas-
t?"O.
II. m. A member of the Arthrogastra.
arthrogenous (ār-throj^e-nus), a. . [Gr. Öpffpov,
joint, H--yevåg, -produced.] ... Originating from
a joint; noting any deformity caused by gout
or other articular disease. Buck, Med. Hand-
pook, IV. 496.
Arthrognatha (ār-throg’ng-thä), n. pl. [NL.;
neut. pl., K. Gr. Öpffpov, joint, 4. yváffog, jaw.]
A term applied by Dean to the group of fossil.
fishes commonly called Arthrodira, the latter
name being restricted by him to those having
the coat of mail jointed at the nape.
+ Wiffog, stone..] In geol., a cylindrical con-
cretion with transverse segmentation, occa-
ºnly found in marls and clays. Tschersky,
7,
Arthrolycosa (är"thrö-li-kö’sä), n. [NL., K
Gr, apópov, joint, 4 Aikoç, a wolf, also by trans-
fer a spider.] A genus of fossil spiders be-
longing to the order Anthracomarti, obtained
from the ironstone nodules in the coal-mea-
sures of Mazon creek, Illinois.
arthromeningitis (ār-thrö-men-in-ji’tis),... n.
[NL., K. Gr. Öptpov, joint, H- NL. meningitis.]
Same as Symovitis.
arthroncus (ār-throng’kus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
āpópov, joint, + 6ykoç, bulk, mass.] Swelling
of a joint.
arthropathic (ār-thrö-path'ik), a. Relating to
arthropathy. Buck, Med. Handbook, IV. 512.
arthropathy, n.—Charcot's arthropathy, a dis-
ease of the joints (usually of the larger joints, though
even the fingers may at times suffer) occurring as a re-
sult of trophic disturbances in certain diseases of the
spinal cord, especially locomotor ataxia and syringomy-
elia.--Osteopulmonary arthropathy, an enlargement
of the ends of the long bones occurring in connection
with chronic disease of the lungs.
arthroplastic (ār-thrö-plastik), a. Relating
to or of the nature of arthroplasty. Med.
Record, May 30, 1903, p. 877.
arthroplasty (är"thrö-plas-ti), n. [Gr. Öpffpov,
joint, + Thaotóg, formed.] In surg., the oper-
ative establishment of an artificial joint in
eases of ankylosis,
Arthropleura (ār-thrö-plô’râ), m. pl. [NL.,
KGr. Öptpov, joint, + Tàevpóv, rib.] A genus
of extinct isopod crustaceans, or sow-bugs,
from the Carboniferous formation.
arthropodal (ar-throp'6-dal), a. [arthropod +
-all.] Same as arthropodows.
arthrosteitis (ār-thros-tê-i’tis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ôpôpov, joint, + botéov, bone, -i- -ītis.] Same
as Aosteoarthritis.
arthrostome (är"thrö-stöm), n. [Gr. Öpffpov,
joint, + oróua, mouth. The mouth of an ar-
thropod.
Arthrostraca, n. pl. 3. An order of Arthrop-
oda, including, those malacostracous crusta-
ceans which have the first, and sometimes the
second, thoracic segment fused with the head
and bearing maxillipeds, while the remaining
seven are free and bear legs, the eyes usually
being sessile. The order includes the Amphip-
oda and the Isopoda.
Arthrostylidae (ār-thrö-sti'li-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Arthrostylus + -idae.] A family of crypto-
stomatous Bryozoa in which the zoaria are
composed of rod-shaped articulated segments
united into pinnate colonies. Usually all sides of
the segments are celluliferous. Representatives of the
family are common in the Silurian formations.
Arthrostylus (ār-thrö-sti’lus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
āpópov, joint, H- otijäog, pillar.] The typical
genus of the family Arthrostylidae. -
arthroxesis (ār-throk’sé-sis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ôpôpov, joint, + šéoag, scraping, K #éetv, scrape.]
In Surg., the process of scraping the articular
surfaces for the removal of fungosities.
artichoke, n.-Chinese artichoke, Stachys Sieboldi,
a species from China bearing tubers somewhat like those
of the Jerusalem artichoke. Known in France as crosmes.
article, m.—Articles approbatory, in Scotch law,
that part of the proceedings which corresponds to the
answer to the charge in an English bill in chancery.
Bowvier, Law Dict.—Articles improbative, in Scotch
law: (a) Articulate averments setting forth the facts
relied upon. (b) That part of the proceedings which cor-
responds to the charge in our English bill in chancery to
set aside a deed. The answer is called articles approba-
tory. Bowvier, Law Dict. —Articles Of partnership, a
written agreement between two or more parties stating
the conditions and terms upon which an enterprise for
profit shall be carried on by the parties.—Articles of
roup, in Scotch law, the conditions under which prop-
erty is offered for sale at auction.—Articles of Set, in
Scotch law, an agreement for a lease. Bowvier, Law Dict.
—Proprietary articles, patent medicines and other
patented articles the manufacture and sale of which are
restricted to the patentee or patentees or their assigns.—
The Schwabach articles, seventeen articles of faith
drawn up by Luther and presented to the princes of the
evangelically minded states at Schwabach (Oct. 16, 1529)
as the foundation for their political combination. The
articles are directed mainly against Zwinglianism ; hence
the prominence of the doctrine of original sin, of bap-
tism, and of the doctrine of the real presence of Christ's
body and blood in the eucharist. These articles, fur-
nished the material for the positive (first) part of the
Augsburg Confession.—The Torgau articles, ten arti-
cles drawn up by Luther, Melanchthon, and Jonas, by
order of the Elector, at Torgau, Mar. 20, 1530. They were
a kind of apologia for the Elector, stating that he had
established a true service of God and had proscribed cer-
tain abuses of the Roman Church. These articles fur-
nished the material for the polemical part of the Augs-
burg Confession.
artlike
(ār-tik-i-la-bil’i-ti), n. The
quality of being articulable.
articulable (ār-tik’ī-la-bl), a. Capable of
being articulated or uttered as distinct syl-
lables or words. *
articulamentum (ärikſ-lºmen'tum), n.; pl.
articulamenta(-tä). [NL., K.L. articulare, join,
articulate: see articulate, v.] In the chitons or
amphineurous mollusks, the immer or porcela-
nous layer of the shell-substance, the outer
being termed the tegmentum. In many of the
chitons the articulamentum projects beyond the outer
layer of the shell and its ends are firmly inserted in the
flexible girdle which binds the shell-valves together.
Articular arteries. (a) Rive small arteries, three su-
perior and two inferior, derived from the popliteal and
surrounding the knee-joint. (b) The circumflex arteries
of the arm (which see, under circumjiea).—Articular
dropsy. See #dropsy. —Articular Sense, the con-
sciousness which attends movement of a joint.
articulary, a. Il. n. In ichth., the articular
bone, or bone at the joint or insertion of the
lower jaw. Starks, Synonymy of. the Fish
Skeleton, p. 515. -
Articulata, m. pl. (f) An order of the Crinoidea
which includes all recent and later fossil forms of this
class, characterized by having the mouth and food-
grooves exposed or suprategminal and the lower brachial
plates incorporated into the calyx.
articulation, n.—Axis of articulation, in arthro-
pods, a line drawn between the right and left hinges of
the segments of the abdomen.—Peg-and-socket ar-
ticulation, a term applied to the insertion of scales of
ganoid and other primitive fishes having bony scales, in
which each scale has a produced point or peg, which is
inserted into a socket or cavity in a scale above or below
it. The structure is sometimes complicated by the
presence of two pegs.
articulationist (ār-tik-i-lä’shgn-ist), n. One
who teaches articulation to deaf-mutes.
N. E. D. *
articulo-angular. (§r-tik/ú-ló-ang'gū-lär), a.
Relating to the articular and angular elements
of the jaw collectively. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lom-
don, 1901, I. 173.
articulo-kinesthetic (ār-tik/ú-lö-kin-es-thet’.
ik), a. In psychol., pertaining to the sensa-
tions aroused by the movements of articula-
tion: opposed to *graphokinesthetic. Psych.
Rev. Mo. Sup., III. xiv. 26.
articulus, n. 2. In the pelecypod mollusks,
the hinge: a term comprising the whole articu-
º: apparatus, hinge-plate, teeth, and liga-
IOleIllº.
artifactitious (är"ti-fak-tish’us), n. [artifact
+ -itious (after factitious).] Possessing the
character of an artifact; caused by manipula-
tion and not existing in nature. Buck, Med.
Handbook, II, 40.
artificery º n. [artifice + -ery.]
Workmanship; skill as an artificer. Scottish
Rev. VI. 246. ...N.E.D.
artificialism (är-ti-fish'al-izm), n. [artificial
+ -ism..] An artificial principle or practice.
Made up of artificialism.8—for nothing seemed real
about him but his ill-temper.
Mrs. H. Wood, Roland Yorke, III. 156.
artificing (ār-tif’i-sing), n. [*artifice, v. (a
back-formation from artificer), + -īngl.] Ar-
tificers’ work; craftsmanship.
Yet in spite of all this backwardness in invention, the
city is full of beautiful workmanship in every branch of
artificing. W. D. Howells, Venetian Life, p. 300.
artinite (är’ti-nit), n. . [Named for E. Artini of
Milan.] A basic º magnesium carbo-
nate occurring in spherical forms with radiated
structure: found at the asbestos-mines of Val
Lanterna, Italy.
Artinskian (ār-tinsk’i-an), a. and n. I. a. Of
or pertaining to Artinskin the Urals: in geol.,
noting the lowest division or stage in the de-
velopment of the Permian system in the Ural
Mountains. It consists of sandstones, conglomerates,
shales, and limestones which carry a marine fauna hav-
ing many species of the Carboniferous formation below
and show no unconformity with those strata. This stage
is named from Artinsk, but its rocks are distributed from
the Arctic Ocean to the Kirghiz steppe. It apparently
corresponds in age, as it does in position, to the Autunian
of France, which bears a terrestrial flora.
II. m. The Artinskian division.
artiphyllous (ār-tifi-lus), a. [Gr. &pópov, a
joint, + $5%0v, leaf.] In bot., bearing buds
or leaves on the nodes or joints.
Artique's process. See *process.
artisticism (är-tis’ti-sizm), n. [artistic + -ism...]
Artistic pursuits or theories; artistic tendency.
Our present-day, lackadaisical, sham artisticism.
e H. Herman, His Angel, p. 40.
artlike (ärt'lik), adv. and a. I. adv. Accord-
ing to the rules of art: as, “not artlike writ,”
W. P. Taylor, 1630. *

artlike
II. a. Having the appearance of art.
It is among birds that we find specific modes of nest-
building and a highly artlike, almost artistic song.
Whitney, Life and Growth of Lang., xiv. 289.
art nouveau (ärnö-vö’). [F., “new art.'] A
name given to a secession movement in art,
which had its origin in Paris at the close of the
nineteenth century, and is still in process of
development. It is concerned with architecture and
the decorative arts chiefly. . So far as the movement has
any definite underlying principle, it is the negation of
the conventional types which have attached themselves
to art in the course of centuries and the realization of
beauty by the proper management of necessary lines and
values. In the hands of the practitioners, however,
liberty has become libertinism, and results have been
produced which have thrown discredit upon the move-
ment. -
artois (ār-two'), n. [Artois, an ancient prov-
ince of northern France.] A long coat worn
by women about 1790. It had several capes,
and lapels and revers like a box-coat. .
artophagous (ār-tof'3- #. a...[Gr. Öproc,
bread, Hº payev, eat..] Bread-eating: as, an
artophagous propensity.
Aruncus (a-rung’kus), n. [NL., K. L. aruncus, K
Gr. 7pvyyog, Doric àpvyyog, a goat's beard, also
a plant (see eringo).] A genus of tall, peren-
nial herbs of the family Rosaceae, often referred
to the genus Spiraea, with numerous small,
dioecious flowers. There are two species, A. Aruncus
in the northern parts of America and Europe, and A.
Ascitan
asbestos which become incandescent
in the flame. Such burners are used
with gas-logs and gas fireplace-heat-
ers.--Asbestos cloth, a fabric com-
posed of woven fibrous asbestos :
used in making gloves for protection
against heat and acids, as a covering \}
for dining-tables and for steam- ?
heated rolls, as a strainer in filtering
acids, and for other purposes. – As—
bestos Curtain, a curtain of asbes-
tos cloth hung before an open fire-
place. When drawn down it acts as
a fire-screen and a blower. Large
and heavy curtains of this material
are hung in the proscenium arch of
theaters as a protection against the
spread of fire.—Asbestos porce-
See #porcelain.—Asbestos
torch, a metal vessel or cresset sus-
pended from a pole and packed with
asbestos which is saturated with oil : used to destroy the
nests of caterpillars.
A.S.C. An abbreviation of Army Service Corps.
ascalaphoid (as-kal'a-foid), a. Belonging to
or resembling a member of the family Asca-
laphidae.
ascaricide (as-kar’i-sid), n. [ascar(id) + L.
-cida, K. caedere, kill.] An agent destructive of
round- or thread-worms which occur as intes-
tinal parasites.
Ascaris equorum, the eel-worm or lumbricoid worm
parasitic in the small intestine of the horse. It measures
from 15 to 37 centimeters in length, and in most cases is
Without serious effect. Goeze, 1782. — Ascaris megalo-
Asaheim (as 'A-hăm), n. [Icel. "Asa heimr,
‘home of the gods.’] Same as Asgard.
asana (ä-sà-nā’), n. [Tagalog asaná (Bisaya
naga, whence Sp. narra).] A name in the Phil-
ippine Islands of Pterocarpus Indicus and P.
echinatus, valuable timber-trees, the wood of
which is sometimes called Philippine mahog-
0.71/. The trunks are surrounded at their base by radiat-
ing buttresses which yield planks of extraordinary width.
The wood is of a beautiful red color often variegated with
yellow, hard and durable, but porous and very brittle.
It takes a fine polish and is much used in the Philippines
for cabinet work and for furniture, handsome large table-
tops being often made of single slabs. P. Indicus is known
in the East Indies as Burmese rosewood, Andaman red-
wood, and kiabooca-wood. In the Philippines it is also
called narra. P. echinatus, known as narra pula, or
“red narra,” is distinguished by having spiny seed-pods.
See Pterocarpus and kiabooca-wood.
asaphia (as-à-fiſä), n. . [NL., KGr, égéjeta, in-
distinctness, K &gaffº, indistinct, K &-priv. 4.
caphº, clear, distinct.] Defective speech, heard
especially in cases of cleft palate.
Asaphic (a-saf'ik), a. Of or pertaining to Asaph,
one of the chief *g. in the Temple in the
time of David and Solomon, and eponymous
head of one of the gilds of singers, “sons
of Asaph.” Psalms 50 and 73–83 are called
Asaphic, having the name of Asaph super-
scribed. Also Asaphitic.
asaphid (asſa-fid), a. and n. I. a. Pertain-
Asbestos Torch. -
ing to or having the characters of the trilobite
Cephala. Same as Aascaris equorum. Cloquet, 1824.
astilboides from Japan. Arumcus is often confounded
with A8tºlbe. The latter is much used for forcing.
Arundel group. See *group1. &
Arvernian (ār-vèr’ni-an), a. 1. Of or pertain-
family Asaphidae.
II. m. A member of the family Asaphidae.
Asaphidae (a-saf’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K.Asaphus
+ -idae.] A family of trilobites which have a
Ascelichthys (as-à-lik’ this), m. [NL., K. Gr.
ôokežňg, without legs (without fins), + trffic,
fish.] A genus of small sculpins found in the
It is
ing to the Arverni, a tribe of ancient Gaul
which occupied a region corresponding to the
modern Auvergne.—2. In ethnol., relating to
or exhibiting the European type, commonly
known as Alpine, of which the inhabitants of
Auvergne are typical representatives.
large and subequal cephalon and a pygidium,
in both of which the lobes and furrows are
rather obscure. The eyes are large; the facial sutures
cut the posterior margin of the head-shield within the
genal angles and unite at the middle of the frontal bor-
der; and the thorax has from 5 to 10 segments. The fam-
ascendancy, n.
rock-pools along the coast of California.
characterized by the absence of ventral fins.
A. rhodorus is the known species.
2. Same as ancestry.
Epilepsy is followed chiefly by brain affections in
childhood, while phthisis and alcoholism are prominent
ily includes highly innportant genera of Silurian trilo-
bites, Asaphus, Illaemwa, Nilew8, and Ogygia.
Asaphitic (as-a-fitſik), a. Same as *Asaphic.
Asaphus (asſa-fus), m. [Also Asaphes. NL.,
K. Gr. &oaçãº, indistinct.] The typical genus of
the family Asaphidae.
asaprol (ä'sa-prol), n.
âsar, n. Plural of *ās.
asaresinotannol (as-a-rez"i-nó-tan’ól), n. An
amorphous compound, Casſiggos(OH)2 or C24-
H33O4.(OH), existing in §ºiás in the
free state, but principally combined as a fer-
ulic acid ester in the resin of asafetida.
asarol (asſa-ról), n. [Asarum + -ol.] . A color-
less, feebly dextrorotatory alcohol, C10H18O,
contained in oil of Canadian snakeroot, Asa-
7°wm Canadense. It boils at 1969–199°C. and is
probably identical with linalool.
asaronic (as-a-ron'ik), a. [asarone + -ic.] De-
rived from asarone; noting an acid, the tri-
methyl ether of 2, 4, 6-trihydroxybenzoic acid
C6H2(OCH3)3CO2H, formed by the oxidation
of asarone. It crystallizes in needles which
melt at 144° C.
asarotum (as-a-roſtum), m. [L. asarotum, neut.
of asarotos, applied to floors painted in spots
in the ascendency. Buck, Med. Handbook, V. 37.
Ascending *degeneration, *neuritis. See the
Il Ollºl S.
Ascension theory, in mining geol., the theory that ores
are derived from the depths of the earth by means of up-
rising solutions.--Right-ascension circle or hour-
Circle. See kcircle.
ascensionist (a-sen ‘shon -ist), n. One who
makes ascensions; a mountain-climber; also,
a balloonist who makes ascensions.
Ascensiontide (a-sen'sh9n-tid), n. The period
comprising the ten days from Ascension day
to Whitsunday.
ascent, 71.-Song Of ascents. Same as somg of degrees
(which see, under degree).
ascesis (a-sé’sis), m. [Gr. Čakmortg, training,
walk of life, monastic life: see ascetic.] Self-
discipline ; self-denial.
Ascetta (a-setſä), m. [NL.; origin not obvi-
ous.] A genus of sponges containing the
simplest and most primitive forms, of which
A. primordialis is an example.
aschaffite (a-shaf'it), n. [Aschaff(enburg), a
city in Bavaria, + -ite?..] In petrog., a name
proposed by Gümbel, in 1865, for an igneous
rock of the diorite family rich in quartz, feld-
spar, and mica. It is now considered as be-
Arvonian (ār-vö’ni-ān), a. and m. [W. Arfon
(pron. arvon) in Wales.] A term applied by
Hicks to a division of rocks in Pembroke re-
garded by him (together with the Dimetian
below and the Pebidian above) as of Precam-
brian age, but by others considered as purely
eruptive intrusions into Cambrian rocks.
I regard the so-called “Dimetian” as a granite which
has invaded the Cambrian rocks; the “Arvomiam. ” in-
cludes the quartz porphyries which appear as apophyses
of the granite; while the “Pebidian’’ is an interesting
group of basic lavas which form here the lowest visible
part of the Cambrian system. Geikie, Text-book of Geol.
Aryanization (ār’yan-i-zā‘shqn), m. The pro-
cess of Aryanizing or the state of having been
made Aryan in character, appearance, etc.
The Aryanization of Europe doubtless resembled that
of India. I. Taylor, Origin of Aryan, p. 212.
aryballoid (ar-i-bal'oid), a. [aryballus + -oid.]
Like an aryballus.
aryl (ar’il), n. [ar(omatic) + -yl.] A name
introduced by Worländer to designate a radical
. &#. º * hydrocarbon, as
€Il tolyl, ſº
sº ği). ºf N amed after A. Arz-
runi, a German mineralogist.]. A mineral con-
sisting of basic copper sulphate and copper
Same as *abrastol.
chlorid, and occurring in bluish-green crystal-
line crusts: found in Chile. *
or divisions as if not swept clear, K. Gr. daćpotog,
unswept, Kó-priv. H- *oapotóg, & Gapoiw, sweep,
Kočpov, a broom, Koaipeiv, sweep.] In anc. arch.,
ascham, n.
longing to kersantite.
2. A box for carrying bows, ar-
rows, and other archery equipment from place
ais (ās), m.; pl. Óisar (à'sâr). [Sw. Ös.] Same as
oss or eskar a species of painted pavement used by the Ro-
mans before the invention of mosaic work. Stur-
gis, Dict. of Arch.
Asarum, n.—Oil of Asarum Canadense, an essential
oil or essence used in perfumery and soap.
asbarg (äsſbärg), n. A dyestuff consisting of
the dried flowers and flowering stems of Del-
hinium Zalil, imported from Afghanistan and
ersia: used in native calico-printing and
for dyeing silk a bright, sulphur-yellow. See
*galil.
asbestic, a. II. m. A local commercial name for
massive asbestos reduced to a fibrous pulp and
used for wall-plaster, etc. Ascherson's haptogenic membrane.
asbestin, a. A simplified spelling of asbestine. “hºptºgenic memºute.
asbestinize (as-bes’ti-niz), v.t.; pret, and pp. aSchistic (a-skis' tik), a.
to place; a bow-box.
ascharite (ash'a-lit), m. A hydrated magne-
sium borate occurring in white lumps with
boracite : found near Aschersleben, Germany.
Aschersonia (ash-er-so’ni-á), n. [NL. (Mon-
tagne, 1848), named for F. M. Ascherson, a
German botanist who wrote about fungi.] A
genus of sphaeropsidaceous fungi having the
pycnidia buried in a pulvinate, fleshy stroma,
and the hyaline, fusiform spores borne on fili-
form Sporophores. The species are mostly tropical,
growing on leaves. A. Aleurodis grows on Aleurodes
Citrº, a plant-louse on Citrus in Florida. S
Ge
[Gr. Gortotog, undi-
Pterocaraus Indicus. (From a photograph by Warburg.)
(Drawn from Engler and Prantl’s “Pflanzenfamilien.”)
asbestolith (as-bes’tó-lith), m.
asbestinized, ppr. asbestinizing. To treat (cot-
ton goods) chemically in order to render them
fire-proof or not easily inflammable.
[Gr. dogsotog,
asbestos, + Affog, stone.] The trade-name of
a material made from short-fiber asbestos,
with the addition of cementing and coloring
substances, for use in the construction of the
floors and walls of houses. It has the advan-
tages of light weight, durability, and capa-
bility of resisting fire and dampness.
Asbestos burner, a gas-stove burner employing Bunsen
burners in combination with sheets or masses of fibrous
ascidicolous (as-i-dik^{-lus), a.
Ascitan (a-siſtan), n.
vided, + -ic.] In petrol., a term applied to
hypoabyssal igneous rocks occurring in dikes
which are considered to represent undifferen-
tiated magmas of the depths, and thus to stand
in contrast to *haplitic and lamprophyric dike
rocks, considered as complementary differen-
tiation products of deep-seated magmas.
[NL. ascidium
+ L. Colere, dwell in..] Inhabiting or parasitic
in or on an ascidian.
[L. ascitae, K. Gr. Čakiral,
pl., Kägkóç, a skin..] A member of a seet, an
offshoot of the Montanists, which appeared


Ascitan
in Galatia about 173 A. D. In their religious revels
they danced around skin bottles, declaring them to be
the ones referred to in Mat. ix. 17.
asclepiadin (as-klē-pi'a-din), n. [Asclepias
(-ad-) + -in?..] A glucoside of uncertain com-
position derived from Asclepias vincetoxicum.
Asclepieum (as-klē-pi-é’um), n. [Gr. Aok??-
traeiov, K. Aakhmºrtóc, Æsculapius.] A temple or
shrine sacred to AEsculapius.
asclepione (as-klē "pi-ön), n. [Asclepias +
sº A neutral, tasteless, crystalline com-
pound, C20H24O3, formed in the juice of the
milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L. It melts at
1049 C.
ascobacterium (as"kö-bak-té’ri-um), n. ; pl.
ascobacteria (-ā). [NL., K. Gr. Čakóg, a bag, +
BalcTiptov, a staff or rod..] In bacteriol., a bac-
terium whose cells form masses embedded in
or surrounded by gelatinous matter.
Ascobolaceae (as-kº-bê-lä'sé-é), m. pl. [NL.,
K Ascobolus + -aceae.] A family of saprophytic,
discomycetous fungi occurring mostly on dung.
Ascobolus is the typical genus. Also errone-
ously written Ascoboleae.
Ascoboleae (as-kö-bö’lā-é), m. pl. See *Asco-
bolaceae.
Ascobolus
kob ( ò - lus), m.
[NL. (Persoon,
1791), in allusion
to the forcible
projection of the
asci, K. Gr. Öokóg,
sac, ascus, + 36-
Žog, a throw.] A
genus of disco-
mycetous fungi
having a fleshy
ascoma and sim-
ple brown or vio-
let spores. The
asci when mature are
projected from the
disk and the spores
forcibly expelled.
The species are
mostly saprophytic
and occur on old
dung.
ASCOceraS
kos e - ras), m.
[Gr. dokóg, a
leather bag, +
Képaç, a horn.] A
singular genus of
nautiloid cepha-
lopods. In early
growth it had a regu-
larly septate shell
with a siphuncle, but
in old age the septal
charnbers Were con-
tracted by the incom-
plete development of
the septa, leaving a
long tubular living-
(as-
(as -
Ascobo/tas tzot prtez’s res.
a, a plant showing the habit, enlarged ;
b, an ascus with paraphyses, cut longitu-
dinally to show ū. spores, greatly inag-
nifical; c, upper end of an ascus, showing
the lid sprung open ſor the forcible ex-
pulsion of the spores, greatly magnified.
(Drawn from Engler and Prantl's “Pſlan-
chamber with the zenfamilieu.")
septa of later growth * sº
at one side. It occurs in the Silurian rocks and is typical
of the family Ascoceraſ idze.
Ascochyta (as-kok’i-tä), m. [NL. (Libert,
1831), K. Gr. Gokóg, sac, -H ºvróg, poured out, K
2(eiv, }. A genus of sphaeropsidaceous
fungi having membranous pycnidia embedded
in discolored spots on the leaves and twigs of
the host. The pycnospores are hyaline and uniseptate.
About 250 species have been described. A. Pist attacks
the leaves and pods of the pea. See kleaf.8pot of pea. .
Ascococcus (as"kö-kok’us), m. ; pl. ascococcº
(-si). [NL., K. Gr. doſcóg, sac, + kólſkoç, berry.]
In bacteriol., a generic name generally regarded
as a SynOn of Micrococcus. See Micrococcus.
Ascocorticiaceae (as"kö-kör"ti-si-à'sé-é), m. pl.
[NL., K. Ascocorticium + -aceae.] A family of
simple, saprophytic, ascomycetous fungi Con-
taining the single genus Ascocorticium.
Ascocorticium (as"kö-kór-tis’i-um), m. [NL.
(Brefeld, 1891), K. Gr. &akóg, sac, ascus, + Cor-
ticium (which see).] A genus of simple, as-
comycetous fungi in which the asci are borne
on a thin membranous, mycelial layer and the
spores are simple and colorless.
Ascoglossa (as"kö-glosſă), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
ãokóſ, a bag, + Yºjoa'a, tongue.] A group of
gasteropods of the order Opisthobranchiata.
The branchiae, mantle cavity, and shell are generally
wanting; the liver is ramified, with its branches in-
closed in external papillae called cerata, or beneath the
dorsal surface; the radula has one series of 8trong teeth,
and the worn-out teeth at the front end do not drop off,
but are preserved in a special Bac, or ascus, whence the
name of the group. It includes the families Oaymoeidae,
Hermaetdae, Elysiidae, and Limapontiidae.
ascoglossan (a8-kó-glos'gn), a. and n. [A8co-
glossa + -an.] I. a. Resembling or pertaining
to the Ascoglossa, -
II. m. One of the Ascoglossa.
ascogonial (as-kó-gö’ni-al), a. ſascogonium +
-al.] Of or pertaining to an ascogonium.
When the fertilized oospore of Sphaerotheca develops
it puts out an ascogonial filament, destined to form the
&SCUIS. Encyc. Brit., XXVIII. 562.
Ascolichenes (as-kº-li-ké'něz), m. pl. [NL., K
Gr. Öokóg, sac, ascus, + Lichemes (which see).]
A large group of lichens, including all those
which produce asci. They are divided into
two subgroups, the Discolichemes and Pyreno-
lichemes.
ascoma (as-kö’mâ), m.; pl. ascomata (-ma-tá).
NL., K. Gr. Čakolia, a leather pad or bellows,
dokóg, a leather bag; see ascus.] The sporo-
carp of discomycetous fungi and truffles.
It seems probable that the ascomata of the truffle are
formed in the late autumn, and lie over the winter in a
practically mature state.
Bot. Gazette, June, 1908, p. 428.
ascomycetal (as-kā-mi-sé’ tal), a. Same as
ascomycetous. e
ascomycete (as’kö-mi-sét), n.
of the class Ascomycetes.
Ascospora (as-kos' pé-rã), n. [NL. (Fries, 1825),
K. Gr. Gokóç, a leather bag, + otopá, seed.]. A
genus of pyrenomycetous fungi having small
perithecia and asci and simple hyaline spores.
A. Beyerinckii produces a leaf-spot of cherries, peaches,
plums, etc. Corynewm Beyerinckii is said to be its conid-
ial form, and to cause gummosis of cherry-trees.
ascosporic (as’kö-spö-rik), a. Of or pertaining
to an ascospore.
ascript, a. II. n. An annexed remark, note, or
explanation; a gloss. Athenæum, Aug. 27,
1892, p. 280.
ascription, n. 3. A prayer at the end of a ser-
mon, ascribing praise to God.
-ase. [All assumed suffix taken from diastase
(prop. dia-sta-se, where only -Se is suffixal),
used parallel to -ose.] 1. chem., a suffix
used to designate the different kinds of fer-
ments, as arginase, lipase, maltase, etc., as
well as diastase. Šee the etymology.— 2. A
suffix applied to the names of rangs in the
quantitative classification of igneous rocks:
as, liparase. See classification of igneous rocks,
under *rock1.
asebotin (a-sé’bà-tin), n. [asebo (fuscim, etc.)
+ -t- + -in?..] A glucoside, C24H28O12, which
is the active poison of Pieris japonica. It
crystallizes in colorless needles which melt at
1489 C.
asebotoxin (a-sé-bó-tok'sin), m. [asebo (fuscim,
etc.) + toacim.] An extremely poisonous meu-
tral crystalline compound, C31H50010, found in
Japan in the leaves of Pieris japonica and in
the United States in laurel (Rhododendron
maazimum). It is often fatal to sheep and
COWS.
aSellate (a-sel’āt), a. [Gr. a- priv. H. L. sella,
a seat, saddle.] Without saddle: applied to
the primitive septal suture in the ammonoid
cephalopods or goniatites, in which the course
of the suture over the venter is direct, or with-
Out curve. ſº
a.Sellin (a-Sel’im), n. [L. asellus, a sea-fish
taken to be a cod or haddock, -H, -in?..] . A
ptomaîne (C25H32N4) found in cod-liver oil.
a.Sepsine (a-sep'sin), m. Same as *antisepsime.
Aseptic surgery. See *Surgery.
aSeptically (a-sep’ti-kal-i), adv.
manner; by means of asepsis.
asepticism (a-sep’ti-sizm), n. The state of be-
ing aseptic ; the carrying out of measures
which insure asepsis,
Popliteal, carotid, and other aneurysms, which are not
of traumatic origin, are sometimes most successfully
dealt with on this plan [dissecting out the aneurysm],
which is the old “Method of Antyllus” under the influ-
ence of asepticism. Encyc. Brit., XXXIII. 76,
a septol (a-sep’tól), n. . [asept(ic) + -ol.] The
trade-name for an antiseptic solution contain-
ing 33% per cent. of orthophenolsulphuric acid,
C6H4(OH)8O3.H.
a septolin (a-sep’tó-lin), n. A solution said to
contain 2.74 per cent. of phenol and .018 per
cent. of pilocarpine. It is used subcutaneously
in phthisis.
asequence (a-Sé'kwens), n. [a-18 + sequence.]
In pathol., a lack of normal sequence; spe-
cifically, an irregularity in relation between
the auricular and ventricular contractions of
the heart.
The blood pressure . . . is also fairly high when some
simple ratio is maintained between the rate of the auricu-
Any member
In an aseptic
ashen light
lar and ventricular beats and is lowest when the age. '
quence of the two chanibers is most marked,
Buck, Med. Handbook, II. 689.
asexuality (a-Sek-Sū-al’i-ti), n. The quality of
being asexual; absence of sex.
asexualization (a - Sek"Sū-al-i-ză'shgn), n.
[asexualize + -ation.] The act of rendéring
sexually incompetent, as by Castration. Buck,
Med. Handbook, II. 713.
asfalt, m. and v. t. A simplified spelling of as-
phalt.
asfyxia, n. A simplified spelling of asphyxia.
äs-gravel (às'grav"el), n. The water-worn con-
stituents of eskars.
This theory seems to account satisfactorily for the pas-
sage of the dis-gravels into morainic matter, and for the fact
that the gravels in the upper part of an as are often not
well rounded. J. Geikie, The Great Ice Age, p. 171.
ashi, n. 1; (d) In Australia, the name of va-
rious trees having a real or fancied resemblance
to those of the genus Fraasinus, especially of
trees of the genera Elaeocarpus and I'lindersia.
—American ash, specifically, the white ash, Frawinus
Americana.-Arizona ash, the leatherleaf ash, I'raaſinus
velutina.- Basket-ash, the black ash, Fraatmºs migra :
so called because it affords basket splints. |Massachu-
setts.]—Berlandier ash, Frazinus Berlanderiana of the
Mexican boundary region.—Blue ash, -(a) See ashl, l
(a). § Fraacimus lanceolata. [Arkansas and Iowa.] (6)
A small Australian tree, Elaeodendrum aw8trale, whose
close-grained pinkish wood is used for staves, oars, and
shingles. Also called olive-wood.— Blueberry-ash, an
Australian tree, Elaeocarpus holopetalus, yielding a close-
grained white wood valuable for turning and cabinet-
work.-Brown ash, Fraaſinus migra ; also, F. Pennsyl-
vanica.-Cane-ash, the white ash, Fraa in wº Americana:
so called because it grows in cane-brakes. . [Gulf States.]
—Crow’s ash, a very large tree, Flindersta australis, of
Queensland and New South Wales. Also called beech,
red cedar, and rasp-pod. See rasp-pod and Flinder-
sia. — Dwarf ash, a shrub, Fraainw8, anomala, of
Utah and elsewhere. The trifoliate dwarf ash is F. amo-
mala trºphylla.- Fringe-ash, Fraasinus cuspidata of
Mexico and the adjacent United States. The shrubby
fringe-ash is F. dipetala of California.-Gregg ash, Fraa:-
tnus Greggit of the Mexican boundary region.— Leather-
leaf ash, Frazimus velutima of the southwestern United
States.— Moreton Bay ash, a very large tree, Eucalyptus
tessellaris, of central and northeastern Australia, yielding
a timber, tough but not hard, which is excellent for build-
ing purposes. It also yields a kino from which a varnish
may be made. — New Zealand ash. See artitolci.—Ore-
º ash, Frazimus Oregoma of the northwestern coast of
orth America.-Pop-ash, poppy-ash, the water-ash,
I'razimus Caroliniana. [Florida and Alabama.]— Pump-
kin-ash, Fraazimus profunda, found in river-swamps in
the eastern United States.—River-ash, the red ash,
Fraazimus Pennsylvanica. [Rhode Island and Ontario.]—
Swamp-ash. (a) Same as hoop-ash. (b) The green ash,
Frazinus lanceolata. [Gulf States.]—Texas ash, Fraz-
imus Teacemsis. Also called mountain-ash.
ash?, n. 4. The involatile constituents of wine;
the solid residue evaporated to dryness.
As a distinctive mark of genuine wine the ash is of the
greatest value. Bncyc. Brit., I. 173.
Canada, ashes, a trade-name for ashes from Canada
valued as a fertilizer.— I’m sackcloth and ashes, clothed
in sackcloth and sitting in ashes, in sign of deep mourn-
ing : a custom among Orientals. Also used flguratively.
Mat. xi. 21.
[Heb.
ashamnu (a-sham (né), m. ashamnu,
‘ we have trespassed,” Kasham, trespass.] The
Jewish ‘short confession of sin.” It is com-
posed of twenty-four acrostic sections which
begin with the letters of the Hebrew alphabet
in consecutive order (the twenty-first letter,
the last, being used three additional times).
ash-bed (ash' bed), m. A bed of ashes; specifi-
cally, in geol., a greatly decomposed amygda-
loidal basalt on Keweenaw Point, Michigan,
which is locally impregnated with native cop-
Del’.-Ash-bed diabase. See Adiabase.
Ashberry metal. See *metal.
ash-canker (ash’kang-kër), n. A disease of
ash-trees which has been attributed to bac-
teria.
ash-cart (ash’kärt), m. A cart in which ashes
and other refuse are carried.
ash-chute (ash'shöt), m. Same as ash-Shoot.
ash-conveyer (ash ‘kon-vā’ér), m. Any form
of conveyer used in removing ashes, as from a
boiler-room or locomotive-engine house. Ex-
amples are: (1) a screw-conveyer which removes the
ashes as fast as they fall from the locomotives into the
ash-pit of an engine-house, and delivers them to a trav-
eling-apron or carrier; and (2) a combined conveyer and
elevator which passes through a series of ash-pits in an
engine-house, conveying and lifting the ashes to an ele-
vated hopper, where they may be discharged into cars.
These machines are made in a great variety of forms.
Ashdown sand. See *sand 1.
ash-dump (ash' dump), n. 1. A place where
ashes are put, either temporarily or perma-
nently.—2. A device for dumping the ashes
from a furnace or conveyer.
ash-elevator (ash’el’é-vā-tor), n.
*ash-hoist.
ashen light. See *light:1.
Same as

asherah
asherah (ash’ e-rá), n. [Heb. 'asherah, pl.
'asheriin, or, rarely, asheróih; Assyr. ashirtu,
pl. ashrātā.] 1. A wooden post or pole planted
near the altars of various Semitic gods; in the
authorized version of the Bible erroneously
translated ‘grove.’—2. [cap.] A Semitic god-
dess not mentioned in the Bible except in
three, dubious passages, but whose name is
certified by early tablets. She was sometimes con-
fused with Ashtoreth. Baal seems to have been the con-
sort of Asherah. The two are often mentioned together
in connection with the idolatrous worship of Israel: see
2 Ki. xxiii. 4; 2 Chron. xxxiii. 8; Judges iii. 7. See Ash-
toreth.
ash-hoist (ash'hoist), n. An apparatus for
lifting ashes, as from the ash-pit of a locomo-
A.
=º IN
adº);
ſº
º
ãº,
ſº
#
lºſ
| fºr:
gºº
* - - - - - - - - º º ºr ºr º
º, º ºxº~ *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * * * * * * * * s
sº sº. º.º.º.º. º ºr º ºr sº º cº º
Locomotive Ash-hoist.
A, section across the tracks, showing the inclined screw-conveyers which lift the ashes to
the longitudinal bucket-conveyer shown in B. B., section along the tracks, showing the
long conveyer by which the ashes are transferred to the dump.
tive-engine house, the boiler-room in a build-
ing, or the stoke-room of a vessel. The simplest
form is a telescopic frame which when open extends from
the basement of a building upward through an opening
in the sidewalk and carries a block and tackle for hoist-
ing ash-barrels to the sidewalk, where they may be
dumped into a cart. When closed the frame sinks be-
low the walk and the opening is covered. A more com-
licated form consists of a telescopic frame inclosing a
rain-and-bucket elevator for lifting ashes from a sub-
cellar to the street and discharging them through a
chute into a cart.—Pheumatic ash-hoist, a traveling-
crane having a pneumatic hoisting-cylinder which lifts
the body of a car loaded with ashes and travels with it
across the tracks to an ash-car, into which it is dumped.
—Skip ash-hoist, a skip traveling upon an inclined
track from the ash-pit of a boiler-house to the top of a
tower over a railroad track. The ashes are discharged
through a hopper into the skip, which is then hoisted by
cable to the top of the tower, where it is dumped into a
hopper, which delivers its load to a car on the track below.
ash-hopper (ash’hop-er), n. Same as leach-
tub. ocal, U. S.]
ashiver (a-shiv'ér), adv. [aš + shiver.] In a
shiver; quivering.
ashler, n. 4. In carp., studding or furring used
to cut off the angle at the floor in a garret, so
that the room inclosed will have a vertical wall
of some height.—Coursed ashler, ashler masonry in
which the stones form regular courses, all the blocks in
one course being of the same height.—Random-coursed
ashler, ashler masonry in which rather broad courses are
made of uniform height or width from end to end, but
are made up in part of smaller stones, two or three of
which together make the height of the course. See cut
under ashler (a, b, and e).-ROugh ashler, quarried stone
selected for ashler masonry, but not dressed.
ashlered, ashlared (ash lérd, Flård), p. a.
Faced with ashler: said of a wall.
Ashley beds. See *bed 1.
Ashmolean (ash-mö'lé-an), a. Of or pertain-
ing to Elias Ashmole, an eminent English anti-
quary (1617–92), who founded the Ashmolean
Museum at Oxford University in 1679. His col-
lections, which were presented to the university, com-
sisted of books, manuscripts, coins, curiosities, and anti-
quities. The Ashmoleau Society, founded in 1828, was
named in his honor.
ash-pan (ash’pan), n. A pan under the grate
of a boiler or other fire, into which ashes and
clinker may fall and be caught when the fire is
sliced or the fireplace cleaned.
ash-pumpkin (ash (pump"kin), n. [ash” + pump-
kin." It is covered with an ashy bloom.] The
wax-gourd, Benincasa hispida. See Bemincasa
and *condol. [East Indies.] §
ashrafi (ash'ra-fé), m. [Also ashrafee, ashraffi ;
Hind. Pers. ashrafi, K ashrāf, K. Ar. ashrāf,
gentle, refined, urbane, ashrūf, n., nobles,
gentry..] The gold mohur of India.
ash-trolley (ash'trol-i), m. An overhead trol-
ley from which ash-buckets are suspended for
transporting ashes from ash-pits to the place
of disposal.
Asiatic Class, a
§.” of domesticated fowls comprising
those breeds whi
ch are supposed to have originated
* & Cº ºf Gºº & Cº º Aº º sº ºc & ºr sº sº
* ... º. º 'º - º . º. º. º. º. º. º. º. º. º. º g º ºr gº º, ºg
in eastern Asia, and including the brahmas, cochins, and
ngShang.
asilid (a-sil'id), a. and n. I. a. Having the
characteristics of or belonging to the dipter-
ous family Asilidae.
II. m. An insect of the family Agilidae.
asiminine (a-sim’i-nin), n. [Asimina + -ine?..]
An alkaloid obtained from the fruit of Asimima
triloba.
asimmer (3-sim’ér), adv. [aš + simmer.] In
a simmering state.
Noon smote fierce the roof's red tiles to heart's desire,
The court a-gimmer with smoke,
Browning, Ned Bratts, st. iv.
Asiphonacea (a-si-fô-nā’sé-á), n. pl., [NL.,
K Gr. 6- priv. 4- of pov, pipe, + -acea.] A group
of alcyonarian polyps of the order Stelechotokea.
The colony is erect, simple or branching, consisting of an
elongated axial zoöid with thickened walls containing
solenia from which secondary zoöids are formed. The
cavity of the axial zoöid is not divided by a partition.
askeletal (a-skel’e-tal), a. Having no skeleton.
In most of the askeletal vermalia the subdermal muscle
divides into two layers.
Haeckel (trans.), Wonders of Life, p. 277.
Asklepieion (as-klé-pi-iſon), n. ; pl. asklepieia
-á). [Gr. Aokämtrueiov, a temple of Asklepios
A sculapius), neut. of Agkåntrietoc, adj., KAokām-
truág, Dor. Aok?atrióg, L. AEsculapius, a Thes-
salian prince famous as a physician, later the
tutelary god of medicine.] A
temple of Asklepios (AEscula-
pius).
If we regard with reverence the
dim traditional form of Asklepios as
a founder of our art, and the Askle-
pieia where throughout Greece and
Magna Græcia medicine was prac-
tised and taught, in greater degree
should we reverence the much more
venerable I-em-hotep and view with interest the primaeval
medicine temples and hospitals of Egypt.
Lancet, June 25, 1904, p. 1771.
asmolder, as moulder (3-smólºdër), adv. ... [aº
+ smolder.] In a smoldering state. Swin-
burne.
asoka (ä-sö(kä), n. [Skt. disoka (digoka), a tree
so called (lit., free from sorrow) Ka- priv. -H
Soka (goka), flame, anguish, sorrow.] 1. A
low-spreading, leguminous tree, Saraca Indica,
bearing large sweet-scented, pale orange-
Scarlet flowers. It is found from southeastern
India and Ceylon to Burma and the Malay peninsula and
archipelago, and is much cultivated for its beauty and
the odor of its flowers. It is a sacred tree of the Hindus,
and figures prominently in their legends and literature.
2. The mast-tree or Indian fir, Polyalthia
longifolia, of the custard-apple family. It is
cultivated for the sake of its flowers, and is
planted in avenues and near temples. See *van-
jula. &
asonant (a-só'nant), a. [a-18 + sonant..] With-
out sound ; not sonant.
asouth (a-south'), adv. phr. [a 3 + South.] In
or on the south; to or toward the south.
J. Barlow, Columbiad, i. 571.
asparaginate (as-para-ji-nāt), n. [asparagin
+ -atel..] A salt of asparagin: as, silver as-
paraginate, NH2COCH( WHjöH2Có. Ag. Also
aminosuccinamidate. e
asparagus-knife (as-par’a-gus-nif), m. A knife
having a long bent handle with a chisel-blade
at the end, used in cutting the stems of aspara-
gus. The chisel-blade is pushed into the soil
to cut off the blanched portion of the stem
below the surface.
asparagus-miner (as - par’g-gus-mi"nèr), n.
e larva of a dipterous insect of the family
Agromyzidae, Agromyza simplex.
asparagus-rust (as-par ’8-gus-rust"), n.
serious disease of asparagus, caused by the
fungus Puccinia Asparagi.
asparkle (a-spärſki), adv. phr. [aš + Sparkle.]
In a sparkling state ; Sparkling.
Otho, free to judge of both,
Ecelin the unready, harsh and loth,
And this more plausible and facile wight
With every point a-sparkle, chose the right.
Browning, Sordello, iv. 585–588.
* m. 9. In forestry, the direction toward
which a slope faces. The eight main points
of the compass, north, northeast, east, South-
east, south, southwest, west, northwest, are dis-
tinguished in forest description. Also called
eaposure.—10. In logic, the concept of a com-
pound object, or this object itself, resulting
from mentally connecting a definite concep-
'tion to an indefinite or partially indesignate
object, the compound being regarded as iden-
tical with the previously indefinite object.
º ºr sº sºlº ºr
& . º. º. º. º. º. ºf , º se -
ºº gº.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º sº
asperite
If with each unit of a collection a, b, c, . . . of n units
[where a, b, c, etc., are absolutely indistinguishable, so
that there is nothing to determine which unit is a, which
b, etc.) of any form we mentally associate one of a given
discrete heap of n marks [if, for example, we distinguish
the units by numbers arbitrarily attached to them, or by
proper names,) so that each unit thereby becomes dis-
tinguished from each of the others and from all other
units, we obtain what I have termed an aspect of a, b,
C, . . . w A. B. Kempe.
Aspect of the sky, the appearance of the sky as to
clouds or rain or color, especially with reference to the
possibility of forecasting from it an approaching change
of the weather.—Aspect of the weather-map, the ap-
fº of the isobars, isotherms, and other details given
n the daily weather-maps, with special reference to the
changes then progressing toward a given station; spe-
cifically, the direction of the gradient at any given sta-
tion. If the gradient rises toward the northwest the
aspect is northwest.—Barometric aspect, in a weather-
map, the direction toward which the principal barometric
gradient is rising ; the direction from which the baro-
metric pressure appears to be pushing hardest toward a
given station.— Dexter aspect, in astrol., one cast in
the reverse order of the signs.— Doctrine of two as-
pects or double-aspect theory, a variety of psycho-
physical parallelism consisting in the opinion that the
external physical world and the mental world (whether
this is understood as synonymous with the internal world
or not) are two aspects, though not necessarily aspects
of any third more substantive being.
From causal theories we must distinguish sharply what
may be called ultimate theories of the relation of mind
and body : theories, that is, which seek to explain and
make intelligible to us why mind and body are connected
at all. The double aspect theory, with its assertion of
one reality manifesting itself under two diverse forms, is
an example of Such a theory.
C. A. Strong, Why the Mind has a Body, p. 3.
Globe aspect, the presentation of features upon the
surface of a sphere as seen from the outside, i. e. as given
upon a terrestrial or celestial globe, or upon a geographi-
cal map : opposed to 8ky aspect, which represents things
as seen from inside the sphere, as in star-maps. In the
globe aspect, north being at the top of the map, east is
at the right; in the sky aspect east is at the left.— Sky
aspect, the presentation of features of a sphere as viewed
from a point within it : used in maps of portions of the
celestial sphere, which show the relative positions of
Stars as seen by one looking up to the sky : opposed to
globe waspect (which see).-Thermal aspect, in a wea-
ther-map, the direction toward which the principal ther-
mometric or temperature gradient is moving ; the direc-
tion from which a higher or a lower temperature appears
to be advancing toward a given station.
aspectabundt, a. [NL. *aspectabundus, K L.
aspectare, look at, observe : see aspect, v.] Of
expressive countenance; expressive in face.
[Rare.]
On the stage he [Dogget) is very aspectabund, wearing
a farce on his face, his thoughts deliberating, framing
his utterauce congruous to his look. He is the only
comic original now extant.
Downes, Roscius Anglicanus, p. 52.
asperated (asſpe-rā-ted), p. a. Roughened;
characterized by unevenness or harshness.
Boyle, in Phil. Trans., XI. 806.
aspergation (as-pêr-gā ‘shon), n. [Erron.
formed from L. aspergere, sprinkle, + -ation.]
The act of sprinkling; aspersion.
They [the Indians and Iranians] had common words
for priest, Sacrifice, song of praise, religious aspergation,
for the Sacred soma drink, for God, Lord, for heroes and
demons, and for Mithra, the god of light.
Isaac Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, p. 190.
*. (as-pér’jēr), n. [asperge + -erl.] One
who sprinkles.
This asperger personates the old Teamahia of Wukoki,
who parted from the Snake clans at that pueblo to seek
his fortune in the east, finding it at Aconia.
4m. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., 1897–98, p. 589.
Aspergillaceae (as” pèr-ji-lä’sé-é), m. pl. [NL.,
K Aspergillus (see Aspergillus, 2) + -aceae.] A.
family of the lower ascomycetous fungi in-
cluding Aspergillus.
Aspergillales (as” pèr-ji-lā’léz), m. pl. [NL., K
Aspergillus + -ales.] An order of ascomyce-
tous fungi including six families and a great
diversity of forms. The ascocarp is mostly small
and without an opening. The conidial forms include the
common molds Aspergillus and Pemicillium.
Aspergillidae (as-pêr-jil’i-dé), m. pl.
* Brechitidae.
asperºlin (as-pêr-jil’in), n. [Aspergillus, 2(?),
-in?..] Same as palmellin.
aspergillosis (as-per-ji-ló ‘sis), m. [NL., K
Aspergillus + -osis.] A morbid condition re-
Sulting from the presence in the ear, some-
times in the lungs, of certain forms of Asper-
gillus. *
Other forms of fungus disease or Mycoses are de-
scribed. ... Aspergillosis, or pigeon-breeders' disease, is
the result of the infection with the Aspergillus fumiga-
tus. Emcyc. Brit., XXXI. 534.
asperite (as' pº-rit), n. [L. asper, rough, + -ite2.]
In petrog., a term proposed by Becker for an.
desitic lavas of light color which are porous in
texture and consequently rough or harsh to
Same as







asperite
the touch. The asperites are contrasted with
the darker, denser andesites of basaltic habit.
They are more commonly called trachytic an-
desites.
aspermia (a-spér’mi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. &otrepuog:
See aspermatism..] Same as aspermatism.
asperolite (as’pe-rū-lit), n. [L. asper, rough,
+ Gr. Aibog, stone..] ... A variety of chrysocolla
copper ore from Tagilsk, Russia.
*. (as-per’i-lâ), m. [NL., fem, dim.,
K L. asper, rough..] A genus of dwarf hardy
herbs, used for borders, rockeries, and shady
#. containing almost 80 species of ill-
efined plants of the family Rubiaceae, two of
which, A. odorata, commonly called sweet
Woodruff, and A. hea:aphylla are commonly
cultivated in America.
asperulous (as-per’ī-lus), a. . [NL., “asperulus,
dim. of L. asper, rough..] In bot., minutely
roughened.
asphaleia (as-fa-lé'yā), n. [Gr. &opáñeta, se-
curity, safety, certainty, Káopažňg, secure, safe.]
A name applied to a safety system of stage
mechanism in which the stage-floor and the
overhead scenic appliances are all moved by
hydraulic power.
Asphalt brown, process.
C6SS.
asphaltene (as-fal’tén), n. [asphalt -- -eme.]
A name originally given by Boussingault to a
residue left on distilling asphalt from an oil-
bath. The name is now used to designate that portion
of asphalt which is soluble in boiling turpentine or cold
chloroform, but not in gasolene, ether, or acetone. The
portion soluble in the latter solvents is called petrolene.
asphaltum, n.—Gum asphaltum, a term sometimes
applied to the purer and more glossy forms of bitumen or
asphalt, as used in the manufacture of varnishes.
Asphodeline (as'fö-de-li'né), n. . [NL, KGr.
àopo6éâtvog, adj., Käopóðehog, asphodel.] A genus
of hardy herbs of the family Liliaceae. About 14
species are found along the Mediterranean Sea and ex-
tending into Persia and Caucasia. A. lutea is most com-
monly grown in the United States, but other species are
not unlikely to be found under cultivation.
Asphodelus (as-fod’ê-lus), m. [NL. : see aspho-
del.] A genus of hardy, stemless herbs, with
white, lily-like flowers in long racemes, mem-
bers of the family Liliaceae. There are 6 or 7 spe-
cies natives of the Mediterranean region, Western Asia,
the East Indies, and Madagascar, some of which are
found in flower-gardens. A. ram08w8 and A. albus are
the only common trade-names in America. Most of the
species are found along the Mediterranean Sea.
asphyxia, m.—Secondary asphyxia, asphyxia which
sometimes recurs with fatal result after apparent recov-
ery from drowning or other form of suffocation.
asphyxiater (as-fik'si-ā-tér), n. 1. A device
of apparatus for producing suffocation by sur-
rounding the victim with an irrespirable gas.
—2. Specifically, a portable fire-extinguisher
which operates by filling the air or space about
the fire with a gas which does not support com-
loustion.
asphyxied (as-fik'sid), p.a. Asphyxiated. Car-
lyle.
aspidate (as’pi-dāt), a. [Gr. &otic (-46-), shield,
-atel..] Shield-shaped; having the form of
a flat plate. Zittel (trans.), Textbook of Pa-
leon., II. 143.
aspidin (as’pi-din), n. [Aspidium + -in”.] A
crystalline principle, C23H32Q7, said to be
poisonous, which is contained in the rhizome
of the male-fern, Dryopteris (Aspidium) Pilia-
7/20 S.
Aspidiotus (as-pi-di-Ö’tus), m. [NL. (Bouché,
1834), K. Gr. &ottòtóTng, shielded, or provided
with a shield.] A very im-
portant genus of diaspine
scale-insects, comprising
See *brown, Apro-
many notorious pests of
The Scales are
fruit-trees.
sm a l l and
round, those
of the males
being some-
what oblong;
the pellicles
of the female
3, 1° 9 C O Ill =
European fruit-scale letely super- g º º
(Aspidiotus ostrea/or- #. º Walnut-scale (Aspidi-
otus 71 g/arts-regria).
a' and e, infested twigs.
(Howard, U. S. D. A.)
zrtis).
a, scales on twig ; c, in-
mature stage; d, female ;
e, male; / and g, inside
of scales. (Marlatt, U. S.
A.)
in both sexes
9.Iſe I.)].OTC OI’
less centrally
located; the pellicles are sur-
rounded by a broad secretionary
supplement; and the circumgenital
glands occur in not more than five groups. To this genus
belong the San José scale (A. permiciosus), the grape.
scale (A. uwae), the walnut-scale (A. juglamº-regiſe), the
oieander-scale (A. nerii), the quince-scale (4., cydoniae),
and many other destructive species.
a- *
San José Scale Cispidiotus Aermicrosses).
A, infested fruit; B, bºg. 'E. enlarged scales. (Howard,
. S. D. A.)
Aspidistra (as-pi-distră), m. [NL.] A genus
of the Liliaceae, one species of which (A. lurida)
from China is a common florists' plant. It is
grown for its handsome crown of long, shining, recurv-
ing foliage, in the riorth in pots and as a window deco-
ration, in the south in the open in moist ground. There
is a striped-leafed form. The flowers are inconspicuous.
aspidium, n. 3. In phar., the rhizome of Dry-
opteris Filia;-mas and D. marginalis, the oleo-
resin obtained from which is used for the ex-
ulsion of tape-worms.
spidobranchiata (as "pi-dò-brang-ki-āftā), n.
pl. [NL.] Same as Scutibranchia.
aspidobranchiate (as "pi-dò-brang’ki-āt), a.
and n. [NL. aspidobranchiatus, K. Gr. &otic
(āottò-), a shield, -- 3páyºta, gills.] I. a.
Having, the gills bipectinate, as certain gas-
teropods.
II. m. One of the Aspidobranchiata.
Aspidocephali (as "pi-dó-sef’a-li), n. pl. [NL.,
r. &otic, shield, -H kepažff, head..] A Pale-
ozoic order of singular ostracoderm fishes.
They have a large, heavily plated head-shield composed
of three layers; orbits close together; body, in the typical
genera, covered with quadrangular scales; no paired fins;
and heterocercal tail. The best-known of these forms is
Cephalaspis. The species have been found only in the
Upper Silurian beds of Great Britain and the Baltic
provinces and in the Old Red Sandstone.
Aspidoceras (as-pi-dos’ e-ras); n. [NL., KGr.
ãotág (āotrud-), shield, + képag, horn.] A genus
of Jurassic ammonites with wide umbilicus
and rounded whorls having ribs in young
stages and tubercles at full growth.
Ağıloºr; (as "pi-dò-se-rat’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Aspidoceras -H -idae.] A family of
ammonoid cephalopods from the Jurassic
formation.
Ağidºles (as/pi-dò-ko-til'é-á), n. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. dotríc (ágrid-), shield, -- Korū’īn,
socket, +-ea.] A group or an order of trematode
platyhelminths having a large ventral round
or oval adhesive apparatus, with numerous
suckers in one or several rows. They are parasitic
in the gall-bladder and alimentary canal of chelonians
and fishes and in various organs of mollusks. The group
contains the single family Aspidobothridae.
Ağlºgº (as "pi-dò-ga-noi"dē-i), m. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. dotríg (āortó-), shield, + NL. Ga-
noidei, the ganoid fishes.] The proper name
for the group of fishes, including extinct spe-
cies, commonly called Ostracodermi or Ostra-
cophori. Gill, 1876.
Aºilºphºl; (as/pi-dof-6-rö - iºdëz), n.
[NL Aspidophorus + -ides.] A genus of
very small fishes (sometimes called sea-poach-
ers), of the family Agonidae, found in the At-
lantic and North Pacific. It is characterized
by the absence of the first dorsal fin. A. m.0-
mopterygius is the common species.
Aspidosoma (as/pi-dò-sö’mă), n. [Gr. &otric
(ãotrud-), shield, + Góga, body..] A genus of
Paleozoic star-fishes of the order Asterozoa.
They have broad ambulacral fields with well-defined
marginal plates, and a madreporite on the oral side of the
disk. The genus, represented by the species A. peta-
loides, occurs in the Lower Devonian of the Rhine.
aspidospermatine (as "pi-dó-spèr'ma-tin), n.
[Aspidosperma(t-) + -ine?..] "A crystalline,
strongly basic, bitter alkaloid, C22H28O2N2,
found in quebracho bark. It melts at § &
aspidospermine (as' pi-dò-spèr/min), n. [48-
idosperma + -ine?..] A crystalline alkaloid,
22H300N2, found in Aspidosperma Quebracho.
It, #s at 206° and is very difficultly soluble
in water.
aspirate, v. t. 2. To impel by aspiration or
suction: as, to aspirate a current of air through
a tube.
assaying
They connected a series of four air-tight cages by means
of rubber tubing and aspirated a steady current of air
through them. Buck, Med. Handbook.
aspiration, n. 7. The staccato mark (which
see, under staccato).-8. The drawing forward,
in flight, against the direction of motion of a
wind-current. See the extract.
It would not account for those flights in which the
bird maintains his altitude without turning upon his
course, as he so often does when the winds are high.
This feat . . . is known as “aspiration.”
E. C. Huffaker, in The Aeronaut. An., 1897, pp. 130, 181.
Aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia due to the inhala-
tion of infectious material, as of vomited matter in a
patient recovering from surgical anaesthesia.— Aspira-
tion psychrometer. See ºrpsychrometer.
aspirin (as’pi-rin), m. A white crystalline com-
pound, obtained by the action of acetic anhy-
drid or acetyl chlorid on salicylic acid; ace-
tylsalicylic acid. It is used in the treatment
of chorea.
Asplenieae (as-plé-ni’é-é), m. pl. [NL., K. 48-
plenium + -eae.] A large tribe of polypodi-
aceous ferns, typified by the genus Asplenium.
It contains many important genera of various types,
with fronds uniform or dimorphous, venation free or
amastomosing, and usually with the sori distinct, oblong to
elongate, uniserial or biserial, mostly lateral and in-
dusiate; or, as in Stenochlaena, with the naked sori dif-
fused over the parenchyma of the under surface.
asplenioid (as-plé’ni-oid), a. [Asplenium +
-oid..] Resembling or pertaining to the fern
genus Asplenium. -
Asporea (a-spé'ré-á), m. pl. In Labbé's clas-
sification of Sporozoa, a group in which the
oöcyte gives direct origin to sporozoites. It
includes the single genus Eimeria. Also
Monogenica. -
Asporocystea (as'pë-ró-sistê-à), n.pl, [NL,
K. Gr. &-priv. -- otropó, a seed dº, + köotag,
bladder.] One of two divisions, the other be-
ing Sporocystea, proposed by Mesnil for the
Coccidia.
asporogenic (a-spº-rū-jen'ik), a. [Gr, à- priv.
+ otropá, a seed (spore), H- -yevng, -producing.]
Not spore-bearing : applied to bacteria, algae,
and similar simple plants which have no
spores.
a Sporogenous Q.”. a. [a-18 +
Sporogenous.] ot reproducing by means
of spores; asporous.
Ağrºm cetes (as/p6-rö. Imi-sé’těz), n., pl.
[NL., K. Gr. 3- priv. 4- oropá, seed (spore), +
Mycetes (see Mycetes?).] A name given by
Wallroth to a heterogeneous group of fungi
including sterile and imperfect forms, as we
as the work of insects (erineum).
asporulate (a-spor’ā-lāt), a. [a-18 + sporu-
late.] Not producing spores or encysted
bodies: as, the asporulate cycle in the de-
velopment of certain coccidia.
Asprol (as prū), m. [NL., K. (3) LGr. &otſpoc,
White, or (?) K.L. asper (It, aspro), rough..] A.
genus of European river-fishes of the family
Percidae. They live in swift waters, lying close to the
bottom and moving with great quickness from one
station to another, in the fashion of the American
flºº (Etheostomatinae), to which they are closely re-
asproº (as prū), n. A silver coin of the Knights
of St. John of Jerusalem at Rhodes, in the
14th century; the Rhodian damaro.
ăs-river (äs’riv'er), n. [See *ās.] A stream
which is so related to glacial waste as to ac-
cumulate gravelly debris in the form of long
ridges or eskars.
There can be no doubt, for example, that the āsar are
in some way connected in their origin with the great
ice-sheet. Dr. Holst therefore accepts Hummel's main
contention. He thinks, however, that the é8-rivers
flowed upon and not underneath the mer de glace.
J. Geikie, The Great Ice Age, p. 171.
assailableness (3-săl'a-bl-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being assailable or open to attack.
Assam fever. Same as *kala-azar.
Assamese. I. a. 2. Pertaining to the languages
of Assam.
II. n. 2... A language of Assam, one of the
Aryan family, akin to Bengali.
assassin-bug (a-sasſin-bug), n. Same as *can-
mibal-bug.
Assault at arms. (b) A hand-to-hand contest.
assay, n.—Brightening of assay. See blick.
a SSay IIlg, 70. In chem., this term is usually applied
to the ascertainment of the presence and amount of one
or more metals in a given substance, and commonly re-
fers to the precious metals, gold and silver. But it is
sometimes used in the more general sense, the testing
or examination of any substance, as, for example, the
determination of the proportion of pure sulphur in a
sample of the crude material.
Buck, Med. Handbook,


assay-office
assay-office (a-să'of-is), n. A laboratory where
ores or metals are assayed.
assedation (as-à-dà'shºn), n. In Scotch law,
a term formerly used to signify the right of
any inferior tenant in the feudal system. ...
assemblage, n. 4. In the logicomathematical
science of multitude, otherwise called the
theory of cardinal numbers, a collection, not
in the sense that the objects are assembled or
collected, but merely in the sense that many
things are regarded in thought as constituting
one thing. Thus, in this sense, all the variable stars
make up an assemblage, although they are scattered
through all the universe. The word collection has from
ancient times been used in this sense, but aggemblage has
only recently been so used, by a small number of
persons who are either unacquainted with or indifferent
to the established terminology of logic,
assemblel, v. t. 4. In entom., to collect to-
gether (the males of certain moths and other
insects) by exposing a female in a wire-gauze
cage: an insect-collector's device.
assembler, n. 4. That part of a linotype type-
making machine which groups and holds
together, against the mold, the matrices ar-
ranged in order for one line of type.
When a key is depressed, the matrix to which it corre-
sponds emerges from its channel, is caught upon an in-
clined traveling belt, and is then carried to the assembler.
Census Bulletiºn 216, June 28, 1902, p. 57.
assembling-box (3-sem’bling-boks), n., In a
type-casting machine, a box in which the
matrices are assembled prior to their delivery
to the casting position.
As the keys are struck on the keyboard the matrices
and spacers descend into the assembling-boa, traveling a
distance of about four inches, and the bars are dropped
more or less, according to the position of the letter to be
brought in line to be cast.
Census Bulletin 216, June 28, 1902, p. 58.
assembling-line (a-sem’bling-lin), n. A line
which unites the head of a harpoon to the shaft,
and is carried down the shaft, to which it is
made fast here and there with knots, thus hold-
ing the pieces together in case of a break. J.
Murdoch.
The connecting line of a barbed harpoon at first was
only a bit of string or thong uniting the head to the
shaft. If there be no connecting line between head and
shaft, the weapon is called a rankling arrow, because the
head stays in the animal and causes death. However,
the rude Fuegian inventors have gotten beyond that, for
the thong is carried halfway down the shaft and made
fast here and there with knots. The same happy thought
is called by Murdoch an “assembling line,” since it
serves in case of a break in the shaft to save the pieces.
Smithsonian Rep., 1900, p. 200.
assembling-shop (a-Sem"bling-shop), n. A
shop, room, yard, or other place where the
parts, as of machines, barrels, vehicles, motors,
umps, watches, etc., are put together to
orm the finished product. Also called set-
ting-up Shop.
assentaneous (as-en-tā’né-us), a. [assent -H
-aneous, as in consentaneous.] Inclined to as-
sent; deferential. Landor,
assentatious (as-en-tā' shius), a.. [assenta-
ti(on) + -ows.] _Ready to assent; compliant.
assertoric, a. II. m. A proposition capable
of being stated absolutely but not affirmed as
necessary.
Symbolic logic is confined exclusively to one kind of
propositions, viz. a 38ertorics.
Athenæum, April 8, 1905, p. 439.
assertorically (a-Sér-tor’i-kal-i), adv. [Erron.
K assertor + -ic-al + -ly?..] In an assertorial
manner; as an assertion. J. Martineau, Es-
says, II. 190.
asservilize (a-Sèr'vil-İz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
asservilized, ppr. asservilizing. [asservile +
-ize.] To make servile; reduce to the condi-
tion of a serf. [Rare.] N. E. D.
assessment, n. 5. In marine, insurance, the
fixing of that part of a loss which saved prop-
erty must bear to compensate for property
voluntarily sacrificed to prevent a total loss.
assessment-roll (a-sesſment-ról), n. The offi-
cial list filed with the tax department of a
municipality, containing the names of the
property-holders and the amount of property
upon which the tax is to be levied.
assest, pp. A simplified spelling of assessed.
assets, m. pl.-Assetsentermains, property coming at
once to an executor, administrator, or trustee to satisfy the
debts of the estate.—Assets per descent, real property
of an heir which may be charged to satisfy the debts of
his ancestor-Liquid assets. See *liquid.
asseverantly (a-sev’º-rant-li), adv. By way
of assertion. Abp. Abbot, Expos. on Jonah,
p. 562. N. E. D. ſº wº
assi (asſi), n. [Creek Indian assi, abbrev. of
assi lupub'ski, said to mean ‘small leaves.'] The
yapon, Ilea: Cassine, or the drink made from it.
Also a 387-8hrub. *
The Creeks made use of the assi as we use fermented
liquors, to promote conviviality.
Gatschet, quoted in Bulletin 14, Botany, U. S. Dept.
[Agr., p. 13.
assideration (a-sid-er-ā'shgn), n. . [=lt. assid-
erazione, KML. “assideratio(n-), K.”assiderare,
pass. “assiderari (It. assiderare), in pp. assid-
eratus, benumbed, K. L. ad- + siderari, be be-
numbed, paralyzed, or planet-struck, K Sidus
(sider-), a constellation, star: see sidereal.] A.
form of homicide, especially of infanticide, in
which death is caused by placing the victim in
ice-cold water.
assiette (à-si-et'), n. [F., seat, base, founda-
tion, Kasseoir, sit: see assize..] In bookbinding,
a compound applied to the trimmed edges of the
leaves of books before the application of gold-
leaf. It is usually made of bole, bloodstone, and
galena.
assify (asſi-fi), v. t.; pret. and pp. assified, ppr.
assifying. [ass + -ī-fy..] To make an ass of:
as, to assify one's self. Southey. [Humorous.]
assigned (a-Sind'), p. a. Allotted; appointed;
transferred; prescribed: as,an assigned position;
an a88igned quantity.—Assigned servant, during
the early history of New South Wales and other British
colonies, a convict assigned or allotted to a settler as an
unpaid servant, “bound to perform diligently from sun-
rise to sunset all usual and reasonable labor.” The sys-
tem of assigning convicts from the British islands in this
way was established in Australia in 1804. See assignment,
7, and kassignee, 2.
assignee, n. 2. An assigned servant; a con-
vict formerly assigned to an Australian settler
as an unpaid servant. See *assigned and
assignment, 7.
assigneeship (as-i-né'ship), n.
sition of an assignee.
assignment, m.—Equitable assignment, the sale or
transfer of property, or rights of property not in exist-
ence, or not capable of delivery at the time of the sale,
but which may come into existence in the future. Such
a sale or transfer is not enforceable except in courts of
chancery.
assimilater, assimilator (a-sim’i-lä-têr, tor),
n. One who or that which assimilates.
assimilation, 7t. (e) In physiol., the conversion of chyle
into material suitable for appropriation by the tissues.
(f) In psychol.: (1) The process whereby new contents are
received into a given consciousness: a general term cover-
ing the processes of fusion, association contrast, recog-
nition, etc. (2) In Wundt's terminology, a particular form
of the simultaneous association of ideas.
Simultaneous associations made up of elements from
different psychical compounds may be divided into two
classes: into assimilations, or associations between the
elements of like compounds, and complications, or asso-
ciations between elements of unlike compounds.
Wundt (trans.), Outlines of Psychol., p. 227.
(g) In petrog., a term used to express the theory that mol-
ten magmas, when forced upward into the solid rocks,
may, through fusion of included fragments or wall rock,
absorb or assimilate a certain amount of these foreign ma-
terials, thus changing in some degree the chemical com-
position of the magnma as a Yºlº assimila-
tion, in physiol., the taking up of chyle by the lacteals,
—Progressive assimilation, in philol., assimilation of
a sound to the grade or nature of one that precedes it, as
of d (a medial) to k (a tenuis) in the word looked, namely,
by becoming t (a tenuis).
assishness (as’ish-nes), n. The quality of be-
ing like an ass, as in stupidity, stubbornness,
etc.; asinine quality or character. Florio,
1598.
assistant, a. 3. Assisting; hence, subordinate
in rank; specifically, as an official designa-
tion, occupying the next lower grade : as, an
assistant adjutant-general.
assistful (a-sist/ful), a. [assist + -ful..] Help-
ful. Chapman, tr. of Iliad, v. 120.
assize, n. 10. . [F. assise.] . In geological
classification, the French equivalent of the
term bed, constituting one of the minor sub-
divisions in geology. An assize, or bed, is
composed of two or more zones; two or more
assizes, or beds, constitute a group, stage, or
étage.—Tholed an assize, a plea in bar in Scotland, in
a criminal case, to the effect that the accused has once
been tried for the offense charged. Bowvier, Law Dict.
Assmann's aspiration psychrometer. See
*psychrometer.
Associate. I. a.-Associate antagonists, muscles
which, when acting singly, are antagonists, but when
acting together move the part in an intermediate direc-
tion.—Associate movements, in physiol., movements
which take place in a paralyzed part when the non-
paralyzed fellow is moved.—Associate muscles, mus-
cles which act together to effect a certain movement.
II. n. 6. In logic, a unit not contained in the
collection which is paired with each unit of
the collection so as to make a pair distinguished
from every pair consisting of the associate and
The official po-
association
a unit not a member of the collection. Thus if
we consider a number of indistinguishable regular tetra-
hedrons each with a point at its center, the point at the
center of any one of these is an associate of the collection
of its summits. According as the pairs of the associate
with the different units of the collection are all, 8ome
but not all, or none, distinguished from one another, it
may be called a discrete pair associate, a various pair
associate, or a uniform pair associate ; but Kempe terms
the last two multiple pair associate and single pair asso-
cºate.
7. In law : (a) An officer in each of the su-
perior courts of common law in England whose
duty it was to keep the records of his court, to .
attend its misi privs sittings, and to enter the
verdict, make up the postea, and deliver the
record to the party entitled thereto. Abbott,
Law Dict. (b) A person associated with the
judges and clerks of assize in commission of
general jail delivery. Mozley and Whiteley
ict. (Bouvier, Law Dictionary.)
associated (a-só'shi-á-ted), p. a. United into
or forming an association; showing associa-
tion; specifically, in phys. chem., noting liquids
some of whose molecules consist of aggregates
of two or more of the molecules in which the
substance exists when in the state of vapor.
Thus water in the state of vapor has molecules whose
weight is eighteen times the weight of an atom of hydro-
gen; but in the liquid state it is believed that many of its
molecules are two or three times as heavy, or that wa-
ter is an associated liquid. See kassociation, 3. Amer.
Jour. Sci., June, 1904, p. 428.-ASSociated PreSS, an
association of newspapers (originally confined to New
York) for the collection and distribution of telegraphic
news throughout the United States, with central bureaus
in New York, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Washington.
associatedness (a-só'si-à-ted-nes), m. The con-
dition or fact of being associated. Fitzedward
Hall, Hindu Philos. Syst., p. 226.
association, n. 3. In phys. chem., the union of
chemical molecules to form more complex ag-
gregates; especially, the union of the mole-
cules of a vapor to form more complex aggre-
gates when the temperature is reduced nearly
to the boiling-point, or when they condense
into liquids. Acetic acid at 250° C. consists of mole-
cules weighing sixty times the atom of hydrogen, but at
125° C. about half of the molecules weigh twice as much,
which proves that two thirds of its gaseous molecules show
association of two normal molecules into one. Amer.
Jour. Sci., June, 1904, p. 428. g
4. In phytogeog., the aggregation of plant in-
dividuals initiated by reproduction on the spot
of growth, but finally determined by environ-
ment. See *formation and plant *association.
Association is divided into several kinds, according to
the factor determining in specific cases, e.g. light associ-
ation, water-content association.
F. E. Clements, Bot. Surv. Neb., VII. 9.
Anthropogenic association, in 80ctol., an assumed
stage of social evolution in which ape-like creatures,
once merely animal, were becoming human, through in-
creasingly close association and coöperation ; the stage
in which language, religion, and other distinctively hu-
man acquisitions were evolved. Giddings, Prin. of So-
ciol., p. 74.—ASSOciation area, that portion of the brain
surface which is not occupied by centers of sensation :
believed to be the seat of the intellectual activities of
perception, ideation, memory, etc.—Association cen-
ter, a nerve-center which regulates associated move-
ments.—ASSOCiation Consciousness or associative
Consciousness. See Arconsciousness.-Association dis-
ease, myoclonus epilepsy; the coexistence of myoclonus
and epilepsy.—ASSociation factor, in phys. chem., a
factor which defines the annount of association in a given
liquid.—ASSociation fiber, association reaction or
associative reaction. See A fiber, kreaction.— Associ-
ation theory, the theory that association governs all
the actions of the mind, except where disturbed by dis-
Sociation.—Demogenic association, in 80ctol., a stage
of social evolution in which individuals live together and
coöperate without regard to kinship relations, the asso-
ciation constituting a demos Or people : contrasted with
ethnogenic (tribal) association. Giddings, Prin. of Sociol.,
p. 74.—Ethnogenic association, in sociol., a stage of so:
cial evolution in which individuals are socially organized
on the basis of kinship, traced through clan and tribal re-
lations; a tribal or gentile association. Giddings, Prin.
of Sociol., p. 74.— External or extrinsic association,
in psychol., a connection of ideas resultiug from associa-
tive practice; association by contiguity.— Internal or
intrinsic association, in psychol., a connection of ideas
resulting from associative relationship; association by
similarity.— Mediate a SSOciation, in psychol., asso-
ciation by unconscious or unnoticed intermediaries.—
Müllerian association, all the organisms which ex-
hibit the same sort of Müllerian mimicry in the same
locality considered collectively. See kmimicry.— Plant,
association, in phytogeog.: (a) A plant forulation in a
limited application : see &formation, 5. (b) A local ag-
gregation of plants Within a formation characterized
more by the species which compose it than by any bio-
logical peculiarity. T. H. Kearney, Contr. Nat. Herb.,
V. 269.-Religious association law. See kreligious.
—Simultaneous association, in psychol., a form of
association of ideas in which the process of connection
is given to introspection as a single instantaneous act.— .
Successive association, in psychol., a form of associa-
tion of ideas in which the process of connection falls, for
introspection, into two stages: the appearance of the
reproducing elements, and the appearance of the ele-
ments reproduced. W. Wundt (trans.), Outlines of Psy-
association
chol., p. 236.-Writ of association, in English practice,
a writ whereby certain persons (usually the clerk of assize
and his subordinate officers) are directed to associate
themselves with the justices and sergeants; and they are
required to admit the said persons into their society in
order to take the assizes. Bouvier, Law Dict.—Zoö-
enic association, in Sociol., a stage of social evolution
in the lower animals in which the amimals consorting in
bands, swarms, flocks, or herds find in mutual aid a pow-
erful arm in the struggle for existence, and in which
Social instiucts greatly affect the processes of natural
and sexual selection. Giddings, Prin. of Sociol., p. 74.
associationistic (a - Sö"si-à-shgn -istik), a.
Pertaining to the theory of associationism.
Amer. Jour. Psychol., XIII. 164.
asSociation-time (a-só-si-ā'shgn-tim"), n. In
psychophys... the time required for the com-
pletion of a mental association. The term is used
most commonly for the time obtained by subtracting the
simple from the associative reaction-time ; sometimes
used for the total duration of the associative reaction.
Associative aphasia, *comparison, *con-
sciousness, *memory, *reaction. See the
In OUII] S.
associatively (a - so 'shi-á, -tiv-li), adv. In
psychol, by way of association of ideas. ..
associatory (a-sø'si-à-tº-ri), a. Associative :
having the quality of associating: as, the
associatory activity of the senses.
Assoc. Sc. An abbreviation of Associate in
Science.
Assonia (a-sö’ni-á), n. [NL. (Cavanilles, 1786),
named in honor of Ignacio Jordan de ASSo y
del Rio (1742–1814), a Spanish botanist.] A.
genus of sterculiaceous trees or shrubs, usually
with cordate leaves and axillary or terminal
cymose flowers. See Dombeya.
assortative (a-sór'ta-tiv), a. [assort + -ative.]
Involving a sorting of objects which brings
together those of one kind and separates them
from all other kinds.—Assortative mating. See
*mating.
assortive (a-sór’tiv), a.
as "assortative.
assumentum (as -i- men’tum), m. ; pl. assu-
'menta (-tä). [NL., KLL. assumentum, a patch:
see assument.] In bot., one of the valves of a
silique.
assumingness (a-Sü’ming-nes), n. The quality
of assuming, or of taking upon one's self more
than is proper or just. Bentham, 1832.
assumption, n.—Archimedes's assumption, the fol-
lowing: let A1 be any point on a straight line between
any given points A and B; then take the points A2, A3,
4, . , such that A1 lies between A and A2, A2 be-
tween A1 and A3, A3 between A2 and A4, and so on, and
also such that §e sects AA1, A1A2, A2A3, A3A4, . . . ,
are congruent; them in the Series of points A2, A3, A4,
. . . , there is always such a point, An, that B lies between
A and An.
assurant (a-shör'ant), n. [assure + -ant. The
word should mean the assurer, not the as-
sured.] One whose life or whose property is
covered by insurance. [Rare.] N. E. D.
Assyro-Aramean (a-si"rö-ar-a-mê'an), a. In
cluding Assyrian and Babylonian on one side,
and Aramean and its cognates on the other: a
group-name in a classification of Semitic lan-
guages.
Assyro-Babylonian (a-si” rô-bab-i-lô'mi-an), a.
Pertaining to or common to both Assyria and
Babylonia.
Assyroid (a - si’roid), a. [More prop. “As-
syrioid, KL. Assyrii, Gr. Agaipºol, Assyrians, +
eiðog, form.] Of or pertaining to a race of
western Asia, the purest representatives of
which are pictured on ancient Assyrian monu-
ments: characterized by a prominent hooked
nose and thick lips. Deniker, Races of Man,
. 290.
cidea (as-ta-sid’é-á), n. pl. [Astacus +
-idea.] A tribe of macrurous decapod crus-
taceans including the families Eryontidae, Ne-
phropsidae, Potamobiidae, and Parastacidae.
asta.coid, a. 2. Resembling a lobster or craw-
fish.—Astacoid rash, a diffuse reddish form of eruption
in smallpox, the color of which resembles that of the shell
of a boiled lobster.
asta.comorph (as -tak ( Ö-mörf), n.
morph-a.] One of the Astacomorpha.
Astacomorpha (as "ta-kā-mór'fâ), m. pl. [NL.,
& Gr, dorakóc, a lobster, 4 uopºff, form.] A
group of crustaceans which includes the
crawfishes and lobsters. Huayley.
astacomorphous (as "ta-kö-mór (fus), a... [As
astacomorph + -ous.] Resembling or having
the characters of the Astacomorpha.
astalk (a-stäk’), adv. [a 3 + Stalk..] Stalking
about; a foot; lurking about. M. N. Murfree,
Broomsedge Cove, p. 471.
A-standard (ä'stan"dārd)
ing shaped like the capitá
[assort + -ive..] Same
[Astaco-
m. A vertical fram-
letter A : used as a
support for the parts of vertical pumps and
engines. Also called *A-frame. ,
astarboard, adv. 2. Specifically, said of the
tiller when it is shoved or drawn over to the
starboard side of the vessel.—Hard astarboard
(mawt.), a phrase signifying that the tiller is jammed to
starboard to its fullest extent, so that the rudder is
thrown to the port side as far as it will go.
Astartian (a, -stār 'ti-an), a. and n. [NL.
Astarte, a genus of mollusks.] In geol., noting
a subdivision of the Jurassic system in France
and the Jura, constituting the upper substage
of the Sequanian, which lies between the
Kimmeridgian below and the Oxfordian above
and corresponds to the Corallian or Coral Rag
of Britain.
astartoid (as-tär' toid), a. and n. [NL. Astarte,
a genus of mollusks, + -oid.]. I. a. Similar
to the genus Astarte.
II. m. A pelecypod mollusk allied to Astarte.
Astasia, n. 2. [l. c.] Inability to stand in
consequence of defective muscular action,
which is not necessarily incoördination or
paralysis.
astatki (as-tatſki), n. [Appar. a trade corrup-
tion of Russ. ostatoki, residue.] The residuum
from the distillation of Russian petroleum
after the more volatile hydrocarbons, up to
and including kerosene or illuminating oil,
have been driven off. It occurs in the proportion
of 10 to 15 per cent., and has a specific gravity of .9 to
.95. This material is to some extent treated for the pro-
duction of lubricating oil, but is for the most part util-
ized as fuel.
Astbury ware. See *ware?.
astegorrhine (as-teg’º-rin), a. [Gr. 6- priv.
+ otéyog, roof, + big (blv-), nose.] In craniom.,
having a flat nose, like apes. Von Török.
astelic (a-stel'ik), a. In bot, destitute of a
stele or axial cylinder.
astely (a-sté'li), n. [NL. *astelia, K. Gr. 6- priv.
+ othºm, pillar: see stele.] In bot., absence of a
stele or axial cylinder.
asterl, n. 6. In sponges, a multiactinate
microsclere: same as euaster.—7. In cytol.,
Spermatogonium of Salamander.
(Drüner.)
The nucleus lies below. Above is the enormous aster, the cen-
trosome at its center, its rays showing indications of nine concen-
tric circles of microsomes. The area within the second circle
robably represents the “attraction-sphere "...of Van Beneden.
H. magnified. From Wilson's “The Cell.”
the star-shaped structure at either pole of the
karyokinetic figure during cell-division: same
as Akaryaster (which see).—8. Two small
arches of precious metal, transversely riveted
said to have been invented by St. John
hrysostom), placed over the sacred wafer in
the paten in preparation for the eucharistic
sacrifice, to prevent the veil from touching it:
now out of use.
The aster consists of two crossed half-hoops of silver
and is used to place over the wafer.
Encyc. Brit., XXVII. 238.
Calico-aster, Aster lateriflorus : so called on account
of the calico-like effect of its dull purple-and-whitish
heads. Also called starved aster.—Frost Weed-aster.
Same as white heath-aster, below.—New England aster,
Aster Novae-Anglize, a tall species bearing large heads
with deep-purple rays.-New York aster, an Atlantic
coast species, Aster Novº-Belgii, the heads of which
have violet rays.—Plume-aster, a species, Aster plu-
‘marius, on North Carolina mountain-tops, which has a
long violet inflorescence.—Purple-Stem aster, a large
swamp species, A. pumicew8, ranging from Nova Scotia to
Minnesota and south to North Carolina, with numerous
smallish, violet-purple flowers and thick, rough-hairy,
purple stems. See Acocash.-Rayless aster, a plant of
the asteraceous genus Brachyactis, the heads of which
have the rays very short or wanting.—Rice-button
aster, A8ter dum.08w8, a delicate species with small white-
rayed heads on slender branchlets.—Sea-shore aster,
a.Sterium
48ter Tripolium, a salt-marsh species of Europe and Rus-
sian Asia.--Starved aster. Same as calico-aster, above.
—White heath-aster, a pasture weed, Aster ericoides,
with small white heads: very abundant in the eastern
United States.—White-wreath aster, Aster multi-
{. So called from its densely crowded small white
heads.--Wood-aster, one of several woodland species,
especially A. cordifolius, the blue wood-aster.
-aster. From its use in oleaster, etc., this suffix has
been used in new formations, implying “false," as in ver.
ticillaster, false verticil. The Latin form appears in new
systematic names, as Lupinaster, Malvastrum, etc.
Asteraceae (as-fé-rā’ sé-é), m. pl. [NL,
(Lindley, 1836), K Aster + -aceae.] A family of
dicotyledonous sympetalous plants, the aster
family, usually included in the Compositae, of
which it constitutes the Tubuliflorae, except
that the Ambrosiaceae are now segregated.
Called Cardwaceae by some authors. See Com-
positael, Tubuliflorae, Cichoriaceae, Liguliflorae,
and * Ambrosiaceae,
asteraceous (as-te-rå'shius), a. [Asteraceæ --
-ous.] Belonging to or having the characters
of the Asteraceae. -
astereognosis (as-té"ri-og-nó'sis), n. [NL., K
Gr, à- priv. -- orepegg, solid, + yvägtg, know-
ledge.] A defect in tactile sensation, which
causes inability to estimate the form or sub-
stance of a body by touch.
Isolated loss of muscle sense usually shows itself in
one of two ways: as loss of power to appreciate the posi-
tion of the limbs, and as astereognosis, or failure to esti-
mate the size, shape and weight of objects. The former
is more marked in the legs and is seen in some cases of
locomotor ataxia and multiple sclerosis; the latter is
more often found in the arms and is a rare accompani-
ment of organic brain disease,
Buck, Med. Handbook, VII. I.20.
Asteriidae, m. pl. 2. A family of asteroid
Stellaroidea, of the order Cryptozonia, having
opposite ambulacral ossicles, tube-feet in four
rows, and an abaetinal skeleton reticular and
consisting of small unequal plates. It includes
Asterias, Amasterias, Uniophora, and several
other genera.
Asterina, n. 2. In bot., a genus of perispori-
aceous fungi having the perithecia covered
with or seated on a dark-colored radiating
layer of hyphae. The spores are uniseptate and brown.
Many of the species are tropical and occur on leaves and
stems. Léveillé, 1845.
Asterinidae, m. pl. 2. A family of asteroid
Stellaroidea, of the order Phanerozomia. They
have opposite ambulacral ossicles, small inconspicuous
marginal plates whose axes are convergent, and inter-
mediate plates imbricate and without pedicellaria. The
family includes Asterina, Radiaster, Nepanthia, Palmi-
peg, and other genera.
asterioid (as-té'ri-oid), a. [Asterias -H -oid.]
Shaped like a starfish.
asterion, n. 2. [cap.] The northern of the
two “hunting-dogs’ in the constellation Canes
Venatici. The other is Chara.
Asterionella (as-tê"ri-Ö-nel’ā), n. [NL.
Gr. doréptog (neut. &otéptov), starlike &
star), + dim. -ella.]
irreg.
ãothp,
A genus of diatoms
Asterioſtella_yormosa. Hass. Greatly imagnified. (From
West’s “British Freshwater Algae.”)
characterized by the arrangement of the frus-
tules into stellar shapes: one of the organisms
responsible for a bad odor and taste in drink-
ing-water.
asterisk (as’te-risk), v. t. To insert an aste-
risk (in a text) as the reference to a foot-note
or for any other reason for which an asterisk
is used. See asterisk, 1.
asterismal (as-tº-riz"mal), a. Of or pertain-
ing to asterisms, or groups of stars. p
asterium (as-té’ri-um), n. [NL., K. Gr. Gothp,
a star.] The name given by fockyer to a
supposed element the presence of which in

asterium
the atmosphere of certain stars seemed to be
indicated by spectroscopic examination of the
light received from them. At one time it was sus-
pected that helium was compound in character and as-
terium one of its constituents; but the more careful
study of helium by Ramsay has rendered it improbable
that this is the case or that asterium really exists.
Asternata $º n. pl. [NL., K. Gr. &-
priv. -- otépwov, sternüm, F -atá2.] A sub-
order of irregular Echinoidea, of the order
Atelostomata. The peristome is central and never
bilabiate; the ambulacra are simple, petaloid, and gem-
erally all similar; the floscelle is usually present ; and
there is no sternum.
Asternopteryx (as-têr-nopºtº-riks), n. . [NL.,
Gr. 6- priv. -- otépwov, breast, + trépwé, wing,
fin.]. A genus of small blennies without ven-
tral fins, found on the coast of Greenland.
asterol (as’te-rol), n. [Gr. &or;,0, a star, -H -ol.]
A trade-name for a double salt of mercurie
paraphenolsulphonate and ammonium tar-
trate, (C H5(OH)SO3)2Hg,4C4H4O6(NH4)2 +
8H2O. £; used as an antiseptic in place of
mercuric chlorid.
asterolepid (as-tº-rū-lep'id), a. and n. I. a.
Pertaining to or having the characters of A8-
terolepis, a genus of fossil fishes.
The theory which explains asterolepid limbs as the pro-
duced and jointed heal-angles, or ‘cornua,’ of forms like
Cephalaspis. Amer. Jouf. Sci., Aug., 1904, p. 141.
II. m. A member of the genus Asterolepis.
Asterolepidae (as/te-rö-lep’i-dé), m. pl. [NL.
K Asterolepis + -idae.] A family of extinct and
very curious fishes from the Devonian forma-
tions of Great Britain, Germany, and Canada,
of which Pterichthys, Asterolepis, and Bothrio-
lepis are the best-known genera. In Pterichthys
the head and trunk are heavily plated, the former being
articulated to the latter and having a movable plate be-
tween the orbits; the tail is scaly and bears a single dor-
sal fin and a heterocercal caudal fin; and a pair of lat-
eral plated appendages is jointed to the anterior part of
the trunk. These were articulated near the middle and
were probably used in crawling over muddy bottoms.
asterolithology (as”te - rô-li-thol’ā-ji), n.
Same as astrolithology.
Asteroma (as-te-rö’mă), n. [NL. (De Candolle,
1815), K. Gr. &othp, star, -- -oma.] A genus of
sphaeropsidaceous fungi having the small
pycnidia seated on star-like, dark mycelial
patches. The pycnospores are minute, simple, and
hyaline. The species are numerous and widely distrib-
uted, occurring mostly as parasites on leaves.
Asterophora (as-tº-rofº-rã), m. pl. ., K
Gr. &othp, star, + -popog, K'pěpetv, bear.] Same
as A Astrophora.
Asterospondyli (asºte-rū-spondi-li), n. pl.
[NL., K. Gr. Gothp, star, + grövóvãoc, a verte-
bra.] A suborder or division of sharks con-
taining those species in which the vertebral
ossifications radiate from the centers of the
vertebrae, which are largely cartilaginous: cor-
related with *Cyclospondyli.
asterospondylous (as/te-rū-spon'di-lus), a.
Having vertebræ iſ “ . . . . . ;
which are partly º
cartilaginous and |a|
partly ossified by ||=
the deposit of bone .
radiating from the
center: this, when
in cross-sec-
S06 Il
tion, has a starlike # --
pattern. A/ Asterospondylous vertebra of a
.Asterozoa, (as te- fossil shark, Oxyrhina, seen in
rö - zö & â), 7t. l. profile and in section, showing the
[NL., K. Gr. ãoº.
star, + šov, animal.] One of the groups (the
others being Pelmatozoa and Echimozoa) into
which Haeckel divided the Echimodermata. It
includes the Ophiuroidea and the Asteroidea.
asterozoan (as”te-rö-zó'am), a. and m. I. a.
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Asterozoa. -
II. m. A member of the branch or order
AsterO2Oa.
asthenic. I. a.-Asthenic emotions. See kemotion.
II. m. One who is asthenic or physically un-
developed or run down.
asthenical (as-then’i-kal), a. Relating to as-
thenics or asthenic conditions or persons;
asthenic.
Asthenodonta (as'the-nº-don’tá), m. pl. [NL.,
K. Gr. &offevr/g, feeble, -- 6doig (-vrog), a tooth.]
A group of pelecypod mollusks of subordinal
value in which the hinge-teeth have become
star-like rays of bone.
obsolete from disuse. It comprises boring and
burrowing species. In some of the genera, as Pholas, a
conspicuous myophore is developed. The group also
includes the myas, corbulas, saxicavas, and teredos.
asthenoid (as-thenſoid), a. Weak; prone to
decay or die out; lacking in persistency.
Astrocrinidae
the growth-stages of the simple individual or-
ganism.
..The dwindling or asthenoid species, by failing with astomatal (as-tó'ma-tal), n. Same as astoma-
different successive periods of time have a value of
another kind in associating rocks together in groups.
Etheridge, Man. of Geol., L 437.
asthenope (as'the-nóp), n. [Back-formation
from asthenopia.] One who suffers from
asthenopia or weak vision. Buck, Med. Hand-
book, I. 581.
Asthma. Crystals. See Charcot-Leyden crystals, under
crystal. - Bronchial asthma, true asthma, due to
Spasm of the smaller bronchial tubes and not dépendent
upon any evident organic lesion.—Essential asthma.
Same as bronchial *asthma or asthma (without qualify.
ing word).--Furriers' asthma, chronic bronchitis, due
to the inhalation of hair-dust and particles of dyes, to
which workers in fur are exposed.--Heberden's asth-
ma, angina pectoris.-Humid asthma, asthma accom-
panied by profuse expectoration; edema of the lungs.
–Kopp's asthma, laryngismus stridulus. – Miners'
asthma, anthracosis. –Potters' asthma, pneumono-
coniosis.
asthma-herb (ast’mä-érb), n. A spurgewort,
Euphorbia hirta, found in the tropics of the
whole world, and of repute in Australia as a
remedy for asthma.
asthma-paper (astºma-pâ'për), n. Bibulous
paper moistened with a definite-strength solu-
tion of potassium nitrate and dried. The
fumes from the ignited paper are inhaled by
asthmatics.
asthmatic, n. 2. Any agent or medicine ca-
pable of preventing or relieving asthmatic
attacks, as stramonium, chloroform, etc.
Astian (asti-àn), a. and n. [It. Asti, a town
in Piedmont.J. In geol., noting the middle
stage in the Pliocene series of the Mediter-
ranean region, consisting of fluviatile and
fluviolacustrine sands interbedded with marine
deposits. These beds abound in fossils, among them
being remains of rhinoceroses, mastodons, the Asiatic
apes, and the African antelopes.
astigmatic, a. 2. In bot., without a stigma:
applied to the flowers of gymnosperms from
an ecological point of view. See *Stigmaticae.
F. E. Clements.-Astigmatic difference, in the the-
ory of lenses, the distance between the two focal lines
in the image of a luminous point, formed by the passage
of any elementary ray through an astigmatic system.
astigmatically (as-tig-mat’i-kal-i), adv. In
an astigmatic manner, as when, in the forma-
tion of images, the beam of light is oblique to
the axis of a lens system or mirror, or when
the reflecting or refracting surface has two
different curvatures.
atism against the rule, a condition of astigma-
tism in which the curvature of the refracting surface is
greater in the horizontal meridians.—Astigmatism
with the rule, the usual form of astigmatism, in which
the curvature of the refracting surface is greater in the
vertical meridians.— Compound astigmatism, astig-
matism combined with myopia or hypermetropia.- Cor-
neal astigmatism, astigmatism due to irregular refrac-
tion in the cornea.—Hypermetropic astigmatism,
astigmatism in which hypermetropia coexists in one
meridian (simple) or in both meridians (compound).—
Irregular astigmatism, astigmatism the degree of
which varies in different portions of the same meridian.—
Lenticular astigmatism, astigmatism due to irregular
refraction in the crystalline lens.—Mixed astigmatism,
astigmatism in which hypermetropia coexists in one
meridian and myopia in the other.—Myopia, astigma-
astigmatism in which myopia coexists in one
meridian (simple) or in both meridians (compound).—
Regular astigmatism, astigmatism in which the merid-
ians of greatest refraction are at right angles to each
other.
astigmia (as-tig'mi-á), n. [NL.] Same as
astigmatism. -
astigmoscope (as-tig'mô-skö
tism)-H Gr. o.korsiv, view.]
eten’.
Astilbe (as-til’bé), n. [NL.] A genus of peren-
nial plants, belonging to the family Sazifraga-
Céâ8. There are some 7 or 8 species in Asia and North
America. A. Japonica, with large, conical or pyramidal,
terminal clusters of many small, white flowers, is much
used for forcing, particularly for early spring bloom.
These plants may also be grown in the open. This genus
is often confounded with the rosaceous genus Arumcws.
The genera Arwmcws and Spiraea are characterized by hav-
ing many stamens and usually several or many pistils;
Astilbe has 8 or 10 stamens and a single 2–3-lobed pistil.
Astilbe Lemoinei is said to be a hybrid between Astilbe
Japonica and Aruncus astilboides. &
astipulate (as-tip’ī-lāt), a. [a-18 + stipulate,
a...] Same as exstipulate. †
astite (asſtit), n. [From Cima d'Asta.] In
petrog, the name proposed by Salomon, in
1898, for hornfels consisting of mica and an-
dalusite.
astogenetic (as-tū-jé-net'ik), ...a... [Gr. Garv,
city, + y&vegaç, birth: see genetic..] In 206l., a
term applied to the growth-stages of a com-
pound individual or colony: as, astogenetic
series, in distinction from ontogenetic series, or
, n. [astigm (a-
ame as astigmom-
Astomea (as-tó’mé-á), n. pl.
astomia (as-tó’mi-á), n.
astonishedness (a-ston’ishd-nes), n.
astraeiform, a.
astragal, n.
astragalocrural (as-trag'a-lö-krū’ral), a.
astragalus, n.
astral, a.
astralin (as’tra-lin), n.
astrally (asſtral-i), adv.
astrochemistry (as-trö-kem’is-tri), n.
astrocoele (asſtrö-sél), m.
Astrocrinidae (as-trö-krin’i-dé), m.pl.
touš.
[NL., K. Gr. &-
priv. -- oróſia, mouth.] A group of Protozoa,
of the class Mastigophora and the order Poly-
mastigida, having many flagella and no mouth-
opening. It includes the genera Multicilia and
Grassia.
[NL., K. Gr. doróatog,
&otoplog, without a mouth, K &-priv. 4- atóga,
mouth.] Congenital absence of the ſouth,
€
state of being astonished; astonishment. Pals-
nave. [Rare.] N. E. D.
toria, shales. See *shale2.
2. In the study of the madre-
porarian corals, noting colonies of calycles, all
of which reach the same height and seem to
exhibit no tendency to grow or bud indepen-
dently: from the coral genus Astraea.
The true astrætform colony is therefore that built up
by a calicle which is by habit low and whose buds spread
laterally over the substratum all round the parent.
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan., 1904, p. 27.
5. The game of knuckle-bones;
uckle-downs. Amer. Anthropologist, Jan.-
March, 1902, p. 154.
astragalectomy (as-trag-a-lek’tó-mi), n. [Gr.
dotpáyažoc, astragalus, + šktopuff, excision.] In
Surg., excision of the astragalus.
astragalizont (as’tra-gal-i-zont), n. [Gr. &otpa-
yažičov (-ovt.) ppr. of āotpayažićetv, play with
astragali, K datpáyažoc, astragalus.] In Gr.
antiq., an astragalus or hucklebone player.
This was a favorite subject with Greek artists, and sev-
eral statues representing it are to be found in European
museums. There was a famous statue of an astragalizont
by Polycletus.
astragalocalcanean (as -trag'a-ló -kal -kā’-
né-an), a. In anat., relating to both the as-
tragalus and the calcaneum. Buck, Med. Hand-
book, IV. 192.
In
anat, relating to the astragalus and to the leg;
Specifically, noting the ankle-joint. Buck, Med.
Handbook, IV. 194.
3. pl. The small carpal and
tarsal bones of animals, used by the ancients
in games of chance. Different sides had dif-
ferent numbers and different names. There
Were many artificial astragali, some of which
were decorated.
3. In cytol., of or pertaining to an
aster: as, the astral rays in the karyokinetic
or mitotic division-figure of the cell.—4. In
Some geologic classifications, noting the
primitive period or era in the earth's history
characterized as “that of the fluid globe, hav-
ing a heavy vaporous envelop containing the
future water of the globe or its dissociated
elements and other heavy vapors or gases.”
Dana, Manual of Geology, p. 440.—Astral
light, in theosophy, the light supposed to be derived
from the stars.—Astral world, in theosophy, the world
of stars, and stellar spaces with the spirits supposed to
inhabit them.
[astral + -im2.] One
of the grades of illuminating oil from Russian
petroleum.
1. By means of or ac-
cording to the stars.—2. In theos., with refer-
ence to or by means of astral bodies, the as-
tral fluid, etc.
astrapophobia (asſtra-pº-foºi-3), n. [NL., &
r. dotpath, lightning, + -poſłia, Kºpogeiv, fear.
A morbid fear of fightning y 3. l
Astrapotheria (as-tra-pô-thé' ri-á), m. pl.
[NL., pl. of 4strapotherium, the type genus, K
Gr. dotpath, lightning, + 6mpiov, beast.] The
Astrapotheriidae considered as a suborder.
Astrapotheriidae (as-tra-pô-thé-ri'i-dé), m. pl.
[NL. Astrapotherium, the type genus, + -idae.]
A family of extinct ungulate mammals of large
size, with molars much like those of a rhino-
ceros, a pair of tusk-like upper incisors, and
tusk-like lower canines. Their bones are found
in the Miocene of Patagonia. Ameghino, 1887.
Gr.
ão Tool, star, H. E. chemistry..] That part & 8,S-
tronomy which treats of what is known of the
chemistry of the celestial bodies,
* [Gr. Čarpov, star, +
19720g, hollow.] ...In cytol., the space in which
the centrosome lies at the center of the astro-
sphere at either pole of the karyokinetic spindle.
[NL., K
Astrocrinus (KGr. dorpov, star, 4- Koivov, a lily)



Astrocrinidae
+ -idae.] The only family of the irregular
blastoid echinoderms of the order Irregulares.
They are unpedunculated forms in which one ambulacrum
differs in form and size from the rest. They occur in the
Carboniferous limestone.
astrocyte (asſtrö-sit), m. [Gr. &otpov, star, +
köToç, a hollow (a cell).] In histol., a bone-cell
or bone-corpuscle: so called on account of its
starlike form.
astrographic (as-trö-graf'ik), a. Dealing with
or pertaining to astrography, or the charting of
the stars. At present this charting is done
mainly by means of photography. Nature,
:º 4, 1903, p. 111.—Astrographic chart. See
Chºrt.
astroidin (as-trö’i-din), m. A yellow pigment
found in certain lower invertebrates.
astrolarva (as-trô - lär’vâ), m.; pl. astrolarvæ
(-vé). The swimming bilateral larval stage of
an echinoderm.
The little astrolarva has no muscles, and no water-Ves-
sels nor blood-vessels.
Haeckel (trans.), Wonders of Life, p. 279.
astrolater (as-trol/a-tér), n. A worshiper of
the stars and other heavenly bodies.
astrologous (as-trol’ī-gus), a. Astrological.
Byron. [Rare.]
astrology, m.—Judicial astrology, the art of fore:
telling future events by the positions and motions of
the stars, as contradistinguished from matural astrology,
which treats of the supposed influence of the stars upon
mankind, but does not attempt prediction.
Astrolytes (as-trol’i-téz), n. [NL., K. Gr. Öorpov,
star, + AvTàp, releaser.] A genus of sculpins
found on the coast of California.
astromancer (asſtrö-man-Sér), n. An astrol-
oger.
astrometeoroscope (as” tró-mé’té-Q-ró-sköp),
m. An instrument used to project, by means
of the optical lantern, geometrical designs
which constantly change their form.
astrometrical (as-trö-met’ri-kal), a. Pertain-
ing to astrometry or designed to furnish, in
astronomical work, quantitative measures of
magnitude, position, distance, and motion.
Radial-velocity determinations, for example, are based
largely upon astrophysical methods, but the direct re-
sults are mostly astrometrical.
Astrophysical Jour., Sept., 1903, p. 156.
Astronomical, geography. See Ageography.—Astro-
nomical meridian, a great circle passing through the
zenith and the celestial poles.—Astronomical *re-
volver, & telescope, Aunit, Azenith. See the nouns.
a.Stronomy, m. Several other branches of the science
are recognized : gravitational astronomy or astronomical
qmechanics, replacing the term physical astronomy, which
is now generally discarded because of the danger of con-
fusion with astronomical physics or astrophysics ; mautº-
cal astronomy, astronomy applied to navigation ; Sidereal
astronomy, the branch of the science which deals with
the stars; spheric astronomy, which treats of the appa-
rent position and motions of bodies on the celestial
sphere; theoretical astronomy, which deals with the cal-
culation of orbits and perturbations. These various
branches interlace in all directions.—Astronomy of the
invisible, that branch of the science which deals with
heavenly bodies which cannot be seen, and deduces in-
ferences concerning them from their effects on those that
are visible. Thus Bessel ascertained the existence of the
companions of Sirius and Procyon long before any tele-
scope was made which would show them. Knowledge
and Scientific New8, Mar., 1904, p. 31.
astrophobia (as-trº-fô'bi-á), n. [NL.,. Gr.
ãorpov, star, -H -poſta, K poſłeiv, fear.] Morbid
dread of starlight, or of going out of doors on
a cloudless night. -
Astrophora (as-trof'é-rã), n. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
ãarpov, star, + -popog, K’gépety, bear.] A group
of choristidan, tetractinellid sponges one or
more of whose microscleres are asters.
astrophotographic (as-trö-fö-tº-graf'ik), a.
[astrophotograph(y) + -ic.] Of or pertaining to
astrophotography or astrographic work carried
on by means of photography: also sometimes
applied to any astronomical work into which
photography enters: as, the general investi-
gation of the “Conditions of Maximum
Efficiency in Astrophotographic Work,” Astro-
physical Jour., XVI. 672.-Astrophotographic
campaign, the combined operations of various observa-
tories for forming a complete photographic chart of the
heavens : begun in 1888.
astrophotometry (as-trô-fö-tom"e-tri), n. [Gr,
&arpov, star, + photometry.] . The science and
art of measuring the brightness of stars or
other heavenly bodies; astronomical photom-
etry. -
astrophysicist (as-trº-fizi-sist), n., An as-
tronomër who occupies himself with astro-
physics. Sci. Amer. Sup., Nov. 22, 1903,
p. 22487. . . = fa a tº * *
astrophysicize (as-tró-ſiz’i-Šiz), "... i. To turn
(astronomy) into astrophysics; study (astron-
omy) chiefly as astrophysics. G. S. Hall, Ad-
olescence, II. 548.
astrophysics (asſtrö-fiziks), n. Astronomi-
cal physics.
Astrophytomidae (as "trö-fi-ton’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Astrophyton + -idae. The correct for-
mation is Astrophytidae.] A family of ophi-
urans having the arms much branched, as the
basket-fish.
astropyle (asſtrö-pil), m. [NL., K. Gr. &orpov,
star, -H triºn, a gate.] In 206l., one of the fun-
nel-like projections of the membrane around
the pores in Cammopylea.
astrorhiza, n. 2. [l. c. ; pl. astrorhizae.] In
the fossil hydrocorines named Stromatopo-
roidea, one of the shallow stellate furrows on
the surfaces of successive laminae which radi-
ate outward from numerous centers.
Astrorhizidea (as "trö-ri-zid'é-á), m. pl. [NL.,
K Astrorhiza + -idea.] An order of Foram-
inifera containing the families Astrorhizidae,
Pilulinidae, Saccamminidae, and Rhabdam-
minidae.
astrorhizidean (as "trö-ri-zid'é-an), a. and n.
. a. Pertaining to or resembling the Astro-
7°hizidea.
II. m. One of the Astrorhizidea.
Astroscopus (as-tros’kö-pus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ão Tpov, star, -- okotróg, watcher.] A genus of
fishes belonging to the family Uranoscopidae
(star-gazers), found along the Atlantic coast
of the United States.
astrospectroscopic (as-trö-spek-trö–Skop'ik),
a. Pertaining to the observation of the spec-
tra, % heavenly bodies. Nature, July 14, 1904,
p. 252.
astrosphere (asſtrö-sfér), n. [Gr. &otpov, star,
+ opaipa, ball, sphere.] In cytol. : (a) In the
karyokinetic figure, the central portion of the
aster, inclusive of the region in which the
centrosome lies, but exclusive of the astral
rays; the attraction-sphere of Van Beneden.
Fol, 1891; Strasburger, 1892. See cut at Aasterl,
7. (b) The whole aster, exclusive of the cen-
hºme; the astral sphere of Mark. Boveri,
1895.
astrozoön (as-trö-zó'om), m.; pl. astro200 (-à).
An echinoderm.
By a very curious modification the Small bilateral
astrolarva is transformed into the totally different penta-
radiad astrozoon, the large sexually mature echinoderm
with a pronounced five-rayed structure.
Haeckel (trans.), Wonders of Life, p. 279.
a stylic (a-sti’ lik), a. Same as a stylar.
Astylospongia (as’ti-ló-spon'ji-á), m. [NL., K
Gr. &otvāog, without a pillar, + otróyyog, a
sponge.] A genus of silicious lithistid Sponges,
spherical in form, depressed at the summit,
with large exhalant orifice, numerous radial
canals, and larger circular canals. The skeleton
consists of 4-rayed spicules with their arms fused to those
adjoining, forming a continuous network. The species
are highly characteristic of the Silurian formations.
asudden (a-sud (n), adv. [aš + sudden.] Of
a sudden; suddenly; at once.
A-8wdden stood I in a glowing sphere.
B. Taylor, tr. of Goethe's Faust, I. iv.
asulcar (a-sul'kár), a. [a-18 priv. 4- Sulcus +
-ar. The preferable form would be antisulcar.]
In Anthozoa, pertaining to that aspect of the
body which is opposite to the sulcus; dorsal.
The zooids so oriented that their sulcar (ventral) as-
pects are abaxial, their agulcar (dorsal) aspects axial.
Trans. Limmean Soc. London, Zoël., March, 1900, p. 527.
asweat (a-swet’), a... [as 4 sweat..] . In a
sweating state ; sweaty; sweating; moist.
The Dardan shore
So oft asweat with blood.
J. Long, tr. of Æneid, ii. 739.
asyllabia (a-si-lā'bi-á), n. A form of word-
blindness or visual aphasia in which the pa-
tient recognizes the letters but is unable to
form them into syllables.
asylum, n.—Asylum of iºnº [L. asylum igno-
rantiæ], a phrase used by Spinoza to denote the pro-
nouncing of any matter to be a mystery in order to evade
arguments against its reality.
asymmetric, a.—Asymmetric carbon atom, a car-
bön atom combined directly with four different atoms or
groups. All optically active carbon compounds have been
found to contain such an atom. —Asymmetric Com-
pound, a compound in which the atoms are not sym-
metrically arranged; especially, a derivative of benzene
having atoms or groups in the position 1, 2, 4.—Asym-
metric group, in crystal. See Asymmetry.—As et-
ric reflection, reflection from a grooved surface or from
a fabric, such as cloth, which is made up Of numerous
parallel strands.—Asymmetric synthesis. See #Syn-
thesis.
asymmetrical, a. 4. In the terminology of
erbert Spencer, entirely destitute of ap-
ataxite
proximation toward symmetry, and thus dis-
tinguished from unsymmetrical.—Asymmetrical
fertilization. See kfertilization.
As etron (a-sim’e-tron), n. [NL., K. Gr.
ãoippletpog: See asymmetric...] A genus of lance-
lets constituting the family Branchiostomat-
idaº. It is distinguished by having the reproductive
structures developed on one side only. Substantially
equivalent to Epigonichthys, an earlier name.
asymmetry, n. 3. In chem., absence of sym-
metry in the positions particular atoms are
believed to occupy in the molecule of a com-
pound substance. See *asymmetric.
asymptote, n. 2. In 206l., either of two straight
lines drawn from the apex to the aperture of
the conical part of the phragmocone in the
belemnites or fossil dibranchiate cephalopods.
The smaller of the surfaces bounded by these lines oc-
cupies about one fourth of the circumference of the aper-
ture and is marked with loop-lines of growth curving
forward.—Asymptote cone, in geom., the cone gene-
rated by the asymptotes of the generating hyperbola of
a hyperboloid of revolution.— Parabolic asymptote, a
Rºabola having 5-pointic contact with the cubic at infin-
IUy.
asymartetic (a -sin -àr-tet 'ik), a.
asymartete.
Asymchronous generator. See *generator.
asyndetically (as-in-det’i-kal-i), adv. Accord-
ing to, or in accordance with, the rhetorical
figure known as asymdeton ; by omission of
connectives.
asynergia (as-i-nēr'ji-á), n.
ergy.
asynergy (a-sin’ér-ji), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3- priv.
+ ovvepyta, coöperation : see Synergy.] In pa-
thol., lack of harmony between parts, organs,
or muscles whose actions are normally coördi-
nated.
asyngamy (a-sin'ga-mi), n. [Gr. 6- priv. --
ovyyapuía, marriage, Koºyyaplog, married, Koiv,
together, -- Yáplog, marriage.] Absence of syn-
genesis or sexual reproduction; the relation
of two types in which fertile interbreeding is
impossible. See symgenesis.
a. t. In elect., an abbreviation of ampere-turn.
ata (ā’tā), n. [Hind. Hindi Pers. Bengali ätä,
also atā; said to be of Brazilian origin..] The
name in Bengal, Assam, and other parts of
India of the sweet-sop, Amona squamosa. See
*atis (with cut), *atta?, 2, Anoma, and sweet-
SOp. -
at actic, a. 2. Same as ataxic.
atactiform (a-tak’ti-fôrm), a. [ataasia (atact-)
+ L. forma.] Resembling ataxia; slightly
ataxic. Buck, Med. Handbook, II. 240.
atajo (ä-tā’hô), n. [Sp., a separation, a sepa-
rate part, etc., Katajar, cut off, separate, Ka-
+ tajar, cut off: see tail2.] 1. A fence, or an
inclosed place for corralling cattle.— 2.
drove of mules or horses... [Spanish America.]
Atamosco (at-a-mosſkó), n. [NL. (Adanson,
1763), after an American Indian name. See
atamasco.] A genus of monocotyledonous
plants of the family Amaryllidaceae. See Zephy-
Tanthes.
Atana series. See *series.
atatohite (a -tach it), m. [Mount Atateh, a
F. of the Ural Mountains, Russia, + -ite2.]
petrog., an igneous rock, a vitro-orthophyre,
consisting of Orthoclase, augite, biotite, mag-
netite, sillimanite, and cordierite, in a glassy
base. The rock is dark and compact, with
hyalopilitic texture. Morozevicz, 1901.
atavist (at'a-vist), n. [atav(ism) + -ist.] In
biol., an organic being which exhibits atavism.
ataxia, n.-Cerebellar ataxia, muscular incoördina-
tion dependent upon disease of the cerebellum.
ataxiagraph (a-tak'si-à-graf), n. [Irreg. K Gr.
ôtašía, disorder (see atacy), + yºãºpelv, write.]
In psychophys., an instrument for recording the
involuntary movements of the body, the sub-
ject standing upright and endeavoring to main-
tain a constant attitude. J. A. Hancock, Ped.
Sem., III. 13.
Ataxic agraphia, amimia. , See Aagraphia, Aamºmia.
—Ataxic gait, an irregular, jerky walk characteristic of .
locomotor ataxia and of other disorders of coördination.
ataxiform (a-tak'si-fôrm), a. Same as *atac-
tiform.
ataxite (a-tak'sit), n. [Gr. &taša, disorder,
(see atawia), -H, -ite?..] 1. A meteoric iron, or
siderite, which is destitute of distinct and regu-
lar crystalline structure.—2. In petrog., a name
proposed by Loewinson-Lessing, in 1888, for
lavas characterized by the presence of many
angular fragments, of irregular arrangement,
the fragments being regarded as the result of
Same as
Same as *asym-
ataxite
the differentiation of the magma containing
them and not as derived from any foreign
source. See *taayite.
ataxonomic (a - tak-sº-nom'ik), a. . [a-18 +
ławonomic.] In bot., incapable of classification;
abnormal; tº: said of some struc-
tures.
-ate” (b). In chem, serious mistakes may arise in re-
#. to the meaning of this and analogous suffixes by
ailure to observe the proper use and translation of New
Latin forms. New Latin forms as used by Germans are
often erroneously translated or transferred into English
in druggists' circulars and elsewhere. Thus New Latin
calcium 8wlfwratum, 8wlfuricum, and 8wlfuroswam as used
by Germans answer to what are called in the prevalent ab-
breviated English phrasing calcium gulphid or 8wlphide,
sulphate, and sulphite respectively. (c) In petrog., a
suffix added to the names of grads in the quan-
titative classification of igneous rocks. See
*rock;1.
ateknia (a-tek’ni-á), n. [Gr. &rekvia, K &rekvog,
childless, K d-priv. 4- rékvov, child.] Child-
lessness. -
ateleiosis, ateliosis (at-e-li-6"sis), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. *ātehetootg, K &rehetortog, uncompleted, K
à- priv. 4- *te?etoróg, completed, K re?etóetv,
make complete or perfect, K Tážetoc, complete,
§: K tºog, end, completion.] A form of
warfism due to imperfect or arrested de-
velopment. Med. Record, July 18, 1903, p. 96.
atelestite (at-e-les’ tit), n. [So called because
the composition was unknown when the min-
eral was first described: Gr. &ré%eorog, un-
completed, K. Č- priv. -- *rēAeorog, K Texeiv,
complete, fulfil.] A bismuth arseniate which
occurs in minute yellow monoclinic crystals.
Atelostomata (at"e-ló-stó’ma-tá), m.pl. [NL.,
Gr. areaffg, imperfect, + oróud, mouth.] An
order of irregular Echinoidea in which there
are no jaws, teeth, perignathic girdle, or ex-
termal branchiae. It includes the families
Cassidulidae, Spatangidae, Pourtalesiidae, and
others.
a tempo. Various qualifying terms are often added:
as, a tempo commodo or ordinario, at any convenient or
ordinary pace ; a tempo rubato (see rubato).
atemporal (a-tem/p3-ral), a. [a-18 + tem-
poral.] Free from time relations or limita-
tions; timeless. D. Simon, Dorner's Person
of Christ, II. 273. [Rare.] N. E. D.
athanatism (a-than'a-tizm), n. . [Gr. 666 varog,
deathless, + -ism..] The doctrine of immor-
tality.
athaumasia (ath-à-mā‘si-á), n. [NL., K. Gr.
&6avuaota, erroneous form of d6avuaotia, K
ôffailuaoTog, not wondering, Kä-priv. -- 6avgaotóg,
< flavuáčelv, wonder.] The state of being sur-
prised at nothing (nil admirari), which, ac-
cording to the Stoics, is characteristic of the
wise man.
atheciferous (a-thé-sif'e-rus), a. [Gr. 6-priv.
+ 6%km, box, L. fer, Kferre, bear.] Bearing
nothecae, as certain graptolites.
athelia (a-thé'li-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 36m20c, not
havingnipples(foundin the sense ‘unsuckled’),
K &-priv.–H 67%, nipple..] Congenital absence
of the nipples.
atheologically (a/thē-Ö-loj’i-kal-i), adv. [a-18
+ theologically..] As one who is opposed to
theology or who is notheologian; in opposition
to theology.
Atheresthes (ath-e-res’thèz), n. [NL., K. Gr.
&6%p, beard of an ear of corn, + šoffiew, eat..] A
genus of flounders of the North Pacific; the
arrow-toothed halibut: distinguished by the
slender body and arrow-shaped teeth.
Atherfield clay. See *clay.
Atherinella (ath"e-ri-nel’ā), n. [NL., K Ath-
erina + -ella.] A genus of silversides of the
family Atherinidae, found in the region about
Panama.
Atherinops (ath-e-ri'nops), n. [NL., KAth-
eréna + ºth (Öt-), eye, face.] A genus of
silversides of the family Atherinidae, found on
the coast of California. A. affinis is a common
food-fish sold as “ small smelt.”
Atherinopsis (a-the-ri-nop’sis), n. [NL., K
Atherina + Gr. Öiptſ, look, aspect.] A genus
of silversides of the family Atherinidae, found
on the coast of California. A. californiensis reaches
a length of 18 inches and is highly valued as a food-fish.
It is known in the markets as blue smelt, although it nas
little in common with the true smelt.
atheroid (ath’e-roid), a. [Gr, à6%p, an ear of
grain, Ł eló0ç, form.] Having the form of or
resembling an ear of grain.
atheromasia (ath” e-ré-mâ’si-á), m. [NL., K
atheroma + -ia.] In pathol., the occurrence
of atheroma; atheromatous condition.
atheromatosis (ath/e-rū-ma-tó'sis), n. [NL.,
Katheroma(t-) + -osis.] A morbid condition
marked by the presence of atheroma.
atherospermine (ath/e-rū-spèr'min), n. [Ath-
erosperma + -ine?..] An amorphous bitter al-
kaloid, C30H40N2O5 (?), found in the bark of
Athérosperma moschatum. See Australian sas-
8afraş(a) under 8assafras.
athetesis (a-thet'é-sis), n. . [Gr. 66%rmouc, Káffe-
Teiv, set aside, Kāfferoc, set aside, put aside: see
athetize.] The act or fact of setting aside as
Spurious; rejection as spurious; invalidation.
No serious objection, apart from athetesis of a few single
lines [of the Iliad] has been raised to any passage, except,
etc. Leaf, The Iliad, II. 435.
athetosic (ath-e-tó'sik), a. [athetosis + -ic.]
*g to athetosis. Buck, Med. Handbook,
Athlennes (ath-len’éz), n. [NL., a blunder
for Ablennes, K. Gr. 3/3%évvåg, without mucus, K
&- priv. -- 3Aévva, 3%vvoc, mucus, slime: see
blenny..] A genus of needle-fishes of the fam-
ily Belonidae, characterized by the ribbon-
shaped body. The single species A. hians reaches a
length of 4 feet and more, and is found throughout the
West Indies and in Hawaii.
Athletic heart, simple hypertrophy of the heart without
valvular disease, occurring in athletes.
athlothete (ath’ lä-thét), n. [Gr. 36%06érmg,
KäffWov, prize, + -6&Tng, K tifféval, place.] Same
as agonothete.
at-home (at-höm'), n. A reception announced
by a card stating that on a specified day a host
or hostess will be “at home” during certain
hours to receive and entertain visitors.
athrogenic (ath-rū-jen'ik), a. [Appar. irreg.
K. Gr. 36poog, in crowds, heaps, or masses, +
-yevm.g., -produced.] In petrol., a term applied
by Renevier to clastic rocks the materials of
which are of volcanic origin, such as tuff,
lapilli, etc.
athumia (a-thii’mi-á), n. Same as athymia.
The Danes slily remark that a good appointment and
the easy temptation of Tixdollars would greatly modify
all this athwmia and nostalgia.
R. F. Burton, Ultima Thule, I. 366,
athwartwise (a-thwärt'wiz), adv. Crosswise.
Hawthorne, Amer. Note book, II. 223.
athyreosis (a-thir-à-Ö’sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. 6-
priv. -- 6ipa, door (see thyroid), + -osis.] A.
morbid condition due to loss or impairment of
function of the thyroid gland.
athyria (a-thir’i-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3- priv. --
6ūpa, door: see thyroid.] In pathol., a consti-
tutional state induced by functional defect or
absence of the thyroid gland.
Athyridae (a-thir’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K Athyris
+ -idae.] family of brachiopods wide-spread
through the early rocks and having great ver-
tical range. It is characterized by its laterally di-
rected brachial cones, or spiralia, and its frequently
highly complicated scissors-shaped jugum. It is very
abundant in the Paleozoic rocks everywhere and is con-
tinued upward into the Mesozoic.
Athyris (ath’i-ris), n. [NL., KGr. 3-priv. --
6ūpa, door. It was thus named on the suppo-
sition that it has no perforation for the pedi-
cle.] A genus of Paleozoic brachiopods with
elaborate brachidium usually consisting of a
single pair of spirals placed base to base and
connected by a saddle-shaped loop. Processes
from this loop extend backward, and may be
produced between the primary lamellae of the
spirals.
athyroid (ath’i-roid), a. Similar or pertaining
to Athyris.
athyroidea (a - thi-roi’ dé-fi), n. Same as
*athyria. Lancet, April 4, 1903, p. 939.
athyroidism (a -thi-roi’dizm), n. Same as
*athyria.
atinga (a-têng'gã), n. [Pg.] The Portuguese
name of the porcupine-fish, Diodon diodom, and
related species.
atingle (3-ting'gl), adv. Iaş-H tingle.] Tin-
gling.
Some think fireflies pretty, when they mix in the corn and
Imlngie,
Or t; the stinking hemp till the stalks of it seem a-tin-
9té. Browning, Up at a Villa, viii.
a tirata (à tê-rā’tā). [It..] With a stripe or
strap : said of interlaced strap-work and foli-
ated scrolls on a light ground, peculiar to cer-
tain majolica wares.
atis (ā’tis), n. [Hind. Hindi Pers. ditā, the same
plant.] A name in Guam and the Philippines
of the sweet-sop and *atta? (which see).
atmidometer
atisine (at 'i-
sin), n. An
amorphous al-
kaloi y C23-
H31NO2,found
in the root of
Aconitum hete-
yophyllum.
Atka fish,
ºkerel See
fish.
Atalanta, but-
terfly. See
*butterfly.
Atlantic. a. 3.
fi..jºeiaſ.
ing to the atlas
or first verte-
bra of the neck.
atlanto - axial
(at-lan-tº-ak’-
si-al), a. Same
as atlo-aacoid.
Buck, Med. a.º. A = Exº~A G
Handbook, I. Atis, the Sweet-sop (212tozza sgiaczzzzosa).
553
Atlanto-Mediterranean (at-lan’t 3-med-i-tº-
rā’né-an), a. Of or pertaining to both the At-
lantic and the Mediterranean; specifically, in
anthrop., of or pertaining to the dark, dolicho-
cephalie, tall European type inhabiting the
shores of the Mediterranean from Gibraltar
to the mouth of the Tiber and several points
of the Atlantic coast. Also called littoral.
Deniker, Races of Man, p. 331.
atlantosaur (at-lan’tó-sår"), n. A reptile of
the genus Atlantosaurus.
Atlantosaurus beds, one of the divisions of the Juras-
sic formation in Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana.
These beds are regarded as of lacustrine origin, and are
underlain by similar lacustrine deposits, named the
Baptamodom beds, which rest on marine strata of Lower
Jurassic age. They are from 100 to 300 feet thick and
contain abundant remains of reptiles and of marsupial
and oviparous mammals.
Atlas orange. Same as orange II (which see, under
orangel)-Atlas powder, red. See Apowder, *red.
atlas-weave (at’las-wev), m. Same as Satin-
206 (Vºj62. - g e
atlatl (āt-lātl (), n. [Nah..] The throwing-stick
of the Mexicans, used for propelling Spears
with great force. See throwing-stick.
Among the accessories to the harpoon, the throwing
stick or board, called atlatl by the Mexicans, must not be
omitted. True, the cunning device was used all around
the Pacific Ocean and across the Arctic for projecting
spears as well as harpoons, and there are other methods
of using the harpoon effectively; but the elaboration of
the atlatl throughout was greatly stimulated by associa-
tion with the harpoon. Smithsonian Rep., 1900, p. 212.
atman (āt’män), n. [Skt. atmán, breath, Soul,
life, self, universal soul..] The soul as it is
conceived by the Brahman philosophers: the
existence of it is denied by the Buddhists.
The soul of the universe is equally called
& imú??.
Rapila's dualism proclaimed that a distinction existed
between soul and body, yet Kapila regarded man's sen-
sations and thoughts and desires as material. The soul
was to him a transcendent being, which by a kind of sub-
limated body (similar to the so-called astral body of our
modern theosophists, and supposed to reside in the
material body) was implicated in the world of matter.
This metaphysical soul-being of the Sânmkhya philosophy
was supposed to be the apprehending principle in all
psychic activities. It was said that the eye does not see,
the ear does not hear, and the thoughts do not think, but
it is that mysterious something called ūtman, i.e., Self or
soul, which is the smeller in the nose, the taster in the
tongue, the seer in the eye, the thinker of our thoughts,
and the doer of our acts.
P. Carus, Buddhism and its Christian Critics, p. 24.
atmiatry (at-mi'a-tri), m. [Gr. &Tuóg, vapor,
+ tatpeta, healing.] The treatment of disease
by means of inhalations or fumigation.
at midalbumose (at-mi-dal’ bü-mós), m. [Gr.
ăruiç, vapor, + albumose.] An albumose-like
body which is formed from albumins through
the action of superheated steam in neutral or
alkaline solution. It is essentially an albu-
mose of the anti-group which has lost a eer-
tain amount of its nitrogen and Sulphur.
atmidometer, n. Atmidometers may be classed as:
§ Micrometric, such as Lamont's, in which the gradual
all of the surface of the water in a shallow pan is meas-
ured by the turning of a micrometer-screw, or is counter-
acted by the inflow of additional water pushed from a reser-
voir by means of a micrometer-screw. (2) Balance at-
'midometers, in which the loss of water is shown by loss
of weight. (3) The Piche evaporometer, in which the
evaporating surface is a small disk of porous paper closing
the lower end of a vertical tube conveying water. The
amount of evaporation is shown by measuring the de-
scent of the feed-water in the tube. See cut on page 88.

53
atmidometer
(4) The Stelling evaporometer, in which the evaporating-
pan floats on the surface of a river or lake and the loss of
water is measured from hour to hour by
measuring either weight or volume. ... (5) Qe
The lysimeter, in which the evaporation
from the surface of growing plants is :
measured by establishing the plant in a **
largevesselresting on the panofabalance.
atmidometric (at "mi-dû-met'-
rik), a. Of or pertaining to the º
atmidometer or to atmidometry. :
atºmidometry (at-mi-dom’e-tri), !"
n. [As atmidometer + -yS.] The º
art of constructing and using at- §:
midometers and of discussing the - 9
results given by them; the scien- º
tific study and measurement of
the evaporation of water under
natural conditions in the open -
air. - * º
atmocausis (at-mö-kā ' sis), n.
[Gr. &Tuóg, steam, + kaijotg, a sº
burning.] In Surg., cauterization
by means of steam.
atmocauterization (at-mó-kā’-
tèr-i-zā’ shon), n. [Gr. &Tuóg,
steam, vapor. H- E. cauterization.]
Cauterization by means of steam.
atmogenic (at-mö-jen'ik), a. [Gr.
âtuág, vapor, steam, -yevåg,
-producing, + -ic.] In petrol.,
a term applied to formations
due to the metamorphosing action
of volcanic vapors or gases upon
rocks adjacent tofumarolic vents.
It is also used as a synonym of
aeolian. e
atmograph (atºmě-gráf), n. [Gr.
atpuég, vapor (breath), + ypápetv,
write.] 1. An instrument for
recording mechanically the fre-
quency and extent of the respira-
tory movements.-2. In photog.,
a picture obtained or developed
by the action of smoke or va-
pors. See *vapograph. Wall, Dict. of Pho-
tog., p. 60
atmokausis, n See *atmocausis.
atmologic (at-mê-loj'ik), a. Of or pertaining
to atmology.
atmosfere, n.
sphere.
atmosferic, a. A simplified spelling of atmo-
spheric.
atmosphere, n.—Homogeneous atmosphere, an
atmosphere identical in composition and densify through-
out. The height of a homogeneous atmosphere is the
vertical height of a body of #; of density equal to
that of the air at the surface of the earth, which would
exert a pressure of one atmosphere. See pressure
*height.—Soil atmosphere, the gases (mostly atmo-
spheric air) contained in the interstices of the soil, in-
cluding those absorbed by the capillary films of water
utilized in symbiosis and otherwise affecting the growth
of plants. This air expands and contracts with changes
of pressure and temperature, and thereby in turn modifies
the distribution of the water in the soil.—Yearly swing
of the atmosphere. See k&wing.
Atmospheric absorption. See &absorption.—Atmo-
spheric electric gradient, the rate at which the elec-
tric charge or potential varies in the free air. The horizon-
tal gradient varies greatly with the advent of an electric
storm ; the vertical gradient has systematic diurnal and
annual variations in addition to the irregular ones which
attend electric storms. A cumulus cloud of one kilo-
meter radius, with its center three kilometers above
the earth's surface, will, by the induction due to its own
internal change, produce a diversion of downward gradi-
ent of about 11,000 volts, per meter of vertical distance.
—Atmospheric radiation. See # radiation.—Atmo-
spheric recorder. See*recorder.—Atmospheric spec-
trum. See Aspectrum.
atmospherics (at-mos-fer’iks), n. The study
of atmospheres and of all their phenomena;
meteorology.
atmospherology (at"mgs-fé-rol''}-ji), n. [E. at-
mosphere + Gr. -Aoyid, K Aéyetv, speak.] The
study of the phenomena of the atmosphere of
any planet or satellite, or of the sun itself;
specifically, the study of the earth's atmo-
sphere; meteorology.
atocia (a-tó'si-á), n. [NL., KGr. &rokia, K&Tokoç,
childless, K &-priv., + taſtog, offspring.] Child-
lessness; barrenness.
atokal (at’ô-kal), a. [Gr. 3- priv. -H róſcog, off-
spring, + -all.] Non-sexual, or not producing
§exual cells, as certain regions of the bodies
of worms, for example Nereis.
At the end of October (1897) the Samoan reef was
“literally alive with Palolo,” which were discovered by
rising off pieces of rock with a crowbar. . . . . . The total
É. averages 400 mm., about one-fourth of which is in
the anterior atokal part.
Jowr. Roy. Micros. Soc., April, 1904, p. 188.
The Piche
Evaporometer.
a, eye by which
tube is suspend-
ed; b, tube con-
taining water; c,
disk of paper
kept in place by a
metallic spring,
d, attached to a
slitted collar, e,
that moves along
the tube. Each
scale number
corresponds to a
cubic centimeter
of water or thc
evaporation of a
layer o.o.264 inch
deep, from a free
water surface in
the instrument-
shelter.
A simplified spelling of atmo-
atoke (at'ók), a. and, n., [Gr. &rokoc, without
offspring, Kå- priv. 4- tdkoç, offspring.] I. a.
Same as *atokal.
II. n. The sexless portion of certain Poly-
chaeta. See *epitoke.
In other Polychaetes the sexual part (epitoke)separates
from the sexless atoke portion and swims freely, while
the atoke produces new epitokes.
Hertwig (trans.), Zoology, p. 811.
atokous (at’ô-kus), a. Same as atokal.
atole, atolle (ä-tó’lā), m. [Mex. Sp., K Na-
huatl atolli..] A mush made of Indian corn,
also diluted and used as a drink: a favorite
food in Spanish-American countries.
atoll 7t.—Sphagnum atoll, an annular island occur.
ring in certain ponds in Minnesota, covered with sphag-
num and other vegetation, the surrounding water being
shallow and the lagoon deep. C. Macmillan, Minn.
Bot. Stud., IX. 2
atolle, m. See *atole.
atom, m. 1. (c) Recent investigations on the discharge
of electricity in gases and on the phenomena of radio-
activity have suggested reasons for believing that the
atom of a chemical element, as hitherto imagined, instead
of being primordial and indivisible, may consist of
numerous and far smaller particles, to which the name
electrons has provisionally been given. See kelectrom.—
Atom of electricity. See #electricity.—Gram atom.
See agram2. . * -
atomechanics (at-3-mê-kan'iks), n. [ato(m-)
mechanics.]. The mechanics of atoms; the
science of the motions of atoms and of atomic
forces.
atomic, a. 3. In chem., existing in the con-
dition of isolated atoms of the same kind; not
united into groups to constitute molecules:
as, for example, active oxygen at the instant
of its separation from hydrogen dioxid.—Atomic
capacity, the equivalence or valence of an atom.—
Atomic mass, a term preferable to the more common
atomic weight.—Atomic Value, a term Sometimes, but
not well, substituted for valence.—Atomic weight. The
weight (or mass) of the atom of a chemical element was
for a long time expressed in terms of the weight (or mass)
of an atom of hydrogen taken as the unit, and it was long
supposed that, so expressed, the atomic weight (or mass)
of oxygen was 16. But it having been found that this value
is not correct and that the true number is more nearly
15.88, while the numbers for most of the other elements
have been directly compared with that for oxygen, many
chemists prefer to represent the oxygen atom by 16, and
thus to assign to hydrogen the value 1.0079 or 1.008.
Under #element will be found lists of atomic weights
both on the basis of H=1 and of O =16.
Atomiosoma (a-tom"i-Ö-só'mâ), m. pl. [NL.,
for "atomosoma, K. Gr. &topog, not cut (see
atom), + göga, body..] Same as Monocyttaria.
atonement, n.-Day of Atonement. Same as Yom
Kippur. See Jewish *fasts.
atonia (a-tó'ni-á), n... [NL.] Same as atomy.
atonicity (a-tó-nis’i-ti), n. [atonic ---ity.]
Same as atomy. ſº
atonied (at’ô-nid), a. [atomy + -ed.] Marked
by atony. Buck, Med. Handbook, II. 751.
atoning (3-tºn'ing), p. a. Expiatory; that
makes or is intended to make amends for of-
fenses; reconciling: as, Christ's atoning blood.
Dion's atoning friendliness has a ring of artificiality.
George Eliot, Theo. Such, p. 122.
atoningly (a-tón'ing-li), adv. By way of atome-
ment.
Being just, I had slain their slayer atomingly.
Swinburne, Atalanta, l. 1647.
atopomenorrhea, atopomenorrhoea (at"3-pô-
men-Ö-ré’ā), n, ſGr. &totrog, out of place,
+ NL. memorrhoea.] Vicarious menstruation
(which see, under vicarious).
Atoposauridae (at"3-pô-sà'ri-dé), n. pl. [NL.
*Aioposaurus (K. Gr. &totrog, strange, + oaipog,
lizard) + -idae.] A family of extinct crocodil-
ians of small size, with small triangular skull
and dorsal armor composed of paired longitu-
dinal series of oblong plates. Its members
are found only in the Upper Jurassic rocks.
atoxyl (a-tok'siſ), n. [atoa (ic)? - -yl.] ... An
organic arsenical compound, a sodium salt of
arsenic acid in which a molecule of aniline
has replaced , one of the hydroxyl groups.
It has been used in the treatment of sleeping-sickness
and other forms of trypanosomiasis, but is liable to pro-
duce incurable blindness.
atractylic (at-rak-til'ik), a. [Atractylis + -ic.]
Derived from Atractylis.-Atractylic acid, a crys-
talline acid, C30H54S2013, found as a potassium salt in
the roots of Atractylis gummifera.
[atractyl(ic) +
atractylin (a-trak’ti-lin), n.
—in 2.] An amorphous, gummy, sweet gluco-
side, C20H8006, formed by the decomposition
of atractylic acid.
atranoracid (at-ra-nor'a-sid), n.
ſatranor(ic)
+ acid.] Atranoric acid.
a trofei
The products [of metabolism in lichens] he has deter.
mined are atramoracid, one of the most wide-spread
lichen compounds. . . .
Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc., Aug., 1908, p. 587.
atranoric (at-ra-nor'ik), a. [Irreg. K L. atra
+ (Leca)nora.(see def.) + -ic.]... Noting an
acid, a crystalline compound, C19H18O8, found
in Lecanora atra and other lichens. #. melts
at 196° C. Also called atranorin.
atranorin (at-rg-nó(rim), n. [atranor(ic) +
-in?..] Atranoric acid.
atranorinic (at-ra-nº-rin'ik), a, [atranor(ie)
+ -īn-, + -ic.], Noting an acid, a compound,
formed by the decomposition of atranoric acid,
to which Paterno gave the formula C9H10O4,
but which Hesse has shown to be 1, 3, 5-tri-
hydroxytoluene, C6H2(OH)3CH3. It crystal-
lizes in needles which melt at ião C. Called
by Hesse physciol.
atraric (a-trä’rik), a. [atra(no)ric..] Derived
from atranoric acid.—Atraric acid, betorcinol car-
boxylic methyl ester, (CH3)2C6H(OH)2CO2CH3. It is
formed together with trihydroxytoluene (physciol) by
the decomposition of atramoric acid. It crystallizes, in
leaflets which melt at 1419 C. Also called ceratophyllin
and physcianin.
Atremata (a-trem'a-tá), m. pl. [NL., K. Gr. 6-
priv. 4- Tpijua, a hole..] In Beecher's classifi-
cation of the brachiopods, the primary order
including inarticulate shells with the pedicle
emerging from between the two valves, both
sharing the pedicle-opening. Contrasted with Neo-
tremata, which are also inarticulate, but which have the
pedicle-opening restricted to the ventral valve. Obolus
and Lingula are examples of Atremata. The species are
..mostly Paleozoic.
at rematous (a - trem (a - tus), a.
characters of the Atremata.
atremble (a-trem’bl), adv. [aš + tremble.] In
a trembling state; quivering.
I'll write about her presently;
My hand 's a-tremble as I had just caught up
My heart to write with, in the place of it.
Mrs. Browning, Aurora Leigh, vi.
at remia (a-tré'mi-á), n. A condition in which
there is inability to maintain an upright posi-
tion, but no loss of the power of voluntary
movements.
at resic (a-tré'sik), a. Same as atresial. Na.
[atresia (atret-) + -ic.]
ture, Aug. 20, 1903, p. 384.
airetic (stretik), a ſat
Of or pertaining to atresia; characterized by
atresia; imperforate.
The atretic follicle differs from the developing corpus
luteum in the absence of any discharge to the exterior;
the membrana granulosa degenerates and disappears
prior to any considerable ingrowth from the connective-
tissue wall. Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc., Aug., 1903, p. 485.
Atrichia, n. 3. [l. c.] In pathol., absence of
hair; alopecia or atrichosis.
atrioporal (ä"tri-Ö-pô'ral), a. Relating to the
atriopore.
atriopore (ā’tri-Ö-pôr), m. [L. atrium, hall,
+ Gr. trópog, passage.] The posterior opening
of the body-cavity of the lancelet, Branchios.
toma, from which issues the water taken in at
the mouth. Parker and Haswell, Zoology, II. 39.
atripaic §º a. Noting a crystalline
acid, C6H6O12 + 6H2O, found in sugar-beets.
It may be reduced to hydroxycitric acid,
Atrium genitale. , (a) In Twrbellaria, a cavity into
which open the ducts from the male and female sexual
glands, the uteri, and the yolk-glands. (b) In Oligo-
chaeta, a dilatation on the was deferems close to its open-
ing.— Atrium laryngis, the portion of the larynx
which lies above the superior or false vocal cords.—Atri-
um of infection, in pathol, the point of entrance into the
body of the contagium of disease.—Atrium Vaginge.
Same as vestibule,"2 (b).-Corinthian atrium, an atri-
um of which the compluvium is large and the curb or
plate of the roof is supported by a number of columns
(which need not be of the Corinthian style).— Displu-
viate atrium, an atrium in which the roof sloped out-
ward, so that the water did not run toward the complu-
vium and into a cistern, but was thrown outward as in a
modern house: a rare form.—Testudinate atrium, an
atrium of which the roof had no opening, so that it was
merely a large central room out of which other rooms
opened. As the atrium was the only important room of
the unpretentious early Roman house, this form must
have been common, especially in places more exposed to
cold than was the city of Rome.—Tetrastyle atrium,
an atrium in which four columins only were used at the
four cornel's of the opening ; differing from the Corin-
thian form, in which there was a row of columns on either
side.—Tuscan atrium, an atrium in which the roof is
supported on girders, having no columns even at the cor-
ners of the compluvium. y º
atrochal (at’rö-kāl), a. [Gr. 6- priv. 4. Tporóg,
a wheel, ---all.j In Polychaeta, having the
surface of the larva uniformly covered with
cilia and the preoral circlet of cilia absent.
a trofei (ätrö-fā'i), [It..] With trophies: said
of decorative motives consisting of musical in.
Having the

*
a trofei
struments, arms, tools, and other trophies,
painted on certain majolica wares, particularly
those of Urbino, Italy. -
atrofy, n, and v. i. A simplified spelling Of
atrophy.
atronene (at ' rú -nón), n. A hydrocarbon,
CGH5.C10 9, formed by the slow distillation of
isatropic acid. It boils at 325° C.
atronic (a-tronik), a. Noting an acid, C17H
formed by distillation of isatropic agá
amorphous and melts at 164° C.
Atrophic nasal catarrh. See *catarrh.
hy, n.—Acute yellow atrophy of the liver.
ellow.—Atrophy of disuse, atrophy resulting
from lack of normal use, as of the muscles in an immo-
bilized limb.-Compression atrophy, in pathol., wast-
ing due to the action of continuous pressure.—Con-
centrig atrophy, diminution in size of a hollow organ,
as the heart, with reduced capacity of its cavity.—Ec-
Centric atrophy, pathological increase in the size of
the cavity of a hoſlow organ, as the heart, with attenua-
tion of the walls.-Granular atrophy of the kidney,
chronic interstitial inflammation resulting in compres-
sion and atrophy of the parenchyma of the kidney,
usually associated with arteriosclerosis. See granular
kidney, under granular.— Gray atrophy, a form of de-
generation of the spinal cord and also of the optic disk in
which the nerve matter becomes of a grayish color.—In-
flammatory atrophy, atrophy of the functionating ele-
ments of an organ, as the kidney, due to overgrowth of
the fibrous structures consequent upon chronic inflam-
.#. muscular atrophy. See pro-
gressive.-Senile atrophy, normal shrinkage of the tis-
sues in the aged.
atropic, a.-Atropic acid, a phenyl-acryllic acid,
CH2=C(C6H5)CO2H, formed by boiling atropin with
barium hydroxid. It crystallizes in scales or needles
which melt at 106° C.
Afrºide (a-trop’i-dé), n. pl. [NL., KAtropos
+ -idae.]. A family of corrodentian insects,
distinct from the Psocidae, including the minute
forms known as book-lice. They are widely distrib-
uted, and are commonly found on book-shelves and in
old volumes and records, where they feed on the starch
paste used in binding. ey also feed on flour and meal.
atropinization (at’ró-pin-i-zā‘shgn), n. Latro-
pinize + -ation.] The act of bringing under
the influence of atropin; specifically, of induc-
ing the mydriatic effects of that drug.
Atropos, n. 4. [l. c.] A neuropterous insect
of the genus Atropos.-Divining atropos, Atropos
divinatorius of Europe, so mamed on account of its sup-
posed ability to predict death.
atroscine (at'rº-sin), n. The dihydrate of the
optically inactive scopolamine, C17H31Q4N +
2O. It is crystalline and melts at 37°C. The
levorotatory form of the base is sometimes
called hyoscine.
A-truss (ā’trus") m. A roof- or bridge-truss
shaped like the letter A spread out. It is
either a simple truss consisting of two rafters
and a tie-beam only, or it is a braced truss.
Lockwood.
atta” (ätſä), n. [Brazilian.] 1. The name in
Brazil of the fruits of several trees belong-
ing to the genus Amona, especially of those of
A. obtusiflora, a native of the Antilles and
cultivated in Brazil.–2. The name given by
the Singalese to the sweet-sop, Anona squa-
mosa, which was introduced into India and
Ceylon by the Portuguese several centuries
ago. . In India the name is represented by ata,
and in Guam and the º: by atis. See
Anona, *atis (with cut), and sweet-sop.
attach, 9.. t.—Attaching system, the mnemonic sys-
tem which consists in physically attaching an object to
be remembered to another that is sure j thought of.
Thus a man may adopt the habit, in visiting, of putting
his hat over his umbrella, lest he should otherwise forget
the latter.
attacher (a-tach’ér), n. One who arrests or
seizes person or property under a writ of at-
tachment. [Obsolete or rare.]
attachment, n.-Attachment of privilege. See
*privilege.—Solar attachment. See ksolar.
O2,
f. #.
attachment-disk (a-tach’ment-disk), n. The
holdfast of an alga.
attachment-pad (a-tach’ment-pad), n. The
disk-like end of the narrow stem growing from
the aboral pole of certain medusae, as Halicy.
stus, used for temporary fixation. Proc. Roy.
Soc. (London), 1903, II. 186.
attacht, pp. A simplified spelling of attached.
attacine (at'a-sin), a. Of or belonging to the
genus Attacus, or resembling the moths of that
group. A. S. Packard, Text-book of Entom.,
6 Kt – KB8).-Grimm's attack, inchess-playing, a cer-
tain continuation against an old-fashioned defense to the
King's Bishop's gambit.-Lolli's attack, inchess-playing,
a continuation of the Muzio gambit, white sacrificing a
second piece, namely the king's bishop, on his fifth move.
However, this attack is considered unsound.— Macdon-
nell's attack, in chess-playing, a variation of the king's
bishop's opening wherein the first player sacrifices two
º: at the outset.-Mortimer's attack, in chess-play-
, a variation of the Evans gambit (which see, under
gambit).- Ponziani's attack, in chess-playing, one of
the forms of the King's knight's opening (3 P-QB 3).
Also called Staunton's opening.
attacolite (g-tak(6-lit), n. [Said to be K. Gr.
ârraketº, ‘the salmon,’ + Affoc, stone. The
name is said to refer to the color.] A hydrated
phosphate of aluminium and manganese oc-
curring in light-red massive forms: found in
Sweden.
Attacus (at'a-kus), n. [NL. (Hübner, 1816),
K Gr. &rtakoç, also arrákmg, a kind of locust.]
A genus of Saturniid moths, comprising some
of the largest and most beautiful species, now
mostly merged in the genera Samia, Philosa-
mia, and Callosamia.
Attagenus (at-a-jé'nus), n. [NL. (Latreille,
1802), K. Gr. &rrayffy, a bird: see attagen.]
genus of dermestid beetles, some of them of
World-wide distribution. The European A. pellio is
a well-known museum pest and a general enemy of furs
and skins, and A. piceu8, common to Europe, Asia, and
North America, has similar habits, damaging carpets and
Woolen goods in the United States.
[NL., pl. of
Attagides (a-taj'i-déz), n. pl.
Attagis.] A group of wading birds compris-
ing the genera Attagis and Thinocorus. The
family Thinocoridae is considered to have the
rank of a suborder.
Attalid (at'a-lid), a. Of or pertaining to one
of the three kings named Attalus, who reigned
at Pergamon in the second century B. C.
attack, n-Gozio counter-attack, in chess-playing, a
variation of the 1 P-K 4, P-K 4; 2 KB 8, P-K
B4 variation in the King's Knight's gambit.—Donop's
or Ghulam Kassim's attack, inchess-playing, a variation
of the King's Knight's gambit, first played by Colonel
Donop of Brussels, namely, 5P – Q4. See King's Knight's
*gambit.—Fraser's attack, in chess-playing, a continu-
ation or variation of the Scotch gambit (4 Kt x P, Q — R5;
Naturally the island which stood in the closest relation
to the Attalid capital as a centre of Art was Rhodes.
L. R. Farmell, Jour. Hellenic Stud., XI. 203.
attar, n. The chemical composition of this valuable per-
fume has been carefully studied, and its principal con-
stituent, geraniol (C10H180), obtained from cheaper
Sources (as from the essential oil of Indian grass or Turk-
ish geranium), is now — with perhaps the addition of some
of the minor constituents, also from relatively cheap
sources—offered for sale as 8 ynthetic attar of roses.
attention, n. 1. The concept of attention has come
to play an increasingly large part in the psychological sys-
tems worked out under the influence of the experimental
method. Looked at contentwise, as a certain modifica-
tion of the make-up or structure of consciousness, atten-
tion consists essentially of a distribution of clearness
values (the ideas attended to being clear, the ideas at-
tended from obscure), accompanied by organic sensations
due to the adjustment of the observing sense-organ or to
the general bodily attitude (as in the Scout, the eaves-
dropper, etc.), and by affective process. Looked at from
the point of view of mental function, attention is simply
the mind at work, the concentration or focalization of
consciousness upon a given topic, whether of perception
or of thought. “If and so far as any content of conscious-
ness is a perception, idea, conception, apprehension or
awareness of somewhat, the activity in and through which
this content exists is attentive activity.” (Stowt.) It is
customary to distinguish types of attention as passive and
active or as involuntary and voluntary. The difference,
however, is simply a difference of condition. Passive at-
tention is constrained attention, attention which one
cannot help giving, unequivocally conditioned attention :
a loud sound, a moving object in the visual field, things
that fit in with the present contents of consciousness—
such stimuli compel attention, whether one will or not ;
and the reasons for their compelling power are to be
sought in biology, not in psychology. Active attention is
attention under difficulties, attention with distraction,
attention to which there are rival claimants, –in short,
an equivocally conditioned attention which is accom-
panied by the experience of effort : the organism is called
upon, so to speak, to adjust itself to two different situa-
tions at one and the same monent. It is important to
notice that with repetition of the conflict some one of the
rival claimants will gain a permanent victory, so that
active passes over into a secondary passive attention.
The man of science innmersed in his special study has
traveled beyond the stage of active to this ultimate stage
of secondary passive attention. Experimental work upon
the attentive state has been concerned with the fluctua-
tious of attention, or the duration of a single attentive
effort or concentration ; the range or scope of attention,
or the number of ideas to which one can attend at One
time; the effects of complication, or the subjective tem-
poral displacement of disparate impressions simultane-
ously presented ; distraction, or the behavior of atten-
tion when rival claimants of varying compulsive power
are artificially introduced into the attentive conscious-
mess ; the organic concomitants of attention, changes of
pulse, respiration, etc., which accompany the induction of
the attentive state; and the effects of attention upon spe-
cial mental functions, such as reproduction, retention,
discrimination, action, etc. No adequate theory of at-
tention has as yet been propounded. It cannot be de-
rived from affective process, from intensity of sensation,
or from any special group of sensations (as sensations of
strain); neither can it be identified with motor adjust-
ment. It seems probable that attention is paralleled,
on the physiological side, by processes of reinforcement
(or facilitation) and processes of inhibition running their
course in the cerebral cortex, and that the feelings and
organic sensations which accompany attention are in
fact mere concomitants and not essential constituents.
attraction
At the same time, it appears that certain special phe-
nomena, usually referred to the center, are in reality due
to changes at the periphery of the organism; thus it is
very doubtful whether “fluctuations of attention 'are not
due to fluctuations of excitatory process in the 8ense-
organ. It may be, too, that psychology has tended to
make the attentive state unitary when actually it is di-
verse, and that we ought rather to speak 9f visual atten-
tion, cutaneous attention, etc., than of attention in the
abstract.— Attention Wave, in psychol., a single pulse
or rise and fall of the attention, considered as a fluctu-
ating or periodic process.—Bield of attention. (a) The
range of clear consciousness; the contents of conscious-
ness at any moment attended to. (b) The whole of con-
Sciousness, regarded as made up of contents which may
Successively become clear under attention. The first
usage is based on the analogy of the visual field of regard
the second on the analogy of the field of vision.—To
attention. See *cally, v. t.
attentional (a-tem'shgn-al), a. [attention +
-all.] Of or pertaining to attention; due to
or conditioned by attention.
The experiments on attentional time-displacement form
One of the most interesting and most difficult chapters
of experimental psychology.
E. B. Titchener, Exper. Psychol., I. ii. 206.
attenuated (a-ten’ī-ā-ted), p. a. 1. Thin;
slender: as, long attenuated fingers; attenu-
ated parchment.— 2. Thin in consistency; di-
luted; rarefied: as, “attenuated small beer,”
Lamb, Elia.
attenuation, n. 5. In elect.: (a) The decrease
of telephonic currents with increasing dis-
tance, due to the absorption of current by the
electrostatic capacity of the telephone line.
(b) More generally, the decrease of electrical
effects with increasing distance.
attenuative (a-ten’ī-à-tiv), a. and n. Atten-
uant.
attestant (a - tes’ tant), a. and m. I. a.
Bearing witness.
II. m. An attesting witness; an attester.
attestment (a-test’ ment), n. [attest + -ment.]
Testimony; attestation. J. M. Neale, Mediaev.
Hymns, p. 155. N. E. D.
attic”, n. 3. The upper portion of the tyms
panic cavity of the ear. Med. Record, Feb. 14,
1903, p. 279.—4. Figuratively, a man’s ‘top
story '; the skull.
Here a gentleman present, who had in his attie
More pepper than brains, shrieked—The man's a fanatic.
Lowell, Fable for Critics, st. 50.
False attic, in arch., an external division of the wall re-
Sembling an attic, but having no story of rooms, behind
it : in this sense often used for a dwarf wall built above
the main cornice to receive an inscription or for a purely
decorative purpose. . .
attingent (a-tin'jent), a. Touching or com-
ing in contact with each other, as the elytra
of a beetle or the tegmina of a grasshopper.
attitude, n. ... 3. In geol., the particular posi-
tion or relation which the land bears at any
time to the ocean. The geologist's point of view is
that the land either has emerged from the oceanic waters
or is to be again buried by them, and therefore at any
particular time assumes an attitude with relation to the
Ocean. The term is also applied to the position and
structural relations of any bed or mass of rock to others.
Perhaps a word of general explanation is necessary in
speaking of the attitude of the land. Geologists are prone
to talk of elevation and subsidence—of the uprising of the
earth's crust at one place or at one time, and of its down-
sinking at another place or another time. Their language
usually seems to imply the rise or fall of an area all to-
gether, without any relative displacement of its parts;
but you will readily see that, unless a rising or sinking
tract is torn asunder from its surroundings, there must
be all about it a belt in which the surface assumes an in-
clined position, or, in other words, where the attitude of
the land is changed. Smith&omian Report, 1890, p. 239.
Crucifixion attitude, a posture assumed in certain
cases of hystero-epilepsy, in which the arms are extended
at right angles to the body, the lower extremities being
together and in the axis of the trunk.-Illogical atti-
tudes, various strange and seemingly almost impossible
...is Sometimes assumed by subjects of hystero-epi-
epsy.
attitudinization (at-i-tū-di-ni-ză'shgn), n. At-
titudinizing; posturing or the striking of atti-
tudes.
attorney*, n-Attorney's certificate. (a) In Eng-
lish law, a certificate of the commissioners of stamps that
the attorney therein named has paid the annual duty.
Bowvier, Law Dict. (b) In United States law, the certificate
of the court admitting an attorney to practise, which tes-
tifles that the attorney has qualified and taken his oath
of office.—Prosecuting attorney, State's attorney,
terms usually synonymous with district attorney. They
indicate the persons representing the people of the State
in a criminal action. They are to be distinguished from
attorney-general and deputy attorney-general, whose du-
ties are to represent the State in civil actions.
attraction, n.--Crystallic attraction, the attraction
between crystalline masses in alloys and other com-
posite solids. “There is evidence that the large crystalline
masses in solids have an attractive force for the smaller
particles of the same kind, and under suitable conditions
draw them to themselves.” J. E. Stead, Jour. Roy,
Micros. Soc., April, 1904, p. 254. —Law of attraction
and repulsion, a rhetorical name for the assumption
attraction
that the fundamental processes of society are identical
with those of the physical world; that the drawing
together and the separations of men are inevitable effects
of their natures, like chemical affinities and oppositions.
Gwmplovicz, Outlines of Sociol., p. 33.—Mass attrac-
tion, the mutual attraction between masses, taken as a
whole, as distinguished from the attraction between
the individual molecules of a body ; molar attraction.
— Newtonian attraction, the gravitational attraction
which each portion of matter in the universe has for
every other portion.
attraction-cone (a-trak'sh9n-kön), n. In em-
bryol., the conic protrusion of the surface pro-
toplasm of the egg at the point where the
Spermatozoön is about to enter.
attraction-sphere (a-trak'shon-sfér), n. Same
as "astrosphere and *centrosphere.
attributal (at’ri-bü-tal), a. Of the nature of
an attributive: as, attributal or descriptive
names. Jour. Amer. Folk-lore, Jan.-March,
1902, p. 14.
attritive (at’ ri-tiv), a. Involving attrition or
wearing away by attrition: as, “subjected to
some further attritive process,” Hugh Miller,
Rambles Geol., II. 246.
attuite (a-tū’it), v. i. and t.; pret. and pp. attu-
ited, ppr. attuiting. [L. ad, to, + tueri (pp.
tuitus), look to, regard : see tuition and intwit..]
In psychol., to have attuition ; to become con-
'scious of objects outside ourselves. The term
was introduced by S. S. Lawrie.
He carries its operation before reason still further,
supposing that “attuition ” makes particular inferences
about outside objects, and that a man, or a dog, through
association, “attwites” sequence and invariableness of
succession, and, in fact, gets as far in the direction of
causation as Hume thought it possible to go at all.
Encyc. Brit., XXX. 677.
attuition (at-li-ish'Qn), m. In psychol., a hy-
pothetical process which is more than sensa-
tion and less than perception, involving the
coördination of sensations into an aggregate
and the reference of this aggregate to the out-
side world.
His [S. S. Laurie's] psychology is founded on a proposed
distinction between “attwition ” and reason. His theory
of “attwition,” by which he supposes that we become con-
scious of objects outside ourselves, is his “return to
dualism,” . . . “attwition.” It is, according to him,
something more than sensation, but less than perception;
it is common to us with lower animals such as dogs ; its
operation consists in co-ordinating sensations into an ag-
‘gregate which the subject throws back into space, and
thereby has a consciousness of a total object outside itself,
e.g., a stone or a stick, a man or a moon.
Encyc. Brit., XXX. 677.
atty. A contraction of attorney.
atua (ä-tö’â), m. [Polynesian, Maori, Samoan,
Tahitian atua, Tongan otwa, Marquesan etua,
etc., a god, demon.] The supernatural powers;
more particularly the gods and deified human
beings, but also guardian Spirits, in some cases
even hostile spirits.
Atylus (at’i-lus), n. [NL. (Salisbury, 1807),
K. Gr. 6- priv. 4- Túžog, callosity. . The name
alludes to the absence of the four hypogynous
glands or scales which occur in some of the
related genera.] A genus of dicotyledonous
lants belonging to the family Proteaceae.
ee Petrophilal.
Atypical children, a term suggested to designate chil-
dren who are not strictly abnormal or degenerate, yet
who are potentially so; children on the border-line be-
tween normality and degeneracy. K
at at’i-pi), n. [Gr. *ātviria, Kötv7rog, not
#. (i. #: Departure from the typic
or normal condition. Amer. Anthropologist,
Oct.–Dec., 1903, p. 610.
aua (ā’ô-á), n. [Maori awa, a sea-mullet, =
Tahitian and Samoan awa, a small fish.] A
name of Agonostomus forsteri, one of the mul-
lets found in abundance on the coasts of New
Zealand and Tasmania.
aubépine (ö-bā-pên (), n. [F., hawthorn; see
albespine.] A trade-name for anisaldehyde.
It is used as a perfume.'
Aubergine purple. See *purple.
aubernage (ö-ber-nāzh''), m. [F., a local term
in the department of Yonne.]. A disease of
the grape-vine caused by a fungus, Dema-
tophora necatriz, which attacks the roots.
Aubert diaphragm. See *diaphragm.
aubonne (ö-bon'), n. A silver crown of Lor-
raine in the 18th century, named from M.
d'Aubonne, director of the mint 1724–1728.
Aubrey group. See *group".
Aubrieta (à-bri-á'tā), n. [NL. . (Adanson,
1763) for Claude Aubriet, a botanical, drafts:
man.] A genus of perennial, bright-flowered
plants, more or less evergreen trailers, of the
amily Brassicaceae, sometimes grown for rock-
Auchenaspis (ā-kā-masſpis), n.
Auchenopterus (ā'ké-nopte-rus), n.
au clou (6 klö’).
auction-penuchle (äk'shgn-pê'nuk-1), n.
aucubin (ā’kū-bin), n.
audiclare (à'di-klär), m.
audiential (à-di-en’shal), a.
*. 70.
auditization (ā-di-ti-Zā’shgn), n.
auditorially (à-di-tó'ri-al-i), adv.
Auditory
work or edgings. Twelve species are found
in Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, and Persia. A.
deltoidea (including A. Graeca) is commonest
in America. -
[Gr, ai,xhv,
neck, + æotic, shield.]. A name given by
Egerton to cephalaspid fish remains from the
Upper Silurian and lower Old Red Sandstone
passage-beds of Hereford; equivalent to Thy-
estes of the Baltic Upper Silurian.
[NL.,
r, ai,xin, neck, H- Trépôv, wing.] A genus
of small blennies found in the rock-pools of
the West Indies and the west coast of Mexico:
characterized by having the soft dorsal reduced
to a single ray,
º [F.] With the mail: applied
to gold which has been burnished with a nail
fixed in a wooden handle, as that of the old
Soft-paste porcelain of Sèvres. This style of bur-
nishing may be recognized by the scratches which are
found on the gilding. The mail was replaced by the agate
burnisher about the beginning of the nineteenth century.
A.
variety of penuchle in which the players bid
for the privilege of making the trump, naming
the number of points they will make. It is always
played by four hands, the bidder's side having the first
count. See &penuchle. *
auction-pool, n. On shipboard, the number of miles
the ship will run next day is assumed, and 10 or 15 above
and below this number are subscribed for and drawn.
Each number is then put up at auction, and may be
bought in by the owner or by any other passenger, half
the amount realized being returned to the subscriber for
that number. Choice of the highest and lowest numbers
is usually sold separately at the end. The holder of the
number agreeing with the ship's run next day, or the One
mearest to it if it is below or above any number drawn,
takes the entire pool.
[Aucuba + -īn?..] A
slightly bitter crystalline glucoside found in
Aucuba Japonica. It melts at 181° C.
audad (ou’dād), n. Same as adudad. Geog.
Jour. (R. G. S.), XI. 601.
[Irreg. K L. awdire,
hear, + clarus, clear. Cf. clairaudient.] An
apparatus for use in defective hearing, con-
sisting of a tube with a diaphragm attachment
at one end and a bell-shaped expansion at the
other. -
Of or pertaining
to an audience.
There must be audiential response or the actor's por-
trayal is dead.
Marcella Sembrich, in New York Independent, Oct. 5,
[1899.
II. a. Of, pertaining to, or acting
hrough the auditory nerves and tracts; ear-
minded.
audist (à'dist), m. One who has an ear-memory;
one whose memory is more tenacious of things
heard than of things only seen.
Charcot, who classified people into “visualists”—those
whose recollections were chiefly of things seen, who had
to read a name in order to remember it; “audist8"—
those whose memories were of things heard, whose audi-
tory sense was paramount, etc.
Pop. Sct. Mo., April, 1895, p. 732.
Audit Certificate, the certificate issued by an auditor on
the completion of an audit.
The efficiency, in most cases, of audits conducted by
skilled accountants has led the public to attach excep-
tional value to their audit certificates, and to demand
extensive knowledge and ability in the conduct of the
audit of the accounts of public companies.
Encyc. Brit., XXV. 25.
audition, n.-Chromatic audition, a subjective im-
pression of color excited by sounds.
[auditize +
-ation.] In psychol., representation in auditory
terms; imaging in sound.
In silent reading there is a similar motorization, or
awditization.
E. B. Huey, Amer. Jour. Psychol., XII, 309.
auditize (ā’di-tiz), v.; pret. and pp. auditized,
ppr. auditizing. [audit + -ize.] In psychol., to
represent in auditory terms; to image in
sounds. Amer. Jour. Psychol., XII. 119.
Auditor of the imprest. See *imprest.
auditor-general (à"di-tgr-jen’º-ral), n.
some States, the title given to the chief auditor
of the State.
As a hearer
or auditor; through the ear (as opposed to
through the eye). Rolleston, Memoirs, p. 910.
agraphia. , See, *agraphia. — Auditory
aphasia. See 3raphasia.—Auditory area. Same as
(a) kauditory center and (b) Aawditory field.—Audito
Capsule, in ol., the cartilaginous capsule surround-
ing the membranous labyrinth of the ear in the vertebrate
embryo : same as otic capsule. (See cut in next column.)
—Auditory cells, cells in the internal ear which bear
the auditory hairs.-Auditory center, the supposed
agº. (ou'ge), n. ; pl. awgen (-gen).
augelite (ā’je-lit), m.
augengneis (ou'gen-gnis), n.
augitite (àºji-tit), n.
augitophyre (ā’ji-tº-fir), n. . [augite + , ( #%
augitophyre
nerve-center for hearing in the first temporosphenoidal
convolution of the brain. — Auditory epithelium.
Same as auditory hairs. (See extracts under auditory.)
/
H
BR2 BB BRA HO
Auditory Capsule.
The skull of a 12 mm. tadpole, seen from the right side. The
motochord, the brain, and the entire head are represented in out-
line, in order to show the relations of the skull to them. Magnified
30 times. - -
BB, basibranchial; BH, roof of hind-brain; BM, roof of mid-
brain; B.R.I., BR.2, B.R.3, BR.4, first, second, third, and fourth
branchial bars; BS, cerebral hemisphere; CH, notochord; EC,
auditory capsule : HO, urohyal; HQ, articulation of ceratohyal
with quadrate; HR, ceratohyal ; {j lower jaw; JU, upper jaw;
LI, upper lip; LJ, lower lip; LL., lower labial cartilage; LU,
upper ...? cartilage; MC, Meckel's cartilage; PN, pineal
body’; Q, quadrate; QQ, orbital process of quadrate; QR, con-
nection of quadrate with trabecula; RL, trabecuia cranii; SA,
membranous patch in the outer wall of the auditory capsule, in
which the stapes is developed at a jºy later stage; X,
choroid plexus of third ventricle. (From Marshall’s “Vertebrate
Embryology.”)
§ak & Mc *
—Auditory field, the space throughout which a sound
can be heard.— Auditory ganglion. Same as acow8tic
twbercle (which see, under acoustic).—Auditory hairs.
(b) In entom., certain hairs of the antennae of the male
öäticidae and Chironomidae, which experimental tests
seem to prove to have an auditory function.—Auditory
hyperaesthesia, abnormal acuteness of hearing.—
Auditory meatus. Same as awditory canal.-Audi-
tory nuclei, the nuclei of origin, within the brain, of
the auditory nerves. – Auditory plate, (b) An ex-
panse of epithelium which receives the terminations of
the auditory nerve. (c) The portion of the temporal
bone which forms the roof of the tympanum.—Auditory
saucer, in embryol., the saucer-shaped invagination of
the ectoderm, which eventually gives rise to the otocyst
or membranous labyrinth of the ear.
Auer burner, light. See *burner, *light.
Auerbach, ganglion of. See *ganglion.
auerlite (ou'êr-lit), m.
[Named after Carl
Auer von Welsbach.] A rare mineral occur-
ring in from yellow to red tetragonal crystals
and consisting of the silicate and phosphate
of thorium: found in North Carolina.
[G. auge,
ěage, E. eye.] A word adopted from the
German by many English and American pe-
trographers to designate a round or lenticular
nodule, either a single mineral particle or an
aggregate, often found in gneissic or schistose
rocks, which in comparison with the inclosing
finer-grained material produces an appearance
compared to that of an eye. The term eye is
less extensively used in this sense.
[Irreg. K Gr. atyń, light,
luster, -i- Žiffog, stone..] A hydrated phosphate
of aluminium occurring in tabular monoclinic
crystals and in cleavable masses with strong
pearly cleavage: first found in Sweden, and
now also in Bolivia.
[G. augen, eyes,
-F gneis, gneiss.] A variety of gneiss which
has lenticular nuclei, of one mineral or of sev-
eral, more coarsely crystalline than the nor-
mal components of the rock, and around which
the foliation forks and passes, so as to suggest
eyes within eyebrows and eyelashes.
augite, n. The name of this member of the
pyroxene group of silicate minerals is fre-
quently used in petrography in composition
with the name of any rock in which it occurs
as a prominent or noteworthy constituent:
as, augite-andesite, augite-syenite, augite-gneiss,
etc.
augite-rock (ā’īt-rok), m. In petrog., a term
formerly applied to igneous or metamorphic
rocks of granular texture consisting ...; of
augite. ost of the rocks once so named are
now called pyroacenite.
[augite + -ite2.] In pe-
trog., a non-feldspathic, basaltic rock con-
sisting essentially of augite and magnetite
with a generally scanty glass base. Augitite
is closely related to limburgite, from which it
differs in its freedom from olivin.
phyr(y).] In petrog., a porphyry in which the
most prominent phenocrysts are of augite :


augitophyre
analogous to orthophyre. The term was first ºf.
plied by Scacchi to the augitic and leucitic lavas of Italy
in which the augite is megascopically the more prominent.
augitophyric (à"ji-tº-fir’ik), a. [augitophyre
+ -ic.] Porphyritic through the Pºnce Of
augite phenocrysts....See *augitophyre.
augitoporphyric (à"ji-tº-pôr-firik), a. . [augite
+ porphyr(it)ic.] Augitic and porphyritic :
ºr. to a porphyritic igneous rock whose
phenocrysts are augitic.
augmental (äg-men (tal), a. and n. [augment
+ -all...] Formed by augmentation, as a
number. See *augmentation, 6.
In tracing vestiges in the form of augmentals, it is
clearly to be borne in mind that their significance, like
that of the primary numbers, is mystical rather than
quantitative.
An. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., 1897–98, p. 848.
augmentation, n. 6. A hypothesis relating
to the development of number systems, accord-
ing to which the primary number-concept was
based on the idea of the self and of the four
directions front, back, right, left, and some-
times, in addition to these, above and below.
Augmentation was the process of forming higher num-
bers by multiplying the directions by 2, 3, etc., while the
self remained single. Thus the augmentals of the former
system are 1+2 x 4, 1+3x4, etc. ; those of the latter
1 + 2 × 6, 7 4-3 x 6, etc.
W. J. McGee, An. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., 1897–98,
[pp. 839–842.
7. In astron., the excess of the moon's ap-
parent diameter, seen from a given point, over
its diameter as it would be if seen from the
center of the earth. The excess is due to the
fact that the moon, except when on the horizon,
is nearer to the observer than to the earth’s
center.—8. In bot., same as multiplication, 3.
–9. In law, a share of the great tithes tem-
porarily granted to the vicars by the appro-
riators, and made perpetual by a statute of
harles II. : also used in a similar sense in the
Canadian law. Bouvier, Law Dict.—Coefficient
of augmentation. See kcoefficient.
augmentor (äg-men’tgr), a. Causing to in-
crease; specifically, noting the nerves stimu-
lation of which causes an increase in force and
size of the cardiac contractions.
Wundt goes so far as to assume a differentiation of the
bodies of nerve-cells into two parts, the anabolic inhib-
itory and the katabolic augmentor parts, and applies this
hypothesis to the explanation of the valve-like nature of
the paths of the spinal cord. Nature, Nov. 6, 1902, p. 3.
au gratin (6 gra-tah’). [F.] With a breaded
or browned crust.
Augusta limestone. See *limestone.
Augustan, a. II. n. One who belongs to the
Augustan age or school of literature. See
*Augustanism. -
Poetry is a spiritual thing, and, like the soul of man, it
is fluent and fluctuating and impalpable. Wordsworth
was half a Romantic and half an Augustan, and in the
end his romanticism was subjugated by “an austerer
mode,” by his didactic passion.
Athenæum, March 18, 1905, p. 328.
Augustanism (ä-gustan-izm), n. Qualities
such as those which characterized the reign of
the Roman emperor Augustus (63 B. C.–14
A. D.) or (especially) the Roman literature of
that period.
Perhaps the most profound passages in this essay are
those dealing with the period of Augustanism in English
literature —that age of acceptance which began after
Milton and ended with Gray and Collins.
thematum, Jan. 16, 1904, p. 73.
Augustin, n. 2. [l. c.] A silver coin of Mexico,
the dollar or peso, of 1822, of Iturbide or Au-
gustin I.
auhi (ou'hé), n. [Tigré.] . A name in Abys-
sinia of a small tree of the borage family, Cor-
dia Abyssinica, which yields a valuable timber
and very sweet, edible fruits. It is much cul-
tivated in the native gardens and is planted
around the villages. Also called wanza.
auhola (ā-ā-hö’lā), n. Same as *ahuhu.
aukery (äk’e-ri), n. A place to which auks
resort : as, Aukery, Nameless Bay, Novaya Zem-
lya. Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), xi, 335.
Aulacocephalus (à"la-kā-sef’a-lus), n. [NL.
Gr. at Wa; (-ak-), a furrow, 4- kejažň, head.]
A genus of serranoid fishes found in the Pa-
cific and Indian oceans.
Aulacoceras (à-la-kos’e-ras), n. IGr. awāaš
(-ak-), a furrow, -H képaç, a horn.]. A genus of
belemnitoid dibranchiate cephalopods from
the Triassic rocks, characterized by the long,
slender guard and very long phragmocone, in
which are retained the septa perforated by a
siphuncle.
Auld Licht, one of the party in the Scottish church, during
the latter part of the eighteenth century, which held by
the traditions of the original seceders. The party was
made up of the conservative members of the Burghers and
Antiburghers, the two divisions of the seceders.
*:::::: º 'id Same º º KA
ll. O'D1032 op’i-dé), m. pl. © wlopus
+ idae.] A family of iºns: allied to the
Synodontidae. The typical genus is Aulopus.
Auloporidae (à-lö-por’i-dé), n. pl. [NL., K
Aulopora + -idae.] A primitive family of tabu-
late corals i.; a reptant and branching co-
rallum composed of trumpet-shaped jià.
multiplying by lateral and basal gemmation.
The septa are reduced to marginal striae, and tabulae are
present in greater or less degree. They are confined to
the Paleozoic rocks.
Aulopus (à-ló'pus), n. [NL., & Gr. aiwác, a
flute, pipe, F Ölp (Öſt-), eye, face..] A genus
of lizard-fishes characterized by the roughish
skull, the well-developed maxillary, and the
presence of the adipose fin.
aulos (ā‘los), n.; pl. auloi (-loi). [Gr. at 26g, a
flute, pipe.] The Greek flute, which was of the
direct or flageolet class. It was often double, and
was provided with several finger-holes, in which stopples
were sometimes inserted, probably to alter the pitch
slightly. It is possible that the name awlog was also ap-
plied to pipes sounded by a reed, in which case they
should be called oboes rather than flutes. Flute-players
often wore the capistrum, a tight band encircling the head
so as to support the cheeks in blowing.
Aulosteges (à-los’té-jëz), n. [Gr. at 26g, a flute,
pipe, ,-H aréym, a roof, valve..] A genus of
brachiopods having short but broad cardinal
areas on both valves, the deltidium covered
with spinules, and the surface of both valves
thickly set with spines. It was allied to Stro-
phalosia, but the valves were not adherent. It
is characteristic of the Permian formation.
aulu (ā’ö-lô), n. [Hawaiian.] A large Hawaiian
tree, Siderozylon Sandwicense, of the sapota
family, the thick milk-sap of which is used by
the natives as bird-lime; also, a tree, Sapindus
Oahuensis, belonging to the soapberry family.
aumil (ā’mil), n. [Also amil, Hind. ‘āmil, K
Ar.'âmil, an agent, K ‘amala, he performed a
task or office.] In India, a collector of revenue
in some of the native states, and the chief au-
thority in his district. See amaldar.
auntly (änt’li), a. [aunt + -ly 1.] Natural to
or characteristic of an aunt: as, auntly bless-
ings; auntly affection. [Rare.] N. E. D.
aupaka (ä-ö-pâ’kä), m. [Hawaiian.] Isoden-
drion pyrifolium, a shrub of the violet family
with sweet-scented greenish-white flowers.
aur (our), n. [Assumed stem of Icel. aurar
(gen. auro, dat. awºrum), pl. of eyrir, (gen.
eyris, dat. and acc. eyri), an ounce of silver,
money in general, perhaps K. L. aurum, gold.]
A current subsidiary coin of Iceland, equiva-
lent to .27 of a cent or .01 of a krona.
aural, n. 4. [cap.] In Gr. myth., a personi-
fication of the lighter winds or breezes, the
divinities of the air. It was a subject frequently
Aurae from Terra Cotta Astragalus.
employed in Greek art. Pliny describes two marble
statues of Aurae sailing by aid of their garments. The so-
called Nereids of the famous Xanthian sepulchral monu-
ment in the British Museum are probably Aurae.—Intel-
lectual aura, a peculiar dreamy reminiscent mental
state preceding an epileptic attack.
aurally (ā’ral-i), adv. By means of the ear or
of audition ; in an auditory manner.
aura mine, m. The name is applied to two basic dye-
stuffs of the diphenyl-methane type. The older was dis-,
covered in 1883; the suffixes 0, I, and II indicate vari-
ous degrees of its purity and strength. The other, known
as awramine G, was discovered in 1892, and differs from
the former in that it contains a tolyl in place of a phenyl
group.
Aurantia screen, a collodion film dyed with aurantia
and used in orthochromatic photography. Woodbury,
Encyc. pict of Photog., p. 48. ſº
aurantiamarin (ā-ran-ti-am'a-rin), n. The
bitter constituent of the rind of bitter Orange
(Citrus Aurantium vulgaris).
aurantiin (ā-ran’ti-in), n. [aurantiſum) orange,
+
-in?..] Same as *maringin.
aurantine (à-ran'tin), n. I? ML. aurant(ium)
+ -ine?..] Same as abietene.
Auric acid, auric hydroxid, Au(HO)3.
aurichlorid (á-ri-klö’rid), n.
Auriculariales
aurifex
aurantium (ä-ran'shi-um), n.
aurantium, orange: see orange.] In bot., Same
as hesperidium.
Aureobasidium (ä’ré-à-bā-sid’i-um), n. [NL.
(Viala and Boyer, 1891), K.L. aureus, golden, +
NL. basidium.] A genus of simple basidiomy-
cetous fungi having a thin byssoid hymenial
layer and basidia bearing a variable number of
sterigmata with light-yellow cylindrical spores.
Only one species, A. vitis, is known; it is the cause of a
disease of the fruit and leaves of the grape in France.
See Ascald of grape.
aureole, n. 2. The zone of contact-meta-
morphism about an intrusive igneous mass.
It is equivalent to *contact-20me.
NL., KML.
It behaves as a
weak acid, forming with caustic potash potassium aurate,
an unstable substance which has been used in gilding.
[L. aurum, gold,
+ chlorid.] In chem., a double chlorid of gold
and some more electropositive metal or com-
pound radical, in which the gold exhibits triad
valence: as, for example, potassium aurichlorid
(KAuCl4).
auricle, n. 3. (d) pl. In the echinoids or sea-urchins
having dentary apparatus, a structure composed of ambu-
lacral processes and interambulacral ridges which to-
gether underlie the jaws and afford attachment for their
muscles: equivalent to perignathic girdle. (e) In lobate
ctenophorans, one of the elongated plate-bearing pro-
cesses found at the base of each of the four shorter swim-
ming-plates. (f) In Rotifera, one of a pair of lateral hol-
low ciliated pits on the body which can be everted to serve
as additional swimming-organs.—Cat's auricle, a con-
dition in the human subject in which the auricle is folded
Over on itself.—D inian auricle, a pointed auricle :
So called from the fact that Charles Darwin first called
attention to its evolutionary significance.—Wildermuth
auricle, a condition of the auricle in which the antihelix
is larger than the helix.
Auricular angle, in craniom., any angle formed by two
lines which meet at the center of the external auditory
meatus.-Auricular appendage or appendix. Same
as appendia awriculae (which see, under appendiz).-
Auricular crura. See Acrus.—Auricular height, in
crantom., the distance of the auricular point from the
horizontal plane tangent to the vertex.—Auricular in-
dex, the relation of the length of the external ear to its
breadth.-Auricular Septum. Same as septum awrie-
wlarum (which see, under Septum).-Auricular sinus.
Same as simus venosus (which see, under 8inus).—Auric-
ular tri le, a triangle formed by lines drawn be-
tween the tip of the auricle and the two extremities of
its base of insertion. -
auriculare (à-rik-i-lā’ré), n. In craniom., the
point above the middle of the auditory meatus
on the superior border of the external auditory
process. Von Török. *
auricularia, n. 3. [cap.] [NL. (Bulliard,
1786)..] A genus of fungi, type of the family
Auriculariaceae, having an irregular gelatinous
more or less ear-shaped sporocarp, with a
smooth or somewhat wrinkled hymenium. A.
Auricula-Judae is a common and widely distrib-
uted species. See Jew’s-ear.
Auriculariaceae (à-rik"il-lā-ri-ā'sé-é), n. pl.
[NL., K Auricularia + -aceae.] A family of
basidiomycetous fungi, belonging to the group
Protobasidiomycetes. Auricularia is the most
common and widely distributed genus.
(à-rik"il-lā-ri-ā’léz), m. pl.
NL., K Auricularia + -ales.] A small order
of basidiomycetous fungi including two fam-
ilies, the best-known being the Auriculariaceae.
auricularis, n. 2. One of the muscles at-
tached to the concha of the ear.
auriculately (à-rik’ī-lāt-li), adv. In an aurie-
ulate manner.
auriculation (ā-rik-i-lä'shgn), n. Tauriculate
+ -ion.] The development or possession of
ear-like projections, as in the shells of the
pelecypod mollusks.
auriculo-infraorbital (à-rik’ī-ló-in"frä-ór’bi-
tal), a. In craniom., relating to a plane pass-
ing through the upper borders of the auricular
foramina and the lower borders of the orbits,
accepted by German anthropologists as the
horizontal plane of the skull.
auriculospinal (à-riki-lô-spiºnal), a. Of or
pertaining to the auricular foramina and the
Spline. — Auriculospinal plane. Same as Camper's
plane (which see, under planel).
auricyanide (à-ri-si'a-nid), n., [L. aurum, gold,
+ E. cyanide..] In chem., a double cyanide of
gold and some more electropositive metal or
compound radical. It is distinguished from an auro-
cyanide by the fact that the gold in the latter exhib-
its monad Valence, whereas in an auricyanide the valence
is triad. For example, potassium aurocyanide (formed in
the important McArthur-Forrest process for the metal-
lurgical extraction of gold, and also largely used in elec-
trogilding), has the composition KAu(CN)2, while potas-
sium auricyanide is KAu(CN)4.
aurifex (à'ri-feks), n., [L. aurifex, Kaurum,
gold, F.ſacere, do, make.]_A worker in gold.
Athenæum, Aug. 30, 1862, p.276. [Rare.] N.E.D.

aurorium (à-ró' ri-um), ºv.
so that the perspective effect, which is called an auroral
arch, beam, or flash, shows corresponding symmetrical
periodical changes.
A hypothetic chem-
ical element the existence of which has been
supposed to be indicated by a particular line
observed by Angström in the spectrum of au-
roral light.
Still awaiting discovery by the fortunate spectroscopist
are the unknown celestial elements auror:wm, with a
characteristic line at 5,570.7, and nebulum, having two
bright lines at 5,007.05 and 4,959.02.
Sir W. Crookes, Address to the Brit. Assoc., 1898.
aurotin (ā’rö-tin), n. . [L. Gurum, gold,-F -t- +
-in?..] A mordant acid color of the triphenyl-
carbinol type. It dyes wool an orange-yellow.
aurotype º n. [L. aurum, gold, -t-
Gr. Titrog, type, J A photograph upon paperim-
pregnated with a solution of gold salt. Stand.
Dict.
aurulent (ā’rū-lent), a. [L.L. aurulentus, K L.
aurum, gold.] Gold-colored. Bailey. [Rare.]
Aurum mosaicum or musivum. (b) Stannic sulphid
or tin disulphid, Sn S2. This substance has been used to
rub over. the silk cushion of an electric machine. º
Ausgleich (ous'glićh), n. [G., a compromise,
Kausgleichen, make equal, even or smooth, bal-
ance, compromise, Kaus, out, H. gleichen, make
like or equal: see like?..] . In German or Aus-
trian politics, a compromise or agreement be-
tween conflicting parties; particularly an
agreement made in 1867 between Austria and
Hungary, renewable every ten years, by which
autonomy was granted to Hungary.
austenite (às' ten-it.), n. [Austen, a surname,
+ -ite?..] A constituent of steel, obtained by
quenching high carbon steel from a tempera-
ture of 1000°C. in a menstruum such as iced
brine, which will produce very rapid cooling.
It is probable that austenite is a true solid solution of
carbon in iron, and that martensite, troostite, and sorbite
are stages in the decomposition of the solid solution—
that is, are intermediate steps between austenite on the
one hand and pearlite on the other. On the subject of
the constituents of hardened steel there exists at the pres-
ent time a great deal of confusion in the nomenclature,
nor is it possible to say definitely what is the true nature
of any of these constituents.
austenitic (äs-te-nit'ik), a. Of, pertaining to,
or characteristic of austenite.
Except that the polyhedral or “aw8tenitic” type of struc-
ture has never been obtained alone in a pure carbon steel,
the types of the high-speed tool steels might all be ob-
tained from pure iron carbon steels by appropriate ther-
mal treatment. The austenitic structure appears to be
that of the nose of the tool in actual use.
Nature, May 18, 1905, p. 69.
Austin limestone. See *limestone.
austral, a. 2. [cap.] Of or pertaining to the
great group of islands in the southern hemi-
sphere of which New Zealand, Tasmania, and
the continental island of Australia are the
chief; Australasian.—Austral continent, the sup-
posed continent in the South-polar region.—Austral-
#. English as spoken in Australia and New Zea-
land, its distinguishing features being a certain number
of English words and phrases and names of animals and
plants used with Australian applications, a number of
slang terms and idioms, and, finally, a considerable
number of Words from the native Australian and Maori
languages. E. E. Morris, Austral English, p. xi.
Australian ballot. See wballot.—Australian blight.
Same as kangiomewrotic edema.—Australian brome-
ass. See khrome-grass.-Australian harebell.
same, as Tasmanian *bluebell.—Australian ladybug.
See Aladybug.—Australian region, a zoögeographic
division including Australia, Tasmania, and the immedi-
ate adjacent islands. By some authorities it is extended
to include New Guinea.
Australic (äs-träſlik), a. Same as Australioid.
tralia.] The name given by Wedgewood in
1790 to a supposed new chemical element. The
sand from Australia in which it was believed to be pres-
ent proved on more careful examination to contain only
substances already well known. The name Sydnetwm.
was proposed as a synonym. * * * tº-
austraterebinthene (àS"tra-ter-É-bin/thēn), n.
[Austra(lene) + terebinth -- -ene.] Same as
australene. See *pineme.
aqustriacum (äs-tri' a-kum), n. [NL., K Aus-
triacus, adj., K Austria, Austria.] The name
proposed by Brauner (of Prague, Austria) for
a hypothetic chemical element of high atomic
weight, of the probable presence of which in
tellurium as hitherto known he supposed he
had found some evidence. If really present this
would serve to explain the failure of tellurium, with its
usually accepted atomic weight, to fall into its proper
place in the periodic classification of the elements.
Austrian brome-grass, cinnabar.
*brome-grass, *cinnabar.
austrium (äs' tri-um), n. [NT., K Austria, Aus-
tria.] The name proposed in 1886 by Linnemann
for a supposed new chemical element which
he believed he had found in the mineral orthite.
It proved to be identical with gallium. In 1900 Pribram
See
author
aurification
aurification (à"ri-fi-kä'shgn), n. [L. aurum,
gold, F -ficare, Kfacere, make.] 1. The work-
ing of gold; goldsmith’s work.—2. The stop-
ping or filling of teeth with gold. Times (Lon-
don), Feb. 2, 1881. [Rare.] N. E. D.
aurochlorid, aurochloride (à-rö-klö’rid), m.
[L. aurum, gold, + E. chlorid.] In chem., a
double chlorid of gold and some more electro-
positive metal or compound radical in which
the gold exhibits monad valence, as, for ex-
ample, potassium aurochlorid (KAuCl2).
auroduct (à'rö-dukt), n., [L. aura (KGr, aipa),
air, + ductus, duct.] The central canal of an
aurophore.
auronect (ā’rö-nekt), n. One of the Awromecta!.
Auronectae (à-rö-nek’té), m. pl. [NL., KGr.
aipa, air in motion, + väktmg, a swimmer.] A
section or other group of siphonanthous Sipho-
mophora, having a large pneumatophore, a co-
roma of nectocalyxes, and a network of canals
in the jelly of the thickened trunk. The sipho-
some is rounded in shape. They are deep-sea
forms.
aurophore (à’rī-fôr), n. [Gr, aipa, air in mo-
tion, +-popog, Kºpeiv, bear.]. In Siphomophora,
an appendage to the pneumatocyst, containing
a central tube which puts the cavity of the
pneumatocyst in communication with the ex-
terior; possibly it serves as a gas-secreting
gland.
aurora, n. 5. In elect., an electric glow-dis-
charge, appearing at very high voltages and
somewhat resembling the aurora borealis.
It first appears as a blue glow at surfaces and especially
at points; at higher electric pressures or voltages pink
streamers issue, which gradually lengthen with increas-
ing voltage until ultimately a disruptive spark occurs.
See electric spark. Also called corona.-Aurora, belt,
the belt of maximum auroral frequency extending from
Alaska to the southern part of Canada, thence east to
Labrador, northeast to northern Sweden and Norway,
and east over Siberia to the starting-point. *
Auroral arch, an arch of auroral light, usually Symmet-
rical with reference to the magnetic meridian. Some-
times several concentric arches are seen, separated by
diffuse light ; below the lowest arch is a dark space
(the “dark segment'), but above the highest arch the
light gradually fades away toward the zenith. Every
effort that has been made to determine the altitude of
these sharply defined arches has only accumulated more
evidence to show that no two persons see the same arch,
and that the whole phenomenon is some form of per-
spective illusion.—Auroral beams, straight beams or
bars of auroral light, usually perpendicular to the auroral
arch, but often visible alone when the arch is not well
formed or when it is entirely below the horizon.—Auro-
ral corona, an arrangement of Small auroral beams
symmetrically surrounding a central point that lies in
the direction of the freely suspended magnetic needle.
Within the corona thus formed only faint diffuse light, if
any, prevails. The small beams (“daggers” or “swords”
forming the corona generally have a movement towar
the center. The whole phenomenon is a perspective
illusion ; the beams of light are really parallel to each
other and moving away from the observer; perspectively
they point and move toward their vanishing-point.—
Auroral distribution, the distribution of auroral fre-
quency over the earth's surface. It was first shown by
Fritz that a zone of maxinuum auroral frequency passes
in an irregular way through southern Canada, Iceland,
northern Norway, and Sweden around the north pole.
Observers north of this belt see the aurora to the South
of them rather than to the north. The aurora is very
rarely seen at stations within thirty degrees of the
equator, and it is less frequent at any latitude in the
southern than in the northern hemisphere. The gen-
eral distribution of auroras is shown by charts of auroral
isochasmic lines.—Auroral flashes, variations in bright-
ness of the auroral light: the beams and rays usually
grow longer and broader as they brighten ; Specifically,
the upward flashing movement of the short beams or
spots of light which form the auroral corona.-Auroral
glory, an auroral corona; auroral beams encircling a
small region of the sky and pointing or converging to-
ward its center. Soe corona.—Auroral needles, the
finest elementary lines of auroral light. The appa-
rent character of the perspective phenomena, such
as arches, drapery, coronae, waves, and diffuse light,
depends upon the varying arrangements of the auroral
needles.—Auroral period. (a) The season of frequent
auroras. (b) The length of time elapsing between suc-
cessive maxima or minima of auroral displays, as the
diurnal, the annual, the sun-spot, and the 55-year period.
The last is possibly equivalent to 5 sun-spot periods.
See kauroral periodicity.—Auroral periodicity, the
periodic changes in brightness and frequency ºf the
auroral display. Such changes are more frequent
at 9 or 10 P. M., which indicate a diurnal maximum;
they are more frequent in certain months of the
year (after allowance is made for the interruptions by
moonshine and by twilight), the annual maximum oc-
curring in September; they are also more frequent in or
near the years of maximum Sun-Spot frequency.—Auro-
ral waves, local periodic variations in brightness run-
ning rapidly along each auroral beam or converging
from all directions toward the center of an auroral
corona. When only, a single beam crosses the sky it
sometimes appears broken up into individual parts,
auroral clouds, or transverse striae, each of which has a
rapid progressive motion along, the beam: . It seems
likely that the lines or needles of auroral light, are ar-
ranged in obedience to magnetic or electric influences,
and that when the latter undergo rapid disturbances, as
in magnetic storms, the lines of light are also influenced,
announced that he had found spectroscopic evidence of
the presence in orthite of traces of another new element,
not that of Linnemann, to which it was proposed that the ,
name aw8trium should be transferred. To prevent con-
fusion the latter has been distinguished as austrium II.
austrocentral (äs-trö-sen'tral), a. [L. auster,
south wind, + centrum, center, ---all.] Of the
south-central region.
Austro-Hungarian (ās"trö-hung-gā’ri-an), a.
Of or ś to Austria-Hungary.
Austronesian (äs-trö-nē’sian), .a. [L. auster,
the south (wind), + Gr. viñoog, island.] Same
as Malay-Polynesian.
Father Schmidt rejects Müller's idea that the Polyne-
sians were the first, the Melanesians a second, section of
the migration represented by the oceanic peoples, but
accepts that part of his theory which sees in the Melame-
sians a mixed race sprung from the Papuan aborigines
and Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) immigrants.
Amer. Anthropologist, Jan.-March, 1903, p. 164.
austro-occidental (äs-tró-ok-Si-den’tal), a. Of
the southwestern region.
austro-oriental (äs-trö-ó-ri-en’tal), a. Of the
[L.
southeastern region,
austroriparian (ā-strö-ri-pā’ri-àn), a.
auster, the south (wind), + riparius, riparian.]
Pertaining to or situated on the southern bank
or border; specifically, belonging to the austro-
riparian area : as, an austroriparian species,
the austroriparian fauna. See *area.
It was early shown by the division that the Awstrori-
arian is the direct continuation of the arid Lower
Sonoran fauna of the table-land of Mexico and the south-
western United States, and that this same fauna belt
occupies the interior valley of California and most of the
peninsula of Lower California.
Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1894, p. 208.
Austroriparian zone. Same as awstroriparian karea.
ausubo (ou-so (bö), n, [W. Ind. native name.]
The name in Porto Rico of the West Indian
mastic-tree, Sideroaxylon foetidissimum. Its
timber is the most important and widely used
on the island, being noted for its great du-
rability,
autº (ā’tärk), n. ... [LGr. airapyog, an auto-
crat, noun use of Gr. atrapzog, self-ruling:
see awtarchy.] An absolute ruler. [Rare.]
autarchic (à-tärſkik), a. . [autarchy + -ic.]
Of or pertaining to autarchy; specifically, per-
taining to a stage of social evolution in which
groups are held together in larger wholes in-
voluntarily and by force. Amer. Jour. Sociol.,
Jan., 1901, p. 505.
autarith (ä'ta-rith), n. [Irreg. K. Gr. airóg,
self, + apt0(uóg), number.] An automatic
calculating-machine capable of performing the
four fundamental arithmetical operations of
adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing.
Buttons are moved by the operator along certain slots
corresponding to the figures with which the operation
is to be performed. All further movements are effected
automatically through the action of a weight or spring-
motor which supplies the requisite energy. Sci. Amer.
Sup., Feb. 21, 1903, p. 22,689.
aute (ā’ö-tā), m. [Maori and Tahitian.]. A
name in Tahiti and New Zealand of the paper-
mulberry, Papyrius papyrifera. See Brous-
Sometia.
Auteupuccinia (à"-tū-puk-sin'i-á), n. [NL.
K Gr. airóg, self, -- ei, well (good), + Puccinia.j
The name applied by De Bary to a section of
the genus Puccinia characterized by having
the spermagonia, aecidia, uredospores, and te-
leutospores borne on the same host-plant.
authenticater, authenticator (Ā-then’ti-kā-
têr, -tor), m. One who authenticates a docu-
ment, statement, fact, or the like, or estab-
lishes or guarantees its genuineness, validity,
or credibility.
authigenetic (ä'thi-jë-net'ik), a. See *authi-
€7000.
*igenic (à-thi-jen’ik), a. [Gr. aiffiyevåg, born
on the spot, Kaith, there, H-yevåg, -born.]. Origi-
nating where found: applied to the minerals
of an igneous or metamorphic rock which
have crystallized in place, as contrasted with
the fragments of prečxisting rocks which form
the sediments. Also awthigenetic and awthige-
mous. Geikie, Text-book of Geol., p. 90.
authigenous (à-thijſe-nus), a. See *authigemic.
author, n. 7. pl. A game of cards played
with a special pack bearing the names of au-
thors and their works. The pack is dealt out one at
a time as far as it will go for the players engaged. The
one on the left of the dealer begins by asking any player
he chooses for a card of the same denomination as one
in his hand, naming the suit he wants. If the player
asked has it he must give it up, and the same player may
ask again; if he has not the card it becomes his turn to
ask. As soon as any player gets four of the same de-
nomination (a “book ) he lays them aside. The winner is
the one who lays aside the greatest number of ‘books,
in this way.—Author's proof. See kproof. -
author-catalogue
author-catalogue, author-catalog (à'th9r-
kat'a-log), n. A library catalogue in which
the books are arranged alphabetically accord-
ing to authors.
authorcraft (ä'th9r-kraft), n. The craft of
the author; the exercise of the skill of an au-
thor; authorship: as, “the mysteries of author-
Craft,” Scott, Antiquary, xiv.
author-entry (ä'th9r-en/tri), n. In library-
Cataloguing, the entry of a book under the
name of the author, as distinct from a subject-
entry.
authorially (à-thū’ri-al-i), adv. As an author;
after the manner of an author or writer of
books.
I was, authorially speaking, behind the door.
Tupper, Twins, p. 170. [Rare.] N. E. D.
authorish §...} a. [author + -īshl.]
Somewhat like an author.
Yet it hath an authorish twang about it.
Damb, Final Mem., p. 257.
authorized (á'th9r-izd), p. a. 1. Duly em-
powered: as, an authorized agent.— 2. For-
mally sanctioned by those having the right or
power to sanction, as a reprint or translation
of 3 book: as, an authorized edition; the aw-
thorized version of the Bible. Also authorised.
authorless (ä'th9r-les), a. [author + -less.]
1. Of unknown or unadmitted authorship;
anonymous: as, an authorless rumor.
As I am not ignorant, so I ought to be sensible of the
false aspersions some authorless tongues have laid upon
me. Mrs. T. Sackville, Guardian, Aug. 13, 1713, No. 133.
2. That never had an author; unoriginated
# any one ; uncreated. Fitzedward Hall,
indu Philos. Syst., p. 64–3. Without au-
thors or writers: as, “an interval of authorless
years,” B. Wheatley. [Rare.] N. E. D.
author-number (à’ thqr-num "bér), n. The
number which, when appended to the initial
letter of an author's name, is used throughout
a library catalogue to represent that name:
for example, F54 for John Fiske, I'87 for E.
A. Freeman, etc.
authotype (à(thà-tip), n. [Appar. an error for
autotype. Confused with author.] In print-
ing: (a) The printed facsimile of a signature
or design. (b) The block or plate by which
the facsimile is produced.
autic (ā’tik), a. [aut(o)3 + -ic.] Of, pertain-
ing to, or consisting of autos or real existences.
We should also bear in mind that behind and above
the great universe of natural objects, and the true cause
of all the rest, stands the autic universe.
G. J. Stoney, reprinted in Smithsonian Report, 1899,
[p. 221.
auto2 (ā’tó), n. A colloquial abbreviation of
automobile; a motor-car. Amer. Inventor, Feb.
15, 1904, p. 79,
autoğ (ā’tó), m.; pl. autos (-tóz). [A detached
use of auto-.] A real existence; what actually
exists, in contradistinction to what only appar-
ently exists.
An auto, then, is a thing that really exists and in no
wise depends on the way we, human minds, may happen
to regard it. Our impressions or beliefs about it may be
correct or may be erroneous, but the term auto means
the thing itself.
G. J. Stoney, Proc. Roy, Dub. Soc., VI. (N.S.) 478, 1896.
auto-abstract (à-tö-ab'strakt), m. A summary
or abstract of an address or communication, as
before a learned society, prepared by the
speaker himself for insertion in the printed
proceedings. Nature, LXVII. 253.
auto-active (à-tó-akºtiv), a. Self-active or
self-acting: as, awto-active minds.
auto-anticoherer (à"tó-an-ti-kó-hér’ér), n. In
elect., an anticoherer which recovers spontan-
eously. See *anticoherer.
auto-anticomplement (à"tó - an -ti-kom’plé-
ment), n. An anticomplement which is formed
within the same body against its own comple-
ments. See *complement, 8.
Autobasidii (à"tó-bā-sid’i-i), m. pl. [NL., pl.
of adj. from autobasidium.] Same as *Auto-
basidiomycetes.
Autobasidiomycetes (ä"tº-bā-sid’i-Ö-mi-sé’
těz), n. pl. . [NL., KGr, airóg, self, -F Basidio-
mycetes.] A group of Basidiomycetes having
unicellular basidia with sterigmata borne at
the apex which produce a single spore. Also
Autobasidii.
autobasidium (ä'tū-bā-sid’i-um), m. ; pl. auto-
basidia (-3). [NL., KGr. airóg, self, Ł basidium
(which see).] A simple basidium without sep-
tation, as in the Autobasidiomycetes:
autobiografer, n. A simplified spelling of auto-
biographer.
autobiografy, n. A simplified spelling of auto-
-biography.
autobiographal (3/tº-bi-og'ra-fal), a. Same
as autobiographical. "[Rare.]." N. E. D.
autoboat (3'tó-bót"), n. A boat equipped with
an automobile engine which, by virtue of its
ability to make many more revolutions per
minute than the regular marine type of engine,
gives a high rate of speed. The first regular auto-
boat race in America took place on May 30, 1904, under
the charge of the Manhasset Bay Yacht Club of New
York. See ºmotorboat.
autoboating (ā‘tº-bót'ing), n. The sailing or
navigation of an autoboat for pleasure or rec-
reation.
autobolide (3-tº-bê-léd), n. . [F. *autobolide
Gr. airróg, self, + Božíg (Božić-), a missile.j
An automobile car designed to be projected
through the air from a specially constructed
track: an exhibition of daring devised in
France. The car and operator descend a steep ačrial
incline which curves inward, and backward at the foot.
The car is held from falling by guard-rails as it turns up-
side down at the foot of the incline. The stored momen-
tum of the car sends it across an air-gap in the track, and
a counter-weight under the car causes it to turn a half-
Somersault in the air, landing against a curved surface
which F. into a gentle incline on which the car, now
right side up, is gradually retarded until it runs easily off
on the ground and is brought to rest. The track is less
than 200 feet long, and the act occupies about 4 seconds.
autobus (ā’tó-bus"), n. [auto- + bus.] An
automobile omnibus; a vehicle propelled by
its own motor and capable of carrying a dozen
or more passengers.
autocar (ā’tó-kār), n. [auto(-mobile) + car.]
1. An automobile car; a car which contains
in itself a motor with its source of power.—2.
A trade-name of a special form of motor-car.
autocarette (ā’tó-kā-ret’), n. [auto- + carette.]
A commercial name for a type of motor-
driven omnibus or wagonette used in cities.
autocarpous, a. (b) Self-fruiting, that is, fruit-
ing as the result of self-fertilization.
autocarpy (äſtö-kār-pi), n.,...[NL. ‘autocarpia,
K. Gr. autókapiroc, self-fructifying, K. Gr. airóg,
self, -- Kapıſög, fruit.] The condition of self-
fruiting, or fruiting as the result of self-fer-
tilization.
autocarriage (ā’tö-kar-āj), 'm. [auto- + car-
Tiage.] A motor-driven vehicle or motor-car,
usually of the pleasure-vehicle class and car-
Tying more than two persons.
autocatalysis (ā’tö-ka-tal’i-sis), n. [auto- +
catalysis.] In phys. chem., the catalytic action
of a complex substance upon itself, in which
one of its functions accelerates the velocity
of reaction of another function.
autocatalytic (ā’tö-kat-a-lit'ik), a. In phys.
chem., acting by autocatalysis, or exhibiting
the phenomenon of autocatalysis.
autochore (ā’tó-kör), n. [Gr. airóg, self, --
2 opeiv, spread abroad.] In phytogeog., a plant
distributed by its own motility: applied to the
same plants as mastigospore, but in a different
sense. F. E. Clements.
autochrome (à’tó-kröm), a. [Gr. airóg, self,
+ xpópla, color.] A term applied to the Lu-
mière process of color *photography (which
see). The Century, Jan., 1908, p. 326.
autochthon, n. 3. That element or portion of
the fauna of a given region which has descended
directly from animals which occupied the re-
gion at a much earlier period: contrasted with
heterochthon.
autochthonous, a. 3. In petrol., noting rocks
which have originated in situ, such as peat,
rock-salt, and stalagmitic limestone; also ap-
lied to constituent minerals of rocks which
ave crystallized in the place they now occupy.
Autochthonous materials are contrasted with
the ºchanically derived particles of clastic
I'OG KS.
autoclastic (à-tū-klas’tik), a. [Gr. airóc, self,
+ otóg, K KAdv, break..] In geol., noting a
fragmental rock produced by dynamic crushing
or granulation, without loss of cohesion: con-
trasted with sediments the particles of which
eome from a distance.
Another term, “autoclastic,” introduced by American
writers and frequently used in this memoir, might with
advantage be changed to “authiclastic” (= brecciated in
situ). Nature, April 16, 1903, p. 555.
autoclave, n. 2. A form of digester in which
mixtures of chemicals can be safely heated
under great pressure: largely used in the man-
ufacture of coal-tar dyestuffs.-3. A device
for the sterilization by steam under pressure of
bacterial cultures or culture media, milk, and
other substances.
autodiagnostic
autocoherer (ā’tó-kö-hër’ér), n. [auto- + co-
herer..] In elect., a coherer which spontane-
ously recovers its resistance after the passing
of the electric wave. See *coherer.
autocolony (ā‘tº-kol-5-ni), n. [auto- + colony.]
In bot., the union in the form of a colony of
Autocolony.
Caelastrum sphaericum, Nāg. ; large coenobia giving rise to
daughter-coenobia (autocolonies).
Freshwater Algae.”)
X 475.) (From West's “British
several autospores at the time of their expul-
SIOIl.
autoconduction (ā’tó-kgn-duk'shgn), n. [auto-
+ conduction.] A method of employing high-
frequency currents by placing the part to be
acted upon within the solenoid, but not in
direct connection with the circuit.
autoconverter (à"tó-kgn-vèr’tēr), n. See
*autotransformer.
autocopyist (à-tó-kop’i-ist), m. [Gr. airóg,
self, -H copyist.] In photog., a simplified method
of printing from sheets of bichromated gelatin
in an ordinary letter-copying press.
autocratress (à-tokºra-tres), n. A female auto-
crat; an autoGratrix.
autocriticism (ä-tó-kTitſi-sizm), m. Criticism
of one's self or of one’s own productions; self-
criticism.
autocycle (ā’tó-si-kl), n. [auto- + cycle.] 1.
The trade-name of a combination of two tan-
dem bicycles side byside, between which are the
tanks and appliances appropriate to a chemical
fire-extinguisher, and a propelling motor. The
saddles of the bicycles will carry four men, and
the motor will propel the machine at high
speed. See also "autoquadricycle.—2. Same
as "motor-cycle.
autocytolysin (ā’tó-si-tol’i-sin), n. . [Gr. airtóg,
self, 4 kirog, a hollow (a cell), + Aſſoc, disso-
lution, + -in?..] Same as *autolysin.
autocytolytic (ā’tó-si-tº-lit'ik), a. [auto-
cytolysis(-lyt-) + -ic.] Of or pertaining to the
destruction of cells by cytotoxins produced in
the body of the same animal.
Just what the agencies are under which in normal living
tissues cells are protected from the action of the auto-
cytolytic substances is not yet clear.
Med. Record, Feb. 14, 1903, p. 247.
autocytotoxin (ā-tó-si-tº-tok’sin), m. [auto- +
cytotoacin..] A cytotoxin produced in the body
of an animal against its own cells. The for-
mation of such bodies is rare, but it seems to
occur at times. See *autohemolysin.
In a few instances autocytotoacims for blood-cells have
been produced. Science, May 2, 1902, p. 697.
autodermalium (ä'tó-dér-mā‘li-um), n. ; pl.
autodermalia(-ā). [NL., K. Gr. at Tóg, self, +
Öépua, skin: see dermal.] In sponges, one of the
spicules which support the dermal membrane.
They are usually hexactinal or pentactinal, with 4 similar
rays lying embedded in the nembrane and with the axial
cross placed within the latter. Compare hypodermale.
Autodetus (à-tod’é-tus), m. [Gr. airóði Tog,
self-bound, Kairóg, self, -H *óstóg, K Öeiv, bind.]
A genus of tubicolous annelids which make a
regularly spiral tube attached by the apical
whorls: erroneously regarded by some authors
as gastropod mollusks. The species are all
extinct and are found in Silurian and Devonian
formations.
autodiagnosis (ā’tö-di-ag-nó’sis), n. [auto- +
diagnosis.] Diagnosis of one’s own disease or
state of health.
autodiagnostic (à"tº-di-ag-nos’tik), a. [auto-
+ diagnostic.] Relating to or effecting auto-
diagnosis.
The same hand must not be used for autodiagnostic
purposes all the time, but it is advisable to change hands
methodically, using the right hand at one séance, and
the left at another. Åſed. Record, ixitſ, ièg

autodifferentiation
autodifferentiation (ā’tö-dif-e-renº shi-ā’- autogravure (à"tó-grä-vir"), n.
shgn), n. In biol., differentiation produced by
intrinsic causes or due to conditions resident
in the organism. A. W. Trettien, Amer. Jour.
Psychol., XII. p. 25.
autodigestion (ā"tº-di-jestygn), n., [auto- +
digestion.] Digestion by the gastric juice of
portions of the mucous membrane of the
stomach which have lost their vitality. See
*autolysis.
autodrome (äſtö-dröm), n. ſº. + -drome,
as in hippodrome. Cf. Gr. airóðpopog, running of
itself, Kaitóg, self, + -ópouog, Kópapeiv, run.]
A circus or course for the running of auto-
mobiles, especially for speeding or racing.
autoecious, a. 2. In mycol., passing through
all its stages of development on the same host,
as certain species of the genus Puccinia.
autoecism (ä-té'sizm), m. [autoec(ious) + -ism.]
The state or condition of an autoecious para-
site.
auto-epigraph (3-tº-ep’i-graf), n. [auto- +
epigraph..] An epigraph written by the subject
of it; an inscription composed by one's self
for one's own tomb or monument.
auto-erotism (ä"tó-e-rot'izm), n. [auto- +
erot(ic) + -ism..] A form of sexual perversion
in which the presence or thought of another
person is not necessary to arouse desire.
autogamic (à-tó-gam'ik), a... 1. In bot.; of, per-
taining to, or exhibiting self-fertilization.—2.
In biol., of or pertaining to the pairing or
mating of like with like.
Pearson adds, “Variations do not occur accidentally,
or in isolated instances; autogamic and assortative mat-
ing are realities.”
T. H. Morgan, Evol. and Adapt., p. 269.
Autogamic mating. See kmating.
autogamy, n. 2. In biol., the pairing or mat-
ing of like with like.
autogastralium (ä"tó-gas-trä'li-um), n. ; pl.
autogastralia (-ā). [Gr. airóg, self, H- gastralis,
gastral. Cf. gastralium.] One of the spicules
which support the gastral membrane in
sponges. Also gastralium.
autogen (ā’tó-jen), n. [Gr. airtoyevſc, self-
produced.] A self-sustaining organism, as
contrasted with one that is dependent upon
others. [Rare.]
The broadest distinction that can be named is that
which separates the manufacturing organisms from the
non-manufacturing organisms, the awtogen from the
parasite. L. F. Ward, Dynamic Sociol., I. 412.
autogeneric (à"tó-jë-ner'ik), a... [auto- + gen-
eric. J Pertaining to other individuals of the
same living type : used by K. Pearson in such
phrases as autogeneric influence, autogeneric
selection, etc.
autogenetic, a. 2. In phys, geog., pertaining to
a stream of which the course has not been de-
termined by the slope of the original surface
of the land. — Autogenetic drainage, drainage
(streams) of which the course has not been determined
by the original surface of the land. Such streams are
characteristic of many plains and of the valley-sides of
master-streams. – Autogenetic topography, land re-
lief which has been produced by the work of autogenetic
streams. .
autogenic, a. 2. Same as *authigemic.
Autogenous soldering. This process is now carried out
with metals, in addition to the older methods, by means
of the oxyacetylene blowpipe and of the aluminothermy
of Goldschmidt.—Autogenous valley, a valley formed
by an autogenetic stream.
autograf, a., n., and v. t. A simplified spelling
of autograph.
autogram (ä’tó-gram), n. [Gr. airóg, self, +
ypáppua, writing.] 1. A telegraphic message
sent and received in the handwriting of the
sender. See telautograph.-2. An autograph.
Autograph recorder, a time-recording device which,
when the autograph of an arriving or leaving employee
is inscribed on a tape or tablet, simultaneously records
the time of the inscription.
autographism (ā’tó-gräf-ism), n. . [As auto-
graph + -ism.). A condition in which tracings
made on the skin with the end of a stick or
other hard object persist for a time as eleva-
tions on the surface; dermographism.
autographize (äſtö-gra-fiz), v. i.; pret, and
pp. autographized, ppr. autographizing. . [auto-
graph + -ize.] To collect autographs. Dibdin.
[Rare.] N. E. D.
autographizer (ā’tó-gra-fi"zér), n. One who
is engaged in making a collection of auto-
graphs. Dibdin. [Rare.] N. E. D.
autographometer (ā’tó-gra-fom’e-tèr), n. [Gr,
airóſpañoc, self-written, + pérpov, measure.] autoist (Āſtā-ist), n.
An instrument which registers the topography
of surfaces over which it is rolled.
autoharp (ä’tó-hărp), n.
autohemolysin (ā’tó-hē-mol’i-sin), n.
autohemolysis (ā’tó-hë-mol’i-sis), m.
autohypnosis (à"tó-hip-nó’sis), n.
autoh
autohypnotism (ä-tó-hip’ng-tizm), m.
auto-immunit
autoing (ā’tó-ing), m.
[awto- + F.
gravure, K graver, engrave, record..] A photo-
mechanical modification of the etching process.
The º; of a bituminous ground on copper is fol-
lowed by the transfer of a photographic image from a
reversed transparency, etching being accomplished by
solutions of ferric chlorid. Woodbwry, Encyc. Dict. of
Photog., p. 49.
º [auto- + harp.] . A
musical instrument of the zither class, having
across the strings several bars provided with
projecting dampers so arranged that when one
of the bars is pressed down all strings are
damped or rendered mute except those of some
articular chord. By supplying such bars for a num-
er of chords usually required in simple accompani-
ments, the instrument is made usable for convenient
arpeggio effects with but little technical knowledge or
skill on the part of the player. A h
€-
molysin directed against the red corpuscles of
the same individual.
Eſemol-
ysis referable to the action of autohemolysins.
It is of rare occurrence. Also autohaemolysis.
Some observations are recorded in which, after profuse
internal hemorrhage, haematuria has developed, indicat-
ing the possibility of autohaemolysis under special condi-
tions. Med. Record, Feb. 14, 1903, p. 247.
autohemolytic (ā’té-hem-3-lit'ik), a. Refer-
Also
[auto- +
hypnosis.] Self-induced hypnotic trance.
notic (à"tó-hip-not'ik), a. and n. I.
a. Relating to or of the nature of autohypnosis.
II. m. One who has the power to put him-
self into the hypnotic state.
ring to the action of autohemolysins.
awtoháºmolytic.
[auto-
+ hypnotism.] Self-induced hypnotism.
auto Yºlº (à-tó-hip"nó-ti-ză'shgn),
The
??, induction of hypnosis by autosugges-
tion ; self-hypnotizing.
The conduct of our witch-burning ancestors now be-
comes intelligible, a step on the way to being pardonable.
With their methods and inherited prejudices, they could
scarcely have reasoned otherwise than they did in certain
cases of hysteria and autohypnotization.
Encyc. Brit., XXXII. 53.
(ā’tó-i-mü’ni-ti), n. [auto- +
&mmunity.] Immunity acquired through dis-
ease, or congenital, as distinguished from that
effected by the injection of prophylactic se-
I’ll IOOlS.
auto-immunization º.º.º.º. 7?.
The immunization of an animal with cells or
cellular products derived from the same ani-
mal. The resulting adaptation-products are toxic for
the same cells which gave rise to their formation. Such
an occurrence is rare. See kautohemolysin.
auto-infection (ā’tó-in-fek'shgn), n. Self-
infection; infection of the body from within,
in contradistinction to exogenic infection ; the
act whereby an organism infects itself with
parasites, as sometimes happens, in cases of
tapeworm, pinworms, bacterial diseases, etc.
Some are short-lived, and from knowledge of their life
history one may conclude that they are not likely to be
met with in large numbers, while in other cases awto-in-
fection renders a considerable increase in numbers prob-
able as is the case with the pinworms, Oxyuris vermi-
cularis, or threatens to infest the host with dangerous
larval stages as in the pork tapeworm, Taenia Solium.
Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., Nov. 1903, p. 111.
The use of automobiles
for business or pleasure traveling.
auto-intoxication (ā’tó-in-tok-Si-kä'shgn), n.
Poisoning with substances produced within the
body; systemic poisoning by toxic material
formed within one's own body during the pro-
cess of intestinal digestion, or by the waste
products of metabolism.
The common starting-point of awto-intoſcication theories
is the influence of certain products of decomposition of
living substance upon the continuance of cell-activity.
H. H. Foster; Amer. Jour. Psychol., XII. 160.
[auto +,-ist.] One who
owns, uses, or runs an ‘auto’ or automobile.
Sci. Amer. LXXXVIII. 134.
autokinesis (ā’tö-ki-nē’sis), n.
autºimiti. (ā’tö-lim-nit'ik), a.
autologist (ä-tol’é-jist), n.
autolysis (ā-tol’i-sis), n.
autolysis
[See autoki-
hysiol, spontaneous motion.
[Gr. airóg,
self, -H, Aiuvn, lake, -- -it-ic.] Floating or
swimming in fresh water and confined to the
superficial layer of water. See *bathylimnitic,
*limnitic, *zonolimnitic. Haeckel (trans.)
Planktonic Studies, p. 580.
nesy.]
g One who is en-
gaged in the scientific study of self. See
awtology.
autoluminescence (à"tó-lü-mi-nes’ ºns), m.
The spontaneous emission of light. See *lu-
77%ineScence.
Of more popular interest was Prof. George F. Barker's
“Note on Radio-activity and Autolwmimescence.”
Sci. Amer., May 7, 1904, p. 366.
autoluminescent (à "tº-lii-mi-nes’ ent), n.
[auto- + luminescent.] Capable of emitting
luminous rays spontaneously and without ex-
citation from other bodies: said of the so-
called radioactive substances. See *lumi-
726SC677 Cé.
autolysin (à-tol’i-sin), n. [autolysis + -in?..]
A lysin which will cause the dissolution of
cells in the body of the animal in which it is
formed. The formation of such bodies is
rare. Also awtocytolysin.
[Gr. airóg, self, +
Aígig, dissolution.] Self-dissolution; in phys-
tol., self-digestion; autodigestion. Until re-
cently it was generally held that the only ferments oc-
curring in the animal body were the common ferments
of the digestive secretions, and that cellular digestion,
in contradistinction to gastro-intestinal digestion, was
referable to the peculiar activity of living protoplasm.
Salkowski, however, demonstrated as early as 1890 that
liver-tissue, when finely minced and kept in saturated
chloroform water, will undergo changes which are mani-
festly analogous to those occurring during pancreatic
digestion. For this form of tissue-digestion Salkowski
proposed the term awtodigestion, and he suggested that
probably the process was referable to the action of fer-
ments contained in the liver-cells which were liberated
after the death of the latter by the chloroform. Similar
changes could be demonstrated in the case of muscle-
tissue. Other investigators, while admitting that auto-
digestion of organs does occur, explaimed the phenome-
non on the basis of a supposed absorption of gastro-in-
testinal zymogens and their transformation into the cor-
responding enzyms by the chloroform. This view has
been definitely abandoned, it having been satisfactorily
demonstrated that Salkowski's interpretation of the pro-
cess of autodigestion, or awtolysis, as it is now more
commonly termed, is correct, and that cellular digestion
is undoubtedly referable to intracellular ferment-action.
This is in accord with observations made in vegetable
physiology, where it had already been shown that the
transformation of starch in developing seeds, in tubers,
and in rhizomes was referable to an intracellular dias-
tase, and that the solution of glucosides and fats was de-
pendent upon the action of enzyms. Nevertheless the
full import of intracellular ferment-action was not fully
recognized until Büchner showed that even though fer-
ments cannot be extracted from all dead cells by ordi-
nary means, they can be demonstrated after the destruc-
tion of the cell-envelop by high pressure, by repeated
freezing and thawing, etc. These researches, which
were essentially conducted with yeast-cells, and led to
the discovery of the intracellular zymose, are now clas-
sical. In their general behavior the intracellular auto-
lytic ferments are similar to the common digestive fer-
ments. Here, as there, are proteolytic ferments, diastatic
ferments, and lipolytic ferments. There is, however
a greater multiplicity; for in certain cells is recognize
the existence also of oxidizing ferments, of ferments
which are capable of causing the cleavage of nucleins, of
Others which can transform amido-acids into amides,
and of still others which are capable of splitting off carbon
dioxid from certain bodies, etc. Apparently we are only
On the threshold of knowledge of these ferments, the
number of which in a single cell may be remarkable, as
in the liver-cell, where at least 12 different ferments,
side by side, have been demonstrated. Autolytic pro-
teolysis is strictly analogous to peptic and tryptic diges-
tion, but it is noteworthy that the autolytic proteases
are more specific in their action. Generally speaking,
they cause the cleavage of the albumins of their respec-
tive tissues more readily than of heterologous tissues,
and certain members of the group, such as the proteoly-
tic ferment of the liver, are totally incapable of acting
upon the albumins of other organs, as lung-tissue, for
example. Therefore Jacobi has suggested restricting
the term autolysis to the destructive action of the fer-
ments of a given organ or tissue upon the corresponding
tissue, and designating the action of a given ferment
upon a foreign tissue as heterolysis. Whether the auto-
lytic ferments are also capable of constructive action
has not yet been ascertained. A prior this appears
likely, and it may be imagined that under normal condi-
tions a certain equilibrium of reaction exists between the
complex cellular components and the corresponding radi-
cals. The recognition of this principle will lead to a
more satisfactory understanding of many problems con-
nected with cell-nutrition, not only under normal but
also under pathological conditions. Jacobi has already
shown that liver autolysis is much accelerated (in a cata-
bolic direction) in animals poisoned by phosphorus,
thus furnishing a satisfactory explanation of many obscure
phenomena moted in this condition as well as in allied
degenerative changes. The importance of autolytic pro-
cesses is further exemplified in pneumonia, where the
resolution of the exudate is unquestionably largely ef.
fected in this manner. There is evidence to show that

autolysis
autolytic º: may be active in the defense of the
animal body against bacteria and bacterial products, and
hence of moment in the production of immunity. Know-
ledge of the subject is still in its infancy, but it may
Safely be asserted that the discovery of autolysis is one
of the most important in the domain of physiology and
physiological chemistry.
autolytic (à-tº-lit'ik), a. [autolysis (-lyt-) +
-čc.] Relating to or of the nature of autolysis.
One can readily convince himself of the energetic
action of autolytic ferments by the simple experiment
of placing a piece of fresh pneumonic lung in the stage
of gray hepatization under chloroform and noting the
rapid solution of the exudate, in contrast with the
absence of this process in earlier stages of the disease.
* Science, Nov. 28, 1902, p. 858.
autolyze (ā’tó-liz), v. t.; pret. and P. Quto-
lyzed, ppr. autolyzing. [autoly(sis) + (-i).2e.
f. analyse from analysis.] To undergo or
cause to undergo autolytic digestion. Science,
July 3, 1903, p. 15.
automacy (à-tom’a-si), n. . [Gr. airouatta (re-
corded only, as a name for the goddess of
chance), K airóuaroc, self-moving.] Same as
automatism, 1; action determined by outer
conditions and not by the will. -
The several comparisons seem to define that course
of Volitional development arising in the chemical and
mechanical affinities of the mineral realm, burgeoning
in simple vitality, multiplying in the motility of animal
life, greatly expanding in the collective activity of denotic
organization, and culminating in the conquest of na-
ture through the mind-guided powers of enlightened
mankind. Expressed briefly, this course of develop-
ment may be characterized as the progressive passage
from automacy to autonomy.
W. J. McGee, An. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., XVII. 177.
automat (à’tó-mat), n. [G., K. Gr., airtóuatov:
See automaton.] 1. A photographic lens-
shutter which is opened and kept open by
means of a pneumatic bulb.-2. An appara-
tus consisting of a series of lifts in compart-
ments from which, by means of automatic
machinery, separate articles of food at stated
prices are delivered to any one who will drop
the necessary coin into a slot; also, a restau-
rant which serves its customers by means of
such an apparatus. The aim is to do away
with the intermediation of waiters. [Recent.]
automatic. I. a. —Automatic combustion or
automatic fire. Same as spontaneous c tion.—
Automatic feeder. See Afeeder.—Automatic fire-
arm, a firearm in which the recoil, or part of the force
of the explosive, is used to eject the spent cartridge-
shell, introduce a new cartridge, cock the striker, and
close the breech. It will continue to fire as long as
there are cartridges ...}}}. and the gunner presses
the trigger. See Aparabellum.—Automatic kphotog-
iano-player. See the nouns.—Automatic
rinter, in photog., a machine for automatically print-
ng upon slips of sensitized, bromide or chlorid paper :
devised by Urie. The strip is pressed by a pad against a
negative for a suitable period, such as two seconds, and
exposed during this time to the action of electric light.
The lights are then turned down, and the strip is moved
and a fresh portion exposed. All movements are actu-
ated by clockwork. The strips are developed by bei
passed through chemical baths, and are then wash
and dried. In this way several thousand prints a day
can be secured. — Automatic reel. See kreell.—
Automatic Writing, writing performed unconsciously
or subconsciously, while the attention of the writer is
otherwise engaged : the term is applied to planchette-
writing, on the theory that the writing done with that
instrument is not always done with some degree of in-
tention to deceive or entertain.
II. m. One who is subject to automatism.
automatism, n. 4. Specifically, in psychol.:
(a) An action performed unconsciously or
subconsciously while the agent's attention is
otherwise engaged, or while he is in a trance
or sleep-like state. (b) The mental state of
the agent during such a performance.
This leads us to the chief field of research in “autom-
atisms,” or actions of the subconscious or “subliminal’
self. The prototype of such things is found in the per-
formances of natural somnambulists, who in all ages
have seemed to exhibit faculties beyond their power
when in a normal condition.
Encyc, Brit., XXXII, 52.
automatist, n. 3. Specifically, in psychol., the
subject of automatism; one who writes, etc.,
automatically.
Trance is a name applied to a form of automatism,
whether healthy or morbid, in which the awtomatist a
pears to be in some way altered, or even asleep, but in
which he may speak or write certain matter of which his
normal personality is ignorant at the time, and which it
rarely remembers on his return to waking life. If there
appears to be not merely a modification but a substitu-
tion of personality in the trance, it is called possession.
Trance occurs spontaneously in so-called somnambulism,
as a result of disease in hysteria, and as a result of Sug-
gestion, etc., in hypnotic states. A fuller analysis shows
classes which slide into each other in various ways. ,
F. W. H. Myers, Proc. Soc. rwenty#ºn.
automatograph (à-tó-mat/j-gräf), n. In
p8/chophys., an instrument for :#dff; the
Automatograph.
inyoluntary movements of hand and arm; a
Scientific form of the planchette. J. Jastrow,
Amer. Jour. Psychol., IV. 400.
automnesia (à-tom-né'si-á), n. [Gr. airóg,
self, + plvãoug, memory.] In psychol., spontane-
ous memory; the revival of past experience
Without apparent conditions in association.
Ribot (trans.), Psychol. of Emotions, p. 153.
automobile. ..I. a-Automobile chair, a chair on
Wheels, driven by an electric motor and storage-battery,
used at exhibitions and fairs for carrying visitors about
the buildings and grounds. The chair has somewhat the
lines of a low phaëton, the larger wheels under the body
being the driving-wheels, and the two smaller ones in
front under the foot-rest being used for steering and
steadying. The operator sits at the rear. The batteries
and motors give a speed of about three miles an hour.—
Automobile cycle. See kcycle1.
II. m. 2. Any device or apparatus which is
movable by a force placed within itself and is
self-acting as to direction and control; specif-
ically—(a) A torpedo, carrying within itself a
store of accumulated energy, which can be
launched from a vessel or fort, and which, when
properly directed and adjusted, will move
through the water until it reaches the object
at which it is aimed. (b) A vehicle, carrying
within itself the source of themechanical power
which propels it, designed to move on common
roads or highways: a motor-car. The automobile
or motor-car is not strictly an automobile, since a human
intelligence always steers it and controls the power. The
motor-car differs from the locomotive in that it does not
travel on rails, and from the traction-engine or tractor in
that it carries the load instead of drawing it after itself
in other wheeled vehicles. The motor-bicycle and motor-
tricycle differ from the motor-car in that the latter has
nearly always four wheels. The types of vehicle included
under the name automobile fall under one of four groups:
(1) The racing-car (rarely called an “automobile'), de-
ſiſ:
ºt f
[. º
ºIII:={N}
Ülº T. C.
Chassis of Automobile.
A, cooler; B, fan ; C, C, steering-knuckles; D, carbureter; E,
water-circulating pipe ; F, inlet manifold; G, exhaust; H, fly-
wheel and clutch ; /, speed-lever; J, emergency-brake lever; K,
gear-set; L., muffler; M, inclosed shaft drive; N, brake-beams;
O, O, brakes; P, gasolene-tank; Q, differential casing.
signed for great speedom prepared special tracks or speed-
ways, carrying one or at most two persons, and made as
light as is consistent with high power ; (2) the towning-
car, designed to carry four or five persons, made to secure
comfort on long trips, and of high power in the moderate
class; (3) the service-car, intended for use in cities or
suburban districts, of moderate power and speed, and
carrying two or more persons; (4) the business wagon, or
truck, intended for the delivery of merchandise, having
considerable carrying capacity but slow speed. Again,
motor-cars may be grouped, according to their source of
propelling energy, into: (1) electric-cars, driven by elec-
tric motors energized from storage-batteries; (2) Steam-
cars, in which a boiler supplies steam to an engine geared
to the driving-axles; (3) gasolene-cars (more properly
termed internal-combustion motor-cars), in which the ex-
pansive force of a mixture of gasolene vapor and air, on
being ignited, is used to drive the motor-piston. Com-
pressed air has also been used to drive motor-cars. The
wheels of the motor-car usually have rubber tires, pneu-
matic on the lighter and speedier vehicle, and solid on
the motor-truck and -cab. The axle-bearings are fitted
with steel balls in runways to reduce friction. The vehi-
cle is usually steered by the front pair of wheels, which
are carried on special mountings from the front axle, and
the proper direction is given by a steering-lever or -wheel
at the driver's seat. The wheel-steering device transmits
automobile (à-tó-mö'bil), v. i.
automorph
less shock from the roadway to the controlling hand, and
is universal on all but light cars. The rear axle is the
driving-axle, receiving its motion either by drive-chains
or by a shaft and gears. In the electric car the motors (two
usually) drive the axle by spur-gears, giving convenient
reduction. The motors are controlled by a controller
which is operated by a combined lever and switch. The
car is fitted with two brakes, one a service-brake and the
other a more powerful one for emergencies. The driving-
Wheels or axle must be fitted with a compensating-gear
to allow the outer wheel on turning a curve to travel a
longer path than the wheel which is nearer the center.
The gasolene-motor has its ignition effected by electric
spark (see internal-combustion &motor), and can be con-
trolled by a throttle-valve and by advancing or retarding
the Spark. Such motors must also have change-speed
gears for varying resistances and to permit the direction
of the motor to be reversed; a clutch must also be placed
between motor- and driving-wheels to allow the car to be
stopped without stopping the motor. In steam-cars the
flash or semi-flash type of boiler is much used, eliminat-
Electric Automobile.
4, 24, receptacles for storage-batteries; B, motor control ; C, steer-
ing-gear; D, motor.
ing some troubles connected with the fire-tube types.
For night use motor-cars are equipped with powerful re-
flector- or lens-lanterns, fed by acetylene gas from gen-
erators on the car. The speed of racing-cars is not fixed,
but 120 miles an hour has been reached with motors of
from 80 to 100 horse-power. The carrying capacity of trucks
Gasolene Automobile.
4, cooler (or radiator); 8, connecting steering-rod ; C, change-
speed lever; P, energency-brake lever; E, steering-wheel, with
Spark and throttle controls.
has been limited to about 10 tons on account of difficul-
ties from the road-bed. Touring-cars have a capacity of
, from 16 to 60 horse-power, and speeds ranging up to 40
or 50 miles an hour. Light electrics have a radius of ac-
tion of about 30 miles from a charging-station, or a 60-
mile limit. Increasing comfort and luxury are secured by
inclosing the rear or tonneau part of the touring-car,
making it a vehicle for all weathers and temperatures
and not a pleasure-vehicle only. tº e
To ride in an
automobile vehicle. [Recent.] Cosmopolitan,
XXV. 485.
automobilism (ä-tó-mö’bil-izm), n. The use of
automobile vehicles. [Recent.]
automobilist (à-tó-mö’bil-ist), m. One who
uses an automobile vehicle.
automobility (à-tó-mó-bil’i-ti), n. [automo-
bile + -ity (or auto- + mobility).] 1. The
character or fact of being automobile ; ca-
pacity for making automatic movements. See
automatic, 2.—2. The use of automobiles as a
means of locomotion; travel by means of au-
tomobiles. Nature, Nov. 26, 1903 (advt.).
[Rare.]
automobilize (à-tó-mö'biliz), v.i.; pret. and pp.
automobilized, ppr. awtomobilizing. [automobi
+ -ize.] To use, ride in, or drive an automo-
bile as a means of locomotion or for pleasure.
N. Y. Times, March 26, 1902. [Rare.]
automorph (3'tó-mörf), m. [Gr. airóg, self, --
Alopºff, form.] In math., the product of a form
by its unit form.
As to the forms (ma:2aº/my2), (ac2/~/mmy2), mere aw-
tomorphs of the same form, i.e., products of the form by
its unit-form rº–min v2 =l, are not to be considered as
distinct forms.
Rep. Brit. Ass'n Advancement of Sci., 1901, p. 552.




automorphic
automorphic, a. 2. In math., characterized by
automorphism. See *automorphism, 2–3.
Same... as idiomorphic.—Automorphic function,
in math., a function which is unchanged by all the sub-
stitutions of any group of linear transformations.
Two classes of automorphic functions are known by
which this uniformisation may be effected: namely,
one which was first given by Weber in Göttinger Nach-
richten, 1886, and one which was first given by the author,
Phil. Trans., 1898.
E. T. Whittaker, Modern Analysis, p. 339.
automorphism, n. 2. In math., the property
of remaining unchanged by all the substitu-
tions of any group of linear transformations.
Science, June 5, 1903, p. 904.—3. Anthropomor-
phism; the conception of the lower animals by
analogy with man. H. M. Stanley, Evol. Psy-
chol. of Feeling, p. 297.
automorphous (à-tº-mör'fus), a. Same as au-
tomorphic.
automotive (à-tº-mö'tiv), a. [auto--- motive.]
Propelled by its own power; automobile.
automotor (à-tº-mâ’tgr), n. [auto- + motor.]
A motor-propelled vehicle; an automobile.—
Automotor crane. See kcrame2.
autonephrotoxin (à-tº-nef-rö - tok'sin), n.
[auto- + nephrotozin.] A nephrotoxin which
has resulted in the body of an animal as the
result of an auto-immunization, and which is
directed against the renal epithelium of the
same individual.
autonoëtic (ā’tó-nó-et'ik), a. [Gr, airóg, self,
+ von Turóg, K vontóg, perceiving; see noëtic.]
Self-perceiving. Clairvoyant: as, the autonoetic ac-
tion of the mind. N. E. D.
autonomical (à-tº-nom’i-kal), a. Autonomous;
same as autonomic.
autonomically (à-tº-nom’i-kal-i), adv. In an
autonomic manner.
autonomism (ä-tonº-mizm), n. [autonomy +
-ism...] 1. The principle of autonomy or the in-
dependence of municipalities or of communi-
ties each containing but a single municipality.
J. Fiske.—2. The theory that the forms into
which animals and plants develop are deter-
mined by an inward agency. Biol. Bull., Sept.
1904, p. 201.
autonomistic (à-ton-Ö-mistik), a. Of or per-
º to autonomism. Biol. Bull, Sept., 1904,
p. 201.
autonomize (à-ton’0-miz), v. t.; pret. and pp.
autonomized, pp.r. autonomizing. [autonom(ous)
+ -ize.] To make autonomous; render self-
governing.
autonym, n. 4. In anthrop., the name by which
a people call themselves.
auto-objective (à"tó-ob-jek’tiv), a. Subjec-
tively objective; relating to an object residing
in the subject. Thus an objective sensation is one
aroused by the action of an external stimulus—sound,
for example; a subjective sensation is a sensation pro-
duced in the absence of peripheral stimulation—an
“image' of an objective sensation; an auto-objective sen-
8ation is a sensation aroused by a stimulus residing in
the body of the subject—an organic sensation (as pain,
hunger, etc.).
The second class of objective sensations may be called
indirect objective or auto-objective. This class of sensa-
tions includes hunger, thirst, suffocation, pain, fatigue,
etc. It will be noted that these auto-objective sensations
all arise from different conditions that exist within the
system, the first three named being manifestations of
needs of the body for more matter, the last two, mani-
festations of overstimulation or overwork. Buck, Med.
Handbook, VII. 742.
auto-ophthalmoscope (à'tū-of-thal'mô-sköp),
m. See autophthalmoscope.
auto-ophtha º (à"tó-of-thal'mô-skö-
pi), n. [auto- + ophthalmoscopy.] Inspection
of the interior of one's own eye by means of a
specially devised instrument, the autophthal-
º - -
autopelagic (ā’tó-pê-laj'ik), a. [Gr. abróg, self,
+ 78%ayog, sea..] Living only at the surface
of the water, or, in stormy weather, at slight
depths. See pelagic, *bathypelagic, *spanipe-
tagic. Haeckel (trans.), Planktonic Studies, p.
582.
autophonia (à-tº-fô’ni-á), n. [Gr. airóg, self,
+ panº, voice..] A condition in which one's
own voice is heard with abnormal distinctness
and volume, as if one were speaking into a
barrel.
autophonic (à-tº-fon'ik), a. Pertaining to
autophony: as, autophonic resonance.
autophotograph (à-tº-foºtó-graf), n. A print
obtained by the exposure, in the dark, of a
sensitive surface to the radioaction of mine-
rals and other objects. Nature, Feb. 25, 1904,
p. 403
autophya (A-to'ſ-à), n, pl. [NL., (Gr. airwºc,
self-grown, K airóg, self, -- ºffeoffat,
name given by Haeckel to the skeleton ele-
ments secreted by the sponge itself, as distin-
guished from the admixture of foreign part-
icles (as sand grains), the latter being desig-
nated wenophya. -
autophyte (ā‘tº-fit), n. [Gr. airóg, self, --
Øvröm, plant..] In phytogeog, an autotrophic
plant. -
autophytograph (3-tº-fi"tº-graf), n. [auto-
+ phytograph...] An impression, tracing, or
outline of a plant upon a rock, due to the effect
of the plant in staining the matrix or in re-
moving its natural color.
For such plant pictures, or plant writings, in which
the traces or outlines of plants are distinguishable by
their color, and in which the
variation of color from the
matrix is due to chemical
change brought about by the
plant reproduced, the name
autophytograph . . . is pro-
posed.
C. H. White, in Amer. Jour.
Sci., March, 1905, pp. 231-232.
autophytography (à'tū-
autotoxic
ow.] A cyanide is º heated with water in a sealed
a.
tube. Nature, Jan. 8, 1903,
autoregulation (āºtº-reg-ſī-
regulation.
autoscope, n. 2. Any instrument for the ex-
amination of an organ of one's own body.
autositic (à-tó-sit'ik), a, [autosite + -ic.] That
is, or is of the nature of, an autosite (which see).
autoskeleton (à-tº-skel’e-ton), n. [NL., K. Gr.
airóg, self, -º- okºtów, skeleton.] In sponges,
the true skeleton secreted by the cells of the
sponge itself. It consists of mineral sclerites or spic-
ules, or of an organic substance called spongin, which
usually occurs either as a cementing substance or as fibers.
Distinguished from *pseudoskeleton.
autosoteric (à'tū-sº-ter'ik), a [Gr, airo,
self, -- awrmplkóg, saving, delivering, Koothp, a
saver, savior.] Self-saving; based on the prin-
ciple of salvation by one's own efforts or char-
acter. [Rare.]
autospore (ā’tó-spör), n. [Gr, abróg,
oftopä, seed.]. A aughter-deli arising
from a mother-cell of certain of the
unicellular algae and possessing the
exact shape and structure of the origi-
|. 238. -
a. -
shgn), n. Self-
self, +
fiºtºgra-fi), º, ...[auto-,+ Tº maicell.
w 11 - - - -
!!! . º: ..". . . *Y (ā’tº-sprä), n. [Gr. airóg,
- soul- ant, -it-
i...". "... .º.º. º.º.º. ººl. A small tº gº.
tophytographs are pro- 9,º; glass with ºne or two narrow necks ...:
- - - artºratºr-
*..."...º.º.º. º.º."º" ºf ºngºlºiºsºlº tº
nema ls calleg post- Wilkesboro, N. c. With metallic caps tº retain a volatile º
tive, that of removing its - - liquid such as ethyl-chlorid. When a ".
original col- cap is removed and the liquid is allowed to spores.
- or negative flow to that end, a spray is ejected, owing to §§§
ºfophytog- ºre ºvºº within the tºº. º,
raphy # autostage (à'tū-stāj), n. . [auto- + Fr.
- jº. stage.j A motor-driven vehicle capa- A.,
º ... ble of carrying a number of passen-
ºf Autoplastic gers; a motor-driven stage. See *autobus.
º *f;. See autostarter (Étº-starter), n. An autotrans-
º graft”. former used for starting motors. See *auto-
ºf a utoplate transformer.
- --- (ā ‘tº-plat), Each induction motor is started by the manipulation
NegativeAutophytography, showing the im-
ression of a fossil plant, Fracoides Boffensis,
rom the Lias of Boll, Würtemberg. (After
Seward.)
m. [auto- +
plate.] A.
o u + v e d
stereotype
which has
been automatically cast, shaved, and beveled.
In stereotyping, a device known as the autoplate was
invented in 1900 by means of which the time required for
casting plates was considerably reduced.
Census Bulletin, June 28, 1902, p. 51.
Autoplate machine, a combination machine containing
a papier-mâché matrix or mold for rapidly and automat-
ically casting, shaving, and beveling curved stereotypes:
used principally in newspaper-printing.
autopoisonous (ā’tö-poi’zn-us), a. Acting as a
poison to the organism by which it is formed.
Buck, Med. Handbook, IV. 184.
autopore (à'tū-pôr), n. [Gr. airóg, self, +
Tópog, a pore.] In the tabulate Heatacoralla of
the extinct family Chaetetidae, one of the larger
tubes of the corallites, which are surrounded
on all sides by smaller tubes or mesopores.
autoprint (à'tū-print), n. Same as *autophoto-
graph.
autopsy (à'top-si), v. t. ; pret, and pp. autop-
sied, ppr. autopsying. [autopsy, n.] To make
a post-mortem examination of ; perform an
autopsy on. Jour. Exper. Med., W. 257.
of a four-pole, double-throw, oil-break switch that is
combined with its auto-converter in a single oil tank—
the combination being termed an “oil-breakawto-starter"
switch. Elect. Rev., Sept. 17, 1904, p. 459.
autostyly (à-tos’ti-li), n. [Gr. airóg, self, --
orizoc, pillar: see style?..] The condition of
having the palatoguadrate fused with the car-
tilaginous cranium, the second visceral arch
broken up and not acting as a suspensorium,
and the hyomandibular small and united with
the cranium. In this restricted sense autos-
tyly occurs in the Dipnoi and Amphibia. Bio-
logical Bulletin, June, 1904.
autosuggestion (ā’tó-su-jes' chºn), n. In psy-
chol., self-suggestion, especially the voluntary
arousal and fixation of the idea that one will
fall into the hypnotic sleep.
The confirmed hypnotic will try in every possible way
to procure the enjoyment which he craves. And he has
in autosuggestion a means lying always ready to his hand.
W. Wundt (trans.), Human and Animal Psychol., p. 331.
autotelic (à-tº-tel'ik), a. [Gr. airóg, self, --
Tézog, end..] in esthetics, being an end in it-
self; existing or proceeding for its own sake:
opposed to *heterotelic. Baldwin, Dict, of
Philos. and Psychol., I. 96.
autotomize (à-totº-miz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
autotomized, ppr. autotomizing. [autotomy +
-ize.] To practise autotomy; to cut off an or-
gan or part of an organ: said of certain ani-
mals, as crabs, which drop their claws or legs,
and lizards, which drop their tails, when rudely
handled. Morgan, Regeneration, p. 153.
autotomous (à-tot’ā-mus), a. Relating to or
of the nature of autotomy. See *autotomy.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 926.
autotomy (à-totº-mi), n. [Gr, airóg, self, --
-Touía, Krapeiv, cut.] The reflex throwing off
of certain parts of the body, as the rays in
starfishes and the legs of some arthropods,
which do not, as in fission and budding, de-
velop into new individuals. This property
may be of use to animals by enabling them to
escape from their captors at the expense of
only the part seized.
One of the most remarkable cases of autotomy is that
in the holothurians, in which the Cuvierian organs, and
even the entire viscera, may be ejected when the animal
is disturbed. Morgan, Regeneration, p. 154.
autotoxemia (ā'tū-tok-sé'mi-á), n. [auto- +
towenia.] Same as *auto-intoxication.
autotoxic (à-tº-tok'sik), a. (Gr. airóg, self, --
toºków, poison: see towic.] Self-poisoning; of
or pertaining to the action of autocytotoxins.
In considering the development of the disease, we be-
autopsychic (à-tº-sikik), a. [auto- + psychic.]
Pertaining to consciousness in its relation to
the self, or to self-consciousness.
Consciousness is a function of the associative mecham-
ism and may be considered in its threefold relationship to
the outer world, the body and self—allopsychic, somato-
psychic, and awtopsychic, Buck, Med. Handbook, W. 27.
autopsychical (à-tº-si'ki-kal), a. Same as
*autopsychic.
autopticity (à-top-tis’i-ti), n. [autoptic + -ity.]
Autoptic quality, character, or nature. Jour.
Sacred Lit., XIV. 169. N. E. D.
autoquadricycle (à-tó-kwod’ri-si-kl), m. [auto-
+ quadricycle.] A four-wheeled motor-cycle
having accommodation for two persons tan-
dem. One sits on a saddle and steers and controls
the motor, while the other (the passenger) sits on a small
seat with a back and a dash, supported by thefront wheels.
Hiscow, Horseless Vehicles, p. 213.
autoradiograph (à-tº-rā’di-Ö-graf), n.
as *autophotograph.
Another exhibit which naturally attracted much atten-
tion was that by Sir William Crookes, illustrative of the
properties of the emanations of radium. There were auto-
radiographs, photographs of radium emanations, lumi-
nous effects of radium emanations.
Science, June 19, 1908, p. 976.
autoreduction (āºto-ré-duk'shgn), n. In chem,
the reduction to the state of metallic silver or
mercury of either of these metals when its
Same
lieve the excitant is a toxic or autotoxic agent.
Med. Record, May 30, 1908, p. 857.







autotoxication
autotoxication (ā’tö-tok-si-kä'shgn), n. Same
as "awto-intoaxication.
autotoxicity (à"tº-tok-sis’i-ti), n. [autotoxic
+ -ity.] The character of being autotoxic;
toxicity directed against the individual in
Whose body the toxin has been produced.
autotoxin (à-tº-tok'sin), n. [autotog(ic) +
-in”.] A poisonous substance formed in the
body of an animal and directed against its
OWn tissues.
autotoxis (à-tº-tok’sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. airóg,
self, *. Toš(tºv), poison, + (8)is, as in abstract
nouns from Gr., as sepsis, etc.] Same as *auto-
$ntoaxication.
autotransformer (à’tó-trâns-fôr'mér), m. In
elect., a transformer, in which a part of the
primary coil is used as secondary coil, or in-
versely. Frequently this part of the coil may be
variable and so permit a regulation of the voltage. The
autotransformer has the advantage, compared with the
transformer, of smaller size and higher efficiency, but
the disadvantage of connecting the primary and the
secondary circuit together electrically. See transformer.
Also called compensator.
autotransfusion (ā ‘tº-träns - fü ( zhon), n.
[auto- + transfusion.] A method of forcing
the mass of the blood to the internal organs
by the application of tight bandages to the ex-
tremities.
autotrophic (à-tó-trofºik), a. . [Gr. airrog, self,
+ -tpopog, Kºtpépetv, nourish.j Self-nourishing:
said of plants which derive their nourishment
directly from inorganic matter, that is, of all
plants except parasites and saprophytes. See
the quotation under *hemiparasite and com-
pare holophytic.
The root-difference between plants and animals is one
º: ºtion. Plants are awtotrophic, animals hetero-
TO &
p Rep. Brºt. A88'm Advancement of Sci., 1901, p. 208.
autotruck (ā’tó-truk), n. [auto- + truck.] A
motor-driven wagon for carrying freight or
Autotruck.
a, a, front or leading-wheels; 8, &, driving-wheels; c, steering-
wheel; aſ, brake-lever; e, controlling-levers on post of steering-
wheel; f, alarm-horn; g, radiator to cool circulating water; h,
casing surrounding motor; 7, 7, drive-chains; Æ, compensating or
differential shaft; 2, starting-crank; m, 2n, battery-box, tools. and
supplies.
bundles, as distinguished from a passenger
vehicle; a delivery-wagon propelled mechani-
cally ; the commercial motor-car. Usually
they have a carrying capacity of from a half-
ton to 10 tons.
autotypic, a. 2. Setting one's own standard;
determining by reference to one's self what
shall be considered as typical.
Man the measurer—has always been and still is more
awtotypic than he knows, reproducing in his representa-
tion of the human form the type of his own race.
G. S. Hall, Adolescence, I. 124.
autotypy (ā’tó-ti-pi), n. The art of making
facsimiles by printing.
autovaccination (à "tó-vak-si-nā’ shon), n.
[auto- + vaccination.] Same as auto-inocula-
tion.
autovalve (à’tó-valv), n. In a prepayment
meter, a valve which automatically shuts off
the gas-supply. W. L. Dibdin, Public Light-
ing, p. 176.
autoxenous (à-tok'se-mus), a. [Gr, airóg, self,
+ šávoç, host. Same as *autaºcious.
autoxeny (à-tok'se-ni), n. Same as *autoecism.
autoxidation (ā-tok-Si-dā‘shgn), n. [aut(0-)
+ oxidation.] 1. A process in which the oxy-
gen in a compound oxidizes another portion
of the molecule of the same compound.—2. A
rocess in which a substance undergoing oxi-
ation in air or oxygen causes a portion of the auxocyte (äk’sú-sit), m.
oxygen to assume an active condition, as
ozone, hydrogen peroxid, or a peroxid of the
substance, which may, in turn, cause the
further oxidation of the same or of some other
compound. Amer. Chem. Jour., March, 1903,
p. 179.
autoxidizable (à-tok-Si-di'za-bl), a. In chem.,
capable of spontaneously undergoing oxida-
autozoöid (á’tó-zö’oid), n.
Au
auxanography (āk-sa-nogºra-fi), n.
auxesis, n.
auxetophone (āk-set/3-fon), n.
auxochrome (äk’s 3-kröm), a. and ºn.
auxochromous (āk-Sé-kröſmus), a.
auxology (º.s.º. 72.
avengingly
tion, as by mere contact with the oxygen of auxospore, n. 2. The resting-spore of the
the air.
[Gr. airóg, self,
+2.06id.]. In alcyonarians, the ordinary nor-
mal zoöid as distinguished from the siphono-
zoöid.
l Catarrh. See kcatarrh.-Autumnal fever,
tumna,
See*fever1.-Autumnal point, the point of the celestial
equator crossed by the sun at the autumnal equinox.
autumnize (à’tum-niz), v. t.; pret. and pp.
autumnized, ppr. autumnizing.
autumn, + -ize.]
pearance to.
When first the maple begins to autumnize the grove.
Jegge, Jour. Nature, p. 109. N. E. D.
[L. autumnus,
Autunian (ā-tū’ni-an), a. and n. Of or per-
taining to Autun, in France: in geol., noting
the lowest subdivision of the Permian in
France: so called from Autun, where it carries
a terrestrial flora. See *Artinskian.
auxanogram (äk-San‘ā-gram), n. [Gr. airéâvely,
increase, 4 ypéupa, anything written..] The
result obtained by growing colonies of micro-
organisms according to *aua'anography (which
see).
e [Gr. aiyā-
vetv, increase, + -)papa, Kypépetv, write.] A.
method devised by Beyerinck for testing the
effect of various nutrient media upon bacteria.
The bacteria are plated out in a medium known to be
poorly adapted for their nourishment, and there are then
added to the surface of the plate a few drops of the so-
lution to be tested. If the requisite nutrient has been
added the bacteria will develop rapidly in these spots.
3. In bot., the method of increase
in size of the valves of diatoms. y
[Gr. aičm-6g,
that may be increased, + pová, sound.]. A
device for increasing the loudness of the sounds
produced by a phonograph. See the extract.
The Hon. C. A. Parsons, the inventor of the steam
turbine, also had a highly interesting exhibit, the awa.eto-
phone. This may be described as a kind of pneumatic-
acting stylus for the phonograph. Instead of the record-
ing stylus of the instrument causing the diaphragm to
vibrate in the usual manner, the sound waves operate a Aux VaSeS Sandstone.
minute air-valve on the same principle as a relay. This
air-valve controls the admission of air into the trumpet
of the talking machine under a pressure of two pounds
to the square inch.
Sci. Amer. Sup., June 2, 1904, p. 23832.
auxiliary. I. a-Auxiliary note or tone, in music,
any note or tone a degree above (or occasionally below)
one that is essential to the harmony, and attached to the
latter for some purpose of embellishment. Thus both
appoggiaturas and suspensions may be called awaziliary
notes.—Auxi ing-vessel, one that has full
sail-power, and boilers and engines of moderate horse-
power. In this type of vessel sail is the main, and steam
the auxiliary power.— Auxiliary Scale, (b). Same as
*adipose lobe.—Auxiliary steam-Vessel, one that has
full steam-power and a moderate sailing rig, so that steam
is the main and sail the auxiliary power.
II. m. 5. In the nomenclature of the su-
tural inflections in the ammonoid cephalopods,
a lobe or saddle lying between the umbilical
curve or line of involution and the second
lateral lobe.—6. In mech., any machine ex-
cept the principal one: a term applied specif-
ically to the feed-pumps, fire-pumps, etc., in
power plants.-7. A vessel fitted with power
other than sails for propulsion but depending
ordinarily on the latter.
Auxis (äk’sis), n. [NL., K. Gr. awā'íg, the young
of the tunny..] A genus of fishes of the family
Scombridae, known as frigate-mackerels. They
range widely in large schools over the warm seas, though
occasionally coming to the New England coast. The only
well-known species is A. thazard.
[Gr.
aišávely, increase, 4 xpóſia, color.] In chem.,
noting those groups contained in dyes which
enable them to combine with the fiber of the
cloth or with a mordant. The most important
of these are the hydroxyl-, amino-, sulpho-,
and carboxyl-groups. Athematum, July 15,
1893, p. 100.
[Gr, ab;
(ávetv), increase, H- 2pópla, color.] Capable of
increasing or developing color.—Auxochromous
group, a group of elements which if introduced into a
chromógen will develop a dyestuff. According to Witt's
theory the coloring power of a dyestuff depends largely
upon the simultaneous presence of an auxochromous
group and a chromophorous group.
[Irreg. K. Gr. aišávetv,
increase, -- kitog, a hollow (a cell).] A cell
which has to do with growth and reproduc-
tion, such as a spermatocyte. Buck, Med.
Handbook, III. 72.
Ö [Irreg. K at # (motg),
growth, + -āoyia, K Aéyetv, speak.] That branch
of biology which deals with the growth of or-
ganisms. Natural Science, Sept., 1898, p. 153.
To give an autumnal ap-
availing (à-välſing), p. a.
avalanchine (av-a-lānch’in), a.
avalent (a-vā‘lent), a.
avania (à-vā-né’â), m.
ava remotemo (à-vä"rā-mö-tā’mö), m.
avenalin (a-venºa-lin), m.
diatoms. It may be formed in at least five different
ways, the most common methods being the following: (1)
the valves of a single diatom open, the contents emerge,
#
2 :
5 :
f | #
A, Navicula Zizziosa (Kutz.), from the New Forest, Hants. (x 450)
B, Ach?vazza/tes /?exe//a (Kütz; Bréb.), from Craig-an-Lochan,
Scotland (x 450). C, Aſavicula Am?Azsözzza (Bory), from Barnes
Common, Surrey (x 450). D, M. virialis (Kütz.), from Clough,
Antrim, Ireland (x 350). , C and D illustrate the first method of
auxospore formation, B the third method, and A the fifth method.
(From West's “British Freshwater Algae.")
become inclosed in a thin membrane, and increase in
volume; (2) the contents of two diatoms emerge and
unite to form a single spore; (3) the contents of two
diatoms, after emerging, are held together by a com-
mon gelatinous envelop, each mass producing a spore
Without fusion.
See ksandstone.
A. W. An abbreviation of Authorized Version.
availer (a-väl’ér), n.
One who is helpful or
Florio. [Rare.]
Profitable, advan-
proves serviceable.
tageous.
A truly valuable or availing thing.
Ruskin, Unto this Last, p. 118. W. E. D.
Avalanche conduction, in neurol., the kind of conduc-
tion of nerve-currents which is made possible when the
terminals of the neuraxon of one cell come in contact
with the cell-bodies of several or many other neura.
Of the nature
of an avalanche; overpowering: as, avalanch-
ine weight. W. Gaspey, Doom. Creat. N. E. D.
[a-18 + valent.] In
chem., having zero valence, as argon, helium,
and the other newly discovered gases of the
atmosphere, which appear to be incapable of
entering into chemical combination with one
another or with any of the elements.
[= F. avenie, Sp. Pg.
avania, It. avania, NGr. agavia, Turk. Ar.
'awānī, ‘awān, ‘awānia : origin uncertain..] An
imposition or tax levied by Turkish officials
on merchants; as generally considered, an
extortionate tax.
avant-courier (a-vânt’kö’ri-ér), v. t. To an-
nounce as by herald; herald. Lowell, Among
my Books, 1st ser., p. 167.
[Tupi
(in Piso).] A tree of the mimosa family, Pithe-
colobium Avaremotemo, the bitter bark of which
is used medicinally. [Brazil.]
avascular (a-vas’kü-lär), a. [a- 18+ vascular.]
Without blood-vessels or lymphatics, or scant-
ily supplied with them. Buck, Med. Hand-
book, IV. 573.
A. W. D. An abbreviation of Army Veterinary
Department.
Ave. A contraction of Avenue (in an address).
avellano (à-vel-yā 'mô), n.
[Sp. avellano, a
hazel-tree: see avellame.] The hazel-tree of
South America, Guevina Avellama. The nut-
like seeds are rich in oil and are edible. The
wood is used for veneering. See hazel-tree, 2.
[L. *avenalis, adj.,
Karena, oats, + -in”.]. A crystallizable vege-
table globulin found in the kernels of oats:
similar to *earcelsin.
Avenger of blood. See "blood.
avengingly (3-ven'jing-li), adv,
e & In an aven-
ging manner; with an avenging purpose;
vengefully. Galt, Rothelan. [Rare.] N. E. D.


avenolith
avenolith (a-vé'nó-lith), n. [L. avena, oats, H-
Atôoç, stone..] An intestinal concretion having
the husk or other indigestible part of oats as a
nucleus. º -
avenue, n. 5. In archaeol., a series of mega-
lithic stones arranged in a row.
average?, m. 4. A mode of estimating, by com-
parison, the strength or weakness of a billiard
lay. The total points divided by the number of inn-
ngs give the average of a game, and the aggregated
points of all the games, divided by their total innings
(but not the combined single averages divided by the
number of games) gives the general or grand average,
5. In cricket: (a) The aggregate number of
runs a batsman has scored, divided by the
number of his completed innings. (b) The ag-
gregate number of runs scored from a bowler,
divided by the number of batsmen he has “dis-
missed.’
avernal (a-vèr’nal), a. and m. [L. Avernalis,
K Avermus: see Avermian.] I. a. 1. Relating
or pertaining to Avernus. See Avermian.—2.
Destructive of bird life: as, avernal places,
Stanley, Hist. Philos. (in allusion to the an-
cient statement that birds attempting to fly
across Lake Avernus were killed by its me-
phitic vapors. See etymology of Avermian).
II. m. A demon or other inhabitant of the
infernal regions.
Averruncus (av-e-rung’kus), n. [NL., K. L.
Averruncus, an averting deity: see averrun-
cate.] A genus of sea-poachers of the family
Agonidae, found in deep water off the coast of
California and northward.
avertedly (a-vèr’ted-li), adv. In an averted
position or manner; with aversion or repug-
nance; unfavorably.
Richard was silent; not avertedly; he was simply not
outwardly responsive. Mrs. Whitney, Hitherto, p. 312,
avezacite (av’e-za-sit), n. [Avezac(-Prat), a
locality in the French Pyrenees, + -ite2.] In
petrog., the name proposed by Lacroix in 1901
for an ultra-basic igneous rock of granular tex-
ture, consisting principally of augite, horn-
blende, ilmenite, and magnetite, with some
apatite, and titanite. It occurs in narrow dikes
in lherzolite.
aviado (à-vi-ā’dó), n. [Amer. Sp., pp. of aviar,
provide articles for a journey, prepare, Ka, to,
+ via, K. L. via, way: see via.] One who works
a (silver-) mine with means furnished by an-
other (called the aviador).
aviatics (à-vi-atºiks), n., [Compare aviation.]
The science or art of aviation.
aviation (ā-vi-ā'shgn), m. [L., avis, a bird.]
. The art or act of flying; specifically, the science
or art of directing and controlling flying-
machines; the art of navigating the air with
machines heavier than air.
This mode of navigation [in air] is considered as an
aviation, or support by mechanical means only.
Proc. Internat. Confer, on Aérial Navigation, Chicago,
1893, p. 334.
aviator (ā’vi-à-tor), m.
flying-machine ; an aéroplanist.
These types of gliders have been taken up in France by
Captain Ferber, of the Artillery, and subsequently by
Mr. Ernest Archdeacon, both of whom have become
enthusiastic ‘aviators.”
G. H. Bryan, in Nature, 1905, p. 465.
A woman aviator.
aviatress (ā’vi-à-tres), m.
avichi (a-vé'chi), n. [Skt. avichi, hell
waveless, Ka-priv. 4- vichi, wave.] The
dhist heiſ
avicidal (av-i-si'dal), a.
ing to the killing or slaughter of birds.
avicide (av’i-sid), n. [NL. *avicidium, KL.
lit.
avis, bird, +-cidium, K. caedere, kill.] The kill-
ing or slaughter of birds.
avicolous (a - vik^{-lus), a. . [L. avis, bird, H-
colere, inhabit.] Living on birds, as the bird-
ticks of the suborder Mallophaga.
Aviculopinna (a-vik’ī-ló-pin (#), n. [NL., K
Avicula + Pinna, genera of Pelecypoda.] A
genus of Paleozoic pelecypods of the family
Pinnidae, having a very small wing in front of
the beaks.
aviculturist (av’i-kul’tſir-ist), n. . [aviculture
+ -ist.] One who rears or keeps birds, espe-
cially small birds, in a state of domestication.
The title of this work must therefore be interpreted in
the sense in which it is generally used by aviculturist8.
Nature, March 31, 1904, p. 507.
avidity, n.
3. In phys. chem., a constant by
means of which can be expressed the distribu-
1. A flying-machine
employing the principle of the aéroplane. [Re-
cent.]—2. One who directs the course of a
Bud:
Relating or pertain-
w
tion of a base between two acids each sufficient
to neutralize the whole of the base, or con-
versely; that is, the relative energy with which
the acids tend to seize their shares of base: a
term employed to avoid the use of the word
affinity. \
avidly (avºid-li), adv. Eagerly; greedily.
avidya (à-vid’yā), n. [Skt. avidyā, Kavidya,
ignorant, K a-, without, + vidya, knowledge,
understanding, K V vid, see: see Veda and witl,
v.] Ignorance; specifically, in Buddha's meta-
physical system, the ignorance which mistakes
the illusory phenomena of this world for reali-
ties. It is the first of the 12 midānas, or links
in the closed chain of cause and effect, in the
whole range of sentient existence.
avio (à-vé’ö), n. [Sp.] Money furnished the
owners of a mine to work it, by another per-
son, the aviador.—Avio contract, a contract between
two parties for working a mine, by which one of the par-
ties, the aviador, furnishes the money to the proprietors
for working the mine. Coal and Metal Miners' Pocket-
book.
aviolite (à-vi-6/lit), m. . [Monte Aviolo.] In
petrog., a term proposed by Salomon in 1898
for hornfels consisting of mica and cordierite.
Avisseau pottery. See *pottery.
avo (ā’vö), n. [Name in Timor?] A current
subsidiary coin of Macao, Timor, equivalent to
.42 of a cent.
Avocettina (av-Ö-set/i-nā), n. [NL., Kavocetta,
avoSetta, avoset.] A genus of snipe-eels of the
family Nemichthyidae: found in deep seas.
avoidance, n. 6. The custom which forbids
One member of a family to meet or address an-
other member.
many primitive tribes, and relates most fre-
quently to a man and his mother-in-law.
It is assumed that the junior male would be allowed to
remain only on condition that he respected the marital
privileges of the senior; hence he would have to seek his
mate from without the band; and the conditions in which
he lived with the female members of his own family gave
origin to the curious etiquette of “avoidances” which is
still to be found amongst some savage races and the his-
tory of which has been such a puzzle to anthropologists.
Lancet, Aug. 23, 1903, p. 582.
avoidment (a-void’ment), m. The act of avoid-
ing; avoidance. [Rare.]
avoird. An abbreviation of 4 orºgi.
avolitional (à-vº-lish'gn-al), a... [a-18 + voli-
tional.] Not volitional; involuntary: as, avo-
litional motility.
Avon É. See *pottery.
avowableness (a-vou’à-bl-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being avowable or openly acknowledg-
able. Donne, Sermons, iv. 549.
avowedness (a-vou’ed-nes), n. The quality
or fact of being avowed.
*º º...? m. The office or
position of avoyer (which see).
aw, m. and v. t. A simplified spelling of awe.
awa (ä’ wa), m. [Hawaiian awa (= Samoan
ava,- Maori kawa, kawa-kāwa), the plant and
the drink, K Hawaiian awa, etc., sour, bitter,
sharp, pungent. See kava.] 1. A name, in
Hawaii and other islands of Polynesia, of a
p. of the pepper family, Piper methysticum,
rom which the natives prepare a beverage.—
2. The beverage prepare
kava.
awa” (ä’ w8), n. [Hawaiian.] The common
Hawaiian name of the milk-fish, Chanos
chanos. It is found in the gulf of California and about
the Hawaiian islands, where it is an important food-fish,
reaching a length of from 2 to 5 feet.
Awaji ware. See *ware?.
awakable (a-wā’ka-bl.), a. [awake, v., + -able.]
Liable to awake or be awakened. Blackwood's
Mag., iv. 631.
awapuhi (ä-wā-pô'hé), m. [Hawaiian and Tahi-
tian.] 1. A plant of the ginger family, Zinzi-
ber Zerumbet, which is distributed over all the
volcanic islands of Polynesia and in India.
See also ºbeta}. [Hawaii.]—2. The name in
Tahiti of another plant of the same family,
Amomum Cevuga.
awardable (a-wärd'a-bl), a. [award + -able.]
That is or may properly be awarded.
awaredom (a-wär'dum), n. [Irreg. K aware +
-dom.] The state of being aware or on one's
guard. Walpole, Letters, III. 60. [Rare.]
N. E. D.
awaruite (à-wā-rö'it), n. [Awarua (see def.)
+ -ite2. The bay owes its name to Maori
awarua, a ditch, channel. Cf. awa, stream,
river, and rud, a hole.] A native alloy of iron
and nickel (Fenia) occurring in river-gravel
with gold, platinum, tinstone, etc., and prob-
from awa, See
This custom is found among A
ably derived from a peridotite: found near
Awarua bay, New Zealand. • .
awash, adv.–Heave awash (mawt.), an order to the
men at the capstan to heave round once more so as to
bring the anchor into view at the surface of the water.
awatch (a-woch'), adv. [aš + watch..] On
the watch; watching. Mrs. Browning, Au-
rora Leigh, vii.
away, prep. phr, as adv.--To do away with, to
eliminate; remove entirely; dispense with ; put an end
to ; abolish.--To Walk away from, to outrun with ease,
as if in a walk.
a webound (á'bound), a. Restrained or held
in check or submissiveness by awe, or fear
mingled with reverence or * [Rare.]
awelessness (ā’les-nes), m. The state or qual-
ity of being aweless; utter lack of awe.
Golding, Calvin on Deut., li. [Rare.] N. E. D.
aweoweo (ä-wā-ā-wā’ô), m. [Hawaiian.]. A
Hawaiian shrub or small tree, Chenopodium
Sandwicheum, found on all of the islands, and
sometimes eaten by the natives.
awesomely (à'sum-li), adv. In an awesome
manner. [Rare.]
awesomeness (à'sum-nes), n. The fact or
uality of being awesome. Mrs. Whitney,
ights and Insights, II. 609. N. E. D.
awest (a-west’), adv. [a 3 + west.]. In or
toward the west; westward. J. Barlow, Co-
lumbiad, i. 670.
aweto (ä-wā’tö), m. [Maori.] The so-called
vegetable caterpillar, the larva of a hepialid
moth, Hepialus virescens. It is attacked by a fungus,
Sphaeria Robertsii, which destroys it without altering its
form, sending out a strong shoot from between the head.
and thorax. [New Zealand.]
. W. G. In wire-manuf., an abbreviation of
American wire-gage. The American wire-gage dif-
fers somewhat from the standard gage used in England
known as the Birmingham wire-gage (B. W. G.), an
sometimes called Stubb's wire-gage or British wire-gage.
The American wire-gage is characterized by a regular geo-
metric progression in the increase of standard diameters;
the British wire-gage is slightly irregular in progression.
awhir (a-hwör’), adv. [a 3 + whir.] In a whir;
whirring.
awhirl (a-hwörl’), adv. [aš + whirl.] In a
whirl ; whirling.
awikiwiki (à-wé-kö-wé'ké), m. [Hawaiian, K
awiki, to be quick.] A tall climbing bean,
Canavali galeatum. [Hawaii.] e iº
awink (a-wingk’), adv. [aš + wink.] Wink-
ing. Eäijin Arnolá, ind. Idylls, p. 59." N. E. D.
awiwi (ä-we'wó), m. . [Hawaiian, K awiwi,
hasten..] A species of centaury, Centaurion
Sabaeoides (Erythraea Sabaeoides of Gray), a small
herb with pink flowers which grows on grassy
plains near the coast. [Hawaii.] .
awmrył, n. An obsolete form of ambry.
awning-deck (ā’ning-dek), n. See *deck.
awning-decked (ā’ning-dekt), a. In ship-
building, noting a type of merchant steamer in
which the highest continuous deck and the
closed-in side just below it are of light con-
struction.
awning-stanchion (ā 'ming-stan "shgn), n.
One of the series of metal or wooden posts
on the side of a ship above the rail, which sup-
port the ridge-rope to which the outer edges
of the awnings are attached when they are
spread to cover the decks.
awrack (a-rak’), adv. [aš + wrack.] Wrecked;
ruined. -
If she [the ship] split or sink, she is awracke.
Capt. John Śmiłh, Seaman's Gram., p. 41.
awreck (a-rek’), adv. [a 3 + wreck.] In a
wrecked condition; wrecked. Joaquin Miller,
Songs of Italy, p. 122.
awsum, a. A simplified spelling of awsome,
(170680%62. .
axbreaker (aks"brā-kër), n. A medium-sized
tree, Notelaea longifolia, of the olive family,
found from New South Wales to Queensland.
It yields a hard, close-grained wood. Also
called mock-olive and coobagum.
axed, a. 2. Furnished with an ax or with
axes. F. W. Farrar, St. Paul, IV. [Rare.]
axial, a.—Axial angle, a piece of the axial bounded by
two of its planes as sides.—Axial canal, (b) In sponges
the cavity, in calcareous and silicious spicules, occupie
by the axial thread or core of organic matter about which
the mineral substance is deposited. — Axial cell, in
Dicyemida, the single central cell of the body within
which germ-cells arise.—Axial cord, in Crimoidea : (a)
A thickening of the endothelium in the coeloma which
gives rise to the gonads, (b) A nerve running in a special
groove on the floor of the main brachial groove and
proceeding from the aboral or dorsal nervous system.
It sends branches to the muscles of the arms and
to the supposed sensory endings in the ectoderm.-
Axial cross. (a) In spicules of Hea'actinellida, a cross
formed by the union of the six axial threads or canals.
(b) The projection of the crystallographic axes of a given
- axial
Species, as used, for example, in the drawing of crystals.-
1 Current. The central portion of the blood-8tream
in the smaller vessels, in which the red corpuscles are
chiefly found, the white corpuscles moving sluggishly
along in contact with the walls of the vessels in the so-
called 8till layer.—Axial duplicity. See &duplicity.—
Axial eject. See #eject.—Axial fiber, the delicate con-
tractile thread contained in the stalk of certain sessile
Ciliata among the Infusoria (for example, Vorticella).
Contraction of it causes the stalk to shorten and coil up
into a close spiral.—Axial organ, a structure of enig-
matic function found in the axial sinus of Echimodermata,
exclusive of the Holoth wroidea. It is finely lobed,
usually brownish, and pear-shaped, and consists of a com-
plicated arrangement of tissue stränds. It has been vari-
ously regarded as a heart, blood-plexus, chromatogen
organ, lymph-gland, kidney, etc. Also called dorsal
§: ºi pitch. See #pitch1.—Axial projection.
See aprojection.—Axial ratio, the relative lengths of
accepted fundamental crystallographic axes of a given
species, expressed in terms of one of the axes taken as
unity; also, the relative lengths of the axes pertainin
to a given form.—Axial sinus, the vascular sinus whic
surrounds the ovoid gland of an echinoderm.—Axial
symmetry, in geom, symmetry with respect to an axis.
—Axial thread, a thread of organic substance which
occupies the axis of each sponge-spicule and of its pri-
mary branches,—Harmonic pencil. See ºpencil.
II. m. In math., an axial pencil.
axiality (ak-si-al’i-ti), n. Axial quality or
character: as, the aziality of a building.
Axifera (ak-sif'º-rá), m. pl. [NL., K. L. aaris,
axis, + ferre, bearj" An order of alcyonariań.
Anthozoa, consisting of Symalcyonacea that
form colonies made up of a coenenchymatous
rind investing a horny or calcified axis. Same
as Gorgonacea.
axilemma (ak-si-lem’ā), n. Same as *awo-
lemma.
axilla, n. 2. In bot., same as azil, 2.
axillary. I. ...º. line, a line descending
vertically from the anterior fold of the axilla (a -
aacillary line), the center of the axilla (midaazillary §
or the posterior fold of the axilla (posterior azillary line).
II. m. , 2. In the Crinoidea, the pentagonal
plate which supports the branched arms. The
axillaries may be of different orders, according to the
degree of branching in the arms. The first axillary in
each ray is often a fixed part of the calyx, but may be
free, and this is called by some writers the palmar. Also
termed aazillary radial.
axin (ak’sin), n. A substance secreted by a
Mexican coccid (Llaveia aſcinus). It is chiefly
fatty and contains axinic acid. It is used in medicine as
an external application, and also as a varnish, drying and
hardening on exposure to the air.
Axinella (ak-si-nel’ā), n. [NL., K. Gr. aštvm,
ax, H dim. -ella.] The typical genus of the
family Aarinellidae. Schmidt, 1862.
axinellid (ak-si-nel'id), a. Pertaining to or
resembling the Aazimellidae; specifically, resem-
bling the Aacinellidae in arrangement of the
... spicules of the skeleton-fibers; that is, having
° each component spicule inclined at an angle,
usually acute, to the axis of the fiber, thus
giving the latter a feathery or plumose appear-
8, Il C6).
Axinellidae (ak-si-nel’i-dé), m. pl. . [NL., K
Aarinella + -idae.] A family of halichondrine
sponges having the skeleton typically non-
reticulate, with the skeleton-fibers plumose,
megaScleres chiefly styli, and microscleres,
if present, never chelate. It contains Aarinella,
Auletta, Halicnemia, and other genera.
axinic (ak-sin'ik), a. [acin + -ic..] Derived
from axin.—Axinic acid, an oily acid, CisBoso27,
obtained by saponifying axin. y
axiniform (ak-sin'i-fôrm), a. [Gr. &#vm, ax, -H
L. forma, form.] Ax-shaped: as, “a broad,
azimiform process.” Dana, Crust., II. 769,
3X10IIl, ??.-Middle axiom [L. azioma medium], one of
those generalizations of ordinary experience which no-
body doubts, and which are soon replaced by scientific
formulations, which latter are also, but less properly,
termed middle aarioms.-Playfair's axiom, the axiom,
“two straight lines which intersect one another cannot
be both parallel to the same straight line.” It is given in
Playfair's Euclid (1818), where Playfair says: “This Axi-
om has been assumed by others, particularly by Ludlam,
in his very useful little tract, entitled Rudiments of
Mathematic8.”
axioscotic (ak’si-Ö-Skot'ik), a. [Gr. §§toç, cor-
rect, + akóTog, darkness, shadow.] Correct in
showing the relation of colors; orthochro-
matic; isochromatic.
axisl, n. 11. In arch., one of several lines,
either imagined or laid down in the plans, etc.,
which pass through the middle of an impor-
tant feature. Thus the axis of an entrance-hall will
probably be carried through the middle of the outer
doorway, the vestibule and inner doorway, and the hall
proper. In symmetrical planning and designing the parts
on one side of the axis are exactly like those on the other
side. Any feature, as a door or a Window, may or may
not be on the axis. Compare ken awe.—Apical axis, a
line passing through the center of the main longitudinal
axis of a diatom in the direction of the raphe and at the
same distance from homologous points of the girdle.—
as the older cyclonologists agsumed, the storm-winds
circulate; the severest part of a storm; the region
of heaviest wind.—Axis of collimation, the line
with reference to which a meridian telescope or
other optical instrument having motion in one plane.
only is adjusted ; the line of collimation. See col-
limation.—Axis of curvature. See Arcwrvature.—Axis
of elevation, a line along which an uplift of the earth's
crust has occurred.—Axis of glacial movement, the
line along which the fastest movement of a glacier takes
place.—Axis Of Similitude. If ABC, A'B'C' be homo-
thetic triangles, and OX a straight line through their cem-
ter of similitude, and A"B"C" a triangle symmetric to
A'B'C' with regard to OX as an axis of symmetry, then OX
is the azis of similitwde of the triangles ABC, A"B"C".—
Axis of Suspension, the line passing through the cen-
ter of mass (of a body suspended from a single point) and
the point of suspension.—Axis °ºry (dyad or
binary axis, triad or ternary 8, etc.). See #8Aym-
metry: Axis of the horizon. Seeºlorizºn.—beclina-
tion axis, the axis of an equatorial telescope which is
perpendicular to the polar axis: so called because when
the telescope is moved by turning the declination axis,
the declination of the point viewed is altered, but not
its hour-angle or right ascension.—Hemal axis. Same
as a 07ta.— §. (b) In crystal., that direction in a
crystal for which there is only one wave and one wave-
velocity. Crystals having only one optic axis are said to be
wniazial, those with two such axes biaa tal.—Pervalwar
axis, the main longitudinal axis of a diatom.—Ray axis,
in geometrical optics, a straight line joining the center of
the Fresnel wave-surface in a crystal to one of the points
of intersection of the inner and outer sheets of the wave-
surface ; any direction, in a doubly refracting crystal, in
which the ray-velocities of the two waves become the
same.—Secondary axis, in optics: (a) of a mirror, any
radius which does not pass through the center of the mir-
ror; (b) of a lens, any straight line through the center of
the lens which does not coincide with the radii of curva-
ture. (Used only in the approximate theory of lenses, in
which the thickness is ignored.)—Transapical axis, a
line passing at right angles to the apical axis of a dia-
tom and through the center of the main longitudinal
8XIS.
axis-band (ak' sis-band), n. Same as axis-
cylinder.
*ślº (ak’sis-plan), n. In geol., a plane
which symmetrically bisects a fold and passes
through its axis.
axis-traction (ak'sis-trak'shgn), n. Traction
through an axis; specifically, in obstet., trac-
tion made with the forceps along a curved
line corresponding to the axis of the pelvis.
Axle Safety-Strap, in a car-truck, a curved strap hang-
ing under the axle to support it in case of breakage. It
takes the place of the axle-sleeve no longer used. See
car-truck.—Coached axle, an axle-body which is square
at the end. At the collar, next to the square, there is a
short octagonal section, the rest of the body being round.
The term is used of the body only.— Concord axle, an
axle with a slightly tapered spindle : named from Čon.
cord, New Hampshire, where it originated.—Cranked
axle. , Same as cranked #8haft.—Fantail axle, an axle-
body drawn down thin and wide at the end where the
center is welded : a term applied to the body only, with-
out regard to the form of the spindle.— Long-distance
axle, an axle with the spindle or box grooved so as to
draw oil from an oil-chamber and distribute it when the
wheel is in motion ; also, an axle with a packing of felt
which absorbs the oil and distributes it over the bearing
surfaces.— Mail patent axle, a coach-axle with a
straight spindle and without an axle-nut. Its peculiar-
ity consists in two large plates, one of which bears
against the rear of the collar and the other against the
front end of the hub, the two plates being connected by
long bolts which pass lengthwise through the hub and
are tightened by nuts.— Roller-bearing axle, an axle
provided with long steel rollers, placed parallel to or at
an angle with the arm, which bear upon the spindle and
reduce friction.
axle-cap (ak’sl-kap), n. A metallic cap which
covers the axle-nut and the end of the axle-
8,I’Iſl.
axle-grease (ak'sl-grés), m. A lubricant of
fatty character, used to diminish the friction
of an axle, as of a vehicle, in its bearing. It
is generally a mixture of semisolid oils with
soap and resin.
axle-guide (ak'sl-gid), m. On a locomotive, a
guide which holds the boxes on the axles from
moving endwise while leaving them free to
move a certain distance vertically. Some-
times the guide is formed on the frame and at
others it is a separate piece. Also called
pedestal.
axle-lathe (ak'sl-lāTH), n. A special lathe for
rapidly and exactly turning car-axles to di-
mension and gage. It is made very strong and
stiff, and has several cutting tools.
axle-light (ak'sl-lit), m. See the following
#. —Axle-light system, a system of electric train-
ighting by means of a dynamo driven by the car-axle.
axle-setter (ak'sl-set"ér), n. A machine which
sets the spindles on the ends of axle-trees,
making them true and giving them the re-
quired set and gather.
axle-wad (ak's]-wod), n. A washer of papier-
mâché or wood, placed in the back part of an
axle-box to protect the bearing from the entry
of dust and dirt. It is divided across the mid-
dle with beveled edges. Lockwood.
Axis of a storm, the nearly vertical line about which, axode (ak’sód), n. [Gr. &#(ov), axis, + 66óg,
azadon
way.] In mech., the path of the instantaneous
axis of a body moving in a plane.
axodendrite (ak-sº-den’drit), n. . [Irreg. K. Gr.
āšov, axis, + dévôpov, tree, + -ite?..] In anat.,
a fibril arising from the axon before it receives
a sheath.
axogamy (ak-Sog'a-mi), n. [L. azis (Gr. &#ov),
axis, + y&uog, marriage.] In bot., bearing
sexual organs on the axis or stem.
axoid, a. II. m. In math., a curve traced by a
point rotating about a moving center.
axoidean (ak-soi’dé-an), a. Same as azoid.
axolemma (ak-sº-lem’ā), m. ; pl. azolemmata
(-a-tá). [NL., for *daronolemma, K. Gr. 6:0w
(I. azis), axis, F Gr. 2éupa, a husk, skin..] In
neurol., a membrane investing the neuraxon or
axis-cylinder of a nerve-fiber.
axon, n. 2. The efferent or axis-cylinder pro-
cess of a nerve-cell. Also spelled azome.
A single filament or azom, starting from the perikaryon
by a cone of Origin containing no chromatic elements.
Encyc. Brit., XXV. 394.
Axon hillock, the slight protuberance formed by the
junction of the axon with the body of a nerve-cell.—
Naked axon, an axon which is not inclosed in a medul-
lary sheath.
axOne (ak’zón), n. Same as azom.
axoneme (ak’sé-nēm), m. [For *aacomoneme,
KGr. 6; ov, axis, H- viſua, thread..] One of the
threads or strands in the central portion of the
contractile stalk of Vorticellidae.
Axonolipa (ak-så-nol’i-pâ), m. pl. [NL., KGr.
Čičov, axis, + Auto-, K Weitrétv, be wanting.] An
order of the graptolites in which a virgula or
solid axis is absent. They comprise the earliest
Graptoloidea, and appear in the Upper Cambrian, but do
not extend beyond the Lower Silurian. Dichograptus,
Tetragraptug, and Didymograptw8 are the most important
genera of the order.
axºliºs (ak-sº-nol’i-pus), a. [Gr. Čičov,
axis, + Auto-, K Žettetv, Žttetv, be wanting.] Per-
taining to or having the characters of the
Aacomolipa.
Axonophora (ak-sº-nofſó-râ), m. pl. [NL.,
K Gr. 650y, axle, -H -popog, Kºpépetv, bear.] An
order of the Graptoloidea, or graptolites, in
which the rhabdosome is strengthened by a
virgula or solid axis embedded in the dorsal
periderm. The Aacomophora appear in the later Lower
Sliurian after the Aacomolºpa. Their most typical genus
is Diplograptw8, and Momograptus is the predominating
genus in the Upper Silurian.
axonophorous (ak-sº-nofºg-rus), a. [Gr. ișov,
axis, + -popog, K pépetly, bear. J Pertaining to or
having the characters of the Azomophora.
axonost (ak’sé-nost), n. [Gr. Čičany, axis, +
ðatéov, bone. I In ichth., one of the interspinal
bones; one of the rays of bones which support
the dorsal and anal fins, their distal ends be-
ing typically inserted between the neural and
the hemal spines. Cope.
axophyte (ak’sé-fit), m. [Irreg. K Gr. 35ov,
axis, + pytów, plant..] A plant with stem and
root, that is, with an axis; a cormophyte.
axopodium (ak-sº-pô'di-um), m. ; pl. aropodia
(-á). [NL., for “aacomopodium, K. Gr. Čičov, axis,
+ Totºg (Tod-), foot.] A motionless pseudopo-
dium with an axial filament, seen in certain
Mastigophora, as Dimorpha, and in Radiolaria.
axospongium (ak-sº-spon'ji-um), n. ; pl. a.co-
spongia (-ā). [Gr. 33aov, axis, + a ſo; ; d, sponge.]
The network of extremely delicate fibrillaefound
in the protoplasm of the axis-cylinder or neu-
raxon of nerve-cells.
ayangao (ā-yāng’ ou), m. [Native name in the
hilippines.] Same as *amamaplas.
Aymarist (i’ma-rist), n. [Bolivian Sp. Ayma-
ºrista, K. Aymard, name of a people and their
language.] One who is proficient in the
Aymará language.
Aymestrey limestone. See *limestone.
ayrampu (i' rām-pô), m. [Quichua of Peru
(Tschudi) and Aymará of Bolivia.] A vege-
table dye of red color much used in Bolivia
like cochineal. It comes from the seed of the
fruit of a small cactus.
Ayrshire (är'shër), m. The name of a county
in Scotland, used to distinguish a breed of
medium-sized cattle, with short incurved
horns, originating in that county and largely
bred for dairy purposes. The general color is
reddish brown, more or less mixed with white.
ayudante (ā-yö-dān ‘te), n., [Sp.: see adju-
tant..] An assistant ; a hired man on a ranch
or hacienda in some Spanish-American coun-
tries.
azadon (ā-thä-dón"), n. [Sp., Kazada, OSp.
awada (= Pg. enzada, a mattock), Kara, sº
º a mattock.] A kind of mattock or heavy
O0,

azafran
azafran (ā-thä-frän’), n. [Sp., saffron: see
Saffrom..] 1. In Porto Rico, the Philippines,
Mexico, and other Spanish-speaking countries,
the safflower.—2. In Mexico, Corythea filipes
of the Spurge family and Escobedia laevis of the
figwort family; in Peru, E. scabrifolia. The
roots of these plants yield a yellow dye. In
Guam and the Philippinesthis name is also ap-
plied to the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa).
azalea, 71.- º azalea, the swamp honeysuckle,
Azalea viscosa : so called from the viscid tube of the co-
rolla.-Flame azalea, Azalea lutea, an Alleghany species
presenting in the spring immense masses of flame-colored
bloom.—Hoary azalea, or mountain azalea, Azalea
came&cens, a shrub of the rocky woods and mountains of
eastern North America, with gray pubescent leaves and
flowers less showy than in other species.—Smooth a Za-
lea, or tree-azalea. (a) See tree-azalea. (b) Azalea.
arborescens, a species growing in the Alleghanies, forming
a small tree and bearing innumerable white and pink
spicy-scented flowers. te
azalin (az'a-lin), n. [ag(ure) + -al F-in”.]
A mixture of quinoline blue and quinoline red:
used in the manufacture of orthochromatic
photographic dry plates.
azelaic (az-e-lā'ik), a. [a.æo- + Gr. 8%atov, oil
(see oil), + -ic.] Noting an acid, CO2H-
(CH3)3CO2H, formed by the oxidation of cas-
tor-oil, cocoanut oil, or Chinese wax. It crys-
tallizes in leaflets which melt at 106° C. Also
called lepargylic acid and anchoic acid.
azimene (az’i-mên), m. [Origin unknown; per-
haps Ar.] In astrol., weak or tame degrees
which, when ascending at birth, were supposed
to afflict the native with infirmity.
Azimghar pottery. , See *pottery.
azimido-. Same as *azimimo–.
azimino-, [aac(o)- + imime (from amine).] The
initial part of some chemical names, desig-
nating a compound containing the £º N3H,
as aziminobenzene, C6H4N3H, which is formed
by the action of nitrous acid on orthodiamino-
benzene.
Azimuth circle. See Acircle.—Azimuth error, the
amount by which the axis of a meridian instrument de-
viates from its correct east-and-west position : a matter
of adjustment : sometimes used to designate the cor-
rection (to an observation) required by this deviation.—
Azimuth of the plane of polarization, in optics, the
angle made by the plane of polarization of a reflected ray
of light with the plane of incidence.
azin, azine (az’in), m. [a2(ote) + in?..] One
of a group of organic compounds derived from
various hydrocarbons of the benzene series by
the replacement of two CH-groups with two
nitrogen atoms. The simplest azin is derived from
benzene and has the formula C4H4N2. The azins are of
considerable importance in the color industry. Also
called diazim.—Azin. A blue, Acolor, Agreen, kscarlet.
See the nouns.
azo. Same as azo-, used adjectively without
the hyphen.—Azoxacid-black, ºracid-blue, ºracid-
brown, Aacid-magenta, ºblack-blue, color, navy
*blue, etc. . See the nouns.
azo-alizarin (az"3-al-i-Zāºrin), n. A mordant
color of the diazo-salicylic-sulphonic-acid
type. It dyes chromium-mordanted wool a
vinous-red color. Also called Bordeaua, W.
azo-black (az-Ś-blak'), m. An acid color of
the diazo-sulphonic-acid type. It is closely
allied to naphthol black. -
azo-blue (az-à-blöſ), n. A direct cotton coal-
tar color of the diazo-sulphonic-acid type. It
is prepared bycombining diazotized toluidine with a-naph-
thol-monosulphonic acid, and dyes unmordanted cottom
a grayish violet in a soap bath.-Diamine azo-blue, a
direct cotton coal-tar color which dyes unmordanted cot-
ton a dark reddish blue in a salt bath. By Subsequent
diazotizing and development the blues produced are ren-
dered both clearer and faster.
azo-brown (az-Ö-broun"), n.
thylamine *brown.
azo-chromine (az-3-kró'min), m. A mordant
color of the monoa Zo type. It is prepared by com-
bining diazotized para-amidophenol with pyrogallol, and
produces dark brown when dyed with a chromium mor-
dant.
azo-coccine (az-3-kok'sin), m. 1. A diazo-
compound (azo-coccine 7B) prepared by com-
bining diazotized amidoazo-benzene with
a-naphthol-monosulphonic acid. Same as
cloth-ºred G. (b).-2. A monoazo-compound
(azo-coccine 2R) prepared by combining diazo-
tized xyloidine with a-naphthol-monosulphonic
acid. Also called double Scarlet It.
azo-cochineal (az-à-koch’i-nēl), m. An acid
color of the monoazo-sulphonic-acid type, pre-
pared by combining diazotized orthoanisidine
with a-naphthol-monosulphonic acid : so called
because it dyes wool in an acid bath a color
resembling that produced by cochineal.
azo-coralline (az-3-kor'8-lin), n. An acid
color of the monoazo-sulphonic-acid type,
which dyes wool red in an acid bath.
Same as maph-
azo-corinth (az-Ö-kor’inth), n. A direct cotton
coal-tar color of the triazo-sulphonic-acid type,
which dyes unmordanted cotton brownishviolet
in a soap bath.
Azo-diphenyl blue. See *blue.
azo-eosin (az-Ö-é’ó-sin), n. An acid color of
the monoazo-sulphonic-acid type. It is pre-
pared by combining diazotized orthoanisidine with a-
naphthol-monosulphonic acid, and dyes wool an eosin-
color in an acid bath.
azoflavin, azoflavine (az-Ś-flā‘vin), n. [azo
+ flavin.] . An acid color of the monoazo type:
so called because it resembles flavin in its
coloring properties.
azo fuchsin (az - Ö-fök (sin), n. 1. An acid
color (a 20-fuchsin B) of the monoazo-sulphonic-
acid type. It is prepared by combining diazotized
toluidine with dihydroxy-naphthalene-sulphonic acid,and
dyes wool magenta-red in an acid bath.
2. An acid coal-tar color of the monoazo-sul-
phonic-acid type. It is prepared by combining dia-
zotized sulphanilic acid with dihydroxy-naphthalene:
sºoniº acid, and dyes wool magenta-red in an acid
8.
azo-gallein (az - 3-gal' 3-in), n. A mordant
color of the monoazo-pyrogallol type. . It is pre-
§. by combining diazotized dimethyl-paraphenylene-
iamine with pyrogallol, and gives a purple color with a
chromium mordant.
azo-green (az-Ś-grén'), m. Amordant color of
the monoazo-triphenyl-methane-carbinol type:
but little used.
*...* (az-Ö-gren'a-din), n. The name
applied to two different acid colors, of unpub-
lished composition, which dye wool red in an
acid bath.
azogue, n. 2. A poor silver ore.
azo-imide (az-Ö-i' mid), m. [azo- + imide.]
In chem., same as *hydrazoic acid. -
azole (az’öl), n. [az(o)- + -ole, J A general
name given to a class of carbon-compounds
containing a five-membered heteroatomic ring
in which at least one atom is nitrogen, as
*pyrazole, *oacazole, *thiazole (which see).
Azolla ( º: m. [NL. (Lamarck, 1783),
K. Gr. &ſelv, to dry, + 6%ival, kill (the plants
being killed by drought).] A genus of small,
A colla Carolizzzazza.
a, plant, natural size ; b, branch with sporocarps; c, a large
sporocarp burst open showing the microsporangia; d, microspor-
angia with four microspores; e, a single microspore, b, c, d, and
e highly magnified. (From Britton and Brown's “Illus. Flora of
Northern States and Canada.”)
communal, moss-like, floating plants of the
family Salviniaceae, having pinnately branched
stems closely, covered by minute, imbricate
leaves and with descending, filiform, villous
rootlets. There are 4 or 5 species of wide distribution,
of which A. Caroliniana and A. filiculoides occur in the
United States.
azo-mauve (az-Ö-möv’), n. 1. A direct cotton
coal-tar color (a 20-mauve B) of the diazo-sul-
phonic-acid type, derived from toluidine. It
dyes unmordanted cotton a blackish-blue vio-
let in a soap bath.-2. A direct cotton coal-
tar color (a20-mauve R) similar to azo-mauve
º but derived from benzidine instead of tolui-
1I] 0.
azonal (a-zó'nal), a. [Gr. Čičovog, Zoneless, K
d-priv. -- Čávm, a zone, ---all.] In phytogeog.,
not in or according to zones; without zones.
See A207mal.
azonation (a-zó-nā (shqn), n. [Gr. §§ovog,
zoneless, + -ation.] In phytogeog., an arrange-
ment other than in zones.
An entire absence of zones, i. e., azomation, is excep-
tional in vegetation.
F. E. Clements, Bot. Surv. Neb., VII. 155.
azo-nigrin (az-5-ni'grin), n. An acid color of
the monoazo-sulphonic-acid type which dyes
wool a brownish black in an acid solution.
azygosperm
azonium (a-zö’ni-um), n. A compound con-
taining a quinquevalent nitrogen atom to-
gether with a second nitrogen atom in the
same molecule: used chiefly as a final com-
bining form ; as, ethyl phenazonium iodide.
azo-Orange (az-Ö-or'ānj), 'm. A direct cotton
color of the tetrakisazo type, derived from
toluidine, which dyes unmordanted cotton
Orange in a salt bath.
azo-orchil (az-Ś-ôr' kil), n. An acid color of un-
published composition which dyes wool brown-
ish red in an acid bath.
azo-orseillin (az"Č-ór-sā’lin), n. A direct cot-
ton coal-tar color of the diazo type, derived
from benzidine, which dyes unmordanted cot-
ton brownish red in a soap bath.
azophenylene (az-Ö-fé' ni-lèn), m.
phenyl + -eme.] Same as *phenazine.
azophor (az’ô-fôr), n. [azo + Gr. -?opog
bearer.] See the etymology.—Azophor blue.
See kblue.—Azophor red. See kred1.
azophosphine (az-Ś-fos’ fin), n. [ago + phos-
º + -ine2.j A coal-tar color of the
monoazo type derived from resorcin. It acts as
a basic color, and at the same time will dye cottom di-
rectly in an acid bath. It is employed in the dyeing of
cottom-and-wool union goods.
azote (ä-thó'te), n. [Sp., K. Ar. al-Sūt; al,
the, H- silt, whip.] A whip or switch. [Span-
ish America.]
azotea (ä-thó-tā’ā), n. [Sp., K. Ar. al-Satly: al,
the, + sath, a flat roof.] A flat roof or a plat-
form on the top of a house. [Spanish America.]
azotemia (az-Ś-të'mi-á), n. [NL. azotēemia, K
Gr. 6- priv. -- *Čoróg, K. Čáew, live (see azote),
+ Gr. alpia, blood.]. A disease of º
characterized by sudden paralysis of the hind
quarters and the passage of blood-colored
urine. Commonly called paralysis.
azotometer, n.— Bunte's azotom-
eter, , an apparatus for the estima-
tion of nitrogen. It consists of a water-
jacketed, graduated eudiometer, pro-
vided at its upper end with a funnel
and a three-way stop-cock. It is also
serviceable in general gas analysis.—
Horn's azotometer, an apparatus for
measuring the nitrogen liberated from
#.”..". Johnson's azotome-
er, an apparatus for collecting and
measuring nitrogen gas liberated
in analysis, particularly in that of
organic compounds. It consists of a
water-jacketed, graduated eudiometer
with a tubulus at its lower end for the
admission of gas, and a side-tubulus
connected with a reservoir containing
mercury, which serves for adjusting
the internal pressure.—L e’s a ZO-
tometer, a form of azotometer which
permits of the manipulation of larger
aseous volumes than usual.—Wink-
er's azotometer, an instrument
which serves not only for the deter-
mination of nitrogen, but which is
also of general applicability in gas
analysis. -
azoxy-, azoxy (az'ok-si). [az(ote) + oxy(gen).]
A. prefix, or separate adjective, denoting that
the compound to the name of whichitis prefixed
contains the azoxy group. See the following
phrase.—Azoxy group, a bivalent group of elements or
radicals consisting of an azo-group into which an oxygen
[azo- +
Johnson's Azo-
tonneter.
a, graduated eudi-
ometer; g, tubulus
for admission of gas;
d, opening in tubu-
lus; /t, stop-cock; l.
water-jacket.
O
/ N
atom has been introduced. Its formula is — N — N —,
Azulin yellow. See *yellow.
aZulmic (az-ul'mik), a. Noting an amorphous
brown acid, C4H5N5O, formed by passing cy-
***, v4.1+51\5V,
anogen into ammonia.
a 2Ullſe, 7t. Spring azure, a small blue American lycae-
nid butterfly, Cyaniris laedom, of wide distribution and
rennarkable for its complicated polymorphism. Its larva
feeds on dogwood, spiraca, Sumac, and other shrubs and
plants.
azureous (a-Züſré-us), a.
blue color. [Rare.]
azurine, n. 4. A crystalline base, C35H32N4O3,
formed by heating a mixture of orthotoluene
diamine and salicylic aldehyde. It melts at
251° C.—Brilliant azurine, a direct cotton coal-tar
color of the diazo type, derived from diamisidine, which
dyes unmordanted cotton in a salt bath.
azygobranch (az’i-gó-brangk), m. [42:/go-
branchia.] A member of the A2ygobranchia.
Azygobranchiata (az'i-gó-brang-ki-ā'tā), m.
l. [NL., K. Gr. 6-priv. 4- ºvyöv, yoke, + 8páyxia,
gills.] A flºp of rhipidoglossate gasteropods
of the order Prosobranchiata, in which only
one ctenidium, the left, is present: contrasted
with Zygobranchiata. ft includes the families
Trochidae, Turbinidae, Helicinidae, Neritidae, Pro-
serpinidae, and several others.
azygosperm (az’i-gó-spèrm), n.
sperm.] Same as azygospore.
Azure; of a clear
[a-18 + 2ygo-


-º-
| 3. º The B next, above
| middle C has (at French
pitch) about 488 vibrations
per second. (2) The final
of the rarely used Locrian
mode. (g) In logic, the
initial of the name of a
logical mood signifying
that the mood is to be re-
duced to Barbara. (h) In
elect.: (1) the symbol for magnetic induction,
or the number of lines of magnetic force per
square centimeter or square inch. (2) [l. c.]
#. symbol for susceptance in alternating cur-
}. circuits.-4. (e) An abbreviation for
est.
Baalitic (bā-al-it'ik), a. Same as *Baalitical.
Baalitical (bā'al-it'ikal), a. Of or pertaining
to Baal or the Baalites.
babbitted (bab’i-ted), p. a.
with Babbitt, metal.
Mr. Van Alstine attributes the low mileage shown by
English truck axles to the fact that these are babbitted
brasses. Jour. Franklin Inst., July, 1903, p. 53.
babbitt-lined (bab’it-lind), p. a. Having a
lining of Babbitt or antifriction metal. hit-
ham, Const. Steam Eng., p. 78.
Babcock test. See Atest1.
Babeldom (bā‘bel-dum), n. The confusion and
noise of Babel; a state of confusion and noise
resembling that of Babel. Contemporary Rev.,
Nov., 1882.
Babeſize (bā'bel-iz), v. t.; pret, and pp. Babel-
ized, ppr. Babelizing. To throwinto confusion;
render unintelligible; confound.
Babi (bā’bé), n. º bābī, K bab, a gate.]
Babism (which see).
babiche (bā-bêsh"), n. [Canadian F. babiche,
said to be from a Micmac "ababich, string,
cord; cf. Micmac abe, a cord.] A rawhide
thong.
The trader brought along with him the gun and the
curved knife, with which men built better canoes and
women cut the finest leather, called babiche. Result:
better boats for water travel, better snow-shoes for snow
travel and also better men and women.
O. T. Mason, Pop. Sci. Mo., Feb., 1902, p. 340.
Babinet's compensator. See *compensator.
Babinski phenomenon or reflex. See *phe-
710/18707t.
babooism, n. See *babwism.
baboračka (bā-bo-rich’kä), n. [Cf. *babordk.]
A Bohemian dance, or the music for it, which
is in triple rhythm, akin to the Tyrolienne
(which see).
baborák (bā-bö-råk’), n. [Bohem., K. Babor,
Bawor, Bavarian.] A Bohemian dance, or the
music for it. The latter properly consists of three
strains, of which the second ends in the key of the domi-
nant. In each strain two measures are in triple rhythm
and two in duple rhythm.
Babo's gas-generator. See *gas-generator.
babracot (bå-brā-kö"), m. A French variant
of A barbacot.
babuism (bā’bà-izm), n. [Also babooism..] The
language, culture, or manners of the English-
speaking native clerks of India. Their English
is characterized by fluency, with a misplaced
eloquence and pathos which produces a ludi-
crous effect. See babu.
Babul gum. See *gum”.
baby, m.—Blue baby, an infant suffering from congen-
ital cyanosis or blue disease.
baby-blue-eyes (bā-bi-blu'iz), n. The Cali-
formian bluebell, Nemophila insignis. See
Nemophila. The name baby-eyes is applied to the
variety intermedia, which has less azure flowers, and
either name is applied to the family Hydrophyllaceae.
baby-eyes (bā' bi-iz), n. See *baby-blue-eyes.
Babylonian. I. a.-Babylonian or Babylonish
Ca1) º (a) The deportation of a large number of
Jews to Babylonia, and their captivity there, after the
capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar in 597 B.C., and
on two later occasions (586 and 582 B.C.), the total
number deported being estimated at about one eighth
Lined or faced
:=ZºKº.
-. º -
Asºº
º ſº
- Mºº
º Mº'? º
ſº || || *
º)}º
Sºº-ºº:
(ſ ºis'
of the whole population. About 539 B.C. a portion of
the exiles then living returned to Judea under conduct
of Ezra. , (b) Figuratively, the term of years (1809–76)
during which the papal court was at Avignon.
... nº. A. variety of ball game played
with a large ball called a medicine-ball.
Babylonism (bab’i-lon-izm), n. 1. A word or
hrase peculiar to the Babylonians. – 21.
opery; the papal power. Bp. Hall.
babyolatry (bā-bi-ola-tri), n, Child-worship.
Chambers’s Journal, Feb., 1846, p. 129.
baby’s-breath (bā'biz-breth), n. The corn-
mon name of Gypsophila paniculata, a diffuse
and rather tall-growing *... The leaves are
linear-lanceolate, the largest being about three inches
long, becoming smaller toward the inflorescence, and
sharp-pointed. The flowers are white and very numer-
ous, with pedicels 3 times as long as the calyx. It
is a very graceful European plant of the family Silena-
ceae, and on account of its wiry, stiff stem is excellent for
cutting. Related species of Gypsophila are grown in
gardens.
bacalao (bā-kā-lä’6), n. [Also baccalao, ba-
callao, baccalio, bacalow, etc., & Sp. bacalao, ba-
callao, Pg. bacalhao, LG. bakkeljau, bakeljauw,
also inverted LG. kabeljaw, D. kabeljaauw, G.
kabeljaw, F. cabéliau, cabliau, cabliau, cabillaud,
a word originating in the Newfoundland fish-
eries, in which Dutch, French, and Basque
fishermen were engaged, K. Basque baccallada,
a codfish.] 1+. A codfish. 2. A Cuban name
of the green grouper, especially the scamp,
Mycteroperca falcata. -
bacao (bā-kou’), n. [Pampanga.] Same as
bacauan.
bacauan (bā-kou’ān), n. [Also bakauan; &
Philippine Sp. bacauan, KTagalog ~bacauan =
Pampanga bacao.] A name in the Philippine
Islands of mangroves and their allies, espe-
cially Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gym-
morhiza, and Bruguiera eriopetala. See man-
grove and *mangrove. Also called bacao.
bacca (bak'i), n. [L., a berry..] A berry, es-
pecially a succulent berry, like the gooseberry,
in which seeds are distributed throughout a
pulpy mass-Bacca corticata, a berry with a rind;
also an ovary.
baccarine (bak'a-rin), n. [For "baccharine, &
Baccharis + -ine?..] Same as baccarinine.
baccetum (bak-sé’tum), n. IK L. bacca, a
berry, + -etum (see *-etum).] Same as syn-
carp (a). Dumortier.
bacchanalism (bak'a-nal-izm), n. Bacchanali-
allisirl.
bacchanalize (bak'a-nal-iz), v.; pret, and pp.
bacchanalized, ppr. bacchanalizing. I. trans.
To convert into a drunken orgy.
II. intrans. To indulge in drunken revelry
or orgies.
Baccheion (ba-ki’on), n. [Gr. Bakreiov, prop.
neut. of Bakkeioc, adj., & Bákºoc, Bacchus...] A
temple or shrine of Bacchus, or Dionysus. The
Baccheion at Athens has been discovered be-
tween the Pnyx and Areopagus, and excavated
by Dr. Dörpfeld.
bacciocolo (bā-chö’kö-lô), n. ATuscan variety
of guitar.
B. Å. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Ac-
counts.
bachelor, n. 7. One of the young male fur-
seals which are forced, through fear of the
adult bulls, to herd by themselves at a distance
from the breeding-grounds.-Bachelor girl, a
young unmarried woman (especially one who earns her
own living) who lives more or less independently, often
keeping house by herself or in the company of another
or others similarly situated.
§§§ (bach'e-lgr-li), a. Bachelor-like.
bachi (båk'hé), n. [Native name on Batanes
islands.] A distilled liquor used by the natives
of the Batanes.
bacillicidal (ba-sil-i-si'dal), a. [bacillicide +
-al.] Destructive of bacilli; bacillicidic.
bacilligenic (ba-sil-i-jen'ik), a. Of bacillary
origin; caused by the presence of a bacillus.
bacillite (ba-sil'it), n, [L. bacillus, a little
rod, ---ite?..] One of those embryonic crystals
or crystallites, in the glassy eruptive rocks,
which are composed of parallel longulites or
little cylindric rods: a term *..." by F.
Rutley. Mineralogical Mag., DK. 263.
ºlºphºbia (ba-sil-5-foºbi-á), n. DNL. ba-
cillus + Gr. -boºſa, K poſłeiv, fear.] A morbid
fear of infection by bacilli.
bacilluria, (bas-i-lii'ri-á), n. [NL., & bacillus
+ Gr. olipov, urine.] ńe presence of bacilli
in the urine when voided.
bacillus, n. 6. In sponges, a microstrongyle;
a form of spicule.—Acid-resisting bacillus, any
one of a small group of bacteria, including Bacterium
§º tuberculosis, B. leprae, etc., which stain with
ifficulty, but are very resistant to the mineral acids
when these are used as decolorizing agents.-Bacillus
botulinus ["sausage bacillus’], a bacterium discovered
by Van Ermengen and shown to be the cause of meat-
poisoning.—Bacillus. bovis morbificans [“disease-
roducing beef bacillus"], an organism described by
asenau as a possible cause of certain cases of meat-
poisoning: perhaps a variety of the colon bacillus--
Bacillus coli communis, a bacterium, having the form
of single or paired rods, present in the human intestine
in health, and also found associated with other micro-or-
ganisms in the blood and other fluids of the body in the
course of various diseases. It is found also in water,
milk, and food-stuffs, and is one of the most widely dis-
seminated of saprophytic bacteria.-Bacillus mallei
["bacillus of the hammer"], a pathogenic micro-organism,
º
r
- &- * **.)
Fº ſº
*-* º --
\
-
(From Buck's
Barrºws ºraller, magnified 1,000 times.
"Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences.")
the bacillus of glanders. Morphologically it resembles
the bacillus of tuberculosis. ". occurs in the form of
rods from 2 to 5 microns long and actively motile.—
Bacillus pyocyaneus, a bacillus found in certain cases
of ...'." where the pus has a bluish coloration.—
Boas-Oppler bacillus, a long bacillus which is found
in the stomach contents almost exclusively in cases of
cancer of the stomach. It is a marked lactic acid pro-
ducer.—Bubonic-plague bacillus, Bacillus pestis, in-
Bubonic-plague bacillus (Raº's Aesºs), from Agar culture.
Magnified rooo times. (From Buck’s “Reference Handbook of
the Medical Sciences.")
variably assºciated with the bubonic plague, and gener.
ally accepted as thºspecific cause of the disease-Butter
bacillus, the Bacillus 41 of Conn, used to improve the
flavor of butter-Diphtheria bacillus. Same as Klebs.
Loeſſler Abacillus-Eberth's bacillus, Bacillustyphosus,









bacillus
the probable causal agent of typhoid fever. See typhoid
and bacillus-Friedländer's bacillus, the organism
Bacterium (Bacillus) pneumonicum, discovered by Fried-
_ -
- - - - -
A - - - - º
* - - - -
- - º *
- - ** **. - -
- --
- -
* . Tº . º
-- ºs - º - - --
- º º º
- - Nº-º-
. * *** - º * - -
- -
w * º --
sº * * * /
NZ º Z
Eberth's bacillus (Ract/ºus typhosus). Magnified 1,000 times.
(From Buck’s “Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences.")
länder and believed by him to be the cause of fibrinous
pneumonia. Later investigations have not confirmed this
belief.-Glandersbacillus, Bacterium (Bacillw8) mallet,
the bacillus of glanders, See k Bacillus mallel.-Icteroid
bacillus, the Bacillus icteroides of Sanarelli, who declared
it to be the specific cause of yellow fever. This opinion
has not been generally accepted by investigators of the
disease.—Influenza bacillus, Bacterium (Bacillus) in-
Influenza bacillus (Bacterium (Baciºus) influenza). Magnified
1, ooo times. (From Buck's "Reference Handbook of the Medical
Sciences.")
fluenzae, considered by Pfeiffer to be the specific cause
of epidemic influenza.-Klebs-Loeffler bacillus, Bac-
Klebs-Loeffler bacillus (Bacterium (Bacillus) diphtheria).
Magnified 1,000 times. (From Buck's "Reference Handbook of
the Medical Sciences.")
terium (Bacillus) diphtheriae, the organism invariably
found associated with true diphtheria. Its causal re-
lation to this disease is regarded as demonstrated.—
Koch's bacillus, the tubercle bacillus. Seektuberculosis.
Koch’s comma bacillus, Microspira (Bacillus) comma.
It is found associated with Asiatic cholera, and there is
much evidence to support the general belief that it is the
cause of this disease. See &Microspira.-Koch-Weeks
bacillus, a micro-organism which causes one form
of acute conjunctivitis.-Leprosy bacillus, Bacterium
(Bacillus) leprae. It is usually found in leprous tissue,
but its causal relation to the disease has not yet been
demonstrated.—Neumann's bacillus, a microbe (Bacil-
lus meningitidis purulentæ (found associated with cases
of purulent meningitis-Nicolaier's bacillus, a bacil:
lus found by Nicolaier in a post-mortem examination of
an abscess of the kidney.-Paracolon bacillus, a micro-
organism found in the blood in certain cases of feyer
resembling in general typhoid fever, but not responding
to Widal's test.— Pfeiffer bacillus, Same as inſluenza
*bacillus-Pseudodiphtheria bacilli, a name applied
to certain bacteria resembling the diphtheria bacillus.
They are found in the throat, but are not virulent.-
Pseudo-tubercle bacilli, certain bacteria, as Bacterium
§ pseudotuberculosis, which resemble and pro-
uce effects similar to the tubercle bacillus.-Shiga's ba-
cillus, Bacillus Shigaº, which is found quite generally
in cases of diarrhea, dysentery, and cholera infantum,
and is believed to be their cause.--Smegma bacillus,
the Bacterium smegmatis of Migula, found on the
genital organs of man. It is not generally regarded as
pathogenic.—Tubercle bacillus, Bacterium (Bacillus)
Tubercle bacillus (Bacterium (Racillus) tuberculosis) in sputum.
Magnified 1,000 times. (From Buck’s “Reference Handbook of
the Medical Sciences.")
tuberculosis, the organism demonstrated by Koch to be
the cause of tuberculosis. Also called Koch's tubercle
bacillus. See ktuberculosis.--Typhoid bacillus. See
Eberth's kbacillus and typhoid.
back", n., 12. Half-back and full-back are also ap-
plied to similar positions in field-hockey, roller-polo, and
other games. In American foot-ball there are two half-
backs, who play at varying distances behind the rush-line.
They render assistance to the tackles and ends as a sec-
ondary line of defense, and on the attack are the men
most used for running with the ball. In field-hockey
there are usually three half-backs, the center, the right,
º left, who stand about 15 yards behind the for-
Warus.
13. A change in the direction of the wind
in the order east, north, west, and south—that
is, º the sun or against the hands of a
watch,-14. In mining, a cleavage-plane:
one of the main joints, vertical or nearly so, by
which strata are intersected. [Scotch..]—Back
of a lode or vein, in º: the outcrop.–Paneled
back. Same as ºpanº-inº —Repeating º in
hotog., a form of single plate-holder by means of which
wo separate negatives may be made on one plate.-
Reversing back, an arrangement of that portion of a
camera which holds the focusing-screen and dark-slide
by which oblong plates may be exposed either horizon-
tally or vertically.
backl, a. 5. In phonol., formed at the back
of the mouth by raising or lowering the pos-
terior part, or back, of the tongue-Back num-
her sºmbº fo take the back track. See
*track2.
back!, adv.–From 'way back. (a) From a locality
which is “away back,' or far behind or remote, from the
place where the speaker is, or from civilization; from
some indefinitely distant, out-of-the-way, little-known,
or rural region. (b) From the beginning, or from early
times; hence, with systematic thoroughness: as, he ex-
plained the whole thing from 'way back. [Colloq.]—To
send back, in cricket, to get (a batsman) out; to cause
him to return to the pavilion. [Colloq.] —To Whip
back. See kwhip.
backl, v. t. 13. In building: (a) To complete
at the back or rear by building or by covering
or finishing something: often used with up.
(b) To finish at the back by cutting off, trim-
ming, or smoothing: sometimes used with off.
(c) ño give a new back to (as a wall), by cut-
ting away some part of the material: generally
used with off-14. To move (coal) along the
working-face to the haulage road.—15. To
provide (a bow) with a back made of a sep-
arate piece or of different material from that
of the belly.
back-action, a. II. m.
tached to and drawn by a larger one, for the
transportation of freight. [Pacific States.]
back-airing (bak’ār’ing), n. The providing of
ventilation, by means of pipes, to the lower or
outer side of a trap, to prevent the accumula-
tion of foul gases below it. Also called back-
venting.
back-angle (bak’ang'gl), n. 1. The angle
formed by extending backward the two straight
lines which form a given angle. The angular
value of the back-angle equals that of the for-
ward or direct angle, but the bearings or azi-
muths of its sides are reversed.—2. The third
angle of a triangle which has been found by
calculation from the observed values of the
other two angles.
back-bag (bak’bag), n. A bag carried on the
back, especially the ricksack of the Tyrolese.
A small wagon at-
backfire
back-balance (bak'bal-ans), n. A self acting
incline in the mine, where a balance-car and a
carriage in which the mine-car is placed are
used. The loaded car upon the carriage will hoist the
balance-car, and the balance-car will hoist the carriage
and empty car. Coal and Metal Miners' Pocket-book.
back-bar, n. 2. In a carriage, a curved bar of
ornamental character used to connect the tops
of the rear springs and to act as a support for
the pump-handles or body-loops.
back-block” (bak"blok), a. From the interior
or back country: as, bººk blog. youngsters.
[Australia.]
back-blocker (bak"blok-er), n. A settler or
resident in the back-blocks of Australia; a
bushman from the back-blocks. [Australia.]
back-blocks (bak"bloks), n. pl. 1. A collec-
tive name in Australia for those sections which
lie back of or away from the settled regions;
the back country; the far interior: so called
from the fact that on the survey-maps the coun-
try is divided into “blocks,” or sections.
In the back-blocks of New South Wales, he had known
both hunger and ;"| and had suffered from sunstroke.
Haddon Chambers, Thumbnail Sketches of Australian
[Life, p. 33.
2. Those parts of a station which are distant
from the river-front. See *frontage. [Aus-
tralia.]
backboard (bak’bórd), v. t. In leather-manuf.,
ºn the flesh side instead of on the grain
side as in regular boarding
back-box (bak’boks), v. t. In turpentine-mak-
ing, to cut new boxes in the unused spaces of
(a boxed tree).
back-center, m, 2. The position of the link-
block of a Stephenson-link reversing-gear when
the engine is running backward; the position
of the link-block when it is controlled by the
backward eccentric.
back-choir (bak'kwir), n. A secondary choir
behind (that is, to the eastward of) the great
choir, as in a large church. In the large
Spanish churches it is often called the greater
chapel (*capilla mayor, which see, with cut).
back-coal (bak’köl), m. Coal which miners are
allowed to carry home with them. [Scotch.]
back-coming (bak’kum'ing), m. The mining
of coal in the pillars back toward the shaft.
See "...'...'", [Scotch.]
back-cross (bak'krös), v. i. To cross or inter-
breed between a Mendelian hybrid and one of
the pure parental forms.
The correctness of Mendel's hypothesis of the purity of
the germ-cells and of their production in equal numbers,
is shown by back-crossing of a hybrid with one of the
parental forms. For example, in a case of simple domi-
nance the first generation will all be D (R). Any one of
them back-crossed with the recessive parent will produce
50 p.c. pure recessives and 50 p.c. hybrids.
Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc., Feb. 1904, p. 52.
back-cutting (bak’kut'ing), m. 1. In civil
engin, earth or other material brought from a
place where there is an excess to fill up a
cutting or place where there is a deficiency.
–2. The place whence this extra earth is
brought; the excavation made in procuring
it.
back-deed (bak’déd), n. In Scots law, same
as back-bond (which see). It corresponds to
the declaration of trust in English conveyan-
Cling.
back-down (bak'doun), n. The act of backing
down. See backl, w,
back-draft (bak'drāft), n. A reverse current;
in a furnace, a draft of air or gas going in a
direction contrary to the normal direction and
often causing a burst of flame out into the fire-
room or through the firing-door or ash-pit.
backed, p. a. 2. In archery, having the back
made of a separate piece from the belly: said
of a bow. See bow.
backfill (bak-fil"), v. i. and t. In engin., to fill
(a depression) with material taken from a
cutting.
bºiling (bak' fil’ing), n. 1. Rough ma-
sonry forming the back of a wall.–2. The
filling in again of a place from which earth
has been removed; the earth so filled in.
backfire (bak'fir), v. i. ; pret, and pp. backfired,
ppr. backfiring. 1. To stop an advancing fire
by setting in front of it, or around threatened
buildings, woods, etc., another fire, which is
then beaten out, thus producing a protective
burnt area.
In dry times we patrol especially exposed parts. In
spring and autumn, during dry weather, our woodsmen
all have orders, no matter what they are doing, whenever
they see smoke arise to go to it and put out the fire. It




backfire
- {
is usually done by back-firing entirely around and watch-
ing it until we are suré the fire is out. By this means
We halve kept serious fires from our timber when we are
Working, Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1899, p. 424.
2. To light before the proper time: said spe-
cifically of a gas-engine when the charge
explodes before the admission-valve closes,
thus making an explosion in the admission-
passage, or before the working-piston reaches
its dead-center, which it must do before be-
ginfiing its working stroke. See *back-firing.
back-fire (bak'fir), n. A fire started purposely
Some distance ahead of a fire which is to be
fought. The back-fire is often so set as to burn against
the wind, so that when the two fires meet, both must go
out for lack of fuel. Also called counter-fire.
back-firing (bak'fir’ing), n. 1: The action of
the burner of an explosive mixture, usually
of gas and air, by which the flame runs back
through the mixing- or combining-tube to the
jet which delivers the fuel: due to the fact
that the flow in the mixing-tube is slower than
the rate at which the flame travels in such a
mixture.—2. The pre-ignition of a mixture of
gas and air, in the cylinder of an internal-
combustion motor, by which the piston is
strongly driven backward and a partial rota-
tion of the shaft in reverse direction results:
due to a very combustible mixture with high
compressionin relation to its composition, or to
advanced spark-adjustment. See *ignition, 5,
and internal-combustion kmotor.
backflash (bak'flash), v.i. Of a flame which
is consuming a combustible gas, to move back
through the current of gas and burn at a point
farther back than is desired. This happens when
the rate of flow of the mixture in the current is less than
the rate at which flame propagates itself through such a
mixture. * &
back-flow (bak' flö), n. Back-draft; also, the
flowing back of a flame in gas-engines.
back-flue (bak'flü), n. The reverse of a re-
turn-flue; a flue for conducting hot gases from
the front to the rear end of a boiler.
back-fold (bak'föld), n. A backward fold or
folding; the English equivalent of the Ger-
man rickfaltung, suggested by E. Suess for the
following condition: A mountain-range which has
been upheaved by folding later experiences a strike-fault
whose inner side, away from the bounding plains, sinks.
Later a cross-folding is developed at right angles to this
break, and to the axis of the older folds, which causes
great upheaval and tilting. This last-formed fold is called
a back-fold. Amer. Geol., Aug., 1904, p. 16.
back-furrow (bak'fur/6), v. i. To lay a sec-
ond furrow-slice against the face of a first by
plowing in the reverse direction.
backgammon, n.-Russian backgammon, a va-
riety of backgammon in which the men, instead of being
set up on various points at the beginning of the game,
are entered by throws of the dice, both players entering
upon the same table and going round the board in the
same direction.
back-gear, n. 2. pl. Gears for changing the
speed of a shaft by transferring the power to
a secondary shaft and then back to the first
shaft, or one concentric or parallel with it.
Such a set of gears is commonly used on lathes
for driving the live spindle when cutting metal.
back-geared (bak'gérd), p. a. So geared that
the power is brought back to a shaft concen-
tric with the driving-shaft, or parallel to it,
but turning at a different speed.
back-gray (bak/grã), n. A piece of unbleached
cotton cloth placed on a calico-printing ma-
chine between the cloth which is being printed
and the back-blanket, to keep the latter clean
as long as possible.
Back-hand stroke, in tennis and similar games played
with a racket or bat, a stroke in executing which the
player turns the back of his hand toward the direction
in which he is sending the ball—for a right-handed
player the ball on the left side, and for a left-handed
player the ball on the right side.
backing, n. 8. (i) In archery: (1) A reinforcement
of wood sinew, or other elastic material forming the
back of a composite bow. (See bow?.) Backing of sinew is
free (simply bound or laced upon the bow) or close (molded
or glued upon the bow). . (2) The art or process of affixing
such a reinforcement. (j) In masonry, the rough stone-
work, brickwork, or concrete of a wall whose face is of
finer material or workmanship; in arch. construction,
the masonry which rests immediately upon an arch,
sometimes necessary to keep it from deformation. (k)
In mining, planks or poles placed behind the main tim-
bers.
backing-cloth (bak'ing-klóth), n. In calèco-
printing, an endless cloth, consisting of several
layers of stout cotton cloth fastened together
with caoutchouc, run immediately back of the
fabric to be printed, to increase the elasticity
of pressure of the engraved rollers.
calico-printing, the pressure-cylinder, on a
cylinder
rollers.
bºiling (bak’lash'ing), n. Same as back-
8
back-line (bak/lin), v.
lined, ppr, back-lining.
|back- e (bak/min), n.
See to *haul back.
'mine. [Scotch.]
back-observation (bak’ ob-zér-vä” shon), n.
back-stretch (bak-strech'), n.
A cross-cut passage back-stroke, n.
toward the dip of the strata. Also back-set of the lever in a telegraph-sounder.
bactericide
º, which serves as backstope (bak'stóp), v. i. ; pret, and pp. back-
a solid abutment for the engraved printing-
8toped, ppr. backstoping. To mine a stope by
working from below.
That part of a
circular or oval race-course which is at the
t.; pret. and pp. back- side opposite to the finish; the part opposite
the home-stretch.
3. In teleg., the return-stroke
Standard
I'lect. Dict.–4. Diastolic impulse of the heart,
a faint beat occurring as the blood enters the
An observation made, as in surveying, in a ventricles.
direction contrary to the direction of progress, back-swordman (bak'sórd-man), n. Same as
b
or contrary to the usual direction.
ack-swordsman. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
back-palming (bak'pāºming), n. In conjuring, bagk-swordsman (bak's ºrdź-man), n. Afencer
the art of passing cards or coins to the back
of the hand through the fingers, and then
back-turn (bak’térn), n.
with the single-stick or back-sword.
In music, same as
back again to the palm, as the hand is turned - twº, 6.
in full view of the spectators.
Recently some new sleights were introduced from
America. These consist in an amplification of the method
of concealing coins and cards at the back of the fingers.
The principle has received the incongruous title of “back-
palming.” By means of this method both back and front
of the hand alternately can be shown empty, while, not-
withstanding its apparent emptiness, the hand neverthe-
less conceals a coin or card. Encyc. Brit., XXX. 428.
backpedal (bak'ped'al), v. i. In bicycling, to
press down upon the pedal as it rises, in ord
to check the movement of the wheel.
backplate, n. 2. A plate of cast-iron bolted
against the back or outer edge of molding-
boxes, for the purpose of preventing the liquid
metal from forcing the sand outward and
escaping from the mold: also applied to the
late used on the back of the wind-box of the
essemer converter.
back- ºppet gºpop'e) %.
in a lathe. [Eng.]
back-positive (bak/poz’i-tiv), n. In German
organ-building, that division of the instru-
ment which is placed behind the player's
seat and between him and the church. It is
back-valve (bak’ valv), n.
back-wash (bak'wosh), v. t.
The tail-stock back-wash
back-up (bak’up), n. Mechanism or levers by
which the forward motion of a motor-car or
-vehicle is reversed.
The single lever which, by a forward and backward
movement, through the space of about 12 inches, starts
the engine, and controls the forward speeds and the back-
wp, doing away with the confusion arising from a multi-
plication of levers. Hiscoa, Horseless Vehicles, p. 262.
A check-valve ; a
valve which automatically prevents a fluid from
* flowing in the wrong direction.
back-vent (bak’vent), m.
In mining, in wide
rooms with center pack-walls, the air-course
alongside the pillar. Barrowman, Gloss.
[Scotch.]
1. To cleanse
from oil, as wool after combing.—2. To sub-
ject to the back-wash of a boat which is ahead
or is passing.
(bak’ wosh), m. 1. In worsted
"manuf., a process of cleaning the carded sliver
of wool by passing it through hot suds. C.
Vickerman, Woolen Spinning, p. 225.—2. The
disturbed water thrown aft by the action of
the oars, paddle-wheels, or propeller of a boat.
usually played from the lower bank of keys. backwasher (bak’ wosh-er), m. In worsted
Compare chair-organ and choir-organ.
Back-pressure line, that line of an indicator-card
which is traced by the pencil of the indicator while the
end of the cylinder to which the indicator is attached is
exhausting.
back-quarter (bak’kwär’tēr), n.
leather at a rear corner of a bow-top carriage.
ackset, n. 3. In lock-making, the horizontal
distance between the front of the lock and the
center of the keyhole : an essential measure-
ment in lock-fitting.
back-shot (bak'shot), m. A back-firing; the
firing of the charge in the cylinder of an inter-
mal-combustion engine before the admission-
valve has closed, thus causing an explosion in
the admission-passage.
back-shutter (bak'shut’ér), n. That part of
a shutter which is hinged to the stile.
back-slanging (bak'slang-ing), n., The cus-
tom of travelers in the back-blocks of Aus-
tralia, where hotels are searce, of seeking ac-
commodations at the settlers' stations on their
route. [Australia.]
back-slippage (bak'slip’āj), n.
same as slipl; n., 6.
back-spin (bak’spin), n. A backward rota-
tion, as of a golf-ball. It checks the forward
motion of the ball.
back-stamp (bak'stamp), n. An imprint upon
the reverse side of mailed matter indicating the
time and place of its receipt at a post-office.
backstay, n. 8. In mining, an inclined strut
or brace of a shaft-head frame, designed to
resist the pull of the hoisting-engine.—Back-
stays to the sun, radiating beams of isit proceeding
from behind a cloud near the horizon; the sunbeams
shining between distant clouds and illuminating the
lower hazy, dusty atmosphere. When these beams de-
scend to the earth or ocean im front of the observer it is
said that the sun is “drawing water."—Shifting back-
stay, a stay used on a fore-and-aft vessel only as neces-
sity requires. Such stays are shifted when the vessel goes
about, so that the Weather ones will be taut and the lee
ones slack. Shifting backstays are set up with their own
permanent tackle and act as preventer stays for the top-
mast when the vessel is under a press of sail. When not
in use they are secured in the after part of the chammels
or standing rigging of the mast to which they belong.
back-stop, n. 2. In base-ball, the catcher. See
def. i. 3. A stop or pawl designed to check
the backward movement of a wheel; a detont.
—Back-stop net, coarse netting used on athletic grounds
Of pumps,
to prevent the balls used in tennis or base-ball from pass bacteric (bak-ter’ik), a.
back-stope (bak'stóp), n. In mining, a working-
backing-cylinder (bak'ing-sil"in-dér), n. In place over a drift or level in which the ore is
ing beyond certain limits.
attacked from below.
bacological (bak-5-loj’i-kal), a.
bacteraemia, n.
nanuf., a machine for cleansing the carded
sliver by passing it through hot soap-suds and
water, over hot copper drums, and through a
screw gill-box.
A strip of back-working (bak'wér-king), n. In mining,
working a coal-bed back or working toward
the shaft. [Scotch.]
s [It. “bacolog-
ico (KNL. *bacologicus), K*bacologia, the art of
silkworm culture, K baco, reduced from bom-
baco, var. of bombace, KML. bombax, var. of L.
.bombya, silkworm (see bombast, bombyx) + Gr.
-Aoyia K Žéyetv, speak.] Of or pertaining to
the culture of silkworms: sericultural.
Baconian theory, the theory that Bacon wrote the plays
usually attributed to Shakspere. This theory, first dis-
tinctly put forth by Delia Bacon in 1857, has had many
fervent advocates, who have sought to establish it by
various arguments and ingenious “discoveries" of cryp-
tograms and the like. Its chief incentives have been the
paucity of our knowledge of Shakspere's life and an
exaggerated estimate of Bacon's genius.
Baconianism (bā-kö’ni-an-izm), n. Baconism.
Baconist (bā’kon-ist), m.
1. An adherent of
the Baconian philosophy.—2. One who holds
to or favors the Baconian authorship of the
plays usually recognized as Shakspere's.
Bacony degeneration. Same as lardaceous disease.
Bacopa (ba-kö’pâ), m.
[NL. (Aublet, 1775),
prob, after a native Guiana name of the type
species.] A ger is of dicotyledonous plants
of the family Serv, phulariaceae. The type species,
B. aquatica, is a native of Guiana and Brazil and in those
countries is used medicinally. See Herpestis.
An improper form of *bac-
teriemia.
bacteria-bed (bak-té'ri-à-bed”), n. In sewage
disposal, same as *cultitation-bed (which see).
Bacterial blight, a name given to certain bacterial
diseases of plants: as, the bacterial blight of the walnut,
Which has been reported from California, and the bacterial
blight of potatoes (Bacillus solanacearum), which causes
the death of the leaves and stems, and also the rotting of
the tubers.—Bacterial lamp, a glass flask of 1–2 liters
capacity, containing a culture of phosphorescent bacteria.
—Bacterial proteins. See &protein.--Bacterial spot,
a disease of carnations, of bacterial origin, which produces
spots on the leaves and finally kills them. It is regarded
as distinct from bacteriosis of the carnation, attributed
to Bacillus Dianthi.
bacteria-tank (bak-té'ri-à-tangk"), n. In sew-
age disposal, same as *septic tank (which
see).
Same as bacterial.
Bactericidal immunity. See *immunity.
bactericide, "...sº bactericide, a term intro-
duced by Pfeiffer to designate the active substance of a
bacteriolytic immune serum : same as *bacteriolysin.
54
bacteriemia,
bacteriemia (bak-té-ri-É'mi-á), n. [NL. bacte-
riaemia, KGr, Bakrºpov, a rod (see bacterium),
+ alua, blood.] Presence of bacteria in the
blood.
bacteriofluorescin (bak-té"ri-º-flû-5-resſin), n.
A green fluorescent pigment produced by Ba-
cillus pyocyaneus.
bacterioid, a. II. m. An organism shaped like
a bacterium ; specifically, the branched form
of bacteria found in the root-modules of legu-
minous plants. -
bacterioidal (bak-tá-ri-oi'dal), a. Having the
shape of a bacterium; bacterioid.
bacteriologic (bak-té'ri-º-loj'ik), a.
bacteriological.
Bacteriological *incubator, ºsterilizer. See
the nouns.
bacteriologically (bak-téºri-j-loji-kal-i), adv.
a bacteriological sense or relation. -
bacteriolysin (bak’té-ri-ol’i-sin), n. [bacteri-
olys(is) + -in?..] A substance of the character
of an amboceptor, which will cause the de-
struction of bacteria in the §.". of a cor-
responding complement. (See *complement,
8.) Its action is, generally speaking, specific, that is, a
certain bacteriolysin will destroy only a certain definite
species of bacteria.
In his Croonian lecture (1900) Ehrlich says: “From
this it appears that in the therapeutic application of
anti-bacterial sera to man therapeutical success is only
to be attained if we use either a bacteriolysin with a
complement which is stable in man, or at least a bacteri-
olysin the amboceptor of which finds in human serum
an appropriate complement. The latter condition will
be the more readily fulfilled the nearer the species em-
ployed in the immunisation }. is to man."
ancet, April 4, 1903, p. 943.
bacteriolysis (bak’té-ri-ol’i-sis), n. [NL., K
bacterium + Gr. Atatº, dissolution.] Destruc-
tion of bacteria by some specific lysin.
But inasmuch as the results of the studies form an in-
tegral part of the work on haemolysis and bacteriolysis,
which is now attracting so much attention among bacte-
riologists and pathologists, and as they contain certain
facts of fundamental importance bearing on the theory
of these phenomena, it seems best not to delay publica-
tion until the entire series of researches shall have been
completed. Jour. Earper. Med., March 17, 1902, p. 278.
bacteriolytic (bak-té"ri-à-lit'ik), a. [bacteri-
olysis (-lyt-) + -ic..] Pertaining to or of the
nature of bacteriolysis; destructive to bac-
teria through the action of specific lysins.
The colon and typhoid bacillus were employed to check
one another. It was found that in nearly every case the
bacteriolytic power of the blood was sufficient to destroy
the typhoid bacillus, even if alcohol was not employed.
herapeutic Gazette, May 15, 1908, p. 292.
bacterioprotein (bak-té"ri-à-proté-in), n.
An albuminous substance derived from bac-
teria. , Same as bacterial *protein, -
bacteriopurpurin (bak-té"ri-º-pèr'pil-rin), n.
[L. bacterium + purpureus, purple, F -in”.]
The reddish-purple coloring matter contained
in certain bacteria. -- - - - -
bacterioscopically (bak-té"ri-à-skop’i-kāl-i),
ado. By bacterioscopic methods; by means
of a search for bacteria with the microscope
or by culture methods. Nature, LXVII. 370.
bacterioscopist (bak-té-ri-os'kö-pist), n. One
engaged or skilled in the microscopical in-
vestigation of bacteria. . .
bacteriosis (bak-té-ri-d'sis), m. Any plant-
disease caused by bacteria.-Bacteriosis of the
carnation, a disease of carnations attributed by Arthur
and Bolley to Bacillus Dianthi-Bacteriosis of the
cucumber, a disease of cucumbers caused by Bacillus
trachelphilus.-Bacteriosis of the hyacinth, a disease
of hyacinths caused (according to Wakker) by Pseudo-
monas Hyacinthi.-Bacteriosis of the melon, a dis-
ease which destroys the leaves and wines of melons:
caused by Bacillus trachelphilus.-Bacteriosis of the
mulberry, a disease of the mulberry attributed to Ba-
cillus Cubonianus.-Bacteriosis of the potato, a dis-
ease which attacks the leaves, stems, and tºers of
tatoes: Baid to be caused by #aciº solanacearum.—
º bacteriosis of Wheat, a disease of wheat at-
tributed to Micrococcus Tritici.
bacteriotoxin (bak-té"ri-º-tok'sin), m. 1. A
toxin of bacterial origin.—2. Same as *bac-
teriolysin.
bacterium, n.-Hog-cholera bacteria, a group of
varieties or species, including Bacillus Salmoni, found
associated with hog-cholera.-Involution forms of
bacteria, irregular forms due to constrictions or swell-
ing of the cells. They occur especially in old cultures,
where the organisms have little vitality or are dead.-
Iron-bacteria, certain of the higher bacteria, as species
of Cremothriz, which make use of the iron compounds,
especially iron carbonate. See*Cremothria.-Luminous
bacteria, species which possess luminous P.
The luminosity appears to be due to the vital processes
of the cell acting in the presence of free oxygen.— Mes-
ophilic bacteria, a class of bacteria so callſ on aſ:-
cºunt of the temperature at which they grow. The mini-
mum is 10°-15°C., optimum 37° C., and maximum about
Same as
45° C. The forms which produce pathogenic action in
man belong to this class.-Nodule-bacteria, the bac-
A
Nodule-bacteria.
4, a few cells highly magnified to show the bacteria; four cells
with nuclei; R., branching forms from clover tubercle; C, rod.
forms from fenugreek tubercle.
teria, which produce nodules upon leguminous plants,
enabling them to use atmospheric nitrogen. — Pigment-
bacteria, bacteria which exhibit color.—Psychrophil-
ic bacteria, bacteria which develop at a minimum
temperature of 0° C., optimum 15°-20°C., and maximum
about 30°C. The water-inhabiting bacteria generally be-
long to this class.-Pus-producing bacteria, the group
of forms which are active in suppurative processes, of
which Streptococcus pyogenes is a frequently found ex-
ample.-Sulphur bacteria, a name applied to certain
bacteria frequently found in sulphur-springs. The most
common forms belong to. A Reggiatoa (see cut), and
*Thiothria:-Thermophilic bacteria, a group of bac-
teria which require a high temperature for successful
growth. The minimum is 40°- 49° C., optimum 50°-55°
C., and maximum 60°–70° C. Many of the soil-bacteria
belong to this group.
bacteriuria (bak-té-ri-litri-á), n. [NL., & Gr.
É. a rod (see bacteriº, + oipov, urine.]
esence of bacteria in the urine when voided.
Bactrian. I. a.-Bactrian sage, Zoroaster.
II. m. The language of Bactria. – old Bac-
* old language of Bactria: usually called Avestan
Ol' -
Bactrites (bak-tri’téz), n. [NL., K. Gr. Bákſpol,
8, . + -ites.] An early genus of fossi
cephalopods in which the shell is straight, the
protoconch round and calcified, and the septa
regularly saucer-shaped, with a lateral si-
phonal lobe. Some writers regard this genus, which
occurs only in the Devonian, as a derived form of the
nautiloids because of its shape, the variability of its
siphonal lobe, and the fact that some nautiloids, like
Orthoceras, possess a calcified protoconch. Others re-
gard the genus as a primitive form of the ammonoids;
but this view is not now well supported.
bactriticone (bak-trit’i-kön), n. [NL., KBac-
trites, + Gr. Kövoc, come.] The elongate-conic
shell of the cephalopod genus Bactrites. The
word was employed by Hyatt to distinguish this shell
from the similar but stouter cones of nautiloids like
Orthoceras (orthoceracones), on the assumption that
Bactrites is an ammonoid genus and the only represen-
tative of that group with a straight and smooth shell.
This view is not generally accepted, and the term bactrit-
icone is held to be essentially equivalent to orthocera-
done.
bacuba (bā-kö’bà), n. [A native W. Ind, name:
cf. Oyambi bacowe, Galibi baccoucou, baloulaca,
banana.] A name, in the Danish West Indies,
of the cultivated dwarf banana, Musa Caven-
dishii. -
bacule (bak’il), m. [MF. bacule.] Same as
bascule, 2.
baculiferous (bak-ii-lif'e-rus), a. Bearing
reeds or canes.
baculiform (ba-kü’li-fôrm), a. [L. baculum,
rod, -- forma, form.] Rod-shaped ; straight.
baculiticone (bak-ii-lit' i-kön), n. -1
KBaculites + Gr. Kövoc, cone..] A Sheilikº that
of the ammonoid cephalopod genus Baculites;
a shell close-coiled in early stages but in later
growth becoming uncoiled and finally straight.
baddeckite (ba-dek'it), n. [Baddeck (see def.)
+ -ite?...] A highly ferriferous mica occurring
in small isolated scales embedded in a plastic
clay: found near Baddeck, Nova Scotia.
baddeleyite (bad"li-it), n. [Named after Jo-
seph Baddeley, who brought the first specimen
baff
from Ceylon.] Zirconium dioxid (ZrO2), oc-
curring in tabular monoclinic crystals from
ellow to brown or black in color: first found
in the gem-sands of Rakwana, Ceylon, and later
in Brazil (there called brazilite) and in Sweden.
badenite (bad'e -nit), n. [Rumanian Badeni
(see def) + -ite”.] An arsenide of cobalt, nickel,
and iron, containing also a small amount of
bismuth. It occurs in steel-gray granular to
fibrous masses at Badeni-Ungureni, Rumania.
badge", n., 5. A breed of domesticated pigeons,
so named because of the sprinkling of white
about the head and 10 white flight feathers.
—Badge of fraud, in law, an act or omission innocent
in itself, but so out of the usual course that a presump-
tion of fraudulent dealing arises, which must be over-
come by positive evidence.
badger?, n. 5. An erroneous translation, in
the English version of the Bible, of the He-
brew tahash, an animal whose skins are men-
tioned 13 times in the Old Testament as cover-
ings for the ark of the covenant, the table of
showbread, and the tabernacle itself, and once
(in Ezek, xvi. 10) as a material for the shoes
or sandals worn by women. Badgers are not known
to occur in Asia as far south as Palestine and Arabia.
The particular animal which furnished these skins has
not yet been identified.
6. In Australia, (a) the bandicoot, Perameles,
and, rarely, (b) the rock-kangaroo, Petro-
ale.—7. A soldier who wears short whiskers.
Colloq., U. S.]-8. In angling, an artificial
y having a hackle of badger cock with a dark-
brown, nearly black center and cream-colored
points.-Badgergame, a blackmailingscheme in which
à man of meani’s entiºd by a woman into a compromis-
ing relation, and is then pounced upon by her alleged hus-
band and compelled to pay smart-money.
badger-box (baj'êr-boks), n. A roughly con-
structed dwelling, shaped like an inverted V
and covered with bark, much used by Tasma-
nian pioneers. [Australia.]
badhan (bād &han), n. [Yiddish, from Tal-
mudic (Syr.) beduh, cheer up, amuse..] A pro-
fessional jester; one who entertains the guests
at a Jewish marriage by reciting Hebrew and
Yiddish popular songs, anecdotes, etc., and who
also addresses the bride and bridegroom. Al-
though his chief occupation (as his name signifies) is
merrymaking, his addresses to the couple before the mar-
riage ceremony assume a solemn character. Also called
marshalok or marshallik, from the German marschalk, a
sort of leader in festivities.
badia (bā-dé’ā), n. [It., shortened form of ab-
badia.] Same as *abbadia (which see).
Badiotites (bad-i-º-ti’téz), n. [NL.; formation
not obvious.] A genus of ammonoid cephalo-
pods with closely coiled discoidal shells, rela-
tively simple septal sutures, and strongly ribbed
and keeled whorls. It occurs in the Triassic
rocks of the Mediterranean province.
badjong (bad'jóng), n. [Aboriginal name.] The
name, in western Australia, of a tall shrub,
Acacia microbotrya. It produces a large quantity of
good gum, similar to gum arabic, which has a pleasant
sweetish taste; the aboriginals gather and store it in
hollow trees for use as food in winter.
bad-wing (bad’ wing), n. A geometrid moth,
Dyspteris abortivaria, inhabiting the Atlantic
United States, the hind wings of which are
greatly reduced in size. It is pea-green in color,
with two white bands on each of the fore wings and one
on each of the hind wings. Its larvae roll the leaves of
grape.
Baelz's disease of the lip. See *lip.
Baena (bé ‘nā), m. [NL.; formation not ob-
vious.] A genus of fossil turtles from the
Cretaceous and Eocene of North America.
banomere (bé'nº-mér), n. [Irreg. K Gr. Baivetv,
go (see base2, basis), + uépog, part..] One of
the thoracic segments of an arthropod.
baºnopod (bé'nº-pod), n. [Irreg. K. Gr. Baivetv,
go, + Toffº (troë-), foot..] One of the thoració
legs of an arthropod.
banosome (bé'no-sām), m. [Gr. Batvety, go,
+ adua, body..] The thoracic region of an
arthropod. Packard.
baer, n. Same as *ber.
#ºy! coin, an ancient coin representing a sacred mete-
§ like those of Eleuthera, Myrina, and other Greek
C. -
bastylic (bé-til'ik), a. Of or pertaining to a
batylus or sacred meteoric stone.
In the later palace a series of finds illustrated the
* bactylic' cult of the Double Axe and its associated divini-
ties. A gem showed a female figure—apparently a god-
dess—bearing this sacred emblem.
Rep. Brit. A88'n Advancement of Sci. 1902, p. 468.
baetzner (betz'nér), m. A small billon coin of
Strassburg in Alsace, worth 8 deniers.
baffº (baf), a. [Prob, a form of bauch..] Worth-
less; useless. [Prov. Eng.]—Baff week, the week

baff
fin which no pay is received, fortnightly payment of wages
being customary in some parts of Great Britain.—Baff
Saturday, the Saturday of baff week.
ffle, n. 4. An artificial obstruction (in the
form of a board, plate, or cleat placed in the
channel) to the continuous smooth flow of a
i. Or gas. It is used for the purpose of producing
a thorough mixture of the flowing medium, or of check-
ing its velocity, or of detaining solid matters trans-
ported or propºſed by the flowing medium.
Thaffle-block (baf'l-blok), n. A thick piece of
metal, sometimes hollow, used to baffle, or
deflect, gases in a furnace.
baffle-ring (baf'l-ring), n. A ring placed in a
bearing to prevent leakage.
baffle-tank (baf'l-tangk), n. A tank in which
baffles, or cross-partitions, are placed to check
the flow of a liquid or vapor through the tank.
baffle-tube (baf’l-tūb), n. A tube placed in
the path of the hot gases from a furnace, to
deflect them and make them take a more cir-
cuitous path, so as to retard their passage out
of the tubes until all heat has been given off.
baffling (baf' ling), n.
system of partitions, plates, or rings whereby
a tendency to motion in an undesired direction
is prevented. See baffle-plate, *baffle-ring.
baffy (baf'i), n. [baff 2 + -y?..] Same as
*baffy-spoon.
baffy-spoon (baf’i-spén), n. A wooden club
A º
B
A, baſſy-spoon; B, long spoon.
with a short shaft and very much lofted in the
face, used in golf for playing approaches.
bagl, n. 13. In base-ball, a base-bag.—14.
A swelling on a boiler-plate. It is frequently found
in wrought-iron boiler-plates, and is due to the presence
of cinder inside the plate, which causes that part of the
plate which is exposed to the heat to expand more than
the side next to the water and to separate from it. .
15. In leather-manuf., fullness in the middle
of a skin, which prevents it from lying out
flat and smooth. It is more marked in large
skins.—Barnes's bag, an hourglass-shaped rubber bag
employed in dilating the os uteri...—Faraday's electric
bag, an instrument devised by
Faraday to show that a §
of static electricity is distrib-
uted on the exterior surface
of bodies. A metal ring on an
insulated support has a gauze
bag fitted to it. After electrifl-
cation by use of a proof-plane,
it may be shown that the charge
is on the exterior, for when the
bag is drawn inside out by pull-
ing the silk strings the charge
will still be found on the exte-
rior.—Politzer bag, a rubber
bulb with a tube attached, used
to force open the Eustachian
tube in cases of catarrhal clos-
ure. See politzerize.
bag", v. t.--To bag a brace, in cricket, said (humor-
ously) of a batsman when he fails to score a run in either
of his two innings. [Colloq.] Hutchinson, Cricket, p. 322.
bagatel, n. A simplified spelling of bagatelle,
bagatelle, n. 3. Specifically, in music, a short
and light piece, usually for the piano.
bag-filler, n. 2. In milling, a machine for fill-
ing paper bags or cloth sacks with flour, bran,
meal, etc. One form consists of a short conveyer,
operated by hand, for drawing a fixed quantity of flour
from a hopper and loading it in the bag. In otherforms
the empty bag is placed in a machine, where it is firmly
held and raised to a filling-cylinder by which a fixed
quantity of flour is placed in it, the filled bag or sack being
released and removed by hand.
baggage-room (bagſäj-röm), n. 1. A room at
a railway-station, steamship-pier, or the like,
where baggage is received, registered, dated,
checked, etc.—2. A room where baggage may
be left until called for, a receipt or number
being given. ... [U. S., in both senses.]
baggativay (ba-gat’i-Wà), n. [Ojibwa pagna-
dowe, to play ball.] The game of lacrosse.
J. M. Cooley, Michigan, p. 61. *
bagging”, n.-Cotton bag , a jute fabric of very
coarse texture for baling cotton : Same as gummy bag-
ging.
Baggy group. See *group1.
bagio, baguio (bā'gi-6, bā-gē’ö), n. . [Sp. ba-
#. KTagalog, Bisaya, Pampanga, etc.; bagio,
Ilocán bagguio, a tempest.] In the Philippine
Islands, a native name for a whirlwind storm,
hurricane, typhoon, or cyclone.
Baguios, as hurricanes are called here, seem to be of
frequent occurrence. They often blow down all the huts
Faraday's Electric Bag.
An arrangement or
bailer
bail-former (bål'för"měr), m.
of a village, destroying the bread-fruit and coconut crops,
uprooting the trees or stripping them of their leaves, so
that it takes them a long time to recover.
s Plant World, May, 1903, p. 100.
tº: (bā'gö), n. .#; A name in the
Philippine Islands of Gnetum Gnemon, an ever-
green shrub or small tree with jointed, knotty
|branches, opposite leaves, and catkin-like in-
florescence. The bark yields cordage; the seeds are
roasted and eaten by the natives, and the young leaves are
cooked and eaten like spinach. Also called nabo.
|bag-rack (bagºrak), n. A rack attached to the
side or bulkheads of a ship to support the bags
in which the crew keep their clothing.
balance
Bairdiella (bār-di-el’ā), n. [NL., named for
Spencer F. Baird, an American naturalist.]
A genus of American sciaenoid fishes, includ-
ing the mademoiselle, or silver-croaker, B. chry-
8wra. Gill.
bait-bug (bâtº bug), n. A small burrowing
crustacean, Hippa talpoidea, found on the At-
lantic coast of North America.
baiz, n. A simplified spelling of baize.
bajara (ba-ya' rã), n. A form of pump or
water-lift used for irrigation purposes. It com.
prises a large vertical wheel carrying on its circumfer-
ence a chain of water-buckets and driven by rough gear-
ing from a whim operated by a horse or mule.
º (ba-grá'dä-bug), n. [NL, bagrada Bajocian group. See *group1.
1, 1862), from a native name?] A pentat-
omid bug, Bagrada hilaris, common in South
Africa, where it damages cabbage and cauli-
flower just as does the allied harlequin cab-
bage-bug (Murgantia histriomica) in the United
States.
bagre (bā'grã), n. [Sp., Pg.] A sea-catfish, a
#. of Tachysurus or of a related genus.
[Spanish America.]
bagsang (båg'sång), n. [Bisaya bagsang.] A.
name in the Philippine Islands of the starchy
pith of several palms, especially that of Caryota
Rumphiana. The pith yields a kind of sago which is
highly nutritious, and which is eaten by the natives either
in the form of gruel or as a substitute for rice.
baguet, n. 2. In cytol., a rod-shaped mass of
chromatin in the nuclear division of some In-
fusoria.
baguilumban (bā-gé-lóm'bān), n.
*balokanag.
baguio, n. See *bagio.
bag-Worm, n.--Abbot's bag-worm, the case-bearing
larva of a psychid moth, Oiketicus abbotii (Grote), occur-
ring in the southern United States. See Psychidaeº-
ce bag-worm, the larva of Thyridopterya ephemera:-
ormis. See bag-worm.
bahag (bā‘hag), n. [Tagalog and Bisaya.] . A
loin-cloth worn by the natives of the Philippine
Islands.
Bahama, lancelet. See *lancelet.
bahawdry (ba-hā’dri), n. [Also bahaudry,
bahadry, K Hind. bahãduri, adj., K. bahádur, ba-
hadur.] The star pagoda in Mysore. See
pagoda, 3.
bahawdur (ba-hā’dör), n. Same as bahadur.
Bahian group. See *group1.
baho (bā’hô), n. [Hopi baho, paho.] Same as
*paho.
bº (bā’éhör), n. ; pl. bahurim (bā-éhö’rém).
[Yiddish bocher, Heb. bahīr, pl. bahürim, K
bahar, choose, select.] 1. In biblical Hebrew,
a young man. Gesenius.-2. In modern use
(since the fourteenth century), a student of the
Talmud in a rabbinical college (yeshiba), espe-
cially now in Russia and Poland.
baia (bi’â), m. [Said to be Siamese.] A money-
shell, as a cowry.
baidarki, n. See bidarkee.
Baiera (bi'e-râ), m. [NL. (Friedrich Braun,
1843), named in honor of Johann Jacob Baier
1677–1735), an eminent man of science..] See
eanpaulia.
bail2, n. 7. In Canadian law, a demise of realty.
—Bail court. See *court.—Bail emphyteotique, a
lease for a long term, with right to renew indefinitely,
practically announting to an absolute conveyance.—Com-
Same as
ing of fictitious bail when special bail is not required. It is
intended merely to express the appearance of a defendant.
bails, v. II. intrans. To halt, or surrender
when “bailed up” or “held up" by a highway-
man. [Australia.]
Bailable process, an attachment requiring the arrest of
a defendant, and his release upon giving to the officer of
the court to whom the attachment is directed suitable bail
for his appearance.
bail-drive (bål" driv), n.
drive: a Hooke's gº.g.
8(bºiº), m. [bailº, n., + -erl.] In cricket,
a ball that strikes the bails: usually applied
to a ball that strikes the bails after pitching.
A wire-cutting
and -shaping machine for making bails.
bailiff, 7t.—Water-bailiff, (b) In English port towns,
an officer appointed to search ships. (c) In London, an
officer who supervises the inspection of fish brought into
the city.
bailiff-errant (bā‘lif-er"ant), n.
bailiff; a deputy to a bailiff.
bailing-net (båſling-net), n. A scoop- or gath-
ering-net used in lifting iive fish out of a trap
or seine.
Baillarger's layer-line. See *line?.
baiochetto (bā-yô-ket' 6), n. [It., dim. of
baiocco : see baiocco.] A small silver coin of
the Farnesi, dukes of Castro, in the sixteenth
century.
A universal-joint
An under-
balafong, m.
balagan (bal-a-gan'), m.[Siberian.]
balance, m.
Baiuvarian series. See *series.
bakam (bā’kām), n. [E. Indian.] A name
applied in the East Indies to Biancaea Sappan,
the sapan-wood of commerce. See Sapan-
wood. Also called bookum and bukkum-wood.
bakauan, n. See *bacauan.
bakelite (bā’kel-it), n. The trade-name of a
liquid compound of phenol and formaldehyde
used in the production of an insulating material.
Baker’s leg or knee, knock-knee.—Bakers' Sponge
test. See ktest 1.
bakerite (bā’kèr-it), n. [Named after R. C.
Baker, a director of the mining company.] A
ydrated calcium borosilicate occurring in
massive white forms at the borax-mines in San
Bernardino county, California. w
Bakewellia (båk-wel’i-á), n. [Bakewell, a mar-
ket-town in Derbyshire.] A genus of Permian
pelecypod mollusks belonging to the family
Permidae. Also written Bakewellia.
baking-paper (bā’king-pâ"pér), n. In cooking,
a thin sheet of asbestos fabric or felt, used to
control the baking of bread or cake. When the
bread or cake is sufficiently browned in the oven, the
paper is laid over it, effectually shutting off excess of
heat and preventing scorching or burning.
baking-powder, 7. The baking-powders in use in
the United States belong virtually to the following
classes: (a) bicarbonate of soda with cream of tartar;
(b) acid calcium phosphate; (c) dry soda-alum; (d) both
acid calcium phosphate and dry, soda-alum; and in all
starch to absorb hygroscopic moisture from the air and
prevent premature loss of carbon-dioxid gas.
baking-soda (bā’king-sø"dā), n. Sodium acid
carbonate or bicarbonate of soda, NaHCO3.
Baktrian, a. and m. See Bactrian.
bakuin (bak ( 6-in), n. [Russ. “bakuinii, K
Baku in Transcaucasia, a great petroleum
center.] A Russian mineral lubricating-oil
having a high viscosity and low cold test.
Compare “bakurin. Thorpe, Dict. Applied
Chem., I. 263.
bakuol (ba-kö’ol), n. [Russ. “bakuoliſ, appar.
K Baku (see Abakuin) + L. ol(eum), oil.]. A
name given by Mendeléeff to an illuminating-
oil made by mixing oils of different specific
gravities and of different flashing-points.
bakurin (bak’ö-rin), n. [Baku (see *bakuin)
+ -r- + -in?..] A lubricating-oil made by mix-
ing 100 parts crude Baku oil, 25 parts castor-
oil, and 60–70 parts sulphuric acid of 66° Bé.,
followed by washing with water and sodium
hydroxid. Thorpe, Dict. Applied Chem., I.
64.
Bala group. See *group1.
monbail. (a)Seebaiº,8. (b) In practice, theformalenter- balaad (ba-lād’), n.
[Given as Somali, but
perhaps representing Ar. bilód, country.] A
native name in Somaliland for a small tabanid
fly resembling Haematopota, which bites camels,
sometimes causing their death. Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1900, I. 9.
balaenoid (baiãºnoid), a [L. balana, a whale,
+ -oid.] 1. Resembling or pertaining to a
whale; whale-like.—2. Pertaining to the genus
Balaena.
Same as balafo." See also
*marimba. *.
A thatched
pyramidal wooden hut of eastern Siberia,
raised on piles to a height of about 10 feet, and
reached by a ladder consisting of a notched
tree-stem.
The little village of Karaga consists of seventeen
straggling balagans, six yurts and one small tent.
Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XII. 285.
14. In engines, a condition in
which the forces at play due to the masses of
the moving mechanism are balanced by others
which operate in a contrary sense, so that the
engine has no tendency to lift or slide upon
its foundation, but would run without jar even
if not secured to such foundation. Balance is of
great importance in locomotive and motor-car engines,
since, from the nature of their service, the bed-plates

balance
or frames of these machines cannot be fastened to the
ground.—Automatic balance, a weighing-machine
which automatically cuts off the material being placed
upon it. When a fixed amount is in the weighing-pan.—
Inertia, balance, an instrument which,
by means of oscillations controlled by
adjustable weights, enables moments
of inertia to be determined without the
use of stop-watches.—Jolly's balance,
a delicate spiral spring of elastic brass
wire, intended chiefly for determining
the specific gravity of small fragments
of minerals.—Kelvin's ampere-bal-
ance, an apparatus for measuring the
strength of an electric current in abso-
lute terms by balancing its attracting
force against a weight.—Mohr’s Spe-
cific-gravity balance, a convenient
form ºf balance suiteå to the determi.
nation of the specific gravity of both
solids and liquids. A rider on the grad-
uated arm is used instead of the Smaller
weights.— Plattner's balance, a small
assay-balance so constructed as to be
easily taken apart and packed in a
small box for safe transportation: used
in rough mining regions.—Quartz-
thread gº an instru-
ment, devised by Threlfall and Pol-
lock, for statically measuring varia-
tions in gravity. It consists of a
quartz thread 30.5 cm. long and .0038
cm. in diameter, held rigidly at one
end and capable of torsion at the
other. A gilded brass wire 5.3 cm.
long and weighing .018 gram is sol-
dered to the thread in such a way that
its center of gravity is a little on one
side of the quartz thread. Twisting
the thread brings the wire into a hori-
zontal position and on the cross-wire
of an observing microscope. In use
the twist put on the quartz thread to
bring it into the horizontal position is
determined. If gravity increases, the
movement of the weight of the wire
increases and a greater twist is re-
quired.—Specific-gravity balance,
a balance used for determining the
Jolly's Balance.
a, b, spiral spring ;
c, d, pans; 2n, grad-
uated mirror.
Mohr's specific-grav. Specific gravity of a substance. See
O ſº i.” above ºrangent balance see
*tangent.—Torsion-balance, (b)
Besides the Coulomb torsion-balance, used principally for
electric and magnetic measurements, an instrument so
named has been made for ordinary weighings, in which
the beam turns upon a horizontal wire subject to torsion
instead of upon a knife-edge.—Troemmer’s balance,
a form of dispensing-scale.—Wheatstone's balance.
Same as Wheatstone's bridge. See resistance, 3.
balance, v. t.—Balanced ration. See kration.
balance-box (bal' ans-boks), n. A box which
counterbalances the load lifted by a balance-
crane. It is usually a cast-iron box loaded
with small weights or kentledge. Lockwood,
Dict. Mech. Eng. Terms.
balance-cylinder (bal’ans-Sil"in-dér), n. A
small steam-cylinder sometimes placed on top
of the valve-chest of large vertical engines, so
that steam acting on the under side of the
piston will relieve the valve-gear of the weight
of the valve and valve-rod. A similar cylinder is
8ometimes used, though rarely, to balance the weight
of the engine-piston and piston-rod. Also balancing-
cylinder.
balance-lever (bal' ans-lev’ér), m. In teactile-
manuf., a device for controlling the counter-
faller of a spinning-mule.
balance-lug (balſans-lug), m. Nawt., a lug-Sail
contracted into a narrower compass by rolling
up a portion of the canvas on its yard,
balance-rail (bal ' ans-rāl), m. In the key-
board of the organ or piano, the rail or raised
strip which carries the pins on which the keys
are balanced and operated. See cut under
pianoforte.
balance-reef (bal’ans-réf), v. t. To close-reef;
take in all the reefs.
balance-rope (balſans-röp), n. In mining, a
rope hung under the cage in a shaft to coun-
terbalance the weight of the winding-rope.
Barrowman, Gloss.
balance-rudder, n.-Compound balance-rudder,
a type of balance-rudder, formerly used in some war-
ships, in which the forward part could be locked in a
fore-and-aft line when under sail, but the whole used as
an ordinary balance-rudder when steaming.—TWin bal-
ance-rudders, a special arrangement of rudders for
torpedo-boats, devised by Thorneycroft. There is a bal-
ance-rudder on each side of the screw, hollowed out
toward the screw, thus forming a sort of tunnel in which
the Screw revolves.
balancing-cylinder (bal/an-sing-sil"in-dér), m.
Same as *balance-cylinder.
balancing-lever (bal'an-sing-lev’ér), n., Same
as equalizing-bar (which see, under bar!).
balancing-machine (bal‘ān-sing-ma-shön"), n.
A machine for finding and correcting any va-
riation in the weight of different parts of a
pulley-machine knife or cutter and causing it
to run true at high speed.— Knife-balancing ma-
chine, a scale-balance for testing the distribution of
weight in machine-knives and rotary cutters. Uneven-
ness in the distribution of weight in a knife is found by
weighing it in different positions in the scale, and is cor-
rected by filing the heavy portions until, after repeated
tests, it is exactly uniform in weight in all positions,
Knives used in pairs, are tested until they balance in all
the positions in which they will be placed in the cutter-
head of a wood-working machine.— Rotary balancing-
machine, a machine for testing pulleys by causing them
to revolvé in a horizontal plane, any variations in the
rotation caused by unequal distribution of weight being
indicated by the machine. Weights may then be added
to the pulley in such positions as to cause it to run true
in the balancing-machine.
balancing-organ (bal 'an-sing- Ör”gān), n.
Same as balancer, 5. Rep. Brit. Ass’n Ad-
wancement of Sci., 1901, p. 695,
balancing-way (balan-sing-wa"), n. A device
for finding any want of balance in a wheel or
arbor by suspending it upon carefully adjusted
supports, or ways, and causing it to revolve.
When it comes to rest the heavy side is downward, show-
ing a want of balance at that place, and this is corrected
by filing that point or adding weight at opposite points,
balaneutics (bal-a-mü'tiks), n. [Gr. 3a/avev-
Tukň, fem. of 3a/avevrtkóg, K. Bažaveiew, attend
at the bath, K pañavelov, a bath: see balneum.]
The science of administering baths; balne-
ology.
§ (bā-lān-gi'), m. See *barangay.
balanophoraceous (bal/a-mê-fö-rā‘shius), a.
[NL., K. Balamophoraceae + -ows.] Having the
characters of or belonging to the Balamopho-
7°CLC632. -
balanoposthitis (bal” a -né - pos - thiſ tis), n.
A., K. Gr. 36%avoc, acorn (glans), tróoffm,
penis, + -itis.] inflammation of the prepuce
and glans penis. t
Balantidium (bal - an -tid 'i -um), m. [NL.
(Claparède and Lachmann, 1858), K. Gr. 3a7av-
Tíðtov, dim. Of 3a7%ávttov, Ba%ávttov, a bag,
pouch..] A genus of heterotrichous ciliate
Infusoria, of the family Bursarina, having a
large peristome and well-marked analaperture.
Its species are found in the rectum of batra-
chians, the large intestine of man, and the
coeloma of annelids.
balaol (bā-lä-6’), n. [Cuban Sp. balað; cf.
Sp. balaou, a kind of sprat.]. The halfbeak,
Hemiramphus brasiliensis. [Cuba.]
balao? (bā‘lā-6), n. [Tagalog.] A name in the
Philippine Islands of Dipterocarpus vernici-
fluus, a forest-tree which yields a fragrant
resin called balao balsam or malapaho balsam,
highly prized by artists as a varnish for
pictures. See *panao.
balarao (bā-lä-rā’ô), m.
ring to an attached thong; cf. Bisaya balalao,
a coil of string or rope, a skein of thread or
silk.] In the Philippine Islands, a dagger with
a rather broad blade.
bala stre, n. See balusicr.
balata-gum, n. Almost the entire output of balata-
gum is produced in Guiana and Venezuela, and comes
into commerce in the form of sheets and blocks. It is
usually considered a kind of gutta-percha, but differs from
the latter in that it is softer at the ordinary temperature,
more elastic, cools more slowly after being heated, and
is much more durable when exposed to light and air.
Though sometimes used in mixtures with gutta-percha,
pure balata-gum has certain uses for which it seems
especially adapted, as molds for galvanic purposes, shoe-
soles, dress-shields, and belts for transmitting power.
balate (bā-lä’te), n. [Philippine Sp. balate,
K Tagalog balat, skin, hide..] A sea-cucumber,
dried and smoked, eaten as a relish; trepang.
balatong (bā-lä-tong"), n. [Tagalog and Bi-
saya balatong.] A name applied in the Philip-
pines to Phaseolus Mungo, one of the most im-
portant food-staples of the natives. See green
gram, under gram.8. -
Balatonian group. See *group1.
balaustre (bā-lä-ös’ tre), n. [Sp. balaustra,
flower of the wild pomegramate.] The name
in Venezuela of the valuable timber-tree Cen-
trolobium robustum. See *arariba.
Ealbach process. See *process.
balboa (bal-bó'â), m. [Panama. Sp. balboa,
named for Balboa, who discovered the Pacific
Ocean.] A new gold coin of the republic of
Panama, worth $1 in United States gold: 1-,
24-, 5-, 10-, and 20-dollar balboas are coined.
balbus (bal (bus), m. [L., stammering.] A.
Stammerer.
baldface (båld (fās), n. The widgeon, Amas
americana. See *baldhead, 4.
baldhead, n. 4. The widgeon, Anas améri-
cana : so called from its white head.
baldio (bâl-dé’ö), n. [Sp. baldio, a., untilled,
waste.] Waste or common land.
Baldwin’s phosphorus. See *phosphorus.
baleº, m.—Commercial bale, a bale of certain form and
bale-
balibago
balif, n.
[Tagalog (whence balimbing, º, . See *balingbing.
Pampanga balarao), a dagger, prob, orig. refer- balingbing. (bā-ling-bing"), n.
balkl
balk-lining
weight, recognized in commercial usage as a legal ten- '
der in trade, for example, a cotton-bale rectangular in
form and weighing about 500 pounds,- g bale
any bale just as it is, for example, a cotton-bale as it
comes from the press.-Sea-island bale, a marketable
package of sea-island Cotton, weighing about 890 pounds.
bale-band (bâl’band), n. Naut, a big shackle-
shaped iron at the masthead, secured to the
cap-band, to which the standing part of the
flying-jib stay is made fast.
ɺ (bål’brā-kër), m. A machine for
º or loosening the hard-packed layers
O
a cotton-bale.—Porcupine bale-breaker, abale-
breaker equipped with a rapidly revolving cylinder or
beater, consisting of a number of teeth, spikes, or blades.
bale-sling (bål'sling), n. Nawt., a simple strap
(circle of rope)passed around a bale or bag, the
two ends meeting on top, one dipping (pass-
ing) through the other. The hook of the hoisting:
tackle is slipped into the loop formed by the rope, and
when a strain is brought upon the tackle the rope strap
tightens about the article hoisted and holds it securely.
Balfouria (bal-fö’ri-á), n. [NL. (Robert Brown,
1810), named in memory of Sir Andrew Bal-
four (1630–1694), founder of the Royal Botan-
ical Garden at £dinburgh. Agenus of dicoty-
ledonous plants belonging to the family
Apocynaceae. See Wrightia.
bā-lè-bā'gó), n. [Tagalog and Bi-
saya. Cf. Guam pago, Fijian vau, Samoan fau,
Balibago (Paritz tiliaceum).
Hawaiian haw.] In the Philippines, a tree,
Pariti tiliaceum, widely distributed in the trop-
ics. Its bark yields a valuable bast-fiber from which
the natives of Guam and other Pacific islands make cord-
age. Its wood is very light, and is used for outriggers for
canoes, floatsfor fishing-nets, and for kindling fire by fric-
tion. See corkwood and mahoe, 1.
A simplified spelling of bailiff.
[Tagalog and
Bisaya balingbing, K Malay bilimbing (belim-
bing, balimbing): see bilimbi.] A Philippine
name of the tree and fruit bilimbi or bilimbing
(which see).
balisier (bā-lé-zā-ā'), m. [F. balisier, the canna
or Indian shot.j Ahame in some of the West
Indies of several species of banana-like plants
of the genus Bihai, the flowers of which are
protected by large red or yellow bracts which
give them a very showy appearance. Also
called wild bamama. See Heliconia.
baliti (bā-lé’té), m. [Philippine Sp. baliti, balete,
K Pampanga balité.] A name in the Philippine
Islands of Ficus Indica and several allied spe-
cies having ačrial roots and the habit of growth
of the banians of India. From the inner bark of
some of the species the Negritos prepare bark-cloth simi-
lar to the tapa of the Polynesians, which they use for
clothing. See banian 2.
balk", n. 9. (c) (2) In England, a beam of a certain size
received from the Baſtic." The size is stated at 4-8 inches
in width, 5–12 inches in thickness, and of any consider-
able length. The word generally denotes a whole trunk
roughly squared and therefore tapering from end to end.
(d) Amy heavy mass of timber, such as the string-piece of
à wooden pier or bridge.
15. In wool-manuf., a fullness and suppleness
of texture.—16. The failure of a jumper or
vaulter to jump after taking his run. Three
balks usually count as a trial-jump. —Double
balk, in billiards (now almost exclusively in the English
game), a term used when the incoming striker's ball is in
hand and the other two within the string.—To make a,
balk, in billiards, to force one's own ball and the red (or
both reds, in the American game) within the string-line
when,'one's opponent is at hand.
, v. t.—To balk the crib, in cribbage, to lay out
cards for the dealer's crib which are unlikely to match
any that he will lay out. Such would be a king and a 9.
balk-liming (båkºli"ning), m. A system of balk-
lines in carom-billiards introduced in 1874 and
later modified. It now consists of eight short lines,
two in each corner, intersecting the original continuous
line running parallel to and either 14 or 18 inches from
each section of the cushion. Thus there are nine panels
representing four different areas. Eight of the panels
are balks. The central panel, having an area nearly as
great as that of all the others combined, is free, and yet



balk-lining *
balloon-gun
is i. by the best players starting at 8 inches, the ballast-fin (bal/ast-fin), n. A heavy metal ex- the process. It occurs most frequently in loose
tension bolted to the keel of a yacht, designed cotton or wool.-4. In the process of nuclear
to give her great stability by carrying the ballast development, the fusing of two or more nuclei
s continuous line has been changed, in public games, to 10,
12, 12%, 14, and 18 inches. The only ones now in force are
briefly expressed as 14:2, 18:2, and 18:1, the final figures
indicating the number of shots allowed on two object-
balls in any one balk. Shots are not necessarily counts,
and at 18:1 there can be no count at all unless a balk-ball
is sent out, while at 18:2 or 14:2 there cannot be two in
succession. Return of the ball to the same balkimposes
no penalty.
alk-pocket (båk’ pok’et), n. One of two
corner pockets at the foot of an * and
the head of an American billiard-table.
ball1, n. 25. In the manufacture of soda by
the Łeblanc process, the batch of pasty mate-
rial produced by heating together sodium
sulphate or salt-cake, calcium carbonate (lime-
stone or chalk), and coal as discharged from
the furnace:36, in arch., a spherical orna-
ment. Specifically— (a) A sphere cut out of stone and
iºn; as the crowning feature of a gate-post or the
€.
as possible and braced with iron bars, set above a cupola
or dome. The ball of St. Peter's at Bome is 8 feet in
diameter. o g
27. pl. Iron ore occurring in balls or nodules.
Also ball-ironstone. [Scotch..]—Ball-and-socket
oint. (b) In geol., a cup-shaped joint produced by the
ongitudinal contractions of basaltic columns during
cooling.—Ball thrust-bearing, Same as *ball-thrust.
—Best ball. In games like golf or croquet, where there
are three players, the best player matches his score
against the best ball of the other two. — Four-b
match, in golf, a match in which four players engage,
two on each side, each playing his own ball, only the
best ball on either side counting.— Guilty ball or dan-
ger ball, in croquet, the ball to be played against on
an opponent's side.—H ball, in golf, a ball which
lies on ground that slopes downward in the direction in
which the ball is to be driven.—Illegal ball, in base-
ball, a ball delivered to the batsman by the pitcher
when the latter is not in his prescribed position.
—Innocent ball, in croquet and , similar games, the
ball last played.— Leg ball, in cricket, a ball, bowled
so that if its course is not altered by the batsman
it will pass behind his legs.-Length ball, in cricket,
a ball bowled with the proper length or pitch ; a
ball so pitched as to cause the batsman difficulty
in playing it.—Liberia, balls and flakes, a trade-
name for crude india-rubber of good quality brought
in large balls from Liberia.—Lined balls, in billiards,
balls so much in alinement that the first object Cannot
be hit for a count without hitting the second also, such a
situation being commonly, though not always, a tie-up.
—Lopori balls, a trade-name for a kind of crude india;
rubber brought in small balls, black on the outside and
white within, from the Kongo region in Africa.-New
Guinea, balls, a trade-name for a kind of crude india-
rubber in strings of small balls, black on the outside and
white or pink within, the product of Fºcus rigo, im-
ported from New Caledonia.-No ball, in cricket, a ball
delivered or bowled unfairly as regards either action or
osition.—Passed ball, in base-ball, a ball, which is de-
vered by the pitcher within the catcher's reach, but
which the catcher fails to hold, so that it goes beyond
him and the runner succeeds in gaining a base.—Plain
ball, in billiards, the clear white as distinguished from
the spotted white ball. In France (for no good reason)
both are clear, with the result that the wrong one is often
played with as a cue-ball.—R. all, in base-ball,
Joot-ball, golf, lawn-bowls, and other games, a rolling ball.
hort in cricket, a ball which pitches too far in
front of the batsman to cause him difficulty in §§ it ;
a ball bowled short of a length. See length &ball.—
Three-ball match, in golf, a match in which three
players play against one another, each with his own ball ;
or a match in which one plays his ball against the
best ball of two others. The latter is usually referred
to as a best-ball match.--To break the balls. See
wbreak.--To smother the ball, in cricket, to play for-
ward with the bat upon the ground, so as to stop the
ball soon after it pitches.—Wide ball, in cricket, a ball
bowled out of the batsman's reach.
ball3, n. 3. A belt of sand a short distance off-
shore on which waves break in rough weather.
[Local, Eng.]
The sands exposed at low tide were mostly smooth;
only in the low between the beach and the “ball” were
there well-preserved tidal sand-ridges.
Geog. Jowr. (R. G. S.), XVIII. 183.
ballade, n.
3. In music, a term variously ap-
plied to melodies for ballads, to extended nar-
rative or dramatic works for a solo voice, oc-
casionally to concerted choral cantatas, and
to instrumental pieces of a melodic character
— in the last case often without obvious rea-
SOIl.
ballahoo (bal-a-hô (), n. [Also ballahou, bulla-
hoo; appar., another use of ballahow, W. Ind.
name of a schooner: see ballahow.] A garfish.
[Australia.]
ballast, n. 5. The rough masonry of the in-
terior of a wall, or that laid upon the vault;
masonry used where weight and solidity are
needed. Compare *filling, 7, and *back-filling.
—Ballast fever, formerly, any epidemic disease occurring
on board a ship from a tropical port, supposed to be due
to a contagium present in the ballast.—To freshen bal-
last. See ºfreshem.
ballast-car (bal/ast-kār), m. In railroading,
a gondola- or hopper-car used, in conveying,
dumping, and distributing gravel, brokenstone,
or other ballast along a roadway.
(b) A hollow sphere of º made as light .
low down. It is on the principle of the fin-keel.
ballast-line (balſast-lin), n. The water-line of
a yessel when she is in ballast.
ballast-loaded (bal'ast-lódźed), p. a. Said of a
...” when she has nothing but ballast in her
Olół,
ballast-shovel (bal'ast-shuv"l), n. A shovel
employed in handling earth ballast.
ballast-tank (bal/ast-tank), n. In shipbuilding,
one of a series of compartments built in a ship,
made water-tight, and provided with pipes by
means of which it may be filled with water
from the sea or pumped out by the ship's
umpS. When the tank is filled the water acts as bal-
ast. Such tanks are usually formed in the space between
the inner and outer bottoms, though additional ballast-
tanks are frequently placed elsewhere for special reasons.
. In other words, the yolume of the ballast-tank is not
included in the under-deck tonnage; and shipbuilders are
left free to choose their methods of constructing the
hulls for water-ballast purposes.
White, Manual of Naval Architecture, p. 55.
Ball-bearing axle, an axle with steel balls (held by a
box or sheave) which bear upon the axle-arm to reduce
friction.
ball-clay (bål’klä), n. A plastic clay used in
making pottery. Also known as pipe-clay.
ball-dance (bāi’dāns), n. A ceremonial dance
connected with the ball-games of some Indian
tribes.
baller (bā’lér), n. A workman who charges
puddled bars into a balling- or reheating-fur-
Ila,C62.
ballet2, n. 4. The music to which a ballet is
danced.—5. in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, especially in England, a light glee-
like madrigal or part-song, often with a fa-la.
burden. See fa-la.—6. In the eighteenth cen-
tury, a series of instrumental dances properly
in the same key and usually for stringed in-
struments; a suite (which see). The dramatic
ballet (see def. 2) was the national form of drama in
France; it originated in the sixteenth century, and in the
seventeenth coalesced with the Italian musical drama,
giving rise to the early type of French opera.-Ballet of
Ballets, the name in the Bishops' Bible (1568) of the
Song of Songs.
ballet-dancer (bal’ fi-dàn’sér), m. One who
dances in a theatrical or operatic ballet. See
ballet2, 1.
ballet-girl (balſ à-gērl), n. A female ballet-
dancer. -
ballet-master (bal’ā-mâs’tēr), n. The trainer
or director of a ballet. See ballet2, 1.
bºilet music (bal’ā-mü”zik), n. Same as *bal-
et2, 4.
ball-float (bålſflöt), n. A float in the form of
a sphere, used either as a valve or for operat-
ing a valve. See ball-cock.
biºe (bålſférºnás), n. The reverber-
atory furnace used in the Leblanc process of
soda-manufacture. See *ball1, 25. Also called
black-ash furnace.
ball-furnaceman (bål’ fér” nas-man), n. A
workman whose duty it is to turn over and ul-
timately to discharge the material from a ball-
furnace.
ballhooter (bål’hö-tér), n. In lumbering, one
who rolls logs down a hillside. . [U. S.]
ballhornize (bål’hôrn-iz), v. f.; pret. and pp.
ballhornized, ppr. ballhornizing. [G. ballhorni-
siren, spoil while trying to mend, K Ballhorm, a
man's name. “John Ballhorn was a printer
at Lubeck, who flourished between the years
1531 and 1599, and who printed, amongst other
things, a primer or A B C book, on the last
page of which he substituted for the embellish-
ment which was usual at that time, of a cock
with spurs, a cock without spurs, but with a
couple of eggs beside him; and on the strength
of this substitution announced on the title-page
“Amended by John Ballhorn.” The expression
has since become proverbial [in Germany];
and ballhornisiren or ver-ballhornen signifies
“to make unmeaning or useless alterations in
anything— to make anything worse, instead
of making it better.’” Gwilt, Review of De-
signs for Rebuilding the Royal Exchange.] To
spoil while professing to mend; make unmean-
ing or useless alterations in. See the etymol-
Ogy.
balling1, n. 2. In the manufacture of soda, the
Ballistic board (milit.)
ballistics, n.
ball-lightning (bål"lit’ning), m.
ball-machine (bål’ma-shën"), n.
ball-mill (bâl’mil), m.
ballonnet (bå-lo-nā’), m.
balloon1, m.
balloon-foresail (ba-lön 'för sāl), º.
into one.
ball-iron (bål'i'êrn), m. Concretionary clay
ironstone.
a tablet containing ballistic
data so arranged that the allowances and corrections
required to insure accurate firing with sea-coast can-
non may be quickly determined.—Ballistic fruit, one
which projects its seed (or containing-segments) or
spores by elasticity; a catapult fruit. Compare ºrbolo-
chore.—Ballistic instrument, an instrument measuring
an electric impulse by the throw or momentary déflection
of the instrument-needle. It differs from an ordinary
electric measuring-instrument in having the moving part
heavier and not damped.—Ballistic test, a trial of ord-
nance or armor by firing with projectiles. A test of a gun
is made by firing it with proof charges; that of an armor-
plate by firing at it with armor-piercing projectiles.
pl.-Exterior ballistics, that depart-
ment of ballistics which treats of the motion of a projec-
tile in the air.—Interior ballistics, that department of
ballistics which treats of the motion of a projectile in the
bore of a gun.
ballistite (ba-lis’ tit), n. A smokeless powder
containing a large percentage of nitroglycerin:
Similar to cordite. It was originally introduced by
Nobel, and was one of the earliest forms of smokeless
powder. It has been modified as to exact composition
and mode of manufacture, but at present consists of
equal parts of nitroglycerin and soluble guncotton,
with about one per cent. of diphenylamine. As made for
military purposes by the Italian government it is pressed
into small threads known as filite. e
An electric
discharge which appears as a ball of fire de-
scending from the atmosphere to the earth,
rolling slowly along the ground or the rigging
of a vessel, and eventually exploding violently,
leaving a strong sulphurous or Ozone odor: a
form of natural atmospheric lightning. Al-
though rare, the reality of this phenomenon is
supported by several well-authenticated cases.
In candy-
making, a machine for cutting and forming a
great variety of small candies, such as goose-
berries, butter-cups, balls, bonbons, etc. . It
consists essentially of rolls of a special form adapted to
the various shapes of candies, and in large machines is
used with a blower for chilling and hardening the candies
as fast as they are formed between the rolls and delivered
to a traveling-apron which conveys them through the
air-blast from the blower.
Same as ball-grinder.
[F., dim. of ballon,
balloon...] . A small balloon containing air,
placed inside a larger balloon containing a gas
lighter than air. Also ballomet.
They pump air as needed into the ballomet, which
makes the entire bag tight and snug.
P. Lyle, Jr., Smithsonian Rep., 1901, p. 583.
ballon-Sonde (ba-lóñ’sond’), n. ; pl. ballons-
sondes. [F.] See *sounding-balloon.
8. In cricket and base-ball, a
lofty hit which gives a fielder the chance to
catch a batsman out. [Slang.] – 9. In spin-
ning, the convex curve assumed by yarn on a
ring-frame.—Registration balloon, exploring bal-
loon, a small balloon to which recording instruments are
attached for registering conditions in the upper air.
ballooni (ba-lón"), v. [balloon1, m.] I. trans.
1. To carry up or transport in, or as in, a
balloon.
Thy pinions next balloomed me from the schools to
town. Colman the Younger, Broad Grins, vi.
2. To distend with air, gas, or water, as the
abdomen in tympanites, or the rectum or
vagina with specially constructed apparatus.
I. intrans. 1. To make ascents in a bal-
loon.
When Wise the father tracked the son, ballooming through
the skies,
Ho taught a lesson to the old,— go thou and do like
Wise. O. W. Holmes, Meeting of Harvard Alumni.
2. To swell out like a balloon ; in ring-spin-
ning, to fly outward centrifugally from the spin-
dle: said of yarn
balloon-cloud (ba-lón kloud), n. A small
cumulus or alto-cumulus cloud upon which the
sun is shining so that the top warms and rises
rapidly, while the cooler bottom follows
slowly, the whole cloud assuming the form of
a rising balloon, until it reaches some upper
level where it overflows and forms a thin
stratum of false cirrus, alto-stratus, or analo-
gous cloud.
See
*foresail.
firing, working back and forth, and discharging balloon-gun (ba-lön (gun"), n. A gun (as a
of the black-ash mixture. See *ball1, 25.—3.
In teactile-bleaching and -coloring, the collecting
of the material into balls, to the detriment of
field-gun or a part of a ship's armament) spe-
cially designed as a defense against military
airships and ačroplanes.
balloonine
balloonine º ), n. [After F. “ballonine, balokanag (bâ’ 16-kā-nāg'), n.
K balloon -ine?..] A varnish intended to
render the silk of balloons impervious to gas.
It is made by dissolving india-rubber in a mix-
ture of benzin and carbon disulphid. Sci.
Amer. Sup., Oct. 10, 1903, p. 23221.
ballooning, n. 3. In a steam-boiler, the lift-
ing of scum on the surface of the water by the
liberation of steam from it. Newmes, Tech.
and Sci. Dict.
balloon-kite (ba-lön (kit), n. A combination
of the balloon and the kite, first designed
for meteorological research, but subsequently
modified in an entirely novel way for military
purposes and used in the German army. In
this construction the balloon, consisting of a cylindrical
gas-bag about 80 feet long and 20 feet wide, and provided
with interior and exterior air-sacks, is held captive
by a cable so that it is inclined to the ground and
the wind like a kite. The buoyancy is sufficient to
carry an observer up to a height of 200 or 300 feet,
so that he may overlook the surrounding country. See
*}cite-balloom.
balloon-rail (ba-lön’rāl), n. The support for
the balloon-guards on a ring-spinning frame.
ball-ore (bål’ór), n. Iron ore (limonite or side-
rite) occurring in layers of more or less closely
united nodules. [Local, U. S.]
Ballostoma (bal-os’tó-mâ), m. pl.
suborder of minute fossil thysanuran insects
found in the Florissant shales of Colorado.
ballot", n.-Australian ballot, a system of balloting
of which the principal features are the placing of the
Ilames of all the candidates on each ballot, the printing
of the ballots by the government, the arrangement and
control of the polling-places, and devices for securing
secrecy in marking and casting the ballots. The system,
with numerous variations, has been extensively adopted
in the United States.—Ballot Act. Same as Reform.
Bill (which see, in the Cyclopedia of Names).-Blanket-
ballot, a ballot containing the names of all candidates
for public office to be voted for at a specified election.
It is voted by each elector, whose choice is indicated
by certain precise methods prescribed by law. In the
United States it has been adopted in various States to
Baloskion (ba- los' ki - on), ºn.
[Pampanga
balucanag.] A name in the Philippine Islands
of Alewrites saponaria, a tree allied to the
candleberry and the tung-tree. The nuts yield
oil which is utilized in making the soap commonly
found in the markets of Manila and other towns. Also
called balokamad and baguilwmbam.
esque, º the ascribed meaning ‘ball
rush,” in allusion to the spherical flowers,
probably K Gr. 36% Aetv, throw, *H oxoivog,
rush.] A genus of monocotyledonous plants,
type of the family Baloskiomaceae. See Restio.
Baloskionaceae (ba-los"ki-Ö-nā’sé-é), m. pl.
[NL. (Wight, 1905), K Baloskiom -H -aceae.] A
family of monocotyledonous plants of , the
order Xyridales, the cord-leaf family, typified
by the genus Baloskion. See Restiaceae.
balsa, n. 3. On Lake Titicaea, an aboriginal bºmboº grass (bº-bººs), ".
flat-bottomed boat or canoe, sometimes ca-
pable of conveying as many as 30 persons or a
dozen donkeys. It is made of bundles of the totora
reed tied together. While the balsa is a very rude and
clumsy craft, incapable of speed, it has the advantage of
keeping afloat in any circumstances. When small it is
propelled by a sail made of the same material; for coast-
ing and as a ferry, poles, an occasional oar, and paddles
are used. The Aymará call it yampu.
[NL.] A bºlsº n.—Balaobalsam. See koalao.—Balsam of Bambos (bam"bos), n.
Same as Canada balsam. —Balsam of Gilead.
Same as balm of Gilead. —Black balsam. Same as
balsam of Peru. --Carpathian balsam, a colorless
oleoresin with a pleasant odor and an acrid flavor, de-
rived from the European Pinus Cembra. See 8tome-
pine (b), under pimel.—Friars' balsam. See Jriar.—
He-balsam, the black spruce, Picea Mariana : opposed
to Abies Fraser, the she-balsam.—Hungarian balsam.
See Hungariam.—Lagam balsam. See lagam-balsam.
—Malapaho balsam. See kbalao.-Sonsonate bal-
Sam. Same as balsam of Peru: so called from the region
in Salvador from which it is sent to market.—SWeet bal-
Sam. Same as balsam-weed.—Tamacoari balsam, a
balsam, derived from the heart-wood of Caraipa fascicu-
lata, used as a remedy for parasitic skin diseases. See
Atamacoari.-Turlington's balsam. See benzoin.-
bamboo-brier, n.
bamburo (bam-bó ‘ró), m.
banaba (bā-nā-bā’), n.
Umiri balsam, the fragrant yellow balsam yielded by
the umiri. See & Humºri.-West-Indian balsam, the
gum-resin obtained from any one of several species of
the genus Clusia, especially C. multiflora.— White bal-
Sam. Same as 8weet kbalsam.
Balsamea (bal-sam’é-á), n. [NL. (Gleditsch,
1782), K. L. balsameus, of balsam, K. Gr. 36%ga-
plov, balsam-tree..] A genus of dicotyledonous
plants, type of the family Balsameaceae. See
Commiphora.
Balsameaceae (bal-Sam-è-ā'sé-é), m. pl. [NL.
(Dumortier, 1829), K Balsamea + -aceae.]. A
prevent fraud by insuring secrecy as to the candidate
chosen by the elector.—Letter-ballot, a ballot sent by
mail to be voted for a candidate for office. Trustees of
institutions and officers of private corporations may often
be voted for by letter-ballot.
ballotage (bā-lo-tāzh"), n. [F.] The French
custom of casting a second ballot to elect one
of two candidates who have come nearest to a
legal majority.
balloting-machine (bal’9t-ing-ma-shën"), n.
ame as *voting-machine.
ballottement, m. It consists of palpation, to deter-
mine the presence of a movable body in the abdomen,
such as a child in the womb, a floating kidney, etc., by a
sudden tap with the finger from below ; this forces the
body upward, and it can be felt again as it settles down
upon the tip of the finger. Also called repercussion.
ball-planting (bål’ plan"ting), n. A method
of transplanting trees with balls or lumps of
earth around the roots.
ball-point (bål’point), n. An attachment to a
compass or pair of dividers, fitted to one leg * -
to form a seat over a hole when a circle is to and Momordica Balsamina. See *amargosa
be described about the hole. and *balsam-pear.
ball-race (bål rās), m. The cup, track, or balsam-pear (bål'sām-pār), n. ... The orange-
groove in which the balls of a ball-bearing run. colored warty fruit, of Momordica Charantia,
Elect. World and Engin., Dec. 5, 1903, p. 931. of the gourd family. See Momordica and
ball-rubber (bål'rub’ér), m. The trade-name of compare balsam-apple.
crude india-rubber in the form of large balls Baltimore heater, shilling. See aheater, Ashilling.—
from Peru, the product of species of Hevea. Baltimore penny. See Lord Baltimore penny under
e tº - º _ penny.
ſº superior in quality to the best Para rub baltimore (bål'ti-mór), n. [Prob. with refer-
A blood-
A º the coloring of the Baltimore oriole].
ball-thrombus (bål’ throm"bus), n. €n Ce to s: e
clot of º shape *** i. i.e. In entom., an American nymphalid butterfly,
beart before death §... º.º.º.º.º.º.
ºº:: g wi OWS Of reddish and pale-yellow SpotS. occurs in
ball-thrust (bål" thrust), n. A ball-bearing §. sº {. §. .. its i. feed on th.
arranged to take the end-thrust of a shaft.
snakehead (Chelone), and other plants. Comstock, How
Jour. Brit. Inst. of Electr. Engineers, 1902– to Know the Butterflies, Index, p. 125.
1903, p. 937.
See #lathel.
balu2 (bā’lö), n. See *bhalu.
Ball-turning lathe.
ball-warping (bålºwär"ping), m. A method,
formerly practised in textile-mills, of winding
from a reel into a round package a series of
warp-threads for the subsequent forming of
the web for weaving: introduced about 1760.
ballyrag (bal’i-rag), v. t. Same as bullyrag.
balm, n.—Copalm balm. Same as copal or copalm
balsain. See Liquidambar and balaam.
Balmain's paint. See *paint.
Balmer's law. See *lawl. ë is
balmoral, n. 2. A Scotch cap, originally of
wool. [Not in use in U. S.]
balnearium (bal-nē-ă'ri-um), n. ; pl. balnearia
(-á). [L. : see balneary.] in ºom. archaeol.:
(d) A small or private bath-room; a room with
a small bath. (b) That part of a great bathing
establishment which was devoted to the smaller
I’OOIſlS.
of the order Geraniales, typified by the genus
Balsamea, and characterized mainly by regu-
lar 5-merous unisexual flowers and 2–5-seeded
drupes. They are woody plants of the tropics, yielding
important commercial products. The family contains
19 genera and about 320 species. See Boswellia, Bur-
seraceae, Canarium, Commiphora and Protium.
balsamina, n. 2. A name in Guam and the
Philippine Islands of Momordica Charantia
baluster-column (bal’us-têr-kol”um), n. A
small column, especially one not of the recog-
nized orders and in a subordinate position, as
in the thickness of a wall or when used to
divide windows or the like: a common feature
of early medieval architecture.
Baly's pump. See *pump.
bamban (bām-bän"), n.
in the Philippine Islands of Donaa, Arunda-
strum, a plant belonging to the Marantaceae.
In the Philippines this plant is of little, economic impor-
tance, but in Bengal its split stems are used for making
awnings and mats of the finest quality.
Bamberger's pulse. See *pulsel.
Bamboo fiber, spliced stems of the bamboo about $ inch
in width and 6–7 inches in length.—Blowpipe bamboo,
a tall bamboo-like grass, Arthrostylidium Schomburgkiv,
of northern South America. It attains a height of 50–60
feet and a diameter of 13, inches. The lower part of the
stem for 15 or 16 feet has no joints and forms a continu-
ous smooth hollow tube. It is used by the Indians of
banago (bā-nā‘gó), m.
family of dicotyledonous choripetalous plants:
banaibanai (bā-ni"bā-mi"), m.
banalo (bā-nā’lö), n.
banana, n.
banana-disease (ba-man' 3-di-Zéz"), n.
bananaland (ba-man’ā-land), n.
bananalander (ba-man’ā-land’ér), n.
banana-wine
the Orinoco and the Amazon as a blowpipe or blow-gun
called by them Sarbacane. See blow-gun and 8arbacane.—
Female bamboo, the large bamboo of Bengaland Ass
Bambos Balcooa, with stoms 50–70 feet high. It is use
chiefly for building purposes.— Male bamboo, the name
in India of Dendrocalamus strictus, which is widely dis-
tributed throughout India, attaining a height of 100 feet
or more. Its stems are strong, elastic, and nearly solid,
and on account of their size it is one of the most useful
bamboos. It is used like the ordinary bamboo, especially
for walking-sticks, spear- and lance-shafts, and for fen-
cing.—Spiny bamboo, a name in India and the Philip-
pine Islands of Bambos Bambos (Arundo Bambos of
Linnaeus, Bambos arundinacea of Persoon), a large bam-
boo armed with recurved spines. It is much used in
construction, and sections of its hollow stems serve as
Water-Vessels. The seeds are eaten by the Cingalese.—
Thorny bamboo of India. Same as spiny ºtbamboo.
2. In the southern United
States, Smilaa, Bona-noa, and other prickly
species of Smilaa. See *stretchberry.
A cane-like
Australian grass, Panicularia ramigera, largely
used for thatching purposes. Cattle eat the
young shoots freely. Another grass, Stipa
micrantha, is also called by this name. See
bamboo, 1 (c).
bamboo-pheasant (bam-bó' fez "ant), n. A
general name for pheasants of the genus Bam-
busicola, found in India and China.
[NL. (Retzius, 1789),
from the East-Indian name: see bamboo.]
genus of monocotyledonous plants of the fam-
ily Poaceae. See Bambusa.
[Cingalese? I A
wild bee of Ceylon, either Apis indica or A.
dorsata, whose honey is collected in large
quantities by the natives. Kirby and Spence,
Entomology, p. 187.
banl (bān), n. ; pl. bani (bā’ni). [Rumanian.]
A Rumanian coin and money of account: its
value is that of the French centime.
[Tagalog. J A name
in the Philippine Islands of a valuable timber-
tree, Lagerstroemia Speciosa, with large showy
rose-purple or red flowers and strong, tough,
durable Wood. Two varieties are recognized, one
(bamaba colorada), of a deep-red color, used in boat-build-
ing on account of its durability under water, and the
other (bamaba blanca), of lighter color and coarser grain,
used in ordinary construction. See Lagerstroemia.
[Bisaya bamago.] A
name in the Philippine Islands of two tim-
ber-trees: (a) Thespesia populnea, belonging to
, the mallow family, called Polynesian rosewood
and milo in Polynesia; and (b) Cordia subcor-
data, Fº the borage family, called
tow or kow in Polynesia. Though of not much
economic importance in the Philippine Islands, these
woods are highly valued by the Hawaiians, who make
polished bowls of them for holding their food. See a milo,
*kow, Thespesia, and Cordia.
[Tagalog 3 Bi-
saya bamay banay.] A name in the Philippine
Islands of several species of Radermachera be-
longing to the trumpet-creeper family, having
opposite pinnate or bipinnate leaves, bell-
shaped flowers, and membranous-winged seeds
inclosed in long slender capsules. Radermachera
Banaibanai yields heavy, durable timber of a grayish-
brown color. It does not readily decay underground and
is used in constructing posts.
[Philippine Sp.] Same
as Abanago.
2. The papaw, Asimina triloba.
[Arkansas.] Also called false banana. [Illi-
nois.]—Abyssinian banana. See Musa,—Banana
liquid or varnish, a solution of celluloid in a mixture of
amyl acetate and acetone, used as a vehicle for the appli-
cation of bronze-powders, so called because of the strong
banana-like odor of the amyl acetate.—Bruce's banana.
Same as Abyssinian kbamama.-Chinese banana, the
dwarf banana, Musa Cavendishti. It produces edible
fruit of good quality and endures more cold than most
bananas. It is extensively cultivated in Florida and the
West Indies.—Dwarf banana. Same as Chinese kba-
mama.-False banana. Same as *banana, 2.-Japa-
nese banana, Musa Bagjoo, a native of the Liu-Kiu
Islands, cultivated as an ornamental plant, and grown
commercially in southern Japan for its fiber, which re-
sembles abaca.— Wild banana. Same as *balister.
See
*disease.
[Tagalog.] A name banana-fish (ba-nan '#-fish), m. 1. A species
of goby, Awaoustaiasica, found in West Indian
rivers.- 2. Same as ten-pounder, 3. -
ueensland,
[Local, Aus-
An in-
habitant of Queensland; a Queenslander.
[Local, Australia.]
where bananas are abundant.
tralia.]
banana-wine (ba - nan '#' - win), n. A drink
made of sliced bananas which are covered with
water and allowed to ferment. .
banatite
banatite, n. In petrog, a name originally pro-
posed by Won Cotta (1865) for certain dioritic
rocks of the Banat in Austria. The term is now
more commonly used in the sense proposed by Brögger, to
describe monzonite moderately rich in silica. See a mom-
zomºte and kadamellite.
banca (bänſkä), n. [Philippine Spanish
bander? (ban’dër), n. An apparatus for mak-
ing or applying material in the form of bands.
bandicoy (ban’di-koi), n. [Tamil vendai-khāi,
vendai, Hind. bhendi, the tree..] Same as
*bandaka.
band-music (band'mü”zik), n. Music intended
banca, Tagalog bangca.J. A., dugout covered for or made by a brass or military band.
with a roof of bamboo. [Philippine Is..]
banço, n. 2. In baccara, a proposal to play
against the banker for his entire capital at one
coup. See baccara-Skilling banco. See skilling?.
banco-daler (bånſkö - dā/lér), n. A Swedish
bank-note issued by the national bank, equal
to about 35 United States cents.
bancoul (ban-köl'), n. [A French form of
the native name.] The candleberry, Aleurites
Moluccama. e
band?, n. 6. In bot., the band-like space be-
tween the two mericarps of a Cremocarp.–
Amniotic band. See ºramniotic.—Anogenital band.
See kanogenital.—Band of proliferation. See apro-
liferation.—Geneva bands, two white linen bands worn
at the neck as part of the clerical garb: originally worn
by the Swiss clergy in Geneva. See def. 4.—Ge
band or #º. in cytol., a band- or ribbon-shaped
portion of the blastoderm from which the body of the
embryo arises, especially in insects.—Landolt band, a
dark band in the field of view of polarization instruments
in which crossed Nicol prisms are employed. It is due
to the unequal polarization of different parts of the field.
It is used as a sensitive criterion in making polariscopic
measurements.— Moderator band, an exaggerated co-
lunna carnea which sometimes stretches across the right
ventricle in man : it is normal in certain of the lower ani-
mals.-Primitive band, in entomological embryol., the
first indication of the embryo as a whitish band or streak
on the ventral side of the egg. Packard, Text-book of
Entom., p. 531.—Vocal bands. Same as vocal cords
ºch see, under cord 1).—Zodiacal band. See Azodi-
(EC00.
bandº, n.-Chamber band, a group of players who
play chamber music, either with stringed instruments
only or with these and a few other instruments, such as
flutes.— Marine band, a band attached to a naval es-
tablishment.— Regimental band. Same as military
band.—Street band, an itinerant group of players who
play in city streets for such gifts as they can collect from
chance listeners.— Town band, in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, especially in Germany, a group of
instrumentalists organized and supported by the muni-
cipality for service on civic and religious occasions.—
String band, wood band or wood-wind band, reed
band, wind band, various sections of a concert orches-
tra, which is often called collectively a band.
bandal (ban’dā), n. [? Sp. banda, a band.]
A mother-of-pearl shell found about the Phil-
ippine Islands and in adjacent waters.
banda? (bân’dá), n. [Native name.] In Kame-
run, the fruit of Buchholzia coriacea, a shrub
of the caper family. It is green in color, about
the size of a wainut, and is used as a medi-
cine for colds.
bandage, n-Barton's bandage, a bandage so ap:
plied as to support the lower jaw in fracture of that
part.—Borsch’s bandage, a bandage for the eyes which
covers the sound as well as the diseased eye.—Capeline
bandage, a recurrent bandage applied to the head, or
to the stump of a limb after amputation, to retain the
dressings.—Circular bandage, a bandage applied by re-
peated turns round a limb or the head.—Crucial ban-
dage. Same as T-bandage.—Elastic bandage, abandage
of india-rubber or other elastic material. — Esmarch
bandage, a rubber bandage applied tightly to a limb to
expel the blood, the return of the circulation being pre-
vented by a rubber cord which constricts the part close
to the trunk. After this is applied the rubber bandage
is removed and an operation can be performed with little
loss of blood.—Figure-of-eight bandage, a roller-ban-
dage passed back and forth round two projecting points,
crossing midway so as to resemble the figure 8.—Galen's
bandage, a square of cloth cut at the sides and folded
in such a way as to make a cap enveloping the head.—
Many-tailed bandage, a bandage made of a number of
strips fastened at one end to a cross-strip and applied so
as to overlap. — Plaster bandage, plaster-of-Paris
bandage, a bandage of cheese-cloth into which gypsum
is been rubbed it is applied wet, and soon hardens so
as to form a splint to the part.—Recurrent bandage,
a bandage covering the head, or the stump of an ampu-
tated limb, made bypassing strips forward and back over
the convexity, the folds being held in place by repeated
turns of a circular bandage.—Reversed bandage, a
bandage in which the strip is made to describe a half-
turn backward at each revolution round the limb in or-
der to make it lie smoothly when encircling the swelling
portion of the member-Silicate bandage, a bandage
impregnated with silicate of sodium and potassium, used
like the plaster-of-Paris bandage.—Suspensory ban-
dage. See &suspensory.—Velpeau's bandage, a system
of bandaging used to support and immobilize the arm in
cases of fracture of the clavicle. *
bandaka (bān-dā-kā’), m. [Cingalese name.]
The gumbo-plant or okra (Abelmoschus escu-
lentus), the mucilaginous pods of which are
eaten green as a vegetable and are used as a
thickening for soup. It is called by the Hin-
dus bhind. Also written bandikai. See okra.
bandaree (bān-da-ré'), n. [Also bhundaree;
Marathi bhandārī.] One of the low-caste
native Indians about Bombay who tend cocoa-
nut-palms, gather the nuts, and draw the
toddy. [Anglo-Indian.]
bandoline, n. 2. A mucilage prepared from
carrageen moss (Chondrus crispus) mixed with
scented spirit: used to stiffen silk goods.
bandoline-wood (ban’ dº -lin - wild), n.
wood of a lauraceous tree, Machilus Thunbergii,
native to China, Formosa, Japan, and Korea.
There is a considerable trade in China in chips and shav-
ings of the wood. When soaked in water these yield a
mucilage which is used by Chinese ladies for stiffen-
ing the hair.
bandonion (ban-dò'ni-gn), n. [band? -- (harm)
onium + -on..] A large and elaborate variety
of concertina.
band-plant (band'plant), n. See Vinca.
band-room (bandſröm), n. A store-room on a
flag-ship in which the bandsmen keep their
instruments and music.
band-saw. m. This power-tool has in recent years be-
COIſle One of the most important used in woodworking.
Band-saws range from small machines, employing fine,
slender saws in cabinet-work, up to large machines used
in Sawing logs. They are used in scroll-sawing, as cut-off
6
|
#
i
Double-cutting Telescopic Band-saw.
a, band-saw with teeth on each edge; 6, upper and lower wheels
supporting saw and supported by frame having a vertical traverse,
shown in the highest position to bring the cutting edge of the saw
to the large log; c, gearing controlling sliding, saw frame;
counter balance; log carriage traversing track (/) in two workin
directions; f, track for carriage. Capacity 50,000 feet of hemlock
boards a day.
banket
nists. The small stems are called Moreton Bay caneg.
See Ptychosperma.
bangca, n. See *banca. - º
banger (bang'ér), n. One who or that which
bangs. Specifically—(a) Something very large; espe:
cially, a lie. [Slang.] (b) A large, heavy cane. [Slang, U. S.]
banger-rush (bang'êr-rush'), m. A cane-rush,
common in eolleges, in which two sides strug-
gle for the possession of a cane or banger.
banging-iron (bangºing-i'érn), n. See *crimp-
$ng-brake. sº.
bangkal (bang-kål"), n. [Bisaya bangcal.] A
tree, Sarcocephalus cordatus, belonging to the
madder family, with globose heads of flowers
fused together by their fleshy calyx-tubes, fol-
lowed by solid fleshy, succulent fruit. The wood,
which is yellow, light, and rather soft, is used in the con-
struction of houses and for furniture, tubs, barrels, and
small canoes. It is said to stand exposure to the Wea-
ther. The roots yield a yellow dye. [Philippine Is..]
bang-tail (bang’tăl), n. A tail which has been
banged, or cut horizontally across; also, an
animal with a banged or docked tail.—Bang-
tail muster, a periodical muster or round-up of all the
cattle on an Australian station, theoretically for the pur-
pose of having the long hairs at the ends of the tails cut
off square. The practical object is to find out the actual
number of cattle on the run. [Australian.]
bang-tailed (bangſtäld), a. Having a docked
or banged tail: as, a bang-tailed horse.
banig (bā‘nig), m. [Tagalog and Bisaya banig.]
mat; especially, a sleeping-mat. Also petate.
[Philippine Is..]
banilad (bâ-né-lād’), n. [Bisaya.] Atree, Ster-
culia wrens, with large 5-lobed leaves, which
yields a mucilaginous gum resembling traga-
canth. In India a bast-fiber is obtained from the bark
and is used for rope-making, and the seeds are some-
times roasted and eaten, though they possess cathartic
properties. See Sterculia, and Indian tragacanth, under
tragacanth. [Philippine Is..]
banister, n. 2. A handle-brush used in spinning-
and weaving-mills for cleaning the gearing of
machinery.
banjeaurine, n., Same as *banjorine.
banjo, n. 3. A form of automatic railway
signaling-apparatus in which a flat circular
disk, with an arm projecting from one side,
is alternately exhibited in front of a glass
opening in the signal-box and withdrawn from
sight by the make and break of an electric
circuit. The shape of the disk and its arm
has suggested the name.
The enclosed disc signal, commonly called a “banjo,”
is a circular box about 4 feet in diameter, with a glass-
covered opening, behind which a red disc is shown to
indicate stop. Encyc. Brit., XXXI]. 147.
4. In mining, an iron frame for carrying a
false clack. Barrowman, Gloss. [Scotch.]
banjore, banjor (ban'jôr), n. An obsolete or
dialectal form of banjo. Thomas Nelson Page,
The Old South.
banjorine (ban-jö-rén (), m. A variety of banjo,
smaller than the usual form and property
higher in pitch. Also written banjeaurine.
banjula (bān-jö’lā), n. Same as *vanjula.
saws, rip-saws, and resaws, and in the largest sawmills. banki, n. 14. In lumbering. Same as landing,
The smaller saws are fitted with tilting work-tables, and
the resaws have feed-rolls to guide the material to the
saw. Band-sawmills are supplied with log-carriages and
are fitted with all the log-handling machines and tools
used in first-class sawmills. In all types appliances are
provided to secure the proper tension of the saw on the
wheels. In sawmills the aim is to bring the log close up
to the point where the band leaves the upper wheel, this
being the most effective sawing-point. The chief ad-
vantage of the band-saw over the circular saw is in econ-
omy of material because of the narrow band-saw kerf.
band-wagon (band ' wag” Qn), m. A wagon
arranged to accommodate a band of musicians.
It is generally large and ornate, with the seats
along the sides.
band-wheel, n. 3. The large wooden pulley
of a well-boring rig: it is driven by a belt
from the engine, and in turn drives the bull-
wheel, the sand-pump reel, and the working-
beam. See oil-derrick.
Banff series. See *Series. *
bangá (bang), n. The Cuban Sardine, Sardi-
nella pseudohispanica. [Bahama Is..] g
banga (bång-gā’), n. [Tagalog] Alarge spheri-
cal water-jar made of baked clay. [Philip-
pine Is..] e *
bangalay (bang-alºi), n. [Native Australian.]
The hard, tough, durable timber of the swamp
or bastard mahogany, Eucalyptus botryoides.
[Southeastern Australia.] e -
bangalow (bang'ga-lô), n. [Native Austra-
lian.] An ornamental pinnately leaved palm,
Ptychosperma elegans, of northeastern Aus-
tralia. The tender young terminal bud is eaten either
raw or boiled by the natives and sometimes by the colo-
bank!, v. i.
bank-barn (bangk’bärn), n.
bank-claim (bangkºklām), n.
bank-engine (bangk’en"jin), m.
banker1, m.
9.—15. A small pottery. [Eng.]—Bank fish-
eries, fisheriès on submarine banks, especially the New-
foundland Banks.- Bank to bank, in mining, a shift
or working-day.
4. To fish on submarine banks,
especially the Newfoundland Banks.
bank”, n. In lumbering, the logs cut or skidded
above the amount required in a day and held
over by the saw-crew or skidders, to be re-
ported when the daily quota is not reached.
A barn built on
a hillside or sloping ground, so that three sides
of the lower story are surrounded by earth,
the fourth being unbanked. Forest and Stream,
Feb. 21, 1903 (advt.). [U. S.]
A mining right
on the bank of a stream. Coal and Metal
Miners’ Pocket-book.
1. The en-
gine at the mouth of a mine-shaft. [Eng.] —
2. A locomotive employed to assist trains up
inclines. [Eng.]
9. One who makes a business of
picking up wreckage on the coast. [Cali-
rnia.]
fo
banket” (bang"ket), n., [Cape D., appar, a par-
ticular use of D. banket, sweetmeat, confec.
tionery, a feast, banquet, also banquette: see
banquet, banquette.] A formation of ore found
on the Witwatersrand in the Transvaal, South
Africa. It is a conglomerate of water-worn pebbles of
translucent quartz set in a matrix composed mainly of
oxids of iron and silica... Near the surface the gold occurs
almost entirely free in the cement, while at a moderate



banket
depth the oxids of iron are gradually replaced by sulphids;
... gold can still be extracted largely by amalga.
In 8.010D,
The oxidized banket ore, however, was not easily ame-
nable to concentration and the percentage of concentrates
caught was small. These concentrates were worked in
yarious kihds of amalgamation pans or stored for future
treatment. The total gold recovered in those days probably
did not amount to more than 60 per cent of the original
Value of an ore, then going about an ounce to the ton or
OWeI. Electrochemical Industry, June, 1904, p. 215.
bank-fishing (bangkºfish'ing), n. Fishing on
Submarine banks, especially the Newfound-
land Banks.
banking-game (bang'king-gām), n. Any game
in which one player pays and takes the bets
made by all the other players.
banking-ground (bang’king-ground), n. Same
as landing, 9 -
banking-room (bang'king-röm), n. 1. That
room of a bank or private banking-house in
which the greater number of the clerks work,
and to which the public has access to deposit
or to draw money. Hence—2. In any large
financial business, as an insurance company,
#: gºincipal more public business-room.
bank-lock (bangkºlok), n. Any form of lock
adapted for use on a safe or vault of a bank or
Safe-deposit company.
bankman (bangk’man), n. In printing-offices
(generally newspaper offices), one who attends
to !. bank or rack on which standing matter
is kept.
Banko pottery. Same as banko-ware.
bank-right (bangkºrit), m. The right to divert
Water to a bank-claim. Coal and Metal Miners’
Pocket-book.
ten thousand, a myriad; sai, sei, Chinese sui,
etc., year.] In Japan, a shout of patriotic jo
Or encouragement: somewhat like the §
hurrah. Often used, in English books, as a
Il Ollºl,
A large crowd had assembled on the shore to see the
rize, and she was greeted with loud and oft-repeated
07:20,78, N. Y. Evening Sun, June 2, 1905.
baphiin (baf’i-in), n. [Baphia (see def.) +
-in”.] . A neutral substance, C12H10O4, ex-
tracted by ether from barwood, #º ºnitida.
It crystallizes in leaflets.
B. Ap. Sc. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Ap-
plied Science, a degree conferred by some in-
stitutions. Also B. A. S. -
Baptanodon (bap-tan’é-don), n. [NL., KGr.
}áTTetv, dip, + &vóóovg, without teeth: see Amo-
dom.] A genus of large Jurassic enaliosaurs
from the Baptanodon beds of the Rocky Moun-
tain region. These animals attained a length of 8 or
9 feet, and had toothless jaws, orbits of great size, and
a conic sclerotic ring of 8 plates. The genus is closely
allied to Ichthyosawrw8. The species is B. discus.—Bap-
tanodon beds, the name given by Marsh to a series of
beds of Upper Jurassic age in Colorado, Wyoming, and
Montana which contain marine with some lacustrine re-
mains and are characterized by the presence of the
Sea-Saurian Baptanodon discus, from which the forma-
tion takes its name. These strata lie on red beds referred
to the Triassic and are overlain by the k Atlantosaurus
beds (which see).
baptigenin (bap-tij'e-min), n. [baptiſsin) +
-gen + -īn”.] . A crystalline compound, C14-
H12O6, formed by the hydrolysis of baptisin.
It turns brown at 250° C., without melting.
baptin (baptin), n. A crystalline glucoside
of undetermined composition contained in the
root of wild indigo, Baptisia tinctoria.
bankside (bangk'sid), n. The shelving or slop- baptiºn (bapti-sin), n. [Baptisia (see def.)
ing bank of a river, brook, or the like.
bankul-nut (bangk-ill-nut'), m. [Malay bangkal,
the tree, + E nut.] Same as candleberry, 1.—
Bankul-nut oil. Same as kekwme-oil : used in the East
for lighting and cooking, and exported to Europe for
Soap-making. See Alewrites, and kekwne-oil, under oil.
banner-cloud (ban’ér-kloud), n. A cloud which
streams horizontally from the summit of a
mountain. Sometimes it is produced by snow carried
from the surface of the mountain by the Wind; at other
times it is due to the expansion of the moist air which
flows into the discontinuous space in the wind to the lee-
ward of the mountain. It may also be a thin layer of
haze caused by the mixture of warm air with the surface
of a stream of cold air.
banner-fish (ban’ér-fish), m. A scombroid fish,
of the genus Istiophorus, found in all warm seas.
banner-net (ban’ér-net), n. Netting made of
-in”.] A crystallinénon-poisonous glucoside,
C26H32014 + 9H2O, found in the North Amer-
igan plant Baptisia tinctoria. It melts at 240°
C. and gives rhamnose and baptigenin by hy-
drolysis.
baptist, nº-Landmark Baptists, a Baptist party,
strong in the southwestern United States, which advo-
Cates a revival of the old landmark of non-rministerialin-
tercourse between Baptists and pedo-baptists. They re-
fuse to recognize the churches and ministers of the latter
and hold their baptism to be invalid.
baptitoxine (bap-ti-tok'sin), n. A colorless
crystalline alkaloid, C11H14ON2, contained in
the root of wild indigo, Baptisia tinctoria.
Baptosaurus (bap-tº-sá'rus), n. [NL., KGr,
Báttetv, dip, + gaipoc, a lizard.] A genus of
mosasaurs described by Marsh from the Cre-
barbarism
is intended. --Galton bar, in psychophys., a flat rod of,
ebonite or blackened wood, Fº upon the face and
Scaled upon the back, along which slides a light brass
clip, carrying in front a tightly stretched white thread.
The problem is to set the thread, by moving the clip to
and fro, so that it bisects the length of the bar. The
error made can be read off from the scale at the back. E.
G. Sanford, Exper. Psychol., p. 402.—#Hyoid bar,
*Visceral bar. See the adjectives.—Jugal bar, Samé
8S .#. arch or zygoma.— Meckelian bar. Same as
Meckelian rod (which see, under rodi). — Pentathlon
bars. See &pentathlon. -
bar:1, v. t.—To bar a bet. (a), In, ſaro, to notify the
dealer that a bet 'does not go for that turn. (b) . In any
betting transaction, to exclude one of the possibilities:,
as, to bet 4 to 1, bar one, in a horse-race, meaning that a
certain horse is not included.
B. Ar. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Archi-
tecture, a degree conferred by some institu-
tions.
bar. An abbreviation of barometer. #
barabara (bā-ra-bä'ră), n. [Russ. barabora.]
A hut of the Aleuts, half underground and
covered with soil. Also barrabarra. Jour.
Amer. Folk-lore, Jan.-March, 1903, p. 16.
barad (ba-rad'), n. (Gr. Baptic, heavy + -ad as
in farad.] The unit of pressure in the centi-
meter-gram-second system, equal to one dyne
per Square centimeter.
baraesthesiometric, a.
"metric.
barangay (bā-rān-gi"), n. [Philippine Sp. ba-
ºrangay, K Tagalog and Bisaya balanggay, Pam-
pangan baranggay, Ilocan baranggay.] 1. A
kind of boat used hy the natives of the Phil-
lippine Islands at the time of the conquest.
The modern boat of this kind is called baran-
gayam.—2. In the Philippine Islands, the
community which, under the Spanish govern-
ment, formed the constituent element of the
pueblo. The chief of such a group is called cabeza de
barangay. Originally it was the name of the independ-
ent village communities (which were so called as bein
expected to equip each one barangay or boat). -
barangayan (bā-rān-gi-yān"), n. [Philippine
Sp. ; see barangay.] A light vessel, low in the
water, having a deck and a mast: used in the
Philippine Islands, particularly in the Bisayan
Archipelago and in Mindanao.
barasingha (bā-rā-sing'gã), n. [Hind. bārah
Singhā, twelve horn.] A name applied to two
or three species of East Indian deer, such as
Cervus wallichi and C. (Rucervus) duvauceli.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1903, II. 3.
Barathrodemus (bar-a-throd'e-mus), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. 36patpov, pit, + Öfuoc, people..] A
genus of deep-sea brotulid fishes.
Same as *baresthesio-
strong twine and with a large mesh, used as a taceous (Upper Greensand) formation of New barauna (bā-rā-ö'nā), n. Same as brawna.
Support or backing for street banners and
theatrical scenery.
Bannisdale flags. See*flag4.
banquet-ring (bang' kwet-
ring), n. A quaint or exceed-
ingly large, rich, or highly
decorated ring, too ornamen-
tal for general use, but worn
on state occasions. Such rings
often extend as far back on
the hand as they project on
the finger. Also called dinner-
ring.
banquette, m. 5. An elevated
platform made of stones, running along the
walls of cliff-dwellings and kivas. [Rare.]
Broad lateral banquettes are prominent features in the
most complicated caves, and there are many recesses
and Small closets or cists.
17th Am. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., II. 541.
Banqui rubber. See *rubber.
bantam-weight (ban'tam-Wät), n.
weight boxer.
bantay (bān-ti'), n. [Tagalog and Pampangan
bantay, a sentinel.] A person appointed to
keep watch in a bantayan. [Philippine Is..]
bantayan (bān-tā’īyān), m. [Tagalog and Pam-
pangan bantayan, K bantay : see *bantay.] An
outlook or station near a village which serves
as an armory and as a signal-station. Two ban-
tays keep watch in the bantayan and give the alarm in
case of danger. The bantays are inhabitants of the vil-
lage. [Philippine Is...]
Banti's disease. [bant(am) + -y2.]
anty (ban’ti), m. and a. (1,727( Q,770, -y”.
b º ; banties (-tiz). A bantam chicken;
a very diminutive, cocky person.
Banquet-ring.
A light-
See *disease.
hence,
[Slang.]
II. a. Saucy; impudent. [Thieves' slang.]
banzai (ban-zi’), interj, [Jap; bam-2ai, for "ban-
sai, ten thousand years’: ban, Chinese wan,
Jersey.
baquid (bâ’kid), n. [Tagalog baquid, a basket
for fruit, etc., -= Bisaya baguid, a measure for
grain, - Ilocan baquí, a basket used as a hen's
nest.] In the Philippine Islands, a basket,
usually of cane, somewhat oval in shape.
barl, n. 8. (b) In England, the space behind
the bar, often large enough to form a small
office. Also called bar-parlor.—18. In anat.:
(a) A general term for any of the cranial
arches, such as Meckel's cartilage, or the hy-
oiáſanābranchiai arches, which have the form
of more or less continuous rods or bars. (b)
Less often used for portions of the cranium
which have a rod-like shape, as the jugal or
postorbital bars. In this sense synonymous
with *arcade or arch.—19. In meteor., a lon
cigar-shaped cloud, generally nearly station-
ary, but sometimes moving broadside on across
the sky; specifically, the stationary cloud to
the leeward of the helm-cloud over the Cross-
fell range in England during easterly winds.
—20. The division between the two tables
of a backgammon-board on which captured
pieces are placed.—21. Specifically, in violin-
making, the same as bass-bar.—22. Same as
*pennant-bar.—Bar calculator. See, kcalculator.
—Bar diggings, See kdigging.—Bar money. See
*money.—Bar of Michelangelo, in 8culp., the pro-
jection of the frontal bone at the base of the forehead,
called in anatomy the 8wperciliary ridge. It is especially
prominent in the heads of Michelangelo's statues and in
certain Greek works.
Below this starts the lower forehead swelling above
the brow in the ‘bar of Michel Angelo.” Certainly this
bar is one of the most characteristic features of Scopaic
male heads.
E. F. Bengon, Jour. Hellenic Studies, XV. 199.
Bulb-angle bar. , Same as #angle-bulb.-Cape bar, a .
long yoke used with the Cape cart in South Africa.—
Dotted bar, in musical notation, a double bar with two
or four dots before or after it, indicating that a strain or
section is to be repeated, the position of the dots showing
whether it is the preceding or the following section that
The wood and bark are used by the natives in
the preparation of a beautiful red dye.
barbl., v. i. 2. To bend or hook the points of
wire teeth in the card-clothing used in card-
*#xtile fibers. Nasmith, Cotton Spinning,
p. e
barbacot (bår’ba-kot), n. [A. F. spelling of a
native form (Arawak) of dā; barbacoa :
see barbecue, n.] A frame over a fire for
drying or cooking meat.
barbacot (bår’ba-kot), v. t. ; pret, and pp. bar-
bacoted, barbacotted, ppr. barbacoting, *...
Cotting. To dry (meat) on a barbacot or frame
over a fire. -
Barbados earth. See *earth1.
Barbados lily. See *lily.
barbari, n. 2. Also improperly used for
baralipton, 1.
barbarian, n. and a. I. n. 7. A member‘of
a barbarian people. See II., 5.
Some of the tribes of America are organized on a some
what different plan which may be set forth. When they
are organized on this new plan we call them barbarians
and thus distinguish them from tribes that are organized
on the clanship system.
17th An. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., I. xxxiii.
II. a. 5. In anthrop., pertaining to a state
of Society in which descent is reckoned in the
paternal line, and in which the members of
the paternal family of all generations form an
exogamous Social unit called a gens.
barbarism, n. 5. In anthrop., the conditions
of barbarian society. See *barbarian, a., 5.
Second, for the group which is called the clan in sav-
agery there is substituted the gens in barbarism. ; this
group embraces all of those persons who reckon kinship
through fathers, so that the father and his brothers and
sisters, together with the grandfather and his brothers
and Sisters, and all other consanguineal kindred back in
past * and forward in future generations are
called a gens. * c s
17th Am. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., I. xxxiii.

barbarocracy
barbarocracy (bār-ba-rok'-ra-si), n. ; pl. bar-
barocracies %; [Gr. 36p3äpog, foreign, bar-
barous, + -kparta, K Rpareiv, rule.] Govern-
ment by barbarians; barbarian rule. Felton.
Barbarothea (bār-ba-rö(thà-á), n. [NL., K
Gr. 36p3apog, barbarian, heathen, + 6ed, god-
dess.] A genus of fossil butterflies from the
fresh-water Oligocene Tertiary strata of Flo-
rissant, Colorado.
barbasco (bār-bās'kö), n. [American Sp.,
Knative name.] A name in Porto Rico, Cuba,
and other Spanish-speaking countries of a
number of shrubs and trees bearing poisonous
seeds. It is applied especially to J#. armillaris,
the joewood or bracelet-wood of the West Indies, and to
species of several genera belonging to the Soapberry
family, such as Serjania, Paullinia, Magomia, and Har-
llia. The seeds, stem-bark, and root-bark of many of
hese plants are used to poison fish.
barbatimao (bār-bā-tê-mâ’6), n. [Tupi barba-
timdo, corrupted from parova tuitm tamune.
Martius).] A small tree of the mimosa family,
tryphnodendron adstringens (Acacia adstrin-
gens of Martius), yielding an astringent bark
rich in tannin: used in medicine. [Southern
Brazil.]
barbatin (bär"ba-tin), n. [NL. barbata (see
def.) + -in?..] A crystalline neutral compound,
C9H14O, found in the lichen Usnea barbata
ceratina. It melts at 2099 C.
barbeau (bār-bó"), n. [F. bleu barbeau, ‘blue-
bottle blue.’ A decorative pattern, consisting
of small blue flowerets, often seen on French
porcelain. See corn-flower.
barbe du capucin (bârb' diikap-ii-safi'). [F.,
‘Capuchin's beard.’]. A winter salad and veg-
etable consisting of the young blanched leaves
of the common chicory. The roots, with the tops
trimmed short, are placed horizontally in a sloping heap
between layers of sand or earth in a dark warm place
and the projecting crowns emit tufts of white attenuated
leaves. Compare withoof.
barbeiro (bār-bā’ró), n. [Pg.: see barber.]
The surgeon-fish or tang, Teuthis hepatus, and
other species. [Portugal.]
bar-bell (bär’bel), n. A bar of steel with a
ball of iron at each end, used as a dumb-bell.
barberl, n. 3. A fish, Caesioperca rasor, of the
family Serranidae. Also called red perch.
[Tasmania.]—Barber's itch. See kitch.
barber? (bār’bër), n. [Said to be identical
with barberl, as if alluding to the lathering of
the face, but the alleged variant berber points
to a different origin..] A gale of wind with
damp snow or sleet and spray that freezes
upon every object, especially the beard and
hair. Said to be called berber by wharfmen
in New York. [Canada and N. S.]
barbering (bär"bër-ing), n. In ceram., the
process of shaving or grinding the jagged
edges of a fracture or the chipped tops of ves-
sels to render them smooth and even. Chinese
porcelain is cut in this manner on the jade-
cutter's lathe.
barbero (bār-bā’rö), n. [Sp.] Same as *bar-
beiro.—Barberonegro, a surgeon-fish of western Mex-
ico, Tew.this crestonis.
barberry, n.-Indian barberry, a name applied to
Berberts arºstata, a shrub resembling the common bar-
berry (B. vulgaris), but with foliage evergreen or nearly
80, Îong peduncled compound racemes of flowers, and
usually coarsely spinous-dentate leaves. The fruit is
purple, with a white bloom. ... The root-bark of this and
of one or two other closely allied species is used in India
as a bitter tonic in fevers, and an extract from the wood,
known as rasout, is used as a local application in chronic
ophthalmia. Several varieties of this plant are cultivated
in Europe under different names.
barbette, n. 2. A cylindrical armored struc-
ture built up in the interior of a war-ship and
projecting above the deck. The barbette contains
a rotary platform and its supports, with part of the
machinery by means of which the platform is turned. On
the rotary platform one or more heavy guns are mounted
so that they can be fired over the top of the barbette.
The top of the barbette and the guns are protected to a
greater or less extent by a shield carried on the gun-plat-
form. The covering shield may become so extensive and
so heavily armored as completely to cover the rear part
of the guns, the loading and sighting mechanism, etc.
The rotary partis then called a turret and the combination
is called a barbette-twrret. The heavy guns of almost all
modern battle-ships are mounted in barbette-turrets.
barbette-turret (bār-bet’tur"et), n. See *bar-
bette, 2.
barbicanage (bär’bi-kan-āj), n. In old Euro-
pean law, money for the support and mainte-
nance of a barbican or watch-tower.
barbier (bār-byā'), m. [F., barber.] A name
of certain serranoid fishes of the genus Anthias.
barbiton, n. A term loosely applied, in the
middle ages, to one or more varieties of viol.
barbituric (bār-bi-tū’rik), a. ſbarbata (see
* bark-beetle
def.) + uric..] Pertaining to the lichen Usnea which serves as the headquarters of the armed
barbata and to uric acid.—Barbituric acid, malonyl force in an Italian town. The bargello at
urea, co&# $CH2 + 2H20, acrystalline compound . Florenge is now the national museum.
barge-stone (bärj'stön), n. In a gable-wall of
ºed by heating alloxantin with concentrated sulphuric masonry, one of the stones which form the
Barbizet pottery. See *pottery.
sloping edge.
1Barbizon school. See *school1.
Baric wind-rose. See *wind-rose.
barbone (bār-bó'ne), n. [It., appar. same as baricyanide (bar-i-siºnid or -nid), n. A com-
barbone, a long thick beard, aug. of barba, pound cyanide of which barium cyanide is a
part.—Platinum baricyanide. See Arbarium platino-
cyanide.
beard.] 1. A fatal contagious disease of the
buffalo, identical with hemorrhagic septicemia
of cattle and deer: caused by a minute polar-
stained organism of the swine-plague group.
See also ºbuffalo-cholera.-2. A silver coin of
Lucca weighing 44.25 grains.
Barbotine ware. See Aware2.
barbu, n. 3. The thread-fin, Polydactylus vir-
ginicus. [Florida and West Indies.]
barbudo (bār-bó'dó), n. [Sp.: see barbu.]
Same as *barbu, 3.
barbule, n. 4. In bot., the inner row of teeth
in the peristome of certain mosses.
Barbulifer (bār-bti'li-fér), n. [NL., K. L. bar-
bula, barbule, -- ferre, bear.] A genus of small
gobies found at Key west.
barb-wire (bârb’ wir), n. Barbed wire (which
see, under barbedl).
barchan (bār-kān"), n. A crescentic sand-dune
occurring commonly in the deserts of Turkes-
tan. Also barkhan, barkan. See *medano.
If very little more sand were supplied, the floor of the
fulj might be left as a bare space half enclosed by the
horns of a barchan, the windward side of the fulj being
the lee cliff of the barchan.
Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XV. 24.
Barclayan (bärſklä-an), n. Same as Berean, 2.
Barcoo disease or rot. See *disease.
bar-diggings (bār"dig"ingz), m. pl. , 1.; River
placers subject to overflow.—2. Auriferous
claims on shallow streams. Coal and Metal
Miners’ Pocket-book.
barel, a. II. m. That part of a clapboard,
roof-slate, or the like, which is exposed to the
weather when the roof is complete, as distin-
guished from the lap.
barefoot, a. 2. In carp., set up on end with-
out having its foot held in a tenon or socket,
as, in balloon-framing, a post which is held
merely by nailing it into place.
barem (ba-rem"), n. In organ-building, a stop,
usually of the stopped diapason class, with a
Quiet, sweet tone.
baresthesiometric (bar-es-thé-si-Ö-met’rik), a.
Of, pertaining to, or determined by means of
the baresthesiometer. Also spelled baraºsthe-
SiO7metric.
Barffed (bârft), p. a. Subjected to Barff's pro-
cess, as ironwork: thus the iron plugs of Plug
cocks so treated are termed “Barffed plugs.”
See Bower-Barff ºprocess.
bar-folder (bär'föl"dēr), n. A folding-ma-
chine adapted to forming square joints or
angles, turning round edges, and forming locks
of all kinds in sheet metals.
bar-frame, n. 2. The typical American con-
struction for the frame or skeleton of the loco-
motive, in which the elements of the frame are barkan, n.
barilla, n.
bariolage (bā-ré-ó-läzh’), n.
Barisal gun.
baritenor, n. See *barytenor.
baritic (ba-rit'ik), a.
parie (bā-ré’), n. [F. barie, K NL. *baria, heavi-
ness, pressure, KGr. 3apüç, fem. Bapeia, heavy.]
An absolute unit of gaseous pressure; a pres-
sure such that the force on each square centi-
meter of surface is one dyne. Also barye.
2. Grains of native copper dis-
seminated in sandstone. Also called copper
barilla (Sp. barilla de cobre).—3. pl. In a gold-
mill, wooden divisions of blanket-strakes, cop-
per plates, etc. E. Halse, Dict. of Span.
Mining Terms.
[F.] In music, a
cadenza or series of cadenzas in an instru-
mental piece; sometimes, more specifieally,
in music for stringed instruments, a rapid
passage to be played chiefly on the open
strings, without the aid of stopping.
See *gun1.
In chem., containing
barium as a constituent.
Barium dioxid or peroxid, a compound, Ba02, pre-
pared in considerable quantity by passing atmospheric
oxygen over heated barium monoxid or baryta, BaO,
to be used in the preparation of hydrogen dioxid or
#; H2O2.-Barium platinocyanide, a substance,
aPt(CN)4.4H2O, largely used for the surface of the
screen on which the Röntgen rays or X-rays are allowed
to fall, serving by its fluorescence to render the pictures
formed by these rays visible. The salt is dichroic, ap-
pearing in one direction yellow and in another green
When seen by the light reflected from the crystals.
bark”, n.-Agoniada bark, the bark of a Brazilian
plant, Plumeria lancifolia, used in intermittent fever.
—Anchieta, bark, the root-bark of Amchieta salutaris, a
shrub native to Brazil. It is used in syphilis and skin
diseases.—Cabbage-bark, the bark of the cabbage-tree :
same as worm-bark. See cabbage-tree, 2.--Carony bark.
Same as Angostura bark (which see, under bark?). —
Cotton-root bark, the root-bark of the common cotton,
Gossypium hirsutum, and other species, constituting an
officinal drug with the action of ergot. The active prin-
ciple appears to reside in a red resin.— Cuenca bark,
one of the many varieties of pale cinchona bark (Cim.
chona officinalis, etc.). — Gray bark. See Cimchona.
—Huanuco bark. See Cinchoma.—Ledger bark, the
bark of Cinchoma Ledgeriana, sometimes considered
a variety of C. Caligaya, the richest of the cinchona
barks. –Loja, bark. Same as loaca bark (which see,
* bark2).—Magellanic bark, a kind of Peruvian
8.T.E.
An equal quantity of the Peruvian and Magellamic
bark. Sir E. Barry, Observ. Wines, p. 221.
Monesia, bark, the bark of Pradosia lactescens of Bra-
zil. See kburanhem.—Panocoeo bark. See Swartzia.
—Paracoto bark, a bark resembling Coto bark in its me-
dicinal properties.—Porto Rico bark, the bark of Colu-
brina reclimata. See nakedwood and Armabi.—Snouba,
bark, the inner bark of the Aleppo pine, Pinus hiero-
8olymitana. It contains about 25 per cent. of tannin
and is imported from Tunis and Algeria for tanning
leather.—Tengah bark, the bark of Ceriops Camdeolle-
ana, of the mangrove family, used for tanning leather.
See Abarchan.
of rectangular section, nearly as wide as º bark-beetle (bärk’bé-tl), m. A member of the
are deep, instead of being made up of thin an
deep plates, as in English and European de-
signs.
bargain-counter (bār'gān-koun’tèr), n. A
counter on which goods that are supposed to
be remnants, or goods that have been “marked
down” in price, are displayed for sale “at a bar-
gain” or a price professed to be much lower
than that at which the same or like goods are
usually sold. [U. S. *
bargain-day (bär'gān-dà), m. The particular
day in each week on which “bargains” are of—
fered at the bargain-counters. [U. S.], .
bargel, n. 8. pl. , In mining, sheets of iron,
zinc, or wood used for shedding water in wet
shafts or workings. Barrowman, Glossary.
[Scotch..]—College barge, an elaborate house-boat
designed for students' use : it is peculiar to English col-
leges, Keble at Oxford possessing some notably beau-
tiful ones.—Crane-barge, a beamy, flat-bottomed vessel
which bears a crane for lifting and placing heavyweights.
—Dumb-barge, a lighter which has no means of propul-
sion in the way of sail- or engine-power, but which must
be towed or allowed to drift under the influence of tide-
currents. This class of barge is very common in England,
especially on the Thames, where these vessels carry cargo
from one part of the river to another by means of tide-
streams.—Hopper-barge. Seehopperl, 5.—Tide-barge.
Same as dumb-kbarge.
barge-bed (bârj^bed), n.
of a barge.
bargello (bār-jel’lò), m. [It..] The building
The bed or interior
coleopterous family Scolytidae, nearly all of
which make burrows between the bark and the
Wood of Woody plants.-Apple-bark beetle, a
name given by Saunders to (a) Monarthrum mali, which,
however, is not a bark-beetle but an annbrosia-beetle.
Better called apple pin-borer. (b) Xyleborus pyri, a scolytid
beetle which perforates the bark of the apple and pear.
Also called apple shot-borer.—Coarse—Writing bark-
beetle. Seepine Abark-beetle.—Douglas spruge bark-
beetle, a scolytid beetle, Asemum mitidum, which bores
into the trunks and branches of the Douglas spruce.—
Elm bark-beetle, a scolytid beetle, Phloeophthorus limi-
naris, which bores the bark of elm-trees and also occasion-
ally attacks the peach and the cherry.— Fruit-tree
bark-beetle, a very injurious scolytid beetle, Scolytus
Fruit-tree Bark-beetle (Scoºyeus rugte/ostes).
&, &, beetle ; c, pupa ; a larva: all enlarged.
(Chittenden, U. S. D. A.)
Tugulosus, which bores into the trunks and branches of
peach-, pear-, apple-, and plum-trees, rarely, however, at-
tacking perfectly healthy trees.—Hickory bark-beetle,
one of the largest of the North American Scolytidae, Sco.
lytus quadrispinosus, which boresinto the trunk, branches,

bark-beetle
and twigs of hickory in many parts of the United States.
Little bark-beetle. See pine &bark-beetle.—Native
§ bark-beetle. Same as elm bark-beetle.— Pine
ark-beetle, any one of numerous species of scolytid
beetles which bore into and work in or under pine-bark,
as the coarse-writing bark-beetle, Tomicus calligraphus;
the little bark-beetle, Pityophthorus annectens; and many
others.-Wood-engraver bark-beetle. See kwood-
engraver.
bark-blazer (bärk’blå-zēr), n. See *scratcher.
— Cruiser's bark-blazer. See A-scratcher.
bark-borer (bärk’bàr-èr), n. Same as *bark-
beetle.--Western hemlock bark-borer, a buprestid
beetle, Melamophila drummondi (Kirby), which bores into
the trunks and branches of pine and hemlock in western
North America, from Alaska south to New Mexico. º
bark-bug (bärk(bug), n. An insect that lives
in or under bark.—Flat §ºug any member of
the heteropterous family Aradidae. Sée Aradws, Ara-
dinae, and Aradidae.
bark-conveyer (bärk’kon-vā’ér), n. In tam-
ºning, an endless-chain device for carrying
bark from one place or room to another.
Davis, Manuf. of Leather, p. 68.
bark-cutter (bärk’kut’ér), n. A machine for
cutting or grinding bark for use in tanning:
used principally for oak and hemlock bark.
Davis, Manuf. of Leather, p. 65.
bar-keel (bär’kël), n. In shipbuilding, a keel
composed of a line of heavy rectangular iron
or steel bars, with the greater dimension ver-
tical and projecting below the bottom of the
ship, to which the keel is attached by the gar-
board-plates. The immer edges of the garboard-
plates are flanged down and riveted to the bar-
keel.
barkevikite (bär'ke-vik-it), n. [Barkevik, a
locality in southern Norway, + -ite2.] A mem-
ber of the amphibole group, near arfwedsonite
in composition.
bark-gouge (bärk'gouj), n. See *scratcher.
bark-grafting (bärk'gräfting), n. Same as
wind-grafting, which see, under grafting.
Barking sands. See singing *sands.
barking-deer (bår’king-dér”), n. The East-
Indian muntjac, Cervulus aureus.
The small barking deer, called “pause” by the natives.
Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XI. 502.
bark-louse, n.-Armored bark-louse, any member
of the coccid subfamily Diaspinae, all of which are pro-
tected by a shield-like covering. Yearbook U. S. Dept.
Agr. 1894, p. 25l.—Blackberry bark-louse. (a) A dias-
pine scale, Aulacaspis rosze. (b) An undetermined leca-
nine, Lecanium sp.– t; bark-louse. (a) A
coccine scale, Eulecanium ribis. (b) A diaspine scale, A8-
pidiotus ancylus:- Grape-vine bark-louse.... (a) A
coccime scale, Pulvinaria immumerabilis or P. vitis. (b)
A diaspine Scale, Aspidiotus wwa.—Harris's bark-
louse, a diaspine Scale, Chiomaspis furfurus. Also called
the 8curfy bark-low8e (of the apple).-Oyster-shellbark-
louse. See oyster-8hell. — Peach-tree bark-louse. (a)
A coccine scale, Eulecanºwm pyri. (b) A diaspine scale,
A8pidiotus pyri. (c) A diaspine scale, Diaspis pyri. (d)
The San José scale, Aspidiotus permiciosus.-Scu
bark-louse, a diaspine Scale, Chiomaspis furfureus,
found commonly on the apple and pear in the United
States.
bark!yite (bār’kli-it), m. [For Sir Henry Barkly
(1815–98) + -ite?..] A more or less opaque
magenta-colored ruby from Victoria, Australia.
bark-mark (bärkſmärk), n. A symbol chopped
into the side of a log to indicate ownership.
It serves as a means of identification. [U. S.]
bark-marker (bärk’mär"kër), n. One who cuts
the bark-mark on logs.
barkslipper (bårk'slip"ér), n. A beetle of the
cerambycid genus Phymatodes, as P. amaºnus
or P. variabilis, whose larvae loosen the bark of
oak cord-wood, causing it to slip off. [Woods-
men’s term.]
park-worm (bärk’ wérm), m. A fishermen’s term
for the larva of any one of the wood-boring
beetles of the families Buprestidae or Ceramby-
cidae.
barley”, n.--Naked barley. (b) A variety, Hordeum
distichon nudum, of the two-rowed barley in which the
chaff is not adherent to the grain, as in other barleys.
– Barley straw-worm. See *straw-worm.
barley-candy (bār"li-kan"di), m. Same as
barley-sugar.
barley-grass (bär"li-gras"), n. Any grass of
the genus Hordeum other than the cultivated
barley.
barling-spar (bār 'ling - Spār), n. A small
light spar or pole.
Barlow's disease, plate. See *disease, *plate.
bar-machine (bårºma-shön"), n. A form of
coal-cutting machine.
In this machine [the bar-machime], a bar carrying cut-
ting tools, of rather a different pattern to those used
with the disc machine, revolves horizontally, under
or in the coal, cutting a parallel groove, similar to that
cut by the disc. The bar has a reciprocating motion
given to it, and behind the bar is an iron plate which is
also carried by the machine, and which with the spirally
arranged cutting tools forms an archimedean screw, and
acts as a conveyor to bring out the dirt made by the
machine. The frame of the machine is very similar to
that of the disc machine.
Elec. Review, Feb. 7, 1903, p. 187.
bar-mitsvah (bār-mits’vâ), m. [Heb., lit. ‘son
of commandment."] 1. A youth of an age to
obey the commandments: applied to a Jewish
boy on his thirteenth birthday, when, accord-
ing to rabbinical law, he has reached the
age of responsibility. Before this the father is re-
sponsible for his son's actions. The occasion is solem-
nized in the synagogue on the following Saturday, and is
followed by a festive gathering.
2. The celebration of a Jewish boy's thirteenth
birthday.
barmy, a. Hence-2. Barmy-brained; empty-
headéâ.
Y're dull if yer can't take the 'int;
Indeed lyer must be barmy.
War's Brighter Side, p. 278.
Barnacle scale. ... See *scalel, n.
barnacle-eater (bär'na-kl-é'tër), n. A name
applied to different species of file-fish of the
family Monacanthidae.
barn-dance (bärn’dāns), n. A dance or dan-
Cing-party given in a barn.
. The Washington Post, Pas de Quatre, and several va-
rieties of Barm Dance are of American origin, and have re-
cently become fashionable. JEncyc. Brit. XXVII. 376.
Barnegat limestone. See Alimestone.
barn-yard, nº-Noah's barn-yard, a mass of buried
Vegetal debris of interglacial origin. [Colloq., Illinois and
Indiana.]
baro (bā'rö), n. [Tagalog.] A sort of blouse or
loose shirt, usually brightly colored, worn by
natives of the Philippine Islands.
barocyclonoscope (bar") -si-klon'ī-sköp), n.
Gr. 3ápoc, weight, + cyclone + Gr. okoteiv,
view.] Ananeroid barometermodified by thead-
dition of threeindexes showing respectively the
direction of the wind, the direction of the storm-
center, and the direction which the navigator
must take in order to avoid that center. It was
constructed especially for use in the Philippine Islands,
and needs appropriate modifications for use in other re.
gions. See storm-card.
barogyroscope (bar-Š-ji’rö-sköp), n. [Gr.
(36pog, weight, + yüpog, circle. -- okoteiv, view.]
An instrument which consists of a rapidly
rotated gyrostat, mounted on knife-edges by
an axis perpendicular to its axis of rotation
and pointing east and west. It demonstrates ex-
perimentally the rotation of the earth. It was devised by
Gilbert. Encyc. Brit., XXIX, 195.
barolite, n. 2. In petrog., a term proposed by
Wadsworth (1892) for rocks, formed by chemi-
cal precipitation, composed mainly of barite
and celestite: it refers to the highspecific gravity
of these substances.
barometer, ºil-Blakesley portable barometer, a
tube of small bore, closed at one end, partly filled with
air, and carrying a thread of quicksilver. The position of
the mercury when the closed end of the tube is uppermost
and again when the open end is uppermost, gives the data
for determining the pressure in terms of the weight or
length of the thread of quicksilver.—Capillary depres-
sion of the barometer, the amount by which the mer-
Curial column in the barometric tube is depressed by the
repulsion between the glass and the mercury. This repul-
sion varies with the purity of the mercury, the cleanness
and diameter of the tube, the temperature, the overlying
gas, and other factors. It differs within the vacuum-
chamber from that in the open leg of the siphon or the
open cistern. The difference of the depressions at these
two mercurial surfaces is the total effect upon the mea-
sured atmospheric pressure, and is an important source of
error liable to large variations.—Dines's minimum ba-
rometer, an arrangement of two empty tubes which be-
come filled with two different liquids on descending from
any great height attained by a balloon : analogous to Sir
William Thomson's tubular sounding apparatus.—Gly-
cerin barometer, a barometer in which a column of gly-
cerin replaces the mercury of the ordinary Torticellian
barometer. These instruments are large and not portable,
and are used principally for public display and storm-
warning.—Howson's barometer, a mercurial barom-
eter in which the tube is fixed, but whose cistern is free
to move, being supported by the pressure of the atmo-
Sphere which corresponds to the area of the ring-section
of the glass tube. The rise and fall of the cistern indi-
cate the variations of this pressure on a large scale.—
Mascart's gravity barometer, a barometer designed
to determine the variations in the force or acceleration of
gravity by measuring the elastic pressure of a mass of car-
bonic-acid gas whose temperature is accurately known,
and which is confined under the pressure of a column of
mercury about one meter in height. The same result is
also attempted by Mohn by the comparison of pressures
determined by both the mercurial barometer and the boil-
ing-point, thermometer.—Moreland's barometer, a
mercurial barometer in which the cistern is fixed, but in
which the tube is free to move and is attached to the lever-
arm of a balance. The motion of the lever-arm indicates the
variations of the atmospheric pressureon any desired scale.
—Mountain barometer, a mercurial barometer in
which the tube and cistern are adapted to a very large
range of pressures and are especially constructed to avoid
breakage in mountaineering work.-Sub-standard ba-
barothermograph
rometer, a barometer used for intercomparison of ordi.
nary barometers and serving as an intermediary between
normal barometers and ordinary instruments.
The
barometer-tube (ba-rom’e-têr-tūb), n,
glass tube, hermetically sealed at the top,
within which the mercurial column of a barom.
eter is contained. The tube is filled with mercury
when inverted, and many methods have been devised to
accomplish this satisfactorily. By Fortin's method, the
mercury is introduced little by little, and boiled within the
tube by gently heating it so as to expel all gas or vapor. In
George's method the mercury is not boiled but is stirred,
and the air-bubbles are removed with a feather. In
|Bogen's method the mercury is made to flow from end to
end until all bubbles escape: the open end is then
attached to an air-pump and the last traces of air are
pumped out. In Sprung's automatic mothod the tube is
placed open end up and warmed ; the mercury is placed
in a separate vessel over a lamp and is continuously dis-
tilled over, through an intermediate tube, into the tube,
where it collects under a perfect vacuum until the tube
is full: a clean tube, a perfect vacuum, and distilled
mercury are thus obtained by one operation.
Barometric elevation, an area of high pressure at sea-
level; a rise of atmospheric pressure above the normal
Value; the center of an area of high pressure or a
barometric maximum.—Barometric fog. See Afog.—
Barometric gradient. See Agradient.—Barometric
hypsometry. See khyp80metry. — Barometric maxi-
mum. (a) An area on the weather-map within which
the barometric pressure at any time is decidedly above
that which prevails over adjacent portions of the map;
an area of high pressure. (b) An area in which the cur-
rent barometric pressure is decidedly above the normal
Value for that place and date.—Barometric minimum.
(a) An area on the weather-map within which the baro-
metric pressure at any time is decidedly below that which
prevails over adjacent portions of the map; an area of
low pressure. (b) An area in which the current baro-
metric pressure is decidedly below the mormal value for
that place and date.—Barometric rate, the rapidity
With which atmospheric pressure rises or falls within a
standard unit of time, usually one hour.—Barometric
Surface, a surface for which the barometric pressure is
uniform. Owing to the influence of the temperature
and of the wind, the barometric surfaces in the free air
are continually changing. During gentle winds and in
the midst of a large area of high pressure the barometric
Surfaces are horizontal ; but in strong winds they are in-
clined to the level surface, and in revolving storms they
become funnel-shaped. A critical barometric surface is
one theoretically appropriate to steady winds, or a
steady system of winds, and calls for a corresponding
critical, barometric gradient.—Barometric surge, an
oscillation of the atmospheric pressure occurring simul-
taneously over large areas, such as the whole of India,
and usually traveling from the west eastward in the
north temperate zone: nearly equivalent to barometric
ºwave.— Barometric Wind-rose. See baric kwind-ro8e.
barong (bā'rong), n. [Sulu.] A large, broad-
bladed knife or cleayer used by the Moros of
the southern Philippine Islands.
błºnºmy (ba-ronº-mi), n. [Gr. 36pog, weight,
+ vöplog, law.] The science of the laws of the
gravitant forces (gravitation, weight): a pro-
posed substitute for barology when used in
that sense.
baroque, n. 3. Specifically, in music, a style
of composition which abounds in extreme
irregular, or unpleasant harmonies or metricai
patterns. s
Barosma camphor. Same as *diosphenol.
barosmin (ba-ros'min), n. [Barosm(a) + -inë.]
A finely crystalline glucoside, perhaps identi-
cal with hesperidin, contained in buchu, the
leaves of Barosma crenulata, B. serratifolia,
and B. betwlina. Also known as dioSmim.
barotaxis (bar-à-takºsis), n. [NL., & Gr. 36poc,
weight, + tašug, disposition.] Stimulation
brought about by charge of pressure.
barothermograph (bar:6-ther (mē; graf), n.
[Gr. 3ápoc, weight, + 6épum, heat, + Ypáčev,
write.] An ap-
paratus for re-
cording simul-
taneously the
a t mospheric
pressure and
temperature; a
combination of
barograph and
thermograph,
especially such
as are made
portable and
very light to
be sent up
with kites and
sounding-bal-
loons. Assmann's
barothermograph,
used with sounding-
balloons, records a
pressure - lempera-
ture curve without
any time coördi-
nate and by means
of one pen only.]
i
i
#
i
[]s
The cylinder or sheet of paper is pushed in one direction
by the action of the barometer while the pen is pushed
2^
Assmann's Barothermograph.
b, aneroid barometer which gives hori-
zontal motion, to the cylinder, c, t, ther-
mometer inside a protecting tube, r, r,
which gives vertical motion to the pen, zº,



barothermograph
in the perpendicular direction by the action of the ther-
mometer. In all other forms of apparatus each instru-
ment makes its own record by its own pen and has its fe * &
own independent time-scale. 'sometimes called meteorº - and size. See Echinocactus and *visnaga.
graph. Monthly Weather Rev., Sept., 1896, p. 323. barrel-car (bar'el-kār), n. In car-building, a
barothermohygrograph (bar-5 - ther"mö-hiſ- long flat-car fitted with open framework and
grj-gräf), n. (Gr. Bāpoº, weight, + 6 pum, heat, , used for cºrrying empty barrels.
+ bypoc, moist, + ypägetv, write.] A barother: barrel-cart (bar'el-kärt), n. A cart, or truck
mographro which a self-registering hygrometer garrying a #: swung so that it can be
is added: made of the lightest material for use tipped, used chiefly in gardens as a receptacle
with kites and balloons, but more solidly for , for leaves and other rubbish.
station-work. barrel-chest (bar' el-chest), n. Permanent
barothermometer (bar-à-thèr-mom’e-tèr), n. rºunded expansion of the chest occurring in
[Gr. 6ápog, weight, + E. thermometer.] An in-, chronic pulmonary, emphysema. *
strument for indicating the pressure and the barrel-chime (bar'el-chim), n. A chime of
temperature of the air. bells rung, by means of a barrel-mechanism
baroto (bā-rö’tö), n. [Philippine Sp. baroto, K , instead of by hand.
Hisaya baloto.j" A small sea-going vessel. barreled, p. 4. 4. In archery, gradually re-
[Philippine Is..] S *barl. 8 º º from the center to each end:
bar-parlor (bär"pār"lor), n., Same as *barl, W: ..., s
* The §. iſ old English houses is barrel-header (bar'el-hed"er), n. A simple
barrel-cactus (bar'el -kak’tus), n. The bis-
naga, Echinocactus: so named from its form
bar-stop
mountain-ranges, and deserts, and biological barriers, in-
cluding vegetation, man and animals, and plant parasites.
—Surf barrier, in phytogeog., an aggregation of plants
(cumaphytes) serving to resist the action of waves. C.
MacMillan.
barriguda (bā-ré-gö’dá), n. [Pg., orig, fem. of
barrigudo, big-bellied, K barriga, belly..] A ma-
jestic palm, Iriarted ventricosa, which reaches
a height of 80–100 feet. The trunk is generally
cylindrical to a height of 40 or 50 feet, where it swells
out to double, or more than double, its former diameter
for 10 or 15 feet, diminishing again, and becoming cylin-
drical for the remaining distance to the summit. The
wood is black, hard, alud very heavy, and is used by the
Indians for making harpoons and spears. The swollen
part of the stem is sometimes made into a canoe. [Brazil.]
barrikin (bar’i-kin), n. [Cf. baragouin and
*barrack?..] Unintelligible talk; jargon.
|barrimba (bā-rim’bà), n. A gold colonial coin
of Portugal of low standard, struck for Mo-
zambique, 1847–53.
barring1, n. 2. In machine-sewing, the sewing
form of screw- or lever-press for pressing the of a decorative bar or tack upon a fabric or
head of a barrel into place and holding it in upon leather, the bar being composed of a
position until it is secured by the hoops or by series of long stitches crossed by short stitches.
nailing. Sometimes called tacking. See *buttonhole-
bºheater (bar'el-hé’tēr), n. A cylindric machine.
stove or heating-drum for heating and drying barring-engine (bár'ing-en"jin), n. See *turn-
barrel-staves when formed into a barrel ready ing-engine.
for putting on the hoops and closing the ends. barring-machine (bār'ing-ma-shën"), n. A
sometimes a room of considerable size where
favored guests are received.
barrackl (bar’ak), v. [barrack, n.] I. trams. To
house in barracks; lodge in barracks, as troops.
II. intrans. To lodge or reside in barracks.
Hugh Miller, Scenes and Legends, p. 478.
barrack? (bar’ak), v. i. [An alteration, con-
formed to barrackl, of earlier borack, borak,
banter, chaff, from a New South Wales native
term meaning something like ‘what is not.’
Cf. *barrikin.] To jeer at or deride opponents;
The green barrel is placed over the stove, and a hood is
lowered over it to keep in the heat. When the barrel is
heated the hood is raised, automatically lifting the bar-
rel and discharging it outside of the heater.
specifically, with for (like the equivalent barrel-motion (bar'el-mó"sh9n), n. A tappet-
United States slang root), to support, as a
partizan, by cheers, shouts, and other demon-
strations of approval
noisily disturbing and
site side or party: as, to barrack for the school
team. [Australia.]
To use a football phrase, they all to a man barrack for
the British Lion. Melbourne Punch, Aug. 14, 1890.
barracker (bar’ak-èr), n. One who barracks;
a noisy partizan in a contest, originally in foot-
ball; a rooter. [Australia.]
The “most unkindest cut of all? was that the Premier,
who was Mr. Rogers's principal barracker during the
elections, turned his back upon the prophet and did not
deign to discuss his plan. The Argus, Nov. 29, 1894, p. 4.
barracoota (bar-a-kö’tā), n. Same as barra-
cwda. * *
barracuda, n. 2. Thyrsites atun, a gempyloid
fish of Australia and New Zealandſ. not the
barracuda of American Waters.—California bar-
racuda, Sphyraena argenteq, of southern California.
— European barracuda, Sphyraena Sphyraena of the
Mediterranean.— Great barracuda, Sphyraena barra-
cuda, a West Indian species.—Northern barracuda,
Sphyraena borealis, a small fish of the coasts about New
barrel-tappet (bar-el-tap’et), n.
barrel-tree (bar'el-tré), m.
barrel-whee
barrel-work (bar'el—werk), n.
Barremian (ba-rā’mi-an), a. and m.
mechanism attached to a loom for operating
the harnesses. Also called barrel-tappet. Foa,
or by jeering at and Mechanism of Weaving, p. 25.
interrupting the oppo- Barrel-sanding machine. See *sanding-ma-
chime.
barrel-scald (bar'el-skáld), n. A discoloration
of apples and pears when packed in barrels.
It is probably associated with harmful condi-
tions of temperature and moisture.
Same as
*barrel-motion.
See *bottle-tree, 2.
(bar ’ el-hwel), n. The large
wheel which is keyed upon the same shaft as
the lifting-barrel of a crane, and by which the
barrel is directly revolved. It is the last one
in the train of gearing. Lockwood, Dict. Mech.
Eng. Terms (App.).
Barrel amalga-
mation. See *amalgamation. Coal and Metal
Miners' Pocket-book.
[F. Bar-
Téme, a canton in the department of Basses-
Alpes.] In geol., a name sometimes used b
French geologists, in place of Urgonian, to
designate a stage of the Lower Cretaceous de-
posits immediately overlying the Neocomian.
barreta (bār-rā’tā), m. [Mex. Sp.] A shrub,
Helietta parvifolia, belonging to the rue family,
York.
barragan? (bar'a-gan), m. [Native Australian.]
A variety of the Australian boomerang,
barrage, n. 3. In playing instruments like the
guitar, the application of the finger of the left
hand across all or some of the strings near
the nut, so as to shorten them uniformly and
thus raise their pitch; a temporary nut. (See
wut, 3., (f) (1) and capo tasto.) When the
finger stops part of the strings the barrage is
little; if all, great or grand.—Drum-barrage, a
species of movable dam used in the canalization of rivers.
A sector of a hollow circular drum or cylinder rotates on
a horizontal axis fixed in masonry. In one form the drum
itself couprises the dam or water-barrier. In others the
dam proper is formed of plane wickets. In either form
the admission of water from the upper pool to or from the
different compartments of the drum furnishes the power
to raise or lower the barrier and thus raise or lower the
water-surface up-stream from the dam.
Barrandeocrinus (barran"dē-3-krinus), n.
§ L., K. Barrande, a Bohemian geologist, +
r. Kpivov, lily (see crinoid).]. A genus of fos-
sil crinoids, the only representative of the fam-
ily Barramdeocrinidae. It is characterized by the mono-
cyclic base, 3 basals, and heavy biserial arms which are
recumbent and completely inclose the calyx; found in the
Upper Silurian beds of Gotland.
barrandite (ba-ran'dit), n. [Named after J.
Barrande, a Bohemian geologist (1799–1883).]
A hydrated phosphate of ferric iron and alu-
minium occurring in gray spheroidal concre-
tions: found in Bohemia.
Barred C, barred semicircle, in musical notation, the
Barreta (Hezzetta Aarvifolia).
A, flowering branch ; B, fruiting branch. (From Sargent's
“Manual of Trees of North America.”)
with opposite 3-foliate leaves and panicles of
Small purplish-white flowers. The obconic fruit
separates at maturity into 3 or 4 Samaras. It is common
on the bluffs of the Rio Grande. [Northern Mexico and
Texas.]
barreto (bā-rā’tö), m. [Cuban Sp.] A goby of
the genus Gobioides. [Cuba.]
barrette (ba-ret’), m. [F.: see barret 1.] The
crossbar in the hilt of old rapiers over which
the forefinger was placed.
barretter (baret-er), n., A. receiving device
sign for duple rhythm-Barred teeth, molar teeth with lised in wireless telegraphy, in which the elec-
spreading, irregular roots. e tric wave is caused to vary the current in a
barrel, n. 6. In mining, a vessel by which local electric circuit.
water is lifted by engine or windlass from a barrier, m. , 9. The starting apparatus used in
sinking-shaft.—Barrel amalgamation. See Wamal- races; designed to keep the horses behind a
machine for forming a bar or turned edge in
tinware. Allied to edging-machine (which see).
Barringtonia (bar-ing-tó’ni-á), n. [NL. (For-
ster, 1776), named in honor of Daines Barring-
ton (1727–1800), a British lawyer and natu-
ralist.] A genus of dicotyledonous trees of
the family Lecythidaceae. It is characterized by the
alternate entire or slightly crenate leaves crowded toward
the ends of the branches, and flowers in elongated ter-
minal or lateral racemes or interrupted spikes. About
60 species are recognized, distributed from Mozambique
to the East Indies, Australia, and the Samoan Islands.—
gtonia, formation, a dense belt of shrubs and
trees, including several arborescent species of Barring-
tonia, growing next the tidal sand on East Indian shores.
A. F. W. Schimper.
barrio (bā‘ri-Ö), n. [Sp. barrio = Pg. bairro =
Cat. barri, a village, prob. K. Ar. barr, land.]
1. A village or small town which has no inde-
pendent administration, but which is subor-
dinated to a larger town. See pueblo. [Philip-
pine Is...]–2. A ward; a division of a termino
or municipal district in Cuba.
These [terminos], in turn, are subdivided into barrios,
or wards, of which there were between 1100 and 1200.
Encyc. Brit., XXVII. 303.
barrister, n.-Junior barrister, in Eng. law, a bar.
rister who has not been admitted to the rank of king's
counsel ; also, the assistant of the chief counsel on one side
of a case.—Vacation barrister, in Eng. law, a newly
qualified barrister who is to attend the exercises of the
House for several long vacations.
barristerial (bar-is-té'ri-al), a. Of or pertain-
ing to a barrister.
Barroussia (ba-rö’si-á), m. [NL. (A. Schnei-
der, 1885).] A genus of Coccidia, of the fam-
ily Polysporocystidae, in which the monozoic
spores are spherical, with a smºoth bivalve
shell or sporocyst. The speci asitic
in myriapods and insects. -
barrow-hole (barſ Ó-hól), m.
course of construction, a hole,
and 3 feet wide, left in the
men to pass through carry
with stones or bricks, or
I’OWS,
Barrowist (bar' 6-ist), m.
Barrowe, one of the leaders
movement in England
the sixtee
use of a
founders
barro
or wh
anoth
Spinn
barro
that
cardi
. 145
bar-scrº
or grating
bar-stays (
are solid ro
guished from
wood, Dict. M
certain line until the word is given, and thus bar-stop (bā
prevent unfair advantage in starting.—10. In which lim
phytogeog., any obstacle which prevents or re- number-b
stricts the migration of plants. Clements distin- (b) A bºy
guishes physical barriers, such as large bodies of water, of other
gamation. & tº
barrelage (bar'el-āj), m. The total quantity of
any commodity, as measured by barrels, pro-
duced during a specified period or used for a
particular purpose.




































bartholinitis
bartholinitis (bār "tº-li-mi’ tis), m. [Irreg. <
Bartholin('s gland) + -itis.] Inflammation of
the vulyovaginal (Bartholin's) gland.
Bartlett's fume paint. See *paint.
Barton clay. See Bartonian *group.
Bartonia (bār-tö’ni-á), n. [NL.: for B. S.
Barton.] A genus of plants of the family
Loasaceae, now referred to Mentzelia.
Bartonian group. See *group1.
Barton's bandage, fracture." See *bandage,
*fracture.
Barus camphor. Same as Borneo camphor
(which see, under camphor).
Barybrotes (bar-i-brö’těz), m. . [NL. (Schiódte
and Meinert, 1879), K. Gr. 3apüg, heavy, +
£300Tóg, eating]. The typical and only genus
of the family Barybrotidae.
Barybrotidae (bar-i-brot'i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Barybrotes + -idae.] A small family of cymo-
thoid isopod crustaceans found in the open
sea: typified by the genus Barybrotes.
Barycrinus (ba-rikºri-nus), m. [NL., = K. Gr.
Baptic, heavy, + Kpfvov, lily (see crinoid).] A
genus of extinct crinoids of the family Cyatho-
crimidae, having stout plates and heavy massive
arms: from the Lower Carboniferous of the
Mississippi valley.
barymorphosis (bar-i-mör'fö-sis), m. [Gr.
Baptic, heavy, + ptáppoolg, shape.] The effect
of gravitation in producing changes in the or-
gans or parts of plants. Sachs.
baryphonous (bar-if” 3-nus), a.
ing; low in pitch.
barysilite (bar-i-Sil’īt), m. [Gr. 3apüç, heavy,
+ sil(ica) + -ite?..] A rare lead silicate occur-
. in white lamellar masses: found in Swe-
€Il.
barysphere (bar’i-Sfér), m. [Gr. 3apüç, heavy,
+ aſpalpa, sphere.] The earth’s interior, an
inner core known to be of greater density than
the crust : So named from this property.
Even as late as 1893, at the World's Fair Congress, at
Chicago, it was argued by Posepmy that the ores came
from the barysphere, or heavy-sphere, from well down
within the earth; though even Posepmy conceded that
the agent which transported and deposited the metals at
the places where they are now found was underground
Water. Science, Nov. 15, 1901, p. 747.
Baryta, paper. See kpaper.—Baryta, white, barium
sulphate used as a pigment.
barytenor (bar’i-ten-gr), m.
barytone. Also baritenor.
Barytic white. See *whitel.
barytonesis (bar-i-tó-nē’sis), m. [NL., K. Gr.
Bapitovog, barytone, ---esis, as in phonesis, etc.]
The prevalence of a barytone quality or ac-
cent. J. Clark, Manual of Linguistics, p. 155.
bas (bâ), m. [F., low : see basel.] In roulette,
a bet placed at the bottom of a vertical column
of humbers, taking in 12 of them.—Bas A. cheval
[“low astride’), a bet placed between two vertical col-
umns, taking in 24 numbers.
. A. S. An abbreviation of (a) Bachelor of
Agricultural Science ; (b) Bachelor of Applied
Science: degrees conferred by some institutions.
*asal Basal area, (b) In forestry, the area
v ºf a tree, or the sum of such areas.—
hot., growth or increase near the base,
'Om apical growth. See kapical.—
2 *length.—Basal placenta, a pla:
* the Ovary, as in Diomaea.—Basal
tol., the dorsal portion of the closed
In a typical solitary coral, as Caryo-
the skeleton which is between the
Df attachment.
nital plate (which see, under
Deep-sound-
A low tenor or
menclature of fºe
the no
* * * and fossil,
ºn coln
v., at or near
. Handbook,
# ,
;
ld term, in pe-
mitic, nonpor-
The basalts,
2s, diabases,
basalt be-
by micro-
basaltine (ba-Sālºtin), a.
base-ball, m.—Indoor base-ball, a
base-bed (bâs’ bed), n.
base-board, n.
base-level (bās 'lev-el), n.
scopical study. Basalt in this sense is opposed to felsite,
which includes light-colored rocks. See felsite.—Anal-
Cite-basalt, in petrog., a term applied to a basalt con-
taining analcite as a notable primary constituent in place
of the usual feldspar.—Deccan basalt, in India, great
flows of cretaceous basalt covering 200,000 square miles.
— Ellipsoidal, spheroidal basalt. See pillow kbasalt,
—Melilite-basalt, a very basic variety of basalt char-
acterized by the mineral melilite. Nephelite and perov-
skite are usually abundant in the melilite-basalts, but
feldspars are absent or subordinate.—Pillow basalt, a
term sometimes applied to basaltic masses composed of
spheroidal, ellipsoidal, or pillow-shaped bodies formed
when the rock consolidated and generally of variolitic
nature. The terms ellipsoidal basalt, spheroidal basalt,
and concretionary dolerite have also been applied to rocks
exhibiting this structure. See variolite.
[basalt + -inel.]
Same as basaltic.
basaree (bā-sa-ré'), n. [Better “basuri, K Hind.
basuri, basri, bāśrī, bansi, poetic
basic
or machinery; the level at which the bottom
of the base is set.—Base-level plain, the nearly
level surface to which a land-form would be reduced if
acted on by the agencies of subaérial erosion for a suffi-
ciently long time.
baselevel (bās'lev-el)h w.t. and i.; pret, and pp.
baseleveled or baselevelled; ppr. baseleveling or
baselevelling. In geol., to wear down or de-
grade (a surface) nearly to base-level.
Some of the salient problems of the outer lithosphere
are the origin and maintenance of the continental plat-
forms—with their superposed mountains and plateaus—
and the abysmal basins, involving questions of rigidity,
isostasy, etc.; the agencies and conditions that make pos-
sible the prolonged periods of crustal quiescence shown
in baseleveling, and the antithetical epochs of crustal
disturbance. Carnegie Inst. Report, 1902, p. 31.
base-line, m.—Reid's base-line, a line running from
the infraorbital ridge to the back of the head, cutting
forms of the center of the external auditory meatus.
báñsri, báñsli, KSkt. vangi, a flute.] A Hindu Basella (bā-sel'É), n. A genus of plants, type
direct flute or flageolet with 7 holes. It may
be blown either by the mouth or by the nose.
base”, n. 5. In chem., this term is properly applied to
the hydroxid of a distinctly electropositive metal or com-
pound radical, which easily exchanges hydroxyl for an
acid radical, producing a salt ; but the same term is often
applied in a looser and more general way to other sub-
stances of more or less electropositive character, although
not containing hydroxyl, as, for example, to ammonia and
compounds of analogous structure.
22. In the gasteropod Mollusca, the flattened
lower surface of the final whorl.—Alloxuric,
nucleinic base, purin base.—Base hit. See Ahitl.-
Brieger's bases, several ptomaînes which bear Brieger's
name. One (Čásnº), supposedly ethylidene diamine,
is obtained from putrefying fish; another (C6H13NO2),
probably a betain, is formed on the decomposition of
tetamin. Three ptomaînes of the formula C7H17NO2
have also been described by Brieger, of which one,
gadimin, is obtained from putrid fish, another, typhotoacim,
from cultures of the typhoid bacillus, and a third from
horse-flesh.—De Coninck's base, a ptomaîne (C8H11N)
obtained from putrid jellyfish.-Delézinier's base, a
ptomaîne (C32B31N) described by Delézimier, which in its
general reactions resembles veratrine. Its origin is not
stated.— Guareschi and Mosso's base, a , ptomaîne
(C10H15.N.) obtained from putrefying fibrin.-Gau-
tier and Etard’s base, a ptomaîne (C8H13N) obtained
from the products of putrefaction of ſºča atter and
Mourgues's base, a ptomaîne (C7H11N) obtained from
brown cod-liver oil.—Lepierre's base, a ptomaîne
(C16H23N2O4) obtained from poisomous cheese.—Morin’s
base, a nitrogenous base formed during alcoholic fermen-
tation: found in fusel-oil.—Nencki’s base, a ptomaîne
(C8H11N) obtained from a mixture of putrefying pancreas
and gelatin.—Newtonian base, a hypothetical fixe
point in space to which absolute motion, in the sense in
which Newton used that term, may be referred.
Foucault's pendulum is another example of motion
Telative to the earth which exhibits the fact that the earth
is not a Newtonian base. Encyc. Brit., XXXI. 10.
Oser's base, a nitrogenous base (C13.H2ON4) formed dur-
ing the fermentation of saccharose by yeast.— Pouchet's
bases, CBH 12N2O4 and C7H18N2O6; they are probably
not products of łºtºtiº are formed during the
treatment of animal refuse with sulphuric acid.—Purin
xanthin base. See ºpwröm.–Salkowski's base, a
ptomaîne (C5H11NO2) obtained from decomposing fibrin
and meat.—Thenius's base. Same as kcordine.—Tri-
acid base, in chem., a base containing three combining
units of the radical hydroxyl which can be exchanged for
three units of a monad acid-radical to produce a normal
salt, as bismuth hydroxid, Bi(HO)3, which gives rise to
such salts as bismuth chlorid, BiCl3, and bismuth nitrate,
Bi(NO3)3. A tri-acid base is the correlative of a tri-
basic acid.
game developed
from the outdoor game and played in rinks or halls.
The base-lines are shortened from 90 to 27 feet, although
in some large halls they are 45 feet in length. The rest
of the field is in proportion, and the ball is a larger
and softer one than that used out of doors. The number
of players may be smaller, although 8 or 9 are usually
considered a side. e
A name given on the
Island of Portland to a limestone of Jurassic
age largely used as a building-stone. [Local,
Eng.]
2. In photog., the foundation
of the camera, which carries the lens, front,
bellows, and back. Woodbury, Encyc. Dict.
of Photog., p. 58.
f basecphysis (bā-sek' fi-sis), m. ; pl. basecphyses
(-séz). [NL., K. Gr. 3&otſ, base, -- škºvaig, out-
growth..] In crustaceans, an appendage grow-
ing from the basis or second joint of a limb ;
an exopodite. *
In this species [Pontophilus dustralis] . . . the
basal joint bears a short appendage (basecphysis) not
reaching to the extremity of the meros.
Trans. Limmean. Soc. London, Feb., 1903, p. 435.
• 1. In geol., the
ideal level surface with reference to which the
erosive action of a stream is carried on ; also,
but less generally, the slope at which the
erosive action of a stream practically ceases.
The general base-level is the level of the ocean. A local
base-level may be determined by a rock-sill in a river,
or by a lake: in the latter case it may be below sea-level,
as in the basin of the Dead Sea.
2. The level of the bottom plane of an engine
Basellaceae (bā-se-lâ’sé-6
basellaceous (bā-Se-lâ’shius) a.
base-rocker (bāsºrok-er), n.
: base-runner. (bās' run/ér), n.
bas-fond (bâ-foil'), m.
bashaw, n.
basi (bå-sé"), n.
basibregmatic (bā-si-breg-mat'ik), a.
of the family Basellaceæ. It contains only one spe-
cies, B. rubra, a very variable annual or biennial climbing
herb, which is cultivated in the tropics as a pot-herb. It
is a native of tropical Asia and Africa, and is commonly
known as Malabar nightshade (which see).
3-é), m. pl. [NL. (Mo-
quin-Tandon, 1840), K. Basella + -aceae.] A
family of dicotyledonous archichlamydeous
plants of the order Chenopodiales, typified by
the genus Basella, and characterized by flow-
ers with 2 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens opposite
the petals, a 3-merous gynoecium, and utricu-
lar fruit. There are 5 genera and 14 species, mostly
tropical American, but the monotypic type genus is a
native of tropical Asia, and Anredera extends northward
into Texas. Boussingaultia baselloides, the Madeira-vine,
has become established in southern Texas and Florida.
See Malabar mightshade, under mightshade.
{NL., K. Ba-
sellaceae + -ows.] In bot., having the characters
of or belonging to the family Basellaceae.
Basement complex, a series of much metamorphosed
and masked rocks (gneisses and schists), intricately folded,
of unknown thickness and obscure origin, lying at the
base of the geologic column. They have been mostly
derived from original igneous rocks, but some appear to
have been sediments. They are the oldest known rocks.
Dama.— Basement rocks, in a series of rocks, the belt
which offers least resistance to the Wear of streams; the
weaker strata. Dana. — Basement Substance, in
histol., a substance formed at the basal ends of epithelial
cells.
basedst (bå'sé-ost), n. [Gr. 3&otſ, foundation,
+ botéov, bone..] In the fishes, especially those
of the extinct family Holoptychiidae, one of the
series of small bones which support the der-
mal rays of the dorsal and anal fins and are
subservient to the axonost which is the princi-
pal support of these fins.
A rocking-chair
with a curved-topped base, to which it is at-
tached and on which it rocks.
In base-ball, a
player who is running the bases. The batsman
becomes a base-runner immediately after he has made a
fair hit, or after four balls have been called by the um-
pire, or after three strikes, or after the umpire calls a foul
balk on the pitcher.
[F. : bas, low, fond,
bottom.] The fundus of a hollow organ; es-
ecially, the base of the urinary bladder.
asham's mixture. See *mia;ture.
3. The mud-cat, Leptops olivaris.
[Louisiana.]—Bashaw cat. See arcat.
bashofu (bā-shö'fü), n. [Jap., K Chin, pa-ch'iao
pu, banana cloth, pa-chiao (Jap. basho), plan-
tain (banana); pu, cloth.] _A kind of cloth
woven from the fiber of the Japanese banana,
Musa Bašjoo. It is lighter in weight than that woven
from hemp or flax, and is used in Japan for summer under-
wear. A coarser kind is used for wall decoration. ..
[Bisaya basi..] 1. A native
drink in the Philippine Islands, containing a
large proportion of the poisonous principle of
wood-alcohol. Insanity, crime, and frequently death
in a few days result from its use. American soldiers and
civilian employees of the government have been forbidden
to drink it. Army and Navy Jour., Dec. 7, 1901.
2. A native wine from northern Luzon.
basiale (bā-si-à’lé), m.; pl. basialia (-li-á).
NL., neut. of basialis, K. L. basis, base : see
base2.] In ichth, same as *hypohyal ; one of a
air of small bones anterior to the cerato-
yal. ſº
basibranchiostegal (bā"si-brang-ki-os’té-gal),
m. [L. basis, base, + branchiae, gills, + Gr.
otéyog, cover.] Same as *urohyal, 2. G
[Gr.
8ágic, base, + 3péypaſt-), sinciput, + -ic.] In
anthrop., relating to basion and bregma:-
Basibregmatic height, the distance between basion
and bregma.
Basic border, in geol., the outer portion or shell of an
intruded mass of igneous rock often found, as a matter
of experience, to be lower in silica or more basic than
the interior.














'basic
Secondary and less important causes may explain the
existence of complementary dikes, basic borders and
segregations.
R. A. Daly, Amer. Jour. Sci., April, 1903, p. 292.
Basic color. See Arcolor.—Basic dye, (a) In histol.,
same as kbasic 8tain, (b) See basic color under kcolor.
—Basic lines. These lines apparently common to the
8pectra of two or more substances, and formerly sup-
posed by Lockyer to indicate a common substance, have
since been shown to be merely double or multiple lines
with components very close together, and resolvable only
by spectroscopes of higher power than he then possessed.
—Basic Oxid, in chem., an oxid of a distinctly electro-
positive metal or compound radical, which may by
union with the elements of water produce a hydroxid or
base, or by union with the elements of an acid oxid pro-
duce a salt.—Basic reagent. Same as Abasic 8tain.—
Basic salt, in chem., a compound in which an electro-
positive metal or compound radical is partly united to
an acid radical and partly to hydroxyl or to oxygen, as
in basic bismuth nitrate, Bi(HO)2(NO3), or in Monsell's
salt, Fe2O (SO4)2.-Basic slag. See Aslag 1.--Basic
stain, in histol, a non-acid dye, such as the methyl and
phenyl derivatives of rosaniline, fuchsin, etc., employed
to color elements for microscopical examination.—Bagic
Steel. See Asteel1.
basichromatin (bā-si-kró'ma-tin), n. [Gr.
Báotç, base, + Apóſza, color.] In Cytol., chro-
matin which takes on a deep stain with basic
dyes only. Same as chromatin in the usual
S611S6),
basicity, n. 2. In foundry-work, the propor-
tion of metallic oxid present in, and the ab-
sence of silica from, a furnace-lining, a cinder,
flux, or slag. The fettling of a puddling-furnace de-
pends for its efficacy on its basic character, as does also
the magnesia linestone of a Bessemer converter. Lock-
wood, Dict. Mech. Eng. Terms. º
Basicranial flexure. See *fleasure.
basid (bâ'sid), m. [basid(ium).] Same as ba-
sidium.
basidiogenetic (bå-sid’i-ó-jë-net'ik), a. Pro-
uced by or upon a basidium.
basidiogonidium (bā-sid’i-Ö-gó-mid’i-um), n. ;
pl. basidiogonidia (-ā). Same as basidiospore.
Basidiolichenes (bå-sid’i-Ö-li-ké’něz), m. pl.
[NL., K basidium + lichen, lichen..] A group of
lichens including those in which the fungous
portion is a basidiomycete. They are divided
into 2 smaller groups, Hymenolichemes and Gas-
terolichenes. Only a few genera are known,
most of which are tropical.
basidiophore (bå-sid’i-Ö-fôr), n. [NL., K basid–
ium + Gr. -popog, K pépetv, bear.] A portion of
the fructification of certain fungi which bears
basidia.
basidorsal (bā-si-dór'sal), n. [NL. basidorsalis,
K. Gr. 340tg, base, H- L. dorsum, back: see dor-
sal.] One of the basidorsalia.
basidorsale (bā-si-dór-sā’lé), m.; pl. basidorsalia
(-li-á). [NL.] One of a pair of ossifications
on the superior side of the notochord from
which the neural arch with its zygapophyses
is developed. See *arcuale.
basiemphytic (bā-si-em-fit'ik), a. [Gr. 3&qug,
base, 4- épiqvrog, implanted: see imp.] At-
tached or fixed by the base, as certain sponges.
basig (bå'sig), m. [Philippine Sp., appar. from
an Igorrote form corresponding to Tagalog
basag, rice, Bisaya, bdisac, a crop of rice, etc.,
under water.] An alcoholic drink made by the
Igorrotes, principally of rice and buri (Cory-
pha wºmbraculifera), but also of sugar-cane.
[Philippine Is..]
basigamous (bā-sig'a-mus), a. In bot., having
the egg-apparatus at the lower end of the
mother-cell of the endosperm, the reverse of
the normal condition. Van Tieghem,
basigamy (bā-sig'a-mi), n. The condition of
being basigamous.
basigenous (bā-sij^e-nus), a. In chem., capa-
ble of forming a base, as, for example, potas-
sium, the hydroxid of which is the base potash.
basignathite (bā-sigſma-thit), m. [Gr. 3dolç,
basis, + yuáðog, jaw, + -ite?..] In crustaceans,
the second joint of a gnathite.
basilad, adv. 2. Downward; toward the in-
ferior face of the cranium. Sir J. Richardson,
Zoology of the Herald. [Rare.]
basilar, a. 2. Lying or situated at the base;
fundamental.-Basilar apophysis, the basilar pro-
cess.- Basilar length of Hensel, in amat., the distance
in a straight line from the posterior margin of the alveoli
of the median incisors to the anterior edge of the fora-
men magnum : uséd in noting the size of mammalian
skulls.-Basilar membrane of the eye, in entom., a
thin membrane in the eye which separates the optic
tract from the comes and rods,--Basilar meningitis,
inflammation of the membranes which cover the base of
the brain.—Basilar vertebra, the last lumbar vertebra.
basileiolatry (bas-i-li-ol'a-tri), n. [Gr. 3aot-
Åeig, king, + Warpeia, worship.] The worship
of kings. N. E. D. . [Nonce-word.].
basilinna (bas-i-lin'ā), n. [Gr. Baotºlvua, a
basiliscan (bas-i-lis’kan), a.
basilissa (bas-i-lis'É), n.
basilovomeric (bas’i-lô-vö-mer'ik), a. Relating
basilysis (ba-Sil’i-sis), n.
basilyst (basſi-list), n.
basin, n.
basin-heel (bāsºn-hél), n.
basioccipital, n.
basioëpticon (bā-si-Ö-op’ti-kon), n.
basiophthalmous (bå"si-of-thal’ mus), a.
basiotribe (bâ’si-Ö-trib), a.
basiotripsy (bā"si-Ö-trip'si), n.
form parallel to 3aoûtooa, fem. of Baotºetc,
king: see basilica.] In Gr. antiq., the wife of
the archon basileus at Athens. She enjoyed
special privileges and performed special func-
tions in the state.
Dörpfeld points out that, according to Demosthenes,
the oath which the Geraiai had to swear at the sacred
marriage of the basilimna in the Anthesteria was in-
scribed on a stele.
Cecil Smith, Jour. Hellenic Studies, XVI. 335.
Of or pertaining
to a basilisk: as, basiliscan eyes.
Same as *basilimna.
to the base of the skull and the vomer.—Basilo-
vomeric #le in crantom., the angle between the lower
surface of the basioccipital and basisphenoid and the
lower edge of the vomer. Am. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol.,
XVII. pt. 1, p. 143.
[NL., K. Gr. 36 oug,
base, -- Wügg, dissolution.] In obstet., the op-
eration of crushing the base of the skull of the
fetus to make its extraction possible.
[Irreg. K basilysis +
-t.] An instrument for performing basilysis.
12. In hort., the depression at the
apex of pomaceous fruits, as apples and pears.
The calyx or eye sits in the basin. The de-
pression at the opposite end is known as the
Cavity.—Closed basin, a depression on the land-surface
from which water does not escape to the sea. That of
Great Salt Lake is to-day a closed basin, but under the
moister climate of the glacial period it was filled to over-
flowing and then belonged to the Columbia River system.
—Half-tide basin. (a) A dock or basin whose gates
are closed at half ebb-tide to retain a navigable depth
of water within the basin. (b) An intermediate basin
between a wet dock and the sea or tidal portion of a
river or harbor. This intermediate basin is operated in
the same manner as an ordinary lock, and differs from it
only in being larger and thus in locking in or out several
vessels at a time.— Knob-and-basin topography, the
undulatory topography characteristic of a moraine.
Speaking in general terms, the terminal moraine is a
rough, irregular, complex ridge of drift, deposited in
part directly by the ice, and in part by the waters which
were active at its margin during the time of its accumu-
lation. The time of its accumulation was a time during
which the edge of the ice remained stationary, or nearly
so, for a considerable period of time. The most distinc-
tive single characteristic of the terminal moraine is its
undulatory topography, which is often designated a
“knob-and-basin " topography.
R. D. Salisbury, Geol. Surv. of New Jersey, 1892, p. 40.
Torsion basin, a basin formed by torsional deformation
of the earth's crust.
The talon, or pos-
terior cusp of a tooth, when slightly hollowed
out like a basin.
Trigonid and especially the protoconid lower than in
Amphicyon, and marked basin heel.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI. 285.
basining (bāsºn-ing), m. The formation of ba-
sins or depressed areas by local subsidence of
the strata : produced sometimes by removal of
soluble constituents from underlying beds,
sometimes by gentle infolding.
basin-range (bāsºn-rānj), m. The type of moun-
tain-range found in the Great Basin of Utah
and Nevada. It consists of greatly faulted
and tilted strata.
Recently attention has been called to the geologic struc-
ture of the mountain ranges of Nevada and southeastern
California. An attempt has been made to show that they
are generally anticlinal in structure, and that the tilted-
block type which Gilbert has described, and which is
generally known as basin-range structure, is of rare oc-
Cllr Ten C6, Science, Feb. 20, 1903, p. 302.
basiobregmatic (bå"si-Ö-breg-mat'ik), a. Same
as A basibregmatic.
2. In ichth., the lowest of
the occipital bones. It is in the posterior part of
the cranium, directly under the foramen magnum, and
forms, usually with the assistance of the exoccipitals,
the occipital condyle. The parasphenoid underlaps it
anteriorly, while it articulates above with the exoccipitals
and proëtics.
basioceratochondroglossus (bas"i-Ö-ser'a-to-
kon"dró-glosſus), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3dolç, base,
+ képaç (képat-), horn, + 2.610poç, cartilage, +
yżóGoa, tongue.] The hyoglossus muscle.
Same as
foraminoëptic *line. Harrison Allen, Jour.
Acad. Nat. Sci., X. 410.
the mature of or resembling the basiophthal-
mite of the eye of a stalk-eyed crustacean.
[Gr. 3dolç, base,
+ Tpí3sty, rub, crush..] An instrument for
performing basiotripsy.
{Gr. 86 org,
ase, -H Tpinpºc, rubbing, crushing.] In obstet.,
the operation of crushing the base of the skull
of the fetus to render its extraction possible.
baskº
fl'
Of baske
basket-meeting
basipodium (bā-si-pô'di-um), n.; pl. basipodia
; NL., K. Gr. 8&oug, base, H trowg (troë-),
oot..] In Polychaeta, the basal portion of a
parapodium, or foot.
basipterygium (ba-sip-te-rij'i-um) m.; pl. basip-
* º [NL., K. Gr. 36 oug, base, H.
Trepúylov, a fin.] In ichth., the basal bone of
a fin. Zittel (trans.), Textbook of Paleon., II.
23. -
basis, n.
oidalis, in ichth., same as parasphenoid, 2.
bagºsphenoid of Huxley,
10. Same as basipodite.—Basis sphen-
Not the
basisphenoid, n. 2. In ichth., a bone attached
to the anterior end of the inner wings of the
proëtics, which roof the myodome. . It is probably
not homologous with the bone so named in mammals.
Gill has given it the special name of dichost. It is not
synonymous with the bone in fishes called basisphemoid
by Owen.
Starks, Synonymy of the Fish Skeleton, p. 512.
basite (bā‘sit), n. [bas(ic) + -ite?..] In petrog.,
a term proposed by Von Cotta (1864) as a col-
lective name for igneous rocks of low content
in silica, as opposed to those rich in Silica
(acidites).
basiventral (bā-si-ventral), n. [NL. basiven-
tralis, K. Gr. 86aug, base, -- L. venter, belly.]
One of the basiventralia.
basiventrale (bā-si-ven-trä’lé), m. pl. [NL.]
One of a pair of ossifications on the inferior
face of the notochord from which the centrum
is developed. See *arcuale.
basket-ball (bās’ket-bāl), n. A game played
with a ball resembling a foot-ball, in which the
object is to throw the ball into one of two bas-
kets (the goals) placed at opposite ends of the
basket-en
basket-fend
field. It is played by any number of persons (five or nine
are preferred for championship games) upon a field (out
of doors or within) of any convenient size. The rules are
designed especially to eliminate the roughness of foot-ball.
A well-defined line is marked around the floor or field,
with the side-boundaries at least 3 feet from the wall or
fence and the end-boundaries directly below the surface
against which the goal is placed. The goals consist of
baskets or hammock-nets of cords suspended from metal
rings of 18 inches' inside diameter. These rings are
placed 10 feet above the ground in the middle of the end-
lines. The inside rim is 6 inches from the surface of a
flat perpendicular screen, or very rigid surface, measur-
ing at least 6 feet horizontally by 4 feet vertically. If a
screen is used, it should not extend more than one foot
below the upper edge of the goal. Teams should consist
of 5 persons, and the officials are the referee, 2 umpires,
a scorer, and a timekeeper. The ball is round, and con-
sists of a rubber bladder covered with leather not less
than 30 nor more than 32 inches in circumference and
weighing not less than 18 nor more than 20 ounces. It
should be tightly inflated. The referee's duties are to
decide when the ball is in play, to whom it belongs, and
when a goal has been made ; to approve of the timekeeper
and scorer before the game begins; and, when the ball is
put in play, to toss it up in a plane at right angles to the
side-lines, so that it will drop near the center of the field,
which is indicated by a conspicuous mark. This is done
at the opening of the game, at the beginning of the second
half, and after each goal. After the referee puts the ball
in play in the center, it must be first touched by one of
the center players who shall have been previously indi-
cated to the umpire. The game then continues for 20
minutes, when there is an intermission of 10 minutes and
the teams change goals. The umpires call all fouls, and
a foul called by one shall not be questioned by the other
A goal is made by throwing the ball fairºsaibat it lan
in the basket. A goal made from -
points and a goal from a foul count;
is decided by the winning of th
minutes' play consisting of two 20-
intermission of 10 minutes. In ci
continues until either side has mad
When a foul has been made the
throw for the goal at a distance o
the floor directly beneath the
player shall stand nearer than 6
in a lane 6 feet wide from the
interfere with the ball until af
player is not allowed to carry t
must play it frºm the snaian
bat the
hold of
not be
has not
Strikin'
When
touchi
the ba
Spot,
to the
The g
WOVen
stake-fence
basket-fired
pared by ro
fire: as, bas
basket-m
erlmg,







































































basket-meeting
matters and lasting all day, at which no regu-
lar luncheon is served, those in attendance
bringing their luncheon with them in baskets.
basket-phaëton (bås’ket-fa'e-ton), n. A phaë-
ton having a body-frame of light iron secured
to wooden rockers and covered with willow or
ratan basketwork: of English origin.
basket-pot (bås ‘ket-pot), n. A water-tight
basket which serves as a pot.
basket-rack (bās’ket-rak), n. In car-building
an openwork shelf of wire or the like supported
by brackets placed on the side of a car over
the seats; a bundle-rack. ---
basketry, n:-Coiled basketry, basketry made by
sewing coils of fibers together. These coils may consist
of one or more rods or of a bundle of vegetable fibers.
Generally they are wrapped with a tough strip of root,
bark, or wood, which serves at the same time for sewing
the coils together.—Plicated basketry, basketry made
by weaving, as by checker-weaving, twilling, or twin-
ing.—Twilled basketry, basketry woven like twill.—
Twined basketry, basketry woven by twining a double
or triple soft weft around a rigid warp.
A, coiled basketry; B, plicated basketry
two colors; C, twilled basketry in two colors; D, twined basketry.
(From Report of Nat'l Museum, 1902.)
basket-shell (bås’ket-shel), m. Any corbuloid
bivalve. -
basket-stitch (bås’ket-stich), m. In embroi-
dery, a stitch that interlaces with another, like
basket-plaiting. - º
basket-stone (bås’ket - stön), m. In the fossil
Crinoidea, one of the joints of the columns.
basket-weave (bās’ket-wev), n. The inter-
locking of the warp and weft in imitation of
the plaiting of a basket.
basket-Worm, n.—Orange basket-worm, the larva
of an American psychid moth, Platoeceticus gloveri, which
forms a small oblong-oval case of silk interwoven with bits
of leaf or twigs in which it lives and which it carries about
with itself as a protection against birds and other natural
enemies.
* Baskish (båsk’ish), n. [Bask + -īshl.] Same
as Bask, Basque.
Baskonize (bås’kon -iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
Baskonized, ppr. Baskomizing. [Bask + -on (as
arºl"comes) + -ize.] To turn into
! still sometimes has, the sound of
Balaberry in his Dictionary notes
“voiz, suffrage.” Castilian “voz =
&zed as “boz. "
N. and Q., 10th ser., I. 18.
i’e-mus), a. Same as *ba-
(bâ’sö-fil), a. and n. [NL.,
ºptAeiv, love..] In cytol.,
**-ºs-anlv: Said of a
il. Also
'. Bégag,
which
ins are
bass, a kind of sunfish, Centrarchus macropterus, com-
monly called flier. -
bass?, n. 4. The commercial name of a fiber, re-
sembling horsehair or wire, obtained from the
sheathing leaf-bases or the leaf-stalks of
certain palms. It is dark brown or black in
color, and is used for brooms, brushes, ropes,
and cables. Also called piassava. See bast-
palm, piassava, and *bassine. Hannan, Textile
Fibers of Commerce, pp. 145-149.-Cape bass.
Same as West African kbass.-Madagascar bass, the
round, tapering deep-brown fibers obtained from the
leaf-stalks of Dictyosperma fibrosum, a palm native to
Madagascar, Called by the natives kvomitra.-Monkey
bass, the dark-brown wiry fiber obtained from the
sheathing leaf-bases of Leopoldinia Piassaba.- Para,
bass. Same as monkey *bass. – West African bass,
the brown, stiff, wire-like fiber obtained from the leaf-
stalks of the bamboo palm, Raphia vinifera, after soak-
ing them in water.
bassº, a.— Bass flute, trumpet. See *flute, ktrum-
pet.— Bass horn, in the early nineteenth century, a
wooden trumpet with an S-shaped tube and a brass
bell, allied to the 8erpent (which see), with a com-
pass of about two octaves both above and below
middle C.— Bass lute. See kchitarrome and theorbo.
— Bass tuba. See bombardom.–First bass, second
bass, in part-music, especially for male voices, the
upper and lower bass voices or parts respectively.—
General bass. Same as figured bass or thorough-bass.
—Spectacle bass, a popular term in drum- __Nº.
music for certain passages consisting of &==E
two tones struck alternately, the name ---
coming from the fact that, as commonly T
abbreviated, the notes suggest a pair of spectacles. º
bassanello (bås-a-nell''}), n. [It..] A musical in-
strument sounded by a double-reed in a cup-
shaped mouthpiece, which was joined by a
metal tube curved like an S to a long, straight
wooden body in which were 7 finger-holes.
Compare snawm and vassoon. It was invented
by Giovanni Bassani of Venice early in the seventeenth
century, deriving from him its name, and was enough
used for a time to be made in three sizes or pitches—
bass, tenor, and alto.
bassarid (basſa-rid), n. [Gr. 3aooapic, K 3aogópa,
a Thracian bacchanal, lit. a fox.] In classical
nyth., a votary of Bacchus; a bacchante.
bass-beam (bās’bém), n. Same as bass-bar.
bass-bridge (bās’ brij), n. Same as bass-bar.
basset 3 (basſet), m. [F. basset, a breed of
dogs so called, KOF. basset = It. bassetto, low :
see basset1, basset2..] Same as *basset-hound.
basset-hound (basſet-hound), n. [basset} +
hound.] A long-bodied, short-legged breed
of dogs, similar in build to the dachshund,
but larger and heavier. The color varies, but
it is frequently white with liver-colored or
black blotches.
bassine (bas-én'), n. [bass?, 4, 4 -ine?..] A
commercial name for the stiff, wiry fiber ob-
tained from the sheathing leaf-bases of the
palmyra, Borassus flabellifer. It is used in
making brushes and for ropes. See *bass2, 4,
and palmyra. Hammam, Textile Fibers of Com-
merce, p. 149.
Bassini's operation. See *operation.
bassist (bås’ist), n. One who sings bass or
plays a bass instrument.
basso", n.-Basso buffo or comico, a singer in comic
opera and similar works,—Basso cantante, a high
bass, suited for solo-singing : opposed to basso profondo.
—Basso concertante. See basso continuo, and figured
bass, under bass3.— Basso ripieno, a supplementary
singer in a chorus or player in an orchestra: used only
in full, or twttº passages.
Bassogigas (bas-à-ji'gas), n. [NL., KL. bassus,
low (deep), + Gr. Yiyaç, giant..] A genus of
deep-sea brotulid fishes.
Bassozetus (bas-Ø-zé’tus), m. [NL., K.L. bas-
Sus, low (deep), + Gr. Zmſelv, seek.] A genus
of deep-sea brotulid fishes.
bass-player (bās' pla/ēr), n., One who plays a
bass instrument, especially the bass viol.
bass-singer (bås'sing"ér), m. One who sings
bass; a bass or basso.
Basswood cheese. Same as º *cheese (b).
Basswood leaf-roller. See *leaf-roller.
basswood-oil. See*oil. . e
bast!, n. 4. A name sometimes given to the
portion of raw-silk fiber which envelops the
fibroin : virtually the same as the sericin.—5.
A trade-name of the piassava-fiber. See bast-
palm, piassava, and *bass?, 4.—Bast-cells. See
def. 2.-Bast-collenchyma, tissue in which the walls are
thickened on all sides. See collenchyma.—Bast-fibers,
See def. 2.- Bast sheath, the sheath surrounding the
fibrovascular bundle next within the cortex. Also called
periphloëm.—Bast Soap. See #800 p.–Bast-tissue.
Sam as phloém.—Bast–Vessel. Sanne as 8teve-cell.—
Cuba, bast, a commercial name for guana. See def. 1.
and Agwanſº. —Hard bast. Same aglºber 1, 1.-Russian
bast, the inner fibrous bark of the common European
linden, Tilia Europaea. Much of it was formerly ex-
ported and used by nurserymen and gardeners for tying
plants, but its place has almost entirely been taken by
raffia. See bastl, 1, and Tilia.—Soft bast. See def. 2.
Batesian
Bastard box, *dory, *halibut, *measles, etc.
See the nouns. *
bastardization (bas-tär-dizzā‘shgn), n. The
act of declaring or of rendering bastard or
illegitimate. N. E. D.
Baste the bear. See *bear?.
Bastion series. See kSeries.—Fullbastion. See hollow
*bastion.—Hollow bastion a bastion in which the
parade is at a lower level than the terre-plein, in contradis-
tinction to a full bastion, in which the parade and terre-
plein are practically at the same level.
bastose (bas’tós), n. [bast + -ose.] Same as
*ligmocellulose.
The blending of the bastoge and lº fibers to
make one complete yarn is not feasible to begin with.
Cotton fibers are unicellular, and flax fibers are multi-
cellular, while the structure of the two is antagonistic
to their union in a combined thread.
Hammam, Textile Fibers of Commerce, p. 17.
bastringue (bås-trañg'), m. The French name
for a form of furnace used in the first stage of
the Leblanc process for making carbonate of
soda from common salt. It serves for the
treatment of the salt with sulphuric acid.
bat.1, n. 15. A paddle or blade in a coal-pul-
verizer. These bats are carried on rapidly
rotating arms, and break the coal into very
fine particles.— 16. pl. (a) Heavy laced boots
with hobnails. [Prov. Eng.] (b) Low-cut
laced shoes formerly worn by women. (c)
Boots in bad repair. [Colloq.]—To ground the
bat, in cricket, to bring the bat in contact with the ground,
either before playing the ball, in the act of playing it, or
while running between the wickets.
baté, n. 2. [Siamese bat, K Hind. bāt.] A
Siamese silver coin, the same as the tical.
batad (bâ’tåd), n. [Philippine Islands.] A
name in the Philippine Islands of Indian
millet, introduced and cultivated for forage,
and in some places growing spontaneously.
The natives sometimes make an intoxicating drink of
the seed which they also eat in place of rice in times of
scarcity; the stem yields sugar. See 80rghum, 1, and
Indian millet, under millet.
batala, m. See *bathala.
batan (bā-tän’), n. [Sp., a fulling-mill, K
batir, beat, pound: see batel, batl.] A stone
hand-mill in general use in western South
America. It is a heavy slab without legs or
carvings of any kind, and is much ruder than
the metate of Mexico. See *metate.
batanga (bā-täng'gã), n. [Sp. batanga, K
Bisaya batangan (batanggan), a beam, an out-
rigger; = Tagalog batang, a floating log.] In
the Philippine Islands, an outrigger of a ca-
noe, made of bamboo.
Batavia, weave. See *weavel.
batching-tackle. (bach'ing-tak” 1), n. ... A
mechanical appliance attached to a calico-
printing machine for massing the cloth after
it leaves the machine.
bate”, n.-Coal-tar bate, a bate made from chemicals
instead of from manures.
bateau-board (ba-tó’bórd), n. Same as bat-
toule-board.
batelo (bā-tā’lö), n. [Also botella; K Pg. batell :
see bateau.] A boat with a square stern like a
dhow's: used in western India. [Anglo-In-
dian.] Yule and Burmell, Anglo-Indian Gloss.
bate-prick (bâtº prik), n. In tanning, a small
hole on the grain side of a skin, caused by the
putrefying of the bate while the skin is in
º liquor. Flemming, Practical Tanning, p.
Batesian (båts’i-an), a. Pertaining to H. W.
Bates, an English naturalist and explorer, and,
in particular, to his theory, that certain ani-
mals exhibit protective resemblance to others
(mimicry) that have effective means of pro-
tection or defense, such as the resemblance of
some harmless snakes to venomous ones.
According to this theory, individuals of certain species
accidentally resembling certain other species especially
protected from their natural enemies, as by a nauseous
odor or taste, are supposed by natural selection to per-
petuate and intensify this resemblance in their descen-
dants, thus ultimately bringing protection to the species
bass. [Local,
d black-bass,
º {me as gray
ºned black-bass,
k.]— Otsego
of Otsego
— ROund
by mimicry alone, non-mimicking strains of the race
lapsing.
In South Africa entomologists have found several ex-
cellent examples of those forms of mimicry which are
known as “Batesian” and “Müllerian "mimicry respec-
tively. It was clearly important to’ test experimentally
the value of the colors of these insects as a protection
from their enemies. This Mr. Marshall has done with
results which are as interesting as they are remarkable.
The fact that Mantidae and spiders exhibit unmis-
takable signs that certain species of Lepidoptera are dis-
tasteful to them, but are unaffected by colors, whether
warning or cryptic in character, suggests that birds and
other vertebrates are the Fºl enemies which have
caused the evolution of the color patterns of these in-
sects. Nature, Apr. 16, 1903, p. 572.


































bat-fish
bat-fish, n. 3. Monodactylus argenteus, of the batholitic (bath-3-lit'ik), a. Same as *batho-
family Scorpididae, a silvery fish with the body lithic.
deeper than long. The name alludes to the Bathonian group. See *group1.
high fins. [New South Wales.]—short-nosed Batho's furnace. See *furnace.
ba. º a species of Ogcocephalus (0. radiatus) found bath-sponge, º; bath-Sponge. Same as
in Florida. 8ponge-gourd or Luffa. AEgyptiaca.
bat-gage (bat'gāj), n. An instrument for Bathurst bur. See *burl.
measuring the breadth of the blade of a
cricket-bat.
bath!, n. 9. In elect., the solution in which
electrochemical action takes place, as in
electroplating, electrotyping, electrometal-
lurgy, etc.—Brand bath, a cool or cold bath employed
to reduce the temperature and calm the nervous symp-
toms in typhoid fever.—Copper bath, the solution of
copper sulphate, or other salt of copper, in which articles
are immersed to be coated with copper by electrolysis, or
from which electrotype casts are to be made-cutting
bath, a solution of chemicals for discharging, or cutting,
certain pigments printed on fabric. Thus a solution of
sulphuric and oxalic acids, of proper strength and tem-
perature, may be used as an indigo-cutting bath. –Elec-
tric bath, a bath in water through which a current of
electricity is passing.—Green bath, a bath used in dyeing
the hair on rabbit-skins black: so called on account of its
color, which is due to green vitriol and other chemicals.
—Hydro-electric bath. Same as electric *bath. –
Koch’s filtering-bath, a device
for hot filtration. The mass in a
funnel is kept warm by an outer
double-walled vessel which is
filled with water. The water is
heated by a flame applied to an
offset.—Long bath, in dyeing, a
dilute dye-bath : a term used in
contradistinction to Short ſkbath
(which see).- Nauheim bath, a
bath in water charged with car-
bonic-acid gas, employed in the
treatment of heart-disease.—
Needle bath, a form of douche
in which water is projected with
considerable force, through a
number of fine openings, against
the surface of the bather.—Sheet
bath, a form of hydropathic treat-
ment in which the patient is en-
veloped in a cool wet sheet.—Short bath, in dyeing, a
concentrated dye-bath ; a dye-bath in which the amount
of water used is reduced to a minimum.—Single bath,
in dyeing, a dye-bath in which the complete operation
of dyeing is carried on.—Standing bath, in dyeing, a
dye-bath which is used continuously by adding, after
each dyeing operation, sufficient quantities of dyestuffs
and other necessary chemicals to replace those which
have been extracted by the material previously colored.
bath.3 (båth), n. Same as *bath-flower.
Bath coup. See *coup4.
bathala (båt-hā’lā), n. [Also batala, Philip-
}. Sp. batala, KTagalog bathala, Bisaya bat-
dila or bahála, a deity; Pampanga batala, a
bird supposed to be controlled by a sorcerer or
a deity, and called in Tagalog tigmamamoquin.]
1. In the Philippine Islands, a god (in the
heathen sense); a deity; in later use, the in-
fant Jesus.
Thath-flower (båth'flou’ér), n. [bath (a corrup-
tion of birth-in birthroot) + flower.] The birth-
root, Trillium, especially T. grandiflorum. Also
bath.3 and beth.
Bathgate mineral, naphtha. See *mineral,
*naphtha.
bathic (bath'ik), a. [Gr. 3660c, depth : see
bathos.] Of or concerning depth, as of the sea.
bathism (bath'izm), n. Same as bath mism.
Natural Science, June, 1897, p. 380.
bathmic, a. 2. Illustrative of or brought about
by bathmism, or growth-force, considered as a
cause or agent in the origin of species: as, bath-
mic evolution. Buck, Med. Handbook, IV. 34.
bathmotropic (bath - mé - tró ‘pik), a. [Gr.
Baffuág, threshold, + Tpoſttróg, turning...] Influ-
encing the response of the nerves and muscu-
lar tissue to stimuli. Sci. Amer. Sup., July 4,
1903, p. 22992.
bathmotropism (bath-motºró-pizm), n. [bath-
motrop-ic + -ism.] Interference with the ex-
citability of a muscle.
batholite (bath'6-lit), n. Same as *batholith.
batholith (bath'é-lith), m. [Gr. 3660g, depth
+ Aiffog. stone..] A large mass of deep-seated
igneous rock which may be exposed by erosion.
The texture is granitoid and the shape indefinite. Batho-
liths of granite may cover hundreds of square miles. Con-
trasted with laccolith, kbysmalith, kintruded sheet, etc.
Also batholite, bathylite, and bathylith.
Yet it is clear from a survey of geological literature,
that the field evidence for such a view is but negative in
the great majority of stocks and so-called “batholiths.”
Most of them are not true laccoliths, as they character-
istically occur in regions of great structural complexity,
where igneous contacts have none but the most remote
sympathy with the structural planes of any one bedded
series. R. A. Daly, Amer. Jour. Sci., April, 1903, p. 270.
batholithic (bath-Ö-lith'ik), d. [batholith + -ic.]
Koch's Filtering-bath.
Relating to, originating in, or derived from a terois.
batholith.
bathybic (ba-thib'ik), a... [bathyb(ius) + -ic.]
Living in the depths of the water, or near the
bottom under the deep water.
The deepest part of this zonary fauna forms the bathybic
plankton. . . . One might also call them “abyssal plank-
ton’ if it were not more practicable to limit the term
“abyssal' to the vagrant and sessile benthos of the deep
SC3. Haeckel (trans.), Planktonic Studies.
Bathybic plankton. See &plankton.
Bathyclupea (bath-i-klö'pë-á), n. [NL., KGr.
ſłaffic, deep, + L. clupea, herring.] A genus of
deep-sea fishes of peculiar structure, allied to
Berya.
bathyclupeid (bath-i-klö'pë-id), a. and n. I.
a. Of or pertaining to the family Bathyclupeidae.
II. m. A fish of the family Bathyclupeidae.
Bathyclupeidae (bath-i-klö-pé’ i-dé), n. pl.
[NL., KBathyclupea + -idae.] A family of deep-
sea fishes typified by the genus Bathyclupea,
with compressed body, long anal fin, and the
spinous dorsal little developed.
bathycurrent (bath-i-kur’ent), n. [Gr. 3affic,
deep, + L. currens, current.] A submarine
stream or current which does not involve or
affect the water at the surface.
The epicurrents, or the surface streams, furnish no evi-
dence relative to the understreams to be found below,
which we name bathycurrents.
Haeckel (trans.), Planktonic Studies, p. 625.
IBathyergidae (bath-i-er"ji-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Bathyergus + -idae.] The Bathyerginae consid-
ered as a family. See cut under Bathyergus.
Bathygadinae (ba-thig'a-diºmé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Bathygadus + -inae.] A section of the family
Macruridae, typified by the genus Bathygadus,
lacking the peculiargill-structures of Macrurus.
Bathygadus (ba-thig'a-dus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
Babić, deep, + y&óog, X L. gadus, cod.] A genus
of deep-sea grenadiers, or Macruridae.
bathygraphic (bath-i-graf'ik), a. Showing
graphically the depth of a body of water: as, a
bathygraphic chart.—Bathygraphic net. See*net 1.
bathygraphical (bath-i-graf'1-kal), a. Same as
bathygraphic.
Bathylaginae (bath’i-la-ji'né), m. pl. [NL., K
Bathylagus + -inae.] A group of deep-sea fishes
of the family Microstomidae, typified by the
genus Bathylagus.
Bathylagus (ba-thil/a-gus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
Baffig, deep, + Aayóg, a hare, also a kind of
fish.] A genus of deep-sea fishes, with small
mouth and of fragile structure, of the family
Microstomidae.
bathylimnitic (bath" i-lim -nit’ ik), a. [Gr.
pabüç, deep, + Aiuvm, lake, + -it-ic.] Floating
or swimming in the depths of fresh water. See
also ºlimnitic, *autolimnitic, *zonolimnitic.
Also spelled bathylimmetic.
bathylite, bathylith (bath' i-lit, -lith), n.
Same as *batholith.
bathylithic, bathylitic (bath-i-lith'ik, -lit'ik),
. Same as *batholithic.
bathymeter, m, 2. A simple apparatus for ga-
ging the depth of liquids in wells and tanks.
it. consists of an air-tube dipping into the liquid to be
measured, and an air-compressor connected both with
this tube and with a reservoir of liquid into which there
dips a gage-glass. When the air-compressor is worked the
liquid rises in the gage until the pressure is sufficient to
force air out of the bottom of the air-tube.
Bathymyzon (bath-i-mi’zon), n. [NL., K. Gr.
Baffig, deep, + putſov, ppr. of put ſetv, suck in.]
A genus of deep-sea lampreys reputed to be
without teeth. Gill.
Bathyopsis beds. See bedl.
bathypelagic (bath'i-pê-lajik), a. [Gr, Baffic,
deep, + Té%ayog, sea..] Swimming or floating
both at the surface of the sea and in its depths;
pelagic. Most pelagic organisms are bathypelagic, some
coming to the surface only at night, some only in winter,
and some wandering up and down irregularly. See also
*nyctipelagic, Achimopelagic, kallopelagic.
I call bathypelagic all those organisms which occur not
merely at the surface, but also extend down into the
depths. Haeckel (trans.), Planktonic Studies.
Bathypelagic net. See &metl.
Bathypteroidae (bath-ip-te-ró’i-dé) m. pl.
[NL., K. Bathypterois + -idae.] A family of
deep-sea fishes with the pectoral fins provided
with long feelers, typified by the genus Bathyp-
Bathypterois (bath-ip-ter’ 3-is), m. [NL.,
Batis
K. Gr. 3affic, deep, + Pterois.] A genus of
deep-sea fishes allied to the lizard-fishes.
Bathysaurus (bath-i-sā’rus), n. [NL., K. Gr.
Baffig, deep, + gaipog, lizard.] A genus of
deep-sea lizard-fishes.
bathyssal (ba-this'al), a. [An ignorant or
capricious mixture of bathos (the deep sea) and
abyssal.] Pertaining to or inhabiting the deep
S628.
There are many vividly colored bathyssal animals be-
longing to all the classes of the animal kingdom and
possessing nearly all the hues found in living types in
littoral Waters.
Quoted in Science, May 31, 1901, p. 847.
Bathystoma (ba-this’tó-mâ), m. [NL., K. Gr.
Baffic, deep, + atóga, mouth.] A genus of
grunts, or haemulid fishes, found in the West
Indies.
batiator-root, n. 2. The root of a plant grow-
ing in tropical Africa, said to be Vermonia
migritiana : used as a febrifuge.
Batidaceae (bā-ti-dā’sé-é), m. pl. [NL. (Al-
phonse de Candolle, 1873), K. Batis (Batid-) +
-aceae.] A family of dicotyledonous apetalous
plants of the order Chenopodiales, containing
only the monotypic genus * Batis (which see).
|batik (bā-tik"), n. [Malay bâtik, Jav. batik, de-
signing in color upon cloth.] 1. A process
employed by the natives of the Dutch East In-
dies in executing designs on a material, as a
cotton fabric in one or more colors. By cover-
ing the design with hot wax the remaining portior
of the material may be dyed any color desired, af
which the wax is removed in boiling water, leaving
design-color intact. The liquid and process are now
in the manufactures of Europe, upon Velvets, V.
plushes, etc.
2. The fabric so decorated.
batikuling (bā’té-kö-ling'), m. [Phi
baticulin, baticuling; from a nativ
large tree, Litsea Perottetii, of th
ily, the wood of which is soft, ſº
fresh, easy to work, and not sui
tacks of termites, or white a
the most useful woods of t
lands, and is used for maki
and other articles, taking
[Philippine Is..]
batillus (ba-tilſus), n. A
consisting of a board str
used in the Armenian
bells were prohibited.
batino (bā-té'nó), n.
unidentified Tagalog I
(Alstonia macrophyllº
naceous tree with
dita, or devil-tree
branches, and whorls 1
rowing at the base. Tº
ble if protected from
by the natives. See
Batisl (bā’tis), m
perhaps the sk
s
§
2
i.
º
§
:§





























































Batis
applied to the rays or skates: equivalent to
Raia.
Batis” (bā’tis), n. [NL. (proposed by Linnaeus
in 1759, established in 1763): said to be in
allusion to the resemblance of the fruit to a
blackberry, K. Gr. Baſic, flárog, bramble, black-
berry..] A genus of dicotyledonous shrubs,
the type and only genus of the family Batida-
Cº. The single species, B. maritima, is a pale-green,
Strong scented shrub with opposite fleshy, linear of
clavate, entire leaves, and small dioecious ſlowers in
axillary cones. It occurs in sand along the coast and
in salt-marshes from North Carolina to Florida, Texas,
the West Indies, and northern South America. º
batitinan (bā-té-té'nān), n. [Also batitimang;
Philippine Sp., KTagalog batitimang (Blum-
entritt).] A large forest-tree, Lagerstroemia
Batitiman, with straight trunk, exfoliating
bark, alternate simple leaves, and the
young branches more or less square in
CrOSS-Section. It yields logs the largest of which
are about 40 feet long by 18 inches square. The wood is
highly prized for building purposes, and is suitable for
making furniture, as a substitute for teak. However, it
is subject to the attacks of ship-worms, and in ship-
building is used only for planking above the water-line.
When properly seasoned it stands exposure to the
Weather, but in house-building and other construction
it cannot be used for posts or sleepers, as it decays in
º With the ground. See Lagerstroemia. [Philip-
pine Is...]
batlan (båt-lân'), m.; pl. batlamim (båt-lä-
ném’). [Heb. batlam, “unemployed man.’] In
brew usage, one of ten men of leisure (bat-
) who are expected to devote their whole
to the affairs of a congregation, and espe-
to attend divine service in the syna-
Many synagogues which adhere to the
orthodox ritual hire men to attend service, so
as to be sure of the requisite ten.
bat-louse (bat'lous), n. Any member of the
heteropterous family Polyctenidae, which, al-
though true bugs, resemble lice and are para-
sitic on bats of the genus Molossus. Four or
five species are known.
Batocrinus (bat-ö-kri'nus), n. [Gr. 3&roc, a
bramble, F Spivov, a lily (see crinoid).] A
genus of extinct crinoids having a pyriform
calyx with numerous biserial simple arms and
a highly developed and projecting proboscis.
It occurs in the Lower Carboniferous of the
Mississippi valley,
Baton River series. See *series.
bat-parrakeet (bat'para-kët), m. Any one of
Some 20 species of small parrots of the genus
Loriculus, or Coryllis, which have the habit of
hanging suspended by their feet, especially
when sleeping. They inhabit the Indo-Malay
region. Also known as hanging-parrots, hang-
ing-parrakeets, and bat-parrots.
batrachiate (ba-träſki-āt), n. An erroneous
form for batrachian. Encyc. Brit., XXVIII.
139. [Rare.]
Batrachoides (bat/ra-kö-i(dēz), n. [NL., K
Batpaxóð7ç, frog-like, K Bá-
Gr. *Batpaxoetó%g
Tpayog, a frog -H sidor, form.] A genus of toad-
battering-ram
[Scotch..]—The bats, ill humor or condition; the
blues: as, to be troubled with the bats. [Colloq.]
Batsman's box, on a base-ball field, the space in which
the batsman must stand when endeavoring to strike the
ball delivered by the pitcher.
battement, h, , 2. Opposed to the cadence (see ca.
dence; 4 (e)) in that in the latter the trill begins with the
principal note.
batten”, n. 2. (b) A log less than 11 inches
[Maine.]
in diameter at the small end.
-Batten observations, a method of "determin.
ing a vessel's angle of rolling by observing the rise
and fall of the horizon-line on the edge of a suitably
marked vertical batten or strip of wood several feet dis.
tant from a sight-hole at which the eye of the observer
is placed.
Battenberg lace. See *lace.
batten-floor (batºn-flór), n. A floor of narrow
strips. [Eng.]
batter-board (bat’ér-bórd), n. 1. One of two
or more adjustable boards or straight-edges
used in connection with plumb-lines to lay
off the batter of a masonry wall.—2. One of
two or more horizontal boards, fastened to
posts near the corners of an excavation for a
wall or building, to which strings are stretched
to mark the outlines of the wall or building.
batter-dock (bat’ér-dok), n. 1. The butter-
bur, Petasites Petasites.—2. The floating pond-
fishes found in tropical America, distinguished weed, Potamogeton matans.
by the scaly skin.
Batrachoididae (bat/ra-kö - id’i-dé), m. pl.
L., K. Batrachoides + -idae.] The family of
toad-fishes typified by the genus Batrachoides.
Also Batrachidae.
Colic.
bats (bats), n. pl. See botl, etym.
- * - * - - - - - - - - - - -
Os
o-
Os
United States Battle-ships Connecticut and Louisiana.
J-
battering-ram, n. 3. A child's game in which
all the players except two form a circle, one
of the latter being inside and the other out-
side. The one inside the circle endeavors to
break through, the player outside assisting
him. Should he succeed, that player in the
o o
• &
o
rC) RPEDO
U B E. P. & S.
R = 3-pounder gun, 1 P D R
o TQRPE DO
TU B E P & S.
... • *
* *
- - - - - - - - - - ---
-
... • *
• *
outboard PROFILE.
INBOARD PRO FILE
‘70s
UPFER DECK
GUN DECK
BERTH DECK
draft, 24 ft., 6 in. , Displacement, 16,000 tons. Indicated horsepower of propelling machinery, 16,500. Speed, 18 knots. -
ch, guns, in pairs in turrets ; 12 7-inch guns in casemates; 20 3-inch guns on decks, and miscellaneous smaller guns, 4 submerged torpedo
'ch-loading rifle, R F = rapid-fire gun, 3 P D
he thicknesses of armor on the different parts: a, protective deck; b, belt armor; c, lower casemate armor; d, upper casemate armor;
. 12-inch turret; k, boat crane; 1, anchor crane.
= 1-pounder gun, 30 cal. auto. = .30 caliber automatic gun.






















































battering-ram
circle who is responsible for his escape takes
his place.
battery, n. 16. In lumbering, two or more
donkey-engines for dragging logs, set at inter-
vals on along skid-road.—17. In indigo-manuf,
a series of yats which are conducted as a unit.
They may be either steeping-vats or beating-
vats. See *vat.—18. A set of stamps in a
stamp-mill, comprising the number which fall
in one mortar.—19. In coelenterates, a group
of stinging-cells.-20. A shield or shelter de-
signed to hide the shooters in a grouse-drive;
a butt used on English and Scotch moors.
They are usually formed of blocks of peat or
turf, cut with a spade and built up in the form
of a wall, circular, horseshoe, or semicircular
in shape-21. In harpsichord music, an effect
produced by striking a chord in quick repeti-
tion for greater sonority. It was indicated by
prefixing a vertical curve to the notes of the
chord.—Coal battery, a form of galyanic battery in
which it is proposed to utilize the oxidation of carbon
as the means of generating an electric current.—Dry
battery, a battery, of dry cells. See. Arcell.–In bat-
tery, in the position for firing; said of a gum.—
Lamp battery, an arrangement of electric incandescent
lamps whereby a current of the required amount and
tension may be drawn from the common source of Sup-
ply. The lamp battery was devised as a means for the
distribution of the electric current in psychological labo-
ratories. Scriptwre, New Psychol., p. 483.-Main bat-
tery, secondary battery, tertiary battery. Same
as main, 8econdary, and tertiary Aarmament.
battery-room (bat’ér-i-röm), n. A room in
which electric batteries are located.
batting-board (bat'ing-bórd), n. In weaving,
a device in a Jacquard loom for forcing the
needles forward. !
batting-flake (batſing - flāk), n. A kind of
stout frame, about 3 feet square, standing 3
feet high, strung with cords about half an inch
apart, upon which seed-cotton is batted with
sticks for the purpose of preparing it for card-
ing and spinning: a contrivance for use in the
home, now seldom employed.
battle-gaff (bat'l-gaf), n. In a man-of-war, a
gaff placed on a military mast from which to
display the national flag when the flagstaff is
removed to clear the guns in action.
battle-quoit (bat'l-kwoit), n. See *chakra.
Battlesden cart. See *cart.
battle-ship, m. Upon the integrity of the raft-body
depends the stability of the ship, for if a sufficient part of
it is open to the sea, the ship will “turn turtle.” It is
protected from the enemy's projectiles by a heavy armor-
belt. In modern battle-ships the armor-belt extends
over the whole or the greater part of the length, but it
is usually thick er in the middle portions over the engines,
boilers, and e The raft-body is further pro-
tre quarters for officers and crew. The
inside the armor-belt are called cof-
requently packed with obturating ma-
or the compressed pith of corn-stalks,
º water entering a shot-hole, swells
\le.
l offensive power, its battery of gºns
avy guns, medium guns, and Wall
nt. The heaviest guns on the od-
rom 12- to 14-inch caliber, firing
om 850 to 1,400 pounds, an’d are
Repy large modern battle-ships
adnought" (see below) and
y, in the main armament,
Two have been de-
signed ( the United States to
carry ten e 12-inch many of the
United S so from four to eight
8-inch gu Some cases an 8-inch
turret is J turret, forming what
is called plan has been .#
only on . . The guns of medium
caliber, inch, are usually carried
Ad citadel subdivided by
1906 the British navy
4t a new standard was set
world. The Dreadnought
incipally in its main battery,
big guns. It also differs from
ously built in having greater
mor protection, greater height
er-line, and greater size. The
ips Delaware and North Dakota,
of about the same size, speed, and
wght. The following table gives
ls, etc., of the Dreadnought and
Delaware
518 feet
85.25 feet
27 feet
20,000 tons
tendency is to put more and more guns into turrets, and
in battle-ships of French design the greater part of these
medium-caliber guns are in small turrets. In the upper
part of the ship, usually well forward, is the conning-
tower, from which the captain directs the ship in battle.
. It contains a steering-wheel, speaking-tubes, battle-order
transmitters, engine-telegraphs, and other instruments
by means of which orders are given to the engineers
below, the officers commanding the guns, etc. On the
military masts above are small guns for repelling the
attack of torpedo-boats, instruments for finding the range,
and yards for displaying signals, and on them are fre-
quently placed the search-lights. The most vulnerable
part of a battle-ship being that subject to torpedo attack,
the modern tendency is to fight at long range, beyond the
effective limit of the automobile torpedo. At long range
the heavy guns are much more effective and accurate
than those of medium caliber. Hence the tendency is
to build battle-ships carrying a greater number of heavy
guns, reducing in number or abolishing the medium guns,
but retaining a large number of small guns, such as the
3-inch, to repel the attacks of torpedo-boats and other
unarmored vessels. As so much weight is required for
guns and armor in a battle-ship, comparatively little can
be devoted to the propelling machinery; hence battle-
ships are of moderate speed as compared with cruisers
and torpedo-boats. The modern battle-ship usually has
a maximum speed of between 18 and 21 knots. The
desire for a type of vessel having much higher speed
combined with considerable offensive and defensive power
has led to the building in recent years of a class of vessel
called armored kcruisers (which see). These vessels may
be regarded as a special class of battle-ships in which
offensive and defensive power have been sacrificed to
speed (20 to 28 knots) and coal-endurance.
TYPES OF THE NEWEST BATTLE-SHIPS, BUILT
AND BUILDING
GREAT BRITAIN
, 3 | § (f) | ºn
* º t < * o H
* {-, NAME 2 % MAIN ARNIAMENT ſq O
8 ; : ;38 e (r. 2.
24 # : ; :
—
1906 Dreadnought 17,900; Ten 12-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.25
1909 Superb . . . . . 18,600 Ten 12-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .#21.0
1910|St. Vincent. 19,250 Ten 12-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0
1910|Neptune . . . 19,900 Ten 12-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0
1912|Monarch . . . . 22,500 Ten 13.5-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0
1913|K. George Ví22,500|Ten 13.5-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0
UNITED STATES
1908}Idaho. . . . . . 13,000|Four 12-in.; eight 8-in. ;
eight 7-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0
1909|Michigan... 16,000|Eight 12-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.5
1909: Delaware. . . . 20,000; Ten 12-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0
1911|Florida. . . . . 21,825|Ten 12-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.75
1912|Arkansas...|26,000|Twelve 12-in... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5
1913|No. 34. . . . . . 27,000 Ten 14-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0
GERMANY
1910|Posen . . . . . . 18,200 Twelve 11-in. ; twelve 5.9-in...[20.0
Oldenburg..|22,000 Ten 12-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0
FRANCE
1910 Voltaire. ... 18,320|| Four 12-in.; twelve 9.4-in.... 19.0
Courbet.... [23,600|Twelve 12-in. ; twenty-
two 5.5-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
JAPAN
1909|Satsuma. . . . . 19,250. Four 12-in. ; twelve 10-in. . . . 20.0
Kawachi . . . . 20,800|Twelve 12-in. ; ten 6-in. . . . . . 20.5
In the upper part of the ship \
RUSSIA
Gangut. - - - - 23,000|Twelve 12-in. ; sixteen 4.7-in. 28.0
BRAZIL.
1910|Sao Paulo ...|18,000|Twelve 12-in.; twenty-
two 4-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0
1911|Rio de Ja- 18,000|Twelve 12-in.; twenty-
neiro. . . . . two 4-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0
Battley's solution, See *Solution.
opted batule-board, m.
Bauera (bou’e-ră), n.
See battoule-board.
[NL. (Banks, 1801),
named in honor of the brothers Francis Bauer
(1758–1840) and Ferdinand Bauer (1760–1826),
botanic artists of Austrian birth.] 1. A genus
of dicotyledonous shrubs of the family. Sawi-
fragaceae, including 3 species, natives of Aus-
tralasia. It is characterized by its opposite
three-lobed sessile leaves, which have the ap-
pearance of a six-leaved whorl, and by its axil-
lary solitary flowers.-2. [l. c.] The Tasma-
nian name for Bauera rubioides, a handsome
shrub with pink or white flowers and thin wiry
branches which become so entangled as to form
almost impenetrable thickets. Also called ma-
tive rose, tanglefoot, and leg-ropes.
Bauhinia retusa gum, Bauhinia variegata
gum. See *gwm2.
Baumé (bö-mā’). An abbreviation of “accord-
ing to the Baumé scale of a hydrometer.” . See
hydrometer, and Baumé Adegree. Abbreviated
Bé.
*Cro-Magnon.
Prof. H. Baumhauer of Freiburg, Baden.] A
Bauxite bricks.
bava (bā’vá), n.
bay3, n.
" through a dam or bulkhead for the passage of
bayadere, n.
bayag-kambing
sulpharsenite of lead (Pb.4AS6S13) from the
dolomite of the Binnenthal, Switzerland.
bauta-stone (bou’tá-stön), n. [Icel. bauta-
steinn, bautarsteinn, pl. bautarsteinar, orig.
*brautasteinar, “road-stones,” K braut, road (K
bijóta = AS. brēotan, break: see brit, brittle, and
cf. route, ‘a way broken '), + steinn = E. Stone.]
One of the stone monuments set up in Sweden
and Denmark, along the highways, in the
eleventh and twelfth centuries and earlier, in
memory of the dead (or, sometimes, of the
absent living).
See kbrick:2.
[Sp. bava, baba, slaver, spit-
tle: see bavette.] In the West Indies, partic-
ularly in Trinidad, the slimy pulp which ad-
heresto the seeds of the cacao, Theobroma Cacao.
Trinidad Mirror, April 2, 1903.
bave (bāv), n. [F.] The double fiber as it
issues from the silkworm. It is devoid of cellular
structure and is nearly homogeneous in appearance. The
single fiber is known as the brin.
The reelable cocoon thread or bave is composed of two
cylindrical fibers or bring, consisting of homogeneous mat-
ter (fibroin Schorlemmer) surrounded and cemented
together by a substance resembling gelatine (sericin or
silk-gelatine, Schorlemmer).
Hannan, Textile Fibers of Commerce, p. 166.
bay", n.-Swamp bay, or swamp red bay, Persea
pubescema, formerly considered a variety of P. Borbonia.
Both belong to the coast of the southeastern United
States.
bay?, 7t.-Juniper bay, a swamp of white cedar or
“juniper,” Chamaecyparis thyoides, with or without white
bay, Magnolia Virginiana. [Dismal Swamp region.]
10. In hydraul. engin., an opening
water, generally capable of regulation by
gates or sluices: as, a head-bay, an opening in
a dam at the head of a flume or canal.
baya (bā’īyā), n. [Mex.] The Mexican name
of a species of fish, Mycteroperca jordani, a
form of grouper found in the Gulf of California.
bayabas (bā-yā’bàs), n. [Sp. guayaba, guava.]
A name applied in the Philippines to the guava
(Psidium Guajava). See guava.
bayacuru (bā’yā-kö-rö’), m. [Tupi.] The
highly astringent root of Statice Braziliensis.
Also baycuru and biacuru.
bayad (bā-yād’), m. [Ar, bayád, whiteness,
white of eggs, plaster.] Bagrus bayad, a large
siluroid fish found in the Nile.
2. A weave of fabrics in which
stripes run transversely instead of longitudi-
mally.
. a. Applied as a distinctive epithet to
textile fabrics horizontally striped, of which
various kinds were used for curtains, skirts,
etc. : as, a bayadere grenadine, a bayadere
skirt. The word is also applied to the stripes them-
selves. Balmoral petticoats when first introduced were
ornamented with many-colored horizontal stripes around
the bottom, and were said to be “bayadere-striped"
or “skirts & la bayadère.”
bayag-kambing (bā-yåg-käm’bing), m. [Taga-
21 knots
10 12-inch
14 5-inch
12 1- to 3-pdrs.
3.25 knots
... 10 12-inch
. .2712-pdr.
vessels of the dreadnought type.
wavy. The side of the ship in the
s usually covered by armor. The
1 countries of the world now have Baumes-Chaudes race. See
baumhauerite (boum’hour-it), m. [Named after
log bayag cambing, K bayag, testicles, + camb-
ing, a goat.] A
name applied
in the Philip-
pines to the
hard, smooth,
stony seeds
of Guilandina.
Crista, a prick-
ly shrub of
the Caesalpinia
family, with
loosely spread-
ing or climb-
ing branches
and bipinnate,
prickly leaves.
The seeds are in-
closed in short
broadly Ovate
prickly pods. They
are used medici- sº. º." ->
nally. Their chief §:2:3:
interest lies in the FSłºś
fact that an air- *><º
space is inclosed
between the ker-
nel and the shell,
which gives them
remarkable buoy-
ancy and makes it
possible for them
to be transported
all over the earth by ocean currents. They are some-
times called fevernwts, micker-nuts, or Molucca beams,
and in Samoa ana080. . In Spanish countries the plant
is often called whas de gato (‘cat's-claws'), from the
sharp recurved prickles with which it is armed.
Fº * º r’. º
v. Asºº’."
** ~ * .
tº S
s: 3, º
:** *;
-
w
.*
Nº. $º:
•wº-
§§
}
*N
Bayag-kaimbing (Guifaxtºfta Crist,t).














































bayan
bayan (bā’yān), n. [Tagalog 31 A political
division comparable to a township ; also, a
district of the country. [Philippine Is..]
bayate (bā-yā’te), n. [Local Cuban ; origin not
ascertained.]. A silicious rock, consisting of
dense amorphous jasper, associated with the
manganese deposits of the province of Santiago
de Cuba. Bulletin 213, U. S. Geol. Survey,
1902, p. 252.
Bayberry fat. Same as bay-oil.
bay-head (bâ(hed), m. The head or upper
part of a bay.
bayldonite (bål’dgn-it), n. [Named after Dr.
John Bayldom.] An arsemiate of copper and
lead occurring in small green concretions:
found in Cornwall.
bººk; (bā’oks), m. pl. [Appar, due to the
otherwise obsolete *bayock, baiock, an Italian
coin : see baiocco.] Inferior ostrich-feathers.
bayogo (bā-yô'gó), n. [A Philippine name.] In
the Philippine -
Islands, the
match-box sea-
bean, or simi-
tar-pod (Lens
phaseoloides), a
giant climber
of the mimosa,
family. Its stem,
which is sapona-
ceous, is pounded º:
between Stones ſº
and is used by the
natives of those is-
lands for Washing.
See sea-bean, 8im?-
tar pod, and ca-
coon. Also called
gogo (Bisaya) in
the Philippine Is-
lands and gaye in
Guam. 2
bay-oil, 7t.
A volatile oil or
€SSéIlC6 ob-
tained by dis-
tilling the
§:
leaves of the º *Wºn
West Indian *—sº-º-º:
bay-tree ( Pi— Bayogo (Lens phaseoloides.)
menta acris).
- beam
Chemistry; (c) of Bachelor of Commerce; (d) impressing a bead upon tinware, boxes, cans,
same as *C. B. (d); (e) of bail court. covers, collars, gutters, and other objects or
B. Chem. Same as *B. C. (b). arts of objects. The essential features of the many
B. Chir. Same as *C. B. (d). #. beadin *...* º
Bº: L. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Civil ...”...". ..?". º being of some º Ol'
B. C. S. An abbreviation (a) of Bachelor of
Chemical Science; (b) of Bachelor of Commer-
cial Science; (c) of Bengal Civil Service.
Bd. An abbreviation of board.
bdellid (delid), a. and n. I. a. Having the
characteristics of or belonging to the lepidop-
terous family Bdellidae.
II. A mite of the family Bdellidae.
bdelloid (del'oid), a... [NL, *bdelloidés, KGr.
86é%a, leech, + eldog, form. Cf. Bdelloida.] Of
or pertaining to a leech or to the group Bdelloida.
Bdellura (de-ló'ră), n. [NL., KGr. 86623a, a
leech, + oupá, tail.] The typical genus of Báel-
luridae. Leidy, 1848. Also Bdellow ra.
Bdelluridae (de-lö’ri-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Bdel-
latra -- -idae.] A family of triclad turbellarians
having a caudal appendage for fixation. It con-
tains the genera Bdellwra and Symcoelidium, both of which
are parasitic on the king-crab (Limulus). Also Bdel-
louridae.
B. D. M., B. D., In astrom., abbreviations of
Argelander's Bonn. Durchmusterung of the
northern heavens. See *durch musterung.
Bé. An abbreviation of *Baumé.
B. E. An abbreviation (a) of Bachelor of En-
gineering; (b) of Bachelor of Elements; (c) of
Bachelor of Elocution.
beach, 71.- Barrier beach, an off-shore sand-reef in-
closing a lagoon or arm of the sea. Strictly speaking,
the beach is only the outer slope of the barrier.— Roll-
ing beach, a beach on which stones and pebbles are
rolled back and forth by the waves.
In times of storm the stones of a rolling beach, some-
times to the depth of two or three feet, are carried to and
fro with the advance and retreat of the waves. In this * º & tº * , º, &
movement the bits roll over one another much in the flanging-, formingº trimming-, and crimping-machines.
manner of millstones. See crimper, flanging-machime, and forming-machine.
Shaler, Nat. Geog. Monographs, v. 148, beading-oil (bé’ding-oil), n. See beading, 3.
Storm-beach, a beach formed by a storm. beading-roll (bé’ding-ról), n. See *beading-
beach-chicken (béch'chikºn), m. One of many machine. * º
names for the turnstone, Arenaria interpres: beadlehood (bé’dl-hūd), n. The office or dig-
used particularly in North Carolina. nity of a beadle, Dickens.
beach-combing (béch’köm-ing), n. In mining, beadleism, º. 2. Same as *beadlehood,
working the sands on a beach for gold, tin, or beadlet (běd’let), n. [bead -H,-let.] 1. A small
platinum. Coal and Metal Miners' Pocket- bead or bead-like drop.–2. A small sea-anem-
Bench Beading-machine.
a, standard, and clamp for securing it to bench; 3, spindles;
c, handle for turning spindles; d, beading rolls; e, sample rolls
showing different styles of beading ; /, pressure control.
corresponding convexform. The sheet-metal to be beaded
is passed between the moving rolls and is impressed with
the bead or form of the roll-face. Power-machines, by
the use of supplementary parts, may also be used as
book.
beach-crab (běch’krab), n.
to any crab living on the sea-beaches, but es-
pecially to Ocypoda arenaria of the southern
coast of the United States.
beach-cusp (běchºkusp.), n. One-of a number
of small points of gravel or sand 20 or 30 feet
apart on a beach.
The author comes to the conclusion that beach cusps
are produced by the interference of two sets of waves of
translation on the beach.
Geog. Jowr., (R. G. S.), XVI. 704.
* e An beachless (běch’les), a. Without a beach ; as,
engine in which the bed-plate is curved to one “black rocks, and beachless,” William Morris,
side at the end of the guide, so as not to in- Love is Enough, p. 64.
terfere with the crank. Such an engine-bed has, beach-ranger (běch’rān-jër), 70.
in plan, somewhat the form of a bayonet for which the beach-comber, 2.
cylinder is the end of the gun-barrel; hence the term. beach-robin (běch’rob-in), n. The robin-snipe
bayong (bā-yông'), n. [Tagalog.] Same as or red-breasted sandpiper; the turnstone.
*bayon. beach-sap (béch'sap), n. A species of sea-
bayou, n. 2. An abandoned portion of a rocket, Cakile Chapmani, found along the shores
river-channel forming a lake or swamp follow- of the Gulf. States. . . . . . . . . . . . . -.
ing the general course of the main stream : a beach-tramper (béch (tram-pér), n. A mem-
special case of “ox-bow lake.” The bayous ber of the British coast-guard service. [Slang.]
of the lower Mississippi river are typical. beacon-mark (bé’kon-mârk), m. The rude fig-
Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geol., I. 181. ure of a beacon painted in blue on pieces of
A name in the West stanniferous faience made at Genoa, Italy, in
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
bead, m. , 11. In weaving, a roughness of yarn
due to fraying by friction or rubbing.—Part-
ing-bead, a separating bead or rounded strip.
Beaded hair, diseased hairhaving a series of alternate con-
strictions and beady swellings.-Beaded ribs, ribs the
ends of which are enlarged at their junction with the costal
cartilages, occurring in rickets and constituting the so-
called Arachºtic rosary.
beader, n. 2. A wood-working toolresembling
a spoke-shave, having a number of interchange-
able cutting-irons or -bits: used in reeding,
fluting, beading, and routing straight or irreg-
ular surfaces; a reeder or molding-tool. See
combination *plane.—3. A *beading-machine
(which see).-Single-handed beader, a form of
bayok (bā-yök’), n. [A Philippine name, said
to be Tagalog. Cf. Bisaya bayoff, name of a
tree..] In the Philippine Islands, Pentapetes
acerifolia, a tree with winged seeds belonging
to the family Sterculiaceae. The wood is used in the
Philippines for making oars and paddles, and in India
for furniture. See Pterospermum.
bayon (bā-yôn'), m.; Sp. pl. bayones, [Philip-
pine Sp., K. Tagalog bayong.] In the Philip-
pine Islands, a basket or bag made of palm-
leaves or rushes. Such bags are used for
shipping coffee or rice. Also bayong.
bayonet-engine (bā‘9-net-en"jin), n.
Same as
bay-plum (bā‘plum), m.
Indies for the guava, Psidium Guajava.
bay-shark (bå'shärk), n. See *shark1.
bay-sore (bâ’sór), n. . An ulcer which affects
many of the natives of Honduras (as observed
on the coast of the Bay or Gulf of Honduras,
or of the Bay Islands).
bazarucco (bā-Zā-rö’kö), n. [Also basarucco,
basaruco, E. budgerook, budgrook, etc., appar-
ently from a native Indian name at Goa,
given as Canarese bajāra-rokkha, ‘market-
money’: see bazaar, and cf. Canarese rúka, a
copper coin, Marathi rukāorrukká, one twelfth
of an anna. (Yule).] A coin of copper, tin,
or lead, of small and varying value, formerly
current at Goa and elsewhere on the Western g e g e
st of India. beader for reeding or fluting diagonal lines upon wood.
CO2,S dº ſº tº gº It has but one handle.
B. B. An abbreviation, (b) of best best, which bead-frame
see under *best, a., 5; (c) of bail-bond. beads strung on wires, used in calculating; an
B. B. B. An abbreviation of best best best, abacus. -
which see under *best, a., 5. beading-machine (bé’ding-ma-shën"), n. In
B. C. An abbreviation (b) of Bachelor of sheet-metal work, a hand- or power-machine for
beagling (bég'lin
beak.1, n. 1. (g)
beak-sedge (běk'sej), n.
beak-wattle (běk'wot'1),
beala, n. &
(běd (främ), n. A frame holding beam, n. 2. (j) In lace-m
one, Actinia mesembrºſanthemum.
A name applied bead-lightning (běd-lit'ning), n. A rare form
of lightning having the appearance of a string
of brilliant beads stretching through a cloud
or from cloud to cloud. §
According to the testimony of an in
ness, who described the rare phenomº
ning within an hour after it had be
beautiful luminous appearance, lik
hung in a cloud, the beads being som
the ends of their axes in the line of t
elligent eye-wit-
on of bead-light-
*en, it is a very
bring of beads
§ elliptical and
scharge being
o. 1899, p. 129.
Wnthera pavo-
lily, bearing
ldemanthera.
ſloides. See
'ee, Sophora
learing hard
ach division
i e Sophora,
end-tree, m.–Coral bead-tre
a tree belonging to the mi
red beans in Wooden pogº
between the beans. Als
and coral beam, under b
beagles.
the Bra-
which accretions
unequally. Beaks in !chiopoda.
are usually of unequal ut in the
Pelecypoda, they are 1 termed
'wºmbo. §
2. (j) Specifically, th instru-
ments like the clarinet xties of
flageolets or direct flutes
beak, w. t. 2. To ram le beak
or prow so as to penetrat
deavor to sink it.
3, D. 611-
rush.
C2, I’UIIl-
culate wattle found at th eak in
various breeds of domesti nota-
bly in the carrier.
beals (bél), n. [Native na t Aus-
tralian drink made by Stee yaring
flowers in water. Also cal wll.
Same as *belah.
small diameter, varying i
width of the machine, upo
wound.—8. In currying,
stand on which the skin i





























beam
beamed or scraped. C. T. Davis, Manuf. of
Leather, p. 250-Bent beam, a beam which has a
Camber, natural or artificial. In English wooden roofs
such pieces were chosen for the horizontal chord of the
truss, replacing the tie-beam and supporting a king-post.
-Compression beam, in bridge-building and construc-
tive work, a beam in a truss, bridge, car, or other struc-
ture designed to resist pressure or compression ; a com-
pression member: the opposite member of a truss to the
tension member, usually called the tension rod. See bridge
and trugs.— Paper-board beam, a weighing-beam for
ascertaining the number of sheets of board in fifty pounds
by weighing one board.—To tip the beam, to prove
heavier than the weight at the other end of the beam
of a balance ; weigh or have a weight of (so much); as,
to tºp the beam at 300 pounds. Same as to tip the scales.
—Yarn-numbering peam, a small and very delicate
weighing-beam for ascertainíng the trade number of any
particular lot of yarn. A bunch of fifty yards of yarn is
tied by a single thread and hung by the thread on the
beam at a point where it balances the beam ; the mark
on the ‘beam under the thread then indicates the yarn
number. -
beam, v. t. 6. To burnish, as morocco leather,
with a beaming-machine; also, in currying, to
flesh or shave on the flesh side.
beamage (bě/máj), n. . [beam + -age.] An al-
lowance in the weight of the dressed carcass
of an animal as shown at the beam, to com-
pensate for loss of weight by evaporation in
cooling.
beam-arm (bém'ärm), n. In ship-building, the
outer end of a beam where it joins the framing
at the ship's side.
In wood ships, working at the beam-arms was very
common during heavy rolling at sea.
White, Manual of Naval Arch., p. 326.
beam-element (běm’el’é-ment), n. An infini-
tesimal longitudinal element of any beam; an
elementary fiber. In a beam of uniform cross-sec-
tion, the beam-element is parallel to any element in the
surface of the beam. ,”
beam-face (běln’fäs), n. In currying, the sur-
face of the beam on which a skin is placed
for ºwing. C. T. Davis, Manuf. of Leather,
p. 301.
beam-hanger (bém'hang’ér),
*stirrup-iron, 2.
beam-house (běm’hous), n. The room or por-
tion of a curriery in which the unhairing of
the skins is dome. Flemming, Practical Tan-
ning, p. 1.-Beam-house machine. Same as beam-
ing-machine, 2.
beaminess (běm’i-nes), n. 1. Breadth of beam:
as, a ship of great beaminess.-2. Radiance.
Richardson, Pamela, IV. 384. -
beamit (bé’mit), n. [Appar. an arbitrary for-
mation from beam, v. t., + -it.] The commer-
eial name of a compound made for unhairing
hides and pelts. Flemming, Practical Tan-
ning, p. 431.
beam-knee (běm (né), n. In ship-building, a re-
inforcement of the end of a deck-beam where it
is attached to the side of a vessel to strengthen
the whole against the racking effects of roll-
ing at Sea. In a wooden ship with wood beams the
kilees are separate knee-shaped pieces of timber. See
knee, 3. (a). In steel ships they are sometimes triangular
pieces of plate riveted to the beam and to the frame, and
sometimes are formed by bending down the lower part
of the beam itself and welding in a piece of plate forming
a triangular prolongation which is riveted to the frame
and called a welded leaïn-knee.
beam-motion (běm’mö"shgn), n. A motion in-
volving the use of a reciprocating lever or
walking-beam.
beam-scale (běm'skål), n. A weigh-beam
(which see).
beam-shaft (běm'shāft), n. The shaft which
carries the walking-beam of an engine.
beamsman (běmz’ man), m. ; pl. beamsmen
m. Same as
(-men). A man who works in a beam-house:
same as beamster. Modern Amer. Tamming,
r. 54.
beam-supports (běm'su-pôrts"), m. pl. The
brackets or standards which carry the bear-
ſings for the shaft of a walking-beam.
eam-trawling (běm (trä1%ing), m. A method
of fishing with a trawl attached to a beam and
dragged on the bottom. Science, March 29,
1901, p. 510.
beam-wheel (běm’hwel), n. In weaving, a gear
attached to the cloth beam or roller of a loom.
beam-work (běm (wèrk), n. Work done in a
beam-house. Modern Amer. Tanning, p. 41.
bean", n.--Adzuki bean, a variety of the gram, Phase-
olus Mºngo, much cultivated in Japan for making beau-
flour and confectionery.—Banana, bean. Same as vel-
vet-kbeam.—Bean cut Worm. See kcutworm.—Bean
ladybird, , Same as *beam-beetle.—Bean leaf-beetle.
See kleaf-beetle.—Bean vine-borer. See Arvine-borer.
—Blackbean. (a) See Egyptian beams, un er beam 1. (b)
The seed of the bean-tree or Moreton Bay chestnut,
Castanospermum awstrale, which, though poisºnous when
green, is rendered harmless by cooking and fºrms part of
the diet of the aborigines.—Bonavist bean, a West
Indian name for the lablab or hyacinth bean, Dolichog
Lablab.-Coral bean, a name applied to various legu-
minous plants of the genus Erythrina, as E. arborea,
bearing bright scarletbeans in pods which burst afterma-
turing. See Erythrina.—Espinoza, bean. See Mezican
*coffee.—Florida bean, a name applied to both the sea-
bean and the Oxeye bean, which are often washed up on
the coast of Florida.-jack bean, the sword-bean, Can-
avali engiforme, growing well in the southern United
States, but not much eaten by animals.—Jumby beans,
a name in the West Indies for the seeds of the lead-tree,
Lewcºma glauca.-Leichhardt's bean. , Same as
Queen&l *bean.—Lima-bean stem-borer. See
*8tem-borer.—Lima-bean vine-borer. See Arvine-
borer.—Madagascar bean. Same as Egyptian bean.
See Dolichog and beam.1. Match-box bean, the simitar-
pod, Lens phageoloides, the large, flat seeds of which are
Sometimes made into snuff-boxes, match-boxes, and
other Small articles. See Entada.—Metcalfe bean,
Phaseolus retuºus of the table-lands of New Mexico, etc.,
a promising forage-plant.-Mexican coral bean, the
seeds of Erythrina coralloides and of Dolicholus phaseol-
oides. See Arcolorin, Archilicote, and Mearican rosary & pea.
—Navy bean, the common white variety of the kidney- or
garden-bean.-Negro bean, a woody climber of eastern
India and Ceylon, Stizolobium monospermum. The round-
ish, hairy pods each contain a single flat seed, about an
inch in diameter, which is used as food and medicine.—
Pichurim-bean fat, a fixed oil from Pichurim bean, Acro-
diclidium Pwchwry-major, said to contain the glyceride
of lauric acid.—Queensland bean, the Australian name
for the Simitar-pod, Lemg phaseoloides. Also called
Leichhardt's beam.—Rattle-snake bean, the cedron,
Simaba Cedron, so called from its use in the treatment
of Snake-bites.—Seewee bean, the small lima, or butter-
bean, preferred in the southern United States to the large .
lima.-Snap-bean, a string-bean: so called because
the pods thus used break with a Snap : often simply
8map, and used mostly in the plural.—Turkish bean.
Same as #fire-beam.—Velvet-bean, Stizolobium willis
(Mucuma utilis of Wallich), widely grown in the tropics
and much cultivated in the southern United States as a
forage and green-manure crop. See Mucuna and 02-eye
bean, under beam 1.—Wild bean, (b) Any native species
of Phaseolus.
bean-bag (běn (bag), n. Abag containing, or de-
signed to contain, beans; specifically, a child’s
game played with bags full of beans. Various
games are played with bags of beans, oats,
Sand, or other material.
bean-beetle (běn’bé’tl), n. A coccinellid bee-
tle, Epilachna corrupta, which damages grow-
ing beans in the western United States, differ-
ing in this phytophagous habit (together with
other members of the same genus) from the
usually carnivorous members of the family
Coccinellidae.
bean-blight (běn’blit), m.
caused by Bacillus Phaseoli.
bean-harvester (běn'hār"ves-tér), n. A horse-
power machine for cutting, gathering, and de-
A disease of beans
Bean-harvester.
a, rake; 5, &, knives for cutting off plants.
positing in windrows field beam-plants prepara-
tory to threshing. It resembles in general design a
hay-rake, having in addition inclined knives placed in
advance of the rake.
bean-louse (běn’ lous), n. An aphis which at-
tacks the beam, as Aghis 7°umicis.
bean-mildew (běn’mil"dü), n. A disease of
beans attacking particularly the pods, although
occasionally the leaves and stems. It is caused
by Phytophthora Phaseoli.
bean-stick (běn'stik), n. A form of coagulated
legumin or vegetable casein.
bean-thresher (běn (thresh" er), m. A large
power threshing-machine adapted to threshing
bean-plants and resembling in general plan
the wheat-threshing machine. It is fitted with a
self-feeder or feed appliance, a bolting appliance, a dirt-
conveyer for removing the dirt or waste to a distance, a
dust-collector-and-conveyer for removing the dust from
the machime, a wind stacker, and a recleaner for cleaning
the threshed beans. See threshºng-machime and Arwind-
Stacker.
bean-vine (běn’vin), n. 1. The plant of any
climbing bean.—2. The wild kidney-beam,
Phaseolus perennis; also Strophostyles helvola.
See Strophostyles. -
bear-cat
bean-weevil, n.—Common European bean-Weevil,
a cosmopolitan bruchid beetle, Bruchus rufimanus, 9f
probable European origin, infesting beans.—Four-spot-
ted bean-Wee a bruchid beetle, Bruchus quadri-
maculatwg, probably from the tropical Orient originally,
but now of wide distribution. It infests beans and cow:
peas.—Mexican bean-weevil, an American bruchid
beetle, Spermophagus pectoralig, which infests beans in
Central America and the West Indies.
bearl, v.i. To bear back, to fall back. Shak., J. C.,
III.ii.--To bear down, specifically in obstet., to make a
straining effort to supplement the contraction of the
uterus during childbirth.
bear2, n. 10. The panda, Alurus fulgens, other-
wise called bear-Cat.—Baste the bear, a child's
game in which one of the players acts the part of the
bear and another that of the bear's master. The others
endeavor to hit the bear with knotted handkerchiefs.
The bear’s master, still holding the bear by a rope, en-
deavors to tonch one who is doing this. If he succeeds
in touching a player who is trying to strike the bear, with-
out pulling the bear out of a marked ring in which he is
placed, the one struck becomes, the bear.— Glacier
bear, Ursus emmongi, a small species, allied to the black
º
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ſº, "...º.º.º.
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Lº Bºr - •.
§ is §§§3.
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w Sisº -
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The Glacier Bear (Urszes ezzzzzzozisz—Dall).
bear, but of a general bluish-gray color. The outer side
of the limbs and a stripe down the back are black ; the
muzzle and front of the cheeks are tan-color. It is rare
and is apparently confined to the vicinity of Mount St.
Elias, Alaska.—Kadiak bear, U. middendorffi, a huge
The Great Kadiak Bear ( Urszas ºn fºczta'oz'ſſi-Merriam).
species, perhaps the largest of all bears, related to the
brown bears of Europe and Asia. It is of a dark reddish-
brown color in summer, lighter in winter ; but the color
appears to be variable. A number of related species
have been described from Alaska, as the Sitka bear, U.
Sitkensis, the Yakutat bear, U. dalli, etc., but they are
of doubtful validity. Several species of black bear are
now recognized, among them the Louisiana and Florida
bears, U. luteolus and U. floridanus. A bear of a yellowish-
White color, though belonging to the black-bear group,
The Inland White Bear (Cºrsics &e;2node :-Hornaday).
has been described from British Columbia under the name
of Ursus kermode.—The Bear, a familiar name for
Russia.
bear-brush (bär"brush), m. A shrub, Garrya
Fremontii, of the Californian mountains. Also
called *quinine-bush (which see).
bear-cat (bår’kat), n. The panda, AElurus ful-
gems.








bear-clover
bear-clover (bār-kló’vér), n. See *clover. bearing-pit (bār 'ing-pit), m. In mining
beard, m. 6. (b) Also, a projecting flap of a shaft up which coal was formerly carrie
metal º to a pºpe #: to its mouth to bº iº. Fº º [Scotch.]
Improve its “ speech. eards are common bearing-plate (bår'ing-plat), n. A carrying or *
on either side of the mouth, and in some kinds tº: tºº 8, É. used to *. a worn by women on the tºp; |Hººl
of pipe are carried across below the mouth as proper bearing-surface for a heavy load. Beaufort beds, gº; See ºved, “scales, n.
well. The former are side-beards, the latter bearing-road (bâr'ing-röd), m. A road on the #. gregºry, sº gºgº ſº
cross-beards. Tii. pi. A breed of pigeons of "inºeing a road used by bearers see bºlize.ſº º , v. t. To invest
which the most distinctive character is a cres- *bearer, 14. Barrowman, Glossary. [Scotch.] with ideal qualities. sº ºwºrd.]
cent-shaped patch of white on the throat just bearishiy (barºishi), ado. in a bearish man. Beaujºrd prºº...Sººº. -
below the beak. ner (in either sense of the adjective). beaumontage (bö-moh-tázh"), n. [Beaumont,
bearded, a. 4. In bot.: (a) Awned; especially, bear-jug (bār-jug), n. A stonewaré vessel at ...”. dº .# A . of various com-
having long stout awns, as bearded wheat. one time popular in certain localities in Eng- ;". d or Illing º oles which it is de-
(b) Having a special growth of hairs on certain land. It was made in the form of a bear, was usually sired should be cºncealeg, For this purpose pat:
organs, as on the inside of the corolla in many dark brºwn, in color, had a rough surface produced by ::::::::::::::::::::::::: i. di ºl. º mº, and
flowers, for example, those of Pentstemon. the application of small shavings of clay, and was used , . . der (bö’plé"dé ** ld E i.
beardlet (běrd’le t), m. [beard + -let.] A small either as a º or a beer-jug, the detachable head beaup eader (bó'plê r), n. In 2(q, Iºng. law,
beard or awn 7 or cover serving the purpose of a drinking-cup. Also a writ directed to the sheriff, bailiff, or other
called bear. whiſ ſlin or hi h *
beardom (bär'dum), n. 1. The domain of Bearnaise sauce. See *Sauce. :::::::::::::::: . º º‘....".
Beckwith’s clover
if beat-tones exist, it is º possible for beats and beat.
tome8 to be simultaneously heard,
Smithsonian Rep. 1890, p. 842.
beau-catcher (bö’kach-ér), m. A small flat curl
º º, collectively.—2. Bearish per- ; º Same . scrub-oak (c), i. purpose
somality or character. Mrs. Browning, Greek bear-pipe (bär"pip), n. An obsolete organ-stop A ſha'ra-oil º
Christian Poets, p. 191. 5 with pipes so ºvered or inciosed that they bºº (bó'ré-gård), m. A corruption of
beard-token (běrd’tö’ken), n. A copper coin gave a hoarse, muffled sound.
struck by Peter the Great of Russia in 1724, to bear's-foot, n., 2. A stout composite plant, "...º.º.º.º.euitº states and it
be given to those who had paid the tax of 50 Polymnia, Uvedalia; or, especially, its root, Mexican table-land. Its larva feeds on the everlasting
rubles every year for the privilege of wearing vaguely claimed to be an alterative. §º sº.
tº: beards. º 18ear-tra dam, Weir. See Adaml. * and several white ºis º: sº of ift. front pair.
eardy, m. 3. A fish, Lotella marginata, of the bearwood, n. 2. Also Rhamnus crocea, the The him. wings each have two submarginal eye-spots on
family Gadidae, resembling the loach: so named evergreen bearwood. the under side.
from the barbel under its chin. Also called beastdom (běst'dum), n. 1. The domain of beautyship (bū‘ti-ship), n. The personality of
ling. [New South Wales.] beasts; beasts collectively.—2. The condition a beauty: as, your beautyship: formed on the
bearer, n. 13. In shipbuilding, a support or of beasts; beasthood. analogy of ladyship. Bailey, Festus. N. E. D.
foundation in the interior of a vessel for beast-gate (běst'gāt), n. In Suffolk, England, Beauvais tapestry. ... See *tapestry.
engines or boilers: usually in the plural: as, land and common for one beast. Black, Law Bº: 8. pº º º #.
engine-bearers, boiler-bearers.--14. A person, Dict. #;"ºº"::"º";
usually, a Woman or girl, Wh9.ſormerly carried The right [a right of common in gross] is then gener. beavers, where it may feed, on the hair or epithelial
Coal in baskets from the workings to the shaft, ally known as a cattle-gate or beast-gate.” scales, or upon a parasitic mite, Schizocarpus mºngaud.
and in many cases up the ladders to the surface. - Encyc, Brit., XXVII. 168, beaverish (bé’vér-ish), a. Like a beaver. Car-
The bearer was usually the miner's wife or
A deity conceived in - 'yle. [Rare.]
daughter. Barrowman, Glossary. . [Scotch.] lty conceived in beaverism (bé’vér-izm), n. The condition of
— 15. In geom., a system of costraight points
* a beaver; a beaverish trait. Carlyle.
is called a range, of which the straight is the beavery (bé’vér-i), m.; pl. beaveries (-iz). A
bearer. A system of copunctal straights is place where beavers live or are kept. Buck-
called a pencil, of which the intersection point land. N. E. D.
is the bearer.—16. pl. In mining, pieces of tim- beblast (bé-blast’), v. t. To blast completely;
ber 3 or 4 feet longer than the breadth of a dry or wither up: as, “beblasted with light-
shaft, which are fixed into the solid rock at the
* • * ning,” Phaer, Æneid.
sides at certain imtervals: used as foun- beblood (bě-blud'), v. t. To smear or cover
dations for sets of timber. Coal and Metal e
tº with blood. North, Plutarch, p. 16.
Miners' Pocket-book.-Bearer's way, in mining, an bebog (bé-bog'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bebogged,
underground road or passage along which the bearers e
wn ºn-i & * ** ppr. bebogging. To entangle in a bog. ...[Rare.]
à...","... ºn. See kbearer, 14. Barrowman, bebung, m. 2. Specifically— (a) Anſe ffec t pro-
bearer-plate (bår’ér-plat), n. duced upon the obsolete clavichord by balan-
beauty, m.—Painted beauty, a nymphalid butterfly,
beast-god (běst'god), n.
animal form. *
beastling (běst'ling), n. A little beast; a little
animal. Miss Braddon, Bitter End, p. 51.
beat!, v. t. 20. In cricket, to breakthrough (a
batsman's defense): said of the bowler or the
ball.—To beat a retreat, to give the signal by drum-
beat to retreat; hence, simply, to retreat.—TO beat out
of (something), to secure the surrender or relinquish-
ment of (something) by persistent effort.—TO beat the
Dutch.-See Dutch.—TO beat the hoof, to go on foot.
beatl, m. 12. In fencing, a smart tap on the
adversary’s blade to disconcert him or drive the
blade aside for the thrust.— 13. The act of
A metal plate ...º.º.º.º.º.º.º.
placed under a beam or girder where it rests
on a wall or foundation.
bear-grass, 7.
Oregon and Texas.
bearing, n. e gº
tion which receives a superincumbent weight.
(c) The act or condition of taking or support-
2. A bunch-grass, Stipa Sê-
tigera, ranging from the mountains of Cali-
fornia, where it is considered valuable, to
7. (b) That part of a construc-
newspaper cant), the securing and publishing
of some news item by a newspaper in advance
of its competitors.— 14. The news item itself.
— 15. The act of beating or ranging over a
cover for game; the company, collectively, of
those engaged in beating for game.—Primary
lbeat, in acoustics, a beat produced by the interference
of two musical tones which are nearly in unison.—
Secondary beat, in acoustics, a beat produced by the
interference or combination of two primary beats.
cing the finger on the key so as slightly to rub
the tangent against the string and thus pro-
long the tone with a gentle pulsation. , (b) An
effect, common in violin-playing, produced by
rocking the finger of the left hand in stopping
a string so as to produce a slight waver, or
tremolo in the pitch. (c) An effect in singing
produced by a slight unsteadiness in the breath
so as to cause a waver both in pitch and in
beatable (bět 3-bl), a. Capable of being resonance. See tremolo and vibrato.
beaten. Cotgrave. e- IBec-Carcel (bek-kār-sel’), n. The Carcel lamp,
beat-borough (bětſbur"6), n. Same as *beat- used as a standard of light in France. See light
o *standard.
beat-earth (bět'èrth), m. An earth of black Becchi test. See *test1. *
color containing iron ore, found in some of the bêche (bāsh), n. [F.] A hollow cone-shaped .
western islands of Scotland. grip for drawing a broken rod from a bore-
beatee (bě-té"), n. One who is beaten. hole. Barrowman, Glossary.
beater, n.--Porcupine beater, a cylinder or beater bechilite (bek’i-lit), m. [Named after E. Bechi,
consisting of a number of spikes or blades for, opening an Italian mineralogist.] A hydrous calcium
and mixing the matted layers of cotton from the bale; ſº * *
part of a machine known in the cotton factory as an * ...; as #. incrustation at the
OPLC-3, Cl agoons Im Tuscany.
opener... Also called porcupine cylinder. &
beat-hill (bět'hil), m. [beatº, n., + hill.]. A beckelite (bek'el-it), n. [After Professor
ing that weight: thus, the upper bed of a
block or pier affords a bearing of so many
square inches; or may be said not to give a
good bearing, or to need an iron plate to
provide a better bearing. , (d) That part of a
superincumbent mass which rests directly
upon the supporting member: thus, a lintel
has 6 inches’ (or 48 square inches') bearing at
either end.—Absolute bearing (mawt.), the direction
of an object as determined by the compass, that is, with
reference to the north point of the heavens.—Combi-
nation bearing, a form of bearing for shafts or axles
in which the contact and load-carrying surfaces are made
up of combinations of rollers and balls (making a com-
bination of ball-bearing and roller-bearing) to diminish
friction and loss of power.—Compass bearing. Same
heap of beat or land-parings ready for burning.
Also called beat-borough.
|Friedrich Becke, of Vienna.] A silicate of the
cerium metals and calcium (perhaps essen-
as absolute bearing-Falsº bearing, the resting of , beating-vat (bě’ting-vat), n. A vat in which tially Cag(Ce, La, Di)4Si2O15), occurring in
weight, as a piece of wall or a pier, upon a support
which is not continued straight down to the foundation,
as when the windows in a front are not placed exactly
one over another, so that the piers between the upper
windows conne partly over the openings below. Parts of a
building supported on corbels or brackets or girders may
be said to have false bearing.—Liquid bearing, a form of
bearing in which some liquid, such as oil or Water, is
forced under pressure between the two metallic surfaces
which mutually restrain each other's motion, so as to keep
them apart. Liquid friction replaces the sliding friction
of the metals, and is less than the mediate friction be-
tween lubricated surfaces. See water-bearing.—Plain
bearing, a common cylindrical bearing, as distinguished
from a roller-, ball-, or combination bearing.—Relative
bearing, direction observed or stated in relation to the
ship's head. * & # is tº
bearing-bar (bár'ing-bār), n. A. bar at the
back end of a boiler-furnace which carries the
ends of the grate-bars. & #
bearing-doors (bár'ing-dòrz), m. pl. In mining,
double air-doors on a main airway. Barrow-
man, Glossary. [Scotch..]
the liquor extracted from the fermenting in-
digo-plant is agitated to expose it to the air,
in order that the indigo white it contains may
be oxidized to indigo blue. The operation was for-
merly done by natives who beat the liquor with paddles,
but it is now done mechanically.
Beatson's operation. See *Operation.
beat-tone (bét’töm), m.
In acoustics, a musical
tone produced by a beat too rapid to enable the
separate pulses to be distinguished, and having
a frequency falling with the range of audibility.
Combination-tones, which are described by Koenig as
beat-tones, are held by some authorities, notably by von
Helmholtz, to have a different explanation.
What becomes of the beats when they occur too rapidly
to produce on the ear a discontinuous sensation? On this
matter there have been several conflicting opinions, some
holding, with Lagrange and Young, that they blend into a
separate tone; others, with von Helmholtz, maintaining
that the combinational tones can not be so explained and
arise from a different cause. Letit be observed that, even
octahedrons and dodecahedrons, also in coars
yellow grains, in the rock of the eled-
lite-syenite type called mariupolite:
found on the shore of the sea of
Azov.
Becker's sodium process.
*process.
becket2, n. (f) A large hook used
in loading logs on cars by means of
tackle. (g) In marine hardware, a
brass or iron ring forming a part of
a metal block, the block and becket
being cast in one piece.
becket-block (bek’et-blok), n. A
pulley-block having a rope-eye or
becket.
bººt-hitch (bek’et-hich), n. See
witch. *
Beckwith's clover.
See
Iron Block.
a, eye; b,
becket.
See A clover.

beclaw
beclaw (bö-klá'), v. t. To scratch and claw all
over. Holland, Plutarch.
beclog (bā-klog'), v. t.; pret. and É beclogged,
ppr. beclogging. To clog thoroughly, as with
Something sticky.
beclothe (bé-klöpH'), v. t. To cover fully with
clothes; clothe.
Pecquerel ray. See Aray1, n. Becquerel's electro-
Chemical photometer.
el's volumenometer. See &volumenometer.
becross (bö-krós'), v. t. To mark with the
sign of the cross; decorate with a cross or
CI’OSS6S.
becrown (bā-kroun’), v. t. To crown: as,
“the forest which becrowns the isle,” Monthly
Mag., VIII. 806. * -
becudgel (bé-kuj'el), v. t.; pret. and pp. be-
cudgeled or becuagelled, ppr. becuágeling or be-
cudgelling. To belabor with a cudgel; cudgel
Soundly.
becuiba, fat. Same as becuiba-tallow (which
see, under tallow).
becum, v. A simplified spelling of become.
bed”, m., 7... (n) The curved piece of wood which forms
the main section of the platform carriage-part of a vehicle.
—Arzzarola beds, in geol, a member of the Rhaetic or
TJpper Triassic strata in the Lombardy Alps.-Ashley
peds, in geol, a name introduced by Tuomey for beds in
South Carolina, along the Ashley river, consisting of
calcareous marls of Eocene age and lying above the
Santee beds. They abound in fossils, among which re-
mains of the extinct whale, Zeuglodom, are notable.—
Back-set bed, an inclined layer deposited at the head
of a glacial sand-plain as the ice-mass retreats.-Bathy-
Opsis beds, the organic or paleontologic name given to
the Wind River group of the Lower Eocene in the Rocky
Mountain region. See Wind River kgroup.—Beaufort
beds, in geol., a division of the Karoo formation in South
Africa, regarded as of Permian age, consisting of nearly
horizontal sand and shale beds with intercalated volcanic
rocks, and constituting the middle division of that group.
They contain a considerable flora, in which the genus
Glossopterºs is conspicuous, and a remarkable reptilian
fauna.—Bed Of State, a richly decorated and finely ap-
pointed bed for show, or for use on state occasions, as
when the dead body of some great personage is lying in
state. See A-state-bed.—Belgrano beds, in geol., a divi-
sion of the Cretaceous rocks in Patagonia.-Blackheath
beds, in geol., a division of the Lower Eocene of the
London basin lying below the London clay and above
the Woolwich beds. These strata, though of slight
thickness (20–40 feet) and almost wholly composed of
rolled flints, have afforded numerous fossils, mostly ma-
rime, but partly estuarine.—Bognor beds, in geol., the
representative in Hampshire of the London clay or the
upper division of the Lower Eocene. They consist of
clays and sands, and contain many fossils. See Lom-
don clay.—BOnonian beds [LL. Bonomia, later Bolo-
nia, F. Bowlogne), a division or substage of the Upper
Jurassic, equivalent in part to the Kimmeridge clay of
Britain and typically exposed along the coast at Bou-
logne-sur-Mer. The rocks are clays, sands, and sand-
stones; the fossils in them are abundant and indicate a
littoral deposit.—BOrkholm beds, in geol., a division of
the Baltic Silurian formations lying at the top of the
Lower Silurian and consisting chiefly of limestones which
are composed of calcareous algae and carry an abundant
fauna.—BOttom-Set bed, in geol., fine sediments carried
by a stream some distance beyond its debouchment, and
settling into essentially horizontal beds in advance of
the delta-front. In time the inclined fore-set beds of
coarser material encroach upon them, causing continuous
migration seaward.—Boulder-bed, in geol., a formation
made up of rounded boulders, of glacial origin. The term
is used especially in reference to the boulder accumula-
tions supposed to indicate glacial periods in early geologic
time. J. Geikie, The Great Ice Age, p. 820.—Brackle-
Sham beds, in geol., the Middle Eocene deposits as devel-
oped in the basin of Hampshire, England. They are com-
posed of clays, sands, marls, and lignites, with a thick-
ness of 1,000 feet at Bracklesham, on the coast of Sussex.
The beds are extremely rich in remains of sharks, sea-
snakes, mollusks of various classes, and Foraminifera —
a strictly marine deposit.—Browgill beds, in geol., a
division of the Upper Silurian formation in Westmore-
land and Cumberland, England.—Buchenstein beds, in
geol., a division of the Noric stage of the Triassic rocks
in the southern Alps.—Campil beds, in geol., the lowest
beds of the Triassic bunter-sandstein formation in the
southern Alps.-Cape Fairweather beds, in geol., the
Upper or Pliocene Tertiary beds in Patagonia and
adjacent parts of South America.--Cassian beds. See
St. Cassian beds.-Cattaraugus beds, in the geology of
New York, the lowest division of the Carboniferous
system.—Chattahoochee beds, in geol., a division of
the Lower Miocene Tertiary, of marine origin and ex-
tensively developed in southern Georgia and northern -
Florida.-Cheltenham beds, in Eng. geol., the upper-
most member of the Inferior Oölite or Bajocian group
in Yorkshire.—Chesapeake beds. See Yorktown
¥beds.— Concealed bed, a bed permanently built into
a recess and concealed with folding-doors when not in
use: much used in Scotland.—Cosina, beds, in geol., a
subdivision of the Lower Eocene Tertiary deposits of
the southern Alps, carrying a peculiar fresh-Waterfauna.-
Cuboides beds, in geol., a zone or division at the base
of the Upper Devonian recognized in England, Germany,
and New York, and characterized by the brachiopod Hy-
pothyris cuboides.-Denison, beds [Denison, a town in
Texas], in geol., a division of the Lower Cretaceous forma:
tion of Texas.—Des Moines beds, in geol., a division of
the Carboniferous of Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Indian
Territory, underlain by the Kaskaskia formation and
overlain by the Missouri formation. It is regarded by
Iowan geologists as equivalent to a part of the Pennsyl;
vania series. Its fossils (plants in sandstone and
coal, marine forms in limestone) are those of the Lower
See &photometer.—Becquer-
Coal-measures.—Dingle beds [Dingle, a town in County
Kerry, Ireland], strata lying at the base of the Old Red
Sandstone in Ireland. —Dossena beds [It. Dossena, a
locality in Bergamo, Italy], in geol., a division of the
Middle Triassic or Keuper formation in the southern
Alps.- Egeln beds [G. Egelm, a town in Prussia], in
eol., a subdivision of the Tertiary series in Germany.
t is regarded by German geologists as equivalent to the
top of the Lower Oligocene. It is preceded by the
Lower Brown-coal series and overlain by Middle Oligo-
cene beds. Its characteristic fauna consists of marine
lamellibranchs (Ostrea ventrilabrum), gasteropods, and
corals.—Equus beds, in geol., a subdivision of the
Pleistocene 8eries in the non-glaciated regions of the
great plains between South Dakota and Texas. It has
been correlated with a part of the glacial series and
has furnished remains of fossil horses, camels, mam-
moths, sloths, together with remains of existing prairie
animals. See Sheridan & stage.—Folding-bed, a mov-
able bed so contrived that it may be folded up when not
in use, assuming the appearance of a wardrobe, a bu-
reau, a sideboard, or other article of furniture.—Fore-
Set bed, an inclined layer of sediment that is deposited
on the front of a delta, as it is built forward in a body of
standing water.— Gosau beds, [Gosaw in Austria], in
the geology of the Alps, a facies of the Flysch in the
northeastern part of these mountains, consisting of lime-
stones and marls, with intercalated coal-bearing fresh-
water beds, all lying unconformably on the early Creta-
ceous rocks beneath. They are regarded, from their
fauna, which is profuse, as being of Upper Cretaceous
age.--Hampstead beds, in geol., a stage of the Oligo-
cene Tertiary lying at the top of the series in Hamp-
shire and the Isle of Wight. The uppermost beds are of
marine origin, and the lower represent a fresh-water or
estuarine stage. Below them lie the Bembridge beds,
which are largely fresh-water deposits.-Häring beds,
in geol., a division of the Flysch or Upper Eocene de-
posits in the northern Alps. See Flysch.—Hawthorn.
beds, in geol., a division of the older Miocene Tertiary
of central Florida equivalent to the Chattahoochee group
of Georgia-—Headon beds, in geol., the lowest member
of the Oligocene Tertiary in the Hampshire basin and
the Isle of Wight. The deposits are estuarine, and the
fossils are partly of fluviatile and partly of marine ori-
gin.-Horsetown beds, in geol., the middle division
of the Cretaceous formation or Shasta-Chico series in
California, lying above the Knoxville and below the Chico
beds. It is regarded as representing the Lower Creta-
ceous beds of Europe above the Neocomian, and contains
many fossils, some of them identical with European
species.—Hospital bed, a bed in a hospital, especially
one provided and maintained by an endowment fund.—
Hythe beds [Hythe in Kent], in geol., a division of the
Lower Greensand of the Cretaceous formation as de-
veloped on the Isle of Wight. It lies on the Atherfield
clay and below the Sandgate beds, and contains many
fossils, of which the cephalopods are similar to those of
the Aptian stage of the Continent.—Indian bed, a pile
of clans placed close together on the ground with the
hinges uppermost, and covered with brush which is set
afire to roast the clams... [Local, U.S.]— Insect-beds,
rock strata in which the remains of insects abound.
Such deposits are known in the Lias and Tertiary rocks
of Europe and America.—Intumescens beds
[named from the prevalence of the cephalopod spe-
cies Manticoceras intumescens], in geol., a name applied
to a certain facies or life-zone in the lower Upper
Devonian. It is developed in Devonshire, Germany,
Poland, the Urals, Siberia, and New York.—Itfer
beds [Itfer in Baltic Russia], in geol., a division of
the Lower Silurian beds in the Baltic basin, lying be-
tween the Jeve zone and above the Kuckers shale, and
consisting of limestones with abundant fossils.—Jack-
Son beds, in geol., a subdivision of the Eocene Ter-
tiary in the State of Mississippi and adjoining territory,
lying beneath the Wicksburg beds and above the Clai-
borne beds.—John Day beds, in geol., a formation of
Middle Miocene age in eastern Oregon, Nevada, and
Washington, taking its name from the John Day Patch.
Though in large part composed of volcanic tuffs, the inter-
bedded layers carry a very rich vertebrate fauna— horses,
rhinoceroses, pigs, carnivores, oreodonts, rodents of va-
rious genera, etc.—Jörden beds, in geol., a division of
the Upper Silurian beds of the Baltic provinces lying near
the base of the series.—Karoo beds. Same as Karoo
Series.—Khussak beds, in geol., a subdivision of the
Cambrian system in the Salt Range of India which is
about 100 feet thick. It is underlain by the Salt Marl
and correlated by Indian geologists with the paradoxidian
group.–Kiltorcan beds, in geol., an upper division of
the Old Red Sandstone in the south of Ireland (Cork). It
is underlain by the red sandstones of Kerry and overlain
by the Carboniferous slate. The beds contain fishes
(Bothriolepis, Coccostews, Glyptolepis), Merostomata (Beli-
mwrus, Pterygotus), the clam Ammigenia jukesii, and some
forms of brackish-water habit.—Knox beds, in geol., a
group of shales, limestone, and sandstone forming a thick
terrain in Tennessee, which is barren of fossils, but by
its stratigraphic position is referred to the Lower Cam-
brian.— Knoxville beds, in geol., a subdivision of the
Lower Cretaceous system in the Pacific border region of
the United States. It is the upper part of the Shasta
group, overlying the Horsetown group, and is correlated
with the Neocomian of Europe. Like the Horsetown
beds, it has an enormous distribution, extending from
California to Alaska, and attains a thickness of not less
than 20,000 feet.—Kome beds, in geol., a series of beds
in western Greenland, in the vicinity of Disko Island,
which have afforded a Cretaceous plant fauna (Heer), in-
cluding ferns, cycads, conifers, a few endogens, and but
one angiosperm (Populus primaeva). They are correlated
with the Kootenay and Potomac beds of North America.
—Kössen beds, in geol., the uppermost subdivision of
the Triassic system in the Alps. It is underlain by the
Main Dolomite (Hauptdolomit) and correlated with the
Rhaetic stage.—Kressenberg beds, in geol., a subdivis-
ion of the Eocene series in the northern Alps which is
preceded by the Burberg beds, followed by the Flysch or
Vienna sandstone, and correlated with the calcaire gros-
sier of the Paris basin. Its most characteristic fossils
are nummulites, and the division is sometimes termed
the Lower Nummulitic group.–Lagrange beds. See
bed
Lafayette #group.–Lenham beds, in geol., a division of
the Pliocene Tertiary in Britain lying near the base of
the series, below the coralline crag. In Kent it overlaps
the Chalk, and yet its fossils show that it is not Early but
Middle Tertiary. It is the equivalent of the Diestian
stage of the Continent.—Lenticular bed. See #lentic-
ſular.—Loup Fork beds, in geol., a division of the Mio-
cene Tertiary in the interior of the United States consti-
tuting the uppermost part of the series above the Deep
River beds. Its strata are partly of lacustrine and partly
of fluviatile origin.— Magellanian beds, a series of
Oligocene or Upper Eocene beds in Patagonia, named
from the Strait of Magellan.—Nanaimo beds, in geol.,
a series of coal-bearing strata of Cretaceous age on Van-
couver Island.—Naples beds, in geol., a series of Upper
Devonian strata in western New York characterized by
the presence of a pelagic fauna abounding in goniatites.
—Narrabeen beds, in geol., a subdivision of the Trias-
sic Hawkesbury series in New South Wales lying at the
base of the formation and overlain by the Hawkesbury
sandstone. These beds are sandstones and shale, rising to
a thickness of about 2,000 feet.—Nodule beds, in geol.,
a local term applied to conglomeritic deposits which lie at
the base of the red and coralline crags, belonging to the
Pliocene Tertiary of England. Also known as boa:gtones.
—Osborne beds. See Osborne 8eries, under series.—Palo
Duro beds, in geol., the lower member of the lacustrine
Pliocene series of Texas and Kansas, identical with the
Goodnight beds, and containing a fossil fauna of horses,
rhinoceroses, and camels.-Pantolambda beds, in
tº: the biotic designation of the Torrejon group of the
asal Eocene Tertiary in New Mexico, named from the
characteristic genus of its mammalian fauna.—Para-
doxides beds, in geol., those beds of the Middle Cam-
brian series which contain the fauna characterized by
the trilobite genus Paradoxides (which see).—Partnach
beds, in geol., a series of Sandy clays and limestones
forming the upper member of the lowest division of the
Alpine Middle Trias of central Europe. It is a local
facies of the German Muschelkalk.-- Penarth beds, in
geol., the uppermost member of the British Triassic,
representing the Rhaetic and uppermost Keuper of cen-
tral Europe. It consists of limestones, black paper-
Shales, and basal green and gray marls, aggregating 50
to 150 feet in thickness, which contain an abundant
fauna of mollusks, fish, saurians, and some insect re-
mains.—Pen-y-glog beds, in geol., a series of shales and
grits forming a local plaase or facies of the Wenlock
shales of Upper Silurian age in Denbighshire, North
Wales.—Pikermi beds, in geol., a series of red clays and
gravels deposited during the Plaisancian stage of Plio-
cene time at Pikermi and elsewhere in Greece, and noted
for its profusion of vertebrate fossil remains, which in-
clude various types of carnivores, rodents, proboscid-
eans, perissodactyls, artiodactyls, birds, tortoises, and
lizards, many of which are of colossal size.—Preston
beds, in geol., the basal member of the Washita division
of the Upper Cretaceous of Texas.--Punfield beds, in
geol., a local basal member of the Lower Greensand of
the Cretaceous system developed in the vicinity of Pun-
field Cove, Swanage Bay, England.—Raibl beds, in
geol., a division of the Triassic rocks of the Alps, re-
garded as equivalent to the Keuper of Germany and
pertaining to the Carinthian stage. It marks the close
of the separation of the two great nuarine Triassic prov-
inces of the northern and southern Alps as they extend
through both regions, lying above the Wetterstein lime-
stone in the former and above the Esino limestone in
the latter.—Raikiill beds, in geol., a division of the
Upper Silurian rocks in the Baltic provinces of Russia,
lying near the middle of the series and comprising about
100 feet of coral reefs and flagstones.—Ranikot beds, in
geol., the lowest division of the Eocene Tertiary in the
Sind district of India, containing an abundant marine
fauna with some species of Cretaceous affinities.—Read-
ing beds, in geol., the lowest division of the Eocene
Tertiary in the Hampshire basin in England, and lying
above the Thanet sand in the London basin.—Rhaetic
beds. See Rhaetic. Rhenan beds, in geol., the
lower division of the Devonian system in the Rhine-
land, subdivided in ascending order into the Gedimnian,
Taunusian, and Coblentzian.- Saarbrücken beds, in
geol., the lower or main coal-bearing beds of the Carbon-
iferous system in North Germany. These are from 5,000
to 9,000 feet thick, with 82 workable and 142 unworkable
coal-seams, or in all between 350 and 400 feet of coal.—
St. Erth beds, in geol., the uppermost division of the
older Pliocene Tertiary in Britain, limited to a patch of
clay in Cornwall which has produced a considerable
number of organic remains.—Salina, beds, in geol., the
saliferous deposits of New York, forming the final stage
of the Silurian : formerly termed the Omondaga salt-
group (which see). It is subdivided as follows, in ascend-
ing order: Pittsford shale, Vernon shale, Syracuse salt,
Camillus shale, Bertie water-lime.—Sandgate beds, in
geol., a subdivision of the Lower Greensand strata on the
Isle of Wight, lying under the Folkestone beds and over
the Hythe beds.—Sandling beds, in geol., a subdivision
of the Triassic rocks in the Mediterranean basin pertain-
ing to the Carinthian stage and lying over the Raibl beds.
—San Pedro beds, in geol., a Pleistocene series of sedi-
ments named from San Pedro, Cal., their typical locality.
—Santee beds. See Santee.—Seis beds, in geol., the
lowest subdivision of the Triassic rocks in the southern
Alps.-Skelgil beds, in geol., a series of strata in West-
moreland and Cumberland, of Upper Silurian age, essen-
tially equivalent to the Llandovery group and character-
ized by their graptolite zones.—Stormberg beds, in
geol., the upper division of the so-called Karoo series of
South Africa, regarded as probably of the age of the
Bhaetic Trias of Europe, while the lower division of this
series is recognized as of Carboniferous age. The Storm-
berg beds carry a flora very similar to that of the Hawkes-
bury series of New South Wales. See Karoo series, under
karoo. —Tealby beds, in geol., a local development of the
Lower Greensand of the Jurassic system in the vicinity of
Tealby, Lincolnshire, England. They comprise about 20
feet of unfossiliferous ferruginous sands lying beneath
80–90 feet of Sands and limestones containing an abundant
Middle Neocomian fauna of cephalopods, pelecypods, and
brachiopods,--Telmatotherium beds, in geol, the bi-
otic name for the lower Uinta beds of the Upper Eocene of
Utah, characterized by the presence of several species of
bed
the titanothere Telmatotherium.—Timber-belt beds, bedgery (bed’jēr-i), n.
in geol., a division of the Eocene system of Texas: same
as the Sabine River beds.--To lie or sleep on the bed
One has made, to reap the fruits or suffer the natural
results of one's own conduct or acts.—Top-set bed, a
nearly level layer of sediment that is deposited on the
upper surface of a delta as it is built forward.—Uinta-
therium beds. See Bridger*group, —Vicksburg beds.
See Vicksburg growp.—Warminster beds, in geol.,
the uppermost beds of the galt of the Upper Greensand
as developed in Wiltshire, England.—Warp bed, in geol.,
a bed of estuarine silt. J. Geikie, The Great Ice Age,
p. 406.—Wengen beds, in the subdivision of the pelagic
Trias of the Mediterranean province, a member lying
above the Marmolada limestone and below the St. Cas-
sian beds: regarded as the upper division of the Noric
stage, which is the lowermost of the stages of the Upper
Trias.-Werfen beds, in geol., the lowest division of the
pelagic Trias in the eastern and southern Alps.—Willow
Creek beds, in geol., a division of the Lower Laramie
beds of the Üpper Cretaceous in the Canadian Northwest
Territory.—Woolwich and Reading beds, in Eng.
eol., the lowest beds of the Eocene in the Hampshire
turi, 2.
bedidlik (be-did’lik), n.
$4.97.
bedikah 9;. 70,
bed-lathe (bed’lāq'H), n.
from pituri, the native name.] Same as *pi-
[Australian, corrupted bee-escape (bě’es-kāp"), n.
bee-plant
An attachment
to a hive designed to control the movements
of the bees while the honeycomb is being re-
[Egypt. Ar.] A gold moved from the hive. tº
coin of Egypt, equal to 100 piasters or about beef, n.—Albany beef, the cured flesh of the stur-
[Heb. bedikah, exam-
ination, K badak, examine.] In Jewish ritual,
the examination of a ceremonial act or of its
accompaniments: as of the manner of slaugh-
tering an animal or of its parts; or of a house,
to remove any portion of leaven before the
Passover, in order to assure the proper ob-
servance of the prescribed rules.
A lathe having a bed
which is so massive that no feet or legs are
used to lift the center-line of the spindle to a
convenient height.
geom, which was formerly caught and prepared near
Albany, N. Y.—Beef ham. Same as collared beef.—Dried
beef, beef which has been salted, dried and (frequently)
smoked, being then eatable in thin slices without cooking.
bººgººser (běf’doj”ér), n. A meat biscuit.
beef-fat (běf'fat), a. In stock-raising, fat and
in high condition, or ready for market. [U. S.]
Twenty-five or more years ago, while ranges were un-
restricted and grass was free, it was no uncommon sight
to see five- and six year-old Texas steers coming into
market beef-fat off the range.
Fep. Kam. State Board Agr., 1901–1902, p. 60.
beef-headed (běf: hed-ed), p. a. Stupid; thick-
eaded.
Bedlington (bed 'ling-ton), n. [From Bedling- a "
tom, a parish in Northumberland.] A breed of beefingl, n. II. a. Beef-forming; beef-pro-
moderate-sized short-haired terriers with nar- ducing: as, good beefing as well as good milk-
row head, short body, and rather long legs. ing qualities. Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr.
The ears and tail are slightly fringed, and the 1901, p. 230. e º e
color is bluish, liver-colored, or sandy. beefishness (béfish-nes), n. Ox-like stupidity.
bedog (bé-dog"), v. t. 1. To assail with the bee-fly, n. 2...Any dipterous insect of the
epithet ‘dog’–2. To follow like a dog; dog: family Bombyliidae: so called on account of
as, “hatred, bedogged his steps,” Trelawney, , its resemblance to a bee.
Records of Shelley, etc. beef-measles (béf'mé"zlz), n. Infection of
To damn or curse bed-plane (bed'plän), n. In geol., the junction cattle with Cysticerºus bovis, the larval stage
roundly or with iteration and emphasis. º tWO hye's or strata. Dama, Manual ; º Saginata, §. º common of the
d-and-platen (bed-and-plat’en), a. Of or - of Geol., p. 111. arger tapeworms or man). In cattle the parasites
*ś ºngº.”. In miningspank ºf
ing-press.-Bed-and-platen movement, a printing- in the lining, or floor on the foot-Wall side of
º e º * = & tion is sometimes called acute cestode twberculosis.
press movement by which the types on the bed and the an inclined shaft on which the hoisting-bucket bee-glove (bě'gluv), n. A cotton glove soaked
platen above are at once brought together to print the *
slides. in linseed-oil and dried in the sun, worn b
sheet between : in contradistinction to a cylinder move- º ** - 5 y
ment, which innpresses the types that pass under it upon bed plate, m. 2. An iron plate º º *: Of bee-keepers to protect the hand. º
an oscillating bed-plate-Béd-and-platen press, same * ºrriage, serving as a support to the king- beehive, n. 3. A covered cup or jug for hold-
as platen press (which see, under platen.1). ... bolt socket. ing honey, sugar, etc.—4. [cap.] #. astron.,
bedangled (bě-dang'gld), 19. Q. Beset with bedpost, 7t.-Devil's bedposts, a nickname for the a name for Praesepe, the cluster of stars in
dangling things. Swift. four of clubs. g º e - Cancer.—Beehive kiln. See*kiln.—Beehive tomb
bedbug, n-Gigantic bedbug, a reduviid bug, Cono- bedropt, pp. A simplified spelling of bedropped. an artificial subterranean sepulcher of the Mycenaean
rhinus gangwisugit, of North and Central America. It bedrug (bé-drug ), v. t. To drug thoroughly; age in Greece. ..It is composed of two parts, a horizontal
was probably at first an inhabitant #: º: of field- saturate with drugs. [Rare.] ñº. º: *::::::: cut ..". º: i. § i.
mice and gophers, but it nºw, often infests houses, espe: bedsted, m. A simplified spelling of bedstead. Hill, and ºculº ºbeſ, called the thalº, in which
cially in the southwestern United States. beel, m. 4. [cap.] In astron., the constella- it terminates. The tholos is excavated vertically from
bedbug-hunt er tion generally called Apis or Musca.—Blunt-
(bed bug-hun těr), tongued burrowing bee, any aculeate hymenopterous
n. A reduviid bug, º #. º: .*. Wild
º - .* ast Indian Dee, Metºpona vºttva..—HIOrned bee, a
ſº pe) .# European megacilid bee, Osmia rufa (formerly O’bà.
us, or cosmopoll- cornis), which has a two-horned head.—Leaf-cutting
tan distribution, bee, any aculeate hymenopterous insect of the genus
which in habits Mega chile, which cuts fragments of leaves with which to
houses, where it construct its cells. - Mosquito bee, any one of the
preys upon bed-
Tertiary basin, which consist of lenticular sheets of plas-
tic clay loam and sand and are very variable in local com-
position. The Woolwich type consists of sands crowded
with estuarine fossils, while the Reading type is com-
posed of unfossiliferous gravels.-Yorktown beds, in
geol., the upper division of the Eocene Tertiary, forming
a belt through the Atlantic border States and well de-
veloped at Yorktown, Va. Also named Chesapeake beds
from their development on Chesapeake Bay.
bed}, v. t.—To bed a tree, to level up the place in
*high a tree is to fall, so that it may not be shattered.
[U. S.]
bedamn (bé-dam"), v. t.
stingless tropical bees of the genera Melipoma and
Trigoma. — Pioneer bee, the European solitary bee,
bugs, flies, and Odimerus murarius—fotter-bee, any one of certain A4&iº
other household bees of the aculeate hymenopterous family Megachilidae, § ğ.
ests. When young it Which construct small globular cells of earth and attach §§ | º,
pests. young EP them to the stem of a plant.—Sharp-tongued bur- ğ §,
disguises its appear- º * \$ſº §:
-S ºr re. § º roWing bee, any aculeate hymenopterous insect of the \##$! ? &
º: '...”.”. family Andrémidae.—Solitary long-tongued bee, any º §§ ś,
§ ch ...'. 8, ; long-tongued bee except those belonging to the social § §§Wººl \\
** * - - *2E *2-3 - §
secretion of the body. families Apidae and Bombidae. - §§
B. E. E. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Elec-
trical Engineering.
Called the masked bed- - - *
bug-hunter. § T; 4.
be d-claim (bed'- Aft º
.
;%
:
%
S.
- bee-apron (bé’ā-prun), n. An apron worn by & -
klām), n. In min- * & bee-keepers as a protection against stings. 㺠*
ing; a claim which tºº...o.º.º.º. bee-balm (bé'bām), n. See balm, 7. º Aº-
includes the bed of ral size. bee-beetle (bé’bé- i), n. A European beetle, jīy (ºs
a river or creek. (Howard, U. S. D. A.) Trichodes apiarius, of the family Cleridae, red % ºs- ºğ .
Australia.] and blue in color, which destroys the larvae of 48%. sº %.S.- : .
Bedded volcano. See *volcano. the honey-bee. Other species of the same ge- jºi. .. -
bedding-fault (bed'ing-falt), n. See ºf ault. nus live in the nests of wild bees.
bedding-plane (bed'ing-plan), n. The plane bee-brush (bé'brush), n. In beekeeping, a soft
of stratification or bedding in a sedimentary brush used in handling live bees.
beechl, n. Any one of several trees of
Beehive Tomb.
Section and plan of the Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae, Greece.
the face of the rock to the level of the dromos, and has
the form of an old-fashioned beehive. There is some-
J
ºftº– 4% "ºffſ
ly º: {jī :*::, :-3 &S$ºt,\SAft|*||al
º § : SR > sº ń.
º § 2 t sº | I'll
§iºğiº lºſſºgºź
* - at ºw * º \ w Sºº
§§3. § {
º | º iſſi {º º º * st |};tº lº Tº º # *
*||{{!!}ºfºl.) Tº N º #SN.
ſ º ſ #º f | ift |U ; 4. º
º!º iñº | ºft, sº
...” ~~ in tiºn º l º: * º - º ºf Hºl
2-2. |ſ|\|ft; {# (iſºlºilº
Bedding-plane.
series of rocks.
subsequently disturbed, is usually almost level.
beech-blight (bëch’blit),
It marks the surface upon which each bºrº,
succeeding layer of sediment was deposited, and, unless pine-sap, Momo
beech-fern, nº-Broad beech-fern, phegopteris Wife's tribº, and lives, in it on sufferance.
different genera having a real or fancied re-
semblance to the true beeches; especially,
Cryptocarya glaucescens, of the laurel family.
Also called she-beech and black beech. [Aus-
times a rectangular chamber connected with it. The
entire interior was faced with masonry and decorated.
A fine example is the so-called Treasury of Atreus at
Mycenae.
tralia.]—Beech pottery. See American *pottery.— bee-hunter (bé'hun-tér), n. One who hunts
Beech Seedling mildew. See kmildew.—Beech tar.
See #tarl.-Black beech. Same as kbeech 1, 2.—Copper
beech, a highly ornamental variety of the common
beech, Fagus sylvatica, with red sap in the cells of the
epidermis of the leaves which gives them a copper color
and somewhat metallic luster. Also called purple beech.
—Evergreen beech, the name in Australia of Notho-
fagus Cºmminghami, the only tree there properly called
beech.—Native beech, the name in Australia of Calli-
coma Serratifolia, a tree of the saxifrage family.—Queens-
land beech. Same as Aw8tralian beech (which see,
under beechl).-Water-beech. See water-beech.—Whité
beech. See white.
plant-louse, Pemphigus fagi.
tropsis odorata. See Schweinitzia.
beekite (běk'it), m.
7t.-Carolina, beech-drops, the sweet
or searches for swarms of wild bees.
bº. (bě'ké-për), n. One who keeps
oney-bees; an apiarist.
[Named after Dr. Henry
Beeke (1751–1837), dean of Bristol.] A kind
of chalcedony replacing shells, corals, etc., in
#. i. Red conglomerate of South Devon,
Ilgºla, Il Cl.
bee-kite (bé'kit), n. The honey-buzzard, Permis
mellivora, which feeds on bees and homey.
m. An American §ºntº limestone. See *limestone.
een4, n. See vina.
beena, beenah (bé'nā), n. In Ceylon a form
of marriage in which the husband joins the
bedeckt, pp. A simplified spelling of bedecked. . hexagonoptera, of eastern North America. McLennan, The Patriarchal Theory, p. 42.
|bedevimenti (bé-dû’ment), ºn. Dew-like moist- beech-moth (béch'môth), n., A European bee-plant (bé"plant), n. Any plant which is
- º moth, Stawropus fagi, whose larva feeds on specially useful in furnishing nectar to bees;
€111D 9. e
Be #: d cord, shale. See *cord], *shale2. the beech. Kirby and Spence. a honey-plant. Among well-known bee-plants are the











































bee-plant
lindens (see bee-tree), the common red and white clovers,
the Sweet clover, and the common buckwheat. The namé
has been applied specifically to Scrophularia Marylam-
diºca and to S. Californica. The Rocky Mountain bee-
plant (also called bee-weed) is one of the spider-flowers,
Cleone serrulata.
beer", n.-Braga beer, a kind of beer brewed in Rus-
sia.--Tager-beer. The name is often loosely applied to
any German beer, or any beer made by German methods.
- Milk beer, a name sometimes given to kumiss.-
Weiss-beer, the German name for beer made chiefly
from wheat malt and sold for consumption while the sec-
ondary fermentation is still in progress. . -
[G. Beerbach
beerbachite (bér’bak-it), n.
(“Berrybrook’?), a stream in the Odenwald,
Baden, + line?...] In petrog., the name of an
igneous rock of panautomorphic granular tex-
ture, consisting of labradorite, diallage, and
magnetite, with other subordinate minerals.
It was first named by Chelius (1894), and con-
sidered to be a haplitic differentiation-product
of the gabbroic magma.
beer-wort (běrºwért), n. Wort prepared by
the infusion of malt with water, intended to be
converted into beer.
bee-smoker (bé’smö"kēr), n. In bee-keeping,
a small portable furnace fitted with a bellows:
used to produce a cloud of smoke and to blow
it into a hive to stupefy the bees and keep them
honeycomb.
Beeswax cement. See *cement.
Beet army-worm, carrion-beetle. See*army-
worm, *carrion-beetle.—Chytridiose of beet.
See *chytridiose.
bee-tent (běſtent), n. A cover or tent placed
§. a hive to protect it from the bees of other
Il VeS.
beetle”, nº-Aberrant long-horned beetle, any mem.
ber of the cerambycid series belonging to the small and
Somewhat discrepant family Spondylidae. Four species
are known in North America, and all live under the bark
of pine-trees.—Brazilian beetle. -
See Brazilian ºrbug.—Checkered
beetle, any member of the coleop-
terous family Cleridae, the species
of which are usually beautifully .
marked with strongly contrasting
colors.-Elm leaf-beetle. . See
*leaf-beetle.—Feather-wing bee-
tle, any member of the coleopter-,
ous family Trichopterygidae, an
assemblage of very small species
having long narrow wings so
fringed with long hairs as to ap-
pear feather-like.—Hornets’-nest
beetle,s: § º º º:
ropean Staphylimid or rove-beetle,
Kelleiusdilatatus, whichives only ºff.”gº.
in the nests of wasps and hornets, natuºsize. Höß.
feeding on the wasp larvae and U.S. D.A.)
pupae which fall from their cells,
and on the other organic refuse of the nest.— Oak-
Pine-destroying Bee-
tle of the Black Hills
prunerbeetle, acerambycid beetle of the genus Elaphid- beggar's-lice, m.
$on, (which see).-Pear ambrosia-beetle, a scolytid
beetle, Xyleborus pyri, which also affects the peach and
plum.–Pear-blight beetle. Same as apple-free kshot-
borer.—Pine-destroying beetle, any beetle which de-
stroys pine-trees; specifically, Dendroctonus ponderosae,
One of the most destructive enemies of western United
States pine forests.-Ship-timber beetle, a coleopter-
Qus insect, Lymézylon navale, of the family lo
idae, formerly noted in Europe as very injurious to
timber used for ship-building, from its habit of drilling
cylindrical holes in the hard wood.—Tan-bark beetle,
a small black bostrychid beetle, Dinoderus substriatus,
which attacks hemlock bark which has been stripped
and piled for tanning purposes.
beet-leaf maggot, miner, Pegomya.
*maggot, *leaf-miner, *Pegomya.
beetle-crusher (bé’tl-krush’ér), n. A large
See
bee-van (bé’van), n.
bee-veil (bé’văl), m.
quid passing from one vat to another.
carbonation), and filtered, the process being once re-
peated, then, after being treated with sulphur fumes,
evaporated to “thick juice,” and through several further
stages brought to the state of granulated sugar. The local
requisites for a factory are, besides a supply of beets with
high sugar content, a sufficiency of pure water, of fuel
(coal most often used), and of limestone, together with
transportation facilities.
s e A wagon used in in-
struction in bee-culture.
County Councils have already done good work in pro-
viding lectures and demonstrations by means of travel-
ling bee-vang. Matural Science, Oct., 1896, p. 273.
A veil or netting worn
over the head to protect the face from the
attacks of bees while removing honey from a behead, v. t.
hive or working about it. It is worn over the
hat and tucked under the coat, or drawn over
a light metal frame which covers the head and
rests on the shoulders.
The sugary water
is defecated by being mixed with lime, “carbonated ” (see
begon, v.
begoniad (...); n... [
beharad (bâ-hā-råd"), n.
bejuco
Infatuated; crazy: as, begigged about bridge
whist. [Colloq., southern U. S.]
A simplified spelling of begone.
NL., K. Begonia +
-adi.] A plant of the family Begoniaceae.
A mnemonic word
representing the four letters B H R D, which
indicate, according to Hebrew chronology, the
first molad of creation. See *molad. The numer-
ical value of the four Hebrew letters is 2, 5, 200, and 4.
The 2 stands for Monday (the day when the “great
lights” were created), the 5 for the fifth hour (11 A. M.),
and the 204 for the parts of an hour. Since an hour con-
tains 1,080 parts, and the lunar month contains 29 days,
12 hours, and 793 parts of an hour, the first molad would
fall on Monday at 51% or about 11.12 A. M. s
3. To tap (a stream) and divert
its upper watersthrough new channels: said of
the encroachment of one stream upon another
in such a way as to ‘capture * its head and
upper tributaries.—Beheaded river, in phys. geog.,
the remaining lower course of a river after its former
bee-weed (bě(wéd), n. See *bee-plant.
beewise (bé'wiz), adv. In the manner of the
bee. [Rare.]
On every side occurred suggestive germs
Of that—the tree, the flower—or take the fruit,
Some rosy shape, continuing the peach,
Curved beevise o'er its bough.
upper waters have been captured or diverted to another
stream.
beheadal (bé-hed'al), n. [behead -H, -al.] Be-
heading; decapitation.
behed, v. t. A simplified spelling of behead.
behen, n. Also, same as benă.—Oil of behen. Same
befel, pret.
befreeze (bé-fréz'), v. t.; pret, befroze, pp. be-
beggar-weed, m.
is is tº Browning, Pippa Passes, II. 90. . as ben-oil
Quiet when the hive is opened to remove the befeast (bě-fést"), v. t. To treat to a feast;
feast.
A simplified spelling of befell.
jrozen, ppr. befreezing. To freeze up or over;
freeze thoroughly or completely.
befrend, v. t. A simplified spelling of befriend.
befriender (bé-frend’ér), n. One who befriends
another.
Love and serve Man, angelical Befrienders.
Bdwin Armold, Light of the World, p. 24.
beg, v. 3.--To go a-begging, to go about begging; figu-
ratively, to have difficulty in finding a purchaser (for
something offered for sale) or an incumbent (for an office
to be filled), etc.; hence, to be in little demand; have
little or no value or acceptance.
begar (be-går"), n. [Hind. begår, forced labor
(begārī, a forced laborer), K Pers. bikär, with-
out work, unemployed (bikāri, idleness), K bi,
without, + kär, work.] Forced labor in some
parts of India, as in the construction of roads,
irrigating banks, etc. [Anglo-Indian.]
begarry (be-gā ‘ri), m. ; pl. begarries (-riz).
[Hind. begåri : see *begar..] One who is en-
gaged in forced labor. See *begar. [Anglo-
Indian.]
bºg; 71.-Beggar’s ultramarine black. Same as
'p
amish black (which see, under black).—Beggar's vel-
vet, the loose, fuzzy, wool-like particles which collect in
the seams of clothing and under furniture, carpets, etc.
3. A name of the European
stickseed, Lappwla Lappwla; of the hound's-
tongue, Cynoglossum officinale; of the species
of Meibomia (see *beggar-weed, 2); and proba-
bly of other plants with adhesive seeds or pods.
2. A plant of any species of
Meibomia, the tick-trefoil, particularly of M.
tortuosa, the Florida beggarweed. This is a tall
Species, native in the West Indies
and probably in southern Florida,
now found very valuable for for-
age and soiling purposes on light
Sandy soils in the warmest parts
of the southern United States.
Beggiatoa (bej-i-at’ā-ā), n.
[NL. (Trevisan, 1842),
named after Beggiato, an
Italian botanist.] A genus
of filamentous bacteria.
consisting of non-septate,
mostly colorless filaments
containing sulphur gran-
ules and possessing an un-
dulatory motion. They occur
chiefly in Sulphur springs and sea-
water. B. alba is the most com-
mon species; it occurs on decay-
ing plants in Sulphur springs and
produces slimy flakes. ... -
Beggiatoaceae (bej"i-a-tó-
â’sé-é), m. pl. [NL., K. Beg-
giatoa + -aceae.] A family
of filamentous bacteria,
typified by the genus Beg-
giatoa.
eggingly (beg’ing-li), adv.
In the manner of a beggar;
as a beggar. Florio.
Even my bonnet . . . how beg-
gingly she looks at that.
;iº
º§
:
b
Beggiatoa alba.
'a, living filament, show-
ing sulphur granules; 5,
filament after treatment
with sulphur carbonate.
Magnified.
begift (bé-gift (), v. t.
thrust gifts upon. Carlyle.
begigged (bě-gigd’), p. a.
behemic (bé-hen'ik), a.
behem-oil (bé’hen-oil), m.
behenolic (bé-he-nó'lik), a. [behem + -ol + -ic.]
Behmenism, n.
Behmenist, n.
behold, v. t.
behram (bā‘rām), n.
beige, a. II. m.
beiju (bā-é-zhö’), m.
being, m.
beingness (bé'ing-nes), n.
be-inked (bé-inkt’), p. a.
beisa.
Same as benic.—Be-
hemic acid, a crystalline acid, C22H4402, found in behen-
oil from the seeds of Moringa Moringa. It melts at 73° C.
Same as ben-oil.
Derived from behemic acid.—Behenolic acid, a
crystalline acid, C22H40O2, obtained by treating dibrom-
behenic acid with alcoholic potash. It melts at 57.5°C.
Same as * Boehmenism.
Same as *Boehmenist.
4. In astrol., to cast (an aspect).
A copper coin of Mysore,
equal to half a pice,
A thin, wiry dress-fabric of
worsted, originally unbleached, but now made
in all colors and many designs.
beignet (bān-yā'), n. . [F.] Afritter composed
O
f various ingredients.
[Pg., from Braz.] The
name in Brazil for cassava-bread. See cassava.
7. A living; livelihood; means of
subsistence; home. Spectator, No. 544. [Ob-
solete or prov. Eng.]
“I shall have enough to do to keep a beein for you.”
(Mrs. Gummidge meant a home) “again you come back —
to keep a beetm here for any that may hap to come back,
Dan’l.” Dickens, David Copperfield, xxxii.
Truth of being, the totality of that which is such as it
is independently of any assertion about it ; truth in the
objective sense.
beingless (bé'ing-les), a. Without being; non-
existent. Galt.
Actual existence;
entity. J. Chandler.
Smeared or daubed
with ink. Charlotte Brontë, Villette, xxxv.
(bi’sä), m. [Northeast African.] A
large antelope, Orya, beisa, of northeastern Af-
-: º: . . .
<=S-->2< ºr. . .
-*::::::=5 =:
"--ºxº~:= <3
** ---
Beisa (Ory.v. &cisa).
rica, of a light-gray color with black markings.
he horns are long, almost straight, and di-
rected backward. It is a near relative of the
South African oryx, Q. gazella. See oryz.
Same as bejan.
2. A name applied especially to
alms, species of Calamus and Dae-
OWn commercially as ratans. The
foot. [Slang.]
beetle-sticker (bé'tl-stik’ér), n. A jocular
name for an entomologist.
beetle-weed (bé’t]-wéd), n. See A Galaa.
Beet—root gum. See Agwm2.—Beet-root sugar. The
manufacture of Sugar from beets has attained an enor-
mous development, a larger product from this source
than from sugar-cane being made, in ordinary years, for
the general commerce of the world. Sugar from these
two plants is, when purified, absolutely the same sub-
stance.
beet-scab (bět'skab), n. A disease of beet-
roots, caused by the fungus Oöspora scabies.
See *scab.
beet-sugar (bět ‘shūg” fir), n. Same as beet-
ºroot sugar, under beet-root.—Beet-sugar indus-
try, the commercial production of sugar from the beet.
in the Ünited States this business after many failures be-
canne successful from 1888 onward. In 1903 there were
55 factories in operation with a total annual capacity of
$28,104 tons of sugar. The State of Michigan led, fol-
lowed at rather long intervals by California, Colorado,
Utah, Nebraska, and New York, five other States havin
one factory each. See #Sugar-beet. The annual perio
of working up the crop, called the campaign, occupies
about 100 days. In the factory the beets, after being
washed and weighed, are sliced into cossettes (see & cos-
sette) and the sugar is extracted in a “diffusion battery,” .
consisting of 14 air-tight cylindrical steel vats, each hold-
ing several tons, in which, under some pressure, the cos-
settes are subjected to 14 applications of hot Water, the li-
Miss Mitford, Our Village, I. 51. bejant (bě'jant), m.
To bejuco, n.
climbing
momorops,






- bejuco.
stems are remarkable for their tenacity, flexibility, and
length, and are used in the construction of bridges,
houses, and fish-corrals. They also furnish material for
cordage, for the cane bottoms of beds and chairs, and
for hats, mats, and fine cigar-cases. See ratan, 2, and
calamus, 3. [Philippine Is...]
beknown (bé-nón"), a. Known: as, “the sea-
man was beknown to me,” Dickens, Mutual
Friend, I. ii. 12.
bel, n. A simplified spelling of bell.
#. E. L. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Eng-
lish Literature: same as * B. Lit.
belah (bé’lā), m. [Native Australian.] The
desert she-oak, Caswarina glauca, widely dis-
tributed throughout Australia, yielding a hard,
durable wood. Also beala, belar, billa, and
beal ; known among the colonists as bull-Oak.
See she-oak.
belamarine (bel-am'a-rin), m. [Appar. bel-
(ladonna), + Amar(yllis) + -ine?..] An alkaloid
formed in the tubers of Amaryllis belladonna,
which grows in the islands of the Caribbean
Sea. It crystallizes in colorless needles.
belay, v. t.—Belay, there I hold on stop! enough 1–
an order to sailors preparatory to making fast the rope
on which they are hauling.
bel canto (bel kän’tó). [It..] The art of sing-
ing in an artistic and finished manner, espe-
cially after the best Italian operatic tradi-
tions, often with emphasis upon a smooth and
expressive delivery of cantabile passages.
belduque (bel-dó’kâ), m. [Mex. Sp.; said to be
a corruption of Sp. verdugo, a sword.] A large,
heavy sheath-knife, used in Mexico and some
parts of the western United States.
belemnitoid (be-lemºni-toid), a. [Belémmites
+ -oid.] Allied to Belemnites.
Belemnocrinus (be-lem-nokºri-nus), m. [NL.,
K. Gr. 36%plvov, a dart, + Kpivov, a lily.] The
only genus of an extinct family of the Crimoi-
dea, or fossil encrimites, termed Belemnocrini-
daº. It occurs in the Lower Carboniferous
rocks of the Mississippi valley.
loelemnoid, a. II. m. One of the Belemnoidea; a
belemnite or fossil dibranchiate cephalopod,
or a related form. -
Belemnoidea (be-lem-noiſ dé-á), m. pl. [NL.,
K. Gr. 36% euvov, a dart, + eiðog, form.] An order
or suborder of the dibranchiate cephalopods,
now almost extinct, but very abundant in the
Mesozoic age. They have internal chambered shells
with septa traversed by a siphuncle, the posterior part
of the shell bearing a calcareous guard or sheath. The
arms, 10 in number, are provided with hooklets. Some
authors include in this suborder the coiled living Spirula.
In several of the fossil species the head, arms, and ink-bag
of the animal have not infrequently been preserved.
Belemmoteuthidae (be-lem-nó-tū‘thi-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Belemnoteuthis + -idae.] A family of
Belemnoidea, or dibranchiate cephalopods, with
a shell composed of a conic phragmag.one and
proëstracum, and the rostrum or guard greatly
reduced. The species are found in the Trias-
sic and Jurassic rocks.
Belemnoteuthis (be-lem-nó-tū’ this), n. [NL.,
K Gr. 3éAeplvov, a dart, + Tevflig, a squid.] The
typical genus of the family Belemmoteuthidae.
beletter (bé-let’ér), v. t. 1. To write letters
to ; invite or inform by letter.
The University-orator . . . belettered all the lords of
the privy-council. Fuller, Hist. Camb., p. 179. N. E. D.
2. To decorate with letters or with appended
abbreviations of office or title, such as F. R.
G. S., M. R. A. S., LL.D., etc. [Rare in both
uses.]
The mania prevalent among people of more ambition
than performance for belettering themselves.
Belinurus (bel-i-niā’rus), n. [NL., appar. an
error for *Belonurus, KGr. 3e36vm, a needle, --
* z-
oùpá, tail.] The typical genus of the family
Belinuridae.
Belis (bé'lis), n. [NL. (Salisbury, 1807), in
allusion to the form of the leaves, K. Gr. 3éAog,
a dart..] A genus of trees of the family Pima-
ceae. See Cwmminghamia.
bell", n. 2. (g) The movable cap of a blast-furnace.
It is lowered to put in the charge of ore, and rises after
the charging to keep the top gas-tight. (h) An enlarged
section at the end of a cast-iron pipe, the purpose of
which is to furnish a means of making a joint with the
next pipe.
5. A bell-shaped rock-mass of somewhat
doubtful origin occurring occasionally in
sedimentary rocks. The inverted position of
of these masses leads to the theory that they
were the result of some local disturbance of
sedimentation. Some may be due to contem-
poraneous eroSlon.— Bell and spigot, a form of
cast-iron pipe commonly used for underground pipe-
G -zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz/
Sº-L - - - - - - - ---- -
Lazzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz º
Cross-section of Bell-and-Spigot.
lines. Each length of pipe has one straight end, the
other end forming a bell large enough to receive the
straight end of the next length.
—Belldollar, the silver glocken-
thaler of Brunswick, which has
on it the representation of a bell.
—Bow bells, the celebrated peal
of bells of Bow Church (properly
the Church of St. Mary le Bow),
situated in Cheapside, near the
center of the City of London.—
Cap and bellS. See Acapl.-
Liberty bell, the bell which
was in the tower of the state-
house (since called Independence
Hall) in Philadelphia, and which
was rung on the occasion of the
proclamation of Independence
made July 4, 1776. It happened
to bear a biblical inscription
(“Proclaim liberty throughout
the land unto all the inhabitants
thereof.”) which made its use on
that occasion especially appro-
priate, and established its popu-
lar name.—Savart's bell and
resonator, an apparatus used
to show the influence of boxes
in strengthening sound. A hemi-
spherical brass vessel is set in
vibration by means of a violin
bow. A cardboard cylinder,
closed at one end, is then placéd
at varying distances and inclina-
tions, to show its effect as a
resonator.— Uterine bell, one
of the peculiar bell-shaped or
funnel-like structures, with mus-
cular Walls, found in the ne-
mathelminth Echinorhynchus,
whose contractions serve to draw
into the bell the impregnated
eggs which float freely in the
body-cavity, and to force them
along into the uterus and vagina
and thence to the exterior.—
Within the SOund of BOW
bells, within the limits of the
City of London.
Having been born within the sound of Bow-bells he can-
not help being a son of Cockaigne.
Punch, Dec. 30, 1894, p. 294.
Bell process. See *process.
belladonna, n.-Japanese belladonna, Scopolina
Japonica, the rhizome of which appears in trade as a
substitute for belladonna. º
belladonnine (bel-a-don’in), n.
Uterine Bell.
Female Genital Appara-
tus of Echinorhynchus.
Diagrammatic. a, ovaries;
b, ligament; c, anterior
aperture of uterine bell ; d,
posterior ditto; e, anterior
aperture of one of the two
oviducts (g); /, uterine
bell ; /t, uterus; f, female
ape’ture; 7, vagina. The
arrows indicate the course
taken by the eggs in pass-
ing from the body cavity
to the exterior. (From
“Lang's Comparative
Anatomy.”)
[belladonna
belly-bar
bell-faced (bel'fast), a. Having the striking
face convex or rounded: said of a hammer.
bell-horse (bel’hôrs), n. 1. A horse wearing
a bell; especially, a horse adorned with bells,
ribbons, etc., used in , celebrating May-day,
which, in consequence, is called bell-horse day.
[Eng.]–2. A workman who finds it to his ad-
vantage to exert himself more than his fellow
employees, in order to give grounds for the
discharge of those who cannot keep up with
the pace set by him. ...[Slang, Eng.]
bellicosity (bel-i-kos’i-ti), n. ; pl. bellicosities
(-tiz). Bellicose tendency or disposition; war-
like intention or desire. Manchester Easaminer,
July 9, 1884.
bellite º , n. [Bell, a proper name, F -ite?..]
An explosive, of Swedish invention, consisting
of a mixture of 5 parts of ammonium nitrate
with 1 part of meta-dinitrobenzene, melted to-
gether, pressed while warm, and granulated.
bell-joint (bel’joint), n. An abbreviation of
bell-and-Spigot joint.
bell-moth (bel'môth), n. The oblique-banded
leaf-roller, Archips rosaceana, an American
tortricid moth which when at rest holds its
wings in the shape of a bell; also, any other
tortricid moth of similar shape.
Bellocq's cannula. See cannula.
bellows, m. sing. and pl. 2. In photog., that
part of a camera which connects the front and
back portions and is capable of being extended
or closed as desired.—3. In organ-building, the
extensive apparatus by which air is supplied
and compressed for the sounding of the pipes.
It usually includes two distinct parts, an oblique bellows,
or feeder (resembling the ordinary household bellows,
but on a large scale), by which the air is pumped into
the reservoir, and a reservoir, called the storage-bellows,
which is a horizontal bellows (having its top and bottom
boards parallel and connected by creased folds of leather)
so loaded by blocks of lead or other weights that the air
Within is maintained at a constant compression or ten-
sion. From the reservoir lead off the wind-trunks by
which the compressed air is supplied to all parts of the
instrument. Furthermore, on the wind-trunks are usu-
ally placed Small bellows with springs, called comcussion-
bellows, panting-bellows, or winkers, by which sudden ir-
regularities in pressure are taken up and counteracted.
—Facings bellows, in foundry-work, a hand-blower for
distributing fine dust or facings over a mold, to give a
finished surface to it, preparatory to casting.—Hessian
bellows, a blower invented in Thuringia about 1621. It
consists of a flat vane having an inlet-valve for air, which
reciprocates in a sector-shaped box. The air-outlet is
close to the hinge.
bellows-leather (bel’öz-leq'H'ér), n. Leather
used in the manufacture of bellows: usually
made from side leather.
bellows-tongue (bel'čz-tung), n. A large
tongue stitched in each side of a shoe (usually
high-laced) to the top, for protection against
snow and water. &
bell-pipe (bel’pip), n. A pipe with a bell or
socket at one end to make the joint with the
next length.
bell-pit (bel’pit), n, In mining salt and other
minerals, a pit which is gradually widened to
100 or 200 feet in diameter, becoming cylindri-
cal below.
bell-scale (bel’skål), n. In bell-founding, a
scale or standard of reference of any sort b
which the dimensions, proportions, or it.
of a bell are measured.
bell-strap (bel'strap), n. A strap running
lengthwise through a railway or other car and
attached to a signal-gong.
belltopper (bel"top-er), n. A colloquial name
ºn May 49 isºs, N. E. D. H. -ine”.] An amorphous alkaloid, C17H21NO2, in Australia and to some extent in Great
beleve, v. An obsolete form of believe.
Belgian blocks, nearly cubical blocks of granite, trap
or other suitable stone used for pavements.- Belgian
canary. See Acanary.—Belgian-Silesian furnace.
See &furnace.
belief, n.-Primary belief, in the philosophy of com-
mon sénse, one of the irresistible beliefs which no man
sane enough for the business of life can really doubt,
and which, not in the least doubting, we really regard as
infallible truths, whether we set down a doubt of them
on paper or otherwise make believe to doubt them, or
riot.
beliefless (bé-lèf’les), a. Having no belief; in-
disposed to believe.
And most beliefle88, that had most believed.
Clough, Easter Day, i. 10.
believ, v. A simplified spelling of believe.
Belinuridae (bel-i-müºri-dé), m. pl. [NL., K
Belinurus + -idae.] A family of merostome
crustaceans closely allied to the living limulus
and resembling a larval phase of that Crab.
The cephalothorax is broad, abdomen with distinct seg-
ments, and the telson a long Spine. They occur in the
Devonian and Carboniferous rocks.
Belleville boiler.
associated with atropine or hyoscyamine in
Atropa Belladonna. -
Bellani lucimeter...See *lucimeter.
bella-moth (bel’a-móth"), n. A moth, Utetheisa
bella (which see with cut).
belland (bel’and), n. A form of lead-poison-
ing to which lead-miners are subject. Coal
and Metal Miners' Pocket-book.
bell-bearer (bel’bàr-ér), n.
Bocydium tintimmabuliferum.
bºnder (bel’bin-dér), n.
2%Ol.
bell-bird, n. 4. In New Zealand, one of the
Meliphagidae, Anthornis melamura.-5. In Aus-
tralia, Oreoica gutturalis, one of the shrikes.
bell-bottomed (bel’bot"umd), a. Having flar-
ing bottoms: as, üeli-bottomeå trousers.
bell-cord n.—Bell-cord hanger, a swinging strap or
rod suspended from the roof of a passenger-car and
carrying a guide-ring for a bell-cord.
Belleek ware. See *ware.—Carved Belleek.
See American *porcelain.
See *boiler.
A leaf-hopper,
Same as bell-
Britain for a tall silk hat.
bell-tree (beltré), n. 1. The silverbell, Mohro-
dendron Carolinum.–2. A tall branching frame
bearing several small bells which can thus be
shaken at once: usually a mere toy, but occa-
sionally used in popular band-music.
Bellvale flags...See ºftagé.
bell-wheel (bel’hwél), n. A form of toothed
wheel in which the pitch-surface is a frustum
of a hyperboloid of revolution. This gives to the
wheel a shape which, in projection, suggests the usual
profile of a church bell. It was used in textile practice
in former times to give a special and varying velocity-
ratio of the driving and the driven shaft,
belly-ache, n.—Dry tº: girdle-pain in the
abdomen, due to disease of the spine. º &
belly-bar (bel’i-bār), n. A bar used in piano-
forte-making. See the extract.
Beneath the strings from where the hammers rise, to
the bent side, back, and end of the case, is the sound-
board of spruce fir, barred beneath with batons, usu-
ally of the same wood, technically “belly-bars,” which
strengthen the belly, and by increasing its elasticity, ex-
tend its power to form nodes or centers of vibration, and


belly-bar,
thus respond more promptly and effectively to the vibra-
tions which are passed to it from the strings, when set
in movement, through the hardwood belly bridge.
- Sci. Amer. Sup., May 6, 1905, p. 24586.
belly-bump (bel’i-bump), adv. Prone on a
sled, as a child in sliding down hill. Dialect
Notes, III. iii, 181. ... [New England.]
belly-bumper (bel’i-bum/pér), n. The act of
sliding down hill prone on the sled. In New
York, etc., belly-whopper. Also used adverb-
ially. [New England.]
bellyman (bel’i-man), n. ; pl. bellymen (-men).
In pianoforte-making, one who makes or fits
the soundboards.
Belly River series.
belly-stay, n. 2. A
which goes under the belly of the boiler, act-
ing as a support for the latter and binding the
See #Series.
Belted.
* plain.—Belted #.
angular belt is used to transmit power to the driving-
wheels instead of a chain or a shaft and gears.
er. See :*::::::: plains. See
an early type of armored war-
ship in which the hull protection was concentrated in
the water-line armor-belt. White, Manual of Naval
Arch., p. 38.
belt-fºrk (belt’ſork), n. A two-pronged de-
vice for shifting the operating belt of a ma-
chine from one pulley to another.
belt-frame (belt" frām), n. In shipbuilding,
a frame to which a belt of protective armor
is to be attached, and hence built up of plates
and angles much deeper and stronger than
bending-machine
other purposes.—Anxious bench. See kanzious
Beat.— Mourners’ bench. See &mourner1.-Optical
bench, an apparatus suitable for experiments in optics,
particularly on the interference of light. It consists of a
properly supported horizontal brass bar, accurately gradu-
ated, along which vertical uprights can slide freely. A
vernier is attached to each upright. An adjustable slit,
a metal plate for holding special instruments, and a mi-
crometer eyepiece with cross-wire form the usual outfit.
—Sloid bench. See k&loid.
bench-board (bench/bórd), n. A board used by
molders, on which the pattern is laid when
starting to fill the flask with sand. This board
is removed after the flask is turned over, so
those of the ordinary frames: same as *web- that the cope can be put on.
7°0.7%62.
catgut. It is usually round and quite small.
belt-knife (belt’nif), n. A knife which re-
bench-diggings (bench'dig"ingz), n. pl.
late on a locomotive belting, n.—Gut belting, machine belting made of mining, river placers not subject to overflow:
bench-grinder (bench'grin"dēr), n. A small
In
machine for grinding which, having short legs,
frame-plates together. When the locomotive volves over wheels, as a band-saw or circular is set on a bench to bring it to a convenient
has inside &ylinders the belly-stay also carries saw : used in splitting hides or skins. Modern height.
the cross-head guides.
belodont (bel'č-dont), n. . [Belodon.] A mem-
ber of the reptilian family Belodontidae.
13eloidea (bel-3-iſdé-á), n. pl. [NL., K. Gr.
3éñoç, a dart, + eiðoc, form.] A family of sol-
itary or colonial peripylaean radiolarians hav-
ing a skeleton of loose silicious needles. It
contains the genera. Thalassosphaera, Thalas-
soplaneta, Physematium, Belomozoum, and
Sphaero20 wºm. -
belonesite (be-lon’é-sit), n. [Said to be K Gr.
Beñóvm, a needle (referring to the form of the
crystals), + -ite?. The proper form belonite is
used in another application.] A magnesium
molybdate *...; in white acicular tetrag-
§ #ystals: found on Vesuvius in the lava
O ©
Belonesox (be-lon’é-soks), n. [NL., K. Gr.
Bežávn, a needle, + L. esoa, a kind of pike (see
Esoa;).] A genus of poecilioid fishes found in
Honduras: characterized by the elongate jaws.
B. belizamus is the known species.
bgºbia (bel-à-nó-fö'bi-á), n. [NL., K
Gr. 38%óvn, a needle, F -poſta, K poſłeiv, fear.]
A morbid fear of needles and pins.
belonospherite (bel'č-nó-sfé'rit), n. [Gr. 3e-
Żóvm, a needle, --_opalpa, sphere, + -ite2.] A
term devised by Vogelsang (1872) for minute
spherulites with radiate crystalline texture,
often found in partly glassy lavas, especially
the more silicious ones, such as rhyolite, and in
artificial glasses. Compare globospherite and
*granospherite.
Belosepia (bel-à-sé’pi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3é20g,
a dart, -i- or tria, a cuttlefish.] A genus of
dibranchiate cephalopods or cuttlefishes from
the Eocene Tertiary rocks.
Belou (bel’ö), n. [NL. (Adanson, 1763, adopted
from Rheede, 1682), from one of the forms of
(Bengali?) bel, a Hindu name of the Bengal
quince, Below Marmelos.] A genus of dicoty-
ledonous plants belonging to the family Ru-
taceae. See AEgle.
Belpaire fire-box. See *fire-boa.
belt, n. 6. In a war-ship, the side of the ves-
sel, in the vicinity of the water-line, protected
by external armor-plating. A complete belt is
one in which the armor extends from stem to
stern: a partial belt extends over only part of
the length.-7. In archery, a strap for sus-
pending the quiver: usually worn round the
waist of the archer.—Belt of high pressure, belt
of low pressure. . See *.*.*.*. of rains. See
*raiml.—Cotton belt, the portion of the southern
United States adjoining the Gulf of Mexico and the At-
lantic (including North Carolina), where cotton is best
and most extensively cultivated. See Cotton States, un-
der cottoml.—Thermal belt. See kthermal.
belt-armor, n. It extends from 4 to 6 feet below the
surface of the water and to varying heights above it. In
vessels with a partial belt the armor-protection is com-
pleted at the ends by a diagonal or athwartships belt in
the interior from side to side. In modern vessels the
armoring of the side is continued above the belt by the
casemate armor.
belt-concentrator (belt’kon "sen-trä-tor), n.
See A concentrator.
belt-conveyer (belt’kon-vā’ér), n.
veyer, 4.
belt-coupled (belt’kup"ld), a. Connected by
a belt: applied specifically to a machine which
is driven by an engine through a belt instead
of directly or by gears.
belt-course (belt’körs), m.
CO70°S63. º
belt-driven (belt'driv'n)
by means of a flexible béit. It is used of pumps,
air-compressors, electric generators, etc.; somewhat in
opposition to direct-connected, which indicates that no
transmission element intervenes; and Specifically of
a form of motor-cyclé or motor-car in which a flat or
See *.com-
Same as string-
a. In mach., driven
bemaster (bě-mâs’tēr), v. t.
Amer. Tanning, p. 110.
belt-perch (belt/pérch), n. A wooden or metal
bar placed beside a belt-pulley to support the
belt when it is thrown off the pulley for re-
pairs. This prevents the belt from being
caught on the revolving shaft.
belt-pump (belt 'pump), n. A belt-driven
pump.
belt-punch (belt 'punch), n. A punch made
up in the form of pliers for piercing holes in
belting through which the lacing or rivets are
assed when the ends are coupled together.
eltrami's equation. See *equation.
belt-stretcher (belt'strechӎr), n. A piece of
mechanism for stretching new leather belts,
especially when they are to be laced or ce-
mented, so as to make them grip the pulleys
tightly.
belt-table (belt’tā’bl), n.
Centrator.
belt-tightener, n. 2. A device used for pull-
ing the ends of a belt together when they are
to be laced or cemented. Clamps are attached
to the ends of the belt, and are then drawn
together by screws.
belugite (be-lii’git), n. [beluga + -ite2.] In
petrog., the name proposed by Spurr (1900) for
granular igneous rocks intermediate in compo-
sition between diorite and diabase, especially
as to the lime-soda feldspar, which is andesine
or labradorite.
belying (bé-li’ing), m. The telling of lies about
one; calumniation: as, “backbiting and bely-
ing,” Swinburne, Essays and Studies, Pref. x.
bemaim (bé-mām"), v. t. To maim seriously;
wound.
Spoiled of their goods, bemaimed and slaine.
Stow, Annals, p. 673.
To master com-
pletely.. . B. Taylor, Trans. of Goethe's Faust.
Bembecides (bem-bes’i-déz), m. pl. [NL., K
Bember (-bec-) + -ides.] The Bembecidae consid-
ered as a group of less than family rank: vir-
tually synonymous with Bembecinae.
bembil (bemºbil), n. [Australian.] In Aus-
tralia, Eucalyptus populnea, a tree yielding a
hard, heavy timber used for building purposes
posts, and mauls. From the leavesis obtaine
an oil resembling cajeput. Also called poplar-
boa; and red boa.
bementite (bé’ment-it), m. [Named after C.
S. Bement of Philadelphia.] A hydrated man-
ganese silicate occurring in grayish-yellow
stellate forms with micaceous structure: found
at Franklin Furnace, New Jersey.
Same as *belt-con-
benl, adv. 2. In mining, inward; toward the
workings. Scotch..]
beni, n. 2. In mining: (a) The right to enter
the mine and work. A workman may claim
his ben, have his right to cars acknowledged,
and delegate it to his boys. Hence—(b) A
day's work. The terms quarter-ben, half-ben,
three-quarters-ben are used to demote the pro-
portion of a man’s darg, or day’s output of
mineral, which a youth is able or allowed to
put out. Barrowman, Glossary. [Scotch..]
benab (bā-nāb'), m. [Also benaboo, from a ma-
tive name (Carib?) in Guiana.] A temporary
shelter made of leaves and branches and sup-
ported on a framework of poles. Also benaboo.
[Guiana.]
Bence-Jones albumin, albuminuria, albu-
mose. See *albumin. -
bench, n. 8. (b) (2) A horizontal subdivision
of a bed of coal or other mineral.—11. A
glass tray in which microscopical slides can be
placed, in a vertical position, for staining or
benchlet (bench’let), n.
bench-level, n.
benchucha (ben-chö’chá), n.
bending-machine, n.
[bench + -let.] A
small bench ; a stool. Carlyle.
2. The elevation of a sur-
veyor's bench-mark above a given or datum-
plane.
[From some
S. Amer. source?] A large South American
reduviid bug, probably of the genus Comorhinus,
which sucks the blood of warm-blooded ani-
mals, including man.
benchy (bench'i), a. In mining, characterized
by benches, as a lode or bed.
bendl, m. 13. Power; ability: as, that is above
my bend. [Colloq., western U. S.]–14. A seg-
mental plate or ring on which the movable
carding-surfaces of a revolving flat cotton-
carding machine run and are adjusted in their
relation to the main cylinder or drum. Na-
Smith. Cotton Spinning, p. 101.-15. pl. Same
as caisson-disease. The Century, Nov., 1903,
p. 45. [Colloq.]
benda (ben (dà), m. An Ashanti gold coin.
bender, n. 6. A mechanical device for bend-
ing or drawing a crossbow.
bendigo (ben’di-gó), m. A rough fur cap named
from a noted English pugilist. Stand. Dict.
bending-form (ben ‘ding-fôrm), n. In hard-
ware, a form of bench-anvil used in bending
Steam-, gas-, and water-pipes.
2. In wood-working, a
power-machine for bending wood into the va-
rious forms required in making vehicles, agri-
cultural tools, and furniture. Two types are in
use : in one the wood, while soft and hot from the steam-
ing-bath, is bent without additional heat; in the other
the machine itself is steam-heated to assist in keeping
the steamed wood hot until the bending is complete. In
all machines there is a master-form of metal fixed in the
machine, to give the wood the required shape, and a
second form for holding the Wood in place until bent.
In some machines the form is removed with the wood
to keep it bent until cold and rigid ; in others the wood
is bound by a shackle or other device for retaining its bent
form, and removed from the machine and allowed to cool,
when the shackle can be removed.—Hydraulic bend-
ing-machine, a machine for bending metal rails, beams,
plates, etc., used in ship-building. . It consists of a mas-
sive anvil, former, or table for supporting and guiding the
sº " Tº
|| || |
º º
Ship's-plate Bending-machine.
a, table supporting anvil or lower die; b, b, &, guideways and
supporting posts; c, c, hydraulic cylinders; d, d, rams; e, e, cross-
heads carrying former or upper die; f, former.
beam, rail, or plate while it is subjected to the pressure
of one or two hydraulic rams. The large machines are
essentially double hydraulic presses, employing two ver-
tical rams that carry a long former which bends the
metal laid on the table under it into the required shape.






bending-rolls
bending-rolls (ben’ding-rölz), n. pl. A ma-
chine having a set of rolls, either horizontal
or vertical, so arranged that a plate passed be-
tween them while they revolve will be curved
to any desired radius. If it is desired to curve the
plate until its two edges meet, the bending-rolls must be
so made that the bearing at one end can be removed to
provide for taking out the plate.
benduqi (ben-dò’kē), n. [Also benduky, ben-
diky; KAr. bunduqi, a Venetian sequin or ducat,
lit. ‘Venetian,’ & Bunduq, Turk. Vendik, G.
Venedig, Venice, K L. Veneticus, adj., K Venetia,
Venice.] A gold coin of Morocco. ſº
benedicence (bé-ned’ i-sens), n. [NL. as if
*benedicentia, K. L. benedićere, bless: see bene-
dict.] Kindly speech. M. Williams.
IBenedictinism (ben-à-dik’tin-izm), n. The Sys-
tem and method of religious life and thought
exemplified in the Benedictine order.
benedictional, n. II. a. Pertaining to or of
the nature of benediction; pertaining to
blessings given according to the prescribed
rite; also, relating to objects so blessed.
Small benedictional crosses belong to each altar, and
processional crosses are common. º
Encyc. Brit., XXVII. 238.
benedictive, a. 2. Expressing desire or wish;
recative: a form of the optative mood in
anskrit verbs.
The aorist has also an optative, of somewhat peculiar
inflection, usually called the precative (or benedictive).
Whitney, Sansk. Gram., § 533.
benedictively (ben-É-dikºtiv-li), adv. With
the force of the benedictive mood. See *bene-
dictive, 2.
benedite (ben'e-dit), m. An explosive con-
taining 92–95 parts of ammónium nitrate and
5–7 parts of colophony.
benefactorship (ben-3-fak’tgr-ship), m. The
position or relation of benefactor: as, “his
benefactorship to his country,” Bales.
benefactory (ben-É-fak’to-ri), a. Benefit-con-
ferring; beneficial: as, benefactory results.
benefice (ben’é-fis), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bene-
ficed, ppr. beneficing. [benefice, n.] To endow
or invest with a benefice. Wyclif.
beneficial, II. m. 2. In 206l., an animal which
benefits man by destroying or checking the
increase of animals injurious to him.
Group G.— Auinnals which are known as “beneficials,”
on account of their being destructive to or checking the
increase of the injurious animals classed under Groups
D, E, and F. Examples:– Certain carnivorous and in-
sectivorous birds, reptiles, and Amphibia; parasitic and
predacious insects, acari, myriopods, etc.
Jowr. Roy. Micros. Soc., April, 1904, p. 172.
Benefit of cession, in civil law, immunity from future
imprisonment of a debtor for his present debts upon sur-
render of his property for the benefit of his creditors.
Bengal blue, isinglass. See *blue, *isinglass.
bengalin (ben’ga-lin), n. [Bengal F -in”.]
One of the Janus coal-tar colors. Same as
indoin. A blue. Also bengaline.
bengaline (ben'ga-lin), n. [Bengal + -ine?..]
A fine, corded dress-fabric for women’s wear.
It has a silk warp and a worsted weft. The latter is so
introduced as to form a cord, though entirely concealed
on both surfaces by the silk warp.
bengaza (ben-gā’zā), m. A Sponge of some-
what coarse texture found in deep water and
used by the Turks as a bath-Sponge.
beni (bā’mé), m. The name (‘Japanese beni ’)
of Caryopteris (Mastacamthus) incana, a hardy
shrub native to China and Japan, cultivated
for its late summer bloom. The leaves are petio-
late, ovate, or oblong, the flowers Small, violet-blue, or
lavender-blue. It is known in the trade as the blue spiraea.
benighted (bé-nit'ed), p. a. Overtaken with
night; hence, involved in moral darkness or
ignorance: as, benighted Hottentots.
benjamin1, n. 2. In Australian Pidgin-Eng-
lish, a married man ; a husband.
Benjamite (ben'jā-mit), n. A descendant of
the patriarch Benjamin, son of Jacob.
Bennet's fracture. See *fracture.
Bennettitaceae (ben"e-ti-tä'sé-é), m. pl. [NL.
(Salms-Laubach, 1887), K Bennettites + -aceae.]
A family of gymnospermous fossil plants of
the order Bemmetti tales. It is distinguished from the
Cycadaceae by having the reproductive organs, which con-
sist of spadices surrounded by involucral bracts, em-
bedded in a thick jacket or armor (see Aarmor), and pro-
jecting only slightly or not at all beyond it. It contains
the genera º Bennettites and ACMeadeoidea,(which, see).
The numerous trunks of this family have all been found
in Mesozoic strata, chiefly Jurassic and Lower Creta-
CeOll3, º; in England, France, Italy, Maryland,
and South Dakota. • * * * * *
Bennettitales (ben-e-ti-tä(16%), ". pl. [NL.
Éngier, 1892), K Bennettites + -ales.] An or-
º: of fossil plants, of the class Gymnosper-
ima, containing the family Bennettitaceae only,
though further research may show that this
should be divided into several families.
Bennettites (ben-e-ti’téz), n. [NL.(Carruthers,
1871), named in honor of ãohīj oseph Bennett,
an English-botanist.] A genus of gymnosper-
mous fossil plants, type of the family Bennet-
titaceae and order Bennettitales. It is characterized
by the presence of seeds borne on long stalks and deeply
embedded in the silicified armor. These seeds have been
discovered in only a few specimens, and those in which
they do not occur are referred to the genus Cycadeoidea,
a name which has priority. It is probable that all the
fertile plants actually bore them, and therefore the dis-
tinction is purely artificial. See *Cycadeoidea.
Bennington pottery... See American *pottery.
beno (bé’nó), m. An English spelling of Span-
ish vino, wine, applied in the Philippine Islands
to aguardiente.
In view of the vile whiskey and “bemo” selling dens
which have sprung up around the army posts since the
canteen was abolished, the military authorities here have
asked the Commission to prohibit the sale of liquors
within two miles of a military post, except in the case of
a few stations.located in large towns.
Med. Record, April 4, 1903, p. 547.
bentl, a. 3. In mining, said of a coal-seam
which is difficult to work on account of the
unequal distribution of the weight of the over-
lying strata. [Scotch..]—4. Bound in some
direction or toward an aim; set; pointing
toward something.
bentl, n. 8. (b) The articulated group of mem-
bers forming a plane frame of a framed struc-
ture, such as a bridge-truss, a braced pier, or a
building-frame. A bent of trestle would com—
prise aï the members in one transverse plane
including the sill, cap, vertical and in ălined
posts, and transverse bracing-members.-11.
A cleavage-plate of slate whose sides are
slightly curved, cut from gently folded beds.
The rock surface may be but a few inches below the turf
or may be buried beneath 30 to 40 feet of glacial deposits.
There is frequently a flexure of the cleavage (“curl”) for
a few inches near the ribbon ; more rarely there is a cur-
vature of the cleavage across the entire bed. Slates cut
from such beds are called “bents, ’’ and are used for cover-
ing curved or conical roofs.
Contrib. to Econ. Geol., U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902, p. 362.
bent”, n-Blackbent. (b) The switch-grass, Panicum
virgatum.—English bent, the redtop, Agrostis alba.—
Long-leafed bent, the sand-grass, Calamovilfa longi-
Jolia.- Panic bent, the Munro-grass, Panicwm agros-
toides.— Rhode Island bent, the dog-bent, Agrostis
canina, one of the best lawn grasses. Less properly, A.
alba, Rough bent, Agrostishyemalis.--Rough-leafed
º, #roºts a8perifolia.-Sea-coast bent, Agrostis
COQ.7"CUCLUQ.
benthic (ben'thik), a. . [benthos ---ic.] Living
upon the bottom as distinguished from living
in the water above; submarine; benthonic.
Benthocometes (ben"thū-kö-mé’tāz), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. 38 v6oc, depth, + kouffrnç, countryman.j
A genus of deep-sea fishes of the family
Brotulidae.
Benthodesmus (ben-thé-des' mus), n. [NL., K
Gr. 38 v6og, depth, + jeoplóg, band..] A genus of
deep-sea fishes allied to the mackerel, belong-
ing to the family Lepidopodidae.
benthonic (ben-thon'ik), a. . [Irreg, K benthos
+ -on-ic.] Living upon or in the bottom of
the sea as distinguished from the water; sub-
marine. Benthonic organisms are contrasted with those
that are water-dwelling or planktonic. Many animals are
benthonic during part of their lives and planktonic during
another part. Most hydroids are fixed to the bottom, or
benthonic, while the medusae which they produce and set
free swim in the water and are planktonic. See benthal
and kplanktomic.
The Challenger observations have shown that the bot-
tom in this ºrhoº! is covered by an exceedingly
rich benthonic fauna. Geog. Jowr. (R. G. S.), XIII. 58.
benthos (ben'thos), n. [Gr. 8&v6oç, depth, akin
to Bá00g, depth: see bathos.] The plants and
animals that live in the sea-bottom, and those
that are attached to its surface, and those
that creep or run over it: a collective noun
introduced by Haeckel. The benthos is con-
trasted with the plankton, or floating and swim-
ming fauna and flora of the sea. It includes
all the marine macrophytic algae, also some
phanerogams, the sea-grasses (see sea-grass, 1),
as well as an abundance of microphytic algae
(diatoms, etc.). It is divided into the sedentary
and the vagile or vagrant benthos, the former
including organisms attached to the bottom,
the latter those moving over it. See plankton,
*nekton.
Others again have no natatory organs, and are either
permanently fixed, like Zoophytes and Stalked Crinoids,
or move by .*; over the sea-bottom, like Starfishes,
Holothurians, Chaetopods, etc.; such forms constitute
the benthos, or “bottom fauna.”
Parker and Haswell, Zoology, II. 600.
Abyssal benthos, the animals that live upon or in the
bottom of the deep sea.— Littoral benthos, the animals
benzidam
and plants that live upon or in the bottom of the Waters
in the vicinity of the coast.
Benthosauridae (ben-thé-sà'ri-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Benthosaurus + -idae.] A small family of
deep-sea fishes with well-developed maxillary
and very long ventrals, allied to the Synodon-
tidae.
Benthosaurus (ben-thé-sā’rus), n. [NL., K
Gr. 3évôog, depth, + gaipog, lizard.] genus
of fishes, typical of the family Benthosauridae.
The species B. grallator is found in the Gulf
Stream.
Benthosema (ben-thé-sé’mâ), m. [NL., K. Gr.
Bévôog, depth, + of ua, a sign, mark, token.]
A genus of lantern-fishes of the family Myc-
tophidae, found in the waters about Greenland.
Benton shale. See *shale2. º
bentonite (ben’ton-it), n. [Benton + -ite2.]
A variety of clay occurring extessively in the
Fort Benton strata of the Cretaceous of Wyo-
ming. While containing chiefly silica, alumina, and
water, with about 60 per cent. or more of the first-named,
it nevertheless has so many other bases as not to be re-
fractory, but rather to resemble fullers' earth.
and Min. Jowr., Oct. 22, 1898, p. 491.
bent-wood (bent'wud), n. Wood in rods, bars,
and narrow boards and moldings softened in
steam and fastened while hot into a curved
clamp to give it a bent form. When cold and
removed from the clamp it retains its form.
Used in boat-building and infurniture-making.
—Bent-Wood furniture, chairs and other furniture
made of round rods of wood bent into various artistic
forms and usually having cane seats.
benum, v. t. A simplified spelling of benumb.
benylene (ben’i-lén), m. ... [ben(2eme) + -yl 4-
Fene.] A hydrocarbon, C15H23, of the acety-
lene series, formed by the action of alcoholic
potash on triamylene bromide.
benzal (ben’zal), n. [benz(eme) + º-alb.] 1.
An organic radical having the formula C6H5CH
and a valence of two.—2. A prefix sometimes
used to indicate that a compound is derived
from benzaldehyde.—Benzal green. Same as ben-
zaldehyde green (which see, under greeml).
benzaldoxime (ben-zal-dok’sim), n. [benzal-
d(ehyde) + oxime.] The oxime, C6H5CH:NOH,
of benzaldehyde. It exists in two forms—
antibenzaldoxim, which melts at 35° C., and
synbenzaldoxim, which melts at 1289–130° C.
benzamarone (ben-Zam’a-rón), n. [benz(al-
dehyde) + L. º , bitter, H--one..] A crys-
talline compound formed by allowing an alco-
holic solution of desoxybenzoin, benzalde-
hyde, and potassium hydroxid to stand. It
melts at 2.18° C.
benzanilide (ben-Zan’i-lid), n. [benz(oyl) +
amil(ine) + -ide?..] The benzoyl derivative of
aniline, C6H5NHCOC6H5. It crystallizes in
leaflets which melt at 161° C.
benzeim (ben’zé-in), n. [benz(oin) + -e-in?..]
A triphenyl carbinol or one of its derivatives
in which two of the benzene nuclei are hydrox-
ylated: as, phenol benzein, CºH,C޺.
6 -V_N >
The benzeins are formed by the condensition
of benzotrichlorid with phenols, and are dyes.
Benzene nucleus. See ºnucleus.-Benzene ring, the
graphical or structural representation of a molecule of
benzene by the closed chain or ring, proposed by Kekule
in ; It is usually written in the form of a hexagon,
8.8 IOII.OWS :
Engin.
H H
| | x
C C
H * No H H c(Do H
| || or IX' ('
H – C C – H. H–C' | NC–H
SS / N /
C C
| |
H H
Kekule's Formula. Centric Formula.
benzenoid (ben’zé-noid), a. [benzene + -oid.]
Derived from or related to benzene. Rep. Brit.
Ass’n Advancement of Sci., 1900, p. 166.
benzerythrene (ben-zer’i-thrém), m. . [benz-
(ene) + Gr. Špuffb6g, red, + -ene..] A colorless
hydrocarbon, C24H18, contained in anthracene
oil and formed by passing benzene through a
red-hot tube. It crystallizes in leaflets and
melts at 3079–308°C.
benzhydrol (benz-hi(dról), n. [benz(ene) +
hydr(ogen) + -ol.]. Diphenylmethanol or di-
henylcarbinol, (C6H5)2CHOH, a compound
ormed by the reduction of benzophenone. It
crystallizes in needles which melt at 68° C.
benzidam (ben’zi-dam), n. [benz(ene) + -idl
+ am(monium).] The name given to aniline
benzidam
by Zinin in 1840, when he prepared it by re- zoic acid, C6H5CN. It is an oil with an odor like #. pan. See *pan1.
erduque, n.
benzo-olive (ben-zó-ol’iv), n. A direct cotton #: grit. Same as Berea sandstone.
©reC
ducing nitrobenzene with ammonium sulphid. . that of bitter almonds. It boils at 190.6°C.
... [Now obsolete.] º
benzidine (ben’zi-dſm), n.
+ -ine?..] The common name for para-diamino-
diphenyl, one of the aromatic bases having the
formula NH2.C6H4-C6H4. NH2. It is an im-
portant raw materialin the preparation of many
of the direct cotton colors.--Benzidine blue,
Colors. See arblue, Arcolor.—Benzidine rearrange-
ment, a molecular rearrangement by which benzidine is
formed from ... C6H5NHNHC6H5, or by
which other hydrazo compounds undergo a similar trans-
formation. The rearrangement takes place under the
influence of dilute acids and is important as a step in
the preparation of many dyes, especially those of the
“Kongo” series.— Benzidine red. See arred1.
benzilam (ben’zi-lam), n. . [benzil + am(mo-
§ (?).] The compound triphenyloxazole,
6H5 - C – tº º ſº
| }cCahs. It crystallizes in prisms
N
CaFIK - C –
whº melºt 115° C.
Benzilic acid, diphenylglycolic or diphenylhydroxyacetic
acid, (C6H5)2C(OH) CO2H. It isformed by warming benzil
with alcoholic potash. It crystallizes in needles which
melt at 150° C.
benzimino (ben-zim' in-Ö), n. Noting an ester
of the general formula C6H5NH-Q-R, salts of
which are formed by the action of hydrochloric
acid and an alcohol on benzonitrile. The ethyl
ester is an oil which forms a crystalline hy-
drochlorid. Also called, less correctly, ben-
2imino ether,
benzo-. A combining form of benzene, some-
times used to indicate that a compound is re-
lated to benzene or one of its homologues. Its
significance is not definite, as is the case with such pre-
fixes as methyl-, phenyl-, etc. In color-chemistry its use
commonly indicates a direct cotton color, as in benzo-
blue, benzo-purpurim, etc. The direct cotton coal-tar
colors are sometimes spoken of as the benzo colors.-
Benzo-black, blue, etc. See the Anouns.—Benzo sky-
blue. Same as diamine ksky-blue.
m. Either of
benzo-azurine (ben-zö-azh’ü-rin)
[benz(ene) + -idl coal-tar color of the trisazo type, derived from
benzidine. It dyes unmordanted cotton a
greenish olive in a neutral salt bath.
benzo-orange (ben-ző-or'ānj), n. A direct cot-
ton coal-tar color of the diazo type, derived
from benzidine and containing a salicylic-acid
oup. It dyes unmordanted cotton orange
rom an alkaline salt bath.
benzophenone (ben-ző-fé'nón), n. [benzo(ic) +
phen(ſl) + -one..] Diphenylketone, (C6H5)2CO,
a compound formed by the dry distiſlation of
calcium benzoate. It melts at 48°C. and boils
at 306.1° C.
benzoquinone (ben-zó-kwin’ön), n. [benzo(ic)
+ quinone..] Same as quinone.
benzosol (ben(zô-sól), n. [benz(oyl) + -ose +
-ol.] A colorless, tasteless, crystalline com-
pound, C6H4OCH3OCOC6H5, obtained by the
action of benzoyl 㺺d upon guaiacol; guaia-
col benzoate; benzoyl guaiacol. It is some-
times taken internally for intestinal tubercu-
losis and diarrhea.
benzotrichlorid (ben"zö-tri-klö’rid), n. [ben-
20(ic) + trichlorid.] Phenyltrichiórmethane
or 1, 1’, 1'-trichlortoluene, C6H5CCl3, a color-
less ſiquid formed by the action of chlorin on
boiling toluene. It has a penetrative, irritating odor,
and boils at 214°C. It is used in the preparation of ā
number of dyes. f
Benzoyl chlorid, the chlorid of benzoic acid, C6H3COCl.
It is a colorless oil with a pungent odor. Its vapor is
very irritating to the eyes. It boils at 195° C.
benzoylacetylperoxid (ben”zö-il-as’e-til-pér-
ok'sid), n. [benzo(ic) + acetyl + peroxid.]
A compound having the formula C6H5CO.O.-
cine. A trade-name, acetozone, is sometimes
used for this compound.
e g b .* Benzyl acetate, an important constituent of the natural
two direct cotton coal-tar colors (benzo-a2urine Tessential oils of jasmine and ylang-ylang, used in perfum.
G. and 3G) of the diazo type, derived from , ery-Benzyl blue, violet. See *blue, violet; , ,
dianisidine. They dye unmordanted cotton benzylidene (ben-zili-dén), n. [benzyl + -id-
blue in an alkaline salt bath. + -eme.] , Same as *benzal.
benzo-black (ben-zó-blak’), n. A direct cot- bepatched (bé-pacht'), p. a. , Much or fre-
ton coal-tar color of unpublished composition. quently patched; wearing patched clothes.
benzo-blue (ben-zó-blö’), n. A name applied You ragged vagabond.... you bepatched and bespattered
to three distinct cotton'éoal-tar colors (benzo- **** Addison, Sir Roger de Coverley.
blue BB, BX, and 3G), of the diazo type, de- ber (bār), m. [Hindi ber.] The name in India
rived from benzidime or tolidine. They dye of the jujube or Chinese date, Zizyphus Jujuba.
unmordanted cotton various hues of blue in a Also called badari. See jujube, 1, and Chinese
neutral salt bath. They are similar to some date, under *dates.
of the diamine blues. berakah (be-rā’kä), n. ; pl. berakoth (-kót).
benzo-brown (ben-zó-broun’), m. Same as [Heb., K barak, Ar., baraka, bend the knee,
alkali "brown.—Benzo-brown B and G, two direct bless, praise.]. A blessing; a benediction.
cotton coal-tar colors of the tetrakisazo, type. The The blºsings and thanksgivings generally begin with the
former is produced by combining diazotized sulphanilic words Baruk atah Adomai (“Blessed art thou, O Lord").
acid, and the latter diazotized naphthionic acid, with The pious Hebrew eats or drinks nothing without a bene-
Bismarck brown. They dye unmordanted cotton various - diction before and after.
shades of brown from a neutral salt bath. berakoth, m. Plural of *berakah.
benzo-cyanine (ben-zó-si'a-min), n. A direct berascal (bě-ras'kal), v. t. ; pret. and pp. beras-
cotton coal-tar color of unpublished composi- caled or berascalled, ppr. berascaling or beras-
tion. It dyes unmordanted cotton a bright calling. To brand as a rascal; rate as a ras-
blue from a salt bath. cal. Fielding, Jon. Wild, II. iii.
benzo-flavin (ben-zó-flav'in), n. A basic coal-berbamine (běr ‘ba, min), n. . [Berb(eris) +
tar color of the acridine type. It dyes unmor- amine.]. A crystalline alkaloid, C18H19NO
danted wool and silk and tannin-mordanted -H 2B2O, found in Berberis vulgaris, the com-
cotton a bright yellow. mon barberry. The anhydrous alkaloid melts
benzo-gray (ben-zö-grä’), n. A direct cotton at 156° C. tº e $
coal-tar color of the trisazo type, derived from berber? (bër’bër), n. [Origin uncertain. See
benzidine. It dyes unmordanted cotton gray *barber?..] A cold fog, analogous to fine sleet,
from a neutral salt bath.
Benzoic sulphimide. Same as saccharin, 2–German See *barber2. [New York City.]
benzoic acid, a term formerly applied to benzoic acid berberic (běr’ be-ruk), a. [ Berber(is) + -ī c.]
made from horse-urine. Deri tº
ſº tº * * erived from berberine.—Berberic acid, a crys-
benzoin, n. 2. [cap.] A genus of aromatic di- anime acià, C.Hso Hºo, obtainºy". Higº.
cotyledonous trees or shrubs of the family berine with potassium hydroxid.
Lauraceae. See Lindera.-3. A compound, position at about 165°C., giving homopyrocatechinol.
C6H5CHOHCOC6H5, formed when benzalde. berberid (bër’bé-rid), n. [Berber(is) (see bar-
berengelite (be-ren 'ge-lit), n.
Berenicea (ber-à-nis'é-á), n.
beresovite (be-res’ā-vit), n.
bergamiol (bér-gam’i-ól), n.
bergaptene (bér-gap"tén), n.
bergschrund (berg’shrönt), m.
berg-till (berg’til), n.
berilic (be-ril'ik), a.
which freezes to one's face and hair or beard. berith milah (be-rét’mé’lā), n.
It melts with decom- Berkefeld filter.
Berkeleyite (bérk’lé-it), m.
berlin
Same as *belduque.

thian (ber-i-sin'thi-an), a. . [Gr. Be-
peköv6og, Bepekövtzog, adj., from Bépékvvrog, a
place in Phrygia.] Of or pertaining to Bere-
cynthos, a place in ancient Phrygia.-Berecyn-
an mother, Cybele, who was called “the mother of
the gods,” and whose worship was common in Phrygia, in
the Berecynthian forest or Berecynthian mountains,
[Berengela
(see def.) + -ite?..] A substance resembling
bitumen or asphalt, found in the province of
San Juan de Berengela, Peru, locally used for
calking and paying ships.
[NL., K. L. Bere-
nice, Gr. Bepevikm, a feminine proper name.] A
genus of cyclostomatous bryozoans growing
as thin discoid crusts on foreign bodies, the
zooecia being arranged in irregularly alternat-
ing lines. These organisms are found in rocks as old
as the Silurian, became very abundant in Mesozoic time,
and are present in existing seas.
[Berezof, a min-
ing district and place in Russia, in the govern-
ment of Perm, ---ite2.] A chromate and car-
bonate of lead occurring in deep-red crystalline
lamellae: found at Berezof in the Ural.
[bergam(ot) +
-î-ol.] Linaloyl acetate, the principal constit-
uent of the essence or essential oil of berga-
mot, now prepared in separate form and used
in perfumery.
A lactone, C12-
HgC4, corresponding to ethenylol-phentriol-
propenylic acid, H.O.CH:CHC6H(OH)3CH:-
CHCO2H: found in oil of bergamot. It crys-
tallizes in needles which melt at 188° C.
O.COCH3, a solid which melts at 40°C. It is a Bergen game. See *gamel.
powerful germicide and has been used in medi- bergenin (bér’je-min), n. An indifferent, crys-
talline, bitter substance, C8H10O3 + H2O. It
melts at 130° C. -
[G., K berg,
mountain, + Schrumd, a gap, crevice.] A
crevice between a glacier and the rocky wall
of its valley. The bergschrund is the scene of thaw-
ing under the sun's rays during the day and of freezing at
night, and along it frost is very destructive, furnishing
the loose rocks for moraines. Jour. of Geol., Nov.-Dec.,
1902, p. 846.
bergstock (berg'stok), n. [G., “mountain stick’:
see berg and stock.] An alpenstock; a long
stick with a spike at the end, used in moun-
tain-climbing.
Glacial debris carried
and deposited by icebergs.
When icebergs bearing till or bowlders floated out into
lakes which bordered the ice-sheet, deposits were made
in the water which bear resemblances both to till and to
lacustrine clays. If the icebergs bore till, this might be
deposited intact if the icebergs grounded. If the bergs
bore only, bowlders and stones, these were dropped into
the lacustrine clay. The stones and the clay or mud
might be in the relative proportions appropriate to till.
Such deposits would be, in some respects, unlike ground
moraine, both in physical constitution and in topography,
but the two classes of deposits may so closely resemble
each other that their local differentiation is no simple
matter. Deposits of berg till are quite certainly existent
in New Jersey.
R. D. Salisbury, in Geol. Surv. of New Jersey, 1892, p. 44.
[ber(berine) + -il + -ic.]
Noting a crystalline, monobasic acid, C20H15-
NO3, obtained by the oxidation of berberine
wift potassium permanganate. It melts at
1989–2000 C,
[Heb. beräth,
covenant, + milah, circumcision.] The cove-
nant of circumcision. The rite of circumcision is
performed on every Jewish male infant on the eighth day
after his birth.
See Afilter1.
Same as Berke-
leian.
hydé is boiled with alcohol containing a little berry) + -id”.] A plant of the family Berberi- Berkshire (běrk'shir or bärk’shir), m. [A
potassium cyanide. It melts at 130° C. and boils , daceae.,. s ) Z - ſº te
at 344°C. Also diphenylethanolone. berberilic (bér-be-ril'ik), a... [Berber(is) + -il
benzol, n.—Ninety-per-cent. benzol, the mixture of + -īc.] Derived from berberine.--Berberilic
hydrocarbons obtained from coal-tar which distils over at acid, an acid, C20H19NO9, formed by oxidizing berber-
temperatures not exceeding 110° G.; so called because 90 ine with potassium permanganate. It melts with the
per cent. of it distils below or at 100°. It usually con- formation of an anhydrid at 177°-182°C.
tains about 70 percent, benzene and 25 per cent, toluene, berberonic (běr-be-ron'ik), a. . [Berber(is) +
and is used in the manufacture of nitrobenzene (oil of g º t •lo ow:
* * * * > -one + -ic.] Derived from berberine. —Berbe-
mirbane) and of aniline oil, from which aniline dyes are ronic acid, 2,4, 5-pyridine triearboxyllic acid, C5H2N-
made.
* * * * & it tº (CO2H)3. it is formed by the oxidation of berberine
benzoleic (ben-ző-lé'ik), a. Of or pertaining with #, acid. It crystallizes in prisms which melt at
to benzol.—Benzoleic acid. Same as *tetrahydroben-
zoic acid. * &
benzometadiazine (ben"zº-meta-di-az'in), n.
[beng(ene) + metadiazine (?).] Same as *quin-
azoline. e &
benzonitrile (ben-zö-nitril), n. [benzo(36) +
nitrile.] Phenyl cyanide or the mitrile of ben-
Berchemia (bér-ké’mi-á), m. [NL. (proposed
by Necker, 1790, established by De Candolle,
#25. of unknown significance.] An unten-
able name for OEnoplia a genus of usually
climbing shrubs belonging to the family Rham-
maceae. See *OEnoplia.
berley (bér’li), m.
shire of England.] A breed of pigs which had its
origin in Berkshire, England. These pigs are of
moderate size, with short legs and straight backs, and the
color is mainly black. ir
[Origin unknown. Morris
suggests that it is aboriginal Australian.]
Among Australian fishermen, ground-bait.
berlin1, m. 3. A dance similar to a polka (which
see), –4. A fine kind of dyed wool used for
knitting fancy articles, tapestry, etc.—5. A va-
riety of boxed sleigh, used for passengers or
goods,--Berlin black. See ablack-Berlin coach
the name given to a berlin when made up with a paneled
boot instead of a hammer-cloth seat.— Berlin defense.
See #defense.—Berlin rockaway, a carriage in which
the characteristic features of the berlin and the rockaway
are combined.—Berlin Warehouse, a shop where Berlin
wool and fancy articles are sold.
Bertillon system.
berlinet
berlinet (běr-lin: et’), m. [berlin + -ett..] A
small berlin with interior seats for two persons.
berlingot (ber-lan-gó"), n. [F. berlingot, for-
Berycinae (ber-i-si'né), m. pl. [NL., K. Berya,
(Beryc-) + -īnā’.] A subfamily of fishes typi-
fied by the genus Beryð;. -
bethphany
bessy-cerka (bes-i-Sèr’kä), n. IOrigin not as:
certainedj Šame as oiáſ, 2%)."
best, a. 5. Specifically, noting a certain grade
merly brelingot, Kberlingue, brelingue, variations beryl, *::= Golden beryl, a golden-yellow transparent of wrought-iron, which is generally divided
of berlinde, berlien, a berlin.] A carriage of variety of beryl found in Connecticut and elsewhere: used into four grades: crown, best, best best, and
the berlin type, with the front quarter removed
and cut longitudinally to halfits original width:
fitted for only one passenger.
Berlinism (bèr' lin-izm), n. A manner of
of Speech or method of doing things peculiar to
Berlin, or to some persons there.
He [Prof. Steindorff] contrives also – more German-
Ol'um — to introduce into his memoir some extraordi-
nary spellings, such as “Gize” for Ghizeh, “Othoes” for
Teta, “Phiops” for Pepi, “Psemtek” for Psammetichus,
and “Echenaten" for Khuenaten, with the apparent in-
tention of showing that, even when deprived of the com-
mas and crotchets of “Berlinism,” German scholars can
yet render unrecognizable to the unlearned reader the
most familiar names in Egyptian history.
Athenæum, Sept. 19, 1903, p. 887.
berlinite (bér’lin-it), m. [Named after Prof.
N. H. Berlin of Lund, J A hydrated aluminium
phosphate occurring in from gray to rose-red
massive forms: found in Sweden.
berm, n. 3. In railroad engin., the narrow hori-
zontal plane between the foot of the embank-
ment or excavation slope and the top of the
slope of the side-ditch. -
Bermuda “bluefish, *catfish, *lily, *shil-
ling. See the noums.
Bernardston series. See *series.
Bernician, group. See *group1.
Bernissartian (bér-ni-sār’ti-an), a. and m.
[Bernissartia (see def.) + -an.] "In geol., no-
ting a group of clays and sands in Belgium lying
at the base of the Cretaceous system. They lie
beneath beds of Upper Neocomian age and represent in
part Neocomian time. The name is derived from Ber-
missart, Belgium, “where in a buried system of Cretaceous
ravines remains of the terrestrial and fluviatile life of the
time have been , well preserved ” (Geikie). Formerly
termed *Aachenian (which see). -
Beroida (bě-roi’dá), m. pl. [NL., K. Beroë, a
genus, + -oida.] An order of Ctenophora.
They have an elongate, somewhat compressed body, no
tentacles, Wide mouth and spacious stomodaeum, and
the meridional vessels produced into a complex system of
anastomosing branches. The order contains the family
Beroidae. Also Beroidea.
berri-berri, n. See beriberi.
berro (ber’rö), n. . [Sp. berro, water-cress.]
The name in Porto Rico for the common water-
cress, Roripa Nasturtium.
berrugate (be-rö-gā’te), m. [Sp. (Dominguez),
appar. equiv. to *berrugado, verrugato, warty,
K berruga, verruga, K. L. verruca, a wart.] A
serranoid fish, Lobotes pacificus, found on the
Pacific coast of Central America.
berryl, 7t.— Baked-apple berry. Same as baked-
apple.— China, berry. Same as chima-tree.— Gall
berry. See kgall-berry.—Holm berry, a berry of the
butcher's-broom, Ruscus aculeatus (so called from its re-
semblance to a holly berry), or the plant itself. Some-
times called kneeholm.–Miraculous berry, a shrub be-
longing to the family Sapotaceae, Symsepalum dulcificwm,
native to Upper Guinea, West Africa : so named by the
English colonists from the exceedingly sweet fruits and
from the long duration of the sweet flavor upon the
palate. The natives use the fruits for sweetening stale
and sour food and palm-wine. — Molkaberry, the cloud-
berry, Iºwlrw8 Chamaemorus. [Alaska.]—Purple berry,
a Tasmanian evergreen twining shrub, Billardiera longi-
flora, of the family Pittosporaceae, bearing showy greenish-
yellow flowers and purple berries.
berseem (bér-sém'), n. . [Egypt. Ar. barsim
(Spiro).] The Alexandrian or Egyptian clover,
Trifolium Alexandrinum, the principal forage-
plant and soil-plant of Egypt. It is an annual and
of great value as a winter crop in warm countries where
irrigation is practised. It has been introduced into
America for trial, especially along the Rio Grande.
berth?, v. I. trams. 2. To find a berth for;
provide with a “job” or “situation.”
Comfortably berthed in the City Chamberlainship.
Leslie and Taylor, Sir Joshua Reynolds, II. 365.
II. intrams. To occupy as living-quarters on
shipboard: used with in.
A part of the crew berth in the forward part of the
'tween deck. Buck, Med. Handbook, I. 519.
Berthelot calorimeter. See *calorimeter.
Bertie dolomite, water-lime. See *dolomite,
Salina ºbeds.
See *system.
bertillonage (ber-té-yo-nāzh"), m. [F., K. Bertil-
lon, a personal name.] The identification of
criminals by the Bertillon system. See*System.
Bertin's ligament. See *ligament. *.
Bertolonia, (bér-tº-ló’ni-á), n. [NL. (Raddi,
1820), named in honor of Antonio Bertoloni
(1775-1869), an Italian botanist.] An unten-
able name for Triblemma, a genus of plants of
the family Melastomaceae. See*Triblemma.
as a semiprecious stone.
beryllium, n. Some evidence has lately been brought
forward which indicates that another element may per-
haps be present in beryllium, which has heretofore been
supposed to be simple.
beryllonite (be-ril'gn-it), n. [beryll(ium) +
-on- (?) + -ite?..] A phosphate of sodium and
beryllium (glueinum), NaBel’O4, occurring in
colorless orthorhombic ºystºs
Maine.
berzelium (bér-zé'li-um), m. [NL. (Ch. Basker-
ville), K Berzelius, a Swedish chemist (1779–
1848).] A supposed new chemical element of
which the chlorid was obtained by fractional
sublimation of thorium chlorid. The oxid of ber-
zelium, it is said, has a greenish color and does not phos-
phoresce with ultra-violet light.
Berzelius's lamp. See *lamp.
besa,2 (bâ’sä), n. [E. African coast.] A cur-
rent coin of Benadir, equivalent to one fourth
of an anna, or about half a cent.
besan (bå-sån’), n. A Creole name of the
Moorish idol, Zanclus canescens, a fish of the
tropical Pacific.
bescoundrel (bé-skoun' drel), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. bescowndreled or bescoundrelled, ppr. be-
scoundreling or bescowndrelling. To call “scoun-
drel"; apply the epithet “scoundrel' to.
Where surly Sam . . . Nassau bescow.ndrels.
Wolcott, To Boswell, Works, I. 313.
beshade (bé-shād’), v. t. To put in the shade;
envelop in shade ; shade.
The highe tre the ground beshadeth. Gower.
beshadow (bé-shad'ö), v. t. To cast a shadow
upon; overshadow: as, beshadowed by huge
trees.
beshame (bé-shām"), v. t.
Abp. Parker.
beshear (bé-shër’), v. t. To shear or shave all
round: used chiefly in the past participle.
besil, m. Same as bezel.
besonnet (bé-son’et), v. t.
“brate in sonnets.
Belles, who had been beson meted . . . for ten years be-
fore. P. Kennedy, Swallow Barn, p. 60.
besoot (bå-såt'), v. t. To soil with Soot; blacken
with soot ; besmut.
Was it fit that hee should besoot his face with the same
paintings?
Şiabbe, Aleman's Guzman d’Alf., I. 12. N. E. D.
besouled (bé-söld’), p. a. Ensouled; endowed
with a soul.
Besowled with earnest human noblemeSS.
Carlyle, Past and Present.
bespectacled (bå-spek'ta-kld), p. a. Wearing
spectacles; having spectacles on: as, a prim,
bespectacled schoolmaster.
bespeed (bé-spéd’), v. t.
prosper.
Men set to woo . . . for others take often opportunity
to bespeed themselves. Jackson, Creed. N. E. D.
bespined (bě-spind'), a. Covered with spines,
or furnished with many spines.
bespirit (bé-spir'it), v. t. 1. To fill or endow
with spirit.—2. To possess with a familiar
spirit.
The letter had no spirit in it; . . . but he aduised
me, that he which wrote it should be beeSpirited.
Hellowes, Gueuara's Epistles, p. 55.
besplash (bé-splash"), v. t. To Splash all over;
wet with splashing.
He besplashes and bemires the ladies who are walking.
W. Taylor, in Annual Review, II. 288.
bespout (bé-spout"), v. t. 1. To recite in
a pompous or affected manner.-2. To pester
with too much “spouting” or oratory.
Woe for the age, woe for the man, quack-ridden, be-
speeched, bespouted. Carlyle, Miscellanies, IV. 138.
bespred, v. t. A simplified spelling of bespread.
bess-bug (bes’ bug), n. . [Origin not obvious.]
A large American beetle, Passalus cornutus.
bessemerize (bes’ e-mêr-iz), v. t.; pret, and pp.
bessemerized, ppr. bessemerizing. To subject
(metal) to the Bessemer process; remove car-
bon, sulphur, or other combustible elements
from (iron or steel) by forcing air through the
material to be treated in a melted condition,
as in the process, invented by Bessemer, for
the production of mild steel or fused wrought-
iron from cast-iron. See Bessèmer process, un-
der process, and Bessemer copper "process.
besgroot (bes’röt), n. provincial corruption
of birthroot. Small, Flora Southeastern #. S.
To put to shame.
To address or cele-
To speed; cause to
: found in
best best best or treble best. This classification
is largely arbitrary, and there is considerable difference
between the Same grades of different manufacturers.
bestar (bé-stär"), v. t. To sprinkle with stars;
adorn with stars. Sylvester, Trophies.
bestialism (bestial-izm), n. Bestial condi-
tion or state; irrationality. Rossetti.
bestialist (bes’tial-ist), n. One who makes a
study of beasts. Swinburne.
bestiarianism (bes-ti-ā'ri-an-izm), n: Bestia-
rian principles; the principles of the bestia-
rians or friends of the beasts.
bestrewment (bé-strö’ment), m. The act of
strewing about ; as, the bestrewment of flowers.
Blackwood's Mag., LVII. 526. º
besugo (bå-så'gó), n. [Sp. beSugo, the sea-
bream, Sparws pagrus L.] The Cuban name of
the red porgy, Pagrus pagrus.
bet?, n. T 3. In faro, a card which is a case,
that is, the only one of that denomination re-
maining in the box: so called because the
layer cannot be split. Amer. Hoyle, p. 348,-
eeled bet, in faro and some other games, a bet which
plays two different events, the lowest chip being on one
card and the remainder of the chips tilted toward the
other. — Mouth bet, a bet, especially in poker, made
without putting up any money or counters. . [Slang.]—
Open bet, in faro, a bet which is not coppered.—To bar
a bet. See Abar:1.—To press a bet, to increase the
amount of a bet after losing one, in order to regain what
has been lost.—To raise a bet, in poker, to increase the
bet of the preceding player.—To string a bet, in faro
to lay the chips composing a bet so that they are spread
out instead of being stacked up, to indicate either that
the bet takes in a remote card or that it is on odd or on
even cards only.
Betal (bé’tā), n. [NL. (Linnaeus, 1753, adopted
from Tournefort, 1700), K. L. beta, the beet.]
A genus of dicotyledonous plants belonging
to the family Chenopodiaceae. They are annual
or biennial herbs with fleshy roots, distinguished from
Chemopodium by the three small bracts at the base of
each flower and by the fact that the ovary is embedded
in the succulent base of the perianth, which thickens
and hardens as the fruit ripens, becoming angular and
sometimes toothed or prickly. The genus includes 5 or
6 species, natives of Europe, the Orient, and northern
Africa. Some of the species are ornamental. For B.
vulgaris, see beet, 1, and see beet-chards, under chard2.
beta,3 (bā’tā), n. [Fijian name.] In the Fiji
Islands, a plant of the ginger family, Zinziber
Zerumbet. See *awapuhi.
beta-galactan (bé’tá-ga-lak'tan), n.
as Alupeose.
beta-naphthol (bé-tá-naf'thél), n. A naphthol
having the hydroxyl (OH) group in the beta
position; 3-naphthol. See naphthol.—Beta-
naphthol Orange. See korangel.
betanglement (bé-tang'gl-ment), n. A tan-
gled condition. J. Hawthorne, Fort, Fool, I. ii.
beta-rays (bé’tä-rāz), m. pl. See *ray1.
Betelgeuze (bet-el-géz'), m. . [F., explained
as K. Ar., ibt-al-jawea, “the giant's shoulder.”]
A reddish star of the first magnitude, situated
in the right shoulder of the constellation
Orion, and known to astronomers as a Orionis.
bète—rouge (båt-rözh"), n. [F., ‘red beast.’]
A larval mite of the spurious genus Leptus,
probably a larval Trombidium, which in the
West Indies corresponds to the so-called ‘red
bug' or ‘jigger’ of the southern United States.
It infests low-growing shrubbery and readily transfers
itself to the legs of pedestrians, penetrating the outer
skin and causing much inflammation.
beth? (beth; Heb. bāt), n. [Heb. béth (båt),
construct form of bayith (bayit), a house.] The
second letter (n) of the Hebrew alphabet, cor-
responding to the English B. Its numerical
value is II.
bethabara (beth-ab'a-rá), n. A trade-name of
the wood of the was fiba tree, a native of
British Guiana. It resembles black walnut in color,
is hard and of close grain, and because of its strength
toughness, and resiliency is used for making bows and
fishing-rods. Also called bow-wood.
beth-din (bâtº-dén'), n. [Heb, béth (båt) din,
lit. ‘house of judgment.’] . Among Jewish
Orthodox communities, a tribunal which is
composed of the rabbi and two or more daya-
Ill Ol (judges). Cases in dispute, whether ritual or
secular, are brought before this tribunal for decision.
After careful deliberation and research in Talmudic and
other standard rabbinical authorities, judgment is given,
from which there is no appeal.
betheral (beth’ér-al), n. A variant of Scotch
bedrall. Galt, Annals of the Parish.
bethphany (beth'fa-ni), m. [ML. bethphania,
an artificial term, K Heb. beth, house, H- Gr.
(être)?ávta, epiphany.] In the artificial lan-
Same
bethphany
guage of the schoolmen, the ‘third divine
manifestation’ of Christ, namely in the mira-
cle of the wine at the house in Cana, commemo-
rated on the feast of the Epiphany.
bethumb (bé-thum"), v. t. To soil or mark
with frequent thumbing, as in turning the
leaves of a much-read or much-studied book.
Bethylidae (be-thil’i-dé), m.pl. [NL., K. Bethy-
lus + -idae.] A curious family of proctotrypoid
hymenopterous parasites, containing about
twenty wide-spread genera and many species
parasitic upon insects of several different
orders.
betimbered (bé-tim’bèrd), p. a.
furnished with timbers; built.
Wenerable buildings betimbered with dark oak.
Hugh Miller, First Impressions, p. 172.
betis (bā’tés), m. [Philippine Sp., said to be from
a Tagalog name.] A name applied in the Philip-
pines to a large forest tree, Madhuca Betis
(A2aola Betis of Blanco), belonging to the
sapodilla family. It has simple oblanceolate leaves
which are clustered near the ends of the branches, and
clusters of greenish, many-stamened flowers, with long
peduncles. The wood is brownish or red with lighter
markings. It resists the attacks of the ship-worm an
is highly prized for piles for wharves and piers, and for
keels and other timbers in ship-building. It yields logs
from 40 to 65 feet long and from 16 to 20 inches Square.
betol (bé’tól), n. [beta + -ol.] A trade-name
of the 3-naphthyl ester of salicylic acid,
HO.C6H4CO2C10Hz. It is crystalline and melts
at 95°C. It is an antiseptic and febrifuge.
betone (bé-tón"), v. t. To give a special tone
to; lay stress upon; accentuate; emphasize.
betrail (bě-trāl’), v. t. To trail over or about.
Fuller, Joseph’s Coat, p. 221.
betrample (bé-tram (pl), v. t. To trample over;
affect by much trampling: as, “a field . . .
betrampled every day with horse,” Golding.
betrodden (bé-trod’en), p. a. frodden again
and again. Carlyle.
betrumpet (bé-trum (pet), v. t. To trumpet the
praises of. Carlyle.
betrunk (bé-trungk’), v. t. To deprive (a river)
of its lower course or trunk by submergence
or by the erosion of the land by the sea. e
The former rivers have been betrunked by subsidence.
I. C. Russell, Rivers of North America, p. 218.
better", adv.–To think better of, to reconsider and
change one's mind or One's plans.
Betterment tax. See *taa.
Betts's process. See *process.
betty, m.—Brown betty a baked pudding made of
sliced apples, bread-crumbs, and molasses or brown
Sugar.
Betula, resin. See *resin.
betulaceous (bet-i-lä’shius), a. Belonging to
the family of plants known as Betulaceae; re-
sembling or allied to the birches.
between-brain (bě-twenſbrån), m.
'tween-brain.
betweenness (bé-twén’nes), n. 1. The quality
or fact of being between.—2. In math., the or-
dinal quality possessed by one of every three
points on a straight line, in virtue of which it
may be said to lie between the other two
points.
Of Hilbert's betweenness assumptions, axioms of order,
one of the five is redundant.
Science, March 11, 1904, p. 410.
betyl, n. See batylus.
beuteous, a. A simplified spelling of beauteous.
beutiful, a. A simplified spelling of beautiful.
beuty, n. A simplified spelling of beauty.
bevel, n.—Combination bevel, a bevel having a
straight stock to which is pivoted a split blade which,
by means of a set-screw, may be set at any angle with
, the stock, in combination with a slotted auxiliary blade
that may be set at any angle with the first blade, thus
making the instrument useful in measuring any angle.—
Timbered;
Same as
d Beyºhia (bi-rik’i-á), n. [NL., named after
bharal (bur'al), n. The blue sheep of northern
“bibliophilistic
B An abbreviation of Bachelor of Hy-
eyel-gear drive, a mechanism which comprises a pair B. Hy.
of bevel-gears with
the necessary shafts, etc., for driving
a machine or motor-car. giené '-... º gº
-nini ^ al-nin/ bia (bé’ā), n. [Siamese bia, a shell used as a
bevel-pinion (bev’el-pin'ygn), n. The smaller coin.] A. round, thick copper coin of Siam,
of two toothed wheels in gear, the axes of
whose shafts intersect one another. The teeth
are formed on the surfaces of two cones, whose elements
all intersect at the common point of the axes. The shafts
are most frequently at right angles; when both wheels
are of the same diameter they are called miter-gears,
because the angle of the equal cones is 45°. See bevel-
gear and gearing, 2.-Skew bevel-pinion, a toothed
wheel or gear-wheel which drives another on a shaft
whose axis is neither parallel to the first nor intersects
it. The teeth of the larger gear or the smaller pinion
are formed on surfaces which are hyperboloids of revolu-
tion. If the two gears are formed upon cylinders devel-
oped on the circles at the gorge of the two hyperboloids,
skew bevel-gears become the same as helical gears. See
8kew gearing.
bevel-tool (bev’el-tol), n. A tool with a bevel
edge: used by wood-turners for forming grooves
and tapers.
bevel-wheel, 71.—Skew bevel-wheel, in a skew-
bevel transmission, the larger of two such wheels in gear.
The other is the pinion. See 8kew, kbewel-pinion. •
bewig (bé-wig"), v. t. To provide or cover with
3, W19.
of the value of 200 cowries.
biacromial (bi-a-kró’mi-al), a... . [bi-2 + acro-
mial.] Relating to both acromial processes.
biacuru, n. Same as *bayacuru.
biajaiba (bé’ā-hi’bà), n. . [Cuban Spanish,
from a native name.] The Cuban name of the
lame-snapper, Lutjanus Symagris, a fish found
about the West Indies.
bialveolar (bi-al-vé’ô-lär), m. [bi-2 + alveo-
lar.] Relating to the two sides of the alveolar
processes.—Bialveolar breadth, the distance be-
tween the outer sides of the alveolar processes.
bianchetto (bé-an-ket’6), n. ; pl. bianchettiſ-i).
[It., white, white lead, dim. of bianco, white.]
A billon coin of the marquisate of Montefer-
rato, under the Palaeologi.
biannulation (bi-an-i-lä’shgn), n. [bi-2 +
annulation.] A circular or ring-like formation
consisting of two rings. Annals and Mag.
Nat. Hist., Jan., 1903, p. 75.
biasterial (bi-as-té'ri-al), a.
-al.] Same as *biasteric.
biasteric (bi-as-ter'ik), a. [bi-2 + asteria +
-ic.] In craniom., Telating to the asteria, the
points where the occipital, temporal, and
parietal bones meet.—Biasteric diameter, the dis-
tance between the asteria.
biasterionic (bi-as-té-ri-on'ik), a. [Irreg. Kbi-?
+ asterion + -ic.] Relating to the two asteria;
noting a diameter of the skull, the distance be-
tween the two asteria.
biatomic (bi-à-tom'ik), a.
diatomic.
biauricular (bi-à-rik’ī-Jär), a. [bi-2 + auricu-
lar.] In craniom., relating to the auricular
points.—Biauricular diameter, the transversal di-
ameter of the skull, measured between the centers of the
outer ears by French anthropologists, and between the
central points of the upper rims of the outer ears by Ger-
man anthropologists.
biaurite (bi-á'rit), a. [L. bi-, two-, + auritus,
eared.] See biauriculate.
bib’, pl.-Eest bib and tucker, best clothes: originally
used with regard to children, and now, humorously, ap-
plied to grown persons.
[bi-2 + asteria +
E. Beyrich, a German geologist.] A genus of
ostracode crustaceans, or ancient water-fleas,
in which each of the two valves bears three
lobes or nodes. The shells of these creatures often
occur in great quantities in the Paleozoic rocks.
beyrichite (bi'rik-it), n. [Named after E.
Beyrich, a German mineralogist.] A nickel
sulphid, Ni3S4, of lead-gray color and metallic
luster. *
bezoar, m.–German bezoar, bezoar obtained from
the chamois, made up for the most part of vegetable
fibers or animal hairs in an entangled mass.—Occidental
bezoar, bezoar obtained from the llama and vicugna of
South America, consisting chiefly of calcium phosphate.
— Oriental bezoar (the original bezoar), concretions
found in the bodies of certain species of goat and gazel
in Persia and India, and containing either ellagic acid or
lithofellic acid with a coloring substance apparently bile-
pigment.
bezzo (bet'só), n. [It., KMEIG. betz, G. bātz,
etc.: see batz.] A small Venetian coin, of the
value of a farthing.
. F. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Finance.
B. F. A. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Fine
In chem., Same as
Arts. tº gº tº t- bibinca (bé-bêng-kā’), m. . . [Philippine Sp., K
b. g. An abbreviation of bay gelding. Tagalog bibinged (not verified), perhaps same
b. h. An abbreviation of bay horse (that is, as "bibingga, a potsherd..] A kind of pastry
stallion).
bhabar (bā'bār), n. [Hind. bhābar.] In India.
— 1. A grass, Spodiopogon angustifolius, ex-
tensively used for making string, mats, and
paper. – 2. A sedge, Eriophorum comosum,
frequently associated and mixed with the pre-
ceding and used for the same purposes; also
used in the construction of rope bridges. Also
called bhabar grass.
bhalu (bā-lö’), n. . [Also balu, baloo: K Hind.
bhālū, also bhāl, a bear, K Skt. bhalliika, a bear
(Macdonell).] A general name for any species
of bear; in particular, the sloth-bear, Melursus
247°S27??/S.
made of boiledrice and cocoanut-milk. [Philip-
ine Is..]
ible. n.—Cranmer's Bible. Same as Great + Bible.—
Great Bible, a large folio Bible (called ‘great because
of its size) published in April, 1539, in England, under the
supervision of Coverdale. It is a revision of the versions
of Tyndale, Matthew, and Coverdale. From it we have
the Psalter of the Book of Common Prayer. Also called
Cranmer's Bible.— Hebrew Bible. See kTanak.—
Printers' Bible, an early edition of the Bible in which
Ps. cxix. 161 was made to read, “Printers have persecuted
me without a cause,” princes being intended. Stand. Dict.
—Treacle Bible, a black-letter Bible of the time of
Queen Elizabeth, in which Jer. viii. 22 reads, “Is there
no treacle in Gilead?” (treacle meaning an antidote for
poison). º & sº r) /
biblioclast (bib'li-Ö-klast), m. [Gr. 34.3%tov, a
book, ---K%aormg, KKWäv, break: cf. iconoclast.]
A mutilator or destroyer of books.
Made bonfires of the Maya and Aztec manuscripts. . . .
May these bishops expiate their crimes in the purgatory
of biblioclasts. Athenaeum, June 7, 1884.
bibliogenesis (bib'li-Ö-jen’e-sis), n. ; pl. biblio-
geneses (-séz). [Gr. 34.3%tov, a book, -i- Yéveguc,
generation.] The act or process of creating
books or literature.
bibliognostical (bib"li-og-nos’ti-kal), a. Same
as bibliognostic.
bibliografer, n.
liographer.
India, Ovis nahura or O. burhel.
bherwa, (bär wa), n. [E., Ind.] An extraor-
dinary locustid, Schizodactylus monstrosus, in-
habiting India. It livesinburrows on the sandy banks
of rivers, and sometimes damages the roots of tobacco
and other crops on high ground. The extremities of the
tegmina and wings are much prolonged and curled.
bhikku (bik’ 6), n. [Pali bhikku, K Skt.
bhikshu, a beggar, esp., a religious beggar (a
Brahman in the fourth stage), K bhiksh, beg,
ask alms.] In mod, theos., a disciple (at a
specified stage of his ‘progress').
t * the º: ; * º º }. students
o join the great brotherhood of the Yellow Robe, with hihi; s
a very explicit statement of the conditions under which biºſy, 7!.
candidates will be accepted. “Bhikkus of occidental . '94"“P”9. . . 3 i. I 5 ... ... f
nationalities” are first invited, “who in due time would bibliographist (bib-li-og'ra-fist), n. One who
A simplified spelling of bib-
A simplified spelling of bib-
be able to return to their own countries, there to spread is interested in bibliography.
the knowledge of Buddhism.”—in short, missionaries. ſº
Amongst these Bhikkus there may be some who may be
Willing to take the Robe, but they are candidly warned
bibliographize (bib-li-ogºra-fiz), v. t.; pret. and
pp. bibliographized, ppr. bibliographizing. [bib-
Combination Bevel.
|Universal Bevel.
a, straight-edge; b, slotted auxiliary blade; c, offset blade; e, split
blade; f, stud and set screws.
Universal bevel, a bevel having a bent blade that in-
creases its usefulness in measuring minute angles. An-
other type of universal bevel has a large slot in the stock
which increases its range of work. © e
bevel-disk (bev’el-disk), n. A disk having a
beveled edge. Such disks are used for transmitting
power byfriction-drives from one shaft to another which
makes an angle with it.
O
that the conditions of life in the order are “somewhat liograph(y) + -ize.] To Write a bibliography
severe for occidentals.” Nature, Dec. 17, 1903, p. 163. Of.
bhindi (bin/d6), n. [Hind. name.] A name bibliomanism (bib"li-om"3-nizm), n. Biblio-
in India of the okra or gumbo. See *bandaka , º, ..., tº * g g º º me me tº e º ſº tº
and okra. € O 7? bibliopegistical (bib"li-Ö-pē-jis’ti-kal), a.
bhousa. m. See *bhusa. Same as bibliopégistic. .. •º. *
## Rib See kbeñarad. bibliºphagiº (bib-li-of"a-jik), n. Ibibliophag(y)
+ -ic.] ook-devouring: as, a bibliophagio
*§º: 72. ſº º: ; K Hind. bhāsā, appetite
vus, husk, straw. opped straw. R. Kipling. **::-- . * * * * * * tº º
**! ºppº ºp” bijagist (bib-li-of-a-fist), n.
A few donkey, loads of bhºg gnd a little corn brought reads books omnivorously.
from Polu enabled me to keep the few animals requisite a º * * * * * * * usly. .. a 4-3
for carrying the tents, instruments, etc., till § W. bibliophilistic (bib'li-of-lis tik), a.
É. pertaining to a bibliophilist. *
One who
Of or
was finishe Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XIII. I58.

bibliophilus
bibliophilous (bib-li-of"i-lus), a. [Gr. 8:8%iov
a book, -F pºeiv, love..] Book-loving; addicte
to bibliophily.
bibliopoly (bib-li-op’º-li), n, [Gr. º
K 6tp%totróAmg, a bookseller.] Bookselling.
bibliotaphic (bib-li-Ö-taf'ik), a. [bibliotaph +
-ic.] Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a
bibliotaph.
bibliotics (bib-li-ot'iks), n. [Irreg. K. Gr. 343-
Atov, book, + E. -otic, adj. ending.] The study
of the essential character of documents, and
the determination of the individual character
of handwriting.
These contributions are contained in a published trea-
tise of Dr. Frazer on this subject termed “Bibliotics, or
the Study of Documents.”
Jour. Franklin Inst., April, 1905, p. 323.
biborate (bi-bö’rät), m. A salt of boric acid:
as, biborate of sodium or borax.
Bibra alloy. See *alloy.
bicalcic (bi-kal'sik), a.-Bicalcic phosphate, in
chem., calcium phosphate (CaFIPO4), in which one third
of the hydrogen of phosphoric acid is present, the re-
maining two thirds being replaced by calcium. This sub-
stance is found in some urinary calculi, and occurs in the
“reverted ” phosphate of fertilizers, as also occasionally
in the superphosphate of lime as originally manufactured
for agricultural use. Also known as bicalcium phosphate.
bicapsular, a... 2. Having a bilocular capsule.
bicarpellate (bi-kär'pel-āt), a. [bi-2 + NL.
carpellum + -ate!..] Same as bicarpellary.
bicefalous, a. A simplified spelling of biceph-
alous.
Bicheroux's furnace. See*furnace.
bichlorid, n. 2. An abbreviation of bichlo-
rid of mercury, mercurie chlorid or corrosive
sublimate: often carelessly used in reference
to this substance as an antiseptic and disin-
feetant.—Bichlorid-of-gold cure. Same as chlorid-
of gold *cure.
bicho (bě(chö), n. [Sp. bicho, a worm, a small
insect; Pg. bicho, a worm, biche, a small in-
sect.] Another name in Spanish America for
the chigoe, Sarcopsylla penetrams.
Bichromate cell, in photog., a glass cell designed to hold
a solution of potassium bichromate which is placed be-
fore the objective : used with orthochromatic plates and
in securing fine cloud-effects.—Bichromate ray-filter.
See Afilter1.
bichrome (bi-kröm’), n. Ibichrom(ate of potas-
sium).] Bichromate of potassium or sodium:
a workman's term. G. Duerr, Bleaching and
Calico-printing, p. 56.
bichrone (bi’krón), a. [L. bi-, two-, + Gr.
2(póvog, time.] Noting a type of internal-
bi-impressed
bifilar, n. 2. An electric circuit doubled back
upon itself so that the conductor is closely ad-
jacent to the return-conductor and the induc-
tance of the circuit is thereby reduced to a
minimum.
biflex (biºfleks), a. [L. bi-, two-, + flexus, a
bending: see flea..] Having two opposite
flexures or bends.
Bifocal *lens, *spectacles. See the nouns.
bifoveate (bi-fô’vā-āt), a. . [NL. “bifoveatus,
* bi-, two-, + fovea, a pit..] Having two
OW689,
driven. The name is still used in France for all types of
bicycles which are chain-driven, have wheels of equal size,
and are geared for road use, as ăistinguished from racing-
machines. tº * * * * * tº f:
bicyclical (bi-sik'li-kal), a. [bicycle + -ic-al,
after cyclical.], Same as bicyclic”.
bicylindrical (bi-si-lin'dri-kal), a. . [bi-” + cy-
lindrical.] Having two cylindrical surfaces or
axes of curvature: noting a form of lens.
bid, v. i.--To bid to the board, in card-playing, to bid
for the privilege of naming the trump if the points are
not to be credited to any player.
bidacryc (bi-dak’rik), a... [bi-2 + dacry(on) +
-(t)c.] In anthrop., relating to the two dacrya.
See dacryon. bi-2 + dail A a.º.º. ; º º i. º .
à- ailu. 68) - 0 OFO8. ongitudinally striated, almost reticulated ;
[ !).] pp middle . Taised at the base. ’ scutelium roundly
raised, smooth, covered with long pale hair. PostScutel-
lum bifoveate at the base. º
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hi8t., March, 1904, p. 222.
bidaily (bi-dā’li), a.
ing or occurring twice a day.
Each of the bidaily forecasts.
Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1894, p. 118.
bidarra (bi-dā‘rā), m. [Russ. baïdara (Alexan-
drow), baïdard (Reiff), a skin canoe; perhaps
bifurcation, n. 3. Specifically, in geog., the
of Alaskan origin; cf. bidarka, bidarkee.] Same
division of a stream into two parts, each of
as baidar. which connects with a different river system :
Bidder, ganglia of. See *ganglion. as, the bifurcation of the upper Orinoco.
biddy-bid (bidſi-bid"), n. [A colonial English bigl, a.—Tropical big leg. Same as pachydermia.
corruption of the Maori name piri-piri..] The bigamously (big'a-mus-li), adv. In a biga-
name in New Zealand of either of two trouble- mous manner; so as to commit, or be charge-
some weeds belonging to therose family, Acºma able with, bigamy.
Sanguisorbae and A. ovina, or of their fruits, bigarreau (bě-gā-rö'), n. [F. See bigaroon.]
which cling to the clothing of passers-by and to Same as bigaroon.
[Tagalog.] In the Philip-
pines, a name for uncooked rice.
animals. See sheep-pest, 2. \bigas (bé-gås'), m.
bidentate, a. 2. bot., doubly dentate, the tº “wº y?
principal teeth, as of a dentate leaf, being less bigatus (bi-gā’tus), n. ; pl. bigati (3) [L., Kbi-
deeply dentate, . . º gae, a two-horse chariot..] A Roman silver de-
bidimensional (bi-di-men’shgn-al), a. ..[bi-” + marius, bearing the figure of a two-horse chariot.
dimension + -al.] Having two dimensions; of bigeminal (bi-jem ‘’i-nal), a... [L. bigeminus,
or relating to space so characterized. twin (see *bigeminous), + -all.] 1. In the echi-
The mechanical symbol is complicated, and eventually noids or sea-urchins, noting an arrangement
modified, through the difficulty of jº tridimen- of the pairs of ambulacral pores such that
**śiºn º
bidri, n. 2. An alloy, called also , bidery #. ºpoº. *:::::::::: Eigemi i
§: * º, . º* º : lbodies, the corpora bigemina. See bigemin'wm.
. The alloy, as it is produced in India, is compo iº e T-iann’i- sº &
of 123.6 parts of' zinc, 4.6 parts of copper, and 4.14 parts bigeminous (bi Jem'. nus), 0. [L. bigemºnus, K
of end, which are melted together with some resin and bi-, two-, + geminus, twin.] Double, as a tooth
wax to prevent oxidation, in other countries the pro- apparently formed by the union of two teeth;
|bigeminal. W. Bateson, Study of Variation,
portions differ considerably. The alloy is very º
to corrosion and does not oxidize in air or moisture. In . 238.-Bigeminous pulse, one which intermits every
third beat.
India it is used for the manufacture of various utensils.
† de & // -- -ā- sº z tº * - * * * &
biduotertian (bid/li-Ö-tèr'shan), a. [L. bidwus, bigenous (bij'é-nus), a. [L. bi-, two-, + -genus,
-born.] Inherited from both parents: dis-
lasting two º + tertianus, tertian.] Tertian,
but with the recurrences almost continuous ... º e
sh cº- e * tinguished from monogenous, referring to one
(lasting, as it were, over two days),--Biduoter- parent. Philos. Trans. foy. Soc. (fondon),
1895, Ser. B, 186. 784.
continuous.
idyan ruff. See *ruff.3.
Biebrich acid-blue, black, scarlet.
combustion motor having two cylinders set
at an angle of less than 90° with one an-
other and communicating motion to a common *
Crank-shaft. Such cylinders give more frequent work: *acid-blue, *black, *scarlet.
ing impulses and more equable turning effort than one Biela’s comet. See *comet.
cylinder does, and can be used in places where the op-bielectrolysis (bi-à-lek-trol’i-sis), m.
posed or double-opposed motors cannot be used for lack
of room, as on minotor-bicycles, or where the side-by-side
arrangement would be inconvenient on account of bulk.
bicinium (bi-Sin'i-um), n. ; pl. bicinia (-á). [LL.,
K L. bi-, two-, + Camere, sing.] A musical com-
position or performance for two voices; a
duet.
bicircuition (bi-sér-kü-ish'on), n. [bi-2 + cir-
cuition.] The result of two successive circui-
tions of the same characters. See *circuition.
bicollaterality (bi"kQ-lat-e-ral’i-ti), m. In
bot., the state of being bicollateral. biennium (bi-en’i-um), m. ; pl. biennia (-ā).
biconcavity (bi-kon-kay'i-ti), n. . [biconcave + [L.: see biennial.] A period of two years. "
-ity.] The condition of being biconcave or of bier, n.--Half-bier, twenty warp-threads, or half of the
having two opposed concave surfaces, like a bier measure used in weaving in English textile-mills.
biconcave lens or the red blood-corpuscles of bieremus (bi-er'é-mus), n. ; pl. bieremí (-mi).
Iſla, Il. bi-, two-, + eremus, a hermit.] In bot.,
bicondylar (bi-kon/di-lär), a. [bi-2 + condyle a two-celled fruit in which the loculi are
+ -arð..] In anthrop., relating to two corre- widely separated.
sponding condyles, particularly to the condyles Bier's operation. See *Operation.
of the lower jaw.— Bicondylar breadth, the dis. bifacial, a. . 4. In geom., having two distin-
tance between the two condyles of the lower jaw at the guishable sides or faces.—Bifacial surface. See
middle of the transverse axis. xswrface.
bicordal (bi-kör'dal), a. [L. bi-, two-, + bifanged (biºfangd), a... [bi-* + fanged..] In
anat., having two roots or fangs, as is the
See
[bi-2 +
electrolysis.] In phys, chem., simultaneous dep-
osition of two metals by the electrolysis of
a mixture of their salts.
bielid (bi-ā’lid), m. and a. Same as andromed:
so named because these meteors are supposed
to be connected with Biela’s comet and move
in its orbit. See Biela’s kcomet.
A well-marked shower of Bielid meteors was observed
at Princeton on the evening of November 24. At ten
o'clock the meteors averaged two or three per minute at
times. Sci. Amer., Dec. 9, 1899.
chorda, cord, + -al.] Relating to two cords;
tian fever, a tertian malarial fever in which the parox-
bigging, n. 2. In mining, a pack-wall. Bar-
ySms are of such long duration that the fever is nearly
rowman, Glossary... [Scotch.]
bighead, n. 2. A fish, Eleotris nudiceps, of the
family Gobiidae. [Australia.]—3. A non-con-
tagious disease of sheep, of unknown origin,
occurring with sudden onset in certain sec-
tions of the intermountain regions of western
North America. Its chief characteristic is a much
swollen condition of the head, accompanied by intense
itching of the parts, difficult breathing, staggering gait,
and elevated temperature.
biglenoid (bi-glé'noid), a. [bi-” + glenoid.]
Relating to both glenoid cavities, as of the
temporal bones.
bigmouth, n. 2. The squaw-fish, Ptychocheilus
oregonensis. [California.]
bignai (bég-ni"), n. [Tagalog bigmai, bigmay.]
A name in the Philippine Islands of Antidesma
Bunius, a small tree of the spurge family, with
loose spikes of very small unisexual flowers
and a small juicy acidulous fruit.
bignoniad (big-nó’ni-ad), n. [Bigmonia + -ad!..]
A plant of the family Bigmoniaceae.
bignonial (big-nó'ni-al), a. Related to, re-
sembling, or having the characters of Big-
'monia.
bigoniac (bi-gū’ni-al:), a. [bi-” + gonia + -ac.]
In craniom., relating to the two gonia.—Bigoniac
diameter, the distance between the two gonia, QI angles
of the lower jaw. 17th An. Rep. Bwr. Amer. Ethnoi. I.
144.
specifically, noting the vocal cords.
bicornate (bi-kôr'nāt), a. [As bicorn + -ate2.]
Two-horned: Said of the uterus when the cor-
nua are abnormally large and projecting.
bicycle, n. 2. A traveling block used on a ca-
\ble in steam-skidding. [U. S.]—Convertible bi-
Čycle, a safety-bicycle which may be made either into a
diamond-frame wheel for men's use or into a drop-frame
; women by the adjustment of a removable bar in the
Tāli) e.",
bicyclette (bi-si-klet'), n. [F.] A chain-driven
bicycle: sofirst named in France, to distinguish
such bicycles from the high-wheel type which
preceded them. There were transition forms, such as
Lawson's, in which the large-diameter front wheel was re-
tained, but the smaller back wheel was geared and chain-
case with some of the premolars of many car- bigonial (bi-gö’ni-al), a. [bi-2 + gonia + -al.]
Ill WOI’éS. Same as *bigoniac.—Bigonial arc. See kare.
The molars are sharply distinguished from the pre- bigguis (bég-kës"), n. [Tagalog.]. A belt made
molars, which are bifanged teeth with simple, laterally ºn law; g * * * *
compressed ºf 9 * worn by the natives of the Philippine
Amer. Jour. Sci., April, 1904, p. 322. , ! & * ! ~ * * ~ * Yºrhº
biff gº), m. [An imitative var. of buffs and Mºſigery (big-wig’ér-i), n. Same as *big-
baff?..] A brief, sharp sound, as of a blow bigwigism (big"wig-izm), n. Official jº
tº * of importance; pomposity: as, “empty big-
bºº ... t. * pigº George'Éiº, Middlemarch.
“Ef we all biffed you now, these same men you've been bi-iliac (bi-il’i-ak), a. [bi-2+ iliac.] Relating
as dead anxious to kill 'u'd call us off. Guess well wait to the two iliac bones. Russell. -
till, they go back to the haouse, an' you'll have time to bi-impr essed (bi’im-pr est), ſp. 0. [bi-2 + $ºm-
think cool an’ quiet,” said Rod. &
• * R. Kipling, A Walking Delegate. pressed.] Impressed twice.
with the fist.
To strike with a sharp blow,
biochemistry
ding note or tone, in music, a note or compactness ºf form with gºal length is ºbtained
woºsuccessive chorās, by which in pass. by the use ºf, a system of reflecting prism; Qrdinary
e other the harmony is bound together. #. ...º.º.º.º.º. º: º
& i. * e r p IWe
*::::::::::::, a springy pole eye-ſens. This is a compact construction, since the focal
a binding-chain. Also called jength of the instrument is equai to the difference of the
1. In mach., a crank-shaft focal lengths of the two lenses, and because it is unneces-
bearing on an engine.—12. sary to use anºting lens...} is Pººle, howeviº
d cloth band applied snugl only for magnifying powers of less than 3 diameters. To
º app 8') obtain the advantages of a telescope with positive eye-
f h
3fter the termination of labor. piece, aform which has a larger field and admits of much
{ inclosing the filler in a cigar # magnifying power Without increasing the actual
unded by the wrapper. It
t value, below the wrapper
er.—14. Indurated argilla-
lay very commonly forming
am and frequently contain-
3. Coal and Metal Miners’
ar's title, the name of a book
laced on the narrow back of its
' dèr-twin), n. A special
se in the binding appliance
Wester; twine for a binder.
binding. Same as Grolier design.
, a system of bookbinding which
of any one or of all the pages of Figure I. Figure 2
Oose leaves can be reinserted in &
lly rebound withi &
à ; . wº "º. length of the instrument, the optical system shown in
the pages, and yet holding aii Fig.1 is employed. It consists of an objective.9, twº
ocked to the covers. reflecting-prisms, p and p1, and an eyepiece, e, for the
bā d right eye of the observer, and of a similar system symnuet-
Abār), n. Any bar used rically placed for the left eye. The series of reflections
tº a structure together. within the prisms gives an erect image without the in-
bém), n. A girder troduction of the erecting-lems used in ordinary terres-
*I' beams of a floor, trial telescopes. In held glasses of this type a magnify:
\) 's ing power of from 4 to 8 diameters is easily obtained. In
, 7t. A bolt used theºrismaticinocular the interobjective distance ooofig.
Qundation. Bar- 2) is greater than the interocular distance ee: an arrange-
ment which affords greater stereoscopic power than is
m. A chain obtained in ordinary binocular vision or with field-glasses
gº ºf y is in which the interobjective and interocular distances are
Nf logs. Also equal.
Binodal area, a region of the ocean where, according
R of the logs to H. A. Harris, it becomes possible for the water to
* 5 oscillate as a mass about two nodal lines, giving rise to
&h binds a * &
* a binodal tide.
binograph (biºn@-gräf), n. [L. bini, two by
* two, + ypápetv, write.] A picture in which
j. the two elements of a stereogram are united
... in one: also applied to pictures in which all
ative possible intermediate views are united. Wall,
[Dia- Dict. of Photog., p. 81.
binographic (bi-nó-graf'ik), a. Of or pertain-
Wix. ing to binography:-Binographic work, in photog.,
the production of pictures by the blending of the two
elements of a stereogram, Wall, Dict, of Photog., p. 81.
binography (bi-nogºra-fi), n. [As binograph
+ y.] In photog., the art of producing bino-
graphs. Wall, Dict. Of Photog., p. 81.
omenclature (bi-nóſ men-klä-tūr), m. A
nominal system of names or naming.
omial curve. See kcurve.— Binomial law, the law
chance according to which the probability that an
t, whose probability on each one of n occasions is p,
ld occur r times among these m occasions is equal
ſe term containing prin the development of (p-HQ)*,
ere q = 1–p. See probability.
o those acquainted with the so-called binomial or
l law, according to which no phenomenon occurs
ly — each one being, on the contrary, the expression
series of less well-defined but analogous facts —
frequent occurrence of epilepsy among the most
guished of distinguished men can but indicate a
r prevalence of this disease among men of genius
was previously thought possible, and suggests the
of the epileptoid nature of genius itself.
C. Lombroso (trans.), Man of Genius, p. 338.
bé-nö-kou’), n. [A Philippine name.]
Garcinia Cambogia, belonging to the
Çusiaceae. It yields a gum resin which is
gamboge on account of its insolubility in
wever, it is soluble in turpentine and may be
rmish. The acid rind of the fruit is dried by
of India and Ceylon and is used in curries.
[Philippine Is..]
- Altman’s bioblasts, minute granules,
'Yedded in a homogeneous substance) proto-
osed, according to the theory of Altman.
ºy (biº-blas-tol’ī-ji), m. [Gr. Blog,
*óg, germ, + -āoyta, K-Moyoc, K Žé-
The study or discussion of the
g characteristics of germs or em-
ir relation to the adult properties
istics of ancestors. Hyatt, Biol.
9. 141. [Rare.]
T (bi-Ö-kem’i-kal), a. [Gr. 3iog, life,
cal.] Of or pertaining to biochemis-
mic; also, chemicophysiological.
C. lº and destructive bio-chemical
\
the neurones of a healthy nervous Sys-
- Encyc. Brit., XXXI. 539.
(bi-Ö-kem’is-tri), n. [Gr. 8toç,
ºmistry.] The chemical study of
, ; also, physiological chemistry.
ochemistry recently founded in Univer-
Nature, Aug. 14, 1902, p. 881.





























































































bi-impressed
The propygidium is biimpressed and, like the pygidium, have been negative so far. All kinds
is clearly not closely punctured. been examined for the intermediate
Ammals and Mag. Nat. Hist, Aug., 1904, p. 144. º:# ; doº º #.
CŞ * * * g * * * enter throug e skin. In the Trans
bijugal (bi-jö'gal), a. [bi-” + jugal.] . In cra- Žiosis is very frequent, baths are a
miom., of or pertaining to the two jugal points: fibrous lesions in which there are
—Bijugal breadth, the distance between the two jugal superficial lesions in which eggs are
points. - Phil. Med. Jowr., ,
bijugular (bi-jö'gū-lär), a. ... [bi-* + jugular.] bilianic (bil-i-an'ik), a. [L.
Relating to the point of meeting of the jugular + -ic.], Pertaining to or de
j. * the masto-occipital suture on each .#. field, an oxidation-pr;
side of the skull. cnolalic acid. g
bike? (bik), n, and v. A corruption of bicycle. *.*.*.*hº º
* - *_ 2, . * ‘... secreting cells of the liver, bile-d
bike-sulky (bik'sul/ki), n. [bike” + i.”. which are concerned in the elabor
A sulky having a high-arched axle, short storage, of the bile.—Biliary ca
shafts, and low wooden or wire-spoked wheels #. º: ...º.º.
with rubber tir es. [golloq. ;I-22 companied by jaundice.— Biliar
bike-wagon (bik'wag'gn), n. [bike” + wagon.] ..iciº Biñary fistula, a fist.
A light buggy having high-arched axles and , the gall-bladder. *
low wheels with rubber tires. ... [Colloq.] bilic (bil'ik), a. [L. bilis,
Bikukulla (bi-kū-kul’ā), n. [NL. (Adamson, rived, from bile, Bilic acid
1763) for "bicuculla. Named in reference to the #º;"º.º.º.
form of the corolla, Š. L. bi-, two-, + Cucullus, biliferous (bi-lifºrus), 0.
hood.] "A genus of dicotyledonous plants be- ferre, bear.] Conveying b
º to the family Papaveraceae. See Di- bilinear, a. 2. Linear in t
biºlº, Asimplified spelling ºil, , ºft.*
bilabial (bi-lā'bi-al), a. L. bi-, two-, + la- j.“T”
bium, lip : see labial.] Involving the two bilineurine (bil-i-nu'rin)
lips. Gr. veipov, nerve (sinew
l . Ftº. to Fº º: º º,; *::::::: #:
abiodental spirant instead of that for the bilabial voiced bili © bi-ling';
Spirant. Encyc. Brit., XXXIII. 897. biºiºſ j
bilango (bi-lâng"gó), n. [Tagalog bilango, a languages by the s
constable; cf. bilango, Bisaya bilanggo, take, lations. Ratzel, F.
arrest.] A peace officer or constable. [Phil- bilingually (bi- |
§: Is..] guages: as, “
bilangoan (bi-lâng-gó'ān), n. [Tagalog bi- peated,” J. Eq
langoan, Bisaya bilanggoan, a prison: See *bi- biliprasinate
lango.] In the Philippine Islands, a prison. H. -ate!..] A
bilati-pani (bi-lä’ti-pâ’ni), n. [Hind, bilyāt; bilipurpur;
pāmī; bilyātī, foreign, European, până, wa- bile, -F p
ter.] Literally, ‘European water’; an Anglo- oring mi
Indian name for soda-water. Also bilatee– bile of G
(17266. tion fro
Bile salt, the salt of a bile acid, for example, sodium in the
glycocholate.—Cystic bile, that portion of the bile biliru
which is stored for a time in the gall-bladder before
passing into the intestine see extract under hepatie.º. . .4%".
fettenkofer's test for bile acids, a careful admixture biliru
of sulphuric acid and sugar with a fluid thought to con- sº tº
tain bile. If bile is present, the mixture will show a
play of colors, resulting finally in a bright purple.— Plat-
ner’s bile, the bile-acid salts, in crystalline form, ob-
tained from the bile by precipitating its alcoholic ex-
tract with ether. This forms the starting-point for the
isolation of the individual members of the group.
bile-papilla (bil’pā-pil’ā), n. An elevatio
the point where the common bile-duct ent
the duodenum.
bile-vessel (bil’ves’el), m. One of the ch
nels in the liver which conduct bile.
Bilge-and-cantline. , See *cantline.
bilge-block (bilj"blok), n. In ship-build?
one of a series of blocks of timber used to s
port the bilges of a ship when it is building
in a dry-dock. The bilge-blocks in a dry-dock
supported on transverse sliding ways, and pro
with ropes or chains leading up to the top of the
by means of which the blocks can be pulled und
ship to help support it while they are still under
The reduction of transverse bending strainfil,
special supports is easily explained ; for in
upward pressure W at the middle line and th:
force W forming a couple, the resultant of t
on the keel-blocks and bilge-blocks will necessa
distance out from the middle and closer to 1
action of the downward force W.
White, Manual of Naval ,
bilge-saw (bilj'sä), n. A saw reseſ
|barrel-saw (which see), having a
barrel-shaped cylinder.
bilge-shore (bilj'shôr), n. In ship
prop, or shore, which supports a sh;
of the bilge when it is on a build
a dry-dock.
bilge-strake (bilj'stråk), n. In
a strake of planking or plating at
the bilge.
bilge-stringer (bilj'string'ér), m.
building, a stringer in the vicinit
of the bilge.
bilharzial (bil-hăr’zi-al), a. Samº
gic. Jowr. Trop. Med., Jan. 1, 190
pilharzic (bil-hăr’zik), a. Relating
by infection with Bilharzia, Pº
Jan. 31, 1903, p. 208. {
bilharziosis (bil-hār-zi-6'sis), m.
hargia + -osis.] The state of b
With Bilharzia. |
Water serves as the vehicle and meſ.
of the bilharzia. Watertaken as a beve ;
the source of the parasite in man, Cu






















































































A
biocrystal
biocrystal (bi-Ö-kris(tal), n. A term used by
Haeckel to designate a skeleton or shell that
admits of mathematical description.
Midway between the organic plasma-products and in-
organic crystals we have the bio-crystals, . . . for in-
stance, the crystalline flint or chalk skeletons of many
of the sponges, corals, etc.
Haeckel (trans.), Wonders of Life, p. 41.
biocular (bi-ok'il-lär), a. [L. bi-, two-, + oculus,
eye : see ocular.] In anthrop., relating to the
two eyes: as, external biocular breadth, the dis-
tance between the outer corners of the eyes.
biodendry (biº-den-dri), n. [Improp. formed
from Gr. 3ioc, life, 4- 6évôpov, tree, F-y3. The
formation means ‘life-tréeness,’ ‘the quality
of being a life-tree’—a notion not really ex-
istent. The proper form would be *dendrobia
or *dendroby, “tree-life.”] The economy of
tree life; tree physiology.
Because a tree may take up only one millionth part of
the carbon dioxid which comes to it in the air during its
period of growth, is no reason for saying that this con-
stituent of the air is of little consequence in biodendry.
H. W. Wiley, Science, May 15, 1903, p. 794.
biogen, n. 2. In biol., one of the smallest
theoretical units of living substance : same
as Aplasome, *biophore, etc. Verworn, 1895.
Biogenetic law. See *law1.
biogenetical (bi"Č-jö-net/i-kal), a.
biogenetic.
biogeographic (biº-jë-3-graf'ik), a. Of or per-
taining to biogeography or the geographical
distribution of life.
biogeographical (biº-jë-Ö-graf’i-kal), a. [bio-
geography + -ic-al.] Of or pertaining to bio-
geography, the geography of living things or
geographical biology.
It has been thought expedient to employ “Association”
for the more restricted assemblages, which are peculiar
to each biogeographical area. f
Kearney, Contrib. Nat. Herb., V. 269.
biogeography (biº-jë-ogºra-fi), n. [Gr. 3ioç,
life, + yearypaſpía, geography.] That branch of
biology which treats of the geographical dis-
tribution of living things; geographical biol-
Ogy.
Same as
Bio-geography, the geographical distribution of life;
arises directly from physical geography, which dominaté
it, but it is full of complex questions which involye the
biological nature of the organism and the influence of
physical environment, in which geographical elements, ;
although predominant, do not act alone.
Rep. Brit. Ass’n Advancement of Sci., 1901, p. 705. . .
biograph (biº-graf), n.[Grºßlos, lite, +rpáter,
write.] 1. A mechanical device, invented by:
ſº-
%|
/\
*
§
!
i
º
Bºl" ºr
º Hºt
'aº. • . ." . i... . . .
#
§
ſº-
§
º
rººtſ £º:
ſº işliği --> →
F Fº G Nº ~; iſ * * *.
º Tºº º º Eºf º-º: - *
- L ſº =; St tºº-ºº-ºº-ºº: -Y"
tº −}s S; - *- - -
|U|| --
| it. - *
|| || :
Biograph Mechanism. . . . - :
a, electric arc-lamp; 5, mechanism for moving film; £,
objective for
projection; d, fire-proof magazines for film, ‘. . 4.
Herman Casler, for projecting upon a sereen
pictures of moving objects.-2, Abiographical
sketch or notice; a brief biography, E. Bur-
biograph (bi-Ö-graf), v. t. To write a biograph
of sº are a brief biographical sketchºf.
biograp ee (bi-d-graf-á), ºn... [biograph(er) +
-eel..] One of whom a biography is written.
biolith (biº-lith), n. [Gr. 3ioc, life, H Aſſoc,
stone..] In petrog., a term proposed by Ehren:
berg as a general name for a roºomposed
exclusively of organic debris. Also organo-
lith. --~~~~
biologia (bi-6-lóſji-á), n. [Nºſ. Biology:
used in the quotation for the flora #dfauna of
a region considered as a whole. Sº
ãºgia of the
we shall be enabled to work out
country now under investigation. " …;
y Proc. Zool. Soe. Iºniºis07, p. 238.
56 - º,
&
= < * bi - --
". . . organic matter, brought about by living bac-
... terial or other minute organisms, as in the case
of sewage.
biometric (bi-Ö-met’rik), a.
I to biometry; biometrical.
w
... ** * * ~!
*
Biologic form, a number of or arisms with some com-
mon characteristic that is #º external
influence.
Within the last two years the existence of ‘biologic
Jorms' in the Erysiphaceaeśā º: #ºnitely proved.
Rep. Brit. Agg'm Advanceºleń.
Biologic geolo own.
hemolysis caused by #: ;
. See*deolomºlogi
ºß.
tivity, on the part of animaššandºğ: for example, the
hemolysin produced by theiß sºillus, that found
in snake-venom, the crotiñoſºglius, etc. .
biological, a. 3. Regańm the point of
view of biology and nº selection exclu-
sively, as opposed to gooftº
º gl, which implies
that other considerafigº t
Count. º > º
§ taken into ac-
If we call biological Diº Fºº
social processes artificial. ºšiament
biology is natural selection, tºsociology is artificial
selection. And so it is throughout. The terms are all
TeVersed. - ... ..."
L. F. Ward, Psychic Factors of Civilization, p. 135.
Biological aggregation.ºee Araggregation.—Bio-
logical survey, *:::::::::::::::::::: of the or-
ganisms of any given regions involving their collection
and identification and the déâtimination of their distri-
bution, life-histories, interrëſations, and economic im-
portance.
The Biological Survey proper carries on field explora-
tions in all parts of the country, but does most of its
detailed work in the west. It collects data and prepares
maps showing the actual distribution of various species
of mammals, birds, reptiles, trees and shrubs, and de-
termines the boundaries ween the several life-zones
and areas. By a study of the associations of species dis-
tinctive of the several zones in connection with the crops
found to thrive best in parts of these zones, it prepares
lists of the particular varieties of fruits and other agri-
cultural products adapted to each belt.
t Science, XVII. 929.
:al, we must call
ntal principle of
Biglogical zones. See *zone.
biºlº, 7t,--Geographical biology. Same as ºrbioge-
§ gy. -- Philosophical biology, transcendental
biology, that study which carries speculations concern-
ing biológy, and especially organic evolution, further
than strict empirical science can, as yet, go.
We find the phrase transcendental biology employed
by French writers, and elsewhere we meet with the sig-
nificant title philosophical biology. Still more signifi-
cantly Mr. Spencer, whose treatise on biology is occupied
with researches of this high order, speaks of them as con-
stituting a domain of “special philosophy.”
- ‘. . . J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 61.
º s : tral biology, vegetable and animal morphology,
of stºlſº botany and zoölogy, considered collectively
*.*.*, Éanch of science which treats of the structure or
ºii ving beings.
** ... ºr
-
§§ematic biology, systematic botany and system-
.#####logy, considéréâ collectively as the branch of
sºiggiù which treats of the taxonomy of living beings, or
§§rrangement in groups according to their degree of
iss or genetic affinity.
sis, n. 2. The chemical decomposition,
breaking up into simpler compounds, of
s: §§
s:
*
The analysis of composite characters into their individ-
ual units and statistical inquiry into the behavior of the
units would seem to be a necessary part of biometric in-
vestigation. Encyc. Brit., XXVIII. 344.
biometrical (bi-Ö-met'ri-kal), a. Same as
*biometric.
biometrician (biº-me-trish'an), n. One who
devotes himself to biometry; a biometricist.
To the biometrician. . . . variation is a quantity deter-
mined by the class or group without reference to its an-
cestry. Pop. Sci. Mo., Jan., 1903, p. 252.
biometricist (bi-Ö-met/ri-sist), m. A biometri-
cian. Encyc. Brit., XXVIII. 344.
biometrics (bi-Ö-met’riks), n. Same as *biom-
etry, 2.
Biometrics.—Within quite recent years, however, a
#. school has arisen with the main object of treating
e processes of evolution quantitatively.
Encyc. Brit., XXVIII. 344.
biometry, m.
science which treats of the measurable or quan-
titative properties of living beings (as weight biontolo
or stature), or of their parts (as the stamens
and petals of flowers), or of their activities (as
Speed). More specifically, it is the branch of science
which treats the measurable or quantitative properties of
living beings, or of their parts, or of their activities, as
logically or intellectually separable from these beings and
as common or general to many of them, for the purpose
of establishing laws of inheritance or other general laws, biophilous (bi-of"i-lus), a.
Since it is only as individual and particular living beings
that organisms exist in the natural World, and since they
are organized and coördinated wholes and not bundles of
qualities, many biologists, who admit that the study of
biometry is valuable and important, hold that it is not
biology but logic, since it deals with human intellectual
ºptions or ideas rather than with the actual living
WOTIC1.
The phenomena of heredity and variation are specific,
and give loose and deceptive answers to any but specific
bionic (bi-on’ik), a.
bionomical (bi-Ö-mom’i-kal), a.
2. That branch of statistical bionomist (bi-on’0-mist), m.
biophore
quéstions. That is where our exact science must begin.
Otherwise we may one day see those huge foundations of
biometry in ruins.
- Bategon, Mendel's Prin. of Heredity, p. xi.
biomolecular (biº-mê-lek’ī-lär), a. Of or per-
taining to the biomolecules.
biomolecule (bi-º-mol’e-kül), n. [Gr. 3ioc, life,
+ E. molecule.] The smallest quantity of living
matter that can exhibit some of the chemical
phenomena of life; a molecule of living sub-
stance, in contradistinction to a molecule
of ifeless or inorganic substance.
This view of the subject has led some thinkers, and
notably Ermano Giglio-Tos of Turin, in a remarkable book
entitled “Les Problèmes de la Vie,” to form the concep-
tion of a biomolecule, or living molecule, that is to say the
smallest quantity of living matter that can exhibit some
of the chemical phenomena of life, such as respiratory ex-
change, the function of chlorophyll, the starch-forming
function, and functions of disassimilation and secretion.
Bep. Brit. A88'm Advancement of Sci., 1901, p. 810.
biomonad (bi-Ö-mon'ad), n. [Gr. 3iog, life, +
L. monad.] One of the granules in protoplasm.
Living matter, when examined by the highest powers,
presents some of the characters of an emulsion ; that is to
say, it is composed of minute particles with fluid matter
between them. These minute particles, built up of bio-
molecules, have been termed by Tos biomones. Bio-
mones, in their turn, form biomonads or bioplasm, or
molecular or granular protoplasm, and this again forms .
the cell.
Rep. Brit. Ass'n Advancement of Sci., 1901, p. 810.
'biomone (biº-món), n. [Gr. 3iog, life, +
plóvog, single.] One of the minute particles of
living matter, visible with the microscope and
built up of biomolecules. See the extract
under *biomonad.
biomore (biº-mör), n. [Gr. 3iog, life, + puðptov,
piece.] In biol., a mass of biomolecules con-
stituting one of the organs of the cell, like a
chromosome, centrosome, etc.
biomorph (biº-mörf), m. [Gr. 8toç, life, 4-
popºff, form.] A decorative form representing
a living being or a part of a living being :
opposed to *skeuomorph. Haddon, Evolution
, in Art, p. 126.
biomorphic (bi-Ö-mör'fik), a. [biomorph + -ic.]
Having the form of or relating to a biomorph.
Haddon, Evolution in Art, p. 188.
bion (biſon), n. [NL., neuter form based on
Gr. 8toç, life.] A term introduced by Haeckel
to designate a physiological individual as con-
trasted with a morphon or morphological in-
dividual.
The physiological individual (or bion), characterized
by definiteness and independence of function.
JEncyc. Brit., XVI. 842.
[Gr. 3:og, life, + -on-ic.]
In biol., having the properties peculiar to living
organisms; especially, being able to repeat
the same morphological characters in succes-
sive generations.
Of or pertaining bionomic (bi-Ö-nom'ik), a. and n. Ibionomy +
- ic.] I. a. Same as *biomomical.
II. m. Same as *bionomics.
[bionomy +
-ical.] Of or pertaining to the conditions under
which an organism lives in its natural home;
occological. See *bionomics.
A large number of the continually increasing body of
investigators have turned again to biomomical work.
Encyc. Brit., XXVIII. 344.
bionomically (bi-à-nom’i-kal-i), adv. In rela-
tion to the conditions under which an organ-
ism passes its life in its natural home; Oeco-
logically. See *bionomics.
bionomics (bi-Ö-nom’iks), m. [Pl. of *biomomic :
see -ics.] That branch of biologic science
which treats of the conditions under which
organisms live in their natural homes; the eco-
nomics of biology; Oecology (which see). Lam-
kester.
[bionomy + -ist.]
One who studies bionomics or occology.
(bi-on-tol’ī-ji), m. [Gr. Biog, life
(see Abion), + ontology.] That branch of science
which treats of the activities of the bion, or
hysiologic individual.
bionuclein (bi-Ö-nii’klē-in), n. [Gr. 8toç, life, +
nuclein.] A hypothetic iron containing nuclein
with both oxidizing and reducing properties.
[Gr. 8toç, life, +
$t?eiv, love..] In phytogeog., parasitic in or on
the leaves and stems of the higher plants, or
upon animal organisms: said of a class of
fungi.
biophore (biº-fôr), m. [Gr. Biog, life, +-popog,
K pépetv, bear.] 1. A cell, as the vital unit. G. C.
Bourme.—2. The hypothetical bearer, in the
germ-plasm or substance of inheritance, of one
&



































biophore
of the hereditary qualities of an organism.
Also biophor. See *germ-plasm.
Weismann's estimates as to the dimensions of the vital
unit to which he gives the name of biophor may be shortly
Stated. He takes the diameter of a molecule at autºmº,
of a millimetre (instead of the one millionth) and he
assumes that the biophor contains 1,000 molecules. Sup-
pose the biophor to be cubical, it would contain ten in a
row, or 10 × 10 × 10 = 1,000. Then the diameter of the
biophor would be the sum of ten molecules, or gnºmon ×
10 = zoºbot, or goºds of a millimetre. Two $ºred
biophors would therefore measure ić; or x&so mm, or 1
M. (micron = rºbo mm.). Thus a cube one side of which
was 1 u would contain 200 × 200 x 200–8,000,000 biophors.
A human red blood corpuscle measures about 7-7 p."; sup-
pose it to be cubed, it would contain as many as 3,652,-
264,000 biophors. If the biophor had a diameter of
Yootºoooo mn. the number would be much smaller.
". Brit. Ass'n Advancement of Sci., 1901, p. 814.
biophorid (bi-of"3-rid), n. [G. biophorid (Weis-
mann); as biophore + -id?..] A hypothetical
living being consisting of biophores. In Weis-
mann's notion, the lowest and most primitive organisms
that we know are descended from biophorids. In the
earliest biophorids all the biophores were alike (homo-
biophorids), but these were followed by those in which
the biophores were of several kinds (heterobiophorids),
from which all known organisms are descended.
These two kinds of hypothetical beings might be respec-
tively distinguished as homobiophorids and heterobi-
ophorids, Weismann (trans.), Germ-plasm, p. 450.
biophysics (bi-Ö-fiz'iks), n. [Gr. 3iog, life,
+ puouká, physics.] A science (not yet exis-
tent) which applies the principles of physics to
explain the phenomena not merely of physiol-
ogy but also of embryology and biological mor-
phology. The term was introduced by K. Pear-
son in 1892.
Applied mathematics and biophysics are thus the two
links between the three great divisions of science, and
only when their work has been fully accomplished, shall
we be able to realize von Helmholtz's prediction and con-
ceive all scientific formulae, all matural laws, as laws of
motion. K. Pearson, Gram. of Sci., 1st ed., p. 470.
bioplasson (biº-plas-on), n. [Gr. 8:og, life,
+ Tháo gov, ppr. of Tââogetv, form : see plasm.]
Same as bioplasm.
biopsy (bi-op'si), n. [Gr. 3ioc, life, + šipic,
sight.]. Examination, for diagnostic purposes,
of a piece of tissue severed from the living
body.
biopsychic (bi-à-si’kik), a. . [Gr. 6ioc, life,
+ pužň, mind: see psychic.] Pertaining to
life and mind; psychophysiological.
But with more precision one can also aver, even outside
the conditions profoundly pathologic, that there are a
great number of cases in which the bio-psychic anomalies
of the criminals may be the effect of an environment which
is physically and morally mephitic.
Smithsonian Rep., 1890, p. 639.
biopsychological (biº-si-kó-loj’i-kal), a. Of
or pertaining to biopsychology.
biopsychologist (bi"Č-si-kol’ā-jist), n. A stu-
dent of mind in its relations to life ; one who
approaches psychology by way of biology (this
taken in its widest sense to include evolution-
ary theory, anthropology, sociology, etc.).
Some biopsychologists almost wish to take the pulpit to
bring out aright the old anthems of Pauline conviction of
sin and Socratic conviction of human ignorance.
G. S. Hall, Amer. Jour. Relig. Psychol., I. 3.
biopsychology (bi"Č-si-kol’é-ji), n. The in-
vestigation of mind in its relations to life;
psychology as based upon or approached by
way of biology.
bioral (bi-6" ral), a. [L. bi-, two-, + os (or-),
mouth: see oral.] Having two mouths, as
certain polyps during fission.
biorbital (bi-Ör' bi-tal), a. In craniom., of or
ertaining to the two orbits.-External biorbital
readth, the distance between the external orbital
points.
biorgan (bi’ór-gan), n. [Gr. 3ioç, life, + 6pya-
, vov, organ.] n organ in the functional or
physiological sense, as contrasted with an or-
gan in the structural or morphological sense.
bios (bi'os), n. [NL., KGr. 3ioç, life, state of
life, course of life, the world we live in..] Liv-
ing things considered collectively and in con-
trast with things that are not alive. Haeckel
(trans.), Planktonic Studies, p. 578.
bioscope (biº-sköp), n. [Gr. 8toç, life, + oxo-
treiv, view.] li. A view of life, or anything
which gives such a view: as, “Bagman's Bio-
scope: Various Views of Men and Manners”
(a book-title).-2. A cinematograph or vita-
scope. Science, Feb. 7, 1902, p. 235.
bioscopic (biº-skop'ik), a. Pertaining to or
connected with a bioscope: as, a bioscopic
camera. Athenaeum, Dec. 12, 1903, p. 799.
loiose (bi’ós), n. [bi-2 + -ose..] A carbohy-
drate which on decomposition yields two mole-
cules of a simpler sugar, as cane-sugar, which
gives rise to equal molecules of dextrose and
tºº (bi’ô-st l
iosphere (bi'6-sför), n. [Gr. 8toç, life, + opaipa,
sphere.j The sum ºf #. living things on the
tºº.” *** in º; with
€ 8,UIn OS ºnd the lithosphere. Encyc.
Brit., ###### p
biotal (biº-tä), *... [NL., K. Gr. 340th, beside
Biorog, life, way of life, K 3ioc, life.] 1. The
sum total of animal and plant life of a given
region or period: the equivalent of fauna and
flora combined. -$. A treatise upon the
animals and plants of any geographic area or
gººse period. &fneger, Amer. Nat., 1901,
p. 89. • :
Biota.” (bi’ô-tā), n. tnL. ( roposed by Don,
1828), K. Gr. Biorh, life": see º The name
alludes to the common name of these trees,
arbor-vitae.] A group of conifers, now com-
monly referred to Thºja, the arbor-vitae. The
name, however, is frequent in nurserymen's
catalogues.
biotic, a. 2. Pertaining to or treating of a
biota, or the combined fauna and flora of
a region or period: as, a biotic publication ; a
biotic region. Stejneger, Amer. Nat., 1901, p.
89. —Biotic geology. See Ageology.
biotomy (bi-otº-mi), n. [Gr. 8tog, life, ---touta,
K Tapeiv, cut.] The study of the structure of
animals and plants by dissection: a compre-
hensive term for zoötomy and phytotomy.
biotonic (bi-Ö-ton'ik), a. Of or pertaining to
biotonus., G. S. Hall, Adolescence, II, 112.
biotomus (bi-ot’ū-nus), n. [Gr. 3ſoc, life, +
tóvog, tone, intensity.] In physiol, the relative
amount of assimilation and dissionilation ex-
hibited by any mass of living protoplasm in a
given unit of time.
Biº *hemispheres, *polariscope. Seethese
WOTCIS.
Bipaliidae (bi-pa-li’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., K. Bi-
palium + -idae.] A family of terrestrial Tri-
cladida, having marginal eyes and the body
broadened out to form a semicircular cephalic
plate. It includes the genera Bipalium, Perocephalus,
and Placocephalus, the members of some of which are very
large, reaching a length of from 6 to 18 inches.
Bipalium (bi-pâ’li-um), n. [NL., K. L. bi-,
two-, + (?) pala, a spade.] The typical genus
of the family Bipaliidae. Stimpson, 1857. i
biparasitic (bi-par-a-sit'ik), a. [bi-2 + para-
Sitic..] Parasitic in or on another parasite.
biparental (bi-pâ-ren’tal), a. [L. bi-, two-,
parens, parent,
ing to or derived from two parents.
Be the source what it may, the existence of this assor-
tative mating most substantially modifies the form of bi-
parental inheritance. Biometrika, Nov., 1903, p. 396.
bipartite, a. 3. In math., containing two sep-
arate sets of variable values; made up of two
continuous, but non-intersecting, curves.
bipectinate, a. 2. In Mollusca, having 2 rows
of plates on the ctenidium, or gill, arranged,
typically, perpendicularly to the axis, as in
Aspidobranchiata and Tectibranchiata. Also
bipenmate.
bipectinated (bi-pek’ti-nā-ted), a. Same as
bipectinate.
biped, n. —Diagonal b ed, a term applied by some
veterinary writers to the off fore and near hind leg, or the
near fore and off hind leg, of the horse, referred to as a
pair.—Lateral biped, a term applied by some veterinary
writers to the off fore and hind leg or the near fore and
hind leg, referred to as a pair.—Posterior biped, the two
hind legs of the horse, referred to as a pair.
bipedally (bi-ped’al-i), adv. On two feet: as,
the Mexican iguanoid lizard also runs bi-
pedally.
bipennate, a. 3. In Mollusca, same as *bi-
pectinate, 2.
bipenniform (bi-pen’i-fôrm), a. [bi-2 + penni-
Jorm.] Having the parts arranged along both
sides of a median axis or rachis, like the barbs
of a feather.
biphase (biºfaz), a. [bi-2 + phase.] In elect.,
same as *quarterphase.
biphasic (bi-fi/zik), a. Of two phases.
biplane, n. 2. A flying- or a gliding-machine
in which two principal Superposed ačroplane
surfaces are depended upon to sustain the ma-
chine in the air. ,
biplate (bi'plat), n. [L. bi-, two-, + E. plate.]
An optical device, invented by Auguste Bra-
vais, for the study of polarization phenomena
in crystals. It consists of a quartz plate, cut parallel
to the axis, and of such thickness as to show color when
placed between crossed Nicol prisms. ...The plate is cut
through in the direction which bisects its planes of vibra-
tion, and one of the halves is reversed so that the color-
changes caused by variations in the difference of phase
+. angle.
+ -al.] "Amphigonic; pertain-ºbiràgo trestle. See *trestlel.
bird-pepper
between the two rays traversing the biplate thus formed
will be complementary, Such an arrangement is very
sensitive to traces of double refraction, to changes of
phase, etc.; hence its importance in polariscopic experi-
II].6]]TS,
bipocillate (bi-posſi-lāt), a... [L. bi-, two-, +
#. a little cup, dim. of poculum, a cup.]
aying a cup-shaped process at each end, as
certain monactinellid sponge-spicules.
bipºliº (bi-po-silum), ºn. ; pl. bipocilla (-lā).
[NL.; see *bipocillate.] A bipocillate sponge-
spicule.
bipolar, a. 3. In elect, pertaining to an elec-
tric machine having two poles.—4. In 206l.,
occurring in the north and south polar regions,
but not in the intervening tropical ocean. See
extract under *bipolarity, 2–Bipolar staining,
in cytol., taking the stain only at the two poles, or stain.
ing differently at the two poles: said of cells or cell-strue-
tures.—Bipolar theºry of distribution of species, a
view advocated by Dr. John Murray, that many identićal
or closely allied species of marine organisms, both plant
and animal, occur around both poles, but are absent from
the intervening ocean.
bipolarity, n. 2. In biol., the occurrence of
organisms, mostly marine, in both polar areas,
but not in the tropics. See discontinuous *dis-
tribwtion.
Bipolarity in the distribution of marine organisms is a
fact, however much naturalists may differ as to its extent
and the Way in which it has originated.
Geog. Jowr. (R. G. S.), XI. 419.

biprism, n.—Fresnel's biprism, a prism with two re.
fractive edges, each of small angle, its cross-section being
an obtuse-angled isosceles triangle. The whole prism is
as if made up of two prisms, hence the name. sed in
experiments on the interference of light.
biºgº, (bi’ pro-tº-vèr’té-bral), a.
[bi-2 + protovertebra + -all.] In embryol., com-
prising or consisting of two protovertebrae or
mesoblastic somites. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc.
(London), 1895, p. 214.
bipyramid (bi-pir'a-mid), n. [bi-2 + pyramid.]
See *pyramid. g
biquadrantal (bi-kwod- ran 'tal), a. [bi-2
+ quadrantal.] In spherical trigon., said of a
triangle if each of two of its sides is a great-
circle quadrant.
biradial (bi-rá'di-al), a. and n. [L. bi-, two-,
+ radius, spoke (ray), + -all.] I. a. Having
the radii arranged bilaterally, as in sea-anem-
ones and corals.
II. m. In geom., the figure formed by two
rays which go out from the same point; an
Biram’s “air-meter, *anemometer. See
these words.
birational (bi-rash'gn-al), a. [bi-2 + rational.]
in math., characteristic of a transformation
uch that each of two sets of variables is ex-
ressible rationally by means of the other set.
birch, n. 4. In New Zealand, a name of any
9ne of several species of Nothofagus.-Black
birch (c), Nothofagus fusca, a tree 60 to 90 feet high: so
Galléd from the color of the bark.-Bog birch, the Caro-
lina buckthorn, Rhamnus Caroliniana. [Minnesota.]—
Gaſion-birch, Betwla occidentalis, a species inhabiting
mou \tain cañóns in the central and northwestern parts
of ti > North American Continent—Fragrant birch, a
subspecies (adorata) of the European Betwda alba.--
Gray birch. (a) See birch, 1. (b). Same as white kbirch
(?)-lndian º: Betwda wtilis, a medium-
sized tree of Nepal and the higher ranges of the Hima-
layas. Its bark is the material, upon which the an-
cient Sanskrit manuscripts of northern India are written.
It peels off in large sheets and is used like paper for
Whººping parcels, lining the roofs of houses, for um-
br ...and for many other purposes.—Moor-birch, Be-
£ula pubescens.—Old field-birch, Same as white ºrbirch
(b).-Redbirch. Same as black kbirch (c): so called from
the color of the wood.—Water-birch. (a) The river-
birch, B &ula nigra. (b) Same as caſion-ºrbirch.—White
birch, - (-). The European Betula alba. See birch, 1. (b)
The Atlantic coast birch, B. populifolia. (c) The paper.
or canoe-birch, B. papyrifera. (d) Nothofagus Solandri,
a beautiful º tree 100 feet high : so called from
the color of t e bark.
birdi, *w-Speckled bird, a person of blemished char-
acter or reputation. [Slang, U. S.]
bird-cage, m. , 2. In textile-manuf, a small
skeleton Creel for holding yarn on a hank-
winding machine.—Bird-cage twine. See #twine.
bird-cherry (běrd'cher-i), n. See cherryl, 1.
birdeen (běr-dén'), n. [Appar. K bird? -- Ir.
Gael. dim. -een (-in), as in colleen, etc.] “Birdie':
a pet name. Fiona Macleod, Mountain Lovers.
biº (běrd'gras".hop-er), n. Any
grasshopper of the genus Schistocerca, which
contains large migratory forms, as S. ameri-
.# S. peruviana, etc. Science, July 29, 1904,
. 156. \
birdie. (běrd’et), n. [birdi + -let.] A little
bird; a nestling.
bird-peppér (ºdºpep-er) m. See Capsicum.
bird-pox
bird-pox (bèrd'poks), n. A disease of chickens,
pigeons, turkeys, etc., characterized by thé
eruption, about the head of yellow nodules
Varying in size from that of a pinhead to that
of a pea. Also called hen-poa, and sorehead.
bird's-beak (bèrdz'běk), n. In arch., a pro-
file, as of a molding, supposed to resemble the
sharp beak of a bird: used especially for drip-
moldings, whether to shed water or to give
a sharp-edged dark shadow.
º
Bird's-beak Moldings.
a, From the Theseion, Athens; 8, Temple, Agrigentum (Akragas);
c, Farnese Palace, Rome; d, Ely Cathedral; e, Netley Abbey.
Bird's-dung spider. See "spider.
bird's-eye. I. n. 1. (d) pl. A Californian wild
flower, Gilia tricolor, sometimes carpeting
whole slopes. The funnel-shaped corollas are azure
or whitish, with purple spots in the throat bounded b
bright gold. rp y
. Q.- Bird’s-eye grain, a slight roughness or
grainy º: on the grain side of rough leather:
contrasted with a smooth grain, Modern Amer. Tamming,
p. 171. —Bird’s-eye *marble, ºporphyry, See the
TIOUIIAS.
Bird's-foot fern. See &fern 1.-Bird's-foot star, a star-
fish of the asterinoid type; a sea-star.
Bird's-nest moss. See resurrection-plant (b).-Bird’s-
nest pudding, See #pudding. tº
birds'-nest (bèrdzºnest), v. i. To search for
birds' nests or their eggs : as to go birds'-
nesting.
bird-vine (běrd’vin), n. See the extract.
These plants, called bird-vines (Loramthaceae), are, like
the strănglers, distributed by birds. The seeds are
covered with glutinous pulp, which, when they are drop-
ped by birds, enables them to adhere to the branches of
the trees. Here they sprout, and with their young leaves,
produce aërial roots, covered with suckers, which run
along and insinuate themselves into the cracks of the
bark, continually nourishing themselves on the life-blood
of their victims. Smithsonian Rep., 1891, p. 339.
bird-wave (běrd’wäv), n. In ornith., the sud-
den arrival of birds during the spring or fall
migration in such numbers as to make their
coming noticeable. . . .
birefringence (bi-ré-frin'jens), n. [bi-2 + re-
fringence (see refringency).] 1. Double re-
fraction.—2. The strength of the double re-
fraction, that is, the difference between the
two indices of refraction for a uniaxial crystal
and that between the maximum and minimum
indices for a biaxial crystal. See refraction, 1.
biremail (bi-ré'mal), a. [L. bi-, two-, + remus,
oar.] Having a dorsal and a ventral parapod-
ium on each segment, as certain polychaetous
annelids.
Birkhill shales. See *shale2. *.
birl2, v. t. 2. In lumbering, to cause a loating
log to rotate rapidly by treading º
Birmingham gage, platinum. See**gage?,
*platinum. **
birmite, n. See *burmite.
Birth palsy. See Apalsy.
Birthday card, See.*cardi. ;
birth-opening (bèrth’öp'ning), n. In the liver-
fluke, an opening in the wall of the redia.
through which the cercariae escape, See cer-
caria. Parker and Haswell, Zoology, I. 231.
birth-stone (bèrth'stón), n. A name applied
to any precious or semi-precious ſtone which
is imagined, according to a lorg-cherished
superstition, to protect the wearer from harm,
ill luck, and the evil eye. Lists of “appropriate.”
birth-stones, for different persons to fear are , often
printed.—Birth-stone jewelry, birthstones set in a
jewel which is made up of the s of the the
flower of the month, the jewel of the day, the gem of the
guardian angel, and other emblematic devious,
biscalar (bi-skā’lār), m. Ébi-2 + 8&lar.] A
complex number, a + iy; the sum of a real
number, a, and a neomonio number, y VFI.
See the extract. *
In like manner, an expression of the form (8), or at' =
8+ t V-Ti, where s and t are two real but Vi i is
still the ordinary º algebra, may be said by
. to be a biscalar. ar, Roots of algebraic
equations are thus, in general, tº:
§ W. Rowan Hamilton, Elem of ºuaternions, p. 219.
Bischoff sauce. See *Sauce.
bischofite (bish’of-it), n. [Named after Dr.
R. G. Bischof (1792–1870).] A hydrated mag-
nesium chlorid found in the salt-mines of Leo-
poldshall, in northern Germany.
#;" (bis-kā-yöl'ºh, ºffiliscoyol.
biscuit, n.-Biscuit jºš as *bisque2.—
Naples biscuit, lady'sº fibiscuit, a fine,
unglazed, soft-paste porº arble :
used for objects of art º §hd made by the
casting process. sº : §
biscuit-beetle (bisº
gº # A coleopter-
ous insect, Sitodºº § of the family
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Biscuit-beetle (Sitoareza Aazuzcea).
a, larva ; b, pupa, c, adult; d, adult from side; e, antenna. a, b,
{} ºº all greatly enlarged; e, still more enlarged. (Chittenden,
. S. D. A. )
Ptinidae, which feeds on hard biscuits, giving
rise to the ex ression * weevily biscuit.’ It also
feeds on stored fruit and drugs, and is frequently so
ºnt in apothecary-shops as to be called the ºrdrug-
biscuit-weevil (bis(kit-we’vl), m.
*biscuit-beetle.
biscuit-worm (bis'kit-werm), n. The larva of
the biscuit-beetle or biscuit-weevil.
‘biseauté (bé-sö-tā’), n. [F., “cut obliquely,”
pp. of biseauter, to cut obliquely, K biseau, ob-
lique: see bezel.] A playing-card so trimmed
that it can be distinguished by the fingers,
and so can be withdrawn from the pack at
will ; used in conjuring and in cheating.
Bisection of a star, the accurate setting of a reticule
wire in a telescope upon the center of a star-image, or
the observation of the instant when that center crosses a
WIre.
biserial, a.
Same as
2. In the Crinoidea, or enerinites,
noting a double arrangement, in the arms,
of interlocking plates beveled toward each
other and thickened on the margins of the
arms. Contrasted with uniserial.
II. m. In decorative art, a double series in
which the elements face toward each other,
% % %
%zº
% *
Z
º Ž ſº
º Ø ºrd.
2% 2.2%
Biserial Motive, Mexican.
look away from each other, or alternately look
toward or away from each other.
bisexual, a. 2. In ethnol., characterized by
8. Il equal social development of both sexes.
O. T. Mason, in Pop. Sci., Mo., LX. 341.
Bishop's circle. Same as Bishop's kring.—Bishop's
gambit, in chess, playing 3 B-QB 4. See gambit.—Bish-
op's purple. See Aviolet d'évèque.—Bishop's ring.
See arring1.-Two bishops' opening. See atopening.
bishop's-head (bish’ups-hed), n. An iron cast-
ing at the top of the king-post of a balance-
bob, to which the iron straps are attached.
bisiliac (bis-il’i-ak), a. [bis- + E. iliac.] Re-
lating to both iliac bones, especially to their
Crests.
bisilicic (bi-si-lis 'ik), a. In chem., noting
metasilicic acid, H2SiOS, viewed as derived
from silicon dioxid (SiO2) and water (H2O),
with two atoms of oxygen in the former for
one in the latter.
º
bisque
bisischiatic (bis-is-ki-at'ik), a. Ibis- + ischia
tic..] Relating to both ischia.
bisk?, bisque.3, n. 2. In golf, a stroke allowed
a player, which may be taken after a hole is
played out and before the next tee-shot is
made. &
Bºa, or Biskara, boil. Same as Aleppo
1//C627°
bismal (biz'mal), n. [bism (uth) + º-al'..] A
bluish-gray voluminous powder, consisting of
the bismuth salt of methylene-digallic acid,
the latter being, a condensation-product of
formaldehyde and gallic acid (4C15H12O10 +
3Bi(OH)3). It is an internal astringent.
Bismarckian (biz-märſki-an),.a. Of or per-
taining to Prince Bismarck (1815–98), a famous
Prussian statesman, the unifier of the German
people and the first chancellor of the German
empire.
bismuth, n.--Basic gallate of bismuth. Same as
Arbismuthwm, 8wbgallicum.—Bismuth chrysophanate.
See Achrysophanate.--Bismuth spiral, in elect., a spiral
of bismuth wire, which increases in resistance by a mag-
netic field and is therefore used to measure magnetic
fields-Bismuth submitrate, a compound of bismuth,
largely used in medicine, and to Some extent as a cos-
metic. It varies somewhat in composition, but usually
consists of bismuth hydroxy-nitrate, Bi(HO)2NO3:-
Joachimsthal process for the extraction of bis-
muth. The crushed ore, mixed with 28 per cent. of iron
turnings, 15 to 20 per cent. of carbonate of sodium, 5 per
cent of lime, and 5 per cent. of fluor-spar, is charged into
earthen crucibles and fused in a wind-furnace. The
fused mass is then ladled into inverted conical iron molds,
on the bottom of which the bismuth collects. The metal
obtained sometimes contains a certain amount of silver,
which may be reduced by cupellation.— Matthey's
method of refining bismuth, a method consisting in
removing the arsenic by heating impure bismuth to a
temperature of 395°C. for a considerable time in the air,
So that the arsenic volatilizes without loss of bismuth.
The antimony is removed by poling the bismuth, raised
to the oxidization-point of antimony, with a piece of wood,
and removing the scum which forms on the surface of the
bath.-Naphthol bismuth, a basic or normal bismuth
Salt of 8-naphthol, [(C10H10)3 Bij + Big Q3 or (C10H17O)3
Bi.3H2O. It is a neutral, ºrianº, pow-
der of very slight odor. It acts as an intestinal sedative
and antiseptic in diarrhea and dysentery.—Radioactive
bismuth, the first substance, separated from the resi-
dues of the working of pitchblende for uranium, in which
the phenomena of radio-activity were observed and
studied by Mme. Curie. The substance, associated with
and chemically similar to bismuth, which gives rise to
these phenomena, was afterward named polonium, in
honor of Mme. Curie's native country, and is probably
identical with the radio-tellurium of Marckwald.— Sub-
gallate of bismuth. Same as ºrbismuthum subgally-
C1777.
bismuthate (biz'muth-āt), n.
derived from bismuthic acid.
bismuthose (biz (muth-ös), n. [bismuth, 4-
-ose.] An albuminous compound containing
21–22 per cent. of bismuth, prepared by coagu-
lating egg-albumin with a solution of bismuth
submitrate in saline solution.
bismuthum (bis-mü'thum), m. [NL.: see bis-
muth.]—Bismuthum subgallicum, subgallic bis-
muth ; an amorphous, bright yellow, inodorous and taste-
less powder, somewhat variable in composition, obtained
by precipitating a solution of bismuth trinitrate with a
solution of gallic acid. . It is used as a dry antiseptic in
surgery. Also called dermatol, basic gallate of bismuth,
and subgallate of bismuth.
bismuthyl (biz'muth-il), n. [bismuth + -yl.]
In chem., bismuth of which one atom is united
to one atom of oxygen. . This compound (in-
capable of separate existence) occurs as a
compound radical.
bismutosmaltite (biz" mu-tó-smål" tit), n.
[bismuth + Smaltite.] A skutterudite contain-
ing bismuth.
bisnada (bis-nā'īdā), n. See *visnaga.
bisnaga (bis-nā’gã), m. See *visnaga.
bison, n. 4. A name applied by Indian sports-
men to the gaur, Bibos (or Gavieus) gaurus, in
distinction to “buffalo,” which is used for Bos
buffelus. -
bisonance (bi-sā’ mans), n. [L. bi-, two-, +
sonans, sonant: see sonancy.] In psychol.
acoustics, pure dissonance; the intrinsic in-
ability of certain tonal qualities to blend or
fuse.
Ordinary dissonance is made up of a mixture of beats,
or harshness, and pure dissonance. . . . This lack of ac-
cord in tones, due to the relation of their pure qualities,
may be designated bisomance.
W. Wundt (trans.), Outlines of Psychol., p. 100.
bispatulate [bi-spat’ū-lāt), a. [L. bi-, two-,
+ spatula, a broad piece (see spatula).] foubly
Spatulate; having the form of a spatula at
both ends, as a sponge-spicule.
bisphenoid (bi-sfé'noid), n. See *sphenoid.
bispore, n. 2. An ascus which has only 2 in-
stead of the usual 8 spores.
bisque”, n. 2. An ice-cream with which pow,
dered macaroons are mixed before freezing.
In chem., a salt












































bisque
Called also biscuit, Tortoniº-Tomato, bisque,
strained tomatoes into which milk thickened with a littlé
corn-starch is poured after cooking.
bisque.3, n. See Abisk2.
bistelic (bi-stel’ik), a.
steles or axial cylinders.
biºter, fl. — Manganese bister. Same as manganese
7°07072.
bisti (bé'sté), m, [Pers. bist, twenty.] A Per-
sian Copper and silver coin, also current in
Georgia, equal to 4 cos.
bistratose (bi-strā’tós), a. Having the cells
disposed in two layers or strata.
bisulcated (bi-sul’kā-ted), p. a. Bisulcate.
bisulphite, m.–Bisulphite of lime, the commercial
name for calcium sulphite dissolved in water with the
aid of sulphurous acid. The solution probably contains
Calcium acid sulphite, º and is used on a very
large scale in the manufacture of paper-pulp from wood,
as also in sugar-making and brewing.
bitl, m. 10. In mining: (a) The cutting edge of a
drill for boring rock by hand or by machine
drilling. (b) A sharpened steel bar used for
drilling rock by hand or by machine. A chisel-
bit has a simple cutting edge, a cross-bit has two cutting
edges crossing each other at right angles; similarly the
A-bit, the L-bit, the horseshoe-bit, and the crowm-bit have
cutting edges disposed as indicated by the several names.
—Barrel-head bit, a bit having oblong heads on the
mouthpiece for the rein-rings.-Balucher bit, a curb-bit
With long, straight cheeks and a high port: used in con-
nection with a jointed bridoon. The curb-reins are at-
tached to the lower ends of the curb-cheeks and the rid-
ing-reins to the rings of the bridoon.—Bentinck bit, a
bit having a long movable port in the mouth, standing
above where the port is usually placed.—Buxton bit, a
coach-bit with long, curved cheeks and a sliding mouth-
piece which plays up and down upon a short, section of
the cheek; the lower ends are connected by a bar.—Cam-
bridge bit, a stift cheek-bit with a port. The tops of
the cheeks have rings for the bridle-straps and loose hooks
for the gag-chain; the lower arms have loose rings at the
ends, and on each there is a small loop for a strap.–Cres-
cendo bit, a bit with a double or triple mouthpiece,
jointed or stiff; the rein-rings are attached to the long
heads on the mouthpiece by branches having pins that
enter the heads.--D'Orsay bit, a bit with a Buxton mouth-
and cheek-piece, a ring around the center bar, and solid
rings at the ends of the upper and lower cheek-pieces.—
Double mouth-bit, a bit having two mouthpieces which
connect with the cheek-pieces, generally with a long and
a short section on each, so placed that a short section is
near each cheek.-Duke bit, a bit in which the ends of
the cheek-pieces are shaped like a flattened S.—Green-
Wood bit, a coach-bit with a segundo mouthpiece and
elbow-cheeks.-H. bits, small iron plates with
projecting studs which strike the caster-backs, attached
to the vertical bars of a stocking-frame.—Leather
Imouth-bit, a bit laving a mouthpiece wholly of leather,
or of metal with a leather cover.—Liverpool bit, a
coach-bit with a loose mouthpiece which slides on a
center-bar cheek-piece encircled by rings. The lower
ends of the cheeks have center loopholes. Above the
rings are loops for the bridle-straps and gag-hooks.-
In bot., having two
A, double mouth-bit; B, wind-sucking bit; C, humane round
leather mouth-bit.
Mameluke bit, an Oriental bit; it has a large ring
jointed on the top of a high-port hunting-bit.—Melton
bit, a bit with long, straight cheeks, having loops for the
bridle-straps at the top, loose rings at the lower ends, and
small side-loops below the mouth. The mouthpiece is a
port. The cheeks pass through the ends of the mouth-
piece and are loose, but do not slide.—Mexican bit, a
bit, with solid mouth- and cheek-pieces. The mouthpiece
is provided with players, and the cheeks are of the gag
variety and ornamental in character. This class of bits
includes the California, Texas, and ranch bit, all of which
embody the same general principle.— Mullin bit, a
double-ring bit with a bow mouthpiece.—Pelham #, 3.
bit with a jointed or stiff mouthpiece. The cheek-pieces
are long, and have bridle-loops at the tops, rein-rings at
the mouth, gag-rein rings at the lower ends, and chin-
strap loops above between the rein-rings.—Piercel bit,
a small bit commonly used for boring a vent in a barrel
or keg. Often called a piercel.—Rolling Buxton bit, a
Buxton bit so constructed that the mouthpiece both roils
and slides.—Rubber bit, a bit with a solid metal, chain,
or linked mouthpiece, covered with hard or soft india-
rubber.— iº bit, a bit with a horned port and long
cheeks which are solid on the mouthpiece. The reim-
rings are at the lower ends of the cheeks.-Spiral bit, a
form of auger for boring holes in wood in which the stéel
of the shaft is twisted into a helical ribbon, so as to form
a channel or groove between the helices up which the
chips may pass as the tool penetrates.—Weymouth bit,
a riding-bit with a sliding mouthpiece and one rein-ling.
—Whitman bit, a bit invented by Colonel R. E. Whit-
bit?, n.
bitanhol (bé-tān-hôl'), n.
bitch, m.
pes.
bitch-chain (bichſchān), m.
Bithynis (bi-thiºnis), n.
bitogo (bé -tê'gó), n.
bitrochanteric (biºtrö-kan-ter’ik), a.
Bit-stone ware.
Bittacomorpha (bit/a-kö-mór'fä), n.
Bitter salts.
bitter-apple (bit-êr-ap'1), n.
bitter-bark (bit’ &r-bärk), n. 1.
bitter-buttons (bit-êr-butºnz), n.
man, U. S. A. -
on the outside º:
is used to attaſ;
or released qiāś
screw at the poſſ §feed. Frequently called
a wimble.—Wiś
§§ºing tºº, a bit with a perforated
tubular mouthpiece, dēsigned for cribbing horses.
8. In cºrºni., a small piece of stone
for separating the pieces of pottery in the
kiln: used before the invention of stilts, cock-
Spurs, and triangles. Ware so made was called
bit-Stone ware.—Crimbal bits, French coins made
for the Windward Islands: said to be so called after the
person who introduced them into Barbados.
[Philippine Sp., &
Bisaya bitanghol.] Calophyllum Inophyllum, a
tree widely spread on tropical shores.
zed by a snap-hook which revolves
ºad ºf the cheek-piece. The hook
§§ºthèbridle. It can be attached
§§§-bit, a bit which has a
º
&
§s
º§
º
§Q_º
§§
Šºš
šš.
º -
Bitanhol (Calophyllum Izzophyllum). Branch with Flower-stalk.
a, lengthwise section of ripe fruit. (After Greshow.)
beautiful feather-veined leaves and tough, durable wood.
It yields an aromatic resin and from its seeds a bitter oili
bitter-cup (bit’ér-kup), n.
bitter-leaf (bit/ēr-lèf), n.
bitter-rot (bit/ēr-rot), m.
bitting (bit/ing), n.
Bittium (bit’ i-um), m.
bitty (bit/i), n.
bitubercular (bi-tū-bër’ kū-lär), a.
bivariant
A cup turned from
quassia or bitter-wood. Water allowed to stand in
such a cup soon acquires a bitter taste and is by many
considered a beneficial tonic. See Quassia, 2.
The Tasmanian
native or wild hop, Daviesia latifolia, of the
bean family. [Australia.]
bitter-roof, n. -Natal bitter-root, a climbing vine
of the gourd, family, Gerrardanthus mácrorhiza, having
tuberous roots, from 2 to 3 feet in diameter, which are in.
tensely bitter and are used by the natives in medicine.
º * A fungous disease
of fruits which gives them a bitter taste.—
Bitter-rot of *; See anthracnose of apple, under
*anthracnose.-Bitter-rot of grape, a disease of grapes
caused by Melam.com.twm fuligimewm.
Tt has bitters, m. pl.—Aromatic * bitters containing
aromatic oil, but little tannin.—Astringent bitters,
bitters containing considerable tannin, but little aromatić
oil.—Simple bitters, bitters containing but little tannin
or aromatic oils.
1. The act of putting
the bit into a horse's mouth, one of the steps
in horse-breaking; bridling.—2. In weaving,
the piecing of warp-threads in the loom with
short bits of yarn, to aid in drawing in
through the harnesses and reed of wider
warps than are commonly used, and for other
purposes.
[NL., appar. K. Gr.
Bártov, a woman's name.] A genus of gastro-
pod mollusks belonging to the family Cerithi-
idae, having high-turreted spiral shells with
granulated spiral ribs. It is common in Ju-
rassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary rocks, and
also exists in the present seas.
Refuse left after the starch
has been removed from such plants as arrow-
root, cassava, etc. [West Indies.]
© tº gº e Having
two tubercles, as a tooth. W. Bateson, Study
of Variation, p. 217.
(From Sadebeck's “Die Kulturgewöchse der deutschen Kolenien.") bituminoid (bi-tū’mi-noid) , a. [bitumen (-min-)
+ -oid.] Bitumen-like; having the general char-
acter of bitumen.
obtained. . Also called palo Maria, or St. Mary's wood, i bitypic (bi-tip'ik), a. [bi-2 + type -- -ic.] Con-
in Guam daog. Seetamanu, tacamahac, l, poonay-oil, and
Calophyllum.
n. 3. pl. A set of three chains for sling-
ling plpe
A short, heavy
chain with hook and ring, used to fastem the
lower end of a º to a sled or
loading logs. [U. S.]
poral.
two temporal bones.—Bitemporal breadth, the
maximum distance between the temporal bones.
[NL. (Philippi, 1860),
K. Gr. Buffvuig, Bithynian, K Bióvvoi, the inhabi.
tants of Bithynia, a district in Asia Minor.]
A genus of crustaceans. Same as Palaemon.
[Philippine name.] A.
name applied in the Philippines to Cycas cir-
cinalis. See Afadang and Cycas, 1.
[bi-2 +
trochanter + -ic.] . In anthropometry, of or per-
taining to the two trochanters.—Bitrochanteric
breadth, the distance between the two trochanters.
See Abit?, 8. ,
[NL.
(Westwood, 1835), K. Gr. 3irtakoç, var. of pirra-
Koç, a parrot, + poppſ, form.] A remarkable
American genus of dipterous insects of the
family Tipulidae, having short wings, banded
legs, and swollen feet. The larvae are subaquatic
and bear a long anal respiratory tube with two spiracles
at the end. The respiratory tube of the pupa projects
from the opposite end of the body.
Bittacus (bit/a-kus), n. [NL. (Latreille, 1804),
K. Gr. 3ittakog, var. of pirrakoç, a parrot.]
genus of curious mecopterous insects, of very
wide distribution and predatory habits, re-
sembling crane-flies in general appearance.
They use the hind instead of the front legs for grasping
their prey, and their larvae live near the surface of the
ground and feed upon dead animal matter.
Same as epsom Salts.
See colocynth.
An Aus-
tralianeuphorbiaceoustree, Petalostigma quad-
riloculare, the bark of which contains a power-
ful bitter principle which is used medicinally.
Also called emu-apple, Crab-tree, and native
quince.—2. Either one of two trees of the dog-
bane family, Tabermaemontana orientalis and
Pala constricta (Alstonia constricta of F. von
Müller), the barks of which are also used in
medicine. The latter is better known as fever-
bark. See also Alstonia bark, under bark2.
The tansy,
Tanacetwm vulgare.
[Philippine Is...] \
... On 8.
biurate (bi-à’rät), n.
bivalent,
bivarianº, (birā’ri-ant), a.
sisting of two types only: said of a genus con-
taining but two species. Compare monotypic.
He found that many of the characteristic genera of east-
ern America, and a number of the monotypic and bitypic
genera, occur also in the Japanese region.
L. H. Bailey, Survival of the Unlike, p. 270.
car when hiuncinate (bi-un’si-nāt), a. [bi-2 + wincinate.]
Having two hooks.
bitemporal (bi-tem'pë-ral), a... [bi-” + tem-biuniai (bi-ii/ni-al), a. [Irreg. K L. bi-, two-,
In craniom., of or pertaining to the + -unus, one, + -i-al.] Having or consisting
of two combined in one: as, the biwnial magic
lantern. N. E. D.
biuniform (bi-li’mi-fôrm), a. [bi-2 + whiform.]
math., one-to-one.
This results from the definition which Hilbert gives of
movement. To be a movement, a transformation must
. many conditions; first it must be continuous and
transform two points infinitely near into two points infin-
itely hear; then it must be biwniform, that is to say, that
every Ooint of the plane must have one transformé and
• Only ole, and be the transformé of one point and of only
Science, Sept. 16, 1904, p. 360.
Biunitirm transformation. See *transformation.
Biur (bā'ūr), n.; pl. Biwrim (-ām). [Heb, biur,
a cominentary.] A comprehensive commen-
tary on the Old Testament prepared by Moses
Mendelssohn and others.
[bi-2 + wrate.] A neu-
tral Salt of uric acid. "Gouty tophi are com-
osed of sodium biurate.
Biuret Peaction, a color reaction which is produced by all
true albumns with a dilute solution of copper sulphate in
j. of strong caustic alkali. It is referable to the
production ºf potassium cupricoxidbiuret-Biurettest,
the red or Teddish-violet color which is produced when so:
dium hydro d and a dilute solution of copper sulphate are
added to a sqution of a protein.
Bivalence of the chromosomes, in cytol., the double as
distinguished from the single (univalent) condition of the
chromosomes for example, in the oocytes and spermato-
cytes of one o the forms of Ascaris megalocephala.
a 2. In cytol., having double as
distinguished from single (univalent) chromo-
Somes in the očcytes and spermatocytes, as
in one of the varieties of the roundworm of
the horse (Asca,\'s megalocephala).
[bi-2 + variant.]
In phys. shaving two degrees of freedom.
See degree ºf jreedom.—Bivariant system, a ther.
modynamic syster in which two of the magnitudes which
determine it may 3e made to vary independently without
destroying the system by altering the number of phases
of Which it consits. If we place one pound of pure
water and one pould of dry carbon dioxid in a cylinder
provided with an air-tight, piston, we shall, have two
phases present,º solution of carbon dioxid in liquid
Water, and the ºthe: a mixture of gaseous carbon dioxid
With Water Vågºr. The composition of these two phases
will be determined by the temperature and the pressure,
and we can within lińits vary each without regard to the












bivariant
other and yet have the two phases still existing. The
System is bivariant. If, however, we raise the tempera-
ture till all the water evaporates, or increase the pressure
till all the carbon dioxidis dissolved, one phase disappears,
and the system becomes monovariant.
bivocal (bi-vö’kal), n. [L. bi-, two-, + vocalis,
a vowel..] A coalition or union of two vowels
pronounced in one syllable; a diphthong: as
ai in “rain,’ of in “noise,” etc.
bivoltin (bi-vol’tin), n. [F. *bivoltin, K.L. bi-,
two, + volte, a turn, revolution (see volt!,
volta), + E. -in 1.] A race of domestic silk-
worms that have two generations each year.
biweekly, a. and adv. III, n. A periodical
issued once every two weeks; a fortnightly
ublication.
ixa (bik’sä), n. . [NL. (Linnaeus, 1753, first
used by him in his “Genera plantarum,’ 1737),
K bia:a, a Spanish spelling of bicha, bischa, the
name of the plant among the Arawak Indians
of Guiana.] A genus of dicotyledonous trees
constituting the family Bia:aceae. It is character-
ized by its large cordate-ovate entireleaves, showy pinkish
flowers in terminal panicles, and prickly capsules. The
only species, B. Orellana, is a native of tropical America,
but has been introduced in the tropics of the Old World.
See achiote and armotto.
bixaceous (bik-så'shius), a.
plant family Bialaceae.
biºiº (biks' bi-it), n. [Named after May-
mard Bia:by of Salt Lake City.] A rare man-
ganate of iron (essentially FeMnO3), occur-
ring in black cubic crystals with brilliant
metallic luster. It is related to perovskite,
and occurs in rhyolite in southern Utah.
bixein (bik’sé-in), n. Same as biaſin.
bizet (bi-zet’), n. [Thought to be an arbitrary
or mistaken form of bizel, bezel: see bezel.] The
upper part of a brilliant between the table and
the girdle in a full brilliant having 32 facets,
and supposed to occupy one third of the depth
of the gem.
biznaga (běth-nā’gå), n.
*visnaga.
loizug (bi-zög"), n. A Syrian lute.
The smallest distance observed between frets is the
above-cited 14 mm., except that the Syrian lute, bězug
(No. 95,144, U. S. N. M.), has two spaces of 12 and 13 mm.
Smithsonian Rep., 1900, p. 434.
A dialectal (Scotch) variant
Belonging to the
[Sp. biznaga.] See
bizz (biz), n.
of buzzl.
bkr. An abbreviation of barkometer.
B. T. An abbreviation (c) of Bachelor of
Letters or of Literature; (d) milit., of breech-
loading.
. L. A. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Lib-
eral Arts. Same as B. A. (a).
blaazop (blåz'op), n. [Cape Putch, Kblaa2...op
(inf. opblazen), blazen, blow (see blazel, bleezel),
+ op, up : see up.] A South African insect of
the genus Pneumora, family Acridiidae, which
is said to inflate its abdomen and to make a
tremulous noise at night. Kirby and Spence,
Entomology, p. 495.
Blabera (blab’e-râ), m. . [NL. (Serville, 1831),
K Gr. 82a3epóg, hurtful, pernicious, K 37.687,
hurt, harm, injury, K/3%áTretv, hurt, injure.]. A
genus of very large tropical and subtropical
cockroaches of the orthopterous family Blat-
tidae. They are known in the West Indies as
drummers and are supposed to make a noise at
might.
Blaberides (bla-bér’i-déz), m. pl. [NL., K. Blab-
era + -ides, taken as a plural suffix.] A tribe of
cockroaches of which Blabera is the type.
They have the thighs unarmed beneath, no pad between
the claws, the pronotum smooth, and the wings with a
fan-like folded anal field.
black. I. a. 10. Dark-complexioned.
How if she be Blacke and Witty #
Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
Took up Mr. Hater and his wife. . . . I found her to
be a very pretty, modest, black Woman.
Pepys, Diary, April 30, 1661.
Black ºngº, *ant, kbeech. See these words. Black
belt, (b) Same as kcane-brake region.— Black bº.
in phys... a body which completely absorbs the radiº
ation failing upon it, reflecting none and transmitting
none. No actual known substance rigorously fulfils this
definition, and the black body thus specified is therefore
commonly termed the ideal black body. See*radiation.—
Black A.Caucasian, #drop, Arfern. See the nouns.--
Black-figured stylé. . See?'style.I.- Black hand. (b)
A criminal conspiracy among certain Italian immigrants
in the United States for the purpose of blackmail and
deeds of violence.—Black house. See &housel.-Black
line, in Australian hist.; the line of about 5,000 armed
men which in 1830, by order of the governor, swept across
Tasmania from north to southeast in the attempt to drive
the aboriginal tribes into that part of the island known
as Tasman Peninsula. See kblack war-Black lung.
See ºwng.—Black mark, a mark indicating failure,
offense, or demerit.— #ºk money. See A money.—
Black pod. See &pod.—Black pool. See Apool”.-
Black rot, (b) A black appearance on hides, caused by
the application of hot liquor to green stock. C. T. Davis,
Manuf. of Leather, p. 183.— Black salt. See #8alt.—
Black Thursday, in Australian hist., Thursday, Febru-
ary 6, 1851, remarkable for a great heat-wave (112” F. in
the shade) and a disastrous bush-fire which affected the
whole colony of Victoria. Strutt's celebrated painting,
“Black Thursday,” commemorates the event.—Black-
tracker, a member of a special force of aboriginal Aus-
tralian police, skilled in following trails and employed in
running down criminals.—Black War, in Australian
hist., a bloodless military expedition undertaken in 1830
by the governor of Tasmania for the purpose of driving the
troublesome aboriginal tribes into Tasman Peninsula.
Only two natives were captured. Seexblack line.—Black
Will. See # Will.
II. n. 13. In archery: (a) The fourth and
next to the outermost circle of the target,
which is colored black. See target. (b) An
arrow which hits this circle; a hit in the black.
According to the present method of scoring
such a hit counts 3.−14. pl. Black or coaly
shale. Barrowman, Glossary. [Scotch..]—
15. pl. The larvae of the black *caterpillar
(which see).-Alizarin black, a mordant dyestuff,
derived from , anthracene, which dyes chromium-mor-
danted wool a very fast black. It is a trihydroxyanthra-
quinone quinoline.-Alizarin-cyanine black, a mor-
dant coal-tar color similar in character to alizarin cyanine.
It produces blue-black shades with a chromium mordant.
—Almond black, a black pigment prepared by carbon-
izing almond- and cocoanut-shells.--Aniline black. It
is an insoluble substance produced by the oxidation of
aniline, usually in the form of aniline salt. Its chemical
composition is unknown. There are three stages in the
oxidation of aniline : (1) the formation of emeraldine or
azurine, (2) the oxidation of emeraldine to nigraniline, and
(3) the oxidation of the nigraniline to the so-called “un-
blackberry
a black pigment made from native lead sulphid.— Graph-
ite black, a black pigment consisting of powdered
graphite.—‘Immedial black, a coal-tar color of the
sulphid ºp; similar to Vidal black. Its composition is
unknown. It dyes unmordanted cotton a very fast black
in a sodium-sulphid bath.—Kumassiblack, an acid coal-
tar color of the diazo type derived from diamido-naphtha-
lene-sulphonic acid. It dyes wool a deep black in an acid
bath.—Kumassi union black, a coal-tar color of the
triazo type derived from diamido-naphthalene-Sulphonic
acid. It is particularly well suited for the dyeing of cot-
ton-and-wool union material.—Rumassi Wool black R.
and S, acid coal-tar colors of the diazo type derived from
diamido-naphthalene. They dye wool black in an acid
bath.-Liège black, a black pigment obtained by car-
bonizing vine-twigs. It consists of a pure form of char-
coal. Also called blue-black.—Naphthol black, an acid
dyestuff of the sulphonated azo type, derived from naph-
thalene. There are several naphthol blacks which vary
slightly in composition, although they are all of the same
general character.—Naphthol black B, 3B, and 6B, acid
coal-tar colors of the diazo type containing three naph-
thalene nuclei. They dye wool black in an acid bath.-
Naphthol black 12B. Same as naphthol &blue-black-
—Naphthylamine black, an acid coal-tar color of the
diazo type derived from a-naphthylamine. It dyes wool a
blue-black in an acid bath.--Nyanza black, a direct
cotton coal-tar color of the diazo type. It dyes unmor-
danted cotton in a salt bath, and is also well suited for
wool-dyeing.— One-dip black, a logwood black dyed in
a single bath, the mordant and dyestuff being applied
simultaneously. The mordant first unites with the log-
wood to form a color-lake which dissolves and is held in
solution by some acid, usually oxalic. From such a solu-
tion the color-lake gradually deposits upon the fiber.—
Oxamine black, a name applied to several direct cotton
coal-tar colors which dye unmordanted cotton black in a
salt bath.-Oxidation black, a name by which aniline
black is sometimes designated, from the fact that it is
produced by the oxidation of aniline.— Oxydiamine
black, a name applied to several direct cotton coal-tar
colors which dye unmordanted cotton black in a salt bath-
—Palatine black, one of the wool blacks.-Phenylene.
hlack. Same as anthracite kblack. — Prudhomme’s
black, a name sometimes given to aniline black when
produced by using potassium ferrocyanide.— Reduced
black, a prepared mixture for the production of a one-
dip logwood black which has been subjected to a reducing
action.—Salzb black, a logwood black, so called be-
cause Salzburg vitriol is used in its production.—Single-
bath black. Same as one-dip ſkblack. —Spear—marked
black, a geometrid moth, Rheumaptera hastata, common
in Europe and the northern United States, black in color
and striped and spotted with white. One white spot and
band somewhat resemble a spear-head, hence the name.
Its larvae are gregarious and feed upon birch and sweet-
gale.—Sulphone black, a mordant acid coal-tar color
similar to diamond black.--Tabora black, a direct cot-
ton coal-tar color of unpublished constitution, which dyes
unmordanted cotton from a salt bath.-Union black, a
name given to several direct cotton coal-tar colors which
are particularly well suited for dyeing cotton-and-wool
union goods black. —Victoria, black, an acid coal-tar
color of the diazo type. It dyes Wool black in an acid
bath.-Vidal black, a Sulphid coal-tar color, prepared by
the fusion of amido-phenol and other compounds with
sodium polysulphid : one of the earliest sulphud colors.
It was discovered in 1893 and named after its discoverer.
It dyes unmordanted cotton a very fast black.--White-
striped black, an American geometrid moth, Euchaeca.
albovittata, black in color, with a broad white band ex-
tending across the fore-wing.—Wool black, a name as-
signed to several acid colors of the diazo type which dye
wool black in an acid bath. – Zambesi black, a direct
cotton coal-tar color, which dyes unmordanted cotton in a
salt bath, but is rendered faster by Subsequent diazotizing
and developing.
black-and-tan (blak-and-tan"), n. A cab of
the coupé type. introduced in New York in
1883: so named from its colors. [Colloq.]
Black-ash furnace. See *furnace.
blackback, m. , 3. The Menomonee whitefish,
Coregonus quadrilateralis. [Lake Michigan.]
blackball, n. 4. Same as black ash.
greenable black’ which is the color desired. . The color
is always made as used, the formation of the black taking
place within and upon the fiber during the dyeing pro-
cess. It is largely used in calico-printing and in hosiery-
dyeing, and whenever an extra-fast black is desired. It
is commonly applied to cotton, but processes have been
devised by which it may be applied to cotton-and-wool
union goods.—Anthracite black, an acid coal-tar color
of the sulphonated azo type, derived from a-naphthyla-
mine. It dyes wool black in an acid bath. Also called
phenylene black-Anthraquinone black, a sulphid
coal-tar color made by fusing dinitro-anthraquinone with
sodium polysulphid. It dyes unmordanted cotton black,
and possesses the common properties of the sulphid colors.
—Auronal black, a sulphid coal-tar color prepared by
the fusion of dinitro-paramido-diphenylamine with so-
dium polysulphid. It dyes unmordanted cotton black,
and possesses the common properties of the sulphid colors.
—Autogene black, a sulphid color prepared by the fusion
of sodium polysulphid with the product formed by the con-
densation of amido-hydroxy-diphenylamine with the pro-
duct of the action of sulphur chlorid upon phenol, cresol,
or amines. It dyes cotton black, and possesses the common
properties of the sulphid colors.—Beggar's ultramarine
black. See kbeggar.—Berlin black, a black warnish
used in coating ironwork. It gives a dull finish.—Bie-
lorich black AN, 4AN, 6AN, AO, 4:BN, 3BO, and RO,
acid coal-tar colors of unpublished composition which
dye various shades of black on wool in an acid bath.-
Black-white series, in psychophys., the series of color-
less visual sensations, passing from black through gray to
white. E. B. Titchener, Exper. Psychol., L. ii. 5.-Bonsor’s
black, a mixture of logwood, ferrous sulphate, copper
sulphate, and oxalic acid in proper proportions to produce
a one-dip logwood black.-Brilliant black. Same as
naphthol & black 6B.--Carbide black, a direct cotton
coal-tar color of unpublished composition which dyes un-
mordanted cotton black in a salt bath.—Chromanil
black, one of several direct cotton coal-tar colors of un-
published composition which dye unmordanted cotton in
a salt bath, but which are rendered faster by an after-
chroming.—Chromatrope black, a color developed
from one of the chromatropes. See kchromatrope2. —
Coffee black, a black pigment made by carbonizing coffee-
berries.—Columbia, black, the name applied to a number
of direct cotton coal-tar colors of the triazo type. They dye
unmordanted cotton black in a neutral salt bath.--Cross-
dye black, a coal-tar color of the sulphid type, used in
dyeing cotton warps. It gives a deep blue-black. Also
called cross-dye mavy.—Cuba, black. Same as diami!
*black.-Dead black, a preparation of lampblack for
painting brass and white metals.-Diamine beta-black,
a direct cotton coal-tar color of the triazo type derived
from benzidine. It dyes unmordanted cotton in a salt
bath a black which, upon being diazotized and developed
with 8-naphthol, becomes much faster.—Diamine black,
the name of several direct cotton coal-tar colors, related
to benzidine, which dye unmordanted cotton black in a
salt bath.-Diamineral black B, 3B, 6B, and R, direct
cotton coal-tar colors. They dye unmordanted cotton
black in a salt bath, but for the best results they should be
after-treated with potassium bichromate or copper sul-
phate.—Dianil black, a direct cotton coal-tar color of
the tetrakisazo type derived from benzidine. It dyes un-
mordanted cotton in an alkaline Salt bath. Also called
Cuba black.-Diazin black, a basic coal-tar color of
the monoazo type derived from Safranine. It dyes tan-
nin-mordanted yarn black of a good degree of fastness.—
Diazo black, a direct cotton coal-tar color of the diazo
type derived from benzidine. It dyes unmordanted cot-
ton in a salt bath, but for the best results requires sub-
sequent diazotizing and developing.—Diazo brilliant
black, a direct cotton coal-tar color of the diazo type de-
rived from tolidine. It dyes unmordanted cotton in a
salt bath, but for the best results it requires a subsequent
diazotizing and developing.—Direct black. (a) Same
as one-dip kblack. (b) Any direct cotton black.—Fast
black, a basic coal-tar color of the oxazin type, but of
uncertain composition. It dyes cotton mordanted with
tannin and iron a very fast black.—Fast black B and BS,
two sulphid coal-tar colors prepared by the action of so-
dium sulphid upon dinitronaphthalene. They dye un-
mordanted cotton from an alkaline bath.— Galena, black,
blºº, m., 1. In North America the term black-
berry is applied to those edible-fruited menbers of the
genus Rubus in which the drupelets and torus (“core')
adhere into one mass and in this form separate from the
plant. The blackberry is now more extensively cultivated
in the United States than elsewhere in the world. These
fruits are the ameliorated products of native species, and
the evolution has taken place within about half a cen-
tury. The species of blackberry are much confused, but
as now understood the forms cultivated for their fruit
have been derived chiefly from Rubus nigrobaccus, the
common wild blackberry. Some have come from R. ar-
gutws, and a very few from R. cunevſolvus. The dew-
berries (trailing blackberries) are derived from R. pro-
cwmbens (R. villosus of Aiton) and R. in visus. A few
blackberries are hybrids between blackberries and dew-
berries. The blackberries are of Very easy culture. If
the ground is fertile and the plants free from disease, the
crop is very heavy; and as this crop matures in mid-
summer, it is important that the soil be retentive of
moisture. As in related plants, the fruit arises from
canes that grew the previous year, and these canes usu-
ally bear but once and never more than one good crop;
therefore the old canes are wholly removed after they
have borne, and the growing canes take their places.
This removal of the old canes not only conserves the
energy of the plant and removes objectionable brush, but
also serves to keep disease in check. The chief diseases
are the anthracnose and the red rust. The former causes
discolorations and spots on the canes. It can be kept in
check to some extent by thorough and repeated spraying
with Bordeaux mixture; but the best procedure is to
keep it out by timely removal of affected canes and by
changing the patch to a new area every few years. The
red rust, yellow rust, or yellows is due to a fungus that
affects the entire plant, but, fruits on the under side of
the leaves and is therefore often mistaken for a foliage
blackberry
disease. The only remedy is to uproot the plant and burn
it. The varieties of blackberry are many, and new kinds
are constantly taking the place of the old. Probably the
Snyder is now, the most wide-spread, although not the
best in, quality.—Blackberry bark-louse, kcane-
borer, Acrown-borer, Aroot-borer. See these words.
-Blackberry blight, a disease of blackberry canes
and leaves, thought to be due to bacteria.-Blackberry
gall-maker. See *:::::::::::...Y blackberry-
gall, a large Woody growth on the stems of the blackberry,
polythalamous in character and produced by the cynipid
Diastrophus nebulosus.
blackbird, n. 5. A native of the islands of
Torres Strait. [Australia.]—Brewer's blackbird;
Scolecophagus º a member of the oriole fam-
ily common in the western United States.
blackbirder (blak/bèr-dèr), n.
slave-ship. [Cant.]
bºngºbarding), n: and a... I. m.
The kidnapping of negroes or Polynesians to
be sold into slavery.
In the early days of sugar-planting...[in Queensland]
there may have been blackbirding, but it was confined to
a very few, and it is done away with altogether now.
Gilbert Parker, Round the Compass in Australia, p. 78.
II. a. Engaged in the kidnapping of negroes
or Polynesians to be sold as slaves: as, a
blackbirding crew.
black-blue (blak/blö"), n. A blue so dark
that it is nearly black. Similar to blue-black.
—AZO black-blue, a direct cotton coal-tar color of the
diazo-sulphonic-acid type, prepared by combining diazo-
tized toluidine with a mixture of hydroxy-diphenylamine
and amido-naphthol-disulphonic acid : also called azo
navy-blue. It dyes unmordanted cotton from a boiling
salt bath.-Benzo black-blue, a name given to several
similar direct cotton coal-tar colors of the trisazo type,
derived from benzidine or tolidine. They dye unmor-
danted cotton black-blue shades from a salt bath.—
Diamine black-blue, a direct cotton coal-tar color de-
rived from benzidine, which dyes unmordanted cotton a
black-blue shade from an alkaline salt bath.
black-brown (blak/broun"), n. A brown so
dark that it is nearly black.-Benzo black-brown,
a direct cotton coal-tar color of unpublished constitution,
which dyes a black-brown from a salt bath.-Katigen
ºf brown, a sulphid color similar to kcachow de
07.1)(Lù.
black-buck (blak/buk), m. A sportsman’s
name for the Indian antelope, Antilope cervi-
capra. See cut under sasin.
1Black-bulb thermometer. See solar-radia-
tion thermometer, under thermometer.
blackbutt (blak/but), n. A valuable timber-
tree, Eucalyptus pilularis, of southeastern
Australia. It is straight in the grain, moderately
heavy, light reddish brown in color (though the lower
part of the trunk is black), and is adapted for bent work.
It is found to thrive in California near the coast.
wood is of general excellence for house- and ship-building,
etc., and on account of branching high is specially availa-
ble for telegraph-poles. Also called flintwood, willow,
A slaver; a
blanch
black-haw (blak'hā’), n. 1. Either of two black-walnut (blak-wal'nut), n. See walnum.
species of arrow-wood, Viburnum prunifolium --Gâlifornia blººkºalant, Jºglºmé, Sºforºţca, a
smaller and less valuable tree than the black-walnut of
or V. rufotomentosum.—2. One of two shrubs the eastern United States, found on the Pacific slope and
or small trees, Bumelia lanuginosa and B. ranging into Arizona, New Mexico, and sonora.
tenaaſ, of the southern United States. Black-water fever. See *fever1.
blackhead, n., 8...In entoº., the larva of an Blackwood series. See #series.
American tortricid moth, Eudemis vacciniana, bladder, n., 4. (c) A membranous inflated
3 * v- ? --
x. i. on the le.º: the . fruit, as that of Koelreuteria or the pericarp of
soºlled Jºº-ºº:-4: A 90mmoºr Physalis.-bladder ſever, acute cystit; also em.
comedo.—5. A highly infectious and fatal dis; phigus.--Fasciculated iladder, a condition associated
ease of turkeys, peacocks, etc., characterized with obstruction to the flow of urine, in which the hyper-
by lesions in the caeca, intestines, and liver, trophied muscular coat of the bladder forms ridges or
probably due to a coccidium. columns on the inner surface of the organ.-Stammer-
to bladder. See 8tammer, v.
black-hot (blak/hot), a. Hot but not glowing; sº ^ &r-
less hot than red-hot. bladder fish (blad ër fish), ??,
º sh and puffer, 3.
Blackiston's trout. See *trowt. # y * x. -- T. 38
* adder-lard (blad’êr-lärd), n. 1. Lard put
bººk, m. 10. Candy made of dark up for sale in biaddersº A trade-name for
Black-knot of the filbert, a disease which attacks the lard of the best quality from the kidney fat of
branches of the filbert, Corylus Avellana, and also those the animal.
of C. Americana. It is caused by the pyrenomycetous bladder-nut, m.—African bladder-nut, a small
fungus, Cryptosporella anomala, which produces enlarged
black stromata.—Black-knot of the gooseberry, a
disease of the gooseberry caused by Plowrightia Ribesid.—
Black-knot of the hazel. Same as kblack-knot of the
Jilbert.
Same as globe-
blackleg, n., 5. A laborer who is not a mem-
ber of a trade-gild or trade-union; a “scab.” .
The saddlers threw the blame [of bad saddles] on the
joiners; and the joiners seem to have in their turn pushed
it back on an illegal or “blackleg" labour enco ed by
the saddlers for their own advantage. . . . As to the in-
troduction of “blackleg" labour by the Masters, it was
decreed that no stranger was to be brought into the
trades till he had been received at the husting by the
assent of eight respectable men of the craft.
Mrs. J. R. Green, Town Life in 15th Century, IL 163–165.
blackmailer (blak’māl-er), n., One wholevies,
or attempts to levy, blackmail.
The Herald Building cannot be in the least degree
affected by the Quixotic enterprise of the lobbyists and
blackmailers of the Arcade Railroad.
New York Herald, April 24, 1868, p. 6.
blackmark (blak’märk), v. t. To put a black
mark against the name of (some one).
Ostracise and black mark all who do not come into their
confederacy.
D. Masson, Drummond of Hawthornden, xiii.
black-meat (blak/mét), n. Mollusks of the
genus Rissoa in the larval, or veliger, stage,
occurring in masses on the surface of the sea,
and furnishing food for mackerel, herring,
and other fishes.
blackneck (blak/nek), n. Either one of the
scaup-ducks, Aythya marila mearctica and A.
affinis, which have the head and upper part of
the neck black. More commonly called broad-
Bladder-nut (Royerta lucida).
branch; b, fruit; c, longitudinal section of a fruit.
om Engler and Prantl’s “Pflanzenfamilien.”)
(?, flºº
(Drawn fr
South African tree of the ebony family, Royena lucida, or
its fruit. Its wood is much used. Aiso tailed African
&nowdrop. See Royena.
bladder-plum (blad’ér-plum), n.
*plum-pocket.
bladder-sedge (blad’êr-sej), 'm. A species of
Same as
bill or bluebill.
white-top, and mountain-ash.
The black-
black-chaser (blak'châ"sér), m. blackpoll (blak/pól), n. The black-poll war-
snake, BaScanion constrictor. bler, Dendroica striata, which has the top of the
black-dog, n. 3. A general name for the de- head black.
based and counterfeit subsidiary coinage cur- black-print (blak/print), n. A photographic
rent in the British West Indies. rint, resembling the blue-print, giving black
blacken, v. t. 3. In founding, to coat (the face #. on a white ground.
of a mold) with graphite, or any mixture black-printing (blak’ prin/ting), n. In ceram.,
used for the purpose, in order to create a sur- the process of printing on pottery in black over
face which will gasify under the heat of the the glaze; it antedates blue-printing.
molten metal. The thin film of gas so produced Black-process paper. See *paper.
º the mold-surface Black River limestone. See *mºstone.
eling & * /*n- c. *
blº dz), m. pl. Refuso colke #::::::::::º º* maker of
* * F I ~ : * ig-saddles. [Eng.]
blackeyed Susan (blak-id sii/zn). One of tº f
º having flowers or heads with a blººkº , n. Same as black
To follow the
dark center. One of these is Flemingia alata (see blackSmith (blak/ smith), ^). i.
Thumbergia); another the ſlower-of-an-hour, Hibiscus º g
wnbergia) trade of a blacksmith ; work as a blacksmith.
Triomum ; a third, Iºwdbeckia hörta (see Rudbeckia).
£ /2 * e
blackfellow (blak/fel”6), m. An aboriginal You have made me work very hard at this wild-goose
chase, digging, and tramping, and blacksmithing, and you
Australian. [Colloq. E. among the colonists.] f
ck-fin snapper. See *Snapper!. got me into a scrape that might have cost me my life.
###, 7%. , º (g) In º (1) A sea- M. N. Murfree, Despot of Broomsedge Cove, XX.
fish, Incisidens simplex. (2) A sea-fish, Gºrella Blacksmiths' chisel. See *chisel2.
tricuspidata. (3) A fresh-water fish, Gadopsis black-stick (blak/stik), n. A blackish, resin-
£". ſºlº %.º º: ous mass, sometimes molded into sticks, which
I ; 1. * - tº - e * g
* £), is. Of ié West Indies and southward. ...; of a #. i. º: .
*s m. – Innoxious black-fly, a dipterous in- ºrated ITQm ſh9 mother-ll g wº
black-fly, y facture of quinine. It is used as a substitute
sect, Sinailium pictipes, of the family Simuliidae, which
in central New York does not appear to bite. & for quinine. Also known as chimoidine and
blºº, %. a., and v. A simplified spelling quinºidine.
of blackguard. {-} * ~ 1. F sº
blºgº") ??, blººkstone (blak/stón), n
º” Sº, water-tupelo, Nyssa bºº m. 2. A disease of the tomato-
jird, a tree inhabiting wet ground along the plant caused by the fungus 4. Solani.
Atlantic and Gulf coasts. In the Dismal Swam Blacksville limestone. See klimestone.
soºnest Virginia) it dominates arens of deciduous black-tooth (blakſtöth),
; called biack-gum or (on account of density) dark hogs in which the teeth are black from accu-
swamp. See *gum, ºwamp, Thºse ººººººº mulation of tartar. The condition produces no ill
form black gum land, a type highly dº...”... j.nºne". of the jaid is not, as is
§: Indian corn. Compare jurºper 8wamp, under commonly supposed, a disease,
J g blacktree (blak/tré), n. Same as blackwood, 3.
The European
3. Eucalyptus 8tellulata.
/
/
f -
* *
blady-grass (blå"di-gras), n.
Blair process.
Blake crusher.
Blakiston's line. See *line1.
m. A condition of blanch!, *., 3.
sedge, Carex vesicaria of the temperate Old
World, having the perigynia (seed-cases) much
inflated. In its dried state this sedge was worn, on
Nansen's polar sºon, inside boots and shoes, to keep
the feet warm and dry.
bladder-seed (blad’êr-sèd), n. See Physosper-
7)??0%.
bladder-worm, n.— Gid bladder-worm, a cestode
worm Coenwrus cerebralis, whose larval stage is passed in
the brain of the sheep, ox, and other * animals, in
which it causes gid, turnsick, or staggers. eaten by a
dog the larva develops into a tapeworm, Taemia coenwrus,
which produces numerous eggs. These, if scattered about
a farm or along roadsides, may in turn infect grazing ani-
mals. See gid 1.-Thin-necked bladder-worm, a ces-
tode worm whose larval stage, Cysticercus tenwicollis, oc-
curs in the omentum of grazing animals and sometimes
causes their death. In the alimentary canal of the dog
the larva develops into a tapeworm, Taemia marginata,
whose eggs, if swallowed, may infect such animals as
naturally harbor the larval stage.
blade, n., 3. (k) That part of an iron head of a
golf-club which forms the face or striking-
surface. (l) The broad part of a cricket-bat.
4. A swords-man.
The short man I felt quite confident Hugh could han-
dle, and was surprised, seeing his build, that Pike should
have declared him a good blade.
S. Weir Mitchell, Hugh Wynne, I. 214.
The alang-alang
grass, Imperata arumdinacea; so named appar-
ently from the abundance of leaf-blades. It is
common throughout the warmer parts of the §. and is
recommended as a binder of soil and sand. See Walang-
alang and kcogon.
A carbonaceous Blaes and balls, in mining, shale with embedded modules
of iron ore. Barrowmam, Glossary.
See *process.
See #Crusher.
(b) Lead ore mixed with other
minerals.
blanch!, v. t.—To blanch silver, to oxidize copper super-
ficially, when present in an alloy with silver, by heating to
redness in the air, and then dissolving out the oxid of Cop.
per by dilute sulphuric acid, thus leaving the surface of
the object with the white appearance of pure silver.
\
**

blanching-machine
blatjang
blanching-machine (blån'ching-ma-shën'), n, blasſeme, blasfemous, blasfemy. Simplified blastokinetic (blas’tá-ki-net'ik), a. Of or per-
A machine for removing the dark skins of al- spellings of bl
monds and peanuts. It breaks the skin, *he it blast 1, n.
away, and leaves the nut clean, white, or blanche
Blanco group. See *group1.
Blanjulidae (blan-jö'li-dé), m.pl. [NL., K. Blan-
julus + -idae.] A family of c º myria-
pods having a thin cylindrical body with more
than 30 rings, and either with no eyes or with
a simple row of eyes beneath the edge of the
forehead. .
Blanjulus (blan’jö-lus), n. [NL. (Gervais,
1837 º A genus of blind chilognath myriapods,
typical of the family Blanjulidae.
blank. I, a.-Blank wall, a flat wall without open-
ings; a dead wall. -
II. n. 12. An opening in a forest where from
any cause very few or no trees are growing.
—In blank, with F. left blank, to be filled in later by
another hand: as, to sign a check in blank.
blank, v. t. 5. To leave (a card) so that it must
be played when the suit is led.--To blank out
in printing, to extend the len
insertion & leads, lines of quadrats, or low furniture.
blanket. I. n.—Army blanket, a coarse, extra
strong wool blanket of a gray-brown color, napped on
both sides, 60 by 90 inches in size, and weighing 9 pounds
a pair.— Mattress blanket, a blanket of a cottony char-
acter, with a map on both sides, though the face shows a
distinct wave, produced in the º process. The
size varies from 60 by 70 to 60 by 74 inches, and the
weight from 5 to 10 pounds a pair.—Navy blanket,
a heavy white blanket of wool, napped on both
sides, 60 by 72 inches in size, and weighing 10 pounds a
pair.—Spanish blanket, a showy wool blanket, with a
white body and stripes of strong, contrasting colors,
from 7 to 10 inches in width, running from list to list
through the entire blanket. gº tº o
II. a. That covers, or is intended (like a
blanket) to cover, many different but more or
less closely related things, conditions, con-
tingencies, requirements, or the like; as
blanket-mortgage; a
or resolution. º
No such objection can be urged against such use of the
word “art,” as its significance in this connection has
long . . . become conventional. . . . Therefore I have
long been in favor of what has been called a blanket de-
gree. Science, May 27, 1904, p. 818.
blanket, v. t.—To blanket the fire (of a ship), to
interpose between the firing vessel and the vessel aimed
at so as to screen the latter
blanket-ballot (biang'ket-bal'Qt), m. See
*ballotl
blanket-cattle (blang’ket-kat’1), n. The
Dutch belted cattle (which see, under *cattle).
blanket-flower (blang'ket-flour), n. A plant
of the genus Gaillardia.
blanket-moss (blang’ket-mós), n.
blast2 (blåst), n.
blast-area (blåst’ā’ré-á), n.
# b
lanket-clause in a deed [
blasting-powder (blåsting-pou"dēr), n.
heme, blasphemous, blasphemy.
13. In mining, a fall of water down
a mine-shaft designed to produce or quicken
ventilation. Barrowman. [Scotch..]—14. In the
West Indies, a disease of the sugar-cane, prob-
ably caused by an acarid now known as the
sugar-cane mite. The species is still unde-
scribed.—Cranberry blast, a disease caused by the
pycnidial form of a species of &uignardia, which attacks
the very young fruit and prevents its further develop-
ment.—White blast, a disease of rice along the South
Atlantic coast of the United States. The forming head
of the rice-plant attacked by it turns snow-white. The
cause of the disease is not known.
[Gr. 3%aoróg, a sprout, shoot,
germ, K 9%aorévetv, sprout, bud, grow.] In
206l., one of the spindle-shaped, spore-like
bodies in the life-cycle of certain Sporozoa,
such as the malarial parasite.
The area over
which a blast of air or steam is distributed;
the cross-section of the blast.
h of (a short page) by the blastesis (blas-té'sis), n. [NL., KGr. 3%armouc,
a budding.] The reproduction of a lichen
thallus by means of gonidia. Minks.
Blast-furnage gas, the mixture of gases discharged from
the top of a blast-furnace used in smelting iron. It con-
sists essentially of carbon monoxid, carbon dioxid, and
nitrogen, and in view of the combustibility of the first of
these is becoming a very important source of power
hitherto wasted, being used as fuel in internal-combus-
tion engines.—Blast-furnace oil, a tar-like mixture of
hydrocarbons, phenols, etc., recovered from coal used in
blast-furnaces.—Buttgenbach's blast-furnace, a blast-
furnace in which the furnace-top is supported by pillars
of cast- or wrought-iron, thereby relieving the stack of
its weight.—Styrian charcoal blast-furnace, a blast-
furnace for the production of white iron. The ores
treated are chiefly spathic carbonates, poor in manganese
and containing from 35 to 55 per cent. of iron. The use
of charcoal as a fuel is confined to the production of fine
rades of iron. e
astidium (blas-tid’i-um), n.; pl. blastidia (-ā).
NL., K. Gr. 3%aoróg, germ, cell, + dim. -tówov.]
A secondary cell generated within another; a
daughter-cell. Schleiden.
An
explosive agent, commonly gunpowder, used
in blasting rock. Gunpowder for this purpose is
often made with nitrate of soda instead of nitrate of pot-
ash, although the former salt, which is the cheaper, tends
to take up hygroscopic moisture, and the Éiº is there-
by reduced in strength.-Borlinetto's blasting-pow-
der, an explosive, made by mixing intimately 10 parts of
picric acid, 10 parts of sodium nitrate, and 8.5 parts of
potassium chromate.—Brain's blasting-powder, an
explosive, 40 per cent. nitroglycerin and 60 per cent. a
mixture of charcoal, wood-pulp, and nitrate and chlorate
of potassium. The last-named ingredient renders it a
very dangerous material.
A local blastocele, n. Same as blastocable.
name for the felted mat of dead algae, gener- blastochore (blas’ tº -kór), n.
[Irreg. K. Gr.
ally some species of Spirogyra, Zygnema, or 82agróg, a germ, sprout, + xopeiv, spread.]
Cladophora, which forms along the border of
receding waters.
blanket-patent (blang’ket-pat'ent), n. Let-blastochyle (blas’tó-kil), n.
ters patent covering a variety of matters, each
of which may be the subject of a single patent,
blanket-policy (blang’ket-pol’i-si), n. In in-
surance law, a contract of insurance applied to
a class of property rather than to any particular
property, in which the risk assumed is shifting
and varying according as different articles or
things in the class are brought within the
terms of the contract.
blanket-scum (blang’ket-skum), n. In the
manufacture of sugar from the cane, the first-
formed thick layer of coagulated material blastogenic (blas’tó-jen'ik), a.
which appears on the surface of the cane-juice
which has been treated with milk of lime and
heated in open kettles. It consists chiefly of cal-
cium salts, coagulated proteid matter, and mechanically
entangled particles of vegetable fiber. Sadtler, Handbook
of Indust. Chem., p. 129.
blanket-strake (blang’ket-stråk), n. In min-
ing and metal., a sloping table or sluice con-
taining coarse cloth, used for catching gold.
See blanket-sluice. [Australia.]
\blanket-table (blang'ket-tä"bl), m. In mining,
an inclined plane covered with blankets or
other coarse cloth, to catch the heavier miner-
als which pass over it. See blanket-sluice.
\blanket-twill (blang’ket-twil), n. Same as
*Cassimere-twill.
blanket-vote (blang’ket-Vöt), n. Same as
blanket-kballot.
blanking-die (blang'king-di), n. Same as
*cutting-die,
blarel, n. 4. In painting, a broad and brilliant
effect of color, as in the representation of
flowers.
This is a thing unique in painting, unique in the sense
of freshness and ambiance in which the “blare" of the
flowers is rendered. º
C. Ricketts, Velasquez, in Burlington Mag., v. 889,
blastogenetic (blas” tº -jé-net 'ik), a.
8%aoré, a germ, +, Yêvegic, production: see blastophor, m.
genetic..] . In biol., of or pertaining to charac- blastophoral (blas-tof''}-ral), a.
blastoidean (blas-toi"dē-an), a. and n.
In phytogeog., a plant disseminated by off-
shoots. F. E. Clements.
[Gr. 3%ao Tóg, a
germ, + xv.26g, juice, liquid..] In embryol.,
the liquid which fills the blastocoele, or cavity
of the blastula.
[Gr.
ters which have their origin in the reproduc-
tive cells, or germ-cells, as distinguished from
the acquired or somatogenetic characters, which
make their appearance in the soma, or body,
of the animal or plant.
1. Pertain-
ing to or produced by means of budding or
blastogenesis.
The same is true as regards the formation of a new
polyp from a blastogenic cell and from an ovum. In
both cases the final result is the same, or very similar,
though the method by which it is attained is different.
Weismann (trans.), Germ-plasm, p. 174.
2. Concerning or pertaining to origin from
germ-plasm, or the substance of germ-cells, as
contrasted with origin from the soma or body.
[I] contrast them [somatogenic characters] with the
blastogenic characters of an individual, or those which
Originate solely in the primary constituent of the germ.
Weismann (trans.), Germ-plasm, p. 392.
Blastogenic germ-plasm, idioplasm. . . See Agerm-
among germ-cells considered as variation, and, according
to Weismann's doctrine of germ-plasm, the only variation,
which can be inherited or transmitted to descendants.
Weismann (trans.), Germ-plasm, p. 411.
Having the characters of or pertaining to the
Blastoidea.
II. m. One of the Blastoidea.
blastokinesis (blas” tº -ki-nē ' sis), m. [Gr.
Blastomyces (blas-tó-mi'séz), n.
blastomycete (blas-tó-mi'sét), n.
blastomycetous (blas-tū-mi-sé'tus), a.
blastomycosis (blas’tó-mi-kö’sis), m.
K e
blastous (blas’tus), a.
blast-Stove (blåst 'stów), m.
*Stove.
blastular (blastil-lär), a.
the blastula.
plasm, ºridioplasm.—Blastógenic variation, diversity blastule (blas’tül), m.
blast-wheel (blåst’hwél), m.
centrifugal disk- or pressure-blower; an im-
taining to blastokinesis.
[NL. (Cos-
tantin and Rolland, 1888), K. Gr. 3%aoróg, a
germ, -- piùlóng, a fungus.] A genus of hy.
phomycetous fungi having a scantily branched
mycelium with somewhat polyhedral simple
conidia produced on short lateral conidio-
hores. The single species, B. luteus, was found on
ear-dung. Recently various writers on animal pathol-
º have incorrectly referred to this genus certain fungi
of obscure relationship which have been isolated from
tumors, ulcers, and cancerous growths.
One of the
Blastomycetes.
Blastomycetes (blas” tº -mi-sé těz), m. pl.
[NL., KBZaotóg, a germ, H- Hikmg (pl. Mükmreg),
a fungus, a mushroom.]. A name applied
chiefly by animal pathologists to a heterogene-
ous group of fungi occurring as parasites,on
man and some of the lower animals. Some of
the species included appear closely related to such genera
as 068pora and Oidium. They are of simple structure,
consisting chiefly of simple cells arranged in chains or
small groups.
blastomycetic (blas’tó-mi-sé'tik), a. Pertain-
ing to or due to Blastomycetes.—Blastomycetic
dermatitis, a form of inflammation of the skin caused by
the presence of a fungus of the yeast-plant family.
Per-
taining to or caused by any of the so-called
Blastomycetes; blastomycetic.
[NL.,
r. (3%aotóc., a germ, + ptákmg, a fungus, +
–08is.] Inflammation due to the presence in
the tissues, especially on the skin, of a vege-
table parasite belonging to the family of bud-
ding fungi.
Blastophaga (blas-tof'a-gã), m. [NL. (Graven-
horst, 1829), K. Gr. 3%aoróg, a germ, sprout, +
Fig-insect (Blastophaga grossorum).
a, adult female; b, head from below ; c, head from side ; aſ, male
impregnating female ; e, female issuing from gall; y, male – en-
larged. (After Westwood.)
payeiv, eat..] A remarkable genus of chalcidoid
insects of the family Agaonidae, having winged
females and wingless males of peculiar struc-
ture. They inhabit the flower receptacles of the fig, and
act as fertilizers, bringing about the production of the so-
called fruit in the pistillate varieties. B. grossorum fer-
tilizes the Smyrna fig of commerce, which is absolutely
dependent upon this insect for the production of seed.
Both plant and insect have been introduced by the United
States Department of Agriculture into California, where
large crops of Smyrna figs are now grown.
Same as blastophore.
[blastophore
+ -all. J Relating to a blastophore.
blastophore, n. 2. One of the nucleated por-
tions of protoplasm formed in an oëcyst of
Sporozoa, comparable to a sporoblast.
Blastoporic º in embryol., the suture or seam formed
by the closing of the lips of the blastopore.
blastostroma (blas-tó-strö’mâ), m. ; pl. blasto-
stromata (-ma-tá). [Gr. 3%aotóg, a germ,
orpóſia, a bed, mattress.] In embryol., that
portion of the egg which participates actively
in forming the blastoderm.
Of or pertaining to a
gºel'Iºl.
Blastozoa (blas-tó-Zö’â), m. pl. [Gr. 6%aorég,
a germ, -H Ščov, animal.] Animals with
germ-layers; Meta204.
See hot-blast
Of or pertaining to
Same as blastula.
The wheel in a
eller. -
I. a. bº (blat), v.; pret. and pp. blatted, ppr. blat-
ting. [Imitative: ; cf. blatter, blather, bleat.]
I. trams. To utter heedlessly; blurt out: as, he
blatted the news.
II. intrans. 1. To talk inconsiderately or
8%aoróg, a germ, + kivmouc, movement.] In nonsensically; blather.—2. To bleat.
embryol., the movements of the whole insect blatjang (blå"chäng), m. In South Africa, chut-
embryo within the egg. Wheeler, 1893.
mey; a condiment.

Blatti
Blatti (blatti), n. INL. (Adanson, 1763, adopted
from Rheede, 1682), from a Maiabaº'name of
one of the Species of the genus, B. caseolaris.]
A genus of dicotyledonous plants, type of the
family Blattiaceae. See Sommeratia. -
Blattiaceae (blat-i-ā'sé-é), m. pl. [NL. (Nie-
denzu, 1892), K. Blatti + -aceae.] A family of
dicotyledonous archichlamydeous plants of the
order Myrtales, typified by the genus Blatti, and
mostly with the characters .# that genus. It
contains only one other genus. They are trees or shrubs
of tropical Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and the Hima-
layas. See Sonºmeratia and kambala.
Blattidium (bla-tid’i-um), n. [NL., KL. blatta,
a cockroach, + Gr. dim. -tówov.] A genus of
extinct cockroaches from the Jurassic rocks.
blazei, n. 6. In physiol., an electric current
traversing normal living tissue in a positive
direction when a mechanical stimulus is ap-
plied; the electric response of living tissue to
stimulation. See *blaze-current.
This “blaze” response is the algebraic sum of post-anodic
and post-kathodic currents; the resultant is commonly
homodrome, but an antidrome blaze, distinguished from
polarisation by its much greater order of magnitude, is also
See Il- Nature, July 9, 1903, p. 238.
blaze-current (blåz’kur"ent), n. An electric
current aroused in living tissue by stimulation.
In another paper, A. Durig describes observations which
make it impossible, he says, to regard the appearance of
blaze-currents as a specific property of living tissue. It is
much more probable that they are to be considered as
special manifestations of certain epithelial tissues.
Jowr. Roy. Micros. Soc., Oct., 1903, p. 599.
blazed (blåzd), p. a. Tſaving a white mark,
properly a streak, on the forehead: said of
horses and cattle. -
blaze-reaction (blåz-ré-ak’shgn), n. A reaction
obtained when living tissue is stimulated by a
mechanical or an electrical stimulant. It consists
of an electric current traversing the living tissue in a
positive direction, and it is thought to be an electrical cri-
terion of vitality. See a blaze, m., 6, and kblaze-current.
Jowr. Roy. Micros. Soc., Oct., 1903, p. 599.
blazing-star, n., 2. (d) In California, Mentzelia laevi-
caulis, a white-stemmed plant with cream-colored or
light-yellow flowers 3 or 4 inches broad; also M. Lindleyi,
with smaller golden flowers.
bleachl, n. 3. An abbreviation of “bleaching-
powder,’ or chlorid of lime.—Madder bleach,
the most thorough calico-bleaching process: so named
because it was first applied to goods to be printed or dyed
with madder colors. Its object is the complete removal
of every impurity which can attract coloring matter other
than that desired.— Market bleach, a bleaching process
for cotton goods suitable to meet the ordinary require-
ments of the trade. It differs from that for printed goods
essentially in the absence of the boiling with resin soap
and in the introduction of tinting with a blue coloring
matter.
bleach-croft (bléch’kroft), n. A field of grow-
ing grass upon which linen or cotton cloth is
spread for bleaching.
bleacher, n. 4. Same as *bleachery, 2.
bleacherite (blé'chèr-it), m. One who must
be content to stand or occupy a bench in the
open air while witnessing a base-ball or other
game. [Slang, U. S.]
bleachery, n. 2. An outdoor stand from which
spectators may view something, especially a
game of foot-ball or base-ball. [Slang, U. S.]
bleaching-engine (blé'ching-en"jin), n. In
paper-manuf., a machine for bleaching, clean-
ing, and preparing wood-pulp for use in a
paper-making machine. It is essentially a
form of beating-engine (which see).
bleaching-liquor (blé'ching-lik"Qr), m. Bleach-
ing-liquid; as usually understood, the solution
obtained by the action of water on bleaching-
powder or chlorid of lime, but also applied to
solutions of the alkaline hypochlorites, bleach-
ing-liquor being now made directly by the
electrolysis of an aqueous solution of common
salt.
bleach-liquor (bléch (lik-Qr), n. Same as
*bleaching-liquor.
bleach-works (bléch'wérks), m. pl. Same as
bleachery.
Blechnum (blek’num), n. [NL. (Linnaeus,
1753), K. Gr. 3%xvov, a kind of fern. (Blechmon
was used by Pliny.)]. A genus of hardy poly-
podiaceous ferns. The fronds are nearly or quite
uniform and mostly pinnatifid or pinnate; the sterile
veinlets are free, those of the fertile pinnae being con-
nected near their base by a transverse continuous recep-
tacle which bears a linear sorus parallel to the midvein
and provided with an elongate superior indusium free
and at length reflexed from the inner margin. The spe-
cies in cultivation are rather coarse greenhouse ferns
which are very useful to florists for jardinières and for
specimen ferns. The following are most commonly cul-
tivated: B. Brasilienge, B. mitidum, and B. Corcovadense
of Brazil; B. occidentale, found in Mexico, the Wes
º
§
2.
§§
& s
º
º
§
* affé ſº
*… º.º. W}. 772.
Wyºng ZZZ3Š
ſ gºes
!
P
º
Rlechytrézzz zodiabzle.
A, a sterile frond; B, portion of a fertile pinna showing the
Sori and spores. (Drawn from Engler and Prantl's
“Pflanzenfamilien.”)
Indies, and Brazil; and B. serrulatum, found in the re-
ions between Florida and Brazil. B. cartilaginewm, B.
anceola, and others are also under cultivation. º
bleed, v. t. 6. To allow an escape of (liquid
or gas) through a cock or valve from a higher
pressure to a lower. Specifically—(a) To let(steam)
escape by a by-pass from a high-pressure cylinder of a
connpound engine to one of the low-pressure cylinders.
(b) To let (air or condensed Water) escape into the atmos-
phere from the train-pipe or reservoirs of an air-brake
system, (c) To remove (condensation) from a gas-main
or a steam-pipe by opening a drip-valve. º e
7. In making turpentine, to obtain resin from
(living trees) by cutting into them.—To bleed
a sack, to make a slit in it, as in loading sacked wheat
for export. See the extract.
In loading sacked wheat for export a number of sacks
in each row are “bled.” In other words, a slit is made in
the sack, which allows a small quantity of the wheat to
escape and fill in the spaces around the corners and sides
of the sack, thus making a more compact cargo, which is
less liable to shift than would be the case if the Sacks
were loaded without “bleeding.”
Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1901, p. 576.
bleeder, n. 3. In mech., a pipe which leads
steam from the pressure-line to the interme-
diate or low-pressure cylinder of the engine
or to the condenser.
bleeding-heart, n. 4. Same as *coral-creeper.
—California, bléeding-heart, Bikukulla formosa, a
beautiful species of the Sierras and Coast Range.—Wild
bleeding-heart, Bikukulla easinia of the Alleghany
I'egion.
bleeding-valve (blé'ding-valv), n. A valve
used to bleed or drain a mechanical system.
See *bleed, v. t., 6, and *bleeder, 3.
Bleiberg process. See*process... .
blendl., v. i. 3. In biol., to exhibit or trans-
mit to descendants the resultant or combina-
tion of resemblances to the two parents in in-
heritance.
In the former case where A and a are characters which
can be denoted by reference to a common scale, the law
assumes of course that the inheritance will be, to use Gal-
ton's term, blended, namely, that the zygote resulting from
the union of A with a will on the average be more like a
than if A had been united with A ; and conversely that
an Aa zygote will on the average be more like A than
an aa zygote would be.
W. Bateson, Mendel's Prin. of Heredity, p. 20.
4. In psychol., to combine in such a way that
the combining qualities are thrust more or less
into the background by the total impression
which results from their combination; fuse.
blendl, m. 3. In psychol., a fusion; a connec-
tion of mental processes in which the constit-
uents are forced into the background by the
total impression.
There is no trace of fusing, of being fused, when the
tones sound : they form a blend ; and this blend, the
sound-Whole, is the fusion.
E. B. Titchener, Exper. Psychol., I. ii. 330.
blend?, n. A simplified spelling of blende.
blende, n.-Sidot blende, an artificially prepared zinc
sulphid, in finely crystalline powder, exhibiting phospho-
rescence on exposure to sunlight, by friction, and by the
impact of the radiation from salts of radium. Science,
Oct. 28, 1904, p. 569. º - &
blender, n. 2. A machine for mixing or blend-
ing together different kinds of flour, dry paints,
or other powders. It consists of a cylinder of wood
or iron in the axis of which is a shaft, called an agitator,
fitted with spiral fans which when revolved stir and mix
together the various powders or flours placed in the ma-
chine. It is usually combined with some form of sifting-
machine, and is then called a sifter and blender. Large
machines have also a feeder. . . .
blending, n. 2. The combination of the char-
acteristics of both parents as a resultant in
cross-breeding. -
In some cases there was obvious blending, as for ex-
ample when white crossed with red or claret gave pink.
Bateson and Sawnders, Rep. Evol. Com. Roy. sº jº.
blepharoclisis
Combined Feeder, Siſter, and Blender.
a, feed-box with three compartments; b, feed-gates regulating
É. of mixtures; c, distributing-shaft; d, mixer with spiral
rushes for spreading material over sieve (not shown) through which
it falls to blender; e, blender; J, agitator; g, point of discharge;
Ji, pulley for belt delivering power. Front of c, d, and e open to
show construction. Machine 15 to 20 feet high.
blendure (blen'gir), n. . [blendl + -ure (cf.
mia;ture).] A blend or mixture. -
blend-word (blend’ wérd), n. An invented
word, made up of two or more known words
taken and combined without regard to etymo-
logical usage or rule, the object (which may
not be consciously present in the inventor’s
mind) being to produce an absolutely new word,
which shall not appear to be a compound or
derivate of known words. Examples are frequent in
humorous formations, as in the works of “Lewis Carroll”;
as Šmark from Sm(ake) and (sh)ark, chortle from ch(wck)le
+ º etc. So brunch, in Oxford University j.
from br(eakfast) + (!) wºnch. See kbrwmch-word. Blend-
words of this nature differ only in spirit from a class of
chemical and other technical compounds in which two or
more words are arbitrarily reduced for mere convenience,
as aldehyde from al(cohol) dehyd(rogenatus), chloroform
from chlor(in) + form(yi), etc. tº e e
blendy (blend’i), a. Containing the mineral
blende.
blennemesis (ble-mem’é-sis), n. . [NL., K. Gr.
8%évva, mucus, + šueoug, vomiting.] The vomit-
ing of mucus.
Blennicottus º m. [NL., K. L.
blennius, Gr. 3%évvog, blenny, + Gr. Köttoc, a
fish (see Cottus).] Å genus of cottoid fishes of
the North Pacific : the typical species is B.
globiceps.
blennostasis (blen-Ö-Sta'sis), re. [NL., K. Gr.
8%évvog, slime (mucus), + oráoug, standing.]
Suppression of a discharge of mucus.
blennuria (blen-ti'ri-á), n. [NL., K 3%évvog,
slime (mucus), + oipov, urine.] Discharge of
mucus in the urine.
bleo (blå'ö), n. [Native name.] Pereskia Bleo,
of the cactus family, a thorny shrub found in
Colombia and Brazil. It bears flesh-colored flowers
and smooth, pear-shaped edible fruit the size of a large
plum. The plant serves as a good stock on which to graft
the more ornamental species of cacti and is planted for
hedges. See Pereskia. [Colombia.]
blephara (blefºa-rá), n. ; pl. blepharaº (-ré).
[NL., K. Gr. 3%épapov, &yº One of the teeth
of the peristome in mosses... [Rare.]
blepharic (ble-far'ik), a [Gr. 32.Épapov, eyelid,
-ic.] Same as palpebral. -
blepharis (blefºa-ris), n. [NL., KGr. 3% papic,
eyelash, eyelid, K_{3%épapov, eyelid, appar. K
82.Étretv, look at..]. In certain crustaceans, the
ringe of hair on the edge of the pit in which the
eye is situated. *
Blepharocera (blef-a-ros’e-râ), m, [NL. (Mac-
quart, 1843) (also Blepharicera), KGr. 32.Éqapov,
eyelid (328 papíg, eyelash), + képaç, horn.] 1.
A genus of dipterous insects typical of the
family Blepharoceridae.— 2. A genus of timeid
moths. Chambers, 1877.
Blepharoceridae (blef"a-ró-ser’i-dé), m. pl.
[NL., K. Blepharocera + -idae.] A family Of
smaï bibiomoid dipterous insects which have
the wings furnished with a network of creased
lines, from which they have been called the
net-veined midges. The adults are mosquito-like in
form, and the larvae, Which are aquatic, resemble crus-
tacea more than insects. They attach themselves to
rocks in swift-running streams, and have apparently but
7 Segments. -
blepharoclisis (blefºa-rá-kli'sis), n. [NL.,
K. Gr. 3% papov, eyelid, + kāeiotç, kāiotç, shut.





























blepharoclisis
ting up.] Union, to a varying extent, of the
opposing eyelids, of congenital origin.
blepharoconjunctivitis (blefºa-rö-kon-jungk/
ti-viºtis), n. L., K. Gr. 8% japov, eyelid, --
NL. conjunctivitis.] Inflammation of the éon-
junctiva of the eyelid.
[Gr. 32.É.-
blepharoplast (blefºa-rū-plast), n.
$gpig, eyelash, H Tâaoréc, formed.]. 1. A spe-
cialized cilia-forming protoplasmic organ of
the sperm-cells of certain º: It first appears
in the º; mother-cells in the form of a round
body with radiating rays of kinoplasm, and through its
growth and development gives rise to the motile cilia of
the spermatozoids. The organ resembles a centrosome
or Centrosphere, and may be a modified homologue of
that organ of the cell. In Zamia, Cycas, Ginkgo, and
Certain ferns, two of these organs º; in each sperma-
tozoid mother-cell, one going to each of the two sperma-
tozoids formed therefrom. H. J. Webber, Development
of the Antherozoids of Zamia, in Bot. Gazette, July 16,
1897, p. 24.
2. In protozoans, a minute granule, of un-
known function, at the base of each flagellum,
as in Multicilia. - º
blepharoplastoid (blef" a-rū-plas’ toid), n.
Gr. 3Weſpapíc, eyelash, + Thaatóc, formed, +
eldog, form.] In bot., a structure resembling
the blepharoplast in the spermatids of certain
plants, such as Marsilia.
blepharostat (blefºa-rö-stat), n. [Gr, 3%apov
eyelid, + oratóg, fixed, totával, cause to stand.
An instrument for keeping the eyelids apart;
an eye-speculum. Jour. Trop. Med., Mar. 2,
1903, p. 71.
blºharpººl. (blef"a-ró-sim'fi-sis), n.
[NL., K. Gr. 32.Épapov, eyelid, + dippvaig, a
growing together.] Union, to a varying ex-
tent, of the opposing eyelids, occurring as a
result of disease.
blºhºl, (blefºa-ró-sin-e-ki'ā), n.
[NL., K. Gr. 32.Épapov, eyelid, H- ovyézeta, con-
tinuity, K ovvexhg, continuous, K ovvéxetv, con-
tinue, hold together, K ain', with, + šxetv,
hold.] Adhesion between the margins of the
opposing eyelids. * & z
blepharotomy (blef-a-rotº-mi), n. [Gr. 32.É-
Øapov, eyelid, + Togh, a cutting.] In Surg.,
incision of the eyelid.
Blessed bread. Same as eulogia. . . º
blet (blet), n. [blet, v.] A soft spot in a fruit;
an early stage of decay.
Bletia (blé'ti-á), n. [NL. (Ruiz and Pavon,
1794), named in honor of Luis Blet, a Spanish
pharmacist and botanist.] A widely distributed
enus of terrestrial or epiphytal herbs of the
amily Orchidaceae. The leaves are plicate, mem-
branaceous, erect, and have a sheathing base. The terres-
trial species are most commonly grown by gardeners. There
are about 20 species of Bletia found in the American trop-
ics, and one species is found in China and Japan. B. hya-
cinthima, B. verecunda, B. Sherratiana, B. patula, and B.
campamwlata are most commonly grown.
bleu (blé), n. [F.J. Blue.-Bleu céleste, in ceram.,
same as kblew twrquoise.—Bleu de ciel, a shade of blue
found in Chinese porcelain ; sky-blue. Also called blew
d’azur.—Bleu de Nanking, a dark-blue color found on
Nanking or ‘East India' stoneware and porcelain.-Bleu.
de Sèvres, a deep, rich cobalt blue color used at the Sèvres
factory near Paris. Same as blew de roi (which see).—
Bleu fouetté, a blue color used on Chinese ceramic ware:
so called from its whipped aspect. It is less deep in shade
than the lapis lazuli, and has a mottled appearance. See
powder kblue, – Bleu lapis, a veined dark-blue color, or
gros blew, used on French porcelain, particularly that of
Sèvres.—Bleu turc, a pale grayish or “Turkish’ blue,
used as a ground-color on Sèvres porcelain.—Bleu tur-
Quoise, in ceram., *}}. prized turquoise-blue color in-
vented in the reign of Louis XV.
blibe (blib), m. [Appar. a dial. variant of bleb.]
In glass-making, a defect in the glass, caused by , state of being blindfolded.
blinding-tree
the retention of gas-bubbles formed during the
melting. Also called blister.
blicksilber (blik'sil’ber), n. [G.] Silver as it
appears after the removal of the impure lith-
arge or abstrich in a cupeling-furnace. Blick-
silber still contains some lead and has to be
further refined. Phillips and Bauerman, Ele-
ments of Metallurgy, p. 707.
blight, n., 3. (6) Purulent conjunctivitis.-4.
An insect, usually inconspicuous or hidden,
which causes trees or plants to become diseased
blight-powder (blitºpou-dér), n.
blind!, a.
blinded, a.
blindfold chess.
blindfoldedness (blind'föl” ded-nes), n.
blind-lobster (blind"lob'stēr), n.
lings and young trees of Pseudotsuga mucronata and
Sequoia Washingtoniana, caused by thefungus Sclerotinia
Dougla&gti. Botrytis Douglassii is regarded as the coni-
dial condition of the fungus.-Egg-plant blight, a dis-
ease of the egg-plant attributed to Bacillw8 golanacéarum.
—Grape-leaf blight, See º of grape.- Gray
blight, a disease of the tea-plant in India caused by Peg-
talotia, Gwepini, which #: brownish-gray spots on
the leaves.— Greenb t, the greenſly; any green plant-
louse, especially one of those forms which damage hot- blind-your-eyes (blind’yör-iz), n.
house plants.-Maple-blight, a disease of .# shoots
of the maple, Acer campestre, in Europe, caused by the
fungus sº Hartigianum.— Mosquito blight,
a blight of the tea-plant produced by the punctures of
several species of plant-bugs of the genus Helopeltig. See
tea-bug.-Pineapple-blight, a serious disease of the
pineapple, causing the death of the plant. It has been
attributed to a Species of Fusarium. Pineapple-blight
has been injurious in Florida, causing large losses.— Po-
tato early blight, a disease affecting the leaves of the
potato, caused by the fungus Alternaria [Macrosporium]
Solani. Same as potato leaf-curl.—Potato late blight,
a disease of potato-leaves and tubers caused by Phytoph:
thora infestang. See potato-rot.—Rice-blight, a very
destructive disease of rice, attacking the stem near the
top and preventing the development of the grain. It is
supposed to be due to a fungus.-Sorghum-blight, a
disease of the leaves of sorghum ascribed to Bacillus Sor-
ght.--Thread blight, a disease which attacks the twigs
and leaves of the tea-plant in India. It is said to be caused
by the fungus Stilbum imanum, whose mycelium forms
thread-like Strands on the twigs and leaves.—Straw-
berry- ht, a disease of strawberries supposed to be
of bacterial origin.--Tomato-blight, a disease of tomato-
plants caused by Bacillus solamaceærum; also, in the
Southern United States, a disease caused by a Sclerotium.
– Wheat-blight, a disease of wheat attributed to Mys-
trosporium abrodéng.
e A mixture
of Sulphur with a small proportion of anhy-
drous copper sulphate in fine powder, for dust-
#: a fungicide over cultivated plants.
Bli
oor (blik’ār), n. [Cape D., K blik, bare,
galled, sore, -- oor, ear.] A South African
nickname for a person from the Transvaal.
14. In hort., said of a shoot that
does not bloom. It is most frequently applied to roses,
chrysanthemums, and other twiggy growers. Such shoots
are often spoken of as blind wood. Shoots which do not
fulfil their promise, or fulfil the expectations of the gar-
dener in producing flowers, are said to “come blind.”—
Blind alphabet. See.*braille.—Blind cat, a siluroid
fish, Amiurus nigrolabris, found in caves and having
the eyes functionless.—Blind coal. (b) Coal, containing
little volatile matter, which burns without smoke; an-
thracite. [Scotch..]—Blind door. (b) A door made of
Slats like a window-blind, and intended to allow of the
passage of air while sight is prevented.—Blind gut,
the caecum.—Blind hole. (b) In golf, a hole so situ.
ated that a given player cannot see the flag which marks
its position.—Blind hookey. See *hookey3.−Blind
insects, any insects in which the eyes are absent or
are functionless, as in a number of the forms of different
orders which inhabit caves, in the curious orthopterous
insects of the family Hemimeridae, in certain cockroaches,
in the full-grown females of many Coccidae, in certain
Species of fig-insects of the chalcidoid family Agaonidae,
and in others.—Blind pit, in mºning, a shaft which does
not reach the surface, as a shaft from an upper to a lower
seam.—Blind pocket. See Apocket.—Blind she
in coal-miming, a side-cutting without undercutting.
Barrowman, Glossary.—Blind spot. (b) In cricket, that
Spot of ground in front of the batsman where, if the ball
pitches, he is in doubt as to whether to play back or for-
Ward.-Blind tiger, a place where intoxicating liquors
are sold surreptitiously. [Local U. S.]—Blind wall, a
wall without openings.
3. In mining, not opposite, but
nearly so, as two level drifts on either side of
a slope. Barrowman, Glossary. [Scotch.]
blind-fish, n. 3. Any of the several species of
fishes which inhabit caves and have more or less
rudimentary eyes.—Cuban blind-fish, either of
two Species of blind-fishes found in the caves of Cuba,
Lucifuga subterranea and Stygicola dentatum. They
belong to the family, Brotulidae, a group otherwise strictly
marine.
See *chess1.
The
M. E. D.
blindl + tree.] A littoral tree, Excoecaria
Agallocha, belonging to the spurge family, the
acrid milky juice of which is said to cause
blindness. ee Eacaºcaria and tiger’s-milk.
[East Indies.]
blindlingf ºliº); m. [blind + -ling1.j A
blind person. N. E.
Phoberts
Caecus, found in the Gulf of Mexico and the
Indian seas.
or to die, as the American blight.—American blindness, n-Blue-yellow blindness, a form of
blight, a name given in England and the English colonies
to the woolly root-louse of the apple (Schizomewra lani-
gera) on account of its supposed American origin. Its na-
tive home, however, is not satisfactorily determined, and
it may quite possibly have been Europe or Asia-—Apple-
blight. Same as , pear-blight.—Bacterial blight. See
*bacterial.—Black blight, % A disease of the mango,
Mangúfera Indica, caused by the fungus Dimerosporium,
mangiferum, which produces velvety black patches on the
leaves, especially where insects that produce honeydew are
resent. %. as mosquito ºblight. See also tea-bug.—
§: -blight, a disease of raspberries doubtfully ascribed
to a species of Phoma.-Corn-blight. Šame as Arleaf-
blight of corn.—Douglas fir blight, a disease of seed-
partial color-blindness in which the short-wave end of
the spectrum is very dark and but little colored, and
yellow is confused with white, while red and blue-green
are still distinguished.—COrtical blindness, loss of
sight due to a lesion in the cortical portion of the brain.
— Mental blindness, psychical blindness, a patho-
logical state in which the patient, though able to see
objects before him, cannot recognize them by their
Visual properties.
blind-tooling (blind’töl’ing), n. In bookbind-
blºwork (blind’werk), n.
blinker, n.
blinking, n.
blippo (blip"pö), n.
blister, n.
(blin ding trº), n. IPpr. of blister-blight (blis’tér-blit), n.
blister-copper (blis’tér-kop’ér), n.
bloat
Blind-tooling is the impression of the tools upon
the leather without gold or color. It is produced by the
tools, slightly warmed, being impressed upon the leather
when damped, and by the same impression being often
repeated to brighten its effect.
W. Matthews, Bookbinding, p. 55.
Same as *blind-
oling.
[Austra-
lian.] Same as *blinding-tree.
3. pl. Goggles; spectacles used
for protecting the eyes from the light, dust,
glare of the snow, etc.—4. A small mackerel:
a name used by fishermen.
II. a. 1. Winking with half-
opened eyelids, as when the eyes cannot bear
full light.—2. Having twinkling eyes. Scott,
Nigel, xvii.
[African.] A shrub or
small tree, Randia melleifera, belonging to the
madder family, with the inky sap of which
the natives of North Central Africa dye their
bodies.
6. A swelling on a metal plate; a
bag.—7. A young oyster. [U. S.]–8. In
photog., a defect in a plate or on a paper in
the process of coating with gelatin, albumin,
or collodion.—9. In glass-making, a defect in
the glass caused by the retention of gas-
bubbles formed during the melting.—Larch-
blister, a disease of the branches of the European larch
caused by a discomycetous fungus, Dasyscypha Will-
kommit.— Pear-leaf blister. (a) A disease of pear- and
quince-leaves in Europe, causing swollen blister-like
patches, due to the fungus Taphria bullata. (b) A com-
mon disease of pear-leaves produced by a mite, Phytoptus
pyri, commonly called the pear-leaf blister mºte. Each
blister is a swelling of the leaf, producing a cavity in which
the mites are found.— Pine blister, a disease of pines
caused by species of Peridermium, which form blisters on
the leaves.—Plum-leaf blister, a disease of the plum
caused by Polystigma rubrum, which produces reddish
patches on the leaves.
blister-beetle, n.-Blackblister-beetle. See Penn-
sylvania xblister-beetle.—Black-striped blister-bee-
tle, an American meloid beetle, Macrobasis atravit-
tata, which damages garden plants in the Mississippi
Valley.—Immaculate blister-beetle, an American me-
loid beetle, Macrobasis immaculata, which damages
garden vegetables in
the Western States.—
Lean blister-beetle,
an American meloid
beetle, Epicawta Stri-
gosa, common in the
southern United States,
where it damages
flower-gardens in the
late summer and au-
tumn. — Pear - tree
blister-beetle, a me-
loid beetle, Pomphopoea
&ºmea, greenish blue in
color. It injures pear-
blossoms in the north-
ern United States.—
Pennsylvania, blis-
ter-beetle, a black
meloid beetle, Epicawta
Pennsylvanica, of wide
North American distri-
bution. It is common
on certain field crops,
as beets, beans, and
peas, occurs frequently
Pennsylvania Blister-beetle (Ezz-
cazeta Pezz713 y 47 &zt i ca). Adult.
on goldenrod, and is Three times 11atural size. (Chit-
abundant in flower- tenden, U. S. D. A.)
gardens on late bloom-
ing plants such as asters and chrysanthemums. Usu-
ally called black blister-beetle ; also aster-bug.—Striped
blister-beetle, a meloid beetle, Epºca wta rattata, yel-
lowish in color with two black stripes on each cover. It
is a common and wide-spread North American species.—
Three-lined blister-beetle, an American meloid beetle,
Epicawta lemniscata, common throughout the Southern
and Western States.—Two-spotted blister-beetle, an
American meloid beetle, Macrobasis albuda, common in
the Southwestern United States.
A disease of
the tea-plant in India, caused by Erobasidium
wea'ams, which produces welvety convex blisters
on the leaves.—Pine blister-blight, a disease at-
tacking the leaves of Pinus sylvestris in Europe, caused
by Periderminum Corm wi.
Metallie
copper produced in the smelting of the metal
by heating together copper sulphid and copper
oxid, the escape of sulphur dioxid in bubbles
giving rise to small cavities or blisters in the
Iſla SS.
blister-furnace (blis-têr-fér'nās), n. The fur-
nace in which blister-copper is melted. It is
a form of reverberatory ſurnace.
The multiple system anodes are sometimes cast direct-
ly from the blister-furnace or the converter.
Encyc. Brit., XXVII. 237.
B. Lit. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Litera-
ture.
ing, an effect produced by various instruments B. L.L. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Laws.
upon the leather without the assistance of bloatl, a. II. m. The bloater whitefish, Argyro-
gold-leaf.
somus prognathus.

bloat-clover
bloat-clover (blótſklö”vér), n. Seebear-ºclover.
Bloater whitefish. See *whitefish.
blob, n. 5. In cricket, no score; zero; a duck’s-
egg (which see).
blocage (blo-kāzh'), m. [F., K bloc, block.]
Rough masonry made by bedding small stones
in ºsses of mortar, as in the interior of heavy
W3,11S.
Blochius (blok’i-us), n. [NL., named after
M. E. Bloch (1723–99), a German ichthyolo-
gist.] A genus of singular elongate teleost
fishes with a beak-like snout and finely toothed
a WS. The body is covered with rhombic bony and
eeled 'scales; the dorsal fin extends from occiput to tail
and is composed of a spaced series of long spines; and the
anal fin is of similar character. It is the only genus of the
family Blochiidae, and occurs only in the Upper Eocene
rocks of Monte Bolca.
blockl, n., 6. (b) A block-like form of cast-
iron or steel used by angle-smiths in ship-
building instead of an anvil. They are of
various shapes and are named from their spe-
cial uses, as splitting-blocks, bending-blocks,
welding-blocks, joggling-and-offsetting blocks,
etc.—10. Hence— (d) The engraving or plate
itself. — 15. One of the sections into which
the colonies of Australia are divided. See
*back-blocks.- 16. In railroading, the space or
distance on a track between two signals; one
of the short divisions into which a railroad is
divided for signaling purposes, irrespective of
the particular signal-system employed. See
*block-signal, and *signaling.— 17. In ceram.,
the original model from which the block-
mold is cast. See *block-mold.—18. In geol.,
Portion of earth's crust, showing geological blocks.
a portion of the earth’s crust separated by
fracture from the adjacent parts, and usually
uplifted or depressed with respect to them.
— 19. In violin-making, a triangular piece of
wood within one of the projecting corners of
the waist, to which the ribs, belly, and back
are glued and by which the solidity and strength
of the whole is largely secured. Usually called
corner-block. As the waist has two corners on either
side, the number of blocks is four. The introduction of
corners and blocks in the fifteenth century marks a de-
; *ition in the evolution of the true violin from the
Older lute.
20. In forestry, the unit of management treated
in a working-plan. A block contains always
two, but usually many more, compartments.
–21. In stock-raising, any animal of a stocky,
stout, compact, and well-made form: opposed
to a loosely formed or rangy animal.
Fifth on the list was Lucifer, a “block” with fine spread
of fore rib, a strong loin, level lines, and a bull’s head.
Rep. Kan. State Board Agr., 1901–1902, p. 204.
Block coefficient. See kcoefficient of finemess.—Block
system. (a) In geol., a mountain system in which the
# º block-printing, m.
Application of Water by Block System.
ranges are dislocated blocks of the earth's crust. (b) In irr-
gation, the method of applying water to the ground within
small, regularly placed levees or dikes.—Block teeth,
false teeth cut out of ivory or other suitable material, two
or more on one piece.-Perched block, a glacial boulder,
usually of large size, left in a high position by the melting
of the ice. Geikie, Text-book of Geol., p. 161.—Process
b10ck, a printing block obtained by photographic pro-
cesses.—The Block, a certain fashionable promenade in
Melbourne and another in Sydney (Australia). See def. 15.
--To do, the Block, to lounge, promenade, or drive on
º Block' (see above). [Local, Australia.j—Volcanic
block, a relatively large and irregular fragment of vol-
canic rock, blown out by an explosive eruption which has
(usually) Shattered lava previously consolidated. Geikie,
Text-book of Geol., p. 172.
block!, v. t. 7. To secure (an electrotype or
photo-engraved plate) upon a block of wood or
metal, to make it type-high.—8. In sugar-beet
growing, to remove, by the hoe or a machine,
sections from thickly sown rows so as to leave
blocks or bunches from 6 to 10 inches apart
which are then thinned by hand to one jiant
each; to bunch.--To block out. (b) In §§ to
screen or cover a portion of the negative in order to pre-
vent printing. -
block?, n. 3. In cricket: (a) A batsman's guard;
the position in which he holds his bat upon
blood
made up of cars which together form one unit
of unvarying composition. [Eng.]
In block-trains, where the component coaches are per-
manently coupled together, one dynamo sometimes lights
all the carriages; but usually each has its own dynamo,
and so becomes an independent unit.
Encyc. Brit., XXXII. 154,
the ground previous to striking. (b) A block blockwood (blok'wild), n. Same as logwood, 1.
hole. (c) The stopping with the bat of a ball
which is pitched in the block-hole. , (d) A
batsman who acts entirely on the defensive.
[Colloq.]—Lock-and-block, a system of operating
railroad-trains by which a holder is locked by a preceding
train so as to block the following train, which cannot
proceed until the forward train is out of the section. The
presence of a train on a section prevents the release of a
staff from the holder; no engineman is allowed to pass
such a holder without withdrawing the staff from it.
“Lock-and-block” has been used to a limited extent on
a good many lines in England and a half-dozen in America,
but of extensive installations there were in 1901 only four.
Encyc. Brit., XXXII. 146.
block?, v. t. 2. In card-playing, to hold up a
high card in order to prevent an adversary
from making smaller ones later on.
block-ball (blok’bàl), n. In base-ball, a ball
which goes out into the crowd or is stopped
by some one who is not connected with the
8, IO €,
block-chain (blok’chān), n. A form of drive-
chain for transmitting motion or power, in
which the alternate links are solid blocks con-
nected by side-pieces or links which are held
in place by pins through the blocks near their
ends. The pins and flat links give flexibility. Newer
designs use flat links edgewise, rather than the alternate
block and links.
block-cutting (blok’kut/ing), m. In ceram.,
the process of carving, out of gypsum or clay,
molds from which the working-molds are to
be made.
block-fuel (blok’fü"el), n. Small coal or coal-
dust mixed with pitch or other binding-ma-
terial and pressed into blocks for use as fuel.
Also called patent fuel. Thorpe, Dict. Applied
Chem., I. 329.
block-game (blok'gām), n. A game of domi-
noes in which each player starts with seven
pieces, the object being to block the adver-
sary so that he cannot play. The winner
counts the points on his opponent's pieces.
blockhead-board (blok’hed-bórd"), n. Same
as Adoll2, 2. *
block-hole (blok’hôl), n. In cricket, a mark or
depression just inside the popping-crease and
in front of the wicket, upon which, for the pur-
pose of determining his position, the batsman
usually rests his bat previous to striking.
block-model (blok'mod-el), n. In ship-building,
a model made from a number of flat pieces of
wood called lifts, bolted or glued together into
a block and carved to represent the shape of a
vessel on a reduced scale. The joints between
the pieces show the form of the water-lines of
the vessel.
block-mold (blok’möld), n. In ceram., a hollow
plaster cast taken directly from the original
block, or clay model. Plaster of Paris is poured into
this to make the case or case-mold, and from the latter the
hollow working-molds, which are replicas of the block-
mold, are made. See kcase-mold and kworking-mold.
block-printer (blok’ prin-tér), m. One who
prints colored patterns on cloth with hand-
blocks.
3. Any process in which
by the aid of photography, a block is produce
which may be printed from in an ordinary
rinting-press together with the letterpress.
he halftones of the photograph must be broken up into
lines, dots, stippling, or grain in order to hold the ink.
block-riffles (blok’rifºlz), m. pl. Wooden bars
fastened to the bottom of the sluice to retain
the gold. Instead of being sawn horizontally with the
grain of the wood, like ordinary riffle-bars, block-riffles are
cut across the tree, and stand in the sluice with the grain
upward. They are said to be more durable than riffle-
bars.
block-signal (blok'sig"nal), m. An automatic
signal placed at one end of a section of a rail-
road to block the section by warning trains
coming into it of the presence in it of another
train. When the latter train leaves the section, the sig-
mal is changed automatically or by hand to indicate that
the track is clear.
block-sugar (blok'shūg'ār), m.
sugar (which see, under Sugar).
block-switch (blok’swich), n. A railway-switch
connected with a block-signal and operated
with it at the same time and with a single move-
ment.
block-train (blokºtrān), n. A railway-train
Same as cut
bloedite, n. See blódite.
blolly (blol ( i), n. . [From loblolly, perhaps
taken as low-blolly..] A tree, Pisonia longi-
folia, of the West Indies and southern Florida.
The name is probably given also to P. 8wbcordata, the
loblolly-tree. g
blomstrandite (blom'stran-dit), n. [Named
after Prof. C. W. Blomstrand of Lund.]. A
tantalate and niobate of uranium, related to
samarskite : found in Sweden.
blondinette (blon-di-net'), m. . . [blond + -ine
+-ette.] A breed of oriental frilled pigeons
of small size, plump, compact form, feathere
legs, and tricolored wings. The markings are the
same in the different varieties, but the colors, usually
light, vary considerably.
Blondlot rays. See *ray1.
blood, n., 1. The blood is a slightly alkaline, albumi-
mous fluid with a specific gravity of 1.050, and is equal in
amount to about one thirteenth of the body-weight. It
transfers food and oxygen to the tissues, from which it
also removes carbon dioxid and other waste products. Its
fluid portion, the plasma, and its solid constituents, the
cells, are present in about equal amounts. The plasma is
a clear yellowish fluid containing serum albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen, and inorganic salts. The formed elements are
the red corpuscles, the white corpuscles or leucocytes, and
the blood-plates. The red corpuscles are non-nucleated,
biconcave disks of an average diameter of 7 micromilli-
meters, and it is their presence that gives the blood its
red color and its opacity. Their chief constituent is the
hemoglobin, and they number about 4,500,000 to the cubic
millimeter. In disease three types of nucleated red cells
are observed, named, according to their size, microblasts,
normoblasts, and megaloblasts, as well as abnormal non-
nucleated cells, the microcytes, megalocytes, and poikilo-
cytes. The leucocytes are nucleated, number about 8,000
to the cubic millimeter, and five normal varieties are rec-
ognized—the polymorphonuclear neutrophiles, the lym-
; the large mononuclears, the eosinophiles, and
the basophiles. In certain infectious diseases, such as
appendicitis and pneumonia, the number of leucocytes
may be much increased, while in typhoid fever the number
is diminished. The º: are supposed to take part
in the clotting of the blood. In recent years the study of
the blood has greatly increased in importance, and its ex-
amination furnishes indispensable information in certain
diseases. The determination of the amount of hemoglo-
bin, of the freezing-point of the blood, the enumeration
of the Ted and white cells and of the different varieties of
the latter, bacteriological reactions such as those of ty-
phoid or Malta fever, and the search for microscopic par-
asitic organisms such as those of malaria, filariasis, and
relapsing fever form some of the more important methods
of examination. A recent development has been the elab-
oration of a method for differentiating the blood of man
and animals by means of the xprecipitin test (which see).
A, Types of Leucocytes.
&, polymorphonuclear eosinophile ; c, mye
eosinophilic myelocyte; e, large lymphocyte (large mononuclear);
&; pººl. neutrophile;
ocyte (neutrophilic); aſ,
J', small lymphocyte (small mononuclear). B, Normal Blood.
Field contains one neutrophile. Reds are normal. C, Anemia,
post-operative (secondary). The reds are fewer than normal, and
are deficient in hemoglobin and somewhat irregular in form. One
normoblast is seen in the field, and two neutrophiles and one small
lymphocyte, showing a marked post-hemorrhagic anemia, with
leucocytosis. D, Spleno-myelogenous leucemia. The reds show a
secondary anemia. Two normoblasts are shown. The leucocytosis
is massive. Twenty leucocytes are shown, consisting of nine neu-
trophiles, seven myelocytes, two small §. one eosino-
phile (polymorphonuclear), and one eosinophilic myelocyte. Note
the polymorphous condition of the leucocytes, that is, their varia-
tions from i. typical in size and form. Jº, Varieties of red cor-
puscles. a, normal red corpuscle (normocyte); b, c, anemic red
corpuscles; d-g, poikilocytes; h, microcyte; i, megalocyte; 7-?t,
nucleated red corpuscles; 7, &, normoblasts; 2, microblast; ???, ?t,
megaloblasts. (From Dunglison’s “Medical Dictionary.”)
The diseases of the blood are leucemia and anemia. Leu-
cemia, or leucocythemia, may be of two varieties, lym-
phatic and myelogenous. . In the former there is a great
'increase in the number of lymphocytes, which may reach
400,000 to 500,000 to the cubic millimeter, the hemoglobin
is very low, and there is an enlargement of the lymph-
nodes. In the myelogenous form there is in addition great
enlargement of the spleen, and leucocytes of a special
type, called myelocytes, appear in large numbers. Nu-
cleated,and degenerated red cells occur in both forms of
the disease, which is accompanied by progressively in-
creasing weakness with hemorrhages into the skin and
mucous membranes, and is usually fatal. Anemia is a
condition in which the quality of the blood is impaired
through reduction either in the red cells, or in the hemo-
globin, or in both. Numerous forms are recognized, and



blood * -
it may occur in all #. of severity, from the .
which require only fresh air and attention to the general
health for their cure, to the severest, which prove fatal
in spite of all treatment. The primary or essential ane-
mias include pernicious anemia and chlorosis, which are
Conditions whose cause has not yet been discovered. In
pelnicious anemia there is extreme destruction of the red
cells, so that counts of less than 1,000,000 to the cubic
millimeter (instead of the normal 4,500,000) are not un-
common. In contradistinction to the conditions obtain-
ing in chlorosis and the so-called secondary anemias, the
relative fall in hemoglobin is less than that of the red
cells, so that each corpuscle contains more than its nor-
mal share of hemoglobin. Abnormal forms of red cells
are a conspicuous feature. The º: include pallor
of a yellowish tinge, progressively increasing weakness,
shortness of breath, cardiac weakness and irre ty,
and sometimes fever. The symptoms develop insidiously,
and there may be periods of improvement; but though
the patients sometimes live for several years, the disease
usually terminates fatally. Chlorosis is a curable disease
chiefly seen in young women, and is characterized by
great reduction in the hemoglobin, while the number of
red corpuscles is not diminished to nearly the same de-
ree. The chief symptoms are a greenish pallor, general
ebility, headache, dizziness and fainting attacks, palpi-
tation of the heart, menstrual disorders, and indigestion.
The secondary anemias are those which are directly
traceable to some other condition, and may be" produced
by profuse or long-continued hemorrhage, by wasting dis-
eases, such as nephritis or tuberculosis, by malignant
wths, malaria, lead-poisoning, improper or insufficient
ood, etc. A form due to the uncinaria or hook-worm
common in southern latitudes is sometimes known as tun-
nel-workers', miners', or Egyptian anemia. The symptoms
of secondary anemia of course vary according to the gray-
ity of the anemia and the nature of its exciting cause, but
the condition is usually amenable to treatment.
8. In animal-breeding, and by analogy in plant-
breeding, the peculiar character of an individ-
ual conceived as transmissible. — Avenger of
blood, the nearest relative of a man who had been
murdered, whose duty it was, according to the laws of
Moses, to seek out and slay the murderer.—Black blood,
venous blood. —Blood line, a particular transmissible
character in an animal, or, analogically, in a plant. —
Blood quotient, the figure, obtained by dividing the
amount of hemoglobin in a given quantity of blood by the
number of red blood-corpuscles in the same. — blood.
See &full-blood, m. – Laky blood. See &laky. — Red
blood, arterial blood.
blood, v. II. 6. In leather-coloring, to apply
a coating of blood to, in order to obtain
a good black. Modern Amer. Tanning, p. 110.
bloodberry (blud’ber’i), n. A name in the
West Indies of the rouge-berry, Rivina humilis.
Also called cat's-blood.
blood-bird (blud’bèrd), n. An Australian
honey-eater, Myzomela Sangwineolenta: so
called from the red color of its plumage.
blood-blister (blud’blis’tēr), n., An effusion
of blood-stained serum beneath the epidermis,
forming a blister-like elevation.
blood-bond º , n., The tie of consan-
inity or blood-relationship.
'blood-brother (blud’brug’H'ér), n. 1. Abrother
by birth. –2. One who has become a brother
by the ceremony of mutual mingling of blood,
as among the American Indians and others.
blood-brotherhood (blud’brupH’ér-hild), n. A
bond between two or more persons made sacred
by the mingling of their blood: a primitive
custom symbolic of the establishment of blood-
relationship. e
blood-carrier (blud’kar’i-ér), n. In a view of
primitive society in which descent is reckoned
in the maternal line, the female, through whom
blood-relationship is established and reckoned.
The confinement of their display to the recognized
blood-carriers of the clan attests, perhaps more clearly
than any other phenomena thus far noted, the strength
of that semi-instinctive feeling expressed in maternal Or-
ganization. Smithsonian Rep., 1900, p. 62.
blood-clam (blud’klam), n. An ark-shell, Arca
Noæ, whose blood contains some red corpuscles.
See blood-quahog, under quahog. -
blood-count (blud’kount), n. A determina-
tion of the number of red and white cells in a
given quantity of blood, and also of the rela-
five numbers of the different varieties of white
cells: this latter is called the differential blood-
Count. -
blood-crisis (blud’kri'sis), m. A sudden inva-
sion of the circulating blood with red cells
from the bone-marrow, many of which are nu-
cleated: observed at times in cases of anemia
where marked regenerative processes are go-
ing on.
bºys: (blud'sist), m. ... In embryol, one of
the cysts, or islets of Reil, which early make
their appearance in the vascular area of the
vertebrate embryo, and which give rise to the
blood-corpuscles and to the walls of the em-
|bryonic blood-vessels.
blood-drop (blud'drop), n. A redworm, espe-
cially Enoplobranchus sanguineus or Polycirrus
eximius, which is contractile into a red spot:
blood-fren
blood-gill (blud'gil), n.
found living on muddy bottoms as well as on
and under oysters.
blood-drops (blud'drops), n. A variety of the
wind-poppy, Papaver heterophyllum crassifo-
lium, bearing many small red flowers: found
in California.
blood-dust (blud’dust), n. Minute granules
floating free in the º: Their origin
is unknown, as is also the function, if any, which they
perform in the economy. Also called hemoconia. &
blood-eagle (blud’ê'gl), n. The lungs, liver,
etc., when torn by a conqueror out of an
enemy's body. Tennyson, The Dead Fºghet.
blood-elder (blud’el"dēr), n. See *elder2.
blood-feud §º n. A feud arising from
vengeance for a murder. See vendetta.
The benefits accruing to trade by the settlement of
blood-feuds. Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XVI, 53.
(bludºfren-zi), n. An irresistible
mania for the shedding of blood.
1. A branchial organ
containing blood-vessels, found in some sea-
worms: usually a parapodial, sometimes a ce-
phalic, structure.—2. pl. In entom., those gills
in aquatic and subaquatic insects, as trichop-
terous larvae and the larvae of Eristalis and cer-
tain other Diptera, which are not provided
with tracheae and to and from which the blood
flows directly. A. S. Packard, Text-book of
Entom., p. 475.
blood-gland (blud'gland), n. In Mollusca, a
cellular structure, in the course of the circula-
tion, supposed to have a blood-forming func-
tion.
blood-groove (blud'grów), m. A groove cut
into the head, and sometimes in the shaft, of
an arrow or spear, supposed to increase the
flow of blood from the wound made by the
weapon.
Arrowheads and spears, many of them curiously barbed
and twisted, and some showing a knowledge of the value
of the “blood-groove.” Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), X. 156.
bloodied (blud'id), p. a. Bloody; stained with
blood. t
*
After him came spurring hard
A gentleman, almost forspent with speed,
That stopp'd by me to breats his bloodied horse.
hak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 1.
blood-leaf (blud’léf), m. See Iresine.
blood-lily (blud’lil-i), m. A name given to
plants of the genus Haemanthus, especially
those with red flowers, as H. coccineus and H.
wniceus. See Haemanthus.
lood-lye salt. See *salt1.
blood-money, 7t. (c) A percentage of the earnings
of compositors working on profitable piece-work exacted
for the benefit of brother workmen on less profitable
work: practised in a few newspaper houses only, and
almost obsolete. [Slang.]
bloodnoun (bludº noun), m. [Also bloodymoun;
K blood 'n 'oums, orig. blood and wounds, a pro-
fane exclamation, used vaguely in nursery
narratives, like raw head and bloody bones, and
je-fi-fo-fum, to express something fearful. The
hoarse croaking of a bullfrog suggests the
like..] A local name of the bullfrog, Rama
catesbiana. [Southern U. S.]
blood-orange (blud’or’ānj), 'm.
blood-plant (bludºplant), n.
lily. See also Haemanthus.
blood-plastid (bludºplas’ tid), n. A plastid,
or specialized cytoplasmic particle, supposed
to give rise to a non-nucleated blood-corpuscle.
Smithsonian Rep., 1890, p. 430.
blood-rain (blud’rān), n. See rainº. 2.
blood-revenge (blud’ré-venj"), m. The aveng-
ing of the murder of a man by his next of kin,
in accordance with the ancient custom of de-
manding a life for a life. Also called blood-
wengeance.
blood-sign (blud'sin), n. A tattoo-mark or other
mark by which members of a consanguineous
group are recognized.
The restriction of the painted symbols to the females
and the especially conspicuous use of them by matrons be-
token the strength and exclusiveness of that sense of ma-
ternal descent which is normal to the lowest stage of cul-
ture; the devices are at once blood-signs, definite as the
face-marks of gregarious animals, and clan-standards, sig-
nificant as tartan or pibroch; and the confinement of their
display to the recognized blood-carriers of the clan attests,
perhaps more clearly than any other phenomena thus far
noted, the strength of thät semi-instinctive feeling ex-
pressed in maternal organization.
Smithsonian Rep., 1900, p. 62.
blood-snow (blud’snö), n. Thered snow of the
arctic regions, due to the growth of a minute
alga, Sphaerella nivalis. tº g tº
blood-vein (bludºvān), n., A British collectors'
name for a geometridmoth, Timandra amataria,
See orangel.
Same as *blood-
blow-fish
occurring throughout Europe and northern and
western Asia.
bloodweed (blud'wód), n. Same as blood-
flower, 2.
bloodwood, n.-Norfolk Island bloodwood, a small
tree of the spurge family, Baloghia lucida, found in eastern
Australia, Norfolk Island, and New Caledonia. The blood-
red sap which oozes from the trunk, when wounded, forms,
without any admixture, a red indelible pigment, formerly
used for marking bags, blankets, and other articles. Its
wood is fine and close-grained and of a light reddish-brown
color. Also called 8crub or h bloodwood.— Scrub
bloodwood, Same as Norfolk Island kbloodwood.—Yel-
low bloodwood, a tree of New South Wales, Eucalyptus
eacimia, which yields a kino (whence the name) and a soft,
light-colored wood, having very lasting properties when
kept under water.
Bloody angle. , Same as *death-angle.
bloomage (bló’māj), n. The blossoms or
bloom of a plant or area taken collectively.
bloom-colored (blómſkul-Qrd), a. Of a pale
rose-color.
“Well, let me tell you,” said Goldsmith, “when the
tailor brought home my bloom-coloured coat, he said,
‘Sir, . . . when anybody asks you who made your clothes
be pleased to mention John Filby.’”
Irving, Oliver Goldsmith, p. 248.
Bloomeria (bló-mê'ri-á), m. [NL. (Kellogg,
1863), named in honor of H. G. Bloomer, a
pioneer botanist of California.] A genus of
plants of the family Liliaceae, closely allied to
Hookera, from which they differ by having the
perianth parted nearly to the base. There are
only two species, B. crocea (B. awrea of Kellogg) and B.
Clevelandi, natives of southern California. They have a
flattish corm covered with fiber; the leaves are slender .
and grass-like; the scape is slender but stiff, and from 6 to
18 inches high ; the flowers are nearly rotate, less than an
inch across, and Orange in color. They are sometimes
Seen in choice gardens: tº sº
blooming-rolls (bló’ming-rölz), n. pl. The
rolls in which ingots are broken down to
blooms. Lockwood, Dict. Mech. Eng. Terms.
blotch, n. 4. In bot., a disease of fruit or
leaves, which cause the formation of spots,
usually black in color. —Sooty blotch of the
apple, a disease of the apple doubtfully attributed to
Phyllachora pomºgena.
blowl, v. t. 11. In the tobacco industry, to
sprinkle lightly with water before sweating:
a disapproved practice.
The tobacco is frequently blown, that is, lightly sprin-
kled with water, etc.
U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bulletin No. 60 (1898), p. 5.
To blow Out, (c) In a high or shaft furnace, such as a
blast-furnace for smelting iron from an ore, to stop the
production of metal. It is done by gradually impoverish-
•ing the charges at the top by diminishing the proportion
of ore and flux to fuel, until the furnace stops running
iron and slag and contains only ashes and partly burned
fuel. The blast can then be gradually reduced and finally
shut off and the furnace left to cool. If the blast were
shut off and cooling allowed to occur with normal charg-
ing, the contents would chill solid, and the furnace could
be emptied only by blasting.—To blow the gaff, to be-
tray a confidence: disclose a secret. Marryat, Peter Sim-
ple, xliii., (Naut. Slang.]—To blow the grampus, to
souse or drench one, especially a dawdler or a shirk, with
Water.
blowl, m. , 5. Boastfulness; blowing: as, mere
blow. [Slang.] — After-blow, that period of the
basic Bessemer operation for the manufacture of steel in
which the phosphorus is being burned and after the
carbon has been burned. In the acid Bessemer process
the operation is ended when the carbon is eliminated
from the bath. In the basic process, however, the phos-
phorus is not oxidized until after all of the carbon, which
in turn follows manganese and silicon. In the basic
Bessemer operation, atmospheric air is blown through
the bath until the manganese, silicon, and carbon have
been oxidized and eliminated from the pig-iron. This
period constitutes the ‘fore-blow ’ and is not very differ-
ent in character from the total blow of the acid Bessemer
process. In the basic process, however, the fore-blow is
followed by an after-blow, which continues for a stated
length of time and during which the phosphorus is
oxidized and passes into the slag.
blow8, m. —Body blow. (a) In boxing, a blow upon
the body. (b) In billiards, a stroke in which the player,
losing confidence, not simply lifts his shoulder, but also
throws his whole body at the ball in essaying a ‘draw ' or
“spread.”
blow-can (bló’kan), m. In foundry work, a
combined can and spraying-tube used in
sprinkling liquids on a mold ; a spraying-can.
blower-nozle (bló’ér-noz"1), n. 1. A blast-
nozle; the end of a blast-pipe.—2. An orifice
for measuring a blast; a hole in a flat plate or
a hole with its edges curved to form a nozle,
used to insure a constant cross-section to the
stream of gas or vapor flowing through the
aperture.
blower-room (bló’ér-röm), n. Nawt., a com-
partment in a ship containing forced-draft
blowers or ventilating blowers.
blow-fish (bló'fish), n. The wall-eyed pike,
Stizostediom vitreum. --Spiny-back blow-fish, a
ºn name of one of the puffers, Spheroides marmo,
• 7°0′EQ&S.
blow-hole
blow-hole, n. 5. An orifice on a rocky coast
connected with a passage which gives access to
the waves. When a heavy roller dashes into
the latter it spouts from the blow-hole.
The cliffs are cut into numberless narrow inlets, and
their summits are often completely bare of vegetation for
Some distance from the sea. Blow-holes are very numer-
ous, and several columns of spray rising high above the
trees may often be seen at once.
Geog. Jowr. (R. G. S.), XIII. 25.
blowing-bottle (bló'ing-bot/l), n. In ceram.,
an apparatus for distributing color over the
Ware as a background for decoration; an atom-
izer. See blowing-pot, Mocha Aware, and *dip-
QDQ')'é.
blowing-cone (bló'ing-kön), m. A volcanic
driblet-cone directly connected with a subter-
ranean molten lake from which there is much
gas escaping. The incessant explosion and
escape of the vapors often produces a noise re-
sembling the blowing of steam. Dana, Manual
of Geol., p. 279.
blowing-machine, n. 2. In hat-making, a ma-
chine for cleaning and separating the fine hair
of fur-bearing animals, such as rabbits, hares,
etc., and preparing it for making felt. It con-
sists essentially of a long chamber of which the sides are
formed of fine wire netting and which is fitted with a
series of rotary beaters. The raw hair cut from the skin
is fed to the machine under a heavy air-pressure, and
under the blast, aided by the beaters, is torn apart, cleaned
and separated, and reduced to a cloud of loose hair ready
to be blown through pipes to the forming-machine. See
Jorming-machine.
blowing-mold (bló'ing-möld), m. In glass-
manuf., a metal mold or box in two or more
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Blowing-mold.
barts, hinged together, in which bottles or other
ollow objects are blown.
blow-lamp (bló’lamp), m. A hand-torch; a
portable torch used for heating a small spot on
any material. Naphtha is the fuel generally used: it is
vaporized by the heat of the burner itself and forced
through the orifice of the latter by vapor-tension of air or
gaS.
Blow-off valve. Same as blow-off cock (which
see, under blow-off).
blow-out, n. 2. A recess or holiow in a sand-
dune formed by the action of the wind in carry-
ing away the lighter particles. A false blow-out
may be formed by the wind carrying forward and deposit-
ing a mass of sand so as to leave a hollow region. Blow-
outs are usually formed in the rear of an obstacle by the
action of the wind as it curves around behind it.
It sometimes happens that settlers [in the sand-hill
region] a few years after breaking their land find a field
transformed into a big blow-out.
P. A. Rydberg, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb., III. 135.
3. In elect., a device for blowing out by an air-
blast, a magnetic field, etc., the are formed in
opening an electric circuit.—Blow-out grass, one
Of severi grasses characteristic of blow-outs in the Ne-
braska sand-hills. The blow-out grasses are: Redfieldva,
flexuosa and Muhlenbergia pungens (the most abundant,
found almost exclusively in blow-outs); Eriocoma cuspi-
data and Eragrostis trichodes (less abundant); Stipa
comata and Calamovilfa longifolia (bunch-grasses, grow-
ing also in other º Pound and Clements. tº
blowpipel, m, 3}. A blast-pipe or blower-pipe;
hence the steam-pipe for a steam-blast.—Blow-
pipe bamboo, furnace. See Abamboo, kfurnace.—
ºlº blowpipe, a piece of apparatus similar
in general character to the oxyhydrogen blowpipe, but
serving to burn a mixture of oxygen with acetylene instead
of hydrogen, and thus producing a much higher temper-
ature. Special precautions against explosion are necessary
in the construction of the instrument, which has been
found valuable in the autogenic Soldering of iron and
steel.
blow-torch (blóſtórch), m. An apparatus for
jº. heat to a small area; a small porta-
ble heater. See gasolene *torch.
Bloxaming (blok’sam-ing), m. A method of
obtaining a smoothed series or smooth curve
from a series of irregular observed values and
thus detecting any regular periodicity that
may be concealed in those values: introduced
into English meteorology by John C. Bloxam
in 1858, but used in modified forms by many
others previously. Bloxam adopted the rule that
the mean value of 9 or 11 consecutive days gives the
normal value for the central date more accurately than
the identical value observed on that date. If, therefore,
one desires the normal mean temperatures for a series of
days, he takes the sums and means for consecutive
decads, 1–10, 2–11, 3–12, etc. The dates for these mean
values are, therefore, for the first mean 5}, for the second
mean 6%, etc. Having carried this process through the
whole year, the resulting series of mean decadal daily
values is treated again in the same way, so that the new
decadal values belong to dates that are whole numbers,
such as 5, 6, etc. This process is repeated until the result-
ing values constitute regularly increasing and decreasing
quantities for dates that represent whole numbers, an
accidental irregularities are smoothed out. Bloxam
states that by repeating the process twenty-two times the
annual curve of temperature at Newport, England, was
Teduced to one line of constant ascent and one of com-
mon descent. Usually two or four repetitions are suff-
cient for climatological studies; but the great labor
involved in the process, and the absence of any clearly de-
fined theoretical basis, make the harmonic analysis prefer-
able to this numerical method.
B. L. S. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Library
Science.
blubber-guy (blub'êr-gi), n. . A device, pecu-
liar to a whaling-vessel, consisting of a stout
rope secured between the two forward masts,
having a tackle hooked into it: employed for
turning the whale over as it is stripped of its
blubber. 4
blubber-hook (blub’ér-hūk), m. In whaling, a
book used to remove and handle a whale's
blubber. -
In boarding the blubber-hook is detached.
Fisheries of the U. S., ser. 5, II. 28.
blue.
I. a.-Blue ash, baby. See kash.1, kbaby.—
Blue band, a band of ice in a glacier which owes its
blue color to the absence of air-bubbles. Dama, Manual
of Geol., p. 243.−Blue butter. Same as mercurial
ointment (which see, under :*ś *calx,
*dragon, Aheat. See the nouns.—Blue iron earth.
See vivianite.—Blue lead. See klead2.—Blue line, a
bluish discoloration of the edge of the gums present in
chronic lead-poisoning.—Blue oil, oxid, powder, sil-
ver, See A oil, etc.—Blue water, the deep sea-Blue-
yellow zone. See kzome. º
II. n. 10. In archery: (a) The third circle
of the target, which is now usually colored
blue. See target. (b) An arrow which hits
this circle; a hit in the blue. By the present
method of scoring, such a hit counts 5–Acetin
blue. Same as spirit-soluble induline.—Acid alizarin
blue, a mordant acid coal-tar color derived from anthra-
cene. It is rendered extremely fast when subjected to
an after-chroming.—Acid blue. See kacid-blue.—Ali-
zarin.biue, a mordant dyestuff derived from anthracene,
which dyes chromium mordanted wool a very fast blue.
It is a di-hydroxy-anthraquinone-betaquinoline, and is
sold in the form of a paste.—Alizarin blue powder,
a sulphonic-acid derivative of alizarin blue.— arin
indigo blue, a mordant dyestuff derived from anthra-
cene. It is the sodium bisulphite compound of penta- and
tetra-hydroxy anthraquinone-quinoline. With a chro-
mium mordant it produces a color similar to indigo blue.
ine blue, an acid coal-tar color of the triphenyl-
methane-carbinól sulphonic-acid type.—AZindone blue.
Same as Ārimdamine.—Azine blue. Same as 8pirit-80l-
wble induline.—Azodiphenyl blue. Same as spirit-sol-
wble induline.—Azonavy blue. Same as azo ºblack-
blue.—Azophor blue. Sanne as diamisidime A-blue.—
Basel blue, a name given to two basic coal-tar colors
of the azonium chlorid type, of similar constitution.
They give a bright blue.—Basel blue S, an acid color
roduced by the sulphonation of Basel blue.—Bengal
lue. (a) Same as kbenzo-azurine. (b) A name some-
times given to water-soluble induline.—Bengal blue S.
Same as Arbenzo-azwrime.—Benzidine blue, a direct
cotton coal-tar color similar to benzo-azurine. [Now ob-
solete.]—Benzo-pure blue, Same as diamine k&ky-
blue.—Benzyl blue, a basic coal-tar color of the triphenyl-
methane type: but little used.—B ant Cotton blue.
Same as Bavariam & blue.—Capri blue, a basic coal-tar
color of the oxazin type which dyes tannin-mordanted
cotton a bluish green.—Celestine blue, a mordant coal-
tar color of the oxazin type, derived from gallocyanine.
It dyes chromium-mordanted wool a bright blue. Same
as kcoreime 2R.—Chicago blue, the name given to several
direct cottom coal-tar colors of the diazo type, derived from
benzidine, toluidine, or dianisidine. They dye unmordanted
cotton brightblues in a salt bath.-Chinoline blue. Same
as quinoline blue.—Chlorazol blue, a direct cottom coal-
tar color of the diazo type, derived from diamisidine, which
dyes unmordanted cotton blue in a salt bath. It is very fast
when after-treated with copper sulphate.—Cobalt ul-
tramarine blue, one of the cobalt blues.—Columbia,
blue R and G, direct cotton coal-tar colors of the diazo
type, derived from benzidine : similar to the Chicago
blues. They dye unmordanted cotton in a salt bath, and
are well suited for the dyeing of cotton-and-Wool union
oods.-Columbia, fast blue, a dye similarto*Columbia.
lue R and G.-Cresyl blue, a basic coal-tar color of the
oxazin type but of uncertain constitution. It dyes tannin-
mordanted cotton a bright º en blue, a coal-
tar color of the sulphid type, of unpublished constitution,
which dyes unmordanted cotton blue in a salt bath.--
Cyanol blue, an acid coal-tar color related to triphenyl:
methane. It dyes wool and silk a remarkably bright and
pure blue in an acid bath. Also called acid-blue-Del-
hin blue, a mordant goal-tar color of the oxazin type.
t dyes chromium-mordanted wool a blue º;
indigo which is very fast to light and milling; also use
in calico-printing.—Diamine blue B, 2B, 3B, BX, 3R,
RW, etc., names applied to certain direct Čotton coal-tar
colors of the diazo type, derived from benzidine Ortolui-
dine. They dye unmordanted cotton various hues of
blue in a neutral salt bath: sinnilar to the benzo-blues.-
Diamine blue 6G, a direct cotton coal-tar color of the
diazo type, àerived from diazotized 3-naphthylamine
disulphonic acid. It dyes unmordanted cotton blue in a
salt bath.-Diamine brilliant blue, a direct. Cotton
coal-tar color of the diazo type, derived from dianisidine.
In a salt bath it dyes unmordanted cotton a blue resem-
blue
bling indigo. —Diamine new blue G and R, direct got-
ton coal-tar colors which dye unmordanted cottom a dull
blue in an alkaline salt bath, and unmordanted wool blue
or dull blue in a slightly acid salt bath.-Diamine pure
blue. Same as diamine Arsky-blue.—Dianil blue, a
direct cotton coal-tar color of the diazo type which dyes
unmordanted cotton blue in a salt bath.-Dianisidine
blue, a reddish-blue ingrain color of the insoluble azo
type. It is formed when cotton material prepared with
sodium 8-naphtholate is passed through a cold solution
or printed with a cold paste of diazotized dianisidine in
the presence of a §. salt. It is fast to washing and
fairly fast to light and chlorin.--Diazin blue. Same as
indoin. A blue.—Diazo blue, a direct cotton coal-tar color
of the diazo type. It dyes unmordanted cotton in a salt
bath, but for the best results a subsequent diazotizin
and developing is necessary.—Diphenyl blue B, 26,
and 2R, direct cottom coal-tar colors of unpublished con-
stitution which dye unmordanted cotton blue in a salt
bath.--Direct blue B, 2BX, and 3BX, direct cotton coal-
tar colors of the diazo type, derived from dianisidine.
They dye unmordanted cotton blue in an alkaline bath.
—Direct blue R, a direct cotton coal-tar color of the
diazo type, derived from toluidine. It dyes unmordanted
cotton violet-blue in a salt bath.-Electric blue, a trade
name for a light, greenish blue.—Erie blue, a direct cot-
ton coal-tar color which dyes unmordanted cottom blue in
a salt bath. An after-treatment with copper sulphate
renders the blue faster but duller.—Fast marine blue
M, MM, and R.M. Same as the new kblues.—Fast
navy blue BM, G, GM, MM, R, and R.M. Same as the
mew kblues.—Fast neutral blue, a basic coal-tar color
of the azonium chlorid type which dyes tannin-mordanted
cotton blue.— Fine blue. Same as spirit-blue.—Flown
blue, Same as Aſlow-blue.—Gallamine blue, a mordant
coal-tar color of the oxazin type. It is an amide of gallocy-
anime, and dyes chromium-mordanted wool blue ; also
used in calico-printing.—Gentian blue, Same as spirit-
blue.—Glycin blue, a direct cotton coal-tar color of the
diazo type, derived from benzidine sulphone. It dyes
unmordanted cotton blue in a soap bath.-Helgoland
blue, a direct cotton coal-tar color which dyes unmor-
dantéd cotton blue in a salt bath.-Hessian blue. Sanhe
as spirit-blue.-Hoechst, new blue, an acid coal-tar
color of the º type which dyes
wool and silk bright blue in an acid bath.-Immedial
blue, a coal-tar color of the sulphid type, of unpublished
constitution, which dyes unmordanted cotton blue in
a sodium sulphid bath.-Indamine blue, a basic coal-
tar color of the azonium chlorid type.—Indazin blue,
a basic coal-tar color of the azonium chlorid type.—
Indoin, blue, a Janus coal-tar color prepared by com-
bining diazotized safranime with 8-naphthol. It dyes
both unmordanted and tammin-mordanted yarn a very
fast blue which resembles indigo blue.— Indol blue,
Same as imdoin kblue.—Intensive blue, the name
under which an acid coal-tar color possessing great
coloring power is sometimes sold.—Iridium blue, a
blue pigment composed of iridium oxid.—Janus blue.
Same as indoin kblue.—Ketone blue, an acid coal-tar
color of the triphenyl-methane type which dyes wool blue
in an acid bath.-King’s blue. () A blue pigment com-
posed of the carbonate of cobalt, (b) Same as blew-de-rot
(which see).—Kongo blue 2B, BB, BX, and 2BX, direct
cotton coal-tar colors similar to the diamine, blues.—
Kongo fast blue B and R, direct cottom coal-tar colors
of the triazo type, the former derived from diamisidine,
the latter from toluidine. They dye unmordanted cotton
blue in a salt bath.-Kongo pure blue. Same as dia-
mine ksky-blue.—Kumassi navy blue, an acid coal-tar
color of the diazo type, similar in constitution to Kumassi
black. It dyes wool navy blue in an acid bath.-Lana Cyl
blue, an acid coal-tar color of the monoazo type, prepared
from diazotized amido-naphthol-disulphonic acid. It dyes
wool dark-reddish blue in an acid bath.-Lichner's blue
a variety of smalt.—Light blue. Same as aiphºny;
×blue.—Löffler's blue, an alkaline solution of methylene-
blue used for staining bacteria. It is composed of 30 c.c.
of a concentrated alcoholic solution of methylene-blue,
diluted to 100 c.c. with an aqueous solution of potassium
hydrate (1 iºus London blue. Same as soluble
blue.— Madras blue, a name sometimes applied to a
mixture of gallocyanine and logwood extract.— Marine
blue. (a) Same as methyl-blue. (b) A mixture of methyl-
ene-blue and methyl-violet.—Meldola's blue. , Same as
mew blue.— Metamine blue B or G. See a metamine.—
Metaphenylene blue, a basic coal-tar color of the azo-
nium chlorid type which dyes tannin-mordanted cotton a
shade of blue resembling indigo.— Methyl alkali blue,
an acid coal-tar color of the triphenyl-methane-carbinol
type: similar to alkali blue.— Milling blue, a mordant
coal-tar color of the azonium chlorid type which gives
blue shades on a chromium mordant.— Mohammedan
blue, a cobalt blue of a brilliant color, supposed to have
been imported by Chinese potters. The Chinese term is
hui hwi ch'ing.
Then followed the Yunglo period (1403 to 1424), during
which much white porcelain, with ornamentation in blue
under the glaze, was manufactured. The blue employed
in these periods is said to have been brought from Some
Mohammedan country as tribute, and hence was known
as “Mohammedan blue."
Sci. Amer. Sup., Feb. 28, 1903, p. 22,711.
Molybdenum blue, a blue pigment composed of the di-
oxid and trioxid of molybdenum.—Naphthalene blue
an acid coal-tar color which dyes wool blue in an acid
bath.-Naphthalene blue R. Same as mew blue.-Naph-
thazin blue, an acid coal-tar color of the azonium type
which dyes wool blue in an acid bath. – Naphthyl blue,
an acid coal-tar color prepared by Sulphonating milling-
blue.—Naphthyl blue 2B, a direct cotton coal-tar color
of the diazotype, derived from diamino-diphemic acid. It
dyes unmordanted cottom blue in a Salt bath.—Naph-
§e. blue. Same as new blue.--New blue B or G,
a basic coal-tar color of the oxazin type, prepared by
condensing new blue R with 'dimethyl-paraphenylene-
diamine. It dyes tannin-mordanted cotton a fast deep
blue.—New fast blue, a basic coal-tar color of the
oxazin type. It dyes tannin-mordanted cottom blue.—
Nicholson's blue. Same as alkali blue.—Night blue.
(d) A coal-tar color, the hydrochlorid of tetramethyl-tolyl-
triamido-diphenyl-naphthyl-carbinol, used in dyeing silk,
wool, and cotton goods: So named on account of the pur.

. . . blue
ity of the color by artificial light.—Nile blue, the names
by which two similar basic coal-tar colors of the oxazin
type are known. They dye tannin-mordanted cotton a
greenish blue, 0xaminé blue, a name applied to sev-
eral direct cotton coal-tar colors. " They dye unmordanted
Cotton blue in a salt, bath, – Paraphenylene blue, a
basic coal-tar color of uncertain constitution.—Patent
blue, an acid dyestuff, related to triphenyl-methane,
similar in constitution and properties to cyanol blue.—
Peacock blue, a deep, greenish blue. See peacock-blue.—
Pelican blue, Same as spirit-soluble induline,—Pheny-
lene blue. Same as new blue.— Potash blue, a blue
produced on wool by using logwood and potassium fer-
- Tocyanide.—Powder blue, a blue pigment consisting of
Smalt ground to a very fine powder.— Print blue,
Same as spirit-soluble induline.—Scudder's blue, an
American lycaenid butterfly, Rusticus scudderi, occurring
in Canada and the northeastern United States. Its larva
lives on wild lupine.—Sèvres blue. Same as ºrblew de
Sèvres.—Silvery blue, an American lycaenid butterfly,
Nomiades lygdamas, occurring east of the Mississippi.
. Its early stages are unknown.— Solid blue. Same as
Water-soluble induline.—Spirit-soluble blue. Same
as amiline blue.—Tailed blue, an American lycaenid
butterfly, Everes comyntas, dark purplish violet in color,
and of very wide distribution, feeding, in the larval state,
on the flowers of clover and other leguminous plants.
—Vienna, blue, one of the cobalt blues.—Zambesi blue,
a direct cotton coal-tar color. It dyes unmordanted cot-
ton in a salt bath a blue which is rendered faster by sub-
sequent diazotizing and developing,
blueback n. 5. The lake-herring, Argyroso-
"mus artedì, of the Great Lakes.—6. A bank-
note of the Confederate States. Compare
greenback.-Michigan blueback, the lake-herring,
Argyrosom w8 arted. [Lake Michigati.]
bluebell, m-California bluebell, the baby-blue-
eyes, Nemophila insignis.-Peruvian bluebell, a robust
herb of the potato family, Phygalodes Physalodes, with
modding blue flowers, cultivated and adventive in the
United States; the apple of Peru.--Tasmanian blue-
bell, a slender, graceful plant of the campanula family,
Cervicina marginata (Campamula marginata of Thun-
berg), bearing blue flowers. Also cultivated under the
name of Australian harebell.
blueberry, n. 2. In Australia: (a) The fruit
of the blueberry-tree, or the tree itself. (b)
The berry-like fruit of Dianella laevis, of the
lily family.
blueberry-ash (bló’ber-i-ash), n. See *ashl.
blueberry-root (bló’ber-i-röt"), n. The rhi-
zome and rootlets of the blue cohosh, Caulo-
phyllum thalictroides. Also called papoose-root
(which see) and squawroot.
blueberry-tree (bló’ber-i-tré), m. The pal-
berry, Myoporum serratum. Also called cock-
atoo-bush, native currant, and native juniper.
See º: [Australia.]
blue-black, n. 3. In making black leathers,
the foundation for the final color, a bluish
black which when finished is a jet-black on the
grain side.—Alizarin blue-black, a name sometimes
assigned to alizarim. *biacº: Eine biack E and R, acid
coal-tar colors similar to kazo-black.--Diamine blue-
black, a direct coal-tar color derived from benzidine
which dyes unmordanted cotton a blue-black shade in an
alkalime salt bath.—Diazo blue-black, a direct coal-tar
color of the diazo type. It dyes unmordanted cotton in a
salt bath, but for the best results subsequent diazotizing
and developing are Hºl blue-black,
an acid coal-tar color of the diazo type, prepared by com-
bining a diazotized mixture of paranitraniline and ani-
line with amido-naphthol-disulphonic acid. Also called
gº black #.º. blue-black, an acid
coal-tar color similar to naphthylamºne kblack.
blue-blindness (bló'blind"nes), n. A supposed
form of color-blindness in which the subject is
unable to distinguish the fundamental color
blue. Stud. Yale Psych. Lab., VIII. 14.
blue-blossom (blöſ blos”um), n., The blue
myrtle or California lilac, Ceanothus thyrsiflo-
7°2/S. w
bluebottle, n., 1. (b) pl. The grape-hyacinth,
Muscari botryoides and M. racemosum. See
Muscari. [Pennsylvania.]
bluebush, n. 2. A species of salt-bush, Kochia
pyramidata, belonging to the goosefoot family,
native to southeastern Australia. It is a valu-
able forage-plant in times of drought.
blue-chat (bló’chat), m. An Anglo-Indian name
for a bird of the genus Larvivora.
blue-devil (bló'dev’il), n. The blueweed,
Echium vulgare, a pest in the middle Atlantic
States.
blue-dicks (blö’diks), m. One of the wild
bunch-grass, Agropyron divergens.—California, blue-
grass, the mutton-grass, Poa Fendleriana,—Canadian
or flat-stalked blue-grass, Poa compressa,—Hun-
arian blue-grass, the velvet-grass Holcus lamatus.—
ountain blue-grass. Same as Apache & blug-
#:evada, blue-grass, Poa memoralis.-Seaside
lue-grass, Poa macramtha, a species native on the sand-
dunes of the Pacific coast, valued as a sand-binder and
promising for forage.
bluehead (bló(hed), n. Same as blue *groper.
Tasmania.]. -
blue-jay (bló'jā), n. 1. Seejay?.—2. See road
*monkey.
blue-mope (bló’möp), n. Same as bluebonnet, 1.
blue-oil (bló’oil), n. A soft, semisolid mixture
of paraffin crystals with heavy hydrocarbon
oils, one of the commercial products from ozo-
cerite or mineral wax.
Indust. Chem., p. 26.
Blue-pigeon flier, one who steals lead pipes and the like.
[Thieves' cant.]
blue-point (bló'point), n. Same as Blue Point
oyster.
blue-pointer (bló'poin’tér), m. A shark, Isu-
Topsis glauca, of the family Lamnidae, found
throughout the Indian region. [Australia.]
hlue-poll (bló(pól), n. A trout, Salmo trutta
cambricus, found in rivers in Wales.
blue-print, m.–Electric blue-print machine, a ma-
chine in which the sensitized paper is exposed behind
tracings to a series of electric lights instead of to sunlight.
blue-printing, n. 2. The process of printing
on china in 5ue beneath the glaze (first em-
ployed by English potters about 1780), as dis-
tinguished from *black-printing.
bluer (bló’ér), n. One whose business it is to
blue gun-metal, etc. Gentleman's Mag., XVII.
101.
blue-ribbonism (bló-ribſon-izm), n. The
wearing of a blue ribbon as a badge of ad-
herence to total-abstinence principles; total
abstinence.
blue-ribbonist (bló-rib’9n-ist), m. A total ab-
stainer who wears a blue ribbon as a badge of
his principles.
blue-rock, n. 2. A dark-blue clay pigeon used
in trap-shooting.
blue-sighted (bló'sit-ed), a. In psychol. optics,
seeing as if through blue glasses. The eye which
has become adapted to yellow (for example, to lamplight)
is blue-8ighted when placed in the dark or in white light;
it sees everything as if tinged with the complementary
blue. 'É B. Titchener, Exper. Psychol., I. i. 22.
blue-stem, n.-Big blue-stem, Andropogon furcatus.
—Bushy blue-stem, the Indian grass, Sorghastrum
avemaceum.—Little blue-stem, Andropogon Scoparius.
blue-top (bló’top), n. The bull-nettle, Solanum
elaeagnifolium.
bluette (bló-et’), n. [blue -- -ette.] A breed
of oriental frilled pigeons of small size and
, ſº
ſº Wº §
#
t
- º | º Nº. . =:
- ſ º' ºs., . .
^ TIII AM . . |jºsº 2:=
§§ | § #. |§
N \tº\ =
\
Bluette.
plump form. The shoulders are clear, pale blue, and
the tail blue with white spots or bands. The wing-bars
; White graduating into warm brown and edged with
{\OR
Sadtler, Handbook of b
'boardman
shirt or blouse made of bluey, worn over the
coat in the wilderness of western Tasmania.
—To hump bluey, to go on the º as in search of
work, carrying one's bundle wrapped in bluey.
bluf, a., n., and v. A simplified spelling of
#
bluff.1, n. 2. An isolated group of trees on the
rairie. [Manitoba.]
bluing, n. 4. A disease of pine timber which
causes it to assume a blue color. It is due
to the pyrenomycetous fungus, Ceratostomella
pilifera.
blunderhead, n. 2. A dipterous insect of the
family Simuliidae; a black-fly. [Local, U. S.]
. M. An abbreviation (b) of Bachelor of Met-
allurgy; (c) of Bachelor of Music.
. m. An abbreviation (a) of bay mare; (b) of
bench-mark; (c) of board-measure.
18. M. An abbreviation (b) of Bachelor of
Mechanical Engineering.
. M. S. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Medi-
cal Science.
B'nai B'rith (bni brith). [Heb., “children of
the covenant’ (i.e., circumcision).] An inde-
endent Jewish order.
B. N. S. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Natural
Science.
B. O. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Oratory.
boagan (bó'a-gan), m. [Manx, = W. bugan, a
gºblin. : cf. boggard, bogle, etc.] One of the
black spirits’ or goblins which figure in Manx
Superstition.
[At an expected birth, men] hang up their hats over the
staw to fright the boagames.
Hall Caine, The Deemster, p. 13.
boanthropy (bó- an ‘thrö-pi), m. [Gr. 30 Uç,
ox, -H &v{poſtog, man.] A form of madness in
which the victim imagines himself to be an ox.
The exact form of the disease, which would be Boan-
thropy, I have not found any notice of. [though] Arnold
(on Insanity) suggests that such may have been meant by
the story of the Proetidis in Virgil Ecl.
Pusey, Daniel, Lecture VII. 427.
board, n. 15. In an Australian wool-shed, the
floor on which the sheep are sheared; hence, the
shearers there. [Australia.]—Ballistic board.
See kballistic. — Board and board (mawt.), side by side;
in parallel courses. – Duplicate whist board, a board
or tray with 4 pockets, each capable of holding 13 cards,
and so marked that one side of it will always be laid
on the table to the north and each player will lead in
turn ; used for whist, and bridge. — Fullers' board,
the best grade of binders' board : not used exten-
sively except in the Very best bindings.— Perforated
board, a thin pasteboard, perforated with small holes at
regular distances apart, for embroidery and similar work.
—Take-off board, in athletics, a bar or section of plank
set in the ground from or behind which the running
broad-jumper must jump. — To bid to the board. See
*bid. – Trade board, in Great Britain, a permanent
committee of employers and work-people in a particular
trade, appointed for the consideration of matters affecting
the interests of both sides, with a view to preventing
strikes and lockouts.
Voluntary trade boards, however (i.e., permanent joint
boards representing employers and work-people in partic-
ular trades), are at once the most firmly established and
the most important agencies in Great Britain for the
prevention and settlement of labour disputes.
Encyc. Brit., XXV. 550.
board, v. I. trans.—To board a card, to play a
card if called for, as must be done when it is shown.— To
board a tack, (naut.), to haul the lower corner of a
course down to the deck, bumkin, or chess-trees.
II. intrans.—To board round, to board in turn at
the different houses in a community: a custom to which
school-teachers in country districts were in some places
expected to conform, their board being charged against
their hosts, who thus paid their portion of the school
taxes.
boarded (bör’ded), p. a. Specifically said of
a card that is played and cannot be taken
back.
board-foot (börd'füt), m. The cubie contents
of a board one foot square and one inch thick
(144 cubic inches): used as a unit of measure
in selling logs and lumber.
The unit of measure most connmonly used in this coun-
try for selling logs and lumber is the board foot.
}}'oodsman's Handbook, I. 9.
hyacinths (brodiabas) of California, Hookera blue-vat (blö’vat), n. An indigo-dyeing liquor. boarding-car (bör’ding-kār), n. In railroads,
capitata. . Its violet-colored clusters are much
used for decoration.
blue-dyeing (bló'di-ing), n. The process of dye-
ing with indigo.
bluefish, n. 6. Girella cyarrea, a haemuloid fish
found in Australian waters.-Bermuda bluefish,
a labroid fish, Iridio radiatus, found from the Florida
Keys and Bermuda south to Brazil: common in the West
Indies.
bluegill (blö'gil), m. One of the largest of the
sunfishes, Lepomis pallidus.
blue-grass, m.–Alkali º: the west Amer-
ican Poa jumcifolia.— Apache blue-grass, the Wire
blueweed, n. 2. A caesal piniaceous plant,
Hoffmanseggia stricta, introduced from Mexico
into Texas in alkali soils and regarded as a pest,
though its tubers are eaten by hogs and its foli-
age, in dry seasons, by cattle. It is the camote
del raton of the Mexicans.
bluey (blö’i), n. [blue -- dim. -y?..], 1... An
Australian bushman's blanket: so called from
the color.—2. The material of which the
blanket called a bluey is made.—3. The bun-
dle wrapped up in a bluey, carried by a bush-
man when he sets out on a tramp.–4. Arough
a car fitted with bunks and a kitchen and din-
ing-room, or designed either for lodgings or
for serving meals: used by the crew of a con-
struction-train or by a wrecking-crew. º
boarding-gage (bór’ding-gāj), m. A simple
device for keeping weather-boarding even in
width: generally a board or strip with a notched
edge. -
boardman (börd 'man), m.; pl. boardmen
( - men). A man who perambulates the
streets carrying an advertising-board; a sand-
wich-man.


board-measure
board-measure (bórd'mezh"jr), n. In mensur.,
a cubic measure or measure of volume where-
in the unit is the board-foot.
The unit of board measure is the board foot, which is
the contents of a board 1 foot square and 1 inch thick.
Woodsman's Handbook, I. 12.
board-room (börd’röm), n. 1. The room or
office in which a board meets to transact bus-
iness.-2. In imining, the space excavated in
driving a board. The term is used in connection with
the “ridding” of the fallen stone in old boards when driv-
ing roads across them in pillar working. Also bord-room.
Coal and Metal Miners' Pocket-book.
board-scale (börd’skāl), m.
7/16(1877°6.
boardy (bör'di), a. Hard and non-flexible:
said of the wire teeth of card-clothing when
they become worn and stumpy.
boar-grunt (bör'grunt), n. A food-fish, Hae-
mulon sciurus, found in the West Indies. It is
supposed by fishermen to be the male of the duller-colored
species H. plwmieri. [Key West.]
boarwood (bör'wild), n. The poison-Sumae,
Rhus Vernia. [Dismal Swamp region, Vir-
Same as *board-
ginia.] gº ſº
Boas-Oppler bacillus. See *bacillus. tº
boat, n. 5. A narrow, shallow vessel of plati-
num or porcelain
which serves to Á –2)
hold a substance L^
that is to be sub- Combustion Boat.
jected to ultimate
analysis, or to the action of gases, and which
for that purpose is placed in a glass or porce-
lain tube.
Moissan illustrates the vaporization of carbon by heat-
ing the outside of a carbon tube containing a boat filled
with silicon, with an arc, and describes the formation of
silicon carbide from the combination of the vapors of
silicon and carbon.
Electrochem. Industry, August, 1904, p. 331.
6. A small device attached to each side of a
loom for weaving a plain selvage in a fabric
having a twill or figured weave.
By means of a contrivance known as a boat, a selvage
approximating to plain cloth is readily obtained.
Foa, Mechanism of Weaving, p. 482.
Automobile boat. See kautoboat.—Boat log. See
*log2.—Combustion boat. Same as ºrboat, 5.—Fl
boat, a combined aeroplane and boat.—Folding boat, a
collapsible boat used in the army for transporting men
from one river-bank to another. These boats have a
wooden keel and light wooden longitudinal ribs covered
with water-tight canvas.--Loose boat, in whaling, a
boat that has not succeeded in striking a whale.
The duty of a loose boat, if near by and not certain of a
capture, is to keep within hailing distance of the fast
boat. Fisheries of the U. S., Ser. 5, II. 262.
Paddle-box boat, a boat of peculiar construction which
when inverted, or turned upside down, forms the top
section of a paddle-box on a paddle-wheel steamer.—
Umbrella boat. See *umbrella-boat.
boatbill, n. 2. One of the broadbills, Eury-
laºmidae, a group of perching birds character-
istic of the Indo-Malayan region; in particu-
lar, Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus. See cut
under gaper.
boat-boom (bót"bóm), n. A long boom project-
ing transversely from each side of a war-ship or
a yacht at anchor in a harbor, with hanging pen-
dants to which boats may be made fast. In the
days of Sailing men-of-war the lower studdingsail-booms
were used for this purpose; now special booms are fitted.
Also called 8winging-boom.
boat-car (bötſkär), n. A wheeled conveyance
used in the life-saving service for facilitating
the launching of boats.
boat-crane (böt" krān), n. A rotary crane
fitted on each side of a war-ship for lifting the
heavier boats out of the water or lowering
them into it, particularly the steam-launches
and Vedette-boats. Such cranes are usually supplied
with steam or electric hoisting and turning apparatus.
See cut under &battle-8hip.
boat-nail (bót'nāl), n. A form of nail, made
of soft and ductile iron or steel and tinned,
suitable for fastening the strakes or skin of a
small boat to the ribs or along the seams. It
must be capable of being effectively clinched.
in the wood of the strakes.
boat-pan (bót"pan), n. A pan of wrought- or
east-iron, shaped like a boat, used, in the Le-
blanc process for making carbonate of soda, to
boil down the crude tank-liquor.
boat-shell, n. 2. The common slipper-limpet
or half-deck, Crepidula formicata. [U. S.]
Boatswain's call, pipe, or whistle, a small whistle used
by a boatswain in giving signals.-Boatswain's chair
(hawt.), a piece of board in the shape of a parallelogram,
or scup-seat, having a hole in each end through which a
short length of rope in the form of a bridle is passed, and
the ends knotted on the under side to prevent them from
pulling through. It is hoisted aloft by a whip, and is used
by seamen to sit on while at work in the º: where
foothold is not obtainable, as when scraping down masts,
etc.
boat-yoke (böt’yök), n. A horizontal piece
of wood or metal placed across the head of a
boat's rudder. To each end of the yoke a line is se-
cured, known as a yoke-line, by means of which the rudder
is turned and the boat steered.
bobl, n. 14. A piece of clay placed beneath a
tº in a kiln. An old English name for bat!,
13 (b). *
bobl, ^), i.—3. To transport (a load, as of logs) on a bob
or sled.
bobachi (bob'a-chi), m. . [Hind. bāwarch?, popu-
lar bavarchi, illiterate babarchi, prob. of Turk-
ish origin..] A male cook. [Anglo-Indian.]
bob-apple (bob'apºl), n. The Hallowe'en pas;
time of ‘ducking for apples’ while they float
in a tub of water, or trying to bite one as it
swings from a string. See bob-cherry,
bobbery-bob (bob’ér-i-bob”), interj. The An-
glo-Indian form of the Hindu exclamation of
surprise, baprebap (“OE'ather!”). See bobbery.
bobbin-cradle (bob’in-krā’dl), n. A horizontal
holder for a bobbin upon which is wound the
yarn from the hankonahank-winding machine.
bobbin-lead (bob’in-lèd), n. In teactile-manuf,
the excess of the surface-speed of the bobbin
over the speed of the spindle-flier on a roving-
frame.
bobbin-rail (bob’in-rāl), m. An iron bar or
rail supporting the bobbins of a roving-ma-
chine. *
bobbin-reel (bob'in-rél), n. In cotton-manuf.,
a machine for winding yarn from bobbins into
hanks. *.
bobbin-wheel (bob'in-hwöl), n. In teactile-
manuf., the principal gear in a series for driv-
ing the bobbin on a roving-frame.
bobble, v. i. 2. In golf, to run unevenly on a
green: said of a ball. W. Park, Game of Golf,
p. 202. -
bobcat (bob’kat), n. A popular name for the
bay lynx, Lyma, rufus, and its various subspe-
cies, all of which have short tails.
bobeche (bö-bāsh'), m. [F. boběche, OF. bui-
beche; origin unknown.] A glass disk or shal-
low cup with a central perforation, made to
surround the base of a candle or of a gas-light.
In the latter case the glass is ground to diffuse
the light.
To adapt this to microscopic work we add a “bobeche' as
used for Welsbach lights made of finely ground imported
glass. Science, April 3, 1903, p. 536.
bob-fly (bob'fli), n. In angling, an artificial
fly attached to the leader above the stretcher-
fly. Also called bobber, dropper, and drop-fly.
Bobierre metal. See Ametal.
bobierrite (bö-bi-ár'it), m. [Named after Bobi-
erre, who first described it..] A hydrated mag-
nesium phosphate from the guano of ºš
lones, off the western coast of South America.
bob-jerom (bob-jer’um), n. [Bobl, m, 10, +
Jerome, a proper name.] A bob-wig.
What Isay is, let everybody follow their nature; . . . and
then if they pay every one his own, who 's a right to call
'em to account, whether they wear a bob-jerom, or a pig-
tail down to the calves of their legs?
Miss Burney, Cecilia, ix. 1.
bob-lever (bobſlev’ér), n., A lever carrying a
bob-weight. The bob-weight is used to bal-
ance one or more reciprocating parts on a ma-
chine.
bobo (bó"bó), n. [A W. Ind. use of Sp. bobo,
a dolt, fool: see booby.] A species of mullet,
Joturus pilchardi, found in the mountain tor-
rents of the larger islands of the West Indies.
It is characterized by the simple stomach and
the coarse truncate incisors.
bobong (bö-bông'), n. . [Bisaya bobong, Taga-
log bobongan, the roof; bobong, cover, roof.]
in the Philippine Islands, the roof of a buſià.
g-
bob-runner (bob'run-èr), n. One of a pair of
short runners placed on the arms of an axle in-
stead of wheels, to enable a carriage or wagon
to be used as a sleigh. [New Eng.] *
bobtail, n. 5. In poker, a four-card flush or
straight.
bobtailed, a. 2. In archery, gradually decreas-
ing in diameter from the point to the nock: said
of an arrow.
bocca? (bok’ā), n. [Native name.] A name ap-
plied by the natives of French Congo to a shrub
of the dogbane family, Tabernanthe Bocca,
which is planted about their villages for the
sake of its medicinal roots. Compare *iboga.
body-brace
bocon (bö-kön"), n. [Cuban use of Sp. bocom, a
wide-mouthed person, K boca, mouth..] A Cu-
ban name of a small anchovy, Anchovia cubana.
bodenite (bö’den-it), n. [Named from Boden,
near Marienberg, Saxony.] A silicate related to
allanite, containing a relatively large amount
of the yttrium and cerium metals.
bodhi (bö’di), n. [Skt.: see Buddha.] Know-
ledge; enlightenment: a term of Buddhism.
bodhisattva, n. 2. Also, any religious teacher.
Bodianus (bö-di-ā’nus), n. [NL., K.Sp. bodian
= Pg. bodiáo, a sea-fish so called.] 1. A genus
of large labroid fishes of the West Indies, of
numerous species, usually known by the later
name of Harpe. B. rufus is the best-known
species.—2. A genus of sea-bass, Serranidae,
of the warm seas, more properly called Cepha-
lopholis. -
Bodo (bö'dó), n. [NL. (Stein, 1878).] The
typical genus of the family Bodonidae: some-
times called the hooked or springing monad.
bodock (bö'dok), n. Same as bodark.
Bodonidae (bö-don’i-dé), m. pl. [NL. Bodo(n-)
+ -idae.] family of flagellate protozoans of
the order Heteromastigidae, consisting of small,
naked forms in which there is little, if any,
difference between the flagella. It contains
the genera Bodo, Phyllomitus, Colponema, and
Oayrrhis.
body, n. 14. All the strapping of a harness
back of the collar; specifically, that part of
the breeching and other straps which bears
against the horse.— 15. In ceram., the sub-
stance or base of pottery and porcelain. See
frit body, kaolinic *body.— 16. An ore body,
or pocket of mineral deposit.—17. The thick-
ness of a lubricating oil or other liquid: also
the measure of that thickness expressed in
the number of seconds in which a given quan-
tity of the oil at a given temperature flows
through a given aperture. Coal and Metal
Miners' Pocket-book.-Alloxurbody. See kallozur
base.—Anti-immune º: See kanti-imm/wºme.—
Anti-intermediary body. Same as ºranti-amboceptor.—
Body blow. See kblow3.—Brown body. See kbrown.—
Central body, a term used to denote the aggregation of
protoplasmic matter in the interior of many bacteria and
blue-green algae. It is believed by some to represent a
true nucleus.-Cornalian bodies. See kcormalian.—
Directive body. See directive corpuscle and #polar
body.-Fat body, in entom., a more or less lobulated or
net-like mass of large cells filled with small drops of fat,
covering parts of the viscera and lining the integument.
—Guarnieri body, a protozoan, parasite, Cytoryctes
variolae Guarnieri, thought to be the cause of smallpox
and vaccinia.-Harting's bodies, granular concretions
of carbonate of lime obtained by allowing carbonic-acid
alkalis to act upon albumin or other nitrogenous sub-
stances. This action has been said to explain the mode
of formation of the shells of mollusks and protozoa. —
Hassall or Hassall's bodies, in histol., the remains of
the epithelium which during embryologic development
makes up the main portion of the thymus gland.—Hyaloid
body. See*hyaloid.—Immune body. Same as kampo-
ceptor. See kimmune.— Immunizing body. See kim-
munity.—Intermediary body. Same as kamboceptor.—
Kaolinic body, a porcelain composition consisting largely
of kaolin, as hard-paste porcelain.-Leishmann-Dono- .
van body, a small rounded or ovoid body, occurring singly
or in groups of several, embedded in a matrix but not intra-
corpuscular, in tropical splenomegaly or kala-azar, and
probably also in Oriental sore. Ross considers these bodies
to belong to a new genus of Sporozoa and suggests for them
the name Leishmannia donovami.—Lummer-Brodhun
body, a device, used in certain photometers and spectro-
photometers, for rectifying or rendering parallel the two
beams of light to be compared. It consists of two right-
angled prisms of glass cemented together so as to form a
cube the diagonal section of which is partly cutaway. See
spectrophotometer. — Meissner's body, a tactile, cor-
puscle.— MelOn-seed bodies. Same as rice kbodies.—
Mushroom body, in entom., one of two stalked and
capped bodies arising from the procerebral lobe of an
insect's brain, which resemble minute mushrooms. They
are more highly developed in bees, ants, and wasps than
in other insects, and it is therefore supposed that the in-
telligence of insects bears a direct relation to the size of
these bodies.—Nissl or Nissl's bodies, in newrol., small
bodies which are found in the cytoplasm of nerve-cells
and which take on a deep stain with methylene blue.—
Onion body, a concentrically arranged mass of epithelial.
cells sometimes seen in carcinomatous tumors. Also
called epithelial pearl or mest.— Plimmer bodies, cer-
tain cell-inclusions found in malignant growths which
were thought to be parasitic protozoa and concerned in
the production of the growths.—Presegmenting bodies,
in zoöl., the malarial parasites before they undergo seg-
mentation.—Pyramidal body. Same as pyramid, 4.
—Rice bodies, small growths, resembling rice-grains,
which form in the sheaths of the tendons in hygroma and,
becoming detached, float free in the fluid.--Rosenmül-
ler's body, the parovarium.–Russell fuchsin bodies,
hyaline bodies which stain readily with fuchsin, some.
times seen in carcinomatous tumors.--Spongy body.
Same as corpus spongiosum.—The body Alpha. Sée
: ha,3–Turb ate body. See twrbinate bone, under
Q/ſ)"U7/7,618.6.

body-brace (bod’i-brås), n. 1. A brace which
crosses a whole frame or one parallelogram of
a frame diagonally from corner to opposite
corner. See *bracel, 1 (b).—2. Specifically,
body-brace
in car-building, an inclined timber extending bog-torches (bog'tör"ches), n. The golden-
from one end of the body center-plate of a club, Orontium aquaticum: so called from the
long ear to the middle of the car. Two braces, shape and color of its flower-stalk and flowers.
united to a compression-beam, form a truss built into the See cut under Orontium. Small, Flora South-
bº of the car under the windows. eastern U. S 5
Ody-plasm (bod’i-plazm"), n. In biol., the ... tº
jºbođºimi ºpia. º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.
in contradistinction to the germ-plasm, or the . . Bay chestnut, Castanospermum australe
substange of the reproductive organs. Same ºi....'a jº fine-grained, beautifully figured, brown
as 80mal, soma toplasm, wood, which is not very durable. See black ºrbeam (b).
bºlº, (bod’i-plat), n. A shell-plate for Bohairic (bö-hi'rik), n. [Bohaireh, Boheyreh,
a boiler located anywhere except in heads or a district in the Delta of the Nile, + -ic.] One
domes. ſº of the main divisions of Coptic ; the dialect of
body-wood (bod’i-Wüd), n. Cord-wood cut the coast district, spoken in the northwestern
from those portions of the trunks which are Delta of the Nile: formerly named Memphite
clear of branches. . (which see). Saludic and Bohairie are the most im-
Boehmenism (bé'men-izm), n. The theosophi- É. dialects of Coptic. Since the fifteenth century the
cal view of God and the world set forth by atter has been the language of the sacred books of Chris-
Jacob Boehme (1575–1624), a mystical German Encyc. Brit., XXVII.
#ity throughout the country.
& 7.
philosopher. He contemplated deity as “the eternal § ñ—hâ’i gº e
one, the silent nothing,” from which nature proceeds as boheic (bö-hé ik), 0. [Bohea + -ic.] Derived
the expression of spiritual principles. He endeavored to from Thea Bohea.—Boheic acid, a bibasic acid,
º §.º.º. . . forces ºne that C7H10Oe, obtained from black tea. "
evil is the manifestation of the wrath of God, and that Bohemian, m. 6. As employed by the French
goodwin analybºletoriº. Also ºmnism. eologists, the later deposits of Silurian time,
Boehmenist (bé'men-ist), n. One who fºllº rom the fine development of these strata in
Hºiſienite (bé’men-it), n. A Boehmenist lurian or to Silurian in its restricted sense.
& yºv, “. tº ºn * ... bohio (bö-hé’ö), n. [Sp. bohio, bojšo, from a
Boethian (bö-é'thi-an), a. Pertaining to or ...ſº tºº %. º, hut; a
ºyed fººtius, disinguished Roman thatched hut of the kind used by the nºes
official, philosopher, and writer on music, who of the West Indies.
died about 524A. D. Less correctly.” Boetian. boiliºn. Aleppo, Delhi, Oriental, tropical boil.
y & 3. y
lind
boiler-Smith (boi'lér-smith"), m
boiling-basket (boiºling-bās"ket), n.
Boleosoma.
the boiler-compounds have to be adapted to each case.
Some compound of soda is the most common ingredient
of such mixtures
boiler-felt (boiler-felt), n. A non-conducting
covering for boilers, steam-pipes, etc., made
: matted hair. In appearance it resembles
elt.
boiler-maker (boi'lér-mâ"kēr), n. 1. One who
makes boilers; a boiler-Smith.-2. A petty of—
ficer in the United States navy.
boiler-palm (boi'lér-pâm), n. 1. A pad or foot
on a bracket which is used to fasten or support
a boiler.— 2. The flattened end of a boiler-
stay, where it is enlarged to take the rivets;
specifically, that part of the knee, bracket, or
tension-stay which goes against the boiler and
is fastened to it.
boiler-scale (boi'lér-skål). n. A substance de-
posited on the surfaces of boilers which are in
contact with the water. This scale is due to im-
purities in the water precipitated as solids on heating, and
is sometimes hard and difficult to remove.
Asmith who
forges boiler-plates; a boiler-maker.
Among
primitive races, a water-tight basket in
which liquids are boiled. Generally the contents
are heated by means of red-hot stones which are thrown
into the basket.
boiling-house (boiſ ling-hous), n. A local
West Indian term for the building, at a sugar-
mill, in which the cane-juice, expressed in the
cane-mill, is boiled down to the syrup from
which sugar is made.
Boetian (bó-é’ti-an), a. Same as *Boethian.
Boettcher's crystals. See *crystal.
bº. 7t.—Anchored bog, an originally floating bog
W ich has become fixed by Toots and rhizomes from its
bottom or by growths from shore-plants into it, or by both.
Same as Aleppo ulcer (which see, under wicer).-B
boil, a sluggish boil in which pus forms slowly and there
is no slough or core.—Bulama boil. [Afr. Bulama, island
of W. Africa], a phlegmon caused by the presence of a
worm or the larva of an insect beneath the skin.— Bur-
Such of the negroes as are employed in the mill and
boiling-houses often work very late.
Bryan Edwards, A Hist. of the Brit. W. Indies, II. 160.
Bolling-point of the thermometer. (a) A small nick
C. MacMillam.—Climbing bog, the rim of a normal bog,
nourished at a higher level by the capillary elevation of
mese boil, an endemic sore, probably of the same nature
as the Dellii boil or Aleppo ulcer.
water-Emerged bog, a bog growing above water-level. boil, 2 n. 3. The period during which the car-
... Flºatingbºg.º.º.ºing island (see island”), bon is being burned out of the iron in a pud-
named ‘bog ' from its moºse character. & dling-furnace. During this period jets of burning
In some of the lakes of Minnesota these floating bogs are carbonic oxid cover the surface ºf the bath. Lockwood,
yery prominent features and constitute the so-called Dict. Mech. Eng. Terms.
“floating islands.” *** boiler, n. 5. A small isolated reef or atoll
Immersed bog, a bog whose chief growth is below water- below water. [West Indies and Bermuda..]
level...Quaking bogº º Wººd, Pººh CBelieville boiler, a type of sectional boiler much used
has gºvered ºmpºſſively...unsºle and treacherous at one time in the Éitish navy, in which the generating
ground that shakes under foot. Sphagnous or sphag: units are water tubes of moderate diameter: named aft:
num bog, a stagnant swamp with acid soil, characterized i. designer.—Double boiler, a cooking-utensil consist-
by the gºth ºf ºphagnum, mºsses; º muskeg. A deep ing of two metail or giazed ware vessels nesting one
SWąIn ºf this kind becomes at length a peat-bog. within the other. The larger vessel is partly filled with
hº (bó'gã), m. [Sp.] A species of Smallfish water, the smaller is put inside of it, and both are placed
of the genus Orestias, common in the waters of over the fire. The boiling of the water and the result-
Lake Titicaea in Bolivia and Peru. There are sev- ing...,partly inclºsed steam Cºok the 99ttents of the
g & & e & Łº wi ºr f burning from direct con-
eralspecies of orestias in the lake, and they constitute the inside Yºssº. Withºut tºge.9 s wº *
aquatic food of the inhabitants of those regions. tact with the fire.—Drop-flue boiler, a boiler having
& flues coming in from the sides and joining a central flue
Bogardus mill. See *milll.
which is open at the bottom. The hot gases come in the
bogart (bog'art), n. See Aboggard, 4.
horizontal flues and descend the center, or drop, flue—
bog-birch (bog"bérch), n. The Carolina buck- Elephant boiler, a horizontal cylindrical boiler having
thorn, Rhamnus Caroliniana. [Minnesota.]
one or more shells below the main shell and connected to
the latter by necks.-Elliptical boiler. º
bog-burst (bog’bérst), m. An outbreak or flow
of peaty materials which are saturated with
ended or oval-ended boiler. (b) A boiler whose cross-
section is an oval or an ellipse.—Field boiler, a boiler
water, so that barriers no longer restrain them.
Also bog-flow.
having double tubes, the inner one for getting water
A discussion of bog-bursts, with special reference to the
to the lower end of the outer tube, in which the steann
is generated. These tubes are either vertical or inclined.
great outburst of a bog in the Killarney district in 1896.
Geog. Jowr. (R. G. S.), XI. 206.
Hiscoac, Horseless Vehicles, p. 47.-Flash boiler.
bog-flow (bog'flö), n. See *bog-burst.
See & flash-boiler.— Lanc e boiler, a horizontal
cylindrical boiler having two horizontal flues each con-
boggardl, n. 4. The hellgrammite.
U
taining a furnace. The combustion gases pass through
the flues and return to the front end along the outside of
the shell, and them pass back undermeath the shell.—
Multitubular boiler. (a) A boiler having a large num-
ber of small tubes for the hot gases to pass through. (b)
A boiler made up of a number of tubes in which steam
is generated; a water-tube boiler.—Niclausse boiler, a
type of sectional boiler which has been used in the British
navy, in which the generating units are water-tubes of
moderate diameter.—Oval boiler. Same as elliptical
[Local,
bogie2, n. 4. A small, wheelbarrow or box
upon wheels, made of light boiler-plate iron,
used in the removal from the furnace of black-
ash in the manufacture of soda by the Leblanc
POGOSS.
ogie, Colonel. See Colonel Bogie.
bogie-frame (bó'gi-fram), n. The pivoted or
swinging frame under the front end of a loco-
motive; the truck-frame.
bogie-locomotive , (bö’ gi-lô-eô-mö’tiv), n.
Same as bogie-engine.
bogie-spring (bö'gi-spring), m. One of the
springs, which are interposed between the
truck of a locomotive and the parts supported
by it, to take ". the shocks and jars due to
inequalities in the road.
Bognor beds. See *bed".
bogong (bö'gong), n. . [Native Australian.]
An Australian noctuid moth, Agrotis Spina,
which occurs in enormous numbers in Vic-
toria, where the hibernating adults were eaten
by the aborigines.
bog-ore (bog'ór), n. Same as bog-iron ore.
in which the plan of a single enveloping shell to contain
the water and steam is abandoned, and is replaced by a
number of small generating vessels so joined together
that the steam formed in all of these separate units or
sections is delivered from a common disengagement sur-
face into a common steam-space. The units may be spher-
ical or they may be cylindrical water-tubes. Such sec-
tional boilers are safer because stronger to resist internal
ressure, and rupture of one unit is not usually followed
y a destruction of the structure as a whole.—Semi
flash boiler.
Same as water-twbe boiler (which see, under water-tube).
boiler-brace (boi’lèr-brås), n. A stay or tie-
rod between the shei and the flat end of a
steam-boiler, or a tension-rodrunning from end
to end of the boiler to tie the flat surfaces to-
gether and prevent bulging or other deforma-
tion under pressure.
boiler-cement (boi'lér-sé-ment"), n.
ture of various substances, such as clay, mag-
nesia, etc., which is used for covering boilers
Bogoslovius (bog-g-slº' virus), n... [NL., and steam-pipes to prevent or check the radia-
named from the volcanic island of St. John tion of heat.
Bogoslof (Bogoslovii), near which the typical boiler-compound (boi’lér-kom"pound), n. Any
species was dredged.] A genus of macruroid substance used to prevent the formation of a
fishes taken in deep water in Bering Sea. hard scale in steam-boilers which use impure
bog-slide (bog'slid), n. Same as *bog-burst, feed-water. As the impurities are of somany varieties,
Bojan gneiss.
boje (bö’hâ), m.
B. O. L.
A round- bola (bö’lā), m.
bolboporite (bol-bó-pó’rit), n.
Bolderian stage.
*boiler (a) and (b).-Sectional boiler, a steam-generator boldoin (bol’dó-in), n.
bole?, m.
sée jºiº. tribulous boiler. Bºleichthys (bö-lé-ik’ this), n.
boleite (bö’lé-it), m.
A mix- Bolelia (bö-lé’li-á), n.
Boleosoma (bö"lé-Q-sö’mâ), m.
on the glass tube of the mercurial thermometer showing
the observed height of the mercury when the instrument
is wholly immersed in steam from boiling water. For-
merly the bulb only was placed in boiling water, but now
the whole instrument is immersed in the steam. (b) A
Scale-division near the above-mentioned nick, indicating
the boiling-point under standard pressure of one atmo.
sphere. (c) The thermometric temperature of standard
boiling water or its steam, that is, 100°C., 80°R., or 212°F.
(d) The correct reading of the thermometer immersed in
steam from boiling water under some speciallow pressure,
such as that on the summit of a mountain. This boiling.
point depends directly on the atmospheric pressure and
is utilized to ascertain the latter when the mercurial
barometer is not available.
See *gneiss.
[Native name.] A name in
Porto Rico of a rubiaceous tree, Antirhea cor-
iacea, native to the West Indies. It furnishes
a heavy, strong, durable yellow wood used for carpenter
work, furniture, and the framework of houses. Also
called quina.
An abbreviation of Bachelor of Ori-
ental Literature.
[Native name.] A name in
Bengal of the mahoe or majagua, Pariti tilia-
centm. See mahoe, 1, and *majagua, 1.
[NL., K. Gr.
ſłożſłóg, a bulb, + Tópog, a pore, -H -ite2.] One
of certain fossil bodies found in the Silurian
rocks of Russia, Canada, and New York, in-
versely conical or clavate in form, and having
the narrower end smooth but the broader
pitted. They have been regarded by some authors as
corals, and probably some of the bodies to which this
name has been applied are of this nature ; but the affilia-
tions of the typical bolboporites are still dubious, though
their microscopic structure is very similar to that of the
test of the Echinodermata.
See *stage.
[boldo + -im?..] Same
as boldine.
3. In medieval and early Renaissance
art, an earthy paste added over gesso as a
ground for tempera painting and gilding.
Directly on this, and without the usual preparation of
bole, gold leaf was laid over the whole surface.
Burlington Magazine, II. 89.
[NL., K. Gr.
Božň, a throw, + iyêic, fish.] A genus of
darter-fishes, typified by the species B. fusi-
formis.
[Boleo (see def.) + -ite2.]
An oxychlorid of lead, copper, and silver, oc-
curring in deep-blue cubic crystals and related
to percylite: found at Boleo, Lower California.
[NL. (Rafinesque,
1832), an anagram of Lobelia.] A genus of
dicotyledonous plants of the family Campanu-
laceae. See Downingia.
[NL., irreg.
K. Gr. 30%, a throw, 4- adua, body..] A genus
of tessellated darters, small quick-movin
fishes of the brooks of the eastern Unite
States. B. olmstedi is the best-known species.
bolero
bolero, n. 3. . A short jacket, ending about
three inches above the waist-line: originally
in imitation of the Spanish jacket, but now
made in many fashions, and trimmed either
simply or with extremely elaborate ornament.
boletoid (bö-lèſtoid), a. [Boletus + -oid.]
Like or pertaining to the genus Boletus.
Boliche furnace. Same as Spanish furnace.
bolivar, n. 2. A large ginger-cake. [U. S.]
Bollmannia (bol-man’i-á), n. [NL., from C.
H. Bollman, an American scientist.] A genus
of goboid fishes inhabiting the depths of the
tropical Pacific, typified by the species B.
chlamydes.
bollo (böl’ö), n. A brick of amalgamated sil-
Ver Ore, so shaped that six bricks form a cir-
cular cake with a hole in the center to allow
the mercurial vapors to escape during the dis-
tillation process. *
boll-weevil (böl’wé-wl), n.
*weevil.—Mexican boll-weevil.
boll weevil.
bolo (bö’lò), m. [Bisaya bolo.] 1. A long knife
resembling a Cuban machete, used in the
Philippine Islands, for domestic and agri-
cultural purposes, and in war.
See Cottom-boll
Same as kcottom-
Bolo. º
(From an original in the Amer. Museum of Nat. History, New York.)
bolochore (bö’lö-kör), n. . [Irreg, K. Gr. 80%,
a throw, H- yopeiv, spread abroad.] In phyto-
geog., a fruit with some adaptation for the
mechanical propulsion of its seeds or spores,
or a plant bearing such fruit; a sling-fruit; a
ballistic or catapult fruit. Bolochores are
divided by F. E. Clements, the author of the
term, into *pladoboles, *edoboles, *aeriboles,
and *tomoboles. See these terms.
bolochorous (bö-lok’6-rus), m. [bolochore +
-ows.] Having the character of or pertaining
to bolochores.
See Aflask,
Bologna flask, hemp, vial.
*hemp, *vial.
bolograph (bö’ló-gräf), m. [Gr. 30%, a throw,
+ ypáſpelv, write.] An automatic record of the
indications of a bolometer. Bolographs of the
solar spectrum are made by passing the spectrum at a
constant rate over the face of the bolometer and photo-
graphing upon a moving sheet the deflections of a sensi-
tive galvanometer in circuit with the bolometer. The
result is a curve giving in graphic form the distribution
of energy in the sun's spectrum at the time when the
bolograph is taken. Such records are termed spectro-
bolographs.
A study of the yearly variations of the selective absorp-
tion of the Earth's atmosphere by the aid of a long series
of bolographs.
S. P. Langley, Astrophysical Jour., March, 1903, p. 93.
bºº (bó"ló-graf'ik), a. Of, pertaining
to, or effected by means of a bolograph.
The bolographic method can be employed, which, being
independent of circle readings, and involving instead a
clock work of extreme accuracy, gives differences of devia-
tion with extraordinary precision, reaching, as we said in
last year's report, to Within a second of arc.
Smithsonian Rep., 1898, p. 72.
boloman (bö’ló-man), n. A man armed with
a bolo. [Philippine Is..]
Bolometric curve, a curve indicating the distribution of
energy in the spectrum as determined by measurements
with the bolometer.
bolsa (böl’sä), n. [Sp. bolsa, a purse.] An ex-
change where merchants and others meet to
transact their business. [Spanish-American
and the Philippine Is...]
bolson (böl-Són"), n. [Sp., augm. of bolso,
a purse, K bolsa, a purse : see burse, purse.]
In phys. geog., a basin-shaped depression in-
closed on nearly all sides by mountains.
[Southwestern U. S.]
bolson-plain (böl - son (plån), n. [bolson -H
plain..] A plain formed of land-waste occupy-
ing basin-like depressions among mountains
in Mexico and contiguous portions of the
United States. See Abolson.
The bolson plaim.8 may be considered as sections of an
upraised peneplain surface in its earliest infancy, at a
stage in which they are as yet untouched by stream-action.
They could not exist under present hypsometric condi-
tions except in an arid region, which snow-fed perennial
rivers do not traverse. Amer. Geol., Sept., 1904, p. 164.
bolster, 7t., 2. (p) Same as bunk, 2. (q) In arch., a
horizontal piece of wood set on the top of a post and pro-
jecting on one or both sides: intended to diminish, the
unsupported stretch of a #. or beam, or to act as
a corbel, allowing a post to be set upright in false bearing
beyond the axis of the lower post. (r). In paleobot., Same
as kleaf-cushton.
bolster-wagon (böl'stèr-wag”gn), n. A form
of road-wagon used for speeding purposes.
The body is hung on side-bars the ends of
which rest on bolsters over the axles; no
springs are used.
bolt!, n. —Cremorne bolt, a casement-fastening con-
sisting of two long bolts, one engaging the top of the
window-frame and the other the window-sill, both being
inclosed in a casing and operated by a handle at the
middle of the casement. It is sometimes provided with
a third bolt which locks the casements together and is
operated by the same handle.—Espagnolette bolt, a
casement-fastening consisting of a long rod placed on the
edge of the casement and fitted with catches at the top
and bottom. By means of a handle the rod can be rotated
to cause the catches to engage the opposite casements
and lock them together at the top and bottom.—In-and-
out bºlt, a bolt which extends through the pieces to be
JOlned.
bolt1, v. t. 9. In archery, to loose too soon
after drawing the bow. See *hold.—10. In
golf, to putt with so much force that the ball
will go some distance past the hole if it fails
to go into it.
bolt-die (böltſ di), m. 1. A die or hob for
cutting the thread on a bolt.—2. A die for
shaping blanks for bolts.
bolt-dog (bölt'dog), n. An attachment to a
lathe for driving bolts.
bolteri, n. 2. A machine for sawing logs into
a size suitable for cutting into small strips.
The pieces cut by a bolter are called bolts, and
these bolts are sawed into laths, pickets, etc.,
in a gang-saw.—3. In archery, an archer who,
after drawing the bow, looses too soon.
bolting-reel (böl'ting-rél), n. A reel, covered
with bolting-cloth, used inseparating flour, etc.
bolting-saw (bölting-sà), n. See *bolter, 2.
bolt-machine (bölt’ma-shën"), n. A machine
used for forging the shanks of bolts from stock
which has been rolled to the size of the head
of the bolt. It consists of a series of forging-
dies which vary in size and through which the
body of the bolt is passed in a proper succes-
Sl Oll.
Boltonia (böl-tö’ni-á), n. . [NL. (L'Héritier,
1788), named in honor of James Bolton (fl.
1775–95), an English botanist.] A genus of
plants of the family Asteraceae. There are 4 or 5
species, natives of the United States. They are some-
times known as false camomile. They are tall, leafy, as-
ter-like, glabrous and often glaucous perennial plants,
blooming profusely in late summer and autumn, and are
excellent for the hardy border. B. asteroides and B. lati-
i. wama are sometimes planted in gardens for their showy
OOIII.
bolt-ring (bölt’ring), n. A small ring with a
spring-and-bolt arrangement, much used in
modern jewelry for holding small or large gems
or to secure necklaces.
bolt-saw (bölt’sä), n. A saw for cutting off the
bark-covered slabs from a log and forming
them into squared bolts; a saw for the rough
dressing of logs in the forest.
toolt-threader (bölt' thred’ér), n. A machine
or device used to cut the thread on bolts.
bolt-wire (bölt’wir), m. Wire which is to be
cut into blanks for small bolts.
Bolyaian (böl-yi'an), a... Of or pertaining to
John Bolyai (in Hungarian, Bolyai János), a
Hungarian geometer who was born at Kolozs-
vár in 1802, and who died at Maros-Vásárhely
in 1860.-Bolyaian or Bolyaigeometry. See Ageome-
try.
bom, n. A simplified spelling of bomb. tº
boma (bö’mă), n. [Central African.] An in-
closure of bushes, thorn, or stakes formed as a
protection for a camp or village.
‘I went out on a sandspit into the lake and camped,
cutting down the bush and placing it across the shore end
of the bank so as to form a boma. At one o'clock in the
morning the Turkana attacked and succeeded in breaking
through the boma, a few of them getting into camp.
Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XI. 389.
Bomb calorimeter. See kcalorimeter.—Bread-Crust
bomb, a somewhat rounded mass of igneous rock, ejected
in a volcanic eruption, whose surface presents an appear-
ance similar to that of baked bread, as if the interior had
expanded beyond the stretching capacity of the surface
crust. The more or less vitrified surface and the seamed
crust al‘e characteristic.
bombardier, n. 4. [cap.] A former name,
among the Portuguese, for a Fleming or other
foreigner.
The whole country spoke of this boat . . . with a crew
that spoke like Bombardiers.
Geog. Jowr. (R. G. S.), XI. 82.
bombardment, n.--Molecular bombardment, im-
pact of the molecules of a vapor or gas against a sub-
merged body or against any wall which forms a boundary
to the gaseous volume. The resultant effect is the pres-
sure which the vapor exerts. Under high electrostatic
strain, especially in a high vacuum, such bombardment
may exert considerable power on the bodies struck, caus-
ing them, for example, to give off X-rays or heat, and even
fusing very refractory substances, as platinum.
bond -
Bombax, n. 3. [l. c.] A plant of the genus Bom-
baw.—Bombax cotton, the seed-hair of the bombax,
known in commerce as vegetable down, red-silk cotton,
God-tree cottom, silk-cottom, etc. . The fiber is smooth,
glossy, pliable, rectilinear, and from white to yellow-brown
in color, but it is without spiral twist, and the cell-walls
are thin and Weak, making it unsuitable for spinning;
hence it is chiefly used for such purposes as stuffing mat-
tresses, etc.
bombed (bomd), a. [bomb -- -ed 2. Cf. F.
bombé.] Rounded: as, a bombed frontal bone.
Reame, Ethnology, p. 185.
That bombéd brow, that eye a kindling chrysoprase.
Browning, Fifine, x. 22.
Bombinae (born' bi-nē), m. pl. [NL., K Bombus
+ -inae.] The Bombidae considered as a sub-
family of Apidae. -
bombom (bom/bom), n. [Also bombon, bom-
bong. Philippine Sp.] Same as *bongbong.
bombonne (bom-bon'), m. [F. bombonne, KPr.
bowmboumo, K boumbo, a bomb, a bottle, = F,
bombe, a bomb : see bomb?..] A hollow vessel,
usually of salt-glazed stoneware, either egg-
shaped or cylindric, with three necks at the top
and an exit-tap at one side near the bottom:
used in the condensation of acids on a manu-
facturing scale: essentially a Woulfe's bottle.
bºmb-signals (bom'sig"nalz), m. pl. See *sig-
77.00.
Bombyces (bom-bi'séz), m. pl. [NL, pl. of
Bombya..] An old group of Lepidoptera, cor-
responding to the modern family Bombycidae.
Bombylioidea (bom-bil’i-Ö-id’é-á), m. pl. [NL.
(Coquillett, 1901), KBombylius + -oidea..] A su-
perfamily of dipterous insects comprising the
so-called bee-flies of the family Bombyliidae and
# allies, including the Apioceridae and My-
2013.
Bombyx, n. 3. [l. c.] A wind-instrument of the
ancient Greeks, probably sounded by a reed
mouthpiece: so called from its shape.
bonanza, m. II. a. Very extensive and prof-
itable. Compare bonanza, n., 2.-Bonanza farm,
in the great wheat-producing regions of the United States,
a farm of great extent, operated on a gigantic scale.—
Bºnanza farmer, one Who owns and operates a bonanza
a.I.T.T. *
bomasi (bo-nā-sé"), n. [Cuban bomasſ, from a
native name (Pichardo).] The Cuban name
of a species of grouper, Mycteroperca bonaci,
a food-fish of the West Indies. s
bonaventia (bon-a-ven’sha), n, [Origin un-
own.] A buggy with a wooden dash and a
standing top. [Pennsylvania.]
IBonaventure formation. See *formation.
Bonaveria (bö-na-vé'ri-á), n. [NL. (Scopoli,
1777), named in honor of J. B. Bonaveria, an
Italian botanical artist of the 18th century.]
A genus of dicotyledonous plants of the family
Fabaceae. See Securigera.
Bonavist bean. See beaml. g
bombo (bon’bó), n. [Tibetan Bom (in Eastern
Tibet Bhàn) the name of this religion, + Bod
(Eastern Bh6), Tibet.] The form of shamanism
which forms the indigenous religion of Tibet.
It is rapidly waning in the presence of the
Lamaistic form of Buddhism which is now the
dominant cult.
bonbonnière (boſſ-bon-iār"), n. [F.] A box
for holding bonbons or confections.
bond.1, n., 12. (c) Same as bond-timber.—14.
In elect., the rod, heavy copper wire, or weld
which is used to connect the abutting rails of
a railway-track to form an electric circuit.—
Bond and disposition in security, an expression
equivalent to bond and mortgage on land.—Double
bond. In certain cases the atoms in chemical compounds
do not exhibit their full Valency. This behavior can some-
times be expressed by the assumption of a double union
or bond between two polyvalent atoms, as in ethylene,
H2C : CH2. The double bond is not stronger than two
single bonds, nor in any way equivalent to them, except
arithmetically. Compounds assumed to possess them are
usually most readily attacked at the position of the
double bond, either by reagents or by decomposing agen-
cies, such as heat. In general, organic compounds with
a double bond, such as defined, are distinguished by their
ability to form derivatives by addition, while those with-
out double unions, as paraffins, form derivatives by sub-
stitution.—Joint bond, in law, an undertaking executed
by two or more parties all of whom must be joined as
defendants in an action upon the bond.—Resignation
bond. (a) In eccles, law, an instrument, usually attested
by a notary, by which a beneficed º voluntarily
surrenders his benefice. (b) In Scots law, the surrender
of a fee to a superior.—Tax bond. See 5ktaa..—Three-
quarter bond. Same as heart-bond.
bond.1, v. t. , 6. To unite the ends of (two adja-
cent rails,) either by copper wires or cables,
or by welding, in order to secure a low-resist-
ance return-circuit for the electric current.
Briefly, my experience in bonding rails is that in the
cast weld made since 1898 the bond at the beginning of

&
. A wirel. —Cava.
boneset, nº-Bastard boneset. Same as wyland kbone-
bond
book-stamp
the pour is of lower lºanee than a 90-pound rail of the name applicd to the bicycle before the intro- bon voyage (boſſ, wwo-yāzh’). [F.] A parting
same length as the weld.
Jour. Franklin Inst., April, 1904, p. 287.
duction of rubber or pneumatic tires and other salutation meaning, I wish you ‘a pleasant
improvements. Encyc. Brit., XXVII. 324. journey’ (or ‘voyage” if by water).
Bondon cheese. See ºcheesel,
bond-wire (bond'wir), n. A wire used to
make a good joint for the conduction of elec-
bone-tankage (bön’tangkºğj), n.
containing more or less bone in fragments:
used in the manufacture of fertilizers.
Meat offal bony-fish, n.
2. A common name of the ten-
pounder, Elops saurus, of the family Elopidae,
an abundant and widely distributed fish in
tricity from one railway rail to another.
bºnº, 7%. , 6. (e) In card-playing, a chip of the smallest
Vallie º
10. A piece of horn or wood-fiber inserted in
the sole of a wooden golf-club to prevent in-
jury to the face of the club at the bottom.—
11. The midrib of a leaf, especially that of a
sugar-cane leaf or the large midrib of a palm-
leaf. [Colloq., West Indies.]—Bone-wire. See
bone, a bone sometimes developed
in the adductor muscle of the thigh in men who are con-
stantly in the saddle.--Dissolved bone, bone which
has been treated with sulphuric acid so as to produce
the soluble monocalcic phosphate for use as a fer-
tilizer. The term has often been used as a trade-name
to include mineral phosphates similarly treated, these
in some cases consisting of or containing the debris of
fossil bone.—Exercise bone. Same as cavalry wbone or
*drill-bone.—Ground bone, Same as bone-dust and
*bone-meal.—Inca, bone. Same as interparietal bone
(which see, underinterparietal).-Ligament bone. Same
as Sesamoid bone.— al bone, the hyoid bone.—
Riolan's bones, small detached bones, like Wormian
bones, occasionally present in the suture between the
occipital bone and the petrous portion of the temporal
bone.—Suspensory bones, in the fish skull, the chain
of bones connecting the mandible to the cranium, con-
sisting of the hyomandibular, the symplectic, and the
quadrate.—Ungual bone. See #wngwal.
bonga (bóng'gá), n. [Tagalog and Bisaya , tropical seas., . . . º g
bonga (bongga).j" The betéi-nut palm (Areca bony-tail (bö’ni-tál), n. A fish of the Gila
Cathecu), the nuts of which, together with the river, Gila elegans. Also called Gila trout.
leaves of the betel-pepper and a little lime, boobook (börbök"), n., [In allusion to the ery
form a masticatory called buyo. See areca-nut, of the bird..] A small owl, Athene boobook, of
bongo (bong'gó), n. [Nat. African.] A large 3, rusty red color, found in Australia and as-
antelope, Pºrcus ewrycero8, related to #. º: º named on account of its peculiar
harnessed antelope, found in the forests of 1:...
º *no-ixel
Central and East Africa. Horns are present in both Booby rize. See prize. te tº
sexes; the hair is short, of a chestnut j. ...hº... boobyalla (bö-bi-ā‘lā), 4. [Aboriginal name.]
a few white markings." In the eastern bongo, Boocercus A tree of southeastern Australia and of Tas-
entrycero8 isaact, these markings tend to form stripes. mania, Acacia longifolia, a shrubby form of
bonifacial (bon’i-fä"shal), a. [boniface + -ial.] which is common in the coast regions and is
Of or pertaining to a boniface or the landlord of service in binding the sands. Also called
of an inn. G. A. Sala. 7tative willow.
boning” (bó'ning), n. A form of machine-sew- boodle1, n. 4. Same as newmarket, 1.
ing in which two or more parallel lines of boodlerism (böd’lér-izm), n. The practice,
stitches are made in the fabric : used espe- by persons in public office, of asking or ac-
cially in corset-making as a means of holding cepting bribes, or of making corrupt bargains
the bones in place. See two-needle machine, for their own profit, as in selling votes for
under *sewing-machine. money, office, or influence. [Slang, U. S.]
boming-knife (bö’ning-nif), n. Akitchen-knife Boohoo fever. See Afever.
with a short, wide, and pointed blade, used in boojery, n. See *budgeree.
boni boojum (bö'jum), n. [A made word based
ng.
bonel, v. t. 5. To ‘hold up' with a demand or boning-stick (bó'ning-stik), n. Same as bon-
importunate request for something, as for a ing-rod.
small loan: as, to bone one for a ‘fiver.” [Colloq.] boninite (bö-min'-it), n. [Bonin (Islands of
bone-body (bön’bod’i), n. In ceram., the com- Japan)+-ite?..] A term proposed by Petersen
position of natural soft-paste porcelain, which (1891) for a glassy andesite containing bron-
contains a certain proportion of Calcined bone.
His body was neither that of the French potters nor the
true bone of the English, but partook of the characteris-
tics of both, the proportion of phosphate of lime, as shown
by analysis, being about eight per cent., a very much
smaller percentage than in the English bone-body.
zite, diallage, and olivine, occurring in the
Bonin Islands, Japan.
bonism (bö’nizm), m. [L. bon(us), good, +-ism.]
The doctrine that the world is good, but not
the best possible. See optimism.
bonist (bö’nist), n. [bon(ism) +-ist.] One who
believes that the world is good, but not the
best possible.
E. A. Barber, Pottery and Porcelain of the U. S., p. 126.
bone-cell (bön'sel), n. . In histol., one of the
stellate cells which produce bone; an osteo- bonitol, m. (9) In Australia, the oceanic bonito, Gymno-
blast. º *_ sarda pelamis.
bone-conduction (bºn' kgn-duk (shgn), n, bonito2 (bó-nē’tö), a. [Sp., dim. of bueno, K L.
Transmission of sound-waves to the auditory “. º 2 • ºn 3 or - º
good: see boon?..] Pretty; nice; fine
apparatus .*.*.*.* the º: graceful; an epithet in use in Spanish-speak:
bºne-corpuscle, (ºkórºpus-1), ". Same as āg countries & regions originally settiéâ’iy
*bone-cell or osteoblast. Spaniards.
bone-dry.(ºn(º), 4...Ye. Yºy;... dry as a bonnet, n., 8. (b) A portion of a coal-seam
bone. Mºdern Auer, Taºning, p.189. left for a roof. (c) A flat piece of wood on the
bone-fai,(bºnº), tº Fatty...tº of soft, top of a prop. Öpi. Gaš coal or shale over.
semisºlid consist nee, exºed ºn bºnes ijing a côaiseam 6 worked with it. [Scotchin
by melting or by the use ºf sºye; used in senji. and ij is. Theid or over of .
making gºap soaps. Jour. 806. Chem. Indus- hole by which access may be had to valves of
try, VI, 825. * s -
bone-flour (bón’flour), n. The most finely di- other apparatus in a closed chamber.—16.
vided portion of ground bones, separated from
the coarser parts by sifting: used as a fertilizer.
Jour. Soc. Chem. Industry, VII. 821.
bone-heap (bón'hép), n. 1. A heap of bones.
—2. In archaeol., a refuse-pile containing bones
and other remnants of food of a prehistoric
village. Bone-heaps are also found near vil-
lages of modern primitive tribes.
bonellein (bö-nel’é-in), n. [Bonell-ia + -e- +
-in2.] A green pigment obtained from Bonel-
lia viridis. -
bone-meal (bön’mêl), n. Bones reduced to a
rather coarse powder by grinding: used in
agriculture as a fertilizer. Jour. Soc. Chem.
Industry, X. 151.
bone-oil, n. 2. Fatty matter, of liquid consis-
tence at common atmospheric temperature,
extracted from bones by heating them with
water or by the use of solvents: used in soap-
making.
bone-painting (bón"pān’ting), m. The custom
motor of a motor-vehicle, in front of the dash-
case, or on the transmission gear, normally
a motor-car can be inspected and cleaned and
oiled. — 18. pl. The spatter-dock, Nymphaea
advena and the otherspecies. See Nymphaeal, 1.
bonnet, v. t. 2. To provide with an iron shield
Inst. Elect. Eng. (Lond.), 1900–1901, p. 834.
bonnethead (bon’et—hed), n. A species of
hammerhead, Sphyrna tiburo, abundant on the
Atlantic coast of the United States. The head
is kidney-shaped, rather than hammer-shaped
as in the true hammerhead (S. 2ygaena).
bonnet-press (bon’et-pres), n. An apparatus
for shaping a bonnet by pressing and ironing it.
bonnet-skate (bon’et-skāt), n. In ichth., the
common skate.
bonnet-stack (bon’et-stak), n. A metal chim-
ney-stack having a cover or lid over its top,
Bookbinders' varnish, wire.
The protecting hood over the machinery or book-buyer (bùk’bi-ēr), n.
board.—17. The plate on the motor-crank book-crab (bükſkrab), n.
closed, through which the cranks and gears of booker (bük'er) ; ??.
booking (bùk’ing), m.
book-lung (bük'lung), m.
unconsciously on boo, with a Latin-looking
termination, jum, -ium.] An imaginary ani-
mal introduced by C. L. Dodgson (“Lewis Car-
roll”) as a particularly dangerous variety of
‘Smark,’ into his “Hunting of the Smark.”
Book of responses, in Scots law, the account, kept by
the directors of the chancery, for entering all non-entry
and relief duties payable by heirs taking precepts from
chancery.—Book of the Covenant, a code of laws
which, according to Exodus xxiv., is ascribed to Moses.
Recent Writers consider the substance of the code to be
found in Exodus xx. 24–3.xiii. 19. Also called Greater
Book of the Covenant.—Book of the Dead, a papyrus
which the Egyptians placed with the mummy in the
coffin, to furnish the deceased with needful directions for
the journey to the life beyond.—Book value, in book-
keeping, the value of any commodity as shown by the
books of a firm or commercial concern, as distinguished
from its market value (which see, under market). —Caro-
line Books, four books written under the direction of
Charlemagne, during the controversy of the eighth cen-
tury concerning image-worship. The books contain a
censure of the decrees of the council of Nicaea on the
adoration of images, and established the principle of the
freedom of Christian art in representing Christian ideas.
— Golden book. See & golden.—Little Book of the
Covenant, the name given by critics to the brief legisla-
tive section in Exodus xxxiv. 12–26, the contents of which
are similar to parts of the Book of the Covenant.—Red
book. See kred 1.
See *varnish,
* wire.
One who buys
books.
Same as book-scor-
pion.
1+. A writer of books; a
scribe.—2. A “spotter.” All the Year Round,
July 11, 1863.−3. An entry-clerk or book-
keeper.—4. One who makes up finished goods
into ‘books.”
or bonnet: as, to bonnet a safety-lamp. Jour. book-gill (bük'gil), m. The respiratory OT-
gan of Limulus, which is regarded as com-
parable to the lung-book of a scorpion everted
and adapted for aquatic respiration.
The act of engaging or
securing beforehand (by registry or payment)
a box or seat at the opera, a passage on a
steamer or train, etc.
The lung-book of a
scorpion. See *lung-book. Parker and Has-
well, Zoëlogy, I. 605.
of painting the bones of skeletons, particu-
larly those of friends and relations. This cus-
tom seems to have prevailed in many parts of
prehistoric America and also in other conti-
book-marker (bük’märk-ér), n. Same as book-
*mark.
at a slight distance above the opening, to pre-
vent snow and rain from falling into it. Some- book-number (bük'num-bér), n. In library-
times the bonnet is made part of a spark-ar-
rester netting over the top.
Thents.
bone-powder (bón'pou"dēr), m. Bones reduced
to powder by grinding: used in agriculture as
a fertilizer, and in the manufacture" of mixed
fertilizers. Jour. Soc. Chem. Industry, VII. 133.
bonery (bö'nº-ri), n. [bonel + -ery.] A place
where bones are ãeposited.
bonnet-wire (bon’et-wir), n. A wire for stiff-
ening hats and bonnets.
Bononian beds. See *bed 1.
Bonsor's black. See *black. º
bont-tick (bont’tik), n. [D. bont, variegated, +
E. tick.] A South African ixodid, Amblyomma
hebraeum, parasitic on live stock: so called be-
cause of the variegated color of the dorsum of
the adult male. See bont-leg ºtick.
The tick of greatest importance, because of its injuries
to stock, is Amblyommahebraeum Koch, commonly known
as the bont tick. “Bont” is a Dutch word, equivalent to
“variegated,” and its application in this case has refer-
ence to the mixed coloring on the back of the male.
C. P. Lownsbury, in Proc. Assoc. Econ. Ent, 1900, p. 41.
set.—Blue boneset, the mist-flower, Eupatorium coeles-
tinum.—Climbing boneset, the climbing hempweed,
Willwghbºea scandens.— False boneset, any plant of the
enus Kuhnia.— Purple boneset the joepye-weed,
wpatorium, purpurewm.— ūpianá boneset, Eupa-
tor:wm sessilifolium, a species With sessile but not con-
mate leaves. - * -
bone-shaker (bón’shā-kér), n. . A humorous.
book-sewer (bük'só”ér), m.
bºº ( (bük'stamp), m.
cataloguing, a particular number (or a number
and a letter) designating the book in its proper
sequence in the smallest division to which it
belongs. It is the number that is individual to the book
itself of any copy of it, and with the class-number (which
may be borne by a thousand books) makes up its identifica-
tion-number not only in the given library, but in every li-
brary using the same system. The accession-number, which
marks the order of receipt, belongs only to the particular
copy which bears it. In the Cutter and Dewey systems
the book-number consists of the initial letter or letters of
the author's name, followed by a number which indicates
in a printed list the rest of the name.
One whose occu-
pation is to fastem together with thread the
different sections or foldings of a book.
The plate of
hard metal (usually of brass) which contains
57
book-stamp
the decoration or letters selected for stamping
the covers of a book.
bookyº (bük'i), a. [book + -y1.] 1. Bookish;
given to reading: as, a booky person.—2. De-
rived from books: as, booky lessons. Mark
The great mystery of the Blacks is the Bora—a cere-
mony at which the yº; men found worthy receive the
rank of Warriors. R. M. Praed, Australian Life, p. 24.
boracha (bo-rā’tshā), n. [Braz. Pg., a partic-
ular use of Pg. borracha, a leather bottle, a
Twain. [Colloq.] rubber bag, etc.: see borachio.] A conventional
booky (biki) . [book + -y2.] S book weight ºf crude india rubber, used to designate,
nºr, 3. [šiangj ook + -y?..] Same as book- in the Amazonian rubber districts, the bundle
bool.3 ſºi), n. [Australian.] Same as *beats. tº:.*. hardy annual
boom”, n. 6. A pole fastened lengthwise of a plant, }.}}}.};}. Żejianica of Bur.
load of hay to bind the load. Stand. Dict.
--Down boomsl (mawt.), an order to send on deck the
Studdingsail-booms from the yard-arms.-Sheer boom,
a boom so secured that it guides floating logs in the de-
; direction. Also called femaler boom and glancing
00???.
man), a native of southern India and Ceylon, and nat-
uralized in Australia and Tasmania.—Native borage, a
name in Australia of the Ceylon borage.
Borago (bö-rā'gó), n. [NL. (Linnaeus, 1753,
adopted from Tournefort, 1700): see borage.]
The formation of the gorge is supposed to have been
caused by the driving of piles in the Mississippi River at
a point, a few miles above Alma, Wis., to hold a sheer
boom for the purpose of running the logs which had been
loosened from the sandbars and shores of the Chippewa
and Mississippi rivers by the recent heavy rains into the
Zumbra River for safe harbor.
U. S. Momthly Weather Rev., Nov., 1896, p. 407.
boomah (bö’mâ), m. A false spelling of boomerl,
1 (a kangaroo), used on the supposition that
the name was native Australian.
boom-band (böm’band), n. A band for the
boom of a sail-boat. It is made in two parts held
together on the boom by bolts and nuts, and fitted with
an extra half-band for holding the hook of a block.
boom-buoy (böm'boi), n. Same as "boom-stay.
boom-chain (böm’chām), n. A short chain
which fastens boom-sticks end to end.
boom-company (böm’kum-pa-ni), m. A cor-
poration engaged in handling floating logs,
* gºing booms and booming privileges.
[U. S.
boom-crane (böm’krān), n. A crane having a
vertical mast, steadied at the head and foot
by proper pivots, and a horizontal boom pro-
jecting at right angles from the mast, and
braced to it by an inclined strut; a *jib-crane
(which see).
booming 3 (böm'ing), m. In mining, ground-
sluicing on a large scale by emptying the con-
tents of a reservoir at once on material col-
lected below, thus removing boulders. Coal
and Metal Miners' Pocketbook.
boom-rat (böm’ rat), m. In lumbering, one who
works on a boom. [Slang.]
boom-stay (böm'stā), m. A heavy weight used
to anchor booms in deep water, its position
being indicated by a pole or float attached to
it. Also called a boom-buoy.
boom-stick (böm'stik), n.
timber which forms part of a boom. [U. S.]
boom-town (böm'toun), m. A town or com-
munity which has acquired sudden wealth and
notoriety through land speculation, etc.; also,
a town which originated in a real estate
“boom.” [Western U. S.]
boomy (bö’mi), a. [boom.1 + -y1]. Hollow ;
deeply resonant.
[\º
tºº Uniº
Boxago officiztalis L.
a, top of flowering branch (one-half natural size); b, fruit (en-
larged); c, a stamen (enlarged). (From Britton and Brown’s “Ill.
Flora of the Northern States and Canada.”)
A genus of dicotyledonous plants, type of the
family Boraginaceae, including 3 species all
natives of the Mediterranean region. They are
annual or biennial herbs, with hirsute or hispid foliage
and showy blue flowers in terminal racemes. In some
parts of Europe, B. officinalis is used as a pot-herb and
sometimes with salads. Only the young leaves are pala-
table. See bee-bread, 2.
boragoid (bö'ra-goid), a. . [Borago, type-genus
of the Boragimaceæ, -ī- -oid.] Resembling Bora-
go : applied specially to the extreme extra-
axillary inflorescence of certain boraginace-
boost 1, n. 2. A charge of short duration, at a ous plants, as Anchusa. Schumann.
high current-rate, given to an electrical storage borakl (bor ak), n. [See *barrack?..]. An
battery in order to prolong its usefulness. aboriginal Australian term for banter; chaff;
booster (bö’stēr), m. [boostl + -erl.] l. One fun, especially at the expense of another: as,
who boosts.-2. In elect., a device by which to poke borak at one, that is, to make game of
the electromotive force in an electric circuit him. [Colloq., Australia.]
is regulated. On .# him my adventures, how Bob in my misery
boot2, n. 11. In agri., the uppermost leaf- had “poked borack" at me. * - - -n - - - -?
sheath, just below the brush or head, of a Aw8tralasian Printers' Keepsake, p. 75.
broom-corn plant; also the lowest leaf-bearing borak” (bó'rak), n. Spirit distilled from rice.
internode on a stalk of Wheat. —Junod's boot, a When quiet had been restored we all sat down, and
surgical appliance for exhausting the air surrounding a borale (rice spirit) was produced, healths drunk, and
limb in order to draw blood to it. speeches made. Geog. Jowr. (R. G. S.), XVI. 49.
boot-grain (böt'grän), n. A leather made from Borate of lime, a salt, more correctly called calcium bo-
cowhide : used for heavy boots. Modern Amer. rate, which occurs as the mineral colemanite in great
Tanning, p. abundance in California, and is used as a material from
boothite #.'it) 72. [Named after Prof which to make boracic acid and borax.-Borate of man-
; : v. tº
& te ſe ganese, a salt extensively used as a dryer to hasten the
Edward Booth of California.] A. hydrated ābsorption of oxygen from the air by inseed oil and the
copper sulphate (CuSO4+7H2O), similar in
In lumbering, a
boosé.
boguin (bö-kën'), n. [Sp.] A baize of coarse
texture.
bora2 (bö’râ), m. [Native Australian.] A cere-
mony of the natives of eastern Australia by
which a boy is admitted to the rights of man-
hood.
ºnent hardening of paints made with this oil as a
'm to melanterite and pisanite: found in . "“” * : * *
§ p1.sanite bºº º Q. th both
g oracic acid or borax or wi Oth.—BOrated
boot-leg, m. . 2. One of the levers connected gauze, gauze prepared with boracic acid for surgical use
with the winding mechanism of a spinning- fire sing wounds: Borated mik, milk to which bo.
mule : so named from its shape. Nasmith, #. wº º”. OP º have lº º .*.
* e is ives. Careful experiments, made by the Unite #LU0S
§ ; D. *, tº gº y Department of Agriculture, have shown that such additions
boot-lick (böt'li # %. mean, Gringing per-" to food, although not in the ordinary sense of the term
son ; a toady. [U. S.] #: are unwholesome and, in time, injurious-
booz, v. i. and n. A simplified spelling of booze, orated talcum, finely pulverized talc to which boracic
: acid has been added.
borax, n.-Burned borax, borax which has been de-
prived of its water of crystallization by being heated.—
Octahedral borax, in chem, sodium pyroborate When
Borborus (bör’bà-rus), n.
border-shears (bör’ dér-shērz), n.
borea
bore-bit (bör’bit), m.
boree? (bö-ré), n. i. from aboriginal
In S
Boreogadus (bö-ré-og'a-dus), m.
borer, n.
borer
Borboridae (bór-bor’i-dé), m. pl. [NL., KBor-
borus + -idae.] family of acalyptrate flies,
comprising small, stout species, usually of dark
color and with clear wings. They occur in large
numbers on the dung of animals and breed exclusively in
this substance.
[NL. (Meigen,
1830), KGr. 36ppopog, mud, mire.] . A genus of
Small acalyptrate flies typical of the family
Borboridae, containing black or blackish-brown
Species, some of which have rudimentary wings.
Bºlº, *..—Alizarin Bordeaux, a mordant dye-
stuff derived from anthraceme. It is similar in properties
to alizarin, but produces colors of a much bluer character.
—Bordeaux B, BL, and R, synonymous names for an
acid coal-tar colòr of the monioazo type, prepared by com-
bining diazotized a-naphthylamine with 8-naphthol-di-
sulphonic acid. It dyes wool a vinous red in an acid bath.
–Bordeaux BX, a name applied to two acid coal-tar
colors of the diazo type which differ but slightly in com-
position. They both dye wool a vinous red in an acid bath,
–Bordeaux DH and S, synonymous names for an acid
coal-tar color, the same ās fast kred D.—BOrdeaux ex-
tra, and COV, synonymous names for a direct cottom coal-
tar color, the same as Kongo kviolet.—BOrdeaux G. §
An acid coal-tar color similar to kBordeaua B.A. (b
Same as kBordeawa, B.-Bordeauxhammer. See kham-
'merl.—Bordeaux mixture, See kmiature.—BOrdeaux
Pottery. , See Apottery.—Brilliant Bordeaux, an acid
coal-tar color which dyes wool a vinous red in an acid baſh.
—Cotton Bordeaux, a direct coal-tar color of the diazo
type, derived from diamido-diphenyl-ketoxim. It dyes
unmordanted cotton a bluish red in a salt bath.-Dia-
mine Bordeaux B and S, two direct coal-tar colors of the
diazo type, derived from benzidine. They dye unmor-
danted cotton a claret red in an alkaline salt bath.-Di-
azo Bordeaux, a direct coal-tar color, closely allied to
primulin. It dyes unmordanted cotton in a salt bath, but
for the best results subsequent diazotizing and developing
are necessary.—Fast Bordeaux, a mordant acid coal-
tar color, same as cloth *red B.-Hessian Bordeaux, a
direct coal-tar color of the diazo type, derived from dia-
mido-stilbene. It dyes unmordanted cottom a claret Ited
in an alkaline salt ºylamine BOrdeaux.
Same as alpha-naphthylamine kred,
bordereau (bór-drö’), n.; pl. bordereaus or bor-
dereaua (-dróz', -drö’). [F., O.F. borderel,
bordrel, K bord, edge, strip of paper, etc.: see
board?, border.] A memorandum or note,
especially one containing a more or less de-
tailed list of documents.
bordered, p. a. 2. In bot. , having the margin
distinct from the rest of the organ either in
texture or color.—Bordered pit, one of the pits in
coniferous and other kinds of wood which are surrounded
by a thickened border. They consist of thin spots, *.
to water, and regulate the passage of the sap from one
cell to another. They are best seen in radial section. See
cuts under #Araucarioacylom, and kCupressinoacylom.—
Bordered pore. Same as kbordered pit. -
borderism (bór'dèr-izm), m. A word, an ex-
ression, or conduct characteristic of the bor-
ers, especially, the English and Scottish
Border. -
border-pen (bör’dér-pen), m. A drawing-pen .
aving several points, used in making broad
decorative edges or borders.
Long-
handled clipping-shears for trimming the
edges of lawns: often fitted with a small wheel
to support their weight.
#. (bó' ré-al-iz), v. i.; pret, and pp. bore-
alized; ppr. borealizing. To adopt northern
manners or ways of thinking and speaking.
Gill gives a Northern origin to geawn for gown and
Spenser borealized in his pastorals.
Lowell, Introduction to Biglow Papers, 2nd ser., p. 174.
A piece of steel which
forms the cutting-edge of a rock-boring drill.
Australian (in Queensland) booreah, fire. It is
especially preferred by the natives for fire-
wood.] The weeping myall, Acacia pendula,
which yields a hard, close-grained, violet-
scented wood used by turners and cabinet-
makers. [Eastern Australia.]
borele (bor’ e-le), m. [Bechuana.] The na-
tive (Bechuana) name of the black rhinoceros,
Rhinoceros bicornis, used frequently as a book-
Ilā, III 63.
Mixed or treated with bore-meal (bör’mêl), n. The fine material
taken from a hole which is being bored through
rock which is comminuted by the action of the
drill.
ſº [NL., K. Gr.
Bopéag, the north (36pelog, of the north), + y&óoç,
a fish (see Gadhts).] A genus of small codfishes
of the arctic seas, typified by the species B.
Saida. (?
8. A marine snail, as Urosalpina,
cinerea: So named because of its habit of bor-
ing through the shells of oysters and other
crystallized under special conditions wit 1.5 molecules of
water of crystallization (Na2B407.5H2O); it then assumes
the form of the regular octahedron. The common or pris-
matic borax contains 10 molecules of water and crystallizes
in monoclinic forms,
mollusks.-Accretion borer, an instrument for de-
termining the growth in diameter of standing trees. It
consists of a hollow auger, which, when bored into a
tree, extracts a , section showing the annual rings.—
º


. . . . borer.
Apple-tree borer (a) The larva of the American ce-
rambycid beetle, Saperda candida (which see, with cut);
the round-headed apple-tree borer. (b) The larva of the
American buprestid beetle, Chrysobothrig femorata
º
º
23.
º:
Zºº
Łº -
ſº
º:
Accretion Borer.
a, hollow auger; b, hollow handle in which other parts are
carried; c, rod for extracting wood section.
§ see, with cut); the flat-headed apple-tree borer.—
lackberry saw-fly borer, the larva of an American
insect, Jamus fumipennig.—Clear- borer, any one
of several species of moths of the lepidopterous family
Sesiidae, whose larvae bore into trees, as Sesia acerni, the
clear-wing borer of the maple.—Cucumber caterpil-
lar borer, a pyralid moth, Diaphanta mitidalis, found
in North and South America and the West Indies, whose
larvae bore into the fruit of cucumbers and melons. The
larva is also called the pickle-worm.–Flathead borer,
the larva of any one of many species of beetles of the fam:
ily Buprestidae which bore into the branches and trunks
of trees and which have an enlarged and flattened thorax
and head : as, the flat-headed apple-tree ºrborer, larva of
Chrysobothris femorata.--Hammer-head borer. Same
as flathead Arborer (which see).-Increment borer. See
accretion wborer.—Larger corn-Stalk borer. Same as
8wgar-came borer (which see).-Long-horned borer, a
name of any wood-boring beetle of the family Cerambyci-
dae.—Pacific peach-tree borer,the larva of a sesiid moth,
Sanminoidea opalescens, which bores into the trunks and
larger branches of the peach on the Pacific coast of the
United States.—Peach-tree borer. (b) Same as peach-
borer, 1.-Pear-tree borer, the larva of a sesiid moth,
Sesia pyri, which feeds on the inner layer of the bark of
the pear-tree in the eastern United States.—Red borer,
the larva of an oriental cossid moth, Zeuzera coffea,
which bores into the stems of the coffee-plant in the East
Indies.—Round-headed borer, the larva of any one of
many species of beetles of the family Cerambycidae, which
bore into the trunks and branches of trees: in contradis-
tinction to the flat-headed borers of the coleopterous fam-
ily Buprestidae; specifically, the round-headed borer of
the apple, Saperda candida.-Sequoia-borer, the larva
of a sesiid moth, Vespamºma Sequoiae, which bores into
the branches of the Sequoias of the Pacific coast.—
Smaller corn-stalk borer, an American phycitid mot
Laodamia ligmosellw8, occurring in the eastern Unite
States and South America, whose larva bores into the
lower sections of corn-stalks.—Sugar-cane borer. (a)
See sugar-came, (b) The larva of a crambid moth, Dia.
traea saccharalis, which bores in sugar-cane in the West
Indies and the southern United States, where it is also
known as the larger corn-8talk borer. (c) A scolytid bee-
tle, Xyleborus perfora/m3, º The larva of the sugar-
cane weevil, a calamdrid beetle, Sphenophorus obscurus,
common in the islands of the Pacific.—Sweet-potato
borer, a brenthid beetle, Cylas formicarius, also called
sweet-potato weevil, occurring in Cochin China, Madagas-
car, the Antilles, and in the southern United States. It
bores in the tubers of the sweet potato.—Tulip-tree
borer, any one of several coleopterous insects which bore
into the tulip-tree, notably, the cerambycid Centrodera.
decolorata, whose larva bores into the heart-wood.—
Wine-cask borer, a Scolytid beetle, Xyleborus perforams
which frequently perforates wine-casks in the East and
West Indies. It also attacks sugar-cane.
bore-rod (bör’rod), m. A long rod, usually
made up in sections, which is used for drill-
ing deep wells, the drill being carried at the
lower end of the rod.
Boreus º: m. . [NL. (Latreille, 1825),
K. Gr. 36pelog, boreal.] A genus of curious
mecopterous insects of the family Panorpidae,
composed of wingless species which look like
small wingless grasshoppers. They are often
found on snow in the winter.
Borhyaenidae (bö-ri-6"ni-dé), m. pl. . [NT. Bor-
hyaena, the type-genus, + -idae, family ending.]
A family of extinct creodont mammals whose
members have some points of resemblance to
the living marsupial, Thylacinus. The angle of
the jaw is somewhat inflected, and very few of the teeth
are known to have had milk predecessors. The known
species are from the Santa Cruz formation (Miocene?) of
Patagonia. Ameghimo, 1894.
borickite (bö’rik-it), n. [Named after Prof. E.
Boricky of Prague.]. A hydrated phosphate of
ferric iron and calcium, occurring in reddish-
brown reniform masses.
boring-machine, 7%. This term includes a great vari-
ety of wood-boring machines used in the building of cars
and wagons, in making furniture and agricultural ma-
chinery, etc. They are named from the work they do, or
from the number and arrangement of the augers. They
are often combined with other machines. Many are auto-
matic in action and adjustable for spacing the distances
between the holes or for boring holes at different angles,
and they range in size from a single-auger bench-machine
up to very large multiple borers having tenormore augers
making holes at different angles and of different sizes.—
º
Multiple Wood-boring Machine.
a, table with vertical traverse; &, adjustable stop for holding
work on table; c, treadle operating table to bring work up to
*::::: d, spindles .# augers, adjustable to any position ;
€, De {\
It operating all spindles.
BOring-and-drill
can also be used for drilling, tapping, and screw-cutting.
Both horizontal and vertical forms are in use. One type
has a vertical spindle supported by a saddle which has a
traverse on a cross-rail supported between two columns.
The saddle and the cross-rail are swiveled, enabling the
operator to present the boring-tool to the work in any direc-
tion. The cross-rail has a traverse up and down the whole
height of the columns to admit large work under the point
of the boring-tool. Other types have horizontal spindles,
with a fixed or a movable table. When the table is given
a feed-motion, the machine can also be used in milling.
–Boring-and-facing machine, a boring-machine hav-
ing an attachment, called a facing-head on the boring-bar
for facing or finishing the outside surfaces of the work,
the ends of cylinders, etc.— Boring-and-turning ma-
chine, a boring-machine having a horizontal revolving
§ {
º ºlesºfs mº
º §[ III'm He
* *||
º & º Sº =-
Pºš ;
Tiºs
º)
Boring-and-turning Machine.
a, revolving table; 5, 6, housing ; c, cross-rail ; d, d, saddles trav-
ersing cross-rail, one in inclined position ; e, tool-bar; /, slotting
attachment; g, bed on which housing travels forward and back:
housing shown in forward position. Boring-bar carried on extra
saddle not shown.
table and vertical boring and cutting-tools, upheld by a
tool-bar or boring-bar supported from saddles that trav-
erse a cross-rail supported by housings. In essential feat-
ures it is a modification of a lathe, set on end, the rotary
table taking the place of the vertical face-plate of the lathe.
The cross-rail carrying cutting-tools is also an adaptation
from the planer, the only difference being that in this ma-
chine the traversing table has a rotary motion, the cutting
being done in circles: hence the name twº mimg-machime.
In small machines only one tool-bar is used; in the twrret
boring-and-turning machime the tools are carried in a
turret over the table. In large machines a boring-bar is
placed on the cross-rail between the cutter-bars, boring
and cutting being done at the same time. Supplementary
horizontal tool-bars at the side of the table and slotting
attachments are also used. In large machines the housing
has a traverse, forward and back, to bring the boring-bar
to the center of the work. See kmilling-machime and
*drilling-machime.— Boring-, drilling-, and milling-
machine, a machine of which the spindle is supported
by a saddle that can traverse up and down a column. In
one type the work is placed on a fixed table'or on the floor,
and the column also has a traverse. This makes it possible
to use the machine in milling. In another type the col-
umn is fixed and the table has a traverse to right and left
and, by the addition of a supplementary table, a rotary
motion. Sometimes called floor drilling-machine.—
Crank boring-machine, a machine with a single verti-
cal spindle supporting a cutter-head having three cut-
ters working in a circle and cutting a very large hole.
—Cylinder-boring machine, a machine for boring out
and finishing engine-cylinders. The boring-bar may be
horizontal or vertical and may have a fixed cutter head
for the tools, the bar being fed to the work; or the cutter-
head may travel upon the boring-bar, turning with it and
having its own feed. In some machines one of the heads
supporting the boring-bar may travel upon the bed of the
machine for convenience in adapting the machine to the
cylinder; in others two or three boring-bars are used for
compound cylinders and valve-chambers. Larger ma-
chines have attachments for boring the ports of cylinders
and adjusting the boring-bar to various sizes of cylinders.
'-Elbow boring-machine, a single vertical-spindle
boring-ram (bör'ing-ram), n.
Borkholm beds.
'borlase (bor’lās), n.
. The blackfish or black ruff, Centrolophus miger,
Bornhardt's machine.
borofluoric (bö’rö-flö-or'ik), a.
boroglyceric (bö’rö-gli-ser’ik), a.
boroglycerin (bö-ró-glis’ e-rin), n.
borol (bö’rol), m.
boron-bronze (bö'ron-bronz"), m.
Boronia (bé-rö’ni-á), n.
Borough council.
borough council
machine supported by a horizontal jointed arm to enable
the workmen to bore holes at irregular distances over a
wide surface.—Hub-boring machine, a large machine
for boring holes in blocks of wood preparatory to turning
down the blocks in a lathe in making wagon-hubs. In
some forms the augers are automatically fed to the work;
in others the work is fed to the augers.-Locomotive-
rod boring-machine, a boring-machine having two ver-
tical spindles mounted upon a rail that is supported by mas-
sive columns. The spindles travel upon the rail in either
direction to bring them to the work laid upon the table.—
Post boring-machine, a boring-machine affixed to a post.
It has a single vertical spindle and an adjustable table to
bring the work to the auger at any angle.—Universal
boring-machine, a boring-machine in which the auger
may be used to bore a hole in any direction. In one type
the auger is supported on a bracketed arm that swings in
any direction over a table on which the work is laid ; in
another the auger is fixed and the table can be so adjusted
as to present the work to the auger at any angle; and in
still another the auger can be moved up and down on an
upright column which is free to turn on its axis.-Werti-
cal chord-boring machine, a very large machine used
for boring holes in bridge-work. It has two spindles
carried by vertical heads, one of which travels upon the
bed of the machine for convenience of adjustment.
In mining, a
machine-drill provided with a hammer-head
that can be used for driving wedges.
machine, a boring-machine that borize (bó'riz), v. t., pret, and pp. borized, ppp.
borizing. [bor(ac) + -ize.] To heat with
boracic acid; specifically, to inject a solution
of boracic acid into the circulatory apparatus
of a slaughtered animal with the object of pre-
serving the meat.
See #bed 1.
[Origin not ascertained.]
of the coasts of southern Europe.
Borneo camphene, tallow. See *campheme,
*tallow.
bornesite (bór’né-sit), n. [*Bornese (K Borneo
+ -ese) + -ite2.] The monomethyl ether of
inosite, C6H1106CH3. It is found in the
caoutchoué of Borneo. It is crystalline, easily
soluble in water, and melts at 175° C.
See A machine.
Same as fluo-
boric.
borofluoride (bö-rö-flöſö-rid or -rid), n. Same
as fluoboride.
boroglycerate (bö-rô-glis’ e-rät), n. A trade-
name for each of two antiseptic preparations
made by heating sodium borate (borax) or
calcium borate with glycerin.
[bor(ar) +
glycer(ol) + -ic.] Derived from boracic acid
and glycerol.—Boroglyceric acid (H3B08), a com-
pound of boracic acid with glycerol, supposed to exist in
Solutions containing both Substances. It reacts as a mono-
basic acid, requiring for neutralization one molecule of
sodium hydroxid for each molecule of boracic acid.
[bor(air) +
glycer(ol) + -in?..] An antiseptic patented by
Barff and used for fruits and wines. It is pre-
pared by heating 92 parts of glycerol and 62
parts of boracic acid to 200° C.
[bor(aa) + -ol.] Amaterial,
patented under this name in Germany, which
is made by melting boracic acid with alkaline
bisulphates. It is soluble in water, and is proposed
for use in the bating or removal of lime from hides in pre-
paring them for tanning.
Boron nitride, in chem, a curious white solid substance,
insoluble in water and in most acids, obtainable by the
direct action of the two elements, boron and nitrogen,
upon each other at a high temperature, or more conve-
niently by heating to redness a mixture of borax and sal
ammoniac and washing out all matter soluble in water
and hydrochloric acid. Its composition is represented
by the formula, B.N.--Boron trioxid, in chem., the an-
hydrid of boracic acid, obtained by heating this acid as
long as Vapor of Water is given off. The formula for the
oxid is B203-Diamond boron, an extremely hard crys-
tallized form of boron.
An alloy of
aluminium and copper containing some boron,
which last makes the alloy more dense and
tough than aluminium bronze.
e [NL. (J. E. Smith,
1798), named in honor of Francesco Borone
(1769–94), an Italian botanist.] A genus of
Australian shrubs of the family Rutaceae. They
have opposite leaves, odd-pinnate, trifoliate, or simple,
pink-purplish, red, or White 4-merous flowers with a rue.
like fragrance. There are about 60 species. The holti-
cultural value of these plants is in their fragrance; a
Small specimen will perfume a whole house for two or
three weeks. B. pinnata, B. megastigma, B. denticulata,
B. elation, B. heterophylla, B. crenulata, are some of the
species grown.
borophenate (bó-rö-fé'nāt), n. [bor(ar) + phe-
n(o) + -ate!..]. A mixture of salts of boracic
acid and of phenol; as, bismuth borophenate,
an antiseptic dusting-powder.
See *council.—County bor.
ough. See Accountyl















boroughmongery
boroughmongery (bur’ā-mung"gér-i), n. The
out or enlarged to form a boss or rounded pro-
buying and selling of parliamentary represen- tuberance.
tation; boroughmongering. H. Martineau.
borracha (bö-rä'châ), m.
boss-frame (bos’ främ), n.
[Braz., KPg. borra- bossing” (bosſing), n. In mining, the holing or
See *frame, 5, (b).
cha, a leather bottle. This is the usual form in undercutting of a thick seam, as of limestone,
Which the substance is prepared for market.]
Caoutchouc or crude rubber when in the form
of large balls or bottles. It is composed of many
layers of the dried and smoked rubber-milk which have
been built up on a central stick or paddle during the
Smoking process. These layers are easily separated, and
when stretched are very transparent. The rubber smells
not unlike smoked bacon. See caowtchouc, india-rubber,
and Arrubber. [Brazil.]
borroto (bor-6’tö), n.
borrowl, n. 5. Same as borrow-pit.
borrowl, v. I. trans. 5. A term used specifi-
cally in organ-building: (a) of a pipe which
improperly takes the wind from another and
sounds at the latter's expense; (b) of a stop
or set of pipes which is incomplete in itself,
but which is filled out by using some of the
pipes of another stop or set: within certain
limits the latter arrangement is entirely legit-
imate, since it renders possible the use of the
Same pipes in two distinct connections. – To
borrow trouble, to be needlessly or unduly anxious, es-
pecially over misfortunes that are still contingent.
II, intrans. 2. In golf, when putting across
sloping ground, to play the ball a little up the
slope to counteract its effect.
borrowed, p. a. 3. In organ-building, said of
pipes or a stop. See *borrow, v. t., 5 (b). Bor-
roWed days, in Cheshire, the first eleven days of May,
regarded as taken, in the change from old style, from
April.-Borrowed light, reflected light, as the light of
the moon, which is merely borrowed from the sun.
bort, R.—Dutch bort, a local name given at the Kimberley
diamond-mines to zircon.
Borzor dog. See *dog.
boschveldt (bosh’velt), n. [D., “bush land.’]
A South African name for an open plain cov-
ered with bush.
Boscovichian (bos-kö-vich’i-an), a. Pertain-
ing to Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich (1711–87),
an Italian Jesuit philosopher, physicist, and
mathematician, and particularly to his “The-
ory of Natural Philosophy,” published in 1758.
Discarding the unverifiable metaphysical hypothesis that
within a certain spherical surface about the center of
each atom its inertia and attractive and repulsive force
is distributed through space, so that at that surface there
is a discontinuity and an infinite force, he supposed that
the matter within that surface was, like the matter we
See, to be explained atomically. He therefore made each
atom to be confined to an absolute point where its inertia
was concentrated, while in its attractive-repulsive force it
was diffused throughout space, thus allowing this force
to be infinite and repulsive at a spherical surface, should
experiment require that hypothesis, although he held
that in the existing state of knowledge the force seemed
to Vary so as to be attractive at some distances and re-
pulsive at others.-Boscovichian point or atom, an
atom, as above described, whose inertia is confined to a
point.
bosh-water (bosh’wā’tēr), n. Water which is
See kbaroto.
circulated around the outside of the boshes of botö (bot), m.
a blast-furnace to prevent them from getting
too hot.
Most of the power houses for these plants have their
stcam boilers supplied by the waste blast gases, no addi-
tional fuel being required ; the bosh water which is circu-
lated around the tuyeres and cooling plates of the fur-
naces can be used as condensing water, so that power can
be generated very economically, as the power plants for
this purpose generally use compound condensing engines
of good steam economy.
Sci. Amer. Sup., March 7, 1903, p. 22727.
Bosnian group. See *group1.
bosom-knee (bùz’um-nē), n.
bossing-machine (bos’ ing-ma-shēn"), n.
boss-tool (bos’töl), m.
Boston de Fontainebleau.
Boston chaise,
bostonite (bós’tgn-it), n. [Bostom -H -ite?..] 1.
bostrychid (bos’ tri-kid), a. and n.
Bostrychoid
boswellic (boz-wel'ik), a.
botó (bot), m.
B.
bººlachite (bo-tal'ak - it), n.
-?,
the height of the undercut being sufficient for
a man to work therein. fscotch.j A
steam-hammer used for welding the bosses on
built-up car-wheels.
boss-plate (bos' plat), n. In ship-building, one
of the sharply curved plates of the outside
shell of a screw-steamship, fitted around the
boss of the sterm-frame and forming an en-
largement of the thin part of the dead-wood
to receive the propeller-shaft.
boss-roll (bos’ról), m. An iron roll (formed
with collars) over which a cylindrical boss, or
shell, turns loosely: used in cotton-manufac-
turing as one of the draft-rolls of a drawing-
frame. Also called shell-roll.
A tool called a sleeker
used by molders for smoothing the sides and
faces of boss-molds. The body of the tool is a cres.
cent in cross-section and a flat foot turns off at right
angles at one end ; at the other end is a long handle or
shank.
See boston, 1. – French
boston, the French method of declaring and paying in
the game of boston.
fern. See *chaise, *fern.
A trade-name for Canadian asbestos, a variety
of chrysotile or fibrous serpentine.—2. In pe-
trog., a term proposed by Rosenbusch (1882)
for certain fine-grained igneous rocks of the
syenite family, consisting chiefly of alkali feld-
spars (microcline, microcline-microperthite,
anorthoclase or Orthoclase). The texture is panau-
tomorphic granular, with common tabular form and fluidal
arrangement of the feldspars. Rosenbusch regards bos-
tonite as a leucocratic differentiation-product of syemitic
magmas and as a typical “ dike-rock.” It is nearly the
same as keratophure. First described from Marblehead
Neck, not far from Boston, whence the name.
I. a. Of or
belonging to the coleopterous family Bostry-
chidae.
II. m. A member of the Bostrychidae.
º: Same, as , bostºya.—Bostrychoid
dichotomy, Same as helicoid dichotomy (which see,
under helicoid).
bosua (bö-sö’â), m. [Native name.] A tree of
the rue family, Fagara monophylla, which yields
a yellow wood. Its bark contains berberine
and is used as a yellow dye. [Venezuela.]
[Boswellia + -ic.]
Derived from plants of the genus Boswellia.
—Boswellic acid, an acid of unknown composition
found in olibanum. Also called boswellêmic acid.
bot", n. —Emasculating bot, the larva of a fly of the
family OEstridae, Cuterebra emasculator, which lives in
the genital and axillary regions of gophers and squirrels,
[From the initials of “Board of
Trade”.] The English Board of Trade unit of
electrical supply.
1. A dialectal form of batl in
various senses. Also spelled bott.—2. In found-
fing, a clay plug used to close a hole against
molten iron.
O. T. An abbreviation of Board, of Trade.
[Botallack +
e?..] A mineral containing copper as hy-
droxy-chlorid, found at the Bottallack mines,
Cornwall, closely related to if not identical
A knee secured . With.3tagamite:
jis side and thé'after side of a deck. Botal's duct. Same as ductºſs Botalli,
beam. Also called lap-knee.
boss”, m. - o g
outcrop of eruptive rock, especially of granite.
Geikie, Text-book of Geol., p. 722.- Boss of the
sterm-post, in ship-building, that part of the stern-post
of a screw-steamship where it is swelled out to permit
the propeller-shaft to pass through it.
bossl, r. II. intrans. – To boss up, to form a boss
or projection on the face of a forging, either by upset-
ting the metal of the forging or by welding on a piece.
Sometimes machining the edges of such bosses is also
called bossing up.
boss3. (bos), n.
a mine ; the goaf.
[Scotch.] - e.
boss8 (bos), v. t. In mining, to hole or undercut.
Barrowman, Glossary. išcotch.j -
Bossardyille limestone. See *limestone. .
boss-cockie (bos’kok'i), n. A slang name in
the Australian bush for a farmer whose hold-
The worked-out portion of
Barrowman, Glossary.
bote* (bö’tā), n.
Botanic º a physician who uses no drugs ex-
cept those of vegetable origin.
10. In geol., all irregular knob-like botany, 7t.—Agricultural botany, that branch of the
science of plants which relates to their utility in agri-
culture.—Commercial botany, that branch of botany
which relates to plants or plant products which enter into
trade.—Cryptogamic botany, that branch of botany
which relates to the Cryptogamia, or flowerless plants.
— Domestic botany, a body of simplified botanical
information suited to home use.—Economic botany, the
science of plants with reference to their uses, including,
therefore, agricultural, commercial, medical, etc., botany.
— Medical botany, the science of plants with reference
to their medical usés.-CEcological botany, that divi-
sion of botany which relates to the correlation of plants
with their environment; plant O-cology. See Aphytogeog-
raphy.—Phanerogamic botany, the botany of the
Phamerogamia or flowering plants.--Tropical botany,
that branch of botany which deals with the plants of the
tropics.
[Jap.] The Japanese name
of a deep-bodied shiner of the family Cyprinida,
Acheilognathus rhombeus, found in the waters
ing is large enough to require the employment , of Japan. Also known as tabira,
of laborers to assist him in working it, botete (bö-tā’tā), m. [Mex. Sp.?] One of the
E. E. Morris, Austral English.
swell-fishes, Spheroides lobatus, found from the botryomycosis (bot"ri-Ö-mi-kö’sis), n.
bossed (bost), a. [bossl +-ed?..] Having a boss Gulf of California to the Galapagos.
bºsº #. in ship-building, swelled Bothragonus (bö - thrag ’ j -nus), n. [NL., K caused by the presence of Botryomyces.
Bothriothorax (both"ri-Ö-thó'raks), m.
Bothrocara (bö-throk’a-rá), n.
Bothus (bö'thus), n.
botong (bó-tong'), n.
botrycymose (bot-ri-Simós), a.
botryomycosis
866pog, a pit, H. N.L. Agonus.] A genus of sea-
jº. typified by the species B. Swamii of
uget Sound.
bothridium (bö-thrid’i-um), m.; pl. bothridia
(-á). [NL., & Gr. 66000c, a pit, “F dim. -íðtov.]
1. Same as bothrium. Van Beneden.—2. In
Cestoidea, the cup or sucker carried by the
phyllidium. Benham.
bothriocephaline (both "ri-Ö-sef’ a-lin), a.
Having the characters of or resembling the
Bothriocephalidae.
Bothriocidaris, (both"ri-Ö-sid’a-ris), n... [NL.,
K. Gr. 300ptov, dim, of 366poç, a pit, + Kidapug, a
Persian head-dress.] The only genus repre-
Senting the extinct echinoids or sea-urchins of
the order Bothriocidaroida. They are nearly spheri-
cal bodies, the ambulacra carrying 2 vertical rows of plates
in 5 series, and the interambulacra but a single row. The
genus occurs in the Lower Silurian of Esthonia.
Bothriolepis (both-i-ol’e-pis), m. [NL., K. Gr.
flodotov, dim, of 86000c, a pit, H. Wettº, a scale.]
A genus of fossil fishes belonging to the
family Asterolepidae, of the order Antiarcha.
They are allied to Pterichthys, but have the remarkable
pectoral appendages much longer. Like the other mem-
bers of this family, it is found in the Old Red Sandstone
deposits of Europe and America. See kAmtiarcha,
*Asterolepidae, and Pterichthys.
[NL.
(Ratzeburg, 1844), K. Gr. 300ptov, dim of 86000c,
a pit, + 6ópaś, breastplate.] A notable genus
of chalcidoid bymenopterous parasites of the
family Encyrtidae. They have very coarse and thick
punctures on the head and scutellum and a long mesoscu-
tum, The species whose habits are known are parasitic on
dipterous larvae, inflating the skin of the host in pupating.
[NL., K. Gr.
(36600g, a pit, + (?) Kápa, head..] A genus of
zoarcid fishes typified by the species B. pusilla
of Bering Sea.
bothrocraspedote (both * rô-kras’pe-dót), a.
[Gr. 366pog, a hollow, -H kpáorreóov, edge.] . In
anthrop., having a hollow margin: said of the
nasal skeleton. Jour. Anthrop. Inst., 1900,
p. 147.
bothropic (bö-throp'ik), a. [NL. *bothrops, a
generie, name (, KGr. 36000c, a pit, + dip, eye,
face), + -ic.] Noting a form of snake poison
derived from the genus Lachesis.
Dr. Vital, . . .
important discovery that there are two classes of snake
poison, the bothropic and the crotalic, the first belonging
to the genus Lachesis and the second to the genus Crotalus.
Sci. Amér., Aug. 13, 1904, p. 110.
[NL., origin not ascer-
tained.] A genus of flatfishes typified by the
European brill, B. rhombus: distinguished
from the turbot, Scophthalmus lavis, by the
presence of true scales.
boton (bö-tón"), n.; pl. botones (tô'něz.) [Sp.]
A button; specifically, the knot at the end of
a rope used as a lariat. [Mex, and south-
westérn U. S.]
[Philip-
plne sº also bitung, bitoon, .
bitog, K Tagalog botong-botong ſº
(Blumentritt), Bisaya bitoön.
Not the same as Bisaya, botong, 7,
the name of a large reed and of .
a liana.] A handsome littoral
tree, Barringtonia speciosa, be-
longing to the Lecythidaceae,
having large, glossy leaves and
white flowers with crimson
stamens. The four-angled pyramidal
fruit is widely used in the East Indies
and on the tropical islands of the Pa-
cific as a fish-intoxicant. In Guam it is called putting
and in Samoa futu. See & Barringtonia. [Philippine Is..]
Fruit of Botong (8ar-
ringfootia speciosa),
about one fifth natu-
ral size.
botoque (bö-tó(ke), n. [Pg. botoque, a stone
worn by the Indians (Lacerda), appar. Con-
nected with botoque, a hole in a cask or pipe;
a bunghole..] An ornament worn in a perfor-
ation of the lower lip; a labret. [Brazil.]
[Gr. 86tpvc,
a cluster of grapes, + E. cymose. Consisting
of racemes or any botryosé clusters cymosely
aggregated. A. Gray.
Botryoidal tissue, in certain leeches, a peculiar growth
surrounding the enteric canal, blood-vessels, and main
lacunae of the coeloma, and consisting of branched rows
of swollen cells containing dark pigment.
botryomyces (bot/ri-om’i-séz), m. [NL., KGr.
Bórpug, a cluster, -- Hikmg, a fungus.] A micrococ-
cus, Staphylococcus botryomyces, which causes
the formation of small fibrous tumors in the
lungs and other structures in the horse. [NL
K botryomyc(es) + -osis.] . A morbid condition
on further experiment, made the .

º, * * * * ... ." .
ſº ... *, *, *, * ~ *
.# * 'º'; ; ;
w ºr "
botryotherapy
botryotherapy (bot/ri-Ö-ther'a-pi), a. [Gr.
66rpvc, a cluster of grapes, + Bepareía, cure.]
Same as grape-cure.
Böttger's test. ...See *testſ.
Bottini's operation. See Aoperation.
bottle”, n.-Cubic-foot bottle, an º;" metallic
vessel having glass tubes at the top and bottom and of a
capacity of exactly one, cubic .
foot between the water-lines of .
the two tubes: used in testing the
correctness of gas-meters. . L.
Dibdin, Public Lighting, p. 83.
-Hicks's bottles, certain long,
delicate tubes, each with a bottle-
like inner extremity, found in the
antennae of bees and ants, 12 in
the terminal segment and one or
two in each of the others. Lub-
bock suggests that they may be
microscopic stethoscopes, and Ley-
dig thinks that they are chordo-
tonal Organs. A.
S. Packard, Text-
book of Entom.,
p. 292. — Jenny
Lind bottle, a
bottle with a glob:
ular body and
long, slenderneck,
extensively made
by American glass-manufacturers. This
type was originated in the year 1850,
When the famous singer came
to America. See cut under
*blowing-mold.—Mariotte's
bottle, an apparatus for se-
curing a uniform flow of a
liquid, such as water. The
liquid is placed in a two-
necked bottle(with both necks
On the top, or one on the top
and the other at the side)
fitted with air-tight stoppers,
an inlet-tube for air, and a
siphon or a stop-cock for
Outlet. The Outflow will be
Tegular, owing to the influence
of atmospheric pressure, and
the difference of pressure
within and without the bottle is always equal
to a column of the liquid used whose height
equals the difference between the level be-
tween, b and o. – Reischauer's bottle, a
special form of pycnometer in use by brewers.
–Soxhlet bottle, a special apparatus used
for the extraction of fat in milk or other sub-
O
Mariotte's Bottle.
Reischauer's Spe-
cific-gravity
Bottle.
ibb'
Stances.— §º. bottle, a flask ;
for the determination of the specific gravity gravity
of gases, liquids, or solids.-Squibb's spe- Bottle.
cific-gravity bottle, a special form of pyc-
nometer which permits the liquid to expand without loss
of vapor during the process of weighing.
bººle atom (bot’l-at"um), n. Same as bottle-
bottle-butted (bot'l-but"ed), p. a. See *swell-
butted.
bottle-coal (bot’l-köl), n. Gas-coal. Barrow-
man, Glossary. [Scotch.]
bottle-kiln (bot’l-kil), n.
shaped like a bottle.
Bottlenose oil. See *oil.
bottle-pool (bot’l-pól), n. An American game
of pool played under various and conflicting
eS. Its chief feature is that a leather bottle is placed,
bottom upward, in the center of the table. To knock this
over, under certain conditions, with the cue-ball increases
the score. Two red balls and one cue-ball are used, and
pockets and caroms count. . . -
bottle-stone (bot" 1-stön), n. [Tr. G. Bouteil-
lenstein.] A green and very pure glass, or
A pottery kiln
bottom, v, i.
bººm-blow (bot’um-blo), n.
O2D.
bottom-broth (bot’um-bröth), n. A fanciful
ground.-19. In saddlery, the portion of a
martingale which passes between the horse's
º and the belly-band.—American bottom,
an alluvial plain bordering the east side of the Mississippi
river in southern Illinois. Science, Mar. 18, 1904, p. 450.-
Bottom disease. Same as kcrotalism.—Cellular bot-
tom, Same as double Arbottom.—Double bottom, in
boucharde (bö-shärd’)h %.
bougie
common name in Martinique of the black-fin
snapper, Lutjanus buccanella.
[F., origin un-
known.] hammer having a head with
many points, used by stone-cutters in dressin
the surface of stone; also, a similar tool use
shipbuilding, the space between the outside and the inner by Sculptors.
bottom plating of an iron or steel ship. The inner and
outer plating are separated by the frames and longitudi-
mals, or framing of the double bottom. A certain number
of these frames and longitudinals are made water-tight,
Cellular Double Bottom on the Bracket System of a
erchant Vessel.
a, inner keel-plate; b, outer keel-plate; c, outside plating; aſ,
inner bottom-plating ; e, inner keel- or keelson-plate; y, vertical
keel; g, g, longitudinals; h, margin-plate; 7, 7,7, bracket-floors;
Æ, frame-bar; 2n, reverse frame-bar.
thus dividing the double bottom into a number of cells,
and the Whole is sometimes called a cellular bottom. The
cells are usually arranged to contain water ballast in
merchant ships, and are then called ballast-tanks. Some
of them are fitted for the storage of feed-water for the
boilers or drinking-water for the crew. Hence the double-
bottom is sometimes called the water-bottom.—Water-
bottom. Same as double kbottom.
3. In bot., to form a bulb or
other underground expansion, as an Onion.—
4. In gold-mining, to get to the bed-rock, or
clay, below which it is useless to sink. E. E.
Morris, Austral English.
Same as *mud-
name applied to the ooze or slime found cov-
ering the floor of the sea, and formerly sup-
posed to be living matter (called bathybius by
Huxley).
Bathybius, then, is now no longer known as Bathybius,
but as ‘bottom broth,’ an exceedingly suggestive term, and
it is supposed to be the inexhaustible supply of nourish-
ment, the basal food store-house of the innumerable crea-
tures that live and move, or simply live Without move-
ment, at or near the bottom of the sea.
Science, May 31, 1901, p. 847.
bottomer (bot’um-èr), n. In mining, the person
who loads the cages at the pit-bottom and
gives the signal to bank. Coal and Metal
Miners’ Pocketbook.
bottoming (bot’um-ing), n. The act of form-
ing a bottom or of placing on a bottom or
foundation, as the fitting of a structure with a
bottom, the placing of the ballast for a road-
bed, or the Telford foundation for a pavement.
bottoming-piston (bot’um-ing-pis" ton), n. A
piston that touches the end of the cylinder
and hence has no clearance. -
glassy roºk, which is found as rolled pebbles bottom-line (bot’um-lin), n. A fishing-line
in the Moldau river, Bohemia: otherwise called
noldavite and pseudochrysolite. Smithsonian
Rep. (Nat. Mus.), 1900, p. 516.
bottle-swallow (bot’l-swol" Ö), n. A local
name for the fairy-martin, Hirundo (Lageno-
plastes) ariel, referring to the shape of its nest,
\ which is built under eaves or overhanging
rocks like the nests of the American cliff-swal-
low. The bird is widely distributed through
Australia and has been found in Tasmania.
bottle-tight (bot’l-tit), a. So tight as to admit
of no leakage: used to signify that a boiler is
bottom-set (bot’um-set), p. a.
stretched on the bottom and having attached
to it short lines with hooks.
bottom-moraine (bot um-mg-rān"), n.
A
ground-moraine. J. Geikie, The Great Ice
Age, p. 39
bottom-rot (bot’um-rot), n. A decay of the
base of trees, especially firs and spruces,
caused by fungi, particularly Polyporus
Schweinitzii.
Deposited con-
formably upon the sea floor, as in delta-build-
ing. See bottom-set ºbed. Chamberlin and
without a leak at any rivet, seam, or joint Sääsbury, Geol., I. 191.
when tested under steam pressure.
bottle-tree, n. 2. Any tree with a swollen
trunk. In examples of the dry, thorny bush of central
Brazil (Cavanillesia arborea and other Bombacaceae) the
trunks are expanded like a cask up to a thickness of five
meters. These trunks serve as Water-reservoirs to carry
the tree through the dry season. ū
bottom, n., 4. (b) The lowest landing in a
shaft or incline; the lowest working in a mine.
(c) The lower portion of a seam or bed, as of
coal. Barrowman, Glossary. [Scotch..] (3)
In gold-mining, the old river-bed upon which botuto (bö-tö’tö), n.
the wash-dirt rests, and upon which the rich-
est alluvial gold is found. Sometimes called
the gutter. Austral English.-18. In golf, a Rep., 1896,
backward rotation of the ball which tends to boucanelle º
check its motion after it touches the
botulism (bot’ī-lizm), n. [NL. botulismus, K
L. botulus, sausage, + -ism..] Poisoning with
ptomaînes of decomposing meat, especially
potted meat or sausage, referable to a toxin
produced by the Bacillus botulinus. Also botu-
lismus.
The varieties of meat which have most frequently given
rise to poisoning (Botulismus) are pork, ham, veal, sau-
sages, brawn, various kinds of meatpies, and potted meats.
Encyc. Brit., XXX. 609.
[S. Amer.] A large
clay trumpet formerly used by certain Indian
tribes of the Orinoco region. Smithsonian
p. 652.
[Martinique F.,
K. N.L. buccanella, K (?)
boucharde (bö-shärd'), v. t.
boucherism (bö’shër-izm), n.
boucherize, v. t.
bouclée (bö-klā’), n.
bouderie (bö’dé-ré), m.
bucca, mouth.] A
To dress (stone)
with a boucharde.
Bouchardia (bö-shār"di-á), n. [NL., KBouchard,
roper name.] genus of brachiopods.
ey have elongate, smooth, radially colored shells, with
elevated beak on the larger valve, the smaller or dorsal
valve having a large-lobed cardinal process. The bra-
chidium consists of curved triangular processes uniting
with a median septum. They live in the Caribbean Sea.
The practice or
process of impregnating timber with sulphate
of copper, in order to preserve it. Notes and
Queries, Sept. 10, 1892.
2. To impregnate (timber)
with any preservative liquid by means of ca-
illary ºpiº in a still living tree. The liquid
is applied at the base of the trunk, beneath the bark,
either with or without hydrostatic pressure.
[F., K boucler, buckle:
see buckle, v.] The French name for what in
billiards elsewhere is known as the hook-bridge,
the forefinger of the bridge-hand infolding the
cue in its narrowest part. Broadfoot, Billiards,
p. 109. See cut at Abridge.
[F., Kbouder, pout:
See boudoir.]. Pouting; sulks. Thackeray,
Newcomes, II. 239.
Bougainvillia (bö-gān-vil’i-á), n. [NL., K Bou-
gainville (1729–1814), a French navigator.]
The typical genus of the family Bougainvillidae.
Lesson, 1843. Same as Hippocrene, 2 (b).
Mertens, 1829.
*.
\
*
Bougain viſ/ia raptosa.
A, entire colony, about two thirds natural size; R, portion of
the saune magnifica; C, iminature medusa; cfr. c., circular canal ;
cit., cuticle or perisarc; ºil t. ca 2., enteric cavity; Jºyd., polyp or
hydranth ; Jeyp., hypostoma or manubrium ; 27 ed., Inedusa ; 22, ºtb.,
manubrium ; rad. c., radial canal ; f, tentacle; 7", velum. (From
Parker and Haswell's “Zoology,” after Allman.)
Bougainvillidae (bö-gān-vil’i-dé), m. pl. [NL.,
K Bougainvillia + -idae.] A family of tubularian
Hydromedusae, with a conical hypostoma hav-
ing a single row of filiform tentacles around
its base. It contains Bougainvillia, Dicoryne, Peri.
gomimus, and several other genera.
boughlf, v. I. trans. 2. To strip of boughs.
Fitzherbert, Husb., §132.
II. intrans. To send out boughs.
bougie, n. 3. A pencil of paraffin or other
material which melts at the temperature of
the body, with which some medicinal sub-
stance has been incorporated: employed for
local medication of the urethra, uterus, or
other canal into which it is introduced, the
melting of the bougie liberating the drug. —
Bougie à boule (‘ball bougie'), a bougie having a bul-
bous expansion at its extremity, employed to locate a
constriction in a canal,—Bougie décimale, in photom,
a standard of light defined as one twentieth of the Violle
platinum standard and represented in practice by the
light from a Hefner standard lamp. See light kstandard,
—Bougie de l'étoile, a French standard candle formerly
used in plotometry. See standard kcandle.—Filiform
bougie, a very slender bougie of whalebone or other
elastic material.







bougie-meter
bougie-meter (bö’ji-mê'tèr) m. A unit of illu- bourbe
mination used in photometry; the illumination
burbe (börb), n.
[F. bourbe (La-
name in Tunis.]
roussé ;
bow-wave
2. Having recesses or hollow places: as, “the
A copper coin and bowelled cavern,” Thomsom, Summer, p. 133.
roduced by the flame of the standard Hefner money of account in Tunis, of the value of Bower-Barff process. See *process.
amp at a distance of one meter.
*lua;,
bougong, n. See "bogong.
bouillon, n. 3. A puff on a lady's dress; a
puffed fold of the same material.
bouillotte (bö-lyot'), m. [F., a little boiler,
K bouillir, boil.] A device for heating and
moistening the compressed air on a com-
pressed-air locomotive by passing it through a
tank of hot water on its way from the storage-
reservoir to the motor-cylinder. Sci. Amer.
Sup., Oct. 17, 1903, p. 23236.
bouked (bökt), a. In mining, increased in
size: for example, when a winding-drum is
increased in diameter by lagging-strips, or the
cylinder of a pump is enlarged by wear. Also
bowked. Barrowman, Glossary. . [Scotch.]
bouking (bö’king), m. In mining, segments of
wood or other material used for increasing the
diameter of a winding-drum (see lagging, 3);
hence, winding. When a rope is not coiling evenly
on a drum it is said not to be bowking well. Barrowman,
Glossary. [Scotch.]
Boulangism (bö-lon^jizm), n. The political
policy and methods represented in France by
General Georges Ernest Jean Marie Boulanger
(1837–91) from about 1886 to 1889. Its chief
features were militarism and revenge upon
Germany.
Boulangist (bö-loſſi'jist), m. A political follower
of General Boulanger.
boulder-bed (böl’dér-bed), m. See *bed1.
boulder-belt (böl’ dèr-belt), n. A train of
boulders deposited by a glacier on melting.
J. Geikie, The Great Ice Age, p. 742.
'boulder-clay, m.— Great chalky boulder-clay, an
unstratified mass of pale, dirty gray clay, more or less
abundantly crammed with fragments of chalk and flint.
This deposit is one of the lowest members of the glacial
series of southern England. J. Geikie, The Great Ice Age,
p. 342.
boulder-cracker (böl’dèr-krak’ér), n. A heavy
iron rod to be dropped upon a rock encoun-
tered by the drill in a deep well-boring. Stand.
Dict. -
boulderet (böl-dér-et’), m. A small boulder.
R. D. Salisbury, Geol. Surv. of New Jersey,
1893, p. 291.
boulder-fern (böl’dèr-férn), n. See *ferml.
boulder-pavement (böl’dèr-pâV"mºnt), m. An
exposed bed of boulders such as might result
from the removal of sand or clay, by Waves
or currents, from unsorted glacial deposits. bouto (bö’tö), n.
J. Geikie, The Great Ice Age, p. 523.
boulder-train (böl’dér-trän), n. A train of
boulders, once a lateral moraine upon a glacier,
now left stranded in lineal arrangement by the
melting of the ice-sheet.
boulder-wall (böl’ dér-wāl), m. A frontal
moraine composed almost entirely of boulders.
J. Geikie, The Great Ice Age, p. 467.
bouleutai (bö-lü (ti), m. pl. [Gr. Bovºevtal, pl.
of flowſ, evtåg, K Bovāetely, take counsel, K Boy?,
counsel: see boule.] In Gr. antiq., members
of the council or boule of a Greek city. See
bottle2.
bouleutic (bö-lū’tik), a. [Gr. 600% evtutóg, K
Bov/svtåg, member of a council: see” bouleutai.]
In Gr. antiq., pertaining to the boule or coun-
cil of a Greek city: as, the bouleutic Oath.
boulevardist (bö’ le- vär-dist), n. [boulevard
+ -ist.] Same as boulevardie)'.
bound 3, p. a.-Bound energy. See kenergy.
boundary-rider (boun'da-ri-riºdër), n. A man
employed on an Australian farm or ‘station’
to ride over the estate, inspecting the fences
and gates.
The manager's lieutenants are the “bowndary-riders,'
whose duty it is to patrol the estate and keep him in-
formed upon every portion of it.
Scribner's Mag., Feb., 1902, p. 147.
Bourg la Reine porcelain.
bourneene (bör’mē-ăn), n.
bourrette (bö-ret’), n.
Boussingaultia (bös-in-gāl (ti-á), n.
boutelli, n.
boutgate (bout'gāt), n. In mining, a road by
boutique (bö-ték'), m.
boutonnière (bö-ton-iār’), m.
Bovey-Tracey lignites.
bovicide (bö’vi-sid), m.
bow?, n., 4.
Same as half an asper.
Bourbon metal. See *metal.
bourdon?, n. (c) In the hurdy-gurdy, the lowest
open string, usually tuned to the C below mid-
dle C or to the G below that.—Bourdonlace, tube.
See klace, ktube.
See *porcelain.1.
ourgueticrinus (bör-get-ik"ri-nus), n. [NL.,
F. Bourguet, a proper name, -H, Gr. Rpivov, a lily
(see Crinoid).] A genus of Crimoidea, or én-
crimites, typical of a family Bowrgueticrinidae.
They have a small pyriform calyx with remarkably large
centrodorsal plate, 5 basal plates, and 5 radials. This
member of the family has been found in Jurassic, Creta-
ceous, and Tertiary rocks, but Rhizocrinus, another rep-
resentative, is found living to-day in the greater depths
of the ocean. See Rhizocrinus,
A liquid hydrocar-
bon from Dryobalanops camphora : now con-
sidered to be a mixture of the decomposition-
products of camphene.
bourrelet, n.-Buccal bourrelets, in certain echi-
noids or sea-urchins, fossil and recent, especially those be-
longing to the family Cassidulidae, lip-shaped ridges
formed when the ambulacral areas about the peristome
are sunken and the interambulacra are swollen. The en-
tire combination forms a floscelle about the mouth.
- [F. bourrette, coarse
silk, K bourre, refuse silk, etc.; see buri, n., 7.]
An inferior grade of spun silk, made from the
waste in the manufacture of schappe silk.
It is often used as weft for dress-goods, knit goods, fancy
fabrics, insulating lagging for steam-pipes, etc.
[NL.
(Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth, 1825),
named in honor of Jean Baptiste Joseph Dieu-
donné Boussingault (1802–87), a French chem-
ist, who traveled in South America.] A genus
of plants of the family Basellaceae. It contains
about 10 species, all climbing herbs of tropical America.
B. baselloides, commonly known as Madeira-vine or mi-
gnomette-vine, a native of Ecuador, is a popular perennial-
rooted but tender twiner, used for porches, in green-
houses, and in window-gardens. It produces a profusion
of Small White fragrant flowers in racemes. See also
Madeira-vine.
Same as boltel.
which the miners can reach the surface; a
traveling-way around a shaft at a landing; a
traveling-road from one seam to another. Bar-
ºrowman, Glossary.
[F.: see bodega, apo-
thec.] A shop or place where goods are sold
at retail.
[Pg. bouto, boto, bodo, from
a Brazilian name.] A large dolphin, Inia geof.
frensis, of the Amazon river. It is of variable color,
often pink or pink and black, attains a length of 8 feet,
and is regarded with superstitious reverence by the In-
dians.
bouton, n. 2. In entom., the spoon-like or
button-like extremity of the tongue of the
honey-bee. A. S. Packard, Text-book of En-
tom., p. 80.
[F.] 1. A. but-
tonhole bouquet.—2. In Surg., an incision
into the urethra for the removal of an im-
pacted calculus. -
See *lignite.
[L. bos (bov-), ox, +
-cida, K cacdere, kill.] A slayer of oxen; a
butcher. E. Phillips.
(j) A curved piece of metal used to make
contact with an electric wire to get current for operating
a car. This bow is used in place of a trolley.—Composite
bow, in archery, a bow made of two or more pieces of
wood, bone, sinew, or other material joined together
longitudinally. See bow?, 2.-Reflex bow, in archery, a
bow, concave ou the back when unstrung, the curve of
which is reversed in stringing it.—Spri bow, in
nging - - - - -
violin-playing, same as saltato—Twilight bow or twi- bowstave (bó'stāv), n.
light arch, Same as twilight curve. It is most distinct
when the sun is only a few degrees below the horizon,
and is then reddish at the upper edge. As it rises (after
sunset) it becomes more indistinct, and practically disap-
pears before reaching the zenith.
bounder, n. 4. A dos-à-dos dog-cart brought bow8, %.–In bow ! an order given to the bow-oarsman
out in England in 1843.−5. A four-wheeled
cab.—6. A vulgar, ill-mannered Swell; a loud,
boisterous person. [Eng. Slang.]
The beautiful art [of dancing] . . . has fallen largely into
the hands—or perhaps we should say feet—of hoydens,
bounders, and acrobats. World (London).
bouquet, n., 3. See the extract. Also called
bouquet of herbs and fagot of herbs.
Parsley wrapped around peppercorns, cloves, bay-
leaves, and other herbs excepting. Sage, and tied, makes
what is called a bouquet. In this shape the herbs are
more easily removed.
bouqueted (bö-kåd"), a.
º or with bouquets.
of a single-banked boat, signifying that he is to cease row-
ing, ship or boat his oar, and stand up with his boat-hook
to catch hold of the dock, float-stage, or vessel's side to
hold the boat steady after the landing has been made.
The plural form, in bow8, is used in the case of a double-
banked boat, where there are two bow-oarsmen.
bowback (bö’bak), n. The whitefish, Coregonus
clugeiformis.
bow-chock (bou’chok), n. In marine hardware,
a chock with two arms which are bent over
and nearly touch in the middle: iised on yachts
to keep the mooring-rope in place.
Century Cook Book bow-cithern (bö'sith/ērn), n. See *cithern, 2.
Furnished with a boweled
bowelled (bou’eld), p. a. 1+. Dis-
emboweled. as, “a hare already bowelled.”—
bowl?, n.
bowl-disk (böl'disk), n.
bow-light (bou’lit), n. A large lantern, usually
bowlin, n. A simplified :
Bowline lizard. See *lizard.
bowling”, n.-Break bowling, in cricket, bowling in
bowly (bö(li), m.;
bowmanite º; f
bow-mark (bö’märk), n.
bow-pencil (bö'pen/sil), n.
bow-plating (bou (plå-ting), n. In ship-build-
bow-rest (bó' rest), n.
bow-spring (bö’spring), n.
bowstring-truss (bö'string-trus"), n.
bow-wave (bou’wav), m.
7. The main cylinder or drum of a
calico-printing machine, against which are
pressed the engraved copper rollers; a calen-
der-roller.—8. An antifriction roller in the
pedal-motion of the feeding-device of a cotton-
scutcher or picking-machine.—Stocks and bowls
a set of loom-levers, either circular or oblong, Connected
With the harnesses for %; them. When the same
number is required to be lifted at each pick of the weft.
bowl?, v. t.—To bowl off one's i. in cricket, to
bowl (à batsman) by a ball, which strikes him on the leg-
guards. Hutchinson, Cricket, p. 312. º
bowl-ball (böl’bàl), n. A game of the natives
of North Australia, consisting in rolling a ball
or disk along a sloping place and discharging
small spears at it as it rolls.
Same as *bowl-ball.
with a Fresnel globe, placed at a ship's bow.
fiéâ spelling of bowline.
which the bail, after pitching on the ground, changes its
course. Hutchºmsom, Cricket, p. 33.-Le bowling,
in cricket, bowling which has the proper length or pitch.
See length kball.
pl. bowlies (-liz). [Also
bowlee, bowry. indi baoli, bdori, Marathi
bāvadi, Telugu bâvidi.] A iarge rectangular
well, provided with steps leading down to the
water, and with recesses for travelers to rest
in the providing and maintenance 6f such
tanks is a favorite object of native benevo-
lence. [Anglo-Indian.]
[For H. L. Bow-
man of Oxford, Englan A rare phosphate
of aluminium and calcium, related to hamlin-
ite. It occurs in rosettes of thin rhombohedral crystals
of honey-yellow color, and is found in the dolomite of the
Binnenthal, Switzerland.
In archery, a target
or mark to be shot at.
See bow-pen.
ing, the outside shell-plates of a steel or iron
vessel, covering the bows and extending to the
stem.
A portion of the heavy iron stem of the former was nearly
wrenched out of place, and the armour and bow-platunſ,
etc., abutting on the stem were considerably disturbed.
White, Manual of Naval Arch., p. 339.
An iron projection
placed at the rear corner of a carriage-seat as
a support for the lower end of the top-joint,
and also for the bows when the top is lowered.
bow-rudder (bou’rud’ér), n. A rudder some-
times fitted at the bows or under the fore part
of the keel of vessels intended for special pur-
poses, as torpedo-boats, to give great turning
power, or to permit the vessel to steer more
easily when going astern.
Of the auxiliary appliances fitted to increase the steer-
ing power of ships, the most important are bow rudders.
These rudders are rarely fitted except in vessels which are
required to steam with either end foremost; to avoid the
necessity for turning, or to be capable of service in rivers
or marrow waters where there is little room for turning,
or to meet some other special requirement.
White, Manual of Naval Arch., p. 699.
bow-socket (bö’sok"et), n. A long metallic
socket used in place of slat-irons on the bows of
a carriage-top.
In elect. traction,
the spring which keeps the bow spread out,
when a bow is used to take current from a trol-
Key-wire. See *bow2, 4 (j).
Bowsprit bitts, perpendicular timbers which extend
above the upper deck, and between which the heel of the
bowsprit is secured.
Same as bowstaff.
bowstring-creeper (bö’ string - kré "pér), n.
Same as *jeetee.
A form
of truss in which the upper chord or compres-
sion flange is made in the form of a “bow ’ or
curve, preferably a parabola, and the lower
chord or tension-member is a straight line.
The truss resembles a bow and string, whence
its name.
The wave set up at
the bows of a vessel under way. The crest of
the wave is inclined diagonally outward and
aft on each side from the bow.
During each interval occupied by a ship in advancing
º a distance equal to the length of her entrance the
sets of particles then contiguous thereto undergo acceler-
ations which lead to the production of the bow-wave ; and
this interval of time depends upon the ratio of the length
of entrance to the speed of the ship.
- White, Manual of Naval Arch., p. 457.
bowyer
bowyer", n.—Master bowyer, the chief bowyer.
box!, n. 2. A name in Australia (usually with
a distinctive epithet, as bastard, black, white,
etc.) of many eucalypts, and of a few trees of
the genus Tristania, belonging to the same fam-
ily: applied chiefly because of the qualities of
their timber, which more or less resembles
true boxwood. See the phrases below. In Australia
the name is also applied to several shrubs or trees on
account of their odor, which resembles that of the true
box (see China kboa), or of their dwarf habit with leaves
like the true box (see heath kboa; and native º Bas-
tard box, Eucalyptus goniocalya, E. bicolor (also called
cooburn), T. longifolia, E. microtheca, E. polyanthem.08,
E. populnea (also called bembil or red boa), Tristania.com.
jerta, and T. lawrima.-Black box, Eucalyptus *:::::::
E. bicolor, and E. microtheca.-Box family, the plant
family & Buacaceae (which see), including the genus Buacus,
which contains, the common box. —Box reaction. See
*reaction.—Brisbanebox, Tristania conferta.-Broad-
leafed box, Eucalyptus acmenioides.—Brown, box,
Eucalyptus polyanthemos.--Brush box, Tristania, con-
jerta.-- Cape box, a grayish spiny shrub, Celastrus buzi-
jolia, common in South Africa; it resembles the ordinary box
in growth.-China box, Chalcaº Camwaeng, of the rue
family, a perfume plant: found also in India and China.
— DW or flooded box, Eucalyptus microtheca. Also
called goborro and 8wamp-gwm, from its habit of growing
on land inundated at flood time.-- Gråy box, Eucalyptus
gomłocalya, E. §: E. bicolor, E. polyanthemos, and
E. saligna.-Heath box, Gymnopogon buzifolia, of the
dog's-bane family: Ironbark box, Eucalyptus obliqua.
—Native box, Burgaria spinosa, a forage plant belong;
ing to the Pittosporaceae. Also called boa-thorn and
ºnative olive.— Poplar box, Eucalyptus populnea.—Red
box, Eucalyptus populnea, E. polyanthem.08, and Tris-
tamia, conferta. See bastard Arboa; and kbembil.—Tas-
manian box. Same as native Abox...See Aboz-thorn, 2.
—Thozet's box, Eucalyptus Raveretiana.--Whitebox,
Eucalyptw8 hemiphloia, E. odorata, E. populnea, and
Tristamia conferta.-Yellow box, (b) Eucalyptus hemi-
phloia and E. bicolor.
box2, n., 9. In mach.: (g) A die for cutting the
thread on a wooden screw.—16. In irrigation,
a device for measuring water through a small
flume of rectangular section.—17. 3. turpen-
time-making, the cavity cut in a pine-treeto re-
ceive the resin which flows from the scarified
surface above.—18. In mining, a small mine-
car; a hutch; a tub.-19. A mix-up of things
that should be kept apart, as different flocks
or mobs of sheep. [Australia.]
Great care must of course be taken that no two flocks
come into collision, for a boa, as it is technically called,
causes an infinity of trouble, which is the reason that the
stations are so far apart.
C. H. Eden, My Wife and I in Queensland, p. 67.
the end of each of the shafts to be joined, the two are
brought together, and a box or rim is slipped over them
and Rºyed tºoth. tº a -
Box-dressing machiné.
chime.
box-drift (boks/drift), n. A drift which has
been boxed. See *drift. -
box-edged (boks’ejd), a. With a border of
box, as a parterre or path in a garden.
loox-elder (boks-el’dër), n. See elder? and Ne-
gumdo.—Box-elderleaf-roller, plant-bug. Seekleaf-
'roller, Arplant-bug. •. wº
boxer?, n. 2. [cap.] A member of a Chinese
association, known as Yi Ho Ch'uan. Hwuy,
“The Righteousness, Harmony, and Fists So-
ciety,” organized in China in 1900 or earlier,
ostensibly for the practice of athletics, but
really as a league for the expulsion of foreign-
ers and the uprooting of Christianity. Aided by
the regular army, and egged on and led by officials and
persons of the highest standing, the Boxers murdered
large numbers of native Christians, missionaries, and
other foreigners, destroyed much property, attacked the
foreign legations in Peking, and besieged the British lega-
tion there for over two months, until the rising was sup-
pressed by the military forces of the principal treaty pow-
See *dressing-ma-
€I’S.
boxerê (bok'sér), n. A bowler or low-crowned
stiff felt hat; a billycock hat. [Australia.]
box-gear, (boks’gér), n. A differential gear
used on bending-rolls and motor-vehicles. In
the former case it prevents a calendering action on the
plate by either roll; in the latter it enables the driving-
wheels to move over different distances when turning cor-
ners or curves, or when for any reason the two wheels are
of differing diameter.
box-groove (boks'grów), n. A close groove be-
tween two rolls, formed by a collar on one roll
fitting between collars on another roll.
boxhead (boks/hed), n. The squaw-fish, Pty-
chocheilus oregonensis, one of the largest of the
minnows, ranging from British Columbia south-
ward to Oregon. -
box-honey (boks' hun'i), n. Honey stored by
the bees in specially prepared boxes.
boxing 1, n. 7. In mining, a method of secur-
ing shafts solely by slabs and wooden pegs.
Coal and Metal Miners’ Pocketbook.
boxing-up (bok-sing-up"), n. Specifically, the
process of constructing large patterns by
; them hollow instead of by using solid
3, IT KS g
p * =
box-keel (boks/kël), n. In iron shipbuilding, a
brace
box-spanner (boks’span’ér), n. A spanner
for turning or holding bolts whose heads are
in recesses and so cannot be caught by an
ordinary wrench.
box-standard (boks'stan"dārd), n. The col-
umn or standard which forms the main frame
of a machine, and is hollow, thus obtaining
strength and rigidity with little material.
box-staple (boks'stä"pl), n. The staple or
keeper into which the bolt of a lock is shot,
when the staple is so made as to box in, or
cover, the end of the bolt.
box-step (boks'step), n. In car-building, a step
or a short flight of steps inclosed at the sides
by a stringer or guard; a platform-step in a
passenger-car.
bºnes (boks'stönz), m. pl. See module
60S.
box-stoop (boks'stöp), n. A stoop of which
the steps are divided into two or more flights,
which therefore has a platform and projects
into the street as a mass of some height.
box-tappet (boks’tap’et), n. A eam on a
loom for working the shuttle-boxes. T. W. Foa,
Mechanism of Weaving, p. 305.
box-thaler (boks’tä"lér), n. A coin made to
open like a box and contain objects: confined
to certain German states and Savoy. º
box-thorn, n. 2. A spiny, bushy tree of
Tasmania, Bursaria spinosa, yielding a hard
White wood resembling boxwood and used in
turnery.
box-tool (boks’tól), n. An attachment to a
lathe for holding cutting-tools used in cutting
the exterior surfaces of objects turned in the
lathe; a turner. It is named from the shape of the
tool-holder. A box-tool used, with special cutter, for
finishing the ends of rods is called a pointing-boat. A
modified form carrying several cutters is called a boat-
'mill. Another form of box-tool is used on screw-machines.
|box-tubular (boks’tü’bū-lär), a. A name ap-
plied to tubular boilers in which the envelop-
ing shell was made up of flat surfaces, care-
fully stayed against bulging, with the hot
gases passing through tubes between the par-
allel surfaces. The shape suggested a box.
box-wallah (boks’ wol’â), m. [Hind. bakas-
walá, K bakas, K E. box, -H walá, a man, agent.]
A native peddler oritimerant merchant. [Anglo-
Indian.]

Batsman's box. See kbatsman.—Box of tricks. Same keel built of plates and angles in box form. boxwood, m.–Cape boxwood, the wood of Burus
as ºrbwilding-motion.— Circular box, a cylinder with
chambers for shuttles, attached to the lathe of a loom and
moved forward and backward as may be necessary to bring
the desired shuttle and yarn within striking range of the
picker. Also called revolving boa:. . [Eng.]— Clifford’s
box, in math., a hollow surface with tubes running through
it, into the form of which a Riemann's surface may be
distorted.— Three-part box, a molding-box or-flask con-
sisting of three parts, and used for molding those patterns
in which the middle section must be distinct from the top
and bottom, as in the case of a grooved pulley. Lockwood,
Dict. Mech. Eng. Terms,
box2, v. t. 6. To mix up or allow to be mixed
up (things, such as different flocks of sheep,
which should be kept apart). [Australia.]
All the mobs of different-aged lambs which had been
hitherto kept apart were boated up together.
A. C. Grant, Bush Life in Queensland, p. 253.
7. To grain or board on the grain side with a
graining-board, to give skin a rough or pebbled
effect. Modern Amer. Tanning, p. 83.
box4 (boks), n.
tain fish, prob, animitative name. See bogue2.]
A sparoid fish, Boa, boops, known from the
Mediterranean to the southern coast of Eng-
land.
box-bill (boks/bil), n. A tool for recovering
boring-rods.
box-cage (boks’kāj), m.
in front. -
box-calf (boks/kāf), n. Originally, calf leather
of a rough or thick variety, as used in boa:-toes;
now, a chrome-tanned calfskin, either in black
or colors and usually grained or boarded.
box-cañon (boks’kan"ygn), n. In phys, geog,
a narrow, flat-floored valley inclosed by nearly
vertical walls or cliffs. [Western U. §
box-chisel (boks’ chiz'el), n. See *chisel2.
box-chronometer (boks'krºnomºeº, 7. A
marine clock of great accuracy, set to the time
of a certain prime meridian, and employed in
the calculation of the longitude at sea. It de-
rives its name from the box inside which it is hung in
gimbals, so that it may always maintain a horizontal po-
sition irrespective of the rolling and pitching of the ship.
box-colored (boks’ kul" Qrd), a. In leather-
manuf., colored in a box ortray of dye. Flem-
ming, Practical Tanning, p. 80.
box-coupling (boks’kup"ling), n. A coupling
for connecting two shafts. A collar is fastened on
A bird-cage opening
*
[L. boa, KGr. 365, Bóaš, a cer-
Not now used.
box-keelson (boks/kël’sqn), n. A heavy keel-
Son consisting of plates and angles arranged
to give a closed, rectangular section.
box-kid (boks/kid), n. See *boa:-calf.
box-level (boks’ lev"el), n. A metallic box
(generally circular) with a glass cover used as
a spirit-level. The bubble of inclosed air is
brought into coincidence with a circle en-
graved at the center of the cover.
box-link (boks' lingk), m. A slotted link each
side of which is of U-section, so as partly
to embrace the sliding-block and prevent it
from dropping out.
box-loom (boks’löm), n. A loom with two or
more shuttle-boxes at either end of the lathe.
T. W. Foa, Mechanism of Weaving, p. 388.
box-loop (boks’löp), n. A long leather loop
pressed or worked up square, creased and
Ornamented, used in a harness in place of a
number of short loops.
box-mangle (boks' mang'gl), m. A mangling
apparatus, consisting of a rectangular wooden
|box weighted with stone or iron and run
to and fro over rollers upon which the fabrics
to be mangled are wound. Also called chest-
mangle. See mangle2.
box-mill (boks’ mil), n. See *boar-tool.
box-motion (boks'mô"shgn), m. The mechanism
for operating the shuttle-boxes of a loom.
Foa, Mechanism of Weaving, p. 352.—Eccentric
box-motion, a mechanism for operating the drop-boxes
for shuttles in a loom by means of two or more eccentrics
º: of being moved either independently or con-
JOlntly.
Box-mailing machine. See *nailing-machine.
box-nut (boks’ nut), m. A nut which is closed
On one end; one which does not bave a hole
clear through; a cup-nut. Such nuts are commonly
used on the axles of wagons to hold the wheels on.
box-package (boks/pak"àj), n. A package in
the form of a box: used on the Pacific coast
for packing fruit for shipment.
The boat-package is preferable to the barrel.
Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1901, p. 606.
box-piston (boks’pisºton), n. A hollow piston
made by coring out the interior of the piston
when casting it.
brabant (bra-bant'), n.
Brabant crown, sovereign.
brab-tree (brab'tré), m.
braça (brā’sä), m.
Ta,C
Macowani, a medium-sized tree of Cape Colony. It is
nearly identical with the common boxwood and can be
split easily into thin plates. The kamassi is also know;
commercially by this name and as knysna boatwood. See
kamassi.-Knysna, boxwood. See cape kboarwood.—New
Zealand boxWOOd (Maori maire), a species of olive.
Olea lamuceolata, used locally for making woodcuts, and
said to be superior to the true boxwood for that purpose.
—Rule boxwood, the hard golden-yellow wood of
Macaglia Vargasii, a tree of the dog's-bane family native
to Venezuela. It is used for measuring-rules, loom-shut-
tles, etc., and in turning and pyrography. Also called
zapatera and amarillo.—West Indian boxwood. Same
as rule kboa:wood. The wood usually reaches the markets
by way of the West Indies.
boyl, N.—Bowery boy. A young rowdy of a type once
common in the Bowery, in New York city, the analogue
of the London &'AITy (which see). See Bowery in the Cen-
tury Cyclopedia of Names.—Cape boy. A South
African half-breed resulting from the union of a native
black and a settler of another race.
boyla, (boi ‘lā), n. An aboriginal Australian
sorcerer. [Australia.]
. P. An abbreviation of (a) Bachelor of
Painting ; (b) Bachclor of Philosophy; (c)
British Pharmacopoeia ; (d) British public.
. P. B. An abbreviation of Bank post-bill.
B. Ph. An abbreviation (a) of Bachelor of Phil-
osophy; (b) of British Pharmacopoeia.
r. An abbreviation of British.
brab (brab), n. [Anglo-Indian form of Pg.
*braba, brava, wild (se. palmeira, palm-tree).]
The palmyra-palm, Borassus flabellifer. See
palmyra, 1.
A foreign base coin
current in England in the time of Edward I.
See *crown,
*sovereign.
Same as *brab.
O
See brass?, 2.
bracel, n., 1. (b) In any frame, a stiff piece,
as a bar or strip, put in to prevent a parallel-
ogram or the like from changing its shape
under pressure or strain. It acts usually by di-
viding the parallelogram into triangles or by forming a
smaller triangle at one corner of the parallelogram, thus
stiffening that part of the frame.
14. (b) Same as brace-head.—17. A short,
thick bar lying above the suture between two
pyramids in the dental apparatus of Echinus.
—18. In saddlery, the short strap which con-
nects the hip-strap and the breeching-body.—
brace
19. An old measure of weight. A Hurley
brace was equal to 4 cwt. [Scotch...]—20. In
nining, a platform at the top of a shaft on
which miners stand to work the tackle. Coal
and Metal Miners' Pocketbook.-Brace-game.
See Agamel.
brace-box (brås’boks), m. A box from which
the cards can be taken two at a time at the
leasure of the dealer: used in dealing faro.
raced arch. See *arch 1.
bracelet-wood (brås' let-wild), n. A name in
the West Indies of a small tree of the family
Myrsinaceae, Jacquinia armillaris, so called on
account of its hard seeds, which are made
into bracelets. Also called currant-tree, bar-
basco, and joe-wood.
brace-wrench (brås’rench), n. A tool with a
square head boxed out to receive a threaded
lmut. The head is attached to a branch shank, which is
joined at the top and is fitted with a square head tapered
to enter the brace-stock: used for turning nuts on bolts.
brachial. I. a.-Brachial cavity, in a brachiopod,
the anterior part of the shell-cavity, in which lie the
arms or brachia.—Brachial disk, a horizontal structure
which occupies the center of the subumbrellar surface of
Rhizostomac and which is formed by the fusion of the
proximal ends of the arms. The mouth is thus completely
closed, and food is ingested through the numerous small
suctorial mouths leading into the network of canals in the
arms and thence into the stomach.—Brachial OSS1CleS.
Same as actinosts.—Brachial Sinuses. In certain
Paleozoic nautiloid cephalopods, the aperture of the shell
brachiopodist (brak-i-op’º-dist), n.
dwctus, Orthis, Pentamerus.) , (4) Telotremata, in which
the pedicle-passage is shared by both valves in early
growth, but is confined to the ventral valve at maturity
and modified by deltidial plates which are morphologi-
cally distinct from the deltidium and have a later origin
in ontogeny. The valves are hinged, the brachia Sup-
ported by calcareous crura, loops, and spirals, (Rhyncho-
nella, Terebratula, Spirifer, Atrypa.) With the in-
creased knowledge of the structure, distribution, and
vertical range of the extinct brachiopods, the number of
genera has been augmented to about 400, living and ex-
tinct, represented by some thousands of species, 2000 spe-
cies being recognized in the Paleozoic rocks of North
America alone, while about 150 species are now living.
ſº One who
is proficient in knowledge of the Brachiopoda.
brachioradialis (brak’i-ó-rā-di-ā’lis), n. ; pl.
brachioradiales (-lèz). One of the muscles of
the arm, the long supinator of the radius.
Brachiospongia (brak"i-Ö-Sponſii-á), m. [NL.,
K. Gr. 3paxtov, an arm, otó)Yog, a sponge.]
A genus of hexactinellid Sponges having the
form of a broad-mouthed, shallow vase with a
single series of broad pouch-like hollow exten-
sions about the base. It occurs in the Silurian
rocks of the Mississippi valley.
brachisthode (brak'is-thod), n. [Gr. 3pážtotog,
shortest, + 6669, way.] The shortest line be-
tween two points on the earth's surface; the
geodetic line. Rep. U. S. Coast and Geodetic brach
Surv., 1896, p.
à 293.
brachistocephalous (bra-kis-tó-sef’a-lus), a.
is greatly contracted about the base of the tentacles and Same as brachistocephalic.
hyponome, giving the opening a T- or Y-shaped figure.
The shorter arms of this opening, which may be variously
lobed, are termed brachial sºn uses, the longer arm the
hyponomic sinus.--Brachial thecae. See ºtheca.
... n. 4. In the morphology of the Crinoidea,
one of the calcareous plates which compose
the arms. The application of the term has varied with
different writers, some restricting it to the plates of the
free arms, others applying it to all plates in the radial
series lying above the lowermost circlet or true radials.
In the latter case the radials include some of the body-
plates, and these have been subdivided into costals, dis-
tichals, and palmars, whether free or fixed.
lorachiation (brak-i-ā'shon), m. [NL. *brachi-
atio(m-), K “brachiare, Swing by the arms, K L.
brachium, arm.] The act of swinging by the
arms from tree to tree, a method of locomo-
tion employed by the gibbons. [Tare.]
The hand of the chimpanzee is adapted for brachiation.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 306.
brachiator (brak’i-à-tor), m. An animal that
swings by its arms from tree to tree. [Rare.]
The arm of the chimpanzee is that of the brachiators,
anthropoids like the orang and gibbon which use the
arms as one of the main organs of locomotion.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 355.
brachidium (bra-kid’i-um), m.; pl. brachidia
(-á). [NL., K. Gr. 3pax(tov) (L. brachium), arm,
+ Gr. -têtov.] The shelly calcareous spiral or
loop-shaped supports of the fleshy arms or
brachia in the Brachiopoda ; used collectively
of the entire apparatus irrespective of division
into symmetrical parts.
brachigerous (bra-kij'e-rus), a. [L. brachium,
arm, + gerere, bear.] Same as brachiferous.
brachiocoele (brak’i-Ö-Sél), n. [NL., K. Gr.
Épaxtov, an arm, + ſcolàog, a hollow.] In the
Brachiopoda, the anterior portion of the cav-
ity of the valves, wherein lie the brachia.
Brachionocephala (bra-ki"Č-nó-sef’a-lâ), m.pl.
[NL., K. Gr. 3paxtov, an arm, + Icepaññ, a head.]
A name proposed in 1862 by Bronn as a sub-
stitute for Brachiopoda (Dumeril, 1806).
Brachiopoda, m. pl. In recent years extensive studies
of the Brachiopoda have been made : by Joubin on the
anatomy of recent species, by Hall and Clarke on the anat-
omy and taxonomy of fossil forms, and by Beecher on
ontogeny and phylogeny. It is now generally conceded
that a classification based on the absence or presence of
hinge-teeth, which is the foundation of that introduced
by Deshayes, Owen, Bronn, and Huxley, or on the per-
foration or closing of the anus, as in King's scheme,
has a value restricted to fully accomplished phylogenetic
phases or ontogenetic conditions. In Beecher's classifl-
cation, variation in the nature of the pedicle-opening is
assumed as the basis of ordinal divisions, and the stages
of shell-growth and its accessory developments of those
of ninor value. This classification establishes the follow-
ing orders: (1) A tremata, in which the valves are un-
hinged and the pedicle emerges freely between them.
These are subcircular or elongate shells in which growth
takes place freely in all directions except posteriorly.
Obolus and Limgula are typical genera. (2) Neotremata,
in which the valves are also hingeless, cone-shaped, with
the pedicle restricted to the ventral valve and the pedicle-
aperture modified by a deltidium or listrium. These are
circular, often largely calcareous shells (Acrotreta, Orbi-
culoidea, Discina). Crania and its allies have lost the
pedicle by atrophy and are either attached by cementa-
tion of their valves or are wholly free. (3) Protremata, in
which an articulate hinge is developed in progressed
forms, the pedicle is restricted to the ventral Valve, the
deltidium originates on the dorsal side of the larval body
but becomes ankylosed to the ventral shell and modifies
the pedicle-passage, and the brachia are unsupported by
calcareous processes. (Strophomema, Thecidium, Pro-
brachistocephaly (bra-kis-tº-sef’a-li), m.
anthrop., the character, state, or condition of var. of the Human Spécies, p. 49.
brachyfacial (brak-i-fa'shal), a. and m.
brachyaxis (brak-i-ak" sis), m.
brachybioty
brachycardia (brak-i-kār 'di-á), m.
brachycephal (brak-i-sef'al), m.
brachyceral (bra-kisſe-ral), a.
brachycranial (brak-i-krā’ ni-al), a.
In
being brachistocephalic.
brachistochronic (bra-kis-tó-kron'ik), a. [Gr.
6páytotog, shortest, + Apóvog, time.] That can
be traversed, accomplished, etc., in the short-
est possible time under the conditions then
prevailing; of or pertaining to the brachisto-
chrone: as, a ball may roll from A down to B,
or an earthquake wave may pass from a to b,
by the brachistochronic path. Rep. Brit. Ass’n
Advancement of Sci., 1900, p. 76.—Brachisto-
chronic curve, a curve representing the path which a
body moving freely in a field of force must follow in order
to reach a given point in the least time. See brachisto-
chrome.
Brachium inferius cerebelli, the inferior peduncle of
the cerebellum.—Brachium opticum, one of the pro-
cesses which extend from the corpora quadrigemina to
the optic thalamus.-Brachium quadrigeminum.
Same as kbrachiwm opticwm.—Brachium superius
cerebelli, the superior peduncle of the cerebellum. -
[Gr. 3payág,
short, + L. aaris, axis: see aaris.] The brachy-
diagonal axis, that is, the shorter lateral axis
of an orthorhombic (or triclinic) crystal.
brachybiostigmatic (brak’i-biº-stig-mat'ik),
a... [Gr. 8póxiſtoc, short-lived, + grºua for
‘stigma.’] In plant occol., having the stigma
short-lived: said of proterogynous flowers in
which the stigma quickly withers. Opposed
to *macrobiostigmatic. F. Delpino.
brachybiostigmatous (brak” i-bi" 3-stig'ma-
tus), a. , Same as *brachybiostigmatic.
(brak-i-bi’ô-ti), m. [Gr. 3payúg,
short, + Biotoc, life.] Brevity of life as con-
trasted with longevity and considered in rela-
tion to inheritance. [Rare.]
vided was enabled to form fairly extensive tables for the
inheritance of longevity in the female line, and also with
somewhat less extensive data for the deaths of infants to
form some appreciation of what we have elsewhere termed
the inheritance of brachybioty.
Biometrika, Oct., 1901, p. 51.
[NL., K
Gr. 3pažūg, short, + Kapòia, heart.] Same as
*bradycardia.
e One of the
brachycephali; a brachycephalic person.
The brachycephals had also larger heads than the doli-
chocephals. Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XVI. 290.
short, + Icépag, horn,
(267'O?MS.
-al.
brachycercici (brak-i-sèrºsik), a. [Gr. 8paxiſ,
short, + képicog, tail.] Having a short tail.
Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London), ser. B,
189,173.
brachycercic? (brak-i-sér'sik), a. [Gr. 3pažūg, e sm ºf ºs
short, + kepkic, the radius, the tibia, a rod or Brachyopsinae (brak’i-op-siºné), m, pl.
comb of a loom, K Répicog, tail, handle.] Having
a short forearm; in anthrop., having a radio-
humeral index less than 75. Turmer.
brachycnemic (brak-ik-nē’mik), a. [Gr. 8paxic, Brachyopsis (brak-i-op’sis), m.
short, + Icváplm, tibia.] In anthrop., having a
tibiofemoral index less than 83. Turmer.
brachydactylous (brak-i-dak’ti-lus), a.
brachydactyly (brak-i- dak’ti-li), n.
brachydomal (brak-i-do’mal), a.
brachyellipsoid (brak-i-e-lip’soid); m.
brachygnathism (bra-kigºna-thizm), 7t.
brachygraphical (brak-i-graf’i-kal), a.
brachyhieric (brak-i-hi-er'ik), a.
brach
Brachyistius (brak-i-is’ti-us), m.
brachykerkic, a.
Miss Beeton working solely at the material thus pro- Brachymeto
brachyodontism (braki-Ö-dont"izm), n.
[Gr. 6payúg, brachyodonty (brak’i-Ö-don'ti), m.
Same as brachy- *brachyodontism.
[Gr,
Brachyopsis.
anthrop., characterized by or exhibiting a
skull of less than middle length.
In both races platycephaly is associated with brachy-
cranial characters--the association vanishing, however,
for the Naqada males, and being more marked for the
French. Biometrika, Aug., 1902, p. 462.
biºlº (brak-i- dak 'ti-lizm), m.
[brachydactyly + -ism..] A condition in which
the fingers or toes are abnormally short. Buck,
Med. Handbook, IV, 493.
[Gr.
Apaxic, short, + dāktvāog, finger.] Having
abnormally short fingers. G
[Gr.
paxi,g, short, + dākrvãog, finger.] Same as
*brachydactylism. Buck, Med. Handbook, IV.
Brachydeuterus (brak-i-dûte-rus), m. [NL.,
Gr. 8payúg, short, + deſirépoc, second." A
genus of grunts of the family. Haemulidae. B.
wan'itus is found in western Africa. The other species are
chiefly American.
Same as
brachydomatic.
brachydont (brak’i-dont), a. Same as brachyo-
don't. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London),March,
1903, p. 110. -
dontism (brak’i-don-tizm), m
*brachyodontism. *
Same as
[Gr.
6paxic, short, + ellipsoid.] . In anthrop., a
short cranium of ellipsoid form. G. Sergi,
Gr.
payúg, short, + L. facies, face, + -al.] I. a.
aving a short face. Buck, Med. Handbook,
VII. 231. -
II. m. Same as *chamaeprosope. Deniker,
Races of Man, p. 60.
Brachygenys (bra-kij'e-nis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
§pazig, short, + y&vvç, chin..] A genus of
grunts of the family Haemulidae, characterized
by the small mouth. The one species known, B.
chrysargyreus, 6 inches in length, is abundant about Key
West and Havana.
{Gr.
6payúc, short, + yuáffog, jaw, H- -ism..] The comi-
dition of having an abnormally short lower jaw.
brachygraphic (brak-i-graf'ik), a. Of or per-
taining to brachygraphy, or shorthand: as,
brachygraphic characters.
Same
as Abrachygraphic,
[Gr. 8paxiig,
short, + iepôv (botéov), sacrum, -H -ic.] Hav-
ing a short sacrum. See º Amer.
Anthropologist, Jan. — March, 1901, p. 34.
#: halic (brak-i-hip'si-se-fal'ik),
a. [Gr. 3payúc, short, + inpt-, on high, +
kepayºff, head, -H -ic.] In anthrop., having a
short and high head or skull. Man, 1901, p. 190.
[NL., K. Gr.
6paxóg, short, + iotſov, sail (alluding to the dor.
sal fin).] A genus of surf-fishes of the family
Embiotocidae. It comprises a single species, B. frena-
tw8, a small carnivorous fish, living on Sandy shores from
Vancouver Island to Guadaloupe.
Same as *brachycercic.
us (brak’i-me-tó'pus), m. [NL., K
Gr. 6payúg, short, + plátotov, front, face.] ...A
genus of trilobites, belonging to the family
Proëtidae, having a semioval head and tail-
shield (the latter being large), the glabellum
small, and the entire surface covered with
bead-like ornament. It is found in Carboniferous
rocks and is one of the last representatives of these an-
cient Crustaceans.
The
state or condition of being brachyodont or hav-
ing short-crowned molars: used in describing
teeth of mammals. Also brachydontism. Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1893, p. 180.
Same as
Th'ams. Linnean Soc. Lort-
don, Zoël., Nov., 1899, p. 446.
brachyome (brak’i-öm), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3paxºſ,
short, + ºuoc, shoulder (see humerus).] . In the
momenclature of the spicular parts in the
sponge, the abbreviated arm of a *trider
(which see).
[NL.,
K Brachyopsis + -ina...] A subfamily of sea:
poachers of the family Agonidae, containing 3
genera, Stellerina, Brachyopsis, and Pallasima.
§ i º;
paxiº, short, + šºpic, face.]. Agenus of fishes o
#. family Agonidae, found in the North Pacific,
comprising 2 species, B. rostratus and B. Séga-
3paxic, short, + paviov, cranium, 4--al.] In liensis. The latter attains a length of 7 inches.
4.
brachypentagonoides braille
brachypentagonoides (braki-pen"ta-gó/n6-i’ bracket!, n. 1. , (e) In carriages, a heavy embryol.; applied to certain eggs which have
déz), ºn. . [Gr. 8pazig, short, + revráyovog, five- standard placed at an incline at the front end much yolk, such as the eggs of sharks, reptiles,
cornered, + eiðog, form.] In anthrop., a cranium
the norma verticalis of which has the form of
of the boot of a coach as a support for the , and birds.
foot-board.—8. A stiffening-rib on a casting. bradynosus (bra-din'3-sus), ºn. [Gr. 3paôüg,
a pentagon with rounded corners, and with
short distances between the parietal and fron-
tal protuberances. Sergi, War. of the Human
Species, p. 30.
Brachyphyllum (brak-i-fil" um), n. [NL.
(Brongniart, 1828), K. Gr. #. short, +
púWWov, leaf.] A genus of fossil coniferous
plants characterized by short and thick scale-
like leaves tightly appressed to the stems, for
the most part rhombic in shape and regularly
arranged so as to form a graceful pattern.
It is most abundant in the Rhaetic, but ranges from the
Trias to the Lower Cretaceous, being found in both Europe
and America.
[NL., K
Brachyptera (bra-kip/te-rá), n. pl.
Gr. 8pāzūg, short, + Trepôv, wing.] An old
name for the rove-beetles of the coleopterous
family Staphylimidae.
brachyrhomboides (brak’i-rom/bº-i(dēz), n.
[Gr, Épayúc, short, + NL. rhomboides, rhom-
boid.]. In anthrop., a cranium the norma ver- hinged bracket connected with the winding-motion ºf a
ticalis of which has a rhomboid form, the . spinning-mule.
rhomboid being wide in transversal direction. bracket", v. t.
Sergi, War. of the Human Species, p. 31. a bracket. *
brachysclereid (braki skiéréid) n. [Gr, bracket-floor (brak’et-flör), n. In iron ship-
3pažūg, short, + E. Sclereid.]. In bot. one of building, a floor-plate of bracket form uniting
the sclereids or stone cells that occur in bark the frame, reverse frame, and longitudinal in
and in fruits. the framing of a double bottom. See cut un-
Brachyscome (bra-kis'kö-mê), n. [NL. (Cas- .der *bottom. &=
sini, isió), « Gr. 6paxic, short, + kópm, hair; bracket-frame (brak’et-frām), n. In iron ship-
in allusion to the short pappus...] A genus of building, a frame composed of a frame-bar, re-
herbaceous plants of the family Asteraceae. . verse frame-bar, and bracket-floors.
There are about 50 species, chiefly Australian. The only bracket-fungus (brak’et-fung”gus), n. A fun-
species under cultivation, B. iberidifolia, is commonly gus growing
known as the Swan River daisy, a very graceful aster- bracket or shelf-like projection, as many of
like annual of easiest cultivation. It has blue or white g ge
daisy-like flowers. the polyporoid fungi. See Polyporus (cut a).
brachystaphyline (brak-i-staf'i-lin), a.
6paxi,g, short, + grapvāń, the (swollen) uvula,
+ -īnel.] In anthrop., having a short palate,
especially having a palate with an index more
than 85. Virchow.
In both sexes there is sensible correlation between the
palate and orbital indices, hypsiconchy being associated
ship-building
short
timber,
crooked
PGSenn-
*** - - - - -
Channe/ba
frame ... iron 8
building, a piece
of plate of a tri-
angular
Bracket.
at an angle to strengthen the joint against
flexure. A bracket differs from a gusset in that
it meets at least one of the surfaces to which it is
attached angularly, being secured thereto by a riveted
flange or a piece of angle-bar. The two terms are loosely
used interchangeably. See*gw88et.—Pendent bracket, a
shaft-hanger; a fixture projecting below a ceiling to sup-
port the journal of a shaft. –Pendulum bracket, a
3. In ship-building, to unite by
ing, same as *bracket 1, 9 (b).
At the turn of the bilge there is a continuous water-
tight longitudinal frame, and upon this the vertical
frames are stopped short, their heels being connected to
the longitudinal by bracket-plates.
White, Manual of Naval Arch., p. 371.
In the man-
bradyseismical (brad-i-sis' mi-kal), a.
bradytrophic (brad-i-trofºik), a.
brag, m.
—9. (a) In wood slow, H- v6oog, disease..] . A chronic disease.
8, bºyºla (brad-i-pep'si-á), n.
[NL., K. Gr.
K 6padóg, slow, H- Téºpag, digestion,
Bpaëvreipta
ăigest.j Slow digestion.
K Trézrretv,
bling a knee, for bradypepsy (brad’i-pep-si), n. Same as *brady-
Support or orna- pepsia.
Bräcker ment. Knowles, bradypeptic (brad-i-pep ’tik), a.
Naval Arch. (b) from bradypepsia, or slow digestion.
ship- brad
Suffering
noea (brad-ip-nē’â), m. [NL., K. Gr.
*3paôötvota, K 3paðūtvoog, breathing slowly, K
§paôög, slow, -- Trveiv, breathe..] Slowness of
[Gr. 8pačüç,
slow, + detop.68, an earthquake.] In geol., a
single slow rise or fall of the land. See the
extract.
Prof. Milne commences with the discussion of brady-
8eisms, the slow and gentle movements of elevation or de-
pression in the Earth's crust.
Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XIII. 544.
tº shape respiration.
uniting, at their junction, two parts which meet bradyseism (brad’i-sizm), n.
bradyseismic (brad-i-sis' mik), a. In geol.,
pertaining to or characterized by the slow rise
and fall of the land with regard to the sea.
The fact that round the borders and upon the summit
of hidden domes and tablelands there are at present dis-
plays of seismic and volcanic activity, leads to the belief
that sub-oceanic bradyseismic action is yet in progress.
Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), X. 131.
Same
as "bradyseismic.
[Gr. 3paôüç,
slow, + -tpopog, K Tpépetv, nourish.] Marked
by slowly acting nutritive processes.
on a tree-trunk and forming a bradyuria (brad-i-ā'ri-á), n. [NL., S. Gr. 30ajic,
slow, -H oipov, urine.] Slow and difficulturina-
tion.
[Gr. bracket-plate (brak’et-plat), n. In ship-build- brae, n. , 2. An inclined roadway in a mine:
commonly used in compounds: as, cuddy-brae.
Barrowman, Glossary.
3. It is played with 3 cards in the hand of
each player, something like poker, but the ace and mine
of diamonds and the jack of clubs are braggers, and may
be called anything the holder pleases, 2 kings and a
bragger being equal to 3 kings.
with brachystaphyline characters.
Biometrika, Aug., 1902, p. 460.
brachystaphyly (brak-i-staf’i-li), n. [brachy-
staphyl(ous) + -yé.] In anthrop., the character
of having a short palate. Biometrika, March–
July, 1904, p. 236.
Bººgi. (brak-i-stë'ji-á), m. [NL. (Ben-
tham, 1866–67), K. Gr. 8pazig, short, + otéym,
covering. The name refers to the scantiness
of the floral protective organs.] A genus of
trees of the family Caesalpiniaceae, with even-
pinnate leaves and terminal racemes, or ra-
ceme-like panicles of small flowers. These have
no calyx and only rudimentary petals. The stamens and
pistil are covered in the bud by a pair of bracts. There
are about 12 species, natives of tropical Africa. Several
of them have tough fibrous inner bark, which is used by
the natives for making bark-cloth. The most important
are Brachystegia, #. of the Zanzibar coast and
B. appendiculata of southeast Africa.
brachytmema (brak-it-mé’mâ), m. [NL., . K
Gr. 3pazºg, short, H- ruñua, section.] In bryol.,
a disk-shaped cell which on rupturing sets
free a gemma. Correns.
brachyuranic (brak-i-ii-ran'ik), a. [Gr. 3paxög,
short, + oëpavóg, palate, -H, -ic.] Having a
short palate; specifically, in craniom., having a
palatomaxillary index of more than 115. Amer.
Anthropologist, Jan.-March, 1901, p. 42.
bracingness (brås'ing-nes), n. Bracing quality
- or effect.
brack2t, n. II. a. Brackish; salt; briny: as,
“living upon beef and brack water.” Southey,
Quarterly Rev., XXXV. 117.
bracká (brak), v. t. [G. bracken, inspect, and
assort (goods), K brack, inferior goods, refuse:
see brack?, n. Cf. cullſ, v, and m.] To inspect
and assort (produce, etc.) at the Baltic ports
|by sworn selectors.
All flax and hemp shipped from Memel must be bracke
or assorted. Homams, Cyclo. of Commerce, p. 1343.
bracká (brak), n. [bracká, v.] ... A long-estab-
lished system of official inspection and assort-
ing of produce and other goods at the Baltic
seaports. -
brackebuschite (brak’e-bush-it.), n. [Named
after D. Luis Brackebusch of Buenos Aires.]
A vanadate of lead, iron, and manganese,
found in Argentina. -
bracker (brak’ér), n. [G. bracker, K brackém,
inspect and assort §. see brack?, w.] An
official inspector an
on the Baltic. See *brack+, v. t.
f
g a blunt point at one end and used for driving
assorter of goods in ports bra
bracketwise (brak’et-wiz), adv.
ner of a bracket; so as to resemble a bracket.
Bracklesham beds. See *bed 1.
braconid (brak^{-nid), n. A member of the
parasitic hymenopterous family "Braconidae
(which see).
bract, n., 2. (b) The oval distal exite on the
appendages of certain segments of phyllopod
crustaceans, as Apus, probably serving a res-
piratory function.
bractea (brak’té-á), n.; pl. bractea (-e). [NL.:
see bract.] One of the scale-like protective
structures found on certain Siphomophora and
considered to be greatly modified medusoids.
Same as bract, 2.
bracteated (brak’té-ā-ted), a. Same as brac-
teate.
bracteose (brak’té-Ös”), a. [NL. *bracteosus,
bractea, a bract.] Furnished with numerous
or large bracts; conspicuously bracteate.
tºº. (brak-tif’ér-us), a. In bot., bract-
€3,
bragger, n. 2. In the game of brag, the ace,
the nine of diamonds, the jack of clubs. The
holder of any of these cards can call it any-
thing he pleases.
bragite (brag"it), n. [K Bragi, in Norse myth.
a son of Odin, + -ite2.] A variety of fergu-
sonite from Norway.
braguero (brá-gā’rö), n. [Sp., a truss, band,
K braga, a cord (pl. bragas, also breeches).]
A girth. [Western U. S.]
Brahmanda (brä-mân(dà), n. [Skt. brah-
månda, K brahman, Brahma, + anda, egg.]
In Hindu myth., the ‘egg of Brahma’: desig-
nating a division of infinite time.
Brahmani, Brahmini, n. See Brahmanee.
Brahmanian stage. See *stage.
Brahmanization (brā-man -iz -ā’ shon), m.
Conversion to Brahmanism. Also Brahmin-
£2ation.
Caste is in a state of transition owing to the rapid Brah-
manization of the Dravidian races of the mountain region.
Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), X. 120.
Brahmaputra (brä-ma-póſtra), n. [Named
from the Brahmaputra, river of northeastern
India.] A variety of the domestic hem better
known as brahma. See brahºmaš.
Brahminization. Same as *Brahmanization.
Brahmism (brā’ mism), m. Same as Brah-
manism.
braid!, n. — Honiton braid, marrow machine-made
braid of ornamental oval figures connected by narrow
ring.
bract-scale (brakt'skāl), n. In bot., a bract
constituting a proper scale of the cone in con-
ifers, and bearing or subtending the seed-
bearing scale when this is present. It may
surpass or be surpassed by the latter.
Bºrå clay. See clay.
Bradleyanism (brad’lé-an-izm), m. The doc-
trine of F. H. Bradley, an English metaphy-
sician, a mixture of intellectualism, absolute
idealism, and skepticism.
This is Aristotelianism in contrast with Bradleianism.
in metaphysics. Encyc. Brit., XXX. 678.
Bradley's process. See aluminium *processes.
brad-punch (brad'punch), n. A small nail-
set; a steel rod about 3 inches long, tapered to
bars.
braided (brā’ded), p. a. Specifically, anasto-
mosed or interlaced: said of a stream.
This extensive deposit, in some places 500 feet thick, is
the product of aggradation by braided or laced streams,
whose load of material from the mountains could not all
be carried across the gentle slope of the plains.
Science, Nov. 15, 1901, p. 77S.
braid-fern (bråd"fêrn), m. See *fern.
braid-stitch §.º. i In sewing-ma-
& ~~~~\{ chime work, a method of stitching with a coarse
; 5 tº: + tº: º art.) Abnormally ... designed to give to the fabric am orna-
slow pulsation of the heart. mental finish resembling braid.
º; ºf brail, "...º. A seº.o.º.º., sº ºf
Cººr -> * tº & § -N
surance. (1 Med. Record, Feb. 7, 1903, p. 206. § . * . ºw. [U. S.]—Foot-
bradycrotic (brad-i-krot'ik), a. [Gr, Épadic, braille (brål, F. brå'y), n., [Named from the
slow, + kpórog, rattle (pulse).] Marked by a French inventor, Louis Braille.] A method
slow pulse. of writing or printing for the blind in which
isiºnal (brad-i-les’i-thal), a. [Gr. 8pa- combinations of tangible dots or points are
used to represent alphabetical letters. There
rads, or small nails, so deeply into the wood
that the heads will be below the surface.
bradycardia (brad-i-kār'di-á), R. [NL., K. Gr.
ôüç, slow, + Aékitoc, the yolk of an egg.] In




|
braille
are several systems, which differ considerably in details
and have undergone yarious modifications. Thus in the
British system the base is a group of six dots in two
columns of three dots each ; ; , from which the letters
are made as follows: A ; ; , B ; ; , C ; ; , etc. In
the New York point system, which is extensively used in
the United States, 3 is the first base, : : the second,
: ; ; the third, and ; ; ; ; the fourth; and the letters
are:... A ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; , C : ; ; ; , etc. This
notation is adapted to indicate capital and lower-case
letters, numerals, punctuation, abbreviations, syllables,
and musical notes and signs.
brain, nº-Abdominal brain. See solar plexus, under
lea:ws. – Brain Center. See kcenter.—Calyx of the
rain. See Acalya. —Central ganglia of the brain.
See Aganglion.—Dropsy of the brain, hydrocephalus.
— Great brain, the cerebrum.—Little brain, the cere-
bellum.–Silent regions of the brain. Samé as associ-
ation kareas.-Viallanes's tritocerebral lobes of the
brain, in entom., a division of the embryonic brain inter-
calated between the antennal and mandibular segments.
A. S. Packard, Text-book of Entom., p. 51.
brainal (brān'al), a. [brain + -al.] Of or
relating to the brain: as, brainal normality.
Science, May 2, 1902. [Rare.]
brain-cap (brånſkap), m. Same as brain-boa.
The brain-cap of many savages has been found to be
larger and heavier than that of some higher races.
Reame, Ethnology, p. 46.
brain-cast (brān’käst), n. A cast or filling,
natural or artificial, of the cranial cavity.
Restorations of the Brain in Successive Genera of Ungulates. A,
Dinoceras (Eocenc); B, Brontotherium (Miocene);
C, Modern Horse. (lº rom Marsh.)
Brain-casts are approximate restorations of the brain sur-
face and the principal nerve-trunks departing therefrom.
brain-eye (brān’ī), m. In polyclads, one of a
group of eyes lying above the brain : distin-
guished from tentacular *eyes and marginal
*eyes.
The eye-spots have an arrangement very similar to that
found in the latter species. There is a dense cluster at
the base of each tentacle ; the paired group of brain-eyes
lying in front of the brain is more extensive than that be-
hind it. Proc. Zool. Soc. Londom, 1903, II, 100.
brain-stem (brān'stem), m. The crural cerebri,
pons Varolii, and medulla oblongata.
braird, v. II. trans. In coal-mining, to widen
the undercut or holing in a coal-seam. Barrow-
man, Glossary. [Scotch.]
brairding (brăr’ding), n. In coal-mining, the
height of undercut or holing in front. Barrow-
man, Glossary. [Scotch..] •
brake3, n. 13. In cracker-baking, a machine
for rolling dough, to be used in making gin-
gersnaps and other thin cakes, into sheets
ready for the panning-machine. It consists essen-
tially of rolls between which the dough is passed to press
it into a sheet. A reversible brake is one having aprons
on each side of the rolls to enable the operator to pass
the shcct through in opposite directions by reversing the
rolls. See pit uning-machine.
14. In sheet-metal work, a machine for bend-
ing and forming sheet-metal, used in making
larger forms such as metal cornices; a cornice-
brake.—Alden brake, a device for absorbing and meas-
uring the power developed by an engine. The power is
alysorbed by overcouting the friction developed by one
disk pressing on another against which it is forced by
water-pressure which can be varied to suit the power to
be absorbed.—Atmospheric brake. Same as vacuum-
brake.— Brake horse – power. See khorse - power.—
Counter-pressure brake, an air-brake so constructed
that a certain pressure must be overcome to release the
brake. This makes a very sensitive brake, particularly
suitable for controlling the speed of a train on down
grades.—Differential brake, a brake which is applied by
a differential motion.— Électric brake, any brake worked
by electricity, either by a magnet or by a solenoid, or other-
wise. See anagnetic ºrbrake.—Emergency brake, a brake
for use in case it is desired to stop a train or car as quickly
as possible, without regard to the inconvenience caused by
the shock due to the quick arrest of motion.—Expand-
ing brake, a brake, applied to the immer side of a wheel-
rim, usually made of two or more parts which are pushed
apart or expanded from within, instead of clasping the
rim from without.— Hand-brake, in car-building, a brake
operated by hand; the most simple form of brake; a me-
chanical brake as distinguished from an air-brake. —High-
speed brake, a form of Westinghouse air-brake designed
to BeCure greater safety for high-speed railway-trains from
a quick and powerful application of the brakes, if desired.
The system uses an air-pressure of 110 pounds per square
brakeage (bråk’āj), 'm.
brake-gear (bråk’gér), n.
brake-handle (bräkſhan"dl), m.
brake-hose (bräkſhöz), m.
brake-pipe (brāk’pip), m.
brake-power (brāk-pou’ér), n.
brake-rod (brāk’rod), m.
brake-signal (brāk'sig"nal), n.
brake-sled (bråk'sled), n.
bramathere (brā‘ma-thér), n.
bramble-shark (bram 'bl - shärk), n.
inch, instead of 70 pounds, in train-pipe and reservoirs.
The brake-cylinder under each car has a special reducing-
valve, the function of which is to allow high-pressure air
from the train-pipe to vent into the brake-cylinder, caus-
ing a momentary pressure there in excess of that permis-
sible at the time of the stop. This type, in experiments
at 80 miles per hour, reduced the distance required for
the stopping of a train by 20 per cent. as compared With
the length passed over when the same train was equipped
with the quick-action brake only.—Hydraulic brake, a
form of power train-brake in which the brake-beams that
force the brake-shoes against the wheels of the car are
actuated by pistons in hydraulic cylinders. When the
brakes are to be º water or other liquid under
pressure is admitted by #. and valves to the cylinders,
and the brakes are applied with the necessary power.
The difficulty in getting and keeping the water-pressure
and that from freezing in cold weather prevent extensive
or satisfactory use of this system.—Hydropneumatic
brake, a brake which is operated by compressed air and
the resistance offered by a liquid ſlowing through a con-
fined channel. Such brakes are often used to take up the
recoil of guns. The first shock is taken up by the com-
pressed air and the rest of the recoil by forcing a liquid
through a passage that is smaller at the back end than at
the front, thus making an augmented resistance.— In-
Step brake, a º which uses a special form
of forming-die to shape the shoe to the instep.–Mag-
netic brake, any brake which is actuated by a magnet.
Sometimes it is applied by the magnet, and sometimes
the magnet is used to release the brake which is applied
by a spring.—Mechanical brake, a brake which is ap-
plied by the action of, levers, rods, cranks, etc., and
not by an electric cuttent or air-pressure. — Pneu-
Imatic brake, an air-brake.—Prony’s brake, Same as
Promy's dynamometer (which see).--Reversible brake,
an apparatus used in cracker-bakeries to prepare cake:
dough in sheets for the panming-machine. "It consists of
rollers with a platform, or table, each side of which has
an apron on which the dough is run back and forth through
the rollers. It is fitted with three pulleys, two loose and
one tight, to change the motion of the rolls.—Westing-
house brake, a form of air-brake invented by George
Westinghouse. See kair-brake.
brake4, n.-Cedar brakes. See kcedar.
brake”, n.-Chinese brake, Pteris serrulata, a Chinese
species established in the southeastern United States.—
Winter brake, Pellaea atropwrpwrea ; so called because
it remains green throughout the winter.
[brake + -age.] Brak-
ing power or action. See brakes; n., 9, and
brakeš, v. t., 2. º
brake-band (bräk’band), n. Same as brake-
strap.
brake-dog (bråk' dog), m. The pawl of a brake-
ratchet.
brake-finger (bråk’ fing" gèr), m. Same as
*brake-dog.
In car-building, the
brake-system of a railroad-car, including all
its component parts. It includes all the pipes, hose,
air-cylinders, chains, rods, brake-shoes, etc
In car-build-
ing, a hand-lever for controlling a brake, used
only in a special type of brake-gear. It takes
the place of the ordinary brake-wheel.
A superior grade
of air-hose, composed of rubber and cotton
fabric, used in short lengths to connect the
brake-pipes under a railroad-car and to convey
compressed air to the brake-gear.— Armored
brake-hose, brake-hose protected by wire wound tightly
round the outside to prevent injury by abrasion. Any
hose protected by wire may be termed an armored hose.
—Brake-hose tº: a self-locking coupler for con;
necting the ends of brake-hose between railway cars and
forming an air-tight connection between them.
A pipe for carrying
compressed air to an air-brake cylinder. Em-
cyc, Brit., XXVI. 342.
Same as brake
*horse-power.
The rod by which a
brake is operated; the rod connecting the oper-
ating lever to the brake.
brake-rubber (bräk’rub’ér), n. A brake-shoe.
brake-sieve (bråk’siv), n.
A jigger operated
See jiggerl, 2 (a).
In car-build-
ing and railroading, any signal that the brakes
are to be put on ; a "train-signal (which see).
A logging-sled so
constructed that, when the pole-team holds
back, a heavy iron is forced into the road-bed
. he side of each runner of the forward
SH 62Cl.
by a hand-lever.
braking-machine (brā’king-ma-shën"), n. A
machine used to soften skins. It consists of a
large wheel with several dull blades projecting from the
rim which come in contact with the skin.
An animal of
the genus Bramatherium.
See
*Shark:l.
branch, n. 2. (m) In math., some one determi-
nation of a many-valued function selected for
consideration. Thus the values log. a, log. a + 2 m i,
log. a -- 4 m i,. . . . , may be said to belong to different
branches of the function log. a. (m) In coal-ºnºming, a
branchage (branch’āj), n.
branch-cut (brånch’kut), m.
bºrº; (branch'gras), m.
branchicolous (brang - kikº Ö-lus), a.
branchiomere (brang’ki-Ö-mér), n.
branchiomeric (brang-ki-Ö-mer'ik), a.
branchiomerism (brang-ki-om’ér-izm), m.
Branchiopoda, n.
branchiostegal, a
branchiostegal -
road in long-wall working leading off a level, heading, or
other main road,
[branch, n., + -age.
Cf. leafage.] Branches collectively or in the
Iſla SS. -
Leafage and branchage, vulgar eyes admire.
Browning, Ring and Book, x. 275.
branch-climber (brånch’kli"měr), n. A liana
supported by irritable curling branches, not
otherwise different from the ordinary climber
that is, from one bearing leaves and interai
shoots. It is exclusively tropical and sub-
tropical. See *tendril-climber.
In math., a line,
quite arbitrary (except that it cannot inter-
sect itself), which either passes from a
branch-point to infinity or joins two branch-
points.
brancher, n. 3. In flower-making, one who at-
taches the branches to the main stems.
The Creek-
It grows
See Spartina.
sedge, Spartina stricta maritima.
along channels in salt-marshes.
branchise, n. pl.-Dermal branchiae, prolongations
§. glove-fingers) of the interior membrane of echino-
erms, as the starfishes, which protrude through the
dermal pores and serve as respiratory organs... They are
retractile and are covered with ciliated epithelium. —
Secondary branchiae, structures of various form which,
as in mollusks, perform the respiratory function in case
of the absence or atrophy of the true ctenidia.
Branchial cartilage, one of the cartilaginous rods or
bars in the branchial arches of sharks or of the embryos
of higher animals. – Branchial filament. Same as
ill-filament. — Branchial fistula. See kfistula. —
ranchial formula, a table showing the number and
arrangement of the gills, as in crustaceans.—Branchial
junction, a transverse band uniting the first-formed or
primary septa of the branchial apparatus of the lancelet,
Branchiostoma. — Branchial pocket, in zoöl., a pouch-
like dilatation of the branchial slits in the cyclostomes,
larval Balanoglossus, etc. —Branchial rod, a chitinous
rod forming the support of the laniella, or septum, between
each pair of branchial openings in the lancelet.
[L.
branchia, gill, + colere, till, dwell.] Living
in or on the gills of fishes or other aquatic
animals : Said of certain parasites, as Dis-
toma, etc.
branchihyal, n. — Axial branchihyals, the basi.
branchials; the lower median unpaired bones in the
branchial arches or gill-arches of fishes. – Lateral
branchihyals, the ceratobranchials; bones of the gill-
arches of fishes between the hypobranchials and the epi-
branchials.
branchiogasteropod (brang"ki-6-gas' terrº-
d), m. One of the Branchiogasteropoda.
[NL., K
Gr. 3páyºta, gills, + Alépog, part, segment.]
In embryol., one of the segments of the verte-
brate embryo as indicated by the presence of
a visceral arch and cleft ; a branchial segment
Or metamere. -
po
Relat-
ing to the division of the cranial region into
segments, each furnished with a gill-arch or
respiratory pouch. -
In
embryol., the development of branchial seg-
ments as indicated by the so-called visceral
skeleton and the metameric diverticularization
of the fore-gut in the vertebrate embryo.
branchiopalatal (brang"ki-º-pal'a-tal), a. Of
or pertaining to the chain of palatiné bones in
the roof of the mouth of bony fishes. Nature,
Nov. 19, 1903, p. 64.
branchioparietal, (brang"ki-Ö-pā-riſe-tal), a.
[Gr. 3páyºta, , gills, + L. paries, wall: see
parietal.] Relating to the gills and the wall
of the atrium in mollusks. -
3. An order of entomos-
tracous crustaceans containing the Phylloca-
rida, Phyllopoda, Cladocera, and Branchiura.
branchiosaurian (brang"ki-Ö-Sö'ri-àn), m. and
a. I. m. fossil amphibian of the genus
Branchiosaurus.
II. a. Pertaining to or having the charac-
ters of Branchiosaurus.
Branchiosaurus (brang"ki-Ö-sà'rus), n. [NL.,
Gr. 8páyxia, gills, + gaipoc, a lizard.]. A
genus of small extinct amphibians of lizard-
like form, with broad, obtusely rounded heads
and large orbits. The ventral surface of the body
was covered with overlapping cycloidal scales arranged
in several different series; the tail was long and partly
unossified. The genus occurs abundantly in the Permian
rocks of Saxony and Bohemia, t
One of the bony
. II. n.
rays under the head of a fish below the oper.
cular bones and behind the lower jaw. They
are connected by a membrane called the
anchiostegal or gill-membrane.


Branchiostomatidae
Branchiostomatidae (brang"ki-à-stó-mat’i-
dé), n.#: ... [NL., & Branchiostoma(t)+-idae.]
The family of lancelets, the lowest of
known fishes, comprising 2 or 3 genera and 8
or 10 species. They are small translucent creatures
found embedded in the sand on warm coasts throughout
the world... The recognized genera are Branchiostoma,
JEpigomichthys, and Amphioamides.
branchiotreme (brang'ki-Ö-tröm), n. [Gr.
#xa, gills, + Tpfua, a hole.] Same as gill-
it.
Slº.
branch-island (branch’i-land), n. The island
formed by an *anabranch (which see). [Aus-
tralia.]
branch-lacquer (branchºlak'ér), n. The juice
obtained from the branches of the lacquer-
tree. See seshime lacquer (under lacquer).
branch-line (branch (lin), n. Same as *branch-
Cºlt. r
branch-section (bránch'sek'shgn), n. Same
as Abramch-cut.
brand, n-Sugar-cane brand, a disease of the leaves
of sugar-cane caused by the smut, Ustilago Sacchari.
brand-book (brandſbük), n. In stock-raising,
a record-book showing the various cattle-
brands and their owners.
brander?, n. 3. pl. Furnace-bars; the grate-
bars of a ventilating-furnace. Barrowman,
Glossary. [Scotch.]
brander?, v. t. 2. To nail furring-strips or
the like to a girder or other timber as a prep-
aration for lathing and plastering.
Brandes's test for quinine. See *test1.
branding-chute (bran’ding-shöt), n. A nar-
row lane or guideway through which cattle
are driven one at a time to be branded.
branding-helmet (bran’ding-hel"met). m. A
helmet-like cage placed over the head and
face in branding the cheek of a criminal who
had pleaded benefit of clergy: in use in the
sixteenth century.
brandise (bran (dis), m. [Ult. KAS. brandisen:
see brand-iron and brander2.] A trivet on
which to set a pot or kettle.
And there was a great black crock upon the brandise,
with his legs sticking out.
T. Hardy, Madding Crowd, p. 178.
brandisite (bran” dis-it), n. [Said to be
named for Clement, Count of Brandis, + -ite2.]
A micaceous mineral closely related to sey-
bertite.
bran-drench (bran'drench), v. t. In leather-
"manuf., to wash in sour bran to remove the
lime. Modern Amer. Tanning, p. 161.
Brand’s method. See *method.
brandtite (brand’ tit), n. [Named after Georg
Brandt, master of the Swedish mint..] A hy-
drated arseniate of calcium and manganese
occurring in from colorless to white triclinic
crystals: found at Pajsberg, Sweden.
brandy", m.—White brandy, brandy as it comes, color.
less, from the still, not having taken up coloring matter
from the casks in which it is commonly stored, nor hav-
ing been artificially colored.
brandy-cowe (bran'di-kou), n. In wine-mak-
ing, the washings of a brandy-cask, used to
adulterate port-wine. Encyc. Brit., I. 173.
brandy-faced (bramºdi-fast), a. Having a
face which shows the effects of brandy-drink-
ing.
Where you have to elbow and jostle your way . . . by
hulking labourers and brandy-faced viragos, squabbling
at tavern doors.
G. A. Sala, Twice round the Clock, p. 266.
brandy-oil (bran’di-oil), n.-Marc brandy-oil.
Same as fusel-oil. º
brandy-Smash (bran'di-smash), n. A drink
made by mixing brandy with crushed ice and
putting a few Sprigs of mint in the glass. See
Smash, 3.
branner (bran’ér), n. [brani, v., + -erl.] A
machine for applying bran for cleansing pur-
OSèS. It consists of a box filled with bran and slaked
ime, and an endless belt on which tin plates, coated with
oil as they come from the tin-pot, are carried through the
bran and lime. Sci. Amer., Nov. 1, 1902, p. 290,
branning, n. 2. The process of removing the
oil from tin plates during their manufacture,
by passing them through a mixture of bran and
slaked lime.
brant”, n.-China brant, a Californian name for
Hutchins's goose, Bramta canadensis hutchinsi, a sub-
species of the Canada goose.—Hutchins's brant. Same
as Hwtchins's goose.— Mexican brant. Same as China.
*brant. . * * *
Brasenia (bra-sé'ni-á), n. . [NL. (Schreber,
1789): formation not indicated by the namer.]
A genus of dicotyledonous aquatie plant
longing to the family Nymphaeaceae. Theo
\}%.
Sº
ſ/
º
Prasertza. Sc/trečeri.
bray
brass!, v. t.—To brass it, to brazen it out; behave bra
zen-facedly or with effrontery. [Colloq.]
brassart, n. 2. A band of any material worn
about the arm above the elbow. Hospital-corps
men on the battle-field wear a white cloth brassart marked
With a red cross.
Brass-founders' ague. See *ague.
brassic (bras'ik), 4.
[L. brass(ica), cabbage,
+ -ic.] Same as *brassidic.
Brassicaceae (bras-i-kā’sé-é), m. pl. [NL. (Lind.
ley, 1836), K. Brassica + -aceae.] A family of
dicotyledonous choripetalous plants of the or-
der Papaverales, the mustard family, typified
by the #. Brassica. It is the same as the Cruci-
ferae (which see), and is the name adopted by botanists
who require that family names be derived from those of
the type genera.
brassicaceous (bras-i-kā‘shius), a. Belonging
to the Brassicaceae, or mustard family.
a, a flowering branch with peltate leaves; 6, flower, three fourths brassidic (bra-sid'ik), C!. [brass (ic) + -īd + -ic.]
natural size; c, ripe fruit, showing the separate carpèls, enlarged
twice. (From Engler and Prantl's “Pflanzenfainilien.")
çies, B. Schreberi, has alternate, peltate, oval, entire, float-
ing leaves and axillary purple flowers. It is widely distrib-
uted in North America, eastern and tropical Asia, western
tropical Africa, and Australia. It is sometimes cultivated
in ponds, along with
Water-lilies, chiefly
for its floating foli-
age; the flowers are
inconspicuous.
brasero (brä-
sā’ró), n. [Sp. :
see brazier2.]
1. Abrazierfor
holding burn-
ing charcoal for
heating pur-
poses.— 2.
Mexico, 3.
hearth or fire-
place.
brash”, m —Span-
ing brash. Same
as weaning brash
§§§
(Which see, under º º #. sº # ; | i º
brash2). §§ ºil. ſº
brashy', a. 2. Wºº:
Brittle; crum- ºf º º º § º
bly; fragment- ** º |
ary: as, brashy - *. 4 + -
Sandstone.— 3. Brasero, with paddle for stirring fire.
Showery: as,
brashy weather; a brashy, coldspring.—4. Sub-
ject to slight attacks of sickness or indispo-
sition, especially when connected with acidity
of the stomach. Hence— 5. Acid or bitter:
as, a brashy taste.
brassl, m. 1. The following are varieties of brass, with
the parts, by weight, of their components:
* * * *
d • * * * * * ,
... " D. ^
f
S., ſº . . .
§ ºf
R w ſº,
ſ º
ſº º *
t
*>, < d
2-> * º
Leº’ ºr |
*
l,
C2 -
Nanne. º c5 —s Tº º:
5. .5 -- Çl) 9
C N 5– |- }=}
Admiralty metal 87 5 8
Bell-metal 16 4
Brazing-metal 16 3
Brazing-solder 50 50
Bushing-metal 64 S 4
Common brass 64 36
Composition, United
States Navy SS 2 10
Copper-red brass 99.9 0.1
Gun-metal 92.5 2.5 5
Gun-metal S3 15 2
Muntz's metal 60 40
Naval brass 62 7 1
Red brass S7 4.4 4.3 4.3
United States Navy jour-
mal-boxes S2.S 3.4 13.8
White brass 34 66
Aluminium brass. Seekaluminium.—Brass sleeker,
Wire. Seeksleeker, kwürel.—Brass solder. See & Solder.
—Burnt brass, a brass or alloy, containing copper and
zinc, which has been exposed to so high a temperature that
the more volatile zinc element in the compound has begun
to start or leave its combination with the copper.—Cala-
min brass, brass prepared by the calamin method—that
is, by mixing metallic copper with calcimed calamin and
charcoal and heating the mixture for twelve hours or more
in fire-clay crucibles, till the zinc, reduced by the carbon
and carbonic oxid, alloys with the copper. The calamin
method, although cheaper than the direct method, has
been replaced by the latter which requires less time.—
Naval brass, a metal consisting of 62 parts of copper, 37
parts of zinc, and 1 part of tim, used in England for sur-
faces to be exposed to corrosion in sea-water, or in parts
of guns and fittings.--Small brass, a Roman coin the
size of a sextans.— Soft brass, brass which has not been
hardened by hammering or working; brass which has been
annealed after being worked : used when ductility is re-
quired.—Tough brass, any brass which is suitable for
making bushing or linings for bearings.-- Yellow brass
a cheap brass used for making castings when strength and
ductility are not required: usually made of 70 parts of cop-
30 parts of zinc.
Noting 2,Il acid, C8H 7CH:CHC11H22CO2H,
formed by the action of nitrous acid on erucie
acid and probably stereomeric with the latter.
It is monobasic and melts at 66°C. This acid
is also called brassic acid.
brassière (brå-siär"), n. [F., K bras, arm.] A
short stiffened or boned waist or bust-Support
worn by women. -
brass-molder (brås'mö1%dër), n. One who
makes brass eastings. As brass requires quite dif-
ferent treatment from iron, special men do the brass-
molding.
brass-shirted (brås'shër"ted), a. Covered or
incased with brass: as, a brass-shirted roller.
Foa, Mechanism of Weaving, p. 465.
brassware (brås' war), n. Things made of
brass; brazen utensils.
brass-work (brås' wérk), m. Articles or finish-
ings of brass, as the small mountings or trim-
mings about a boiler or machine.
brassyl', a. II. m. A wooden golf-club shod
with brass on the sole.
*—
42-
Q
Fsº
-sy
C
A, brassy-niblick; 5, brassy-spoon ; C, brassy-cleik.
brassy-cleik (bras’i-klék), n. An iron golf-
club with a wooden or hard-rubber inset, some-
times used in place of a brassy.
brassy-niblick (bras" łºś. m. A wood, in
golf-club with a small head and a brass sole,
used for playing out of bad lies.
brassy-spoon (bras’i-spºn), n. A wooden golf-
club with a long face, lofted, and a brass sole.
Brathay flags. See *flag+.
bratling (brat'ling), n. [bratº + -ling 1.]
little brat; an infant. [Jocose.]
A.
We are all—wife, bratling, and self—remarkably well.
Cottle, Reminiscences of Coleridge, p. 75.
bratty? (brat’i), m. ; pl. bratties (-i:). [Tamil
varaiti or virātti, dried dung.] A cake of dried
cows' dung, used as fuel. [Southern India.]
Brauneria (brou-né'ri-á), n. [NL. (proposed
by Necker, 1790), named in honor of J. J.
Bräumer, author of a German herbal published
in 1713.] A genus of dicotyledonous plants
belonging to the family Asteraceae. See Ech-
in acett.
Braun's solution. See *solution.
raun tube. See *tube.
Brauronia (brā-ró’ni-á), m. pl. [Gr. Bpavpóva,
neut. pl. of Bpavpóvºog, adj., & Bpavptov, a village
of Attica.] In Gr. antiq., a festival in honor
of Artemis Brauronia. It was celebrated every fifth
year at Brauron, a village of Attica; its chief features
were a procession of ten virgins to the temple of the god-
dess, their consecration to her service, and the sacriflee of
a goat. See Bra wrontam.
Bravais's method. See *method. e Լ - -
bravura, n. 2. In painting, vigorous, brilliant
treatment in both color and technique.
IHere, instead of bravura, we have a careful, almost
painstaking, reproduction of the model.
Portfolio, XXII. 175.
brawl 3, n. See brawl?.
brayl, v. t. 2. In cloth-finishing, to pound
(woolen cloth) in a soapy scouring-liquor;
same as full. See full? and fulling?.


















braza.
braza (brä'thi), n. [Sp.: see bracel, n.]. The
Spanish fathom (see brass?, 2); in the Philip-
#. a measure of length somewhat less than
feet.
brazenry (brā’ zen-ri), n. [brazen + -ry.]
Brazen assertion; effrontery.
Coming from Lord Lucan, this language was no v
brazenry; it represented the irrepressible strength of
Teal though mistaken conviction.
Ringlake, Crimea, IV. 57.
braziery (brā’zièr-i), n. Braziers' work; brass-
W3T9.
brazilein (bra-zil’é-in), n. [Appar. K brazil, --
-e-im?..] Same as brazilin.
Brazilian anime. Same as amime, 3.-Brazilian bug
or beetle. See kbwg2.—Brazilian cedar. See &cedar.
—Brazilian .# Same as Surinam Acherry (b).-
Brazilian emerald, ruby, etc. See kemerald, kruby,
3.I’
IS
€UC.
brazilite (bra-zil'it), n. [Brazil + -ite2.] See
*baddeleyite.
brazing-clamp (brā’zing-klamp), n. A clamp
used in repairing saws and in brazing together
the ends of band-saws. It consists of a strong frame
with two or more set-screws for holding the saw-web in
position, and is fitted with a screw-press. The ends of
the band-saw are beveled to match, placed in the clamp
with the ends joined, and supplied with solder under the
press. Red-hot irons are then placed above and below
the joint and firmly held together by the press. The hot
irons cause the solder to flow and make a brazed joint. A
pair of brazing-tongs (which see) can be used instead of
the press. == i &
brazing-machine (brā‘zing-ma-shën"), n. A
heating-machine fitted with a conveyer by
which small articles to be brazed are carried
under the gas-flames in the furnace.
brazing-metal (bră (zing-met/al), n., Any
metal suitable for brazing; specifically, an
alloy used for making flanges for copper steam-
pipes and facings for valves. This alloy is usually
98 parts copper and 2 parts tin, the proportion of copper
being high, so that the flange will not melt when it is
brazed to the pipe.
brazing-table (brā’ Zing-tä” bl), n. An iron
table supporting a flat slab of fire-clay and
fitted with gas-burners for using producer-gas
under an air-blast and giving blowpipe flames
that may be concentrated upon any point on
the table. The table is also provided with a number
of loose fire-bricks that may be used to guide and concen-
trate the heat upon the metals to be brazed. The illus-
tration shows a simple form of brazing-table. Other and
larger tables have several burners and fixed fire-clay
bricks arranged in convenient positions for the work.
See kheating-machime.
Brazi ng-table.
a, fire-brick slab on iron table; b, loose fire-brick to concentrate
heat, c, blowpipes, d, gas-pipes, c, air-pipes; ſ, compressed-air
reservoir, ºr, pressure control, /t, gas Supply; 2, air supply ; 8,
standard, with Set-screw, supporting pipes.
brazing-wire (brā’ Zing-wir), n. Soft brass
wire of small diameter bound around a joint
to be brazed. The joint is then heated, and the flux,
usually borax, is sprinkled on the joint, which is then
filled by the molten metal from the wire.
brea. (brā’ā), n. [Sp. tar, resin: cf. F. brai,
resin, etc.] 1. A small thorny tree, Caesal-
pinna praecox, with light-green bark, found in
northern Argentina. It yields a pale-brown
gum resembling gum arabic and known com-
mercially as goma brea.—2. A variety of
asphaltum which is fluid at ordinary tempera-
tures; maltha.
In regard to brea and chapapote, usage seems to make
them synonymous, unless it be that the Solidity of chapa-
pote is a degree greater than that of brea, by no means an
assured distinction. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902, p. 299.
brea-blanca (brā’ā-blångſkä), m. [Sp. brea,
pitch, + blanca, white.]. A soft resin obtained
from the pilaui-tree (Canarium Luzonicum),
bread!, v. t.
used in the arts to toughen varnish and pre-
vent it from cracking, but not suitable for
varnish alone. Also called Manila elemi. See
elem; and *pilawi. [Philippine ls.]
Breach of faith, betrayal of confidence or implied trust :
as, “vicious breach of faith,” Massinger, Bashful Lover,
iv. 2. — Clean breach (mawt.), a boarding sea which
strips the deck-furniture from a vessel.—Clear, breach
(mawt.), a sea that sweeps across the deck without break-
ing.—To mount a breach, to assault a breach in a
fortification.
bread1, 71.-Black bread, bread made of rye flour,
often with the addition of caraway seeds. See ryel.—
Bread oil. See koil.—Feast Of unleavened bread.
See Jewish kfestivals.—Indian bread. See tuckahoe, 2.
Pulled bread, pieces of the crumb of fresh bread or bis-
cuit dried in a slow oven until slightly colored : served
with chocolate, coffee, or bouillon.
2. To clean by rubbing with dry
bread or with a bread-crust, as a drawing.—
3. To provide with daily bread.
They had enough to bread themselves.
Towrgée, Fool's Tºrrand, p. 91.
bread-board (bred"bórd), n. 1. A board upon
which to knead, roll, or mold flour-mixtures;
a kneading-board; a molding-board; a rolling-
board.—2. A board upon which bread is cut
on the table during the serving of a meal.
bread-crust (bred' krust), n. A crust of bread.
— Bread-Crust bomb. See kbomb.-Bread-crust
structure or texture, in geol., the vesicular structure
exhibited by the outer portions of many volcanic bombs,
resembling the crust of a loaf of bread. Geikie, Text-
book of Geol., p. 274.
breadfruit, m.–African breadfruit, a tree of the
mulberry family, Trecwlòa Africana. The large round
fruits contain numerous starchy seeds, buried in a spongy
substance, which are ground into meal and eaten by the
natives.
bread-maker (bred"mă"kēr), m. A household
machine for mixing , and kneading dough.
It consists of a tin vessel containing a curved blade
suspended from a vertical rod passing through the
cover of the vessel. By means of a horizontal handle
fixed to the rod the blade can be made to turn in the ves-
sel. The materials are placed in the vessel, the cover
is placed over it and fastened, and the handle is turned
rapidly for a few minutes, when the dough is found
to be well kneaded and ready to be left to rise.
bread-nut, n. 2. The seeds of the fertile bread-
fruit, Artocarpus communºs, which form a food
staple on many Pacific islands and in the East
Indies. They are somewhat like European
chestnuts in flavor. See Artocarpus, bread-
fruit, *antipolo, and *dugdug.
bread-sticks (bred'stiks), n, pl.
rolled into sticks and baked:
bouillon, soup, or tea.
Breadth extreme, in ship-building, an expression used to
designate the greatest breadth of the ship to the outside of
planking or plating, whether above or below water.—
Breadth for tonnage, in 8hip-building, the breadth of a
vessel used in calculating the tonnage by an obsolete rule
called “builders’ old measurement.” It differs from
breadth extreme in the exclusion of extra thickness of out-
side plank worked in certain places over the average thick-
mess.—Breadth index. , Same as cephalic index (which
see, under cephalic).-Internal biorbital breadth, in
anthrop., the distance between the immer sides of the two
orbits.-Interpterion breadth, the distance between
the pteria.— Minimum frontal breadth, in anthrop.,
the minimum distance between the temporal ridges.—
Minimum ramus breadth, in anthrop., the minimum
breadth between the ascending branches of the lower jaw.
—Nasal breadth, the greatest breadth of the nose.—
Orbital breadth, in anthrop., the greatest horizontal
diameter of orbit; also, the greatest distance from the
dacryon to the opposite side of Orbit.— Palatal breadth
in anthrop., the breadth of the palate, generally measured
between the canines as (tºterior and between the second
molars as posterior palatal breadth.--Straight of
Hººh, in ship-building, same as Armiddle-body, [Great
ritain.]
The “middle body” or “straight of breadth,” is that
part of a ship amidships where the cross-sections main-
tain the form of the midship section.
White, Manual of Naval Arch., p. 457.
breadwinning (bred'win'ing), n. The earning
of a livelihood.
breadwinning (bred'win'ing), a. Serving to
earm a livelihood: as, breadwimming pursuits
or labors.
break, v. I. trans. 14. In cricket, to cause (the
ball) to change its course after the pitch, by
imparting to it a twist or spin at the moment
of leaving the hand. Also used intransitively.
—To break a landing. See klandºng.—To break a
Will, to secure a judicial determination that an instru-
ment purporting to be a will is not a legal will by reason
of defects, either in the forms required for its proper exe-
cution or in the substance of the instrument.—To break
broadcast, to plow throughout : in cottom-growing, con-
trasted with merely forming the beds. [Southern ty. S.]
-To break (one) all up, to unsettle or disturb greatly.
[Colloq.]-. To break the balls, to open the game at
Iönglish billiards or ball-pool.--To break up. (f) To
confuse; disconcert, as a public speaker, [Slang.]—To
break up a fox, in hunting, after the fox is killed, to
take him away from the dogs, take off the mask, brush
and pads, and then throw the remains to them to
Bread-dough
served with
breaking-cap
—To break water, (b) To soften water for washing, in
case it contains much lime or magnesia, by the addition
of carbonate of soda or borax.
II. intrams. 15. In tennis and other games,
to bound: as, the ball breaks in a contrary
direction.— 16. In trap-shooting, to hit the tar-
get. Forest and Stream, Jan, 24, 1903, p. 80.
17. In cricket. See I. *14.—To break back, in
cricket, said of a ball when it breaks from the off, that is,
as the bowler views it, from left to right. See koff-break.
Hutchinson, Cricket, p.60.--To break down, (f) To
lose homogeneity : said of a composite fluid or semisolid
in the first stage of decomposition.—To break even, in
jaro, to bet that each card will win or lose an even num-
bcr of times on the deal.—To break off. (c) Said of the
wind when it comes more allead, compelling a vessel to
go off from her course in order to * her sails full.—TO
break up, (c) Nawt., of a ship, go to pieces in a
heavy sea; of a storm, to cease.
break, n. 20. An unlucky remark, or a breach
of propriety, etiquette, or the like. [Colloq.,
U. S.]—21. In elect., the opening of an elec-
tric circuit.—22. pl. In phys, geog., the broken
land at the border of an upland that is dis-
sected by ravines. [Western U. S.]—23. An
apparatus for breaking the stalks of hemp,
etc., with the object of facilitating the separa-
tion of the bast from the woody tissue. Also
called breaker.—24. The bound of the ball in
tennis service.—25. A reduction in the rate of
wages. [Scotch..]—26. In cricket, a ball which,
because of a twist or spin imparted to it by the
bowler, changes its course after the pitch.-
27. In boaring and prize-fighting, the act of
separating after the contestants have come to
close quarters and seized each other. Certain
rules provide whether they may or may not
strike at each other upon “breaking away,”
that is, separating.—All-roundbreak or run, in bil-
liards, one into which a variety of billiard-strokes enter, and
the balls are never close together for more than three or
;. shots at a time.— Hammer break. See khammer-
*62(t/ſ.
breakaway (brak’a-wä), m. 1. An animal
which breaks away from a herd or flock.-2.
A panic rush of sheep, cattle. horses, or other
animals at the sight or smell of water; a
stampede. [Australian in both senses.]
The smartest stock horse that ever brought his rider up
within whip distance of a breakaway or dodged the horns
of a sulky beast took the chance.
E. E. Morris, Austral English.
break-back (brāk'bak), n. An "off-break
(which see). Hutchinson, Cricket, p. 64.
breakbones, n. 2. A book-name for the giant
fulmar, Ossifraga gigantea: usually called cape-
hem by sailors; also, rarely used in books for
the osprey, Pandion haliaétus and the lammer-
geier, Gypaetus barbatus.
break-club (bråkſklub), m. In golf, a stone or
other obstacle lying near the ball which might
break or injure the club in the act of playing.
breakdown, n. II. a. Used or employed in
repairing a breakdown, specifically in the rail-
way service: as, a breakdown crew; a break-
down train. Called wrecking-train, etc., in the
United States.
When the Westbound's ditched, and the tool-car's
hitched,
And it's 'Way for the Breakdown gang (Tara-ra !)
'Way for the Breakdown gang ! R. Koplong, .007
We moved off, . . . the first ſtrain] being a short
“breakdown” pilot train,
Julian Ralph, War's Brighter Side, p. 89.
breaker, n, l. (h) In elect., a device for opening an
electric circuit. *
breaker-scutcher (brå/kèr-skuch’ér), n. A
machine used in preparing cotton for carding;
the first scutching-machine.
breakfaster (brek'fas-tér), m. One who break-
fasts.
“Oll, don't you know what has happened?” said the
sacred breakfaster.
Sydney Smith, Irish Rom. Cath. Church.
breakhead (bräk'hed), m. Powerfully rein-
forced stem and bows, peculiar to certain ves-
sels used for breaking channels through heavy
ice.
In order to be able to maintain this ferry service in win-
ter the “Mecklenburg.” has been constructed as an ice-
breaker. The hull has a breakhead such as is usually only
carried by ice-breakers, and other important reinforce-
ments. Sci. Amer. Sup., Jan. 9, 1904, p. 23422.
breaking-cap (brā’ king-kap), n. 1. . A cap
placed over an opening in the cylinder of a
steam-engine, so that if water collects in the
cylinder the cap will be broken and thus open
an outlet for it and prevent injury to the en;
gine.— 2. A cap or cup-shaped casting, used
in machines for rolling iron or steel, such that
if a piece is fed to the rolls too cool, or too
wd, the casting will yield first and save the
A costly roll.




breaking-harness
breaking-harness (bråſking-hār"nes), n. A breast-stoping (brest'stö’ping), n.
Mining
harness of special design used in breaking from a vertical or steeply inclined face of ore.
colts to familiarize them with the strapping.
breaking-joint (brā’king-joint), n. The joint
or surface where an iº. portion of the
body of an organism is thrown off and a new
One regenerated.
There is a definite breaking-joint at the base of the
crab's leg, at which the separation takes place.
T. H. Morgan, Regeneration, p. 100.
breaking-pin (brā’king-pin), n. In a con-
Veyer or elevator, a small safety-pin inserted
at Some point between the shafting or gearing
Which operates the conveyer and a sprocket-
wheel which controls the belts or chains. Any
unusual strain breaks the pin, releases the
wheel, and causes the whole system to stop.
breaking-snaffle (brā’king-snaf"), h; A heavy breathing, n. Abdominal breathing.
jointed snaffle with a key-piece at the center
and three or more players hanging on it.
breaking-strength (brā’king-strength), n. In
"mech., the strength of a body as measured by
the load, per unit of cross-section, necessary
to produce rupture. -
break-off, n. 2. The act of breaking off, sep-
arating, or severing connection, company, or
relations. -
break-wind (bråk'wind), n. A rude shelter,
constructed of sticks, bushes, bark, or other
material, used by primitive tribes, such as the
former natives of Tasmania, and the Athapas-
cans of northwestern North America, in place
of a tent or a hut. -
Ignorant of agriculture, with no dwellings but rough
huts or break-winds of sticks and bark, . . . these sav-
ages, until the coming of civilized man, roamed after food
within their tribal bounds. Encyc. Brit., XXV. 467.
bream!, n.—Black bream. § A fish, Sparw8 awstra-
lis, of the family Sparidae. Called in Tasmania silver
bream. [Australia.] (b) Girella tricuspidata, of the
family Kyphosidae. [Tasmania.]—BOny bream, a clu-
peoid fish, Dorosoma erebi, found in Australia.-- Red
bream. Same as red snapper.—Red-breasted bream,
a species of sunfish, Lepomis a writus, of the family Cem-
trarchidae, which reaches a length of from 6 to 8 inches :
abundant from Maine to Louisiana in streams east of the
Alleghanies.—Silver bream. (%) Same as black kbream,
(a). I(b) Same as white Arbream, (b).—White bream
a fish of New South Wales, Xystaema ovatum, of
family Percidae. Also called silver-belly.
bream-backed (brém (bakt), a. Having the
back straight or slightly arched; said of a Brechitidae (brö-kit’i-dà), m. pl.
horse.
He [a horse) waſ, not jogged under the jaw, . . . hol-
low-backed, bream backed, iong-backed or broken-backed.
Sowthey, Doctor, V. cxliii.
brean? (brean), n. [G. *bream, K. Sp. brea
+ -an.] A crystallime resin obtained
elemi.
breast, n., 7. (h) The front part of the first of a set of
wool-carding machines for opening the locks of Wool pre-
paratory to passing them to the carding-cylinders.--
Breast-doffer, in wool-carding, the cylinder that doffs
and conveys the wool from the breast, or first part, of the
carding-machine to the main cylinder, or drum.—Broken
breast, gathered breast, abscess of the breast.—
nel breast, a deformity of the chest consisting in a conic
depression at the lower end of the sternum.— Hysteri-
cal breast, simulation of a tumor of the breast, sometimes
seen in young nervous Women.
breast-board, n. 2. pl. In mining, retaining-
boards in the face of a heading in running
ground,
breast-bore (brest’bór), m. In mining, a bore-
hole in front. Barrowman, Glossary.
breast-brace (brest’ brås), m. Any brace hav-
ing a knob or breastplate, so that the operator
can push on it with his breast to feed the
drill. See brace, 14.
breast-collar (brest’kol-ar), n. A harness-
strap passing round a horse's breast, to which
the traces are attached. e
breast-high, a. As high as the breast; specifi-
cally, in lumbering, having a height of 4% feet
above the ground.
breast-hole (brest'hôl), m. The arched hole,
at the base of a foundry cupola, used for
lighting the fire and taking out the cinder and
slag after the iron has been drawn off. The
hole is covered by a sheet-iron door while the
blast is on.
breasting, n. 4. Same as *breast-stoping.
breast-mining (brest/mi"ning), n. Same as
*breast-stoping.
resin,
breastplate, n. 7. The iron plate used for breeching-strap (brich'ing-strap), n.
covering the breast-hole of a cupola.
breast-shore (brest'shôr), n. In ship-building,
breastwise (brest/wiz), adv.
breathy (breth’i), a.
from bredbergite (bred/bérg-it), n.
bredi (brā’di), n.
In inclined veins this is a variety of underhand stoping.
In flat deposits the term is applied to an extended face
of work, as distinguished from room-work.
- Abreast; side
by side.
To form the two bridges, two lines of ships . . .
moored across the strait breastwise.
Grote, Greece, IL. iv. 38.
Weſe
breathiness (breth’i-nes), n. In a vocal or
similar sound, the state, quality, or effect re-
sulting from an escape of unvocalized air with
the sound proper, as in clumsy vocalization,
apprehension or terror, whispering, etc.: some-
times equivalent to wheeziness, which, how-
ever, is usually applied to mechanical sounds,
as to a poor organ tone.
* See ab-
dominal respiration, under abdominal.—Cheyne-Stokes
breathing. See Cheyne-Stokes respiration, under respira-
tion. — Mouth breathing, habitual breathing through
the open mouth instead of through the nose ; often in
children a sign of obstruction of the posterior nares by
adenoid vegetations.
[breath + -y1.] 1. Per-
taining to or of the nature of breath.-2. In
phonetics, ačcompanied with breath ; pro-
nounced with open glottis ; uttered with
breath.-3. Characterized by a conspicuous
use of the breath: said usually of vocal sounds
in which breath is needlessly and faultily
wasted.
breccial (brech’i-al), a. [breccia + -all.] Of,
pertaining to, or of the nature of breccia; as,
º, solid breccial mass. Kane, Grinnell Exped.,
#eciate (brech’i-āt), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bree-
ciated, ppr. brecciating. [breccia + -ate2.] To
break or shatter (the solid rock): a process com-
mon in the faulting and folding of strata. It
is one of the methods of origin of the rock
known as breccia.
The folding which is almost certainly present would
easily joint or brecciate the brittle Niobrara limestone to
such an extent as to make it no barrier to the accumula-
tion of oil above from the carbonaceous constituents of
the beds below. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902, p. 331.
b), e * * A -
§: brecciform (brech’i-fôrm), a. [E. breccia +
L. forma, form.] Having the form of a brec-
cia. Geikie, Text-book of Geol., p. 1071.
[NL., K. Bre-
chites + -idae.] A family of mollusks contain-
ing the genus Brechites, or Aspergillum, now
generally included in the Clavagellidae: same
as Aspergillidae.
bred, m. A simplified spelling of bread.
[Named after
B. G. Bredberg, a Swedish chemist, who ana-
lyzed it..] An iron garnet from Sala, Sweden,
peculiar in that it contains a considerable
amount of magnesium.
[Cape Dutch..] In South
Africa, vegetables stewed with meat.
... bredth, n. A simplified spelling of breadth.
breech, m.
5. The lowest quality or sort of
wool from the fleece of the sheep: it is taken
from the hinder part.
breech-cloth (bréchſklöth), m. Same as breech-
clowt.
breeches, m. pl.-Pair of breeches, in Eng, billiards,
making a winning and a losing hazard in two different
pockets by the one stroke, when playing from balk only.
—Scotchmen’s breeches, a kilt. It is a popular saying
that when enough blue sky appears after a storm to make
a pair of Scotºmen's breeches the weather will clear.
[Humorous.]
breeches-flue (brich'ez-flö), n. An uptake; a
flue having conduits for gases of combustion
which join so as to discharge into one stack.
breeches-pipe (brich’ez-pip), m. A pipe which
divides into legs or branches; a Y-pipe.
breeches-tube (brich'ez-tūb), m. A boiler-
tube or -flue which divides into two parts
which either run parallel or diverge.
breeching-body (brich'ing-bod’i), n. That
part of the breeching of a harness which en-
circles the rump of a horse. It is held in place
by hip-straps. The ends are provided with
rings to receive the side or breeching-straps.
breeching-loop (brich'ing-löp), m. º
leather or metal loop used as a substitute for
the breeching-hook in a harness.
A strap
by which the breeching is connected with the
trace in double harness, or with the shaft in
one of a line of props or shores, nearly hori- single harness. -
zontal, supporting transversely a ship in dry- bºº (brich'ing-tug), n. In a har-
6.
dock, in the vicinity of her load water-
Also called wale-shore. White, Ma
Naval Arch., p. 324.
ness, a S
* *
he hip-strap.
ort tug provided with a buckle and º 4.
s, attached to the breeching-body or braces brer Rabbit, etc., J. C. Harris, Uncle Remus.
brest
breech-plug (bréch'plug), n. In ordnance, the
steel plug which closes the bore of a breech-
loading gun at the rear end. Breech-plugs are of
various forms, but are usually of the general shape of a
cylinder or truncated cone, on the surface of which is an
interrupted screw-thread corresponding to a similar female
interrupted thread in the breech of the gun. When the
plug is entered into the breech of the gun, the threads on
the plug enter the blanks between the threads in the
breech, and the two parts are locked together by a quarter
or sixth turn of the plug which engages the threads. See
breech-block and breech-mechanism, with cut.
breeding, n.—Line breeding, in stock-raising, another
name for in-and-in breeding.—Straight breeding,
breeding within the limits of a breed: opposed to cross-
breeding.
breeding-ground (bré'ding-ground), n. A
place suitable or used for breeding: as “ducks
seeking their breeding-grounds,” Kane, Arctic
Expl., I. 268.
breedy (bré'di), a. [breed -- -yl].
readily, as rabbits; prolific.
Blockheads too are breedy, and double themselves every
ten years. Blackwood's Mag., XII. 55.
breez, n. A simplified spelling of breeze (wind).
breeze?, m. 3. In electrotherap., a discharge
of high tension electricity from a pointed or
brush electrode, causing a sensation as of a
spray falling on the skin.-Mountain breeze,
valley breeze, cool winds blowing down a mountain-side
orthrough a waſtey, gorge, or cañon : especially felt during
the late hours of clear nights in the summer Season.—
Topgallant breeze, a wind of such power as to permit
the carrying of topgallant sails only.
Brehmer arc-lamp. See electric *arc.
breidin (bré’i-din), n. [Sp. brea, resin, + -id
+ -in?..] A compound of uncertain identity
described by Baup as occurring in elemi.
brein (bré'in), n. [Sp. brea, resin, + -in?..]
A compound described by Baup as occurring
in elemi. It is probably impure amyrin.
breislakite (bris/lak-it), n. [Named after Sei-
pione Breislak, an Italian geologist (1748–
1826).] A mineral occurring at Vesuvius in
wool-like forms. Its exact character is uncer-
tain, but it has been referred to pyroxene, to
amphibole, and also to fayalite.
brekfast, m. and v. A simplified spelling of
breakfast.
brelan (brā-loſſ), m. [F.] 1. In games, three
of a kind.—2. An ancient French game very
much like poker, but played with only three
cards in each player's hand. It is now Super-
seded by bouillotte.
Bremia (bré'mi-á), n. [NL. (Regel, 1843),
named for J. J. Bremi-Wolf, a Swiss natural-
Breeding
Brezrt: a / acrºcar.
a, a branching conidiophore showing the expansions and pro-
cesses on which the conidia are borne, much enlarged ; 6, a ripe
conidium, highly magnified; c, a conidium after germination has
begun, highly magnified.
ist (1791–1857).] A genus of peronospor-
aceous fungi. They have the conidiophores expanded
into a cup-like disk, from the margin of which arise short
processes bearing the spores. . The single species, B. Lac-
twca, is the downy mildew of lettuce. It also occurs on
several other closely related plants.
brephalos (bref’a-los), m. ; pl. brephaloi (-loi).
[NL., K. Gr. 3pépog, the young of any animal, +
-ažog, a mere termination.] The first larval
stage of a crustacean after leaving the egg.
brephic (bref'ik), a. . [Gr. Bpeºplkóg, adj. K ppé@oç,
fetus, embryo.] In biol., pertaining to an early
developmental stage.
brer (brur, bru), m. A dialectal contraction of
the word “brother’ in use among the negroes
of the southern United States: as, brer Fox,
brest, m. and v. A simplified spelling of breast.








bretaS
bretas (bret’as), m.; pl. bretea (-ā-ā). . [Gr.
6péTaç, pl. 3pérea.] In Gr. antiq., a small idol
Or image having slight resemblance to the
human form. There may be found indications
of a head, and sometimes of hair and drapery.
Bretea are often seated.
bretelles (bre-telz'), m. pl. [F.] In dressmak-
ing, straps running from the belt in front over
the shoulders to the belt in the back, with
more or less elaboration of trimming and out-
line. They usually broaden at the shoulder
and narrow toward the waist.
breth, n. A simplified spelling of breath.
Brethrenism (brepH’ren -izm), n. The prin-
ciples or doctrines of the sect known as Chris-
tian Brethren, Plymouth Brethren, and some-
times Darbyites. See Plymouth Brethren, under
brother.
Breton, n.—Low Breton. Same as Breton, 2.
Bretonian (bré-tö’mi-an), a. and m. [Cape
Breton or Cape Breton Island.] In geol., a
divisional name applied by Matthew to the
uppermost stage of Cambrian deposits in New
Brunswick. The rocks carry many fossils, among
them Dictyonema flabelliforme, a graptolite which in
other countries also marks the summit of the sediments
of Cambrian time.
bretonne (bre-ton’), n. [F., fem, of breton,
Breton.] A purée of red Onions.
Brev. An abbreviation of brevet.
breviary, m.–Mozarabic breviary, the breviary as
arranged according to the Mozarabic liturgy, now extant
only in the city of Toledo, Spain.
breviconic (brev-i-kon'ik), a. [L. brevis, short,
+ Gr. Kövog, come.] Having a short cone, as the
shells of certain fossil cephalopods.
brevipalatal (brev-i-pal’ā-tal), a.
*brachyuranic. Turner.
IBrevoortia, n. 2. A genus of California plants
of the family Liliaceae. B. Ida-Maia, the only
species, is a slender, grassy, half-hardy plant
with beautiful and lasting scarlet and green
flowers often called floral fire-Crackers.
Brewer's mask. See *maskē.
brewst (bröst), m. A brewing. Same as
browst. -
brew-wife (brö’ wif), m. [ME. bruewyf.] A
woman who brews; a brewster.
Same as
For the sei(d) gold smyth hath maried a bruewyf, and
keepeth the brue haus. Paston Letters, III. 244.
Brianchon hexagon, luster, point. See *hea:-
agon, *luster?, *pointl.
Briasse limestone. See *limestone.
brick?, n. 1. Commercial bricks are divided into two
general classes, hard brick, and Soft brick. A hard brick
is any brick burned sufficiently hard to resist moisture,
heavy pressure, and moderate heat ; it ranges in color
from deep blue-black, through dark reds, to dark browns
and reddish yellows, and is used for pavements, side-
walks, hearths, ovens, foundations, bridges, subways, and
exterior walls of buildings. A soft brick is a partly burned
brick, ranging in color from pale yellow to Salmon, used
only for interior walls and partitions in dry places, such
as the backing of exterior Walls, for filling in piers, and
in other places exposed to moderate temperature and
pressure. Each class is divided into many kinds, chiefly
described by their character or use, as hard building,
rough hard, common hard, etc., and pale, light, filling-in,
backing-up, inside , wall, etc.—Aluminous bricks,
bricks consisting principally of alumina. These brickš
are neutral in character, not being easily attacked by
either an acid or a basic slag. They are used as linings
of furnaces, where they will come in contact with the
slag or other corrosive material, or at a point of junction
between an acid and a basic lining.—Bauxite bricks,
refractory bricks made of calcined bauxite, mixed with
clay or plumbago. They are used for liming furnaces,
and are neutral in character.—Boston, brick, a rough
face-brick much used in old colonial buildings. It is
made in shades of red.—Brown brick, a hard fire-brick
used in constructing coke-ovens. It measures 9 inches
long by 4% by 23 at one end and 4 by 23 at the other end.
—Face- or front-brick, any hard brick suitable for the
front exterior Walls of buildings Of some architectural
character.— Gage-brick, a special kind of fire-brick that
under the influence of heat changes color: used in bake-
ovens to serve as a Crüde guide to the temperature.—
Glass brick, a street-paving material made of broken or
scrap glass, which is melted and compressed into shape.
By this treatment the glass is strengthened and its resist-
ing quality is increased.— Glazed brick, brick having
one face coated with enamel.—Honeycomb brick, fire-
brick of a special form, shown in the
figure, patented for use in the inte-
1ior construction of the Cowper
regenerative hot-blast stove. Built
up together, these bricks form a
honeycomb-like structure with hex-
agonal channels, through which the
flame of blast-furnace Waste gas
passes for two or three hours, heat-
ing up the fire-brick, and is then re-
}. by air, which takes up the
eat thus stored and is sent on to the
furnace at a temperature of about 1,500°F.— Magnesite
prick, a fire-brick made of impure magnesia mixed with
water, dried, and burned.— Muley brick, a brick-yard
term for an imperfect brick.-Natural brick, clays
Honeycomb Brick.
brickbat, m.
Brickm
bricknogged (brik'nogd), a. Filled with brick-
bricole, m.
brideship (brid’ship), n.
baked or sintered by some natural source of heat, such as
a molten lava-flow or the spontaneous combustion of a
coal-seam. Sci. Amer. Sup., July 23, 1904, p. 23872.-
Neutral brick, in metal., a brick containing a large pro-
portion of alumina and capable of resisting well the action
of both acid and basic oxids at a high temperature with-
out slagging or melting down.— Philadelphia brick, a
fine quality of hard smooth-faced brick of a deep red colór.
—Radial brick, a form of
refractory perforated brick
used in building tall chim-
neys. It is in the form of
the keystone of an arch and
has two rows of perfora-
tions. Built into a circu-
lar chimney, radial bricks
break joint with each line
of perforations in line with
those in the bricks below, -
the mortar filling the perforations through each tier of
bricks and binding them together vertically.—Sand-lime
brick, a brick made from silicious sand, with a small ad-
mixture of lime to serve as cementing material, and
burned at a very high temperature.—Sewer-brick, very
hard brick suitable for sewer or other submerged of bur-
ied Work.—Stock brick, any hard brick for general ex-
terior work.-White brick, brick made of clay that in
lºng turns White : a fine decorative brick for interior
Wà11S.
Radial Brick.
A, perforation.
brick?, v. t.—To brick in, to inclose with brickwork:
used of timber constructions the open spaces of which
have to be filled in with brickwork.—To brick up, to
close with brickwork, as an opening; to strengthen With
brickwork, as a wall or pier.
2. Hornblende schist, which
upon Weathering breaks up into rectangular
blocks from three sets of joints. Bulletin 213,
U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902, p. 59. [Local name
near Dahlonega, Čaj
brick-chisel (brik'chiz'el), n. A short, heavy
steel chisel having a wide cutting-edge, used
by bricklayers in cutting fine face-brick.
Brick-dust deposit, a urinary sediment of a brick-red
color, consisting of urates. - ..
akers’ anemia. See kamemia 1.
nogging, as a timber construction the open
spaces of which are to be filled in this way.
brick-top (brikſtop), n. An edible agarica-
ceous fungus, Hypholoma sublateritium.
4. In billiards, the act of causing
the cue-ball to hit a cushion first; cushioning.
Banding, banking, benching, and walling are all
equivalents of cushioning in this sense.
The standing or
status of a bride.
Wilhelmina's wedding day arrived, after a brideship of
eight months. Carlyle, Frederick the Great, II. viii. 276.
bridge1, n. 13. (b) An arrangement of circuits,
electric or magnetic, whereby the bridge cir-
cuit connects from a point of one circuit to a
point of another circuit, and thereby permits
a comparison of the parts of the two circuits.
— 14. In billiards: (a) A notched piece of .
Wood, attached to a long handle, used as a sup- bridgel, v.
Bridge.
port for the cue when the ball is in such a
position that the hand cannot conveniently be
used as a rest. (b) The thumb and forefinger
used as a rest over which the billiard-cue glides.
The best players now use the hooked fore-
finger, infolding the small end of the cue.—
15. In math., the crossing-place of two sheets
of a Riemann's surface. It may run from 0 to oo
along an arbitrary line, say along the ray of positive real
numbers. Along the bridge the surface intersects itself.
16. A narrow-railed, movable plank extend-
ing across the flies of a theater: used in rais-
ing angels, fairies, etc., in spectacular plays,
and worked by ropes and pulleys from the
gridiron.— 17. A platform or scaffold hung by
ropes, used by mechanics in painting or fin-
ishing walls.—18. An arched casting fastened
to the cover of a pump which guides the free
end of the plunger or piston-rod.— 19. In min-
ing: (a) A platform on wheels running on
rails for covering the mouth of a shaft or
slope. (b) A track or platform which passes
over an inclined haulage-way and can be
raised out of the way of ascending and descend-
ing cars. (c) An air-crossing. Coal and Met
Miners' Pocketbook. — 20. A narr
tº
bridge
bridge
placed across an opening, for supporting some-
thing without closing too much of the open-
ing. Also bridge-bar, bridge-piece. Trautwine,
Engin. Pocket-book.-21. In allow composing-
machine, the place on the raceway where the
justification of a line of characters begins.
–Gytoplasmic bridge. , See keytoplasmic.—
bridge, in ship-building. (b) The uppermost bridge, par-
ticularly in War-ships, of light construction, supported
from below by open framework.-Hanging bridge.
(b) A partition hanging down from a boiler to deflect the
hot gases. This is sometimes a water-leg and sometimes
is made of fire-brick.-Low bridge a cry of warning
on a canal-boat to duck the head when about to pass
under a bridge. *
“Wa’al,” says I, “I was thinkin’’t I’d like to bet you . . .
that if all them fellers we seen this afternoon, that air
over fifty, c'd be got together, an’ some one was suddenly
to holler ‘Low Bridge,’ that nineteen out o' twenty 'd
duck their heads.” E. N. Westcott, David Harum, xxviii.
Natural bridge, a natural span of rock across a stream
or hollow, usually a remnant of the former roof of a cave,
º ** - º
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ºš: 29.
The Caroline ' Natural Bridge, San Juan County, Utah.
Height, from surface of water to lower center of arch, 197 feet;
width, from buttress to buttress at bottom of caſion, 208 feet 6
inches; thickness of sandstone arch at highest point, 125 feet.
*
which after the destruction of adjacent parts of the for-
mation may leave a bridge-like structure. Famous natural
bridges occur in Virginia and ‘Utah. —Supragondylar
§: See *ºng bridge, a
portable bridge mounted on a form of truck. Such bridges
are generally used for transpºrting materials such as coal
or ore from cars to storage-bins or from the storage-bins
to cars.
I. trans. 4. In card-playing, to
bend (a card) so that a confederate can cut the
pack wherever the bent card is placed. . .
II. intrans. In wrestling, to make a bridge
of the body by pressing the head and feet on
the ground and bowing up the back, to prevent
the º from securing a fall. . .
(brij), n. [Short for bridge whist, prop.
bridge whist, K bridgel + whist. The allusion
is not determined. It is not the same as in
bridge1, v. 4. The “Russian britch,” cited as
the source of the Eng. word, must be recently
borrowed from the Eng.] A card game for
four players, a variant of whist, called also
(originally) bridge whist. The players, cut for part-
nership and deal, each drawing from a full pack of 52
cards, spread face downward on the table. The two low-
est pair against the two highest, and the lowest of the
four has the choice of seats and cards and takes the first
deal. In § the ace is low; in play it is high, the
other cards ranking from the king down to the deuce.
Partners sit opposite each other, the positions at the table
being as in the diagram :
Dummy
;
É
ealer
The leader and the pone are known as the adversaries.
The dealer presents the pack to the pome to be cut, and
then distributes the cards one at a time until each player
has 13. No trump is turned. If any card is found faced
in the pack, or if the last card does not come in its proper
order to the dealer, or if any player has more or less than
13 cards, there must be a new deal by the same dealer.
No matter what irregularity occurs, the dealer cannot lose
his deal. The dummy shuffles the still pack for the next
deal. The dealer looks at his hand and announces the
suit he selects as a trump.for that deal, or declares to
ma. out a trump, or passes the declaration over to
c, who must decide on something without con-
Should the dummy declare before being asked

















bridge
to do so, the leader may demand that the declaration shall’
stand, or that there shall be a new deal. If the dummy
asks the dealer to make the declaration, the leader ma
ask for a new deal or insist on the dummy declaring.
either of the adversaries makes a declaration, the dealer
may either deal again or ignore the irregularity. Bridge
is played in rubbers, two out of three games of 30 points
each winning. If the same partners win the first two
games, the third is not played. All tricks over six taken
by one side count toward the game, baº, th? Volue of these
tricks varies with the declaration. When spades are
trumps, each trick above six counts 2; when clubs are
trumps, 4; diamonds, 6; hearts, 8; and when there is no
trump, 12. No matter how much more than enough to
win the game may be made, it is all counted. In addi-
tion to the trick scores there are 5 honors in the trump
suit (ace, king, queen, jack, and ten), the value of which
varies with the declaration. When there is no trump the
four aces are the only honors. The honors count nothing
g : the game, but they add to the value of the rubber
38 IOLIO.W8 :
Declaration S. C. D. B. No TT.
3 honors 4 8 12 16 30 *
4 honors 8 16 24 32 40
4 in one hand T6 32 48 64 100
5 honors 10 20 30 40
5, 4 in one hand 18 36 54 72
5 in one hand 20 40 60 80
Chicane 4 8 12 16
Grand slam 40, little slam 20
The winners of the rubber add 100
The declaration once legitimately made, the adversaries
cannot change it, but they may double the value of the
trick points by “going over.' If the leader does not wish
to double, he says, §§hail i play?” If he plays without
asking this question, the declaring hand may call a suit.
In reply to the question, if the pone does not wish to
double he says, “If you please.” If either adversary
doubles (making hearts, for instance, worth 16 instead of
8), the declaring hand may redouble, making hearts worth
32. If the maker of the trump does not redouble, he says,
“Content,” and his partner may then redouble, the first
chance to redouble always lying with the one who is
doubled. Doubling adds nothing to the value of the scores
that go into the honor column, . The usual expression for
doubling is “Over” or “I double.” The declaration set-
tled, the leader plays any card he pleases, and the dummy
then lays his 13 cards face upward on the table, sorted into
suits, the trumps on his right. From that point on the
dealer plays the two hands without any assistance or sug-
gestions from the dummy, who is not allowed to take any
part in the play except to ask the dealer if he has none of
if they claim a penalty to which they are not entitled.
Should the dealer lead from the wrong hand, the adver-
saries take one of his tricks as penalty. The penalty for
a revoke is to take 3 tricks from the revoking side. The
penalty if the adversaries lead out of turn is to call a suit.
If one side wins 12 out of the 13 tricks, it adds 20 points
to its honor score for little slam; if it wins all 13, it adds
40for grand slam. If any player has a hand dealt him with
no trump in it, he scores for chicane, which is equal to
“simple’ honors (3 out of 5). At the end of the hand the
scores are put down on a score-sheet, all the points made
in tricks below the line and all the honor scores above it.
When the score of either side Teaches or passes 30, a line
is drawn under it to show that one game of the rubber is
finished. The side that Wins two games adds 100 points
as bonus, and the scores of each side are then added up,
and the difference between them is the value of the rub-
ber, which is always played for so much a point. The bridge-lock (brijºlok), m.
player who keeps the score writes “We’’ at the top of his
side of the score-slip and “They’’ on the other side. In
the sample score-slip given the scores put down are:
we, 2 by cards and simple honors in
hearts; they, 3 by cards and 4 honors in
diamonds; we, 4 by cards and 30 aces in WE | THEY
no-trumps, Winning the first game and
drawing a lime under it : they, 6 by cards, 100
30 aces, and little slam at no-trumps, 64
drawing a lime under the second game : | 16 4
we, the odd trick at doubled spades and 30 50
4 honors in one hand, they having chicane | 16 24
in spades; they, 4 by cards and 4 honors |
in one hand in hearts, drawing a line
under the third game and adding 100 ; IS
points for winning the rubber. The scores
added and the lower deducted from the
higher, the difference is found to be 234, 72
and as the points are usually counted to
bridge-bar, m.
a suit to which he renounces, or to correct the adversaries bridge-coupler (brijſkup'lér), n.
bridge-house (brijſhous), m.
bridge-jumper (brijſjum-pér), m.
bridge-money (brij'mun'i), n.
bridge-motion (brij'mô"shgn), n.
bridge-perch (brijſpèrch), n.
doubled or overbid, otherwise there is no limit to the
number of bids a player may make in his proper turn.
Doubling does not increase the value of the bid, but only
the final scoring, after the hand has been played, so that
“two hearts” is still a better bid than “I double two
diamonds.” Only one double and redouble is allowed,
and no player can double his partner's bid, but he can
redouble if an adversary has doubled. Doubling reopens
the bidding for the next player, but it does not give the
doubler the privilege of playing the combined hands.
If a player declares an insufficient number of tricks, he is
supposed to have declared enough to overcall the last
bid, and either opponent may call attention to the insuffi-
ciency. If either adversary passes, doubles, or overcalls
the insufficient bid, it condones the offense. If the num-
ber required is impossible, such as three spades over-
calling two hearts, the player in error is supposed to
declare a grand slam. If a player bids out of turn, either
opponent may demand a new deal or may allow the
irregular declaration to stand. If the irregular bid is
not doubled, passed, or overcalled by either adversary,
the partner of the player in error is barred from any
further bidding on that deal. The play of the combined
hands rests with the partners who have made the “win-
ning declaration,” and the one who made the last bid
becomes the “declarer,” even if he has been doubled,
and he plays the combined hands, his partner becoming
dummy. When both partners have made bids in the
winning suit, the one who first named it is the “do-
clarer.” The player to the left of the declarer leads for
the first trick, regardless of the position of the deal, and
dummy's cards are then laid down. When the declarer
fulfils his “contract" he scores for tricks and honors ex-
actly as in bridge, tricks counting double value if the
declaration was doubled, but the rubber is worth 250
points instead of 100. When the declaration fails, the
adversaries score in the honor column 50 points penalty
for each trick by which the declarer fails to fulfil his
contract, taking no notice of their own tricks except as a
check on the count. If the bid is two hearts and the de-
clarer wins only five actual tricks, he is three short. If the
bid has been doubled, the penalty is 100 instead of 50 ; if
redoubled it is 200. Neither side can score toward game
if the declaration fails, so that no player can win the
game except on his own contract.—Royal, auction, or
1ilies, a variety of auction bridge, in which spades are
worth 2, clubs 6, diamonds 7, hearts 8, royal spades (or
lilies) 9, and no-trumps 10. Honors are multiples of trick
values; simple honors are worth two tricks, four honors Brief of title.
The limit of loss on a declaration of one ºunder abstrºet.
spade is 100 points, whether doubled or not. For all other Brieger S bases.
brier, m.–Chainy brier. See china ºbrier.—China
four tricks, etc.
rules, see auction bridge, above.
2. Same as *bridge1, 20.
In railroad-
ing, an automatic coupling- and locking-device
for a drawbridge. See kbridge-lock and *derail.—
Multiple bridge-coupler, one which controls two or
more signals: used where there are more tracks than one.
In ship-building,
a superstructure of comparatively light con-
struction, above the general line of the hull
proper, in the middle part of a merchant
steamer. The bridge is located on top of it.
White, Manual of Naval Arch., p. 18.
One who,
for notoriety or gain, makes a practice of
jumping from high bridges. [U. S.]
In railroading, a
self-locking bolt-lock used on a drawbridge to
lock the bridge and prevent it from being
opened until the signal-man, by the movement
of his levers, has withdrawn the bolt.
bridgeman (brij'man), m.; pl. bridgemen (-men\.
A bridge-builder; a workman engaged in
bridge-building.
nese bronze coinage, so called from its appear-
ance. Also called tin-dangle money.
A form of
doffing-motion for facilitating the removal of
hanks from the reel of a yarn-reeling machine.
A species of
bass, Pomoris annularis, of the family Cem-
bridle, v. t.
'bridle-cable (bri’dl-kā"bl), n.
bridle-man (briſdl-man), m.
brigade, m.
An early Chi-brigalow (brig'à-lô), n.
brilliant
laxed. In the Blue Hill automatic elastic bridle an elas-
tic band is introduced into the bridle arid an increasing
strain gradually alters the angle of flight.
1. A device for controlling the speed of
logs on a skid-road. It consists of a short rope with
two hooks at one end which are driven into the first log
of the turn ; at the other end is a clamp which runs ovel'
the cable. g
12. In certain cephalopods, one of the bands
which attach the funnel to the head.— 13. In
###### Same as *bridle-tape.—
onaparte bridle, a bridle consisting of a piece of Tope
looped at one end. A portion of the rope is placed in the
horse's mouth as a bit and the end is passed over the
crown and through the loop and extended back as a rein.
—Bridoon bridle, a bridle provided with double cheeks,
one pair for the driving-bit, the other for the bridoon
check-bit.
3. To connect; join as by a
bridle : as draft-rollers (in cotton-manufactur-
ing) that are yoked together. Thornley, Cotton-
combing Machines, p. 237.
A cable which
is shackled or made fast to a bridle along the
length of which it is free to play. See bridle, 7.
bridle-iron (briſdl-i"érn), n. A steel or wrought-
iron loop or frame for supporting the end of a
beam from a wall or another beam; a joist-
hanger.
One who follows
a turn of logs down the skid-road and tends
the bridle. See Abridle, 11.
bridle-tape (bri’dl-täp), n. In pianoforte-mak-
ing, a short strip of cloth or leather between
parts of the hammer-action, by which motion
in excess of a fixed amount is prevented.
loridle-wire (bri’dl–wir), n. In pianoforte-mak-
$ng, the wire, projecting from the Whip, to
which the bridle-tape is fastened. See cut
under pianoforte.
Same as abstract of title, which see,
See A-base2.
brier, a thorny vine, Sunilaa, glauca, which causes trouble
in agricultural lands from Pennsylvania to Tennessee.
The name (often corrupted to chainy brier), is connected
with chima-root (which see).-Running brier, a species
of dewberry, Rubus subuniflorus.—Sand-brier, the
horse-nettle Solanum. Carolimense.—Saw-brier. Same
as China kbrier.—Sensitive brier. See Schramkia.
brier-Stitch (bri’ér-stich), n. In sewing-machine
work, a method of sewing with a two-needle
machine in which the combined needles stitch
a fine cord or embroidery-thread upon the fab-
ric in a running pattern resembling the figure
8. Sometimes called figure-of-eight stitching.
IBrig. An abbreviation of (a) Brigade; (b)
Brigadier.
3. In 206l., a division of no fixed
value, used in the sense of ‘cohort,’ as a con-
venient term for assemblages of animals which
may not be included in any of the divisions
commonly employed. Trans. Linnean Soc., Lon-
dom, Zool., Oct., 1901, p. 240.-4. A small
squad of engineers or of other technical troops:
as, the full sap was executed by a brigade of
eight sappers.
Also bricklow : from
a native Australian name, in the Namoi dia-
lect of New South Wales, buriagalah = ‘place
of the buri-tree,” K buri or bri, the name of Aca-
cia pendula..] Any one of several species of
Acacia, especially A. harpophylla, which yields
a hard, heavy brown wood having a strong odor
of violets. It is used in turning and for build-
the nearest 10, the value of this rubber 4-chº, •zyanan.5 ing oses, and by the aboriginals for spears
would be 230. It is possible for the win- 4 32 tral chidae. Also galled Crapp º teel g tº 2 and § ſ Australi 8. J D 5
ners of the rubber to lose a few points, ſº tº bridge-plate (brij plit), ". steel or Iron , ". § 5 § sº
owing to the higher honor score of their | 130 ; Fº of a comparatively low carbon content, brigantinel, n. 4t. A quarter-galley, known
opponents. Dwmany bridge is played by hese plates have a tensile strength of , about 40,000 for its delicate lines, swiftness, and quick
three persons. ...There are no rubbers, - pounds per square inch and are quite ductile. handling.
each in turn taking the dummy, and the 234 bridge-pot (brijſpot), 'n. The movable socket
winning side in each game adding so * e e
points bonus. If the single player is the of a millstone-spindle which rests on the
ãealer and passes the make, he picks up his dummy's bridge-support.
cards, and, without showing them to the adversaries, de Bridger group. See *group1.
clares according to rule. With 3 or 4 aces, dummy must bridge-scre en (brij'skrém), m. A shelter for
make it no-trump. With less than 3 aces he cannot call e f hi
no-trumps, but must select his longest suit. If two suits e helmsman on the bridge of a war-ship,
are equal, the pips are counted, aces being worth 11 and differing from a pilot-house in that it is open
º: . º ; # º, º º º yº. suit at the back and sides.
must be declared. The leader is the Only One Who can tº ** { * xxr Axel-
double, and he cannot double a dummy declaration. When bridgework (brij(wèrk), n.
The boats were called galleys, galleots, brigantimes
(galeotas ligeras overgātimes, or frigates), &c., according
to their size: a galleot is a small galley, while a brigantime
may be called a quarter galley.
Poole, Barbary Corsairs, p. 205.
Bright-line spectrum. See *Spectrum.
brightness equation, sensation. See *equa-
tº tion, Asensation. -
The adjustment brightsmithſ (brit’smith), n. A whitesmith.
bridle, m.
of artificial teeth by attaching the frame hold-
ing them to adjacent sound teeth as abut-
ments.
10. An arrangement by which a
large kite, used in aérial observations, is at-
brill. n.
[Rare and artificial.]
2. A small and very bony flounder
of New Zealand, Caulopsetta scaphus, of the
family Pleuronectidae. The name was trans-
ferred from the true brill of Europe.
the opponents of the single player have the deal, the single
player changes his seat so as to be the leader on that deal.
—Auction bridge, a variety of bridge in which the
privilege of declaring the trump is bid for, instead of
being the prerogative of the dealer's side. The dealer
must start the bidding by offering to make at least one
odd trick with a named trump, or no trumps. He cannot
pass. Each player to his left, in turn, may them double
the declaration, bid higher, or pass. A higher bid must
be for the same number of tricks, in a suit of greater
value, or for a greater number of tricks having the same
total value. “Two hearts" is a better bid “ two
diamonds,” and “two diamonds” is better t
trump.” No player can change his bi
brilliant. I. a.-Brilliant kred, *purple, *scar-
let, etc. See the nouns.
II. m. English double-cut brilliant, the regular full
brilliant with 8 or 16 facets added above or below, or
both, on the front and back.—Full brilliant. In dia-
ºuting, cut as a brilliant. With 58 facets. See bril-
tant, 1.
tached to the steel wire by which it is held.
The Marvin safety-bridle consists of two parts, the upper
and lower bridle, attached to the main rib of the kite a
few inches apart. A small copper Wire, or safety-line, is
inserted between them. When this Wire is broken by
the strain of a strong wind, the upper bridle comes into,
and the lower portion goes out of use, so that the
ºnce flies at a lower angle and the strain is re-






brilliantine
brilliantine (bril-yan-tên"), n. [brilliant +
-ime?..] 1. A dress-goods for women's wear,
similar to alpaca, but superior to it in richness
of material and finish. —2. A name freely and
generally employed to designate toilet prepara-
#. of variable composition for the face or
all".
brimade (bri-măd'), m. [F. slang.] A hazing
(at certain civil and military schools in France).
brimborion (brim-bāºri-on), n. [Also brim-
borium. F. brimborion, a bauble, a gewgaw,
formerly one of a series of prayers that were
mumbled over. O.F. breborion, perhaps a cor-
ruption of ML, breviarium, a breviary: see
breviary. Cf. the etym. of bead..] A trifling
object kept as a charm or gewgaw; a trifle: as,
“handing brimborions, baubles, knickknacks,”
etc. Mme. D'Arblay, Diary, III. 8.
brinº, n. 2. One of the two circular fibers that
issue from the silkworm. It consists of two
parts, the inner of fibroin, or true silk, and the
outer of sericin, or silk-glue.
Brindle disease. See *disease.
brinel, n. 4. In refriger., a solution of alkaline
salts in water, which has a solidifying point
below the temperature at which the solution
is to be used.—Leach brine, the brine which drains
away from common salt crystallized by boiling when this
is stacked up in piles ready to be returned to the boiling-
Dans.
brine-cooler (brin’kö’lér), n. A coil of pipes
used for cooling the brine used in a cold-stor-
age warehouse orin an ice-machine. It is identi-
cal with the pipe ammonia condenser, except that the pipes
are larger and the brine flows downward through a small Britishism (british-ism), n.
interior pipe, while the ammonia flows upward through
the larger pipe inclosing the brine-pipe, the expansion of
the ammonia absorbing the heat of the brine and reducing
it to a low temperature. See kammonia condenser.
brine-fly (brin' fli), n. Any one of a number
of insects of the dipterous family Ephydridae,
whose larvae live in alkaline lakes and salt-
wells. See Ephydra and %"|.
brine-gage (brin'gāj), n. salinometer.
brine-well (brin'wel), n.
natural brine is obtained.
A description of the great field of brine-wells which has
accumulated a population of a million people in the town
of Tze-liu-tsin. Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XII. 95.
bring, v. t. To bring in, in whist or bridge, to get the
lead with (a suit) after establishing it.—To bring
grass, to bring to the surface, as ore.
II, intrans.—To bring up all standing, said of a
vessel when she comes to anchor without taking in her
sails, or when she strikes an obstruction and is suddenly
halted while all sail is set. - -
brinjarree (brin-jā’ré), n. [Also brinjarry; a
perverted form (perhaps by confusion with
Pers. birinj, rice) of binjarree for bunjarree, a
grain merchant: see bunjarree..] In India, a
grain merchant: same as bunjarrée.
brinjarree dog, a long-haired, rough-coated,
tan-colored East Indian breed of greyhound,
used in hunting jackals. [East Indian.]
brio (bré’ 6), n. [It.: see con brio.] Spirit,
animation; especially, in music, in the expres-
sion con brio, spiritedly.
Briovarian system. See *system.
briquet!, n., The production of such blocks now
constitutes an important industry. Cohesion is obtained
by pressing in heated molds (in the case of bituminous
coal), or by addition of tar or pitch, or of clay or hydraulic
cement. Balls, solid cylinders, or most commonly brick-
shaped blocks are thus formed by molding.-Petroleum
briquet, a briquet made of a mixture consisting of 1
iiter of petroleum, 150 grams of soft soap, 150 grams, of
resin, and 300 É. of caustic soda-lye wash. . This
mixture is well heated and allowed to solidify, and then
run into molds of the required size, in which it is heated
again in a furnace for about 15 minutes...The briquets
produced in this way are said to yield three times as
much heat as ordinary coal and are much lighter.
Brito-arctic (brit-ö-ärkºtik), a.
a.
brittle-fern (brit’l-fern), n.
A ji fºom which brittlelyt (brit’l-li), adv. In a brittle or fragile
In 8.
briza (bré'zā), m.
broadhead (bråd'head), n.
broad-headed (bråd'hedºed), a.
Their brachycephalic.
great numbers in the English Channel, in the
seas of Spain and Portugal, and in the Med-
iterranean. They are cooked and packed in
oil in tin cans.
Brislington delf. See *.delf?.
brisque (brisk), n. [F., origin unknown, per-
haps from brisk.] A privileged card in certain
games: as, in the game of bezique, the ages
and tens of the various suits, all of which
count toward the game.
bristle-bird (bris’l-bêrd), n. Any one of the
Australian reed-warblers of the genus Sphe-
mura: so called from the bristles about the
corners of the mouth. -
bristle-cell (bris’l-sel), m. One of the ciliate
cells of the auditory-nerve terminations.
bristletail, n. 2. One of the many names
borne by the ruddy duck, Erismatura rubida,
given on account of the stiff tail-feathers.
.#. m. Same as *brisling.
Bristol delf. See *.delf?.
britannia (bri-tan’i-á), n. Same as Britannia
metal (which see, under metal).
britch (brich), n. Same as breech, n., 5.
fritholite (brith’o-fit), n. [šo called in allu-
sion to its high specific gravity; K Gr. 3pitoc,
weight, Withog stone..] A rare silicate and phos-
phate of the cerium metals and calcium, oc-
curring in brown, pseudohexagonal crystals:
found in southern Greenland.
British Board of Trade unit, British dollar,
British standard candie. Seeºn.
standard *candle.
Same as Briti-
British and
cism.
retic.
It is evident, therefore, that the basalts of Cape Flora
and Hooker Island are similar to types widely distributed
in the Brito-arctic volcanic province.
- Geog. Jour., XI. 134.
See *ferml.
Illner.
[Sp. brisa, Pg. briza : see
breeze2.]
breeze at San Juan, Porto Rico. It is the regular
northeast trade-wind deflected to an east wind by the in-
fluence of the land surface.
broachl, n. 21. An occasional name for the
hurdy-gurdy (which see).-22. In quarrying,
a tool used in a machine-drill to break down
the walls between a row of boreholes in order
to form a continuous channel. Also called
broaching-bit.
broach? (bröch), n. [Short for Broach cotton,
from Broach, Baroach, Hind. Bharāch,
Bhröch, orig. (Gujarati) Bhrigu-kachchha,
Bhāru-kachchha, an ancient and modern city
of Gujarat (Guzerat) (Yule).] A short-stapled
cotton grown in the Broach district of the
Bombay Presidency, British India.
broaching-bit (bró’ ching-bit), n.
*broach 1, 22.
Broad Scotch, the unliterary vernacular of the Lowlands
of Scotland.
broadcast (bråd"käst), v. t.
cast. [Recent.]
In the spring wheat districts, the winds tend to lay
bare the seeds when broadcasted.
T. F. Hunt, Cereals in America, 1904, p. 85.
The name of a
fish, the Grubber broadhead, a species of an-
chovy, Anchovia producta, of the family En-
graulididae.
Same as
To sow broad-
Same
solidity can be increased by adding sawdust or sand to broad-headedness (bråd'hedºed-nes), n. Same
the mixture.
briquetl (bri-ket’), v. t.; pret, and pp. briqueted,
briquetted, ppr. briqueting, briquetting. O
compress (minerals or mineral dust) into
bricks; form into briquets.
The slag is a waste product, and the flue-dust, collected
by special devices in dust-chambers, is briquetted by
machinery. Encyc. Brit., XXX. 173.
briquet2 (bri-kā’), n. A silver coin of the
fifteenth century, current in Holland: so called
from the figure it bears of a short thrusting
sword (briquet) held in a lion's claw.
briquetage (bri-ke-täzh"), n. [F., brickwork, &
brique, brick: see brick?..] In prehistoric ar-
chaeol., masses of oven-baked clay found in
some parts of western Europe, and supposed
to be remains of an ancient salt industry.
Amer. Anthropol., Jan.-March, 1902, p. 162.
Brisbane box. See *bowl.
as brachycephalism. The vague term broad-headed-
mess has been employed by regent writers, because brachy:
cephalism has been used as if implying in all cases racial
unity among the persons concerned.
broadleaf, n. 2. Also in New Zealand a name
for a large tree of the dogwood family, De-
costed littoralis (Griselinia littoralis of Raoul),
yielding a hard, red, durable wood. Called
A local afternoon and evening
s broiler
broken-haired
commonest of the American katydids, Cyrtophyllus con-
cavus. Seekatydid.
brocade (brö-kåd"), v.t.; pret, and pp. brocaded,
ppr. brocading. To weave with a pattern in
relief, for the ornamentation and enrichment
of the fabric.
brocaded, a. 4. Figuratively, heavily “em-
broidered with pompous diction: as, “much
of the language is stiffly brocaded,” Athenæum,
Jan. 23, 1904.
Brocard angle, Brocard angle of a polygon,
Brocard arcs, points, triangles. See*angle3,
*are, etc.
Brocardist (brö-kär"dist), n. A geometer who
works along the particular line of research
concerning the geometry of the triangle
started by H. Brocard in 1875 and 1881.
Broca's area, convolution, point, stereograph. See
karea, etc.—Broca's center. Same as speech-center-
Broca's Same as inferior frontal gyrus. See
frontal gyri, under gyrus.
brochidodrome (brok’i-dò-dröm), a. [Gr.
º: (3portó-), dim. of 8półog, a loop, +
-ópouoc, K Öpausiv, to run.] Forming loops
within the blade of the leaf; said of the nerves.
See nervation (a) (3).
brockage, n. 2. Broken or damaged material;
broken glass, pottery, etc.
broderie (bröd-ré'), m. [F.] 1. Embroidery.
–2. In ceram., a style of decoration first used
at Rouen and later at other French factories:
Broderie.-Plate, design in blue, Rouen, France.
In the Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.
suggested by the embroidery patterns of the
period.—3. pl. In music, embellishments or
highly figured variations or accompaniments.
Brodiaea (brö-di-ā'ā), n. [NL. (Smith, 1811),
named in honor of James Brodie, a Scotch
botanist who lived about the year 1800.] 1.
An untenable name for Hookera, a genus of
plants of the family Liliaceae. By some authors
the name is used to include also plants of the related
genera Triteleia and Milla. Among the brodiaeas some-
times cultivated in the United States are Hookera coron-
aria, H. terrestris, H. Californica, Triteleia laza, T.
candida, and T. peduncularis.
2. [l. c.] A plant of the genus Hookera. The
brodiaeas are bulbous plants of the Pacific coast, some of
great beauty and gathered wild or cultivated for orna-
ment. From the habit of some species has arisen the
name California hyacinth. See kblue-dicks.
broguery (brög’ér-i), n. [brogue -- -ery.]
Characteristic brogue: as, “by dint of swag-
gering, impudence, and broguery,” Fraser's
Mag., XIX. 443. -
broild, p. a. A simplified spelling of broiled.
, n. 4. In railroading, a parlor-gar
fitted with a grill kitchen or a kitchen in which
broiling of chops, etc., can be done without
the more elaborate cooking of a dining-car; a
grill-room car.—5. An attachment to a gas-
stove, or a special gas-stove, adapted to broil-
*. or fish. Two types are in use, the horizon:
tal broiler in which the steak or fish to be broiled is laid
on a grid under a broad flat gas-flame; and the vertical
broiler in which the steak is placed in a hinged grid on
edge between two sheets of metal kept red hot by gas-
flames.
Broken hand. See khand.—Broken over. (a) In book:
binding, a phrase applied to the creasing down of a small
part of an inserted print near the binding margin, for the
purpose of giving support to the binding thread., (b) In
printing, said of the fault of a sheet of paper which shows
on its surface the creasing marks of broken fibers.-
Broken weather, unsettled weather.
broken-backed, a. 3. Of a horse, a loose term
for *hollow-backed.
He was not . . .
by the natives paukatea.
broadman, broadsman (brād-'or brådz’man),
m.; pl. broadmen, broadsmen (-men). One who
resides near the Norfolk broads. See broad,
m., 1.
broad-minded (bråd"min"ded), a. Character-
ized by breadth of view and freedom from big-
otry; liberal and unprejudiced: as, a broad-
minded man.
broadsheet (bråd'shët), n. Same as broad-
side. 4
long-backed or broken-backed. ...
Southey, Doctor, cyliii.
aired (brö knº-hârd), a. Rough:
broke
Havin
brinºling, n. (origin unknown..] A broad winged (bradºwing d), 4.
clupeoid fish, Sardinella pilchardus, caught in broad wings.-Broad-winged katydid.”
aid of such dogs as the Scotch and
RTS.







broken-knees
broken-knees (bró'kn-nēz), m. pl. A condition
seen in badly knee-sprung horses in which the
animal cannot keep permanently in the up-
right position but is liable at any time to fall
upon the knees.
Broken-wing fever. Same as dengue.
broker", n-odd-lot broker, one who deals in lots of
less than 50 or 100 shares of stock.
broker? (bró'kër), n. [broke, p., a., + -erl.]
One who has “gone broke'; a ‘dead broke,”
ruined, or bankrupt man. [Slang, Australia.]
brokes (bröks), m. pl.
est grade of wool fleece, taken from the neck
and belly of the sheep.
broking (brók’ ing), n. [A back-formation
from brok-er + -ingl.] The business of a bro-
ker; the broker's trade: as, furniture-broking:
pawnbroking.
bromacetic (brö-ma-set 'ik), a. [brom (ine)
+ acetic..] Derived from acetic acid by the
substitution of bromine for hydrogen.—Broma-
cetic acid, an acid, made by the action of bromine upon
acetic acid. Monobromacetic acid is a crystalline sub-
stance, CH2Br. COOH, which melts at 50-51° C. Dibro-
macetic acid, CHBT2. ČóóH. forms crystals which melt at
45-50° C. Tribromacetic acid, CBra. COOH, is a crystallime
compound which melts at 135°C.
bromalin (bröſma-lin), n. . [brom(ime) + -alº
+-in2.] A colorless, nearly tasteless crystal-
line compound, (CH2)6NH.C2H5Br, obtained
by the action of ethyl bromide on hexamethy-
lene-tetramine. It is used as a substitute for
alkaline bromides. Also known as bromethyl-
formin.
bromamide (bröm ' am - id), n. [brom (ine)
+ amide.] A colorless, odorless, and taste-
less compound, C6H2Brân H2HBr, obtained by
the action of hyś acid upon amido
bromization (brö-mi-ză'shgn), n.
bromized (brö’mizd), p. a.
bromohemol (brö-mö-hem’ól),
Their properties of being chlorinating or brominating
agents, of being susceptible to hydrolysis, and of being
readily rearranged into acyl derivatives of chlorinated or
brominated anilines, NH2(C6H4x), would agree equally
well with either of the above constitutions (I. and II.).
Amer. Chem. Jowr., April, 1903, p. 292.
bromination (brö-mi-nā’shgn), n. [bromine +
-ation.] The process of treating a substance
with bromine: especially, for the introduction
of a bromine atom in place of hydrogen (in an
organic compound). Nature, July 9, 1903,
[broke, p. a..] . The low- Bromine water, in chem., water holding bromine in solu-
tion: often used with advantage in analytical chemistry
as a substitute for chlorine water.
bromipin (brö’mi-pin), n. A yellow, oily, non-
irritating liquid consisting of 10 parts bro-
mine and 90 parts oil of sesame. It is said to
be of value in epilepsy and neurasthenia.
[bromize +
-ation.] 1. Impregnation with bromine or the
bromides.—2. Induction of a toxic state by
means of large doses of the bromides.
Under the influ-
ence of large doses of one of the bromides, as
bromide of potassium or sodium. Buck, Med.
Handbook, II, 484.
bromo-albumin (bró’mö-al-bü'min), n. A
compound of bromine and peptone, albumose,
or protogen given internally for general ner-
vous conditions. &
bromohematin (brö-mö-hem’a-tin), n. [brom-
(ine) + hematin.] A substance analogous to
hemin, in which hydrobromic acid is combined
with hematin in the place of hydrochloric acid.
m. A red-brown
compound of bromine and hemol containing
.7 per cent. bromine. . It is hematinic and
tribrombenzol. It is analgesic, sedative, and sedative.
antipyretic.
bromargyrite (bröm-ār'ji-rit), n.
+ argyrite.] Same as bromyrite.
bromatologist (bró-ma-tol’ā-jist), n. [broma-
tology + -ist.] One who is skilled in the
science of dietetics.
bromatotoxicon (bró"ma-tº-tok'si-kon), n.
[NL., K. Gr. 8pópla(T-), food, H- tośtków, poison.]
Any poisonous substance produced in an arti-
cle of food. -
bromatotoxin (brö"ma-tº-tok'sin), n. [bro-
matotoac(icon) + -īn?..] A basic poison gene-
rated in food by the growth of bacteria or fungi.
bromatotoxism (brö"ma-tó-toks'izm), n. [bro-
matotoac(ic) + -ism...] Poisoning with broma-
totoxin in some article of food.
brome, n. 2. Same as brome-grass.-Red brome.
Same as red kchess.
brome-grass, n.—Australian brome-grass. Same
as fescue-grass.-Austrian, a Wnless, beardless, Hun-
garian brome-grass.—Sāme, as smooth Abromé-grass.
–Russian brome-grass, chiefly the 8mooth kbrome-
grass.-Short-awned brome-grass, Bromws brevia-
ristatus, a Rocky Mountain species, valuable in meadows
at high altitudes.—Smooth brome-grass, a beardless
species, Bromws inermis, native in the dry regions of Rus-
sia, prized as a hay grass in Europe, and now proving very
valuable in the semi-arid parts of the northWestern tjmited
States. It is a perennial grass forming a turf in loose
soils and very resistant to drought.—Western brome-
ass, Bromws Pumpellianus, a native of the northern
ſº Mountain region, similar to the smooth brome-grass
and perhaps of like value.—Willard's brome-grass, the
chess or cheat, Bromws Secalinus.
bromeliaceous (brö-mê-li-ā‘shius), n. Belong-
ing to the Bromeliaceae or pineapple family.
bromelin (bromº-lin), n. [Bromelia, a former
name of the pineapple (Ananas Ananas), +
-in?..] A proteolytic ferment derived from the
juice of the pineapple.
bromhydric (bröm-hi’drik), a. [An inversion
of hydrobromic.] Same as hydrobromic.
Bromian (brö’mi-an), a. . [Gr. 3póuſoc, noisy,
an epithet of Bacchus, K 3póuoç, noise, roar,
K 8péuety, roar.] Of or pertaining to Bromius
or Bacchus; Bacchic. Shelley.
bromide, m.—Alkaline bromide, a compound obtained
when bromine acts on alkaline metals—Bromide emul-
sion. See kemulsion.—Bromide of ethyl, the old term
for ethyl kbromide.—Bromide paper, See kpaper.—
Ethyl bromide, a colorless, limpid, inflammable liquid,
C2H5.Br. It is anesthetic.--Ethylene bromide, a color-
less liquid, C2H4Br2, of chloroform odor, used as an anti-
epileptic.—Potassium bromide, a salt largely prepared
and used. In medicine it is employed to allay nervous
irritability, and hence as an indirect hypnotic, in epilepsy,
hysteria, alcoholic, mania, etc. It is also used in photog-
raphy.—Radium bromide. See Aradčwm.
bromin, n. A simplified spelling of bromine.
brominate (brö’mi-nāt), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
brominated, ppr., brominating. [.
-qtel,] . To cause to react with bromi
cially, to replace hydrogen with bro
orgº compound.
[brom (ime)
bromophenol (brö-mö-fé'nol), n.
bromohydrate (brö-mö-hi’drät), n. [brom (ine)
+ hydr(ogen) + -atel.] Same as hydrobrom-
ałe
bromol (bró’mol), n. [brom (ine) + -ol.] Same
as tribromphenol.
bromomania (brö-mö-mā‘ni-á), n. [brom (ide)
+ Gr. Alavia, madness.] The condition of being
morbidly addicted to the use of any of the
medicinal bromides.
Same as
tribromphenol.
bronchadenitis (brong"kad-e-ni’tis), n. [Gr.
późxog, windpipe, -H &óñv, gland, + -itis.]
nflammation of the bronchial glands.
Bronchial asthma, catarrh. See *asthma,
*Catarrh.
bronchiectasia (brong"ki-ek-tä'si-á), m. [NL.]
Same as bronchiectasis. -
bronchiectatic (brong-ki-ek-tat'ik), a. Same
as bronchiectasic. Phil. Med. Jour., Jan. 31,
1903, p. 200.
bronchiogenic (brong"ki-Ö-jen'ik), a. [Gr.
6póyºta, the bronchial tubes, + -yevng, pro-
duced.] Of bronchial origin. Buck, Med. Hand-
book, IV. 356.
bronchiolitis (brong"ki-Ö-li’tis), n. [NL., K
bronchiole + -itis.J Capillary bronchitis.
bronchiospasm (brong’ki-à-spázm), n. ...[Gr,
§póyºta, bronchia, + a ſtaguóc, contraction.]
Spasmodic narrowing of the bronchia.
bronchismus (brong-kis' mus), m. [NL., K. Gr.
8póyºog, windpipe.] Same as *bronchiospasm.
bronchitis, m.–Catarrhal bronchitis, simple bron-
chial inflammation with profuse secretion.—Croupous,
exudative bronchitis. Same as pseudomembranows
bronchitis.— Fetid bronchitis, bronchitis accompanied
with a foul-smelling expectoration.—Fibrinous, mem-
branous bronchitis. Same as pseudomeºmbranous bron-
chitis.—Potters’ bronchitis. Same as potters'kasthma.
—Productive bronchitis, bronchial inflammation ac-
companied by an irregular formation of fibrous tissue in and
around the bronchial tubes.—Putrid bronchitis. Same
as fetid kbronchitis.-Staphylococcus bronchitis,
bronchial inflammation excited by the presence of staphy-
lococci.-Streptococcus bronchitis, bronchial inflam-
mation excited by the presence of streptococci.-Suffoca-
tive bronchitis. Same as capillary bronchitis.- Ver-
ous bronchitis, a bronchial inflammation in cattle
due to the presence in the bronchial tubes of a parasitic
worm, Strongylus filaria, called in sheep husk, in calves
hoose.—Vesicular bronchitis. Same as bronchopnew-
7)?.0%%0.
bronchocavernous (brong-kö-kav’ér-nus), a.
brontothere
Relating to, caused by, or affected with broncho-
pneumonia. Jour. Eaper. Med., W. 165.
bronchopulmonary (brong-kö-pul’mó-nā-ri),
a. [Gr. 8póyzog, the windpipe, + L. pulmo(n-),
lung, + -ary.] Relating to the bronchi and
the lungs. Buck, Med. Handbook, V. 848.
bronchoscope (brongſkö-sköp), n. [Gr. 3póyzog,
windpipe, okoſtelv, view.] An instrument
used in examining the interior of the trachea
and the beginning of the bronchi.
A bronchoscope, which consists of a tube, the inner sur-
face of which is highly polished to serve as a reflector, with
an electric lamp arranged so as to throw a strong light on
the tube, was passed into the bronchial tube and then
withdrawn. Aect. World and Engin., Jan. 16, 1904, p. 140.
bronchoscopy (brong-kos' kö-pi), n. [Gr.
6póyzog, windpipe, + akotreiv, view.] Inspection
of the larger bronchial tubes by means of re-
flected light, usually through an opening into
the trachea.
Bronchoscopy allows the whole bronchial tree to be
searched. Therapeutic Gazette, Jan., 1903, p. 60.
bronchovesicular (brong"kö-vé-sik'll-lär), a.
Relating to both bronchial tubes and pulmon-
ary air-cells.-Bronchovesicular murmur, a sound
heard in cases of partial consolidation of the lung, in
which the normal vesicular murmur is pfesent, but more
or less obscured by the bronchial respiration. See
re&piration.
bronco-buster (brong’kö-bus/tér), n. One who
subdues or breaks a bronco to the saddle.
[Western U. S. slang.]
He was accordingly given the belt and declared to be
the “champion bronco-buster” of the world.
Wide World Mag., April, 1903, p. 547.
bronco-busting (brongſkö-bus’ting), m. The
process of breaking broncos to the saddle.
[Western U. S. slang.]
bronco-grass (brong’kö-grás), 3:. A brome-
grass, Bromus maximus Gussomi, native in the
Mediterraneau region, introduced into Cali-
fornia and a troublesome weed in the region
of San Francisco bay.
Bronsil shales. See *shale2.
bronteion (bron-té’on), m.; pl. bronteia (-à).
[Gr.] Same as bronteum.
brontogram (bron’tó-gram), n. [Gr. 3powth,
thunder, + )páppia, writing.] The record-sheet
from the brontometer or brontograph ; also any
diagram of lines on a map showing the phe-
nomena of thunder-storms.
brontograph (bron’tó-gräf), m. [Gr. 3povtſ,
thunder, + ypápétv, write.] 1. Same as *brom-
* -ºº ºr = <
C .
º ºg
Marvin's Brontograph.
a 6, large metallic box to which the frame c 6", the rapidly revolv-
ing cylinder e, the aneroid box y, the post gº, the pivots Jr and f, are
firmly attached. The levers & Z and & 2 cause the pen at 2 to
make a magnified record of the motions of the pivot & attached to
the upper movable surface of the aneroid box. The air within the
box is first brought into equilibrium with the outside air by open-
ing and closing the stopcock s just before an observation is to be
made. A slow wave of compression and expansion causes the exter.
nal air to contract and expand : the aneroid pivot Æ, and eventually
the pen, follows these changes sluggishly but still approximately.
Rapid or high pitch sound-waves cannot be recorded by this bron-
tograph.
tometer. 2. An apparatus devised by Marvin
(1899) for recording any wave of sound, as
thunder or the discharge of a cannon.— 3. A
map or diagram showing the progress of the
front of a thunder-storm by means of isobronts
or equivalent lines for successive hours.
brontometer (bron-tom’e-tér), m. [Gr. 3povtå,
thunder, + puérpov, measure.] An instrument
devised by G. W. Symons, and constructed in
1888, for registering simultaneously the time
of beginning and ending of lightning, thunder,
rain, wind, and other phenomena of thunder-
storms. More properly a brontograph.
[bromine +
[Gr. 306Yzog, the windpipe, tº L. gºvernosus, Brontops (bronſtops), n. [Gr. 8povtå, thunder,
cavernous.]. Relating to the bronchi and to a + 5p, voice..] See Titanotherium.
pulmonary cavity; noting a quality of Sound Brontornis (bron-tór’nis), n. [NL., K. Gr.
heard on auscultation of the chest. Buck, 3powth, thunder, + šppic, bird.] A genus of
Medical Handbook, II. 818. gigantic extinct birds, related to Phororhacos,
bronchopleuropneumonia (brong"kö-plö'rö- whose bones are found in the Santa Cruz Mio-
nil-mă'ni-á), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3póyxoc, windpipe, gene of Patagonia. See cut under *Phoror-
+ pleuropneumonia.] Pneumonia complicated hacos. * -
pchitis and pleurisy. brontothere (bron’t j-thér), m. An animal of
sºmonic (brong"kö-nī-mon'ik), a. the genus Brontotherium.







bronze
bronze, m.—Bismuth bronze, a bronze in which bis-
muth replaces the copper of the copper-tin alloy.—Boron
bronze. See Aboron-bronze. —Bronze positive. See
*positive.—Deoxidized bronze. See Tobin, kbronze.—
Diamine bronze, a direct cotton coal-tar color of the
triazo type, Geived from benzidine. It dyes unmordanted
cotton a bronzy brown from an alkaline salt bath. When
after-treated with copper sulphate or chromium fluoride
the shade is rendered faster and darker. — Magenta,
bronze. See twmgstem kbronze.—Manganese bronze,
(b) Same as manganese brown (which see, under brown).-
Nickel bronze, See knickel-bronze.—Plastic bronze,
a copper, lead, tin, and nickel alloy which casts readily,
gives good castings, and can be easily machined.—Plati-
num bronze. See &platinwm-bronze.—Saffron bronze,
See twmgstem kbronze.—Tobin bronze, an alloy resem-
bling in its properties delta-metal (which see), and com-
posed chiefly of copper, zinc, tin, iron, and lead, in Vary-
ing proportions. Tobin bronze is used extensively for
household articles, ornaments, parts of machinery, etc.
One sort of Tobin bronze—composed, before oxidation,
of 82.67 per cent, copper, 12.40 per cent. tin, 3.23 per cent.
zinc, 2.14 per cent. lead, and some iron and silver—is sold
under the name of “deoacidized bronze.”—Tungsten
bronze, a substance made by dissolvingtungsten trioxid in
fused potassium or sodium tungstate. With the potassium
compound the product is called magenta bronze, and
consists of violet crystals with a coppery luster. With
the sodium compound the product is called saffrom bronze
and the resulting crystals have a golden luster. When
ground they are used as pigments.
Bronzed diabetes. See *diabetes.
bronze-steel (bronz'stël), m. A hard, tough
alloy of copper, tin, and iron: used as a gun-
metal.
bronziness (bron’zi-mes), n. Bronze-like qual-
ity or color.
Autumnal browns . rise gradually . . .
sort of buff to bronziness.
Athenæum, May 4, 1895, p. 576.
brood1, n. 6. Oyster spat in the second year
of development. — Foul brood, a disease of the
honey-bee caused by Bacillus alvei. It affects both early
stages (brood) and adults.
brood1, v. t. 4. To incubate: as, brooded eggs.
Jour. Eaper. Med., VI. 251.
brood-chamber (bröd"châm"bër), n. A cham-
from a
broom-squarer
broom weed) and licorice-weed.—Wild broom, the deer-
Weed, Lotus glaber, a plant somewhat resembling the
common broom. [California.)
broomer (bröm'ér), n. One who uses a broom,
as in street-cleaning; a street-sweeper; a
broom-man. [Rare.] N. E. D.
brº ºv.–American broom-rape, the squaw-
Toot, Comopholis Americana, a fleshy light-brown root-
parasite.—Branched broom - rape. Same as hemp
×broom-rape.—Broom-rape family. See Orobancha-
cege. —Clover broom-rape. Same as lesser kbroom-
rape.-Hemp broom-rape, Orobanche ramosa, an Old
World species, in Rentucky now an amnoying parasite
on the roots of hemp and tobacco.—Lesserbroom-rape,
Orobanche minor. See Orobanche.—Louisiana, broom-
rape, Orobanche Ludovvciama, a species native to the
Western United States.—Naked broom-rape. (a) See
maked. (b) Same as pale or one-flowered kbroom-rape.—
Pale or one-flowered broom-rape, Thalesia wniflora
a woodland plant of the broom-rape family, widely diffuse
in North America, sending up from near the ground one
to four slender peduncles with single nodding white or
violet flowers.
(bröm'skwär’ér), m. See
*broom-squire.
broom-squire (bröm’skwir), m. In certain parts
of England, a squatter on a moor who lives by
making brooms of heath. Also in West Surrey
called broom-squarer.
“Broom-Squires?” “So we call in Berkshire squatterson
the moor, who live by tying heath into brooms.
Ringsley, Two Years Ago, xiv.
broomstick, n.--To marry over the broomstick,
to go through a make-believe marriage ceremony in which
both partiesjump over a broomstick; a sort of play in which
the parties are children or a grown person and a child:
hence, by allusion, a mock marriage ceremony.
There's some as think she was married over the broom-
Stick, if she was married at all.
broom-makers in binding the head to the broom-
stick.
Broseley dragon, porcelain. See *dragon,
*porcelain1.
ber which is folded off from the uterus and brosing (brö’zing), n. Meal-time. Also brosing-
closed around each embryo in some species of
Peripatus; any chamber for holding the devel-
oping eggs or young of an animal.
brooder, n. 2. Same as couveuse, 2. Buck,
Med. Handbook, VI. 749.
broodered (brö’dèrd), a. Hatched or reared
in a brooder; artificially reared: as, broodered
chickens. [Rare.] g
brood-food (bröd'föd), m. A prepared food
for bees in their early stage: in one form it is
a pap prepared from pollen.
broodiness (brö’ di-mes), m.
brood or sit, as in a hen.
broodingly (brö’ding-li), adv. In a brooding
manner; while brooding. Bulwer, Pilg. Rhine,
Inclination to
XXVI.
brood-lamella (bröd (la-mel'É), m. ; pl. brood-
lamellae (–6). In crustaceans, a part of an ap-
pendage modified to form a protective cover
for the eggs or young.
In the female of the Arthrostaca, Schizopoda, and Cw-
'macea the brood-lamellae on the basal joints of the tho-
racic feet . . . develop at the approach of sexual maturity.
Lang (trans.), Comp. Anat., p. 380.
broodlet (bröd (let), m. [brood + -let.] A young
bird; a chick.
brookable (brük'a-bl), a. [brook? -- -able.]
Capable of being brooked, put up with, or en-
dured; endurable. Hogg, Tales and Sketches,
v. 41.
brook-grass (brük'grâs), n. Andropogom glo-
meratus, a broom-like species found in low
grounds. In the southern United States it is,
in its young state, valuable for pasturage.
brook-lamprey (brük"lam"pri), m. Same as
river-lamprey.
brook-runner (brük' run-èr), m. The water-
rail, Rallus aquaticus.
brook-Silk (brük'silk), m. A popular name for
Spirogyra, CEdogonium, and other filamentous
algæ.
brook-stickleback (brük'stik'l-bak), m.
*&#ickleback.
See
brook-tongue (brük’tung), m. The water-hem- Broun’s rule.
brow-ache (brou’āk), n. Supraorbital neural-
lock, Cicuta maculata, and perhaps other spe-
C1628.
brook-trout (brük' trout), m. See trout1.
brool (bról), n. . [Imitative. Cf. G. brill, n, K
brillen, roar.] A murmuring sound as of wind
blowing through a forest.
List to the brool of that royal forest-voice.
Carlyle, French Rev., I. v. 2.
broom!, n.-Native broom, swamp-broom, in Aus.
tralia, same as 8wſtºmp-oak, 2 (a). It yields a soft, spongy
wood.— Preumatic broom. See Apneumatic.—Purple
broom, Comesperma retukum, an Australasian plant of the
family Polygalaceae, bearing racemes of small purple
flowers.-Sweet broom Same as 8weet broom weed (see
Brosmophycis (bros-mê-fi'sis), n.
Brotherist (bruTH’ér-ist), n.
bºnership (bruTH’ér-ship), n.
browed (broud), a.
Browgill beds.
brown. I.
time. [Scotch.]
rosmophycinae (bros-mê-fi-si'né), m.pl. [NL.,
KBrosmophycis + -inae.] A subfamily of fishes
of the family Brotulidae, including two genera,
Brosmophycis and Ogilbia. -
[NL., K
Norw. broSme (see Brosmius), + Gr. 60kmg,
fem. §vNig, a fish living in seaweed (the forked."
hake?), Kºwlºog, seaweed.] A genus of fishes of
the family Brotulidae, represented by a single
Species, B. marginatus, found on the California
Coast.
brostenite (brosºte-nit), n. [Brosténi (see def.)
+ -ite2.] hydrated manganite of ferrous
iron and manganese, occurring in blackfriable
masses in crystalline schists near Brosténi in
Rumania.
brother, n-Brethren of the Sack, an association of
mendicant monks in the thirteenth century, who were
Vulgarly so called from the coarse sack they wore as an
Outer garment. -
e A follower of
Richard Brothers (1757–1824), a famatic who
predicted the destruction of the world. He an-
nounced himself as the nephew of the Almighty and prince
of the Hebrews, appointed to lead them to a new Jeru-
Salem on the banks of the Jordan.
brotherlike (bruTH'ér-lik), a. Brotherly; fra-
ternal; like a brother. -
Welcome, good Clarence; this is brother-like,
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 1.
1. Brother-
iness.-2. A fraternity or gild; a brother-
hood.
brotochore (bró’té-kör), n. [Irreg, KGr. 8poróg,
a mortal, H.2%peiv, spread abroad.]. In phyto-
geog., a plant disseminated through the agency
of man. F. E. Clements.
brotuliform (bro-tü’li-fôrm), a. Formed like a
brotuloid fish.
brougham-hansom (brö’am-han'sum), n. A
public cab having the driver's seat at the front
and the entrance at the rear; originated by a
London firm of carriage-builders.
See krule1.
gia. Also brow-pang.
Having a brow or brows
(of some specified kind): as, low-browed, dark-
browed, etc.
See kbed 1.
(t.—BrOWn ash. See kashl.—Brown
body, the pigmented remnants of the old polypide which
breaks down and is replaced by a new polypide in the
Polyzoa.
The periodical histolysis of the polypide, leading to the
formation of a brown body, may partly be due to the
cumulation of excretory substances in the cell
mentary canal (Harmer, Qwart, J. Lº
J. Hawthorne, Fort. Fool, iv. º
broom-wire (bröm'wir), m. The wire used by
brown
128); but the effects of artificially introduced pigments
(indigo-carmine, etc.) suggest that the excretory function
, is in part performed by some of the mesodermic tissues,
Encyc, Brit., XXXI. 827.
Brown Body (FYustra zapyrea Pall.) Naples x i. Illustrating
Orill
the development of a new polypide after the ation of a
* & rozwyt &ody. *
4, &, two masses formed from the alimentary canal; b, degene-
rating tentacles; c, connective tissue; at, young polypide bud. A.
Another zooecium, later stage; b, brown body; e, retractor mus-
cles; /, tentacle-sheath; g, stomach; h, tentacle. C. The same
zooecium, 191 hours later; letters as in B. A. and B are seen from
the front, C from the back.
(After figure in “Cambridge Natural History.”)
–Brown disease. See Adisease.—Brown NP, a mor-
dant coal-tar color prepared by combining diazotized
para-nitramiline With pyrogallol. It dyes chromium-mor-
danted wool a brown.— Brown-print paper. See kpa-
p; Brown rot, rust, vitriol. See ºrot, krust1, květ-
7°80/.
II. m.–Acid alizarin brown, a mordant-acid coal-
tar color. It is rendered extremely fast when subjected
to an after-chroming.—Acid brown. See kacid-brown.
—Alizarin brown. Same as anthraceme Arbrown.—Al-
kali brown, a direct cotton coal-tar color of the mono-
azo type. It dyes unmordanted cotton a reddish brown
in an alkaline bath. Also called benzo-brown. 5 R.—An-
thracene brown, a mordant coal-tar color derived from
anthraquinone. It is a trihydroxyanthraquinone and is
therefore isomeric with anthrapurpurin, flavopurpurin,
and purpurin. With a chromium mordant it gives very
fast browns, particularly on wool. Sometimes called ali-
zarim brown.—Asphalt brown, a brown pitch originally
obtained from the Dead Sea, but now from the residue
of the distillation of bituminous matter. In the powdered
form it is used as a pigment. Its solution in turpentine
is called asphalt paint.—Benzo dark brown, a direct
cotton coal-tar color of unpublished composition. It
dyes unmordanted cotton black-brown shades in a salt
bath.—Catechu brown, (a) A direct cotton coal-tar
color of the tetrakisazo type, derived from Bismarck
brown. It dyes unmordanted cottom brown in a salt
bath. (b) A brown produced upon textile material with
catechu. Also called cutch brown. See catechw.— Chlor-
amine brown, a direct cotton coal-tar color of unpub-
lished composition.— Cologne brown, a pigment of
humus-like character, similar to Cassel brown.— Colum-
bia, brown, a direct coal-tar color used for dyeing cot-
ton. In a salt bath it dyes unmordanted cotton a brown
which becomes darker when diazotized and developed
with phenylene diamine.—Cryogen brown, a coal-tar
color of the sulphid type, of unknown constitution. It
dyes unmordanted cotton brown in a salt bath.— Cutch
brown. Same as catechu kbrown.—Diamine brown,
the name given to several direct cotton coal-tar colors of
the diazo type, derived from benzidine. They dye un-
mordanted cotton various shades of brown.— Diamond
brown, a mordant-acid coal-tar color of unpublished
composition. It dyes wool brown in an acid bath, the
shade becoming exceedingly fast when after-treated with
potassium bichromate. It may also be applied upon
chromium-mordanted wool.—Diazin brown, a basic
coal-tar color of unpublished composition, but probably
of the monoazo type and derived from saframine. It dyes
tannin-mordanted cottom a brown of good fastness.-
Diazo brown, a direct cotton coal-tar color of the diazo
type. It dyes unmordanted cotton brown in a salt bath,
but for the best results a subsequent diazotizing and de-
veloping is necessary.—Diphenyl brown, a direct cot-
ton coal-tar color of the diazo type, &eived from benzi-
dine. It dyes unmordanted cotton brown in a salt bath.
—Direct brown J, a direct cotton coal-tar color of the
tetrakisazo type, prepared by combining two molecules
of diazotized meta-amido-benzoic acid with Bismarck
brown. It dyes unmordanted cotton brown in a salt
bath.-Direct brown R, a color obtained by dyeing
with polychromine and subsequently diazotizing and
developing with meta-phenylene diamine. —Durophe-
nine brown, a coal-tar color of uncertain composi-
tion, prepared by boiling nitroso-phenol with sulphuric
acid. It dyes unmordanted cotton brown in a sodium-
sulphid bath, the shade being rendered faster by an
after-chroming.—Egyptian brown. Same as mummy
*brown.— Eyed brown, an American agapetid, butter.
fly, Satyrodes canthus, occurring east of the Mississippi and
feeding in its larval stages on sedges and grasses.— Fast
brown. Same as maphthylamine Arbrown.— Gemmed
brown, an American agapetid butterfly, Neonympha
gemma, occurring in the southern United States and feed-
ing in its larval stages on grasses.— Gold brown, Same
as phenylene brown (which see, under brown).—Hessian
brown, a direct cotton coal-tar color of the tetrakisazo
type, ãerived from benzidine or toluidine, sulphanilic
acid, and resorcinol. It dyes unmordanted cottom brown
in an alkaline salt bath.-Janus brown, a Janus coal-tar
color. It dyes tannin-mordanted cotton brown in a neu-
tral bath and unmordanted cotton in an acid bath ; similar
to diazine. A brown.— Kongo brown G and R, direct Cot-
* r colors of the triazo type, derived from ben-
ey dye unmordanted cottom brown in a Salt
‘ado brown, a direct cottom coal-tar color of
type, prepared by the action of caustic-soda
!
|
|
|
\
!
|
t






brown
solution upon para-nitrotoluene-sulphonic acid. It dyes
cotton brown in a salt bath.-Mummy brown, a brown
#. consisting of a bituminous matter mixed with
animal remains brought from the catacombs, where bitu-
men was employed in embalming.—N aphthyiamine
brown, an acid coal-tar color prepared by combining di-
azotized naphthionic acid with a-naphthoi. It dyes wool
brown in an acid bath.-Picryl brown, an acid coal-tar
color, now obsolete.— Pigment brown. Same as Sudan
*brown.—Seal brown, a rich, dark brown. , See &eal-
brown.—Sudan brown, an insoluble, colored azo com-
pound prepared by combining diazotized a-naphthylamine
with a-naphthol. It is not used in textile-coloring, but is of
value for the coloring of oil, soap, and spirit varnishes.—
Sulphone brown, a sulphone coal-tar color of unpub-
lished composition. It dyes wool brown in a salt bath
containing ammonium acetate or a little acetic acid.—
Toluylene brown G, a direct cotton coal-tar color of the
diazotype, derived from tolylene diamine. It dyes unmor-
bruiter (brö’tēr), n.
the creaking of leather sometimes heard in pericarditis.
—Bruit de dra, peau [F., “sound of (flapping) cloth'), a
flapping sound produced by the to-and-fro movement of a
polypus in the trachea.—Bruit depot félé [F., “sound of
cracked pot'), a sound heard on percussion over a cavity in
the lung which is filled with air and communicates with
the bronchia by a narrow opening.—Bruit de Soufflet [F.,
“sound of bellows'), a blowing sound heard in certain affec-
tions of the heart and also over an artery when it is com-
pressed.--Systolic bruit, an abnormal sound heard, on
auscultation, with the contraction of the heart.
[bruit -- -erl.] One who
%; or spreads abroad reports or rumors.
Udall.
brum" (brum), v.i.; pret. and pp. brummed,ppr.
brumming. [Imitative war. of buml, v.] To
hum; murmur. Blackwood's Mag., LVI. 207.
danted cotton a yellowish brown in a salt bath, and is very brum” (brum), a. and n. A slangy contraction
fast to soaping.—Toluylene brown R, a direct cotton
coal-tar color of the tetrakisazo type, derived from tolylene
diamine and naphthionic acid. It dyes unmordanted
cotton brown in a salt bath.—Zambesi brown, a direct
cotton coal-tar color. It dyes unmordanted cotton in a
salt bath dull purplish browns, which when diazotized
and developed are converted into dark yellowish browns.
browneyed-Susan (broun-id-sii’zan), n. The
brumby (brum (bi), n.
of brummagem.
[Native Australian.]
name used originally in Australia to denote
a wild or unbroken horse and adopted in other
English éolonies.
People who lost money on him called him a brumby.
R. Kipling, The Broken-link Handicap.
common cone-flower, Rudbeckia hirta : the - º
same as *blackeyed-Susan (which see). brummagem, 4. II. m. A piece of brum-
brownie-bug (brou’ni-bug), n. Any one of *ěº Wºº; hence, an imitation; sham.
many species of the homopterous family Mem- p: these daysi. º SO * sham and imitation and
bracidae, so called on account of their bizarre ɺnce one comes to the real
ºnee. Sci. Amer. Sup., Dec. 6, 1902, Miss Thackeray, Village, p. 9.
p. 22520. - brummer (brö’mér), n. [G., K brummen, hum
browning, n. 3. In plastering, the second buzz; see bombl, etc.] Same as bombard, 6.
goat. The first coat, called the scratch Goat, brummish (brum’ish), a. [brum1 + -īshl.]
is generally deeply scored to receive and holā Brummagem; counterfeit; of counterfeit char-
the browning; 4. In boº, the discºloration acter: applied to coin. Colman the Younger.
which takes place in vegetable cells when they [Slang.]
are injured, as by cutting. It is probably due brunch (brunch), m. [br(eakfast) + (l)unch.j
to chemical changes. In Oxford University slang, a meal which
If a suitable mass of living cells is meatly cut with a takes the place of breakfast and lunch.
sharp razor, the first perceptible change is one of color; brunch-Word (brunch (wèrd) , m. A word made
the white “flesh” of a potato or an apple, for instance, - * { }~ * } -
turns brown as the air enters the cut cells, and the micro- on the model of ‘bi unch, that 1S, by blend-
scope shows that this browning affects cell-walls and -
contents alike. M. Ward, Disease in Plants, p. 122. (which see).
º * c ºn A //l A brunella (brö-nel’â), m.
bº º Il t; ), n. One who of prunella.] ...A plant of the genus Prunella.
5 º & & º These plants are little perennial weeds, sometimes grown
brownstone, n. 2. Decomposed iron pyrites, in rockeries and sightly shaded parts ºf the bºº.
browntail (broun’tăl), n. A local name for mella, vulgaris, commonly called self-heal or heal-all, is
the Tasmanian tit, Acanthiza diemenensis. found Wild in America, Asia, and Europe, often invading
brown-top (broun’top), n. 1. A panic-grass,
poor lawns and causing annoyance. See prwmella2, 2.
is a f +s
Pan?cum fuscum, having the panicle brown. brunetness (brö-net/nes), n. In anthrop., the
It is native in tropical America, also in Florida and Texas,
character of being brunette.
and is similar in habit and value to the Texas millet (see brunettism (brö-net'ism), n. Same as *bru-
under kmillet). metness. Amer. Anthropologist, Jan.-March,
2. The redtop, Agrostis alba. 1902, p. 157.
browny, n. 2. A kind of currant loaf in com- Brunfelsia (brun-fel'si-á), n. [NL. (Linnaeus,
mon use in Australia. 1753, adopted from Plumier, 1703), named in
Roast mutton and brownie are given us to eat. honor of Otto Brunfels (1488?–1534), an early
Gilbert Parker, Round the Compass, p. 36. German botanist and physician.] A genus
sº brou’pang), n. Same as *brow- of plants of the family Solanacée, containing
brºy pang ( pang), about 30 species, native in tropical America.
A few of the species are grown in warm glass houses.
browse”, m.–Slag-hearth browse, partly reduced #. Hopeana and B. pauciſióra are the most common, the
lead ore mixed with cinder, obtained in smelting gray
º latter being a very handsome plant, flowering in succession
slag in the slag-hearth. The lead from the slag-hearth jof...; yea ry B. º: B. h. àrangezeformis
browse is extracted by resmelting. y
browskidºsº. The chief beam in bºoºº, ,
a frame to, which tººkle fºr loading logs on "[F., browning, Kºbrunir, brown: see juriš, p.j
cars is fastened. Also called draw-skid and A disease of grape-vines characterized by the
lead-log. - e formation of brown spots covering more or less
brow-timed (brou’tind), a. Having a brow-
* 4. of the surface of the leaves. The cause of it
time or brarich starting just above the bur and is uncertain. S
bending forward; said of antlers. . This condition Brunistic (brö-misſtik), a. Of or pertaining
is characteristie ºf the genus Cervus and related forms. To tº joctrines of Gior à ano Bruno, the Italian
t * -
Contrasted with kfork-tºned. e - >
- *f , philosopher (1548–1600). Encyc. Brit., XXX.
If this º '. º We §. º º p. 291, §§ º 51
is suggested that the extinct Sedgwick's deer may be allie e - * º
to tº orientiºusine group.’"ividentiy he author brunneous (brun '3-us), a. TML. brunneus,
[Sir H. Johnston] does not know the difference between a bruneus, K brunus, brown : see brown.] Dark
§ and a #: º 8S, tºº, may . brown : used chiefly in entomology: as, brun-
thered from certain statements in regar Sll DOOSé - - -
É...". eg pp. neous-gray wings. Humphreys, Brito. Mths,
Nature, Dec. 31, 1903, p. 194. # 137. ite (brunz’ vig-it.) [Dan. B *
9 runsvigite (brunz Vig-lt), m. Dan. Brunsvig,
Bruce's banana. See Abanana. * Brunswick, ---ite?..] A kind of chlorite occur-
brucia ſº."... [...] §ºmºsºme img in gabbro in the Radauthai, Germany.
#ºte pºwdº...” “powder. Brunswick stew," sºi.
Brühl's receiver. See *receiver. * , Brunton's calciner. See *calciner.
bruisable ſº gº. Alsº brºiséſºlº brush. .. 7 (i) one of the ends of the sta-
º, t , ººl. Capable of being bruised; “ºy iroušof an electic machine which
friable. Cotgrave. e º
º te receive the current from or supply it to the
bºise, v. t.—To bruise water (naut.), said of a vessel revolving circuit: so called i. they had
when she pitches heavily into a head sea. formerly a brush - like structure. Now th
tº - - I DOl - e r €
bº, º Without ecchymosis, .*.*. are solid º Of º OI’ gº . #.
& tº a § º ages of Wire gauze or of me €8.VéS. he part of the
bruisewater (bröz"wāt"ér), º, . A bluff-bowed ºnjºvić. ...s.n.'...".
vessel which creates much disturbance under called the commutator or collector.
the bows when forcing its way through the 13. The hair on the upper end of a grain of
Water. : wheat. It furnishes a distinction between
bruit, n. —Aneurismal bruit, a murmur heard on varieties.—Ambulacral brush. See kambulacral —
auscultating over an aneurism. — Bruit dº choc [F., Brush discharge, electrode. See Adischarge, kelec-
“sound of impact'], the second sound of the heart atºm- trode.—Faradic brush, a brush-electrode; a wire brush
panied by an impression of impact, such ºffs is noted in Rºached to one pole of a battery and used in the appli-
auscultating over an aneurism of the aortla-B cation (fl. electricity to the surface of the body. — To be in
t de
cuir neuf [F., “sound of new leather’l, a soughd resembling the brush, tº he embarrassed or confused, as a public
|brush-clutch (brush ‘kluch), n.
ing parts of two other words; a *blend-word brush-coal (brush ‘köl), n.
[An improper form brush-deal (brush'dé]), n.
brusher, m.
brusher-off (brush’ér-ôf), m.
brush-grain (brush'grän), m.
brushing (brush'ing), m.
brush-line (brush’ lin), m.
brush-turpentine (brush’tér” pen-tin), n.
brush-turpentine
Electric Brush-holder.
a, Drush ; &, brush-box; c, brush-box stud ; aſ, washer; e, brush-
holder shank; f, clamping-screw ; g, spring-box; h, spring-box
bolt; z, tension-lever; 2, tension-lever head; 2, brush-spring ;
72, pig-tail connection; ºt, thumb-screw ; o, adjustment notches.
[Western U.S.]—Wire brush, any brush made
entirely, or nearly so, of wires. Specifically: (a) a hair-
brush made with metal wires in place of bristles; (b) a
gilder's brush of brass wire used for spreading gilding
and for cleaning metal surfaces; (c) a brush made with
iron wires used for street-sweeping; (d) a carding brush ;
speaker.
etc.
'brush, v. t. 6. In mining, to remove, by blast-
ing or otherwise, rock from (the floor or roof
of a level or roadway) to increase its height.
’ brush-cherry (brush'cher-i), n. 1. See cherryl.
— 2. An Australian tree, Caryophyllus myrtifo-
lius (Eugenia myrtifolia of Sims), which yields
a light-reddish, elastic timber, used for staves,
oars, boat-building, boomerangs, and shields.
Its red, acid fruit makes a good preserve.
A clutch in
which a semipositive contact is obtained by
having wire brushes on one face catch into
grooves on the other face.
In mining, the coal
taken down when the top of a level is brushed.
A slender Austra-
lian tree, Cupamiopsis anacardioides, of the
Soapberry family. It yields a tough, close-
grained, pinkish timber, sometimes used for
house-building.
3. A miner who enlarges the
roadways by breaking down the roof-rock or
by taking up rock from the floor.—4. A local
Australian name for the small, active kanga-
roos which inhabit the scrub, or Urush.
A worker in a
pottery who brushes off the ware before it
goes to the kiln.
The atmosphere which the brushers-off, the finishers,
and the porcelain makers generally work in [in the Limo-
ges potteries] contained 640,000,000 of dust-particles to
the cubic metre. Buck, Mled. Handbook, VI. 324.
In the painting
of woodwork, an effect produced when the
second coat is made to show through the third,
of another color, by passing the brush over it
while the second coat is still wet. N. and Q.
9th ser., VIII. 310.
brush-harrow (brush ‘har * 6), n. Same as
brush, 6.
brush-holder (brush’hôl"dēr), n. A device
for holding the brushes of an electric machine.
! -
See ** 13, with cut.
rush-hools orush ’ huk), n. A bush-hook
(which see).
In mining, that part
of the roof or floor of a roadway which is re-
moved to increase its height. Barrowman,
Glossary.
A fishing-line sus-
pended from a branch of a tree, with the hook
immersed in the water beneath : used for catch-
ing catfish in a Mississippi river overflow.
Practically all the fishing is done with “trot-lines” and
“brush-lines.”
Jordan and Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes,
[p. 18.
brush-scythe (brush'siTH), n. A *bush-scythe
(which see).
brush-turkey, n. The name is also loosely applied
to various megapods, or mound-builders, besides the
curious Talegallus lathami. Among these is the mallee,
Leipoa ocellata. It is also given to the bustard, Eupodo-
tis awstralis.
- In
Australia, either one of two trees of the myrtle
family, Symcarpia leptopetala and Rhodamia
trinervia, both yielding useful timber. The
latter is also called red scrub tea-tree and three-
veined myrtle. See Symcarpia and compare tur-
pentime-tree, 2.

brush-wire
brush-wire (brush’wir), m. Wire which is made
especially for coarse brushes such as are used
in street-sweepers.
brusk!, brusque (brüsk), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
brusked, brusqued, ppr. brusking, brusquing
[bruskl', a.] To treat with scant courtesy or
in a brusk, offhand way: as, “in this first dia-
logue he brusques Tasso,” Fraser's Mag., XIII.
530.-To brusk it, to assume a brusk manner; act with
hºmes : as, “I’ll brusque it a little,” Scott, Woodstock,
bruskly, brusquely (brüsk’li), adv. In a brusk
manner; offhandedly and with scant cour-
tesy.
brusque, brusquely. See *bruski, *bruskly.
brut (brüt), a. and m. [F. brut, fem. brute,
rude, rough, unfashioned, K. L. brutus, brute.
See brute, a.] I. a. Raw; rough; rude; as
applied to wines, dry; not sweet.
II. m. [F. diamant brut.] A rough diamond
or other gem. Roughing out a gem is often
called bruting. M. Bauer, Precious Stones,
V. 243
brute, n. 3. Naut., a yacht that to some extent
sacrifices fineness of lines to fullness of form,
so that great initial stability and sail-carrying
power are obtained.
“Reliance,” however, is a brute of the most pronounced
type, the term brute being used in its present accepted
sense among yachtsmen as meaning a vessel that sacri-
fices fineness of form to fullness, great initial stability,
and large sail-carrying power.
Sci. Amer., May 9, 1903, p. 354.
bruter (brü’tēr), n. [brut? -- -erl.] One who
roughs out or roughly shapes gems either by
chipping or by grinding them. M. Bauer,
Precious Stones, p. 244.
bruting (brū‘ting), m. [brut? ---ingl.] Rough-
ing out or shaping gems by chipping or grind-
1ng.
brutting (brut'ing), m. [brut! -H -ingl.] 1.
Browsing: nibbling of young shoots.-2. The
breaking off of young shoots (or branches?).
[Provincial in all uses.]—Brutting crew, a crew
which rolls logs down slopes too steep for teams.
[F.
Bruxellian (bruk-zel’i-an), a. and n. .
Bruxelles, E. Brussels, in Belgium.] In geol.,
noting a local division of the Middle Eocene
in Belgium, corresponding in part to the lower
ortion of the limestones of the Paris basin.
See & Lutetian.
bryaceous (bri-ā‘shius). a. Belonging or per-
taining to the family Bryaceae or to the order
Bryales, that is, to the true mosses.
Bryales (bri-ā’léz), m. pl. [NL., K. Bryum +
-ales.] An order of mosses, the true mosses,
characterized by having the Spore-case sepa-
rated from the wall of the capsule by a hollow
cylindrical intercellular space. It is divided into
the Acrocarpi and Pleurocarpi (ranked as suborders)
and embraces by far the greater part of all mosses.
Bryanthus (bri-an'thus), n. [NL. (Gmelin,
1769), K. Gr. 3píov, moss, + div6og, flower, in
allusion to the habit of the plant..] A genus
of plants of the family Ericaceae. The only spe:
cies, B. Gmelini, is a moss-like or heather-like plant of
eastern Siberia. The use of the name is sometimes ex-
tended to include the allied genus Phyllodoce. This con-
sists of about 6 species, belonging to the arctic-alpine
regions of both hemispheres. They are low, evergreen,
heath-like shrubs with handsome yellow, red, or purplish
flowers. Bryanthus empetriformis and other species are
occasionally cultivated.
Brycon (bri’kon), n... [NL., K. Gr. 3pükov, ppr.
of 8pūketv, eat greedily.] A genus of fishes of
the family Characinidae, of numerous species,
the typical one being B. dentea, found on the
coast of South America.
Bryophyllum (bri-Ö-fil’um), m... [NL. (Salis-
bury, 1805), K. Gr. 3píov, moss, + ptºov, leaf.]
A genus of succulent plants of the family
Crassulacea, containing 4 species, natives of
tropical Africa. B. pinnatum (B. calycinum of Salis-
bury) is the only species under cultivation. If the leaves
are laid on moist sand or moss, after a time new plants
will appear at the indentations; it is therefore frequently
grown for students' use. It runs wild, in some of the
warm countries. Sometimes known as the life-plant.
bryophytogeographic (bri-Ö-fi-tá-jë-3-graf’-
ik), Ta. [NL. bryophytum, bryophyte, H- geo-
graphicus, geographic..] Relating to the geo-
graphical distribution of mosses or of bryo-
hytes generally.
ryssetaeres (bris-e-té'réz), m. . [NL., , irreg.
K. Gr. 9púgoog, a kind of sea-urchin, + &raipog,
companion.] A genus of cling-fishes of the
family Gobiesocidae, represented by a single
species, B. pinniger, a small fish abundant in:
the Gulf of California.
Bryssophilus (bri-sof'i-lus), m. [NL., K. Gr.
Boüagog, a kind of sea-urchin, + ptWeiv, love.]
A subgenus of cling-fishes of the family Go-
biesocidae, typified by the single species Gobie-
soa, papillifer.
Brython (brith’on), n. . [W. Brython: see
Briton.] In ethnog., a Briton of Wales, Corn-
wall, or ancient Cambria, as distinct from a
Gadhelic Celt. -
Brythonic (bri-thon'ik), a. Of or pertaining to
the Brythons.
The god's Irish name Nuada assumes on, Brythonic
ground the form of Nodens, genitive Nodentis, to be
found in Latin inscriptions, of which more anon.
Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 125.
B. S. An abbreviation of (a) Bachelor of Swr-
gery; (b) Bachelor of Science.
. S. A. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Scien-
tific Agriculture.
B. S. C. An abbreviation of Bengal Staff Corps.
B. S. D. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Scien-
tific Didactics.
B. S. F. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Scien-
tific Forestry.
B. S. G. An abbreviation of British Standard
age.
Bt. A contraction of Baronet.
B. Th. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Theol-
093/.
#. U. An abbreviation of British Thermal
mit.
buabua (bö-à-bö’â), m. [Fijian, also simply
bwa = Tongan bud = Samoan and Tahitian
pua, name of several different trees, = Maori
pua, Hawaiian pua, pulva, a flower.] In the
Fiji Islands, a small evergreen tree, Guettarda
Speciosa, of the madder family, with opposite
obovate leaves and very fragrant jasmine-like
flowers, which are strung in garlands by the
natives. The tree is widely distributed on tropical
shores from East Africa and the adjoining islands to
eastern Polynesia. It is highly esteemed on account of
its delicious perfume.
buba, (bö’ bā), m. [Swahili buba.] Framboesia.
Jour. Trop. Med., Feb. 16, 1903, p. 62.
bubal (bü’bal), m. [Also bubale; K L. bubalus K
Gr. 30ipañog: see buffle, buffalo, bubalis, Buba-
lus.] A large ox-like antelope of South Africa,
otherwise known as the bubalis.
Bubastic (bū-basſtik), a. Of or pertaining to
the ancient Egyptian city Bubastis, in Lower
Egypt, the present Tel Basta.-Bubastic dy-
nasty, the twenty-second Egyptian dynasty, which was
of Semitic origin, had its seat at Bubastis, and lasted
through 170 years, beginning with about 980 B. C.
bubble-boyt (bub'l-boi), m.
bow.
bubble-foot (bub’l-fút), n. Any insect of the
order Thysanoptera or Physapoda. Amer. In-
ventor, June 1, 1904, p. 244.
bubol, n.-Malignant bubo, bubo occurring as the
characteristic symptom of one of the forms of plague.—
Sympathetic bubo, swelling of the inguinal glands due
to an irritation or wound of some part of the leg or foot.
—Venereal bubo, one associated with venereal disease.
bubonic, a. 2. Accompanied by the forma-
tion of bubos; affected with bubos.
From the fact that bacilli are hardly ever found in the
blood of bubomic cases, it may be inferred that they are
arrested by the lymphatic glands next above the seat of
inoculation, and that the fight—which is the illness—
takes place largely in the bubo. Encyc. Brit., XXXI. 788.
Bubonic plague, a form of the plague characterized
by the formation of bubos in the groins and sometimes
in the axillae. See plague, 2.-Bubonic-plague bacil-
lus. See kbacillw8.
bubui (bö-bö-é'), m. [Said to be Tagalog, but
not traced.]
The silk-cot-
ton, Ceiba pen-
t a n dºr a , 8,
tree belonging
to the family
Bomb a caceae,
with a straight ,
trunk, whorls ſº
of radiating
branches, digi- is
tate leaves, and
mallow - like
flowers. The jº
seed-pods yield a
silky floss, called
pulwin Ceylon and
kapok in the Mala
archipelago, whic
is brittle and elas- ſº
tic and not suita-
ble for spinning,
but is used for
stuffing pillows
and cushions. It is
very inflammable
and is used in In-
dia in the manu-
facture of fire-
works. See kapole,
Bubui (Ceiba ºžilºtdra).
Same as bubble-
buck
and silk-cottom tree, under silk-cottom.—Bubuisubat (“for-
est-bubul'), a name applied to an allied tree, Bombaz
Ceiba, called in the East Indies simool or red ksilk-cotton
tree. See silk-cotton, under cottoml, and sinnool. [Phil-
ippine Is...]
bucan, n. 4. Meat prepared on a bucan.
[Guiana.]. *
a trumpet; see buccina.] A genus of proso-
branchiate gasteropod mollusks of the family
º: They have nautiloid, symmetri-
cal, spi enrolled shells with all the volutions exposed,
the final whorl ending in an explanate peristome. Typical
species are from the Silurian rocks.
bucaramangite (bě' ka-ra-man'jit), n. [From
. Bucaramanga, Colombia.] A fossil resin
from Colombia. It is like amber in appear-
ance, but does not yield succinic acid.
bucare (bö-kā‘rā), n. [S. Amer.; orig, lan-
guage not traced.] The name in Venezuela.
Porto Rico, Trinidad, and other islands of the
West Indies of several leguminous trees be-
longing to the genus Erythrina, especially E.
wmbrosa and E. velutina. These are used as
shade-trees in the cultivation of cacao and
coffee. See *amauca.
Buccal chamber, in holothurians, the cavity into which
the mouth leads. See buccal cavity.—Buccal shield,
in Ophiuroidea, a shield-shaped plate, interradial in posi-
tion, lying in the angle between the two jaws of one
segment. Also called oral plate, mouth-plate, and Scutum.
buccale.—Buccal tube, in certain trematodes, the pas-
sage from the mouth to the pharynx.
buccia (bö'châ), m. [It., bark, peel, hull, etc.]
The marc or solid residue from the second
pressing of olives in the production of olive-
oil.
buccinite (buk'si-nit), n. [Buccin(um) + -ite?..]
A fossil Buccinum, or some shell allied to that
genus.
bucco2 (buk’ö), n. Same as buchw.
buccofacial (buk-6-fa'shal), a. [L. bucca,
cheek (mouth), + facies, face..] Relating to
the mouth and adjoining portion of the face.
ſºlos. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London), ser. B, 183.
buccopharyngeal (buk-6-fô-rin’jē-ă]), a. [L.
bucca, mouth, + Gr. 96pvyč, pharynx..]. Per-
taining to the cavity of the mouth and to the
harynx.-Buccopharyngeal aponeurosis, a fibrous
and stretching between the pterygoid process and the
posterior part of the alveolus of the lower jaw, and giving
attachment to the superior constrictor pharyngis and the
buccinator muscles.— Buccoph eal, muscle, part
of the superior constrictor pharyngis muscle.
Bucephalus, n. 4. [l. c.] A jocose name for
a riding-horse, implying ‘a spirited or raging
steed,” in allusion to the spirited steed of Alex-
ander the Great.
Buchan's rule. See *rule,
Buchiola (bö-ki’ô-lâ), m. [NL., K. G. von Buch,
a German geologist, + L. dim. iola.] A genus of
pºpº mollusks. They have the general form of
ardium, but are of very primitive aspect, being
without hinge-structure except for minute denticulations
along the hinge-line. The surface is usually covered with
festooned ribs. On account of the primitive expression of
this and some contemporary genera, they were put together
by Neumayr into a group termed Palaeoconcha, but the
genus Buchiola is not of primitive age and is now regarded
as a degenerative pelagic type. Same as a Glyptocardia.
Büchner funnel. See funnel.
buchnerite (bök'nér-it.), n. . [Buchner (Otto
Buchner, an authority on meteorites) + -ite?..]
In petrog., a name given by Wadsworth (1884)
to certain ultrabasic igneous rocks, both terres-
trial and meteoric, of granular texture and
consisting of olivin, enstatite (or bronzite) and
augite. Buchnerite is a kind of peridotite.
Buchu camphor. See kdiosphenol.— Long buchu, the
leaves of Empleurum, ensatum, a shrub of southwestern
Cape Colony, related to the plants which produce the
true buchu, and used for adulterating that drug. See
cut on following page.
buck”, n.-Golden buck, a “rabbit' with a poached egg
placed on the cheese mixture.
buck2, v. t. 3. To saw (felled trees) into logs.
[Western U.S.]—4. To bring or carry: as, to
buck water or wood. [U. S.]— 5. To cut to a
proper shape for a barrel-stave.—6. To at-
tempt to control (a bucking or obstreperous
beast or a difficult affair or proposition): used
only in the phrase to buck the tiger. See to
fight the tiger, under fight.
buck?, n. 2. In poker, any article placed in
the pool with the chips, to be taken down by
the winner, indicating that when he deals it
shall be a jack-pot. In straight poker, since the
winner of the pool always deals, the buck is passed round
to mark whose turn it is to ante for all the players.
buck+, v. t. 5. In football, to charge into (the
line of opponents) with the ball.'
backé, 70. (c) An apparatus used in the northwestern Uni-
ted States for gathering hay from the swath and transfer-
ring it directly to thefootoſthesºk. It consists of a coarse

huckleberry or deerberry, Polycodium stami-
the bucket rests on the material to be lifted. It is heavy
enough to dig in as the jaws close and so pick up its load.
9. In turbines and centrifugal pumps, the
space between two adjacent vanes on the
revolving wheel.-Bucket fever. See kfever1.—
Orange-peel bucket, a self-filling bucket for a dredg:
ing-machine or for a coal-hoisting plant. It consists of
four steel leaves hinged together and resembling the sec-
tions of half an orange when the skin is cut into four
quarters. Dropped upon a mass of coal the pointed ends
of the four leaves sink into the coal, and when the bucket
is raised by its hoisting-chain the strain causes the leaves
to come together, inclosing and lifting one or more cubic
yards of coal. It is a modification of the more familiar
clam-shell bucket (see clam-shell, 3).
bucket, v. t.--To bucket an oar, to recover the stroke
with a hurried forward swing of the body.
balance: see bucket!, n.] "A beam or pole on
which anything may be hung or carried. Lev-
ins, Manipulus Vocab., col. 86. w
loucket-conveyer (buk’et-kon-vā’ér), n. A
device for transporting material, consisting of
a chain on which buckets are fixed at regular
the buckets and carried to the desired point, where it is
dumped. See #conveyer, 4.
the pump-buckets.
apparatus for raising ore, grain, or other ma-
terial, consisting of a number of metal buckets
attached to an endless belt or chain.
Long Buchu (Empleurum ensattem).
a, branch with flowers and fruit; b, a male flower; c, a hermaphro-
dite flower. (From Engler and Prantl’s “Pflanzenfamilien.")
rake or cradle with horizontal teeth, supported at the two bucket-float (buk et-flöt) ; 7b.
ends by wheels and propelled by horses at the rear. A paddle-wheel.
drag-buck used on rougher ground is similar but without bucket-lid (buk’et-lid), m.
; wheels. The hay is elevated py means of a slide (see bucket-valve.
Slide). ge A sº
bºº (buk), v. t. To cut (wood) with a buck- bucket-light (buk’et-lit), n. A very, short
saw. [Canada.] candle, consisting of stearin poured, in the
buckll (buk), n. A dollar. [Slang.] melted state, into a shallow cylinder of tin-
A man . . . gººd around some gold ºnes. tº º ºs plate with a slender wick in the center: in-
Twenty"bucks ºosºove the ºntº three tended fºr use in bedrooms at night and for
dollars the crowd fought for the tickers.
McClure's Mag., Feb., 1903, p. 428. and Thorp, Chem. Technol., II. 96.
buckberry (buk/ber - i), n.
The flap of a
leather or rubber packing of a pump-bucket.
neum and other species. [Southern U. S.]— bucket-piece (buk’et-pés), n,
2. The bear-huckleberry, Gaylussaeia ursina, a nine-pump which carries the buºket-dºor.
a species with a sweet fruit, much used in bucket-pump (buk’et-pump), *.
North Carolina. Lounsberry, 'Southern Wild lifting-pump which employs small buckets in
Flowers, p. 396. place of pistons. See chain-pump.
bucket-elevator (buk/et-el’é-vā-tor), n. An buck”, 3. [U. S. and Australia.]
& tº gº buck-jumping (bukſjump-ing), n.
The float of a bºº (buk’lan-
bucklel, v. t.
A chain or buck-quartz (buk-kwärts'), m.
buckwheat
Redbuckeye. See red.—Shrubby buckeye, a low spe:
cies, Æsculüg arguta, found on plains and prairies west of
the Mississippi.--Small buckeye, Æsculus parviflora, a
low southern species with pure white flowers, sometimes
cultivated.—Stinking buckeye, the fetid buckeye. See
buckeye, 1.-Texas buckeye, Same as Spanish buckeye
(which see, under buckeye).-Yellow buckeye, Æscwlus
octandra, a large tree of the eastern United States, with
yellow flowers.
buck-fly (buk'fli), n. Same as buck-moth.
buck-heap (buk/hép), n. See the extract.
The great majority of the rabbits captured [in Australia)
are sure to be males, because the male rabbits have the
habit of congregating in certain spots called “buck-heaps.”
In these spots they are easily caught by the trappers.
Nature, Nov. 13, 1902, p. 43.
z louckhorn. m. 3. See deerhorn.
bucket2 (buk’et), n. [Appar. KOF. buquet, a bucking hammer (buk'ing-ham-èr), m. An
iron disk, provided with a handle, used for
breaking up minerals by hand. Coal and
Metal Miners’ Pocketbook.
bucking-table (buk'ing-tä"bl), n. A stron
table, usually of cast-iron, on which crushe
ore is placed to be pulverized.
intervals. The material to be transported is put in buck-jump (buk’jump), n. A leap like that of
a buck or a bucking horse or mule. [U
bucket-door (buk’et-dòr), n. The cover of an , and Australia.], e & *
opening in a pump designed to give access to buckjump (buk/jump), v. i. To jump in the
manner of a bucking horse or mule. Same as
The plung-
ing and leaping of horses and mules addicted
to bucking. See buck?, v. i., 3.
ăit), m. [Named after
. Buckland, an English geologist (1784–1856).]
A variety of allanite from Arendal, Norway.
2. To do up (the hair) in curl-
papers; curl; crimp. See bucklel, n., 3.
Another word, buckle, used in the sense of “to curl,”
is a localism perhaps. I have heard it used much in New-
port, where the ladies spoke of “buckling their hair," i. e.
rolling it up on a bit of paper or cloth.
Letter from P. M. C.
outdoor illumination of colored lamps. Groves buckler-head (buk/lér-hed), m. Same as buck-
?”-70 S/2.
1. The squaw- bucket-mounting (buket-moun"ting), n., The buckling”, (buk’ ling), n. [G. bickling.] A
large smoked and salted herring.
The casting of buck-plate (buk"plát), n. Same as bucking-
plate.
Hard, non-
auriferous quartz. Coal and Metal Miners’
Pocketbook.
buckboará-barouche (bu.kºbórd-ba-rösh'), n. bucket regall (bºke-ºkºlº), ...A. sphere Buck's extension apparatus. See *appa-
A large buckboard used as a stage-coach. formed of bucket-hoops and canvas: it is
[Western U. S.] boats to return to the ship.
buckboard-mail (buk/bârd-măl’), no. A form ſº ^ of: - ºi
of buckboard-wagon, with accommodation for bº,” et - ring), n. Same as
six passengers, used for passenger and mail bucket-shell (buk’et-shel), n. The metal
service in the western United States, especi-
ally in Yellowstone Park. b f g º
tº z ucket-strap (buk’et-strap), m. An iron ring
buck-brush (buk'brush), n. One of several ºf insp; the leather ºf a bucket-valve.
plants associated in the western United States bucket-trap (buk’et-trap), n. A form of
with the feeding of deer: (a) In the moun; steam-trap in which a bucket or open vessel
tains of California, Lotus glabér, also called is used as the float or weight to operate the
deer-weed and wild broom. (b) In Oregon, the valve.
shrub Kºngia, tridentata, (6), In, Colorado, bucket-wheel (buk’et-hwāl), n. The rotating
various, shrubby &omposites of the genera part of the turbine wheel (using either steam
Chrysothamnus and Isocoma. tº , or water) in which a jet impinges upon curved
buckeen! (buk-én'), n. [Guiana D. "bokin, surfaces, called buckets, and imparts velocity
frame of the bucket of a pump.
fem. of bok, goat, buck: see buckl, n.,4.] An
Indian woman: a term adopted from the Dutch
in Guiana.
The Indian men and women were called by the Dutch
“Bucks” and “Buckeens,” and these rather inelegant ex-
pressions are still in common use.
W. H. Brett, Indian Tribes of Guiana, p. 34, note.
and energy to the rotor which is fastened to
the revolving shaft. These vanes, or buckets,
are either cut or molded from the solid edge
of the wheel, or are made separately and care-
fully fitted on the edge.
buckety (buk’et-i), a. Like a bucket; clumsy.
[Rare.] N. E. D.
*atus.
hoisted aloft by whalers as a signal for the buck-shell (buk'shel), n. A dugout canoe
with straight sides, the wood not being spread
in the middle by heating. See *shell, 19.
[Guiana.]
buck-shot, n. 2. A lava of granulated strue-
ture, occurring in Australia, embedded in
sandy alluvium. [Australia. ]
The plain under our feet was everywhere furrowed by
dead men's graves, and generally covered with the granu-
lated lava, aptly named by the settlers buck-shot, and
found throughout the country on these trappean forma-
tions. Buck-shot is always imbedded in a sandy alluvium,
sometimes several feet thick.
Austral. Qwart., 1851, p. 459, quoted by E. E. Morris in
[Austral English.
Buck-shot cinder. See Arcinder.—Buck-shot land,
land whose soil carries rounded lumps of the size of buck-
shot, or that carries or produces concretionary pellets.-
Buck-shot; SOil. Same as kbuck-shot land.
buck-sick (buk'sik), m. See the extract.
Epidemic gangrenous rectitis, known here as “caribi'
or “buck-sick,” is said to be common amongst the Abo-
riginal Indians. I have only seen one or two cases, simply,
I presume, because these Indians so rarely come to hos-
pital for treatment.
Jour. Trop. Med., Nov. 15, 1904, p. 357.
buckeen” (buk-ºn"), n...[buck + -een, an Ir; dim, buckeye, n. 4. In entom., an American nym- buckskinned (buk'skind), a. Wearing buck-
(-īn), used, as in Squireen.J., In Ireland, one phalid butterfly, Junonia caenia. It occurs through. ". * -:
belonging to the less wealthy section of the P. ººgºº, skin; clothed in buckskin.
class known as gentry, who, without a profes- state upon plantain, snapdragºn, and the figworts. It Our buckskinned justices expound the law.
sion or any j income, tries to play the derives its popular name from the eye-spots on the wings. Scott, The Poacher.
buck. See buckl, n., 3. . y buck-stave (buk'stāv), m. Same as *buck-
Stay.
buck-stay (buk'stā), n. One of the vertical
beams which are run up the outside of a briek
boiler-setting or furnace to keep it from buck-
ling, or cracking.
buckthorn, m. 3. In the southern United
States any species of the genus Bumelia, par-
ticularly B. lycioides. The tough buckthorn is B.
temaa, and the wooly buckthorm of the coast region is B.
lamwgimosa. Both of these are also called black-hand and
ironwood.—Cascara, buckthorn, Rhamnus Purshiana,
the source of the cascara Sagrada bark. See Rhamnus and
bark2.
Buckwheat swarm. See Aswarm1. -- Copse-buck-
Wheat, Polygomum dwynetorum, a climbing species, nat-
* e tº uralized from Europe in parts of the United States. This
ore, and often for digging under water. Such and P. scandems have been called hedge-buckwheat.—
buckets are operated by power and can lift a ton or more Crested false buckwheat, Polygomum cristatum, a
at a time. he most common form is the clam-shell —Big or large buckeye. Same as yellow kbuckeye, - smaller species of the eastern and southern United States,
bucket, which is made in two parts hinged together. It Purple or purplish buckeye, a variety (hybrida) of the having the wings of the fruiting calyx incised.—Hedge-
is lowered with the jaws open, and they are closed while yellow buckeye, which has purplish or pink flowers.-- buckwheat. See copse-Arbuckwheat, º
buckerl, n. 4. One who saws felled trees into
logs. Aiso called across-cutter. [Western U.S.]
—5. One who brings or carries. See *buck2,
Q), t., 4. -
bucker8 (buk’ér), n. A machine for shaping
staves for barrels or kegs. It consists of a steel
carriage into which the stave is clamped by a lever. The
carriage is then forced by a ram into such a position that
the stave passes between two cutters, which shave it to
the proper proportions, the width in the center being
greater than at the ends to give the barrel the proper
bulge or belly.
bucket, n. 7. A letter full of abuse. [Local,
U. S. slang.]–8. A scoop or digger used for
taking up loose material such as coal or
$i.s
-s#
;t
:#ºf 5.
|º:ºº
§
º,
§
Buckeye Butterfly (Junonia coertza).
(From “Amer. Museum Journal.”)



buckwheater
buckwheater (buk’hwö-tër), n. A novice at
lumbering. [Slang, U. S.]
bucolism (bü’kol-izm), m. [bucol(ic) + -ism.]
A bucolic phrase or characteristic. H. N.
Coleridge, Greek Poets, p. 7. [Rare.] N. E. D.
bucorvine (bù-kórºvin), a. and m. [NL. bu-
corvus (KGr. 30ic, ox, -- L. corvus, crow) +
-îné1.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the horn-
. of the genus Bucorvus or family Bucer-
Otidae. t
II. m. A hornbill of this family. º
bud", n.—Imaginal buds, the slight projections in full-
grown larvae and semipupae of insects from which the wings
and legs are developed. Packard, Text-book of Entom.,
p. 652.
bud-beetle (bud’bé’tl), n. A beetle which in-
fests the buds of various plants.-Raspberry-
bud beetle, an American dermestid beetle, Byturus wrº-
color, which feeds on the buds and blossoms of the rasp-
berry and blackberry.
bud-brush (bud’ brush), m. A species of sage-
brush, Artemisia spinescens, especially abun-
dant in the Red Desert of Wyoming. It is a
low plant with bud-like bunches of leaves and flowers
much relished by sheep, and is the most valuable of the
sage-brushes. Also called bºwd-sage and spring Sage.
buddawong-nut (bud’a-wóng-mut"), n. Same
as burrawang-nut.
Budde effect. See *effect.
Buddeize (bùd'iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. Bud-
deized, ppr. Buddeizing. [Sw. Budde, name of
the inventor of the process, + -īge.] To sterilize
(milk) by heating to 48°–55°C. (118.4°–
131° F.), with the addition of hydric oxid. At
this temperature the enzymes of the milk de-
compose the hydric oxid, and the nascent
oxygen destroys all spores as well as microbes.
Sci. Amer., May 30, 1903, p. 413.
Buddhadharma, būd’ā-dār-mâ), n. [Skt.] The
ethical code and religious system of Gautama
Buddha.
Buddha's rays.
Buddhic (büd'ik), a.
as Buddhistic.
Buddhism, m.–Esoteric Buddhism, a phrase applied
to recent theosophical speculations.
budding, n.-Axial budding, the multiplication of a
bilateral organism by transverse fission accompanied by
regeneration.
See *ray1.
[Buddha + -ic.] Same
In the rhabdocoel turbellarians, and in some of the am-
nelids, we often find chains of new individuals produced
by a process that is often spoken of as budding. It is con-
venient, however, to distinguish these cases of Qarial bud-
ding from those of lateral budding.
T. H. Morgan, Regeneration, p. 149.
Lateral budding, the production by an organism of buds
which become new organisms with their planes of Sym-
metry different from those of the budding Organism,
Buddleja (bud-lè'jā), n. . [NL. (Linnaeus, 1737–
53), named in honor of Adam Buddle (died
1715), an English clergyman, and botanist.]
. A genus of trees or shrubs of the family Loga-
miaceae, usually with quadrangular branches.
There are about 70 species in the tropical and temperate
regions of America, Asia, and South Africa. The flowers
are in racemes, panicles, or clusters; the corolla is tubular
or campanulate and 4-lobed. The shrubs are ornamental
and the fruit is a two-celled capsule with numerous seeds.
It is not hardy in the north ; B. Japonica, B. globosa, B.
Lindleyama, B. variabilis, and B. Colvillei, however, will
stand many degrees of frost.
buddler (bud’lér), n. One who uses a buddle
in washing ore. See buddle?, m, and v. t.
buddy (bud’i), a. [Also buddie..] 1. Full of
buds. Florio.—2. Like a bud. Cotgrave.
budge”,
slang.] -
budgeree (buj'e-ré), a. [Also boojéry, etc. Aus-
tralian.] An aboriginal commendatory expres-
sion meaning ‘good’: used colloquially in the
Australian bush.
budgerigar (buj'e-ri-går"), n. . [Also budgéré6-
gah, betcherrygah, betshiregah, beauregarde, etc.
Native Australian budgery, good, F ga, gah
(misspelled gar), a cockatoo or other bird.]
An Australian name of the grass-parrakeet,
Melopsittaeus undulatus.
budgérook (buj'e-rük), n. [Also budgrook,
busérook, basrook, etc. Pg. bazarucco, basa-
rucco, basaruco: see *bazarucco.] Same as
*lyazarucco.
Budge's center. See *center of Budge.
budgetary (buj'e-tá-ri), a. Of or pertaining to
the budget or governmental financial estimates
for the year; relating to or compared with the
budget; as, budgetary arrangements; a budge-
tary surplus.
budgeteer (buj-et-êr’), n. [budget + -eer.] One
who makes up a budget, as the chancellor of
the exchequer of Great Britain when he pre-
sents his financial statement for the year.
budgrook (buj'rük), n. [See *budgerook. Also
bud-moth (bud'môth), n.
bud-sage (bud'sāj), n.
bud-scale (bud’skål), n.
budzat (bud'zāt), n.
buf, m. and v. t.
buserook, basrook, etc. Pg. bazarucco, prob, K
Canarese bazār-rūka or bajāra-rokkha, ‘mar-
ket-money” (see Yule, 1903, p. 121).] A coin
of low denomination, made of copper, tin, lead,
etc., formerly current on the western coast of
India. . [Anglo-Indian.]
A tortricid moth,
Thetocera ocellana. It is common to Europe and the
northern United States, and its larva damages apple-trees
by destroying the blossoms, newly formed fruit, and ter-
minal twigs. Also called eye-spotted bud-moth.
Same as *bud-brush. .
The scale-like outer
leaves of a leaf-bud. See scalel, 2.
twig is not more than one year old, so that the buds have
never yet started into growth. These buds, when removed
from the twig, or stick, are inserted into the stock, there
to grow. See budding.
bud-worm (bud’wérm), n. The larva of an
American noctuid moth, Chloridea wirescens,
which affects the bud of the tobacco-plant,
frequently doing much damage.—Apple bud-
worm, the larva of a tortricid moth, Tºmetocera ocellama
Schiff., which bores into the blossoms and newly formed
fruit of the apple in the eastern United States.—Rose
bud-worm, the larva of an American tortricid moth,
ºtes nimbatana, which bores into the flower-buds
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Bud-worm (Chloridea vixesce?ts).
a, adult moth ; 8, full-grown larva, from side; c, same, from
above; d, seed pod bored into by larva; e, pupa. Natural size.
(Howard, U. S. D.º.A.)
Rose Bud-worm (Olethrezzzes (Pezzt/tz'zta) 7tzmabazazza).
a, moth ; b, larva; c, empty chrysalis skin ; d, terminal segment
of pupa ; e, rosebud, showing larva at work; f, leaves folded b
larva. All enlarged one third, except d, which is greatly enlarged.
(Chittenden, U. S. D. A.)
n. 4. Same as booze. [Local, U. S. budzart, m. See *budgat,
Why the shaitan didn't you come before, you lazy old
budzart 2 Cholmondeley, Dawk Bungalow, p. 215.
[Also budzart; K Hind.
badzát, of evil race, low-born.] A black-
guard; a low fellow. [Anglo-Indian.]
A simplified spelling of buff.
buffl, v. t. 2. In leather-manuf., to grind or
shave with a buff-wheel.
lbuffa (büf'fä), a. and n. [It. : see buffo.] I. a.
Comic : as, opera buffa, aria buffa.
II. m. A female singer of comic music. See
buffo and bouffe2.
buffalo, n.-Big-mouthed buffalo, the common buf-
falo-fish, Ictiobus cyprinella, of the family Catostomidze,ſa
species which reaches a weight of 50 pounds or more :
found in certain lakes of the Mississippi Valley. Also
called gowrdhead.—Black buffalo, a buffalo-fish, Ictio-
bws wrus, of the family Catostomidze: found in the
Mississippi river.—Buffalo Cholera. See kcholera.-
Buffalo-clover. (a) See clover, 1. (b) See Abuffalo-pea.
— Gourd-head buffalo, a name ini Louisiana of the
buffalo-fish, Ictiobus cyprinella. Also called red-mouthed
and big-mouthed buffalo, and gourdhead.--Mongrel
buffalo, a fish, Ictiobus urus, of the family Catostomidze,
found iſ streams of the Mississi pi Valley.—Small-
mouthed.buffalo, the most abundant and best-known
of the buffalo-fishes, Ictiobus bubalus, of the family Cato-
8tomidae.—White buffalo. Same as small-mouthed
*buffalo.
bºlo bur (buf'a-ló-bër"), n.
bug - -
Same as sand-
7/7',
büffalo-fly (buf'a-lö-fli"), n.
great. -
buffalo-pea (buf'8-lö-pé"), n. 2. In Texas the
term is used indiscriminately of species of
Astragalus and Lupinus forming natural pas-
tºurage. In the latter sense buffalo-clover has
also been used. [Western U. S.]
buff-coated (buf'köt-ed), a. Wearing a buff-
coat: as, buff-coated cavalry.
buffed (buft), a. [buff 2 + -ed1.]. 1. Clad in
buff-2. Coated or covered with buff; having
Same as buffalo-
bud-stick (bud'stik), n. A twig from which . a buffy coat. N. E. D.
one who practises budding cuts the buds. The buffer", n. 2. Any instrument or contrivance used in
buffing or polishing, such as the thin, sharp-edged steel
plate used by woodworkers to bring out the grain; the
chamois-covered pad or ball used in polishing the finger-
nails; the buffing-lathe, buff-stick, buffing-machine, buff-
Wheel, etc., used by different workers in different mate-
rials, and usually with some kind of powder.
3. One who buffs or polishes (knives, glass, cut
precious stones, daguerreotype plates, wood-
Work, etc.)—Buffer's consumption, consumption pre-
Valent among metal-polishers or -buffers.
buffer-beam, n. 3. In mining, a beam fixed
across a shaft to prevent the pump-rods from
moving too far. -
buffer-box (buf'êr-boks), n. The easing which
incloses the buffer-spring and -rod at the end
of a railway-car.
buffer-rod (buf'êr-rod), n. ... In a railway-car,
the rod which carries a buffer; the rod which
transfers the shock or bump from the buffer to
the spring or cushion which is intended to re-
ceive it.
buffer-state (buf'êr-stät"), n. A state which
lies between two larger and supposedly hos-
tile states, and thus serves as a ‘buffer.’
buffet-car (buffet or bü-fā’-kār), n. A parlor-
car or sleeper fitted with a small kitchen for
preparing light meals, which are served on
temporary tables placed between the car-seats.
buffet-organ (buffet or bü-fā’-ôr'gan), n. A
Small, portable organ. -
buffo, n. II. a. Comic : as, basso buffo.
bouffe2 and *buffa.
bufidin (bū‘fi-din), n. [L. bufo, toad, + -id2 +
-in?..] A poisonous substance formed in the
skin-glands of toads. -
bufonin (bü'fö-min), n. [L. bufo (n-), toad, +
-in?..] A name given by Faust to a substance
obtained from the skin and parotid gland of
the common toad, Bufo vulgaris L. Later in-
vestigations indicate that it was impure cho-
lesterol containing some bufotalin.
bufotalin (bü-fot'a-lin), n. [L. bufo, toad, +
-t- + -al +-in?..] An amorphous, bitter, poi- .
Sonous compound, C119H171O25 (?), found in
the parotid glands of the toad. it is very
poisonous to toads, acting on the heart and
stopping it in systole. -
bufotenin (bü-fotºe-nin), n., [L. bufo, toad, +
-t- + -en(e) + -in?..] A poisonous compound
obtained from the secretion of the parotid
glands of the toad. It acts upon the central
nervous system, producing paralysis. s
bug”, n.--Abe Lincoln bug, a namé in some parts of
Georgia of the harlequin cabbage-bug, Murgamtia, histri- .
onica. See cabbage-bug. Also called third-party bug,
fire-bug, and terrapºm-bug.—Brazilian bug or beetle,
any one of several beautiful Brazilian chrysomelid or .
curculionid beetles, sometimes worn alive as ornaments, .
and frequently, set in gold and used in scarf-pins and '.
other articles of jewelry. Among the species so used are
the chrysomelid Desmonota variolosa and the curculionid .
Entimus Splendidw8.—Destructive mealy bug, Dacty-
lopius destructor, found commonly on citrus-trees in
Florida.—Electric-light bug, either one of two large
American Vater-bugs, Belostoma, Americanum and
Bemacus griseus. See Belostoma.-Golden bug, any
one of several species of tortoise-beetles, notably Copto-
cycla awriehalcea, which feed on the sweet potato and
other convolvulaceous plants.— Green bug, Same as
green fly, 2; any One of several species of plant-lice.—
Greenhouse-bug, a scale-insect or coccid Coccus (Leca-
; hesperidwm L., a common cosmopolitan species
found in greenhouses, on various plants. Also called
#. Scale.—Leaf-foot bug. Same as leaf-footed kplant-
wg.—Long-horned bug, any heteropterous insect of
the series Gymmocerata (which see).-Long-threaded
mealy bug, Dactylopius longitilis, a species found in
Florida and in northern greenhouses.— Military bug,
an American capsid bug, Hadronema militaris, whicli
sometimes damages the sugar-beet plant. — Mioma.
bug. Same as Persian kbug—Persian bug, a tick,
Argas persicus or persicae. See Argas. - Sandy-
#ind"bug, an American lygaeid bug, Emblethis aren- "
arius, of wide distribution.— Semiaquatic bug, any
heteropterous insect of the family Saldidae, Veliidae,
Hydrobatidae, or Limnobatidae.—Short-horned bug,
any heteropterous insect of the series Cryptocerata, in-
cluding the families Belostomidze, Coriazidae, Galgulidae,
Nawcoridae, Nepidae, and Notonectidae. —Thin- ed
bug, any species of the aberrant heteropterous family
Hemicocephalidae.—Third-party bug, Murgamtia his-
See
















bug
trionica. Also called Abe Lincoln kbug. [Local Texas.]
—Thread-legged bug, any member of the family Eme-
gidae (which see).--Toad-shaped bug, Same as Atoad-
bug, -
bug-agaric (bug'a-gar'ik), n. Same as fly-
agaric. See *Amanita.
bug-fly (bug'fli), n. The chinch-bug of the
United States, Blissus leucopterus.
Spence, Entomol., p. 92.
buggy”, n.-Concord Fº a side-spring, three-perch
y
buggy having a low-sided body. It originated in Concord,
New Hampshire, and is the original of side-spring Wagons.
—Fantail buggy, a buggy with the rear cut down from
the seat-back to a shallow depth at the rear end of the
body. .
buggyette (bug-i-et’), n. Ibuggy + -ette.]
º: of novel design, built at Calcutta,
India, by a local firm of coach-builders.
bug-hole (bug'hôl), n. A small cavity usually
lined with crystals. See vug. Coal and Metal
Miners' Pocketbook.
bººice (bug'jös), n.
buglet (bü'glet), n, A small bugle, as that
carried by bicyclists. N. E. D.
bugle-weed (büºgl-wód), n, Same as *Ajuga.
bug-light (bug'lit), n. A small incandescent
electric light, used either in street- or house-
lighting, as distinguished from the more
owerful arc-light. [Colloq.]
uhl's disease. See *disease.
Buhrstone formation, a cellular silicious rockfrom which
calcareous shells have been dissolved out, occurring in
South Carolina, where it attains a thickness of 200 feet
and was formerly largely used for millstones. It is of
Eocene Tertiary age. The name was introduced into
geological nomenclature by Tuomey.
build, v. i. 4. In casino, to combine certain
cards so that their total pip-value equals that
of a single card in the player's hand. . .
Builders' hoist, lock, See *hoist, *lockſ.
builder-cam (bil’dèr-kam), m. A heart-shaped
cam placed on a ring-spinning frame to reg-
ulate the wind of the yarn on the bobbin.
builder-screw (bil’dèr-skrö), n. A part of the
mechanism of a spinning-mule for building
or forming the yarn cop.
builder-wheel (bil’dèr-hwél), n.
gears of a cotton-roving machine
Poor liquor. [Slang,
One of the
for regulat-
ing the wind of the roving on the bobbin.
bijing, n. 4. In mining, a wall or pillar
built of stone to support the roof in long-wall
mining; a pack-wall. Barrowman, Glossary.
[Scotch.]
building-berth (bil/ding-bêrth), n. In ship-
building, a place in a shipyard on which a ves-
sel is built, with its accessories of piling,
blocking, staging, etc.; a building-slip.
As an example mention may be made of the overhead
cranes fitted at the Union Ironworks of San Francisco. A
framework of wood is built up over the entire building
berth, the structure being well braced in all directions
for carrying two travelling#. #ºxxii 593, 594
- 7\cyc. Brit., . 593, 594.
building-motion (bil’ding-mö'shgn), n. A
mechanical contrivance on a cotton-roving
machine for regulating the speed of the bob-
bin and the wind of the roving thereon. Some-
times called boa, of tricks.
building-paper (bil’ding-pâ"për), n. Paper
intended to be inclosed between the sheathing
and clapboards of a wall or the sheathing and
shingles of a roof, chiefly to give additional
warmth and dryness.
lbuilding-wheel (bil’ding-hwól), n. Part of
the mechanism of a spinning-mule for build-
ing or shaping the cop of yarn on the spindle.
buire (bwér), n. [F. buire, dial. buie, bie, O.F.
buire, buie, KML. “buca, KOLG. *bile, AS. bic,
a pitcher, also the belly: see buckö, bouk.l.]
A jug or flagon with a handle and spout. Com-
pare burette.
buitenlander (bi'ten-lan-dér), n. [S. African
D. : buiten, outside (see butl), + land, land.]
A foreigner; an alien.
buko (bö’kö), n. Same as buchw.
Bukowka sandstone. See *Sandstone.
bul, n. A simplified spelling of bull.
Buſ (böl), n. 7 [Heb. bill, a word of Canaanite
origin..] An ancient name of the second
month of the Jewish civil year, now called
Hesvan or Mar-heSvan. As the name of a
month it occurs only once in the Hebrew
Bible (1 Ki. vi. 38). There are several ren-
derings of the word. See Hesvan.
bulak (bö’lāk), n. [Tagalog bulak, bulac, cot-
ton; = Bisaya bolac, a flower, esp. the flower
of cotton.] 1. A general name in the Philip-
pine Islands for cotton (Gossypium).-2. A
name sometimes applied in those islands to
Firby and
the silk-cotton tree, Ceiba pentandra, and to
other plants yielding down resembling cotton.
See *bubu’ (with cut). —Bulak-damo (‘cotton-
weed’), A8elepias cwraggavica, a milkweed: so called on
account of the silky pappus of its seeds. See kapok.
loulakan, bulacan (bö-lā-kān"), n. [Visayan
name.] Either of the species Thespesia 7720,6?"O-
phylla and T. populnea, two closely allied trees
'belonging to the mallow family, yielding fine
cabinet-wood... Also called bamago and banalo.
See Thespesia, Abanalo, *milo, and Polynesian
*rosewood. [Philippine Is..]
Bulama fever. See *fever1.
Bulb of percussion, a shell-like projection found on the
fractured surface of flints.—Bulb of the vestibule,
VIII VOV bulb. Same as vulvovaginal gland.—
Conjugate bulbs, a pair of thermometers inclosed in
copper globes, respectively bright and black, for the pur-
pose of determining the total effect of daylight (that is,
skylight plus sunshine).-Fractionation bulb, a small
Fractionation Bulb.
... a, tube through which argon enters bulb.; 8, fractionation bulb
in which it is liquefied; c, tube connecting Fleuss pump with liquid
air contained in a vacuum-vessel; d, tap for communicating with
mercury gas-holders; e, mercury gas-holder.
“Exper. Study of Gases.”)
(From Travers’s
glass bulb surrounded by liquid air held in a vacuum-ves-
sel ; used in separating the rare gaseous elements of the
atmosphere.-Gas-Washing bulb, a glass apparatus es-
pecially designed to expose gases to absorbent liquids.-
Liebig’s bulb, a form of pot-
ash-bulb devised by Liebig for
the absorption of the carbon
dioxid produced in the com-
bustion of carbon compounds
in ultimate analysis : fre-
quently used for the absorp-
tion of gases by liquids.-Ni-
trogen-bulb, a glass appara-
tus for the absorption of the
ammonia gas set free in the
analysis of º: COIO-
pounds. The bulbs are filled
with standard acid. The vari- * - L. : — ?
ous shapes are known by the Liebig’s Bulb.
names of their designers.-Potash bulb, a light glass
apparatus designed to contain a strong solution of potas-
sium hydrate, so arranged that the gas (carbon dioxid)
must bubble through several bulbs or through a length of
tubing to effect complete absorption. The apparatus in-
creases in weight in proportion to the gas absorbed. There
are many forms. ~
Bulb-angle bar. Same as *angle-bulb.
Bulbar apoplexy. See A-apopleaſy.—Bulbar arteries,
small arteries, derived from the anterior spinal artery,
which supply the medulla oblongata.- Bulbar mye-
litis, a slow inflammatory process in the medulla oblon-
gata, leading to bulbar paralysis. º
bulb-bar (bulbſbär), n. A rolled section of
iron or steel which has a cylindrical rib along
one edge of its flange or tension-edge. See
*bulb-tee.
bulb-beam (bulb'bém), n. Same as *bulb-bar.
bulbilla (bul-bil’â), m.; pl. bulbillae (-e). [NL.,
dim. of L. bulbus, bulb.] In hydroid zoöphytes,
a bud which becomes detached at an early
stage and is capable of independent develop-
ment.
bulb-iron (bulb'í’érn), m. Same as *bulb-bar.
bulb-mite (bulbſ mit), n. A tyroglyphid mite,
Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi, which often does great
damage to bulbs in hothouses by burrowing
into healthy tissue and giving entrance to de-
structive fungi and bacteria.
bulbocapnine (bul-bê-kap'nin), n. [NL. Bul-
bocapnus + -ine?..] A crystalline alkaloid,
C19H19NO4, found in the roots of Corydalus
cava or Bulbocapmus cavus. It melts at 199°C.
bulbocavernosus (bul’bà-kav-ér-nó'sus), m.
[NL., K. L. bulbus, bulb, + cavermosus, caver-
nous.] The accelerator urinae muscle.
bulbocavernous (bul-bó-kav’ér-nus), a. Per-
taining to the enlargement at the root of the
Corpus Cavermosum.–Bulbocavernous glands.
Same as Cowperian glands. e
bulbosin (bul’bà-sin), n. [bulb + -ose + -in”.]
A poison extracted from certain gl.
bulbo-urethral (bul"bő-Ü-ré'thral), a. [L.
bulbus, bulb, + LL. urethra, urethra.] Per-
taining to the bulb of the urethra.-Bulbo-
urethral glands, Same as Cowperian glands. ... ...
bulb-plate (bulb'plát), m. In iron ship-building,
a rolled plate or bar having on one edge an
**
bulkhead
enlargement or bulb, and used in connection
with angle-bars riveted to the other edge for
deck-beams, stringers, etc. Modern facilities
in steel-rolling have resulted in the general
substitution ; angle-bulb and T-bulb bars for
these purposes.
bulb-rot (bulb'rot), n. A disease of bulbs of
bacterial or fungous origin: as, the bulb-rot of
the lily, said to be due to the fungus Rhizopus
72S.
bulb-scab (bulb'skab), n. A fungus disease
of Iris reticulata, caused by Mystrosporium
adustum, which produces black patches on the
sheath of the bulb.
bulb-scale (bulb'skål), n. One of the fleshy
leaves or coats of a bulb.
loulb-tee (bulb'té), n. A deck-beam;
a bar, rolled from iron or steel,
which has a web with a double
flange at one end and a cylindrical
head at the other end, thus:
bule, n. Same as boule2.
Bulgaria (bul-gā’ri-á), n. [NL. (Fries, 1823),
in allusion to the somewhat coriaceous ascom-
ata; K L. bulga, a leather sac: see bougel.]
A genus of discomycetous fungi having rather
Bulb-tee.
Bulgaria polymorpha.
a, the fungus, showing the habit, growing between the ridges
of oak bark; b, fruiting body in longitudinal section. Twice
natural size.
large, dark-colored gelatinous ascomata which
are hard and horny when dry. The spores are
simple and brown. B. polymorpha is a com-
mon species occurring on oaks and said to
cause their decay and death.
bulge, n. 3. A rapid rise in price, of stock,
grain, cotton, or the like, followed by an
equally rapid fall, owing to some temporary
causes. The name has reference to the curve in
a diagram of prices. [Colloq.]
bulge, v. II. trans. 1. To cause to swell out and
become protuberant.
How his Majesty is crushed down ; quite bulged out of
shape in that sad way, by the weight of time and its
pressures | Carlyle, Frederick the Great, II. x. 7.
2. To bilge or stave in the bottom of, as a
ship.
Here I found the ship was bulged and had a great deal
of Water in her hold. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, p. 51.
bulger (bul’jēr), n. That which bulges; in
golf, a club with a convex face.
bulger-driver (bul-jér-dri’vér), n. A wooden
golf-club with a convex face.
bulging-stress (bul'jing-stres), m. The force
which tends to make a metal plate bulge,
whether the plate is flat or curved. º
bulimuloid (bù-lim’ī-loid), a. [Bulimulus +
-oid.] Having the characters of or resem-
bling the gastropods of the genus Bulimulus.
bulk1, n. 8. A pile of tobacco laid up in
courses for the purpose of sweating.
Before the sweat is completed the bulk is pulled down
and built up eight or ten times.
U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bulletin, No. 60 (1898), p. 7.
Bººk modulus. See kmodulus.--Ton of bulk. See
O??.l., 2.
bulkl, v. t. 2. In the tobacco industry, to
form into a bulk or bulks; to leave in the
state of bulks: used in this sense with down.
These are tied into hands and bulked down for a short
time. U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'Bulletin, No.60 (IS98), p.9.
3. To pile in heaps, as fish for salting.
bulker!, n. 2. One who bulks tobaceo, fish,
or the like.
bulkhead, n. 4. In hydraulic mining the
pressure-box or -tank at the end of a water-
ditch or flume from which the water-pipes
lead to the nozles,—Partial bulkhead, in ship-
bwilding, a bulkhead extending only part way across the
ship from the side ; also, by extension, a name given to
very deep plate-frames (5–10 feet deep) fitted on high-
power passenger-steamel's between the decks and in the
hold at the side. In the longitudinal system proposed by
Scott Russell, and carried out on the “Great Eastern,”
there were no transverse frames except such partial bulk-


bulkhead
heads. In modern steamers they are used in conjunction
with ordinary frames.—Splinter bulkhead, a bulkhead
or partition of thin armor (usually 1–2 inches thick) of
nickel-steel, fitted in the interior of large war-ships, be-
tween the guns in the citadel or casemates, to localize
the damage from the explosion of shells in the interior.
In the newest ships there are both longitudinal and
athwartship splinter bulkheads, dividing the citadel into
a number of compartments, in each of which there are
One or two medium-caliber guns.
bulkheaded (bulk'hedºed), a. Furnished with
(Water-tight) bulkheads: applied to ships.
bull", n. 11. In mining, an iron rod used in
ramming clay to line a shot-hole. Coal and
Metal Miners' Pocketbook.-Bull in the ring, a
child's game, played by a number joining hands in a cir-
cle to prevent one in the center from getting away.
bullº (bül), n. Same as kbeală.
bull-ant (bül'ānt), n. Same as bull-dog kant.
bullation, n. 2. In bot., one of the elevations
which, with alternating depressions, occur in
considerable numbers nearly parallel with the
margin of the lamina of Laminaria bullata.
bull-berry (bùl’ber-i), n. The buffalo-berry,
Lapargyrea argentea. See Shepherdia.
bull-block (bùl’blok), n. A machine for taper-
ing a wire so that it can enter a drawing-die.
bull-chain (bül’chān), m. 1. A very heavy
chain to which a number of short chains with
hooks on one end and dogs on the other are
attached: used to draw logs from a mill-pond
up a gangway.— 2. Same as jack-chain.
bull-clover (bül’klö’vér), m. See *clover.
bull-daisy (bùl’dā’zi), n. The ox-eye daisy.
bulldog, n. 8. Same as bulldog kant.
bulldozer, n. 3. A horizontal geared press
for bending, shaping, forming, upsetting, and
Welding heavy bars, rods, and other metal
shapes. It consists of a massive frame which supports
bending-, punching-, and shaping-dies, one die being con-
trolled by crank-shafts from the gearing. By using dou-
ble dies, two bends may be given to any piece of work at
One Stroke of the machine.
Bulldozer.
a, forming-die sliding on bed; &, fixed die; c, c, screws for adjust-
inent of 6 ; d, d, connecting-rods operating a ; e, pulley for belt-de-
livering power; /, controller; g, sample steel bar bent in machine.
Machine 16 feet long.
buller? (bül’ér), n. Same as *bull-shot.—2.
In stock-raising, a cow of irregular reproduc-
tive habit. Itep. Kansas State Board Agr.
1901–1903, p. 253.
bullet, n. 4. In poker, an ace : as, a pair of
bullets. [Slang.]—Bullet gall. See kgall3.-Dum-
dum bullet, a half-covered bullet with an expansible soft
core: named from the Dumdum ammunition-works at
Calcutta.—Soft-nose bullet, a bullet in which the nose
is made of softer metal than the rest in order that it may
flatten out, or mushroom, on impact.
bullet-head (bùl’et-hed), m. Around head like
a typical bullet; a person having such a head,
and, figuratively, a pig-headed, obstinate per-
SOIl.
bulletin. m.–International bulletin, in meteor. : (a)
The bulletin of weather telegrams published in Paris since
1859 as the Bulletin International. (b) The bulletin pub-
lished by the chief signal officer of the United States army
from 1875 to 1889, containing the daily reports and charts
and monthly and annual summaries of the international
simultaneous meteorological observations for the whole
northern hemisphere. e gº
bullet-money (bùl’et-mun'i), n. A Siamese
gold and silver ingot coinage: so called from
its form. *
bullet-wood, n.--Andaman bullet-wood, the tim:
ber of Mimusops littoralis, a tree of the Andaman and
Nicobar islands and Tenasserim. It is reddish brown,
close-grained, very hard, durable, and heavy, and is used
especially for gun-stocks.
bullety (bùl’et-i), a. [bullet F -yl]. Bullet-
like as regards form; shaped like a bullet: as,
a bullety brow. Poe, Works, III. 111.
bull-fiddle (būl’fid/l), m. A device consisting
of a tin can with a string so inserted that when
it is twanged a harsh, noisy tone is produced.
bullfinch', n. This name is applied locally to many
Very different birds, as the pine-grosbeak, Pinicola enw-
cleator; the house-finch, Carpodacus meanicanws frontalis;
the black-breasted plover, Charadriws squatarola ; the
goldeneye Glaucionetta clangula americana ; etc.
bullhead, n. 1. (f) A shark of Tasmania and South
Australia, Heterodontus phill?pit Lacépède, of the family
Heterodontidae, of small size and harmless, with teeth
formed for crushing shells. Also called buildog shark,
and in Sydney, where it is common, Port Jackson shark.
The aboriginal name was *tabbigan. Awstral English.
6. A local name for a river-mussel, Pleuro-
bema absopus, found in the Mississippi, the shell
of which is used in the manufacture of pearl
'buttons.—Bear Lake bullhead, a species of sculpin,
Cottus cognatus, of the family Cottidae, found in Great Bear
Lake and in the Yukon.—Black bullhead, the common
species of horn-pout, Amºurus melas, found especiall
in Western New York and southwestward.—Bullhea,
Shark. See ksharkl.— Prickly bullhead, a species of
sculpin, Cottus asper, of the family Cottidae, found in
streams of the Cascade range.—Rocky Mountain bull-
head, a species of sculpin, Cottus semiscaber, of the fam-
ily Cottidae, found in clear streams in the Rocky Mountain
PCſ. IOR),
bull-headed, a. 3. Having a blunt, thick, or
massive head.—Bull-headed rail, a rail which has a
thick, heavy head, over 50 per cent. Óf the metal in the
cross-section being located in its head,
1. The
bull-headedness (bùl'hedºed-nes), m.
quality of being bull-headed.—2. Figuratively,
blind, unreasoning impetuosity or obstimacy;
stupid aggressiveness; blockheadedness.
bull-hide (bül’hid), n. The hide of a bull;
loosely, any very heavy hide or skin.
bull-leader (bùl’lé"dēr), n. See *bull-ring, 2.
bull-metal (būl' met/al), n. A form of brońze
which is used for hydraulic and marine work,
both in rolled sections and castings. The
metal becomes tougher and more ductile as its
temperature is increased.
bull-nettle (bül’net/l), n. A perennial weed,
Solanum elaeagnifolium, often prickly, which
Bull-nettle (Solanum elaagnºſolzume).
a, upper portion of a plant in flower and fruit; b, portion of a leaf
magnified to show stellate pubescence.
(From Britton and Brown’s “Illus. Flora of the Northern States
and Canada.")
causes trouble in the region from Kansas to
New Mexico. The leaves are silvery like
those of species of Elaeagnus.
bull-oak (bül ( Ök), n. Same as *belah.
bullock-puncher (bül'Qk-punch"ér), n.
as "bull-puncher.
bullock-sling (bül’ Qk-sling), n. A strong,
broad sling of Ganvas, employed for hoisting
live cattle in and out of a vessel.
bullock-wagon (búl'Qk-wag'Qn), n. A crude
vehicle, with solid plank wheels, drawn by
bullocks: used in South Africa.
bullocky (bùl’ Qk-i), m.; pl. bullockies (-iz).
The driver of a bullock-cart or -wagon.
[Australia.]
By Gº Jack, you're a regular bullocky boy.
Rolf Boldrewood, Colonial Reformer, xii. Awstral
[English.
Bulloidea (būl-ū-id’é-á), m. pl. [NL., K. Bulla
(a genus) + -oidea.] group of tectibranchi-
ate gasteropods of the order Opisthobranchi-
dia. They have the more or less spiral shell either
external or internal; epipodia more or less well developed;
a broad cephalic shield distinct from the dorsal region;
usually no tentacles; and the eyes sessile. It includes
the Actaeonidae, Bullidze, Doridiidae, and other families.
bullon (bö-lón'), m. [Cf. Sp. bullón, a kind of
knife.] The Cuban name of a species of wrasse-
Same
bull-fighting (bül’fit-ing), n. A sport among fishes, Scarus croïcensis, of the family Labri-
Spaniards, and peoples of Spanish origin, in
dae, found about the West Indies.
which mounted men attack bulls. See bull- bull-puncher (búl' punch" ër), n. A bullock-
fight.
driver. [Australia.]
bulrush -
bull-redfish (bùl’red” fish), n. The red-drum,
Sciaenops ocellata, of the family Sciaenidae, a
well-known and abundant food-fish of the
Sandy shores from Virginia to Texas. See
Tedfish, 4.
bull-ring, m. , 2. A bronze or copper ring de-
signed to be inserted in the septum of a bull's
nose, and used to lead and control the animal
by means of a wooden handle having a snap-
hook at the end. The snap-hook, when caught in the
Ting, makes it possible to lead the bull in safety. The
handle is called a bull-leader or bull-staff.
3. The main part of the piston in an engine;
the spider of the piston.
bull-rope, n. 2. In well-boring, the rope on
which the boring-tools are suspended and
which operates them: so called from the fact
that it passes over the bull-wheel.
bull-rout (bül’ rout), m. A scorpaenoid fish,
£ºopogon robustus, found in Australian wa-
€FS.
bull's-eye, n. 14. In meteor.: (a) A small
cloud of ruddy aspect which off the coast of
South Africa rapidly develops into a local
storm. (b) The center of a system of circular
isobars, such as characterizes an extensive
storm. The isobars suggest the appearance
of a target with its bull's-eye. Hence— (c)
The severest part of a storm or the center
of a hurricane. — 15. A fish of New South
Wales, Priacanthus macracanthus. E. E. Mor-
ris, Austral English. — 16. The labradorite
variety of feldspar, with a dusky sheen. Also
(ºil-de-boºwf–Bull's-eye cringle, lens. Seekeringle,
×lems.
bull-shot (bül'shot), n. In mining, a blown-
out shot; a blast that has blown out the tamp-
ing. Also buller.
buil-staff (bui'stāf), n. See *bull-ring, 2.
bull-tongue (bül’tung), n. In cottom-culture, a
heavy plow having a vertical mold-board. It
is more of a digger than a plow. [Local, south-
ern U. S.]
bull-trout, n. 2. Salvelinus malma, of north-
ern and western North America and Kam-
chatka.
bullule (bul’īl), n. [LL, bullula, dim. of bulla,
a bubble : see bºilla.] A minute vesicle.
bull-wheel, n. 3. In the machine for boring
wells, the wheel on which the part of the bull-
rope which is not in use is wound. It usually
consists of a drum with a wheel on each end.
bullyl, n. 6. In field-hockey, the beginning of
a game and the starting of each goal. A
player from each side stands facing the side-
line, and strikes first the ground and then the
stick of his opponent alternately three times,
after which either player may strike the ball:
as soon as it is so struck the ball is in play.—
7+. A foot-ball scrimmage.—8. The foreman
or boss of a logging-camp. [U. S.
bully3 (bùl’i), n. [F. bouilli, boiled beef : see
bowilli. The E. use is prob. often associated
with bulll.] Canned or pickled beef. Also
attrib., as bully beef.
Anything more ridiculous than the possibility of my re-
turn to Africa never occurred to me as I wearily munched
my ration of everlasting bully beef and rice during the
Matabele war of 1896.
E. S. Grogan, in Geog. Jour., Aug., 1900, p. 431.
bully4 (bül’i), n. [An assumed sing. of bullis
(sometimes written bullies), a form of bullace,
q. v.] The bullace or sloe.
bullyö (bùl'i), n. [Prob. a different applica-
tion, alluding to the similar fruit, of bully!,
either directly or in the compound bully-tree.]
Same as bully-tree. Also called bully-bay and
bully-berry tree.
bullyism (bùl’i-izm), n.
conduct of a bully.
The Outises who practice this species of bullyism are,
as a matter of course, anonymous.
Poe, Mr. Longfellow and Other Plagiarists, Works,III.320.
bully-off (bùl-i-Öf'), n. In field-hockey, the
starting of the game. See *bullyl, 6.
bulpiss (bül’pis), n. [Native in Nicaragua.
A cutaneous affection, probably parasitic, en-
demic among the Mosquito Indians in Nicara-
gua. Buck, Med. Handbook, II. 516.
bulrush, n-Alkali bulrush. See American kbul.
rush.-American bulrush, Scirpus Americanus, a
species widely diffused in North America, sometimes
called three-square in allusion to its triangular stem, and
chair-maker's bulrush, doubtless with reference to its
use. In the West, often called alkali bulrush because it
endures alkali soils.—Chair-maker’s bulrush. See
American kbulrush.-Great bulrush, Scirpus lacustris.
See Scirpus. –Prairie bulrush, Scirpus campestris, a
species with a three-angled stem, lower than the stem of
the American bulrush, found on wet prairies from Mani-
The practices and


bulrush
toba to Mexico.--Salt-marsh bulrush, Scirpus robus:
tw8, a stout species found on the North American coast
from Nova Scotia to Texas.
bultong (bül"tong), n. See biltong.
grass, principally Hilaria mutica; also several other
rasses of different º bunch-grass, a
nder grass, Eatonia obtusata, readily eaten by cattle,
ranging across the American continent and valuable
*. e where abundant.—Feather bunch-grass, a slender
* }*o. º: e d tº #. Stipa viridula, growing in and along the Rocky
um", n. . a. Of poor quality; low-down: as, Mountains. It is the best of its genus for hāy, free from
a bum show; a bum performance. [Slang. the objectionable awns of Sºgartea, the pºrcupine grass.
U. S.] — Great bunch-grass, Festuca scabrella, a valuable
; mountain-grass of the western United States.— Pine
Bumba rubber. A. See *rubber. bunch-grass, the sheep's fescue, Festuca ovina. [North-
bumbarge (bum’bärj), n. Same as bumboat, western United States.j-wire bunch-grass, a wheat-
bumble, n. * A jumble or confused heap; #;" *:::::::ºte:* % * *::::::::
confusion.— 4. An awkward person. º ,-- -
- º grass agrostig glomerata, a useful summer grass of
Hadst thou taen aff some drowsy bummle, 3.
moist grounds in the Gulf States.
Wha can do naught but fyke an' fumble, bunching (bun'ching), n.
Twad been mae plea.
ing, same as blocking. o
Burns, On a Scotch Bard, st. 4. bunch-oyster {...}. 'ois/tér), n. A wild oys-
Bumble flower-beetle. See #flower-beetle.
ter found growing in clusters. Same as coom-
bumblebee, n.—Trumpeter bumblebee, an indi-
vidual worker in a colony of bumblebees whose function #. d (b hºwerd) A. d formed
it is to awaken the others in the early morning. unch-word (bunch (wérd), m. WOI’ Iſle
bumbo.2 (bum’bà), n. A native name in Sierra by blinghing several words #99ether, that is,
ideone for afragrant resin resembling incense, iºechnigal, phrase, by gºtion. Sør D.
which is yielded by the bumbo- or bungo-tree, lºgº. Prehistoric Man, II, 136... . .
Daniellia thurifera, as a result of punctures of bund2 (bünt), n. [G.; K binden – E. bind. The
the twigs and branches by an insect. See noºn answers in meaning to E. band", ºdºl
bungo-tree. A league, society, or association: as Sånger-
bumboating (bum’böt-ing), n. The business bund, a “singing association’; a shooting bund.
of a bumboat-man (or -woman). Marryat. The institution of revolver shooting is regarded likely
bummer, 'n. 3. A small truck with two low to create much interest, as many members of the bunds
g & sº * is favor this sort of work.
wheels and a long pole, used in skidding logs. Forest and Stream, Jan 24, 1903, p. 78.
Also called a drag-cart.
bumming (bum'ing), n. In mining: (a) The bunding (bunºding), n. A staging or scaffold
* tº e ** in a mine-level for carrying debris.
heaving or rising of the floor. (b) The emit- bundle, m.—Aberrant bundle, a collection of nerve
ting of a hollow sound when struck. [Scotch..] "fibers in the caſiosafºrus:Amtérior marginal bun.
bump?, n. 6. In ; the act of rising
dle, the anterior portion of the descending cerebellar
higher than usual from the pitch after being ºthº, ºp.º.º. ººlº, of Miº º, .
bowled: said of the ball.
bumperl, n. 3. A species of pompano-like
fish, Chloroscombrus chrysurus, of the family
Carangidae, found on the South Atlantic coast
and about Cuba. Also called Casabe. [Baha-
mas.]—4. In felt-hat manuf., a machine used
for consolidating the felted material.—5. In
Eng. whist, a rubber of 8 points.
bumper?, a. Brimming; abundant; very good;
as, a bumper crop.
bumper2, v. I. trans. 2. To toast by drink-
ing off a bumper.
II. intrans. To drink bumpers: as, “we all
sang and bumpered away,” M. Scott, Tom
Cringle, p. 510.
bumperº (bum'për), n. In pianoforte-making,
same as *counter-check, 2.
bumping-table (bump'ing-tā’bl), n. In min-
ing, a concentrating-table with a jolting mo-
tion. Also bump-table. Coal and Metal Miners’
Pocketbook.
bump-joint (bump'joint), n. A joint for fast-
ening flanges on pipes by expanding or bump-
In sugar-beet grow-
the optic thalamus.-Gratiolet's bundle, a band of
nerve-fibers which pass from the optic thalamus to the
optic center in the occipital lobe of the brain.— Ground
bundle, one of two groups of nerve-fibers, anterior and
lateral, forming part of the lateral tract of the spinal
cord.—Lenhossek's bundle, the ascending root of the
lossopharyngeal and pneumogastric nerves.—Meynert’s
undle, a collection of nerve-fibers connecting the gan-
glion interpedunculare and ganglion habenulae.
bundling-press (bunºdling-pres), n., A ma-
chine for compressing yarns or textile mate-
rials into packages for shipment.
bundling-wire (bun’dling-wir), n.
wire; wire used for securing bundles or bales.
bundobust (bunºdó-bust), n. [Also bandobast.
Hind. Pers. band-o-bast, “tying and binding.’]
System; discipline; orderliness.
ling. [Anglo-Indian.]
bungº (bung), a. and adv. [Also bong. Native
Australian bong, die.J., Dead.--To go bung. (a)
To die: as, “suppose you go bung, then you go to heaven.”
[Australia.] (b) To fail; go to smash; collapse; become
bankrupt: as, the bank has gone bung. [Eng. Slang.]
bung-lathe (bungſlāTH), n. A lathe specially
equipped for turning bungs for barrels.
ing the end of the pipe into a recess in the bungy (bung’i), n.,...[Hind. bhangi.] An Anglo-
Indian term peculiar to Bombay, denoting a
servant of the low class of sweepers: equiva-
lent to mehtar, a scavenger in Bengal.
bunjarree (bun-jā’ré), n. [Also bunjary, bin-
jarree, binjarry, benjary (KHind. banjārī; adj.),
prop. bunjara, K Hind. banjārā, in Bombay
wanjārā, a grain-merchant, grain-carrier, K
Skt. baúj, trade (see banyan) + -kāra, suffix
flange, thus preventing the flange from pull-
Ing OII.
bumpkinet (bump’kin-et"), n. [bumpkin -F
-etl.] A little bumpkin. [Rare.]
Peggy was a little vulgar bumpkinet.
Times (London), Jan. 12, 1881.
bunch1, n. 7. In mining, the expanded por-
tion of a pipe-line; a place where the pipe
* * * & * of agent.] In India, a grain-merchant; a
does not maintain a uniform cross-section, carrier of grain.
but is expanded:-Miners’ bunches, Gircumscribed bunk, n. 3. The cross-beam on which the
edematous infiltrations in various parts of the surface in
cases of ankylostomiasis. Natwre, Sept. 22, 1904, p. 520.
bunchl, v. t. 2. In Sugar-beet growing, see
º, v. i. 8."robumºn aioad, inmºnº, 1, v. II. trans. To place upon the bunks:
encircle several logs with a chain and load them at once, as, to bunk a log.
by steam or horse-power.--To bunch logs, to collect bunk2 (bungk), v. i.
bºn # OIlê º: º O h that decamp. [Collo q.]
uncher (bun’chèr), n. One Who or tha -rehai 'ohān Y. 3). S Yºr *
which bunches; . specifically, an attachment bºº ain (bungk'chān), n. Same as *toggle
to a mower designed to collect the clover, bunkerl, n. 4. pl. The coal carried in bunk-
grass, etc., as fast ºf it is ºut, and to deliver ers for Consumption on board ship. See coal-
it in regular lots called bunches. It consists of jº.
a series of steel bands trailing on the ground behind the
cutter-bar, and a rear stop or gate composed of steel rods bunker! (bung’kēr), v. t. 1. Naut, to load
resembling a hayrake. The grass, cut by the mower, (coal) into a steamer's bunkers for its own use
as distinguished from loading it as cargo.
falls on the buncher and is º from reaching the
ground by the gate. When the buncher is full the gate The export of coal from Natal in 1901 announted to 204,-
788 tons, of which 55,757 tons were exported from Durban
is released byi. §. º ºgrass is †:#. 8.
compact bundle called a bunch,--Asparagus-buncher, b $ wrass
-lorski * * * g ºf . º. º Sr. * y sea, 1,865 tons overland to Orange River and Transvaal
a self-locking cylindric, hinged holder in which asparagus cºlonies, and 241,166 tons were bumkered by vessels at Dur-
ban. Sci. Amer., Jan. 17, 1903, p. 36.
stems are placed and compressed and tied into convenient
and º º, fol' º: d . * º,#.
for the knife used in trimming off the end of the bunch, 2. In golf, to place (a ball) in play in a difficult
— Side-delivery buncher, a form of buncher designed position, from which it must be played out; to
strike (a ball) into a bunker: said also of the
; whose ball is so º be bunkered
logs rest on a log-car or truck. [U. S.]–4.
A log-car or truck. [U. S.]
unk
To make off; run away;
to deliver the grass at the side of the mower instead of at
from the meaning in golf), to be placed in a situation of
the back. See kwºndrower. g *
bunch-evergreen (bunch’ev'êr-grém), n. See
ifficulty, from which it is hard to extricate one's self.
[Colloq.]
*evergreen.
bunch-grass, n. 2. In general, any grass
In the long narrow ice-bound valleys which lead up
from the Bindu Kush to the Pamirs, where one can only
which grows in scattered tufts or bunches as
distinguished from one which forms a continu-
ous sod. Pound and Clements.-Black bunch-
bunker-coal (bunſkér-kól), n.
bunk-hook (bungk'hūk), n.
Baling-
Yule; Kip-
see, towering thousands offeet above, the lower knobs and
bunt-rush
buttresses of gigantic spurs which intersect the glacier8
of the mighty ranges on either hand—where the wind
whistles down with the force of steam and the tempera-
ture of ice, we were once, to use a familiar term, fairly
bunkered. Geog. Jour. (R. G. S.), XIII. 474.
Coal carried in
a steamer for its own use as distinguished from
coal carried as cargo.
bunkering (bungſkér-ing), m.” The act of stow-
ing the bunkers with coal; the operation of
filling the coal-bunkers.
The hook, at-
tached to the end of the bunk on a logging-
car, which may be raised to hold the logs in
place or lowered to release them.
bunk-load (bungk’lód), n. A load, of logs not
over one log deep, that is, one in which every
log rests on the bunks.
bunk-spike (bungk’spik), m. One of the sharp
spikes set upright in the bunks of a logging-
sled to hold the logs in place.
Bunodes (bù-nóſ déz), n. [NL., K. Gr. 3ovvöömg,
K Bovvóg, a mound, hill, + eiðoç, form.] A ge-
nus of merostomatous crustaceans belonging
to the family Hemiaspidae of the order Symzi-
phositra. They have a semicircular cephalothorax, no
eyes and no facial sutures, abdomen divided into six
anterior broad segments, four posterior narrow segments,
and an acuminate telson. The genus occurs in Upper Si-
lurian rocks of the Baltic Sea.
bun-okra (bum'6-krä), n. [Said to be native
in Bengal.] The name in India of two cosmo-
politan malvaceous shrubs, Triumfetta rhom.
boidea and Urena lobata. See *aramina, *Cae-
sar-weed, Triumfetta, and Urena.
bunolophodont (bù-nó-lof’6-dont), a. Having
collection of nerve-fibers around the anterior nucleus of , tuberculate teeth in which the tubercles are
arranged more or less in the form of cross-
crests.
bunow (bu-nou’), m. [Also bunnow. Hind.
bando, preparation, embellishment, decoration,
K bandmä, paint, varnish, gild.] A mere fabri-
cation; anything that is fictitious; a sham.
[Anglo-Indian.]
Bunsen combustion-furnace, eudiometer,
etc. See *combustion-furnace, *eudiometer, etc.
Bunsen's and Roscoe's photometer. See
*photometer.
tl, v. ſº
trams. In base-
ball, to block
(the ball) with
the bat, so that §§§
it goes to the Aft) \%.ſº
ground and 4.3% ſº
rolls only a •=sº w
short distance.
buntl, n. 2. A
blunt stone ar-
row-head with
rounded edge in Bunt.
place of a point.—Foulbunt, in base-ball, a hit which
goes outside of the fair-lines or is hit unfairly.
bunt”, v. f.-Bunt up! (mawt.), an order given in furl-
ing sail to haul the bunt of the squaresail up on the yard
by aid of the buntlines.
buntal (bün-täl’), m. [Philippine name.] A
fiber prepared from the petioles, or leaf-stems,
of the talipot or buri palm (Corypha umbracu-
lifera), from which hats of the finest quality
are made in the Philippine Islands. See *buri
and talipot.
bunter2 (bün’tèr), a. and m. [Short for G.
bunter-sandstein, ‘variegated sandstone' (see
bunting4).] I. a. In geol., noting the lowest
division or group of strata in the Triassic sys-
tem in Europe. The word has reference to the varie-
gated colors of these strata. The lower division of the
Bunter is a sandstone several hundred feet thick (also
locally known as the Posgesium, grès des Vosges, and grès
bigarré), resting conformably on the uppermost layers of
the Permian (Zechstein) and passing insensibly into them.
The middle and upper divisions, from 1,000 to 2,000 feet
thick, are sandstones passing into dolomites and red and
green marls, the upper beds being known in Germany as
the ‘Röth.” The Bunter is overlain by the Muschelkalk
in the German Triassic Basin and by the Keuper in Great
Britain.
II. m. [cap.] The bunter-sandstein division.
Bunte's azotometer. See *acotometer.
buntingó (bun’ting), a. and m. [Related to
buntingl as bunchl to bunch?. Cf. bunting!,
m., 3.]. I. a. Short and thick-set. [Prov. Eng.]
II. m. A short and thick-set person. [Prov.
Eng.]
bunting 7 (bun’ting), m. [Prob. another use
of bunting6, m.] The common shrimp, Cramgon
vulgaris. . [Gr. Brit.]
Buntline lizard. See *licard.
bunt-rush (bunt-rush'), m. In foot-ball, a rush
made by all the attacking side at once.
\
ſ
5.

bunyip
bunyip (bun’yip), n. [Also bunyup; aborigi-
nal Australian.] 1. A fabulous animal supposed
to inhabit water-holes and rivers. [Australia.]
Certain large fossil bones, found in various parts of
Australia Felix, have been referred by the natives, when
consulted on the subject by the colonists, to a huge ani-
mal of extraordinary appearance, called in some districts
the Bwnywp, in others the Kianpraty, which they assert
to be still alive. It is described as of amphibious char-
acter, inhabiting deep rivers, and permanent water-holes
having a round head, an elongated neck, with a body and
tail resembling an ox.
W. Westgarth, Australia Felix, p. 391. Quoted in Austral
[English.
2. An impostor. [Australia.]
buoy, n.-Automatic buoy, either a bell-buoy or a
whistling-buoy, which is operated by the action of the
waves.—Electric buoy, a buoy which carries an elec-
tric lamp. —Luminous buoy, a buoy provided with
a, spherical or swinging-buoy; b, electric or luminous buoy ;
c, automatic bell-buoy.
either an electric or a gas lamp carried on a stand at
the top.–Spherical buoy, a buoy in the shape of a
jºsº, a number of mooring-buoys
placed more or less in a circle as a convenience in Swing-
ing a ship around to different points of the compass When
it is being adjusted or compensated for deviation.
buoyancy, m.—Curve of buoyancy, in naval arch., a
curve whose ordinates are the areas of the cross-sections
up to the load water-line at each point in the length of a
vessel. This curve represents the longitudinal distribu-
tion of the buoyancy of the ship, and its area the total
buoyancy or displacement.—Reserve of buoyancy, in
maval arch., the volume of a vessel above the Water-line
which can be considered as part of the Water-tight hull.
It is usually expressed as a percentage of the total Volume
of the vessel or total buoyancy, and is thus a measure of
the additional weight which could be placed on the ship
before she would sink beneath the surface. It is thus, to
a certain extent, a measure of the seaworthiness of the
vessel.—Total buoyancy, in maval arch., the total float-
ing-power of the water-tight hull of a vessel (including its
own weight) up to the point where it is about to sink be-
neath the surface of the water.
buoying (boi’ing), n. The act of Sustaining or
keeping afloat; Support.
Without some such buoying as M. Simon's he would be
likely to let Caro and Chevalier sink altogether.
Athenæum, July 8, 1893, p. 62.
buoy-safe (boi'sāf), m. A large, floating me-
tallic vessel divided into compartments for
protecting merchandise against water.
buphthalmia (büf-thal‘mi-á), n. [NL., K. Gr,
*3ov@flažplog, ox-eyed, K900g, ox,-H 6pffažplóg, eye.]
Forward projection of the iris and cornea
caused by an increase in the amount of vitreous
humor. See buphthalmos.
buphthalmic (büf-thal' mik), a. Relatin
or affected with buphthalmia. Lancet,
11, 1903, p. 101.
buplever (bū-plev’ér), n. [Appar. from a Sp.
form of the NL. bupleurum.] Any plant of
the umbelliferous genus Bupleurum. The most
noticeable species is the hare's-ear or thoroughwax, Bw-
gººmſoundwalium, naturalized in parts of the United
States.
burl, n. 14. An abnormal outgrowth of wood,
frequently of large size, occurring on the trunk
or branch of a tree, usually as the result of
some injury. See burll, 2.
buré (běr), n.
fruit. It has become a weed in Florida and Alabama,
See Urena and A Caesar-weed.—Tasmanian bur, a name
; to several species of Acaºma or their fruits. See
iddy-bid and Sheep-pest, 2.
burl (běr), v. t.; pret, and pp. burred, ppr. bur-
ring. [burl, nj 1. To extract (burs and other
extraneous matter) from (wool) by chemical
or mechanical means.—2. To use a dental bur
in the excavation Öf (a tooth-cavity).
[Also burr; K Hind. bar.] The
native Indian name for the banian-tree.
buranhem (bö-rān-yem'), m. [Native name.]
A name applied in Brazil to a large tree of the
family Sapotaceae, Pradosia lactescens, the
thick, sweet bark of which is used in medicine
under the name of monesia bark. The tree yields
a very hard wood, used in ship-building, and from the
roasted seeds a beverage like coffee is prepared. Also
called gºwramhem and casca-doce. See momesia.
burbung (bér’bung), m. The ceremony of ad-
mitting a young man to the privileges of man-
hood. Also burbong. [New South Wales.]
... Some Australian tribes have typical and elaborate in-
itiative ceremonies, called Bwrbwing or Bora, for their
adolescents. G. S. Hall, Adolescence, II. 240.
bur-chisel (bér'chiz'el), m. A three-edged
chisel used to clear out the corners of mor-
tises.
bur-clover (bér’klö"vér), n. Either of two
species of medic, Medicago Arabica and M. den-
ticulata, so called from their prickly spiral
Turning now to outgrowths of a woody nature, the
well-known burrs, or “knaurs,” so common on elms and
other trees are cases in point. They are due to some in-
jury —e.g., bruising by a cartwheel, , insects—having
started a callus on which adventitious buds arise, or to
the destruction of buds at an early stage.
Encyc. Brit., XXXI. 577.
Bathurst bur,the spiny clot-bur or cockle-bur, Xanthium
spinosum. See Xanthium. – Creeping bur, an ambro-
siaceous weed, Gaertneria discolor, spreading by creeping
rootstocks. It is found over the southern part of the
Great Plains region.— French bur. Same as French
burstone (which see, under burstone).--Paraguay bur,
either of two composite weeds, Acanthospermum acanthº-
oides, from Brazil (also called sheep-bur), and A. humile,
from the West Indies, both introduced into the southern
United States. Their bur-like fruits are damaging to
wool.—Sheep-bur. See Paraguay kbur.—Spanish
bur, a malvaceous plant, Urena lobata, with a bristly
to
uly
seed-cases. Both are valuableforage-plants, theformer
extensively introduced in the eastern United States, the
latter in California, where it furnishes an important late-
summer feed. Since the burs become entangled in wool,
the smooth bºwr-clover, more properly smail-clover, M. rv-
gosa, is preferred for sheep-ranges.
bur-cucumber (bér’kū’kum-bêr), n.
cumber.
burdekin-vine (bur’de-kin-vin), n. A name
applied in Australia, to a grapevine, Vitis opaca,
bearing large edible tubers and pungent ber-
I’16S,
Burdiehouse group. See,”group1.
Burdigalian stage. See *stage.
bureau, m.—Bureau of Accounts, a division of the
Ünited States Department of State, charged with depart-
ment appropriations and property, and with indemnity
funds and bonds.-Bureau. Of al Fº 8,
division of the United States Department of Agriculture,
charged with investigation of matters, relating to the
raising of live stock, with inspection of live stock, and
with the collection and dissemination of information
of value to this industry and allied industries.—Bureau
of Appointments, a division of the United States
Department of State, charged with appointments to
office, with commissions, etc., and with the care of the
reat seal.—Bureau of Chemistry, a division of the
mited States Department of Agriculture, charged with
investigation of food-products and fertilizers.-Bureau
of Construction and Repair, a division of the United
States Navy Department, charged with the construction
and repair of vessels. – Bureau of Corporations, a
division of the United States Department of Commerce
which is charged with the investigation of corporations
and joint-stock companies, and with the publication of
information relating to them.—Bureau of Equipment
a division of the United States Navy Department, Šhanged
with the equipment of vessels and with the care of the
Naval Observatory, the Nautical Almanac, the Hydro-
graphic Office, etc.—Bureau of Fisheries. Same as
United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries.
See commission.—Bureau of Foreign Commerce, a
division of the United States Department of State, charged
with the publication of consular and other foreign trade
reports.--Bureau of Forestry, a division of the United
States Department of Agriculture, charged with the in-
vestigation of matters relating to forestry. . Officially
known as the Forest Service.—Bureau of Immigration,
a division of the United States Department of Labor
which is charged with the execution of the laws relating
to immigration and Chinese exclusion and to alien con-
tract-labor.—Bureau of Indexes and ‘Archives, a
division of the United States Department of State
charged with the care of the department correspondence
and with the archives.—Bureau of Insular Affairs, a
division of the United States War Department, charged
with matters relating to the civil government of the Phil-
ippine Islands, and with certain records of various insular
affairs, –Bureau Of Intelligence. Same as intelligence
department º: see, under intelligence).-Bureau of
Labor Statistics, a division of the United States De-
partment of Labor, charged with the investigation of
matters pertaining to labor, and with the publication of
bulletins and other information relating to labor.—Bureau
of Medicine and Surgery, a division of the United
See Acu-
States Navy Department, charged with laboratories, hos-
pitals, dispensaries, and medical supplies.—Bureau of
Mines, a division of the United States, Department of
the Interior, charged with the investigation of the
methods of mining, especially in Felation to the safety of
the miners.—Bureau of Navigation. (a) A division
of the United States Navy Department, charged with
fleet orders, enlistment and discharge, various branches
of naval education, and various codes, records, etc.
(b) A division of the United States Department of
Commerce which is charged With a general Superin-
tendence of many matters connected With the merchant
marine.—Bureau of Plant Industry, a branch of the
United States Department of Agriculture, devoted to the
investigation of plants in their economic aspects. Its
subjects include plant diseases, plant breeding, etc.—Bu-
reau Of Rolls and §º a division of the United
States Department of State, charged with the promulga-
tion of laws and with the care of treaties and various
burga (börſgå), n.
burgator (bér-gā’tgr), m.
burial-hill (ber’i-al-hil), n.
'burial-robe (ber’i-al-röb), n.
burial-vault (ber’i-al-wält), n.
burking . . . . .
other documents.—Bureau of Soils, a branch of the
United States Department of Agriculture, charged with
the investigation of soils in their relation to agriculture.
Among its subjects are the physical and chemical proper-
ties of soils, the materials and methods of artificial fertil-
ization, the reclamation of old lands, alkali problems,
and the adaptations of particular soils, the study of the
last involving a Soil Survey, in which are mapped the
soils of particular agricultural regions, – Bureau of
Standards, a division of the United States Department
of Commerce which is charged with the custody and
investigation of the standards of weight and measure.—
Bureau of Steam Engineering, a division of the
United States Navy Department, charged with matters
relating to the steam-machinery of vessels,-Bureau of
Supplies and Accounts, a division of the United States
Navy Department, charged with matters relating to
clothing, provisions, and other stores.—Bureau of the
Census, a division of the United States Department of
Commerce which is charged with the taking of the
census.—Bureau of Trade Relations, a division of the
TJnited States Department of State, charged with the in-
structions for consular reports and with the transmission
of such reports, and with the compilation of various in-
formation with regard to trade.—Bureau of Yards and
Docks, a division of the United States Navy Department,
charged with the care of docks, wharves, navy-yards,
and similar matters.-Children's Bureau, an office of
the United States Department of Labor which is
charged with the investigation of matters pertaining to
the welfare of children and child life. The results of in-
vestigations may be published with the approval of the
secretary of the department. It was established in
1912.—Consular Bureau, a division of the United
States Department of State, in charge of consular cor-
respondence.—Credit Bureau. See mercantile kagem-
cy.—Diplomatic Bureau, a division of the United States
Department of State, in charge of diplomatic correspon-
dence.—International Bureau of the American Re-
publics, a bureau established to promote closer relations
among the republics in America. It is charged with car-
Tying out the mandates of the international American
conferences, and is the custodian of their archives. –
Passport Bureau, a division of the United States De-
partment of State, charged with the issuing of passports.
bureaucratism (bü-ró’kra-tizm), n. Govern-
ment by bureaus; officialism : as, Russian
bureaucratism.
urette, m.—Constant-volume burette, a burette
connected directly with a mercury reservoir and with a
barometer. By adjusting the reservoir the
gas in the burette is made to occupy the
volume indicated by some fiducial mark.
The difference of level between the mercury
in the burette and the top of the column of
mercury in the barometer indicates the pres-
sure exerted by the gas when occupying a * * * * *
known or definite volume. From this it is :
possible to calculate the volume of the gas at :-
normal pressure.—Explosion burette, a :
form of burette used in gas analysis. :
[Appar, a dial. .
var. of Russ. purga º see purga.] A.
storm of wind and sleet in Alaska.
This storm is similar to the purga of Russia.
and Siberia in which fine snow or snow-sand -
is raised by the wind a few feet from the -
ground and whirled rapidly around. Not to :
be confounded with the blizzard of North
America which is characterized by less snow,
greater cold, and fiercer winds. Also spelled
007 ga.
[NL.,
equiv. to burgulator : see burglar.]
A burglar.
Explosion
Burette.
burgher, n., 3. In South Africa, a
citizen of the Transvaal or of the Orange
Free State. . *
bur-head (bér’hed), n. A plant of the alis-
maceous genus Echinodorus. The fruits form
small, bur-like heads.
burhel, n. Same as *bharal. . . .
buri (bö-ré'), m. [Philippine name.] The tali-
pot palm, Corypha wºmbraculifera, of great
economic importance. The blades of the large fan-
shaped leaves yield a material for mats, sacks, and thatch ;
the vascular fiber of their petioles, called bwntal, is the .
material from which the celebrated buntal hats are braided ;
the sap, collected by cutting off the immature inflorescence, .
yields a cider-like drink, molasses, sugar, vinegar, and a
distilled liquor called vino; the small edible fruit is made
into preserves; and the starchy pith of the trunk yields a
kind of sago called yoro. It is from this palm that the
island of Burias in the Philippine archipelago takes its
name. See talipot. [Philippine Is..] º
Burial society. See *society. . . . .
burial-aisle (ber’i-al-il'), nº. An aisle, in a
church or other religious building, under which
bodies are buried.
To send his body and his heart to be buried in Avenal
burial aisle, in the monastery of Saint Mary's. gº º
Scott, The Abbot, XXXVii.
Same as burial-
nownd.
A dress or robe
for the dead; a shroud. s
A vault in
which the dead are buried. ...
burk, v. t. A simplified spelling of burké:
burking, n. 2. Killing by suffocation; figura-
tively, a private suppression of a proposition,
bill, of the like.—3. Specifically, in med., Suffo.
cation due to tonic spasm of the muscles of
respiration.

. . . burking
If we had diaphragm spasm alone, the symptoms then
would rather ; tº. g ymp -
Buck, Med. Handbook, I. 588.
burkism (běrk'izm), n. [Burke (see burke, v.)
+ -ism.] The practices of Burke, the mur-
derer (see burke, v.); that is, murder of kid-
mapped victims by smothering.
burkundaz (bèr'kun-dāz), m. [Hind. (K. Ar.)
Ar. Pers. barkandde, lit. “lightning-darter.”
An armed retainer, policeman, or other
unmounted armed employee of a civil de-
partment in India. Also spelled burkendoss.
[Anglo-Indian.]
burley? (bër’li), n. [Prob. from a proper
name Burley.] A well-known American vari-
ety of tobacco, having two subvarieties, red
and white. -
Burlington group. See *group1.
burly-boned (běř'li-bónd), a. T Having large,
massive bones; of massive build; stout: as,
burly-boned soldiers. Nashe.
burly-headed (bér’li-hed"ed), a. Massive-
headed; of great or commanding intellect.
Destiny has workfor that swartburly-headed Mirabeau.
Carlyle, French Rev., I. iv. 4.
Burmannia ( }*. m. [NL. (Linnaeus,
roposed 1737, established 1753), named in
onor of Jo-
hannes I370'-
man (1706–
79), profes-
sor of botany
at Amster-
dam..] A ge-
nus of mono-
cotyledonous
plants, type
of the family
Burma mºnia-
C632. They are
annual, erect
herbs with en-
siform basal
leaves, or with
these son e-
times Wanting,
and scape-like
stems, the cau-
line leaves be-
ing reduced to
bracts or scales.
There are about
20 species, na-
tives of the
warmer parts of
the World. Two
species, B. bi-
flora and B.
capitata, occur
in the United
States from Vir-
ginia southward
to Florida and
Louisiana. º
Burmanni-
aceae . (bér-
man-i-ā’sé
ê), m.pl. [NL.
( Éitime 7
1827), K. Burmannia + -aceae.] A family
of monocotyledomous plants of the order
Orchidales, typified by the genus Burmannia,
and characterized by flowers with a double
A, Ratz”zartºria longº/o/ia, in flower; a ,
an anther, enlarged ; b, a seed, enlarged; B,
Aurmzazutia tuberosa, an entire plant.
3-merous perianth, 6 stamens, 3 styles, and
º many-seeded fruits. There are 13 genera
and about 60 species, natives of the tropics of both hemi-
spheres, with a few in temperate Australasia. They are
herbs growing from rhizomes or tubers, sometimes Sapro-
phytic and destitute of chlorophyl, and with flowers in
racemes, often modding or pendulous. B
€-
burmanniaceous (běr-man-i-ā‘shius), a.
longing to the plant family Burmanniaceae.
Burmese gold, ringworm. See *gold, *Timea
&mbricata.
burmite (bèr’mit), n. [Burma + -ite?..] A
variety of amber, often of a light-sherry color,
pale red and yellow, found in Burma, occa-
sionally in masses of ten pounds or more.
Many Chinese art-objects are made of it.
burn!, v. trams. 9. To vulcanize (india-
rubbér) by mixing it with sulphur or metallic
sulphids and heating to a properly determined
temperature. Sadtler, Handbook of Indust.
Chem., p. 106.—10. To alter by means of heat,
as a gem. Thus yellow topaz may be burned
to pink, smoky quartz to brown and yellow (so-
called Spanishtopaz), chalcedony to carnelian,
yellow or bluish zircon to the colorless variety,
etc.—11. To injure (plants) as if by scorch-
ing: said of the action of strong fertilizers.
*ś be burned out, to have one's house or shop gutted
by fire.—To burn a hole in one's pocket, said of money
when the owner is eager to spend it.--To burn aWay, to
remove by burning.—To burn on, in Jowndry-work, to
add a fresh part to an injured or incomplete casting by
running a stream of molten iron through the mold of the
new part. The molten metal fuses the surface on which
it is to be joined and produces perfect union between the
two.—To burn one's boats or bridges, to cut off all
chances of retreat (usually in order to prevént one's self
from considering that policy in case of adverseconditions).
II. intrans. 10. To become acidified as the
effect of an excess of green herbage which has
been plowed under: said of a soil.
burn!, n. 5. In the tobacco trade: (a) The
quality of leaf considered with reference to
the completeness or incompleteness of its re-
duction to ash in being smoked. Yearbook
U. S. Dept. Agr., 1901, p. 165. (b) A damage
sometimes suffered by tobacco in the process
of curing (drying), due to excessive moisture
in the air. Specifically termed house-burn
when it takes place indoors, and pole-burn
when the leaves are dried hanging on poles.
burn-baiting (běrn’bà-ting), n. Same as burn-
beating. See burn-beating and *burn-beat.
The paring of land is a practice of long standing in this
island, particularly in the west of England, where it is also
denominated (in conjunction with burning) den-shiring,
burn-baiting, or sod-burning.
W. Fream, The Complete Grazier, p. 861.
burn-bakingh (běrn’bà-king), m. Same as
burn-beating.
burn-beat (běrn’bét), v. i. To perform the op-
eration of burn-beating, or paring and burning
(see under paring). See also "burn-baiting.
burned, a.—Burned coating, a technical term applied,
in a figurative sense, by electroplaters to a metallic de-
posit of unsatisfactory appearance and character. d
'burner, n. 3. A device for heating a painted
surface so that the paint can be removed.
It has a lamp to which a blowpipe is attached, by which
the flame from naphtha is driven with great force against
the paint, softening it so that it can be scraped off.-
Albö-carbon burner. See Aalbo-carbon.—Asbestos
burner. See &asbestos. – Auer burner. Same as
Welsbach kburner.—Clamond burner, an inverted air-
and-gas burner so arranged that a conical basket made of
twisted threads of calcined mag-
nesia, supported by platinum Wire,
is heated to incandescence.—Fried-
b burner, a form of gas-burner
in which the air to be mixed with
the gas is admitted at the top and
is preheated. The regulation of air
is effected by sliding the outer tube
up and down. fither a luminous
or a non-luminous flame is thus ob-
tained.—Incandescent Oil-Vapor
'burner, a burner which uses an
oil vapor mixed with air for fuel
and in which the flame leats a
mantle of an infusible substance to
incandescence.—Koch burner, a
special form of gas-burner with a safety-device. As long
as the flame continues it heats two spiral springs which
control a lever at-
tached to the stop-
cock of the gas-
supply. Whenever
the flame is extin-
} guished the cool-
ing of the springs
releases the lever
and the stop-cock
is automatically
closed. It is of
especial use where
flames are left
burning overnight,
as under bacte-
riological ovens.—
Maletra burner,
a simple and Val-
uable arrangement
for burning off the
sulphur from iron
pyrites in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. The ‘py-
rites small' (dust and coarse powder) having been placed
on a succession of superposed shelves of fire-clay, and the
combustion started by flame from ordinary fuel, the hot
gases are led from one shelf to another over the material,
the burning of the sulphur producing heat enough to
keep the process going.—Mantle burner, a gas-burner
in Which a non-lumimous flame impinges on a man-
tle, making it incandescent. See Welsbach kbwºmer. —
inaphtha burner, a burner so arranged as to vaporize
or atomize the naphtha and then burn it with an admix-
ture of air.—Petroleum burner, any burner which
atomizes and vaporizes petroleum and, mixing the finely
divided particles with air, burns the oil as a vapor.—
Ratchet-wheel burner, a burner the valve of which is
operated by a ratchet and pawl.—Recuperative burner,
a burner in which the gas or the air or both are pre-
heated before reaching the point of inflammation.—Scott-
Snell burner, a self-intensifying mantle burner in which
heated air is féd to the burner under pressure. The air
is compressed by the aid of a displacer attached to a dia-
phragm, which forms a small caloric engine operated by
the Waste heat of the gas flame.—Self-intens
burner, a form of mantle burner provided with a draft-
chimney which forces all of the gas and all the air intro-
duced at the base of the burner to pass through the man-
tle.—Siemens burner, a form of regenerative burner
specially useful in the illumination of large spaces, the
large sizes (100–200 candle-power) being the most efficient.
The light is diffused downward.—Sugg burner, an
Argand gas-burner of standard form sometimes used in
the photometry of illuminating gas.-Suvio burner,
the trade name of a gas-heater. It is a Bunsen burner
having a small drum attached to Tadiate the heat
Friedburg Burner.
Koch Burner.
burning-oil (bér’ning-oil), m.
burro
enerated by the burner. Also called Suvio heater.--
elsbach burner, a burner for illuminating gas devised
by Auer von Welsbäch. It consists essentially of a Bun-
sen burner about the non-luminous flame of which a man-
tle of cotton gauze impregnated with certain metallic
oxids (chiefly thorium oxid) is placed. When first ignited
the cotton burns away and leaves a skeleton of the oxids,
which becomes incandescent and emits a brilliant light.
burner-dome (bër’nér-dóm"), n. A metallic
dome-shaped plate used in connection with an
Argand lamp to deflect the ascending current
of air, throwing it on the flame, and thus in-
creasing the temperature, and hence the
brightness of the light.
burner-gas (bérºnèr-gas), n. In the manufac-
ture of sulphuric acid, the mixture of gases
from the kiln or burner in which sulphur as
such, or the sulphur of iron pyrites, is con-
verted into sulphur dioxid by union with at-
mospheric oxygen. This mixture consists
mainly of sulphur dioxid, surplus oxygen, and
the whole of the nitrogen of the air used.
Lunge, Sulphuric Acid, I. 579.
burnet”, n.-Native burnet (of Australia), the sheep-
pest or biddy-bid, Acaºna ovina. See Sheep-pest, 2, and
*biddy-bid. º
IBurnetan (bér-net’an), n. [Burnet, a town
and county in Texas.] The lowest subdivision
of the Precambrian series of Texas. As used
by T. W. Comstock, probably equivalent to
Laurentian of eastern Canada.
burnet-rose, n. See rosel, I, 1 (2), and cant-
Tobin.
burnettism (bér-met'izm), m. The impregna-
tion of wood with Burnett's liquid as a pre-
servative. N. and Q., Sept. 10, 1892.
burning, n. 4. Oxidation of iron by keeping
it too long at a welding heat. Burnt iron is prac-
tically worthless, although it is sometimes used after re-
peated reheatings and hammerings, which partially
remedy the damage.
A trade-name
for all liquid products distilled from petroleum
which are used for illuminating purposes.
[U.S.]
burning-point (bérºning-point), m. The tem-
perature at which the vapor from the free sur-
face of an illuminating-oil contained in an
open vessel, when ignited by contact with a
flame, will continue to burn: distinguished
from the flashing-point which is the tempera-
ture at which the first momentary ignition be-
comes possible.
Burn-nose tree. Same as bonace-tree.
burn-out (běrn'out), m. The melting of a wire
or other electric conductor by an electric cur-
rent of too great quantity.—Burn-out fuse, al-
loy, in elec. wiring, a fuse or alloy which melts readily at
a comparatively low temperature when placed in circuit.
The melting of the fuse forms an arc across the space for
an instant, and the current is cut out from the main line
before other harm is done.
burnsides (běrn'sidz), m. pl. A style of beard
such as that affected by General Burnside
(1824–81), consisting of a mustache, whiskers,
and a clean-shaven chin.
Burnt amethyst, brass, card, coal. See #a methyst,
*brassl, etc.—Burnt logwood. Same as over-aged lug-
wood. See #over-aged and kaging, 4.
burnt-stuff (běrnt'stuf), m. A miners’ term
for the oxidized surficial facies of certain ore-
deposits. [Australia. ]
burnut (bér’nut), n. [Appar. from burl + mut,
in an allusion reflected also in its other name,
caltrop.] A plant of the genus Tribulus (which
see).
Burow’s veins. See * veins of Burow.
burra-khana (bu-rá-kā’īnā), m. [Hind. bará
khāna, ‘big dinner.'] A ‘big spread’: an en-
tertainment or feast; a banquet. [Anglo-In-
dian.]
burring-saw (bér'ing-sà), n. A thin circular
plate with a serrated edge, used in a burning-
machine.
burring-wheel (bér'ing-hwel), m. A drum
having teeth on the outside, used in burring
wool.
burrito (bö-ré’tö), m. [Sp., so called from its
grunting noise; dim. of burro, a donkey.] . A
species of grunt, Pomadasis branicki, of the
family Haemulidae, found on the sandy shores
of the Pacific coast of America and reaching a
length of 7 inches. The name is also applied
to other related species, as Brachydeuterus
leuciscus, also of the family Haemulidae.
burro?, n.-2. A name of species of grunts of
the family Hoemulidae, as Pomadasis macracan-
thus of the Pacific coast of tropical America.
—Burro blanco, a species of grunt', Brachydewterw8
aarillaris, of the family Haemulidae: found only about
Guaymas and Mazatlan.



bur-rubber
bur-rubber (bër’rub’ér), n. A block of emery bush-clover (bùsh’kló-věr), n. Any species of dwells in a town
and cement used in facing and dressing mill-
Stones.
Burrum formation. See *formation.
bursa, n. 2. [cap.] A genus of dicotyledon-
ous plants of the family Brassicaceae. See
Capsella and shepherd's-purse.-Adventitious or
artificial bursa, a bursa, formed over a bony surface
When the part is subjected to intermittent pressure.—
Boyer's bursa, a bursa between the thyrohyoid mem-
brane and the hyoid bone.—Bursa, virilis, the scrotum.
--Luschka's bursa, a sac in the mucous membrane of
the posterior wall of the pharynx.-Rider's bursa, an
adventitious bursa, formed in the thigh from pressure of
the saddle.
Bursal apertures. Same as kbursal fissures.—Bursal
fissures, in the Ophiuroidea, or brittle-stars, slits border-
ing each margin of the arms and communicating with the
bursae or pouches, which receive the generative products.
These fissures are sometimes discontinuous and, in fossil
Species, are known to be reduced to rows of pores.—
Bursal scales, in the Ophiuroidea, or brittle-stars, the
scales or plates which bound the kbursal fissures (which
see). —Bursal slits. Same as kbursal fissures.
bursatti (běr-sat’i), n. Same as *bursautee.
bursautee (bér-sà’té), n. [Also bursatti, bur-
sattee : K Hind. barsātī, adj. K barsät, the rains.]
1. A disease of horses thought to be caused
by a fungus. It is characterized by peculiar
swellings under the skin which finally rupture
and are converted into chronic ulcers.—2. A
waterproof coat; a rain-coat. [Anglo-Indian.]
burseed (bér’séd), m. A species of stickseed,
Lappwla Lappwla, introduced into the United
States from Europe. -
burst, v. i. 4. In pin-pool billiards, to go be-
yond a score of 31; in ball-pool, to smash at
the pyramid.
burster, n. 2. In mining, a blast-hole bored in
solid coal not previously made ready for blast-
ing by shearing or holing.
bur—thimble (bér’ thim" bl), m.
thimble.
burweed, m.—Yellow burweed, an annual boragina-
CeOllS weed, AmSºnckia intermedia, troublesome in Cali-
fornia grain-fields and vineyards. The burs are formed
by the hispid calyces.
bus2 (bus), n. Short for *bus-bar.
A dentists’
Same as
*bus-bar.
busain, n. Same as *busawm.
busaun (bö-zoun"), m. [G. *busaun, posaune,
etc., trombone : see posawme.] In organ-
º a soft reed stop, usually of 16-feet
pitch.
bus-bar (bus’bār), n. [(omni-)bus + barl.] A
system of conductors, in an electric generat-
ing-station, on which the power of all the gen-
erators is collected for distribution into the
system, or (in an electric receiving-station)
on which the power from the generating-sta-
tion is received for distribution to the appa-
ratus consuming it.
busenna (bö-sen’ā), n. Same as mesenna.
bush", v. t.--To bush a road, to mark the course of
a logging-road across a marsh of the ice by setting up
bushes. [U. S.]
bush?, n. 3. In milling, a packing of wooden
blocks placed in the eye of the bedstone and
forming the upper bearing of the spindle.
bush.3 (bùsh), v. t. To dress a stone with a
bush-hammer.
busha (bùsh’ā), n. [Negro 3 Appar. not native
W. Ind.] The manager or overseer of an es-
tate in Jamaica. #. Indies.]
bush-beater (bùsh’bé"tēr), n.
whacker, 1.
Such was the legion of sturdy bush-beaters that poured
in at the grand gate of New Amsterdam.
Irving, Knickerbocker, vi. 5.
bush-boy (bùsh’boi), n. An Australian bush-
Iſla, Il.
bush-bred (bùsh'bred), a.
the bush. [Australia.] -
bushbuck, n. 2. The harnessed antelope, Tra-
gelaphus pictus; also, the rare T. bor.
Same as bush-
Bred or reared in
Bushbuck (Tragelaphus bor).
bush-cattle (būsh’kat/l), n. In Australia, cat-
; lºst from a herd and running wild in the
U18ſ.
the genus Lespedeza (which see). The bush-
clovers are either erect, prostrate, or ascend-
ing plants, with numerous yellowish or pur-
plish pea-like flowers. The only species of
special economic value is the Japan clover
(which see, under Japan).
bush-coral (bùsh’korºal), n. A bushy gorgo-
nian, Acamella normami, found in the North
Atlantic.
bush-cow (bùsh’kou), n. [British
Guiana.]
Of the quadrupeds found in these forests, the largest is
the tapir, or maipuri, commonly called the bush-cow.
W. H. Brett, Indian Tribes of Guiana, p. 20.
bush-drive (bùsh'driv), n. A hunt or shooting
expedition in which the game is driven from
cover in the bush toward the sportsmen.
[South Africa.]
At the bush-drives so common in the [Capel Colony
Blue-buck are seldom turned out.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 831.
bushed, a. Hence—2. Bewildered; at a loss;
‘lost’; all at sea.
The poor youth, new to the wilds, had, in the expressive
phrase of the colonials, got bushed, that is, utterly be-
wildered, and thus lost all idea of the direction that he
ought to pursue. W. Howitt, Australia, I. 283.
busheling (bùsh’el-ing), n. In iron-working,
the process of heating iron scrap and forming
it into a solid block in a furnace.
busheling-furnace (bùsh’el-ing-fér/nās), n.
A furnace used in working scrap-iron into a
Solid block. The scrap, consisting of turnings, chips,
nails, etc., is heated to a welding heat, and gathered into
a ball about as large as a bushel basket, hile still hot,
and soft it is taken to a hammer and welded by hammer-
ing into a billet or is blown.
bush-faller (büsh'fäl’ér), n. A bushman who
fells or cuts down timber in the bush. [Aus-
tralia.]
bush-fighter (bùsh’ fi’tēr), m. One who fires
from the shelter of bushes; a bushwhacker.
bush-fruit (bùsh'fröt), n. A term recently
adopted in the United States from English
usage to designate those cultivated fruits
which are borne on bushes or shrubs, as the
raspberry, blackberry, gooseberry, and cur-
rant. The term Small-fruit comprises the same
and also the strawberry.
bushhammer (bùsh'ham’ér), v. t. To break
or dress (stones) by means of a bush-hammer.
bush-harrow (bùsh'har-6), v. t. To treat with a
bush-harrow.
Bush-harrow after sowing.
W. Fream, The Complete Grazier, p. 826.
bush-hawk (bùsh'hāk), n. One of the smaller
hawks of New Zealand and Australia, Hiera-
cidea novae-zealandia?.
bush-hog (bùsh'hog), n. 1. Same as *bush-pig.
–2. A name given in British Guiana to the
peccary, Dicotyles (or Tayassu) tajac.u.
bush-honeysuckle (bùsh”hun'i-suk-1), n. 1. A
plant of the genus Diervilla. See honeysuckle, 2.
–2. Any species of true honeysuckle with a
bushy habit, including, therefore, the fly-
honeysuckles; particularly, Lonicera Tatarica,
the Tatarian bush-honeysuckle, an ornamental
species native in southeast Russia and Siberia.
bush-horse (bùsh’hôrs), m. A horse which is
lost and running wild in the bush. [Australia.]
bushido (bö’shi-dó"), n. [Chino-Jap., Kbu (Chin.
ww), military, warrior, + shi, officer, -- do
(Chin. tao), way.] The code of moral princi-
ples which the knights and warriors of feudal
The tapir,
bush-tamarind (bùsh'tam'a-rind)
busking
or city; specifically, one who
is acquainted with the bush and its ways.
bushmanite (būsh'man-it), m. [Also bosjes-
manite and boschjesmanite. Bushman (D. Bos-
jesman) + -ite?..] A native alum, in composi-
tion intermediate between pickeringite and
apjohnite.
bushmanship (bùsh'man-ship), n. Knowledge
and experience of the bush and its ways; skill
in the methods and practical work of the
bushman.
bush-pea (bùshºpé), n. A plant of the legu-
minous genus Thermopsis; false Alupine (which
See). The Montana bush-pea, T. Montana, a tall herb
With a cluster of erect stems, is regarded as possessing
Some value as forage.
bush-pig (bùsh’pig), n. An African pig of the
genus Potamochoerus, either P. africanus or P.
porcus; a boschwark. Also bush-hog.
bush-ranging (bùsh’rān"jing), n. The lawless
ife of a bush-ranger.
bush-rider (bùsh'ri"dēr), m. One employed in
riding over a bush farm, or station, round-
ing up the cattle, inspecting the fences, etc.
[Australia.]
bush-rope (bùsh’röp), n. A name given to
various species of woody vines (bejuco, etc.),
the stems of which (lianas) are used as a sub-
stitute for ropes, and in the place of nails for
securing to one another the timbers of a house.
[West Indies and British Guiana.] “,
bush-scrubber (bùsh’skrub’ér), n. A bump-
kin; a boor; a slattern: as, she’s a lady!
she's no bush-scrubber. See scrubberl. [Bush-
man's Eng., Australia.]
bush-scythe (bùsh'siq'H), n. A scythe having
a short, wide, and strong blade for cutting
'brush and briers.
The primitive reaping knife or hemp cutter, which is
something between a corn-cutter and a bush-Scythe.
Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1901, p. 547.
7. A tall
tree of Guiana, Machaerium Séhomburgkii,
which yields a valuable wood. See itaka-wood
and Machaerium.
bush-telegraph (bùshºtel’é-gräf), n. A con-
federate of the bush-rangers of Australia,
who keeps them informed with regard to the
movements of the police, etc. [Australia.]
bush-turkey (bùsh ' ter” ki), m. A name in
Guiana of the larger curassows.
bush-warbler (bùsh' war"blër), n. 1. See war-
bler.—2. Any species of Gerygone, a genus of
small birds generally placed with the flycatch-
ers. They are inhabitants of the Australian
region.
bush-water (bùsh' wa ” těr), n. Rain - water
which collects in low places in forests. [West
Indies.]
bushwhack (bùsh’hwak), v. i. 1. To act in
the manner of a bushwhacker: (a) sojourn in
or beat about the bush; (b) engage in guer-
rilla warfare and fire from behind the bushes.
–2. To cut bushes with a bushwhacker.— 3.
To hunt ducks by approaching them in a boat
which has a screen around it to conceal the
occupants. Forest and Stream, Feb. 21, 1903.
bushwoman (bùshºwtim'an), m.; pl. bushwomen
(-wim’en). A woman living in the bush and
playing her part in the settlement and devel-
opment of the country.
bushwood (bùsh'wild), n. See *woodland.
bush-wren (bùsh’ren), n. A small passerine
bird, Xenicus longipes, of New Zealand: so
Japan were required to put into practice in calléd from its generál resemblance to the
all circumstances and relations of life; knightly wren of England.
Spirit and conduct; chivalry; gentlemanly po- bushy2 (bùsh’i), n. [bush + dim. -y2.] A coun-
liteness and honor; integrity, devotion, and tryman.
duty to one's superiors, and unswerving loy-
alty to the mikado.
Bu-shi-do means literally ‘Military-knight-ways’—the
ways which fighting nobles should observe in their daily
life as well as in their vocation; in a word, the ‘precepts
of knighthood,’ the noblesse oblige of the warrior class.
- Nitobe, Bushido, p. 7.
bushloper (bùsh’lö'për), n. [New York D.
“bosch-looper?: see bushl, lopel, and loper. Cf.
interloper.] One who tramps through the bush
or wilderness; a peddler: as, “a romantic
young bushloper” (of the earlier period of the
Dutch occupation of New York). E. Eggleston,
Duffels, Preface.
bush-magpie (bùsh’ mag"pi), n. A name of
the Australian piping-crows, or crow-shrikes,
belonging to the genus Gymnorhina, from their
black-and-white coloration.
bushman, n. 3. A settler in the bush of
Australia, as distinguished from one who
[Australia.]
business-wagon (biz' nes-wag” Qn), n. A
wagon, with Ör without an inclosed top, used
for carrying merchandise.
buskö, v. i. 3. To cruise as a pirate.—4. To
earn a livelihood by going about singing, play-
ing, and selling ballads, or as an acrobat, jug-
gler, etc., in public houses, steamboats, on the
street, etc. [Slang, Eng.]
busker (busk’ér), n. [buské + -erl,]
singer, player, ballad-seller, or the like.
*buská, 4.
The words and tune of which I remember hearing
from the lips of a busker at Margate. º
Referee, June 29, 1884. [Encyc. Dict.]
busking (busk(ing), n. . [buskš + -ing!..] The
practice of going about as an itinerant singer,
player, juggler, ballad-seller, or the like, in
pursuit of a livelihood. Mayhew, London La-
bour, I. 215. [Slang, Eng.]
A strolling
See

Bussira rubber
Bussira rubber. See *rubber.
bust", v. t. 2. To break to the saddle, as an
intractable bronco. [Slang, western U. S.]
It is upon the cowboys that the task falls of breaking to
the Saddle, or busting, the almost untractable “bronchos”
that are raised both for this purpose and for the open
, market. Wide }.} Mag., April, 1903, p. 545.
bustamite (bös’ ta-mit), n. [Named after
General A. Bustamante.] A variety of the
manganese silicate, rhodonite, peculiar in con-
taining calcium.
bustard-quail (bus’tärd-kwälj, n. Any of the
Small, three-toed quails or hemipods of the
family Turmicidae, found in the Old World; in
particular, the East Indian Turnia: taigoor.
buster, n. 5. In Australia, a sudden violent
squall from the south.
The cold wind or southerly buster which . . .
a thick cloud of dust . . . . across the city.
F. Fowler, in Athenaeum, Feb. 21, 1863, p. 264.
6. One who breaks intractable horses to the
saddle; a bronco-buster. . [Slang, U. S.]
Naturally, on a large ranch which employs many cow-
boys, there is much rivalry among them as to who is the
best rider, or buster.
Wide World Mag., April, 1903, p. 545.
bustite (bus’ tit), n. [Bustu, in India, + -ite2.]
See *meteorite.
busy, a. 8. In decoration, full of detail; over-
crowded ; fussy. [Trade cant.]
The decoration, in dealer's language, being too busy for
broad effects. Burlington Mag., III., p. 86.
busybodied (biz’i-bod/id), a. Of the nature
of a busybody; meddlesome. N. E. D.
butalanine (bü-tal'a-nin), n. [Gr. Boüç, ox, H-
-t- + -al-H -ine?..] Alpha-aminoisovaleric acid,
(CH3)2CHCHNH2CO2H: foundin the pancreas
of the ox.
butane (bü’tān), n. [L. but(yrum), butter, +
-ame.] In chem., the fourth member of the paraf-
fin series of hydrocarbons, C4H10. Two isomeric
forms are known, normal butane and isobutane ; both are
at Ordinary temperature and pressure gaseous, colorless,
almost odorless, very slightly soluble in water, and readily
combustible. Normal butane occurs in small quantity in
American petroleum, and has been to a limited extent
condensed from the most volatile portion, by means of a
freezing mixture, as a colorless, very light liquid boiling
at 1° C. (or about 34° F.), forming almost the whole of the
commercial product chymogene.
butcha (bu'chá), a... [Hind. bachā.] . A young
one; a boy, babe, bairn, urchin, chit, chicken,
sapling, etc. [Anglo-Indian.]
butcher, n. 5. Along drink of beer. Austral
English. [Slang, South Australia.]
butcher-bird, n. 2. In Australia, a name of
birds of the genus Cracticus. Gould, Birds of
Australia.
butene (bü’těn), n. [L. but(yrum), butter, --
-ene.) The official name of the hydrocarbon
C4H8. It exists in three isomeric forms. Also
ū butylene.
butenyl (bütte-nil), m. [L. but(yrum), butter, +
-en(e) + -yl.] The radical C4H 7: as in butenyl
glycerol, C4H7(OH)3.
butic (bū’ §. a. [L. but(yrum), butter, -H -ic.]
Pºd from butine.—Butic acid. Same as ktetro-
QC (ZCZQ.
butine (büſtin), n. [G. butin, K L. but(yrum),
butter, + -ine?..] The official name of the
hydrocarbon C4H8. Four isomeric forms are
possible, and at least three of these are known.
Butomaceae (bü-tó-mâ’sé-é), m. pl. [NL. (S.
F. Gray, 1821), K. Butomus + -aceae.] A fam-
ily of monocotyledonous plants of the order
Naiadales, typified by the genus Butomus, and
characterized by regular, hermaphrodite, 3-
merous flowers, usually with a larger number
of stamens and carpels and many seeds. They
are swamp or aquatic herbs with linear leaves or With a
broad blade having a lattice-like nervation. There are
4 genera, 3 of which are monotypic, and 6 species, widely
distributed. -
butomaceous (bü-tó-mā‘shius), a. [K Butoma-
ceae + -ows.] Belonging to the plant family
JBwtomaceæ.
Butomus (bù’tó-mus), m. [NL. (Linnaeus, 1753,
adopted from Tournefort, 1700), K. Gr. 3oitouoc,
some aquatic plant, probably the flowering
rush.] A genus of plants, type of the family
Butomaceæ. B. wºmbellatus, the only species, is a
hardy perennial aquatic, easily grown on the margins of
ponds. It is known as flowering rush. See rush1.
butt?, n., 1... (e) In archery, the end of an ar-
row which is held against the bowstring in
shooting: opposed to point.-14. A shelter
or concealment, built of blocks of peat or turf,
for the gunner in grouse-driving on English
and Scotch moors. Also called a battery.
Where possible, the butts should always be placed in a
hollow of the ground; this not only helps to conceal them
carries
from the birds, but also produces higher and prettier
shots. . . . He [the sportsman] should not crouch in his
butt nor seek to conceal himself by stooping, but remain
Fº motionless, until the moment when he throws
is gun up to his shoulder to fire.
Encyc. Brit., XXXIL 604.
15. In the tobacco trade, a box 12 inches
Square, holding from 15 to 50 pounds. Stand.
Dict.–16. pl. The ends or ‘cuttings” of jute
rejected by the manufacturer of cloth or bag-
ging. They are used in making coarse kinds of
paper. Sadtler, Handbook of
282.—Butt cut. (a) The first log cut above the stump.
} In gathering tan-bark, the section of bark taken from
he butt of a tree before felling it for further peeling.—
Shift of butts, in 8hip-building, an arrangement of any
extensive surface of plating or planking by which the
various butts between plates or planks are distributed
over the surface in a regular manner to give the greatest
É. strength to the plating as a whole. In iron ship-
uilding, for outside plating, the rule is that butts in ad-
jacent strakes of plating must not be less than two frame-
spaces apart and that there must be at least two solid
passing-strakes between butts over each other in the same
frame-Space.
butt?, v. I. trans. 3. To challenge to a trial
of skill in wood-cutting.
I had an uncle . . . who was a famous chopper. . . .
When he was past seventy, he had a man working for
him who ; himself pretty smart, and my uncle
offered to butt him.
E. Ingersoll, Country Cousins, i.
II. intrans. 2. In lumbering, to undertake,
as a trial of skill, to cut off the butt-end of a
prostrate log while an opponent is cutting
through the smaller end.
butt-box (but’boks), n. The bearing or box
at the cross-head end of a connecting-rod.
butted (but’ed), a. Furnished with a butt (of
some specified kind): as, butted with ivory.
Dsed chiefly in combination: as, brass-butted.
butter", n.—Bambara, bambui, or bambuk butter.
Same as shea-butter.—Blue butter. Same as mercur.
ointment (which see, under ointment). —Butter bacil-
lus. See kbacillus.-Butter Substitute or Surrogate.
Same as oleomargarim.–Cay-cay butter, the fat ob-
tained from the seeds of Irvingia Malayama of Malacca
and I. Oliver of Cochin China. It is used in the manu-
facture of soaps and candles.—Dika, butter, the fat ob-
tained from the roasted seeds of Irvingia, Gabonenais,
used as food by the natives of tropical West Africa, and
in Europe for the manufacture of soaps and pomades.
See dika-bread and Irvingia.—Diseased butter, in
dairying, a general though not strictly correct term ap-
plied to several kinds of altered, contaminated, infected,
or fermented butter, the so-called diseased condition ori-
ginating in milk or appearing first in the butter itself as
a fermentation arising from some bacterial forms added
accidentally to the butter through want of cleanliness in
its manufacture or care. The following are recognized
varieties of contaminated butter: Bitter butter, a fer-
mented condition that appears in butter made from bit-
ter milk or fermented milk having a bitter taste. Blue
butter, butter made from the infected milk called blue
milk (which see). Dappled butter, butter marked by
grayish spots originating from the contamination of the
milk in the barn. The bacteria causing the abnormal
condition of the butter can be removed by heat. It is
sometimes called mottled butter or mottles. Moldy but-
ter, butter infected by mold-fungi. Off-flavor butter, dry,
soft, and unclean butter. Oily butter, a condition marked
by a disagreeable oily odor and the presence of a white
coagulum. Root- or turnip-taste butter, butter marked
by a disagreeable bitter taste suggestive of a raw turnip.
It has been commonly supposed to be caused by turnips fed
to the cow, but is now known to be of bacterial origin. Rot-
ten-taste butter, a fermentation in butter caused, accord-
"ää Jensen, by the presence of Bacillus foetidus lactis.
—Dutch butter. Same as oleomargarin. Thorpe, Dict.
Applied Chem., I. 702. . [Colloq.]—Goa, butter. Same
as cocum-butter.—Illipé butter. Same as shea-butter.—
Kafir butter, a solid fat obtained from the seeds of
Combretwm, butyroswim by the natives of southeastern
Africa.--Lard butter, artificial or imitation butter the
basis of which has been obtained from lard ; butterin.—
Laurel butter. Same as bay-oil.—Mineral butter, in
early chem., a name given to certain soft, semi solid me-
tallic chlorids: as butter of antimony (antimonious
chlorid), etc.—Nungu butter. Same as shea-butter.—
Print-butter, in dairying, butter pressed in a mold to
give it a convenient shape and weight for sale and trans-
portation : so named because the mold prints the maker's
name or trade-mark on the butter. The opposite of twb-
butter, or butter packed in bulk in tubs.— Process but—
ter, an inferior imitation or adulterated butter. Also
called renovated butter.—Renovated butter. Same as
process Arbutter.—Tub-butter. See print-kbutter.—
Whey butter, in dairying, an inferior butter made from
the fat in whey : sometimes used as a dressing in the
manufacture of cheese and called cheese-grease. Year-
book U. S. Dept. Agr., 1897, p. 528.
butterl, v. i. 2. In cricket, to fail to make a
simple and easy catch; to muff. [Slang.]
butter-bush (but’ér-būsh), n. The name in
Australia of a small tree, Pittosporum phyllirae-
oides, bearing bitter, non-poisonous berries,
which were pounded into flour by the aborigi-
nes for use as food. It yields a very hard, close-
grained, light-colored wood, useful for turnery. The
leaves furnish an excellent fodder, and cattle are so fond
of it that the trees are in danger of extinction. -
butter-carrier (but’ér-kar’i-er), m. A refrig-
erator-box or -case for transporting print-but-
dust. Chem. p. .
butterfly
ter in ice without bringing the ice into con-
tact with it.
butter-cloth (but’ér-klóth), n. A thin, loosely
woven cloth, like cheese-cloth, but with a
slightly finer mesh.
Butter- or cheese-cloth is almost universally used at pres-
ent for a wound dressing. Buck, Med. Handbook, I. 568.
butter-cross (but’ér-krós), n. A market-cross
near which butter is sold. [Eng.] N. E. D.
buttercup, n. 2. A small, square sugar-plum,
colored in a variety of tints, and somewhat
Creamy inside.—Acrid buttercup. Same as tall
buttercup.–Bulbous buttercup, Ramwmculus bulbogus,
a species with the stem arising from a bulbous thickened
base, native in Europe and now common in fields, etc., in
the eastern United States.—ButterCup Oil-beetle. See
*oil-beetle.—Creeping buttercup, Ramwmculw8 repen&
in England a bad weed creeping by runners, introduced
in the eastern United States.— Meadow buttercup.
Same as tall ºwº, or marsh-buttercup.
? See marsh-buttercup. (b) mumculw8 Septentrioma-
tà, a vigorous species growing on wet ground in the east-
ern half of the United States, with the later branches
prostrate and rooting.
butter-daisy (but’ér-dā’zi), n. See *daisy.
butter-dish (but 'er-dish), n. 1. A small
plate or dish, often with a cover and strainer,
for holding and serving butter; also an individ-
ual plate for butter.—2. In dairying, a thin
wooden dish or platter for packing or deliver-
ing tub- or print-butter.
butter-drier (butՎr-driӎr), n. In dairying,
a centrifugal drier used to extract the water
from newly made butter.
butter-extractor (but’ér-eks-trak’tor), n. A
combined milk-separator and churn for mak-
ing butter directly from fresh milk; a butter-
making machine.
butter-fat (but’ér-fat), m. The fat which en-
ters the composition of butter: essentially a
mixture of 68 per cent. of palmitin and 30 per
cent of olein.
butterfly, n. 5. A local name for a mussel,
Plagiola securis, found in the Mississippi river:
so called from the shape of the valves. The
shell is used in the pearl-button industry.
—American copper butterfly, an American lycaenid
butterfly, Heodes hypophloeas, common in the eastern
United States, where its larva feeds on sorrel and clover.
—Antiopa, butterfly, a common European and North
American nymphalid butterfly, Euvanessa antiopa, also
called mourming-cloak from its somber colors. The Wings
are purplish brown with a yellow outer margin. The
larvae live gregariously on the willow, elm, poplar, and
hackberry. — Argus butterfly. See kargus-butterfly.
—Atalanta, butterfly, a nymphalid butterfly, Pamessa
atalanta, also known as the red admiral, which occurs
in Europe and the United States.—Brush-footed but-
terfly, any one of the butterflies in which the front legs
are imperfect, including those of the families Agapetidae,
Heliconiidae, Nymphalidae, and Lymnadialae.—Butter-
fly lupus. See Arlupus.-Clicking butterfly, any but-
terfly of the South American nymphalid genus Ageronia.
These butterflies make a clicking noise when in flight or
by moving the wings when at rest, probably by means of
two hooks at the base of the fore wings and two other
hooks on the thorax. —COSmopolitan butterfly, a llyn-
phalid butterfly, Vanessa cardwi, of general distribution,
whose larvae feed on thistles and other Compositàº.—
Cresphontes butterfly, a large black-and-yellow swal-
low-tailed butterfly, Papilio cresphomºtes, extending up
the Atlantic coast of the United States from Florida to
New England. Its larvae feed on the leaves of orange-
and lemon-trees, prickly-ash, Lombardy poplar, and other
trees.—Dead-leaf butterfly, any one of the Oriental
nymphalid butterflies of the genus Kallima. The under
sides of the wings are so colored and marked that the
butterflies when at rest almost precisely resemble dead
leaves.— Gossamer-winged butterfly, any butterfly of
the family Lycaenidae (which see).-Harris's butterfly,
an American nymphalid butterfly, Cinclidia harrisii, re-
sembling the species of Phyciodes. It occurs in the
northeastern United States, and its larvae feed on asters.
—Little sulphur butterfly, an American pierid butter-
fly, Ewrema euterpe, of wide distribution, and feeding in
the larva stage on Cassia and other leguminous plants.-
Milkweed butterfly. See archippus.--Monarch but—
terfly, a large red cosmopolitan , lynmadid butterfly,
Amosia plea:ippus, whose larvae feed on milkweed. It is
especially common all through the United States and
Canada, but hibernates only in the Southern States,
migrating northward in the spring and early summer,
and returning southward in the autumn.—Roadside
butterfly, an American pierid butterfly, Eurymnus philo-
dice, yellow in color with black-margined wings, common
on roadsides from Canada to South Carolina and west to
the Rocky Mountains. Its larvae feed on clover, vetch,
lupine, and similar plants.-Southern dog-face but—
terfly, an American pierid butterfly, Zereme caesonia, of
wide though principally southern distribution, yellow in
color, bordered with black. Its larvae feed on clover and
false indigo.—White Mountain butterfly, an American
agapetid butterfly, CEnei’s morma, of Arctic distribution
and occurring also on the tops of the White Mountains of
New Hampshire and among the Rocky Mountains in
Colorado. . Its larvae feed on Carea: vulgaris.-Wood-
white butterfly. See the extract.
Again, a contributor to the Speaker recently pointed
out the resemblance of the resting “wood white” butter-
fly (Leucophasia. Sinapis) to the flower buds of the corn
Wheat—a plant invariably abundant in the woods fre-
quented by this dainty insect.
Sci. Ammer. Sup., Apr. 29, 1905, p. 24520.
butterfly-conch
butterfly-conch (but’êr-fli-kongk), n. Amarine
*alve mollusk of Tasmania, Voluta papil-
OSé!.
butterfly-damper (but’ér-fli-dam'për), n. A
thin plate of metal which turns on an axis
across a pipe so that it controls the amount of
the passage left open in the pipe. The pipe may
be of various cross-sections, but, if round, the axis of the
plate or damper is at the middle of the pipe.
butterfly-dock (but’ér-fli-dok), n. Same as
*batter-dock; 1.
butterfly-fish, m.
species of fishes of the family Chaetodontidae
found in tropical seas, noted for their singular
form, bright colors, and great activity. The
family comprises 8 or 10 genera and nearly
200 species.
butterfly-lesion (but’ér - fli-lé º zhon), n. A
common form of the eruption of lupus erythe-
matosus, in which there is a patch on each side
of the nose, joined by a narrow strip across
the bridge, suggesting a butterfly in shape.
butterfly-lily (but’ér-fli-lil/i), n. The mari-
posa-lily; any species of Calochortus. The
more appropriate name butterfly-tulip seems
to be gaining favor.
butterfly-lobster (but’ér-fli-lob"stēr), n. A
crustacean, Ibacus peronii, in which the cara-
pace is broadly extended into wing-like pro-
jections. [Tasmania.]
butterfly-nut (but’ér-fli-nut), n. A thumb-
nut.
butterfly-tulip (but ér-fli-tū’ lip), n. See
*butterfly-lily.
butter-ladle (but’ér-lā/dl), n. A wooden spoon
used in handling newly made butter. One type
is called a spoon-ladle, and anotherform (used in #.
having a perforated bowl, a butter-scoop.
Butterman schooner. See *schooner.
butter-oil (but’ér-oil), n. The part of refined
cotton-seed oil which is used in making oleo-
margarin, or butter substitute. U. S. Dept.
Agr., Bulletin 33, 1896, p. 372.
butter-paddle (but’ér-pad/l), n. Same as
*butter-spade.
butter-paper (but’ér-pâ"pér), n. A tough,
semitransparent waterproof paper used for
wrapping print-butter, cream-cheese, and
other materials requiring protection from air,
water, or oil.
butter-pear (but’ér-pâr), m.
Catte.
butter-press (but’ér-pres), n. In candy-mak-
ing, a screw or hydraulic press for extracting
the essential oil or cacao-butter from ground
cacao. A common type is a filter-press.
butter-print, n. 2. The Indian mallow, Abu-
tilon Abutilon. The name alludes to the large round
seed-capsule, which is neatly marked above with Tadiat-
ing furrows. Also called stamp-weed.
butter-salt (but’ér-sält), n. Common salt in
small crystals, obtained by rapid evaporation
of brine at the boiling temperature. On ac-
count of its fine texture it is preferred for use
in salting butter.
butter-scoop (but’ér-sköp), m. See *butter-
ladle.
butter-spade (but ( òr - spåd), n. A wooden
spatula used in cutting butter from a firkin or
other vessel. When grooved in parallel lines, butter-
Spades are used, in pairs, for rolling lumps of butter into
balls for the table.
butter-tree, n.-Indian butter-tree, the fulwa,
Madhuca, butyracea. -
butter-worker, n., A creamery apparatus for press-
ing the buttermilk out of freshly made butter, working
in the salt, and bringing the butter to a condition for use
or shipment to market. There are several types of such
machines, all consisting essentially of one or more plain
or fluted rolls that traverse with a rolling motion over or
through the butter, which is spread out in a thin cake upon
a tray. In small hand-machines the trays are stationary;
in power-machines the trays revolve and carry the butter
under rolls revolving in a fixed position. In one type of
machine the butter is placed in a revolving drum. Butter-
workers and churns are sometimes united in one machine.
See churn.
butter-yellow (buter-ye!"6), n., A monoazo
coal-tar color produced by combining diazo-
tized aniline with dimethylamiline. It is used
for coloring butter, oils, etc. .
butt-gage (but’gāj), 'm. A measuring- and mark-
ing-tool used, in hanging doors, to mark the
positions of the hinges upon the door and
upon the door-frame.
butt-hook (but'hāk), n. In lumbering, the
hook by which the cable is attached to the
tackle on the logs. . S. º -
butt-lap (but’lap), n. In ship-building, a junc-
tion of plates or bars at their ends or butts by
lapping the end of one over the adjacent end
Same as *agwa-
of the other and riveting the lapped parts to-
gether. -
butt-measurement (but 'mezh"jr-ment), n.
Measurement from a shoulder or projection;
a measurement taken by placing one end of the
rule against the projection from which the
measurement is taken. * *
button, n., 4. (d) A finger-knob or key on the
concertina and some accordions,— 15. In
pathol., any small, rounded, circumscribed ele-
wation on the cutaneous or mucous surface.
According to Welch and Clement, more characteristic
lesions, but less often met in experinental cases, are the
so-called buttons, viz., certain elevated, circumscribed,
round or oval areas of necrotic inflammation of firm con-
sistence, which implicate the mucous and submucous
coats, and sometimes all of the coats of the bowel.
Jowr. Eacper, Med., W. 259.
Amboyna, button or pimple. An affection of the skin,
possibly of syphilitic origin, endemic in the island of Am-
boyna.-Button- and buttonhole-mar machine,
in shoe-man wſacturing, a machine for marking on the
edges of a partly made shoe the positions of the buttons
to be stitched on and those of the corresponding button-
holes to be ºnfi machine, a machine
having a device for clamping the button to the ma-
chine while it is sewed down on the fabric. One type of
machine employs the vibrating needle-bar of the kover-
seaming machine (which see) and sews two- and four-hole
flat buttons and bar-buttons, and fastens and cuts the
thread when the work is done. Another type makes a
barring-stitch on four-hole and bar-buttons. It is also
adapted to sew on buckles, curtain-rings, etc.—Mes-
cal button. See Amescal.–Murphy's button, an in-
strument consisting of two button-shaped pieces joined
º a screw employed to retain in apposition the two ends
of divided intestine in the operation of intestinal anasto-
mosis or that of gastro-enterostomy.—Naples button,
a bubo of venereal origin.--To press the button, to
push an external button or knob, and thereby, according
to its connections with a prepared system, to close an
electric circuit, or to release a spring that operates the
shutter of a camera in instantaneous photography; hence,
colloquially, to start by a simple act what may be fol-
lowed by important results. s
button, v. i. 2. To bud or form imperfect
heads, offsets, rosettes, tubers, or bulbs; for
example, the cauliflower buttons when the
head sends up imperfect and irregular glom-
erules, thus destroying the symmetry and so-
lidity of the head.
button-balance (butºn-bal’ans), n. . A small,
very delicate balance used for weighing assay-
buttons. Coal and Metal Miners’ Pocketbook.
button-blanket (butºn-blang"ket), n. A blue
blanket, generally bordered with red, set
with numerous pearl buttons which either
edge the blanket or are arranged in patterns.
Such blankets are worn by the Indians of Brit-
ish Columbia and Alaska at festivals.
Button-bush dodder, See "dodder1.
button-cautery (butºn-kā’tèr-i), n. Same as
Corrigan’s button (which see under button).
button-eared (but’n-èrd), a. Having button-
ears, as certain dogs.
button-gage (but 'n-gāj), n. A slide caliber-
rule having two sets of gage-marks, used in
precise measurements of button-blanks, -dies,
etc.
button-grass (but’n-gras), n. A name applied
in Tasmania to a sedge, Gymnoschaenus sphae-
rocephalus, covering barren,
and bearing a capitate flower-cluster on the
end of a slender stalk 4 or 5 feet in length.
buttonholdt (butºn-bóld), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
buttonheld, ppr. buttonholding. An obsolete
• form of buttonhole.
buttonholder (but"n-hôl-dér), n. An obsolete
form of Abuttonholer.
buttonhole, n. 3. In surg, any small straight
incision into a cavity or canal. See *bouton-
mière, 2.-4. A buttonhole bouquet. [Eng.]
—Buttonhole stitch, the stitch used in making button-
holes. The edge of the buttonhole is sewed over and over,
leaving a knot on the inside edge with each stitch, to
strengthen it and prevent fraying against the button.
buttonhole, v. t. 3. To sew with the stitch
used in making buttonholes: used in sewing,
lacework, and embroidery.
buttonhole-machine (but’n-hôl-ma-shān"), n.
A machine for cutting, sewing, and finishing
buttonholes in leather and fabrics. In button-
hole-making the slit in the fabric may be cut with a knife
by hand, or by a pivoted knife attached to the machine, or
by a knife Operated by the machine, and either before or
after sewing up the hole. Two types of machine are used.
In one the needle, as in an ordinary sewing-machine, re-
mains in a fixed position, and the work, by a suitable
mechanism attached to the machine, is fed forward and
backward at each stroke of the needle to form the over-
seaming-stitch, and is also carried round the ends of the
slit to sew up the opposite side. This feed-mechanism is
adjustable to all sizes of buttonholes. In the other type
the work is held in one position while the sewing is done,
and the needle-bar supporting the needle vibrates to and
fro in forming the stitch, as in the koverseaming-machine
(which see). With this machine the ends of the button-
hole are reinforced by barring or a band of long stitches.
3. The common name of the .
boggy land
butyro-refractometer
makes buttonholes; also, a machine, designed
to be used in making buttonholes,— * *
who buttonholes another. *
making buttons. It is usually an upright press which
can be fitted to cut the blanks, impress a design on a
blank, or assemble the parts, -
button-scar (but’n-skär), n. A scar drawn up
into a button-shape, used for ornamentation of
the body by African negroes and correspond-
ing to the tattoo-marks of people with lighter
skin. Ratzel (trans.), Hist, of Mankind, II.394,
button-shell (but’m-shel), n.
gastropod of the genus Rotella, having a
rounded, lenticular polished shell. -
button-valve (but’n-valv), m. A valve in which
the º has a head or button forged on the end
of the stem.
buttress, n. 4. A wall or abutment built along
a stream to prevent the logs in a drive from
cutting the bank or jamming. [U. S.]—5.
The angle formed on the plantar surface of
i. hoof by the junction of the wall with the
8.I’.
buttressed (butºrest), p. a. Furnished with a
buttress or buttresses: said of an arch, or of a
building or part of a building, as a ,Gothic
church.
buttress-thread (but’res-thred), n. A thread
intended to resist a force in one direction only,
and hence having one face at right angles to
the axis of the shaft or bolt.
butt-riveting (but’riv"et-ing), n. A term used
instead of butt-connected, when two plates have
their edges brought against each other and are
each riveted into a covering-plate or -strap:
distinguished from *lap-riveting:
butt-strap (but'strap), m. The covering-plate
which is used for connecting two plates which
are to be butt-riveted; in ship-building, a piece
of plate or bar covering the joint of two plates
or bars at their ends where they abut against
each other, to give continuity of strength.
The strap covers the two adjacent ends and is riveted to
each. hen plates are thus joined, a strap is sometimes
placed on each surface of the plates, and the two straps
together are called a double-butt strap. Straps are fur-
ther distinguished according to the number of rows of riv-
ets in them on each side parallel to the butt-joint, as a sin-
gle-riveted butt-strap, a dowble-riveted butt-strap, a treble-
riveted butt-strap, or a quadruple-riveted butt-strap.
*
Butt-strap and Seams in Outside Plating.
a, double-riveted butt-strap; b, 6, &, double-riveted seam-laps;
c, c, c, frames; d, longitudinal bar.
butt-strip (but'strip), n. Same as *butt-strap.
butty, n. 3. In archery, one of a pair of arch-
ers who shoot together at a target: as, when
the leader has shot his first arrow his butty
takes his place.
butyroin (bü-tir’ö-in), n. [L. butyrum, butter,
+ -o- + -in?..] Octanol-4–1–5, C3H7OOCHO-
HC3H7. It is an oil which can be distilled
with slight decomposition under a lowgº
butyrometer (bü-ti-rom'e-tér), m. [Gr. 3oirv-
pov, butter, + piétpov, measure.] An apparatus
for ascertaining the amount of butter-fat in
milk.
The butyrometer is extremely useful, alike for measur-
ing periodically the §.; capacity of individual
cows in a herd, for rapidly ascertaining the percentage of
fat in milk delivered to factories and paying for such milk
on the basis of quality, and for determining the richness
in fat of milk supplied for the urban milk trade.
Encyc, Brit., XXVII. 360.
butyrone (bù’ti-rön), n. [L. butyrum, butter,
+ -one..] Four-heptanone or *ś.
(C3H7)3CO. It is prepared by the distillation
of calcium butyrate. e -
butyro-refractometer (bü"ti-rö-ré-frak-tom’e-
tēr), n. [L. butyrum, butter, F refractometer.]
A refractometer adapted for the measurement
buttonholer (butºn-hºl-er), n. 1, one who
button-press (butºn-pres), n. A machine for º º
a "
* * * *
}~ * *
A small marine-



ºbutyro-refractometer
he refractive power of butter-fat, whereby
****dease of purity can be ok.
grousness (bā'ti-rus-nes), n. Buttery or
* tier, 1822), K. Buang H -aceae.] A family of di-
cotyledonous archichlamydeous (apetalous)
plants of the order Sapindales, the box family,
typified by the genus Buºus, the box. It is char.
acterized by unisexual regular bracted flowers, the stam-
inate with four or more stamens and sometimes a rudi-
mentary pistil, the fertile with a 2–4-celled ovary and as
many simple styles. It embraces 6 genera and 30 species
—trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs, chiefly with evergreen
leaves, widely scattered over the globe. See boatl, Buayug,
and Pachysandra. *
buxaceous (buks-à'shius), a. Belonging to the
buxinidine (buk-sin'i-din), n.
buxum, a.
Buaiaceae, or box family of plants.
[Bua;us + -in
+ -id + -ine?..] . An amorphous alkaloid of un-
certain composition, found in the green leaves
of Bua:us sempervirens.
A simplified spelling of buºcom.
B. W. G. An abbreviation of Birmingham
wºre-gage.
byl, bye!, n.—To
found without play.
by-act (bi’akt), n. An act that is secondary
draw a by, to go up into the next
gºtify raceous quality., H. Stübbe...[Rare. & tº &
: Buxaceae (bux-à’sé-á), n, pl. [NL. (Dumor- or incidental $9.8 main act.
by-alley (bi'al’i), n. An alley at the side or
somewhat out of the way.
by-bill (bi’bil), n. An incidental bill, or a
bill for incidentals; a casual item.
by-blow, n. 3+. A calamity or disaster out of
the common.—4}. A blow that misses its aim.
Bunyan, Pilg. Prog., II. 103.
by-ceremony (biºser’é-mö-ni), n. A secondary
or incidental ceremony; a ceremony that has
its origin in an afterthought or is suggested or
rendered necessary by some incidental cir-
cumstance.
by-chamber (biºchām"bër), n. A chamber; a
secluded chamber.
by-channel (bi' chan"el), n. A side-channel
or -stream apart from the main channel: as, a
network of by-channels.
buyo (bö'yū), n. [Tagalog.] In the Philippine by-chapel (bi'chap"el), n. A chapel subordi-
Islands the leaves of the betel-pepper (Piper nate to the principal church.
Betle), which, together with the nuts of the by-day (biſda), n. A leisure day; an off day.
betel-palm (Areca Cathecu) and a pinch of by-effect (bi'e-fekt"), n. A secondary or un-
buz, v. and n.
buzzi, v., I. intrans. 3. To move
slaked lime, are used by the natives as a mas-
ticatory. Also called itmo. See betel and
*bonga. .
Buys Ballot's lºw, system of weather-sig-
ºnals. See *lawl, *signal. -
A simplified º of buzz.
urriedly or
with fuss; run; fuss about: as, to buzz along;
to buzz about; to buzz against a person. [Prov.
Eng.] 4. To pick pockets. [Slang, Eng.]
Hotten.
II. trans. 4. To throw with violence. [Prov.
Eng.)—5. To drink (a bottle) till it is empty.
[Prov. Eng.]
buzzl, n. . 4. In angling, a beetle or its artifi-
cial imitation used as bait. -
buzzá (buz), n. [Assumed sing. of “buzzes, dial.
ronunciation of "burses, double pl. of burl.
ompare dial. fur and fuzz for furze.] A bur;
prickly calyx. [Prov. Eng.]
buzzö (buz), a. [Also buz: a vague use of buzzl,
v., in composition, implying something large,
as in *buzz-wig (q.v.), but sometimes written
detached, as an adjective..] 1. See Abwez-
wig.—2. Of an artificial fly, having the hackle
wrapped closely under the wings.
A fly is said to be buz when the hackle is wrapped on
thick and it looks bushy, as we Americans would term it.
T. Norris, Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 599.
buzz-cove (buz’ków), n. A pickpocket.
[Thieves' cant.]
buzzer, n. 4. A pickpocket. [Thieves' cant.]
buzz-fly (buz'fli), n. A yellow Australian sar-
cophagid fly. º
buzzing (buz'ing), n. 1. The act or sound of
anything that buzzes; humming. – 2. The
picking of pockets. [Slang, Eng.
Buzzing is the name given to the crime, . A gang of
thieves surround a man and while one robs him the rest
maintain a buzzing noise.
Standard (England), May 23, 1904.
buzz-planer (buz'pla/nér), n. A machine for
smoothing or º; Wood. It consists simply of
a table and a revolving head which carries two or four
knives. The head or spindle makes about 3,500 revolu-
tions per minute, and the wood is passed over it. One
#. of the table can be raised or lowered to get the
epth of cut desired.
buzz-wig (buz'wig), n., [buzzl, used vaguely
to imply something large or imposing (cf.
humming, whopping, etc.), + wigs...] 1. A large
Wig. [Colloq. or slang.]
The reverend gentleman was equgº in a buzz wig.
cott, Antiquary, xvii.
2. A person wearing a buzz-wig; hence, a
bigwig.
Whom the old Spanish buzzwigs doated on. -
De Quincey, Works, III, 69.
B. V. M. An abbreviation of Blessed Virgin
Mary.
intended effect.
by rite (bi'e-rit), n. [Named in honor of W.
. Byers.] A caking bituminous coal resem-
bling albertite and torbanite: first found in
Colorado. -
by-form (bi'förm), n. A collateral or minor
OI’OO.
The English masque is a by-form of the English drama
which flourished between the years 1597 and 1658, and is
absolutely definite in its nature and characteristics.
Science, May 26, 1905, p. 802.
bygon, a. and n. A simplified spelling of by-
gone.
#int (bi' hint), n. An indirect hint; a
side-hint.
by-letter (biºlet/ēr), n. In the early history
of the postal service of England, a letter for-
warded by a local postmaster ‘to any place but
London or beyond.’
The by-letters occasioned uneasiness to Whitley [deputy
pººl. 1672–77] because he was entirely in
the hands of the postmasters for the accounting of them.
Hyde, The Post in Grant and Farm, p. 315.
by-note (bi'nót), n.
In music, either a grace-
note or an overtone.
byon (biſon), n. A name given by the natives
of Upper Burma to a clay which there contains
rubies and other gems. The byon is supposed to
result from the decomposition of a marble which has been
affected by contact-metamorphism.
by-pass, n. 2. In wash-bottles and similar
apparatus for the handling of gases, a tube
with a stop-cock connecting the ingress and
egress tubes, so that by opening the stop-
cock the gas may pass with- Sº
out flowing through the
apparatus itself.-3. Any
passage for conducting e
around an obstruction,such
as a closed valve, a part of
the fluid or material which
goes through the main
channel. A by-passis frequent-
ly placed on large steam- or water-
valves to relieve the pressure on
the valve so that it can be opened
and closed easily. Also bye-pass.
by-pass, v. t. 2. To per-
mit (a liquid) to flow through an auxiliary
channel, around a valve or a cylinder or back
into a reservoir, instead of pursuing the usual
or direct course through the main or normal
channel.
by-pit (bi’ pit), n. In coal-mining, a shaft
nearer the outcrop than the hoisting-shaft; an
air-shaft.
by-production (bi'prº-duk"shgn), m.
by-product.
by-regard (bi’ré-gård”), n. A side-look or
-glance; a mere glimpse.
Byronian (bi-röſni-an), a. and m. I. a. Of or
ertaining to Byron, the poet; resembling
yron. }
By-pass.
f, ingress tube; e, egress
tube; s, stop-cock.
Same as
}
*
Byzantinize
II. n. An admirer or imitator of Byron: as,
the French Byronians:
Byronical (bi-ron’i-kal), a. Same as Byronic.
Byronize (biºrgn-iz), p. ; pret. and pp. By-
ronized, ppr. Byronizing. I, trans. To invest
with the characteristics of Byron.
Let others prepare their parchment-bound portfolios,
throw their visages into the pengeroso, fling their curls
back from their brows, unbutton their shirt-collars, and,
thus Byromised, begin. Blackwood's Magazine, LXI. 430.
II, intrans. To imitate Byron in person,
habits, or style.
Indeed, under any circumstances, his [Kirke White's].
gentleness and devoutness would have Byronized but ill.
Edinburgh Review, LXII. 299.
byrsoid (bër’soid), n. [Gr. 3ipoa, a skin (> L.
bursa, a skin bag, a purse: see bursa, burse,
purse), + eiðoc, form.]. In anthrop., a cranium
the norma verticalis of which shows an elon-
gated, rounded form, narrow in front but with
wide forehead, widest near the occiput, similar
inform to an elongated purse. G. Sergi (traſºs.),
War. of the Human Species, p. 37.
bysmalith (biz’ma-lith), m. [Ignorantly formed
as if from *bysma, deep, depth, or bottom,
wrongly assumed as the stem of abysm, -ī- Gr.
Žíffog, stone..] In geol., a large and rudely cy-
lindric mass of igneous rock which has been
driven upward through overlying strata as a
punch goes through a sheet of metal. *
byssinosis (bis-i-nó’sis), n. [NL., K byssinus,
of cotton, + -osis.] A form of pneumonoco-
miosis due to tºe inhalation of cotton-fibers.
Byssus gland. See
*gland.—Byssus silk,
mussel silk. It is madé
from the filamentous
beard of a mussel in-
habiting the Mediterra- Aº:
nean, particularly near ÁŠº:
the Dalmatian and Ital- &º
ian coasts. The silk is
golden brown in color,
very soft and elastic, and
is manufactured into
small garments, purses,
gloves, and fancy goods.
—Provisional byssus,
a thread secreted by a
gland in the midventral
region of the body of the
Glochidium lº-rva of V
fresh-water mussels
(Anodonta, Unio).
by-start (hi'stárt),
7. A deviation
from the right di-
rection.
by-station (bi'stä”
shon), n. A way-
station.
by-step (bi'step), n.
A step to one side
or in the wrong di-
Three Stages (A, B, C) in the
rection Metamorphosis ot .4 recºr-' fa.
* º tº * t - g ! : & , ºr , k" - 3.
by thium (bith 'i- e...."...."...”.”.
um), n. [N L., K. Gr, e, regiments of gills; /. In uth : º,
3v{} , ' de ſh. A. shell ; / , addiuctor in uscle ; , sense
Bw 09, epi ..] organs: j, cilia. (I) raw 11 frºm Par-
supposed new ele-
ment, said to have
been obtained from sulphur by electrolysis.
The alleged facts in regard to it have been
completely disproved. -
by-touch (bi’tuch), n. An incidental or unin-
tended touch or stroke.
by-work (biºwérk), n. 1. Work done at odd
times or in addition to one's regular work; an
occasional task or performance.
To make Religion the great business and concern of
their Lives, and not as most do a By-work.
Norris, Chr. Prud., p. 385.
2+. A work that has failed in the doing; a
work that has proved a failure.
Aristotle thinketh that the female is a by-work.
Crooke, Body of Man, p. 271.
Bºº Greek, Greek of Byzantium, especially of the
ater Byzantine empire; practically, medieval Greek.
In the
ker and Haswell's “Zoology,” after
Korschelt and Heider.) *
Byzantinesque (bi-zan-ti-nesk’), a.
Byzantine style.
Byzantinize (bi-zan’tin-iz). v. t. ; pret. and pp.
Byzantinized, ppr. Byzantimizing. To render
Byzantine; impart a Byzantime character to;
affect or influence by Byzantinism,








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